cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ORGANIZATION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN PHLOX DRUMMONDII.

thousands of individuals. The species is divisible into six morphologically distinct subspecies which are largely allopatric or parapatric (Erbe and Turner, 1962). Their ranges are depicted in Figure 1. Subspecies glabriflora grows principally on stabilized sandy dune soils in open fields of the Coastal Plain, ssp-. littoralis on coastal beach sands, ssp. tharpii on sandy soils in open prairies of the Rio Grande Plain, ssp. goldsmithii and ssp. drummondii on sandy loams in open or cleared forest areas, and ssp. mcallisteri in open fields on shallow sandy soils of granitic origin on the Edwards Plateau. Reproductive barriers to gene exchange are weak (Erbe and Turner, 1962; Levin, 1976), and the integrity of the subspecies seems due to their ecogeographical isolation. All of the subspecies exhibit gametophytic self-incompatibility, and have the same chromosome number, n = 7. The primary objectives of this study are (1) to characterize each taxon in terms of gene frequencies, genetic diversity and genotype frequencies relative to HardyWeinberg expectation, (2) to apportion genetic diversity within and between subspecies, (3) to describe gene frequency heterogeneity between populations of the same subspecies and the species as a whole, (4) to describe geographical variation patterns for alleles and genetic diversity, and (5) to determine the genetic affinities of the subspecies. In doing this an attempt is made to discern the roles of gene flow restriction within and among populations and stochastic processes in fostering and maintaining the organization of genetic variability in P. drummondii. The concordance between morphological and allozymic variation also is considered. EVOLUTION 31:477-494. September 1977 477
Acoustic sources in a turbulent jet: A direct numerical simulation study

A direct numerical simulation of a Mach 0.9, Reynolds number 3600 jet is presented and analyzed. The simulation results are shown to be in excellent agreement with corresponding experiments conducted by Stromberg et al.’ To understand noise mechanisms, Lighthill’s theory is used to define a nominal acoustic source which is computed using Fourier methods to provide its streamwise wavenumber and frequency makeup. It is shown that the radiating portion of the source, defined by the sum of its components with supersonic phase velocities, has a significantly different character than the full Lighthill source. Similarly, the turbulent kinetic energy is shown to be poorly correlated with the radiating source. Streamwise phase velocities of the source are found to be distributed fairly evenly between 0.1~~~ and 0.5a,, where aoo is the ambient speed of sound. The “structure” of the radiating source is examined by filtering its nonradiating components. This reveals a simple modulated harmonic wave form as might be predicted by linear instability analysis. A simple model is used to demonstrate that the noise is extremely sensitive to minor disruptions of this form.
Phytophagous Insect Faunas of the Native Thistles, Cirsium brevistylum, Cirsium congdonii, Cirsium occidentale, and Cirsium tioganum, in Southern California

Phytophagous insects representing four orders, seven families, and seven species compose the insect fauna of Cirsium brevistylum Cronquist (Asteraceae) in southern California. Similarly, phytophagous insects representing five, five, and five orders, 9, 18, and 16 families, and 13, 26, and 18 species are reported from Cirsium congdonii Moore and Frankton, Cirsium occidentale (Nuttall) Jepson, and Cirsium tioganum (Congdon) Petrak, respectively. Most insects feeding on these thistles are polyphagous, ectophagous, sap- and foliage-feeding species; however, one or two nearly monophagous and oligophagous species (i.e., only attacking Cirsium spp. and Carduineae, respectively) were found in or on each of the four thistles. Species packing in flower heads averaged 0.4, 0.3, 1.6, and 0.9 endophagous species per sample site (range, 0—4) for C. brevistylum, C. congdonii, C. occidentale , and C. tioganum , respectively. Species packing in or on shoots averaged 2.7 ± 1.2 (x ± SEM), 6.0 ± 1.4, 6.3 ± 3.2, and 10.3 ± 3.4 species per sample site, respectively. High proportions (65—86%) of the insect associates reported also reproduced on these native herbs.
Visualization of chorioretinal vasculature in mice in vivo using a combined OCT/SLO imaging system

Chorioretinal blood vessel morphology in mice is of great interest to researchers studying eye disease mechanisms in animal models. Two leading retinal imaging modalities -- Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (SLO) -- have offered much insight into vascular morphology and blood flow. OCT “flow-contrast” methods have provided detailed mapping of vascular morphology with micrometer depth resolution, while OCT Doppler methods have enabled the measurement of local flow velocities. SLO remains indispensable in studying blood leakage, microaneurysms, and the clearance time of contrast agents of different sizes. In this manuscript we present results obtained with a custom OCT/SLO system applied to visualize the chorioretinal vascular morphology of pigmented C57Bl/6J and albino nude (Nu/Nu) mice. Blood perfusion maps of choroidal vessels and choricapillaris created by OCT and SLO are presented, along with detailed evaluation of different OCT imaging parameters, including the use of the scattering contrast agent Intralipid. Future applications are discussed.
Detection of Clenbuterol Hydrochloride in pork by UPLC-MS/MS

