cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dispersion-reduced high impedance surface loaded with non-Foster impedances

A High impedance surface (HIS) supports surface waves, whose propagation constant k is associated with the reactive surface impedance. The frequency dependence of the surface impedance leads to dispersive surface wave propagation. This paper introduces a novel HIS loaded with non-Foster impedances whose special impedance-frequency relationship helps to reduce the dispersion of the surface wave propagation. The reduced dispersion is demonstrated with Eigenmode simulations, showing a constant refractive index over a significant broad bandwidth.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Cell Therapy for Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Overview of Experimental and Clinical Studies, Current Challenges, and Future Directions”

We welcome the opportunity to comment on the size and number of the endomyocardial biopsies that were taken in the CArdiosphere-Derived aUtologous stem CElls to reverse ventricUlar dySfunction (CADUCEUS) trial.1 In their letter, Makkar et al indicate that they generally harvested 10 specimens per patient. Because the total tissue obtained weighed 276 mg, the average weight was ≈28 mg per specimen (or greater if 453 mg, ie, the 10 specimens weighed, on average, >45 mg each. These values are several fold higher than those which are generally achieved in clinical practice. The 2 bioptomes most commonly used in clinical practice are manufactured by Cordis (J&J) and Argon. According to the Cordis catalog (http://www.cordis.com/emea/pl/product/biopsy-forceps …
Environmental noise improves epistasis models of genetic data discovered using a computational evolution system

Common human diseases likely result from nonlinear interactions between multiple DNA sequence variations. One goal of human genetics is to use data mining and machine learning methods to identify combinations of genetic variations that are predictive of discrete measures of health in human population data. "Artificial evolution" approaches loosely based on real biological processes have been developed and applied in this domain, but it has recently been suggested that "computational evolution" approaches which incorporate additional biological and evolutionary complexity into existing algorithms will be more likely to solve problems of interest to biologists and biomedical researchers. Here we introduce a method to evolve compact solutions by adding environmental noise to a dataset during fitness evaluation. In ecological systems a highly specialized organism can fail to thrive as the environment changes. By introducing numerous small changes into training data, i.e. the environment, during evolution we similarly drive selection towards more general solutions. We show that this improves the power of the computational evolution system when modest amounts of noise are used. Furthermore, this method of changing the environment in which fitness is evaluated with small perturbations fits within the computational evolution framework and is an effective method of controlling solution size for problems where the data are likely to be noisy.
Glycine, nitrate, and ammonium uptake by classic and modern wheat varieties in a short-term microcosm study

Plants take up nitrogen principally in the form of nitrate and ammonium; however, evidence is growing that they can also use organic N in the form of amino acids. Selecting varieties that better use organic N could be important in maximizing productivity in organic and low-input systems because these varieties may access a wider pool of available nutrients. We tested amino acid-N uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings over 24 h over a range of soil glycine concentrations. Wheat was grown in 5 ml pipette tips for 10 days prior to labeling with 14C-labeled glycine. In a second experiment, uptake of amino acid-N relative to nitrate and ammonium was tested in three pre-1940 wheat varieties (Arco, Idaed, and Red Fife), three modern varieties (Alpowa, Madsen, and Zak), and one perennial wheat variety (unreleased). Glycine-N was detected in all shoots (with the exception of the lowest soil concentration) and increased with increasing soil concentration. There were few differences in uptake between individual varieties tested but seedlings of modern varieties were more efficient at capturing organic N than classic varieties. Glycine-N constituted between 3.9% and 8.1% of total N uptake over 24 h and constituted a significantly greater proportion of total N in perennial wheat than annual wheat varieties. These results show that there may be sufficient varietal differences in organic N uptake in wheat to warrant selection for this trait in breeding programs targeted to improving N use efficiency.
The incidence of stalk rot (Fusarium spp.) on maize hybrids and its effect on yield of maize in Britain

SUMMARY Stalk rot was present in each of 78 maize crops and six hybrid maize trials examined between 1971 and 1975. Fusarium culmorum was the main cause of the disease and was isolated from 67 of the 82 samples from which isolates were made. Lodging was found to be related to, and a natural succession of, the earlier wilting symptom caused by infection with F. culmorum. Yield losses were estimated in 39 crops between 1973 and 1975 and the disease caused a mean reduction of 18-7% in cob weight and 11-2% in 1000-grain weight of infected plants over the 3 yr of the survey.
Fundamentos da performance

Neste artigo, esboco as principais concepcoes de performance que tem norteado trabalhos linguisticamente orientados acerca do tema, suas origens e como se relacionam ou divergem. Considero primeiramente o potencial pouco desenvolvido do trabalho orientado para a performance na sociolinguistica variacionista, para depois examinar a performance enquanto exibicao virtuosistica, conforme tem se desenvolvido sobretudo na antropologia linguistica. Em seguida, foco a performance enquanto teatralidade, com atencao especial para a analise da ordem da interacao, bem como a performance cultural como evento destacado e relevado que fornece uma perspectiva ricamente reflexiva sobre a cultura. Concluo com uma discussao sobre a performance mediatizada e a produtividade do conceito de remediatizacao na reducao da distância entre a performance copresente e a performance mediatizada.
Lifting Representations to Covering Groups

