cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating physical and chemical methods for isolating stable soil organic carbon

Abstract A better understanding of the effects of climate and management on long-term soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration necessitates separation of the stable from the labile SOC fraction. An array of physical and chemical methods is currently used for the separation of SOC fractions, but these methods have not been subjected to a comparative evaluation to understand their effectiveness. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the pool size and 13 C isotopic signatures of stable SOC fractions derived from physical and chemical approaches applied separately and in combination on a Typic Fragiudalf of Ohio, USA. Five methods were evaluated: recovery of silt-associated SOC by physical method (method 1a), clay-associated SOC by physical method (method 1b), bulk soil-associated SOC by chemical method (method 2), chemically stable silt-associated SOC by combined physical and chemical methods (method 3a), and chemically stable clay-associated SOC by combined physical and chemical methods (method 3b). The corn-derived fraction of the stable SOC pool was calculated using 13 C natural abundance technique because there was a clear vegetation shift from C 3 (forest) to C 4 species (corn, Zea mays L.) at the study site. Across land use and soil depth increments, the pool sizes of stable SOC isolated by chemical treatment, individually and in combination with physical method (methods 2, 3a, and 3b), were substantially lower (1.5% to 29.4% of total SOC) than that of standalone physical method (methods 1a and 1b) (17.3% to 64.8% of total SOC). However, among the chemical methods (method 2, 3a and 3b), the pool size of chemically resistant SOC was generally comparable. In the surface layer, the proportion of young, corn-derived SOC was lower after chemical treatment than after individual physical method. But, the chemically stabilized SOC in subsoil showed an enrichment of 13 C signatures and increased proportion of C 4 –C than that of surface soil, and it is mostly similar to that derived from physical methods. The data obtained from this study indicate that integrating physical and chemical methods is effective in isolating the SOC fraction with greatest stability in the surface soil layer, but its effectiveness to separating the stable SOC fractions in the subsoil was comparable to individual physical and chemical methods.
The unoperated hand: The role of passive forces in hand function after tetraplegia

Abstract Passive forces play a large role in hand function after tetraplegia. Most individuals with tetraplegia choose not to undergo surgical reconstruction of hand function and, therefore, depend on the passive properties of their musculoskeletal system to perform functional tasks. Knowledge of the levels of force needed to perform many of these tasks is lacking. Understanding the mechanics of producing passive force is important for designing adaptive tools and other devices for tetraplegic individuals. Knowledge of the passive properties of the upper extremity is important in forming treatment strategies. The passive forces produced for change to the tenodesis grasp are small but useful to the individual. Since these forces arise from basic anatomy and muscle function, they are important even after surgical restoration of hand function. Compensatory strategies for the unoperated hand probably play a role in the operated hand. The approach to surgical restoration of grasp must consider how passive forces contribute to functional outcome.
Structure and function of biotin-dependent carboxylases

Biotin-dependent carboxylases include acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), geranyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and urea carboxylase (UC). They contain biotin carboxylase (BC), carboxyltransferase (CT), and biotin-carboxyl carrier protein components. These enzymes are widely distributed in nature and have important functions in fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, polyketide biosynthesis, urea utilization, and other cellular processes. ACCs are also attractive targets for drug discovery against type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer, microbial infections, and other diseases, and the plastid ACC of grasses is the target of action of three classes of commercial herbicides. Deficiencies in the activities of PCC, MCC, or PC are linked to serious diseases in humans. Our understanding of these enzymes has been greatly enhanced over the past few years by the crystal structures of the holoenzymes of PCC, MCC, PC, and UC. The structures reveal unanticipated features in the architectures of the holoenzymes, including the presence of previously unrecognized domains, and provide a molecular basis for understanding their catalytic mechanism as well as the large collection of disease-causing mutations in PCC, MCC, and PC. This review will summarize the recent advances in our knowledge on the structure and function of these important metabolic enzymes.
Transient ischemic attack due to early carotid stent thrombosis: successful rescue with rheolytic thrombectomy and systemic abciximab.

Purpose:To describe a successful neurorescue technique in a patient with generalized seizures followed by hemiparesis immediately after carotid artery stenting (CAS) for a postsurgical restenosis.Case Report:A 65-year-old man with a symptomatic recurrent high-grade carotid stenosis after carotid endarterectomy was treated with CAS. The procedure was complicated by sudden transient ischemic attack caused by acute carotid stent thrombosis with clot propagation into the cerebral circulation. Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy was performed with adjunctive infusion of intravenous abciximab, resulting in complete thrombus dissolution and resolution of neurological symptoms.Conclusions:Access to a mechanical thrombectomy device was essential for rapid thrombus extraction, and adjunctive abciximab aided in residual clot dissolution. As a result of this combined method of clot removal, a disastrous outcome was averted.
The Influence of Gujarati and Tamil L1s on Indian English: A Preliminary Study.

