cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canning, Freezing, and Freeze-Drying

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a staple grain consumed by more than half of the world’s population (Hogan 1977). It is the chief source of calories in Asia and has become more popular in Western countries in recent years (Burns and Gerdes 1985). Common objections to using rice in Western countries include difficulty and length of preparation and established eating habits (Luh and Liu 1980).
Finitude & Dependency: Kant’s Conception of Moral Obligation

The concept of moral obligation is central to Kant’s ethics. According to the Anscombian reading of Kant’s ethics, this concept is conceptually confused and, therefore, corrupts much, if not all, of what Kant has to say about ethics. This critique of moral obligation forms the cornerstone of the Anscombian reading of Kant’s ethics, which is why I need to address it directly. Accordingly, I devote this chapter to dealing with the classical source for this critique of moral obligation, Elizabeth Anscombe ’s “Modern Moral Philosophy” (1958). My main contention regarding Anscombe’s critique of “moral obligation” is that she and Kant are working with two very different understandings of moral obligation, and, therefore, Anscombe’s criticism of the modern sense of “moral” obligation does not apply to Kant. More specifically, I argue that for Kant moral obligation is not some irreducible, inexplicable metaethical concept, leftover from a divine command theory of ethics and robbed of its metaphysical underpinnings; instead, I argue, we should understand Kant’s concept of moral obligation as his way of acknowledging how human beings—finite, imperfect beings that we are—experience the normative constraints that an objective account of human goodness makes on us, namely, as something with which, in some sense, we do not want to comply.
EVIDENCE OF A SEX PHEROMONE IN THE GREEN JUNE BEETLE, COTINIS NITIDA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)

A trapping study was conducted in an area of heavy green June beetle (GJB), Cotinis nitida (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), emergence to collect evidence in support of the hypothesis that unmated f...
Offensive and Defensive Aggression

In the history of philosophy and more recently psychology, aggression has typically been regarded as a disordered and undesirable behavior, a product of poor environmental and social conditions. While aggressive actions can certainly correspond to these descriptions, the emerging view from biological and evolutionary analyses of aggression is that it is an evolved biobehavioral pattern that has often been adaptive for the organism displaying it. More accurately, the concept should be patterns, as the situations, motivations, actions, and consequences of aggression may differ substantially and systematically, suggesting that at least two biobehavioral systems may be involved. One, offensive aggression, functions in the control of resources and is particularly triggered by challenge to resource control. Another, defensive aggression, is one component of a pattern of defensive behaviors to threatening predators or conspecifics. In most species it occurs as a last-ditch response when other defenses do not work, under circumstances that make it considerably less common than is offense, in laboratory settings. The factors that differentiate these two types of aggression also appear to be involved in recently described “abnormal aggression” following early stress, particular hormone manipulations, and selective breeding, in a pattern suggesting that such abnormal aggression may involve deactivation of inhibitory systems that are also deactivated in defensive aggression.
Heat Transfer Enhancement During Water and Hydrocarbon Condensation on Lubricant Infused Surfaces

Vapor condensation is routinely used as an effective means of transferring heat or separating fluids. Dropwise condensation, where discrete droplets form on the condenser surface, offers a potential improvement in heat transfer of up to an order of magnitude compared to filmwise condensation, where a liquid film covers the surface. Low surface tension fluid condensates such as hydrocarbons pose a unique challenge since typical hydrophobic condenser coatings used to promote dropwise condensation of water often do not repel fluids with lower surface tensions. Recent work has shown that lubricant infused surfaces (LIS) can promote droplet formation of hydrocarbons. In this work, we confirm the effectiveness of LIS in promoting dropwise condensation by providing experimental measurements of heat transfer performance during hydrocarbon condensation on a LIS, which enhances heat transfer by ≈450% compared to an uncoated surface. We also explored improvement through removal of noncondensable gases and highlighted a failure mechanism whereby shedding droplets depleted the lubricant over time. Enhanced condensation heat transfer for low surface tension fluids on LIS presents the opportunity for significant energy savings in natural gas processing as well as improvements in thermal management, heating and cooling, and power generation.
Impact of Delayed Time to Advanced Imaging on Missed Appointments Across Different Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of wait days (WDs) on missed outpatient MRI appointments across different demographic and socioeconomic factors. Methods An institutional review board–approved retrospective study was conducted among adult patients scheduled for outpatient MRI during a 12-month period. Scheduling data and demographic information were obtained. Imaging missed appointments were defined as missed scheduled imaging encounters. WDs were defined as the number of days from study order to appointment. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to assess the contribution of race and socioeconomic factors to missed appointments. Linear regression was performed to assess the relationship between missed appointment rates and WDs stratified by race, income, and patient insurance groups with analysis of covariance statistics. Results A total of 42,727 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean WDs were 7.95 days. Multivariate regression showed increased odds ratio for missed appointments for patients with increased WDs (7-21 days: odds ratio [OR], 1.39; >21 days: OR, 1.77), African American patients (OR, 1.71), Hispanic patients (OR, 1.30), patients with noncommercial insurance (OR, 2.00-2.55), and those with imaging performed at the main hospital campus (OR, 1.51). Missed appointment rate linearly increased with WDs, with analysis of covariance revealing underrepresented minorities and Medicaid insurance as significant effect modifiers. Conclusions Increased WDs for advanced imaging significantly increases the likelihood of missed appointments. This effect is most pronounced among underrepresented minorities and patients with lower socioeconomic status. Efforts to reduce WDs may improve equity in access to and utilization of advanced diagnostic imaging for all patients.
Spinal case of the month with short perspective: How would you treat this L3-L4 synovial cyst?