The primary purpose of this note is to prove that if a discrete subgroup Z of Z’S&(C) has no 2-torsion then it lifts to S&(C); i.e., there is a homomorphism Z+ S&(C) such that the composition with the natural projection S&(C) + Z’S&(C) is the identity on K (Note that the absence of 2-torsion is necessary, since cyclic subgroups of even order do not lift.) This extends a result of Km [2], for which Z was required to be a function group. Our methods are simple and straightforward, requiring only elementary covering space theory.
Quantitative risk-based analysis for military counterterrorism systems

This paper presents a realistic and practical approach to quantitatively assess the risk-reduction capabilities of military counterterrorism systems in terms of damage cost and casualty figures. The comparison of alternatives is thereby based on absolute quantities rather than an aggregated utility or value provided by multicriteria decision analysis methods. The key elements of the approach are (1) the use of decision-attack event trees for modeling and analyzing scenarios, (2) a portfolio model approach for analyzing multiple threats, and (3) the quantitative probabilistic risk assessment matrix for communicating the results. Decision-attack event trees are especially appropriate for modeling and analyzing terrorist attacks where the sequence of events and outcomes are time-sensitive. The actions of the attackers and the defenders are modeled as decisions and the outcomes are modeled as probabilistic events. The quantitative probabilistic risk assessment matrix provides information about the range of the possible outcomes while retaining the simplicity of the classic safety risk assessment matrix based on Mil-Std-882D. It therefore provides a simple and reliable tool for comparing alternatives on the basis of risk including confidence levels rather than single point estimates. This additional valuable information requires minimal additional effort. The proposed approach is illustrated using a simplified but realistic model of a destroyer operating in inland restricted waters. The complex problem of choosing a robust counterterrorism protection system against multiple terrorist threats is analyzed by introducing a surrogate multi-threat portfolio. The associated risk profile provides a practical approach for assessing the robustness of different counterterrorism systems against plausible terrorist threats. The paper documents the analysis for a hypothetical case of three potential threats. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 273–289, 2007 This is a US Government work, and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Congenital heart disease in a medical rehabilitation program

Summary A study of the first 129 childrenwith congenital heart disease cared for in the New York City medical rehabilitation program reveals the following facts: 1. This group of 129 children represents 41 per cent of the children with congenital heart disease cared for by the participating hospitals during the period studied. 2. Most of the children were in theinfant, preschool, and early schoolage groups. 3. Three of the nine participating hospitals cared for 76 per cent of the children in the program. 4. Forty-seven per cent of the childrenreceived a diagnostic work-up only, and 53 per cent received a diagnostic work-up and surgery. 5. At each step of the way in themanagement of children with congenital heart disease, a considerable number of children had a change in diagnosis. 6. Of the children having surgery, 23 per cent were cured and 48 per cent were improved. Seventeen per cent of the children died during or after surgery. 7. The average cost per child was$218.31. 8. The average length of hospitalstay was 31.9 days, of which 16.7 days were covered by the program. The implications of these findings for improvement in the administration of the program and in the care of handicapped children are discussed.
An Exploration of Gender Differences in Measurement of Fear of Crime

Most studies that investigate differences in fear of crime between men and women assume measurement invariance. This study explores gender differences in two different scales that measure fear of crime—a four-item factor from a survey of 1,918 southern Californians and an eight-item factor from a statewide survey of 4,245 Californians. Measurement invariance of these factors is assessed with two structural equations modeling techniques—a two-groups confirmatory factor analysis and a test for differential item function. Significant gender differences are found in the measurement of fear of crime. These are explained by the presence of items that measure fear of crimes with the potential for physical harm, particularly sexual assault. The findings suggest that gender differences in fear of crime may be overestimated by a factor of two if differential item function is ignored.
Integrin β Cytoplasmic Domains Differentially Bind to Cytoskeletal Proteins

Integrin cytoplasmic domains connect these receptors to the cytoskeleton. Furthermore, integrin-cytoskeletal interactions involve ligand binding (occupancy) to the integrin extracellular domain and clustering of the integrin. To construct mimics of the cytoplasmic face of an occupied and clustered integrin, we fused the cytoplasmic domains of integrin beta subunits to an N-terminal sequence containing four heptad repeat sequences. The heptad repeats form coiled coil dimers in which the cytoplasmic domains are parallel dimerized and held in an appropriate vertical stagger. In these mimics we found 1) that both conformation and protein binding properties are altered by insertion of Gly spacers C-terminal to the heptad repeat sequences; 2) that the cytoskeletal proteins talin and filamin are among the polypeptides that bind to the integrin beta1A tail. Filamin, but not talin binding, is enhanced by the insertion of Gly spacers; 3) binding of both cytoskeletal proteins to beta1A is direct and specific, since it occurs with purified talin and filamin and is inhibited in a point mutant (beta1A(Y788A)) or in splice variants (beta1B, beta1C) known to disrupt cytoskeletal associations of beta1 integrins; 4) that the muscle-specific splice variant, beta1D, binds talin more tightly than beta1A and is therefore predicted to form more stable cytoskeletal associations; and 5) that the beta7 cytoplasmic domain binds filamin better than beta1A. The structural specificity of these associations suggests that these mimics offer a useful approach for the analysis of the interactions and structure of the integrin cytoplasmic face.
Stigma in the mental health workplace: perceptions of peer employees and clinicians.

