cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neonatal thyroid function. II. Freethyroxine in infancy

Free thyroxine was measured in the serum of term infants at 2 to 3 days of age. Itsconcentration was higher in infants of this age than in mothers at term, in infants at birth, or in the blood of normal children and adults. This observation confirms previous work and indicates an increase in the active component of circulating thyroxine in the newborn infant.
Muscle Enzyme Release in the Acute Psychoses

ACOMMON expression of the disease process in an organ is the spilling of large amounts of normally intracellular enzymes into the circulation. For example, increased serum activity of creatine kinase (CPK) and aldolase, two soluble cytoplasmic enzymes of muscle and brain, has diagnostic and prognostic significance in skeletal or cardiac muscle disease, particularly myopathies and myocardial infarction, or both. 1,2 Recent reports indicate that increases of the activity of these enzymes can also occur in the serum of some patients with such neurologic and psychiatric disorders as brain trauma, cerebral vascular disease, encephalitis, meningitis, and acute psychosis. 3-10 Three of the latter studies particularly relevant to the investigations reported here. Schiavone and Kaldor found elevated serum CPK activity in 60% of 109 patients with cerebral dysfunction, including nine of 24 cases of schizophrenia. 4 Bengzon et al, after finding an elevation of serum alkaline
FLOSS: an approach to automated layout for high-volume designs

Traditionally, automatic IC layout programs have been constrained to produced designs in which cells are placed in rows.The resulting chips are typically too large, compared to manual layout, to be used for high-volume production. FLOSS uses a new approach - automatic packing of a manually-generated sketch - to achieve chip area that is competitive with manual layout.
Effect of d-length and magnitude of immediate reward in partial delay

Resistance to extinction was studied as a function of successive delayed trials (D length) and reward magnitude on immediately rewarded (I) trials in a partial delay schedule. D length produced greater resistance to extinction, but reward magnitude on I trials had no effect. The results were discussed in relation to Capaldi’s sequential hypothesis.
Hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma haematobium-infected mice

Swiss mice were exposed subcutaneously to 270 to 500 Schistosoma haematobium cercariae and killed 13 to 52 weeks later. Less than 10% of applied cercariae were recovered as worms, and the rate of oviposition by adult worm pairs was generally low. However, the adult worms survived well, the females contained an average of 56 eggs one year after infection, and numerous mature eggs were present in the tissues. All worms were located in the portal venous system. S. haematobium eggs in the liver elicited marked fibrosis, comparable to the fibrosis induced by S. mansoni infection. Only minimal fibrosis is seen around S. haematobium eggs in the liver of numerous other species, including man, the chimpanzee, other non-human primates and hamsters. Our findings illustrate the diverse relationships often seen between a single schistosome species and its mammalian hosts and emphasize the uncertainty in predicting the outcome of human schistosome infections from the study of experimental hosts.
Integrin expression in cells of the intervertebral disc

In this study, we investigated the profile of integrin expression in human and porcine intervertebral disc tissue. Differences in extracellular matrix composition between anulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) regions of the disc, as well as differences in cellular responses to environmental stimuli, suggest a role for integrins in presenting matrix signals that may mediate these responses. Human disc tissue and porcine AF and NP tissue were stained with antibodies to alpha integrin subunits 1–6, V and IIb, and beta integrin subunits 1–6 and graded for evidence of positive staining on a scale from 0 (no staining) to 3 (high incidence of staining). Human tissue expressed α and β integrin subunits shown to be present in articular cartilage, including α1, α5 and αV. Porcine AF tissue expressed similar integrin subunits to human disc, with both expressing α1, α5, β1, β3 and β5 subunits, whereas porcine NP tissue expressed higher levels of α6, β1 and β4 than AF tissue. The expressed subunits are known to interact with proteins including collagens, fibronectin and laminin; however, additional studies will be required to characterize the interactions of the integrin subunits with specific matrix constituents, as well as their specific involvement in regulating environmental stimuli.
DNA synthesis in the crayfish epidermis and its modification by ecdysterone

1. Replication of DNA in the epidermis of the crayfish was found to be correlated with the molting cycle. A distinct14C-thymidine incorporation peak was found in mid-premolt stages D1″ and D1‴. 2. Injected ecdysterone (2 μg/g body weight) had effects on DNA synthesis which varied with the stages of the molting cycle. It stimulated14C-thymidine incorporation in postmolt stage C1, intermolt stages C3−C4, and premolt stage D1′, but had no significant effect during any subsequent premolt stage and during early postmolt stage B. Ecdysterone induced a peak at stage D1′ that was essentially equal in magnitude to the normal peak at stage D1‴.
A New One-Sample Test for Goodness-of-Fit

