cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wage Shocks and North American Labor-Market Integration

This study uses household-level data from the United States and Mexico to examine labor-market integration. I consider how the effects of shocks and rates of convergence to an equilibrium differential are affected by borders, geography, and demographics. I find that even though a large wage differential exists between them, the labor markets of the United States and Mexico are closely integrated. Mexico's border region is more integrated with the United States than is the Mexican interior. Evidence of integration precedes the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and may be largely the result of migration.
Masculinity, mobility and transformation in Punjabi cinema: From Putt Jattan De (Sons of Jat Farmers) to Munde UK De (Boys of UK)

This article explores the popular representation of masculinity in Punjabi cinema and how it has changed over the past three decades as the Punjabi film industry has gone from being regionally based to increasingly transnational. I look at how within Punjabi films, caste and class hierarchies operate as mechanisms for visibly marking the cinematic representations of hegemonic masculinity. The heroes of Punjabi films often belong to the landowning ‘Jat’ caste. The performance of their masculinity is typified by their ability to move between different rural, urban and transnational spaces. This ability to successfully navigate the unfamiliar terrains of the world outside their villages serves as a rite of passage to becoming a man, a testament to their masculine affirmation. The construction of the mobile gendered body of the Punjabi hero within Punjabi cinema represents a privileged site upon which Punjabi cultural identity is articulated both in India and within the Punjabi diaspora.
An improved finite-difference approximation to the diffusion equation

A higher order approximation to field quantities than the piecewise constant approximation commonly used and implicit in the second-order central difference approximation to the Helmholtz equation is described. The continuous finite-difference (CFD) approximation results in reduced error without an increase in complexity of the associated computational algorithm.
Magnetic resonance imaging late after tricuspid valvectomy

Abstract Triscupid valvectomy without replacement is the treatment of choice in patients with antibiotic-resistant bacterial endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve. 1 Removal of this valve causes hemodynamic changes that may result in massive venous distention and right-sided cardiac dilation. The case described herein shows the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to accurately depict these changes in cardiovascular anatomy quantitatively.
Organizational Learning Communities and the Dark Side of the Learning Organization.

This chapter explores some aspects of learning communities in organizations, with a special focus on manager-employee power relationships and the challenges of establishing learning organizations in traditional hierarchical organizations.
The Cambro-Ordovician Bliss Formation, southwestern New Mexico, U.S.A. Progradational sequences on a mixed siliciclastic and carbonate shelf

Abstract The Bliss Formation was deposited during the basal Cambrian transgression over an undulose Precambrian igneous and metamorphic terrain. The strata comprising the Bliss Formation can be readily divided into five genetic sequences: a lowermost transgressive unit and four progradational units. Progradation occurred both along the cratonic shoreline due to the influx of terrigenous material, and also from the offshore portion of the shelf toward the craton due to the development and growth of an offshore carbonate bank. The progradational sequences are separated by pronounced transgressive shifts in the depositional environment, represented by thin or no strata. The ideal progradational sequence begins with an essentially quartz-free, shallow-shelf accumulation of bioturbated biosparites and biomicrites. These grade upward into finely laminated dolomites which contain zones of rip-up clasts, and which are cut by small channel-fill deposits; this change represents shoaling of the subtidal site to a tidal flat environment by growth of an offshore bank. The carbonates contain a greater admixture of terrigenous material upsection and grade into glaucarenites. The glaucarenites become thicker-bedded and thoroughly cross-stratified upward, accompanied by an increase in quartz grain size. These glaucarenites are gradationally overlain by a thoroughly trough cross-stratified, very coarse to conglomeratic sandstone. Bedding thickness, size of trough cross-stratification, and quartz grain size have increased and silica has become the dominant cementing agent. The depositional environment shifted from the shallow shelf and offshore bank, with a paucity of terrigenous material, to a subtidal site of moderate energy, to the turbulent surf zone, with a paucity of carbonate material. The topmost part of the progradational sequence is represented by trough cross-stratified, calcitic and hematitic coarse quartzarenites. Bedding thickness, trough size, and quartz grain size all represent a definite, though minor, decrease in the energy level of the depositional environment. This decrease in energy level was due to the shoaling of the shelf. Shallow shelf carbonates, essentially quartz-free, immediately overlie the hematitic quartzarenites, indicating a marked shift in depositional environment with thin or no strata representing this transgression. A decrease in the rate of sedimentation is represented by the shift from carbonates, which were deposited on tidal flats on top of an offshore bank, to the superjacent glaucarenites, which were deposited in a shallow marine realm. The increase in water depth is the result of a decrease in the rate of carbonate production and, therefore, accumulation due to the negative influence that the influx of fine siliciclastics had on the carbonate factory.
Exacerbation of Celecoxib-Induced Renal Injury by Concomitant Administration of Misoprostol in Rats

