cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Out of the Picture: Latinx and White Male Youths’ Facial Features Predict Their Juvenile Justice System Processing Outcomes:

Adults’ facial characteristics predict whether and how severely they are sentenced in the adult criminal justice system. We investigate whether characteristics of White and Latinx male youths’ face...
How Black Teen Girls Navigate Social Media to Form Romantic Relationships

The purpose of this study was to explore the use of social media within the context of heterosexual Black teen girls’ romantic partner selection processes. To better understand Black teen girls’ ex...
Finite Element Analysis Modeling of TTFields in Brain Metastasis According to Various Types of Cerebral Edema (4293)

Objective: To determine differences in Tumor treating Fields (TTFields) intensity for vasogenic, interstitial and cytotoxic edemas. Background: TTFields are being investigated as treatment for brain metastasis. Although vasogenic edema is the predominant type of cerebral edema, other forms of edema might arise within the brain and they may alter TTFields. Design/Methods: MRI DICOM images were obtained for auto-segmentation using SPM8 and MATLAB. Masks of various tissues within the head were generated in ScanIP from Simpleware and further corrections/delineation of the patient’s edema and gross tumor volume (GTV) were performed by the physician. Edema mask was given an electric conductivity value equivalent to Plasma (0.71S/m) for vasogenic edema, CSF (2.0S/m) for interstitial edema, and Gray Matter (0.14S/m) for cytotoxic edema, respectively. The electric conductivity for tumor remained the same at 0.25S/m. Finite element analysis (FEA) simulation was done in COMSOL Multiphysics and electric field, specific absorption rate and current density distribution plots were generated. Results: The physics modeling showed that the vasogenic edema had E75%=8.8 V/m, E50%=26.1 V/m and E25%=33.6/m, while interstitial edema had E75%=4.3 V/m, E50%=8.5 V/m and E25%=23.3/m, and cytotoxic edema had E75%=27.8 V/m, E50%=42.4V/m and E25%=59.0/m. GTV associated with interstitial edema hadE75%=7.1 V/m, E50%=21.9 V/m and E25%=25.3V/m, while GTV associated with cytotoxic edema had E75%=23.9 V/m, E50%=30.1 V/m and E25%=35.6/m, and GTV associated with vasogenic edema had E75%=22.7 V/m, E50%=28.6 V/m and E25%=33.9/m. Conclusions: The electric field coverage at the GTV was highest when the tumor was surrounded by cytotoxic edema. Vasogenic edema was associated with lowerfields coverage and interstitial edema was associated with the lowest electric field coverage at the GTV. Disclosure: Dr. Pisati has nothing to disclose. Dr. San has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lok has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wong has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Advance Medical, Merck, and Novocure. Dr. Wong has received research support from Novocure.
A Behavioral Model of Earnings Forecasts: Top Down versus Bottom Up

Analysts' forecasts of earnings play a key role in determining stock market valuations. In recent research, forecast errors have played an important part in explaining momentum and mean-regression effects in asset returns. Given that substantial amounts of wealth ride on the accuracy of these forecasts, it is to be expected that they will conform closely to normative canons of optimality. The evidence suggests that this is not the case. Earnings forecasts have been found to be both biased and inefficient. In this paper, we focus on the earnings forecasts of major market indices such as the S&P500 made by bottom-up analysts (insiders) and top-down market strategists (outsiders). The bottom-up forecasts are aggregates of the forecasts of individual company earnings made by those analysts who follow each company, whereas top-down forecasts are the forecasts made by market strategists who estimate the earnings of the major market indices directly. We present a behavioral model of forecasting that characterizes monthly forecasts by three parameters. Although the general pattern of errors is similar, we find that incentives seem to matter. Insiders appear to be more optimistic than outsiders. Since neither top-down nor bottom-up forecasts is optimal, there is hope that a combination of these forecasts will reduce forecast errors. We confirm that this is indeed the case by generating hybrid forecasts that combine the two forecasts. We conjecture that such a method can be used to develop superior forecasts not just of the earnings of market indices, but of individual companies as well.
Memristive XOR for resistive multiplier

A new memristors-based resistive logic computation unit is introduced. By controlling the memristors' conditional set operation adaptively to one of the input polarities, bipolar signal multiplication of an input and a stored reference bit is performed by unipolar memristor devices and control switches. The multiplication result is registered in an output nonvolatile memristor so that the computed output can be accessed anytime later on by reading the output memristor's status.
Awakening Genius in the Classroom by Thomas Armstrong

