cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
S-Glutathionylation: A Redox-Sensitive Switch Participating in Nitroso-Redox Balance

Chen et al Nature . 2010;468:1115–1118 Cysteine side chains of proteins are being increasingly appreciated as the site of major posttranslational modifications that exert profound degrees of protein regulation.1,–,3 One of the consequences of tissue nitroso-redox imbalance is a process by which regulatory thiols switch from a state of physiologic regulation by S-nitrosylation to a state of dysregulated function because of oxidation.4,5 A key example of this is well described for regulation of the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+- release channels 1 and 2.6,–,13 The interaction between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species can lead to the inactivation of nitric oxide (NO), formation of further highly reactive nitrogen species, such as peroxynitrite, or the dysregulation of biological signaling processes via irreversible oxidative modification of protein thiol moieties.5 It is increasingly recognized that an important posttranslational modification of thiols within this spectrum of biochemical reactions is that of S-glutathionylation.14,–,16 In a recent report in Nature , Chen and colleagues17 describe a fascinating feed forward system, in which a redox shift enhances S-glutathionylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS or NOS3) (Figure). This modification, in turn, shifts eNOS from an NO-generating enzyme to a producer of ROS. Figure. Schematic representation of oxidative stress-mediated S-glutathionylation …
Teaching Parents of Children with Autism to Perform Functional Assessments to Plan Interventions for Extremely Disruptive Behaviors

Parents of children with autism often face unique challenges when attempting to understand and address their children's difficulty. Although professionals have used functional assessment to help de...
Rescuing Inclusive Legal Positivism from the Charge of Inconsistency

Scott Shapiro argues that moral rules validated by any inclusive rule of recognition can make neither an epistemic nor a motivational difference to the practical reasoning of the agents of a legal system. I argue that Shapiro's argument fails because he is using a wrong conception of content-independent reasons, moral rules can be intended to be peremptory reasons for acting, and moral rules validated by any inclusive rule of recognition can pass Shapiro's counterfactual test.
Integrated Management and Visualization of Electronic Tag Data with Tagbase

Electronic tags have been used widely for more than a decade in studies of diverse marine species. However, despite significant investment in tagging programs and hardware, data management aspects have received insufficient attention, leaving researchers without a comprehensive toolset to manage their data easily. The growing volume of these data holdings, the large diversity of tag types and data formats, and the general lack of data management resources are not only complicating integration and synthesis of electronic tagging data in support of resource management applications but potentially threatening the integrity and longer-term access to these valuable datasets. To address this critical gap, Tagbase has been developed as a well-rounded, yet accessible data management solution for electronic tagging applications. It is based on a unified relational model that accommodates a suite of manufacturer tag data formats in addition to deployment metadata and reprocessed geopositions. Tagbase includes an integrated set of tools for importing tag datasets into the system effortlessly, and provides reporting utilities to interactively view standard outputs in graphical and tabular form. Data from the system can also be easily exported or dynamically coupled to GIS and other analysis packages. Tagbase is scalable and has been ported to a range of database management systems to support the needs of the tagging community, from individual investigators to large scale tagging programs. Tagbase represents a mature initiative with users at several institutions involved in marine electronic tagging research.
SOI/bulk hybrid technology on SIMOX wafers for high performance circuits with good ESD immunity

A new SOI/bulk hybrid technology with devices on both the thin film and the bottom substrate of SIMOX wafers has been studied. By fabricating ESD protection circuits on the substrate of SIMOX wafers, ESD reliability of high performance CMOS SOI circuits can be significantly improved. Despite the higher surface defect density and micro-roughness on the bottom substrate of SIMOX wafers compared to ordinary bulk wafers, similar electron mobility, intrinsic thermal oxide properties and hot-carrier degradation are observed among MOSFET's fabricated on the different substrates. Thus, the hybrid technology is capable of combining the advantages both of SOI and bulk technology in fabricating high performance circuits. >
Adhesion of malignant mammary tumor cells MDA-MB-231 to microvessel wall increases microvascular permeability via degradation of endothelial surface glycocalyx.

To investigate the effect of tumor cell adhesion on microvascular permeability (P) in intact microvessels, we measured the adhesion rate of human mammary carcinoma MDA-MB-231, the hydraulic conduct...
Signal representation guided synthesis using carry-save adders for synchronous data-path circuits

