cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular arrays for the solution of graph problems

A cellular array is a two-dimensional, checkerboard type interconnection of identical modules (or cells), where each cell contains a few bits of memory and a small amount of combinational logic, and communicates mainly with its immediate neighbors in the array. The chief computational advantage offered by cellular arrays is the improvement in speed achieved by virtue of the possibilities for parallel processing. In this paper it is shown that cellular arrays are inherently well suited for the solution of many graph problems. For example, the adjacency matrix of a graph is easily mapped onto an array; each matrix element is stored in one cell of the array, and typical row and column operations are readily implemented by simple cell logic. A major challenge in the effective use of cellular arrays for the solution of graph problems is the determination of algorithms that exploit the possibilities for parallelism, especially for problems whose solutions appear to be inherently serial. In particular, several parallelized algorithms are presented for the solution of certain spanning tree, distance, and path problems, with direct applications to wire routing, PERT chart analysis, and the analysis of many types of networks. These algorithms exhibit a computation time that in many cases grows at a rate not exceeding log2n, where n is the number of nodes in the graph. Straightforward cellular implementations of the well-known serial algorithms for these problems require about n steps, and noncellular implementations require from n2 to n3 steps.
Use of edser-butler fringes for tunable-laser linewidth measurements

Abstract The channeled spectrum produced by a Fabry-Perot etalon when it is placed in a laser beam whose wavelength is continuously scanned is used to determine the laser linewidth. The fringe patterns produced both in transmission and reflection are analyzed, and it is shown that the linewidth can be determined more accurately from the fringe contrast than from the fringe width. The usefulness and accuracy of the procedure has been demonstrated experimentally by measuring the linewidth of a grating-tuned ten-atmosphere CO 2 laser. the double-passed grating was used in conjuction with a retromirror, and the laser linewidth could be varied continuously from ≈ 1 to 3 GHz by varying the angle of incidence on the grating between 60 and 80°.
Atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis in an adult.

A 25-year-old woman developed lymphadenitis with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare . The clnical features of the illness resembled those which have been reported in lymphadenitis with atypical mycobacteria in children. The infection was cured by resection of the infected nodes.
Recent Development Of Dielectric Waveguide Technology

A number of recent efforts in the area of dielectric waveguide techniques are reviewed for millimeter-wave circuits. Several forms of dielectric waveguides are discussed along with passive components. An isolator based on the nonreciprocal coupling is described in an image guide form. Some attempts for developing active components are included.
Optimization Under Uncertainty: A Case Study of a Solar Absorption Cooling and Heating System for a Medium-Sized Office Building in Atlanta

Solar absorption cooling and heating (SACH) systems currently still stay at development and demonstration stage due to the nature of the complex system. It is critical for practitioners and engineers to have a correct and complete performance analyses and evaluation for SACH systems with respects of energy, economics, and environment. Optimization is necessarily involved to find the optimal system design by considering these three aspects. However, many assumptions made in the optimization are sensitive to the energy, economic, and environmental variations, and thus the optimization results will be affected. Therefore, the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis is important and necessary to make optimization robust.This paper uses a case study to explore the influence of the uncertainties on the SACH system optimization results. The case is a SACH system for a medium size office building in Atlanta. The one parameter at a time (OAT) sensitivity analysis method was applied firstly to determine the most sensitive inputs. Monte Carlo statistical method was utilized to generate the data sets for uncertainty analysis. The optimization problem under uncertainty was then formulated and solved. Due to the uncertainty associated with system inputs, the optimization solutions were found with certain types of the distributions. In addition, the scenario analysis on electricity price does not show large sensitivity to the objectives.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide photoreduction in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores☆

Abstract 1. 1. The rates of succinate and ascorbate- N , N , N ′, N ′-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine (TMPD)-supported NAD + photoreduction by Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores were approximately one-half and one-quarter, respectively, of the photophosphorylation rates. 2. 2. All four reactions showed a very similar sensitivity to the uncoupler m -chlorocarbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone. 3. 3. NAD + photoreduction was strongly inhibited by the presence of an active phosphorylation system, whereas photophosphorylation showed no net decrease in activity in the presence of an active NAD + photoreduction system. 4. 4. When both NAD + photoreduction and photophosphorylation were allowed to occur simultaneously, there appeared to be an increased utilization of high-energy intermediate. 5. 5. At concentrations of antimycin A which strongly inhibited succinate and ascorbate-TMPD-associated photophosphorylation, succinate-supported NAD + photoreduction was also strongly inhibited, whereas NAD + photoreduction from ascorbate-TMPD was not affected. 6. 6. These results are discussed in relation to pathways of electron transfer to NAD + and to the interaction of a high-energy intermediate with several energy-dependent reactions in R. rubrum chromatophores.
The Danube River: an emerging regional bond

