cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-transfer reactions in water. Contributions from high-frequency librations?

From the solvent dependence of the absorption band energies for metal-to-metal charge-transfer bands in several symmetrical ligand-bridged mixed-valence dimers, water emerges as an anomalous solvent. Explanations based on specific ligand-solvent interactions or the involvement of high-frequency hydroxyl stretching modes are shown to be inconsistent with the available results. The experimental observations can be accommodated, however, by postulating the involvement of relatively high-frequency librational modes known to exist in water. The observation of anomalously high MMCT band energies in water has significant implications for related electron-transfer reactions such as thermally activated self-exchanges.
Simultaneous nonlinear equations of growth

The simultaneous equations $$\begin{gathered} \frac{{dx}}{{dt}} = \frac{{a_x }}{{k_x }}[k_x - x - f_x (y)] x \hfill \\ \frac{{dy}}{{dt}} = \frac{{a_y }}{{k_y }}[k_y - y - f_y (x)] y \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ have been suggested to describe competition between two species. Information about solutions for these equations is given as stability diagrams related to coefficients in the equations. Examples of solutions are shown as found with an analog computer.
Organochlorine residue levels in Mississippi River water snakes in southern Louisiana.

This study was designed to determine the usefulness of water snakes in pollution monitoring. This was accomplished by assessing the organochlorine load in tissues of snakes inhabiting three sites along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Two species of water snakes, Nerodia rhombifera and Nerodia cyclopion, were chosen for analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Fishes account for 95.2 and 98.4%, respectively, of the total volume of food consumed by N. rhombifera and N. cyclopion. Thus, the organochlorine load of both species should reflect considerable biomagnification relative to water column levels.
Least-squares array processing for signals of unknown form

Statistical methods are applied to the estimation of the velocity, arrival-angle and waveform of a signal appearing in an array of sensors in the presence of random noise. The signal is assumed to be a plane wave propagating through a linear, homogeneous, non-dispersive medium so that it is the same in each sensor except for a time delay due to its finite velocity. A novel formulation is introduced which requires no assumptions concerning the signal waveform but permits its estimation along with the vector of time delays per unit distance. The method is appropriate for applications such as seismology and passive sonar in which the signal waveform is unknown, yet cannot be realistically represented as a stationary random process (as is required, for example, by Wiener filtering theory).A least-squares procedure is described which does not depend on any assumptions regarding the noise. This simple criterion is found to imply time-shift and sum processing which is related to other techniques previously employed. For known noise statistics the mean-square response of the processor to the noise is calculated and the covariance matrix of the estimates is approximated for the high signal-to-noise ratio case. The resulting array pattern is evaluated in terms of the signal spectrum and the array geometry. The results are compared with a more elaborate maximumlikelihood approach based on stationary Gaussian noise with a known spectral density matrix.
Aperture efficiency of chemically etched horns at 93 GHz

The aperture efficiency of monolithic two-dimensional horn imaging arrays has been optimized at 93 GHz. The imaging arrays consist of several silicon wafers into which arrays of pyramidal horns are etched chemically. Dipole antennas and detectors are suspended on thin silicon oxynitride membranes on one of the central silicon wafers about halfway down the horns. The devices are 7*7 arrays with a 1 lambda opening and a 71 degrees flare angle. Antenna impedances have been measured on a low-frequency model. A variety of millimeter-wave dipole antennas and bolometers have been designed and tested. A large-area bismuth thin-film power meter is used to obtain accurate absolute power. The measured aperture efficiency improved from 44% to 72%. The highest system coupling efficiency with a lens was 36% including lens absorption and reflection losses. >
Conversion from full array shunt to partial array shunt topology for two small Explorer-class, near-Earth orbiting scientific satellites

The Space Power Applications Branch of NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center is designing an improved power subsystem for two Small Explorer-class (SMEX) spacecraft. These spacecraft, the Transition Region And Coronal Explorer (TRACE), and the Widefield infrared Explorer (WIRE) are technological descendants of the SMEX Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) spacecraft and share much of its heritage. Refinements have been made to the SWAS power subsystem architecture to take advantage of partial array shunt technology that will make it more dependable and efficient. Additionally, by identifying and targeting the solar array as the subsystem schedule and budget "tall pole" and designing to reduce that particular component's complexity, the team will provide a spacecraft power subsystem of increased reliability and reduced cost while proving technology for future small Explorer missions.
Histological Evidence of Angiogenesis 9 Months After Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization

