cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clarifying boundary conditions and extending the motives for nonimmediate language use: A proposed model and test using physicians' role experience and gender

This study examines, in empirical and theoretical terms, the notion of verbal immediacy taken from the discipline of communication and Wiener and Mehrabian's (1968) work. Physicians’ role experience and gender were found to predict nonimmediate language use, with experience being positively related to use of spatial nonimmediacy and automatic phrases. Gender and experience interact to predict physicians’ use of temporal, implicit, and qualified nonimmediacy. Inexperienced male physicians used the most immediate language overall during interaction with patients, whereas experienced male physicians used the most nonimmediate language overall during interaction with patients. Physicians may use these findings to understand how specific speech forms are used to objectify experience. With this understanding, physicians may choose to tailor some speech patterns. Theorists may use these findings to further understand the motives for use of particular speech indices which may, at times, communicate avoidance, but...
Autoxidation of Methyl Linoleate in Freeze-Dried Model Systems. III. Effects of Added Amino Acids

SUMMARY Oxidation of methyl linoleate in a model system based on microcrystalline cellulose was studied in the presence and absence of added amino acids in concentrations ranging from 10-4 to 10-2 moles- of additive per mole of linoleate. All experiments were conducted in freeze-dried model systems, in absence of water; the oxidation was followed manometrically and by determination of diene conjugation. Parallel experiments were conducted on the same systems in the presence of conventional antioxidants including propyl gallate. Certain amino acids, including histidine, p-amino-butyric acid, lysine, and cysteine, had substantial antioxidant activity. The nature of this activity was found to be different from that observed with propyl gallate, since the main, if not sole, effect of the amino compounds was to prolong the induction period and to affect the initial rate of oxidation. No effect was present in the more rapid, bimolecular phase of oxidation; whereas propyl gallate had an inhibitory effect in this later stage also. Kinetic interpretation of the data and the significance of the findings to stability problems in dehydrated foods are discussed.
General updates about SBML and SBML Team activities

In this presentation, I summarize very briefly some recent updates to SBML.org, SBML development, and software from the SBML Team.
Comparison of SASOC, a measure of dental aesthetics, with three orthodontic indices and orthodontist judgment

– Scores for three malocclusion indices (HLD, TPI and OI) and Orthodontist Judgment (OJ) were available for the 100 orthodontic study models utilized in the development of SASOC, the Social Acceptability Scale of Occlusal Conditions. The ability of SASOC to predict need for treatment using OJ as a standard was compared to the ability of HLD, TPI and OI to predict OJ's decisions. In addition, determinations of need for treatment of each of the 100 models using HLD, OI and OJ were compared to SASOC's rankings for the public's perceptions of aesthetic, acceptability. Finally, the agreement of HLD, OI and OJ with each other in assessing need for treatment was compared. Results indicated: 1) that SASOC's, HLD's, TPI's and OI's “hit rate” in predicting OJ ranged between 73% and 81 %; 2) HLD's, OI's and OJ's assessment of malocclusion paralleled lay perceptions of aesthetic acceptability (SASOC), and 3) there were differences of agreement among HLD, OI and OJ as to which cases had a definite need for treatment. There was more agreement on cases which did not have a definite need for treatment than on those which did. A tool which assesses only the aesthetic component of occlusal configurations was judged to be more suitable in the study of the social and psychological impact of malocclusion than indices and orthodontist judgment which include professional criteria as well as aesthetics in their assessments of malocclusion.
Bayesian identification of clustered outliers in multiple regression

We propose a Bayesian model for clustered outliers in multiple regression. In the literature, outliers are frequently modeled as coming from a subgroup where the variance of the errors is much larger than in the rest of the data. By contrast, when a cluster of outliers exists, we show that it can be more informative to model them as coming from a subgroup where different regression coefficients hold. We can explicitly model the clustering phenomenon by assuming that the probability of an outlier is a function of the explanatory variables. Fitting proceeds via the Gibbs sampler, using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm to produce variates from the more unusual distributions. Initialization uses a least median of squares fit, and in some ways this method can be viewed as a Bayesian version of the many algorithms that use this fit as a start to some more efficient estimator. This method works very well in a variety of test data sets. We illustrate its use in a data set of sailboat prices, where it yields information both on the identity of the outliers and on their location, spread, and the regression coefficients inside the minority subgroup.
Lipolytic and peroxidative enzyme expressions in cultured potato tuber cells