Background In this new section, Case of the Month with Short Perspective from Surgical Neurology International, we want to see how various spine surgeons would approach different spinal pathologies. In this first case, an elderly male presented with 3 years of lower back pain and progressive neurogenic claudication with bilateral radiculopathy that had exacerbated over the prior 6 months. An outside physician performed a magnetic resonance (MR) study of the lumbar spine that showed a massive synovial cyst filling the spinal canal (e.g., large bilateral cysts) at the L3-L4 level with grade I spondylolisthesis. The MR and CT studies also both demonstrated moderate L2-L3, and severe L3-L4 stenosis. Methods Despite the massive synovial cyst filling the spinal canal at the L3-L4 level, pain management (anesthesia training) spent 3 months performing three successive epidural steroid injections accompanied by attempts at percutaneous synovial cyst aspiration/rupture. Results By the time the patient presented to neurosurgery, he had developed severe neurogenic claudication, radiculopathy, myelopathy, and a cauda equina syndrome. Dynamic X-rays revealed a mild grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis at the L3-L4 level without active motion, while both computed tomography (CT) and MR studies confirmed moderate stenosis stenosis/ossification of the yellow ligament at the L2-L3 level, severe stenosis at L3-L4 level with spondylolisthesis, and massive bilateral synovial cysts at the L3-L4 level filling the spinal canal. Conclusions Following an L2-L4 decompressive laminectomy without fusion (note the absence of motion intraoperatively at the L3-L4 level), the patient's symptoms resolved, and he regained normal function. How would you have managed this patient?
It’s Capital! Understanding Latina/o Presence in Higher Education:

Latina/o educational differentials have been studied predominantly from a deficit standpoint that emphasizes a lack of cultural capital. More recently, researchers began to reject this deficit pers...
Beyond Routine Abortion Practice: Identifying Adolescents and Young Adults at Risk for Anemia.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the prevalence of anemia among female adolescents and young adults seeking abortion care at a county hospital, and to determine its associated factors. Design A cross-sectional retrospective study. Setting John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois. Participants Young women (N = 2916; ages 11-24 years) who underwent first trimester medical or surgical termination in 2016. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Hemoglobin concentration at time of presentation, age, gestational age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, education, sexually transmitted infection status, and insurance status. Results On average, women were 21 (SD, 2.2) years old, 87% (2545 of 2916) African-American, and 64% (1863 of 2916) were Medicaid recipients. Gestational age at time of presentation ranged from 4 weeks 6 days to 13 weeks 6 days, and 58% (1695 of 2916) had surgical termination. Overall, 16% (451 of 2916) had hemoglobin concentrations of less than 11 g/dL. Categorization of severity showed that 4% (126 of 2916) of women had moderate and 11% (325 of 2916) had mild anemia. Only 2.6% of women (75 of 2916) had any history of anemia, and 91% (412 of 451) of anemic women did not have a preexisting anemia diagnosis. Fifteen percent of anemic women (51 of 451) had positive sexually transmitted infection screening, but positive status was not associated with anemia in crude or multivariable models (P = .4-.6). In a multivariable model, later gestational age, decreasing body mass index, and multiparity were significantly associated with anemia prevalence after adjustment. Conclusion Our study showed an elevated prevalence of undiagnosed anemia. Ultimately, the abortion care setting can be an intersection for continued ambulatory care and provides an important opportunity to diagnose and educate young women on anemia management.
Attenuation of Rat Plasma Prolactin Response to Restraint Stress Following Acute and Chronic Dosing with Nicotine

