cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of atrial sensing and pacing after dual chamber pulse generator implantation.

The continued efficacy of dual chamber pacing is predicated on the stability of both atrial and ventricular electrodes. The introduction of the tined atrial J lead has decreased the incidence of atrial lead dislodgment, allowing for continued effective sensing and pacing. To study the evolution of atrial pacing and sensing threshold, 54 patients with identical pulse generators and atrial electrodes were evaluated for 58 ± 29 weeks (mean ± SD). Immediately after pacemaker implantation in 39 patients, the amplitude of the atrial signal was measured by programming the pulse generator to the lowest sensitivity that assured pacing in the atrial synchronous mode. Three levels of atrial sensing were possible: high (0.5 mV), intermediate (1.3 mV) and low (2.5 mV) sensitivity. Three patients had a high, 16 patients had a medium and 20 patients had a low atrial sensitivity. The P wave amplitude and slew rate measured on a physiologic recorder did not differ significantly between the latter two groups. The atrial charge threshold increased from 1.8 ± 1.3 microcoulombs (±C) to a maximal value of 2.5 ± 1.3 µC, 3 days to 1 week after implantation (p = 0.02). This remained elevated for 1 to 3 months (p = 0.05) and then decreased, remaining stable over the ensuing year. The atrial sensitivity for the group with noninvasive measurement did not change significantly, although there was considerable patient variation. For 54% of the patients, atrial sensing remained stable or improved. In 26% of the patients, further programming to higher sensitivity settings was required. In the remaining 20% of the patients, the atrial sensitivity setting fluctuated. The atrial charge threshold increases in the early postoperative period and remains elevated for months. The atrial sensing threshold does not follow a predictable time course. Although there is little variation in the mean size of the atrial electrogram, atrial sensing must be continuously monitored to compensate for individual fluctuation in the stability of the atrial signal.
Estimates of validity of projection approximation for three-dimensional reconstructions at high resolution

Abstract As spatial frequency increases, the electron microscope “image” deviates increasingly from a true projection of the specimen's structure. This is due to the finite radius of the Ewald sphere. Quantitative estimates of these deviations of the reconstruction from the true projection are presented for a range of accelerating voltages, spatial frequencies, specimen thicknesses, and specimen tilts.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metoclopramide for the treatment of Tourette's disorder.

ABSTRACT Objective The pattern of dopamine antagonism by metoclopramide suggests benefits in the treatment of tic disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of metoclopramide in the treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. Method Twenty-seven medication-free patients (age 11.9 ± 2.7 years) with Tourette's disorder or a chronic tic disorder participated in an 8-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of metoclopramide. Metoclopramide was started at 5 mg daily and titrated as needed to a maximum dose of 40 mg daily. Tics were rated every 2 weeks, and adverse effects, including weight, cardiac, and laboratory measures, were monitored. Results After 8 weeks of treatment, subjects receiving metoclopramide showed a 39% reduction in their total tic score on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, while subjects receiving placebo showed only a 13% reduction in tic severity (p = .001). Metoclopramide was well tolerated with no significant laboratory or cardiac changes noted other than an increase in serum prolactin. Conclusions The results of this small controlled study suggest that metoclopramide is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for children and adolescents with tic disorders. Further trials are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety in pediatric patients and adults.
The Complete Multivalence of Čakalov–Distler Sums

In this work we find the largest domain in which a fixed family of Cakalov-Distler sums is completely multivalent of order p.
An essential strategy to improve the health and education of Americans

Abstract This paper outlines important challenges that currently confront the nation; describes why school health programs have become an essential strategy to improve both the health and the education of our people; and portrays what the nation and its pediatricians will need to do if our schools are to meet the needs of Americans in the 21st century.
Gunshot residue determination by means of gunpowder stabilizers using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and analysis of metallic residues by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Abstract A method for the determination of organic and inorganic components in gunshot residue is described. Analysis for the gunpowder stabilizers (diphenylamine, ethylcentralite, 2-nitrodiphenylamine) is performed by HPLC with oxidative electrochemical detection followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the determination of trace metals (Sb, Ba, Pb). The coupling of these two methods yields substantial evidence as to the presence of a gunshot residue.
Improved detection and evaluation for JPEG steganalysis

Detection of information-hiding in JPEG images is actively delivered in steganalysis community due to the fact that JPEG is a widely used compression standard and several steganographic systems have been designed for covert communication in JPEG images. In this paper, we propose a novel method of JPEG steganalysis. Based on an observation of bi-variate generalized Gaussian distribution in Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain, neighboring joint density features on both intra-block and inter-block are extracted. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are applied for detection. Experimental results indicate that this new method prominently improves a current art of steganalysis in detecting several steganographic systems in JPEG images. Our study also shows that it is more accurate to evaluate the detection performance in terms of both image complexity and information hiding ratio.
Optical probing of cold trapped atoms

