cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 early and leaky-late proteins correlates with apoptosis prevention in infected human HEp-2 cells.

We previously reported that a recombinant ICP27-null virus stimulated, but did not prevent, apoptosis in human HEp-2 cells during infection (M. Aubert and J. A. Blaho, J. Virol. 73:2803–2813, 1999). In the present study, we used a panel of 15 recombinant ICP27 mutant viruses to determine which features of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication are required for the apoptosis-inhibitory activity. Each virus was defined experimentally as either apoptotic, partially apoptotic, or nonapoptotic based on infected HEp-2 cell morphologies, percentages of infected cells with condensed chromatin, and patterns of specific cellular death factor processing. Viruses d27-1, d1-5, d1-2, M11, M15, M16, n504R, n406R, n263R, and n59R are apoptotic or partially apoptotic in HEp-2 cells and severely defective for growth in Vero cells. Viruses d2-3, d3-4, d4-5, d5-6, and d6-7 are nonapoptotic, demonstrating that ICP27 contains a large amino-terminal region, including its RGG box RNA binding domain, which is not essential for apoptosis prevention. Accumulations of viral TK, VP16, and gD but not gC, ICP22, or ICP4 proteins correlated with prevention of apoptosis during the replication of these viruses. Of the nonapoptotic viruses, d4-5 did not produce gC, indicating that accumulation of true late gene products is not necessary for the prevention process. Analyses of viral DNA synthesis in HEp-2 cells indicated that apoptosis prevention by HSV-1 requires that the infection proceeds to the stage in which viral DNA replication takes place. Infections performed in the presence of the drug phosphonoacetic acid confirmed that the process of viral DNA synthesis and the accumulation of true late (γ2) proteins are not required for apoptosis prevention. Based on our results, we conclude that the accumulation of HSV-1 early (β) and leaky-late (γ1) proteins correlates with the prevention of apoptosis in infected HEp-2 cells.
Lymphangioscintigraphy in AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma.

Kaposi sarcoma, a common opportunistic neoplasm complicating AIDS, is thought to arise from the vasculature and possibly from lymphatic endothelium. To evaluate the nature and extent of lymphatic involvement in AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma, we used an improved technique of whole-body lymphangioscintigraphy. Six human-immunodeficiency-virus-seropositive men (40-51 years old) with AIDS and extensive Kaposi sarcoma had bilateral foot and/or hand intradermal injection of 0.05 ml of 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin (500 microCi, 18.5 MBq). After sequential whole-body scanning with a digital gamma camera, the findings were interpreted by comparing them with findings from similar studies in 30 other patients without AIDS or Kaposi sarcoma (26 with primary or secondary lymphedema and four with normal extremities). Unlike in normal limbs, where lymphangioscintigraphy displayed early lymphatic truncal and regional nodal filling with radionuclide, in patients with Kaposi sarcoma, lymphangioscintigraphy disclosed ...
Shakespeare, Fletcher and “the gain o'th' martialist”

In a passage in The Two Noble Kinsmen (1613) usually attributed to Shakespeare, one of the titular kinsmen laments the fate of the (implicitly Jacobean) soldier who has been “flirted / By peace” (1.2.18–19). But where Palamon merely cites “scars and bare weeds” as the paltry “gain o’th’ martialist” (1.2.16) post-war, Shakespeare resigned his soldiers returning from battle to darker fates. Whereas Shakespeare established a tragic narrative in which military greats are unable to adapt to civil society, his erstwhile collaborator saw the “gain o’th’ martialist” and the attendant responsibility for dramatists in very different terms. This essay discusses the ways in which Fletcher rehearsed and re-envisioned these “gains” – primarily in terms of labour, friendship and theatrical intervention – in plays generally understood to be his work, The Captain (1609), The Mad Lover (1612), The Tragedy of Valentinian (1612) and The Loyal Subject (1618).
An experimental study of the vibrato in speech

(1926). An experimental study of the vibrato in speech. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 296-333.
Mexican drug violence intertwined with US demand for illegal drugs.

VIRTUALLY EVERY WEEK BRINGS REports of the latest episodes of drug-related violence in Mexico that has claimed the lives of thousands over the past few years. To rein in these violent eruptions, the Mexican government has deployed its military and police to fight the major drug cartels that control the lucrative distribution networks that bring illegal drugs into the United States. But some experts say that the trafficking of illegal drugs, like all businesses, is one of both supply and demand and that the demand side—those who abuse drugs—also should be targeted. These experts propose that a concerted effort to quash demand by making treatment for substance abuse available to those who need it would make the drug trafficking enterprise significantly less profitable.
Magnetic resonance reconstruction from projections using half the data

