cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing of leaf water content in the near infrared

Abstract A stochastic leaf radiation model was used to predict leaf spectral reflectance as a function of leaf water content for a dicot leaf. Simulated spectral reflectances were analyzed to quantify reflectance differences between different equivalent water thicknesses. Simulated results coupled with consideration of atmoshperic transmission properties and the incident solar spectral irradiance at the earth's surface resulted in the conclusion that the 1.55–1.75 μm region was the best-suited wavelength interval for satellite—platform remote sensing of plant canopy water status in the 0.7–2.5 μm region of the spectrum.
Three-dimensional manganese dioxide-functionalized carbon nanotube electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors

Three-dimensional manganese dioxide (MnO2)-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) electrodes have been produced by a simple and scalable thermal decomposition process. The electrodes are prepared by treating planar MWCNT sheets with manganese(II) nitrate (Mn(NO3)2) solution and annealing at low temperature (200–300 °C) and ambient pressure. The morphology, chemical composition, and structure of the resulting matrices have been investigated with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Supercapacitors assembled with three-dimensional electrodes exhibit a 14-fold increase in specific capacitance (C sp) in comparison to those containing pristine, two-dimensional MWCNT electrodes. C sp varies linearly with Mn(NO3)2 thermal decomposition temperature (from 100 to 61 F/g at 0.2 A/g), a trend that is discussed in the context of nitrate reaction chemistry and MWCNT structure. This efficient and promising approach allows for simultaneous enhancement of electrode–electrolyte contact area and incorporation of redox-based charge storage within electrochemical capacitors.
YIELD STRUCTURE OF TAXABLE VS. NONTAXABLE BONDS

In his 1976 presidential address to the American Finance Association, Miller shows that the equilibrium marginal personal tax rate on riskless bond income is equal to the marginal corporate tax rate. In the presence of risk, he and, subsequently, others suggest that the theoretical equilibrium occurs when the personal tax rate is less than the corporate tax rate. This study investigates empirically these relationships by examining the yield ratio of nontaxable to taxable debt at various risk levels. Both the riskless and risk propositions are confirmed.
Is neutralizing vitreal growth factors a viable strategy to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a blinding disorder that occurs in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and in eyes that have recently undergone retinal detachment surgery. There are presently no treatment strategies to reduce the risk of developing PVR in eyes with retinal detachment, and surgical intervention is the only option for eyes with retinal detachment and established PVR. Given the poor visual outcome associated with the surgical treatment of PVR, considerable work has been done to identify pharmacologic agents that could antagonize the PVR process. Intensive efforts to identify molecular determinants of PVR implicate vitreal growth factors. A surprise that emerged in the course of testing the 'growth factor hypothesis' of PVR was the existence of a functional relationship amongst growth factors that engage platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α (PDGFRα), a receptor tyrosine kinase that is key to pathogenesis of experimental PVR. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF), which is best known for its ability to activate VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) and induce permeability and/or angiogenesis, enables activation of PDGFRα by a wide spectrum of vitreal growth factors outside of the PDGF family (non-PDGFs) in a way that triggers signaling events that potently enhance the viability of cells displaced into vitreous. Targeting these growth factors or signaling events effectively neutralizes the bioactivity of PVR vitreous and prevents PVR in a number of preclinical models. In this review, we discuss recent conceptual advances in understanding the role of growth factors in PVR, and consider the tangible treatment strategies for clinical application.
Numerical linear algebra on the HP-28 or how to lie with supercalculators

(1991). Numerical Linear Algebra on the HP-28 or How to Lie With Supercalculators. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 6, pp. 539-544.
The Fatty Acid Composition of Liver Lipids from Rats Raised on Pork Rationsa,b

SUMMARY The liver lipid fatty acid composition of animals raised on pork rations was determined and compared with that of animals raised on a stock ration. The pork rations contained approximately 25% crude lipid, the proportion of oleic acid being 46–50%. The relation between the dietary and liver lipid fatty acid compositions was evaluated, with the most striking relationship being that between dietary and liver lipid oleate/linoleate ratios. The tissue levels of oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids provided supporting evidence for the existence of a competitive effect of oleic acid in the conversion of linoleic to arachidonic acid. The results suggest that the dietary oleate/linoleate ratio is of importance in essential fatty acid nutrition in rations containing appreciable quantities of oleic acid. The sex variable, as it applies to the relation between dietary and liver lipid, was also evaluated.
Estimates for the solution and its stability in Signorini's problem

The Signorini problem for an elastic body admits a convenient formulation as a variational inequality. However, it is not coercive. In this note we establish a priori limitations for the solution, estimates of the contact set, and stability for the solution of this problem. The last section is devoted to the example of an infinite circular cylinder, in plane strain.
The effects of smoking and environmental temperature on temporary threshold shifts

