cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypothermia differentially increases extracellular signal-regulated kinase and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun terminal kinase activation in the hippocampus during reperfusion after asphyxial cardiac arrest.

Abstract Mitogen-activated protein kinases are signal transduction mediators that have been implicated in cell survival and cell death. This study characterized the activation of pathways in the hippocampus during reperfusion after global cerebral ischemia, as well as the influence of a regimen of hypothermia that reduces ischemic cell death in the hippocampus. Circulatory arrest was induced in rats by 8 min of asphyxia. Relative levels of phosphorylated and total extracellular signal-regulated kinase, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase were measured in the hippocampus after 6, 12 or 24 h of reperfusion using immunoblotting. Asphyxia induced a progressive increase in phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase, but no change in phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Induction of mild hypothermia (33°C) during reperfusion increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and produced a smaller increase in stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation at 24 h. Hypothermia did not alter extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in rats not subjected to ischemia. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation was associated with an increase in phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2, and was inhibited by administration of the specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor SL327. Immunohistochemical staining showed an increase in active extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the CA1, CA2, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus after ischemia and reperfusion. In contrast, active stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase immunoreactivity was most intense in the CA3 and dentate gyrus regions. These data demonstrate that both extracellular signal-regulated kinase and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways are activated during the first 24 h of reperfusion after global cerebral ischemia, and that hypothermia increases the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase relative to stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Thus, an increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation may be associated with improved neuronal survival after ischemic injury.
The thermochemical studies of protonated amine-crown ether complexes: Extension of the kinetic method

Abstract We have devised a new approach that extends the kinetic method to systems where the competitive dissociation (the cornerstone of the kinetic method) will occur not at one binding center but at two spatially different places. This approach was tested on dissociation of complexes of two symmetric doubly protonated diamines with seven different crown ethers resulting in the relative binding order of alkylammonium cation (half of the protonated diamine dication) to the crown ethers. For the experiments with 1,10-diaminodecane, leading to the n-alkylammonium binding ladder, the order was dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 > dibenzo-21-crown-7 > 18-crown-6 > dibenzo-24-crown-8 > dibenzo-18-crown-6 > 15-crown-5 > 12-crown-4. When N,N′-dimethyl-1,8-octanediamine was used, the experiments gave rise to the relative binding of N-methyl-n-alkylammonium cation, which was dibenzo-24-crown-8 > dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 > dibenzo-21-crown-7 > dibenzo-18-crown-6 > 18-crown-6 > 15-crown-5 > 12-crown-4. The observed binding trends were explained in terms of size of the alkylammonium cation, size of the cavity of the crown, flexibility of the crown substituents, and overall crown polarizability. Our data qualitatively correlate well to the literature gas-phase values for these systems as well as to the solution data (where available).
Effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on response to abrupt reward reduction.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on an appetitively-motivated behavioral task (consummatory negative contrast) that involves quantification of an animal's response to an abrupt, unexpected reduction in reward (sucrose solutions). Pregnant Long-Evans rats received isocaloric liquid diets containing either 35% or 0% ethanol-derived calories on days 6–20 of gestation. A pair-feeding procedure was employed, and a lab chow control group also was included. Adult male offspring from these three prenatal treatment groups were used for behavioral testing. Results indicated all groups exhibited suppressed responding subsequent to reward reduction. This effect gradually diminished in all prenatal treatment groups over several test sessions. While there was a numerical tendency for ethanol-exposed offspring to exhibit a smaller initial contrast effect (less response inhibition) and recover to control levels at a faster rate than the sucrose and lab chow control groups, this effect was not statistically significant. Thus, prenatal ethanol exposure does not appear to greatly influence the response to abrupt, partial reward reduction in adult rat offspring.
Standardized precipitation evaporation index (SPEI)-based drought assessment in semi-arid south Texas

The coastal semi-arid region of south Texas is known for its erratic climate that fluctuates between long periods of drought and extremely wet hurricane-induced storms. The standard precipitation index (SPI) and the standard precipitation evaporation index (SPEI) were used in this study in conjunction with precipitation and temperature projections from two general circulation models (GCMs), namely, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Parallel Climate Model (PCM) and the UK Meteorological Office Hadley Centre model (HCM) for two emission scenarios—A1B (~720 ppm CO2 stabilization) and B1 (~550 ppm CO2 stabilization) at six major urban centers of south Texas spanning five climatic zones. Both the models predict a progressively increasing aridity of the region throughout the twenty-first century. The SPI exhibits greater variability in the available moisture during the first half of the twenty-first century while the SPEI depicts a downward trend caused by increasing temperature. However, droughts during the latter half of the twenty-first century are due to both increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. These results suggest that droughts during the first half of the twenty-first century are likely caused by meteorological demands (temperature or potential evapotranspiration (PET) controlled), while those during the latter half are likely to be more critical as they curtail moisture supply to the region over large periods of time (precipitation and PET controlled). The drought effects are more pronounced for the A1B scenario than the B1 scenario and while spatial patterns are not always consistent, the effects are generally felt more strongly in the hinterlands than in coastal areas. The projected increased warming of the region, along with potential decreases in precipitation, points toward increased reliance on groundwater resources which are noted to be a buffer against droughts. However, there is a need for human adaptation to climate change, a greater commitment to groundwater conservation and development of large-scale regional aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) facilities that are capable of long-term storage in order to sustain groundwater availability. Groundwater resource managers and planners must confront the possibility of an increased potential for prolonged (multi-year) droughts and develop innovative strategies that effectively integrate water augmentation technologies and conservation-oriented policies to ensure the sustainability of aquifer resources well into the next century.
Model for the ice VII-ice VIII transition

