cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Genomics of Ferns and Lycophytes

Abstract Ferns and lycophytes are ubiquitous and charismatic members of many terrestrial ecosystems. Members of these lineages play key ecological roles in many of Earth's biomes and have an ancient fossil record dating back to the Devonian. Modern ferns underwent significant diversification in the Cretaceous, and the clade as a whole occupies a pivotal position in land plant evolution as the sister lineage to seed plants; lycophytes, in turn, are sister to ferns plus seed plants together. Both ferns and lycophytes are spore-bearing vascular plants, and each clade includes both homosporous and heterosporous members. Many taxa have large genomes with high numbers of chromosomes, particularly among the homosporous members of both lineages. They are the only two lineages of land plants that maintain independent gametophyte and sporophyte phases in their life cycle. Ferns are known to be prone to hybridization and polyploidy, but the roles these events have played in producing their large genomes are still unclear. Genome science has advanced dramatically in recent years, but genomic research in lycophytes and ferns has lagged behind other groups of plants. While nuclear genome sequences are now available for over 100 species of seed plants, there is only one sequenced genome of a lycophyte available (heterosporous Selaginella moellendorffii ), and none from any fern, or from any homosporous vascular plant. This chapter reviews what is known about fern and lycophyte genomes (nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial) and transcriptomes and presents an outlook on the future of genome research in these groups, including outstanding challenges in plant biology that will be illuminated by incorporating information on ferns and lycophytes.
Induction Crashes: Are There Clues in the Ashes?

This case discusses an interaction between smoked tobacco and theophylline. Theophylline is a cytochrome P450 1A2 substrate and smoked tobacco is a 1A2 inducer. Cessation of smoking will cause reversal of induction.
Hydrodynamics of Offshore Structures

Publisher Summary The aim of this chapter is to explore hydrodynamics of offshore structures. As the world's energy needs increase, more deepwater oil fields are being explored and developed. For example, Shell's Auger tension-leg platform (TLP) set a world record in water depth in 1994 and currently produces oil and gas at 870-m water depth. The challenge to produce oil in deeper water depth continues. As water depth increases, the safety, structural integrity, mooring, and maintenance of a system becomes more difficult and challenging. Besides, the system has to be desirably functional and cost-effective. Therefore, many conventional platform concepts may not be appropriate for the ultra-deepwater development. Several novel compliant platforms have been proposed and their feasibility is being actively studied. One of them is the spar platform, a large deep-draft hollow vertical cylinder, which was successfully installed in the Gulf of Mexico in 1996. For the reliable design of those deepwater compliant platforms, more accurate hydrodynamic loading and response predictions including nonlinear effects are required. Most compliant platforms are designed so that their natural frequencies are far below or above typical wave frequencies to minimize wave-induced motions. However, the system is still subjected to the second-order (and higher-order) sum- and difference-frequency wave loads causing resonant high frequency (springing) or low-frequency (slowly-varying) responses. This chapter summarizes linear and nonlinear wave-body interaction theories and motion analyses, and describes the most important up-to-date information pertaining to nonlinear wave force and motion analyses and computations for slender and large-volume structures.
Precision medicine in lung cancer: the battle continues.

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States, with approximately 160,000 estimated deaths in 2016 (1). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 87% of lung cancers, and 40% of patients have metastatic disease at presentation (2,3). Chemotherapy, the standard treatment of metastatic lung cancer, results in a modest survival benefit compared to best supportive care, and has reached a plateau with no meaningful differences among the many platinum-based regimens used (4).
A Randomized Trial to Determine the Impact of an Educational Patient Hand-Hygiene Intervention on Contamination of Hospitalized Patient’s Hands with Healthcare-Associated Pathogens

We conducted a non-blinded randomized trial to determine the impact of a patient hand-hygiene intervention on contamination of hospitalized patients' hands with healthcare-associated pathogens. Among patients with negative hand cultures on admission, recovery of pathogens from hands was significantly reduced in those receiving the intervention versus those receiving standard care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:595-597.
Cervical length screening: will we truly reap economic benefits with a universal screening approach?

Preterm birth is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research utilizing a wide-range of approaches and public efforts, the rate of preterm birth has not changed substantially over the past two decades, other than a rise in late preterm births from the late 1990s that was most likely due to iatrogenic causes.(National Vital Statistics Reports 2010;58:1-32) Thus, preterm birth prevention remains one of the single most impactful ways to improve perinatal outcomes, but a successful approach has remained elusive. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Unearthing the Hidden Welfare State: Race, Political Attitudes, and Unforeseen Consequences