Objective:Establishment of detection method for Clenbuterol (CL) using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.Methods: Development of accelerated solvent extraction and solid phase extraction method for extraction of CL in pork samples.The separation was performed on a Waters Acquity UPLC TM BEH C18 column with gradient elution using methanol and 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min.Results: Under the optimized conditions,the detection limits of CL reached 0.01 μg/kg,recoveries and relative standard deviations(RSD,n=3) were 78.5%~98.6%.Conclusion: The proposed method could meet the requirement for detecting CL in pork.
Rapid Determination of Trace Element Lead in Deep Sea Fish Oil

[Objective]To establish a method for separation and determination of trace lead.[Methods]The microwave digestion system-direct flame atomic spectrophotometry was adopted for determination.[Results]The recovery range was 97.5% ～ 102%,relative standard deviation was less than 10%[Conclusion]This method is simple,rapid and accurate,and suitable for determination of trace lead in deep seal fish oil.
Divergent responses to sustainability and climate change planning: The role of politics, cultural frames and public participation

Cities are often touted as climate change leaders in the USA and all cities across the country are affected by climate change, but little is known about climate action in politically conservative cities. Using document analysis and interviews, an in-depth case study of two cities in the conservative Dallas-Fort Worth region of Texas examines how public participation and cultural framing contribute to sustainability and climate change planning. One city successfully adopted sustainability plans, while the other city was unable to do so. Comparison of the two cases reveals that carefully designed public participation processes and locally relevant cultural frames can help cities educate residents, build support and expand discussion of sustainability. However, economic development, competition and political controversy prevent cities from addressing climate change explicitly or in meaningful ways, raising concerns about the capacity of cities to act as climate change leaders.
History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Incident Invasive Breast Cancer among Parous Women in the Nurses' Health Study II Prospective Cohort

Background: Type II diabetes is associated with breast cancer in epidemiologic studies. Pregnancy also modifies breast cancer risk. We hypothesized that women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which shares pathogenesis and risk factors with type II diabetes, would have greater invasive breast cancer risk than parous women without a history of GDM.Methods: We conducted a prospective analysis among parous women in the Nurses' Health Study II, with mean age 35 years in 1989. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare risks of incident invasive breast cancer in women with and without a history of GDM.Results: Among 86,972 women studied, 5,188 women reported a history of GDM and 2,377 developed invasive breast cancer (100 with history of GDM, 2,277 without GDM) over 22 years of prospective follow-up. History of GDM was inversely associated with incident invasive breast cancer [HR, 0.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.55-0.84; P = 0.0004], compared with no history of GDM, after adjustment for body mass index, reproductive history, and other breast cancer risk factors. Findings were similar by menopausal status, although observed person-time was predominantly premenopausal (premenopausal: HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56-0.96; P = 0.03; postmenopausal: HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.92; P = 0.02). Restricting to women undergoing mammography screening modestly attenuated the relationship (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.96; P = 0.02).Conclusions: Among a large cohort of U.S. women, history of GDM was not associated with an elevated risk of subsequent invasive breast cancer.Impact: Our findings highlight the need to further investigate GDM's role in breast cancer development. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 321-7. ©2016 AACR.
OFDMA-based Broadcasting and Access Hybrid Network

Communication networks can be conveniently categorized into two types: those that provide point-to-point connectivity (e.g., cellular) and others that are 'broadcast' in nature (such as TV and radio) that are inherently 'point-to- multipoint'. This paper introduces an OFDMA-based cellular infrastructure that supports both broadcasting and cellular on a single-frequency platform. The fundamental limits of these hybrid modes of communications are investigated, along with the network capacity under different configurations based on cooperative transmission.
Claire Quintal se raconte

En petits nombres, tout d’abord pendant la Revolution americaine (1775-1781) et a la suite de l’Insurrection de 1837-1838 au Bas-Canada, mais surtout par milliers entre la Guerre de Secession americaine (1861-1865) et la Grande Depression des annees 1930, des Quebecois a la recherche d’une meilleure vie s’etablissent en Nouvelle-Angleterre. De nos jours, leurs descendants, les Franco-Americains, se chiffrent a plus de trois millions, soit presque la moitie de la population actuelle du Quebec. En vue de sauvegarder et de promouvoir avec plus ou moins de succes la langue francaise et la culture franco-americaine, tout en s’integrant a la vie etatsunienne, on fonde des institutions de tout genre. Professeure emerite de francais, auteure, traductrice, presidente de la Federation feminine franco-americaine et directrice fondatrice de l’Institut francais d’Assumption College, Claire Quintal figure parmi ces personnages dynamiques a qui l’on doit ce miracle qu’est la minorite francophone toujours en existence en Nouvelle-Angleterre aujourd’hui.
Distributed Search Efficiency and Robustness in Service oriented Multi-agent Networks

