cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical measurements at the micron and nanometer scales

Abstract Experimentation at the micron level requires specific tools and methods. It will be illustrated how some of these tools have to be combined to achieve this goal. Because the determination of strains at the micron and nanoscales has been explored with the aid of probe microscopy, attention needs to be devoted to the limitations of digital image correlation. In this context it is illustrated how the results of the correlation method are affected by several process parameters, such as subset size, out-of-plane deformation, displacement gradients and scanning noise introduced in measurements. We also present measurements of material fracture on small, elliptically perforated (MEMS) specimens under tension via specially constructed equipment. Of particular interest is how the failure strength of polycrystalline silicon (grain size ∼0.3 μm) is influenced by the magnitude of the notch radius (1–8 μm) and the stress concentration factor (3–10). It is demonstrated that when the notch radius falls below 3 μm, the strength of the material is no longer governed by the critical stress criterion that controls failure initiation for larger radii (e.g. 8 μm or larger). In fact, the stress gradient plays a significant role in the failure process, which is explained in terms of the statistical spatial distribution of small flaws or cracks and the size of the zone at the notch tip under high stress. Failure stresses increase by a factor of two or more at a characteristic size of 1 μm.
Cysteine-rich FGF receptor regulates intracellular FGF-1 and FGF-2 levels.

The cysteine-rich FGF receptor (CFR) is a 150-kD membrane-associated glycoprotein that specifically binds FGFs. CFR protein is not detectable at the cell surface and immunocytochemistry with anti-CFR antibodies demonstrates that CFR is concentrated in the Golgi apparatus. These data suggest CFR does not function as a plasma membrane FGF receptor. CFR expressed in chinese hamster ovary cells reduces the intracellular accumulation of exogenously applied FGF-1 and FGF-2. A mutant CFR lacking the juxtamembrane, transmembrane and intracellular domains is unable to alter intracellular FGF levels. Mutant CFR is detected throughout the cell, indicating that the domains absent in mutant CFR are required for appropriate subcellular localization and the regulation of intracellular FGF levels. Although the activation of plasma membrane receptors is necessary for cellular responses to FGFs, a requirement for intracellular FGF has also been proposed. The subcellular localization of CFR and its ability to regulate the levels of intracellular FGFs suggests that CFR may be involved in intracellular FGF trafficking and the regulation of cellular responses to FGFs. J. Cell. Physiol. 170:217–227, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Linear time reduction of large kinetic mechanisms with directed relation graph: N-Heptane and iso-octane

The algorithm of directed relation graph recently developed for skeletal mechanism reduction was extended to overall linear time operation, thereby greatly facilitating the computational effort in mechanism reduction, particularly for those involving large mechanisms. Together with a two-stage reduction strategy and using the kinetic responses of autoignition and perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) with extensive parametric variations as the criteria in eliminating unimportant species, a detailed 561-species n-heptane mechanism and a detailed 857-species iso-octane mechanism were successfully reduced to skeletal mechanisms consisting of 188 and 233 species, respectively. These skeletal mechanisms were demonstrated to mimic well the performance of the detailed mechanisms, not only for the autoignition and PSR systems based on which the reduced mechanisms were developed but also for the independent system of jet-stirred reactor. It was further observed that the accuracy of calculated species concentrations was equivalently bounded by the user-specified error threshold value and that the reduction time for a single reaction state is only about 50 ms for the large iso-octane mechanism.
Accessing the Lay Drug Literature: A Comparison of Dialog, BRS, and Wilsonline*

The use of online computer searching in drug information is now a standard of practice. The literature in this area, to date, has involved accessing medical and scientific literature exclusively. Drug information practitioners are often asked questions that have their origin in the lay or public literature. This literature can be difficult to locate and substantiate. It is often necessary, however, to identify the original source of such a question before turning to the medical literatureWe utilized the first 40 questions received by our drug information service that required a lay literature search as our sample. We tested the quantity and uniqueness of lay literature citation retrieval from three common online services (Dialog, BRS, and Wilsonline)Of the 12 subfiles evaluated, Magazine Index and National Newspaper Index, both from Dialog, had the highest mean quantitative citation retrieval. The wire services (United Press International and Washington Post Index) had high mean unique citation retrieval....
The Entrainment Influence on the Ocean Surface Layer in Tropical Latitudes

Abstract A nonlinear, time-dependent, baroclinic model is developed for a zonally uniform, tropical, two-layer ocean on a north-south vertical section. The lower layer is infinitely deep, at rest, and at constant temperature. The dynamics of the well-mixed surface layer are described in terms of the components of horizontal mass transport, the specific mass, and the specific enthalpy. The forcing functions of the model are the zonal wind stress, the vertical entrainment of cold water from the lower layer into the surface layer, and the surface thermal energy input. The concept of entrainment forcing is based on the approach of Kraus and Turner for parameterizing the vertical motion of the seasonal thermocline. Since zonal gradients of all quantities are neglected, the model applies only to the ocean's interior. This is rationalized by oceanographical observations. In particular, the cast-west pressure gradient term is one order of magnitude smaller than the wind stress; it may be considered as an addition...
Neurocognitive stages of spatial cognitive mapping measured during free exploration of a large-scale virtual environment

