cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scripted Nurse Visits: A Resource-Efficient Palliative Care Model for Ventricular Assist Devices

Abstract Background: The Center for Medicare Services (CMS) requires palliative care involvement for patients who receive a destination therapy ventricular assist device (VAD). Creative solutions are needed to meet this requirement in the context of limited palliative care resources. Purpose: To evaluate a novel program in which a nurse conducts scripted pre-VAD visits to promote advance care planning and to triage the need for a full palliative care consult. Study Design: Prospective pilot study of patients undergoing evaluation for VAD. Methods: A script for pre-VAD visits was developed and pilot tested with patients. A registered nurse with basic palliative care training met with patients undergoing evaluation for VAD implantation. Data were collected regarding feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, need for full palliative care consults, and patient outcomes. Results: Between September 2014 and November 2015, the nurse conducted 37 visits. Thirty of the patients subsequently received a VAD...
Feedback Interactions between Actin and its Regulators in Endocytic Protein Patches

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) has multiple functions in cells, including regulation of surface expression of proteins, sampling of the cells environment, and ingestion of essential nutrients. Actin polymerization is involved in CME in varying degrees depending on the cell type. CME in yeast requires actin polymerization to bend the cell membrane. Actin polymerization is driven by a network of regulators that activate the Arp2/3 complex. To better understand the interactions between actin, Arp2/3 regulators, and the cell membrane, we perform a joint modeling/experimental study of actin, regulator and cell membrane during endocytosis in budding yeast. We treat actin and Arp2/3 regulators with a stochastic model that grows an explicit three-dimensional actin network, and incorporates a negative-feedback interaction between actin and the regulators. The mechanical interaction between the actin network and the deformed cell membrane is calculated using the Canham-Helfrich free energy, based on a Gaussian membrane shape. The model provides a microscopic view of the endocytic patch and explains key previously observed phenotypes, including the surprising increase in the peak F-actin count occurring when the branching activity of regulators is reduced, the small increase in F-actin resulting from cofilin mutation, the long-lived actin comets seen in Sla2 deletion mutants, and the long regulator lifetime resulting from latrunculin treatment. In addition, the model predicts that reductions in the regulator branching activity enhance regulator assembly. We confirm this prediction by measuring time-dependent regulator counts in cells with mutations in the regulators Arp2/3-binding regions, using quantitative fluorescence microscopy.
Fundamental Genetics: Sex Determination and Dosage Compensation

Overview Most animal species and many plants are dioecious , meaning that there are two sexes, female and male. Sexual identity develops by genetically regulated pathways, but not by genes alone is any trait determined. Two principles are at work here. First, an environmental or genetic trigger channels development in a male or female direction. Second, the trigger initiates a cascade of gene-environment interactions that ends in the expression of mature sexual traits. Species with XX females and XY males have a problem: both sexes have two copies of each autosomal gene, but females have twice as many copies of X-linked genes as do males. Dosage compensation solves the problem. This chapter surveys mechanisms of sex determination and then compares both sex determination and dosage compensation in mammals and Drosophila . Triggers for Sex Determination Sex determination can be initiated by environmental factors, including temperature, chemical signals between individuals, and amount of light. The developmental trigger in some fish and reptiles is incubation temperature. In some turtles, eggs incubated at above 30°C develop into females; eggs incubated at cooler temperatures develop into males. In other turtles, females develop at extreme incubation temperatures and males at intermediate incubation temperatures. Perhaps temperature-sensitive transcription factors bind to the enhancers or promoters of sex-determining genes. Sex is determined by short-range chemical signals in some mollusks (e.g., the slipper limpet) and a marine worm Bonellia .
Immigration and International Trade: Cross Country Evidence

This paper examines the impact of immigration on bilateral trade using a panel dataset of exports from 18 top migrant destinations (countries) to 69 top emigrant sources (countries) over five decades. Using various specifications of the gravity equation, we find that immigrants’ ethnic network contributes positively to exports, though the impact is much smaller than reported previously. Using a matching gravity framework, we explore the possibility of an indirect negative impact of immigration on bilateral trade. Though our estimation provides evidence of only a small direct positive impact of immigration on exports, we find the impact is much more important for a subset of countries. Our paper also provides evidence that immigration-trade links vary across product types.
Geometric algebra and information geometry for quantum computational software