Transitions between excited states of laser-cooled and laser-trapped rubidium and cesium atoms are probed by use of fiber and diode lasers. High-resolution Doppler-free spectra are detected by observation of the absorption and fluorescence of light from the intermediate level of two-step cascade systems. The optical double-resonance spectra show Autler-Townes splitting in the weak probe limit and more complicated spectra for a strongly coupled three-level system.
Void nucleation and cracking at grain boundaries

Abstract Dimpled grain boundary fracture occurs in creep tests, stress relief cracking and hydrogen attack of steels. While the growth of these voids by grain boundary diffusion is well established, the mode of void nucleation is uncertain. It is shown that the reduction of surface energy by solute adsorption plays an essential role in giving easy void nucleation. A calculation is given for the stress needed for this mode of nucleation using data for phosphorous in steel. Numerous examples exist of strongly adsorbing solute inducing elevated temperature grain boundary cracking. A row of voids growing by stress driven boundary diffusion is shown to develop a tensile stress maximum which aids void nucleation, giving rise to dimpled grain boundary fracture. Our cracking model involves repeated void nucleation and is thus fundamentally different from the steady-state Hull–Rimmer model. At times and temperatures too low for void formation, adsorption can lead to smooth grain boundary cracking at a rate controlled by solute diffusion (adsorption).
Developmental regulation of membrane excitability in rat spinal lamina I projection neurons

It is now universally recognized that neonates can experience considerable pain. While spinal lamina I neurons projecting to the brain contribute to the generation of hyperalgesia, nothing is known about their electrophysiological properties during early life. Here we have used in vitro whole cell patch-clamp recordings in rat spinal cord slices to determine whether the intrinsic membrane properties of lamina I projection neurons, as well as their synaptic inputs, are developmentally regulated during the early postnatal period. Projection neurons were identified via retrograde transport of DiI injected into the parabrachial nucleus (PB) or periaqueductal gray (PAG) and characterized at postnatal days (P)2–5, P10–12, P19–23, and P30–32. Both spino-PB and spino-PAG neurons demonstrated an age-dependent reduction in spike threshold and duration at room temperature, which was accompanied by a developmental increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Notably, in both groups, age-dependent changes in the passive membrane properties or rheobase only occurred after the third postnatal week. However, spontaneous activity was significantly more prevalent within the developing spino-PB population and was dominated by an irregular pattern of discharge. In addition, while the instantaneous firing frequency remained unaltered in spino-PB neurons during the first weeks of life, spino-PAG cells fired at a higher rate at P19–23 compared with younger groups, suggesting that the gain of parallel ascending nociceptive pathways may be independently regulated during development. Overall, these results demonstrate that intrinsic membrane excitability is modulated in a cell type-specific manner within developing spinal nociceptive circuits.
Self-describing schemes for interoperable MPEG-7 multimedia content descriptions

In this paper, we present the self-describing schemes for interoperable image/video content descriptions, which are being developed as part of our proposal to the MPEG-7 standard. MPEG-7 aims to standardize content descriptions for multimedia data. The objective of this standard is to facilitate content-focused applications like multimedia searching, filtering, browsing, and summarization. To ensure maximum interoperability and flexibility, our descriptions are defined using the eXtensible Markup Language (XML), developed by the World Wide Web Consortium. We demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of our self-describing schemes in our MPEG-7 testbed. First, we show how our scheme can accommodate image and video descriptions that are generated by a wide variety of systems. Then, we present two systems being developed that are enabled and enhanced by the proposed approach for multimedia content descriptions. The first system is an intelligent search engine with an associated expressive query interface. The second system is a new version of MetaSEEk, a metasearch system for mediation among multiple search engines for audio-visual information.
Theoretical studies on the interaction of synthetic polyribonucleotides

Abstract The interaction of polyadenylic acid with polyuridylic acid to form a two-stranded poly (A + U) complex has been studied by comparing experimental observations with the behavior which would be predicted for a number of mechanisms of interaction. It is shown that the only model for which the predicted results are consistent with the observed results is one involving the reversible formation of the poly (A + U) structure. The possibility that the interaction is irreversible that large numbers of binding sites on poly A and poly U are unoccupied, is eliminated. The bearing of this behavior on proposed mechanisms for replication of DNA which involve separation of the two strands of DNA is discussed. The theoretical treatment provides a relatively general criterion for establishing the reversibility of reactions between linear polymers.
Kinetic analyses of stability of simple and complex retroviral vectors.

