cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Parenting Authority a Usurpation of Judicial Authority? Harmonizing Authority for, Benefits of, and Limitations on this Legal-Psychological Hybrid

A "Parenting Coordinator" assists high-conflict parents in resolving disputes that arise in the parents' efforts to jointly parent their children after a divorce. The Parenting Coordinator simultaneously educates the parents to minimize the degree and frequency of future conflict. While Parenting Coordination is not mediation or arbitration, it is also not counseling. Instead, Parenting Coordination is a "legal-psychological hybrid." A trial court's delegation to a parenting coordinator to determine a fit parent's access to her child is arguably an improper delegation of judicial authority. While thirteen states have comprehensive schemes setting out their Parenting Coordination programs, other states are utilizing Parenting Coordination without statutory or rule-based authorization. Appointments without statutory or rule-based authority are particularly vulnerable to challenge. 'Assistant Professor of Law, Director of Legal Writing Program, Faulkner University, Jones School of Law. The author would like to thank Faulkner University, Jones School of Law, for providing a grant to support this project; Dean Brenda See for her mentorship and encouragement; Assistant Professors Jocelyn Hedlund-Limmer and Eric P. Voigt for their valuable feedback on this Article; Stephanie Stephens for her research support; and Dr. Karl Kirkland for generously sharing his work on this issue. 1 Montiel: Is Parenting Authority a Usurpation of Judicial Authority? Harmon Published by Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange, 2014 7.2 Tennessee Journal of Law and Policy 365 Whether a Parenting Coordinator's appointment is an improper delegation of judicial authority depends on the authority for the appointment in the given jurisdiction and the terms governing the specific appointment. This Article analyzes the use of Parenting Coordination in jurisdictions that appoint Parenting Coordinators both with and without specific authority. From that analysis, this Article offers a paradigm for constructing an appointment that does not constitute an improper delegation of judicial authority. The paradigm will be useful for judges and practitioners attempting to utilize Parenting Coordination without specific statutory or rule-based authority. It will also be useful for courts and legislators considering adoption of a Parenting Coordinator rule or statute. The Article proposes that, where a trial court has some inherent authority to ensure the best interest of the children, with or without specific statute or rule-based authority, Parenting Coordination can be sustained. Combined with the substantial benefits of a qualified Parenting Coordinator, imposing appropriate limitations on the Parenting Coordinator's role can incrementally diminish the argument that the appointment is an improper delegation of judicial authority. Achieving an appropriate balance of benefits and limitations, in light of the basis for appointment authority, achieves a sustainable appointment.
Competition, Proprietary Costs of Financial Reporting and Financial Statement Comparability

Competitors often pay close attention to rivals’ financial reports. For firms with high levels of proprietary information, competition may increase the costs of public disclosure. Theory suggests that such costs, which we refer to as the proprietary costs of financial reporting, may lead to strategic financial reporting. We find that financial statement comparability is decreasing in the proprietary costs of financial reporting. Our results are robust to the use of alternative measures of comparability and alternative measures of proprietary costs of financial reporting. Additionally, theory suggests that financial reports will contain stronger signals of managers' private information when information asymmetry is high. We show that the negative relation between the proprietary costs of financial reporting and financial statement comparability is stronger for firms with poorer information environments. Together, our findings suggest that through the discretion afforded in GAAP, managers of firms with high levels of proprietary information report in a way that reduces the comparability of their financial statements, particularly when information asymmetry is high.
The Purification and Characterization of Adenosine Triphosphate-Ribonucleic Acid Adenylyltransferase from Pseudomonas putida

Abstract ATP-RNA adenylyltransferase was isolated from the 80,000 x g pellet of Pseudomonas putida. The enzyme specifically catalyzed the incorporation of AMP from ATP into a polymeric product. The Km for ATP was 3 x 10-4 m. The rate of incorporation of CMP from CTP was about 7% that of AMP, while GTP, UTP, dATP, and ADP were not utilized by the enzyme. The reaction was dependent upon the cofactor, magnesium ion (Km = 3 x 10-2 m), which could neither be replaced nor supplemented by manganese ion. The polymerization reaction, which was accompanied by the stoichiometric release of inorganic pyrophosphate, was dependent upon exogenous RNA. This requirement could be satisfied by ribosomal RNA, soluble RNA, poly C, and (Ap)3A while DNA, poly A, poly I, poly U, (Ap)2A, ApA, and (Ap)4 were ineffective. The Km for ribosomal RNA was 6 x 10-9 m and the Km for soluble RNA was 1 x 10-6 m. Ribosomal RNA functioned in the reaction by acting as a primer upon which adenylate residues were added. The polymeric product was shown to be a chain of adenylate residues, greater than 100 nucleotides in length, covalently attached to the ribosomal RNA. In addition to its role as a primer in the reaction, ribosomal RNA also appeared to act as a kinetic effector.
Susceptibility of Alloy 22 to Environmentally Assisted Cracking in Yucca Mountain Relevant Environments