Smoking and nonsmoking subjects were exposed either to 110- or 30-dB SPL white noise in both hot and cool ambient temperatures. Smokers evidenced less temporary threshold shift (TTS) than nonsmokers when exposed to loud noise. Nonsmokers evidenced greater TTS in the hot testing condition than in the cold condition when exposed to the loud noise. The temperature conditions did not influence the TTS of smokers. Smoking and the cold temperature both increased peripheral vasoconstriction.
Calibration of mitochondrial DNA evolution in geese

Mitochondrial DNA was purified from five American species of geese representing the generaAnser andBranta, which have fossil records. The results of electrophoretic comparisons of about 75 fragments per individual produced by 14 restriction enzymes imply that the mean extent of sequence divergence between species ofAnser andBranta is about 9%. Fossil evidence suggests that these two groups of geese had a common ancestor 4–5 million years ago. Thus, the mean rate of sequence divergence in goose mitochondiral DNA is not far from 2% per million years, the value in mammals.
Situs: A package for docking crystal structures into low-resolution maps from electron microscopy.

Three-dimensional image reconstructions of large-scale protein aggregates are routinely determined by electron microscopy (EM). We combine low-resolution EM data with high-resolution structures of proteins determined by x-ray crystallography. A set of visualization and analysis procedures, termed the Situs package, has been developed to provide an efficient and robust method for the localization of protein subunits in low-resolution data. Topology-representing neural networks are employed to vector-quantize and to correlate features within the structural data sets. Microtubules decorated with kinesin-related ncd motors are used as model aggregates to demonstrate the utility of this package of routines. The precision of the docking has allowed for the extraction of unique conformations of the macromolecules and is limited only by the reliability of the underlying structural data.
2,4‐BIS(BROMOMETHYL)‐5‐METHYL‐N‐ACETYLBENZYLAMINE AND 2,4‐BIS(CYANOMETHYL)‐5‐METHYL‐N‐ACETYLBENZYLAMINE

Die Umsetzung des 3-Methylbenzylacetamids (I) mit den Butandiolderivaten (II) in Gegenwart von Aluminiumtrichlorid fuhrt zu den zweifach im Kern alkylierten Derivaten (III).
Algorithm for deadbeat tracking

A deadbeat control algorithm is presented for autoregressive process models with unknown parameters. The control signal defined by the deadbeat tracking algorithm depends only on the reference input and output error time sequences. This serves to simplify the process parameter identification task, which then can be delegated to the background of the algorithm. >
Extra-pair paternity in eastern bluebirds: effects of manipulated density and natural patterns of breeding synchrony

The causes of variation in rates of extra-pair paternity among avian populations remain unclear, but could include environmental factors such as breeding density and synchrony. By experimentally manipulating nest site availability, we tested the effects of breeding density on the frequency of extra-pair paternity in eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). We also examined the role of breeding synchrony on extra-pair paternity using natural timing of nests. Microsatellite analysis revealed 34 of 305 nestlings (11.2%) were the result of extra-pair fertilizations; and 21 of 79 broods (26.6%) had at least one extra-pair nestling. Several measures of breeding density had independent effects on extra-pair paternity. First, experimental plot type affected extra-pair paternity, with 28 of 34 (82.4%) extra-pair young from nests in high density areas, and only six (17.6%) from nests in low density areas. Independently of plot type, the number of breeding neighbors within a 320-m radius was a significant predictor of the likelihood of extra-pair paternity at the nest. Extra-pair paternity was associated with temporal factors such as absolute timing of breeding and natural levels of local breeding synchrony, but only in bivariate comparisons. We found a positive interaction between density of neighbors within a 320-m radius and local breeding synchrony; this term reduced the main effects of synchrony and number of neighbors, but not experimental treatment. Our results demonstrate the importance of utilizing multiple aspects of proximity in breeding density analyses and testing for interactions between ecological factors that can influence the behavioral events leading to extra-pair fertilizations.
Immunocytochemistry of a "private" luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone system in the pituitary.

Immunocytochemistry of paraffin sections of Bouin-fixed rat pituitaries with antiserum to luteinizinghormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) revealed two types of cells. Type I cells exhibit granular staining throughout their cytoplasm. The immunoreactivity of type II cells is confined to a much smaller area of the cytoplasm. Type I cells are located in the ventral margin of the pars intermedia, the region between the pars intermedia and the pars distalis, and the pars distalis adjacent to this region. Type II cells have a broader distribution in the pars distalis, but tend to concentrate in the region of the pars distalis near the pars intermedia. Type I cells are distinct from gonadotropes. Type II cells appear to comprise a subgroup of gonadotropes. Staining in type I, but not type II, cells in pituitary explants, maintained in serum-free media for seven days, is as intense as that in normal pituitary tissue. The data suggest that the type I cells are producing an intrinsic LHRH-like material and may be responsible, in part, for the regulation of some gonadotropes.
Study of the effects of initial-bred nuclei on zeolite NaA crystallization by quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy and electron microscopy

