cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutive relationship and governing physical properties for magnetophoresis

Magnetophoresis is an important physical process with application to drug delivery, biomedical imaging, separation, and mixing. Other than empirically, little is known about how the magnetic field and magnetic properties of a solution affect the flux of magnetic particles. A comprehensive explanation of these effects on the transport of magnetic particles has not been developed yet. Here we formulate a consistent, constitutive equation for the magnetophoretic flux of magnetic nanoparticles suspended in a medium exposed to a stationary magnetic field. The constitutive relationship accounts for contributions from magnetic diffusion, magnetic convection, residual magnetization, and electromagnetic drift. We discovered that the key physical properties governing the magnetophoresis are magnetic diffusion coefficient, magnetic velocity, and activity coefficient, which depend on relative magnetic energy and the molar magnetic susceptibility of particles. The constitutive equation also reveals previously unknown ballistic and diffusive limits for magnetophoresis wherein the paramagnetic particles either aggregate near the magnet or diffusive away from the magnet, respectively. In the diffusive limit, the particle concentration is linearly proportional to the relative magnetic energy of the suspension of paramagnetic particles. The region of the localization of paramagnetic particles near the magnet decreases with increasing the strength of the magnet. The dynamic accumulation of nanoparticles, measured as the thickness of the nanoparticle aggregate, near the magnet compares well with the theoretical prediction. The effect of convective mixing on the rate of magnetophoresis is also discussed for the magnetic targeting applications.
A Girl with Lower Back Pain at Night and Scoliosis: Osteoblastoma as an Example of an Aggressive Benign Tumor

Back pain in children can occasionally be chronic and relentless. When it occurs at night, has neurological symptoms or findings, is associated with a large degree of scoliosis or atypical scoliosis, or is seen in a young child, there is further cause for concern. Pain at night may be indicative of inflammation, from either infection or a tumor. Neurological findings suggest that there is a physical or structural explanation such as nerve compression, irritation, or stretch. Back pain in a young child under age 10 years is further reason for concern. History, physical examination, and careful review of plane radiographs are essential when evaluating a child with these types of symptoms and findings. Although rare, osteoblastoma is a classic lesion of the posterior elements of the spine that may have a constellation of these types of symptoms. Since osteoblastoma is a relatively large lesion, greater than 2 cm, and is associated with excess bone formation, it can be diagnosed on mindful review of plain radiographs. Refer to surgeon with pediatric spine experience.
Repeated Self- and Peer-Review Leads to Continuous Improvement in Child Interviewing Performance

The present study examined whether a training model that focuses on consistent exposure to protocol procedure, self-evaluation, and intensive peer-review sessions could improve interviewers’ ability to adhere to best practices. Law students (N = 19) interviewed 5- to 10-year-old children on a weekly basis as part of a semester-long forensic child interviewing class. They transcribed their interviews, and participated in 1-hr self- and peer-reviews. The proportion of each question type was calculated (option-posing, Wh- questions [what, how, where, why, when, and who], and open-invitations) within each interview for each interviewer. Across 10 weeks of interviews, interviewers consistently improved their performance, decreasing the proportion of option-posing questions by 31% and increasing the proportion of open-invitations by 47%. All interviewers improved. The present study suggests that with consistent self-evaluation and peer-review, forensic interviewers can incrementally improve their performance.
UNIT 3.8 DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases

There are two types of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases commonly used for nucleic acid research: E. coli RNA polymerase and the bacteriophage T7, T3, and SP6 RNA polymerases. This unit describes the uses and limitations of each class of RNA polymerase along with specific reaction conditions and applications.
A Critical Look at Race-based Practices in Rheumatology Guidelines.

Objective To assess how race has been incorporated into rheumatology practice guidelines, including how race is defined and used in diagnostic and treatment recommendations. Methods We searched race and ethnicity terms in all clinical practice guidelines from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) that were published between 2010-2020 and publicly available on professional society websites. Findings were summarized and assessed through standardized data abstraction forms. Key themes were identified through a thematic analysis approach. Results A total of 23 ACR Clinical Practice Guidelines and 42 EULAR Recommendations were reviewed. In total, 16/65 (25%) of the guidelines used race terms in their text. No guideline clearly defined race, and race was often conflated with ethnicity and/or genetic ancestry. Reported racial categories varied substantially by guideline, and often used classifications that oversimplified and excluded non-white races. Research with insufficient racial diversity was used to make race-based recommendations for Black patients that may not be generalizable. Additionally, recommendations using research on predominantly White populations reinforced data of White populations as normative, and perpetuated race-based stereotypes, especially for rare diseases. Structural causes of identified racial disparities were not discussed in clinical guidelines. Conclusion There is urgent need for standardized race reporting in rheumatology. Recommendations are provided to enhance consistency and accuracy of race and ethnicity terms, mitigate conflation of race with ethnicity or genetic ancestry, encourage a critical reanalysis of race-based diagnostic tools and treatment options, and better address the structural causes of racial disparities.
The 1960 Coup in Turkey: A U.S. Intelligence Failure or a Successful Intervention?