We study decentralized searches in a large service-oriented agent network and investigate the influences of multiple factors on search efficiency. In this study we focus on overall system robustness and examine search performance in unstable environments where individual agents may fail or a system-wide attack may occur. Experimental results show that searches continue to be efficient when a large number of service agents become unavailable. Surprisingly, overall system performance in terms of a search path length metric improves with an increasing number of unavailable agents. Service unavailability also has an impact on the load balance of service agents. We plan to conduct further research to verify observed patterns and to understand related implications on system architecture design.
CATBR-Congestion Aware Traffic Bridging Routing among hierarchical networks-on-chip

In order to ease the communication cost, application tasks are always distributed to nearby nodes in NoC-enabled SoCs, which result in concentrated area of traffic and power distribution. To utilize the intellectual properties on a single chip, and at the meantime, to reduce the high latency due to the long routing hops in large scale on-chip networks, hierarchy has been adopted to provide more attractive solutions to eliminate the performance degradation. Therefore, application tasks are more freely assigned to distant nodes with less communication cost. However, high competition of hierarchical channels along with the hierarchical levels, brings about traffic distribution challenge among the hierarchy, which greatly impacts the network saturation and overall performance. In this paper, we propose an expandable routing Congestion Aware Traffic Bridging Routing(CATBR) strategy to alleviate the potential severe congestion in hierarchical NoCs. By dividing the network into virtual regions, the region header node (bridge node) makes the decision of whether to route a packet to higher levels or not. The simulation results proved that the congestion is easy to form in the bridging up-links, while the bridging down-links has less effect on the network performance. Through the traffic bridging routing on up-links, the network achieves better link utilization and the network throughput is guaranteed.
Overseas Hepatitis B Vaccinations Among Newly Arrived Cubans in Texas-2010-2015.

We assessed hepatitis B virus (HBV) serologic results among newly arrived Cubans with vaccination documentation. We matched the post-arrival health assessment HBV serologic results of Cubans who arrived during 2010–2015 in Texas with their overseas hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination records in the CDC's Electronic Disease Notification database and calculated the proportion of those immune due to HepB vaccinations. Among 2123 who had overseas HepB vaccination and serologic results, 1072 (50.5%) had three valid documented doses of HepB. Of these 1072, 441 (41.1%) were immune due to HepB vaccination, 24 (2.2%), immune due to natural infection, 599 (55.9%), susceptible to HBV, and 8 (0.7%), HBV infected. Stratified by age, 21 (87.5%) of 24 children <5 years of age showed protection, and the antibody to HepB surface antigen (anti-HBs) decreased as age increased. Our findings concurred with previous observations that anti-HBs serologic results wane over time. Many newly arrived Cubans with complete HepB vaccination records on the U.S. Department of State overseas vaccination forms might be immune despite <10 mIU/mL anti-HBs response levels.
Extragonadal primordial germ cells or placental progenitor cells

Abstract Primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors of the gametes, are now claimed to segregate within the extra-embryonic tissues of three species of placental mammals. In this brief Commentary, I raise the question of whether the so-called PGCs are not PGCs at all, but rather, progenitor cells that build the fetal–placental interface in Placentalia.
Emotional arousal regulation of memory consolidation

Recent findings provide increased understanding of how emotional arousal creates lasting memories. The findings are consistent with those of prior studies suggesting that the enhancement assessed in human subjects results from activation of adrenergic and glucocorticoid stress hormones. Additionally, fMRI imaging findings indicate that the enhancement is influenced by activation of the amygdala and its subsequent influences on other brain systems. Findings of recent animal studies using posttraining noradrenergic or optogenetic activation of the amygdala provide extensive evidence that the basolateral amygdala modulates memory consolidation by influencing neuroplasticity in downstream brain systems involved in processing different forms of memory. Activation of these systems helps to insure that emotionally significant experiences are well remembered.
Efficient trajectory options allocation for the collaborative trajectory options program

