cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-power laser diodes based on InGaAsP alloys

HIGH-POWER, high-coherence solid-state lasers, based on dielectric materials such as ruby or Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), have many civilian and military applications. The active media in these lasers are insulating, and must therefore be excited (or ‘pumped’) by optical, rather than electrical, means. Conventional gas-discharge lamps can be used as the pumping source, but semiconductor diode lasers are more efficient, as their wavelength can be tailored to match the absorption properties of the lasing material. Semiconducting AlGaAs alloys are widely used for this purpose1, 2, but oxidation of the aluminium and the spreading of defects during device operation limit the lifetime of the diodes3, and hence the reliability of the system as a whole. Aluminium-free InGaAsP compounds, on the other hand, do not have these lifetime-limiting properties4–8. We report here the fabrication of high-power lasers based on InGaAsP (lattice-matched to GaAs substrates), which operate over the same wavelength range as conventional AlGaAs laser diodes and show significantly improved reliability. The other optical and electrical properties of these diodes are either comparable or superior to those of the AlGaAs system.
An Experimental Study of an Electro-Optical Displacement Sensor

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental study on an innovative electro-optical fiber sensor developed for measuring the dynamic response of civil structures such as buildings and bridges, which can be used for non-destructive evaluation of structural systems. This electro-optical sensor employs an electric circuit, LC oscillator, in which inductance and capacitance are connected in parallel. The resonant frequency of the LC oscillator is modulated by the external displacement transmitted through the core of the induction solenoid. This frequency is detected from the optically-transmitted oscillatory signal and the LC oscillator is optically powered. Compared to the conventional optical fiber sensors developed so far, the proposed sensor has two significant advantages: 1) the sensing head is an electric circuit (rather than an optical fiber cable), which can sense a specific physical quantity without interference from miscellaneous effects and is expected to be much more durable than th...
A Field Experiment on the Internet's Effect in an African Election: Savvier Citizens, Disaffected Voters, or Both?

This study contributes to the research on the Internet's effect on political behavior and organization by examining how the Internet influences the types of evaluations that may motivate individuals to organize politically. This study employs a randomized field experiment to determine whether the Internet influenced individuals' perception of the fairness of the 2010 Tanzanian presidential election. It provides a direct causal test of the Internet's effect on political evaluations, and the findings reveal that the Internet negatively influenced individuals' perception of the fairness of the election and recount. However, the findings also reveal that the impact of the Internet on political life may not always enrich democratic values. In this case, more critical Internet users also became less likely to vote.
Multiplicity of solid organ injury: influence on management and outcomes after blunt abdominal trauma.

Objective: The current study was undertaken to examine how concomitant injury to liver and spleen after blunt abdominal trauma affects management and outcomes. Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review of all blunt abdominal trauma patients admitted with a diagnosis of liver or spleen injury at two Level I trauma centers over a 4-year period. Presentation, injury grade, management, and outcomes were analyzed. Patients with single-organ injury (liver or spleen) were compared with patients having injury to both organs (liver and spleen). Significance was set at 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 1,288 patients who met entry criteria, 1,125 had single (spleen, 573; liver, 552) organ injury (group S) and 163 had injury to both organs (group B). Group B patients had significantly higher Injury Severity Score, higher admission lactate, and lower admission systolic blood pressure and base excess. Eighty-one percent (915 of 1,125) of group S and 69% (112 of 163) of group B patients were managed nonoperatively (p < 0.05). Of the nonoperatively managed patients, 5.8% (53 of 915) in group S and 11.6% (13 of 112) in group B failed this form of therapy (p < 0.05). Higher failure rate in group B was because of bleeding from injured solid organ(s), and not non-solid organ related failures. Mortality, intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay, and transfusion requirements were all significantly higher in group B. Conclusion: Blunt trauma patients with concomitant injury to liver and spleen have higher Injury Severity Score, mortality, lengths of stay, and transfusion requirements. There is a higher failure rate with nonoperative management, and therefore extra vigilance is warranted when choosing this form of therapy in the presence of injury to both organs.
The Socio-Economic Effects of Heart Disease

The design of the study called for the purposive selection of between 40 and 60 heart disease victims, all male adults between the ages of 30 and 60 and living in Minneapolis. The reasons for limiting the study to heart patients in this group were: (a) heart disease is the leading cause of death among males after the age of 30; (b) it is predominantly a male disease; and (c) although the disease is rather common among males in the seventh decade of life, it was not advisable to include men in that age category for purposes of this study because withdrawal from the labor force usually occurs at that time.
Nonparametric and semiparametric trend analysis for stratified recurrence times.