Synthesis studies have been conducted at 25, 60, and 80 °C with a clear solution batch composition that produces zeolite NaA. Aluminosilicate precursor material was added to promote the synthesis and to evaluate the effects of adding initial-bred nuclei that were created by a precursor “seed” reaction. It is shown that the initial-bred nuclei promoted the crystallization rate, that the crystalline mass produced was increased when using the initial-bred nuclei, and that the nucleation of a second population was not inhibited by the addition of initial-bred nuclei as seeds.
Transfer Pricing Based on Actual Cost

This paper analyzes a simple transfer‐pricing policy based on the actual cost of production. I show that the performance of actual cost‐based transfer pricing can be improved by using an additive markup above the unit production cost. I also show that this additive policy dominates an entire class of alternative markup policies, including the more common multiplicative policy, in which the transfer price is set at the actual cost plus a percentage markup. The optimal additive markup is shown to increase with increasing prices for the firm's product, and decrease with the cost of the supplying division's investment.
Selective Ganglion Cell Functional Loss in Rats with Experimental Glaucoma

PURPOSE. To characterize retinal functional consequences of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in a rat model of experimental glaucoma. METHODS. Unilateral elevation of IOP was produced by hypertonic saline injection into an episcleral vein in 20 adult male Brown-Norway rats. IOP was measured in both eyes of awake animals four to five times per week. After 5 weeks, animals were dark adapted overnight (12 hours) and full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained simultaneously from both eyes. Scotopic ERG stimuli were brief white flashes (‐ 6.64 ‐2.72 log cd-s/m 2 ). Photopic responses were also obtained (0.97‐2.72 log cd-s/m 2 ) after 15 minutes of light adaptation (150 cd/m 2 ). Eyes were processed the following day for histologic evaluation by light microscopy, including masked determination of optic nerve injury grade (ONIG; 1, normal; 5, severe, diffuse damage). RESULTS. Among experimental eyes, the group average IOP (SD) was 34.5 4.1 mm Hg, whereas the average for control eyes was 28.1 0.5 mm Hg (t 7.1, P 0.0001). The average ONIG for experimental and control eye groups, respectively, was 3.4 1.7 and 1.0 0.02 (t 6.3, P 0.0001). The ONIG increased with mean IOP in experimental eyes (r 2 0.78, P 0.0001) and was unrelated to mean IOP in control eyes (r 2 0.09, P 0.18). In experimental eyes with relatively mild IOP elevation (mean IOP 31 mm Hg) and no structural (histologic) damage to the optic nerve evident by light microscopy (ONIG 1.1 0.2, n 5), there was a selective reduction of the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR; P 0.001), whereas other ERG components remained unaltered. In four of the five eyes, pSTR amplitude was reduced by more than 50%, whereas all five had normal scotopic a-wave, b-wave, and OP amplitudes. Eyes with mean IOP of more than 35 mm Hg had reduced a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potential (OP) amplitudes.
Establishment of stable long-term photomixotrophic cell cultures of tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.)

Abstract Photomixotrophic cell cultures of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. were established from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of burley and cigar tobacco cultivars. Tissues of cigar-type tobacco had higher chlorophyll (chl) content than burley cultivars. Callus from hypocotyls of the cigar-type tobacco cultivars had a higher chl content than callus from cotyledon explants. The greening response was not a transient phenomenon, and after 3 years of culture, the cells had maintained their green phenotype. Callus grown on medium containing 0.5% sucrose had higher chl content and lower fresh weight (FW) than callus grown on medium containing 2% sucrose. The effects of two light intensities and five sucrose concentrations of FW and chl content, as well as the interaction between the effects of light and sucrose, were highly significant. Cultures under high light intensity had significantly greater FW increase and chl content than those under low light intensity. The correlation between sucrose content and photoassimilation was negative and highly significant ( r = −0.98). With increasing sucrose concentration, photoassimilation contributed less to FW increase.
Critical current response of BSCCO tapes in tension

Uniaxial tension experiments were performed on monofilament Bi1.9Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (BSCCO)-silver and pure silver tapes. Nearly silver-free BSCCO tapes were also tested to study the influence of the silver phase.In situ measurements of the critical current density (Jc) vs applied strain provided evidence for the strength and failure behavior of the superconducting oxide core. Final rolling deformation was used as the primary processing variable. BSCCOAg tapes exhibited strain tolerance of up to 0.4% before the superconducting performance began to degrade. The stress-strain response of a near silver-free core was typical of ceramics with brittle failure occurring after an elastic strain of 0.19%. Although not optimized, the yield strength and Jc improved with greater final rolling deformation. Even greater strain tolerance is postulated by improving the structure and integrity of the oxide core and by increasing the residual compressive stress imposed on the core by the thermal expansion mismatch with the silver sheath.
Growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acids with alternative 5'-untranslated regions are differentially expressed in mouse liver and placenta

