cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diversity and niche differentiation of a mixed pine–oak forest in the Sierra Norte, Oaxaca, Mexico

This study examined tree species diversity, distribution, and community differentiation patterns along an elevation gradient in pine–oak forest in the Sierra Norte mountains in Oaxaca, Mexico. Pine and oak are ecologically and economically valuable both locally and globally, but their dynamics are poorly understood in seasonally dry montane forests. This is a biome that is both widespread, with high human use and importance, and widely understudied. The community‐managed forest we studied contained high levels of tree diversity (32 total species), with especially high levels of oak (10 species) and pine (eight species) diversity compared to other pine–oak forests in Mexico. Tree communities in the study area demonstrated high levels of species turnover across sites, especially at mid and low elevations, as well as high levels of oak species coexistence within communities, with a mean of three oak species per 1000 m². We identified three distinct tree vegetation types using multivariate ordination and cluster analyses and found that both tree distributions and community assemblages are primarily differentiated by elevation, but also by soil type, topography, and likely successional disturbance from historical land use. Oak communities in the study area followed patterns of phylogenetic overdispersion with species from different sections (red and white) co‐occurring more frequently than species from the same section, and demonstrated differences in reported reproductive phenology, with coexisting species alternately fruiting in rainy and dry seasons. This differentiation in both oak species' environmental associations and in fruiting phenology has important management and conservation implications as Mexico becomes more arid with climate change. This study also provided key information for local management as different forest types should have different silvicultural management regimes, as well as essential baseline data useful for a broader theoretical understanding of how closely related species coexist in communities.
Becoming-After: The Lives and Politics of Quinine’s Remains

This article explores the aftermath of quinine in India. Derived from cinchona, the fever tree, quinine was once malaria’s only remedy—and, as such, vital to colonial power. But it has left grave uncertainty in its wake. Today, little market exists for Indian quinine, but government cinchona plantations established by the British remain in Darjeeling. What will become of these dilapidated plantations and their 50,000 inhabitants is unclear. Crumbling quinine factories and overgrown cinchona may evoke ruination, but these remains are not dead. They have instead become the site of urgent efforts—and a periodically charged politics—to redefine land and life for the twenty-first century. This essay develops an analytics of becoming-after to ask not only, how do empires and human beings become-with world-historical substances like quinine but also, what do we make of life after they run their course?
The Fold-Illuminator: A low-cost, portable, and disposable incubator-illuminator device.

Abstract Fluorescent reporters have revolutionized modern applications in the fields of molecular and synthetic biology, enabling applications ranging from education to point-of-care diagnostics. Past advancements in these fields have primarily focused on improving reaction conditions, the development of new applications, and the broad dissemination of these technologies. However, field and classroom-based applications have remained limited in part due to the nature of fluorescent signal detection, which often requires the use of costly lab equipment to observe and quantify fluorescence readouts. Users without access to laboratory equipment rely on qualitative assessments of fluorescence, a process that remains highly variable from user-to-user even within the same classroom. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a foldable illuminator and incubator device to support field-applications of synthetic biology-based biosensors for education and diagnostics. The Fold-Illuminator is an affordable, portable, and recyclable device that allows for the visible detection of fluorescent biomolecules. The Fold-Illuminator's design allows for assembly in under 10 min, a user can then utilize the optional heating element to incubate biochemical reactions and visualize fluorescence outputs in a defined and light-controlled environment. Interchangeable LED strips and light-filtering screens provide modularity to pair with the fluorescence wavelengths of interest. The user can then unfold the device for convenient storage, transport, or even recycling. The cost for the Fold-Illuminator is $5.58 USD and is compatible with an optional heating element for an additional $3.98 cost, with potential for further reductions in cost for larger quantities. Open-source templates for cutting device parts from paper stock are provided for both printing and cutting by hand; cutting can also be achieved with consumer-grade smart cutting machines such as the Cricut®. Combined with the broad applications of fluorescent reporters, the Fold-Illuminator has the potential to improve access to fluorescence visualization and quantification for new users as well as emerging field applications.
Based on a True Story: The Ever-Expanding Progeny of Rogers v. Grimaldi

