cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cesarean section as the method of choice in management of breech delivery

Abstract Cesarean section may be the method of choice in management of breech delivery, depending upon a wide range of indications, most of which are relative rather than absolute. Certain of these indications are predicated upon disproportion between the fetus and the birth canal while others are not. In general it may be stated that any significant complication of pregnancy or labor which would constitute an indication for cesarean section in the interests of a fetus in the usual cephalic type of presentation is equally or more valid as an indication for section if the fetus presents as a breech. In the multipara delivery of the breech by cesarean section becomes the method of choice if the patient has lost one or more previous infants by pelvic delivery, or if she has been subjected to one or more previous cesarean sections. Regardless of parity cesarean section may be the only way to secure the birth of a living child for the patient whose pelvis is obstructed by cysts, tumors, or congenital anomalies of the pelvic organs. Under such circumstances the indication for operation is absolute unless the obstruction can be displaced or removed. In the primigravida the age of the patient, if 35 years or over, particularly if associated with a long history of marital infertility, may be in itself an adequate indication for section. An estimate that the fetus in utero is of an appreciably larger size than normal, especially if the patient is primigravid and the fetus postmature, may be a proper indication for abdominal delivery even though the pelvis is believed adequate in its diameters for passage of a normal-sized infant. In the occasional multipara with mild pelvic contraction who has been delivered successfully of one or more small infants through the pelvis the estimate of an oversized fetus in the present pregnancy may make section the method of choice. Experience indicates that in over seven-tenths of our cesarean sections for delivery of the uncomplicated breech in primiparas anticipated fetopelvic disproportion was the crucial factor in causing selection of abdominal delivery. Our experience also indicates that x-ray pelvimetry and pelvic evaluation together with careful clinical measurement of the outlet diameters afford a better guide for prognosticating fetopelvic disproportion than clinical pelvimetry alone.
An Introduction to the My Lai Courts-Martial

Two tragedies took place in 1968 in Viet Nam. One was the massacre by United States soldiers of as many as 500 unarmed civilians - old men, women, children - in My Lai on the morning of March 16. The other was the cover-up of that massacre. On March 14, a small squad from C Company ran into a booby trap, killing a popular sergeant, blinding one GI and wounding several others. The following evening, when a funeral service was held for the killed sergeant, soldiers had revenge on their mind. After the service, Captain Medina rose to give the soldiers a pep talk and discuss the next morning's mission. Medina told them that the VC's crack 48th Battalion was in the vicinity of a hamlet known as My Lai 4, which would be the target of a large-scale assault by the company. The soldiers' mission would be to engage the 48th Battalion and to destroy the village of My Lai. By 7 a.m., Medina said, the women and children would be out of the hamlet and all they could expect to encounter would be the enemy. The soldiers were to explode brick homes, set fire to thatch homes, shoot livestock, poison wells, and destroy the enemy. The seventy-five or so American soldiers would be supported in their assault by gunship pilots. The cover-up of the My Lai massacre began almost as soon as the killing ended. Official army reports of the operation proclaimed a great victory: 128 enemy dead, only one American casualty (one soldier intentionally shot himself in the foot). The army knew better. Hugh Thompson had filed a complaint, alleging numerous war crimes involving murders of civilians. By late April, General Westmoreland, Army Chief of Staff, had turned the case over to the Inspector General for investigation. Over the next few months, dozens of witnesses were interviewed. It became apparent to all connected with the investigation that war crimes had been committed. In June, 1969, William Calley was flown back from Viet Nam to appear in a line-up for identification by Hugh Thompson. By August, the matter was in the hands of the army's Criminal Investigation Division for a determination as to whether criminal charges should be filed against Calley and other massacre participants. On September 5, formal charges, included six specifications of premeditated murder, were filed against Calley.
Beam size versus intensity for resonant extracted beam at the Brookhaven AGS

Transverse beam sizes were measured in the AGS prior to the initiation of the third order resonance (/spl nu//sub H/=8 2/3; driven by sextupoles) used for the slow extraction and again in the external beam lines. The measurements were made using the AGS ionization profile monitor (IPM) and an external profile monitor (EPM). Both of these monitors use the ionized residual gas to image the beam on arrays of wires that are aligned parallel to the direction of the beam. The effects of space charge on the IPM are significant at the intensities measured, but the EPM measurements are not affected by space charge. Two measurements are reported. First is the intensity dependence of the resonant beam size, and secondly, an indirect measure of the space charge effect on the IPM. A differential comparison of the two monitors in the vertical plane allows unfolding the effect of the space charge on the measurements. These measurements were made over an intensity range between 15/spl times/10/sup 12/ and 36/spl times/10/sup 12/ protons per AGS pulse.
Should Law Schools Teach Professional Duties, Professional Virtues, or Something Else? A Critique of the Carnegie Report on Educating Lawyers

