cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collagen Scaffold-Membrane Composites for Mimicking Orthopedic Interfaces

Tendons are specialized connective tissues that transmit load between bone and muscle, and whose microstructural and compositional features underlie their function. The biological solution to the problem of connecting relatively compliant tendon to stiffer (∼2 orders of magnitude) bone is a gradient interface zone ∼100μm wide. Over the tendon-bone-junction (TBJ) a linear transition takes place in the ECM inorganic:organic (mineral:collagen) ratio as well as mineral crystallinity from that of tendon to bone. While small TBJ injuries can heal via regeneration, severe defects undergo repair-mediated healing characterized by fibrocartilagenous scar tissue with inferior biomechanical and functional properties. Severe TBJ injuries are common in athletes, the elderly, and following severe craniofacial and extremity trauma. Many tendon injuries (i.e. supraspinatus injuries), particularly those associated with acute trauma, are prone to occur at the TBJ due to high levels of region-specific stress concentrations; rotator cuff tendons injuries, one of the most common TBJ injuries, exhibit re-tears at rates as high as 94%. The scale of such defects and current poor clinical results suggest the need for a biomaterial solution that can mimic the dynamic heterogeneities of the native insertion and tendon body to induce rapid, functional regeneration. Three-dimensional collagen-GAG (CG) scaffolds have been successfully used clinically to regenerate large soft tissue defects (skin, peripheral nerves); they act by mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of the damaged tissue to prevent wound contraction and scar tissue synthesis. However these scaffolds have not traditionally been used for orthopedics due to an inability to recapitulate two critical features of orthopedic tissues: multiscale structural complexity, biomechanical properties. While the multi-scale properties of tendon itself cannot be currently replicated, nature provides an alternative paradigm: core-shell composites. Plant stems combine a porous core with a dense shell to aid osmotic transport (core) while maintaining sufficient tensile/bending stiffness (shell); many bird beaks use core-shell designs to efficiently enhance compressive strength. Here we describe development of three biomaterial engineering approaches to create the next generation of regeneration templates for tendon insertion injuries: composite, spatially patterned CG biomaterials.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 523–907 nm) of group IVB transition metals titanium, zirconium, and hafnium at their melting points by a pulse-heating technique

The melting-point radiance temperatures (at six wavelengths in the range 523–907 nm) of the Group IVB transition metals titanium, zirconium, and hafnium were measured by a pulse-heating technique. The method is based on rapid resistive self-heating of the specimen from room temperature to its melting point in less than 1 s and on simultaneously measuring the specimen radiance temperatures every 0.5 ms with a high-speed six-wavelength pyrometer. Melting was manifested by a plateau in the radiance temperature-versus-time function for each wavelength. The melting-point radiance temperatures for a given specimen were determined by averaging the measured temperatures along the plateau at each wavelength. The melting-point radiance temperatures for each metal were determined by averaging results for several specimens at each wavelength as follows: Based on estimates of the random and systematic errors arising from pyrometry and specimen conditions, the combined uncertainty (95% confidence level) in the reported values is about ±8K at each wavelength.
Reproduction of the gorgonian Plexaura flexuosa in Bermuda

Abstract This study examined geographically based differences in reproductive biology of Plexaura flexuosa, a gonochoric broadcasting gorgonian that is abundant across the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic. Gametogenesis, spawning, and per polyp fecundity-colony height ratios were assessed in Bermuda and then compared with existing studies of populations in the Bahamas, Florida, and the Caribbean and in conjunction with analyses of mean sea surface temperature (MSST) at these locales. Differences documented in the Bermudian population include: lag in onset of spermary development and completion of oogenesis as compared to southern populations; later spawning that occurred over fewer days; and lack of correlation between fecundity polyp− 1 and colony height. These findings suggest that important differences occur in major reproductive events between the distantly separated northern-most populations of P. flexuosa found in Bermuda compared with more tropical populations of this species. Such population-level variability in life history characteristics needs to be incorporated into approaches for conservation planning efforts.
Direct microplasma analysis of coals and sorbents for C, H, N, S and mineral element concentrations

Abstract An inverse micro-hollow glow discharge was developed and tested for analytic utility against coals and mineral sorbents. Optical emission spectroscopy identified elemental content by atomic spectral signatures and concentrations by the relative intensities of the corresponding electronic transitions. Analyses against a suite of reference coals validated the micro-plasma's analytical utility by linearity of its optical emission intensity with elemental concentration. Capability for measuring inorganic sorbents' composition is also demonstrated. Element specific calibration coefficients (C) were calculated for the major and minor elements of coal and sorbent (C, H, N, S, Ca, Mg, Si, Al, Na, Fe, K). Analytical results using the microplasma system compared favorably with those using standard analytical instruments, such as a CHN analyzer and ICP for mineral elements, but with attendant instrument advantages of size, weight and power, at far lower cost.
Asymmetric synthesis of α-hydroxy carboxylic acids: direct oxidation of chiral amide enolates using 2-sulfonyloxaziridines