A 66-year-old white male with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy was referred to our center for transmyocardial laser revascularization (PLC Eclipse Surgical Technologies) in July 1999. The patient had a long history of interventions for his coronary artery disease, including multiple percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties, stent placement in 1991 and 1993, and coronary artery bypass grafting in 1987 and 1992. He was evaluated for a third bypass, but we determined he was not a suitable candidate because of his diffuse small vessel distal coronary artery disease. Given the limitations of conventional therapeutic options, the patient underwent transmyocardial laser revascularization in July 1999. Thirty transmural channels were lased in the ischemic anterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle. The patient tolerated the procedure well and received anginal relief for the following 6 months; he then experienced recurrent symptoms …
DMSO SOLVENT INDUCED PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN HIGHLY PHOTOSTABLE COMPOUNDS. THE ROLE OF INTERMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDING

2-(2‘-Hydroxy-5‘-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 1, Tinuvin P, and o-hydroxybenzophenone, 2, are thought to achieve exceptional photostability through highly reversible deactivation associated with their intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Excimer laser excitation (10 mJ, 20 ns at 308 nm) of these molecules in argon-bubbled hexane solution at room temperature affords no discernible transient signals (absorption or emission) between 320 and 800 nm. In DMSO solution under the same conditions, however, strong transient absorptions in the visible (λmax 410 and 425 nm for 1 and 2, respectively) are observed. The transients responsible for the absorptions are quenched by oxygen and acid, and the spectra match well with the ground state difference spectra generated from the corresponding phenolate ions. When a bulky group is incorporated ortho to the hydroxyl function such as in 2-(2‘-hydroxy-3‘-cumyl-5‘-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 3, Tinuvin 928, no appreciable transient absorption is observed even i...
Marital and birth expectations of urban adolescents.

The formation of attitudes conducive to pregnancy prevention is usually included in the development of adolescent pregnancy prevention programs. This research examines the marital and birth expectations among 3646 adolescents enrolled in grades 7-12 in four inner city schools in 1981-82 in the US. The aim is to assess adolescents perceptions of life experiences in their social environment which reveal their beliefs about the social acceptability of birth after marriage. Two of the schools had entirely Black student populations and two for comparison purposes had a mixed student population comprised of 33% Black students. Results reveal that Blacks reported a higher age for marriage and a lower age of first birth than Whites. Blacks had a lower mean ideal age of first birth than for marriage while White had a lower mean age of marriage than for first birth. 59.1% of Black teenage females and 55% of Black teenage males reported a first birth ideal less than the marriage age while 20.4% of White teenage females and 21.1% of White teenage males did so. A comparative graph shows Whites having in-wedlock births around 21 years of age and Blacks having in-wedlock births at 26 years of age. The analysis of the best age of marriage regressed on the best age at first birth indicates that the slopes are parallel and there is no significant difference between Black and White attitudes. Blacks had an ideal marriage age of about two years later than Whites. In the comparison of survey responses to vital statistics data on legitimacy of first births in Baltimore in 1980 it appears that there is a close correspondence between actual out-of-wedlock status of first births and female adolescent attitudes. This studys findings suggest that both Blacks and Whites expect early births to be premarital and later births to be postmarital. Adolescent experiences affect their perceptions and teenagers perceptions are fairly realistic. The interpretation of findings is that Black-White differences reflect both macro-historical change and the microlevel community experiences of young people. Findings support Espenshades historical analysis. Educational interventions should account for the facts that teenagers ideal age for marriage is older than their projected ages of first births and that beliefs are influenced by community norms.
Understanding People's Preferences for Disclosing Contextual Information to Smartphone Apps

Smartphones have become the primary and most intimate computing devices that people rely on for their daily tasks. Sensor-based and network technologies have turned smartphones into a “context-aware” information hub and a vehicle for information exchange. These information provide apps and third party with a wealth of sensitive information to mine and profile user behavior. However, the Orwellian implications created by context-awareness technology have caused uneasiness to people when using smartphone applications and reluctance of using them [6]. To mitigate people’s privacy concerns, previous research suggests giving controls to people on how their information should be collected, accessed and shared. However, deciding who (people or the application) gets to access to what (types of information) could be an unattainable task. In order to develop appropriate applications and privacy policies it is important to understand under what circumstances people are willing to disclose information.
Examination of HgI/sub 2/ and PbI/sub 2/ photoconductive materials for direct detection, active matrix, flat-panel imagers for diagnostic X-ray imaging

In this paper, the results of empirical studies of the dark current and X-ray signal response of thick, polycrystalline films of lead iodide (PbI/sub 2/) and mercuric iodide (HgI/sub 2/) are reported. These studies are being carried out as part of an extensive, integrated program of research to develop and incorporate such photoconductive, X-ray detection materials into direct detection, active matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs) for applications in diagnostic imaging, as well as for radiotherapy imaging. Simple detector configurations incorporating these materials were prepared by physical vapor deposition (PVD) with thicknesses ranging from approximately 90 to 500 /spl mu/m. For these detectors, the temporal behavior of the dark current and of the X-ray-induced photocurrent, under irradiation conditions relevant to fluoroscopy, radiography and mammography, were quantitatively examined and are reported. In addition, X-ray sensitivity results are also presented for a variety of conditions. The measurements were performed for externally applied electric fields ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 V//spl mu/m for both negative and positive polarities.
Molecular Analysis of Diepoxybutane-Induced Mutations at the rosy Locus of Drosophila melanogaster