SUMMARY. Recurrent event data are frequently encountered in longitudinal follow-up studies when the occurrences of multiple events are considered as the major outcomes. Suppose that the recurrent events are of the same type and the variable of interest is the recurrence time between successive events. In many applications, the distributional pattern of recurrence times can be used as an index for the progression of a disease. Such a distributional pattern is important for understanding the natural history of a disease or for confirming long-term treatment effect. In this article, we discuss and define the comparability of recurrence times. Nonparametric and semiparametric methods are developed for testing trend of recurrence time distributions and estimating trend parameters in regression models. The construction of the methods is based on comparable recurrence times from stratified data. A real data example is presented to illustrate the use of methodology.
Polynomial conservation laws in (1 + 1)-dimensional classical and quantum field theory

The quantum-mechanical implications of the inverse-scattering-transform method and its relationship to the structure of Bethe's ansatz are discussed in the context of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation (many-body problem) associated with the classical (quantum) field theory L = (i/2) phi*partial/sub 0/phi - vertical-barpartial/sub 1/phivertical-bar/sup 2/ - cvertical-barphivertical-bar/sup 4/. We review the transformation of the classical problem to action and angle variables and the derivation of an infinite number of polynomial conservation laws. The values of the conserved constants are given by the moments of the classical action variable. It is suggested that there exists a corresponding set of conserved polynomial operators in the quantum field theory and that they reflect the conservation of velocity content which characterizes the solution of the many-body scattering problem (Bethe's ansatz). This implies that the quantized action variable is just the occupation-number density operator in the asymptotic momentum- (velocity-) parameter space of Bethe's ansatz, and that Bethe's wave functions are eigenstates of all conserved operators with eigenvalues given by the moments of the N-particle distribution in asymptotic momentum space. These statements are verified for the first four operators, including one which has not previously been studied.
β2‐glycoprotein 1 (β2GP1) enhances cardiolipin binding activity but is not the antigen for antiphospholipid antibodies

Some investigators have reported that a serum protein, beta 2-glycoprotein 1 (beta 2GP1), either alone or in combination with negatively charged phospholipid, may be the antigen for anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies. To examine these reports further, ELISA tests, inhibition experiments, Ouchterlony and Western blot techniques were used to examine anticardiolipin binding to beta 2GP1. Sera from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and syphilis were studied, as well as whole IgG immunoglobulin and affinity purified (a.p.) IgG aCL antibodies. Results showed no binding of aCL antibodies to beta 2GP1 in the absence of cardiolipin. beta 2GP1 caused enhanced binding of aCL antibodies to cardiolipin, but this enhancement was not observed in inhibition experiments. Binding to cardiolipin occurred in the absence of beta 2GP1. Enhancement of cardiolipin binding activity by beta 2GP1 was observed for APS, but not for syphilis. We conclude that beta 2GP1 is not the antigen for aCL antibodies, nor is it likely that the antibody recognizes shared beta 2GP1-cardiolipin epitopes. Instead, this protein may make cardiolipin more available for aCL binding on solid surfaces by some yet undefined mechanism. This effect may not extend to aqueous suspensions.
Calcium Involvement in Regulation of Neuronal Bursting in Disinhibited Neuronal Networks: Insights from Calcium Studies in a Spherical Cell Model

Cytosolic calcium is involved in the regulation of many intracellular processes. Intracellular calcium may therefore potentially affect the behavior of both single neurons and synaptically connected neuronal assemblies. In computer model studies, we investigated calcium dynamics in spherical neurons during periods of recurrent neuronal bursting that were simulated in a disinhibited neuronal network. The model takes into account calcium influx via voltage-gated calcium channels, extrusion through the cell membrane, and binding to two different buffers representing fixed and mobile endogenous calcium buffers. Throughout the duration of the simulated recurrent neuronal bursting, the concentration of free fixed buffers shows a hyperbolic decrease in time at a rate that is not uniform inside a neuron. Recurrent calcium influxes associated with bursting lead to the formation of gradients in the concentration of the fixed buffer in the radial direction, and are accompanied by the redistribution of mobile buffers acting to compensate for these gradients. Simulated intracellular calcium transients have a slow component characterized by a gradual increase in the calcium baseline level that reaches a plateau 120–200 s after the onset of recurrent bursting. Using this model, we demonstrate what we believe is a novel mechanism of regulation of network excitability that occurs in conditions of prolonged and recurrent neuronal bursting in disinhibited networks. This mechanism is expressed via interaction of calcium clearance systems inside neurons with calcium-dependent potassium regulation of neuronal excitability in membranes. This is a network phenomenon because it arises largely by synaptic interactions. Therefore, it can serve as a network safety mechanism to prevent excessive and uncontrolled neuronal firing resulting from the lack of inhibition or after acute suppression of the inhibitory drive.
Cholinergic and opiate involvement in the antinociceptive effect of diisopropylfluorophosphate

