cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Features, Biological Pathways, and Protein Interaction Networks of Addiction-Related Genes

Addictions are chronic and common brain disorders affected by many genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Recent genome-wide linkage and association studies have revealed several promising genomic regions and multiple genes relating to addictions. To explore the underlying biological processes in the development of addictions, we used 62 genes recently reviewed by Li and Burmeister (2009) as representative addiction-related genes, and then we investigated their features in gene function, pathways, and protein interaction networks. We performed enrichment tests of their Gene Ontology (GO) annotations and of their pathways in the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) system. The tests revealed that these addiction-related genes were highly enriched in neurodevelopment-related processes. Interestingly, we found circadian rhythm signaling in one of the enriched pathways. Moreover, these addiction-related genes tended to have higher connectivity and shorter characteristic shortest-path distances compared to control genes in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. This investigation is the first of such kind in addiction studies, and it is useful for further addiction candidate-gene prioritization and verification, thus helping us to better understand molecular mechanisms of addictions.
Analytic velocity-dependent potential for bound and scattering states of electrons and atoms

In this work we represent the static potential of an electron interacting with an atom by a sum of two Debye-H\"uckel or Yukawa functions. We approximate the nonlocal exchange term by an attractive, velocity-dependent potential using the effective-mass approximation with a regularized Yukawa form factor. This is transformed to an approximate local but energy-dependent potential. We also include an imaginary term with a regularized Yukawa form factor in the static potential. We apply this framework to a description of the bound and scattering states of electrons interacting with atomic oxygen and electrons interacting with neon. The results suggest that a small degree of velocity or energy dependence yields improvements with respect to the use of strictly static electron-atom potentials. In applications to atomic physics the formalism which is economical in parameters should serve as a simple parametrization of experimental data and as a means of extrapolation and interpolation of experimental observations.
CYTOGENETIC, MORPHOLOGIC AND ONCOGENE ANALYSIS OF A CELL LINE DERIVED FROM A HETEROLOGOUS MIXED MULLERIAN TUMOR OF THE OVARY

A cell line was established from a mixed mullerian tumor of the ovary and designated LN1. Histopathologic analysis of the fresh tumor specimen demonstrated a highly aneuploid heterologous tumor comprised of undifferentiated mesodermal components with carcinomatous cells present as a smaller population. Long-term in vitro culture resulted in the establishment of a cell line that exhibits an epithelial-like morphology and expresses epithelial antigens cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and carcinoma antigen TAG-72. These cells also express mesenchymal intermediate filaments, vimentin, and desmin. Karyotypic analysis revealed a basic triploid pattern with multiple chromosomal abnormalities, most notably an isochromosome of the short arm of five present in three copies. Analysis of oncogene expression revealed that LN1 cells constitutively express mRNA for c-ras, c-erbB2, and p53. The expression of mRNA for cellular oncogenes correlated with the presence of corresponding oncoproteins, p21H-ras, p21K-ras, and p185erbB2 and mutant p53 protein. In summary, coexpression of epithelial and mesenchymal antigens by LN1 cells lends support to the hypothesis that epithelial and mesenchymal elements comprising mixed mullerian tumors of the ovary are derived from a common stem cell precursor. Furthermore, this cell line represents a functional in vitro model to evaluate the biologic activities of these unusual and highly aggressive ovarian malignancies.
War-torn countries, natural resources, emerging-power investors and the UN development system

The unsustainable aid dependency of war-torn countries – most of which are rich in natural resources – makes it imperative to start gradually replacing aid with foreign direct investment (fdi) and exports. This article identifies ways in which stakeholders – governments, the international community, including the UN development system, foreign investors, and local communities – could work together in a ‘win-win’ situation. Most crucial is avoiding conflict-insensitive policies that fuel discord by putting governments and foreign companies, often from emerging markets, in direct confrontation with local communities. The control of natural resources is often a root cause of conflict, and the latter’s exploitation can become a major challenge as wars end. The peculiarities of war-torn countries are discussed along with the specific impediments to attracting fdi into the exploitation of natural resources. An effective and fair legal framework is necessary to ensure that investors do not operate as ‘enclaves’,...
Radion stabilization in compact hyperbolic extra dimensions

We consider radion stabilization in hyperbolic brane-world scenarios. We demonstrate that in the context of Einstein gravity, matter fields which stabilize the extra dimensions must violate the null energy condition. This result is shown to hold even allowing for Friedmann-Robertson-Walker-like expansion on the brane. In particular, we explicitly demonstrate how one putative source of stabilizing matter fails to work, and how others violate the above condition. We speculate on a number of ways in which we may bypass this result, including the effect of Casimir energy in these spaces. A brief discussion of supersymmetry in these backgrounds is also given.
A formally specified prototyping system

Abstract The intent of this research is to cast the prototyping method in a formal setting and to demonstrate the feasibility of such a formalization. To grasp the nature of prototyping, as opposed to traditional methods, concepts and issues that form the essence of prototyping are identified. These are: linguistic framework, formality, and abstraction levels. A multilevel system based on three languages, each at an appropriate level of abstraction, is developed. Denotational semantics and a corresponding implementation are used to formalize the notion of transformation from one level to the next.
Identification of CYP4A11 as the major lauric acid omega-hydroxylase in human liver microsomes.