Abstract The art of quantum algorithm design is highly nontrivial. Grover’s search algorithm constitutes a masterpiece of quantum computational software. In this article, we use methods of geometric algebra (GA) and information geometry (IG) to enhance the algebraic efficiency and the geometrical significance of the digital and analog representations of Grover’s algorithm, respectively. Specifically, GA is used to describe the Grover iterate and the discretized iterative procedure that exploits quantum interference to amplify the probability amplitude of the target-state before measuring the query register. The transition from digital to analog descriptions occurs via Stone’s theorem which relates the (unitary) Grover iterate to a suitable (Hermitian) Hamiltonian that controls Schrodinger’s quantum mechanical evolution of a quantum state towards the target state. Once the discrete-to-continuos transition is completed, IG is used to interpret Grover’s iterative procedure as a geodesic path on the manifold of the parametric density operators of pure quantum states constructed from the continuous approximation of the parametric quantum output state in Grover’s algorithm. Finally, we discuss the dissipationless nature of quantum computing, recover the quadratic speedup relation, and identify the superfluity of the Walsh–Hadamard operation from an IG perspective with emphasis on statistical mechanical considerations.
The Role of the Democratic and Republican Parties as Organizers of Shadow Interest Groups

Political parties are one of the most poorly understood components of American political life. Neither political scientists nor economists have explained adequately what political parties are and what they do. Generally speaking, political scientists underestimate the significance of political parties, while economists mischaracterize the role that they play. This article advances a new theory to explain the relationship between political parties and interest groups. Among the as yet unanswered questions that I resolve are: (1) why many politicians both Republicans and Democrats develop a reputation for "party loyalty" despite the parties' inability to employ any meaningful sanctions against politicians who deviate from the party line; (2) why candidates for public office run in contested primaries when running as an independent generally would be a less costly mechanism for getting on the ballot; (3) why the two major U.S. political parties continue to attract resources from contributors and to inspire loyalty among various groups despite an apparent decline in party strength as shown by split-ticket voting, contested primaries, and a growing lack of ideological cohesion within party platforms. I argue that at times the costs of organizing into interest groups will outweigh the benefits for certain groups of individuals. Political parties enable these unorganized interest groups to find expression in the political process at relatively low cost. My model of the two major political parties depicts such parties as political brokerage firms. The objective of these intermediaries is to increase their value to the politicians and potential politicians who serve as their clients. The parties do this by serving as arbitrageurs who signal politicians of citizens' preferences and thereby inform politicians about how to obtain political support. This matching process lowers the transaction costs to
The single farm payment and income risk in Irish farms 2005–2013

Agricultural income volatility has become a major hurdle for Irish farmers and policymakers to overcome in their drive to increase investment, production and ultimately income in the sector. This paper studies data from 927 farms in the Teagasc National Farm Survey between 2005 and 2013, the first 9 years of the decoupled subsidy era. The primary income support for European farmers, the single farm payment (SFP), is analysed in the context of its relationship with market income risk, i.e. farm income excluding subsidies. Detrended measures of market income variability are regressed on a large set of control variables. The findings suggest that the amount of SFP received by farmers has a strong and statistically significant relationship with agricultural income volatility.
Development of rare earth free permanent magnet generator using Halbach cylinder rotor design

Direct-drive permanent magnet generators (DDPMGs) offer increased reliability and efficiency for wind turbine application over the more commonly used geared doubly-fed induction generators. However, deployment of DDPMGs is limited in the U.S. wind industry due to reliance on NdFeB permanent magnets, which contain critical rare earth elements Nd and Dy. To allow for the use of lower energy density, rare earth free permanent magnets, Halbach cylinders are employed as the rotor in a 3.5 kW PMG to concentrate magnetic flux over the rotor surface and increase magnetic loading. By varying the slot-to-pole ratio in Halbach PMGs (HPMGs), designs are developed, which allow for the use of ceramic, or hard ferrite, strontium iron oxide permanent magnets. At the 3.5 kW scale, the ceramic HPMGs are able to achieve rated performance at reduced average efficiency of between 82 and 87%, which is due to the difference in permanent magnet material properties. For scaling of the ceramic HPMGs to 3 MW, rated performance and high efficiency were achieved on average at rated speed, demonstrating the potential for a rare earth free PMG in commercial scale wind turbines.
AKTYWNOŚĆ TURYSTYCZNO – REKREACYJNA SENIORÓW JAKO CZYNNIK READAPTACJI I INTEGRACJI SPOŁECZNEJ

Potrzeba prowadzenia aktywnego trybu zycia, w tym turystyczno-rekreacyjnego ma zasadniczy wplyw na fi zyczną i intelektualną sprawnośc. Jest to szczegolnie wazne w przypadku osob starszych. Uczestnictwo seniora w rekreacji i turystyce to nie tylko szansa na podtrzymanie zdrowia fi zycznego. To takze mozliwośc realizacji zainteresowan, utrzymanie wiezi z innymi ludźmi i racjonalnego wypoczynku. Daje zadowolenie z zycia i pogode ducha co czesto jest gwarancją pogodnej starości.
Contour-based etch modeling enablement: from pattern selection to final verification