We have analyzed at the molecular level diepoxybutane-induced mutants determined to have lesions affecting expression of the ry locus. Of the 21 mutants analyzed here, genetic analysis suggested that five were putative deficiencies involving ry and adjacent lethal loci. However, molecular analysis confirmed that only two of these five putative deficiencies were in fact deletions detectable by the methods used in the analysis. The remaining 16 mutants were viable as homozygotes, suggesting that their lesions were confined to the ry locus. Seven of these 16 intragenic mutants were determined to be deletions of genetic material as evidenced by altered restriction patterns relative to the wild type patterns. Thus, nine of 21 (43%) diepoxybutane-induced mutants are due to deletions ranging in size from approximately 50 base pairs to more than 8 kilobase pairs. Most of the deletions (seven of nine or 78%) are intragenic and less than 250 base pairs in size; it seems that most, if not all, affect coding rather than regulatory sequences.
BE-SAFE: Bedside sonography for assessment of the fetus in emergencies: educational intervention for late-pregnancy obstetric ultrasound.

Introduction: Late obstetric emergencies are time critical presentations in the emergency department. Evaluation to ensure the safety of mother and child includes rapid assessment of fetal viability, fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal lie, and estimated gestational age (EGA). Point-of-care (POC) obstetric ultrasound (OBUS) offers the advantage of being able to provide all these measurements. We studied the impact of POC OBUS training on emergency physician (EP) confidence, knowledge, and OBUS skill performance on a live model. Methods: This is a prospective observational study evaluating an educational intervention we designed, called the BE-SAFE curriculum (BEdside Sonography for the Assessment of the Fetus in Emergencies). Subjects were a convenience sample of EP attendings (N=17) and residents (N=14). Prior to the educational intervention, participants completed a self-assessment survey on their confidence regarding OBUS, and took a pre-test to assess their baseline knowledge of OBUS. They then completed a 3-hour training session consisting of didactic and hands-on education in OBUS. After training, each subject’s time and accuracy of performance of FHR, EGA, and fetal lie was recorded. Post-intervention knowledge tests and confidence surveys were administered. Results were compared with non-parametric t-tests. Results: Pre- and post-test knowledge assessment scores for previously untrained EPs improved from 65.7% [SD=20.8] to 90% [SD=8.2] (p<0.0007). Self-confidence on a scale of 1-6 improved significantly for identification of FHR, fetal lie, and EGA. After training, the average times for completion of OBUS critical skills were as follows: cardiac activity (9s), FHR (68.6s), fetal lie (28.1s), and EGA (158.1 sec). EGA estimates averaged 28w0d (25w0d-30w6d) for the model’s true gestational age of 27w0d. Conclusion: After a focused POC OBUS training intervention, the BE-SAFE educational intervention, EPs can accurately and rapidly use ultrasound to determine FHR, fetal lie, and estimate gestational age in mid-late pregnancy. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(6):–0]
Differentiation of mammographic tumor types using the binary joint transform correlator

The performance of the binary joint transform correlator for defining a tumor in a mammographic image as cancerous or benign is investigated and compared to that of the classical correlator. The areas of comparison are the correlation peak and the discrimination sensitivity. The study is a computer simulation of coherent optical processing and includes three separate patient mammograms, two with carcinomas and one with a fibroadenoma. It is shown that the performance of the binary correlator surpassed that of the classical correlator. The binary joint transform correlator is able to differentiate noninvasively and quantitatively between benign and malignant tumors in this experiment. >
Using Economic Base Models to Explain New Trends in Rural Income

The economics or urban and rural areas in the United States continue to experience change in their structure, leading to changes in their economic base. This paper argues that nontraditional sources of income, employment, and business activity have become more important in the economic base of rural areas. Current trends in rural parts of the western United States are used to document this argument. In spite of the decline in the relative or absolute important of traditional natural-resource-oriented industries in the rural West, in the 1990s this region is experiencing population growth rates well above those of the nation as whole. This reversal of development experience from the 1990s is analyzed empirically, and extended economic base models are proposed to capture forces which now are found to be of growing significance in explaining current development trends in western rural economics.
"Got You!": Automatic Vandalism Detection in Wikipedia with Web-based Shallow Syntactic-Semantic Modeling

