cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retina and the Posterior Segment

Trauma to the posterior segment can drastically impact vision and result in permanent visual loss. This chapter will review posterior segment anatomy and techniques for its examination in the emergency room and will describe the effects of trauma on various structures of the posterior segment with a focus on diagnosis and management. The goal is to help guide patient evaluation and appropriate referral.
Rational Design of Hybrid SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors Guided by the Superimposed Cocrystal Structures with the Peptidomimetic Inhibitors GC-376, Telaprevir, and Boceprevir

SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is a cysteine protease that mediates the cleavage of viral polyproteins and is a validated antiviral drug target. Mpro is highly conserved among all seven human coronaviruses, with certain Mpro inhibitors having broad-spectrum antiviral activity. In this study, we designed two hybrid inhibitors UAWJ9-36-1 and UAWJ9-36-3 based on the superimposed X-ray crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with GC-376, telaprevir, and boceprevir. Both UAWJ9-36-1 and UAWJ9-36-3 showed potent binding and enzymatic inhibition against the Mpro's from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-HKU1. Cell-based Flip-GFP Mpro assay results show that UAWJ9-36-1 and UAWJ9-36-3 inhibited the intracellular protease activity of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. In addition, UAWJ9-36-1 and UAWJ9-36-3 had potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E, with UAWJ9-36-3 being more potent than GC-376 in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2. Selectivity profiling revealed that UAWJ9-36-1 and UAWJ9-36-3 had an improved selectivity index over that of GC-376 against host cysteine proteases calpain I and cathepsin L, but not cathepsin K. The X-ray crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with UAWJ9-36-1 and UAWJ9-36-3 were both solved at 1.9 A, which validated our design hypothesis. Overall, hybrid inhibitors UAWJ9-36-1 and UAWJ9-36-3 are promising candidates to be further developed as broad-spectrum coronavirus antivirals.
Structural health monitoring of composites from carbon nanotube coated e-glass fibre

As composite materials are rapidly replacing traditional materials in many industries, improved methods of identifying their damage are in development. With nanotechnology-based sensors, it is possible to efficiently detect damage without the time-extensive processes of scanning the structure. This research investigated the development of a nanomaterial-based sensor for health monitoring of composite structures. To develop the sensor, carbon nanotube/epoxy mixture was coated on a strand of e-glass fibre to be adhered onto a fibreglass composite specimen. Tensile testing of the specimens provided data on the actual strain, which was correlated with the experimental differential resistances measured by a multimeter. The experimental resistance data was calibrated with the actual strain data. Ultimately, the experimental sensors created a sample of gauge factors, which represents 91.24% probability of replicating the observed range of gauge factors by using the same manufacturing procedures, providing a valid alternative and consistent method to detecting composite damage.
Education and Networks: The Meso Dimension

The meso dimension of the Regional Human Resource Development (Regional HRD) ecosystem in Southeast Asia consists of networks of actors that influence HRD policy and practice in the region. This content dimension includes components such as educational institutions like universities and technical and vocational education and training (TVET) institutions that influence HRD primarily within national boundaries but by extension influence the region’s workforce. This dimension also includes a host of networks related to HRD such as professional networks like the Asia Pacific Federation of Human Resource Management and the ASEAN Human Development Organization as well as family, peer, and consultant networks. This chapter also describes the role that international organizations such as the Asian Development Bank, the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, and the Asian Partnership for the Development of Human Resources in Rural Areas play in influencing HRD policy and practice in the region.
The correlation between human papillomavirus positivity and abnormal cervical cytology result differs by age among perimenopausal women.

Objectives We explored the age-stratified correlates and correlations between high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and cervical abnormalities in perimenopausal women. Materials and methods Human papillomavirus testing and Pap smear screening were performed at baseline on 841 routinely screened women age 35 to 60 years in the HPV in perimenopause cohort. Demographic, behavioral, and medical information was collected through telephone-administered questionnaires. Descriptive analyses were used to examine the correlation between HR-HPV infection and cervical abnormalities by age. Logistic regression was used to determine correlates of HPV and abnormalities in women younger and older than 45 years. Results The prevalence of HPV, HR-HPV, and cervical abnormalities decreased significantly with increasing age, as did the correlation between HR-HPV and cervical abnormalities. The prevalence of HR-HPV was 50% among younger women with abnormalities but this decreased steadily to 20% HR-HPV detection among 50- to 54-year-old women, and no abnormalities were detected in 55- to 60-year-old women. Different correlates of HR-HPV infection and abnormalities were observed in women 45 years or older, a pattern not seen in younger women. Conclusions Although the relative proportion of low-grade and high-grade abnormalities did not change with age, we saw a loss of concordance between HR-HPV detection and cytological abnormalities with increasing age. Current guidelines for cervical cancer screening group together all women age 30 years and older. Our data raise important questions about the interpretation of HPV and Pap test results in this age group and suggest that ongoing surveillance of HPV and cytology in cervical cancer screening programs consider a third age stratification among older women.
11 – IDEAL SYSTEMS

