cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Performance of Connectionist and Statistical Classifiers on an Image Segmentation Problem

In the development of an image segmentation system for real time image processing applications, we apply the classical decision analysis paradigm by viewing image segmentation as a pixel classification task. We use supervised training to derive a classifier for our system from a set of examples of a particular pixel classification problem. In this study, we test the suitability of a connectionist method against two statistical methods, Gaussian maximum likelihood classifier and first, second, and third degree polynomial classifiers, for the solution of a "real world" image segmentation problem taken from combustion research. Classifiers are derived using all three methods, and the performance of all of the classifiers on the training data set as well as on 3 separate entire test images is measured.
Modulation of the Ryanodine Receptor and Intracellular Calcium

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs)/Ca2+ release channels, on the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum of most cell types, are required for intracellular Ca2+ release involved in diverse cellular functions, including muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. The large cytoplasmic domain of the RyR serves as a scaffold for proteins that bind to and modulate the channel's function and that comprise a macromolecular signaling complex. These proteins include calstabins [FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs)], calmodulin (CaM), phosphodiesterase, kinases, phosphatases, and their cognate targeting proteins. This review focuses on recent progress in the understanding of RyR regulation and disease mechanisms that are associated with channel dysfunction.
Challenges in the treatment of equine periocular squamous cell carcinoma

Summary Management of periocular squamous cell carcinoma is challenging because of the need for adjunctive therapy, the adverse effects of therapies and the frequent recurrence of SCC. Appropriate treatment of equine ocular SCC usually involves surgical excision combined with adjunctive therapy selected as appropriate for the anatomic site of the lesion. Metastasis of periocular SCC has been reported to occur in approximately 6–15% of cases. The horse owner should be carefully educated to understand that for best long-term results from the treatment of periocular SCC, they must be diligent in observing signs of recurrence or metastasis and be willing to have the horse examined as soon as adverse signs are observed. Furthermore, external beam radiation may be effective in the treatment of metastatic SCC and further clinical studies of this treatment modality are needed.
Comparison of inhaled formaldehyde dosimetry predictions with DNA-protein cross-link measurements in the rat nasal passages.

Abstract Kimbell and coworkers (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.121,253–263, 1993) developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a F344 rat nasal passage to quantify local wall mass flux (uptake rate) of inhaled chemical. To simulate formaldehyde uptake, Kimbellet al.assumed that mass transfer of formaldehyde from the air into the nasal lining was fast and complete. This was approximated in the CFD model by setting the formaldehyde concentration at the airway walls to zero. Experimental confirmation of formaldehyde mass-flux predictions is desirable if the CFD model is to be used for predicting formaldehyde dosimetry. The purpose of this study was to see if the CFD model predictions of formaldehyde mass flux are consistent with laboratory data on formaldehyde dosimetry. In this study, a mathematical model of the nasal lining was modified to link CFD dosimetry predictions for inhaled formaldehyde with measured tissue disposition of inhaled gas. This model treats the nasal lining as a single, well-stirred compartment, accounts for formaldehyde reaction via saturable and first-order pathways, and allows comparison of model-predicted DNA–protein cross-links (DPX) with regional DPX measured in formaldehyde-exposed rats. Effective Michaelis–Menten kinetic parameters (Vmax= 3040 μ m /min andKm= 59 μ m ) and a pseudo-first-order rate constant for elimination of formaldehyde by nonsaturable pathways (kf= 6 min−1) were estimated (fit) using an average mass flux derived from experimentally measured uptake of formaldehyde. DPX predictions obtained using the estimated kinetic parameters and linking the CFD model to the nasal-lining model compared well with experimentally measured DPX. The close correlation between predicted and measured DPX in the rat nasal passage supports the CFD model predictions of formaldehyde mass flux at the level of resolution provided by the experimental data.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor maintains the pluripotentiality of embryonic stem cells

Ciliary neurotrophic factor was discovered based on its ability to support the survival of ciliary neurons, and is now known to act on a variety of neuronal and glial populations. Two distant relatives of ciliary neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M, mimic ciliary neurotrophic factor with respect to its actions on cells of the nervous system. In contrast to ciliary neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M also display a broad array of actions on cells outside of the nervous system. The overlapping activities of leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M and ciliary neurotrophic factor can be attributed to shared receptor components. The specificity of ciliary neurotrophic factor for cells of the nervous system results from the restricted expression of the alpha component of the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor complex, which is required to convert a functional leukemia inhibitory factor/oncostatin M receptor complex into a ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor complex. The recent observation that the alpha component of the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor complex is expressed by very early neuronal precursors suggested that ciliary neurotrophic factor may act on even earlier precursors, particularly on cells previously thought to be targets for leukemia inhibitory factor action. Here we show the first example of ciliary neurotrophic factor responsiveness in cells residing outside of the nervous system by demonstrating that embryonic stem cells express a functional ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor complex, and that ciliary neurotrophic factor is similar to leukemia inhibitory factor in its ability to maintain the pluripotentiality of these cells.
Comagmatic granophyre and dacite from Karymsky volcanic center, Kamchatka: Experimental constraints for magma storage conditions