Abstract The organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP; 3 or 6 mg/kg, IP) caused a dose-related antinociception in mice which was antagonized by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. The opiate antagonist naloxone antagonized the antinociceptive effect of the highest dose of DFP, but did not affect the antinociception caused by 3 mg/kg DFP. Twenty-four hours after the administration of DFP, reaction time in animals which received a 3 mg/kg dose did not differ from control. However, reaction time was stil significantly higher than control in mice administered 6 mg/kg DFP twenty-four hours earlier. This residual antinociception was antagonized by naloxone but not by scopolamine, suggesting that it was opioid in nature. These results suggest that antinociception induced by a low dose of DFP is primarily due to a cholinergic mechanism, while higher doses appear to affect also the opiate system. Since we have previously shown that DFP (6 mg/kg) increases met-enkephalin metabolizing enzymes. This conclusion cannot be extended to the organophosphate disulfoton, whose antinociception, even at high doses, appears to involve only an interaction with the cholinergic system.
Aligning Education and Assessment: Improving Medical Education through Assessment

Nearly all levels of medical education and training are currently examining traditional methodologies to assess learner knowledge and competence. Medical science educators are keys to introducing students to the integration of the basic and clinical sciences and to providing relevant, integrated assessments that support the educational outcomes they seek. Perhaps nowhere else is medical education changing as quickly as in the sciences basic to medicine and the assessments we use must accompany that change. The recent report from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, “Scientific Foundations for Future Physicians” illustrates this profound change and presents a blueprint of principles, objectives, and competencies and “...represents the beginning of a broad dialogue within the undergraduate and medical education communities to reinvigorate the scientific preparation of physicians.”1 Organizations and countries have defined competencies, in the U.S.: the Medical School Objectives Project (MSOP), the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME); in Canada, the CanMeds; and Tomorrow’s Doctors in the United Kingdom. While there is no universally accepted definition of “competency”, there is general agreement that converges around the idea that competency is the integration of knowledge, skills, and professionalism or attitudes.
Prospective identification of a multilineage progenitor in murine stomach epithelium.

Background & Aims: Epithelial stem cells in the stomach are responsible for constant renewal of the epithelium through generation of multiple gastric cell lineages that populate the gastric glands. However, gastric stem or progenitor cells have not been well-characterized because of the lack of specific markers that permit their prospective recognition. We identified an intestinal promoter that is active in a rare subpopulation of gastric epithelial cells and investigated whether these cells possess multilineage potential. Methods: A marked allele of the endogenous mouse villin locus was used to visualize single β-galactosidase–positive cells located in the lower third of antral glands. A 12.4-kb villin promoter/enhancer fragment drives several transgenes (EGFP, β-galactosidase, and Cre recombinase) in these cells in a pattern similar to that of the marked villin allele. Reporter gene activity was used to track these cells during development and to examine cell number in the context of inflammatory challenge while Cre activity allowed lineage tracing in vivo. Results: We show that these rare epithelial cells are normally quiescent, but multiply in response to interferon γ. Lineage tracing studies confirm that these cells give rise to all gastric lineages of the antral glands. In the embryo, these cells are located basally in the stomach epithelium before completion of gastric gland morphogenesis. Conclusions: We have identified a rare subpopulation of gastric progenitors with multilineage potential. The ability to prospectively identify and manipulate such progenitors in situ represents a major step forward in gastric stem cell biology and has potential implications for gastric cancer.
Stripping analyses of mercury using gold electrodes: irreversible adsorption of mercury.

The electrochemical deposition and stripping of mercury on gold surfaces was investigated to assess whether gold electrodes would return to mercury-free states after stripping analyses. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies demonstrate the presence of mercury on gold foil electrodes that have undergone controlled-potential deposition procedures in Hg2+ solutions (10 nM−0.1 mM) followed by stripping and cleaning in mercury-free electrolyte. Results show that mercury is not completely removed electrochemically from the gold electrodes, even when the oxidizing potential is +2.5 V vs Ag/AgCl. Bulk electrolyses deposition and stripping procedures coupled with cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopic analyses of solutions after deposition and stripping are also reported. Results suggest that the nature of the gold electrode is fundamentally altered by irreversible adsorption of mercury; that is, mercury is adsorbed during deposition and some of the mercury is retained even after stripping and cleaning. The...
Prof. Labbés Copepod ‘Allomorphs’

PROF. LABBE, in the succession of papers in which he has expounded his theory of allelogenesis, claims to have established as a fact that, in the salines of Croisic and in the aquaria of his laboratory, an evolution of Copepoda has been observed, leading through a series of eight stages from Canthocamptus to Cyclops. According to his theory, the eggs laid by one species of Harpacticid may produce ‘allomorphs’ which, according to accepted standards of classification, would be considered to represent distinct genera or even families. If such were indeed the case, and it were possible in seven years to observe the transformation of Canthocamptus into Cyclops, it would indeed be necessary for systematists to abandon their task in despair.
Determination of total inorganic nitrate utilizing collection of nitric acid on NaCl—impregnated filters