ABSTRACT The acquisition of radiaJ lines in 2-D Fourier space (k space) allows the realization of the extremelyshort echo times useful in the imaging of short-?'2 species and flow using Magnetic Resonance (MR). Thedisadvantage of this imaging method, which is also known as projection reconstruction, is that in orderto prevent aliasing at a given resolution, ir times as many excitations are required as the conventional 2-DFourier transform or spin-warp acquisition. We propose an acquisition and reconstruction method thathalves the required number of radial lines and excitations by using the properties that projections arereal or have slowly varying phase and that radial acquisition methods are oversampled at the center ofk space. This method preserves resolution while reducing imaging time at the expense of signal-to-noiseratio (SNR). This has been verified with both phantom and human subjects. 1. INTRODUCTION Projection reconstruction in MR imaging has become of interest recently for the imaging of short-?'2species1, the lung parenchyma2, and flows. For the form of projection reconstruction in which data isacquired along radial lines with Free Induction Decay (FID) readouts, no dephasing or phase encodingperiod is required prior to the data acquisition. The effective echo time can then be very short, as shortas 250js on our whole body scanner, which is useful for the above applications because the image canbe acquired prior to any substantial ?'2
The adapting healer: pioneering through shifting epidemiological and sociocultural landscapes

While it is true that healers selectively adopt and/or refashion aspects of biomedicine, the influence is not unidirectional with information flowing exclusively from hospitals into the workplaces of healers. This article examines healers in Tanga, Tanzania to explore the reciprocal relations between practitioners of indigenous medicine and biomedicine. An abbreviated ethnography of one healer in coastal Tanzania is used to illustrate some of the relevant influences and possible adaptations of contemporary healers. His experiences illuminate how multiple factors, especially sociocultural changes, biomedicine, AIDS, and related research(ers) can influence healers' adaptations. In his case, biomedical health workers from a non-profit HIV organization call upon him not only to act as a liaison between their services and the community, but more importantly, to provide treatment for opportunistic infections and counseling for patients and to participate in biomedical and scientific projects. Reflecting on his experiences as a healer who has negotiated a position that straddles the world of biomedicine and the world of healers facilitates examination of important issues affecting healers today, including their relationship to biomedical health workers, bioprospectors, governments, non-profit organizations, and professional organizations of healers. Although the healer featured in this article is a pioneer in his own town, there are other examples in Africa where healers and biomedical practitioners are interacting. Therefore, he may represent a trend in healer adaptation.
Rotational spectrum of three conformers of 3,3-difluoropentane: Construction of a 480 MHz bandwidth chirped-pulse Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer

Abstract The rotational spectra for three conformers of 3,3-difluoropentane have been measured using both a newly constructed narrow bandwidth chirped-pulse Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer and a Balle–Flygare resonant cavity Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. The chirped-pulse instrument produces a microwave pulse spanning up to 480 MHz bandwidth in the 7–18 GHz region by mixing a 1 μs chirped pulse (of up to 240 MHz bandwidth) from an arbitrary function generator with the output from a microwave synthesizer. Rotational spectra for the normal isotopic species and all possible 13 C single substitutions were observed for the gauche–gauche and anti-gauche conformers, allowing a Kraitchman substitution structure and an inertial fit structure to be determined. 13 C isotopic species and dipole moment components were not measurable for the less intense anti–anti species as a result of partially resolved fine splitting. Details of the new chirped-pulse instrument will be described and the structural results will be presented and compared with ab initio data for 3,3-difluoropentane.
Characterization of antisera to the addition product formed by the nonenzymatic reaction of 16α-hydroxyestrone with albumin

16 alpha-Hydroxyestrone (16 alpha OHE) has been shown previously to react nonenzymatically with proteins via a Heyns rearrangement of a Schiff base intermediate. Albumin modified by the addition of 16 alpha OHE is immunogenic, despite a relatively low molar substitution. High-titre antisera can be elicited which have a very high affinity toward the estrogen hapten. Cross-reactivity analysis reveals a high specificity for the phenolic A-ring and a lack of specificity to chemical substituents in the D-ring, the site of covalent linkage. The antisera reacts equally well with 16 alpha OHE-peptides as with 16 alpha OHE-lysine, suggesting the utility of this antisera in analyzing either enzymatically or chemically hydrolyzed proteins for the presence of 16 alpha OHE adducts. Immunochemical analysis of proteins modified by 16 alpha OHE may provide insight into the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease in which elevated levels of 16 alpha OHE are known to occur.
F-actin binding regions on the androgen receptor and huntingtin increase aggregation and alter aggregate characteristics

Protein aggregation is associated with neurodegeneration. Polyglutamine expansion diseases such as spinobulbar muscular atrophy and Huntington disease feature proteins that are destabilized by an expanded polyglutamine tract in their N-termini. It has previously been reported that intracellular aggregation of these target proteins, the androgen receptor (AR) and huntingtin (Htt), is modulated by actin-regulatory pathways. Sequences that flank the polyglutamine tract of AR and Htt might influence protein aggregation and toxicity through protein-protein interactions, but this has not been studied in detail. Here we have evaluated an N-terminal 127 amino acid fragment of AR and Htt exon 1. The first 50 amino acids of ARN127 and the first 14 amino acids of Htt exon 1 mediate binding to filamentous actin in vitro. Deletion of these actin-binding regions renders the polyglutamine-expanded forms of ARN127 and Htt exon 1 less aggregation-prone, and increases the SDS-solubility of aggregates that do form. These regions thus appear to alter the aggregation frequency and type of polyglutamine-induced aggregation. These findings highlight the importance of flanking sequences in determining the propensity of unstable proteins to misfold.
Aging-Related Selectivity and Susceptibility to Irrelevant Affective Information in the Construction of Attitudes