Abstract The Danube River, Europe's longest west of the Soviet Union, connects central and southeastern Europe. It flows through areas of great diversity of climates and land forms. Navigation has, in fact, been hindered by fluctuating water levels, ice, and defiles. Primarily for political reasons the river, prior to the middle of the 20th century, had never been a viable link of transportation and communication. Since the second world war, however, effective internationalization of the river, extensive navigation improvement projects, construction of dams and hydroelectric power plants, and greatly accelerated economic development in the Danube River basin in general, all point toward the river becoming one of Europe's principal axes and regional bonds.
Increasing OCT penetration through blood with index matching

Blood substantially reduces image quality during intravascular OCT imaging. In this preliminary work, increasing the refractive index of the serum to that near the cytoplasm, or index matching, was used to increase penetration through blood. The hypothesis was tested by adding compounds to blood in an in vitro system. Increased penetration was noted for dextran and IV contrast which could not be explained by changes in hematocrit or hemoglobin. This study demonstrates the feasibility of index matching for dealing with the blood problem associated with intravascular OCT imaging.
Cholangiocyte cilia detect changes in luminal fluid flow and transmit them into intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP signaling.

Background & Aims: Cholangiocytes have primary cilia extending from the apical plasma membrane into the ductal lumen. While the physiologic significance of cholangiocyte cilia is unknown, studies in renal epithelia suggest that primary cilia possess sensory functions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that cholangiocyte cilia are sensory organelles that detect and transmit luminal bile flow stimuli into intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. Methods: Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent confocal microscopy of rat isolated intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDUs) were used to detect and characterize cholangiocyte cilia. The fluid flow–induced changes in Ca2+ and cAMP levels in cholangiocytes of microperfused IBDUs were detected by epifluorescence microscopy and a fluorescence assay, respectively. Results: In microperfused IBDUs, luminal fluid flow induced an increase in [Ca2+]i and caused suppression of the forskolin-stimulated cAMP increase. The fluid flow–induced changes in [Ca2+]i and cAMP levels were significantly reduced or abolished when cilia were removed by chloral hydrate or when ciliary-associated proteins polycystin-1 (a mechanoreceptor), polycystin-2 (a Ca2+ channel), and the Ca2+-inhibitable adenylyl cyclase isoform 6 were individually down-regulated by small interfering RNAs. Conclusions: Cholangiocyte cilia are sensory organelles containing polycystin-1, polycystin-2, and adenylyl cyclase isoform 6 through which luminal fluid flow affects both [Ca2+]i and cAMP signaling in the cell. The data suggest a new model for regulation of ductal bile secretion involving cholangiocyte cilia.
SENSEMAKING ON CAMPUS: HOW COMMUNITY COLLEGE PRESIDENTS FRAME CHANGE

Organizational change occurs regularly on community college campuses as these institutions adjust to external demands and the needs of their constituents. College presidents play an important role in helping staff members make sense of change and uncertainty on campus by what they select as the foci of attention. The research reported in this article highlights the ways in which two community college presidents used framing to aid campus sensemaking. Framing involves the choice of one set of meaning(s) over another by the president, while sensemaking is the process by which individuals interpret changes around them and adjust their thinking and understanding of events accordingly. The two frames identified contain different components. The frames the presidents chose drove campus goals and subsequent strategies to reach those objectives. This study also identified four different venues for communicating change on campus, namely, walking the frame, talking the frame, writing the frame, and symbolizing the ...
Parental influences on gas exchange rates in grain sorghum

Significant genetic variation in CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g), and A: g ratio, which are indicators of intrinsic differences in productivity and water use efficiency (WUE), has been demonstrated in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids. The primary objective was to determine the possible parental influence on the components of the A: g relationship in sorghum hybrids across a range of water supplies. Thirty F1 hybrids resulting from a 6 × 6 diallel crossing pattern constituted the genetic material. Field experiments were conducted using four water supply treatments established through differential irrigation. Carbon assimilation rate (A), g, and leaf water potential (Ψw) of individual leaves were monitored every 15 to 20 days. Genetic analyses revealed that general- and specific-combining ability effects were evident for A. However, reciprocal and maternal effects were more important in governing the A-g and A-Ψw relationships. Since the maternal effects were the major determinants in causing reciprocal differences, A can be improved by selecting specific female parents to exploit cytoplasmic factors or physiological characteristics of this parent. Substantial genetic variation in the A-g relationship resulting from significant genetic control of A offers the opportunity to impose selection for high A and stability of A, which might directly contribute to whole plant WUE and productivity in grain sorghum.
Inverse limits of set-valued functions indexed by the integers

Abstract The notion of an inverse limit using set-valued functions was introduced by Mahavier in [3] , and was further explored by Mahavier and Ingram in [2] . Illanes has shown that a circle cannot be expressed as an inverse limit of an arc indexed by the natural numbers using a single set-valued bonding map [1] , and Nall has shown that we cannot use a similar construction to produce any finite graph (other than an arc) [8] , or an n-cell for n > 1 [6] . In this paper, we will explore inverse limits using the integers as an index set. We will present an example of a 2-cell obtained under this index. We will then show that the only finite graph that can be obtained as an inverse limit of arcs using this index is again an arc.
Sequence Composition Effects on the Stabilities of Triple Helix Formation By Oligonucleotides Containing N7-deoxyguanosine