A lattice model is proposed to describe the transition between the proton-disordered ice VII phase and the proton-ordered ice VIII phase. The model includes a ferroelectric four-proton interaction which prefers to satisfy the ice rule. This model is solved in the mean-field approximation; the change in the Kirkwood correlation factor, which is related to the change in the dielectric constant, the change in entropy, and the specific heat are presented. Generalizations of the model and higher-order approximations are discussed.
2.7. The physical basis of poor fat/muscle contrast observed at low temperatures in post-mortem MR (PMMR) imaging

Introduction To successfully apply MRI in the forensic setting, a better understanding of the temperature-dependence of MR image contrast is needed. For example, low fat signal and poor fat/muscle contrast has been observed in cold PM subjects imaged using typical clinical MR parameters. Because MR contrast is based on differences in the relaxation times T 1 and T 2 for different tissues, our goal is to explain MR contrast changes by measuring and analyzing the temperature-dependence of tissue T 1 and T 2 values. Methods Fresh, ex vivo mammalian tissues were imaged using a standard Spin Echo sequence by varying TR (with TE=10ms), or by varying TE (with TR=3200ms), over the temperature range 4−38 ° C. For each tissue type, signal intensity was plotted vs. time (TR or TE) and fit with the appropriate function to extract the relaxation time constant ( T 1 or T 2). Results In general, non-fatty body tissues exhibited a decreasing T 1 with decreasing temperature, while fat and liver T 1 values exhibited little temperature dependence. For nearly all tissues, the temperature-dependence of T 2 was very weak; however, the fat T 2 decreased substantially as temperature is reduced. Conclusions As subject temperature is decreased, the decreasing muscle T 1 (with the fat T 1 remaining approximately constant) results in a smaller difference in T 1 between muscle and fat, while the large drop in the fat T 2 increases T 2-weighting, even in nominally T 1-weighted sequences. Taken together, these findings explain poor fat/muscle contrast and low fat signal intensity previously observed at low temperatures in PMMR.
Lacrimal gland lymphoma: A cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic study

The cytomorphology of lacrimal gland lymphoma has not been specifically described. Herein we present six cases of histologically proven lacrimal gland lymphoma which we analyzed using fine-needle aspiration cytology, cell suspension immunophenotype analysis, and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement studies. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed atypical populations of cells comprised of either monomorphic small round lymphocytes with or without plasmacytoid features (4 cases), a mixed population of small and large irregular lymphocytes (1 case), or a population of large irregular lymphocytes (1 case). the initial cytologic diagnosis was malignant lymphoma in all six cases. Cell suspension immunophenotype analysis demonstrated that the lesions were composed predominantly of B-cells that expressed monotypic surface immunoglobulin. Three cases demonstrated an immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. the atypical cytologic features and the abnormal immunophenotype were consistently predictive of malignant lymphoma. Given that these lesions are small and biopsy material is often limited, fine-needle aspiration offers the advantage of providing tissue that is ideal for cytologic and cell suspension immunophenotype evaluation, obviating the need to provide surgical biopsy material for this purpose. We conclude that fine-needle aspiration can identify malignant lymphoid lesions of the lacrimal gland and may serve as a valuable adjunct in the assessment of these lesions. Additional study is warranted to determine whether fine-needle aspiration can reliably distinguish between benign and malignant lymphoid proliferations of the lacrimal gland. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of High Environmental Temperatures on Cecal Coccidiosis