In a world of inclusion and acceptance, of diversity and uniqueness, and of looking at the individual strengths of each child in an educational setting, it is only fitting that we look to the "genius" of each learner. The use of the term "genius" in this context redefines the usual perspectives and asks us to stretch our understanding to include the potential capabilities of every learner and what it is that they bring with them to make a unique individual worth developing. In his book Awakening Genius in the Classroom, Thomas Armstrong coaxes each reader to examine his or her own belief system and to see "genius" as a conceptualization of the best that we each have to offer. The redefining of a commonly understood word in this way is a strategy modeled after Howard Gardner in his explanation of multiple intelligences (1983). Howard Gardner first took literary license with the term "intelligences" as he worked at making a strong point that individual learners incorporate the use of "intelligences" differently thus displaying and connecting in as many as eight basically different ways. Now Tom Armstrong is employing the same literary license with the familiar word "genius" to explain how schools and teachers can nurture every child's strengths. His position or philosophy seems to be that every individual has the potential for genius, the potential to reach a higher level of learning, and therefore needs to be afforded the opportunity to nurture that potential. Of course this philosophy fits well with the notion that every learner has worth, that every learner is capable of learning at a particular level without being labeled, stamped, or categorized by schools, parents, peers, or society. It is not an altogether new notion, but Armstrong makes his case so amicably that this book is a refreshing reminder of what should be core values of school and educators. That is a difficult task in this time of state proficiency testing, labeling, a deficit model of learner identification, and moneys allocated from the state primarily for districts focused on deficiencies. Armstrong notes that with an ERIC search of the word "genius" between 1982 and 1996 there were only two studies related to this term and only 13 hits altogether. In contrast there were 7,322 hits for the term "learning disabilities." It seems as if we are most often focusing on the negative (disability) instead of the positive (genius) in front of our eyes. In Awakening Genius in the Classroom Armstrong asks each educator and parent to reexamine those defining values and to focus on strengths instead of deficits.
Group Theory: A Physicist's Survey

1. Preface: the pursuit of symmetries 2. Finite groups: an introduction 3. Finite groups: representations 4. Hilbert Spaces 5. SU(2) 6. SU(3) 7. Classification of compact simple Lie algebras 8. Lie algebras: representation theory 9. Finite groups: the road to simplicity 10. Beyond Lie algebras 11. The groups of the Standard Model 12. Exceptional structures Appendices References Bibliography Index.
Teratogenic effects of magnesium deficiency in rats

The effect of severe magnesium deficiency on plasma magnesium levels in pregnant and nonpregnant rats and on reproduction was investigated. Magnesium deficiency produced a rapid fall in plasma magnesium concentration, in both pregnant and nonpregnant rats. At term, all implantation sites of pregnant rats fed a diet severely deficient in magnesium showed total fetal resorption. When pregnant females were fed the magnesium deficient diet only between days 6 and 14 of gestation, there was a high incidence of resorptions and gross malformations were seen in full term fetuses. The results demonstrate the rapidity of the effects of severe magnesium deficiency in pregnant rats and indicate the importance of the element for embryonic development.
Effective presentation of health care performance information for consumer decision making: A systematic review

Abstract Objective This systematic review synthesizes what is known about the effective presentation of health care performance information for consumer decision making. Methods Six databases were searched for articles published in English between September 2003 and April 2014. Experimental studies comparing consumers’ responses to performance information when one or more presentation feature was altered were included. A thematic analysis was performed and practical guidelines derived. Results All 31 articles retained, the majority which tested responses to various presentations of health care cost and/or quality information, found that consumers better understand and make more informed choices when the information display is less complex. Simplification can be achieved by reducing the quantity of choices, displaying results in a positive direction, using non-technical language and evaluative elements, and situating results in common contexts. Conclusion While findings do not offer a prescriptive design, this synthesis informs approaches to enhancing the presentation of health care performance information and areas that merit additional research. Practice implications Guidelines derived from these results can be used to enhance health care performance reports for consumer decision making including using recognizable, evaluative graphics and customizable formats, limiting the amount of information presented, and testing presentation formats prior to use.
Analysis of conformal automobile antennas, theory and experiment

Intelligent Transport System (ITS) has been required to integrate many types of antennas on an automobile. As a consequence of this trend, theoretical or sub-scale analysis for low cost prediction of antenna characteristics is increasingly used. This paper examines relations between a theoretical testing and a sub/full-scale measurement for development of automobile FM conformal antennas.
Biocultural Dialogues: Biology and Culture in Psychological Anthropology

