cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hilbert's Tenth Problem is Unsolvable

(1973). Hilbert's Tenth Problem is Unsolvable. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 233-269.
Effects of dexamethasone, growth factors, and tracheal ligation on the development of nitrofen-exposed hypoplastic murine fetal lungs in organ culture

Abstract Background/Purpose : The addition of growth factors EGF (epidermal growth factor) plus TGFβ 1 (transforming growth factor β 1 ; E + T) or dexamethasone (DEX) to normal murine fetal lungs in culture enhances lung development. In addition, ligation of the airway in lungs in organ culture, enhances lung development. Nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl- p -nitrophenylether) administration to pregnant mice results in pulmonary hypoplasia in the offspring with many similarities to human hypoplastic lung conditions. This study investigates the effects of growth factors, dexamethasone, and airway ligation on the development of hypoplastic fetal murine lungs in whole-organ culture. We hypothesized that E+T, DEX, or airway ligation will enhance the development and maturation of hypoplastic murine fetal lungs in vitro. Methods : Time-dated pregnant CD-1 mice were given nitrofen, 25 mg, intragastrically at gestational day (Gd) 8. The dams were killed on Gd 14, and the fetuses were removed. The hypoplastic fetal lungs were excised, and the tracheae were transected. The lungs were cultured in serum-free BGJb media in the presence or absence of E+T (10 ng/mL + 2 ng/mL, respectively) or DEX (10 nmol/L). Some lungs were cultured for 7 days with the tracheae ligated. Results : Gross morphology under a dissecting stereomicroscope showed that the lungs were larger after E+T, DEX, or tracheal ligation. Histologically, the untreated lungs had progressed from the pseudoglandular stage to a canalicular-like stage with poorly differentiated airways. The E+T-treated lungs had better developed airway branching and small acini; however, thick mesenchyme persisted. The ligated lungs had well-developed airway branching and acinar structures. After DEX treatment the lungs were most developed with very well defined airway branching and expanded acinar structures; however, there was no secondary septation. Ultrastructurally, the hypoplastic lungs at Gd 14 and after 7 days in culture had no glycogen in their epithelial cells, no defined acinar formation, and had damaged mitochondria. The E+T-treated or tracheally ligated lungs had abundant type II cells, secreted lamellar bodies (LBs), and showed infrequent tubular myelin. Mitochondrial damage was noted in these lungs as in the untreated lungs. DEX-treated hypoplastic lungs showed large acini. The acinar walls were thick; however, they had type II cells with abundant LBs and intact mitochondria. The airways were noted to have differentiated cell types. Surfactant secretions in acinar spaces showed tubular myelin structures. Conclusions : E+T, tracheal ligation, or DEX accelerates lung development and maturation of hypoplastic fetal murine lungs compared with untreated controls. DEX had a greater effect with special reference to repair of mitochondrial damage. DEX not only accelerated lung development, but it may have reversed some of the effects nitrofen.
A 5-GHz 108-Mb/s 2 $\times$ 2 MIMO Transceiver RFIC With Fully Integrated 20.5-dBm ${\rm P}_{\rm 1dB}$ Power Amplifiers in 90-nm CMOS

Multiple antenna transceivers combined with MIMO signal processing offer the potential for increased data rates and/or range in wireless systems. This paper presents a fully integrated 5-GHz 2times2 MIMO WLAN transceiver RFIC implemented in 90-nm CMOS. The paper identifies the key MIMO integration issues and proposes techniques to optimize MIMO performance. It is shown that crosstalk between the multiple transceivers residing on the same die can degrade MIMO performance and has to be carefully minimized, especially when power amplifiers are integrated on-die. A shared LO generation and distribution network is designed to maximize MIMO phase noise immunity without introducing undesired crosstalk. The fabricated MIMO receiver achieves a sensitivity of -63 dBm while receiving 108Mb/s in MIMO spatial multiplexing mode in the presence of a 25-ns Rayleigh fading channel. The sensitivity of a single receiver in the presence of AWGN noise is -76 dBm. Linearized 3.3-V 5-GHz power amplifiers with P1dB=20.5 \ dBm deliver an average power of +13/+16 dBm each, in MIMO/SISO modes respectively (EVM=-27/-25 dB). The measured performance demonstrates the effectiveness of the isolation techniques employed. The system in a package includes an 18 mm2 die and microstrip front-end matching networks implemented on a flip-chip package
Sex, age, and aphasia type.

