cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Argument Structure and Disciplinary Perspective

Many in the informal logic tradition distinguish convergent from linked argument structure. The pragma-dialectical tradition distinguishes multiple from co-ordinatively compound argumentation. Although these two distinctions may appear to coincide, constituting only a terminological difference, we argue that they are distinct, indeed expressing different disciplinary perspectives on argumentation. From a logical point of view, where the primary evaluative issue concerns sufficient strength of support, the unit of analysis is the individual argument, the particular premises put forward to support a given conclusion. Structure is internal to this unit. From a dialectical point of view, where the focus concerns how well a critical discussion comes to a reasoned conclusion of some disputed question, the argumentation need not constitute a single unit of argument. The unit of dialectical analysis will be the entire argumentation made up of these several arguments. The multiple/co-ordinatively compound distinction is dialectical, while the linked/convergent distinction is logical. Keeping these two pairs of distinctions separate allows us to see certain attempts to characterize convergent versus linked arguments as rather characterizing multiple versus co-ordinatively compound arguments, in particular attempts of Thomas, Nolt, and Yanal, and to resolve straightforwardly conflicts, tensions, or anomalies in their accounts. Walton's preferred Suspension/Insufficient Proof test to identify linked argument structure correctly identifies co-ordinatively compound structure. His objection to using the concept of relevance to explicate the distinction between linked and convergent structure within co-ordinatively compound argumentation can be met through explicating relevance in terms of inference licenses. His counterexample to the Suspension/No Support test for identifying linked structure which this approach supports can itself be straightforwardly dealt with when the test is explicated through inference licenses.
Dopamine and Stress System Modulation of Sex Differences in Decision Making

Maladaptive decision making is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, including problem gambling and suicidal behavior. The prevalence of these disorders is higher in men vs women, suggesting gender-dependent regulation of their pathophysiology underpinnings. We assessed sex differences in decision making using the rat version of the Iowa gambling task. Female rats identified the most optimal choice from session 1, whereas male rats from session 5. Male, but not female rats, progressively improved their advantageous option responding and surpassed females. Estrus cycle phase did not affect decision making. To test whether pharmacological manipulations targeting the dopaminergic and stress systems affect decision making in a sex-dependent manner, male and female rats received injections of a dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) antagonist (eticlopride), D2R agonist (quinpirole), corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF1) antagonist (antalarmin), and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist (yohimbine; used as a pharmacological stressor). Alterations in mRNA levels of D2R and CRF1 were also assessed. Eticlopride decreased advantageous responding in male, but not female rats, whereas quinpirole decreased advantageous responding specifically in females. Yohimbine dose-dependently decreased advantageous responding in female rats, whereas decreased advantageous responding was only observed at higher doses in males. Antalarmin increased optimal choice responding only in female rats. Higher Drd2 and Crhr1 expression in the amygdala were observed in female vs male rats. Higher amygdalar Crhr1 expression was negatively correlated with advantageous responding specifically in females. This study demonstrates the relevance of dopaminergic- and stress-dependent sex differences to maladaptive decision making.
DeepHit: A Deep Learning Approach to Survival Analysis With Competing Risks

Survival analysis (time-to-event analysis) is widely used in economics and finance, engineering, medicine and many other areas. A fundamental problem is to understand the relationship between the covariates and the (distribution of) survival times(times-to-event). Much of the previous work has approached the problem by viewing the survival time as the first hitting time of a stochastic process, assuming a specific form for the underlying stochastic process, using available data to learn the relationship between the covariates and the parameters of the model, and then deducing the relationship between covariates and the distribution of first hitting times (the risk). However, previous models rely on strong parametric assumptions that are often violated. This paper proposes a very different approach to survival analysis, DeepHit, that uses a deep neural network to learn the distribution of survival times directly.DeepHit makes no assumptions about the underlying stochastic process and allows for the possibility that the relationship between covariates and risk(s) changes over time. Most importantly, DeepHit smoothly handles competing risks; i.e. settings in which there is more than one possible event of interest.Comparisons with previous models on the basis of real and synthetic datasets demonstrate that DeepHit achieves large and statistically significant performance improvements over previous state-of-the-art methods.
CREATION OF A SYSTEM OF SIGNS TO IDENTIFY THE USER ON THE DYNAMICS OF REPRODUCTION SIGNATURES

Describes a method of creating a system of signs to identify the user for authentication on the dynamics of ink handwriting using a multi-touch sensor. The result is a reduction of the computational complexity of classification when creating access control systems.
Towards Reliable Hypothesis Validation in Social Sensing Applications

