cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Data Sovereignty and Privacy in Indian Country

Ownership, control of and access to tribal spatial data are long-standing issues for American Indian tribes in the United States. Federal and state court decisions resulting in the disclosure of tribal information under freedom of information laws, the sophisticated data integration and analysis capacity of GIS, and advances in satellite remote sensing heighten concerns. Fundamental issues are at stake, including tribes’ rights and interests in their knowledge and resources, federal agencies’ authority and decision-making that affect those resources, and the public’s right to know. Within the context of the federal-tribal relationship, this research investigates tribes’ concerns regarding unwanted disclosure of tribal spatial data and the circumstances under which disclosure may occur. This study also evaluated mechanisms to mitigate these risks. Sensitive tribal spatial data include sacred sites and cultural resources, information about land parcel status, water rights, resource leases, and more. Tribes are concerned about the potential for misuse of their spatial data for several reasons: infringement on individual and group privacy; misappropriation of intellectual property and its use for commercial gain; misinterpretation or discrediting of cultural practices; abrogation of treaty rights; and the impact on the federal Trust relationship. Spatial data about tribes potentially may be disclosed under the Freedom of Information Act if the federal government creates or maintains the data, or if tribes share their data with the federal government in response to consultation, litigation, or federal funding requirements. Tribes may strengthen their sovereignty by building the internal capacity to understand and use spatial technologies to their advantage, and by keeping abreast of new spatial technologies and their potential implications. Tribes could develop criteria to assess the sensitivity of spatial data, regardless of the technology; use that criteria to identify the most sensitive and valuable information; and enact tribal freedom of information and privacy statutes that balance the need for disclosure with the need to keep some data confidential. Ultimately, controlling access to sensitive spatial data of tribes’ land and resources will require a creative combination of legal, policy, and technical solutions.
Cellulose nanocrystal reinforced silk fibroin coating for enhanced corrosion protection and biocompatibility of Mg-based alloys for orthopedic implant applications

Abstract In this work, a novel coating material based on silk fibroin (SF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was developed on biodegradable AZ31 Mg alloy and assessed for corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Before the application of the coating, AZ31 substrate was modified with a layer of polydopamine to enhance the adhesion of the protective coating to the metal surface as confirmed by the adhesion tape test. SEM images revealed the formation of a defect-free and uniform SF-CNC coating with a thickness of 11.2 ± 2.5 μm on AZ31 alloy. The results of the electrochemical corrosion and in vitro immersion tests clearly demonstrated an enhanced corrosion resistance of the SF coating after the incorporation of CNCs. Compared to the unmodified Mg alloy, the SF-CNC coated AZ31 exhibited a remarkably improved cytocompatibility with a viability of 114% and excellent adhesion and spreading of human fetal osteoblast cells onto the coating surface. The findings of this work highlight the great potential of SF and CNC as bio-based nature-derived anticorrosive nanofillers for fabrication of protective and biocompatible coatings on Mg-based biodegradable orthopedic implants.
Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management: Confronting Tradeoffs

Responsible fisheries management is of increasing interest to the scientific community, resource managers, policy makers, stakeholders and the general public. Focusing solely on managing one species of fish stock at a time has become less of a viable option in addressing the problem. Incorporating more holistic considerations into fisheries management by addressing the trade-offs among the range of issues involved, such as ecological principles, legal mandates and the interests of stakeholders, will hopefully challenge and shift the perception that doing ecosystem-based fisheries management is unfeasible. Demonstrating that EBFM is in fact feasible will have widespread impact, both in US and international waters. Using case studies, underlying philosophies and analytical approaches, this book brings together a range of interdisciplinary topics surrounding EBFM and considers these simultaneously, with an aim to provide tools for successful implementation and to further the debate on EBFM, ultimately hoping to foster enhanced living marine resource management.
Justice and Desert in Liberal Theory

Contemporary liberal theory appears to attach relatively little importance to the concept of desert. John Rawls's A Theory of Justice is exemplary in this respect. Rawls explicitly argues that desert has only a derivative role to play in an adequate account of distributive justice, and he is frequently interpreted as advocating a purely institutional theory of desert, according to which people's deserts are in general to be identified with their legitimate institutional expectations. This threatens to deprive the concept of desert of its critical, normative force. Yet Rawls explicitly suggests that desert has a more substantial role to play in retributive than in distributive justice. Even in the case of distributive justice, moreover, he stops short of endorsing a purely institutional theory of desert. This Essay reexamines the idea that there is an asymmetry between distributive and retributive justice with respect to the role of desert. It calls attention to a neglected rationale for that idea and, in so doing, it suggests that egalitarian liberals like Rawls need not endorse the kind of wholesale skepticism about desert that has sometimes been attributed to them.
Effect of bisphosphonates on the progression of degenerative aortic stenosis.

