cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The forced sterilization program under the Indian emergency: results in one settlement.

The issue that apparently was most responsible for turning Indira Gandhi out of office in 1977 -- the excesses of the sterilization program -- was forgotten in the new renewed mandate she received in 1980 raising the question of what impact the sterilizations did have both demographically and politically. A survey of the refugee men at Hastinapur in Meerut District Uttar Pradesh revealded that 172 men had been sterilized representing 38% of all men over 30 10% of the entire male population and as much as 53% of some age brackets. To determine what impact the sterilizations had a control group from the same community was established by matching sterilized men with unsterilized men of the same age. The 2 groups combined accounted for 59% of the entire Bengali community at Hastinapur. As of 1970 the control group males had 32% fewer sons that did the group that consented to sterilization. In the 10 years during which the sterilization group has accepted this form of birth control the figures on male births have reversed. The males who submitted to sterilization produced 18% fewer children that who did not. This differential may be even more significant considering that 57% of the sterilized men had the operation only 4 years before the data were collected. The control groups sons wives are outproducing their counterparts in the sterilization group by 30% (0.97 children each in the sterilization group; 1.35 children each in the control group) suggesting that the households that have accepted sterilization have also accepted the value of birth control. The 172 sterilizations in the community even though performed on men who already has fathered several children did have a significant impact on population growth and control. Many of the men interviewed said there had been pressureon them to submit to sterilization and some complained of vague problems resulting from the operation. Yet the attitude was not strongly negative. This has to do in the main with the context of the various inducements offered for sterilization. It is not a political fact but a question whether issues themselves are really the major factors in electoral politics in North India. Clearly issues emerge as easy reasons to give for voting in certain ways. So sterilization was a reason for voting the Congress Party out of office in 1977 just as the high cost and scarcity of basic commodities as well as general lawlessness under the Janata government were cited as the reasons for voting the Congree Party back in. The 1980 electons producedno unifying theme so that once again local caste and class loyalites were the basisof voting decision.s
Bone Articulations as Systems of Poroelastic Bodies in Contact

Two-phase poroelastic material is taken as a model of a living bone, in the sense that the osseous tissue is considered as a perfectly elastic solid and the fluid substances filling the cavities as a viscous fluid. Using Heinrich-Desoyer equations, derived from the consolidation theory, equations for the normal displacements on the boundary of a half-infinite poroelastic solid subjected to a normal concentrated force are found. Theory identical with Hertz's theory for elastic bodies in contact is applied to the contact problem of poroelastic bodies. Two particular cases are analyzed in more detail: a) when the shape of the poroelastic bodies at the point of contact is spherical, whereas one of the bodies represent a spherical seat; and b) when the spherical seat becomes flat and its material perfectly rigid (a metallic prosthesis). Viscoelastic properties of the adopted bone model appear to be in full agreement with the experimental findings of Sedlin.
Specific Azidophenyldiazene Hemoprotein Active Site Probes. Cross-Linking of the Heme to His-64 in Myoglobin

The reaction of myoglobin (Mb) with (meta- and (para-azidophenyl)diazene yields the corresponding σ-bonded meta- or para-phenyl−iron complex. Aerobic denaturation of these complexes in the dark yie...
In vitro antiviral activity of poly (A-U) and ellipticines.

Abstract The role of N 2 -methyl-9-hydroxyl-ellipticine (NMHE) and N 2 , N 6 -dimethyl-9-hydroxy-ellipticine (DMHE) in modulating the antiviral activity of poly (A–U) was examined using a human foreskin fibroblast-vesicular stomatitis virus (HSF-VSV) bioassay in which the concentration of poly (A–U) was fixed at 0.05 mM or 0.2 mM while the NMHE or DMHE concentration was varied to produce variable NMHE (or DMHE)/ribonucleotide ratios ranging from 1:16 to 2:1. Poly (A–U), NMHE and DMHE tested individually were not efficacious antiviral agents. When the poly (A–U) was combined with the NMHE or DMHE, the antiviral activity of the poly (A–U) was potentiated 16- to 20-fold at NMHE (or DMHE)/ribonucleotide ratios in the region of 1 4 . Poly (A–U), NMHE and DMHE induce β-IFN. The interferon-inducing activity of the NMHE (or DMHE)/poly (A–U) combination was equal to the sum of the interferon-inducing activity of the poly (A–U) alone and the NMHE (or DMHE) alone. The direct viral inactivation study demonstrated that NMHE, DMHE, poly (A–U) and the NMHE (or DMHE)/poly (A–U) combinations did not inactivate VSV at concentrations near the 50% viral inhibitory dose. Photomicrographs of HSF cells incubated with NMHE alone or with a NMHE/poly (A–U) combination suggest that poly (A–U) affects the subcellular distribution of the NMHE by steering the NMHE to the nucleolus. These observations suggest that modulation of a nuclear process may be responsible for the enhanced antiviral activity.
Beyond good grades: School composition and immigrant youth participation in extracurricular activities

