cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow Boiling in a Silicon Microchannel Array

Flow boiling in arrays of parallel silicon microchannels is investigated using a test piece with distributed heat sources and integrated local temperature sensors. The microchannels considered are 400 μm wide and 398 μm deep. Each test chip has a footprint of 1.27 cm by 1.27 cm with parallel microchannels diced onto the back side. Twenty-five microsensor arrays integrated into the microchannel heat sinks allow for accurate local temperature measurements over the entire chip. The experiments were conducted with deionized water which enters the channels in a subcooled state. Results are presented in terms of temperatures and pressure drops as a function of imposed heat flux. The experimental results aid in the assessment of the applicability of existing models and correlations in predicting the heat transfer rates in microchannels.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Gender differences and disparities in all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality: Epidemiological aspects

This overview is primarily concerned with large recent prospective cohort studies of adult populations, not patients, because the latter studies are confounded by differences in medical and surgical management for men vs. women. When early papers are uniquely informative they are also included. Because the focus is on epidemiology, details of age, sex, sample size, and source as well as study methods are provided. Usually the primary outcomes were all-cause or coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality using baseline data from midlife or older adults. Fifty years ago few prospective cohort studies of all-cause or CHD mortality included women. Most epidemiologic studies that included community-dwelling adults did not include both sexes and still do not report men and women separately. Few studies consider both sex (biology) and gender (behavior and environment) differences. Lifespan studies describing survival after live birth are not considered here. The important effects of prenatal and early childhood biologic and behavioral factors on adult mortality are beyond the scope of this review. Clinical trials are not discussed. Overall, presumptive evidence for causality was equivalent for psychosocial and biological exposures, and these attributes were often associated with each other. Inconsistencies or gaps were particularly obvious for studies of sex or gender differences in age and optimal measures of body size for CHD outcomes, and in the striking interface of diabetes and people with the metabolic syndrome, most of whom have unrecognized diabetes.
Conditioned fear assessed by freezing and by the suppression of three different baselines

Rats received either forward or backward pairings of an auditory CS and shock. They were then tested for conditioned suppression to the CS while barpressing for food, licking a sucrose solution, or being spontaneously active. Behavior was simultaneously observed using a time-sampling method. In each case, forward-conditioned animals exhibited more freezing than controls, and freezing was reliably correlated with suppression of the baseline. These results suggest that the different loss-of-baseline measures of aversive conditioning reflect the amount of defensive behavior evoked by the CS. They also suggest the utility of freezing as an index of conditioning. Freezing assayed by the time-sampling method was comparable to the more conventional indices of conditioning in sensitivity to the effects of conditioning.
Dynamic programming across the CS curriculum (abstract only)

Dynamic programming is one of the important algorithmic techniques often not appropriately covered in the core undergraduate CS courses, and there is no sufficient emphasize on application of advanced techniques to practical problems. As a result, students are not becoming fully familiar with this extremely important concept. We present our experience in integrating dynamic programming algorithmic technique in various core and elective undergraduate computer science courses, such as introductory programming, cryptography and bioinformatics. Examples are based on the real world scenarios and motivate students to learn in order to solve practical problems. The reported work was partially funded by the National Science Foundation, NSF CPATH award #0939120 and NSF I3 award #0930242
Multiple modes of chromatin remodeling by Forkhead box proteins

Forkhead box (FOX) proteins represent a large family of transcriptional regulators unified by their DNA binding domain (DBD) known as a 'forkhead' or 'winged helix' domain. Over 40 FOX genes have been identified in the mammalian genome. FOX proteins share significant sequence similarities in the DBD which allow them to bind to a consensus DNA response element. However, their modes of action are quite diverse as they regulate gene expression by acting as pioneer factors, transcription factors, or both. This review focuses on the mechanisms of chromatin remodeling with an emphasis on three sub-classes-FOXA, FOXO, and FOXP members. FOXA proteins serve as pioneer factors to open up local chromatin structure and thereby increase accessibility of chromatin to factors regulating transcription. FOXP proteins, in contrast, function as classic transcription factors to recruit a variety of chromatin modifying enzymes to regulate gene expression. FOXO proteins represent a hybrid subclass having dual roles as pioneering factors and transcription factors. A subset of FOX proteins interacts with condensed mitotic chromatin and may function as 'bookmarking' agents to maintain transcriptional competence at specific genomic sites. The overall diversity in chromatin remodeling function by FOX proteins is related to unique structural motifs present within the DBD flanking regions that govern selective interactions with core histones and/or chromatin coregulatory proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin in time and space.
Recent Changes in U.S. Food and Drug Law: Implications for Drug Development

AbstractThis paper examines in detail the Waxman/Hatch Act and the NDA Rewrite, from both an implementation point of view and from a world-wide research and development perspective. The central theme of these regulatory changes appears to be consistent with U.S. drug policy of the past two decades, i.e., cost containment, primarily, followed by uniformity and efficiency in the regulatory review process. These recent changes, just as the 1962 Drug Ammendments 22 years earlier, will continue to have profound effects upon the sites at which pharmaceutical research and development is carried out.
Thermal and Dynamic Responses of Ag Implants in Silicon Carbide