Abstract Maintenance of broiler or White Leghorn cockerels in a high temperature (32° C ), high humidity (90%) environment for six days following artificial infection with Eimeria tenella significantly reduced coccidiosis severity as compared to birds similarly infected and maintained in an ambient environment averaging 24.5° C., and 62% humidity. Disease severity was determined by lesion scores, fecal scores, and hematocrit readings. The heavier broiler stock maintained body temperatures of 0.7–1.6° C. higher than those birds kept at ambient temperatures for the entire six days. Body temperatures of heat-treated Leghorn cockerels were 0.9° C. higher during the first 48 hours post-inoculation (P.I.), but similar to ambient temperature controls for the last four days. Elevated body temperatures during the first two days following inoculation impaired the survival and development of some parasites while shorter periods (24 hours) of heat treatment did not affect parasite survival.
Determination of ibuprofen and its major metabolites in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for free and total ibuprofen and its major metabolites in human urine is described. Urine is acidified, drug and metabolites are extracted into hexane-propanol, back-extracted into sodium bicarbonate, neutralized and chromatographed. Ibufenac (4-isobutylphenylacetic acid) and 2-phenylpropionic acid were employed as internal standards. The extraction efficiencies were 94-100% for all compounds. The two metabolites and their internal standard were separated using an isocratic chromatographic system, followed by an abrupt step gradient to a second eluent for separation of ibuprofen and its internal standard with a total run time of 18 min. Detection was by a fixed-wavelength detector (214 nm). Sample-to-sample and day-to-day reproducibility studies yielded coefficients of variability of less than 9% for all compounds. The sensitivity was sufficient to determine 2.5 micrograms/ml free ibuprofen in 100 microliters urine.
What About a Ten Commandments Plaque in City Hall?: City Managers Respond to a (Possibly) Unconstitutional Council Directive

City managers confront ethical dilemmas when a council considers moral issues and enacts a policy of uncertain legality. This study investigates the views of Michigan managers on displaying a Ten Commandments plaque inside a government building. They were asked whether they would display a plaque if requested to do so by council but a legal opinion said that it was illegal. Views were divided: 56 percent of managers would hang the plaque, 44 percent would not. Whatever their opinion, most managers would voice their concerns to the council. The divided views reflect conflicting responsibilities: A manager is an agent of the council but is obliged to follow the law.
Effect of Nicotinic Acid Deficiency on the Cozymase Content of Tissues

IT is now well recognized, largely through the efforts of the Euler and Warburg laboratories, that nicotinic acid amide is a constituent of both coenzyme I and coenzyme II. Since these coenzymes have such an important role in the metabolic processes of the body, it is of decided importance to acquire more information concerning their physiology. A good deal has been learned from studies with synthetic enzyme systems in which these coenzymes are involved. The in vivo approach has been attempted by the Euler group. They have confined themselves to rats as the experimental animals and have encountered many obstacles in their work, since it has been very difficult to demonstrate a clear-cut deficiency in the rat of the coenzymes or of any of their possible precursors. Recently, however, Elvehjem and co-workers1 have demonstrated a definite nicotinic acid deficiency in the dog, and Dr. H. Chick et al.2 have made similar observations on the pig. We have thus been enabled to work with two different species in which a definite nicotinic acid deficiency is relatively easy to produce.
A comparison of the effect of mid-thoracic spinal hemisection in the neonatal or weanling rat on the distribution and density of dorsal root axons in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the adult

Abstract Transecting the thoracic spinal cord of the rat has markedley different effects on behavioral responses of the hindlimbs if the lesion is made at the neonatal or weanling stage of development65,70. The present investigation tested the possibility that the behavioral differences were related to a difference in the distribution or density of dorsal root connections in the lumbosacral spinal cord. In order to use each animal as its own control the distribution and density of dorsal root axons was compared on the two sides of the L5-S1 segments of the lumbosacral spinal cord in adult rats given a mid-thoracic spinal hemisection at the neonatal or weanling stage of development. Comparing the experimental (initially hemisected side) and control sides of the cord, we found no evidence for a change in the distribution of dorsal root axons. The distribution of Fink-Heimer stained degeneration 4–6 days after bilateral spinal root section was virtually identical on the two sides of the cord from animals hemisected at either stage. However, in rats spinally hemisected at the neonatal stage (n= 8), a significantly greater density of dorsal root degeneration was found within the intermediate nucleus of Cajal (INC) on the experimental side using coded material and a blind analysis. No difference in the density of dorsal root degeneration was detected in the group of rats spinally hemisected at the weanling stage (n= 6). Controls indicated that the increased density of degeneration was not due to compression resulting from shrinkage of the INC or to degeneration remaining from the initial hemisection. We conclude that the increased amount of argyrophilia within the INC of neonatally hemisected rats is due to an increased density of dorsal root axons in this zone. This result supports the hypothesis that the behavioral differences found when comparing animals transected at the neonatal or weanling stages of development are related to an increased number of dorsal root connections within the lumbosacral spinal cord.
Choleresis and cholestasis produced by infusion of taurocholic acid or taurodehydrocholic acid combined with BSP in the rhesus monkey.