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can produce adverse effects by inhibiting prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. A PGE1 analogue, misoprostol, is often utilized to alleviate NSAID-related gastrointestinal side effects. This study examined the effect of misoprostol on celecoxib renal toxicity. Additionally, the effects of these drugs on cardiovascular parameters were evaluated. Four randomized rat groups were orally gavaged for 9 days, two groups receiving vehicle and two groups receiving misoprostol (100 µg/kg) twice daily. Celecoxib (40 mg/kg) was co-administered once daily to one vehicle and one misoprostol group from days 3 to 9. Urine and blood samples were collected and blood pressure parameters were measured during the study period. Hearts and kidneys were harvested on final day. Day 2 urinary electrolyte samples revealed significant reductions in sodium excretion in misoprostol (0.12 ± 0.05 µmol/min/100 g) and misoprostol+celecoxib groups (0.07 ± 0.02 µmol/min/100 g). At day 3, all treatment groups showed significantly reduced sodium excretion. Potassium excretion diminished significantly in vehicle+celecoxib and misoprostol+celecoxib groups from day 3 onward. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 levels were significantly increased in vehicle+celecoxib (0.65 ± 0.02 vs. 0.35 ± 0.07 ng/mL, p = 0.0002) and misoprostol+celecoxib (0.61 ± 0.06 vs. 0.37 ± 0.06 ng/mL, p = 0.0015) groups when compared to baseline; while plasma levels of cardiac troponin I increased significantly in vehicle+celecoxib (p = 0.0040) and misoprostol+misoprostol (p = 0.0078) groups when compared to vehicle+vehicle. Blood pressure parameters increased significantly in all misoprostol treated groups. Significant elevation in diastolic (p = 0.0071) and mean blood pressure (p = 0.0153) was noted in misoprostol+celecoxib compared to vehicle+celecoxib. All treatments produced significant tubular dilatation/necrosis compared to control. No significant myocardial changes were noticed; however, three animals presented with pericarditis. Kidney, heart, and plasma celecoxib levels revealed no significant change between vehicle+celecoxib and misoprostol+celecoxib. Concomitant misoprostol administration did not prevent celecoxib renal toxicity, and instead exacerbated renal side effects. Misoprostol did not alter plasma or tissue celecoxib concentrations suggesting no pharmacokinetic interaction between celecoxib and misoprostol.
Peasant–farmer movements, third world peoples, and the Seattle protests against the World Trade Organization, 1999

This article, based on interviews and documentary sources, examines the participation in the N30 anti-WTO protests of peasants and farmers and, more broadly, the dynamics of transnational protest. It argues that participation in the protests by people from the Global South was important in convincing developing-country WTO delegates to derail the trade talks. The article suggests that N30 in Seattle was more diverse than is usually appreciated, both in terms of the provenance of the participants and in terms of the activities in which they engaged. The significance of N30 has less to do with the proportion of demonstrators who came from the Global South (or of those “of color”) than with the impact that the Seattle events had on those who did come, on developing-country WTO delegates, and on other sympathizers who stayed home but nonetheless followed the situation closely.
Characterization of delay and Doppler spreads of underwater particle velocity channels using zero crossing rates

Communication in acoustic particle velocity channel using vector sensors is recently proposed for the underwater medium. Due to the presence of multiple propagation paths, a mobile receiver collects the transmitted signal with different delays and Doppler shifts. This introduces certain delay and Doppler spreads in particle velocity communication channels. In this paper, these channel spreads are characterized using the zero crossing rates of channel responses in frequency and time domain. Useful expressions for delay and Doppler spreads are derived in terms of the key channel parameters, mean angle of arrivals and angle spreads. Closed-form expressions for the temporal correlations of underwater acoustic particle velocity channels are presented as well. These results are needed for design and performance predication of communication systems in time-varying and frequency-selective underwater particle velocity channels.
Auditory brainstem response findings in brainstem ischemia following selective occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in the rat.

Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were measured ipsilaterally (n = 13) or contralaterally (n = 5) after inducing permanent right or left anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) occlusion. Three types of wave patterns were classified when ABRs were recorded ipsilaterally. In type 1 (n = 4) all components disappeared; in type 2 (n = 2) all components disappeared transiently and then reappeared; and in type 3 (n = 7) only the latency difference between components I and IV increased. These findings indicate that all components reappeared in type 2 responses because cochlear blood flow was re-established quickly by collateral circulation, while type 3 changes reflected the relative sensitivity of the cochlea to ischemic damage when compared with the rest of the auditory pathways. When the ABRs were recorded contralaterally, characteristic findings included a delay in latency of component IV and a significant increase in inter-peak latency in components I–IV and IIb–IV.
Properties of Succinate Oxidation in Tomato Fruit Mitochondria

Mitochondria from tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) exhibited a respiratory control ratio of 2.5 and an ADP:O ratio of 1.3 for succinate oxidation for 24 hours after isolation. They also showed a delay in response to the first addition of ADP. The addition of ATP and ADP before succinate eliminated the delayed response as did chelation of endogenous cations with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The addition of ATP after succinate resulted in a longer delay in response than that obtained with ADP. Exogenous oxaloacetate in low concentration inhibited respiration in states 3 and 4 with succinate and resulted in delayed response to ADP. The function of adenine nucleotide during the delay in response may be to promote the metabolism of oxaloacetate or to decrease the affinity of oxaloacetate to its site of inhibition.
Metabolomic and functional genomic analyses reveal varietal differences in bioactive compounds of cooked rice.

Emerging evidence supports that cooked rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains metabolites with biomedical activities, yet little is known about the genetic diversity that is responsible for metabolite variation and differences in health traits. Metabolites from ten diverse varieties of cooked rice were detected using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. A total of 3,097 compounds were detected, of which 25% differed among the ten varieties. Multivariate analyses of the metabolite profiles showed that the chemical diversity among the varieties cluster according to their defined subspecies classifications: indica, japonica, and aus. Metabolite-specific genetic diversity in rice was investigated by analyzing a collection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes from biochemical pathways of nutritional importance. Two classes of bioactive compounds, phenolics and vitamin E, contained nonsynonymous SNPs and SNPs in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions for genes in their biosynthesis pathways. Total phenolics and tocopherol concentrations were determined to examine the effect of the genetic diversity among the ten varieties. Per gram of cooked rice, total phenolics ranged from 113.7 to 392.6 µg (gallic acid equivalents), and total tocopherols ranged between 7.2 and 20.9 µg. The variation in the cooked rice metabolome and quantities of bioactive components supports that the SNP-based genetic diversity influenced nutritional components in rice, and that this approach may guide rice improvement strategies for plant and human health.
Minimisation of HIFU pulse heating and interpulse cooling times.

This study presents results from a new optimisation technique that reduces HIFU treatment times by minimising individual heating and interpulse cooling times while adhering to normal tissue constraint limits at each sonication position. The potential clinical usefulness of this technique is demonstrated through its implementation in three dimentsional (3D) simulations of HIFU treatments for a range of tumour geometries, normal tissue constraint values, tissue perfusion levels and focal zone scanning path trajectories, all studied as a function of the applied power magnitude. When compared to typical open loop values the optimised treatment times were lower for all conditions studied, including when treatment-limiting normal tissue thermal build-up was present. While use of this technique guarantees minimum pulse heating and interpulse cooling times for each pulse, the total treatment time gains realised depend on the individual clinical treatment configuration. In combination with a judiciously selected s...
The relative importance of specific risk factors for insomnia in women treated for early‐stage breast cancer

Background—Many individual risk factors for insomnia have been identified for women with a history of breast cancer. We assessed the relative importance of a wide range of risk factors for insomnia in this population. Methods—Two thousand six hundred and forty-five women ≤4 years post-treatment for Stage I (≥1 cm)–IIIA breast cancer provided data on cancer-related variables, personal characteristics, health behaviors, physical health/symptoms, psychosocial variables, and the Women's Health InitiativeInsomnia Rating Scale (WHI-IRS; scores ≥9 indicate clinically significant insomnia). Results—Thirty-nine per cent had elevated WHI-IRS scores. In binary logistic regression, the variance in high/low insomnia group status accounted for by each risk factor category was: cancerspecific variables, 0.4% (n.s.); personal characteristics, 0.9% (n.s.); health behaviors, 0.6% (n.s.); physical health/symptoms, 13.4% (p < 0.001); and, psychosocial factors, 11.4% (p < 0.001). Insomnia was associated with worse depressive (OR = 1.32) and vasomotor symptoms (particularly night sweats) (OR = 1.57). Conclusion—Various cancer-specific, demographic, health behavior, physical health, and psychosocial factors have been previously reported as risk factors for insomnia in breast cancer. In our study (which was powered for simultaneous examination of a variety of variables), cancerspecific, health behavior, and other patient variables were not significant risk factors when in the presence of physical health and psychosocial variables. Only worse depressive and vasomotor symptoms were meaningful predictors.
Assessing hybrid incremental processes for SISOS development

