cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Age and Activity Algorithm for Treatment of Type II SLAP Tears.

Background Type II SLAP tears predominantly occur in males between their third and fifth decades of life. The mechanism of injury is often repeated overheard activity but can also occur due to direct compression loads and traction injuries. The treatment options have changed over the years and include non-operative therapy, direct labral-biceps complex repair, and labral debridement with biceps tenodesis or tenotomy. Objective To review the existing literature on the management of Type II SLAP tears and provide clinical recommendations based on patient age and activity level. Methods A review of the existing literature through October 2017 investigating the management of Type II SLAP tears was performed. Emphasis was placed on distinguishing the outcomes based on age and activity level to provide an appropriate treatment algorithm. Results Patients with Type II SLAP tears should first be trialed with non-operative management and many patients will have a successful result with ability to return to their respective sports or activities. Surgical management should be considered if non-operative management does not provide symptomatic relief. Young, athletic, or high-demand patients should be treated with a SLAP repair while biceps tenodesis should be considered for older or worker's compensation patients. Patients undergoing revision surgery for a failed SLAP repair should be managed with biceps tenodesis. Conclusion Type II SLAP tears remain a difficult pathology to manage clinically, but the treatment indications are narrowing. The age and activity algorithm described in this review provides an effective method of managing this complex clinical condition.
MudPIT Analysis: Application to Human Heart Tissue

Although two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) has been used as the standard proteomic approach for separating proteins in a complex mixture, this technique has many drawbacks. These include a limited molecular mass range, poor separation of highly acidic or basic proteins, and exclusion of the majority of membrane proteins from analysis. Considering the important functions of many membrane proteins, such as receptors, ion transporters, signal transducers, and cell adhesion proteins, it is increasingly important that these proteins are not excluded during the global proteomic analysis of cellular systems. Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) offers a gel-free alternative to 2D-PAGE for the analysis of both membrane and soluble proteins. The goal of this chapter is to provide detailed methods for using MudPIT to profile both membrane and soluble proteins in complex unfractionated samples. Methods discussed will include tissue homogenization, sample preparation, MudPIT, data analysis, and an application for the analysis of unfractionated total tissue homogenate from human heart.
Assembly of the Executive Mind: Evolutionary Insights and a Paradigm for Brain Health

Over 90% of the brain is concerned with higher cortical functions, yet understanding of syndromes, functions, and measurements remains unchartered. This valuable handbook illuminates brain function, natural environment and human function, by delving into the interdisciplinary study. Multifaceted in its perspective, this book demonstrates bi-directionality of information exchange between disciplines. This book weaves around key case reports, series, control studies and cohort studies from cognitive neurology registries, to present the most current, practical research. Gaining appreciation for the fundamental formation and assembly of the supervisory area of the brain will inform an understanding of conditions and behavior for neuroscience professionals, clinical brain scientists and medical students in neuroscience, worldwide. Authored by a leading expert in cognitive neurology, this book guides the reader through the evolutionary, or neuro-archeological, aspects of how the frontal lobes and their circuitry were assembled, drawing key insights into form, function and treatment.
Role of atomic coordination on superconducting properties of boron-doped amorphous carbon

Author(s): Sakai, Y; Chelikowsky, JR; Cohen, ML | Abstract: We study the effect of atomic coordination (orbital hybridization) on superconducting properties of boron-doped amorphous carbon. The ratio of threefold coordinated (sp2-hybridized) and fourfold coordinated (sp3-hybridized) atoms in the system is found to have an impact on their electronic, vibrational, and superconducting properties. Our findings show that a high proportion of fourfold coordination in both carbon and boron atoms is important for realizing a high superconducting transition temperature.
Gravitational-wave follow-up with CTA after the detection of GRBs in the TeV energy domain

The recent discovery of TeV emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by the MAGIC and H.E.S.S. Cherenkov telescopes confirmed that emission from these transients can extend to very high energies. The TeV energy domain reaches the most sensitive band of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). This newly anticipated, improved sensitivity will enhance the prospects of gravitational-wave follow-up observations by CTA to probe particle acceleration and high-energy emission from binary black hole and neutron star mergers, and stellar core-collapse events. Here we discuss the implications of TeV emission on the most promising strategies of choice for the gravitational-wave follow-up effort for CTA and Cherenkov telescopes more broadly. We find that TeV emission (i) may allow more than an hour of delay between the gravitational-wave event and the start of CTA observations; (ii) enables the use of CTA's small size telescopes that have the largest fields of view. We characterize the number of pointings needed to find a counterpart. (iii) We compute the annual follow-up time requirements and find that prioritization will be needed. (iv) Even a few telescopes could detect sufficiently nearby counterparts, raising the possibility of adding a handful of small-size or medium-size telescopes to the network at diverse geographic locations taking into account the positions of CTA and the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network. (v) The continued operation of VERITAS/H.E.S.S./MAGIC would be a useful compliment to CTA's follow-up capabilities by increasing the sky area that can be rapidly covered, especially for directions above and 'below' the United States in which the present network of gravitational-wave detectors is more sensitive.
Cranioplasty in Infants Less Than 24 Months of Age: A Retrospective Case Review of Pitfalls, Outcomes, and Complications.

