cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors Associated with Airway Complications after Lung Transplantation

Purpose This study aimed to classify and grade airway complications after lung transplant and to evaluate the risk of airway complications associated with antifibrotic use at a single lung transplant center. Methods All cases of lung transplantation at Barnes-Jewish Hospital between 1/1/2015 and 5/31/2018 were reviewed. Airway complications were graded using the 2018 ISHLT Consensus Statement on Adult Anastomotic Airway Complications. Antifibrotic use within 2 weeks of transplant was evaluated for association with airway complications by logistic regression. Results Based on the ISHLT Consensus definition, 159/261 patients (60.9%) had an airway complication; among these, only 20 (7.6%) were considered severe. There was no association between diagnosis for transplant and the development of an airway complication. AF use was associated with severe ischemic airway complication; among 58 who were on an AF agent pre-transplant, 8 (13.8%) developed an airway complication after transplant (odds ratio [OR] 2.547; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.988 to 6.567; p = 0.053). This association was significant for nintedanib (OR 3.767; 95% CI, 1.119 to 12.681; p = 0.032) but not pirfenidone (OR 1.471; 95% CI, 0.465 to 4.660; p = 0.511). AF use was also associated with development of anastomotic stenosis; 14/58 (24.1%) developed anastomotic stenosis (OR 2.074; 95% CI, 1.004 to 4.283; p = 0.049). This association was not significant for nintedanib (OR 2.044; 95% CI, 0.693 to 6.022; p = 0.195) or pirfenidone (OR 1.781; 95% CI, 0.774 to 4.100; p = 0.175). AF use was not associated with anastomotic dehiscence; 8/58 (13.8%) developed a dehiscence (OR 1.139; 95% CI, 0.484 to 2.681; p = 0.765). Conclusion The grading system proposed by the 2018 ISHLT Consensus Statement led to identification of airway complication in >60% of lung transplants in this cohort, but most were considered mild and did not require intervention. Antifibrotic use was associated with increased risk of severe ischemic airway complications and anastomotic stenosis.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Pregnancy: Modeling of the Fetal Absorbed Dose

There is a gap in the literature regarding fetal radiation exposure from interventional cardiac procedures. With an increasingly large and complex cohort of pregnant cardiac patients, it is necessary to evaluate the safety of invasive cardiac procedures and interventions in this population. Here we present a case of a patient with multiple medical comorbidities and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) at 15 weeks' gestation, managed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We were able to minimize the maternal and estimated fetal absorbed radiation dose to <1 milliGray (mGy), significantly less than the threshold dose for fetal adverse effects at this gestational age.
Data-driven maintenance and operations scheduling in power systems under decision-dependent uncertainty

Generator maintenance scheduling plays a pivotal role in ensuring uncompromised operations of power systems. There exists a tight coupling between the condition of the generators and corresponding ...
Measurement of Ejection Fraction by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Echocardiography to Monitor Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Doxorubicin is a standard treatment option for breast cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia, but its benefits are limited by its potential for cardiotoxicity. The primary objective of this study was to compare cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) versus echocardiography (ECHO) to detect a reduction in left ventricular ejection function, suggestive of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. We studied eligible patients who were 18 years or older, who had breast cancer or lymphoma, and who were offered treatment with doxorubicin with curative intent dosing of 240 to 300 mg/m 2 body surface area between March 1, 2009 and October 31, 2013. Patients underwent baseline CMRI and ECHO. Both imaging studies were repeated after four cycles of treatment. Ejection fraction (EF) calculated by both methods was compared and analyzed with the inferential statistical Student's t test. Twenty-eight eligible patients were enrolled. Two patients stopped participating in the study before undergoing baseline CMRI; 26 patients underwent baseline ECHO and CMRI. Eight of those 26 patients declined posttreatment studies, so the final study population was 18 patients. There was a significant difference in EF pre- and posttreatment in the CMRI group ( p = 0.009) versus the ECHO group that showed no significant differences in EF ( p = NS). It appears that CMRI is superior to ECHO for detecting doxorubicin-induced reductions in cardiac systolic function. However, ECHO is less expensive and more convenient for patients because of its noninvasive character and bedside practicality. A larger study is needed to confirm these findings.
Behavioral and Psychological Predictors of Treatment Outcome in Obesity

The identification of predictor variables in the treatment of obese patients can focus on four separate albeit related facets: attrition during treatment; short-term weight loss, long-term weight loss; and changes in maladaptive lifestyle behaviors associated with obesity, such as high fat intake, physical inactivity, and binge eating.
S100A12 in Digestive Diseases and Health: A Scoping Review

