cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biology of Decay and Wood Quality

Decay is the final stage of a long and complicated process that is initiated by wounds and involves chemical and anatomical protective responses of the tree and interactions of microorganisms among themselves and with the tree. A model of the decay process has been developed, based on the events that are known to occur from the time of wounding to total decomposition of wood. The model is divided into three major stages: 1) host response to wounding; 2) invasion by pioneer microorganisms; and 3) decay of dead cells. Bacteria and nonhymenomycetous fungi are usually, but not always, the pioneer invaders; and hymenomycetous fungi follow until the dead cells are decomposed--a succession. When invasion occurs, the tree walls off the invaded tissues--compartmentalization. The decay model can be quantified by a recently developed electrical device for measuring the resistance to a pulsed current of wood in progressive stages of discoloration and decay. As tissues die, discolor, and decay, the pH, moisture, and concentrations of mobile cations increase. As cations increase in concentration, the resistance to a pulsed current decreases. Because many defects in wood products that are caused by discoloration and decay have their origin in the living tree, this electrical device will make it possible to determine the quality of the wood earlier in processing. This device will also help to differentiate heartwood from discolored wood. Other electrical engineering techniques and tools are being used to help understand the biology of decay in trees and wood products in relation to wood quality.
Metastability of Mean Field Neuropercolation – The Role of Inhibitory Populations

Critical properties of dynamic models of neural populations are studied. Based on the classical work of Erdős-Renyi on the evolution of random graphs and motivated by the properties of the cortical tissue, a new class of random cellular automata called neuropercolation has been introduced recently. This work analyzes the role of inhibitory populations in generating multistable dynamics near criticality. The results are interpreted in the context of experimentally observed meta-stable behavior in the cortex.
Emotion Detection and Classification in a Multigenre Corpus with Joint Multi-Task Deep Learning

Detection and classification of emotion categories expressed by a sentence is a challenging task due to subjectivity of emotion. To date, most of the models are trained and evaluated on single genre and when used to predict emotion in different genre their performance drops by a large margin. To address the issue of robustness, we model the problem within a joint multi-task learning framework. We train this model with a multigenre emotion corpus to predict emotions across various genre. Each genre is represented as a separate task, we use soft parameter shared layers across the various tasks. our experimental results show that this model improves the results across the various genres, compared to a single genre training in the same neural net architecture.
Chronic Facial Pain and Other Chronic Neuralgias

Neuralgia is defined as pain in the distribution of a specific nerve(s). Cranial neuralgias are characterized by craniofacial pain of varying character and distribution and are usually associated with, at least, some neurologic symptoms/deficits. Trigeminal neuralgia is the most common and the most severe of all cranial neuralgias and is characterized by recurrent attacks of pain in the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is defined as recurrent paroxysms of pain in the distribution of the auricular and pharyngeal branches of the vagus nerve as well as branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve and can rarely be associated with vagal symptoms, particularly syncope and/or bradycardia. Nervus intermedius neuralgia is characterized by brief paroxysms of unilateral pain in the auditory canal which can sometimes radiate to the parieto-occipital region. Occipital neuralgia is characterized by paroxysmal stabbing pain in the distribution of the greater, lesser, and/or third occipital nerves. Optic neuritis is an acute demyelinating condition characterized by retro-orbital pain with associated impairment of central vision. Headache attributed to ischemic ocular nerve palsy is characterized by unilateral frontal and/or periorbital pain caused by ischemic paresis of the ipsilateral third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerves. Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy is characterized by recurrent attacks of paresis of one or more ocular cranial nerves, with associated ipsilateral headache. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome consists of unilateral orbital pain associated with ophthalmoplegia and is caused by a granulomatous inflammation in the cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Paratrigeminal oculosympathetic syndrome is characterized by constant, unilateral pain in the distribution of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, along with ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome, and is commonly caused by lesions involving the middle cranial fossa or the carotid artery. Burning mouth syndrome consists of recurrent intraoral burning sensation without clinically evident causative lesions. Persistent idiopathic facial pain is defined as persistent and recurrent facial and/or oral pain in the absence of clinical neurological deficit. Central neuropathic pain is a craniocervical pain syndrome of variable presentation caused by a demyelinating lesion in the central nervous system or an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke.
How Do State‐Level Environmental Policies Impact the Voting Behavior of National Legislators?*

