cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-Year Outcome of Subacromial Corticosteroid Injection Compared With Manual Physical Therapy for the Management of the Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome A Pragmatic Randomized Trial

Background Corticosteroid injections (CSIs) and physical therapy are used to treat patients with the shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) but have never been directly compared. Objective To compare the effectiveness of 2 common nonsurgical treatments for SIS. Design Randomized, single-blind, comparative-effectiveness, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01190891). Setting Military hospital-based outpatient clinic in the United States. Patients 104 patients aged 18 to 65 years with unilateral SIS between June 2010 and March 2012. Intervention Random assignment into 2 groups: 40-mg triamcinolone acetonide subacromial CSI versus 6 sessions of manual physical therapy. Measurements The primary outcome was change in Shoulder Pain and Disability Index scores at 1 year. Secondary outcomes included the Global Rating of Change scores, the Numeric Pain Rating Scale scores, and 1-year health care use. Results Both groups demonstrated approximately 50% improvement in Shoulder Pain and Disability Index scores maintained through 1 year; however, the mean difference between groups was not significant (1.5% [95% CI, -6.3% to 9.4%]). Both groups showed improvements in Global Rating of Change scale and pain rating scores, but between-group differences in scores for the Global Rating of Change scale (0 [CI, -2 to 1]) and pain rating (0.4 [CI, -0.5 to 1.2]) were not significant. During the 1-year follow-up, patients receiving CSI had more SIS-related visits to their primary care provider (60% vs. 37%) and required additional steroid injections (38% vs. 20%), and 19% needed physical therapy. Transient pain from the CSI was the only adverse event reported. Limitation The study occurred at 1 center with patients referred to physical therapy. Conclusion Both groups experienced significant improvement. The manual physical therapy group used less 1-year SIS-related health care resources than the CSI group. Primary funding source Cardon Rehabilitation Products through the American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists.
The dual-gate BRT

In this paper, a new device concept called the Dual-Gate Base Resistance controlled Thyristor (DG-BRT) is reported. The DG-BRT combines the low forward drop characteristic of MOS-gated thyristors with a good forward biased safe operating area (FBSOA). When positive bias is applied to both gates, the DG-BRT operates in the thyristor mode allowing current conduction with a low forward voltage drop. When one gate is biased positive and the other negative, the DG-BRT can saturate current to high voltages. Results of two-dimensional numerical simulations and measurements performed on devices with forward blocking of 600 V are presented here.
Tibial Nerve and Deep Fibular Nerve Effects on Venous and Extravascular Volumes

The innervation of the vasculature of the dog hindpaw separately controls the series and parallel coupled vessels by means of the tibial, deep fibular, and superficial fibular nerves. The latter primarily affects veins. The venous effects of the tibial and deep fibular nerves have not been adequately defined. The right hindpaw of anesthetized dogs was vascularly and neurally isolated in a volume recorder. The animals were heparinized and the preparation autoperfused (constant pressure). Total tissue volume changes were determined by the volume recorder. Total vascular volume changes were calculated from changes in paw 51Cr-red blood cell radioactivity measured by a scintillation detector. Arterial pressure and paw blood flow were monitored. The tibial and deep fibular nerves were each separately stimulated at 1, 5, and 15 Hz. Deep fibular nerve stimulations resulted in progressively significant increases in precapillary flow resistance. Vascular and tissue volumes decreased with stimulation frequency but vascular volume decreased significantly less than tissue volume change. Tibial nerve stimulation resulted in significant precapillary resistance increases. Vascular and tissue volumes decreased by similar amounts. Thus, deep fibular nerve stimulation causes passive decrease in venous volume, reduced capillary pressure, and fluid absorption. Tibial nerve stimulation causes active arterial and venous constriction maintaining capillary pressure with minimal fluid transfer.
An efficient analytical method for calculating the angular and energy distribution of electrons which have undergone plural scattering in amorphous materials

Abstract An accurate and efficient quasi-analytical method is presented for calculating the angular and energy distribution of electrons which have undergone plural scattering through amorphous or polycrystalline materials. The method takes advantage of a property of the inelastic scattering differential cross-section which allows us to make an ad-hoc derivation of a simple analytic formula for the angular distribution of the plurally scattered component of the beam. In this way the energy distribution of the scattered beam can be easily derived using a limited number of one-dimensional Fourier transforms in the energy domain only. The method takes into account both the inelastic and eering of electrons and for the cases explored provides a major improvement in speed and accuracy over traditional Monte Carlo and transport equation methods. Examples of the speed and accuracy of this method are presented for a number of organic materials.
NEW AND EMERGING THERAPIES IN PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY

Infections and parasitic infestations are major causes of dermatologic disease in children. This article discusses several therapeutic agents that have recently become available for the treatment of some of the more common infections and others that may become available in the future.
Comparison of quantitative Doppler with magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation

We compared quantitative Doppler echocardiography and cine magnetic resonance imaging for calculation of regurgitant volume and regurgitant fraction in mitral regurgitation. A good correlation was present between the 2 methods with some scatter in patients with severe mitral regurgitation and high regurgitant volumes.
The Ethics of Dual Relationships: Beliefs and Behaviors of Clinical Practitioners

This study reports on a survey of 220 randomly selected MFTs and LCSWs about nonsexual dual relationships. The purpose was to investigate whether therapists were engaging in dual relationships and ...
Single-Event Transients in Voltage Regulators

Single-event transients are investigated for two voltage regulator circuits that are widely used in space. A circuit-level model is developed that can be used to determine how transients are affected by different circuit application conditions. Internal protection circuits-which are affected by load as well as internal thermal effects-can also be triggered from heavy ions, causing dropouts or shutdown ranging from milliseconds to seconds. Although conventional output transients can be reduced by adding load capacitance, that approach is ineffective for dropouts from protection circuitry
Sequence and priming in 15 month‐olds' reactions to brief arm restraint: evidence for a hierarchy of anger responses

Brief, gentle arm restraint is widely used in experimental studies of children's anger, but the pattern of responses generated by such restraint has been incompletely described. We now describe a hierarchy of responses within trials as well as an escalation across trials that have both methodological and theoretical significance. Mothers of 87 15-month olds prevented them from playing with a toy by restraining their arms on two consecutive 30 sec trials. Physical struggling was the first and most frequent response; children who struggled were significantly more likely to vocalize, and those who vocalized were significantly more likely to show facial expressions of anger. The children's responses became more probable, rapid, and intense during Trial 2 restraint. Overall, the hierarchy was orderly enough to meet criteria for Guttman scalability. The particular sequence observed suggests situational, as opposed to bio-energetic, ordering of responses. Methodologically, the two trial paradigm is a simple, ecologically valid model for studying anger escalation that parallels the “attack priming” of aggression in other species. The magnitude and persistence of anger priming may provide novel measures of anger regulation. Theoretically, the existence of an orderly response hierarchy is consistent with previous observations suggesting that, within a situational context, the sequential appearance of specific behaviors may indicate progressive increases in anger intensity. Aggr. Behav. 33:508–518, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phonocardiography: clinical use with and without combined echocardiography.

La phonocardiographie est encore une methode d'examen utile pour les cardiopathies valvulaires et pour distinguer une pericardite constrictive d'une maladie myocardique
Data-centered program understanding

Software maintainers use a variety of techniques and representations for understanding programs. Most of these representations first focus on the control structure of a program such as call graphs, control flow graphs and paths. We propose a new approach for program understanding that is data-centered-it first focuses on data and data relationships. We have experimented on both small and large Cobol programs from industry to determine if our methods are useful for program understanding and software maintenance. We have developed DPUTE (Data-centered Program Understanding Tool Environment) that is currently being evaluated and enhanced by our industrial partners. >
Maxillomandibular advancement for persistent obstructive sleep apnea after phase I surgery in patients without maxillomandibular deficiency.

Objective To assess the outcomes of maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for the treatment of persistent obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) after phase I reconstruction in patients who do not have maxillomandibular deficiency. Methods From January 1997 to September 1998, 25 patients previously treated with phase I reconstruction (uvulopalatoplasty, genioglossus advancement, and/or hyoid suspension) who did not have maxillary and mandibular deficiencies underwent MMA for persistent OSA. Variables examined include age, sex, body mass index (BMI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), lowest oxygen saturation (LSAT), and cephalometric data. In addition, a minimum of 6 months after surgery, questionnaires containing a 10-cm visual analogue scale (0 = no change, 10 = drastic change) were mailed to the patients. The questionnaire subjectively assessed the patient's perception of the facial appearance after surgery, whether there was pain or discomfort of the temporomandibular joint, the overall satisfaction with the treatment outcomes, and whether the patient would recommend the operation to other patients. Results Nineteen (76%) questionnaires were completed and returned by 15 men and 4 women. The mean age was 45.3 ± 6.6 years and the mean BMI was 33.1 ± 7.1 kg/m2. The mean RDI improved from 63.6 ± 20.8 to 8.1 ± 5.9 events per hour, and the mean LSAT improved from 73.3 ± 13.2% to 88.1 ± 4.1%. One patient was defined as an incomplete responder (RDI >20). One patient reported transient pain and discomfort of the temporomandibular joint. Although all of the patients felt that there were changes in their facial appearance after surgery, 18 of the 19 patients gave either a neutral or a favorable response to their facial esthetic results. All of these patients were satisfied with the overall outcomes and would recommend the treatment to others. Conclusion MMA is a highly effective treatment for persistent OSA after phase I surgery in patients who otherwise do not have maxillomandibular deficiency. The patient satisfaction is extremely high. Furthermore, previous concerns of unfavorable postoperative facial esthetics and temporomandibular joint dysfunction do not appear to be significant.
Voltage-Dependent Activation and Proton Permeation in Hv1