Using a novel, fully mobile virtual reality paradigm, we investigated the EEG correlates of spatial representations formed during unsupervised exploration. On day 1, subjects implicitly learned the...
Phosphoproteomics: new insights into cellular signaling

Developments in the field of phosphoproteomics have been fueled by the need simultaneously to monitor many different phosphoproteins within the signaling networks that coordinate responses to changes in the cellular environment. This article presents a brief review of phosphoproteomics with an emphasis on the biological insights that have been derived so far.
Steam Sintering of Uranium Dioxide

The following variables were considered in an investigation of the sintering of uranium dioxide: (1) sintering aids, i.e., small additions of substances that might aid the densification process, (2) soaking temperature, (3) soaking time, (4) furnace atmosphere, and (5) particle size of the uranium dioxide. The incipient sintering temperature, the effect of binders, and the effect of fabricating pressure also were determined. The data obtained in the investigation led to the following optimum conditions for obtaining dense UO2 by cold pressing and sintering: (1) preparing the UO2 as a submicron powder but not fine enough to be pyrophoric, (2) cold pressing at 20 to 30 tons per sq. in. without the use of organic binders, (3) using the following sintering schedule: (a) in H2 to 1400°C., (b) in steam or a wet inert gas from 1400° to 1500°C., (c) in steam or a wet inert gas at 1500°C. for a 1-hour soak, and (d) cooling in H2 from 1500°C. to room temperature. By following this procedure, pellets of UO2 (3/8 in. in diameter by 1/4 in. high) were obtained that were 97 to 98% of theoretical density.
Authentic Instruction and Technology Literacy.

Technology integration is an important aspect of student competence in the 21st century. The use of technology in teaching and learning is a valuable practice for supporting student learning and engagement. Modelling the pedagogical practices that integrate authentic, performance-based opportunities for technology integration was the focus of a project designed to support future teachers with acquiring these same pedagogical practices. The project was an opportunity to demonstrate value for a competency-based approach to teacher education that integrates technology literacy as a required component of teaching and learning in the 21st century. It explored the extent to which preservice teachers integrated technology tools in the lesson plans they created. The use of various self-selected technology tools using this approach served as an illustration of the important aspects of sound instructional pedagogy including authentic learning, technology integration and performance-based learning.
Molecular Architecture and Rheological Characterization of Novel Intramolecularly Crosslinked Polystyrene Nanoparticles

Novel polystyrene nanoparticles were synthesized by the controlled intra- molecular crosslinking of linear polymer chains to produce well-defined single-mole- cule nanoparticles of varying molecular mass, corresponding directly to the original linear precursor chain. These nanoparticles are ideal to study the relaxation dynam- ics/processes of high molecular mass polymer melts, as the high degree of intramolec- ular crosslinking potentially inhibits entanglements. Both the nanoparticles and their linear analogs were characterized by measuring their intrinsic viscosity, hydrody- namic radius (Rh), and radius of gyration (Rg). The ratio Rg/Rh was computed to char- acterize the molecular architecture of the nanoparticles in solution, revealing a shift toward the constant density sphere limit with increasing crosslink density and molec- ular mass. Further, confirming particulate behavior, Kratky plots obtained from neu- tron scattering data show a shift toward particle-like nature. The rheological behav- ior of the particles was found to be strongly dependent on both the extent of intramo- lecular crosslinking and molecular mass, with a minimal viscosity change at low crosslinking levels and a gel-like behavior evident for a large degree of crosslinking. These and other results suggest the presence of a secondary mode of polymer relaxa- tion/movement besides reptation, which in this case, is influenced by the total num- ber of crosslinked loops present in the nanoparticle. V C 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1930-1947, 2006
Liver Transplantation for Polycystic Liver Disease

• Four female patients with severe complications of polycystic liver disease were treated with liver replacement; two patients were also given kidneys from their liver donors. All four of the patients were suffering from extreme fatigue. Three of the recipients have survived for 8, 11, and 60 months with normal liver function and present good health. The fourth patient recovered from a liver-kidney transplantation, but 5 months later, fulminant hepatic failure developed in this patient due to hepatitis B virus, and she died despite emergency hepatic retransplantation. ( Arch Surg . 1990;125:575-577)
Tourism, Sports and the Centrality of Cities

(2002). Tourism, Sports and the Centrality of Cities. Journal of Urban Affairs: Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 487-492.
Implications of a rationalist inductive approach in System of Systems Engineering research