Abstract The direct oxidation of chiral amide enolates to optically active mandelic acid using 2-sulfonyloxaziridine 1 is described. The diastereoselectivity is counterion dependent.
Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of an iodovinyl-tetrabenazine analog as a marker for the vesicular monoamine transporter

A derivative of tetrabenazine (TBZ, 1) containing an iodovinyl group (I-TBZ, 3b) was prepared as a potential radiotracer for the vesicular monoamine transporter. The synthesis of 3a was achieved by ethynylation of TBZ. The ethynyl derivative 4, was converted to the corresponding vinylstannane 5. The vinylstannane intermediate was then treated with I2 in chloroform at room temperature, to afford the iodovinyl compound (3a, I-TBZ). The no-carrier-added [125I]I-TBZ (3b) was prepared by treating an ethanolic solution of 5 with sodium[125I]iodide in the presence of H2O2. Following i.v. injection, [125I]I-TBZ (3b) can readily cross the blood brain barrier and localize in the brain (0.92 and 0.36% dose/organ, at 2 min and 30 min, respectively). However, no specific regional uptake of the ligand was observed. Subsequent biodistribution studies performed using two well resolved peaks obtained from chiral HPLC separation of 3b, demonstrated that Fraction I displayed higher brain uptake (0.6% dose/organ, 20 min) than the latter peak (Fraction II, 0.3% dose/organ, 20 min). Fraction I also exhibited a modest degree of specificity for the striatum which could be blocked by pretreatment with tetrabenazine. The high lipophilicity of 3a (Po/b for Fraction 1 and II=1723 and 1395, respectively) may contribute to high nonspecific binding in vivo, and result in the low target/nontarget ratio observed for this compound. Iodovinyl-TBZ analog 3b is a poor candidate as a SPECT imaging agent for the vesicular monoamine transporter.
Nonlinear analysis of a composite panel with a cutout repaired by a bonded tapered composite patch

This study presents a solution method to analyze the geometrically nonlinear response of a patch-repaired flat panel (skin) with a cutout under general loading conditions. The effect of induced stiffening due to tensile loading on the in-plane and, particularly, the out-of-plane behaviors of the patch-repaired skin are investigated. The damage to the skin is represented in the form of a cutout under the patch. The patch with tapered edges is free of external tractions. The skin is subjected to general boundary and loading conditions along its external edge. The solution method provides the transverse shear and normal stresses in the adhesive between the skin and the patch, and in-plane and bending stresses in the patch and skin. Both the patch and skin are made of linearly elastic composite laminates, and the adhesive between them is homogeneous and isotropic, exhibiting a bi-linear elastic behavior. Modified Green’s strain–displacement relations in conjunction with von Karman assumptions are employed in determining the in-plane strains in the skin and patch; however, the transverse shear strains in the adhesive are determined based on the shear-lag theory. The present solution method utilizes the principle of virtual work in conjunction with complex potential functions.
Dynamic norepinephrine alterations in bone marrow: evidence of functional innervation

Efferent sympathetic nerve activity has been hypothesized to regulate the proliferation and maturation of leukocytes in the bone marrow. Although there is histological evidence for bone marrow innervation and documentation of measurable neurotransmitter, functional activation of these nerves to external stimulation has never been demonstrated. The present study was designed to assess the dynamics of norepinephrine (NE) release in bone marrow in response to well-established protocols known to elevate sympathetic activity. Toward this end, norepinephrine turnover was measured using isotopic and non-isotopic methods in mice in response to cold exposure and bacterial challenge. Cold exposure increased NE turnover rate in bone marrow by 36% from 0.33 to 0.45 ng g(-1) h(-1), while peritoneal Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection increased bone marrow NE turnover rate by 131% from 0.13 to 0.30 ng g(-1) h(-1). These results demonstrate that the adrenergic innervation of the bone marrow is functionally dynamic and is responsive to generalized stress. Furthermore, these results lend credence to the premise that neural mechanisms participate in regulation of lympho- and myelopoietic cellular events.
GROWTH HORMONE (GH) THERAPY: EFFECTS ON IN VITRO ADIPOCYTE INSULIN (I) SENSITIVITY ODRREIATE WITH ANTHROPOMETRIC RESPONSE

GROWTH HORMONE (GH) THERAPY: EFFECTS ON IN VITRO ADIPOCYTE INSULIN (I) SENSITIVITY ODRREIATE WITH ANTHROPOMETRIC RESPONSE
Effects of ethanol on GLUT1 protein and gene expression in rat astrocytes

Effects of ethanol on glucose transporter gene expression were examined in cultured rat astrocytes. Exposure to 50 or 100 mM ethanol for 18 hours significantly inhibited hexose uptake and reduced the number of glucose transporters, as indicated by binding studies with cytochalasin B. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining showed marked reduction of the GLUT1 glucose transporter by exposure to 100 mM ethanol for 5 or 18 hours, but no obvious change in response to 50 mM ethanol. Western blot analysis showed GLUT1 protein levels to be decreased by 52±12% (p<0.05) after exposure to 100 mM ethanol for 18 hours.In situ hybridization histochemistry indicated an increase in steady-state GLUT1 mRNA in astrocytes exposed to 50 or 100 mM ethanol for 5 or 18 hours. Quantitation of GLUT1 mRNA levels by northern blot analysis showed that GLUT1 mRNA levels were increased by 59 and 112% in cells treated for 5 h with 50 and 100 mM ethanol, respectively. A similar effect was observed after treatment for 18 hours, but ethanol did not alter actin gene expression. Experiments using actinomycin D to block RNA synthesis suggest that this increase in steady-state mRNA level results from increased message stability. These results suggest that ethanol acts on GLUT1 gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
Institutionally sanctioned violence

