cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planned online language education versus crisis‐prompted online language teaching: Lessons for the future

Online (language) teaching has been found to be as effective as face‐to‐face (F2F) learning (Moneypenny & Aldrich 2016, J. Educators Online , 13, 105–174; Goertler & Gacs, 2018, Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German , 51, 156–174). Online language teaching has different affordances and challenges than F2F teaching, which can be taken into consideration when online language education is carefully planned using a backwards design iterative process (e.g., Meskill & Anthony, 2015, Teaching language online ). In early 2020, many institutions rapidly transitioned away from F2F instruction due to the global pandemic. While this was at times referred to as online teaching, it in fact is not planned online teaching but rather crisis‐prompted remote teaching (Hodges, Moore, Lockee, Trust, & Bond, 2020, Educause Review , 27 March). Given the circumstances and the timeframes for crisis online teaching, quality expectations must be lowered especially in regards to testing security, technological sophistication, accessibility, copyright, and learning outcomes. This article presents a roadmap for planning, implementing, and evaluating online education in ideal and in crisis contexts.
Relaxin Family Peptide Receptor 2-RXFP2 (LGR8)

The leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor LGR8 (RXFP2) is the receptor for …
Making data science systems work

How are data science systems made to work? It may seem that whether a system works is a function of its technical design, but it is also accomplished through ongoing forms of discretionary work by ...
Healing After Gender-Based Violence: A Qualitative Metasynthesis Using Meta-Ethnography:

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a significant violation of human rights, requiring specific understanding of how individuals heal and recover after these experiences. This article reports on finding...
Making "Friends" with the #Ethics Rules: Avoiding Pitfalls in Professional Social Media Use

Lawyers’ professional use of social media is widespread and a critical component to running a successful practice. Yet some common uses of social media easily -- and often innocently -- violate the professional rules of ethics. The American Bar Association recently passed amendments to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct to include topics related to social media use, but the amendments still do not address all issues. Likewise, advisory opinions of state and local bar associations and court opinions give scant and sometimes contradictory advice about when a use does or does not violate a Rule. This essay discusses four topics at the intersection between social media and ethics, chosen because they are either unsettled, very common, implicate Rules that are easy to violate, or all three. The topics include when posting turns into advertising; when posting breaches confidentiality obligations; using social media to investigate during discovery; and using social media in court, including investigating jurors and friending a judge. This essay presents the issues involved under each topic, the state of play in various jurisdictions, and solid recommendations for practitioners to take in order to remain confident as well as ethical users of social media.
The origin and resolution of ambiguities in causal arguments

The causal arguments that people typically use to explain the behavior of physical systems contain ambiguities and hidden assumptions which result from imposing a particular point of view on the behavior of the system. The causality of such an argument is an artifact of imposing this point of view. Usually there exist other equally "valid" but conflicting arguments based on the same evidence. The inherent local nature of causal arguments makes it impossible for them to capture the more global effects that arc needed to resolve these ambiguities. However, their local nature makes causal arguments computationally simple to construct. This paper discusses these ideas in the context of electronics after first presenting a general theory of causal arguments. The causal rules that electrical engineers appear to use to reason about circuits are presented, and their use in constructing causal arguments for circuit behavior is discussed.
Seasonality in spatial variability and influence of land use/land cover and watershed characteristics on stream water nitrate concentrations in a developing watershed in the Rocky Mountain West

[1] In recent decades, the Rocky Mountain West has been one of the fastest growing regions in the United States. Headwater streams in mountain environments may be particularly susceptible to nitrogen enrichment from residential and resort development. We utilized stream water chemistry from six synoptic sampling campaigns combined with land use/land cover (LULC) and terrain analysis in geostatistical modeling to examine the spatial and seasonal variability of LULC impacts on stream water nitrate. Stream water nitrate was spatially correlated for longer distances during the dormant season than during the growing season, suggesting the importance of biological retention. Spatial linear models indicated that anthropogenic sources best predicted stream water nitrate in the dormant season, while variables describing biological processing were the best predictors in the growing season. This work demonstrates the importance of (1) incorporating spatial relationships into water quality modeling and (2) investigating stream water chemistry across seasons to gain a more complete understanding of development impacts on stream water quality.
Stress-concentration factors for semielliptical notches in beams under pure bending

Elliptical notches in rectangular beams under pure bending are examined photoelastically. Stress-concentration factors due to a single elliptical notch are obtained for wide ranges of 2a/h andd/h, where 2a, d, andh are the width of notch, depth of notch, and depth of beam, respectively. In particular, the geometries of the optimum elliptical notches producing the least stress concentrations are obtained. Almost the whole elliptical boundary of these notches are stressed to the same peak, which indicates that these notches will probably produce the least stress concentrations among all notches, elliptical or nonelliptical.
Bacterial Pili and Fimbriae