To study the determinants of BSP Tm in rhesus monkeys, animals with indwelling silastic catheters were infused with sufficient BSP to produce a rising plasma concentration and normal saline or taurocholic acid 3.5 μmol/min, 7.0 μmol/min, or 10.5 μmol/min. BSP Tm was 3.84±0.11 mg/kg/10 min during normal saline infusion, 5.52±0.53 mg/kg/10 min during taurocholic acid 3.5 μmol/min, and 3.58±0.41 mg/kg/10 min with taurodehydrocholic acid 3.5 μmol/min, despite greater bile flow with the latter compound. Higher infusion rates of taurocholic acid inhibited BSP Tm and the proportion of conjugated BSP secreted into bile, as well as bile flow and bile acid secretion. Taurodehydrocholic acid 7.0 μmol/min produced similar but less marked effects. These results indicate that bile flow does not explain the effects of bile acids on BSP Tm and suggest that bile acids exert varying effects on BSP transport or binding in micelles. The cholestasis observed with combined BSP and higher bile acid infusion rates is probably due to inhibition of liver cell intermediary metabolism or to liver cell toxicity.
Changing trends in osteoporosis care from specialty to primary care physicians

AbstractBackground:Inadequate treatment by non-specialty primary care physicians (PCPs) has been a concern in improving osteoporosis care. An increase in outpatient visits by older patients seeking osteoporosis care has been reported. But what percentages of these visits are made to PCPs are unknown. We investigated recent trends of outpatient visits and treatment for osteoporosis in older adults (>50 years) by physician type (PCPs vs. specialty care non-PCPs).Methods:A cross-sectional analysis used National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) data from 2002 to 2008 in the USA. Patients ≥50 years with osteoporosis were included. Descriptive and logistic analysis reported trends of visits and treatment for osteoporosis care by physician type.Results:About 9 million weighted visits were reported between 2002 and 2008. An increase in osteoporosis-related visits was noted from 5% in 2002 to 20% in 2008. The majority of patients in these visits were women (89%), between 65 and 84 years of age (56%...
Phorbol Esters Alter α4 and αd Integrin Usage During Eosinophil Adhesion to VCAM-1

We examined the effect of the protein kinase C activator phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) on the human eosinophil adhesion molecule phenotype and attachment to VCAM-1 via alpha4 and alphad integrins under static and flow conditions. PMA increased surface expression of alphad integrins and decreased alpha4 integrin expression. Under static conditions, eosinophils bound well to VCAM-1, primarily via alpha4beta1 integrins, with a minor alphadbeta2 integrin component. Unexpectedly, PMA-stimulated eosinophils bound equally well to VCAM-1 and albumin in a temperature- and divalent cation-dependent manner, yet adhesion was independent of beta1 and beta2 integrins. Under flow conditions, eosinophils readily attached to VCAM-1, and adhesion was inhibited by both alpha4 and alphad mAbs (95 and 50% inhibition, respectively). Many fewer PMA-stimulated eosinophils bound to VCAM-1 under flow conditions, but both alpha4 and alphad mAbs inhibited adhesion equally. Thus, PMA alters eosinophil integrin expression and the relative contributions of alpha4 and alphad integrins during attachment to VCAM-1.
High-speed 32×32 MEMS optical phased array

Optical phased arrays (OPAs) with fast response time are of great interest for various applications such as displays, free space optical communications, and lidar. Existing liquid crystal OPAs have millisecond response time and small beam steering angle. Here, we report on a novel 32×32 MEMS OPA with fast response time ( 99% reflectivity through the use of a subwavelength grating patterned into the mirror’s polysilicon surface. Conventional metal-coated MEMS mirrors must be thick (1- 50 μm) to prevent warpage arising from thermal and residual stress. The single material construction used here results in a high degree of flatness even in a thin 400 nm HCG mirror. Beam steering is demonstrated using binary phase patterns and is accomplished with the help of a closed-loop phase control system based on a phase-shifting interferometer that provides in-situ measurement of the phase shift of each mirror in the array.
Addendum to "Routh-Hurwitz test under vanishing leading array elements"

This note serves to supplement the modified Routh array construction procedure, presented in the paper for the case that entire rows of zero elements are embedded in rows with some leading zeros.
Preparation of (−)-aristolochene from (+)-valencene: Absolute configuration of (+)-aristolochene from aspergillus terreus.

The absolute configuration of (+)-aristolochene (1a), isolated from Aspergillus terreus, has been established by direct comparison with a sample of (−)-aristolochene (1b) prepared from (+)-valencene (2).
Laboratory laser-produced astrophysical-like plasmas

Laser-produced plasmas have many properties similar to, or which can be scaled to, those encountered in space, magnetospheric, ionospheric, and astrophysical situations. We describe several such experiments performed with the PHAROS III Nd-laser facility at NRL.
Estimating reservoir parameters from the gas backpressure equation

This paper describes the equations and calculation methods of reservoir flow and geology. Reservoir parameters, pressure gradients, and permeability of the rocks are also briefly discussed.
Block-Copolymer-Mediated Nanoparticle Dispersion and Assembly in Polymer Nanocomposites

A individual nanoparticle (NP) dispersion in polymer nanocomposites has been obtained through the adsorption of PSbP2VP block copolymer (BCP) at the NPs' surface in solution. The adsorbed block increases the minimum inter-NP distance, while the non-adsorbed block has favourable entropy of mixing with the matrix polymer with the same chemical structure. Physical adsorption of BCP provides a simple, robust means of organizing NPs in a chemically unfavourable polymer.
Unique cell surface structures onPyrsonympha

