cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic instability in crack propagation

A linear stability analysis of the steady state solutions to a model for propagating cracks implies dynamic instability beyond a critical crack speed, oscillatory behavior of the crack tip velocity, and the emergence of spatial structure. The results are in qualitative agreement with experiment.
Excitation and inhibition of single pyramidal cells during hippocampal seizure

Abstract Seizure activity has been studied in the hippocampus of anesthetized cats using intracellular microelectrodes. In order to dissect the seizure pattern into component parts, two preparations were used, the fornix being intact in one and “deafferented” in the other. The response of the pyramidal cell to seizure in the “deafferented” fornix preparation was predominantly inhibitory; when spikes occurred they were of normal amplitude and configuration. The response in the intact fornix preparation was predominantly excitatory and was associated with a profound membrane depolarization and abnormal spike generation. The change from one type of seizure to the other is attributable to the inclusion of the fornix afferent fibers in the excitatory seizure.
Separation relations and quasi-proximities

Every topological space admits a quasi-proximity relation P which yields the given topology [7]. If P is a proximity relation then the associated topological space is completely regular. In [3] HAMMER has introduced general separation relations. Separation and proximity are naturally related, but the complement of a proximity relation need not be the Hausdorff-Lennes separation for a given topological space [8], and in this sense proximity spaces are distinct from the separation spaces of WALLACE. In this paper we show that every topological space admits a separation relation wich is the complement of a quasi-proximity for the space and which gives rise to the topology on the space. This separation is not necessarily the Hausdorff-Lennes separation. Proximities which are complements of the Hausdorff-Lennes separation are characterized by being equivalent to perfect topogenic structures. In the last section we characterize a class of representable separation relations.
Cumulative effects of sludge compost on crop yields and soil properties

Abstract Onion (Allium cepa cv. Spanish Sweet Utah), lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Black Seeded Simpson), snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus cv. Sonnet Yellow), and turfgrass (Festuca arundinacea cv. Marathon) were grown twice annually (spring and fall) on a San Emigdio sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed calcareous thermic, Typic Xerorthents) soil for two years that was treated with a cumulative total of 0, 37, and 74 MT/ha of sewage sludge compost from San Diego. The soil received two compost treatments each year and crops were planted within a week of compost incorporation. Crop growth was monitored and the results of the fourth or final planting are described here. Seedlings of onion, snapdragon and lettuce transplanted to compost treated plots displayed more vigorous establishment than those in the control plots. Compost treatments produced higher yields of onion, turf and lettuce. Snapdragon yield was not affected by compost treatment. Soil analysis of compost treated plots revealed lowered pH and increased le...
Hopf-Hopf Interactions of Surge and Rotating Stall

In this paper, we examine the interaction of two instabilities that occur in axial compressors using the Hopf-Hopf normal form. As a result, we illuminate some gaps in understanding the dynamics of standard compressor models. We find a possible dynamic mechanism, which explains certain "curious" behavior observed in experiments, and are able to predict and explain failure mechanisms in previously proposed control strategies.
Microbial production of carbon monoxide from flavonoids.

Aspergillus flavus degrades rutin to protocatechuic acid, phloroglucinol carboxylic acid, rutinose and carbon monoxide, the last-named being derived from carbon 3 of the flavonoid molecule1,2. The extent of distribution of this degradative pathway in microorganisms and the structural requirements for the production of carbon monoxide were determined by comparing the amount of carbon monoxide produced after the growth of micro-organisms on various flavonoid compounds. The cultures studied were grown in sealed flasks of known volume3. A medium containing N—Z amine1 was used when the substrates tested could be analysed by the aluminium chloride reaction. A synthetic medium4 was employed with substrates that were difficult to determine directly and the amount of oxygen consumed was therefore used as the criterion of substrate utilization. Carbon monoxide and oxygen were determined by gas phase chromatography using a molecular sieve column.
Study of the cellular action of drugs with protozoa—III. Comparison of the effec of SKF 525-A and related compounds on the multiplication of Ochromonas danica

Abstract The diethylaminoethanol ester of diphenylpropylacetic acid (SKF 525-A) as well as its analog SKF 3301-A inhibited the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids in the phytoflagellate Ochromonas danica 1 and the synthesis of cholesterol in mammals. 2 The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of several analogs of SKF 525-A on O. danica to determine (1) if the analogs act on the same metabolic site as SKF 525-A and (2) what part of the molecule is necessary for inhibition.
Efficacy of lithium chloride in the taste-aversion conditioning of young-adult and old-age rats.