Abstract Human liver microsomes are capable of oxidizing lauric acid (laurate), a model medium-chain fatty acid, at both the ω- and ω-1 positions to form 12- and 11-hydroxylaurate, respectively. These laurate hydroxylation reactions are apparently catalyzed by distinct P450 enzymes. While the P450 responsible for microsomal laurate ω-1 hydroxylation in human liver has been identified as CYP2E1, the enzyme catalyzing ω-hydroxylation remains poorly defined. To that end, we employed conventional purification and immunochemical techniques to characterize the major hepatic laurate ω-hydroxylase in humans. Western blotting with rat CYP4A1 antibodies was used to monitor a cross-reactive P450 protein (Mr= 52 kDa) during its isolation from human liver microsomes. The purified enzyme (7.4 nmol P450/mg protein) had an NH2-terminal amino acid sequence identical to that predicted from the humanCYP4A11cDNA over the first 20 residues found. Upon reconstitution with P450 reductase and cytochrome b5, CYP4A11 proved to be a potent laurate ω-hydroxylase, exhibiting a turnover rate of 45.7 nmol 12-hydroxylaurate formed/min/nmol P450 (12-fold greater than intact microsomes), while catalyzing the ω-1 hydroxylation reaction at much lower rates (5.4 nmol 11-hydroxylaurate formed/min/nmol P450). Analysis of the laurate ω-hydroxylation reaction in human liver microsomes revealed kinetic parameters (a loneKmof 48.9 μ M with aVMAXof 3.72 nmol 12-hydroxylaurate formed/min/nmol P450) consistent with catalysis by CYP4A11. In fact, incubation of human liver microsomes with antibodies raised to CYP4A11 resulted in nearly 85% inhibition of laurate ω-hydroxylase activity while ω-1 hydroxylase activity remained unaffected. Furthermore, a strong correlation (r= 0.89;P
Investigation of the photolysis of polyurethanes based on 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyldiisocyanate) (MDI) using laser flash photolysis and model compounds

Abstract Mechanistic evidence is given for the primary pathways leading to the primary photochemical reactions in aromatic diisocyanate based polyurethanes. Laser flash photolysis studies on 4,4′-methylene bis( phenyldiisocyanate ) ( MDI) based polyurethanes and appropriate model compound analogs are presented. Transient species are produced by both direct photolysis (248nm) and indirect photolysis (351 nm) via tert-butyl peroxide generated radicals in solution. Results present strong evidence supporting a dual mechanism for photodegradation involving both hydrogen peroxide formation and photo-Fries rearrangement.
Circulation Patterns for Phosphorus, Sulfur and Calcium in the Bean Plant.

The circulation patterns for P-32, S-35 and Ca-45 in the bean plant were determined, by radioautographic means, from single aliquots of tracer administered to the roots during a one-hour period. A portion of the radioactive isotope of phosphorus displayed sustained circulation throughout the plant during the whole of the 96-hour experimental period. The S-35 was originally mobile but circulation was rapidly curtailed by metabolic capture in young leaves. The Ca-45 did not recirculate following its initial delivery via the transpiration stream. 29 references, 5 figures.
Attribute-Based Detection of Unfamiliar Classes with Humans in the Loop

Recent work in computer vision has addressed zero-shot learning or unseen class detection, which involves categorizing objects without observing any training examples. However, these problems assume that attributes or defining characteristics of these unobserved classes are known, leveraging this information at test time to detect an unseen class. We address the more realistic problem of detecting categories that do not appear in the dataset in any form. We denote such a category as an unfamiliar class, it is neither observed at train time, nor do we possess any knowledge regarding its relationships to attributes. This problem is one that has received limited attention within the computer vision community. In this work, we propose a novel approach to the unfamiliar class detection task that builds on attribute-based classification methods, and we empirically demonstrate how classification accuracy is impacted by attribute noise and dataset "difficulty," as quantified by the separation of classes in the attribute space. We also present a method for incorporating human users to overcome deficiencies in attribute detection. We demonstrate results superior to existing methods on the challenging CUB-200-2011 dataset.
Cosmological reionization in LCDM models with and without a scalar field

Abstract One would not have expected just a few years ago that we could observationally start probing the reionization process in the redshift range 6–30. This is indeed extremely exciting, because we are in a completely uncharted water. I will review some of the latest developments on cosmological reionization and suggest, in a somewhat more personal way, that the universe may be reionized twice in order to paint a picture that is consistent with all observations, including SDSS quasar observations, WMAP CMB experiment and Lyα forest observations. Further suggestion is made in the context of the LCDM model with a scalar field to promote early structure formation.
Recovering alcoholics: personality and aftercare factors.

