cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular and Molecular Biology of Aryl Hydrocarbon (Ah) Receptor — Mediated Gene Expression

2,3,7,8- Tetr achlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds elicit diverse toxic and biochemical responses in laboratory animals and mammalian cells in culture. TCDD induces CYP1A1 gene expression and results of extensive research have delineated the molecular mechanism of this response. In target cells, TCDD initially binds to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor which accumulates in the nucleus as an Ah-receptor:aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (Arnt) protein heterodimeric complex. The nuclear Ah receptor complex acts as a ligand-induced transcription factor which binds totransacting genomic dioxin/xenobiotic responsive elements (DREs/XREs) located in the 5’-regulatory region upstream from the initiation start site and this interaction results in transactivation of gene transcription. DREs have been identified in several other genes which are induced by TCDD, including CYP1A2, aldehyde-3-dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, and glutathione S transferase Ya and similar induction response pathways have been observed or proposed. However, TCDD and other Ah receptor agonists also inhibit expression of several genes and research in this laboratory has investigated inhibition of estrogen (E2)-induced genes including uterine epidermal growth factor, c-fos protooncogene, and the progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor (ER) and cathepsin D genes in human breast cancer cell lines. In MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, E2 induces cathepsin D gene expression and this is associated with formation of an ER/Sp 1 complex at the sequence in the promoter region (-199/-165) of this gene. Within 30 min TCDD causes a rapid inhibition of E2-induced cathepsin D gene expression in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, using a series of synthetic oligonucleotides which include the wild-type ER/Sp1 and various mutants, it was shown by gel electromobility shift and transient transfection assays that the nuclear Ah receptor complex binds to an imperfect DRE located between the ER and Spl binding sequences This interaction results in disruption of the ER/Sp1 complex and inhibition of E2-induced gene expression. These results illustrate that the nuclear Ah receptor complex also exhibits activity as a negative transcription factor via a mechanism which is similar to that reported for Ah receptor-mediated induction of gene expression.
Visual Analytics with Jigsaw

This article briefly introduces the Jigsaw system and describes how we used it in analysis activities for the VAST '07 Contest. Jigsaw is a visual analytic system that provides multiple coordinated views to show connections between entities that are extracted from a collection of documents.
POLLINATION EFFECTIVENESS OF SPECIALIST AND GENERALIST VISITORS TO A NORTH CAROLINA POPULATION OF CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA

We measured the pollination effectiveness and visitation rates of major insect visitors of Claytonia virginica, an obligately insect-pollinated spring wildflower, in a North Carolina deciduous forest. Seed set in the population was not pollinator-limited except during rainy weather and very early in the flowering season. The solitary bee Andrena erigeniae and the bee fly Bombylius major were responsible for more than 75% of the visits to C. virginica. Andrena erigeniae is a specialist on C. virginica, while B. major is a common visitor to many plant species. We measured the effectiveness of a pollinator by the probability that a visit resulted in fruit (capsule) formation. For those flowers that were successfully pollinated and thus produced a capsule, number of seeds did not vary with visitor identity or the total number of visits received. Although B. major and female A. erigeniae differ greatly in morphology and foraging behavior, a visit by either insect results in equally high seed set. As B. major is about two-thirds as abundant as A. erigeniae females on C. virginica, both insects contribute substantially to seed set in our population. With the visitation frequency and pollination effectiveness we measured, the generalist B. major alone has the potential to pollinate three-quarters of the flowers.
Using Alumni Research to Align Program Improvement with Institutional Accountability

Many people are interested in the fate of college graduates. The student andher or his family often have a keen interest in access to rewarding careers,the opportunities for advanced study, and an enriched quality of life associ-ated with degree completion. Local, state, and federal legislators care thatpublic resources are used effectively to beneﬁt the public and especially theirown constituents. Employers want to be sure that colleges prepare studentsfor entry into professional and managerial jobs. College faculty are interestedin how well their courses and curricula contribute to students’ knowledge,skills, and abilities and whether they motivate their students to enter thecommunity of scholars or practitioners appropriate to their ﬁeld of study.Given the broad variety of interests in college graduate outcomes, it isnot surprising that alumni surveys are commonly used to determine post-graduate outcomes. It is also not surprising, given the segmented and oftendecentralized nature of higher education institutions and systems, that mostalumni research efforts are implemented to serve relatively limited purposes.Individual programs that receive specialized accreditation survey theiralumni, and often the employers of their alumni, to obtain feedback on pro-gram effectiveness and to fulﬁll accreditation requirements. Alumni andinstitutional development ofﬁce staff seek information from alumni regard-ing their interests in maintaining ties with their alma mater. Centralizedinstitutional research ofﬁces implement campuswide surveys to supportoverall assessment efforts especially as they relate to regional accreditation
Direct and Indirect Effects of Predation on a Fish Community: A Whole-Lake Experiment