Summary.-An absolute amount of a LiCl US was administered to 24 young-adult and 24 old-age rats during taste-aversion conditioning to determine whether the superior performance of old-age rats, when a 1% body-weight injection of a LiCl US is administered 3 hr. after a saccharin CS, is due to age-related differences in US intensity or the efficacy of LiCI. The aversion conditioned in old-age rats with a 3-hr. CSUS interval and an absolute amount of LiCl was still significantly greater than that in young adults suggesting that age-related differences in US intensity or the efficacy of LiCl cannot explain the superior performance of old-age rats. Possibly, old-age rats forget the specifics of the CS more than young adults and, thus, older animals show greater stimulus generalization to the substantially different test stimuli. Recent research on age differences in long-delay taste-aversion conditioning indicates that, when lithium chloride (LiCl) is administered to weanling, young-adult, and old-age rats three hours after a 10-min. exposure to a novel saccharin solution, only old-age rats show a subsequent aversion to the saccharin (Misanin, Grieder, & Hinderliter, 1988; Misanin & Hinderliter, in press). Although previous studies suggested that age differences in the formation of taste-illness associations are related to the length of the CS-US interval (Baker, Baker, & Kesner, 1977) rather than to age differences in the efficacy of LiCI, these studies did not employ aged rats. Thus, greater taste aversion in aged rats at the 3.0-hr. saccharin-LiC1 (CS-US) interval may be the result of LiCl being a more effective US at the old-age level. Since in the Misanin, et al. (1988; Misanin & Hinderliter, in press) studies the amount of LiCl administered was proportional to body weight, the older rats may have been made more ill by the US due to their greater weights and, hence, larger absolute doses of LiC1. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether the difference in long-delay taste-aversion conditioning between young-adult and
Interdisciplinary service-learning substance abuse projects: processes and outcomes.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and implementation of community-based, service-learning field projects by 30 health professional faculty fellows of Project MAINSTREAM, a faculty development program on substance abuse. The fellows worked together for two years in 10 Interdisciplinary Faculty Learning Groups (IFLGs), which consisted of three academics of different disciplines. The ten projects are viewed within the context of service-learning and are based on a balance between the provision of services to the community and furthering the learning objectives of Project MAINSTREAM.
Knowledge and attitudes of American pharmacists concerning sulfonamide allergy cross-reactivity.

Objective Pharmacists are commonly confronted with patients with a history of sulfonamide allergy. Basic immunologic and clinical data suggest a low likelihood of a patient with a history of sulfonamide hypersensitivity developing an allergic reaction to a non-antimicrobial sulfonamide drug. We conducted a survey to describe the knowledge and attitudes of licensed pharmacists concerning sulfonamide allergy cross-reactivity. Methods A survey instrument was developed and sent to all licensed pharmacists in the state of Iowa. The survey recorded demographic information and included six patient scenarios designed to elicit responses concerning sulfonamide allergy cross-reactivity with a number of non-antimicrobial sulfonamides. Results A total of 421 surveys were returned for a 39% response rate. There was a wide discrepancy in approaches to patients with a history of sulfonamide allergy prescribed a sulfonamide containing non-antibiotic. Differences depended on previous history of tolerating the medication in question, the degree of cautionary statements in product literature, and the familiarity the pharmacist had with the product. Conclusion Our survey suggests a significant diversity in knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists concerning cross-reactivity of sulfonamide antimicrobials and other drugs with a sulfonamide moiety. Depth of training in this area may be an associative factor.
Renin classification for diuretic and beta-blocker treatment of black hypertensive patients.

Renin classification has been proposed to guide initial treatment of hypertensive patients with diuretics vs beta-blockers. Most previous studies evaluating this issue have utilized patient populations that were white or predominantly white. Black hypertensives have been noted to differ from white hypertensives in several respects. To evaluate the clinical utility of renin classification in black hypertensives, we compared the blood pressure response of low vs normal renin patients during double-blind treatment with either hydrochlorothiazide or beta blocker (metoprolol or oxprenolol). Hydrochlorothiazide produced a significantly (P < 0.05−0.01) larger blood pressure fall than beta-blocker, though there was no difference in the response of low vs normal renin patients. Thus, renin classification does not appear to guide initial selection of diuretic vs beta blocker therapy of black hypertensives, and diuretic therapy is more effective.
Mechanisms of water transport through Nonaqueous liquid membranes

Abstract A If two aqueous solutions are separated by an oil layer (e.g., 1-butanol or 1-pentanol), transport through the oil layer depends upon the ratios of the activities of water or salt at the two oil-water interfaces. Generally, salts diffuse through an oil membrane to a certain extent, but in a direction opposite to that of water transport. Water transport stops when the chemical potentials of the ions in the two aqueous compartments are equal. The rate of water transport also depends upon the chemical structure of the oil layer, its water content, and the nature of the salt. B Water transport through oil-water interfaces is influenced by additives like polyethoxylated tridecyl alcohols dissolved in the oil membrane. This is probably due to the difference in the states of hydration of the ethylene oxide groups adsorbed at the two interfaces. It would appear that, in addition to transport of water due to the difference in osmotic pressure at the two interfaces transport of water can also be affected by the degree of hydration of a solute.
MATING COMPETITIVENESS OF IRRADIATED MALES AND FEMALES OF THE INDIAN MEAL MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

