cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contraceptive Behavior Among Unmarried Young Women: A Theoretical Framework for Research

Adoption of the most effective methods of contraception requires individual decision-making and negotiation with contraceptive providers. In order to take account of both behavioral elements, a two-dimensional framework for understanding contraceptive adoption and continuation by unmarried young is proposed, incorporating a "social-psychological model" of individual decision-making and an "interpersonal model" of factors affecting provider-client interaction. The social-psychological model is based on an earlier value-expectancy theory of behavior motivation as applied to health-related behaviors. The interpersonal model is derived from conflict-bargaining perspectives on professional-client interaction; it is suggested that expectations for this interaction are based on a limited number of internalized "models": the "professional"; the "bureaucratic"; the "commercial"; and the "parental." Insofar as client and professional "models" disagree, communication may break down and client understanding and/or acceptance of provider advice cannot be assured. The components of the social-psychological and interpersonal models are described in detail, and a combined framework is proposed.
Basins of Attraction in Experimental Nonlinear Oscillators

This paper addresses two relatively simple but fundamental questions in nonlinear oscillations: Given an arbitrary initial condition where will the trajectory go, and how long will it take to get there? These related questions are addressed from an experimental perspective where generating global transient behavior has received relatively little attention, despite the fact that a global view of transient behavior provides a much more complete description of the dynamics of a system than a traditional concentration on steady-state behavior. Three different physical systems are studied, each of which exhibits a specific behavior heavily influenced by transient global effects.
Studies on asynchronous operation of synchronous machines and related shaft torsional stresses

Asynchronous operation of synchronous generators is considered during power system disturbances. Particular emphasis is given to the shaft stresses which develop during such operation. Reduction in the working life of the generators due to shaft fatigue is evaluated and the advantages and disadvantages of this type of operation are investigated.
An ab initio study of PuO2±0.25, UO2±0.25, and U0.5Pu0.5O2±0.25

Hybrid density functional theory has been used to systematically study the electronic, geometric, and magnetic properties of strongly correlated materials PuO2±x , UO2±x , and U0.5Pu0.5O2±x with x = 0.25. The calculations have been performed using the all-electron full- potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbitals basis (FP-L/APW+lo) method. Each compound has been studied at the ferromagnetic (FM) and anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) configurations with and without spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and full geometry optimizations. The optimized lattice constants, bulk moduli, and band gaps are reported. Total energy calculations indicate that the ground states are AFM for all compounds studied here and the band gaps are typically higher than 1.0 eV, characteristic of semiconductors. The total energy is lowered significantly and the band gaps increase with the inclusion of SOC. The chemical bonds between the actinide metals and oxygen atoms are primarily ionic in character.
Tony McMichael: a giant in the field of global environmental health.

Professor Emeritus Anthony J. (Tony) McMichael, MBBS, PhD, who passed away on September 26, 2014 was a hugely influential pioneer of global environmental health and a giant in the field of environmental epidemiology. He could be regarded along with other legendary names like Rene Dubos and Rachel Carson, who during their lives, challenged conventional assumptions and majorly advanced our understanding of the links between our environment and our health in the twentieth century; Tony Michael’s discoveries and teachings are foundational for the global challenges facing us today in the twenty-first century. McMichael’s exemplary and impactful career includes some of the most important advancements to date in the field of environmental and occupational health. For example, McMichael was the epidemiologist and co-author for the 15-year prospective study on children’s IQ and lead exposure: the Port Pirie study. Tony therefore was among the first health scientists to provide robust quantitative evidence of the link between lead and brain function. Tony McMichael’s next major discovery applied to occupational health. Hazardous exposures in the workplace were common in our industrializing era, with subsequent morbidity and mortality among workers. Eventually, guidelines were made establishing ‘‘safe’’ levels of exposures to workers. But why did workers continue to get sick? It was Professor McMichael who first described ‘‘The Healthy Worker Effect’’—whereby very sick individuals who were no longer in the workforce were left out of risk calculations. This discovery led to lowering the exposure thresholds across numerous occupational settings. I first met Tony at the World Health Organization in 1993. At that time, WHO had just been approached by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to contribute a health chapter for their 2nd Assessment Report—the subject of health was missing in IPCC’s first report. Naturally, it was Professor Tony McMichael who was invited to serve as ‘‘Convening Lead Author, a role for which he graciously undertook across many IPCC Assessment Reports. He also served as the lead on many other high-level international initiatives addressing global environmental health challenges. McMichael produced over 300 peer-reviewed papers and three major books, including his 1993 book Planetary Published online: November 19, 2014
Gene expression patterns associated with infertility in humans and rodent models.