Individuals who had completed an inpatient treatment program for alcoholism within the last three years were sent a survey measuring personality variables, demographic characteristics, aftercare, aftercare involvement, and sobriety. Responses were obtained from 262 individuals who were currently maintaining sobriety. The proportion of time sober since discharge was related to race, low depression, having no previous hospitalizations, aftercare involvement, and marital stability. Continuously sober individuals differed from those who experienced a relapse on the measure of depression but not on measures of assertiveness or anger. Involvement with Alcoholics Anonymous was related to relapse only for recently discharged patients.
Aortofemoral Graft Occlusion: Strategy and Timing of Reoperation:

Abstract The authors' experience with 46 patients treated over 8.5 years was reviewed to determine the optimal secondary revascularization procedure after occlusion of a unilateral aortobifemoral graft limb. A total of 64 procedures was performed on these patients to restore and maintain graft patency. Repetitive operations for reocclusion were needed in 14 patients (30%). Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy was used in 14 patients, four as sole therapy and 10 in conjunction with operation. The mean time from aortofemoral grafting to presentation with graft limb occlusion was 59.4 months. Rest pain or severe ischemia was present in 85%, and severe claudication in the remainder. Some 78% had urgent operation after diagnostic angiography and catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy was attempted in 22%. The etiology of graft thrombosis was outflow obstruction in 78.2% of cases. Inflow was obtained by surgical thrombectomy in 35 and by lytic therapy in 13. Extra-anatomic inflow was used in 11 and intra-abdominal thrombectomy or redo aortofemoral grafting in five. Outflow procedures, mainly profundaplasty, were performed in all but five cases (four urokinase and one surgical). Infrainguinal bypass was needed in 10 cases in addition to the groin reconstruction. Catheter-directed thrombolysis was successful in 13 of 14 instances; however, in nine of these residual stenosis was disclosed in the outflow requiring surgical repair. Ultimately, 12 of 14 cases treated with thrombolysis required surgical intervention. Cumulative patency for all procedures was 68%. Complications were seen in 14% of cases. Operative mortality was 5%, and limb salvage was obtained in 85%. The most common cause of graft limb occlusion is outflow obstruction at or just below the femoral anastomosis. Aggressive attempts at complex groin reconstructions with inflow thrombectomy are indicated and yield excellent results. Thrombolytic therapy is useful in selected patients, but is not routinely indicated.
The organization of the software quality assurance process

This paper discusses and analyzes approaches to the problem of software quality assurance. The approaches offered in the literature usually focus on "designing in" quality. This can be a productive approach, but there are also benefits to be gained by establishing an independent quality assurance (QA) group to review all aspects of the software development process. This paper discusses the organization of such a group using the function of an operations auditing group as a model.
Temperature, cyanide, and oxygen effects on the respiration, chip color, sugars, and organic acids of stored tubers

The possibility that sugar accumulation of potatoes stored at low temperatures may be linked to activation of cyanide-resistant respiration (CRR) was investigated. After a lag period of several days, continuous HCN treatment stimulated CO2 production of tubers stored in 20% O2. At 1°C in 20% O2, HCN treatment increased respiration over that effected by low temperature treatment. After several weeks of treatment, cyanide-stimulated CO2 production was greater at 1°C than at 10°C. Sucrose and malate levels of HCN treated tubers were sometimes higher than those of the 10°C control tubers, but they were always lower than those of the 1°C control tubers. This indicated that CRR alone could not account for the sugar increases at 1°C. Storage in 2% O2 blocked the increase in CO2 production and changes in constituents associated with HCN treatments in 20% O2. HCN treatment had no significant effect on chip color. The level of CRR was measured in freshly cut slices from Monona, Norchip, and Kennebec tubers previously stored at 10°, 5°, or 1°C for several months. Slices from tubers previously stored at 1°C had increased CRR, but there was no difference in CRR between the 5°C and 10°C treatments. Sugars accumulated at 5°C, again indicating that sugar accumulation in potatoes stored at low temperatures was at least partially independent of the activation of CRR.
Radar altimetry operations of the United States Geological Survey in 1950

This paper describes the methods employed in obtaining ground elevations for topographic mapping by the use of an airborne radar altimeter and related equipment. The 1950 program of the U. S. Geological Survey in Alaska is described and some of the results obtained are presented and discussed.
Cadmium, lead, and mercury in relation to reproductive hormones and anovulation in premenopausal women.