Abstract We designed an experiment to test the relative importances of direct and indirect effects of piscivorous predation on an assemblage of small fishes in a piscivore-free lake, The direct effect is defined as consumption of prey fishes. Indirect effects include habitat changes associated with predator avoidance behavior, increases of emigration rates, and changes of composition and size structure of the prey community. After a year of premanipulation study, adult northern pike Esox lucius (a predator species) were introduced into the lake, Decrease of prey fish biomass due to increased emigration was at least as great as that due to direct consumption by the predators. Significant indirect effects included decreased abundance of dominant species, increases of some rare species, and decreases of mean size for species most vulnerable to predation. Indirect effects occurred rapidly and were most apparent during weeks immediately after northern pike were introduced.
Diffusion Effects of Liquid-Filled Micropipettes: A Pseudobinary Analysis of Electrolyte Leakage

The importance of diffusion phenomena in glass micropipettes filled with concentrated electrolyte solutions is well known. Nonequilibrium diffusion-rate equations for electrolyte-filled glass micropipettes are given for a model of situations of current interest: diffusion into an infinite medium. The solutions of these equations give the flux of material out of a micropipette as a function of time, concentration, and geometry.
ESSENTIAL SINGULARITY OF A PARTIAL-WAVE AMPLITUDE

A potential obtained by requiring that in Born approximation the potential reproduces that part of the scattering amplitude that arises from the third double spectral function of the Mandelstam representation is used to find Regge poles from the homogeneous part of the radai momentumspace Schrodinger equation for the elastic partial-wave amplitude. An infinity of solutions is found near the orbital angular momentum-1. (D.C.W.)
Voting, Regulation, and the Railroad Industry: An Analysis of Private and Public Interest Voting Patterns

We examine the role of public and private interests in the passage of major legislative bills that have governed the rail industry since 1887. Our model of voting patterns in the House and Senate introduces novel measures of industry concentration, competition, and network characteristics. We find that both the level and concentration of rail infrastructure in a state, the presence of water competition, and the level of agricultural production each have a major influence over voting patterns not only for the inception of regulation but also in the major bills that deregulated the industry in the 1970s and in 1980.
Advancement of an optical remote sensing model to simulate the underwater light field

An analytical solution to the two-flow equations developed by Bostater, et al. is modified, and a sensitivity analysis is performed on the remote sensing model which contains both diffuse and specular light components. The resulting model simulates the solution to two different cases of the two- flow equations. The Case I model uses the two-flow irradiance equations where sub-surface collimated or specular irradiance is evaluated implicitly. All of the irradiance is assumed to become completely diffuse when it enters the water column. The Case II model uses equations that explicitly include collimated irradiance in the water column. Both models are simulated in three different ways in this paper based on the vertical distribution of the constituents in the water column. The concentrations of the water quality parameters can be assumed (a) constant with depth, (b) divided into three distinct layers with different concentrations in each layer, or (c) divided into n layers of differing concentrations. The solutions to the two-flow equations with and without the specular, collimated irradiance and assuming a uniform water column, are given by Bostater et. a. This paper focuses on the derivation of the layered Case I and II models, a sensitivity analysis performed on the Case II model coefficients, and comparisons of the output from the differing model assumptions are presented.
Recurrent hepatoblastoma with localization by PET-CT

Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver tumor in children, accounting for 79% of pediatric liver malignancies in children younger than 15 years, with most cases reported before the age of 5 years. Localization of primary and recurrent disease is necessary for appropriate clinical decision-making and treatment. We present a case of recurrent hepatoblastoma heralded by rising alpha-fetoprotein levels. After unsuccessful localization by conventional CT and MRI, positron emission tomography CT imaging localized the sites of recurrence.
Equations of state for square well chain fluids using the generalized Flory approach

Abstract The application of the Generalized Flory-Dimer theory (GFD) to square well chain fluids is described. Molecules are modelled as chains of tangent hard spheres that interact via a site-site square well potential u(rij), where sites i and j are on different chains. The derivation of the GFD theory is reviewed; this is based on a combination of mean-field and geometric arguments. The resulting equation of state is in very good agreement with Monte Carlo computer simulation results for chains of length n = 16 and 32 at reduced temperatures T∗ = 2.0 and 3.0 and volume fractions η = 0.1 to 0.4.
A generalized “max-min” sample for surrogate update

This brief note describes the generalization of the “max-min” sample that was originally used in the update of approximated feasible or failure domains. The generalization stems from the use of the random variables joint distribution in the sampling scheme. In addition, this note proposes a numerical improvement of the max-min optimization problem through the use of the Chebychev norm.
The effect of alkali and alkaline earth salts on the structure of hydrated collagen fibers as studied by deuterium NMR