Data from the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago was used to contrast a sample of 358 aphasics with data from a Boston aphasia and aging study (L. Obler, M. Albert, H. Goodglass, and F. Benson, Brain and Language, 6, 318–322, 1978). Unlike the females, Chicago males showed remarkable similarity to the Boston male sample for the Broca, Wernicke, and Global groups with ratios of approximately four Broca's to every two Wernicke's and Global aphasics. Similar to the Boston Sample, Wernicke's aphasics were 11.6 years older (p < .001) than Broca's aphasics.
UNIFIED RECONSTRUCTION THEORY FOR DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY, WITH CONSIDERATION OF NOISE CONTROL

In diffraction tomography, the spatial distribution of the scattering object is reconstructed from the measured scattered data. For a scattering object that is illuminated with plane-wave radiation, under the condition of weak scattering one can invoke the Born (or the Rytov) approximation to linearize the equation for the scattered field (or the scattered phase) and derive a relationship between the scattered field (or the scattered phase) and the distribution of the scattering object. Reconstruction methods such as the Fourier domain interpolation methods and the filtered backpropagation method have been developed previously. However, the underlying relationship among and the noise properties of these methods are not evident. We introduce the concepts of ideal and modified sinograms. Analysis of the relationships between, and the noise properties of the two sinograms reveals infinite classes of methods for image reconstruction in diffraction tomography that include the previously proposed methods as special members. The methods in these classes are mathematically identical, but they respond to noise and numerical errors differently.
Aspects of Quasi-Phase-Structure of the Schwinger Model on a Cylinder with Broken Chiral Symmetry

Abstract We consider theNf-flavour Schwinger Model on a thermal cylinder of circumferenceβ=1/Tand of finite spatial lengthL. On the boundariesx1=0 andx1=Lthe fields are subject to an element of a one-dimensional class of bag-inspired boundary conditions which depend on a real parameterθand break the axial flavour symmetry. For the casesNf=1 andNf=2 all integrals can be performed analytically. While general theorems do not allow for a nonzero critical temperature, the model is found to exhibit a quasi-phase-structure: For finiteLthe condensate—seen as a function of log(T)—stays almost constant up to a certain temperature (which depends onL), where it shows a sharp crossover to a value which is exponentially close to zero. In the limitL→∞ the known behaviour for the one-flavour Schwinger model is reproduced. In case of two flavours direct pictorial evidence is given that the theory undergoes a phase-transition atTc=0. The latter is confirmed—as predicted by Smilga and Verbaarschot—to be of second order but for the critical exponentδthe numerical value is found to be 2 which is at variance with their bosonization-rule based resultδ=3.
Prospective relations between family conflict and adolescent maladjustment: security in the family system as a mediating process.

Conflict in specific family systems (e.g., interparental, parent–child) has been implicated in the development of a host of adjustment problems in adolescence, but little is known about the impact of family conflict involving multiple family systems. Furthermore, questions remain about the effects of family conflict on symptoms of specific disorders and adjustment problems and the processes mediating these effects. The present study prospectively examines the impact of family conflict and emotional security about the family system on adolescent symptoms of specific disorders and adjustment problems, including the development of symptoms of anxiety, depression, conduct problems, and peer problems. Security in the family system was examined as a mediator of these relations. Participants included 295 mother-father-adolescent families (149 girls) participating across three annual time points (grades 7–9). Including auto-regressive controls for initial levels of emotional insecurity and multiple adjustment problems (T1), higher-order emotional insecurity about the family system (T2) mediated relations between T1 family conflict and T3 peer problems, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Further analyses supported specific patterns of emotional security/insecurity (i.e., security, disengagement, preoccupation) as mediators between family conflict and specific domains of adolescent adjustment. Family conflict was thus found to prospectively predict the development of symptoms of multiple specific adjustment problems, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, conduct problems, and peer problems, by elevating in in adolescent’s emotional insecurity about the family system. The clinical implications of these findings are considered.
Inclusions with helical substructure in hepatocytic mitochondria of rhesus monkeys

Striking inclusions in considerable numbers were found in the mitochondria of two apparently normal rhesus monkeys who were not on alcohol diets. Statistical analysis showed that mitochondria with inclusions were larger than mitochondria without inclusions. The fibrils composing these inclusions formed a 9-stranded helix and thus differed from most of those previously described in man and other animals.
Thermally-driven processes on rutile TiO2(1 1 0)-(1 × 1): A direct view at the atomic scale

Abstract The technological importance of TiO 2 has led to a broad effort aimed at understanding the elementary steps that underlie catalytic and photocatalytic reactions. The most stable surface, rutile TiO 2 (1 1 0), in particular, has became a prototypical model for fundamental studies of TiO 2 . In this critical review we have selected oxygen, water, and alcohols to evaluate recent progress relevant for applications in the areas of water splitting and oxidation of organic contaminants. We first focus on the characterization of defects and the distribution of excess charge that results from their formation. The subsequent section concentrates on the role of individual surface sites and the effect of available charge in the adsorption processes. The discussion of adsorbate dynamics follows, providing models for intrinsic and extrinsic diffusion processes as well as rotational dynamics of anchored alkoxy species. The final section summarizes our current understanding of TiO 2 (1 1 0) catalyzed reactions between water, oxygen, and their dissociation products.
Semi-stable probability measures on Hilbert spaces