Abstract: English as spoken as a second language in India has developed distinct sound patterns in terms of both segmental and prosodic characteristics. We investigate the differences between two groups varying in native language (Gujarati, Tamil) to evaluate to what extent Indian English (IE) accents are based on a single target phonological-phonetic system (i.e., General Indian English), and/or vary due to transfer from the native language. Consonants, vowels and intonation patterns from five Gujarati English (GE) and five Tamil English (TE) speakers of IE were transcribed and, in a subset of cases, acoustically analyzed. The results showed transfer effects in GE back vowels, TE rhotics and the proportion of rising versus falling pitch accents in GE intonation. The effect of the General Indian English model was evident in the front vowels of both GE and TE and in the presence of initial voiced stops in TE. Thus, the data reveal both phonetic and phonological influences of IE speakers’ native language on their accent in IE, even in proficient speakers; these influences appear to supersede IE norms and can be found in both the segmental and suprasegmental properties of their speech.
Inhibition of leptin secretion by insulin and metformin in cultured rat adipose tissue.

Abstract Leptin’s role in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure and weight control are widely recognized, especially in rodents. Likewise, the potential regulation of leptin secretion by insulin (and vice versa) has been of particular interest insofar as these nutrient signals may have meaningful, even adverse (inter)actions, in diabetes. We used a freshly isolated rat adipose tissue culture model to examine the effect of insulin, metformin and glibenclamide on basal and steroid-stimulated leptin secretion. This model was selected because of its physiologic rates of leptin formation and preservation of potentially significant cell–cell interactions compared to isolated cells. The basal rate of leptin secretion was 3.4±1.2 ng/100 mg tissue/24 h. The addition of 100 nM dexamethasone or 400 nM hydrocortisone stimulated leptin secretion by 3–4 fold over basal (no steroid). Insulin inhibited both basal and steroid-activated leptin secretion by 35–50%. This inhibition was present with either 1 mM pyruvate or 5 mM glucose as a substrate suggesting that glycolysis was not required. Metformin inhibited basal and dexamethasone-stimulated leptin secretion in a dose dependent manner (50% inhibition occurred at 1 mM metformin) while glibenclamide was ineffective. The effect of insulin on isolated fat cells versus fat tissue was tested in parallel. After 24 h in culture, insulin inhibited leptin secretion similarly in both adipose preparations. The addition of 200 nM (−)N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine did not alter the results.
Three-Dimensional Analytical Solution for Hybrid Multilayered Piezoelectric Plates

Analytical solutions for the static three-dimensional deformations of multilayered piezoelectric rectangular plates are obtained by using the Eshelby-Stroh formalism. The laminated plate consists of homogeneous elastic or piezoelectric laminae of arbitrary thicknesses. The equations of static, linear, piezoelectricity are exactly satisfied at every point in the body. The analytical solution is in terms of an infinite series; the continuity conditions at the interfaces and boundary conditions at the edges are used to determine the coefficients. The formulation admits different boundary conditions at the edges and is applicable to thick and thin laminated plates. Results are presented for thick piezoelectric plates with two opposite edges simply supported and the other two subjected to various boundary conditions. @S0021-8936~00!01803-1#
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) south polar mapping: First Mars year of observations

[1] We report on mapping of the south polar region of Mars using data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument. Our observations have led to the following discoveries: (1) Water ice is present in the form of pole-circling clouds originating from the circum-Hellas region, beginning prior to Ls = 162 and diminishing markedly at Ls = 200–204. (2) It has previously been inferred by thermal infrared observations by Titus et al. (2003) and CO2-H2O mixture spectral models by Langevin et al. (2007) that surface water ice was present in the cryptic region in the final stages of sublimation. The high resolution of CRISM has revealed regions where only water ice is present (not a CO2-H2O ice mixture). This water ice disappears completely by Ls = 252 and may be the source of water vapor observed by CRISM in southern latitudes between Ls = 240–260 by M. Smith et al. (2009). (3) We have estimated surface CO2 ice grain size distributions for the South Pole Residual Cap (SPRC) and the seasonal CO2 ice cap that covers it throughout summer spring and summer. Our analysis suggests that grain sizes peak at Ls = 191–199 with an apparent grain size of ∼7 ± 1 cm. By the end of the summer period our analysis demonstrates minimum apparent grain sizes of ∼5 ± 1 mm predominate in the SPRC. (4) Fine-grained CO2 ice condenses from Ls = 0–40 and extends symmetrically away from the geographic pole, extending beyond 80°S by Ls = 4–10. No evidence for unusual CO2 depositional processes in the cryptic region is observed up to Ls = 16.
Gene regulatory interactions at lateral organ boundaries in maize