Bacterial proteinaceous filaments termed pili or fimbriae are nonflagellar, hair-like structures protruding from the cell surface that are critical for bacterial virulence and fitness. Present in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, pili are involved in many processes such as conjugation, adherence, twitching motility, biofilm formation and immunomodulation. Considerably diverse and complex, Gram-negative pili are formed by noncovalent polymerisation of various pilin subunits; many of these pili require chaperones and usher proteins for their assembly. In contrast, fewer pilus systems have been described for the Gram-positive counterparts; notably well studied are the heterotrimeric or -dimeric pili that are covalently assembled by a transpeptidase enzyme called sortase. Here we review the current knowledge of assembly pathways, structure and function of these pili in Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. Key Concepts: Noncovalent pilus polymerisation is a general mechanism of pilus assembly in Gram-negative bacteria, including the chaperon-usher assembly pathway and type IV pilus pathway, which generates noncovalent pilus polymers. Sortase-mediated pilus assembly is a general mechanism of pilus assembly in Gram-positive bacteria that involves a transpeptidase enzyme named sortase, which cleaves pilin precursors at sorting signals between threonine and glycine and involve the side-chain amino groups of pilin motif sequences to generate covalent links between pilin subunits. The sorting signal is consisted of an LPXTG motif followed by a hydrophobic domain and a positively charged tail. The pilin motif is an 11 amino acid sequence of WxxxVxVYPKN located near the N-terminus of major pilin subunits, in which the electron donating lysine residue forms an isopeptide bond with the threonine residue generated from the cleavage of the LPXTG motif of adjacent pilin subunits. Tissue tropism is referred to as the ability of a pathogen to adhere specifically to some particular epithelial cells. Phase variation involves switching of surface antigens such as pili that allows a pathogen to evade the host immune system. Immunomodulation is a process of changing the host's immune system by certain molecules known as immunomodulators including pili that can activate or suppress immune cells. Dental plaque is one of the most complex bacterial biofilms that is formed by sequential colonisation of initial colonisers such as Actinomyces spp. and oral streptococci and late colonisers; this process involves Actinomyces fimbriae. Twitching motility mediated by pili allows translocation between mucosal surfaces, colonisation of host tissues and establishment of biofilms by a pathogen. Keywords: pili; fimbriae; adhesion; polymerisation; sortase
Geodesics on the space of Lagrangian submanifolds in cotangent bundles

We prove that the space of Hamiltonian deformations of zero section in a cotangent bundle of a compact manifold is locally flat in the Hofer metric and we describe its geodesics.
Levels of70Zn from the inelastic scattering of 42 MeV alpha-particles

Energy levels of70Zn have been excited by inelastic scattering of 42 MeV α-particles. Spin and parity assignments to several levels have been made on the basis of the diffraction model and by comparison of level systematics of the even-mass zinc isotopes. The structure of70Zn is discussed in the framework of the vibrational model.
A growth factor-induced kinase phosphorylates the serum response factor at a site that regulates its DNA-binding activity.

Abstract A signaling pathway by which growth factors may induce transcription of the c-fos proto-oncogene has been characterized. Growth factor stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts activates a protein kinase cascade that leads to the rapid and transient phosphorylation of the serum response factor (SRF), a regulator of c-fos transcription. The in vivo kinetics of SRF phosphorylation and dephosphorylation parallel the activation and subsequent repression of c-fos transcription, suggesting that this phosphorylation event plays a critical role in the control of c-fos expression. The ribosomal S6 kinase pp90rsk, a growth factor-inducible kinase, phosphorylates SRF in vitro at serine 103, the site that becomes newly phosphorylated upon growth factor stimulation in vivo. Phosphorylation of serine 103 significantly enhances the affinity and rate with which SRF associates with its binding site, the serum response element, within the c-fos promoter. These results suggest a model in which the growth factor-induced phosphorylation of SRF at serine 103 contributes to the activation of c-fos transcription by facilitating the formation of an active transcription complex at the serum response element.
Write It Up! Practical Strategies for Writing and Publishing Journal Articles

How do you write good research articles -- articles that are interesting, compelling, and easy to understand? How do you write papers that influence the field instead of falling into obscurity? Write It Up offers a practical and revealing look at how productive researchers write strong articles. The book's guiding idea is that academics should write to make an impact, not just to get something published somewhere. Your work will be more influential if you approach it reflectively and strategically. Based on his experience as an author, journal editor, and reviewer, Paul Silvia offers systematic approaches to problems like picking journals; cultivating the right tone and style; managing collaborative projects and co-authors; crafting effective Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion sections; and submitting and resubmitting papers to journals. With its light-hearted style and practical advice, Write It Up will help graduate students struggling with writing their first paper, early career professors who need advice on how to write better articles, and seasoned academic writers looking to refresh their writing strategy or style.
Chapter 1 Immune mechanisms: T cells and B cells

Article synthese sur les mecanismes d'action des lymphocytes T et des lymphocytes B dans la reponse immune induite par un antigene. Etude des phenomenes d'immunoregulation et de tolerance immune
Deficiency of IgG4 in children: association of isolated IgG4 deficiency with recurrent respiratory tract infection.