(1973). Institutionally sanctioned violence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology: Vol. 2, Violence against Childern, pp. 23-24.
Alternative Heuristics for Large Scale Capacitated Requirements Planning Systems

Performance improvement for requirements planning systems is an issue which receives wide interest. Many programming approaches have been proposed to improve material requirements planning procedures. However, most of them appear to be too complex for large manufacturing problems. Alternatively it might be promising to explore the integration of materials requirements planning and capacity requirements planning. Several simple heuristics for integrated requirements planning systems are suggested. Several heuristics are offered to balance the load in the systems and several procedures presented to adjust the planned requirements so that the system will execute more smoothly. An industrial example supports the adequacy of the general concepts provided in this research. Results are presented which demonstrate the adequacy of these heuristics, and illustrate the ease of implementing the procedures into any MRP system.
980 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: THE ROLE OF INFLUENZA INDUCED POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE (PMN) DYSFUNCTION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PNEUMOCOCCAL OTITIS MEDIA

980 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: THE ROLE OF INFLUENZA INDUCED POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE (PMN) DYSFUNCTION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PNEUMOCOCCAL OTITIS MEDIA
The danger of intraoperative antegrade cannulation of the ureter in infancy and early childhood.

Although the coexistence of congenital ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction and ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is rare, and should be detectable on preoperative renal/bladder ultrasonography, antegrade cannulation of the distal ureter is still a frequently used method for examination of the distal ureter to detect additional sites of ureteral narrowing or obstruction of the UVJ at the time of dismembered pyeloplasty.1– 4 We caution that this procedure is potentially dangerous, especially in infants and young children, because even gentle passage of a narrow caliber catheter may result in injury to the intramural portion of the ureter and create an obstruction of the UVJ, requiring subsequent ureteral reimplantation. We found 3 cases of secondary iatrogenic distal ureteral obstruction among 32 dismembered pyeloplasties during a 5-year period. All patients were evaluated preoperatively with sonography, voiding cystography and furosemide mercaptoacetyltriglycine renography. All patients were also evaluated with excretory urography. No case exhibited evidence of distal ureteral dilatation, although contrast visualization of the distal ureter was typically not evident due to the proximal UPJ obstruction. Retrograde pyelography was not performed, as intraoperative antegrade cannulation of the ureter at the time of dismembered pyeloplasty was routinely conducted at our surgical unit (Debrecen) to exclude distal areas of narrowing of the ureter. Postoperatively, obstruction was suspected in these 3 cases based on large residual urine volume noted at the time of intermittent clamping of the nephrostomy tube. Iatrogenic complete occlusion of the ureterovesical junction was demonstrated on postoperative antegrade pyelography, which required subsequent resection and reimplantation of the distal ureter in each case. CASE HISTORIES
Behavior of Human Neonates and Prenatal Maternal Anxiety

A population of obstetrical patients was administered the IPAT Anxiety Scale during each trimester of pregnancy. Nineteen women representing extreme total scores were selected to test the hypothesis that there would be a positive relationship between the mothers' anxiety scores during gestation and neonatal behavior. Body activity and crying behavior were recorded on the second, third, and fourth day of life. Body weight was recorded at birth and on each day. The data confirmed the hypothesis of a positive relationship between mothers' anxiety level and amount of neonatal crying.
Electronic structure of the topological insulator Bi2Se3 using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy: evidence for a nearly full surface spin polarization.

We performed high-resolution spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies of the electronic structure and the spin texture on the surface of Bi{sub 2}Se{sub 3}, a model TI. By tuning the photon energy, we found that the topological surface state is well separated from the bulk states in the vicinity of k{sub z} = Z plane of the bulk Brillouin zone. The spin-resolved measurements in that region indicate a very high degree of spin polarization of the surface state, {approx}0.75, much higher than previously reported. Our results demonstrate that the topological surface state on Bi{sub 2}Se{sub 3} is highly spin polarized and that the dominant factors limiting the polarization are mainly extrinsic.
Truncation of the β-Catenin Binding Domain of E-cadherin Precedes Epithelial Apoptosis during Prostate and Mammary Involution

