cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking disorders of spoken and written language: generating workable hypotheses.

Disorders of spoken and written language (DSWL) tend to overlap at multiple levels: manifestation-ally, procedurally, developmentally, and etiologically. In other words, these disorders exhibit a positive manifold of correlations expressed among their different procedural components and in prospective, concurrent, and retrospective comorbidity. There is no single accepted explanation for this positive manifold of correlations. The purpose of this article is to explore this multilayer overlap and to consider whether such a positive manifold can be explained by one or all of the three hypotheses delineated in the article.
The 28Si(3He, 2p) and 12C(3He, 2p) reactions at 40 MeV

Abstract Kinematically complete two-detector coincidence experiments have been performed in which (i) the angular distributions of the cross sections and (ii) the proton-proton relative energy distributions of the triple differential cross sections d 3 σ d Ω 1 d Ω 2 d T 1 were measured for 12 C( 3 He, 2p) and 28 Si( 3 He, 2p) reactions. Five states in 29 Si and two states in 13 C were studied at an incident 3 He energy of 40 MeV. Angular distributions for the ( 3 He, 2p) cross sections were compared to corresponding measurements for ( 3 He, d) reactions and to angular distributions predicted by distorted-wave calculations. The shapes of the ( 3 He, 2p) and ( 3 He, d) distributions are similar, and distorted-wave calculations which use deuteron-like optical potentials for the 2p cluster are reasonable representations of the ( 3 He, 2p) data. Enhancements in the measured cross sections due to final-state proton-proton interactions were also observed.
Enzymic digestion and glucan structure of hyphal walls of Phytophthora cinnamomi

Abstract An extracellular enzyme preparation from Streptomyces species containing cellulase and small amounts of other β-glucanases dissolved isolated hyphal walls of Phytophthora cinnamomi almost completely. Digestion released a wide range of glucan fragments from free glucose to soluble but non-dialyzable glucose polymers. Among the lytic products were three β-linked glucose disaccharides: cellobiose, the most abundant, a smaller quantity of laminaribiose, and a trace of gentiobiose. Cellobiose, laminaribiose and gentiobiose were also detected, isolated and characterized from partial acid hydrolyzates of hyphal walls. Whereas the release of cellobiose confirmed the presence of cellulose in these walls, the finding of laminaribiose and gentiobiose indicated the existence of glucan(s) with an undetermined proportion of β-1,3 and β-1,6 linkages respectively. The Streptomyces enzyme preparation was also effective in lysing hyphal walls of living mycelium of P. cinnamomi and P. parasitica . Extensive wall digestion did not necessarily bring death to a mycelial piece, for new hyphae grew even while others were being actively digested.
Three‐dimensional modeling of transport of chemical species from continents to the Atlantic Ocean

A three-dimensional, Eulerian modeling system was used to study transport of chemical species from North America and Europe to the Atlantic Ocean. A mesoscale meteorological model simulated April 1982 with 10 consecutive 3-day runs. This simulated meteorology drove a chemical model with 24 predicted and transported species, and 11 non-transported (photochemical equilibrium) species. We used artificially clean initial and boundary conditions to investigate the effect of anthropogenic emissions on ozone. Two weeks were needed to “spin up” the chemical model. At individual times, plumes were intermittently found moving out over the ocean from the continental source region. In the planetary boundary layer, the time-average plumes were significantly weakened by vertical transport and aqueous chemistry in clouds. The continental plume of Europe was often more persistent than that from North America. The simulated total fluxes of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) from North America to the Atlantic Ocean, in a layer from the surface to 5.5 km high, were in reasonable agreement with data analyses. The eastward, atmospheric flux of S was 4.8 Tg/yr and that of N was 1.8 Tg/yr. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1988.tb00110.x
Influence of dipole moment of the transport agents on the carrier mobility in photorefractive polymers