Coups d’etat were a relatively common means of regime change during the Cold War. From 1945 through 1985, 357 attempted coups d’etat occurred in the Third World, and 183 succeeded. The high frequency of coups during this period is unsurprising, especially considering the advantageous position of the military during the rapid and destabilizing pace of modernization and decolonization in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Coups d’etat were not exclusive to the Third World, however. They also occurred in members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Surprisingly, however, few scholars have explored why these extra-constitutional regime changes were tolerated, or how they were even possible, within NATO. This article attempts to answer these questions within the context of the 1960 coup in Turkey by closely evaluating the notion that the United States had no knowledge or warning that a coup was about to unfold.
Paleolimnology: Subfossil Algae Other than Diatoms and Chrysophytes

Analytical Methods Paleoecological Applications of Algal Subfossil Taxa Keywords: algae, use as biological indicators in paleolimnology; paleoecology; paleolimnology
Order of Injection of T7 Bacteriophage DNA

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) corresponding to the left-hand end of the genetic map is injected first in T7 phage infection. The order was deduced by use of marker rescue experiments to see which genes are still injected after the double-stranded DNA chain is broken by X rays. The treatment causes a selective loss of genes located on the right side of the map. Presumably, this corresponds to the tail end of normally injected DNA, and X rays cut off this end.
Toward Economic Sociology/Socio-Economics? Sociological Components in Contemporary Economics and Implications for Sociology

The paper argues and shows that much of contemporary economics undergoes a certain trend toward economic sociology or socio-economics, in virtue of increasingly acknowledging and incorporating various sociological components and influences. The paper identifies and considers at least four major related indicators of such a trend. These are, first, the revival of economic sociology or social economics; second, the renewal of the economic sociology of the market; third, the return of socio-economic institutionalism; and the rediscovery of cultural factors in the economy and markets. The paper suggests that in virtue of such a tendency at least in part contemporary economics appears increasingly congruent with modern economic sociology rather than with sociological rational choice theory. It aims to contribute to a more adequate account and understanding of pertinent recent tendencies in economics in respect of their implications for contemporary economic and other sociology. The paper infers that the renewal of economic sociology both within contemporary economics and sociology provides the fertile ground for interdisciplinary collaboration between economists and sociologists today, just as its early version did in the past.
Optimizing Digital Hardware Perceptrons for Multi-Spectral Image Classification

We propose a system for solving pixel-based multi-spectral image classification problems with high throughput pipelined hardware. We introduce a new shared weight network architecture that contains both neural network and morphological network functionality. We then describe its implementation on Reconfigurable Computers. The implementation provides speed-up for our system in two ways. (1) In the optimization of our network, using Evolutionary Algorithms, for new features and data sets of interest. (2) In the application of an optimized network to large image databases, or directly at the sensor as required. We apply our system to 4 feature identification problems of practical interest, and compare its performance to two advanced software systems designed specifically for multi-spectral image classification. We achieve comparable performance in both training and testing. We estimate speed-up of two orders of magnitude compared to a Pentium III 500 MHz software implementation.
Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
Game design and the challenge-avoiding, self-validator player type

Achiever and Explorer player types are well known in MMOs and educational games. Players who enjoy being a winner, but dislike hard challenges (“Self-Validators”) are a heretofore ignored but commonly occurring player type. Self-Validators worry about and are distressed by failing. They can simply avoid playing overly difficult games for entertainment. But in a required learning game, Self-Validators’ excessive worry about failing can interfere with learning. The authors consider whether and how eight very different modern games accommodate Explorers, Achievers, and Self-Validators and discuss implications for entertainment and learning game design and research. Seven of eight diverse games analyzed primarily served either the Explorer or Achiever player type. Self-Validators were partially accommodated in some Achiever-oriented games, through user-selectable difficulty. Design with all three types in mind would encourage inclusion of features that enable players to optimize their preferred style of play. [Article copies are available for purchase from InfoSci-on-Demand.com]
Scattering and coupling between subwavelength resonators