Discriminating vandalism edits from non-vandalism edits in Wikipedia is a challenging task, as ill-intentioned edits can include a variety of content and be expressed in many different forms and styles. Previous studies are limited to rule-based methods and learning based on lexical features, lacking in linguistic analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel Web-based shallow syntactic-semantic modeling method, which utilizes Web search results as resource and trains topic-specific n-tag and syntactic n-gram language models to detect vandalism. By combining basic task-specific and lexical features, we have achieved high F-measures using logistic boosting and logistic model trees classifiers, surpassing the results reported by major Wikipedia vandalism detection systems.
An Extreme Rainfall/Runoff Event in Arctic Alaska

Abstract Rainfall-generated floods in the Arctic are rare and seldom documented. The authors were fortunate in July 1999 to monitor such a flood on the Upper Kuparuk River in response to a 50-h duration rainfall event that produced a watershed average in excess of 80 mm. Atmospheric conditions prevailed that allowed moist air to move northward over areas of little or no vertical relief from the North Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean. Cyclogenesis occurred along the quasi-stationary front separating maritime and continental air masses along the arctic coast. This low-pressure system propagated southward (inland) over the 142-km2 headwater basin of the Kuparuk River in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range; a treeless area underlain by continuous permafrost. This research catchment was instrumented with a stream gauging station, two major and six minor meteorological stations, for a total of eight shielded rain gauges. The peak instantaneous flow was estimated at 100 m3 s−1 and was about 3 times great...
Power-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and the Capacitative Calcium Entry System in SV40-Transformed Swiss 3T3 Cells

Abstract Sisken, J. E. and DeRemer, D. Power-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and the Capacitative Calcium Entry System in SV40-Transformed Swiss 3T3 Cells. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a 60 Hz electromagnetic field could affect the influx of calcium ions across the plasma membrane through the so-called capacitative calcium entry system. Recordings of cytosolic calcium-ion concentrations in SV40-transformed Swiss 3T3 cells were obtained in real time during exposure to magnetic fields ranging from 0.3–50 mT or to sham conditions using the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin. This was done for cell populations whose capacitative entry system was activated by either bradykinin or thapsigargin under a variety of experimental conditions. No effects of the magnetic field were observed on bradykinin-induced calcium transients and, with the exception of a small but statistically significant increase observed in experiments performed at 50 mT, no effects of the fields were observe...
The Psychology of Good and Evil: A Vision of Holocaust Education in Holocaust Centers and Schools

some general goals Holocaust education has become widespread in schools and education centers. It has the potential to benefit many people: To see the evil (destructiveness) human beings are capable of; understand its sources, where it comes from; see the potential for it in each of us; see the human potential and their own potential for goodness. To develop the capacity to see what around us (in the characteristics of culture, society, people's actions) may promote human destructiveness and what is required by us to promote goodness rather than evil in ourselves and society. To become aware of their potential as bystanders and perpetrators, as well as helpers, and of how they actually act in the world. To help Jews – survivors, descendants, members of the group targeted in the Holocaust – as well as members of other groups that suffered violence against them, and people in general, become aware of their suffering and pain, which is part of the life of many people, adults and children. Holocaust education can also help with healing, and with opening up to other people's suffering and need. To become aware of the difference they can make in the world, the choices they can make in their own lives. Many people within and outside the Jewish community may become interested in and open to education about the Holocaust if it is made relevant to their own lives. What happened in the Holocaust, its origins and human consequences, has profound relevance to many aspects of contemporary life.
Former Audit Firm Personnel as CFOs: Effect on Earnings Management

Corporate hiring of former audit personnel to fill key financial positions is a practice that has attracted attention from the media, the accounting profession, and regulators. The concern is that the former external auditor who now holds a key position with the client may be able to circumvent the audit or exert pressure on the audit team and adversely influence audit quality. Using corporate SEC filings, we compare a sample of 172 test companies that appointed personnel who were former employees of the companies' external auditors, to the position of CFO, with a control sample of companies that appointed new CFOs that were not affiliated with their auditors. We investigate whether earnings management (measured by the level of discretionary accruals) is greater for the test sample compared to the control sample during the two years following appointment of the CFO. Both univariate and multivariate results for signed discretionary accruals suggest some support for the hypothesis that firms with affiliated CFOs are associated with greater earnings management than firms without affiliated CFOs. Further, the results for signed discretionary accruals suggest that the association is stronger for non-partners who moved from the audit firm to the client with little or no time gap. The results for absolute discretionary accruals do not suggest differences, on average, in earnings management between affiliated and unaffiliated CFOs. However, they do indicate some earnings management relative to unaffiliated CFOs by CFOs who were formerly non-partners and who had little or no time gap between leaving the audit firm and joining the client firm, although at much weaker levels of significance.
Laser diode excitation of lithium atoms

Laser diodes are an attractive source of coherent light for use in spectroscopy and laser cooling. These lasers are capable of single-mode operation, can be rapidly modulated, are easy to use, and are less expensive than alternative sources. We have used a laser diode to excite the principal transition of atomic lithium at 671 nm and utilizad this source in a laser cooling experiment.
The direct memory access paradigm and its applications to natural language processing

Three types of applications of the Direct Memory Access paradigm to natural language understanding, namely 1) machine translation; 2) speech understanding; 3) natural language interfaces
Failure of DL-batyl alcohol to prevent aplastic anemia in calves.