Social sensing has become a new crowdsourcing application paradigm where humans function as sensors to report their observations about the physical world. While many previous studies in social sensing focus on the problem of ascertaining the reliability of data sources and the truthfulness of their reported claims (often known as truth discovery), this paper investigates a new problem of hypothesis validation where the goal is to validate some high-level statements (referred to as hypotheses) from the low-level statements (referred to as claims) embedded in the social sensing data. The truthfulness of hypotheses cannot be directly obtained from the truth discovery results and two key challenges are involved in solving the hypothesis validation problem: (i) how to match the hypotheses generated by end users to the relevant claims generated by social sensors? (ii) How to accurately validate the truthfulness of the hypotheses given the unknown reliability of data sources and unvetted truthfulness of the claims? This paper proposes a Reliable Hypothesis Validation (RHV) scheme to address the above challenges. In particular, we develop a critical claim selection approach to match the hypotheses with the relevant claims and derive an optimal solution to validate their truthfulness by exploring the complex relationship between hypotheses and claims. The performance of RHV scheme is evaluated on three datasets collected from real- world social sensing applications. The results show that the RHV scheme significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art baselines in terms of validating the truthfulness of hypotheses.
Making the Basic Grant Program More Effective

The small percentage of freshmen who applied for the Basic Educational Opportunity Grant (B.E.O.G:-) in the 1973-74 school year caused alarm across the nation. Even though the deadline for appiying was extended, there was a belief that the program would fall short of its expected· goal. Meetings were called, hearings held, and letters written in an effort to determine why. students were not applying. Many theories were advanced by various individuals but, for the most part, they have been feelings rather than documented facts. However, at least two surveys have been conducted by financial aid officers; one by Edmond Hayes at the University of vVisconsin and the other by Mildred McAuley ~t three community colleges in California.
Elementary Students' Ideas Concerning Fossil Fuel Energy

Forty-two academically gifted and thirty-two average-achieving elementary students in grades one through six were interviewed to determine ideas concerning fossil fuel energy. There were no significant differences between the responses of the two populations. Major categories of misconceptions encountered during interviews included misconceptions about: configuration or distribution of petroleum reservoirs, gasoline manufacture and storage, the origin of petroleum, the importance of petroleum in our society, petroleum prospecting and recovery; and the nature of coal and natural gas. Misconceptions about fossil fuels arise for a variety of reasons. Students sometimes misunderstand scenes from movies, televisions shows or cartoons, make incorrect analogies with more familiar experiences, misinterpret diagrams in printed materials, misconstrue the meanings of symbols, or confuse similar-sounding terms or words with more than one meaning. Sixty-seven preservice teachers responding to a ten-question survey to ...
Napping at home and alertness on the job in rotating shift workers

Conditions surrounding self-selected napping and its association with waking function were examined in a quasi-experimental study at two worksites with workers on 8- and 12-hour rotating shifts. Nap frequency, sleep quantity, quality and timing were determined from daily questionnaires, and performance/alertness during the workshift was assessed with on-site computerized testing. Results indicated that most napping occurred prior to the first night shift of the week. Napping prior to the first shift supplemented an apparently adequate quantity of main sleep, whereas napping during the workweek compensated for a reduced quantity of main sleep. Sleep quality was rated higher on no-nap days than on nap days and higher prior to the first shift than during the workweek. These results generally support a compensatory view of napping. Worksite performance/alertness testing, however, indicated diminished alertness during the shift on nap days compared to no-nap days, which was not consistent with a compensatory view of napping. Decreased alertness on nap days may have been associated with poorer sleep quality or with differences in circadian rhythm adaptation on those days.
Dislocating the Masculine: How Nellie Bly Feminised Her Reports:

Nellie Bly’s pioneering contribution to eighteenth-century journalism has not been adequately recognised. The author bridges this gap in America’s media history by scrutinising the strategies she e...
Perceptions of Access to Justice Among Unrepresented Tenants: An Examination of Procedural Justice and Deservingness in New York City Housing Court

ABSTRACTIn Turner v. Rogers, the U.S. Supreme Court charged judges with ensuring due process for unrepresented litigants in civil proceedings. We argue that engaged judging overlaps with the group ...
Minimally Invasive Stabilization Alone (Thoracic and Lumbar): Cement Augmentation

The majority (90%) of metastatic tumors of the spine occur in the thoracic and lumbar region. These tumors can cause instability of the spine, severe pain, and neurologic deficits. Surgical treatment is focused on stabilization, pain reduction, and improvement of quality of life. Many patients do not qualify for conventional open surgery due to medical comorbidities and limited life expectancy when compared to the recovery from surgery. However, minimally invasive surgery allows this group of patients to safely undergo surgery with shorter recovery periods.
On spanning trees with few branch vertices

Abstract A conjecture of Matsuda, Ozeki, and Yamashita posits that, for any positive integer k , a connected claw-free n -vertex graph G must contain either a spanning tree with at most k branch vertices or an independent set of 2 k + 3 vertices whose degrees add up to at most n − 3 . In other words, G has this spanning tree whenever σ 2 k + 3 ( G ) ≥ n − 2 . We prove this conjecture.
Epiphrenic diverticula: An added source of complexity in achalasia management