Abstract In this paper we define semi-stable probability measures (laws) on a real separable Hilbert space and are identified as limit laws. We characterize them in terms of their Levy-Khinchine measure and the exponent 0
Beyond Projection: Specifying the Types of Peer Delinquency Misperception at the Item and Scale Levels

The perceptual inaccuracy in peer delinquency perceptions has been attributed to projection, a hypothesis stating that individuals impute their own delinquency into perceptions of peer delinquency. While logical, projection can truthfully only explain peer delinquency misperception in one specific situation. Moving beyond projection, we propose there are actually four types of misperception. Using dyadic data, misperceptions are assessed at both the item and scale levels. At the item level, projections of delinquency are not the most frequent type of misperception. Scale-level results reveal that most people are inaccurate and tend to mix various types of misperceptions. Although projection is often linked to overestimations of peer delinquency, those who exclusively misperceive through projection mechanisms tend to underperceive peer delinquency in scale-level perceptions. A key finding shared between item- and scale-level results is perceptions of peer non-delinquency are far more accurate than percepti...
Susceptibility of Brewer Spruce (Picea breweriana) to Dwarf Mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp., Viscaceae)

Abstract Brewer spruce is an endemic of the Klamath and Siskiyou Mountains in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Three species of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp.) have been reported to parasitize Brewer spruce, but the susceptibility of this spruce to infection by these parasitic plants has received no attention since the late 1960s. The objective of this study is to improve estimates of the susceptibility of Brewer spruce to these parasitic plants in select areas currently supporting highly infected dominant and co-dominant trees. Three mixed conifer stands infested with one of the three dwarf mistletoes known to infect Brewer spruce (nine stands total) were sampled to evaluate the relative susceptibility of this conifer to each mistletoe species. At each of the nine study sites, 10 to 20 temporary circular plots with a 6-m radius (0.012 ha) were established around large, severely infected trees. The following data were collected for each live tree within a plot: species, diameter, and ...
Ex post disclosure and the coordination of investors' adaptive expectations*

. This paper provides a dynamic analysis of ex post public disclosure in a privately informed stock market economy. Investors cannot observe the underlying laws of motion of the economy, and this precludes them from immediately forming rational expectations. Instead, expectations are formed adaptively, and two positive roles are identified for public disclosure. First, it enables investors to recursively modify their forecast rules each period using their most recent forecast errors. Second, public disclosure via its recursive modification role imposes a common influence over the time path of each investor's expectations, and this can drive the economy as a whole towards attaining a noisy rational expectations equilibrium. Resume. L'auteur propose une analyse dynamique de la publication ex post dans un marche boursier disposant d'informations privilegiees. Les investisseurs ne peuvent observer les lois sous-jacentes aux mouvements de l'economie, et il leur est done impossible de formuler immediatement leurs previsions rationnelles. Les previsions s'elaborent plutoCt de facon adaptative, et deux roles positifs sont attribues a la publication. Premierement, elle permet aux investisseurs de proceder a l'ajustement recursif de leurs regles previsionnelles pour chaque periode, a partir de leur erreur previsionnelle la plus recente. Deuxiemement, la publication, grâce a son role d'ajustement recursif, exerce une influence uniforme sur l'evolution temporelle des previsions de chaque investisseur, ce qui peut mener l'economie dans son ensemble vers un equilibre instable de previsions rationnelles.
The Desirability of Using the Index of Dissimilarity or any Adjustment of It for Measuring Segregation: Reply to Falk, Cortese, and Cohen

First, let me say that I no longer hold the position I took in my original 1977 paper that the index of dissimilarity or some adjustment of it should be used to measure segregation. A reading of the economic literature on measures of inequality has convinced me that the index of dissimilarity has faults that are irreparable and which make it unusable as a measure of segregation. Before discussing these faults, however, let me address the specific criticisms that Falk et al. have made of my earlier paper. Falk et al. quote Duncan and Duncan out of context. The quote has nothing to do with the "stability"' of the index of dissimilarity over populations that differ in proportion minority (hereafter referred to as q). Rather the Duncans are concerned about whether there is an adequate criterion for deciding whether a measure is independent of the proportion q. Their point is that comparisons between cities with different q's should not be made unless one has such a criterion. The Duncans' suggest a criterion for independence: that a measure should only be dependent on the segregation curve. I suggested another criterion in my paper: that a measure's expected value not be a function of q. The appropriateness of using a measure to make intercity comparisons depends on which criterion one adopts. If one wants to measure segregation as the deviation from randomness, thus adopting my criterion (and the Denver group's), then the index of dissimilarity is not a suitable measure. If one wants to adopt the Duncans' criterion and measure segregation from "evenness" then use of my measure, Ed, or the Denver group's Zd iS inappropriate. With respect to the Duncan criterion both are dependent on q. As I showed in my article, no measure can be independent of q with respect to both criteria. One must choose the criterion that is appropriate to the substantive problem being investigated. I still hold the position I took in my original paper that it is inappropriate to use a measure conceived of as the degree to which a city deviates from random segregation when the measure is to be used as an indepen-
Image guidance: the Foundation for the Future Design of Neurosurgical Procedural Facilities.

