cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osmometric analysis of quasi-indefinite mixed associations of the first kind.

Abstract Mixed associations of the type A + B⇄AB, A + AB⇄A2B,..., A + Ai−1, B ⇄ AiB, … are readily analyzed by osmometric methods. The equilibrium molar concentration of A, mA, is obtained very simply from mA = meq − mB0; here meq = cMn eq is the equilibrium molar concentration of all associating species andmB0 denotes the stoichiometric or original molar concentration of B. The quantity mB can then be obtained from methods developed by Steiner. The value of the binding polynomial λ is given by λ = mB 0/mB; λ is a function of mA only. In principle, one can evaluate the equilibrium constants (kA,B,etc.) by fitting λ to the appropriate polynomial in mA of degree n (n = 2, 3, …). The binding polynomial λ is analogous to polynomials encountered in the analysis of self-associations. By making some simple assumptions one can develop four analogs of two sequential, equal equilibrium constant (SEK) or two attenuated equilibrium constant (AK) models. With the aid of r (the number average degree of binding), g (the osmotic coefficient), λ, as well as mA and mB, one can evaluate the equilibrium constant or constants. The methods developed here can be extended to the nonideal case.
RIND, TROMOVITCH, AND BAUSERMAN: POLITICALLY INCORRECT—SCIENTIFICALLY CORRECT

The Rind et al. study of the impact of CSA among college students is politically incorrect but scientifically correct. It has a number of important implications for the research and practice communities. Among the more important is the need to stop exaggerating the negative impact of, adult/nonadult sexual behavior, as suggested earlier by both Browne and Finkelhor and by Seligman. Another important implication is for conducting research that does not approach the issue of adult/nonadult sexual behavior with a political ideology as often has been the case thus far. And finally it is time to stop the common practices of 1) assuming that CSA causes psychological harm, and 2) routinely recommending psychotherapeutic intervention.
The Role of Project Management in Scientific Manufacturing

A survey was made of various types of project management organizations used to achieve some measure of managerial unity. Four principal types were identified. The project expediter achieves unity of communication, the project coordinator gets unity of control, the project confederation achieves unity of direction, and project general management accomplishes the ultimate unity of command. Furthermore, project management may disregard existing levels and functions in superimposing its own structure on the existing organization. Project organization requires a project manager with considerable role adaptability. He must balance technical solutions with time, cost, resource, and human factors. He is an integrator and a generalist, rather than a technical specialist; and he devotes most of his management time to the functions of planning and control. Both the project manager and his superiors may need to give more emphasis to the management aspects of his job. To be an effective project manager, the technical man needs to be intellectually sophisticated in the field of management and also to have an attitude which gives some priority to the management aspects of his job.
The Psychology of Performance Management: Think Locally, Act Locally

Given the ubiquity of performance-based meas urement and management initiatives across all sectors (even Purina has a cat health scorecard in which cat owners rate their pet's health before and after a diet of the company's best), it seems hard to believe that one could happen upon new work on the topic that is informative, interesting, insightful, and even hopeful. In fact, two new texts fit the bill. First, the Lnternational Handbook of Practice-Based Perform ance Management, edited by Patria de Lancer Julnes, Frances Stokes Berry, Maria P. Aristigueta, and Kaifeng Yang, provides an expansive array of case assessments of performance measurement and management system applications, covering different governments around the world, various levels of government, individual agencies and functions, as well as experiences in the nonprofit world. The orientation of this text, the variety of applications examined, and the grouping of chapters around concepts such as the role of citizens, quality measurement, and performance budgeting makes this an ideal book for the classroom as well as for reference.
Normalization of left ventricular mass and associated changes in neurohormones and atrial natriuretic peptide after 1 year of sustained nifedipine therapy for severe hypertension

Abstract Sixteen patients with severe hypertension were treated for 1 year with extended release nifedipine, during which time serial changes in left ventricular mass index and associated alterations in left ventricular systolic function, left ventricular filling, plasma renin activity, atrial natriuretic peptide and catecholamines were evaluated. Mean seated blood pressure (± SE) was significantly reduced from 200 ± 8/122 ± 3 to 144 ± 5/89 ± 2 mm Hg (p The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy decreased from 63% to 25%. Left ventricular fractional shortening increased from 34 ± 2% to 41 ± 3% (p It is concluded that treatment of severe hypertension with extended release nifedipine for 1 year is accompanied by left ventricular mass regression, maintenance of left ventricular systolic function, reduction in atrial natriuretic peptide level and no detectable activation of either the sympathetic or the renin system.
Mechanisms of regulation of CXCR4/SDF-1 (CXCL12)-dependent migration and homing in multiple myeloma.