Abstract Modern genomic technologies such as DNA arrays provide the means to investigate molecular interactions at an unprecedented level, and arrays have been used to carry out gene expression profiling as a means of identifying candidate genes involved in molecular mechanisms underlying a variety of phenotypes. By comparing gene expression profiles from normal and abnormal human testes with those from comparable infertile mouse models, we endeavored to identify genes and gene networks critical for male fertility. We used commercially available filter-based DNA arrays to analyze testicular gene expression from eight human testis biopsies and three different infertile mouse models (atrichosis mutation, ataxia telangiectasia knockout and CREMtau knockout). Forty-seven mouse genes exhibited differential testicular gene expression ( P P
Basic biomechanics of the spine

The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic biomechanical information concerning the spine, its components, and the spinal cord. It is shown that this information is helpful in understanding the fundamental functions of the spinal column. The experimentally determined physical properties of the vertebra, various spinal ligaments, the disc, and the spinal cord under many different loading conditions are described. The role of the special characteristics of the spine ligaments in allowing physiological motions of the spine, preventing excessive motions between vertebrae, and protecting the spinal cord during trauma are discussed. Movements of the spinal cord within the spinal canal and associated changes of its section during physiological movements of the spine are also described. The kinematics of the various regions of the spine are discussed and their clinical significance is presented. The problems of spinal trauma and is associated spinal instability are analyzed. Guidelines are recommended to assess spinal stability. The proper application of such guidelines will provide the basis for sound clinical judgments.
A causal model for causal priority

Recent attempts to fix the direction of causal priority without reference to the direction of temporal priority have begun with an analysis of the causal relation itself. I offer a method, based on causal modelling theory, designed to determine the direction of causal priority while remaining as agnostic as possible about the nature of the causal relation.
A difficult small integer program

An apparently difficult, yet small, integer program has been tested on what we believe to be is a most efficient computer system containing a group theoretic algorithm. Although a good solution was produced, the code did not converge in at most thirty seconds of UNIVAC 1108 time, and thus the integer program can serve as a principal test problem. The model represents a real world chemical blending situation and was received from E. I. DuPont DeNemours & Co., Inc.
Microarray analysis of gene expression in leukocytes from women with preeclampsia

HANNEKE DE VRIES, GOUKE BONSEL, HANS WOLF, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Academisch Medisch Centrum Amsterdam, Obstetrics, Amsterdam, Netherlands OBJECTIVE: Exploration of the dynamic aspects of preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: 216 patients with (H)ELLP-syndrome (n = 54), severe preeclampsia (n = 80),or pregnancy-induced-hypertension related fetal growth restriction (n = 82) and gestational age between 24 and 34 completed weeks were randomized for temporizing management with plasma volume expansion (n = 111; 250 ml HydroxyEthylStarch 6% twice daily in 4 hours) or without (n = 105). Primary endpoints of the study were a neurological optimality score of the neonate at term age (Prechtl) and perinatal mortality. Composite maternal complications (CMC) were defined as major maternal morbidity (abruptio placentae, pulmonary edema, liver hematoma, sepsis, pulmonary embolism), newly acquired, persistent or recurrent HELLP and eclampsia after inclusion. Onset of morbidity after admission was categorized in three-day periods. RESULTS: Median prolongation until delivery was 7.4 (0.2-35) days in the treatment group and 10.5 (0.2-44) days (P = .054) in the control group, and the incidence of CMC 32% and 35% (P = .6). Primary outcome criteria were similar. The incidence of CMC in the total group was 8 % (range 4-11) / 3 days during the first 14 days after admission and thereafter 3% (range 0-6) / 3 days. Postpartum incidence of CMC was 8%.
Carbohydrate as Fuel for Foraging, Resource Defense and Colony Growth - a Long-term Experiment with the Plant-ant Crematogaster nigriceps

Mismatches in nutrient composition (e.g., protein, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.) between consumers and the resources they depend on can have ecological consequences, affecting traits from individual behavior to community structure. In many terrestrial ecosystems, ants depend on plant and insect mutualist partners for carbohydrate-rich rewards that are nutritionally unbalanced (especially in protein) relative to colony needs. Despite imbalances, many carbohydrate-feeding ant mutualists dominate communities—both competitively and numerically—raising the question of whether excess carbohydrates ‘fuel’ colony acquisition of limiting resources and growth. In a 10-month field study, we manipulated carbohydrate access for the obligate plant-ant Crematogaster nigriceps to test whether carbohydrate availability could be mechanistically linked to ecological dominance via heightened territory defense, increased protein foraging, and colony growth. Supplementation increased aggressive defense of hosts after only two weeks, but was also strongly linked to variation in rainfall. Contrary to predictions, we did not find that supplemented colonies increased protein foraging. Instead, colonies with reduced carbohydrate access discovered a greater proportion of protein baits, suggesting that carbohydrate deprivation increases foraging intensity. We found no significant effect of carbohydrate manipulation on brood or alate production. These results contrast with findings from several recent short-term and lab-based nutrient supplementation studies and highlight the role of seasonality and biotic context in colony-foraging and reproductive decisions. These factors may be essential to understanding the consequences of carbohydrate access in natural plant-ant systems.
The newly hired hospital staff nurse's professionalism, satisfaction and alienation