To study the relationship between serum IgG subclass deficiency and clinical host defense impairment, we revlewed the clinical and immunologic features of 123 patients with a history of recurrent infection who had been examined for immunodeficiency in our laboratory (group 1). We then compared immunoglobulin isotype levels with those in sera from 127 age-matched control subjects without recurrent infection from whom blood had been drawn for evaluation of atopy (group 2). There was a significantly higher prevalence of IgG4 deficlencies among patients with recurrent infections (17% vs 7%; p isolated IgG4 deficiency (n=9; 7.3%) than in atopic control subjects (n=1; 0.8); p
Decision Topology Assessment in Engineering Design Under Uncertainty

Abstract : The implications of decision analysis (DA) on engineering design are well known. Recently, the authors proposed decision topologies (DT) as a visual method for making design decisions and proved that they are consistent with normative decision analysis. This paper addresses the practical issue of assessing DTs for a decision maker (DM) using their responses, particularly under uncertainty. This is critical to encoding decision maker preferences so that further analysis and mathematical optimization can be performed using the correct set of preferences. We show how multiattribute DTs can be directly assessed from DM responses. Four methods are shown to evolutionarily assess DTs among which one that requires the DM to rank alternatives and another where a utility function is first assessed. It is also shown that preferences under uncertainty can be easily incorporated. In addition, we show that topologies can be constructed using single attribute topologies similarly to multi-linear functions in utility analysis. This incremental construction simplifies the process of topology construction. The reverse problem of inferring single attribute DTs is also presented. The proposed assessment methods are used on a design decision making problem of a welded beam.
Transcrystalline interphases in natural fiber-PP composites: effect of coupling agent

The interest in lignocellulosic fiber composites has been growing in recent years because of their high specific properties. In this work, a new technique was used to prepare specimen to observe the transcrystalline zones in kenaf fiber-polypropylene composites. A maleated polypropylene (MAPP) coupling agent was used to improve the stress-transfer efficiency in the composites. Transcrystallinity was observed for both the uncoupled and coupled composites, although the rate of growth was higher for the coupled composites. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy was used to observe the relaxations of the composites. The peak temperature of the β-relaxation, associated with the glass-rubber transition of the amorphous molecules, of the coupled composites was higher than that of the uncoupled composites. Restricted molecular mobility due to covalent interactions between the MAPP and the lignocellulosic surface may account for the shift to higher temperatures. It appears that during compounding the extractives sheared ...
Eating disorders and childbearing: concealment and consequences.

: The reported incidence of eating disorders has increased markedly during the past 30 years. Numerous studies have linked a spectrum of eating disorders to serious medical complications resulting in hospitalization and death. The prevalence of such disorders occurs primarily in women of adolescent and childbearing age. This article reviews the published literature alerting the practitioner to the indicators of a condition that is seldom disclosed bythe client or detected by the caregiver. Predisposing factors, behavioral theories, and reproductive outcomes are discussed to provide clear evidence of the link between eating disorders and poor pregnancy outcome. Recommendations are offered for early recognition ofa repeatedly concealed disease and for management of eating disorders during the childbearing cycle. (BIRTH 29:3 September 2002)
Integrity of refolded and reoxidized gelatin‐binding fragments of fibronectin

The gelatin-binding region of fibronectin is easily isolated as a stable and functional 42-kDa fragment (42-kDa GBF) containing four type I “finger” modules and two type II “kringle-like” modules arranged in the order I6–II1–II2–I7–I8–I9, where the numbers designate the order of these modules in each of the two polypeptide chains. Each module forms an independently folded domain stabilized by two disulfide bonds. Reduction of disulfides caused large changes in the intrinsic fluorescence and abolished the gelatin-binding activity of 42-kDa GBF and two nonoverlapping gelatin-binding subfragments, 30-kDa GBF (I6–II1–II2–I7) and 21-kDa GBF (I8–I9). However, high yields of active material could be regenerated, without diluting the protein, by dialysis into GdmCl followed by slow overnight removal of GdmCl while maintaining the redox potential with a mixture of oxidized and reduced glutathione. Fluorescence spectroscopic analysis indicated that the tertiary structure and thermodynamic stability of the refolded fragments were similar to those of the originals. The refolded fragments were quantitatively indistinguishable from the originals with respect to their dissociation constants for binding to a fluorescent-labeled collagen fragment. The results suggest that all or most of the cystines, a total of 24 in 42-kDa GBF, are correctly paired in the refolded products and that the tertiary structure was completely recovered. The fact that the 30- and 21-kDa fragments bind with a similar affinity proves the existence of at least two nonoverlapping sites in 42-kDa GBF that recognize gelatin.
An animal model of cigarette smoke-induced in utero growth retardation.