The recent report on legal education of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching faulted ethics teaching in law schools for emphasizing the law of lawyering over an “apprenticeship of professional identity.” Legal education as it is currently practiced suffers from a preoccupation with “the procedural and formal qualities of legal reasoning” to the exclusion of “the moral and social dimensions,” according to the Carnegie Report. Law schools must therefore keep the analytical and the moral in dialogue. The Report calls upon law schools to take up the challenge of educating lawyers to “strengthen the profession’s sense of public purpose.”The claim of my contribution to this symposium on professional identity in legal education is the moral and social dimensions of legal reasoning are already embedded within legal reasoning. Legal practice can best be understood as a craft – that is, a distinctive way of doing something called deliberation, practical reasoning, or the exercise of judgment. Legal educators should not over-draw the distinctions made in the Carnegie Report, between the cognitive, expert knowledge, and identity-and-purpose apprenticeships that comprise legal education. Professional identity for lawyers simply is performing well the complex task of representing clients effectively within the bounds of the law.
PLANT AGE AND STRAIN OF RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF RESISTANCE OF TOBACCO CULTIVARS TO GRANVILLE WILT

Granville wilt (GW), a devastating disease of tobacco, is best managed through a combination of rotation with nonhost crops, soil fumigation, and implementation of resistant cultivars. Resistance incorporated from Nicotiana tabacum T.I.448A has been the source of resistance against GW in the United States. Resistance is hard to select for and deployment is difficult as location specificity exists for different races and biovars of GW worldwide. Various methods of determining cultivar resistance to GW in tobacco have been utilized with the use of plants of different ages and various strains of Ralstonia solanacearum. In this study we modified a laboratory method previously developed for determining races of Phytophthora nicotianae and examined its effectiveness to evaluate cultivars for resistance to GW. Two root injury methods, root abrasion and root wounding, were tested with 16 strains collected from tobacco fields in North Carolina in 2008. Four cultivars were used: K 346, SP 168, NC 71, and K 326. Res...
Influence of Bordetella pertussis on Adenosine Diphosphate-Induced Aggregation of Mouse Platelets.

Several lines of evidence support the concept that Bordetella pertussis-induced histamine hypersensitivity in mice represents a malfunction in beta-adrenergic receptors of the autonomic nervous system. In this study mouse platelets were used as an in vitro test for such receptor dysfunction. It was found, to our knowledge for the first time, that platelets of normal mice were subject to the aggregative action of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with the response pattern resembling that reported for cells of certain other species. These “normal” platelets were not aggregated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, or isoproterenol (isuprel). However, pretreatment with these catecholamines potentiated the platelet response to ADP. Potentiation by norepinephrine was suppressed in the presence of dibenzyline (an alpha-receptor antagonist); blockade of beta-type receptors with propranolol reduced isuprel enhancement. An extract of B. pertussis influenced aggregation initiated by a combination of ADP and isuprel in a way quite similar to propranolol pretreatment. These observations suggested the possible role of adrenergic receptors in at least the enchancement phenomena and, moreover, pointed to those types of experiments which might distinguish a receptor disturbance. Platelets derived from pertussis-vaccinated mice were more responsive to ADP than were those from normal animals. This alteration appeared to be a property of the cells and not of the suspending medium. ADP-initiated aggregation was also enhanced in the presence of epinephrine and norepinephrine. However, pretreatment with isuprel did not have the same effect as noted for normal donor platelets. These results point to a disturbance at the beta-adrenergic receptor level and lend support to the concept of beta-blockade in pertussis-treated mice.
34S isotope effect on sulfate ester hydrolysis: mechanistic implications.

In this communication, we report the first determination of 34S kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the hydrolysis of sulfate monoesters. The method involves the conversion of the inorganic sulfate, acquired at partial extent of reaction, to SO2, followed by isotope ratio determination by mass spectrometry. The KIEs determined for p-nitrophenyl sulfate and p-acetylphenyl sulfate are 1.0154 (±0.0002) and 1.0172 (±0.0003), respectively. These results, together with previous peripheral 18O KIE values, are inconsistent with an associative mechanism. The isotope effect method we report should also prove useful for studying the mechanism of other sulfuryl group transfers, including sulfatase and sulfotransferase reactions, as well as sulfate hydrolyses under other conditions.
Reactions of aryl bromides with cobaloxime(I). Reductive arylation

Abstract Successful arylations of both cobaloximes(I) and hydridocobaloximes with aryl halides with electron-withdrawing substituents have been demonstrated. The scope, utility and possible mechanisms of these useful synthetic reactions are discussed.
Sol-gel processing of ceramic superconductors