System of systems engineering (SoSE) is a rapidly growing discipline that has emerged in response to increasingly complex situations. Complexity arises from the use of reducible perspectives on irreducible problems, from emergence, and other sources that serve to create uncertainty. As these factors violate or challenge fundamental assumptions of systems engineering, new approaches to deal with new problems have been developed. Similarly, complex situations inherently provide challenges for research. Traditional management and engineering research approaches, which are based largely on empiricist paradigms, face serious limitations when addressing complex problems. It is argued in this paper that additional paradigms are needed supported by appropriate methodologies. The rationalist inductive approach is discussed in detail, guidelines for a modeling based rationalist inductive approach are presented, and the implications for SoSE are addressed.
Making the Medical Morbidity, Mortality, and Improvement Conference Even Better

Stover and Zerillo 1 present interesting and provocative information regarding the Medical Morbidity, Mortality, and Improvement Conferences. It seems likely that all oncologists have experience with similar conferences, and the publication prompts discussion of process improvement in patient care and oncology as well as potential improvements in the Medical Morbidity, Mortality, and Improvement Conference itself. As biology scientists, we think a lot about taxonomies and how to appropriately assign individuals to groups as well as how to recognize characteristics that make separation appropriate. Grouping the events deemed important enough for discussion at these conferences might help us prioritize improvement efforts and share experience across institutions similarly to how staging allows for comparison of patients across diseases and institutions. In this context, Stover and Zerillo’s 1 categorization of the events discussed at the Medical Morbidity, Mortality, and Improvement Conferences is laudable, as is their careful attention to
Surgical palliative care in thoracic diseases.

Surgery can play an important role in the treatment of patients who have end stage thoracic disease. In nonmalignant lung diseases, lung transplantation can be an option for selected patients. Diseases, such as emphysema, cystic fibrosis, primary pulmonary hypertension, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, can be treated definitively with lung transplantation [1]. Patients who have severe emphysema also may be candidates for lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). LVRS recently was shown to improve the quality and quantity of life in selected subpopulations of patients who have emphysema [2]. In patients who have malignant disease, surgery can contribute to patient care beyond the initial attempts at curative therapy. For example, it is common for fluid to accumulate in the chest with secondary effects on lung and heart function. In most cases, this fluid accumulation can be effectively treated by palliative surgical interventions. The dominant symptom that is associated with end stage thoracic disease is dyspnea. Defined as the uncomfortable awareness of breathing, dyspnea is common in patients who have cancer. In a study of a general population of patients who had cancer, 23% of patients reported that their dyspnea was moderate to severe [3]. Patients who had metastatic disease in the thorax were more likely to develop dyspnea [3,4]. Consistent with this finding, 60% of patients who have lung involvement complain of dyspnea. Bruera et al [4], in a study of 135 outpatients at a palliative clinic, found that 74 patients experienced moderate-to-severe dyspnea [4] Nearly three quarters of patients who have advanced cancer report dyspnea in the last 6 weeks of life [5,6]. Surgical palliation of dyspnea focuses on treating effusions of the pleura and pericardium. Pleural effusions are a common complication of malignancy, and malignancy is a common cause of pleural effusions, in general.
Unravelling Social Capital: Disentangling a Concept for Social Work

Over several decades, social capital has gained intellectual currency as a means to understand the dynamics of individual and community resources. While prevalent in other disciplines, social capital, however, has been used less often in social work to inform practice or policy development. In this paper, we argue that social capital is an efficacious construct for integrating the separate aspects of social networks and support so as to analyse the by-product of social relationships in the field of social work. We draw distinctions between social capital and conceptualisations of social networks and support and explore the concepts of social capital and present the usefulness of the concept as an analytical and theoretical model for micro and macro practice. We purpose that understanding the role of social capital can help social workers connect individuals to resources, but that it can also be used as part of established practice models. We conclude that essential to using social capital is the understanding that the concept (i) is different and distinct from social networks and social support, (ii) has both positive and negative elements and (iii) operates at the individual, community and institutional levels and can be relevant in all social work settings.
Women and peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Americans. Without aggressive management of the disease as well as comorbidities and risk factors, peripheral arterial disease may progress and place patients at risk for amputation of the affected limb. In addition, patients affected by peripheral arterial disease are at increased risk for death from both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular causes. Although traditionally felt to be a disease of Caucasian men, women compose a significant portion of patients with peripheral arterial disease, especially among the elderly. Increased prevalence of asymptomatic disease in women can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Without the appropriate medical and or surgical intervention, women are at risk of poor procedural outcomes and increased mortality. This review will focus on the differences in peripheral arterial disease based on gender and how these differences can affect the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease in women.
A seven element X-band agile beam receiver