Abstract In a previously reported panel study [Speedling et al. (1981). Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 18 , 217–225], 180 Registered Nurses, three-quarters new graduates, were given questionnaires at time of hire and a year later. Using the panel study data, relationships among bureaucratic-professional role conception, actual situation and role discrepancy, and importance of job factors, job satisfaction and alienation, as well as age and length of stay at termination for time of hire only, are explored in this follow-up report. Mean bureaucratic actual situation ( t = −5.18, P t = −2.77, P t = −2.36, P t = 3.39, P t = 2.33, P r = 0.17, P r = 0.19, P r = −0.20, P r = −0.35, P r = −0.19, P r = 0.23, P r = 0.26, P r = −0.33, P P P P
Automatization of Correct Production at Two Levels of Articulatory Acquisition

This study investigated the assumption that children who are in the process of acquiring correct production of a misarticulated phoneme are also in the process of developing automatization of corre...
Nitrous Oxide Availability

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is marketed as an inhalation anesthetic and as a food ingredient (e.g., whipping cream propellant). In the human, inhalation has been associated with "highs," peripheral nerve damage, mitotic poisoning of bone marrow, psychosis, and mental impairment. Exposure to hypoxemic mixtures has resulted in death. The commercial N2O sources specifically studied were aerosol whipping cream containers (three brands) and 6.5-cm cylinders, or chargers (two brands). The gas content and N2O concentrations of these devices were measured. The aerosol cans, when not shaken, will dispense at least 3 liters of 87 to 90% N2O. Charger misuse may occur when they are substituted for identically designed carbon dioxide (CO2) chargers of a seltzer bottle; 4.3 to 5.0 liters of 93 to 98% N2O is expelled at a controllable rate. The toxicity of these inexpensive N2O products, their high potential for misuse, and the absence of labeling (chargers) argue that their distribution be discontinued.
Tenant Satisfaction with Land Leases

Leasing is an important component of U.S. agricultural land tenure. According to the 1992 Census of Agriculture, 43 percent of all U.S. agricultural land is leased, with greater proportions of leasing in states that exhibit cropintensive agriculture and have a large proportion of commercial operators, such as Illinois (62 percent), Arkansas (57 percent), Iowa (53 percent), California (50 percent), and Louisiana (50 percent). In spite of the importance of U.S. leasing, relatively little empirical work has been published due to a paucity of data. Sparse lease data are available because lease agreements are determined by private treaties between tenants and landlords in localized markets. The few empirical studies on U.S. leasing have focused on testing hypotheses to explain how lease type (cash-rent or share) and terms (cash-rent charged and tenant share levels) are determined.' A logical extension of the lease determination literature and the purpose of this article is to examine tenant satisfaction with leases. Of particular interest is to determine whether lease type and terms fully explain tenant satisfaction or if land, tenant, and other lease characteristics are also important. Also tested is the hypothesis that non-lease characteristics are more important in determining tenant satisfaction with share leases than with cash-rent leases.2,3 A limitation of the study is that only tenant satisfaction and not landlord satisfaction is considered.4
High-resolution Rayleigh wave slowness tomography of central Asia