Abstract High Tc superconducting powders and thin films have been developed through sol-gel processing. Powder and film preparation involved the synthesis of metal alkoxides (Cu(II)-ethoxide, Ba-methoxyethoxide, and Y-methoxyethoxide) followed by the complexation of the alkoxides in common solvents. A polydisperse colloidal suspension of yttrium, barium, and copper alkoxides, which was characterized by light scattering, was obtained during hydrolysis and complexation reactions. This technique revealed a particle size reduction by a factor of 5 (1100 nm to 200 nm) within a 24 h time period. The water/alkoxide ratio was varied between 1:1 and 4:1 (mole ratio) which resulted in a sol-gel transition time of two to five days and a Tc of 83 to 78 K, respectively. The metal alkoxide chemistry was also used to produce highly oriented superconducting thin films on SrTiO3 substrates. Although scanning electron microscopy revealed that the film consisted of oriented polycrystallites, from the broad statistical X-ray diffraction data, they appeared to have a moderate mosaic spread (i.e. full width at half-maximum was 0.3° in θ at a 2θ of 55°). No twinning of the crystallites was found in any of the three orthogonal directions (θ, φ, χ). The onset temperature Tc for the film was 55 K while the critical current density Jc was found to be 100 A/cm2.
Conditioned suppression in the gerbil

The present report describes apparatus and procedures for investigating conditioned suppression of a running response in the gerbil. Data are presented which demonstrate that the conditioned suppression observed in this situation is not an artifact of alpha responses, pseudoconditioning, or sensitization. An analysis of differential conditioning indicated that cue similarity and US intensity are negatively related to cue-specific differential responding.
Comparison of the enteral and intravenous lansoprazole pharmacodynamic responses in critically ill patients

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28, 326–333 Summary Background While proton pump inhibitors are frequently administered in the intensive care unit, the pharmacodynamic response of acid suppression between the enteral and intravenous (IV) route is unknown. Aim To compare the pharmacodynamic response between enteral and IV lansoprazole in intensive care unit patients requiring stress ulcer prophylaxis therapy. Methods Adult mechanically ventilated patients were randomized to receive 72 h of daily enteral [lansoprazole oral disintegrating tablet (LODT) 30 mg mixed in 10 mL of water via a nasal gastric tube] or IV lansoprazole (30 mg over 30 min) therapy. Serial blood samples were collected after the first and third dose and analysed for pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacodynamic determination of intragastric pHmetry began prior to the first dose and continued for 72 h using a single channel pH micro-electrode. Results Nineteen intensive care unit patients were randomized [LODT (n = 10); IV-L (n = 9)]. LODT bioavailability was 76%. LODT maintained gastric pH > 4 longer than IV-L at both 24 h (7.4 vs. 5.9 h; P = 0.039) and 72 h (10.4 and 8.9 h; P = 0.046) and resulted in a greater average pH over the first 24 h (3.67 vs. 2.89; P = 0.03). Conclusion Despite a lower bioavailability, enteral lansoprazole suppresses acid in intensive care unit patients to a greater extent than IV lansoprazole.
The Effect of Oxidizing Cholesterol on Gastrointestinal Absorption, Plasma Clearance, Tissue Distribution, and Processing by Endothelial Cells

Little is known about the absorption or metabolism of oxysterols. Toward better appreciating the metabolic consequences of oxidizing cholesterol, we compared labeled cholesterol with the labeled oxysterols 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol prepared from [4-14C]cholesterol, [26,26,26,27,27,27-2H6]cholesterol, and [23,24,25,26,27-13C5] cholesterol. Gastrointestinal absorption of oxysterols in rats was 91.5 +/- 0.3% compared with 75 +/- 1.1% for cholesterol, determined by fecal collection (P < .001). When injected intravenously and followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol was cleared at 23 times the rate of cholesterol. After 5 minutes, only 1.2 +/- 0.2% of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol remained in the plasma, whereas 28.0 +/- 1.7% of cholesterol and 40.0 +/- 2.5% of a triglyceride emulsion injected simultaneously were still present. [14C]7 alpha-Hydroxycholesterol injected intravenously was also rapidly cleared from plasma, was widely distributed in tissues and organs, and showed evidence of extensive metabolism at 5 minutes. The fractional rate of uptake of radiolabeled oxysterols by cultured endothelial cells was 15.7 times that of cholesterol (P < .001), and the fractional rate of efflux was 3.4 times that of cholesterol (P < .001). Oxysterols passed through endothelial cells grown on transwell membranes at a rate 4.3 times that of cholesterol (P < .001). Fractional oxysterol transport across the endothelial cell monolayer was increased 62 +/- 17% when HDL was added to the medium in the lower chamber (P = .003). Oxysterols were extensively metabolized to even more polar metabolites during endothelial cell transit. These properties of oxysterols potentially provide a mechanism for enhancing transport of cholesterol through tissues and preventing accumulation of cholesterol in those cells that can oxidize it.
The clinical syndrome associated with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas, including a case report of a surgical cure.