We examine the coupling between resonances of closely spaced meta-atoms and investigate the role of extended effective periodicities of clusters of subwavelength sized elements on the overall bulk properties. The possibilities of negative refraction both with and without negative index, as well as the role of strong coupling near resonance on effective medium models and homogenization close to the photonic crystal limit are presented.
Abstracts of papers presented at the Winter convention — January 23–27

INTERPRETIVE abstracts of all papers presented at the technical sessions of the A.I.E.E. winter convention were published in the January 1933 issue of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, excepting only: (1) those papers upon which articles in that or preceding issues were based; and (2) those papers which at the time of going to press for that issue were not definitely scheduled for presentation. Abstracts of all remaining technical papers are presented herewith.
Production and utilization of rapeseed in Canada

Production of rapeseed began in Canada in 1942 mainly in response to a demand for an industrial lubricating oil. Favorable response in agricultural production stimulated interest in developing a rapeseed industry to supply a domestic requirement for vegetable oils, an alternate crop for agriculture and an export commodity. Seeded acreages recently increased rapidly to around four million acres and Canada has become a major exporter of rapeseed.
Coronary artery narrowing due to extrinsic compression by myocardial abscess

A case of aortic valve endocarditis complicated by perivalvular abscess extending into myocardium is presented. Echocardiography and aortography failed to detect the abscess, but coronary angiography revealed its presence by extrinsic compression of left anterior descending and diagonal arteries. Morphological features of this rare cause for coronary narrowing are described.
Japan Inc. : an introduction to Japanese economics : the comic book

They are burning Japanese cars in Detroit. The top management at Toyosan Motors must decide whether to begin offshore production of its cars in the U.S. But our hero Mr. Kudo fears that offshore production will devastate the numerous local subcontractors of Toyosan, leading to a hollowing out of the auto industry in Japan, leaving only a financial shell. The American color TV industry has already suffered such a fate. The villain, Mr. Tsugawa, calls Kudo a wimp and sees a splendid opportunity for union busting. Will our hero prevail? Thus begins the first episode of this rollicking yet incisive introduction to the world economy from the Japanese point of view. Other episodes treat the appreciation of the yen, the impact of the 1970s oil shocks, deficit financing, the internationalization of business and banking, and the post-industrial future of Japan and the Pacific Rim. The book is an English edition of volume 1 of "Manga Nihon keizai nyumon", originally published in 1986 by Nihon Keizai Shimbun, the Japanese equivalent of the "Wall Street Journal". It is based on a serious introductory text put out by the newspaper and is packed with informative charts and facts. When the comic book was first published in Japan, it was an immediate best-seller, selling over 550,000 copies in less than a year. The stories in the book reflect Japan's national mood during the 'Japanese miracle' and into the 1980s economic bubble: apprehension and optimism jostle one another, and there is a sense of national self-pity. The book also reflects a deep suspicion of politics and bureaucrats. The prime minister appears more worried about his government's popularity than about taking the right economic course. Ultimately, the employees at Toyosan Motors demonstrate that the success of the Japanese economy will not depend on natural resources or politics but on business practices that are ethical, socially responsible, and forward-looking.
High‐Temperature Chemical Phenomena Affecting Silicon Nitride Joints

Knudsen cell mass spectrometry was used to study the chemical processes responsible for joint degradation in joined silicon nitride ceramics. Vapor species present above two commercial hot-pressed silicon nitrides and above three joining glasses were identified, and partial pressures were estimated at 1480 K. Oxide vaporization products related to reducing conditions were observed. The implications of these results on proposed silicon nitride joining processes are discussed. It appears that oxygen potential gradients within both glazed and unglazed hot-pressed Si3N4 samples are responsible for the enhanced vaporization rates of the sample and the observed instability of glazed joints at high temperatures. Observed vaporization behavior of oxide additives correlates well with that predicted for the chemically reducing environment of Si3N4.
Analysis of endogenous glutathione-adducts and their metabolites

The ability to conduct validated analyses of glutathione (GSH)-adducts and their metabolites is critically important in order to establish whether they play a role in cellular biochemical or pathophysiological processes. The use of stable isotope dilution (SID) methodology in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) provides the highest bioanalytical specificity possible for such analyses. Quantitative studies normally require the high sensitivity that can be obtained by the use of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)/MS rather than the much less sensitive but more specific full scanning methodology. The method employs a parent ion corresponding to the intact molecule together with a prominent product ion that obtained by collision induced dissociation. Using SID LC-MRM/MS, analytes must have the same relative LC retention time to the heavy isotope internal standard established during the validation procedure, the correct parent ion and the correct product ion. This level of specificity cannot be attained with any other bioanalytical technique employed for biomarker analysis. This review will describe the application of SID LC-MR/MS methodology for the analysis of GSH-adducts and their metabolites. It will also discuss potential future directions for the use of this methodology for rigorous determination of their utility as disease and exposure biomarkers.
Assessment of the Use of Spiritual Genograms in Counselor Education