Nicotine consumption by smoking is often associated, anecdotally with stress. Since both restraint stress and acute dosing with nicotine are known to elevate rat plasma prolactin, the interaction between nicotine and stress was studied using plasma prolactin as an end point. Groups of male Holtzmann rats, approximately 200 g, received one of several doses of nicotine sulfate or saline, intraperitoneally, either as a single injection or 5 times/day for 7 days with a single final injection on the eighth morning. One hour after the final dosing, 5 min of restraint was followed by decapitation. Plasma prolactin levels were determined by RIA and the results were analyzed by ANOVA. Prolactin levels were significantly less after stress in rats given a single injection of nicotine (N) 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mg (free base)/kg BW (saline 41.1 ± 3.5 ng/ml; N0.75 24.4 ± 4.3; Ni.5 23.9 ± 4.1*: N2.0 19.9± 3.9***; N3.0 9.0 ± 1.1*** Values are mean ± SEM. *P < .05, *** p < .01 compared with saline). In nonstressed rats, a single dose of nicotine significantly suppressed prolactin levels 1 h after dosing (saline 3.4 ± 1.1; N0.75 1.1 ± 0.2; N1.5 1.2 ± 0.1; N2.0 1.0 ± 0.1*; N3.0 0.8 ± 0.1** **P < .025). Piasma prolactin levels were significantly less after stress in rats given the 7-day regimen (saline 50.2 ± 4.1; N1.0 48.2 ± 4.4; N2.0 23.6 ± 4.7**; N3.0 20.2 ± 3.2**). Chronic nicotine dosing did not affect prolactin levels measured in nonstressed rats 1 h after the final dose (saline 1.5 ± 0.3; N1.0 2.0 ± 0.4; N2 0 1.5 ± 0.2; N3.0 0.9 ± 0.1).
Schooling and the Politics of Ethics: Beyond Liberal and Conservative Discourses.

One of the major struggles for control currently being waged in American society is around the issue of schooling and moral values. However, radical educators have effectively removed themselves fr...
Biological Sex, Adherence to Traditional Gender Roles, and Attitudes Toward Persons with Mental Illness: An Exploratory Investigation

Undergraduate students (n = 86) responded to the Community Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill (CAMI) questionnaire and The Hypergender Ideology Scale, which measures the degree to which they adhered to traditional gender roles. Results indicated that males were significantly more likely than females to endorse intolerant attitudes toward persons with mental illnesses. However, when adherence to hypergender ideology was controlled for, no significant differences emerged between the genders. It was determined that strict gender-role adherence, rather than biological sex, accounted for the variance in CAMI scores. Implications for mental health counselors and for selecting predictor variables for future research are discussed.
Pain Perception in Man

Aversive states in man run the gamut from brief sensory pains produced by pricks, scratches, shocks, or blows associated with specific types of stimulation, to suffering caused by more severe or prolonged stimulation, or long-experienced pain from any source (identified or not). Finally, there is the very different suffering of mental anguish in which the sensory component of pain may be absent, but the person is distressed because of loss of self-esteem owing to disfigurement, social alienation, or other causes. Although these three kinds of aversive states are all in some respects perceptual, the usual conventions for defining a sensory modality relate it to specific sources of stimulation. Pain fits this set of conventions only in part, and its motivational-emotional connotations when it is described as anguish, distress, or suffering go beyond specific modality classification, and lead to some puzzling problems in the interpretation of the totality of aversive states.
Impact of tumor location and variables associated with overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer: A mayo clinic colon and rectal cancer registry study

Background: Our study investigated the demographic characteristics of Mayo Clinic Colon and Rectal Cancer Registry patients and sought to associate tumor location with overall survival. Methods: Using the cohort of patients seen at Mayo Clinic (Minnesota, Arizona, Florida) from 1972 to 2017, we obtained 26,908 colorectal adenocarcinoma patient records. Overall survival of patients with colorectal cancer was analyzed by sidedness (right vs. left) and location (right vs. left vs. rectum). Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze all demographic and cancer variables available within the dataset to trace survival over a 35-year period. Subgroups within variables were compared to each other using log-rank test and considered significantly different at P 2000). Results: Overall survival differed significantly within all variables studied after Kaplan-Meier method analysis (P < 0.0001). Survival was higher in the left-side group when evaluated by tumor sidedness, and rectal cancer patients had the highest median survival (101.3 months). Right-sided cancer patients had the worst prognosis in both tumor location and sidedness analyses, with a median survival of 76.6 months. However, the stratified analysis showed that, the difference in survival between left- and right-sided cancer only existed in late cancer stage (stage 4) patients but not in early cancer stage; therefore, screening for CRC to pick cancer at an early stage can influence overall survival significantly. Conclusion: These observations confirm some of the previous and recent studies on sidedness of colorectal cancer patients. Our analysis is novel in that it included patients of all stages rather than just stage IV metastatic patients. This initial study provides a platform to investigate more biologic and clinical factors associated with tumor location. Merging this dataset with other available datasets and previously conducted studies within the institution will provide a robust platform for multiple future studies and collaborations. Finally, appropriate screening can result in a decrease in incidence and mortality of CRC.
Handle decompositions of tubes

Let K be a 1-dimensional complex, in a PL 3-manifold M, and let N be a regular neighborhood of K. Then for each edge σ1 of K there is a 2-cell D, “orthogonal to σ1 at the mid-point P of σ1”; D ∩ K = {P}; and the 2-cells D decompose N into a collection of polyhedral 3-cells Cυ, each of which contains exactly one vertex υ of K. The sets C υ will be called the dual cells of N. If K is appropriately subdivided, then the edges σ1 can be made of arbitrarily small diameter, and the neighborhood N can thus be chosen so that the sets C υ are of arbitrary small diameter. The 2-cells D will be called splitting disks of N.
Water, Levels, and Loops - Evidence of Teens' Emerging Understanding of Systems while Designing Games