The hallmark biophysical features of voltage-gated proton conductances (GvH+) include exquisite H+ selectivity and activation by both voltage and the transmembrane pH gradient. Heterologous expression of the voltage sensor domain (VSD) protein Hv1 is sufficient to reconstitute GvH+, and the Hvcn1 gene that encodes Hv1 is required for GvH+ and murine phagocytic leukocytes. Hv1 is therefore likely to represent the long-sought molecular correlate of GvH+. In contrast to tetrameric voltage-dependent cation channels, each VSD subunit forms a distinct H+ permeation pathway in dimeric Hv1 channels. Rather than mediating transmembrane ion flux by dehydrating permeant ions in a pore domain selectivity filter, Hv1is likely to achieve rapid proton-selective transmembrane H+ transfer by a Grotthuss-type hydrogen-bonded chain (HBC) mechanism. In order to investigate the mechanism of proton permeation in Hv1, we performed charge-neutralizing mutagenesis of candidate H+-titratable residues that we expected would be required for formation of the HBC. Whereas mutations of conserved acidic and basic residues in Hv1 dramatically affected both voltage- and pH gradient-dependent activation, we were unable to identify any single neutralizing mutation that was sufficient to abrogate expressed H+ currents. Our data therefore suggest that H+-selective permeation in Hv1 is likely to require H+ transfer in a water wire rather than by side-chain titration. We interpret our mutagenesis data in the context of an Hv1 open-state homology model and describe a hypothetical mechanism for H+ permeation in Hv1.
Automated conflation of digital gazetteer data

A digital gazetteer (DG) is a spatial dictionary of named and typed places in some environment, typically the near-surface of the Earth. DGs are proliferating in number and sophistication with the popularity of location-based services such as GoogleEarth, MapQuest, and OnStar. The essential utility of a DG is to translate between formal and informal systems of place referencing, i.e. between the ad hoc names and qualitative type classifications assigned to places, on the one hand, and quantitative locations for them, on the other. Frequently, it is necessary to consult and combine results from multiple sources of gazetteer data, which is tedious for humans and currently not done by machines. Thus, a fundamental challenge with DGs is conflation: merging gazetteer data so that place identity is preserved. The challenge can be met using a computational approach modelled on human behaviour, focusing first on places' geometries (since disjoint places cannot be the same), second on their type categories, and finally on their names. This article details a troika of metrics that mimic the human cognitive process, together with operational procedures for automated conflation of DG data using them. By way of demonstration, both abstract and practical results of conflation for the Lake Tahoe Basin of California and Nevada are presented.
A Compendium of Canine Normal Tissue Gene Expression

Background Our understanding of disease is increasingly informed by changes in gene expression between normal and abnormal tissues. The release of the canine genome sequence in 2005 provided an opportunity to better understand human health and disease using the dog as clinically relevant model. Accordingly, we now present the first genome-wide, canine normal tissue gene expression compendium with corresponding human cross-species analysis. Methodology/Principal Findings The Affymetrix platform was utilized to catalogue gene expression signatures of 10 normal canine tissues including: liver, kidney, heart, lung, cerebrum, lymph node, spleen, jejunum, pancreas and skeletal muscle. The quality of the database was assessed in several ways. Organ defining gene sets were identified for each tissue and functional enrichment analysis revealed themes consistent with known physio-anatomic functions for each organ. In addition, a comparison of orthologous gene expression between matched canine and human normal tissues uncovered remarkable similarity. To demonstrate the utility of this dataset, novel canine gene annotations were established based on comparative analysis of dog and human tissue selective gene expression and manual curation of canine probeset mapping. Public access, using infrastructure identical to that currently in use for human normal tissues, has been established and allows for additional comparisons across species. Conclusions/Significance These data advance our understanding of the canine genome through a comprehensive analysis of gene expression in a diverse set of tissues, contributing to improved functional annotation that has been lacking. Importantly, it will be used to inform future studies of disease in the dog as a model for human translational research and provides a novel resource to the community at large.
AGL61 Interacts With AGL80 and Is Required for Central Cell Development in Arabidopsis