Psychological anthropology has a long history of integrative, crossdisciplinary research within the social sciences. This holistic tradition has substantially contributed to understanding the relationships between individuals and their cultural environment and to developing more sophisticated models of human variation within and between cultures. Whereas these contributions have generally arisen from conversations between psychology and anthropology, research integrating biological and cultural anthropology has become an increasingly established part of other anthropological subfields, such as medical (Armelagos et al. 1992; Brown et al. 1998; Leatherman 1996; Oths 1998) and biological anthropology (Bogin 1997; Goodman and Leatherman 1998a). This special issue continues psychological anthropology's commitment to holistic inquiry by examining how dialogues between biological and cultural perspectives can generate new insights when applied to key questions in psychological anthropology. The articles in this volume tackle various issues including the effect of cultural consonance on well-being in Brazil, the biocultural roots of addiction among Colombian youth, the social and psychological factors implicated in becoming a Candomble medium, the process of coping with political-ecological inequality in Peru, and the biocultural pathways to somatization and suffering in Nepal. Not surprisingly, the research presented here has direct links to the biocultural
Renal Tubular Abnormalities in Infants with Hydronephrosis

AbstractPurpose: Abnormalities in renal tubular function have been observed in hydronephrotic urinary tract disease, resulting in metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia and excessive free water diuresis. The frequency of these abnormalities, particularly in our infant population, was the impetus for our study.Materials and Methods: We studied 50 infants selected from 199 patients followed for hydronephrosis before any surgical intervention during a 5-year period. Mean patient age was 1.5 plus/minus 1.0 months at the time of diagnosis by ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography and a radionuclide renal scan. Lesions were classified as unilateral or bilateral and graded according to severity of renal pelvic dilatation or grade of vesicoureteral reflux.Results: At least 1 abnormality of tubular function was present in 29 patients (58 percent) of whom the predominant abnormality was renal tubular acidosis in 23 (79 percent, 46 percent of the total study group). Renal tubular acidosis was diagnosed on the basis of a s...
Visual imagery vs. semantic category as encoding conditions

Semantic encoding was directly compared to visual imagery encoding in an experimental variant of the Craik-Tulving procedure. Sixty words were presented orally in one of five encoding conditions. Two conditions were from Experiment 9 of Craik and Tulving (1975), that is, semantic category/yes and semantic category/no. Three conditions were imagery encoding conditions: single image/good, single image/bad, and interactive imagery relating pairs of words. The results for the college students tested indicate that imagery encoding gave better immediate recognition than did deep semantic encoding. Generally, recognition scores did not differ from one another within the imagery conditions, but within the semantic conditions, semantic category/yes gave higher recognition scores than did semantic category/no. The findings call for further investigation of the cognitive processes relevant to semantic as compared to imagery encoding.
Time dependent leaching in two-phase composite glasses

A model has been developed for the elemental leach rates as a function of time in the high-dilution limit for a two-phase composite glass material in which one phase exists as unconnected inclusions embedded within a major continuous phase. For those elements that are preferentially concentrated in this minor and presumed less durable phase, the leach rates are strongly time-dependent, decreasing significantly from the initial to the final steady-state value. 3 figures, 1 table.
Final attained height in patients successfully treated for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We evaluated final adult height in 109 patients treated for childhood acute lymphoblasticleukemia on two multiarm Pediatric Oncology Group protocols between 1974 and 1981. Fifty-one patients received 2400 cGy cranial irradiation (XRT), and 58 patients received no XRT. All patients had no central nervous system involvement at diagnosis, achieved and maintained a complete response, entered puberty spontaneously, and had achieved final height. Height data were converted to standardized deviation scores. Mean age at diagnosis was 7.8±4.2 years. Distribution of heights at diagnosis was similar to that of the U.S. population. Relative to gender-specific heights for the population, female subjects in this study had lower attained heights than male subjects ( p =0.03). There was a monotonic trend of patients treated at an earlier age to have a reduction in final height ( p =0.057). Cranial irradiation was strongly associated with final height (mean standardized deviation score with XRT=−1.04 and without XRT=−0.14; p p p =0.002, respectively). There was no significant gender effect. We conclude that XRT is significantly associated with reduced final adult height after treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. For survivors, therapy devoid of XRT does not appear to affect final height.
Avian furcula morphology may indicate relationships of flight requirements among birds

This study examined furcula (wishbone) shape relative to flight requirements. The furculae from 53 museum specimens in eight orders were measured: 1) three-dimensional shape (SR) as indicated by the ratio of the direct distance between the synostosis interclavicularis and the ligamentous attachment of one of its clavicles to the actual length of the clavicle between those same two points, and 2) curvature within the primary plane (LR) as indicated by the ratio of the length of the clavicle to the sum of the orthogonal distances between the same points using a projected image. Canonical discriminant analysis of these ratios placed the individuals into a) one of four general flight categories and b) one of eight taxonomic orders. The four flight categories were defined as: i) soaring with no flapping, ii) flapping with no soaring, iii) subaqueous (i.e., all wingbeats taking place under water), and iv) partial subaqueous (i.e., wingbeats used for both aerial and submerged flapping). The error rate for placement of the specimens in flight categories was only 26.4%, about half of the error rate for placement in taxonomic orders (51.3%). Subaqueous fliers (penguins, great auks) have furculae that are the most V-shaped. Partial subaqueous fliers (alcids, storm petrels) have furculae that are more U-shaped than the subaqueous fliers but more V-shaped than the aerial flapping fliers. The partial subaqueous fliers have furculae that are also the most anteriorly curved, possibly increasing protraction capability by changing the angle of applied force and increasing attachment area for the origin of the sternobrachialis pectoralis. The increased protraction capability can counteract profile drag, which is greater in water than in air due to the greater density of water. Soaring birds have furculae that are more U-shaped or circular than those of flapping birds and have the smallest range of variation. These results indicate that the shape of the furcula is functionally related to general differences in flight requirements and may be used to infer relationships of these requirements among birds. J. Morphol. 251:284–293, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Drosophila glia use a conserved cotransporter mechanism to regulate extracellular volume