In its current design, the high level nuclear waste containers will include an external layer of Alloy 22 (Ni-22Cr-13Mo-3W-3Fe). Since over their life-time the containers may be exposed to multi-ionic aqueous environments, a potential degradation mode of the outer layer could be environmental assisted cracking (EAC). The objective of the current research work was to quantify the susceptibility of Alloy 22 to EAC in a several environmental conditions including solution composition, temperature and electrochemical potential. The susceptibility to EAC was evaluated using the constant deformation technique, the compact specimen--low cycle fatigue method and the slow strain rate test (SSRT). The alloy was tested in the wrought mill annealed (MA) and in the as-welded conditions. Results show that Alloy 22 was extremely resistant to EAC in a wide range of environmental conditions. Using SSRT, Alloy 22 was found susceptible to EAC in one electrolyte at one temperature and at one electrochemical potential.
SHAREHOLDER LITIGATION AFTER THE MELTDOWN

The article examines the two principal mechanisms available to shareholders to remedy wrongdoing by managers of their corporations, class actions and derivative suits. It discusses objections to those proceedings and concludes that they lack merit. Notwithstanding legislation passed in response to the recent financial crisis these shareholder remedies are needed now more than ever to safeguard the integrity of American business. The article also reviews recent judicial decisions that have weakened these claims and proposes legislation that will reverse that trend.
Three-Party Exchanges: The Case of Executive Search Firms and CEO Search

This paper describes a qualitative study of executive search firms (ESFs) based on their role as an intermediaries between firms and chief executive officer (CEO) candidates. Results suggest that three characteristics of the CEO labor market-small numbers of buyers and sellers, high risk to participants should a transaction become public before it is completed, and institutionalized gaps between buyers and sellers that discourages active involvement in this market-inhibits direct exchange between firms and candidates and explains the participation of ESFs. The paper then describes how ESFs facilitate the exchange between a firm's search committee and CEO candidates. In contrast to the research that often characterizes the role of third parties as opportunistic brokers arbitrating between disconnected actors, results reveal that the CEO labor market is one in which the ESF functions as a nonpartisan seeking to create the union of two parties. Evidence is also presented indicating that both firms and CEO candidates often are aware of each other's existence, but that their relationship is coordinated, mediated, and legitimated through the ESF. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for research on market intermediaries and executive labor markets are explored.
Gender and the restructuring of high-tech multinational corporations: new twists to an old story

U.S. and Japanese semiconductor and computer multinationals, compelled.to invest in new computerized technologies, tapped specific opportunities in the Scottish labor market to cope with competitive pressures in the early 1980s. Rapid industrial growth and technological demands interacted dynamically with government policy and gender attitudes to create new expectations of work and workers. Gender ascriptions associated with technology and gender relations in both the household and workplace fostered an environment for industry to reorganize work structures, enhancing many jobs, and to substitute men for women in new production jobs. Copyright 1992 by Oxford University Press.
Exchange bias in MnPd/Fe bilayers

In this paper, we present the MnPd/Fe exchange bias system. The growth as well as the magnetic properties of MnPd/Fe bilayers have been thoroughly investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). MnPd/Fe /MgO bilayers with high crystalline quality have been deposited at different temperatures on MgO [001] substrates using the ion-beam sputtering technique. Hysteresis loops from two different bilayers, one sample deposited at 600 /spl deg/C and the other deposited at 800 /spl deg/C.
Experimental use of methyl testosterone in premature infants; preliminary report.

Fifty-seven premature infants weighing between 1.3 and 2.3 kg. were studied in respect to time to regain birth weight, time to attain an arbitrarily chosen weight and rate of weight gain. Twenty-seven infants received methyl testosterone. These infants demonstrated no evidence of growth stimulation. In view of the meager metabolic effects of methyl testosterone in premature infants, there appears to be little justification for its use in premature infants.
Revealing structural views of biology.

The first protein structures were determined in the 1950s. In the decades that followed, development of new methods for sample preparation, crystallization, data collection, and structure analysis yielded tens of thousands of biomolecular structures. This short review highlights some of the major technical advances exemplified with selected structures. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 817–824, 2013.
A teoria do cuidado humano de Watson e as experiências subjetivas de vida: fatores caritativos/caritas processes como um guia disciplinar para a prática profissional de enfermagem

Este artigo fornece uma visao geral da teoria de Cuidado Humano de Watson, a nocao de Caritas e o fenomeno humano. Uma enfase especial e dada sobre os 10 Fatores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, os processos de viver humano e as experiencias subjetivas de vida que fazem parte da estrutura da teoria. Estes aspectos centrais dos conceitos da teoria e processos de viver sao desenvolvidos na fundamentacao filosofica e etica do corpo da Teoria de Cuidado. Juntos, eles servem como um guia para a pratica profissional, bem como, um esquema disciplinar para a Ciencia do Cuidado.
The brittle-to-ductile transition - I: A cooperative dislocation generation instability