Abstract A single crystal wafer of 6H-SiC was sequentially implanted in two different areas at 210 and 873 K, respectively, to the same fluence of 500 Ag2+/nm2. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) has been used in a random orientation to profile the Ag implants and along the 〈0 0 0 1〉 -axial channeling direction to determine the defect concentrations. Additional irradiation at 873 K with 5.4 MeV Si2+ ions does not promote diffusion of the implants in either the crystalline or fully amorphized SiC. There is no evidence of significant diffusion of the implanted Ag in crystalline SiC during thermal annealing at temperatures up to 1573 K. However, it appears that the Ag tends to diffuse toward the surface in amorphous SiC at 1573 K.
Stepwise excitation and level-crossing spectroscopy of the triplet D states of helium-4

The fine-structure intervals of the lowest two triplet $D$ states of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ have been obtained by a new method: Ground-state atoms are excited by a discharge to the triplet metastable state, which then undergoes a two-step optical excitation to the triplet $D$ states, where level-crossing measurements are made. The experimental results for $^{3}D_{1}\ensuremath{-}^{3}D_{3}$ (MHz) are 1400.67 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.29 and 591.25 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.14 for the $3^{3}D$ and $4^{3}D$ states, respectively; for $^{3}D_{2}\ensuremath{-}^{3}D_{3}$ (MHz) they are 75.97 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.23 and 36.15 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.24 for $3^{3}D$ and $4^{3}D$. These values are much more precise than the previously available data, obtained by optical, particle-bombardment level crossing, or beam-foil quantum-beat spectroscopy, and are consistent with the previous data except for one case, where a previous measurement of $3^{3}D_{2}\ensuremath{-}3^{3}D_{3}$ by electron bombardment level-crossing spectroscopy is believed to be in error. These new experimental values for the fine structures of the triplet $D$ states of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ clearly indicate the inadequateness of existing theoretical calculations of these fine structures.
Formation of optical bullets in laser-driven plasma bubble accelerators.

Electron density bubbles---wake structures generated in plasma of density ${\overline{n}}_{e}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{19}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ by the light pressure of intense ultrashort laser pulses---are shown to reshape weak copropagating probe pulses into optical ``bullets.'' The bullets are reconstructed using frequency-domain interferometric techniques in order to visualize bubble formation. Bullets are confined in three dimensions to plasma-wavelength size, and exhibit higher intensity, broader spectrum and flatter temporal phase than surrounding probe light, evidence of their compression by the bubble. Bullets observed at $0.8\ensuremath{\lesssim}{\overline{n}}_{e}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ provide the first observation of bubble formation below the electron capture threshold. At higher ${\overline{n}}_{e}$, bullets appear with high shot-to-shot stability together with relativistic electrons that vary widely in spectrum, and help relate bubble formation to fast electron generation.
Effects of Childhood Stuttering on Attention Regulation in Emotionally Arousing Situations

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between children’s attention regulation and stuttering in three different emotionally arousing situations. Participants were 15 monolingual, Standard American English speaking, preschool children who stutter (CWS) and 17 monolingual Standard American English speaking, preschool children who do not stutter (CWNS) between the ages of 3; 0 (years; months) and 5; 7. All participants had speech, language, and hearing development within normal limits, with the exception of stuttering for CWS. Measures included two indices of attention regulation (i.e., looks away from the computer monitor and off-topic statements), that were observed during the first three minutes of a “book reading” narrative production task. This task occurred immediately after listening to a pre-recorded emotionally arousing background conversation (negative, positive, and neutral). It was predicted that children who stutter would less efficiently regulate their attention in a negative emotionally arousing situation. Main findings indicated that CWS take fewer looks away from the computer monitor than CWNS during the narrative task and that it initially takes CWS longer to first look away from the computer monitor than CWNS. Findings were taken to suggest that CWS fixate their attention on a stimulus and are less able to disengage when required and/or appropriate while CWNS have the ability to flexibly shift their attention away from the same stimulus, especially in a negative arousing situation.
Field Dependence and Facial Recognition

29 male and 28 female undergraduates were administered two measures of Witkin's field-dependence dimension—the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Group Embedded-figures Test—and a test of facial recognition. Field-independent males were significantly more accurate in the recognition of photographed human faces than field-dependent males. Field-independent females were also more accurate than field-dependent females, although the relation was nonsignificant. While it has often been claimed that field-dependent individuals remember faces better, the results of the present study, as well as others which have examined this relationship, support the opposite conclusion.
Induction of hepatic metallothionein in mouse liver following administration of chelating agents