In this report, we demonstrate the effect of the dipole moment of the charge transport agent on carrier mobilities in photorefractive polymer systems. The charge carrier mobility measurements are presented as a function of applied field and temperature in several model systems. In these model systems, 30 percent by weight of a hole or an electron transport agent covering a range of dipole moments form 0.8 to 4 Debye, is doped into a polystyrene (PS) polymer matrix containing 25 percent by weight of the nonlinear optical chromophore 2,5-dimethyl-4-(p-nitrophenylazo)phenol having a dipole moment of 7.6 Debye. The results are described by the Gaussian disorder model based on hopping through a manifold of states with superimposed energetic and positional disorder, with the addition of a dipolar disorder contribution. We conclude from the results that the dipole moment of the charge transport agent has a strong influence on carrier mobility even in the presence of strongly polar nonlinear optical chromophores. Transport agents with low dipole moments significantly increase the carrier mobility and thus provides a useful alternative approach to improve photorefractive speeds.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Assessing biodiversity conservation priorities: ecosystem risk and representativeness in continental Ecuador

Abstract Setting conservation priorities with a geographic vision is essential in developing countries due to limited resources for conservation and the urgency of establishing new reserves. Priorities should reflect the risk ecosystems are facing and how represented they are in current national reserve networks (NRN). Conservation planning, research, and reserve design should focus on priority ecosystems. This study identified the priority ecosystems for the conservation of continental Ecuador’s biodiversity using a multi-criteria model developed in collaboration with Ecuador’s Ministry of the Environment. This model ranked ecosystems based on four conditions: representativeness in the current reserve network, human pressure, habitat loss, and species-level value based on bird species data. Results show that although Ecuador’s reserve network covers approximately 14% of the country, several ecosystems are poorly represented using a conservative 10% level benchmark, while others are not included at all. In general, highly diverse, humid environments are well represented while low-diversity, dry environments, are poorly represented. These low-diversity, low-representation ecosystems are also the most threatened. Conservation programs and new reserves design in continental Ecuador should concentrate on these ecosystems until the desired representativeness is attained. These results were formally presented to Ecuador’s Ministry of the Environment in 2000. This study shows that an ecosystem-risk-representativeness approach can be implemented efficiently at scales that take advantage of limited resources yet are effective for policy and planning. Current technologies can be used effectively to map major ecosystems, and to assess various forms of risk and representativeness in reasonable time for a country or a large region.
Development and utilization of a procedure for measuring urinary porphyrins by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract We describe a procedure for determining the five principal urinary porphyrins — uroporphyrin, heptacarboxylporphyrin, hexacarboxylporphyrin, pentacarboxylporphyrin, and coproporphyrin — by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method involves a 12- to 15-min isocratic separation on a Bondapak® Phenyl column. Studies have indicated that urine samples must be preserved to maintain porphyrin stability for extended periods. We have found that the pH of preserved samples must be adjusted into the acidic range before the samples can be accurately analyzed by this HPLC procedure. Our studies demonstrate that good reproducibility and recovery are achieved with this method. Urinary porphyrin values for normal and porphyric individuals are reported.
Comparison of two antibiotic-impregnated ventricular catheters: a prospective sequential series trial.

Background External ventricular drains (EVDs) are valuable adjuncts in the management of neurosurgical patients but are associated with a significant risk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection (range, 0% to 27%); a review of 23 studies reported a mean of 8.8%. Objective To compare the efficacy of 2 different antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters in preventing CSF infections. Methods Patients were prospectively enrolled in an Institutional Review Board-approved study. During alternating 3-month periods, all patients received either a minocycline/rifampin-impregnated (M/R) ventricular catheter or a clindamycin/rifampin-impregnated (C/R) EVD catheter. CSF cultures were collected at the time of insertion and twice weekly. Positive cultures were defined a priori as growth of the same bacteria on 2 media (eg, blood agar and broth) or 2 cultures of the same bacteria on 1 medium (eg, broth). Results Altogether, 129 patients (mean age, 58.4 years; 55 male) received 65 C/R catheters and 64 M/R catheters. The most common indications for EVD placement were aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (48.1%), spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage (13.2%), and tumor (11.6%). The mean duration of ventriculostomy drainage was 11.8 and 12.7 days in the C/R and M/R groups, respectively. No positive CSF cultures were identified in either cohort. Conclusions The use of antibiotic-impregnated catheters was associated with an extremely low risk of CSF infection compared with the reported mean of nearly 9% for standard EVD catheters. Infection rates for both C/R and M/R EVD catheters were zero. These results support the use of antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters in routine clinical practice.
Stochastic direct integration schemes for dynamic systems subjected to random excitations

