cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Provision of Lifestyle Counseling for Diabetes or Prediabetes With Comorbid Obesity: Analysis of Office-Based Physician Visits Made by Patients 20 Years of Age or Older.

Obesity, defined as a BMI ≥30 kg/m2, is one of the most common and costly preventable causes of death in the United States (1–3). Increased prevalence of obesity, which affects an estimated 36.5% of U.S. adults (1), has been linked to a growing risk of morbidity from several medical conditions, including diabetes and heart disease (4). In parallel with increases in obesity rates (4), the age-adjusted percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes increased from 3.6% in 1990 to 8.7% in 2010 (5), and an estimated 9.3% of U.S. adults had diagnosed diabetes in 2015 (6). Prediabetes, another consequence of obesity, affects ∼34% of U.S. adults, placing them at increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular complications (5,7). Of those with prediabetes, only about 12% report having been told by a health care professional that they had the condition (5). A previous analysis of office-based physician visits made by U.S. patients with diabetes in 2005, conducted by Neumiller et al. with data reported in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), found that comorbid obesity increased the likelihood of presenting with concomitant disease states such as heart failure (6.1% for obesity/diabetes visits vs. 4.0% for all diabetes visits), depression (21.2 vs. 10.8%), hyperlipidemia (62.2 vs. 46.3%), and hypertension (71.4 vs. 64.1%) (8). Obesity was also associated with increases in the ordering or provision of lifestyle counseling (e.g., diet/nutrition counseling in 58.8% of obesity/diabetes visits vs. 36.6% of all diabetes visits) (8). Since the time of the study by Neumiller et al., attention to obesity-related health risks has increased, with a focus on the potential for early screening and intervention to prevent disease progression, such as from prediabetes to diabetes or from diabetes to cardiovascular disease (9,10). These trends make it important …
The electronic health record's impact on nurses' cognitive work: An integrative review.

Abstract Background Technology use can impact human performance and cognitive function, but few studies have sought to understand the electronic health record’s impact on these dimensions of nurses’ work. Objective The purpose of this review was to synthesize the literature on the electronic health record’s impact on nurses’ cognitive work. Design Integrative review. Data sources MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Review methods The literature search focused on 3 concepts: the electronic health record, cognition, and nursing practice, and yielded 4910 articles. Following a stepwise process of duplicate removal, title and abstract review, full text review, and reference list searches, a total of 18 studies were included: 12 qualitative, 4 mixed-methods, and 2 quantitative studies from the United States (13), Scandinavia (2), Australia (1), Austria (1), and Canada (1). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of eligible studies. Results Five themes identified how nurses and other clinicians used the electronic health record and perceived its impact: 1) forming and maintaining an overview of the patient, 2) cognitive work of navigating the electronic health record, 3) use of cognitive tools, 4) forming and maintaining a shared understanding of the patient, and 5) loss of information and professional domain knowledge. Most studies indicated that forming and maintaining an overview of the patient at both the individual and team level were difficult when using the electronic health record. Navigating the volumes of information was challenging and increased clinicians’ cognitive work. Information was perceived to be scattered and fragmented, making it difficult to see the chronology of events and to situate and understand the clinical implications of various data. The template-driven nature of documentation and limitations on narrative notes restricted clinicians’ ability to express their clinical reasoning and decipher the reasoning of colleagues. Summary reports and handoff tools in the electronic health record proved insufficient as stand-alone tools to support nurses’ work throughout the shift and during handoff, causing them to rely on self-made paper forms. Nurses needed tools that facilitated their ability to individualize and contextualize information in order to make it clinically meaningful. Conclusion The electronic health record was perceived by nurses as an impediment to contextualizing and synthesizing information, communicating with other professionals, and structuring patient care. Synthesizing and communicating information at the individual and team levels are known drivers of patient safety. The findings from this review have implications for electronic health record design.
Experimental psychology meets behavioral ecology: what laboratory studies of learning polymorphisms mean for learning under natural conditions, and vice versa.

Behavior genetics, and specifically the study of learning and memory, has benefitted immensely from the development of powerful forward- and reverse-genetic methods for investigating the relationsh...
Chapter 12 – The Botnet Problem

This chapter addresses the issue of Internet service provider (ISP) network protection, with a focus on addressing bots and botnets, which are a serious and growing problem for end users and ISP networks. Botnets are formed by maliciously infecting end-user computers and other devices with bot (from the word robot) software through a variety of means, and surreptitiously controlling the devices remotely to transmit onto the Internet spam and other attacks (targeting both end users and the network itself). This chapter examines potentially relevant existing best practices (BPs) and identifies additional best practices to address this growing problem. The chapter also identifies best practices that address protection for end users as well as the network. The best practices are organized into the logical steps required to address botnets. The first step is prevention, followed by detection, notification, and then mitigation. In addition, the best practices on privacy considerations are also identified to address the handling of customer information in botnet response. The best practices identified are primarily for use by ISPs that provide service to consumer end users on residential broadband networks, but may apply to other end users and networks as well. It is critical to note that best practices in general are not applicable in every situation because of multiple factors. Therefore, the best practices are intended to be voluntary in nature for ISPs and may not apply in all contexts (and thus for a host of reasons should not be made mandatory). With this understanding, this chapter recommends that the best practices can be implemented by ISPs, where applicable, in order to address the growing botnet problem in consumer end-user devices and ISP networks.
Chemical approaches to artificial photosynthesis: A molecular, dye-sensitized photoanode for O2 production prepared by layer-by-layer self-assembly.