Most materials (with the possible exception of f.c.c. metals) exhibit the well-known brittle-to-ductile transition (BDT) with increase in temperature. The variation of the fracture toughness, (K), with temperature is usually gradual in the brittle regime, but a dramatic rapid increase occurs over a narrow temperature range where the sharp crossover from brittle to ductile behavior takes place. The authors describe a new model that explains the dual characteristics of the BDT, namely, the massive dislocation generation at the transition temperature and the strain-rate dependence of this behavior. In the first part, the authors present a statistical mechanics based two-dimensional (2D) model of spontaneous dislocation generation leading to the BDT. The onset of ductile behavior corresponds to a thermally-induced cooperative instability of many small dislocation dipoles in the presence of an applied stress.
Synthesis of fluorinated Bis‐GMA and its use with other fluorinated monomers to formulate hydrophobic composites

SUMMARY Fluorinated Bis-GMA was synthesized and used with other commercially available fluorinated monomers and diluents to prepare hydrophobic composites. The composites were formulated as onepaste systems and were polymerized using blue light. Mechanical properties and water-related qualities were determined. Fluorination generally improved the hydrophobicity of the composites, but there was no clear-cut effect on mechanical properties.
Momentum density measurements by positron annihilation in metals and alloys. Recent experiments with a multicounter two-dimensional angular correlation apparatus

The technique of positron annihilation as applied to the study of momentum densities and Fermi surfaces is reviewed. The angular correlation of the two annihilation photons is directly related to the momentum distribution of the positron-electron system; breaks in this distribution reveal the size and shape of the Fermi surface. After a general introduction to the theory and the experimental techniques used, the results yielding various features of the fermi surface in high concentration disordered alloys are reviewed, and are compared with theoretical predictions. A new multicounter two-dimensional correlation apparatus is described and results in several solids are presented.
Molybdate stabilized rat uterine progesterone receptors: evidence for two mechanisms.

Molybdate (Mo), EGTA, or protease inhibitors substantially increase detectable rat uterine progesterone (Pg) receptors. Rehomogenization experiments demonstrated that receptor levels decreased in the absence of Mo or protease inhibitors and were not regenerated. Thus Mo prevents an EGTA and protease-inhibitor-sensitive loss of uterine Pg receptors during homogenization. This effect was compared with receptor stabilization at elevated temperature. In contrast to the stability of receptors in the presence of Mo, receptors decreased rapidly to minimal levels by 30 min at 30°C in TESHG (10 mM Tris, 1.5 mM EGTA, 12 mM thioglycerol, 10% glycerol) or TG buffers. The ability of EGTA to mimic receptor stabilization by Mo during homogenization, compared with its ineffectiveness at 30°C, suggested fundamentally different mechanisms for these two phenomena. Similarly, 0.3 M KCl prevented Mo stabilization of the receptors at 30°C, but did not change their recovery after homogenization. Results with protease inhibitors were also consistent: addition of 2–5 mM leupeptin and 500 μM PMSF to TG during homogenization resulted in substantially increased (P < 0.01) receptor recovery, but leupeptin (± the temperature-labile PMSF) did not prevent the Pg receptor losses at 30°C. The transformation state of the receptors may be important, since receptors were untransformed in the presence of either EGTA or Mo. Moreover, KCl transformed the receptors in parallel to their instability at 30°C. In conclusion, Mo stabilizes Pg receptors during temperature elevation by a different mechanism from that involved during homogenization. Although the parallel effects by EGTA, molybdate, and the protease-inhibitors during homogenization is consistent with inhibition of Ca2+-dependent proteolysis, other possible mechanisms must be considered in future studies.
Analysis of a home health agency's productivity system

Productivity is an important issue in home care. Employee perceptions of an equitable system are crucial and have been linked to job satisfaction, motivation, and production. Ten staff nurses, and all supervisors and program directors were interviewed to elicit perceptions of the productivity system. Staff nurses' time sheets for seven months were evaluated retrospectively for visit length, number of visits per day, payer source, mileage per day, and travel time per day. Mean time in minutes spent in the patient's home on intravenous visits (n = 58 visits) was approximately twice as long as that of home care visit (n = 11,573 visits). Mean length of hospice visits (n = 368 visits) was 25 to 29 minutes longer than that of mean home care visits. The proportion of Medicare reimbursement was negatively correlated with productivity bonus point achievement (when two high and two low bonus point outliers were removed). Recommended changes were based on both qualitative analysis of employee perceptions of the productivity system and quantitative analysis of time sheets.
Determination of photoreceptor cell fate in the Drosophila retina

Cell-cell communication directs the development of photoreceptor cells in the Drosophila retina. A recent set of studies has provided a genetic dissection of one of these interactions, the induction of the R7 photoreceptor cell by the neighboring R8 photoreceptor cell. The results from these experiments shape our understanding of both the molecular basis of signal transduction mediated through receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as the developmental strategies used to generate different cell types in neuronal systems.
Rattle: A “velocity” version of the shake algorithm for molecular dynamics calculations