Maize leaves have distinct tissues that serve specific purposes. The blade tilts back to photosynthesize and the sheath wraps around the stem to provide structural support and protect young leaves. At the junction between blade and sheath are the ligule and auricles, both of which are absent in the recessive liguleless1 (lg1) mutant. Using an antibody against LG1, we reveal LG1 accumulation at the site of ligule formation and in the axil of developing tassel branches. The dominant mutant Wavy auricle in blade1 (Wab1-R) produces ectopic auricle tissue in the blade and increases the domain of LG1 accumulation. We determined that wab1 encodes a TCP transcription factor by positional cloning and revertant analysis. Tassel branches are few and upright in the wab1 revertant tassel and have an increased branch angle in the dominant mutant. wab1 mRNA is expressed at the base of branches in the inflorescence and is necessary for LG1 expression. wab1 is not expressed in leaves, except in the dominant mutant. The domain of wab1 expression in the Wab1-R leaf closely mirrors the accumulation of LG1. Although wab1 is not needed to induce lg1 expression in the leaf, LG1 is needed to counteract the severe phenotype of the dominant Wab1-R mutant. The regulatory interaction of LG1 and WAB1 reveals a link between leaf shape and tassel architecture, and suggests the ligule is a boundary similar to that at the base of lateral organs.
Tree rotations for improving bounding volume hierarchies

Current top-down algorithms for constructing bounding volume hierarchies (BVHs) using the surface area heuristic (SAH) rely on an estimate of the cost of the potential subtrees to determine how to partition the primitives. After a tree has been fully built, however, the true cost value at each node can be computed. We present two related algorithms that use this information to reduce the treepsilas total cost through a series of local adjustments (tree rotations) to its structure. The first algorithm uses a fast and simple hill climbing method and the second uses simulated annealing to obtain greater improvements by avoiding local minima. Both algorithms are easy to add to existing BVH implementations and are suitable for preprocessing static geometry for interactive ray tracing.
PKA inhibits RhoA activation: a protection mechanism against endothelial barrier dysfunction

Much evidence indicates that cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) prevents increased endothelial permeability induced by inflammatory mediators. We investigated the hypothesis that PKA inhibits Rho ...
On the road with the National Basketball Association's superstar externality.

Hausman and Leonard offered evidence that Michael Jordan generated US$53 million in broadcast revenue for teams other than his employer, the Chicago Bulls. In essence, these authors argued for the existence of a superstar externality. The purpose of this article is to extend the work of Hausman and Leonard via an examination of road attendance in this sport. The evidence we report suggests that a superstar externality also exists on the road in the National Basketball Association. Policy suggestions to remedy this issue are offered in the text.
Millimeter-wave design considerations for power amplifiers in an SiGe process technology

This paper describes a number of significant modeling considerations for SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor power amplifiers operating at millimeter-wave frequencies. Small- and large-signal model-to-hardware correlation is presented for single transistor amplifiers, as well as for a combined dual-stage amplifier up to 65 GHz. The relevant parasitic effects are described along with the proposed modeling approach for each of them. The limits of the standard Vertical Bipolar Inter-Company device model at high-injection and their effect on the prediction of the achievable large-signal compression and power-added efficiency are also discussed.
Using description logics to evaluate the consistency of drug-class membership relations in NDF-RT

The NDF-RT (National Drug File Reference Terminology) is an ontology, which describes drugs and their properties and supports computerized physician order entry systems. NDF-RT’s classes are mostly specified using only necessary conditions and lack sufficient conditions, making its use limited until recently, when asserted drug-class relations were added. The addition of these asserted drug-class relations presents an opportunity to compare them with drug-class relations that can be inferred using the properties of drugs and drug classes in NDF-RT. We enriched NDF-RT’s drug-classes with sufficient conditions, added property equivalences, and then used an OWL reasoner to infer drug-class membership relations. We compared the inferred class relations to the recently added asserted relations derived from FDA Structured Product Labels. The inferred and asserted relations only match in about 50% of the cases, due to incompleteness of the drug descriptions and quality issues in the class definitions. This investigation quantifies and categorizes the disparities between asserted and inferred drug-class relations and illustrates issues with class definitions and drug descriptions. In addition, it serves as an example of the benefits DL can add to ontology development and evaluation.
Space domain approach for the analysis of printed circuits

A numerical approach to the solution of printed circuit structures of arbitrary shapes, embedded in a single or multilayer dielectric medium is presented. The electromagnetic fields are described in terms of the classical Sommerfeld integrals. The method of moments has been used to solve the derived integral equations for the surface electric and magnetic currents flowing on the conductors and/or the electric field distribution across the apertures. The matrix pencil technique is employed to decompose the current or the voltage waves along the line into their components like the fundamental modes, higher order modes, etc. The finite structures including discontinuities like bends, T junctions, crossovers, etc. are solved for their scattering parameters utilizing this method. The main advantage of this method is the generality which allows a large variety of problems to be covered. >
Why do states have territorial rights

