cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managed care: applications for people with disabilities

This paper focuses on the general philosophy, tools and methods of managed healthcare systems as they are presently employed in the late 1990s. It also addresses the application of managed healthcare to people with disabilities in need of long-term support systems. Issues of financial inevitability, institutional change, and ethical considerations regarding the application of managed healthcare to people with disabilities are discussed. A proposal of principles and guidelines is drawn for use in the development of managed care systems across all health and human service delivery systems in the Commonwealth of Virginia. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multirate digital filters used for timing recovery in digital receivers

Multirate digital filters are employed in DSP based receivers to change samples of an asynchronous input data stream to samples of a synchronous output data stream. This process is managed by controlling the phase offset of a concurrent up and down sampling operation in a polyphase filter bank or by controlling the phase of a down sampling polyphase filter operating on an over sampled input time series.
An Empirical Study of the Classification Performance of Learners on Imbalanced and Noisy Software Quality Data

In the domain of software quality classification, data mining techniques are used to construct models (learners) for identifying software modules that are most likely to be fault-prone. The performance of these models, however, can be negatively affected by class imbalance and noise. Data sampling techniques have been proposed to alleviate the problem of class imbalance, but the impact of data quality on these techniques has not been adequately addressed. We examine the combined effects of noise and imbalance on classification performance when seven commonly-used sampling techniques are applied to software quality measurement data. Our results show that some sampling techniques are more robust in the presence of noise than others. Further, sampling techniques are affected by noise differently given different levels of imbalance.
Measuring long-lived 13C2 state lifetimes at natural abundance.

Abstract Long-lived disconnected eigenstates (for example, the singlet state in a system with two nearly equivalent carbons, or the singlet–singlet state in a system with two chemically equivalent carbons and two chemically equivalent hydrogens) hold the potential to drastically extend the lifetime of hyperpolarization in molecular tracers for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, a first-principles calculation of the expected lifetime (and thus selection of potential imaging agents) is made very difficult because of the large variety of relevant intra- and intermolecular relaxation mechanisms. As a result, all previous measurements relied on costly and time consuming syntheses of 13C labeled compounds. Here we show that it is possible to determine 13C singlet state lifetimes by detecting the naturally abundant doubly-labeled species. This approach allows for rapid and low cost screening of potential molecular biomarkers bearing long-lived states.
Enhancement by phenothiazine and 2,5-di-O-acetyl-d-glucosaccharo-(1,4)(6,3)-dilactone of bladder carcinogenicity of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-formamide in rats

Abstract Rats concomitantly fed N -[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) and phenothiazine, or concomitantly fed FANFT and Glucaron then fed Glucaron alone had significantly greater incidences of transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder than rats fed FANFT alone. Caffeine and cysteamine did not affect FANFT bladder carcinogenesis. Phenothiazine induced nitroreductase activity of hepatic microsomes.
Hypothalamic melanocortin neurons integrate signals of energy state

Neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus appear to be sites of convergence of central and peripheral signals of energy stores, and profoundly modulate activity of the melanocortin circuits, providing strong rationale for pursuing these circuits as therapeutic targets for disorders of energy homeostasis. Recent studies in our lab and those of our collaborators have shown that leptin modulates different populations of hypothalamic cells in different ways. In this report, we outline an integrated model of leptin's action in the arcuate nucleus, derived from our electrophysiological studies of brain slice preparations taken from transgenic mice bred to express a variety of fluorescent proteins in specific cell types. We also discuss the recently withdrawn obesity drug fenfluramine, which appears to act on proopiomelanocortin neurons via serotonin 2C receptors. Finally, we review current inquiries into the ability of the hormone ghrelin to stimulate appetite by its activation of neuropeptide Y neurons and inhibition of proopiomelanocortin neurons.
Bad apples, behaving badly? Workplace religious discrimination disputes and resolution behaviors

Compared to other Title VII workplace discrimination protections, religious discrimination research has received little attention. This study compares workplace religious discrimination disputes with more common forms of discrimination claiming including race, sex, and sexual harassment. We analyzed 72 Federal Circuit Court of Appeals religious discrimination cases to ascertain what organizational roles both plaintiffs and perpetrators held, and at what organizational levels. We also examined differences in dispute resolution behaviors employed by both plaintiffs and perpetrators/defendant firms. Consistent with other forms of Title VII complaints, most plaintiffs in religious discrimination cases hold technical or line positions, and most perpetrators are the plaintiff’s direct supervisor. Also consistent, we found that plaintiffs utilize internal voicing processes prior to alerting an external body. However, we found differences, including evidence that plaintiffs themselves may obstruct complaint resol...
Block occupancy based surface surveillance

The proposed surface surveillance concept divides airport runways and taxiways into a number of operationally suitable, discrete, and contiguous sections called blocks. The system uses magnetometers or other suitable sensors positioned at each of the block boundaries to monitor aircraft and vehicle movements into and out of these blocks. The system then indicates the block occupancy information for tower controllers on a two-dimensional (2-D) display of an airport map. This surveillance information is envisioned to improve controller situational awareness of surface operations, particularly in reduced visibility.
An improved ferritin assay for canine sera.