We describe here the preparation of a family of photoanodes for water oxidation that incorporate an electron acceptor–chromophore–catalyst in single molecular assemblies on nano-indium tin oxide (nanoITO) electrodes on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). The assemblies were prepared by using a layer-by-layer, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), self-assembly approach. In the procedure, addition of an electron acceptor viologen derivative followed by a RuII(bpy) chromophore and a pyridyl derivative of the water oxidation catalyst [Ru(bda) (L)2] (bda = 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylate)2, were linked by ALD by addition of the bridge precursors TiO2, ZrO2, and Al2O3 as the bridging groups giving the assemblies, FTO|nanoITO|–MV2+–ALD MO2–RuP22+–ALD M′O2–WOC. In a series of devices, the most efficient gave water oxidation with an incident photon to current efficiency of 2.2% at 440 nm. Transient nanosecond absorption measurements on the assemblies demonstrated that the slow step in the intra-assembly electron transfer is the electron transfer from the chromophore through the viologen bridge to the nanoITO electrode.
Immunogold-Silver Staining (IGSS) of (NCP and CP) BVDV Infected Subcellular Fraction Bands

Pre-embedding immunogold-silver (IGSS) techniques are useful to localize antigens in cell monolayers and agarose embedded cell suspensions for transmission electron microscopy. Procedural centrifugations, however, present a challenge when attempting to localize antigens in subcellular fractions. Using a Beckman Airfuge Ultracentrifuge to concentrate the subcellar fraction bands and resuspending the organelles in agarose simplifies IGSS processing and resin embedding procedures.Control bovine turbinate (BT), and BT cells infected with cytopathic (cp NADL) and non-cytopathic (ncp NY-1) strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were fractioned according to Bienz et al (1992). Bands containing membrane vesicles (Fig 2) were collected and each fraction band was pelleted at 169,000g for 20 min using an A-95 fixed angle rotor in a Beckman Airfuge Ultracentrifuge. Each fraction pellet was resuspended in 50μl of 30% agarose, solidified, and trimmed to < lmm. IGSS procedures were carried out according to Nanoprobes, Inc., Stoney Brook, NY, and Hearne & Van Campen (1996).
Consensus transcriptional states describe human mononuclear phagocyte diversity in the lung across health and disease

SUMMARY Monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages, commonly referred to as mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), are innate immune cells capable of adopting diverse homeostatic and pathogenic phenotypes. Recent single-cell RNA-sequencing studies across many diseases in the lung have profiled this diversity transcriptionally, defining new cellular states and their association with disease. Despite these massive cellular profiling efforts, many studies have focused on defining myeloid dysfunction in specific diseases without identifying common pan-disease trends in the mononuclear phagocyte compartment within the lung. To address these gaps in our knowledge, here, we collate, process, and analyze 561,390 cellular transcriptomes from 12 studies of the human lung across multiple human diseases. We develop a computational framework to identify and compare dominant gene markers and gene expression programs and characterize MNP diversity in the lung, proposing a conserved dictionary of gene sets. Utilizing this reference, we efficiently identify disease-associated and rare MNP populations across multiple diseases and cohorts. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of this dictionary in characterizing a recently published dataset of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from COVID-19 patients and healthy controls which further revealed novel transcriptional shifts directly relatable to other diseases in the lung. These results underline conserved MNP transcriptional programs in lung disease, provide an immediate reference for characterizing the landscape of lung MNPs, and establish a roadmap to dissecting MNP transcriptional complexity across tissues.
Moderating effects of dysregulation and fear of positive emotions on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and positive memory count.

OBJECTIVES We examined moderating effects of positive emotion dysregulation and fear of positive emotions in the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and positive memory count. METHOD Participants were 205 trauma-exposed community individuals (Mage = 35.44; 61.50% female). RESULTS Moderation analyses indicated interaction effects of PTSD severity with nonacceptance of positive emotions (b = -0.01, p = .002) and difficulties with goal-directed behaviors when experiencing positive emotions (b = -0.01, p = .006) on positive memory count. CONCLUSIONS Greater PTSD severity was associated with more specific positive memories when individuals reported less nonacceptance of positive emotions and fewer difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors in the context of positive emotions. Greater PTSD severity was associated with fewer specific positive memories when individuals reported greater nonacceptance of positive emotions and greater difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors in the context of positive emotions. Results support addressing positive emotion dysregulation in memory-focused interventions for PTSD.
Feasibility of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Prior Aortic Root Surgery: Insights From Virtual Modeling.