Bisphosphonates appear to regulate mineralization in both bone and vasculature. Degenerative aortic stenosis (AS) is thought to be due to vascular calcification. We studied the effect of bisphosphonates on the progression of degenerative AS. A retrospective study was performed on patients >70 years, who had transthoracic echocardiograms (TTE) >1 year apart and an initial aortic valve area (AVA) of 0.6–2.0 cm2. Patients were excluded if they had an ejection fraction <40%, other significant valvular or congenital heart disease, end-stage renal disease or heart transplant. The cohort was divided depending on the use of bisphosphonates. Data were obtained by review of the TTE reports. AVA, peak and mean aortic valve gradient (AVG), and the change between the studies were calculated. Of 4,270 patients screened for AS, 76 patients fit study criteria with 8 in the bisphosphonate group and 68 in the nonbisphosphonate group. The period between the TTEs was 23 ± 5 months in both the groups. AVA in the nonbisphosphonate group worsened by 0.2 cm2 and in the bisphosphonate group it improved by 0.1 cm2 (P = 0.001 vs. nonbisphosphonate). The changes in peak and mean AVG between groups and compared to baseline were not significant. Bisphosphonates show promise for slowing the progression of degenerative AS. (Echocardiography 2011;28:1-7)
Genetic Variability, Economic Behavior and the Formation of Social Norms: The Case of European Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol consumption patterns vary across Europe. Northern Europeans frequently engage in excessive drinking in social situations (EDSS), behavior less common in southern Europe. We develop a model to explore whether these behavioral differences could be rooted in genetic variations across Europe and then compounded by social reinforcement mechanisms. Our results suggest conditions exist in which EDSS can emerge as a strategy in a larger fraction of the population than is genetically predisposed to EDSS. Implications for the current effort to harmonize alcohol policy across the European Union are explored.
Dipolar Recoupling of Heteronuclear Spin Pairs by Rotational‐Echo, Double‐Resonance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-active nuclear spins interact through the dipolar interaction, an important source of structural information because of the r−3 dependence of this interaction on the internuclear distance. Fast random molecular reorientation averages the dipolar interaction to zero in solutions, and there is no direct evidence of the dipolar interaction in solution-state NMR spectra under typical laboratory conditions. In static solids with no significant molecular motion, measuring the dipolar coupling provides an important source of structural information. In high-resolution spectra of solids obtained through magic-angle spinning (MAS), however, the dipolar interaction is coherently averaged to zero, with concomitant loss of the information inherent to this interaction. Dipolar-recoupling experiments measure the dipolar coupling in MAS NMR. They are designed to produce a nonzero average effect of the dipolar interaction. Measured dipolar couplings obtained by dipolar-recoupling experiments can be used to determine the distance between coupled pairs of spins. One such dipolar-recoupling experiment is rotational-echo, double-resonance (REDOR) NMR, a commonly used technique to measure dipolar couplings between heteronuclear spin pairs. This article describes the REDOR experiment. Keywords: magic-angle spinning; NMR; solid-state NMR; REDOR; rotational-echo, double-resonance NMR; dipolar recoupling
The effect of surgical approach on performance of lymphadenectomy and perioperative morbidity for radical nephroureterectomy.

Abstract Objectives To examine the effect of surgical approach on regional lymphadenectomy (LND) performance and inpatient complications for radical nephroureterectomy (NU) using a national administrative database. Methods The National Inpatient Sample (2009–2012) was used to identify patients who underwent NU for urothelial carcinoma. Cohorts were stratified by performance of LND. Covariates included patient demographics, comorbidity, hospital characteristics, hospital volume, performance of LND, surgical approach (open [ONU], laparoscopic [LNU], or robotic [RNU]), and complications. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with LND performance and complications. Results A weighted population of 14,059 (85%) without LND and 2,560 (15%) with LND was identified. LND was more common in RNU (27%) compared with ONU (15%) and LNU (10%) ( P P = 0.001), whereas LNU was associated with decreased odds of LND performance (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: [0.4–0.8]; P = 0.004). Multivariable analysis of risk factors for complications demonstrated lower odds of complications with RNU (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: [0.4–0.8]; P = 0.001), whereas performance of LND increased the risk of complications (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: [1.001–1.7]; P = 0.049). Conclusions When compared with ONU, RNU increased the odds of LND performance and had a lower inpatient complication rate, whereas LNU reduced the odds of LND performance and had no significant effect on inpatient complication rates. Performance of LND was independently associated with higher inpatient complication rates.
Long-Distance Exchange of Obsidian in the mid-Atlantic United States