Unusual cell surface structures found only on the symbiotic, flagellate protozoan,Pyrsonympha, are described for the first time.
The microstructure of SCS-6 SiC fiber

A thorough investigation of the microstructure of single SCS-6 SiC fibers widely used as reinforcements in metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites has been made. Various techniques of electron microscopy (EM) including scanning (SEM), conventional transmission (TEM), high resolution (HREM), parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS), and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) have been used to analyze and characterize the microstructure. The fiber is a complicated composite consisting of many different layers of SiC deposited on a carbon core and different carbonaceous coatings covering the SiC layers. The structural and chemical aspects of each layer are characterized and discussed.
Investigations of the electronic structure of d0 transition metal oxides belonging to the perovskite family

Abstract Computational and experimental studies using linear muffin tin orbital methods and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, respectively, were performed to quantitatively probe the relationships between composition, crystal structure and the electronic structure of oxides containing octahedrally coordinated d0 transition metal ions. The ions investigated in this study (Ti4+, Nb5+, Ta5+, Mo6+, and W6+) were examined primarily in perovskite and perovskite-related structures. In these compounds the top of the valence band is primarily oxygen 2p non-bonding in character, while the conduction band arises from the π ∗ interaction between the transition metal t2g orbitals and oxygen. For isostructural compounds the band gap increases as the effective electronegativity of the transition metal ion decreases. The effective electronegativity decreases in the following order: Mo6+>W6+>Nb5+∼Ti4+>Ta5+. The band gap is also sensitive to changes in the conduction band width, which is maximized for structures possessing linear M–O–M bonds, such as the cubic perovskite structure. As this bond angle decreases (e.g., via octahedral tilting distortions) the conduction band narrows and the band gap increases. Decreasing the dimensionality from 3-D (e.g., the cubic perovskite structure) to 2-D (e.g., the K2NiF4 structure) does not significantly alter the band gap, whereas completely isolating the MO6 octahedra (e.g., the ordered double perovskite structure) narrows the conduction band width dramatically and leads to a significant increase in the band gap. Inductive effects due to the presence of electropositive “spectator” cations (alkali, alkaline earth, and rare-earth cations) tend to be small and can generally be neglected.
Trehalase: induction in Bacillus cereus.

Es wird gezeigt, dassBacillus cereus die Disaccharid Trehalose fermentieren kann. Die fur diese Fermentwirkung benotigte Trehalase wurde durch das Substrat ermoglicht, wahrend Puromycin den Vorgang verhinderte. Dies beweist die Notwendigkeit einer neuen Proteinsynthese.
Shear Stress and Atherosclerosis

Hemodynamic shear stress, the frictional force acting on vascular endothelial cells, is crucial for endothelial homeostasis under normal physiological conditions. When discussing blood flow effects on various forms of endothelial (dys)function, one considers two flow patterns: steady laminar flow and disturbed flow because endothelial cells respond differently to these flow types both in vivo and in vitro. Laminar flow which exerts steady laminar shear stress is atheroprotective while disturbed flow creates an atheroprone environment. Emerging evidence has provided new insights into the cellular mechanisms of flow-dependent regulation of vascular function that leads to cardiovascular events such as atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, and myocardial infarction. In order to study effects of shear stress and different types of flow, various models have been used. In this review, we will summarize our current views on how disturbed flow-mediated signaling pathways are involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
Habitat-based constraints on food web structure and parasite life cycles

Habitat is frequently implicated as a powerful determinant of community structure and species distributions, but few studies explicitly evaluate the relationship between habitat-based patterns of species’ distributions and the presence or absence of trophic interactions. The complex (multi-host) life cycles of parasites are directly affected by these factors, but almost no data exist on the role of habitat in constraining parasite-host interactions at the community level. In this study the relationship(s) between species abundances, distributions and trophic interactions (including parasitism) were evaluated in the context of habitat structure (classic geomorphic designations of pools, riffles and runs) in a riverine community (Raritan River, Hunterdon County, NJ, USA). We report 121 taxa collected over a 2-year period, and compare the observed food web patterns to null model expectations. The results show that top predators are constrained to particular habitat types, and that species’ distributions are biased towards pool habitats. However, our null model (which incorporates cascade model assumptions) accurately predicts the observed patterns of trophic interactions. Thus, habitat strongly dictates species distributions, and patterns of trophic interactions arise as a consequence of these distributions. Additionally, we find that hosts utilized in parasite life cycles are more overlapping in their distributions, and this pattern is more pronounced among those involved in trophic transmission. We conclude that habitat structure may be a strong predictor of parasite transmission routes, particularly within communities that occupy heterogeneous habitats.
Load-induced changes in vivo alter substrate fluxes and insulin responsiveness of rat heart in vitro