Chelating agents commonly used in therapy of heavy metal intoxication alter the levels of essential metals in liver, kidneys, and serum. Induction of metallothionein synthesis in liver occurs following exposure to a variety of chemical and environmental insults and, in some cases, has been attributed to enhanced hepatic uptake of zinc. Therefore, the effect of acute exposure to seven common metal chelators on the concentration of metallothionein in liver was investigated. Adult male Swiss Webster mice were injected intraperitoneally with the chelators and hepatic metallothionein was quantified by the cadmium radioassay. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) produced a 5- to 6-fold increase in hepatic metallothionein 24 hr after injection of 0.75 to 3.0 g/kg. No significant increase in hepatic MT was observed until 12 hr following injection of EDTA (1.5 g/kg, ip). Maximal levels were reached between 12 and 48 hr following EDTA injection. Cadmium, a known inducer of hepatic metallothionein, produced a 15-fold increase in the concentration of MT in liver 24 hr following injection. By comparison, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol and diethyldithiocarbamate produced a 9-fold and 13-fold increase in hepatic metallothionein levels, respectively, 24 hr following injection. A 4- to 6-fold increase in metallothionein was observed 24 hr following injection of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, D,L-penicillamine, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and EDTA, while nitrilotriacetic acid elevated hepatic metallothionein levels by 2-fold. Alterations in the concentration of hepatic metallothionein by chelators may have implications for their efficacy in the treatment of cadmium intoxication.
C−D0 (D0 = π-donor, F) Cleavage in H2CCH(D0) by (Cp2ZrHCl)n: Mechanism, Agostic Fluorines, and a Carbene of Zr(IV)

Consistent with the C−O cleavage behavior of vinyl ethers, vinyl fluoride reacts with Cp2ZrHCl to give Cp2ZrFCl and C2H4 as primary products. DFT (B3PW91) calculations show this reaction to be highly exoenergetic (−55 kcal/mol), and reveal a σ-bond metathesis mechanism to be unfavorable compared to a Zr−H addition across the CC bond, with regiochemistry placing F on Cβ of the resulting fluoroethyl ligand. β-F elimination (onto Zr) then completes the reaction. There is no η2-olefin intermediate on the reaction path. DFT calculations seeking the energy and structure of the two carbenes Cp2ZrHCl[CF(CH3)] and Cp2ZrFCl[CH(CH3)] are also described.
History and Physical Examination to Estimate the Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy: Validation of a Clinical Prediction Model

Abstract Study objective: To prospectively validate a clinical prediction model for ectopic pregnancy (EP). Methods: Prospective cohort with 14-month derivation and 12-month validation phases. All hemodynamically stable, first-trimester patients with abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding who presented to a military teaching hospital emergency department underwent follow-up until an outcome of intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) or EP was established. Patients were separated into the high-risk group, defined as having either peritoneal signs or definite cervical motion tenderness; intermediate-risk group, defined as the presence of pain or tenderness, other than midline cramping, plus absence of fetal heart tones, and absence of tissue visible at the cervical os; and low-risk group (neither high- nor intermediate-risk) using recursive partitioning. Results: Summarizing both phases, 915 patients had 845 (93%) IUPs and 70 (7.6%) EPs, with 18 (1.9%) lost to follow-up. The clinical prediction model classified 75 (8.2%) into the high-risk group (sensitivity 31%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 21% to 44%; specificity 94%, 95% CI 92% to 95%); and 644 (70%) in the intermediate-risk group (sensitivity 98%, 95% CI 89% to 100%; specificity 25%, 95% CI 22% to 29%). The remaining 196 (21%) patients who met neither high-risk nor intermediate-risk criteria were classified into the low-risk group. On the basis of EP prevalence of 7.7%, the risk of EP was less than 1% (95% CI 0% to 3%) for the low-risk group, 7% (95% CI 5% to 10%) for the intermediate-risk group, and 29% (95% CI 19% to 41%) for the high-risk group. Conclusion: This clinical prediction model is useful for estimating the risk of EP in first-trimester patients, particularly when ancillary testing is equivocal or not readily available. [Buckley RG, King KJ, Disney JD, Gorman JD, Klausen JH: History and physical examination to estimate the risk of ectopic pregnancy: Validation of a clinical prediction model. Ann Emerg Med November 1999;34:589-594.]
The inflected noun system in Serbo-Croatian: Lexical representation of morphological structure