Abstract Cellulose filters impregnated with NaCl will collect nitric acid vapor from ambient atmospheres at efficiencies of ~95% when placed downstream from pretreated quartz particle filters in a high-volume sampler. No adsorption of NO2 on the NaCl filters with retention as nitrate was observed. Conversion of NO2 to nitrate on quartz (either retained as nitrate or released as artifact nitric acid) was negligibly low with the removal of the less than 1% of the incident NO2. At high humidities adsorption of HNO3 on the quartz prefilter can become significant Quartz filters which were preloaded with ambient particulate matter lost nitrate when exposed to aerosol H2SO4. Sulfur dioxide may be collected on potassium-carbonate-impregnated cellulose filters placed downstream from quartz and NaCl papers without any loss on the preceding filters. Ammonium nitrate on quartz filters is partially volatilized during ambient air sampling.
Origin of 3He/4He ratios in HIMU-type basalts constrained from Canary Island lavas

Abstract New helium isotope and abundance measurements are reported for olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts from HIMU-type (high-μ = elevated 238U/204Pb) lavas and xenoliths spanning the stratigraphies of El Hierro and La Palma, Canary Islands. Some pyroxene phenocrysts have suffered post-eruptive modification, either by less than 1% assimilation of crustal-derived He, or by closed-system ageing of He. Olivine phenocrysts record mantle source 3He/4He compositions, with the average 3He/4He for La Palma olivine (7.6 ± 0.8RA, where RA is the atmospheric 3He/4He ratio of 1.38 × 10−6) being within uncertainty of those for El Hierro (7.7 ± 0.3RA), and the canonical mid-ocean ridge basalt range (MORB: 8 ± 1RA). The new helium isotope data for El Hierro and La Palma show no distinct correlations with whole-rock 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 187Os/188Os, or Pb isotopes, but 3He/4He ratios for La Palma lavas correlate with 18O/16O measured for the same phenocryst populations. Despite limited 3He/4He variations for El Hierro and La Palma, their He–O isotope systematics are consistent with derivation from mantle sources containing distinct recycled oceanic basaltic crust (El Hierro) and gabbroic lithosphere (La Palma) components that have mixed with depleted mantle, and a high-3He/4He component (> 9.7RA) in the case of La Palma. The new data are consistent with models involving generation of compositionally and lithologically (e.g., pyroxenite, eclogite, peridotite) heterogeneous mantle sources containing recycled oceanic crust and lithosphere entrained within upwelling high-3He/4He mantle that has been severely diluted by interaction with depleted mantle. We propose that the noble gas systematics of HIMU-type lavas and ocean island basalts (OIB) in general, are most simply interpreted as being controlled by the most gas-rich reservoir involved in mixing to generate their mantle sources. In this scenario, HIMU and enriched mantle (EM) sources are dominated by depleted mantle, or high-3He/4He mantle, because recycled crust and lithosphere have low He concentrations. Consequently, high-3He/4He OIB would predominantly reflect derivation from a less depleted mantle source with sub-equal to higher He contents than depleted mantle. The available coupled He–O isotope systematics measured for OIB lavas are consistent with this hypothesis.
Molecular differentiation of alfalfa weevil strains (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Mitochondrial DNA was amplified and sequenced from eastern, western, and Egyptian strains of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). Eastern and Egyptian weevils differed at only 2 nucleotide sites in 1,031 base pairs sequenced; western weevils differed by 5% sequence divergence. Three restriction sites were identified which separated eastern and western haplotypes. No intrastrain polymorphism was detected in 150 weevils from Nebraska. Collections from Lincoln in eastern Nebraska and Scottsbluff in western Nebraska were fixed for the eastern and western haplotypes, respectively. Eastern and western haplotypes were found together in the same fields in a broad overlap region in central Nebraska.
Duplication and deletion in the human immunoglobulin ϵ genes

The human IgE gene encodes a polypeptide chain that is involved in allergic reactions and in the immune response to parasitic disease in man. We have cloned three chromosomal regions corresponding to this sequence and find that two of them derive from curiously duplicated gene segments that also encode IgA constant-region genes. One of the IgE sequences corresponds to the active gene, and its structure defines a complete amino acid sequence of the human IgE constant region. The other cloned segment is a pseudogene from which the first two IgE coding domains have been deleted and replaced by a switch-like sequence that also occurs close to the normal IgE gene. The third IgE segment remains unlinked to the other heavy-chain genes. Evidently, the epsilon-alpha locus has been the site of several complicated genetic rearrangements during recent evolutionary time.
A Case of Lung Involvement Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can develop extra-articular manifestations, including growth retardation, osteopenia and chronic uveitis. However, pleuropulmonary involvement is rare. Approximately 40% of patients with JIA have abnormal pulmonary function tests without pulmonary symptoms, with the commonest abnormality in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, but clinically evident pulmonary parenchymal disease in JIA is extremely uncommon. We describe a 15-year-old male with JIA who presented with dyspnea due to interstitial lung disease.
Antibiotic Dipping Studies in Relation to Uptake, Embryonic Development and Arizona Hinshawii Recoveries from Turkey Hatching Eggs,