Abstract Simple and complex retroviral vectors derived from Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), respectively, are useful tools for gene transfer studies. However, factors affecting the stability of these vectors have not been carefully investigated. Here we studied the stability factors on vesicular stomatitis viral envelope glycoprotein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped MLV- and HIV-1-derived vectors. Analysis of the ratio of defective particles versus infectious units using electron microscopy and a functional transduction assay revealed that both vectors consisted of high numbers of defective particles (∼100–350:1), which could be reduced (∼10–20:1) by centrifugation. Frequent freeze-and-thaw rapidly decreased vector titer in the first three to five cycles and stabilized thereafter. Both viral vectors were sensitive to temperatures above 37°C but more stable at temperatures below 37°C, exhibiting a two-phase inactivation kinetic starting with a steep inactivation phase, followed by a more leveled phase. Interestingly, HIV-1-derived vectors were significantly more stable than MLV-derived vectors at higher temperatures (>37°C). Both vectors were rapidly destabilized at pH either below or above 7.0. Incubation with human or mouse serum significantly inhibited VSV-G-pseudotyped vector activities. Preheated human serum still reduced vector half-lives to ∼50% (150 min), suggesting that certain inactivation factors are not heat-labile. Analyses of these stability factors may improve future production and applications of retroviral and lentiviral vectors.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of cerebral artery hemodynamics

A hemodynamics analysis approach that combines the level-set method for medical imaging processing and the Lattice Boltzmann method for flow simulation with patient-specific cerebral vasculature geometry is presented. The flow solver is validated by simulating a bent duct flow and is then applied to investigate blood flow in actual cerebral artery models. It is demonstrated that this approach is effective in studying complex hemodynamic flows.
Light intensity modulation in a thermal medium.

The intensity of a low power He–Ne laser beam was modulated in a thermal medium consisting of a slab of lead glass by temperature fluctuations caused by the absorption of light from a higher power argon laser. Close agreement between experiment and analytical calculations has been obtained. This type of modulation permits the detection of small temperature fluctuations in materials that are partially transmitting to a low power laser.
Ecological significance of hypometabolism in nonhuman primates: allometry, adaptation, and deviant diets.

The “Kleiber relationship” describes the interspecific allometry between body size and metabolism. Like other allometric relationships, the Kleiber relationship not only summarizes scaling effects across species but also provides a standard by which species can be compared. One well-noted deviation from the Kleiber relationship is “hypometabolism”: metabolic rates below that expected for a given size. It has been suggested in the literature that hypometabolism may be 1) a primitive mammalian trait, 2) a thermoregulatory adaptation, 3) an adaptation to arboreal folivory, or 4) an adaptation to a diet that is deviant for body size. Data on primate physiology and behavior are used to evaluate these hypotheses. Only the deviant-diet hypothesis is supported by the data on nonhuman primates. Indeed, the Jarman-Bell relationship, which is the basis for this hypothesis, provides a more coherent explanation of correlated features of animal physiology and behavior than do the alternative models. Hypometabolism may be an energy-conserving adaptation to a variety of nutritional stresses. The present analysis underscores the point that metabolic rate, like foraging behavior, should be thought of as evolutionarily labile.
Generalized O(2, 1) expansions for asymptotically growing amplitudes, II: Space-time region

Abstract We extend a previous treatment [1] of O (2, 1) expansions for nonsquare-integrable many particle amplitudes to the case where one “incoming” and one “outgoing” cluster have space-like O (2, 1) momenta.
Expression of organophosphate hydrolase in the filamentous fungus Gliocladium virens.

The broad-spectrum organophosphate hydrolase (OPH; EC 3.1.8.1) encoded by the organophosphate-degrading gene (opd) from Pseudomonas diminuta MG and Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551 possesses capabilities of both P-O bond hydrolysis (e.g. paraoxon) and P-F bond hydrolysis [e.g. sarin and diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)]. In the present study a 9.4-kb plasmid, pCL1, was used to transform the saprophytic fungus Gliocladium virens. pCL1 was derived from pJS294 by placing the fungal promoter (prom1) from Cochliobolus heterostrophus upstream and the trpC terminator from Aspergillus nidulans downstream of the opd gene. Southern analysis of restricted genomic DNA from various transformants indicated that integration occurred non-specifically at multiple sites. Western blot analysis of mycelial extracts from transformants confirmed the production of a processed form of the enzyme in the fungus. Maximal levels of OPH activity (rate of p-nitrophenol production from paraoxon) were observed after 168 h of culture and activity levels correlated with biomass production in mature vegetative growth.
Plasma and Urinary 11-Desoxycorticosteroid (11-DOCS) Response to Metyrapone in Pituitary, Renal and Hepatic Disease