A detailed study on the deuterium NMR of hydrated collagen in the presence of alkali and alkaline earth salt is reported. The effect of different salts in reducing the deuteron quadrupole splitting are similer at low molar content of salt. At higher salt contents, larger ions are more effective. The ressults are explained by the blocking of water binding sites to collagen by hydrated ions. When the temperature is reduced, only part of the adsorbed water iss frozen, and the amount of “unfreezable water” decreases with the increase in ionic sizes(LiCl < MgCl2 < KCL < KCNS). The freezing temperature is also lowered in the presence of salts. A description of the structure of hydrated collagen based upon the observed facts is given.
Hypsometry of the continental shelf off eastern North America

Abstract Areas measured between contours at 20-m intervals on most of the continental shelf off eastern North America were used to construct histograms and cumulative curves of areas of bottom and volumes of overlying water at various depths. The largest and deepest (212-m to 93-m median depths) shelf provinces are those that have undergone glacial erosion; these have most of the overlying water. More typical of continental shelves of the world are those floored by thick sediments; they have median depths between 37 and 40 m and most are broadly convex in profile between the shore and the shelf break. Also convex upward are the belt between the shore and the −100-m contours and the belt between − 20 m and 20 m above sea level. However, the belt between the + 20-m and + 100-m contours and the broader one between the − 100-m and + 100-m contours are concave upward. This geometry is about what would be expected from the known history of marine erosion and deposition on a relatively submergent coast.
Presbycusis: A human temporal bone study of individuals with flat audiometric patterns of hearing loss using a new method to quantify stria vascularis volume

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of stria vascularis atrophy in individuals with presbycusis and flat audiometric patterns of hearing loss. Individuals with presbycusis have historically been categorized by the shape of their audiograms, and flat audiometric thresholds have been reported to be associated with atrophy of the stria vascularis. Stria vascularis volume was not measured in these studies. Study Design: Retrospective case review. Methods: Archival human temporal bones from individuals with presbycusis were selected on the basis of strict audiometric criteria for flat audiometric thresholds. Six temporal bones that met these criteria were identified and compared with 10 temporal bones in individuals with normal hearing. A unique quantitative method was developed to measure the stria vascularis volume in these temporal bones. The hair cell and spiral ganglion cell populations also were quantitatively evaluated. Results: Only one of the six individuals with presbycusis and flat audiometric thresholds had significant atrophy of the stria vascularis. This individual with stria vascularis atrophy also had reduced inner hair cell, outer hair cell, and ganglion cell populations. Three of the individuals with presbycusis had spiral ganglion cell loss, three individuals had inner hair cell loss, and all six individuals had outer hair cell loss. Conclusions: The results of this investigation suggest that individuals with presbycusis and flat audiometric patterns of hearing loss infrequently have stria vascularis atrophy. Outer hair cell loss alone or in combination with inner hair cell or ganglion cell loss may be the cause of flat audiometric thresholds in individuals with presbycusis.
Filtering boundary value continuous time invariant linear systems

We develop the optimal filter for a linear time invariant boundary value system. A linear time invariant boundary value system is a standard linear system, A,B,C,D with the initial conditions replaced by well-posed boundary conditions. We assume that the system is driven by and observed in white Gaussian noise and the boundary value is an independent Gaussian random vector. The boundary value filter reconstructs the current state from the past observations and the mean and variance of the boundary value. It minimizes the error variance over all possible filters. We show by example that knowledge of the boundary conditions can lead to an order of magnitude reduction in the standard error as compared with a Kalman filter. The boundary value filter for an n dimensional system can be realized by a 2n dimensional system.
Recent advances in high-speed underwater acoustic communications

In recent years, underwater acoustic (UWA) communications have received much attention as their applications have begun to shift from military toward commercial. Digital communications through UWA channels differ substantially from those in other media, such as radio channels, due to severe signal degradations caused by multipath propagation and high temporal and spatial variability of the channel conditions. The design of underwater acoustic communication systems has until recently relied on the use of noncoherent modulation techniques. However, to achieve high data rates on the severely band-limited UWA channels, bandwidth-efficient modulation techniques must be considered, together with array processing for exploitation of spatial multipath diversity. The new generation of underwater communication systems, employing phase-coherent modulation techniques, has a potential of achieving at least an order of magnitude increase in data throughput. The emerging communication scenario in which the modern underwater acoustic systems mill operate is that of an underwater network consisting of stationary and mobile nodes. Current research focuses on the development of efficient signal processing algorithms, multiuser communications in the presence of interference, and design of efficient modulation and coding schemes. This paper presents a review of recent results and research problems in high-speed underwater acoustic communications, focusing on the bandwidth-efficient phase-coherent methods. Experimental results are included to illustrate the state-of-the-art coherent detection of digital signals transmitted at 30 and 40 kb/s through a rapidly varying one-mile shallow water channel.
Analysis of mercapturic acid conjugates of xenobiotic compounds using negative ionization and tandem mass spectrometry.

