cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speaking with One Voice: Risk Communication Lessons from the US Anthrax Attacks1

It is often said that in times of crises experts, officials, and organizations should speak with one voice. But this homily has not been subjected to either conceptual or empirical scrutiny. We begin those tasks in this paper. To pursue our analysis, we use statements from the popular and scholarly presses; we also use our interviews with local officials in New Jersey, USA, who had to respond to the anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001. We outline some of the meanings of the admonition to “speak with one voice” and discuss the rhetorical significance of the advice. Our argument is that it may be wise to speak with one voice, but this can not be taken for granted. Difference audiences may well need different messages or different kinds of messages. Speaking with multiple voices is often the most effective way to advance meaningful communication.
Economic feasibility of on-the-job training

Abstract Investing in on-the-job training (OJT) is risky because the value of specific human capital is lost if a permanent separation occurs between the employer and employee. An efficient contract between the two parties can reduce but not eliminate the risk. In theory, some form of “training insurance” could further reduce the risk or eliminate it entirely by pooling risk among employees or employers. The merits of this idea in practice could be determined by field tests, as could the value of ideas for improving the actual process of OJT.
Cordierite-gedrite rocks from the Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary thrust zone (Grenville Province, Ontario): Mesoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks with affinities to the Composite Arc Belt

Cordieritegedrite rocks in the southern Grenville Province occur near the base of the Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary thrust zone, interpreted by some as a crustal suture between the 1.291.24 Ga Composite Arc Belt and >1.4 Ga rocks of Laurentia. Major and trace-element compositions of these rocks are consistent with volcanic protoliths that range in composition from basalt to dacite. These cordieritegedrite rocks have low CaO (average 1.2 wt.%) and major element and oxygen-isotope ratios suggestive of hydrothermal alteration before metamorphism. Rare-earth element (REE) compositions also indicate igneous protoliths, although some REE patterns have been modified by local melt extraction. The trace-element compositions of cordieritegedrite rocks, and neodymium-isotope systematics, are similar to those of metavolcanic rocks in the Composite Arc Belt and are consistent with the extension of the Composite Arc Belt to the base of the boundary thrust zone.
Genetics and personal responsibility for health

Advances in genetic medicine may have implications for how we should think about personal responsibility for health, because they may show how it is possible to exert some control over risk factors that were previously thought as beyond the individual's control. Although we cannot control the genes that we are born with, we can often make decisions concerning genetic testing, disease prevention, and treatment. One might argue, therefore, that individuals should be treated as morally responsible for taking effective action in response to genetic risks factors, since genetically based health risks are similar to other health risks. While this argument makes sense as an abstract, philosophical position, it is not a useful guide to public policy. Given these concerns, there is little society can or should do to encourage individuals to address their genetic risk factors, other than praising those who make prudent choices.
Band structure of highly mismatched semiconductor alloys: Coherent potential approximation

The many-impurity Anderson model is applied to compound semiconductor alloys in which metallic anion atoms are partially substituted by highly electronegative atoms at low concentrations. The interaction between the localized states derived from the electronegative atoms and the Bloch states of the semiconductor matrix is treated in a single-site coherent-potential approximation. The solution for the Green's function provides dispersion relations and broadenings for the conduction-band states. The calculations validate the dispersion relations previously obtained from the two-level band anticrossing model. The restructured dispersion relations and optical absorption coefficient are calculated and compared with experimental results of ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}$ alloys.
Actively probing and modeling users in interactive coevolution

A major challenge in interactive evolution is extracting user preferences with minimal probing. We introduce an interactive multi-objective coevolutionary algorithm that actively selects the most informative probes: We simultaneously coevolve a population of candidate models that explain users' selection so far, and a population of candidate probes that cause the most divergence among model predictions, thereby elucidating model uncertainties (divergence). As progress is made, we begin selecting for probes with the highest expected outcome averaged among different models, thereby exploiting model certainties (consensus). In the evolution of pen stroke drawings, we find this technique to be highly effective at extracting preference models from very limited human interaction. Using only pair-wise preference questions, strategy and preference in pen stroke drawings are extracted in fewer than ten user probes. Our results show that the optimal questions to probe the user need not include drawings similar to the target drawing. Instead, the user models converge on trends in the user responses, thereby extrapolating strong preference for target drawings which the models are never actually trained to prefer.
NMR chemical shifts in amino acids: effects of environments in the condensed phase

Abstract We present calculations of NMR chemical shifts in crystalline phases of some representative amino acids such as glycine, alanine, and alanyl-alanine. We explore the effects of environment on the chemical shifts in selected glycine geometries ranging from the crystalline phase to completely isolated molecules. In the crystalline and dilute molecular limits, the calculated distinct NMR chemical shifts are attributed to intermolecular hydrogen-bonds and dipole electric field effects, respectively.
A Within-Person Examination of the Effects of Telework