What gives a particular state the right to exercise jurisdiction and enforcement power over a particular territory? Why does the state of Denmark have rights over the territory of Denmark, and not over the territory of Sweden, and vice versa? This paper first considers a popular argument that purports to ground state territorial rights in citizens’ rights of land ownership. On this view, the state has jurisdiction over territory insofar as its people owns the territory, and delegates jurisdictional powers over their land to the state. It is argued that we should reject this approach, because it is unable to explain: (a) how the state can establish a continuous territory; (b) why later generations consent to the state’s jurisdiction; and (c) why non-consenting property owners cannot secede. Rather than considering state jurisdiction to be derived from the people’s prior property rights, this paper claims that we should consider state jurisdictional rights over territory to be primitive. It defends an alternative Kantian account of territorial rights. On this view, a state’s claim to jurisdiction over territory is justified if that state imposes a system of property law that meets certain basic conditions of legitimacy. This Kantian approach, it is argued, allows us to make better sense of state territorial rights.
Revenge of The Radical Right: When Tolerance Breeds Hatred

Previous research has suggested that the electoral success of radical right parties can be derived either from the behavior of the mainstream parties or from the dynamics of competition between the nearby parties. Studies of intolerant radical right politics have tended to overlook the role of the radical right’s ideological ‘twin-opponent’: tolerant parties promoting minority rights. I argue that radical right parties arise to counterbalance the strength of parties advocating accommodation and tolerance towards social and ethnic minorities. An empirical implication of this theory is that the formation of a governing coalition between a mainstream party and a ‘twin-opponent’ party should increase the probability of the radical right’s success in the subsequent electoral cycle. The ruling coalition’s accommodation of minority demands aggravates pre-existing grievances, creates a reciprocal backlash, and strengthens radical right parties that promise to punish the politics of tolerance. Supportive evidence for the theory is found using an original data set that covers all post-communist democracies from 1989 to the present.
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance of Hg 201

Five nuclear quadrupole resonance lines have been observed in polycrystalline Hg${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$. From their frequencies, the magnitudes of the quadrupole coupling constants $\mathrm{eQ}{q}_{\mathrm{zz}}({\mathrm{Hg}}^{201})=720$ Mc/sec and $\mathrm{eQ}{q}_{\mathrm{zz}}({\mathrm{Cl}}^{35})=44.3$ Mc/sec were evaluated. Comparison of the ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$ coupling constant in Hg${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ with that known for the free Cl atom from atomic beam experiments facilitates the discussion of the molecular structure. A quadrupole coupling constant of 1000 Mc/sec per $p$ electron in the $6s6p$ configuration of free Hg is deduced from the ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{201}$ coupling in Hg${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$. This value can be directly compared with the coupling of the $6s6p$, $^{2}P_{2}$ HgI term, $\mathrm{eQ}{q}_{\mathrm{zz}}({\mathrm{Hg}}^{201}, {p}_{z})=780$ Mc/sec, which is equivalent to the value of the quadrupole parameter $B=0.27\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ known from optical hfs investigations. Whereas a standard analysis of the hfs of the $^{2}P_{2}$ term had given $Q({\mathrm{Hg}}^{201})=0.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, a discrepant value $Q({\mathrm{Hg}}^{201})=0.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ was obtained from the $^{1}P_{1}$ term. Our results yield a value 0.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, in fair agreement with the larger value found for the $^{2}P_{2}$ term.
Imperial identities: stereotyping, prejudice, and race in colonial Algeria (new edition)

Imperial Identities by Patricia Lorcin's is an erudite and ultimately compelling account of the constitution of racial identities in French Algeria. First published in 1995, it quickly became requi...
Interfacial Diffusivity of Moisture Along A SiO2/Tin Interface Measured Using Imaging Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS)

The SiO2/TiN interface is prone to sub-critical decohesion by crack extension along the interface when exposed to moisture. As with conventional sub-critical crack growth in bulk silica, the rate of decohesion is dependent on both the relative humidity and the strain energy release rate. One of the unusual observations we have noted is that the decohesion velocity of narrow strips is highly sensitive to the exposure time in the humid environment, suggesting that the moisture diffuses into the interface ahead of the propagating decohesion crack, causing a form of hydrolytic weakening of the interface. In seeking to establish the origin of this behavior, we report measurements of moisture diffusion along the SiO2/TiN interface using Imaging Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) after immersion in water containing radioactive tracers,2D and 18O. Analysis of images formed using 2D and 18O revealed that both diffuse along the interface with a diffusivity of (6 ±2)×10−13 cm2/sec, a value about 104 times faster than the bulk diffusion in the SiO2 dielectric.
Synthesis of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/pluronic-based polyrotaxanes via heterogeneous reaction as potential Niemann-Pick type C therapeutics.

