cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(171) Evaluating the Pain and Discomfort Scale to Assess Spasticity-Related Pain in Cerebral Palsy

Assessing pain among individuals with communicative impairments and developmental disabilities is a clinical challenge. In this preliminary study, we addressed, in part, the issue of the association between chronic pain and spasticity in cerebral palsy (CP). Specifically, we evaluated the measurement performance of a proxy-reported spasticity rating scale (Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Scale–MSSS) and the feasibility of a range of motion examination procedure (Pain Examination Procedure–PEP) using direct-observation to code behavioral reactivity during the exam (Pain and Discomfort Scale – PADS). Fifteen individuals with CP (mean age=10.9 years, range=6.2-17.2 years; GMFCS=3-5; male=46%) were evaluated pre- (T1) and post- (T2) intrathecal baclofen pump (ITB) surgical implant to treat spasticity. The PEP protocol was successfully completed for all participants in the clinical setting. Cronbach's alpha for the MSSS was 0.96. PADS change scores (T1 to T2) were significantly correlated with MSSS change scores (r=0.80, p=0.006). The strong positive correlation suggests the PADS/PEP protocol may be measuring spasticity-related pain and discomfort, providing initial construct validity evidence between an objective/direct and subjective/indirect assessment method for pain and spasticity in CP. T1 PADS scores were also highly positively correlated with both PADS change and MSSS change scores (r=-0.72, p=0.006; r=-0.85, p=0.002), providing preliminary evidence of the predictive utility of a pre-ITB surgery PADS/PEP protocol. This was not a random sample, therefore the results are specific to the sample and may not hold for the population of individuals living with CP. Given the absence of self-report, we cannot be certain and do not claim to have measured the pain experience of the individuals in the sample. Future work should continue to examine the PADS as a potential pain behavior assessment tool to provide a direct assessment option for the study of pain among individuals with CP and related developmental disabilities. Supported by NICHD Grant No. 73126
Future of Streets

Rapidly evolving mobility technologies and the associated behavioral adjustments of travelers are bringing about dramatic changes to the morphology of cities, some of which have already begun to take root. With the seemingly endless amounts of data that technology is producing about life in cities, new mathematical modeling techniques will be required to fully understand the impact these changes will have on society. As a consequence of innovation in personal mobility technologies, a combination of autonomous and electric vehicles is being seen by many as the solution to personalized and inexpensive urban transport. In this chapter, we explore some of the ways in which this version of the future of streets could reverse decades worth of efforts by cities to reduce congestion and contain sprawl unless policy-makers are proactive in responding to these disruptive forces. Without active efforts to prioritize shared, public, and active mobility, the introduction of automated modes for transporting both humans and goods in an already contested public realm could mean a reversion to Modernist practices of privileging speed, efficiency, and function over human-scale interactions and serendipity. Politically contentious decisions will need to be made around questions of social, environmental, economic, and public health priorities to ensure that streets are made livable and accessible, particularly for vulnerable and marginalized groups. Ultimately, recognizing that the interests of pedestrians, bicyclists, public transit users as well as stationary street users should take priority over those of personal vehicles (autonomous ones in particular) is key to guiding changing urban morphologies in a way that places sustainability and human-focused development at the forefront.
Shoot first and ask questions later: the interplay of social science research and firearms policy and use

This paper examines the context within which research and policy have developed by tracing the historical development of gun research across decades and topics. While the journey is not necessarily linear, nor is it always clear, the work done by researchers on gun issues offers some hope for improving both the debate and outcomes associated with this area. Identifying seminal moments in gun research and policy history aid in the exploration of this issue and offer directions for the future. Research has addressed many of the challenges of firearms in society. The purpose of this paper is to note the failure of the research to recognize the role of guns in America even as it attempts to bring change within the volatile arena of guns in America. This disconnect between the research and the social problems and harm associated with guns is clear in the literature and the policy that attempts to respond.
Brain-related outcome measures in trials recruiting critically-ill children.