Continuing research into the possibility of super-long-distance exchange of obsidian materials has revealed additional archaeological specimens bolstering theories of exchange across the North American continent. A collection of obsidian artifacts from East Coast archaeological sites has been analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to reveal West Coast geologic provenance. Increasing numbers of specimens with well-documented archaeological provenience suggest that super-long-distance exchange existed prehistorically. Though transport existed on a continental scale, we argue the mechanism for exchange happened on a personal scale through hand-to-hand and person-to-person interaction.
Congestive Heart Failure After Treatment for Wilms’ Tumor: A Report From the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group

PURPOSE: We determined the frequency of and risk factors for congestive heart failure following treatment for Wilms’ tumor that included doxorubicin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Flow sheets and medical records were reviewed to identify cases of congestive heart failure in a cohort of patients treated on National Wilms’ Tumor Studies (NWTS)-1, -2, -3, and -4. The frequency of congestive heart failure was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A case-control study was conducted to determine the relationship among cumulative doxorubicin dose, site(s), total dose of abdominal and thoracic irradiation, sex, and the frequency of congestive heart failure. RESULTS: The cumulative frequency of congestive heart failure was 4.4% at 20 years after diagnosis among patients treated initially with doxorubicin and 17.4% at 20 years after diagnosis among those treated with doxorubicin for their first or subsequent relapse of Wilms’ tumor. The relative risk (RR) of congestive heart failure was increased in females (RR = 4.5; P...
Dynamic response of the ROSE damping device.

Methods used in clinical practice to increase the damping of a transducer hydraulically coupled to an intraarterial blood-pressure monitoring system often decrease the undamped natural frequency of the system. This leads to spuriously high systolic and low diastolic pressure readings. The ROSE damping device is being marketed as a possible solution to the problem. We tested the dynamic response of three different catheter systems, with various pressure-tubing lengths of 1 to 7 feet (30.5 to 213.4 cm), with and without the ROSE damping device. The device was able to substantially increase damping and at the same time maintain the undamped natural frequency. Typically it increased the damping coefficient from a minimum of 0.17±0.01 to a minimum of 0.33±0.01, while never significantly decreasing the undamped natural frequency. In testing a sample of 25 devices we did observe, however, a wide variability in damping characteristics among different devices. Damping coefficients ranged between 0.19 and 1.20.
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: comparison of perioperative complications, discharge disposition, outcome, and effect of calcification, between clipping and coiling: a single institution experience.

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the perioperative complications, obliteration rates, discharge dispositions, clinic-radiological outcomes, and the role of calcification between the microsurgical and endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Materials and Methods: Retrospective data of the patients treated with microsurgical clipping and those treated by endovascular coiling from January 2007 to August 2012 was collected from the database. Results: Intraoperative rupture was not different in both the treatment groups (4.05% vs. 1.5% clip vs. coil). A total of 9.4% of the patients in the clipping group and 4.5% of the patients in the coiling group suffered postoperative stroke. At last follow up, 89% of the patients in the clipping group and 93% of the patients in the coiling group had favorable outcomes. The mean length of stay was more in clipping group (6.1 vs. 2.7, clip vs. coil, P < 0.05). Patients discharged to home without assistance/rehabilitation services were more in coiling ( P = 0.001). A total of 28.4% (23/81) of the coiled aneurysms were found to have residue neck on postoperative angiograms as compared with 12.6% (10/79) of the clipped aneurysms ( P = 0.01). Calcification within the aneurysm was strongly correlated to the size, perioperative complications, and the outcome ( P < 0.05). However, on excluding the calcified cases the size and outcome do not show a significant correlation. Conclusion: With appropriate patient selection, the majority of the UIAs can be managed by either of the treatment modalities with very low mortality and morbidity. Both the treatment modalities should be employed synergistically.
Monitoring the brain: processed electroencephalogram and peri-operative outcomes.

Summary Although the brain is the target organ of general anaesthesia, the utility of intra-operative brain monitoring remains controversial. Ideally, the incorporation of brain monitoring into routine practice would promote the maintenance of an optimal depth of anaesthesia, with an ultimate goal of avoiding the negative outcomes that have been associated with inadequate or excessive anaesthesia. A variety of processed electroencephalogram devices exist, of which the bispectral index is the most widely used, particularly in the research setting. Whether such devices prove to be useful will depend not only on their ability to influence anaesthetic management but also on whether the changes they promote can actually affect clinically important outcomes. This review highlights the evidence for the role of bispectral index monitoring, in particular, in guiding anaesthetic management and influencing clinical outcomes, specifically intra-operative awareness, measures of early recovery, mortality and neurocognitive outcomes.
Situational Content Moderates the Association Between the Big Five Personality Traits and Behavioral Effectiveness

We explored moderating effects of situational content on associations between Big Five expressions and behavioral effectiveness judgments within-jobs. Critical incidents were rated for effectiveness and personality expression and sorted by whether they represented task or interpersonal situations. We computed experts' implicit trait policies (Motowidlo, Hooper, & Jackson, 2006b) to assess the effectiveness of behavioral manifestations of personality and whether their effectiveness differed by situation type. Emotionally stable and conscientious actions were more effective in task situations and open and agreeable actions were more effective in interpersonal situations. Findings lead us to hypothesize that the validity coefficients of personality tests may vary by situation within-jobs.
Saphenous Vein Graft Pseudoaneurysm