Arithmetic transformations using carry-save adders have been exploited recently in design automation but existing transformation approaches only optimize combinatorial functions. Most applications need synchronous circuits and it is known that techniques that move the positions of the registers, such as retiming, can significantly reduce the cycle time of a synchronous circuit. However, retiming disregards arithmetic transformations and its power is limited by the circuit topology. This work is the first to exploit carry-save arithmetic transformations together with the moving of the register positions. To enable such transformations, we first propose the use of a new multiple-vector signal representation. Next, we use multiple-vector signal representation as a common guide for all of our simultaneous carry-save arithmetic transformations with the moving of the register positions. Specifically, we propose, operation forward and operation backward carry-save transformations, which are transformations across register boundaries. We also propose operation duplicate and operation merge transformations to exploit the resource sharing and timing trade-offs in the implementation of a multiple-fanout network. Finally, we propose an efficient and effective heuristic that selectively applies a sequence of transformations to optimize the timing and the area of a synchronous circuit. Experimental results show that the proposed techniques significantly out-perform previous approaches.
Modulation of Toll-interleukin 1 receptor mediated signaling.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the Toll–interleukin 1 receptor superfamily, which is defined by a common intracellular Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. A group of TIR domain containing adaptors (MyD88, TIRAP, TRIF and TRAM), are differentially recruited to the Toll-IL-1 receptors, contributing to the specificity of signaling. The IL-1 mediated signaling pathway serves as a “prototype” for other family members. Genetic and biochemical studies reveal that IL-1R uses adaptor molecule MyD88 to mediate a very complex pathway, involving a cascade of kinases organized by multiple adapter molecules into signaling complexes, leading to activation of the transcription factor NFκB. Several Toll-like receptors utilize variations of the “prototype” pathway by employing different adaptor molecules. Double-stranded RNA triggered, TLR3-mediated signaling is independent of MyD88, IRAK4, and IRAK. The adapter molecule TRIF is utilized by TLR3 to mediate the activation of NFκB and IRF3. LPS-induced, TLR4-mediated signaling employs multiple TIR-domain containing adaptors, MyD88/TIRAP to mediate NFκB activation, TRIF/TRAM for IRF3 activation. Recent studies have also begun to unravel how these pathways are negatively regulated. SIGIRR (also known as TIR8), a member of TIR superfamily that does not activate the transcription factors NFκB and IRF3, instead negatively modulates responses. Cells from SIGIRR-null mice show enhanced activation in response to either IL-1 or certain Toll ligands. In addition to SIGIRR, several other negative regulators have been shown to inhibit the TIR signaling, including ST2, IRAKM, MyD88s, SOCS1, and Triad3A. The coordinated positive and negative regulation of the TIR signaling ensures the appropriate modulation of the innate and inflammatory responses
Back and forth constructions in modal logic: An interpolation theorem for a family of modal logics

Etude abstraite de la theorie des modeles des logiques modales. Etablissement d'une propriete d'interpolation uniforme
Flow past a plate in the vicinity of a free surface

Abstract Two-dimensional transient simulations are performed to investigate characteristics of flow past a plate normal to a stream. Free surface effects on the flow dynamics are the primary focus of this study. Varying plate depths are simulated to examine the variation of force coefficients and vortex shedding patterns. The k–ω Shear Stress Transport (k–ω SST) turbulence model and Volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase model are employed to predict characteristics of free surface flow. Flow past the plates is simulated at distances of 0.75 m, 0.06 m, 0.05 m, 0.045 m, and 0.03 m below the free surface with corresponding local Froude numbers (Fr) of 0.18, 0.65, 0.71, 0.75, and 0.92. As the plate gets closer to the surface the drag coefficient decreases from 3.86 (Fr=0.18) to 2.18 (Fr=0.92) and the Strouhal number increases from 0.125 (Fr=0.18) to 0.355 (Fr=0.92). A jet-like flow formed from the surface is observed on top of the plate. Vortices from the top surface of the plate dissipate into smaller eddies due to the free surface presence, resulting in asymmetric vortex shedding downstream. Flows presented here are beneficial for designing and optimizing systems that harvest energy from marine currents.
Deep sparse coding based recursive disaggregation model for water conservation

The increasing demands on drinkable water, along with population growth, water-intensive agriculture and economic development, pose critical challenges to water sustainability. New techniques to long-term water conservation that incorporate principles of sustainability are expected. Recent studies have shown that providing customers with usage information of fixtures could help them save a considerable amount of water. Existing disaggregation techniques focus on learning consumption patterns for individual devices. Little attention has been given to the hierarchical decomposition structure of the aggregated consumption. In this paper, a Deep Sparse Coding based Recursive Disaggregation Model (DSCRDM) is proposed for water conservation. We design a recursive decomposition structure to perform the disaggregation task, and introduce sequential set to capture its characteristics. An efficient and effective algorithm deep sparse coding is developed to automatically learn the disaggregation architecture, along with discriminative and reconstruction dictionaries for each layer. We demonstrated that our proposed approach significantly improved the performance of the benchmark methods on a large scale disaggregation task and illustrated how our model could provide practical feedbacks to customers for water conservation.
Design of a Novel Equi-Biaxial Stretcher for Live Cellular and Subcellular Imaging

