cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
43- and 50-Mp High-Performance Interline CCD Image Sensors

This paper describes the design and performance of two new high-resolution interline charge-coupled device image sensors for use in industrial, machine vision, and aerial photography applications. These sensors feature 4.5- $\mu \text{m}$ pixels, 4 outputs, fast dump gate, horizontal lateral overflow drain, and vertical electronic shutter. The 43-Mp sensor has a 35-mm optical format and the 50-Mp sensor has a larger format with a 2.175:1 aspect ratio that matches many modern mobile phone displays. This paper discusses the challenges and solutions to manufacture such large sensors with superior image quality such as uniformity, read noise, dark current, smear, transfer gate blooming, lag, and so on.
Metabolomic analysis of serum and myocardium in compensated heart failure after myocardial infarction.

Abstract Aims To determine the metabolic adaptations to compensated heart failure using a reproducible model of myocardial infarction and an unbiased metabolic screen. To address the limitations in sample availability and model variability observed in preclinical and clinical metabolic investigations of heart failure. Main methods Metabolomic analysis was performed on serum and myocardial tissue from rabbits after myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by cryo-injury of the left ventricular free wall. Rabbits followed for 12 weeks after MI exhibited left ventricular dilation and depressed systolic function as determined by echocardiography. Serum and tissue from the viable left ventricular free wall, interventricular septum and right ventricle were analyzed using a gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics assay for primary metabolites. Key findings Unique results included: a two- three-fold increase in taurine levels in all three ventricular regions of MI rabbits and similarly, the three regions had increased inosine levels compared to sham controls. Reduced myocardial levels of myo-inositol in the myocardium of MI animals point to altered phospholipid metabolism and membrane receptor function in heart failure. Metabolite profiles also provide evidence for responses to oxidative stress and an impairment in TCA cycle energy production in the failing heart. Significance Our results revealed metabolic changes during compensated cardiac dysfunction and suggest potential targets for altering the progression of heart failure.
Physical therapist’s clinical reasoning in patients with gait impairments from hemiplegia

Background: During stroke rehabilitation, physical therapists (PTs) perform gait analysis and design treatments based on this analysis. Objectives: To investigate the current trends in PTs clinical reasoning in assessing and managing gait in persons with hemiplegia. Design: A qualitative study using a phenomenological approach using a semi-structured interview protocol with FG. Methods: Participants consisted of expert and novice PTs working in a neurologic rehabilitation setting. FG were conducted in person and via web. Constant comparative qualitative analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results: A total of 22 PTs participated in five FG (2 novice and 3 expert groups). From the analysis of qualitative data, five themes emerged. Novice and experienced clinicians: 1) take a systematic approach to examination and evaluation of persons with hemiplegia; 2) are in agreement in common gait deficits found in persons with hemiplegia; 3) may differ in their approach to treatment based on the amount of experience of the clinician; 4) generally agree on the manner in which orthotics are used in the management of persons with hemiplegia; and 5) demonstrate professional accountability to patients concerning the use of orthotic devices. Conclusions: This qualitative study provided insight into the variability in PTs' strategies for gait analysis, and their identification and interpretation of common deviations and impairments in persons with hemiplegia following stroke. Reluctance to utilize orthotics for patients with hemiplegia was a consistent theme across FG.
Dermatopathology: An Exciting, Innovative, and Compelling Dermatology Subspecialty Worthy of Continued Consideration among Dermatology Residents

Perhaps because of reimbursement concerns, there has been a decrease in interest in dermatopathology among dermatology residents. A case is made for the compelling aspects of a career in dermatopathology for clinical dermatologists.
Modeling and Analysis of the Latency-Based Congestion Control Algorithm DX

Nowadays, low latency has become one of the primary goals of congestion control in data center networks. To achieve low latency, many congestion control algorithms have been proposed, wherein DX is the first latency-based one. Specifically, DX tackles the accurate latency measurement problem, reduces the flow completion time and outperforms the de facto DCTCP algorithm significantly in term of median queueing delay. Although the advantages of DX have been confirmed by experimental results, the behaviors of DX have not been fully revealed. Accordingly, some drawbacks of DX under special environment are unexplored. Therefore, in this paper, we conduct fluid-flow analysis over DX, deducing sufficient condition for the stability of DX and revealing the behaviors of DX. Analytical results uncover two problems of DX: (1) it has poor throughput when either the base RTT is very large or the number of flows is relatively small; (2) it suffers from large queueing delay when either the base RTT is relatively small or the number of flows is very large. These results are instructive to the improvement and deployment of DX. Simulation results based on NS-3 verify our analytical results.
Algebra for Fractional Statistics -- interpolating from fermions to bosons