SummaryFeeding of 3/4 or 1/2 lb trichloroethylene-extracted soybean oil meal/day/100 lb to young calves for 10 days induced aplastic anemia and caused death 14-25 days after feeding of the toxic material had ceased. DL-batyl alcohol injected by various routes after feeding of the toxic agent had ceased, but before appearance of clinical symptoms, failed to prevent development of aplastic anemia.
Evaluation of Chrysanthemum Cultivars and Insecticides for Control of Damage by a Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Chrysanthemum cultivars grown for pot flower production in greenhouses exhibited various and potentially useful levels of resistance to Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). Leafminer control with insecticides was significantly ( P <0.05) enhanced when applied to resistant varieties. Evaluations of insecticides showed an initial tolerance of the South Carolina population to permethrin and moderate control (71%) by foliar treatment with encapsulated methyl parathion. Permethrin regained efficacy after a 6-month period during which pyrethroid sprays were withheld. Methamidophos, cypermethrin, and permethrin treatments resulted in 90 +% control in subsequent tests, but methamidophos was phytotoxic to foliage of most cultivars at standard application rates. Tank mixes of pyrethroids and encapsulated methyl parathion gave greater efficacy than either chemical used alone. Fenvalerate treatments provided moderate control. Oxydemeton methyl showed no efficacy against the leafminer.
Tyromyces Graminicola In North America

Tyromyces graminicola Murr., originally described from Bermuda, has been found to occur over a wide area of the American Southwest. It is commonly associated with grass roots but also has been found on living Citrus and decaying stumps and wood in service. Its diagnostic characters are the sessile to substipitate basidiocarps, amyloid basidiospores, gloeoplerous hyphae, thick-walled skeletal hyphae, and double or multiple clamp connections. T. graminicola does not belong in the genus Tyromyces Karst. and can not be placed in any other polypore genera. Its microscopic characters are typical of the family Hericiaceae Donk. Basidiocarps and cultures are described and the microscopic characters illustrated. Polyporus propinquus Lloyd is placed in synonymy with T. graminicola.
Application of a new fenestrated clip (Yaşargil T-bar clip) for the treatment of fusiform M1 aneurysm: case illustration and technical report.

Background and importance Fusiform intracranial aneurysms (FIAs) are challenging to treat by surgical and endovascular means because of their complex morphology and configurations. Various surgical techniques, including clip reconstruction, wrapping with or without clip enforcement, and trapping with or without bypass, have been described extensively. The objective of this study is to describe the application of a new fenestrated clip (Yasargil T-bar clip) for the treatment of FIAs. Clinical presentation An FIA on the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery was diagnosed incidentally in a 23-year-old man. The aneurysm was visualized after wide dissection of the sylvian fissure. The M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery, its branches, and its lenticulostriate arteries were identified and dissected. A single fenestrated T-bar clip was applied to reconstruct this long FIA after one of the lenticulostriate arteries was dissected free of the aneurysm. Postoperative angiography confirmed reconstruction of the M1 segment and obliteration of the aneurysm. Conclusion Clip reconstruction of an FIA with a fenestrated Yasargil T-bar clip is a new application option that effectively reconstructs the parent artery. Application of this type of a clip might be advantageous over conventional fenestrated or nonfenestrated clip applications, especially in tight surgical fields, because a single clip might be sufficient to reconstruct the long segment of the artery.
Private Equity in Emerging Markets:Drivers in Asia Compared with Developed Countries

This article reveals interesting structural differences in private equity fundraising in Asia compared with developed markets. Exit opportunities and the amount of credit provided by the banking sector are found to be strong determinants of new funds raised. Unlike in developed markets, however, emerging markets are negatively impacted by the amount of credit provided by the banking sector: Funding of transactions stands in direct competition with banks in these markets as more credit is provided by the banking sector. Fewer investment opportunities remain for private capital. The negative relationship with credit provided by the banking sector is reflected in different business approaches. In developed markets, banks financially leverage private equity transactions to a substantial degree to magnify returns to investors. In emerging markets, private equity transactions use less leverage. Differentiating along investment stages, economic growth and research and development (R&D) expenditures are found to be of particular importance to venture capital. For later-stage leveraged buyouts, the degree of recent deals negatively impacts funds raised. As competition for attractive deals among private equity funds intensifies, investor return expectations deteriorate and fundraising is reduced as a consequence.
Calcium Site Occupancy in BaTiO3