Objective We investigate whether state‐level policy adoption of environmental regulations leads to nationalization of similar policies and, if so, the mechanisms by which members of Congress are incentivized to vote strategically. Method We examine several key environmental policies (i.e., renewable portfolio standards and regional cap‐and‐trade agreements) and utilize historical state‐level inventories and congressional roll‐call votes in our analysis. Results We demonstrate that Democratic and Republican members of the U.S. House in both scenarios were much more likely—even after controlling for ideology and constituency preferences—to vote in favor of increasing environmental regulations if their home state already put such a policy in place. Conclusion In a new political era where federalism within environmental policy is being reimagined, the lessons learned from the Waxman‐Markey cap and trade bill and the Udall RPS Amendment teach us of the importance of state‐level initiatives serving as powerful drivers for increasing pressure for federal adoption.
Be(com)ing “In-Resonance-With” Research: Improvising a Postintentional Phenomenology Through Sound and Sonic Composition:

Scholarship in postqualitative research has long examined the constructs of orientation and experimentation. How do we come to know and name experience? How do we value its matter as a form of matt...
A Transitioning Epidemic: How The Opioid Crisis Is Driving The Rise In Hepatitis C

The hepatitis C virus is responsible for more deaths in the United States than any other infectious disease, and hepatitis C infections have been rising at an alarming rate since 2010. We evaluated...
Chapter 2: The Economy and the Environment: Uncontrolled Case (Pre-Institution)

This is the first substantive chapter (after an introduction, yet to be written) for a new environmental economics book (Environmental Economics: An Integrated Approach) which will integrate the economic system and the environmental system. The analysis of the economic and environmental system will remain joined throughout the text.
Cardiospasm or carcinoma; the roentgen findings.

Carcinoma of the fundus of the stomach may extend into the lower esophagus, insidiously narrowing the lumen, and produce roentgen features simulating cardiospasm. The identification of a mass in the fundus of the stomach, an eccentric esophageal lumen, and alterations in the position and contours of the esophagogastric region are the significant points to be noted in differentiating the two lesions. Esophagoscopy is extremely important in these cases for confirmation with a biopsy. An accurate radiologic diagnosis helps the esophagoscopist in his search for neoplasm because, in this situation, the mucosa is frequently intact and only histologic examination of the biopsy specimen reveals the submucosal extension of the cancer. Of special interest is the occasional case of cardiospasm of long standing that may develop a carcinoma involving the lower esophagus. Any change in symptomatology, particularly in obstructive manifestations, or in the roentgen appearance of the esophagogastric junction, should suggest the possibility of a superimposed carcinoma.
Basal Diet Determined Long-Term Composition of the Gut Microbiome and Mouse Phenotype to a Greater Extent than Fecal Microbiome Transfer from Lean or Obese Human Donors

The Western dietary pattern can alter the gut microbiome and cause obesity and metabolic disorders. To examine the interactions between diet, the microbiome, and obesity, we transplanted gut microbiota from lean or obese human donors into mice fed one of three diets for 22 weeks: (1) a control AIN93G diet; (2) the total Western diet (TWD), which mimics the American diet; or (3) a 45% high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) diet. We hypothesized that a fecal microbiome transfer (FMT) from obese donors would lead to an obese phenotype and aberrant glucose metabolism in recipient mice that would be exacerbated by consumption of the TWD or DIO diets. Prior to the FMT, the native microbiome was depleted using an established broad-spectrum antibiotic protocol. Interestingly, the human donor body type microbiome did not significantly affect final body weight or body composition in mice fed any of the experimental diets. Beta diversity analysis and linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that mice that received an FMT from obese donors had a significantly different microbiome compared to mice that received an FMT from lean donors. However, after 22 weeks, diet influenced the microbiome composition irrespective of donor body type, suggesting that diet is a key variable in the shaping of the gut microbiome after FMT.
Nonlinearly Stable Real-Time Learning and Model-Free Control

This work provides a framework for nonlinear model-free control of systems with unknown input-output dynamics, but outputs that can be controlled by the inputs. This framework leads to real-time control of the system such that a feasible output trajectory can be tracked by the inputs. Unlike existing model-free or data-driven control approaches, this framework guarantees nonlinear stability. The controller and observer designs in the proposed framework are nonlinearly stable and robust to the unknown dynamics as well as unknown measurement noise. For ease of computer implementation, the framework is developed in discrete time. Nonlinear stability analyses of the discrete-time observers and controllers are carried out using discrete Lyapunov analysis. The unknown input-output dynamics is learnt in real time using a nonlinearly stable observer from prior input-output history. This observer ensures finite-time stable convergence of model estimation errors to zero if the unknown model is constant, and model estimation errors converge to a bounded neighborhood of the zero vector if the model has bounded change in discrete time. Measured outputs are filtered by a finite-time stable observer before use in feedback tracking of a desired output trajectory. Finite-time stable observer design in this framework also ensures that a nonlinear separation principle is in effect for separate controller and observer design. A model-free nonlinearly stable control scheme is then designed to ensure convergence of observed outputs to a desired output trajectory. This control scheme ensures nonlinear finite-time stable convergence of tracking errors to a manifold where the tracking errors decay asymptotically. A numerical experiment on a nonlinear second-order system demonstrates the performance of this nonlinear model-free control framework.
What Moves Equity Markets? A Term Structure Decomposition for Stock Returns

