cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Sediment Production from Forest Roads During Wet-Weather Hauling

Forest roads produce fine sediment with traffic during wet weather. If the forest road is connected to a stream, it can be a source of turbidity and fine sediment, which may be detrimental to aquatic organisms, especially salmonids. The goal of this work was to investigate turbid runoff during wet-weather use from the pavement of forest roads designed to reduce sediment production. This research tested alternatives for road pavements that were designed specifically to minimize turbid runoff caused by subgrade mixing during wet-weather hauling. Alternative designs of the pavement for unbound aggregate roads influenced the production of sediment, but results were not consistent; the pavement treatments produced different results across different research locations. There was no statistically significant treatment effect. This factor suggested that fine sediment in surface runoff did not originate from the subgrade but rather from the surface aggregate. Road managers who want to minimize the production of se...
Some Dichotomy Theorems for Isomorphism Relations of Countable Models

Strengthening known instances of Vaught Conjecture, we prove the Glimm-Effros dichotomy theorems for countable linear orderings and for simple trees. Corollaries of the theorems answer some open questions of Friedman and Stanley in an L ω 1 ω -interpretability theory. We also give a survey of this theory.
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection following Topical Hormone Replacement Therapy

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare condition, usually presenting as an acute coronary syndrome, and is often seen in states associated with high systemic estrogen levels such as pregnancy or oral contraceptive use. While topical hormonal replacement therapy may result in increased estrogen levels similar to those documented with oral contraceptive use, there are no reported cases of spontaneous coronary dissection with topical hormonal replacement therapy. We describe a 53-year-old female who developed two spontaneous coronary dissections while on topical hormonal replacement therapy. The patient had no other risk factors for coronary dissection. After withdrawal from topical hormonal therapy, our patient has done well and has not had recurrent coronary artery dissections over a one-year follow-up period. The potential contributory role of topical hormonal therapy as a cause of spontaneous coronary dissection should be recognized.
Frictions in Shadow Banking: Evidence from the Lending Behavior of Money Market Funds

We document the consequences of money market fund risk taking during the European sovereign debt crisis. Using a novel data set of security-level holdings of prime money market funds, we show that funds with large exposures to risky Eurozone banks suffered significant outflows between June and August 2011. Due to credit market frictions, these outflows have significant spillover effects on other firms: non-European issuers that typically rely on these funds raise less financing in this period. The results are not driven by issuers' riskiness or exposure to Europe: for the same issuer, money market funds with greater exposure to Eurozone banks decrease their holdings more than other funds. We show that relationships are important in short-term credit markets so that these spillover effects cannot be seamlessly offset, even though issuers are large, highly rated firms. Our results illustrate that instabilities associated with money market funds persist despite recent changes to the regulations governing them.
Clinical Estimation of Liver Size in the Normal Neonate

Clinical estimates of liver size and comparative analysis of the clinical techniques of estimating liver size are not available for neonates. Liver span was determined by a pediatrician and pediatric nurse practitioner, in 100 consecutive normal term neonates at 1 and 3 days of life, using four methods. The most reproducible method in estimating liver size in neonates is either (1) percussion of the upper and lower borders of (2) percussion of the upper border and palpation of the lower border. The clinical estimate of liver size in a healthy term neonate is 5.65 cm, with a 95% confidence limit of 4.25 to 7.00 cm. These values provide a basis for comparison during routine examination.
Some Problems Involving Circular and Spherical Targets

This article is concerned with some problems that occur in certain tactical considerations: how should one place k circles [spheres] in the plane [3-space] so that their union has the greatest standard normal probability measure, that is, so as to maximize the probability that a random normal point will fall in one or more of the circles [spheres]. For k > 3 the problem seems hopeless, except for certain special situations; the case for k = 3 is still unresolved and is being worked on by a number of investigators, and the case for k = 2 is solved completely in this paper. The results for k = 2 have some practical value when applied to actual problems arising in tactical considerations, and some theoretical value, as a method of attacking the problem for k â§ 3.
EFFECTS OF INHALATION EXPOSURES TO AN M1-RECEPTOR AGONIST ON VENTILATION IN RHESUS MONKEYS

ABSTRACTInformation was needed on effects of possible occupational inhalation exposure to an M]-receptor agonist (xanomeline) such as might occur during the manufacturing process. Both acute and repeated inhalation exposures to xanomeline were carried out in six male rhesus monkeys using a head-dome exposure system. Exposure concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 10 mg/m3. The exposure durations were up to 2 weeks. Decreases in tidal volume and increases in respiratory frequency were both time and concentration related during acute exposures. These effects were blocked with atropine pre-treatment. Correlation with pulmonary resistance measurements in two monkeys suggested that these were bronchoconstrictive changes that increased with severity with time at a given concentration and with concentration when measured after a constant exposure time. The dose-response was relatively steep with 10 mg/m3 becoming intolerable to the monkeys after approximately 15 minutes, but no measurable effects were observed at 0.3...
A randomized study of suprastomal stents in laryngotracheoplasty surgery for grade III subglottic stenosis in children.