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine the hypothesis that aging is associated with an increase in the selectivity associated with task engagement and related cognitive resource allocation. Adults ranging in age from 20 to 83 years were asked to provide attitude ratings about fictitious political program proposals that varied in terms of personal relevance. Of primary interest was the extent to which these attitude ratings would be influenced by the likability of the individual (i.e., source) responsible for the programs. Consistent with expectations, older adults were more likely than younger adults to provide attitude ratings consistent with the likableness of the source, with this effect being moderated by need for structure and personal relevance. The findings are supportive of the general argument that older adults are able to monitor and control the impact of irrelevant information on performance, but are most likely to engage in such operations in situations of high meaningfulness. Youn...
Fluorescence Recovery Kinetic Analysis of γ-Tubulin Binding to the Mitotic Spindle

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching has been widely used to study dynamic processes in the cell, but less frequently to analyze binding interactions and extract binding constants. Here we use it to analyze γ-tubulin binding to the mitotic spindle and centrosomes to determine the role of γ-tubulin in microtubule nucleation in the spindle. We find rapid γ-tubulin turnover in mitotic spindles of Drosophila early embryos, characterized by diffusional interactions and weak binding, differing from centrosomes with tight binding interactions. The diffusion coefficient of γ-tubulin is consistent with a major species existing in the cytoplasm as the less efficiently nucleating γ-tubulin small complex (γTuSC) or γ-tubulin, rather than γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC). The fluorescence recovery kinetics we observe implies that γ-tubulin functions by binding weakly to spindle microtubules. γ-Tubulin may interact transiently with the spindle, nucleating microtubules very rapidly, differing from centrosomes, where γ-tubulin binds tightly to nucleate microtubules.
Breast carcinoma: Pattern of metastasis at autopsy

Breast cancer is known to metastasize to all organs of the human body, and its manifestations are protean. It is almost impossible to predict which organ system will be invaded. Since 1950, there are seven autopsy series of patients with breast carcinoma published in the English literature. All data came from American hospitals (total of 2,147 patients), and each report studied more than 100 patients with breast cancer. The reported incidence of involvement of different organ sites are presented in Table I. Although the data came from different institutions and spanned over 35 years (1943-1977), the findings regarding metastatic involvement of specific organs are fairly similar.
Decision Support as Knowledge Creation: A Business Intelligence Design Theory

The primary purpose of decision support systems (DSS) is to improve the quality of decisions. Since decisions are based on an individualâ€™s mental model, improving decision quality is a function of discovering the decision makerâ€™s mental model, and updating and/or enhancing it with new knowledge; that is, the purpose of decision support is knowledge creation. This article suggests that BI techniques can be applied to knowledge creation as an enabling technology. Specifically, the authors propose a business intelligence design theory for DSS as knowledge creation, a prescriptive theory based on Nonakaâ€™s knowledge spiral that indicates how BI can be focused internally on the decision maker to discover and enhance his/her mental model and improve the quality of decisions.
Synthesis of methyl O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-d-galactopyranosides specifically deoxygenated at position 3, 4, or 6 of the galactose residue

Abstract The title disaccharides were synthesized by condensation of 2,3,4-tri- O -benzoyl-α- l -rhamnopyranosyl bromide with suitably protected, deoxygenated derivatives of methyl α- d -galactopyranoside. Deoxygenation was achieved via activation of a protected methyl α- d -gluco- or galacto-pyranoside with N, N′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole followed by treatment with tributyltin hydride and azobisisobutyronitrile. At position 3, the deoxygenation was more successful when performed with the tri- O -benzoylated precursor, rather than the tri- O -benzylated one. The corresponding nucleophile was obtained by benzylidenation of the methyl 3-deoxy-α- d -xylo-hexopyranoside. The preparation of the glycosyl acceptor deoxygenated at position 4 could be pursued starting from derivatives having either the d - galacto or the d - gluco configuration. The pathway involving the former was found superior.
Answer to June 2013 Photo Quiz