Epiphrenic (pulsion) esophageal diverticula can occur in the setting of underlying esophageal motility disorders such as achalasia and present a unique management challenge to the gastroenterologist. Asymptomatic diverticula do not require treatment, but symptomatic diverticula require therapy targeted to the underlying esophageal motility disorder, or else the diverticula will recur. Generally, laparoscopic or combined laparoscopic/thoracoscopic myotomy, diverticulectomy, and anterior fundoplication are required. However, therapeutic options for epiphrenic diverticula are evolving as peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) becomes more commonplace. We review two cases of achalasia complicated by epiphrenic diverticula at our institution. In the first case, type II achalasia was identified and the patient underwent laparoscopic myotomy. In the second case, type III achalasia was present and the patient underwent successful POEM. We discuss the presentation, pathophysiology, and management of epiphrenic diverticula as well as the expanding role for POEM in diverticula.
Relativistic Effects in Magnetic Circular Dichroism: Restricted Magnetic Balance and Temperature Dependence

Magnetic circular dichroism of transition metal complexes and open-shell systems are challenging to simulate and analyze, mainly due to the interplay of spin-orbit couplings and finite-magnetic-field induced Zeeman effects with the complex selection rules dictated by the circularly polarized light. In this work, we introduce an ab initio relativistic two-component formalism based on the restricted magnetic-balanced Hamiltonian for simulating MCD spectra. Both homogeneous finite magnetic field and relativistic effects are included variationally in the ground state reference. Finite-field London orbitals are used to enforce the constrained gauge-origin independence in the calculation using localized atomic orbitals. Through benchmark studies of AuCl4-, Pt(CN)42-, and Mo(CN)83-, we discuss how relativistic effects are manifested in MCD for both closed-shell and open-shell molecular complexes and how the interplay between spin-orbit coupling and magnetic field modulates the MCD selection rules. Finally, an investigation on temperature-dependent MCD is carried out and compared to experiment.
Maintaining an Active Organic Class during the COVID-Induced Online Transition at Two Undergraduate Institutions

This communication contains the experience of two early-career organic professors at primarily undergraduate institutions during the rapid transition to an online learning environment during the COVID-19 pandemic. The techniques and methods for transitioning both the organic lecture and lab of two class sizes (∼50 and ∼10) are juxtaposed, and conclusions are drawn that provide insight into improvements for both online and on-site learning.
Mobility Map Inference from Thermal Modeling of a Building.

We consider the problem of inferring the mobility map, which is the distribution of the building occupants at each timestamp, from the temperatures of the rooms. We also want to explore the effects of noise in the temperature measurement, room layout, etc. in the reconstruction of the movement of people within the building. Our proposed algorithm tackles down the aforementioned challenges leveraging a parameter learner, the modified Least Square Estimator. In the absence of a complete data set with mobility map, room and ambient temperatures, and HVAC data in the public domain, we simulate a physics-based thermal model of the rooms in a building and evaluate the performance of our inference algorithm on this simulated data. We find an upper bound of the noise standard deviation (<= 1F) in the input temperature data of our model. Within this bound, our algorithm can reconstruct the mobility map with a reasonable reconstruction error. Our work can be used in a wide range of applications, for example, ensuring the physical security of office buildings, elderly and infant monitoring, building resources management, emergency building evacuation, and vulnerability assessment of HVAC data. Our work brings together multiple research areas, Thermal Modeling and Parameter Estimation, towards achieving a common goal of inferring the distribution of people within a large office building.
Disabled sexualities: A theoretical review of sociological approaches and a call to problematize the normative/non-normative dialectic:

In the aftermath of the disability rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s, a number of disability activists and scholars began calling for increased attention to the sexual lives of people with dis...
Options for Managing Landscape for Change

Humans have long demonstrated an enormous capacity to change landscapes, often very quickly. But these changes have either been unintentional or intended for a static, equilibrium world where the drivers of change were incremental and not accelerating at their current pace. How can landscapes be intentionally managed for change? I provide a brief summary of innovative management actions for the sustained delivery of landscape values into the manageable future. We have developed a vast array of tools for managing landscapes, some that are well-vetted and others that are novel and innovative. Using landscape trajectories as a framework, I provide an overview of these tools.
Electroluminescence in Molecular Materials

The cathode ray tube (CRT) is currently the most widely used electronic display technology. The luminescent images of the CRT are generated by independently exciting the red, green, and blue (RGB) phosphors of each pixel, whose emissions add to give the desired color. While CRTs have excellent picture quality, their size, weight, and low shock resistance prevent them from being used in most mobile applications such as laptop computers and other small consumer electronic devices. The technology that has been applied almost universally in mobile applications involves the use of liquid crystal displays (LCDs). The individual pixels in these displays consist of a liquid crystalline material sandwiched between two electrodes, which in turn is sandwiched between crossed polarizers. The individual pixels of the LCD act as electrically activated light valves, allowing light to be transmitted from a light source behind the LCDpanel. The light source can be a fluorescent back light or a mirror that reflects the incident light. Color images are generated by placing magenta, yellow, and cyan color-pass filters in front of selected pixels, and driving the individual color elements of each pixel to generate the desired spectrum.
Quantitative Analysis in Iterative Classification Schemes for Cryo-EM Application