[1] We compute short-period, high-resolution surface wave slowness maps for central Asia using Bayesian tomography. We focus on the region between 69° and 108°E and 29° and 54°N and used seismograms from more than 1100 events. Using multiple-filter and phase-matched filter techniques, we measured the dispersion characteristics of the signals between 6 and 30 s period. These Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion curves were used to compute high-resolution, half-degree cell size, slowness tomographic maps. Because short periods are primarily sensitive to upper crustal structures, the images display low velocities associated with the Tarim, Junggar, and Qaidam basins. Relatively high velocities are associated with mountainous tectonic features such as the Tian Shan. We validated our maps using dispersion curves from 640 events that were not used to construct the tomographic model. The model predictions show a significant variance reduction at short and intermediate periods (6–15 s) with respect to the prior model. Our model also shows 15% improvement in surface wave detection capability with respect to previous one-dimensional models. These high-resolution, short-period tomography maps can help improve regional magnitude estimations for construction of mb:Ms discriminants. Moreover, the short-period surface wave tomographic results show unprecedented resolution that reveals greater geologic detail than has previously been achieved using surface waves and that give us insight into the shear velocity structure of the crust underlying this part of Asia.
The 1.25 Å resolution structure of phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase is the second enzyme in the histidine-biosynthetic pathway, irreversibly hydrolyzing phosphoribosyl-ATP to phosphoribosyl-AMP and pyrophosphate. It is encoded by the hisE gene, which is present as a separate gene in many bacteria and archaea but is fused to hisI in other bacteria, fungi and plants. Because of its essentiality for growth in vitro, HisE is a potential drug target for tuberculosis. The crystal structures of two native (uncomplexed) forms of HisE from Mycobacterium tuber­culosis have been determined to resolutions of 1.25 and 1.79 A. The structure of the apoenzyme reveals that the protein is composed of five α-helices with connecting loops and is a member of the α-helical nucleoside-triphosphate pyrophos­phatase superfamily. The biological unit of the protein is a homodimer, with an active site on each subunit composed of residues exclusively from that subunit. A comparison with the Campylobacter jejuni dUTPase active site allowed the identification of putative metal- and substrate-binding sites in HisE, including four conserved glutamate and glutamine residues in the sequence that are consistent with a motif for pyrophosphohydrolase activity. However, significant differences between family members are observed in the loop region between α-helices H1 and H3. The crystal structure of M. tuberculosis HisE provides insights into possible mechanisms of substrate binding and the diversity of the nucleoside-triphosphate pyrophosphatase superfamily.
Perioperative adenotonsillectomy management in children: current practices.

Objective To determine the current practices of preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques, and postoperative treatment of pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Study Design Forty-one-item survey measuring the frequency of different evaluations, procedures, and treatments performed, including selected case scenarios, with all items scored on a five-point ordinal scale ranking frequency. Methods The entire membership of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology (ASPO) and active fellows and members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery (AAO–HNS) residing in New York state were anonymously surveyed through mail-in questionnaires. Results History alone was the most frequent modality for diagnosing both adenoid enlargement and obstructive sleep apnea. The most common preoperative laboratory test ordered before an adenotonsillectomy is a complete blood cell count; ASPO members ordered fewer preoperative laboratory tests than AAO–HNS members. Unipolar cautery is the most frequently used tonsillectomy technique, and curettage followed by cautery is the most popular adenoidectomy technique. Steroids are the most common intraoperative medication administered during an adenotonsillectomy, and office visits remain the most frequently used methods of assessing adenotonsillectomy patients postoperatively. Conclusions Although there are statistically significant trends uncovered by the survey, the results reflect a lack of consensus regarding adenotonsillectomy management. Further randomized controlled trials or large-scale outcomes projects are much needed to evaluate critically the current practices of pediatric adenotonsillectomies. Additional efforts may also be required to use the information from these studies in effecting changes in actual practice patterns, moving us toward a more evidence-based paradigm of treating pediatric adenotonsillar disease.
Production of frameshift mutations in salmonella by a light sensitive azide analog of ethidium

Frameshift mutations have been produced in specific repair-negative Salmonella tester strains by photoaffinity labeling technique using ethidium azide. Reversions requiring a +1 addition or a -2 deletion were specially sensitive. Mutagenesis was reduced by the simultaneous addition of non-mutagenic ethidium bromide, and was prevented by photolysis of the azide prior to culture addition. Identical tester strains active in DNA excision repaire were not mutagenized by the azide. These results are consistent with the interpretation that photolysis of the bound ethidium analog converts the drug from its noncovalent mode of binding (presumably intercalation) to a covalent complex with consequent production of frameshift mutations. Such photoaffinity labeling by drugs which bind to DNA not only confirms the importance of covalent drug attachment for frameshift mutagenesis, but also provides powerful techniques for studying the molecular deatils of a variety of genetic mechanisms.
The Effects of Procedural Variations on Lateralized Stroop Effects

Several issues in the classic Stroop effect remain open, including (i) the stage of processing which gives rise to the effect, (ii) the effect of some procedural manipulations, (iii) the effect of hemispheric specialization and of interhemispheric interactions, and (iv) the existence of individual differences. In this paper, we investigate these issues using a series of experiments with central, lateral, and bilateral presentations of the Stroop stimuli. A total of 146 right-handed subjects took part in a multiexperiment study with relatively equal numbers of the two sexes participating in each experiment. We found that manual responses diluted but did not abolish the Stroop interference relative to vocal responses, arguing for a late processing stage account of the effect. However, separating the color patch from the color word either unilaterally or bilaterally did not significantly change the magnitude of the Stroop interference, arguing against a cost of interhemispheric transfer in the Stroop effect in normal subjects. We did, however, find evidence for hemispheric specialization in Stroop interference, greater in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere. Color words in the RVF produced the greatest Stroop effects regardless of the location of the color patch. In most cases, this laterality effect interacted with the sex of the subject, such that only males and a subgroup of females (i.e., those tested during a low estrogen phase in the menstrual cycle) showed evidence for greater Stroop effects when a color word projected to the left hemisphere than when it projected to the right hemisphere, regardless of the placement of the color patch.
Dimension of weather and climate attractors