Informed by a structural theory of workplace discrimination, mental health system employees’ perceptions of mental health workplace stigma and discrimination against service recipients and peer employees were investigated. Fifty-one peer employees and 52 licensed behavioral health clinicians participated in an online survey. Independent variables were employee status (peer or clinician), gender, ethnicity, years of mental health employment, age, and workplace social inclusion of peer employees. Analysis of covariance on workplace discrimination against service recipients revealed that peer employees perceived more discrimination than clinicians and whites perceived more discrimination than employees of color (corrected model F = 9.743 [16, 87], P = .000, partial ŋ2 = .644). Analysis of covariance on workplace discrimination against peer employees revealed that peer employees perceived more discrimination than clinicians (F = 4.593, [6, 97], P = .000, partial ŋ2 = .223).
Cupric bromide utilization in the synthesis of prostanoid intermediates

Abstract an effective, one-step procedure using CuBr 2 is reported for the introduction of a double bond into the prostanoid nucleus.
Polarons near the Čerenkov velocity

We derive a set of nonlinear equations which describe the transport of optical polarons in strong electric fields. In the limit of weak electron-phonon coupling, the equations are used to calculate the external force required to maintain a constant polaron velocity and the velocity dependence of the polaron's effective mass for the velocities comparable to the C\ifmmode \check{}\else \v{}\fi{}erenkov velocity. The predictions of the transport equations are compared with mobility measurements in InSb and with the theory of Thornber and Feynman. The derivation of the transport equations is based upon a complex-time path-integral formulation of the transport of an electron interacting with a phonon field.
Constructing Delaunay triangulation on the Intel Paragon

In this paper, we develop a parallel algorithm on the Intel Paragon supercomputer for constructing the two-dimensional Delaunay triangulation (called 2-d DT) of a point set with N points on the plane. The time complexity of the best sequential algorithm for 2-d DT is O(N log N). Our parallel algorithm improves it to constant or O(1) time by using N processors in the Paragon. The 2-d DT has many practical applications on sciences and technologies, such as unstructured mesh generation on computational fluid dynamics, geometric modeling on computer-aided design, volume rendering on scientific visualization, and Voronoi diagram on robotics and image processing.
New venture development at Du Pont

Abstract New Products are the life blood of a growing company, but traditional methods of introducing new products are no longer adequate. Du Pont is using a new approach called Venture Management. A New Venture Development provides an ideal environment for making and carrying out decisions involved in introducing new technological developments. It combines the advantages in mobility and communications enjoyed by a small venture-orientated company with the strong technical and financial advantages of a large company.
Biwave Maps into Manifolds

We generalize wave maps to biwave maps. We prove that the composition of a biwave map and a totally geodesic map is a biwave map. We give examples of biwave nonwave maps. We show that if 𝑓 is a biwave map into a Riemannian manifold under certain circumstance, then 𝑓 is a wave map. We verify that if 𝑓 is a stable biwave map into a Riemannian manifold with positive constant sectional curvature satisfying the conservation law, then 𝑓 is a wave map. We finally obtain a theorem involving an unstable biwave map.
The effects of hip and ankle stretching on gait function of older people.

Abstract Christiansen CL. The effects of hip and ankle stretching on gait function of older people. Objective To examine effects of hip and ankle stretching on gait function of older people. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Flexibility training was performed in participants' homes. Assessments were performed in a biomechanics laboratory. Participants Forty healthy volunteers (mean age ± SD, 72.1±4.7y) randomized to 2 groups: intervention (n=20) and control (n=20). Intervention Intervention participants performed an 8-week stretching program, and control group participants maintained activity level for 8 weeks. One investigator made weekly visits to instruct and monitor participants. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcome measures were passive joint motion for hip extension and ankle dorsiflexion and freely chosen gait speed. Secondary outcome measures were gait parameters during freely chosen gait speed and set gait speed walking (stride length, joint displacement). Results Compared with the control group, the intervention group had increased combined hip and knee motion ( P =.023), ankle motion ( P =.020), and freely chosen gait speed ( P =.016). The intervention group showed statistically nonsignificant trends of increased stride length at freely chosen gait speed and set gait speed. Conclusions Findings suggest joint motion is a modifiable impairment that is effectively targeted with flexibility training for older people. Participants in the intervention group had improvements in joint motion as well as increased freely chosen gait speed. Mechanisms responsible for changes in freely chosen gait speed warrant further investigation.
747 A NATURALLY OCCURRING INHIBITOR OF LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION FROM A CUTANEOUS LYMPHOMA