Potato cells (cv. Norchip) were cultured from tuber parenchymal tissue and subcultured to dissociate and habituate the despecialized cells. After several subculturings on a minimal nutrient media, this line of cells demonstrated repeatable physical growth profiles for dry weight (DW), fresh weight (FW) and protein. Two enzymes of plant lipid metabolism were investigated, lipolytic acyl hydrolase (LAH) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which respectively liberate and peroxidize fatty acids from lipid in cellular membranes. LAH, measured as p-nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolase, was present in this line of cells in easily detectable amounts (317 units g-1 DW) albeit much lower than that found in mother tuber (9878 units g-1 DW). The presence of LAH in this line is significant because LAH isozymes are often described as storage proteins, yet activity per gram fresh weight in these unorganized cells is reasonably constant until culture growth exits the linear phase. However, LOX, the most active free fatty acid metabolizing enzyme in potato tubers (89,800 units g-1 DW), was not detectable in this line of callus or suspension cultured cells. The absence of LOX activity in this line of cells was verified by a number of assay approaches and was confirmed by activity staining of extracted enzymes separated in polyacrylamide gels. The absence of LOX in these cultured cells is especially important in determining the functions of this lipid peroxidation system and how it may be genetically regulated.
High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy of the ν2 Band of CH3NC

Abstract The first completely resolved vibration-rotation spectrum of the ν 2 band of CH 3 NC was observed and measured between 2100 and 2200 cm −1 with an interferometric spectrometer at a spectral resolution of 0.004 cm −1 . Two hundred sixty-nine resolved transitions were assigned to the R ( J , K ) branches spanning J = 3-57 and K = 3-9. Spectroscopic constants for the ν 2 state of CH 3 NC were obtained for the unperturbed portions of the band using a least-squares fit to 236 transitions.
Reduction of Norwalk virus, poliovirus 1 and coliphage MS2 by monochloramine disinfection of water

The reduction of Norwalk virus (NV) by a 2 mg/L dose of pre-formed monochloramine was determined at pH 8 and 5°C in bench-scale, batch disinfection experiments using quantitative RT-PCR for NV assays. Two other enteric viruses, poliovirus 1 (PV1) and coliphage MS2, were included for comparison and assayed by infectivity as well as RT-PCR. After 3h, reductions of PV1 and MS2 by infectivity assays were about 1 log 10 but there were no reductions of these viruses by RT-PCR assays. Hence, RT-PCR underestimated virus inactivation by monochloramine. However, NV reduction by monochloramine was about 1 log 10 by RT-PCR assay, suggesting that it is more susceptible to monochloramine than the other two viruses tested. Based on RT-PCR titre reduction, the CT 99 value for NV was about 775 mg-min/L. If the reduction of NV infectivity by monochloramine is ever greater than the reduction of RT-PCR signals, the CT 99 value would be smaller. However, the results of this study indicate that NV and the other enteric viruses tested are not rapidly and extensively reduced by disinfection with pre-formed monochloramine.
Unoriented branched coverings arising from group actions

For an unbranched coveringf: M'Nt', [M] = (degf)[N] in unoriented cobordism 9 *. Thus, in general, if f: M N is a branched covering, then [M ] (deg f )[ N ] depends upon the branching behavior. In this note we describe the ideal IG of unoriented cobordism classes [MM"]IGI[ M"/G], where G is a finite group acting on M so that M M/G is a IGI-fold smooth branched covering of closed smooth manifolds.
The Structure of Phonological Processing and Its Relationship to Basic Reading

We investigated various structural models of phonological processing and the relationship of phonological processing abilities to basic reading. Data were collected on 116 kindergarten and first grade students. The specific ability model, which included phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid automatized naming as separate abilities, had the strongest fit to the data. Of the specific phonological processing abilities, rapid automatized naming was least associated with a second-order factor. Phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming accounted for variance in word reading, although the latter demonstrated limited practical utility. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Intracellular distribution of lysosomal enzymes in the mouse pigment mutants pale ear and pallid.

The size distribution of lysosomes was determined in kidney proximal tubule cells of two mouse pigment mutants, pale ear and pallid, which have an increase in kidney lysosomal enzyme content caused by a decreased rate of secretion of lysosomal enzymes into urine. Both mutations have larger lysosomes when compared with normal mice. However, neither mutant contains the giant lysosomes (up to 11 micron diameter) common to the well-characterized beige mutant, which has a kidney secretory defect similar to the pale ear and pallid mutants. Subcellular distribution studies, performed by the osmotic shock technique, likewise suggested differences among the pigment mutants. A very high content of soluble enzyme, indicative of lysosomal fragility during homogenization, was found in extracts from the beige mutation. By comparison, the percent of soluble enzyme became progressively lower in extracts of the pallid and pale ear mutants and was lowest in extracts from normal mice. All 3 pigment mutants had normal concentrations of osmotically resistant membrane-bound lysosomal enzymes. This indicates that the excess, non-secreted, lysosomal enzyme in all three pigment mutants likely is present in classical lysosomal organelles rather than in other non-lysosomal subcellular membrane fractions. The results also illustrate that mammalian mutants which exhibit decreased lysosomal secretory rates can have strikingly different effects on morphology of lysosomes.
Synchronous Perivesical and Renal Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor in a 9-year-old Boy: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Pediatric extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are rare and aggressive (20% 5-year survival). Only 2 cases of bladder MRTs have been published. We report on a 9-year-old boy presenting with gross hematuria, palpable pelvic mass, and an obstructed, nonfunctional kidney. Evaluation was consistent with a 9.7 cm extrarenal MRT invading the bladder and prostate. He underwent a cystoprostatectomy, Indiana pouch continent urinary reservoir creation, and a left nephroureterectomy. A discrete 2.5 cm focus of renal MRT was found. To our knowledge, this is the first case of simultaneous perivesical and renal MRT. We review the current management of pediatric extrarenal MRTs.
Absent posteroinferior and anterosuperior atrial septal defect rims: factors affecting nonsurgical closure of large secundum defects using the amplatzer occluder