Five polyrotaxanes were synthesized by threading 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) onto a variety of α,ω-ditriethylenediamino-N-carbamoyl-poly-(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic) triblock copolymers using a two-pot strategy under heterogeneous, nonaqueous conditions. The threaded HP-β-CD units were retained on the pseudopolyrotaxane precursors by end-capping the branched diamine termini with sodium 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate. Inclusion of the Pluronic copolymers within the HP-β-CD cavities was more favorable in nonpolar solvents, such as diethyl ether and n-hexane, both of which gave better coverage ratios than polar solvents. 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF were used to estimate the average molecular weights of the purified polyrotaxane products. A globular morphology of aggregated polyrotaxanes was observed by tapping-mode AFM imaging of dried samples. Treatment of Niemann-Pick C (NPC) type 2-deficient fibroblasts with the polyrotaxane derivatives produced...
A Analysis on the Factors Affect Middle School Students do Physical Exercises in Hainan Province

In recent years,youngsters health stage has presented clearly decline.Amony the many reasons,the heavily study pressure made partly students can not pledge one day one hour physical education training.And then,the timited space equipments is also one of the important factors.So,the concerned department should throw into more PE equipments,and pay close attention to middle school students physical health.
Northeastern Pingju Opera in the Time of Puppet Manchu Government and War of Liberation

Northeastern Pingju Opera grown hardly in the time of Puppet Manchu Government.However,the artists not only created lots of new operas,but also innovated in many ways.What they had done attained audiencei s avocation.In the time of War of Liberation,the Pingju Opera in The Kuomintang-controlled Area suffocated while the opera in liberated area bloomed. Theatrical troupes reformed traditional theater pieces,created new revolutionary pieces,which got a new life for the opera.
Transformations of the FeS Clusters of the Methylthiotransferases MiaB and RimO, Detected by Direct Electrochemistry.

The methylthiotransferases (MTTases) represent a subfamily of the S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) radical superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the attachment of a methylthioether (-SCH3) moiety on unactivated carbon centers. These enzymes contain two [4Fe-4S] clusters, one of which participates in the reductive fragmentation of AdoMet to generate a 5′-deoxyadenosyl 5′-radical and the other of which, termed the auxiliary cluster, is believed to play a central role in constructing the methylthio group and attaching it to the substrate. Because the redox properties of the bound cofactors within the AdoMet radical superfamily are so poorly understood, we have examined two MTTases in parallel, MiaB and RimO, using protein electrochemistry. We resolve the redox potentials of each [4Fe-4S] cluster, show that the auxiliary cluster has a potential higher than that of the AdoMet-binding cluster, and demonstrate that upon incubation of either enzyme with AdoMet, a unique low-potential state of the enzyme emerges. Our ...
The Meaning and Future of Extreme Media in American Politics

In this chapter, Taylor summarizes the findings from Chaps. 1 through 6, and highlights the implications and future for extreme media research. The contributions to political science include establishing extreme media as a new area for media and politics research as well as expanding the field’s understanding of how media affect immigration policy. The practical implications include showing how a relatively small sub-set of the population can create a substantively important impact for the whole of American politics and political behavior. The chapter concludes with paths for future research on extreme media in American politics.
Acetabular Fractures in the Senior Population- Epidemiology, Mortality and Treatments.

Background:Management of acetabular fractures in the senior population can be one of the most challenging injuries tomanage. Furthermore, treating surgeons have a paucity of information to guide the treatment in this patient population.The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) demographic and epidemiologic data, (2) mortality rates for nonoperativecompared to operative management at different time points, (3) common fracture configurations, and (4) fracture fixationstrategies in senior patients treated with acetabular fractures.Methods:Retrospective review of prospectively gathered data at a Level I trauma center over a five-year period. 1123acetabular fractures were identified. 156 of them were for patients over the age of 65 (average age of 78).Results:Falls and motor vehicle accidents accounted for the two most common mechanisms of injury. 82% of patientshad significant medical comorbidities. 51 patients (33%) died within one year, in which 75% of them died within 90 daysof their acetabular fracture. 84% of the deceased patients, i.e. from the group of 51 patients, had non-operative treatment.For patients treated with traction alone, there was a 79% one-year mortality and 50% mortality rate within 90 days. Withinthe entire cohort, 70% had either an associated both-column (ABC) or anterior column/posterior hemitransverse (AC/PHT)fracture pattern. Fifty-seven patients (36.5%) underwent open reduction and internal fixation using standard reductiontechniques and surgical implants via two main surgical exposures of ilioinguinal (69%) and Kocher-Langenbeck (29%).Conclusion:Geriatric patients with acetabular fractures are uncommon accounting for only 14% of all acetabularfractures. Patients who undergo surgery show lower mortality rates. ABC and AC/PHT fracture patterns are the two mostcommon fracture patterns. Routine fixation constructs and implants can be used to manage these challenging fractures.Most patients are unable to return to their homes and instead require skilled nursing facility during their convalescence.
2013 Report of the President and Chair of the Board

As I conclude my presidential year, I want you to know what an amazing honor it has been to serve ASHP in this capacity. I also want to acknowledge and thank everyone seated here in the House of Delegates for your ongoing involvement and commitment to our organization and to the profession of
The Sliding Window Protocol Revisited

We give a correctness proof of the sliding window protocol. Both safety and liveness properties are addressed. We show how faulty channels can be represented as nondeterministic programs. The correctness proof is given as a sequence of correctness-preserving transformations of a sequential program that satisfies the original specification, with the exception that it does not have any faulty channels. We work as long as possible with a sequential program, although the transformation steps are guided by the aim of going to a distributed program. The final transformation steps consist in distributing the actions of the sequential program over a number of processes.
Polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure in the Mid-Ohio River Valley, 1991-2012.

