cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the spinothalamic tract to ventroposterior lateral thalamus and somatosensory cortex have roles in both pain sensation and pain-related emotions?

Willis and colleagues review evidence that spinothalamic tract (STT) projections from both lamina I and deep layers of the dorsal horn to the ventroposterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus and from there to S1 and S2 somatosensory cortical areas (STT-VPL-S1–2) are critical for sensory processing of pain. They have restored balance to current views of ascending spinal pathways for pain by reviewing evidence, including their own recent work, in favor of this major pathway. We agree almost entirely with their characterization and wish to provide our own functional interpretation of this component of STT-VPL-S1–2. In so doing, we expand on 2 points not discussed in detail by them. The first is that different ascending spinal pathways for pain contain very different proportions of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons and nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons, and these different proportions may have functional significance for processing the different dimensions and stages of pain. The second is that we agree with Willis et al that STT-VPL-S1–2 is critical for sensory processing of pain; however, we explain our view that STT-VPL-S1–2 is critical for both pain sensation and pain affect. This view is in strong disagreement with the parallel 2-pathway concept of Melzack and Casey.
Real-time simulation of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator based wind power system on eMEGASim® Digital Simulator

The growing demand for wind power integration into the generation mix comes with the need to subject these systems into even more stringent performance requirements. This study focused on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbines due to their common adoption in industry. The model used here consists of a high voltage transmission system with four integrated wind farm models consisting of a total of 65 DFIG based wind turbines and it was developed on and tested on components of OPAL-RT's eMEGASim® Real- Time Digital Simulator. An average wind turbine model from Matlab's SimpowerSystems blockset, and a detailed model based on OPAL-RT's Artemis blockset were tested. The average model was found to be more stable than the detailed model under the given network conditions even though reactive power control was unstable for both models. This conclusion was made based on the fact that the real power output of the average model followed its power curve whilst that of the detailed model oscillated about the rated output power even with increasing wind speed.
Emerging Issues in the Genetics of Dyslexia A Methodological Preview

A review of the classic and recent evidence on the genetics of reading disability (RD) shows encouraging progress, and accumulating evidence of genetic risk factors that operate within families and are separately localizable to more than one chromosomal region. The accelerating pace of these findings, however, suggests the need to consider some methodological issues about the design and interpretation of current and future studies. A major issue is the shape of the distribution of reading ability in the population, and we offer three tests of increasing rigor for determining whether those distributions are categorical, and hence not suitable for analyses that depend on the assumption of a continuous normal distribution. These tests are as follows: a nonnormal preponderance of cases with RD (i.e., the hump in the lower end of the distribution); a difference in the within-group variance-covariance matrices for typical readers compared to those with RD; and a correlation between a neurogenetically relevant criterion and a categorical reading variable that is larger than the correlation between the same criterion and a continuous version of the same reading variable. We emphasize also the importance of interactive relationships between multiple genetic loci, the variations in genotypic range as well as type of affectedness, the need to account for remediation variance, and the importance of lifespan changes in the phenotypes.
Sigma-1 receptor alters the kinetics of Kv1.3 voltage gated potassium channels but not the sensitivity to receptor ligands

Sigma1 receptors (Sigma1R) are intracellular chaperone proteins that bind psychotropic drugs and also clinically used drugs such as ketamine and haloperidol. Co-expression of the Sigma1R has been reported to enhance the sensitivity of several voltage-gated ion channels to Sigma1R ligands. Kv1.3 is the predominant voltage-gated potassium channel expressed in T lymphocytes with a documented role in immune activation. To gain a better understanding of Sigma1R modulation of Kv ion channels, we investigated the effects of Sigma1R co-expression on Kv1.3 physiology and pharmacology in ion channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We also explored the protein domains of Kv1.3 necessary for protein:protein interaction between Kv1.3 and Sigma1R through co-immunoprecipitation studies. Slowly inactivating outward-going currents consistent with Kv1.3 expression were elicited on step depolarizations. The current characterized by E(rev), V(1/2), and slope factor remained unchanged when co-expressed with Sigma1R. Analysis of inactivation time constant revealed a faster Kv1.3 current decay when co-expressed with Sigma1R. However the sensitivity to Sigma1R ligands remained unaltered when co-expressed with the Sigma1R in contrast to the previously reported modulation of ligand sensitivity in closely related Kv1.4 and Kv1.5 voltage gated potassium channels. Co-immunoprecipitation assays of various Kv1.3 truncation constructs indicated that the transmembrane domain of the Kv1.3 protein was responsible for the protein:protein interaction with the Sigma1R. Sigma1R likely interacts with different domains of Kv ion channel family proteins resulting in distinct modulation of different channels.
Extinction and Persistence of Species in Discrete Competitive Systems with a Safe Refuge