Abstract In this article, we describe a new statistic. It has a number of qualities that recommend it for use as a one-sample test for goodness-of-fit. It is easy to describe and compute, and so is useful as a teaching tool. It is a distribution-free statistic. Its distribution is skewed and it has a comparatively large range of values. Therefore, it can supply more critical points that correspond to desired alpha levels. We can determine the .01, .05, .10, and .20 critical points for any large value of n by using a generalized formula. We can extend the definition of this statistic to a two-sample situation. It is a test that provides excellent power. My results show that the power is on a par with the Cramer-Von Mises one-sample test for goodness-of-fit. This article contains five sections, as follows: 1. Defining the new statistic, A. 2. Description of the tests of power. 3. Tables of the distribution for the A statistic. 4. Table summarizing the results of the power tests. 5. A brief bibliography.
SPECIATION OF METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL MANGANESE TRICARBONYL AND ITS DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organomanganese compound that is used as an octane enhancer for gasoline and other fuels. The widespread use of this compound has been suggested to be harmful to human health. In order to accurately assess its impact, high sensitivity instrumentation for the determination of MMT and its derivatives is required. In this paper, three instrumental approaches are reviewed for this analysis. Walton and coworkers [1] employed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a flame laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LEAFS) detector to evaluate the organomanganese compound responsible for organ damage in rats following subcutaneous injection of this compound. Gas chromatography (GC) was coupled to an alternating current plasma (ACP) detector by Ombaba and Barry [2] for the determination of MMT in gasoline and fuel samples. Butcher et al. [3] employed HPLC with diode laser atomic absorption spectrometry (DLAAS) for the determin...
Blocking effect of tetrahydroaminacrin on a new psychotomimetic agent.

TETRAHYDROAMINACRIN, a cholinesterase inhibitor, has been found to be an effective antidote to induced ‘model psychosis’ as well as the central and peripheral effects of an acetylcholine inhibitor, JB 329, in eight cases.
Catheter-based photoacoustic endoscope

We report a flexible shaft-based mechanical scanning photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE) system that can be potentially used for imaging the human gastrointestinal tract via the instrument channel of a clinical video endoscope. The development of such a catheter endoscope has been an important challenge to realize the technique’s benefits in clinical settings. We successfully implemented a prototype PAE system that has a 3.2-mm diameter and 2.5-m long catheter section. As the instrument’s flexible shaft and scanning tip are fully encapsulated in a plastic catheter, it easily fits within the 3.7-mm diameter instrument channel of a clinical video endoscope. Here, we demonstrate the intra-instrument channel workability and in vivo animal imaging capability of the PAE system.
Phylogenetic and structural analysis of the HbA (αA/βA) and HbD (αD/βA) hemoglobin genes in two high-altitude waterfowl from the Himalayas and the Andes: Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) and Andean goose (Chloephaga melanoptera)

Abstract Two species of waterfowl living at high altitude provide a prominent example of parallel adaptation at the molecular level. The bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) breeds at high elevations in central Asia and migrates across the Himalayas, where the partial pressure of oxygen (O2) is one-third of sea level. In South America, the distantly related Andean goose (Chloephaga melanoptera) is endemic to the high Andes. Both species exhibit increased blood–O2 affinity, which has been attributed to the effects of single amino acid substitutions in the major hemoglobin. Here we present phylogenetic analyses of the swans and geese (Anserinae) and South American sheldgeese (Anatinae) using the three genes that encode the major (HbA) and minor (HbD) hemoglobin isoforms. We sought to determine whether two amino acid substitutions that have been the focus of extensive biochemical analysis (Ala-αA119 and Ser-βA55) are uniquely derived in bar-headed goose and Andean goose, respectively, and to examine evidence of molecular adaptation at other positions in hemoglobin genes by comparing these two high-altitude taxa to their closest relatives. Bayesian analysis of the αA-, αD-, and βA-subunit genes produced well-resolved phylogenies, with high posterior probabilities and bootstrap values for most genera. The bar-headed goose is likely sister to all other Anser species. Andean goose, the sole highland representative of the South American sheldgeese is either sister to the other Chloephaga species or sister to Neochen. In the bar-headed goose, four derived substitutions were observed in HbA (αA12, 18, 63, 119) and two in HbD (αD2, 47). Four derived substitutions in Andean goose include three in HbA (αA8, 77; βA86) and two in HbD (αD9; βA86). Considering both highland species, four substitutions (Ala-αA8, Ala-αA12, Ser-αA18, Leu-αD9) were located at adjacent positions on the A helix (or AB corner) of the α-chains, three others (Thr-αA77, Ser-βA86, Ser-αD2) were in close proximity to inositolpentaphosphate (IP5) binding sites, and Ala-αA119 occurred at an αβ intersubunit contact. Ser-βA55, which is involved in the same αβ intersubunit contact and was previously shown to increase Hb–O2 affinity, is not unique to Andean goose, but is a synapomorphy of the South American sheldgeese, a clade of predominantly lowland waterfowl. Our findings illustrate the importance of understanding phylogenetic relationships and polarity of character-state changes when making inferences about adaptive evolution.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ionic Interactions with Dodecyl Sulfate Micelles