Cells in the body experience various mechanical stimuli that are often essential to proper cell function. In order to study the effects of mechanical stretch on cell function, several devices have been built to deliver cyclic stretch to cells; however, they are generally not practical for live cell imaging. We introduce a novel device that allows for live cell imaging, using either an upright or inverted microscope, during the delivery of cyclic stretch, which can vary in amplitude and frequency. The device delivers equi-biaxial strain to cells seeded on an elastic membrane via indentation of the membrane. Membrane area strain was calibrated to indenter depth and the device showed repeatable and accurate delivery of strain at the scale of individual cells. At the whole cell level, changes in intracellular calcium were measured at different membrane area strains, and showed an amplitude-dependent response. At the subcellular level, the mitochondrial network was imaged at increasing membrane area strains to demonstrate that stretch can lead to mitochondrial fission in lung fibroblasts. The device is a useful tool for studying transient as well as long-term mechanotransduction as it allows for simultaneous stretching and imaging of live cells in the presence of various chemical stimuli.
In between the Seats: The Intimate Interiors of Nairobi's Mini-Bus Taxis

Kenya’s mini-bus taxis, commonly called matatus, carry from fourteen to forty-eight people at a time, through some of the worst congestion in the world. The vehicles itself then becomes an important site for processes and practices of identification. The space of a matatu vehicle itself, from the exterior expressions of pop culture and moving art pieces to the interior space of stickers, videos, music and movies, generates particular social processes, relationships, and reflexive practices of self-identification. These practices result in the creation and dissemination of meanings, representation, and even language, in a very way that is very specifically ties to the informality and mobility of the matatu sector. These practices, performed by the operators and passengers alike, crosscut, create, maintain and challenge ideas about gender, sexuality, politics, class, morality and religion. The unique space of the matatu vehicle and the practices of choosing a vehicle and the experience of the shared space of a small vehicle and the outcomes of this intimacy are the focus of this paper.
Morphophonemics of Swahili verb suffixes

This exhaustive treatment of morphophonological processes in Swahili verb suffixes assumes that the morphophonemics of a language is a part of its overall phonological system. Two cases of alternation in Swahili verb suffixes are discussed which reflect responses of the phonology to historical pressures from outside the phonology. An analytical problem in the derivation of Swahili's passive morphology is claimed to arise from the communicative problem of keeping the passive distinct in all contexts. An influx of loan words has likewise put pressure on the phonology to maintain some sort of order that will facilitate communication. Though these processes are not 'natural' in the same sense that strictly phonological rules are claimed to be, they are certainly 'natural' in their own way. More importantly, they should tell us just as much about the nature of phonological systems as rules that reflect phonetic constraints.
Can model-free reinforcement learning explain deontological moral judgments?

Abstract Dual-systems frameworks propose that moral judgments are derived from both an immediate emotional response, and controlled/rational cognition. Recently Cushman (2013) proposed a new dual-system theory based on model-free and model-based reinforcement learning. Model-free learning attaches values to actions based on their history of reward and punishment, and explains some deontological, non-utilitarian judgments. Model-based learning involves the construction of a causal model of the world and allows for far-sighted planning; this form of learning fits well with utilitarian considerations that seek to maximize certain kinds of outcomes. I present three concerns regarding the use of model-free reinforcement learning to explain deontological moral judgment. First, many actions that humans find aversive from model-free learning are not judged to be morally wrong. Moral judgment must require something in addition to model-free learning. Second, there is a dearth of evidence for central predictions of the reinforcement account—e.g., that people with different reinforcement histories will, all else equal, make different moral judgments. Finally, to account for the effect of intention within the framework requires certain assumptions which lack support. These challenges are reasonable foci for future empirical/theoretical work on the model-free/model-based framework.
The distribution and fate of 3 H-glucose and 3 H-galactose in oocytes of Oryzias latipes

The distribution and fate of 3H-glucose and 3H-galactose and the formation of the cortical alveoli in the oocytes of the teleost Oryzias latipes were investigated. Fish were given intraperitoneal injections of either labeled hexose, and the relative amounts of each were measured in autoradiographs prepared for light and electron microscopy. There were significant differences in the amounts of each hexose in the oocytes at all time intervals studied. During the earlier time periods, the oocyte incorporates more 3H-glucose than 3H-galactose in both the cytoplasmic and cortical alveoli compartments; however, the overall rate of formation of the cortical alveoli appears to be similar for the two tracers. Electron microscopic autoradiographs reveal the participation of cytoplasmic elements, e.g., endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, in the formation of the cortical alveoli. The chorion does not incorporate significant amounts of either tracer, while the yolk granules contain small but significant amounts.
Immovable food storage facilities, knowledge, and landscape in non-sedentary societies: Perspectives from northern Michigan