We analyze a two species discrete competition model in which one species diffuses between two patches, A and B. In this model, two species, species 1 and 2, compete in patch A with species 1 being the sedentary species. Thus, patch B is a safe refuge for species 2. We obtain sufficient conditions for the extinction of species 1. Species 2 is the superior competitor whenever a linear combination of its growth rates always exceeds the growth rate of the sedentary species 1. By using a specific example, we demonstrate that providing a safe refuge does not always make a species a superior competitor. In fact, without diffusion, species 2 drives species 1 to extinction. However, with the addition of diffusion, there is stable coexistence of the two species. If the safe refuge is not suitable for its growth and reproduction, species 2 may go extinct. We obtain sufficient conditions for the extinction of species 2. We also show that a species persists whenever all of its carrying capacities are sufficiently large. This result rules out the possibility of a population becoming arbitrarily close to zero and therefore risking extinction.
Investment Criteria for Economic Development and the Theory of Intertemporal Welfare Economics

Introduction, 56.- I. The "ideal" criterion under perfect competition, 57. II. Capital rationing: the SMP criterion in a closed economy, 59; correcting market prices to reflect social values, 60; the interest rate in the SMP criterion, 63. - III. Modifying the rate of capital accumulation: the MGC criterion, 65. IV. The interest rate in development planning, 74. - V. Some extensions of the analysis, 79; the optimal interest rate for the SMP criterion, 79; multiple rationing: investment criteria in the open economy, 81. - VI. Some limitations of the analysis, 83; population still an exogenous variable, 83; income distribution assumed satisfactory, 83. - VII. Concluding comments, 84. The applicability of orthodox efficiency criteria for the selection of investment projects in underdeveloped countries has been challenged on a number of grounds in recent years. Much of the literature supporting the doctrine of balanced growth argues that the static optimum criteria of the free market economy fail to maximize economic growth and must be seriously modified in order to assure proper exploitation of external economies.' Professors Galenson and Leibenstein2 have now carried these criticisms to their extreme conclusion by arguing that the orthodox criteria will systematically interfere with economic growth and that criteria of an altogether different nature should be used. In the present article I seek to indicate the kind of criteria that are needed for project selection, given some of the specific market imperfections found in underdeveloped countries, and particularly assuming that the capital market performs its functions poorly or not at all. The criteria developed are assumed to be applied by a development planning authority which has some control over the choice of projects to be undertaken.
Low-cost entry systems for future planetary exploration missions

Abstract Recent developments in materials for spacecraft thermal protection have made it possible to construct high performance, low cost aeroshells for missions requiring atmospheric entry. The new material developments center around the light-weight ceramic ablator family invented and developed at NASA Ames. This presentation will discuss three members of the family, SIRCA, PICA and SPLIT, which have found application on a number of NASA missions. With these advanced materials, a simple fabrication approach is enabled using organic composite construction techniques to produce high performance, low cost, reliable aeroshells which can protect vehicles over a wide range of entry conditions — ranging from tens to hundreds to thousands of W/cm2 of heating.
Order in metallic chains. I. The single chain

The nature of the order as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ in the one-dimensional interacting electron gas is investigated. We consider both low-momentum-transfer (${g}_{2}$ and ${g}_{4}$) and large-momentum-transfer (${g}_{1}$ and ${g}_{3}$) electron-electron interactions, focusing upon the particular value of ${g}_{1}$ for which Luther and Emery have recently found an exact solution. For this value of ${g}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{6}{5\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{F}}$, we calculate the low-frequency behavior of the zero-temperature response functions explicitly. For the singlet superconducting and charge-density-wave responses, our results are consistent with those of Luther and Emery, implying that these response functions are divergent as $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ for certain values of ${g}_{2}$. For the triplet superconducting and spin-density-wave responses, however, our results differ from those of Luther and Emery, as we show explicitly that these responses have a gap for low frequencies, as was predicted by Lee. Furthermore, they do not diverge at the gap edge for any value of ${g}_{2}$. We also consider the effect of interactions between electrons on the same side of the Fermi "surface," and find that the low-momentum-transfer process of that type (${g}_{4}$) does not change the response behavior qualitatively. For the large-momentum-transfer process between electrons on the same side of the Fermi "surface" (${g}_{3}$), we may solve the problem exactly for ${g}_{2}=0$ and ${g}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{6}{5\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{F}}$, and find that the ground state of the system exhibits only long-range charge-density-wave order. By a mapping onto the classical two-dimensional Coulomb gas problem, we may extend those results for ${g}_{3}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ to the region ${g}_{1}l0$ and ${g}_{1}\ensuremath{-}2{g}_{2}l|{g}_{3}|$.
The Natural History of Retinopathy in Insulin-Dependent Juvenile-Onset Diabetes