Background: Metals can interfere with hormonal functioning by binding at the receptor site and through indirect mechanisms; thus, they may be associated with hormonal changes in premenopausal women. Objectives: We examined the associations between cadmium, lead, and mercury, and anovulation and patterns of reproductive hormones [estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone] among 252 premenopausal women 18–44 years of age who were enrolled in the BioCycle Study in Buffalo, New York. Methods: Women were followed for up to two menstrual cycles, with serum samples collected up to eight times per cycle. Metal concentrations were determined at baseline in whole blood by inductively coupled mass spectroscopy. Marginal structural models with stabilized inverse probability weights and nonlinear mixed models with harmonic terms were used to estimate the effects of cadmium, lead, and mercury on reproductive hormone levels during the menstrual cycle and anovulation. Results: Geometric mean (interquartile range) cadmium, lead, and mercury levels were 0.29 (0.19–0.43) μg/L, 0.93 (0.68–1.20) μg/dL, and 1.03 (0.58–2.10) μg/L, respectively. We observed decreases in mean FSH with increasing cadmium [second vs. first tertile: –10.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI), –17.3% to –2.5%; third vs. first tertile: –8.3%; 95% CI, –16.0% to 0.1%] and increases in mean progesterone with increasing lead level (second vs. first tertile: 7.5%; 95% CI, 0.1–15.4%; third vs. first tertile: 6.8%; 95% CI, –0.8% to 14.9%). Metals were not significantly associated with anovulation. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that environmentally relevant levels of metals are associated with modest changes in reproductive hormone levels in healthy, premenopausal women.
Fulminant hepatic failure due to herpes simplex after hysteroscopy.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Fulminant hepatic failure due to herpes simplex in healthy adults is a rare condition with a high mortality rate. The lack of specific symptoms and the absence of typical herpetic lesions in a majority of cases contribute to delayed diagnosis. CASE: We describe a fatal case of fulminant hepatic failure due to herpes simplex in a healthy woman presenting after laparoscopy and hysteroscopy for tubal infertility. The patient lacked evidence of mucocutaneous lesions or jaundice. The surgery likely contributed to viral dissemination. CONCLUSION: Although rare, disseminated herpes should be considered a possible cause of postsurgical pelvic infections, even in the absence of ulcerative lesions. Until a definitive diagnosis is made, antiviral therapy should be considered in patients with high fever, leukopenia, and abnormal liver function.
Laryngeal effects of prolonged intubation.

Improved care for acute respiratory failure requires prolonged placement of an endotracheal tube. Whether a tracheotomy or a translaryngeal endotracheal tube is the better choice remains controversial. With the use of high-volume low-pressure cuffs, both routes of intubation have similar low rates of cuff-induced complications. Complications of the alternatives include problems that occur above the cuff, at the larynx during translaryngeal intubation, or the stoma in patients with a tracheotomy. The complications of tracheotomy are well-documented and will be touched on only briefly in this paper, which will review the consequences to the larynx of using translaryngeal intubation for prolonged maintenance of an airway. The issues to be considered are how and why injury to the larynx occurs, what immediate postextubation problems can be expected, and what long-term sequelae may occur.
Coalescence of freely suspended liquid drops in flow through a small pore

Abstract The coalescence of two freely suspended, neutrally buoyant liquid drops of unequal size is examined in low-Reynolds-number flow through a capillary 54 μm in diameter. The interaction between a pair of drops results in coalescence only when the upstream drop is sufficiently large. In these cases, a time scale associated with coalescence is measured for three different fluid systems. For two systems the coalescence time is a function of the size of the upstream drop, and data can be correlated based on a simple model that accounts for the interaction between the drops and the drainage of fluid between the drops. For the other system, which has the largest value of the suspending fluid viscosity, the coalescence time is independent of drop size. Furthermore, there is a large variation in the measured coalescence times among runs with similar experimental conditions. The results of this study are compared with those obtained previously for flow through a capillary with a diameter on the order of 1 cm.
Preparing Urban Students for Health Careers A Longitudinal Study of a University-High School Partnership

This article presents a longitudinal case study of an urban district school-university partnership designed to prepare students for health careers. We not only summarize the accomplishments of this partnership but also identify factors in the partnership dynamics that hindered the expected improvement in student outcomes. By suggesting possible generalizations that can be tested elsewhere, we seek to contribute to theory building about the role of external partnerships in promoting career-focused high school reform. We conclude by making practical recommendations for similar university-high school partnerships in urban districts.
SspA up-regulates gene expression of the LEE pathogenicity island by decreasing H-NS levels in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) colonizes the intestinal epithelium and causes attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions. Expression of virulence genes, particularly those from the locus of the enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island is required for the formation of a type three secretion system, which induces A/E lesion formation. Like other horizontally acquired genetic elements, expression of the LEE is negatively regulated by H-NS. In the non-pathogenic Escherichia coli K-12 strain the stringent starvation protein A (SspA) inhibits accumulation of H-NS, and thereby allows de-repression of the H-NS regulon during the stationary phase of growth. However, the effect of SspA on the expression of H-NS-controlled virulence genes in EHEC is unknown. Here we assess the effect of SspA on virulence gene expression in EHEC. We show that transcription of virulence genes including those of the LEE is decreased in an sspA mutant, rendering the mutant strain defective in forming A/E lesions. A surface exposed pocket of SspA is functionally important for the regulation of the LEE and for the A/E phenotype. Increased expression of ler alleviates LEE expression in an sspA mutant, suggesting that the level of Ler in the mutant is insufficient to counteract H-NS-mediated repression. We demonstrate that the H-NS level is two-fold higher in an sspA mutant compared to wild type, and that the defects of the sspA mutant are suppressed by an hns null mutation, indicating that hns is epistatic to sspA in regulating H-NS repressed virulence genes. SspA positively regulates the expression of EHEC virulence factors by restricting the intracellular level of H-NS. Since SspA is conserved in many bacterial pathogens containing horizontally acquired pathogenicity islands controlled by H-NS, our study suggests a common mechanism whereby SspA potentially regulates the expression of virulence genes in these pathogens.
Dilemmas of the high-achieving chicana: The double-bind factor in male/female relationships