This chapter introduces concepts underlying idealized thermodynamic systems. The idealized system is not directly applicable to any real physical system. They do however model the basic features of such systems. Real physical systems generally show deviations from the behavior predicted by the idealized models. A necessary condition for an ideal behavior can be put in this way “The fundamental equation of an ideal system consists of additive terms, every one of which depends only on a single extensive variable aside from compositional variables such as the mole numbers.”
OPERATION OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING LINAC AT THE SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE

At the Spallation Neutron Source, the first fully operational pulsed superconducting linac has been active for about two years. During this period, stable beam operation at 4.4 K has been achieved with beam for repetition rates up to 15 Hz and 30 Hz at 2.1 K. At the lower temperature 60 Hz RF pulses have been also used. Full beam energy has been achieved at 15 Hz and short beam pulses. Most of the time the superconducting cavities are operated at somewhat lower gradients to improve reliability. A large amount of data has been collected on the pulsed behavior of cavities and SRF modules at various repetition rates and at various temperatures. This experience will be of great value in determining future optimizations of SNS as well in guiding in the design and operation of future pulsed superconducting linacs. This paper describes the details of the cryogenic system and RF properties of the SNS superconducting linac.
Incorporation of Biological Agents in Random Hole Optical Fibers

A new type of optical fiber has recently been fabricated that contains holes which act to confine light to the central core of the fiber. These fibers fall into the category of average index guiding fibers. The holes (or tubes) are random in size and spatial location in the cladding region of the fiber and range in size from a few tens of nanometers to a few microns, with well over a thousand holes present in the cross sectional view of the fiber. These fibers can have applications in sensors and other opto-electronic devices. In this paper, we present a novel fiber which incorporates biological agents inside the holes of the random hole optical fiber. The biological agents including fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc can be deposited in these random hole fibers and can be interrogated by the evanescent field propagating in the hole region. This paper will focus on the fabrication techniques for the random hole fibers containing the biological agents and present optical and scanning electron micrographs of the fibers. These fibers represent what is believed to be a new area of research that could lead to many potential applications.
Implementing Sustainability: The New Zealand Experience

New Zealand’s Resource Management Act (RMA) was hailed as a radical new approach to planning that would both achieve better environmental outcomes and benefit developers by working rapidly and more efficiently. This book examines the lessons that can be learned by planning practitioners across the world. It focuses on the realities of implementing the RMA for the planning profession, the community and the political system within which planning must always operate. Offering a practitioner’s insight, the book looks at those strategies and techniques that have proved successful, and spells out what can be applied to the planning systems of other countries.
Comment on “Human Antitumor CD8+ T Cells Producing Th1 Polycytokines Show Superior Antigen Sensitivity and Tumor Recognition”

Recently, Wilde et al. ([1][1]) investigated six variables to predict cytotoxicity (CTX) of CD8+ T cells on tumor cells. Twelve different clones of CD8+ cells were tested, and they determined that high avidity and secretion of Tc1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) were good predictors of CTX ([1
A Technique for Designing and Implementing Fuzzy Logic Control

In the present work, we propose a relatively simple strategy for enhancing the performance of a look-up-table-based fuzzy logic controller. The strategy, involving the direct modification of an initial look-up table generated from a "crude" set of linguistic rules, attempts to quantitatively enhance or weaken the rules without losing their qualitative characteristics. The effectiveness of the strategy is verified by simulation of a tank-reactor system with exothermic chemical reaction.
A reporter gene construct for studying the regulation of manganese peroxidase gene expression

The orotidylate decarboxylase (ODase) gene (ura1) from Schizophyllum commune was utilized as a reporter for studying Mn regulation of the manganese peroxidase (MnP) gene (mnp) from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. A 1,500-bp fragment of the mnp1 promoter was fused upstream of the coding region of the ODase gene in a plasmid (pAMO) containing the S. commune ade5 gene as a selectable marker. pAMO was used to transform a P. chrysosporium ade1 ura11 mutant lacking endogenous ODase activity. When the P. chrysosporium transformant was grown in nitrogen-limited, Mn(II)-sufficient cultures, ODase activity was detected only during secondary metabolic growth and the pattern of ODase expression was similar to that of endogenous MnP. When Mn was added to 6-day-old nitrogen-limited, Mn-deficient cultures, both ODase activity and MnP activity were induced synchronously with maximal activity at 30 h. Growth in high-nitrogen-concentration medium suppressed the induction of both the ODase and endogenous MnP. These results indicate that this promoter-reporter construct can be used to study the regulation of the mnp gene.
Restriction enzyme analysis of Listeria monocytogenes strains associated with food-borne epidemics.