Two 5'-untranslated regions (5'UTRs) with distinctly different sequences, designated 5'UTR L1 and 5'UTR L2, were obtained by amplification of complementary DNA from mouse liver and placenta with primers complementary to sequences from the hormone-binding domain common to GH receptor (GHR) and GH-binding protein (GHBP) messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The presence of an open reading frame in the 5'UTR L2 and the high GC content of this sequence suggest that mRNAs containing this 5'UTR may be translated with a lower efficiency than those containing 5'UTR L1. Expression studies showed that 5'UTR L1 and 5'UTR L2 are present in GHR and GHBP mRNAs in both tissues. However, the relative expression of the two 5'UTRs differs between liver and placenta and in liver from different physiological states. The different expression patterns of the L1 and L2 5'UTRs predict that the corresponding 5'-noncoding exons of the GHR/GHBP gene are associated with different regulatory elements. The expression patterns of the 5'UTRs also indicate that there is a linkage between the 5'UTR present in GHR/GHBP gene transcripts and the alternative splicing of these transcripts to yield either GHR or GHBP mRNAs. The 5'-noncoding exon used for transcription of the GHR/GHBP gene, therefore, may be involved in regulating both the ratio of GHR to GHBP transcripts and the efficiency of translation of these transcripts. Transcription from the different 5'-noncoding exons of the GHR/GHBP gene thus may be a critical element in the regulation of the expression of GHR and GHBP and thereby in the control of the responses of different tissues to GH.
A Counter-Example to the General Convergence of Partially Greedy Algorithms

In a separable Hilbert space H, greedy algorithms iteratively define m-term approximants to a given vector from a complete redundant dictionary D. With very large dictionaries, the pure greedy algorithm cannot be implemented and must be replaced with a weak greedy algorithm. In numerical applications, partially greedy algorithms have been introduced to reduce the numerical complexity. A conjecture about their convergence arises naturally from the observation of numerical experiments. We introduce, study and disprove this conjecture.
Wetting behavior of Al alloys on a TiH2 substrate

Abstract The wetting behavior of Al–Ge alloys on TiH 2 substrates was investigated by an improved sessile drop method under high vacuum and in a temperature range of 773–818 K. Results indicate that the equilibrium contact angles of Al–Ge/TiH 2 increase linearly with temperature according to the following formula: θ = 0.2882 T − 85.04, and decrease linearly as the Ge content increases from 25.2% to 36.2% according to the formula: θ = 214 − 200Ge (wt.%). The worst wetting behavior was obtained for a pure Al/TiH 2 system at its foaming temperature (973 K). TiH 2 particles were prone to aggregate and were thus difficult to disperse. This could be one of the reasons for closed-cell aluminum foam products having non-uniform pores.
Chemoradiation for adenocarcinoma of the anus.

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and limitations of definitive chemoradiation for adenocarcinoma of the anal canal and to propose a treatment strategy that addresses the limitations of treatment. Methods and Materials: Between 1976 and 1998, 16 patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the anal canal were treated with radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy with curative intent. Available histologic slides were reviewed for evidence of primary adenocarcinoma of anal duct origin. The treatment results for these patients were compared with those of a group of patients with epidermoid histologic features who were all treated with definitive chemoradiation (55 Gy with concurrent 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, n = 92) between 1989 and 1998. The hospital records were reviewed for all patients. Patients with epidermoid carcinoma presented with more advanced primary tumors (42% vs. 19% Stage T3 or greater). All adenocarcinoma patients were treated with radiotherapy (median dose 55 Gy): 11 received concurrent 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy and 5 received radiotherapy alone. The initial surgical procedures included abdominoperineal resection, excisional biopsies (n = 5), and local excision (n = 1). Abdominoperineal resection was performed as salvage therapy after local recurrence in 5 patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate 5-year actuarial pelvic control, distant disease control, disease-free survival, and overall survival. The median follow-up was 45 months (range 5–196) for patients with adenocarcinoma and 44 months (range 9–115) for patients with epidermoid histologic features. Results: Both local and distant recurrence rates were significantly greater in the adenocarcinoma patients. Of 16 patients with adenocarcinoma, 7 (5-year actuarial rate 54%) had recurrence at the primary site compared with 16 (5-year actuarial rate 18%) of 92 patients with epidermoid histologic features (p = 0.004). Distant disease developed in more patients with adenocarcinoma (5-year actuarial rate 66%) than in patients with epidermoid carcinoma (5-year actuarial rate 10%, p <0.001). The 5-year actuarial disease-free survival and overall survival rate for adenocarcinoma patients was 19% and 64%, respectively, compared with 77% (p <0.0001) and 85% (p = 0.017) for those with epidermoid carcinoma. Conclusion: Patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the anus treated with definitive chemoradiation had high rates of pelvic failure and distant metastasis compared with comparably staged patients with epidermoid histologic features treated similarly. On the basis of these limitations, we recommend preoperative chemoradiation followed by abdominoperineal resection to maximize pelvic disease control and consideration of adjuvant chemotherapy to address the problem of micrometastatic disease.
Neoichnological experiments with masked chafer beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Implications for backfilled continental trace fossils