Calgranulin proteins are an important class of molecules involved in innate immunity. These members of the S100 class of the EF-hand family of calcium-binding proteins have numerous cellular and antimicrobial functions. One protein in particular, S100A12 (also called EN-RAGE or calgranulin C), is highly abundant in neutrophils during acute inflammation and has been implicated in immune regulation. Structure-function analyses reveal that S100A12 has the capacity to bind calcium, zinc, and copper, processes that contribute to nutritional immunity against invading microbial pathogens. S100A12 is a ligand for the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and CD36, which promote cellular and immunological pathways to alter inflammation. We conducted a scoping review of the existing literature to define what is known about the association of S100A12 with digestive disease and health. Results suggest that S100A12 is implicated in gastroenteritis, necrotizing enterocolitis, gastritis, gastric cancer, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and digestive tract cancers. Together, these results reveal S100A12 is an important molecule broadly associated with the pathogenesis of digestive diseases.
Light-Weight RetinaNet for Object Detection on Edge Devices

This paper aims at reducing computation for Retinanet, an mAP-30-tier network, to facilitate its practical deployment on edge devices for providing IoT-based object detection services. We first validate RetinaNet has the best FLOP-mAP trade-off among all mAP-30-tier network. Then, we propose a light-weight RetinaNet structure with effective computation- accuracy trade-off by only reducing FLOPs in computationally intensive layers. Compared with the most common way of trading off computation with accuracy-input image scaling, the proposed solution shows a consistently better FLOPs-mAP trade-off curve. Light-weight RetinaNet achieves a 0.3% mAP improvement at 1.8x FLOPs reduction point over the original RetinaNet, and gains 1.8x more energy-efficiency on an Intel Arria 10 FPGA accelerator in the context of edge computing. The proposed method potentially can help a wide range of the object detection applications to move closer to a preferred corner for a better runtime and accuracy, while enjoys more energy-efficient inference at the edge.
Quantum hypothesis testing with group structure

The problem of discriminating between many quantum channels with certainty is analyzed under the assumption of prior knowledge of algebraic relations among possible channels. It is shown, by explicit construction of a novel family of quantum algorithms, that when the set of possible channels faithfully represents a finite subgroup of SU(2) (e.g., ${C}_{n}, {D}_{2n}, {A}_{4}, {S}_{4}, {A}_{5}$) the recently developed techniques of quantum signal processing can be modified to constitute subroutines for quantum hypothesis testing. These algorithms, for group quantum hypothesis testing, intuitively encode discrete properties of the channel set in SU(2) and improve query complexity at least quadratically in $n$, the size of the channel set and group, compared to na\"{\i}ve repetition of binary hypothesis testing. Intriguingly, performance is completely defined by explicit group homomorphisms; these in turn inform simple constraints on polynomials embedded in unitary matrices. These constructions demonstrate a flexible technique for mapping questions in quantum inference to the well-understood subfields of functional approximation and discrete algebra. Extensions to larger groups and noisy settings are discussed, as well as paths by which improved protocols for quantum hypothesis testing against structured channel sets have application in the transmission of reference frames, proofs of security in quantum cryptography, and algorithms for property testing.
Establishing a university food pantry: growth, changes in shopper characteristics and recommendations.

Describe trends in usage and shoppers of Eastern Michigan University’s (EMU) food pantry over four academic years. Participants: Shoppers of EMU’s pantry between September 2015 and April 2019. Meth...
"Extraordinary" and "Highly Controversial": Federal Research of Solar Geoengineering Under NEPA

Congress recently instructed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to investigate stratospheric aerosols, materials that could be injected in the atmosphere as a means of solar climate intervention. This action has been widely interpreted as the first-ever federal research project into solar geoengineering—proposals to slightly “dim the sun” to limit the harms of climate change. This Essay argues that NOAA should use its discretion to conduct a programmatic environmental assessment under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) as an initial step in governing this research program. Federal research into solar geoengineering is an extraordinary and highly controversial policy. The agency should carefully consider the environmental, social, and political impacts that may come with this undertaking. Further, the public deserves an opportunity to weigh in on the matter and to be apprised of its potential benefits and risks. NEPA provides a rigorous framework for doing just that.
Non-invasive bladder function measures in healthy, asymptomatic female children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Summary Background Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in children and adolescents. Non-invasive tests evaluating bladder function are generally preferred over invasive tests, yet few studies have explored the range of normative values for these tests in healthy, asymptomatic children. Objective To define normative reference ranges for non-invasive tests of bladder function in healthy, asymptomatic girls and adolescents. Study design A comprehensive search strategy was performed in seven electronic databases through October 2019. English-language studies reporting data on voiding frequency, voided and postvoid residual volumes (PVR) and uroflowmetry results in healthy, asymptomatic girls (mean age ≥ 5 years) were included. Two independent reviewers performed study review, data extraction, and quality assessment. Overall mean estimates and 95% confidence intervals for each bladder function parameter were calculated using random effects models, and 95% normative reference values were estimated. Results Ten studies met eligibility criteria for the meta-analysis (n = 2143 girls, age range: 3–18). Mean estimates of maximum voided volume and PVR were 233.4 ml (95% CI 204.3–262.6; n = 1 study) and 8.6 ml (95% CI 4.8–12.4; n = 2 studies) respectively. Pooled mean estimates for uroflowmetry parameters were: 21.5 ml/s (95% CI 20.5–2.5) for maximum flow rate (n = 6 studies), 12.5 ml/s (95% CI 11.2–13.8) for mean flow rate (n = 6 studies), 6.8 s (95% CI 4.4–9.3) for time to maximum flow (n = 3 studies), 15.7 s (95% CI 13.0–18.5) for flow time (n = 3 studies), and 198.7 ml (95% CI 154.2–234.2) for voided volume (n = 9 studies). No studies reported estimates of voiding frequency. Between-study heterogeneity was high (89.0–99.6%). Conclusions Although we were able to calculate pooled mean estimates for several parameters, the small number of included studies and the wide age ranges of participants preclude generalization of reference values to all healthy girls. Further research is needed to determine normative reference values within specific age groups.
Estimating runup with limited bathymetry