Summary An improved serum ferritin assay for canine serum has been developed. It uses two monoclonal antibodies in a sandwich arrangement. Serum ferritin can be determined on undiluted canine sera with this assay. The recovery of ferritin added to canine serum ranged from 98 to 106%, the within-assay coefficient of variability was 3.3 to 4.5%, and the assay-to-assay variability was 9.8 to 10.2%. Serum ferritin from 61 apparently healthy dogs had a geometric mean of 252 ng/ml, with a range of 80 ng/ml to 800 ng/ml.
The effects of processing techniques on the mechanical properties of bone-anterior cruciate ligament-bone allografts: An experimental study in goats

There has been a growing interest in the use of allo grafts as ACL substitutes. Allografts are often freeze dried to increase shelf storage time and sterilized with ethylene oxide. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a specific ethylene oxide sterilization pro cedure and freeze drying process on the initial mechan ical properties of femur-ACL-tibia preparations. Twelve knees (stifle joints) from six mature goats were divided into two groups (one knee of pair to each group). Knees were cleaned of all soft tissue except for the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, and collateral ligaments. Group 1 was sterilized with ethylene oxide (simulating clean procurement) then freeze dried. Group 2 was freeze dried only (simulating sterile procurement). The knees were rehydrated and then tested in tension to failure to determine their structural mechanical proper ties. The ethylene oxide-freeze dried specimens (Group 1) had a mean maximum load before failure of 2059 ± 273 newtons (N) (± SE) which wa...
ANALYSIS OF FREE SURFACE MOMENTUM AND ENERGY TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA

The phenomenological analysis of free surface transport through porous media is presented. A finite difference scheme using the Marker and Cell (MAC) method is employed to investigate the momentum and energy transport in a porous channel involving free surface transport phenomena. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first investigation of free surface momentum and energy transport through porous media and is also the first application of the MAC method for exploring the free surface transport phenomena in a porous medium. Limiting case comparisons are made with an existing analytical solution for flow through a channel filled with a porous medium. Excellent agreement is obtained for both the temperature and velocity distributions. Temporal free surface positions are also compared and verified against an existing analytical solution. A detailed analysis of the encroachment of two immiscible fluids in a porous channel using Darcy's model is presented. The effects of pressure differences and p...
Studies in chiral symmetry breaking crystallization I: The effects of stirring and evaporation rates

Chiral symmetry breaking can be realized in stirred crystallization of Na-ClO3. We present experimental and theoretical studies of the random distribution of crystal enantiomeric excess (cee) for various stirring and solvent evaporation rates. For a fixed solvent evaporation rate, as the stirring RPM is increased, the probability distribution of cee initially broadens and subsequently develops a sharp peak close to cee = 1. On further increase of stirring rate, the probability distribution once again broadens. This broad probability distribution becomes narrow, with a sharp peak near cee = 1, if the solvent evaporation rate is decreased. Thus we show some ways in which the probability distribution of cee can be controlled in stirred crystallization. In particular, our study shows that the stirring rate and the solvent evaporation rate can be adjusted to maximize crystal enantiomeric excess. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rigorous and unifying physical interpretation of the exchange potential and energy in the local-density approximation.

In this paper we explain that the exchange potential and energy in the local-density approximation (LDA) of density-functional theory has a IrigorousP and IunifiedP physical interpretation founded in the work of Harbola and Sahni. Accordingly, the IsourceP charge distribution that gives rise to both the LDA exchange (path-independent) potential IandP energy is the Fermi hole as derived in the gradient-expansion approximation (GEA) to O(\ensuremath{\nabla}). Thus, the LDA exchange potential, or equivalently the functional derivative of the LDA exchange-energy functional of the density, is the work required to bring an electron from infinity to its position at r against the force field of this charge distribution. The LDA exchange energy in turn is the energy of interaction between the electronic density and this charge. However, it is the non-spherically-symmetric component of the source charge that gives rise to the potential but its spherically symmetric component that contributes to the energy. Since the underlying physics of the LDA for exchange lies in its source charge, we next determine the structure of the GEA Fermi hole to O(\ensuremath{\nabla}) for the nonuniform electronic system in atoms and at metallic surfaces. A study of this structure as a function of electron position shows that the errors in the LDA arise because the source charge does not in general reproduce accurately the structure of the exact Fermi hole, that it violates the quantum-mechanical requirement of positivity, and further that it oscillates, albeit with decaying amplitude, far into the classically forbidden region.
Rapid Epithelial Restitution in the Stomach: An Updated Perspective