A PROCEDURE for estimating the correlation dimension of the attractor of a dynamical system1 has been applied to a number of data sets that are representative of weather or climate variations. Reported values of the attractor dimension have typically fallen between 3.0 and 8.0 (refs 2–9). Because the atmosphere is so complex, these values have seemed surprisingly low, and doubts as to their appropriateness have been expressed even by the originators of the method8,10,11. Here I apply the procedure to 'data' generated by a mathematical system whose dimension can be evaluated by other means, and identify conditions, apparently satisfied by the studies that use real data, in which the procedure will yield systematic underestimates. It therefore seems unlikely that global weather or climate systems possess low-dimensional attractors.
Amatoxin poisoning: case reports and review of current therapies

Abstract Background Diagnosis and management of Amanita mushroom poisoning is a challenging problem for physicians across the United States. With 5902 mushroom exposures and two resultant deaths directly linked to Amanita ingestion in 2009, it is difficult for physicians to determine which patients are at risk for lethal toxicity. Identification of amatoxin poisoning can prove to be difficult due to delay in onset of symptoms and difficulty with identification of mushrooms. Consequently, it is difficult for the Emergency Physician to determine proper disposition. Further, treatment options are controversial. Objectives To review current data to help health care providers effectively identify and treat potentially deadly Amanita mushroom ingestions. Case Reports We present two cases of Amanita mushroom ingestion in the northeastern United States treated with N-acetylcysteine, high-dose penicillin, cimetidine, and silibinin, a semi-purified fraction of milk thistle-derived silymarin, as part of their treatment regimen. The mushroom species was identified by a consultant as Amanita Ocreata . Conclusions We present the successful treatment of 2 patients who ingested what we believe to be an Amanita species never before identified in the northeastern United States.
IMAGING OF THE SKULL BASE

The skull base is simply the bottom of the skull, a platform supporting the brain. Numerous perforations and channels carry the various communication and supply lines from the brain out and down to the rest of the body. The anatomy is complex and until recently surgery of this area was undertaken only with great trepidation. Now with precision imaging acting as a map, the modern skull base surgeon reaches into places previously considered unapproachable. Definition of the precise relationship of a tumor to blood vessels and nerves allows preoperative determination of possible morbidity from a procedure. 6 Because the boundaries of a lesion can be confidently determined, precise forms of targeted radiation treatment allow physicians to treat the margin of a tumor, avoiding vital structures millimeters away. A radiologist seeking to image patients with skull base problems must know the intricate anatomy and must develop an approach to differentiating the various pathologies that can occur in this area. Furthermore, if the radiologist deals with surgeons who venture into this complex region, then more exact knowledge of the landmarks crucial to decision making must be developed. Which structures must be sacrificed to remove a lesion? Which is the safest pathway to achieve a biopsy? Which landmarks, if involved, will force the surgeon to choose another approach or will make a procedure much more hazardous? Which will make the surgeon back away? Some aspects of the skull base are covered in other contributions to this issue. Discussion of some of the deeper reaches of the temporal bone and sinonasal tract is found in this article. This article then covers the sphenoid bone, the petrous apex, and briefly the anterior skull base. The anatomy is beyond the scope of this effort and is readily available in many texts. This is not to belittle the importance of the anatomy. As stated, the anatomy is crucial. Those not extremely familiar with the anatomy should read this article with an anatomy book close at hand. In sections describing pathology, the differential diagnosis hinges first on determination of the position of the apparent origin of a lesion. Although the number of possible lesions that occur in the skull base is very large, determination of the position of apparent origin of a mass or a pathology narrows the list to a few likely possibilities. The actual imaging findings on CT or MR imaging are then used to narrow the list even further. One should always think of the structures normally found in a certain location because these are the most likely contributors that define the cell type of the particular lesion. In the skull base there is always bone and dura. The radiologist should also consider whether or not air cells are present. Are there nerves? Is there a synchondrosis filled with cartilage? Is this the embryonic pathway of the Rathke's craniopharyngeal canal or of the notochord?
Interpolation of transients based on training data

The authors consider the problem of interpolation using a set of training signals. The training set is assumed to contain signals representative of the type of the waveform to be interpolated. The authors discuss two procedures for using the training data directly to estimate the missing samples. The interpolated signal is chosen to satisfy the given samples, and to be close to the signals in the training set. The authors discuss the difference between the two methods, and present and example of interpolation of biological transients (sperm whales). >
Potential Anticancer Agents. V. Cardiac Glycosides of Asclepias albicans (Asclepiadaceae)