Abstract Wave runup estimates are used in erosion and overtopping models, and in coastal structure design. However, runup depends on often incompletely known surf and swash bathymetry. The many existing runup parameterizations characterizing bathymetry with only the foreshore (swash zone) beach slope β f are necessarily of limited accuracy. Here, an empirical model relating runup to incident wave spectra is extended to include an effective, mid-surfzone slope, β eff , that depends on the cross-shore location of the midpoint of breaking-wave dissipation. The empirical model is trained using numerical simulations (SWASH) of 138 hindcast historical storm waves, two different offshore infragravity wave boundary conditions, and 24 representative eroded beach bathymetries from a southern California beach. The model is tuned for the swell waves and concave up (sometimes barred) depth profiles characteristic of the study region. Consistent with their generation by surfzone-wide processes, setup and infragravity runup depend more strongly on surfzone β eff than on foreshore β f . In contrast, sea-swell runup depends more strongly on shoreline processes, and β f is more important than β eff . Empirical model accuracy is improved by including both β eff and β f .
Dynamic Power Optimizations

Dynamic power is an important component of the power consumption of a hardware design. In this chapter, we present two algorithms that target the reduction of dynamic power during the CAOS-based synthesis process and produce RTL that can be synthesized into power-efficient hardware. We also present experimental results to show that when a CAOS specification is compiled using these algorithms, the resulting hardware (without any additional gate-level power optimizations) has power/area/latency numbers comparable to those obtained by using the well-known industrial-strength power optimization RTL to gate-level synthesis tools such as Magma Blast Power or Synopsys Power Compiler.
Urban-Rural Differences: Implications for Education and Training

Abstract The social work profession has shown increased concern for urban and rural differences in practice, but there has been little effort to document them. This paper provides some differentiation by using frequency distributions and correlation techniques to compare rural and urban states. A set of hypotheses regarding the relationship among state population rank, social work manpower variables, and social indicators was tested based on assumptions in the literature regarding rural and urban differences. Findings indicated that many theoretical assumptions about these differences were not supported by empirical data. The implications of the findings for social work education and practice in rural areas are discussed.
Paediatric robotic‐assisted laparoscopic augmentation ileocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy (RALIMA): feasibility of and initial experience with the University of Chicago technique

Objective •To present the first series of complete intracorporeal robotic-assisted laparoscopic augmentation ileocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff appendico-vesicostomy (RALIMA) in a paediatric population. Patients and methods • From February to November 2008, six patients with neurogenic bladder secondary to spina bifida (status post corrective spine surgery) were selected to undergo RALIMA by a single surgeon (MSG) at the University of Chicago Medical Center. • Patients had constipation, day and night-time incontinence, with recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), and failed attempts at anticholinergic therapy and clean intermittent catheterization. All had low-capacity bladders with poor compliance and high leak point pressures. • Preoperative bowel preparation was not performed. Mean follow-up is 18 months. Results • One patient required conversion to open ileal augmentation because of failure to progress and another underwent augmentation ileocystoplasty without appendico-vesicostomy. The average age of patients was 9.75 years (range 8-11 years). • Average operative time was 8.4 h (range 6-11 h). There were no intraoperative complications. One patient had a postoperative wound infection, one had a lower extremity venous thrombus, and another had temporary unilateral lower extremity paresthesia that has resolved. Three patients required revision of their stoma at the skin-level. • Perioperatively, patients only required oral analgesia for 24-36 h (excluding one patient with paralytic ileus), started on liquid diet after 7.5 hours (range 6-10 h), on regular diet after 24 h (range 12-36 h) and were discharged home within 7 days. • Postoperatively, patients demonstrated no leak on follow-up cystogram, and were catheterizing per apendico-vesicostomy (three patients by 6 weeks) or urethra (1 patient at 4 weeks). • All patients now have day and night-time continence with no UTIs, and bladder capacity of 250-450 mL. Conclusion • While longer follow-up will be necessary to see if these results are durable, this series demonstrates that RALIMA is a safe, feasible and effective procedure in the short term, with the possible added benefits of reduced analgesia, shorter recovery time and improved aesthetic appearance.
Clinical management of debatable tumor; report of a case.

