cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fat chance! Getting a grip on a slippery modification

Protein palmitoylation describes the post-translational fatty acyl thioesterification of cellular cysteine residues and is critical for the localization, trafficking, and compartmentalization of a large number of membrane proteins. This labile thioester modification facilitates a dynamic acylation cycle that directionally traffics key signaling complexes, receptors, and channels to select membrane compartments. Chemical enrichment and advanced mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods have highlighted a pervasive role for palmitoylation across all eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and parasites. Emerging chemical tools promise to open new avenues to study the enzymes, substrates, and dynamics of this distinct post-translational modification.
Management of bleeding and coagulopathy after heart surgery.

Mechanisms of bleeding common to virtually all patients after heart surgery are platelet dysfunction, enhanced fibrinolysis, dilution of all components of the coagulation system, and the presence of heparin and protamine. The use of warfarin is increasing in patients with heart disease requiring surgery. The replenishment of vitamin K-dependent factors beyond a normal prothrombin time is not assessable, and the dilution associated with cardiopulmonary bypass can reach coagulopathic levels. Optimal preoperative preparation is required and intraoperative therapy initiated when indicated. Individualized heparin and protamine dosing, antifibrinolytic drug administration, minimization of blood loss and dilution, and minimal time on cardiopulmonary bypass are basic adjuncts to meticulous surgical hemostasis. When bleeding is observed in the postoperative period, a sequential assessment of the probable cause leads to initial therapy while laboratory test results are obtained. Ongoing assessment for hemodynamic instability caused by accumulated mediastinal blood is needed while managing the bleeding patient. A chest radiograph and transesophageal echocardiogram can be useful in diagnosing cardiac tamponade.
Predictors of survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: CNMC 15-year experience.

To review outcomes of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at a level IIIC neonatal intensive care unit and to determine if pre-ECMO respiratory status can help predict mortality. A single-center retrospective chart review was conducted on all infants with CDH treated with ECMO in the past 15 years. Demographic and clinical information, including pre-ECMO ventilatory and blood gas data, was collected. Differences between survivors and non-survivors were evaluated using independent samples t-/Mann–Whitney U-and Fisher's exact/χ2-tests for continuous and categorical data, respectively. Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate predictors of survival while controlling for covariates. Significant predictors were further explored with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Overall survival of the population of 62 patients treated with ECMO was 50%. Survivor and non-survivors were similar in birth weight, gestational age, gender, race and Apgar scores. Approximately 80% of patients in both groups had a left-sided defect. Less than half of patients were prenatally diagnosed in either group. Patients in the non-survivor group had associated anomalies (42 vs 23% for survivors) but this was not statistically significant (P=0.303). Non-survivors were more likely to be put on ECMO earlier, stay on ECMO longer and be operated upon later. On pre-ECMO blood gas analyses, survivors had higher pH and PaO2, and lower oxygenation index and PaCO2 compared with non-survivors. After controlling for covariates, a lower minimum PaCO2 and side of defect were the only independent predictors of survival. ROC curve for minimum pre-ECMO PaCO2 had a significant area under the curve (0.72, P=0.003). Survival was 27% in babies unable to achieve a pre-ECMO PaCO2 70 mm Hg. Minimum achievable pre-ECMO PaCO2 is an independent predictor of survival in patients with CDH requiring ECMO life support. These data provide useful prognostic information for counseling families and may facilitate direction of care in extreme cases where the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia may be incompatible with life.
Assignment of the relative and absolute configurations of acyclic secondary 1,2-diols

Abstract The NMR profiles (13C-δ, 1H-δ, 1H(OH)-δ, and 3JH,H) of syn- and anti-diols— 3a,b in achiral solvents were found to be very similar to each other. Contrarily, their Δδ (Δδ=δ(R,R)-2−δ(S,S)-2) behaviors in chiral bidentate NMR solvent (R,R)- and (S,S)-BMBA-p-Me ( 2 ) were found to be significantly different. On the basis of this NMR characteristic, a method has been developed to predict both the relative and absolute configurations of acyclic secondary 1,2-diols.
Lipid Membranes Containing Plant Sterols Separate into Coexisting Liquid Phases Over Broad Temperature and Compositional Ranges

The sterols in plants, or phytosterols, are often prized for their ability to lower plasma cholesterol. On the other hand, certain lipid metabolic disorders (e.g. sitosterolemia) are correlated with an excess of plant sterols. Here we examine the miscibility phase behavior of membranes that contain plant sterols, with the eventual goal of comparing the interactions between lipids and phytosterols with the interactions between cholesterol, and lipids. To do so we map miscibility phase diagrams of membranes composed of a common plant sterol (stigmasterol, ergosterol, or beta-sitosterol), a lipid with a low melting temperature (DOPC), a lipid with a high melting temperature (DPPC), and a small amount of a fluorescently labeled lipid that preferentially partitions into one of the membrane phases. We use electroformation to generate giant unilamellar vesicles, and we observe phase separation via fluorescence microscopy. We compare our resulting phase diagram to a well-studied system, specifically membranes of DOPC/DPPC/cholesterol. Our data suggests that minor structural changes between phytosterols and cholesterol have a large effect on membrane miscibility.
Identifying compound-target associations by combining bioactivity profile similarity search and public databases mining.