Over the past three decades, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle reconstruction (SPR) techniques have evolved into a powerful toolbox for determining biological macromolecular structures. In its original form, the SPR requires a homogeneous sample, i.e., all the projection images represent identical copies of the macromolecules (Frank, Three-dimensional electron microscopy of macromolecular assemblies: visualization of biological molecules in their native state, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006). Recent developments in computational classification methods have made it possible to determine multiple conformations/structures of the macromolecules from cryo-EM data obtained from a single biological sample (Agirrezabala et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci 109:6094–6099, 2012; Fischer et al., Nature 466:329–333, 2010; Scheres, J Struct Biol 180:519–530, 2012). However, the existing classification methods involve different amounts of arbitrary decisions, which may lead to ambiguities of the classification results. In this work, we propose a quantitative way of analyzing the results obtained with iterative classification of cryo-EM data. Based on the logs of iterative particle classification, this analysis can provide quantitative criteria for determining the iteration of convergence and the number of distinguishable conformations/structures in a heterogeneous cryo-EM data set. To show its applicability, we tailored this analysis to the classification results of the program RELION (Scheres, Methods Enzymol 482:295–320, 2010; Scheres, J Mol Biol 415:406–418, 2011) using both benchmark and experimental data sets of ribosomes.
Phosphorylation of Chk2 and H2AX during gemcitabine-induced S-phase arrest

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2267 Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog that is incorporated into replicating DNA, resulting in partial chain termination and stalling of replication forks. Human AML leukemia cells (ML-1) arrest in S phase when exposed to 7.5-10 nM gemcitabine for 24 h. The goal of this investigation was to investigate the molecular pharmacology of the gemcitabine-induced S-phase checkpoint. Under S-phase arrest conditions, the DNA damage-responsive kinase, Chk1, was phosphorylated on Ser-317 and Ser-345, indicating its activation by an upstream sensor(s). Consistent with S-phase checkpoint activation, phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) on Y-15 increased in comparison with untreated controls, indicating its inhibition. Chk2 is a second kinase that is responsive to DNA damage, but its role in S-phase arrest has not been established. Phosphorylation of Thr-68 of Chk2 demonstrated that it also became activated in response to gemcitabine treatment. H2AX, a histone that rapidly undergoes phosphorylation and forms microscopic nuclear foci after recruitment to sites of DNA damage, also became phosphorylated on Ser-139 within 2 h after gemcitabine treatment, as determined by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Thus, these responses of Chk2 and H2AX to gemcitabine suggest the presence of DNA damage, that is qualitatively different from that which activates the canonical Chk1-Cdc25A-Cdk2/Cyclin A checkpoint pathway. Exposure of S-phase arrested cells to the Chk1 inhibitor, 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01, 100 nM), resulted in an abrogation of the S phase checkpoint and an increase in cell death within 3 h that exceeded 35% of the population by 9 h. In contrast, UCN-01 alone (10-200 nM) had little effect on the cell cycle status or viability of exponentially growing ML-1 cells. Consistent with such abrogation, a significant dephosphorylation of Cdk2 on Tyr-15 was observed, while total Cdk2 levels remained stable. Phosphorylation of Chk1 on Ser-317 and Ser-345 increased within 3 h of UCN-01 addition as did phosphorylation of Chk2 kinase and H2AX, in comparison to levels in S-phase arrested cells. These events, perhaps in response to a second set of DNA damage sensors that may govern apoptosis, signal additional DNA damage upon UCN-01 addition.
From middens to molecules: phylogeography of the piñon pine, Pinus edulis

Aim Data from packrat middens have established a hypothesized historical biogeography of pinon pine, Pinus edulis, including locations of glacial refugia in the south-western USA and subsequent migration out of the refugia. In this study, we used molecular techniques to test the glacial refugial hypotheses inferred from packrat (Neotoma) midden data for P. edulis. Location South-western USA. Methods Two fragments of chloroplast DNA (a portion of the matK gene and a portion of the rbcL gene) for a total of 1045 base pairs were amplified and sequenced for 100 individuals. Thirty-one populations were sampled throughout the range of P. edulis. Phylogenetic analyses included maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. Results Very little variation existed among the individuals sampled. Four haplotypes were identified. The inferred ancestral haplotype was the most widespread; it was most common in Texas and New Mexico where, with the exception of one individual, it was the only haplotype found. Arizona and Utah populations were more diverse, with almost half of the populations containing two or more haplotypes. The most derived haplotype was most abundant in Arizona. Main conclusions The distribution of haplotypes is geographically informative. Only one haplotype exists in the south-eastern portion of the range of P. edulis whereas up to four haplotypes are found in other populations, suggesting one of two hypotheses: either all modern populations are descended from a refugial population in central Arizona, or modern populations are descended from two refugial populations, one in central Arizona and another in Texas–southern New Mexico. Interpreting these data in the light of packrat midden data gives more support for the latter hypothesis.
College student's blood donation behavior: relationships to demographics, perceived risk, and incentives.