In this work, a stochastic version of direct integration schemes is constructed, based on a general recursive state space formulation. The technique is applicable to evaluating the second order response statistics of systems subjected to non-stationary random excitations, and is potentially able to handle non-proportional damping. A specific group of these algorithms obtained using one of the most frequently used families of time stepping schemes is introduced. It is shown that statistics obtained for two multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) dynamic systems using the proposed method are in close agreement with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulation when a proper time step is used. Stability of the proposed scheme is systematically investigated and it is concluded that, for the response statistics to be bounded, the time step used in the algorithm has to lie within certain limits.
Characterization of human cone phosphodiesterase-6 ectopically expressed in Xenopus laevis rods.

PDE6 (phosphodiesterase-6) is the effector molecule in the vertebrate phototransduction cascade. Progress in understanding the structure and function of PDE6 has been hindered by lack of an expression system of the enzyme. Here we report ectopic expression and analysis of compartmentalization and membrane dynamics of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein of human cone PDE6C in rods of transgenic Xenopus laevis. EGFP-PDE6C is correctly targeted to the rod outer segments in transgenic Xenopus, where it displayed a characteristic striated pattern of EGFP fluorescence. Immunofluorescence labeling indicated significant and light-independent co-localization of EGFP-PDE6C with the disc rim marker peripherin-2 and endogenous frog PDE6. The diffusion of EGFP-PDE6C on disc membranes investigated with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was markedly slower than theoretically predicted. The enzymatic characteristics of immunoprecipitated recombinant PDE6C were similar to known properties of the native bovine PDE6C. PDE6C was potently inhibited by the cone- and rod-specific PDE6 γ-subunits. Thus, transgenic Xenopus laevis is a unique expression system for PDE6 well suited for analysis of the mechanisms of visual diseases linked to PDE6 mutations.
Infrared absorption strength and hydrogen content of hydrogenated amorphous silicon.

We have used infrared transmission and nuclear-reaction analysis to determine the ir absorption strength of the Si-H wagging and stretching modes in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The films were deposited by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition and reactive magnetron sputtering. We show that the widely used ir-data-analysis method of Brodsky, Cardona, and Cuomo can lead to significant errors in determining the absorption coefficients, particularly for films less than \ensuremath{\sim}1 \ensuremath{\mu}m thick. To eliminate these errors we explicitly take into account the effects of optical interference to analyze our data. We show that the hydrogen content can be determined from the stretching modes at \ensuremath{\omega}=2000 and 2100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ as well as the wagging mode at \ensuremath{\omega}=640 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. By assigning different oscillator strengths to the 2000- and 2100-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ modes, we show that the absorption strength of the stretching modes does not depend on the details of sample preparation, contrary to hypotheses previously invoked to explain experimental data. We obtain ${\mathit{A}}_{640}$=(2.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, ${\mathit{A}}_{2000}$=(9.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, and ${\mathit{A}}_{2100}$=(2.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ for the proportionality constants between the hydrogen concentration and the integrated absorbance of the wagging and stretching modes. The value of ${\mathit{A}}_{640}$ is \ensuremath{\sim}30% larger than the generally used value. We show that previously published data for both the wagging and stretching modes are consistent with the proportionality factors determined in the present study.
General principles in the medical and surgical management of spinal infections: a multidisciplinary approach.