Normal T cells and null cells produced an inhibitor (SIF) of both phytohemagglutinin (PHA) induced T cell transformation (15,793 CPM of 3H-thymidine incorporation reduced to 2,731 CPM - 83% inhibition) and formation of sheep red blood cell plaques (645 plaques/106 cells reduced to 219 plaques/106 cells) by stimulated B cells. T cells also produce a factor (LMF) which induces B cells to proliferate and synthesize immunoglobulin. Stimulated T cells produced SIF continuously by 5 days of culture while LMF production ceased after 72 hours. SIF and LMF were separated on Sephadex G200; SIF occurred predominantly in the exclusion column, and LMF exclusively in the postalbumin fraction. Serum from a man with an unusual skin lymphoma had potent SIF-like activity. That the serum SIF activity originated from the lymphoma was suggested by the fact that supernatants from skin tumor cells potently inhibited PHA-induced mitosis of normal T cells. The patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes were unresponsive to antigens and mitogens in autologous serum, but responded normally in homologous serum. This tumor appears to represent an abnormal extension of a physiological process. Supported by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grant AI-05877.
Uptake and effects of dichlobenil in a small pond.

Dichlobenil, when applied as a wettable powder at a concentration of one p. p. m., eliminated allP. pectinatus and about 80% of theChara from a small pond. As benthic plants died, blooms of phytoplankton and zooplankton occurred, presumably because nutrients were released from dead and dying plants. No change was observed in water chemistry at any time during the period of herbicide effect. The normal oxygen regime was maintained by phytoplankton in the bloom condition. As benthic plants returned, numbers of plankters dropped sharply, and the pond returned to the pretreatment state approximately three months after treatment.
An evaluation of Comparative Genome Sequencing (CGS) by comparing two previously-sequenced bacterial genomes

Background With the development of new technology, it has recently become practical to resequence the genome of a bacterium after experimental manipulation. It is critical though to know the accuracy of the technique used, and to establish confidence that all of the mutations were detected.
Evaporative temperature and moisture control in a rocking reactor for solid substrate fermentation

In the solid substrate fermentation of cooked yellow corn grits with Rhizopus oligosporus in a rocking drum fermenter, temperature was controlled by blowing air through the substrate, forcing water evaporation. The rate of evaporation was controlled by the relative humidity of the air, according to the rate of heat generation during fermentation. Moisture content was maintained constant by spraying cold water on the substrate regulated by the water balance equation of the system. Both controls were operated by computer programs. The rocking motion in the reactor allowed even distribution of air and water in the substrate without disturbing the growing mycelia.
THERMOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS FOR BENZENOID HYDROCARBONS

Abstract The heats of atomization of aromatic hydrocarbons are correlated with an incremental 5-term scheme that includes CH and CC bond energy terms, resonance energies, and two steric parameters. Regression analysis of the experimental data with respect to the proposed parameters gives reasonable values for each term. A simple method for calculating resonance energies is illustrated that agrees with the results of SCFLCAOMO calculations.
Discrimination of auditory target dimensions in the presence or absence of variation in a second dimension by infants

Discrimination of two acoustic dimensions of auditory stimuli, vowel identity and pitch contour, was tested with infants between the ages of 4 and 16 weeks using the high-amplitude sucking (HAS) technique. Discrimination of the vowel dimension and the pitch dimension was tested under two conditions: when a change in the target dimension occurred in theabsence of constant variation in a second dimension, and when a change in the target dimension occurred in thepresence of constant variation in a second dimension. In addition, discrimination was tested in a combined condition in which one level of the vowel dimension was always combined with one level of the pitch dimension and the stimulus change to be detected was a recombination of the levels of each dimension. Sucking-recovery scores demonstrated that infants always discriminated a change in the target dimension when it occurred without variation in the second dimension, regardless of the dimension that served as the target. However, while variation of the pitch dimension did not alter vowel discrimination, variation in the vowel dimension interfered with discrimination of the pitch dimension. Discrimination was also not evidenced in the combined condition. Analysis of the group time-to-habituation (TH) data revealed that significantly longer TH scores were correlated with a failure to demonstrate discrimination. The data are discussed in terms of the formation of auditory perceptual categories in early infancy as they relate to the acquisition of speech and language and, more generally, to developmental attention and memory for auditory stimuli.
Behavior of atrazine in limited irrigation cropping systems in colorado: prior use is important.