Background: Rapid epithelial restitution (RER) of rodent and amphibian gastric mucosa was described in the early 1980s. It begins within minutes of superficial injury and is accomplished by migrating interfoveolar and mucous neck cells. Methods: Subsequent studies using electrophysiologic and morphologic techniques have shown additional aspects of RER. Results: (i) Cells migrating at later times (>4 h) are not phenotypically mucous cells but undifferentiated cells, suggesting that two cell types cover mucosal defects, (ii) One of the factors necessary for optimal RER is an intact basal lamina. Superficial gastric epithelial cells preferentially adhere and spread on basal lamina substrates in the following order: Matrigel > collagen IV > fibronectin > laminin. (iii) RER can be accelerated in vitro in amphibian gastric mucosa by the addition of basic fibroblast growth factor or sucrose octasulfate. (iv) Cells with microwounds in the plasma membrane can still migrate as part of RER. Conclusion: Despite these...
Interface model based cyber-physical energy system design for smart grid

Energy harvesting is becoming one of the most important issues today due to the fast depletion of conventional energy resources. Current research efforts focus on efficient and reliable use of renewable resources such as solar, hydro, wind, and thermal resources to provide environmentally friendly solutions while minimizing the cost. However, an efficient and effective delivery of green energy to individual households remains a challenging issue. One key roadblock is the high complexity of the smart grid system. In this paper, we propose a new interface theory based energy-timing model for smart homes and smart grid management and design. This model allows simple yet accurate computations for energy supply and consumptions involved with photovoltaic (PV) cells, storage units, and load appliances for each home. At community, and city or state level (or nationwide), this model also has the potential to facilitate fast and effective energy management, optimization, and load scheduling. The end result is the possibility of managing smart grid with millions of households to achieve low cost and high energy savings
Deterrence of feeding and oviposition responses of adult Heliothis virescens by some compounds bitter-tasting to humans

Some compounds that are bitter-tasting to humans, both alkaloidal (quinine, quinidine, atropine, caffeine) and non-alkaloidal (denatonium benzoate, sucrose octaacetate, naringin), deterred feeding and oviposition by Heliothis virescens (F.) in laboratory and field cage experiments. Preliminary electrophysiological studies of gustatory sensilla on the ovipositor of H. virescens provided evidence of 3 neurons, one of which is responsive to sucrose. Preliminary indications are that responses of this neuron may be inhibited by quinine and denatonium benzoate.
Identification and expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytoplasmic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene.

The enzymes that aminoacylate tRNAs have been studied extensively and can be organized into two distinct classes based on signature sequences and the position of aminoacylation. The class I enzymes have canonical HIGH and KMSKS sequences as part of a Rossman fold nucleotide-binding site. The tryptophan-specific enzymes have been placed in class I based on analysis of the cognate genes from Escherichia coli, B. stearothermophilus, B. taurus, and Homo sapiens. An unidentified open reading frame (ORF) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XV, HRE342, has 46% identity with the bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and possesses the appropriate signature sequences. The predicted molecular weight of the putative HRE342 protein also closely matched the expected monomer size of the S. cerevisiae enzyme. The HRE342 ORF plus about 250 bp of 5′ and 3′ flanking sequence was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned into a 2 μ based vector, and transformed into a host strain, S. cerevisiae JG369.3B. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the clone confirmed the presence of HRE342. Extracts from transformed yeast have a 30- to 100-fold increase in specific activity of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. An HRE342 locus in a diploid strain, PTY33XPTY44, was disrupted with a LEU2 insert. Sporulation and tetrad analysis of the HRE342::LEU2 strain demonstrated that HRE342 is an essential gene. We conclude that HRE342 is the S. cerevisiae gene encoding the cytoplasmic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, WRS1. A search of the Saccharomyces Genome Database using amino acid sequences from other eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases suggests there is sufficient similarity to identify both class I and class II genes. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single-staged treatment using a standardized protocol results in functional motion in the majority of patients with a terrible triad elbow injury.

Background Terrible triad injuries of the elbow, defined as elbow dislocation with associated fractures to the radial head and coronoid, are associated with stiffness, pain, and loss of motion. Studies to date have consisted of small sample sizes and used heterogeneous surgical techniques, which render comparisons difficult and unreliable.
Performance analysis of complex communications systems

This paper discusses the designing of complex teleprocessing systems using a discrete simulation modeling tool, the Systems Network Analysis Program/Simulated Host Overview Technique (internally and informally called SNAP/SHOT). This modeling tool aids in designing computer communications systems composed of local and remote terminals, teleprocessing lines, host processors that control the teleprocessing lines, and interconnected communications systems. The model is capable of analyzing both tree- and mesh-structured networks.
Comparison of the difference and delta 15Nitrogen approaches for evaluating liquid urea ammonium nitrate utilization by maize

