cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Home Care in Terminal Cancer

In order to identify factors associated with the use of home care services and satisfaction with those services, interviews were conducted with 72 percent of the surviving relatives and 92 percent of the physicians of a random sample of 133 patients from the Rochester, New York, area who had died of cancer and who had been diagnosed at least two weeks before death. These interviews included a self-administered attitude questionnaire from which ten attitude-scale scores were derived. Forty-one percent of the sample had used organized home care services, almost all under a home-hospice program. In comparison with nonusers, home care users tended to be younger, married, to have a longer terminal care period, and to spend more of it at home. Relatives of patients who had used home care services, in comparison with relatives of nonusers, were less satisfied with the availability of care and reported that the patient had experienced more pain. This study also highlights problems in communication, particularly between the physician and the patients and their families, and the effects of home care on the families, especially the primary care-giver. In order for home care and home death to be viable options for a larger number of terminal cancer patients, family members need to be assured of around-the-clock availability of care, adequate pain control, and respite care to provide temporary relief from the burden of home care.
State and local partnerships for meeting the healthcare needs of small and often remote rural communities.

merican healthcare has been described as a “non-system,” but there have been persistent efforts to coordinate and rationalize how we provide medical care in the United States. These efforts have resulted in what may be called informal systems of care. A perfect example of one of those systems is in North Carolina, a system created for the people of the state’s smaller and poorer communities, communities that are most often rural and more often inhabited by racial and ethnic minority citizens. Almost all of North Carolina could have been called rural at the end of World War II. The 1940 Census classified 72.7% of the state’s population as rural or living in communities with fewer than 2,500 residents. A few cities—Charlotte, Durham, Greensboro, Asheville, Raleigh—had modestly large populations, but no city in the state had a population greater than 110,000. The state’s economy was strongly linked to agriculture, and the prevailing perception of North Carolina was of a sleepy, rural, somewhat backward state. World War II created an economic stimulus for the state when military installations were located in North Carolina— shipyards were established in Wilmington to build liberty ships, and facilities were developed to house prisoners of war in the central and the mountain regions of the state. But the war left another legacy beyond economic benefit: the state had experienced the highest medical rejection rate for its draftees of any state in the Union. The causes for rejection were usually chronic problems related to nutrition and poor or unavailable basic medical care and health advice. This embarrassing fact is often cited as the driver of the statewide “Good Health Campaign” promoted in 1949 by prominent North Carolinians, including Kay Kyser, who recruited radio personalities and Hollywood stars to help raise money and direct attention to the healthcare needs of the state. That public effort had a significant impact, but it built on prior efforts to expand health resources. For years, politicians had been debating whether to assist one or both of the private medical schools in the state (Duke University and Bowman Gray) or whether to create a large medical center by expanding the two-year medical school at the state university in Chapel Hill. Governor Melville Broughton appointed a Medical Care Commission in 1944 to study the health and medical needs of the state. That commission recommended the creation of a new, state-supported, four-year medical school in Chapel Hill that would share space with the existing School of Public Health and occupy space adjacent to a new, comprehensive teaching hospital. After years of consideration, the General Assembly supplied construction funds that were combined with money from the Hospital Planning and Construction Act of 1947, the Hill-Burton Act, to build Memorial Hospital in Chapel Hill and to create the teaching hospital. The Hill-Burton program also supported the construction of many North Carolina hospitals and public health facilities in
Efficient evaluation of HAVING queries on a probabilistic database

We study the evaluation of positive conjunctive queries with Boolean aggregate tests (similar to HAVING queries in SQL) on probabilistic databases. Our motivation is to handle aggregate queries over imprecise data resulting from information integration or information extraction. More precisely, we study conjunctive queries with predicate aggregates using MIN, MAX, COUNT, SUM, AVG or COUNT(DISTINCT) on probabilistic databases. Computing the precise output probabilities for positive conjunctive queries (without HAVING) is #P-hard, but is in P for a restricted class of queries called safe queries. Further, for queries without self-joins either a query is safe or its data complexity is #P-Hard, which shows that safe queries exactly capture tractable queries without self-joins. In this paper, for each aggregate above, we find a class of queries that exactly capture efficient evaluation for HAVING queries without self-joins. Our algorithms use a novel technique to compute the marginal distributions of elements in a semiring, which may be of independent interest.
A Doctrine at Risk: Content Neutrality in a Post-Reed Landscape

Although the Supreme Court of the United States has deployed the content-neutrality doctrine at least twenty-three times in the last decade, two recent cases — McCullen v. Coakley and Reed v. Town of Gilbert — demonstrate that disagreement among the justices over the meaning of the doctrine is endangering its utility for First Amendment jurisprudence. This article describes the manifestations of this disagreement and suggests that without further clarification about the doctrine's nature, purpose and application, the venerable First Amendment canon may soon either lose practical tenability or disintegrate into constitutional oblivion. Such an outcome, the article suggests, is both ill advised and avoidable. By taking several practical steps, the Supreme Court can go a long way toward preserving the doctrine's usefulness for upholding legitimate government interests and protecting the freedom of expression.
PRV-1 Interacts with the Cytoplasmic Domain of Mpl and Interferes with TPO-Induced Signaling Cascades.