Several papers decompose stock returns into cash flow and discount rate news to study equity market fluctuations. This paper develops an alternative return decomposition based on the fact that equity movements originate from variation in the present values of dividends with different maturities. I find that roughly 60% of equity volatility comes from the present value of dividends with maturities beyond 20 years and that cash flow shocks drive volatility in short-term present values whereas discount rate news are responsible for volatility in long-term present values. I also provide three further empirical applications of this new equity term structure decomposition.
Prevalence and Outcomes of Balloon Atrial Septostomy in Neonates With Transposition of Great Arteries.

OBJECTIVES Transposition of the great arteries is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect. Surgical correction usually occurs in the first week of life; presence of restrictive interatrial communication and severe hypoxemia warrants urgent intervention with balloon atrial septostomy and medical stabilization prior to surgery. The main objective of this study is to compare the characteristics, outcomes, and mortality risks in patients with transposition of the great arteries who underwent balloon atrial septostomy during their hospitalization versus transposition of the great arteries patients who have not undergone this procedure. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of administrative data. SETTING Data from Kids' Inpatient Database complemented with the National Inpatient Sample dataset for the years 1998-2014, this includes data from participating hospitals in 47 U.S. States and the District of Columbia. PATIENTS Neonates admitted with transposition of the great arteries. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 17,392 neonates with diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries were captured in the databases we used. Male-to-female ratio was 2:1. The rate of balloon atrial septostomy in patients with transposition of the great arteries was 27.7% without significant change over the years. There was no significant difference in mortality between balloon atrial septostomy and no balloon atrial septostomy (6.3% vs 6.7%; p = 0.29). Neonates with balloon atrial septostomy had a two-fold increase in their length of stay compared with no balloon atrial septostomy (16 d vs 7 d; p < 0.0001). Stroke was present in 1.1% of balloon atrial septostomy group versus 0.6% in those who did not have balloon atrial septostomy (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.29-2.65; p < 0.0001). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used more in balloon atrial septostomy group (5.1% vs 3.1%; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in mortality rate between balloon atrial septostomy and no balloon atrial septostomy patients. The prevalence of the diagnosis of stroke in this study was higher in patients who underwent balloon atrial septostomy. Furthermore, comparison of in-hospital mortality in balloon atrial septostomy and no balloon atrial septostomy revealed increased mortality risk in no balloon atrial septostomy patients transferred from other institution, no balloon atrial septostomy patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and balloon atrial septostomy patients diagnosed with stroke. Finally, length of stay and charges were higher in balloon atrial septostomy patients.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Normalized to Fat-Free Mass and Mortality Risk.

PURPOSE Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is known to be directly related to fat-free mass (FFM), therefore, it has been suggested that normalizing CRF to FFM (V˙O2peakFFM) may be the most accurate expression of CRF as related to exercise performance and cardiorespiratory function. However, the influence of V˙O2peakFFM (mL·kg FFM·min) on predicting mortality has been largely unexplored. This study aimed to primarily assess the relationship between V˙O2peakFFM and all-cause and disease-specific mortality risk in apparently healthy adults. Further, this study sought to compare the predictive ability of V˙O2peakFFM to V˙O2peak normalized to total body weight (V˙O2peakTBW) for mortality outcomes. METHODS Participants included 2905 adults (1555 men, 1350 women) who completed a cardiopulmonary exercise test between 1970 and 2016 to determine CRF. Body composition was assessed using the skinfold method to estimate FFM. Cardiorespiratory fitness was expressed as V˙O2peakTBW and V˙O2peakFFM. Participants were followed for 19.0 ± 11.7 yr after their cardiopulmonary exercise test for mortality outcomes. Cox-proportional hazard models were performed to determine the relationship of V˙O2peakFFM with mortality outcomes. Parameter estimates were assessed to compare the predictive ability of CRF expressed as V˙O2peakTBW and V˙O2peakFFM. RESULTS Overall, V˙O2peakFFM was inversely related to all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality, with a 16.2%, 8.4%, and 8.0% lower risk per 1 mL·kg FFM·min improvement, respectively (P < 0.01). Further, assessment of the parameter estimates showed V˙O2peakFFM to be a significantly stronger predictor of all-cause mortality than V˙O2peakTBW (parameter estimates, -0.49 vs -0.16). CONCLUSIONS Body composition is an important factor when considering the relationship between CRF and mortality risk. Clinicians should consider normalizing CRF to FFM when feasible, because it will strengthen the predictive power of the measure.
Role of health plan administrative claims data in participant recruitment for pragmatic clinical trials: An Aspirin Dosing: A Patient-centric Trial Assessing Benefits and Long-term Effectiveness (ADAPTABLE) example:

Aim:The purpose of this study is to evaluate HealthCore/Anthem Research Network recruitment strategies, compare response and enrollment rates for different recruitment strategies, and describe demo...
Evidence That Female Urologists and Urology Trainees Tend to Underrate Surgical Skills on Self-Assessment.