This paper incorporates the role of race into our understanding of the hidden welfare state by exploring the implications of racialization of hidden welfare state programs for mass attitudes. We explain how traditional welfare programs have been racialized historically and the implications of that racialization on attitudes towards welfare programs. We then discuss how the same fate could befall hidden programs for the poor if “unearthed” as hidden welfare state scholars have suggested. Finally, we carry out an experiment racializing a hidden welfare state program in the same way that traditional welfare state programs have been racialized historically. Our analysis finds that only when the hidden welfare state program is described using traditional racial stereotypes, support for the program drops significantly among racially resentful. Our findings suggest that the inclusion of race into the hidden welfare state narrative alters our understanding of attitudes towards some of these programs.
Millions for Marcom, but Not One Cent for Research: A Structured Abstract

Marketing faculty as well as experts writing for practitioner audience often exhort their charges in marketing to use research and make data-driven rather than intuitive or instinctive decisions. Despite this, informal observation indicates that there appears to be significant reluctance among students to purchase research reports in classroom marketing simulations (and those writing for practitioners continue to decry inadequate use of research in marketing decision making). Little or published research appears to address the marketing research purchase question directly, though other marketing variables have been studied extensively. For example, one prominent meta-analysis (Capon et al. 1990) makes no mention of marketing research, though it does analyze marketing spending overall. Another study (Rust et al. 2004) discusses marketing spending and marketing productivity, but makes no mention of market research spending. Similarly, a more recent study (Healy et al. 2015) mentions classic marketing variables: product line breadth, offer quality, price, advertising, sales force expenditure, R&D investment, etc., but not market research. The paucity of prior research is a significant opportunity to advance scholarship and pedagogy by investigating the extent of perceived reluctance to buy research and the underlying reasons for student reluctance (to the extent present) to use research in marketing decision making. The present study involves undergraduate student teams at a public university in the eastern USA, participating in a commercial marketing simulation as part of an upper division marketing management class in the 2015–2016 academic year.
Data-Derived Treatment Duration Goal for Cervical Cancer: Should 8 Weeks Remain the Target in the Era of Concurrent Chemoradiation?

PurposePrior studies have demonstrated the importance of treatment duration (TD) in radiation therapy (RT) for cervical cancer, with an 8-week goal based primarily on RT alone. This study uses a contemporary cohort to estimate the time point by which completion of chemoradiation therapy is most critical.Patients and MethodsThe National Cancer Database was queried for women with nonmetastatic cervical cancer diagnosed from 2004 to 2012 who underwent chemotherapy, external beam RT, and brachytherapy. Data-derived TD cut points for overall survival (OS) were computed by using recursive partitioning analysis with bootstrapped aggregation (bagging) and 10-fold cross-validation. Models were independently trained with 70% of the population and validated on 30% of the population by log-rank test with and without propensity matching. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was performed for the entire cohort.ResultsIn all, 7,355 women were identified with a median TD of 57 days. Bagged recursive partitio...
The Oedipal Phase (Ages 3–6)

Freud based his theory of development during this phase on the myth of Oedipus. In Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. What we observe in young children between the ages of 3 and 6 is a persistent competition with the parent of the same sex for the attention and affection of the parent of the opposite sex (Freud, 1905). That is the essence of the Oedipal complex, nothing more, nothing less. However, that competition and desire must be understood from the vantage point of the physical and mental development of the 3-year-old, not the adult.
Inhibitors of the Bcl-2 Protein Family as Sensitizers to Anticancer Agents

Chemotherapy drugs and radiation induce cellular apoptosis by activating the intrinsic, mitochondrialmediated pathway of apoptosis. Activation of this pathway results in activation of the caspase protease cascade, leading to the internal destruction of the cell. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is tightly regulated by members of the Bcl-2 protein family, which consists of both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members. Pro-apoptotic members of this family stimulate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, while anti-apoptotic members, including Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, Bcl-w, and A1/Bfl-1, prevent activation of the intrinsic pathway. Evidence accumulated over the past 15 years has shown that anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members are commonly overexpressed in both hematopoietic and solid tumor malignancies, giving rise to enhanced chemoresistance and radiation resistance in the tumor cells. Thus, considerable attention has focused on developing methodologies and reagents to inhibit the expression or function of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members as a means of restoring cancer cell sensitivity to cytotoxic agents. This chapter reviews the exciting approaches currently being used to inhibit anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, and the biologically active small molecules that have been discovered or designed to specifically target this important family of proteins. The abilities of these novel compounds to act as chemosensitizers are discussed. 2 Pathways of Apoptosis
A postprandial FGF19‐SHP‐LSD1 regulatory axis mediates epigenetic repression of hepatic autophagy