Abstract Background Industrial discharges of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to the Ohio River, contaminating water systems near Parkersburg, WV, were previously associated with nearby residents' serum PFOA concentrations above US general population medians. Ohio River PFOA concentrations downstream are elevated, suggesting Mid-Ohio River Valley residents are exposed through drinking water. Objectives Quantify PFOA and 10 other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Mid-Ohio River Valley resident sera collected between 1991 and 2013 and determine whether the Ohio River and Ohio River Aquifer are exposure sources. Methods We measured eleven PFAS in 1608 sera from 931 participants. Serum PFOA concentration and water source associations were assessed using linear mixed-effects models. We estimated between-sample serum PFOA using one-compartment pharmacokinetics for participants with multiple samples. Results In serum samples collected as early as 1991, PFOA (median = 7.6 ng/mL) was detected in 99.9% of sera; 47% had concentrations greater than US population 95th percentiles. Five other PFAS were detected in greater than 82% of samples; median other PFAS concentrations were similar to the US general population. Serum PFOA was significantly associated with water source, sampling year, age at sampling, tap water consumption, pregnancy, gravidity and breastfeeding. Serum PFOA was 40–60% lower with granular activated carbon (GAC) use. Repeated measurements and pharmacokinetics suggest serum PFOA peaked 2000–2006 for participants using water without GAC treatment; where GAC was used, serum PFOA concentrations decreased from 1991 to 2012. Conclusions Mid-Ohio River Valley residents appear to have PFOA, but not other PFAS, serum concentrations above US population levels. Drinking water from the Ohio River and Ohio River Aquifer, primarily contaminated by industrial discharges 209–666 km upstream, is likely the primary exposure source. GAC treatment of drinking water mitigates, but does not eliminate, PFOA exposure.
Mexico “on Top:” Queering Masculinity in Contemporary Mexican Soccer Chronicles

Considering the aggressive and homophobic behavior exhibited by fans of Mexico and the USA in recent years, the US–Mexico soccer rivalry has functioned as an important representational site for establishing masculinist nationalism and heteronormativity. This study analyzes how Juan Villoro and Guadalupe Loaeza have used their chronicles to interpret and dramatize Mexican fan practices—specifically the desmadre and the yelling of puto—carried out during these matches. Noting the genre’s subversive character, these texts not only challenge the Mexican Football Federation’s official support of this fan fervor, but also seek to deconstruct the rivalry’s patriarchal tendencies, specifically those that establish “feminized” losers on the pitch and in the stands.
Legal Prostitution: The German and Dutch Models

This chapter examines two nations where prostitution is legal and regulated by the state. The central features of each legal system are described, followed by an analysis of struggles over prostitution policy in the postlegalization period. Recent conflicts in Germany and the Netherlands illustrate the kinds of debates and policy proposals that may arise in other nations after prostitution is decriminalized. The legislation resulting from these recent struggles is evaluated.
Adventures in high-altitude physiology

I have probably had more fun doing high-altitude physiology than most people. Some 45 years ago I applied to be a member of Sir Edmund Hillary’s Silver Hut expedition and was accepted in spite of having no previous climbing experience. On this project a group of physiologists wintered at an altitude of 5800 m just south of Everest and carried out an extensive research program. Subsequently measurements were extended up to an altitude of 7440 m on Makalu. In fact the altitude of these field measurements of \( \dot VO_{2max} \) has never been exceeded. This led to a long interest in high-altitude medicine and physiology which culminated in the 1981 American Medical Research Expedition to Everest during which 5 people reached the summit and the first physiological measurements on the summit were made. Among the extraordinary findings were an extremely low alveolar PCO2 of 7–8 mmHg, an arterial pH (from the measured PCO2 and blood base excess) of over 7.7, and a \( \dot VO_{2max} \) of just over one liter/min. More recently a major interest has been the pathogenesis of high altitude pulmonary edema which we believe is caused by damage to pulmonary capillaries when the pressure inside some of them increases as a result of uneven hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (“stress failure”). Another interest is improving the conditions of people who need to work at high altitude by oxygen enrichment of room air. This enhances well-being and productivity, and is now being used or planned for several high-altitude telescopes up to altitudes of 5600 m. Other recent high-altitude projects include establishing an international archive on high-altitude medicine and physiology at UCSD, several books in the area including the historical study High Life, and editing the journal High Altitude Medicine & Biology.
Aortic obstructions in infants and children: Surgery for complex aortic coarctation