This article constructs the Hilbert space for the algebra $\alpha \beta - e^{i \theta} \beta \alpha = 1 $ that provides a continuous interpolation between the Clifford and Heisenberg algebras. This particular form is inspired by the properties of anyons. We study the eigenvalues of a generalized number operator (${\cal N} = \beta \alpha$) and construct the Hilbert space, classified by values of a complex coordinate ($\lambda_0$): the eigenvalues lie on a circle. For $\theta$ being an irrational multiple of $2 \pi$, we get an infinite-dimensional representation, however for a rational multiple ($\frac{M}{N}$) of $2 \pi$, it is finite-dimensional, parametrized by the complex coordinate $\lambda_0$. The case for $N=2 \: ; \: \theta=\pi$ is the usual Clifford algebra for fermions, while the case for $N=\infty \: ; \: \theta=0$ is the Heisenberg algebra of bosons, albeit with two copies for positive and negative eigenvalues. We find a smooth transition from the fermion to the boson situation as $N \rightarrow \infty$ from $N=2$. After constructing the Hilbert space from the algebra, the cases for $N=2,3$ can be mapped to $SU(2)$. Then, we motivate the study of coherent states, rather generally. The coherent states are eigenstates of $\alpha$, the annihilation operator and are labeled by complex numbers for non-zero $\lambda_0$.
Cancer Informatics in 2019: Deep Learning Takes Center Stage.

Objective: To summarize significant research contributions on cancer informatics published in 2019. Methods: An extensive search using PubMed/Medline and manual review was conducted to identify the scientific contributions published in 2019 that address topics in cancer informatics. The selection process comprised three steps: (i) 15 candidate best papers were first selected by the two section editors, (ii) external reviewers from internationally renowned research teams reviewed each candidate best paper, and (iii) the final selection of two best papers was conducted by the editorial committee of the Yearbook. Results: The two selected best papers demonstrate the clinical utility of deep learning in two important cancer domains: radiology and pathology. Conclusion: Cancer informatics is a broad and vigorous subfield of biomedical informatics. Applications of new and emerging computational technologies are especially notable in 2019.
In vivo metabolite tracing of T cells

Abstract T cells are integral players in the adaptive immune system that readily adapt their metabolism to meet their energetic and biosynthetic needs. A major hurdle to understand physiologic T cell metabolism has been the differences between in vitro cell culture conditions and the complex in vivo milieu. To address this, we have developed a protocol that merges traditional immunology infection models with whole-body metabolite infusion and mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomic profiling to assess T cell metabolism in vivo. In this protocol, pathogen-infected mice are infused via the tail vein with an isotopically labeled metabolite, followed by rapid magnetic bead isolation to purify T cell populations and then stable isotope labeling (SIL) analysis conducted by MS. This procedure enables researchers to evaluate metabolic substrate utilization by specific T cell subpopulations in the context of physiological immune responses in vivo.
Pfizer, Inc. v. India Foreign Sovereigns’ Standing to Sue for Treble Damages

This article provides an analysis of the Supreme Court’s holding in Pfizer, Inc. v. India, 434 U.S. 308 (1978), and the impact of allowing foreign sovereigns’ to seek remedies under the Clayton Act.
Perancangan Platform Interaktif Kolaboratif: Menggunakan Animasi untuk Menceritakan Kisah - Kisah Sensitif Para Pekerja Migran Eks- Kapal Pesiar di Amerika Serikat pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Bercerita mengenai kisah-kisah para penyintas yang telah berhasil keluar dari tekanan masalah yang dialaminya tentu mempunyai tantangan tersendiri. Memberi rasa aman dan nyaman dalam menyimpan rahasia identitas asli para penyintas tersebut adalah hal yang paling penting dalam proyek ini. Cerita mengenai pekerja migran yang berhasil keluar dari tekanan pekerjaan di kapal pesiar dan mendapatkan pekerjaan baru di daratan Amerika Serikat sangat sulit diwujudkan karena status legalitas keimigrasian mereka. Hal ini kemudian membuat kondisi mereka menjadi sangat rentan, mengingat identitas asli mereka tidak bisa dibuka untuk publik secara gamblang dikarenakan adanya ancaman deportasi dan tagihan denda dalam jumlah besar apabila mereka tertangkap. Melalui proyek ini, penulis bermaksud untuk merancang platform online interaktif yang menghubungkan pihak penyintas dengan pihak pembuat animasi, sehingga mereka dapat berkolaborasi dan membuat satu film animasi mengenai cerita sang penyintas. Penggunaan medium animasi dirasa sangat tepat untuk isu-isu sensitif, karena animasi dapat menceritakan hal yang kompleks secara sederhana, singkat, menjangkau semua umur, dan dapat menceritakan kembali hal-hal sensitif secara terbuka dan cenderung tidak menakutkan. Tujuan utama proyek ini adalah untuk mengakomodasi suara-suara para penyintas dan memberdayakan mereka agar dapat bercerita secara aman, nyaman dan tetap inklusif. Terlebih pada masa pandemi covid-19, platform online dan temu virtual menjadi solusi ideal dalam berinteraksi antar pengguna.
A Bang-Bang Approximation to the Solution of a Learning Augmented Planning Model