Abstract Maternal/fetal genetic constitution and environmental factors are vital to delivery of a healthy baby. In the United States (US), a low birth weight (LBW) baby is born every minute and a half. LBW, defined as weighing less than 5.5 lbs at birth, affects nearly 1 in 12 infants born in the US with resultant costs for the nation of more than 15 billion dollars annually. Infant birth weight is the single most important factor affecting neonatal mortality. Various environmental and genetic risk factors for LBW have been identified. Several risks are preventable, such as cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Over one million babies are exposed prenatally to cigarette smoke accounting for over 20% of the LBW incidence in the US. Cigarette smoke exposure in utero results in a variety of adverse developmental outcomes with intrauterine growth restriction and infant LBW being the most well documented. However, the mechanisms underlying the causes of LBW remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was: (1) to establish an animal model of cigarette smoke-induced in utero growth retardation and LBW using physiologically relevant inhalation exposure conditions which simulate “active” and “passive” tobacco smoke exposures, and (2) to determine whether particular stages of development are more susceptible than others to the adverse effects of in utero smoke exposure on embryo/fetal growth. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were exposed to cigarette smoke during three periods of gestation: pre-/peri-implantation (gestational days [gds] 1–5), post-implantation (gds 6–18), and throughout gestation (gds 1–17). Reproductive and fetal outcomes were assessed on gd 18.5. Exposure of dams to mainstream/sidestream cigarette smoke, simulating “active” maternal smoking, resulted in decreases in fetal weight and crown–rump length when exposed throughout gestation (gds 1–17). Similar results were seen when dams were exposed only during the first 5 days of gestation (pre-/peri-implantation period gds 1–5). Exposure of dams from the post-implantation period through gestation (gds 6–18) did not result in reduced fetal weight, although a significant reduction in crown–rump length remained evident. Interestingly, maternal sidestream smoke exposure, simulating exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), during the pre-/peri-implantation period of development also produced significant decreases in fetal weight and crown–rump length. Collectively, results from the present study confirm an association between prenatal exposure to either “active” or “passive” cigarette smoke and in utero growth retardation. The data also identify a period of susceptibility to in utero cigarette smoke exposure-induced growth retardation and LBW during pre-/peri-implantation embryonic development.
Settling conjectures on the collapse of degrees of freedom under finite precision CSIT

A conjecture made by Lapidoth, Shamai and Wigger at Allerton 2005 (also an open problem presented at ITA 2006) states that the degrees of freedom (DoF) of a two user broadcast channel, where the transmitter is equipped with 2 antennas and each user is equipped with 1 antenna, must collapse under finite precision channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). That this conjecture, which predates interference alignment, has remained unresolved, is emblematic of a pervasive lack of understanding of the degrees of freedom of wireless networks — including interference and X networks — under channel uncertainty at the transmitter(s). In this work we prove that the conjecture is true in all non-degenerate settings (e.g., where the probability density function of unknown channel coefficients exists and is bounded). The DoF collapse even when perfect channel knowledge for one user is available to the transmitter. This also settles a related recent conjecture by Tandon et al. Reminiscent of Korner and Marton's work on the images of a set, the key to our proof is a bound on the number of codewords that can cast the same image (within noise distortion) at the undesired receiver, while remaining resolvable at the desired receiver. We are also able to generalize the result to arbitrary number of users, including the K user interference channel. Remarkably, for the K user interference channel, this work and the earlier work by Cadambe and Jafar reveal two contrasting sides of the same coin. Both works close a gap between the best previously known DoF inner bound of 1 and the best previously known DoF outer bound of K/2. However, while Cadambe and Jafar do so in the optimistic direction, showing that K/2 is optimal under perfect CSIT, here we close the gap in the pessimistic direction, showing that 1 DoF is optimal under finite precision CSIT.
Performance-Based Assessments Will Gender Differences in Science Achievement be Eliminated?