Abstract Coarctation of the aorta is a constellation of aortic obstructive lesions that may occur from the ascending to descending abdominal aorta. It is frequently associated with a variety of other obstructive and nonobstructive intracardiac defects. A strategy for the management of these lesions is presented encompassing the indications for operation, preoperative management, and operative techniques, options, and results.
Targeted next generation sequencing of well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma reveals novel gene amplifications and mutations

Well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma is a common soft tissue sarcoma with approximately 1500 new cases per year. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment but recurrences are frequent and systemic options are limited. 'Tumor genotyping' is becoming more common in clinical practice as it offers the hope of personalized targeted therapy. We wanted to evaluate the results and the clinical utility of available next-generation sequencing panels in WD/DD liposarcoma. Patients who had their tumor sequenced by either FoundationOne (n = 13) or the institutional T200/T200.1 panels (n = 7) were included in this study. Significant copy number alterations were identified, but mutations were infrequent. Out of the 27 mutations detected in 7 samples, 8 (CTNNB1, MECOM, ZNF536, EGFR, EML4, CSMD3, PBRM1, PPP1R3A) were identified as deleterious (on Condel, PolyPhen and SIFT) and a truncating mutation was found in NF2. Of these, EGFR and NF2 are potential driver mutations and have not been reported previously in liposarcoma. MDM2 and CDK4 amplification was universally present in all the tested samples and multiple other recurrent genes with high amplification or high deletion were detected. Many of these targets are potentially actionable. Eight patients went on to receive an MDM2 inhibitor with a median time to progression of 23 months (95% CI: 10-83 months).
The Life and Legacy of Niles Polk Rumely Newton: Breastfeeding Researcher, Advocate, and Mother, 1923-1993:

In the 1950s, researchers devoted very little time to understanding breastfeeding, physicians and nurses learned almost nothing about it in their training, and even those mothers who showed an interest in breastfeeding often found the lack of information and support for doing so to be overwhelming. In this period, Niles R. Newton stands out for a number of reasons. Born in 1923, Niles went on to marry, have four children (all of whom she breastfed), earn a master's degree and a PhD, and carry on a successful research career as a specialist in the psychology of childbirth, breastfeeding, and childrearing. Her unique work in the psychology and physiology of breastfeeding shed precious light on many of the most common problems that mothers faced when they set out to breastfeed their infants. Her research quickly became the cornerstone of the back-to-the-breast movement and was snapped up by breastfeeding advocates, mothers, and La Leche League, in particular, who helped popularize and disseminate Newton's ideas to an eager audience. This article examines Newton's life and works in more detail and argues for the central place she holds in the history of modern breastfeeding.
Diffusional water permeability (PDW) of adult and neonatal rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles.

We have shown that there is a maturational increase in osmotic water permeability (Pf) of rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). The purpose of the present study was to further investigate the changes in proximal tubule water transport that occur during postnatal development. Diffusional water permeability (PDW) has not been measured directly in adult or neonatal BBMV. We validated the method described by Ye and Verkman (Simultaneous optical measurement of osmotic and diffusional water permeability in cells and liposomes. Biochemistry 28:824–829, 1989) to measure PDW in red cell ghosts and liposomes, to examine the maturational changes in PDW in BBMV. This method utilizes the sensitivity of 8-aminonaphtalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (ANTS) fluorescence to the D2O-H2O content of the solvent. ANTS-loaded neonatal (11 days old) and adult BBMV were rapidly mixed with two volumes of isoosmotic D2O solution using a stopped-flow apparatus at 5°–37°C. PDW was lower in neonatal than adult BBMV at 5° (3.77 ± 0.34 vs. 5.35 ± 0.43 mm/sec, respectively, p<0.05) and 20°C (7.03 ± 0.40 vs. 9.04 ± 0.25 mm/sec, respectively, p<0.001), but was not different at 30° and 37° C. The activation energy (Ea) was higher in neonatal than in adult BBMV (9.29 ± 0.56 kcal/mol vs. 6.46 ± 0.56 kcal/mol, p<0.001). In adult BBMV, PDW was inhibited by 0.5 mM HgCl2 by 46.6 ± 3.6%, while it was not affected in neonatal BBMV (p<0.001). The results indicate that PDW can be measured in rabbit renal BBMV. There are significant changes in water transport across the apical membrane during postnatal development, consistent with a maturational increase in channel-mediated water transport.
THALAMO-CORTICAL MEDIATION OF PERCEPTION AND MEMORY IN MAN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the thalamocortical mediation of perception and memory in man. The pulvinar nucleus in the left and right lateral thalamus and the ipsilateral cortices co-sponsor naming and recalling verbal memoranda or discriminating and recognizing visual patterns. In a study described in the chapter, stimulation within this system on either side produced a distinct retrograde memory loss. In contrast, stimulation of the cingulum or the cortex of the anterior temporal lobe never elicited dysphasia or perceptual deficits but produced anterograde memory problems. The effects of cortical lesions in the language zone are more severe and disabling. Retrograde memory errors and anomia occurred with left posterior-temporal parietal stimulation. Thus, stimulation upset the primary language system and prevented the subject from being able to name or tag highly familiar objects, which in one sense might be classified as old information, well-established within, the subject's long-term repository. This indicates that in man, recent and remote memory for certain types of information may be served by a common retrieval mechanism situated within the cortical language zone, interacting with the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus.
Assessment of growth, survival, and organ tissues of caged mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in a river-scape influenced by coal mining in the southeastern USA