Abstract Antibiotic dipping with gentamicin sulfate by means of the temperature-differential method was effective in reducing but not completely eliminating Arizona hinshawii (7:1, 7, 8) from artificially infected turkey hatching eggs. Embryonic development was well maintained. The antibiotic dip solution intake was variable from egg to egg. Removal of cuticle by means of either 0.2 N HCl or a 10% disodium salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid enhanced egg weight gains and maintained good embryonic development. Complete elimination of A. hinshawii was achieved in one experiment out of four. Correlation studies between egg weight gains and gentamicin concentrations of the contents of the turkey hatching eggs indicated a statistically significant relationship between these two parameters.
Container-Handling Crane: A First-Year Engineering Student Project:

This paper describes a project suitable for first-year undergraduate engineering students, which integrates civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering concepts into an open-ended design and cons...
Which clinical indicators and resident characteristics are associated with health care practitioner nursing home visits or hospital transfer for urinary tract infections

Objectives (1) To determine factors associated with practitioner visitation and/or hospital transfer for skilled nursing facility (SNF) patients who develop a urinary tract infection (UTI) and (2) to determine if SNF patients with a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) directive are less likely to be personally assessed and/or transferred to the hospital in the event of a UTI when compared to patients without a DNR directive. Design Retrospective cohort study using nursing home medical record review. Participants Participants were 564 residents from 35 nursing homes in 3 states who became acutely ill with UTI during the first 90 days of their nursing home admission. They were identified from 2832 random nursing home Medicare admissions and divided into 2 groups, those with DNR directives (n = 334) and those without (n = 230). Measurements Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with practitioner in-person assessment and/or hospitalization, and to determine differences in the likelihood of practitioner in-person assessment and/or hospitalization among those with DNR directives versus those without DNR directives. Results Only one third (29%) of patients with unstable vital signs were seen by a practitioner or transferred to a hospital. Factors associated with practitioner assessment or hospital transfer were elevated temperature (OR 1.7, CI 1.04–2.64), pulse more than 100 beats per minute (OR 1.7, CI 1.01–2.99), and delirium (OR 2.1, CI 1.267–3.44). White residents were less likely to be assessed by a practitioner or transferred to a hospital (OR 0.45, CI 0.22–0.95). DNR directives were not significantly associated with fewer in-person assessments ( P = .067). Conclusion Only one third of SNF patients who developed a UTI with unstable vital signs were personally assessed by a practitioner and/or hospitalized. Patients with delirium were twice as likely to be assessed or transferred to a hospital, suggesting that practitioners use delirium as an indicator of illness severity. However, practitioner visit or transfer was also associated with ethnic background. In the absence of good evidence regarding which nursing home residents are likely to benefit from hospitalization or an urgent practitioner visit, these care decisions will continue to be associated with factors that are unknown.
An extracytoplasmic function sigma factor, σ 25 , differentially regulates avermectin and oligomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces avermitilis

σ25 is an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factor in the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis that plays a differential regulatory role in avermectin and oligomycin biosynthesis. Gene deletion, complementation, and overexpression experiments showed that σ25 inhibited avermectin production but promoted oligomycin production. σ25 indirectly inhibited avermectin production by affecting the transcription of the pathway-specific activator gene aveR, whereas it directly activated oligomycin production by initiating transcription of the pathway-specific activator gene olmRI. The divergently transcribed genes smrAB are located upstream of sig25 and encode a putative two-component system (TCS). σ25 was found to initiate its own transcription, and its expression was directly activated by SmrA. The precise SmrA-binding sites in the region upstream of sig25 were determined by DNase I footprinting assays and identified two direct repeat sequences CTGTGA-n5-CTGTGA, suggesting that SmrA regulates sig25 transcription by binding to these direct repeats. The deletion of smrAB had the similar effect on avermectin and oligomycin A production to the deletion of sig25, indicating that σ25 and SmrAB function similarly in the regulation of antibiotic production. These findings helpfully clarify the regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis by an ECF σ factor-TCS signal transduction system in S. avermitilis.
Limitations of the primary loop-breaking method for synthesis of heat-exchanger networks

Abstract Some limitations of the loop-breaking procedure for evolutionary synthesis of heat-exchanger networks have been found. An alternative method is propose mixed-integer linear programming to minimize the number of units with nonzero load in a given network structure.
Brightness temperatures of the quiet Sun and the new moon at 3.3- and 5.7-mm wavelengths☆