Answer: Cholestatic hepatitis secondary to secondary syphilis and neurosyphilis Skin rash is the most common characteristic of secondary syphilis and can take any form except vesicular lesions. Our patient had the classical distribution of symmetric, macular, or papular eruptions involving the trunk and extremities, including the palms and soles. Although the patient denied having had sexual activity for the prior 2 years, these lesions typically present weeks to months postexposure. Uveitis is the most common ocular manifestation of secondary and tertiary syphilis in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients, occurring in 2.5 to 5% of the untreated patients that progress to this stage. The diagnosis should prompt an analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid to exclude neurosyphilis, which was diagnosed in our patient. The diagnostic criteria for syphilitic hepatitis are abnormal liver enzymes indicating hepatic involvement, serologic evidence of syphilis in conjunction with acute clinical presentation consistent with primary or secondary syphilis, and exclusion of alternative causes of hepatic damage with prompt liver function recovery after antimicrobial therapy (1, 2). This case met all the aforementioned criteria. In addition, the histological features of inflammation with polymorphonuclear cells, hepatocellular necrosis, mild hepatocellular cholestasis, and cholangitis were also consistent with the diagnosis. The clinical manifestations of syphilitic hepatitis are likely to be subsequent to the dissemination of the treponema to the liver (2–4). However, demonstration of spirochetes in liver biopsy specimens has been inconsistent. The failure to demonstrate spirochetes in liver biopsy samples may be due to technical factors during storage and staining specimens or may be the result of effective phagocytosis by Kupfer cells (2). In this case, the Warthin-Starry stain did not demonstrate spirochetes, but spirochetes were visibly stained by a specific immunohistochemical stain highly specific for Treponema pallidum (Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, CA). (See page 1657 in this issue [doi:10.1128/JCM.00702-12] for photo quiz case presentation.)
Coupled Linear Programming Approach for Decentralized Control of Urban Traffic

Management of urban traffic systems is a challenging task, partly because queue spillbacks, which bring about loss of intersection capacities and lead to systemwide congestion, arise easily in moderately congested networks. One possible way of ensuring mobility is through proactive spatial distribution of queues to contain their impact locally. In this paper, a traffic signal control strategy based on this idea is proposed. The strategy is traffic adaptive and operates in a decentralized fashion. It is formulated as a coupled system of linear programs, each optimizing a local queuing pattern according to real-time queue information and history of boundary flows. The proposed control is constructed to be scalable and robust to system uncertainties. Its properties (e.g., avoidance of queue spillback and stabilization of traffic) are demonstrated through numerical experiments.
Simplified Method for Soil Particle-Size Determination to Accompany Soil-Quality Analyses

Soil textural analysis is a key component of any minimum data set used for assessing soil quality and sustainability of agricultural-management practices. However, conventional methods of soil textural analysis can be costly and time-consuming. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and simple method for evaluating soil particle-size distribution, which could be employed as a tool for initial soil-quality assessment. The method uses a combination of sieving and sedimentation steps and is designed to be used in conjunction with analysis of particulate organic matter (POM), or as a stand-alone textural analysis. Soils of varied texture and organic-matter content were collected from six sites in the Great Plains. Their sand, silt, and clay contents were determined using the proposed methods and standard hydrometer and pipette techniques. Averaged across all soils, absolute differences between the proposed and standard pipette analyses were <2% for sand, silt, and clay. Relative differences were 6, -1, and -4% for sand, silt, and clay, respectively. Coefficients of variation within soil samples averaged <5% for sand, silt, and clay fractions. Regression analysis between proposed and standard pipette methods produced coefficient of determination (r 2 ) values of 0.99, 0.98, and 0.93 for sand, silt, and day, respectively, and 0.98 across all particle-size ranges. The method provides an inexpensive and reliable estimate of soil texture, useful in soil-quality assessment.
How Many Target Points Can Replace a Target Area

In wireless sensor network, each sensor can monitor an area, which is a disk with center at the sensor. Considering a set of sensors and given a target area, how do we select a subset of sensors to monitor the target area?Note that a whole area is monitored (or say covered) if every point in the area is covered. We cannot check at every point. Usually, one selects a set of points in the target area, called target points, such that the target area is covered by a subset of sensors if and only if all target points are covered.The question is how many target points can replace a target area in such a way? The existing method needs O(n2) target points when n sensors are considered. In this paper, we propose a method to reduce this number. This would improve the performance of wireless sensor networks.
Look Back in Anger: Hemophilia and AIDS Activism in the International Tainted-Blood Crisis

During the 1980s, the AIDS epidemic devastated the hemophiliac population. It also fostered the emergence of hemophilia activists, who have had a profound effect on policy and politics in scores of nations. Drawing on case studies of 11 countries, this article examines the impact of this emerging interest group on politics and policy outcomes. In addition, it compares the strategies adopted by hemophilia activists and gay activists, specifically the reliance on victimization or rights as the premise of demands for public support. Although the article focuses on community mobilization around AIDS, it speaks more generally to the growing international impact of interest group (or identity) politics on policy.
Selective nitrosation of modified dextran polymers

The formation of stable nitric oxide (NO) moieties onto polymer substrates is a critical part of NO materials development. Depending upon the polymer functionality, nitrosation of the material can result in a variety of different NO moieties. Toward the ability to selectively load NO in the presence of other reactive sites on a polymer substrate, we investigate how the polymer functionality affects the ability to preferentially form S-nitrosothiol groups over unwanted byproducts, such as N-nitrosamines. Using modified dextran as our model polymer, we demonstrate that N-nitrosamines form on 2° amine sites under S-nitrosation conditions, but are not a significant source of released NO under physiological pH. By tuning the synthetic conditions associated with the polymer synthesis, we demonstrate that by replacing 2° amine sites on the polymer with amide sites, N-nitrosation is effectively eliminated, resulting instead in predominant S-nitrosation. The selectively S-nitrosated materials experience near-complete donor decomposition, giving rise to NO under physiological pH. The ability to tune the availability and reactivity of different functional groups is additionally helpful toward materials synthesis and application in general.
Examination of the long-range effects of aminofluorene-induced conformational heterogeneity and its relevance to the mechanism of translesional DNA synthesis.