Abstract Physical food storage in immovable facilities, typically categorized as large-scale storage, is used as a scarcity mitigation strategy by some small-scale, relatively low density, non-sedentary hunter–gatherer (and low-level horticulturalist) societies. When mobile societies rely on immovable food storage facilities, they face particular technological and landscape placement challenges that must be navigated to reduce the risks of facility failure and realize scarcity mediation. We explore how the materiality and spatial positioning of immovable food storage facilities themselves can encode knowledge necessary for these facilities to form a reliable food storage system. We suggest immovable food storage facilities be understood as emplaced features, that is, as features whose placement in the landscape is the result of, but also subsequently the producer of, socioecological knowledge. We explore these ideas through a case study in the northern Great Lakes region. During the Late Precontact period (ca. AD 1000/1100–1600), socioeconomic shifts pushed communities into increasingly spatially and seasonally restricted annual mobility rounds. The region’s relatively low density, egalitarian, non-sedentary hunter–gatherer–fisher and low-level horticulturalist societies turned to physical food storage in immovable facilities, in the form of subterranean cache pits, to circumvent the risks posed by socioecological variability. Exploring one inland lake landscape in detail, we find cache pit storage facilities were purposefully planned and built in ways that successfully navigated the technological and landscape placement challenges of immovable food storage in this specific setting. We found the enduring presence and use of these immovable food storage facilities in the landscape encoded and transmitted knowledge about sustaining successful food storage across spatially and temporally dispersed groups. Cache pits were emplaced features that served to enhance community well-being in the increasingly restricted socioeconomic context of Late Precontact.
Telomerase expression in human breast cancer with and without lymph node metastases.

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes telomeric DNA onto the ends of chromosomes, thereby preventing the replication-dependent shortening of these ends. Telomerase activity is detected in a wide range of cancers of various tissues, and its expression may be a critical step in tumor progression. The telomeric repeat amplification protocol was used to compare telomerase activity in breast cancers with and without lymph node metastases, as well as in fibroadenomas and normal breast tissue. Expression of telomerase was detected in 22 (79%) of 28 primary breast cancers, which included 16 (73%) of 22 cancers positive and 6 (100%) of 6 cancers negative for axillary lymph node metastases. It was detected in 1 (11%) of 9 fibroadenomas but was negative in 13 normal breast tissues. There was no statistical difference in expression of telomerase between axillary node-negative primary breast cancers and similar tumors with nodal metastasis ( P = .289). Further, no statistical association was found between telomerase activity and tumor size ( P = .679) or hormonal status ( P =.178). The difference in telomerase activity among breast cancers vs fibroadenomas and normal breast tissues, however, was statistically significant ( P < .001). Although normal breast tissue does not express telomerase, both node-positive and node-negative breast cancers express telomerase. The possible significance of telomerase expression in fibroadenomas remains open to further investigation.
Effect of Stoichiometry on the Activation of Implanted Si in MBE-grown GaAs on Si

In this work, activation of Si implanted into GaAs-on-Si layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is studied. We have found that activation efficiency of implanted Si is lower in GaAs on Si than in bulk GaAs and varies widely. By studying the activation of non-amphoteric dopants such as Be and S, we have found that no donor- or acceptor-like defects exist in high concentrations in GaAs on Si and that amphoteric behavior of Si is the major compensation mechanism in MBE-grown GaAs on Si. Increased Si-acceptor concentration and S activation in GaAs on Si are apparently due to a high density of As vacancies which result from a low V(As):III(Ga) flux ratio during growth. The effect of the threading dislocations does not appear to be significant compared to that of As vacancies as no correlation is found between the density of threading dislocations and implanted Si activation.
A Subpopulation of Label-Retaining Cells of the Kidney Papilla Regenerates Injured Kidney Medullary Tubules

To determine whether adult kidney papillary label-retaining cells (pLRCs) are specialized precursors, we analyzed their transcription profile. Among genes overexpressed in pLRCs, we selected candidate genes to perform qPCR and immunodetection of their encoded proteins. We found that Zfyve27, which encodes protrudin, identified a subpopulation of pLRCs. With Zfyve27-CreERT2 transgenic and reporter mice we generated bitransgenic animals and performed cell-lineage analysis. Post tamoxifen, Zfyve27-CreERT2 marked cells preferentially located in the upper part of the papilla. These cells were low cycling and did not generate progeny even after long-term observation, thus they did not appear to contribute to kidney homeostasis. However, after kidney injury, but only if severe, they activated a program of proliferation, migration, and morphogenesis generating multiple and long tubular segments. Remarkably these regenerated tubules were located preferentially in the kidney medulla, indicating that repair of injury in the kidney is regionally specified. These results suggest that different parts of the kidney have different progenitor cell pools.
Can technology improve teaching of public health and social/behavioral sciences?