Purpose of review Randomized controlled trials leading to innovations that improve outcomes in acute life-threatening illnesses in children are scarce. A key issue is how we refocus research on outcomes that matter and are more relevant to those making emergency decisions, and those involved with managing and living with the late-outcome. We have used information from recent trials in critically ill children - in particular those illnesses without any primary neurologic involvement - to develop an approach to brain-related outcomes that will maximize child and family benefit from research. Recent findings Fifteen recent pediatric critical care trials illustrate four types of brain-related outcomes assessment: death or organ-system-failures - as illustrated by studies in systemic illness; neurological and neuropsychological outcomes - as illustrated by the glycemic control studies; cognitive outcomes - as illustrated by a sedative trial; and composite outcomes - as illustrated by the therapeutic hypothermia studies. Summary The 15 research trials point to five areas that will need to be addressed and incorporated into future trial design, including use of: neurologic monitoring during intensive care unit admission; postdischarge outcomes assessments; strategies to improve retention in long-term follow-up; child and family-centered outcomes; and core outcomes datasets.
Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training for Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Muscle Strength, and Walking Capacity after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abstract Background Cardiorespiratory fitness, measured as peak oxygen consumption, is a potent predictor of stroke risk. Muscle weakness is the most prominent impairment after stroke and is directly associated with reduced walking capacity. There is a lack of recommendations for optimal combined aerobic training and resistance training for those patients. The purpose of this study was to systematically review and quantify the effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and walking capacity after stroke. Methods Five electronic databases were searched (until May 2019) for studies that met the following criteria: (1) adult humans with a history of stroke who ambulate independently; (2) structured exercise intervention based on combined aerobic training and resistance training; and (3) measured cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and/or walking capacity. Results Eighteen studies (602 participants, average age 62 years) met the inclusion criteria. Exercise training significantly improved all 3 outcomes. In subgroup analyses for cardiorespiratory fitness, longer training duration was significantly associated with larger effect size. Likewise, for muscle strength, moderate weekly frequency and lower training volume were significantly associated with larger effect size. Furthermore, in walking capacity, moderate weekly frequency and longer training duration were significantly associated with larger effect size. Conclusions These results suggest that an exercise program consisting of moderate-intensity, 3 days per week, for 20 weeks should be considered for greater effect on cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and walking capacity in stroke patients.
C-terminal residues of activated protein C light chain contribute to its anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities.

BACKGROUND Activated protein C (APC) is an important homeostatic blood coagulation protease that conveys anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities. Proteolytic inactivation of factors Va and VIIIa facilitated by cofactor protein S is responsible for APC's anticoagulant effects, whereas cytoprotective effects of APC involve primarily the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), protease activated receptor (PAR)1 and PAR3. OBJECTIVE To date, several binding exosites in the protease domain of APC have been identified that contribute to APC's interaction with its substrates but potential contributions of the C-terminus of the light chain have not been studied in detail. METHODS Site-directed Ala-scanning mutagenesis of six positively charged residues within G142-L155 was used to characterize their contributions to APC's anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS K151 was involved in protein S dependent-anticoagulant activity of APC with some contribution of K150. 3D structural analysis supported that these two residues were exposed in an extended protein S binding site on one face of APC. Both K150 and K151 were important for PAR1 and PAR3 cleavage by APC, suggesting that this region may also mediate interactions with PARs. Accordingly, APC's cytoprotective activity as determined by endothelial barrier protection was impaired by Ala substitutions of these residues. Thus, both K150 and K151 are involved in APC's anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities. The differential contribution of K150 relative to K151 for protein S-dependent anticoagulant activity and PAR cleavage highlights that binding exosites for protein S binding and for PAR cleavage in the C-terminal region of APC's light chain overlap.
Water Activity Influence on the Thermal Resistance of Salmonella in Soy Protein Powder at Elevated Temperatures

Abstract Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness associated with low-moisture foods. In addition to being able to survive in low-moisture environments during long storage, Salmonella has shown sharply increased thermal tolerance making it difficult to control in low-moisture foods. This research utilized soy protein powder as a food career to study the thermal resistance of Salmonella under a wide range of temperatures and aw. Salmonella inoculated soy protein powder samples were pre-equilibrated to aw from 0.13 to 0.82 at room temperature, then subjected to heat treatment (60 to 99 oC) under isothermal conditions. The aw of soy protein powders at 25 to 99 oC were measured using high-temperature aw cells with humidity sensors. The D-values as a function of high-temperature aw from 0.25 to 0.70 showed a semi-log relationship under each treatment temperature level from 70 to 99 oC. Slightly downward trends were observed when the high-temperature aw was above 0.70, showing increased effectiveness of thermal inactivation. Results from this study provide insights to assist the design of thermal treatments for control of Salmonella in intermediate- and low-moisture foods.
Economic development and business creation

Recent data suggest a continuous decline in the business creation rates across business sectors and regions in the USA. While there are a few factors (such as a decline in population and an increase in business consolidation) that seem to collectively explain some of the trend for at least some areas, the overall phenomenon is still not understood. This study contributes to this line of research by assessing the relationship between economic development and business creation rates in an international setting. This study uses an 8-year and 130 countries (unbalanced) panel dataset to analyze this relationship. It finds the relationship between economic development and business creation rates to be linear and negative suggesting that the USA is not an outlier, and that business creation rates decrease in other developed economies as well. Since previous studies suggested that a decrease in business formation rates will impact the economy negatively, policymakers need to take corrective actions such as subsidies for new businesses and taxes for established ones.
Abstract TP223: Carotid Web Quantification: Comparative Analysis Between 1-D, 2-D and 3-D Methods

Introduction: Carotid webs (CaW) are now recognized as a cause of ischemic stroke specially in young patients. The thromboembolic potential appears related to the CaW morphology. We aim to evaluate...
Detection of Progressive Glaucomatous Optic Nerve Damage on Fundus Photographs with Deep Learning.