Abstract Polycythemia rubra vera-1 (PRV-1) is a member of the uPAR/CD59/Ly6 family of cell surface receptors. An increase in the expression level of PRV-1 mRNA has been shown in patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia, however, the ligand and function of PRV-1 remains unclear. Here, we show for the first time that PRV-1 expression alters the TPO-mediated Mpl receptor-signaling pathway. We also report a novel interaction between PRV-1 and the cytoplasmic region of Mpl (121 amino acids) using a yeast two-hybrid screen. Further characterization of this interaction in yeast containing truncated versions of the Mpl receptor cytoplasmic region indicates that the binding of PRV-1 to Mpl is regulated at the distal end of the cytoplasmic region. Deletion analysis utilizing Mpl receptors truncated after 53 (T53) or 69 (T69) cytoplasmic amino acid residues failed to show an association with PRV-1. Further mapping of the cytoplasmic domain of Mpl showed that truncations equal or greater than 111 cytoplasmic residues (T111) restored the interaction with PRV-1. To examine the physiological relevance of this interaction, we co-expressed Mpl and PRV-1 in BaF3 cells. Western blot analysis with an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody on TPO-stimulated BaF3/Mpl/PRV-1 whole cell lysates demonstrated a noticeable change in intracellular phosphorylation when compared to BaF3/Mpl. We found no affect on Jak2 and Mpl tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast, there were higher levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT5 and STAT3 in BaF3/Mpl cells expressing PRV-1. We then further investigated the effect of PRV-1 expression on MAPK signaling. We found that TPO-stimulation of BaF3/Mpl/PRV-1 cells resulted in a reduction of MAPK phosphorylation compared with cells expressing Mpl alone. These results indicate a novel function for PRV-1 as a signaling molecule in cytokine signaling cascades and may lead to a greater understanding of the mechanism of overexpression of PRV-1 in myeloproliferative disorders.
The genesis and exodus of vascular plant DOM from an oak woodland landscape

Evaluating the collective impact of small source inputs to larger rivers is a constant challenge in riverine biogeochemistry. In this study, we investigated the generation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a small oak woodland catchment in the foothills of northern California, the subsequent transformation in lignin biomarkers and chromophoric DOM (CDOM) parameters during transport through the landscape to an exporting stream, and finally the overall compositional impact on the larger receiving stream and river. Our study included a natural leaching experiment in which precipitation passing through oak, pine, and grass litter and duff samples was collected after each of a series of storms. Also included were soil trench samples to capture subsurface flow, stream samples along with point-source reservoir inputs, and samples of canopy throughfall, stemflow, and gopher hole (bypass) flow. The litter/duff leaching study demonstrated changing DOM fractionation patterns throughout the season, as evidenced by changing lignin compositions in the leachates with each successive storm. This adds a necessary seasonal component to interpreting lignin compositions in streams, as the source signatures are constantly changing. Released DOM from leaching was modified extensively during transit through the subsurface to the stream, with preferential increases in aromaticity as evidenced by increases in carbon-normalized absorbance at 254 nm, yet preferential decreases in lignin phenols, as evidence by carbon-normalized lignin yields in the headwater stream that was less than half that of the litter/duff leachates. Our extensive number of lignin measurements for source materials reveals a much more complex perspective on using lignin as a source indicator, as many riverine values for syringyl:vanillyl and cinnamyl:vanillyl ratios that have previously been interpreted as degraded lignin signatures are also possible as unmodified source signatures. Finally, this study demonstrated that the impact of numerous small headwater streams can significantly overprint the DOM signatures of much larger rivers over relatively short distances spanning several to tens of kilometers. This finding in particular challenges the assumption that river studies can be adequately conducted by focusing only on the main tributaries.
Recreational Cannabis — Minimizing the Health Risks from Legalization

Twenty percent of the U.S. population now lives in states that have passed ballot initiatives to allow cannabis to be sold for recreational use. The net effect of cannabis legalization on public health is uncertain, and much will depend on how the laws are implemented.
Stafford Act Assistance and Acts of Terrorism

This report provides a brief overview of Stafford Act declarations under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act and the types of assistance they could authorize in response to terrorist incidents. This report also provides examples of Stafford Act declarations that have been issued for previous terrorist attacks.
Anti-predator responses of amphipods are more effective in the presence of conspecific chemical cues