As lifelong dental educators, we have strived in each of our specialty fields to improve the education process and ultimately to improve the profession and our patients’ lives. Clinical innovations have dominated, starting with the high-speed handpiece technology that dramatically changed the
Spinal injuries in children: role of MR

PURPOSE To define the clinical and prognostic role of MR in a pediatric population with spinal cord injury. METHODS Fifteen children underwent MR 12 hours to 2 months postinjury using decoupled surface coils and ventilator support as needed. MR was correlated retrospectively with clinical, CT, and radiographic findings. RESULTS On MR, of seven children with spinal cord neurologic deficits, four had hemorrhagic contusions, one had nonhemorrhagic contusion, one had extensive infarction, and one revealed a normal cord. All had persistent deficits on hospital discharge. Eight without cord neurologic deficit revealed no cord lesions on MR; this group included two with epidural hematoma, four with ligamentous disruption, and two with bone compression. CONCLUSIONS Children may have extensive cord contusion and/or infarction with minor, remote, or no fracture dislocation. Because both hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic cord lesions found on MR were associated with significant, persistent cord deficits, the authors conclude that MR provides a practical tool for diagnosis/prognosis in children with acute/subacute spinal injury.
Laboratory evaluation of electrostatic spray wet scrubber to control particulate matter emissions from poultry facilities

ABSTRACTParticulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant from animal production with significant impacts on human health and the environment. Abatement of PM emissions is imperative and effective PM control technologies are strongly needed. In this work, an electrostatic spray wet scrubber (ESWS) technology designed for removal of PM (PM10 and PM2.5) emissions from poultry facilities was evaluated under simulated laboratory conditions. Effects of primary operating parameters – including charging voltage (0–14 kV), air speed (0.5–3.5 ms−1), droplet diameter (100–300 µm), and PM concentration (1–5 mg m−3) on the PM removal performance of the ESWS – were investigated. Predictive empirical models for PM10 and PM2.5 removal efficiencies were also developed. The preliminary results showed that the ESWS technology reduced emissions of PM10 by 85–94% and PM2.5 by 85–88% with a charging voltage of 7 kV, air speed of 0.5–0.75 m s−1, and droplet diameter of 100–150 µm. The water consumption rate was approximately 2....
On the evolution of Cu-Ni-rich bridges of Alnico alloys with tempering

Abstract Tempering is a critical step in Alnico alloy processing, yet the effects of tempering on microstructure have not been well studied. Here we report these effects, and in particular the effects on the Cu-Ni bridges. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) maps and line scans show that tempering changes the elemental distribution in the Cu-Ni bridges, but not the morphology and distribution of Cu-bridges. The Cu concentration in the Cu-Ni bridges increases after tempering while other element concentrations decrease, especially Ni and Al. Furthermore, tempering sharpens the Cu bridge boundaries. These effects are primarily related to the large 2C 44 /(C 11 −C 12 ) ratio for Cu, largest of all elements in Alnico. In addition, the Ni-Cu loops around the α 1 phases become inconspicuous with tempering. The diffusion of Fe and Co to the α 1 phase during tempering, which increases the difference of saturation magnetization between the α 1 and α 2 phases, is observed by EDS. In summary, α 1 , α 2 and Cu-bridges are concentrated with their major elements during tempering which improves the magnetic properties. The formation of these features formed through elemental diffusion is discussed via energy theories.
Findings from Prince George's County Police Department

this chapter focuses on the Prince George's County Police Department (PGPD), and mirrors work done in conjunction with the Miami-Dade Police Department (Chapters 3 through 5). The PGPD section of this book includes descriptions of both officer and suspect characteristics and an analysis of the patterns of interaction of primary officers and suspects (both sober and impaired). Rather than dedicate an entire chapter to sequential analyses (as we do with MDPD in Chapter 5), we incorporate them into this chapter, largely because of the limited data available. As in Chapter 3, an officer's level of force is analyzed relative to the level of suspect resistance using the Force Factor, an index incorporating both officer force and suspect resistance. Due to limited data, we do not focus on the inconsistencies we were able to highlight in the Miami-Dade analysis. However, this chapter does make a significant contribution to the research in this field, and provides further support for both our findings in Chapter 7 and the conceptual framework we propose in Chapter 8. The data from PGPD were collected during the first six months of 1999 and are based on 244 incidents. The Prince George's County data did not have very many cases with low levels of resistance, which indicates that either force was not frequently used or reports were not filed unless there was significant resistance. It is unclear whether this indicates a reporting bias or a complete population of events.
“Courts Have Twisted Themselves into Knots”: U.S. Copyright Protection for Applied Art