In this paper we study production programs where a relatively small number of complex units are produced to contractual order, and unit costs fall over time in some systematic way. We call this situation made-to-order production. Aircraft production is a good example. We derive the time path of planned resource use and demonstrate how to obtain approximate solutions for these optimal trajectories. The use of the approximation avoids a “messy” nonlinear optimization problem while providing resource estimates.
Promoting Family Resilience Through Evidence-based Policy Making: Reconsidering the Link Between Adult–Infant Bedsharing and Infant Mortality

Evidence-based policy making often has a direct or indirect goal of promoting family resilience. The authors consider the ways in which scholarly disagreements about evidence can challenge this goal, focusing on the debate regarding whether adult–infant bedsharing increases the risk of infant mortality. A central issue is whether scholars conclude that public policy should recommend against all bedsharing or only bedsharing in particular risky circumstances. The authors use context-based evidence-based policy making (Dobrow, Goel & Upshur, 2004) as a framework for a review of studies of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) correlates and SIDS mechanisms related to bedsharing as well as the reasons parents bed share. The authors discuss the implications of different interpretations of the evidence and point to the potential of adversarial collaboration in helping to address the points of disagreement and ultimately better support family resilience. The issues discussed in this case are broadly relevant to other debated evidence for family policy making.
The birth of dislocations in shock waves and high-speed friction

Large-scale atomistic simulations by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics have revealed that shock-wave loading and high-speed friction between dry metal interfaces have surprising similarities, in that plastic deformation occurs by the violent birth of dislocations. Shock-wave deformation is initiated at the shock front, while in sliding friction, the interface produces dislocations that move first within the plane and then out of it, so as to generate a microstructure that accommodates the slippage. For both shocks and friction in perfect, or nearly perfect, crystals, there is a threshold driving force that needs to be overcome in order to induce plastic flow. Below that threshold, pre-existing extended defects are able to trigger plastic microstructure that resembles the kind seen above the threshold.
Creating a roadmap for educational scholarship (14.3)

Creating a Roadmap for Educational Scholarship Planning ahead can help bring educational scholarship to dissemination. The attendees will review the steps and sequence of activities to take an idea from something of interest to one that can be disseminated. Careful attention will be paid to the considerations in the methods that will ensure a robust study. Guidance will be given concerning publication opportunities. Specific Objectives: At the end of the session, participants will have: 1. Identified the steps necessary to move an idea from inception to dissemination. 2. Considered the different approaches to conducting educational scholarship.
On receptivity to environmental disturbances

The key characteristic of turbulence is 3D vorticity with a range of scales. The initially laminar shear layers generally vary slowly in the streamwise direction x and the spanwise direction z. They tend to be quasi-two-dimensional and quasi-homogeneous. During the transition process they become dehomogenized in x and z as well as unsteady in t through the forcing action of environmental disturbances in conjunction with various more rapid spatial variations in properties of the boundaries: slope, curvature, temperature, porosity, etc. The no-slip boundary conditions automatically convert any steady or unsteady pressure gradients ∂p/∂x and ∂p/∂z into density-weighted vorticity outflows (per unit wall area) of ω z and -ω x respectively. This is of course the principal (viscous) mechanism by which irrotational flow fields, including sound are converted into steady shear layers and unsteady vorticity waves. It plays a role in most receptivity mechanisms whether for the primary or secondary and higher instabilities.
Mechanism of 5-Azacytidine-induced Transfer RNA Cytosine-5-methyltransferase Deficiency

The administration of 5-azacytidine to mice leads to a specific, rapid, time-dependent, and dose-dependent decrease of transfer RNA (tRNA) cytosine-5-methyltransferase activity of mouse liver and the synthesis of tRNA specifically lacking 5-methylcytidine. The mechanism of this enzyme deficiency was investigated. The pretreatment of mice with RNA synthesis inhibitors such as actinomycin D and D-galactosamine prevented the enzyme deficiency induced by 5-azacytidine administration. These results suggested that RNA synthesis was a prerequisite for the induction by 5-azacytidine of the enzyme inhibition in vivo. Indeed, a slowly sedimenting RNA (4 to 7S) from the livers of mice treated with 5-azacytidine, when present in an in vitro tRNA methyltransferase assay, decreased specifically the activity of tRNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase. The pretreatment of mice with actinomycin D or D-galactosamine prior to the administration of 5-azacytidine effectively prevented the formation of such inhibitory RNA in vivo as determined by an in vitro tRNA methyltransferase assay. These results indicate that the administration of 5-azacytidine to mice leads to the rapid synthesis of a low-molecular-weight RNA fraction which is capable of specifically inactivating tRNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase activity in vivo and in vitro.
From Information‐Seeking Behavior to Meaning Engagement Practice.