Abstract Isotopic nitrogen (N) research techniques may be required in watershed studies to determine the impact of landscape position on fertilizer efficiency and the soil supplying power. However, traditional approaches using I5N labeled fertilizer may not be suitable when farmer equipment is used. The δ15N natural abundance isotopic approach has been used to evaluate N cycling in watersheds. The objectives of this study were to measure the precision of the δ15N measurement by the Europa 20–20 ratio mass spectrometer (Europa Scientific Ltd, UK), and to compare the difference and δ15N approaches for measuring fertilizer use by maize (Zea mays). A replicated field study containing two different N rates (0 and 15.7 g N m‐2) were used for the study. Maize samples were collected at the 8th‐leaf, silking, and plant maturity in 1992 and 1993. Samples were dried (80°C), ground (<1‐mm), weighed (stover 12 mg and grain 3 mg), and analyzed fortotal N and δ15N. Fertilizer utilization at the three growth stages was d...
The epidemiology of defibrillators in a medical school complex

Abstract Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for ventricular fibrillation (VF). Participation of physicians, paramedical personnel and lay people in cardio-pulmonary resuscitation has significantly increased the survival from ventricular fibrillation. The number of defibrillators has increased and their primary placement within the hospital and community has changed. We studied the location, age, history, characteristics and maintenance of every defibrillator ( n = 190) within a three hospital, medical school complex. Most defibrillators had been acquired recently but some dated from 1967. More than 85% were plug-in, non-portable. The government hospital had the lowest ratio of defibrillators to beds, but its maintenance, reliability and records were the most efficient. We conclude that the increase in the number of defibrillators and its modernization reflects their importance, and that the type of hospital determines the age, type of machine, maintenance, and quantity.
On the status of St.-Venant's solutions as minimizers of energy

Abstract Solutions of the type introduced by St.-Venant for linearly elastic prisms have some limited status as solutions of minimum energy although, commonly, there are other solutions with lower energy. Our purpose is to clarify this.
Mechanism of inhibition of the β-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99 by 1:1 complexes of vanadate with hydroxamic acids

The class C beta-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99 is competitively inhibited by low concentrations of 1:1 complexes of vanadate and hydroxamic acids. Structure-activity studies indicated that the hydroxamic acid functional group was essential to this inhibition. Both aryl and alkyl hydroxamic acids form inhibitory ternary complexes with vanadate and the enzyme, although, in certain cases of the latter, the inhibition may not be seen because of the low formation constants of the vanadate-hydroxamic acid complex. After all of the vanadate species present in solution had been taken into account, "real" K(i) values for the vanadate complexes could be determined. The K(i) value of the best of the inhibitors that were investigated, the 1:1 complex of vanadate with 4-nitrobenzohydroxamic acid, was 0.48 microM. Kinetics studies showed that the association and dissociation rate constants of this complex with the enzyme were 1.48 x 10(6) s(-1) M(-1) and 0.73 s(-1), respectively; the magnitude of the latter indicates covalent interaction of the complex with the enzyme. (51)V NMR and UV-vis spectra suggest that the structure of the vanadate complex bound to the enzyme may be very similar to that in solution. A (13)C NMR spectrum of the enzyme complex with 4-nitrobenzo[(13)C]hydroxamic acid and vanadate yields a coordination-induced shift (CIS) of 7.74 ppm. This is significantly larger than that of the vanadate complex in free solution (3.62 ppm), suggesting either, somewhat contrary to the (51)V and UV-vis spectra, greater interaction between vanadium and the hydroxamate carbonyl oxygen in the enzyme complex than in free solution or, more likely, polarization of the hydroxamate by interaction, e.g., hydrogen bonding, with the enzyme. Molecular modeling indicates that a pentacoordinated vanadate complex may well be able to snugly occupy the enzyme active site; Asn 152 is suitably placed to hydrogen bond to the hydroxamic acid oxygen atom. The experimental results are in accord with a model whereby the vanadate-hydroxamate-enzyme complex is a moderately good analogue of the transition state of the reaction of the beta-lactamase with phosphonate inhibitors.
In vivo comparison of electrosurgical vaporization electrodes

To determine the acute tissue effects of endoscopic electrosurgery using different electrodes, smooth ball, smooth bar, vertically grooved bar, and horizontally fluted bar electrodes were applied to the epithelial surface of porcine bladders in vivo with electrosurgical cutting current supplied at 100, 150, and 200 W. A single pass was made on the surface of the tissue under endoscopic control with sorbitol irrigation using an excursion rate of 5 mm/sec. Each electrode was tested five times at each setting. The depths of electrosurgical vaporization and coagulation were measured by a pathologist blinded to the electrode and power setting. Depth of vaporization increased with the power setting of the generator and was greater with the non-smooth electrodes than the smooth electrodes. The depth of coagulation likewise was greater using the non-smooth electrodes but increased only minimally with increasing power settings. There were no differences in vaporization or coagulation depth between the small ball and smooth bar electrodes. The differences between the vertically grooved bar and horizontally fluted bar also were insignificant, except that in one-third of cases, the horizontally fluted bar created clefts undermining otherwise-undamaged areas of tissue. Non-smooth electrosurgical electrodes produce more vaporization and coagulation than smooth electrodes at a given power setting and therefore may be preferred for endoscopic applications. For use in tissues where precise control is required, the vertically grooved bar may be superior to the horizontally fluted bar because it provides similar vaporization and coagulation with a more uniform tissue effect.
Majorana fermions: A quantum critical approach