Background: Aortic root replacement (ARR) introduces several anatomic complexities relevant to valve-in-valve (VIV)–transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) that may (1) increase the risk of c...
Leveraging Decision Curve Analysis to Improve Clinical Application of Surgical Risk Calculators.

Abstract Background Surgical risk calculators (SRCs) have been developed for estimation of postoperative complications but do not directly inform decision-making. Decision curve analysis (DCA) is a method for evaluating prediction models, measuring their utility in guiding decisions. We aimed to analyze the utility of SRCs to guide both preoperative and postoperative management of patients undergoing hepatopancreaticobiliary surgery by using DCA. Methods A single-institution, retrospective review of patients undergoing hepatopancreaticobiliary operations between 2015 and 2017 was performed. Estimation of postoperative complications was conducted using the American College of Surgeons SRC [ACS-SRC] and the Predictive OpTimal Trees in Emergency Surgery Risk (POTTER) calculator; risks were compared with observed outcomes. DCA was used to model optimal patient selection for risk prevention strategies and to compare the relative performance of the ACS-SRC and POTTER calculators. Results A total of 994 patients were included in the analysis. C-statistics for the ACS-SRC prediction of 12 postoperative complications ranged from 0.546 to 0.782. DCA revealed that an ACS-SRC–guided readmission prevention intervention, when compared with an all-or-none approach, yielded a superior net benefit for patients with estimated risk between 5% and 20%. Comparison of SRCs for venous thromboembolism intervention demonstrated superiority of the ACS-SRC for thresholds for intervention between 2% and 4% with the POTTER calculator performing superiorly between 4% and 8% estimated risk. Conclusions SRCs can be used not only to predict complication risk but also to guide risk prevention strategies. This methodology should be incorporated into external validations of future risk calculators and can be applied for institution-specific quality improvement initiatives to improve patient outcomes.
Dryland cover crop soil health benefits are maintained with grazing in the U.S. High and Central Plains

Abstract Cover crops are important for soil conservation efforts but can compete with cash crops for limited water in dryland agricultural systems. Grazing cover crops may provide additional income to improve the profitability of cover cropped systems, but the effect of grazing cover crops on soil health remains poorly understood in semi-arid regions. We conducted on-farm research to examine the short-term effects of grazed and un-grazed spring-planted cover crops compared to full summer fallow on soil health metrics and wheat yields across ten no-till, dryland producer fields over two years in eastern Colorado, western Kansas and western Nebraska, USA. Soils were evaluated at cover crop termination following two to three months of growth for differences in a suite of soil physical and chemical properties. Grazed and un-grazed cover crops increased soil aggregation relative to summer fallow by 30−50%. Surface bulk density (0−5 cm) decreased by 4% with un-grazed cover crops, while bulk density under grazed cover crop was similar to fallow. Soil moisture in the top180 cm depth was reduced by 4–22 % with cover crops, with the greatest water depletion occurring below 30 cm, and grazing did not appear to affect soil moisture compared to un-grazed cover crops. Both cover crop treatments reduced wheat yields by roughly 20 %. The short-term improvements to key soil health metrics with cover crops were largely maintained with grazing, indicating the potential for livestock integration as a management option to offset the short-term yield impacts of cover crop moisture use in water-limited environments.
Multi-Scale Temporal Patterns in Stream Biogeochemistry Indicate Linked Permafrost and Ecological Dynamics of Boreal Catchments

Temporal patterns in stream chemistry provide integrated signals describing the hydrological and ecological state of whole catchments. However, stream chemistry integrates multi-scale signals of processes occurring in both the catchment and stream. Deconvoluting these signals could identify mechanisms of solute transport and transformation and provide a basis for monitoring ecosystem change. We applied trend analysis, wavelet decomposition, multivariate autoregressive state-space modeling, and analysis of concentration–discharge relationships to assess temporal patterns in high-frequency (15 min) stream chemistry from permafrost-influenced boreal catchments in Interior Alaska at diel, storm, and seasonal time scales. We compared catchments that varied in spatial extent of permafrost to identify characteristic biogeochemical signals. Catchments with higher spatial extents of permafrost were characterized by increasing nitrate concentration through the thaw season, an abrupt increase in nitrate and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) and declining conductivity in late summer, and flushing of nitrate and fDOM during summer rainstorms. In contrast, these patterns were absent, of lower magnitude, or reversed in catchments with lower permafrost extent. Solute dynamics revealed a positive influence of permafrost on fDOM export and the role of shallow, seasonally dynamic flowpaths in delivering solutes from high-permafrost catchments to streams. Lower spatial extent of permafrost resulted in static delivery of nitrate and limited transport of fDOM to streams. Shifts in concentration–discharge relationships and seasonal trends in stream chemistry toward less temporally dynamic patterns might therefore indicate reorganized catchment hydrology and biogeochemistry due to permafrost thaw.
Habitat fragmentation alters the distance of abiotic seed dispersal through edge effects and direction of dispersal.