In recent times, there has been a surge of interest in both learning through design and learning systems thinking. Game design is well accepted as a rich learning environment [12, 25] and intent gamers, including children and teens, might be well-positioned to design games around environments while exploring both the context and the game as systems. We present a preliminary analysis of emergent systems thinking among teens who were making a board game about water pollution in a game-making workshop. Our findings suggest that through game-making, teens were compelled to think about both games and the context of the game as systems. We discuss implications for nurturing systems thinking as well as understanding of science concepts, and point to the affordances of non-digital games as tools for learning.
Nuclear Astrophysics Underground: Status and Future

For more than two decades LUNA (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics) has been the only underground laboratory in the world. Over the years many plans have been discussed on different continents for additional laboratories dedicated to the study of nuclear reactions of astrophysical interest at very low energies under almost background free conditions. Only now some of these projects became or will soon become reality. This contribution will focus on the commissioning and features of the CASPAR (Compact Accelerator System for Performing Astrophysical Research) project, the first underground accelerator in the US located in the Sanford Underground Research Facility.
Using the Flipped Classroom Model in a Junior Level Course to Increase Student Learning and Success

AbstractEngineering courses typically follow a similar framework for content delivery: preread, lecture, and homework. Innovations are starting to be embraced that increase engagement, student lear...
A lipomatous, cervicothoracic mass causing tracheal compression in a child

Abstract Lipomatous lesions in children are significantly less common than in the adult population and tend to occur subcutaneously on the trunk or extremities. When they are found in the thorax, these lesions are more likely to be in the anterior mediastinum. Although pediatric lipomatous tumors are typically benign and slow-growing, mass effect can be seen in small spaces and malignancy remains a real threat. A 5-year-old male presented with an asymptomatic left neck mass, which was seen on imaging to extend from the visceral space of the neck into the posterior mediastinum to the level of the carina, causing tracheal deviation and compression. The mass was excised in its entirety and found to be a benign lipoma. Imaging is important to determine the exact location and interaction of the mass with cervical and mediastinal structures. Excision of the entire mass is the optimal treatment in order to make a definitive diagnosis, prevent complications from compression of mediastinal structures, and avoid recurrence.
The Life and Death and Consequences of Canals and Spoil Banks in Salt Marshes

We describe the consequence and demise of levees (spoil banks) built from dredging canals in Louisiana salt marshes using morphometric measurements made over 30 years, soil collections on the spoil bank and in the salt marshes behind, and complementary observations from other areas. These measurements were used to determine the temporal bounds of how long spoil banks last and if salt marsh soils remaining in salt marshes are affected. If the rates of changes in spoil bank morphology continue, then the estimated life time of the shrub-tree vegetation at a representative spoil bank is 81 years, the spoil bank width is 89 years, and the dredged channel will erode to the center of the spoil bank after 118 years. The soils in marshes behind the spoil bank have a higher bulk density than in reference marshes, accumulate more mineral matter per year, have lower root mass and are weaker. These observations are compatible with measurements of spoil bank width, vegetative cover and soil compaction, and the conversion from wetland to open water on a coastwide scale.
Measurement of the Temperature Dependence of the Piezoresistive Coefficients of 4H Silicon Carbide

Piezoresistive stress sensors on silicon were developed for measuring in-situ stresses in electronic packages, but due to its relatively low bandgap energy, the upper temperature range of silicon is limited. Stress sensors made with wide bandgap semiconductors such as 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) offer the advantage of much higher temperature operation [1] and can be utilized to monitor stresses in high-voltage, high-power SiC devices. The piezoresistive behavior of such sensors is characterized by piezoresistive (pi) coefficients, which must be calibrated before the stress measurement. In the prior study [2], the piezoresistive coefficients of 4H-SiC were calibrated only at room temperature, but 4H-SiC tends to be operated at high temperature. Thus, the piezoresistive coefficients under different temperatures are required.This work focuses on experimental study of the piezoresistive coefficients at different temperatures, from 300k to 450k. Calibration has been performed using four-point bending method with strip on flex circuit [3] specimen. A special four-point bending apparatus integrated into an environmental chamber is utilized.
Intramammary antibiotics with complementary acupuncture decreases milk serum N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase concentrations in dairy cattle with subclinical mastitis.