Repetition priming is examined for alternating and nonalternating morphologically related inflected nouns. In Experiments 1 and 2, latencies to targets in nominative and dativellocative cases, respectively, were invariant over case of prime. In Experiment 3, latencies to nominative­ case nouns were the same whether the nouns were primed by forms in which the spelling and pronunciation of the common stem were shared (nonalternating) or not (alternating) with the nominative form. Results are interpreted 88 reflecting lexical organization among the members of a noun system. In Experiments 1 and 2, the pattern of latencies to primes suggests a satellite organization in which nominative forms are more strongly linked to oblique forms than oblique forms are to each other. In Experiment 3, atypical cases of alternating forms showed a different pattern of prime latencies, suggesting .that the organization within a noun system may differ for alternating and nonalternating forms. In these studies, we examined the role of morphology in the reading lexicon of speakers of Serbo-Croatian, the dominant language of Yugoslavia. The morphology of Serbo-Croatian is particularly interesting to studybecause it is substantially richer than that of English. Generally, in Serbo-Croatian, inflectional affixes are appended to nouns and adjectives, with the particular termination vary­ ing accordingto case, gender, and number. Analogously, for verbs, inflectional suffixes and sometimes infixesmay vary with tense, aspect, person, number, and sometimes gender of the subject. The formation of diminutives, agen­ tives, and other derivations-which are characteristic of Slavic languages-is similarly complex. Consequently, each Serbo-Croatianbase word has many variants, yield­ ing extensive families of morphologically related words. In the presentseries of experiments, we exploredin par­ ticular how the singular-ease inflected forms of a word are related in the internal lexicon of adult readers who
The probability distribution function as a descriptor of hydrogen bond strength

Abstract Numerical ranges for structural and spectroscopic properties used to classify hydrogen bonds (HB) are somewhat imprecise and even overlap. This is a problem of weight in the identification of the much discussed low barrier hydrogen bond. In this study, we examine the use of the probability distribution function (pdf) as a more distinctive descriptor of HB strength. We use a previously developed theoretical model for the characterization of symmetric HBs to investigate the potential energy surfaces of four intramolecular O–H–O systems of increasing HB strength. Our computed interatomic distances, 1H chemical shifts and isotope effects upon deuteration are consistent with previous experimental and computational measurements. Our results indicate that δH values vary linearly with the size of the energy barrier; we discuss the relevance of this finding. We propose an alternative classification scheme and pictorial description that is particularly useful to distinguish between ‘strong’, ‘low barrier’ and ‘very strong’ HBs.
A case report of hyperthyroid-associated thymic hypertrophy in a child, presenting as an anterior mediastinal mass

We present the case of an 8-year-old boy with an anterior mediastinal mass and signs of hyperthyroidism. The anterior mediastinal mass had radiologic characteristics suggestive of thymic hypertrophy and regressed with antithyroid therapy. Though thymic hypertrophy is a known manifestation of hyperthyroidism, this is the youngest reported case. In selected cases, the diagnosis may be made based on the clinical picture, radiologic appearance, and response to antithyroid therapy without the need of a thymic biopsy or thymectomy.
Concentrations of organic wood preservatives in wood chips produced from wood wastes

We investigated the concentrations of wood preservatives in the wood chips produced in wood-waste processing facilities in 1988, 1998–1999, and 2001–2002. Among the wood preservatives used in the past in Japan, halophenols, including PCP, chlordane, and chlorpyrifos, had comparatively high detection rates and high average concentrations in the wood chips produced in 2001–2002. Aldrin and endrin were rarely detected, and DDT was already in low concentrations in those wood chips. Although several types of wood preservative were contained in the wood chips, their concentration levels depended on the sources of the wood wastes. In chips produced from wooden pallets, wooden forms for concrete working, or wood discarded from nondemolition sources, no organochlorine wood preservatives were detected, and chlorpyrifos and chlorophenols were detected at one order of magnitude lower than the average concentrations in chips produced from wood wastes discarded in house demolitions.
Preventing nursing burnout: A challenge for liaison psychiatry

The authors conducted a study to assess and compare the level of job satisfaction among five groups of registered nurses working at UCLA Hospital. Fifty-seven female nurses completed the MMPI, Locus of Control Test, Work Environment Scale, and a questionnaire designed to assess job satisfaction. Results showed that there were no significant personality differences among the five groups of nurses. Significant differences between some of the groups were found in demographic variables and in work-related variables such as involvement, task orientation, work pressure, sense of authority on the job, and perceived communication with peers or other groups in the work environment. Nurses on the Medicine unit tended to have lower overall job satisfaction than those in the other units. The involvement of the Psychiatric Liaison Service on the five nursing units is described and discussed as a possible method for providing psychosocial support to the nurses and reducing high turnover rates.
Effect of Highly Fluorinated Amino Acids on Protein Stability at a Solvent-Exposed Position on an Internal Strand of Protein G B1 Domain

Highly fluorinated amino acids have been used to stabilize helical proteins for potential application in various protein-based biotechnologies. However, many proteins used for therapeutics and biosensors involve β-sheet proteins such as antibodies. Accordingly, we explored the effect of several highly fluorinated amino acids on β-sheet stability including (S)-2-amino-4,4,4-trifluorobutyric acid (Atb), (S)-5,5,5′,5′-tetrafluoroleucine (Qfl), (S)-5,5,5,5′,5′,5′-hexafluoroleucine (Hfl), and (S)-pentafluorophenylalanine (Pff). Nine proteins based on the protein G B1 domain I6A T44A mutant (GB1) with various amino acids at the solvent exposed guest position 53 in the internal strand 4 were synthesized, purified, and investigated by thermal denaturation monitored by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Based on the thermal denaturation data, GB1 stability is affected by the amino acid at the guest position 53. Apparently, introducing fluorine results in more stable GB1 mutants (Pff > Phe, Hfl > Qfl > Leu, Atb > Abu...
MMPI correlates of extreme field independence and field dependence in a psychiatric population.