The cytotoxic activity of extracts of Asclepias albicans (Asclepiadaceae) was traced to uzarigenin (2), desglucouzarin (3) and a new cardenolide glycoside, uzarigenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4). The latter compound also displayed significant antitumor activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia.
A Simulation-Optimization Approach for Reducing Background Leakage in Water Systems☆

Abstract This paper forms an entry to the battle of background leakage assessment for water networks (BBLAWN). The proposed method- ology for this problem is a sequential assessment of intervention types. In an initial stage, a diagnosis of the network is performed through simulating its hydraulic behaviour with no infrastructure or operational modifications. An optimization technique is de- veloped to recommended improvements of a particular type, such as pipes to replace. These techniques are applied sequentially to yield a list of suggested improvements for the network. Our approach requires a hydraulic model that simulates background leakage, custom implementations of heuristic algorithms and optimization solvers.
Contexts and Forms of Rural Revolt France in 1789

The varied forms and targets of rural insurrection are the subjects of an extensive literature. The diverse modes of peasant mobilization at the beginning of the French Revolution provide a setting...
How Readable are Spanish-Language Medicaid Applications?

Nationally, Hispanics comprise nearly one-quarter of all non-elderly Medicaid recipients. We evaluated readability, layout characteristics, and document complexity of state-issued Spanish-language Medicaid enrollment applications. We located and analyzed Internet-based Spanish enrollment applications from 37 states and the District of Columbia. We calculated the readability of each Medicaid enrollment application “Signature” page using the Spanish Lexile Analyzer. We assessed application layout characteristics utilizing the User-Friendliness Tool, and we evaluated document complexity using the PMOSE/IKIRSCH scale. The average Lexile score estimated an 11th–12th grade reading level (M = 1184, SD = 192) for “Signature” pages of enrollment applications. Most applications used small font size and lacked adequate white space. Document complexity ranged from level 3 (moderate) to level 5 (very high); the majority of applications ranked at level 4 (high). Spanish-language Medicaid enrollment applications should be revised to adhere to low-literacy guidelines, which may improve the accessibility of Medicaid coverage for eligible Spanish-speaking families.
Codetermination: a business and government partnership in procedural safety for ecological sustainability

In this manuscript I take an interdisciplinary, systems approach to the regulation of risky operations that can harm ecological environments. I develop safety procedures aimed at minimizing the risks of operational failures and industrial accidents. The procedures are designed for practicing managers and regulatory agents to use in partnership across four interactive levels of analysis: individual (managers and regulatory agents), organizational (risky operations), industrial (groups of risky organizations) and societal (ecological environments). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Exploratory Examination of “SERVQUAL” Versus “SERVPERF” for Prosthetic Dental Specialists

AbstractPrevious research examined measurement of perceived service quality of general dentists, comparing the two predominant measurement tools—SERVQUAL and SERVPERF. This research extends the line of research to a dental specialty, prosthodontics (the provision of complex restorative dentistry), while modifying the survey approach to eliminate some previous methodological concerns. Perceived service quality of prosthodontists is found to be a more complex construct that is service quality of general dentists. SERVQUAL with the inclusion of importance weights was the most statistically significant model, but SERVPERF without importance weights accounted for the most variance. Prosthodontists may for the sake of brevity, decide to utilize SERVPERF without importance weights to measure their perceived service quality. Considering the trade-off between a marginal, albeit statistically significant, improvement in statistical significance, and the administration of a survey instrument one third the length, SE...
Zfh-1 Controls Somatic Stem Cell Self-Renewal in the Drosophila Testis and Nonautonomously Influences Germline Stem Cell Self-Renewal

The ability of adult stem cells to maintain their undifferentiated state depends upon residence in their niche. While simple models of a single self-renewal signal are attractive, niche-stem cell interactions are likely to be more complex. Many niches have multiple cell types, and the Drosophila testis is one such complex niche with two stem cell types, germline stem cells (GSCs) and somatic cyst progenitor cells (CPCs). These stem cells require chemokine activation of Jak/STAT signaling for self-renewal. We identified the transcriptional repressor Zfh-1 as a presumptive somatic target of Jak/STAT signaling, demonstrating that it is necessary and sufficient to maintain CPCs. Surprisingly, sustained zfh-1 expression or intrinsic STAT activation in somatic cells caused neighboring germ cells to self-renew outside their niche. In contrast, germline-intrinsic STAT activation was insufficient for GSC renewal. These data reveal unexpected complexity in cell interactions in the niche, implicating CPCs in GSC self-renewal.
The cultural lens: Bringing utilization into focus

The uses of evaluation must be understood from an organizational culture perspective. A case is made for grounding evaluation use within a cultural framework.
Attributional Style: A Mediator of the Shyness–Depression Relationship?