Predators have been widely demonstrated to influence developmental plasticity in aquatic prey. We investigated the body size of the amphipod Hyalella azteca raised with predatory sunfish by exposing solitary or groups of three amphipods to sunfish kairomones or a control for 30 days. Field studies indicate that small body size in H. azteca is likely an adaptive response to size-selective sunfish predation. Grouped amphipods chronically exposed to the kairomones had significantly smaller body lengths than grouped amphipods exposed to controls, while individual amphipods exhibited no significant differences. Behavioral trials revealed that grouped amphipods sought refuge less than solitary amphipods. To examine if a conspecific chemical cue was related to the reduction in body size of the grouped amphipods exposed to kairomones, individual amphipods were exposed to a combination of conspecific chemical cues and kairomones or to controls for 30 days. Amphipods exposed to kairomones in combination with conspecific cues had significantly smaller body length than amphipods exposed to conspecific cues alone. These results mirrored the group versus individual exposure experiment, suggesting that a conspecific chemical cue is required to induce an anti-predator response. The present study highlights the importance of conspecific cues for plastic responses to predators.
A simple, validated model for identifying cases that are unlikely to benefit from the 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay.

540 Background: Predicting recurrence risk and chemotherapy benefit in breast cancer can be challenging, and OncotypeDx (ODX) is often used to gain insight. Using readily available clinical informa...
Tesevatinib ameliorates progression of polycystic kidney disease in rodent models of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Tesevatinib ameliorates progression of polycystic kidney disease in rodent models of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Detection of sepsis in patient blood samples using CD64 expression in a microfluidic cell separation device

A microfluidic affinity separation device was developed for the detection of sepsis in critical care patients. An affinity capture method was developed to capture cells based on changes in CD64 expression in a single, simple microfluidic chip for sepsis detection. Both sepsis patient samples and a laboratory CD64+ expression model were used to validate the microfluidic assay. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the chip cell capture had a linear relationship with CD64 expression in laboratory models. The Sepsis Chip detected an increase in upregulated neutrophil-like cells when the upregulated cell population is as low as 10% of total cells spiked into commercially available aseptic blood samples. In a proof of concept study, blood samples obtained from sepsis patients within 24 hours of diagnosis were tested on the chip to further validate its performance. On-chip CD64+ cell capture from 10 patient samples (619 ± 340 cells per chip) was significantly different from control samples (32 ± 11 cells per chip) and healthy volunteer samples (228 ± 95 cells per chip). In addition, the on-chip cell capture has a linear relationship with CD64 expression indicating our approach can be used to measure CD64 expression based on total cell capture on Sepsis Chip. Our method has proven to be sensitive, accurate, rapid, and cost-effective. Therefore, this device is a promising detection platform for neutrophil activation and sepsis diagnosis.
A Common Structural Pattern among Many Biologically Active Compounds of Both Natural and Synthetic Origin — A Novel Approach to the Design of Antineoplastic Agents

A tricyclic chemical structural pattern, consisting of a phenyl ring attached to the 2-position of a naphthalene nucleus, or composed of various heterocyclic units with similar molecular structural arrangements, is observed among a large number of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. Possible relationships between this structural pattern and certain essential biomolecules are discussed. The pattern per se is not sufficient for attaining biological activity. It is believed that with proper substituents attached to specific positions of both ring units, compounds with desired biological activity could be rationally designed.
What determines low satisfaction with life in individuals with spinal cord injury

Objective: To examine variables associated with satisfaction with life (SWL) in individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI).Design: Cross-sectional, national survey to assess SWL, demographic and i...
The Flip Side of the Coin: Employer Social Networking to Find Job Seekers

Employers are more concerned than ever with effective hiring. Business competes for personnel in a dynamic employment market; securing the best prospective employee requires dedicated use of parallel networking channels to identify applicants of interest. One channel is interpersonal and is highly favored, carrying the power of interpersonal trust in the form of recommendations from "known others." Applicants and employers, alike, favor strong personal connections when it comes to evaluating opportunities and prospects. The other channel is intermediated, and characterizes the confused conventional knowledge notion that online social media are effective channels through which applicants can influence employers. The true state of this channel's effect lies more in the employer's ability to use online social media as a filtering and qualifying mechanism to vet employees in advance of considering whether to engage in further interactions toward employment.
Simulating Large-Scale Social Sensing Based Edge Computing Systems with Heterogeneous Network Configurations

Research in the field of Social Sensing Edge Computing (SSEC) faces a challenge in that most systems are developed on a small set of hardware and are never tested on large-scale networks. To address this issue, we present a Social Sensing Edge Computing Simulation Platform (SSEC SP) that is used to evaluate how SSEC systems scale to millions of devices. We demonstrate the platform by simulating several SSEC configurations to optimize Quality of Service (QoS) for large numbers of devices, while asserting that simulated results are consistent with the hardware implementations.
Information processing in two-dimensional cellular automata