Habitat loss and fragmentation are leading causes of species declines, driven in part by reduced dispersal. Isolating the effects of fragmentation on dispersal, however, is daunting because the consequences of fragmentation are typically intertwined, such as reduced connectivity and increased prevalence of edge effects. We used a large-scale landscape experiment to separate consequences of fragmentation on seed dispersal, considering both distance and direction of local dispersal. We evaluated seed dispersal for five wind- or gravity-dispersed, herbaceous plant species that were planted at different distances from habitat edges, within fragments that varied in their connectivity and shape (edge-to-area ratio). Dispersal distance was affected by proximity and direction relative to the nearest edge. For 4 of 5 species, dispersal distances were greater further from habitat edges and when seeds dispersed in the direction of the nearest edge. Connectivity and patch edge-to-area ratio had minimal effects on local dispersal. Our findings illustrate how some, but not all, landscape changes associated with fragmentation can affect the key population process of seed dispersal.
Foxby-morphism and derived equivalences

Abstract For quasi-projective schemes X over affine schemes Spec ( A ) , resolving subcategories A of Coh ( X ) were considered. The equivalences of derived categories were established, where M g k ( A ) = { F ∈ Coh ( X ) : dim A ⁡ ( F ) ∞ , grade ( F ) ≥ k } and D k denote the corresponding filtration of the derived category.
New Frontiers in Aerosol Delivery During Mechanical Ventilation

The scientific basis for inhalation therapy in mechanically-ventilated patients is now firmly established. A variety of new devices that deliver drugs to the lung with high efficiency could be employed for drug delivery during mechanical ventilation. Encapsulation of drugs within liposomes could increase the amount of drug delivered, prolong the effect of a dose, and minimize adverse effects. With improved inhalation devices and surfactant formulations, inhaled surfactant could be employed for several indications in mechanically-ventilated patients. Research is unraveling the causes of some disorders that have been poorly understood, and our improved understanding of the causal mechanisms of various respiratory disorders will provide new applications for inhaled therapies.
Mobile web and location-based services

The Web today, powered by Web server, application server technology, and Web services, is the lingua franca of the bulk of contents out on the Internet. As computing and communications options become ubiquitous, this Internet access capability is being embedded in billions of wireless devices such as PDAs, cellular phones, and computers embedded in vehicles. The Mobile Web is extending the Web through mobile information access, with the promise of greater information access opportunity, richer and device-spanning Web experiences, due to continuous availability and location awareness. In addition, advances in positioning technologies, mobile hardware, and the growing popularity and availability of mobile communications have made many devices location-aware. Location-based information management has become an important problem in mobile computing systems. Furthermore, the computational capabilities in mobile devices continue to rise, making mobile devices increasingly accessible. However, much research efforts to date have been devoted to location management in centralized location monitoring systems. Very few have studied the distributed approach to real-time location management. We argue that for mobile applications that need to manage a large and growing number of mobile objects, the centralized approaches do not scale well in terms of server load and network bandwidth, and are vulnerable to single point of failure. In this keynote, I will describe the distributed location service architecture, and discuss some important opportunities and challenges of mobile location based services (LBSs) in future computing environments. I will first review the research and development of LBSs in the past decade, focusing on system scalability, robustness, and performance measurements. Then I will discuss some important challenges for wide deployment of distributed location-based services in mission-critical applications and future computing environments. Not surprisingly, the mobile web and the location-aware computing will drive the merger of wireless and wired Internet world, creating a much larger industry than today’s predominantly wired Internet industry.
Assessing the Comparability of Classroom Environments in Graduate Social Work Education Delivered via Interactive Instructional Television

This article reports the comparison of MSW student perceptions of the classroom learning environment among one on-campus and two distance sites linked electronically via interactive instructional television for 13 courses from 1994 through 1998. The authors describe supports provided by the school to make the distance classroom environments comparable. Data analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in students’ overall perceptions between distance and on-campus sites or between the two distance sites, although some differences in policy and practice courses are noted. Implications of the findings and recommendations for future research are presented.
Local Density Functional Theories of Ionic and Molecular Solids

Publisher Summary This chapter presents local density functional theories of ionic and molecular solids. It describes a different application of density-functional theory, an approximate method called the (Gordon–Kim) electron-gas models that is useful for calculating interaction energies between closed-shell atoms and molecules. Fundamental to almost all discussions of molecular systems is the assumption that these systems consist of molecular units, with the electrons tightly bound to a specific molecule. Molecular and ionic solids, for instance, are characterized by having electrons highly localized about their parent nuclei, with very little electronic density in the interstitial regions. This extreme electron localization allows a great simplification in the application of local-density functional theories. To a first approximation, the electronic structure of interacting molecules can be taken as a sum of the unperturbed electron densities of those molecules. The evaluation of the energy is then simple; the electronic structure is given and the interaction energy alone needs to be evaluated. The chapter also discusses the problem of how to best approximate the electronic density of atoms and molecules in solids. It should be noted that in all the electron-gas-model calculations discussed, the total electron density is still represented as a sum of the distributions of the constituent molecules. However, instead of using gas-phase molecular charge distributions, one uses charge densities perturbed by the crystalline environment around the molecules.
Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence for E-Commerce