A nonnatural nucleoside, 7-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pento-furanosyl)- guanine (d7G), mimics protonated cytosine and specifically binds GC base pairs within a pyrimidine - purine - pyrimidine triple helix. The differences in association constants (KT) determined by quantitative footprint titration experiments at neutral pH reveal dramatic sequence composition effects on the energetics of triple helix formation by oligonucleotides containing d7G. Purine tracts of sequence composition 5'-d(AAAAAGAGAGAGAGA)-3' are bound by oligonucleotide 5'- d(TTTTT7GT7GT7GT7GT7GT)-3' three orders of magnitude less strongly than by 5'-d(TTTTTmCTmCTmCTmCTmCT)-3' (KT = 1.5 x 10(6) M(-1) and KT > or = 3 x 10(9) M(-1) respectively). Conversely, purine tracts of sequence composition 5'-d(AAAAGAAAAGGGGGGA)-3' are bound by oligonucleotide 5'- d(TTTTmCTTTT7G7G7G7G7G7GT)-3' five orders of magnitude more strongly than by 5'-d(TTTTmCTTTTmCmCmCmCmCT)-3' (KT > or = 3 x 10(9) M(-1) and KT < 5 x 10(4) M(-1) respectively). The complementary nature of d7G and mC expands the repertoire of G-rich sequences which may be targeted by triple helix formation.
On the Existence and Stability of Limit Cycles for Transverse Acoustic Oscillations in a Cylindrical Combustion Chamber. 1: Standing Modes

Nonlinear pressure oscillations in combustion chambers have been studied using an approximate analysis which treats the unsteady motions as a collection of coupled nonlinear oscillators, each corresponding to an acoustic mode of the chamber. Based on spatial and temporal averaging of the conservation equations, the formulation provides a convenient means for analyzing the nonlinear behavior of acoustic wave motions. The work addresses the linear and nonlinear characteristics of transverse acoustic waves in a cylindrical chamber, with attention focused on the conditions for the existence and stability of limit cycles. As a result of the special structure of the equations, both general and precise conclusions can be reached. Explicit results are given for the special cases of two and three standing modes. Spinning wave motions will be treated in a subsequent paper.
The origin of spontaneous, rhythmic potentials in the visual system of rats

Abstract Spontaneous, rhythmic potentials recorded from the visual system of intact rats were compared with those recorded from enucleated rats and from rats with retinal degeneration. Three kinds of rhythmic potentials were recorded in intact rats anesthetized with pentobarbital or phenobarbital. The most predominant potential had a frequency of 10–25 cycle/sec and could be recorded from the optic tract (OT), lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and visual cortex (VC). A second kind of potential had a frequency of 100–150 cycle/sec and was most commonly found in the OT and LGN. The third kind of potential had a frequency of 0.3–0.5 cycle/sec and was restricted almost exclusively to the VC. The exact frequency and shape of the rhythmic potentials were found to depend upon the level of anesthesia and, to some degree, upon the lighting conditions present at the time of recording. No rhythmic potentials were found in enucleated rats. In rats with moderate retinal degeneration, spontaneous, rhythmic potentials were abolished or markedly disrupted. In rats with severe retinal degeneration, spontaneous, rhythmic potentials were completely absent. These results indicate that rhythmic, oscillatory potentials in the visual system of the rat originate in the retina.
A design oriented model of fines dissolving

Mass and population balances, together with nucleation kinetics of the potassium chloride system, were combined to present a design oriented model which describes the behavior of a fines destruction system (FDS) implemented in an MSMPR crystallizer. This model was tested in a well-documented, bench scale, potassium chloride crystallizer and was found to be adequate to predict the effect of fines dissolving. Product size improvement was related to incremental cost incurred with an FDS.
Dynamics of flare sprays

During solar cycle No. 20 new insight into the flare-spray phenomenon has been attained due to several innovations in solar optical-observing techniques (higher spatial resolution cinema-photography, tunable passband filters, multislit spectroscopy and extended angular field coronagraphs). From combined analysis of 13 well-observed sprays which occurred between 1969-1974 it is concluded that (1) the spray material originates from a preexisting active region filament which undergoes increased absorption some tens of minutes prior to the abrupt chromospheric brightening at the 'flare-start', and (2) the spray material is confined within a steadily expanding, loop-shaped (presumable magnetically controlled) envelope with part of the materials draining back down along one or both legs of the loop.
Vacuum saturation for Delta I=3/2 components of nonleptonic s-wave weak decays.