Today’s image guidance systems are the foundation of minimally invasive diagnosis and therapy and are the basis for the rational design of the neurosurgical operating room of the future. The building blocks of this procedural arena will be (1) high-resolution MR/CT anatomic imaging supplemented with (2) functional imaging using MR and magnetoencephalography, (3) real-time image monitoring using ultrasound probes, open MR and portable CT adapted to image guidance systems and (4) conformal radiosurgery systems. Although the initial investment in such facilities may be high, eventual cost saving through added precision and safety will result in shorter inpatient stays, lower morbidity and more complete realization of treatment goals.
Reaction Rate Constant Determination of Association Reactions Using Theoretical Calculations: A Case Study of the HO2 + NO2 Reaction

We have calculated the structure of the complex between H2O and HO2NO2. The species H2O−HO2NO2 has a relatively large binding energy of 6.5 kcal mol-1 at the B3LYP/6−311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory...
Design of two-dimensional polarization-selective diffractive optical elements with form-birefringent microstructures

We describe a design methodology for synthesizing polarization-sensitive diffractive optical elements based on two-dimensional form-birefringent microstructures. Our technique yields a single binary element capable of producing independent phase transformations for horizontally and vertically polarized illumination. We designed two elements for operation at 10.6 microm and fabricated them in silicon. Qualitative experimental results agree with design predictions.
Orthosomella lambdinaen. sp. (Microsporida: Unikaryonidae) from the Spring Hemlock Looper,Lambdina athasaria(Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Abstract A new species of microsporidia, Orthosomella lambdinae n. sp. (Microsporida: Unikaryonidae), is described from larvae of the spring hemlock looper, Lambdina athasaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The principal site of infection is the midgut epithelium. The microsporidium is free within the hyaloplasm of the host cell and has unpaired nuclei in all stages of development. Schizonts are rounded to irregular in shape with a variable number of nuclei (2–29, median = 6). They are limited by a simple plasmalemma and divide by plasmotomy. Sporogonial plasmodia are elongate and sausage-shaped with a variable number (2–18, median = 6) of linearly arranged nuclei. They are surrounded by an electron-dense surface coat and give rise to moniliform chains of uninucleated sporoblasts with a corresponding number of nuclei. Sporoblasts concurrently undergo sporogenesis prior to cytoplasmic cleavage into free spores. Mature spores are uninucleate and oblong to slightly reniform. They measure 2.8 × 1.5 μm (live) and have 7–8 turns of the polar filament. The natural prevalence of O. lambdinae in larval populations of L. athasaria was found to range from 2.0 to 18.4% (6.8% overall).
Continuing Challenges in Transportation Adaptation

The serious assessment of climate change impacts on transportation is just six years old. Yet considerable progress has been made in this short time. Analytical frameworks to couple decision support for transportation decision makers at the national, regional, and local levels with the leading edge of climate science have been established and tested. A better understanding of the risks and vulnerabilities facing transportation agencies has been accomplished through a growing number of assessments. But significant gaps exist, and the full integration of climate impacts in transportation planning, design, and operations has yet to be accomplished. Adaptation planning and implementation lag except where disasters have struck. Research must play a critical role over the next decade to address societal impacts, better define critical concepts and make them useful for practitioners, and integrate climate concerns more completely in the natural and built environments across all sectors, including transportation.
A theoretical, continuous alternative to the discrete electrode array

Abstract We present the theoretical use of a waveguide as an alternative to the electrode array in cochlear implants (CIs). Using continuous wave energies, the waveguide model allows for the construction of stimulation patterns at any given location within the auditory nerve. To illustrate this concept, we chose seven spectral peaks from the phoneme /i/ and used locations derived through a quasi-tonotopic relationship as stimulation targets. Simulations of the field generated by the waveguide indicate stimulation areas created at the target locations. We used a Hodgkin–Huxley nerve model to confirm that nerve activation only occurred at the desired locations.
Grating acuity along the vertical meridian as a function of grating orientation

Visual acuity was measured for horizontal, vertical, and oblique grating target orientations in the fovea and at various retinal eccentricities along the vertical meridian. Acuity was higher in the fovea, higher for vertical and horizontal target orientations, and higher in the superior retinal regions. The difference between acuities for vertical and oblique targets was greater in the superior retinal regions. It was concluded that the oblique effect is channel-size dependent.
Ecosystem development in the Girdwood area, south-central Alaska, following late Wisconsin glaciation

Pollen analysis of two cores with discontinuous records from a peat bog near Girdwood, in south-central Alaska, provides the basis for reconstructing the first radiocarbon-dated outline of postglac...
Influence of Type (Wooled or Hair) and Breed on Growth and Carcass Characteristics and Sensory Properties of Lamb