Objectives/Hypothesis Studies comparing the relative effectiveness of suprastomal stents in laryngotracheoplasty surgery are lacking in the literature. The goal of this study was to compare the performance of two widely used short-term suprastomal stents in open airway surgery. Study Design Prospective, randomized study of a single surgeon's outcomes for grade III subglottic stenosis (SGS) in children. Methods The open Aboulker Teflon stent versus the cut, closed, soft Silastic Montgomery T-tube stent for short-term stenting in double-stage laryngotracheoplasty (dsLTP) were compared. Results Twenty-four patients were recruited into the study; 12 received an Aboulker (A) stent and 12 a cut, soft, Silastic (S) stent. There was no statistically significant difference in the operation specific decannulation rate between the two stent groups. Patients who received S stents were found to tolerate postoperative feeding better than those with A stents. The median time to decannulate, however, was longer for those receiving S stents (5.5 vs. 3.5 months, P = .02). Furthermore, those receiving S stents had increased need for airway dilation after stent removal (1.75 vs. 0.17 dilations per patient, P = .02) and increased presence of granulation tissue in the airway at the time of stent removal. Multivariate analysis showed the type of stent used independently correlated to time to decannulate (P = .022). Conclusions Compared to the Teflon Aboulker stents, closed, soft, Silastic stents are associated with improved feeding in the postoperative period. Their use, however, also correlates with worsened granulation tissue formation and longer time to decannulation in patients undergoing dsLTP for grade III SGS. Level of Evidence 1b. Laryngoscope, 124:207–213, 2014
Correspondence between video-based preference assessment and subsequent community job performance.

Researchers identified high and low preference jobs using a video web-based assessment program with three young adults ages 18 to 19 with intellectual disabilities. Individual participants were then taught to perform high and low preference jobs in community locations. The order of 25-min high and low preference job sessions was randomized. A third session allowed participants to choose which job they wanted to perform. Two data collectors, who were unaware of high and low preference jobs, recorded observations of on-task behavior. Using an alternating treatments design, researchers found participants (a) were engaged in tasks at generally higher rates on high preference versus low preference jobs, (b) usually selected high preference jobs in the choice session, and (c) identified high preference jobs as the favored one at the conclusion of the research. Results were consistent with selections on the video web-based assessment program. Assessment of job preferences for individuals with significant intellectual disabilities is im- portant for three reasons. First, it aligns with the philosophy of self-determination which states that an individual acts "as a primary causal agent in one's life and (makes) deci- sions regarding one's quality of life free from undue influence and interference" (Wehm- eyer, 1996). Baer (1998) describes self-deter- mination as presentation of two or more con- ditions with a request for a response to
New Stabilized Finite Element Method Embedded with a Cap Model for the Analysis of Granular Materials

Standard displacement-based finite element formulations show a tendency to lock in the modeling of nearly incompressible materials. This overly stiff response often leads to an overestimation of the collapse load for the system. In this paper we present a stabilized mixed displacement-pressure finite element method that can effectively model the nearly incompressible materials in their elastic and inelastic range. The stabilized formulation is free of volumetric locking effects and allows equal low-order interpolation for both the displacement and the pressure fields. The formulation is integrated with a three-surface elastoplastic cap model for the simulation and analysis of granular materials. The good performance of the method is demonstrated via numerical examples of the hydrostatic compression test for concrete and the bearing capacity and limit load analyses of flexible footings.
Neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to exposure to an infant in male prairie voles.

Paternal behaviour and pair-bond formation are defining characteristics of social monogamy. However, in comparison to pair-bonding, the endocrine factors associated with the male care of young are not well studied. In the present study, plasma concentrations of oxytocin, vasopressin and corticosterone (CORT) were measured in reproductively naive male prairie voles as a function of exposure to an infant or control manipulations (i.e. handling or exposure to a wooden dowel). Plasma oxytocin concentrations were transiently elevated within 10 min of pup exposure. Although plasma CORT concentration typically increases after handling, after 10 min of pup exposure, the concentration of plasma CORT was not increased, suggesting an attenuation of CORT release by pup exposure. Group differences in the concentrations of plasma hormones were no longer detected at 20 or 60 min after treatment. These patterns of rapid change in the concentrations of plasma oxytocin and CORT were observed in both juvenile and adult males but not detected after control procedures. Plasma vasopressin, assessed only in adult males, did not vary as a function of pup exposure or other manipulations. In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, pup exposure also increased activation (as assessed by the measurement of c-Fos) of neurones that stained for either oxytocin or vasopressin, whereas it decreased c-Fos expression in neurones stained for corticotrophin-releasing hormone. In addition, brief pup exposure (20 min) facilitated subsequent partner preference formation when alloparental males and pup attackers were considered as a group. In the context of other studies, these data support the hypothesis that neuroendocrine changes associated with male alloparental behaviour are related to those implicated in pair-bonding.
Cytologic features of squamous cell carcinoma in situ involving endocervical glands in endocervical cytobrush specimens