ABSTRACT Twenty-one normal subjects and 60 hospitalized patients responded to a 5 g 4 hr intravenous infusion of metyrapone with an 11-DOCS increase in the plasma of greater than 39 βug/100 ml (increment) and an increase in urinary 11-DOCS greater than 7.8 mg/24 hr. Thirty-two patients with clinical evidence of panhypopituitarism before the test responded with a low urinary response in all instances and had a low plasma response in all but one instance. Fourteen patients with acromegaly, as a group, in whom no evidence of hypofunction of the remaining trophic hormones was present, had normal urinary responses but low or low-normal plasma responses. The hepatomegaly and nephromegaly of these patients was offered as a possible explanation of this plasma-urinary dissociation. Six patients with advanced renal failure had low urinary responses in the presence of normal plasma responses. Five patients with cirrhosis of the liver and base line urinary 17-OHCS excretion below 3.6 mg/24 hr had low plasma and urina...
EUV interferometry of a four-mirror ring-field EUV optical system

At-wavelength, extreme ultraviolet interferometric measurements of a new, four-mirror, ring-field projection optical system have been made. Designed for operation at 13.4- nm wavelength with a 0.1 numerical aperture and a 26 mm field of view at the wafer, the nearly diffraction-limited wavefront quality of the system has been verified interferometrically. After assembly and alignment with visible-light interferometry, the optic was transported to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory where the at-wavelength testing with a phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer was performed. Measurement of the system wavefront at a number of points across the field of view reveals the optical performance of the system over its large, ring-field imaging area.
Evaluation of methods based on acid extraction and atomic absorption spectrometry for multi-element determinations in rivers sidements

A method for the multi-element determination of major, minor and trace metals in sediments by mineral acid extraction (HNO3/HCl) and atomic absorption spectrometry (a.a.s.) is evaluated with the use of NBS SRM-1645 and applied in the analysis of river sediments. The elements Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, V, Co, Cr, Ni, As, Sb, Tl, Pb, Zn, Al, Hg and Mo were determined by extraction—a.a.s. and compared to results obtained by lithium tetraborate fusion—energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry and electrothermal a.a.s. after digestion of the fused borosilicate glass. Good accuracy for Mn, Cu, V, Cr, Ni, As, Pb, Zn, Hg and Mo was obtained for both SRM-1645 and fluvial sediments. The low values found for Fe, Cd, Co, Sb and the alkali and alkaline earth metals were shown to be caused by incomplete extraction. All minor and trace elements, except manganese and zinc were determined by electrothermal a.a.s. and a detailed description of the problems encountered and of the matrix modification techniques applied is presented. This study demonstrates that electrothermal a.a.s. can be effective despite the presence of numerous matrix interferences but that this acid extraction procedure, although accurate and precise for most minor and trace elements determined, is inadequate for the dissolution of major elements in river sediments.
Approaches to the Study of Information Utilization in Public Agencies: Problems and Pitfalls

Unfortunately, although increasing in quantity, research concerning the use of analytically-based information (ABI) in public sector organizations has not greatly enriched our knowledge of the use of ABI. In this article, we consider some prominent methodological problems involved in such studies that we believe have greatly inhibited progress in developing powerful knowledge concerning the use of ABI. In addition, some suggestions for avoiding these methodological problems or reducing their effects are offered.
Effect of Size and Spatial Distribution of Titania Pigments in Injection Molded Parts on Surface Reflectance

Titania pigments are used in molding compounds as a means to improve opacity by increasing the scattering efficiency of the medium and to develop new applications such as liquid crystal displays (LCD) and light emitting diodes (LED). The characteristics of the injection molded products are a function of molding parameters such as gate location and shear rate. In this study, quantitative measures of the particle distribution of titania pigments in polymer composites have been experimentally determined, including area fraction, average diameter, and diameter volume. A 2 × 3 × 3 ANOVA test has been conducted to assess the statistical significance of these parameters. This study deals with the size and spatial distribution of the particles. The important parameters calculated based on the Feret’s diameter are diameter-volume (dv ), diameter-number (dn ), and area fraction (AF). The term diameter-volume (dv ) has been used to give greater significance to the large particles and thus ‘large’ indicates more and/or larger particles. The parameters have been calculated by using Image-J image processing software. MINITAB has been used to assess the statistical significance of these parameters. The results show that titania particles are not uniformly distributed within the final molded parts and they vary along the molding (longitudinal) and transverse directions of plastic flow. The difference of pigment area fraction and diameter volume at different locations within a final molded part has a significant effect on the percentage reflectance of the surface.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Altitude and arteriosclerotic heart disease mortality in white residents of 99 of the 100 largest cities in the united states

Abstract Geographical differences in cardiovascular mortality within the United States have not yet been adequately explained. Age-adjusted rates of mortality due to arteriosclerotic heart disease in the white residents of 99 of the 100 largest cities in the United States were compared with the hardness of the finished drinking water of the municipal supplies and with the altitude of residence above sea level. This mortality showed a higher negative correlation with the latter variable than with the former for white residents. These findings are coherent with results from other epidemiological studies showing decreased cardiovascular disease mortality at high altitude. Animal experiments and pathological observations in the literature make it likely that hypoxia causes an increase of collateral circulation in the coronary arteries. However, alternative explanations of the presently observed relationship have not been excluded by our study.
Wide Field And Diffraction Limited Array Camera For SIRTF