Part I: Foundations: Concepts and Business Models Chapter 1: Background, Terminology, Opportunity, and Challenges Chapter 2: Business-to-Consumer Data Warehousing Chapter 3: Data Warehousing for Consumer-to-Consumer and Consumer-to-Business Models Chapter 4: Business-to-Business Data Warehousing Chapter 5: e-Government and Data Warehousing Chapter 6: Business-to-Employee Models and Data Warehousing Part II: Building Blocks, Challenges, and Solutions Chapter 7: Core Technologies and Building Blocks Chapter 8: Products for e-Commerce Intelligence Chapter 9: Data Quality and Integrity Issues Chapter 10: Information Privacy and Systems Security Issues for e-Commerce Environments Chapter 11: Solutions Architecture Case Study
Transglutaminase in response to hypertonic NaCl-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

Abstract Background: Polyamines serve as substitutes for transglutaminase-catalyzed protein cross-linking and are essential to the healing of gastric mucosal lesions. This study determines whether transglutaminase and protein cross-linking have a role in the healing of hypertonic NaCl-induced gastric lesions. Methods: Rats were fasted 22 hours before given 1 ml 3.4 Mol/L NaCl intragastrically. Gastric mucosa was examined histologically and grossly, and transglutaminase activity was measured as the Ca 2+ -dependent covalent incorporation of [ 3 H]putrescine into acid-precipitable protein. Results: Transglutaminase activity increased significantly from 2 to 8 hours, peaking between 4 and 6 hours after NaCl administration. Lesions were significantly produced after 2 hours, and damage paralleled transglutaminase activity. Dansylcadaverine (200 mg/kg orally), a specific inhibitor of protein cross-linking, prevented the increases in transglutaminase activity and significantly delayed healing but had no effect on lesion formation. Conclusions: These results indicate that (1) hypertonic NaCl-induced gastric mucosal damage is associated with a significant increase in transglutaminase activity and (2) increased transglutaminase activity is involved in the mechanism of normal mucosal healing.
β,β‐Difluorostyrene

β,β-Difluorostyrene product: β,β-difluorostyrene Keywords: condensation, carbonyl-ylide condensation; diglyme; sodium chlorodifluoroacetate, preparation of
The 3′-Untranslated Region of Murine Cyclooxygenase-2 Contains Multiple Regulatory Elements That Alter Message Stability and Translational Efficiency

Renal mesangial cells regulate their expression of the pro-inflammatory gene cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through mechanisms involving gene transcription and post-transcriptional events. Post-transcriptional regulation of COX-2 is dependent, in part, on sequences within the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the COX-2 mRNA. Insertion of the entire 3′-UTR of COX-2 into the 3′-UTR of luciferase resulted in a 70% decrease in luciferase enzymatic activity. Measurement of steady-state reporter gene mRNA levels suggested that the loss of activity was due to decreased translational efficiency. Deletion analysis identified the first 60 nucleotides of the 3′-UTR of COX-2 as a major translational control element. This region of the 3′-UTR of COX-2 is highly conserved across species; is AU-rich; and contains multiple repeats of the regulatory sequence AUUUA, reported to confer post-transcriptional control. In addition, we identified regions of the 3′-UTR of COX-2 outside of the first 60 nucleotides that altered message stability. Some of these regions contained AUUUA consensus sequences, whereas others did not, and represent novel control elements. These results suggest that expression of COX-2 in mesangial cells depends on the complex integration of multiple signals derived from the 3′-UTR of the message.
Fatigue fracture at bicrystal interfaces : Experiment and theory

Abstract Copper bicrystals with isoaxial [149] twist boundaries and a (149)/(001) “random” boundary were notched at the interface, left or right regarding the slip geometry, and intergranular cracks were propagated under strain control, to study how dislocation structure, crystallography and strain localization affect crack growth. Forward slip at the crack surface was favored regardless of growth direction or misorientation, whereas pre-existent multiple slip around the boundary reduced the dependence of crack kinetics on the growth direction. A model is proposed for intergranular crack growth based on crack tip deformation via crystallographic slip bands and simplifying assumptions about the effects of mode I stress fields on the strain. The experimental and theoretical results, along with published data, provide evidence that an optimal slip geometry exists for fatigue crack propagation. This idea is used to explain experimental results on directional dependence of intergranular cracking of bicrystals, suggesting that the kinematics of deformation has to be considered besides the energetics of dislocation nucleation at a crack tip to explain such results.
Chloroplast DNA codes for the ribulose diphosphate carboxylase catalytic site on fraction I proteins of Nicotiana species.