Object Infections along the spinal axis are characterized by an insidious onset, and the resulting delays in diagnosis are associated with serious neurological consequences and even death. Infections of the spine can affect the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, spinal canal, and surrounding soft tissues. Neurological dysfunction occurs when the spinal cord becomes compressed, edematous, or ischemic due to compression by abscess or vascular compromise. The aim of this paper was to detail general diagnostic and management principles for this disease. Methods Recent progress in medical technologies, including the development of potent antimicrobial drugs, advanced imaging, and improved surgical methods, have dramatically reduced morbidity and mortality rates for spinal infections; however, debate still exists on the proper management of this disease. In this paper, the authors review the current management protocols for spinal infections at their institution, focusing on medical and surgical treatments for vertebral osteomyelitis, intervertebral disc space infections, and spinal canal and soft-tissue abscesses. Conclusions Technological advances in imaging modalities, pharmaceutics, and surgery have resulted in excellent outcomes and have greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality rates associated with spinal infections. Currently, treatment of spinal infections requires a multidisciplinary team that includes infectious diseases experts, neuroradiologists, and spine surgeons. The key to successful management of spinal infections is early detection.
The influence of volume on the tolerance of the brain to radiosurgery

Radiosurgery (delivery of a high dose of radiation to a small volume of the brain) is usually well tolerated since the volume of brain irradiated is small. Despite growing interest in radiosurgery, the influence of the volume of brain irradiated on the tolerance of the brain to radiation is not well understood. The results of six studies reporting clinically significant radiation reactions following radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations are reviewed. In the combined series, 23 (9%) of 255 patients developed a clinically significant radiation reaction. The volume of brain irradiated and the dose delivered in each of these 23 patients are presented. The compiled data suggest that the previously presented guidelines may underestimate the risks of radiosurgery. Additional clinical and experimental data are needed to determine "safe" doses of radiation to be used during radiosurgery.
Computation of plasma hemoglobin nitric oxide scavenging in hemolytic anemias

Abstract Intravascular hemoglobin limits the amount of endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) available for vasodilation. Cell-free hemoglobin scavenges NO more efficiently than red blood cell-encapsulated hemoglobin. Hemolysis has recently been suggested to contribute to endothelial dysfunction based on a mechanism of NO scavenging by cell-free hemoglobin. Although experimental evidence for this phenomenon has been presented, support from a theoretical approach has, until now, been missing. Indeed, due to the low amounts of cell-free hemoglobin present in these pathological conditions, the role of cell-free hemoglobin scavenging of NO in disease has been questioned. In this study, we model the effects of cell-free hemoglobin on NO bioavailability, focusing on conditions that closely mimic those under known pathological conditions. We find that as little as 1 μM cell-free intraluminal hemoglobin (heme concentration) can significantly reduce NO bioavailability. In addition, extravasation of hemoglobin out of the lumen has an even greater effect. We also find that low hematocrit associated with anemia increases NO bioavailability but also leads to increased susceptibility to NO scavenging by cell-free hemoglobin. These results support the paradigm that cell-free hemoglobin released into plasma during intravascular hemolysis in human disease contributes to the experimentally observed reduction in NO bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction.
Brief paper: Precision preview-based stable-inversion for nonlinear nonminimum-phase systems: The VTOL example

This article quantifies the importance of the future desired trajectory in determining the exact-output-tracking input for nonlinear, nonminimum-phase systems by using system inversion techniques. It is intuitive that the effect of the desired output's distant-future values, on the output-tracking input at the current time instant, should be small. Therefore, at a current time instant (t"c), preview information of the desired output in a finite-time window [t"c,t"c+T"p] should be sufficient to compute the output-tracking input with an arbitrarily small prescribed error, if the preview time T"p is sufficiently large. The contribution of this article is the quantification of the needed preview time T"p by using the benchmark VTOL aircraft model as an example. Additionally, simulation results are presented to evaluate the efficacy of the finite-preview-based stable-inversion approach.
Public Health Ethics Education in a Competency-Based Curriculum: A Method of Programmatic Assessment