New processes are being assessed to address modern challenges for Software-Intensive Systems of Systems (SISOS), such as coping with rapid change while simultaneously assuring high dependability. A hybrid agile and plan-driven process based on the spiral lifecycle has been outlined to address these conflicting challenges with the need to rapidly field incremental capabilities in a value-based framework. A system dynamics model has been developed to assess the incremental hybrid process and support project decision making. It estimates cost and schedule for multiple increments of a hybrid process that uses three specialized teams, and also considers the mission value of software capabilities. It considers changes due to external volatility and feedback from user-driven change requests, and dynamically reestimates and allocates resources in response to the volatility. Deferral policies and team sizes can be experimented with, and it includes trade off functions between cost and the timing of changes within and across increments, length of deferral delays, and others. We illustrate how the model can be used to determine optimal agile team size to handle changes. Both the hybrid process and simulation model are being evolved on a very large scale incremental SISOS project and other potential pilots. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Universality in Nonlinear Elasticity of Biological and Polymeric Networks and Gels

Networks and gels are part of our everyday experience starting from automotive tires and rubber bands to biological tissues and cells. Biological and polymeric networks show remarkably high deformability at relatively small stresses and can sustain reversible deformations up to 10 times their initial size. A distinctive feature of these ma terials is highly nonlinear stress-strain curves leading to material hardening with increasing deformation. This differentiates networks and gels from conventional materials, such as metals and glasses, showing linear stress-strain relationship in the reversible deformation regime. Using theoretical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations, we propose and test a theory that describes nonlinear mechanical properties of a broad variety of biological and polymeric networks and gels by relating their macroscopic strain-hardening behavior with molecular parameters of the network strands. This theory provides a universal relationship between the strain-dependent network modulus and the network deforma- tion and explains strain-hardening of natural rubber, synthetic polymeric networks, and biopolymer networks of actin, collagen, fibrin, vimentin, and neurofilaments.
Body size and skeletal muscle myoglobin of cetaceans: adaptations for maximizing dive duration.

Abstract Cetaceans exhibit an exceptionally wide range of body mass that influence both the capacities for oxygen storage and utilization; the balance of these factors is important for defining dive limits. Furthermore, myoglobin content is a key oxygen store in the muscle as it is many times higher in marine mammals than terrestrial mammals. Yet little consideration has been given to the effects of myoglobin content or body mass on cetacean dive capacity. To determine the importance of myoglobin content and body mass on cetacean diving performance, we measured myoglobin content of the longissimus dorsi for ten odontocete (toothed whales) and one mysticete (baleen whales) species ranging in body mass from 70 to 80 000 kg. The results showed that myoglobin content in cetaceans ranged from 1.81 to 5.78 g (100 g wet muscle) −1 . Myoglobin content and body mass were both positively and significantly correlated to maximum dive duration in odontocetes; this differed from the relationship for mysticetes. Overall, the combined effects of body mass and myoglobin content accounts for 50% of the variation in cetacean diving performance. While independent analysis of the odontocetes showed that body mass and myoglobin content accounts for 83% of the variation in odontocete dive capacity.
Energy models driven green routing for data centers

Energy consumption is becoming a serious issue for data centers. Minimizing the energy consumption of a data center is a complex problem. It consists of developing energy models for servers and network elements and investigating energy-aware (green) routing strategies using these models. In this paper, we adapt energy models for servers and network elements in a data center. The server energy model incorporates the impact of temperature and voltage of a server on its leakage energy. Using the server and network energy models, we propose a green routing scheme that minimizes the total combined energy consumption of servers and network elements in a data center under dynamic traffic. The proposed green routing scheme uses dynamic voltage scaling, rate adaptation, and anycast transmission for minimizing the total energy consumption. Extensive simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed green routing in minimizing the total energy consumption of a data center as compared to well-known existing approaches.
Inferring dispersal patterns of the generalist root fungus Armillaria mellea

Summary •Investigating the dispersal of the root-pathogenic fungus Armillaria mellea is necessary to understand its population biology. Such an investigation is complicated by both its subterranean habit and the persistence of genotypes over successive host generations. As such, host colonization by resident mycelia is thought to outcompete spore infections. •We evaluated the contributions of mycelium and spores to host colonization by examining a site in which hosts pre-date A. mellea. Golden Gate Park (San Francisco, CA, USA) was established in 1872 primarily on sand dunes that supported no resident mycelia. Genotypes were identified by microsatellite markers and somatic incompatibility pairings. Spatial autocorrelation analyses of kinship coefficients were used to infer spore dispersal distance. •The largest genotypes measured 322 and 343 m in length, and 61 of the 90 total genotypes were recovered from only one tree. The absence of multilocus linkage disequilibrium and the high proportion of unique genotypes suggest that spore dispersal is an important part of the ecology and establishment of A. mellea in this ornamental landscape. •Spatial autocorrelations indicated a significant spatial population structure consistent with limited spore dispersal. This isolation-by-distance pattern suggests that most spores disperse over a few meters, which is consistent with recent, direct estimates based on spore trapping data.
Expression and Secretion of Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase 4a (PMCA4a) during Murine Estrus: Association with Oviductal Exosomes and Uptake in Sperm