The objective of this research is to determine whether intramammary antibiotics with complementary acupuncture can reduce bovine mammary inflammation due to subclinical mastitis. Lactating cows were selected based on milk with a somatic cell count (SCC) greater than 500,000 cells/ml. Pre- and post-treatment milk samples were collected to determine SCC, aerobic bacterial content, milk ion conductivity, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) concentrations. Milk serum was prepared from milk samples by double centrifugation. Concentrations of LDH and NAGase were determined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cows being treated with intramammary antibiotics were separated by random assignment to the acupuncture group (n = 10) and a no-acupuncture (control) group (n = 9). Both the acupuncture and control group were restrained for 30 min in a head catch 12 hr apart for a total of four times. For front quarters affected by subclinical mastitis, the acupuncture points used were spleen (SP) 12, SP 17, SP 18, SP 21, stomach (ST) 18 and conception vessel (CV) 12. For rear quarters affected by subclinical mastitis, the acupuncture points used were bladder (BL) 30, BL 30-1, BL 49, kidney (KI) 10, conception vessel (CV) 2 and CV 3. All parameters were compared using a Student t test. Significance was defined as p < .05. Compared to control cows, complementary acupuncture treatment reduced NAGase enzymatic activity in quarters of cows with subclinical mastitis. The reduction in NAGase suggests that complementary acupuncture treatment may be associated with healing of the damaged mammary epithelial cells, which are the primary source of NAGase activity in milk serum.
Sexual dimorphism of complement-dependent microglial synaptic pruning and other immune pathways in the developing brain

Sexual dimorphism has been reported in the prevalence, onset and progression of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. We hypothesize that immunological signaling in the developing brain, notably the complement cascade underlying microglial synaptic pruning, could be one mechanism for this dimorphism. Here we show that genes differentially expressed between male and female normal cortical development are enriched for pathways associated with the activation of the innate immune system, complement cascade and phagocytic processes. Specifically, the male brain is enriched for the expression of genes associated with phagocytic function of microglia through complement-dependent synaptic pruning especially at the developmental stages before birth. Our results suggest the existence of a common regulatory module involved in both prenatal immune activation in males and postnatal immune activation in females. The activation of immune pruning pathways at different stages of normal male and female development could provide valuable insights about critical periods of plasticity and refinement in the human cortex that could explain the different vulnerabilities of males and females to neurological disorders.
Experience-Driven Peer Effects: Evidence from a Large Natural Experiment.

Social interactions between people are a central mechanism by which behavior spreads. Several field studies have shown how observing peer behavior affects ones own behavior in a wide range of domains including health, information diffusion, advertisement, and education. However, the role of observing peer experience or outcome---the reward for the observed peer behavior---has largely gone uninvestigated. Here we examine evidence from a large-scale online setting, game play records from League of Legends match-ups, where we are able to disentangle the effects of observing peer behavior from observing peer experience. We find that in addition to positive peer effects from observing behavior, the effect is accentuated by observed experience, with a large positive effect when observing a good outcome and a small (but still positive) effect when observing a bad outcome. We further find that this experience driven effect is moderated by skill, becoming more pronounced among highly skilled subjects. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the role of observed peer experience beyond peer behavior. We anticipate this result to be of use to both practitioners and theoreticians in the space of social influence. For example, online platforms may wish to broadcast the positive outcomes of peers, more than mere behaviors, when a user performs a behavior desirable to the platform. Furthermore, efforts aimed at maximizing the social spread of a product may benefit from modeling experience-driven peer effects as part of the spreading process.
25 Years with the Top Quark

The top quark was rst observed in 1995 in the CDF and D0 experiments at the Fermilab $$p\bar{p}$$ Tevatron collider. In the intervening 25 years much has been learned about this heaviest of all known fundamental particles. Its properties thus far conform to the expectations of the standard model but its large mass is suggestive that its study is an ideal place for searches for new physics outside the current paradigm.
High Schools' Adoption of Evidence-Based Practices for the Management of Exertional Heat Stroke.