Abstract The clinical syndrome, consisting of cyanosis, clubbing of fingers, and polycythemia related to pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, is discussed and the importance of the diagnosis in view of the availability of surgical cure is emphasized. The first case with the unusual complication of collateral circulation to the thoracic wall and with surgical cure by lobectomy is presented. It is believed that this is the ninth case of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula to be recognized clinically and reported and the fifth patient to be cured by surgical treatment.
Morbidity and mortality associated with antireflux surgery with or without paraesophogeal hernia: a large ACS NSQIP analysis

Background Surgical repair of paraesophageal hernias (PEH) represents a considerable technical challenge in patients who are older and have multiple comorbidities. We sought to identify factors associated with increased rates of mortality and morbidity in these patients.
Characterization of the O2-induced manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from Bacteroides fragilis

A manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has been isolated from extracts of O2-induced Bacteroides fragilis. The enzyme, Mr 43,000, was a dimer composed of noncovalently associated subunits of equal size. A preparation whose specific activity was 1760 U/mg had 1.1 g-atoms Mn, 0.3 g-atoms Fe, and 0.2 g-atoms Zn per mol dimer. Exposing the enzyme to 5 M guanidinium chloride, 20 mM 8-hydroxyquinoline abolished enzymatic activity. Dialysis of the denatured apoprotein in buffer containing either Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2 or MnCl2 restored O2-. scavenging activity. The iron-reconstituted enzyme was inhibited 89% by 2 mM NaN3, similar to other Fe-containing superoxide dismutases. The Mn-reconstituted and native MnSOD were inhibited approximately 50% by 20 mM NaN3. Addition of ZnSO4 to dialysis buffer containing either the iron or manganese salt inhibited restoration of enzymatic activity to the denatured apoprotein. MnSOD migrated as a single protein band coincident with a single superoxide dismutase activity band in 7.5 or 10% acrylamide gels. Isoelectric focusing resulted in a major isozymic form with pI 5.3 and a minor form at pI 5.0. Mixtures of the MnSOD and the iron-containing superoxide (FeSOD), isolated from anaerobically maintained B. fragilis [E. M. Gregory and C. H. Dapper (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 220, 293-300], migrated as a single band on acrylamide gels and isoelectrically focused to a major protein band (pI 5.3) and a minor band at pI 5.0. The amino acid composition of MnSOD was virtually identical to that of the FeSOD. The data are consistent with synthesis of a single superoxide dismutase apoprotein capable of accepting either Mn or Fe to form the holoenzyme.
MODIFICATION OF FATS AND OILS BY LIPASES

Abstract Enzymatic modification of fats and oils using lipases has recently come into limelight, giving rise to a breakthrough in modification technology. This paper describes the latest development and future trend of this new technology with respect to the enzyme lipases, lipase reactions, and bioreactor systems. Particular attention is paid to the utilization of this technology in industrial production of functional fats and oils. A new topic of the reasearch work of an enzymatic reaction of conversion from diglycerides to triglycerides in crude palm olein is presented in detail.
The serotonin hypothesis of aggression revisited

Abstract Many contemporary theorists believe serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter functioning plays a role in the regulation of human aggressive behavior. We argue that the evidence supporting this 5-HT hypothesis of human aggression is less compelling than commonly assumed, due to 1. (a) conflicting study results, and 2. (b) significant methodological limitations of existing studies. Recent models that integrate the role of psychological and contextual variables in 5-HT-associated aggression are reviewed. The need to incorporate psychometrically sound measures of aggression in 5-HT studies, to use experimental and longitudinal designs, and to test hypotheses drawn from multifactorial models in future research is advocated.
New Stable Backbone Linker Resins for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis

Two new 4-methoxybenzaldehyde backbone linker resins were developed for the solid-phase synthesis of peptides. The linkers are very stable during the cleavage of common protecting groups for amines (Fmoc, Boc) and carboxylic acids (Me, All, tBu) in peptide synthesis. Cleavage from the resin with refluxing TFA is sufficiently mild for peptides containing polar and nonpolar amino acids.
Identifying chronic splashover errors at freeway loop detectors

Abstract Loop detectors are the most commonly used vehicle detectors for freeway management. There has been considerable research to screen the quality of loop detector data using macroscopic measurements (e.g., five min aggregate data) and more recently using microscopic data (i.e., individual vehicle actuations). However, some significant detector errors have not received much attention due to the difficulty of identifying their occurrence. This paper examines one such error, splashover: the erroneous detection in one lane of a vehicle from an adjacent lane. If not caught, the splashover events will cause the flow and occupancy measurements to be too high. We examine the nature of splashover and develop an algorithm to find detectors exhibiting chronic splashover problems. At the crux of this algorithm, an erroneous pulse arising from splashover in one lane should usually be bounded by the valid pulse from the vehicle in its lane of travel. The algorithm calculates the rate of suspected splashover: the percentage of pulses in the subject lane that are bounded by a pulse in an adjacent lane. However, a difficulty arises because any given splashover event in the data stream is usually indistinguishable from the non-splashover event of two vehicles passing the detector station at the same time yielding valid concurrent actuations. To control for non-splashover events we calculate a dynamic threshold rate of false positives as a function of the observed traffic conditions. Recognizing the fact that chronic splashover is non-transient, for the reasons explained in the paper, the algorithm is intended to be applied during free flow periods since these conditions are opportune. Concurrent loop detector data and video ground truth are used for the evaluation from a total of 21 directional data sets, covering 94 adjacent lane pairs from 68 loop detectors at 15 loop detector stations, both with and without actual splashover. The algorithm exhibited good performance. Finally, with only minor modifications, the algorithm should also be applicable to other detector technologies, e.g., side-fire microwave radar sensors.
Negative Pressure Dependence of Viscosity