A potential target of hormone action during prostate and mammary involution is the intercellular junction of adjacent secretory epithelium. This is supported by the long-standing observation that one of the first visible stages of prostate and mammary involution is the disruption of interepithelial adhesion prior to the onset of apoptosis. In a previous study addressing this aspect of involution, we acquired compelling evidence indicating that the disruption of E-cadherin-dependent adhesion initiates apoptotic programs during prostate and mammary involution. In cultured prostate and mammary epithelial cells, inhibition of E-cadherin-dependent aggregation resulted in cell death following apoptotic stimuli. Loss of cell-cell adhesion in the nonaggregated population appeared to result from the rapid truncation within the cytosolic domain of the mature, 120-kDa species of E-cadherin (E-cad120). Immunoprecipitations from cell culture and involuting mammary gland demonstrated that this truncation removed the β-catenin binding domain from the cytoplasmic tail of E-cadherin, resulting in a non-β-catenin binding, membrane-bound 97-kDa species (E-cad97) and a free cytoplasmic 35-kDa form (E-cad35) that is bound to β-catenin. Examination of E-cadherin expression and cellular distribution during prostate and mammary involution revealed a dramatic reduction in junctional membrane staining that correlated with a similar reduction in E-cad120 and accumulation of E-cad97 and E-cad35. The observation that E-cadherin was truncated during involution suggested that hormone depletion activated the same apoptotic pathway in vivo as observed in vitro. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that truncation of E-cadherin results in the loss of β-catenin binding and cellular dissociation that may signal epithelial apoptosis during prostate and mammary involution. Thus, E-cadherin may be central to homeostatic regulation in these tissues by coordinating adhesion-dependent survival and dissociation-induced apoptosis.
Hispines (Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica

Survey work from 1992–2001 identified 139 species of hispines at the lowland part of La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. The tribe Cephaloleiini was the most speciose with 58 species (41.7%) followed by the Chalepini with 55 (39.5%). The fauna is most closely related to that in South America but with some genera which are more speciose in the Nearctic Region. Plant associations are known for 88 (63.3%) of the species but many of these are merely collecting records, not host plant associations. The first plant associations are reported for Alurnus ornatus, A. salvini, and Acentroptera nevermanni.
Fourier rebinning algorithm for inverse geometry CT.

Inverse geometry computed tomography (IGCT) is a new type of volumetric CT geometry that employs a large array of x-ray sources opposite a smaller detector array. Volumetric coverage and high isotropic resolution produce very large data sets and therefore require a computationally efficient three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm. The purpose of this work was to adapt and evaluate a fast algorithm based on Defrise’s Fourier rebinning (FORE), originally developed for positron emission tomography. The results were compared with the average of FDK reconstructions from each source row. The FORE algorithm is an order of magnitude faster than the FDK-type method for the case of 11 source rows. In the center of the field-of-view both algorithms exhibited the same resolution and noise performance. FORE exhibited some resolution loss (and less noise) in the periphery of the field-of-view. FORE appears to be a fast and reasonably accurate reconstruction method for IGCT.
Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common rhythm in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Registry and trial data1,2 indicate that 20% to 35% of patients with ADHF who are admitted to the hospital will be in AF at presentation. In about one third of these patients, the AF will be of recent onset. Despite the high frequency with which the combination of AF and ADHF is encountered, there are few published data that specifically address this problem. AF and worsening heart failure interact in a dangerous pattern. The adverse effects of AF in patients with heart failure may include loss of atrial transport, rapid and irregular ventricular rates, and toxic effects of antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Worsened heart failure, in turn, leads to increased atrial stretch and heightened sympathetic tone. These latter changes make the AF more resistant to treatment using either a rate-control or a rhythm-control strategy (Figure 1). Figure. Adverse interactions between AF and heart failure. AAD indicates antiarrhythmic drug. The immediate general goals of therapy in ADHF are to improve symptoms, restore oxygenation, improve organ perfusion, and limit cardiac and renal injury.3 In patients with sinus rhythm and ADHF, the appropriate use of vasodilators, oxygen, diuretics, positive inotropic agents, and mechanical devices to support ventilation or cardiac output forms the cornerstone of therapy. In patients who present with AF, however, additional treatment decisions are required. ### Initial Assessment The clinical history provides critical information that should be used to guide treatment. Five key questions that should be asked before starting therapy …
Campus Event App-New Exploration for Mobile Augmented Reality

Augmented Reality (AR) enhances the real world environment with virtual information by embedding virtual objects in the real world to enhance the user’s life experience. Although AR technology has been around for fifty years, it has not been widely applied in practice until recent years when mobile phone technologies became more mature. Researchers have started to investigate the combination of AR and mobile phone technology ‒ mobile AR ‒ due the popularity of mobile devices. Mobile AR is a new and expanding area, and there are many research opportunities in the mobile AR field. The purpose of this project is to build a mobile AR application ‒ the Campus Event App ‒ as a means of demonstrating how mobile AR technologies can be used in combination with other applications to produce a useful and practical tool. The app brings new user experiences to event searching based on a combination of AR, mobile technology, and global positioning system (GPS) location-based techniques. The application is intended to help users to find daily campus events by visualizing events over the real world and showing the map and route to the event in real time.
Effects of sugars and vitamin B-6 deficiency on oxalate synthesis in rats.