We determined the cross-sectional natural history of retinopathy by prospective study of 461 insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetics. In so doing, we compared the sensitivity of ophthalmoscopy, photography, and fluorescein angiography in detecting retinopathy. Photography was far more reliable than ophthalmoscopy in detecting early retinopathy and equivalent to angiography. Retinopathy was not present at diagnosis of diabetes. After a lag period, the prevalence of retinopathy rose in sigmoidal fashion, reaching 50% at just over seven years duration, and asymptotically approaching 90% at 17--50 years. Proliferative retinopathy was first seen at 13 years duration, and its prevalence rose to 26% at 26--50 years. From the natural history we computed the dimensions of a proposed clinical trial to test the effect of tight metabolic control in prevention of retinopathy.
Atmospheric effects during thermal cycling of Ba2YCu3O7±x superconductors

Abstract Thermal cycling of Ba2YCu3O7±x powder under air and nitrogen atmospheres in either a differential scanning calorimeter or thermogravimetric analyzer results in alternating oxidation/reduction reactions. Thermal cycling also leads to substantial modifications of the crystallographic unit cell and microstructure. The 440°C phase transformation disappears during this process.
Peritoneal sarcomatosis versus peritoneal carcinomatosis: imaging findings at MDCT.

OBJECTIVE. Peritoneal sarcomatosis is an entity analogous to the better known peritoneal carcinomatosis. The purpose of this article is to discuss the imaging findings of peritoneal sarcomatosis versus peritoneal carcinomatosis.CONCLUSION. Sarcomatosis is most commonly seen in gastrointestinal stromal tumor, liposarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma. A few distinguishing features of peritoneal sarcomatosis include heterogeneous bulky masses, hypervascularity with or without hemoperitoneum, and variable presence of ascites.
Coagulation and fragmentation: Universal steady-state particle-size distribution

A population balance model presented describes simultaneous coagulation and fragmentation during shear-induced flocculation. Given sufficient time, a floc-size distribution reaches steady state that reflects the balance between coagulation and fragmentation. The model agrees with experimental data for the evolution of the average floc size. Higher shear shifts the steady-state size distribution to smaller sizes. When the steady-state size distributions obtained at various shear rates are scaled with the average floc size, however, they collapse onto a single line. This indicates that the steady-state floc-size distribution is self-preserving with respect to fluid shear. This distribution is universal for the employed coagulation and fragmentation rates provided that less than 5% (by number) of the particles remain unflocculated. This result is supported with experimental data on shear-induced flocculation of polystyrene particles, although a detailed quantitative comparison is limited by the irregular structure of the flocs.
Apical targeting in polarized epithelial cells: There's more afloat than rafts

Most metazoan cells are ‘polarized'. A crucial aspect of this polarization is that the plasma membrane is divided into two or more domains with different protein and lipid compositions or example, the apical and basolateral domains of epithelial cells or the axonal and somatodendritic domains of neurons. This polarity is established and maintained by highly specific vesicular membrane transport in the biosynthetic, endocytic and transcytotic pathways. Two important concepts, the ‘SNARE' and the ‘raft' hypotheses, have been developed that together promise at least a partial understanding of the underlying general mechanisms that ensure the necessary specificity of these pathways.
Autonomous replication sequences in the maxicircle kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae

Abstract Four fragments from the maxicircle DNA of Leishmania tarentolae cloned into the selectable Saccharomyces cerevisiae shuttle vector, YIp5, exhibited autonomous replicating sequence (ars) activity. Two of the fragments (pSK120, pSK152) produced large yeast transformant colonies and two (pSK30, pSK150) produced small colonies. All yeast transformants contained extrachromosomal self replicating YIp5 hybrid plasmids as shown by mitotic instability in non selective medium and by the transformation of Escherichia coli with yeast minilysates and recovery of the plasmid from the transformed bacteria. The copy numbers of pSK30, pSK150 and pSK152 in the transformed yeast were approximately the same as that of the YRp12 control, which contains the yeast arsl element; the copy number of pSK120, however, was at least 10 fold lower. A 1.87 kb subfragment of the pSK120 fragment also showed strong ars activity. The entire DNA sequences of the pSK120, pSK152 and pSK150 fragments are known, and several yeast 11 mer consensus ars sequences are present within each fragment. In addition there is a sequence (Lt ars 189) within the pSK152 subclone that has 78% similarity with a 189 nt sequence of an ars element from the Crithidia fasciculata maxicircle (Cf ars189), implying an evolutionary conservation of this putative origin of replication in at least two different kinetoplastic species. The relative positions of the Lt ars189 sequence in the L. tarentolae maxicircle map and the Cf ars 189 sequence in the C. fasciculata map with respect to the 9 and 12 S ribosomal genes are similar, implying an overall conservation of gene order in this portion of the transcribed regions of these two species and perhaps in all kinetoplastid species.
A functional role for circulating mouse L-selectin in regulating leukocyte/endothelial cell interactions in vivo.