Abstract Background Historically low, the proportion of female urology residents now exceeds 25% in recent years. Self-assessment is a widely used tool to track progress in medical education. However, the validity of its results and gender differences may influence interpretation. Simulation of surgical skills is increasingly common in modern residency training and standardizes certain objective tasks and skills. The objective of this study was to identify gender differences in self-assessment of surgeons and trainees when using simulation of surgical skills. Methods Medical students, residents, and attending and retired surgeons completed simple interrupted suturing. Assessment was self-rated using previously tested visual analog motion scales. Tasks were video recorded and rated by blinded expert surgeons using identical motion scales. Computer vision motion tracking software was used to objectively analyze the kinematics of surgical tasks. Results Proportion of female (n = 17) and male (n = 20) participants did not differ significantly by the level of training, P = 0.76. Five expert surgeons evaluated 84 video segments of simple interrupted suturing tasks (mean 3.0 segments per task per participant). Self-assessment correlated well overall with expert rating for motion economy (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.61, P Women underrated their performance in accordance with mean individual difference of self-assessment and expert assessment scores (Δ SAS-EAS) for both economy of motion (mean ± SEM −1.1 ± 0.38, P = 0.01) and fluidity of motion (−1.3 ± 0.39, P Conclusions Female surgeons and trainees underrate some technical skills on self-assessment when compared with expert ratings, whereas male surgeon and trainee self-ratings and expert ratings were similar. Further work is needed to determine if these differences are accentuated across increasingly difficult tasks.
Auditory Target Detection Enhances Visual Processing and Hippocampal Functional Connectivity

Though dividing one9s attention between two input streams typically impairs performance, detecting a behaviorally relevant stimulus can sometimes enhance the encoding of task-irrelevant information presented at the same time. Previous research has shown that temporal selection of this kind boosts visual cortical activity and incidental memory. An important and yet unanswered question is whether such effects are reflected in processing quality and functional connectivity in visual regions and the hippocampus. In this fMRI study, participants were asked to memorize a stream of images and press a button when they heard an auditory tone of a prespecified pitch. Images could be presented with a target tone, with a distractor tone, or without a tone. Auditory target detection increased activity throughout the ventral visual cortex but lowered it in the hippocampus. These effects were accompanied by a widespread enhancement in functional connectivity between the ventral visual cortex and the hippocampus. Image category classification accuracy was higher on target tone trials than on distractor and no tone trials in the fusiform gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus. This effect was stronger in clusters whose activity was more correlated with the hippocampus on target tone than on distractor tone trials. In agreement with accounts suggesting that subcortical noradrenergic influences play a role in temporal selection, auditory target detection also caused an increase in locus coeruleus activity and phasic pupil responses. These findings outline a network of cortical and subcortical regions that are involved in the selection and processing of information presented at behaviorally relevant moments.
(Un)locking the church doors: regime legitimacy and political (de)mobilisation of churches in Ethiopia

Drawing upon research including personal interviews with Ethiopian church leaders and examination of Ethiopian laws and constitutions through three consecutive governments over the period 1930–2012...
Temporal and spatial variations in three-dimensional seismic oceanography

Abstract. Seismic oceanography is a new cross-discipline between geophysics and oceanography that uses seismic reflection data to image and study the oceanic water column. Previous work on seismic oceanography was largely limited to two-dimensional (2D) seismic data and methods. Here we explore and quantify temporal and spatial variations in three-dimensional (3D) seismic oceanography to address whether 3D seismic imaging is meaningful in all directions and how one can take advantage of the variations. From a 3D multichannel seismic survey acquired for oil and gas exploration in the Gulf of Mexico over a 6-month period, a 3D oceanic seismic volume was derived. The 3D seismic images exhibit both temporal and spatial variations of the ocean, and theoretical and data analyses were used to quantify their contribution. Our results suggest that temporal variation is more prominent in the crossline direction than in the inline direction, causing discontinuities in crossline images. However, a series of 3D inline images can be seen as snapshots of the water column at different times, capturing temporal variation of thermohaline structures induced by ocean dynamics. Our findings suggest the potential uses of marine 3D seismic data in studying time-evolving mesoscale ocean dynamics.
Eyelid myotonia and face stiffness in skeletal muscle sodium channelopathy