Trademark law limits the extent and manner to which individuals can use a surprisingly large percentage of common words in the English language. In assessing the resulting discord from such a conflict, a court has several measures by which it can determine the metes and bounds of the First Amendment’s priority over trademark law; in the case of an expressive or artistic work which uses the trademark of another (or the name of an individual), one such test that has developed is the Rogers test, named for a 1989 lawsuit involving the actress and dancer Ginger Rogers. This article examines the most recent development in the ever-expanding ambit of the Rogers test: the Ninth Circuit’s recent decision in VIP Products LLC v. Jack Daniel’s Properties, Inc. First, this article summarizes the policy goals and purposes of trademark law, provides a brief overview of the Lanham Act’s false endorsement right of action and of trademark dilution, and synopsizes both Rogers v. Grimaldi and the development of the Rogers test in the Ninth Circuit. It then analyzes the Jack Daniel’s v. VIP Products district court and appellate decisions, and considers the consequences of the Ninth Circuit’s decision. In its opinion, the Ninth Circuit not only stretched the purpose of the Rogers test to a breaking point, but also improperly relied upon the test’s basic premise as grounds to incorrectly dispose of a claim for trademark dilution, despite the different standards, purposes, and policy goals of trademark infringement and trademark dilution statutes; the consequences of such precedent going forward are yet to become clear. Finally, the article concludes by considering how to remedy the ever-increasing scope of the Rogers test in Ninth Circuit jurisprudence, and reflects on the potential effects that VIP Products could have on future trademark false endorsement claims. As a whole, the Ninth Circuit’s decision in VIP Products is distinguished by its overly expansive view of the Rogers test and its misunderstanding of the fragile balance between the First Amendment and trademark dilution law. As the Supreme Court has denied certiorari, there is little to no chance to correct the faulty decision itself. Were the Ninth Circuit to reform its understanding of Rogers to conform with its restricted application in its home circuit, the Second Circuit, perhaps some of the more pernicious consequences of VIP Products could be avoided. Nevertheless, short of the panel’s decision sua sponte to issue an amended opinion, the consequences of this case are likely to be widespread in Ninth Circuit jurisprudence, and will significantly curtail the trademark rights of mark holders for years to come.
“The Model Man:” Shifting Perceptions of Asian American Masculinity and the Renegotiation of a Racial Hierarchy of Desire:

Although Asian-descent men in the United States have been subjected to negative race-gender stereotyping and sexual racism, evidence suggests that mainstream perceptions and Asian American men’s se...
Anormative Conceptions of Punishment and Humanitarian Ideals

For the past quarter century, scholars have identified and attempted to explain large differences and changes over time in countries’ penal policies as expressed in their imprisonment rates. Explanations differ, and imprisonment rates change, sometimes radically, but one thing has remained the same. The countries atop the rankings have consistently included the United States, South Africa, Russia, the Baltics, Ukraine, and Belarus. What distinguishes them, and more recently England and Wales, which has led the Western European league tables for two decades, is that they are countries in which punishment discourses, policies, and practices take little account of the interests of offenders. "There but for the grace of God…" empathy is largely absent. Mainstream retributive and consequentialist theories of punishment appear to have little influence. Policies and practices, and the implicit punishment theory might best be described as anormative.
Visual Fragments and the Politics of Place: Feminist Advocacy in Czech Public Culture

This article analyzes how Forum 50%'s visual “argumentative fragments” respond to and make visible the gendered norms of Czech political culture and advocate for women's increased levels of participation, representation, and legitimacy. Forum 50%'s visual rhetoric provides a compelling case to assess the argumentative resources of image events, the politics of place, and the role of humor for feminist work in the public sphere and on the public screen. Through an examination of Forum 50%'s visual strategies, this article demonstrates the importance of orchestrating a visible public image that commands political agency and dismantles gendered stereotypes while taking advantage of the rhetorical resources within a specific cultural context and place. Forum 50%'s campaign expands our understanding of gender and social protest, demonstrates the extent to which women can work toward political equality in a post-Communist environment, and explores the potential for visual argument to spark social change.
Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe

This major study examines one of the most surprising developments in East Central European politics after the democratic transitions of 1989: the completely unexpected regeneration of the former communist parties. After the collapse of the communist regimes in 1989, these ruling communist parties seemed consigned to oblivion. However, confounding scholarly and popular expectations, all of these parties survived. Some have even returned to power. This in-depth, comparative study systematically analyzes the trajectories of four cases: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary (with additional examination of other communist party successors). Relying on extensive, and unprecedented, primary research, this analysis employs a consistent analytical framework that combines the peculiarities of the post-socialist cases with broad theoretical concerns of institutional analysis, democratic transitions and consolidation, and party politics.
Inhibition of microsomal drug metabolism by histamine H2-receptor antagonists studied in vivo and in vitro in rodents

Abstract Cimetidine has been demonstrated to impair microsomal oxidative drug metabolism in a dose-dependent manner in an animal model. The inhibition has also been shown to be rapid, occurring after a single dose. In the present study we demonstrate that recovery from inhibition after cimetidine withdrawal is also rapid, occurring within 24 h. Furthermore, chronic dosing with cimetidine does not result in tolerance to the inhibitory effect. Other H 2 -antihistamines have also been studied both in vivo and in vitro. Based on spectral binding changes, in vitro enzyme assays and in vivo aminopyrine breath tests, ICI 125,211, ranitidine, and cimetidine sulfoxide are much less inhibitory than cimetidine. The ability of cimetidine to impair the elimination of aminopyrine in the mouse after acute liver damage was greater than in the normal mouse.
Synthesis of a Novel P‐Chiral 1,3‐Oxaphospholane from Optically Pure Propylene Oxide