Using transesophageal echocardiography, we sought to determine the anatomic characteristics of the secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) that extend into the inferior sinus venosus and have no posteroinferior (PI) rim, to determine the factors related to potential closure with an Amplatzer occluder. We also sought to understand why large secundum ASDs with a PI but without an anterosuperior (AS) rim may require special techniques to reorient the left atrial disk before deployment of the waist and right atrial disk. We measured the lengths of 5 separate rims of the circumferences of 76 secundum ASDs, including anteroinferior, AS, superior, posterosuperior, and PI rims. We also measured anteroposterior and superoinferior defect diameters, total septal lengths, and the ratios of defect diameter to total septal length. The atrial depth was measured at the axial angle of the delivery sheath in 5 defects with no AS rim for which special techniques were required to achieve successful closure. Of 76 secundum ASDs, 13 (17%) had no PI rim. Each defect extended from the fossa ovalis into the inferior sinus venosus. Compared with defects with a PI rim, the factors related to potential closure included 100% larger defect diameters, shorter posterosuperior rim lengths, larger defect to total septal length ratios, and completely flat posterior atrial walls. When the AS rim was absent the factors related to the need for special techniques included diameters >/= 22 mm, atrial depth < the calculated Amplatzer occluder left atrial disk diameter, rigid wire/disk interface, and obligatory left atrial disk orientation more or less perpendicular to the atrial septal plane.
Attentional Blocks Are Not Responsible for Age-Related Slowing

Reaction time (RT) data in two tasks from a total of 784 adults between 18 and 87 years of age were analyzed to determine the relation between age and parameters of the intra-individual RT distribution. Although the absolute magnitude of the age differences was greatest for the slowest RTs in each individual's RT distribution, there was little or no independent age-related variance in the slowest RTs after controlling for the variance in the fastest RTs. Furthermore, the relation between RT and measures of motor speed, perceptual speed, working memory, and accuracy in several cognitive tasks was of nearly the same magnitude when only the fastest responses were considered as when both fast and slow responses were considered. These results imply that age-related slowing is associated with a shift (and expansion) in the entire RT distribution, and is not attributable to a selective influence on the individual's slowest responses.
Schizotypy, psychotic-like experiences and distress: An interaction model

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) have been found to exist on a continuum in both general and clinical populations. Such experiences may characterize normal and abnormal variations in personality, as well as prodromal or high risk states for the development of psychotic disorders. High risk paradigms tend to emphasize distress and impairment associated with PLEs, yet the extent to which individuals find PLEs to be distressing likely depends on moderating factors. In particular, individuals high in trait schizotypy may differ in their appraisal and reaction to PLEs. The current study examines the relationship between schizotypy, PLEs, and distress associated with PLEs in a college sample. Participants (N=355) completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Version (SPQ-B), which assesses schizotypal traits, and the Prodromal Questionnaire – Brief Version (PQ-B), which assesses both PLEs and associated distress. Schizotypy was found to significantly moderate the association between PLEs and subjective distress. Individuals high in trait schizotypy reported more PLEs, yet less distress associated with PLEs, relative to individuals low in trait schizotypy. Implications for high-risk state assessment are discussed.
Endothelin B receptor agonist, IRL-1620, provides long-term neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in rats

Abstract We have earlier shown that stimulation of endothelin B receptors by IRL-1620 provides significant neuroprotection at 24 h following cerebral ischemia. However, the effect of IRL-1620 is not known in the subacute phase of cerebral ischemia, where development of cerebral edema further contributes towards brain damage. This study was designed to determine the effect of IRL-1620 on neurological functions, infarct volume, oxidative stress, and endothelin receptors following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion for 7 days. Rats received three intravenous injections of either vehicle or IRL-1620 [Suc-[Glu9,Ala11,15]-Endothelin-1(8–12)] at 2, 4, and 6 h post occlusion. Treatment with IRL-1620 reduced infarct volume (54.06 ± 14.12 mm 3 vs. 177.06 ± 13.21 mm 3 ), prevented cerebral edema and significantly improved all neurological and motor function parameters when compared to the vehicle-treated group. Vehicle-treated middle cerebral artery occluded rats demonstrated high levels of malondialdehyde and low levels of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase; these effects were reversed in IRL-1620 treated rats. No change in expression of endothelin A receptor was observed 7 days after induction of cerebral ischemia in vehicle or IRL-1620 treated rats. Rats receiving IRL-1620 demonstrated an upregulation of endothelin B receptor only in the infarcted hemisphere 7 days following occlusion. All effects of IRL-1620 were blocked by endothelin B receptor antagonist, BQ788. Results of the present study demonstrate that IRL-1620, administered on day 1, provides significant neuroprotection till 7 days after the induction of cerebral ischemia in rats. Selective endothelin B receptor activation may prove to be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
The effect of osmotic stress and hypophysectomy on blood and urine urea levels in frogs