The Collaborative Trajectory Options Program (CTOP) is a Traffic Management Initiative (TMI) intended to control the air traffic flow rates at multiple specified Flow Constrained Areas (FCAs), where demand exceeds capacity. CTOP allows flight operators to submit the desired Trajectory Options Set (TOS) for each affected flight with associated Relative Trajectory Cost (RTC) for each option. CTOP then creates a feasible schedule that complies with capacity constraints by assigning affected flights with routes and departure delays in such a way as to minimize the total cost while maintaining equity across flight operators. The current version of CTOP implements a Ration-by-Schedule (RBS) scheme, which assigns the best available options to flights based on a First-Scheduled-First-Served heuristic. In the present study, an alternative flight scheduling approach is developed based on linear optimization. Results suggest that such an approach can significantly reduce flight delays, in the deterministic case, while maintaining equity as defined using a Max-Min fairness scheme.
TCR engagement negatively affects CD8 but not CD4 CAR T cell expansion and leukemic clearance.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–expressing T cells induce durable remissions in patients with relapsed/refractory B cell malignancies. CARs are synthetic constructs that, when introduced into mature T cells, confer a second, non–major histocompatibility complex–restricted specificity in addition to the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR). The implications of TCR activation on CAR T cell efficacy has not been well defined. Using an immunocompetent, syngeneic murine model of CD19-targeted CAR T cell therapy for pre–B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in which the CAR is introduced into T cells with known TCR specificity, we demonstrate loss of CD8 CAR T cell efficacy associated with T cell exhaustion and apoptosis when TCR antigen is present. CD4 CAR T cells demonstrate equivalent cytotoxicity to CD8 CAR T cells and, in contrast, retain in vivo efficacy despite TCR stimulation. Gene expression profiles confirm increased exhaustion and apoptosis of CD8 CAR T cells upon dual receptor stimulation compared to CD4 CAR T cells and indicate inherent differences between CD4 and CD8 CAR T cells in the use of T cell–associated signaling pathways. These results provide insights into important aspects of CAR T cell immune biology and indicate opportunities to rationally design CAR constructs to optimize clinical efficacy.
Longitudinal Examination of Aggression and Study Skills from Middle to High School: Implications for Dropout Prevention.

Background High school completion provides health and economic benefits. The purpose of this study is to describe dropout rates based on longitudinal trajectories of aggression and study skills using teacher ratings. Methods The sample consisted of 620 randomly selected sixth graders. Every year from Grade 6 to 12, a teacher completed a nationally normed behavioral rating scale. We used latent class mixture modeling to identify the trajectories. Results Participants followed 3 trajectories of aggression (Low, Medium Desisting, and High Desisting) and 5 trajectories of study skills (Low, Average-Low, Decreasing, Increasing, and High). Over three-quarters of the sample were in stable trajectories of study skills over time. Most students in the High Desisting Aggression group were in the Low Study Skills group, and all students in the High Study Skills group were in the Low Aggression group. The overall dropout rate was 17%, but varied dramatically across combined aggression and study skills groups, ranging from 2% to 50%. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of early prevention that combines academic enhancement and behavioral management for reducing school dropout.
Pathways to Entrepreneurship Training Towards Addressing Youth Unemployment in Nigeria

The inadequacy of entrepreneurial knowledge among 21-25-year-olds in Nigeria with recent undergraduate degrees has led to youth unemployment after graduating from universities. The development of entrepreneurship skills through entrepreneurship education programs for the students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria may bridge the unemployment gap. Guided by the theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this exploratory multiple case study was to gain a robust common understanding of how undergraduates from 21-25 years old can obtain the entrepreneurial knowledge required for self-employment in Nigeria. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, field notes, and archived training documents, with a purposeful sample of 15 undergraduate degree holders over 21 years old, who had been self-employed, in different industries, and possessed entrepreneurial knowledge and experiences. Using Yin’s 5 step data analysis process, member checking, and triangulation resulted in the emergence of codes, themes, and categories. The key themes were knowledge of business management, identification of business opportunities, information from workshops and seminars, information from social media and customer service, information on innovation, and mentor and mentee relationship. The findings from this study provide the empirical evidence needed to support entrepreneurship education as well as insight on tertiary institutions’ commitment to entrepreneurship education that may lead to the creation of employment and empowers entrepreneurs towards national growth and development. The implications for positive social change include reshaping the way undergraduates prepare for self-employment, leading to a reduction of unemployment among youths in Nigeria.
Molecular Control of Myelin Basic Protein Gene Expression

Expression of the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene has been used as a marker for myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) for many years. This is due to the fact that expression of the gene closely parallels the course of myelination. In mice, MBP RNA can be detected by 7–9 days post-natally, peaks at around 18 days and declines to a steady state thereafter. The gene for MBP was one of the first myelin-specific genes cloned. Since that time, many groups have been working to understand the regulation of MBP gene expression as a means to exploring the underlying mechanisms governing myelination in the CNS. In the interval between the cloning of the gene and now, much has been learned regarding the portions of the MBP promoter region that govern the gene’s expression. Additionally, a beginning has been made in discovering signalling pathways that affect MBP gene expression and may therefore play a role in oligodendrocyte development and myelination.
Backscattering Spectrometry and Related Analytical Techniques

Analytical techniques based on the interaction of collimated beams with solids can be classified by the nature of the incident beam and of the detected radiation. Many possibilities can be conceived, particularly in the realm of particles. For the analysis of solids in particular, three types of radiations have gained notable significance: electromagnetic radiation, electrons, and light ions (mainly hydrogen and helium). Table 1 shows the nine distinct types of analytical techniques which one can devise with these three types of radiations. The table lists in the appropriate combination the names or acronyms of those analytical techniques which presently exist and are used routinely or on a research basis in the solution of problems in solid-state physics. It is apparent from the table that the frame of techniques based on electromagnetic and electron radiation, or cross-combinations of the two, are most common. Some of those methods (SEM, photoemission spectroscopy) are the subject of topical sessions in this Institute (see Chapters 8 and 11).
Activity driven period changes in RS CVn sytems