We invite readers of this colloquy on information-seeking behavior to reconsider the worldview that structures scholarly and practical thinking about information-seeking behavior as a mode of human activity. We propose an alternative formulation–meaning engagement practice–to draw into relief the assumptions that tacitly underpin the investigation of information-seeking behavior. We develop this alternative by contrasting information with meaning, seeking with engagement, and behavior with practice. By rethinking information-seeking behavior through the lens of meaning engagement practice, avenues for theoretical development and systematic investigation of communication more generally are recovered. We ground our case for meaning engagement practice in four research contexts: modeling the user in information mediation, information access and browsing as relevant processes for understanding information-seeking behavior, the products and by-products of an information-seeking behavior worldview in psychiatric evaluation, and approaches to the design of mediation practices that encourage reflection.
Structure-Volume Relationships of Proteins DILATOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURAL TRANSITIONS ENGENDERED IN SERUM ALBUMIN AND MYOGLOBIN AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ACID-BASE REACTION IN WATER AND IN DENATURING MEDIA

Abstract Conformational changes produced by acid-base reaction with serum albumin and myoglobin generate volume effects which are unique and characteristic for the given systems. The volume changes were determined with dilatometers which could be read to 0.01 µl; the experiments were performed at 30.0 ± 0.001°. The acid induced N-F transition produced by serum albumin in water elicits an attenuation of the volume isotherm in the region bounded by pH 3.0 to 3.7. The use of 8 m urea and 6 m guanidine hydrochloride virtually eliminated this effect. The titration of serum albumin with alkali caused anomalous volume effects which indicated at least two transitions; namely, the "neutral transition" generated as the pH is increased from pH 5 to pH 9 and a second transition which occurs at pH values greater than pH 10.8. The reaction of acid with sperm whale myoglobin in water causes bizarre volume effects, i.e. a quasi-sinusoidal isotherm is generated as a function of hydrogen ion concentration. The small initial volume rise is followed by a sharp volume decrease which is due to the structural transition associated with the normalizing of the six "masked" imidazoles in myoglobin. Similar experiments performed in 8 m urea reveal the retention of some degree of organized structure which is disrupted by increasing proton concentration. The structural transitions were time-dependent; this is in contrast to the other systems which reached steady state within several minutes after reaction. Myoglobin in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride did not exhibit any evidence of structural transition upon titration with acid; there was good agreement between the observed and calculated volume effects. The alkaline titration of myoglobin in water produced a monotonic volume rise with increasing concentrations of bound OH-. However, similar studies employing 8 m urea as solvent revealed a transition at the point where 45 moles of OH- were bound/ 105 g of myoglobin; this was interpreted as being caused by the release of 34 prototropic groups/105 g of proteins. The volume effects associated with the various transitions are the summation of such processes as the change of the partial molar volume of the protein, normalizing of masked ionic groups, electrostriction effects, and other less well defined phenomena arising from the alteration of the protein.
Marketing and Religion

ABSTRACT Marketing's acceptance by most not-for-profit organizational types (e.g., healthcare, the arts, education, social causes, politics, etc.) has been sometimes slow, but always inevitable. This is not so with religious organizations. While the marketing literature is replete with positive commentary on the use of marketing by religious institutions, complete with “how to” advice for novice religious organization administrators, the religious literature has not been uniformly accepting of marketing thought. This article provides a comprehensive review of both literatures, identifying what we have learned from empirical studies as well as conceptual work on the subject. Tables provide a summary of major findings.
Composition of the refluxed material determines the degree of reflux esophagitis in the dog.

Abstract To evaluate the influence of the composition of refluxed material in the pathogenesis of esophagitis, a dog model was used to allow esophageal reflux of gastric secretions, duodenal pancreaticobiliary secretions, and a combination of both. Control dogs had only an esophageal incision. Incompetence of the cardia was established in five other groups by transecting the distal sphincter and creating a hiatal hernia. Two groups received moderate or maximal histamine stimulation of gastric secretion. A gastroje-junostomy, pyloromyotomy, and duodenal closure distal to the papilla were added in the other three groups, creating duodenogastric reflux; two were stimulated with histamine and one had a truncal vagotomy and no histamine. Radiologic, manometric, and pH studies showed that incompetence of the cardia was obtained. The dogs were killed 4 wk postoperatively and evaluated for gross and microscopic evidence of esophagitis. Erosive esophagitis was found only in dogs with reflux of gastric juice following maximal acid stimulation. Microscopic reflux changes in esophageal mucosa were seen in all groups; again, changes were most pronounced in dogs with maximal gastric stimulation. The combination of duodenogastric reflux and moderate gastric stimulation produced more significant alterations in microscopic reflux criteria than did moderate gastric stimulation alone. Our conclusions are as follows: In a dog model of gastroesophageal reflux of various combinations of gastric and duodenal secretory components, erosive esophagitis occurred only with maximal gastric stimulation in the absence of duodenogastric reflux. All reflux combinations, however, produced some degree of microscopic changes, suggesting they could eventually cause gross changes with a lengthened experimental time span.
The ubiquitous nature of multivesicular release