The central cell of the female gametophyte plays a role in pollen tube guidance and in regulating the initiation of endosperm development. Following fertilization, the central cell gives rise to the seed's endosperm, which nourishes the developing embryo within the seed. The molecular mechanisms controlling specification and differentiation of the central cell are poorly understood. We identified AGL61 in a screen for transcription factor genes expressed in the female gametophyte. AGL61 encodes a Type I MADS domain protein, which likely functions as a transcription factor. Consistent with this, an AGL61-green fluorescent protein fusion protein is localized to the nucleus. In the context of the ovule and seed, AGL61 is expressed exclusively in the central cell and early endosperm. agl61 female gametophytes are affected in the central cell specifically. The morphological defects include an overall reduction in size of the central cell and a reduced or absent central cell vacuole. When fertilized with wild-type pollen, agl61 central cells fail to give rise to endosperm. In addition, synergid- and antipodal-expressed genes are ectopically expressed in agl61 central cells. The expression pattern and mutant phenotype of AGL61 are similar to those of AGL80, suggesting that AGL61 may function as a heterodimer with AGL80 within the central cell; consistent with this, AGL61 and AGL80 interact in yeast two-hybrid assays. Together, these data suggest that AGL61 functions as a transcription factor and controls the expression of downstream genes during central cell development.
Carotid endarterectomy in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis - A case report

Access to the cervical internal carotid artery may occasionally be limited by the mandible. Management of symptomatic carotid occlusive disease in a pa tient suffering from ankylosing spondylitis is described in which the carotid bifurcation is obscured by the vertical mandibular ramus. The application of technique usually reserved for high internal carotid artery lesions to this situa tion is discussed. In the case reported here, the preferred approach of mandibu lar subluxation allowed successful carotid endarterectomy.
Consumption and macroeconomic policies: Theory and evidence from developing countries

Abstract This paper examines determinants of private consumption in a sample of developing countries. The empirical model includes income, a proxy for the cost of consumption, and the exchange rate. Anticipated movements in these determinants are likely to trigger adjustment in planned consumption, while unanticipated changes determine random transitory adjustment in consumption. Fluctuations in private consumption are mostly random with respect to unanticipated changes in income and, to a lesser extent, the exchange rate. Consumption increases during cyclical expansion of income and decreases in the face of an unanticipated increase in the cost of consumption. Exchange rate fluctuations have mixed results on private consumption. As for the effects of domestic policies, fiscal policy has a limited, and sometimes negative, effect on private consumption. Monetary growth, in contrast, stimulates an increase in private consumption. This evidence supports recent calls to decrease the size of government and enh...
E. Approximation to the Magnetic Vector Potential Function for Slender DipolesThe proof presented here is patterned after one which can be found in J. Galejs, Antennas in Inhomogeneous Media (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1969), 2.5.

First published in 1981, Robert S. Elliott's Antenna Theory and Design is one of the most significant works in electromagnetic theory and applications. In its broad-ranging, analytic treatment, replete with supporting experimental evidence, Antenna Theory and Design conveys fundamental methods of analysis that can be used to predict the electromagnetic behavior of nearly everything that radiates. After more than two decades, it remains a key resource for students, professors, researchers, and engineers who require a comprehensive, in-depth treatment of the subject. In response to requests from many of our members, IEEE is now reissuing this classic. Newly revised, it once again will be an invaluable textbook and an enduring reference for practicing engineers. The IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory offers outstanding coverage of the field. It consists of new titles of contemporary interest as well as reissues and revisions of recognized classics by established authors and researchers. The series emphasizes works of long-term archival significance in electromagnetic waves and applications. Designed specifically for graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers, the series provides affordable volumes that explore and explain electromagnetic waves beyond the undergraduate level.
Marmot distribution and habitat associations in the Great Basin

In this study I describe the distribution and habitat associations of yellow-bellied marmots ( Marmota flaviventris ) in the Great Basin, compare my findings with those of E.R. Hall during his 1929-1936 survey and later surveys, and discuss potential reasons for changes in marmot distribution over time. I found 62 marmot burrow sites in 18 mountain ranges, mostly in rocky meadows situated on well-drained slopes between 2100 m and 3000 m elevation. Marmots were generally found near burrows dug within talus slopes, talus-like rock piles, or clusters of massive boulders. Oceanspray ( Holodiscus discolor ) was the shrub most commonly associated with occupied rock formations. Marmots were most abundant in the Ruby/East Humboldt Range and were common in the Desatoya, Shoshone, Toiyabe, Toquima, Cherry Creek, Schell Creek, Deep Creek, and Stansbury Ranges. Marmots appeared to be uncommon in the Monitor Range and rare in the Clan Alpine, Roberts, and Snake Ranges. I was unable to find marmots in the Diamond, Egan, Spruce-Pequop, White Pine, and Oquirrh Ranges, although I located old, weathered marmot scats in all but the latter 2 ranges. Other evidence confirms that marmots do actually occur in the Oquirrh Range, but extensive searches of the White Pine Range, including some of the same rock formations where E.R. Hall collected marmots, revealed no sign of marmots. My distribution data suggest that marmots may have gone extinct in some Great Basin mountain ranges during the last century. These disappearances may represent a natural extinction-recolonization dynamic, but a more alarming possibility is a recent die-off linked to climate change, which is predicted to force montane vegetation zones further upslope, shrinking the habitat of associated faunas. However, marmots in this study were observed as low as 1550 m elevation, indicating an altitudinal flexibility that may allow this species to survive climatic change better than more specialized boreal species such as pikas ( Ochotona princeps ) and water shrews ( Sorex palustris ).
Firm Risk-Taking and CEO Visibility