In copyright law, the marriage of beauty and utility often proves fraught. Domestic and international lawmakers have struggled to determine whether, and to what extent, copyright should cover works that are both artistic and functional. The U.S. Copyright Act protects a work of applied art “only if, and only to the extent that, its design incorporates pictorial, graphic, or sculptural features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article.” While the policy goal to separate the aesthetic from the functional is clear, courts’ application of the statutory “separability” standard has become so complex and incoherent that the U.S. Supreme Court has agreed to hear an appeal from a case in which the appellate court, echoing sister Circuits, expressed the lament quoted in the title of this Article. The Article will review the genesis and application of the statutory standard, with illustrations from several of the cases, and will offer two conclusions and a legislative proposal. First, the controversy before the Court does not concern the “design of a useful article,” and therefore does not require the Court to resolve the meaning of “separability.” The Varsity Brands case nonetheless reveals the importance of ascertaining whether the contested design is in fact the design of a “useful article.” A pre-existing pictorial, graphic or sculptural work applied to a useful article is not itself a useful article, and courts need not “twist themselves into knots” endeavoring to parse the meaning of the statutory separability standard. Were the Supreme Court to decline to reach separability on the ground that resolution of the Varsity Brands dispute does not in fact require it, some might be disappointed that the Court would fail to tidy the disarray in the lower courts over separability. But the predicate issue—what is the design of a “useful article”—also warrants more attention than lower courts have given it. Thus, were the Court to leave separability to a case that in fact poses that issue, the Court would still contribute to clarifying this area of copyright law. Second, the statutory requirements of separate identifiability and independent existence apply to “features” of the design, not to the entire shape of a useful article; attempts (including those ventured by this Article) to extend separability analysis to the useful article’s form as a whole prove unworkable. Accordingly, rather than continuing to struggle with an intractable statutory copyrightability standard, this Article proposes the enlargement of Title 17’s sui generis design protection regime to cover original designs of most useful articles.
Bill Clinton and Reluctant Interventions into the Balkans

This chapter relates why an ethnically and religiously diverse Yugoslavia’s fragmentation into bloodshed grabbed international attention. The civil war pulled at the UN, NATO, European states, and Washington for resolution. Clinton pursued a detachment strategy, struggling to remain disengaged until near the end of his first term. When it endangered his reelection, he reluctantly worked through NATO to bomb Serbia to relent over Bosnia’s bid for independence. The next shoe fell when Kosovo erupted in violence against Serb rule. Again, Clinton relied on NATO and bombing rather than ground forces to resolve the conflict. Afterward, Clinton returned to disengagement when confronted with calls for action against Iraq and the terrorist al Qaeda network. He passed peacekeeping operations off to others in Sierra Leone and East Timor.
Engaging and Exploring: Cortical Circuits for Adaptive Foraging Decisions

Impulsivity is a profound source of poor decision making, often bringing suffering to both person and polity. Although impulsivity attends psychiatric disorders such as addiction, pathological gambling, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder, almost everyone makes impulsive decisions that disregard the long-term consequences of our actions in favor of the near-term allure of immediate temptations. Deliberating between long-term benefits and short-term rewards is also a hallmark of foraging decisions, probably the most fundamental of all challenges confronted by mobile organisms. Behavioral studies confirm theoretical predictions that foragers compute the value of current offers, track background reward rates over different temporal and spatial scales, and update strategies in response to changes in the environment. These observations suggest that the execution of foraging computations is fundamental for understanding the organization of the nervous system. Here, we describe a process model for making foraging choices that integrates the value of short-term options and compares that value to a decision threshold determined by long-term reward rates. In addition, the role of interrupts and optimization routines are here incorporated for the first time into a foraging framework, by adapting decision thresholds to changes in the environment. A core network of brain areas, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex, under the modulatory influence of dopamine and norepinephrine, executes these computations and implements these processes. Our model provocatively implies that maladaptive impulsive choices can result from dysregulated foraging neurocircuitry.
SpiderX: Fast XML Exploration System

Keyword search in XML has gained popularity as it enables users to easily access XML data without the need of learning query languages and studying complex data schemas. In XML keyword search, query semantics is based on the concept of Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA), e.g., SLCA and ELCA. However, LCA-based search methods depend heavily on hierarchical structures of XML data, which may result in meaningless answers. To obtain desired answers, a successful system should be able to (i) match a semantic entity for each keyword, (ii) discover the relationships of the matched entities, (iii) support efficient query processing, (iv) release users from having the knowledge of the XML content, and (v) visualize the search results. None of the existing XML keyword search systems completely meet the above requirements. In this paper, we design a system called SpiderXto completely solves the above challenges. We propose a query semantics Entity-Relationship Graph (ERG), which adopts the RDF subject-predicate-object semantics to capture the information of search entities along with associated attributes and the relationships between entities. SpiderX proposes a novel index structure, which has small space cost by combining the optimizations of column databases and the data compression schemes. In addition, SpiderX processes queries in a bottom-up way to achieve high performance, which is about 100X faster than the state-of-the-art algorithms. To demonstrate the high performance of SpiderX, we implement an online demo for SpiderX, which operating on three real-life datasets. The demo also provides (1) query auto-completion to guide users to formulate queries; and (2) visualization panel to display the query answers, which interacts with users by providing zoom-in and zoom-out exploration features. Demo link: http://chunbinlin.com/spiderx.
In Situ TEM Investigation of ZnO Nanowires during Sodiation and Lithiation Cycling