Past research has typically focused on educational attainment and achievement to understand the assimilation process for immigrant youth. However, academic achievement constitutes only part of the schooling experience. In this paper, we move beyond traditional measures such as test scores and dropout, and examine patterns of school-sponsored extracurricular activity participation. Analyzing data from Add Health and drawing upon the frog-pond and segmented assimilation frameworks, we find that immigrant minority youth are disadvantaged in regards to activity participation relative to the average student in high- compared to low-SES schools. In high-SES schools, immigrant youth are less similar to their peers in terms of socioeconomic, race, and immigrant status, and as suggested by the frog-pond hypothesis, social comparison and ranking processes contribute to lower levels of social integration of immigrant youth into the school setting. We also find that as percent minority rises in high-SES schools, participation increases as well. The opposite pattern appears in low-SES schools: when percent minority increases, activity participation among immigrant minority students declines. These results are commensurate with both theoretical frameworks, and suggest that different mechanisms are at work in high- and low-SES schools. However, the effects of minority peers do not seem to hold for sports participation, and we also find that percent immigrant operates differently from percent minority, depressing the probability of activity participation across both high- and low-SES schools. The main implication of our results is that racially diverse, higher-SES schools are the most favorable contexts for the social integration of immigrant minority youth as well as third- and later-generation blacks and Hispanics.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENDOCRINE GLAND PREPARATIONS ON ALLERGIC REACTIONS. (ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT, PREGNANCY URINE EXTRACT, FOLLICULAR HORMONE)1

Attention has been called to the influence of the endocrine system on anaphylactic reactions by the experiments of Lanzenberg and Kepinow (1). They showed that thyroidectomy lessened the anaphylactic reactions of guinea pigs sensitized and shocked with horse serum. Wolfram and Zwemer (2) have shown that adrenocortical extract (cortin) protected guinea pigs against anaphylactic shock, when administered a few hours prior to the injection of the shocking dose. The present report contains data that have been arrived at from a study of the effect of anterior pituitary extract (A.P.E.), pregnancy urine extract (P.U.) and follicular hormone on anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs. Special attention was paid to A.P.E., due to its known effects on the thyroid, gonads and adrenal glands. The effect of A.P.E. on the histology and physiology of the thyroid and the accompanying changes in the basal metabolic rate has been observed by many investigators. Friedgood (3) noted the effect of daily administration of A.P.E....
The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine network optimizes coupling of cerebral blood volume with oxygen demand.

Given the brain's uniquely high cell density and tissue oxygen levels bordering on hypoxia, the ability to rapidly and precisely match blood flow to constantly changing patterns in neural activity is an essential feature of cerebrovascular regulation. Locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) projections innervate the cerebral vasculature and can mediate vasoconstriction. However, function of the LC-mediated constriction in blood-flow regulation has never been addressed. Here, using intrinsic optical imaging coupled with an anesthesia regimen that only minimally interferes with LC activity, we show that NE enhances spatial and temporal aspects of functional hyperemia in the mouse somatosensory cortex. Increasing NE levels in the cortex using an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist paradoxically reduces the extent of functional hyperemia while enhancing the surround blood-flow reduction. However, the NE-mediated vasoconstriction optimizes spatial and temporal focusing of the hyperemic response resulting in a sixfold decrease in the disparity between blood volume and oxygen demand. In addition, NE-mediated vasoconstriction accelerated redistribution to subsequently active regions, enhancing temporal synchronization of blood delivery. These observations show an important role for NE in optimizing neurovascular coupling. As LC neuron loss is prominent in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, the diminished ability to couple blood volume to oxygen demand may contribute to their pathogenesis.
Strategic Choice in Negotiation

Four basic negotiating strategies are analyzed along with the outcomes they encourage and the determinants of their use. Guidelines for influencing the strategic choice of one's bargaining partners are also presented with an emphasis on techniques for encouraging one's adversaries to move away from contentious behavior and toward problem solving.
Introduction of methyl groups from ϵ-N-methyllysine into the one-carbon pool

Abstract Radioactivity from ingested ϵ-N-[3H] methyl-and ϵ-N-[3H]-dimethyllysine residues of reductively methylated casein are rapidly and efficiently absorbed and incorporated into tissues of the chicken. Introduction of label into choline, carnitine and methionine suggests that these amino acids contribute methyl groups to the one-carbon pool.
Hume and the Historicity of Human Nature

This paper urges a reconsideration of Hume’s role in the philosophy of history. It begins by challenging the common perception of Hume as a proto-positivist hoping to draw from history a mechanical causal account of the unchanging human nature. It draws attention instead to his grasp of historical contingency, the sui generis nature of the social world, and the complexity of the relationships of recognition and identity-formation which structure its operation. The paper goes on to examine Hume’s position in the light of the idea of the historicity of human nature. It is argued that Hume could be perfectly comfortable with the idea of changes in human nature as well as with the contextual dependence of terms in which human nature comes to define and redefine itself over time. What Hume cannot countenance is the prospect of a radical discontinuity within human nature, the potential significance of which is downplayed by his methodological reliance, qua a historian, on critical common sense and the moralistic vocabulary of folk psychology associated with it.
New periodic solutions of the plane three-body problem corresponding to elliptic motion in the lunar theory