Background Management of pediatric skull defects after decompressive craniectomy (DC) poses unique problems, particularly in children younger than 24 months. These problems include complications such as resorption and infection as well as difficulties with plagiocephaly and reconstruction. The goal of this study was to evaluate bone resorption complications after cranioplasty in patients Methods A single-center retrospective case study was performed of all patients younger than 24 months who underwent cranioplasty after DC between 2011 and 2018. The following variables were assessed: injury cause, age at craniotomy, time to cranioplasty, craniectomy size, mode of fixation, drain use, shunt use, subdural fluid collection, resorption, need for synthetic graft revision, and plagiocephaly. Results A total of 10 patients were identified who met inclusion criteria; 3 patients were excluded for insufficient follow-up. Ages ranged from Conclusions In patients younger than 24 months undergoing cranioplasty subdural collection, a lack of shunt placement and increased time to cranioplasty were associated with increased rates of resorption.
Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.

Background Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. Methods We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. Results Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). Conclusion We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.
Management of Common Cardiovascular Emergencies in Critically Ill Patients

This article reviews treatment and management of common cardiovascular emergencies in critically ill patients, focusing on acute decompensated heart failure, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary embolism, and hypertensive crisis management with inotropes, vasopressors, diuretics, and antiarrhythmic drugs. Clinicians frequently come across challenging clinical scenarios, and there is a gap between evidence-based medicine and clinical practice. Inotropic and vasopressor agents are useful in the acute setting but must be weaned off or used as a bridge for mechanical circulation support devices. Clinicians should aim to lower complications by choosing medications with respect to comorbidities and close the gap between evidence-based medicine and clinical practice.
Current updates in diagnosis and management of eosinophilic esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a relatively new, moderately-well understood disease. It is one of the leading causes of dysphagia in the pediatric population. Thought to be triggered by food ingestion, it is distinctly different from food allergies. Although endoscopy is required for diagnosis, this article will review warning signs and symptoms that aid with evaluation and diagnosis of this disease. Treatment modalities and management are evolving and more research is needed.
The Lingering Effects of Losing and Nonvoting on Institutional Trust: An Analysis of South Korea:

To what extent do supporters of electoral losers and nonvoters maintain lower evaluations of institutions post-election? A sizable literature identifies a divergence in perceptions among winners an...
‘Nemeses! Dragons! Symbolism!’: queering the fantasy hero narrative in Nimona

Of the available narratives in fantasy fiction, the noble hero clashing with a maniacal villain – often over a helpless damsel – is easily recognisable and easily critiqued for its reliance on patr...
Abstract 3430: The protein phosphatase 4 complex is a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer

Regions of recurring chromosomal deletions have been annotated in clinical prostate cancer (PCa), but for many of them there is an incomplete understanding of their contributions to disease progression. From an in vivo shRNA enrichment screen of the PCa deletome, we identified the serine threonine protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) regulatory subunit 2 (PPP4R2) as a candidate tumor suppressor, which undergoes copy number loss in 16% of primary PCa. Knockdown or CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of PPP4R2 increased the growth rate of PCa xenograft tumors. Along with the catalytic subunit PP4C and an additional regulatory subunit (either PP4R3A or PP4R3B), PP4R2 forms two distinct heterotrimeric phosphatase holoenzymes. PP4R2 was critical for holoenzyme stability, as its deletion resulted in rapid, moderate downregulation of the other PP4 subunit proteins. The increased tumor growth rate and downregulation of PP4C resulting from loss of PP4R2 could be replicated by combined deletion of PPP4R3A and PPP4R3B, or by directly targeting PPP4C itself. Collectively, these findings implicated PP4C as the likely direct mediator of tumor suppression through the PP4 complex. This was confirmed in both PPP4R2 and PPP4R3A/PPP4R3B knockout cells in vivo by restoring PP4C to its normal physiological level through a dox-inducible cDNA, which reversed the accelerated tumor growth rate conferred by the deletion of the regulatory subunits. Phosphatase activity of PP4C was critical, as add-back of a catalytically dead PP4C mutant (D82A) was unable to reverse the growth rate of PPP4C knockout tumors. Interestingly, we found that the androgen receptor (AR), which is the principal therapeutic target for PCa, was co-immunoprecipitated by PP4C and its regulatory subunits. This suggests that AR could be a substrate for PP4C and is potentially present in a hyperphosphorylated and hyperactivated state in PCa that have decreased PP4 phosphatase activity. Our findings highlight a previously unappreciated tumor suppressor role for the PP4 complex in PCa, with the regulatory subunit PP4R2 providing a key function in stabilizing PP4C and thereby preserving its phosphatase activity. Citation Format: Philip A. Watson, Kayla E. Lawrence, Tejasveeta V. Nadkarni, Taslima F. Ishmael, Eugine Lee, Aura C. Agudelo Rivera, Jillian R. Love, John Wongvipat, Ling Cai, Abbas Nazir, Phillip J. Iaquinta, Kenneth Chang, Yupu Liang, Greg J. Hannon, Charles L. Sawyers. The protein phosphatase 4 complex is a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3430.
After the bell : family background, public policy, and educational success