Traditional CD-SEM metrology reaches its limits when measuring complex configurations (e.g. advanced node contact configurations). SEM extracted contours embody valuable information which is essential for building a robust etch prediction model [1, 2]. CDSEM recipe complexity, processing time and measurement robustness can be improved using contour based metrology. However, challenges for measurement pattern selection as well as final model verification arise. In this work, we present the full flow of implementing etch prediction models calibrated and verified with SEM contours into a manufacturing environment.
Subtle changes at the variable domain interface of the T-cell receptor can strongly increase affinity

Most affinity-maturation campaigns for antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) operate on the residues at the binding site, located within the loops known as complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Accordingly, mutations in contact residues, or so-called "second shell" residues, that increase affinity are typically identified by directed evolution involving combinatorial libraries. To determine the impact of residues located at a distance from the binding site, here we used single-codon libraries of both CDR and non-CDR residues to generate a deep mutational scan of a human TCR against the cancer antigen MART-1·HLA-A2. Non-CDR residues included those at the interface of the TCR variable domains (Vα and Vβ) and surface-exposed framework residues. Mutational analyses showed that both Vα/Vβ interface and CDR residues were important in maintaining binding to MART-1·HLA-A2, probably due to either structural requirements for proper Vα/Vβ association or direct contact with the ligand. More surprisingly, many Vα/Vβ interface substitutions yielded improved binding to MART-1·HLA-A2. To further explore this finding, we constructed interface libraries and selected them for improved stability or affinity. Among the variants identified, one conservative substitution (F45βY) was most prevalent. Further analysis of F45βY showed that it enhanced thermostability and increased affinity by 60-fold. Thus, introducing a single hydroxyl group at the Vα/Vβ interface, at a significant distance from the TCR·peptide·MHC-binding site, remarkably affected ligand binding. The variant retained a high degree of specificity for MART-1·HLA-A2, indicating that our approach provides a general strategy for engineering improvements in either soluble or cell-based TCRs for therapeutic purposes.
Re-examining and Refining Perry: Epistemological Development from a Christian Perspective:

William G. Perry, Jr. was a pioneer in pointing out the importance and effect of a student's epistemological worldview in matters of education and learning. Over the years, his work has been both c...
Airborne measurements of spectral shortwave radiation in cloud and aerosol remote sensing and energy budget studies

Space-borne observations of clouds and aerosols are currently undergoing important developments. A new generation of passive imagers follows in the footsteps of proven instrumentation akin to AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer: Cracknell, 1997) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer: King et al., 1992). At the same time, novel approaches are diversifying the instrumental infrastructure and thus extending the observable parameter space: radar and lidar explore the vertical distribution of clouds and aerosols; polarimeters help untangle aerosols and clouds, and complement non-polarized imagery for ice and mixed-phase clouds. Curiously, the spectral information in the shortwave (solar) wavelength range has remained largely underutilized for cloud and aerosol remote sensing, whereas the infrared and microwave spectral ranges are extensively used for sounding techniques - particularly for water vapor. Solar spectral imagers such as AVIRIS (Airborne Visible/InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer) are routinely flown in geological surveys, recently in the aftermath of the May 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill (Clark et al., 2010). Ecosystem mapping (Pignatti et al., 2009) and ocean color retrievals (Liew and Kwoh, 2003) with Hyperion onboard the NASA satellite EO-1 are examples of space-borne spectral cartography in biology and ocean chemistry. In all of these applications, the atmosphere between the surface and the sensor is a factor that needs to be removed via correction algorithms. The spectral signal from the atmosphere itself is mainly used for fingerprinting trace gases based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy. In addition to gas-phase spectroscopy, the European Space Agency℉s SCIAMACHY (scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric cartography) on ENVISAT and GOME (global ozone monitoring experiment) on ERS-2 provide limited information about aerosols and clouds, which introduce biases in trace gas retrievals due to enhanced scattering and absorption or spatial heterogeneity effects (Wagner et al., 2008). However, derived parameters such as the absorbing and scattering aerosol indices (de Graaf and Stammes, 2005; Penning de Vries et al., 2009) or effective cloud fraction (Grzegorski et al., 2006) remain somewhat quantitative or are limited to certain wavelength bands with strong gas absorption lines (Koelemeijer et al., 2002) or Fraunhofer lines (Ring effect, Joiner and Bhartia, 1995).
Co-detection: Ultra-reliable Nanoparticle-Based Electrical Detection of Biomolecules in the Presence of Large Background Interference

Contrary to popular belief, we report that background interference in conductimetric biochips can be exploited using a novel "co-detection" principle to significantly improve the reliability of detecting trace quantities of biomolecules. The technique called "co-detection" exploits the non-linear redundancy amongst synthetically patterned biomolecular logic circuits for deciphering the presence or absence of target biomolecules in a sample. In this paper, we demonstrate the "co-detection" principle on gold-nanoparticle based conductimetric soft-logic circuits which uses a silver-enhancement technique for signal amplification. Using co-detection, we have been able to measure a 1000 times improvement in the reliability of detecting mouse IgG at concentration levels that are 10^5^ lower than the concentration of rabbit IgG which serves as background interference.
Metabolomic analysis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes: amino acid and acylcarnitine levels change along a spectrum of metabolic wellness.

Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a construct used to separate "healthy" from "unhealthy" obese patients, and is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. There is controversy over whether obese "metabolically well" persons have a higher morbidity and mortality than lean counterparts, suggesting that MS criteria do not completely describe physiologic risk factors or consequences of obesity. We hypothesized that metabolomic analysis of plasma would distinguish obese individuals with and without MS and T2D along a spectrum of obesity-associated metabolic derangements, supporting metabolomic analysis as a tool for a more detailed assessment of metabolic wellness than currently used MS criteria. Methods Fasting plasma samples from 90 adults were assigned to groups based on BMI and ATP III criteria for MS: (1) lean metabolically well (LMW; n = 24); (2) obese metabolically well (OBMW; n = 26); (3) obese metabolically unwell (OBMUW; n = 20); and (4) obese metabolically unwell with T2D (OBDM; n = 20). Forty-one amino acids/dipeptides, 33 acylcarnitines and 21 ratios were measured. Obesity and T2D effects were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank-sum tests comparing obese nondiabetics vs LMW, and OBDM vs nondiabetics, respectively. Metabolic unwellness was analyzed by Jonckheere-Terpstra trend tests, assuming worsening health from LMW → OBMW → OBMUW. To adjust for multiple comparisons, statistical significance was set at p < 0.005. K-means cluster analysis of aggregated amino acid and acylcarnitine data was also performed. Results Analytes and ratios significantly increasing in obesity, T2D, and with worsening health include: branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), cystine, alpha-aminoadipic acid, phenylalanine, leucine + lysine, and short-chain acylcarnitines/total carnitines. Tyrosine, alanine and propionylcarnitine increase with obesity and metabolic unwellness. Asparagine and the tryptophan/large neutral amino acid ratio decrease with T2D and metabolic unwellness. Malonylcarnitine decreases in obesity and 3-OHbutyrylcarnitine increases in T2D; neither correlates with unwellness. Cluster analysis did not separate subjects into discreet groups based on metabolic wellness. Discussion Levels of 15 species and metabolite ratios trend significantly with worsening metabolic health; some are newly recognized. BCAAs, aromatic amino acids, lysine, and its metabolite, alpha-aminoadipate, increase with worsening health. The lysine pathway is distinct from BCAA metabolism, indicating that biochemical derangements associated with MS involve pathways besides those affected by BCAAs. Even those considered "obese, metabolically well" had metabolite levels which significantly trended towards those found in obese diabetics. Overall, this analysis yields a more granular view of metabolic wellness than the sole use of cardiometabolic MS parameters. This, in turn, suggests the possible utility of plasma metabolomic analysis for research and public health applications.
Histone Deacetylase Functions in Epidermal Development, Homeostasis and Cancer

Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for governing gene transcription and are vital to proper tissue development and homeostasis. Conversely, deregulation of these mechanisms can lead to disease development and progression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) form a critical family of enzymes that remodel chromatin by removing acetylation marks from histone tails, causing chromatin compaction and a repressive transcriptional environment. HDACs can also remove acetyl moieties from other protein targets, including a subset of transcription factors, resulting in their altered stability and/or activity. Together, these functions allow HDACs to affect diverse cellular processes and direct cell fate. Global and tissue-specific deletion of individual Hdac genes in genetic mouse models has revealed their in vivo requirements for normal embryonic development and adult tissue functions. In this chapter we will discuss the roles played by HDACs in epithelial cells of the skin, an accessible model system for studying cell fate decisions during development, homeostasis, and disease.
New VSC-HVDC Solution with Overhead Transmission Line for BC-SIN Project

This paper mainly research on the Mexico’s± 500 kV Baja California VSC-HVDC project (BC-SIN) which connects National Interconnected System (SIN) and Baja California grid (BC). In this paper, a new VSC-HVDC solution is proposed. Firstly, the main circuit and function requirements of BC-SIN VSC system are studied carefully. Optimal design on quantity and the scheme for placement of the high voltage (HV) elements such as ground return transfer switch (GRTS), high speed grounding switch (HSGS) are demonstrated in detail. Secondly the new half-bridge and full-bridge hybrid MMC topology considering DC fault ride-through is presented. Then the parameters of the main circuit of BC-SIN VSC system are designed. What’s more, the hierarchical control and protection strategy are proposed. Finally, simulations on control and protection strategy are carried out and the result illustrates the validity of it.
Zwitterionic Janus Dendrimer with distinct functional disparity for enhanced protein delivery