Molecular target identification is of central importance to drug discovery. Here, we developed a computational approach, named bioactivity profile similarity search (BASS), for associating targets to small molecules by using the known target annotations of related compounds from public databases. To evaluate BASS, a bioactivity profile database was constructed using 4296 compounds that were commonly tested in the US National Cancer Institute 60 human tumor cell line anticancer drug screen (NCI-60). Each compound was used as a query to search against the entire bioactivity profile database, and reference compounds with similar bioactivity profiles above a threshold of 0.75 were considered as neighbor compounds of the query. Potential targets were subsequently linked to the identified neighbor compounds by using the known targets of the query compound. About 45% of the predicted compound-target associations were successfully verified retrospectively, suggesting the possible application of BASS in identifyin...
Enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size, but not obesity itself, predicts type II diabetes independent of insulin resistance.

Aims/hypothesis. Cross-sectional studies indicate that enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size is associated with hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. To further explore the pathophysiological significance of these associations, we examined prospectively whether enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size predicts Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Methods. Body composition (hydrodensitometry), mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size (fat biopsy), insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic clamp) and the acute insulin secretory response (25-g i. v. GTT) were assessed in 280 Pima Indians with either normal (NGT), impaired (IGT) or diabetic glucose tolerance (75-g OGTT). Subjects with NGT were then followed prospectively. Results. After adjusting for age, sex and per cent body fat, mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size was 19 % and 11 % higher in subjects with diabetes and IGT, compared with those with NGT (p < 0.001). Insulin sensitivity was inversely correlated with mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size (r = –0.53, p < 0.0001), even after adjusting for per cent body fat (r = –0.31, p < 0.001). In 108 NGT subjects followed over 9.3 ± 4.1 years (33 of whom developed diabetes), enlarged mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size but not high per cent body fat, was an independent predictor of diabetes, in addition to a low insulin sensitivity and acute insulin secretory response [relative hazard 10th vs 90th centile (95 % CI): 5.8 (1.7–19.6), p < 0.005]. In 28 NGT subjects with a 9 % weight gain over 2.7 ± 1.3 years, changes in insulin sensitivity were inversely and independently related to changes in mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size and per cent body fat. Conclusion/interpretation. Although enlarged mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size is associated with insulin resistance cross-sectionally, prospectively, both abnormalities are independent and additive predictors of Type II diabetes. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 1498–1506]
A birdcage coil tuned by RF shielding for application at 9.4 T.

Abstract The design and performance of an inductively fed low-pass birdcage radiofrequency (RF) coil for applications at 9.4 T are described where tuning is accomplished by mechanically moving a concentric RF shield about the longitudinal axis of an RF coil. Moving the shield about the RF coil effectively changes the mutual inductance of the system, providing a mechanism for adjusting the resonant frequency. RF shield tuning eliminates adjustable capacitors on the legs of the RF coil, eliminates current imbalances and field distortions, and results in improved B 1 field homogeneity and high quality ( Q ) factors. RF shield tuning and inductive matching provide an isolated resonance structure which is both physically and electrically unattached. Experimental analysis of shield position on both B 1 field homogeneity and resonant frequency is provided. Computer simulations of B 1 field homogeneity as a function of shield position and shield diameter are also presented. Magnetic resonance microimaging substantiates the usefulness of this design.
Stability of orbiting gyrostats in the elementary cases

The stability of the elementary cases of equilibrium of an orbiting gyrostat have been examined previously by two other authors using two different methods. In the first instance only two of the three equilibrium cases has been analysed, while in the second the author arrives at unnecessarily restrictive sufficient conditions for stability. The present paper systematically reexamines the stability question using the two previous methods and a third which makes a direct appeal to the Thomson-Tait-Chetaev theorem (not a logically independent method, but one having a considerably different guise). It extends the first technique to the missing case and significantly sharpens all previous results. In comparing the three approaches it establishes that all three, when properly used, lead to precisely the same set of stability inequalities, but that the third method involves substantially less labor. The stability results are interpreted in a certain inertia phase plane.
Introduction to this Special Issue of JEEG

This Special Issue of The Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics contains 11 expanded papers originally presented at the Ninth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR 2002). This conference was held in Santa Barbara, California, USA from April 29–May 2, 2002 and was hosted by the University of California, Santa Barbara and Bechtel Nevada. It continued the biennial series of international scientific symposia devoted to the development of GPR. Engineers, scientists and end users from 21 countries presented 132 papers on the most recent research and case studies. GPR 2002 exhibited the importance that GPR technology now plays in solving geophysical, geotechnical and environmental problems.
The antitumor activity of the fungicide ciclopirox.