Clinical usage of the cytobrush has led to an increase in cellular yield on endocervical cell samples. In cases of squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS) involving endocervical glands, clusters of abnormal cells on endocervical smears can be confused with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). The purpose of this retrospective three-year study (January 1988 through December 1990) was to evaluate the cellular features of endocervical gland involvement by CIS on cell samples obtained with the cytobrush. Of the 45 cases of CIS diagnosed on cytology, 25 (56%) had histologic correlation and form the basis of this study. In 10 (40%) of the 25 cases two distinct cell patterns were noted. Pattern A was composed of round to oval clusters of abnormal cells with smooth cell borders. Cells at the periphery were flattened, while those within the center had a spindling or whorling arrangement. The cells showed an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and contained hyperchromatic nuclei and granular chromatin. Nucleoli were not discernible. Pattern B consisted of sheets of columnar cells with peripheral palisading and nuclear pseudostratification, findings that might be interpreted as AIS. The cellular characteristics were similar to those of pattern A. Histologically all cases (10 cervical cones) showed transformation zone and/or endocervical canal involvement by CIS with extension into endocervical glands. In 8 (32%) of the 25 cases, neither cell pattern was present on cytology. In 7 of these cases (87.5%), 7 cervical cones did not show CIS within endocervical glands; supporting findings for patterns A and B represented gland involvement by CIS. In the remaining 7 cases (28%), 6 (85.7%) showed pattern A, and 1 (14.3%) showed pattern B; of these, 5 (71%) showed CIS within endocervical glands (5 cervical cones). Histologically, none of the 25 cases showed endocervical AIS. Endocervical gland involvement by CIS has characteristic cell patterns on endocervical cell samples obtained with the cytobrush that permit the distinction from well-differentiated AIS.
The Influence of Semi-active Dampers on the Vibration Behaviour of Passenger Cars

The number of mechatronic components in modern car suspensions is increasing continuously to solve conflicts concerning design goals. Thus, changes in the vibration behaviour of the vehicle are caused. It needs to be ascertained whether this influence has to be taken into account when determining the fatigue life of a car and its components. Therefore, changes of the loads are studied in measurements and multi-body simulations of a passenger car with semi-active dampers. The evaluation of the forces at the wheel centre and at the shock absorber tower shows that different settings of semi-active dampers have an influence on fatigue life of the chassis and the car body. It is concluded that these effects need to be taken into account when determining fatigue life. Furthermore, multi-body simulations have been successfully applied to study the influence of semi-active dampers on the loads.
DRN: Bringing Greedy Layer-Wise Training into Time Dimension

Sequential data modeling has received growing interests due to its impact on real world problems. Sequential data is ubiquitous -- financial transactions, advertise conversions and disease evolution are examples of sequential data. A long-standing challenge in sequential data modeling is how to capture the strong hidden correlations among complex features in high volumes. The sparsity and skewness in the features extracted from sequential data also add to the complexity of the problem. In this paper, we address these challenges from both discriminative and generative perspectives, and propose novel stochastic learning algorithms to model nonlinear variances from static time frames and their transitions. The proposed model, Deep Recurrent Network (DRN), can be trained in an unsupervised fashion to capture transitions, or in a discriminative fashion to conduct sequential labeling. We analyze the conditional independence of each functional module and tackle the diminishing gradient problem by developing a two-pass training algorithm. Extensive experiments on both simulated and real-world dynamic networks show that the trained DRN outperforms all baselines in the sequential classification task and obtains excellent performance in the regression task.
Beyond the Cat's Paw: An Argument for a Substantially Influences Standard for Title VII and ADEA Liability