Abstract Adduct-induced conformational heterogeneity complicates the understanding of how DNA adducts exert mutation. A case in point is the N -deacetylated AF lesion [ N -(2′-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene], the major adduct derived from the strong liver carcinogen N -acetyl-2-aminofluorene. Three conformational families have been previously characterized and are dependent on the positioning of the aminofluorene rings: B is in the “ B -DNA” major groove, S is “stacked” into the helix with base-displacement, and W is “wedged” into the minor groove. Here, we conducted 19 F NMR, CD, T m , and modeling experiments at various primer positions with respect to a template modified by a fluorine tagged AF-adduct (FAF). In the first set, the FAF-G was paired with C and in the second set it was paired with A. The FAF-G:C oligonucleotides were found to preferentially adopt the B or S-conformers while the FAF-G:A mismatch ones preferred the B and W-conformers. The conformational preferences of both series were dependent on temperature and complementary strand length; the largest differences in conformation were displayed at lower temperatures. The CD and T m results are in general agreement with the NMR data. Molecular modeling indicated that the aminofluorene moiety in the minor groove of the W-conformer would impose a steric clash with the tight-packing amino acid residues on the DNA binding area of the Bacillus fragment (BF), a replicative DNA polymerase. In the case of the B-type conformer, the carcinogenic moiety resides in the solvent-exposed major groove throughout the replication/translocation process. The present dynamic NMR results, combined with previous primer extension kinetic data by Miller & Grollman, support a model in which adduct-induced conformational heterogeneities at positions remote from the replication fork affect polymerase function through a long-range DNA–protein interaction.
A buffered statistical data fork

Abstract Recently, Cruz (1990) proposed the Statistical Data Fork (SDF) as a multichannel switch supporting trunk groups in a broadband network. Routing error for a multichannel switch is the probability that a packet entering the switch does not exit the switch on its desired trunk group. This paper studies variations of the basic SDF architecture in which the number of subchannels per link is K ≥ 2. This effect can be achieved by the inclusion of buffers into the architecture or by dilating the links of the switching network. We show that in some cases the routing error for K = 2 is smaller than for K = 1 by several orders of magnitude. We also consider the problem of assigning the output links to the trunk groups to minimize the routing error while constraining the size of each trunk group. Finally, we study the sensitivity of the routing error to changes in traffic rates.
Ecological consequences of invasive lake trout on river otters in Yellowstone National Park

Abstract The introduction of lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) to Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park has contributed to a significant decline in the endangered Yellowstone cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri ), leading to concern over the persistence of this subspecies but also to piscivorous predators in this community. We assessed the impact of lake trout on a key piscivore, the river otter ( Lontra canadensis ) in two lakes in Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone Lake continues to support a native cutthroat trout population, although the recent introduction of lake trout has dramatically impacted the cutthroat trout population. Nearby Lewis Lake has an entirely introduced fish fauna of lake trout, brown trout ( Salmo trutta ), and Utah chub ( Gilia atraria ) but lacks cutthroat trout. Analysis of otter scat from Yellowstone Lake implicated trout (lake or cutthroat trout) as a major prey item (57% of scat), whereas stable isotopes identified longnose suckers ( Catostomus catostomus ) as the primary prey there (58% of diet). By contrast, scat from Lewis Lake implicated minnows, presumably Utah chub, as the primary prey for otters occupying that lake (86%), while stable isotopes implicated brown trout (64%) over both lake trout and Utah chub (36% combined). Our data establish the importance of alternative prey to otters and suggest that lake trout-induced reductions in cutthroat trout may not be catastrophic for otter populations here. These data do not necessarily exonerate lake trout, as their impact on other species, most notably grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos ) and piscivorous birds, has been documented to be substantial, and further data on the nutritional value of alternate prey are required to confirm or refute a working hypothesis that otter populations will continue to thrive in the face of the lake trout invasion.
Ensuring a Safe Food Supply: The Importance of Heterogeneity

In this paper we develop a model of food safety regulation that considers the employment of a differentiated food market with two types of government certified quality standards: a minimum standard and a higher one. Individuals, heterogeneous in their susceptibility to food-related health risks, choose which safety-grade of food to consume based on price and their vulnerability. The model is then extended to the case where consumers misperceive their susceptibility to health risks associated with food consumption. The theoretical presentation is followed by an application of the model to examine campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis caused by consumption of beef, pork, and chicken. The paper demonstrates that the benefits from multiple quality standards hinges fundamentally on the distribution of vulnerabilities across the population and the associated distribution of population health risks for a given level of food quality. Uniform standards are generally preferred to differentiated ones under either stringent or lax regulations on population health risk. If the population distribution of vulnerabilities is unimodal and consumers misperceive their vulnerability, the value of a differentiated policy will depend on which quality standard is attracting the majority of consumers. The empirical results confirm the importance of the population distribution of vulnerability on the relative desirability of single versus multiple quality standards.
Effect of process variables and natural organic matter on removal of microcystin-LR by PAC-UF.