The nervous system is protected by blood barriers that use multiple systems to control extracellular solute composition, osmotic pressure, and fluid volume. In the human nervous system, misregulation of the extracellular volume poses serious health threats. Here, we show that the glial cells that form the Drosophila blood–nerve barrier have a conserved molecular mechanism that regulates extracellular volume: the Serine/Threonine kinase Fray, which we previously showed is an ortholog of mammalian PASK/SPAK; and the Na-K-Cl cotransporter Ncc69, which we show is an ortholog of human NKCC1. In mammals, PASK/SPAK binds to NKCC1 and regulates its activity. In Drosophila, larvae mutant for Ncc69 develop a peripheral neuropathy, where fluid accumulates between glia and axons. The accumulation of fluid has no detectable impact on action potential conduction, suggesting that the role of Ncc69 is to maintain volume or osmotic homeostasis. Drosophila Ncc69 has kinetics similar to human NKCC1, and NKCC1 can rescue Ncc69, suggesting that they function in a conserved physiological mechanism. We show that fray and Ncc69 are coexpressed in nerve glia, interact in a yeast-two-hybrid assay, and have an essentially identical bulging nerve phenotype. We propose that normally functioning nerves generate extracellular solutes that are removed by Ncc69 under the control of Fray. This mechanism may perform a similar role in humans, given that NKCC1 is expressed at the blood–brain barrier. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changing Dynamics of Team Leadership in Global Project Environments

The dynamics and challenges of managing geographically dispersed project teams is examined in a field investigation of 72 multinational product developments, observed and studied between 2008 and 2012. The findings provide insight into the business processes and leadership style most conducive to cross-functional collaboration and effective project integration throughout the enterprise and its partners. The results show that many of the problems that surface on the technical side can be traced to social, psychological and organizational issues. In fact, people issues have the strongest impact on project performance. People are an intricate part of the work process. Issues affecting people, eventually impact the broader enterprise. On the positive side, the study shows that certain conditions, such as personal interest, pride and satisfaction with the work, professional work challenge, accomplishments and recognition, serve as catalysts toward unifying culturally diverse project teams and their work processes. These conditions act as bridging mechanisms between organizational goals and personal interests, between central control and local management norms, and between following a project plan and adaptive problem solving. However, working seamless across borders and cultures requires more than just issuing work orders, project summary plans or management guidelines. Emphasis must be on common values and goals to focus and unify the team. By recognizing the greater autonomy of all international partners as well as their cultural differences, management can build a true partnership among all the contributing organizations with strong linkages for communication, decision making and technology transfer that is sustainable over the project lifecycle. The paper suggests a framework for managerial actions and leadership for building high-performance multinational project teams.
Working with interpreters: how student behavior affects quality of patient interaction when using interpreters

Background: Despite the prevalence of medical interpreting in the clinical environment, few medical professionals receive training in best practices when using an interpreter. We designed and implemented an educational workshop on using interpreters as part of the cultural competency curriculum for second year medical students (MSIIs) at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to evaluate the effectiveness of the workshop and second, if deficiencies are found, to investigate whether the deficiencies affected the quality of the patient encounter when using an interpreter. Methods: A total of 152 MSIIs completed the 3-hour workshop and a 1-station objective-structured clinical examination, 8 weeks later to assess skills. Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests were used to assess workshop effectiveness. Results: Based on a passing score of 70%, 39.4% of the class failed. Two skills seemed particularly problematic: assuring confidentiality (missed by 50%) and positioning the interpreter (missed by 70%). While addressing confidentiality did not have a significant impact on standardized patient satisfaction, interpreter position did. Conclusion: Instructing the interpreter to sit behind the patient helps sustain eye contact between clinician and patient, while assuring confidentiality is a tenet of quality clinical encounters. Teaching students and faculty to emphasize both is warranted to improve cross-language clinical encounters. Keywords: cross-cultural communication barriers; physician-patient relations; patient-centered care; interpreter use; educational intervention; performance-based assessment (Published: 1 June 2010) Citation: Medical Education Online 2010, 15: 5151 - DOI: 10.3402/meo.v15i0.5151
Fallibility and Insight in Moral Judgment