The mechanisms by which multiple myeloma (MM) cells migrate and home to the bone marrow are not well understood. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of the chemokine SDF-1 (CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 on the migration and homing of MM cells. We demonstrated that CXCR4 is differentially expressed at high levels in the peripheral blood and is down-regulated in the bone marrow in response to high levels of SDF-1. SDF-1 induced motility, internalization, and cytoskeletal rearrangement in MM cells evidenced by confocal microscopy. The specific CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 and the anti-CXCR4 antibody MAB171 inhibited the migration of MM cells in vitro. CXCR4 knockdown experiments demonstrated that SDF-1–dependent migration was regulated by the PI3K and ERK/MAPK pathways but not by p38 MAPK. In addition, we demonstrated that AMD3100 inhibited the homing of MM cells to the bone marrow niches using in vivo flow cytometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, and whole body bioluminescence imaging. This study, therefore, demonstrates that SDF-1/CXCR4 is a critical regulator of MM homing and that it provides the framework for inhibitors of this pathway to be used in future clinical trials to abrogate MM trafficking.
Constitutive alpha-methylglucosidase synthesis in yeast.

The isolation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a mutant partially constitutive for alpha-methylglucosidase is described. The factor responsible for constitutive alpha-methylglucosidase synthesis in either allelic to the MGL1 gene or closely linked to it, and is recessive in nature.
Protein—Ion Charge-State Distributions in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Distinguishing Conformational Contributions from Masking Effects:

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is often used to monitor protein conformational dynamics in solution, for example acid unfolding, by following the changes in positive-ion charge-...
Masses of the satellites of Uranus

A marked dichotomy in the density distribution of the Uranian satellites has been observed. The densities of Ariel and Umbriel are similar to those of the inner satellites of Saturn, and are consistent with a composition of 40 percent rock and 60 percent water ice, while Titania and Oberon appears to have much higher densities. It is argued here that the problem posed by this density distribution arises from a misunderstanding of the orbital dynamics and may be imaginary. It is also shown that the observed eccentricities of the inner satellites, Ariel and Miranda, may be partly forced by the outer satellites, and that these forced eccentricities may be maintained despite strong tidal damping.
Field effects in self-consistent transport calculations for narrow split-gate structures

We study local potential variations due to self-consistent space-charge effects in calculations of coherent transport in narrow split-gate structures. We present a numerical technique based on calculating the Hartree potential from the charge density obtained by solving the two-dimensional effective-mass Schrodinger equation for scattering states, and from the bound charge density obtained from a semi-classical Thomas-Fermi screening model. This method allows us to obtain the local self-consistent potential variations close to scattering centers exposed to an incident flux of electrons.
National variations in morbid obesity and bariatric surgery use.

Background Exploring bariatric surgery use provides data on effective treatment allocation. This study analyzed national rates of bariatric surgery use and the burden of morbid obesity by gender, census region, and age. Study design Patients 18 years of age or older undergoing bariatric surgery were identified from the US 2002 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and the national morbidly obese population 18 years of age or older was determined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System databases. General population data were obtained from 2000 census data. Annual rates of bariatric surgery procedures were determined by gender, age group, and census region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). Rate ratios were calculated and significance tested through 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), accounting for the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System sampling design. Results In 2002, a national cohort of 69,490 bariatric surgery patients was identified. Of these patients 85% were women and 76% were ages 18 to 49 years. The prevalence of morbid obesity (body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m 2 ) in the US in 2002 was 1.8%; 60% of morbidly obese people were women, and 63% were ages 18 to 49 years. The rates of bariatric surgery procedures per 100,000 morbidly obese individuals ranged from a low of 139 in men aged 60 years and older in the Midwest to a high of 5,156 in women ages 40 to 49 years in the Northeast. For both men and women, bariatric surgery rates in the West and Northeast were 1.35 (95% CI 1.31 to 1.40, p Conclusions National estimates suggest that bariatric surgery rates do not parallel the burden of morbid obesity by region or age. Additional evaluation of these differences is necessary for optimal bariatric surgery use.
Fracture paths and ultrananocrystalline diamond

We use the simulated fracture of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) to illustrate how different fracture paths can result in different predictions of system properties. At zero temperature, the system is unable to explore the potential energy surface far from the fracture path being investigated. This can result in misleading predictions for the mechanical properties of UNCD. In non-zero temperature simulations, the system can explore more of the potential energy surface, but these are computationally intense simulations. We show how lower bounds to the energy path during fracture can be determined in pure and nitrogen-doped UNCD without doing finite temperature simulations.
Relative use of necessity and sufficiency information in causal judgments about natural categories

Participants in 4 studies placed less emphasis on necessity information (instances when the event occurred but the target factor was absent) than sufficiency information (instances when the target factor was present but the event did not occur) when the target factor corresponded to a natural kind category (e.g., race or species) in comparison with an artificial category (e.g., preferences or facial features) or an artifactual category (e.g., product type). Results were not due to differences in familiarity, prior causal beliefs, or ease of imagining the class of instances, but instead derived from less willingness to search for alternative explanations when the target explanation was based on a natural kind category in comparison with artificial or artifactual categories.
Planning, organizations and decision-making: A research agenda