Specific ion effects on micelles have been addressed by molecular dynamics simulations of Li+, Na+, and NH4+ cations with dodecyl sulfate (DS) micelles in aqueous solution. Of the three systems, the most compact structure for a dodecyl sulfate micelle is observed in the case of Li+ ions, which penetrate considerably deeper into the micelle than either Na+ or NH4+. Comparison of molecular trajectories of micellar solutions and those of methyl sulfate solutions with the same counterion demonstrates that the micelle surface is effective at disrupting the ionic hydration shells to allow direct cation−sulfate interaction. The structure of the second coordination shell of the sulfate groups on the micelle surface is, in turn, affected by the cations involved in contact ion pairs. The 4.9 A peak in the sulfur−sulfur radial distribution function (rdf) in the LiDS micelle was attributed to direct coordination of two or more headgroups to a lithium ion. A second peak in the rdf is 1.2 A farther, corresponding to a ...
River impoundment and sunfish growth

Impoundment of rivers by dams is widespread and one of the most devastating anthropogenic impacts to freshwater environments. Linking theoretical and applied research on river impoundment requires an improved capacity for predicting how varying degrees of impoundment affects a range of species. Here, growth of 14 North American sunfish species resilient to river impoundment was compared in rivers versus impoundments. Growth response to river impoundment varied widely, but consistently among taxa: five species (shadow bass, rock bass, flier, redbreast sunfish and green sunfish) showed significantly higher growth in riverine ecosystems, four species (largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, spotted bass and longear sunfish) showed significantly higher growth in impounded ecosystems, and five species (bluegill, black crappie, white crappie, redear sunfish and warmouth) displayed no difference in growth between rivers and impoundments. Furthermore, significant linear models were developed for predicting growth of two species (largemouth bass, R2 = 0.75 and warmouth, R2 = 0.44) based on a physiographically specific index of reservoir retention time. For another species (white crappie), growth could not be predicted by the retention time index in Central Lowlands rivers (R2 = 0.001), but was strongly predicted by this factor in southeastern Coastal Plain rivers (R2 = 0.76) showing how impacts of impoundment, and prediction of its consequences, can vary across river landscape types. Further analysis of fish growth in response to river impoundment, regulation and fragmentation could greatly enhance conservation biology, restoration ecology and basic land use decisions in riverine landscapes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selecting children for residential treatment

Guidelines for placement of children in residential treatment centers have most often been stated in terms of problems that are inappropriately treated in other settings. The study was undertaken to see if it was possible to define those children most often accepted by treatment centers. Using discriminant analysis, it was possible to significantly differentiate between children who were accepted and rejected by five treatment centers on a combination of individual, family, and community variables. Differences were found in discriminating variables when agencies were compared by level of treatment. These findings suggest it is possible to define those children most acceptable for residential treatment and to provide some baseline for later program evaluation. In addition, it is possible to define those children who are rejected by treatment centers so that we can better plan programs for them.
The structures of toxins from two strains of Fusarium Tricinctum

Abstract In the United States there have been serious outbreaks of toxicosis among farm animals that have ingested moldy corn. The most toxic fungus frequently isolated from moldy corn in Wisconsin is Fusarium tricinctum of which there are many toxic strains. Among these, strain B-24 was originally chosen for growth in pure culture, and isolation of a crystalline toxin from it has been described. 1 At this point a much more toxic strain, T-2, became available and a crystalline toxin related to that from strain B-24 was isolated from it by a similar procedure. The B-24 toxin has been proved, by comparison of IR and PMR spectra and by mixed m.p. determination, to be identical with diacetoxyscirpenol (Ia), the principal toxic metabolite of Fusarium scirpi. 2–4 Results described below show that the T-2 toxin is 8α-(3-methyl-butyryloxy)4β,15-diactoxyscirp-9-en-3α-ol(Ib).
MEMS Bandpass Filters Based on Cyclic Coupling Architectures

Resonant microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) offer distinct utility in signal processing and wireless communications applications due to their comparatively-high quality factors, low power consumption, and ease of integration with existing integrated circuit (IC) technologies. While a number of efforts have previously demonstrated the use of mechanically-coupled microresonators in bandpass signal filtering applications, the vast majority of these works have emphasized the use of resonator chains coupled in an open configuration, wherein the terminating (end) elements in the array are coupled to only a single resonator and the interior resonators are coupled solely to their nearest neighbors. While this configuration suffices for many MEMS-based filter designs, it is not guaranteed to be an optimal coupling architecture. The present work explores an alternative class of MEMS bandpass filters based on cyclically-coupled, closed-chain resonator configurations and specifically examines the pertinent performance metrics (effective quality factor, shape factor, bandwidth, ripple, and maximum transmission) associated with each architecture. By varying coupling strength and the quality factor of individual resonators over wide, yet realistic, parameter ranges, regions of superior performance for both open- and closed-chain filter architectures have been observed. Of particular interest here, is the fact that preliminary results indicate that cyclically-coupled resonator configurations exhibit improved ripple metrics, reduced frequency dependence within the passband, and, generally speaking, more robustness to process-induced variations than their open-chain counterparts. As such, cyclically-coupled filter designs, with further refinement, may ultimately lead to an improved MEMS bandpass filter capability.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Dual Roles for Patched in Sequestering and Transducing Hedgehog