'Simplicity is prerequisite for reliability' (E.W. Dijkstra [1]) Presynaptic action potentials trigger the fusion of vesicles to release neurotransmitter onto postsynaptic neurons. Each release site was originally thought to liberate at most one vesicle per action potential in a probabilistic fashion, rendering synaptic transmission unreliable. However, the simultaneous release of several vesicles, or multivesicular release (MVR), represents a simple mechanism to overcome the intrinsic unreliability of synaptic transmission. MVR was initially identified at specialized synapses but is now known to be common throughout the brain. MVR determines the temporal and spatial dispersion of transmitter, controls the extent of receptor activation, and contributes to adapting synaptic strength during plasticity and neuromodulation. MVR consequently represents a widespread mechanism that extends the dynamic range of synaptic processing.
The Focused-Beam Reflection-Mode Acoustic Microscope at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory — Development and Present Capability

A focused-beam, reflection-mode acoustic microscope (FRAM) has been developed for the evaluation of surface and near surface regions in monolithic and layered structures. This new ultrasonic system, though it bears some similarity to other ultrasonic and acoustic microscope systems is sufficiently unique in at least four important aspects: 1. The ultra broad (10 to 1) frequency range through frequency—contiguous transducer/lens system. 2. Two selectable signal source options that include coherent RF pulse burst or incoherent video impulse excitation. 3. Precision imaging (color as well as black and white) and metrological algorithms implemented through digital control. 4. Large digital storage capacity that permits near real-time replay and comparison.
Implantation of the distal aorta: a technique for preservation of pelvic blood flow in aortofemoral reconstruction.

We report our initial experience with a previously undescribed variation of aortofemoral bypass. This technique is an alternative to end-to-side aortic anastomosis for preservation of pelvic blood flow. It involves an end-to-end proximal aortic anastomosis with implantation of the distal aorta into the posterior wall of the bifurcation graft. This approach has been used selectively for nine patients. Seven patients operated on using this technique had bilateral external iliac artery disease preventing retrograde perfusion of the pelvis. We used this procedure in two other young patients to preserve large inferior mesenteric and distal aortic lumbar vessels proximal to common iliac artery occlusions. Mean follow-up has been 20 months. There have been no deaths and no major complications. This technique provides the hemodynamic benefit of a proximal end-to-end aortic anastomosis while maintaining patency of the distal aorta and its branches. Additional technical advantages may include better suture line protection from the duodenum and a decreased potential for graft limb kinking. These factors may ultimately result in superior long- term graft patency.
BIRTHWEIGHT|[sol]|GESTATIONAL AGE PROFILES FOR METROPOLITAN PHILADELPHIA

Birthweight (BW) as a function of gestational age (GA) was evaluated for a broad spectrum of both urban and suburban population, in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley, who delivered at Penna. Hosp. A total of 13467 live-births occurred at this institution during the years 1977 to 1981. The racial spectrum was 62% Black (49.7% females); 30% White (47.8% females); and 8% Hispanics, Orientals, Asians, etc. GA was calculated on the mother's dates, obstetrical evaluation and then, the clinical estimation of GA. The data was analyzed by a UNIVAC computer programmed to calculate the percentiles of BW for each week of GA (26 to 42 weeks) for the total population and ethnic subcategories. BW curves were developed for all data. Total population BW exhibited different values of central tendency and were statistically different from known curves (Fig 1). Statistically different curves were also developed on the basis of race and sex. Differences in geographic location, altitude and composition of ethnic populations probably account for these observations. These data emphasize the need to utilize local regional standards classification of neonates according to their GA, and thus predict the risk of their morbidity and mortality.
Camera calibration using Postscript interference patterns

This paper presents a new simple practical method for estimating the horizontal scale factor and/or the pixel aspect ratio of a standard imaging system that uses a CCD or CID video camera. The method uses a self-aligning target pattern that can be produced by a conventional 300 dpi laser printer. It requires only three one-dimensional measurements from a single image - one of which is the null of an interference pattern - and does not depend on exact knowledge of the focal length of the lens or the working distance of the camera. It does not require the use of an oscilloscope or removal of the anti-aliasing filter on the output of the camera. In addition to finding the scale factor, the same target pattern is useful for orienting the camera about its optical axis.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Some Physical Factors Affecting the Internal Damping of Glass