The purpose of this study was to examine telework using a within-person research methodology and to broaden the typical outcomes investigated in regards to telework. Data were obtained from a large U.S. government organization from both supervisors and non-supervisors. Surveys were completed on five consecutive workdays when employees were either teleworking or not (n = 180). On average, employees teleworked 2.13 days during data collection. Employees generally have a more positive work experience while teleworking. They report higher levels of job performance and job satisfaction, and did better on an objective creative task when teleworking. Research findings can vary in magnitude and even direction when considered at different levels of analysis. The results of this study support the generally positive findings about telework from between-person research at the within-person level. Managers can utilize this information to appropriately consider when employees need to be in the office and when teleworking is a viable alternative. This is the first study to examine telework from a within-person perspective using modern teleworking employees. In addition, the outcomes associated with telework were expanded to include a broader conception of performance (i.e., creative performance). By using a within-person methodology, we can more comprehensively understand the phenomenological experience of telework.
Development of ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

An ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ID-CIMS) technique has been developed to detect and quantify trace gases, including volatile organic compounds and inorganic species. The trace s...
Benchmarks for Operative Outcomes of Robotic and Open Radical Prostatectomy: Results from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study

Background Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) has become increasingly common; however, there have been no nationwide, population-based, non–claims-based studies to evaluate differences in outcomes between RALP and open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP).
Language-Trained Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Name What They Have Seen but Look First at What They Have Not Seen:

Metacognition can be defined as knowing what one knows, and the question of whether nonhuman animals are metacognitive has driven an intense debate. We tested 3 language-trained chimpanzees in an information-seeking task in which the identity of a food item was the critical piece of information needed to obtain the food. The chimpanzees could either report the identity of the food immediately or first check a container in which the food had been hidden. In two experiments, the chimpanzees were significantly more likely to visit the container first on trials in which they could not know its contents but were more likely to just name the food item without looking into the container on trials in which they had seen its contents. Thus, chimpanzees showed efficient information-seeking behavior that suggested they knew what they had or had not already seen when it was time to name a hidden item.
Synthesis of spatial filters with Chebyshev characteristics

A spatial filtering technique using layered dielectrics for the reduction of antenna grating lobes or sidelobes is introduced and developed. The filters are used as a radome at the array face, and can be synthesized to have Chebyshev behavior in the spatial domain. Data are given for the design of two, three, and four layer filters with various spatial passband ranges and ripple levels.
Regions of low single-nucleotide polymorphism incidence in human and orangutan xq: deserts and recent coalescences.

Abstract While scanning for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human Xq25–q28 region of CEPH families, we found six long “deserts” of low SNP incidence representing 28% of the investigated genome. One was 1.66 Mb in length. To determine whether these SNP deserts were due to reduced input of mutations or to recent coalescent events such as bottlenecks or selective sweeps, comparative sequence was determined from a female orangutan. The mean divergence was 2.9% and was not reduced in deserts compared with nondesert regions. Thus, the best explanation for the SNP deserts is recent coalescent events in humans. These events are the cause of substantial variation in human noncoding SNP incidence. In addition, the mutational spectrum in humans and orangutans was estimated as 63% AG (and CT), 17% AC (and GT), 8% CG, 4% AT, and 8% insertion/deletions. The average lifetime of a SNP destined to become fixed for a new allele between these species was estimated as 284,000 years.
Revision of tetranychid (Acarina) mite predators of the genus Feltiella (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).

The genus Feltiella is revised and redescribed, and a key to males is given. Eight species are known: the nearly cosmopolitan Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot), new combination; Feltiella acarivora (Zehntner), new combination, from java; Feltiella curtistylus Gagne from Brazil; Feltiella insularis (Felt), new combination, from eastern United States, West Indies, and Colombia; Feltiella ligulata Gage, new species, from the Azores; Feltiella occidentalis (Felt) from California; Feltiella pini (Felt) from North and Central America and the West Indies; and Feltiella reducta (Felt) from New York. Larvae feed exclusitely on spider mites (Tetranychidae). The more common species are known to prey on several species of mites. Therodiplosis Kieffer is a new junior synonym of Feltiella Rubsaamen. Feltiella minuta (Felt), Feltiella tetranychi Rubsaamen, Therodiplosis periscae Kieffer, Feltiella davisi Felt, Arthrocnodax rutherfordi Felt, Feltiella americana Felt, Feltiella davisi Felt, Therodiplosis beglaroviMamaev, and Feltiella quadrata Kashyap are new junior synonyms of F. acarisuga (Vallot). Feltiella carolina (Felt), Arthrocnodax constricta Felt, and Feltiella venatoria Felt are new junior synonyms of F.insularis, Feltiella acarivora (Felt), a junior homonym of F. acarivora Zehntner, is a new synonym of F. occidentalis. Feltiella acarivora (Felt), a junior homonym of F. acarivora Zehntner, is a new synomyc of F. occidentalis. Feltiella acerifoliae (Felt), Feltiella spinosa (Felt), and Feltiella macgregori (Felt) are new junior synonyms of F. pini. Five species previously assigned to Feltiella or Therodiplosis are removed either to other genera or left unplaced in the supertribe Cecidomyiidi: Feltiella acarinivora Tolg, uncertainplacement; Mycodiplosis asiatica (Marikovskij), new combination; Therodiplosis arcuata Grover and Bakhshi, uncertain placement; Therodiplosis globataGrover, uncertain placement; and Feltiella minuta Grover, uncertain placement
Shared Medical Appointments: A Portal for Nutrition and Culinary Education in Primary Care—A Pilot Feasibility Project