Abstract Despite a ∼30 000 years difference in age, two caldera-forming eruptions at Karymsky volcanic center, Kamchatka – Karymsky (7900 yr BP) and Academy Nauk (ca. 40 000 yr BP) – produced two-pyroxene dacites with the same composition and mineralogy. Granophyric xenoliths of the identical whole-rock chemistry were found in basalts erupted within Academy Nauk caldera in 1996. Unlike the dacites, however, the granophyres are holo-crystalline and contain biotite and amphibole. Large amphibole phenocrysts contain rare inclusions of clinopyroxenes, which compositionally overlap with clinopyroxenes in the dacites. The Al content of the amphibole suggests it grew at a pressure of about 100 MPa. Results of hydrothermal experiments and petrologic observations indicate that Academy Nauk and Karymsky dacites were last equilibrated at 883±19°C, 100±15 MPa and 871±19°C, 85±18 MPa, respectively, both at water-saturated conditions. The mineral assemblage of granophyre is reproduced by isobaric crystallization of the dacite at 100 MPa, implying that the granophyres were sampled from the crystallized silicic reservoir that produced the caldera-forming eruption of Academy Nauk. Similar chemical compositions of Karymsky and Academy Nauk dacites indicate that both were derived from the same crustal-level source. The eruptive history of the calderas can best be explained by two 10–12-km 3 dacitic batches that detached from a parental body situated in the lower crust, then ascended to 3–4 km depth, re-equilibrated, and erupted.
The reporting of statistics in medical educational studies: an observational study

Background There is confusion in the medical literature as to whether statistics should be reported in survey studies that query an entire population, as is often done in educational studies. Our objective was to determine how often statistical tests have been reported in such articles in two prominent journals that publish these types of studies.
Explaining racial and ethnic differences in adolescent violence: Structural disadvantage, family well-being, and social capital

This article integrates theory and research in criminology and urban sociology to specify a contextual model of differences in adolescent violence between whites and five racial-ethnic groups. The model views these differences as a function of variation in community contexts, family socioeconomic well-being, and the social capital available to adolescents and families. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey, we show that white-black and white-Latino differences in violence are explained by community and family disadvantages, respectively. American Indians are the sole group for whom differences relative to whites are not fully explained. Theoretical and public policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Putting Families in the Center: Family Perspectives on Decision Making and ADHD and Implications for ADHD Care

Objective: To examine components of family-centered care in families’ stories about treatment decision making for their child with ADHD. Method: Twenty-eight families participated in qualitative in...
Can metabolic activity predict response in early-stage lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy?

165 ISSN 1758-1966 10.2217/LMT.13.17 © 2013 Future Medicine Ltd Lung Cancer Manage. (2013) 2(3), 165–167 Lung cancer has been and continues to be a devastating disease, with projections for 2013 estimating 228,190 new cases, while 159,480 individuals will succumb to their disease [101]. Although intensive molecular studies have identified novel target therapies, such as that for ALK-mutated metastatic disease, there is relatively little new information for patients diagnosed with early-stage disease. This is especially important with the increased utilization of screening protocols to detect early-stage disease and the now relatively widespread implementation of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for patients who are medically inoperable or elect for this promising treatment over that of more invasive therapies. With fluorodeoxyglucose-PET scanning being a part of the standard staging protocols [1], there is additional information on the metabolic activity of tumors, which, beyond diagnostic and planning purposes, is largely ignored. The question that has been asked is: can this information be used to identify a high-risk cohort that may potentially benefit from more aggressive initial therapy? This question can in part be answered by extrapolating from the surgical literature, as both modalities are often used to treat early-stage disease. In a 2010 metaanalysis sanctioned by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ) was found to be a useful marker for predicting overall survival in definitive surgical lung cancer patients [2]. Patients who receive SBRT as therapy, however, often lack a histological diagnosis and are treated based on interval changes in radiographic and PET findings, leaving the multidisciplinary team with relatively little information about the patient’s disease compared with those with pathological findings. Because it is expected that the patients have a similar disease process, a projection from the surgical literature would indicate that SUV max may be a useful marker for patients treated with SBRT.
Comparative Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction: A Synthesis of Reviews:

This article critically examines the literature reviews of computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Its purpose is to synthesize what is known about CAI at all levels of implementation. Sixteen reviews, three traditional and thirteen quantitative, are compared and evaluated. Results of the synthesis indicated that typical effect of CAI is to raise outcome measures moderately by 0.42 standard deviation units. Thus, the effect of CAI is to place the average student using it at the 66th percentile of the control group distribution.
Tobacco Smoke Control of Mucin Production in Lung Cells Requires Oxygen Radicals AP-1 and JNK