A study was undertaken to empirically investigate whether the student market could be further segmented into blood donor and nondonor markets based on their demographic characteristics, perceived risks, and influence on non-monetary incentives. While significant differences were found between donors and non-donors based on their gender, blood type, student classification, and influence of incentives, no differences were found between the four (physical, psychological, social, or time) dimensions of perceived risk. Discussion focuses on strategies for blood collection agencies for student markets.
Neighboring Local Optimal Solutions and Its Applications

The number of neighboring local optimal solutions is an important index for assessing the complexity of nonlinear systems and the computational complexity of numerical methods for nonlinear optimization. Sperner’s lemma provides an effective tool for this quantitative study. It has been shown that, in general there are at least 2n local-optimal solutions neighboring to any given one, for a class of nonlinear optimization problems. Furthermore, if a collection of neighboring local-optimal solutions retains the local-independence, then each solution must have at least n(n + 1) neighboring local-optimal solutions instead. The local-independence has been justified for the planar case at the end.
High-Performance Design of YARN MapReduce on Modern HPC Clusters with Lustre and RDMA

The viability and benefits of running MapReduce over modern High Performance Computing (HPC) clusters, with high performance interconnects and parallel file systems, have attracted much attention in recent times due to its uniqueness of solving data analytics problems with a combination of Big Data and HPC technologies. Most HPC clusters follow the traditional Beowulf architecture with a separate parallel storage system (e.g. Lustre) and either no, or very limited, local storage. Since the MapReduce architecture relies heavily on the availability of local storage media, the Lustre-based global storage system in HPC clusters poses many new opportunities and challenges. In this paper, we propose a novel high-performance design for running YARN MapReduce on such HPC clusters by utilizing Lustre as the storage provider for intermediate data. We identify two different shuffle strategies, RDMA and Lustre Read, for this architecture and provide modules to dynamically detect the best strategy for a given scenario. Our results indicate that due to the performance characteristics of the underlying Lustre setup, one shuffle strategy may outperform another in different HPC environments, and our dynamic detection mechanism can deliver best performance based on the performance characteristics obtained during runtime of job execution. Through this design, we can achieve 44% performance benefit for shuffle-intensive workloads in leadership-class HPC systems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to exploit performance characteristics of alternate shuffle strategies for YARN MapReduce with Lustre and RDMA.
Comparison of dietary essential amino acid requirements determined from group‐housed versus individually‐housed juvenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus

Two 60-day experiments were conducted sequentially to determine (i) lysine requirement of juvenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus based on the dose–response method, (ii) requirements for other essential amino acids (EAAs) using whole-body amino acid profile and (iii) whether differences in growth rates of group-housed versus individually-housed bluegills lead to different lysine requirement levels because of the presence and absence, respectively, of social hierarchies. Seven, semi-purified, experimental diets (isonitrogenous, isocaloric) were prepared to contain graded levels of digestible lysine (10–31 g kg−1). Experiment-1 involved group-housed bluegills (approximately 27 g, n = 10 fish/chamber, 4 chambers/diet) whereas experiment-2 involved individually-housed bluegills (approximately 30 g, n = 1 fish/chamber, 14 chambers/diet). Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation. Bluegill growth responses in both experiments generally improved (P 0.05). Optimal dietary lysine level (digestible basis) was estimated to be 15 g kg−1 based on broken-line regression analyses of relative growth rate and feed conversion ratio with no differences being observed between the two rearing methods. Determined dietary requirement levels for other EAAs ranged from 2.4 g kg−1 (tryptophan) to 15.3 g kg−1 (leucine).
Long-Term Mentors’ Perceptions of Building Mentoring Relationships with At-Risk Youth

Youth mentoring, defined within this study, as the pairing of a youth at risk with a caring adult, is an intervention that is often used for youth at risk for academic and social failure. We sought to understand mentors’ perspectives of the fundamental elements that foster positive mentor–mentee relationships that build resiliency and increase social and academic success. Twelve participants with extensive experience in mentoring youth at high risk participated in structured interviews during two focus groups. Major themes revealed in data analysis included needs for supportive acceptance and consistency to help the mentees build social literacy and future visioning.
Automated Micro Measurement of Glucose by Means of o-Toluidine