1. How Do Parents Matter 2. Family Background, Education Determination and Policy Implications 3. Young Children's Achievement in School and Socioeconomic Background 4. Macro Causes, Micro Effects 5. Fathers: An Overlooked Resource for Children's Educational Success 6. Intergenerational Assets and the Black/White Test Score Gap 7. Teenage Employment and High School Completion 8. School-Community Relationships...
The Jahn—Teller Effect

In solving the Schrodinger equation, when several wave functions ϕ i correspond to the same energy E, such a state is called degenerate. Degeneracy is always associated with the existence of some symmetry element. The three p functions of the hydrogen atom serve as an example. Their degeneracy is due to the fact that such a system has spherical symmetry: Rotation about any axis through the nucleus leaves the Hamiltonian invariant, while transforming the p functions into each other. Such threefold degeneracy persists even if the free atom is in an external field of cubic symmetry created, for example, by six point charges forming an octahedral pattern around the nucleus. In fact, it is readily verified that cubic group operations transform the surrounding charges into each other, i.e., they leave the Hamiltonian invariant while once again transforming the three p functions into each other. At the same time, the distortion of the octahedron along the z axis (extension or compression) decreases the symmetry from cubic to tetragonal, partially lifting the degeneracy: E(p z ) ≠ E(p x ) = E(p y ). In turn, the twofold degeneracy remaining in the tetragonal group can be lifted by orthorhombic perturbations.
Heat Exchanger Materials

As the name implies, the heat exchanger serves to transfer heat between coolant circuits in a power plant. The steam generator, intermediate heat exchanger (IHX), and condenser were introduced in Chapter 1 as the components employed for this purpose in nuclear systems. To reiterate, the PWR requires a steam generator, the LMFBR (and most probably the CTR) requires both a steam generator and IHX, and all reactors require a condenser.
A New Algorithm for 0-1 Programming Based on Binary Decision Diagrams

The Binate Covering Problem (BCP) is the problem of finding a minimum cost assignment to variables that is a solution of a boolean equation f = 1. It is a generalization of the set covering (or unate covering) problem, where f is positive unate, and is generally given as a table with rows corresponding to the set elements and the columns corresponding to the subsets.
Systematic homogenization and self-consistent flux and pin power reconstruction for nodal diffusion methods: Part II: Transport equation based theory

Abstract Starting from the transport equation, a systematic homogenization theory and a self-consistent de-homogenization theory for fuel assemblies have been developed using a multiple-scales asymptotic expansion method. The resulting theory provides a framework for coarse-mesh nodal diffusion calculations of light water reactors. The theoretical development is carried out through second order in a small parameter—the ratio of the neutron mean free path to the reactor characteristic dimension. Introducing two spatial scales—a fast scale for the rapid variation of the flux over a fuel assembly and a slow scale for the slow variation of the flux over the whole core—into the neutron transport equation for a three-dimensional heterogeneous medium, the development systematically yields: an assembly-homogenized global diffusion equation with self-consistent expressions for the assembly-homogenized diffusion tensor elements and cross sections, and assembly-surface flux discontinuity factors. The analysis shows ...
Weighing the evidence for a ternary protein complex mediating A-type K+ currents in neurons.