Cellular automata (CA) have been widely used as idealized models of spatially-extended dynamical systems and as models of massively parallel distributed computation devices. Despite their wide range of applications and the fact that CA are capable of universal computation (under particular constraints), the full potential of these models is unrealized to-date. This is for two reasons: (1) the absence of a programming paradigm to control these models to solve a given problem and (2) the lack of understanding of how these models compute a given task. This work addresses the notion of computation in two-dimensional cellular automata. Solutions using a decentralized parallel model of computation require information processing on a global level. CA have been used to solve the so-called density (or majority) classification task that requires a system-wide coordination of cells. To better understand and challenge the ability of CA to solve problems, I define, solve, and analyze novel tasks that require solutions with global information processing mechanisms. The ability of CA to perform parallel, collective computation is attributed to the complex pattern-forming system behavior. I further develop the computational mechanics framework to study the mechanism of collective computation in two-dimensional cellular automata. I define several approaches to automatically identify the spatiotemporal structures with information content. Finally, I demonstrate why an accurate model of information processing in two-dimensional cellular automata cannot be constructed from the space-time behavior of these structures.
NFAT1 protects articular cartilage against osteoarthritic degradation by directly regulating transcription of specific anabolic and catabolic genes.

Objectives Adult mice lacking the transcription factor NFAT1 exhibit osteoarthritis (OA). The precise molecular mechanism for NFAT1 deficiency-induced osteoarthritic cartilage degradation remains t...
Embryonic mortality in green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtle nests increases with cumulative exposure to elevated temperatures

Abstract As climate change continues, sea turtle nests will be increasingly exposed to elevated incubation temperatures. Higher incubation temperatures influence many aspects of sea turtle development including sex determination and incubation length, but also survival. If temperatures in the nest increase above a thermal tolerance limit, then embryonic mortality may increase. The purpose of this research was to determine if there are differences in vulnerability to elevated temperatures across different stages of embryonic development and between loggerhead ( Caretta caretta ) and green ( Chelonia mydas ) sea turtles. Temperature dataloggers recorded nest temperature in the approximate center of loggerhead and green nests laid on the Boca Raton, Florida beach during the 2016 and 2017 nesting seasons. All unhatched eggs were collected from these nests following hatchling emergence. The eggs were dissected and the developmental stage at embryonic death was determined. The point of embryonic death was compared to the nest temperatures during that stage of the incubation period to determine if death corresponded to specific periods of elevated temperatures. Elevated nest temperatures increased embryonic mortality, but no developmental stage had higher mortality rates when exposed to any specific elevated temperatures compared to embryos that had not been exposed to that temperature. The most significant relationship was between mortality and the percent of time embryos were exposed to temperatures above 34 °C. This resulted in greater mortality of more developed embryos, as those embryos had a longer cumulative exposure to elevated temperatures. Loggerhead turtles exhibited higher rates of mortality compared to green turtles for almost all temperature exposure periods above 34 °C. Although few green nests reached 34 °C, green sea turtle embryos in south Florida may also have a higher thermal tolerance than loggerheads. Due to the increased embryonic mortality, and therefore, decreased hatching success, future management strategies may need to protect sea turtle nests from extended periods at elevated temperatures.
Wavelet Thresholding in Fixed Design Regression for Gaussian Random Fields

In this paper, we consider block thresholding wavelet estimators of spatial regression functions on stationary Gaussian random fields observed over a rectangular domain indexed with $${{\mathbb {Z}}}^2$$, whose covariance function is assumed to satisfy some weak condition. We investigate their asymptotic rates of convergence under the mean integrated squared error when spatial regression functions belong to a large range of Besov function classes $$B^{s}_{p,q}({{\mathbb {R}}}^2)$$. To do this, we derived a result showing the discrepancy between empirical wavelet coefficients and true wavelet coefficients is within certain small rate across above Besov function classes. Based on that, we are able to determine the rates of convergence of our estimators and the supremum norm error over above function classes. The obtained rates of convergence correspond to those established in the standard univariate nonparametric regression with short-range dependence. Therefore, those rates could be considered as sharp as possible. A mild simulation study is carried out to examine the finite sample performance of the proposed estimates.
Malleostapedotomy: Recent Innovations and Surgical Outcomes

Malleostapedotomy (MS) is a challenging otologic surgical technique involving complex anatomic relationships and nuanced technical considerations. Over the past few decades, MS has been refined by development of customized prostheses and enhanced understanding of relevant ossicular anatomic dimensions. This article presents outcomes with a self-crimping angulated malleostapedotomy piston and reviews recent published advancements relevant to MS surgery. Excellent results are reported with a self-crimping angulated nitinol piston including AB gap closure < 20 dB in the majority of cases and < 10 dB in many cases. Innovations in surgical technique include consideration for shifting the crimp site to the malleus neck, possible repositioning of the malleus, and use of an endoscope. Prosthesis sizing may be optimized by specialized instruments or preoperative 3D radiologic imaging. Malleostapedotomy remains a viable option for management of stapes fixation when traditional incus-grip techniques are not possible. Ongoing innovation in technique and prosthesis may further advance hearing outcomes in to the future.
Flexoelectricity and Charge Separation in Carbon Nanotubes.