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn may be a major component of new cropping systems to optimize the use of limited irrigation water supply while sustaining production. Because atrazine is an important tool for residual weed control in GR corn, we examined atrazine binding to soil, dissipation, movement, and early season weed control in limited and full irrigation cropping systems. These systems included continuous corn under conventional tillage and full irrigation (CCC-FI) and under no-tillage and deficit irrigation (CCC-DI), a sunflower-wheat-corn rotation under no-tillage and deficit irrigation (SWC-DI), and a wheat-fallow-wheat-corn rotation under no tillage and natural precipitation (WFWC-NP). Crop rotation and herbicide use history influenced atrazine behavior more than amount or type of irrigation. Atrazine dissipated more rapidly in the top 30 cm of soil in the CCC-FI and CCC-DI plots (half-life [T 1/2 ] = 3-12 d), which had received previous applications of the herbicide, compared with the SWC-DI and WFWC-NP plots, which had no history of atrazine use (T 1/2 = 15―22 d). Laboratory assays indicated that the different rates of degradation were at least partly due to differences in microbial degradation in the soil. Atrazine moved the most in the top 30 cm in the SWC-DI and WFWC-NP plots. This greater movement is probably due to the slower rate of atrazine degradation. Studies of the behavior of pre-emergence herbicides in new limited irrigation cropping systems must consider all characteristics of the systems, not just amount and timing of irrigation.
The function of mundane ritualizing in adult friendship and marriage

Rituals serve important functions in both friendships and married relationships. This study served, to investigate the categorical structures of rituals in both of these relationship types. In married relationships, seven categories of ritual functions emerged including: Relational Masonry, Relational Maintenance, Life Management, Fun/Enjoyment, Togetherness, Talk‐Time, and Anti‐Ritual. In friendships, seven categories of ritual functions also emerged including: Personal & Relational Stimulation, Personal Improvement, Relational‐Affirmation, Support, Self‐Affirmation, Escape, and Anti‐Ritual.
Superconducting-normal phase boundary of superconductors containing nearly nonmagnetic impurities

Abstract For superconductors containing impurities with d or f electrons in resonant states which are nonmagnetic or nearly so at low temperatures, the depression of the transition temperature is anomalously large initially and curves positively away from linearity with increasing impurity concentration. This is in contrast to the negative curvature deviation from linearity predicted by the Abrikosov-Gor'kov theory for magnetic impurities with well-defined noninteracting local moments.
Axonal degeneration accompanied by conduction block induced by toxin mediated immune reactivity to GM1 ganglioside in rat nerves

Immune mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of motor neuropathy with conduction blocks and of acute axonal neuropathy, and GM1 ganglioside has been identified as a potential target antigen. In these experiments, the B subunit of cholera toxin (CT-B), which binds to GM1, was used to target an antibody response to GM1 in peripheral nerve. CT-B was injected into the sciatic nerves of rats, in which anti-CT antibodies were previously induced by immunization, so that the circulating anti-CT-B antibodies bound to the CT-B-GM1 complex in the nerve. Electrophysiological studies revealed the presence of conduction block, and in pathological studies there was axonal degeneration with little demyelination. Control animals, in which keyhole limpet hemocyanin was substituted for CT, did not develop conduction block or axonal degeneration. These studies indicate that antibodies directed at GM1 sites in peripheral nerve could cause an axonal neuropathy with conduction block.
Effects of buffered vinegar and sodium dodecyl sulfate plus levulinic acid on Salmonella Typhimurium survival, shelf-life, and sensory characteristics of ground beef patties.

Abstract The inclusion of two sources of buffered vinegar and sodium dodecyl sulfate plus levulinic acid were studied as interventions for Salmonella Typhimurium and for their effect on shelf-life and sensory characteristics of ground beef. For the Salmonella challenge, beef trimmings (80/20) were inoculated then treated with 2% (w/v) liquid buffered vinegar (LVIN), 2.5% (w/w) powdered buffered vinegar (PVIN), a solution containing 1.0% levulinic acid plus 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDLA) at 10% (w/v), or had no intervention applied (CNT). The same trim source and production methods were followed during production of patties for shelf-life and sensory testing without inoculation. SDLA patties had the largest reduction (P
Analysis of weak-interaction effects in high-transverse-momentum hadron-hadron collisions.