Rats fed diets containing galactose as the source of carbohydrate excreted greater amounts of endogenously formed oxalic acid in their urine, compared to rats fed glucose, fructose or sucrose. Rats fed lactose showed similar but less marked effects. The greatest amounts of urinary and fecal oxalate excretions were observed among rats fed galactose and no vitamin B-6. This group had the lowest body weights after 3 weeks of feeding. Control rats fed galactose or lactose diets weighed less than those fed sucrose, glucose or fructose diets. All rats fed galactose developed cataracts. More (14C)oxalicacid was recovered in the urine and kidneys of control rats injected with D-(U-"C)galactose compared to those injected with D-(U-'*C)glucose or D- (U-uC)fructose. Similar results were observed in kidneys of vitamin B-6-deficient rats. The possible mechanisms by which galactose and other sugars may be converted to oxalate are discussed. J. Nutr. 114: 1447-1453, 1984.
Detecting Stepping-Stone Intruders with Long Connection Chains

It is generally agreed that there is no valid reason to use a long connection chain for remote login such as SSH connection. Most of the stepping-stone detection algorithms installed on a host were designed to protect the victim of a third party downstream from where the algorithm is running. It is much more important for a host to protect itself from being a victim. This project uses an approximated round-trip time to distinguish a long connection chain from a short one. Several measures were studied to distinguish long chains from short ones. An estimated roundtrip time was defined to measure the chain length. Preliminary result suggests shows that the proposed algorithm can distinguish long connection chains from short ones with relatively low false rate.
Balloon aortic valvuloplasty

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty is a percutaneous, therapeutic option for patients with severe aortic stenosis, yet the effectiveness of this procedure is dependent on the morphology of the stenotic aortic valve and the respective mechanism of dilation. In younger patients with congenital aortic stenosis, acute and intermediate-term results are good. However, in adult patients, in whom degenerative aortic stenosis is the most common cause, the acute clinical and hemodynamic benefits of balloon aortic valvuloplasty are not lasting, as restenosis occurs in most patients within 6 months. Sympatomatic relief for adults undergoing balloon aortic valvuloplasty is only apparent in patients with normal left ventricular function, who generally are also candidates for aortic valve replacement. Furthermore, the long-term survival for adults after balloon aortic valvuloplasty is similar to the natural history of untreated severe aortic stenosis. In this article, the mechanism of balloon aortic valvuloplasty, as well as its clinical and hemodynamic effects, are reviewed in the context of the different morphological types of aortic stenosis. In addition, two large registries of adult patients treated with balloon aortic valvuloplasty provide important information regarding the acute and long-term results of this procedure and are reviewed.
MicroRNA-203 represses selection and expansion of oncogenic Hras transformed tumor initiating cells

DNA mutations occur and accumulate during an individual's lifetime. Often these changes are harmless. But some mutations—called driver mutations—can trigger the formation of tumors. This is often because these mutations allow the cells to grow faster than normal cells. Mutations in genes in the Ras gene family are among the most common driver mutations found in human cancers. These common mutations lead to the uncontrolled activation of genes that are normally tightly controlled, which in turn allows the cells to divide more and live for longer: these are two key features of cancer cells. So, how are Ras genes and the genes that they control regulated to prevent such dangerous over activation? One mechanism rests on binding sites in their messenger RNA sequence that are recognized by smaller RNA molecules called microRNAs. RNA molecules are created when genes are transcribed. Some RNAs, called messenger RNAs, are then decoded to create proteins. Many other RNAs, including microRNAs, do not code for proteins, but instead bind to many messenger RNA targets, and repress their ability to be decoded into proteins. Three genes, called Hras, Kras, and Nras, are regulated in this way by numerous microRNAs, which together act to dampen the normal activities of these genes. Riemondy et al. investigate how a cancer-promoting mutation in the Hras gene affects the activities of microRNAs in mouse skin cells in culture. By measuring RNA levels, the experiments reveal that skin cells carrying this mutation produce significantly lower levels of what is normally the most highly produced microRNA in the skin. This microRNA, called microRNA-203, acts to limit the proliferation of skin cells when these cells are dividing rapidly. When the gene encoding microRNA-203 was deleted in mice, the skin cells proliferated more. These mice also developed more skin tumors than normal mice when they were exposed to cancer-causing chemicals. When the gene for microRNA-203 was added into skin cells carrying the Hras mutation and then activated, the cells both divided less and, as a results, grew less. This indicates that microRNA-203 could prevent cancerous cells from expanding in number, a key event in the initiation of tumors. Riemondy et al. also used a variety of approaches to identify the molecules targeted by microRNA-203 in the skin, and reveal that it targets multiple signaling pathways, including components of the Ras pathway, to suppress cell proliferation. Together, these findings highlight microRNA-203 as a potential source of new treatments to prevent or slow tumor growth in humans.
Career Concerns and Earnings Management

Motivated by the disconnect between survey evidence documenting that executives prioritize implicit contracting (i.e., labor market based career concerns) when making earnings management decisions (Graham et al (2005)) and the extant literature’s focus on explicit contracting to explain earnings manipulation, we examine analytically the role of managerial career concerns in earnings management. Building on Holmstrom (1982, 1999), we present a career concerns based earnings management model that incorporates the unique reversing nature of earnings management. A key insight derived from the model is that whether the predictions of a traditional career concerns model prevail, which is to say that managers engage in more income-increasing behavior in their early years, critically depends upon the reversal characteristics of the earnings management vehicle chosen.
Influence of oxygen at high pressure on the induction of damage in barley seeds by gamma radiation.