In smokers' lungs, excessive mucus clogs small airways, impairing respiration and promoting recurrent infection. A breakthrough in understanding this pathology was the realization that smoke could directly stimulate mucin synthesis in lung epithelial cells and that this phenomenon was dependent on the cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor, EGFR. Distal steps in the smoke-triggered pathway have not yet been determined. We report here that the predominant airway mucin (MUC5AC) undergoes transcriptional up-regulation in response to tobacco smoke; this is mediated by an AP-1-containing response element, which binds JunD and Fra-2. These transcription factors require phosphorylation by upstream kinases JNK and ERK, respectively. Whereas ERK activation results from the upstream activation of EGFR, JNK activation is chiefly EGFR-independent. Our experiments demonstrated that smoke activates JNK via a Src-dependent, EGFR-independent signaling cascade initiated by smoke-induced reactive oxygen species. Taken together with our earlier results, these data indicate that the induction of mucin by smoke is the combined effect of mutually independent, reactive oxygen species activation of both EGFR and JNK.
Neural Processing of Repetition and Non-Repetition Grammars in 7- and 9-Month-Old Infants

An essential aspect of infant language development involves the extraction of meaningful information from a continuous stream of auditory input. Studies have identified early abilities to differentiate auditory input along various dimensions, including the presence or absence of structural regularities. In newborn infants, frontal and temporal regions were found to respond differentially to these regularities (Gervain et al., 2008), and in order to examine the development of this abstract rule-learning we presented 7- and 9-month-old infants with syllables containing an ABB pattern (e.g., “balolo”) or an ABC pattern (e.g., “baloti”) and measured activity in left and right lateral brain regions using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). While prior newborn work found increases in oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) activity in response to ABB blocks as compared to ABC blocks in anterior regions, 7- and 9-month-olds showed no differentiation between grammars in oxyHb. However, changes in deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) pointed to a developmental shift, whereby 7-month-olds showed deoxyHb responding significantly different from zero for ABB blocks, but not ABC blocks, and 9-month-olds showed the opposite pattern, with deoxyHb responding significantly different from zero for the ABC blocks but not the ABB blocks. DeoxyHb responses were more pronounced over anterior regions. A grammar by time interaction also illustrated that during the early blocks, deoxyHb was significantly greater to ABC than in later blocks, but there was no change in ABB activation over time. The shift from stronger activation to ABB in newborns (Gervain et al., 2008) and 7-month-olds in the present study to stronger activation to ABC by 9-month-olds here is discussed in terms of changes in stimulus salience and novelty preference over the first year of life. The present discussion also highlights the importance of future work exploring the coupling between oxyHb and deoxyHb activation in infant NIRS studies.
Recognition Memory After Febrile Seizures

Researchers at the Institute of Child Health, London; Epilepsy Center, University of Edinburgh; and Dartmouth Medical School, New Hampshire, US studied memory abilities in 26 children (mean age 23 months, SD 12.6 months) after prolonged febrile seizures (median, 37.5 days), and compared to 37 normal controls.
The effect of multivalent counterions to the structure of highly dense polystyrene sulfonate brushes

Abstract Surface tethered polyelectrolyte brushes are scientifically interesting and technologically relevant to many applications, ranging from colloidal stabilization to responsive and tunable materials to lubrication. Many applications operate in environments containing multi-valent ions, media in which our scientific understanding is not yet well-developed. We synthesized high-density polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) brushes via surface initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization, and performed neutron reflectivity (NR) measurements to investigate and compare the effects of mono-valent Rb+ and tri-valent Y3+ counterions to the structure of the densely tethered PSS brushes. Our NR results show that in mono-valent RbNO3 solution, the dense PSS brush retained its full thickness up to a salt concentration of 1 M, whereas it immediately collapsed upon adding 1.67 mM of tri-valent Y3+. Increasing the concentration of Y3+ beyond this level did not lead to any significant further structure change of the PSS brush. Our findings demonstrate that the presence of multi-valent counterions can significantly alter the structure of polyelectrolyte brushes, in a manner different from mono-valent ions, which has implications for the functionality of the brushes.
Windows, Wallpaper, and Screens

A review of the exhibitions: “Matisse: In Search of True Painting,” organized by Rebecca Rabinow, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, December 4, 2012 – March 17, 2013 “Wade Guyton OS,” organized by Scott Rothkopf, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, October 4, 2012 – January 13, 2013
The Role of the Laboratory in Treatment of the Poisoned Patient: Laboratory Perspective