Periodic solutions to plane three body problem obeying Newton gravitation law applied to earth-moon-sun system
Report on the workshop on web archiving and digital libraries (WADL 2013)

This workshop explored the integration of Web archiving and digital libraries, so the complete life cycle involved is covered, from creation/authoring, uploading/publishing in the Web (including Web 2.0), (focused) crawling, curation, indexing, exploration (including searching and browsing), (text) analysis, archiving, and up through long-term preservation. It included particular coverage of current topics of interest: challenges facing archiving initiatives, archiving related to disasters, interaction with and use of archive data, applications on an international scale, working with big data, mobile Web archiving, temporal issues, Memento, and SiteStory.
Reversibility of Diabetes- and Diuresis-Induced Alterations in Rat Bladder Dome Muscarinic Receptors

Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that 8 weeks of streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and sucrose-fed diuresis resulted in increases in the density of muscarinic receptors in rat bladder dome and that early insulin treatment (started 3 days after the onset of diabetes) prevented the diabetes-induced upregulation ( J Pharmacol Exp Ther 248:81–88, 1989; Diabetes 40: 1150–1156, 1991; J Urol 147:760–763, 1992). To determine whether diabetes- and diuresis-induced alterations in muscarinic receptors in rat bladder dome are reversible, we administered insulin (beginning 8 weeks after the onset of diabetes) or removed sucrose from drinking water of diuretic rats (beginning 8 weeks after the onset of diuresis). Five groups of rats were maintained for 16 weeks: 1 ) STZ-induced diabetic rats (65 mg/kg intravenously); 2 ) insulin-treated diabetic rats (5–8 U/day insulin subcutaneously beginning 8 weeks after the onset of diabetes); 3 ) sucrose-fed diuretic rats (5% sucrose in drinking water throughout 16 weeks); 4 ) sucrose-removed rats (sucrose withdrawn from drinking water after 8 weeks of the sucrose-induced diuretic state); and 5) age-matched control rats. Radioligand receptor binding experiments with [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate showed an increase in the density of muscarinic receptors in bladder dome of diabetic and sucrose-fed rats compared with age-matched control rats. Removing the 5% sucrose from the drinking water of diuretic rats reversed the increased water intake and urine output, decreased the bladder hypertrophy that accompanied the diuretic state, and corrected the upregulation of the muscarinic receptors. Late insulin treatment also improved (to a lesser extent than removing the sucrose) the bladder enlargement, polydipsia, polyuria, and the muscarinic receptor upregulation in diabetic rats. Pharmacological evaluation indicated that the induction of diabetes did not affect muscarinic subtype specificity but did result in an alteration in muscarinic receptor-G protein coupling in rat bladder dome.
Impact of atypical antipsychotic therapy on leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin.

Background Many adverse effects of atypical antipsychotic treatment are associated with antagonism of monoamine receptors; however, data indicate that important metabolic effects, such as hypertriglyceridemia and impairment in glucose/insulin homeostasis, may not be related to these mechanisms, leading investigators to explore alternative hypotheses. Promising candidates include a possible impact of antipsychotics on peptide hormonal regulators of metabolic control such as leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent data on changes in these hormones during atypical antipsychotic treatment.
Finite, Dynamic Motions of Thin Rate-Dependent Sheets

The transient response of a thin sheet comprised of a rate-dependent solid is determined. The material is assumed to be incompressible, and the constitutive response is governed by a nonlinearly viscous power-law model. The sheet has axially symmetry, but an otherwise arbitrarily varying thickness. Axially symmetric, finite, dynamic motions of the sheet are identified
A preliminary study on the anti-emphysema drug, 2-trifluoro-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl fluoride in CF1 mice.

Abstract 2-Trifluoroacetamidobenzenesulfonyl fluoride was shown to be a potent inhibitor of porcine pancreatic elastase activity with an ID 50 = 30.3 μM. When this enzyme was infused I.V. in mice inducing higher elastase activity in the blood, the agent at 20 mg/kg for 5 days suppressed elastase activity significantly below the value observed in normal mice. The drug was absorbed better by the I.P. route than the P.O. route. A more consistent and higher blood level of the drug was achieved by the I.P. route as opposed to the I.V. or oral routes. The drug distributed rapidly to all tissues concentrating in the skin and carcass. Approximately 56% of the drug was eliminated within 48 hr. The majority of the eliminated drug and its metabolites was via the urine. Whereas the LD 50 value was greater than 350 mg/kg I.P. there was elevation in serum alkaline phosphotase activity; cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced, and the organ weight of the reproductive organs was markedly reduced. Further evaluation of this drug is necessary to determine if the observed acute toxicity findings are restrictive for the use of this agent in the treatment of emphysema.
States of classical statistical mechanical systems of infinitely many particles. I