The specific activity of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase and the Km for ribulose 1–5 diphosphate of Fraction I protein isolated from N. gossei was significantly higher than enzyme from six other species of Nicotiana which were closely similar to each other. In several interspecific, reciprocal F1 hybrids, the higher N. gossei activity was present only when N. gossei was the female parent. Consequently, the maternal mode of inheritance indicates chloroplast DNA to contain information which regulates the conformation of the catalytic site on the enzyme. Previous results had shown this DNA to code for the primary structure of the large subunit. In hybrids where N. gossei was the female parent, the specific enzyme activity was intermediate between N. gossei itself and the other parent because of formation of isozymes of Fraction I protein which were demonstrated by tryptic peptide fingerprints of the small subunits of Fraction I protein from N. gossei, N. excelsior, and reciprocal hybrids. Peptides characteristic of the enzyme from each parent were found in both hybrids. Previous results had demonstrated that nuclear genes contain the code for the small subunit. In the hybrid where N. gossei is the female parent, the reduction in specific enzyme activity from that of N. gossei itself is evidently the result of N. excelsior type small subunits modifying the catalytic site on the N. gossei type of large subunits. A “hybrid” protein of lesser activity is produced which dilutes the higher activity of the N. gossei type protein.
Pitot Traverse with a Personal Computer

Abstract The purpose of this study was to utilize a personal computer and associated equipment to facilitate making a pitot traverse of a ventilation duct. The procedure enables one individual to manipulate a pitot tube and to communicate with the computer from the traverse location. The computer receives measurement data, instructs the individual regarding probe position, makes calculations for velocities and volume flow rate, and records measurement data. Velocity pressure from the probe is measured using a pressure transducer connected to a personal computer via an analog/digital data conversion board. Communication between the individual and the computer during the traverse is made by means of a push-button switch. Input data includes traverse location, duct diameter, air temperature and barometric pressure, user name, date, and additional optional notations related to the traverse. A traverse at a given location can be repeated without leaving the traverse position. Output data is displayed on the mo...
Theories and Social Facts: a Reply To My Critics

Authors appreciate being reviewed, perhaps even as much as being reviewed favourably. In this spirit, let me begin by complimenting my reviewers, Lome Dawson and Thomas Ryba, as well as thanking the editors of Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, Ann Baranowski and John Morgan, for their attention to my book. Writing and publishing ought to be devoted to enhancing the life of our educational mission, and thus stimulating the growth of our civilization. This mission is served as much by judicious publication as it is by thoughtful criticism. In that sense, Dawson and Ryba have done their jobs; my task and privilege now is to respond in kind.
Uncouplers and activated sludge—the impact on synthesis and respiration

Halogenated organics are among the most commonly‐encountered anthropogenic compounds accumulating in the environment. These compounds have many behavioral characteristics in common. Many are carcinogenic; many are toxic; almost all resist biodegradation; all undergo bioconcentration and concentration in sediments. One group of halogenated materials, the halogenated phenols, interact with microbial cell tissue and higher‐life forms in a way not seen with the other compounds in this broad category. That is, they will uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, the energy transfer process which permits the accumulation of the energy of substrate oxidation as adenosine triphosphate which is subsequently used in synthesis. The present study reports on laboratory work which serves to quantify the various results of energy uncoupling. These are an increase in oxygen use, a decrease in synthesis and a decrease in the rate of normal substrate uptake. The work is carried out utilizing four common types of organics as growt...
1594 INAPPROPRIATELY LOW PLASMA CALCITRIOL (CD IN CHILDREN WITH NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (NS) AND NORMAL GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE(GFR)

Although plasma CL levels in NS have been found to be low or normal, their interpretation remains ambiguous. To evaluate plasma CL in relation to its regulatory factors during both relapse (RL) and remission (RM), chi tdren with NS and normal GFR were studied. Data were compiled in 58 patients (39 males, 19 females) ages 2 to 20 yr (x 10.1) during 79 RL and 82 RM, Results were: While, as expec+ed, in RM Ca correlated inversely (r = -0.04) and PTH directly (r = 0.12) with CL, in RL these correlations were direct (r = 0.48, p . We conclude that in nephrotic children, important abnormalities of mineral metabolism present in RL normalize during RM, daily protelnuria has a greater effect on plasma CD than on CL, and that circulating CL is normal in RL. The latter, however, is inappropriately low for the prevailing hypocalcemla and suggests inadequate synthesis of CL by the nephrotic kidney even with normal GFR.
Integrating Religion and Spirituality into Counselor Education: Barriers and Strategies

Despite a professionally recognized need for training in religion/spirituality, literature indicates that religious and spirituality issues continue to be inconsistently addressed in counselor education. Ten experts were asked to identify potential barriers to integrating religion and spirituality into counselor education and indicate strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Barriers included a lack of information and a lack of personal interest or relevance, and strategies included continuing education, heightened awareness of self and others, and curriculum-specific recommendations. Implications for counselor training and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Suicide Enzyme Inactivators

I’d like to discuss some of our efforts towards the design of highly specific enzyme inactivators, which can be used in vivo. We hope that such inactivators can be useful as pharmacological agents.
Point defect-dislocation loop behavior in Si with a TiSi2 film