This study examines the beliefs of college Chicanas regarding ethnic identification, preferred endogamy, and male perceptions of their achievements. The central research question of this cross-sectional and exploratory study is to determine if ethnically identified Chicanas who prefer to date and marry other Chicanos experience significantly more psychological distress stemming from a conflict between their educational achievements and beliefs that Chicano males are threatened by high-achieving women. The specific perceptions of threat are: that Mexican-American males feel threatened by their educational accomplishments and tend to exclude them from political and organizational activities, and that college attainment will cause them to be seen as elitist by the larger Chicano community. This study employs descriptive and correlational analyses.
Cerebrospinal and peripheral human immunodeficiency virus type 1 load in a multisite, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of D-Ala1-peptide T-amide for HIV-1-associated cognitive-motor impairment.

D-Ala1-peptide T-amide (DAPTA) has shown neuroprotection in vitro against gp120-induced loss of dendritic arborization and is promulgated as a CCR5 antagonist. A multisite, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of DAPTA versus placebo prior to combination antiretroviral therapy conducted with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 seropositive participants having cognitive impairment showed no overall cognitive effect, though subgroups with greater impairment and CD4 cell counts of 201 to 500 cells/mm3 at baseline showed significant improvement. The objective of this study was to examine whether intranasal administration of DAPTA at a dose of 2 mg three times per day (tid) was associated with a reduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral (plasma and serum) viral load among a subgroup of participants completing 6 months of treatment. Baseline and 6-month CSF (n = 92) and peripheral (plasma n = 33; serum n = 24) viral load were measured by the Roche Ultrasensitive assay, version 1.5, with reflexiv...
A light scattering study of corn amylopectin and its beta‐amylase limit dextrin

The degree of dispersion of a corn amylopectin and its s-amylase limit dextrin was studied in 1 N alkali, anhydrous ethylenediamine, ethylenediamine hydrate, formamide, and water by means of measurements of the concentration and angular dependence of scattered light. It was found that the degree of dispersion in the first three solvents is essentially the same for both preparations. The molecular weight of the amylopectin and limit dextrin are 80 million and 29 million, respectively. This result is in agreement within experimental error with the ratio of molecular weights to be expected on the basis of the known degree of degradation by s-amylase, and supports the view that essentially molecular dispersions were obtained. The agreement further indicates that the molecular weight distributions of the amylopectin and limit dextrin are similar in form. With this assumption and the radii of gyration of the materials, 2090 and 1340 A., it is concluded that the simplest model consistent with the data is a spherically symmetrical distribution of segments with segment density decreasing with r.
Neutron dosimetry in fission-track analysis

Abstract This paper reports a series of irradiation experiments performed to illustrate the effects of neutron energy on fission-track age determinations. These experiments reveal that errors of several percent can be introduced into an age determination when fluence monitors which contain U in non-natural isotopic ratios and (or) contain Th are used in the irradiations, or when age standards and samples of unknown age are irradiated at different conditions (i.e. with neutrons having different energy spectra). To avoid errors in age determinations it is recommended that all irradiations be performed at identical conditions, preferably with a highly thermalized neutron flux, or that fluence monitors which do not contain Th and which contain U in natural abundances be used in the age-determination process.
DNA repair and longevity in three species of cold-blooded vertebrates.