CONTEXT Exertional heat stroke (EHS) deaths can be prevented by adhering to best practices. OBJECTIVE To investigate high schools' adoption of policies and procedures for recognizing and treating patients with EHS and the factors influencing the adoption of a comprehensive policy. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Online questionnaire. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Athletic trainers (ATs) practicing in the high school (HS) setting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Using the National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement on exertional heat illness, we developed an online questionnaire and distributed it to ATs to ascertain their schools' current written policies for using rectal temperature and cold-water immersion. The precaution adoption process model allowed for responses to be presented across the various health behavior stages (unaware if have the policy, unaware of the need for the policy, unengaged, undecided, decided not to act, decided to act, acting, and maintaining). Additional questions addressed perceptions of facilitators and barriers. Data are presented as proportions. RESULTS A total of 531 ATs completed the questionnaire. Overall, 16.9% (n = 62) reported adoption of all components for the proper recognition and treatment of EHS. The component with the highest adoption level was "cool first, transport second"; 74.1% (n = 110) of ATs described acting on or maintaining the policy. The most variability in the precaution adoption process model responses was for a rectal temperature policy; 28.7% (n = 103) of ATs stated they decided not to act and 20.1% (n = 72) stated they maintained the policy. The most frequently cited facilitator of and barrier to obtaining rectal temperature were a mandate from the state HS athletics association (n = 274, 51.5%) and resistance to or apprehension of parents or legal guardians (n = 311, 58.5%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Athletic trainers in the HS setting appeared to be struggling to adopt a comprehensive EHS strategy, with rectal temperature continuing as the biggest challenge. Tailored strategies based on health behavior, facilitators, and barriers may aid in changing this paradigm.
The Perturbed Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Consider the perturbatively damped and driven nonlinear Schrodinger equation (PNLS) $$i{{q}_{t}} = {{q}_{{xx}}} + 2\left[ {|q{{|}^{2}} - {{\omega }^{2}}} \right]q + i\epsilon \left[ { - \alpha q + {{{\hat{D}}}^{2}}q + \Gamma } \right]$$ (2.1.1) under the even and periodic boundary condition $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {q( - x) = q(x),} & {q(x + 1) = q(x),} \\ \end{array}$$ where \(\omega \in (\pi ,2\pi ),\epsilon \in ( - {{\epsilon }_{0}},{{\epsilon }_{0}})\) is the perturbation parameter, α(> 0) and are real constants. The operator \({{\hat{D}}^{2}}\) is a regularized Laplacian, specifically given by $${{\hat{D}}^{2}}q \equiv - \sum\limits_{{j = 1}}^{\infty } {{{\beta }_{j}}k_{j}^{2}{{{\hat{q}}}_{j}}\cos {{k}_{j}}x,}$$ where \({{\hat{q}}_{j}}\) is the Fourier transform of q and \({{k}_{j}} \equiv 2\pi j\) The regularizing coefficient βj is defined by $${{\beta }_{j}} \equiv \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} \beta \hfill & {for j \leqslant N,} \hfill \\ {{{\alpha }_{*}}k_{j}^{{ - 2}}} \hfill & {for j > N,} \hfill \\ \end{array} } \right.$$ where α*, and β are positive constants and N is a large fixed positive integer. When, the terms and are perturbatively damping terms; the former is a linear damping, and the latter is a diffusion term. Hence, this regularized Laplacian acts in such a way that it smooths the dissipation at short wavelengths. The reason for this choice is that we will need the flow generated by this infinite dimensional dynamical system to be defined for all time. We will see that the condition ω ∈ (π, 2π) implies that for an appropriate linearization of the unperturbed nonlinear Schrodinger equation (to be discussed shortly), there is precisely one exponentially growing and one exponentially decaying mode (more exponentially growing and decaying modes can be treated without difficulty). 1 The term is a perturbatively driving term.
Basic Dutch: A Grammar and Workbook

Preface 1. Verbs and Pronouns 2. Modal Verbs 3. Questions and Question Words 4. Numbers and Measures 5. Telling Time 6. Articles and Nouns 7. The Plural of Nouns 8. Object Pronouns 9. Demonstrative Pronouns 10. Possessive Pronouns 11. Adjective Endings 12. The Adjective in Comparison 13. Adverbs 14. The Adverb 'er' 15. Negatives 16. The Diminutive 17. Separable Verbs 18. The Present Perfect Tense
A multi-node thermal system model for lithium-ion battery packs

Temperature is one of the main factors that control the degradation in lithium ion batteries. Accurate knowledge and control of cell temperatures in a pack helps the battery management system to maximize cell utilization and ensure pack safety and service life. In a pack with arrays of cells, a cell's temperature is not only affected by its own thermal characteristics but also by its neighbors, the cooling system and pack configuration, which increase the noise level and the complexity of cell temperature prediction. This work proposes to model lithium-ion packs' thermal behavior using a multi-node thermal network model, which predicts the cell temperatures by zones. The model was parametrized and validated using commercial lithium-ion battery packs.
Intergovernmental Relations and the Courts: How Does an Independent Branch Play Politics?

The American Judiciary faces a "catch 22". As an independent branch, courts are expected to remain "above" politics, yet they must enter the political process to obtain their resources, to fight for and against policies that might impact them, and to even repel attacks on their power. The "catch-22" issue and these needs of courts raise the question of how they perform the tasks of intergovernmental relations. How does the judicial branch lobby other branches of government? Existing research suggests that courts traditionally behave conservatively in their lobbying behavior and use caution - by trying to not appear aggressive or outwardly "political" when lobbying for court needs (Douglas and Hartley, 2001a; Hartley, 2003). Some scholars suggest that courts should behave conservatively as a strategy for maintaining norms of judicial independence and court legitimacy (Burbank, 2007; Resnik, 2000-2001). However, case study research hints at more sophisticated strategies used by courts when widespread reforms are undertaken (Crowe, 2007; Buchman, 2003; Winkle, 2003). Court officials are currently strategically planning for improved political mobilization and more effective inter-branch relations at the federal level and in the states. This paper introduces a book-length project that will employ data from interviews, surveys, and records of commissions to examine how state court systems lobby other branches and levels of government. The project assesses what resources are devoted to intergovernmental relations, what courts lobby for and against, what tactics and strategies are currently used, and ends by identifying efforts to improve inter-branch relations. I propose that the judicial branch commonly uses traditional lobbying techniques and tactics documented in past research (e.g., use of judges and court liaisons), but that they are increasingly using more sophisticated strategies (e.g., coalition building) to lobby - and that this behavior is more widespread than originally assumed.
Indicators of Environmental Quality of Urban Life: Economic, Spatial, Social, and Political Factors