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] A 71-year-old man with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting 10 years earlier presented with recurrent angina. A repeat coronary angiogram revealed a large pseudoaneurysm in the saphenous vein graft supplying the right
Perinatal intermittent hypoxia alters γ-aminobutyric acid: a receptor levels in rat cerebellum

Perinatal hypoxia commonly causes brain injury in infants, but the time course and mechanisms underlying the preferential male injury are unclear. Intermittent hypoxia disturbs cerebellar γ-aminobutyric (GABA)-A receptor profiles during the perinatal period, possibly responding to transient excitatory processes associated with GABA(A) receptors. We examined whether hypoxic insults were particularly damaging to the male rodent cerebellum during a specific developmental time window. We evaluated cerebellar injury and GABA(A) receptor profiles following 5-h intermittent hypoxia (IH: 20.8% and 10.3% ambient oxygen, switched every 240s) or room-air control in groups of male and female rat pups on postnatal d 1-2, wk 1, or wk 3. The cerebella were harvested and compared between groups. The mRNA levels of GABA(A) receptors α6, normalized to a house-keeping gene GAPDH, and assessed using real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR assays were up-regulated by IH at wk 1, more extensively in male rats, with sex influencing the regulatory time-course. In contrast, GABA(A) α6 receptor protein expression levels, assessed using Western blot assays, reached a nadir at wk 1 in both male and female rats, possibly indicating involvement of a post-transcriptional mechanism. The extent of cerebellar damage and level of apoptosis, assessed by DNA fragmentation, were greatest in the wk 3 IH-exposed group. The findings suggest partial protection for female rats against early hypoxic insult in the cerebellum, and that down-regulation of GABA(A) receptors, rather than direct neural injury assessed by DNA fragmentation may modify cerebellar function, with potential later motor and other deficits.
Seed Dockage Sieves for Sex-Separation of Pine Sawfly Cocoons

Chemical and behavioral pheromone studies of the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis (Hartig), required handling large numbers of cocoons. Only virgin female adults produce the pheromone, and to avoid handling the male cocoons, attempts were made to separate the sexes in the cocoon stage. Initially this was done visually, but as the number of cocoons increased each year a more efficient and time-saving method became necessary.
Maternal serum docosahexaenoic acid and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in adult offspring

It is believed that during mid-to-late gestation, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 fatty acid, plays an important role in fetal and infant brain development, including neurocognitive and neuromotor functions. Deficits in several such functions have been associated with schizophrenia. Though sufficient levels of DHA appear to be important in neurodevelopment, elevated maternal DHA levels have also been associated with abnormal reproductive outcomes in both animal models and humans. Our objective was to assess whether a disturbance in maternal DHA levels, measured prospectively during pregnancy, was associated with risk of schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) in adult offspring. In order to test the hypothesis that abnormal levels of DHA are associated with SSD, a case-control study nested within a large, population-based birth cohort, born from 1959 through 1967 and followed up for SSD from 1981 through 1997, was utilized. Maternal levels of both DHA and arachidonic acid (AA), an n-6 fatty acid, were analyzed in archived maternal sera from 57 cases of SSD and 95 matched controls. There was a greater than twofold increased risk of SSD among subjects exposed to maternal serum DHA in the highest tertile (OR=2.38, 95% CI=1.19, 4.76, p=0.01); no such relationship was found between AA and SSD. These findings suggest that elevated maternal DHA is associated with increased risk for the development of SSD in offspring.
Expenditures for Care of Children With Chronic Illnesses Enrolled in the Washington State Medicaid Program, Fiscal Year 1993

Objective. We calculated expenditures for children with one of eight selected chronic health conditions who were enrolled in the Washington State Medicaid program and compared them with payments for all Medicaid-enrolled children. We examined variation in mean, median, and total expenditures and identified expenditure sources. Methods. This study analyzed Medicaid claims data for 310 977 children aged 0 to 18 who were enrolled at any time in fiscal year 1993. Tracer conditions were used to examine expenditure variation within and between diagnostic groupings. A total of 18 233 children (5.9%) had at least one of the conditions. Expenditures were calculated based on payments made by the Medicaid program. Results. Children with one of the eight selected conditions incurred mean expenditures of $3800, compared with $955 for all Medicaid-enrolled children. Mean payments associated with the selected conditions ranged from 2.5 times to 20 times more than payments to all children. Approximately 10% of children accounted for approximately 70% of the payments in general and in each diagnostic grouping. Variation in mean, median, and total expenditures was extensive among the conditions. For most conditions, inpatient stays accounted for the greatest proportion of expenditures; for some conditions, durable equipment, home nursing, and medication-related services accounted for substantial proportions of total expenditures. Conclusions. Medical care for children with selected chronic health conditions is 2.5 to 20 times more expensive than children in general, depending on the condition. A relatively few children account for the majority of expenditures. Extensive variation in mean, median, and total expenditures suggests that different conditions will need to be kept distinct for purposes of establishing payment rates. Children with certain conditions are vulnerable to restrictions in specific services, depending on what restrictions are imposed by a financing program. Further analyses are needed to identify risk-adjustment strategies to support delivery of high-quality services to this population of children as they migrate into managed-care environments.
Noise characterization of a liquid crystal light valve using a multiple-port Volterra series model