This article investigates the relationship between moral judgments, fallibility, and imaginative insight. It will draw heavily from the canon of classical American philosophy, the members of which (from Ralph Waldo Emerson, to C.S. Peirce, E.L. Cabot, to Jane Addams, to John Dewey) took up this relationship as pivotally important in moral theorizing. It argues that the process of hypothesis formation—characterized as “insight” by Emerson and extended by Peirce in his notion of “abduction”—is a necessary condition of moral progress for it allows individuals to think through the boundaries of social and ethical life. In a world of unexpected occurrences and uncertainty, the ability to generate novel explanatory frameworks and normative ideals is a crucial, if normally underappreciated, moral faculty. This paper attempts to respond to this relative neglect.
A thermodynamic model of binding of flexible bivalent haptens to antibody

Abstract Studies by Wilder et al . (1975 b ) of the binding of Fab' fragments to small haptens have shown that the cross-linking constant (the equilibrium constant for binding an additional Fab' fragment to a hapten-Fab' complex) is strongly dependent on the length of the hapten. We present a simple model for predicting the relationship between the intermolecular cross-linking constant and the monovalent hapten-antibody binding constant. In particular we use the model to obtain the dependence of the cross-linking constant on the length of the hapten, the depth to which the hapten fills the Fab' binding site, and the size of the Fab' fragment. To make contact with experiment, we devise expressions which allow us to analyze the data of Wilder et al . (1975 b ). From their data we determine the values of two parameters which we take to be unknown in the theory, the size of the Fab' fragment and the depth to which the hapten fills the Fab' binding site. The values arrived at in this way agree well with published measurements of these parameters.
Control of an orbiting flexible square platform in the presence of solar radiation

An analysis is made of the dynamics of a thin, homogeneous, flexible square plate exposed to solar radiation disturbance. It is shown that only the first three flexible modes of the plate generate a first order net moment about the center of mass and that the solar radiation pressure does not influence the flexible modes of the plate for small-amplitude vibrations. In the absence of control, for a symmetrical homogeneous square platform, the solar radiation induces a steady angular drift about one of the body principal axes. For extremely flexible platforms, nominally oriented in the local horizontal plane, appreciable rigid modal amplitudes can be induced due to solar radiation, even in the presence of both active and passive control. Optimal control law and feedback gain values are obtained using linear quadratic Gaussian methods.
MH1 domain of Smad is a degraded homing endonuclease

Smad proteins are eukarytic transcription regulators in the TGF-beta signaling cascade. Using a combination of sequence and structure-based analyses, we argue that MH1 domain of Smad is homologous to the diverse His-Me finger endonuclease family enzymes. The similarity is particularly extensive with the I-PpoI endonuclease. In addition to the global fold similarities, both proteins possess a conserved motif of three cysteine residues and one histidine residue which form a zinc-binding site in I-PpoI. Sequence and structure conservation in the motif region strongly suggest that MH1 domain may also incorporate a metal ion in its structural core. MH1 of Smad3 and I-PpoI exhibit similar nucleic acid binding mode and interact with DNA major groove through an antiparallel beta-sheet. MH1 is an example of transcription regulator derived from the ancient enzymatic domain that lost its catalytic activity but retained DNA-binding sites.
On the relation of bulk diffusion to vaporization in cesium chloride

Abstract The vaporization rate of single crystals of CsCl in the region of the phase transition has been measured. It is not proportional to the bulk diffusion rate of the more slowly diffusing lattice ion as has been postulated.
Kinetic analysis of the ozone processing of an unsaturated organic monolayer as a model of an aerosol surface

It has been suggested that an organic aerosol containing unsaturated organic compounds at the surface would likely be processed by atmospheric ozone. The ozonolysis of oleic acid gives rise to the formation of products having shorter chain lengths than the starting molecule, and are consequently more water soluble than oleic acid. Hence, the exposure of a monolayer of oleic acid to ozone should lead to a decrease in surface activity at the air–water interface. A model system is used for real-time measurements of surface tension changes due to ozone exposure of a pendant drop that is coated by a fatty acid monolayer. The surface tension is measured based on an analysis of the shape profile of acquired images of the drop. A study of the kinetics of the gas-surface reaction is presented. Assuming that the uptake of ozone is dominated by the reaction at the surface, the measured reactive uptake coefficient of ozone γmeas is estimated to be (2.6 ± 0.1) × 10−6.
Intact perceptual priming in a patient with damage to the anterior inferior temporal lobes