Secreted proteins of the Hedgehog (Hh) family have diverse organizing roles in animal development. Recently, a serpentine protein Smoothened (Smo) has been proposed as a Hh receptor. Here, we present evidence that implicates another multiple-pass transmembrane protein, Patched (Ptc), in Hh reception and suggests a novel signal transduction mechanism in which Hh binds to Ptc, or a Ptc-Smo complex, and thereby induces Smo activity. Our results also show that Ptc limits the range of Hh action; we provide evidence that high levels of Ptc induced by Hh serve to sequester any free Hh and therefore create a barrier to its further movement.
TH‐E‐BRB‐04: Comparing the Effects of Tumor Motion Patterns and Beam Delivery Timing Between Scattering and Uniform Scanning Proton Beam

Purpose:Respiration induced tumor motion may greatly deviate from the planned dose delivery to the tumor and surrounding healthy structures, which is a more serious problem for protonradiotherapy due to its unique characteristics. This project aims to statistically analyze the effects on 4D dose distribution of various motion patterns and beam delivery starting phases using scatting proton beam and uniform scanning proton beam (USPB). Methods: A 4D dose calculation system has been implemented which consider synchronized tumor motion and proton beam delivery mechanism. Studies were performed retrospectively on a lung treatment plan with prescribed dose of 42.5Gy, GTV‐to‐PTV margin of 7mm and smearing margin of 7.5mm. Scatting proton beam delivers dose to the entire SOBP simultaneously while USPB deliveries dose layer by layer at different time scale. Several distinctive respiratory motion patterns, with considerable amplitude and frequency variation, are applied in the study where the beam delivery starting times are set a different phases of a breathing cycle. Statistical analysis of the DVH is performed to compare the 4D dose distribution. Results: The dose covered by 95% of the GTV (D95) showed that there is no significant difference between scattering and scanning proton beam if the breathing motion is regular. Even for motion with dramatic amplitude variation, if the overall amplitude changes are comparable to the plan margins, the effects are limited. For motion with large frequency and amplitude changes, the effects of breathing patterns and beam starting phases are considerable, up to 10% difference of the D95 values. The effects on USPB and scattering proton beam are very similar, with slightly better performance for scattering proton beam under most conditions. Conclusions: The effects of the respiratory motion patterns and beam starting phases will affect both scattering and USPB and should be carefully take into treatment planning.
Use of finite element structural models in analyzing machine tool chatter

It is widely accepted and well-documented that regenerative machine tool chatter is due to system instability. It is also well-known that machining system stability depends on both structural parameters and cutting process parameters. This paper focuses on the use of structural finite element (FE) models in the stability analysis of turning operations. The method presented allows for inclusion of both cutting tool and workpiece flexibility in the analysis. A structural model representing the machine tool system is created using the commercial FE code, ANSYS. This structural model can include practically any degree of detail desired. The structural model is then imported into a stand-alone FORTRAN program, which incorporates a cutting process model, and calculates the lobed borderline of stability. Numerical examples are provided.
Lassoing your modem's NVRAM (and other bis-ness)

Interesting device, the modem. Either a small box attached externally to your computer or a card placed inside your computer, the modem can connect you to information sources all over the world. Modems have been around a long time. Like all computing devices, they have become more sophisticated and more complex. With this complexity, however, have come better ways to control how your modem operates.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE THERMOCHEMISTRY AND KINETICS OF PEROXY RADICALS

Recent studies from one laboratory over the past decade of the equilibrium reaction R• + O2 RO2• for seven different radicals have led to discrepancies in six cases in ΔH1° of from 3 to 7 kcal/mol when compared to estimates from group additivity. These studies have utilized flash photolysis to generate R• radicals and have measured the decay of [R•] by mass spectrometry using near threshold photoionization. This decay was fitted to a double-exponential rate expression. Only one additional reaction was introduced in addition to 1 and −1, namely, the wall decay (w) of R• radicals, measured in the absence of O2. Reexamination of the differential equations has shown that they are not compatible with the reported data and in fact lead to negative values of K1 and k1. It has not been possible using the equation given by the authors of the papers under consideration to derive K1 from kw and the exponents of the double-exponential decay. It is shown that HO•2 elimination is important for EtO2•, iPrO2•, and tBuO2•...
Organ preservation surgery for intermediate size (T2 and T3) laryngeal cancer