Sammasy.-34 male and 34 female hospitalized psychiatric patients were divided into field-independent and field-dependent groups on the basis of rodand-frame test performance and their MMPI scores were compared. A multiple discriminant analysis followed by a series of 2 x 2 factorial analyses of variance was used to assess the results. As in previous studies, more similarities than differences were found between the two cognitive styles. However, fieldindependent subjects tended to be more unconventional, aggressive, antisocial, , and perhaps defensive than field-dependent subjects. Explanations of results were explored in reference to previous findings. The concepts of field-dependence and field-independence (Witkin, et al., 1954) have been the focus of many ambitious studies to determine the relationship between these dimensions and various personality variables. Witkin (1965) postulates that the dimensions of field-dependence and field-independence represent global traits which interact in systematically different ways with intelligence and social stress to produce different types of psychopathology. He indicates that, when psychopathology develops in a field-dependent individual, it is characrerized by severe identity problems, problems of dependency, inadequately developed controls, passivity, and helplessness. These qualities are said to typify such groups as alcoholics, ulcer patiencs, those with hysterical personalities, character disorders, and somatizing individuals. On the other hand, Witkin (1965) suggests that the field-independent individual who develops psychopathology becomes delusional, overexpansive, has ideas of grandeur, and is typically diagnosed as a paranoid or obsessive-compulsive character. Utilizing a small group of female student nurses in an effort to validate Witkin's ( 1965 ) assumptions, Goldbloom and Silverman ( 1762) compared MMPI scores for five excreme scoring field-dependent and 5 extreme field-independent subjects. While the findings did not precisely support Witkin's ( 1965 ) hypotheses, the results indicated that the field-dependents had much more deviant scores, suggesting that a greater degree of emotional maladjustment was present in these field-dependent students. In an attempt to extend these findings Adevai, et al. (1968) devised a study
Numerical study of the representation of a totally positive quadratic integer as the sum of quadratic integral squares

Altogether a total of almost 200,000 totally positive numbers from different fields were decomposed into squares; in no case were more than five squares required, although in many cases no number of squares sufficed. For some quadratic fields, from our evidence it would seem safe to completely characterize the couples for whichQ=5 or 0, particularly whenm?13; and furthermore, form=17 or 33 it seems possible to characterize all cases whereQ=4, 5, or 0. The whole calculation seems to be pointed toward the result that three squares are sufficient except for "special" cases. Incidentally, the analytic methods ofSiegel andMaass run parallel to the calculation in that these methods involve the third, fourth, and fifth power of a theta-function. The numberical evidence would therefore suggest that their methods point to an analytic (or even a purely algebraic) proof of the futility of using more than five squares in any case. The work was supported in part by the U. S. National Science Foundation Grant G-4222 and the computer services were contributed by the Argonne National Laboratory of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission during the summer of 1958. The coding was performed by Mr.Alan V. Lemmon with remarkable economy of length of program and running time. The deepest debt of gratitude is owed to the lateDonald A. (Moll) Flanders whose contributions to the logical design ofGeorge had made the rapid execution of the program possible and whose personal interest made possible the availability of the computer for this work.
International economic activities and skilled labour demand: evidence from Brazil and China

Using two new firm-level datasets, this article investigates the impact of three international economic activities – the use of imported inputs, exports and foreign direct investment – on skilled labour demand in Brazil and China. We find that Brazilian firms that engage in these activities exhibit a higher skilled labour demand than firms that do not. In contrast, Chinese firms that engage in these activities have a lower skilled labour demand than firms that do not. Thus, international economic activities act as a channel for skill-biased technology diffusion in Brazil but have an effect of specialization according to comparative advantage in unskilled labour-intensive goods in China.
Directed motility of phagosomes in Tetrahymena thermophila requires actin and Myo1p, a novel unconventional myosin.