The subthreshold-operating A-type K+ current in neurons (ISA) has important roles in the regulation of neuronal excitability, the timing of action potential firing and synaptic integration and plasticity. The channels mediating this current (Kv4 channels) have been implicated in epilepsy, the control of dopamine release, and the regulation of pain plasticity. It has been proposed that Kv4 channels in neurons are ternary complexes of three types of protein: pore forming subunits of the Kv4 subfamily and two types of auxiliary subunits, the Ca2+ binding proteins KChIPs and the dipeptidyl peptidase-like proteins (DPPLs) DPP6 (also known as DPPX) and DPP10 (4 molecules of each per channel for a total of 12 proteins in the complex). Here we consider the evidence supporting this hypothesis. Kv4 channels in many neurons are likely to be ternary complexes of these three types of protein. KChIPs and DPPLs are required to efficiently traffic Kv4 channels to the plasma membrane and regulate the functional properties of the channels. These proteins may also be important in determining the localization of the channels to specific neuronal compartments, their dynamics, and their response to neuromodulators. A surprisingly large number of additional proteins have been shown to modify Kv4 channels in heterologous expression systems, but their association with native Kv4 channels in neurons has not been properly validated. A critical consideration of the evidence suggests that it is unlikely that association of Kv4 channels with these additional proteins is widespread in the CNS. However, we cannot exclude that some of these proteins may associate with the channels transiently or in specific neurons or neuronal compartments, or that they may associate with the channels in other tissues.
Renaissance 2010: The Reassertion of Ruling-Class Power through Neoliberal Policies in Chicago

The Chicago Public Schools, along with the city of Chicago itself, serve as an exemplary case of neoliberal reorganization, as corporate and governmental ‘leaders’ remake Chicago into a global city meeting the needs of capitalism. As such, Chicago provides us with an example of ‘actually existing neoliberalism,’ in which neoliberalism's goals are contradictory and contested. The focus in this article is on Renaissance 2010, a corporate proposal to reform both the city and its schools to create schools and spaces that will attract the professionals needed in a global city. Renaissance 2010 places public schooling under the control of corporate leaders who aim to convert public schools to charter and contract schools, handing over their administration to corporations and breaking the power of unions. However, as the article shows, such reforms not only disenfranchise the poor, people of color, students, parents, and educators, but also create an economically and spatially separate city. Consequently, while ...
A study on the interaction of V2O5/TiO2 (anatase) by high-resolution electron microscopy (hrem)

Abstract Using high-resolution surface profile imaging of TiO2 (anatase), 2 wt% V2O5/TiO2 (anatase) and 10 wt% V2O5/TiO2 (anatase) catalysts revealed that two types of vanadia exist in active V2O5/TiO2 (anatase) catalysts: crystalline and amorphous. The crystalline V2O5 grows from TiO2 (anatase) by epitaxy. The anatase was transformed gradually into rutile via a topotactic reaction while the oxygen was released.
Intonational Performance and Perception of Ascending Scales

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the performance of intonation and the perception of intonation regarding ascending scalar patterns. Ninety-six undergraduate and graduate music students from four instrumental groups were placed in one of four experimental conditions. Following differential verbal feedback, subjects either performed a second time or listened to their individual performances and retuned them using a variable-speed tape recorder. Results indicated a tendency toward sharp intonation throughout the study, relative to the standard of equal temperament. Differences between performance and perception were not independent of accompaniment and scale degree. Intonational perception of unaccompanied scales was less accurate than both accompanied scale perception and performance conditions of unaccompanied and accompanied scales.
A new comparison group for research on child sexual abuse

This paper discusses a new type of comparison group for research on adult survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA). A No Sexual Trauma Comparison Group excludes women who have experienced, during adulthood, a sexual trauma similar in impact to CSA. Using this type of comparison group increases sensitivity to (i.e., the likelihood of detecting) clinically relevant characteristics of CSA survivors.
Properties of oxidized silicon as determined by angular-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Silicon with thermally-grown oxide overlayers in the thickness range 15-89 A is studied by angular-dependent XPS. Electron attenuation lengths at 1382 eV are found to be 37 plus or minus 4 A in SiO2 and 27 plus or minus 6 A in Si. Single-crystal effects and thin-layer anomalies are also discussed.
Ion channels in the nuclear envelope