Abstract Transportation research programs have emphasized and enhanced the rational comprehensive model of planning, and this has led to an emphasis on quantitative technical studies. In this paper alternative models of transportation policy are presented, including an “organizational perspective” and a “personal perspective.” Although research based on the rational comprehensive perspective can enhance our understanding of transportation systems, it is also useful to broaden research programs in reflection of the other perspectives that are equally valid. A review of these perspectives is presented in order to demonstrate the extent to which they can contribute to an understanding of transportation decision-making, institutions and planning processes.
A comparison of the effects of two burs on endodontic access in all-ceramic high lucite crowns.

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the effects of diamond and tungsten carbide burs with respect to the preparation of access through all-ceramic crowns. Study design. Thirty extracted maxillary premolars were restored with all-ceramic crowns. Each specimen was assigned to one of two groups: (1) access opening prepared with a round diamond bur; (2) access opening prepared with a carbide fissure bur. Access preparations were scanned by means of scanning electron microscopy; observed were defects categorized as edge chipping, microcracks, and fractures. Results. Edge chipping around the access was universal. Significant chipping (×≥ 0.1 m) was seen in 43% of access peripheries. Eleven percent of the crowns fractured. χ2 analysis (P
ACTIVATION OF BCL-2 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS CHRONICALLY EXPRESSING THE HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE I

Abstract Programmed cell death (PCD) characteristically involves chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, and DNA oligonucleosomal fragmentation. These events, collectively referred to as apoptosis, represent an active cell suicide mechanism that eliminates cellular threats including potentially cancerous or virus-infected cells. Various types of programmed cell death can be blocked by the proto-oncogene Bcl-2. Levels of this protein are consistently low or undetectable in human endothelial cells (EC), which are important for immunoregulation through their interactions with circulating lymphocytes and are potential targets for infection by virus-bearing T-cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that EC may be infected in vivo to play an important role in HTLV-I-associated neuromyelopathy. In the present study, we report the establishment and characterization of human endothelial cell lines stably transfected with an HTLV-I-derived molecular clone. We observed constitutive expression of HTLV-I genes coinciding with activated Bcl-2 expression. Transient transfection of EC with the viral transactivator Tax and a reporter construct Bcl-2 promoter-CAT did not result in a significant increase in CAT activity and suggests that, in EC, expression of a second viral protein might be required for Bcl-2 activation. Further, Tax-induced apoptosis in rat fibroblasts has been shown to be blocked by Bcl-2 expression. Thus, HTLV-I-mediated induction of Bcl-2 expression in EC may provide protection against viral-induced apoptosis or extend cellular survival and create a reservoir for viral gene expression.
Optically monitoring and controlling nanoscale topography during semiconductor etching

Semiconductor etching can now be monitored in real time at nanoscale resolution using a non-destructive optical imaging technique that combines a conventional microscope with a compact Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Developed by Chris Edwards, Amir Arbabi, Gabriel Popescu, and Lynford Goddard at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the United States, epi-diffraction phase microscopy makes it possible to collect three-dimensional videos of semiconductor fabrication processes using a CCD camera. The approach is able to measure etch rates at each location across the sample with a resolution of 0.085 nm s−1 per pixel. Such an in situ monitoring capability could be useful for improving the manufacturing quality of a wide variety of semiconductor devices.
The role of hydrogen bonding in some diol epoxides

The role of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in determining the properties of two diol epoxides of benzene has been investigated by means of ab-initio SCF calculations (Gaussian 70, STO-5G). These two systems were used as models for the syn and anti 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides of benzo[a]pyrene, one or both of which are believed to be ultimate carcinogenic forms of benzo[a]pyrene. It was found that there is intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the syn diol epoxide of benzene, but not the anti isomer. This hydrogen bonding was shown to have the effect of facilitating the opening of the epoxide ring at either carbon, but particularly at C(1). These findings are fully consistent with the observed properties of the previously mentioned diol epoxides of benzo[a] pyrene and help to explain these properties.
Contribution of Root-Knot Nematodes to Aflatoxin Contamination in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

ABSTRACT Peanut kernels are susceptible to colonization by some species of Aspergillus which, under conditions of drought and high temperatures, can produce aflatoxins prior to harvest. The objective of this research was to determine the mechanism by which the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) increases aflatoxin contamination in peanut. Research determined 1) the role of nematode infection of roots vs. pods in increased aflatoxin contamination and 2) whether increased aflatoxin production in nematode-infected peanut is due to a greater percentage of small or immature kernels. An additional objective was to determine whether a peanut cultivar with resistance to M. arenaria would reduce the risk of preharvest aflatoxin contamination. In the greenhouse, researchers physically separated root growth from pod set and inoculated each location with M. arenaria or a water control in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 12–15 replications. Of the six trials conducted, data indicated that pod and root infec...
EVIDENCE FOR TRPA1 INVOLVEMENT IN CENTRAL NEURAL MECHANISMS IN A RAT MODEL OF DRY EYE