Measurements of the equilibrium electrical conductivity of Ca-doped BaTiO3 indicate a highly acceptor-doped behavior when y > 1 in the general formula (Ba1−xCaxO)yTiO2. It has been suggested that when there is an excess of alkaline earth oxides, some Ca++ occupies Ti-sites, where it acts as a doubly charged acceptor, $${\rm{Ca}}_{{\rm{Ti}}}^{\prime\prime}$$ . This possibility has been checked with a recently developed technique for determining the crystallographic site occupancy of impurity atoms. Known as ALCHEMI (Atom Location Using Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis), the technique relies on the dependence of the characteristic X-ray emission on the incident electron beam direction. A significant channeling effect was observed for slightly positive and negative excitations of the [100] reflection. The results indicate that for the composition (Ba0, 85Ca0.15O)1.02TiO2.00, a substantial fraction of the total calcium (≥ 20%) occupies Ti sites.
Impact of Doximity Residency Rankings on Emergency Medicine Applicant Rank Lists

Introduction: This study investigates the impact of the Doximity rankings on the rank list choices made by residency applicants in emergency medicine (EM). Methods: We sent an 11-item survey by email to all students who applied to EM residency programs at four different institutions representing diverse geographical regions. Students were asked questions about their perception of Doximity rankings and how it may have impacted their rank list decisions. Results: Response rate was 58% of 1,372 opened electronic surveys. This study found that a majority of medical students applying to residency in EM were aware of the Doximity rankings prior to submitting rank lists (67%). One-quarter of these applicants changed the number of programs and ranks of those programs when completing their rank list based on the Doximity rankings (26%). Though the absolute number of programs changed on the rank lists was small, the results demonstrate that the EM Doximity rankings impact applicant decision-making in ranking residency programs. Conclusion: While applicants do not find the Doximity rankings to be important compared to other factors in the application process, the Doximity rankings result in a small change in residency applicant ranking behavior. This unvalidated ranking, based principally on reputational data rather than objective outcome criteria, thus has the potential to be detrimental to students, programs, and the public. We feel it important for specialties to develop consensus around measurable training outcomes and provide freely accessible metrics for candidate education.
Dorsovertical Lumbotomy Approach for Surgery of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi

During a 30-month interval 26 patients underwent pyelolithotomy or upper ureterolithotomy through the dorsovertical lumbotomy approach. The intraoperative course and postoperative performance were compared to those in a similar group of patients operated upon using the standard flank incision. Our analysis established the superiority of the dorsovertical lumbotomy incision for all factors evaluated, especially postoperative drainage, analgesic use and hospital stay. The surgical steps are described in detail and the relative contraindications are discussed.
Is it dangerous to use version control histories to study source code evolution

Researchers use file-based Version Control System (VCS) as the primary source of code evolution data. VCSs are widely used by developers, thus, researchers get easy access to historical data of many projects. Although it is convenient, research based on VCS data is incomplete and imprecise. Moreover, answering questions that correlate code changes with other activities (e.g., test runs, refactoring) is impossible.Our tool, CodingTracker, non-intrusively records fine-grained and diverse data during code development. CodingTracker collected data from 24 developers: 1,652 hours of development, 23,002 committed files, and 314,085 testcase runs.This allows us to answer: How much code evolution data is not stored in VCS? How much do developers intersperse refactorings and edits in the same commit? How frequently do developers fix failing tests by changing the test itself? How many changes are committed to VCS without being tested? What is the temporal and spacial locality of changes?
Generating Directional Residuals with Dynamic Parity Equations

Abstract It is shown how diagnostic residuals, which exhibit directional properties at all times in response to an arbitrary mix of input and output faults, can be generated using dynamic parity equations. The residual generator is obtained by applying a transfer function type tranformation to the dynamic input-output model of the monitored plant. It is also shown that the residual generator is polynomial (moving average) if the specified fault responses contain the invariant polynomial of the fault system.
Lumped heat and mass transfer coefficient for simulation of a pressure swing adsorption process

The practical implications of replacing various individual transport resistances such as gas-solid mass and heat transfer, and gas phase axial dispersions of mass and heat in a numerical model of a...
A study of warning letters issued to clinical investigators by the United States Food and Drug Administration.