PMCA4, a membrane protein, is the major Ca2+ efflux pump in murine sperm where its deletion leads to a severe loss of hyperactivated motility and to male infertility. We have previously shown that the PMCA4b splice variant interacts with CASK (Ca2+/CaM-dependent serine kinase) in regulating sperm Ca2+. More recently we detected that PMCA4a isoform, in addition to its presence in testis, is secreted in the epididymal luminal fluid and transferred to sperm. Here we show that Pmca4 mRNA is expressed in both the 4a and 4b variants in the vagina, uterus, and oviduct. Immunofluorescence reveals that PMCA4a is similarly expressed and is elevated during estrus, appearing in the glandular and luminal epithelia. Western analysis detected PMCA4a in all tissues and in the luminal fluids (LF) of the vagina (VLF), uterus (ULF), and the oviduct (OLF) collected during estrus. It was ~9- and 4-fold higher in OLF than in VLF and ULF, and only marginally present in LF collected at metestrus/diestrus. Fractionation of the LF collected at estrus, via ultracentrifugation, revealed that 100% of the PMCA4a resides in the vesicular fraction of the ULF and OLF. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that OLF vesicles have an exosomal orientation (with the cytoplasmic-side inward), a size range of 25-100 nm, with the characteristic CD9 biomarker. Thus, we dubbed these vesicles “oviductosomes”, to which PMCA4a was immunolocalized. Incubation of caudal sperm in the combined LF or exosomes resulted in up to a ~3-fold increase of sperm PMCA4a, as detected by flow cytometry, indicating in vitro uptake. Our results are consistent with the increased requirement of Ca2+ efflux in the oviduct. They show for the first time the presence of oviductal exosomes and highlight their role, along with uterosomes and vaginal exosomes, in post-testicular sperm acquisition of PMCA4a which is essential for hyperactivated motility and fertility.
Influence of glutathione on the oxidation chemistry of 5-S-cysteinyldopamine: potentially neuroprotective reactions of relevance to Parkinson's disease

Abstract In recent reports from this laboratory we have hypothesized that a key step underlying the degeneration of pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN c ) in Parkinson's disease is an accelerated rate of oxidation of intraneuronal dopamine in the presence of l -cysteine (CySH) to form initially 5- S -cysteinyldopamine (5- S -CyS-DA). 5- S -CyS-DA, however, is more easily oxidized than dopamine in a reaction which leads to the dihydrobenzothiazine (DHBT) 7-(2-aminoethyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2 H -1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (DHBT-1), a putative endogenously-formed metabolite that may be responsible for inhibition of mitochondrial complex I and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, characteristic defects in the parkinsonian SN c . In this investigation it is demonstrated that glutathione (GSH) dramatically attenuates the oxidative transformation of 5- S -CyS-DA into DHBT-1 by two major pathways. In one pathway GSH displaces the cysteinyl residue from the o -quinone proximate oxidation product of 5- S -CyS-DA forming the corresponding glutathionyl conjugate that is attacked by GSH, to form 2,5-di- S -glutathionyldopamine, or by released CySH to give 2- S -cysteinyl-5- S -glutathionyldopamine. The former is the precursor of 2,5,6-tris- S -glutathionyldopamine, a major reaction product. However, intramolecular cyclization of the o -quinone proximate product of 2- S -cysteinyl-5- S -glutathionyldopamine is the first step in a pathway leading to glutathionyl conjugates of 8-(2-aminoethyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2 H -1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (DHBT-5). The second pathway involves nucleophilic addition of GSH to the o -quinone proximate oxidation product of 5- S -CyS-DA forming 2- S -glutathionyl-5- S -cysteinyldopamine the precursor of a number of glutathionyl conjugates of DHBT-1. These results raise the possibility that strategies which elevate intraneuronal levels of GSH in dopaminergic SN c cells in Parkinson's disease patients may block formation of the putative mitochondrial toxin DHBT-1 and hence be neuroprotective.
Ion specific influences on the stability and unfolding transitions of a naturally aggregating protein; RecA