We describe the design, fabrication, and testing of a seven element X-band coupled oscillator based phased array receiver. An array of seven mutually injection locked S-band voltage controlled oscillators provides seven local oscillator signals that are mixed with the signals received by each of seven microstrip patch elements in the aperture. Beam-steering of the receive array is accomplished by inducing the required phase shift in the local oscillator signal associated with each array element. The downconverted in-phase intermediate frequency signals are then summed in a UHF combining network. Frequency doubling of the oscillator signals is employed to extend the scan range.
Dr. Anthony Tony Qamar

⇓ ![][1] Dr. Anthony “Tony” Qamar, 62, a research associate professor in the Department of Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, and Dr. Daniel Johnson, a geophysicist at the University of Puget Sound, were fatally injured in an auto accident on October 4, 2005, while traveling to the Olympic Peninsula to retrieve a GPS instrument deployed to study episodic tremor and slip. Both deaths leave a large hole in the seismological community as well as in the lives of their many friends. Dr. Qamar was the Washington State Seismologist and a co-principal investigator for the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network. Born in 1943 in Redding, California, he was raised in the Berkeley area and traveled extensively with his parents, professional dancers who performed in many major venues in the … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Sex Hormones in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis

For decades, it has been known that females are more susceptible than males to multiple sclerosis (MS). It has also long been appreciated that during late pregnancy there is a decrease in MS disease activity. Interestingly, these two observations have also been made in an extensively used animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice. Female mice are more susceptible to disease than male mice, and there is an improvement in disease during late pregnancy. In this review, the role of sex hormones in each of these two observations is characterized in this EAE model using castration and exogenous hormone treatment strategies. The gender difference in EAE susceptibility is due primarily to a protective effect of testosterone in male mice. The decrease in disease severity during late pregnancy appears to be due at least in part to high levels of estriol, which characterize this time period.
Common Law and the Commonplace in Thomas More's Utopia [with illustrations]

AbstractThomas More's Utopia explores what it means to base a society on custom at a time when common law, or the “common custom of the realm,” is on the rise as England's dominant legal form. I ar...
Acetaminophen nephrotoxicity in the CD-1 mouse. II: Protection by probenecid and AT-125 without diminution of renal covalent binding

Abstract Acetaminophen (APAP) administration (600 mg/kg, ip) to 18-hr fasted, 3-month-old male CD-1 mice results in necrosis of the convoluted renal proximal tubules with a corresponding elevation of plasma urea nitrogen (BUN). Administration of the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor, L -(α S ,5 S )-α-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydroxy-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT-125) (50 mg/kg, ip), to mice 30 min before APAP significantly diminished the APAP-induced histopathologic damage and BUN elevation. Administration of the organic-anion transport inhibitor, probenecid (150 mg/kg, ip), 30 min before APAP challenge also protected against the APAP-induced elevation of BUN and detectable histopathologic changes. By contrast, pretreatment of mice with the cysteine conjugate β-lyase inhibitor, (aminooxy)acetic acid (100 mg/kg, ip), 1 hr before APAP did not alter nephrotoxicity. None of the pretreatments altered the APAP-induced elevation of plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, nor were there any detectable changes in liver histopathology after APAP challenge. Despite the protective effects of both probenecid and AT-125 against nephrotoxicity, they did not affect either the level of immunochemically detectable covalent binding to protein or the depletion of renal glutathione at 4 hr after APAP. Thus, the protection appears independent of effects on renal APAP uptake or activation and indirectly suggests that an APAP–glutathione conjugate may contribute to the observed nephrotoxicity.
Flow control in ISDN with limited buffering and discouragement

We consider the performance of Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs) with voice and data users, and limited buffering under different flow control policies. Flow control is exercised on the data packets. A matrix decomposition method is developed to solve for the equilibrium probabilities. The method reduces the computational complexity of the problem significantly. It is shown to be equivalent to a flow redirection method. Comparison of the flow control methods with movable boundary methods has shown that proportional flow control yields superior performance for heavier traffic load. The results are also compared with those obtained by a hybrid scheme that utilizes proportional flow control along with a movable boundary strategy.
Microstructural evolution and observed stress response during hot deformation of 5005 and 6022 Al alloys

A proper understanding of the relationships that connect processing conditions, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties is important for any materials scientist to improve productivity and product quality. The objective of this work is to experimentally and statistically analyze the effect of physically measurable features of the starting microstructure on the yield stress of 6022 Al alloy. Quantitative parameters obtained from microstructure characterization and stress analysis were analyzed by a multiple regression analysis technique to determine the relative influence of various microstructural parameters on the observed stress response. The geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density was determined to be the most important measured parameter affecting the yield stress. Experimental and statistical analysis showed a linear relationship between the yield stress and square root of the GND density.
Short-term variation in thermal stratification complicates estimation of lake metabolism