Comparisons were made between 12 Barbados Blackbelly and 12 St. Croix ram lambs (hair types) and 10 Florida Native and 12 crossbred ram lambs (wooled types) for growth, carcass characteristics and sensory panel evaluation scores. In addition, 14 predominantly hair and 14 predominantly wooled crossbred ram lambs were compared for carcass characteristics and sensory panel evaluation scores. The hair sheep had a lower rate of gain than the wooled types. The wooled breeds and predominantly wooled crossbreds were heavier and graded higher than the hair breeds and predominantly hair types. The sensory panel found the meat acceptable (tenderness, juiciness, flavor and acceptability) from all breeds.
Organic carbon export from upland and forested wetland watersheds1

Export of organic carbon per unit runoff from five small, eastern North Carolina watersheds with considerable swamp drainage was severalfold higher than the export rates from upland watersheds reported in the literature. This reflects the higher concentrations of organic carbon, especially dissolved forms, in swamp waters and is probably attributable to increased contact time between water and organic debris as well as to concentration effects of high evapotranspiration in swamps.
Radiation From Vacuum Strings and Domain Walls

We calculate the order of magnitude of the emission rate of electromagnetic waves, and of massive scalar particles, from oscillating vacuum strings and domain walls. The energy loss due to electromagnetic radiation is shown to be much smaller than that due to gravitational radiation. Scalar radiation can only damp oscillations of frequency of the order of the scalar particle mass. Our re- sults confirm the assumption made in previous work that gravitational radiation is the dominant energy-loss mechanism for macroscopic vacuum structures.
Strong nonlinear galvanomagnetic effects in thin superconducting films.

We show that in a certain range of parameters the interaction between vortices causes significant enhancement of galvanomagnetic effects in thin superconducting films, as opposed to thick films. In particular, the Nernst coefficient acquires a contribution exceeding the single vortex term at relatively small external magnetic fields. The possibility of inducing the dc voltage due to either vortex-antivortex pair production by ac external currents or pair-breaking radiation is also discussed. Our results give a possible explanation for the experiments of A. Gerber and G. Deutcher.
Internal rearrangement of hydrogen during heating of coals with phenol

Abstract Heating either Bruceton or Wyodak coal with phenol results in the thermal depolymerization of the coal yielding pyridine-soluble products and an insoluble residue. The depolymerization is accompanied by extensive rearrangements of hydrogen within the coals producing a soluble material enriched in hydrogen and a residue which is hydrogen poor. The hydrogen shuttle in Wyodak coal has a different temperature dependence than does the depolymerization, being favoured at higher temperatures. The H C ratio of the soluble products increased with increasing conversion. Relatively small amounts (ca. 5%) of the products at high conversion are derived from phenol.
Role of the Pancreas in Prevention of Fatty Liver in the Hypophysecto-mized-Thyroidectomized Dog.

Summary1. Dogs deprived of both thyroid and pituitary glands develop fatty livers. The livers of 2 such dogs that were fed a diet rich in lean meat for 750 to 840 days contained 22 and 25% fatty acids. 2. The addition of 2 g of methionine to each meal completely prevented the development of fatty livers in HT animals so fed. 3. The addition of 25 g of pancreas to the daily food intake also prevented the fatty livers. 4. The factors responsible for the accumulation of fat in the livers of hypophysectomized-thyroidectomized dogs are discussed.
Seedling and Sprout Response to Slash-and-Burn Agriculture in a Tropical Deciduous Forest1

Survival and growth of seedlings and sprouts were assessed in three plots for 16 mo following the slashing and burning of a tropical deciduous forest in Jalisco, Mexico. We encountered a total of 47 species: 21 seedling species and 35 sprout species. Calliandraformosa and Piptadeniaflava were the most common seedling species; Bursera arborea, Cordia alliodora, and Piptadenia constricta were the most common sprouts. Colubrina triflora, Diphysa occidentalis, and Cnidoscolus spinosus had limited sprouting ability. Twenty-six species were represented by one seedling or one sprout. Thirty-eight percent of the seedlings were tree species, 59 percent were shrub species, and 2 percent were vines species. In contrast, 86 percent of the sprouts were from trees and 13 percent from shrubs. One year after the initial measurements, 29 percent of the seedlings and 13 percent of the sprouts were dead. Each of the seedling means (number of stems/individual, height and diameter of the tallest stem, and elliptical crown area) was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than that of sprouts at all three measurement periods, but relative growth rates were similar. Total canopy area of seedlings had a larger relative increase than did the canopy area of sprouts. The presence of seedlings increased species diversity compared to calculated diversity excluding seedlings. Timing of fruit dispersal in relation to the date of burning and the high number of Leguminosae species in the forest appeared to favor seedling establishment for some species.
Using Massively Multiplayer Online Role‐Playing Games for Online Learning

This article addresses the use of a massively multiplayer online role‐playing game (MMORPG) to foster communication and interaction and to facilitate cooperative learning in an online course. The authors delineate the definition and history of massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs), and describe current uses of MMORPGs in education, including their experiences with constructing and using the MMORPG Second Life. In addition, the authors detail with practical examples the process of using MMORPGs to support cooperative learning activities, and explore future uses and research questions for using MMORPGs in education and training.
Hypothesis: could Epstein-Barr virus play a role in the development of gastroschisis?