Before the early 1900s, cancer of the larynx was considered a fatal disease. With the advent of mass-produced cigarettes, the incidence of laryngeal cancer increased sharply, and the need for effective therapies arose. Total laryngectomy, first described by Billroth in 1873, became the mainstay of treatment for laryngeal cancers throughout the first half of the twentieth century [1]. Today, total laryngectomy remains the standard to which all other treatments are compared, but it can have significant effects on function and quality of life. Loss of the larynx is a major concern of patients, with one study showing that as many as 20% of healthy individuals would accept a decline in survival over losing the voice box [2]. Although total laryngectomy is still necessary for very large lesions, a variety of organpreserving procedures, both open and endoscopic, has been developed to treat intermediate-sized lesions. The goal of these procedures is to preserve voice, maintain swallowing, and avoid permanent tracheotomy. This article discusses these surgical options. Although radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, also plays a role in the management of these lesions, these modalities are not discussed in this article.
Intrinsic semiconduction, electronic conduction of polymers and blood compatibility.

CONSIDERABLE efforts are being made to understand better the interaction of blood with synthetic as well as natural surfaces and to develop materials that are compatible with blood1–5. The compatibility of blood with surfaces has been associated chiefly with ionic charges based on the observations that the endothelial wall, the platelets and the plasma proteins carry net anionic charges in normal physiological conditions6. The possible role of electronic conduction and semiconduction in blood compatibility, by contrast with mere ionic interactions, has not, however, been demonstrated before. I describe here observations in support of such a role.
Cytokines in Human Milk

Epidemiologic studies conducted in the past 30 years to investigate the protective functions of human milk strongly support the notion that breastfeeding prevents infantile infections, particularly those affecting the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. However, more recent clinical and experimental observations also suggest that human milk not only provides passive protection, but also can directly modulate the immunological development of the recipient infant. The study of this remarkable defense system in human milk has been difficult because of its biochemical complexity, the small concentration of certain bioactive components, the compartmentalization of some of these agents, the dynamic quantitative and qualitative changes of milk during lactation, and the lack of specific reagents to quantify these agents. However, a host of bioactive substances, including hormones, growth factors, and immunological factors such as cytokines, have been identified in human milk. Cytokines are pluripotent polypeptides that act in autocrine/paracrine fashions by binding to specific cellular receptors. They operate in networks and orchestrate the development and functions of immune system. Several different cytokines and chemokines have been discovered in human milk in the past years, and the list is growing very rapidly. This article will review the current knowledge about the increasingly complex network of chemoattractants, activators, and anti-inflammatory cytokines present in human milk and their potential role in compensating for the developmental delay of the neonate immune system.
ALUMINIUM INCREASES PERMEABILITY OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TO LABELLED DSIP AND β-ENDORPHIN: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR SENILE AND DIALYSIS DEMENTIA

The primary lesion in Alzheimer's disease and dialysis dementia has been postulated to be an impaired blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability that allows neurotoxins like aluminium to reach the central nervous system. The present study shows that aluminium itself affects the permeability of the BBB of rats to small peptides. Intraperitoneal injection of aluminium chloride increased the permeability of the BBB to iodinated N-Tyr-delta-sleep-inducing peptide and beta-endorphin by 60-70%. Thus, aluminium can affect the BBB in ways that might be involved in dementia.
Diffusion and equilibrium studies for the system acrylonitrile‐styrene‐polyethylene

The solubilities of acrylonitrile and styrene in low-density polyethylene were measured at 0° and 27°C. over the entire range of compositions. The ternary solubility data were analyzed in terms of the relationships developed by Krigbaum and Carpenter. It is shown that the behavior of the ternary system may be predicted from the Flory-Huggins interaction constants of the three pairs of binaries. The rates of desorption of acrylonitrile and styrene from 48 mil thick sheets of polyethylene were measured at 27°C.
Antibody-directed liposomes as drug-delivery vehicles

Abstract The field of liposome targeting has developed rapidly in the past 10 years as a multidisciplinary approach to the controlled delivery of bioactive molecules. Liposomes as delivery vehicles offer several benefits over the administration of free compounds as therapeutic devices. Advantages such as the ability to encapsulate a wide variety of polar, nonpolar, and amphipathic agents make the liposome an attractive delivery device for many applications. Encapsulation protects the drug from metabolic degradation and protects host tissue from non-specific effects until their arrival at the site of consumption. The large relative carrying capacity of the liposomes permits the transfer of thousands of drug molecules to a given cell. Regardless of the type of liposome or its route of administration, the primary consumer of either empty or drug-laden liposomes are the highly phagocytic members of the reticuloendothelial system. Thus, except for these ‘natural’ target cells, liposomes remain relatively non-specific transporters. Conjugation of targeting ligands such as antibodies to the drug or drug carrier confers specificity of that complex for a certain cell or organ expressing the targeted antigenic determinant. However, direct conjugation of drug with antibody has met with limited success, due in part to the required chemical coupling between the drug and antibody. Alternatively, by first entrapping a native drug into a liposome by a non-perturbing method, followed by conjugation of antibodies to the surface of the liposome, some of the advantages of either independent approach may be realized without many of the disadvantages. The pros and cons of this general approach have been debated during the past decade in many comprehensive reviews and monographs that have been published on the subject of liposome targeting. The primary emphasis of the current effort is to focus on one particular strategy for liposome targeting, i.e., the use of antibodies as vector molecules for targeted liposome drug delivery systems. In the sections that follow we try to describe the progress realized and the pitfalls and the limitations encountered with this approach to drug targeting.
Effects of ZD6169, a KATP channel opener, on neurally-mediated plasma extravasation in the rat urinary bladder induced by chemical or electrical stimulation of nerves