Abstract The development of a facile protein delivery vehicle is challenging and remains an unmet demand for clinical applications. The well-defined structure and functionality of a nanocarrier are highly desirable for the reproducibility and regulatory compliance. Herein, we report for the first time a novel Janus dendrimer (JD) system, comprised of two distinct dendrons with superior protein binding and protein repelling properties, respectively, for efficient spontaneous protein loading and enhanced in vivo protein delivery. Core-forming dendron is tethered with a combination of charged and hydrophobic moieties, which coat protein surface efficiently via the multivalent and synergistic interactions. Zwitterionic peripheries on the counter dendron endow the nanoparticle (
Sources of support for and resistance to abortion training in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs.

Background Only 64% of obstetrics and gynecology program directors report routine, scheduled training in abortion, despite the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s requirements for routine training. Most report that exposure to training is limited to specific clinical circumstances. Objective We sought to describe residency program directors’ perspectives of support for and resistance to abortion training in residency training programs in the United States. Materials and Methods A national survey of directors explored the availability of abortion training as well as support for and resistance to abortion training within their departments and institutions. In addition, directors who indicated that training was not available at all, available only as an elective, or as routine but limited to specific clinical circumstances, were also asked which procedures were limited, in what ways, and by whom. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. Results A total of 190 residency program directors (79%) responded from throughout the United States (30% in the Northeast, 30% in the South, 23% in the Midwest, and 16% in the West), and 14% described their program as religiously affiliated. Most directors (73%) reported at least some institutional or government restrictions to training, and reported an average of 3 types of restrictions. Hospital policy was the most commonly reported restriction, followed by state law. Programs with routine abortion training reported an average of 2 restrictions, compared with 4 restrictions in programs with optional training, and 5 restrictions in programs with no abortion training. Conclusion Significant barriers to integrating abortion training into residents’ schedules continue to exist decades after the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education training mandate. We should use these data to develop better support and targeted strategies for increasing the number of trained abortion providers in the United States.
Biofuel economics and policy: The Renewable Fuel Standard in 2018

Abstract The oilheat industry is in the middle of a dramatic transformation. The fuel that heats more than six million homes in the northeastern United States is rapidly losing both volume and market share. The subsequent economic consequences for oilheat retailers has driven the industry to reshape its image by fundamentally changing the composition of its core product. Oilheat retailers are delivering biodiesel-blended fuel oil and advocating for fuel quality standards that assure that consumers are heating with a low-sulfur renewable fuel. This change in fuel composition is providing a viable market for biodiesel producers.
Risk of Brain Herniation After Craniotomy With Preoperative Lumbar Spinal Drainage: A Single-Surgeon Experience of 365 Patients Among 3000 Major Cranial Cases

Background Lumbar spinal drainage (LSD) can significantly facilitate brain relaxation and improve ease of surgical goals for a variety of neurosurgical indications. Although rapid drainage of large volumes of spinal fluid can theoretically produce shifts in brain compartments and herniation syndromes, the clinical significance of this phenomenon when LSD is used immediately before craniotomy is unclear. Objective To report a large single-surgeon consecutive experience with symptomatic brain herniation after lumbar drainage before craniotomy. Methods Included were 365 patients who underwent LSD with either lumbar drain or lumbar puncture for a variety of different neurosurgical pathologies between 2008 and 2018 immediately before craniotomy. We reviewed the surgical indications, craniotomy location, approach, type of LSD, presence of postoperative brain herniation on imaging, type of herniation, clinical symptoms, lesion pathology, and 30-d modified Rankin Scale score for each patient. Results There was no patient who suffered from the development of new or worsening symptomatic or radiological brain herniation directly related to use of immediate preoperative LSD. This included 204 supratentorial and 161 infratentorial procedures. Surgical indications included 188 tumors, 5 aneurysms, 37 arteriovenous malformations, 2 revascularization procedures, 97 microvascular decompressions, 10 optic nerve decompressions requiring extradural clinoidectomy for tumor removal, and 26 "other" pathologies. Conclusion Brain herniation did not occur postoperatively with the use of immediate preoperative LSD in our series, regardless of craniotomy location, pathology, extent of mass effect, or approach. Our experience suggests that LSD is a potentially safe preoperative adjunct that can be used to facilitate surgical objectives.
High Resolution Thermoreflectance Imaging and Numerical Modeling of Self-Heating in GaN HEMT on SiC