"Cat's paw" discrimination occurs when a supervisor with discriminatory animus reports falsely to a personnel committee that an employee is performing poorly, inducing the committee to fire the employee. The Fourth Circuit has held that the fired employee has no cause of action for discrimination; the errant committee, the Fourth Circuit reasons, fired the employee because of the misinformation supplied by the supervisor and not because of the committee's discriminatory animus. The Seventh Circuit, relying on agency principles, has rejected this approach. Analogizing the situation to an Aseop's Fable in which a monkey induced a cat to commit a crime for him, the Seventh Circuit has held that "cat's paw" discrimination should not shield an employer from liability. This article agrees with the Seventh Circuit's conclusion that the employer should be held liable. Unfortunately, however, the Seventh Circuit's mis-application of agency principles may result in "cat's paw" liability not attaching when the person reporting to a personnel committee is not a supervisor, but is instead a co-worker or a non-employee such as an independent contractor or a customer. This article urges courts to adopt a "substantial influence" standard by which an employer would be liable whenever a biased report to a personnel committee or other ultimate decision maker has a substantial influence on a decision to take an adverse employment action against an employee.
Disparities in the Use of Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy for Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Purpose Although radiation therapy improves locoregional control and survival for inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), it is underused in this population. The purpose of this study was to identify variables associated with the underuse of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) for IBC. Methods and Materials Using the 1998 to 2011 National Cancer Data Base, we identified 8273 women who underwent mastectomy for nonmetastatic IBC. We used logistic regression modeling to determine the demographic, tumor, and treatment variables associated with the underuse of PMRT. Results Although the use of PMRT increased over time, a total of 30.3% of our cohort did not receive PMRT. On multivariate analysis, variables associated with the underuse of PMRT for IBC included the following (all P P =.0001). Conclusions Although the use of PMRT for IBC has increased over time, it continues to be underused. Disparities related to a variety of variables impact which IBC patients receive PMRT. A concerted effort must be made to address these disparities in order to optimize the outcomes for IBC.
Are Two Rents Better than None? When Monopolies Correct Ill-Defined Property Rights

We theoretically demonstrate the net change in welfare when moving from an open-access institution to a monopoly resource manager. A monopoly renewable resource manager, such as a harvester cooperative, may create a gain relative to a rent-dissipating sector because of its internalization of the impact of harvesting on the resource stock. As the monopolist reduces harvest, resource stocks recover and resource rent is generated through reduced harvesting costs. Thus, it is possible that the monopoly harvest exceeds the rent-dissipated harvest over time, leaving both producers and consumers better off. We argue that local resource management institutions that exert market power should not be considered violations of antitrust laws without first considering the costs and benefits of monopoly management. In cases where outside management has not had success, local management with monopoly power could represent a second-best solution.
Selection of a Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Strain Resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis

For the first time, resistance to the CRYIIIA coleopteran specific delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego or tenebrionis is reported. Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were selected in the laboratory after exposure in potato fields in Michigan. After 12 generations of selection, the selected strain was 59 times more resistant than the unselected strain and 24-35 times more resistant than other susceptible or insecticide-resistant strains. We observed no cross-resistance between organophosphate, carbamate, or pyrethroid resistance and B. thuringiensis resistance. No difference in movement induced by B. thuringiensis or initial feeding behavior was observed between selected and unselected strains, although a shift toward petiole feeding behavior was observed in adults (of both strains) that were stressed by B. thuringiensis . The selected strain oviposited at a reduced rate of 0.1 ±0.15 (mean ± SD) egg masses per day) on treated foliage; the unselected strain was oostatic. Based on these results, it is recommended that resistance management strategies be developed and deployed for both conventionally applied B. thuringiensis products and B. thuringiensis transgenic plants.
Influence of Fiber Packing on the Deformation and Damage Development in Fiber Reinforced Laminates during Curing

The influence of fiber packing on the deformation and damage evolution, during the process of manufacturing and subsequently, in fiber reinforced composites is investigated by considering a cluster of fibers within a matrix that is undergoing curing and subsequently subjected to mechanical loads. The residual stress development due to cure shrinkage and polymerization of the matrix, during the curing process, is modeled using the finite element (FE) framework. The model is based on the notion of polymer networks that are continuously formed in a body of changing shape due to changes in temperature, chemistry and external loads. Nonlinear material behavior due to post-damage response that can lead to cracking in the matrix is incorporated through a crack band model that preserves mesh objectivity in the FE calculations. The combined thermo-chemo-mechanical response of the composite due to curing and subsequent mechanical loading is investigated in detail in this paper.
An Evaluation of Harvest Control Methods for Fishery Management

ABSTRACTFisheries managers seek to maintain sustainable fisheries production, but successful management often requires the pursuit of multiple biological, ecological, and socioeconomic objectives simultaneously. Fisheries managers must choose among a broad range of harvest control methods (HCMs) to meet management objectives. This review identifies strengths and weaknesses of eight HCMs and evaluates their ability to meet a multitude of common biological, ecological, and socioeconomic management objectives such as protecting spawning biomass, reducing bycatch, and sustaining fishers’ profit. Evidence suggests that individual HCMs often fail to meet management objectives and may unintentionally create incentives to race to fish, discard catch and overcapitalize fishing operations. These limitations can be overcome by strategically combining multiple controls or incorporating rights-based and spatial management.
Posterior Fossa Tumors and Intellectual Impairment

The effect of cerebellar damage on intellectual function in 76 children treated surgically for malignant posterior fossa tumor was investigated at the Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Hospital, Paris, France.
Precise high-dimensional error analysis of regularized M-estimators