By the time children in the United States reach seventh grade, half declare no interest in science (Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1991). Among girls, this disinterest appears to be particularly pronounced (S. Johnson, 1987; Jones, Mullis, Raizen, Weiss, & Weston, 1992). At the same time, girls’ and boys’ performances on standardized tests of science achievement begin to diverge with girls falling behind boys. This fact is well supported by numerous large-scale studies such as the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement or IEA (1988), the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) 1970-1986 (Mullis & Jenkins, 1988), and the British Columbia Science Assessments (Bateson & Parsons-Chatman, 1989). In the science classroom, however, girls perform as well, or better than, boys (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974). Therefore, standardized tests are thought to under-predict girls’ science achievement (Linn, 1991). Although this gender disparity has been attributed to several factors, there is considerable concern that the difference may be an artifact of the method of measurement (Bateson & Parsons-Chatman, 1989; Bolger & Kellaghan, 1990). That is, there is something about the test itself that puts girls at a disadvantage. Girls’ lower test scores, in turn, are thought to undermine their self-perceptions of competence, leading to their disinterest in science and eventual drop from the science “pipeline” (Oaks, 1990; Rosser et al., 1989). Included in the current reform rhetoric is the need to change the method by which we evaluate students’ achievements. To do so will “open gates of opportunity rather than close them off” (National Commission on Testing and Public Policy, 1990, p. x). The belief seems to be that by replacing traditional assessment methods with new alternative methods such as performance-based assessments, the gender bias in testing may be eliminated (Jenkins & MacDonald, 1989; National Center for Improving Science Education, 1989). This article begins by reviewing what we know about gender differences on traditional tests of science achievement and what is hoped to be gained by changing to performance-based assessments. Then, as an initial look at the effect of new forms of testing on males’ and females’ science achievement, their scores on performance-based assessments are compared. Finally, these findings are discussed in the context of science reform.
Modifiable risk factor burden and the prevalence of peripheral artery disease in different vascular territories.

Background The precise relationship between risk factor burden and prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in different vascular territories (PAD, carotid artery stenosis [CAS], and abdominal aortic aneurysms [AAAs]) is unclear. Methods We investigated the association of modifiable risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle) with any and type-specific peripheral vascular disease (PVD) among 3.3 million patients in the U.S., aged 40 to 99, who underwent screening bilateral ankle brachial indices, carotid duplex ultrasound, and abdominal aortic ultrasound in the Life Line Screening program between 2004 and 2008. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds of disease in different risk factor categories. Population-attributable risk was calculated to estimate the proportion of disease that could be potentially ascribed to modifiable risk factors. Results Among 3,319,993 participants, prevalence of any PVD was 7.51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.50%-7.53%). PAD was present in 3.56% (95% CI, 3.54%-3.58%), CAS in 3.94% (95% CI, 3.92%-3.96%), and AAAs in 0.88% (95% CI, 0.86%-0.89%). The multivariate-adjusted prevalence with the presence of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 modifiable risk factors was 2.76, 4.63, 7.12, 10.73, 16.00, and 22.08 ( P P P P Conclusions This very large contemporary database demonstrates that risk factor burden is associated with an increased prevalence of PVD, and there is a graded association between the number of risk factors present and the prevalence of PAD, CAS, and AAAs.
Video dejittering by bake and shake

Video jittering occurs when the horizontal lines of video image frames are randomly displaced due to the corruption of synchronization signals or electromagnetic interference during video transmission. Inspired by the recent Bayesian/variational dejittering model of Shen (SIAM J. Appl. Math., vol. 64, pp. 1691-1708, 2004), in the current paper we propose a novel dejittering approach nicknamed 'bake-and-shake.' The bake step is to apply Perona-Malik type nonlinear diffusions to 'melt away' or heat up the jittered video frames, based upon which the shake step is able to optimally estimate the individual line jitters and renormalize the jittered images. Numerical implementation of the bake-and-shake algorithm as well as several computational results are presented.
Mars Rocket Vehicle Using In Situ Propellants

The Mars In-Situ Propellants Rocket (MIPR) is a small vehicle proposed to  y autonomously on Mars, using in-situ propellant production to manufacture rocket propellant directly out of the Martian atmosphere, thus demonstrating the feasibility of using local resources to “live off the land.” It is proposed as a payload on a Mars Surveyor class lander as a reusable “hopper” vehicle. The vehicle explores theMartian surface under rocket power and can repeatedly take off and land, carrying a suite of science instruments over a range of hundreds of meters to several kilometers per hop. The  ight demonstrationwill accomplish a range of technologyobjectives important to bothunmannedprobes and to future humanmissions, includingdemonstrationof a suborbitalMars launchvehicle, demonstrating storage of cryogenic propellants on the Mars surface, demonstration of a pressure-fed cryogenic propulsion system forMars ascent vehicles, demonstrationofa lightweight space engine, anduse for the  rst time of propellants manufactured in situ on another planetary body. In addition to these technology objectives, the MIPR vehicle can carry a science payload that will advance our understanding of the surface and atmosphere of Mars.
XSL-FO 2.0: automated publishing for graphic documents