The effect of flexoelectric voltage on the electronic and optical properties of single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes is evaluated by the first-principles calculations. The voltage between the inner channel of curved sp2 carbon nanostructures and their surroundings scales linearly with nanotube wall curvature and can be boosted/reversed by appropriate outer wall functionalization. We predict and verify computationally that in double-wall nanotubes, flexoelectricity causes a straddling to staggered band gap transition. Accurate band structure calculations taking into account quasiparticle corrections and excitonic effects lead to an estimated critical diameter of ∼24 A for this transition. Double-wall nanotubes above this diameter have staggered band alignment and could be potentially used for charge separation in photovoltaic devices.
The effect of chemically preintercalated alkali ion on structure of layered titanates and their electrochemistry in aqueous energy storage systems

We introduce a novel chemical preintercalation based synthesis technique based on hydrogen peroxide induced sol-gel process to obtain alkali ion containing ternary layered titanates (MTO, where M = Li, Na, K). Synthesis parameters leading to the formation of single-phase materials with homogeneous elemental distribution are reported for each of the preintercalated ion. Our analyses indicate that the interlayer spacing in the structure of the layered titanates increases with the increase of the radius of the hydrated preintercalated ion. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed morphological diversity: the LTO phase crystallized as nanoplates assembled in "peony-like" spherical agglomerates while NTO and KTO particles exhibited one-dimensional nanobelt or wire-like morphology, with the KTO nanobelts being shorter and more aggregated than the NTO nanobelts. Structural refinement corroborated by electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the structure of the LTO phase is built by stacking Ti-O layers containing a single straight layer of connected TiO6 octahedra. The layers in NTO and KTO structures form differently and consist of double Ti-O layers with ragged arrangement of units built by TiO6 octahedra with two titanium rows. The NTO electrodes exhibited the highest electrochemical performance in cells with aqueous 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, followed by the KTO electrodes and then LTO electrodes, and this trend is maintained at various scan rates. The established relationships between the structure and electrochemical performance reveal that, in addition to interlayer distance and chemistry of the interlayer region, the structure of the layers can play an important role in charge storage properties of layered oxide electrodes. The double Ti-O layers in the structure of NTO and KTO phases provide a larger number of redox centers which could contribute to the superior electrochemical performance as compared to the LTO electrodes. Our findings indicate that layered materials containing double transition metal oxide layers are promising candidates for exfoliation and assembly with electronically conductive layers with the aim to create 2D heterostructures with high electrochemical performance.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery After Resection of Brain Metastases: Changing Patterns of Care in the United States.

Objective Management of symptomatic brain metastases often includes surgical resection with postoperative radiotherapy. Postoperative whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) improves intracranial control but detrimentally impacts quality of life and neurocognition. We sought to characterize the use in the United States of postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), an evolving standard-of-care associated with reduced cognitive effects. Methods With the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database from 2007 to 2015, we identified patients aged 18–65 years treated with resection of a brain metastasis followed by SRS or WBRT within 60 days of surgery. Logistic regression estimated associations between co-variables (treatment year, age, sex, geographic region, place of service, insurance type, disease histology, comorbidity score, and median area household income and educational attainment) and SRS receipt. Results Of 4007 patients included, 1506 (37.6%) received SRS and 2501 (62.4%) received WBRT. Postoperative SRS increased from 16.5% (2007–2008) to 56.8% (2014–2015). Patients residing in areas with a median household income or an educational attainment below 50th percentile were significantly less likely to receive SRS after controlling for treatment year and other demographic characteristics (P Conclusions Postoperative SRS for brain metastases has increased from 2007 to 2015, with the majority of patients now receiving SRS over WBRT. Patients in areas of lower socioeconomic class were less likely to receive SRS, warranting further investigation of barriers to SRS adoption.
Fashion and Design Gallery

Located in Salem, Massachusetts, the Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) is America’s oldest continuously operating museum, displaying the arts and treasures of the city and its historic trading partners, c...
Narrative identity across multiple autobiographical episodes: Considering means and variability with well-being

This project tested the ways mean expressions of narrative identity and variability in expressions of narrative identity informed young adults’ well-being. We collected three narratives about past ...
Advertising during COVID-19: Exploring Perceived Brand Message Authenticity and Potential Psychological Reactance