BACKGROUND: The strong inverse association between maternal age and risk of gastroschisis in offspring has spurred many investigators to hypothesize that behaviors among younger females are the cause. Examples include cigarette smoking, illicit drugs, genitourinary infections, and sexually transmitted diseases, each of which has been reported to be associated with gastroschisis. Although these exposures are more common in young women, recent studies have shown that cigarette smoking, genitourinary infections, and sexually transmitted diseases are most strongly associated with gastroschisis in older women. There is both anecdotal and published evidence showing that gastroschisis sometimes (but not always) occurs in clusters, raising the possibility that an infectious agent might be involved in its pathogenesis. RESULTS: One such agent whose epidemiologic characteristics parallel those of gastroschisis is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Primary EBV infection in early childhood has been decreasing over time, leaving a greater proportion of adolescents at risk, as reflected by increased rates of infectious mononucleosis over time. During the childbearing years, risk of primary EBV infection decreases dramatically, as does risk of gastroschisis. The stronger risks of gastroschisis associated with cigarette smoking, genitourinary infections, and sexually transmitted diseases in older women might be explained by EBV reactivation resulting from multiple challenges to immune response such as pregnancy, age, toxic exposures, and genitourinary and sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: EBV and other herpes viruses should be added to the research agenda for gastroschisis. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New structural motifs on the chymotrypsin fold and their potential roles in complement factor B.

Factor B and C2 are two central enzymes for complement activation. They are multidomain serine proteases and require cofactor binding for full expression of proteolytic activities. We present a 2.1 Å crystal structure of the serine protease domain of factor B. It shows a number of structural motifs novel to the chymotrypsin fold, which by sequence homology are probably present in C2 as well. These motifs distribute characteristically on the protein surface. Six loops surround the active site, four of which shape substrate-binding pockets. Three loops next to the oxyanion hole, which typically mediate zymogen activation, are much shorter or absent. Three insertions including the linker to the preceding domain bulge from the side opposite to the active site. The catalytic triad and non-specific substrate-binding site display active conformations, but the oxyanion hole displays a zymogen-like conformation. The bottom of the S1 pocket has a negative charge at residue 226 instead of the typical 189 position. These unique structural features may play different roles in domain–domain interaction, cofactor binding and substrate binding.
Interlaminar damage in carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites, studied by electrical resistance measurement

Interlaminar thermal damage in continuous carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites was monitored in real time during thermal cycling by measurement of the contact electrical resistivity of the interlaminar interface. Damage was accompanied by an abrupt increase of the resistivity for a thermoset-matrix composite, and by an abrupt decrease of the resistivity for a thermoplastic-matrix composite. Both phenomena are due to the effect of matrix damage on the chance of fibers of one lamina touching those of an adjacent lamina. The damage involved matrix molecular movement in the thermoplastic case, but not in the thermoset case.
Discrete spatial choice and the axiom of independence from irrelevant alternatives

Abstract The assumption of the independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA) simplifies the representation of the choice decision. However, this assumption is particularly problematic for choices in a spatial context. Unequal substitutability can lead to systematically misleading results. Formal tests of IIA are outlined and alternatives are suggested for managing the problem when the results warrant it. Such management often leads to more complex models, which are necessary, but generate additional difficulties. These issues are also discussed.
Oxytocin receptor genetic variation promotes human trust behavior.

Given that human trust behavior is heritable and intranasal administration of oxytocin enhances trust, the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene is an excellent candidate to investigate genetic contributions to individual variations in trust behavior. Although a single-nucleotide polymorphism involving an adenine (A)/ guanine (G) transition (rs53576) has been associated with socio-emotional phenotypes, its link to trust behavior is unclear. We combined genotyping of healthy male students with the administration of a trust game experiment. Our results show that a naturally occurring genetic variation (rs53576) in the OXTR gene is reliably associated with trust behavior rather than a general increase in trustworthy or risk behaviors. Individuals homozygous for the G allele (GG) showed higher trust behavior than individuals with A allele carriers (AA/AG). Although the molecular functionality of this polymorphism is still unknown, future research should clarify how the OXTR gene interacts with other genes and the environment in promoting socio-emotional behaviors.
Low molecular weight follicle-stimulating hormone receptor binding inhibitor in sera from premature ovarian failure patients.