The effects of oral administration of ZD6169, a potassium channel opener, on neurally mediated plasma extravasation in the urinary bladder and urethra were examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. Plasma extravasation was evaluated by measuring the tissue concentration of Evans blue, administered intravenously (50 mg/kg) 15 min prior to removal of tissues. Plasma extravasation was induced by three different stimuli: intravesical administration of either 0.25% acetic acid or 100 microM capsaicin or electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve on one side (50 V, 10 s trains, 30 Hz intra-train frequency at 1 min intervals for 40 min). ZD6169 (5 mg/kg), administered orally 5 h prior to stimulation, significantly reduced the capsaicin-induced (50% decrease, p<0.05) or the electrical stimulation-induced (58% decrease, p<0.05) plasma extravasation in the bladder, but did not prevent the plasma extravasation in the bladder or urethra induced by intravesical infusion of 0.25% acetic acid. Administration of a K(ATP) channel blocker, glibenclamide (20 mg/kg, iv) 45 min prior to ZD6169 administration blocked the effects of ZD6169 on the electrical stimulation-induced plasma extravasation in the bladder and reduced the effects of ZD6169 on capsaicin-induced plasma extravasation. These findings indicate that ZD6169 (and/or a metabolite) can reduce neurogenic plasma extravasation in the bladder and are consistent with other studies indicating that ZD6169 can activate K(ATP) channels in C-fiber bladder afferents and suppress afferent activity.
Model of phase fluctuations in a lattice d -wave superconductor: Application to the Cooper-pair charge-density wave in underdoped cuprates

We introduce and study an XY-type model of thermal and quantum phase fluctuations in a two-dimensional correlated lattice d-wave superconductor based on the QED3 effective theory of high temperature superconductors. General features of and selected results obtained within this model were reported earlier in an abbreviated format (Z. Tesanovic, cond-mat/0405235). The model is geared toward describing not only the long distance but also the intermediate lengthscale physics of underdoped cuprates. In particular, we elucidate the dynamical origin and investigate specific features of the Cooper pair charge-density-wave (CPCDW), which we argue is the state behind the periodic charge density modulation discovered in recent STM experiments. We illustrate how Mott-Hubbard correlations near half-filling suppress superfluid density and favor an incompressible state which breaks translational symmetry of the atomic lattice. We show how the formation of the CPCDW in such a strongly quantum fluctuating superconductor can be understood as an Abrikosov-Hofstadter problem in a type-II dual superconductor, with the role of the dual magnetic field played by the electron density. The resulting Abrikosov lattice of dual vortices translates into the periodic modulation of the Bogoliubov-deGennes gap function and the electronic density. We compute detailed signatures of various Abrikosov-Hofstadter dual vortex arrays in the single-particle local tunneling density of states. A 4x4 checkerboard-type modulation pattern naturally arises as an energetically favored ground state at and near the x = 1/8 doping and produces good agreement with experimental observations.
Complex and charge transfer between TiO2 and pyrroloquinoline quinone

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) forms a tridentate complex with coordinatively unsaturated titanium atoms on the surface of ∼4.5 nm TiO2 particles; an association constant of K = 550 M-1 per Ti(IV)s...
On the free vibrations of spinning paraboloids

The dynamic behavior of a spinning linear-elastic paraboloid subject to nonaxisymmetric deformation is investigated analytically, applying the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure described by Utku et al. (1983). Energy-density, strain-displacement, and velocity-displacement expressions are generated; expressions for the generalized strain and position vector are derived; and the discretized dynamic equations are obtained. Numerical results obtained with a computer-program implementation of the method are presented in extensive tables and graphs. The effects of spin rate and bending rigidity and results for the special case of a spinning disk are included.
Finite element model for the aeroelasticity analysis of hypersonic panels: III. Flutter suppression