Cell nuclei are capable of partitioning a wide variety of molecules from the cytosol, including macromolecules such as proteins and RNA, and smaller peptides, amino acids, sugars and Na+ and K+ ions, all of which can be accumulated in or excluded from the nuclear domain. There are two mechanisms behind this compartmentalization: selective retention of freely diffusible molecules, and selective entry through the nuclear envelope. It is generally accepted that the nuclear envelope restricts only the larger molecules. Here we apply the patch-clamp technique to isolated murine pronuclei and show that the nuclear envelope contains K(+)-selective channels which have multiple conductance states, the maximal conductance being 200 pS. These channels, which contribute to the nuclear membrane potential, may be important in balancing the charge carried by the movement of macromolecules in and out of the nucleus.
Imaging Efficiency of Ge and NaI(Tl) Gamma-Ray Detectors

A figure of merit is derived for the efficiency with which a detector images a ?-ray emitting object using the signal-to-noise ratio as the criterion. Photons scattered in the detector that ultimately culminate in photoelectric absorption produce an undesirable background when imaging with position-sensitive detectors as in cameras. When imaging with detectors that are not position sensitive as in scanners, these photons contribute to the image of the object. In comparison with NaI(Tl), Ge detectors have lower photoelectric efficiency and higher detector scatter. However, these are offset by much higher energy resolution and the consequent near complete tissue-scatter rejection. As a result, the imaging efficiency for a brain phantom at 150 keV is shown to be comparable for Ge and NaI(Tl) cameras. In the case of scanners, the imaging efficiency of Ge was calculated to be 40-75% higher for a brain phantom with a one ?-ray emitting radionuclide such as 99mTc, and effectively 2-2.5 times higher for a three ?-ray emitting radionuclide such as 67Ga. The imaging efficiency, which depends on absorption characteristics and energy resolution, is a measure of the total performance of the detector. It is shown that in addition to being useful for comparing different types of detectors, this figure of merit also provides means for optimizing imaging parameters such as detector thickness.
Evidence of void nucleation and growth on planar slip bands in a Nb-Cr-Ti alloy

Dimpled fracture via void nucleation, growth, and coalescence is common in alloys containing hard particles or inclusions, which act as void nucleation sites. Void-covered fracture surfaces have also been observed in planar slip materials. However, the process by which dimples from in the planar slip materials is not understood because these materials generally do not contain hard particles or inclusions. An intersecting slip process was recently proposed as a possible mechanism for the formation of dimpled fracture in the planar slip materials. In this article, experimental evidence of void nucleation and growth on planar slip bands in a Nb-Cr-Ti solid-solution alloy (Nb-13Cr-37Ti, in at. pct) is presented. The experimental observations are compared against the intersecting slip model and a peierls stress calculation to elucidate the mechanism of dimpled fracture in planar slip materials.
The Relationship Between Native Speaker Judgments of Nonnative Pronunciation and Deviance in Segmentais, Prosody, and Syllable Structure

This study investigated the relationship between experienced SPEAK Test raters' judgments of nonnative pronunciation and actual deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure. Sixty reading passage speech samples from SPEAK Test tapes of speakers from 11 language groups were rated impressionistically on pronunciation and later analyzed for deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure. The deviance found in each area of pronunciation was then correlated with the pronunciation ratings using Pearson correlations and multiple regression. An analysis of the 60 speakers showed that whereas deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure all showed a significant influence on the pronunciation ratings, the prosodic variable proved to have the strongest effect. When separate analyses were done on two language subgroups within the sample, prosody was always found to be significantly related to the global ratings, whereas this was not always true for the other variables investigated.
Time-stamped graphs and their associated influence digraphs

A time-stamped graph is an undirected graph with a real number on each edge. Vertex u influences vertex v if there is a non-decreasing path from u to v. The associated influence digraph of a time-stamped graph is the directed graph that records the influences. Among other results, we determine for what n and t there exists a time-stamped graph whose associated influence digraph has n vertices and t arcs. We also investigate the minimum number of vertices a graph can have so that a given digraph is an induced subgraph of its associated influence digraph. A number of other questions are also explored.
Molecular cloning of the coding sequence of an interleukin-2 receptor α subunit cDNA in murine brain