Lysosome-mediated autophagy is essential for cellular survival and homeostasis upon nutrient deprivation, but is repressed after feeding. Despite the emerging importance of transcriptional regulation of autophagy by nutrient-sensing factors, the role for epigenetic control is largely unexplored. Here, we show that Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) mediates postprandial epigenetic repression of hepatic autophagy by recruiting histone demethylase LSD1 in response to a late fed-state hormone, FGF19 (hFGF19, mFGF15). FGF19 treatment or feeding inhibits macroautophagy, including lipophagy, but these effects are blunted in SHP-null mice or LSD1-depleted mice. In addition, feeding-mediated autophagy inhibition is attenuated in FGF15-null mice. Upon FGF19 treatment or feeding, SHP recruits LSD1 to CREB-bound autophagy genes, including Tfeb, resulting in dissociation of CRTC2, LSD1-mediated demethylation of gene-activation histone marks H3K4-me2/3, and subsequent accumulation of repressive histone modifications. Both FXR and SHP inhibit hepatic autophagy interdependently, but while FXR acts early, SHP acts relatively late after feeding, which effectively sustains postprandial inhibition of autophagy. This study demonstrates that the FGF19-SHP-LSD1 axis maintains homeostasis by suppressing unnecessary autophagic breakdown of cellular components, including lipids, under nutrient-rich postprandial conditions.
Quorum Sensing Attenuates Virulence in Sodalis praecaptivus.

Sodalis praecaptivus is a close relative and putative environmental progenitor of the widely distributed, insect-associated, Sodalis-allied symbionts. Here we show that mutant strains of S. praecaptivus that lack genetic components of a quorum-sensing (QS) apparatus have a rapid and potent killing phenotype following microinjection into an insect host. Transcriptomic and genetic analyses indicate that insect killing occurs as a consequence of virulence factors, including insecticidal toxins and enzymes that degrade the insect integument, which are normally repressed by QS at high infection densities. This method of regulation suggests that virulence factors are only utilized in early infection to initiate the insect-bacterial association. Once bacteria reach sufficient density in host tissues, the QS circuit represses expression of these harmful genes, facilitating a long-lasting and benign association. We discuss the implications of the functionality of this QS system in the context of establishment and evolution of mutualistic relationships involving these bacteria.
Wearable bio signal monitoring system applied to aviation safety

Pilots are required to have the ability to evaluate their own physical and psychological status to operate high performance aircrafts effectively. Existing studies have lacked consideration of applying bio signal of pilots in real time flight situation. The purpose of this study is to develop a wearable bio signal monitoring system that can measure the condition of pilots under an extreme flight environment to ensure flight safety. The wearable bio signal monitoring system consists of an algorithm for evaluating pilots' physiological stability, algorithms for detecting Gravity-induced Loss of Consciousness (G-LOC) prognosis, pilots' interaction module, and pilots' context awareness platform. The algorithm for evaluating pilots' physiological stability uses psychomotor cognitive test (PCT) and heart rate variability (HRV) to measure pilots' mission performance before flight. The algorithms for detecting G-LOC prognosis utilizes electromyogram (EMG) to generate warning signal during flight. The pilots' interaction module was developed for pilots to operate the system efficiently under flight environment. The pilots' context awareness platform was designed for the system to process multiple sensor signals in real time. This wearable bio signal monitoring system is expected to enhance flight safety and mission performance of pilots.
Stability of the tungsten diselenide and silicon carbide heterostructure against high energy proton exposure

Single layers of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) can be used to construct ultra-thin, high-performance electronics. Additionally, there has been considerable progress in controlled and direct growth of single layers on various substrates. Based on these results, high-quality WSe2-based devices that approach the limit of physical thickness are now possible. Such devices could be useful for space applications, but understanding how high-energy radiation impacts the properties of WSe2 and the WSe2/substrate interface has been lacking. In this work, we compare the stability against high energy proton radiation of WSe2 and silicon carbide (SiC) heterostructures generated by mechanical exfoliation of WSe2 flakes and by direct growth of WSe2 via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). These two techniques produce WSe2/SiC heterostructures with distinct differences due to interface states generated during the MOCVD growth process. This difference carries over to differences in band alignment from interface st...
Editors’ introduction: The voices of the barefoot scholars

Abstract This book will examine one of the worst disasters in the history of the United States. Hurricane Katrina resulted in the near-total destruction of a major US metropolitan area (Knabb, Rhome, & Brown 2005), with over 1500 deaths in New Orleans (alone) in the immediate impact period (Osofsy et al., 2009). Eighty percent of the city's area and built structures were flooded (Cigler, 2007). The disaster in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, in August 2005, will be examined through an historical perspective with the goal of clarifying how vulnerability and resilience interacted to affect the postdisaster recovery and sustainability of New Orleans and coastal Louisiana. The years after Katrina offer many lessons concerning the growing vulnerability associated with sea-level rise and climate extremes. The examination of the precursors and sequelae of Hurricane Katrina through a complex systems lens, with a strong emphasis on local knowledge and capacity, offers important lessons for urban and coastal regions. We develop the theoretical and conceptual framing for this volume, including the concept of structural violence. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the book chapters.
Thirty-day hospital revisits after prostate brachytherapy: who is at risk?