Gallium Nitride (GaN) based high-power devices require advance thermal analysis to ensure that the operating temperature is kept within a reliable range. High conductivity substrates such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) are used instead of Silicon (Si) to increase the thermal conductance from the device structure. This study observes the self-heating in GaN-SiC HEMTs using high-resolution thermoreflectance imaging. A verification with multi-grid self-adaptive modeling shows a dynamic power generation profile that changes from low to high activation levels. The method allows to estimate the heat generation profile in the GaN HEMT from the observed temperature rise profile across the GaN channel, which is crucial to understand the heat generation regime and develop an accurate thermal model for the GaN HEMTs.
Time-dependent observables in heavy ion collisions. Part I. Setting up the formalism

We adapt the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism to study heavy-ion collisions in perturbative QCD. Employing the formalism, we calculate the two-point gluon correlation function G 22 , due to the lowest-order classical gluon fields in the McLerran-Venugopalan model of heavy ion collisions and observe an interesting transition from the classical fields to the quasi-particle picture at later times. Motivated by this observation, we push the formalism to higher orders in the coupling and calculate the contribution to G 22 , coming from the diagrams representing a single rescattering between two of the produced gluons. We assume that the two gluons go on mass shell both before and after the rescattering. The result of our calculation depends on which region of integration over the proper time of the rescattering τZ gives the correct correlation function at late proper time τ when the gluon distribution is measured. For (i) τZ ≫ 1/Qs and τ − τZ ≫ 1/Qs (with Qs the saturation scale) we obtain the same results as from the Boltzmann equation. For (ii) τ − τZ ≫ τZ ≫ 1/Qs we end up with a result very different from kinetic theory and consistent with a picture of “free-streaming” particles. Due to the approximations made, our calculation is too coarse to indicate whether the region (i) or (ii) is the correct one: to resolve this controversy, we shall present a detailed diagrammatic calculation of the rescattering correction in the φ4 theory in the second paper of this duplex.
Some Thoughts Raised by Magna Carta: The Popular Re-Election of Judges

I take as my text and begin with Chapter 29 of the final version of Magna Carta of 1225, which reads as follows: "No free man shall be taken or imprisoned or disseised of any freehold or of liberties or free customs . . . except by the lawful judgment . . . of his peers or by the law of the land . . . to no one shall we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice." This is said to be one of only three parts of the Great Charter still in force in Great Britain. But this is rightly so, for it is the heart and soul of the statute. This text ensures that a person’s property, body, and reputation will not be taken away before and without a trial in a court of law in which the judge observes the law and the due process thereof. This requires hearing the evidence and the arguments of all of the parties, after which, the judge applies the law to the facts of a case in order to reach a decision. This is the rule of law. This is the foundation of civilization.
The basal body temperature of women correlation between temperature and time factor.

I N ORDER to get the most out of a woman’s basal body temperature as a diagnostic procedure in the investigation of infertility and other gynecological endocrine disorders it is imperative that the temperature be taken at the same time early every morning under strictly basal conditions. Advocates of the use of the “waking temperature ” (B ar on and Wiesner, 1945, and others) without t regard for the time factor cannot expect to obtain temperature curves which accurately reflect the effect of the ovarian hormones. Even though regarded as being under basal conditions a woman who awakens late in the morning does not have as low a body temperature at 10 to 11 A.M. as she has at 6 to 7 A.M. Because of diurnal variation the difference between her 6 A.M. and her 11 A.M. temperatures on the same day, even while sleeping continuously, may be as great as or greater than the difference between her “basal” preovulatory and postovulatory temperatures.
Structural design considerations for the FED 50-kA equilibrium field coils

The structural support system for two equilibrium field coil conductor concepts is considered for the fusion energy design (FED) 8/10T baseline magnetic fusion system. Both conductor concepts are discussed. Results indicate that regardless of the conductor concept employed, an external support beam/frame structural system is required to equilibrate the accumulative loadings.
de Branges–Rovnyak Spaces and Norm-Constrained Interpolation

For $S$ a contractive analytic operator-valued function on the unit disk ${\mathbb D}$, de Branges and Rovnyak associate a Hilbert space of analytic functions ${\mathcal H}(S)$. A companion survey provides equivalent definitions and basic properties of these spaces as well as applications to function theory and operator theory. The present survey brings to the fore more recent applications to a variety of more elaborate function theory problems, including $H^\infty$-norm constrained interpolation, connections with the Potapov method of Fundamental Matrix Inequalities, parametrization for the set of all solutions of an interpolation problem, variants of the Abstract Interpolation Problem of Katsnelson, Kheifets, and Yuditskii, boundary behavior and boundary interpolation in de Branges-Rovnyak spaces themselves, and extensions to multivariable and Kre\u{\i}n-space settings.
Neural Control of Breathing and CO2 Homeostasis