Abstract The “error catastrophe” mechanism of ageing proposes that senescence results from the progressive accumulation of unrepaired damage to DNA throughout the life span. Studies of the changes in DNA repair capability in ageing cells both in vivo and in vitro have given ambiguous results, but a clear relation has been demonstrated in mammals between the DNA repair capacity and potential longevity. We have found no difference in excision repair capacity in cultured cells from three species of cold-blooded vertebrates, the long-lived turtle, with a potential life span of 118 + yr, the rainbow trout, 8 yr, and Amazon molly, with 3 yr.
Approximate analysis of the convergence of relative efficiency to ARE for known signal detection

The limitations of the asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) in predicting finite sample size detector performance have been noted in several previous studies. It has been observed that the finite-sample-size relative efficiency (RE) may converge very slowly to its asymptotic limit. In addition, in some cases the RE approaches the ARE from below, while in other cases the RE either starts above or overshoots the ARE and approaches it from above. Results indicate that both of these effects can be predicted for a useful class of detectors for known signals in additive noise. The prediction formula is developed for the generalized correlation detector structure. The result is then used to analyze some specific detectors. Among these are the sign detector, the dead-zone detector, the soft-limiter and the noise blanker. Calculations and simulations giving the relative efficiency as a function of sample size have been used to verify predictions. >
Oxygen-atom transfer reagents: New, reactive α-azohydroperoxides

Abstract 3,4,4-Trimethyl-4,5-dihydro-5-hydroperoxy-3,5-diaryl-3H-pyrazoles, synthesized by autoxidation of the corresponding 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrazoles, are a new type of cyclic α-azohydroperoxide which is of high reactivity in oxygen-atom transfer chemistry.
Interdiffusion and phase behavior at homopolymer/random copolymer interfaces

Abstract Interdiffusion in polymer bilayers of polystyrene (PS) and the statistically random copolymer poly(styrene- r -4-bromostyrene) (PBS), (C 8 H (8− x ) Br x ) N , where x is the mole fraction of brominated repeat units in the copolymer and N the degree of polymerization, was studied using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). PS/PBS bilayers with 0.04 x N PS / N PBS varied from 0.06 N PS / N PBS N PS / N PBS ≠1, the mobility is dictated by the faster diffusing (lower N ) component, resulting in an interface which moves toward the faster diffusing component. This result is consistent with fast mode theory; equilibrium conditions correspond to the asymmetry of the phase diagrams. Mutual diffusion coefficients were determined by comparison of the RBS data to a mean-field interdiffusion model using the fast mode expression for mobility. The mutual diffusion coefficient is shown to decrease with increasing N and x and increase with temperature. The implications of this miscibility dependence of the interdiffusion behavior, based on both composition of the copolymer and degree of polymerization, are discussed in the context of strengthening homopolymer/random copolymer interfaces.
Limb blood flow and vascular conductance are reduced with age in healthy humans: relation to elevations in sympathetic nerve activity and declines in oxygen demand.

Background—We tested the hypothesis that basal (resting) limb blood flow and vascular conductance are reduced with age in adult humans and that these changes are related to elevations in sympatheti...
A survey of hospital infection control policies and employee measles cases during Los Angeles County's measles epidemic, 1987 to 1989.

Background: Between December 1987 and December 1989, 74 adults employed in Los Angeles County acute care hospitals were found to have measles. To investigate measles infection control policies in Los Angeles County and to gain information on employee measles cases, two surveys were performed.
Local merges for effective redundancy in clock networks

Process and environmental variations affect the reliability of clock networks. By synthesizing non-tree structures, the robustness of clock networks can be improved at the expense of higher capacitance. A cheap way of converting a tree structure to a non-tree structure is to insert cross links. Unfortunately, the robustness seems to improve only when the links are sufficiently short. Other non-tree structures such as meshes and multilevel fusion trees improve the robustness more effectively, but with much higher cost. In this work, we develop a new non-tree topology by merging a sub-clock tree with all other sub-clock trees that contain sequential elements that require strict synchronization. Results show that when compared with the state-of-the-art solutions, clock networks constructed with the proposed structure have similar capacitance but notable improved robustness. moreover, the clock networks can satisfy tight skew constraints even when simulated under a more stringent variations model, with 22% lower capacitance when compared to solutions in earlier studies.
Neurotransmitter properties of spinal interneurons in embryonic and larval zebrafish.

Many classes of spinal interneurons in zebrafish have been described based on morphology, but their transmitter phenotypes are largely unknown. Here we combine back-filling or genetic labeling of spinal interneurons with in situ staining for markers of neurotransmitter phenotypes, including the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) genes for glutamatergic neurons, the neuronal glycine transporter (GLYT2) for glycinergic neurons, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) for GABAergic neurons. Neurons positive for VGLUT include the commissural CoPA, MCoD, UCoD, and some of the CoSA neurons. The CiD interneurons, which have ipsilateral descending axons, were also VGLUT-positive, as were the ventrally located VeMe interneurons, whose descending axonal trajectory has not been clearly revealed. Cells positive for GLYT2 include the commissural CoLAs as well as some of the CoBL and CoSA neurons. The CiA cells were the only GLYT2-positive cells with an ipsilateral axon. Cells staining for GAD included, most notably, the dorsal longitudinal ascending (DoLA) and KA interneurons. Our approach allowed us to define the likely transmitter phenotypes of most of the known classes of spinal interneurons. These data provide a foundation for understanding the functional organization of the spinal networks in zebrafish. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:19–37, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Advanced modularity design for the MIT pebble bed reactor