Previous studies have used sondes to measure diel changes in dissolved oxygen and thereby estimate gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (R), and net ecosystem production (NEP). Most of these studies estimate rates for the surface layer and require knowing the depth of the mixed layer (Zmix), which is usually determined from discrete daily or weekly temperature profiles. However, Zmix is dynamic, as the thermal structure of lakes may change at scales of minutes rather than days or weeks. We studied two thermally stratified lakes that exhibited intermittent microstratification in the mixed layer. We combined sonde-based estimates of metabolism with high-frequency measurements of stratification using thermistor chains to determine how the short-term dynamics of stratification affect metabolic rates. We calculated estimates of metabolism using time series of Zmix measured at seasonal, weekly, daily, and 5-min intervals. Areal rates of GPP and R were up to 24 and 29% less, respectively, using the 5-min measurements of Zmix rather than weekly Zmix, while NEP was not significantly different. These reduced areal rates are mostly the consequence of the reduction in the depth of the mixed layer. Microstratification occurred frequently in both lakes and affected volumetric rates in one lake where R was significantly lower, NEP was significantly higher, and GPP was marginally lower compared to days without microstratification. Hence, microstratification not only affects the depth of the mixed layer, but also alters the processes that influence photosynthesis and respiration. Future studies should consider microstratification and possibly employ multiple sondes with thermistor chains that enable integrating metabolic rates to a specific depth, rather than assuming a stable upper mixed layer as the basis for calculations.
Upper Airway Influences on Breathing

The upper airway may be defined as the extrathoracic portion of the airway and comprises the nose, the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, the larynx and the cranial half of the trachea. Its function is not limited to respiration but includes olfaction, air conditioning, chewing, swallowing and vocalization. The non respiratory activities are often in conflict with breathing and their coexistence demands a well developed control mechanism. The abundant nerve supply to the structures of the upper airway seems to be in line with this requirement.
The Design, Development, And Evaluation Of Database Projects In Accounting Classes

This paper describes a comprehensive database term project and several ideas that instructors can use to facilitate good projects and streamline the grading process. The author tested the effectiveness of this assignment with an end-of-semester student survey, a comparison of groupversus-individual project performance, and an examination of his end-of-semester course evaluations. His analyses suggest that term projects are an effective way to help students learn database concepts, and therefore should be included among the “best practices” associated with teaching database subjects.
99mTc-MDP scintigraphy vs. 18F NaF PET/CT for detection of skeletal metastases

599 Objectives 99mTc-MDP bone scanning (BS) is highly sensitive and cost-effective, thus having been for decades the standard method for nuclear imaging of the skeletal system. Owing to the pharmacokinetic properties of 18F-NaF and better resolution of PET/CT, 18F-NaF PET/CT has attracted clinical interest. Several published studies reported the value of 18F-NaF PET/CT for skeletal imaging and indicated that it might be superior over 99mTc-MDP BS in detecting bone metastases. However, 18F-NaF PET/CT did not replace 99mTc-MDP BS in routine clinical practice for a variety of reasons. Here we reviewed our clinical experience with 99mTc-MDP BS and 18F-NaF PET/CT for detection of bone metastases. Methods This is a retrospective study (Sep 2007 - Oct 2015) of 77 patients with proven malignancy (51 prostate cancer, 12 sarcoma, 7 breast cancer, 7 other cancers), who had 99mTc-MDP BS and 18F-NaF PET/CT for evaluation of skeletal metastases. There were 65 men and 12 women, 19-88 year-old (average: 62.8±15.1). 99mTc-MDP BS and 18F-NaF PET/CT were performed within 2-30 days (average: 22±9.7). The lesions detected with each test were tabulated and the results compared. Results Neither scan identified bone metastases in 27/77 patients (27%). Skeletal metastases were detected by 99mTc-MDP BS in 41/77 patients (53%) and by 18F-NaF PET/CT in 50/77 patients (65%). For the group with skeletal metastases on both scans, the extent of disease was greater by 18F NaF-PET/CT over 99mTc-MDP BS in 27/41 patients (66%) and the same in 14/41 patients (34%). 18F-NaF PET/CT showed skeletal metastases not seen on 99mTc-MDP BS in 9/77 patients (12%). Conclusions The evaluation of the extent of skeletal metastases with 18F-NaF PET/CT was superior over 99mTc-MDP BS in our cohort. In addition, 12% of the patients had bone metastases seen only on 18F-NaF PET/CT. However, given the concordance between the results of the two scans, it may be possible to create a clinical workflow to evaluate patients referred for bone scintigraphy with a 99mTc-MDP BS first, followed by 18F-NaF PET/CT only for patients with negative or equivocal 99mTc-MDP BS who continue to have high clinical suspicion for bone metastases.
Bill Clinton and Welfare Reform: A Perspective from Oral History

Complicating the conventional wisdom, President Bill Clinton did not sign welfare reform legislation in 1996 for entirely short-term political reasons. Oral history interviews with administration officials demonstrate that his support for welfare reform was rooted in longstanding policy concerns and in his long-term desire to restore the Democratic Party to competitive viability.
Ion-Implantation of Reactive Elements in Improving the Adhesion of Thermally Grown Cr2O3 Sales