Coupling a single electron level to dissipative leads allows the study of unusual behaviour near a quantum critical point, including the fractionalization of the resonant level into two Majorana fermions.
Clinical Evaluation Of A Prototype Digital Imaging Network

Abstract The Department of Radiology at the University of Washing- ton was selected, along with Georgetown and George Washington Universities, to perform a clinical evaluation ofavailable PACS technology. Although planning of our sys- tem (to be supplied by Philips Medical Systems) is wellalong, no equipment has yet been installed. In this paper, we describe an integrated approach to the clinical evaluation of particular PACS systems, which will be applied to the prototype system after it is in clinical use. IntroductionAlthough improvements in the cost and performance of PACS systems are occurring at a rapid rate, the end purpose of a PACS remains unchanged: to facilitate the capture ofmedical images and their presentation to radiologists andother physicians in a cost -effective, timely, and "user -friendly" fashion. The fact that the clinical purpose of aPACS is relatively unchanging suggests that it should be possible to develop a universal methodology for comparisonof different PACS systems from the end -user's perspective.Such a methodology would be useful for hospital planners,for system developers, and for those interested in cost -bene-
Binding of actin to lens alpha crystallins

Actin has been coupled to a cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B column, then tested for binding to alpha, beta, and gamma crystallin preparations from the bovine lens. Alpha, but not beta or gamma, crystallins bound to the actin affinity column in a time dependent and saturable manner. Subfractionation of the alpha crystallin preparation into the alpha-A and alpha-B species, followed by incubation with the affinity column, demonstrated that both species bound approximately the same. Together, these studies demonstrate a specific and saturable binding of lens alpha-A and alpha-B with actin.
Robustness and Linear Contracts

Abstract We consider a moral hazard problem where the principal is uncertain as to what the agent can and cannot do: she knows some actions available to the agent, but other, unknown actions may also exist. The principal demands robustness, evaluating possible contracts by their worst-case performance, over unknown actions the agent might potentially take. The model assumes risk-neutrality and limited liability, and no other functional form assumptions. Very generally, the optimal contract is linear. The model thus offers a new explanation for linear contracts in practice. It also introduces a flexible modeling approach for moral hazard under nonquantifiable uncertainty. (JEL D81, D82, D86)
Principles for a National Security Consensus

The former Republican senator, who served as secretary of defense in a Democratic administration, outlines the principles that can serve to guide today's policymakers to choose a bipartisan course of cooperation.
EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERENTIAL HEMISPHERIC FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH HEMIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY

Eight children with right infantile hemiplegia and eight with left infantile hemiplegia were compared with each other and with 13 sibling controls on a test of manual dexterity, an extended neurological examination and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Right-hemiplegic children performed significantly less well than left-hemiplegic children and the controls on measures of syntactical awareness and the repetition of semantically coherent materials, despite similar verbal IQs. Both hemiplegic groups tended to perform less well than the controls, although not significantly so, on the short-term memory task, repetition of digits, and on a task of confrontation naming. There was also a strong correlation between left-hand impairment and poor arithmetical computation skill in both hemiplegic groups, which conforms with present views as to right-lateralization of certain mathematical functions. The results as a whole support the premise that there is innate hemispheric organization for some language tasks.
Unusual patterns of intermediate filament protein expression by the trophoblast and decidual cells of the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata

In the short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata) pregnancy can be prolonged by the occurrence of lengthy delays after implantation. This is associated with the development of highly invasive trophoblast that can penetrate the myometrium, mesenteries of the reproductive tract and the oviducts via perivascular (interstitial) routes. In order to confirm the identity and distribution of this trophoblast, intermediate filament protein immunocytochemistry was utilized. In some respects the expression of these proteins differed from what has been reported for more commonly-studied species. Cytotrophoblast in the placenta, its cytotrophoblastic shell and the highly invasive trophoblast strongly expressed cytokeratins. As pregnancy progressed, however, cytokeratin expression by syncytiotrophoblast lining much of the placental labyrinth became very weak. The cytotrophoblastic shell and highly invasive trophoblast also expressed vimentin. The highly invasive trophoblast was unusual in that it developed dendritic processes that sometimes extended out into adjacent tissues in great profusion. Decidual cells generally expressed desmin and vimentin; however, some also coexpressed cytokeratins. These observations indicate that some of the trophoblast in Carollia undergoes a significant epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. They also suggest that caution should be exercised in relying upon intermediate filament proteins as markers for cell identification purposes in exotic species, or when the patterns of protein expression by fetal and maternal cells might be altered in pathological or experimental situations.
DFM application on dual tone sub 50nm device