Objet : Cette etude porte sur les enjeux ethiques que signalent les lettres d'avertissement diffusees aux chercheurs cliniques par la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) des Etats-Unis. Methodes : On a analyse l'Index en ligne des lettres d'avertissement de la FDA pour trouver les lettres diffusees aux chercheurs sur les medicaments et les appareils medicaux aux Etats-Unis et au Canada a la rubrique d'infraction «Clinical Investigator» pour la periode de fevrier 2002 a fevrier 2004. On a evalue les lettres ainsi extraites pour y determiner la presence de sept themes relies a l'ethique de la recherche: deviation par rapport au plan d'etude; consentement eclaire; declaration d'evenements indesirables; rapport d'etude; supervision de l'etude; approbation par le conseil d'examen de l'etablissement; inconduite. Resultats: Au cours des 24 mois de l'etude, la FDA a envoye a des chercheurs 36 lettres d'avertissement portant sur des violations de 58 protocoles. Les chercheurs qui effectuaient des etudes en medecine pulmonaire ont recu le plus de lettres d'avertissement (12), suivis des chercheurs en oncologie (10) et en cardiologie (9). La deviation par rapport au plan de recherche, un mecanisme d'obtention du consentement inexistant ou comportant des lacunes et la non-declaration ou la declaration en retard d'evenements indesirables constituent les violations les plus frequentes. Trois lettres d'avertissement (8 %) portaient sur une inconduite au cours de l'etude, y compris la fabrication de donnees. Conclusions: Les lettres d'avertissement informent au sujet des pratiques exemplaires, de l'ethique et de la protection des participants au cours de recherches. Meme si le contenu d'une lettre d'avertissement de la FDA peut etre une source d'inquietude pour les chercheurs qui la recoivent, ces renseignements peuvent devenir un outil d'education pour tous les membres de l'equipe de recherche. Ces lettres precisent aussi ce que la FDA recherche au cours d'une verification d'etudes cliniques.
Where We Fall Down: Tensions in Teaching Social Medicine and Global Health

Abstract Background As global health interest has risen, so too has the relevance of education on the social determinants of health and health equity. Social medicine offers a particularly salient framework for educating on the social determinants of health, health disparities, and health equity. SocMed and EqualHealth, 2 unique but related organizations, offer annual global health courses in Uganda, Haiti, and the United States, which train students to understand and respond to the social determinants of health through praxis, self-reflection and self-awareness, and building collaborative partnerships across difference. Objectives The aim of this paper is to describe an innovative pedagogical approach to teaching social medicine and global health. We draw on the notion of praxis, which illuminates the value of iterative reflection and action, to critically examine our points of weakness as educators in order to derive lessons with broad applicability for those engaged in global health work. Methods The data for this paper were collected through an autoethnography of teaching 10 global health social medicine courses in Uganda and Haiti since 2010. It draws on revealing descriptions from participant observation, student feedback collected in anonymous course evaluations, and ongoing relationships with alumni. Findings Critical analysis reveals 3 significant and complicated tensions raised by our courses. The first point of weakness pertains to issues of course ownership by North American outsiders. The second tension emerges from explicit acknowledgment of social and economic inequities among our students and faculty. Finally, there are ongoing challenges of sustaining positive momentum toward social change after transformative course experiences. Conclusions Although successful in generating transformative learning experiences, these courses expose significant fracture points worth interrogating as educators, activists, and global health practitioners. Ultimately, we have identified a need for building equitable partnerships and intentional community, embracing discomfort, and moving beyond reflection to praxis in global health education.
Education Reform, Politics, and Change Advocate: Michael Apple

Education Reform, Politics, and Change Advocate: Michael Apple finds a merger of ideas from John Dewey, Antonio Gramsci, and Paulo Freire in critiquing American education .
Familienunternehmen und deren Performance – eine Meta-Analyse

Ein Grosteil der Forschung zu Familienunternehmen beschaftigt sich mit der Frage, ob Familienunternehmen wirtschaftlich erfolgreicher sind als Nicht-Familienunternehmen. Erste Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet stellen meist einfache Performance-Unterschiede und Gruppenvergleiche in den Vordergrund (Anderson, Mansi & Reeb, 2003; Daily & Dollinger, 1992; Lehmann & Weigand, 2000).
Putting Out Fires: Understanding the Developmental Nature and Roles of Inmate Gangs in the Philippine Overcrowded Jails:

Utilizing intensive interview data from inmates in one of the most overcrowded and underresourced jails in Metro Manila, Philippines, this article explores the origins and roles of inmate pangkats (a derivative of gangs) in jail management. Responding to institutional deficiencies, such as police misconduct and court case delays, and structural shortages, such as lack of space, operational resources, and personnel, this article investigates how the pangkats supplement jail management and help keep the jail operations afloat. Specifically, this article documents how the pangkats put out fires: their intricate roles in mitigating pains of imprisonment, conflict mediation, order maintenance, and instilling discipline among their members. This article also details the emergence of a give-and-take relationship that develops between and among the pangkats and jail officials that are reflective of the Philippine sociocultural realities. Implications to theory on prison community and policy on gang management in a developing country context are discussed.
Stress-Induced Reorganization of the Mycobacterial Membrane Domain