We present a multiple-input, single-output, weakly nonlinear model of a liquid crystal light valve using a second-order Volterra series and describe an experimental method to measure the nonlinear transfer functions using sinusoidal perturbation and synchronous detection with a lock-in amplifier. Experimentally measured and estimated nonlinear transfer functions are presented. We next discuss the response of the liquid crystal light valve to random inputs and present experimental noise measurements.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Learning Context and Perceptions of Problem-Based Learning: A Marketing Course Project at a Community College

In this article, the authors present information gathered from a marketing course designed for second-year students that centered on a problem-based project at a community college. Using learning context as a theoretical frame for this classroom-based research, they explore student perceptions of the method and outline strengths and weaknesses of the approach. The authors make suggestions for research and practice based upon their findings.
Exposure to sexually explicit materials and attitudes toward rape: A comparison of study results

This article reviews experimental studies conducted since the 1970 pornography commission that have tested the effects of exposure to sexually explicit materials on attitudes and perceptions about rape. Studies of short‐term exposure to nonaggressive sexually explicit communications have yielded mixed results. When effects do exist for this material, they are both fewer and weaker than antisocial effects from sexually violent material. Studies of the effects of long‐term exposure to nonviolent pornography have also yielded mixed results—some experiments finding increases in negative attitudes about rape, others showing no effects. However, one finding is consistent for both long‐ and short‐term studies. Those that have included violent (slasher) film conditions have consistently found less sensitivity toward rape victims after exposure to these materials. The remainder of the paper is devoted to contradictions between the outcomes of long‐term studies and their possible solution.
The role of prefrontal cortex D1-like and D2-like receptors in cocaine-seeking behavior in rats

Rationale Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates an important role for the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in cocaine craving and relapse.
Astrophysics: Quasars still defy explanation

Fifty years after finding that these cosmic beacons lie far away, astronomers need to think harder about how they radiate so much energy, says Robert Antonucci.
Cross-cultural or intercultural counseling or psychotherapy

We have reviewed the problems in counseling or psychotherapy posed by cultural differences. Few if any solutions to these problems have been proposed. It has been the general conclusion that theories and methods of psychotherapy developed in Western culture are not applicable in other cultures.
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in a Neurologic Intensive Care Unit Does Not Lead to Increased Mortality

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common nosocomial infection among medical intensive care unit (ICU) patients and is associated with increased mortality and length of stay (LOS). Neurologic disease is a risk factor for VAP development, but the relationship between VAP and outcomes in patients admitted to the ICU for neurologic reasons remains largely unknown. All mechanically ventilated patients over a 2-year period with neurovascular disease were included in a retrospective study. Data collected included patient demographics, dates of admission and discharge, LOS, and ventilator hours. Comparisons between neurologic patients who did and did not develop VAP were made using univariate and multivariate analysis. Of 585 intubated neurovascular patients, 24 (4.1%) developed VAP. Compared with those who did not develop VAP, those with VAP were younger (51.8 ± 13.9 years vs. 58.8 ± 15.9 years, P = 0.03), had increased LOS (32.6 ± 29.2 days vs. 14.5 ± 7.8 days, P < 0.001), and more ventilator hours (272 ± 257 h vs. 85.9 ± 140 h, P < 0.001). There was no difference in mortality between patients with and without VAP (25.0% vs. 28.3%, P = 0.72). VAP was not an independent predictor of mortality in a multivariate model (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.37–3.30, P = 0.855). VAP in neurocritical care patients is associated with increased LOS and ventilator hours, but is not associated with increased mortality, contrary to prior studies in medical ICU patients.
Why Can't We Just Talk About It? An Observational Study of Parents' and Adolescents' Conversations About Sex

This study examined how parents and adolescents talk about sex with each other and how that influences their anxiety and avoidance tendencies. When parents were receptive, informal, and composed during the conversations, their adolescents were less anxious and, in turn, were less avoidant. The child's perception of the parent's communication competence also predicted the child's anxiety, which influenced the child's avoidance. The quality of the relationship between the parent and the child also influenced how anxious and avoidant the child was during the conversation. Qualitative findings revealed that religiosity, the gender of the child, humor, peer groups, the parent's use of fear appeals, and whether the parent and child had an enmeshed relationship affected the nature of the conversations.
Aligning Task Control with Desire for Control: Implications for Performance