Mass spectra of mercapturic acid conjugates of two xenobiotic products of lipid peroxidation (trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal and trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) as well as conjugates of 1,3-dichloropropene, styrene oxide, 1,2-naphthalene oxide and alpha-chlorotoluene were obtained using fast atom bombardment or negative chemical ionization. Fragmentation pathways were investigated using linked scan and mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometric techniques. Characteristics of the spectra obtained using different ionization and sample introduction techniques are compared. Deprotonated molecular ions of mercapturic acids gave simple daughter ion spectra, with the dominant mode of decomposition involving cleavage of C-S bonds giving a characteristic neutral loss of 129 Da. Screening for mercapturates in urine samples was performed using neutral loss scanning and yielded limits of detection in the low nanogram per milliliter range. Quantitative analysis of the S-benzyl mercapturic acid at 1 p.p.b. in urine has been demonstrated using combined gas chromatography/electron capture mass spectrometry with d3-S-benzyl mercapturic acid as internal standard.
The professional socialization of the graduate assistant athletic trainer.

Context: The graduate assistant athletic trainer (AT) position often serves as one's first experience working independently as an AT and is also an important aspect of the professional socializatio...
Regenerative Medicine and Nasal Surgery

Nasal surgery is a constellation of operations that are intended to restore form and function to the nose. The amount of augmentation required for a given case is a delicate interplay between patient aesthetic desires and corrective measures taken for optimal nasal airflow. Traditional surgical techniques make use of autologous donor tissue or implanted alloplastic materials to restore nasal deficits. Limited availability of donor tissue and associated harvest site morbidity have pushed surgeons and researchers to investigate methods to bioengineer nasal tissues. For this article, we conducted a review of the literature on regenerative medicine as it pertains to nasal surgery. PubMed was searched for articles dating from January 1, 1994, through August 1, 2014. Journal articles with a focus on regenerative medicine and nasal tissue engineering are included in this review. Our search found that the greatest advancements have been in the fields of mucosal and cartilage regeneration, with a growing body of literature to attest to its promise. With recent advances in bioscaffold fabrication, bioengineered cartilage quality, and mucosal regeneration, the transition from comparative animal models to more expansive human studies is imminent. Each of these advancements has exciting implications for treating patients with increased efficacy, safety, and satisfaction.
An efficient boundary element method for two-dimensional transient wave propagation problems

Abstract The boundary element method (BEM) has been recognized by its unique feature of requiring neither internal cells nor their associated domain integrals in the computation. The method preserves its elegance for transient problems by means of a certain time-stepping scheme that initiates the time integration always from the initial time. Unfortunately, this time-marching scheme becomes rather difficult to apply, because the computation time and storage requirement grow dramatically with the increasing number of time steps. This paper shows that a reduction of one half of the computation time as well as the storage requirement can be achieved by an efficient truncation scheme for two-dimensional transient wave propagation problems. In particular, a guiding parameter for the determination of the truncation limit is proposed, and the overall measure of the error with respect to the truncation guide parameter is established.
Learning thread reply structure on patient forums

The thread reply structure on patient forums is important for users and automated techniques to understand the discussion content and search information effectively. However, most online patient forums only have partially labeled structures. In patient forums, the discussions by patients and caregivers contain abundance of person references, which provide strong indication of the thread reply structure. In this paper, we propose using person reference resolution, combined with a statistical machine learning model, to learn the unknown thread structure on patient forums. Our preliminary performance evaluation has verified the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Biological applications of the AFM: From single molecules to organs

The application domains of the atomic force microscope have increased dramatically in recent years. We present a short review of the contributions of this microscope to biology. These are illustrated through the study of different samples, starting with the imaging of single molecules all the way up through the length scales, and ending with imaging of tissues. So that nonbiologists can appreciate the significance of these studies, special attention has been paid to a description of the samples and to point out the motivation of these studies and their implications for the field of medicine. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8, 151–161, 1997
Scanning electrochemical microscopy. 55. Fabrication and characterization of micropipet probes.