The Infrared Array Camera for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF/IRAC) is capable of two-dimensional photometry in either a wide field or diffraction-limited mode over the wavelength interval from 2 to 30 microns. Three different two-dimensional direct readout (DRO) array detectors are being considered: Band 1-InSb or Si:In (2-5 microns) 128 x 128 pixels, Band 2-Si:Ga (5-18 microns) 64 x 64 pixels, and Band 3-Si:Sb (18-30 microns) 64 x 64 pixels. The hybrid DRO readout architecture has the advantages of low read noise, random pixel access with individual readout rates, and nondestructive readout. The scientific goals of IRAC are discussed, which are the basis for several important requirements and capabilities of the array camera: (1) diffraction-limited resolution from 2-30 microns, (2) use of the maximum unvignetted field of view of SIRTF, (3) simultaneous observations within the three infrared spectral bands, and (4) the capability for broad and narrow bandwidth spectral resolution. A strategy has been developed to minimize the total electronic and environmental noise sources to satisfy the scientific requirements.
Distance Education Instructional Model Applications.

This study was designed to identify instructional models that can be used effectively in distance education over the Interactive Video Network (IVN) system in North Dakota and the instructional models preferred by students on-campus and off-campus. Role playing, simulation, jurisprudential, memorization, synectics, and inquiry models were found to be effective when adapted to the IVN system and were preferred by graduate students. It is recommended that faculty continue to to incorporate these models into the graduate courses offered over the IVN system. Direct instruction was perceived as the least effective instructional model and should be used to a limited extent.
Process Monitoring the Inactivation of Ricin and Model Proteins by Disinfectants Using Fluorescence and Biological Activity

It is important to develop rapid and reliable processes to monitor the decontamination of toxins released to the environment. The inactivation of the protein toxin ricin by the disinfectants bleach (sodium hypochlorite) and monochloramine was measured by the effect on mammalian cell cytotoxicity. The effect of the disinfectants on the native fluorescence (due mainly to tryptophan and to a lesser extent tyrosine) of ricin was also measured in parallel. Reactions of the disinfectants resulted in a decrease in the native fluorescence that was measured in real time in a noninvasive manner. We compared the inactivation of two well-characterized model enzymes to the behavior of ricin. The model enzymes studied were lysozyme, a small basic enzyme stabilized with internal disulfide bonds, and heart-muscle-type lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a large protein composed of four subunits. The biological activities of the model enzymes were measured in parallel with their fluorescence. Gel electrophoresis showed a large number of modifications of the proteins caused by the disinfectants reflected in changes in mobility and the formation of higher-order aggregates. Size-exclusion chromatography showed that the disinfectants did not break down the subunit structure of ricin but instead resulted in an increased size and heterogeneity of the protein. Size-exclusion chromatography of LDH indicated that the subunits were dissociated and that higher-order aggregates were also formed. Bleach caused a rapid inactivation of biological activity correlated with a rapid decrease in the fluorescence. Monochloramine required much higher concentrations for significant effects and the kinetics of the reactions were slow, with half-life values of the decrease on the order of minutes. Each protein showed individual differences in responses to the disinfectants, but there was a consistent correlation between the loss of fluorescence and the decrease in biological activity. These results indicate that the monitoring the fluorescence is a useful process with limitations that can be used to monitor the inactivation of toxins using disinfectants.
Differential Interactions of Thrombospondin-1, -2, and -4 with CD47 and Effects on cGMP Signaling and Ischemic Injury Responses

Thrombospondin-1 regulates nitric oxide (NO) signaling in vascular cells via CD47. Because CD47 binding motifs are conserved in the C-terminal signature domains of all five thrombospondins and indirect evidence has implied CD47 interactions with other family members, we compared activities of recombinant signature domains of thrombospondin-1, -2, and -4 to interact with CD47 and modulate cGMP signaling. Signature domains of thrombospondin-2 and -4 were less active than that of thrombospondin-1 for inhibiting binding of radiolabeled signature domain of thrombospondin-1 or SIRPα (signal-regulatory protein) to cells expressing CD47. Consistent with this binding selectivity, the signature domain of thrombospondin-1 was more potent than those of thrombospondin-2 or -4 for inhibiting NO-stimulated cGMP synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells and downstream effects on cell adhesion. In contrast to thrombospondin-1- and CD47-null cells, primary vascular cells from thrombospondin-2-null mice lack enhanced basal and NO-stimulated cGMP signaling. Effects of endogenous thrombospondin-2 on NO/cGMP signaling could be detected only in thrombospondin-1-null cells. Furthermore, tissue survival of ischemic injury and acute recovery of blood flow in thrombospondin-2-nulls resembles that of wild type mice. Therefore, thrombospondin-1 is the dominant regulator of NO/cGMP signaling via CD47, and its limiting role in acute ischemic injury responses is not shared by thrombospondin-2.
The effect of β-naphthoflavone on rabbit liver protein synthesis, and on the induction of cytochrome P-450 LM4 mRNA