Novel synthesis of P-chiral 1,3-oxaphospholane starting from optically pure propylene oxide is described. The exact structure is confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
A Real Application of the Model Coupling Toolkit

The high degree of computational complexity of atmosphere and ocean general circulation models, land-surface models, and dynamical sea-ice models makes coupled climate modeling a grand-challenge problem in high-performance computing. On distributed-memory parallel computers, a coupled model comprises multiple message-passing-parallel models, each of which must exchange data among themselves or through a special component called a coupler. The Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT) is a set of Fortran90 objects that can be used to easily create low bandwidth parallel data exchange algorithms and other functions of a parallel coupler. In this paper we describe the MCT, how it was employed to implement some of the important functions found in the ux coupler for the Parallel Climate Model(PCM), and compare the performance of MCT-based PCM functions with their PCM counterparts.
Chemical Kinetics and Oil Shale Process Design

Oil shale processes are reviewed with the goal of showing how chemical kinetics influences the design and operation of different processes for different types of oil shale. Reaction kinetics are presented for organic pyrolysis, carbon combustion, carbonate decomposition, and sulfur and nitrogen reactions.
Gore Bio-A® Fistula Plug: a new sphincter-sparing procedure for complex anal fistula.

Aim The surgical treatment of a complex anal fistula remains controversial, although ‘sphincter-saving’ operations are desirable. The Gore Bio-A® Fistula Plug is a new bioprosthetic plug that has been proposed for the treatment of complex anal fistula. This study reports preliminary data following implantation of this plug. Method Eleven patients with a complex anal fistula underwent insertion of Gore Bio-A® Fistula Plugs. The disc diameter and number of tubes in the plug were adapted to the fistula to allow accommodation of the disc into a submucosal pocket, and the excess tubes were trimmed. During the follow-up period, patients underwent clinical and physical examinations and three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound. Results Fistulas were high anterior transphincteric in five patients and high posterior transphincteric in six patients. All patients had a loose seton placement before plug insertion. Two, three and four tubes were inserted into the fistula plug in seven, three and one patient, respectively. The median follow-up period was 5 months. No patient reported any faecal incontinence. There was no case of early plug dislodgement. Treatment success was noted for eight (72.7%) of 11 patients at the last follow-up appointment. Conclusion Implanting a Gore Bio-A® Fistula Plug is a simple, minimally invasive, safe and potentially effective procedure to treat complex anal fistula. Patient selection is fundamental for success.
Structural characterization of Ba0.5Sr0.5,TiO3 on RuO2 prepared by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Highly conductive RuO2 thin films were epitaxially grown on (100) LaAlO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The RuO2 film deposited with optimized conditions was (h00) oriented normal to the substrate surface with strong in-plane orientation. The RuO2 thin films deposited at temperatures of above 500 °C demonstrated a room-temperature resistivity of 35 ± 2 μΩ-cm. The Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films deposited on epi-RuO2 showed pure (111) orientation normal to the substrate surface, and exhibited dielectric constant above 600 and dielectric loss of 0.03–0.05 at 100 kHz under zero dc bias.
GHz programmable dual-modulus prescaler for multi-standard wireless applications

A new and simple approach to design a programmable prescaler for wireless applications is presented. Employing an expanded ring counter chain and a de-multiplexer in the counter loop results in an accurate frequency division and can provide various frequency-division ratios. The ring counter is implemented with true-single-phase (TSPC) type DFF and PTL (pass transistor logic) type demultiplexer to enhance speed performance. PTL output is bootstrapped. With 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology and 3.3/5-V supply, the prescaler is aimed for GSM900/CDMA applications in this paper. The proposed prescaler structure can be adopted for multi-standard wireless applications covering DCS1800, WCDMA, and Bluetooth.
Traditionalism and Modernity in the Music and Dance of Oceania: Essays in Honour of Barbara B. Smith.

Traditionalism and Modernity in the Music and Dance of Oceania: Essays in Honour of Barbara B. Smith. Helen Reeves Lawrence and Don Niles. eds. Oceania Monograph 52. Sydney: University of Sydney, 2001. 267 pp.
Beans, as a Source of Dietary Fiber, Increase Cholecystokinin and Apolipoprotein B48 Response to Test Meals in Men