Recent advances have clarified how the brain detects CO2 to regulate breathing (central respiratory chemoreception). These mechanisms are reviewed and their significance is presented in the general context of CO2/pH homeostasis through breathing. At rest, respiratory chemoreflexes initiated at peripheral and central sites mediate rapid stabilization of arterial PCO2 and pH. Specific brainstem neurons (e.g., retrotrapezoid nucleus, RTN; serotonergic) are activated by PCO2 and stimulate breathing. RTN neurons detect CO2 via intrinsic proton receptors (TASK-2, GPR4), synaptic input from peripheral chemoreceptors and signals from astrocytes. Respiratory chemoreflexes are arousal state dependent whereas chemoreceptor stimulation produces arousal. When abnormal, these interactions lead to sleep-disordered breathing. During exercise, central command and reflexes from exercising muscles produce the breathing stimulation required to maintain arterial PCO2 and pH despite elevated metabolic activity. The neural circuits underlying central command and muscle afferent control of breathing remain elusive and represent a fertile area for future investigation.
Surfactants as a Preferred Option to Improve Separation and Electrochemical Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis

Abstract The addition of surfactants to the separation electrolyte is one of the most convenient ways to modify the electro‐osmotic flow (μEOF) in capillary electrophoresis. However, surfactants spontaneously adsorb to most surfaces; therefore, their presence in the running electrolyte may also affect the electrochemical detection. Changes in selectivity and sensitivity due to dynamic coating of electrode surfaces have been systematically reported during the last 30 years. In this review, some pertinent papers related to the use of surfactants to perform dynamic coatings of the capillary surface are discussed. The proposed mechanisms to explain the enhancements produced by surfactants at the detection step are also discussed along with some specific applications. A particular emphasis was placed on recent reports from our group dealing with the effects of anionic surfactants on the separation and detection of phenolic compounds.
Supraclavicular radiation for breast cancer does not increase the 10-year risk of stroke.

BACKGROUND Modern radiation techniques, which limit the radiation dose to the heart during treatment for breast cancer, have greatly reduced the risk of radiation-induced cardiac injury. However, the risk of radiation damage to the carotid artery, which is often incidentally included in the supraclavicular radiation field for breast cancer treatment, is not routinely examined, and the technique used to treat this field has not changed significantly from early radiation trials. The purpose of the current study was to compare the incidence of hospitalization for stroke among women with breast cancer treated with supraclavicular radiation with those who received radiation therapy to the breast but not the supraclavicular fossa. METHODS Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database for 5752 women who were diagnosed with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage I-III nonmetastatic breast cancer between 1988 and 1997 were analyzed. Women included were age ≥66 years, had known lymph node (LN) status, had tumors measuring ≤5 cm, underwent breast surgery, and received adjuvant radiation therapy (with or without supraclavicular irradiation). Patients with 4 positive LNs (surrogate for supraclavicular radiation group, n = 471) for the endpoint of hospitalization for stroke. Time-to-event curves were calculated using the conditional Kaplan–Meier method. RESULTS The median follow-up for the 0 and 4+ LN cohorts were 92 months and 90 months, respectively (minimum of 60 months). The 10-year and 15-year actuarial freedom from hospitalization for stroke was 91% (0 LN) versus 89.5% (4+ LN) and 79% (0 LN) versus 81.6% (4+ LN), respectively (P = .28). Estrogen receptor status was balanced between the 2 cohorts. As expected, the 4+ cohort had more advanced tumors, higher stage, larger tumor size, and higher grade (P<.0001). In multivariate analysis including LN group, year of diagnosis, age, race, type of surgery, stage, tumor size, grade, estrogen receptor status, and Charlson comorbidity score, only increased age (hazard ratio [HR] for ages 70-74 years, 1.6; HR for ages 75-79 years, 2.1; and HR for age 80+ years, 2.7) and increasing comorbidity score were predictive of an increased risk of hospitalization for stroke. CONCLUSIONS Although patients with nonbreast malignancies treated with higher doses to the carotid arteries have been shown to have an increased risk of carotid injury, no evidence was found that radiation to the carotid delivered during supraclavicular irradiation for breast cancer increases the risk of hospitalization for stroke. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Phase II double-blind, dose-ranging clinical evaluation of gadobenate dimeglumine in focal liver lesions: with analysis of liver and kidney signal change on early and delayed imaging.