An algorithm, called RATTLE, for integrating the equations of motion in molecular dynamics calculations for molecular models with internal constraints is presented. The algorithm is similar to SHAKE, which is one of the standard methods for performing such calculations. RATTLE calculates the positions and velocities at the next time from the positions and velocities at the present time step, without requiring information about the earlier history. Like SHAKE, it is based on the Verlet algorithm and retains the simplicity of using Cartesian coordinates for each of the atoms to describe the configuration of a molecule with internal constraints. RATTLE guarantees that the coordinates and velocities of the atoms in a molecule satisfy the internal constraints at each time step. RATTLE has two advantages over SHAKE. On computers of fixed precision, it is of higher precision than SHAKE. Since it deals directly with the velocities, it is easier to modify RATTLE for use with the recently developed constant temperature and constant pressure molecular dynamics methods and with the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics methods that make use of rescaling of the atomic velocities.
Spatial and temporal changes in promoter activity of the astrocyte glutamate transporter GLT1 following traumatic spinal cord injury

After traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), there is an opportunity for preserving function by attenuating secondary cell loss. Astrocytes play crucial roles in the adult CNS and are responsible for the vast majority of glutamate buffering, potentially preventing excitotoxic loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes. We examined spatial and temporal changes in gene expression of the major astrocyte glutamate transporter GLT1 following moderate thoracic contusion SCI using transgenic BAC-GLT1-eGFP promoter reporter mice. In dorsal column white matter, total intensity of GLT1-eGFP expression per region was significantly reduced following SCI at both lesion epicenter and at rostral and caudal areas where no tissue loss occurred. This regional decrease in GLT1 expression was due to significant loss of GLT1-eGFP(+) cells, partially accounted for by apoptosis of eGFP(+) /GFAP(+) astrocytes in both white and gray matter. There were also decreased numbers of GLT1-eGFP-expressing cells in multiple gray matter regions following injury; nevertheless, there was sustained or even increased regional GLT1-eGFP expression in gray matter as a result of up-regulation in astrocytes that continued to express GLT1-eGFP. Although there were increased numbers of GFAP(+) cells both at the lesion site and in surrounding intact spinal cord following SCI, the majority of proliferating Ki67(+) /GFAP(+) astrocytes did not express GLT1-eGFP. These findings demonstrate that spatial and temporal alterations in GLT1 expression observed after SCI result from both astrocyte death and gene expression changes in surviving astrocytes. Results also suggest that following SCI a significant portion of astrocytes lacks GLT1 expression, possibly compromising the important role of astrocytes in glutamate homeostasis.
Protein kinase C-related kinase 2 phosphorylates the protein synthesis initiation factor eIF4E in starfish oocytes.

Phosphorylation of eIF4E is required for protein synthesis during starfish oocyte maturation. The activity of protein kinase C-related kinase 2 (PRK2) increases prior to the phosphorylation of eIF4E (G. Stapleton et al., 1998, Dev. Biol. 193, 34–46). We investigate here whether eIF4E is activated by PRK2. A 3.5-kb eIF4E clone isolated from starfish cDNA is 57% identical to human eIF4E and contains the putative phosphorylation site serine-209. The serine-209 environment (SKTGS209MAKSRF) is similar to the consensus sequence of the phosphorylation site of protein kinase C and related kinases. A starfish eIF4E fusion protein (GST-4E) was phosphorylated in vitro by PRK2 in the presence of 1,2-diolyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. In contrast, replacing the GST-4E serine-209 with an alanine significantly reduced this phosphorylation. Analysis by two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping reveals a major phosphopeptide in trypsin-digested GST-4E, but not in its serine-209 mutant. Importantly, this major phosphopeptide in GST-4E corresponds to a major phosphopeptide of eIF4E isolated from 32P-labeled oocytes. Thus, PRK2 may regulate translation initiation during oocyte maturation by phosphorylating the serine-209 residue of eIF4E in starfish. We also demonstrate that high levels of cAMP inhibit the activation of PRK2, eIF4E, and the eIF4E binding protein during starfish oocyte maturation, while PI3 kinase activates these proteins.
Technology assessment and social control.