Dry beans lower plasma cholesterol, an effect that has been associated with both the fiber and the protein content of beans. The objective of this study was to determine the acute hormone and lipid responses to a test meal that contained dry beans as a source of dietary fiber. A crossover design was employed in which men consumed the test meal and a control meal in random order. Both meals contained egg, bread, jelly, orange juice, milk and margarine. The high fiber meal contained white beans, whereas the low fiber (control) meal contained rice and dry milk. The men maintained their normal dietary pattern and fasted overnight before the study days. After a fasting blood sample was drawn, the men consumed the test meal and blood samples were collected over the next 6 h. Blood samples were analyzed for cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin and glucose. Plasma was separated into lipoprotein fractions and the triglyceride, cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) B100 and B48 content of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins determined. Insulin and glucose responses did not differ significantly between test meals; however, the CCK response was twice as high after the bean-containing meal than after the low fiber meal (P = 0.03). The increase in apo B48 concentration was significantly higher after the bean meal than after the low fiber meal (P < 0.05). Adding beans to a meal to increase fiber content prolongs the postprandial presence of intestinally derived lipoproteins and augments the CCK response to the meal.
REGENERATION OF THE ELBOW JOINT IN THE DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYO RECAPITULATES DEVELOPMENT

Synovial joints are among the most important structures that give us complex motor abilities as humans. Degenerative joint diseases, such as arthritis, cause loss of normal joint functioning and affect over 40 million people in the USA and approximately 350 million people worldwide. Therapies based on regenerative medicine hold the promise of effectively repairing or replacing damaged joints permanently. Here, for the first time, we introduce a model for synovial joint regeneration utilizing the chick embryo. In this model, a block of tissue that contains the prospective elbow is excised, leaving a window with strips of anterior and posterior tissue intact (window excision, WE). In contrast, we also slice out the same area containing the elbow and the distal piece of the limb is pinned back onto the stump (slice excision, SE). Interestingly, when the elbow is removed via WE, regeneration of the joint takes place, whereas the elbow joint does not regenerate following SE. In order to investigate whether the regeneration response recapitulates the developmental program of forming joints, we used GDF-5 and Autotaxin (Atx) as joint tissue specific markers, and Sox-9 and Col-9 as cartilage markers for in situ hybridization on sections at different time points after WE and SE surgeries. Re-expression of GDF-5 and Atx is observed in the WE samples by 60h after surgery. In contrast, the majority of the samples that underwent SE surgery did not express GDF-5 and Atx. Also, in SE fusion of cartilage elements takes place and the joint interzone does not form. This is indicated by continuous Col-9 expression in SE limbs, whereas Col-9 is downregulated at the joint interzone in the regenerating WE samples. This order and pattern of gene expression observed in regenerates is similar to the development of a joint suggesting that regeneration recapitulates development at the molecular level. This model defines some of the conditions required for inducing joint regeneration in an otherwise nonregenerating environment. This knowledge can be useful for designing new therapeutic approaches for joint loss or for conditions affecting joint integrity in humans.
A source of the single-stranded DNA substrate for activation-induced deaminase during somatic hypermutation

During somatic hypermutation (SHM), activation-induced deaminase (AID) mutates deoxycytidine on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) generated by the transcription machinery, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here we report a higher abundance of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (Igh-V) region compared with the constant region and partially transcribed Igh RNAs, suggesting a slower Pol II progression at Igh-V that could result in some early/premature transcription termination after prolonged pausing/stalling of Pol II. Knocking down RNA-exosome complexes, which could decrease premature transcription termination, leads to decreased SHM. Knocking down Spt5, which can augment premature transcription termination, leads to increase in both, SHM and the abundance of ssDNA substrates. Collectively, our data support the model that, following the reduction of Pol II progression (pausing or stalling) at the Igh-V, additional steps such as premature transcription termination are involved in providing ssDNA substrates for AID during SHM.
Nd- and Pb-isotope variations in the multicyclic central caldera cluster of the San Juan volcanic field, Colorado, and implications for crustal hybridization

The {epsilon}{sub Nd} values for six large-volume (100-3000 km{sup 3}) ash-flow tuffs and associated lavas from the multicyclic central caldera cluster of the San Juan volcanic field in south-central Colorado are between those of Proterozoic crust in the region and mantle-derived basaltic magmas, and the values generally become progressively higher in progressively younger tuffs and lavas. The increase in the {epsilon}{sub Nd} values of the tuffs, from -8.0 to -6.0 with decreasing age, can be modeled by assimilation and crystal fractionation of a mantle-derived magma, accompanied by an increase of {approx} 4 units in {epsilon}{sub Nd} values of the assimilated crust. The postulated increase in {epsilon}{sub Nd} values of the crust is envisioned to have occurred by hybridization of the crust through continued injection of mantle-derived magmas during the life of the magmatic system. Decreasing {sup 206}Pb/{sup 204}Pb ratios observed in progressively younger tuffs following the initiation of caldera-related volcanism cannot, however, be solely explained by addition of mantle-derived magmas to the crust, but are more likely to reflect the transfer of lower-crustal Pb into the upper crust as the magmatic system evolved. Input of large volumes (> 300,000 km{sup 3} in the San Juan volcanic field) of mantle-derived magmamore » resulted in extensive hybridization of preexisting crust, suggesting that large-scale silicic volcanism involves generation of large quantities of new crust.« less
Organizational and staff attitudinal determinants of falls in nursing home residents.