Dry eye (DE) disease is commonly associated with ocular surface inflammation, an unstable tear film and symptoms of irritation. However, little is known about the role of central neural mechanisms in DE. This study used a model for persistent aqueous tear deficiency, exorbital gland removal, to assess the effects of mustard oil (MO), a transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA1) agonist, on eyeblink and eyewipe behavior and Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in the trigeminal brainstem of male rats. Spontaneous tear secretion was reduced by about 50% and spontaneous eyeblinks were increased more than 100% in DE rats compared to sham rats. MO (0.02-0.2%) caused dose-related increases in eyeblink and forelimb eyewipe behavior in DE and sham rats. Exorbital gland removal alone was sufficient to increase Fos-LI at the ventrolateral pole of trigeminal interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) transition region, but not at more caudal regions of the trigeminal brainstem. Under barbiturate anesthesia ocular surface application of MO (2-20%) produced Fos-LI in the Vi/Vc transition, in the mid-portions of Vc and in the trigeminal caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord (Vc/C1) region that was significantly greater in DE rats than in sham controls. MO caused an increase in Fos-LI ipsilaterally in superficial laminae at the mid-Vc and Vc/C1 regions in a dose-dependent manner. Smaller, but significant, increases in Fos-LI also were seen in the contralateral Vc/C1 region in DE rats. TRPA1 protein levels in trigeminal ganglia from DE rats ipsilateral and contralateral to gland removal were similar. Persistent tear reduction enhanced the behavioral and trigeminal brainstem neural responses to ocular surface stimulation by MO. These results suggested that TRPA1 mechanisms play a significant role in the sensitization of ocular-responsive trigeminal brainstem neurons in this model for tear deficient DE.
Design Variables of Pilot Scale Electrostatic Separator for Removing Unburned Carbon from Coal Fly Ash

A pilot scale beneficiation system for removing unburned carbon from coal fly ash was developed and has tested using a continuous triboelectrostatic separator composed of two vertical electrodes and an ejector tribocharger. Tests were conducted to evaluate the charge density and the separation efficiency at various operating conditions. With a stainless steel tribocharger, the optimum conditions for achieving maximum charge density were as follows: air flow rate, 3.4 m3/min; feed rate, 70%). The electrostatic separator was operated under the following conditions: width of the diffuser slit, 4 mm; air velocity at the diffuser outlet, 16.7 m/s; distance between the diffuser slit and the splitter, 15 cm. The optimum feed rate was found to be 830 kg/h per square meters of the electrode surface area, which can be used as the scale-up factor for the electroseparator.
Can the preoperative Ca-125 level predict optimal cytoreduction in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma? A single institution cohort study

Abstract Background Preoperative Ca-125 level has been used as a predictor of optimal cytoreduction in advanced ovarian carcinoma. Yet, controversy exists regarding the ability of the tumor marker to predict optimal debulking and moreover of the proper cut-off limit to do so. Methods The preoperative Ca-125 levels of 426 patients with Stage III/IV ovarian carcinoma from a single institution were correlated with surgical outcome. Optimal was considered the cytoreduction if the largest residual tumor was ≤1 cm in diameter. Receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve data were combined with interval likelihood ratios at various Ca-125 levels to determine the cut-off level with the maximum prognostic power. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were also calculated. Results Preoperative Ca-125 proved to be a reliable predictor for optimal cytoreduction. The area under curve of the ROC curve was 0.89, 95% C.I.=[0.828–0.952], indicating very good discriminating capability. The level of 500 IU/ml was found to have the most predictive power. The sensitivity of Ca-125 at that level was 78.5%, the specificity 89.6%, the positive predictive value 84.2%, the negative predictive value 85.4% and its accuracy 85%. Furthermore, the likelihood ratio for correct discrimination between optimal and sub-optimal cytoreduction, dropped sharply from 6.33, 95% C.I. [5.19–10.91] at the level of 500 IU/ml to 0.58, 95% C.I. [0.21–1.63] at the level of 600 IU/ml. Conclusions Our data indicate that preoperative Ca-125 is a good predictor for optimal cytoreduction. The best threshold for this prediction proved to be 500 IU/ml. These patients may be candidates for neo-adjuvant chemotherapy treatment. Nevertheless, all clinical and radiological findings must be co-evaluated.
The Multidimensional Challenge of Psychotherapy with HIV Positive Gay Men