As the semiconductor feature size continues to shrink, electrical resistance issue is becoming one of the industry's dreaded problems. In order to overcome such problem, many of the top semiconductor manufacturers have turned there interest to copper process. Widely known, copper process is the trench first damascene process which utilize dark tone mask instead of widely used clear tone mask. Due to unfamiliarity and under development of dark tone mask technology compared to clear tone mask, many have reported patterning defect issues using dark tone mask. Therefore, necessity of DFM[1] for design that meets both dark and clear tone is very large in development of copper process based device. In this study, we will propose a process friendly Design For Manufacturing (DFM) rule for dual tone mask. Proposed method guides the layout rule to give same performance from both dark tone and clear tone mask from same design layout. Our proposed method will be analyzed on photolithography process margin factors such as Depth Of Focus (DOF) and Exposure Latitude (EL) on sub 50nm Flash memory interconnection layer.
The n-cohomology of limits of discrete series

Abstract Let G be a semisimple Lie group which has a compact Cartan subgroup H , let K be a maximal compact subgroup of G containing H , and let n be the sum of the negative root spaces of G corresponding to an arbitrary choice of a positive root system of ( G , H ). We compute the n -cohomology of the K -finite vectors in a limit of a discrete series representation π of G . In the special case when π is a discrete series representation our result reduces to the result of W. Schmid. In the special case when π is a holomorphic limit we interpret its multiplicity in L 2 ( ΓβG ) cohomologically, where Γ is a discrete subgroup of G . In the general case we present a conjecture for this multiplicity.
Cationic protein-bearing granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes: separation from enzyme-rich granules.

The cationic, antibacterial proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are associated with a unique subcellular particle that is separable through zonal density gradient centrifugation from acid phosphatase-containing particles as well as from particles that contain alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme. Normal macrophages, macrophages stimulated by bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and liver cells lack this particle and the associated group of cationic proteins. Particles physically and biochemically similar to slower sedimenting enzyme-rich particles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are shared by all the tlhree cell types.
Bronchial hyper-responsiveness in atopic dermatitis

Most patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have symptoms of asthma at some point in their lives, but some do not have any clinical evidence of asthma. Thirty-two patients with AD who had never suffered from bronchial asthma were investigated by the methacholine inhalation test for the presence of bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR). Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, mite specific IgE antibody, peripheral eosinophil counts, serum levels of eosinophil cationic proteins (ECP), and serum levels of major basic proteins (MBP) were determined and a skin test to acetylcholine and adrenaline was performed. The percentage of cases who showed BHR (minimum dose; Dmin < 50 units) was 31.3% in AD patients and 19.0% in 21 healthy controls. In those cases, Dmin of methacholine in AD was significantly lower than that in the controls (P < 0.01). Serum MBP levels were significantly higher in AD with BHR than in those without it (P < 0.05). These results indicate that some AD patients without asthma have BHR, and it may be related to serum MBP levels.
Renal effects of potassium niobate

Abstract The renal effects of a single intravenous dose of 30 mg/kg of niobium as potassium niobate were observed in female mongrel dogs and in female albino rats for various time intervals up to 30 days. In dogs, niobium produced marked decreases in glomerular filtration rate, the maximal rate of tubular secretion of p -aminohippurate, and the maximal rate of tubular reabsorption of glucose. Histologic studies of the kidneys revealed injuries in both the proximal and the distal tubules. Some tubular lumina were filled with granular pigment throughout all levels of cortex and medulla, while others contained casts. The epithelial cells were flattened in some areas and necrotic in others. Niobium-poisoned rats showed marked increases in water intake and urine volume, and decreases in urinary density and osmolality. Urinary sodium execretion increased for the first 2 days but decreased on day 7. Rats lost their urine-concentrating ability, failed to respond to injection of antidiuretic hormone, and peak urine excretion rate after a water load was delayed. Increases in kidney weight and kidney weight to body weight ratios were noted. The renal histologic changes, like those in dogs, involved both proximal and distal tubules, and consisted of tubular dilation and the presence of scattered hyaline casts and deposits of granular pigment. Tubules occasionally showed necrosis, regeneration, and early fibrosis.
Structural Standards Activities Related to the Infrastructure

Les infrastructures comprennent les routes, ponts, adduction eau, assainissements, bâtiments, aeroports, chemin de fer, voies navigables; les infrastructures de transport etc. Beaucoup d'organisations aux Etats-Unis sont engagees dans le developpement des normes. On cite quelques unes de ces organisations; elles utilisent des methodes variees de production de normes
Differentiation pathway of Peyer's patch precursors of IgA plasma cells in the secretory immune system.