A finite element model for aeroelasticity analysis of hypersonic panels, using a 9 degree-of-freedom discrete Kirchhoff Theory triangular element along with a 6 d.o.f inplane membrane element, had been developed in authors' previous work, and this model had been sued for the determination of flutter boundary. This paper intends to develop an optimal control strategy to suppress the panel flutter using piezoelectric material as actuators. Two pieces of piezoelectric patches are bonded at the both sides of the panel symmetrically. The actuator pair is assumed such that one laminate contracts, another expands, to create bending control moment. The original finite element model is modified to include the piezoelectric patches' effect. A modal reduction technique is used to reduce the number of modes involved, and to simplify the nonlinearity of the model. A quasi-linear optimal control approach is applied for optimal control design. Numerical result shows that active piezoactuator controller effectively delays the flutter to a relatively higher dynamic pressure.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Step−Growth Polymers Derived from Indene and Decafluorobiphenyl. A New Polymerization Mode for Indene

Whereas indene typically polymerizes by 1,2-addition to the olefin, sodium indenide and decafluorobiphenyl react in the presence of sodium hydride in THF to afford a step−growth polymer in which indene is connected via the 1- and 3-positions by 4,4‘-octafluorobiphenylene units. The toluene-soluble fraction of the polymer product showed Mn = 3500 and Mw = 5700. The corresponding number-averaged degree of oligomerization of about 10 was confirmed by NMR end group analysis. Abstraction of the remaining acidic indenyl protons using sodium hydride followed by treatment of the deep magenta intermediate with Mn(CO)5Br in THF affords an organometallic polymer in which Mn(CO)3 fragments are bonded in a pentahapto fashion to the indenyl groups of the 1,3-indenylene-4,4‘-octafluorobiphenylene repeat unit.
Pulse width modulated series compensator

In recent years, several power electronics based technologies, such as the thyristor controlled series capacitor and the unified power flow controller, have been introduced to provide active control of power flow through transmission lines. They have been prompted by the need to utilise existing lines up to their thermal limits to feed power to an increasing load demand, while maintaining adequate stability margins. In this paper, an alternative for electronically controlled capacitive compensation of a transmission line is presented. The proposed compensator incorporates an AC-AC power converter utilising pulse width modulation and provides accurate power flow control through the transmission line. Operating principles of the compensator are presented along with EMTP simulations demonstrating operation of the compensator.
A consideration of the metabolic rates of some shrew tissues.

Metabolic rates of certain tissues of a shrew, Cryptotis , were lower than had been expected in view of the high total metabolism characteristic of shrews. Similar trends were shown in the rodent Reithrodontomys. The depression of metabolism of some tissues that was observed in these very small mammals may aid them in conserving energy during periods of inactivity.
Advanced Analysis of Cell Stability for Reliable SRAM PUFs

A Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) is a structure that when issued a challenge, it produces a unique and reliable response which can be used as an identifier or a cryptographic key. SRAM PUFs create unique responses upon power up as certain SRAM cells output a '1' or '0' with high probability due to uncontrollable process variations. A current challenge in SRAM PUFs is their sensitivity to temperature and voltage variations as well as aging. By creating algorithms that isolate stable bits quickly and with minimal testing, the use of SRAM PUF should become more practical. In this paper, we explore the selection of stable bits through enrollment under different conditions (temperature, voltage, and aging) and also by exploiting previously undiscovered interactions between neighboring SRAM cells. We develop metrics that analyze the impact of each neighboring cell and each enrollment condition. Our metrics can be used to identify the best cells and conditions for stable bit selection. We have analyzed data from Spartan 3 FPGA and our metrics identify the best neighborhood size (16 stable neighbors) and best enrollment condition pair (high temperature, high voltage and low temperature).
Revised AMBER parameters for bioorganic phosphates.

We report AMBER force field parameters for biological simulations involving phosphorylation of serine, threonine, or tyrosine. The initial parameters used RESP fitting for the atomic partial charges and standard values for all other parameters such as Lennard-Jones coefficients. These were refined with the aid of a thermodynamic cycle consisting of experimentally determined pKa values, solvation energies from molecular dynamics free energy simulations, and gas phase basicities from QM calculations. A polarization energy term was included to account for the charge density change between the gas phase and solution, and solvation free energies were determined using thermodynamic integration. Parameter adjustment is required to obtain consistent thermodynamic results with better balanced electrostatic interactions between water and the phosphate oxygens. To achieve this, we modified the phosphate oxygen radii. A thermodynamically consistent parameter set can be derived for monoanions and requires an increase ...
Simulation and Experimental Research for Microparticles in Microchannels With Dielectrophoretic Field-Flow Fractionation

The Dielectrophoretic Field-flow Fractionation (DEP-FFF) is a very promising separation technique for particles and biological molecules. To further explore this technology, we conducted a computational and experimental investigation of a single particle movement in a PDMS microfluidic channel under DEP force, where both electrokinetic effects and particle hydrodynamics are considered. The model was first validated with dipole moment theory, and a polystyrene particle (∼10 μm) behavior in a non-uniform electric field created by a pair of non-symmetrical electrodes was then studied numerically. The simulation results were compared with experimental results and a good agreement was obtained. Further research is underway to study the behavior of non-spherical particles (such as nanowire, nanorod, and nanofiber) in other microfluidic systems.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Role of magnesium in the variation of swelling ability of human muscle with age.