Title Eyelid myotonia and face stiffness in skeletal muscle sodium channelopathy Video Legend Video 1. Notice the delayed relaxation of the eyelids after forced eye closure (eyelid myotonia). Also, notice the full facial hair to prevent facial muscle stiffening exacerbation with cold weather. AuthorsSrijan Adhikari, MBBS, Jeffrey Statland, MD, Constantine Farmakidis, MD Authors information: Srijan Adhikari, MBBS, ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9653-3079, University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Kansas City, Kansas, USAJeffrey Statland, MD, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0790-5315 University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Kansas City, Kansas, USAConstantine Farmakidis, MD, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4688-9224, University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Kansas City, Kansas, USA Corresponding Author Srijan Adhikari, MBBS,Department of Neurology,University of Kansas Medical Center,3901 Rainbow Boulevard., MS 2012,Kansas City, KS 66160sadhikari@kumc.edu Author Conflict of Interests Dr Adhikari has nothing to disclose.Dr. Statland reports grants from NIH, grants from MDA, grants from FSHD Society, grants from Friends of FSH Research, personal fees from Dyne, personal fees from Fulcrum, personal fees from Avidity, personal fees from MT Pharma, personal fees from Acceleron, personal fees from Sarepta, personal fees from Strongbridge, outside the submitted work. Dr. Farmakidis reports personal fees from Argnex, personal fees from Momenta, personal fees from Terumo BCT, outside the submitted work.
One Server, Arbitrary Service (M/G/1)

This chapter considers a one-server, infinite capacity system with exponential inter-arrival times, and arbitrary service times with the average and standard deviation known. Could be a lift truck in a warehouse that hauls stock from the receiving dock to the storage area where the hauling time is normally distributed (not exponential). The lift truck is the service facility. The performance measures are developed and examples are presented.
Automatic test plan generation for analog and mixed signal integrated circuits using partial activation and high level simulation

This paper introduces a novel technique to generate test plans automatically for analog and mixed signal integrated circuits (ICs), which are designed using modular design concept similar to that of digital integrated circuits. In such structured, top-down, modular design methodology of analog and mixed signal integrated circuits, each block in the design is represented by a high level but accurate model, which describes its behavior across the inputs and outputs (IOs) of the block. These high level models of the blocks are created during the design of the complete chip, and are used for the simulation of the complete device. Given the design database of a chip, designed using these blocks, the proposed algorithm generates test plan for all the blocks of the chip. First the test values are set on the block to be tested, which may or may not be directly accessible from the design IOs of the IC. The algorithm tries to find a consistent set of values to be set at the design IOs, preserving the test values set on the internal block under test. Test plan generated consists, the values to be set and measured at the design IOs of the IC, for carrying out the tests on that block. Unlike the previous propagation based method, this method uses high level simulation. "Partial Activation" and "Distance Heuristics" concepts are introduced. Several disadvantages of the previous method are eliminated. Comparative results are found to be remarkably better than the previous method. Implementation of this algorithm is presented with examples and results. >
Protecting Folklore: Is Intellectual Property the Answer?

What can the Navajos do to prevent non-Navajos from using Navajo rug patterns to produce rugs overseas using cheap material and labor, thereby undercutting the Navajos themselves in a market for their famous rugs? What can the Australian Aboriginal peoples do when their sacred and secret imagery is reporduced on carpets they did not make, and sold to non-Aboriginals, who will inevitably walk on them? Do these communities have any legal rights to these pieces of their culture? Does the law provide any means for them to take back their culture or to prevent further poaching?
Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. II. Incorporation of sulfate-35S into microsomal chondroitin sulfate.

Abstract A microsomal preparation from chick embryo cartilage has been shown to catalyze the incorporation of sulfate-35S from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate-35S into microsomal glycosaminoglycan. This enzyme preparation is the same preparation that previously has been shown to catalyze the formation of chondroitin (nonsulfated) from sugar nucleotide precursors. The microsomal sulfate acceptor appears to be of high sulfate content and appears to be similar to chondroitin sulfate found in a supernatant preparation from chick embryo cartilage. The presence in the microsomal fraction of both sulfotransferase activity and glycosaminoglycanpolymerizing activity, as well as chondroitin sulfate, suggests that sulfation in the cell may take place in close proximity to the location of glycosaminoglycan polymerization.
Formal Flows on the Non-Archimedean Open Unit Disk