Abstract The influence of high pressure oxygen (HOP) before, during and after irradiation on seedling injury (percent reduction in seedling height relative to the non-irradiated controls) was investigated using Himalaya (C.I. 620) barley seeds. Seeds were adjusted to water contents of 2–14% by storage in vacuum desiccators over calcium oxide or mixtures of glycerol and water and then irradiated in vacuo or under various oxygen tensions with 60 Co gamma rays. After irradiation, the seeds were soaked at approximately 0°C in oxygen or nitrogen bubbled water. Treatment effects were recorded as M 1 seedling injury. Seeds exposed to HPO before, during or after irradiation followed by soaking in oxygen or nitrogen expressed two or three times more damage than irradiation in vacuo followed by soaking in oxygenated water. That a reaction between oxygen and radiation-induced sites probably occurs before the seeds are soaked was demonstrated by the failure to remove completely the effect of HPO by vacuum between HPO treatment and irradiation. The results indicate that placing the seeds under HPO may increase the rate and extent of reactions which occur during post-radiation storage of seeds in the presence of oxygen. The increase in damage associated with oxygen soaking (oxygen-dependent damage) is partially lost during aerobic storage and is largely pre-empted when seeds are placed under HPO. This decrease in oxygen-dependent damage is accompanied by an increase in damage occurring with nitrogen soaking, suggesting that the reaction which leads to damage was initiated before soaking and to the same oxygen sensitive sites.
Melody valve implantation in the pulmonary and tricuspid position.

Percutaneous implantation of valved stents is now routinely performed to treat pulmonary valve regurgitation and stenosis. In addition, there are isolated reports of implantation of valved stents in the tricuspid position to treat prosthetic tricuspid stenosis or regurgitation when a prosthetic valve ring exists. We present a case in which a patient with combined severe tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve disease was successfully treated with sequential implantation of percutaneous valved stents in a single procedure. The procedure was straightforward, of short duration, and dramatically improved the patient's functional status. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deliquescence Behavior and Chemical Stability of Vitamin C Forms (Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Ascorbate, and Calcium Ascorbate) and Blends

The stability and type of vitamin C added to foods is important for enhancing product quality, label claims, and shelf-life. To improve understanding of stability, the effects of deliquescence, storage relative humidity (RH) formulation, and addition of ascorbyl palmitate and dehydroascorbic acid on degradation of vitamin C at 25°C were studied. Individual vitamin C forms (ascorbic acid, sodium, and calcium ascorbate) and mixtures were stored below, near, and above their deliquescence RH for up to 12 weeks. Vitamin C stability was significantly affected by RH and vitamin form (p < 0.0001). Formulation affected deliquescence and chemical stability: mixtures were significantly less stable above RH0mix than below (p < 0.0001). Ascorbyl palmitate-enhanced degradation rates of more soluble vitamin C forms, and the presence of dehydroascorbic acid reduced vitamin blend stability. It is important that vitamin C products be stored below the deliquescence RH to avoid enhanced vitamin losses.
The Role of the Nurse Practitioner in the Diagnosis and Management of Bulimia Nervosa Part 3 : Psychosocial Management

Psychological problems associated with bulimia nervosa affect both the client and the family. The nurse practitioner is often in a position to refer the client to a therapist who has experience in treating clients with eating disorders. The nurse practitioner and the therapist, along with the nutritionist, if available, need to work from the beginning as a team. Each team member must have a distinct role regarding management of specific aspects of client care in order to avoid confusion and attempted manipulation by the client.
Economic and Clinical Disparities in Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose:To identify and describe economic and clinical relationships and trends associated with selected access, equity, and outcome characteristics of a large inpatient population with Type 2 diabetes. Design:Longitudinal, descriptive cross-sectional study with secondary analyses of data about 101,944 patients in hospitals in the United States (US), 40 years of age and older with a primary diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes from the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP-3) database for 1994–1997. Methods:Descriptive analysis, hierarchical, random-effects regression modeling, and contrasts between covariate-adjusted means. Hospital charge data were highly skewed in a positive direction requiring a logarithmic transformation. Variables for the study included both hospital and patient characteristics. Findings:Significant racial and sex disparities were found in health care access, equity, and outcomes, with equity characteristics showing alarming disparities in types of procedures (amputations and peripheral vascular bypass grafts) performed, lengths of stay, and dispositions. Conclusions:Disparities in health care access, equity, and outcomes continue to exist on the basis of sex, ethnicity, and age as well as the type and location of the hospital. Access and equity are values that, despite rhetoric in relation to health care utilization, have not been systematically attained.
Higher education funding: The value of information

Abstract This note examines the key role of information about individual skills in economic welfare. In the model, agents invest in higher education when the returns to their investment are uncertain. They choose how to finance their investment on the basis of a public signal about their individual skills. This note provides an example of an economic framework in which, in equilibrium, more information about individual skills (more accurate signals) makes economic agents worse off.
El estudio del significado: semántica y pragmática