The high temperature oxidation behavior of Al, Y and Hf ion-implantation in Ni-25wtCr alloy with dosages ranging from 1015-1017 ions/cm2 has been studied. Results are compared with the unimplanted alloy, a Xe-implanted alloy and alloys with 0.2wt% Y or lwt% Al additions. Oxidation tests were carried out at 1000°C and 1100°C in 1 atm. O2. It is found that the ion-implantation of Y and Hf greatly reduced oxidation rate and improved scale adherence after a critical implantation dosage, ∼ l×1016 ions/cm2, has been reached. The improved scale adhesion is attributed to both a reduction in growth stress and a strengthened scale/alloy interface, which all developed as a result of a modified scale growth process.
The Philosophy of Physical Education

(1931). The Philosophy of Physical Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 3-48.
Facing the challenge of pain management and opioid misuse, abuse and opioid-related fatalities.

It has been estimated that approximately one-third of the American population experience chronic or recurrent pain [1,2] with this number increasing each year as the baby boomers age. Effective pai...
Synthesis and Characterization of Bulky Cationic Arylalkylaluminum Compounds

The cationic m-terphenyl-substituted organoaluminum compounds [Dipp*AlEt][CH6B11Cl6] (3; Dipp* = 2,6-(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)2C6H3−), [DcpAlEt][CH6B11Cl6] (4; Dcp = 2,6-(2,6-Cl2C6H3)2C6H3−), [Dipp*AlEt][CH6B11I6] (5), and [DcpAlEt][CH6B11I6] (6) have been obtained by ethide elimination through trityl or preferably silylium salts from the precursors Dipp*AlEt2 (1) and DcpAlEt2 (2). The crystal structures of compounds 3−5 reveal the presence of cation−anion adducts involving two halides of the carborane anions, and the NMR spectroscopic data and solubility properties indicate such an interaction for 6. The interactions of the hexaiodocarborane anion with the [Dipp*AlEt]+ cation are stronger than those of the hexachlorocarborane anion. Interestingly, cation···anion contacts are preferred to intramolecular Al···Cl interactions in the Dcp species 4. Compound 4 forms the bis-amine adduct [DcpAlEt(NH2t-Bu)2][CH6B11I6] (8) upon exposure to tBuNH2, and compounds 3 and 4 slowly catalyze the alkylation of benzene with 1-hexe...
Emil W. Haury and the definition of Southwestern archaeology

Emil Walter Haury (1904–1992) played a key role in the definition of southwestern archaeology. Raised in a Mennonite academic community in Kansas and educated at Bethel College, the University of Arizona, and Harvard University, Haury participated in the development of dendrochronology and gained extensive archaeological field experience with Byron Cummings and Harold Gladwin. Inspired by A. V. Kidder, he contributed greatly to our knowledge of Clovis, Archaic, Mogollon, and Hohokam. His definition of southwestern archaeology continues to be the foundation for the study of prehistory in the Southwest.
Medical prevention for chemical workers

Chemiearbeiter sind in der Regel mehreren Schadstoffen mit verschiedenen Zielorganen ausgesetzt. Allen an einem bestimmten Arbeitsplatz vorhandenen Substanzen werden gezielte Untersuchungen durch Arzt oder Labor zugeordnet. Der verantwortliche Arzt des Betriebes meldet pathologische Befunde periodisch der Gruppe Arbeitsmedizin der Suva, welche notigenfalls weitere Abklarungen anordnet oder eine Nichteignungsverfugung fur bestimmte Arbeiten erlasst.
Ambulatory Electrocardiography, Transient Event Monitors, and Continuous Loop Recorders

Palpitations are sensations of an irregular or rapid heartbeat [1]. Although usually benign, palpitations may be related to dangerous cardiac arrhythmias or portend the likelihood of syncope or near-syncope [2]. If their etiology cannot be discerned from the clinical history, physical examination, or resting electrocardiogram, ambulatory electrocardiographic (AECG) monitoring is recommended [3, 4]. Various modalities exist and their selection depends upon the duration of monitoring likely to capture or record the electrocardiogram during symptoms, whether daily palpitations or sensations separated by days, weeks or even months. The gold standard for diagnosing an arrhythmia is obviously symptom–rhythm correlation. AECG monitoring permits monitoring synchronous with normal daily activity. A standard electrocardiogram is a focal record of 9–10 seconds of the heart’s rhythm and rate. The ECG is limited in its dynamic ability since it is a “snapshot” of the heart rhythm. The AECG provides a mechanism to effectively capture the presence and features of an arrhythmia (if one exists) simultaneous with symptoms. True arrhythmogenic symptoms should have corresponding electrocardiographic abnormalities.
Exploiting RLL codes in visible light communication