Abstract A single injection of β-naphthoflavone dispersed in corn oil causes significant changes in rabbit liver polysome and polysomal poly(A+)mRNA driven in vitro protein synthesis. The changes occur between 6–18 hr and 30–36 hr after the injection. Our data indicate that the first effect is due to the β-naphthoflavone and the second effect is due to the oil vehicle. In vitro translation of rabbit liver polysomes obtained from treated rabbits followed by specific immunoprecipition and gel electrophoresis, showed that maximal levels of translatable cytochrome P-450 LM4 occurred 18–24 hr after β-naphthoflavone treatment.
SETTLER HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE LOCAL HISTORY MUSEUM

In what ways does America's settler colonial heritage shape how its citizens imagine the national past? I address this question through a study of county historical museums in rural Arizona, with a particular focus on the Navajo County Museum. This analysis suggests that we consider the “natural history” or “evolutionary” style of organizing collections as integrally tied to a foundational settler colonial logic. Conclusions are drawn about the ubiquity of this orientation to the national past and the difficulties curators may face in effectively challenging it.
For lack of wanting: Discourses of desire in Ukrainian opiate substitution therapy programs.

Available treatments for addiction and substance abuse in Ukraine have been shaped by the economic, political, and social shifts that have followed the country’s independence. The introduction of m...
Effects of parafoveal word length and orthographic features on initial fixation landing positions in reading

Previous research has demonstrated that readers use word length and word boundary information in targeting saccades into upcoming words while reading. Previous studies have also revealed that the initial landing positions for fixations on words are affected by parafoveal processing. In the present study, we examined the effects of word length and orthographic legality on targeting saccades into parafoveal words. Long (8–9 letters) and short (4–5 letters) target words, which were matched on lexical frequency and initial letter trigram, were paired and embedded into identical sentence frames. The gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used to manipulate the parafoveal information available to the reader before direct fixation on the target word. The parafoveal preview was either identical to the target word or was a visually similar nonword. The nonword previews contained orthographically legal or orthographically illegal initial letters. The results showed that orthographic preprocessing of the word to the right of fixation affected eye movement targeting, regardless of word length. Additionally, the lexical status of an upcoming saccade target in the parafovea generally did not influence preprocessing.
Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy is effective management for familial adenomatous polyposis.

Duodenal adenocarcinoma remains the leading cause of cancer death in familial adenomatous polyposis patients following colectomy. Stratification based on Spigelman’s criteria provides a means for determining therapy. Spigelman stage IV patients have been selected for pancreas-sparing duodenectomy. Twentyone patients underwent resection between 1992 and 2004, with a mean age of 58 ±11 years. The mean time from colectomy to duodenectomy was 27 ±13 years. Invasive cancer was found in the distal duodenum in one patient. Operative time averaged 327 ±61 minutes with a mean blood loss of 503 ± 266 ml. There was no mortality, and eight patients (38%) had 14 complications: six (29%) with delayed gastric emptying, four (19%) with biliary/pancreatic anastomotic leak, one with pancreatitis, and one with wound infection. There were two reoperations: one for delayed gastric emptying and one for an early biliary leak. Mean length of stay was 15 ±10 days. Two late complications occurred: a stomal ulcer and an intestinal obstruction at 48 and 24 months, respectively. Mean follow-up was 79 months (range, 3–152 months). Two patients developed polyps in the advanced jejunal limb and were endoscopically treated. Pancreassparing duodenectomy represents a definitive treatment for advanced duodenal polyposis and can obviate the need for pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Analytical Solution for the Stress Field around a Hard Spherical Particle in a Metal Matrix Composite Incorporating Size and Finite Volume Effects

An analytical solution is presented for the stress field around an elastic spherical particle embedded in a finite elastic—plastic metal matrix subjected to hydrostatic tension. The formulation is based on a strain gradient plasticity theory and a unit cell of finite dimensions, and the resulting solution incorporates the size and finite volume effects. The counterpart solutions based on classical elasticity and plasticity are reduced from the current solution, and the solution for that of an elastic spherical particle embedded in an infinitely large elastic—plastic matrix is obtained as a special case. The newly derived solution can capture the particle size effect and account for composites with both dilute and non-dilute particle distributions, unlike existing analytical models. The stress concentration factor on the particle/matrix interface, which depends on the particle size and volume fraction, is determined by directly applying the current solution. Numerical results quantitatively show that the s...
“Tell me somethin' good”: A description of narrative structures among African American children

Abstract The purpose of the research reported in this article was to examine narrative structures among African American children. Narratives were elicited from 15 African American children between the ages of six to ten years from a predominantly African American community in the Northeastern United States. Narratives were analyzed using Highpoint analysis and an alternate set analyses such as Thematic analysis, comparison to traditional West African narrative structures and an Interactional Sociolinguistic analysis. The results suggested that the children in this study produced a repertoire of narrative structures. In addition, the results suggested that prompts and cultural background might influence the narrative structures produced by the children in the study.
Degradation of Quaternary cinder cones in the Cima volcanic-field, Mojave Desert, California.