David N. Bailey, Director of Clinical Laboratories, Director of the Toxicology Laboratory, and Associate Professor of Pathology at the University o f California, San Diego, received his Doctor of Medicine degree from Yale University School of Medicine. He obtained his postgraduate training in the Department of Laboratory Medicine at Yale, where he served sequentially as National Institutes of Health postdoctoral fellow, assistant resident, chief resident, and instructor in clinical pathology. Dr. Bailey is a diplomate of the American Board of Pathology (Clinical Pathology and Chemical Pathology) and a past president of the California Association of Toxicologists. He serves on the Editorial boards of Clinical Chemistry and the Journal of Analytical Toxicology.
Political Realism and Human Interests

Although political realism is often understood as a more or less homogeneous tradition fixed on certain essential concepts, John Herz's provocative piece prompts an attempt to examine realist scholarship in a way that reveals some deep antinomies: some internal tensions that make realist scholarship, at least potentially, an evolving, open-ended “dialogue.” Specifically, Jurgen Habermas's categories of knowledge-constitutive interests—practical, technical, and emancipatory—are employed to distinguish two opposed aspects of the realist dialogue: practical realism and technical realism. Practical realism is guided by a practical cognitive interest in sustaining intersubjective understanding within the context of tradition. Its corresponding approach to inquiry and grounding is hermeneutic. Technical realism is guided by a technical cognitive interest in coming to grips with objective laws so as to expand powers of technical control over an objectified reality. Its approach to inquiry and grounding is essentially positivistic. Against this background, Herz's contribution to the realist dialogue is that, unique among realists, he brings a strong commitment to an emancipatory cognitive interest—an interest in self-reflection as the basis for the autonomous expression of will and consciousness in the human species' “self-formative process.” Interpreted in this light, Herz is seen to employ a two-sided discursive strategy, each side addressed to one of realism's two aspects, the practical and the technical. However, though brilliant in conception, Herz's argument is unlikely to be persuasive if realist scholars are at base positivist scientists oriented by a technical interest in control. In this sense, Herz's piece represents a critical “test” of realism, its essence, and its developmental potential.
GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THE DEEP SEA: RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY.

A current concept of population biology holds that much genetic variability is maintained in populations as an adaptation tc environmental heterogeneity in time and space (Battaglia, 1963; Bretsky and Lorenz, 1971; Burns and Johnson, 1971; Powell, 1971). Environmental heterogeneity is thought to promote genetic variability by mechanisms of diversifying selection (reviewed in Dobzhansky, 1970). High levels of heterozygosity have also been proposed to increase the developmental homeostasis of individuals confronted by environmental variability, and to confer evolutionary flexibility on populations subjected to long-term changes (Lerner, 1954; Lewontin, 1958). In predictable stable environments high adaptive values might be achieved by homozygous gene ensembles and genetic variability would decline. In recent years the techniques of electrophoresis genetics have yielded estimates usually in the range of 20 to 60% polymorphic loci for outbreeding terrestrial and aquatic animals (tables in O'Brien and Maclntyre, 1969; Kojima et al., 1970; Selander et al., 1970; Gottlieb, 1971). These studies have dealt with species occupying relatively heterogeneous environments and have not tested the hypothesis that genetic variability is a function of environmental variability. We have tested this hypothesis in relation to the deep sea by obtaining estimates of genetic variability in eight species of benthic invertebrates from 1,000-2,000 m in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
SUBMARINE WASTE DISPOSAL INSTALLATIONS

The underlying philosophy of submarine waste disposal is economic disposal of waste without any significant adverse effect on the receiving water that would impair its beneficial use.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Hepatitis A in Ningxia Province,2004-2012

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis A in Ningxia during 2004 and 2012,and to provide evidence for the development of cost-effective prevention and control strategies. Methods Cross-sectional method was used to describe and analyze the reported cases of hepatitis A in Ningxia during 2004 and 2012. Results From 2004 to 2012,a total of 8254 cases of hepatitis A cases were reported in Ningxia and 1 cases died. The annual incidence of rate was from 2. 74 /100000 to 39. 24 /100000. The annual average incidence rate was 15. 07 /100000. The cases( a total of 4637 cases) were mainly reported in some counties( districts) including Xiji,Haiyuan,Yuanzhou) and Pengyang. There was obvious peak season from 2004 to 2009. Age of onset was 0 ~ 19 years old that accounted for 66. 27% of the total cases. 3 to 9 years age group incidence rate was the highest. Male cases were significantly more than those in female, the difference. Most cases were students,farmers,and children that accounted for 86. 87%. Conclusion In Ningxia the incidence of hepatitis A declined year by year since the hepatitis A vaccine was included into the immunization program in 2008. However children and adolescents still have high incidence of hepatitis A. it is suggesting that attention should be paid to children,teenagers and rural people for reducing the incidence of hepatitis A.
The Gesturally Extended Piano.