Purpose To investigate whether predictions of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness obtained from a deep learning model applied to fundus photographs can detect progressive glaucomatous changes over time. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants Eighty-six thousand one hundred twenty-three pairs of color fundus photographs and spectral-domain (SD) OCT images collected during 21 232 visits from 8831 eyes of 5529 patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspects. Methods A deep learning convolutional neural network was trained to assess fundus photographs and to predict SD OCT global RNFL thickness measurements. The model then was tested on an independent sample of eyes that had longitudinal follow-up with both fundus photography and SD OCT. The ability to detect eyes that had statistically significant slopes of SD OCT change was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The repeatability of RNFL thickness predictions was investigated by measurements obtained from multiple photographs that had been acquired during the same day. Main Outcome Measures The relationship between change in predicted RNFL thickness from photographs and change in SD OCT RNFL thickness over time. Results The test sample consisted of 33 466 pairs of fundus photographs and SD OCT images collected during 7125 visits from 1147 eyes of 717 patients. Eyes in the test sample were followed up for an average of 5.3 ± 3.3 years, with an average of 6.2 ± 3.8 visits. A significant correlation was found between change over time in predicted and observed RNFL thickness (r = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70–0.80; P Conclusions A deep learning model was able to obtain objective and quantitative estimates of RNFL thickness that correlated well with SD OCT measurements and potentially could be used to monitor for glaucomatous changes over time.
The effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval debulking surgery on body composition in patients with ovarian cancer.

Background The aim of this study was to quantify changes in body composition during ovarian cancer treatment and relate these changes to rates of complete gross resection (CGR). Methods One hundred two patients with stage III or IV ovarian cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery were a part of a prospectively collected database that included computed tomography scans at three time points-diagnosis, following NACT, and following debulking surgery. Skeletal muscle, visceral adipose, and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes were obtained from a 30-mm volumetric slab beginning at the third lumbar vertebrae. Results Following NACT, skeletal muscle volume was significantly reduced (352.5 to 335.0 cm3, P < 0.001), whereas adiposity was unchanged. Body mass index (BMI) and skeletal muscle volume were significantly lower in patients who achieved CGR (P < 0.05). When these patients were stratified by BMI, the significant association of skeletal muscle to CGR was limited to patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.007). Conclusion Skeletal muscle volume was significantly reduced in patients undergoing NACT for ovarian cancer. Non-overweight patients were more likely to achieve CGR if they had lower skeletal muscle volume. Use of volumetric-based measurement for ascertaining body composition should be explored further.
Residual Hair Cell Responses in Electric-Acoustic Stimulation Cochlear Implant Users with Complete Loss of Acoustic Hearing After Implantation

Changes in cochlear implant (CI) design and surgical techniques have enabled the preservation of residual acoustic hearing in the implanted ear. While most Nucleus Hybrid L24 CI users retain significant acoustic hearing years after surgery, 6-17 % experience a complete loss of acoustic hearing (Roland et al. Laryngoscope. 126(1):175-81. (2016), Laryngoscope. 128(8):1939-1945 (2018); Scheperle et al. Hear Res. 350:45-57 (2017)). Electrocochleography (ECoG) enables non-invasive monitoring of peripheral auditory function and may provide insight into the pathophysiology of hearing loss. The ECoG response is evoked using an acoustic stimulus and includes contributions from the hair cells (cochlear microphonic-CM) as well as the auditory nerve (auditory nerve neurophonic-ANN). Seven Hybrid L24 CI users with complete loss of residual hearing months after surgery underwent ECoG measures before and after loss of hearing. While significant reductions in CMs were evident after hearing loss, all participants had measurable CMs despite having no measurable acoustic hearing. None retained measurable ANNs. Given histological data suggesting stable hair cell and neural counts after hearing loss (e.g., Quesnel et al. Hear Res. 333:225-234. (2016)), the loss of ECoG and audiometric hearing may reflect reduced synaptic input. This is consistent with the theory that residual CM responses coupled with little to no ANN responses reflect a "disconnect" between hair cells and auditory nerve fibers (Fontenot et al. Ear Hear. 40(3):577-591. 2019). This "disconnection" may prevent proper encoding of auditory stimulation at higher auditory pathways, leading to a lack of audiometric responses, even in the presence of viable cochlear hair cells.
An Examination of Location-Based Real-Time Dating Application Infrastructure, Profile Features, and Cybervictimization:

The use of location-based real-time dating applications (LBRTDAs) has become commonplace among college-aged persons. With an increase in their use, these applications may serve as vectors for exper...
Exposure age and climate controls on weathering in deglaciated watersheds of western Greenland

Abstract Fine-grained sediments deposited by retreating glaciers weather faster than the global average and this weathering can impact the global carbon cycle and oceanic fluxes of nutrients and radiogenic isotopes. Much work has focused on subglacial and proglacial weathering of continental ice sheets, but little is known about weathering and resulting fluxes from deglacial watersheds, which are disconnected from the ice sheets and discharge only annual precipitation and permafrost melt. We investigate the effects of exposure age and precipitation on weathering intensity in four deglacial watersheds on Greenland that form a transect from the coast near Sisimiut toward the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) near Kangerlussuaq based on evaluations of major ion compositions, Sr isotope ratios, and mineral saturation states of waters and sediments. The transect is underlain by Archean orthogneiss and is characterized by gradients in moraine ages (∼7.5–8.0 ky inland to ∼10 ky at the coast) and water balance (−150 mm/yr inland to +150 mm/yr at the coast). Anion compositions are generally dominated by HCO3, but SO4 becomes increasingly important toward the coast, reflecting a switch from trace carbonate dissolution to sulfide mineral oxidation. Coastal watersheds have a higher proportion of dissolved silica, higher Na/Cl, Si/Ca, and lower Ca/Sr ratios than inland watersheds, indicating an increase in the relative proportion of silicate weathering and an increase in the extent of weathering toward the coast. More extensive weathering near the coast is also apparent in differences in the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of stream water and bedload (Δ87Sr/86Sr), which decreases from 0.017 inland to 0.005 at the coast, and in increased saturation states relative to amorphous SiO2 and quartz. The steep weathering gradient from inland to coastal watersheds reflects enhanced weathering compared to that expected from the 2 to 3 ky difference in exposure age caused by elevated coastal precipitation. The gradient of weathering with exposure age, water budget and distance from the ice sheet indicates that oceanic and atmospheric fluxes will change as continental glaciers retreat, precipitation patterns across the deglacial region readjust, and the relative proportion of deglacial to proglacial runoff increases.
On-line learning of predictive compositional hierarchies

Language, music, spatial configurations, event chronologies, action sequences, and other types of data exhibit hierarchical compositional structure, in which high-level entities represent combinations of lower-level entities. Compositional (part-whole) relationships serve as critical components of representation for artificial intelligence, just as taxonomic (is-a ) relationships do. Existing work with hand-built compositional hierarchies demonstrates their ability to make inferences that integrate bottom-up and top-down influences, spanning multiple levels of spatial/temporal resolution. Despite the existence of basic learning algorithms for taxonomies, there has not been analogous foundational work on learning predictive compositional hierarchies. This dissertation demonstrates that predictive compositional hierarchies can also be learned purely from primitive data in a way that is general, unsupervised, and on-line. I formulate a new abstract learning problem in which to study on-line learning of compositional hierarchies from unsegmented sequences. Systems capable of performing the task will have many possible uses resulting from their ability to fill in missing data, resolve ambiguities, etc. I introduce two learning systems that address this problem, both employing compositional hierarchies but based on different classes of traditional learning models. The first, based on symmetric-recurrent neural networks with probabilistic semantics, provides a novel on-line structure modification rule for such networks. The second, based on n-grams, incorporates several contributions, including an on-line method for storing only high-frequency patterns, a method for weighting the statistical reliability of frequency estimates based on different lengths of observation, and two methods for combining n-grams. The essence of on-line compositional hierarchy learning is the bottom-up identification of frequently occurring patterns. This enables the future discovery of larger patterns. Both systems introduced can compose larger patterns as they see more data, with no prespecified bound, nonetheless using smaller storage space than that taken by the data. This cumulative process has the potential to scale from fine-grained data to coarser, high-level representations tuned to the statistical characteristics of the environment, bridging a gap that has long been a stumbling block on the way to creating highly-intelligent autonomous agents.
Topography, exhumation pathway, age uncertainties, and the interpretation of thermochronometer data