The current study examined whether matches between task control and participants' desire for control over their environment lead to better task performance than mismatches. Work control and desire for control were manipulated, and participants engaged in timed tasks. As predicted, performance was higher in cases of match, even when task control and desire for control were low. Task control and desire for control may predict work performance in combination, highlighting the importance of person–environment fit theory for both selection and work design. By manipulating desire for control, our research also explores the potentially state-dependent quality of this individual difference variable.
Silk‐Based Conformal, Adhesive, Edible Food Sensors

An array of passive metamaterial antennas fabricated on all protein-based silk substrates were conformally transferred and adhered to the surface of an apple. This process allows the opportunity for intimate contact of micro- and nanostructures that can probe, and accordingly monitor changes in, their surrounding environment. This provides in situ monitoring of food quality. It is to be noted that this type of sensor consists of all edible and biodegradable components, holding utility and potential relevance for healthcare and food/consumer products and markets.
Assessment of a QCL laser approach for the simultaneous measurement of ambient ammonia and ozone

ABSTRACT In this paper, we compare the open-path FTIR to the di fferential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) approach in the Mid-Infrared region for the continuous retrieval of trace gases. After consideration of FTIR capabilities and results, we explore the potential for a compact quantum cascade laser (QCL) based DOAS system to continuously monitor ambient concentration levels of Ozone and Ammonia. Based on absorption spectra obtained from the HITRAN2000 database and processed within the GENSPECT environment, we find the optimal window for simultaneous retrieval of Ozone and Ammonia to be between 1045 (cm -1 ) and 1047 (cm -1 ). We further show that for a QCL-based transmitter with 0.1cm -1 spectral resolution and 10mW power and using nitrogen cooled MCT detector ( D * ~ 10 10 W  1 m Hz 1 / 2 ) in the receiver, it is possible to detect total path ambient concentrations of ozone and ammonia to within 10% accuracy using suitable targets of opportunity such as an building. Details of the optimal frequency sweeping methodology, optical path length, shot averaging, and SNR considerations are considered for comparison of the QCL-based standoff DOAS performance to more conventional open-path FTIR sensors. Key words: FTIR, QCL, DOAS, Ambient gases.
The localization of [14C]porfiromycin in Escherichia coli and λ-phage

Abstract Induction experiments with the antibiotics mitomycin A, mitomycin B, and porfiromycin demonstrated that they are capable of inducing λ-development in Escherichia coli K12(λ), with viable phage yields 52–75% of that obtained by mitomycin C induction. Determination of the localization of [ 14 C]porfiromycin in cell extracts of E. coli K12(λ) showed 25% of the 14 C in the ribosomal fraction. 60–80% of the [ 14 C]porfiromycin bound in cell extracts is apparently attached to protein. Lysogenic induction of E. coli K12(λ) with [ 14 C]porfiromycin leads to the formation of λ particles which contain 14 C.
Drilling of graphite/bismaleimide composite material

Drilling study of graphite/bismaleimide composite material was conducted by using different cutter materials (high-speed steel, carbide, and polycrystalline diamond) and drill geometries. It was found that polycrystalline diamond tools outperformed all other tools in terms of minimal surface damage, delamination, and fiber pullout. The drilling forces exerted in machining graphite/bismaleimide were recorded by using a dynamometer, and the morphology of drilled surfaces was evaluated with surface profilometry and optical and scanning electron microscopy. The drilling characteristics were evaluated in terms of cutting forces, tool wear, and surface morphology.
The opossum MHC genomic region revisited

The gray short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica is one of the few marsupial species for which a high quality whole genome sequence is available and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region has been annotated. Previous analyses revealed only a single locus within the opossum MHC region, designated Modo-UA1, with the features expected for encoding a functionally classical class I α-chain. Nine other class I genes found within the MHC are highly divergent and have features usually associated with non-classical roles. The original annotation, however, was based on an early version of the opossum genome assembly. More recent analyses of allelic variation in individual opossums revealed too many Modo-UA1 sequences per individual to be accounted for by a single MHC class I locus found in the genome assembly. A reanalysis of a later generation assembly, MonDom5, revealed the presence of two additional loci, now designated Modo-UA3 and UA4, in a region that was expanded and more complete than in the earlier assembly. Modo-UA1, UA3, and UA4 are all transcribed, although Modo-UA4 transcripts are rarer. Modo-UA4 is also relatively non-polymorphic. Evidence presented support the accuracy of the later assembly and the existence of three related class I genes in the opossum, making opossums more typical of mammals and most tetrapods by having multiple apparent classical MHC class I loci.
Emergence of fibrous fan morphologies in deformation directed reformation of hyperelastic filamentary networks