Abstract Others have shown that Peyer's patch (PP) precursor cells can seed the small intestine with IgA plasma cells, whose appearance after cell transfer requires an interval of a week. The location of the precursor cells during this period is the subject of the present investigation in which the fate of radiolabeled murine PP cells was studied after intravenous transfer into primary and secondary recipients. In short-term single-transfer experiments, few radiolabeled PP blasts were found in the small intestine and only a small proportion of these contained IgA. Radiolabeled PP blasts were approximately equally distributed between mesenteric lymph nodes (MN) and peripheral lymph nodes (PN). However, a higher proportion of those which went to MN than of those which went to PN was subsequently capable of settling in the small intestine of secondary recipients and a higher proportion of those arriving in the intestine was found to contain IgA. Thus, MN were distinctly superior to PN as an intermediate site for the maturation of PP-derived IgA plasma cell precursors capable of seeding the small intestine, even when these had been injected intravenously. Treatment of PP cells with antiserum to IgA prior to their injection into primary recipients interfered with the homing of IgA precursor cells to the small intestine of secondary recipients, indicating that the precursors are already producing IgA while still in the PP. IgA-containing, radiolabeled PP cells were found in the subcapsular sinus of MN within 30 min of intravenous injection, suggesting that these cells are capable of extravasating from blood and reaching the lymph within the intestine long before they are ready to remain in the intestine as plasma cells. These results imply that the superiority of MN over PN as an intermediate site for the proliferation and differentiation of PP IgA precursor cells into IgA plasma cells capable of seeding the small intestine is due to the location of the MN in the pathway of circulation of mucosal B cells.
QuickSpace: new operations for the desktop metaphor

The explosion of information available to everyday users has resulted in numerous applications that allow users to access this information. Fundamental desktop operations fail to assist the user efficiently display all of the information available in these applications. We propose a number of new window and space management techniques that attempt to solve this problem.
Microstructure and Creep Deformation of Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi/Cu Solder Joints

Sn-Ag-Cu solder is one of the candidate alternatives to Sn-Pb-based solders. In order to improve its performance, different materials have been added to Sn-Ag-Cu-based solders. Several studies on Sn-Ag-Cu-based solders with Bi additions have shown Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi to be a class of solders with good wetting behavior and good performance that show great promise for use in the electronics assembly and packaging industry. To investigate the mechanical reliability of the Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi solders further, single-lap shear creep characteristics have been studied in this work. Dog-bone-type solder joint specimens were formed using five types of solder alloys, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5Cu-xBi (x = 1 wt.% to 4 wt.%) with Cu substrates, and creep tests were performed at temperatures of 120°C and 150°C under stresses of 5 MPa to 10 MPa. Results indicate that the rupture times for Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-xBi solder joints up to 4 wt.% of Bi are longer than the rupture time for Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu. Stress exponents ranged from 3 to 7 for temperatures of 150°C and 120°C with stresses under 10 MPa. Microstructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed and related to the creep behavior of the solder joints.
The historical role of hypnosis in the theoretical origins of transference.

There has been a gradual evolution of the important construct of transference from ancient to modern times. Long before Franz Anton Mesmer, there were philosophers, theorists, and health professionals who emphasized the impact of interpersonal relationships on well-being and illness. While basically conceptualizing animal magnetism as a dynamic physical fluid, Mesmer was also aware of the impact of rapport and affect in the enhancement of magnetic treatment. Later neo-mesmerists, notably Puysegur and Deleuze, built on such theories. That emphasis continued through the 19th century to the time of Freud, whose construct of transference was derived from his personal experience with hypnosis and which has since become an integral part of modern psychodynamic theory and treatment.
Landscape Scale Forest Community Classification in the Horseblock Mountain Region of the Talladega National Forest, Alabama

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to identify landscape scale forested communities based on vegetation, soil, and landform variables on the Shoal Creek Ranger District, Talladega National Forest, Alabama. Data from 43 plots were analyzed with ordination, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis to yield five communities. The communities were strongly related to the percent slope, A-horizon Ca (kg/ha), B-horizon Mg (kg/ha), B-horizon P (kg/ha), and B-horizon pH. Hardwood dominated communities included Quercus prinus L. -Acer rubrum L. - Solidago erecta Pursh and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. - Liriodendron tulipifera L. - Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. Hardwood communities were located on lower slope positions and stream bottoms. Pine dominated communities included Pinus palustris Mill. - Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees-Gaylussacia dumosa (Andrews) Torr. & A. Gray, Pinus palustris - P. echinata Mill. - Vitis rotundifolia Michx., and P. echinata - Prunus serotina Ehrh. - Chamaecrista nictitans (...
Use of analgesics during propofol sedation: A comparison of ketorolac, dezocine, and fentanyl