The hadronic vacuum-saturation prescription predicts $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{3}{2}$ $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\Xi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\pi}$, and $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Xi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ $s$-wave amplitudes that are compatible with experiment.
Three-channel intercomparison and direct comparison on-orbit stability analyses as applied to the CERES instruments on the Terra and Aqua satellites

Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is an investigation into the role of clouds and radiation in the Earth's climate system. Four CERES scanning thermistor bolometer instruments are currently operational. Flight model 1 (FM1) and 2 (FM2) are aboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra satellite and FM3 and FM4 are aboard the EOS Aqua satellite. Terra was launched in December 1999 and Aqua in May 2002. Each CERES instrument measures in three broadband radiometric regions: the shortwave (0.3 - 5.0 μm), total (0.3 ->100 μm), and window (8 - 12 μm). Several vicarious analyses have been developed to aid in monitoring the health and stability of the instruments' radiometric measurements. One analysis is a three-channel inter-comparison of the radiometric channel measurements for each instrument. A second analysis compares temporally synchronized nadir measurements for each sensor of two instruments on the same platform. These analyses along with onboard calibrations have been used to monitor the drifts in the shortwave measurements and have provided information used to remove the drift using ground software. Previously documented, these analyses will be reviewed and further results for the Terra CERES instruments will be presented along with initial findings for the CERES instruments on Aqua.
Cancer Survivorship Care: How Primary Care Providers Perceive Their Role.

Background: The majority of cancer survivors are breast cancer patients since about 80% live five years beyond diagnosis. It is projected that by 2020, demand for medical oncologists will exceed supply, in large part due to this increased number of cancer survivors. One proposed solution to address the disparity of resources is to enlist primary care physicians (PCP) in the care of cancer survivors. This pilot study aims to describe the perceptions of primary care physicians relative to cancer survivorship care.Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective, cross sectional survey of PCPs including internists, family practitioners and gynecologists in the outpatient setting. The primary outcome measure was a 45 item measure of knowledge and perceived role of the PCP in the care of cancer survivors.Results: A total of 84 PCPs of 200 surveyed (42%) responded. Overall, 66 PCPs stated they are interested in participating in the care of cancer survivors (79%); however, only a minority of the PCPs commonly discuss the survivorship phase of the cancer control continuum (n=8, 10%). The majority of PCPs believe that the medical oncologist should remain active in the follow up care in association with the PCP (n=28, 36%) or as a single provider (n=17, 20%). Only 20 PCPs (25%) agreed or strongly agreed that survival outcomes are similar for PCPs and medical oncologists. Most PCPs felt that cancer survivors are more compliant with survivorship care recommendations when proposed by the medical oncologist versus PCP (n=42, 55%). The majority of PCPs felt that survivorship follow up care guidelines would be extremely helpful or very helpful (n=61, 81%), a treatment summary of care document would be extremely helpful or very helpful (n=60, 80%), and a treatment summary care plan would change current practice (n=67, 90%). PCPs treat co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypertension; however only a minority of PCPs are aware of the relationship between co-morbidities and cancer survivorship. A little over a third of the PCPs strongly agreed that co-morbidities impacted upon the incidence of cancer, incidence of cancer recurrence and overall cancer mortality; n=30, (39%), n=27 (35%), and n=41 (42%) respectively.Discussion: Although PCPs recognize the opportunity to favorably impact on cancer survivorship issues, there appears to be a level of uncertainty regarding their role. PCPs are receptive to participating in the care of cancer survivors provided that they are given the necessary educational resources to do so. Interventions need to be developed and validated to improve the role of the PCP cancer survivorship care. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1061.
Modeling fast switching speed PIN diodes for RF and microwave applications

A theory is introduced that integrates DC forward current, emitter recombination and I-region width and radius into a single self-consistent model suitable for fast switching speed PIN diodes. Details on the model are provided so that easy implementation by the reader may be performed. The model is verified with experimental data.
Global priors for binocular stereopsis

Develops a Bayesian feedback method for incorporating global structure into prior models for binocular stereopsis. Since most stereo scenes contain either background continuation (large background surfaces continuing behind smaller fore-ground surfaces) or transparency continuation (small opaque patches on a transparent surface), highly nonlocal interactions are often present in the scene geometry. The commonly used local prior models which impose piecewise smoothness constraints on the reconstructions do not capture the probabilistic subtleties of global 3D structures. Therefore, the authors develop a hybridized prior which balances the local properties of the scene geometry with the global properties. Experimental results demonstrating the potential of this technique are provided. >
Core protein mu2 is a second determinant of nucleoside triphosphatase activities by reovirus cores.