Abstract In the early 1980s, the presenting issues of HIV positive gay men in psychotherapy most often centered on loss, death and dying, but with the advent of protease inhibitors, these clients often present with a different set of issues related to living longer and healthier lives with HIV. In this chapter, the author, a psychologist who has worked with gay men for over a decade, will identify and discuss both the current issues faced by HIV positive gay men as well as the clinical challenges facing therapists who work with this population. Implications for working with gay men with other chronic conditions are considered.
Regrounding realism: Anarchy, security, and changing material contexts

(2000). Regrounding realism: Anarchy, security, and changing material contexts. Security Studies: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-42.
Biological activity of marmesin and demethylsuberosin against a generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

No significant effects were observed in bioassays designed to measure impact of the furanocoumarin precursors demethylsuberosin and marmesin on typical physiological parameters (survival and development rate) of the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). The linear furanocoumarin psoralen did increase developmental times and reduce survival. All of these compounds were demonstrated to have significant behavioral (feeding deterrence) effects against both first and third instars of S. exigua in diet-incorporation bioassays. In tests initiated with first instars, significantly (P < 0.05) more larvae preferred control diet to diet containing marmesin or psoralen on all five sample dates; control diets were significantly preferred to diets with demethylsuberosin on three of five sample dates. Similar results were observed for tests initiated with third instar larvae, but the avoidance of demethylsuberosin-containing diets was stronger. Therefore, assaying furanocoumarin precursors just for effects o...
Probability of Trapping Solid Particles during Zone Melting

Abstract The probability P of trapping of glass beads was measured for tilt rotating zone melting of camphor. P increased with increasing zone travel rate, increasing tilt angle, decreasing tube rotation, and increasing mass of beads. P also decreased dramatically with distance down the tube. This is attributed to increasing impurity content as the zone moves down the tube and by the changing shape of the freezing interface due to the diminished content of glass beads. Trapping was predominantly by periodic bands, indicating one or more catastrophic trapping mechanisms.
Family of Origin and Interest in Childbearing

This study examines whether family of origin characteristics (i.e., type, parent–child relationship quality, and socioeconomic status) relate to interest in childbearing among 18- to 34-year-olds. Data from 1,436 respondents to the 2003 National Survey of Families and Households and 15,555 high school seniors in the 1992 wave of the National Educational Longitudinal Study were analyzed by ordinal logistic regression models. Results suggest that parent–child relationship quality and socioeconomic status positively predict interest in childbearing. For men only, variations in family type also predict interest.
Exfoliation and dispersion enhancement in polypropylene nanocomposites by in‐situ melt phase ultrasonication

A novel process using ultrasonics to enhance the exfoliation and dispersion of clay platelets in polypropylene-based nanocomposites has been proposed and investigated. The materials studied were isotactic polypropylene of various molecular weights reinforced with organophilic montmorillonite clay (nanoclay) at 4–6 wt% loadings. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and rheological measurements, on a model system of nanoclay in mineral oil, were first used to determine ultrasonic energy requirements. The effectiveness of the proposed ultrasonic processing technique on polypropylene nanocomposites was evaluated by XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of added maleic anhydride–grafted polypropylene compatibilizer, polypropylene molecular weight, and pretreatment of the nanoclays on the nanocomposite exfoliation were also investigated. Results indicate that ultrasonic processing of polymer nanocomposites in the melt state is an effective method for improving exfoliation and dispersion of nanoclays. Issues regarding molecular weight degradation, optimization, mechanical properties, and continuous processing are beyond the scope of the present study and are currently being investigated in our laboratory. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1773–1782, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Sexual possibility situations and sexual behaviors among young adolescents: The moderating role of protective factors

Purpose To examine sexual possibility situations (SPS) and protective practices associated with involvement in intimate sexual behaviors and the initiation of sexual intercourse among young adolescents and to determine if protective factors moderate the relationship between SPS and sexual behaviors. Methods Data for these analyses were obtained from the baseline assessment for adolescents conducted as part of an HIV prevention study called “Keepin’ it R.E.A.L.!” The study was conducted with a community-based organization (CBO) in an urban area serving a predominantly African-American population. In addition to items assessing SPS, intimate sexual behaviors, and initiation of sexual intercourse, adolescents provided information on the following protective factors: educational goals, self-concept, future time perspective, orientation to health, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, parenting, communication, values, and prosocial activities. Background personal information, including age and gender, was also collected. The analyses were conducted on data from 491 predominantly African-American adolescents, 61% of whom were boys. Variables were combined to form SPS and protective indices that were used in the first set of regression analyses. In a second set of analyses, the indices were unbundled and individual variables were entered into regression analyses. Results Both SPS and protective indices explained significant portions of variance in intimate sexual behaviors, and the SPS index explained a significant portion of variance in the initiation of sexual intercourse. The regression analysis using the unbundled SPS and protective factors revealed the following statistically significant predictors for intimate sexual behaviors: age, gender, time alone with groups of peers, time alone with a member of the opposite sex, behavior self-concept, popularity self-concept, self-efficacy for abstinence, outcome expectations for abstinence, parental control, personal values, and parental values. A similar regression analysis revealed that age, time alone with a member of the opposite sex, and personal values were significant predictors of initiation of sexual intercourse. Conclusions These results provide evidence for the important role of protective factors in explaining early involvement in sexual behaviors and show that protective factors extend beyond personal characteristics to include both familial and peer factors.
Substance Use, Criminal Activity, and Mental Health Among Violent and Nonviolent Rural Probationers