Abstract 1. 1. Elimination of urea in the excreta of frogs ( Rana pipiens ) decreases from normal levels of 12 mg N per 100 g body weight per day to about 2 mg when animals are placed in 150 mM NaCl. There is a tendency to return to normal levels on prolonged exposure and complete recovery on return to tap water. 2. 2. NaCl treatment causes a threefold increase in blood urea level from normal values of 10 mg N per 100 ml. The higher level is maintained during at least 5 days in NaCl solution but returns to normal within 2 days in tap water. 3. 3. The pattern of decrease in urea excretion and increase in blood urea in salt solution is not significantly changed after removal of the adenohypophysis. Total N excretion is not altered when hypophysectomized animals are placed in salt solution. 4. 4. The results with R. pipiens are discussed in relation to those with other anuran species. Increased blood urea and decreased urea excretion are characteristic responses of anurans to environmental changes of a potentially dehydrating character. The degree of response varies in different species and the adaptive significance probably varies as well. The control mechanisms are unknown but differ in some respects at least from those controlling changes in active salt transport in response to osmotic stress.
Higgs bosons at the Fermilab Tevatron

We study the production and detection of the standard-model Higgs boson at the Fermilab Tevatron. The most promising mode is [ital WH] and [ital ZH] associated production followed by leptonic decay of the weak vector bosons and [ital H][r arrow][ital b[bar b]]. It may be possible to detect a Higgs boson of mass [ital m][sub [ital H]]=60--80 GeV with 1000 pb[sup [minus]1] of integrated luminosity. We also study the signature for a nonstandard bosonic'' Higgs boson whose dominant decay is to two photons. A signal is easily established with 100 pb[sup [minus]1] in the [ital WH] and [ital ZH] channels, with the weak vector bosons decaying leptonically or hadronically, up to [ital m][sub [ital H]]=100 GeV.
S100A1 and S100B expression and target proteins in type I diabetes.

Calcium receptor proteins are an essential link between hormones that alter intracellular calcium levels and the generation of cellular responses. However, there is no information available regarding the role of calcium receptor proteins, in particular the S100 family, in insulin action and/or diabetes. This study examines the effects of streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes on the expression of the individual S100A1 and S100B isoforms as well as their binding proteins. Diabetes did not increase (or initiate) S100B expression in any non-S100B-expressing tissue (skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, liver, spleen, and pancreas). In all S100B-expressing tissues examined (brain, white fat, and testes), S100B protein levels increased approximately 2-fold while steady state S100B messenger RNA (mRNA) levels decreased. S100A1-expressing tissues exhibited increased (kidney and lung), decreased (skeletal muscle), and unchanged (brain and heart) S100A1 protein levels. While noncoordinate changes in S100A1 protein and s...
Feasibility of Combined Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass in Patients With Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease

Background—Angioplasty has become an accepted treatment of patients with coronary artery disease and is now commonly used to treat patients with multivessel disease. The major disadvantage of angioplasty has been restenosis requiring repeat interventions with resultant loss of initial cost savings. Compared with the right and the circumflex coronary arteries, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) has been more adversely affected by restenosis. Recently, minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) to the LAD through a small left anterior thoracotomy using the left internal mammary artery has been performed in some centers with excellent early results and with reduced costs compared with standard bypass surgery. Methods and Results—We retrospectively reviewed the first 31 consecutive patients treated in our institution with integrated coronary revascularization (ICR): MIDCAB to the LAD combined with PTCA of the other diseased vessels in patients with multivessel disease. Postoperative angi...
CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND THE SUPPLY OF HOUSING STRUCTURE

ABSTRACT Construction costs account for the bulk of the price of new houses in most markets, but their study has been relatively neglected. We document that there are economically large differences in construction costs across U.S. housing markets. We also estimate a very elastic supply for physical structure; hence, differences in construction activity across markets do not explain the variation in costs. Supply shifters that collectively do account for differences in building costs include the extent of unionization within the construction sector, local wages, local topography in terms of the presence of high hills and mountains, and the local regulatory environment.
STABILITY OF REFRIGERATED MULLET SAUSAGE