Spiritual genograms collect and organize family information of a religious or spiritual nature. The authors explored the use of the spiritual genogram in counselor education. Graduate counseling students were assigned to construct and present a spiritual genogram within a course titled “Counseling and Spirituality.” An assessment of the quality of the students' learning experiences was conducted. Narrative responses were gathered from 32 advanced and postgraduate students enrolled in 1 of 4 classes over a 2-year period. The results verified the benefits of this constructivist and experiential learning process. Implications for counselor development and further research are discussed.
Conducting and Superconducting BEDT‐TTF Based Synmetals

The synthesis, crystal structures and band electronic structures of BEDT-TTF based synmetals are discussed, where BEDT-TTF is bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiofulvalene here abbreviated to “ET”. The electrical properties of ET:X salts above their phase transitions are either 1D [for (ET)2X, where X− = ICl2−, AuBr2−, Au(CN)2− and Ag(CN)2−], 2D metallic [for (ET)2X, where X− = I3−, AuI2−, IBr2− and I2Br−] or 3D metallic [for (ET)Ag4(CN)5]. The β-(ET)2X (X− = I3−, AuI2− and IBr2−) salts become ambient pressure organic superconductors at 1,4 K (or ∼ 8 K under pressure), 5.0 K, and 2.8 K, respectively. The variation of critical temperatures of this series of β-(ET)2X salts are correlated to the respective changes in unit cell volume or in the density of electronic states at the Fermi level.
Computer Modeling of Aerosol Filtration by Fibrous Filters

An inline array of parallel circular cylinders, placed transverse to the flow, is used as a model for fibrous filters. The flow field within the array is obtained by solving the full Navier—Stokes equations with the assumption of periodic, fully developed flow. A control volume differencing scheme is used for this purpose. The flow field can be computed for both the viscous and laminar flow regimes. Predictions of pressure drop and particle collection due to interception and diffusion have been obtained using the inline array model, for packing densities varying from 0.029 to 0.136. The collection efficiency for deposition due to interception is directly calculated from the computed flow field. The deposition or particles due to diffusion is studied by numerically solving a separate transport equation for particle concentration, without making any boundary layer approximations. The results have been compared with the data from previous studies, both theoretical and experimental. It is shown that the resul...
Associations between dietary variety and measures of body adiposity: a systematic review of epidemiological studies

Dietary variety is positively correlated with energy intake in most studies. However, the associations between dietary variety and measures of body adiposity are inconsistent in the literature, which limits the development of clear national nutrition recommendations regarding dietary variety. In the present systematic review, we critically evaluate the associations between dietary variety and measures of body adiposity among healthy adults within the existing literature. We conducted a systematic search of the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement to examine these associations. We identified twenty-six studies in total that investigated the associations between dietary variety and body adiposity measures. Total variety was non-significantly associated with body adiposity in most studies, while variety in recommended foods was either inversely associated (six out of ten studies) or non-significantly associated (three out of ten studies) with body adiposity. Conversely, variety in non-recommended foods (i.e. sources of added sugars and solid fats) increased the likelihood of excess adiposity in most studies (six out of nine studies). Definitions and measurement of dietary variety were inconsistent across studies and contributed to some of the discrepancies noted in the literature. In conclusion, among the studies that met the inclusion criteria for the present review, dietary variety was inconsistently associated with body adiposity in diverse populations. Using consistent and specific definitions of dietary variety may help provide further insight into the associations between dietary variety and excess adiposity before definitive public health messages are made.
Influence of kinematic analysis methods on detecting ankle and subtalar joint instability

Patients with subtalar joint instability may be misdiagnosed with ankle instability, which may lead to chronic instability at the subtalar joint. Therefore, it is important to understand the difference in kinematics after ligament sectioning and differentiate the changes in kinematics between ankle and subtalar instability. Three methods may be used to determine the joint kinematics; the Euler angles, the Joint Coordinate System (JCS) and the helical axis (HA). The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of using either method to detect subtalar and ankle joints instability. 3D kinematics at the ankle and subtalar joint were analyzed on 8 cadaveric specimens while the foot was intact and after sequentially sectioning the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), the cervical ligament and the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (ITCL). Comparison in kinematics calculated from sensor and anatomical landmarks was conducted as well as the influence of Euler angles and JCS rotation sequence (between ISB recommendation and previous research) on the subtalar joint. All data showed a significant increase in inversion when the ITCL was sectioned. There were differences in the data calculated using sensors coordinate systems vs. anatomic coordinate systems. Anatomic coordinate systems were recommended for these calculations. The Euler angle and JCS gave similar results. Differences in Euler angles and JCS sequence lead to the same conclusion in detecting instability at the ankle and subtalar joint. As expected, the HA detected instability in plantarflexion at the ankle joint and in inversion at the subtalar joint.
Distinguishing features of massive transformations