We study a general mathematical model of a classical system of infinitely many point particles. The space X of infinite particle configurations is equipped with a natural topology as well as a measurable structure related to it. It is also connected with a family {XA} of local spaces of finite configurations indexed by bounded open sets A in the one-particle space E. A theorem analogous to Kolmogoroff's fundamental theorem for stochastic processes is proved, according to which a consistent family {μA} of local probability measures μAdefined on the XAgives rise to a unique probability measure μ on X. We also study the problem of integral representation for positive linear forms defined over some linear space of real functions on X. We prove that a positive linear form F(f), defined for functions f in the class C+P, admits a uniquely determined integral representation F(f)=∝ f (ξ) dμ, where μ is a probability measure over X.
Breathing during cardiac arrest following exercise: A new function of the respiratory system?

Abstract We have found in four sheep that, following a muscular exercise, minute ventilation is maintained for 34–131 s during a cardiac arrest (CA), at a magnitude (from 28.2 and 54.7 l min−1) similar to the level of ventilation (and thus proportional to the metabolic rate) preceding the period of asystole. Breathing was maintained despite the lack of pulmonary blood flow and the cessation of the muscle contractions, leading to a dramatic reduction in alveolar FCO2 (1.9 ± 1%). Secondly, swings in arterial blood pressure (ABP) were observed (pulse pressure of 31 ± 3 Torr) in phase with breathing movements in place of the cardiac activity. This “protective” response, deprived from any role in blood gas homeostasis, as circulation is virtually abolished, is not predictable from the traditional respiratory control feedback systems thought to be involved in exercise. We are presenting the view that this response, dissociated from the pulmonary gas exchanges, is the expression of a rudimentary defense mechanism aimed at limiting the consequences of an acute failure of the cardiac pump by the thoraco-abdominal pump.
Immune evasion by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.

Persistent viral infections are often associated with serious diseases, primarily by altering functions of the host immune system. The hallmark of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is the establishment of a life-long persistent infection, which leads to several clinical, epidemiological and infectious diseases, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma, a plasmablastic variant of multicentric Castleman’s disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. To sustain an efficient life-long persistency, KSHV dedicates a large portion of its genome to encoding immunomodulatory proteins that antagonize the immune system of its host. In this article, we highlight the strategies KSHV uses to evade, escape and survive its battle against the host’s immune system.
Transformation field analysis of inelastic composite materials

A new method is proposed for evaluation of local fields and overall properties of composite materials subjected to incremental thermomechanical loads and to transformation strains in the phases. The composite aggregate may consist of many perfectly bonded inelastic phases of arbitrary geometry and elastic material symmetry. In principle, any inviscid or time-dependent inelastic constitutive relation that complies with the additive decomposition of total strains can be admitted in the analysis. The governing system of equations is derived from the representation of local stress and strain fields by novel transformation influence functions and concentration factor tensors, as discussed in the preceding paper by G. J. Dvorak and Y. Benveniste. The concentration factors depend on local and overall thermoelastic moduli, and can be evaluated with a selected micromechanical model. Applications to elastic-plastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic systems are discussed. The new approach is contrasted with some presently accepted procedures based on the self-consistent and Mori-Tanaka approximations, which are shown to violate exact relations between local and overall inelastic strains.
Nonparametric regression estimators in complex surveys

In this article, we extend smoothing splines to model the regression mean structure when data are sampled through a complex survey. Smoothing splines are evaluated both with and without sample weights, and are compared with local linear estimator. Simulation studies find that nonparametric estimators perform better when sample weights are incorporated, rather than being treated as if iid. They also find that smoothing splines perform better than local linear estimator through completely data-driven bandwidth selection methods.
Alternative models for stationary stochastic processes

Abstract We consider some parametric spectral estimators that can be used in a wide range of situations. Assuming the existence of fourth moments, we establish rates of convergence of the estimators, and a central limit theorem.
Synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides by temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus type

Abstract The polypeptide phenotypes of 22 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of mutant-infected cells at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. Following analysis of isotopically labeled polypeptides synthesized from 4–24 hr postinfection, the mutants were divided into four major phenotypic groups which include: (1) DNA − ts mutants which share several common polypeptide defects, (2) DNA ± ts mutants which exhibit polypeptide profiles resembling the DNA − ts mutants, (3) DNA + ts mutants which exhibit polypeptide phenotypes differing only slightly from that observed in wild-type virus-infected cells grown at 39°, and (4) DNA + ts mutants which exhibit no detectable alterations in their polypeptide profiles when compared with that of the wildtype virus. When the polypeptide phenotypes of the mutants were compared with previously determined mutant characteristics, including synthesis of viral DNA, thymidine kinase, DNA polymerase, and physical virus particles, a correlation was consistently observed between mutant polypeptide and viral DNA phenotypes.
A General Equilibrium Model of the Term Structure under Transaction Costs