The fabrication and characterization of novel micropipet probes for use in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) are described. These can be used to dispense small (pL) amounts of a solution while monitoring the electrochemical response at a substrate and at a ring electrode tip on the micropipet probe. The probes were constructed by insulating gold-coated borosilicate micropipets with electrophoretic paint and exposing a ring electrode at the tip by heat treatment. Characterization of the probes was performed using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and SECM approach curve experiments. Routine construction of tips with diameters of the order of 3 μm was possible using this technique. The probes exhibited stable steady-state currents and positive and negative feedback approach curves that agreed with those predicted by theory. Demonstrative SECM imaging experiments were performed using a picodispenser to continuously dispense an electroactive solution (ferrocenemethanol) to the SECM ce...
Aspirin and reduced risk of esophageal carcinoma

Background. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown experimentally to inhibit chemically induced esophageal cancers. An epidemiologic study of more than 600,000 adults in the United States followed for 6 years found that aspirin use was associated with a reduced risk of death from esophageal cancer. Methods. The relation of aspirin use and esophageal cancer was examined using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) and the National Epidemiologic Follow-up Studies (NEFS). Of the 14,407 United States residents followed for 12–16 years, esophageal cancer developed in 15. Persons were classified as nonusers, occasional users, or regular users of aspirin based on their response to two questions at the baseline examination: whether they had taken aspirin in the past 30 days and whether they had used pain medications regularly during the prior 6 months. Results. Occasional use was associated with a 90% decreased risk (95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.76) of developing esophageal cancer, and no person classified as a regular user developed the disease. Adjusting for cigarette smoking (ever vs. never) and alcohol intake (at least monthly vs. not) did not explain the finding. Conclusion. Aspirin use was associated with a 90% decreased risk of developing esophageal carcinoma. Further studies to determine whether aspirin is protective against both squamous cell esophageal carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus are indicated.
Incorporation of the iPad Into an Outpatient Cancer Center to Support Cancer Patients

The Banner Gateway Medical Center (BGMC) campus at Gilbert, Arizona, has grown since its opening in September 2007 to include the new Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center (BMDACC) outpatient building. ...
Heinz body hemolytic anemia from the use of methylene blue in neonates

1. Buchbinder N, and Ganz W: Hemodyna~aic monitoring: Invasive techniques, Anesthesiology 45:146, 1976. 2. Swan HJC, and Ganz W: Use of balloon flotation catheters in critically ill patients, Surg Clin North Am 55:501, 1975. 3. Swan HJC, Ganz W, Forrester, et al: Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter, N Engl J Med 283:447, 1970. 4. Seldinger SI: Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography, Acta Radiol 39:368, 1953. 5. Stralager P, Heymann MA, Hoffman JIE, and Rudolph AM: Use of the Swan-Ganz catheter in cardiac catheterization of infants and children, Am Heart J 83:749, 1972. 6. Wyse SD, Pfitzner J, Reesa, et al: Measurement of cardiac output by thermal dilution in infants and children, Thorax 30:262, 1975.. 7. Powers SR, Mannal R, Neclerio M, et al: Physiologic consequences of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation, Ann Surg 178:265, 1973. 8. Shoemaker WC: Treatment of shock and trauma states: use of cardiorespiratory patterns to define therapeutic goals, predict survival and titrate therapy, in Weil MH, and Catvz PL, editors: Critical care medicine manual, ed l, New York, 1978, Springer-Verlag.
Friction and wear behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene as a function of crystallinity in the presence of the phospholipid dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine.

In this study, the friction and wear behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were evaluated as a function of polymer crystallinity in the pres- ence of the phospholipid dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) dissolved in ethanol. Samples of UHMWPE were sep- arately heat treated to get high and low crystallinity samples. Degree of crystallinity was evaluated using differential scan- ning calorimetry. Quantitative friction and wear experiments were conducted using a custom-made microtribometer with commercially available spherical Si3N4 probes in controlled and phospholipid-dissolved lubricants. The higher crystallin- ity sample exhibited slightly lower friction than the lower crystallinity in the control and decreased significantly when phospholipids were present. The higher crystallinity sample showed a higher wear resistance than the lower crystallinity sample during all reciprocating wear tests. DPPC acting as a lubricant had a marginal effect on the wear resistance of high crystallinity UHMWPE, whereas the low crystallinity sample became more prone to wear. Atomic force microscopy topog- raphy images and contact angle measurements of both sam- ples before and after phospholipid exposure indicate that the higher crystallinity sample absorbed a greater density of DPPC. Increasing crystallinity is a way of escalating adsorp- tion of surface active phospholipids onto UHMWPE to make it a more wear-resistant load-bearing material for total joint replacements. V C
Performance of gel and paste bait products for German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) control: laboratory and field studies.