This paper investigates the relationship between CEO visibility and corporate risk-taking. The empirical results show that more visible CEOs tend to take more risk. A one-standard-deviation shock in the CEOs media exposure results in a 6.53% rise in total risk. We further investigate the channels of risk-taking activities and find that more visible CEOs seek more R&D investments. The positive effect of CEO visibility on firm risk policies is clearly of concern to bondholders. Consistent with this view, we report that CEO visibility has a significant negative effect on firm credit ratings. Our results highlight the importance of CEO visibility on a crucial corporate outcome — the extent of corporate risk-taking.
The Ghost of Winberry: Separation of Powers and Tort Reform Proposals

The New Jersey Supreme Court has grappled with separation of powers issues in a variety of different contexts. Cases involving the line between the authority of the legislature and the authority of the judiciary have often proved to be particularly troublesome. In the seminal decision in Winberry v. Salisbury, the court emphatically asserted its paramount authority over procedural issues. Subsequently, however, the court has evinced a willingness to accept the judgment of the state legislature on issues that are arguably procedural in cases where there is no real conflict between the legislative decision and the policies embodied in the rules promulgated by the court itself. This article will describe the principles underlying Winberry and its progeny and explore the impact that those principles might have on current tort reform proposals that focus on altering the rules of appellate procedure.
Examining Current Beliefs, Practices and Barriers about Technology Integration: A Case Study.

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to examine the current beliefs, practices and barriers concerning technology integration of Kindergarten through Grade Six teachers in the midwestern United States. The three data collection methods were online surveys with 152 teachers as well as interviews and observations with 8 teachers. The findings indicated that a majority of the teachers held constructivist pedagogical beliefs about technology integration. This study found that the teachers who held constructivist pedagogical beliefs about technology use had high self-efficacy beliefs about technology use, placed positive value on the use of technology, and had two or more practices of high-level learning in their lessons. Language arts was the subject that gained the most attention for technology integration. Four barriers were students’ lack of computer skills, teachers’ lack of training in technology, teachers’ lack of time to implement technology-integrated lessons, and teachers’ lack of technical support.
Defining the ‘positive’ in positive psychology: Part I. A descriptive analysis

Positive psychology has made a remarkable impact on psychological research and practice in recent years. Significant further work is needed, however, to clarify its core concepts. In a two-part project, the author presents the first systematic analysis of the most basic concept in positive psychology: the ‘positive’. Part I consists of a descriptive analysis. Based on a close reading of founding documents in positive psychology, this analysis reveals six discrete meanings of the positive in these texts, then probes the considerable tensions that arise within and among them and lead to unfortunate confusions in theory, research, and practice. In Part II, presented here, the author draws various distinctions to help relieve these tensions and offers a normative definition of the positive, with the goals of providing direction for inquiry and practice and encouraging further analysis of this and other basic concepts in positive psychology.
Role of Dissolved Organic Matter in Ice Photochemistry

In this study, we provide evidence that dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in indirect photolysis processes in ice, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leading to the efficient photodegradation of a probe hydrophobic organic pollutant, aldrin. Rates of DOM-mediated aldrin loss are between 2 and 56 times faster in ice than in liquid water (depending on DOM source and concentration), likely due to a freeze-concentration effect that occurs when the water freezes, providing a mechanism to concentrate reactive components into smaller, liquid-like regions within or on the ice. Rates of DOM-mediated aldrin loss are also temperature dependent, with higher rates of loss as temperature decreases. This also illustrates the importance of the freeze-concentration effect in altering reaction kinetics for processes occurring in environmental ices. All DOM source types studied were able to mediate aldrin loss, including commercially available fulvic and humic acids and an authentic Arctic snow...
C19ORF66 is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene (ISG) which Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading microbes. The type I interferon (IFN) pathway plays a key role in controlling Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. We identified an IFN-α stimulated gene C19ORF66 that we term Suppressor of Viral Activity (SVA). Full length SVA-1 protein inhibits HIV-1 by blocking virion production. SVA splice variants truncated at the C-terminus and/or disrupted at the nuclear export signal (NES) lose antiviral activity and localize to nucleus, while full length SVA-1 co-localizes with HIV-1 p24 protein in the cytoplasmic compartment of infected cells. SVA-1 is structurally and functionally conserved across species, including mouse and chimpanzee. We provide the first description of the effector function of the gene SVA/C190RF66 as an innate immune factor with anti-HIV-1 activity.
Metabolic considerations in hypertension