Abstract A case in which a most unusual sequence of events occurred over a seven-year period has been reported. The diagnoses have included osteomyelitis, epidermoid carcinoma, cystic ameloblastoma, and epidermoid cyst. Up to the present date (November, 1957), the patient is free of disease and is under observation.
Examination of the relations between obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions and fear and distress disorder symptoms.

Abstract Background Whereas prior work has established fear and distress clusters underlying unipolar mood and anxiety disorders, the optimal placement of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) within this model is unclear. One likely contributor to this ambiguity is the heterogeneous nature of OCD. There is increasing evidence for distinct symptom dimensions that are more homogenous than the broad OCD phenotype. Using structural equation modeling, the current study examined the relations between various OCD symptom dimensions and symptoms associated with fear/distress disorders. Methods Participants included 526 individuals recruited from an online crowdsourcing marketplace. Results Results revealed that the symmetry obsessions/arranging compulsions, harm obsessions/checking compulsions, and unacceptable thoughts/neutralizing compulsions were related to both fear and distress disorder symptoms, whereas the contamination obsessions/washing compulsions dimension of OCD was specifically related to fear disorder symptoms. Limitations Limitations include the use of self-report questionnaires to measure all constructs of interest. Conclusions These findings add to a growing body of literature attesting to the multidimensional nature of OCD and progress our understanding of the etiological underpinnings of this severe and debilitating condition.
COR TRILOCULARE BIATRIATUM. REPORT OF A CASE WITH SURVIVAL TO THE AGE OF 29 YEARS.

Abstract The case of a 29-year-old woman with cor triloculare biatriatum is reported. A discussion is presented of the possible factors that accounted for her survival into adult life despite a defect in which such survival is exceptionally rare.
DE-ICING OF RADOMES AND LOCK WALLS USING PNEUMATIC DEVICES

A rough comparison between thermal and mechanical methods of de-icing indicates that mechanical methods could potentially de-ice with an order-of-magnitude less energy than that required to melt an ice accretion. Two applications of mechanical de-icing using pneumatically driven inflatable de-icers are described in this report. The first of these was the de-icing of a small cylindrical radome used for air navigational purposes. Two seasons of testing were conducted with a de-icer consisting of an inflatable-deflatable flexible plastic covering. The de-icer was driven by tanks with pressure and vacuum reservoirs that were recharged by an on-site air compressor in response to a pressure sensor. The de-icing cycle was activated by an ice detector so the system responded to icing events on a demand basis driven by the ice detector. The system proved successful in keeping the radome free of ice without manned operation and with small energy consumption in a mountain icing environment. The second application was an attempt to de-ice the walls of locks used in river navigational facilities. Ice usually formed at the high-water-mark by the freezing of the water exposed to low air temperatures or by the pressing of ice against the walls by ships using the locks. The de-icers consisted of air-driven hoses mounted on the wall covered by a thick flexible rubber mat and protected from ship damage by steel outer plates. This method was successful in removing ice accumulations up to 2 m long by 0.3 m thick over the area covered by the de-icer. Installation costs and the necessity for protection of the de-icer against abrasion by ships may make this de-icing method prohibitively expensive compared with methods which are not as susceptible to damage by ships (e.g. chemical coatings and electrical heating cables buried in the walls).
A nonphotic stimulus inverts the diurnal-nocturnal phase preference in Octodon degus

Mechanisms differentiating diurnal from nocturnal species are thought to be innate components of the circadian timekeeping system and may be located downstream from the circadian pacemaker within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In the present study, we found that the dominant phase of behavioral activity and body temperature (Tb) is susceptible to modification by a specific modality of behavioral activity (wheel-running activity) in Octodon degus, a mammal that exhibits multiple chronotypes. Seven Octodon degus exhibited diurnal Tb and locomotor activity (LMA) circadian rhythms while entrained to a 24 h light/dark cycle (LD 12:12). When the diurnal animals were provided unrestricted access to a running wheel, the overt daily rhythms in these animals inverted to nocturnal. This nocturnal pattern was sustained in constant darkness and returned to diurnal after removal of the running wheel. Six additional animals exhibited nocturnal chronotypes in LD 12:12 regardless of access to running wheels. Wheel-running activity inverted the phase preference in the diurnal animals without changing the 24 hr mean LMA or Tb levels. Because wheel running did not increase the amplitude of the pre-existing diurnal pattern, simple masking effects on LMA and Tb cannot explain the rhythm inversion. The diurnal-nocturnal inversion occurred without reversing crepuscular-timed episodes of activity, suggesting that diurnal or nocturnal phase preference is controlled separately from the intrinsic timing mechanisms within the SCN and can be dependent on behavioral or environmental factors.
Metallothionein mediates leukocyte chemotaxis.