[1] The relationship between thermochronometer age and structural elevation is commonly used to infer long-term exhumation histories. Previous studies suggest that inferred exhumation rates from the conventional (one-dimensional, 1-D) age-elevation approach are sensitive to topography and variations in exhumation rate and pathway. Here we evaluate the magnitude of these effects by (1) using a 3-D thermalkinematic model of the central Nepalese Himalaya to predict age-elevation profiles for multiple thermochronometers as a function of exhumation rate and pathway (vertical, oblique, or thrust fault), and (2) calculating the probability that the true exhumation rate will be recovered from an age-elevation profile for sample uncertainties of different magnitudes. Results suggest that profiles oriented orthogonal to longwavelength topography and the direction of lateral transport are relatively insensitive to their influence. For profiles oriented parallel to the transport direction, horizontal transport during exhumation partly counteracts topographic effects. The difference between model imposed and 1-D exhumation rates from the slope of a best fit line through an ageelevation plot is greatest when rocks are exhumed vertically and low-temperature thermochronometers are used. The magnitude of error in 1-D exhumation rate estimates varies dramatically as a function of sample uncertainty, particularly when exhumation is rapid. The nature of this variation can be used to design sampling strategies for which 1-D interpretations of age-elevation gradients are likely to be within error of the true exhumation rate. Alternatively, if sample uncertainties can be reduced, studies that combine thermal modeling with age-elevation data can potentially provide important constraints on thermal and kinematic fields at depth. Citation: Huntington, K. W., T. A. Ehlers, K. V. Hodges, and D. M. Whipp Jr. (2007), Topography, exhumation pathway, age uncertainties, and the
Local connectedness in transformation groups

This note shows that under very general conditions, in a topological transformation group, the natural map from the group onto an orbit is almost open. The implications for local connectedness are investigated. In particular, if the image of a path component of the group is sufficiently robust, the orbit will be locally connected.
Biochemical effects of dipyridamole on purine overproduction and excretion by mutant murine T-lymphoblasts

A mutant murine T-cell line which overproduces purines and excretes massive quantities of inosine into the culture medium has served as a cell culture model for overproduction hyperuricemia (Ullman, B., Wormsted, M. A., Cohen, M. B., and Martin, D. W., Jr. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79, 5127-5131). Incubation of these cells with micromolar concentrations of dipyridamole, a potent inhibitor of nucleoside transport, prevents the excretion of inosine and depresses the rate of purine biosynthesis to that of wild type cells. These concentrations of dipyridamole have no effect on cellular growth rate or on the intracellular nucleoside triphosphate or phosphoribosylpyrophosphate pools. We suggest that dipyridamole might also be useful in ameliorating purine overproduction associated with hyperuricemia and gout.
Pathogenic properties of Edwardsiella species

The pathogenic characteristics of 35 Edwardsiella strains from clinical and environmental sources were investigated. Overall, most Edwardsiella tarda strains were invasive in HEp-2 cell monolayers, produced a cell-associated hemolysin and siderophores, and bound Congo red; many strains also expressed mannose-resistant hemagglutination against guinea pig erythrocytes. Edwardsiella hoshinae strains bound Congo red and were variable in their invasive and hemolytic capabilities while Edwardsiella ictaluri strains did not produce either factor; neither E. hoshinae nor E. ictaluri expressed mannose-resistant hemagglutination nor elaborated siderophores under the tested conditions. Selected strains of each species tested for mouse lethality indicated strain variability in pathogenic potential, with E. tarda strains being the most virulent; 50% lethal doses in individual strains did not correlate with plasmid content, chemotactic motility, serum resistance, or expression of selected enzyme activities. The results suggest some potential important differences in pathogenic properties that may help explain their environmental distribution and ability to cause disease in humans.
Squeezing and controlled spontaneous emission in semiconductor lasers

Summary form only given. A constant-current driven semiconductor laser has a sub-Poissonian internal pump noise and thus produces a number-phase squeezed state instead of a coherent state. The measured photon number (intensity) noise was -8.6 dB below the shot noise value. The authors review the principle and the potential applications of squeezed state generation by semiconductor lasers. They discuss control of spontaneous emission in a semiconductor laser. Spontaneous emission in not an immutable property of an atom but is a consequence of atom-vacuum field (quantum mechanical zero-point fluctuation) coupling. If the intensity of a vacuum field fluctuation is modified by a cavity wall, spontaneous emission is either enhanced or suppressed. The principle is known as a cavity quantum electrodynamic effect. A surface emitting microcavity semiconductor laser has enhanced spontaneous emission rate into a lasing mode and suppressed spontaneous emission rate into nonlasing spurious modes which leads to an increased spontaneous emission coefficient and decreased lasing threshold. Various applications of such a microcavity effect are discussed.
Internet Choice of Law Governance

As society and legal institutions have become more accustomed to internet communications and transactions, some legal thinkers urge that existing approaches to governance developed outside the internet context are well suited for resolving internet choice of law issues. In this essay, Professor Little argues against this position, observing that internet disputes continue to pose unique choice of law problems and to call for special focus on developing appropriate governance rules. Professor Little finds evidence of this need for special focus in several phenomena, including: (1) the continuing tendency of courts to pursue unilateral decision-making despite multi-jurisdictional interests or global effects of internet disputes; and (2) the legal and cultural clashes that arise in disputes implicating freedom of expression. The internet plays a crucial role in developing new cultural and creative forms, such as fan fiction, mashups, scanlations, and various forms of humor. This raises the stakes of identifying appropriate regulatory forms for internet communication. Special study of internet choice of law problems has the potential to provide the United States with insight into other countries’ methods of crediting human dignity in regulating hate speech and defamation as well as to create greater understanding among nations.
Postmodernism: What One Needs to Know