The Escherichia coli RecA protein is a naturally aggregated protein complex that is affected by the presence of salts. In order to gain further insight into the nature of the ion-interactions on a naturally aggregating protein we used circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to study the effects of different concentrations of MgCl2, CaCl2, NaCl, Na2SO4, and MgSO4 on RecA structure and thermal unfolding. The results show unique ion influences on RecA structure, aggregation, unfolding transitions and stability and the anion effects correlate with the reverse Hofmeister series. The mechanisms of the ion-induced changes most likely result from specific ion binding, changes in the interfacial tension and altered protein-solvent interactions that may be especially important for protein-protein interactions in naturally aggregating proteins. The presence of some ions leads to the formation of RecA complexes that are resistant to complete denaturation and nonspecific aggregation.
Exploring How Second Grade Elementary Teachers Translate Their Nature of Science Views into Classroom Practice After a Graduate Level Nature of Science Course

The main purpose of this study was to explore the factors mediating the translation of second grade teachers’ nature of science (NOS) views into classroom practice after completing a graduate level NOS course. Four second grade in-service elementary teachers comprised the sample of this study. Data were collected from several sources during the course of this study. The primary data sources were (a) assessment of the elementary teachers’ NOS views before and after the graduate level NOS course using the Views of Nature of Science Questionnaire Version B (VNOS-B) (Lederman et al., 2002) coupled with interviews, and (b) a classroom observation and videotaped recording of the elementary teachers’ best NOS lessons coupled with interview. We identified three distinct but related factors that mediated the translation of NOS views into classroom practice: the teachers’ perspectives about the developmental appropriateness of the NOS aspect, the teachers’ selection of target NOS aspects, and the relative importance placed by teachers on each NOS aspect.
Sovereignty and territoriality in the city–state: A case study from the Amuq Valley, Turkey

Abstract This article investigates the relationship of state authority and territory in the city–state, using the Iron Age Syro-Anatolian culture of the ancient Near East as a case-study. Although more sophisticated spatial modeling of political authority has appeared in the past decade, archaeologists are still prone to assume that territoriality in ancient city–states operated according to a “container model” principle in which, like the modern state, political power is evenly distributed across the landscape within clear boundary divisions. The present work examines both the historical record from the Iron Age on the one hand, and regional settlement pattern data on the other, to evaluate the appropriateness of this conception of territory and power in the Syro-Anatolian city–state of Patina, located in southern Turkey. Textual accounts and gravity modeling of settlement distributions point toward a pattern of territoriality in which power was present inconsistently across the geographical extent of the city–state, and in which borderlines as conventionally drawn did not apply. I refer to this flexible relationship of authority and space as malleable territoriality.
The effect of diaminodurene on the delayed light and the carotenoid band shift in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.

Abstract 1. When 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine (diaminodurene), which is an activator of cyclic electron flow, was added to chromatophores isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides , it caused a large increase in the emission of delayed light measured at 5–10 ms after excitation. This increase was pH dependent, and ranged from 5–100 times the control intensity. Substances that counteract light-induced proton uptake, such as ammonium salts, amines and nigericin, caused a further increase in the delayed light emission. These compounds also markedly slowed a characteristic decline of the delayed light that occurs during sustained illumination. This decline in the delayed light may be related to the quenching of prompt fluorescence that is seen in the presence of diaminodurene. Substances, like valinomycin, that dissipate the membrane potential, almost completely abolish the diaminodurene-catalyzed increase in the delayed light. 2. Increases in the carotenoid band shift (measured between 450–550 nm) of between 1.8- and 3.0-fold were also found upon the addition of diaminodurene. As was the case with the delayed light, this effect was pH dependent, and was maximal at diaminodurene concentrations between 50–100 μM. The carotenoid band shift has been found to be an indicator of membrane potential in photosynthetic bacteria, and the above experiments also imply a strong connection between the membrane potential and the delayed light.
YIELD RESPONSE OF DAVIS SOYBEANS TO SIMULATED ACID RAIN AND GASEOUS POLLUTANTS IN THE FIELD

Summary The yield response of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Davis) to simulated acid rain in the presence of ambient or less-than-ambient levels of gaseous pollution was determined in the field. Open-top chambers were used to alter the levels of gaseous pollutants. An automatic rain simulation system was used to exclude ambient rain and apply rain simulants during natural rain events. These simulations mimicked natural rain events with respect to volume, duration, intensity and frequency. In addition, the intervals between simulated and natural rain events were the same, and therefore many of the potential experimental artifacts associated with scheduled rain simulant applications in earlier research were avoided. Variables measured in the experiment included seed, oil, and protein yield, stem weight, numbers of pods and seeds, and weight per seed. There were no statistically significant rain or chamber treatment effects on the measured variables except for weight per seed and protein yield. The presence of open-top chambers, when compared with plots without chambers, caused yield variables to be reduced 15 to 20%. There was no evidence to suggest that the response to rain acidity was affected by exposure to ambient or less-than-ambient levels of gaseous pollution.
Photothermal nanoblade for large cargo delivery into mammalian cells