Abstract The future of all reactors will depend on whether they can be economically built and operated. One of the major impediments to new nuclear construction is the capital cost due in large part to the length of construction time and complexity of the plant. Pebble bed reactors offer the opportunity to reduce the complexity of the plant because the number of safety systems required is significantly reduced due to the inherent safety of the technology. However, because of its small size, the capital cost per kilowatt is likely to be large if traditional construction approaches are followed. This strongly suggests the need for innovative construction concepts to reduce the construction time and cost. MIT has proposed a modularity approach in which the plant is pre-built in space-frame type modules which are built in factories. These space frames would contain all the equipment contained in a given volume. Once equipment in the space frame is installed, the space frame would then be shipped to the site and assembled “lego-style.” Studies presently underway have demonstrated the feasibility of the concept. Thermal stress analysis has been performed and an integrated design with the space frames has been developed. It is expected that this modularity approach will significantly shorten construction time and expense. This paper proposes a concept for further development, not a final design for the entire plant.
A Time Integration Algorithm for Structural Dynamics With Improved Numerical Dissipation: The Generalized-α Method

A new family of time integration algorithms is presented for solving structural dynamics problems. The new method, denoted as the generalized-α method, possesses numerical dissipation that can be controlled by the user. In particular, it is shown that the generalized-α method achieves high-frequency dissipation while minimizing unwanted low-frequency dissipation. Comparisons are given of the generalized-α method with other numerically dissipative time integration methods; these results highlight the improved performance of the new algorithm. The new algorithm can be easily implemented into programs that already include the Newmark and Hilber-Hughes-Taylor-α time integration methods.
Studies of molybdena-alumina catalysts

Abstract MoO3Al2O3 catalysts over the loading range 3.9 to 14.9 wt% MoO3 have been studied. Although the BET surface areas in the higher valent (MoO3) form are compatible with a monolayer model, the areas after H2 reduction at 500 °C are not; the appropriate model would be porous or finely crystalline MoO2 produced by reduction. For reduced catalysts, the curve for O2 chemisorption (at −78 °C) vs molybdena loading is concave upwards. The origin of this behavior seems to be incomplete reduction (of MoO3 to MoO2, after 6 hr at 500 °C in flowing H2) for catalysts containing less than about 11 wt% MoO3. If correction is made for the actual extent of reduction at 500 °C, then O2 chemisorption vs loading is essentially a straight line through the origin. Activity for cyclohexane dehydrogenation at 500 °C vs molybdena loading is also a curve concave upward; again, correction for the actual amount of MoO3 reduced during prereduction changes the curve to one that is slightly convex upward. The sites responsible for both O2 chemisorption and cyclohexane dehydrogenation may correspond to surface Mo4+ ions, but this is not proven.
Evaluation of an ozone × moisture stress interaction model for soybean

Assessments of air pollution impacts on crops may overestimate losses because they do not consider the impacts of soil moisture deficits on pollutant uptake by plants. A recent model of moisture stress × ozone interactions predicted reduced ozone (O3) impacts on yields of drought-stressed crops, due in part to an assumed reduction in the accumulation of O3 damage during drought. This paper describes an evaluation of the model with O3 × moisture stress field experiments on soybean conducted at Raleigh, NC, U.S.A. Modelled yield losses due to O3 were smaller than observed for moisture-stressed soybean, but these differences were not statistically significant. The model predictions were consistent with the O3 × H2O interaction observed by other researchers for soybean grown in a controlled environment.
The importance of interfaces and phases in switching and memory systems containing semiconducting charge-transfer complexes

Abstract Electrical measurements made on Cu-TCNQ thin films prepared in the manner originally described by Potember, Poehler and Cowan [1] strongly suggests that conduction channel formation can dominate the transport properties. This process might be attributed to a nonuniform Cu-TCNQ film which could arise as a consequence of a nonuniform oxide film formed on polycrystalline copper. Using a spherical single copper crystal, it was found that Cu-TCNQ grew at the Cu faces with the thinner oxide films.
Efficacy and Social Validity of Peer Support Arrangements for Adolescents with Disabilities

Current research and policy emphasize providing students with severe disabilities with the supports needed to participate socially and academically within inclusive classrooms. The authors examined the efficacy and acceptability of peer support arrangements as an avenue for promoting the participation of 3 students with severe disabilities in high school general education classrooms. In addition, they examined the specific supports students received from their peers and individually assigned paraprofessionals throughout the semester. Increases in peer interaction were evident for all students and peer partners were able to provide an array of academic- and social-related supports to their classmates with severe disabilities without concurrent decreases in academic engagement. The article offers recommendations for further refining and strengthening peer support interventions through future research and practice.
Endomorphins fully activate a cloned human mu opioid receptor

Endomorphins were recently identified as endogenous ligands with high selectivity for mu opioid receptors. We have characterized the ability of endomorphins to bind to and functionally activate the cloned human mu opioid receptor. Both endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 exhibited binding selectivity for the mu opioid receptor over the delta and kappa opioid receptors. Both agonists inhibited forskolin-stimulated increase of cAMP in a dose-dependent fashion. When the mu opioid receptor was coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes with G protein-activated K+ channels, application of either endomorphin activated an inward K+ current. This activation was dose-dependent and blocked by naloxone. Both endomorphins acted as full agonists with efficacy similar to that of [d-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin (DAMGO). These data indicate that endomorphins act as full agonists at the human mu opioid receptor, capable of stimulating the receptor to inhibit the cAMP/adenylyl cyclase pathway and activate G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels.
Surgical asepsis in labor and delivery.