The release of cyanobacterial toxins, such as microcystin-LR, in drinking water supplies is of increasing concern. In this study, we investigated the use of ultrafiltration (UF) combined with adsorption on powdered activated carbon (PAC) for the removal of microcystin-LR from drinking water. Process variables examined included PAC type, PAC dosage, membrane characteristics (material and pore size), and the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). Due to greater mesopore volume, wood-based activated carbon was up to 4-times more effective at removing microcystin-LR than coconut-based carbon, depending on contact time. Cellulose acetate (CA) membranes with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 20 000 Da did not reject or adsorb microcystin-LR. Membranes composed of polyethersulfone (PES) of similar pore size, on the other hand, adsorbed microcystin-LR presumably through hydrophobic interactions. A PES membrane with a MWCO of 5000 Da sorbed microcystin-LR, and also rejected 8.4% of the toxin through a size ex...
Markov and Melnikov based methods for vessel capsizing criteria

Abstract Vessel capsizing analysis in random beam sea has been approached using different analytical methods in the past decades. However, due to the strong softening nonlinear stiffness and stochastic excitation, there is still no general method of dealing with capsizing prediction in a random sea. The Fokker Planck Kolmogorov (FPK) equation or Fokker Planck Equation (FPE) based on the continuous Markov process model and phase space flux rate based on Melnikov function are two of the most promising analytical approaches which provide somewhat different views of possible capsizing criteria. In this paper, both methods have been applied to the same vessel model to compare their capbilities and efficiencies and also discuss their limitations and advantages for capsizing criteria development. In the Markov based portion, both the shaping filter method and the stochastic averaging of the energy envelope are introduced. The rate of phase transport flux based on the Melnikov function and the mean first passage rate based on FPE are compared for capsizing prediction. The relationship, i.e., similarities and differences between the two methods is then demonstrated through various parameter studies.
Su1314 Predicting Biliary Cannulation Success in ERCP Cases With a Native Papilla Using the Multinational ERCP Quality Network

deaths or perforations. Twenty-three patients (9.4%) experienced a treatmentrelated complication during 777 treatment sessions (3.0% of procedures), including 20 strictures (8.2% of patients, 2.6% of procedures), 3 post-procedural hemorrhages (1.2% of patients, 0.4% of procedures), and 2 hospitalizations (0.8% of patients, 0.3% of procedures) (see table). The strictures were all 1cm in length, resolved after an average of 1.5 1.0 dilations, and 9/13 (69%) did not have recurrence on 1 or more subsequent endoscopies. Compared to patients without stricture, patients with stricture were more likely to: 1) use NSAIDs (70% vs 45%, p 0.04); and 2) have had antireflux surgery before treatment (15% vs 3%, p 0.04). Although not statistically significant (p 0.05), patients with stricture were more frequently female (32% vs 19%), demonstrated erosive esophagitis during treatment with RFA (35% vs 17%), had cancer (IMC or EAC) before treatment (32% vs 16%), and had an EMR after RFA treatment initiation (23% vs 10%). Conclusions: In the largest reported cohort of patients with dysplasia or early cancer, RFA was not associated perforations or death. Complications occurred in 9.4% of patients, with the vast majority being benign stricture (8.2% of patients). Stricture formation is more frequent in patients who use NSAIDs and had antireflux surgery. Female gender, erosive esophagitis during treatment, early cancer (IMC or EAC) or treatment with EMR after RFA initiation may also confer greater risk.
Activation of glucose isomerase by divalent cations: evidence for two distinct metal-binding sites