The frequent concurrence of other cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive patients, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, suggests that overlapping genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the common metabolic and cardiovascular derangements observed in these populations. Hypertension and hyperglycemia accelerate atherosclerosis in diabetics, and play an important role in associated morbidity and mortality. Several abnormalities in blood pressure regulatory systems such as the renin-angiotensin system, the sympathetic nervous system, and sodium/volume control have been described in diabetes mellitus. Sodium retention and cardiovascular hyperreactivity appear to occur early in the course of diabetes mellitus, even at normal blood pressure levels and before onset of renal failure, and could set the stage for the development of hypertension. The relationship between obesity and hypertension is also well-established, and may reflect metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations in obese subjects which predispose to blood pressure elevations. Obese subjects display changes in sympathetic nervous system activity, sodium metabolism, and vascular hemodynamics. Sodium-sensitive blood pressure responses in the obese may be secondary to increased cardiac output or fluid volume, and are directly related to circulating insulin levels. Certain metabolic and vascular characteristics of obesity and diabetes mellitus are found in patients with essential hypertension. It has been suggested that insulin and insulin resistance may be the common link between these risk factors. Improved understanding of metabolic considerations in the treatment of obese and diabetic hypertensives should lead to more careful selection of medications that avoid metabolic complications. Although diuretics and beta-blockers may be useful in some patients, there are several reasons not to recommend their use as initial therapy in obese and diabetic hypertensives. On the other hand, calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are highly effective, with minimal effects on metabolic parameters, and are well-suited as first-line therapy in the treatment of obese and diabetic hypertensives.
Kernicterus 1980: problems and practices viewed from the perspective of the practicing clinician.

An understanding of the pathophysiologic factors causing kernicterus, the determination of infants at greatest risk for developing kernicterus, even the cornerstone of therapy for kernicterus— controlling the bilirubin level — are in a current (and continuous) state of revision. These changing concepts are discussed in light of recent research.
Texas Youth: Our Key to a Healthy Future Town Hall Meeting 2000

Abstract Through the collaborative efforts of a city health department, area high schools, and community stakeholders a town hall meeting was organized to promote dialogue between local high school students and elected officials concerning major health issues affecting youths. Due to the success of the event, the forum received recognition at a White House meeting and has served as a model for other cities interested in conducting similar events.
Epley Maneuver for Vertigo (Particle Repositioning or Canalith Repositioning Procedure)

During the Dix-Hallpike test (see Chap. 43), the particles move in the canal and trigger a burst of upbeat-torsional nystagmus. The Epley maneuver causes resolution of positional nystagmus. This maneuver is effective in about 80 % of patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).
Ross Procedure for Aortic Valve Replacement in Young Adults: Preferred Procedure or "Double, Double Toil and Trouble"?

Since the original description of aortic valve replacement (AVR) with a pulmonary autograft by Donald Ross in 1967, 1 cardiac surgeons have had an uneasy relationship with this method for managing aortic valve disease. In many patients, the implanted autograft functions normally with no evidence of late deterioration, and thus is an ideal valve substitute. The Ross procedure has a special advantage in young children, because the implanted autograft can enlarge with somatic growth. 2 However, the operation is more complicated than standard prosthetic AVR because of the need for careful dissection during harvest of the pulmonary artery graft, the requirement for precise alignment of the graft within the aortic root, and the added potential for late dysfunction of the homograft or heterograft used to replace the native pulmonary valve.
Salt Disproportionation in the Solid State: Role of Solubility and Counterion Volatility

Disproportionation propensity of salts (HCl, HBr, heminapadisylate) and adipic acid cocrystal of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor-1 antagonist was studied using model free kinetics. Using thermogravimetic weight loss profile or heat flow curves from differential scanning calorimetry, an activation energy plot for salts and cocrystal was generated based on model free kinetics. This activation energy of disproportionation provided qualitative information about the solid state salt stability. To ensure the stability throughout the shelf life, “prototype” formulations of salts and cocrystal in tablet form were stored at 40 °C and several water vapor pressures. Disproportionation kinetics were studied in these prototype tablet formulations using two-dimensional X-ray diffractometry. Formulations containing the adipic acid cocrystal or heminapadisylate salt did not show disproportionation of API when stored at 40 °C/75% RH for 300 days. On the other hand, formulations containing HCl or HBr salt dispropo...
Multi-dimensional optimization of functionally graded material composition using polynomial expansion of the volume fraction