Simple, qualitative, general equilibrium models of the term structure of interest rates have existed in the literature for some time. In Value and Capital, Hicks [1] considered essentially a two-period model consisting of longand short-term securities. He argued that, on the average, the holding times of borrowers were longer than those of lenders. Borrowers and lenders, being risk-averse, would prefer to issue or hold securities of maturity equal to their holding time. This would give them a certain return or cost. The heavier weighting of borrowers toward longer holding times meant that in an equilibrium shortterm investors would have to be holding some long-term securities. For them to be willing to do this, it was necessary that the long terms in equilibrium pay a premium return above that available on short terms. At about the same time, Lutz [3] extended this same line of reasoning to the effect of transaction costs on the term structure. He argued that transaction costs, as well as uncertainty and risk aversion, would lead to a preference for a maturity equal to holding time. Shorter maturities would require additional transaction costs as securities were turned over to complete the holding time. Longer-term securities would incur additional costs in that they would have to be sold on the market rather than being redeemed at par. Preference for maturity equal to holding time in conjunction with a distribution of holding times weighted toward borrowers at the long end would require a premium on long-term yields in equilibrium. Much of recent work on the term structure has focused on the expectations' mechanism used by investors to forecast future interest rates, and on the measurement of the size of the premium. Of particular note are the studies by Meiselman [5], Malkiel [4], Kessel [2], and Modigliani and Sutch [6]. On a theoretical level, investigators have also dealt explicitly under uncertainty with the portfolio-selection problem faced by investors on the demand side of the model. The work of Tobin [9], and more recently Stiglitz [8], is of particular interest in this regard. The only attempt to formalize and extend the complete general equilibrium approach of Hicks and Lutz, however, appears to be that of Malkiel [4]. He derives the equilibrium term structure in a multi-period case for a given set of values of transaction costs and holding times. Also, under more general conditions, he uses a formal general equilibrium model to show how an increase in the supply of intermediate term securities can produce a hump in the term structure. Some of Malkiel's assumptions will be adopted here. The general equilibrium model developed here completely neglects the effect of uncertainty and risk aversion on the behaviour of borrowers and lenders. It assumes that they know with certainty the future prices at which securities of any maturity can be
On the Quasitriangular Structures of a Semisimple Hopf Algebra

In this paper we show that the theorem of [4] on the order of the group of Hopf algebra automorphisms Aut,,,, (A) of certain semisimple Hopf algebras over a field k has an interesting implication for quantum groups. If A is a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra over the field k, there may be infinitely many RE A @A such that (A, R) is a quasitriangular Hopf algebra. However, if A is semisimple and the characteristic of k is 0, or if A is semisimple, cosemisimple, and involutory and the characteristic of k is p > dim A, we show in the theorem of this paper that there are at most finitely R EA @A such that (A, R) is quasitriangular. Our proof is based on the fact that the group Aut,,(A) is finite [4, Theorem 33 for such a Hopf algebra A. We will assume that the reader is familiar with the elementary aspects of the theory of Hopf algebras. A good general reference is [S].
Production of butyric acid by a cellulolytic actinobacterium Thermobifida fusca on cellulose

Abstract Thermobiﬁda fusca not only produces cellulases, hemicellulases and xylanases, but also excretes butyric acid. In order to achieve a high yield of butyric acid, the effect of different carbon sources: mannose, xylose, lactose, cellobiose, glucose, sucrose and acetates, on butyric acid production was studied. The highest yield of butyric acid was 0.67 g/g C (g-butyric acid/g-carbon input) on cellobiose. The best stir speed and aeration rate for butyric acid production were found to be 400 rpm and 2 vvm in a 5-L fermentor. The maximum titer of 2.1 g/L butyric acid was achieved on 9.66 g/L cellulose. In order to test the production of butyric acid on lignocellulosic biomass, corn stover was used as the substrate, on which there was 2.37 g/L butyric acid produced under the optimized conditions. In addition, butyric acid synthesis pathway was identified involving five genes that catalyzed reactions from acetyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA in T. fusca.
Citalopram and desmethylcitalopram in vitro: human cytochromes mediating transformation, and cytochrome inhibitory effects.