The emerging concepts of corporate responsibility and technology assessment are, to a considerable extent, responses to problems arising from techno? logical developments and their applications by industry and government. These problems appear in the relatively discrete sectors of consumer protection and occupational safety and in the diffuse sectors of community quality of life and the national and international environments.
Interaction of 14.1 MeV neutrons with tritons

Abstract A thin tritium target was bombarded by 14.1-MeV neutrons and the outgoing protons, deutrons and tritons were studied with a specially constructed proportional counter-scintillator telescope. The angular distribution for elastic scattering was obtained for neutron angles from 55° to 180° in the c.m. system. A previous calculation assuming a Serber interaction was shown to give a good fit to this angular distribution. Deuterons from the breakup reaction 3H(n, d)2n were detected at θ lab = 0° , but no breakup protons were observed.
On the uniqueness of heat flow of harmonic maps and hydrodynamic flow of nematic liquid crystals

For any n-dimensional compact Riemannian manifold (M, g) without boundary and another compact Riemannian manifold (N, h), the authors establish the uniqueness of the heat flow of harmonic maps from M to N in the class C([0, T),W 1,n ). For the hydrodynamic flow (u, d) of nematic liquid crystals in dimensions n = 2 or 3, it is shown that the uniqueness holds for the class of weak solutions provided either (i) for n = 2, u ∈ L ∞ L 2 ∩ L 2 H 1 , ▿ P ∈ L 4/3 L 4/3 , and ▿d ∈ L ∞ L 2 ∩ L 2 H 2 ; or (ii) for n = 3, u ∈ L ∞ L 2 ∩ L 2 H 1 ∩ C ([0, T), L n ), P ∈ L /2 L /2 , and ▿d ∈ L 2 L 2 ∩ C ([0, T), L n ). This answers affirmatively the uniqueness question posed by Lin-Lin-Wang. The proofs are very elementary.
Evaluation of a manually driven, multitasking platform for complex endoluminal and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery applications (with video)

Background The Direct Drive Endoscopic System (DDES) is a multitasking platform developed to overcome the limitations of the currently available rigid and flexible endoscopic systems in application to natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), single-port laparoscopy, and advanced endoluminal procedures. The system consists of a 3-channel, steerable guide sheath accepting a 6-mm endoscope and two 4-mm articulating instruments. The system's overall design enables the interventionalist to operate instruments bimanually from a stable platform, conveying a laparoscopic paradigm to the functional working space at the distal end of the flexible guide sheath. Objective To assess the basic functionality of the DDES device in a series of defined exercises by using ex vivo porcine stomachs and 1 in vivo animal model. Design Ex vivo calibration and training exercises, including EMR, full-thickness suturing, and knot tying. Setting Animal laboratory. Interventions EMR, full-thickness suturing, and knot tying. Main Outcome Measurements Successful completion of specified tasks. Results Independent instrument movement with a wide range of motion allowed the interventionalist to perform several complex tasks efficiently. The DDES was able to (1) grasp tissue and hold it under tension, (2) cut through layers of porcine stomach in a controlled fashion, (3) suture, and (4) tie knots. Limitation Ex vivo study. Conclusions This novel multitasking platform demonstrated surgical functionality including triangulation, cutting, grasping, suturing, and knot tying. Preliminary results suggest that the DDES can perform complex endosurgical tasks that have traditionally been challenging or impossible with the standard endoscopic paradigm, and may enable NOTES, single-port laparoscopy, and complex endoluminal procedures.
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and pretibial myxedema associated with Graves' disease.

In the subject of this case report, hypcrtrophic osteoarthropathy and pretibial myxedema developed following an induced remission of Graves’ disease. Seven similar cases found in the literature are reviewed. It is felt that this association is more than fortuitous and that hypcrtrophic osteoarthropathy is a rare manifestation of Graves’ disease that is probably independent of the hyperthyroidmanifestations.
Delirium in surgical patients under intensive care. Utility of mental status examination.

An abbreviated mental status examination was devised and used to study 35 surgical patients requiring a stay in the intensive care unit. Test scores of 24 normal patients fell within a narrow range with a mean of 9.0 (SD ± 0.8) without significant change in score with repeated testing. Nine delirious patients, demonstrating global cognitive impairment, had a mean test score of 2.4 (SD ± 1.0). These patients demonstrated serious and often lethal physiologic abnormalities, most commonly hypoxia or sepsis. Two patients with prominent hallucinations showed selective cognitive impairment in spatial orientation. Their test scores were normal and environmental factors such as sleep deprivation and monotony appeared prominent. Mental status testing is a practical means of accomplishing early detection and effective treatment of the causes of delirium in these patients.
Comparative safety and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have the best established tolerance and safety profile of the available antidepressants. Evidence for this conclusion comes from controlled clinical trials, post-marketing surveillance, prescription audits and case reports. Comparative studies are sparse within the class of SSRIs, and methodological differences between studies are problematic, yet certain differences emerge in tolerability when comparing placebo-adjusted incidence rates for the most common adverse events. Fluoxetine commonly produces nervousness, anxiety, insomnia and headache. Sexual dysfunction is more common with sertraline. Dry mouth can occur from paroxetine, and gastrointestinal effects (cramps, diarrhoea) from sertraline. The incidence of nausea appears to be no greater for any particular drug, especially after several weeks of treatment. Hyponatraemia and extrapyramidal side effects are rare events reported with all SSRIs. General guidelines are given for choosing an initial SSRI according to adverse effect profile; however, inter-subject variability exists in the expression of adverse effects, as well as intra-subject variability during treatment, suggesting the development of pharmacodynamic tolerance. Thus, rational selection of an SSRI on the basis of comparative tolerability is possible, but largely empirical without further scientific evidence from clinical trials specifically designed to differentiate drugs according to their adverse effect profile.
Expression of constitutive heat shock protein-70 in normal (non-stressed) rabbit urinary bladder tissue