Introduction: Diseases linked to obesity such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, degenerative joint disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and sleep apnea constitute a large portion of primary care visits. Patients with these conditions often lack knowledge, skills, and support needed to maintain health. Shared medical appointments (SMAs) that include culinary skills and nutrition education offer a novel, cost-effective way to address these diseases in primary care. Methods: Adult patients in a primary care practice at a large academic hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, who had at least 1 cardiovascular risk factor were invited to participate in SMAs that included cooking demonstrations and teaching about nutrition in addition to medical management of their conditions. Sessions were conducted by a physician and an assistant in a conference room of a traditional primary care practice as part of a pilot feasibility project. Results: Seventy patients, contributing a total of 156 patient visits, attended 17 nutr...
A Comparison of the Effects of Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Temperature on Respiration, Translocation and Nitrate Reduction in Darkened Soybean Leaves

d Background and aims Respiration of autotrophs is an important component of their carbon balance as well as the global carbon dioxide budget. How autotrophic respiration may respond to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations, [CO2], in the atmosphere remains uncertain. The existence of short-term responses of respiration rates of plant leaves to [CO2] is controversial. Short-term responses of respiration to temperature are not disputed. This work compared responses of dark respiration and two processes dependent on the energy and reductant supplied by dark respiration, translocation and nitrate reduction, to changes in [CO2] and temperature. d Methods Mature soybean leaves were exposed for a single 8-h dark period to one of five combinations of air temperature and [CO2], and rates of respiration, translocation and nitrate reduction were determined for each treatment. d Key results Low temperature and elevated [CO 2] reduced rates of respiration, translocation and nitrate reduction, while increased temperature and low [CO2] increased rates of all three processes. A given change in the rate of respiration was accompanied by the same change in the rate of translocation or nitrate reduction, regardless of whether the altered respiration was caused by a change in temperature or by a change in [CO2]. d Conclusions These results make it highly unlikely that the observed responses of respiration rate to [CO 2] were artefacts due to errors in the measurement of carbon dioxide exchange rates in this case, and indicate that elevated [CO2] at night can affect translocation and nitrate reduction through its effect on respiration. a 2004 Annals of Botany Company
Coronary Brachytherapy in the Drug-Eluting Stent Era Don’t Bury It Alive

When vascular radiation was proposed as a therapy for restenosis prevention more than a decade ago,1 it was received with skepticism. After 20 years of failure to reduce the restenosis rate with various systemic pharmacological agents and devices, it seemed unlikely that intracoronary radiation therapy would successfully defeat this seemingly intractable clinical problem. Vascular biologists challenged the a priori effectiveness of the therapy on the basis of previous experiences with (external-beam) radiotherapy involving vascular structures, and pathologists predicted either delayed restenosis or aneurysm formation at the radiated site. Logistic problems were envisioned; would it be feasible to handle radioactive sources in the catheterization laboratory or accept the radiation oncology team as part of routine percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)? A combination of dedicated radiation biologists, physicists, oncologists, and cardiologists persisted in demonstrating how this therapy could be safely and effectively utilized to reduce rates of restenosis. They proceeded to optimize intracoronary radiation therapy and make it a safe, feasible, effective, and clinically useful tool to reduce restenosis. Today there are 3 radiation delivery systems approved for routine clinical use in the United States for the treatment of in-stent coronary restenosis (ISR), as follows: a γ-emitting system utilizing the radioisotope Ir192 and 2 β-emitting systems utilizing P32 and Sr90/Y90 sources. The data supporting approval of these technologies for clinical use came from randomized clinical trials that demonstrated superiority of adjunctive intracoronary radiation therapy, or vascular brachytherapy (VBT), over conventional treatment for ISR.2–8 Subset analysis confirmed the benefit of VBT in ISR lesions of varying lengths and vessel diameters, native artery and aortocoronary saphenous vein graft targets, and/or the presence of diabetes.9,10 In 2002, nearly 50 000 brachytherapy procedures were performed for patients with ISR in >500 catheterization laboratories worldwide. With experience, the application of …
The use of inferior vena cava filter as a treatment modality for massive pulmonary embolism. A case series and review of pathophysiology