A storage study including microbiological assay, chemical determination of rancidity, and sensory evaluation was performed on a sausage-type product developed from minced mullet. Eight treatments were tested to determine the effect of a liquid smoke flavoring, a textured soy flour, and two methods of flesh recovery (hand filleted or mechanically deboned flesh). Results indicated a shelf-life of approximately 2 wk at 2°C with no preservatives other than the liquid smoke flavoring (0.5%) and sodium nitrite (100 ppm). The limiting factor was the development of off-flavors which correlated to total bacterial counts of approximately 4.8 × 105 APC/g.
PHQ-8 Days: a measurement option for DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) severity

Background: Proposed draft diagnostic criteria for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) suggest that dimensional assessments can supplement dichotomous diagnoses by incorporating measures of severity, frequency, and duration, providing the ability to monitor changes in symptoms over time and to guide appropriate treatment. Methods: This report is based on data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2006 from 198,678 survey participants who responded to all eight Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) items. We evaluated use of the days version of the PHQ-8 to determine an optimal cut-point for identifying respondents with depression and to evaluate the performance characteristics of the PHQ-8 at this cut-point. Results: A PHQ-8 score of 55 or more days was determined to be the optimal cut-point when compared to the DSM-derived PHQ-8 algorithm for a major depressive episode (five or more symptoms present “more than half the days,” at least one of which must be anhedonia or depression). In the full sample, the sensitivity and the specificity of this cut-point were 0.91 (0.90-0.93) and 0.99 (0.99-0.99), respectively. Conclusion: The days version of the PHQ-8 may be a valuable dimensional alternative to the traditional PHQ-8 by offering finer granularity of dimensionality (a score of 0 to 112).
Simulation-based neurosurgical training for the presigmoid approach with a physical model.

BACKGROUND:In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of simulation to supplement conventional surgical training. Simulation remains, however, in its infancy in neurosurgery.OBJECTIVE:To report on and assess the utility of a simulation physical model for the presigmoid approach.METH
Use of intelligent agents to include signal analysis data

Signal analysis data, especially electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) data, provide important information for clinical decision-making. In order to arrive at a diagnosis, it is often necessary to combine these results with other clinical parameters. Problems remain in the automation of this process for the development of computer-assisted diagnosis tools. A promising approach includes the use of intelligent agents, a procedure that involves the development of a central mechanism to provide communications among differing methodologies and different information types to provide a comprehensive solution to the problem. This methodology is illustrated in a decision model for diagnosis of dementia emphasizing the inclusion of summary measures for EEG data.
Neurodevelopmental Outcome After Extreme Prematurity: A Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Advances in obstetric and neonatal medical care and assisted reproductive technology have increased the rates of preterm birth, decreased preterm mortality rates, and lowered the limit of viability. However, morbidity in survivors, including neurodevelopmental disabilities, has increased, especially in extremely preterm infants born at ≤25 weeks' gestation. A better understanding of the prevalence and patterns of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants is important for patient care, counseling of families, and research. Methods The PubMed and Ovid Medline databases were searched for full text articles published between 1999 and 2013 in English that reported neurodevelopmental outcomes after extreme prematurity, and a review of identified relevant cohort studies was performed. Results Extreme prematurity of 22 to 25 weeks' gestation is associated with an overall high mortality of ≥50%. High rates (17% to 59%) of severe neurodevelopmental disabilities occur among survivors on short-term follow-up. The rates of surviving unimpaired or minimally impaired are 6% to 20% for live-born infants at ≤25 weeks' gestation and Conclusions Infants who are born at ≤25 weeks' gestation, especially those born at 22 and 23 weeks' gestation, have a very low likelihood of surviving little or no impairment. Nearly half of surviving extremely premature infants have significant neurodevelopmental disabilities on short- and long-term follow-up. Instituting early intervention programs, providing family support, and establishing special educational school programs can pay high dividends and lead to brighter futures and, hence, help improve neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in enhancement of NMDA-receptor phosphorylation in animal models of pain.

Abstract Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in neuropathic pain, predominantly through spinal mechanisms. Since the data suggest that ROS are involved in central sensitization, the present study examines the levels of activated N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the dorsal horn before and after removal of ROS with a ROS scavenger, phenyl-N-t-butyl nitrone (PBN), in animal models of pain. Tight ligation of the L5 spinal nerve was used for the neuropathic pain model and intradermal injection of capsaicin was used for the inflammatory pain model. Foot withdrawal thresholds to von Frey stimuli to the paw were measured as pain indicators. The number of neurons showing immunoreactivity to phosphorylated NMDA-receptor subunit 1 (pNR1) and the total amount of pNR1 proteins in the spinal cord were determined using immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques, respectively. Hyperalgesia and increased pNR1 expression were observed in both neuropathic and capsaicin-treated rats. A systemic injection of PBN (100 mg/kg, i.p.) dramatically reduced hyperalgesia and blocked the enhancement of spinal pNR1 in both pain models within 1 h after PBN treatment. The data suggest that ROS are involved in NMDA-receptor activation, an essential step in central sensitization, and thus contribute to neuropathic and capsaicin-induced pain.
Neurogenetic patterns in the medial limbic cortex of the rat related to anatomical connections with the thalamus and striatum