It is shown that according to the Adam-Gibbs theory of viscosity the sign of the pressure dependence of viscosity is the same as the sign of the relaxational expansion coefficient. Existing data on systems where negative pressure dependence of viscosity has been observed and relaxational expansion coefficient values are available under the same temperature and pressure conditions appear to support this result. It is therefore suggested that the negative pressure dependence of viscosity and the negative relaxational expansion coefficient have a common mechanistic origin and that this result, in turn, supports the Adam-Gibbs model of viscosity.
Lung ventilation in salamanders and the evolution of vertebrate air-breathing mechanisms

Abstract Functional analysis of lung ventilation in salamanders combined with historical analysis of respiratory pumps provides new perspectives on the evolution of breathing mechanisms in vertebrates. Lung ventilation in the aquatic salamander Necturus maculosus was examined by means of cineradiography, measurement of buccal and pleuroperitoneal cavity pressures, and electromyography of hypaxial musculature. In deoxygenated water Necturus periodically rises to the surface, opens its mouth, expands its buccal cavity to draw in fresh air, exhales air from the lungs, closes its mouth, and then compresses its buccal cavity and pumps air into the lungs. Thus Necturus produces only two buccal movements per breath: one expansion and one compression. Necturus shares the use of this two-stroke buccal pump with lungfishes, frogs and other salamanders. The ubiquitous use of this system by basal sarcopterygians is evidence that a two-stroke buccal pump is the primitive lung ventilation mechanism for sarcopterygian vertebrates. In contrast, basal actinopterygian fishes use a four-stroke buccal pump. In these fishes the buccal cavity expands to fill with expired air, compresses to expel the pulmonary air, expands to fill with fresh air, and then compresses for a second time to pump air into the lungs. Whether the sarcopterygian two-stroke buccal pump and the actinopterygian four-stroke buccal pump arose independently, whether both are derived from a single, primitive osteichthyian breathing mechanism, or whether one might be the primitive pattern and the other derived, cannot be determined Although Necturus and lungfishes both use a two-stroke buccal pump, they differ in their expiration mechanics. Unlike a lungfish (Protopterus), Necturus exhales by contracting a portion of its hypaxial trunk musculature (the m. transversus abdominis) to increase pleuroperitoneal pressure. The occurrence of this same expiratory mechanism in amniotes is evidence that the use of hypaxial musculature for expiration, but not for inspiration, is a primitive tetrapod feature. From this observation we hypothesize that aspiration breathing may have evolved in two stages: initially, from pure buccal pumping to the use of trunk musculature for exhalation but not for inspiration (as in Necturus); and secondarily, to the use of trunk musculature for both exhalation and inhalation by costal aspiration (as in amniotes).
Clinical and Histologic Features of Iron-Related Bone Disease in Dialysis Patients

Forty-eight dialysis patients undergoing bone biopsy were analyzed for clinical history, blood biochemical values, bone histologic findings, bone aluminum content (BAC), bone iron content (BIC), bone iron stores, and histochemical staining of bone aluminum and bone iron. Four patients had significant trabecular bone iron staining alone; eight patients had significant bone iron and bone aluminum staining; 13 patients had significant bone aluminum staining alone; and 23 patients showed no significant bone aluminum or iron staining. Patients with significant bone iron staining were younger (37.4 ± 5.3 years v 53.2 ± 2.3 years, P P P v 22 ± 5.8 U, P v 265 ± 60.1 μg/L, P v 1,801 ± 397 μLEq/mL [386 ± 166 pmol/L v 1,990 ± 439 pmol/L], P v 300 ± 46.5 μg iron/g bone, P P P
Randomized response: a survey technique for eliminating evasive answer bias.

Abstract For various reasons individuals in a sample survey may prefer not to confide to the interviewer the correct answers to certain questions. In such cases the individuals may elect not to reply at all or to reply with incorrect answers. The resulting evasive answer bias is ordinarily difficult to assess. In this paper it is argued that such bias is potentially removable through allowing the interviewee to maintain privacy through the device of randomizing his response. A randomized response method for estimating a population proportion is presented as an example. Unbiased maximum likelihood estimates are obtained and their mean square errors are compared with the mean square errors of conventional estimates under various assumptions about the underlying population.
The Dielectric Constant of Barium Oxide

The availability of crystals of BaO made possible an investigation of the low frequency dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of BaO. This has been measured over the frequency range 60 to 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ cycles per second and the temperature range -25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Over these ranges $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is about 34, which is quite different from the value of 14 frequently quoted. There is some evidence for a rise in $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ at the lowest frequencies. Data on dielectric loss is presented.
Sensor selection for outdoor air quality monitoring