As the more evolved star in an RS CVn binary undergoes magnetic activity cycles, the structure of its convective envelope is expected to vary as well. Variations in the structure produced by a changing magnetic pressure are only on the order of a part in a million, but this is enough to change the star's moment of inertia and drive its rotation away from synchronism with the orbit. Because of dissipation in the tide, the tide suffers a lag with respect to the sub-secondary point. This nonsymmetric mass distribution then exerts a torque on the orbit which acts to reimpose synchronism. If the tide is sufficiently dissipative the spins and orbits are well coupled and the orbital period tracks the structure variations. Period variations of one part in a million are common among the RS CVn binaries, although many show constant periods over many decades. When the tidal synchronization times, estimated from observed stellar parameters, are correlated against the presence or absence of period variations we find that the systems with short synchronization times all show period changes, while almost none of those with long times do. While this demonstrates the plausibility of the theory is does not constitute its verification, The theory predicts that activity indicators and the orbital period will be positvely correlated with each other. The system will follow a clockwise elliptical path in an activity indicator versus O-C diagram with a period corresponding to the activity cycle. Current data available in the literature are not sufficient for the testing of this idea so we suggest a long term observing program aimed at the stars listed in our Ap. J. Letter (295, L39), where this idea is discussed in detail.
Variation in Nutritional Quality of School Lunches With Implementation of National School Lunch Program Guidelines

BACKGROUND School lunches must meet National School Lunch Program (NSLP) requirements to receive reimbursement. In this study, we sought to determine whether there are significant differences in nutrient content and nutritional quality between 2 menus meeting NSLP requirements. METHODS A cross-sectional content analysis compared 6 weeks of a typical school lunch menu (TM) from an actual school district to a best practice school lunch menu (BPM) created by a registered dietitian based on Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) best practices and Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) healthy meal pattern recommendations. Daily nutrient content was determined using nutrient analysis software. Nutritional quality was computed using Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010. RESULTS For nutrients required for analysis, the BPM was lower in calories, saturated fat, and sodium and higher in protein, carbohydrate, and fiber (ps < .01). For other nutrients of concern, the BPM was higher in vitamin A, vitamin D, phosphorus, and magnesium (ps < .01). The BPM had higher HEI scores for nutritional quality (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate the possibility for significant variation in nutritional quality of NSLP-qualifying lunches. Using CACFP best practices and DGA recommendations may significantly impact school lunch dietary quality.
Current Practice Patterns and Opinions on the Management of Recent-Onset or Chronic Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus of Zoster Eye Disease Study Investigators.

Purpose:To determine practices and opinions among study investigators in the Zoster Eye Disease Study (ZEDS) regarding suppressive valacyclovir treatment for recent-onset and chronic herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO).Methods:An Internet-based survey was distributed to 170 ZEDS study investigators wit
Quasiparticle relaxation dynamics in URu 2 − x Fe x Si 2 single crystals

We investigate quasiparticle relaxation dynamics in URu$_{2-x}$Fe$_{x}$Si$_{2}$ single crystals using ultrafast optical-pump optical-probe (OPOP) spectroscopy as a function of temperature ($T$) and Fe substitution ($x$), crossing from the hidden order (HO) phase ($x$ = 0) to the large moment antiferromagnet (LMAFM) phase ($x$ = 0.12). At low $T$, the dynamics for $x$ = 0 and $x$ = 0.12 are consistent with the low energy electronic structure of the HO and LMAFM phases that emerge from the high $T$ paramagnetic (PM) phase. In contrast, for $x$ = 0.1, two transitions occur over a narrow $T$ range (from ~15.5 - 17.5 K). A PM to HO transition occurs at an intermediate $T$ followed by a transition to the LMAFM phase at lower $T$. While the data at low $T$ are consistent with the expected coexistence of LMAFM and HO, the data in the intermediate $T$ phase are not, and instead suggest the possibility of an unexpected coexistence of HO and PM. Additionally, the dynamics in the PM phase reflect the presence of a hybridization gap as well as strongly interacting spin and charge degrees of freedom. OPOP yields insights into meV-scale electrodynamics with sub-Kelvin $T$ resolution, providing a complementary approach to study low energy electronic structure in quantum materials.
Comment on derivation of the Schrödinger equation from Newtonian mechanics

Nelson's derivation of Schr\"odinger's equation with a stochastic argument is shown to be compatible with demonstrations that quantum probabilities evolve deterministically.
A Numerical Analysis of Conductive Heat Transfer in Cylindrical Thermal Energy Storage Composites

Composite thermal energy storage (TES) materials comprised of highly thermally conductive and thermally capacitive constituent phases have been shown to act as highly responsive thermal heatsinks. Such materials are advantageous for applications involving non-steady heat generation by rapidly transporting heat away from a hot interface, thereby reducing transient hot spots at that interface. Previous research into composite TES materials has been limited to the case of conductive heat transfer in lamellar composites within a Cartesian coordinate system. In contrast, both time-dependent conductive heat transfer, as well as the optimal volume fraction and distribution of constituent phases in TES composites in cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems are poorly understood. Here, we use a finite difference method to investigate time-dependent conductive heat transfer in TES composites for cylindrical geometries with different constituent phase fraction, geometries, and distribution of phases, to investigate time-dependent conductive heat transfer in TES composites for cylindrical geometries. Numerical simulations are completed with varying geometric designs and with a constant heat flux or constant temperature boundary condition. We also identify characteristic behavior under these different boundary conditions and geometries and discuss the length scales over which different behaviors are observed.
On Automating Conversations.