Background Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich, metal-binding protein that can be induced by a variety of agents. Modulation of MT levels has also been shown to alter specific immune functions. We have noticed that the MT genes map close to the chemokines Ccl17 and Cx3cl1. Cysteine motifs that characterize these chemokines are also found in the MT sequence suggesting that MT might also act as a chemotactic factor.
Soft commutated direct current motor

A novel soft commutated direct current (DC) motor is introduced. The current of the commutated coil is intentionally drained before the brush disconnects the coil. This prevents the spark generation that normally occurs in conventional DC motors. A similar principle can be applied for DC generators.
Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging and its Bioscale of Tissue Sodium Concentration

Quantitative sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures the central metabolic process of ion homeostasis that is essential for healthy tissue. The bioscale of tissue sodium concentration derived from sodium MRI can monitor regional disease progression and treatment responses in individual patients and can potentially be used to guide therapy. The nuclear properties of sodium demand specialized approaches for quantitative MRI including pulse sequences with short echo times and short duration RF pulses while minimizing total acquisition times for human applications. A comprehensive quantification scheme that corrects for imaging imperfections from B0 and B1 inhomogeneities and converts sodium MR images from an arbitrary signal intensity scale into a meaningful bioscale is described. The tissue sodium concentration thus measured can be modeled from the known intra- and extracellular sodium activities and the volume fraction of the extracellular space using a multicompartment model. Applications of quantitative sodium imaging are illustrated in the clinical settings of stroke and for monitoring tumor response to irradiation. Keywords: sodium imaging; twisted projection imaging; quantitative imaging; tissue sodium concentration; bioscale
Effect of Porosity and Microstructure on the Strength of Si3N4: Designed Microstructure for High Strength, High Thermal Shock Resistance, and Facile Machining

The flexural strength of porous Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} ceramics with a variety of microstructures and porosities were evaluated, and the effect of microstructure on the flexural strength was investigated to obtain machinable Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} ceramics having both high strength and high thermal shock resistance. Porous Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} having three types of microstructure, consisting of (1) only spherical grains, (2) combinations of spherical and columnar grains, and (3) only columnar {beta}-grains connected randomly in three dimensions, were readied as specimens. Their mean pore diameters and porosities were 0.2 to 0.3 {mu}m and 8% to 59%, respectively. The flexural strength of the porous Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} (3) was much larger than that of the porous Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} having the other microstructures, and the maximum flexural strength was 455 MPa at a porosity of 38.3%. The thermal shock resistance ({Delta}T), which was determined by a water quench test, of porous SI{sub 3}N{sub 4} with such microstructure and a porosity of 50% was 980 K. All of the porous Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} (3) was easily machined with cemented carbide drills.
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic studies of pristine polysilanes as precursor molecules for the solution deposition of amorphous silicon thin-films

Abstract Pristine polysilane containing only Si and H is considered as a potential precursor material that allows the solution-based deposition of hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) thin-films reducing manufacturing cost of Si thin-film photovoltaic devices. This study explored three different synthetic routes including Wurtz-type reductive coupling reaction, hydrogenation of Si anionic compound, and the dehydrocoupling reaction in order to realize the soluble polysilane molecules. While Wurtz-type reaction of diiodosilane presented us a direct synthetic scheme for hydrogenated polysilane, the results indicated that an extremely controlled air-free system for the synthesis and sample handling would be necessary to prevent the formation of siloxane bonds from the spontaneous reaction between silane-based molecules and water in the air. While the hydrogenation of CaSi2 and the dehydrocoupling reaction of phenylsilane provided more stable forms of polysilane, dissolution of the polysilane from CaSi2 in dichlorobenzene was not successful possibly due to its layered structure succeeded from CaSi2 and the removal of the phenyl groups from the synthesized polyphenylsilane remains as a challenge to realize the polysilane precursor necessary for the solution-based thin-film process of a-Si:H.
Measurement of Parity Nonconservation in Atomic Bismuth

Parity-nonconserving optical rotation on the 8757-A magnetic-dipole absorption line in atomic bismuth vapor has been observed and measured. Our result, RequivalentIm(E/sub 1//M/sub 1/) = (-10.4 +- 1.7) x 10/sup -8/, is of the approximate size calculated using the Weinberg-Salam theory of the weak neutral current interaction with sin/sup 2/q/sub W/ = 0.23.
The American Tradition of Empirical Collectivism.