L-selectin mediates the initial capture and subsequent rolling of leukocytes along inflamed vascular endothelium and mediates lymphocyte migration to peripheral lymphoid tissues. Leukocyte activation induces rapid endoproteolytic cleavage of L-selectin from the cell surface, generating soluble L-selectin (sL-selectin). Because human sL-selectin retains ligand-binding activity in vitro, mouse sL-selectin and its in vivo relevance were characterized. Comparable with humans, sL-selectin was present in adult C57BL/6 mouse sera at ∼1.7 μg/ml. Similar levels of sL-selectin were present in sera from multiple mouse strains, despite their pronounced differences in cell surface L-selectin expression levels. Adhesion molecule-deficient mice prone to spontaneous chronic inflammation and mice suffering from leukemia/lymphoma had 2.5- and 20-fold increased serum sL-selectin levels, respectively. By contrast, serum sL-selectin levels were reduced by 70% in Rag-deficient mice lacking mature lymphocytes. The majority of serum sL-selectin had a molecular mass of 65–75 kDa, consistent with its lymphocyte origin. Slow turnover may explain the relatively high levels of sL-selectin in vivo. The t 1/2 of sL-selectin, assessed by transferring sera from wild-type mice into L-selectin-deficient mice and monitoring serum sL-selectin levels by ELISA, was >20 h, and it remained detectable for longer than 1 wk. Short-term in vivo lymphocyte migration assays demonstrated that near physiologic levels (∼0.9 μg/ml) of sL-selectin decreased lymphocyte migration to peripheral lymph nodes by >30%, with dose-dependent inhibition occurring with increasing sL-selectin concentrations. These results suggest that sL-selectin influences lymphocyte migration in vivo and that the increased sL-selectin levels present in certain pathologic conditions may adversely affect leukocyte migration.
Plane-assisted suicide

The March 2015 crash of the Germanwings jetliner has brought the term “plane-assisted suicide” into the popular lexicon. Certainly, the role of mental health treatment in preventing such tragedies will be considered. What role can psychiatrists and other mental health providers play in prevention? Language: en
Detection of breast tumor candidates using marker-controlled watershed segmentation and morphological analysis

Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) was approved to automate breast cancer detection with mammograms in 1998. But due to the great variability in tumor sizes and shapes, and underlying breast tissue structures, pattern recognition algorithms have a difficult time adapting to different situations. In this paper, a marker-controlled watershed segmentation algorithm was developed to locate breast mass tumor candidates. The approach first selected foreground and background markers, and then applied watershed segmentation algorithm to isolate a tumor region from its surrounding tissue. Since watershed segmentation is based on pixel density variation that is present in all mass tumors, the proposed approach was fairly successful in locating tumors under all conditions. Experiment results with Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) data set showed the overall detection rate for mass tumors is 90%.
Development of Hemagglutination Assays

Studies were undertaken to enhance the sensitivity of a previously developed RPHA test for HBsAg. A net increase in sensitivity of approximately 3-fold was achieved by modifying the elution procedure used to purify chimpanzee anti-HBs by affinity chromatography. A further 3- or 4-fold sensitivity increase was achieved by increasing the volume of specimen tested. A concomitant increase in nonspecific agglutination usually observed with increased specimen size was avoided by incubating the reaction mixture at 37 or 45 degrees C. Evaluation of the test in detection of HBsAg in blood obtained from volunteer donors indicates that the materials produced at the New York Blood Center using the modified test protocol compare favorably with a commercial RPHA test. Modifications which did not contribute toward enhancing sensitivity are also reported.
Brain activation during the Stroop task in adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems: A pilot study.

Background Although many neuroimaging studies have examined changes in brain function in adults with substance use disorders, far fewer have examined adolescents. This study investigated patterns of brain activation in adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems (SCP) compared to controls.
Pre-wildfire fuel treatments affect long-term ponderosa pine forest dynamics

The 2002 Rodeo-Chediski fire, the largest wildfire in south-western USA history, burned over treated stands and adjacent untreated stands in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, setting the stage for a natural experiment testing the effectiveness of fuel reduction treatments under conditions of extraordinary fire severity. In seven pairs of treated- untreated study sites measured 2 years after the fire, thinning was strongly associated with reduced burn severity. Treated areas had more live trees, greater survival, and reduced fire intensity as indicated by crown base height and bole char. Ponderosa pine regeneration was patchy but more dense in treated areas. We assessed decade- to century-long effects of the pre-wildfire fuel treatments using the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS). Differences between treated and untreated areas were projected to persist for several decades after the fire in terms of stand structure characteristics and for at least 100 years in terms of species composition, with ponderosa pine making up ∼60% of basal area in treated areas but only 35% in untreated areas. Future ecosystem development may take the trajectory of recovery to a ponderosa pine/Gambel oak forest or of a shift to an alternative stable state such as an oak-dominated shrubfield, with untreated areas more apt to undergo a shift to a shrubfield state. Current management decisions about fuel treatments have multi-century legacies.
The Square Kilometre Array: Engineering opportunities