Recently, the authors generalized a theory for modelling the scission and reforming of crosslinks in isotropic polymeric materials to include materials in which elastic fibers are embedded in an elastic matrix. The fibers were assumed to dissolve with increasing deformation and then to immediately reassemble in a direction defined as part of the model. The model was illustrated in detail for uniaxial stretching along the direction of the fibers. Fiber reassembly was along the original fiber direction and did not result in a change in fiber alignment. The present work examines the implications of this model when the direction of reassembly is uncorrelated with the original fiber direction. In particular, the fibers are assumed to reassemble in the direction of maximum principal stretch of the matrix. The specific case is treated when the deformation is simple shear and the initial fiber direction is perpendicular to the direction of shear. The resulting fiber elongation with increasing shear results in fiber dissolution over a constitutively determined interval of the amount of simple shear. Newly formed fibers align in the current principal direction of maximum stretch, which is a direction that changes with the amount of simple shear. The resulting interval of alignment angles generates a fan-like fiber morphology at each material point. The formation and structure of the fan is described. In addition, the relation between the shear and normal stresses and the amount of shear is discussed, both during loading and unloading. It is shown that there can be a state of permanent set that is related to the original shape by triaxial extension and shear.
A simple method for restoring passivity in S-parameters using singular value decomposition

With new high speed data standards, such as USB 3.0, data rate has increased up to 5 Gbps (a 10-fold increase from USB 2.0) creating new challenges for a design engineer. Amid these speeds, issues like crosstalk, signal integrity and bit-error rates are coming to the forefront of the design cycle, especially for consumer electronics-related devices. Therefore, there is a need of accurate methods to characterize device behavior at high frequencies. For instance, S-parameter characterization of high speed interconnect components by full wave field solvers, macromodels and physical measurement are prone to numerical, modeling, and measurement error. This error can lead to non-physical results such as passivity violations. This is a major problem in modern package design where extensive signal integrity simulations are required to validate a systems performance and passivity violations can cause such simulations to fail completely. This paper presents a new method for restoring passivity to non-passive S-parameter data by using singular value decomposition. Simulations show promising results although the method is limited to passivity violations of 1dB.
The importance of measuring the metal content of supported metal catalysts prepared by the sol–gel method

Abstract The metal loading of supported metal catalysts is often assumed to be equal to the designed or nominal value. However, this is often not the case. Although the focus of this paper is on supported noble metal catalysts prepared by the sol–gel method, discrepancies in actual metal loadings may also occur with catalysts prepared by traditional methods such as impregnation or ion exchange. Metal may be lost during catalyst preparation, drying, or pretreatment. For this reason, it is essential to measure the actual metal loading before proceeding with further analysis of catalytic properties.
Transcriptional response elements in the promoter of CYP6B1, an insect P450 gene regulated by plant chemicals

Papilio polyxenes, a lepidopteran continually exposed to toxic furanocoumarins in its hostplants, owes its tolerance to these compounds to the transcriptional induction of the CYP6B1 gene encoding a P450 capable of metabolizing linear furanocoumarins, such as xanthotoxin, at high rates. Transient expression of various lengths of wild-type and mutant CYP6B1v3 promoter in lepidopteran Sf9 cells defines a positive element (XRE-xan) from -136 to -119 required for both basal and xanthotoxin-inducible transcription and a negative element from -228 to -146 that represses basal transcription. Fusion of the CYP6B1v3 XRE-xan element to the Drosophila melanogaster Eip28/29 core promoter indicates that the XRE-xan functions in conjunction with its own core promoter but not with a heterologous core promoter. Sequence searches of the CYP6B1v3 proximal promoter region revealed a number of putative elements (XRE-AhR, ARE, OCT-1, EcRE, C/EBP, Inr) sharing sequence similarity with those in other regulated vertebrate and insect promoters. Mutation of TGAC nucleotides shared by the overlapping EcRE/ARE/XRE-xan indicates that this sequence is essential for basal and regulated transcription of this gene. Mutagenesis in the non-overlapping region of the EcRE indicates it modulates basal transcription. These findings are incorporated into a working model for regulation of this toxin-inducible promoter.
Structure of glassy polymers. VII. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering from epoxy resins