NTPase activities in mammalian reovirus cores were examined under various conditions that permitted several new differences to be identified between strains type 1 Lang (T1L) and type 3 Dearing (T3D). One difference concerned the ratio (at pH 8.5) of ATP hydrolysis at 50°C to that at 35°C. A genetic analysis using T1L 3 T3D reassortant viruses implicated the L3 and M1 gene segments in this difference, with M1 influencing ATPase activity most strongly at high temperatures. L3 and M1 encode the core proteins l1 and m2, respectively. Another difference concerned the absolute levels of GTP hydrolysis by cores at 45°C and pH 6.5. A genetic analysis using T1L 3 T3D reassortants implicated the M1 gene as the sole determinant of this difference. The results of these experiments, coupled with previous findings (S. Noble and M. L. Nibert, J. Virol. 71:2182‐2191, 1997), suggest either that a single type of NTPase in cores is strongly influenced by two different core proteins—l1 and m2—or that cores contain two different types of NTPase influenced by the two proteins. The findings appear relevant for understanding the complex functions of reovirus cores in RNA synthesis and capping. In the intact virion particle of mammalian reoviruses, the 10 genomic segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are enclosed by eight viral proteins arranged in two concentric capsids (for a recent review on reoviruses, see reference 27). In vitro proteolysis can be used to cleave distinct subsets of the outer capsid proteins, producing either infectious subvirion particles or cores. The core comprises five proteins—l1, l2, l3, m2, and s2—and contains all the enzymatic functions needed to generate full-length, plus-sense transcripts from each genome segment and to export them from the core (3). The proteins of the core also add a eukaryotic cap 1 structure
Two linear rate-field displays.

An airspeed display and a lateral displacement (runway) display, arranged vertically and horizontally, respectively, were concurrently tracked by relatively inexperienced pilots using a joy stick. On each display the primary indicator was a small band which moved lengthwise. A moire-pattern rate field (RF) moved alongside and with the primary. Each of four experimental conditions included both primary indicators and (a) no rate fields, (b) the airspeed rate field only, (c) the runway rate field only, or (d) both rate fields. Response measures for each display included (a) latency of initial response, (b) control reversals, and (c) root-mean-square (RMS) tracking error. Rate fields decreased RMS error for the runway display. Latency was briefer, but more reversals occurred on the airspeed display than on the runway display. Rate fields apparently serve an attention gathering function, but this cannot be fully investigated until optimum direction-of-motion relations are determined.
Burning Rate of Millimeter Sized Wood Particles in a Furnace

Abstract Burning rate data for single, mm sized, pine and oak cubes in a convective flow furnace are presented. The gas temperature was varied from 900 to 1200 K, the oxygen concentration from 0 to 21 percent, the particle Reynolds number from 60 to 240, the moisture content from 0 to 200 percent, and the size from 5 to 20 mm. The devolatilization stage accounts for 80-90 percent of the mass loss and 50 percent of the total burn time. The devolatilization rate of a given particle is influenced by a furnace temperature, Reynolds number and oxygen concentration. The implications of the experiments for modeling of wood particle combustion are discussed.
The Effect of Universal Glove and Gown Use on Adverse Events in Intensive Care Unit Patients

Background No randomized trials have examined the effect of contact precautions or universal glove and gown use on adverse events. We assessed if wearing gloves and gowns during all patient contact in the intensive care unit (ICU) changes adverse event rates. Methods From January 2012 to October 2012, intervention ICUs of the 20-site Benefits of Universal Gloving and Gowning cluster randomized trial required that healthcare workers use gloves and gowns for all patient contact. We randomly sampled 1800 medical records of adult patients not colonized with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and reviewed them for adverse events using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Global Trigger Tool. Results Four hundred forty-seven patients (24.8%) had 1 or more ICU adverse events. Adverse events were not associated with universal glove and gown use (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], .48-1.36). This did not change with adjustment for ICU type, severity of illness, academic hospital status, and ICU size, (IRR, 0.91; 95% CI, .59-1.42; P = .68). Rates of infectious adverse events also did not differ after adjusting for the same factors (IRR, 0.75; 95% CI, .47-1.21; P = .24). Conclusions In ICUs where healthcare workers donned gloves and gowns for all patient contact, patients were no more likely to experience adverse events than in control ICUs. Concerns of adverse events resulting from universal glove and gown use were not supported. Similar considerations may be appropriate regarding use of contact precautions. Clinical trials registration NCT0131821.
An algorithm-based fault-tolerant method for the 2-D LMS algorithm

An algorithm-based fault tolerant method termed the fault tolerant least-mean-squares (FTLMS) algorithm is extended from 1-D to 2-D. The algorithm enables the LMS to correct for a particular type of weight update failure called a stuck-at fault. The key to the algorithm is an overcomplete set of vectors used to transform the input. In developing the 2-D version, the properties of performance-enhancing transforms are investigated, leading to a transform structure that gives the algorithm a more desirable convergence rate. Various transforms are evaluated according to their reduction in eigenvalue ratio (EVR) for stationary inputs.
Norms and Generating Functions in Clifford Algebras