The use of inferior vena cava (IVC) filter for massive pulmonary emboli (PE) with cardiopulmonary instability has not been clinically studied. We present a case series of six such patients who received an IVC filter with anticoagulation rather than thrombolysis because of high risk of bleeding. Acute pulmonary embolectomy was considered, but was not possible for a variety of individual clinical situations. These six hospitalized patients prospectively followed during their admission. They were triaged to three medical intensive care units (ICUs) and one surgical ICU in three university teaching hospitals. One patient was transferred from another institution. All six patients had severe hypoxia and tenuous cardiopulmonary status. All required high inspiratory oxygen and hemodynamic support; two required mechanical ventilation and vasopressors. An IVC filter was placed emergently and anticoagulation was started immediately All six patients had resolution of pulmonary thromboemboli (PTE) on anticoagulation while the IVC filter prevented further PE. All six patients were discharged home in their pre-critical illness state. None ofthe patients suffered complications from this therapy and had excellent resolution ofcardiopulmonary collapse. The IVC filter placement prevented further major embolic events while the PTE resolved with anticoagulation. An IVC filter should be considered as an adjunct to anticoagulation therapy for those patients with massive PE and cardiopulmonary instability who are not candidates for thrombolysis, and acute pulmonary embolectomy is not readily available or is of very high risk.
Soils and late-Quaternary landscape evolution in the Cottonwood River basin, east-central Kansas: Implications for archaeological research

Temporal and spatial patterns of landscape evolution strongly influence the temporal and spatial patterns of the archaeological record in drainage systems. In this geoarchaeological investigation we took a basin-wide approach in assessing the soil stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, and geochronology of alluvial deposits and associated buried soils in the Cottonwood River basin of east-central Kansas. Patterns of landscape evolution emerge when stratigraphic sequences and radiocarbon chronologies are compared by stream size and landform type. In the valleys of high-order streams (≥4th order) the Younger Dryas Chronozone (ca. 11,000–10,000 14C yr B.P.) was characterized by slow aggradation accompanied by pedogenesis, resulting in the development of organic-rich cumulic soils. Between ca. 10,000 and 4900 14C yr B.P., aggradation punctuated by soil formation was the dominant process in those valleys. Alluvial fans formed on the margins of high-order stream valleys during the early and middle Holocene (ca. 9000–5000 14C yr B.P.) and continued to develop slowly until ca. 3000–2000 14C yr B.P. The late-Holocene record of high-order streams is characterized by episodes of entrenchment, rapid aggradation, and slow aggradation punctuated by soil development. By contrast, the early and middle Holocene (ca. 10,000–5000 14C yr B.P.) was a period of net erosion in the valleys of low-order streams. However, during the late Holocene small valleys became zones of net sediment storage. Consideration of the effects of these patterns of landscape evolution on the archaeological record is crucial for accurately interpreting that record and searching for buried archaeological deposits dating to specific cultural periods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Families and Television An Application of Frame Analysis Theory

Recent research on children's use of television is reviewed and an innovative perspective based on Goffman's frame analysis theory is presented. Three developmental stages closely related to television use are differentiated using frame analysis theory. Current research findings are reinterpreted to develop and support our perspective. The implications of our theory for structuring future research on the use of television are considered.
Common-Frame Model for Object Recognition

A generative probabilistic model for objects in images is presented. An object consists of a constellation of features. Feature appearance and pose are modeled probabilistically. Scene images are generated by drawing a set of objects from a given database, with random clutter sprinkled on the remaining image surface. Occlusion is allowed. We study the case where features from the same object share a common reference frame. Moreover, parameters for shape and appearance densities are shared across features. This is to be contrasted with previous work on probabilistic 'constellation' models where features depend on each other, and each feature and model have different pose and appearance statistics [1, 2]. These two differences allow us to build models containing hundreds of features, as well as to train each model from a single example. Our model may also be thought of as a probabilistic revisitation of Lowe's model [3, 4]. We propose an efficient entropy-minimization inference algorithm that constructs the best interpretation of a scene as a collection of objects and clutter. We test our ideas with experiments on two image databases. We compare with Lowe's algorithm and demonstrate better performance, in particular in presence of large amounts of background clutter.
Rayleigh-wave coupling to atmospheric compression waves