This paper introduces the Gesturally Extended Piano—an augmented instrument controller that relies on information drawn from performer motion tracking in order to control real-time audiovisual processing and synthesis. Specifically, the positions, heights, velocities, and relative distances and angles of points on the hands and forearms are followed. Technical details and installation of the tracking system are covered, as well as strategies for interpreting and mapping the resulting data in relation to synthesis parameters. Design factors surrounding mapping choices and the interrelation between mapped parameters are also considered.
Special Articles?: Laser Therapy of the Skin: A Review of Principles and Applications

Advances in laser technology now permit the physician to provide an effective form of treatment for a variety of cutaneous disorders for which no previous therapy existed. Additional refinements in both laser instruments and treatment techniques are certain to have a profound impact on the treatment of skin lesions. For that reason, a complete understanding of the basic properties of lasers and how they can be utilized in various clinical settings is the goal of this article.
SybilRadar: A Graph-Structure Based Framework for Sybil Detection in On-line Social Networks

Online Social Networks (OSN) are increasingly becoming victims of Sybil attacks. These attacks involve creation of multiple colluding fake accounts (called Sybils) with the goal of compromising the trust underpinnings of the OSN, in turn, leading to security and the privacy violations. Existing mechanisms to detect Sybils are based either on analyzing user attributes and activities, which are often incomplete or inaccurate or raise privacy concerns, or on analyzing the topological structures of the OSN. Two major assumptions that the latter category of works make, namely, that the OSN can be partitioned into a Sybil and a non-Sybil region and that the so-called “attack edges” between Sybil nodes and non-Sybil nodes are only a handful, often do not hold in real life scenarios. Consequently, when attackers engineer Sybils to behave like real user accounts, these mechanisms perform poorly. In this work, we propose SybilRadar, a robust Sybil detection framework based on graph-based structural properties of an OSN that does not rely on the traditional non-realistic assumptions that similar structure-based frameworks make. We run SybilRadar on both synthetic as well as real-world OSN data. Our results demonstrate that SybilRadar has very high detection rate even when the network is not fast mixing and the so-called “attack edges” between Sybils and non-Sybils are in the tens of thousands.
SU-G-IeP3-09: Investigating the Interplay of Antiscatter Grids with Modern Detectors and Image Processing in Digital Radiography

Purpose: To use phantom and simulation experiments to relate technique factors, patient size and antiscatter grid use to image quality in portable digital radiography (DR), in light of advancements in detector design and image processing. Methods: Image contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) on a portable DR system (MobileDaRt Evolution, Shimadzu) was measured by imaging four aluminum inserts of varying thickness, superimposed on a Lucite slab phantom using a pediatric abdominal protocol. Three thicknesses of Lucite were used: 6.1cm, 12cm, and 18.2cm, with both 55 and 65 kVp beams. The mAs was set so that detector entrance exposure (DEE) was matched between kVp values. Each technique and phantom was used with and without an antiscatter grid (focused linear grid embedded in aluminum with an 8:1 ratio). The CNR-improvement-factor was then used to determine the thickness- and technique-dependent appropriateness of grid use. Finally, the same experiment was performed via Monte Carlo simulation, integrating incident energy fluence at each detector pixel, so that effects of detector design and image processing could be isolated from physical factors upstream of the detector. Results: The physical phantom experiment demonstrated a clear improvement for the lower tube voltage (55kVp), along with substantial CNR benefits with grid use for 12–18cm phantoms. Neither trend was evident with Monte Carlo, suggesting that suboptimal quantum-detection-efficiency and automated grid-removal could explain trends in kVp and grid use, respectively. Conclusion: Physical experiments demonstrate marked improvement in CNR when using a grid for phantoms of 12 and 18cm Lucite thickness (above ∼10cm soft-tissue equivalent). This benefit is likely due to image processing, as this result was not seen with Monte Carlo. The impact of image processing on image resolution should also be investigated, and the CNR benefit of low kVp and grid use should be weighed against the increased exposure time necessary to achieve adequate DEE.
Critical Components of Phonemic Awareness Instruction and Intervention: Recommendations for Teacher Training and for Future Research

The purpose of this chapter is to describe critical components of phonemic awareness instruction and intervention for students in pre-k through second grade who have language delays, reading disabilities, or who are at-risk for future reading problems. First, we describe our theoretical framework. Second, we describe existing assessments for screening, progress monitoring, intervention design. Third, we describe four evidence-based intervention programs that range from Tier 1 to more intensive interventions and we provide links to websites that review additional interventions. Finally, we conclude with directions for future research related to phonemic awareness instruction and intervention for students with language impairments or reading disabilities.
The Politics of Engagement