The phagosome cycle was investigated in Tetrahymena thermophila, which had internalized fluorescent latex beads. Confocal microscopy of cells from a GFP-actin strain revealed actin filaments that extended 3–5 μm from the periphery of fluorescent phagosomes. In GFP-actin cells and in wild-type cells, motility of fluorescent phagosomes was directed from the oral cavity to the posterior end of the cell. Although 60% of fluorescent phagosomes in the MYO1-knockout strain were motile, movement of phagosomes was not directed toward the posterior end of the cell and was random. Forty percent of fluorescent phagosomes in knockout cells were non-motile in contrast to only 20% non-motile phagosomes in wild-type cells. The increased incidence of non-motile phagosomes in the knockout strain could reflect absence of Myo1p as a motor. Another myosin or other molecular motors could power random movement of phagosomes in the MYO1-knockout strain. In latrunculin-treated GFP-actin cells, movement of fluorescent phagosomes was random. Average velocity of random movement of fluorescent phagosomes in the knockout strain and in latrunculin-treated cells was statistically the same as the average velocity (2.0 ± 1.9 μm/min) of phagosomes in GFP-actin cells. These findings are an indication that dynamic actin and Myo1p are required for directed motility of phagosomes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 61:49–60, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Silicon Surface Defects on MOS Radiation-Sensitivity

The relationships of the electrical properties of irradiated MOS structures to processed-induced surface defects have been investigated. It has been found that the radiation-induced perturbations in oxide space-charge and interface states relate directly to the density of oxidation-induced stacking faults and edge dislocations. The density of such surface defects depends on both the structural properties of the starting silicon and the fabrication procedures. Oxidation-induced stacking faults are strongly related to the oxidation conditions, such as temperature, time, and ambiance. High-frequency CV, quasi-static CV, and ac conductance techniques were used to determine the interface state densities and flat-band voltage distributions. It has been found that, in addition to interface states, exposure to ionizing radiation causes gross non-uniformities in trapped positive space-charge. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) on an MOS sample possessing a high density of stacking faults, it has been shown that positive charge-species drift to the SiO2/Si interface and form clusters in a random fashion similar to that of the defects delineated by differential etching. Based on the known relationship of surface generation lifetime on surface defects pre-irradiation lifetime has been demonstrated as an effective electrical parameter for the prediction of the total-dose radiation sensitivity of MOS devices.
In vitro Growth of Plasmodium circumflexum and P. vaughani.

Abstract Development of Plasmodium circumflexum and P. vaughani in vitro was studied for the first time. P. hexamerium served as the assay organism. The Harvard medium modified by addition of folic acid and B12 was used for controls, and supplemented, singly or in combination, with coenzyme A, ATP, thioctic acid and K-malate (0.01 M; 0.005 M). Success was judged in terms of increase in parasite numbers, staining characteristics, normality of appearance and ability to infect ducklings or canaries. Harvard medium plus coenzyme A, ATP, thioctic acid and K-malate 0.005 M provided good conditions for in vitro growth of P. hexamerium with a growth index of 3.7 after 72 hours incubation. The same combination provided a 2.2 growth index after 48 hours for P. circumflexum. Addition of porcine liver coenzyme concentrate and K-malate 0.005 M produced a 3.5 growth index after 48 hours for P. circumflexum (although individual growth indices as high as 7.9 were obtained). All attempts to obtain in vitro development of Plasmodium vaughani failed, although viability was not affected as shown by relatively short prepatent periods in canaries.
Beryllium and boron in subduction zone minerals: An ion microprobe study

Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to measure the distribution of Be, B, Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Ba, and Ce among minerals in rocks from the Franciscan Complex and Catalina Schist paleosubduction zone terranes. The rocks examined represent a wide range of metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions (6–15 kb, 300–750°C) and include metasomatized and migmatitic samples. White mica is the primary host of Be (2.5 ppm) and B (107 ppm) in the rocks examined (average concentrations). Amphibole (Be 0.7, B 15 ppm), lawsonite (Be 0.9, B 37 ppm), and biotite (Be 0.9, B 25 ppm) may also contain significant amounts of both Be and B. Omphacite may host Be (4.1 ppm in veins, 0.7 ppm groundmass) and chlorite is a minor host of B (22 ppm). Minerals in these subduction zone metamorphic rocks that lack measurable Be or B include albite, apatite, calcite, clinozoisite, epidote, garnet, ilmenite, sphene, stilpnomelane, plagioclase, quartz, rutile, and zoisite. White mica, biotite, and stilpnomelane are the major mineral hosts of Rb (90, 300, and 30 ppm, respectively) and Ba (2100, 1000, and 4700 ppm). Epidote and lawsonite are the major host minerals of Sr (600 and 300 ppm) and Ce (12 and 15 ppm). Garnet, epidote, lawsonite, and sphene host Y (100, 30, 40, and 60 ppm, respectively). Sphene (77 ppm, 1 analysis), ilmenite, and rutile host Nb. Evidence of veining and metasomatism is strongly correlated with Be and/or B enrichment of white mica, omphacite, amphibole, and lawsonite at the P-T conditions examined. Both Be and B appear to be transported in aqueous fluids at depths of 20–50 km in subduction zones. The transfer of Be, B, and other elements from the subducted slab into the mantle wedge can be accomplished by aqueous fluids. Transfer of the elements hosted by white mica could result directly from the breakdown of white mica through pressure-dependent dehydration reactions or, alternatively, the Be and B in white mica could be partitioned into infiltrating fluids produced at deeper levels in the slab and subsequently transported into the region of are magma genesis.
Comparison of SuperDARN radar boundaries with DMSP particle precipitation boundaries