This study seeks to examine under what circumstances brand advertising that advocated for socially desirable behaviors (e.g., mask wearing) during the COVID-19 pandemic may be successful in increas...
Single-center task analysis and user-centered assessment of physical space impacts on emergency Cesarean delivery.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to begin to address this gap using validated techniques in human factors to perform a participatory user-centered analysis of physical space during emergency Cesarean. METHODS This study employed a mixed-methods design. Focus group interviews and surveys were administered to a convenience sample (n = 34) of multidisciplinary obstetric teams. Data collected from focus group interviews were used to perform a task and equipment analysis. Survey data were coded and mapped by specialty to identify reported areas of congestion and time spent, and to identify themes related to physical space of the OR and labor and delivery unit. RESULTS Task analysis revealed complex interdependencies between specialties. Thirty task groupings requiring over 20 pieces of equipment were identified. Perceived areas of congestion and areas of time spent in the OR varied by clinical specialty. The following categories emerged as main challenges encountered during an emergency Cesarean: 1) size of physical space and equipment, 2) layout and orientation, and 3) patient transport. CONCLUSION User insights on physical space and workflow processes during emergency Cesarean section at the institution studied revealed challenges related to getting the patients into the OR expediently and having space to perform tasks without crowding or staff injury. By utilizing human factors techniques, other institutions may build upon our findings to improve safety during emergency situations on labor and delivery.
In vivo relationships between lumbar facet joint and intervertebral disc composition and diurnal deformation.

Abstract Background Spinal motion is facilitated by a “three joint complex”, two facet joints and one intervertebral disc at each spinal level. Both the intervertebral discs and facet joints are subject to natural age-related degeneration, and while these processes may be linked it is not clear how. As instability in the disc could underlie facet arthritis, we evaluated the hypothesis that the discs and facet joints are mechanically coupled. Methods We recruited young, asymptomatic volunteers (n = 10; age: mean 25, range 21–30 years; BMI: mean 23.1, range 19.1–29.0 kg/m2) and applied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D) modeling to measure facet and disc composition (MRI T1rho relaxation time) and facet and disc function (diurnal changes in facet space width, disc height) in the lumbar spine. Findings We found that facet space width was positively associated with facet T1rho relaxation time (fluid content) and negatively associated with disc T1rho, and that facets adjacent to degenerated discs were significantly thicker and had significantly higher T1rho. Furthermore, the diurnal change in wedge angle was positively associated the diurnal change in facet space width, while disc degeneration, the diurnal change in disc height, and facet T1rho were not. Interpretation These data demonstrate an interdependence between disc and facet health, but not between disc and facet mechanical function. Furthermore, the weak relationship between facet cartilage composition and in vivo function suggests that other factors, like spinal curvature, determine in vivo spine mechanics. Future work in symptomatic or aged populations are warranted to confirm these findings.
Post-closure technique to reduce vascular complications related to Impella CP

Abstract Background Use of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support has grown exponentially. Vascular complications remain a growing concern and best practices for device removal do not exist. We describe a novel post-closure technique for the next generation Impella CP removal and immediate hemostasis . Methods This study is a single center, retrospective, exploratory analysis of 11 consecutive patients receiving an Impella CP for either high-risk PCI or cardiogenic shock and then referred for post-closure compared to 20 patients receiving manual compression for Impella CP removal between 2017 and 2019. Results Mean age range was 62.7–65.4 years and 50–65% male between groups. Average duration of Impella CP treatment ranged from 3.4 to 5.2 days. Patients referred for post-closure had significantly lower rates of all-cause adverse vascular events (0% versus 40%; n = 0/11 versus n = 8/20; p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in BARC 3 or greater bleeding, transfusion requirement, hospitalization duration or intensive care duration between removal strategies. Conclusion The novel post-closure technique may significantly reduce vascular complications associated with device removal and may improve clinical outcomes for these critically ill patients.
State and Government

Marx had pointed out specifically that the state is the apparatus used by one class to suppress another. Lenin, in commenting on Engels’ The Origin of Family, Private Property and State in 1917, quoted Engels as saying, “The state is the product of a certain stage of social development.”1 Then Lenin went further by saying that the state is the product and expression of class contradictions.2
Volatile Emissions from Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Basalts: Mass Assumptions and Environmental Consequences