Abstract Background Transperineal prostate brachytherapy is a common outpatient procedure for the treatment of prostate cancer. Whereas long-term morbidity and toxicities are widely published, rates of short-term complications leading to hospital revisits have not been well described. Materials and methods Patients who underwent brachytherapy for prostate cancer in an ambulatory setting were identified in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Ambulatory Surgery Database for California between 2007 and 2011. Emergency department (ED) visits and inpatient admissions within 30 days of treatment were determined from the California Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Emergency Department Database and State Inpatient Database, respectively. Results Between 2007 and 2011, 9,042 patients underwent brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Within 30 days postoperatively, 543 (6.0%) patients experienced 674 hospital encounters. ED visits comprised most encounters (68.7%) at a median of 7 days (interquartile range 2–16) after surgery. Inpatient hospitalizations occurred on 155 of 674 visits (23.0%) at a median of 12 days (interquartile range 5–20). Common presenting diagnoses included urinary retention, malfunctioning catheter, hematuria, and urinary tract infection. Logistic regression demonstrated advanced age {65–75 years: odds ratio [OR], 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–1.60, P = 0.01]; >75 years: OR 1.5 [95% CI 1.18–1.97, P = 0.001]}, inpatient admission within 90 days before surgery [OR 2.68 (95% CI 1.8–4.0, P Conclusions ED visits and inpatient admissions are not uncommon after prostate brachytherapy. Risk of revisit is higher in elderly patients and those who have had recent inpatient or ED encounters.
Social Capital in American Life

What do we know? What don’t we know? Significant questions remain about social capital, including: have Americans’ core social networks shrunk? What is the nature of the trend in voluntary association? What is the sociological substance of the post-9/11 surge in social activity? And, ultimately: what are the interconnections of social capital and psychological attitudes?
Testing Designed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Primers in Multiplex Reactions

Using designed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and PCR primer multiplexes from a previous experiment, a gradient PCR reaction will be performed to evaluate the fidelity of the primers and the production of the correct amplicons. This lab underscores how difficult multiplexing is to equally produce PCR products and the optimization required. In this laboratory experiment, real-time PCR will be conducted using standard K562 DNA, designed single locus DNA primers, and Bio-Rad’s iQ SYBR Green Supermix employing SYBR Green I. The reaction mix will be pipetted to a 96-well plate and amplifed using a Bio-Rad iQ5 or similar instrument. Evaluation of the melting temperature using a melt curve and first derivative plot will be used to qualitatively determine the production of the correct amplicon and the optimal annealing/extension temperature. At the completion of the PCR experiment, the plate may be frozen until the next laboratory session in which 2% agarose gels of the PCR products can be run to confirm the length of the amplicon with an appropriate low molecular weight DNA ladder.
Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity: Writings of an Unexpected Emperor

The Byzantine emperor Leo VI (886–912), was not a general or even a soldier, like his predecessors, but a scholar, and it was the religious education he gained under the tutelage of the patriarch Photios that was to distinguish him as an unusual ruler. This book analyses Leo's literary output, focusing on his deployment of ideological principles and religious obligations to distinguish the characteristics of the Christian oikoumene from the Islamic caliphate, primarily in his military manual known as the Taktika. It also examines in depth his 113 legislative Novels, with particular attention to their theological prolegomena, showing how the emperor's religious sensibilities find expression in his reshaping of the legal code to bring it into closer accord with Byzantine canon law. Meredith L. D. Riedel argues that the impact of his religious faith transformed Byzantine cultural identity and influenced his successors, establishing the Macedonian dynasty as a 'golden age' in Byzantium.
Online Power Education: Keeping Pace with the Demand for High-Quality, Flexible Education

Online education is on the rise in most fields, and power is no exception. In the United States, several factors are driving this growth, such as industry demographics, the increasing complexity of the power grid, and the dispersed working locations and unpredictable working hours that demand flexible options for education. While it has been a boon for power systems professionals, online education challenges universities, the industry, and other educational organizations like the IEEE Power a Energy Society (PES) to stay current in both content and delivery.
Working Lives and in-House Outsourcing: Chewed-Up by Two Masters

This book offers a sociological account of the process by which companies instituted and continue to institute outsourcing in their organization. Drawing on qualitative data, it examines the ways in which internal outsourcing in the information technologies and human resources professions negatively affects workers, their work conditions, and working relationships. With attention to the deleterious influence of outsourcing on relationships and the strong tendency of market organisations to produce social conflict in interactions – itself a considerable ‘transaction cost’ – the author challenges both the ideology that markets, rather than hierarchies, produce more efficient and less costly economic outcomes for companies, and the idea that outsourcing generates benefits for professional workers in the form of greater opportunity. A demonstration of the social conflict created between employees working for two separate, proprietary companies, Working Lives and in-House Outsourcing will be of interest to scholars with interests in the sociology of work and organizations and the sociology of professions, as well as those working in the fields of business management and human resources.
Large Aperture and Wedged Multilayer Laue Lens for X-ray Nanofocusing.