The theory of dispersive Rayleigh waves coupled to atmospheric compressional waves is derived for the case of a solid surface layer. Numerical computation of phase and group velocity curves indicates that an additional branch may be introduced to the dispersion curves as a result of air coupling. Amplitudes of waves propagated according to the various branches are briefly discussed.
A Reappraisal of Reliability and Validity Studies in Stroke

Background The emergence of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions in stroke has been accompanied by the widespread use of stroke classifications and scales that measure deficit (stroke scales) or resulting long-term handicap (handicap and disability scales). Although the accuracy of some scales and classifications has been studied, there is no updated systematic review appraising all of them. Review We reviewed the literature and selected 21 studies on classifications and scales. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, achieved the highest interobserver agreement among seven stroke classifications. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the Canadian Neurological Scale, and the European Stroke Scale had the highest reliability across items among nine stroke scales. The Barthel Index was the most reliable disability scale. Conclusions The identification of the most reliable stroke classifications and scales should encourage their use in selection of homogeneous populations...
A Pilot Study Examining U.S. Winter Cyclone Frequency Patterns Associated with Three ENSO Parameters

Abstract Teleconnections were used to link three El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) parameters to winter (December–February) cyclone frequencies over the United States during the 1949–96 period. Since each ENSO event is not exactly the same, small subsets of ENSO events were examined in addition to the more common composite ENSO event. Mean winter cyclone frequencies, derived by counting cyclones passing through 30, 5° latitude equal-area circles located in a grid from 70° to 120°W and 30° to 50°N were determined for classes of El Ninos and La Ninas based on 1) the intensity of the equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly, 2) the intensity of the Tahiti–Darwin sea level pressure anomaly, and 3) the location of the 28°C isotherm. The average cyclone count for each class of El Nino and La Nina was compared to the average count for winters when no ENSO event occurred. Expected differences in cyclone frequency patterns when comparing an average of all El Nino winters to all La Nina winters were fou...
The effect of fluency training on math and reading skills in neuropsychiatric diagnosis children: a multiple baseline design

Fluency (fast and accurate responding) has been found to facilitate the retention, maintenance, endurance, and application of learned skills. Fluency training has been employed effectively in academic, vocational, industrial, and rehabilitative settings. Using a multiple baseline design, this study expanded previous applications by targeting academic deficits of children with neurological and psychiatric diagnoses in a residential treatment facility. Total response rates were measured in 60 second timed probes. Academic tool skills increased and error rates decreased for all participants after implementation of fluency training. Implications for improving attention to task and targeting minimum competency skills are discussed, as is determining the role that practice plays in increasing fluency rate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF IgG IN REED-STERNBERG AND OTHER CELLS IN HODGKIN'S DISEASE

Spleens and lymph nodes fixed lightly for optimal immunocytochemistry or processed routinely for surgical diagnosis disclosed strong selective immunostaining for IgG in numerous immunocytes in tumor-free areas. Areas involved by Hodgkin's disease revealed, in addition, strong immunostaining for IgG but not IgM in Reed-Sternberg cells and faint to strong staining in Hodgkin cells as well. Ultrastructurally the Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells displayed abundant polyribosomes and sparse granular reticulum and appeared to form unexportable IgG on unbound ribosomes.
Speaking My Mind: Just Another Hand-Me-Down? From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language , by Michael C. Corballis. 2002. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 272 pp., $27.95.

In From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language Michael Corballis provides an engaging, highly readable and provocative account of the evolution of human language. The primary thesis of his book is that language evolved from manual and facial gestures rather than from animal vocalizations, as is often assumed. While this point of view has been expressed by others during the last few centuries (for example, Condillac in 1747), it has never been argued more forcefully and with as much supporting scholarly evidence. (I suspect that it has also never been argued with greater use of hand/mouth adages, cliches and puns.) Among the more provocative ideas is the suggestion that human speech, like writing, was a cultural invention subsequent to gestural language rather than the evolutionary essence of language.
Selection, Optimization, and Pharmacokinetic Properties of a Novel, Potent Antiviral Locked Nucleic Acid-Based Antisense Oligomer Targeting Hepatitis C Virus Internal Ribosome Entry Site