At its founding, the University of California, Santa Cruz, shunned academic convention in favor of intellectual experimentation and innovation. Traditional academic departments were eschewed; instead, “boards of study” and residential colleges organized faculty and students around multidisciplinary common interests. Because students were the product of an enviably well-funded K-12 public education system, narrative evaluations were allowed to substitute for traditional letter grades. It was the early 1960s, after all. California’s postwar economic prosperity still had no horizon and could underwrite the manifest optimism of the state’s legendary Master Plan for Higher Education (Shrag 2004). California possessed abundant resources and faith in the future, not only to expand its eponymous university system, but also to permit the fledgling Santa Cruz campus to chart its own path in undergraduate education.
Audit Partner Identification: Unintended Consequences on Audit Judgment

SUMMARY: We examine the impact of partner identification, a regulation proposed by the PCAOB and contested by the audit profession, on audit partners' judgments. Based on accountability theory (e.g., Lerner and Tetlock 1999) and professionalism literature (e.g., Hall 1968; Adler and Kwon 2013), we conduct an experiment in which we manipulate partner identification at three levels (i.e., no identification, disclosure identification, signature identification) and ask 83 partners to make inventory writedown assessments and other judgments underlying their decision making. We find that, contrary to the PCAOB's stated purpose of enhancing audit quality, and consistent with the professionalism literature, partner identification—in the form of either disclosure or signature—yields more aggressive writedown judgments through its negative impact on partners' self-reported measures of commitment to the profession and, in turn, commitment to the public. This result suggests that regulators should consider possible u...
The investigation of the electro-thermal characteristics of a GTO thyristor at turn off using SILVACO ATLAS

An electro-thermal simulation model of a GTO thyristor operating in a pulse-power circuit is documented. The principle goal of this investigation was to examine an apparent current interruption derating advantage of the GTO at low frequency by tracking the generation, transfer, and dissipation of energy within the GTO structure and establishing a clear understanding of the localized heating phenomenon that results in ultimate device failure. Using a SPICE circuit model coupled with a SILVACO ATLAS™ physical model, a novel energy tracking methodology was used to confirm that the dominant mechanism for thermal energy generation was joule heating. The analysis further distinguished whether that location of joule heating was dominated by high current density or high electric field values. The results of this work suggest that it might be possible to predict the device lifetime by using this simulation approach to establish hot spot temperatures that form during turn off.
Shortened Penetratin Cell-Penetrating Peptide Is Insufficient for Cytosolic Delivery of a Grb7 Targeting Peptide.

Delivery across the cell membrane is of critical importance for the development of therapeutics targeting intracellular proteins. The use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), such as Penetratin (P16), has facilitated the delivery of otherwise cell-impermeable molecules allowing them to carry out their biological function. A truncated form of Penetratin (RRMKWKK) has been previously described as the minimal Penetratin sequence that is required for translocation across the cell membrane. Here, we performed a detailed comparison of cellular uptake by Penetratin (P16) and the truncated Penetratin peptide (P7), including their ability to deliver G7-18NATE, a cyclic peptide targeting the cytosolic cancer target Grb7-adapter protein into cells. We identified that both P16 and P7 were internalized by cells to comparable levels; however, only P16 was effective in delivering G7-18NATE to produce a biological response. Live-cell imaging of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled peptides suggested that while P7 may be ta...
New Trends in Nanoscale Mechanics of Carbon Nanotubes

Editor’s notes provide a few examples of the nanoscale modeling and novel applications of carbon nanotubes in nanotechnology, e.g., the carbon nanotube based AFM probes, nanodevices and nanocomposites in order to introduce and motivate reviews presented in chapters “ Mechanics of Carbon Nanotubes,” “ Molecular Modeling and Simulation of Physical Properties and Behavior of Low-Dimensional Carbon Allotropes” and “ Nanomechanics: Physics Between Engineering and Chemistry” on the still emerging field of nanomechanics.
Safety and Tolerability of Laser Hair Depilation in Pilonidal Disease: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Background: Pilonidal disease is a common and painful disorder that can be challenging to manage. Recurrent surgical treatment is often warranted and may result in significant morbidity, w...
When Scientists Tweet for Social Changes: Dialogic Communication and Collective Mobilization Strategies by Flint Water Study Scientists on Twitter:

Guided by the literature in social media and science activism, this exploratory study examined how scientists from Virginia Tech, known as the Flint Water Study team, utilized Twitter to communicat...
Cellular Flows: Topological Metamorphoses in Fluid Mechanics

A cell, whose spatial extent is small compared with a surrounding flow, can develop inside a vortex. Such cells, often referred to as vortex breakdown bubbles, provide stable and clean flame in combustion chambers; they also reduce the lift force of delta wings. This book analyzes cells in slow and fast, one- and two-fluid flows and describes the mechanisms of cell generation: (a) minimal energy dissipation, (b) competing forces, (c) jet entrainment, and (d) swirl decay. The book explains the vortex breakdown appearance, discusses its features, and indicates means of its control. Written in acceptable, non-math-heavy format, it stands to be a useful learning tool for engineers working with combustion chambers, chemical and biological reactors, and delta-wing designs.
Evaluating the impact and clearance duration of freeway incidents