Ciclopirox olamine (CPX) is a synthetic antifungal agent clinically used to treat mycoses of the skin and nails. Here, we show that CPX inhibited tumor growth in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 xenografts. To unveil the underlying mechanism, we further studied the antitumor activity of CPX in cell culture. The results indicate that CPX inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in human rhabdomyosarcoma (Rh30), breast carcinoma (MDA-MB231) and colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells in a concentration-dependent manner. By cell cycle analysis, CPX induced accumulation of cells in G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. Concurrently, CPX downregulated cellular protein expression of cyclins (A, B1, D1 and E) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2 and CDK4) and upregulated expression of the CDK inhibitor p21Cip1, leading to hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. CPX also downregulated protein expression of Bcl-xL and survivin and enhanced cleavages of Bcl-2. Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor, partially prevented CPX-induced cell death, suggesting that CPX-induced apoptosis of cancer cells is mediated at least in part through caspase-dependent mechanism. The results indicate that CPX is a potential antitumor agent.
The response of a compressible turbulent boundary layer to short regions of concave surface curvature

An experimental investigation of the supersonic flow of a boundary layer over short regions of concave surface curvature, using radii of curvature equivalent to 10 and 50 (models I and II, respectively) initial boundary layer thicknesses and 8-deg turning angle, notes that the boundary layer experienced a strong adverse pressure gradient as the boundary layer passed through the curved region. Attention is given to the mean and turbulent field for each flow, with comparisons of results to those for an 8-deg ramp. In the ramp and model I, turbulence levels increased significantly, together with structural parameters; in model II, despite an increase in turbulence levels, structural parameters remained essentially unchanged. The former results suggest that the perturbation is rapid, and describable in terms of total rather than local strains.
Approximating Coulomb effects in hadron-nucleus scattering

Using the analytic hadron-nucleus scattering amplitudes of Amado, Dedonder, and Lenz, one can show how to account for Coulomb effects approximately by a simple alteration of any medium energy amplitude that excludes such effects. The method is based on an asymptotic (large momentum transfer) approximation and so works best where numerical methods experience the greatest technical difficulties.
Isotachophoresis on Polyacrylamide Gel

Abstract Isotachophoresis, using Ampholine spacer ions, was applied to the fractionation of two multicomponent protein systems (serum and a urinary preparation tract with Hunter Factor activity) using polyacrylamide gel as a supporting medium. These studies were designed to determine whether isotachophoresis could provide higher load capacity than obtained in conventional electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel without loss of resolution. The effect of the Ampholine pI range, the relative and absolute concentrations of protein sample and Ampholine, of the ionic strength of the gel buffer, and of the stacking limits obtained in various gel buffers was investigated. It was found that Ampholine components can act as spacers, giving rise to bands in what otherwise would be a continuum of stacked protein zones. Loads greater by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude than in conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were applicable. The resotion obtained was greatly inferior to that in PAGE, sug...
Evaluation of novel cell cycle inhibitors in mantle cell lymphoma.

Signature abnormalities in the cell cycle and apoptotic pathway have been identified in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), affording the opportunity to develop targeted therapies. In this study, we tested a novel class of kinase inhibitors, styryl sulfones, which differ from prior cell cycle inhibitors in that they are not related to purines or pyrimidines. We observed that two closely related compounds, ON013100 and ON01370, altered the growth and cell cycle status of MCL lines and potently inhibited the expression of several important molecules, including cyclin-dependent kinase4, p53, mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), and cyclin D as well as increased cyclin B expression. Using both terminal deoxy transferase uridine triphosphate nick end-labelling and poly ADP-ribose polymerase assays, we found that these compounds caused apoptosis in MCL cells. In addition, using molecular analyses, we observed the modulation of caspase-3 activity but not the expression of B-cell lymphoma family molecules. Next, we investigated the cytotoxicity of the MCL lines upon treatment with styryl sulfone compounds in combination with other currently used chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin (DOX) or vincristine (VCR). We found that the combination of DOX plus styryl sulfone or VCR plus styryl sulfone increased cytotoxicity by one log scale, compared with the single styryl sulfone compound. Thus, styryl sulfones alone, or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, present attractive opportunities for new drug development in MCL.
Janet Davison Rowley: In Memoriam (1925–2013)

![Figure][1] > “Character is the Sire of Excellence. The accomplishments of mankind are achieved exclusively by men and women of noble character who do nothing mean, small or degrading. They give more than they take.” > -Charles B. Huggins > > (Mentor and colleague of Dr. Rowley) Janet
A Donsker-Varadhan type of invariance principle