Abstract This investigation was based on the hypothesis that old human skeletal and smooth muscle swell more than young in alkaline solutions because more magnesium is lost from old tissue during pre-incubation. It was found that in both types of muscle, old samples contain more magnesium than young and more of the magnesium in old tissues is lost than that in young when the tissues are maintained in isotonic saline solutions. Removal of magnesium stimulated swelling in alkaline solutions, while its addition inhibited swelling. These data suggest an age-related difference in human cell permeability or magnesium binding.
Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Educational Change

Change can be frightening to teachers who are comfortable with the school the way it is. But educational change is necessary. So, administrators must recognize the barriers to innovation and develo...
Günther-Tulip inferior vena cava filter removal 3334 days after placement

The Gunther-Tulip inferior vena cava filter (Cook Medical Inc, Bloomington, Ind) was one of the first inferior vena cava (IVC) filters to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for retrieval. Clinical experience has documented that these IVC filters may be safely removed after 12 weeks of implantation. Recent reports have shown that the longer the indwelling time, the higher the retrieval failure rate. We present a case of a successful retrieval of a Gunther-Tulip IVC filter 3334 days after implantation. Removal of the Gunther-Tulip IVC filter is technically feasible, even after a prolonged indwelling time.
Integration of electrical resistivity imaging and ground penetrating radar to investigate solution features in the Biscayne Aquifer

Summary The limestone composing the Biscayne Aquifer in southeast Florida is characterized by cavities and solution features that are difficult to detect and quantify accurately because of their heterogeneous spatial distribution. Such heterogeneities have been shown by previous studies to exert a strong influence in the direction of groundwater flow. In this study we use an integrated array of geophysical methods to detect the lateral extent and distribution of solution features as indicative of anisotropy in the Biscayne Aquifer. Geophysical methods included azimuthal resistivity measurements, electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) and were constrained with direct borehole information from nearby wells. The geophysical measurements suggest the presence of a zone of low electrical resistivity (from ERI) and low electromagnetic wave velocity (from GPR) below the water table at depths of 4–9 m that corresponds to the depth of solution conduits seen in digital borehole images. Azimuthal electrical measurements at the site reported coefficients of electrical anisotropy as high as 1.36 suggesting the presence of an area of high porosity (most likely comprising different types of porosity) oriented in the E–W direction. This study shows how integrated geophysical methods can help detect the presence of areas of enhanced porosity which may influence the direction of groundwater flow in a complex anisotropic and heterogeneous karst system like the Biscayne Aquifer.
Excess Female Infant Mortality And The Gender Gap In Infant Care In Bihar, India

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes excess female infant mortality and the gender gap in infant care in the East-Central state of Bihar, India. Using pooled data from three waves of the National Family Health Surveys (1992–3; 1998–9; 2005–6) in a panel analysis, it compares female infant mortality rates in Bihar to those in thirteen major Indian states. These comparisons suggest that females in Bihar experience a statistically significant excess infant mortality when compared to female infants in less gender-biased states in eastern, western, and southern regions, but not when compared to more gender-biased states in northern and central regions. An estimated 23 percent of female infant deaths in Bihar are excess. Examination of infant care demonstrates that a gender gap in Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination is the single most important driver of excess female infant mortality, followed by gaps in vaccination for polio; diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis (DPT); and measles.
8-epi-Salvinorin B: crystal structure and affinity at the κ opioid receptor

There have been many reports of epimerization of salvinorins at C-8 under basic conditions, but little evidence has been presented to establish the structure of these compounds. We report here the first crystal structure of an 8-epi-salvinorin or derivative: the title compound, 2b. The lactone adopts a boat conformation with the furan equatorial. Several lines of evidence suggest that epimerization proceeds via enolization of the lactone rather than a previously proposed indirect mechanism. Consistent with the general trend in related compounds, the title compound showed lower affinity at the kappa opioid receptor than the natural epimer salvinorin B (2a). The related 8-epi-acid 4b showed no affinity.
Flickr Images: What & Why Museums Share

This paper presents the results of a study which explored the use of Flickr by cultural heritage institutions. The study examined two aspects of museums' use of Flickr: the content of images posted by museums, and the reasons behind sharing their images to the social media site. Images were categorized by the researchers into nine classes based on their visible content, and a brief questionnaire was used to gather data about the image sharing process from museum personnel. The findings reveal that imagery of people visiting the museum and taking part in museum events predominated in the total number of images posted by museums (54% of the total). The images posted to Flickr were most often selected by a single individual at the institution. The particular images posted to Flickr were chosen for a variety of reasons, the most common of these being that they were newsworthy recent events at the museum (e.g. openings, exhibitions, lectures, etc.), or that the staff found the images to have strong affective characteristics. In the responses from museum staff regarding the motivations behind posting the images to Flickr two replies were most commonly given: to provide access to the images, and to take advantage of the technical benefits provided by the photo-sharing service.