Abstract Activity and metal-content measurements have provided evidence for two distinct metal-binding sites in glucose isomerase from Bacillus coagulans. Although each site binds either Mn 2+ or CO 2+ , simultaneous addition of Mn 2+ and Co 2+ to the apoenzyme indicated that one site prefers Mn 2+ (site 1) and the other Co 2+ (site 2). Enzyme activity toward fructose was highest when both sites were filled with Co 2+ , whereas the activity toward xylose was highest when site 1 was occupied by Mn 2+ . The presence of metal in site 2 did not affect the activity toward xylose. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of Mn 2+ and Co 2+ tightly bound to the enzyme indicated an asymmetric ligand field, whereas the spectrum of each metal more loosely bound was consistent with a symmetric ligand field. In addition, isomerase activity was reduced by oxidizing Co 2+ to Co 3+ with H 2 O 2 .
Genistein reverses hypermethylation and induces active histone modifications in tumor suppressor gene B-Cell translocation gene 3 in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: B-cell translocation gene 3 (BTG3/ANA/APRO4) is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in some malignancies. We report here that B-cell translocation gene 3 (BTG3) is transcriptionally down-regulated in prostate cancer and the mechanism of inactivation is through promoter hypermethylation. METHODS: Prostate cancer and normal cell lines were treated with different doses of genistein and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5Aza-C). BTG3 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in tissues and cell lines. Bisulfate-modified polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequencing were used to examine promoter methylation in tumor samples and cell lines. Enzyme activity/inhibition assays were done to check the effect of genistein and 5Aza-C on DNA methyltransferases. ChIP assay was performed to analyze chromatin modifications caused by genistein treatment. RESULTS: BTG3 mRNA expression was down-regulated in cancer tissues and cells. Genistein and 5Aza-C induced BTG3 mRNA expression in all PC cell lines. Complete methylation of BTG3 promoter in tumor samples and cancer cell lines was observed. Genistein and 5Aza-C treatment significantly decreased promoter methylation, reactivating BTG3 expression. Genistein and 5Aza-C increased levels of acetylated histones 3, 4, histone 3 dimethylated at lysine 4, histone 3 trimethylated at lysine 4, and RNA polymerase II, decreased DNA methyl transferase and methyl-binding domain protein 2 activity, and increased histone acetyl transferase (HAT) activity. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to show that BTG3 is silenced in prostate cancer and can be reactivated by genistein-induced promoter demethylation and active histone modification. Genistein showed similar effects to that of 5Aza-C, which is currently undergoing phase 2 clinical trials as a treatment for prostate cancer. Because genistein is a natural, nontoxic, and dietary isoflavone, these results indicate that genistein is a novel, advantageous therapeutic agent for treating prostate cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Documents Relating to African American Experiences of White Congregational Churches in Massachusetts, 1773–1832

Through membership documents, this essay traces the decline in African American affiliation with Massachusetts Congregational churches-from the pre-Revolutionary era, when enslaved blacks, such as ...
The mitogenic effect of A23187 in human peripheral lymphocytes.

Abstract The mitogenic action of the divalent ionophore A23187 was confirmed and shown to be very sensitive to changes in extracellular calcium ion concentration. At optimal calcium and ionophore concentrations, an increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation was seen that was similar to that seen after phytohemagglutinin addition. A calcium-dependent stimulation of α-aminoisobutyric acid transport was also seen after A23187 addition. Studies with three inhibitors demonstrate a similarity between proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin and by A23187. Isoproterenol (10−4 M) and ouabain (10−7 M) blocked the effects of phytohemagglutinin and A23187. A drug, D-600, that has been shown to block calcium channels in cardiac muscle, inhibited proliferation induced by either phytohemagglutinin or A23187. This concentration of D600 had no effect on either phytohemagglutinin- or A23187-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Furthermore, the (+) and (−) isomers separated from racemic D600, which have been shown to block sodium and calcium channels respectively in smooth muscle, had equal potency in blocking lymphocyte proliferation.
Mechanistic studies of hydrocarbon CH/D2 exchange over thermally activated magnesium oxide

Abstract The CH/D2 exchange reaction over thermally activated solid base catalyst MgO, where CH represents a hydrocarbon (carbon acid), has been investigated from a mechanistic point of view. Extensive kinetic studies of the exchange, analyses of hydroxyl content of MgO activated at various temperatures, spectroscopic studies, and consideration of pore sizes and possible reaction sites on MgO have led to the following conclusions: (1) the active site on MgO involves basic O2-ions, which abstract protons from carbon acids, as well as acidic Mg2+ ions, which stabilize resulting carbanions (2) the active site is probably a defect site of high electron density (perhaps a cation vacancy) and contains an Oz.sbnd;H (or Oz.sbnd;D) group; (3) the transition state in the RH(g) + D 2 (g) → MgO R− D(g) + HD(g) exchange reaction probably involves O2−D+ attack on adsorbed R− — H+ in the active site. A reaction coordinate diagram is proposed that explains our findings that exchange rates roughly correlate with literature solution-phase pKa values for RH.
Cyclic Irrigation of Turfgrass Using a Shallow Saline Aquifer

A 2-yr cyclic irrigation study using shallow saline groundwater was conducted on a sports field in southern Nevada [bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. 'Tifway') overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. 'Champion')]. Shallow groundwater with a salinity of 3.3 dS m -1 was substituted for municipal water (0.9 dS m -1 ) at a rate of one, two, three, or four times per seven irrigation events during the peak water demand periods of 15 May to 15 October. Salinity sensors and tensiometers were installed at depths of 10, 25, and 40 cm and recorded weekly. Midday leaf xylem water potential, canopy temperature, and turfgrass color and cover ratings were taken on a bimonthly basis. Soil salinity cycled up (as high as 24 dS m -1 ) and down (baseline values of 4.0-10.0 dS m -1 ) in response to substitution periods. However, the duration in which soil salinity exceeded salt tolerance threshold values for bermudagrass were short in all treatments (<21 d during the 2-yr period at the 10-cm depth). These short durations of threshold values being exceeded combined with the successful return to baseline soil salinity values during the cyclic off periods (freshwater only) led to little change in turfgrass color, cover, and plant water status. Freshwater savings as high as 50 cm yr -1 and a reduction in as many as 62 municipal irrigation days (days irrigations took place) during the peak water demand periods occurred. Results of this experiment indicate that the cyclic irrigation strategy is feasible in the urban setting with large turfgrass areas.
Impact of After-School Nutrition Workshops in a Public Library Setting.