LetX 1,X 2,h. be i.i.d. random variables in the domain of attraction of a stable lawG, and denote Sn = X1 + Xn, Ln(ω, A) =n−1 $$L_n (\omega ,A) = n^{ - 1} \sum\limits_{j = 0}^{n - 1} {\chi _A ({{S_j } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{S_j } {a(n)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {a(n)}})}$$ satisfiesa(n) −1 S n →G. Large deviation probability estimates of Donsker-Varadhan type are obtained forL n (ω, ·), and these are then used to study the behavior of “small” values of (S n /a(n). These latter results are analogues of Strassen's results which described the behavior of “large” values of (S n /a(n)) when the limit law was Gaussian. The limiting constants are seen to depend only on the limit lawG and not on the distribution ofX 1. The techniques used are those developed by Donsker and Varadhan in their theory of large deviations.
Perceptions about Higher Education among Parents of Hispanic Students in Middle School: Implications for Community Colleges

Although the Hispanic population is growing at a much faster rate than other populations, college enrollment rates are relatively low compared to Anglos and African Americans. One of the reasons for the low enrollment rate is that the relatively high dropout rate among Hispanic high school students reduces the number of Hispanic students eligible to enroll in college. Because community colleges represent the primary choice for higher education among Hispanics, these institutions are well positioned to evaluate ways in which community colleges could work with local school districts to increase the pool of Hispanic students eligible to enroll in community college. The present study, which was conducted by researchers at a community college in Texas, involved a survey of all parents of Hispanic children enrolled in grades 4–8 at a nearby urban school district. The survey included questions related to the value parents place on higher education, the degree to which they understand financing options including ...
The Phyllosoma Larvae of the Spiny Lobster Panulirus Inflatus (Bouvier) 1)

Phyllosoma-Larven von Panulirus inflatus (Bouvier), welche entlang der Westkuste von Mexico vorkommen, werden beschrieben und abgebildet. Der Einfachheit halber wird die Vorstellung von der Existenz von 11 mehr oder weniger deutlich definierbaren "Stadien" aufrecht erhalten; eine detaillierte Analyse zeigt jedoch deutlich, dass wahrend der Larvalperiode eine grossere Anzahl (wahrscheinlich 25 oder mehr) aufeinanderfolgender "instars" zu unterscheiden ist. Das wird besonders uberzeugend bewiesen durch den geordneten Zuwachs der Schwimmborstenpaare und der damit verbundenen Segmentierung der Beinexopoditen. Die strukturellen Charakteristika, welche eine Trennung dieser Larven von P. interruptus Larven (mit definiertem, ubergreifendem geographischen Bereich) moglich machen, werden definiert.
Empirical Estimation of Stream Discharge Using Channel Geometry in Low-Gradient, Sand-Bed Streams of the Southeastern Plains

Manning's equation is used widely to predict stream discharge (Q) from hydraulic variables when logistics constrain empirical measurements of in-bank flow events. Uncertainty in Manning's roughness (nM) is the major source of error in natural channels, and sand-bed streams pose difficulties because flow resistance is affected by flow-dependent bed configuration. Our study was designed to develop and validate models for estimating Q from channel geometry easily derived from cross-sectional surveys and available GIS data. A database was compiled consisting of 484 Q measurements from 75 sand-bed streams in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina (Southeastern Plains), and Florida (Southern Coastal Plain), with six New Zealand streams included to develop statistical models to predict Q from hydraulic variables. Model error characteristics were estimated with leave-one-site-out jackknifing. Independent data of 317 Q measurements from 55 Southeastern Plains streams indicated the model (Q = AcRH0.6906S0.1216; where Ac is the channel area, RH is the hydraulic radius, and S is the bed slope) best predicted Q, based on Akaike's information criterion and root mean square error. Models also were developed from smaller Q range subsets to explore if subsets increased predictive ability, but error fit statistics suggested that these were not reasonable alternatives to the above equation. Thus, we recommend the above equation for predicting in-bank Q of unbraided, sandy streams of the Southeastern Plains.
From role-playing to role-using: Understanding role as resource.

Any attempt to conceptualize social structure must ultimately confront the dilemma posed by the problem of agency. The emerging consensus among sociologists is that society consists of both powerful, determining structures and actors that possess a degree of efficacy, freedom, and creative independence. This paper is an attempt to aid in developing an approach to role theory that is more versatile and more capable of addressing the agency-structure duality. First, a definition of role as a «cultural object» is proposed. This new conceptualization views roles as resources in the production of both agency and structure. Second, two dimensions of role variance are introduced: role type and role use
Will any dimer do

New structural information on the interaction of erythropoietin with its receptor suggests that the orientation of receptor dimers is critical to intracellular activation.
Pentagastrin gastroprotection against acid is related to H2 receptor activation but not acid secretion