It has been observed that opposite changes in cardiac workload result in similar changes in cardiac gene expression. In the current study, the hypothesis that altered gene expression in vivo results in altered substrate fluxes in vitro was tested. Hearts were perfused for 60 minutes with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing glucose (5 mmol/L) and oleate (0.4 mmol/L). At 30 minutes, either insulin (1 mU/mL) or epinephrine (1 micromol/L) was added. Hearts weighed 35% less after unloading and 25% more after aortic banding. Contractile function in vitro was decreased in transplanted and unchanged in banded hearts. Epinephrine, but not insulin, increased cardiac power. Basal glucose oxidation was initially decreased and then increased by aortic banding. The stimulatory effects of insulin or epinephrine on glucose oxidation were reduced or abolished by unloading, and transiently reduced by banding. Oleate oxidation correlated with cardiac power both before and after stimulation with epinephrine, whereas glucose oxidation correlated only after stimulation. Malonyl-coenzyme A levels did not correlate with rates of fatty acid oxidation. Pyruvate dehydrogenase was not affected by banding or unloading. It was concluded that atrophy and hypertrophy both decrease insulin responsiveness and shift myocardial substrate preference to glucose, consistent with a shift to a fetal pattern of energy consumption; and that the isoform-specific changes that develop in vivo do not change the regulation of key metabolic enzymes when assayed in vitro.
Host cell autophagy promotes BK virus infection

Autophagy is important for a variety for virus life cycles. We sought to determine the role of autophagy in human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection. The addition excess amino acids during viral infection reduced BKPyV infection. Perturbing autophagy levels using inhibitors, 3-MA, bafilomycin A1, and spautin-1, also reduced infection, while rapamycin treatment of host cells increased infection. siRNA knockdown of autophagy genes, ATG7 and Beclin-1, corresponded to a decrease in BKPyV infection. BKPyV infection not only correlated with autophagosome formation, but also virus particles localized to autophagy-specific compartments early in infection. These data support a novel role for autophagy in the promotion of BKPyV infection.
Nutritional Evaluation of Detoxified and Raw Common Vetch Seed (Vicia sativa L.) Using Diets of Broilers

This work demonstrates that both processed and raw common vetch seed (Vicia sativa L.) can substitute for 10% of the corn−soybean in a balanced diet for 1 month without affecting the growth and feed utilization of young broilers. Two specimens of processed vetch, detoxified by cooking with decantation, contained 22.4 and 25.8% crude protein (N × 6.25). The amino acid composition remained close to that of raw vetch. Processed and raw vetch seeds have relatively high contents of lysine, leucine, arginine, and phenylalanine plus tyrosine and low contents of methionine plus cystine and tryptophan. The lack of toxicity observed for raw vetch is consistent with the dietary level of β-cyanoalanine. Low, but detectable, residues (<0.02%) of this toxin were present in the chicken muscle. The findings are relevant to the potential use of processed vetch for human nutrition and of raw vetch for young poultry. Keywords: Processed and raw common vetch seed; Vicia sativa L.; nutrition; broilers; β-cyanoalanine
Spectrochemical Analysis of a Nickel-Base High-Temperature Alloy

A single exposure point-to-plane spectrographic procedure has been developed for the analysis of a nickel-base high-temperature alloy, GMR-235. Analytical curves have been established for the major constituents, Cr, Fe, Mo, Al, and T1, and the minor elements, Mn, S1, and B. High repeatability and minimum matrix effects were obtained through the use of nitrogen in the analytical gap and through a careful choice of line pairs. Effects of source conditions, electrode shape, and atmosphere on the preburn were investigated.
Nanophotonic integration in state-of-the-art CMOS foundries

We demonstrate a monolithic photonic integration platform that leverages the existing state-of-the-art CMOS foundry infrastructure. In our approach, proven XeF2 post-processing technology and compliance with electronic foundry process flows eliminate the need for specialized substrates or wafer bonding. This approach enables intimate integration of large numbers of nanophotonic devices alongside high-density, high-performance transistors at low initial and incremental cost. We demonstrate this platform by presenting grating-coupled, microring-resonator filter banks fabricated in an unmodified 28 nm bulk-CMOS process by sharing a mask set with standard electronic projects. The lithographic fidelity of this process enables the high-throughput fabrication of second-order, wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) filter banks that achieve low insertion loss without post-fabrication trimming.
Solution to the B→πK puzzle in a flavor-changing Z′ model

Abstract Recent experiments suggest that certain B → π K branching ratios are inconsistent with the standard model expectations. We show that a flavor-changing Z ′ provides a solution to the problem. Electroweak penguin amplitudes are enhanced by the Z ′ boson for select parameters. We discuss implications for the Z ′ mass and its couplings to the standard model fermions. We also show that the solution is consistent with constraints from the CP asymmetries of the B → ϕ K S decay.
Gregorian Chant Collections in Print