[1] Auroral boundary algorithms for SuperDARN ionospheric convection observations are introduced. Both the equatorward boundary of scatter (EBS) and the convection reversal boundary (CRB) are found and compared with boundaries based on DMSP particle precipitation observations. These comparisons provide an intercalibration between the two schemes and insight into the relationship between disparate phenomena. The EBS is reliably poleward of the equatorward boundary of precipitation (EBP) at most local times but centers well on the equatorwardmost precipitation between 1600 and 2200 MLT when within 8° latitude of the radar station, indicating a correspondence with the SLERPS (slow long-lived E region plasma structures) of Jayachandran. Near dawn the EBS coincides better with the structured–unstructured boundary (SUB) than the EBP, as one might expect if the ionospheric irregularities responsible for this scatter were produced by the gradient-drift instability. The CRB correlates well with the open-closed boundary (OCB) as seen by DMSP. There is, however, an equatorward offset of the CRB relative to the OCB that varies from zero near noon to ∼1° near dawn and dusk and is largest near midnight. This offset is consistent with a small viscous-like interaction between the magnetosheath and the low-latitude boundary layer, resulting in a degree of antisunward flow on closed field lines. The offset decreases under the influence of southward interplanetary magnetic field, as one might expect if increased dayside merging interfered with this effect.
Amiodarone induced epididymitis in children

AbstractPurpose: Amiodarone is an antiarrythmic agent, which is often successfully used when all other antiarrythmics have failed. Sterile epididymitis is a recognized complication of treatment in adults, occurring in up to 11% of patients. To date there have been no reported cases of amiodarone induced epididymitis in children. We present a previously unrecognized cause of epididymitis in boys.Materials and Methods: The medical records, including radiographic imaging, pathology and operative reports, of 2 postpubertal boys who had sterile epididymitis after prolonged therapy with amiodarone were reviewed.Results: In both cases the onset of scrotal and subsequent evaluation led to diagnosis of epidydimitis. Amiodarone was determined to be the cause, and cessation of the drug resulted in symptom resolution in 1 case.Conclusions: While it remains uncertain, the pathophysiology of amiodarone induced epididymitis is likely related to its high concentration in testicular tissue. Recognition that amiodarone is ...
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Formation in Thermal Degradation of Styrene Butadiene Copolymer (SBR)

This study has been initiated to quantify the release of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) species from Styrene Butadiene Copolymer (SBR) during gasification. The identification and quantification has been determined experimentally using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) coupled to a Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) unit. SBR samples were pyrolysed in a TGA unit in a N2 atmosphere. The identities and absolute concentrations of over 32 major and minor species have been established, including a large number of aromatics, substituted aromatics, and PAHs. The light hydrocarbon species also have been determined simultaneously and identified as H2 , C2 H2 , CH4 , C2 H6 , and C4 H10 with lower concentrations of other hydrocarbon gases. Significant amounts of ethyl benzene, toluene, and styrene were observed between 330°C and 500°C. The largest PAH detected was the family of C24 H14 (molecular weight 302), benzo[ghi]perylene with peak concentrations reaching 0.19 ppmv. The effluent species detected suggest that formation of PAH’s occurs either through hydrocarbon addition reactions or benzene ring re-combination reactions. In addition, the chemical structure of SBR lends itself gas phase release of benzene molecules or radicals, thus facilitating the PAH production route. Preliminary calculations done using MOPAC provided some insight into the energy required to break the benzene ligand bond from the butadiene structure. The measurements supply information on the identities and levels of hazardous air pollutants, and provide useful new data for the development and validation of detailed reaction mechanisms describing their origin and fate.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Sharing the faith of Abraham: The ‘Credo’ of Louis Massignon

Abstract Louis Massignon (1883–1962) was one of the West's most renowned scholars of Islam in the twentieth century. He was also one of the most influential thinkers in the Roman Catholic community before the second Vatican council on the relationship between the church and Muslims. His religious views on Islam, Muhammad, and the Qur'an were largely responsible for the church's positive approach to dialogue with the Islamic world, as expressed in the document of Vatican II. Massignon believed that Muslims and Christians both worship the God of Abraham; that Muhammad was a sincere spokesman of God; that the Qur'an is in some sense inspired; that Islam has a positive mission in the history of salvation; and that Arabic is a language of divine revelation.
Sequence and environmental effects on the self-assembly of DNA oligomers possessing GxT2Gy segments.