To evaluate the effect of contrast dose using gadobenate dimeglumine, 30 patients with focal liver lesions documented by computed tomography or ultrasound were studied by magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T. Patients received one of four doses of gadobenate dimeglumine (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mmol/kg) or saline. The order of dosage was randomized, with both the physician and patient blinded to the administered dose. Scans were obtained before, immediately following injection, and after 80 minutes of delay. Enhancement effects were quantified by region of interest measurements. Films were also reviewed in a randomized prospective fashion by an abdominal radiologist blinded to contrast dose and diagnosis. Higher doses led to a statistically significant improvement in enhancement of normal liver, both on immediate (P = 0.01 for the comparison of 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/kg immediately post-contrast) and delayed scans (P = 0.003 for the same comparison). Liver-lesion contrast-to-noise ratio also increased with dose, although results for most comparisons by dose were not statistically significant. Scans following gadobenate dimeglumine injection were judged to provide additional diagnostic confidence sufficient to affect patient management in 10 of 24 cases. In seven cases this information was provided by dynamic scans, in one case by delayed scans, and in two cases by both dynamic and delayed scans. In 2 of the 10 cases the dose was 0.025 mmol/kg, in 2 cases 0.05 mmol/kg, in 3 cases 0.1 mmol/kg, and in 3 cases 0.2 mmol/kg. Gadobenate dimeglumine is effective for imaging of focal liver lesions at a range of doses, with trends toward improved diagnostic information at higher doses.
Attitudes toward stuttering of nonstuttering preschool and kindergarten children: A comparison using a standard instrument prototype

Abstract Purpose This study investigated attitudes of nonstuttering preschool and kindergarten children toward peers who stutter in order to identify differences by age groups and better understand the genesis of stuttering attitudes. The study also examined the use of a new stuttering attitudes instrument designed for use with young children. Method The newly developed Public Opinion Survey on Human Attributes–Stuttering/Child was verbally administered to 27 preschool and 24 kindergarten children who do not stutter in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. Results Overall, preschoolers held more negative stuttering attitudes than kindergarteners, but results were not uniformly in that direction. In both groups, the attribute of stuttering was viewed more negatively than individuals who stutter. Children viewed the potential of peers who stutter as quite positive, whereas their knowledge about and experience with stuttering were generally limited and some of their beliefs quite negative. Conclusions Negative or uninformed stuttering attitudes among nonstuttering children begin as early as the preschool years. This study provides empirical evidence for the need to educate young children about the nature of stuttering and how to respond appropriately to peers who stutter. Educational objectives: Readers should be able to: (a) describe attitudinal differences between kindergarteners and preschoolers toward peers who stutter; (b) describe the parameters of the POSHA–S / Child ; (c) describe the nature of stuttering attitudes in young children relative to their beliefs and self reactions; and (d) describe the implications and future direction of stuttering attitude research in young children.
Nitric Oxide-Dependent N-Nitrosating Activity of Rat Pleural Mesothelial Cells

Recent studies have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO)-derived N-nitrosating agents may promote mutagenesis and carcinogenesis from the nitrosative deamination of DNA bases via the formation of nitrosamine intermediates. The objective of this study was to determine if pleural mesothelial cells (PMC) stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines could promote the N-nitrosation of a primary aromatic amine via the L-arginine-dependent formation of NO-derived N-nitrosation agents. N-nitrosating activity was determined by measuring the N-nitrosation of a model amine, 2,3-diaminonapthalene, to yield its fluorescent triazole (1-naptho-2,3-triazole) derivative. Results show that specific combinations of TNF, IL-1, interferon gamma, and LPS significantly increased N-nitrosating activity. There was a significant positive correlation between nitrite plus nitrate and triazole production. Triazole formation was inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, suggesting that triazole was derived from L-arginine-dependent formation of NO. These data indicate that PMC have the capacity to promote the N-nitrosation of primary aromatic amines via the formation of NO.
Mothers' perceptions of factors influencing the restabilization of homeless families

Family homelessness has increased dramatically in the past decade, but little attention has been focused on the process by which homeless families become restabilized. The author presents findings from a qualitative study of the restabilization process. Four factors that affect the process are discussed: children, personal resources, external resources, and socioeconomic context. The findings indicate the significant role shelter staff and other social service providers can play in assisting mothers in both emotional and instrumental ways. Implications for direct practice with homeless mothers and their families are discussed as well as implications for policy and program development.
Promoting Authentic Behavior in Organizations: An Attributional Perspective:

Building on recent theories of authentic leadership, we introduce an attributional framework for understanding authenticity. It is proposed that authenticity implies an accurate and balanced attribution style - a relationship that we argue has been overlooked in past research on authentic leadership. We also suggest that organizations can take an active role in the development of authentic leaders by making leaders aware of the factors that might promote inaccurate attributions. Several techniques for accomplishing this goal are described along with suggestions for future research on the construct of authenticity.
New Locality Records for Two Poorly Know Mexican Freshwater Shrimps (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)

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Highly cited publications in pediatric neurosurgery: part 2.

Purpose Citation counting can be used to evaluate the impact an article has made on its discipline. This study characterizes the most cited articles related to clinical pediatric neurosurgery as of July 2013.