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has various trophic and neuromodulatory actions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The interleukin-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα) is an accessory subunit of the IL-2 receptor heterotrimer complex which is essential for 'high' affinity IL-2 binding. Although an IL-2Rα (or IL-2Ra-like) epitope has been localized in brain by immunohistocytochemistry, it was unknown whether the IL-2Rα subunit expressed in-brain was derived from the same or a different gene than the lymphocyte IL-2Rα. Therefore, in the present study, the cDNA comprising the full length coding region was cloned and sequenced from saline-perfused forebrain. The brain IL-2Rα cDNA was found to be 100% homologous with the corresponding lymphocyte IL-2Rα cDNA sequence. IL-2Rα mRNA was expressed at very low levels in saline-perfused forebrain of non-challenged BALB/c mice as well as in saline-perfused forebrain from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. The present data, demonstrating IL-2Rα gene expression in both well-perfused normal and SCID mouse forebrain from which no CD3γ gene expression was detected by PCR, provides evidence that the IL-2Rα clones isolated are from resident brain cells and not from blood lymphocytes (e.g. T lymphocytes). Thus, these findings demonstrate that the protein coding sequence of the mouse brain IL-2Rα is derived from the same gene coding sequence as the lymphocyte IL-2Rα, and indicate that previously reported differences in the size of their respective mRNA transcripts appear to be due to differences in untranslated regions.
"We realized we had to become librarians": DJs, information practices and music libraries

This project addresses information practices used by disc jockeys (DJs) to organize music collections, focusing in particular on issues of managing large collections of media. Using in-depth interviews with 12 DJs, accounts of music collection, music organization and preparing for shows are analyzed to gain an understanding of how this particular community of practice manages technological change. Main themes from initial analysis include: the problematic nature of genre as a high-level mode of organization and the difficulty of scaling organization practices from smaller physical collections to large digital collections. Drawing on these themes, implications for design of DJ programs (such as iTunes and Serato) are offered, and directions for future work are discussed.
Single‐port laparoscopic right colonic resection

Background: The laparoscopic approach is a recognized treatment option for colonic resection. We present the first single-port operation for colonic resection using standard laparoscopic equipment and techniques. Methods: A single-port laparoscopic right colonic resection was successfully performed using GelPort (Applied Medical, Orange County, CA, USA) and a standard laparoscopic approach. Results: The procedure was completed in 105 min through a single periumbilical incision. There was minimal blood loss and no post-operative problems. Conclusion: Single-port laparoscopic techniques can be applied to colonic surgery. It negates morbidity associated with trochar insertion and port sites. It should be performed by surgeons familiar with laparoscopic colorectal techniques.
BET acetyl-lysine binding proteins control pathological cardiac hypertrophy

Cardiac hypertrophy is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure, and thus represents an attractive target for novel therapeutic intervention. JQ1, a small molecule inhibitor of bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) acetyl-lysine reader proteins, was identified in a high throughput screen designed to discover novel small molecule regulators of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. JQ1 dose-dependently blocked agonist-dependent hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) and reversed the prototypical gene program associated with pathological cardiac hypertrophy. JQ1 also blocked left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and improved cardiac function in adult mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). The BET family consists of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT. BRD4 protein expression was increased during cardiac hypertrophy, and hypertrophic stimuli promoted recruitment of BRD4 to the transcriptional start site (TSS) of the gene encoding atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). Binding of BRD4 to the ANF TSS was associated with increased phosphorylation of local RNA polymerase II. These findings define a novel function for BET proteins as signal-responsive regulators of cardiac hypertrophy, and suggest that small molecule inhibitors of these epigenetic reader proteins have potential as therapeutics for heart failure.
A chemical and physical method for determining the complete base composition of plant DNA.

Abstract Two physical methods are routinely used to determine the base composition of DNA. One measures the temperature corresponding to the midpoint of the absorbance rise ( T m ) and relates it to base composition with the equation, T m = 41 ( dG + dC ) + 69 , the other measures buoyant density (ϱ) and relates it to base composition ϱ = 0.098( dG + dC ) + 1.6535 . The base composition of DNA from various sources was first determined by a chemical method and these values compared to those determined by the physical methods. Higher plants contained up to 7 mol% 5-methyldeoxycytidine in their DNA and in all cases tested deoxyguanosine = deoxycytidine + 5- methyldeoxycytidine . After determining that T m was unaffected by the amount of 5-methyldeoxycytidine in DNA, the mol% of dA, dT, dG, and the total of dC plus 5-methyldeoxycytidine for any DNA could be calculated. Buoyant density on the other hand, was lowered 0.004 g · cm−3 for every 6.3 mol% 5-methyldeoxycytidine. Therefore, both physical parameters were related to the mole fraction of 5-methyldeoxycytidine by the following equation: 5-methyldeoxycytidine = 1.6535 − ϱ + 0.098( T m − 69 41 ) 0.064 With a value for 5-methyldeoxycytidine an estimation of deoxycytidine was made. The resultant values agreed with the chromatographic determinations.
Insulin-like growth factor I expression alters acute sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol in transgenic mice