The work of this paper proposes a method for multi-dimensional optimization of functionally graded materials (FGMs) composition. The method is based on using polynomial expansion of the volume fraction of the constituent materials. In this approach, the design variables are the coefficients of the polynomial expansion which to be determined through the optimization process. This method provides much more flexibility in the design compared to the methods based on the power-law, or the exponential-law which will in turn lead to more optimal designs. Also it requires much less number of design variables compared to the grid based approaches which is also utilized for two-dimensional optimization of FGMs structures. As an application of the proposed method, the optimization of a simply supported Aluminum plate reinforced with Silicon Carbide nano-particles is considered. Cost plays a very important role for this type of structures, since the cost of the reinforcements such as Silicon Carbide nano-particles, or carbon nano-tubes is too high. So the aim of the optimization process is to minimize the amount of the reinforcement required to satisfy certain performance criteria. Both static, and dynamic cases are considered in this work; a plate under a transverse pressure distribution is considered as the static case, and the panel flutter problem as the dynamic case.
The Science of Improvement: Responding to Internal and External Challenges in a Complex School Environment:

This case focuses on the complexity of change and improvement within schools with a particular emphasis on the role of the principal and a science teacher leader. Although current rhetoric suggests that school improvement should happen quickly and consistently, research indicates that it is difficult, context specific, and incremental. In fact, expecting quick change can backfire, leading to short-term technical fixes that inhibit exploration of underlying beliefs and assumptions that generate meaningful change that results in learning and continuous improvement. Focused on a principal and teacher leader in a school facing declining science scores and other challenges, this case asks aspiring and practicing administrators and teacher leaders to consider the assumptions driving individuals’ behavior in their efforts to enhance practice and respond to external challenges in the long term.
Inhibition of infection spread by co-transmitted defective interfering particles

Although virus release from host cells and tissues propels the spread of many infectious diseases, most virus particles are not infectious; many are defective, lacking essential genetic information needed for replication. When defective and viable particles enter the same cell, the defective particles can multiply while interfering with viable particle production. Defective interfering particles (DIPs) occur in nature, but their role in disease pathogenesis and spread is not known. Here, we engineered an RNA virus and its DIPs to express different fluorescent reporters, and we observed how DIPs impact viral gene expression and infection spread. Across thousands of host cells, co-infected with infectious virus and DIPs, gene expression was highly variable, but average levels of viral reporter expression fell at higher DIP doses. In cell populations spatial patterns of infection spread provided the first direct evidence for the co-transmission of DIPs with infectious virus. Patterns of spread were highly sensitive to the behavior of initial or early co-infected cells, with slower overall spread stemming from higher early DIP doses. Under such conditions striking patterns of patchy gene expression reflected localized regions of DIP or virus enrichment. From a broader perspective, these results suggest DIPs contribute to the ecological and evolutionary persistence of viruses in nature.
Undefended Children in the Classroom? Looking at Textbooks, Cultural Difference, and Other Aspects of Indigenous Education in Mexico

Globalization has unleashed a plethora of contradicting forces currently. One of the most poignant has been the recognition and celebration of cultural difference alongside the homogenization of wants and desires through global media vehicles and a push toward universalization compulsory basic education. Since the 1980s, new primary schools have been “invading” the small Indigenous communities of Mexico. This chapter focuses cultural conflicts that arise due to this “invasion” within a Maya-Tojolabal context of Chiapas. Emphasis is placed on the intersection of educational policies within the Indigenous classroom and on the conceptual incompatibility of Western and Indigenous educational visions and practices. Main themes include the deep cultural otherness of the contemporary Mayan people and the role of schooling as a specific and powerful cultural avenue of influence which is distancing Indigenous children from their cultural context, leaving them effectively “culturally” vulnerable and undefended in the classroom and beyond.
An ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometer with high mass resolution for cold trapped ion experiments

Trapping molecular ions that have been sympathetically cooled with laser-cooled atomic ions is a useful platform for exploring cold ion chemistry. We designed and characterized a new experimental apparatus for probing chemical reaction dynamics between molecular cations and neutral radicals at temperatures below 1 K. The ions are trapped in a linear quadrupole radio-frequency trap and sympathetically cooled by co-trapped, laser-cooled, atomic ions. The ion trap is coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer to readily identify product ion species and to accurately determine trapped ion numbers. We discuss, and present in detail, the design of this ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometer and the electronics required for driving the trap and mass spectrometer. Furthermore, we measure the performance of this system, which yields mass resolutions of m/Δm ≥ 1100 over a wide mass range, and discuss its relevance for future measurements in chemical reaction kinetics and dynamics.
Effect of ovarian activity and endogenous reproductive hormones on GnRH-induced ovarian cycles in postpartum dairy cows.