This paper deals with group actions of one-dimensional formal groups defined over the ring of integers in a finite extension of the p-adic field, where the space acted upon is the maximal ideal in the ring of integers of an algebraic closure of the p-adic field. Given a formal group F as above, a formal flow is a series Φ(t,x) satisfying the conditions Φ(0,x)=x and Φ(F(s,t),x)=Φ(s,Φ(t,x)). With this definition, any formal group will act on the disk by left translation, but this paper constructs flows Φ with any specified divisor of fixed points, where a point ξ of the open unit disk is a fixed point of order ≤n if (x−ξ) n |(Φ(t,x)−x). Furthermore, if γ is an analytic automorphism of the open unit disk with only finitely many periodic points, then there is a flow Φ, an element α of the maximal ideal of the ring of constants, and an integer m such that the m-fold iteration of γ(x) is equal to Φ(α,x). All the formal flows constructed here are actions of the additive formal group on the unit disk. Indeed, if the divisor of fixed points of a formal flow is of degree at least two, then the formal group involved must become isomorphic to the additive group when the base is extended to the residue field of the constant ring.
Consistent theory of underdoped cuprates: Evolution of the resonating valence bond state from half filling

Using continuity, we derive a renormalized Hamiltonian from the parent $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model to describe the properties of underdoped cuprates. The theory is constrained to agree with the behavior at half filling, which is well described by the Arovas-Auerbach valence bond state in which bosonic spinons are paired into singlets. Spinon states evolve continuously into the doped region preserving their symmetry. We assume that moving holes rapidly destroy magnetic order, which leads to a gap in the spinon spectrum and strongly renormalizes the theory. The spin gap leads to two different types hopping terms for renormalized holes. In one, a fermionic holon hops within the same sublattice accompanied by a singlet backflow, giving rise to a non-Fermi-liquid normal state with novel properties. Spinon singlets condense below a pseudogap temperature ${T}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ ($l$ spin gap temperature ${T}^{0}$), which allows holons to propagate coherently, forming a spinless Fermi liquid, but without an observable holon Fermi surface. Above ${T}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$, holons are localized. This is the so-called strange metal phase, which is actually a new type of insulator since its resistivity would be infinite at $T=0$. In the second term a pair of holons belonging to opposite sublattices hop, accompanied by a singlet backflow. In the presence of the singlet condensate holon pairs condense, leading to $d$-wave superconductivity; the symmetry is primarily determined by the symmetry of the valence bond state at half filling. The metal and the superconductor preserve the two-sublattice character of the valence bond state. A careful examination of the nuclear magnetic resonance, tunneling, and transport data shows that the predictions of the theory is consistent with experimental results. Remarkably, the existence of the spin gap provides a natural explanation for the phenomenon of two dimensionality of the normal state in the presence of interplane hopping. The marked asymmetry between hole-doped and electron-doped cuprates is also easily explained.
Travel between politically divided China and Taiwan

This article analyzes the relationship of politics and tourism between the two politically divided states: mainland China and Taiwan. It examines tourism as a low‐politics activity in influencing initial reconciliation between the two peoples and governments and discusses the current travel flows across the Taiwan Straits after the handover of Hong Kong to Mainland China. It is found that the travel development between China and Taiwan supports the revolutionary process model developed by Butler and Mao. Many obstacles remain in the development of tourism and travel between Taiwan and the mainland is greatly influenced by the changing political relations of the two governments.
Error-correcting nonadaptive group testing with d e -disjunct matrices

Abstract d-disjunct matrices constitute a basis for nonadaptive group testing (NGT) algorithms and binary d-superimposed codes. The rows of a d-disjunct matrix represent the tests in a NGT algorithm which identifies up to d defects in a population. The columns of a d-disjunct matrix represent binary d-superimposable codewords. A d-disjunct matrix μ is called de-disjunct if given any d + 1 columns of μ with one designated, there are e + 1 rows with a 1 in the designated column and a 0 in each of the other d columns. de-disjunct matrices form a basis for e error-correcting NGT algorithms. In this paper, we construct de-disjunct matrices. In so doing, we simultaneously construct e error-correcting binary d-superimposed codes. The results of this paper can be used to construct pooling designs for the screening recombinant DNA libraries. Such screenings are a major component of the Human Genome Project.
Electronic spectroscopy of malondialdehyde

Abstract The electronic absorption spectra of malondialdehyde in vapor and solutionphases and derived monoanion in solution are presented. Comparison of CNDO/s-CI computations with experiment allows two singlet—singlet transitions at λ ⩾ 1800 A to be assigned within the G 4 molecular symmetry group description of the planar non-rigid neutral molecule. Two electronic transitions are assigned for the monoanion in polar media.
Survival of Patients with Well-Differentiated Astrocytomas Diagnosed in The Era of Computed Tomography