We have screened 47 locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting conserved (>95% homology) sequences in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome using the subgenomic HCV replicon assay and generated both antiviral (50% effective concentration [EC50]) and cytotoxic (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50]) dose-response curves to allow measurement of the selectivity index (SI). This comprehensive approach has identified an LNA ASO with potent antiviral activity (EC50 = 4 nM) and low cytotoxicity (CC50 >880 nM) targeting the 25- to 40-nucleotide region (nt) of the HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES) containing the distal and proximal miR-122 binding sites. LNA ASOs targeting previously known accessible regions of the IRES, namely, loop III and the initiation codon in loop IV, had poor SI values. We optimized the LNA ASO sequence by performing a 1-nucleotide walk through the 25- to 40-nt region and show that the boundaries for antiviral efficacy are extremely precise. Furthermore, we have optimized the format for the LNA ASO using different gapmer and mixomer patterns and show that RNase H is required for antiviral activity. We demonstrate that RNase H-refractory ASOs targeting the 25- to 40-nt region have no antiviral effect, revealing important regulatory features of the 25- to 40-nt region and suggesting that RNase H-refractory LNA ASOs can act as potential surrogates for proviral functions of miR-122. We confirm the antisense mechanism of action using mismatched LNA ASOs. Finally, we have performed pharmacokinetic experiments to demonstrate that the LNA ASOs have a very long half-life (>5 days) and attain hepatic maximum concentrations >100 times the concentration required for in vitro antiviral activity.
What has bioethics to offer health policy

The field of bioethics has quickly become a subject of intense public fascination; and, following on an earlier period of resistance and skepticism, bioethics has been welcomed by clinicians as well. Bioethics, however, is largely a practical activity rather than a scholarly one, and its pretensions as an academic discipline within health policy and health services research must be greeted cautiously. Continuing problems in moral theory suggest that the most secure contributions that bioethics can make to health policy research are analysis and criticism rather than positive moral claims.
Classification of US hydropower dams by their modes of operation

A key challenge to understanding ecohydrologic responses to dam regulation is the absence of a universally transferable classification framework for how dams operate. In the present paper, we develop a classification system to organize the modes of operation (MOPs) for US hydropower dams and powerplants. To determine the full diversity of MOPs, we mined federal documents, open-access data repositories, and internet sources. We then used CART classification trees to predict MOPs based on physical characteristics, regulation, and project generation. Finally, we evaluated how much variation MOPs explained in sub-daily discharge patterns for stream gages downstream of hydropower dams. After reviewing information for 721 dams and 597 power plants, we developed a two-tier hierarchical classification based on (i) the storage and control of flows to powerplants, and (ii) the presence of a diversion around the natural stream bed. This resulted in nine tier-1 MOPs representing a continuum of operations from strictly peaking, to reregulating, to run-of-river, and two tier-2 MOPs, representing diversion and integral dam-powerhouse configurations. Although MOPs differed in physical characteristics and energy production, classification trees had low accuracies (≤62%), which suggested that accurate evaluations of MOPs may require individual attention. MOPs and dam storage explained 20% of the variation in downstream subdaily flow characteristics and showed consistent alterations in subdaily flow patterns from reference streams. This standardized classification scheme is important for future research including estimating reservoir operations for large-scale hydrologic models and evaluating project economics, environmental impacts, and mitigation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rigid, transparent manipulandum for visual displays.

Commercially available glass coated with a transparent, electrically conductive surface can be used as a nonmoving manipulandum in front of visual displays. Window-touching responses are recorded with a contact relay circuit.
Distinguishing Direct and Indirect Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation Mechanisms Using Quantitative Single-Molecule Reaction Imaging and Photocurrent Measurements

Light-driven semiconductor-catalyzed oxidation reactions are of fundamental importance in photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis for removing organic contaminants in wastewater, solar energy conversion, and fine chemical synthesis. The underlying reaction mechanism is often unclear because it is difficult to measure directly and specifically the semiconductor-catalyzed reaction rates. For example, an organic molecule could be oxidized “directly” by photogenerated holes that are transported from the semiconductor interior to the semiconductor–electrolyte interface or “indirectly” by photogenerated intermediates (e.g., hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, or hydrogen peroxide) that are produced at the semiconductor surface in aqueous solution. New experimental approaches that can distinguish these pathways are thus desirable. Here we introduce quantitative single-molecule, single-particle fluorescence imaging to measure the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation rate of a model organic substrate, amplex red, on t...
Admission hyperglycemia in sepsis is associated with poor outcomes: where do we go from here?

The assessment and management of glucose levels in critical illness is one of the core tenants of supportive care. Both severe hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in several critically ill patient populations as a whole (1,2). Findings from van Vught and colleagues evaluating the relationship between initial blood glucose (BG) value and mortality, as well as changes in the host response, add to the evidence suggesting hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcomes in the subset of critically ill patients with sepsis (3).
The Hodge Theorem for Riemannian Manifolds