Diffraction optics fabricated from multilayers offer an intriguing alternative to lithography-based zone plates due to their advantages of virtually limitless aspect ratio and extremely small feature size. However, other issues, intrinsic to thin-film deposition, such as film stress and deposition rate instability , for example, limit the total achievable aperture. Over the last decade, Multilayer Laue Lens (MLLs) have progressed from a mere curiosity with initial aperture sizes in the 3-10 m range, to real beamline-deployed optics with apertures in the 40-50 m range (X. Huang, et al., Scientific Reports 3, 3562 (2013); E. Nazaretski, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 033707 (2014); E. Nazaretski, et al., Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, 1113 (2017)). By optimizing deposition conditions and incorporating new materials, MLLs have now broken the 100 m thickness milestone. A flat WSi 2 /Al-Si MLL with a deposition thickness of 102 m, the largest MLL to date, is reviewed. New large aperture wedged MLLs (wMLL), which were first fabricated by APS in 2006 using the WSi 2 /Si material system, are presented which demonstrate high focusing efficiency across a broad energy range. These results confirm findings by other groups who have also independently fabricated wMLL (A. J. Morgan, et al., Scientific Reports 5, 9892 (2015); S. Bajt, et al., Nature Light: Science and Applications 7, 17162 (2017)) based on a similar material system.
Nonsurgical management of Peyronie's disease.

Peyronie’s disease is not a rare disorder, and it can be devastating to the affected man. Although the gold-standard treatment of Peyronie’s disease is surgery in the stable phase, nonoperative management is preferred by some men and is the only treatment option in the acute phase of the disease, when surgery is contraindicated. No oral or topical therapy has been shown to be efficacious when administered alone, but some evidence supports their use as part of a combination therapy regimen. Intralesional therapies, particularly collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH), have shown promise. Mechanical therapies can provide benefit when applied for prolonged periods of time, improving penile curvature, indentation, and even restoring length. Regardless of the modality chosen, patient counselling is paramount, as recovery of the penis to its predisease state is highly unlikely. Thus, although many options exist for nonsurgical management of Peyronie’s disease, surgery remains the best option for men who desire the most reliable and rapid pathway to a functionally straight, erect penis. The goal of nonsurgical therapy should be a scientifically feasible, safe approach to prevent the progression of, or reduce, deformity and improve sexual function. Nonoperative management is the only treatment option for Peyronie’s disease in the acute phase of the disease, when surgery is contraindicated. In this Review, Tsambarlis and Levine discuss the oral and topical therapies that have been shown to be efficacious and provide recommendations for their use.
Impact of global climate change on stream low flows: A case study of the great Miami river watershed, Ohio, USA

Climate change will profoundly affect hydrological processes at various temporal and spatial scales. This study is focused on assessing the alteration of water resources availability and low flows frequencies driven by changing climates in different time periods of the 21st century. This study evaluates the adaptability of prevailing Global Circulation Models (GCMs) on a particular watershed through streamflow regimes. This analysis was conducted in the Great Miami River Watershed, Ohio by analyzing historical and future simulated streamflow using 10 climate model outputs and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The climate change scenarios, consisting of ten downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparision Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models in combination with two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) were selected based on the correlation between observed records and model outputs. Streamflow for three future periods, 2016-2043, 2044-2071 and 2072-2099, were independently analyzed and compared with the baseline period (1988-2015). Results from the average of ten models projected that 7-day low flows in the watershed would increase by 19% in the 21st century under both RCPs. This trend was also consistent for both hydrological (7Q10, 1Q10) and biological low flow statistics (4B3, 1B3). Similarly, average annual flow and monthly flows would also increase in future periods, especially in the summer. The flows simulated by SWAT in response to the majority of climate model projections showed a consistent increase in low flow patterns. However, the flow estimates using the Max-Planck-Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM-LR) climate output resulted in the biological based low flows (4B3, 1B3) decreasing by 22.5% and 33.4% under RCP 4.5 and 56.9% and 63.7% under RCP 8.5, respectively, in the future when compared to the baseline period. Regardless, the low flow ensemble from the 10 climate models for the 21st century seemed to be slightly higher than that of historical low flows. Keywords: climate change, low flows, SWAT, climate models, Great Miami River Watershed DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191201.4486 Citation: Shrestha S, Sharma S, Gupta R, Bhattarai R. Impact of global climate change on stream low flows: A case study of the great Miami river watershed, Ohio, USA. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(1): 84–95.
Supporting Vocabulary Acquisition in Physical Education Settings.

Vocabulary is the basis for all content area learning, including physical education. This article presents several easily implemented vocabulary strategies that support content learning within the ...
BA Application Frequency and Concentration Effects on Two Indian Hawthorn Cultivars

Abstract Benzyladenine (BA) is a synthetic cytokinin that promotes lateral shoot development in herbaceous and woody ornamentals and may be a viable alternative to mechanical pruning in nursery pro...
Central sleep apnea: misunderstood and mistreated!