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is an international radio telescope for the 21 st century which will have a total collecting area of approximately one square kilometre. Similar to present-day radio interferometers, the SKA will consist of many antennas which are spread over a large area. The signals are combined in a central computer (correlator). The resolving power is proportional to the frequency and to the largest baseline between the outermost antennas and hence it will be about ten times more sensitive than the largest single dish telescope (305 m diameter) at Arecibo (Puerto Rico), and fifty times more sensitive than the currently most powerful interferometer, the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA, at Socorro/USA). The SKA will continuously cover most of the frequency range accessible from ground, from 70 MHz to 10 GHz (corresponding to wavelengths of 3 cm to 4 m) in the first and second phases, later to be extended to at least 25 GHz (1.2 cm). Another major improvement is the enormously wide field of view, ranging from 200 square degrees at 70 MHz to at least 1 square degree at 1.4 GHz. The speed to survey a large part of the sky, particularly at the lower frequencies, will hence be ten thousand to a million times faster than what be possible today.
Propagating plasmonic mode in nanoscale apertures and its implications for extraordinary transmission

We studied the interaction of different pathways by which extraordinary transmission through nanoscale aperture arrays arises and obtained a complete physical picture that incorporates both propagating plasmonic and surface plasmon modes. The transmission behavior is qualitatively different depending on the number of transmission pathways present in the regime of operation. If only one pathway is present, it can give rise to high transmission. When multiple pathways are present simultaneously, their interplay must be studied in order to understand the rich and complex transmission behavior. The frequency range of these pathways can be controlled by varying the structures and, in particular, by coating the surface of the arrays or by filling the apertures with dielectrics that differ from the surrounding medium.
A family of generalized entropies and its application to software fault localization

Fault localization is the process of locating faulty lines of code in a buggy program. This paper presents a novel approach to automate fault localization by combining feature selection (a fundamental concept in machine learning) with mutual information (a fundamental concept in information theory). Specifically, we present a family of generalized entropies for computing generalized mutual information, which enables feature selection. The family generalizes well-known entropies, such as Shannon and Renyi entropies, and lays the foundation of a uniform entropy-based technique for fault localization. We perform an experimental evaluation of our approach using the Siemens suite of subject programs. Experimental results show that while using mutual information based on generalized entropies allows more accurate fault localization that traditional techniques, the specific entropies used do not have a significant impact on fault localization effectiveness.
Enhancement of Photoresist Etch Rates by Argon Metastables in a Plasma Afterglow Reactor

The etching of a novolak-based positive photoresist was studied downstream of O2/CF4 and Ar/O2/CF4 plasmas. Gas phase electron resonance was used to quantitatively track the two primary etchant species, atomic oxygen and atomic fluorine. These species were then correlated to etch rates as determined by laser interferometry. In addition to being industrially relevant, the downstream reactor allows the influence of neutral chemistry and surface activation to be deconvoluted from that of ion bombardment and strong electric fields, which traditionally make processes occurring in the body of the plasma so difficult to understand. The maximum in etch rate with respect to CF4 addition to an oxygen plasma yields an optimum ratio of O/F of 20 at 150°C. The addition of argon to the O2/CF4 gas mixture unexpectedly leads to an increase in etch rate by a factor of at least two. Moreover, the optimum O/F ratio decreases by a factor of three and, correspondingly, the optimum CF4 mole fraction decieases. Analysis of oxygen and fluorine densities suggests argon metastables alter the homogeneous chemistry for fluorine atom production as well as the heterogeneous chemistry of photoresist chain scission. Overall activation energies are 10.6, 10.8, 4.1 and 0.7 kcal/mole for O2, Ar/O2, O2/CF4 and Ar/O2/CF4 mixtures, respectively. The optimal CF4 mole fraction increases with increasing substrate temperature. A Hougen-Watson model for the heterogeneous chemistry on the wafer surface reproduces the data very well.
Innate immunity of the human newborn: distinct cytokine responses to LPS and other Toll-like receptor agonists.

Human newborns are at increased risk of microbial invasion and display diminished responses to many vaccines indicating a functional immaturity of the immune system at birth. Such altered immune re...
Examining Clinical Trial Results with Single-Subject Analysis: An Example Involving Behavioral and Nutrition Treatment for Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis

Objective To examine the process of change in a clinical trial of behavioral and nutrition treatment for children age 18-48 months with cystic fibrosis (CF) using single-subject analysis. Methods The 5-week treatment included nutrition counseling and child behavioral management training for parents and was designed to increase energy intake measured by diet diaries 600-800 calories per day. Results Energy intake changed at each meal, only when treatment was introduced (week 1: snacks, 420 to 691; week 2: breakfast, 325 to 443; week 4: lunch, 350 to 443; and week 5: dinner, 373 to 460 calories per day). Total daily intake increased in a systematic fashion that exceeded the criterion set each week during treatment. Conclusions Toddlers and preschoolers with CF meet energy intake recommendations as a result of behavioral intervention. Single-subject research designs are important methodologies for advancing clinical investigation in pediatric psychology.
Surface-tension-driven Bénard convention at infinite Prandtl number