About the American tradition of individualism much has been said and written—so much, indeed, that this country has come to be regarded as the stronghold of individualism. That the ideal of the free individual has long pervaded American thought cannot, of course, be denied. Yet while it is true that this tradition is clearly discernible throughout American political development, its role has been grossly exaggerated. Along with individualism there has existed in America, from the earliest days of colonization, an equally strong and an equally significant collectivist tradition. The New Deal and its presumptive successor, the Fair Deal, regarded by so many as new and dangerous departures, actually are like their predecessors, the Square Deal and the New Freedom, the Granger and the Populist movements, merely episodes in the development of a venerable American tradition of collectivism.
Über die Regelmässigkeit der Natur bei Kant

Zusammenfassung Hume unterscheidet zwischen dem Prinzip, dass alles, was geschieht, einen Kausalgrund hat, und dem Prinzip der Regelmassigkeit der Natur, d.h. dass ahnliche Kausalgriinde ahnliche Kausalfolgen haben. In der zweiten Analogie der Erfahrung versucht Kant, die Erklarung unserer Annalime des ersten Prinzips, welche er irrtumlieherweise Hume zuschreibt, zu widerlcgen. Er versucht dort nichl ausdrucklich das zweite Prinzip zu begrunden, aber J. Dodge hat nachgewiesen, dass die zweite Analogie doch versteckterweise eine Begrundung dieses Prinzips enthalt, Kant selbst begrundet jedoch dieses zweite Prinzip nur als ein regulatives Prinzip der reflektierenden Urteilskraft. Summary Hume distinguished the principle that everything has a cause from the principle of the uniformity of nature, viz., that like causes have like effects. In the Second Analogy of Experience Kant attempts to refute what he (erroneously) believed had been Hume's explanation of our acceptance of the first principle. He did not there attempt to establish the second principle, but J. Dodge has shown that the Second Analogy implicitly contains a justification of the principle of like causelike effect. Kant himself, however, justified the second principle only as a regulative principle of reflective judgment. Resume Hume distinguait le principe «tout a une cause » de celui de l' uniformite de la nature, e'est-a-dire «les memes causes ont les memes effets». Dans la seconde analogie de l' experience, Kant tente de refuter ce qu'il prenait a tort pour l' expHcation donnee par Hume dc notre acceptation du premier de ces principes. II n'essaye pas ici d' etablir le second, mais J. Dodge a montre que la seconde analogie en contient une justification. Pourtant Kant lui-meme ne lui reconnait qu'une function regulatrice du jugemcnl reflexif.
Positive mode silylation process characterization

Abstract In this paper we wish to report on our progress in developing a positive TSI system with emphasis on what we believe is a novel approach for characterizing the silylation process.
Is formal decompression necessary for parameniscal cysts associated with meniscal tears

Abstract Background Meniscal tears and associated parameniscal cysts have good outcomes after partial meniscectomy and cyst evacuation. Good outcomes have been noted after partial meniscectomy with recurrent cysts. This investigation asks if partial meniscectomy without meniscal cyst decompression is sufficient for positive patient outcome. Methods Sixteen patients treated between 2005 and 2010 for a meniscal cyst and concomitant meniscal tear. Inclusion criteria were meniscal tear and parameniscal cyst per MRI, no prior surgery on the affected knee, and Outerbridge classification of I/II. Two patients were excluded. Fourteen patients completed the study until final follow-up. Lysholm knee scores were documented at 6 months post-operatively and at final follow-up. Re-evaluation or second surgery of the treated knee was documented. Results Eight lateral cysts and six medial cysts were diagnosed. Eight cysts were associated with a horizontal cleavage tear, while six menisci had a complex tear with a horizontal cleavage component. The average cyst size was 1.3 cm (0.5 to 3.5) at the largest diameter. At 6 months, the average Lysholm knee score was 94.1. At mean 5 years, the average score was 89.1. Patients with medial cysts, cysts greater than 1.0 cm, horizontal cleavage tears, or without simultaneous chondroplasty scored higher in the short and medium-term than their respective counterparts. Conclusions Excellent short and medium-term outcomes can be achieved following partial meniscectomy without cyst decompression for patients with meniscal cysts and associated meniscal tears. Level of evidence Level IV
Control charts based on order-restricted tests

Control charts are used to monitor process characteristics and to detect changes in process levels. In many situations the deterioration of a process results in process levels that drift monotonically over time. In this paper we use two well-known order-restricted tests to construct new control charts. Simulations are used to compare the new control charts to the exponentially weighted moving average chart. The comparisons show that the performance of the new control charts is similar to that of the EWMA chart.
Modeling and Decision-making for Reverse Production System Design for Carpet Recycling

The conservation and efficient use of materials will become a dominant theme of the industrialization of the upcoming millennium. One strategy for increasing material efficiency is their reuse through various recycling technologies and systems. A framework for modeling reverse production systems (RPSs) is motivated and developed. Reverse production systems are focused on the recovery, reuse and recycling of post-consumer and post-manufacturing waste. The framework developed underlies a mixed integer linear programming model that can be used to study the strategic design of RPSs. The framework and model are applied to the case of carpel recycling in (he DSA and to a regional system for the State of Georgia in particular. It is demonstrated that systems issues can be as important as individual technology development, but that above all, there is a need to foster markets for all the elements of the materials streams that are being recovered.
Neuroglial responses to the dopaminergic neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mouse striatum