Gel and paste bait formulations containing boric acid or hydramethylnon were evaluated in field and laboratory experiments with the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Bait formulations contained 14-62% water by weight and lost the most water after 1 d of desiccation. Bait age and water content did not alter the toxicity (LT50) of boric acid-based baits. Toxicity of hydra methyl non (Maxforce) bait, however, increased with bait age. In continuous exposure tests without harborage, boric acid formulations had LT50s of 8.5 and 10.1 d for Blue Diamond and IT WORKS, respectively. Maxforce bait had an LT50 of 4.2 d. LT50s determined with cardboard harborage or in Ebeling choice boxes were 1.5 to 2.2 times lower than those from continuous exposure tests without harborage. Relative repellency, measured as the mean percent of live cockroaches in the light side of the choice box, was greatest for IT WORKS (21.4%) and Maxforce (25.4%) formulations, followed by Blue Diamond (10.9%). A performance index that combined choice box repellency and mortality data indicated that Maxforce had the greatest potential for field effectiveness. Blue Diamond and Maxforce significantly reduced German cockroach populations in the field. Maxforce performed best in field trials when applied at 10 or 20 placements per apartment. Apartments treated with IT WORKS had significantly greater cockroach trap catches. Factors that may affect the predictive power of the performance index are discussed.
Chemotherapeutic effect of zinc on Streptococcus mutans and rat dental caries

Abstract Streptococcus mutans growth and plaque formation on nichrome wires (McCabe, Keyes and Howell, 1967) were studied using a chemically-defined medium containing either 0.5, 5, 8 or 16 parts/106 Zn as ZnSO4. Acid production from glucose by washed cells was evaluated in a pH stat using the same medium without nitrogen sources. Zn depressed bacterial growth and initial plaque formation, but had no effect on continued growth and production of plaque initially formed in the control medium (0.5 parts/106 Zn). Acid production was inhibited at Zn:cell ratios of 2 and 4 μg Zn per mg cell wet weight. Rats were infected with Strep. mutans at the time of tooth eruption and provided with 0, 25, 50, 100 or 200 parts/106 Zn in drinking water or in topically-applied solutions (0, 500, or 1000 parts/106) of Zn swabbed twice daily. Buccal caries scores were reduced in rats drinking water containing 200 parts/106 Zn, or receiving 500 parts/106 topical application. No further caries reduction was observed when 1000 parts/106 Zn was applied. Zinc had no effect on rat oral flora; Strep. mutans 6715 and Strep. sanguis were the predominant members of the cultivable flora. Zn:cell ratios lower then previously reported interfered with some metabolic activities of Strep. mutans in vitro. The weak effect of Zn in vivo may be due to factors such as dilution, chelation effects and tooth-site.
The company they keep: how social networks influence male sexual aggression

The goal of the present study was to add to the existing knowledge concerning predictors of sexually coercive behaviors. After replicating an existing model that details individual-level factors predicting sexual coercion, an alternative model incorporating peer-level factors was built and tested against the existing model. Findings suggest that perceived peer attitudes concerning violence against women significantly influence corresponding individual attitudes. Furthermore, peer group density was found to significantly moderate the relationship between perceived peer attitudes toward violence against women and hostile individual attitudes toward women, in that highly dense peer groups had the strongest positive influence on individual members. The main effect of peer network density on hostile individual attitudes, however, was significantly negative-suggesting that individuals with highly dense peer groups tend to have less hostile attitudes toward women. Taken together, the present findings suggest that perceived peer attitudes and the structure of peer networks have a notable bearing on individual attitudes of violence and hostility toward women, factors long known to predict violent physical and sexual behaviors targeted at women. Implications are discussed in terms of future avenues for research and application to peer-based intervention strategies.
Therapeutic strategies in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration

Currently, regeneration chambers, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and related peptides, and gangliosides appear to be the most promising therapies in the promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration, growth, and repair. Regeneration chambers enhance rat sciatic nerve regeneration in vivo after transection by providing a structurally organized and protected preformed space within which nerve fibers are exposed to macromolecular compounds which direct and enhance nerve growth. ACTH and related peptides, independent of their corticotropic activities, increase the availability of structural proteins to the axon terminal in rats subjected to nerve crush injuries and demonstrate inotropic effects in adrenalectomized and/or hypophysectomized rats. Exogenously administered gangliosides promote neuronal sprouting, regeneration, and reinnervation in experimental situations and have undergone clinical testing in acute and chronic peripheral nerve disorders. At the current dosage levels and schedules, the clinical results of ganglioside therapy have been mixed. The success of the experimental studies supports further clinical testing of these therapies in peripheral nerve disorders.
Use of perflubron as a new temporary vitreous substitute and manipulation agent for vitreoretinal surgery. Wills Eye Hospital Perflubron Study Group.