Generating functions are commonly used in combinatorics to recover sequences from power series expansions. Convergence of formal power series in Clifford algebras of arbitrary signature is discussed. Given $$u \in {{\mathcal{C}}}l_{p,q}$$ , powers of u are recovered by expanding (1 − tu)−1 as a polynomial in t with Clifford-algebraic coefficients. It is clear that (1 − tu)(1 + tu + t 2 u 2 + ...) = 1, provided the sum (1 + tu + t 2 u 2 + ...) exists, in which case u m is the Cliffordalgebraic coefficient of t m in the series expansion of (1 − tu)−1. In this paper, conditions on $$t {\in}{\mathbb{R}}$$ for the existence of (1 − tu)−1 are given, and an explicit formulation of the generating function is obtained. Allowing A to be an m × m matrix with entries in $${{\mathcal{C}}}l_{p,q}$$ , a “Clifford-Frobenius” norm of A is defined. Norm inequalities are then considered, and conditions for the existence of (I − tA)−1 are determined. As an application, adjacency matrices for graphs are defined with vectors of $${{\mathcal{C}}}l_{p,q}$$ as entries. For positive odd integer k > 3, k-cycles based at a fixed vertex of a graph are enumerated by considering the appropriate entry of A k . Moreover, k-cycles in finite graphs are enumerated and expected numbers of k-cycles in random graphs are obtained from the norm of the degree-2k part of tr(1 − tu)−1. Unlike earlier work using commutative subalgebras of $${{\mathcal{C}}}l_{n,n}$$ , this approach represents a “true” application of Clifford algebras to graph theory.
Alcoholism among health professionals: prevalence and special problems

Alcohol use/abuse is associated with significant health problems, most notably on the highways: 100,000 deaths and $100 billion are lost annually.1,2 It has been estimated to effect as much as 10–15% of physicians. Among healthcare providers (1984), they have the highest level.3 Brewster argues that the incidence is greater than the population as a whole.4 This certainly correlates well with the long history of physician interactions with alcohol and various mood-altering drugs professionally. In comparison, a 1992 national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic study found that 44% of U.S. adults were current drinkers, and 22% were former and 34% lifetime abstainers. Lifetime prevelance is estimated between 13.7% to 23.5% and in other studies ranges from 16% to 30%.5
Puzzle of Crystallin Diversity in Eye Lenses

ABSTRACT Crystallins have evolved by var- ious mechanisms that are associated with high ex- pression of their genes in the eye lens. The diver- sity and pattern of crystallins among different species indicate that independent events have oc- curred at the molecular level during the evolution of the lens in different invertebrates (jellyfish, squid, and octopus) and vertebrates. Although it is possible that different crystallins are needed to fulfill the specific needs of individual species, the unexpectedly large array of proteins that function as crystallins and their abundance in the lens raise the possibility that selective pressures opti- mizing the function of certain transcription fac- tors in the lens contribute to the recruitment of crystallins. 0 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: Transparent lens, Gene sharing, Enzyme-crystallin, Transcription fac- tors, Evolution INTRODUCTION Crystallins are the major soluble proteins of the transparent lens and must contribute a great deal to its optical properties (Wistow and Piatigorsky, 1988; Bloe- mendal and de Jong, 1991). Although the
Thermodynamics of the sulfur dioxide‐seawater system

The solubility of sulfur dioxide in seawater in the range 10° to 25°C and 10−5 to 1 molal is predicted based on a simplified chemical model. Estimates are also given of the resulting pH and the attendant distribution of sulfur and carbon dioxide species. Sulfur dioxide is considerably more soluble in seawater or other naturally alkaline waters than in pure water.
Spatial and Temporal Scales of Boundary Layer Wind Predictability in Response to Small-Amplitude Land Surface Uncertainty

Abstract Predictability experiments with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model as a proxy for the atmosphere are analyzed to quantify the spatial and temporal scales of boundary layer wind response to land surface perturbations. Soil moisture is chosen as the land surface variable subject to uncertainty because the atmosphere is known to be sensitive to its state. A range of experiments with spatially correlated, small-amplitude perturbations to soil moisture leads to results that show the dependence of predictability on atmospheric conditions. The primary conclusions are as follows: 1) atmospheric conditions, including static instability and the presence of deep convection, determine whether large errors and local loss of predictability are possible in response to soil moisture errors; 2) the scale of soil moisture uncertainty determines scales of PBL wind predictability when the atmosphere is resistant to upscale error transfer, but when the atmosphere is sensitive the scale and magnitude of soi...
"Meds Are a Real Tricky Area": Examining Medication Management and Regulation in Assisted Living.

Medication management is among the most commonly cited reasons for moving to assisted living and is closely associated with resident quality of care and life. Yet the issue has received little research attention. Using data from the statewide study, “Job Satisfaction and Retention of Direct Care Staff in Assisted Living,” this article examines medication management policies and practices across 45 facilities in Georgia. Guided by principles of Grounded Theory Method, we analyzed qualitative data from surveys with 370 direct care workers (DCWs) and in-depth interviews with 41 DCWs and 44 administrators. Our analysis showed that medication managers vary widely in their backgrounds, positions, and training, largely based on home size and resources. Despite identifying common dimensions of the medication management process, we found variation in procedures and regulatory compliance based on facility, staff, and resident factors. Our findings relate to and extend existing work and have practice and research im...
Productive Cooperation among Processive Motors Depends Inversely on Their Mechanochemical Efficiency