Central sleep apnea is prevalent in patients with heart failure, healthy individuals at high altitudes, and chronic opiate users and in the initiation of “mixed” (that is, central plus obstructive apneas). This brief review focuses on (a) the causes of repetitive, cyclical central apneas as mediated primarily through enhanced sensitivities in the respiratory control system and (b) treatment of central sleep apnea through modification of key components of neurochemical control as opposed to the current universal use of positive airway pressure.
Pathogenesis of Aging and Age-related Comorbidities in People with HIV: Highlights from the HIV ACTION Workshop

People with HIV (PWH) experience accentuated biological aging, as defined by markers of inflammation, immune dysfunction, and the epigenetic clock. They also have an elevated risk of multiple age-associated comorbidities. To discuss current knowledge, research gaps, and priorities in aging and age-related comorbidities in treated HIV infection, the NIH program staff organized a workshop held in Bethesda, Maryland in September 2019. This review article describes highlights of discussions led by the Pathogenesis/Basic Science Research working group that focused on three high priority topics: immunopathogenesis; the microbiome/virome; and aging and senescence. We summarize knowledge in these fields and describe key questions for research on the pathogenesis of aging and age-related comorbidities in PWH. Understanding the drivers and mechanisms underlying accentuated biological aging is a high priority that will help identify potential therapeutic targets to improve healthspan in older PWH.
Economic Evaluations of Mental Health Programs for Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Systematic Review

The United States (US) spent 201 billion dollars on mental health-related concerns in 2016, ranking mental illness as the leading cause of disability and the single largest source of economic burden worldwide. With mental health-related treatment costs and economic burden only projected to rise, there is an increasing need for cost-inclusive evaluations of mental health interventions in the US. This systematic review evaluated the intervention characteristics and the quality of 9 economic evaluation studies (e.g., cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit) of youth mental health services conducted in the US from 2003 to 2019. Existing evaluations suggest that certain mental health interventions for youth, among the few that have been formally evaluated, may be cost-effective and cost-beneficial. However, intervention characteristics were generally homogenous, a majority of studies did not adhere to the standard of economic evaluations of the CHEERS checklist, and outcome measures were not consistently clinically useful, limiting the utility of such youth mental health economic evaluations to policymakers. By adhering to standards of economic evaluations and diversifying the characteristics of interventions subject to economic evaluations, intervention researchers can increase confidence in conclusions about which youth mental health interventions are cost-effective or cost-beneficial and more meaningfully inform evidence-based mental health policy.
The Structure of American Legal Institutions and the Diffusion of Wrongful‐Discharge Laws, 1978–1999

This article evaluates how the social structure of American legal institutions influenced the diffusion of wrongful-discharge laws over the period 1978–1999, and it assesses whether economic or political variables influenced the diffusion process. The results are surprising and quite striking. Precedents by other courts within the same federal circuit region were generally more influential in the diffusion process than precedents by courts in neighboring states or by courts within the same census or West legal reporting region, even though the precedents were on matters of state law rather than federal law and the decisions were usually made by state courts rather than federal courts. There is some limited evidence that political variables may also have been a factor, but economic variables were not statistically significant, even though the new employment laws may have had important economic consequences.
Sequential intensive chemotherapy followed by autologous or allogeneic transplantation for refractory lymphoma

We evaluate the safety of bendamustine as a bridge to stem cell transplantation (SCT) in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma and residual disease after salvage therapy. Thirty-four subjects ...
Analytic Continuation of Generalized Trigonometric Functions

Via a unified geometric approach, a class of generalized trigonometric functions with two parameters are analytically extended to maximal domains on which they are univalent. Some consequences are deduced concerning commutation with rotation, continuation beyond the domain of univalence, and periodicity.
Management of single-level thoracic disc herniation through a modified transfacet approach: A review of 86 patients.

Background Symptomatic thoracic disc herniation (TDH) is rare and does not typically resolve with conservative management. Traditional surgical management is the transthoracic approach; however, this approach can carry significant risk. Posterolateral approaches are less invasive, but no single approach has proven to be more effective than the other results are often dependent on surgeon experience with a particular approach, as well as the location and characteristics of the disc herniation. Methods This was retrospective review of a prospectively collected database. Eighty-six patients with TDH treated surgically through the modified transfacet approach were reviewed and evaluated for pain improvement, Nurick grade, and neurological symptoms. Patients were followed for 12 months postoperatively; estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, hospital course, and postoperative complications were also assessed. Results All attempts at disc resection were successful. Most patients reported improvement in pain, sensory involvement, and strength. Seventy-nine patients had complete resolution of their symptoms while four patients had unchanged symptoms. Three patients experienced mild neurologic worsening postoperatively, but this resolved back to baseline. One patient experienced myelopathy during the postoperative period that resolved with steroid administration. The procedure was well tolerated with minimal complications. Conclusion TDH can be managed surgically through a variety of approaches. The selection of approach is dependent on surgeon experience with an approach, the patient's health, and the location and type of disc. The transfacet approach is safe and efficacious.
Performance Evaluation of 10 kV SiC Current Switch Based PWM Current Source Inverter for 4.16 kV Motor Drive Applications