One-day-old adults of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), were irradiated (I) with either 35 krad (a partially sterilizing dose) or 50 krad (a sterilizing dose) and combined with untreated (U) adults at numbers of 1, 5, 10, 15, or 25 treated males or females per pair of untreated adults. At 25 males per pair, egg hatch was reduced to 4.8 and 22.2% at 35 and 50 krad, respectively. The use of the same number of I females reduced egg hatch to 0.8 and 9.4%, respectively. The calculated degree of competitiveness showed that both males and females were more competitive after treatment with 35 krad than after treatment with 50 krad and that treated females were more competitive (based on percentage egg hatch) at both doses than corresponding males. Irradiated females were fully competitive at most release ratios, but I males were not fully competitive even at the higher release ratios, although the decreases were not large enough to seriously affect their use for field control.
A Theory of Minority Students' Survival in College

This paper sets forth a theory to explain the survival of minority students in college. Minority students are faced with barriers such as cultural and racial isolation, unfamiliarity with college life, and hostility. As colleges place greater emphasis on diversity, campuses are more likely to turn into hostile milieus for minority students. In reaction, minority students will close ranks and seek other minority students on campus to form ethnic social networks rooted in their ethnic subculture. The ethnic social networks serve: (1) to reinforce excellence in academics; (2) to provide social support and information for students in navigating the college maze; and (3) to increase solidarity and pride in members. These minority social networks on campus help integrate minority students into the college social and academic systems and thereby maximize the students' survival in college.
Default reasoning in semantic networks: a formalization of recognition and inheritance

Abstract Many knowledge-based systems express domain knowledge in terms of a hierarchy of concepts (or frames)—where each concept is a collection of property value (or slot filler) pairs. One can associate two interesting classes of inference with such information structures: inheritance and recognition. Attempts at formalizing inheritance and recognition, however, have been confounded by the presence of conflicting property values among related concepts. Such conflicting information gives rise to the problems of exceptions and multiple inheritance during inheritance, and partial matching during recognition. This paper presents a formalization of inheritance and recognition based on the principle of maximum entropy. The proposed formalization offers several advantages: it admits necessary as well as default property values, it deals with conflicting information in a principled manner, and it solves the problems of exceptions, multiple inheritance, as well as partial matching. It can also be shown that the proposed formalization may be realized as a massively parallel network of simple processing elements that can solve an interesting class of inheritance and recognition problems extremely fast—in time proportional to the depth of the conceptual hierarchy.
Communication and the terminally ILL: A theoretical model

Abstract This paper presents a conceptual theory and path model of communication involving terminally ill individuals. The theory considers three types of variables: factors that inhibit communication; a critical context variable, communication apprehension caused by the knowledge that one participant in the interaction is dying; and message variables that influence the quality of the death experience. Fifteen hypotheses predict relationships between thirteen variables; the hypotheses represent both extant research findings and original ideas that provide new directions for research.
Human resource development, evaluation, and sustainability: what are the relationships?

This article discusses the relationships among the concepts of human resource development (HRD), evaluation, and sustainability. It defines each of these concepts and argues for a view of sustainability that focuses on the long-term existence of a programme. It then presents and elaborates a development of a theoretical model connecting HRD with programme evaluation leading to sustainable HRD programmes. Suggestions for future research are discussed, along with the implications for practice.
Pulmonary changes in animals exposed to nitrogen dioxide, effects of acute exposures.

Abstract The comparative toxicity of NO 2 was studied in five species: mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs. Fifty parts per million was a critical concentration; below this value mortality rarely occurred with exposures up to 8 hours. A study was made of the sequential development of pathologic changes in the lung with grading of edema, congestion, interstitial irritation, bronchiolitis, and interstitial fibrosis. Acute deaths were characterized by marked bronchiolitis, desquamated bronchial epithelium, infiltration by polymorphonuclear cells, and edema fluid in the alveoli. Interstitial fibrosis occurred in about one-third of the surviving animals at 30 days and persisted in some for periods up to 6 months. Stress induced by exercise following exposure, by adrenalectomy, or by high levels of CO 2 increased mortalities. Toxic responses were separated into four clinical and pathologic entities: acute asphyxia secondary to laryngeal edema and spasm; acute pulmonary lung edema; bronchiolitis and pneumonia; and permanent, nonincapacitating residua in the lung.
Selective Functionalization of In2O3 Nanowire Mat Devices for Biosensing Applications