Subcellular cargos are often transported by teams of processive molecular motors, which raises questions regarding the role of motor cooperation in intracellular transport. Although our ability to characterize the transport behaviors of multiple-motor systems has improved substantially, many aspects of multiple-motor dynamics are poorly understood. This work describes a transition rate model that predicts the load-dependent transport behaviors of multiple-motor complexes from detailed measurements of a single motor's elastic and mechanochemical properties. Transition rates are parameterized via analyses of single-motor stepping behaviors, load-rate-dependent motor-filament detachment kinetics, and strain-induced stiffening of motor-cargo linkages. The model reproduces key signatures found in optical trapping studies of structurally defined complexes composed of two kinesin motors, and predicts that multiple kinesins generally have difficulties in cooperating together. Although such behavior is influenced by the spatiotemporal dependence of the applied load, it appears to be directly linked to the efficiency of kinesin's stepping mechanism, and other types of less efficient and weaker processive motors are predicted to cooperate more productively. Thus, the mechanochemical efficiencies of different motor types may determine how effectively they cooperate together, and hence how motor copy number contributes to the regulation of cargo motion.
Gendered Make-up

This article summarizes a recently completed study of gender in an urban kindergarten classroom in the USA. Using a feminist post-structuralist framework to analyze gender, this qualitative study e...
The Role of the Accent in Radio Advertisements to Ethnic Audiences: Does Emphasizing Ethnic Stereotypes Affect Spokesperson Credibility and Purchase Intention?

ABSTRACT Advertisers often employ spokespeople who speak with an accent (“accented spokespeople”) to promote products and services that are stereotypical of (or related to) a speaker9s background. This practice particularly is evident in radio advertisements, which offer no visual cues to aid in consumers9 information processing. The current study examined the impact of using an accented spokesperson on listener evaluations of credibility; attitude toward the spokesperson; and the purchase likelihood of an advertised product or service.
A Review of: “The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere, Volumes I and II”

The late Bruce Halstead set the standard for massive and thorough compendium works devoted to venomous animals with his series “Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals,” which appeared in multiple ed...
Insulin-like growth factor 2 modulates murine hematopoietic stem cell maintenance through upregulation of p57

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) rely on a highly regulated molecular network to balance self-renewal and lineage specification to sustain life-long hematopoiesis. Despite a plethora of studies aimed at identifying molecules governing HSC fate, our current knowledge of the genes responsible is limited. We have found insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) to be expressed predominantly within long-term HSCs. This study examines IGF2 expression patterns and the effects of the gene in HSCs. Through the overexpression and knockdown of IGF2 within purified HSCs, we report that IGF2 expression increases HSC-derived multilineage colonies in vitro and enhances hematopoietic contribution in vivo on competitive bone marrow transplantation. The effects of IGF2 are mediated by direct upregulation of the CDKi p57, exclusively within long-term HSCs, via activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Increased expression of p57 resulted in a concomitant increase in HSCs in the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle. Analysis of genomic DNA methylation revealed that HSCs exhibited a hypomethylated state within the promoter region of the CDKN1C (p57) gene, providing a potential mechanism for the exclusive effects of IGF2 within HSCs. Our studies indicate a novel role for IGF2 in regulating HSC cell cycle and illustrate potential novel therapeutic targets for hematologic diseases.
The Influence of lontoforesis of Ca Channel Blockers on Pain Relief

われわれはカルシウムチャンネルブロッカーの鎮痛作用をイオントフォレーシスを用いて検討した.その結果各種カルシウムチャンネルブロッカーの単独使用で,疼痛認知時間は有意に延長した.しかし,各カルシウムチャンネルブロッカー間の群間比較では,その効果に有意差はなかった.カルシウムチャンネルブロッカーとリドカインとの併用によりリドカイン単独使用より無痛時間は延長した.イオントフォレーシスにおけるカルシウムチャンネルブロッカーとリドカインの併用によりこれまでに優る長時間持続性の鎮痛効果が臨床面においても期待できると考えられた.
ATLAS Results on Inelastic pp Collisions and the Underlying Event

Several results from ATLAS on the properties of inelastic p-p collisions and the underlying event are presented. A new measurement of the inelastic cross-section at √ s = 7 TeV has been made using events counted by the Minimum Bias trigger. Charged particle distributions were measured using tracks reconstructed in the ATLAS inner detector. Activity in the underlying event was studied using independent measurements from the tracking detectors and calorimeters. Results are compared to Monte Carlo models and provide input to derive new Monte Carlo tunes to constrain model parameters.
Experience with heart transplantation for cardiac tumors.