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes (serotype 4b) has caused four major food-borne epidemics in North America. In this study, L. monocytogenes isolates from the Nova Scotia (Canada), Boston (Mass.), and Los Angeles (Calif.) outbreaks were examined by restriction enzyme analysis with the endonuclease HhaI. Human isolates (n = 32) from the 1981 Canadian outbreak were compared with a strain recovered from coleslaw, which was epidemiologically incriminated as the vehicle of infection. After HhaI digestion, 29 of 32 isolates exhibited the restriction enzyme pattern of the reference coleslaw isolate. The restriction enzyme patterns of the nine clinical isolates from the 1983 Massachusetts outbreak were identical to each other but differed from those of raw milk isolates recovered from sources supplying the pasteurizer. Isolates (n = 48) from the 1985 California outbreak were evaluated. The restriction enzyme patterns of the L. monocytogenes isolates from humans and from the suspect cheese samples were identical to those of four of five cheese factory environmental isolates. Isolates from each of these outbreaks exhibited a restriction enzyme pattern that was characteristic of that outbreak. The case with which restriction enzyme analysis can be applied to all serotypes of L. monocytogenes argues for its use in the epidemiology of L. monocytogenes.
Comparative investment strategies in training and technology

The amount invested in new technology and expenditures made for training people to use the new technologies can differ widely among firms. We have been studying these cost differentials for various categories of companies and have found interesting differences based on the age of companies, the type of industry, and the nationality of the parent company. This paper deals with the last category. That is, we report on our study of companies associated with unique nationalities and culturally disparate management models. Based on these studies, which began ten years ago, and which were updated in both 1989 and 1990, a comparison is drawn between various US and foreign–affiliated firms that are operating in the USA using American workers. Specifically, we have focused on Japanese and European firms, including manufacturing transplants, operating in the USA. We have found significantly different investment strategies for: (1) buying new technology, (2) doing R&D, and (3) spending on training, according to the national orientation of the firm. These diverse investment strategies are associated with distinctly disparate performance levels of the firms. In general, simultaneously larger investments in both technology and training appear to be rewarded. This characterizes the Japanese–affiliated firms. Smaller investment levels for all three categories characterize the European–affiliated firms. US firms tend to spend considerably more on R&D than any of the foreign–affiliates.
Association Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Proxies of Acculturation Among U.S. Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Adults

Abstract Purpose. This study examined associations between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and acculturation among a sample representing civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. adults. Design. Quantitative, cross-sectional study. Setting. National. Subjects. The 2010 National Health Interview Survey data for 17,142 Hispanics and U.S.-born non-Hispanic whites (≥18 years). Measures. The outcome variable was daily SSB intake (nondiet soda, fruit drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, and sweetened coffee/tea drinks). Exposure variables were Hispanic ethnicity and proxies of acculturation (language of interview, birthplace, and years living in the United States). Analysis. We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the exposure variables associated with drinking SSB ≥ 1 time/d after controlling for covariates. Results. The adjusted odds of drinking SSB ≥ 1 time/d was significantly higher among Hispanics who completed the interview in Spanish (OR = 1.65) than U.S.-born ...
Assessment of cortical bone with clinical and ultrashort echo time sequences

We describe the use of ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences and fast spin echo sequences to assess cortical bone using a clinical 3T scanner. Regular two- and three-dimensional UTE sequences were used to image both bound and free water in cortical bone. Adiabatic inversion recovery prepared UTE sequences were used to image water bound to the organic matrix. Two-dimensional fast spin echo sequences were used to image free water. Regular UTE sequences were used together with bicomponent analysis to measure T*2s and relative fractions of bound and free water components in cortical bone. Inversion recovery prepared UTE sequences were used to measure the T*2 of bound water. Saturation recovery UTE sequences were used to measure the T1 of bone water. Eight cadaveric human cortical bone samples and a lower leg specimen were studied. Preliminary results show two distinct components in UTE detected signal decay, a single component in inversion recovery prepared UTE detected signal decay, and a single component in saturation recovery UTE detected signal recovery. Regular UTE sequences appear to depict both bound and free water in cortical bone. Inversion recovery prepared UTE sequences appear to depict water bound to the organic matrix. Two-dimensional fast spin echo sequences appear to depict bone structure corresponding to free water in large pores.
Fairness and isolation in multi-tenant storage as optimization decomposition

Shared storage services enjoy wide adoption in commercial clouds. But most systems today provide weak performance isolation and fairness between tenants, if at all. Most approaches to multi-tenant resource allocation are based either on per-VM allocations or hard rate limits that assume uniform workloads to achieve high utilization. Instead, Pisces, our system for shared key-value storage, achieves datacenterwide per-tenant performance isolation and fairness.Pisces achieves per-tenant weighted fair sharing of system resources across the entire shared service, even when partitions belonging to different tenants are co-located and when demand for different partitions is skewed or timevarying. The focus of this paper is to highlight the optimization model that motivates the decomposition of Pisces's fair sharing problem into four complementary mechanisms--- partition placement, weight allocation, replica selection, and weighted fair queuing---that operate on different time-scales to provide system-wide max-min fairness. An evaluation of our Pisces storage prototype achieves nearly ideal (0.98 Min- Max Ratio) fair sharing, strong performance isolation, and robustness to skew and shifts in tenant demand.
Selective Monoterpene-like Cyclization Reactions Achieved by Water Exclusion from Reactive Intermediates in a Supramolecular Catalyst