Differences between violent and nonviolent probationers were examined in the growing, yet understudied, rural probation population. Violent rural probationers had higher rates of substance use, criminal activity, and mental health symptoms than did nonviolent rural probationers. Implications for practitioners are discussed.
Toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin and AC 222, 705 and their accumulation in early life stages of fathead minnows and snails

Abstract Early life stages of fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) were exposed to permethrin and AC 222, 705 and snails ( Helisoma trivolvis ) were exposed to permethrin in continuous flow-through exposures for approximately 30 days. Saturated solutions of each pesticide were used to avoid the use of solvents. Survival of newly hatched larvae and early juveniles was found to be the most sensitive measure of effect on fathead minnows of both pesticides. AC 222, 705 was approximately 20 times more toxic to fathead minnows than permethrin by the end of the test period. Based on the chronic limits, as defined in these tests, the predicted chronic no-effect concentrations for fathead minnows were between 0.66 and 1.4 μ/l for permethrin and 0.03 and 0.07 μ/l for AC 222, 705. The no-effect concentration for permethrin and snails was ≥ 0.33 μ g/l. The chronic values for these compounds were approximately one-sixteenth and one-fourth of the corresponding 96-h LC 50 values, respectively, for fathead minnows in Lake Superior water. The mean bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for permethrin were 2800 for fathead minnows and 800 for snails. The mean BCF for AC 222, 705 and fathead minnows was 4000. Residue concentrations for both pesticides increased with increased water concentrations.
Enhancement of word-recognition performance with a filtering technique.

The NU No. 6 materials spoken by a female speaker were passed through a notch filter centered at 247 Hz with a 34-dB depth The filtering reduced the amplitude range within the spectrum of the mater...
Effect of oxygen pressure on properties of BiSrCaCuO thin films grown by laser deposition

Abstract We present the results of a study of the effect of oxygen pressure on the properties of BiSrCaCuO (BSCCO) thin films grown by laser ablation. Films of the same phase, which were deposited at different oxygen pressures, show quite different properties. Here, we define the phases of BSCCO films from their c -axis lattice constants calculated from the 2θ X -ray diffraction angle of the 002 peak. In-situ films deposited at high oxygen pressure (≥ 100 mTorr) show higher critical temperatures and critical current densities. However, by post annealing, transport properties of films deposited at low oxygen pressure (several 10 mTorr) are improved significantly. With respect to this difference, the results of X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies, and Hall effect measurements are discussed.
Expression of alternatively spliced CD45 isoforms by channel catfish clonal T and B cells is dependent on activation state of the cell and regulated by protein synthesis and degradation.

In mammals, expression of the three alternatively spliced exons of the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is regulated by the developmental and activation state of the cell. In comparison, the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, CD45 homolog contains 18 functional alternatively spliced exons. Since very little is known about CD45 regulation in ectothermic vertebrates, this study examines the regulation of catfish CD45 mRNA isoform expression in clonal T and B cells in response to stimulation. Results show that mitogenic stimulation using catfish serum or concanavalin A induced expression of mRNAs for small CD45 isoforms, and isoform message expression was growth curve dependent, i.e. cells in logarithmic phase express message for smaller CD45 isoforms, whereas stationary phase cells express message for longer CD45 isoforms. In addition, cells treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide expressed message for longer CD45 isoforms, and treatment with lactacystin, which blocks protein degradation, rescued smaller isoform message expression. Collectively these data suggested that expression of CD45 isoforms, in catfish, at least at the mRNA level, is “constitutively dynamic” and highly dependent on extracellular stimuli.
A Fast Three-Step Phase Shifting Algorithm for Real-Time Three-Dimensional Shape Measurement

In recent years, we have been developing a high-resolution, real-time 3-D shape measurement system based on the phase-shifting method. As the phase shifting algorithm for the system, the three-step algorithm has been our choice because it requires only three fringe images, which is the minimum among all the existing algorithms. Less number of images means faster image capture as well as processing, which translates into higher measurement speed. However, our experiments show that even with the three-step algorithm, the processing speed is still not fast enough for real-time 3-D shape reconstruction when an ordinary personal computer is used. The bottleneck lies in the calculation of phase, which involves a computationally time-consuming arctangent function.
Two Nineteenth-Century Female Bildungsromane by Fernán Caballero and Pilar Sinués

This article analyzes two female Bildungsromane published by nineteenth-century authors, Las dos Gracias by Fernan Caballero (1867) and La vida intima by Pilar Sinues (1876). The female Bildungsroman in Spain explores different educational and developmental opportunities open to women since the middle of the nineteenth century. Fernan Caballero and Pilar Sinues, who have been—and still often are—dismissed as anti-feminist and conservative, created a very nuanced vision of female Bildung in their novels. Far from being mere propaganda pieces aimed at keeping women in subjection, these novels discuss the obstacles that society places in the way to female development and offer ways of overcoming these obstacles.
Motexafin gadolinium: a redox-active tumor selective agent for the treatment of cancer.