A strategy to covalently attach biological molecules to the electrochemically active surface of indium oxide nanowire (In2O3 NW) mat devices is presented. A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 4-(1,4-dihydroxybenzene)butyl phosphonic acid (HQ-PA) was generated on an indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass and In2O3 NWs surface. The chemical steps required for surface derivatization were optimized on an ITO surface prior to modifying the In2O3 NWs. The hydroquinone group contained in the HQ-PA SAM was electrochemically oxidized to quinone (Q-PA) at +330 mV. The monolayer of Q-PA was allowed to react with a thiol-terminated DNA. The DNA was paired to its complementary strand tagged with a fluorescence dye. Attachment of DNA was verified using fluorescence microscopy. A device was subsequently prepared on a SiO2-supported mat of In2O3 NWs by depositing gold electrodes on the mat surface. The reaction strategy optimized on ITO was applied to this In2O3 NW-based device. Arrays of In2O3 NWs on a single substrate were...
The menopausal hormone therapy elephant: the blind men see.

I offer only one rebuttal: Liu (2) correctly states that it is statistically invalid to analyze data year by year. The year by year look is not intended to refute the overall statistics; rather, it clarifies three issues: first, a trend in the breast cancer data unsettled the members of the Data Safety Monitoring Board. Second, 1 year of data triggered the Data Safety Monitoring Board’s thresholds to stop the study. Third, the placebo groups had, compared with all other years, a remarkably low number of bad events in the year the study was stopped, rather than excessive events in the hormone-treated group.
Lagrange multiplier approaches to the design of two-channel perfect-reconstruction linear-phase FIR filter banks

The authors present two approaches to the design of two-channel perfect-reconstruction linear-phase finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter banks. Both approaches analyze and design the impulse responses of the analysis filter bank directly. The synthesis filter bank is then obtained by simply changing the signs of odd-order coefficients in the analysis filter bank. The approach deals with unequal-length filter banks. By designing the lower length filters first, one can take advantage of the fact that the number of variables for designing the higher length filters is more than the number of perfect-reconstruction constraint equations. The second approach generalizes the first, and covers the design for all parts of linear phase perfect reconstruction constraint equations. >
Influence of utensils on heat transfer from range units

Many different types of cooking utensils and electric range surface units are available for domestic use. The heat-transfer efficiencies of various combinations of utensils and units are different, as shown in this article, and from the standpoint of over-all efficiency of heat transfer, differences as great as 24 per cent have been found.
Formats for Section Safety Messages in Printed Manuals

This study compared four formats for safety messages in printed manuals based on layouts found in a new standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI Z535.6, 2006). These four designs are specifically for use as section safety messages. Two used a signal word panel, and two used a safety alert symbol (exclamation in a triangle). The four formats were rated by 55 college students from three different classes using a five-point scale for hazardousness. All four messages were presented on the same page of a test booklet, with order balanced using a Latin Square. Results of a Friedman test indicated significant differences in ratings. The ranked order of the formats based on estimated median was yellow safety alert symbol left of the text (3.37), signal word in black panel above text (3.13), signal word in black panel imbedded in first line of text (2.87), and black hazard alert symbol left of the text (2.13). Post-hoc analyses of ratings using a Bonferroni test indicated the signs fit into three groups: the two highest rated signs, the second and third rated signs, and the lowest rated sign. Language: en
Processable polymers and copolymers of 3-alkylthiophenes and their blends

Abstract Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) have been prepared using anhydrous FeCl3 in CHCl3 while dry air was bubbled through the reaction mixture. Molecular weight studies via GPC, using polystyrene standards in conjunction with RI and UV detection along with absolute determinations using a multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) detector, have shown these materials are of high molecular weight (Mw of up to 400,000) and relatively low polydispersity ( M w M n ). Further, the MALLS detector (absolute molecular weights) provides weight average molecular weights 2–5 times larger than those obtained using polystyrene standards showing that polystyrene is a rather poor standard for these materials. A series of copolymers of the 3-alkylthiophenes was prepared using a 1:1 molar feed ratio of the two monomers and the molecular weights of the materials decreased with decreasing side chain length. Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) were processable via a variety of methods, including melt spinning to form soft fibers. The films and fibers were dopable with typical oxidants to conductivities of up to 5 Ω−1 cm−1. The solution pulled fibers were observed to be birefringent with considerable orientation along the fiber axis. EDAX studies have shown that the doping of melt-spun Fibers was quite uniform. Blends of poly(3-decylthiophene) with low density polyethylene have been prepared and melt-spun into fibers. Blends prepared by melt-blending the components were seen by electron microscopy to be phase separated into large domains while those prepared from xylene solution were much more uniform. Spinning was easier with the blends and the fibers spun from the blend prepared from xylene solution was seen to be birefringent with considerable orientation along the fiber axis. Doping of the melt spun fibers obtained from xylene solution formed blends gave conductivities of ca. 10−1 − 1 Ω−1 cm−1 while those produced from the melt formed blends were non-conducting.
Migraine prophylactic drugs work via ion channels