Abstract We compared some biobehavioral effects of ethanol in transgenic mice that overexpress insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in brain and in those that exhibit ectopic brain expression of IGF binding protein 1 with those in non-transgenic littermate controls. Ethanol-induced sleep in IGF-I transgenic mice was significantly shorter, and in IGF binding protein 1 transgenic mice significantly longer, than in controls. A similar tendency, though not significant, was observed for ethanol-induced hypothermia. The groups did not differ in the degree of ethanol-induced ataxia. IGF-I transgenic mice did not acquire tolerance to either the hypothermic or hypnotic effects of ethanol following 7-day ethanol treatment. In contrast, tolerance in IGF binding protein 1 transgenic mice was significantly more pronounced than in controls. There were no significant differences among the three groups in the peak blood alcohol concentrations or the overall blood alcohol curves following acute ethanol challenge. In general, these data support the prediction made that chronically elevated exposure to IGF-I in IGF-I transgenic mice renders them less susceptible to the effects of ethanol than their non-transgenic siblings, and that overexpression of IGF binding protein 1 has the opposite effect.
Vertebral Fractures in Osteoporosis: A New Method for Clinical Assessment

Abstract Vertebral fractures are the most common consequence of osteoporosis and are an important risk factor for subsequent fractures. Patients with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and vertebral fractures have significantly increased risk for future fractures, indicating great potential for the combined use of fracture assessment and BMD in risk evaluation. Despite the established importance of fractures, however, vertebral assessment is not typically performed in the clinical evaluation of patients at risk for osteoporosis. Radiographs are the accepted standard for assessment of fractures but are rarely obtained in osteoporosis assessment for a variety of practical reasons, including cost, radiation dose, and the lack of office-based radiologic facilities. Clinical assessment of fractures is difficult because most are asymptomatic. Consequently, this strong risk factor for osteoporotic fractures is often overlooked. High-resolution lateral spine images, obtained on advanced fan-beam dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) systems, provide a practical, low-radiation dose, point-of-care methodology for assessment of vertebral fractures, and have the potential to address this important clinical need. In this article, we review the importance of vertebral fractures and the methods of assessing them. We also review clinical data supporting the feasibility of visual evaluation of lateral spine images obtained using a fan-beam DXA system, and discuss the potential positive impact of this new methodology on clinical patient evaluation.
Reduced LTP and LTD in prefrontal cortex synapses in the nucleus accumbens after heroin self-administration

Addiction changes prefrontal cortex regulation of the nucleus accumbens, including reduced ability to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). This important potential mechanism of impaired prefrontal regulation of behaviour has been shown only for cocaine. Here we show that animals trained to self-administer heroin demonstrate impaired LTP and LTD in the core of the nucleus accumbens following in vivo stimulation of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex. These data indicate that compromised synaptic plasticity in prefrontal to accumbens projections is a common feature of at least two distinct classes of addictive drug.
Microscopic optical potentials for nucleon-nucleus scattering

Microscopic optical potentials for nucleon-nucleus $(\mathrm{NA})$ scattering obtained from the folding of the effective g matrices, solutions of the Bruckner-Bethe-Goldstone equation, with the densities of the target, are applied to the case of neutron-nucleus scattering. Given that the optical potentials are specified in all two-body angular momentum, spin and isospin channels available to the $\mathrm{NA}$ scattering, the only difference in this model description of proton and neutron scattering observables for a given nucleus is in the inclusion of the Coulomb interaction. A priori microscopic optical model predictions for neutron and proton elastic scattering are compared with results from a phenomenological optical model and with data. New measurements are recommended to reduce discrepancies in the existing database, and to differentiate between different theoretical predictions.
Preference of Mongolian gerbils for salivary cues: a developmental analysis

Abstract The capacities of Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus , of different ages to discriminate between samples of saliva drawn from their known or potential social partners were examined using simultaneous two-choice preference tests. In the first experiment, weanling gerbils (24–27 days old) were attracted equally to saliva of either parent when presented concurrently, but exhibited a strong preference for their mother's or father's saliva when paired with unfamiliar parental saliva. Experiment 2 revealed that female juvenile gerbils (40–50 days ols), but not males, prefer same-sex sibling saliva. Neither juvenile females, nor males, showed a significant preference for saliva drawn from siblings and non-siblings of the opposite sex. As adults (90–100 days old), males and females are preferentially attracted to saliva from non-siblings of the opposite sex. Salivary stimuli may serve as chemosignals to help conspecifics make discriminations along biologically relevant dimensions and, perhaps, to promote contact between appropriate social partners at important periods in ontogeny.
Thymoma metastatic to the extradural spine.