[3H]Thymidine autoradiography was used to investigate neurogenesis in all areas of the limbic cortex in the medial wall of the hemisphere. The experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females injected with [3H]thymidine on 2 consecutive days: Embryonic Day (E)13-E14, E14-E15, ...E21-E22, respectively. On Postnatal Day (P)60, the proportion of neurons originating during 24-h periods were quantified at nine anteroposterior levels. Three types of neurogenetic gradients are found. (i) Deep cells are older than superficial cells: layer VI is generated mainly on E15-E16, layer V on E16-E18, and layers IV-II on E18-E20. (ii) There is a ventral/older to dorsal/younger gradient between the dorsal peduncular, infralimbic, and anterior cingulate areas rostral to the genu of the corpus callosum. A ventral/older to dorsal/younger gradient is also found between superficial cells (layers II-IV) in anterior cingulate (CG3/CG1), posterior cingulate (CG2/CG1), and retrosplenial areas (RSG/RSA). (iii) An anterior/older to posterior/younger gradient is found between areas throughout the medial limbic cortex. Some of these neurogenetic patterns correlate with anatomical interconnections between the supracallosal medial limbic cortex (posterior cingulate and retrosplenial areas) and the anteroventral/anteromedial thalamic nuclei: older thalamic cells have longer axons that terminate in cortical areas containing younger cells, while younger thalamic cells have shorter axons that terminate in cortical areas containing older cells. Projections from the medial limbic cortex to the striatum also correlate with neurogenetic gradients: older cortical source cells in the infralimbic area project to the older striatal cells in the enkephalin-rich patches, while younger cortical source cells in the cingulate areas project to younger striatal cells in the surrounding matrix.
Group Purchasing by a Regional Academic Medical Library Consortium: How SCAMeL Made It Work

Cooperative academic library organizations have existed in the United States at least since 1933. Many of these organizations formed prior to the advent of electronic resources have now added group negotiating, licensing, and purchasing to their activities. One of those consortia is the South Central Academic Medical Libraries (SCAMeL). The steps this organization took to succeed in collaborative electronic resource collection development and the possibilities for its future are discussed.
Sorafenib in metastatic thyroid cancer: A systematic review

Background. Sorafenib was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for radioiodine-resistant metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). In addition, two drugs (vandetanib and cabozantinib) have received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Several published phase II trials have investigated the efficacy of sorafenib in thyroid cancers, but to date, results from those studies have not been compared. Methods. Asystematicreviewoftheliteraturewasperformed to assess response rate, median progression-free survival, and adverseeventsassociatedwithsorafenibtherapyformetastatic thyroid cancers. Results.Thisreviewincludedseventrialsinvolving219patients: 159 with DTC (papillary, follicular, and poorly differentiated), 52 with MTC, and 8 with anaplastic thyroid cancer. No study reported complete responses to treatment. Overall partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease rates were 21%, 60%, and 20%, respectively.The median progression-free survival was 18 months for patients with all subtypes of thyroid cancer. Drug was discontinued in 16% of patients because of toxicities or intolerance, and the dose was reduced in a further 56%. Side effects with an incidence $50% were hand-foot syndrome (74%), diarrhea (70%), skin rash (67%), fatigue (61%), andweightloss(57%).Deathsnotrelatedtoprogressivedisease occurred in nearly 4% of patients. Conclusion.Treatment with sorafenib in patients with progressive DTC and MTC is a promising strategy, butthe adverse event rate is high, leading to a high rate of dose reduction or discontinuation. Consequently, sorafenib use in patients with metastaticthyroidcancerrequirescarefulselectionofpatients andcarefulmanagementofsideeffects.TheOncologist2014; 19:1–8
Explaining Support for Combatants during Wartime: A Survey Experiment in Afghanistan

How are civilian attitudes toward combatants affected by wartime victimization? Are these effects conditional on which combatant inflicted the harm? We investigate the determinants of wartime civilian attitudes towards combatants using a survey experiment across 204 villages in five Pashtun-dominated provinces of Afghanistan — the heart of the Taliban insurgency. We use endorsement experiments to indirectly elicit truthful answers to sensitive questions about support for different combatants. We demonstrate that civilian attitudes are asymmetric in nature. Harm inflicted by the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) is met with reduced support for ISAF and increased support for the Taliban, but Taliban-inflicted harm does not translate into greater ISAF support. We combine a multistage sampling design with hierarchical modeling to estimate ISAF and Taliban support at the individual, village, and district levels, permitting a more fine-grained analysis of wartime attitudes than previously possible.
Assuring the quality of volunteered geographic information