Parity-violating (pv) weak effects in inclusive hadron-hadron scattering processes such as $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}X$ and $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}X$ are studied in the framework of the parton model. Such effects arise from the coherent interference of the strong and weak parton-parton scattering amplitudes, and manifest themselves experimentally through a difference in the cross sections for protons incident with initial \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} helicity, or through a longitudinal polarization of the outgoing $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ produced by an unpolarized beam. Results for the corresponding pv parameters $\mathcal{a}$ and $\mathcal{p}$ are presented assuming a variety of weak-interaction models. For the strong parton-parton interaction we use the recently introduced effective-gluon model. A detailed discussion is given of phases in the weak and strong interactions and of the strong-weak relative phase in various models. It is shown that both $|\mathcal{a}|$ and $|\mathcal{p}|$ increase with increasing $\sqrt{s}$ and ${x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=\frac{2{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}{\sqrt{s}}$, where $\sqrt{s}$ is the center-of-momentum energy and ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ is the transverse momentum of the inclusively produced ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ or $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. For $\sqrt{s}=20$ GeV and ${x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=0.6$, $|\mathcal{a}|$ and $|\mathcal{p}|$ can be as large as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$-${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ in some models, which may make such effects detectable in future experiments. In other models $\mathcal{a}$ and $\mathcal{p}$ can actually vanish identically for certain values of $\sqrt{s}$ and ${x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ due to cancellation among the individual quark contributions. It is noted that, for a given weak-interaction model, the dependence of $\mathcal{a}$ and $\mathcal{p}$ on ${x}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ and $\sqrt{s}$ is different in the effective-gluon and constituent-interchange models, and hence weak effects can be used to discriminate among models of the strong interaction. A discussion is also given of various experimental problems associated with measuring $\mathcal{a}$ and $\mathcal{p}$.
The Practice of Self-Overcoming: Nietzschean Reflections on the Martial Arts

(2007). The Practice of Self-Overcoming: Nietzschean Reflections on the Martial Arts. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 39-51.
The highly stereoselective decarboxylation of (+)-1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoropropanoic acid to give (+)-1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane [(+)-halothane] with retention of configuration

Abstract The absolute configuration of the title acid 2 has been determined to be S by X-ray crystallography. Thus, decarboxylation of 2 produces ( S )-(+)-halothane with 99% retention of configuration. This behavior is compared to other stereoselective decarboxylation reactions of α-haloacids from the literature that also gave high degrees of retention of configuration when in the form of their quaternary ammonium salts, which contain one proton. The proton of the ammonium salt is necessary in order to protonate the anionic intermediate formed from decarboxylation. In the absence of this relatively acidic proton, we had previously found that using triethylene glycol (TEG) as both the solvent and proton source for the decarboxylation reaction of acid 2 caused poor stereoselectivity. This was in contrast to 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-methoxypropionic acid 6 , which showed a high degree of retention of configuration in TEG. In order to rationalize this differing behavior, we report DFT studies at PCM-B3LYP/6-31++G ∗∗ level of theory (the results were additionally confirmed with 6-311++G ∗∗ and aug-cc-pVDZ basis sets). The energy barrier to inversion of configuration of the anionic reaction intermediate 11 of acid 2 is 10.23 kcal/mol. However, we find that the anionic intermediate 10 from acid 6 would rather undergo β-elimination instead of inversion of configuration. Thus the planar transition state required for inversion of configuration is never reached, regardless of the rate of proton transfer to the anion.
Immunolocalization of Tomato Mosaic Tobamovirus in Roots of Red Spruce Seedlings

The objective of this study was to determine the location of tomato mosaic tobamovirus (ToMV) in red spruce (Picea rubens) seedling roots. Roots were collected from uninfected and infected spruce seedlings at biweekly intervals, fixed in formaldehyde-glacial acetic acid-50% ethanol (1 : 1 : 18), embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IF). ToMV was detected by IF in infected, but not in uninfected red spruce roots. All seedlings that tested positive by IF had previously tested positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fluorescence was observed most frequently 2 weeks after inoculation in cortical and epidermal cells, as well as in the lateral root primordia. The ToMV was not observed in vascular tissue, the root cap, or meristematic cells. Virus distribution was uneven, and occurred in localized, concatenated pockets, parallel to the axis of the apical meristem. In older seedlings, fluorescence was associated with irregular-shaped vesicles in cortical cells.
Response and recovery of the Eel River, California, and its tributaries to floods in 1955, 1964, and 1997

Abstract Northwestern California is prone to regional, high magnitude winter rainstorms, which repeatedly produce catastrophic floods in the basins of the northern Coast Ranges. Major floods on the Eel River in 1955 and 1964 resulted in substantial geomorphic changes to the channel, adjacent terraces, and tributaries. This study evaluated the changes and the effects of a moderate flood in 1997 through field observations and examination of aerial photographs that spanned from 1954 to 1996. The purpose was to document the nature and magnitude of geomorphic responses to these three floods and assess the rates and controls on the recovery of the Eel River and its tributaries. Channel widening from extensive bank erosion was the dominant geomorphic change along the lower Eel River during major floods. As a result of the 1964 flood, the largest amount of widening was 195 m and represented an 80% change in channel width. Channel narrowing characterized the periods after the 1955 and 1964 floods. More than 30 years after the 1964 flood, however, the river had not returned to pre-flood width, which suggests that channel recovery required decades to complete. A long recovery time is unusual given that the Eel River is located in an area with a “superhumid” climate and has an exceptionally high sediment yield. This long recovery time may reflect highly seasonal precipitation and runoff, which are concentrated in 3–5 months each winter. In contrast to the main stem of the Eel River, the dominant effects of floods on the tributaries of the Eel River were rapid aggradation of channel bed and valley floor followed by immediate downcutting. Dendrogeomorphic data, aerial photographs, and field observations indicate that thick wedges of gravel, derived largely from hillslope failures in upper reaches of the tributaries, are deposited at and immediately upstream of the mouths of tributaries as the stage of the Eel River exceeded that of the tributaries during major floods. In the waning stages of the flood, the tributaries cut through the gravel at a rate equal to the lowering of the Eel and generated unpaired terraces and nickpoints. The complete process of deposition and incision can occur within a few days of peak discharge. Although reworking of some sediment on the valley floor may continue for years after large floods, channel morphology in the tributaries appears to be a product of infrequent, high magnitude events. The morphology of the tributary channel also appears to be greatly influenced by the frequency and magnitude of mass wasting in headwater areas of small basins.
Brand commitment in consumer–brand relationships: An investment model approach