There have been arguments about infection control measures in obstetrics for over 100 years. In the nineteenth century, the academic obstetrical establishment was furious with Semmelweis for suggesting that physicians might be a source of the contagion in puerperal sepsis.' The most common physician response to this thesis was outrage. How dare anyone dictate that doctors wash their hands in an antiseptic solution after performing an autopsy without gloves on a victim of puerperal sepsis before proceeding to the next patient. For physicians of the nineteenth century, this step was an unnecessary inconvenience, contrary to the tradition of scientific medical practice whereby an autopsy was performed to determine pathology and then patients were visited for direct observation. The process of change in medical practice policies was slow; Semmelweis died before his tenets were accepted. Repeated clinical observations in subsequent decades supported Semmelweis' view of contagion, and handwashing became a standard of medical care. In the next stage of clinical development, physicians became enamored with the discoveries of microbiology investigators, such as Koch and Pasteur, and adopted rigid antiseptic techniques. Handwashing was stressed and the patient's progress in labor determined by a gloved rectal examination; gowns, gloves, and face masks were employed whenever a "sterile" vaginal examination was performed. The strategy was to prevent the introduction of dangerous exogenous organisms, such as the group A betahemolytic streptococcus from the environment or medical attendants, into the genital tract. Vaginal delivery required full surgical gowning, and shaving the perineum, followed by liberal washing and application of antiseptic technique. I believe there are good grounds for the use of aseptic techniques in the labor and delivery rooms in the 1980s. Physicians, mothers, and babies all benefit from these techniques, which can be employed without compromis-
c-Src–Mediated Phosphorylation of NoxA1 and Tks4 Induces the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)–Dependent Formation of Functional Invadopodia in Human Colon Cancer Cells

The NADPH oxidase family, consisting of Nox1-5 and Duox1-2, catalyzes the regulated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Highly expressed in the colon, Nox1 needs the organizer subunit NoxO1 and the activator subunit NoxA1 for its activity. The tyrosine kinase c-Src is necessary for the formation of invadopodia, phosphotyrosine-rich structures which degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). Many Src substrates are invadopodia components, including the novel Nox1 organizer Tks4 and Tks5 proteins. Nox1-dependent ROS generation is necessary for the maintenance of functional invadopodia in human colon cancer cells. However, the signals and the molecular machinery involved in the redox-dependent regulation of invadopodia formation remain unclear. Here, we show that the interaction of NoxA1 and Tks proteins is dependent on Src activity. Interestingly, the abolishment of Src-mediated phosphorylation of Tyr110 on NoxA1 and of Tyr508 on Tks4 blocks their binding and decreases Nox1-dependent ROS generation. The contemporary presence of Tks4 and NoxA1 unphosphorylable mutants blocks SrcYF-induced invadopodia formation and ECM degradation, while the overexpression of Tks4 and NoxA1 phosphomimetic mutants rescues this phenotype. Taken together, these results elucidate the role of c-Src activity on the formation of invadopodia and may provide insight into the mechanisms of tumor formation in colon cancers.
The Legacy and Obligations of the Head and Neck Surgeon: The 2009 Hayes Martin Lecture

I am delighted and extraordinarily honored to be asked to give the Hayes Martin Lecture to what is now the American Head and Neck Society. This lecture represents the crown jewel of the Society of Head and Neck Surgeons, a society that was composed primarily of general and plastic surgeons who focused on head and neck trauma and malignancies. The list of past Hayes Martin lecturers represents the greats of this specialty—names that for me had extraordinary impact and yet to those generationally behind me are, in all likelihood, unfamiliar: Oliver Bears, Charles Harrold, Harvey Baker, Richard Jesse, Milton Edgerton. Each led their society with a strong hand and attempted to keep the American Society for Head and Neck Surgery (composed predominantly of head and neck–focused otolaryngologists) at bay. A generation of conflict and contempt gradually seeped away to measured regard from both societies eventuating in a fraternal consolidation of the 2 into what is now the American Head and Neck Society. On May 13, 1998, the American Head and Neck Society evolved from a merger of the American Society for Head and Neck Surgery and the Society of Head and Neck Surgeons. The discipline has benefited measurably.