Abstract Volunteered geographic information (VGI) is a phenomenon of recent years, offering an alternative mechanism for the acquisition and compilation of geographic information. As such it offers substantial advantages, but suffers from a general lack of quality assurance. We discuss the issues involved in the determination of quality for geospatial data, and trace the history of research on VGI quality. We describe three approaches to quality assurance, which we term the crowd-sourcing, social, and geographic approaches respectively. We discuss the advantages and limitations of each, and the research that will be needed to operationalize the geographic approach.
Abdominal Modifications Occurring in Wasp Mimics of the Ctenuchine-Euchromiine Clade (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Members of the arctiine moth tribes Ctenuchini and Euchromiini exhibit extreme morphologies including the evolution of convincing wasp mimicry. The lepidopteran abdomen is constricted to produce the visual effect of a hymenopteran petiole (petiole mimic). Many of these species also possess an abdominal “ventral valve” that has been ascribed both a defensive and a courtship function. We examined 85 species (45 genera) to determine the structural variation and distribution of these unique morphologies. Width-length ratios of modified and unmodified segments were generated from 52 species to describe the abdominal constriction in petiole mimics and unmodified abdomen. Here, we provide the first detailed descriptions and illustrations of the morphologies of petiole mimics and ventral valves. Two independent derivations of petiole mimics occur in this clade. Similarly, not all ventral valves are homologous. We propose the phrase “subabdominal pouch” to replace “ventral valve” because it more accurately describes these morphological structures. Petiole mimics may involve modification of either sternite II (SII) or III, but only SIII petiole mimics lack subabdominal pouches. This result suggests that the presence of one morphological innovation (petiole mimic) limits the possession of the other (androconial type).
Effects of Corticosteroids on Articular Cartilage A Review of the Literature

Physical therapists evaluate and treat patients who simultaneously may be receiving corticosteroid compounds to reduce inflammation and pain associated with certain diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Both beneficial and deleterious effects of corticosteroids on articular cartilage have been reported. Physical therapists and others treating joints with pathological conditions should understand these effects and use this knowledge to establish and modify therapeutic management programs for patients with joint dysfunction. A review of the literature is presented.
Radiographic and Histologic Evaluation of Intramedullary Implants Intended for Biological Fixation

Three mechanisms of direct biological attachment of implants to bone were examined using femoral intramedullary implants. The implant systems studied were; low temperature isotropic (LTI) pyrolytic carbon, carbon coated porous Co-Cr-Mo alloy and 45S5 bioglass coated Co-Cr-Mo alloy. A detailed radiographic examination revealed that all three implant systems caused significant remodeling of the femurs resulting in an hour-glass appearance. The implants were also associated with a densification of cancellous bone proximal and distal to the ends of the implant. Histologically, all three implant systems exhibited a direct bone-implant bond at the majority of the interfaces. The LTI pyrolytic carbon implants were associated with a higher incidence of fibrous tissue encasement in the proximal cancellous bone region. Active bone remodeling was observed within the pores of the porous Co-Cr-Mo alloy implants even after 8 months in situ.
Contructing Transnational Climate Regimes

This chapter examines efforts to address the climate-change problem by territorially-bounded states through international negotiations and institutions. It analyses the implications of these efforts for claims about territorial paradigms in international law, the sovereignty of states, and the need for "de-territorialised" action. The chapter finds that transnational climate responses have driven, at least in some instances, an expansion of transnational legal authority, even a re-allocation of that authority, but not a re-location of the source of authority. Climate change is a natural phenomenon that occurs in response to natural cycles. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) achieved broad consensus on the need for greater international attention to the climate issue. A step towards explicit international commitments - in the form of greenhouse- gas emission reduction targets - was made in 1997 when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted. Keywords:Kyoto Protocol; transnational climate regime; UN FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Skeletal Deficits in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune-mediated disease, diagnosed most-commonly in children and adolescents, and characterized by progressive destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, leading to insulin deficiency and severe hyperglycemia. While T1D accounts for <10 % of all diabetes, studies suggest that the global incidence of T1D appears to be increasing by 2–3 % per year, with the prevalence of T1D estimated at 1 in every 433 youth <20 years of age. Persons with T1D, particularly those with long-standing disease, are at significantly increased risk for osteopenia or osteoporosis, fractures, and poor bone healing, collectively now termed diabetic bone disease. This chapter will review factors that are currently thought to contribute to the development of these skeletal deficits in T1D, including a reduction in new bone formation, vitamin D insufficiency, associated autoimmune diseases and disease-related alterations in the material properties and mechanical strength of diabetic bone.
The 'Special Relationship' and the Challenge of Diversifying a Sugar Economy: Cuban Exports of Fruits and Vegetables to the United States, 1902-1962