A general approach for estimating an unknown signal x0 ∈ ℝn from noisy, linear measurements y = Ax0 + z ∈ ℝm is via solving a so called regularized M-estimator: x := arg minx ℒ(y−Ax)+λf(x). Here, ℒ is a convex loss function, f is a convex (typically, non-smooth) regularizer, and, λ > 0 a regularizer parameter. We analyze the squared error performance ∥x − x0∥22 of such estimators in the high-dimensional proportional regime where m, n → ∞ and m/n → δ. We let the design matrix A have entries iid Gaussian, and, impose minimal and rather mild regularity conditions on the loss function, on the regularizer, and, on the distributions of the noise and of the unknown signal. Under such a generic setting, we show that the squared error converges in probability to a nontrivial limit that is computed by solving four nonlinear equations on four scalar unknowns. We identify a new summary parameter, termed the expected Moreau envelope, which determines how the choice of the loss function and of the regularizer affects the error performance. The result opens the way for answering optimality questions regarding the choice of the loss function, the regularizer, the penalty parameter, etc.
Analysis of adverse drug reactions after intrathecal injection of methotrexate for leukemia

AIM To explore the characteristics of adverse drug reactions (ADR) after intrathecal injection of methotrexate for leukemia in order to conduct the proper clinical application.METHODS A statistical analysis was conducted on the 15 cases of ADR after intrathecal injection of methotrexate and 2 514 times intrathecal injections of methotrexate for leukemia from 1979 to 2007 records of two drug periodicals' data base. RESULTS After summarization of the cases' report showed that the ADR occurrences after intrathecal injection of methotrexate in male and female were 73 %(11/15)with age of(22±s14) a and 27 %(4/15)with age of (28±17)a,respectively.The main distribution of ADR included paraplegia and numbness of bilateral lower limbs.According to other clinical therapeutic literatures reports,the crucial symptoms of ADR were headache and dizziness 13.44 %(338/2 514),nausea and vomiting 9.98 %(251/2 514),and fever 5.05 %(271/ 2 514);but the occurrences of paraplegia and numbness of bilateral lower limbs were only 0.12 % and 0.44 % respectively;with 0.2 % mortality.CONCLUSION The ADRs after intrathecal injection of methotrexate for leukemia include the headache,dizziness,nausea,vomiting and fever,etc;but occasionally with paraplegia, numbness of bilateral lower limbs,or even death.
Carcinoma of the thyroid. Modalities of therapy.

Thyroid carcinoma is treated by a wide range of operative and nonoperative measures which vary according to the histologic type of the lesion, the extent of spread, and the personal bias of the physician. The outline of therapy presented is based on the stage and histologic type. Biologic influences are also discussed.
Band gap engineering in polymers through chemical doping and applied mechanical strain

We report simulations based on density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory exploring the band gaps of common crystalline polymers including polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene. Our reported band gaps of 8.6 eV for single-chain polyethylene and 9.1 eV for bulk crystalline polyethylene are in excellent agreement with experiment. The effects of chemical doping along the polymer backbone and side-groups are explored, and the use mechanical strain as a means to modify the band gaps of these polymers over a range of several eV while leaving the dielectric constant unchanged is discussed. This work highlights some of the opportunities available to engineer the electronic properties of polymers with wide-reaching implications for polymeric dielectric materials used for capacitive energy storage.
Live-Cell Bioorthogonal Chemical Imaging: Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy of Vibrational Probes

ConspectusInnovations in light microscopy have tremendously revolutionized the way researchers study biological systems with subcellular resolution. In particular, fluorescence microscopy with the expanding choices of fluorescent probes has provided a comprehensive toolkit to tag and visualize various molecules of interest with exquisite specificity and high sensitivity. Although fluorescence microscopy is currently the method of choice for cellular imaging, it faces fundamental limitations for studying the vast number of small biomolecules. This is because common fluorescent labels, which are relatively bulky, could introduce considerable perturbation to or even completely alter the native functions of vital small biomolecules. Hence, despite their immense functional importance, these small biomolecules remain largely undetectable by fluorescence microscopy.To address this challenge, a bioorthogonal chemical imaging platform has recently been introduced. By coupling stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) micr...
Three Cases of Productivist Welfare Capitalism

The early generation of the East Asian developmental states, including Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, has been a favored topic of comparative political economy over the last decades. This is not a surprise if one considers the distinctiveness of their paths to economic growth. The distinctiveness has been termed the “developmental state,” the essence of which is the foremost and single-minded priority of state policy in economic development (Woo-Cumings 1999). Within this developmental paradigm, a strong commitment to protective social welfare is regarded as inefficient and wasteful. This is why East Asian developmental states have espoused certain forms of institutional arrangements of productivist welfare capitalism (PWC) since the early stage of industrialization.
Atomistic Study on Size Effects in Thermally Induced Martensitic Phase Transformation of NiTi