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate the comparative efficacy and side effect profile of ketorolac 60 mg, dezocine 6 mg, and fentanyl 100 μg when used as analgesic supplements to a propofol infusion during monitored anesthesia care (MAC). Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Setting: Ambulatory surgery facility at a university medical center. Patients: 80 outpatients undergoing breast biopsy or inguinal herniorraphy procedures under MAC. Interventions: All patients received midazolam 2 mg intravenously (IV) followed by 1 ml of the study medication containing either dezocine 3 mg IV, ketorolac 30 mg IV, fentanyl 50 μg IV, or normal saline. A propofol infusion was initiated at 75 μg/kg/min and then varied to maintain a stable level of sedation ( i.e. , Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale score of 3). An additional 1 ml of the same study medication was administered IV 2 to 3 minutes prior to infiltration of the local anesthetic solution. During the operation, supplemental (rescue) medication consisted of fentanyl 25 μgIV, bolus injections in all four treatment groups. Measurements and Main Results: Propofol infusion and supplemental fentanyl dosage requirements, oxygen saturation values, respiratory rates, recovery times, and postoperative side effects were recorded. Visual analog scales were used to assess sedation, anxiety, pain, and nausea preoperatively (baseline), upon entry into the postanesthesia care unit, and at 30-minute intervals until discharge. The fentanyl and dezocine groups required lower average infusion rates of propofol to maintain a stable level of sedation than the control (saline) group. The saline and ketorolac groups required rescue analgesic medication more frequently and/or larger supplemental dosages of fentanyl than the two opioid analgesic treatment groups. Compared with the three analgesic treatment groups, postoperative pain scores were only marginally higher in the control group. Ketorolac-treated patients had consistently (but not significantly) shorter recovery times to oral intake, ambulation, and discharge than those in the dezocine or fentanyl groups. No postoperative nausea, vomiting, or pruritis was reported in the ketorolac group. Conclusion: Compared with ketorolac 60 mg, fentanyl 100 μg and dezocine 6 mg produced a greater decrease in the propofol sedation requirement during MAC. However, the use of ketorolac in combination with propofol for MAC was associated with an improved recovery profile.
Capture of small cells by the copepod Eucalanus elongatus

Calanoid copepods feed by detecting and actively responding to relatively large individual cells and by accumulating smaller cells in a relatively passive manner by low amplitude flapping of the second maxillae. Films of Eucalanus elongatus passively collecting 13-µm Thalassiosira weissflogii cells show that cells flow between the setae from the outer to the inner surface of the second maxillae. They are then funneled medially toward the setal tips and mouth, usually without adhering to the setae. The observed patterns of water flow contradict both the early descriptions of filter feeding and the expectation of negligible flow through setae in a low Reynolds number environment.
Telecommunications policy and economic development: Models for the People's Republic of China

Abstract Telecommunications policy plays a growing role in the economic development strategies of Asian countries. This article provides a comparative assessment of telecommunications status and trends in several Asian nations. It reviews China's position relative to those countries in terms of industry policy, structure, and performance and identifies key issues and options for future policy consideration.
Acoustic Two-Magnon Processes in an Antiferromagnet

The attenuation of acoustic phonons due to linear processes involving any pair of magnons (nuclear and electronic) is calculated for some antiferromagnets. Numerical estimates of the intensities from such processes are made for RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ and for Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. It is predicted that, in certain favorable cases, such effects may be observable with present-day sensitivities at frequencies which are not near any of the single-spin-wave resonant frequencies.
Mechanism of Bacterial Transcription Initiation: RNA Polymerase - Promoter Binding, Isomerization to Initiation-Competent Open Complexes, and Initiation of RNA Synthesis

Initiation of RNA synthesis from DNA templates by RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a multi-step process, in which initial recognition of promoter DNA by RNAP triggers a series of conformational changes in both RNAP and promoter DNA. The bacterial RNAP functions as a molecular isomerization machine, using binding free energy to remodel the initial recognition complex, placing downstream duplex DNA in the active site cleft and then separating the nontemplate and template strands in the region surrounding the start site of RNA synthesis. In this initial unstable “open” complex the template strand appears correctly positioned in the active site. Subsequently, the nontemplate strand is repositioned and a clamp is assembled on duplex DNA downstream of the open region to form the highly stable open complex, RPo. The transcription initiation factor, σ70, plays critical roles in promoter recognition and RPo formation as well as in early steps of RNA synthesis.
A thermogravimetric pyrolysis study of the interaction products of dihydrogen-di(1,2,3-benzotriazolatium) hexacyanoferrate(II) with certain organic ami

Abstract Thermogravimetric pyrolyses of the interaction products of certain organic amines, tetramethylammonium chloride and piperidine with dihydrogen-di(1,2,3-benzotriazolatium) hexacyanoferrate(II) are reported.
Direct evidence of spontaneous creation of flux lines in Tl2Ba2Cu1O6 superconductors

Abstract We report magnetization studies on single crystals of Tl 2 Ba 2 Cu 1 O 6 superconductors. For magnetic field parallel to the c -axis configuration, low-field magnetization measurements show H c1 =0 at T s =86.5 K while the mean-field transition temperature T c0 =88.8 K. The transition width in zero-field-cooled magnetization increases linearly with field, but with a finite intercept at H =0, consistent with the H c1 =0 measurements. The experimental results strongly suggest the Tl-compound is Josephson coupled between superconducting layers, and our results provide direct evidence of the spontaneous excitations of flux lines in this system.