The present paper uses a theoretical model from research on interpersonal relationships, the investment model, to predict brand commitment. The investment model uses three variables—satisfaction, alternatives and investment—to predict level of relationship commitment. In Study 1, a survey established the link between the three predictor variables and the level of commitment to three different brands: a participant-selected brand, a product brand (Coca-Cola) and a service brand (Bell South). In Study 2, the levels of the three predictor variables were manipulated experimentally and three hypothetical brands were used. The results from both studies provided strong support for the investment model predictions regarding commitment to a brand. Implications for marketing and advertising message strategies are offered.
Antagonism of ampicillin and chloramphenicol for meningeal isolates of group B streptococci.

Abstract The increasing prevalence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b has led to the recommendation that ampicillin and chloramphenicol be given as the initial therapy for suspected bacterial meningitis in infants and children. However, during the first 2 months of life, H. influenzae type b is a rare cause of meningitis, whereas group B streptococcus is the most frequently isolated agent. Since ampicillin and chloramphenicol have been shown to be antagonistic for other streptococci, an in vitro study of their effect on group B streptococci was performed. The effect of ampicillin and chloramphenicol, alone and in combination, on 18 meningeal isolates was determined for 2 different inocula of group B streptococci, using microtiter broth dilution and growth kinetic assays. Isoboles, fractional lethal concentration indices, or both indicated antagonism for all strains. Growth kinetic assays for two representative strains demonstrated inhibition of the early bactericidal activity of ampicillin by chloramphenicol. These findings of in vitro antagonism suggest that this combination may be contraindicated for the treatment of infants with group B streptococcal meningitis.
A broad-host-range vector system for cloning and translational lacZ fusion analysis.

Abstract A broad-host-range vector system for studying translational fusions was constructed. The region that retains the origin of replication, nic, mob, and rep genes of the broad-host-range plasmid RSF1010 was isolated as either an Hinc II or a Pst I- Pvu II restriction fragment. These restriction fragments were ligated to tetracycline, kanamycin, or streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance genes to generate plasmids pUI501, pUI511, pUI504, and pUI506. A funcitonal lac Z gene lacking downstream lac operon sequences together with the lac promoter was constructed from plasmids pMC1871 and pUC18. This lac Z gene was inserted into pUI501 and pUI511 to generate plasmids pUI502, pUI503, pUI512, and pUI513. An oligodeoxynucleotide sequence that carries three unique blunt-end restriction sites was synthesized, annealed, and ligated in frame to the amino-terminal end of the lac Z gene in each of these plasmids. This multiple cloning sequence will allow translational fusions to the lac Z gene in all three reading frames. The stability of these plasmids and the expression of the lac Z gene in both Escherichia coli and Rhodobacter sphaeroides were studied.
The fundamental group of the complement of an algebraic curve

A criterion of Abhyankar for abelianness of the fundamental group of the complement of an algebraic curve in the complex projective plane is proved in a refined form by different methods.
Differentiating Food Allergies from Food Intolerances

Adverse reactions to foods are extremely common, and generally they are attributed to allergy. However, clinical manifestations of various degrees of severity related to ingestion of foods can arise as a result of a number of disorders, only some of which can be defined as allergic, implying an immune mechanism. Recent epidemiological data in North America showed that the prevalence of food allergy in children has increased. The most common food allergens in the United States include egg, milk, peanut, tree nuts, wheat, crustacean shellfish, and soy. This review examines the various forms of food intolerances (immunoglobulin E [IgE] and non–IgE mediated), including celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. Immune mediated reactions can be either IgE mediated or non-IgE mediated. Among the first group, Immediate GI hypersensitivity and oral allergy syndrome are the best described. Often, but not always, IgE-mediated food allergies are entities such as eosinophilic esophagitis and eosinophilic gastroenteropathy. Non IgE-mediated immune mediated food reactions include celiac disease and gluten sensitivity, two increasingly recognized disorders. Finally, non–immune mediated reactions encompass different categories such as disorders of digestion and absorption, inborn errors of metabolism, as well as pharmacological and toxic reactions.
Techniques for assigning inter-tier signals to bondpoints in a face-to-face bonded 3DIC