The atomistic study shows strong size effects in thermally induced martensitic phase transformation evolution kinetics of equiatomic NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs). It is shown that size effects are closely related to the presence of free surfaces; thus, NiTi thin films and nanopillars are studied. Quasi-static molecular dynamics simulations for several cell sizes at various (constant) temperatures are performed by employing well-established interatomic potentials for NiTi. The study shows that size plays a crucial role in the evolution of martensite phase fraction and, importantly, can significantly change the phase transformation temperatures, which can be used for the design of NiTi based sensors, actuators, or devices at nano- to microscales. Interestingly, it is found that, at the nanometer scale, Richard’s equation describes very well the martensite phase fraction evolution in NiTi thin films and nanopillars as a function of temperature.
Multicenter Evaluation of Fungal Prophylaxis in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) conducted a benchmarking study to assess members’ compliance with published guidelines for prevention of fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. METHODS: Adult HSCT patients were evaluated by retrospective chart review of cases discharged between 01/01/04 and 06/30/05. Data collected included demographics, use of prophylaxis (px), and outcomes. Patients were classified as high or low risk for fungal infection according to NCCN and CDC guidelines. RESULTS: Thirteen UHC member hospitals submitted a total of 242 HSCT cases. Patient characteristics and administration of antifungal therapy are shown in Table 1. 57% (137/242) of patients were classified as high risk for fungal infection. Overall, 85% (205/242) of patients received antifungal px. Compliance with national guideline directed antifungal px was 54%. Of patients who did not receive px, 59% (22/37) were high-risk. 32% (7/22) of these patients required empiric antifungal therapy, 29% (2/7) had a confirmed fungal infection and 1 of these patients died. Of patients who received antifungal px, 44% (90/205) were classified as low risk. 6.7% (6/90) went on to require empiric therapy and 2 died. 84.4% of patients had fluconazole as at least one of their prophylactic agents, and 34% of patients received prophylactic antifungals that provided coverage for both Aspergillus and Candida species. 5.4% (13/242) of HSCT recipients died during the target hospitalization. 76.9% (10/13) of these patients were high risk. 61.5% (8/13) had signs/symptoms of a suspected or definitive fungal infection at the time of death (6 were high risk). CONCLUSION: Most HSCT patients did not receive appropriate fungal px based on current guidelines. Failure represented both under and over utilization of px. Further study is required to explain poor adherence to current guidelines. | | High Risk (n=137) | Low Risk (n=105) | |:------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ---------------- | | | % (n) | % (n) | | *ABX = broad spectrum antibiotics | | Chemotherapy prior to admission | 53.3% (73) | 61.9% (65) | | Radiation prior to admission | 23.4% (32) | 17.1% (18) | | Allogeneic Transplant | 75.9% (104) | 17.1% (18) | | Cytomegalovirus disease | 11.7% (16) | 6.7% (7) | | GVHD | 15.3% (21) | 1.0% (1) | | Mucositis | 55.5% (76) | 7.6% (8) | | Systemic corticosteroids | 63.5% (87) | 44.8% (47) | | Fever unresponsive to >4 days of ABX | 19.0% (26) | 12.4% (13) | | Neutropenia during antifungal therapy | 39.4% (54) | 27.6% (29) | | History of Aspergillus infection | 3.6% (5) | 0.0% (0) | | Antifungal therapy: | | | | Prophylaxis | 83.9% (115) | 85.7% (90) | | Failed prophylaxis | 21.2% (29) | 5.7% (6) | | Empiric therapy | 25.4% (32) | 10.5% (11) | | Definite treatment | 6.6% (8) | 0.0% (0) | Table 1: Patient Characteristics by Degree of Risk
Deletion of Atm in the Hematopoetic Stem Cell As a Mouse Model for Human T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma.