Falls are the second leading cause of accidental death in the U.S., with the elderly suffering 75% of these accidents. Previous research has primarily focused on the relationship between personal factors such as medical diagnosis, medications, physiologic changes, mental alertness, environmental hazards, and falls among the elderly. The potentially important roles of organizational and staff attitudinal determinants, the foci of this study, have received little previous research attention. Specifically, leadership, work group cohesion, job involvement, attitudes toward the elderly, and job expectations were related to falls in 12 Veterans Administration (VA) nursing homes in New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Data analysis reveals that these organizational and staff attitudinal factors account for 25% of the variance (P less than 0.05) in this sample. Unlike the majority of other institutional studies, in this VA sample, there was no significant correlation between medical diagnoses, length of stay, mental alertness of the residents, and number of falls. The implications of this study for preventing falls in long-term care facilities are discussed. Language: en
Lipid bilayer curvature and pore formation induced by charged linear polymers and dendrimers: the effect of molecular shape.

We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of multiple copies of poly-l-lysine (PLL) and charged polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers with explicit water using the coarse-grained model developed by Marrink et al. (J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2008, 4, 819). Membrane disruption is enhanced at higher concentrations and charge densities of both spheroidally shaped dendrimers and linear PLL polymers, in qualitatively agreement with experimental studies by Hong et al. (Bioconjugate Chem. 2006, 17, 728). However, larger molecular size enhances membrane disruption and pore formation only for dendrimers and not for the linear PLL. Despite more intimate electrostatic interactions of linear molecules than are possible for spheroidal dendrimers, only the dendrimers were found to perforate membranes, apparently because they cannot spread onto a single leaflet, and so must penetrate the bilayer to get favorable electrostatic interactions with head groups on the opposite ...
On the formation and disintegration of particle clusters in a liquid—solid transport bed

Experiments are conducted in a two-dimensional, liquid—solid transport bed to study the mechanisms of particle cluster formation and disintegration. The transport bed is 20 cm in width, 1.2 cm in thickness and 121 cm in height. 2.5 mm nylon spheres and glycerin aqueous solution (45 to 61 wt% of glycerin) are used as a solid and liquid phases, respectively. The operation range of the particle Reynolds number (Re = ϱUtdp/μ) is from 0.662 to 10.88, achieved by varying the glycerin concentration. The liquid superficial velocity is operated in the range of 2 to 8 times the particle terminal velocity. A video camera is used for the visual study of continuous formation and disintegration of particle clusters. It is found that when a cluster forms, particles organize and gather in a vertical direction. On the other hand, when a particle cluster disintegrates, the cluster rotates to a horizontal alignment and gradually disperses into individual particles or/small clusters. The formation of a doublet cluster is most commonly observed. The probability of observing a larger cluster decreases drastically as the cluster size increases. Within the present operation range of solids holdup (0.0056–0.028), it is found that the particle clustering is more pronounced as the solids holdup is higher. As the Reynolds number increases from 0.662 to 10.88 at a given solids concentration of 0.019, the degree of particle clustering first increases, reaches a maximum around Re = 3.16 and then decreases. It is also found that the slip velocity of a cluster depends on the cluster size as well as the particle alignment within the cluster. More specifically, the cluster slip velocity is higher when the cluster is larger or when it is better aligned vertically. The present analysis also indicates that there exists a certain degree of similarity between the cluster formation in a liquid—solid system and that in a gas—solid system.
Boundary element methods in probabilistic structural analysis (PBEM)

Abstract Boundary Element Methods (BEM) are naturally suited for a wide field of engineering problems, especially those of a semi-infinite nature, for example, soil-structure interactions in earthquake or machine foundation problems. The required input parameters, dynamic loads, and system properties for the BEM are not, in general, very well defined and can be considered as random variables. Analysis methods for Probabilistic Finite Elements have been studied by many workers. 1 To the best knowledge of the authors, no such method is available for analysis of (Probabilistic) BEM and their uncertain input and/or system properties. In this work, we illustrate the usefulness of the probabilistic approach for engineering applications by using perturbation expansions to solve problems in soil modelling and structural analysis. In addition, the advantages of the probabilistic viewpoint are discussed with regard to current engineering practices. The importance of confidence estimates for criteria of non-exceedance response is emphasized.
Predicting web search success with fine-grained interaction data

Detecting and predicting searcher success is essential for automatically evaluating and improving Web search engine performance. In the past, Web searcher behavior data, such as result clickthrough, dwell time, and query reformulation sequences, have been successfully used for a variety of tasks, including prediction of success in a search session. However, the effectiveness of the previous approaches has been limited, as they tend to ignore how searchers actually view and interact with the visited pages. We show that fine-grained interactions, such as mouse cursor movements and scrolling, provide additional clues for better predicting success of a search session as a whole. To this end, we identify patterns of examination and interaction behavior that correspond to search success, and design a new Fine-grained Session Behavior (FSB) model to capture these patterns. Our experimental results show that FSB is significantly more effective than the state-of-the-art approaches that do not use these additional interaction data.
Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions.