The expression of constitutive HSP-70 in the urinary bladder was determined by SDS-PAGE and western blotting using a mouse monoclonal antibody against HSP-70. The western blot analysis showed that the mouse anti-HSP-70 cross-reacted with a 70 kDa protein present in the extracts of the urinary bladder muscle and mucosa. Densitometric scanning of the western blots allowed us to specifically quantitate the relative amounts of the HSP-70. The quantitation of the HSP-70 by combining immunoblotting and densitometry using a laser scanner is reproducible and this technique requires only a small amount of tissue. The amounts of HSP-70 can be estimated from a standard curve of nanogram(ng) of HSP-70 vs absorption from the immunoblots. The amounts of HSP-70 in the muscular and mucosal layers in the body of the urinary bladder are more than those in the base of the bladder. The presence of HSP-70 in the muscle and mucosal epithelium of the bladder was demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis of freshly removed tissue from the base and the body of bladder from normal animals.
Critical Historical Conjunctures in the Emergence of Agricultural Wage Labor in Northern Nigeria

The following analysis holds that explanation of the emergence of agricultural wage lābor in northern Nigeria depends on determining the dynamics of what are here called critical historical conjunctures. It examines three such conjunctures, historical moments in which an ecological calamity converges with a crisis in the political economy. It is proposed that identification of such conjunctures expedites the movement of the analyst from the micro to the macro level and between the domains of ecology and political economy. As such, it addresses the methodological issues of boundary definition, scale, and time depth in human ecological study.
Effects of Changing Compatibility Relationships on Reaction Time to the First Stimulus in a Double-Stimulation Task

This study investigated the effects of manipulating the response requirement to the second stimulus (S2) on reaction time (RT) to the first stimulus (S1) in a double-stimulation choice RT task. Forty subjects responded to the 100 msec presentation of a left or right light by pressing the key on the same or opposite side as the light. Treatment conditions included a single-stimulation control (no S2 presented), and two double-stimulation conditions each requiring two responses (R1 and R2) in close succession. In one of these latter conditions, the rule governing R2 was the same as that governing R1 while, in the other, the rule governing R2 changed. Results showed the typical double-stimulation effect; i.e., increased latency of R1 when it was followed by S2 – R2. More importantly, R1 latency was increased further when the rules governing R1 and R2 were different. Results are discussed in terms of divided preparation capacity as well as other theories of the psychological refractory period.
Intracellular polyamines mediate inward rectification of Ca(2+)-permeable alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors.

Abstract alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors that lack the glutamate receptor GluR2 subunit are Ca(2+)-permeable and exhibit inwardly rectifying current responses to kainate and AMPA. A proportion of cultured rat hippocampal neurons show similar Ca(2+)-permeable inwardly rectifying AMPA receptor currents. Inward rectification in these neurons was lost with intracellular dialysis and was not present in excised outside-out patches but was maintained in perforated-patch whole-cell recordings, suggesting that a diffusible cytoplasmic factor may be responsible for rectification. Inclusion of the naturally occurring polyamines spermine and spermidine in the recording pipette prevented loss of rectification in both whole-cell and excised-patch recordings; Mg2+ and putrescine were without effect. Inward rectification of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors may reflect voltage-dependent channel block by intracellular polyamines.
Targeting the terrorists: A legal proposal for assassinating terrorists as a preemptive strike

Recently, Sam Nunn, Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, stated to a gathering of weapons scientists and military planners at Los Alamos National Laboratory that, although the Cold War is over, “this is a world of regional wars, of spreading ethnic, religious and tribal warfare” in which more countries are acquiring the capability to unleash mass death. In January, 1994, then‐Defense Secretary Les Aspin wrote in his annual report to the President and Congress that “[t]he danger that [weapons of mass destruction] might be used against U.S. forces in some conflict is not, unfortunately, theoretical.” In July, 1994, during a visit to Moscow, FBI Director Louis Freeh commented that the efforts of organized crime to steal or buy weapons‐grade nuclear material is “the greatest long‐term threat to the security of the United States.” Later that month, “credible threats” were received by U.S. law enforcement and intelligence sources of an impending bombing of Israeli targets throughout the United State...
Some suggestions for the conduct of biographical research

Despite the strong and growing interest in biography, few psychologists engage in such studies themselves or feel competent to supervise them. Yet biography is a naturalistic form of empirical research and a rich source of ideas about the development of the individual across the life span. I offer a set of five suggestions for the conduct of biographical research and illustrate its use with examples drawn from archival and biographical interviewing studies. Three of the five suggestions concern the selection, presentation, and interpretation of data, areas where the psychologist's concern about investigator bias and reliability of interpretation has been greatest.
Computing software metrics from design documents