A polyanionic supramolecular assembly (1) is shown to catalytically cyclize the monoterpene citronellal and two homologues. In contrast to cyclization in acidic aqueous solution, the hydrophobic interior of 1 prevents the capture of reactive intermediates by water. This effect was also observed in the gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization of an enyne. Due to the steric confinement of the catalyst’s interior, Prins cyclizations in 1 proceed cleanly both for substrates containing and lacking gem-dimethyl substitution. Encapsulation in 1 consequently imposes a degree of mechanistic control that, similar to enzyme catalysis, is not observed in bulk aqueous solution.
Pressure Drop in a Model of a Forced Cooled Pipe-Typr Electric Cable System with Cable Snaking

An experimental study was conducted of the pressure losses in a scale model of a high pressure oil filled (HPOF) pipe cable system with a wave-like snaking pattern of the cables inside the pipe. In HPOF systems, snaking can be caused by longitudinal thermal expansion of the cables between fixed points of support when the cables are placed under electrical load. Friction factors were determined for a Reynolds number range of 200 to 3800 and longitudinal expansion up to 13.2 percent for cables with and without wire wrap (skid wires).
Governing Water: Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building

Governing Water: Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building. By Ken Conca. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. 456 p. 28.00 paper.Ken Conca presents what is close to a definitive statement of the transnational politics of water, but his larger purpose is to demonstrate and correct the inadequacies of current theories of international environmental politics (IEP). This well-written and well-argued book is a theoretical advance on the regime theory commonly used in IEP and has garnered two prestigious prizes: the Harold and Margaret Sprout award and the Chadwick F. Alger Prize.
The shape of human navigation: how environmental geometry is used in maintenance of spatial orientation.

Abstract The role of environmental geometry in maintaining spatial orientation was measured in immersive virtual reality using a spatial updating task (requiring maintenance of orientation during locomotion) within rooms varying in rotational symmetry (the number of room orientations providing the same perspective). Spatial updating was equally good in trapezoidal, rectangular and square rooms (one-fold, two-fold and four-fold rotationally symmetric, respectively) but worse in a circular room (∞-fold rotationally symmetric). This contrasts with reorientation performance, which was incrementally impaired by increasing rotational symmetry. Spatial updating performance in a shape-changing room (containing visible corners and flat surfaces, but changing its shape over time) was no better than performance in a circular room, indicating that superior spatial updating performance in angular environments was due to remembered room shape, rather than improved self-motion perception in the presence of visible corners and flat surfaces.
A LEED study of the Ir (100) surface

Abstract The clean Ir (100) surface was obtained by heating in ultra-high vacuum and shows no atomic rearrangement. However after argon ion-bombardment and mild annealing an Ir (100) 5×1 structure was obtained. On further annealing the diffraction pattern reverted to the unreconstructed arrangement. Auger electron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the 5×1 structure might be due to oxygen. Reactions of the Ir (100) surface with CO, CO2 and O2 are also reported.
Osteoclast inhibitory peptide 2 inhibits osteoclast formation via its C-terminal fragment.

Osteoclast inhibitory peptide 2 (OIP-2) is a novel autocrine/paracrine factor produced by osteoclasts (OCLs) that inhibits bone resorption and OCL formation in vitro and in vivo. It is identical to the asparaginyl endopeptidase legumain. During maturation of OIP-2, a signal peptide and a 17-kDa C-terminal fragment (CTF) are cleaved to produce the mature enzyme. To determine if enzyme activity is required for inhibition of OCL formation or if only the CTF is responsible for these effects, we synthesized His-tagged complementary DNA (cDNA) constructs for the CTF of OIP-2, the proform of OIP-2, and the “mature enzyme” form of OIP-2. The proform or the CTF portion of OIP-2 inhibited OCL formation in a dose-dependent manner in murine bone marrow cultures stimulated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. The mature form of OIP-2, which was enzymatically active, did not inhibit OCL formation. In addition, OIP-2 inhibited OCL formation in cultures of highly purified human OCL precursor cells or RAW264.7 cells stimulated with 10 ng/ml of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand. Binding studies with His-tagged OIP-2 showed expression of a putative OIP-2 receptor on RAW264.7 cells treated with RANK ligand for 4 days and human marrow cultures treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 for 3 weeks. These data show that the CTF of OIP-2, rather than the mature enzyme, mediates the inhibitory effects of OIP-2 through a putative receptor on OCL precursors.
Inducibility of κ immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein NF-κB by a posttranslational mechanism