As is the case with all solid state transformations, massive transformations have some characteristic distinguishing features. They are diffusional transformations controlled mainly by diffusion of atoms at the transformation interfaces. There is universal agreement that composition-invariance is one characteristic feature of massive transformations and that a relatively rapid movement of the transformation interfaces is another. Other features involved in massive transformations are the subject of some controversy. Among these is the question of orientation relationships, nucleation features, and the mode of growth. In this article, some of the controversial aspects are discussed with reference to recent publications.
Inhomogeneous structure formation and shear-thickening in worm-like micellar solutions

The time evolution of flow-induced structures in low-concentration worm-like micellar solutions is studied using direct visualization and rheological methods. The visualization measurements show growth of a new viscous shear-induced phase (SIP) starting on the inner wall of a Couette shear cell at a time t1 after the commencement of shear flow. The SIP continues to grow across the shear cell until it fills the entire gap at a time t2. Rheological measurements show that the time t1 corresponds to the induction time for the increase in stress and that t2 corresponds to the plateau time for the saturation of stress. These measurements provide convincing evidence that the increase of stress with time results from the inhomogeneous growth of a new shear-induced phase in the flow cell. The growth of the new phase across the cell is approximately linear in time.
HYPHAL PENETRATION OF BRASSICA (CRUCIFERAE) ROOTS BY A VESICULAR–ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS

Summary In situ observations of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizai fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe with roots of Brassica cultivars containing low and normal levels of glucosinolates (7 to 524 mg g−1fresh weight) revealed differences between fungal penetrations of all Brassica roots compared to compatible hosts. Hyphae penetrated older, thicker Brassica roots, failed to form arbuscules, and exhibited no post-penetration stimulation of hyphal branching either internal or external to the roots. Some internal hyphae formed vesicles. Ultrastructural examination revealed that fungal hyphae penetrated Brassica roots intercellularly between dead cortical cells. Internal hyphae found near the healthy stele of the root lacked cytoplasm and had not penetrated the stele. Hyphae did not penetrate Brassica roots with healthy cortical cells; hyphae which contacted the surface of these cells became vacuolated and retracted their cytoplasm within a day. These observations indicate that functional mycorrhizas were not formed with Brassica roots, and that the level of glucosinolates in roots was not correlated with failure to establish symbiosis.
Probability of biochemical recurrence by analysis of pathologic stage, Gleason score, and margin status for localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives The Partin tables provide pretreatment information regarding the probability of various pathologic stages (eg, organ confined, extraprostatic extension, and seminal vesicle or lymph node involvement). Although the pathologic stage serves as an excellent surrogate for outcome after radical prostatectomy (RRP), many patients and physicians want to know how the predictions made from the Partin tables can be translated into long-term biochemical recurrence-free survival. In this work, we go beyond the pathologic outcomes predicted by the Partin nomograms to provide long-term biochemical recurrence-free estimates on the basis of the pathologic data obtained at RRP to help counsel patients after surgery for prostate cancer. Methods The study group comprised 1955 men treated by one surgeon with RRP and pelvic lymph node dissection for clinically localized disease (1989 to 2001). The patients were followed up for at least 1 year postoperatively, and the disease-free survival rates were determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results The pathologic stages were as follows: organ confined in 57%, extraprostatic extension in 35%, seminal vesicle involvement in 4%, and lymph node involvement in 4%. The prostatectomy Gleason score distribution was as follows: 2 to 4 in 1%, 5 to 6 in 63%, 7 in 30%, and 8 to 10 in 6%. Overall, a positive surgical margin was present in 9.8%. On the basis of the prostatectomy Gleason score, pathologic stage, and surgical margin status, the probability of long-term biochemical recurrence-free survival was divided into four groups: excellent, good, moderate, and low. Conclusions These simple to use and explain risk groups can be used to predict long-term biochemical recurrence-free survival from pathologic stage data obtained at surgery or predicted from the Partin tables, along with surgical margin status and Gleason score information obtained at RRP.
Fine structure of the blastoderm embryo of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora Gossypiella (saunders) (lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Abstract The blastoderm stage occurs in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), embryo when 500–700 nuclei are present. During this developmental stage, 3 cell types are present: the vitellophage cells, the peripheral blastoderm cells, and the pole cells. Three vitellophage types are distinguishable based on their fine structure. The first has a large spherical nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm containing large sworls of endoplasmic reticuli. The second has nuclei of irregular shape, and the cytoplasm has stacked endoplasmic reticuli and many ribosomes. The third is characterized by a large spherical nucleus with 1 or 2 nucleoli present. The peripheral blastoderm interphase nuclei have nucleoli and intranuclear annulate lamellae. The nuclei divide asynchronously, and microtubules and centrioles are absent. Two forms of pole cells are observed. One has an interchromatin net and the other has a core of condensed chromatin. Pole cell division stages are not seen, and the cytoplasm is highly vacuolated and contains small electron-dense spheres.
Educate your patients and improve outcomes: Health literacy for the dermatologist