Abstract The behavior of end-of-range dislocation loops have been used to study the flux of point defects in Si after the formation of a TiSi 2 film. Extrinsic dislocation loops were formed in Si which then had 30 nm of Ti deposited and annealed to form TiSi 2 . Control samples with loops but without a TiSi 2 film were annealed concurrently without a TiSi 2 film to provide a comparison. The density of the interstitials bound by the loops was measured by plan view TEM. Enhanced loss of interstitials bound by the loops in the silicided samples indicate a vacancy supersaturation caused by the presence of the TiSi 2 film. By assuming a constant flux of vacancies from the TiSi 2 Si interface to the layer of dislocation loops, we measure C V D V values, where C V = concentration of vacancies and D V = diffusivity of a vacancy. By using a literature estimate of C V ∗ D V , where C V ∗ = equilibrium population of vacancies, we derive C V C V ∗ ∼ 1.2 for Si annealed with a TiSi 2 film, which is in substantial agreement with the value from a previous study.
Instrument first, spacecraft second (IFSS): A new paradigm in space mission development

An analysis was conducted to determine potential benefits of initiating instrument development prior to full mission development for NASA Earth Science missions. A cost and schedule analysis was conducted for representative Tier 2 and Tier 3 Earth Science Decadal Survey missions to quantify the benefits. The results indicate that the savings resulting from such an approach is on the order of $2B, making more funding available for future missions, while providing a less volatile and more manageable mission portfolio.
Ground Water Discharge and Nitrate Flux to the Gulf of Mexico

Ground water samples (37 to 186 m depth) from Baldwin County, Alabama, are used to define the hydrogeology of Gulf coastal aquifers and calculate the subsurface discharge of nutrients to the Gulf of Mexico. The ground water flow and nitrate flux have been determined by linking ground water concentrations to 3H/3He and 4He age dates. The middle aquifer (A2) is an active flow system characterized by postnuclear tritium levels, moderate vertical velocities, and high nitrate concentrations. Ground water discharge could be an unaccounted source for nutrients in the coastal oceans. The aquifers annually discharge 1.1 +/- 0.01 x 10(8) moles of nitrate to the Gulf of Mexico, or 50% and 0.8% of the annual contributions from the Mobile-Alabama River System and the Mississippi River System, respectively. In southern Baldwin County, south of Loxley, increasing reliance on ground water in the deeper A3 aquifer requires accurate estimates of safe ground water withdrawal. This aquifer, partially confined by Pliocene clay above and Pensacola Clay below, is tritium dead and contains elevated 4He concentrations with no nitrate and estimated ground water ages from 100 to 7000 years. The isotopic composition and concentration of natural gas diffusing from the Pensacola Clay into the A3 aquifer aids in defining the deep ground water discharge. The highest 4He and CH4 concentrations are found only in the deepest sample (Gulf State Park), indicating that ground water flow into the Gulf of Mexico suppresses the natural gas plume. Using the shape of the CH4-He plume and the accumulation of 4He rate (2.2 +/- 0.8 microcc/kg/1000 years), we estimate the natural submarine discharge and the replenishment rate for the A3 aquifer.
A numerical technique for three-dimensional steady flows of fluids of the memory-integral type

Abstract The difficulty of solving three-dimensional flows of viscoelastic fluids has heretofre permitted only asymptotic solutions to such problems. Finite-difference and finite-element solutions have not been practical, particularly in unbounded flow regimes. In this work, a residual technique has been devised which provides the qualitative features of three-dimensional steady flows of memory-integral fluids in bounded or unbounded flow regimes. The method contains three fundamental steps. First, a set of solenoidal velocity basis functions is chosen. Problem symmetry, boundary conditions, and flow patterns must all be considered in the selection of these functions. Second, the stress field is constructed from a specified velocity field. Third, one improves the estimate of the basis function coefficients by minimizing the magnitude of the curl of the divergence of the stress. As a particular application, we consider the flow of a corotational Jeffreys fluid about a sphere immersed in a simple shearing field. The qualitative results are that much of the fluid which circulates about the sphere does not pass so close to the sphere as woud the Newtonian fluid, and that fore-aft symmetry is essentially retained. The calculations also indicate a slightly decreased sphere rotation rate relative to the Newtonian case.
Linear and nonlinear finite element analyses of unidirectional, symmetric single leg four-point bending tests

Geometrically linear and nonlinear finite element analyses are used to determine the energy release rate and mode ratio in simulated tests of unidirectional, symmetric, single leg bending specimens under four-point bending. It is shown that the finite diameter loading rollers that are typically used in practical test set-ups cause this test to be inherently nonlinear. The differences between the linear and nonlinear results are presented parametrically as a function of material properties, specimen thickness, roller diameter, crack length, and inner and outer span length. The perceived advantages and disadvantages of this test are compared to those of the more commonly used three-point single leg bending test. It is concluded that the four-point test provides an attractive alternative, as it can use the same type of test specimens and will produce toughnesses with essentially the same accuracy. Moreover, it allows non-precracked and precracked toughnesses, as well as R-curve data, to be obtained from each specimen tested.
Electrochromic aspects of phosphotungstic acid