NF-kappa B is a nuclear protein, found only in cells that transcribe immunoglobulin light chain genes, that interacts with a defined site in the kappa immunoglobulin enhancer. This protein can be induced in pre-B cells by stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The induction involves a posttranslational activation, and the combined action of LPS and cycloheximide causes a superinduction. An active phorbol ester also induces this factor, and with kinetics more rapid than those for LPS stimulation. Phorbol-ester-mediated induction of NF-kappa B was observed in a T cell line (Jurkat) and a nonlymphoid cell line (HeLa), and is therefore not restricted to B-lymphoid cells. We interpret these results to indicate that factors that control transcription of specific genes in specific cells may be activated by posttranslational modification of precursor factors present more widely.
Isotope effects on fluid-fluid separation of H 2 -He mixtures at high pressures

The fluid-fluid phase separation of H2-He mixtures has been studied theoretically at 100 K. It is found that phase separation is promoted by heavier helium isotopes or by lighter hydrogen isotopes. This can be accounted for by a simple size analysis of the components.
Senescence-associated genes in normal human oral keratinocytes.

The current study was undertaken to identify senescence-associated (SA) genes in cultured normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK). Primary NHOK were serially subcultured in vitro as dispersed cells in low (0.15 mM) Ca(2+) medium until senescence. The SA genes of NHOK were identified by comparing the expression levels of 3195 human genes between exponentially replicating and senescing cultures. Approximately 5% of the screened genes were upregulated in senescing NHOK by a factor greater than 3 compared with rapidly dividing NHOK culture. Among them, we identified discrete gene groups, i.e., cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, G-protein-coupled receptors, apolipoproteins, matrix metalloproteinases, and mitochondrial proteins. To validate the microarray results, we confirmed the enhanced expression of a few selected SA genes, i.e., gpr1, apo-D, apo-E, apo-L, mmp-1, mmp-3, cyb561, cyp1b1, and cyp4b1, by reverse transcription-PCR. These SA genes were upregulated in three independent cultures of NHOK at high population doubling (PD) levels compared with those of low PDs. The enhanced expression of these SA genes was also found in senescing NHOK maintained in 3T3 feeder cell system, as well as in the chemically defined medium containing low Ca(2+). These results indicate that the onset of senescence in NHOK is associated with altered expression of the SA genes, which represent discrete gene groups, independently of the donor variation or culture conditions.
Rapid clearance of SAG-2 rabies virus from dogs after oral vaccination.

Abstract This study investigated the safety, efficacy, and clearance of SAG-2, an attentuated rabies virus, after oral vaccination in dogs. Nineteen dogs consumed baits containing lyophilized vaccine, but residual SAG-2 virus was recovered in only one of 57 oral swabs, collected one hour post-vaccination. Seven vaccinates were euthanized between 24 and 96 h after consuming a bait. Rabies virus RNA was detected in tonsils from all seven dogs by nested RT-PCR, with primers to the viral glycoprotein. Genomic, sense-transcripts, and m-RNAs were detected in five of seven tonsil samples using primers to the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene, as well as in four of seven samples from the buccal mucosa and one of seven from the tongue. Rabies virus antigen was detected in all tonsils by an immunohistochemistry test, confirming the RT-PCR results. In addition, virus was isolated from one tonsil sample collected at 96 h, providing supportive evidence of viral replication. Ten of 12 (83%) of the vaccinated dogs demonstrated an anamnestic response, with viral neutralizing antibody titers (⩾0.5 IU/ml), after rabies virus challenge. These ten dogs survived, whereas all control dogs succumbed to rabies. Attenuated rabies viruses, such as SAG-2, replicate in local tissues of the oral cavity and can be cleared relatively quickly, without viral excretion, leading to protective immunity against the disease.
Clients' Expectancies and Their Relationship to Pretreatment Symptomatology and Outcome of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Treatment for Social Phobia

The present study examined the expectancies of clients with social phobia that they would benefit from cognitive-behavioral group treatment. Lower expectancies for positive outcome were related to greater severity of social phobia, duration of social phobia, and depression. Lower expectancies were also reported by individuals with the generalized subtype of social phobia, but expectancies were not further influenced by the presence of other Axis I disorders. Expectancy ratings did not differ between clients who dropped out of treatment and those who did not, but, after pretreatment severity of social phobia was accounted for, expectancies significantly predicted improvement among treatment completers. Clients' expectancy beliefs may be an important factor to address in the prediction of who will benefit from a cognitive-behavioral treatment, even when that treatment has demonstrated specific efficacy.
Alcoholism from the Cross Cultural Perspective: A Review and Critique of Clinical Studies

(1974). Alcoholism from the Cross Cultural Perspective: A Review and Critique of Clinical Studies. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 89-105.
Augmentation of postresection mucosal hyperplasia by plerocercoid growth factor (PGF). Analog of human growth hormone.