Background —Pentagastrin enhances gastric mucosal defence mechanisms against acid and protects the gastric mucosa from experimental injury. Aims —To investigate whether this gastroprotection is mediated by histamine receptors or occurs as a secondary effect of acid secretion stimulation. Methods —The effects of omeprazole (100 μmol/kg), ranitidine (20 mg/kg), and pyrilamine (10 mg/kg) on pentagastrin (80 μg/kg/h) induced gastroprotection against acidified aspirin injury were examined in a luminal pH controlled model. The effects of these compounds on pentagastrin enhanced gastroprotective mechanisms were investigated using intravital microscopy, in which intracellular pH of gastric surface cells (pH i ), mucus gel thickness, gastric mucosal blood flow, and acid output were measured simultaneously. Results —Pentagastrin protected rat gastric mucosa from acidified aspirin injury. This gastroprotection was abolished by ranitidine, but not omeprazole or pyrilamine. Pentagastrin induced a hyperaemic response to luminal acid challenge, increased mucus gel thickness, and elevated pH i during acid challenge. Ranitidine reversed these enhanced defence mechanisms, whereas omeprazole and pyrilamine preserved these effects. Conclusions —These data indicate that pentagastrin associated gastroprotection and enhanced defence mechanisms against acid result mainly from activation of histamine H 2 receptors, and not as an effect of the stimulation of acid secretion.
The use of computer displays to improve reading comprehension

There are a number of different ways to present text on computer-controlled displays, and these vary in their relative readabilities. ‘Electronic pages’ can be made to be almost as readable as high-quality printed pages. Alternative text display formats can make use of some of the flexibility inherent in computers—for example, by presenting text that appears to move upwards from the bottom of the screen or from right to left along a single line. Research has shown, however, that the most viable alternative to the standard page format, both as a tool for the study of reading processes and as a means to promote reading efficiency, is the rapid, serial visual presentation (RSVP) technique. In RSVP the text is divided into small units of one or a few words that are presented successively for brief durations to a common location on a screen. Text presented in this way can be read rapidly and with good comprehension, while the need for eye movements is eliminated. The data from several studies indicate that RSVP can actually improve the comprehension abilities of less-skilled readers. The present paper explores reasons for this apparent advantage of RSVP for some readers, and proposes ways in which the method might be applied in instructional settings.
Modeling the thermal expansion boundary layer during the combustion of energetic materials

An approach is presented for modeling the thermal expansion boundary layer in energetic materials such as solid propellants and explosives during their combustion. A thermodynamically consistent system of conservation laws is presented that describes the thermo-elastic solid with a temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficient in order to study the role of thermal expansion in heat transfer and deformation in a thin layer adjacent to the combustion zone. It is shown that the thermal expansion can produce an effect that absorbs energy near the burning surface and can significantly reduce the temperature in a small layer. The analysis given here is also relevant to the technologically important problem of laser ablation of materials, but the discussion is focused on application to propellant combustion.
Comparison of magnetic field uniformities for discretized and finite-sized standard cosθ, solenoidal, and spherical coils

Abstract A significant challenge for experiments requiring a highly uniform magnetic field concerns the identification and design of a discretized and finite-sized magnetic field coil of minimal size. In this work we compare calculations of the magnetic field uniformities and field gradients for three different standard (i.e., non-optimized) types of coils: cos θ , solenoidal, and spherical coils. For an experiment with a particular requirement on either the field uniformity or the field gradient, we show that the volume required by a spherical coil form which satisfies these requirements can be significantly less than the volumes required by cos θ and solenoidal coil forms.
Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes.

Context Depressive symptoms are associated with development of type 2 diabetes, but it is unclear whether type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for elevated depressive symptoms. Objective To examine the bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and type 2 diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a longitudinal, ethnically diverse cohort study of US men and women aged 45 to 84 years enrolled in 2000-2002 and followed up until 2004-2005. Main Outcome Measures Elevated depressive symptoms defined by Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score of 16 or higher, use of antidepressant medications, or both. The CES-D score was also modeled continuously. Participants were categorized as normal fasting glucose ( Results In analysis 1, the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes was 22.0 and 16.6 per 1000 person-years for those with and without elevated depressive symptoms, respectively. The risk of incident type 2 diabetes was 1.10 times higher for each 5-unit increment in CES-D score (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.19) after adjustment for demographic factors and body mass index. This association persisted following adjustment for metabolic, inflammatory, socioeconomic, or lifestyle factors, although it was no longer statistically significant following adjustment for the latter (relative hazard, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.99-1.19). In analysis 2, the incidence rates of elevated depressive symptoms per 1000-person years were 36.8 for participants with normal fasting glucose; 27.9 for impaired fasting glucose; 31.2 for untreated type 2 diabetes, and 61.9 for treated type 2 diabetes. Compared with normal fasting glucose, the demographic–adjusted odds ratios of developing elevated depressive symptoms were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.63-0.99) for impaired fasting glucose, 0.75 (95% CI, 0.44-1.27) for untreated type 2 diabetes, and 1.54 (95% CI, 1.13-2.09) for treated type 2 diabetes. None of these associations with incident depressive symptoms were materially altered with adjustment for body mass index, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. Findings in both analyses were comparable across ethnic groups. Conclusions A modest association of baseline depressive symptoms with incident type 2 diabetes existed that was partially explained by lifestyle factors. Impaired fasting glucose and untreated type 2 diabetes were inversely associated with incident depressive symptoms, whereas treated type 2 diabetes showed a positive association with depressive symptoms. These associations were not substantively affected by adjustment for potential confounding or mediating factors.
Surface segregation in binary alloys: A semiempirical approach