Public health ethics began to emerge in the 1990s as a development within bioethics. Public health ethics education has been implemented in schools of public health in recent years, and specific professionalism and ethics competencies were included in the Master of Public Health (MPH) competency set developed nationally and adapted by individual schools of public health around the country. The University of Texas School of Public Health approved the present set of MPH competencies in 2005. After 4 years of experience, we now report information measuring the extent to which “Professionalism and Ethics” competencies and subcompetencies are being met in the MPH degree program. To this end we have audited the MPH “Professionalism and Ethics” competency forms for FY2009 MPH graduates (n = 61). Eight courses, including required MPH core courses plus the practicum and culminating experience, were found to have substantial professionalism and ethics content. Further, 67.2% of graduates met eight or more of the 13 competencies and subcompetencies, but only 36.1% met all thirteen, indicating a need to identify topic areas to be added to, or enhanced in, the MPH curriculum. In addition, these findings will inform ongoing efforts to enhance ethics education in our health science center. Assessment of these competencies and subcompetencies is an essential step in strengthening ethics education at our institutions and in better preparing our graduates for a challenging future. We report our efforts here to demonstrate one way of carrying out programmatic assessment of ethics education in a school of public health.
A temporal model for landslide risk based on historical precipitation

Of the recognized nonsteady-state factors that influence slope stability, probably most critical in many field situations is the character of precipitation and infiltration activity. A groundwater response model used in conjunction with precipitation records can provide a historical catalog of estimated maximum groundwater levels in a particular study area. An extreme-value statistical analysis of this catalog is linked with geotechnical slope stability analyses to provide a landslide hazard model for estimating the probability of slope failure within a given time. This modeling approach can provide meaningful input to risk assessments for landslide mitigation programs and to decision analyses and cost-benefit studies important for land-use planning and resource management.
Role of quantum fluctuations in the optomechanical properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a ring cavity

We analyze a detailed model of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) trapped in a ring optical resonator and contrast its classical and quantum properties to those of a Fabry-Perot geometry. The inclusion of two counterpropagating light fields and three matter field modes leads to important differences between the two situations. Specifically, we identify an experimentally realizable region where the system's behavior differs strongly from that of a BEC in a Fabry-Perot cavity, and also where quantum corrections become significant. The classical dynamics are rich, and near bifurcation points in the mean-field classical system, the quantum fluctuations have a major impact on the system's dynamics.
Values anchoring: Strengthening the link between values and activist behaviors

Activist behaviors have been offered as ways to confront societal issues and concerns. This study examined the moderating influence of a new construct, values anchoring, between conservation values and conservation activism and between self-transcendence values and self-transcendence activism. Values anchoring proposes that values exist along a continuum ranging from personal concerns to social groups. Anchored more in personal concerns, values are important and the connection between personal values and behaviors is clear. Anchored more in social groups, values should be determined by the saliency of particular groups and their associated values. Relationships were strengthened when values were anchored more in personal concerns. The theoretical impact of values anchoring on the relationship between personal values and activist behaviors is discussed.
Alteration of retinal rod outer segment membrane fluidity in a rat model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is caused by an inherited defect in the last step in cholesterol (Chol) biosynthesis, leading to abnormal accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and decreased Chol levels. Progressive retinal degeneration occurs in an animal model of SLOS, induced by treating rats with AY9944, a selective inhibitor of the enzyme affected in SLOS. Here we evaluated alterations in the biochemical and physical properties of retinal rod outer segment (ROS) membranes in this animal model. At 1 month of AY9944 treatment, there were modest alterations in fatty acid composition, but no significant differences in cis-parinaric acid (cPA) spectroscopic parameters in ROS membranes from treated versus control rats. However, at 3 months, ROS docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was dramatically reduced, and cPA fluorescence anisotropy values were decreased, relative to controls. Also, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene exhibited decreased rotational motion and increased orientational order in ROS membranes from 3 month-old AY9944-treated rats, relative to controls. No significant changes in protein:lipid ratios were observed; however, rhodopsin regenerability was compromised by 3 months of treatment. These findings are consistent with reduced ROS membrane fluidity in the SLOS rat model, relative to controls, primarily due to the dramatic reduction in membrane DHA levels, rather than altered sterol composition.
Diagnostic and prognostic significance of chromosome abnormalities in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