Postresection villus hyperplasia is a major compensatory mechanism in the short-bowel patient. Substances capable of augmenting postresection mucosal hyperplasia could have therapeutic implications. Human growth hormone (hGH) and human growth hormone releasing factor (hGHRF) stimulate growth of the gastrointestinal tract; however, the diabetogenic actions of growth hormone limit its usefulness in clinical practice. Plerocercoid larvae of the tapewormSpirometra mansonoides produce an analog of hGH void of diabetogenic side effects. We assessed effects of plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) on mucosal adaptation following 70% proximal jejunoileal resection in young rats. Mucosal weight, DNA, protein, and total sucrase activity per centimeter of bowel were increased in resected PGF-treated animals compared to resected controls. We conclude PGF augments intrinsic postresection mucosal hyperplasia following extensive intestinal resection.
Association between vitamin D metabolism gene polymorphisms and risk of islet autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes: the diabetes autoimmunity study in the young (DAISY).

Context: Vitamin D metabolism genes have been associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk; however, these genes have not been investigated for association with the preclinical phase of T1D, islet autoimmunity (IA). Studies of vitamin D metabolism genes may elucidate the role of vitamin D in complex diseases. Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the association between seven vitamin D metabolism gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of IA and progression to T1D. Design: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young is a longitudinal, observational study. Setting: Newborn screening for human leukocyte antigen, sibling and offspring recruitment, and follow-up took place in Denver, Colorado. Participants: A total of 1708 children at increased genetic risk of T1D participated in the study: 148 developed IA and 62 IA-positive children progressed to T1D. Main Outcome Measures: IA, defined as positivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulin, or IA-2 autoantibodies on two or mor...
Framing responsibility for political issues: The case of poverty

How people think about poverty is shown to be dependent on how the issue is framed. When news media presentations frame poverty as a general outcome, responsibility for poverty is assigned to society-at-large; when news presentations frame poverty as a particular instance of a poor person, responsibility is assigned to the individual. Similar framing effects are documented in the 1986 General Social Survey where the amount of public assistance deemed appropriate for a poor family varies with the description of the family. In concluding, the implications of framing for the study of public opinion are considered.
Quantitative error estimates for material idealization of torsion problems

We establish a posteriori quantitative error estimates for effects of material idealization on solutions of torsion problems. The estimates are derived by employing complementary variational principles.
The Managerial Class and Industrial Policy

REACTING TO THE CURRENT STATE OF MALAISE in the U.S. economy, various claimants to the crown of "economic savior" profess to have found the pathway to sustained material prosperity. Prominent among the pretenders are the advocates of industrial policy—especially those who perceive such a strategy as a way to cure the fundamental ills of capitalism, including its failure to produce continuous full employment. A careful examination of the ease for industrial policy, using the lens of arguments made about its capacity to eliminate unemployment, provides a fuller understanding of what is at stake. The debates among the experts about the possibilities of industrial policy overlie the axes of class competition and conflict. The arguments, however, in and of themselves fail to reveal the general character of the future that industrial policy ofiers—even if it does provide full employment. The task of this essay is to examine some aspects of that future.'
Drug-targeting strategies in cancer therapy

Abstract Genetic changes in cell-cycle, apoptotic, and survival pathways cause tumorigenesis, leading to significant phenotypic changes in transformed cells. These changes in the tumor environment — elevated expression of surface proteases, increased angiogenesis and glucuronidase activity — can be taken advantage of to improve the therapeutic index of exisiting cancer therapies. Targeting cytotoxics to tumor cells by enzymatic activation is a promising strategy for improving chemotherapeutics.
Nafion Perfluorinated Membranes Treated in Fenton Media: Radical Species Detected by ESR Spectroscopy

ESR spectroscopy was used to detect and identify radicals in Nafion perfluorinated membranes exposed to the Fenton reagent based on Ti3+ (TiCl3 + H2O2). This method allowed monitoring the disappearance of the ESR signal from Ti3+ during reaction. The initially formed radical was HOO•, with magnetic parameters g1 = 2.0261, g2 = 2.0088, g3 = 2.0031 (giso = 2.0127), and a1 = 5 G at 200 K. The disappearance of this radical above 220 K was accompanied by the appearance of a mixture of peroxy radicals TiOO• and superoxide radicals O2-. The O2- radicals were observed only in the dry Nafion after treatment and were stable up to 370 K; the g-tensor components are g1 = 2.0190, g2 = 2.0092, and g3 = 2.0036 (giso = 2.0106) at 300 K. In samples swollen by the hydrogen peroxide solution, signals from the TiOO• radicals predominated, with g-tensor components g1 = 2.0228, g2 = 2.0092, and g3 = 2.0046 (giso = 2.0122) at 200 K. A dynamical process lead to averaging of the g anisotropy of TiOO• radicals in the temperature r...
Public transit subsidies, output effect and total factor productivity