Abstract Absolute brightness temperatures and brightness temperature ratios of the quiet Sun and the center of the new moon were measured at the 3.3-mm wavelength and at several wavelengths in the 5.7-mm region. Radiometric maps of the Sun and new moon are used to illustrate the problems associated with brightness temperature measurements of these sources. Measured quiet Sun/new moon brightness temperature ratios and reported central brightness temperatures of the new moon in the millimeter wavelength region confirm the measured absolute brightness temperatures of the quiet Sun. Reported solar brightness temperatures in the 5.7- to 1.0-mm wavelength interval are tabulated and presented graphically as a function of frequency and wavelength. The regression-line equation computed for the reported measurements is given for estimating solar brightness temperatures at any wavelength in this interval and is solved for the wavelengths of the reported measurements.
RBM19 is essential for preimplantation development in the mouse

RNA-binding motif protein 19 (RBM19, NCBI Accession # NP_083038) is a conserved nucleolar protein containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs. Its biochemical function is to process rRNA for ribosome biogenesis, and it has been shown to play a role in digestive organ development in zebrafish. Here we analyzed the role of RBM19 during mouse embryonic development by generating mice containing a mutation in the Rbm19 locus via gene-trap insertion. Homozygous mutant embryos failed to develop beyond the morula stage, showing defective nucleologenesis, activation of apoptosis, and upregulation of P53 target genes. A unique feature of RBM19 is its localization to the cytoplasm in morula stage-embryos, whereas most other nucleolar proteins are localized to the nucleolar precursor body (NPB). The nucleoli in the Rbm19 mutant embryos remain immature, yet they can carry out rRNA synthesis. The timing of developmental arrest occurs after expression of the inner cell mass markers OCT3/4 and NANOG, but prior to the specification of trophectoderm as reflected by CDX2 expression. The data indicate that RBM19 is essential for preimplantation development, highlighting the importance of de novo nucleologenesis during this critical developmental stage.
Kinetics of irreversible adsorption of mixtures of pointlike and fixed-size particles: Exact results.

An exact solution is reported for the kinetics of random sequential adsorption of mixtures of monomers and k-mers on a one-dimensional lattice. The limit k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}can then be appropriately defined, yielding the solution for the continuum deposition of a mixture of fixed-size and pointlike particles. The addition of the pointlike particles is found to modify in a nonuniversal way the form of the large-time convergence law of the approach to the jamming coverage.
Early colonic dysplasia: Comparison of differential mucin staining and tritiated thymidine labeling***

Controversy has arisen regarding the interpretation and significance of histochemical changes in the mucin produced by the globlet cells in colonic mucosa. The shift from sulfomucin to sialomucin, which is readily identified utilizing high iron diamine-alcian blue staining techniques, has been alternately interpreted as a specific, early dysplastic and premalignant change or a nonspecific generalized response to trauma and inflammation, among others. An attempt to clarify this issue was made by comparing mucin changes identified by high iron diamine-alcian blue staining techniques with increases in DNA synthetic activity identified utilizing autoradiographic analysis of tritiated thymidine uptake. Male Holtzman rats were treated with 15 weekly subcutaneous injections of dimethylhydrazine (30 mg/kg per week) (10 rats) or placebo (10 rats). The colons were prepared and fixed, sequential sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin or high iron diamine-alcian blue, autoradiography was performed. Analyses of labeling index showed no difference in normal background crypts between the control and treatment groups nor in crypts adjacent to those displaying abnormal mucin staining. Crypts with abnormal mucin production (sialomucin dominant) had significantly higher labeling indexes when compared with those of control animals (p less than 0.005). These findings indicate that the shifts in mucin production identified with high iron diamine-alcian blue staining represent crypts with increased and abnormally distributed mitotic activity that is an early dysplastic response to the carcinogenic stimulus.
basilicas and king posts: a proxemic and symbolic event analysis of competing public architecture among the San Blas Cuna

This is an essay applying event, proxemic, and symbolic analyses to political decisions about public space in a highly acculturated community among the Cuna Indians of the San Bias District, Panama. It concludes that public architecture provides Cuna culture with a master "sign-image" (Fernandez 1974; Whitten 1978)-an implicit paradigm for social relations-in both the household and the wider community. Nargana, the community, has had a Western, basilica-style, local congress (meeting) house for a long time. During my sojourn there, the community built a modern, syncretic congress house incorporating many native features. Shortly after inaugurating the handsome new structure, the community decided to build a completely traditional one. The traditional building was then dismantled "temporarily" at the skeleton stage. The community's culture is oscillating and indeterminate within a nativist-acculturating framework. Examination of this cultural oscillation reveals more things than the patently obvious. Proxemic analysis reveals major lines of factional cleavage within the community, as well as the links of exterior alliances to the wider political system within which the community is encapsulated. Moreover, the analysis discloses the cultural linkages of two conflicting forms of public space. The modern basilica is linked with all exterior, Western founts of authority; the traditional congress house is the formalization and fixing of the spatial usages of Cuna domestic architecture. An analysis of the myths and symbols used during the ritual "baptism" of the syncretic house reveals that the congress house and the The inauguration of a modern, syncretic, basilica-style congress house in a Cuna community sparked an attempt to revive a traditional Cuna congress house. These complementary events are analyzed not only to reveal the political alliances behind this cultural oscillation, but to contrast the proxemics of the Western basilica (which elevates authority) with the Cuna congress house (which encloses and symbolizes authority). A further comparison of the congress house with all Cuna structures shows that the Cuna build only rectangular buildings. The significance of the rectangular-round contrast, together with an analysis of myths used to launch the congress, discloses that traditional architecture expresses in metaphoric progression the structural replication of all Cuna political and domestic social structure, arrayed in multiple, serial, rank orders. [proxemics, event analysis, anthropology and architecture, mythology and symbolism, Circum-Caribbean indigenous ethnology]
Public-Service Motivation: Building Empirical Evidence of Incidence and Effect