An apparatus for accurately measuring the internal damping of fine fibers in vacuo at constant temperature is described. The effects of handling, hydrofluoric acid etch, fiber diameter, and other factors on the internal damping values for a typical soda-lime-silica glass are discussed. The effects of viscous air damping and vacua on torsional oscillation in this apparatus also are discussed since absolute internal damping values were desired.
Environment-Induced Electrostatic Discharges as the Cause of Voyager 1 Power-On Resets

The Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft all experienced anomalous behavior during their encounters with Jupiter. In particular, the Voyager 1 spacecraft experienced 42 electrical circuitry designed to protect the on-board computer from power fluctuations. Given the diversity of instrumentation and frequency of the anomalies observed by Voyager 1 in the inner magnetosphere of Jupiter, this set of data is particularly well suited as a case study. Although the nature of the anomalies clearly indicates a spacecraft-charging origin, the Voyager low-energy plasma data apparently imply absolute surface potentials of only a few tens of volts. It is thus difficult to explain the anomalies in terms of surface charging. The anomalies are, however, shown to be consistent with the hypothesis of internal charging of spacecraft parts and components.
Effects of Heating Surface Materials on a Liquid–Solid Contact State in a Sessile Drop-Boiling System

Three experimental investigations are performed on the liquid-solid contact state at the instant when a liquid comes in contact with a healing surface in the transition-boiling regime between the maximum evaporation rate point and the spheroidal state: (1) measuring the piezoelectric potential by means of a quartz oscillator being placed on the healing surface, (2) monitoring the boiling sound generated at the instant of liquid-solid contact using a condenser microphone, and (3) observation of drop behavior, by means of high-speed photography. The information obtained from these three investigations is synthesized to quantify the liquid-solid contact state
Dynamic elastic modulus and vibration damping behavior of porous silicon carbide ceramics at elevated temperatures

The piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT) has been used to measure the Young's modulus, E, the mechanical damping, Q{sup {minus}1}, and the strain amplitude, {epsilon}, of a sintered silicon carbide containing pores (Hexoloy-SP). The silicon carbide material used in this study had at least 14 vol% porosity. Young's modulus was found to have a linear temperature dependence from room temperature to 740 C. The damping was near 10{sup {minus}4} and was independent of strain amplitude above room temperature.
Bounded-concurrent secure two-party computation without setup assumptions

In this paper we study the feasibility of obtaining protocols for general two-party computation that remain secure under concurrent composition. (A general protocol can be used for obtaining secure computation of any functionality.) We consider a scenario where no trusted setup is assumed (and so, for example, there is no common reference string available to the parties); we call this the "plain model". We present both negative and positive results for this model. Specifically, we show that a general two-party protocol that remains secure for m concurrent executions and can be proven via black-box simulation, must have more than m rounds of communication. An important corollary of this result is that there do not exist protocols for black-box secure general two-party computation for the case of unbounded concurrency (where any polynomial number of concurrent executions may be run). On the positive side, we show that under general cryptographic assumptions, there exist secure protocols for general two-party computation in the model of bounded concurrent composition (in this model the number of concurrent executions is fixed and the protocol design may depend on this number). Our protocol has O(m) rounds of communication, where m is the bound on the number of concurrent executions, and uses both black-box and non black-box techniques. We note that this protocol constitutes the first feasibility result for general two-party computation without setup assumptions for any model of concurrency.
Half-life and high-energy positon end point of Sc40

Abstract The half-life of Sc40, obtained from integral decay curves for the gamma radiation, is 0.179±0.002 s. The end point of the high-energy positon spectrum, determined with a 180° uniform-field magnetic spectrometer, is 9.2±0.2 MeV. The half-life of this positon group agrees with that of the gamma ray. The present evidence confirms the original assignment and decay scheme proposed by Glass and Richardson.
Studies on the mode of action of vitamin K.