Abstract Laboratory experiments conducted with larvae and adults of the northern or southern masked chafer beetle (Scarabaeidae: Cyclocephala lurida or C. borealis) tested hypotheses that beetle larvae construct meniscate, backfilled burrows and that they are distinct from backfilled burrows constructed by marine organisms. Beetle larvae were placed in narrow enclosures with laminated moist, fine-to-medium-grained sand and allowed to burrow for several weeks. Beetle larvae did not create open burrow systems but instead excavated single open cells approximately twice their body width and roughly equal to their body length. Burrowing was accomplished by scraping sediment with the head and mandibles, consolidating excavated sediment into a ball, rotating 180° with the ball to the back of the cell, and packing the ball onto the posterior end of the cell. The beetle larvae produced vertical-to-horizontal traces that were straight to tortuous and composed of discrete packets of meniscate backfill. Adult chafer ...
Differential schemes and premodels of differential fields

The purpose of this paper is to extend to differential algebra the general concept of a scheme which has proven to be extremely useful in algebraic geometry in the last 20 years. We show that the general notion of a differential scheme is useful for characterizing properties of premodels of differential fields in the sense of [ 11. We assume that the reader has a passing acquaintance with the notion of a scheme in the sense of [ 5 ]. Recently there has been considerable activity in an area which one might call differential algebraic geometry. Among those who have made contributions in this area, one must include Blum for his pioneering work on complete models of differential fields [ 1 ] and later his contributions to the problem of extending differential specializations [2], Morrison for her continuing work in the study of extending differential specializations in various contexts [ 12, 131, Kolchin for his fundamental work in the area and in particular for his investigation of completeness of projective spaces in his study of algebraic differential equations in a projective space [lo], and most recently Buium for his work involving the general notion of a Ritt scheme [4]. It is hoped that the present paper can serve to unify the work done in this direction. To demonstrate the usefulness of the concept of a differential scheme, we consider Blum’s work in [ 1 ] in the setting of differential schemes and show that the completeness and model properties of a premodel of a differential field over a differential subring correspond to certain valuative criteria of differential schemes. We also show that certain products of differential schemes exist and that as a consequence the completeness and separation properties of differential schemes which generalize those for schemes imply the corresponding properties for a pre-model. 31 0021.8693/82/110037-14$02.00/O
Total Ionizing Dose and Proton Radiation Characterization of Si P-i-N Visible Hybrid Focal Plane Arrays

The results of total ionizing dose and proton fluence characterization of hybrid Si P-i-N focal plane arrays are reported. The focal plane arrays consist of a silicon P-i-N detector array bump bonded to 128 x 128 CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC). The FPAs were characterized in total ionizing dose and proton fluence radiation environments. Full radiometric characterizations were performed at each radiation dose level to determine the impact of the radiation on dark current, noise, responsivity, sensitivity, and dynamic range. Results from the total ionizing dose experiment demonstrate an unexpected increase in the visible P-i-N detector dark current. The median dark current increased more than two orders of magnitude from pre-radiation to 300 krad(Si) and the magnitude of the dark current was found to be a strong function of detector bias. No appreciable change in responsivity or noise was observed for wavelengths above 400 nm up to a total ionizing dose of 750 krad(Si). Results from the proton radiation experiment show no appreciable change in responsivity was observed up to a 63 MeV proton fluence of 3 x 1012 protons/cm2 (400 krad(Si) of total ionizing dose). The median dark current increased approximately two orders of magnitude, but even at this higher level, the dark current did not contribute significantly to the median noise at an integration time of 10 ms. The dominant degradation mechanism, in both the total ionizing dose and proton fluence environments, is an increase in dark current in the Si P-i-N detectors.
Self-reported Papanicolaou smears and hysterectomies among women in the United States.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential overuse of Papanicolaou smears among women who have had a hysterectomy. METHODS: We analyzed two surveys of US women aged 18 years or older, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (1992–1997) and the National Health Interview Survey (1993–1994), and one survey of US hospitals (National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1980–1997). We examined the number of women who have had a hysterectomy who had a recent (within 3 years) Papanicolaou smear. We also examined trends in the proportions and rates of hysterectomies by diagnoses and type of procedure that potentially could require a Papanicolaou smear. RESULTS: From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an estimated 21.2% of US women have had a hysterectomy. Among women who have had a hysterectomy, 78.3% had a recent Papanicolaou smear. Among those reporting no hysterectomy, 82.1% had a recent Papanicolaou smear. Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey were similar. From the National Hospital Discharge Survey, an estimated 6.7% to 15.4% of women with a history of hysterectomy would require a subsequent Papanicolaou smear because they had a diagnosis related to cervical neoplasia or because they had undergone a supracervical hysterectomy. For an estimated 10.6–11.6 million of the 12.5 million women who had a hysterectomy and a recent Papanicolaou smear, that test could be considered unnecessary. CONCLUSION: Continued Papanicolaou screening of women without an intact uteri may result in excessive use of resources in time and money with minimal impact on decreasing cervical cancer.
Mechanical heterogeneity in nanoscale films of liquid silica.