Abstract Background: Biotransformation of citalopram (CT), a newly available selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant, to its principal metabolite, desmethycitalopram (DCT), and the capacity of CT and DCT to inhibit human cytochromes P450, were studied in vitro. Methods: Formation of DCT from CT was evaluated using human liver microsomes and microsomes from cDNA-transfected human lymphoblastoid cells. Cytochrome inhibition by CT and DCT in liver microsomes was studied using isoform-specific index reactions. Results: Formation of DCT from CT in liver microsomes had a mean apparent K m of 174 μmol/L. Coincubation with 1 μmol/L ketoconazole reduced reaction velocity to 46 to 58% of control values, while omeprazole, 10 μmol/L, reduced velocity to 80% of control. Quinidine produced minimal inhibition. DCT was formed from CT by heterologously expressed human P450-2D6, -2C19, -3A4. After accounting for the relative abundance of individual cytochromes, 3A4 and 2C19 were estimated to make major contributions to net reaction velocity, with a possible contribution of 2D6 at therapeutic CT concentrations. CT and DCT themselves produced negligible inhibition of 2C9, 2E1, and 3A, and only weak inhibition of 1A2, 2C19, and 2D6. Conclusions: Formation of DCT from CT is mediated mainly by P450-3A4 and 2C19, with an additional contribution of 2D6. CT at therapeutic doses in humans may produce a small degree of inhibition of P450-1A2, -2C19, and -2D6, but negligible inhibition of P450-2C9, -2E1, and -3A.
Efficient and scalable statistics gathering for large databases in Oracle 11g

Large tables are often decomposed into smaller pieces called partitions in order to improve query performance and ease the data management. Query optimizers rely on both the statistics of the entire table and the statistics of the individual partitions to select a good execution plan for a SQL statement. In Oracle 10g, we scan the entire table twice, one pass for gathering the table level statistics and the other pass for gathering the partition level statistics. A consequence of this gathering method is that, when the data in some partitions change, not only do we need to scan the changed partitions to gather the partition level statistics, but also we have to scan the entire table again to gather the table level statistics. Oracle 11g adopts a one-pass distinct sampling based method which can accurately derive the table level statistics from the partition level statistics. When data change, Oracle only re-gathers the statistics for the changed partitions and then derives the table level statistics without touching the unchanged partitions. To the best of our knowledge, although the one-pass distinct sampling has been researched in academia for some years, Oracle is the first commercial database that implements the technique. We have performed extensive experiments on both benchmark data and real customer data. Our experiments illustrate the this new method is highly accurate and has significantly better performance than the old method used in Oracle 10g.
Val-ala-pro-gly, an elastin-derived non-integrin ligand: Smooth muscle cell adhesion and specificity

The elastin-derived peptide val-ala-pro-gly (VAPG) may be useful as a biospecific cell adhesion ligand for smooth muscle cells. By grafting the peptide sequence into a hydrogel material, we were able to assess its effects on smooth muscle cell adhesion and spreading. These materials are photopolymerizable hydrogels based on acrylate-terminated derivatives of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Because of their high PEG content, these materials are highly resistant to protein adsorption and cell adhesion. However, PEG diacrylate derivatives can be mixed with adhesive peptide-modified PEG monoacrylate derivatives to facilitate cell adhesion. Following photopolymerization, PEG monoacrylate derivatives are grafted into the hydrogel network formed by the PEG diacrylate. This results in covalent immobilization of adhesive peptides to the hydrogel via a flexible linker chain. The resistance of PEG to protein adsorption makes it an ideal material for this model system since cell-material interactions are limited to biomolecules that are covalently incorporated into the material. In this case we were able to demonstrate that VAPG is specific for adhesion of smooth muscle cells. It also was shown that fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and platelets cannot adhere to VAPG. In addition, not only was smooth muscle cell adhesion dependent on ligand concentration, but also cell spreading increased with increasing ligand concentration.
The Effects of Group Diversity on Miscalibration in Confidence Judgments (WITHDRAWN)

This paper explores the effects of group diversity on under- and overconfidence in group judgments. Participants in a laboratory experiment were assigned to groups of three and answered a number of...
Critical dimensions for strungs on group-manifolds from path-integral methods

Abstract We derive the critical dimensions of bosonic string on SO( N ) group-manifolds for arbitrary level k , using path-integral methods and non-abelian bosonization techniques. We obtain a recursive equation for the critical dimensions, whose solution is in agreement with the operator approach results. We also discuss the application of this method to the linear sigma models.
Conduction properties of a new two-dimensional sliding charge-density wave.

The conduction properties of a two-dimensional array of electrons on a helium film supported by a dielectric substrate are reported. The system undergoes a metal-insulator transition at the melting point as substrate imperfections pin the lattice phase. The frequency and field dependence of the finite-frequency conductivity and the noise characteristics are analogous to those of sliding charge-density waves.
Progressive learning : A new approach to stable adaptive control of high relative-degree systems

A novel approach to stable adaptive control of complex systems with high relative orders is presented. A series of reference inputs are designed so that the system can learn control parameters stably and progressively, starting with the ones associated with low frequencies and moving up to those having a full spectrum. This progressive excitation method, termed progressive learning, allows for stable adaptive control even when a system's relative order is three or higher. An averaging method is used to obtain stability conditions in terms of the frequency contents of the reference inputs. Based on this analysis, we prove that the stable convergence of control parameters is guaranteed if the system is excited gradually in accordance with the progress of the adaptation by providing a series of reference inputs having appropriate frequency spectra. A numerical example is provided to verify the above analysis.
Striving to Be in the Profession and of It: The African American Experience in Physical Education and Kinesiology