Abstract The regulation of cell metabolism involves controls imposed at three general levels: (1) modification of the activity of existing enzymes, (2) modification of the permeability and function of cell and organelle membranes, and (3) the control of the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins of biological significance mediated by genetic mechanisms. Attempts to explain the action of the fat-soluble vitamins in terms of the first two mechanisms cited above have not been successful. In view of the fact, however, that the fat-soluble vitamins as a class do influence the concentrations of enzymes and other proteins in various organisms, it appeared possible that these changes reflected an action at the genetic level. It has been shown that actinomycin D inhibits vitamin K-induced prothrombin formation in chicks deficient in vitamin K. Doses of actinomycin which inhibited the normal response to vitamin K inhibited incorporation of adenine-8- 14 C into hepatic RNA. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin K acts by stimulating messenger RNA formation for the synthesis of clotting proteins. Puromycin was also shown to inhibit the response to vitamin K in proportion to its inhibitory effect on liver protein synthesis. Since the coumarin drugs antagonize vitamin K, it seemed possible that the site of antagonism was a molecule which regulates this expression of genetic information. To test this hypothesis, rats were fed a diet containing 0.05 per cent dicumarol for 48 hr, at which time they showed prolonged clotting and one-stage prothrombin times. This clotting defect could be corrected in 6 hr by the administration of 1 mg of vitamin K 1 to each rat by mouth. The administration of actinomycinD in doses from 30–240 μg/100 g body weight 4 hr prior to the vitamin K 1 either modified or prevented the action of the vitamin. If actinomycin was given after the vitamin, or given to normal rats, no anticoagulant effect was noted. The dose-response curve of vitamin K-deficient chicks to vitamin K 3 in the presence and absence of prior dicumarol was suggestive of an allosteric interaction. These data are consistent with the view that the site of antagonism between vitamin K and the coumarin drugs is a molecule which controls DNA-dependent RNA replication.
Genetic specialists, kin recognition and nepotism in honey-bee colonies

INSECT societies have long served as useful models in the study of two often intertwined issues in evolutionary biology: the levels at which natural selection operates1, and the phenomena of competition and cooperation in animal societies2. Hamilton3–5 provided a darwinian explanation for the evolution of cooperation by invoking natural selection for increased inclusive fitness, whereas Trivers and Hare6 showed how asymmetrical genetic relationships among members of hymenopteran societies result in differential fitness among queens and workers and can lead to conflict over the production of males. Here we provide evidence for competition among workers of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, in the production of female reproductives, a consequence of the genetic structure of colonies resulting from polyandry7, genotypic biases in components of cooperative behaviour associated with division of labour8–10, and kin recognition11–13. We also propose that nepotistic behaviour by honey bees is influenced by both kin- and colony-level selection.
The impact of unmanned weapon systems on individual and team performance

The U.S. military integrates unmanned systems within combat operations with greater regularity and scope each year. Warfighters currently conduct operations such as Improvised Explosive Device (IED) interrogation, and Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) surveillance and reconnaissance with various unmanned systems. Integration of unmanned weapon systems into human Fire Teams represents the next evolution in mixed-initiative teams.Such integration aims to improve individual and team performance; however, improved understanding and application of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) principles within combat environments is required. The research presented investigates the impact upon individual and team performance when a non-autonomous unmanned weapon system is integrated into a human Fire Team.Studies were conducted at two U.S. Army installations involving 36, four-person Fire Teams. At the first location, participants included pre-deployed novice soldiers, and the second installment included experienced soldiers as participants. All soldiers had previous weapon experience using an M16 rifle and M240B machine gun.Two conditions were compared: Fire Teams fully manned by human Warfighters and Fire Teams where one human Warfighter was replaced by a remotely operated weapon. Each team consisted of four members: one M240B Gunner and three M16 Rifleman. The teams completed simulated missions utilizing the Engagement Skills Trainer 2000 (EST 2000), a virtual training simulator that executes various mission scenarios. The Fire Teams completed two different scenarios, each consisting of a manned and unmanned condition. In the unmanned condition, the Gunner operated a remotely operated weapon from a separate location. Performance was primarily measured by recording the total number of targets hit by each team member during scenario execution. Paired samples t-tests revealed significant differences in individual performance from the manned to unmanned conditions. Individual Riflemen improved performance from manned to unmanned scenarios. However, the Gunners significantly decreased in performance when operating the remote weapon system during the unmanned condition. Team performance did not reveal a significant difference in performance across conditions.This paper describes the experimental plan and methodology, followed by a discussion of experimental results and recommendations for future mixed-initiative team research.
Coccolithophorid blooms in the global ocean

The global distribution pattern of coccolithophrid blooms was mapped in order to ascertain the prevalence of these blooms in the world's oceans and to estimate their worldwide production of CaCO3 and dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Mapping was accomplished by classifying pixels of 5-day global composites of coastal zone color scanner imagery into bloom and nonbloom classes using a supervised, multispectral classification scheme. Surface waters with the spectral signature of coccolithophorid blooms annually covered an average of 1.4 x 10(exp 6) sq km in the world oceans from 1979 to 1985, with the subpolar latitudes accounting for 71% of this surface area. Classified blooms were most extensive in the Subartic North Atlantic. Large expanses of the bloom signal were also detected in the North Pacific, on the Argentine shelf and slope, and in numerous lower latitude marginal seas and shelf regions. The greatest spatial extent of classified blooms in subpolar oceanic regions occurred in the months from summer to early autumn, while those in lower latitude marginal seas occurred in midwinter to early spring. Though the classification scheme was effcient in separating bloom and nonbloom classes during test simulations, and biogeographical literature generally confirms the resulting distribution pattern of blooms in the subpolar regions, the cause of the bloom signal is equivocal in some geographic areas, particularly on shelf regions at lower latitudes. Standing stock estimates suggest that the presumed Emiliania huxleyi blooms act as a significant source of calcite carbon and DMS sulfur on a regional scale. On a global scale, however, the satellite-detected coccolithophorid blooms are estimated to play only a minor role in the annual production of these two compounds and their flux from the surface mixed layer.
Technology, people, and management