Abstract Chromosome abnormalities in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) are of diagnostic and prognostic importance. The presence of an abnormality in ANLL patients predicts an unfavorable course; the prediction is particularly significant for acute myelocytic leukemia. The occurrence of a t(15;17) assists in the diagnosis of “microgranular” acute promyelocytic leukemia; transmission electron microscopy can aid in confirming this diagnosis. The presence of a chromosome abnormality in previously treated malignant lymphoma patients with undiagnosed cytopenia supports a diagnosis of preleukemia. The presence of a chromosome abnormality in patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome might identify the subset of patients who have a neoplastic disease.
An electrophysiological study. The origin of the crossed olivocochlear bundle

Abstract It has long been known that the alivocochlear bundle is a recurrent inhibitory pathway in the auditory system. However, its origin is disputed on the basis of anatomical studies. Electrophysiological techniques were used in the present study to try to locate the cells of origin of the crossed olivocochlear bundle in decerebrate, cerebellectomized cats. The crossed bundle was stimulated at its decussation in the floor of the fourth ventricle. The brainstem was then probed with a recording electrode until the antidromic discharge of the cells of origin was located. The placement of the electrodes was verified with histological sections of the brain stem. The cells of origin were found within the confines of the medial and probably also the lateral preolivary nuclei. Evidence for a short collateral arising near the cell body was also obtained.
The combined effects of scale and productivity on species richness

Summary 1 Although species–area curves are well documented, we know little about how they vary along productivity gradients, nor do we have a firm understanding of whether the richness–productivity relationship is independent of scale. In order to investigate these relationships, 10 species–area curves were constructed for 10 sets of nested quadrats (from 0.25 m2 to 150 m2) in herbaceous marshes where biomass ranged from 128 g m–2 to 1050 g m–2. 2 Slopes (z) of the species–area curves (logS = logc + zlogA) were positively correlated with production (whether measured as biomass or soil organic content). A possible cause of increased slope was larger potential species pools at high biomass. The constants (c) were negatively associated with production, which concurs with the general richness–productivity relationship. 4 Linear models were used to predict both c and z using biomass and soil organic content. Biomass explained about 38% of the variation in both z and logc. Soil organic content was a better predictor. It explained 60% of the variation in z and 41% of the variation in c. 5 The slopes (z) and constants (c) of the species–area curves were negatively correlated. Because c is the expected species richness at 1 m2 and z strongly affects larger-scale richness, the results suggest that small-scale richness is not a good indicator of larger-scale richness. There was no significant relationship between species richness in small-scale (0.25 m2) quadrats and large-scale quadrats (150 m2). 6 These results suggest that the conflicting data that have led to recent debate over the richness–productivity relationship may reflect both the effects of scale and the natural history peculiarities of the systems studied.
Affinities of parathion, DDT, dieldrin, and carbaryl for macromolecules in the blood of the rat and American cockroach and the competitive interaction of steroids

Abstract This investigation concerns the binding of DDT, dieldrin, parathion, and carbaryl to macromolecules of rat and roach blood. Plasma was filtered on Sephadex G-200, and the first protein peak (FPP) was used to investigate binding characteristics for the insecticides. Binding was demonstrated to be of a nonspecific hydrophobic nature, except for roach FPP and dieldrin in which, in addition to low-affinity binding, sites for high-affinity binding were also found. Competitive binding experiments were run with cholesterol, estrogen, DDT, and dieldrin. No significant competitive interactions were demonstrated.
SiGe-Base Bipolar Transistors for Cryogenic BiCMOS Applications

We demonstrate that the cryogenic (e.g., 77K=LNT) properties of SiGe-base heterojunction bipolar transistors and circuits are sufficiently advanced to warrant a serious consideration of the merits of cryogenic BiCMOS technologies for future LNT computer applications. In this paper we review the features of epitaxial SiGe-base bipolar technologies which make them particularly Suitable for LNT operation, examine the DC and dynamic properties of SiGe-base transistors operating at low temperatures, highlight the profile design constraints unique to the LNT environment, and discuss future research directions and opportunities.
Reliability of Floating Structures: Extreme Response and Load Factor Design