Abstract The use of Gregorian chant in liturgical settings diminished sharply after the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) as a result of that Council's provisions for the use of languages other than Latin in worship. Since the mid-1990s, chant has been enjoying a modest revival.Today, choir directors are more inclined to include chant in their services than they had been in the recent past. However, many are unfamiliar with recently published collections of chant, including new editions from Solesmes requested by the Council itself, as well as collections for general use. This list is intended as a guide to these resources.
In-Situ Partial Pressure Measurements and Visual Observation during Crystal Growth of ZnSe by Seeded Physical Vapor Transport

An in-situ monitoring furnace was constructed with side windows to perform partial pressure measurements by optical absorption and visual observation of the growing crystal. A fused silica -rowth ampoule with a 4.5 cm long square tube between the source and the seed was prepared for the optical absorption measurements. A ZnSe crystal was grown by the seeded physical vapor transport (PVT) technique in the horizontal configuration. The growth temperature was 1120 C and the furnace translation rate was 3nmVday. Partial pressures of Se2, P(sub Se2), at three locations along the length of the growth ampoule were measured at 90 min intervals during the growth process. The measured P (sub Se2) were in the range of 2.0 to 6.5 x 10(exp -3) atm. The P(sub Se2) results indicated that the partial pressure profile was inconsistent with the results of the one-dimensional diffusion mass transport model and that the source composition shifted toward Se-rich during the run, i.e. the grown crystal was more Zn-rich than the source. The visual observation showed that the seed crystal first etched back, with greater thermal etching occurring along the edges of the seed crystal. Once the growth started, the crystal crew in a predominately contactless mode and facets were evident during growth. The crystal did not grow symmetrically which is believed to be due to the unintentional asymmetry of the radial thermal profile in the furnace.
A stability study of an opacity standard.

Abstract Three procedures were adopted to increase the stability of the Chinese National Opacity Standard so that the change in opacity was within a range of ± 5%.
Erdős-Ko-Rado theorems for simplicial complexes

A recent framework for generalizing the Erdos-Ko-Rado theorem, due to Holroyd, Spencer, and Talbot, defines the Erdos-Ko-Rado property for a graph in terms of the graph's independent sets. Since the family of all independent sets of a graph forms a simplicial complex, it is natural to further generalize the Erdos-Ko-Rado property to an arbitrary simplicial complex. An advantage of working in simplicial complexes is the availability of algebraic shifting, a powerful shifting (compression) technique, which we use to verify a conjecture of Holroyd and Talbot in the case of sequentially Cohen-Macaulay near-cones.
Temporal variation of traffic on highways and the development of accurate temporal allocation factors for air pollution analyses

Traffic activity encompasses the number, mix, speed and acceleration of vehicles on roadways. The temporal pattern and variation of traffic activity reflects vehicle use, congestion and safety issues, and it represents a major influence on emissions and concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants. Accurate characterization of vehicle flows is critical in analyzing and modeling urban and local-scale pollutants, especially in near-road environments and traffic corridors. This study describes methods to improve the characterization of temporal variation of traffic activity. Annual, monthly, daily and hourly temporal allocation factors (TAFs), which describe the expected temporal variation in traffic activity, were developed using four years of hourly traffic activity data recorded at 14 continuous counting stations across the Detroit, Michigan, U.S. region. Five sites also provided vehicle classification. TAF-based models provide a simple means to apportion annual average estimates of traffic volume to hourly estimates. The analysis shows the need to separate TAFs for total and commercial vehicles, and weekdays, Saturdays, Sundays and observed holidays. Using either site-specific or urban-wide TAFs, nearly all of the variation in historical traffic activity at the street scale could be explained; unexplained variation was attributed to adverse weather, traffic accidents and construction. The methods and results presented in this paper can improve air quality dispersion modeling of mobile sources, and can be used to evaluate and model temporal variation in ambient air quality monitoring data and exposure estimates.
Fortran program to calculate finite-range no-recoil DWBA transfer cross sections

Abstract Title of program: FINITE RANGE DWBA PHASE 1 Catalogue number: ABOW Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. Ireland (see application form in this issue). Computer: IBM 360/65; Installation: University of Iowa Computer Center Operating system: HASP OS/360 Programming language used: FORTRAN High speed storage required: 24,576 words No. of bits in a word: 32 Overlay structure: None No. of magnetic tapes required: None Other peripherals used: Card reader, line printer No. of cards in combined program and test deck: 1539 Card punching code: EBCDIC
Vibration-vibration energy transfer processes in liquid xenon: a measurement of the rate constant for Hcl(⋎ = 2) + HCl(⋎ = 0) → 2HCl(⋎ = 1)

Abstract The rate constant for the deactivation of HCl(ν = 2) by HCl has been measured in liquid Xe at 208 K. Rate constants for deactivation of HCl(ν = 2) by HClCCl2 were also measured at 208 K in the gas phase and in liquid Xe solutions. Both processes were found to be accelerated by the solution environment. The possible physical reasons for this enhancement are discussed.
Localized chondrocalcinosis in traumatized joints