PURPOSE The authors determine the intraocular tolerance of a new widely used liquid perfluorocarbon, perfluoroctylbromide (perflubron). METHODS Pars plana vitrectomy was performed on 54 eyes of 54 patients with vitreoretinal disorders at three centers. Diagnoses included giant retinal tears, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and dislocated intraocular and crystalline lenses. At the conclusion of the vitrectomy, perflubron was removed. RESULTS Perflubron was efficacious for vitreoretinal manipulation. Of the 45 eyes with retinal detachment, 23 (51.1%) of the retinas were reattached after a single surgery; redetachment occurred in 22 (48.9%) after the initial procedure, and further surgery was necessary to reattach the retina. Final retinal reattachment was achieved in 40 (88.9%) eyes. Mean visual acuity improvement was six lines (P < 0.0019). Visualization of the water/perfluorocarbon interface was good. There was no evidence of adverse effects from perflubron on the retina, lens, or anterior segment. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that perflubron is safe for temporary intraoperative use intravitreally. The absence of adverse effects is consistent with the properties of perflubron that our group has studied in the eyes of animals and in other uses in human patients.
Age-Related Variation in Roles Performed by Hospice Volunteers

This study examines age-related variation in the roles performed by volunteers in hospice pro grams. Volunteers of varying age groupings display much similarity in their motivations for vol unteering, how they learned about the opportunity to serve, the levels of satisfaction experienced from serving, and various measures of retention. The age of the volunteer significantly influ enced the roles they performed at the hospice. Significantly more younger volunteers provide direct patient care services; and significantly more older volunteers provide both clerical and fund-raising services. Implications for future research and recruitment and retention of hospice volunteers are discussed.
Visual and olfactory preference of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) adults to various companion plants.

Natural enemies can be attracted to companion plants that can provide them with suitable habitat including food and shelter. This study was conducted to determine if the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), could be attracted to olfactory and visual cues of various companion plant species. Ten potential plants that can attract and provide H. axyridis with alternate food sources (i.e. nectar and pollen) were selected for olfactory preference tests. These plants included dill (Anethum graveolens), yarrow (Achillea spp.), butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), bugleweed (Ajuga reptans), marigold (Tagetes tenuifolia), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), goldenrod (Solidago spp.), morning glory (Ipomoea spp.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Visual preference tests were conducted with six different colors: white, yellow, blue, red, green, and orange. The result of the olfactory preference test showed that H. axyridis adults significantly preferred sunflower and dill among the ten potential companion plants tested in this study. In a visual preference test, H. axyridis significantly preferred yellow to any other colors. The result of this study suggested that odor and color of some companion plants (olfactory and visual cues) could assist in the use of biological control by attracting H. axyridis adults to the cropping area.
Absolute calibration accuracy of L4 TM and L5 TM sensor image pairs

The Landsat suite of satellites has collected the longest continuous archive of multispectral data of any land observing space program. From the Landsat program's inception in 1972 to the present, the Earth science user community has benefited from a historical record of remotely sensed data. However, little attention has been paid to ensuring that the data are calibrated and comparable from mission to mission. Launched in 1982 and 1984 respectively, the Landsat 4 (L4) and Landsat 5 (L5) Thematic Mappers (TM) are the backbone of an extensive archive of moderate resolution Earth imagery. To evaluate the "current" absolute accuracy of these two sensors, image pairs from the L5 TM and L4 TM sensors were compared. The approach involves comparing image statistics derived from large common areas observed eight days apart by the two sensors. The average percent differences in reflectance estimates obtained from the L4 TM agree with those from the L5 TM to within 15 percent. Additional work to characterize the absolute differences between the two sensors over the entire mission is in progress.
Efficiency wages, disinflation and labor mobility

Abstract The paper analyzes the role of labor market segmentation and relative wage rigidity in the transmission process of disinflation policies in an open economy facing imperfect capital markets. Wages are flexible in the nontradables sector, and based on efficiency factors in the tradables sector. With perfect labor mobility, a permanent reduction in the devaluation rate leads in the long run to a real appreciation, a lower ratio of output of tradables to nontradables, an increase in real wages measured in terms of tradables, and a fall in the product wage in the nontradables sector. Under imperfect labor mobility, unemployment temporarily rises.
Analysis Of Simulated Images From The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

275ANALYSIS OF SIMULATED IMAGES FROM THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORERH.L. MARSHALL, C.A. DOBSON, R.F. MALINA, S. BOWYERSpace Sciences LaboratoryUniversity of California at BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720 USA1. THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORERThe Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) is designed to study the astronomical sources in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV: 80 to 800A). Scheduled for launch in late 1990, it will carry out the first all-sky survey at these wavelengths. After six months, the EUVE will be used entirely on a Guest Observer basis for spectroscopy. A short description follows. (For more details, see Malina et al.1 , and Bowyer2).1.1 InstrumentationEUVE will carry three scanning telescopes for use during the all-sky survey phase of the mission (see figure 1). Two are used at short wavelengths (80A < X < 3CX)A), and are of Wolter Schwarzschild Type I design giving a 5° diameter field of view, while the third is designed for longer wavelengths (300A < K < 800A) and is a Wolter Schwarzschild Type II design. A fourth telescope is oriented along the spacecraft spin axis. It has four detectors; one for the direct image and three for the different chan­ nels of the spectrometer. The mirror is a Wolter Schwarzschild Type H design.
A New Genus and Species of Mite (Acarina: Podapolipidae) Associated with the Coccinellid Cycloneda sanguinea