From 2016 to 2018, we developed and deployed Chorus, a system that blends real-time human computation with artificial intelligence (AI) and has real-world, open conversations with users. We took a top-down approach that started with a working crowd-powered system, Chorus, and then created a framework, Evorus, that enables Chorus to automate itself over time. Over our two-year deployment, more than 420 users talked with Chorus, having over 2,200 conversation sessions. This line of work demonstrated how a crowd-powered conversational assistant can be automated over time, and more importantly, how such a system can be deployed to talk with real users to help them with their everyday tasks. This position paper discusses two sets of challenges that we explored during the development and deployment of Chorus and Evorus: the challenges that come from being an "agent" and those that arise from the subset of conversations that are more difficult to automate.
Why Are We Not Closing the Gap in Suicide Disparities for Sexual Minority Youth

* Abbreviation: SMY — : sexual minority youth In 2017, suicide was the second leading cause of death for individuals 10 to 24 years old.1 After a stable period from 2000 to 2007, the suicide rate among 15- to 19-year-old youth increased 76% through 2017. Sexual minority youth (SMY) have been known to be at increased risk.2 In this issue of Pediatrics , 2 groups of authors address the important question of whether the social progress toward acceptance of SMY has ameliorated this disparity. Liu et al3 report on trends of suicidal ideation and behaviors across a 23-year period (1995–2017) using data from the Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance. Rates of suicidal ideation and behaviors declined for both SMY and heterosexual youth, with a steeper decline for heterosexual youth; rates remained markedly high for SMY across the 23 years with upward of 40% reporting ideation, 41% a plan, and 33% an attempt. Raifman et al4 expanded their consideration of suicide attempts among adolescents to include Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance data (2009–2017) across 10 US states. Although suicide attempts declined among SMY, these youth were >3 times more likely to attempt suicide relative to heterosexual students in 2017. Although decreases in suicidal ideation and behaviors in both studies is encouraging, … Address correspondence to Brian Mustanski, PhD, Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N Michigan Ave, Suite 14-061, Chicago, IL 60611. E-mail: brian{at}northwestern.edu
Stable Isotopic Evidence of Mixotrophy in Xylophagaids, Deep-Sea Wood-Boring Bivalves

Deep-sea wood-boring xylophagaid bivalves are thought to ingest only wood and to use nitrogen fixed by their symbiotic microbes. Reconsidering this assumption, we tested whether d13C and d15N isotopic values of ten species in four xylophagaid genera collected between 18 m and 4626 m depth suggest that some may use different trophic strategies. Isotopic signatures of six species were entirely consistent with predicted xylophagy, but four species, three members of the Xylophaga dorsalis clade and Abditoconus heterosiphon, had d15N signatures over 3.7‰, significantly higher than the value predicted for nitrogen fixed by bacteria. These species may supplement freshly fixed nitrogen with an alternate source, such as particulate organic material. Although the animals’ reduced palps and the lack of microbes in the gut of laboratory-maintained specimens were cited as arguing against filter feeding, the animals may filter feed opportunistically. Abditoconus heterosiphon was unique in having d13C signatures more negative than the wood into which they bored, inconsistent with cellulose consumption, and d15N values higher than predicted for nitrogen fixed by bacteria. We suggest that greater trophic diversity may exist among xylophagaids than has been expected. Ecological studies of wood-fall communities cannot assume that the entire community is sustained only by wood-bound energy. We attribute variation in d13C signatures among 42 specimens of X. s.l. zierenbergi from six collections, five at the same depth, to variation in the type of wood bored. Investigators beginning food web studies should sample xylophagaids and wood itself; if the deployment is large, repeated samples of the wood, closely matched to xylophagaids, may be necessarily to fully define the substrate’s stable isotopic signal.
1p/19q co-deleted fibrillary astrocytomas: Not everything that is co-deleted is an oligodendroglioma.