For almost sixty years of the 20th century Cuban exports to the United States enjoyed certain advantages not available to any other sovereign country: at least a 20% reduction in import duties on items subject to a US tariff and privileged access to the US market for its main export, cane sugar. Given this competitive advantage, as well as its comparative advantage of climate and geographic proximity, this paper considers the degree to which Cuba was able to diversify its agricultural exports. The 1902 Reciprocity Convention provided the incentive for the development of a number of non-traditional fruit and vegetable exports geared to the US market. In less than two decades, Cuba became almost the sole foreign supplier of pineapples and grapefruit. Moreover, after the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreement which granted Cuba even more favorable duty concessions during the US winter season, it became the dominant foreign supplier of vegetables such as cucumbers, okra and eggplant, and an important source of fresh tomatoes. Further, in the post-World War II period, in most years the value of Cuban exports of processed fruit to the US exceeded that of fresh fruit. Yet, Cuban exports of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables to the US rarely comprised 4% of total Cuban exports. The concentration of land, labor, capital and agricultural research on sugar cane, along with external factors -- such as increasing US domestic production of similar crops and competition from Mexico -- served as a powerful disincentive to the sustained growth of non-traditional agricultural exports.
Reactions of Photogenerated CF2 and CF3 on Silicon and Silicon Oxide Surfaces

We have investigated the reactions of neutral fluorocarbon fragments, generated by laser photolysis of suitable precursors, with single-crystal silicon and thermally deposited silicon oxide surfaces. CF3 free radicals are generated by infrared multiple-photon dissociation of C2F6. While CF3 undergoes dissociative chemisorption on Si, it adsorbs very little on annealed SiO2 surfaces, and even on ion-damaged oxide surfaces, CF3 adsorbs but does not undergo transfer of fluorine from the fluorocarbon to surface silicon atoms. CF2, produced by excimer-laser photolysis of C2F4, is adsorbed on SiO2 surfaces. As with CF3, no transfer of fluorine from carbon to silicon is observed, even after argon-ion sputtering or ultraviolet irradiation of the surface. These measurements have been extended to NF3; this species chemisorbs and dissociates on a silicon surface, but even a monolayer of oxide is sufficient to block this process. A simple model based on the relative strengths of C-F, N-F, Si-F, Si-C, Si-O, and Si-N bonds appears to account for the observed behavior of CF3, CF2, and NF3 species on silicon and silicon oxide surfaces. In other cases, however, a barrier appears to be implicated in the chemisorption process.
A CASE OF SPLENIC HAMARTOMA

We report a very rare case of splenic hamartoma found incidentally. A 47-year-old asymptomatic woman was pointed out a splenic mass by screening ultrasound. Further examinations revealed a round, well-demarcated and homogenous 4cm mass which appeared as hyperechoic area on ultrasound, low density area on plain CT with faint enhancement on enhanced CT. The mass was demonstrated as an area of slightly high intensity on T1-weighted MRI images and as an area of isointensity on T2-weighted images. Selective angiogram showed irregular stretching of the arteries in the mass. There was no neovascularity or pooling. Tumormarkers were within normal limits. As it was difficult to differentiate it from other malignant lesions, a splenectomy was subsequently performed. The excised spleen showed a well-defined and gray-whitish mass in the inferior spleen. Microscopically, the tumor was noncapsulated and was mainly consisted of dilated vessels with an overgrowth of endothelial cells and mature lipocytes, which was coincident with the diagnosis of splenic hamartoma.
Significance of platelete dynamic change in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome

Objective To investigate the characteristics of platelet in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS). Methods Sixty-seven patients with SARS refered to Xuanwu Hospital in Beijing between May and June 2003 were studied retrospectively. The dynamic characteristics of platelet,average platelet count and rate of thrombocytopenia were compared between mild type group and severe type group. Results The platelet count at the first week from onset in SARS patients was at the lowest level and it recovered to normal at the second and third week. The platelet count decreased again at fourth week from onset and decreased consistently in some extremely severe type patients(P 0.01).There was no statistical difference in average platelet count of the fourth week from onset between severe type patients and mild type patients(P 0.05). The average platelet count of the first and fourth week from onset in severe type patients was much lower than that in mild type patients respectively(P 0.01).The rate of thrombocytopenia in severe type patients(25%) was much higher than that in mild type patients( 3.23%) (P 0.05). Conclusion The decrease of platelet count consistently reflects severity of SARS. The dynamic change of platelet count in the patients with SARS was an important predictor of the prognosis.
Forensic DNA analysis

Before the routine use of DNA profiling, blood typing was an important forensic tool. However, blood typing was not very discriminating. For example, roughly 30% of the United States population has type A-positive blood. Therefore, if A-positive blood were found at a crime scene, it could have come from 30% of the population. DNA profiling has a much better ability for discrimination. Forensic laboratories no longer routinely determine blood type. If blood is found at a crime scene, DNA profiling is performed. From Jeffrey's discovery of DNA fingerprinting to the development of PCR of STRs to the formation of DNA databases, our knowledge of DNA and DNA profiling have expanded greatly. Also, the applications for which we use DNA profiling have increased. DNA profiling is not just used for criminal case work, but it has expanded to encompass paternity testing, disaster victim identification, monitoring bone marrow transplants, detecting fetal cells in a mother's blood, tracing human history, and a multitude of other areas. The future of DNA profiling looks expansive with the development of newer instrumentation and techniques.