Gas chemical monitoring for next-generation robotics applications such as fire fighting, explosive gas detection, ubiquitous urban monitoring, and mine safety require high performance, reliable sensors. In this work, we discuss the performance requirements of fixed-location, mobile vehicle, and personal sensor nodes for outdoor air quality sensing. We characterize and compare the performance of a miniature commercial electrochemical and a metal oxide gas sensor and discuss their suitability for environmental monitoring applications. Metal oxide sensors are highly cross-sensitive to factors that affect chemical adsorption (e.g., air speed, pressure) and require careful enclosure design or compensation methods. In contrast, electrochemical sensors are less susceptible to environmental variations, have very low power consumption, and are well matched for mobile air quality monitoring.
Utilization of cofactors expands metabolism in a new RNA world

RNA has been hypothesized to have preceded proteins as the major catalysts of the biosphere, yet there are only a very limited number of chemical reactions that are known to be catalyzed by modern RNA. Cofactors are used by the majority of protein enzymes to supply additional functional groups to the active site. RNA should also be able to utilize some of these same cofactors to extend its own catalytic potential. We describe here how it could be possible to use selection — amplification from a population of random RNA to obtain a coenzyme A mediated RNA transacylase. Exploitation of some of the sulphur chemistry mediated by coenzyme A could have significantly expanded a prebiotic RNA directed metabolism.
Charged Membrane Ultrafiltration of Toxic Metal Oxyanions and Cations from Single- and Multisalt Aqueous Solutions

Abstract With application to the treatment of nonferrous metals production streams, the toxic metals As(V), Se(IV), As(III), and Cd(II) are separated from single-and multisalt aqueous solutions by continuous-flow, membrane ultrafiltration with charged, noncellulosic membranes. The single-salt aqueous solutions of As(V), Se(IV), As(III), or Cd(II) are investigated over pH 5 to 10, metal concentrations in the range 0.5 to 20.0 mM, and transmembrane pressure differences from 2.8 × 105 to 5.6 × 105 N/m2, with the effects of these three independent variables established on the metal rejections. The rejections of the monovalent oxyanions H2AsO4 −, HSeO3 −, and H2AsO3 − (with sodium as the counterion) are of the order 0.85, and those of the divalent HAsO4 2−, SeO3 2− (and SO4 2−), and of Cd2+ are of the order 0.95 for 6.0 mM feed streams. Comparisons are made with the halides, NO3 −, and ClO4 −. The rejection behavior of multisalt solutions of H2AsO4 − and HSeO3 − is not influenced by the presence of sulfate, bu...
The Divorce Culture and Picture Books for Young Children.

In the past thirty years or so, divorce has been widespread in many countries. Globally the percentage of marriages that end up in divorce has increased dramatically even in countries where religious and legal impediments are strong. Divorce occurs most often within the first ten years of marriage. That means children of most couples who are involved in divorce are in their early childhood. Divorce does not impact only the divorced couple and their children, but all the people in the society because of the cultural changes. It has become an omnipresent part of the generation’s lives and a part of who they are. Consciously or unconsciously, it affects how people of the generation and their children negotiate intimacy in human relationships and how everyone else responds and adapts to the changes. Young children are vulnerable to the nightmarish anxiety and confusion inflicted by divorce. Developmentally it is difficult for them to have cognitive control of its complexities; they don’t have the emotional vocabulary to express themselves, either. Fortunately, picture books provide a powerful venue for therapeutic interventions for young children with the pathological experience. There are some nonfiction picture books which directly talk to children about divorce, teaching important adaptive strategies and coping mechanisms. There are also many story picture books which, with their emotional enchantment, insightfully demonstrate to children that life can still go on constructively. Fiction picture books offer children an alternative channel of interpreting divorce by emotionally distancing themselves as story characters and expressing their feelings vicariously. Many books include for adults directions which give them valuable advice for appropriately protecting children.
Secular perturbation theory of long-range interactions.

Solutions of Schroedinger's equation for systems interacting with long-range power-law potentials, [ital V][sub int]([ital r])[proportional to][ital r][sup [minus][ital n]] with [ital n][ge]2, are cast in the form of a power series in [ital V][sub int]. These perturbations lead to secular divergences that are eliminated by renormalizing the angular-momentum quantum number. Long-known perturbation techniques in classical mechanics and quantum-field theory yield modified effective-range formulas, quantum-defect functions, and solutions of close-coupling equations for wave propagation in long-range fields. As an example, we extract in first-order perturbation theory a modified effective-range expansion for the phase shift of an electron interacting with an atomic 1/[ital r][sup 4] polarization potential. Near thresholds, the method is applicable to all power-law potentials with [ital n][ge]2, and to their combinations, as well as to multichannel problems involving anisotropic potentials.
Uptake and metabolism of 5,8-dideazaisofolic acid in human colon carcinoma cells.