Abstract Objective To determine if after-school nutrition workshops conducted in public libraries were related to lasting changes in food choice. Methods "Snack Smart" workshops, based on Social Cognitive Theory, were conducted in 8 branch libraries (49 ethnically diverse children, ages 9 to 14) to assess changes in consumption of targeted food items by pretest, posttest, and follow-up food frequency questionnaires. Results were analyzed using the Friedman test for repeated measures and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results Intake of milk, vegetables, and water significantly increased at 3-week posttest ( P Conclusions and Implications This low-intensity program did not produce lasting behavior change, as measured by changes in food frequency at 3 months post- intervention. The study supports the need to critically evaluate out-of-school nutrition programs for lasting impact.
Gender, Race, and Difference: Individual Consideration versus Group‐based Affirmative Action in Admission to Higher Education

Contribuant a une rehabilitation politique des categories de genre et race, l'A. montre que celles-ci restent indispensables dans les procedures d'admission dans les institutions de l'enseignement superieur aux Etats-Unis. Denoncant l'injustice et l'inegalite des chances face au systeme educatif, l'A. montre qu'une action affirmative fondee sur le groupe, l'ethnicite, le genre ou la race est compatible avec une meilleure distribution des chances fondee sur le merite
Protein quality of homemade weaning food mixtures: 1. Biological evaluation and quality

In order to evaluate the actual protein value of some recommended weaning food mixtures, a series of biological determinations of protein quality were completed on fourteen different homemade weaning mixtures. The individual foods were cooked, dried and then mixed in recommended proportions resembling the original meals. Pasta, rice, bulgur and millet were used as the major components of food mixtures; egg, fish, mutton, skim milk powder, chick‐peas and mung beans were used as supplementary foods. Rats of the Sprague‐Dawley strain were used for the bioassays. Protein Efficiency Ration (PER), Net Protein Ratio (NPR), Net Protein Utilization (NPU), Relative Protein Value (RPV) and Nitrogen Growth Index (NGI) were calculated for all fourteen food mixtures. Good agreement was obtained between the slope‐ratio techniques and the classical bioassay procedures. Since the digestibility of the protein is an important component of protein quality, this was also performed on all fourteen food mixtures by in vivo and ...
Relations of Fresh and Salty Ground Water along the Southeastern U. S. Atlantic Coasta

Studies of the hydrogeologic environments and the dynamic and equilibrium relations of fresh and salt water in aquifers have been intensified at several places along the southeastern Atlantic Coast. Some salt-water problems involve the coastal water-table aquifer, and others involve parts of the artesian system. On the sandy coastal islands of North Carolina, freshwater lenses under water-table conditions float on salt water. Salt-water contamination may take place by (1) lateral encroachment from the ocean and bay; (2) vertical encroachment from below; (3) overland inundation by ocean water during storms; and (4) downward percolation of salt spray and salt-bearing precipitation. In the Savannah, Georgia, and South Carolina area, salt-water encroachment along two of five water-bearing zones in the principal artesian (limestone) aquifer has been caused by the decline of artesian pressure due to pumping. Some wells in the limestone at nearby Parris Island, South Carolina, yield salty water when overpumped. From Savannah southward at least to Fernandina, Florida, connate salty water occurs in the artesian aquifer below the fresh water. At Brunswick, Georgia, connate salty water is stratified between fresh-water bodies in the limestone aquifer above depths of 2,000 feet. Connate salty water has contaminated the aquifer between depths of 500 and 800 feet in a small area in the city. Along the southeast Florida coast drainage canals have been the primary cause of salt-water contamination of the highly permeable Biscayne aquifer. Criteria have been established for the operation of salinity-control dams to prevent encroachment. The salt-water front in the aquifer along the coast is dynamically stable under natural conditions.
Recognizing depression: Preliminary testing of the Whitney Observational Depression Index.

The preliminary results of an observational instrument for depression is presented. The Whitney Observational Depression Index (WODI) was developed to capitalize on the observational powers of both formal and informal caregivers who care for vulnerable populations (such as stroke victims), among whom self-report depression measures are unreliable or impossible to use. It is a 59-item checklist with a total score and subscale scores related to verbal-cognitive, affective, and vegetative signs noted on observation. The scale shows good construct, content, face, and criterion validity (convergent and divergent), inter-rater reliability, and within-subject reliability. The WODI shows significant correlations with accepted depression measures (Beck Depression Index, r = 0.19, p = <0.05; Zung Depression Scale, r = 0.23, p= <0.01). Further testing is suggested to allow factor analysis of the items and other statistical testing. There is optimism expressed for the use of this instrument in both research and clinical settings.