Series-connected 6.5 kV symmetric gate-commutated thyristor (SGCTs) are widely used as the reverse blocking switch (referred to as the current switch in this paper) in 4.16 kV PWM current source inverter (CSI) based motor drive applications up to 420 Hz switching frequency. Modern 10 kV SiC MOSFETs and SiC diodes have the potential to be implemented as the current switch with lower switching loss and a smaller count of the active switches in the 4.16 kV CSI-based drives. In this paper, a 10 kV SiC current switch is presented to enable a medium voltage (MV) PWM-CSI for 4.16 kV motor drive applications. The higher switching frequency capability of the 10 kV SiC current switch reduces the output current harmonics and the dc link inductor size significantly. Experimental tests have shown that the electrical and thermal performance of the 10 kV SiC current switch-based CSI is shown to be reasonably acceptable and near to 10 kV SiC MOSFET-based VSI drives at 10 kHz switching frequency.
Risk assessment of offshore crude oil pipeline failure

Failure of Leak Detection System (LDS) to detect pipeline leakages or ruptures may result in drastic consequences that could lead to excessive financial losses. To minimize the occurrence of such failure, the functionality of the LDS and the integrity of the pipeline should be assessed on a priority basis. This paper presents an integrated risk-based assessment scheme to predict the failure and the failure consequences of offshore crude oil pipelines. To estimate risk, two important quantities have to be determined, the joint probability of failure of the pipeline and its LDS and the consequences of failure. Consequences incorporate the financial losses associated with environmental damage, oil spill cleanup and lost production. The assessment provides an estimate of the risk in monetary value and determines whether the estimated risk exceeds a predefined target risk. Moreover, the critical year for the asset can be determined. In essence, the outcome of the assessment facilitates an informed decision-making about the future of the asset.
England's Citizenship Education Experiment: State, School and Student Perspectives

Introduction 1. Thinking about Citizenship Part I: Thinking about Citizenship Policy 2. Studying Education Policy 3. Imagining the New Citizen 4. The New Citizen in Education Policy Part II: Implementing the Vision 5. Citizenship: More and Less than a Subject 6. Teaching Citizenship 7. Learning Citizenship 8. Rights and Responsibilities 9. Community and Diversity 10. Active Citizenship Part III: Conclusions 11. New Labour, New Citizens? References Index
Interleukin 22 receptor abundance and signaling is regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome and glycogen synthase kinase 3β. (INM2P.422)

Signaling through the interleukin (IL)-22 cytokine axis provides essential immune protection in the setting of extracellular infection at mucosal and other epithelial surfaces. Molecular regulation of IL-22 receptor (IL-22R) protein has not been characterized. In mouse lung epithelia, IL-22R is expressed as a relatively short-lived protein and is degraded by the ubiquitin proteasome. Its degradation is accelerated when cells are stimulated by IL-22. Lys 449 within the intracellular C-terminal domain of the IL-22R serves as a ubiquitin acceptor site for proteasomal degradation as deletion or mutation of K449 creates a degradation resistant IL-22R mutant protein that is not ubiquitinated in cells. IL-22 treatment of cells triggers glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β inactivation, and GSK-3β phosphorylates the IL-22R within a consensus phosphorylation signature at Ser 410. GSK-3β overexpression results in accumulation of IL-22R protein while GSK-3β depletion in cells reduces levels of the receptor, and this effect is abolished on mutation of the 410-414 phosphorylation domain. Signal transduction of IL-22 appears increased when GSK-3β is overexpressed. This study shows GSK-3β as a modulator of IL-22R protein stability, which may be important for host defense and could impact therapeutic targeting of the IL-22 signaling axis.
Magnetic Resonance of Au: Er 167 and Au: Yb 171

The hyperfine splitting of (enriched) Au: ${\mathrm{Er}}^{167}$ and Au: ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{171}$ dilute alloys is reported. The absence of the signal from the $I=0$ isotopes enables a more accurate determination to be made of the hyperfine splitting parameter and of the temperature dependence of the linewidth than in a previous publication.
A Quick, Onsite Test for Delineating Arsenic Contaminant Plumes in Soil

Dipping vats were used routinely in the southeastern U.S. in the early 1900s to eradicate the cattle fever tick. The legacy is many dip vat sites with arsenic (As)-contaminated soil and ground water. Assessing the extent of these As plumes can be time consuming and expensive. We describe a quicker and less expensive, onsite test for soil As. It is a modification of a commercially available test designed for As in water, taking about 10 min to complete, allowing large plume areas to be delineated in a single day. An As contaminant plume in Alachua County, FL, was delineated using the quick test. Soil samples taken from a large grid encompassing the plume were analyzed in the laboratory for As to confirm the results obtained with the quick test. The comparison showed that the quick test very accurately delineated the outer boundary of the plume as well as zones of higher As concentration within the plume.
Holographic Recording Materials-A Review