Three secondary data sources are used to answer four questions that relate to the theory of public-service motivation. The questions focus on the incidence of public-service reward motivations, consistency of these motivations over time, their impact on organizational performance, and the ramifications of a publicservice ethic for the theory of representative bureaucracy. Using descriptive and multivariate statistics, the analyses conclude that there are generalizable and stable differences in the reward motivations of public- and private-sector employees. There is also evidence that public-service motivation in the federal sector is positively related to organizational commitment. In contrast, there is no evidence that public-policy attitudes vary between those who are and those who are not public service oriented.
Determination of sphingosine kinase 2 activity using fluorescent sphingosine by capillary electrophoresis.

The study of sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate is now widespread due to their immense role as intra- and extracellular messenger molecules. The balance and interplay of these ceramide metabolites is dependent on the activities of kinase and phosphatase enzymes. Sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate are found in very minute quantities in cells; thus, they require highly sensitive techniques for quantitative analysis. In this study, we developed a quantitative assay for the determination of sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) activity both in vitro and with cell lysates, using CE-LIF. Sphingosine fluorescein was used as the substrate. The KM of SphK2 for sphingosine fluorescein was 2.8±0.8 μM with a Vmax of 2490±520 μM/min and a kcat of 1920±402/s. The inhibition of SphK2 was also investigated using four different inhibitors for which 2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl) thiazole inhibitor was the most potent for the in vitro inhibition of SphK2 while N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS) did not inhibit but rather increased SphK2 activity. The fluorescence-based approach for the determination of the enzymatic activity of SphK2 proves to be useful for the quantitative determination of SphK2 activity in vitro and in cell lysates, and could be extended to single-cell analysis or applied in drug screening.
Couples' reports of women's autonomy and health-care use in Nepal.

Using data from interviews with matched couples recorded in the 2001 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey this report explores how incorporating both spouses reports of household decision-making may change the understanding of the determinants and consequences of womens autonomy. Results indicate that a substantial proportion of couples disagree about who makes household decisions but the determinants of womens autonomy are still largely similar according to both spouses reports. The assessment of the effects of two important sources of autonomy--womens education and employment--differs significantly between spouses however. When spouses agree that the wife is autonomous the association between her autonomy and her use of health-care services is found to be substantially stronger than when spouses disagree about her autonomy. This finding suggests that the association between womens autonomy and health-care-service use may be underestimated when only womens reports are considered. (authors)
StIKKing Together: Do Multiple IKK Pathways Cooperate in the DNA-Damage Response?

Although IKK-related kinases are known to augment immune pathways, their importance to DNA-damage response has not been previously elucidated; in this issue of Molecular Cell, Renner et al. (2010) show that genotoxic stress requires SUMOylated IKKɛ to regulate NF-κB transcription and cell survival.
A new sum rule for the kinetic theory of classical fluids

Abstract For the collision kernal of the kinetic theory of classical fluids, we have obtained an additional high frequency sum rule. The result is useful since it involves only the pair correlation function.
Coagulation factor VIIa (recombinant) for warfarin-induced intracranial hemorrhage.

Purpose The use of coagulation factor VIIa (recombinant) for the treatment of warfarin-induced intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is described. Summary ICH is a devastating disorder that can be exacerbated by the use of oral anticoagulation. The treatment of warfarin-associated ICH involves the prompt reversal of anticoagulation to allow for surgical procedures, if necessary. Despite limited labeled indications, factor VIIa (recombinant) has been used to reverse warfarin-induced anticoagulation in patients with active hemorrhage, partly due to the rapid effect of factor VIIa on the International Normalized Ratio and the ability to administer the drug quickly in acute settings. The efficacy of factor VIIa (recombinant) for the reversal of anticoagulation in patients with warfarin-associated ICH has been described in several case reports, case series, and retrospective cohort studies. Based on these reports, the use of factor VIIa (recombinant) for the treatment of warfarin-associated ICH may be a viable alternative or adjunct therapy to standard treatment with fresh-frozen plasma and vitamin K. However, due to the nature of these reports, future controlled trials should be conducted to verify the exact place for factor VIIa (recombinant) for this indication. Thromboembolic complications are rare but serious complications secondary to the use of factor VIIa (recombinant). Though differences exist in the reported rate of thromboembolic complications associated with factor VIIa (recombinant), factor VIIa (recombinant) should be used with caution in patients with a predisposition to thromboembolic complications. Conclusion Use of factor VIIa (recombinant) may be considered for reversal of anticoagulation in patients with warfarin-associated ICH. However, patients should be screened for increased risk of thrombosis before administration of the drug.
Relative contributions of the cytochrome P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases to the microsomal oxidation of phorate following treatment of mice with phenobarbital, hydrocortisone, acetone, and piperonyl butoxide.