This essay is an introduction to postmodernism and deconstruction as they relate to the special challenges of scholarship and teaching in the science and religion multidiscipline.
Condensins and 3D Organization of the Interphase Nucleus

Condensins are conserved multi-subunit protein complexes that participate in eukaryotic genome organization. Well known for their role in mitotic chromosome condensation, condensins have recently emerged as integral components of diverse interphase processes. Recent evidence shows that condensins are involved in chromatin organization, gene expression, and DNA repair and indicates similarities between the interphase and mitotic functions of condensin. Recent work has enhanced our knowledge of how chromatin architecture is dynamically regulated by condensin to impact essential cellular processes.
Lensless imaging: a workshop on "new approaches to the phase problem for non-periodic objects.".

Abstract Over the past two decades, theoretical tools and algorithms have been developed which, under not very restrictive conditions, allow the reconstruction of images from diffraction patterns of non-periodic objects. These methods promise lensless imaging for any radiation, free of aberrations, with wavelength-limited resolution. Recent experimental successes prompted an interdisciplinary international workshop on this topic at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA, on May 17–19 2001, supported by the DOE, LBL and the Advanced Light Source. Our aim was to review the field, and to stimulate communication between the Signal Recovery, Coherent Optics, X-ray, Electron Microscopy and Applied Mathematics communities. The results are summarized in this paper and on the web. A second workshop is planned for 2003.
Sensory neurons and circuits mediating itch

Chemicals that are used experimentally to evoke itch elicit activity in diverse subpopulations of cutaneous pruriceptive neurons, all of which also respond to painful stimuli. However, itch is distinct from pain: it evokes different behaviours, such as scratching, and originates from the skin or certain mucosae but not from muscle, joints or viscera. New insights regarding the neurons that mediate the sensation of itch have been gained from experiments in which gene expression has been manipulated in different types of pruriceptive neurons as well as from comparisons between psychophysical measurements of itch and the neuronal discharges and other properties of peripheral and central pruriceptive neurons.
Eye injuries : a review of the literature with nursing implications

Eye injuries from blunt forces, penetrating objects, burns, or irritating substances cause morbidity, disability, and blindness worldwide. Most of these injuries are preventable. Throughout the lifespan males have more eye injuries than females. Nurses can help prevent eye injuries by teaching and advocating for safer practices. The goal of treating eye injuries is to preserve remaining sight and prevent further injury. Nurses can help in the rehabilitation of patients with eye injuries by working as part of the interdisciplinary team.
Renal tubular acidosis.

The kidney’s role in the prevention of acidosis is to excrete hydrogen ions in the form of titratable acid and ammonium, and to reabsorb bicarbonate present in the glomerular filtrate or formed during the process of urinary acidification in the distal tubule.
The triangle of the vertebral artery.

Objective Neurosurgical procedures such as proximal brachial plexus repair, scalenotomy, and direct isolation of the proximal vertebral artery require a good working knowledge of the triangle of the vertebral artery. This deep triangle of the neck is bound by the subclavian artery and the anterior scalene and longus cervicis muscles. In addition to the vertebral artery, many important structures are found in this area, such as the ganglionated sympathetic chain and certain cervical spinal nerves. Methods Twenty formalin-fixed cadavers were used for this study. Dissection of this triangle was performed, and measurements were made not only of parts of its borders, but also distances from these borders to neurologically important structures within its confines, such as the C8 spinal nerve. Results In all specimens, the middle scalene muscle was noted to form part of the posterior wall of the triangle. The mean height of the triangle was found to be 3.2 cm, and the mean width of its base was 1.3 cm. We observed that the C8 spinal nerve had a mean distance of 1.2 cm inferior to the apex of the triangle and that the C7 spinal nerve was found inside the triangle in 5% of sides. If the phrenic nerve entered the triangle, it was never found more than 6 mm medial to the anterior scalene muscle. The vertebral artery always traveled intimately along the lateral border of the longus cervicis muscle, and its lateral edge ranged 5 to 8 mm medial to the medial edge of the anterior scalene muscle. Conclusion The C7 spinal nerve was observed in the triangle of the vertebral artery. In addition, the posterior border of the triangle of the vertebral artery was clearly defined in this study, and the middle scalene muscle could be used as a landmark. These data, coupled with our quantitation of parts and structures within the triangle, may assist neurosurgeons who operate on this area of the neck.
Compensating for executive function impairments after TBI: a single case study of functional intervention