In a nation that is turning increasingly urban, the quality of the urban environment constitutes a major test of the level of its well-being as a society. The 243 metropolitan areas of the United States now comprise 69% of the nation’s population and are more than ever the center of its economic and cultural life. Although planners and social scientists have long questioned the low priority given to enhancing the urban environment, growing segments of the public share their concern, recognizing glaring deficiencies in their surroundings. The national discussion about priorities in government expenditures is clearly tied to this realization and seeks to redirect government effort toward such pressing areas of domestic need as the improvement of urban development and housing, the health of the people, crime prevention, recreation and education, and environmental pollution, among others.
Dialectical Situations and Argument Analysis

to draw out a defense, an argument for it from the claimant. Such a situation could be internalized, someone reason­ ing with himself over an issue, or we could imagine more than two people involved, but the exchange between two persons, a questioner and an answerer, a challenger and a respond­ ent, is paradigmatic. We call these basic dialectical situations. Since argu­ ments are generated in dialectical situations, various methods of argu­ ment analysis, in particular tree dia­ grams, are appropriate for investiga­ ting the "products" of dialectical exchanges. But there is a more intimate connection betwe.en dialectical situa­ tions and argument analysis. Certain paradigm questions which may arise are central to motivating a particularly interesting tree system for argument analysis.
Word spotting in the wild

We present a method for spotting words in the wild, i.e., in real images taken in unconstrained environments. Text found in the wild has a surprising range of difficulty. At one end of the spectrum, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) applied to scanned pages of well formatted printed text is one of the most successful applications of computer vision to date. At the other extreme lie visual CAPTCHAs - text that is constructed explicitly to fool computer vision algorithms. Both tasks involve recognizing text, yet one is nearly solved while the other remains extremely challenging. In this work, we argue that the appearance of words in the wild spans this range of difficulties and propose a new word recognition approach based on state-of-the-art methods from generic object recognition, in which we consider object categories to be the words themselves. We compare performance of leading OCR engines - one open source and one proprietary - with our new approach on the ICDAR Robust Reading data set and a new word spotting data set we introduce in this paper: the Street View Text data set. We show improvements of up to 16% on the data sets, demonstrating the feasibility of a new approach to a seemingly old problem.
Genotypic variation and slime production among blood and catheter isolates of Candida parapsilosis.

Candida parapsilosis is an important nosocomial pathogen that can proliferate in high concentrations of glucose and form biofilms on prosthetic materials. We investigated the genotypic diversity and slime production among 31 isolates of C. parapsilosis from individual patients with bloodstream or catheter infections. DNA subtyping was performed by using electrophoretic karyotyping plus restriction endonuclease analysis with BssHII followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Slime production was evaluated by growing organisms in Sabouraud broth with 8% glucose and examining the walls of the tubes for the presence of an adherent slime layer. Overall there were 14 DNA subtypes among the 31 isolates. Eighty percent of the isolates produced slime; 67% of the isolates were moderately to strongly positive, 13% were weakly positive, and 20% were not slime producers. The ability of isolates of a given DNA type to produce slime under these conditions was variable. The results of these studies indicate moderate genotypic variation among clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis. The propensity of these isolates to form slime in glucose-containing solutions suggests that this phenotypic characteristic may contribute to the ability of C. parapsilosis to adhere to plastic catheters and cause infections. Images
TCAD Simulation of Data Retention Characteristics of Charge Trap Device for 3-D NAND Flash Memory

We have developed a reliable and predictable TCAD modeling method for retention characteristics of the charge trap NAND Flash device. This modeling method can explain various retention phenomena related to temperature, program pattern, and bake time. The temperature dependency is well described by direct tunneling and thermionic emission, the pattern dependency can be explained by carrier diffusion and the short time retention can be described by the electron-hole dynamics in the storage nitride layer
Anticipating EMI and on-board interference in automotive platforms

A dual-step MTL/FDTD strategy is proposed for anticipating full-vehicle level EMI. In the first step, the current distribution along a cable bundle connecting to electronic modules on an automotive platform is calculated using multiconductor transmission-line (MTL) models. In order to account for common-mode discontinuities on the vehicle chassis, e.g., slots, 3D full-wave modeling (FDTD) is used to determine radiation impedances, which are thereafter incorporated in the MTL models for compensating the radiation power loss. In the second step, the obtained currents are implemented as impressed current sources in full-vehicle full-wave modeling using an FDTD multi-wire subcellular algorithm. Thus, the full-vehicle emissions from the automotive harness and the common-mode discontinuities of the vehicle chassis can be predicted. The effectiveness and limitation of this approach have been demonstrated in a controlled laboratory environment.
Transparent and stretchable chipless RFID fabricated using silver nanowire and 3D printed mask