Background Primary cardiac tumors are rare clinical entities. Benign tumors are often amenable to surgical excision, whereas malignant tumors are seldom resectable. Five patients have been reported to undergo orthotopic heart transplantation for inoperable primary cardiac tumors. We review the clinical course of these five patients and present our institutional experience with three patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation as primary therapy for unresectable cardiac tumors. Methods Retrospective chart review and telephone interview, when possible, were used to gather historical and clinical course data. Results Of the eight patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation for primary cardiac neoplasms, four had malignant tumors (three sarcomas, one lymphoma) and four had locally invasive neoplasms (three fibromas, one pheochromocytoma). For those patients in whom cardiectomy resulted in surgical margins free of tumor (six of eight), orthotopic heart transplantation provided long-term survival (range 14 to 78 months) without tumor recurrence despite therapeutic immunosuppression. The only death in this group, at 6.2 years after operation, was unrelated to tumor recurrence. The patients with tumor identified at the surgical margins died of metastatic disease at 14 and 15 months after the operation in spite of adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions An awareness by clinicians of the presenting clinical picture of these tumors is warranted in view of the potential for cure by resection or transplantation. Patients with benign primary cardiac tumors appear to benefit from the complete resection afforded by cardiectomy and transplantation. The role of transplantation for patients with malignant tumors remains unclear. Additional studies and continued follow-up with serial echocardiography is necessary to further ascertain the role of heart transplantation in the management of patients with primary cardiac tumors.
A Crisis in Evaluation

Recent federal support programs for education in the United States have emphasized innovation and evaluation. Little attention has been given to the evaluation problem. Special education bears a special responsibility because it has been a favored area in recent federal legislation. Despite many difficult technical and psychological problems, efforts must be made to meet the rising problem of evaluation.
Brain network analysis: a practical tutorial.

How are our brains wired? How are pathways between neurons organized? What patterns of connections allow us to think the way we do, or distinguish our ways of thinking from those of other animals? These and related questions are the bread and butter of an excellent new textbook. FUNDAMENTALS OF BRAIN NETWORK ANALYSIS By Alex Fornito, Andrew Zalesky and Edward Bullmore , 2016 Elsevier (Academic Press) ISBN 978-0-12-407908-3 Price: £60.99 Fundamentals of Brain Network Analysis by Fornito, Zalesky and Bullmore, is a thorough and didactic presentation of the tools available to research scientists wishing to engage in the emerging field of network neuroscience (Bullmore and Sporns, 2009). Blending computational tools and mathematical frameworks from physics, engineering, statistics, and computer science with the reams of data now being collected from diverse neural systems, network neuroscience is a truly interdisciplinary and ground-breaking field poised to transform our understanding of the brain. Rather than focusing solely on the function of single neurons or brain regions, these efforts expand the purview of our interests to the pattern of interactions between neural …
The How, When, and Why of Mathematics

What is mathematics? Many people think of mathematics (incorrectly) as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers. Those with more mathematical training may think of it as dealing with algorithms. But most professional mathematicians think of it as much more than that. While we certainly hope that our students will perform algorithms correctly, what we really want is for them to understand three things: how you do something, why it works, and when it works. The problems we present to you in this book concentrate on these three goals. If this is the first time you have been asked to prove theorems, you may find this to be quite a challenge. Not only will you be learning how to solve the problem, you will also be learning how to write up the solution. The necessary definitions and background to understand a problem, as well as a general plan of attack, will always be presented in the text. It’s up to you to spend the time reading, trying various approaches, rereading, and reapproaching. You will probably be spending more time on fewer exercises than you ever have before. While you are now beyond the stage of being given steps to follow and practice, there are general rules that can assist you in your transition to doing higher mathematics. Many people have written about this subject before. The classic text on how to approach a problem is a wonderful book called How to Solve It by George Polya, [84].
No More Heroes: Western History in Public Places

in 1994, Richard White and the Newberry Library created a subversive exhibit titled The Frontier in American Culture, which powerfully paired the two master narratives that Frederick Jackson Turner and Buffalo Bill Cody presented at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition. Turner delivered his scholarly paper to a small group of historians at the Chicago Art Institute while Cody performed his Wild West extravaganza in front of a midway grandstand filled with perhaps eighteen thousand people. Turner spoke of the orderly settlement of a seemingly empty continent and the creation of a distinctive American culture; Cody told of violently wresting the continent from the Indian peoples who occupied the land. Each man claimed to represent history and—as different as these two stories were—each led to a remarkably similar conclusion: the frontier had come to a close. As visitors to the Newberry made their way through the exhibit, they could not help but conclude that both Turner and Cody engaged in myth-making. And those myths had consequences. When Turner erased indigenous people from mental maps of the “frontier,” he absolved Americans from blame for the appropriation of Indian homelands. Similarly, when Cody focused on Custer’s defeat at the Little Bighorn and showed Indians attacking apparently helpless pioneers, he turned the truth upside down and encouraged Americans to think of themselves as the victims of the Indian Wars rather than as aggressors. Viewing a traveling version of this exhibit at the public library in Las Cruces, New Mexico—one of the last stops on a national tour that ended in 2001—I was delighted to see the insights of the new western history brought into the public arena. The public was not always quite as thrilled. When the exhibit first opened in Chicago, some visitors applauded White’s interpretation while others jeered that it