Purpose of review Redox regulation has been shown to be an important component of malignant cell survival and is a system that may be pharmacologically manipulated for the treatment of cancer. Motexafin gadolinium is a member of a class of rationally designed porphyrin-like molecules called texaphyrins. The rationale for its use in cancer therapy is that, like naturally occurring porphyrins, it tends to concentrate selectively in cancer cells and it has a novel mechanism of action as it induces redox stress, triggering apoptosis in a broad range of cancers. Recent findings In vitro studies have shown that motexafin gadolinium is synergistic with radiation and varied chemotherapeutic agents. A phase III international study has shown that the onset of neurologic progression is significantly delayed in patients with brain metastases from lung cancer treated with whole-brain radiation and motexafin gadolinium (compared with radiation alone). Recent preclinical data have shown that motexafin gadolinium alone is cytotoxic to cancers such as multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia through redox and apoptotic pathways. Multiple clinical trials examining motexafin gadolinium as a single agent and in combination with radiation and/or chemotherapy for the treatment of solid and hematopoietic tumors are underway. Summary Motexafin gadolinium is a novel tumor-targeted agent that disrupts redox balance in cancer cells by futile redox cycling. Motexafin gadolinium is currently in numerous hematology/oncology clinical trials for use as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Management of peripheral vascular problems in recipients of cardiac allografts

Five hundred and twenty consecutive heart transplant cases (458 adult, 62 pediatric) were reviewed to assess the impact of peripheral vascular problems. Peritransplant interventions requiring vascular cannulation (e.g., intraaortic balloon pump procedures, catheterization of the right and left sides of the heart, femoral bypass) resulted in 10 complications that necessitated nine surgical procedures. Five aortic aneurysms (three infrarenal and two suprarenal) were resected. There was one death unrelated to the aneurysm resection. Sixteen patients had evidence of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). There were three deaths in this group, none directly related to the PVD. Three patients required vascular reconstruction (axillobifemoral, bilateral femoral distal and popliteal endarterectomy) in the posttransplant period, all for advanced ischemic symptoms. Except for one patient in whom ischemia-related ulcers developed on the heels, all patients had improved or stable symptoms that did not require intervention. There were no limb losses or vascular infections. We conclude that despite the rigors of posttransplant immunosuppression, patients with stable manifestations of PVD may successfully undergo heart transplantation and subsequent vascular reconstruction, when indicated, without prohibitive risk.
Acute physical dependence in humans: Repeated naloxone-precipitated withdrawal after a single dose of methadone

This paper reports the intensity and duration of acute physical dependence precipitated by naloxone administration following a single pre-treatment with the opioid against methadone (30 mg/70 kg, i.m.) in six non-dependent human volunteers with histories of prior opioid abuse. In a within-subject cross-over design, challenges of the antagonist naloxone (0.5-1.0 mg, i.m.) were administered at 6, 30 and 54 h, or at only 54 h after methadone pre-treatment. Acute physical dependence, as indicated by physiologic, subjective, and observer rated withdrawal, was seen in all subjects following active naloxone administration, was of nearly uniform intensity for a period of 6-54 h after acute methadone administration, and was not attenuated by prior naloxone administration.
Composition and vertical flux of organic matter in a large Alaskan estuary

Observations of the composition and rate of input of organic matter to the sea floor were made at three locations in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, during five cruises taken in the spring and summer of 1978. Total particulate, plant pigment, carbon, nitrogen, fecal pellet, and phytoplankton cell fluxes, inferred from sediment trap samples, were related to algal biomass and production in overlying waters. A daily average of 7.5% of the phytoplankton biomass was lost to the bottom. Of this loss, 83% was attributable to zooplankton grazing and fecal pellet production. At the three sampling sites, an average of 39 g C m−2 (range of 17–60 g C m−2, was sedimented to the bottom between May and August. This carbon flux represented an average of 12% of the total primary production measured for that time period. Kachemak Bay eastern arm of the inlet, is identified as an extremely productive embayment in which large amounts of organic matter were transferred to the sea floor.
HEAT-INDUCED CHANGES IN, MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS OF BOVINE LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE

Heat-induced changes in myofibrillar protein solubility were studied in samples of at-death and postmortem bovine logissimus heated at 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 70° and 80°C. Myofibrillar proteins were extracted with strong salt solution after the removal of sarcoplasmic proteins for each heat treatment. Changes in myofibrillar protein solubility were determined by using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins of thick and thin filaments and Z-disks reacted differently to heat and postmortem aging time. Alpha-actinin was the most heat labile and became insoluble at 50°C. Next, heavy and light chains of myosin became insoluble at 55°C. Actin, tropomyosin and troponin were more heat resistant, however, inasmuch as actin was insoluble between 70 and 80°C and tropomyosin and troponin became insoluble above 80°C. That the 30,000-dalton component was more intense after heating suggests that calcium activated factor (CAF) activity is stimulated during heating. This further suggests that the effect of CAF on heated muscle is additive to its tenderization effect on postmortem aged muscle.
Content analysis of the strong vocational interest blank for women

Abstract The content of each of the Occupational and Nonoccupational scales on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Women (SVIB-W; Form TW398) was described in terms of the categories used for the Basic Interest scales. The number of common items scored on the Occupational or Nonoccupational scales and the Basic scales was cross-tabulated for each pair of scales. A variety of interest factors was represented on each of the Occupational and Nonoccupational scales. Several shortcomings of the SVIB-W (e.g., restricted range of interests represented in item pool, no Occupational scale for “outdoors” occupations, and questionable validity of Diversity scale) were noted.
Multiparameter conditionally sampled laser velocimetry measurements during flame propagation in a spark ignition engine

Laser Doppler velocimeter results are presented for the mean velocity and turbulence intensity measured during combustion in a research engine. The cylinder pressure and time of flame arrival at the LDV measurement volume were also recorded for subsequent application of conditional sampling techniques in the data-averaging procedure. For velocity measurements made at different locations along the path of flame propagation, it is shown how the pressure history for each individual engine cycle can be used to relate the fluid mechanics from point to point. Additional conditional sampling, using the flame arrival time, is applied to further identify a set of similar combustion events with reduced bias from cyclic variations in the combustion rate. The fluid mechanics in the engine are very complex with strong mean motions and anisotropic and nonhomogeneous turbulence. Combustion appears to amplify the turbulence in the preflame gas although the measured changes may be due, in part, to flame-induced convection of nonhomogenous turbulence.
Implications for the Maintenance of Androdioecy in the Freshwater Shrimp, Eulimnadia texana Packard: Encounters between Males and Hermaphrodites are not Random

Androdioecy is a mixed-mating system in which there are males and hermaphrodites but no pure females. Few species exhibit such a mating system. Eulimnadia texana is a branchiopod crustacean that has recently been identified as an androdioecious species. This system is ideal for testing questions related to the evolution of sexual reproduction. We are testing a model that predicts androdioecy to be a stable mixed-mating system under certain conditions. Specifically, we investigated whether encounters between males and hermaphrodites are random or if either sex seeks out the other for mating. Focal male or hermaphrodite clam shrimp were presented with stimulus shrimp of the other sex or kept alone. Swimming speed and time spent within different areas of a test chamber were recorded. Males did not alter mean swimming speed or spend more time than expected by chance near partitioned hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites, however, decreased mean swimming speed in the presence of males and also spent more time than expected by chance near partitioned males, suggesting that hermaphrodites respond to male chemical and/or visual stimuli. Modified swimming behaviour probably facilitates inter-sexual contact, thereby increasing opportunities for out-crossing above that expected by random encounters.
Random field finite elements

The probabilistic finite element method (PFEM) is formulated for linear and non-linear continua with inhomogeneous random fields. Analogous to the discretization of the displacement field in finite element methods, the random field is also discretized. The formulation is simplified by transforming the correlated variables to a set of uncorrelated variables through an eigenvalue orthogonalization. Furthermore, it is shown that a reduced set of the uncorrelated variables is sufficient for the second-moment analysis. Based on the linear formulation of the PFEM, the method is then extended to transient analysis in non-linear continua. The accuracy and efficiency of the method is demonstrated by application to a one-dimensional, elastic/plastic wave propagation problem and a two-dimensional plane-stress beam bending problem. The moments calculated compare favourably with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. Also, the procedure is amenable to implementation in deterministic FEM based computer programs.
Upper Lethal Environmental Temperature in Turkeys

Abstract Of a total of 16 turkeys in a temperature controlled chamber with a low air velocity, 14 died during an accidental 16-hr exposure, because of a malfunction of a thermostat, to a temperature of 38.5 C and 80% relative humidity. These turkeys had been previously maintained at a temperature of 20 C for 6 days. Of the 2 surviving turkeys, one alert and one depressed, there were 1) an increased percent erythrocytes in the hematocrit, 2) a decreased ratio of blood mononuclear cells to blood polymorphonuclear cells, 3) a marked increase in plasma corticosterone concentration, and 4) a definite reduction of lymphocytes in the bursal follicles of the alert turkey and a nearly complete depletion in the depressed turkey.