We report a photothermal nanoblade that utilizes a metallic nanostructure to harvest laser pulse energy and convert it into a localized explosive vapor bubble, which rapidly punctures a lightly-contacting cell membrane via high-speed fluidic flows and induced transient shear stress. Integrating the metallic nanostructure with a micropipette, the nanoblade generates a micron-sized membrane access port for delivering concentrated cargo (5×108 bacteria/ml) with high efficiency (46%) and cell viability (>90%) into mammalian cells. Additional biologic and inanimate cargo over 3-orders of magnitude in size including DNA, 200 nm polystyrene beads to 2 µm bacteria have been delivered into multiple cell types.
Voting with a Hand on the Bible and Not on the Wallet: The 1996 Video Poker Referendum in Louisiana

. The 1996 gambling referendum in Louisiana provided a unique opportunity to study voters' preferences. At the time of the referendum, video poker machines legally operated in all of Louisiana's 64 parishes (counties). Video poker was voted down in 31 parishes and retained in 33 parishes. Voters also allowed the New Orleans land-based casino and 15 riverboat casinos to continue their operations. The extant horse racing and pari-mutuel betting were not voted on. We examine the economic, demographic, and religious factors that influenced how people voted on the issue of legalized video poker. This study is of interest because in recent years, legalized gambling has been expanding around the world. We know of no other referendum on gambling that covered an area as large as an entire U.S. state—all of Louisiana—and offered voters control over gambling in their locality. Months before the 1996 referendum, the news media suggested several factors that might determine the outcome of the vote. The media concluded that concern over jobs would be the major influence on the outcome. Other important factors included a campaign against gambling by Southern Baptist churches and the simultaneous national presidential election. We investigate whether these factors, along with demographic factors such as age and education, influenced the results of the gambling referendum. Surprisingly, we found no clear evidence that the economic health of a parish or the preexisting size of its gambling industry determined the vote. The presence of Southern Baptists in a parish increased the likelihood that gambling would be voted down. Democratic voters tended to vote for gambling, as did black voters. Age and education levels of voters did not appear to influence their votes on gambling. Voters in parishes that bordered other states were more likely to retain gambling. Overall, it appeared that personal values were more important in determining voter behavior than financial considerations. People were voting with their hearts, not their pocketbooks.
Longevity, Genes, and Aging

Until recently, biogerontology was a backwater of biology, but progress in the qualitative and quantitative genetic analysis of longevity has led to a revolution in aging research. This research has revealed that extended longevity is frequently associated with enhanced metabolic capacity and response to stress. Moreover, it suggests that there are multiple mechanisms of aging. Because of its complexity, the aging process takes us into the realm of integrative biology, and thus, biogerontology should prove instrumental in deciphering the functional and regulatory circuitry of the sequenced genome.
Structural Requirements for Basolateral Sorting of the Human Transferrin Receptor in the Biosynthetic and Endocytic Pathways of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells

In polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, the transferrin receptor (TR) is selectively delivered to the basolateral surface, where it internalizes transferrin via clathrin-coated pits and recycles back to the basolateral border. Mutant tailless receptors are sorted randomly in both the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways, indicating that the basolateral sorting of TR is dependent upon a signal located within the 61–amino acid cytoplasmic domain. To identify the basolateral sorting signal of TR, we have analyzed a series of mutant human TR expressed in MDCK cells. We find that residues 19–41 are sufficient for basolateral sorting from both the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways and that this is the only region of the TR cytoplasmic tail containing basolateral sorting information. The basolateral sorting signal is distinct from the YTRF internalization signal contained within this region and is not tyrosine based. Detailed functional analyses of the mutant TR indicate that residues 29–35 are the most important for basolateral sorting from the biosynthetic pathway. The structural requirements for basolateral sorting of internalized receptors from the endocytic pathway are not identical. The most striking difference is that alteration of G31DNS34 to YTRF impairs basolateral sorting of newly synthesized receptors from the biosynthetic pathway but not internalized receptors from the endocytic pathway. Also, mutations have been identified that selectively impair basolateral sorting of internalized TRs from the endocytic pathway without affecting basolateral sorting of newly synthesized receptors. These results imply that there are subtle differences in the recognition of the TR basolateral sorting signal by separate sorting machinery located within the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways.
Co-expression networks