Abstract 2418 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is diagnosed in approximately 2500 children per year. Although high cure rates have been achieved for ALL, these cancers account for the highest number of non-brain tumor cancer-related deaths in children. T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy of immature TCRβ − CD4 + /CD8 + T-cells that represents ∼15% of pediatric ALL diagnoses, comprises most of the therapy-resistant ALL tumors, and exhibits a high frequency of relapse. The Ataxia Telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase activates the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) to coordinate DNA repair with cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Somatic inactivating ATM mutations occur in 10–20% of T-ALL and T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LL) tumors and are associated with resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy drugs and therapy relapse, likely driven by increased genomic instability in cells lacking functional ATM. The impaired DSB response of ATM-deficient cells can be exploited to design combinations of genotoxic drugs that specifically kill these cells in vitro . However, the in vivo potential of such drug combinations to treat T-ALL have not been reported. We sought to develop a pre-clinical mouse model that could be used to test effectiveness of such drug combinations to treat T-ALLs and T-LLs with somatic ATM inactivation. Although germline ATM-deficient ( Atm −/− ) mice succumb by six months of age to immature CD4 + /CD8 + T-cell lymphomas containing genomic instability analogous to human T-ALL tumors, we sought a more physiologic model that would avoid potential complications due to ATM-deficiency in thymic epithelial cells. Thus, we generated and characterized VavCre:Atm flox/flox mice with conditional Atm inactivation restricted to hematopoietic cell lineages. These mice contain reduced numbers of TCRβ − CD4 + /CD8 + , TCRβ + CD4 + /CD8 − , and TCRβ + CD4 − /CD8 + thymocytes and of TCRβ + CD4 + and TCRb + CD8 + splenic T-cells, mirroring the phenotype of Atm −/− mice. We have found that VavCre:Atm flox/flox mice succumb at an average of 95 days (range 53–183 days) to clonal TCRβ − CD4 + /CD8 + or TCRβ + CD4 − /CD8 + thymic lymphomas. Evaluation of the bone marrow in a subset of these mice indicates that the lymphoma has disseminated and are classified as leukemia. Our initial cytogenetic analyses of these tumors indicate that they contain both clonal translocations involving chromosome 12 and/or chromosome 14 and deletion of one allelic copy of the haploinsufficient Bcl11b tumor suppressor gene. Hemizygous BCL11B inactivation occurs in ∼20% of human T-ALL tumors, indicating the clinical relevance of VavCre:Atm flox/flox mice as a model for human T-ALL. Our ongoing studies include complete cytogenetic and molecular characterization of VavCre:Atm flox/flox tumors and in vivo testing of chemotherapeutics targeting the Atm pathway in this mouse model of T-ALL/T-LL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Multiphoton Excitation Techniques in Combustion Diagnostics

Multiphoton excitation provides spectroscopic access to several species that are very important in flame studies, but that cannot be detected in combustion environments using conventional optical techniques. This paper describes applications of multiphoton excitation techniques for detecting such species in combustion environments, with an emphasis placed on measurements of atomic hydrogen in flames.
Managing Perceptions of Distress at Work: Reframing Emotion as Passion

People often feel distressed at work, but expressing distress can have substantial negative consequences for employees: observers perceive employees who express distress as less competent and in co...
Article 6: Rehabilitation practitioners’ perspectives on research utilization for evidence-based practice 1

Abstract Objective: To explore rehabilitation practitioners' perspectives on barriers and solutions related to research utilization for evidence-based practice. Design: Focus group study. Setting: Conference room. Participants: 13 rehabilitation practitioners (occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech-language pathologists). Intervention: Participants discussed the barriers that prevented them from effectively using research information for evidence-based practice, and ways that they thought would help improve the usability of research information. Main Outcome Measures: Transcribed and coded verbal responses. Results: Top barriers included research topic not relevant to practice, sample not relevant to practice, lack of explanation for practical application, researchers' lack of real-life knowledge about clinical situation, and presentation of research in article format not user-friendly. Practitioners also suggested ways to help alleviate those barriers. Conclusion: Rehabilitation researchers may need to rethink the way they conduct and report research in order to make information more usable, and thus increase utilization, for evidence-based practice. Although definite conclusion cannot be drawn from the present study due to its preliminary nature, the findings strongly indicated the need for future research about the issue of research utilization, which has not been adequately studied in the rehabilitation community.
Book review of Peter Quigley's Housing the Environmental Imagination: Politics, Beauty and Refuge in American Nature Writing // Reseña de Housing the Environmental Imagination , de Peter Quigley

72 544x376 Book review of Peter Quigley, Housing the Environmental Imagination: Politics, Beauty and Refuge in American Nature Writing Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE
The Obesity Paradox in Cancer-Moving beyond BMI-Response.

We read the letter to the editor from Raffaella Mormile addressing our recent publication regarding body composition–related explanations for the obesity paradox in cancer with great interest ([1][1]). Mormile proposed an alternative explanation for the obesity paradox in cancer ([2][2]) and
Notes on the Fauna of the Chipola Formation- XXXVIII Two New Species of the Genus Turbo (Gastropoda:Turbinidae)

According to Hickman and McLean (1990, p. 57), the genus Turbo first appears in Upper Cretaceous rocks and reached it's highest level of diversity in the Cenozoic. Today, members of this genus thrive in shallow tropical and subtropical marine environments where they have a strong affinity for calcareous substrates (Hickman and McLean, 1990, p. 57).
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics Review