Abstract The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of compensatory strategies for impairments in executive function. The strategies were designed to enable a client with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to obtain professional employment. In a series of individual speech–language therapy sessions, compensatory strategies were developed, refined, and trained in mock-interview situations. Significant improvements were noted in report-writing accuracy and self-reported stress during report-writing. The client was able to obtain and maintain competitive employment in his chosen profession. The results support the use of strategies aimed at supporting executive function to improve performance on verbal tasks, and were informative regarding the effects of self-perceived efficacy and stress on performance after TBI. They illustrate that intervention based on real-life supports may be effective even many years post-TBI. Learning outcomes At the conclusion of this article, readers will: (1) identify aspects of executive function that relate to communication in the workplace, (2) describe the steps in considering intervention within a single subject research design framework, and (3) consider the effects of stress and perceived self-efficacy on performance of communication tasks.
Exhaust Gas Emissions of Butanol, Ethanol, and Methanol-Gasoline Blends

This paper reports on emissions levels for CO, NO{sub x}, and unburned fuel (UBF) from a stationary four-cylinder Chrysler engine measured under a variety of operating conditions for gasoline and three different 20 vol percent alcohol-gasoline blends. In tests of separate isobutanol, ethanol, and methanol blends, lower CO and CO{sub x} emissions were observed for the alcohol blends relative to gasoline, particularly for fuel-rich operation. Generally, on a volume (mole) basis unburned fuel emissions were highest for methanol blends and lowest for gasoline, but on a mass or OMHCE basis only small differences were noted. For a given fuel, the separate effects of engine speed, load, and equivalence ratio were examined.
Cosmic and terrestrial single-event radiation effects in dynamic random access memories

A review of the literature on single-event radiation effects (SEE) on MOS integrated-circuit dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) is presented. The sources of single-event (SE) radiation particles, causes of circuit information loss, experimental observations of SE information upset, technological developments for error mitigation, and relationships of developmental trends to SE vulnerability are discussed.
Methodology for determining aerosol optical depth from Brewer 300-320-nm ozone measurements

With a Brewer spectrophotometer, an estimation of total ozone is made from relative measurements of direct-sun ultraviolet radiation at six wavelengths from 300 to 320 nm. During normal operations, one of six neutral-density filters is selected automatically to maintain the detector in its linear response range. On the basis of these standard direct-sun observations, estimates of aerosol optical depth can be derived, provided that a calibration of the relative measurements is available for each neutral-density filter. To obtain the calibration, we implemented a routine to measure direct-sun signals with a fixed neutral-density filter and applied the Langley method to the measured photon counts. Results show that if a sufficiently large number of cloud-free mornings or afternoons is available, a reliable calibration can be achieved even at sea-level sites that are characterized by large aerosol variability. The derived aerosol optical depths appear consistent with those measured independently by a multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer. Existing relatively long-term series of direct-sun ozone measurements by Brewer instruments may be used for retrieval of aerosol optical depth.
A music recommendation system

A music recommendation system was developed that can learn users' preferences. The system can classify a wide range of stored music using automatic music content analyses. Users can opt for music according to their mood, using such words as "bright", "exciting", "quiet", "sad" and "healing".
Analysis of “Dishonest” Methods in the Theory of Wave Propagation in a Random Medium*

In this paper, we investigate the range of validity of a certain class of nonperturbation methods for predicting the statistical properties of a scalar wave in a random medium. These methods are called “dishonest” by Keller, since they rely on unjustified statistical assumptions to close the relevant equations after averaging. We show that such methods can correctly predict the first moment of the wave field for long-distance propagation in a weakly inhomogeneous medium or, in the short-wavelength limit, for propagation in a strongly inhomogeneous medium. We demonstrate that such methods can never give correct results for the second moment.
Strain versus Dislocation Model for Understanding the Heteroepitaxial Growth of Nanowires

In this paper, we adapted the Stranski-Krastanow (SK) mode to the heteroepitaxial growth of NWs and suggested three general growth modes (SK, island SK, and coherent SK) covering all phenomena observed from nanostructures epitaxially grown on single crystal substrates. A strain versus dislocation (SVD) model was also established to define these three modes. The SVD model analyzes the competition between strain energy and dislocation energy at the NW-substrate interface. Experimental data acquired from ZnO NWs grown on GaN substrates via the three modes exhibited a good match to our theoretical prediction. NWs could be grown coherently on the substrate only when their sizes are smaller than the critical size. A defective intermediate structure was found to be necessary for growing nanostructures larger than the critical sizes. The SVD model has also been successfully applied to ZnO nanofins grown on GaN and ZnO NWs grown on sapphire, which demonstrated the generality of the SVD model for understanding the heteroepitaxial growth behaviors of various nanostructures. This work provided a necessary quantitative complement to the thermodynamics and diffusion kinetics in predicting the nanostructure growth phenomena.
Scaling thermal effects in radial flow