Summary In recent decades, the concept of a vascular origin of migraine has been replaced by theories based on a neuronal pathophysiology. These theories all involve rapid changes in the functioning of the brain, particularly the brain stem, and the trigeminal nerves. While such paroxysmal changes in function could be the result of altered synaptic transmission, or other physiological changes, they could also be due to changes in the function of voltage-regulated sodium and calcium ion channels. Support for this view of migraine as a channelopathy comes from an examination of the likely mechanism of action of migraine prophylactic drugs. It is the present hypothesis that most of the widely used drugs for migraine prevention work by inhibiting the function of one or both of these ion channels. A review of the laboratory research done on most of the commonly used migraine prophylactic drugs, divided into five classes, reveals that they all may work on sodium channels, calcium channels, or both. If this is the common mechanism of action of migraine prophylactics, it should lead toward the development of more effective prophylactic drugs.
Topographical distribution of estrogen target cells in the forebrain of platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, studied by autoradiography.

Summary In the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus , after injection of [ 3 H]estradiol-17β, nuclear concentration of radioactivity is observed in certain cells of the forebrain. These labeled cells are accumulated in periventricular midline regions that include in the telencephalon the ventral precommissural and dorsal supracommissural areas, and in the diencephalon the preoptic, central hypothalamic and thalamic areas. The specialized ependyma of the subcommissural organ also shows nuclear concentration of radioactivity, while other ependymal cells remain unlabeled. Similar to other vertebrate classes, the accumulations of estrogen target cells exist characteristically in the vicinity of the ventricular system, especially its recesses. This implies close topographical relationships between estrogen target cells and the ventricular recess organs, including the optic recess organ, the infundibular recess organ, the paraventricular organ and the subcommissural organ. Different from other vertebrate classes, no pallial accumulations of estrogen target cells are seen in the teleost.
Effects of osmolality and solutes on performance of shark heart mitochondria

Dogfish shark heart mitochondria isolated from Squalus acanthias were exposed to increasing concentrations of mannitol/sucrose, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), betaine, and urea. For all but urea, respiratory control ratios (RCR) and rates of oxygen uptake (VO2) in the presence of malate/glutamate were low in basal medium (220 mOsm), increased with solute concerntration to about 420–870 mOsm, and declined in the highest concentrations (1,150 mOsm). Increasing urea concentration up to about 1,150 mOsm had relatively little effect on RCR or VO2. The results were not changed significantly by prolonged incubation in these media or by the addition of 0.3 M urea to either mannitol/sucrose or TMAO media. We conclude that, like mannitol/sucrose, betaine, and probably TMAO permeate shark heart mitochondria slowly or not at all, but that urea readily permeates the mitochondria and is thus osmotically inactive. The highest VO2 values were obtained in media at 580 mOsm, hypoosmotic to shark blood (897 mOsm) and to local seawater (879 mOsm) but approximately isoosmotic to blood without the osmotic contribution of the permeant urea. We conclude that VO2 is superior to RCR as a comparative measure of mitochondrial activity.
The Ras pathway and spindle assembly collide

Although alterations in Ras signalling are found in about 30% of human cancers, the transforming activity of oncogenic Ras is not fully understood. In a recent paper, a putative Ras1 effector in S. pombe, named Scd1, was reported to localize to mitotic spindles. Scd1 physically associates with Moe1, a factor that may contribute to the inherent instability of microtubules (MTs) and appears to be needed for proper spindle function. Altered MT dynamics within the spindle are likely to affect spindle assembly and chromosome capture, processes that need to be delicately controlled if cells are to guard against genome instability and transformation. BioEssays 23:307-310, 2001.
Effect of temperature on the spin-lattice relaxation times of aqueous solutions of ribonuclease and human serum albumin.

Aqueous solutions of ribonuclease and human serum albumin were subjected to periods of controlled heating and the nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, of the water protons measured. The heat treatment causes an initial increase in the relaxation times of the water protons. These T1 variations indicate that a configurational change, compatible with a disordering of the protein structure occurs, which involves an increase in various modes of internal mobility. The T1 measurements also indicate a close, ordered association of the water molecules and the protein.
Mold filling and cure modeling of RTM and SRIM processes

Abstract This paper is to discuss the modeling and computer simulation techniques of liquid composite molding processes, i.e. resin transfer molding (RTM) and structural reaction injection molding (SRIM). Mold filling and curing are simulated using control volume/finite element methods. Several case studies are presented.
Physiologically Based Modeling of 2-Butoxyethanol Disposition in Rats Following Different Routes of Exposure