Many dermatology patients do not understand what they are told about their skin conditions and what they are supposed to do to get better. These patients are sometimes referred to as “noncompliant” when, in reality, there is a failure of communication, and the patient has not received information in a way that is both understandable and can be used. In fact, 9 of every 10 adults (90%) have at least some difficulty understanding medical information.1
Information Sharing in Village Stability Operations: Field Experiences and Policy Considerations

This paper describes a bottom-up counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan known as Village Stability Operations, as well as some of the contributions information sharing strategies are making to its success. In a “population-centric” strategy, it is essential to understand the people and what is important to them in their world, not ours. In this environment, information about the population, also known as “white” data, can be mission critical, although it wasn't treated as such at the beginning of the Afghan campaign. “White” information is not a panacea; it needs to be blended with enemy (“red”) information and government (“green”) information to form an integrated approach. The paper examines several projects that have been undertaken in Afghanistan, their successes and challenges, and how they have helped the Afghan population while supporting coalition objectives.
N-acetylcysteine reduces disease activity by blocking mammalian target of rapamycin in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients exhibit T cell dysfunction, which can be regulated through mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by glutathione (GSH). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was undertaken to examine the safety, tolerance, and efficacy of the GSH precursor N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods A total of 36 SLE patients received either daily placebo or 1.2 gm, 2.4 gm, or 4.8 gm of NAC. Disease activity was evaluated monthly by the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index, the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), and the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) before, during, and after a 3-month treatment period. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential and mTOR were assessed by flow cytometry. Forty-two healthy subjects matched to patients for age, sex, and ethnicity were studied as controls. Results NAC up to 2.4 gm/day was tolerated by all patients, while 33% of those receiving 4.8 gm/day had reversible nausea. Placebo or NAC 1.2 gm/day did not influence disease activity. Considered together, 2.4 gm and 4.8 gm NAC reduced the SLEDAI score after 1 month (P = 0.0007), 2 months (P = 0.0009), 3 months (P = 0.0030), and 4 months (P = 0.0046); the BILAG score after 1 month (P = 0.029) and 3 months (P = 0.009); and the FAS score after 2 months (P = 0.0006) and 3 months (P = 0.005). NAC increased Δψm (P = 0.0001) in all T cells, profoundly reduced mTOR activity (P = 0.0009), enhanced apoptosis (P = 0.0004), reversed expansion of CD4−CD8− T cells (mean ± SEM 1.35 ± 0.12-fold change; P = 0.008), stimulated FoxP3 expression in CD4+CD25+ T cells (P = 0.045), and reduced anti-DNA production (P = 0.049). Conclusion This pilot study suggests that NAC safely improves lupus disease activity by blocking mTOR in T lymphocytes.
The hepatopulmonary syndrome.

Pulmonary disease manifestations of liver failure may include pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury, restrictive or obstructive diseases, interstitial fibrosis, pleural effusion, and various impairments of pulmonary gas exchange, of which the hepatopulmonary syndrome is one entity. These varied disease entities seen in association with liver failure may also be classified as either pulmonary parynchemal disease or pulmonary vascular diseases. The hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a disease entity that is seen in association with liver disease and is one of the many extrahepatic manifestations of liver failure, with a reported incidence of 13% to 47%. 32,33 This nomenclature (HPS), however, used in reference to this disease process is truly a misnomer because it implies lung–liver disease that is representative of all the aforementioned entities; in addition, the name hepatopulmonary syndrome has been somewhat controversial, with other suggested names being alveolar capillary oxygen disequilibrium syndrome 18 and diffusion perfusion defect. 27
Niacin in the metabolic syndrome: more risk than benefit?