The objective was to determine the relationship of prior follicular development to GnRH-induced cyclic ovarian activity in dairy cows postpartum. Sixty lactating Holstein and Guernsey cows from the University of Missouri dairy herds were assigned at random to one of two groups. Group I consisted of 20 cows (control) given a single intramuscular (IM) injection of saline. Group II consisted of 40 cows given a single injection of 100 micrograms gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) IM. Treatments were administered 12 to 14 days postpartum. All cows were palpated per rectum to monitor ovarian activity prior to treatment (time 0) and 2 to 3 and 7 to 9 days post-treatment. Blood was collected via tail vessel puncture at time 0 and 7 to 9 days post-treatment. The percentage of cows exhibiting a follicle 10 mm or greater in diameter prior to treatment was not different between Group I (50%) and Group II (43%). However, twenty (50%) of the GnRH-treated cows initiated cyclic ovarian activity following treatment as evidenced by palpable CL and plasma progesterone greater than or equal to 1.0 ng/ml on day 9 post-treatment in contrast to only four (20%) saline-treated cows (P less than 0.05). Seventeen of 20 cows ovulating in Group II exhibited a palpable follicle greater than or equal to 10 mm in diameter prior to treatment compared to 3 of 4 cows in Group I. Prior to treatment, plasma concentrations of LH, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone were not different (P less than .05) between cows in Groups I and II. In Group II, preinjection levels of estradiol-17 beta and LH for cows ovulating in response to GnRH were higher (P less than .01) than in cows not ovulating. Postinjection concentrations of progesterone in plasma on days 7 to 9 were higher (P less than .01) in cows ovulating than in cows not ovulating. Six (30%) cows in Group I developed ovarian cysts prior to conception as compared to 12.5% (5) of the cows in Group II (P less than .05). The present study suggests: (1) GnRH treatment as early as 12 to 14 days postpartum may initiate cyclic ovarian activity in normal dairy cows; (2) elevated preinjection concentrations of estradiol-17 beta and follicular growth are important for GnRH induced ovulations; and (3) GnRH treatment 12 to 14 days postpartum may be useful in reducing abnormal ovarian activity.
TGF-β Signaling in Fibroblasts Regulates Tumor Initiation and Progression in Adjacent Epithelia

TGF-β is an important regulator of carcinoma initiation, progression and metastasis. Over the past three decades, much of the research related to TGF-β signaling has been directed toward cell autonomous effects of stimulation. However, it is now known that TGF-β signaling regulates intrinsic cell autonomous signal transduction in addition to cross-talk between adjacent cell populations. The latter effect of TGF-β signaling in the tumor microenvironment has been elevated in priority with regard to investigating paracrine cross-talk that may targeted to manage human carcinoma recurrence and improve overall survival. At present several regulatory mechanisms have been identified in association with stromal fibroblast responses to TGF-β that can regulate adjacent epithelial tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. TGF-β can suppress the production of tumor promoting paracrine signals including HGF, Mst-1, TGF-α, WNT-2, WNT3A and WNT5A. When TGF-β signaling was lost in fibroblasts, which has been shown to occur during carcinoma progression, these paracrine ligands may be increased and thereby contribute to adjacent carcinoma progression. Conversely, TGF-β can cause a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition that has also been associated with adjacent carcinoma progression. Further, TGF-β production by fibroblasts has been shown to increase the sensitivity of carcinoma cells to signals such as SDF-1 that is abundantly expressed by carcinoma associated fibroblasts. At present, the literature suggests that the TGF-β response by fibroblasts and fibroblast production of TGF-β ligands can suppress or promote adjacent carcinoma progression depending upon the context of stimulation.
Synchronous Oscillations in Sensorimotor Cortex of Awake Monkeys and Humans

Oscillatory neural activity in the frequency range of 20–70 Hz has been observed in various sensory and motor cortical areas in awake and anesthetized mammals (Freeman, 1978; Eckhorn et al., 1988; Gray and Singer, 1989; Engel et al., 1991; Murthy and Fetz, 1992; Kreiter and Singer, 1992; Singer, 1993). High-frequency oscillations in the visual cortex have been suggested to play a role in associating stimulus features and in segmentation of objects in the visual scene (Eckhorn et al., 1988; Gray et al., 1989). Synchronous 20–40 Hz oscillations of local field potentials (LFP) have also been observed in the sensorimotor cortex of behaving monkeys (Rougeul et al., 1979; Murthy and Fetz, 1992; Murthy et al., 1992; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993) and humans (Sheer, 1984; Ribary et al., 1991; Pfurtscheller and Neuper, 1992). In awake, behaving monkeys, synchronous LFP oscillations were found during performance of trained motor tasks (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993) as well as during less constrained exploratory movements of the arm and hand (Murthy and Fetz, 1992). This suggests that the oscillations may play a role in attention or facilitating interactions during sensorimotor integration.
Extremes of Stationary Processes

Consider a stationary real-valued process (X n; n≥1) or (Xt; t≥0). Time may be discrete or continuous; the marginal distribution may be discrete or continuous; the process may or may not be Markov. Let $$ {M_n} = \mathop {\max }\limits_{1 \leqslant j \leqslant n} {X_j};{M_t} = \mathop {\sup }\limits_{0 \leqslant s \leqslant t} {X_s} $$