Abstract We propose that the relationship between shyness and depression is mediated by a negative attributional style. To test this, we compared attributional style and level of depression for shy versus non-shy college students. We also examined the relationship between shyness and depression with attributional style held constant. In support of our conceptualization, shy students were more depressed and had a more negative attributional style than non-shy students. Further, as predicted by the mediation hypothesis, there was no difference between the shy and non-shy groups in depression when the effect of attributional style was removed. We discuss the implications of our findings for future work on cognitive aspects of shyness.
AC vs. DC Bias-Enhanced Nucleation of Highly Oriented Diamond on Silicon (100)

Bias-enhanced nucleation of highly oriented diamond on silicon (100) has been investigated in the context of bias type. The formation of aligned crystallites using conventional de substrate biasing was facilitated by a preceding carburization. The optimum biasing conditions following a 1 h carburization involved a bias voltage of -250 V and a stringent bias duration of 3-4 min which produced total nucleation densities of ∼1 × 10 10 cm -2 and highly oriented diamond percentages of -50%. In comparison, the application of a 55-65 min ac substrate bias of 175 V rms (±250 V peak-to-peak ) resulted in a comparable percentage of oriented crystallites and similar crystallographic alignment. However, in this approach a precarburization was not found to be beneficial. This simplification in the processing of the oriented diamond was further aided by a broader bias duration window for producing the optimum combination of high total nucleation density and highly oriented diamond percentage.
A Time-Base Encoder Using a Sinusoidal Reference Voltage

Time-base encoder using sinusoidal reference voltage which does not produce undesirable switching transients resulting from abrupt variation
An integrative approach to determine store delivery patterns in grocery retailing

Abstract This article focuses on the tactical problem of selecting delivery patterns according to which grocery stores are repetitively supplied with products from different order segments by retail-owned distribution centers. The research environment considered consists of logistics processes in DCs, transportation and instore logistics. We identify dependencies on the delivery patterns selected and specify the relevant costs. These costs are reflected in the objective function of a binary selection model. Implementing and applying the model to the real case of a major European retail company yields substantial cost savings potential of 5.3%, amounting to tens of millions of euros per annum.
Boolean Function Learning With A Classifier System

A learning classifier system (LCS) is assigned the task of learning difficult boolean function, a 6-multiplexer. An LCS is a type of production system that learns to generalize and instantiate rules called classifiers in response to intermittent and noisy reinforcement (payoff). This paper presents results similar to Wilson's recent experiments using a champion reinforcement algorithm rather than Wilson's collective scheme. Performance differences are discussed.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Anticounterfeiting Innovative Fibers

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has gained increased attention for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of textile and polymer products. Many NIR instruments have been commercialized to identify the natural and synthetic fibers; however, there is a strong need to have NIR database of these high-performance fibers to detect contraband textile materials rapidly and quantitatively. In this study, NIR spectra of PLA, Kevlar, Spandex and Sorona woven fabrics were collected and studied by several calibration models to identify the fibers. The results indicated that these four innovative fibers had been successfully distinguished by their NIR spectra in combination with preprocessing of 1/X transformation, SNV, and 2nd Savitzky-Golay derivative as well as principal-component-analysis (PCA-) based chemometric methods. Our promising results suggest that NIR spectroscopy is an effective technique to anticounterfeit innovative fibers.
Economy-wide sources of agricultural expansion in developing countries

Due to the past parochialism of environmental economists and development specialists alike, environmental problems in developing countries were long neglected. There is substantial agreement on the causes of one such problem - forest loss - in countries caught in a low-level poverty trap. Less well understood are the reasons why agricultural encroachment on natural habitats does not often abate very much once development commences. Recent experience in Thailand indicates that deforestation in the face of rising living standards has to do with changing demands for agricultural output and the agroclimatic advantages of frontier areas, among other factors. More than anything else, reconciling environmental concerns with rural income growth depends on the growth of off-farm employment.
High cortisol awakening response and cortisol levels moderate exposure-based psychotherapy success

Summary Background Research suggests that elevated stress hormones during exposure can facilitate fear extinction in laboratory settings. However, prospective studies on the clinical benefits of endogenous cortisol on clinical improvements in naturalistic exposures are lacking. Methods Twenty-six patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia completed three weekly in-vivo exposure sessions and a fourth session 2 months following therapy completion, resulting in a total of 94 in-vivo exposure sessions. Salivary cortisol was collected at multiple times during the first exposure day (cortisol morning response, prior, -during, -after exposure) and at subsequent exposure sessions (prior, -during, -after exposure). Cortisol collection on a non-exposure comparison day followed the same time schedule as session 1. Results Exposure day anxiety and cortisol levels were significantly higher than control day levels. Higher absolute cortisol levels during exposures moderated clinical improvement (avoidance behavior, threat appraisal, perceived control). Therapeutic gains were not just related to exposure day cortisol levels, but were also linked to non-exposure day levels. Greater morning rises in cortisol on exposure day predicted greater treatment gains, but greater rises on the control day were associated with poorer outcomes. Conclusions The study provides first evidence for a moderating effect of cortisol awakening response and absolute cortisol levels on fear extinction processes during naturalistic, prospective exposure-therapy. Additionally, we replicated and extended prior findings on the therapeutic benefits of high exposure cortisol levels. Together, the findings suggest that cortisol may act as a general moderator of facilitated learning during exposure therapy.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF WATER VAPOR ADSORPTION ON MARS FOR IN SITU RESOURCE UTILIZATION