2-Butoxyethanol (BE) is widely used as a solvent in coatings and other consumer products and has shown hematotoxicity in laboratory animals. To provide a physiological basis for extrapolating toxicokinetic data observed in rats to humans, a blood flow rate-limited, physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the distribution and metabolism of BE in rats following drinking water, dermal, and inhalation exposures. The major urinary metabolite, butoxyacetic acid, represented 45 to 60% of the absorbed dose in all three routes of exposure. Other identified urinary metabolites in our studies included ethylene glycol and BE-glucuronide. A model formulation of the possible metabolic pathways based on the experimental data was proposed. The amounts of individual urinary metabolites were used to develop the model. Metabolic constants were estimated by fitting the data within the constraints of in vitro measurements. The model explained the change of profiles of urinary metabolites in different exposure routes by taking into account the differences in absorption rate and by incorporating a minor pathway for metabolism by skin. Sensitivity analysis showed that metabolic constants and blood flow rate to liver had a relatively larger influence on the production of urinary metabolites than the organ volume or the partition coefficient for BE.
Light microscopic differentiation of two populations of rat olfactory bulb granule cells

Abstract Examination of glycolmethacrylate embedded olfactory bulbs of normal rats revealed that the granule cells of the accessory olfactory bulb were dissimilar from the majority of main olfactory bulb granule cells. Cells from these structures can be discriminated on the basis of spherical form, nuclear diameter, nucleoplasm staining, basal dendritic arborizations, and susceptibility to loss after neonatal X-irradiation. Based on their staining qualities, we have called these cells light and dark granule cells. In the normal rat the dark granules make up about 85% of granule cells in the main olfactory bulb and is the cell type preferentially killed by neonatal X-irradiation. Timing of postnatal X-irradiation and consequent differential loss of the dark type of main olfactory bulb granule cell suggests that the light type is largely prenatally formed.
X-ray diffraction analysis of isolated skin lipids: reconstitution of intercellular lipid domains.

Low- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction were used to determine the structural organization of lipids isolated from the stratum corneum extracellular matrix that forms the major water permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis. Hydrated pig skin ceramides gave a single low-angle reflection of about 62 A and a wide-angle reflection at 4.15 A. The addition of either cholesterol or fatty acid, the other major lipid components of the skin stratum corneum extracellular matrix, modified this diffraction pattern, depending on the lipid mole ratios. In the absence of water, lipid mixtures exhibited lipid phase separation, as shown by low- and wide-angle reflections typical of a separate cholesterol phase. However, a hydrated 2:1:1 mole ratio of ceramide:cholesterol:palmitic acid (similar to that found in stratum corneum) produced a diffraction pattern with a single sharp wide-angle reflection at 4.10 A and low-angle reflections which indexed as the first eight orders of a single repeat period of 130 A. The repeat p...
Characterization of the mucopolysaccharides associated with fractions of guanidine-denatured amyloid fibrils.

An association between intact amyloid fibrils and mucopolysaccharides has long been recognized. Since portions of some amyloid fibrils have been shown recently to exhibit homology to immunoglobulin, a study was undertaken to determine whether mucopolysaccharides were present also in fractions of fibrils homologous to a portion of a Bence Jones protein. Typical fibrils were obtained from the liver of one patient and the spleen of another with primary amyloidosis. Two fractions, both of which showed homology to the Vk segment of Bence—Jones protein, type kappa, were obtained from the hepatic fibrils after gel chromatography in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. A major component (80% by weight) of the splenic fibrils was obtained in identical fashion and contained the same N-terminal amino acid, Asp, as the fractions of hepatic amyloid. Each fraction was metachromatic and contained approximately 0.7% uronic acid and a similar amount of hexosamine. Based upon fractionation of cetylpyridinium chloride complexes of the mucopolysaccharides and upon the hexosamine lost on dialysis after digestion with hyaluronidase or chondroitinase ABC, heparitin sulfate was the predominant polysaccharide, with lesser amounts of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate also present in each fraction. Thus, mucopolysaccharides remain closely associated with highly purified fractions of amyloid fibrils which resemble immunoglobulin.
A new method to evaluate expansion/compression stress—strain properties of surface films of biological surfactants

Abstract Surface films exhibit time-dependent behavior when undergoing rapid deformations. This is particularly true of extracts of the pulmonary alveolar lining layer. Stress—relaxation is characteristic of both fluids and solids (viscoelastic). In this study, material properties characterizing the responses of surface films relevant to alveolar lining layer function are evaluated by simple extension, or compression, stress—relaxation using models modified from those used on rubber polymers. This enables the time-dependent behavior of viscoelastic materials undergoing simple extension, or compression, stress—relaxation to be analyzed in a new way, yielding several material properties as functions of time (i.e. viscosity, elasticity, compressibility and relaxation time) simply, within the same experiment. The new method was applied to both synthetic (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) and natural (pulmonary lavage) surface films. Precise data obtained by several other, more cumbersome methods agreed well with that obtained in a single, less cumbersome, experiment with our method. Our results show that during surface expansion the natural film has lower elastance, though relaxation time of both films is similar. The synthetic film has greater resistance to deformation (dilatational viscosity). When compressed to levels above the point of film collapse both materials initially behave similarly. The synthetic film becomes more rigid over time. Compression to levels below the point of film collapse causes elastance to increase greatly in both materials while elastance is significantly larger in the natural film. This strongly suggests that under high compression the configurations of the surfaces are dissimilar.
Once initiated, viral encephalitis-induced seizures are consistent no matter the treatment or lack of interleukin-6

Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of C57BL/6 mice results in acute behavioral seizures in 50% of the mice. Treatment of infected mice with minocycline or infection of interleukin (IL)-6-deficient chimeric mice results in a significant decrease in the number of mice developing seizures. However, in those mice that do develop seizures, the pathological changes (neuronal cell loss, inflammation [perivascular cuffing, gliosis, activated microglia/macrophages]), and the numbers of virus infected cells in minocycline-treated or IL-6-deficient chimeric mice are very similar. Therefore, once seizures develop, the pathological changes are consistent regardless of the treatment or genetic background.
A key management scheme in distributed sensor networks using attack probabilities

Clustering approaches have been found useful in providing scalable data aggregation, security and coding for large scale distributed sensor networks (DSNs). Clustering (also known as subgrouping) has also been effective in containing and compartmentalizing node compromise in large scale networks. We consider the problem of designing a clustered DSN when the probability of node compromise in different deployment regions is known a priori. We make use of the a priori probability to design a variant of random key predistribution method that improves the resilience and hence the fraction of compromised communications compared to seminal works. We further relate the key ring size of the subgroup node to the probability of node compromise, and design an effective scalable security mechanism that increases the resilience to the attacks for the sensor subgroups. Simulation results show that by using our scheme, the performance can be substantially improved in the sensor network (including the resilience and the fraction of compromised communications) that only sacrifices a small extent in the probability of a shared key exists between two nodes, compared to those of the prior results.
Learning similarity function for rare queries

The key element of many query processing tasks can be formalized as calculation of similarities between queries. These include query suggestion, query reformulation, and query expansion. Although many methods have been proposed for query similarity calculation, they could perform poorly on rare queries. As far as we know, there was no previous work particularly about rare query similarity calculation, and this paper tries to study this problem. Specifically, we address three problems. Firstly, we define an n-gram space to represent queries with their own content and a similarity function to measure the similarities between queries. Secondly, we propose learning the similarity function by leveraging the training data derived from user behavior data. This is formalized as an optimization problem and a metric learning approach is employed to solve it efficiently. Finally, we exploit locality sensitive hashing for efficient retrieval of similar queries from a large query repository. We experimentally verified the effectiveness of the proposed approach by showing that our method can indeed enhance the accuracy of query similarity calculation for rare queries and efficiently retrieve similar queries. As an application, we also experimentally demonstrated that the similar queries found by our method can significantly improve search relevance.
Analysis of the SPEKE password-authenticated key exchange protocol

In this letter, we show that for the SPEKE password-authenticated key exchange protocol, an adversary is able to test multiple possible passwords using a single impersonation attempt. In particular, when passwords are short Personal Identification Numbers (PINs), we show that a fully-constrained SPEKE is susceptible to password guessing attack. Our analysis contradicts the claim that the SPEKE protocol appears to be at least as strong as the Bellovin-Merritt EKE protocol. For EKE, an adversary can gain information about at most one possible password in each impersonation attempt.
Kernel correlation filter based redundant class-dependence feature analysis (KCFA) on FRGC2.0 data

In this paper we propose a nonlinear correlation filter using the kernel trick, which can be used for redundant class-dependence feature analysis (CFA) to perform robust face recognition. This approach is evaluated using the Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) data set. The FRGC contains a large corpus of data and a set of challenging problems. The dataset is divided into training and validation partitions, with the standard still-image training partition consisting of 12,800 images, and the validation partition consisting of 16,028 controlled still images, 8,014 uncontrolled stills, and 4,007 3D scans. We have tested the proposed linear correlation filter and nonlinear correlation filter based CFA method on this FRGC2.0 data. The results show that the CFA method outperforms the baseline algorithm and the newly proposed kernel-based non-linear correlation filters perform even better than linear CFA filters.
Children's phonological neighbourhoods: half empty or half full?*

Charles-Luce & Luce (1990) found smaller phonological similarity neighbourhoods in five- and seven-year-old children's expressive lexicons than in an adult receptive lexicon, a finding they interpreted as evidence that children need not employ fine-grained auditory perceptual analyses in lexical processing. In the present investigation, neighbourhood sizes were calculated for an expressive lexicon derived from two vocabulary lists representative of children aged 1;0 to 3;0 (Rescorla, 1989; Reznick & Goldsmith, 1989). Over 80% of the words in these early lexicons had at least one phonological neighbour; nearly 20% had six or more phonological neighbours. Very young children must have access to reasonably detailed phonological information in order to create and distinguish among such phonologically similar lexical entries.
Diversity and Stratification of Archaea in a Hypersaline Microbial Mat