This is a book about techniques, and the first few chapters are about the techniques you have to learn before you can learn the real techniques. Your mastery of these crucial chapters will be presumed in subsequent ones. So go though them carefully, paying special attention to exercises whose answers are numbered equations. I begin with a review of basic ideas from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Some books are suggested at the end of the chapter [1–4]. In the beginning there was thermodynamics. It was developed before it was known that matter was made of atoms. It is notorious for its multiple but equivalent formalisms and its orgy of partial derivatives. I will try to provide one way to navigate this mess that will suffice for this book. Energy and Entropy in Thermodynamics I will illustrate the basic ideas by taking as an example a cylinder of gas, with a piston on top. The piston exerts some pressure P and encloses a volume V of gas. We say the system (gas) is in equilibrium when nothing changes at the macroscopic level. In equilibrium the gas may be represented by a point in the (P , V) plane. The gas has an internal energy U . This was known even before knowing the gas was made of atoms. The main point about U is that it is a state variable : it has a unique value associated with every state, i.e., every point (P , V) . It returns to that value if the gas is taken on a closed loop in the (P , V) plane. There are two ways to change U . One is to move the piston and do some mechanical work, in which case dU = –PdV by the law of conservation of energy. The other is to put the gas on a hot or cold plate. In this case some heat δQ can be added and we write dU = δQ which acknowledges the fact that heat is a form of energy as well. The first law of thermodynamics simply expresses energy conservation: dU = δQ – PdV . I use δQ and not dQ since Q is not a state variable.
Electrochemical Characteristics of Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries: Surface, Bulk Behavior, and Thermal Properties

Layered lithium transition metal oxides, in particular, NMCs (LiNixCoyMnzO2) represent a family of prominent lithium ion battery cathode materials with the potential to increase energy densities and lifetime, reduce costs, and improve safety for electric vehicles and grid storage. Our work has focused on various strategies to improve performance and to understand the limitations to these strategies, which include altering compositions, utilizing cation substitutions, and charging to higher than usual potentials in cells. Understanding the effects of these strategies on surface and bulk behavior and correlating structure-performance relationships advance our understanding of NMC materials. This also provides information relevant to the efficacy of various approaches toward ensuring reliable operation of these materials in batteries intended for demanding traction and grid storage applications. In this Account, we start by comparing NMCs to the isostructural LiCoO2 cathode, which is widely used in consumer batteries. Effects of changing the metal content (Ni, Mn, Co) upon structure and performance of NMCs are briefly discussed. Our early work on the effects of partial substitution of Al, Fe, and Ti for Co on the electrochemical and bulk structural properties is then covered. The original aim of this work was to reduce the Co content (and thus the raw materials cost) and to determine the effect of the substitutions on the electrochemical and bulk structural properties. More recently, we have turned to the application of synchrotron and advanced microscopy techniques to understand both bulk and surface characteristics of the NMCs. Via nanoscale-to-macroscale spectroscopy and atomically resolved imaging techniques, we were able to determine that the surfaces of NMC undergo heterogeneous reconstruction from a layered structure to rock salt under a variety of conditions. Interestingly, formation of rock salt also occurs under abuse conditions. The surface structural and chemical changes affect the charge distribution, the charge compensation mechanisms, and ultimately, the battery performance. Surface reconstruction, cathode/electrolyte interface layer formation, and oxygen loss are intimately related, making it difficult to disentangle the effects of each of these phenomena. They are driven by the different redox activities of Ni and O on the surface and in the bulk; there is a greater tendency for charge compensation to occur on oxygen anions at particle surfaces rather than on Ni, whereas the Ni in the bulk is more redox active than on the surface. Finally, our latest research efforts are directed toward understanding the thermal properties of NMCs, which is highly relevant to their safety in operating cells.
History of the winter simulation conference: modern period (2008--2017)

In this paper we review the history of the Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) during 2008--2017, a period characterized by financial stability, continued growth, and inroads into the new age of simulation. In particular, we trace the modernization of the Conference as well as its expansion outside of the United States for the first time.
Resistance exercise decreases heroin self-administration and alters gene expression in the nucleus accumbens of heroin-exposed rats

Preclinical studies consistently report that aerobic exercise decreases drug self-administration and other forms of drug-seeking behavior; however, relatively few studies have examined other types of physical activity. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of resistance exercise (i.e., strength training) on heroin self-administration and mRNA expression of genes known to mediate opioid reinforcement and addictive behavior in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of heroin-exposed rats. Female rats were obtained during late adolescence and divided into two groups. Resistance exercise rats were trained to climb a vertical ladder wearing a weighted vest; sedentary control rats were placed repeatedly on the ladder oriented horizontally on its side. All rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and trained to self-administer heroin on a fixed ratio (FR1) schedule of reinforcement. mRNA expression in the NAc core and shell was examined following behavioral testing. Resistance exercise significantly decreased heroin self-administration, resulting in a downward shift in the dose-effect curve. Resistance exercise also reduced mRNA expression for mu opioid receptors and dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors in the NAc core. Resistance exercise increased mRNA expression of dopamine D5 receptors in the NAc shell and increased mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (exons I, IIB, IIC, IV, VI, IX) in the NAc core. These data indicate that resistance exercise decreases the positive reinforcing effects of heroin and produces changes in opioid and dopamine systems in the NAc of heroin-exposed rats.