Abstract The uptake and metabolism of radiolabeled 5,8-dideazaisofolic acid (IAHQ) ( N -[ p -[(2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-quinazolinyl)] amino]methylbenzoyl]- l -glutamic acid), a new antifol targeted to thymidylate synthase, has been investigated in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HCT-8. [ 3 H]IAHQ uptake was very slow, requiring days to achieve the intracellular level achieved in minutes by [ 3 H]methotrexate. This slow transport of IAHQ was consistent with the long exposures required to achieve cytotoxicity. Intracellular [ 3 H]IAHQ was converted in a concentration-dependent manner to polygamma-glutamate derivatives containing between two and four additional glutamate residues. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that IAHQ is a “pro-drug” which must be converted to polyglutamate derivatives before it is a sufficiently potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthase to induce a pyrimidineless state and cell death.
Frequency of dental and traumatic events in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders.

The records of 779 patients with temporomandibular disorders were reviewed to determine a possible association between traumatic events and onset of symptoms. A total of 330 patients (42.4%) reported such events, which were in several categories: sports accidents (2.2%) (N=779), surgery with general anesthesia (2.7%), battery (3%), automobile accidents (9.8%), dental procedures (10.5%), and combinations of two or more groups (14.2%). The symptoms occurred within one week of the event in 130 (33.4%) patients. The duration of symptoms ranged from a few days to 10 years with a mean of 4.7 years.
Another cost of being a young black male: Race, weaponry, and lethal outcomes in assaults

We examine the effect of the race, age, and gender of victims of assault on the offenders' use of weapons and lethal intent. Evidence from the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) suggests that offenders are particularly likely to use guns against young black men-a three-way interaction - and to kill black males and young black adults. Black offenders respond more strongly to the victim's race than do white offenders. As a result of these effects, a violent incident between two young black men is about six times more likely to involve a gun than a violent incident between two young white men. We suggest that adversary effects, i.e., an offender's tactical response to the threat posed by adversaries, help explain why violence in black communities tends to be much more serious than violence in white communities.
A Novel Inhibitor of β-Glucuronidase: l-Aspartic Acid

Infants who consume casein hydrolysate formula have been shown to have lower neonatal jaundice levels than infants who consume routine formula or breast milk. Because casein hydrolysate has been shown to contain a β-glucuronidase inhibitor, one possible mechanism to explain this finding is blockage of the enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin by a component of the formula. The aim of this research was to identify the source of the β-glucuronidase inhibition in hydrolyzed casein. A β-glucuronidase inhibition assay and measurements of physical and kinetic parameters were used to analyze the components of hydrolyzed casein and infant formulas. Kinetic studies used purified β-glucuronidase. The l-aspartic acid in hydrolyzed casein accounts for the majority of the β-glucuronidase inhibition present. Kinetic studies indicate a competitive inhibition mechanism. l-Aspartic acid is a newly identified competitive inhibitor of β-glucuronidase.
Biofilms in device-related infections.

The use of various medical devices including indwelling vascular catheters, cardiac pacemakers, prosthetic heart valves, chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheters and prosthetic joints has greatly facilitated the management of serious medical and surgical illness. However, the successful development of synthetic materials and introduction of these artificial devices into various body systems has been accompanied by the ability of microorganisms to adhere to these devices in the environment of biofilms that protect them from the activity of antimicrobial agents and from host defense mechanisms. A number of host, biomaterial and microbial factors are unique to the initiation, persistence and treatment failures of device-related infections. Intravascular catheters are the most common devices used in clinical practice and interactions associated with these devices are the leading cause of nosocomial bacteremias. The infections associated with these devices include insertion site infection, septic thrombophlebitis, septicemia, endocarditis and metastatic abscesses. Other important device-related infections include infections of vascular prostheses, intracardiac prostheses, total artificial hearts, indwelling urinary catheters, orthopedic prostheses, endotracheal tubes and extended wear lenses. The diagnosis and management of biofilm-associated infections remain difficult but critical issues. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy is often not effective in eradicating these infections and the removal of the device becomes necessary. Several improved diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have been reported in recent experimental studies. The clinical usefulness of these strategies remains to be determined.
Following in Their Footprints: Cuticular Hydrocarbons as Overwintering Aggregation Site Markers in Hippodamia convergens

The convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens) forms large overwintering aggregations at revisited montane microsites far removed from their summer foraging grounds. Although orientation responses to visual and altitudinal features of habitat can explain the arrival of migrants at the general overwintering macrosite, the role that pheromones play in the accumulation of individuals in inconspicuous hibernacula microsites is not fully understood. Through two-choice bioassays and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, we found that H. convergens orient towards hydrocarbons previously deposited on their walking surfaces by conspecifics. n-Tricosane (C23) is primarily responsible for this chemically-mediated orientation. Footprint extracts, as well as C23 alone, induce the eventual accumulation in the field of migrant H. convergens at artificial hibernacula, confirming their probable role as aggregation signals. Aggregations persisted over many days when footprint extracts were applied in conjunction with the previously identified 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) aggregation pheromone. The C23 hydrocarbon functions as a pheromone that interacts with responses to methoxypyrazines to effectively mediate formation of persistent aggregations of diapausing conspecifics at specific microsites. Also discussed is the potential effect that C23 has as a persistent scent marker in establishing the traditional use of hibernacula.
Compliance of coated elastic bodies in contact