Abstract Transportation agencies use incident duration to report the performance of their incident management programs. Most agencies use the incident clearance duration, which in most cases refers to the duration from the reporting of an incident to the time the incident is cleared. This measure may not necessarily reflect how different types of incidents and various factors affect traffic conditions. The duration at which the incident influences traffic conditions could vary – shorter than the incident duration for some incidents and longer for others. This study, for the first time, introduced a performance measure called incident impact duration and demonstrated a method that was used for estimating it. Also, this study investigated the effects of using incident impact duration compared to the traditionally incident clearance duration in incident modeling. Using hazard-based models, the study analyzed factors that affect the estimated incident impact duration and the incident clearance duration. Results indicate that incidents detection methods, the number of responders, Traffic Management Center (TMC) operations, traffic conditions, towing and emergency services influence the duration of an incident. Moreover, the study assessed the predictive accuracy of the models resulted from both durations. It was observed that the incident impact duration provides a better prediction accuracy than the incident clearance duration.
Environmental Influences on Color Vision

It is evident that color vision evolved to inform organisms about their environment and thus must be shaped by the environment the organism is in. The color properties of the world are a potent factor affecting not only the basic mechanisms of color vision within a species but also how they are calibrated and fine-tuned within the individual. As a result, many aspects of the physiology of color coding and the phenomenology of color experience can be predicted by looking outside the observer – to analyze the signals available in the color environment. The following provides a number of specific examples of how knowledge of the color characteristics of the environment has helped to account for some of the known properties of our color vision.
A Hepatocyte FOXN3-α Cell Glucagon Axis Regulates Fasting Glucose.

Summary The common genetic variation at rs8004664 in the FOXN3 gene is independently and significantly associated with fasting blood glucose, but not insulin, in non-diabetic humans. Recently, we reported that primary hepatocytes from rs8004664 hyperglycemia risk allele carriers have increased FOXN3 transcript and protein levels and liver-limited overexpression of human FOXN3, a transcriptional repressor that had not been implicated in metabolic regulation previously, increases fasting blood glucose in zebrafish. Here, we find that injection of glucagon into mice and adult zebrafish decreases liver Foxn3 protein and transcript levels. Zebrafish foxn3 loss-of-function mutants have decreased fasting blood glucose, blood glucagon, liver gluconeogenic gene expression, and α cell mass. Conversely, liver-limited overexpression of foxn3 increases α cell mass. Supporting these genetic findings in model organisms, non-diabetic rs8004664 risk allele carriers have decreased suppression of glucagon during oral glucose tolerance testing. By reciprocally regulating each other, liver FOXN3 and glucagon control fasting glucose.
Among the Better Ones

Since the first empirical tests of Festinger’s (1954) social comparison theory, theorists have been concerned with the “direction” of comparisons: whether people compare with persons superior or inferior to themselves and under what conditions (Wheeler, 1991). This focus on comparison direction was maintained by theorists exploring how exposure to superior versus inferior others influences well-being (Wills, 1981). Comparison direction was considered important to study because it supposedly indicated whether one was looking for (or responding to) favorable or unfavorable information about the self. With the exception of two early studies (Wheeler, 1966; Thornton & Arrowood, 1966), the literature made two assumptions: (1) that the evaluative implications of comparison are intrinsic to its direction, and (2) that the comparison process involves contrasting one’s abilities or attributes with those of others. Accordingly, it was thought that upward comparison is used to learn how much one falls short of one’s superiors and lowers self-evaluations.
Cognitive Education of Young Children with Autism

Autism presents persistent and frustrating problems in socialization and learning. Since the initial description of the syndrome by Kanner (1943), the literature on the effects of treatment and educational programs has been pessimistic with respect to long-term prognosis. Recent authors described the particular learning challenges and specific cognitive processing deficits that characterize children with autism and this more adequate description has led to the promise of more effective remedial procedures (see Schopler, 1987, 1989 regarding Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children).
Bending of Molybdenum Single Crystals