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out for slabs of silica liquid with thicknesses between 1 and $3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. A local analysis of the Born contribution to the elastic modulus, ${\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{B}}$, shows that the elasticity is not uniform throughout the slabs---${\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{B}}$ is identical to that of bulk silica in the slab interior, but ${\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{B}}$ is larger at the slab edges. The larger ${\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{B}}$ at the slab edges is due to a distinct atomic level structure characterized by larger density, larger concentration of more highly coordinated ions, and smaller silica rings.
Polymer-oligopeptide composite coating for selective detection of explosives in water.

The selective detection of a specific target molecule in a complex environment containing potential contaminants presents a significant challenge in chemical sensor development. Utilizing phage display techniques against trinitrotoluene (TNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT) targets, peptide receptors have previously been identified with selective binding capabilities for these molecules. For practical applications, these receptors must be immobilized onto the surface of sensor platforms at high density while maintaining their ability to bind target molecules. In this paper, a polymeric matrix composed of poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PEGM) has been prepared. A high density of receptors was covalently linked through reaction of amino groups present in the receptor with epoxy groups present in the co-polymer. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and gas-chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), this attachment strategy is demonstrated to lead to stably bound receptors, which maintain their selec...
Advances in Aircraft Flight Control [Book Review]

This volume is a recent addition to the Taylor & Francis book series on Systems and Control and represents a review of current practices in the field of flight control design. The book is an outgrowth of a special issue of the International Journal of Control devoted to applications of modern control techniques to aircraft flight control design. Additional contributions were obtained from an AGARD Flight Mechanics Panel Symposium. Considerable effort has been expended in ensuring that this volume is not merely a bound reproduction of previously published papers. A coherent and balanced presentation is evident with admirable production values throughout. The volume includes a foreword by the editor and concludes with an extensive and comprehensive index over ten pages in length. The text has a definite international flavor and contains 15 chapters contributed by 38 authors from six nations, all of whom speak from firsthand experience in the field of flight control design. It should be emphasized at the outset that the treatment of the subject matter in this book is unique in that it is not a tutorial on control system design techniques, per se, but rather a detailed and referenced description of current practice in the aircraft industry. The primary contribution of this volume lies in its ability to capture and describe an important part of the design experience of the aerospace industry, worldwide. The realities of the modern aerospace industry means that, in contrast to his/her senior colleagues, the young engineer now embarking upon a career in aircraft flight control will likely participate in the design of only a few flight control systems. For such young designers, the compilation of experience captured in this book should prove quite valuable. The more experienced engineer or academician also would benefit from its inclusion on their bookshelves.
Supporting the Development of Science Communication Skills in STEM University Students: Understanding their learning experiences as they work in middle and high school classrooms

This paper examines the roles that 52 university Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) students play in an Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Partnership that connects several middle schools, high schools, institutions of higher learning, businesses, and community institutions. It also examines the support these students feel are necessary to be successful in their roles, as well as what they feel the experience has taught them about science communication. Results from both qualitative and quantitative data, including surveys, interviews, observations, and artifact collection indicate that the most common experiences that the students had in the schools were assisting teachers in conducting labs, leading small group activities/discussions with students in class, demonstrating scientific content, procedures, tools, and techniques, and assisting teachers in teaching lessons. Most students felt these activities benefited their ability to work as a team, lead a team, facilitate group...
Self-reported history of sexual coercion and rape negatively impacts resilience to suicide among women students.

A substantial literature has documented that sexual abuse relates to suicidal behaviors but relatively less is known about resilience to suicide, especially cognitive deterrents to suicide. The present study investigated the effects of a history of sexual victimization on reasons for living. Female participants (N = 138; M age = 24.4 years; SD = 7.3 years; range = 18 to 53 years; 79% Caucasian) completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) and the Reasons for Living (RFL) Inventory. According to SES responses, participants were classified into 5 mutually exclusive groups: no victimization, sexual contact, sexual coercion, attempted rape, and rape. Analyses of variance showed that degree of sexual victimization had a significant effect on the RFL Total scale and 2 subscales (Survival and Coping Beliefs; Moral Objections). The general pattern was that mean RFL scores in the no victimization group were significantly higher than the mean scores in the sexual coercion and rape groups. An implication is that ha...
Adhesion and migration of marrow-derived osteoblasts on injectable in situ crosslinkable poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels with a covalently linked RGDS peptide.