The method described is based on Dubowski’s o-toluidine procedure for the determination of glucose in plasma, serum, or cerebrospinal fluid. It utilizes the rapidity, precision, and closed system of continuous flow analysis of an unmodified AutoAnalyzer to substantially increase sensitivity and accuracy in the low range. The method is more specific than the ferricyanide reduction method. Protein precipitation or dialysis are unnecessary except for hemolyzed specimens and only 0.042 ml of sample are required. The method is inexpensive, easily performed, and compares favorably on a practical basis with enzymatic, reducing, and other aniline dye methods.
Possible pre-Cenozoic left-lateral slip on the Yalakom fault, southwestern British Columbia

The Yalakom fault strikes northwest for nearly 250 km in southern British Columbia. Immediately north of the town of Lillooet, between the Yalakom and Fraser faults, structures within Jurassic and Cretaceous clastic rocks suggest that the Yalakom fault had a history of left-lateral followed by high-angle contractional motion. North- and northeast-trending folds offset by west-northwest-trending left-lateral and normal(?) faults, plus numerous small conjugate left- and right-lateral faults with associated extension fractures fit a strain ellipse for left-lateral slip on the Yalakom fault. Younger right-lateral bedding-plane faults, a large vertically plunging open fold, and a thrust fault adjacent to the Yalakom fault zone suggest later high-angle contractional motion. Left-lateral motion preceded, whereas contractional motion probably coincided with, 50 Ma Fraser fault deformation. To the northwest along the Yalakom fault, and on the Pasayten fault in Washington, left-lateral slip possibly occurred between about 100 and 95 Ma. Left lateral motion may prove an important element in the pre-Tertiary history of southern British Columbia.
In vitro anti-sickling effect of cepharanthine

Abstract Cepharantine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, was found to have in vitro anti-sickling activity. The activity is of the same magnitude as that of chlorpromazine, an anti-psychotic drug, but cepharantine has no neuroleptic action. The most attractive feature of cepharanthine as a possible anti-sickling drug may be that the drug has been clinically used in Japan for other diseases and is known to have very few side effects both when given in large doses and over a long term. The drug can be administered either orally or intravenously. Cepharanthine has been reported to have several clinical effects, such as enhancement of the immune response, improvement of peripheral circulation, vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation, all of which may also be beneficial to sickle-cell patients.
Perceived and measured hearing ability in construction laborers and farmers.

Background Construction and farming are characterized by small independently operated enterprises; few are included in hearing loss prevention programs. This study describes perceived and measured hearing ability among construction laborers and farmers in order to further the Healthy People 2010 goal to reduce noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Methods Construction laborers (n = 147) and farmers (n = 150) had screening audiograms at their workplace and a farm show, respectively. The relationship of the audiograms with a one-item measure of perceived hearing ability was explored using non-parametric statistics. Results At the 4,000 Hz frequency, indicative of NIHL, a high percentage of both groups exhibited hearing loss greater than 25 dB: laborers 53%, farmers 67%. Perceived hearing ability was significantly worse (P < 0.05) for workers with a measured hearing loss. The sensitivities of perceived hearing loss compared to audiometry ranged from 0.30 to 0.72 suggesting that perceived hearing loss was not a good indicator of actual hearing loss in this sample. Conclusions The poor relationship between perceived and actual hearing loss in this study suggests that best practice requires inclusion of audiometric screening as part of a complete hearing loss prevention program. Future development of an improved instrument to measure perceived hearing ability may be useful in assessing this dimension of hearing. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:431–437, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurement of Electromagnetic Energy Flow Through a Sparse Particulate Medium: A Perspective

First-principle analysis of the functional design of a well-collimated radiometer (WCR) reveals that in general, this instrument does not record the instantaneous directional flow of electromagnetic energy. Only in special cases can a sequence of measurements with a WCR yield the magnitude and direction of the local time-averaged Poynting vector. Our analysis demonstrates that it is imperative to clearly formulate the physical nature of the actual measurement afforded by a directional radiometer rather than presume desirable measurement capabilities. Only then can the directional radiometer be considered a legitimate part of physically based remote sensing and radiation-budget applications. We also emphasize the need for a better understanding of the nature of measurements with panoramic radiometers.
Results from precision tracking tests against distant objects

In order to assess an object in space, in the air, or on the ground, it is first necessary to acquire and track it. In this paper, we will discuss distant object tracking, both passively and actively, and show some recent results from the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing (AMOS) site and also from the Starfire Optical Range (SOR). In the past ten years, we have moved well beyond passive tracking on objects, to obtain the first-ever high-bandwidth closed loop tracks on skin satellites. But even passive tracking has developed further, with the advent of new sensor technology and also new beam control stabilization techniques. We will review some of our results here. In addition, a colleague and I have developed some new techniques to unambiguously estimate the active tracking jitter and boresight errors solely from the signal returned by the object being illuminated. We will review some of those results as well, and point the reader toward a more thorough published paper on that topic.
Effect of pyrite and pyrrhotite on free radical formation in coal