Abstract The presence of chromosome 1p/19q co-deletion is one of the hallmark required criteria for the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma, using the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Descriptions in the literature of astrocytomas, primarily glioblastomas, demonstrating partial losses on one or the other chromosome have been described. The significance of these small deletions is uncertain. Only rarely have cases of fibrillary astrocytoma been described as having co-deletion, which may potentially cause diagnostic confusion with oligodendroglioma. The goal of this study is to examine a large number of fibrillary astrocytomas to document how often 1p/19q co-deletions are present by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) testing (the testing method of choice in many institutions) and to evaluate what other markers may be helpful in avoiding misdiagnosis. This study is a retrospective evaluation of 359 fibrillary astrocytomas (55 grade II, 62 grade III and 242 grade IV) encountered between June 2016 and June 2019, we identified 11 tumors (3.1%) that had 1p/19q co-deletion by FISH testing. The clinical and pathologic features of these cases were reviewed. The 11 cases with co-deletion included 5 females who ranged in age from 37 to 86 years (median 63 years). Tumors arose in the temporal lobe in 5 patients, frontal lobe in 2, parietal lobe in 2, occipital lobe in 1, and cerebellum in 1. Final diagnoses included glioblastoma in 8 patients, anaplastic astrocytoma in 2, and diffuse astrocytoma in 1. Only 1 case (anaplastic astrocytoma) demonstrated evidence of IDH-1 immunoreactivity; none of the other 10 tumors showed evidence of an IDH1/2 mutation by PCR testing. Four tumors demonstrated p53 immunostaining of 30% or more. ATRX mutation as evidenced by loss of staining was observed in only 2 cases. Evidence of EGFR amplification by FISH testing was noted in 5 cases. Of particular note in the one case that demonstrated both 1p/19q co-deletion and an IDH-1 mutation, LOH testing was done and showed only partial losses on both chromosomes. Additionally, this tumor also demonstrated evidence of ATRX and p53 mutations by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, co-deletions were noted in a minority of astrocytomas (3.1% of cases in the current study). Only 1 of 11 of these cases also demonstrated evidence of an IDH mutation, potentially raising differential diagnostic confusion with oligodendroglioma. Use of LOH 1p/19q testing, if available, or other markers such as ATRX, p53 and EGFR may be helpful in avoiding misclassification of such tumors as oligodendroglioma.
Multispecies Single Light-Emitting Diode Mid-Infrared Gas Sensor for Space Habitats and Vehicles

To further extended deep space exploration missions, both through commercial space endeavors and through government-funded opportunities, the hazard of toxic gas accumulation onboard space vehicles...
Validation and comparison of four handheld tonometers in normal ex vivo canine eyes.

Objectives To determine the accuracy and precision of the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometer and the Tono-Pen AVIA Vet™ applanation tonometer for intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement in normal ex vivo canine eyes and comparison to earlier models of these tonometers. Animals & procedures The anterior chambers of six normal dog eyes were cannulated ex vivo. IOP was measured with the TONOVET (TV01), TONOVET Plus, Tono-Pen Vet™, and Tono-Pen AVIA Vet™ at manometric IOPs ranging from 5 to 70 mm Hg. Data were analyzed by linear regression, ANOVA and Bland-Altman plots. A P value ≤ .05 was considered significant. Results Intraocular pressure values obtained using the TONOVET Plus and TV01 were significantly more accurate than with the Tono-Pen VET and Tono-Pen AVIA Vet, particularly at higher IOPs (30-70 mm Hg). Accuracy was not significantly different between any of the devices in the low to normal physiologic IOP range (5-25 mm Hg). Level of precision was high for all devices, though the TONOVET Plus was more precise than the Tono-Pen Vet in the 5-25 mmHg range and the TV01 was more precise than the Tono-Pen AVIA Vet over the whole IOP range. Conclusions All devices underestimated IOP, particularly at higher pressures. Rebound tonometers were more accurate over the full range of IOP tested and in the high IOP range; however, there were no significant differences in accuracy among devices in the physiologic IOP range. All tonometers can provide clinically useful IOP readings in dogs, but rebound and applanation tonometers should not be used interchangeably.
Globalizing the Sociology of Gentrification

How can the gentrification scholarship of US urban sociologists be enhanced by expanding beyond the confines of the Global North to include empirical and theoretical analyses of Southern gentrifica...
Covalent surface modifications and superconductivity of two-dimensional metal carbide MXenes

Versatile chemical transformations of surface functional groups in 2D transition-metal carbides (MXenes) open up a new design space for this broad class of functional materials. We introduce a general strategy to install and remove surface groups by performing substitution and elimination reactions in molten inorganic salts. Successful synthesis of MXenes with O, NH, S, Cl, Se, Br, and Te surface terminations, as well as bare MXenes (no surface termination) was demonstrated. These MXenes show distinctive structural and electronic properties. For example, the surface groups control interatomic distances in the MXene lattice, and Tin+1Cn (n = 1, 2) MXenes terminated with Te2− ligands show a giant, (>18%) in-plane lattice expansion compared to the bulk TiC lattice. Nb2C MXenes exhibited surface-group-dependent superconductivity.
Intramuscular cobinamide as an antidote to methyl mercaptan poisoning

Methyl mercaptan occurs naturally in the environment and is found in a variety of occupational settings, including the oil, paper, plastics, and pesticides industries. It is a toxic gas and deaths ...
Adjuvant brachytherapy for FIGO stage I serous or clear cell endometrial cancer.