Positive psychology has flourished in the last 5 years. The authors review recent developments in the field, including books, meetings, courses, and conferences. They also discuss the newly created classification of character strengths and virtues, a positive complement to the various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (e. g., American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and present some cross-cultural findings that suggest a surprising ubiquity of strengths and virtues. Finally, the authors focus on psychological interventions that increase individual happiness. In a 6-group, random-assignment, placebo-controlled Internet study, the authors tested 5 purported happiness interventions and 1 plausible control exercise. They found that 3 of the interventions lastingly increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms. Positive interventions can supplement traditional interventions that relieve suffering and may someday be the practical legacy of positive psychology.
Body temperature and wheel running predict survival times in rats exposed to activity-stress

The relationship between restricted feeding, core body temperature (Tb), wheel running, survival, and gastric erosion formation was examined in female rats exposed to activity-stress. Core body temperature and gross motor activity were telemetrically monitored in four groups of rats that had free access to running wheels and in one group that was not allowed to run on the wheels. Twenty-four hours prior to the onset of hypothermia and predicted mortality, different groups were left undisturbed, warmed with a heat lamp, denied access to running wheels, or euthanized. Length of survival in wheel-running rats varied from 2 to 12 days. During the first day of food deprivation, premorbid changes in the variability of Tb during the diurnal period and the mean number of wheel revolutions during the nocturnal period were strongly predictive of length of survival. Warming rats with a heat lamp or preventing rats from ever running on the wheel increased the length of survival and attenuated gastric erosion formation. Only rats that were warmed had a greater likelihood of survival. Gastric pathology was also reduced in rats that were euthanized prior to becoming moribund. Rats that were left undisturbed or locked from the running wheel over the last 24 h of testing became moribund and had extensive gastric mucosal damage. These results indicate that thermoregulatory disturbances induced by restricted feeding and not wheel running alone are critical in determining survival and the degree of gastric mucosal injury in rats exposed to activity-stress. Results further suggest that predisposing factors may put some rats at risk for the development of activity-stress-induced mortality.
Optimization of functionalized polymer layers for specific targeting of mobile receptors on cell surfaces.

The reversible binding between a planar polymer layer functionalized by ligands and a planar cell surface containing different densities of mobile receptors has been studied by Monte Carlo simulations. Using the acceptance-ratio method, the distance-dependent profiles for the average number of ligands bound to receptors, the total free energy for the polymer layer−cell surface interaction and the interaction force were obtained. Four main design parameters for the polymer layer were considered: the degree of functionalization, chain degree of polymerization, polymer grafting density and the binding energy for the ligand–receptor interaction. We found that an increase in the degree of functionalization or in the absolute energy of ligand−receptor binding results in a larger number of ligands bound to the receptors, lower free energy, and stronger attractive force. Polymer layers composed of shorter chains were found to exhibit a deeper and narrower free energy profile and a larger attractive force, while l...
Order-disorder transformation in CuPd under 14.8 MeV neutron and 1.8 mev electron irradiations

Abstract Ordered and disordered CuPd samples were irradiated with fusion neutrons at RTNS-II to a fluence of −1.8×10 21 neutrons/m 2 at 4.3 K. The irradiation-induced resistivity increase in the ordered sample was about three times as high as that in the disordered one. A replacement to displacement ratio of 24 was obtained. Results of the isochronal annealing experiment show that the amount of recovery due to interstitial motion depends on the size difference factor in that a larger size difference prohibits interstitial reordering. Microscopy samples irradiated under similar conditions do not show any sign of disorder. Results from the 1.8 MeV electron irradiation at 100 K on an ordered CuPd sample give a replacement to displacement ratio of 3.1. Annealing this irradiated sample above 300 K resulted in a higher degree of long range order than that obtained prior to irradiation.
Comparison of two techniques for determining community respiration in tropical fish ponds

Abstract Two techniques for determining community respiration in organically fertilized tilapia grow-out ponds were compared: (1) whole pond respiration (WPR) from changes in nocturnal dissolved oxygen concentrations corrected for diffusion, and (2) the sum of water column (WCR), benthic (BR), and fish respiration (FR), components of community respiration. Mean WPR (0.568 g O2 m−2 h−1) was significantly higher (P
Frequency-dependent equation of state of fused silica to 10 GPa.