It is well-known that DNA oligomers possessing contiguous guanine bases can assume non-Watson−Crick type structures through the formation of four-stranded species. The architecture of these four-st...
Organizational responsiveness of Russian and American growth-oriented small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

This study examines the relationship between organizational absorptive capacity and organizational responsiveness among Russian growth-oriented small and medium enterprises (SMEs). A translated questionnaire, originally developed and administered in the US, was administered to senior managers of 825 Russian SMEs, from which 91 growth-oriented SMEs were identified. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that organizational responsiveness was positively related to external knowledge acquisition and internal knowledge dissemination. A positive relationship between organizational age and responsiveness appeared for the Russian SMEs, in contrast to American SMEs. A moderating effect of firm strategic orientation on organizational responsiveness based on age also appeared. These results led to implications for research and for practice for entrepreneurs, HRD, and entrepreneurship educators in emerging economies.
Effect of Bending Strain on the Torsion Elastic Constant of DNA

The torsion constants of both circular and linear forms of the same 181 bp DNA were investigated by time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) of intercalated ethidium. The ratio of intrinsic ethidium binding constants of the circular and linear species was determined from the relative fluorescence intensities of intercalated and non-intercalated dye in each case. Possible changes in secondary structure were also probed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Upon circularization, the torsion constant increased by a factor of 1.42, the intrinsic binding constant for ethidium increased by about fourfold, and the CD spectrum underwent a significant change. These effects are attributed to an altered secondary structure induced by the bending strain. Quantitative agreement between torsion constants obtained from the present FPA studies and previous topoisomer distribution measurements on circular DNAs containing 205 to 217 bp removes a long-standing apparent discrepancy between those two methods. After storage at 4 degrees C for eight months, the torsion constant of the circular DNA increased by about 1.25-fold, whereas that of the linear DNA remained unchanged. For these aged circles, both the torsion constant and intrinsic binding constant ratio lie close to the corresponding values obtained previously for a 247 bp DNA by analyzing topoisomer distributions created in the presence of various amounts of ethidium. The available evidence strongly implies that torsion constants measured for small circular DNAs with less than 250 bp are specific to the altered secondary structure(s) therein, and are not applicable to linear and much larger circular DNAs with lower mean bending strains.
The problem of connections: education for and the practice of librarianship 1

The development of education for librarianship in the United States of America and the United Kingdom is compared to explain the inevitability of tensions between library professionals and educators. Suggestions are made as to how appropriate connections may be established and maintained between library schools and the field.
Functional Assessment-Based Interventions for Children At-Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Functional assessments were conducted to identify the variables maintaining disruptive behavior in eight, typically developing fifth-grade students enrolled in general education classrooms. Participants whose behavior was found to be functionally related to either task-avoidance or attention-seeking were randomly assigned to a treatment strategy that was primarily either antecedent- or consequent-based. An ABAB single-case design was employed to analyze the effects of treatment strategies. The current study also conducted a comparison of treatment strategies that were primarily antecedent- or consequent-based. Results showed that antecedent-based treatment strategies (i.e., self-monitoring and task-modification) were more effective than consequent-based treatment strategies (i.e., differential reinforcement) for increasing academic engagement and reducing disruptive behavior. Implications regarding the use of functional assessment with typically developing students at-risk for emotional and behavioral problems enrolled in general education classrooms and the effects of antecedent- and consequent-based treatment strategies as a function of behavior are discussed.
Efficient Implementation of the Chan-Vese Models Without Solving PDEs

Efficient implementation methods are proposed for Chan-Vese models [3] [16]. The proposed methods do not require solutions of PDEs and are therefore fast. The advantages of level set methods, such as automatic handling of topological changes, are preserved. These methods utilize region information to guide the evolution of initial curves. Gaussian smoothing is applied to regularize the evolving curves. These algorithms are able to automatically and efficiently segment objects in complicated images. Experimental results show that the proposed methods work efficiently for images without strong noise. However, they still have initialization problems, as do the Chan-Vese models.
From DNA biosensors to gene chips.

Wide-scale DNA testing requires the development of small, fast and easy-to-use devices. This article describes the preparation, operation and applications of biosensors and gene chips, which provide fast, sensitive and selective detection of DNA hybridization. Various new strategies for DNA biosensors and gene chips are examined, along with recent trends and future directions. The integration of hybridization detection schemes with the sample preparation process in a ‘Lab-on-a-Chip’ format is also covered. While the use of DNA biosensors and gene chips is at an early stage, such devices are expected to have an enormous effect on future DNA diagnostics.
Stimulus frequency otoacoustic emissions in the Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens pipiens: Implications for inner ear mechanics

Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are weak sounds that originate from the inner ear which are traditionally classified/named based on their evoking stimulus. Recently, it has been argued that such a classification, at least for mammals, misrepresents the underlying mechanisms of emission-generation. As an alternative classification, it has been suggested to recognize that OAEs arise either via nonlinear distortion or linear coherent reflection. For non-mammalian vertebrates, data on evoked OAEs that arise via the latter mechanism are largely missing. Here, we present the first measurements of stimulus frequency OAEs (SFOAEs), which are emissions thought to arise via linear coherent reflection, from an amphibian (the Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens pipiens). Their properties as a function of the evoking stimulus frequencies and levels are described and subsequently compared with the previously reported properties of distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs) from the same frog species.