Objetivos La semantica estudia el significado de las palabras, frases y oraciones y como se usan estas en el discurso para una comunicacion exitosa. En este capitulo, consideraremos los siguientes temas: • el significado de significado en el estudio de la semantica. Puedo referirme a mi hermano Francisco como mi hermano , Francisco , Paco o Paquito , pero ?podemos decir que estas expresiones tienen el mismo significado? • las principales relaciones semanticas entre palabras, como la sinonimia y la antonimia, entre otras. Podriamos decir que habitacion y cuarto son sinonimos y que alto y bajo son antonimos, pero ?cual es la relacion entre gato y perro , o entre animal y gato ? ?Es importante distinguir entre palabras con dos significados distintos (como banco “institucion financiera” y banco “asiento”), y palabras con significados relacionados (como simple en una cama simple y un procedimiento simple )? Y ?cual es la relacion entre la pata de un mueble y la de un animal? • como se entienden las oraciones por medio del rol semantico de los participantes en el evento. Aqui estudiaremos como es posible que oraciones sintacticamente tan distintas como Juan abrio la puerta con la llave , la llave abrio la puerta y la puerta fue abierta puedan expresar un concepto tan parecido (la apertura de la puerta). • los factores que tienen que tomarse en cuenta para el estudio de las palabras deicticas , como yo , aqui y ahora , que senalan la ubicacion espacial o temporal de entidades y personas segun el contexto de habla. Suponga que usted encuentra un papel tirado en la calle que dice te espero aqui en una hora . Aunque se entiende perfectamente el significado de las palabras, no se entiende el mensaje que comunican. ?Quien va a esperar a quien, donde y cuando? […]
Embodying the Path: A Call for Kinesthetic Learning in Religious Studies

This paper seeks to establish kinesthetic learning as an effective medium for religious studies education. An examination of the historical presence and subsequent removal of dance as an element of Christian worship sheds light on the current scarcity of movement and dance in the academic discipline. The paper then illustrates commonalities between the dance experience and the religious experience and the centrality of body to religion and spirituality. A discourse on the efficacy of kinesthetic learning in general is followed by testimony supporting it as an especially relevant medium for religious studies. The paper concludes by contrasting the fields of theology and religious studies, with suggestions on how introducing kinesthetic learning to both could usher in an appropriate wedding of the two.
Abstract 112: Cigarette Smoke Directly Produces a Pro-inflammatory/matrix remodeling Phenotype in Cerebral Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via KLF4: A Potential Mechanism for Cerebral Aneurysm Pathogenesis

Cigarette smoke is one of the most significant environmental risk factor for cerebral aneurysm formation. Inflammation, matrix degradation and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation are thought to be important in aneurysm pathology yet molecular pathogenic mechanisms are unknown. We investigated the role of cigarette smoke in producing phenotypic modulation and inflammation in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) focusing on a potential pivotal role of the transcription factor, KLF4. Methods: Rat cerebral VSMCs were treated with Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE) at 4 and 40 ug/ml for 4, 24 and 48 hours. The level of water soluble components of cigarette smoke and nicotine levels present in the CSE overlap with plasma levels of these constituents in human smokers. SMC marker genes (SM-alpha-Actin, 22-alpha and MHC), transcription co-activator, Myocardin, KLF4 and inflammatory/matrix remodeling genes (MMP-2, 3, 9, VCAM-1, MCP-1, and iNOS) were measured using qPCR. siRNA against KLF4 and non-specific siGFP were transfected in cultured VSMCs to examine a potential critical role for KFL4 in this process. As part of in vivo experiments, Pluronic Gel (40% w/v) containing 0.2 - 0.8 mg/ml CSE was applied to the adventitial surface of rat carotid arteries for 24-48 hours. Results: CSE significantly induced KLF4 expression at 4 hours (p Conclusions: Cigarette smoke directly produces marked phenotypic modulation of cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo promoting a pro-inflammatory/matrix remodeling phenotype. These effects appear to be mediated via KLF4. Inflammation, accelerated matrix remodeling and VSMC phenotypic modulation are implicated in human cerebral aneurysms. The molecular mechanisms activated by cigarette smoke outlined here may have critical implications for human cerebral aneurysm pathogenesis and may represent important targets for future therapy. Fig: Gene Expression.
Immunologic differentiation of free and heme-bound rabbit hemopexin.