Surface-tension-driven convection in a planar fluid layer is studied by numerical simulation of the three-dimensional time-dependent governing equations in the limit of infinite Prandtl number. Emphasis is placed on the spatial scale of weakly supercritical flows and on the generation of small-scale structures in strongly supercritical flows. The decrease of the size of weakly supercritical hexagonal convection cells that we find is in agreement with experimental results. In the case of high Marangoni number, discontinuities of the temperature gradient are formed between convection cells, producing a universal spectrum E - k-3 of the two-dimensional surface temperature field. The possibility of experimental verification is discussed on the basis of shadowgraph images calculated from the predicted hydrodynamic fields.
THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODELS

This paper explores the dynamics of semiendogenous versus fully endogenous growth models in “lab equipment” specifications of the models with expanding sectors. Capital is allowed to accumulate and is used, together with other inputs, to produce new knowledge. The stability of the steady state path is found to be determined by the inequality and/or knife-edge restrictions needed to produce steady state growth. This paper takes the ratio of the shadow price of capital to knowledge and the level of consumption as jump variables. Semiendogenous growth models lead to a 4 × 4 dynamic system where the sign of the coefficient matrix of the log linearized dynamic system is indefinite, leading to a potential for both stable and unstable equilibria. The knife-edge restrictions needed to generate policy influences on growth are shown to be restrictions that reduce the system to 3 × 3 with a positive definite coefficient matrix, thereby guaranteeing a globally stable equilibrium. Implications for empirical testing are addressed.
Esophageal obstruction due to extensive intramural esophageal dissection: diagnosis and treatment using an endoscopic 'rendezvous' technique.

SUMMARY. Intramural esophageal dissection is an uncommon condition which usually responds to conservative management. We report an unusual case of extensive dissection resulting in complete esophageal obstruction, and which required endoscopic therapy. Diagnosis was made using two endoscopes: the transoral endoscope was in the false esophageal lumen, while a second endoscope inserted through a pre-existing gastrostomy was in the true esophageal lumen. Endoscopic needle knife incision of the entire mucosal septum resolved the patient's symptoms, and was performed without complication. The literature is reviewed for current knowledge of this condition. We also propose that ‘intramural esophageal dissection’ should be the preferred name for this condition, which at present is known by many names.
The cheek pouches of Richardson's groundsquirrel, citellus richardsonii, sabine

The lips of the animal are modified in relation to the act of passing seeds into the sac. The cheek-sacs are invaginations of the buccal mucosa, and their development as diverticula of the vestibulum oris is associated with the establishment of extrinsic muscles, derived from the platysma. The sac is invested by a coat of striated muscle. The epithelial lining of the sac attains a degree of complexity comparable to the epidermis of the skin, except that a stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum are not developed. No glands are developed in the mucous membrane of the sac.
Adolescent Boys' Reactions to Using Avatars to Represent Their Bodies.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed description of completing the Attitudes and Avatars Instrument in the classroom and explore the feasibility and acceptability of the instrument. Methods The descriptive study included three written open-ended questions for data collection to which young adolescent boys responded after completing the Attitudes and Avatars Instrument. Results Fifty-nine boys between 11 and 14 years of age completed the instrument in the time allotted and had an overall positive reaction. Conclusion As the Attitudes and Avatars Instrument continues to develop as a screening instrument, it is imperative to obtain feedback from boys of diverse races and ethnicities.
Metabolic Syndrome Components After Pediatric Liver Transplantation: Prevalence and the Impact of Obesity and Immunosuppression

Metabolic syndrome is associated with long-term morbidity and mortality after adult liver transplantation (LT). Whether pediatric LT recipients have a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome remains controversial. In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated pediatric LT recipients aged 8-30 years using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) protocols. LT recipients were matched by gender, race/ethnicity, and age with controls from NHANES. Pediatric LT recipients (n = 83), after adjusting for overweight/obesity and glucocorticoid use, had increased prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; 2-h glucose after oral glucose tolerance test ≥140 mg/dL), and low high-density lipoprotein compared to matched NHANES controls (n = 235) despite a lower prevalence of overweight/obesity. Among LT recipients, the adjusted odds of IGT doubled for every 7.5 years taking calcineurin inhibitors (odds ratio = 2.10, 95% confidence interval 1.06-4.17 per 7.5 years taking calcineurin inhibitors, p = 0.03). Among all subjects with IGT, LT recipients had a lower prevalence of overweight/obesity and less insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) than did controls with IGT. Among normal weight subjects, LT recipients were significantly more likely than controls to have prehypertension/hypertension, IGT, low high-density lipoprotein, and metabolic syndrome. Pediatric LT recipients have unique metabolic syndrome profiles and risk factors and will require tailored screening and management protocols.
“HISTORICAL PRESENTATION” OR “LIBEL TO THE RACE”?: CENSORSHIP AND THE BIRTH OF A NATION