Summary Background Spinal epidural metastases are the most common spinal tumor, occurring in 10% of cancer patients. Malignant thymoma is a mediastinal tumor, with extrathoracic metastases occurring in 15% of patients to liver, kidney, and bone. Spinal metastasis is exceptionally rare. We present a case of thymoma with extradural metastasis and discuss the relevant literature. Case report We describe a 45-year old man presenting with back pain and hypoesthesia twelve years after a diagnosis of thymoma. A review of the literature reveals few cases of thymoma metastatic to the extradural spine. We describe a novel surgical approach allowing ventral spinal cord decompression through a posterior incision. Conclusion Spinal epidural metastases should be suspected in all cancer patients with back pain. Early detection of epidural metastases may enable improved pain control and preservation of spinal stability, ambulation and sphincter control.
Lake Erie water snakes revisited: Morph- and age-specific variation in relative crypsis

Populations of water snakes (Nerodia sipedon insularum) on islands in western Lake Erie are variable in colour pattern, consisting of unbanded, intermediate, and banded morphs. In contrast, mainland populations (N. s. sipedon) consist solely of banded morphs. Previous investigators hypothesized that natural selection favoured unbanded morphs on exposed island shorelines and banded morphs in overgrown mainland habitats and that gene flow from mainland populations was responsible for the persistence of banded morphs on islands. To clarify the potential role of natural selection, I quantified relative crypsis among morphs and age classes of water snakes by comparing the size of patches making up their colour patterns with the size of patches in island and mainland backgrounds. This analysis reveals that if unbanded morphs are more cryptic than intermediate and banded morphs on islands, it is only in the young-of-the-year age class. For older snakes on islands and for all snakes on the mainland, unbanded morphs are consistently less cryptic than intermediate and banded morphs. Given these results, the net direction of selection in island populations should depend on the intensity of predation on different age classes of snakes. Overall, selection may favour unbanded morphs (e.g. if predation occurs primarily on young-of-the-year), intermediate and banded morphs (e.g. if predation occurs primarily on older snakes), or be weak or absent (e.g. certain combinations of predation on young-of-the-year and older snakes). Using estimates of relative crypsis to guide reanalysis of morph frequency data, I find support for the hypothesis that unbanded morphs are favoured by natural selection in island populations.
Interaction of pathogens with host cholesterol metabolism.

Purpose of review Pathogens of different taxa, from prions to protozoa, target cellular cholesterol metabolism to advance their own development and to impair host immune responses, but also causing metabolic complications, for example, atherosclerosis. This review describes recent findings of how pathogens do it. Recent findings A common theme in interaction between pathogens and host cholesterol metabolism is pathogens targeting lipid rafts of the host plasma membrane. Many intracellular pathogens use rafts as an entry gate, taking advantage of the endocytic machinery and high abundance of outward-looking molecules that can be used as receptors. At the same time, disruption of the rafts' functional capacity, achieved by the pathogens through a number of various means, impairs the ability of the host to generate immune response, thus helping pathogen to thrive. Pathogens cannot synthesize cholesterol, and salvaging host cholesterol helps pathogens build advanced cholesterol-containing membranes and assembly platforms. Impact on cholesterol metabolism is not limited to the infected cells; proteins and microRNAs secreted by infected cells affect lipid metabolism systemically. Summary Given an essential role that host cholesterol metabolism plays in pathogen development, targeting this interaction may be a viable strategy to fight infections, as well as metabolic complications of the infections.
Thyroid function in active, sleeping and torpid hummingbirds.

HUMMINGBIRDS have been of interest to physiologists for many years due to their small size and high metabolic rate. When it became apparent that these birds could be maintained under laboratory conditions1 and then studied in regard to various physiological parameters, it appeared of interest to examine the role of the thyroid gland in relation to metabolism. Diurnal torpidity has been demonstrated in two species of hummingbirds2,3, and recent studies1 on several other species have quantified the relationship of the active, sleeping and torpid metabolic states to ambient temperature. Although the causes and implications of the torpid state are incompletely understood, it was felt that perhaps the function of the thyroid gland might be related to the metabolic state. Seven hummingbirds that had been maintained under laboratory conditions for nine months were each injected beneath the skin with 1 µc. of carrier-free iodine-131 in a volume of 0.05 c.c. At selected intervals after administration of the isotope, the birds were killed by ether and the thyroid glands removed. The thyroid glands were counted with a probable error not exceeding 1 per cent in a well-type scintillation detector against suitable standards of the original iodine-131 solution. The time of injections was arranged so that the period of accumulation of iodine-131 occurred in birds that were either active, asleep or torpid.