Abstract To adequately evaluate the environmental impact of siting nuclear waste repositories in basalt aquicludes, it is essential to know the effects on parameter identification algorithms of thermal gradients that exist in these basaltic aquicludes. Temperatures of approximately 60°C and pressures of approximately 150 atm can be expected at potential repository sites located at depths of approximately 1000 m. The phenomenon of over-recovery has been observed in some pumping tests conducted at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation located in the Pasco Basin adjacent to the Columbia River in the state of Washington, USA. This over-recovery phenomenon may possibly be due to variations in the fluid density caused by thermal gradients. To assess the potential effects of these thermal gradients on indirect parameter identification algorithms, a systematic scaling of the governing field equations is required in order to obtain dimensionless equations based on the principle of similarity. The constitutive relationships for the specific weight of the fluid and for the porosity of the aquiclude are shown to be exponentially dependent on the pressure gradient. The dynamic pressure is converted to the piezometric head and the flow equation for the piezometric head is then scaled in radial coordinates. Order-of-magnitude estimates are made for all variables in unsteady flow for a typical well test in a basaltic aquiclude. Retaining all nonlinear terms, the parametric dependency of the flow equation on the classical dimensionless thermal and hydraulic parameters is demonstrated. These classical parameters include the Batchelor, Fourier, Froude, Grashof, and Reynolds Numbers associated with thermal flows. The flow equation is linearized from order-of-magnitude estimates based on these classical parameters for application in parameter identification algorithms.
The Sodium Channel Accessory Subunit Navb1 Associates With Brain Kv4.2 And Modulates The Functional Expression Of Kv4.2-encoded Channels

Somatodendritic A-type (IA) voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels are key regulators of neuronal excitability, functioning to modulate the back-propagation of action potentials and the frequency of repetitive firing. Although progress has been made in identifying components of Kv4-encoded IA channels, increasing evidence suggests that additional regulators are involved in modulating the functional expression of these channels. To identify novel components of native Kv4.2-encoded IA channel complexes, an anti-Kv4.2 antibody was used to immunoprecipitate Kv4.2 from mouse brain and co-purifying proteins were identified using a mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic approach. In addition to the Kv4 pore-forming alpha subunits (Kv4.2, Kv4.3, Kv4.1) and the previously described accessory subunits KChIP1-4 and DPP6/DPP10, eight tandem MS spectra identifying the Navb1 peptide YENEVLQLEEDERFEGR were acquired from Kv4.2 immunoprecipitates from wild-type brain lysates, but were absent from brains of animals (Kv4.2-/-) lacking Kv4.2. Although Navb1 has previously been reported to regulate the functional expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels in heterologous expression systems, these MS-based results suggest the interesting possibility that Navb1 might also function in the regulation of Kv4.2-encoded IA channels. To explore this possibility, the ability of Navb1 to modulate the functional expression of Kv4.2 channels was investigated in HEK-293 cells. Biochemical experiments confirmed that Navb1 co-immunoprecipitates with Kv4.2, but not with KChIP2. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings revealed that co-expression of Navb1 significantly increases Kv4.2-encoded current densities without measurably affecting the time- and/or voltage-dependent properties of the currents. Western blot and cell surface biotinylation experiments revealed that Navb1 increases the total and the cell surface expression of Kv4.2 proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that Navb1 associates with Kv4.2, increases the stability of the Kv4.2 protein and the cell surface expression of functional Kv4.2-encoded channels.
Richardson constant and tunneling effective mass for thermionic and thermionic-field emission in Schottky barrier diodes

Abstract An appreciable difference is shown to be expected to exist between the experimentally measured Richardson constant and the ‘ideal’ Richardson constant associated with the flux of a Maxwellian distribution of carriers in a semiconductor. The equality which must exist between the Richardson constant for the forward and reverse characteristics is discussed. The semiconductor charge carrier energy—wave vector relationship rather than that of the metal is shown to be dominant because it controls the cone of acceptance for carriers incident on the barrier from the metal side. The effective mass in the ideal Richardson constant for T-F emission is shown to be the same as that for thermionic emission. This mass, which is associated with the E - k relationship transverse to the direction of current flow, can be considerably different from the tunneling effective mass which is the effective mass component in the direction of the current flow.
China, the Sino‐Japanese conflict and the Munich crisis

(1999). China, the Sino‐Japanese conflict and the Munich crisis. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 10, The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II, pp. 342-369.
Antenna synthesis and solution of inverse problems by regularization methods

Antenna pattern synthesis is discussed as an example of "improperly posed" problems. This serves the purpose of introducing a concept that is useful in many other applications: remote sensing, inverse scattering, etc. It also suggests that regulation methods that have been devised to "solve" improperly posed problems can be applied to antenna synthesis and the aforementioned problems. This gives systematic methods for solving the pattern synthesis problem even when the element patterns are arbitrary.