COCCIPOLIPUS , new genus, is erected for C. macfarlanei , new species, which is associated with Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). All stages are described. Keys to genera of Podapolipidae and species of COCCIPOLIPUS are provided. New combinations are C. solanophilae (Cooreman) and C. hippodamiae (McDaniel & Morrill).
Formic acid: A neurologically active, hydrolyzed metabolite of insecticidal formate esters

Formate esters have potential uses as insecticides in both grain fumigation and public health pest management. This research investigated the hydrolytic metabolism and neurological effects of formate ester compounds. Studies were conducted using Drosophila and houseflies as models for other dipteran pests of medical importance. Results indicated significant formic acid liberation from a broad range of formate esters, both in vivo and in vitro. Based on these initial observations, we subsequently investigated neurological effects of formic acid on the larval housefly nervous system. We found that formic acid caused significant neuroexcitation at concentrations lower than previously shown for inhibition of insect cytochrome c oxidase; however, this conclusion does not preclude that mitochondrial effects may also be occurring in non-nervous tissues. Finally, we investigated formate ester hydrolysis by A- and B-type esterases commonly considered in pesticide detoxification research; however, no significant interactions could be identified, suggesting that as yet unidentified carboxylesterases play roles in formate ester hydrolysis. These findings provide information on formate ester metabolism and modes of action, as well as rationale for further studies on formate ester neurotoxicology and mechanisms of selective toxicity.
The Mechanism of Hormone-Sensitive Breast Cancer Progression on Antiestrogen Therapy: Implications for Treatment and Protocol Planning

Fifteen patients whose tumors progressed while they received tamoxifen citrate therapy were studied by serial determinations of serum levels of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) obtained during progression after withdrawal from tamoxifen therapy and total endocrine ablation or suppression. Discontinuation of tamoxifen therapy resulted in reductions of DHEA, E1, and E2 levels by 44%, 49%, and 42%, respectively. Ablation or suppression reduced sex steroids to minimal levels and produced responses in all patients. Elevations of DHEA, E1, and E2 could be provoked by readministering tamoxifen to hypophysectomized and oophorectomized, but not adrenalectomized, patients, indicating that the adrenal gland is the source of these sex steroids. We conclude that tamoxifen stimulates adrenal production of DHEA, which is aromatized to E1 and E2. Buildup of E1 and E2 overwhelms the competitive binding of tamoxifen to the estrogen receptor, resulting in tumor progression.
CESTODE TRANSMISSION PATTERNS

The paradox of high prevalence but low probability of having an egg develop to an adult has been resolved by the evolution of 3 major and basic strategies involving transmission: evolution of life cycles interpolated into host biology; presentation of infective stages that increase probability of contact between host and parasite; and increase in reproductive potential. The rarity of direct cycles confirms that cycles in themselves, with at least 2 hosts, are a key element of cestode success because they provide a vehicle for dispersal and transmission of infective stages. Transmission is primarily by passive stages that become incorporated through intermediate hosts or accidentally in the food chain. High host specificity results from efficient transmission pathways but may represent a fragile system for the evolution of the species. Probability of transmission is increased through diversity of intermediate hosts, making eggs more susceptible to ingestion and by behavioral manipulation of hosts by parasite stages. Spatial and temporal aspects of transmission may be increased through paratenesis. Asexual proliferation of immature stages is uncommon and is favored where there is selective predation; such proliferation may be part of a transmission strategy of colonial cestodes that require high infrapopulations in order to survive. Hyperapolysis may be part of a transmission strategy used by the Tetraphyllidea, Trypanorhyncha, and Lecanicephalidea to increase proglottid production. The dynamics of transmission for cestodes of humans and domestic animals require a different perspective than those of wild hosts. All strategies are reviewed within the framework of certain cestode morphological and ecological constraints. A total of 11 figures and 48 references complements the text.
Research involving human subjects.

This paper will discuss the history of human subjects and the subsequent regulations and requirements that in research and the subsequent regulations and requirements that now govern human subject research. Also presented are the requirements and definitions of the oversight bodies which govern human use research in the United States.
The new chemicals process at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): structure-activity relationships for hazard identification and risk assessment

Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) does not require any toxicity testing as a prerequisite for submission of a Premanufacturing Notice (PMN) for a new chemical. In order to compensate for the lack of actual test data, a process involving structure-activity relationships (SAR) for assessing hazard potential was constructed. The hazard assessment is then coupled with an estimation of potential exposure to determine potential risk. This process involves the use of multiple interdisciplinary teams that work within a 90-day time frame to complete approximately 2000 risk assessments per year.