Software metrics can provide an automated way for software practitioners to assess the quality of their software. The earlier in the software development lifecycle this information is available, the more valuable it is, since changes are much more expensive to make later in the lifecycle.Semantic metrics, introduced by Etzkorn and Delugach, assess software according to the meaning of the software's functionality in its domain. This is in contrast to traditional metrics, which use syntax measures to assess code. Because semantic metrics do not rely on the syntax or structure of code, they can be computed from requirements or design specifications before the system has been implemented. This paper focuses on using semantic metrics to assess systems that have not yet been implemented.
A hands-on laboratory experiment on concentrating solar power in a renewable energy sources course

At Hartnell Community College in Salinas, California, a renewable energy and energy efficiency course is a theory based course with several hands-on laboratory experiments. The course is designed for engineering and non-engineering students who are looking to transfer to a 4 year institution. Similar courses at 4 year universities, usually meet general education requirements. This course does not require any advanced mathematics or physics background. In order to enhance student learning in this course, we offered an additional hands-on laboratory experiment on concentrating solar power. The laboratory kit consisted of affordable and widely available materials that included 24 telescoping mirrors, stands, steel cup, thermometer, timer, and a cup of water. We asked the students to design, assemble, and test a central receiver concentrator with the goal to boil water contained in a steel cup. Upon achieving this goal, students were then asked to calculate the efficiency, define losses, and recommend ways of increasing efficiencies and therefore improving their systems through. The design challenge for the students is to determine the optimum position for the mirrors. Additionally, we asked the students to comment on the following; the effects of the time of the day and weather conditions, direct commercial applications, the process of generating electricity from solar concentrators. In order to record the level of improvement, each student was given the same questionnaire before and after completing the laboratory experiment. Upon grading the questionnaires, our assessment showed a 30% average on pre questionnaires scores and a 73% average on post questionnaire scores, suggesting a 43% improvement. This paper presents the results of our findings on performance improvements in further detail.
Structural Wing Sizing for Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a Strut-Braced Wing

A structural and aeroelastic model for wing sizing and weight calculation of a strut-braced wing is described. The wing weight is calculated using a newly developed analysis accounting for the special nature of strut-braced wings. A specially developed aeroelastic model enables one to consider wing flexibility and spanwise redistribution of the aerodynamic loads during in-flight maneuvers. The structural model uses a hexagonal wing-box featuring skin panels, stringers, and spar caps, whereas the aerodynamics part employs a linearized transonic vortex lattice method. Thus, the wing weight may be calculated from the rigid or flexible wing spanload. The calculations reveal the significant influence of the strut on the bending material weight of the wing. The strut enables one to design a wing featuring thin airfoils without weight penalty. It also influences the spanwise redistribution of the aerodynamic loads and the resulting deformations. Increased weight savings are possible by iterative resizing of the wing structure using the actual design loads. As an advantage over the cantilever wing, the twist moment caused by the strut force results in increased load alleviation, leading to further structural weight savings.
Quantitative determination of farnesyl and geranylgeranyl diphosphate levels in mammalian tissue

Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) are branch point intermediates of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis, such as the statins and bisphosphonates, are widely used therapeutic agents. However, little is known about the degree to which they alter levels of upstream and downstream isoprenoids, including FPP and GGPP. Therefore, we developed a method to isolate and quantify FPP and GGPP from mammalian tissues. Tissues from mice were collected, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 degrees C. FPP and GGPP were isolated by a combined homogenization and extraction procedure and were purified with a C18 solid phase extraction column. Farnesyl protein transferase (FTase) or geranylgeranyl protein transferase I (GGTase I) were used to conjugate FPP and GGPP with fluorescent dansylated peptides. FPP and GGPP were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The respective concentrations of FPP and GGPP are as follows: 0.355+/-0.030 and 0.827+/-0.082 units of nmol/g wet tissues in brain, 0.320+/-0.019 and 0.293+/-0.035 units of nmol/g wet tissues in kidney, 0.326+/-0.064 and 0.213+/-0.029 units of nmol/g wet tissues in liver, and 0.364+/-0.015 and 0.349+/-0.023 units of nmol/g wet tissues in heart (means+/-SEM). This method allows for determination of FPP and GGPP concentrations in any tissue type and is sensitive enough to detect changes following treatment with inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis.
Comparison of hydrogen passivation of ZnSe:N using gas source and conventional molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract The use of various gaseous source epitaxial techniques for the growth of II–VI compounds, such as metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) or gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE), offers the promise of improved flux control and source flexibility. However, passivation of the nitrogen acceptors by hydrogen (which is usually present in abundance in these growth environments) has proven to be a major obstacle in the successful application of MOVPE and GSMBE for the growth of highly conductive p-type ZnSe. Although there have been a few reports of successful nitrogen doping of ZnSe:N by GSMBE and MOVPE, the mechanisms of hydrogen incorporation, and its dependence on the growth conditions as well as post-growth treatments, are still unclear. In this paper, we will compare the hydrogen passivation behavior in ZnSe:N grown by: (1) GSMBE using H 2 Se and elemental Zn as sources; and (2) conventional molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with intentional introduction of hydrogen. A comparison of the electrical properties existing between the GSMBE-grown ZnSe:N films with those grown by MBE with an intentional flux of hydrogen will be presented.
Functional Analysis of Ribosomal Protein L2 in Yeast Mitochondria