Using a new technique for optically determining strain in the diamond cell, we have measured the static compression of fused silica and a Ca-Mg-Na glass to over 10 GPa. In our experiments, irreversible compaction of fused silica is precipitated by shear stresses above 10 GPa. For the Ca-Mg-Na glass we observe irreversible compaction beyond 8 GPa under hydrostatic loading. In both glasses we find that the bulk modulus increases sharply at high hydrostatic pressures (\ensuremath{\sim}11 and \ensuremath{\sim}7 GPa, respectively). We show that this increase in bulk modulus can be explained in terms of the transition between relaxed and unrelaxed moduli that is observed at zero pressure, low temperatures, and higher frequencies. Our compression data, measured under quasistatic (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ Hz) conditions, are consistent with a wide range of acoustic absorption (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{5}$--${10}^{10}$ Hz) and dielectric loss ${(10}^{3}$--${10}^{4}$ Hz) measurements in constraining the activation volume for this relaxation process to be ${V}^{\mathrm{*}}$=7.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mol. We propose that the relaxation involves a change in the compression mechanism, from Si---O---Si bond bending to Si---O bond compression induced either by low temperatures or by high pressure.
Clonidine and scopolamine: Differences and similarities in how they change human information processing

1. Humans have been tested on a choice reaction time task designed to disclose interactions between stimulus complexity and drug effect. 2. Tests were carried out using oral scopolamine (1.2 mg) and clonidine (0.2 mg). 3. Reaction times and event related potentials were measured. 4. Both drugs slowed reaction time and the N1 component of the ERP. 5. SCOP slows RTs to easy-to-discriminate stimuli more than RTs to harder stimuli. Its effect on P3 is the same for both types of stimuli. 6. CLON tends to slow P3 latencies to easy stimuli more than P3 latencies to harder stimuli, while the RT slowing is almost identical for both types of stimuli.
Magnetic link optimization for wireless power transfer applications: Modeling and experimental validation for resonant tubular coils

This paper presents an analytical model of a copper-tube-based resonator coil used for wireless power transfer (WPT) applications. Some well-known techniques for calculating skin-effect-caused resistance, mutual inductance, self-inductance and self-capacitance are discussed in terms of their applicability for resonator modeling. Additionally, a new approach for proximity effect modeling is proposed, that results in a computationally efficient expression for proximity factor. Finally, all these elements are combined to derive a simple optimization function. In order to verify the derivations, the analytical outcomes are compared to FEM and experimental results for a planar spirally-wound, six-turn tubular coil.
Crystallization of copper metaphosphate glass

The effect of the valence state of copper in copper metaphosphate glass on the crystallization behavior and glass transition temperature has been investigated. The crystallization of copper metaphosphate is initiated from the surface and its main crystalline phase is copper metaphosphate (Cu(PO)3),independent of the (Cu sup 2+)/(Cu(total)). However, the crystal morphology, the relative crystallization rates, and their temperature dependences are affected by the (Cu sup 2+)/(Cu (total)) ratio in the glass. On the other hand, the totally oxidized glass crystallizes from all over the surface. The relative crystallization rate of the reduced glass to the totally oxidized glass is large at low temperature, but small at high temperature. The glass transition temperature of the glass increases as the (Cu sup 2+)/(Cu(total)) ratio is raised. It is also found that the atmosphere used during heat treatment does not influence the crystallization of the reduced glass, except for the formation of a very thin CuO surface layer when heated in air.
Contoured Knitted Dacron Baffle for Repair of Transposition of the Great Vessels

Abstract Complications related to the late deterioration in the autologous pericardial baffle used in the surgical correction of transposition of the great vessels may be prevented by using a fabric graft. A contoured knitted baffle is described that may be fabricated from available knitted crimped Dacron vascular prostheses.
Use of step-scan FT-IR to obtain the photoacoustic/photothermal response phase

Abstract This paper describes the extraction of photoacoustic (PA)/photothermal (PT) or other experimental response phase from data measured by step-scan FT-IR. The signal processing used with step-scan FT-IR is discussed and contrasted to the signal processing used to extract the experimental phase from data acquired by conventional continuous-scan FT-IR methods. Step-scan operation decouples the FT-IR spectral multiplexing from time, simplifying a variety of time-dependent spectroscopic measurements both conceptually and practically. A consequence of the decoupling is the separation of the temporal phase from the FT-IR instrument (beamsplitter) phase. Data are presented which show clearly that the temporal phase is completely separated from the FT-IR phase by step-scan. This is in contrast to the case of continuous-scan FT-IR, in which the phases are added together. In continuous-scan operation, a single interferogram, which is the average of a number of scans, is recorded. Typically, in step-scan operation, two interferograms, the in-phase and quadrature responses, are recorded simultaneously point-by-point. The beam splitter phase is the same for both of the step-scan interferograms, while the temporal response (sample) phase appears as their relative intensities, specifically, the arctangent of their ratio. Photoacoustic and photothermal beam deflection data are presented here as illustrations of the points discussed.
Long distance hydrogen back-spillover (LD-HBS) phenomena in the aromatization of light alkanes