Niacin therapy has beneficial effects on lipid profiles and might afford some protection against coronary artery disease; however, prescription of niacin has been limited. In this Viewpoint, the author considers whether using niacin might pose a risk in patients presenting with insulin resistance or the metabolic syndrome in the absence of diabetes.
Determining heart-rate variability: comparing methodologies using computer simulations.

Heart rate variation due to respiration is a window onto autonomic nervous system function and many measures exist that quantify this variability. Computer-based simulations of 1-minute deep-breathing tests, along with common artifacts, were used to compare the most frequently used measures. We found distinct differences in the performance of the measures. Some measures (e.g., SDRR and MSSD) are strongly influenced by the underlying mean heart rate while others (e.g., Max–Min and SDHR) are not. All of the measures tested, except R, were influenced by both shifting mean heart rate and single-beat anomalies. R, on the other hand, is strongly influenced by test duration and breathing asynchronies. Sensitivity to phenomena unrelated to ANS function can reduce the diagnostic discrimination of these measures. We suggest simple improvements to the measures and discuss how some measures may be theoretically superior to others. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Calcium signaling: A common thread in vertebrate left–right axis development

The establishment of a left–right axis during vertebrate development is essential for coordinating the relative positions of the internal organs to ensure that they function appropriately. Studies in numerous model organisms have revealed differences in regulative mechanisms upstream of nodal signaling, a conserved pathway in left–right axis specification. This review will summarize the diverse pathways involved in the break of left–right symmetry and explore in depth the multiple roles of calcium in vertebrate left–right axis specification. Developmental Dynamics 237:3491–3496, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Labor force participation household composition and sponsorship among Southeast Asian refugees.

This article investigates more fully the complexity of refugees participation in the US labor market and possible sources of variations in their experience. The article focuses specifically on the labor market experiences of Southeast Asian refugees. The data used in this analysis are derived from 2 national surveys of more than 7000 Southeast Asian refugees conducted in 1982 and 1983 by the US Office of Refugee Resettlement. Although there are encouraging signs of progress especially rapid in the earliest years Southeast Asian refugees are persistently 10-15% less likely to be in the labor force than the US population. Once in the labor force like other ethnic minorities they also experience considerably higher levels of unemployment. Household structure both in terms of the presence of children and in kinship relations has a strong and varied impact on participation. Residence in California also constrains both mens and womens behavior independently of the refugees background skills or household structures. Even English language proficiency is sensitive to its social evaluation by employers and the community. The most novel outcome of this analysis involves the influence that type of sponsorship has on refugees economic behavior. According to these results sponsorship reflects the impact of the formation of an ethnic community that is primarily working class concentrated in low wage jobs and participating at a relatively high rate in public assistance programs. The networks it has to offer are considerably less well placed economically than in other forms of incorporation.
Usable natural language interfaces through menu-based natural language understanding

Conventional natural language interfaces suffer from several ease-of-use problems. They require a user to type and to formulate questions in a way that the system can understand. They have high failure rates which often frustrate users, and users often do not use features of the systems because they are unaware of them or don't trust them. In addition, conventional natural language systems are expensive to build and require large amounts of storage to use. This paper describes a new approach to natural language interfaces called menu-based natural language understanding. This new approach solves the problems listed above. The paper compares the menu-based natural language approach to conventional natural language interfaces and to other forms of interface and discusses the advantages and limitations of this new approach.
The effects of SO2 on components of leaf resistance to gas exchange

Abstract The effects of SO 2 on the gas exchange of red kidney soybeans Phaseolus vulgaris L. (‘red kidney’) were studied under fluctuating SO 2 levels at both high and low humidities. Single event SO 2 exposures with a peak concentration of 2·0 ppm and a 1-h average of 0·5 ppm were used to study responses of photosynthesis and transpiration of whole plants. Calculated average leaf resistances for individual plants were used to compare relative changes in the stomatal and mesophyll components of total resistance to gas exchange during SO 2 exposure. The most consistent plant response to SO 2 was photosynthetic inhibition. Transpiration was less responsive than photosynthesis to SO 2 exposure and the effects were more variable. The SO 2 -induced photosynthetic reduction was found to result primarily from increased mesophyll resistance—rather than increased stomatal resistance—to CO 2 . Both photosynthetic suppression and mesophyll resistance to CO 2 were found to be increased more by SO 2 when exposures were carried out at high humidities. The data support the possibility that reduced sensitivity of plants to SO 2 under low humidity conditions is due to reduced SO 2 uptake.
Epstein-barr infection of the retina: case report and review of the literature

Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe a presumed case of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of the retina in a 65-year-old female with sudden bilateral vision loss. Methods Diagnostic vitreous biopsy of the left eye was performed to test for EBV and other known infectious causes of retinitis and evaluate vitreous cells. Results Serologic EBV testing was positive. Vitreous polymerase chain reaction viral DNA testing was positive for EBV, but negative for herpes-simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasma gondii. Histopathologic analysis of vitreous cells revealed atypical lymphocytes. Conclusions Epstein-Barr virus may be a cause of retinal disease. Awareness of this severe ocular complication may enable prompt diagnosis and treatment of future cases, and promote greater investigation into its disease prevalence.
Gamma knife surgery for Cushing's disease

Abstract BACKGROUND The efficacy of gamma knife surgery on Cushing's disease is not well known to date. In most reported cases of Cushing's disease treated with gamma knife, the area to be irradiated was determined with computed tomography or pneumoencephalography. We report two cases of recurrent pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease treated with gamma knife using stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Recurrent microadenomas were visualized as hypointense areas using gadolinium enhanced MRI after two transaphenoidal surgeries in both cases. The doses of irradiation given were 35 Gy and 20 Gy to the margin of the tumors, and less than 8 Gy and 21 Gy to the optic apparatus and cranial nerves in the cavernous sinus., respectively. RESULTS Both patients had clinical remission with normal serum cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone levels, during 2-year follow-up after radiosurgery, without endocrinologic deficiency or neutrologic deterioration. CONCLUSIONS Gamma knife surgery can be an alternative therapy for Cushing's disease when pituitary adenomas are apart from the optic apparatus and can be visualized clearly by MRI, even if tumors are recurrent after microsurgery.
Production of “Authentic” Poliovirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (3Dpol) by Ubiquitin–Protease-Mediated Cleavage in Escherichia coli

Abstract The first amino acid of “authentic” poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 3Dpol, is a glycine. As a result, production of 3Dpol in Escherichia coli requires addition of an initiation codon; thus, a formylmethionine is added to the amino terminus. The formylmethionine should be removed by the combined action of a cellular deformylase and methionine aminopeptidase. However, high-level expression of 3Dpol in E. coli yields enzyme with a heterogeneous amino terminus. To preclude this problem, we developed a new expression system for 3Dpol. This system exploits the observation that proteins fused to the carboxyl terminus of ubiquitin can be processed in E. coli to produce proteins with any amino acid as the first residue when expressed in the presence of a ubiquitin-specific, carboxy-terminal protease. By using this system, authentic 3Dpol can be obtained in yields of 30–60 mg per liter of culture. While addition of a single glycine, alanine, serine, or valine to the amino terminus of 3Dpol produced derivatives with a specific activity reduced by at least 25-fold relative to wild-type enzyme, addition of a methionine to the amino terminus resulted in some processing to yield enzyme with a glycine amino terminus. Addition of a hexahistidine tag to the carboxyl terminus of 3Dpol had no deleterious effect on the activity of the enzyme. The utility of this expression system for production of other viral polymerases and accessory proteins is discussed.
microRNA-122 regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and vimentin in hepatocytes and correlates with fibrosis in diet-induced steatohepatitis.

Background & Aims miR-122 is the most abundant miRNA in the liver particularly in hepatocytes where it targets cholesterol metabolism. Steatosis, a key component of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Here, we hypothesized that reduced miR-122 has a pathogenic role in steatohepatitis.
Modeling consciousness as an adaptive phenomenon

We start at the level of a bacterium where an observer feature associated with foraging measurements motivates introduction of a notion of awareness (a proto-consciousness) as a primitive, a dualist construct. The relative simplicity of Darwinian concepts at the level of a bacterial colony then leads to development of an analytic theory of perceptual consciousness that includes colonial notions of qualia. Results of simulations that verify the colonial principles developed are given. We extend this approach, first to a neuron and then to a neuronal assembly, each extension accompanied by a derived consciousness construct. For each construct (dualist or derived), a mathematical model in the form of a measurable quantity called a token is developed. The pairs, token and construct, permit the design of experiments that would validate the theory. Applications of the theory are developed, each based upon the analytic model (the tokens) and each explaining a familiar aspect of human consciousness in mathematical terminology.
The importance of the assessment of pulmonary function in COPD.

COPD is defined by airflow limitation caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Spirometry is an essential step in the diagnosis and staging of COPD. Guidelines advise spirometry as the gold standard for COPD diagnosis (1,2). Spirometry is also an important part of monitoring COPD. Despite this, many patients are treated for presumed COPD without ever undergoing pulmonary function testing. In this manuscript, we will review pulmonary function testing, and the abnormalities seen in COPD. We will discuss the role spirometry plays in the diagnosis and management of COPD, as well as quantifying the severity of COPD.