Thus far, our approach has been primarily algebraic or topological.We are going to need a basic analytic result, namely the Hodge theorem. This says that on a compact oriented manifold equipped with a metric, every de Rham cohomology class has a unique “smallest” element, called its harmonic representative. When combined with the Kahler identities in later chapters, this will have strong consequences for complex algebraic geometry. The original proof is due to Hodge [64] with a correction by Weyl [121]. Different proofs were given by Bidal and de Rham [12] and Kodaira [72] soon there after. Standard accounts of these results, with the necessary details, can be found in the books of Griffiths and Harris [49], Warner [117], andWells [120]. These books follow a similar approach of first establishing a weak Hilbert space version of the Hodge theorem, and then applying some regularity results from elliptic PDE theory to deduce the stronger statement. We will depart slightly from these treatments by outlining the heat equation method of Milgram and Rosenbloom [84]. This is an elegant and comparatively elementary approach to the Hodge theorem. As a warmup, we will do a combinatorial version that requires nothing more than linear algebra.
Azimuth and slowness anomalies of seismic waves measured on the central California seismographic array. Part II. Interpretation

abstract Arrays of seismographs are usually considered to be detectors which give enhanced signals from distant earthquakes. They also provide, however, a new way of learning more about the structure of the crust and upper mantle. The deviation of the seismic-wave surface from its expected configuration may be regarded as a consequence of non-homogeneous and anisotropic conditions in the earth. The operations of the University of California network of telemetry stations in the Coast Ranges of California provides an opportunity to discover the practicality of this approach. The situation of this network near the continental margin gives the study particular interest. The differences in arrival-times between array elements of coherent peaks or troughs of P and pP phases from 28 teleseisms in the period of 1963-1964 were read from the telemetry records of the central California seismographic array. The direction of approach and velocities of the wave fronts were then determined and compared with the great circle azimuths and with the apparent velocities calculated from the Jeffreys-Bullen tables. The observed anomalies in direction of approach and apparent velocites are found to be cyclic functions of the direction of the source. The amplitudes of these functions are almost 10 degrees in azimuth anomaly and 1.0 sec/deg in slowness anomaly. Error analyses show that the anomaly functions cannot be attributed to the measurement errors. The derived anomaly functions provide a powerful means of examining crustal and upper mantle structure under the array and perhaps at the source. Variations between subsets of the array indicate significant differences in structure between portions of the Coast Ranges to the north and to the south of Hollister.
Benign Primary Brain Tumors

Radiation therapy plays an integral role in the management of benign primary brain tumors as either primary or adjuvant treatment. These tumors are generally associated with good prognosis, which makes consideration of the risk of late treatment toxicity especially important. Though they are nonmalignant, benign primary brain tumors can certainly cause significant morbidity or even mortality owing to their intracranial and skull base locations, with possible mass effects on the cranial nerves or the brain itself. Given the competing considerations of toxicity and therapeutic need, controversy frequently surrounds the decision between the use of surgery and radiation therapy for primary treatment. When surgery is limited or resection is subtotal, there may also be controversy regarding the timing of. In radiation therapy addition, as technological advancements in planning and delivery of conformal radiation therapy allow for decreased risk of acute and long-term side effects, additional controversies over fractionation (e.g., standard fractionation versus radiosurgery) and the technique for delivery of radiation therapy (e.g., protons versus IMRT) are ongoing. In this chapter we highlight the controversies in management of meningioma, vestibular schwannoma, craniopharyngioma, pituitary adenoma, and glomus tumor and review the pertinent literature.
Wireless intraocular pressure sensor using stretchable variable inductor

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and characterization of a wireless, flexible, passive pressure sensor that enables real-time intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring. It employs a novel approach that measures the strain on the sclera of eye-ball using integrated planar stretchable variable inductor. Major reduction in fabrication complexity is achieved in contrast to the state-of-the-art solutions which are based on variable capacitors. Our device potentially improves the stability of long-term measurement by eliminating baseline drift due to leaks within sealed capacitive chambers. Implantation in the sclera reduces energy absorption by tissue, thereby improving inductive coupling efficiency between the implanted sensor and the external coil. This will significantly facilitate the commercialization of minimally invasive, in-vivo IOP sensing devices for Glaucoma patients. Devices are packaged using Parylene-C, which ensures the mechanical flexibility and biocompatibility of the sensor.
Image reconstruction for view-limited x-ray CT in baggage scanning

U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Department of Homeland Security) [HSHQDC-14-C-BOOIO]; University of Arizona Technology Research Initiative Fund (TRIF) fellowship
The 21-gene recurrence score in special histologic subtypes of breast cancer with favorable prognosis.