Cell elongation occurs primarily at the mycobacterial cell poles, but the molecular mechanisms governing this spatial regulation remain elusive. We recently reported the presence of an intracellular membrane domain (IMD) that was spatially segregated from the conventional plasma membrane in Mycobacterium smegmatis The IMD is enriched in the polar region of actively elongating cells and houses many essential enzymes involved in envelope biosynthesis, suggesting its role in spatially restricted elongation at the cell poles. Here, we examined reorganization of the IMD when the cells are no longer elongating. To monitor the IMD, we used a previously established reporter strain expressing fluorescent IMD markers and grew it to the stationary growth phase or exposed the cells to nutrient starvation. In both cases, the IMD was delocalized from the cell pole and distributed along the sidewall. Importantly, the IMD could still be isolated biochemically by density gradient fractionation, indicating its maintenance as a membrane domain. Chemical and genetic inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis led to the delocalization of the IMD, suggesting the suppression of peptidoglycan biosynthesis as a trigger of spatial IMD rearrangement. Starved cells with a delocalized IMD can resume growth upon nutrient repletion, and polar enrichment of the IMD coincides with the initiation of cell elongation. These data reveal that the IMD is a membrane domain with the unprecedented capability of subcellular repositioning in response to the physiological conditions of the mycobacterial cell.IMPORTANCE Mycobacteria include medically important species, such as the human tuberculosis pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis The highly impermeable cell envelope is a hallmark of these microbes, and its biosynthesis is a proven chemotherapeutic target. Despite the accumulating knowledge regarding the biosynthesis of individual envelope components, the regulatory mechanisms behind the coordinated synthesis of the complex cell envelope remain elusive. We previously reported the presence of a metabolically active membrane domain enriched in the elongating poles of actively growing mycobacteria. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of the membrane domain in response to stress have not been examined. Here, we show that the membrane domain is spatially reorganized when growth is inhibited in the stationary growth phase, under nutrient starvation, or in response to perturbation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Our results suggest that mycobacteria have a mechanism to spatiotemporally coordinate the membrane domain in response to metabolic needs under different growth conditions.
Decomposing Legal Personhood

The claim that corporations are not people is perhaps the most frequently voiced criticism of the United States Supreme Court decision Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. There is something obviously correct about this claim. While the nature and extent of obligations with respect to group agents like corporations and labor unions is far from clear, it is manifest in moral understanding and deeply embedded in legal practice that there is no general requirement to treat them like natural persons. Group agents may be denied rights to marry, vote, or run for public office. More generally the need to guard against discrimination, the core injustice in racism and sexism, has no direct application to the case of group agents. There is also something obviously incorrect about the claim that corporations are not people. The legal practice of treating some group agents as persons under law is ancient, found already in Roman law at the time of Justinian. In this essay I propose that reflection on this tension reveals that fundamental revision to the doctrine of legal personhood is needed. More specifically I propose that legal personhood be decomposed into at least two elements—standing and liability—and that legal systems reject the principle that an entity possesses one just in case it possesses the other. The import of this change ramifies broadly. Decomposing legal personhood not only enables a satisfactory account of the status of corporations and labor unions, who as such have liability but not standing, it also enables a satisfactory account of the status of those who as such have standing but not liability: severely mentally disabled persons, very young children (including fetuses), and non-human animals with phenomenal consciousness but lacking capacities to understand reasons and justifications.
The Spatiotemporal Random Field Model

“The views of space and time which I wish to lay before you have sprung from the soil of experimental physics, and therein lies their strength. They are radical. Henceforth space by itself and time by itself are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality.”
Imaging Photoreceptors in the Living Eye with Adaptive Optics

High-resolution images of the living retina are obtained by adaptively compensating for the wave aberration of the human eye. Adaptive optics allows correction for not only defocus and astigmatism, but also coma, spherical aberration, and higher order aberrations in the human eye.
Donor insemination: a comparison of lesbian couples, heterosexual couples and single women.

Objective To compare single women, lesbian couples, and heterosexual couples receiving therapeutic donor insemination (TDI). Design Chart review followed by anonymous mail questionnaires to donor insemination recipients and their partners. Setting Infertility clinic in a university hospital. Patients One hundred fifteen women receiving donor insemination were identified by chart review. Results Too few single women responded for reliable comparison. Lesbian women were similar to married women in age, education, duration, and outcome of donor insemination. When considering alternatives to TDI, married women were more likely to consider adoption and lesbians were most likely to consider using a known semen donor or having intercourse with a man aware of their desire to have a child. Married couples were less likely to tell others, including the child, about conception by donor insemination. They were also less likely to support disclosing identifying data about the donor to the child. Lesbians were more likely to report stress in their relationships as a result of TDI. Married men were most likely to support mandatory counseling before TDI initiation.