Holographic recording materials in current use are examined along with a few of their applications. Some experimental media are also studied. No effort is made to rank the commercial materials, since satisfactory results can be obtained with any of them. The discussion covers silver halide plates and films, photoresists, thermoplastics, photopolymers, dichromated gelatin, photochromic materials, electrooptical crystals, styryl free radical film, and TEP film. A convenient summation of some material properties is presented in tabular form.
Approximate Circular and Noncircular Offset Probabilities of Hitting

For equal or unequal delivery errors and an offset point of aim, the chance that the burst point of a warhead occurs within a given distance of a selected point of the target is approximated by reference to weighted noncentral chi-square distributions. Offset circular and noncircular probabilities of hitting for the two and three dimensional cases may thus be approximated with a single, straight-forward and rather simple technique by the use of an approximate central chi-square distribution with fractional number of degrees of freedom or a transformation to approximate normality. Computations of probabilities of hitting are illustrated by examples. The approximations recommended appear to be of sufficient accuracy for many weapon systems evaluation problems. We do not claim originality for the various parts of theory involved, but rather our purpose is to provide the weapon systems analyst with a reasonable and useful analytical procedure.
The Moral Magic of Consent (II)

I begin my analysis of consent by agreeing with Professor Hurd that consent functions as a “moral transformative” by altering the obligations and permissions that determine the Tightness of others' actions. I further agree with her that consent is intimately related to the capacity for autonomous action; one who cannot alter others' obligations through consent is not fully autonomous. I cannot improve on her elaboration of these points.
Impulsando el desarrollo de la segunda lengua mediante la enseñanza de contenidos

ResumenEste articulo examinara como los profesores de segunda lengua pueden ayudar a los estudiantes a conseguir los objetivos del curriculum de lengua a traves de la ensenanza de contenidos. Explorara tambien como la seleccion de contenidos interactua con el aprendizaje de la lengua y determina las oportunidades que los aprendices tienen para adquirir las habilidades linguisticas. El articulo describe tambien las habilidades y conocimiento que necesitan los profesores de lengua que ensenan por medio de contenidos.
Spurious Grid-Scale Precipitation in the North American Regional Reanalysis

Abstract Spurious grid-scale precipitation (SGSP) occurs in many mesoscale numerical weather prediction models when the simulated atmosphere becomes convectively unstable and the convective parameterization fails to relieve the instability. Case studies presented in this paper illustrate that SGSP events are also found in the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and are accompanied by excessive maxima in grid-scale precipitation, vertical velocity, moisture variables (e.g., relative humidity and precipitable water), mid- and upper-level equivalent potential temperature, and mid- and upper-level absolute vorticity. SGSP events in environments favorable for high-based convection can also feature low-level cold pools and sea level pressure maxima. Prior to 2003, retrospectively generated NARR analyses feature an average of approximately 370 SGSP events annually. Beginning in 2003, however, NARR analyses are generated in near–real time by the Regional Climate Data Assimilation System (R-CDAS), which is i...
HIGHER CRITICISM STATISTIC: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS IN NON-GAUSSIAN DETECTION

Higher Criticism is a statistic recently proposed by Donoho and Jin 5 . It has been shown to be eective in resolving a very subtle testing problem: whether n normal means are all zero versus a small fraction is nonzero. Higher Criticism is also useful for non-Gaussian detection in Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data. In this report, we review the theory developed in Donoho and Jin 5 and discuss the use of Higher Criticism for two settings: detecting the non-Gaussian component in a superposed image of CMB and cosmic strings (CS), and detecting non-Gaussianity in the WMAP first year data.
The synthesis of a 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucosyl-muramic acid disaccharide: 2-acetamido-6-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-i,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy- 3-O-[d-i-(methyl carboxylate)ethyl]- α-d-glucopyranose

Abstract A crystalline disaccharide derivative containing β-(1 → 6)-linked 2-amino-2-deoxy- d -glucose and muramic acid: 2-acetamido-6- O -(2-acetamido- 3,4 ,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)- i , 4 -di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-3- O -[ d-i -(methyl carboxylate)ethyl]-α- d -glucopyranose (VIII), was synthesized. 2-Acetamido- 3 - O -( d-i -carboxyethyl)-2-deoxy-α- d -glucose ( N -acetylmuramic acid) was esterified with diazomethane, tritylated, acetylated, and detritylated, to give 2-acetamido- i , 4 -di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-3- O -[ d-i -(methyl carboxylate)ethyl]-α- d -glucopyranose (V). p -Toluenesulfonylation of V, followed by reaction with sodium iodide showed that position 6 was free. Condensation of V with 2-acetamido- 3,4 ,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl bromide gave VIII in 6% yield.