Mesozoic basins that contain extrusive basalts of the 200 Ma Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) presently total about 320,000 km 2 . However, CAMP dikes and sills similar to those that fed the basin basalts are also spread widely across an area greater than 10 million km 2 within four continents. In addition, basalts of the east coast margin igneous province (ECMIP) of North America, which cause the east coast magnetic anomaly, covered about 110,000 km 2 with 1.3 million km 3 of extrusive lavas. If only half of the continental CAMP area was originally covered by 200 m of surface flows, the total volume of CAMP and ECMIP lavas exceeded 2.3 million km 3 . Weighted averages for the volatile contents of 686 CAMP tholeiitic dikes and sills, in weight %, are: CO 2 = 0.117; S = 0.052; F = 0.035; and Cl = 0.050. Atmospheric emissions of volatiles from flood basalts are conservatively estimated as 50 % to 70 % of the volatile content of the sub-volcanic magmas, mainly exsolved into gaseous plumes from lava curtains at the erupting fissures. Total volcanic emissions of these gases therefore ranged between 1.11 x 10 12 and 5.19 x 10 12 metric tons, enough for major worldwide environmental problems. Radiometric and stratigraphic dates indicate that most CAMP volcanic activity was brief, widespread, and close to the Tr-J boundary, which is marked by a profound mass extinction. More precise information about the timing, duration, and chemical emissions of volcanic episodes is needed to support a model for CAMP in the extinction event.
Typhoon: a reliable data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks

We present Typhoon, a protocol designed to reliably deliver large objects to all the nodes of a wireless sensor network (WSN). Typhoon uses a combination of spatially-tuned timers, prompt retransmissions, and frequency diversity to reduce contention and promote spatial re-use. We evaluate the performance benefits these techniques provide through extensive simulations and experiments in an indoor testbed. Our results show that Typhoon is able to reduce dissemination time and energy consumption by up to three times compared to Deluge. These improvements are most prominent in sparse and lossy networks that represent real-life WSN deployments.
Monoclonal antibodies specific for globin chains

Six monoclonal antibodies specific for human globin chains are described. They are produced by stable clones obtained by raising hybridomas using cells of mice immunized with either adult or fetal hemoglobin. Characterization of the antibodies included testing against tetrameric human and other animal hemoglobins, isolated hemoglobin chains, and when indicated, cyanogen bromide fragments. Monoclonals 16-2 and 37-8 are beta-chain specific. Antibody 31-2 recognizes an antigenic determinant common to the alpha and beta subunits. Monoclonal 30-3 recognizes determinants best expressed in the alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer. Antibody 45-1 recognizes a determinant common to beta and gamma subunits, while antibody 51-7 is gamma-chain specific. None of the monoclonal antibodies recognizes mouse hemoglobin, and they display significant differences in binding to hemoglobins of various species. The species-specific reactions and the knowledge of the primary structures of globins allowed deductions about the antigenic sites recognized by two of the monoclonals (16-2 and 45-1). These antihemoglobin monoclonal antibodies will provide useful probes for studying hemoglobin expression in vivo and in vitro.
Mechanisms for Short T2 and T2* in Collagen-Containing Tissue

Molecular environments sampled by 1H nuclei in tissues are heterogeneous. Although in MRI we do not directly observe proton signal of hydrogen atoms covalently bound to carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms of the protein's backbone, presence of proteins and protein structures has a direct effect on the relaxation behavior of water protons. Amount of interactions of water with macromolecules is vast but in some tissues/organs, a high protein composition of a particular type naturally reduces the number of variables. In tendon, cartilage, and ligaments collagen is a major macromolecular component. Water interactions with collagen structures account for short components of the T2/T decay in these tissues/organs. This article will review and examine experimental evidence in support of the three major mechanisms for a rapid transverse relaxation of collagen-containing tissues: residual dipolar coupling, susceptibility anisotropy, and bulk magnetic susceptibility. Keywords: residual dipolar coupling; chemical exchange; magnetic susceptibility anisotropy; bulk magnetic susceptibility; collagen; tendon; cartilage; magic-angle effect
EFFECT OF SMALL BOWEL RESECTION ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSA IN THE RAT

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (120 to 130 gm), unoperated, sham-operated, and those with a 50% resection of the proximal small intestine, were studied after periods of 3, 6, 9, or 12 months. Differences in body weight and in the surface area, thickness, volume, and cellular content of the gastric mucosa between these three groups of animals were compared and statistically analyzed. After an initial loss in body weight, animals with small bowel resection and sham-operated animals attained weights equivalent to unoperated controls. Comparison of the groups for mucosal surface areas of the body of the stomachs showed no significant differences at the 3-, 6-, or 9-month periods. However, 12 months after surgery, the mucosal surface area of stomachs from resected animals was significantly greater than in corresponding controls. At 3, 6, and 9 months after resection, the thickness and volume of the gastric mucosa and the epithelial cell populations (parietal and nonparietal). of the gastric glands were significantly greater than in controls. However, at 12 months, there was no significant difference in any of these parameters between the controls and the experimental animals. The DNA content of the gastric mucosa was significantly greater for animals with small bowel resection than for corresponding controls at 1 and 6 months after surgery. It is concluded that hyperplasia of the gastric glands exists for at least 9 months after proximal small bowel resection in the rat. This hyperplastic response may be responsible for the previously observed (N Engl J Med 272:509–514,1965; Surgery 65:292–297,1969) gastric hypersecretion associated with extensive small bowel resection.
Multimodal Plasticity in Dorsal Striatum While Learning a Lateralized Navigation Task