Abstract This paper extends previous works on total factor productivity decomposition when firms receive both operating and capital subsidies. It shows that previous works considered either the lump-sum or substitution effects of these subsidies but not together. Using constrained cost minimization as the framework it offers formal proofs to show that cost increases are inevitable if the total effects of the subsidies are considered, and that total factor productivity growth results from increasing amounts of subsidies under economies of scale and in the absence of technical change. Applications of the decomposition equations derived to a sample of transit systems finds near constant returns to scale and negative contributions of these subsidies to total factor productivity growth. Technical change reverses this decline and results in total factor productivity growth. Further, it finds that the lump-sum effects of the subsidies reduce total factor productivity more than does the substitution effect.
Serum and liver micronutrient antioxidants and serum oxidative stress in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Serum and liver micronutrient antioxidants and serum oxidative stress in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Activation of the free wall of the right ventricle in experimental right ventricular hypertrophy with and without right bundle branch block

Abstract Ventricular depolarization was studied in 12 dogs in which the thickness of the right ventricle was trebled by the production of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis. Intramural electrodes were used to record the variations in potentials at four points from subendocardium to epicardium in four anterior regions of the free wall of the right ventricle: conus region near the septum, conus region away from the septum, at the apex near the septum. and at the apex away from the septum. Right bundle branch block was produced by the severance of the right branch of the bundle of His in 8 of the animals with right ventricular hypertrophy. In right ventricular hypertrophy uncomplicated by bundle branch block, the accession wave spread from subendocardium to epicardium in radial fashion at a velocity nearly three times as great as that in normal animals. Tangential components were not in evidence event at the electrode last activated, as is seen normally. The velocity of subendocardial spread was not significantly altered. In 2 animals an initial Q-deflection was observed in the right ventricular cavity, in the free wall, and at the epicardial surface of the right ventricle. Its origin was attributed to an increased velocity of accession in the right side of the septum during the time that the wave travels from right to left. When right bundle branch block was superimposed on right ventricular hypertrophy, the spread of accession was similar to that observed in uncomplicated right bundle branch block. It was radial in the regions activated early, and tangential in regions activated late. In addition, the amplitude of the R-deflection at the epicardial surface, which is somewhat greater in uncomplicated hypertrophy than in normal conditions, was greatly increased in right bundle branch block alone. Also, the QRS interval, measured in Lead VF, was slightly increased in hypertrophy alone and was significantly increased in combined block and hypertrophy as compared with block alone. The data from these experiments provide clues to the basic understanding of the electrocardiographic changes which occur in man with right ventricular hypertrophy with and without right bundle branch block.
The demand for money in India

(1968). The demand for money in India. The Journal of Development Studies: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 59-64.
Effects of canopy species dominance on understorey light availability in low-elevation secondary forest stands in Costa Rica

The effect of canopy species dominance on understorey light availability in secondary forests was examined for Pentaclethra macroloba and Goethalsia meiantha, two common tree species with contrasting canopy architecture at La Selva Biological Station in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. In each of six 12- to 16-year-old successional stands dominated by one of these species, relative abundance and basal area of the focal species were determined within a 20 m × 50 m plot. Light availability at 1 m height was measured within each plot using a Licor-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer at 27 locations and by analysing hemispherical photographs taken at 10 locations. Across stands, mean LAI values were significantly negatively correlated with canopy openness. Understorey microsites beneath Pentaclethra had significantly higher light availability than microsites beneath Goethalsia. Across stands, however, light availability was not correlated with either total basal area or stem density of trees ≥10 cm DBH. These results indicate that basal area and stem density of trees in the upper levels of the forest canopy are poor predictors of light penetration to the understorey. One hypothesis suggested here is that dense subcanopy and understorey vegetation in tropical secondary forests can strongly influence understorey light levels. Alternatively, light transmittance characteristics of the upper forest canopy may be influenced by species-specific differences in canopy architecture or foliage density that vary independently from tree diameter and density.
SU-E-T-132: Investigation of Photon and Proton Overlapping Fields in PRESAGE- Dosimeters.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of overlapping dose volumes for varying field arrangements in two formulations of PRESAGE®: one intended for, and irradiated with, proton beams and the other photon beams. Methods: For each treatment modality (photon,proton), three overlapping field setups were performed. These included a stationary dosimeter irradiated over six fractions, a dosimeter shifted laterally to the field to deliver a dose plateau in two fractions, and a dosimeter rotated on its axis to deliver a two‐field (for protons) and four‐field (for photons) box treatment overlapping in the center of the dosimeter. All subsequent fractions were given within ten minutes and never less than one minute apart. Two cylindrical PRESAGE® dosimeters approximately 7.5 cm in length by 7.5 cm in diameter were irradiated for each setup. The dosimeters were paired, with one dosimeter given total dose by a single fraction while the other followed one of the overlapping field setups. The dosimeters were analyzed using an optical CT scanner and exported to the CERR environment where the doses were compared between paired dosimeters. Results: Dose profile comparisons showed relative dose agreement between paired dosimeters within 5% along the SOBP region of the proton formulation. In the case of the fractionated proton irradiation, there was an over‐response while other setups resulted in under‐responses. Dose agreement between the photon dosimeter treated with six fractions showed a dose under‐response within 11% and never less than 5%. Future measurements will include the remaining field setups. Conclusions: The proton formulation of PRESAGE® showed good dose agreement between single and multiple field irradiations. While the photon formulation had slightly less agreement, additional field setup comparisons may show improved results. These results will aid future measurements of overlapping field treatment plans delivered to PRESAGE® for treatment verification for proton and photon 3D dosimetry.
Thermal biofeedback in the treatment of symptoms associated with reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