Basaltic cinder cones in the Cima volcanic field record a detailed history of progressive erosion in the arid environment of the eastern Mojave Desert. These cones range in age from ∼0.015 m.y. to 1.09±0.08 m.y., as dated by radiocarbon or K-Ar analyses of the youngest lava flows from each cone. Cone heights range from 50 to 155 m, and basal widths range from 400 to 915 m; on younger cones, height/width ratios average 0.17, and crater-width/cone-width ratios average 0.42. The degradational morphology of these cones displays several trends that are closely related to cone age. (1) Crater-width/cone-width ratios decrease from 0.48 on the youngest cone to 0.21 on the oldest cone with a preserved crater. (2) Mean maximum side slopes (Tan Sc) decrease from 0.575 on the youngest cone to an average of 0.41 on the oldest cones studied. (3) Debris-apron–height/cone-height ratios increase from <0.10 on the youngest cone to an average of 0.34 on the oldest cones. (4) Cone drainage evolves from irregularly spaced rills and gullies on the youngest cone to regularly spaced gullies on 0.20- to 0.35-m.y.-old cones to valleys as much as 110 m wide and 10 m deep on cones 0.59 m.y. old and older. These trends form the basis of an empirical model of cinder-cone degradation in arid environments. This model documents (1) an erosional loss of ∼15% of cone volume during the first million years; (2) progressive decline of cone slope (at an average rate of 0.006°/103 yr) and cone height (at an average rate of 2.25 cm/103 yr); (3) initial rapid stripping of the loose cinder mantle from upper-cone slopes accompanied by rapid debris-apron formation; and (4) a gradual transition, between 0.25 and 0.6 m.y., from relatively uniform stripping of upper slopes to localized fluvial dissection of both cone slopes and debris apron. This transition is apparently controlled by a concomitant change from diffuse subsurface drainage within the pervious cinder mantle to concentrated surface flow across the heterogeneous assemblage of agglutinate layers, dikes, and ponded flows of the cone interior.
Finite axiomatizability using additional predicates

By a theory we shall always mean one of first order, having finitely many non-logical constants. Then for theories with identity (as a logical constant, the theory being closed under deduction in first-order logic with identity), and also likewise for theories without identity, one may distinguish the following three notions of axiomatizability. First, a theory may be recursively axiomatizable, or, as we shall say, simply, axiomatizable. Second, a theory may be finitely axiomatizable using additional predicates (f. a.+), in the syntactical sense introduced by Kleene [9]. Finally, the italicized phrase may also be interpreted semantically. The resulting notion will be called s. f. a.+. It is closely related to the modeltheoretic notion PC introduced by Tarski [16], or rather, more strictly speaking, to PC∩ACδ.For arbitrary theories with or without identity, it is easily seen that s. f. a.+ implies f. a.+ and it is known that f. a.+ implies axiomatizability. Thus it is natural to ask under what conditions the converse implications hold, since then the notions concerned coincide and one can pass from one to the other.Kleene [9] has shown: (1) For arbitrary theories without identity, axiomatizability implies f. a.+. It also follows from his work that : (2) For theories with identity which have only infinite models, axiomatizability implies f. a.+.
Cellular length control systems

The problem of organelle size control can be addressed most simply by considering cellular structures that are linear, so that their size can be defined by a single parameter: length. We compare existing studies on several linear biological structures including prokaryotic flagella and flagellar hooks, eukaryotic flagella, sarcomere thin filaments, and microvilli. In some cases, existing evidence strongly supports the idea that length control involves a molecular ruler, in which the size of the overall structure is compared with the size of an individual molecule. In other cases, length control is likely to involve a steady-state balance of assembly and disassembly, in which one or the other rate is inherently length dependent. The lessons learned from size control in linear structures should be applicable to organelles with more complex three-dimensional structures.
Serum amyloid A is a retinol binding protein that transports retinol during bacterial infection