Marrow-derived osteoblasts were cultured on poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) (P(PF-co-EG)) based hydrogels modified in bulk with a covalently linked RGDS model peptide. A poly(ethylene glycol) spacer arm was utilized to covalently link the peptide to the hydrogel. Three P(PF-co-EG) block copolymers were synthesized with varying poly(ethylene glycol) block lengths relative to poly- (ethylene glycol) spacer arm. A poly(ethylene glycol) block length of nominal molecular weight 2000 and spacer arm of nominal molecular weight 3400 were found to reduce non- specific cell adhesion and show RGDS concentration depen- dent marrow-derived osteoblast adhesion. A concentration of 100 nmol/mL RGDS was sufficient to promote adhesion of 84 17% of the initial seeded marrow-derived osteoblasts compared with 9 1% for the unmodified hydrogel after 12 h. Cell spreading was quantified as a method for evalu- ating adhesivity of cells to the hydrogel. A megacolony migration assay was utilized to assess the migration charac- teristics of the marrow-derived osteoblasts on RGDS modi- fied hydrogels. Marrow-stromal osteoblasts migration was greater on hydrogels modified with 100 nmol/mL linked RGDS when compared with hydrogels modified with 1000 nmol/mL linked RGDS, while proliferation was not af- fected. These P(PF-co-EG) hydrogels modified in the bulk with RGDS peptide are potential candidates as in situ form- ing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 65A: 261-271, 2003
A Biologically-Inspired Compound Eye Particle Detector Array

We propose a particle detector array that generalizes the biological compound eye of insects. We analyze the array's statistical performance including Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) and mean-square angular error (MSAE). We optimally design the array configuration by minimizing the worst case performance bound. We propose two source direction estimators, and show that the performance bound is attainable by both asymptotically
Low-indium content bilayer transparent conducting oxide thin films as effective anodes in organic photovoltaic cells

Abstract Bilayer In-doped CdO/Sn-doped In2O3 (CIO/ITO) transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films were prepared by depositing thin ITO films by ion-assisted deposition on CIO films grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The optical, electrical, and microstructural properties of these bilayer TCO films were investigated in detail. A low sheet resistance of ~ 4.9 Ω/□ is achieved for the CIO/ITO (170/40 nm) bilayers without annealing. With a significantly lower In content (20 vs. ~ 93 at.%) and a much higher conductivity (> 12,000 vs. 3000–5000 S/cm) than commercial ITO, these bilayer films were investigated as anodes in bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices having a poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) + [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester active layer. Device performance metrics in every way comparable to those of devices fabricated on commercial ITO are achieved, demonstrating that CIO/ITO bilayers are promising low-In content, highly conductive and transparent electrode candidates for OPV cells.
Interaction of Methylenedioxyphenyl (1,3-Benzodioxole) Compounds with Enzymes and Their Effects on Mammals

(1975). Interaction of Methylenedioxyphenyl (1,3-Benzodioxole) Compounds with Enzymes and Their Effects on Mammals. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 231-301.
A tumor promoter stimulates phosphorylation on tyrosine

Summary The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate is mitogenic for normal chicken embryo fibroblasts and also causes these cells to express transiently many properties of cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. Since some mitogenic hormones stimulate a tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity, and since the transforming protein of RSV is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase, we have examined whether TPA also stimulates protein phosphorylation on tyrosine. We report here that TPA treatment of normal cells resulted in a very rapid phosphorylation on tyrosine of a protein peak of Mr 40 to 43 kilodaltons. Thus, a similar biochemical activity (tyrosine phosphorylation) is associated with the action of polypeptide mitogenic hormones, Rous sarcoma virus and a tumor promoter. In addition, TPA treatment resulted in rapid changes in phosphorylation of proteins on serine and threonine.
An Investigation of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Role of Moral Obligation in Tax Compliance

In this study, Ajzen's (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior is used as a theoretical framework to extend prior research examining taxpayers' compliance intentions. Specifically, moral obligation is added to the theory's explicit constructs: attitude, subjective norms (i.e., peer influence), and perceived behavioral control. Moral obligation was expected to be a moderating influence (Reckers et al. 1994), and therefore interaction effects were hypothesized. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a procedure was used to determine the outcome beliefs that underlie taxpayers' attitudes. These beliefs were incorporated into an attitude measure used in the second phase in which subjects responded to two of three tax‐compliance scenarios. The data from phase two were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. The results indicate that the model including moral obligation, provides a significant explanation of tax noncompliance in the three different scenarios. However, the interaction effec...
Compressive Stability of Delaminated Random Short-Fiber Composites, Part II—Experimental and Analytical Results