We conducted three experiments to examine whether the anterior portion of the inferior temporal (IT) lobe is involved in the processing of visual objects in humans. In monkeys, damage to this region results in severe deficits in perception and in memory for visual objects. Our study was designed to examine both these processes in a patient (DM) with bilateral damage to the anterior portion of the inferior temporal lobe. Neuropsychological examination revealed a significant semantic impairment and a mild deficit in the discrimination of familiar objects from nonobjects. Despite these difficulties, the results of several studies indicated that DM was able to form and retain descriptions of the structure of objects. Specifically, DM showed normal perceptual priming for familiar and novel objects on implicit memory tests, even when the objects were transformed in size and left-right orientation. These results suggest that the anterior IT is not'involved in (1) the storage of pre-existing structural descriptions of known objects, (2) the ability to create new structural descriptions for novel objects, and (3) the ability to compute descriptions that are invariant with respect to changes in size and reflection. Instead, the anterior IT appears to provide the interface between structural descriptions of objects and their meanings.
Compliance of camps in the United States with guidelines for health and safety practices.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the compliance of US camps with guidelines for health and safety practices as set forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the US Department of Homeland Security. METHODS: An electronic questionnaire was distributed to US camps during the summer of 2012 as identified by 3 online summer camp directories. RESULTS: Analysis was performed on 433 completed questionnaires. Fourteen percent of camps were considered medically related. Ninety-three percent of camps have established relationships with community emergency medical services, 34% with local orthodontists, and 37% with local mental health professionals. Camps reported the immediate availability of the following: automated external defibrillators (75%), respiratory rescue inhalers (44%), epinephrine autoinjectors (64%), cervical spine collars (62%), and backboard with restraints (76%). Camps reported the presence of the following written health policies: dehydration (91%), asthma and anaphylaxis (88%), head injuries (90%), seizures (78%), cardiac arrest (76%), and drowning (73%). Although 93% of camps have a disaster response plan, 15% never practice the plan. Sixty-eight percent of camps are familiar with community evacuation plans, and 67% have access to vehicles for transport. Camps reported the presence of the following written disaster policies: fire (96%), tornadoes (68%), arrival of suspicious individuals (84%), hostage situations (18%). CONCLUSIONS: Areas for improvement in the compliance of US camps with specific recommendations for health and safety practices were identified, such as medically preparing campers before their attendance, developing relationships with community health providers, increasing the immediate availability of several emergency medications and equipment, and developing policies and protocols for medical and disaster emergencies. Language: en
Bladder dysfunction changes from underactive to overactive after experimental traumatic brain injury

Although bladder dysfunction is common after traumatic brain injury (TBI), few studies have investigated resultant bladder changes and the detailed relationship between TBI and bladder dysfunction. The goal of this study was to characterize the effects of TBI on bladder function in an animal model. Fluid-percussion injury was used to create an animal model with moderate TBI. Female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent TBI, sham TBI or were not manipulated (naive). All rats underwent filling cystometry while bladder pressure and external urethral sphincter electromyograms were simultaneously recorded 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1 month after injury. One day after injury, 70% of the animals in the TBI group and 29% of the animals in the sham TBI group showed no bursting activity during urination. Compared to naive rats, bladder function was mainly altered 1 day and 1 week after sham TBI, suggesting the craniotomy procedure affected bladder function mostly in a temporary manner. Compared to either naive or sham TBI, bladder weight was significantly increased 1 month after TBI and collagen in the bladder wall was increased. Bladder function in the TBI group went from atonic 1 day post-TBI to overactive 1 month post-TBI, suggesting that TBI significantly affected bladder function.
Improving computer-assisted instruction in teaching higher-order skills

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) has been shown to enhance rote memory skills and improve higher order critical thinking skills. The challenge now is to identify what aspects of CAI improve which specific higher-order skills. This study focuses on the effectiveness of using CAI to teach logarithmic graphing and dimensional analysis. Two groups of ninth graders participated in a one-class period laboratory. Experiment 1 compared a fully automated computer laboratory to an equivalent paper-and-pencil exercise. Experiment 2 compared the same automated computer laboratory in Experiment 1 with a revised, less automated computer version. Both the paper-and-pencil exercise and the less automated computer exercise required students to perform basic mathematical calculations. The results from a post-test revealed that very few students were able to master the complex task of dimensional analysis, but students who took the paper-based and revised, less automated version scored higher overall. These results imply that students required to perform basic calculations had a better understanding of the lab as a whole. These results suggest that until students master basic skills, they do not have the cognitive resources to concentrate on higher-order concepts. This is supported by cognitive load theory.
The pastoral voice in John Dickinson's first letter from a farmer in Pennsylvania

John Dickinson's famed Letter appropriates pastoral design and convention for rhetorical ends. Through a close reading of the text, we can discern the ways in which literary idiom lends its force of expression to meet the needs of public controversy. A standard of rhetorical judgment emerges from the text which is both instantiated in the argument and is its chief mode of appeal.
Whose Culture is it Anyway? Anthropological Perspectives on Identity and Representation in the Context of Ethnic and Heritage Tourism

This collection of articles explores anthropological studies of identity – past and present – and the contrasting representations of these identities put forth by different groups and stakeholders ...
Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic back pain treated in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program.