Ovarian insensitivity to FSH, as observed in some patients suffering premature ovarian failure (POF), could conceivably involve abnormal regulation of local factors that modulate FSH action. Low molecular weight FSH receptor-binding inhibitor (FRBI) has been identified in ovarian follicular fluid and shown to be an antagonist of FSH action. Thus, we undertook these studies to test the hypothesis that elevated FRBI can account for the high serum levels of FSH as measured by RRA relative to RIA values in some POF patients. In order to accomplish this, 2 POF patients were selected from a group of 27 from whom serum FSH had been measured by RIA and RRA. Using a recently developed and validated RRA, FSH was 430 IU (second IRP-78/549)/L and 182 IU/L for serum from patients 1 and 2, respectively. FSH quantitated by RIA was 96 and 136 IU/L in these same serum samples. Thus, the RRA/RIA values for these patients were 4.48 and 1.34. These ratios are: 1) higher than observed for normal cycling women (0.62); 2) highe...
Attitudes toward U.S. immigration policy: the roles of in-group-out-group bias, economic concern, and obedience to law.

California's Proposition 187, directed primarily toward Mexican immigrants, deprives illegal immigrants of many benefits associated with U.S. citizenship and facilitates their deportation. The authors hypothesized that the respondents' opinions on this proposition would be determined by in-group-out-group bias (i.e., the tendency to evaluate the ethnic out-group more negatively than the ethnic in-group). In accord with that hypothesis, variations in respondent ethnicity (Studies 1 and 2) and in immigrant ethnicity (Study 3) were systematically related to the respondents' opinion on that issue. Moreover, the effect of in-group-out-group bias was independent of perceived reasoned economic and legal considerations that underlay the respondents' opinion.
The Fifty Best Words

The editorial staff sincerely and clearly believes this article indicates about fifty of the most effective and notable words which should be included in any clear-headed persuasive writer's vocabulary. Free-spirited and witty, Professor McDonald shares his research findings with compassion, vision, and integrity, to provide responsible writers with significant means to improve, perhaps, their abilities—claims this impressive author—to write more directly, to improve superficial good will, but, before all, to give writers the freedom to incorporate more useful ambiguity, up to acceptable limits, in their realistic persuasive prose. Unfortunately, this experienced writer, colleague and would-be friend of the author, admits failure because he couldn't, however clever, moral, mature, and sensitive, find a use for terrorist or James Council and second because he did not have available the Japan studies.
Publication of stand-alone single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery data.

cleotide polymorphism (SNP 1 ) discovery projects. The publications were limited to only this aspect of the science and failed to include any studies that extended beyond the discovery phase. No attempt was made to elucidate the possible functional significance of the identified genetic variants, to determine whether or not a given SNP might be in linkage disequilibrium with previously identified functional variants on the same gene, or to validate the frequency of the SNPs in an adequate number of individuals from one or more ethnic groups. It is recognized that such SNP discovery projects initially represented a novel approach and were considered meritorious based on their hypothesis-generating potential. Furthermore, it also is recognized that such studies often represented intensive efforts. However, as has occurred in the past, the field has quickly moved beyond this infant phase, and it is posited that SNP discovery alone no longer meets the criteria for publication in the peer-reviewed literature. Most importantly, this is not to opine that SNP discovery is unimportant in understanding genetic variability; on the contrary, it is a significant and necessary first step. It is suggested that future manuscript submissions to Drug Metabolism and Disposition meet certain criteria. Any SNP discovery project should be extended such that the resulting report contains information regarding functional impact, frequency, and/or linkage to previously demonstrated functional variants. The high frequency of SNPs in the human genome is consistent with most sequence variants not having a significant impact on gene function. A given SNP might be linked with a functional variant and thus be useful as a marker, but this should be demonstrated and quantified. An exception might be made for SNPs that would have an obvious function, e.g., variants that
A novel in-plane passive microfluidic mixer with modified Tesla structures

An innovative in-plane passive micromixer using modified Tesla structures, which are used as passive valves, has been designed, simulated, fabricated and successfully characterized in this paper. Simulation and experimental results of the developed novel micromixer have shown excellent mixing performance over a wide range of flow conditions in the micro scale. The micromixer realized in this work has achieved even better mixing performance at a higher flow rate, and its pressure drop is less than 10 KPa at the flow rate of 100 µl min−1. This micromixer shows characteristics similar to Taylor dispersion, with contributions from both diffusion and convection. The mixer has a diffusion domain region at low flow rate, but it moves to a convection domain region at high flow rate. Due to the simple in-plane structure of the novel micromixer explored in this work, the mixer can be easily realized and integrated with on-chip microfluidic devices and micro total analysis systems (μ-TAS).
GE Asset Management, Genworth Financial, and GE Insurance Use a Sequential-Linear-Programming Algorithm to Optimize Portfolios