The development of sodium-ion batteries has drawn lots of attention recently due to the low-cost and eco-friendly sodium source. However, a fundamental understanding of the sodiation behavior for commonly used electrode materials is still limited. Here, combining in situ transmission electron microscopy, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and ex situ battery cycling tests, the lithiation and sodiation behavior of ZnO nanowires is investigated. The findings show a direct correlation between the mechanical behavior of the lithiated/sodiated ZnO nanowires and their electrochemical cyclability. The mechanical brittleness of LiZn and the formation of nanocracks lead to the poor cyclability of Li-ion batteries with a ZnO anode. However, the sodiated ZnO nanowires show profuse dislocation plasticity. The observed high-density dislocations offer the sodiated ZnO anode more ductility and subsequently better cyclability than its Li-ion counterpart. The results reveal the importance of understanding the correlation between mechanical properties of battery electrodes and their cycling abilities.
Literature on Experimental Design and Discussion of Some Topics Not Covered in the Text

In this last chapter, we have two goals. The first is to acquaint the reader with several references in the field of experimental design and the second is to introduce some additional topics in experimental design and provide references for them.
Molecular characteristics of mumps viruses isolated in Taiwan from 2006 to 2016

Sixteen mumps virus (MuV) sequences collected in Taiwan between 2006 and 2016 were characterized as genotype F (n = 1), G (n = 7), H (n = 4), J (n = 2), and K (n = 2). Mumps genotype F strain was imported from China in 2008 which was in accordance with the epidemic genotype in China. The Philippines was indicated as export country of three genotype H strains in 2007-2010 and Vietnam as export country of one genotype K strain in 2016 that matched with genotypes described in previous reports. Four strains of genotype G were imported from Japan, Thailand, Malaysia and Myanmar individually indicated that genotype G spreads widely in Asia as well as in the global. In this study, mumps strains of genotype G was first reported in relation to import from Malaysia and Myanmar. Furthermore, Indonesia was referred to export MuV of genotype J in 2007 for the first time. Molecular genotyping benefits the differentiation of circulating mumps viruses and can be used to investigate the transmission pathways. The dynamic genotypes of imported cases revealed the epidemic genotypes in nearby countries.
Differential expression of STAT1 and STAT3 in peritoneal and tumor-associated macrophages from mice bearing advanced tumors contribute to their diverse immunosuppressive properties

250 During cancer progression, a suppressive immune response occurs in the tumor microenvironment, mainly due to the presence of immature myeloid cells and macrophages. Although there is no strong evidence in favor of a decreased systemic immune response until terminal phases of the disease, there are some indications that at locations distant from the tumor, immune cells may already be semi polarized in their degrees of immune proficiency. We have previously shown that thioglycollate-elicited macrophages from mice bearing advanced D1-DMBA3 mammary tumors (T-PEMs) are profoundly dysfunctional, expressing decreased levels of IL-12 and nitric oxide. We have also demonstrated that this impairment is associated with decreased expression and nuclear translocation of NFkB in these cells, providing evidence for a certain degree of immune deficiency in locations distant from advanced tumors. Moreover, NFkB has been shown by several investigators to be constitutively activated in tumor cells and in myeloid cells from tumor hosts, contributing to the inflammatory activity associated with initial stages of tumorigenesis. Transcription factor STAT3 has also been found to be constitutively activated in tumor cells. STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling pathways were originally discovered in the context of normal cytokine signaling. STAT1 is obligatory for interferon (IFN) signaling, whereas STAT3 is inducible by IL-6 signaling. Increased STAT3 activity in tumor cells and in tumor-associated cells negatively influences the expression of immune-stimulating molecules. In contrast, IFN-mediated activation of STAT1 is required to mediate an antitumor immune response, and the important role of STAT1 in the regulation of iNOS activity has also been clearly demonstrated. Interestingly, increased levels of STAT3 but undetectable STAT1 activity in myeloid cells from the spleens of tumor bearing mice has been previously reported, but opposite results have been detected in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) by the same authors. We have recently shown that whereas TAM from D1-DMBA3 bearing mice behave as M2 macrophages, T-PEM are in a M1/M2 interface, already showing some degree of immune suppression. Furthermore, we found that these T-PEM consistently exhibit decreased expression of STAT1 and phospho STAT1 but variable levels of STAT3 and phospho STAT3, whereas TAM show decreased function of NFkB with increased levels of both STAT1/phospho STAT1 and STAT3/phospho STAT3. We believe that our results provide evidence for the existence of different levels of immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment and the periphery of tumor hosts.
Taxonomic Revision and Vicariance Biogeography of the Central and South American Ghost Moth Genus Druceiella (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