The Guerrero Negro (GN) hypersaline microbial mats have become one focus for biogeochemical studies of stratified ecosystems. The GN mats are found beneath several of a series of ponds of increasing salinity that make up a solar saltern fed from Pacific Ocean water pumped from the Laguna Ojo de Liebre near GN, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Molecular surveys of the laminated photosynthetic microbial mat below the fourth pond in the series identified an enormous diversity of bacteria in the mat, but archaea have received little attention. To determine the bulk contribution of archaeal phylotypes to the pond 4 study site, we determined the phylogenetic distribution of archaeal rRNA gene sequences in PCR libraries based on nominally universal primers. The ratios of bacterial/archaeal/eukaryotic rRNA genes, 90%/9%/1%, suggest that the archaeal contribution to the metabolic activities of the mat may be significant. To explore the distribution of archaea in the mat, sequences derived using archaeon-specific PCR primers were surveyed in 10 strata of the 6-cm-thick mat. The diversity of archaea overall was substantial albeit less than the diversity observed previously for bacteria. Archaeal diversity, mainly euryarchaeotes, was highest in the uppermost 2 to 3 mm of the mat and decreased rapidly with depth, where crenarchaeotes dominated. Only 3% of the sequences were specifically related to known organisms including methanogens. While some mat archaeal clades corresponded with known chemical gradients, others did not, which is likely explained by heretofore-unrecognized gradients. Some clades did not segregate by depth in the mat, indicating broad metabolic repertoires, undersampling, or both.
Embedded magnetics for integrated power

A new transformer/inductor technology is introduced which is suitable for integrated power for multichip modules (MCM), involving both digital and microwave chips. The transformer/inductor is embedded within the ceramic substrate, as are the chips and other components. It provides for extremely tight secondary side circuit layouts, with very low and fixed leakage inductance. The core consists of a bottom ferrite plate and the winding is constructed using high density interconnect techniques (HDI) such as laminating dielectric layers and depositing winding metals using sputtering followed by electroplating. Winding patterns are etched using photoresist and wet etching techniques. And multiple vias are used to connect different primary and secondary winding layers A conformal metal mask is used to laser-drill through (large) holes for the posts of the top part of the core. An experimental 50-Watt, 6-pole transformer has been built using these techniques. It operates at 1.0 MHz with efficiency approaching 98.5% and has net height of about 0.08 inch.
SSC may join nuclear waste in Nevada

Congress has named Yucca Mountain in Nevada as the nation's future high-level nuclear waste repository, preempting earlier plans for the evaluation of at least three western sites by the Department of Energy (DOE). The move comes despite opposition by the state's governor and members of Congress. However, amendments to the legislation may placate Nevada with a brass ring of sorts—DOE's Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), a ring 26 km in diameter. The measure was finalized December 17, 1987, in a House-Senate conference as part of a $30.2 billion deficit-reduction bill. 12 last-minute amendments attached to the bill by Senator Chic Hecht (D-Nev.) call for compensations to Nevada that could include selection of the state as the future home of the SSC, as well as up to 20 million dollars per year in cash.
Immunocytochemical Localization of the Menkes Copper Transport Protein (ATP7A) to the Trans-Golgi Network

We have generated polyclonal antibodies against the amino-terminal third of the Menkes protein (ATP7A; MNK) by immunizing rabbits with a histidine-tagged MNK fusion construct containing metal-binding domains 1-4. The purified antibodies were used in Western analysis of cell lysates and in indirect immunofluorescence experiments on cultured cells. On Western blots, the antibodies recognized the approximately 165 kDa MNK protein in CHO cells and human fibroblasts. No MNK signal could be detected in fibroblasts from a patient with Menkes disease or in Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells, confirming the specificity of the antibodies. Immunocytochemical analysis of CHO cells and human fibroblasts showed a distinct perinuclear signal corresponding to the pattern of the Golgi complex. This staining pattern was similar to that of alpha-mannosidase II which is a known resident enzyme of the Golgi complex. Using brefeldin A, a fungal inhibitor of protein secretion, we further demonstrated that the MNK protein is localized to the trans-Golgi network. This data provides direct evidence for a subcellular localization of the MNK protein which is similar to the proposed vacuolar localization of Ccc2p, the yeast homolog of MNK and WND (ATP7B), the Wilson disease gene product. In light of the proposed role of MNK both in subcellular copper trafficking and in copper efflux, these data suggest a model for how these two processes are linked and represent an important step in the functional analysis of the MNK protein.