A 12-year-old male, unresponsive to therapy for symptoms associated with reflex sympathetic dystrophy, was treated by thermal biofeedback techniques. Within the first four treatment sessions, trans...
Innovative approaches to understanding and addressing health disparities in diabetes care and research.

With the recent published update on the management of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) as outlined from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes 2012 position statement, treatment strategies continue to evolve (1). The update is very timely when one considers the growing number of new agents and, as stated by the authors, the “growing uncertainty regarding their proper selection and sequence” (1). The approach to the patient from the position statement clarified the separation of those factors felt to be “modifiable” (i.e., patient attitude, resources, support system, etc.) as opposed to those that usually are not (i.e., disease duration, life expectancy, comorbidities, etc.). However, as timely and up-to-date as the recommendations seem to be, and that the focus continues to be on personalizing treatment strategies, there are other important factors not considered or addressed by the update that greatly affect our treatment decisions. Specifically, we recognize that among the world’s population there are observable differences in diabetes prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disease burden that clearly impact our approach to treatment (2). While these factors contribute to disparities in diabetes presentation, diagnosis, and treatment, they are not easily measured, adequately studied, or routinely considered in daily management. Given the importance of the topic of health disparities in diabetes, our editorial team has featured six articles in this issue of Diabetes Care that report on research related to understanding health disparities. The topics range from discussing the impact of interventions led by community health workers (CHWs) to understanding the role of language barriers on diabetes complications, evaluating cerebral structural changes in diabetic kidney disease in African Americans (AAs), and understanding racial differences in underlying biological factors (3–8). It is reported that minority groups in the U.S. may have less …
Nuclear magnetic resonance and the brain

The first successful demonstrations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in bulk matter were reported in 1946 (Bloch, Hansen and Packard 1946; Purcell, Torrey and Pound 1946). Since then NMR has become a widespread technique for investigating matter of all kinds. In the 1970's NMR was applied to living systems, including man, in 2 distinct approaches. One application was in the production of images (Lauterbur 1973), called Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI, and the other in the production of NMR spectra (Moon and Richards 1973; Hoult et al. 1974), called Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy or MRS. By appropriate manipulation of the NMR signal an NMR image may be generated. This can be a 2D image of a single slice, or a set of 2D images of parallel slices, or a 3D image. 2D images may be obtained directly in any orientation, axial, coronal, sagittal. The method uses no ionizing radiation and is inherently safe. It is non-invasive, although paramagnetic solutions may be injected intravenously to improve contrast. MRI images observed in normal clinical practice are maps of the NMR signals from water and fat in the tissues; they depend on proton density, but also significantly on the relaxation times T1 and T2. Images can be provided of flow (MR angiography) and diffusion (free, restricted or anistropic). Images are typically 512×512 pixels with spatial resolution of about 0.5mm. The images can be correlated with anatomical structures and indeed MRI is a primary source of such structures with localization precision of 0.5mm as in CT. Normal imaging times are about 5mins, but fast images of lower resolution can be obtained in 50ms, enabling real time movie images to be generated. Recording sessions are typically 1hr. The NMR spectrum from living tissue gives a non-invasive measure of the concentration of each molecular species. Such spectra (MRS) provide information concerning the biochemistry of the body's metabolism and associated pathology.31P spectra report concentrations of ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, other metabolites and also local pH.1H spectra (with suppression of water and lipid responses) give spectra from lactate, NAA, choline, creatine and other components. Spectroscopic Imaging (SI) combines MRI and MRS to provide spectra simultaneously from an array of pixels or voxels, each usually several cm3 in size in an overall time of order 20 mins. This procedure provides a spatial map of the whole spectrum or individual maps of each molecular species. Two recent developments have demonstrated that NMR can provide functional mapping of the normal human brain, and map the response of the human cerebral cortex to physiological stimulation.