Abstract The preferential segregation concentration of one component in a binary alloy can be estimated, as a function of depth from the surface, from relative X-ray photoemission signal intensities. The details of this semiempirical calculation are outlined. In addition, common approximations applied to these calculations as well as typical experimental errors are analyzed to assess the effects upon the resulting calculated segregation profiles. The semiempirical analysis has been applied to previously published data for Cu17N83 and Fe72Cr28 binary alloys.
Dynamic Reconfigurable Machine Tool Controller

This paper presents a dynamic reconfigurable control strategy based on the Direct Machining And Control (DMAC) research at Brigham Young University. We propose a reconfigurable framework which will allow a DMAC compliant machine to be controlled by a variety of applications and control laws. This Reconfigurable Mechanism for Application Control (RMAC) paradigm uses a hierarchical architecture to configure a mechanism into a device driver for direct control by an application like CAD/CAM. The paradigm is one of a mechanism device driver assigned to each mechanism class or model, and uses only the master model to control the mechanism. The traditional M&G code language is no longer necessary since motion entities (NURBS, lines, arcs, etc) are passed directly to the mechanism. The design strategy of using dynamic-link libraries (DLL) to form a mechanism device driver permits a mechanism to assume different operating configurations, depending on the number of axes and machine resolution. For example, the machine can perform as a material removal machine in one instant, and then, by loading a new device driver, act as a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). This strategy is possible because DMAC is a software and networked-based control architecture. Both the CAD/CAM planning software and the real-time control software reside on the same PC. The CAM process plan can thus directly control the machine without need for process plan decomposition into the forms supported by the native controller. The architectural framework is explained in detail and the methodology for control software reconfiguration into a device driver is presented. For demonstration purposes three device drivers will be implemented on one machine to demonstrate feasibility and usefulness.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Energetics of B-Z junction formation in a sixteen base-pair duplex DNA.

Abstract We report analysis of the NaCl-induced B-Z transition in a 16 base-pair duplex DNA with sequence designed such that when NaCl is increased the left half of the molecule undergoes the B-Z transition while the right half remains in the B-form. An equilibrium thermodynamic model based on the body of available published experimental data and the recent theoretical work of Soumpasis, which indicate, in the salt range above ~0.9 m -NaCl, the transition free-energy of B-Z conversion in DNA is a linear function of the NaCl concentration, is employed. Analysis of the B-Z transition of the junction-containing molecule indicates the B-Z junction formed in this 16 base-pair DNA is composed of approximately three base-pairs and has a free energy of formation of ~4.7 kcal/mol junction. These values for the junction are in excellent agreement with published estimates of B-Z junction size and energy derived from much longer DNA pieces.
Admission Boards: The Contribution of Professional Judgment to the Admission Process

Benner, George, and Cagle present the concept of teacher education admission boards, particularly as defined by and established at the University of Ten nessee. The boards, comprised of prac titioners in the field, content area special ists, advanced students, and program area faculty interview students, review data available on the students and make final admission decisions. Further, once a student is admitted, he or she is as signed to a mentoring team that pro vides ongoing evaluation throughout the program. While the subjectivity and deficiencies of the board process are ob vious, the concept of admission boards is offered to the profession as an alterna tive to relying on quantitative measures alone.
What “counts” as algebra in the eyes of preservice elementary teachers?

This study examined conceptions of algebra held by 30 preservice elementary teachers. In addition to exploring participants’ general “definitions” of algebra, this study examined, in particular, their analyses of tasks designed to engage students in relational thinking or a deep understanding of the equal sign as well as student work on these tasks. Findings from this study suggest that preservice elementary teachers’ conceptions of algebra as subject matter are rather narrow. Most preservice teachers equated algebra with the manipulation of symbols. Very few identified other forms of reasoning – in particular, relational thinking – with the algebra label. Several participants made comments implying that student strategies that demonstrate traditional symbol manipulation might be valued more than those that demonstrate relational thinking, suggesting that what is viewed as algebra is what will be valued in the classroom. This possibility, along with implications for mathematics teacher education, will be discussed.
The chemical composition of foliage as an index of nutritional status in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait)