The W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) is in the process of developing the second major version of XSL-FO (eXtensible Stylesheet Language - Formatting Objects) [1], the formatting specification component of XSL. XSL-FO is widely deployed in industry and academia where multiple output forms (typically print and online) are needed from single source XML. It is used in many diverse applications and countries on a large number of implementations to create technical documentation, reports and contracts, terms and conditions, invoices and other forms processing, such as driver's licenses, postal forms, etc. XSL-FO is also widely used for heavy multilingual work because of the internationalization aspects provided in 1.0 to accommodate multiple and mixed writing modes (writing directions such as left-to-right, top-to-bottom, right-to-left, etc.) of the world's languages. The primary goals of the W3C XSL Working Group in developing XSL 2.0 are to provide more sophisticated formatting and layout, enhanced internationalization to provide special formatting objects for Japanese and other Asian and non-Western languages and scripts and to improve integration with other technologies such as SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) [2] and MathML (Mathematical Markup Language) [3]. A number of XSL 1.0 implementations already support dynamic inclusion of vector graphics using W3C SVG. The XSL and SVG WGs want to define a tighter interface between XSL-FO and SVG to provide enhanced functionality. Experiments [4] with the use of SVG paths to create non-rectangular text regions, or "run-arounds", have helped to motivate further work on deeper integration of SVG graphics inside XSL-FO documents, and to work with the SVG WG on specifying the meaning of XSL-FO markup inside SVG graphics. A similar level of integration with MathML is contemplated.
Nipple confusion, alternative feeding methods, and breast-feeding supplementation: State of the science

Abstract Mothers of preterm and term infants frequently experience breast-feeding problems that make it necessary for them to use supplemental or complementary feedings. Although bottle feeding is used most frequently, alternatives to bottle feeding are frequently recommended to avoid nipple confusion. This report reviews the evidence of a relationship between exposure to artificial nipples and the development of nipple confusion. It also examines the effects of alternative feeding methods such as cup feeding, finger feeding, spoon feeding and gavage feeding on physiological responses of infants and long-term breast-feeding outcomes. This report recommends further research before alternatives to bottle feeding are routinely implemented. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Turkey, Central Asia, and the Caucasus: Ten years after independence

The systemic changes triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union left no region or country unaffected. Nevertheless, their impact has been felt more strongly by those regions and countries that were neighbours of the Soviet Union ‐ and now of its successor states. This development is unsurprising since the dynamics of the Cold War and East‐West competition determined the framework, direction and range of options of these countries’ foreign policies. Thus, one of the major consequences of the end of the Cold War has been a shift in the pattern of regional relations and the emergence of intense rivalry, even hostility, among countries that, because of their common fear of and opposition to the Soviet Union, were allies and friends during the Cold War. Nowhere has this change in the pattern of regional relations been as pronounced as among the northern‐tier countries of the Soviet era ‐ Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Scaling in pinch-off of generalized Newtonian fluids

Abstract Pinch-off dynamics of slender liquid bridges of generalized Newtonian fluids without and with inertia are studied using asymptotic analysis and numerical computation. The deformation-rate-dependent rheology is described by power law and Carreau models. Because the bridges are slender, their dynamics are governed by a pair of spatially one-dimensional (1D), non-linear evolution equations for the bridge shape and axial velocity. A bridge of a power law fluid under creeping flow conditions exhibits self-similar dynamics in the vicinity of the axial location where the bridge radius is a minimum. The scaling exponents that determine the variation with time remaining to breakup of the bridge radius or radial length scale, axial length scale, and axial velocity are evaluated by a combined analytical and numerical approach. Similarity solutions are obtained by collapsing numerically computed profiles of both the bridge shape and the axial velocity in the vicinity of the axial location where the bridge radius is minimum by rescaling of the transient profiles with radial and axial scalings deduced from theory. This scaling behavior is transitory and inertial effects become significant as pinch-off is approached. Thereafter, a new balance is established between viscous, capillary, and inertial forces that leads to a new self-similar regime which persists until pinch-off. The scaling exponents appropriate to this regime are also determined. Moreover, it is shown theoretically that interface shapes in the vicinity of the singularity are non-slender for values of the power law exponent below 2/3. Similarity solutions are once again obtained in the same manner as that used in the creeping flow limit. Low-viscosity bridges of Carreau fluids are known to exhibit a transition from potential flow (PF) scaling to Newtonian scaling. Here it is demonstrated that high-viscosity bridges of Carreau fluids exhibit a transition from power law scaling to Newtonian scaling. The point of transition between the latter two regimes is predicted in terms of parameters of the Carreau model.
Using quality attributes and computational intelligence to generate and evaluate system architecture alternatives

This paper proposes an evolutionary algorithm based approach for evolving architecture alternatives using quality attributes as design drivers. A novel fuzzy architecture assessment approach is presented to quantitatively evaluate the set of possible solutions based on linguistic assessments of architecture quality attributes elicited from the stakeholders. The proposed approach makes a valuable contribution to the systems architecting knowledge base by presenting a measurable and quantifiable approach to architecture design and evaluation.
Patterns of systemic stress during the agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan

This study documents and interprets systemic stress during the agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan using linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) defects and cribra orbitalia (CO) lesions. Middle to Final Jomon cultures (5000-2300 BP) from Honshu Island represent the foraging samples, while Yayoi cultures (2500-1700 BP) represent the early agricultural samples. Jomon foragers from eastern Japan had broad-based, intensive economies. Jomon foragers from western Japan had a greater focus on seasonally available, nutritionally poor resources, while Yayoi people were descendents of migrants from the East Asian continent and introduced wet rice economies to Japan. This study tests the hypotheses that wet rice economies will be associated with a lower prevalence of teeth/individuals affected by LEH defects in western Japan, while few differences in the prevalence of teeth/individuals with LEH defects will be observed between eastern Jomon people and Yayoi farmers. It is further predicted that similar CO prevalence will be observed between Jomon and Yayoi people given environmental similarities. Significantly greater frequencies of teeth affected by LEH defects are observed among western Jomon compared to Yayoi people. The prevalence of teeth with LEH defects is slightly elevated among eastern Jomon foragers compared to Yayoi agriculturalists. Significant differences in CO prevalence are not observed. Systemic stress prevalence in western Japan likely declined following wet-rice agriculture because this crop provided a predictable, renewable resource base. Systemic stress prevalence was similar between eastern Jomon and Yayoi people because both groups practiced intensive subsistence strategies. Similar CO prevalence reflects infectious diseases associated with living conditions.
Predictors of Use of Evidence-Based Practices for Children and Adolescents in Usual Care

Practice data from 74 therapists providing public mental health services to 519 youth ages 5–19 were examined. Multilevel modeling suggested child and therapist characteristics predicted use of practices derived from the evidence-base (PDEB) and use of practices with minimal evidence support (PMES). Longer episode length predicted greater receipt of PDEB; older youth, males, and youth in out-of-home levels of care were more likely to receive PMES; and youth receiving an evidence-based treatment program were less likely to receive PMES. Professional specialty and theoretical orientation significantly predicted PDEB whereas therapist characteristics did not predict PMES. Implementation implications are discussed.
On discrete sequential fractional boundary value problems

Abstract In this paper, we analyze several different types of discrete sequential fractional boundary value problems. Our prototype equation is − Δ μ 1 Δ μ 2 Δ μ 3 y ( t ) = f ( t + μ 1 + μ 2 + μ 3 − 1 , y ( t + μ 1 + μ 2 + μ 3 − 1 ) ) subject to the conjugate boundary conditions y ( 0 ) = 0 = y ( b + 2 ) , where f : [ 1 , b + 1 ] N 0 × R → [ 0 , + ∞ ) is a continuous function and μ 1 , μ 2 , μ 3 ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) satisfy 1 μ 2 + μ 3 2 and 1 μ 1 + μ 2 + μ 3 2 . We also obtain results for delta–nabla discrete fractional boundary value problems. As an application of our analysis, we give conditions under which such problems will admit at least one positive solution.
Within-herd heritability estimated with daughter-parent regression for yield and somatic cell score.

Abstract Estimates of heritability within herd ( h WH 2 ) that were generated with daughter–dam regression, daughter–sire regression, and REML were compared, and effects of adjusting lactation records for within-herd heritability on genetic evaluations were evaluated. Holstein records for milk, fat, and protein yields and somatic cell score (SCS) from the USDA national database represented herds in the US Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, and West. Four data subsets (457 to 499 herds) were randomly selected, and a large-herd subset included the 15 largest herds from the West and 10 largest herds from other regions. Subset heritabilities for yield and SCS were estimated assuming a regression model that included fixed covariates for effects of dam yield or SCS, sire predicted transmitting ability (PTA) for yield or SCS, herd-year-season of calving, and age within parity. Dam records and sire PTA were nested within herd as random covariates to generate within-herd heritability estimates that were regressed toward mean h WH 2 for the random subset. Heritabilities were estimated with REML using sire models (REML SIRE ), sire–maternal grandsire models (REML MGS ), and animal models (REML ANIM ) for each herd individually in the large-herd subset. Phenotypic variance for each herd was estimated from herd residual variance after adjusting for effects of year-season and age within parity. Deviations from herd-year-season mean were standardized to constant genetic variance across herds, and records were weighted according to estimated error variance to accommodate h WH 2 when estimating breeding values. Mean h WH 2 tended to be higher with daughter–dam regression (0.35 for milk yield) than with daughter–sire regression (0.24 for milk yield). Heritability estimates varied widely across herds (0.04 to 0.67 for milk yield estimated with daughter–dam regression), and h WH 2 deviated from subset means more for large herds than for small herds. Correlation with REML ANIM h WH 2 was 0.68 for daughter–dam and was 0.45 for daughter–sire h WH 2 for milk yield. The correlation between daughter–sire h WH 2 and REML MGS was greater than the correlation between daughter–dam h WH 2 and REML MGS . Data adjustments had a minimal impact on breeding value bias. Within-herd heritability can be estimated rapidly using regression techniques with moderate accuracy, but adjusting lactation records for h WH 2 resulted in only a small improvement in the accuracy of genetic evaluations.
Dust Cooling of Hot Gas