Retinol plays a vital role in the immune response to infection, yet proteins that mediate retinol transport during infection have not been identified. Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are strongly induced in the liver by systemic infection and in the intestine by bacterial colonization, but their exact functions remain unclear. Here we show that mouse and human SAAs are retinol binding proteins. Mouse and human SAAs bound retinol with nanomolar affinity, were associated with retinol in vivo, and limited the bacterial burden in tissues after acute infection. We determined the crystal structure of mouse SAA3 at a resolution of 2 A, finding that it forms a tetramer with a hydrophobic binding pocket that can accommodate retinol. Our results thus identify SAAs as a family of microbe-inducible retinol binding proteins, reveal a unique protein architecture involved in retinol binding, and suggest how retinol is circulated during infection.
IL-32 is a molecular marker of a host defense network in human tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a leading cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide; however, only 10% of people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop disease. Factors that contribute to protection could prove to be promising targets for M. tuberculosis therapies. Analysis of peripheral blood gene expression profiles of active tuberculosis patients has identified correlates of risk for disease or pathogenesis. We sought to identify potential human candidate markers of host defense by studying gene expression profiles of macrophages, cells that, upon infection by M. tuberculosis, can mount an antimicrobial response. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed an association between the cytokine interleukin-32 (IL-32) and the vitamin D antimicrobial pathway in a network of interferon-γ- and IL-15-induced "defense response" genes. IL-32 induced the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin and DEFB4 and to generate antimicrobial activity in vitro, dependent on the presence of adequate 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In addition, the IL-15-induced defense response macrophage gene network was integrated with ranked pairwise comparisons of gene expression from five different clinical data sets of latent compared with active tuberculosis or healthy controls and a coexpression network derived from gene expression in patients with tuberculosis undergoing chemotherapy. Together, these analyses identified eight common genes, including IL-32, as molecular markers of latent tuberculosis and the IL-15-induced gene network. As maintaining M. tuberculosis in a latent state and preventing transition to active disease may represent a form of host resistance, these results identify IL-32 as one functional marker and potential correlate of protection against active tuberculosis.
Supervisory control of a pilot-scale cooling loop

We combine a previously developed strategy for Fault Detection and Identification (FDI) with a supervisory controller in closed loop. The combined method is applied to a model of a pilot-scale cooling loop of a nuclear plant, which includes Kalman filters and a model-based predictive controller as part of normal operation. The system has two valves available for flow control meaning that some redundancy is available. The FDI method is based on likelihood ratios for different fault scenarios which in turn are derived from the application of the Kalman filter. A previously introduced extension of the FDI method is used here to enable detection and identification of non-linear faults like stuck valve problems and proper accounting of the time of fault introduction. The supervisory control system is designed so to take different kinds of actions depending on the status of the fault diagnosis task and on the type of identified fault once diagnosis is complete. Some faults, like sensor bias and drift, are parametric in nature and can be adjusted without need for reconfiguration of the regulatory control system. Other faults, like a stuck valve problem, require reconfiguration of the regulatory control system. The whole strategy is demonstrated for several scenarios.
The Psychosocial Work Environment and Maternal Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression is a debilitating mental disorder affecting women after childbirth. This study examined the correlates of postpartum depression at 11 weeks after childbirth, focusing on work-related stressors and applying the job demand–control–support model. Investigators recruited a prospective cohort of 817 employed Minnesota women when hospitalized for childbirth in 2001. Trained interviewers collected data in person and by telephone at enrollment and 5 and 11 weeks postpartum from three Minneapolis and St. Paul hospitals. Results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that worse depression scores (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) were associated with higher psychological demands, lower schedule autonomy, and lower perceived control over work and family. Perceptions of control mediated the relationships of coworker support and schedule autonomy with postpartum depression scores. Study findings showed no significant buffering effects for decision latitude; however, coworker support and decision latitude appear to act as functional substitutes in reducing postpartum depressive symptoms. These findings raise questions about the applicability of the job demand–control–support model to postpartum women or to postpartum depression. Future research could assess the impact of the interaction between the work and home environment on maternal postpartum depression.
Single-element imaging spectrograph (SEIS) for magnetospheric imaging

We briefly describe a spectrograph concept designed for both high wavelength and high spatial resolution (in one dimension) of magnetospheric far and extreme ultraviolet (FUV and EUV) emission. We refer to the design as a Single Element Imaging Spectrograph (SEIS). It is a single bounce diffractive system which combines the spectral properties of a Rowland mount spectrograph with the imaging (spatial resolution) properties of a Wadsworth through the use of a toroidal diffraction grating. No primary optics are necessary making the system especially attractive for use in the EUV and FUV where low reflectivity of common optical coatings can severely limit instrument sensitivity.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Piezoelectric (PZ) Immunosensors and Their Applications

Abstract The recent development of piezoelectric immunosensors is reviewed. The selectivity provided by the biological coatings together with the inherent sensitivity of the PZ devices and the ability to oscillate the crystal in liquid medium have induced a rising interest in this class of sensors. Methods of coating and several applications are reported including microgravimetric immunoassays, microbial assays and gas phase immunosensors.