On April 9, 1915, the fiftieth anniversary of General Lee's surrender at Appomattox, The Birth of a Nation opened in Boston. Audience members were “prepared for the unusual” the moment they entered the Tremont Theatre. After “a young man in evening dress and a silk hat” took tickets, “two young women in flounced hoop skirts and with long curls … ma[d]e a sort of graceful minuet bow, and hand[ed] you a program.” While “soldiers ‘on guard’ in the Civil War uniforms of the North and South” flanked the aisles, another costumed young woman “escort[ed] you to your seat.” As the film projector flickered to life, a title card issued an important caveat to the audience: “This is an historical presentation of the Civil War and Reconstruction period and is not meant to reflect in any way upon any race or people of today.” D. W. Griffith did not write this title card; rather, the National Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures (NBC) inserted it to fend off protestors and signal its commitment to filmmakers’ First Amendment rights.
Latent Topic Modeling for Audio Corpus Summarization

This work presents techniques for automatically summarizing the topical content of an audio corpus. Probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) is used to learn a set of latent topics in an unsupervised fashion. These latent topics are ranked by their relative importance in the corpus and a summary of each topic is generated from signature words that aptly describe the content of that topic. This paper presents techniques for producing a high quality summarization. An example summarization of conversational data from the Fisher corpus that demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach is presented and evaluated. Index Terms: latent topic modeling, speech summarization
Source of Inappropriate Receptive Fields in Cortical Somatotopic Maps From Rats That Sustained Neonatal Forelimb Removal

Source of inappropriate receptive fields in cortical somatotopic maps from rats that sustained neonatal forelimb removal. Previously this laboratory demonstrated that forelimb removal at birth in r...
Macroinvertebrate and organic matter export from headwater tributaries of a Central Appalachian stream

Headwater streams export organisms and other materials to receiving streams, and macroinvertebrate drift can shape colonization dynamics in downstream reaches while providing food for downstream consumers. Spring-time drift and organic matter export was measured once monthly (February–May) over a 24-h period near the outlets of 12 eastern Kentucky (USA) streams to document and explore factors governing downstream transport. We compared drift measures as loads (day−1) and concentrations (volume−1) including drift density, biomass, richness, composition, and particulate organic matter across catchment area, month, reach scale factors, and network proximity. Aquatic invertebrate drift densities were roughly 10 times greater than terrestrial invertebrate densities; aquatic richness ranged from 18 to 45 taxa with Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera genera dominating drift sample richness and abundance. Ordination revealed that assemblages clustered by month and catchment area; organic matter exports (loads or concentrations) also varied by month and catchment area factors. While drift measures were correlated with catchment area and sample date, local factors (e.g., substrate composition, riffle length, channel slope, and network proximity) were generally non-influential. The findings can be used to inform preservation and restoration strategies where headwater streams serve as sources of colonizers and provide food subsidies to receiving streams.
When Fixed Price Meets Priority Auctions: Service Systems with Dual Modes

Many service systems offer multiple modes of service, where each mode differs in price as well as the priority of service. We consider a service system where service is offered via two modes. In the first mode, customers obtain service at a fixed price, and the service discipline is first-in-first-out (FIFO). In the second mode, referred to as the bid-based priority mode, customers submit a bid to obtain service, get serviced in the descending order of their bids, and make payments equal to their bids. We assume the customers are heterogeneous, with different waiting costs, and choose the mode of service strategically on arrival. We establish the existence and uniqueness of a symmetric equilibrium, and characterize the structure of the equilibrium strategy. In particular, we show that the equilibrium strategy has a simple threshold structure, where customers with either high or low waiting cost choose to obtain service from the bid-based priority mode, whereas those with moderate waiting cost choose to obtain service from the FIFO mode. We use the equilibrium characterization to numerically study the service provider’s revenue. In particular, we numerically explore conditions under which operating a dual-mode system may generate more revenue than a bid-based priority mode with optimal reserve price.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Hypoplastic Lung and Pulmonary Vasoconstriction

The abnormal pulmonary vasculature of the infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia combined with a single expanded lung creates persistent pulmonary hypertension. Survival depends on the ability of the myocardium to withstand this increased work load until the second lung expands and pulmonary hypertension ceases.
cJun Is Phosphorylated at Ser73 and Contributes to Cell Cycle Progression in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma.