Abstract The electrochromic behavior of phosphotungstic acid (PWA) was investigated. A fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass substrate was used for this work. In-situ measurements of optical absorbance under controlled electrochemical conditions showed that phosphotungstic acid can be colored and bleached by electrochemical oxidation and reduction. The coloration efficiency of PWA in an aqueous solution was found to be 16.8 cm2/C. This is lower than that observed with WO3 films presumably due to continuous dissolution of the reduced species. The diffusion coefficient of phosphotungstate anions [PW12O40]−3 was found to be 2.8×10 −5 cm 2 / s . The results indicate that PWA has desirable properties for use as an electrochromic material.
SO2 Removal by Leaching Coal Pyrite

SO2 was removed from a gas stream using an apparatus, which included a 1-L stirred reactor immersed in a thermostated oil bath. The reactor contained 60 g of 35−65 mesh coal in 600 mL of water. The apparatus also had two bubblers connected to the outlet of the reactor, each containing 1500 mL of 1 M NaOH solution. The flow rate of the gas was 30 mL/s and the temperature was varied from 21 to 73 °C. Oxygen concentration ranged from 3 to 20%, while SO2 concentration varied from 500 to 2000 ppm. SO2 recovery was determined by analyzing SO2 concentration in the liquid samples taken from the bubblers. The samples taken from the reactor were analyzed for iron concentrations, which were then used to calculate fractions of coal pyrite leached.It was found that SO2 removal was highly temperature sensitive, giving 13.1% recovery at 21 °C and 99.2% recovery at 73 °C after 4 h. The removal of SO2 was accomplished by the catalysis of iron that was produced by leaching of coal pyrite with combination of SO2 and O2. Thi...
A New Orally Active Quaternary Ammonium, Ganglion Blocking Drug Capable of Reducing Blood Pressure, SU-3088

Experiments were performed in animals to evaluate 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-(2 dimethylaminoethyl)-isoindoline dimethochloride, (Su-3088), as an orally effective ganglion blocking drug. These demonstrated reduction of blood pressure, suppression of vasopressor reflexes and potentiation of the pressor action of epinephrine. Neostigmine deblocked drug effects and returned responses toward normal. Experiments in patients produced reduction of blood pressure, warming of extremities and delay of gastric emptying. Preliminary trial as a treatment for hypertension suggested that the drug may be useful. It has a long period of action, 12 hours or more and a small dose requirement, 50 to 100 mg.
Global health hits crisis point

The Global Fund's drive to ensure sustainability and efficiency means that it may not be able to meet its commitments to combat disease, says Laurie Garrett.
Purification and characterization of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-MEG2.

PTP-MEG2 is an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase with a putative lipid-binding domain at the N-terminus. The present study reports expression, purification, and characterization of the full-length form of the enzyme plus a truncated form containing the catalytic domain alone. Full-length PTP-MEG2 was expressed with an adenovirus system and purified from cytosolic extracts of human 293 cells infected with the recombinant adenovirus. The purification scheme included chromatographic separation of cytosolic extracts on fast flow Q-Sepharose, heparin-agarose, l-histidyldiazobenzylphosphonic acid agarose, and hydroxylapatite. The enrichment of PTP-MEG2 from the cytosol was about 120-fold. The truncated form of PTP-MEG2 was expressed in E. coli cells as a non-fusion protein and purified by using a chromatographic procedure similar to that used for the full-length enzyme. The purified full-length and truncated enzymes showed single polypeptide bands on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions and behaved as monomers on gel exclusion chromatography. With para-nitrophenylphosphate and phosphotyrosine as substrates, both forms of the enzyme exhibited classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Their responses to pH, ionic strength, metal ions, and protein phosphatase inhibitors are similar to those observed with other characterized tyrosine phosphatases. Compared with full-length PTP-MEG2, the truncated DeltaPTP-MEG2 displayed significantly higher V(max) and lower K(m) values, suggesting that the N-terminal putative lipid-binding domain may have an inhibitory role. The full-length and truncated forms of PTP-MEG2 were also expressed as GST fusion proteins in E. coli cells and purified to near homogeneity through affinity columns. However, the specific phosphatase activities of the GST fusion proteins were 10-25-fold below those obtained with the correspondent non-fusion proteins.
On the influence of a solute drag-like effect upon the growth of ferrite in Fe-C-X alloys

Discussion a partir des resultats de differentes etudes experimentales anterieures portant sur Fe-0,11% C-1,95% Mo; Fe-0,12% C-3,08% Mn et Fe-0,13% C-2,99% Cr
A Promising Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease

A critical component of the development of drugs targeted at treating complex disorders is a reliable animal model that can predict efficacy in clinical trials. Until now, attempts to devise treatm...