Study DesignThe study evaluated the long-term outcomes of 129 chronic low back pain patients who had completed a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program.ObjectivesTwo major outcome issues were addressed- one related to the effectiveness of the program as measured by return to work, use of the medic
God, Thine Earth is Burning: Nature Attitudes and the Latvian Drive for Independence

The dominant element in Latvian culture is nature rather than history. Latvians are as bound to place, to landscape, to particular geographies, as other peoples are bound to tribal legends and religions. Incorporation of this Baltic land into the Soviet Union in 1940 occasioned dramatic conflicts between these deeply-rooted orientations to the concrete facts of nature and the abstract formulations of Marxism-Leninism. The nature culture of Latvia, celebrated in dama, folk arts and crafts, is the bedrock on which the current independence movement has been built. Two major challenges are being addressed: the overt political one between Moscow Center and the Baltic republics, and a deeper intellectual conflict between the closed ideology of Marxism-Leninism and the open-ended nature and place-oriented cultures of the Baltic peoples.
Regulation of Growth Cone Actin Filaments by Guidance Cues

The motile behaviors of growth cones at the ends of elongating axons determine pathways of axonal connections in developing nervous systems. Growth cones express receptors for molecular guidance cues in the local environment, and receptor-guidance cue binding initiates cytoplasmic signaling that regulates the cytoskeleton to control growth cone advance, turning, and branching behaviors. The dynamic actin filaments of growth cones are frequently targets of this regulatory signaling. Rho GTPases are key mediators of signaling by guidance cues, although much remains to be learned about how growth cone responses are orchestrated by Rho GTPase signaling to change the dynamics of polymerization, transport, and disassembly of actin filaments. Binding of neurotrophins to Trk and p75 receptors on growth cones triggers changes in actin filament dynamics to regulate several aspects of growth cone behaviors. Activation of Trk receptors mediates local accumulation of actin filaments, while neurotrophin binding to p75 triggers local decrease in RhoA signaling that promotes lengthening of filopodia. Semaphorin IIIA and ephrin-A2 are guidance cues that trigger avoidance or repulsion of certain growth cones, and in vitro responses to these proteins include growth cone collapse. Dynamic changes in the activities of Rho GTPases appear to mediate responses to these cues, although it remains unclear what the changes are in actin filament distribution and dynamic reorganization that result in growth cone collapse. Growth cones in vivo simultaneously encounter positive and negative guidance cues, and thus, growth cone behaviors during axonal pathfinding reflect the complex integration of multiple signaling activities.
Genes encoding spore coat polypeptides from Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Endospores of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis are encased in a tough protein shell, known as the coat, that consists of a dozen or more different polypeptides. We have cloned structural genes designated cotA, cotB, cotC and cotD that encode spore coat proteins of Mr 65,000, 59,000, 12,000 and 11,000, respectively. These genes were cloned by using as hybridization probes synthetic oligonucleotides that were designed on the basis of partial NH2-terminal sequence determinations of the purified coat proteins. To determine the location of the cot genes on the chromosome and to study their function genetically, we tagged each gene by insertion of a chloramphenicol-resistance determinant (cat) within its coding sequence. We then replaced each wild-type cot gene in the chromosome with the corresponding, insertionally inactivated gene. Genetic mapping experiments showed that cotA, cotB, cotC and cotD were located at 52 °, 290 °, 168 ° and 200 °, respectively, on the B. subtilis chromosome. None of the cot::cat insertion mutants were Spo−1, but spores of the cotD mutant were found to germinate somewhat more slowly than did wild-type spores, and the cotA mutant was found to be blocked in the appearance of the brown pigment characteristic of colonies of wild-type sporulating cells. Physical and genetic experiments established that cotA was identical to a previously identified gene called pig, known to be responsible for sporulation-associated pigment production. Spores from all four insertion mutants exhibited the wild-type pattern of coat polypeptides, except for the absence in each instance of the corresponding product of the cot gene that had been insertionally inactivated.
Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity is not linked to insulin sensitivity.

Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity has been reported to decline during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. It has been suggested that this suppressive effect of acute hyperinsulinemia is linked to whole body insulin sensitivity, and that the insulin resistance that accompanies obesity leads to high plasma CETP activity found in obese subjects. In the present study, we used 2 experimental approaches to examine the putative link between CETP and insulin action. First, we examined if the clamp-induced suppression of plasma CETP activity is linked to whole body insulin sensitivity. Plasma CETP activity was measured at the beginning and end of a 2-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in 18 nondiabetic individuals before and after an exercise training regimen that improved insulin sensitivity without weight loss. CETP activity decreased in response to the clamp procedure in 16 of 18 subjects, and on average, by 9% (P <.001). While training decreased plasma CETP activity (10%, P <.05), the improvement in insulin sensitivity had no statistical effect on the clamp-induced suppression of plasma CETP activity (training*clamp, P =.26). Second, we examined if insulin resistance is associated with an elevation in fasting plasma CETP activity when the influence of adiposity and diabetes were negated. Plasma CETP activity was measured in 41 women (12 insulin-sensitive lean; 8 insulin-resistant lean; 10 insulin-sensitive obese; 11 insulin-resistant obese). The level of insulin sensitivity had no significant effect on fasting plasma CETP activity, but CETP levels were 25% higher in obese subjects (P <.01). Thus, neither experimental approach provided evidence that plasma CETP levels are linked to insulin and insulin sensitivity. These data suggest that the elevated CETP activity found in obese patients is less associated with hyperinsulinemia and the accompanying insulin resistance, but rather is more related to some other metabolic complication of obesity.
Sociocultural transfer and its effect on second language Speakers' communication

Abstract Most scholars who have studied sociocultural transfer in the speech of second language learners (L2) have examined primarily the observable transfer (“surface-structure” transfer) and have overlooked the transfer of deep sociocultural values (“deep-structure” transfer). Close examination of three cases of serious communication breakdowns between an L2 speaker and a native speaker reveals that the latter type of transfer not only exists but also causes serious communication problems between L2 and native speakers without either party's knowing why. The examination led to two new questions: (a) Do most people who have studied a second language and have been exposed to its culture for years still commit sociocultural transfer? and (b) if they do, why? A questionnaire plus observation of the responses of 20 Chinese to compliments in English were conducted. The findings suggest that (a) deep sociocultural transfer is present in the speech of even proficient L2 speakers, and (b) these speakers may know the surface cultural differences without necessarily understanding the deep sociocultural values that cause surface differences. The findings also indicate the importance of sociocultural study in L2 acquisition and the need for innovative ways to help L2 learners develop sociocultural competence.
Periodic Orbits and Equilibria Near Jovian Moons Using an Electrodynamic Tether

Various researchers have proposed the use of electrodynamic tethers for power generation and capture from interplanetary transfers. In this paper, the effect of tether forces on periodic orbits in the Jupiter–Io system is investigated. A series of simplifications to the Lorentz force-perturbed circular-restricted three-body problem allows the development of a conservative formulation that admits a Jacobi integral. Although the conservative approximation introduces a modest magnitude error in the regions of interest, the correct perturbation direction is preserved. The presence of the Jacobi integral is amenable to the search for equilibria, periodic orbits, and the use of dynamic tools such as zero-velocity curves. The perturbed equations of motion lead to modified equilibrium positions, which are found at both Io and Metis. New families of modified Lyapunov orbits are generated at Io as functions of tether size and Jacobi integral from preexisting families as well as the new modified equilibrium points. ...
Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety

Designing for construction safety entails consideration of the safety of construction workers in the design of a project. Research studies have identified the design aspect of projects as being a significant contributing factor to construction site accidents. Designing to eliminate or avoid hazards prior to exposure on the jobsite is also listed as the top priority in the hierarchy of controls common to the safety and health professions. Widespread implementation of the concept in the United States by engineering and architecture firms, however, is lacking due to perceived industry and project barriers. Given its absence from standard design practice, a question arises as to the viability of designing for safety as an intervention in the construction industry. This paper presents a pilot study that was conducted to investigate the practice of addressing construction worker safety when designing a project and to determine the feasibility and practicality of such an intervention. Through interviews of architects and engineers, the study found that a large percentage of design professionals are interested and willing to implement the concept in practice. Among the perceived impacts of implementation, project cost and schedule were mentioned most often along with limitations being placed on design creativity. The results of the pilot study indicate that designing for safety is a viable intervention in construction. The factors that impact the consideration of safety in the design of a project do not entirely prohibit its implementation or make its implementation extremely impractical and therefore not feasible. Additionally, the outcomes of implementation provide sufficient motivation to implement the concept in practice. The paper describes the key changes needed for implementation of the concept in practice which include: a change in designer mindset toward safety; establishment of a motivational force to promote designing for safety; increase designer knowledge of the concept; incorporate construction safety knowledge in the design phase; utilize designers knowledgeable about design-for-safety modifications; make design for safety tools and guidelines available for use and reference; and mitigate designer liability exposure.