Abstract Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) frequently carries the t(2;5)(p23;q35) or variant translocations resulting in overexpression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). cJun is a member of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) family, which is a group of transcription factors that control cell proliferation, differentiation, growth and apoptosis. The activity of cJun can be regulated by phosphorylation at serine 73 (Ser73) and serine 63 (Ser63) residues of the N-terminal domain. It is believed that cJun promotes cell cycle progression, in part, through downregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Previous studies have shown high AP-1 activity and cJun overexpression in Hodgkin lymphoma and ALCL (Mathas et al, EMBO J 2002; 21:4104). In this study, we assessed for expression of cJun and its Ser73- and Ser63-phosphorylated forms in two ALK+ (Karpas 299 and SU-DHL-1) and one ALK- (Mac2A) ALCL cell lines by western blot analysis, and in 31 ALCL tumors (15 ALK+, 16 ALK-) by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays and specific antibodies. To examine the role of cJun in cell survival and proliferation in our in vitro system, ALCL cells were transiently transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for cJun. Cell viability, proliferation of viable cells and cell cycle progression from G1 to S-phase were assessed by trypan blue exclusion, MTS and BrdU assays, respectively. All three ALCL cell lines expressed total cJun and Ser73-phosphorylated cJun (Ser73p-cJun) at a high level, whereas Ser63-phosphorylated cJun was expressed at a low level. In addition, all 31 ALCL tumors expressed total cJun in most neoplastic cells. Ser73p-cJun was also detected in all ALCL tumors at a variable level with the percentage of Ser73p-cJun-positive tumor cells ranging from 5% to 95%. By contrast, Ser63p-cJun was detected rarely in tumor cells. Transient transfection of ALCL cells with specific siRNA resulted in almost complete silencing of total cJun expression and absence of Ser73p-cJun expression, which was associated with decreased cell viability and a substantial (40%) decrease of cell growth. cJun silencing also resulted in cell cycle arrest as shown by decreased S-phase fraction. These cell cycle changes were associated with a marked increase of p21 levels and downregulation of cyclin D2 and D3. In conclusion, cJun is highly phosphorylated at serine 73 in ALCL cell lines and tumors and may contribute to cell cycle progression. Targeting cJun expression or phosphorylation using gene therapy approaches may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with ALCL.
Framing Interprofessional Ethics Cases

Casebooks have long been a staple in programs of professional education that place a high value on the development of critical thinking and clinical judgment in practical decision making. They appear in curricula in a variety of forms, typically involving the common elements of a narrative: a brief description of context, several characters with complex motives, and a problem or obstacle that is open to multiple interpretations. The characters have assigned professional roles and expectations. The problems they face are intended to represent the normal range of challenges in professional life. And resolutions are judged by whether learned skills and principles have been applied appropriately and are consistent with the norms of sound practice. What has gone unnoticed until now, however, is that the cases are written to apply to one profession at a time, and this limits their usefulness in the modern context of interprofessional team-based practice. Since our intent is to build students’ capacity for ethical judgment, we begin with a heuristic framework that represents a starting point for each case that opens all students to ethical thinking. Organized as a series of questions, the framework can accommodate a wide range of normative approaches without being dogmatic or prejudicial. A few simple questions can clear away features of the situation that are ethically irrelevant and can help focus reflection on what should count, ethically speaking.
In utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls is associated with decreased fecundability in daughters of Michigan female fisheaters: a cohort study.

Multiple studies have suggested a relationship between adult exposures to environmental organochlorines and fecundability. There is a paucity of data, however, regarding fetal exposure to organochlorines via the mother’s blood and fecundability of adult female offspring. Data from a two-generation cohort of maternal fisheaters was investigated to assess female offspring fecundability. Serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (DDE) in Michigan female anglers were serially measured between 1973 and 1991 and used to estimate in utero exposure in their female offspring using two different methods. The angler cohort included 391 women of whom 259 provided offspring information. Of 213 daughters aged 20–50, 151 participated (71 %) and provided information for time intervals of unprotected intercourse (TUI). The daughters reported 308 TUIs (repeated observations), of which 288 ended in pregnancy. We estimated the fecundability ratio (FR) for serum-PCB and serum-DDE adjusting for confounders and accounting for repeated measurements. An FR below one indicates a longer time to pregnancy. Compared to serum-PCB of 7.4 μg/L. Similar results were obtained using the alternative statistical method to estimate in utero serum-PCB. The association was stronger for TUIs when women planned a baby; FR = 0.50 for serum-PCB between 2.5–7.4 μg/L, [95 % CI 0.29, 0.89], and 0.30 [95 % CI 0.13, 0.68] for serum-PCB >7.4 μg/L. There was no relationship between in utero exposure to DDE and fecundability in daughters. Decreased fecundability in female offspring of fisheaters was found to be associated with PCB exposure in utero, possibly related to endocrine disruption in the oocyte and/or other developing organs influencing reproductive capacity in adulthood.