The radiographs and medical records were reviewed of 76 patients who presented with chondrocalcinosis over a period of two years. Two groups of patients could be distinguished. The first group consisted of 58 mostly elderly patients (age 53-89 years [mean 71.8]). In these, chondrocalcinosis was most likely to be caused by an underlying disease such as calcium crystal deposition disease or it was present in association with osteoarthritis. In most cases of this group the findings were bilateral. The second group consisted of 18 patients who were significantly younger (age 15-69 years [mean 43.1]). In these patients there was no evidence of an underlying disease. Chondrocalcinosis was seen in only one joint, which had sustained damage by surgery or trauma. The knees were affected in the majority of cases and meniscectomy was believed to be the previous trauma in most of these cases. The hands were involved in two patients, the wrist, shoulder, or elbow were involved in other patients. In two cases with chondrocalcinosis in the hand and knee, the findings disappeared several weeks to months after the injury. The findings in the group of patients with a history of trauma or surgery and no other disease, support the concept that chondrocalcinosis may result from previous joint damage.
Cylindrical guided waves for damage detection in underground pipes using wavelet transforms

This paper investigates if cylindrical guided waves can be effectively used for pipe wall defect detection in soil-embedded pipes. For this purpose guided waves are propagated through pipes that are buried in the soil by placing transmitters on one end of the pipes and the receivers on the other end. Received signals for both defect-free and defective pipes are subjected to wavelet transforms. It is found that when a Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) based algorithm is applied to analyze the received signals then it is very easy to make distinction between damaged and undamaged pipes. To investigate whether embedding the pipe in the soil makes it more difficult to detect the pipe wall defects, the same set of defective and defect-free pipes are analyzed before and after burying them in the soil. In both cases the defects are easily detected after analyzing the wavelet transformed signals. Interestingly it can be detected more easily for the buried pipes because the difference between the received signal strengths from defect-free and defective pipes is found to be greater for the buried pipes. For soil embedded pipes the ultrasonic energy scattered by the defect is absorbed by the surrounding soil making the energy reaching the receiver significantly weaker than that for the defect-free soil embedded pipe.
Regge behaviour in an asymptotically free field theory

Abstract We consider the high energy behaviour at fixed momentum transfer of ϕ3 theory in six dimensional space-time, as the simplest example of an exactly renormalisable asymptotically free theory. We find that the damping in transverse momentum of the full theory is sufficiently strong to give rise to moving Regge pole singularities, in contrast to a fixed-point theory which would naturally lead to a fixed square-root branch point.
Tumor-suppressor function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is associated with activation of receptor-operated calcium influx

Abstract Several members of the family of guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors have recently been shown to induce agonist-dependent foci development in NIH 3T3 cells and tumors in nude mice. We selected the five subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family to investigate their role in tumor suppression. When transfected and expressed in CHO-K1 Chinese hamster ovary cells, m1, m3, and m5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation resulted in a morphology change. Receptor activation did not slow or inhibit monolayer growth of CHOm5 cells in culture but markedly inhibited density-independent growth in soft agar and suppressed tumor formation in nude mice. Receptor-mediated tumor suppression was found to be agonist-dependent and reversible and was blocked with a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Of the five signaling pathways associated with the m1, m3, and m5 receptors, only receptor-operated, and inositol trisphosphate-independent, calcium influx was found to correlate with inhibition of tumorigenicity. These data suggest a pivotal role for inositol trisphosphate-independent receptor-regulated calcium homeostasis in CHO-K1 tumor suppression.
Communication and spatial relationships in a colony of common grackles

Abstract Most communication among common grackles Quiscalus quiscula occurs at distances of less than a few metres in the noisy environment of a breeding colony. This report examines both the adaptations of communication to these conditions and the effects of communication in regulating individuals' spatial relationships. For each of six vocalizations and five action patterns studied in one colony, I consider variation in the form of the display, the circumstances associated with its use, and the responses it elicits. Each individual, male or female, has one characteristic, stereotyped song pattern that would facilitate individual recognition between mates. Variation in the components of vocalizations and action patterns is of two kinds: unidimensional, with either covarying or nested components, or multidimensional, with independently varying components, alternatives that have different implications for communication. The wide-spectrum sounds made by common grackles offer advantages in close-range communication in colonies, because the ease of locating such signals would minimize the cocktail-party effect, although they would have disadvantages in long-range communication. Most vocalizations of common grackles lack associations with specific responses or external contexts, a situation that should often characterize short-range communication between acquainted individuals. The responses to vocalizations vary with context, especially the initial spatial relationships and identities of the interactors.
The design of a neuro-microprocessor

The architecture of a neuro-microprocessor is presented. This processor was designed using the results of careful analysis of a set of applications and extensive simulation of moderate-precision arithmetic for back-propagation networks. Simulated performance results and test-chip results for the processor are presented. This work is an important intermediate step in the development of a connectionist network supercomputer. >