The small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) from an Epon 812 and two Epon 828 (one amine-cured and one anhydride-cured) epoxy resins has been measured using a Bonse-Hart system. The data cover the angular range (2θ) between 20 sec and 60 min. After correction for absorption, background and vertical beam divergence, they have been placed on an absolute basis by comparison with the scattering from a previously studied polycarbonate sample. The corrected absolute intensity decreases strongly with increasing angle between 20 sec and 2 min, decreases more gradually between 2 and 20–30 min, and reaches a nearly constant asymptotic value at larger angles. The magnitude of the intensity in the constant-intensity region is close to the value predicted by thermodynamic fluctuation theory for fluids applied at the glass transition temperature. The increase in intensity at angles smaller than 20–30 min is associated with heterogeneities in the cured resins. These heterogeneities cover a range of sizes in all samples, from less than 100 A to more than 1000 A, with the most frequently occurring size in the range 100–200 A.
Interactive Effects of Cannibalism, Recruitment, and Predation on Rainbow Smelt in Lake Champlain: A Modeling Synthesis

We built a simulation model to examine interactive effects of cannibalism, recruitment variability, and predation by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) on the rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) population in Lake Champlain. Cannibalism was the most important factor in determining long-term mean densities while recruitment variability determined short-term fluctuations of the smelt population. High cannibalism resulted in a 3-5 year cycle in adult smelt densities. Increases in lake trout predation (34-42%) due to the sea lamprey control had no apparent effect on the smelt population. However, the effects can be significant under the scenario of high cannibalism and high recruitment variability. If lake trout were the only predator, the smelt population in Lake Champlain could sustain up to 2.5 times current predation rates; however, because there are several other predator species, it is unlikely that the smelt population can be sustained. This modeling approach provides an example that maximizes uses of current available data and extends them to a predictive tool for long-term management planning.
A Microprocessor Controller for Phasing the Accelerator

A microprocessor controller is being developed to perform automatic phasing of the SLAC accelerator. It will replace the existing relay/analog boxes which are ten years old. The new system is all solid state except for the stepping motors that drive the phase shifters. The paper describes the components of the system, the control algorithm, microprocessor hardware and software design and development, and interaction with SLAC's computer control system.
Thermally stable salts of polyvinylphthalic acid

The heretofore unreported monomer 4-vinylphthalic acid has been synthesized and characterized. Polymerization in aqueous solution employing a peroxydisulfate–hyposulfite redox catalyst system yielded glasslike polyvinylphthalic acid. Molecular weights of polyvinylphthalic acid appear to be in the range of 104–105. Alkaline earth polyphthalates show thermal stability to temperatures of 560°C. for periods of approximately 1 hr. Phthalocyanine crosslinks can be formed between chains of polyvinylphthalic acid, but such polymers do not show remarkable thermal stability.
Does State AFDC Generosity Affect Child SSI Participation

In the early 1990s, the Social Security Administration substantially relaxed child eligibility criteria for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. The expansions in child SSI eligibility increased child SSI participation and contributed to increased total program participation by children in the early 1990s. Child SSI participation increased more in states with lower Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) payments and higher state SSI supplementation payments. These results suggest that families use SSI and AFDC as substitutes. At least 32 percent of the increase in SSI is likely attributable to the SSI-AFDC benefit gap for the median AFDC benefit state. (Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 19(2): 275?95.)
Boston circulatory arrest study at 16 years: handing over the keys.

Caring for the adolescent with surgically repaired D-transposition of the great arteries can be one of the most satisfying experiences in congenital cardiology. The operative mortality for the arterial switch procedure is now <3%.1 Few of these children require cardiac medications; exercise limitations are minimal; and very rarely do the patients require hospitalization. In many respects, advances in pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery have succeeded in curing this once lethal condition. Article see p 1361 As in the past, however, the data cultivated from the Boston Circulatory Arrest Study (BCAS) mandate that we consider these surgical successes in the context of the larger spheres of school performance and social functioning. One might think that the story had been already told by the time this unique cohort reached 8 years of age. After all, cognitive intelligence is largely determined by early school years. However, the study by Bellinger and colleagues2 in this issue of Circulation shows convincingly that there is much to be learned by reexamining this study population in adolescence. Interestingly, the original hypothesis that a strategy of predominantly low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass compared with predominant hypothermic circulatory arrest might improve neurocognitive outcomes nowadays seems less intriguing. Recent data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons suggest …
Non-impact of particle size distribution on power generation at a pulverized coal power plant burning low rank Alaska coal

Abstract This paper details two combustion tests that were conducted in a pulverized coal power plant in Healy, Alaska, on low rank high volatile content Alaska coal. The intent of the tests was to determine if combustion suffered when coal was ground to a coarser particle size distribution (PSD) than current standards (70% passing − 200 mesh or 74 microns, for bituminous coal). Prior studies had indicated that the higher reactivity of Alaska coal would make up for any loss of combustion due to large particle sizes. The first test (the default power plant setting at that time) had a PSD of 48.8% passing − 200 mesh, while the second test was coarser than that, with only 41.8% passing − 200 mesh. The samples for PSD were taken using ASTM procedures. The two tests burned similar BTUs and had similar combustion. Combustion was measured indirectly through steam and megawatt (MW) generation.