Abstract Hybrid catalysts consisting of ZSM-5 zeolite and a ZnO based co-catalyst intimately mixed within a bentonite matrix, have been studied in the conversion of propane and n-butane into aromatics and particularly into benzene, toluene, xylenes (BTX aromatics). It has been observed that the ZnO based co-catalyst is not actively involved in any step of the aromatization reaction of alkanes. Therefore, the main role of the metal oxide co-catalyst is to help removing the hydrogen species released by the zeolite acid sites through a process which is called long-distance hydrogen back-spillover.
Anatomical evidence for inputs to ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic neurons from the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) projects to the ventrolateral medulla (VLM). Here, we studied PAG projections to the area of A1/C1 neurons in the VLM in the rat using phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) anterograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or phenylethanolamine N -methyl transferase (PNMT). Following PAG injections, PHA-L labeled fibers and terminals were intermingled among TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the VLM. High-power light microscopic examination revealed that some of the PHA-L labeled varicose fibers and boutons were in close contiguity with TH-ir elements. Such apparent appositions appeared more frequently on TH-ir elements in the A1 area than on TH-ir or PNMT-ir neurons ni the C1 area. These results indicate that some PAG inputs to the VLM may directly innervate A1/C1 neurons
Vibrational coherence from the dipyridine complex of bacteriochlorophyll a: intramolecular modes in the 10-220-cm(-1) regime, intermolecular solvent modes, and relevance to photosynthesis.

We present the first observations of vibrational coherence in the 10−220-cm-1 region from bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl) in solution. A distinction can be made for the first time between BChl's intramolecular normal modes and intermolecular modes between BChl and solvent. The results show that the low-frequency vibrations that accompany the initial electron-transfer reaction from the paired BChl primary electron donor, P, in photosynthetic reaction centers arise predominantly from intramolecular modes of histidine-ligated BChl macrocycles. The results also suggest that polar-solvent interactions can significantly perturb the electronic properties of BChl in a manner that might have important functional consequences.
Work-Family Balance and Job Satisfaction: The Impact of Family-Friendly Policies on Attitudes of Federal Government Employees.

We use the 1991 Survey of Federal Government Employees to test a theoretical framework regarding the relationships between work and family demands, family-friendly policies, satisfaction with work-family balance, and job satisfaction for diverse groups of employees with different personal and family needs. We find that a variety of policies widely presumed to be “family friendly” were used to varying degrees by disparate groups of federal employees. The use of such policies had very diverse effects on both employee satisfaction with work-family balance and job satisfaction, within and across various groups of similarly situated employees. The assumptions underlying the provision of family-friendly policies and implications for the organization are examined.
A master/slave monitor measurement technique for an operating ethernet network

A performance measurement technique that is applicable to CSMA/CD-based local area networks, such as the Ethernet, is described. The protocol and its performance characteristics as they affect monitoring are reviewed. Existing monitoring techniques are examined. A master/slave monitor measurement technique and the functions and measurements that the monitor supports are presented. An experimental implementation of the monitoring technique is described.
Erratum: “Technical note: Heterogeneity dose calculation accuracy in IMRT: Study of five commercial treatment planning systems using an anthropomorphic thorax phantom” [Med. Phys. 35, 5434–5439 (2008)]

The authors report an error in the published paper.1 The variation in dose between the dose calculations and measurement for the low-dose critical structures was not reported correctly. The correct range for the low-dose critical structures is an underestimation of 14.9% to an overestimation of 11.2%. While this is reflected correctly in Table I of the aforementioned publication, it was not stated correctly in Sec. III on p. 5437 and in Sec. IV on p. 5438.
Intersensory effects in the psychological refractory period

Two experiments examined reaction time (RT) to each of two stimulus events separated by short interstimulus intervals (1SI). The essential contrast was RT to the second visual signal, RT2, in auditory-visual (A-V) vs visual-visual (V-V) sequences. With response, certain pairings in Experiment 1, an effect apparently demonstrating a single-channel process (Welford, 1952), was noted. RT2 was generally faster for A-V as opposed to V-V sequences especially when Ss were uncertain as to the sequence that would occur. At 0-msec ISI, the RT2 difference between sequences approached the RT! difference. More rapid RT2 to A-V sequences was also observed with go vs no-go pairings in Experiment 2 when the initial event was a go signal. However, the RT difference disappeared upon error correction, making the RT2 sequence difference of questionable relevance to the hypothetical single-channel process. RT2 was more rapid following a null no-go signal when the no-go signal was contrasted with a visual as opposed to auditory go signal. The latter effect was independent of error and is consistent with channel-switching theory (Kristofferson, 1967).