We have studied the reactive responses of both astrocytes and microglia to dopaminergic denervation of the striatum by MPTP. Following MPTP treatment, increased GFAP immunoreactivity reached a peak at 2 days and persisted for at least 6 weeks. Immunoreactivity to vimentin was also markedly increased in astrocytes 48 h after MPTP treatment. Striatal laminin immunoreactivity, however, appeared to be unaffected by drug treatment. GFAP protein levels increased to 196% and 321% of control 24 and 48 hours after MPTP treatment, respectively. Concomitantly, GFAP mRNA levels increased to 560% and 1620% of control, respectively. These reactive changes in striatal astrocytes in response to MPTP treatment were also accompanied by a reactive microglial response as evidenced by increased immunohistochemical visualization of striatal microglia using antibodies to Mac-1. Our results and those reported previously by O'Callaghan et al., strongly suggest that MPTP-induced reactive gliosis in mouse striatum is associated with reactive microglia, albeit without increased interleukin-1 beta.
Thermogenic and corticosterone responses to intravenous cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) are attenuated by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy

The brain orchestrates changes in behavior and physiology as a consequence of peripheral immune activation and infection. These changes require that the brain receives signals from the periphery that an immunological challenge has occurred. Previous research has established that cytokines play a role in signalling the brain. What remains unclear, however, is how peripheral cytokines signal the central nervous system. A recent proposal is that cytokines signal the brain by stimulating peripheral nerves. The hypothesis states that following infection and the release of cytokines such as IL-1beta into local tissue or microvasculature, IL-1beta stimulates IL-1 receptors on vagal afferent terminals, or more likely on cells of vagal paraganglia. Vagal afferents, in turn, signal the brain. Previous work has demonstrated that transection of the vagus below the level of the diaphragm blocks or attenuates many illness consequences of intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or IL-1beta. The present studies extend these findings by examining the effect of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on illness consequences following intravenously (i.v.) administered IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy attenuated both the fever response and corticosterone response produced by i.v. administered cytokines. This effect was dose dependent. The results add support to the hypothesis that vagal afferents are involved in peripheral cytokine-to-brain communication.
On Nonminimal Coupling of the Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields: The Astrophysical Evidence for the Schuster-Blackett Conjecture and its Implications

The Schuster-Blackett (S-B) conjecture, which supposes the relationshipM/J=βG 1/2 /2c between the magnetic dipole moments (M) of celestial objects and their angular momenta (J), where G is the Newtonian constant of gravitation, c the speed of light, and β a dimensionless constant of order unity, is examined in the context of the evolution of pulsar gyromagnetic ratios. It is demonstrated that the evolution of pulsar gyromagnetic ratios is not consistent with the strong form of the S-B conjecture where β is taken to be a constant. The pulsar evidence, which shows evolution withM/J constant for individual short-period pulsars, however, does admit the validity of a weaker form of the S-B conjecture, where β is allowed to take on a range of values. It is also shown that the only conventional explanation of the origin of pulsar magnetic fields that produces evolution where the gyromagnetic ratio remains constant for individual pulsars which generates magnetic fields of sufficient strength, the thermally driven Hall-field-limited battery effect, may not convincingly account for the observed behavior of pulsars. A few of the implications of the S-B conjecture and the pulsar evidence are explored.
Advanced characterization of electrowetting retroreflectors.

Electrowetting retroreflectors use a simple and scalable construction, and incorporate an electrically tunable liquid lenslet. By electrically modulating the lenslet geometry, the reflection is switched between retroreflection and scattering. In this paper, we report new capability and characterization, including higher index liquids and contrast ratio as a function of contact angle (θV). The reflected intensity is also spatially profiled and reported as a function of view angle. A high contrast ratio of >16X is demonstrated, and methods for further improving performance are discussed. Because the electrowetting retroreflector platform is broad spectrum (VIS-IR), the electrowetting retroreflector may be useful for a large variety of naked eye applications such as safety markings, road-signage, or friend-foe-identification.
Talking about past emotions: Conversations between Peruvian mothers and their preschool children

In this study, we examined gender and age variations in the use of emotion words during mother–child conversations about experiences. Thirty-two middle-class, Spanish-speaking, Peruvian mothers and their 3- and 5-year-old children participated in this study. Conversations were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded for number, types of emotions discussed, and conversational contexts in which the emotion word was embedded. Age differences were found only in children's use of emotion words. Gender differences were found only in mothers' use of emotion words. Findings are discussed in relation to socialization practices of emotional expression and gender in middle-class Peruvian society. Our results support and provide a developmental perspective on findings obtained in studies of adult emotional expression across various cultures.
Mechanistic studies of the oxygen evolution reaction by a cobalt-phosphate catalyst at neutral pH.