The basic mechanics and mechanisms of compressive stability of delaminated random short-fiber composites are studied. An experimental program, employing an SMC-R50 composite with built-in delaminations, is conducted to evaluate the validity of the mechanistic model and to demonstrate further the accuracy of the methods of analysis developed in the associate paper [1]. Excellent agreement between experimen tal results and analytical solutions is observed. Based on the analytical development, the fundamental compressive stability behavior of delaminated short-fiber composites is investigated by a comprehensive parametric study. The influence of delamination length, crack position, number of delaminations, and composite plate length on the critical compressive stress and buckling modes is analyzed in detail. Possible crack growth in the delaminated composite subjected to in-plane compression is also studied.
Indigo dye waste recovery from blue denim textile effluent: a by-product synergy approach

Textile dyeing effluents present a substantial environmental problem, primarily because such effluents contain high concentrations of waste dyes, dye-products, and variable salts. The stonewashing process for the degradation of blue indigo to create a ‘faded’ look in blue denim results in high concentrations of indigo dye waste in the resulting effluent and because indigo is very difficult to decompose biologically, the effluent ends up in the environment, raising aesthetic concerns and damaging the integrity of the receiving streams. Wastewater containing indigo is characterized by a moderate amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, suspended solids, dissolved solids and a dark blue color. Although color and COD are some of the important parameters monitored to meet effluent discharge standards, companies are discouraged from treating or recovering the waste dye by cost implications. We report on a simple and potentially cost-effective method of recovering indigo dye waste from the effluent through adsorption with palygorskite clay and subsequent conversion of recovery by-products into Maya blue, an organic–inorganic hybrid pigment with applications in the paint and coating industry. The production of a secondary commercial product from waste stream through a by-product synergy process offers an attractive alternative to discharging the untreated effluent into municipal treatment plants or the environment.
A novel action of lithium: Stimulation of glutamate release and inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate accumulation via activation of the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor in monkey and mouse cerebral cortex slices

Beginning at therapeutic concentrations (1-1.5mM), the anti-manic-depressive drug, lithium, stimulated the release of the major excitatory central neurotransmitter, glutamate, in monkey cerebral cortex slices in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and this was associated with increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] accumulation. (+/-)-3-(2-Carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphoric acid (CPP), dizocilpine (MK-801), ketamine, and Mg(2+)-antagonists to the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor/channel complex selectivity inhibited lithium-stimulated Ins(1,4,5)P3 accumulation. Antagonists to cholinergic-muscarinic, alpha 1-adrenergic, 5-HT2-serotoninergic and H1-histaminergic receptors had no effect. Antagonists to non-NMDA glutamate receptors had no effect on lithium-stimulated Ins(1,4,5)P3 accumulation. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Similar results were obtained in mouse cerebral cortex slices. Carbetapentane, which inhibits glutamate release, inhibited lithium-induced Ins(1,4,5)P3 accumulation in this model. It is concluded that the primary effect of lithium in the cerebral cortex slice model is stimulation of glutamate release, which, via activation of the NMDA receptor, leads to Ca2+ entry. Ca2+ entry, in turn, activates phospholipase C. These effects may have relevance to the therapeutic action of lithium in the treatment of manic-depression, as well as its toxic effects, especially at lithium blood levels above 1.5mM. A general conclusion which can be drawn from these studies and earlier studies in our laboratory is that lithium potentiates the action of phospholipase C, whether this enzyme is activated by lithium-induced presynaptic release of neurotransmitter, such as glutamate, or by the addition of an exogenous neurotransmitter, such as acetylcholine. However, this does not appear to be due to a direct activation of phospholipase C.
One-dimensional nanostructures: Chemistry, physics & applications

Abstract Nanometer scale structures represent an intellectually challenging and rapidly expanding area of research that crosses the borders between many areas of the physical sciences and engineering. In this review, results, drawn primarily from the author's laboratory, and addressing the rational growth, physical properties and applications of 1D nanostructures will be discussed. In addition, present and future challenges in this broad area of research are outlined.
Review of Coronary-Subclavian Steal Following Internal Mammary Artery—Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

The syndrome of coronary-subclavian steal through an internal mammary artery graft following coronary artery bypass grafting is rare. We are aware of only eight cases reported in the world literature. The cases of these 8 patients are reviewed, and the case of the ninth patient is described. All patients but 1 have been successfully managed by subclavian-carotid artery bypass.
Estimating the Impact of Health and Safety Training Using the Retrospective Pretest Design

Abstract An alternative to the traditional pretest/postest method of assessing training program effectiveness from hazardous waste worker training, called the retrospective pretest design, is explored in this study. In the retrospective pretest design, trainee self-reports about their knowledge, skills, abilities, and/or attitudes are obtained only after the completion of the training, not before. Trainees provide two types of self-reports: (1) the traditional posttraining outcome responses and (2) responses on how they would have answered those same outcome items before they participated in the health and safety program. These latter responses are known as retrospective pretests, and comparison of the two responses for an item is considered a better measure of true change due to training than the traditional pretraining and posttraining responses to the same item. Data from five types of hazardous waste worker health and safety training curricula (40-hour site worker; 24-hour treatment, storage, and disp...