Objectives Optimal adjuvant treatment for early-stage clear cell and serous endometrial cancer remains unclear. We report outcomes for women with surgically staged International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I clear cell, serous, and mixed endometrial cancers following adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy with or without chemotherapy. Methods From April 1998 to January 2020, women with FIGO stage IA–IB clear cell, serous, and mixed endometrial cancer underwent surgery and adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy. Seventy-six patients received chemotherapy. High-dose rate vaginal cuff brachytherapy was planned to a total dose of 21 gray in three fractions using a multichannel vaginal cylinder. The primary objective was to determine the effectiveness of adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy and to identify surgicopathological risk factors that could portend towards worse oncological outcomes. Results A total of 182 patients were included in the analysis. Median follow-up was 5.3 years (2.3–12.2). Ten-year survival was 73.3%. Five-year cumulative incidence (CI) of vaginal, pelvic, and para-aortic relapse was 1.4%, 2.1%, and 0.9%, respectively. Five-year locoregional failure, any recurrence, peritoneal relapse, and other distant recurrence was 4.4%, 11.6%, 5.3%, and 6.7%, respectively. On univariate analysis, locoregional failure was worse for larger tumors (per 1 cm) (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.0, p≤0.01). Any recurrence was worse for tumors of at least 3.5 cm (HR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.7, p=0.02) and patients with positive/suspicious cytology (HR 4.4, 95% CI 1.5 to 12.4, p≤0.01). Ten-year survival for tumors of at least 3.5 cm was 56.9% versus 86.6% for those with smaller tumors (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 5.8, p≤0.01). Ten-year survival for positive/suspicious cytology was 50.9% versus 77.4% (HR 2.2, 95% CI 0.9 to 5.4, p=0.09). Multivariate modeling demonstrated worse locoregional failure, any recurrence, and survival with larger tumors, as well as any recurrence with positive/suspicious cytology. Subgroup analysis demonstrated improved outcomes with the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with large tumors or positive/suspicious cytology. Conclusion Adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy alone without chemotherapy is an appropriate treatment for women with negative peritoneal cytology and small, early-stage clear cell, serous, and mixed endometrial cancer. Larger tumors or positive/suspicious cytology are at increased risk for relapse and worse survival, and should be considered for additional upfront adjuvant treatments, such as platinum-based chemotherapy.
Recent Advances in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a form of chronic lung disease that occurs in preterm infants, usually those receiving substantial respiratory support with either mechanical ventilation or supplementation with oxygen. The pathogenesis of BPD is multifactorial, and the clinical phenotype is variable. BPD is associated with substantial mortality and short- and long-term morbidity. The incidence of BPD has remained stable or increased, as advances in neonatal care have led to improved survival of more extremely preterm infants. Extensive basic science, translational, and clinical research focusing on BPD has improved the current understanding of the factors that contribute to BPD pathogenesis. However, despite a better understanding of its pathophysiology, BPD continues to be challenging to prevent and manage adequately. The current review aims to provide a clinically useful synopsis of evidence on the prevention and management of BPD in preterm infants.
Gradient Index Subsurface Micro-Optics

We present an overview of a new method to print 3D volumetric gradient index (GRIN) micro-optics inside a porous silica scaffold and show results for the focusing properties of an array of cylindrical GRIN lenses.
Tri-modal management of primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas (SCCP): a rare neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC).

Background Primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas (SCCP) is a rare malignant neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). Typically, it presents with lymphovascular invasion as well as metastasis at the time of diagnosis which portends a dismal prognosis. Treatment is typically based on therapy used for other aggressive NECs such as small cell lung cancer. Although multimodal surgery, radiation and chemotherapy may improve prognosis, the outcome generally remains poor. Case presentation Here we present a primary SCCP managed with neoadjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and surgery CONCLUSIONS: Multi-disciplinary therapy resulted in an ongoing 28 + month radiographic complete response and overall survival.
Learning and Leveraging Environmental Features to Improve Robot Awareness.

This paper studies how global dynamics can inform path planning and decision-making for robots. Specifically, we investigate how coherent sets, an environmental feature found in flow-like environments, informs robot awareness within these scenarios. We compute coherent sets online with techniques from machine learning, and design a framework for robot behavior that uses coherent sets. We demonstrate the effectiveness of online methods over offline methods. Notably, we apply these online methods for robot monitoring of urban environments and robot navigation through water. Environmental features such as coherent sets provide rich context to robots for smarter, more efficient behavior.
Scaled Spherical Simplex Filter and State-Space Damage-Plasticity Finite-Element Model for Computationally Efficient System Identification

AbstractThis work presents an efficient online system identification approach by integrating a reduced sigma points–based filter with a high-fidelity mechanics-based state-space hysteretic finite-e...