Near terminal foliage was sampled from 26 young, open-grown trees in each of three red pine plots on a potassium deficient site. The plots were respectively control, trees fertilized with potassium in the nursery and trees fertilized with potassium in the field. Multiple regressions relating tree height and leader length to foliar concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, nitrogen, and silica were calculated to test Leyton's hypothesis that only deficient nutrients would be significantly related to growth in such equation. The hypothesis was supported by the pooled data and by the data from the trees fertilized in the nursery but not from the other two plots. The different elements were interrelated in the leaves so that results of multiple regression analyses were strongly influenced both by the combination of regressor variables used as well as by which one of a number of interrelated growth measurements was used as dependent variable. The closeness of correlation between variables and the chances of incorrect predictions appear to increase with severity of deficiency. However it was possible to relate leader length to foliar potassium in all three plots by one second-order polynomial regression which accounted for 66 per cent of the observed variation in leader length. The data confirmed the conclusion of Stoneet al. that excellent growth of red pine is possible when there is 450 mg/100 g of potassium in current-year red pine needles. Variations of some other factor which may be either external (site) or internal (genetic) is believed to be contributing to the variations in leader growth on this site.
Cross sections for production of vacuum ultraviolet radiation by 5–150-keV protons in gases

Abstract Ultraviolet light produced by collisions of 5–150 keV protons with He, Ne, Ar, H2, N2, O2, and CO2 was detected by allowing the radiation to fall directly on the first stage of a 17-stage electron multiplier with Cu-Be dynodes. The product of photon production cross sections and photoelectric yield of the first dynode integrated over wavelength was determined. Measurements were made at low enough pressures that corrections could be made for resonance absorption effects for the targets (He and Ne) for which they were important. The angular distribution of the emission for hydrogen gas was measured at 20, 50, and 100 keV and found to be isotropic.
Cryogenically cooled Ti:sapphire amplifiers

Power scaling in laser systems is fundamentally constrained by detrimental effects of absorbed heat in the lasing medium. Cryogenic cooling is a well known technique for improving thermal performance in solid state laser materials. In particular the dramatic improvement in the thermal properties of Ti:sapphire at cryogenic temperatures has enabled a new class of commercial high-average-power femtosecond Ti:sapphire amplifiers. We review recent developments in this technology.
Dependence of the geometry of the region of open field lines on the interplanetary magnetic field

Abstract The geometry of the open flux area in the polar region is computed by superposing a uniform interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with various orientation angles to a model of the magnetosphere. It is confirmed that the IMF By component is as important as the Bz component in “opening” the magnetosphere. It is also shown that the computed area of open field lines is remarkably similar to the observed ones which were determined by using the entry of solar electrons. In particular, when the IMF vector is confined in the X-Z-plane and the Bz component has a large positive value, the open area becomes crescent-shaped, coinciding approximately with the cusp region.
C-phycocyanin from Phormidium luridum. Isolation of subunits.

Abstract The C-phycocyanin from the unicellular blue-green alga Phormidium luridum was isolated in high yield by an improved procedure as a crystalline protein, shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In common with C-phycocyanins from other blue-green algae (1–3), the protein from P. luridum was found to be an aggregate of two subunits, designated α and β, present in equivalent molar proportions. These subunits were separated preparatively by gel filtration in a solvent that contained sodium dodecylsulfate and β-mercaptoethanol. Chromatography on sulfonated polystyrene columns of tryptic hydrolyzates of the S-aminoethylated subunits afforded distinctly different elution patterns for each subunit. A combination of analytical gel filtration and amino acid analyses defined the molecular weights of the α and β subunits as 11,900 ± 100 and 18,500 ± 100, respectively. These weights include the contribution of a single phycocyanobilin chromophore in each subunit. Although generally similar in amino acid content, the two subunits display distinct differences in composition, notably in the absence of histidine from the β subunit. The results establish beyond reasonable doubt that the minimum molecular weight of ~30,000 previously (5) measured for this protein is actually the molecular weight of an aggregate of one of each of the subunits.
Radiosensitization of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with cisplatin during concomitant radiation therapy

Treatment regimens for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck require both attention to local tumor burden as well as contingencies for control of disseminated disease. Relatively new protocols utilizing cisplatin for radiosensitization of tumor cells during concomitant radiotherapy have shown progress in providing effective tumor control. Cisplatin as a chemotherapeutic agent induces DNA changes in malignant cells that may be mutagenic or lethal. Additionally, when used concurrently with radiation therapy, cisplatin acts as a radiosensitizer, increasing damage to malignant nuclear DNA to enhance the anti-neoplastic capability of radiotherapy. The mechanisms by which this radiosensitization occurs remain controversial, although one leading theory involves cisplatin's ability to inhibit sublethal damage repair in radiated tumor cells. Recent investigations utilizing cisplatin with concurrent radiation for treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck are reviewed. The variations in protocols presented include route of administration, dosing, scheduling, timing with surgery, and combination therapy with 5-fluorouracil and radiation. Higher response rates, prolonged mean survival, increased survival rates, longer local recurrence-free survival rates, and considerable organ preservation with the use of concurrent cisplatin and radiation have been demonstrated by these studies. Further investigation of concurrent cisplatin and radiotherapy in patients with advanced disease is justified.
Clonogenic cells and rat mammary cancer: Effects of hormones, X rays, and fission neutrons