Abstract This study analyzes the experiences of African Americans in the physical education and kinesiology profession since the late 1850s. Using a variety of primary and secondary source material, we place special emphasis on the experiences of African American physical educators in higher education and in the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance and its southern, regional, and state chapters. Apparent from this examination is that African Americans have experienced various forms of racially discriminatory practices in physical education and kinesiology and have found it extraordinarily difficult to assume leadership positions in the profession and be acknowledged for their scholarly and academic accomplishments.
When the electricity (and the lights) go out: transient changes in excitability

Natural or artificially induced electrical activity changes can alter ion balance so as to briefly influence firing. An optogenetics study delineates one mechanism: Cl- shifts causing seconds-long excitability changes after silencing.
Antenna-coupled MOM diodes for dual-band detection in MMW and LWIR

An antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal (MOM) diode for dual-band Infrared (IR)-millimeter wave (MMW) detection is presented. Electron-beam lithography and conventional sputtering techniques were used to fabricate a Ni-NiO-Ni diode coupled to an Infrared slot antenna at 28 THz and a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed MMW twin slot antenna at 94 GHz; simultaneous dual-band detection was tested and verified.
The Kraepelinian Dichotomy From the Perspective of Prenatal Infectious and Immunologic Insults

The “Kraepelinian dichotomy” between schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) has been a dominant force in our thinking on the classification of these mental disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that these 2 disorders overlap significantly with regard to epidemiology, clinical presentation, genetic susceptibility, structural neuroanatomy, and treatment. Prenatal infection and immunologic dysfunction appear to be risk factors for both SZ and BD; some of these gestational exposures are present in both disorders while others may be specific to 1 or the other of the 2 syndromes. In this paper, we shall review prior studies of prenatal infections and immunologic insults in schizophrenia and BD, including exposures which overlap and which differ between these disorders, discuss the potential utility of maternal infection as one strategy toward developing a more biologically meaningful diagnostic classification system, and propose new recommendations for future research aimed at dissecting these 2 disorders from one another at the etiologic level.
recA-Like Genes From Three Archaean Species with Putative Protein Products Similar to Rad51 and Dmcl Proteins of the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

The process of homologous recombination has been documented in bacterial and eucaryotic organisms. The Escherichia coli RecA and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 proteins are the archetypal members of two related families of proteins that play a central role in this process. Using the PCR process primed by degenerate oligonucleotides designed to encode regions of the proteins showing the greatest degree of identity, we examined DNA from three organisms of a third phylogenetically divergent group, Archaea, for sequences encoding proteins similar to RecA and Rad51. The archaeans examined were a hyperthermophilic acidophile, Sulfolobus sofataricus (Sso); a halophile, Haloferax volcanii (Hvo); and a hyperthermophilic piezophilic methanogen, Methanococcus jannaschii (Mja). The PCR generated DNA was used to clone a larger genomic DNA fragment containing an open reading frame (orf), that we refer to as the radA gene, for each of the three archaeans. As shown by amino acid sequence alignments, percent amino acid identities and phylogenetic analysis, the putative proteins encoded by all three are related to each other and to both the RecA and Rad51 families of proteins. The putative RadA proteins are more similar to the Rad51 family (approximately 40% identity at the amino acid level) than to the RecA family (approximately 20%). Conserved sequence motifs, putative tertiary structures and phylogenetic analysis implied by the alignment are discussed. The 5' ends of mRNA transcripts to the Sso radA were mapped. The levels of radA mRNA do not increase after treatment with UV irradiation as do recA and RAD51 transcripts in E.coli and S.cerevisiae. Hence it is likely that radA in this organism is a constitutively expressed gene and we discuss possible implications of the lack of UV-inducibility.
Low viscosity alkanolguanidine and alkanolamidine liquids for CO2 capture

Global carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is expected to increase tremendously with the shift to coal-powered plants for energy generation. Capture and sequestration of CO2 are needed to mitigate environmental effects. Solvents currently used for this are the energy-intensive aqueous amines. Here we present 10 advanced solvents called alkanolguanidines and alkanolamidines that are potentially energy-efficient CO2-capture solvents. These solvents were synthesized in 1–3 steps from commercially available materials. One alkanolamidine derived from a 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) base core has a low vapor pressure and a high viscosity, resulting in low CO2 uptake capacity at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Three imidazoline base derived alkanolamidines were non-viscous but do not bind CO2 at STP, however, under mild pressure they effectively capture 7–10 wt%, making them suitable for high-pressure CO2 capture. Six novel alkanolguanidine molecules have low vapor pressure and low viscosity (<10 cP) which enable high CO2 uptake at STP. These compounds bind CO2 chemically via the alcohol moiety forming zwitterionic guanidinium and amidinium alkylcarbonate ionic liquids. These materials can be regenerated thermally by heating the alkylcarbonate to 75 °C. CO2 binding capacities of up to 12 wt% were achieved using several of these compounds at STP. Through this study we found that alkanolguanidines have low viscosity, are non-volatile, have high CO2 uptake at STP and are tolerant to water; thus we selected one compound for physical property testing.
Language Learning as Culture Keeping: Family Language Policies of Transnational Adoptive Parents.