Abstract : Eight single-crystal specimens of 1/8- to 1/10-in. diameter were grown from sintered Mo rods. The specimens were 7-in. long with single crystals of about 1- to 2-in. lengths occupying the center section. They were electrolytically polished and loaded in a bending apparatus. The load and deflection were measured by strain indicators. X-ray back-reflection Laue photograms of the same position on each specimen were taken before bending, and at successive stages during the bending. The 8 specimens were bent through final angles of 13 deg, 10 deg, 16 deg, 10 deg, 16 deg, 11 deg, 12 deg, and 15 deg, respectively. Lattice rotation during the bending occurred toward the (110) pole on the compression side and toward the direction on the tension side. Crystallite and lattice rotation indicated that (1) slip planes are of the type (110) and (2) the slip directions are of the type for Mo single crystals which deform at room temperature. The orientation changes on the compression and tension sides of a single crystal during bending were similar to those of 2 separate crystals deforming under compression and tension loading, respectively. Laue reflections generally revealed a breakup which indicated a crystallite fragmentation. With several assumptions, the resolved shear stress in bending was calculated to be about 5000 psi.
The Darker Side of Great Teaching

L'auteur discute de son experience personnelle en tant qu'eleve confronte a un enseignement agressif et brutal et tente de definir ce qu'est un enseignement de qualite et ce qui doit caracteriser les relations interpersonnelles entre l'enseignant et les eleves
Nerve—Muscle Preparations of Vascular Smooth Muscle

The experimental necessity for adopting the in vitro method for the study of organs and tissues and the general advantages and disadvantages of this methodology are well known. Experimentalists should recognize the specific limitations of existing in vitro methods used to study blood vessels in particular, since the isolation of a tissue always imposes some restriction on the conclusions of the experimentalist.
Nanoscale Elastic-Property Mapping with Contact-Resonance-Frequency AFM*

We describe a dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) method to map the nanoscale elastic properties of surfaces, thin films, and nanostructures. Our approach is based on atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) techniques previously used for quantitative measurements of elastic properties at a fixed sample position. AFAM measurements determine the resonant frequencies of an AFM cantilever in contact mode to calculate the tip-sample contact stiffness k *. Local values for elastic properties such as the indentation modulus M can be determined from k * with the appropriate contact-mechanics models. To enable imaging at practical rates, we have developed a frequency-tracking circuit based on digital signal processor architecture to rapidly locate the contact-resonance frequencies at each image position. We present contact-resonance frequency images obtained using both flexural and torsional cantilever images as well as the corresponding vertical contact-stiffness (k *) image calculated from flexural frequency images. Methods to obtain elastic-modulus images of M from vertical contact-stiffness images are also discussed.
29 – Top-of-the-line corrosion

The fundamentals of top of the line corrosion (TLC or TOL) have been presented in detail in Chapter 16. This chapter focuses on how these mechanisms can be modeled. Several modeling approaches have been proposed over the last 25 years, increasing in complexity and accuracy as new knowledge emerges. As pertains to TLC, the modeling approach is usually divided into two main aspects: modeling of water condensation and modeling of corrosion in dewing conditions. Although much progress has been made, the modeling of localized corrosion, sour TLC, and stabilization remain considerable challenges. As for any model, the validation of the predictions with field data is an essential but difficult step, and a comprehensive methodology has been proposed. Nevertheless, TLC prediction models are now considered a useful tool for failure analysis and pipeline design.
Detained Without Due Process: When Does it End?

It’s a Tuesday morning. I walk into the Northeast Ohio Correctional Center with my clinic students to give our legal orientation to the detainees in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) custody who signed up to attend. We get our visitors badges, go through security, and wait to be escorted back to the large visitation room where the weekly orientations take place. The air-lock door opens and we walk into a room of approximately 60 or 70 men in beige jumpsuits. I set down my bag of intake forms and pro se handouts and greet everyone loudly in Spanish, making sure everyone in the back of the room can hear. “Buenos dias!” I scan the room and see familiar faces that are present week after week with no court date and no explanation of what is next for them. I start to survey the room. “Raise your hand if you are waiting for a credible fear interview. Raise your hand if you’ve already passed your interview. Raise your hand if you have applied for parole. Keep your hand up if your parole request was granted.” All the hands go down. After I ask my initial questions, individuals walk up with parole denials in their hands, some with no boxes checked at all, others approach me with 90-day continued detention determination notices -- confused faces surround me, asking what the notices say, what they mean. Many are seeking asylum and I know that most of them won’t have lawyers and will be detained until their proceedings are complete -- likely for several months and some beyond a year.
Imaging of Atypical and Complicated Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a condition clinically characterized by headache, altered mental status, seizures, and visual loss and may be associated with systemic hypertension, preeclampsia/eclampsia, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapies in the setting of organ transplantation, and uremic encephalopathy. While brain imaging in patients with PRES typically reveals symmetric vasogenic edema within the parietal and occipital lobes, PRES may present with atypical imaging findings such as central brainstem and deep gray involvement without subcortical edema, and even spinal cord involvement. Additionally, PRES may be complicated in some cases by the presence of cytotoxic edema and hemorrhage. This review will serve to summarize the pathophysiologic theories and controversies underlying PRES, imaging features encountered in atypical and complicated PRES, and the implications these findings may have on patient prognosis.