Growing evidence supports a critical role for the dorsal striatum in cognitive as well as motor control. Both lesions and in vivo recordings demonstrate a transition in the engaged dorsal striatal subregion, from dorsomedial to dorsolateral, as skill performance shifts from an attentive phase to a more automatic or habitual phase. What are the neural mechanisms supporting the cognitive and behavioral transitions in skill learning? To pursue this question, we used T-maze training during which rats transition from early, attentive (dorsomedial) to late habitual (dorsolateral) performance. Following early or late training, we performed the first direct comparison of bidirectional synaptic plasticity in striatal brain slices, and the first evaluation of striatal synaptic plasticity by hemisphere relative to a learned turn. Consequently, we find that long-term potentiation and long-term depression are independently modulated with learning rather than reciprocally linked as previously suggested. Our results establish that modulation of evoked synaptic plasticity with learning depends on striatal subregion, training stage, and hemisphere relative to the learned turn direction. Exclusive to the contralateral hemisphere, intrinsic excitability is enhanced in dorsomedial relative to dorsolateral medium spiny neurons early in training and population responses are dampened late in training. Neuronal reconstructions indicate dendritic remodeling after training, which may represent a novel form of pruning. In conclusion, we describe region- and hemisphere-specific changes in striatal synaptic, intrinsic, and morphological plasticity which correspond to T-maze learning stages, and which may play a role in the cognitive transition between attentive and habitual strategies. Significance statement: We investigated neural plasticity in dorsal striatum from rats that were briefly or extensively trained on a directional T-maze task. Our results demonstrate that both the extent of training and the direction a rat learns to turn control the location and type of change in synaptic plasticity. In addition, brief training produces changes in neuron excitability only within one striatal subregion, whereas all training produces widespread changes in dendritic morphology. Our results suggest that activity in dorsomedial striatum strengthens the rewarded turn after brief training, whereas activity in dorsolateral striatum suppresses unrewarded turns after extensive training. This study illuminates how plasticity mediates learning using a task recognized for transitioning subjects from attentive to automatic performance.
Commentary: Child Safety Seats—Improving Use Step-by-Step

Abstract [Jolly BT: NHTSA Notes Commentary: Child safety seats—Improving use step-by-step. Ann Emerg Med September 1999;34:404-405.]
Interleukin-1 stimulates diacylglycerol production in T lymphocytes by a novel mechanism

We have investigated the biochemical mechanism by which interleukin-1 (IL-1) serves as a comitogen with agents that directly activate the antigen receptor in T lymphocytes. We have studied the human T cell line Jurkat, which can be stimulated to produce Interleukin-2 by treatment with antibodies that bind to the CD3-antigen receptor complex and hence represents a model system for T cell activation. Using highly purified, recombinant human IL-1, we show that IL-1 stimulates rapid diacylglycerol and phosphorylcholine production from phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the absence of phosphatidylinositol turnover in Jurkat cells. This effect is also observed in peripheral blood T cells and a murine T cell line. The EC50 for IL-1 was 28 fM, and PC hydrolysis was detectable within 5 sec at 37 degrees C. The murine cell line had typical high-affinity IL-1 receptors (kd = 7 X 10(-11) M). However, we were unable to detect IL-1 binding to Jurkat cells. This reaction occurs via a novel mechanism and may explain the comitogenic activity of IL-1 in T lymphocyte activation as well as many of the pleiotropic biologic effects of this cytokine.
Changing Soils to Manage Plant Communities: Activated Carbon as a Restoration Tool in Ex‐arable Fields

Due to its potential to inhibit plant–microbe interaction and allelopathy, there is a growing interest in the use of activated carbon (AC) as a soil manipulation for native plant restoration. Here I describe the long-term effects of AC on native and non-native plant growth in the field and the short-term effects of AC on soil microbial communities. I added AC (1% by mass) with or without native seed to plots in three ex-arable fields dominated by non-native plants in the Methow Valley, Washington, U.S.A. Six years after a single application, AC plus native seed addition restored native plant dominance by decreasing non-native abundance from 34 ± 4% to 14 ± 2%, and increasing native abundance from 10 ± 2% to 42 ± 8%. Relative to non-AC-treated soils, AC decreased the abundance of the bacterial (16:0), fungal (18:1 ω9c, 18:1 ω6,9,12c), and mycorrhizal (16:1 ω5c) lipids that were associated with non-native-dominated soils. This research suggests that AC effects on plant growth might be due to a complex combination of its direct effects on heterotrophic, symbiotic, and pathogenic soil organisms as well as its ability to sequester allelochemicals. This research showed that soil manipulations may be a necessary component of native plant restoration because seed addition alone did not restore native plant dominance, but AC plus seed treatment did restore native plant dominance.