The yeast nuclear gene RML2, identified through genomic sequencing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome V, was shown to encode a mitochondrial homologue of the bacterial ribosomal protein L2. Immunoblot analysis showed that the mature Rml2p is a 37-kDa polypeptide component of the mitochondrial 54 S large ribosomal subunit. Null mutants of RML2 are respiration-deficient and convert to [rho−] or [rho°] cytoplasmic petites, indicating that Rml2p is essential for mitochondrial translation. RML2 is regulated transcriptionally in response to carbon source and the accumulation of Rml2p is dependent on the presence of the 21 S large rRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that a highly conserved 7-amino acid sequence (Val336 to Asp342) of Rml2p is essential for function. Substitution of Gln for His-343, the most highly conserved histidine in the L2 protein family, caused cold-sensitive respiratory growth but did not affect the assembly of 54 S ribosomal subunits. Mitochondrial protein synthesis was normal in the His343 to Gln (H343Q) mutant grown at the permissive temperature (30 °C) and was severely impaired after growth at the nonpermissive temperature (18 °C). His343 corresponds to His229 in Escherichia coli L2, which has been implicated in a direct involvement in peptidyl transferase activity. The conditional phenotype of the H343Q mutant indicates that His343 is not essential for peptidyl transferase activity in yeast mitochondria.
Hereditary erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis and neutrophilia.

Hereditary erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, and neutrophilia are rare inherited syndromes which exhibit Mendelian inheritance. Some patients with primary hereditary erythrocytosis exhibit a mutation in the erythropoietin receptor ( EPOR ) which is associated with low serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels. Secondary congenital erythrocytosis may be characterized by normal or high serum EPO levels, and is related to high oxygen affinity haemoglobin variants, mutation of the enzyme biphosphoglycerate mutase ( BPGM ), or defects in components of the oxygen-sensing pathway. Hereditary thrombocytosis was first linked to mutations in genes encoding thrombopoietin ( THPO ) or the thrombopoietin receptor, MPL . More recently, germline mutations in JAK2 , distinct from JAK2 V617F, and mutation of the gelsolin gene, were uncovered in several pedigrees of hereditary thrombocytosis. Hereditary neutrophilia has been described in one family with an activating germline mutation in CSF3R . The mutational basis for most hereditary myeloproliferative disorders has yet to be identified.
Multi-country, cross-national comparison of youth tobacco use: findings from global school-based health surveys.

Abstract Objective Describe the prevalence of current cigarette smoking and other tobacco use among 13–15 year olds across 44 countries and 110 sites participating in the Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS), and compare these results with previous findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Methods The GSHS is conducted in countries using standardized sampling and survey methodology procedures. Smoking and other tobacco use prevalence was compiled from fact sheets available on the GSHS web site from the available 110 sites where the survey has been conducted and resulting data processed. Tobacco use prevalence rates are weighted to adjust for the probabilities of nonresponse and varying probabilities of selection. Boy to girl ratios were calculated to examine gender differences in tobacco use prevalence. Results Current smoking rates ranged widely from a low of approximately 1 in 100 students in Tajikistan and India to a high of more than 1 in 4 students in certain sites in Chile and Colombia, and more than 1 in 5 in other sites in Chile, Ecuador, Argentina, and Colombia. Other tobacco use prevalence ranged from a low of 1.0% in Hangzhou, China to a high of 43.7% in Northwest Namibia. Conclusion This is the first multi-country, cross-national study of tobacco use involving GSHS data. Results provide an opportunity to examine youth tobacco use in several countries and compare results with the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) which is a more extensive global surveillance of youth tobacco use.
On unimodal sequences of graphical invariants

Let bi denote the number of ways to select a subset of i independent edges in a given graph. It is shown that the sequence of bi's is unimodal, that is, there exists an r such that b0 … > bm. Similarly, for any bigraph, the nonzero coefficients in the characteristic polynomial are shown to be unimodal in magnitude. Finally, it is suggested that the approach used here might be applied to verify the conjecture that the coefficients in the chromatic polynomial are unimodal in magnitude.
Well-posedness study for a time-domain spherical cloaking model

In this paper, we study a time-domain spherical cloaking model recently introduced by Zhao and Hao (2009). This model is quite complicated and is composed of four coupled differential equations. Here we first prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution for this model. Then we obtain a stability result, which analysis is quite involved due to the coupling between the four variables. To our best knowledge, this is the first well-posedness study carried out for the time-domain cloaking model with metamaterials.