This paper presents the results of a feasibility study of the extraction of water vapor by adsorption from the Martian atmosphere, for in situ resource utilization (ISRU) purposes. Past proposals for extracting atmospheric water have invoked a compression-cooling process, which requires a prohibitively high specific power input. At the University of Washington the Water Vapor Adsorption Reactor (WAVAR), a highly effective water extraction concept based on adsorption processes in zeolite molecular sieves, is being developed. In this device, Martian atmosphere is forced over a zeolite bed which adsorbs the trace water vapor. Once the zeolite bed is saturated, it is removed from the flow, placed in a sealed chamber, and the water vapor desorbed by microwave heating of the bed, all in a continuous batch process. The water vapor thus obtained is condensed and electrolyzed into H2 and O2. The H2 can be combined with the atmospheric CO2 in a Sabatier reactor to produce CH4 and additional water that is recycled. The resulting ratio of O 2 to CH 4 is 4.0, very close to the optimum ratio of 3.5 for a CH 4/O2 rocket. Based on the encouraging performance comparison of the WAVAR concept with the compression-cooling process, a detailed simulation was run, using the first 250 sols of Viking Lander 1 meteorological data. A successful preliminary experiment on the microwave reactivation of the molecular sieve, zeolite 3A, was performed as well. The use of realistic Mars atmospheric data, however, highlighted the importance of landing site selection when using the WAVAR, as available atmospheric water quickly becomes minuscule if the ambient temperature drops below about 200 K.
Constrained regularization of digital terrain elevation data

A framework for geometric regularization of elevation maps is introduced in this letter. The framework takes into account errors in the data, which form part of standard elevation maps specifications, as well as possible additional user/application-dependent constraints. The algorithm is based on adapting the theory of geometric active surfaces to the problem of regularizing elevation maps. We present the underlying concepts and numerical experiments showing the effectiveness and potential of this theory.
The economic context of the student role.

Book reviewed in this article: Education in our society could be viewed as a form of involuntary servitude. Students accept a marked decline in standard of living and forego earnings of some $1,000 to $4,500 a year. Their future gains, however, seem more clearly attributable to the credential they gain by acceptance of the student status than to demonstrable consequences of their educational experience.
Performance analysis and admission control in multimedia communication networks

We address the problem of efficient resource allocation and quality of service (QoS) provision in modern high-speed, multimedia, communication networks. We quantify QoS by the probabilities of loss and excessive delay of an arbitrary packet, and introduce the model of a multiclass node (switch) which accommodates sessions that may belong to multiple service classes. We treat such a node as a stochastic system which we analyze and control. The results in Bertsimas et al. (1996) provide us with a large deviations asymptotic on the buffer overflow probability per service class. We use the same approach, which is based on ideas from large deviations, optimal control and optimization, to derive a similar asymptotic for the probability of excessive delay. We exploit these performance analysis results by devising a call admission control algorithm which restricts the number of users accessing the network to guarantee a desirable level of QoS. Finally, we discuss practical issues and establish that the proposed algorithm can be implemented in real-time. Our conclusions are reinforced by experiments with actual traffic patterns.
Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo

Dentinal repair in the postnatal organism occurs through the activity of specialized cells, odontoblasts, that are thought to be maintained by an as yet undefined precursor population associated with pulp tissue. In this study, we isolated a clonogenic, rapidly proliferative population of cells from adult human dental pulp. These DPSCs were then compared with human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), known precursors of osteoblasts. Although they share a similar immunophenotype in vitro, functional studies showed that DPSCs produced only sporadic, but densely calcified nodules, and did not form adipocytes, whereas BMSCs routinely calcified throughout the adherent cell layer with clusters of lipid-laden adipocytes. When DPSCs were transplanted into immunocompromised mice, they generated a dentin-like structure lined with human odontoblast-like cells that surrounded a pulp-like interstitial tissue. In contrast, BMSCs formed lamellar bone containing osteocytes and surface-lining osteoblasts, surrounding a fibrous vascular tissue with active hematopoiesis and adipocytes. This study isolates postnatal human DPSCs that have the ability to form a dentin/pulp-like complex.