Abstract A model is constructed to analyze the effects or normal and tangential loading on elastically identical coated spheres. The solution for a tangential displacement applied to a circular patch on the coated surfaces, including the occurrence of micro-slip (either full or partial slippage), is derived. If it is assumed that the slip region is a circular annulus of inner radius c , then the following two sets of approximations can be made: a “stiff” approximation that satisfies the zero micro-slip condition exactly for the inner circle and a “soft” approximation that satisfies the Amontons-Coulomb frictional law exactly for the slip region. It is concluded that the “soft” approximation gives an accurate value for the symmetric traction component, 1/2 ½[τ zr1 (1) −τ zθ1 (1) ], induced by the normal and tangential loads.
Patenting medical technology.

(1990). Patenting medical technology. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 263-319.
Analogies between hemoglobin and immunoglobulin evolution.

Abstract Events in hemoglobin evolution are explored on phylogenetic trees constructed for α and β hemoglobin polypeptide chain amino acid sequences by the maximum parsimony method. They show that a germline gene duplication-mutation process of evolution is not unique for immunoglobulins. The genealogy found by the maximum parsimony method for known V-region amino acid sequences from heavy and light immunoglobulin chains is best interpreted from the standpoint of the multigene germline theory of antibody diversity.
Spin dynamics in trans-polyacetylene

Abstract Detailed spin-echo and cw EPR measurements on trans -(CD) x and trans -(CH) x are reported. The magnitude of the on-chain diffusion rate, and its temperature dependence are evaluated. The results do not agree with predictions of the soliton model nor with results evaluated from recent NMR measurements.
Bus-based networks for fan-in and uniform hypercube algorithms

Abstract We consider the problem of running two large classes of algorithms (called “fan-in” and “uniform hypercube algorithms”) on a synchronous parallel processing environment in which processors are connected by a multiple bus network (MBN). We present two MBNs, F and U , that run fan-in and uniform hypercube algorithms optimally. We also show that the MBN U is highly resilient to bus faults. This coupled with the fact that uniform hypercube algorithms require a rich set of interconnections and find use in a variety of applications, makes U useful as a general purpose interconnection structure.
Sensitivity Comparison to Loop Latencies Between Damping Versus Stiffness Feedback Control Action in Distributed Controllers

This paper studies the effects of damping and stiffness feedback loop latencies on closed-loop system stability and performance. Phase margin stability analysis, step response performance and tracking accuracy are respectively simulated for a rigid actuator with impedance control. Both system stability and tracking performance are more sensitive to damping feedback than stiffness feedback latencies. Several comparative tests are simulated and experimentally implemented on a real-world actuator to verify our conclusion. This discrepancy in sensitivity motivates the necessity of implementing embedded damping, in which damping feedback is implemented locally at the low level joint controller. A direct benefit of this distributed impedance control strategy is the enhancement of closed-loop system stability. Using this strategy, feedback effort and thus closed-loop actuator impedance may be increased beyond the levels possible for a monolithic impedance controller. High impedance is desirable to minimize tracking error in the presence of disturbances. Specially, trajectory tracking accuracy is tested by a fast swing and a slow stance motion of a knee joint emulating NASA-JSC’s Valkyrie legged robot. When damping latencies are lowered beyond stiffness latencies, gravitational disturbance is rejected, thus demonstrating the accurate tracking performance enabled by a distributed impedance controller.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Quantal and non-quantal color matches: failure of Grassmann's laws at short wavelengths.

Previous studies of color matching found that Grassmann’s laws are not obeyed in the short-wavelength region when the method of maximum saturation matching is compared with Maxwell matching. The first experiment evaluated whether the discrepancy might be due to a discrimination matching range asymmetry around either the saturated or desaturated matches and concluded that asymmetry is not the dominant factor. The second and third experiments were designed to evaluate postreceptoral mechanisms. The results pointed to the conjunction of three factors as being the principal cause of the failures of Grassmann’s laws: the spatial inhomogeneity of the macular pigment distribution, the spatially dissimilar L/M-and S-cone distributions, and a change in the weightings of postreceptoral mechanisms mediating S-cone chromatic and L/M-cone luminance discriminations.
Hadamard spectroscopic imaging technique as applied to study human calf muscles.

In vivo results obtained by the B1 insensitive Hadamard spectroscopic imaging multivolume technique used with a surface coil are shown. The functional behavior of different human calf muscles during exercise was determined and the Pi/PCr ratio in each calf muscle, during steady-state conditions, was measured as a function of work level. Different levels of metabolic and physical activity were observed at the three calf muscles. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.