Visible light communication (VLC) provides the potential for high date rate communication at low power and cost, using LEDs. Run-length limited (RLL) codes are widely used in VLC to avoid long runs of 1's and 0's that could potentially cause the flicker and guarantee DC balance. However, the study of RLL codes in VLC is rather scant. We evaluate the dimming control and flicker analysis of three practical RLL codes: Manchester code, FM0/1 code and Miller code for their possible adoption in VLC in this paper. In addition to capturing the RLL functionality of the codes, we show that the FM0/1 code and Miller code can actually be treated as a trellis code with memory size 2. A modified BCJR algorithm for the trellis-based RLL codes is thus developed and a soft-iterative decoding algorithm is proposed for the forward error correction (convolutional) codes and RLL codes concatenated VLC system. The analysis show that the three RLL codes have advantages in different aspects. We also verify that the proposed iterative decoding scheme performs better than the existing ones in the numerical results.
A probabilistic portfolio-based model for financial valuation of community solar

Abstract Community solar has emerged in recent years as an alternative to overcome the limitations of individual rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, there is no existing model available to support probabilistic valuation and design of community solar based on the uncertain nature of system performance over time. In response, the present study applies the Mean-Variance Portfolio Theory to develop a probabilistic model that can be used to increase electricity generation or reduce volatility in community solar. The study objectives include identifying the sources of uncertainties in PV valuation, developing a probabilistic model that incorporates the identified uncertainties into portfolios, and providing potential investors in community solar with realistic financial indicators. This study focuses on physical, environmental, and financial uncertainties to construct a set of optimized portfolios. Monte Carlo simulation is then performed to calculate the return on investment (ROI) and the payback period of each portfolio. Lastly, inclusion vs. exclusion of generation and export tariffs are compared for each financial indicator. The results show that the portfolio with the maximum output offers the highest ROI and shortest payback period while the portfolio with the minimum risk indicates the lowest ROI and longest payback period. This study also reveals that inclusion of tariffs can significantly influence the financial indicators, even more than the other identified uncertainties.
Embryonic yolk removal affects neither morphology nor escape performance of larval axolotls

Maternal effects, the influences of maternal phenotype on the phenotypes of her offspring, mediate early ontogenetic traits through maternal investment. In amphibians, provisioning eggs with yolk is the main source of maternal investment. While larger eggs generally result in larger, higher-quality offspring, the relationship between egg size and offspring phenotype is complicated because offspring can evolve to be more or less responsive to variation in yolk provisions. Previous studies of several ambystomatid salamanders suggest that the effects of embryonic yolk reserve reduction on hatchling life history traits increase with egg size. In this study, a similar controlled experimental yolk removal technique in Ambystoma mexicanum was used to determine the effects of reduced yolk reserves on phenotypes including hatching time and stage, hatchling and larval size and performance in predation trials with fish. Surprisingly, yolk reduction revealed no effects on any traits. These findings suggest that larval morphology in A. mexicanum is highly canalized and larval phenotypes are decoupled from yolk reserve variation. This surprising lack of yolk removal effects in hatchling and larval axolotls illustrates the evolutionary flexibility of early life history traits. Traits can evolve to increase or decrease their response to resources and can even become completely unresponsive. Since we found no effects in early life history, we hypothesize that domestication of the axolotl may have altered yolk properties or allocation dynamics and that maternal investment in yolk reserves may manifest at later life stages by reducing the time to reproductive maturity or increasing fecundity.
Influence of Amphiphilic Plasticizer on Properties of Thermoplastic Starch Films

Thermoplastic starch powders and films were produced by using different combinations of hydrophilic (malic acid and water) and amphiphilic (isoleucine and butyric acid) plasticizers. Spray drying w...
Climate Change and Human Rights: Unpacking the Issues

Global warming is expected to contribute to many human wrongs: disease, malnutrition, flooding of coastal communities. But does every human wrong violate a human right? Should we conceptualize climate change not only as an environmental problem – the preeminent one of our time – but also as a human rights violation? Proposals to treat climate change as a human rights problem raise many fundamental questions. Theoretically, what does it mean to conceptualize climate change in human rights terms? How would a human rights approach differ from treating climate change as an environmental or economic or scientific problem? Descriptively, what does human rights law say about climate change and, conversely, what does climate change law say about human rights? Normatively, does it make sense to approach climate change as a human rights issue? What are the pros and cons? This brief introduction to a symposium issue of the Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law on climate change and human rights seeks to map out the overarching distinctions and questions.
Racial Differences in Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease in the USA