We report 25 verified cases of well-differentiated cerebral astrocytomas in adults treated between 1978 and 1988. All patients were diagnosed by computed tomographic (CT) scans, with 5 undergoing a craniotomy for debulking and 20 undergoing a biopsy alone. The median survival for the entire group was 8.2 years, the longest survival yet reported for a series of patients with these tumors. A review of the literature suggests that the longer survival observed in more recent series is the result of the earlier diagnosis of tumors afforded by modern brain imaging. Twenty of our patients presented with seizures in the absence of any other focal findings and would probably not have had a biopsy in the era before CT scans until their tumors had progressed. Only 8% of our patients had papilledema at the time of presentation, in contrast to almost half of the patients with low-grade astrocytomas reported before 1975, supporting the hypothesis that patients in the CT era are diagnosed earlier. None of our patients died from progressive low-grade disease. One patient died from a squamous cell cancer, and 7 died as a consequence of their tumors dedifferentiating into a more malignant astrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme, with a median time of approximately 5 years after the diagnosis. Our findings, together with the available data in the literature, suggest that death from a focal low-grade astrocytoma, in the absence of malignant degeneration, may be a rare event. Consequently, future therapeutic efforts should be targeted at preventing dedifferentiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Generalized volumetric behaviour of refrigerants based on a new four-parameter corresponding states correlation

The generalized volumetric behaviour of polar and non-polar refrigerants has been correlated using a new four-parameter corresponding states method. This method results in an accurate representation of the PVT surface for reduced temperatures from 0.55 to 1.62 and for reduced pressures up to 23.5, which covers almost all the range of importance for refrigerant applications. Input parameters required are critical temperature, critical pressure, the acentric factor and a pseudo-polarity factor calculated from the compressibility factor of a saturated liquid at a reduced temperature of 0.7. Three reference fluids are used to evaluate the compressibility factors. Comparison between experimental and calculated volumetric properties shows that highly accurate results are obtained by the new method for 20 polar of non-polar substances that are mainly used as working fluids in refrigeration systems and heat pumps. Average errors in the calculation of compressibility factors are 0.63, 2.24 and 0.53% for the gaseous, critical and liquid regions, respectively. Overall average error is 0.91% for the entire region studied.
Position and force control of coordinated multiple arms

A technique is presented for controlling multiple manipulators which are holding a single object and therefore form a closed kinematic chain. The object, which may or may not be in contact with a rigid environment, is assumed to be held rigidly by n robot end-effectors. The derivation is based on setting up constraint equations which reduce the 6*n degrees of freedom of n manipulators each having six joints. Additional constraint equations are considered when one or more degrees of freedom of the object is reduced due to external constraints. Utilizing the operational space dynamic equations, a decoupling controller is designed to control both the position and the interaction forces of the object with the environment. Simulation results for the control of a pair of two-link manipulators are presented. >
The Impact of Psychosocial Resources on Caregiver Burden and Depression: Sociological Variations on a Gerontological Theme:

This article uses a psychosocial resources model to examine the distress process for a sample of 110 primary caregivers of geriatric outpatients. Two versions of the psychosocial resources model are tested—the mediation/deterioration and buffering model. For both models, we assess the role of social support and internal locus of control (mastery) in reducing the negative impact that life stressors have on caregiver burden and depressive symptomatology. Fifty-one percent of the sample are at the threshold for possible depression, indicative of the challenging circumstances of caregiving. One important finding is that caregiver burden and depression have significantly different correlates. Specifically, burden is primarily a function of chronic stressors (ADL) while depression is basically the result of acute stressors (caregiver life events). In addition, this psychosocial resources approach finds no support for the buffering model of caregiver depression.
Liability of Foreignness and the Uses of Expatriates in Japanese Multinational Corporations in the United States

This paper examines the factors which determine the use of expatriates (parent company managers) in Japanese multinational corporations in the United States, addressing the issue of “liability of foreignness” in establishing new ventures in an international context. The paper attempts to explain theoretically the variance in the proportion of expatriates used across these United States subsidiaries, drawing on the resource dependence theory. Previous research suggests that when liabilities of foreignness are high, and when there is a need to develop organizational forms that insure reliable resource flows to coordinate activities, then Japanese multinational corporations will substitute expatriates for local personnel. Data on 3,119 corporate establishments are derived from the section on the United States of Kaigai Shinshutsu Kigyo Soran [List of Japanese-Owned Firms Abroad] (Toyokeizai 1995), seeing Japanese expatriates as agents who engage in transactions of necessary resources with surrounding corporations and with the parent companies.
Non-adiabaticity and other aspects of polarisation in positron-molecule scattering