Sustaining the trend of integration and energy efficiency, while remaining cost-effective, in the era of slower transistor scaling requires a new solution. Perhaps 3-dimensional integrated circuits (3DIC) are the best current solution to the physical limitations concerning interconnects. Among possible logic-on-logic 3DIC structures, face-to-face (F2F) bonded 3DICs provide the highest density interconnect between bonding tiers potentially without affecting the active layer density. In a F2F 3DIC the adjacent tiers are interconnected by bonding the top metal layer bondpoints. Similar to I/O, inter-tier signals assigned to bondpoints have an effect on standard cell placement. This assignment is critical for an efficient 3DIC layout. Unlike I/O signals, these inter-tier signals are very large in number making manual assignment (like I/O signals to pins) an extremely difficult task and calls for automated techniques. This paper introduces four new techniques: three variants of a nearest-neighbor approach and a midpoint based assignment. In all the techniques first the locations of cells that source or sink the inter-tier signals are estimated. Using the cells and the available bondpoints locations, the assignment is executed. These automated techniques achieved up to 10% less total net length and average net length when compared to a manual assignment. These techniques have potential to yield even better performance for large designs where a manual assignment would be impractical.
Note-taker 2.0: the next step toward enabling students who are legally blind to take notes in class

In-class note-taking is a vital learning activity in secondary and post-secondary classrooms. The process of note-taking helps students stay focused on the instruction, forces them to cognitively process what is being presented, and better retain what has been taught, even if they never refer to their notes after the class. However, note-taking is difficult for students with low vision, or who are legally blind for two reasons. First, they are less able to see what is being presented at the front of them room, and second, they must repeatedly switch between the far-sight task of viewing the front of the room, and the near-sight task of taking notes. This paper describes ongoing research aimed at developing a portable assistive device (called the Note-Taker) that a student can take to class, to assist in the process of taking notes. It describes the principles that have guided the development of the proof-of-concept Note-Taker prototype and the Note-Taker 2.0 prototype. Initial testing of those prototypes has been encouraging, but some significant problems remain to be solved. Proposed solutions are currently being implemented, and appear to be effective. If ongoing usability testing confirms their effectiveness, they will be implemented on the planned Note-Taker 3.0 prototype.
Total Phosphorus Analysis of Wastewater Samples using the Stannous Chloride Reduction Procedure

Abstract The stannous chloride reduction procedure for the colorimetric determination of total phosphorus in wastewater samples using potassium persulphate digestion was evaluated. Samples with salinities as low as 50 mg/1 gave phosphorus levels approximately 10% lower than the true levels when absorbance readings were taken after the recommended time interval of 10 minutes. With increasing salinity, the error increased to approximately 20%. This error can be overcome by the addition of sodium chloride to both standards and samples to achieve salinity levels of 2,000 mg/1 or greater, and making absorbance measurements after allowing at least 2 but not more than 3 minutes for colour development.
Mutations at a Glycine Loop in Aminolevulinate Synthase Affect Pyridoxal Phosphate Cofactor Binding and Catalysis

5-Aminolevulinate synthase catalyzes the first step of the heme biosynthetic pathway in animals, fungi, and some bacteria. The enzyme belongs to a large family of enzymes that use pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate as an essential cofactor. We previously analyzed the informational content contained in each residue of a conserved glycine loop, which we proposed to form part of the cofactor binding site [Gong, J., & Ferreira, G. C. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 1678−1685]. We found that Gly-142 and −144 contain high informational content, and we identified G144A, G144S, G144T, and G142C as functional mutants. Here, the catalytic parameters, cofactor affinities, and spectral and thermostability properties of these four glycine mutants are determined to examine the function of the glycine loop. In addition, computer models of the glycine loops from the wild-type and mutant enzymes were generated, using glycogen phosphorylase b as the structural template. G144A, G144S, G144T, and G142C displayed lower affinity than the wild-typ...
Maternal and Neonatal Complications of Elective Early-Term Deliveries

Approximately 10% to 15% of all deliveries in the United States are performed before 39 completed weeks of gestation without a true medical indication for early delivery, despite long-standing recommendations against this practice. Early-term deliveries are those that occur between 3707 and 3867 weeks. It is now recognized that maternal and neonatal complications have increased for deliveries that occur at early- vs late-term gestation. The reasons for the increase in the rate of elective early-term deliveries are unclear but likely involve both patient and physician factors. Various strategies have been used to increase awareness of the morbidities associated with the practice of elective early-term delivery and to reduce its frequency. Insurers and quality accrediting agencies are increasingly holding hospitals accountable for their rates of elective early-term deliveries, and this pressure will likely continue to lead to widespread change in the practice of obstetrics. The interventions to increase adherence to evidence-based medicine guidelines that are described within this review may also be applicable to other areas of medicine.
The languages of sentiment

I mean to address the languages of emotion in the modern sentimental tradition. This, however, is a notoriously murky subject, and so I should perhaps make three preliminary clarifications. The fir...