Abstract The effects of pyrite (FeS 2 ) and pyrrhotite (Fe 7 S 8 ) on free radical formation in a coal sample (81% carbon content) have been investigated by electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) spectroscopy. Changes in the e.s.r. parameters (spin concentration g -1 , n , linewidth Δ H and g -value) were monitored in samples of coal, coal+8% FeS 2 and coal+8% Fe 7 S 8 , as these samples were heated in vacuum or in hydrogen from room temperature to 500 °C, in steps of 50 °C for a residence time of 30 min at each temperature. In vacuum heating, changes in n begin to occur at 400 °C, 350 °C and 300 °C respectively for coal, coal+8%Fe 7 S 8 and coal+8% FeS 2 samples whereas in H 2 , the corresponding temperatures are 250 °C, 200 °C and 150 °C. Changes in Δ H and g were also observed at these temperatures. The maximum increase in n occured for coal+8% FeS 2 samples whereas the minimum increase was observed for the pure coal sample. It is argued that enhancement in n is due to two mechanisms: the pyrite to pyrrhotite conversion and the presence of pyrrhotite itself. The detailed nature of the catalytic activity of pyrrhotite is not known.
The direct linearization method applied to position error in kinematic linkages

This paper demonstrates the direct linearization method (DLM) applied to position error in kinematic linkages due to link-length and angle variations. It combines the mathematical techniques used in assembly tolerance analysis and kinematic error analysis to demonstrate a method that is applicable to models that can be described using vector loops. A bivariate model using DLM is introduced and compared to other deterministic and probabilistic methods using a multiple-loop mechanism as an example. The bivariate model is shown to be an efficient and accurate means of estimating the position error in kinematic linkages.
Long-lived oceanic transform boundaries formed above mantle thermal minima

The causes of segmentation of mid-ocean ridges by long-lived transform boundaries are poorly understood. Large (>200 km) offsets of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are distributed neither regularly nor randomly, but are mostly clustered in the equatorial region, where they can be traced outside the active transform to South American and African sheared continental margins. This permanent cluster of transforms is located above a long-lived upper mantle thermal minimum. Permanent transforms at 50°–55°N and perhaps at 45°–50°S are associated with mantle secondary thermal minima. A cluster of transforms disrupts the mid-ocean ridge above a mantle thermal minimum at the Australian-Antarctic discordance. Conversely, “hot” stretches of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are devoid of major transforms. Low magmatic budget and high-strength rheology of cold, thick lithosphere above cold mantle caused the formation of weak and unstable oceanic rift segments during the opening of the equatorial Atlantic and Australian-Antarctic oceans, favoring the development of initial transform clusters and maintaining them as permanent structural and/or geochemical boundaries. Thus, some long-lived transform clusters may be caused ultimately by upper mantle thermal minima, and not vice versa; thermal anomalies created in the mantle by these transforms (“transform cold edge effect”) are second-order “rebound” effects.
Bodian's silver method reveals molecular variation in the evolution of neurofilament proteins

The recent demonstration that Bodian's silver method specifically stains mammalian neurofilament subunits (NFs), but not other intermediate filament proteins (IFs), provides a specific marker for the identification of neurofilament polypeptides. We have applied the Bodian stain to SDS-PAGE separated polypeptides in nervous tissues from 9 species, representing neuronal evolution in 4 major phyla: chordata, mollusca, arthropoda and annelida. Every species tested except the arthropod showed intense silver staining of a set of polypeptides, each subsequently identified as NFs by immunomethods. These results demonstrate that the affinity of NFs for Bodian's silver stain is conserved during the evolution of nervous systems in a diverse spectrum of animals. Further, considerable variation in the molecular weight of NF subunits was found among the 6 vertebrates studied. This variation suggests that the molecular weight of NFs has not been conserved during evolution, a quality which appears to be unusual for a structural protein.
Cone-beam volume CT mammographic imaging : feasibility study

X-ray projection mammography, using a film/screen combination or digital techniques, has proven to be the most effective imaging modality for early detection of breast cancer currently available. However, the inherent superimposition of structures makes small carcinoma (a few millimeters in size) difficult to detect in the occultation case or in dense breasts, resulting in a high false positive biopsy rate. The cone-beam x-ray projection based volume imaging using flat panel detectors (FPDs) makes it possible to obtain three-dimensional breast images. This may benefit diagnosis of the structure and pattern of the lesion while eliminating hard compression of the breast. This paper presents a novel cone-beam volume CT mammographic imaging protocol based on the above techniques. Through computer simulation, the key issues of the system and imaging techniques, including the x-ray imaging geometry and corresponding reconstruction algorithms, x-ray characteristics of breast tissues, x-ray setting techniques, the absorbed dose estimation and the quantitative effect of x-ray scattering on image quality, are addressed. The preliminary simulation results support the proposed cone-beam volume CT mammographic imaging modality in respect to feasibility and practicability for mammography. The absorbed dose level is comparable to that of current two-view mammography and would not be a prominent problem for this imaging protocol. Compared to traditional mammography, the proposed imaging protocol with isotropic spatial resolution will potentially provide significantly better low contrast detectability of breast tumors and more accurate location of breast lesions.
Romantic Antiquity: Rome in the British Imagination, 1789–1832