The authors have investigated various aspects of polarisation/correlation effects at low energies for the prototypical positron-N2 system. First, they have found that, like positron-H2 cross sections, those for this system are highly sensitive to terms in the (adiabatic) polarisation potential that explicitly depend on the sign of the charge of the projectile. Insight into the nature of these sign-dependent distortions is afforded by three-dimensional graphs of polarised N2 density functions. Second, they have explored and characterised nonadiabatic (correlation) effects in this system using a simple two-parameter model, they have found that the onset of these effects in the near-target region in positron scattering is much more gradual than in electron scattering. By including in scattering calculations adiabatic and non-adiabatic effects, they obtain theoretical positron-N2 cross sections in good agreement with recent experimental data.
Defining a Functional Androgen Responsive Element in the 5′ Far Upstream Flanking Region of the Prostate-Specific Antigen Gene

Previously, an androgen responsive element (ARE or promoter ARE) was identified in the proximal promoter region of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene. The proximal promoter fragment could mediate androgen induction of expression of a heterologous reporter gene in androgen receptor (AR)-less cells with exogenous AR in co-transfection assays. However, it exerted little androgen inducibility in androgen sensitive human prostate cells, LNCaP, which produce PSA mRNA and protein. In this study, we have identified a second functional ARE (or upstream ARE) approximately 4 kb upstream of the cap site of the PSA transcript. Interestingly, although the AREs are necessary for androgen induction, the DNA sequences surrounding the upstream ARE are also required for androgen induction by the PSA promoter in LNCaP cells. The results indicated that the upstream DNA sequences can cooperate with either ARE to mediate androgen induced gene expression in LNCaP cells.
Amorphous materials — A new class of soft magnetic alloys

Abstract The key events in the development of amorphous alloys are briefly summarized within the context of applying them as soft magnetic alloys. Some of their pertinent magnetic properties, such as saturation magnetization, losses, exciting current, permeability and stress sensitivity are reviewed and compared with conventional alloys. New results on iron-rich alloys will be presented. We have recently discovered that increasing the diameter of the toroid prepared from narrow tapes produces a remarkable improvement in the magnetic properties attributable to the decreasing contribution of stress induced ordering. The losses become significantly less than the best results reported for the Permalloys and are much less than 1/10 the losses of Fe−3.2% Si.
XLII. On a remarkable case of uneven distribution of light in a diffraction grating spectrum

(1902). XLII. On a remarkable case of uneven distribution of light in a diffraction grating spectrum. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 4, No. 21, pp. 396-402.
Valuing ecosystem services as productive inputs

This paper explores two methods for valuing ecosystems by valuing the services that they yield to various categories of user and that are not directly valued in the market, and illustrates the usefulness of these methods with an application to the valuation of mangrove ecosystems in Thailand. The first method is known as the production function approach and relies on the fact that ecosystems may be inputs into the production of other goods or services that are themselves marketed, such as fisheries. I discuss issues that arise in measuring the input into fisheries, particularly those due to the fact that the fishery stock is changing over time, and the shadow value of the ecosystem consists in its contribution to the maintenance of the stock as well as its contribution to current output. The second method is known as the expected damage approach and is used to value the services of storm protection in terms of the reduction in expected future storm damage that the ecosystem can provide. These two methods are shown to yield very different valuations of ecosystems from those that would be derived by the methods typically used in cost-benefit analyses. I argue that they represent a significant improvement on current practice. — Edward B. Barbier
Understanding Teachers' Resistance to the Curricular Inclusion of Alternative Algorithms

This study focuses on a group of practitioners from a school district that adopted reform-oriented curriculum materials but later rejected them, partially due to the inclusion of alternative algorithms in the materials. Metaphors implicit in a conversation among the group were analysed to illuminate their perspectives on instructional issues surrounding alternative algorithms. Several possible sources of resistance to folding alternative algorithms into instruction were found, including the ideas that: successful learning does not involve struggling with mathematics, the teacher’s role in the classroom is primarily to present information, and that mathematics learning progresses according to a fixed sequence of levels.
How Self-Perceived Knowledge, Actual Knowledge and Interest in Drugs are Related:

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship among student perception of knowledge, their levels of interest, and actual knowledge about drugs. Two-hundred and fifty-three college stude...
Initiation of turbulence in models of arterial stenoses

Abstract The development of turbulence under both steady and pulsatile flow through models of arterial stanoses was studied experimentally. Stenoses were represented by three severely constricted rigid-walled models with different shapes. Model geometries included a streamlined shape, a hollowed plug with blunt ends, and a thin plate orifice. Velocity fluctuations were measured with hot-film probes. Results indicate that: (a) turbulence develops at Reynolds numbers well below the critical value for flow in an unobstructed tube; (b) the critical Reynolds number varies with a dimensionless frequency parameter, first becoming less stable and then more stable as the frequency parameter is increased; and (c) the critical Reynolds number depends on the shape of the obstruction with the orifice-type stenosis exhibiting the lowest value for the critical Reynolds number.