A transparent, stretchable, and flexible chipless RFID tag fabricated with silver nanowires (AgNWs) and 3D printed mask is presented. Highly conductive AgNWs which are ∼200um long enables RFID strain sensors on polydimethylsiloxane elastomer while maintaining high optical transmittance. The chipless RFID tag is designed with electrical LC resonator. The resonant frequency of the RFID tag changes in response to the applied tensile strain along the x and y directions.
Controlled Flocculation Studies by Streaming Current Measurement

AbstractThe streaming current technique was investigated for the measurement of particle charge in aqueous dispersions. The initial phase of the investigation dealt with the study of relevant measurement parameters in order to develop a measurement procedure for obtaining reproducible charge measurements. The streaming current measurement technique was applied to the study of controlled floccula-tion of aqueous dispersions of microcrystalline silica and of bismuth subnitrate. A profile of streaming current as a function of added electrolyte was obtained for these dispersions. Sediment height and redispersibility measurements were also recorded for these dispersions. It was found that the sediment height and redispersibility behavior of these dispersions as a function of added electrolyte was consistent with the particle charge conditions as indicated by the streaming current profile.
2.1.1 Isoperformance: Analysis and Design of Complex Systems with Known or Desired Outcomes

Tradeoffs between performance, cost and risk frequently arise during analysis and design of complex systems. Many such systems have both human and technological components and can be described by mathematical input-output models. Oftentimes such systems have known or desired outcomes or behaviors. This paper proposes “isoperformance” as an alternative approach for analyzing and designing systems by working backwards from a set of desired performance targets to a set of acceptable solutions. This is in contrast to the traditional “forward” process, which starts first in the design space and attempts to predict performance in objective space. Isoperformance can quantify and visualize the tradeoffs between determinants (independent design variables) of a known or desired outcome. For deterministic systems, performance invariant contours can be computed using sensitivity analysis and contour following. In the case of stochastic systems, the isoperformance curves can be obtained by regression analysis, given a statistically representative data set. Examples from opto-mechanical systems design and human factors are presented to illustrate specific applications of the method.
ISLAMIC LAW IN CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA

Dans l'Asie du Sud contemporaine, la loi islamique a developpe des trajectoires interactives et distinctes. Il existe une conjonction de forces impliquant les communautes coloniales et post-coloniales, des communautes locales et internationales, des mouvements de revivalisme religieux, mais egalement des pratiques ou croyances populaires. Les musulmans d'Inde ou du Pakistan semblent avoir capte un peu de la ferveur revolutionnaire nee en Iran en 1979. Ils ont eu l'opportunite de s'opposer aux violations de leurs lois, de leurs lieux saints et du nom de leur prophete
Mapping resistance genes for Oculimacula acuformis in Aegilops longissima.

Key message This study identified three QTL conferring resistance toOculimacula acuformisinAegilops longissimaand their associated markers,which can be useful in marker-assisted selection breeding for eyespot resistance.
Dynamic Forecasts of New Product Demand Using a Depth of Repeat Model

A depth of repeat model that can forecast the demand for new consumer products is developed, an “in-between” model between the STEAM model [#109] and the Fourt-Woodlock model [#97] with some of the desirable attributes of each.
Cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

Many clinicians and policymakers are concerned whether use of the implantable defibrillator (ICD) is justified in view of its high cost. Three randomized trials of the ICD have reported economic outcomes. Each trial found a large difference in cost between patients assigned to an ICD versus patients assigned to conventional therapy that persisted over three to six years of follow-up. Each trial also found better survival among ICD patients, and calculated ICD cost-effectiveness (CE) ratios between $27,000 per life year added and $139,000 per life year added. The variability in the cost-effectiveness ratios among trials is mainly due to variability in the years of life added by the ICD among the trials and, by extension, among patient subgroups. A rough rule of thumb is that the ICD will be economically attractive when it prolongs mean survival by six months or more, which is attainable in higher risk patient subgroups.
In vivo and in vitro studies of 15α-hydroxyprogesterone in the human placenta

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the fate of 15α-hydroxyprogesterone in human placental tissue. Tritiated 15α-hydroxyprogesterone was perfused through normal human placentas in situ at the time of Cesarean section and incubated with a 10,000x g microsomal supernate of the placenta in vitro . In both systems the substrate, but no additional metabolites were identified. These findings indicate that 15α-hydroxyprogesterone is not metabolized during its passage in the human term placenta, and suggests that because of its fetal origin clinical measurements of 15α-hydroxyprogesterone may provide a valuable index to the status of fetal viability.