Romantic Antiquity: Rome in the British Imagination, 1789–1832. Jonathan Sachs, New York: Oxford UP, 2010. viii + 304, 6 illustrations. ISBN 978-0-19-537612-8 (hb). While the aesthetic, philosophic...
Ethnicity, Religiosity and Leaving Home: The Structural and Cultural Bases of Traditional Family Values

In this paper we explore the links between ethnicity and religiosity and the transition to adulthood by examining variation in expectations to live independently from parents before marriage. We focus both on the structure of social networks and on the values transmitted within them to discover how they are linked to family life. Our findings show that variation in premarital residential independence is linked in part to the use of a foreign language and foreignness. Residential concentration and ecological and religious institutional contexts are important factors as are the values associated with religious denomination and religiosity. These findings suggest the continuing importance of ethnicity and religiosity as critical elements shaping family norms.
The role of spatial scale in the timing of uncertain environmental policy

The spatial scale of an environmental problem is dictated by boundaries. Physical boundaries limit the extent of impacts while the scale of decision making creates perceived boundaries beyond which impacts are ignored by decision makers. While it is well understood that uncertainty and irreversibility will alter policy decisions aimed at alleviating environmental impacts, the effect of spatial scales, both physical and perceived, is less understood. When spatial scale is included in a real options model of environmental policy adoption results indicate that the importance and influence of spatial considerations depends on the level of uncertainty, stringency of the proposed policy and flexibility of the policy decision. Recognizing spatial scale may force policy adoption to take place within a window of current damage. When spatial scale is small or uncertainty high, this window for policy adoption can close precluding policy adoption entirely. This undermines well-known results demonstrating that changes in uncertainty will only alter the timing of policy adoption. In other instances, the policy adoption window remains open but the option value increases faster than the benefits of the policy creating a scenario where it is always preferable to delay. Here the inclusion of an option value can prevent adoption of policies that would be adopted according to traditional cost-benefit analysis. In general policy decisions will be most affected by spatial considerations when the spatial scale is small, damage is spreading fast, and the uncertainty in damage spread is high.
Phase transition in the random anisotropy system: a-DyFeB

Abstract AC susceptibility data taken in various dc applied fields are reported for a-Dy 60 Fe 30 B 10 . Strong random magnetic anisotropy produces a sharp speromagnetic transition to a spin-glass-like state at T f = 91.5 K. The data are analyzed in terms of an Ising-type spin-glass transition, and comparisons are made to related random systems.
Antihypertensive activity of 7-azaindole-3-acetamidoxime and indole-1-acetamidoxime

7-Azaindol-3-acetamidoxim (I) und Indol-1-acetamidoxim (II) normalisieren hohen Blutdruck von Ratten und Hunden. Die blutdrucksenkende Wirkung von I scheint auf der Freisetzung von Brenzcatechinaminen und der Erschopfung ihrer Depots zu beruhen. Die Wirkung von II findet zur Zeit keine befriedigende Erklarung.
Influence of the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene on the brain and working memory in men with normal FMR1 alleles.

Abstract The fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene plays an important role in the development and maintenance of neuronal circuits that are essential for cognitive functioning. We explored the functional linkage(s) among lymphocytic FMR1 gene expression, brain structure, and working memory in healthy adult males. We acquired T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging from 37 males (18–80 years, mean ± SD = 40.7 ± 17.3 years) with normal FMR1 alleles and performed genetic and working memory assessments. Brain measurements were obtained from fiber tracts important for working memory (i.e. the arcuate fasciculus, anterior cingulum bundle, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and the genu and anterior body of the corpus callosum), individual voxels, and whole brain. Both FMR1 mRNA and protein (FMRP) levels exhibited significant associations with brain measurements, with FMRP correlating positively with gray matter volume and white matter structural organization, and FMR1 mRNA negatively with white matter structural organization. The correlation was widespread, impacting rostral white matter and 2 working-memory fiber tracts for FMRP, and all cerebral white matter areas except the fornix and cerebellar peduncles and all 4 fiber tracts for FMR1 mRNA. In addition, the levels of FMR1 mRNA as well as the fiber tracts demonstrated a significant correlation with working memory performance. While FMR1 mRNA exhibited a negative correlation with working memory, fiber tract structural organization showed a positive correlation. These findings suggest that the FMR1 gene is a genetic factor common for both working memory and brain structure, and has implications for our understanding of the transmission of intelligence and brain structure.