The roles played by advanced technology, personnel, and management in fostering success in manufacturing are examined. Evidence indicating that technology is a proven source of productivity growth in manufacturing is cited. However, it is argued that the flexibility embedded in new manufacturing technologies is worthless unless it can be exploited by the organization, in other words, by the people, manufacturing techniques, and management surrounding it. >
Abstract P2-04-04: Breast cancer risk reduction in high risk women identified at the time of screening mammography. Integrating data from an established high risk clinic

Background: At the time of screening mammography, patient data can be collected and entered into a Modified Gail Model Risk Assessment Tool to identify patients at increased risk of invasive breast cancer. In turn, these patients can be referred to high risk centers where risk reduction strategies and chemoprophylaxis can be considered. The objective of this study is to establish how many women are at high risk of invasive breast cancer in a screening population who should be referred to a high risk center for counseling. Methods: This is an observational prospective study evaluating 1,000 women at a single institution presenting for mammographic screening or diagnostic evaluation. At the time of mammography, these women routinely complete a standard intake questionnaire addressing breast cancer risk factors put forward by the institutional clinic. Modified Gail model risk scores were calculated from these data sheets. Women with a 5 year risk of invasive breast cancer of 1.7% or greater were identified as well as women at particularly high risk (≥3.4% or double the 5-year risk). At the time of analysis patients with a history of breast cancer or who underwent diagnostic mammography were excluded. Retrospective data from our institutional high risk clinic from January 2007 to December 2009 was analyzed in respect to patient age at referral, Gail Model Score, personal history of breast cancer, history of benign breast biopsies, and recommendation for and acceptance of chemoprophylaxis. Results: Of 1,000 women screened in the prospective analysis, 366 had ≥1.7% 5-year risk of invasive breast cancer. 26% (96) of these women were under 60 years old while 74% (270) were ≥60 years old. Among the latter group, 19.6% (53) were found to have ≥ 3.4% of developing invasive cancer. In these women with double the 5-year risk, 96.2% had a family history of breast cancer and 69.8% had a prior biopsy. Similarly, in women under 60, greater than half were high risk secondary to a prior biopsy or family history. In the retrospective analysis of 600 patients evaluated in the high risk clinic, 38.8% were eligible for chemoprevention based on age >35, Gail model risk score, and no contraindications to treatment. 45.7% accepted recommendation for chemoprophylaxis as opposed 54.3% who had declined. Age was not found to be a predictor of acceptance of treatment. Conclusions: 1/3 of patients who receive annual screening are at high risk for breast cancer. These patients can be identified from data routinely obtained at the time of screening mammography. These women should be referred for high-risk counseling and consideration of chemoprevention at the time of screening mammography. Further prospective studies may be warranted to determine if this is an effective way to provide risk reduction strategies for high risk women. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-04-04.
Education and Political Participation: Exploring the Causal Link

One of the most consistently documented relationships in the field of political behavior is the close association between educational attainment and political participation. Although most research assumes that this association arises because education causes participation, it could also arise because education proxies for the factors that lead to political engagement: the kinds of people who participate in politics may be the kinds of people who tend to stay in school. To test for a causal effect of education, we exploit the rise in education levels among males induced by the Vietnam draft. We find little reliable evidence that education induced by the draft significantly increases participation rates.
Perinatally acquired HIV infection: Long-term neuropsychological consequences and challenges ahead

Over the past three decades, perinatal HIV infection in the United States has evolved from a fatal disease to a manageable chronic illness. As the majority of youth with perinatal HIV infection age into adolescence and adulthood, management of this stigmatizing, transmittable disease in the backdrop of a cadre of environmental stressors presents challenges beyond those of other chronic illnesses. The neurologic and neuropsychological consequences of this neurotropic virus have important implications for the successful navigation of responsibilities related to increasingly independent living of this aging population. This article will review the neurologic and neuropsychological consequences of perinatal HIV infection and concomitant factors in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy and will provide an overview of the neuropathology, pathogenesis, neuroimaging findings, and treatment of perinatal HIV infection, as well as recommendations for service provision and future research.