On Day 0, young adult female F344 rats were adrenalectomized and intrasplenically implanted with a pituitary gland and capsule containing estrone. All were thereafter given 2.5 mg deoxycorticosterone per week and the choice of saline or tap water. This treatment yields high prolactin levels and glucocorticoid deficiency (Prl+/Glc-). On Day +48, total recoverable mammary DNA was increased by more than sevenfold, tritiated thymidine uptake by nearly fourfold, and total mammary clonogens by about fivefold. Irradiation with 4, 40, and 80 cGy X rays on Day +48 increased total mammary carcinomas per rat day at risk linearly with dose, and 40 and 80 cGy significantly decreased first carcinoma latency. A dose of 40 cGy X rays on Day -1 yielded tumor latencies and frequencies insignificantly different from unirradiated controls and significantly different from the dose on Day +48. Total carcinomas per rat day at risk were better fit by a function of dose to the power 0.4 than by a linear function after exposure to...
Evidence for a cycloartenol-based sterol synthetic pathway inLagenidium spp.

Vegetative mycelia ofLagenidium giganteum andL. callinectes will metabolize cycloartenol to fucosterol and cholesterol. Lanosterol is not so metabolized although it is taken up from the culture broth. These data are indicative of a sterol synthetic pathway such as is present in photosynthetic organisms.
Thymic Carcinoma: Current Concepts and Histologic Features

Thymic carcinoma is a rare tumor that has traditionally posed a significant challenge for diagnosis to clinicians and histopathologists. No reliable histopathologic features have yet been identified that can permit reliable distinction of these tumors from a metastasis to the mediastinum. Histologically, the tumors are characterized by morphologic features that are indistinguishable from those arising from a variety of other epithelial organs. A large number of histologic variants have been described. In general, these tumors remain a diagnosis of exclusion and, as a group, represent high-grade neoplasms with a very aggressive clinical behavior and an often-ominous prognosis.
Following the Arterial Switch Operation, Obese Children have Risk Factors for Early Cardiovascular Disease

Background. Children who have undergone the arterial switch operation (ASO) are at risk for premature coronary artery disease due to coronary re-implantation. Obesity may also pose cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate comorbidities and markers of early cardiovascular disease in obese ASO patients. Methods. Obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th %] and normal weight (NW, BMI < 85th %) ASO patients, and NW controls without heart disease were enrolled, and underwent prospective vascular, echocardiographic, laboratory, exercise, and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) testing. Results were compared between groups. BP load was defined as proportion of recordings ≥ 95th %. Results. Thirty patients [13.2 years (11.2–16.8), 57% male] were evaluated: 10 obese ASO, 10 NW ASO, and 10 NW controls. Obese ASO patients, in comparison to NW ASO and controls, had higher systolic BP% [96% (90–99) vs. 67% (30–91) P= 0.07 (trend) and 34% (21–43) P= 0.005], night-time diastolic BP load [18% (14–24) vs. 0% (0–0) P= 0.01 and 0% (0–0) P= 0.01], left ventricular mass index [51.7 g/m2.7 (46.6–53.3) vs. 40.7 g/m2.7 (29.2–41.6) P < 0.01 and 28.9 g/m2.7 (27.3–33.7) P < 0.01], and lower brachial artery reactivity [8.7% (6.2–11.9) vs. 14.6% (10.8–23.0) P= 0.03, and 16.7% (12.8–17.8) P= 0.05]. There was a trend toward increased carotid intima-media thickness, and significantly higher triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein levels in obese ASO patients. Conclusions. Following the ASO, obese patients have associated comorbidities, and markers of early cardiovascular disease. These may pose additional risk for future cardiovascular events in this unique population who underwent coronary artery re–implantation in infancy.
Improving energy consumption in Android apps

Mobile applications sometimes exhibit behaviors that can be attributed to energy bugs depending on developer implementation decisions. In other words, certain design decisions that are technically “correct” might affect the energy performance of applications. Such choices include selection of color palettes, libraries used, API usage and task scheduling order. We study the energy consumption of Android apps using a power model based on a multi-objective approach that minimizes the energy consumption, maximizes the contrast, and minimizes the distance between the chosen colors by comparing the new options to the original palette. In addition, the usage of unnecessary resources can also be a cause of energy bugs depending on whether or not these are implemented correctly. We present an opportunity for continuous investigation of energy bugs by analyzing components in the background during execution on Android applications. This includes a potential new taxonomy type that is not covered by state-of-the-art approaches.