Despite the near-universal access to treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) under the federally funded Medicare program, ESRD constitutes a major health disparity among racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, particularly among blacks. Racial and ethnic minority patients have an excess risk of ESRD attributed to diabetes or hypertension, in part due to increased susceptibility to accelerated progression of chronic kidney disease in addition to other environmental, sociocultural, and behavioral factors. Furthermore, racial and ethnic disparities with respect to the treatment of ESRD, to include kidney transplantation, are well documented. Despite having poor intermediate health outcomes, however, minority groups with ESRD on dialysis survive longer than non-Hispanic whites, the so-called survival paradox. Health inequities among minority groups with ESRD warrant a research imperative to better understand many of the genetic, biological, environmental, sociocultural, and health care system-level factors that could ultimately lead to improved outcomes for all patients with ESRD.
Differences in verbal and nonverbal IQ test scores in children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Background Intelligence tests are a fundamental component of diagnostic assessments for children with suspected autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There are many assessments available, but scores across tests may not be comparable in children with ASD. Method Eighty children (68 boys) age 4–14 years with ASD completed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5th Edition (SB5), a verbal measure of intelligence, and the Leiter International Performance Scale – Revised (Leiter-R), a nonverbal measure of intelligence. Results Although discrepancies went in both directions, we found significantly higher mean scores on the Leiter-R than SB5 (9.6 point difference). Children younger than 8 years had more pronounced discrepancies (13.8 points vs. 3.5 points for >8 years), and children with less-developed language skills had greater discrepancies (13.1 points vs. 5.8 points for higher language skills). Conclusion This suggests these IQ tests are not interchangeable and language demands may produce different results that could impact clinician interpretation. Both clinicians and researchers should be aware of the likely impact of adopting primarily verbal vs. nonverbal tests when assessing children with ASD, especially those with less language.
Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al/Al and Al/Non-Al Alloys: A Review

Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding technique that has many advantages over traditional fusion welding, and has been widely adopted in the aerospace and automotive industries. This article reviews research developments in friction stir welding of dissimilar alloys systems, including combinations of aluminum alloys with Mg alloys, Cu, and steel. Microstructural evolution, hardness, tensile and fatigue properties, residual stresses, and corrosion behavior of dissimilar welds will be reported. The effects of processing parameters such as tool rotation and traverse speeds, tool position, material position, and tool geometry on the weld quality are also presented. Discussions on future research directions in friction stir welding will also be provided in the context of existing literature and future high-integrity applications.
WRF Hindcasts of Cold Front Passages over the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Site: A Sensitivity Study

AbstractThe present study explores the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to accurately reproduce the passage of extratropical cold fronts at the DOE ARM eastern North Atlantic (ENA) observation site on the Azores. An analysis of three case studies is performed in which the impact of the WRF domain size, position of the model boundary relative to the ENA site, grid spacing, and spectral nudging conditions are explored. The results from these case studies indicate that model biases in the timing and duration of cold front passages change with the distance between the model domain boundary and the ENA site. For these three cases, if the western model boundary is farther than 1500 km from the site, the front becomes too meridional and fails to reach the site, making 1000 or 1500 km the optimal distances. In contrast, integrations with small distances (e.g., 500 km) between the site and domain boundaries have inadequate spatial spinup (i.e., the domain is too small for the model to pr...
Effect of Jugular Bulb Catheterization on Intracranial Pressure

Cerebral blood volume is one determinant of intracranial pressure (ICP) and is directly proportional to venous outflow resistance. Most cerebral venous blood drains through the internal jugular veins and the vertebral venous plexus. Obstruction to venous drainage by jugular vein compression, especially on the right side, is known to elevate ICP. Some clinicians are reluctant to catheterize the internal jugular vein (IJ) in patients with elevated ICP for fear of exacerbating intracranial hypertension. Yet it is these patients who could benefit most from jugular bulb catheterization (JBC).
Enhancing concurrency in distributed transactional memory through commutativity

Distributed software transactional memory is an emerging, alternative concurrency control model for distributed systems promising to alleviate the difficulties of lock-based distributed synchronization. We consider the multi-versioning (MV) model to avoid unnecessary aborts. MV schemes inherently guarantee commits of read-only transactions, but limit the concurrency of write transactions. In this paper we propose CRF (Commutative Requests First), a new scheduler tailored for enhancing concurrency of write transactions. CRF relies on the notion of commutative transactions, namely conflicting transactions that leave the state of the shared data-set consistent even if validated and committed concurrently. CRF is responsible to detect conflicts among commutative and non-commutative write transactions and then schedules them according to the execution state. We assess the goodness of the approach by an extensive evaluation of a fully implementation of CRF. The tests reveal that CRF improves throughput over a state-of-the-art DTM solution.
Security Aspects of Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber Physical System (CPS) is one of the emerging technologies of the day due to its large number of applications. Its applications extends to automotive, commercial, medical, home appliances and manufacturing industries. Mass research is being conducted in this area including design models, signal processing, control system models, communication models and security. One of the most important aspects of these is security and privacy of CPS. There are a number of vulnerabilities and threats that can be used by an attacker to exploit a cyber physical system. This paper provides a brief review of current security threats, vulnerabilities and its solutions for CPS. For the sake of simplicity the security threats have been divided into two classes i.e. control security and information security. Based on this division various attack methods and their possible solutions have been discussed.