This study investigates how parents of international adoptees explain their decision to pursue birth-language education for their children and how they go about achieving their goals. It focuses on the perspectives of 16 White U.S. parents who have at least one adopted school-aged child (ages 5 to 18) either currently or previously enrolled in a community language program. The interviews covered the language experiences of 22 children, all of whom were adopted before the age of 2 from either China or Korea. The parents were motivated to seek language instruction because: (a) the child looks Asian and will be expected to know the birth language, (b) adult adoptees recommend it, and (c) the child wants it. However, their language goals were significantly undermined by problems at community schools. The findings indicate that the adoptive family is a dynamic social unit, influenced by broader social forces and institutions.
Comparison of the up-over-down approximation with the quasi-electrostatic approximation for ELF fields in layered media

Two approximate methods are presented that quantify low frequency field effects of a horizontal electric dipole in a layered environment. The first is a far-field approximation (relative to water) that is interpreted as the up-over-down effect. In this situation, wave processes are characterized using classical ray optics arguments and equations. The second method focuses on the quasi-static nature of the fields to arrive at an infinite image representation of the field. Both yield good results when compared to the exact solution, albeit the quasi-electrostatic solution does better at extremely low frequencies (e.g. 30 Hz) and the up-over-down solution does better at ultra-low frequencies (e.g. 1,000 Hz).
German Unification 1815-1871 and Its Relevance for Integration Theory

This paper reconsiders German unification during the period 1815-1871. First, it makes explicit the comparison between the German Empire and the European Union. Actors faced remarkably similar institution-building problems in both organisations. The second part of the paper evaluates the usefulness of three arguments from two theoretical traditions in European Union integration studies to explain the course of German unification. Following an analytic narrative approach, it considers the relevant actors and the relevant decision points to evaluate two versions of intergovernmentalism, one focused on the security concerns of actors and one focused on economic concerns, as well as neo-functionalism. Economic interests did play a role even in the geopolitically heavy 19th century. Neo-functionalism was less useful, although some structures like pan-German interest groups in support of further integration did develop as neo-functionalists would predict.
Differential radiosensitization in DNA mismatch repair-proficient and -deficient human colon cancer xenografts with 5-iodo-2-pyrimidinone-2'-deoxyribose.

Purpose: 5-Iodo-2-pyrimidinone-2′-deoxyribose (IPdR) is a pyrimidinone nucleoside prodrug of 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) under investigation as an orally administered radiosensitizer. We previously reported that the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins (both hMSH2 and hMLH1) impact on the extent (percentage) of IUdR-DNA incorporation and subsequent in vitro IUdR-mediated radiosensitization in human tumor cell lines. In this study, we used oral IPdR to assess in vivo radiosensitization in MMR-proficient (MMR + ) and -deficient (MMR − ) human colon cancer xenografts. Experimental Design: We tested whether oral IPdR treatment (1 g/kg/d for 14 days) can result in differential IUdR incorporation in tumor cell DNA and subsequent radiosensitization after a short course (every day for 4 days) of fractionated radiation therapy, by using athymic nude mice with an isogenic pair of human colon cancer xenografts, HCT116 (MMR − , hMLH1 − ) and HCT116/3-6 (MMR + , hMLH1 + ). A tumor regrowth assay was used to assess radiosensitization. Systemic toxicity was assessed by daily body weights and by percentage of IUdR-DNA incorporation in normal bone marrow and intestine. Results: After a 14-day once-daily IPdR treatment by gastric gavage, significantly higher IUdR-DNA incorporation was found in HCT116 (MMR − ) tumor xenografts compared with HCT116/3-6 (MMR + ) tumor xenografts. Using a tumor regrowth assay after the 14-day drug treatment and a 4-day radiation therapy course (days 11–14 of IPdR), we found substantial radiosensitization in both HCT116 and HCT116/3-6 tumor xenografts. However, the sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) was substantially higher in HCT116 (MMR − ) tumor xenografts (1.48 at 2 Gy per fraction, 1.41 at 4 Gy per fraction), compared with HCT116/3-6 (MMR + ) tumor xenografts (1.21 at 2 Gy per fraction, 1.20 at 4 Gy per fraction). No substantial systemic toxicity was found in the treatment groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that IPdR-mediated radiosensitization can be an effective in vivo approach to treat “drug-resistant” MMR-deficient tumors as well as MMR-proficient tumors.