Abstract The relative contributions of the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system (P450) and the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) in the microsomal oxidation of phorate, O,O -diethyl S -[(ethylthio)methyl]phosphorodithioate, were investigated in mice following treatment with phenobarbital (PB), piperonyl butoxide (PBO), acetone, or hydrocortisone. PBO treatment produced a distinct biphasic effect (initial inhibition and subsequent induction) on several hepatic enzyme activities, including phorate sulfoxidation. The relative contribution by P450 to phorate sulfoxidation decreased from 76% in control to 58% at 2 hr after treatment and increased to 89% at 12 hr. Hydrocortisone treatment caused an increase in FMO activity in liver microsomes, but not in lung microsomes. Administration of acetone caused an increase in benzphetamine N -demethylation and p -nitrophenol hydroxylation in the liver, but no change in phorate sulfoxidase activity was observed, nor was the relative contributions due to P450 and FMO altered. Treatment with phenobarbital produced a large increase in both benzphetamine N -demethylase and phorate sulfoxidase activity in liver microsomes, with the percentage of phorate sulfoxidase activity due to P450 being increased from 76% in the control livers to 85% in the treated livers.
Sodium Naphthalenide–Alkyl Halide Chemiluminescence

WE wish to report the production of violet chemiluminescence when alkyl halides are reacted with sodium naphthalenide at room temperature under anaerobic conditions. This effect, which can be detected by eye in a darkened room without dark adaptation, was found to be general for primary, secondary and tertiary bromides, chlorides, fluorides and iodides. Preliminary experiments show that light emission is most intense for tertiary halides and iodides.
Sulfur poisoning of supported palladium methanol synthesis catalysts

Abstract The deactivation of Pd dispersed on SiO 2 , n-Al 2 O 3 , silica-alumina, TiO 2 and Nd 2 O 3 was studied in the presence of 2 ppm H 2 S during CO hydrogenation at 523 K, 1.5 MPa and a H 2 /CO ratio of 3. First, the activity and selectivity of these catalysts in the absence of sulfur were established over long times on stream. Pd/SiO 2 and Pd/Nd 2 O 3 were found to be the most selective to methanol while high-temperature reduced Pd/TiO 2 was the most active CO hydrogenation catalyst, producing CH 3 OH, CH 4 and CH 3 OCH 3 . The addition of H 2 S in the feed typically reduced methanation activity by only about 50% over the time periods studied (40–250 h), but essentially all the oxygenate activity was lost, which resulted in a marked selectivity shift to methane. There was one notable exception, namely Pd/SiO 2 , which proved to be more tolerant to sulfur poisoning than the other catalysts as it stabilized at about 40% of its initial methanol activity. In comparison to poisoning studies of other metals such as Ni, Co, Fe and Ru, these Pd catalysts maintain much higher specific activity levels in the presence of comparable (or higher) H 2 S levels. The selective poisoning of oxygenate formation, compared to methanation, is strong evidence that at least two different types of active sites exist for CO hydrogenation.
Heritage and corruption: the two faces of the nation-state

Nation-states’ investment in heritage supports Benedict Anderson’s thesis that nationalism offers collective immortality in the face of individual mortality. By the same token, however, corruption – a metaphor based on the impermanence of the flesh – corrodes the official face of heritage, offering more covert and carnal understandings of urban life and of its architectural beauties while also affording opportunities for kinds of profiteering that damage the very fabric that heritage policies seek to celebrate. Both these aspects of social reality represent the ‘cultural intimacy’ that governments seek to deny or suppress but on which their citizens’ loyalty often depends. It thus becomes imperative for scholars of heritage to recognise that heritage and corruption represent two closely interrelated dimensions of the management of the past in the present, and that theories of heritage therefore cannot afford to ignore the concomitant implications of local ideas about corruption and the practices on which ...
Modeling of Electrodynamic Suspension Systems

Characteristics of magnetic–levitation system are studied using dynamic models that include motion–dependent lift, drag, slip, and roll motions. In addition, the contact constraint between the vehicle and the track is modeled using the penalty method. Unknown numerical parameters are identified using the optimization technique. The numerical tests are focused on the damping characteristic, stability in lifting and slip motions, the lifting efficiency compared with the concentric force, and contact with track.