Rabbit hemopexin (RHx) can be qualitatively distinguished from heme-RHx by comparing the ability of the two molecules to inhibit a standard anti-RHx antiserum. The addition of heme is shown to be attended by the loss of an antigenic determinant and, therefore, a structural change in the surface of the RHx molecule. This effect is not detectable by conventional immunodiffusion techniques. V arying amounts of heme are released into the plasma in the course of hemoglobin breakdown. A specific carrier protein, hemopexin (Rx) ,l binds this heme and the complex is rapidly removed from the plasma by liver cells2 Binding with heme leads to conformational changes in the protein, as shown by changes in the circular dichroism of the protein.8 The present study demonstrates a loss in the immunologic reactivity of rabbit hemopexin (RHx) as a result of binding heme. This provides further evidence for the conformational change in the protein surface associated with heme binding.
Acute Effect of Hookah Smoking on the Human Coronary Microcirculation

Hookah (water pipe) smoking is a major new understudied epidemic affecting youth. Because burning charcoal is used to heat the tobacco product, hookah smoke delivers not only nicotine but also large amounts of charcoal combustion products, including carbon-rich nanoparticles that constitute putative coronary vasoconstrictor stimuli and carbon monoxide, a known coronary vasodilator. We used myocardial contrast echocardiography perfusion imaging with intravenous lipid shelled microbubbles in young adult hookah smokers to determine the net effect of smoking hookah on myocardial blood flow. In 9 hookah smokers (age 27 ± 5 years, mean ± SD), we measured myocardial blood flow velocity (β), myocardial blood volume (A), myocardial blood flow (A × β) as well as myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) before and immediately after 30 minutes of ad lib hookah smoking. Myocardial blood flow did not decrease with hookah smoking but rather increased acutely (88 ± 10 to 120 ± 19 a.u./s, mean ± SE, p = 0.02), matching a mild increase in MVO2 (6.5 ± 0.3 to 7.6 ± 0.4 ml·minute(-1), p <0.001). This was manifested primarily by increased myocardial blood flow velocity (0.7 ± 0.1 to 0.9 ± 0.1 second(-1), p = 0.01) with unchanged myocardial blood volume (133 ± 7 to 137 ± 7 a.u., p = ns), the same pattern of coronary microvascular response seen with a low-dose β-adrenergic agonist. Indeed, with hookah, the increased MVO2 was accompanied by decreased heart rate variability, an indirect index of adrenergic overactivity, and eliminated by β-adrenergic blockade (i.v. propranolol). In conclusion, nanoparticle-enriched hookah smoke either is not an acute coronary vasoconstrictor stimulus or its vasoconstrictor effect is too weak to overcome the physiologic dilation of coronary microvessels matching mild cardiac β-adrenergic stimulation.
The Doolittle Board and Coöptation in the Army

ficulties in the performance of their duties. In 16, or 28.5 percent, of the 56 institutions, teachers of sociology have no funds for research, professional travel, and the promotion of departmental lectures and programs. Although funds for these purposes seem to be provided under a variety of conditions in 40 of the 56 institutions, the extent of such financial support was not indicated. Data received from the 56 institutions indicate that in nine the teachers of sociology do not have the use of an office, in 12 institutions they do not have access to telephones, typewriters, and filing cabinets, and in 14 institutions the teachers have no secretarial help of any kind or amount. A further problem encountered by teachers of sociology in these institutions is the actual or imagined attitude of the college administration. On this topic the reports received from the 56 institutions indicate that in 20 independent research by sociology teachers is not encouraged; in 8 schools graduate study is not encouraged; in 9 institutions professional travel by sociology teachers is not encouraged; and in 10 institutions the teachers stated that civic and community services were not encouraged. Although it was reported that these activities and services were encouraged by the administrations of the other institutions, the teachers felt in many instances that the encouragement was more verbal than tangible or financial.
Electron spin resonance and electron spin echo modulation studies of Fe-containing mesoporous MCM-48 molecular sieves

Through electron spin resonance (ESR) and electron spin echo modulation (ESEM) studies, three Fe(III) species are found in liquid ion-exchanged Fe-MCM-48 and synthesized FeMCM-48. Species A with ESR parameters gA = 4.30 with a line width of 160 G is observed in hydrated samples. This species is accompanied by a shoulder atg = 7.60 and is assigned to distorted tetrahedral Fe(III) likely located at framework defect sites. Species B is a broad peak centered at gB = 2.00 and is assigned to distorted octahedral Fe(III) located at extraframework sites. This species is also observed in dehydrated samples. Species C is a very narrow isotropic signal at gC = 4.30 with a line width of 30 G and is only observed in synthesized mesophase materials. It is consistent with rhombic Fe(III) with zero field parametersD andE corresponding toD/E =1/3 and is assigned to tetrahedral Fe(III) located at framework sites. Framework Fe(III) in FeMCM-48 is less accessible to ND3 than is extraframework Fe(III) in Fe-MCM-48. On the basis of deuterium ESEM data, framework Fe(III) in synthesized FeMCM-48 directly coordinates to two D2O or CH3OD molecules and interacts more weakly with two more molecules. However, no deuterium ESEM is observed for extraframework Fe(III) in ion-exchanged Fe-MCM-48 with adsorbed D2O or CH3OD. It is also found that Fe(III) is incorporated into the framework of FeMCM-48 at an early stage of the formation of the MCM-48 mesostructure.
Integration of Elliptic Integrals

(1900). Integration of Elliptic Integrals. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 67-69.
Value of occupational medicine board certification.

Objective:To assess the impact of occupational medicine board certification and career stage on practice characteristics.Methods:Two hundred sixty occupational medicine physicians completed a questionnaire and 25 activity log descriptions about 72 items in 9 major domains. For each item, the percent