GE Asset Management Incorporated (GEAM), a wholly owned subsidiary of General Electric Company (GE), manages investment portfolios on behalf of various GE units and over 200 unaffiliated clients worldwide, including Genworth Financial (Genworth) and GE Insurance (GEI) portfolios worth billions of dollars. GEAM invests portfolios of assets—derived from cash flows for various insurance, reinsurance, and financial products—primarily in corporate and government bonds in accordance with risk and regulatory constraints. In asset-liability management (ALM) applications, portfolio managers try to maximize return or minimize risk and match the characteristics of asset portfolios with corresponding liabilities. While risk is widely represented by variance or volatility, it is usually a nonlinear measure; ALM portfolio managers traditionally need to use linear risk sensitivities for computational tractability. We developed a novel, sequential-linear-programming algorithm that handles the nonlinearity iteratively but efficiently. Patented and implemented on a limited basis since 2003, GE used it to optimize more than 30 portfolios valued at over $30 billion. It is now in broader use at GEAM, GEI, and Genworth. Hypothetically, based on $100 billion of assets, the present value of potential benefits could approximate $75 million over five years.
Rewarding the Cowboy, Punishing the Sniper: The Training Efficacy of Computer‐based Urban Combat Training Environments

The military is heavily invested in digital training environments, but the efficacy of this training is rarely validated. A review of current practice shows that digital training environments are usually less burdensome than real‐world training environments but can lead to negative training. Digital training environments are useful for training visual processing, attention management, fast‐twitch responses, fine motor skills, and some higher‐order competencies. Digital training environments (in their current form) are inferior to real‐world methods for training the bio‐locomotive and non‐deliberative adaptive skills that are most important in combat at the lowest echelons (individual, team, and squad, at least). Procurers and trainers should use these insights to better combine the advantages of both environments.
A high tap density secondary silicon particle anode fabricated by scalable mechanical pressing for lithium-ion batteries

Much progress has been made in developing high capacity lithium ion battery electrode materials such as silicon anodes. With the powerful nanomaterial design approach, cycle life of silicon anodes has been increased significantly. However, nanomaterials have three major issues to be addressed, including severe side reactions due to a large surface area, low tap density and poor scalability. Nanostructured Si secondary clusters (nano-Si SC) are promising for reducing side reactions and increasing tap density, yet the scalability and tap density could still be further improved. Here, we propose a mechanical approach for SC fabrication to address all the problems. With the mechanical approach, >20 g of nano-Si SC per batch was produced even at our university lab scale, with >95% yield. Moreover, much denser packing of nanostructures can be achieved (1.38 g cm−3, pellet form), which gives much higher tap density (0.91 g cm−3, powder form) and better electrical contact. Accordingly, over 95% of initial capacity is retained after 1400 cycles at 1C, with an average specific capacity of ∼1250 mA h g−1. Stable cycling with >2 mg cm−2 of areal mass loading (∼3.5 mA h cm−2) is obtained. After uniformly integrating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into SCs, intracluster electrical conductivity is further improved. As a result, notably enhanced rate capability is attained, with a high reversible specific capacity of ∼1140 mA h g−1 and ∼880 mA h g−1 at 2C and 4C, respectively.
Fabrication and Performance of 0.25- $\mu$ m Gate Length Depletion-Mode GaAs-Channel MOSFETs With Self-Aligned InAlP Native Oxide Gate Dielectric

The fabrication and performance of 0.25- mum gate length GaAs-channel MOSFETs using the wet thermal native oxide of InAlP as the gate dielectric are reported. A fabrication process that self-aligns the gate oxidation to the gate recess and metallization to reduce the source access resistance is demonstrated for the first time. The fabricated devices exhibit a peak extrinsic transconductance of 144 mS/mm, an on-resistance of 3.46 Omega-mm, and a threshold voltage of -1.8 V for typical 0.25 -mum gate devices. A record cutoff frequency of 31 GHz for a GaAs-channel MOSFET and a maximum frequency of oscillation fmax of 47 GHz have also been measured.
Transferable lessons? Re‐examining the institutional prerequisites of East Asian economic policies

Competing theories of East Asian economic policy share the assumption that a highly capable, coherent economic bureaucracy, closely connected to, but still independent of, the business community, has been an essential institutional prerequisite for successful policy formation and implementation. In East Asia these institutional prerequisites were constructed in a variety of concrete forms with great difficulty and imperfect results. As long as the idea of ‘transferable lessons’ is understood as an invitation to indigenous innovation that takes advantage of the underlying analytical logic of East Asian institutions, other countries can reap important benefits from East Asia's experience.
The Ohmmeter Identifies the Site of Fluid Leakage during Artificial Urinary Sphincter Revision Surgery

Purpose: While the AMS 800™ artificial urinary sphincter improves continence in up to 90% of patients, revision surgery may be needed in up to 50%. We determined whether an ohmmeter could accurately assess the site of fluid leak from individual components of the artificial urinary sphincter at the time of revision surgery.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent artificial urinary sphincter revision surgery between 1996 and 2013. Patients in whom fluid loss was identified preoperatively by plain film radiography and who subsequently underwent revision surgery using the ohmmeter were assessed for outcomes.Results: The ohmmeter was used intraoperatively in a total of 20 surgeries in 19 patients and it correctly identified the location of fluid loss in 18 of 20 (90%). Fluid leakage was found from the pressure regulating balloon in 13 cases, from the cuff in 4 and from the tubing to the pressure regulating balloon in 1. None had fluid loss from the pump. In the ...