Abstract The Clinch River contains one of the most diverse freshwater mussel assemblages in the United States, with 46 extant species, 20 of which are listed as federally endangered. In a 91 km section of the Clinch River, mussel densities have severely declined at key sites from 1979 to 2014 (zone of decline), compared to other river sections that support high density and stable mussel populations (zone of stability). Coal mining has occurred in tributary watersheds that drain to the zone of decline since the late nineteenth century. To determine differences in survival, growth, and organ (gills, digestive glands, kidneys, and gonads) tissue health between the river zones, laboratory-propagated mussels were deployed to cages for one year at four sites each within the zones of mussel stability and decline. Means of growth and survival of mussels in the zone of stability were significantly greater than in the zone of decline, and mean fractions of kidney lipofuscin in mussels in the zone of decline was significantly greater than in the zone of stability. Water concentrations of K+, Na+, Al, and Mn were significantly greater in the zone of decline than in the zone of stability. Statistical correlation results indicated that mussel survival was positively associated with concentrations of Mn in water, and kidney lipofuscin was negatively associated with concentrations of dissolved K+, SO42−, and Mg2+. Most concentrations of contaminants were below published benchmark criteria, yet our results suggest that conditions continue to exist in the zone of decline that promote impacts to mussels that are at least partially associated with low concentration coal-related contaminants. More research is needed to determine the additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of these complex ionic mixtures on freshwater mussels from river environments, such as in the Clinch River, where constituent concentrations are relatively low.
Model-based Test-Driven Cyber-Physical System Design

Model-based design plays a key role in the software-intensive design and cyber-physical system development. With more research attention given to the cyber-physical system (CPS), the desire to construct a reliable and robust CPS was raised further with the intention to researchers. Test-driven development (TDD) plays an important role in providing reliable software intensive systems. TDD requires the generation of tests to ensure the quality of code is valid. In this paper, we describe an approach to introduce the main ideas of integrating a model-based design with the test-driven development in the cyber-physical system development process to ensure a robust CPS. This study was validated by a testable tangible experiment with LEGO bricks on the multiple automatic driving cars in the predefined parking garage.
A review of alligator and snake skin morphology and histotechnical preparations

The anatomy, biochemistry, biomechanics, and evolution of reptile integument have been topics of intense interest in the scientific community for at least two centuries. As such, histological techn...
Challenges and Requirements

MR-only radiotherapy planning is an area of active research and development. Technological advances in MR-guided delivery systems and availability of MR scanners in radiotherapy department have made the clinical integration of MR-only planning possible. The chapter outlines challenges and requirements for MR-only radiotherapy and gives background on the most important requirement of MR-only planning, namely, the development of synthetic CT. The chapter describes the simplest method for generating synthetic CT, mainly bulk density assignment, and sets the background and motivation for more advanced methods.
Insertion of CO2 Mediated by a (Xantphos)NiI–Alkyl Species

The incorporation of CO2 into organometallic and organic molecules represents a sustainable way to prepare carboxylates. The mechanism of reductive carboxylation of alkyl halides has been proposed to proceed through the reduction of NiII to NiI by either Zn or Mn, followed by CO2 insertion into NiI -alkyl species. No experimental evidence has been previously established to support the two proposed steps. Demonstrated herein is that the direct reduction of (tBu-Xantphos)NiII Br2 by Zn affords NiI species. (tBu-Xantphos)NiI -Me and (tBu-Xantphos)NiI -Et complexes undergo fast insertion of CO2 at 22 °C. The substantially faster rate, relative to that of NiII complexes, serves as the long-sought-after experimental support for the proposed mechanisms of Ni-catalyzed carboxylation reactions.
Residences without residents: Assessing the geography of ghost dwellings in big U.S. cities

Ghost dwellings are defined as housing units that are vacant but not abandoned nor available for rent or sale; their owners only occasionally reside in them. In big cities, they are thought to cont...
Disodium Salts of Pseudoephedrine-Derived Myers Enolates: Stereoselectivity and Mechanism of Alkylation.

Pseudoephedrine-derived dianionic Myers enolates were generated using sodium diisopropylamide (NaDA) in THF solution. The reactivities and selectivities of the disodium salts largely mirror those o...