The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay predicts the likelihood of distant recurrence and chemotherapy benefit in early-stage, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Data on the RS of special histologic subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma with favorable prognosis are limited. We reviewed our institutional database to identify patients with special histologic subtypes of breast cancer associated with favorable prognosis and available RS results. Our cohort consists of fifty-seven women: thirty-three patients with pure mucinous carcinoma (MC), ten with tubular carcinoma (TC), nine with encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC), and five with solid papillary carcinoma (SPC). Most (44/57, 77.2%) carcinomas had low RS (≤17), and none had high RS (≥31). All EPCs had low RS, but other subtypes had RS 18–30. Higher RS was associated with lower progesterone receptor (PR) expression by immunohistochemistry and lower PR mRNA scores (P ≤ 0.007). No morphologic feature (tumor grade, biopsy site changes, cellular stroma, inflammatory cells) was associated with RS ≥ 18. At a median follow-up of 40 months, the distant recurrence-free survival was 100%. One patient with SPC developed locoregional recurrence at 22 months. As the largest series to date, our study raises the question of whether the RS assay is necessary for breast cancers with favorable histology. Reflex testing of node-negative, ER+/HER2− breast cancers may be deferred for these special histologic subtypes, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary discussions between breast pathologists and other members of the breast cancer team.
Oral mesalamine was effective and safe in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis

Source Citation The Mesalamine Study Group. An oral preparation of mesalamine as long-term maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996 J...
Peyotism and Mescausm1

AbstractThe identity, origin, use and relationship of Peyote or Peyote buttons and mescal, mescal buttons, mescalbeans or mescaline continue to be confused. This paper examines the history of the c...
Substantially enhanced rate capability of lithium storage in Na2Ti6O13 with self-doping and carbon-coating

Na2Ti6O13 (NTO) has recently been reported for lithium ion storage and showed very promising results. In this work, we report substantially enhanced rate capability in NTO nanowires by Ti(III) self-doping and carbon-coating. Ti(III) doping and carbon coating were found to work in synergy to increase the electrochemical performances of the material. For 300 cycles at 1C (1C = 200 mA g−1) the charge capacity of the electrode is 206 mA h g−1, much higher than that (89 mA h g−1) of the pristine NTO electrode. For 500 cycles at 5C the electrode can still deliver a charge capacity of 180.5 mA h g−1 with a high coulombic efficiency of 99%. At 20C the capacity of the electrode is 2.6 times that of the pristine NTO. These results clearly demonstrate that the Ti(III) self-doping and uniform carbon coating significantly enhanced the kinetic processes in the NTO nanowire crystal, making it possible for fast charge and discharge in Li-ion batteries.
Gene Therapy for Osteoarthritis: Pharmacokinetics of Intra-Articular Self-Complementary Adeno-Associated Virus Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Delivery in an Equine Model.

Toward the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), the authors have been investigating self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV) for intra-articular delivery of therapeutic gene products. As OA f...
¿Más Español por Más Votos? Assessing the Impact of Spanish Language Electoral Advertisements on Latino Voter Turnout

After Latino-Americans demonstrated their power in the 2012 presidential election, securing increased minority support at the polls has become a major goal for both main U.S. political parties. A reliable bloc of Latino voters on one’s side could mean more wins, but Latinos have a low voter turnout rate. This paper explores how to increase Latino turnout and argues that the use of the Spanish language in electoral advertising will have a positive effect. By comparing statewide Latino turnout data during the 2002 midterm elections, I find states with a sizable amount of Spanish-language get-out-the-vote messages do see slightly increased rates of Latino voter turnout, suggesting Spanish-language advertising could be a useful supplemental tool in future political campaigns. Immediately after the Republican Party’s decisive defeat in the 2012 presidential election, GOP leaders scrambled for answers as to what went wrong. A relatively unpopular Democratic incumbent presiding over high unemployment rates and a mediocre economic recovery had managed to survive a brutal and unfathomably expensive campaign against him and his record; with the odds seemingly stacked against him, the GOP had not expected to lose. As demographic data from the election trickled in, however, it became clear that the political power of one particular voting group had been severely underestimated by both sides, a group that ended up having what was arguably the most influential role in the result of the presidential election: Latino-Americans. A record 11.2 million Latino-Americans, or the shortened version, Latinos, voted in the 2012 presidential election, and did so overwhelmingly in favor of Barack Obama, who received 71% Ervin: ?Mas Espanol por Mas Votos? Published by ScholarWorks@BGSU, 2014
Adenosine triphosphatase activity of mitochondria

It was shown a number of years ago that rat liver mitochondria contained an activity which can liberate inorganic phosphate from ATP1. Since then, numerous studies dealing with this mitochondrial ATPase activity have established that its action is different from that of other phosphatases. The extensive study of the mitochondrial ATPase activity has been motivated by the assumption that mitochondrial ATPase may be a part of the enzyme system involved in oxidative phosphorylation2–5.
A Markov Embedding Approximation for a Stochastic Population Model with Exogenous Disturbances

We present and study an approximation scheme for the mean of a stochastic simulation that models a population subject to nonlinear birth and exogenous disturbances. We use the information from the probability distribution for the disturbance times to construct a method that improves upon the mean-field approximation. We show through two example systems the effectiveness of the Markov embedding approximation and discuss the contexts in which it is an appropriate method.