The mechanism of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by catalysts prepared by electrodepositions from Co2+ solutions in phosphate electrolytes (Co-Pi) was studied at neutral pH by electrokinetic and 18O isotope experiments. Low-potential electrodepositions enabled the controlled preparation of ultrathin Co-Pi catalyst films (<100 nm) that could be studied kinetically in the absence of mass transport and charge transport limitations to the OER. The Co-Pi catalysts exhibit a Tafel slope approximately equal to 2.3 × RT/F for the production of oxygen from water in neutral solutions. The electrochemical rate law exhibits an inverse first order dependence on proton activity and a zeroth order dependence on phosphate for [Pi] ≥ 0.03 M. In the absence of phosphate buffer, the Tafel slope is increased ∼3-fold and the overall activity is greatly diminished. Together, these electrokinetic studies suggest a mechanism involving a rapid, one electron, one proton equilibrium between CoIII−OH and CoIV−O in which a phosph...
Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons in insects: Decarboxylation of long chain acids ton-alkanes inPeriplaneta

The biosynthetic pathway ofn-alkanes was investigated in the cockroachesPeriplaneta americana andPeriplaneta fuliginosa. Both sodium [1-14C] acetate and randomly tritiated long chain fatty acids were incorporated into the cuticular hydrocarbons of both species. The relative incorporation of acetate into each component of the hydrocarbon fraction was about the same as the relative amount of each component in the fraction. In contrast, [R-3H] hexacosanoic acid was preferentially incorporated inton-pentacosane inP. americana and [R-3H] tetracosanoic acid inton-tricosane inP. fuliginosa. Long chain ketones and secondary alcohols, likely intermediates in the proposed condensation-reduction pathway forn-alkane biosynthesis, were not incorporated into hydrocarbon. Results from experiments with dual labeled lauric aicd were also not consistent with the condensation-reduction pathway. The demonstration of the direct decarboxylation of long chain fatty acids ton-alkanes one carbon unit shorter and the lack of incorporation of proposed intermediates of a condensation-reduction pathway constitute the strongest evidence to date that insects utilize an elongation-decarboxylation pathway forn-alkane biosynthesis.
Drewria potomacensis gen. et sp. nov., an early Cretaceous member of Gnetales from the Potomac Group of Virginia

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The aqueous geochemistry of neptunium: Dynamic control of soluble concentrations with applications to nuclear waste disposal

The valence state of neptunium, one of the most important radionuclides of concern for long-term emplacement of nuclear waste, primarily defines its geochemical reactions and migration behavior. We evaluate how redox potential and solid-phase stability interact and influence neptunium solubility and aqueous speciation in natural systems. Neptunium thermodynamic data for the most important valence states for natural waters, +IV and +V, are updated to correct database inconsistencies. The most significant changes are as follows: (1) Np2O5(cr) is 2 orders of magnitude more stable than reported previously, (2) the stability of NpO2OH(aq) is reduced, (3) NpO2(OH)2- and mixed Np(V) hydroxo-carbonato species become important at high pH, and (4) Np(OH)5- is disregarded as a valid species. As a result, Np2O5 and Np(OH)4(am) are the stable solids in aquifers of low ionic strength, neptunium solubility decreases in the pH range 10−12 and increases at pH above 12, and both redox potential and Np(OH)4(am) solubility ...
A NEW SPECIES OF TELENOMUS PARASITIC ON GEOCORIS (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA; HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) IN CALIFORNIA

Telenomus reynoldsi n. sp. (Scelionidae: Telenominae) is described as an egg parasite of Geocoris punctipes Say and G . pallens Stal in California. The parasite has been recovered from cotton fields at Thermal and Indio, and from strawberry fields at El Toro, California. Additional material deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has been recovered from Geocoris collected at Buttonwillow and Weed, California.
Specifying Weights in Spatial Forecasting Models: The Results of Some Experiments

The application of space-time forecasting models requires the specification of a set of place-to-place weights. The existing literature contains several recommendations for this specification. By a...
Nonlinear grating behavior of phthalocyanine Langmuir-Blodgett films.

Optical second-harmonic generation was observed from nickel tetracumylphenoxy phthalocyanine films deposited on quartz by the Langmuir–Blodgett (L-B) technique. The L-B films consist of microcrystallites, i.e., phthalocyanine aggregates, which have a preferred in-plane orientation with respect to the deposition direction. The L-B films also display characteristics of a nonlinear grating with the same periodicity and groove depth over the entire surface. This is to our knowledge the first time that such nonlinear grating behavior has been observed from an organometallic multilayer film.
Rotational dephasing of symmetric top molecules: Analytic expressions and applications

Abstract An analytic expression for the rotational dephasing of an ensemble of symmetric top molecules excited by a short laser pulse is developed. This expression can be used to discern rotation from electronic and vibrational dynamics in polarization resolved studies and is computationally less demanding than numeric simulations used previously. The result agrees well with quantum mechanical treatment, both at room temperature and at cold rotational temperatures found in molecular beams. Applications to transient anisotropy and photoelectron angular distributions are given. Finally, we raise the possibility of combining transient anisotropy techniques with time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.