Motivation: Microarray-based gene expression data have been generated widely to study different biological processes and systems. Gene co-expression networks are often used to extract information about groups of genes that are ‘functionally’ related or co-regulated. However, the structural properties of such co-expression networks have not been rigorously studied and fully compared with known biological networks. In this article, we aim at investigating the structural properties of co-expression networks inferred for the species Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and comparing them with the topological properties of the known, well-established transcriptional network, MIPS physical network and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of yeast. Results: These topological comparisons indicate that co-expression networks are not distinctly related with either the PPI or the MIPS physical interaction networks, showing important structural differences between them. When focusing on a more literal comparison, vertex by vertex and edge by edge, the conclusion is the same: the fact that two genes exhibit a high gene expression correlation degree does not seem to obviously correlate with the existence of a physical binding between the proteins produced by these genes or the existence of a MIPS physical interaction between the genes. The comparison of the yeast regulatory network with inferred yeast co-expression networks would suggest, however, that they could somehow be related. Conclusions: We conclude that the gene expression-based co-expression networks reflect more on the gene regulatory networks but less on the PPI or MIPS physical interaction networks. Contact: hongzhe@mail.med.upenn.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sex Pheromones of the Male and Female Pecan Weevil, Curculio caryae : Behavioral and Chemical Studies

Male and female pecan weevils, Curculio caryae (Horn), were shown to be attractive to the respective opposite sex in a newly developed laboratory bioassay. Extracts of males attracted females and vice versa. ( Z )-3,3-Dimethyl-∆1,β-cyclohexaneethanol (Cpd II of the pheromones of the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman) was isolated from an active extract of females and shown to possess some attractiveness to both sexes in a preliminary field bioassay.
An Analog VLSI Model of the Fly Elementary Motion Detector

Flies are capable of rapidly detecting and integrating visual motion information in behaviorly-relevant ways. The first stage of visual motion processing in flies is a retinotopic array of functional units known as elementary motion detectors (EMDs). Several decades ago, Reichardt and colleagues developed a correlation-based model of motion detection that described the behavior of these neural circuits. We have implemented a variant of this model in a 2.0-µm analog CMOS VLSI process. The result is a low-power, continuous-time analog circuit with integrated photoreceptors that responds to motion in real time. The responses of the circuit to drifting sinusoidal gratings qualitatively resemble the temporal frequency response, spatial frequency response, and direction selectivity of motion-sensitive neurons observed in insects. In addition to its possible engineering applications, the circuit could potentially be used as a building block for constructing hardware models of higher-level insect motion integration.
Experimental evaluation of error-detection mechanisms

Effective error-detection is paramount for building highly dependable computing systems. A new methodology, based on physical and simulated fault injection, has been developed for assessing the effectiveness of error-detection mechanisms. This approach has 2 steps: (1) transient faults are physically injected at the IC pin level of a prototype, in order to derive the error-detection coverage. Experiments are carried out in a 3-dimensional space of events. Fault location, time of occurrence, and duration of the injected fault are the dimensions of this space. (2) Simulated fault-injection is performed to assess the effectiveness of new error-detection mechanisms, designed to improve the detection coverage. Complex circuitry, based on checking for protocol violations, is considered. A temporal model of the protocol checker is used, and transient faults are injected in signal traces captured from the prototype system. These traces are used as inputs of the simulation engine. s-confidence intervals of the error-detection coverage are derived, both for the initial design and the new detection mechanism. Physical fault-injection, carried out on a prototype server, proved that several signals were sensitive to transient faults and error-detection coverage was unacceptably low. Simulated fault injection shows that an error-detection mechanism, based on checking for protocol violations, can appreciably increase the detection coverage, especially for transient faults longer that 200 nanoseconds. Additional research is required for improving the error-detection of shorter transients. Fault injection experiments also show that error-detection coverage is a function of fault duration: the shorter the transient fault, the lower the coverage. As a consequence, injecting faults that have a unique, predefined duration, as it was frequently done in the past, does not provide accurate information on the effectiveness of the error-detection mechanisms. Injecting only permanent faults leads to unrealistically high estimates of the coverage. These experiments prove that combined physical and simulated fault injection, performed in a 3-dimensional space of events, is a superior approach, which allows the designers to accurately assess the efficacy of various candidate error-detection mechanisms without building expensive test circuits.
Aspirin Dosing for the Prevention and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: An Indication-Specific Review of the Literature

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of aspirin for the treatment and prevention of ischemic stroke and identify the minimum dose proven to be effective for each indication.DATA SOURCES:PubMed and MEDLINE searches (up to January 2010) were performed to identify primary literature, using search terms including aspirin, stroke prevention, acute ischemic stroke, acetylsalicylic acid, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, and carotid endarterectomy. Additionally, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Articles published in English were evaluated and relevant primary literature evaluating the efficacy of aspirin in the prevention of stroke was included in this review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Antiplatelet therapy is the benchmark for the prevention of ischemic stroke. Aspirin has been proven to prevent ischemic stroke in a variety of settings. Despite the frequency at which aspirin continues to be prescribed in patients at risk of ischemic stroke, there rema...