The cooling rates of a hot gas by ion-grain collisions are shown to be significant at temperatures above 1 million K. The importance of this cooling mechanism in certain phases of supernova explosions is noted. High-temperature modifications of this cooling mechanism in astronomical sources are discussed. A cooling curve is plotted for collisionally ionized gas containing cosmic abundances of heavy elements and graphite grains.
The Relative Accuracy of U.S., British and Mexican Raters in Judging the Emotional Displays of Schizophrenic and Normal U.S. Women.

Asked U.S., British, and Mexican male students of college age to discriminate among three affective displays presented by 10 schizophrenic and 10 normal U.S. women. Significant main effects for diagnostic category, nationality of judge and for the interaction of nationality and diagnostic category were obtained. Furthermore, U.S. judges did significantly better in judging normals as compared to schizophrenics, British judges tended in the same direction, and Mexican judges did not. Co-nationality and national similarity confer an advantage in judging normals as compared to schizophrenics. The data have relevance for questions about the effects of sending and receiving nonverbal emotional messages on communications or miscommunications between doctor and patient, doctors from different cultures and people including conference negotiators, from different national backgrounds.
State Legislators' Perceptions of the Use of E-mail in Constituent Communication

This study measured and compared the attitudes and perceptions of state legislators toward e-mail on the basis of age and gender. Results showed that although e-mail is thought to be an effective means of communicating politically by legislators, it is not being implemented as a political tool. A comparison based on gender revealed that more male legislators have an active political e-mail account (95%) than female legislators (71%). The survey also revealed a significant difference with respect to the age of legislators and the political use of e-mail.
Case study as a research method to study life histories of elderly people: Some ideas and a case study of a case study

Abstract The article explores conditions under which life history interviewing, based on case study research, may become a valuable research instrument. Validity and reliability of case study as a form of qualitative research are discussed. It is shown that neither triangulation nor internal consistency methods can guarantee a single interpretation. As an example a case study of Zina, an immigrant from Russia, is used, and two explanations of her behavior are proposed. The choice between them is made through construction of a holistic image of Zina, which essentially means introduction of a new dimension—theory, worldview—as a criterion of validity and reliability of case studies. Relations of a case study to a theory are discussed, and the conclusion is made that a case study enables a researcher to utilize the most the diversity of life histories of elderly people.
Microbiology director salary survey

How the Survey was Conducted A salary survey of doctorate level microbiologists who direct the activities of clinical or public health microbiology laboratories in the United States and Canada was conducted between July and December of 1998 via an internet users group. Data collected included years of experience, years at current position, type of institution, institution bed size, whether or not an academic appointment was held, and current salary. There were 57 respondents whose responses were tallied as an entire group and in addition were subdivided into seven geographical groups (Northeast, Southeast, North central, South central, Northwest, Southwest, and Canada). Responses were received over the internet, via fax, or by telephone and could be anonymous if the respondent so desired. Statistical analysis was performed in order to answer the following questions:
Precipitation development in a New Mexico thunderstorm

Observations were made of a thunderstorm over Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research on 2 August 1984. Four Doppler radars were closely spaced, allowing observations to be taken at high elevation angles. As a result, the vertical component of the precipitation particle velocity was accurately measured. In conjunction with the vertical air velocity, obtained by integration of the continuity equation, the particle terminal velocity field was computed. Backward integration of particle trajectories showed that most precipitation embryos originated near the tops of thunderstorm precursor clouds when these cloud tops were 7–8 km above sea level. Early and mature phase precipitation grew by accretion at levels below 7 km, and resulted in relatively high density graupel or hail. Late phase precipitation underwent growth mainly above 8 km, and was sufficiently small in diameter and low in density to undergo rapid melting at the freezing level.
Determining Mutation Rates in Bacterial Populations

When properly determined, spontaneous mutation rates are a more accurate and biologically meaningful reflection of underlying mutagenic mechanisms than are mutant frequencies. Because bacteria grow exponentially and mutations arise stochastically, methods to estimate mutation rates depend on theoretical models that describe the distribution of mutant numbers among parallel cultures, as in the original Luria-Delbr]uck fluctuation analysis. An accurate determination of mutation rate depends on understanding the strengths and limitations of these methods, and how to design fluctuation assays to optimize a given method. In this paper we describe a number of methods to estimate mutation rates, give brief accounts of their derivations, and discuss how they behave under various experimental conditions.