The genus DruceiellaViette, 1949 (Lepidoptera, Exoporia, Hepialidae), is re-described for seven species. Monophyly of the genus is supported by four autapomorphies: 1) a posteriorly emarginated eighth tergite with extended right lobe in the male; 2) a white-edged cubital spot on the forewing; 3) white scales on cross-vein CuA1–CuA2 in the male forewing; and 4) cubital spot extending posteriorly from CuA2 but not reaching the anal vein or posterior wing margin. The previously named species Druceiella amazonensisViette, 1950, Druceiella metellus (Druce, 1890), and Druceiella momus (Druce, 1890) are validated, and Druceiella basirubra (Schaus, 1901) is a new junior synonym of Druceiella metellus (Druce, 1890). Three new species are proposed: Druceiella beckeri, Druceiella hillmani, and Druceiella mielkei. The immediate sister group of Druceiella was not determined, but potential candidate taxa were identified as Pfitzneriana Viette, 1952, and ‘Phassus’ [incertae sedis] guianensisSchaus, 1940. The distribution of Druceiella species between Central America and southern Bolivia-Brazil is explained as the result of vicariance followed by subsequent dispersal and sympatry of some species.
A short note on: There is no graph G with GSR≅ Kr,s,r,s≥2

Abstract The strong resolving graph G S R of a connected graph G was introduced by Oellermann and Peters-Fransen (2007) as a tool to study the strong metric dimension of G . Recently, Kuziak et al. (2018) studied the realization and characterization problems of strong resolving graphs and they pose a conjecture: The graph equation G S R ≅ K r , s has no solution for any r , s ≥ 2 . In this paper we give a positive answer to this conjecture.
Cationic copolymerization of isosorbide towards value-added poly(vinyl ethers)

Biomass-derived isosorbide (IS) was converted into a mono-glycal (i.e. vinyl ether) derivative (Gly-IS) to investigate its efficacy for cationic polymerization. While homopolymerization was unsuccessful, likely due to the steric demand near the propagating cationic site, copolymerization with isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) revealed great promise for the use of Gly-IS as a rigid and sustainable comonomer. Traditional cationic methods yielded copolymers with IBVE, but the incorporation of Gly-IS was hindered by the propensity for Lewis acids to catalyze a ring-opening reaction driven by aromatization to a chiral furan analog. This reaction was discovered to be significantly sequestered through the use of metal-free photoinitiated cationic copolymerization methods that are void of Lewis acid reagents, yielding a much higher incorporation of Gly-IS (up to 42 mol%) into the copolymer. The rigidity and chirality of the Gly-IS repeating unit was found to increase the glass transition temperature (Tg) up to 25 °C with 33 mol% incorporation at modest molar mass (10.4 kg mol−1) while all copolymers displayed thermal stability up to 320 °C under inert atmosphere. Due to its chiral structure, specific optical rotation [α] of the copolymer also increased with incorporation of Gly-IS. Therefore, Gly-IS presents opportunity as a sustainable and value-added comonomer to modulate the properties of common poly(vinyl ether) systems.
Sources of health information used by Qatari adolescents.

Background In Qatar, health media campaigns and applications (apps) have not been particularly successful among adolescents. Arab culture suggests personal communication as a promising alternative. Aims This study aimed to assess the importance of personal communication for health information among Qatari adolescents compared with other sources. Methods A secondary analysis of a representative sample of 1117 Qatari adolescents was done in 2017 of their sources of health information. Data were analysed according to age group and sex. Results Personal communication was the most important source of health information (particularly parents and friends), together with a few selected Internet platforms for both sexes and age groups. Significantly more females used parents and Instagram as a source of health information than males (P ≤ 0.01). Males used traditional media channels, online forums and Facebook significantly more often than females (all P < 0.001). Siblings, doctors/nurses, Twitter and Wikipedia were significantly more important for older adolescents (P < 0.05). Younger respondents relied on YouTube and health classes significantly more than older adolescents (P < 0.05). Conclusions Providers of health information for adolescents should take advantage of personal communication and pay attention to which Internet channels are used. Parents and friends are particularly important sources of health information.
Trade-offs involved in the choice of cloud service configurations when building secure, scalable, and efficient Internet-of-Things networks:

This article focuses on results obtained from two cloud-based models that examine trade-offs between security, scalability, and efficiency of data collection for Internet-of-Things sensor networks....
Learning Graph Parameters from Linear Measurements: Fundamental Trade-offs and Application to Electric Grids

We consider a specific graph learning task: reconstructing a symmetric matrix that represents an underlying graph using linear measurements. We study fundamental trade-offs between the number of measurements (sample complexity), the complexity of the graph class, and the probability of error by first deriving a necessary condition (fundamental limit) on the number of measurements. Then, by considering a two-stage recovery scheme, we give a sufficient condition for recovery. In the special cases of the uniform distribution on trees with n nodes and the Erdős-Renyi (n, p) class, the sample complexity derived from the fundamental trade-offs is tight up to multiplicative factors. In addition, we design and implement a polynomial-time (in n) algorithm based on the two-stage recovery scheme. Simulations for several canonical graph classes and IEEE power system test cases demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for accurate topology and parameter recovery.