The reliability of a floating offshore platform against extreme offsets is studied. Methods are illustrated to perform more refined analysis of extreme loads and load effects. These include the effect of nonlinear diffraction under random wave excitation. They permit inclusion of randomness in significant wave height H{sub s}, in peak spectral period T{sub p} given H{sub s}, and also in the extreme load effect given both H{sub s} and T{sub p}. Numerical effects are demonstrated by applying these methods to a specific floating structure: a deep-draft spar buoy. Design of the spar has been considered in two deep-water sites, one in the Gulf of Mexico and another in the Northern North Sea. Appropriate joint contours of significant wave height and peak period are developed, and used to develop load and resistance factors for each of the two sites.
Streamflow simulations of the terrestrial Arctic domain

[1] Predicting riverine discharge to the Arctic Ocean has become increasingly important because of the dominant role that river runoff plays in the freshwater balance of the Arctic Ocean, and the predicted high sensitivity of the region to global warming. The ability of land surface models to represent runoff and streamflow from northern river basins is critical to an understanding of the Arctic hydrologic cycle. A set of simulations with the land surface scheme VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) implemented at 100 km EASE-Grid across the pan-Arctic domain was conducted to evaluate the model's representation of various hydrologic processes in the Arctic land region, and to provide a consistent baseline hydroclimatology for the region. The pan-Arctic drainage basin system was partitioned into 12 regions for purposes of model implementation and testing. Streamflow observations at various basin outlets, satellite-based snow cover extent, observed dates of lake freeze-up and break-up, and sited monitored summer permafrost maximum active layer thickness were used to evaluate various simulated hydrologic variables. The results indicate that the VIC model was able to reproduce these hydrologic processes in the Arctic region. A 21-year average river inflow (1979–1999) to the Arctic Ocean from the AORB (Arctic Ocean River Basin) illustrated in Prowse and Flegg (2000), was estimated with the simulated streamflow as 3354 km3/yr, and 3596 km3/yr with the inclusion of the Arctic Archepelago, which are comparable to the previous estimates derived from the observed data.
Separation-bubble flow solution using Euler/Navier-Stokes zonal approach with downstream compatibility conditions

The two-dimensional flow over a blunt leading-edge plate is simulated on the basis of an Euler/Navier-Stokes zonal scheme. The scheme uses an implicit upwind finite-volume scheme, which is based on the van Leer flux-vector splitting. It is shown that the Euler/Navier-Stokes zonal scheme with downstream boundary-layer compatibility conditions is accurate and efficient.
Multivariate Analyses of a Production Formulation Optimization Experiment

AbstractThree prominent multivariate statistical analyses, canonical correlation analysis (CCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and CAS-Regression analysis (CAS-R) are appropriately applied to the formulation optimization data associated with Product-T for determining a set of key excipient/process variables and a set of key response variables to be used in monitoring the future performance of the optimizated formula. CCA which considers both sets of variables simultaneously in a single analysis, successfully delineated two key parameters, one for each set. PCA which considers only the response variables concurred with the CCA results and CAS-R which considers each response variable separately also concurred. Even though CCA is a predominant technique, adjunct results of PCA and CAS-R could be supplemented for a comprehensive interpretation. It is recommended that all three analyses be carried out and interpreted appropriately.
Proposed Multicenter Studies

Abstract : A second potential therapeutic option for the parenchymal damage caused by inhalation injury is systemic administration of intravenous agents. The unique nature of the effects of the burn and smoke on lung physiology and immunology create new opportunities for systemic treatments targeting specific aspects of the response to injury. In addition, systemic therapies could be either isolated or combined with inhalation therapies to achieve optimal clinical response. The two articles in this section of the compendium address different, yet promising, systemic therapies: antithrombin and vitamin C.
Intestinal motility and jejunal feeding in children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction

Abstract Background/Aims Total parenteral nutrition is responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality of childhood chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP). The aim of this study was to determine if there are manometric patterns associated with the success of jejunal feedings in children with CIP. Methods Eighteen children with CIP (age range, 1–9 years; mean, 4 years; 11 boys and 7 girls) were studied. All patients required parenteral nutrition or failed to thrive while receiving gastrostomy feedings. All underwent an antroduodenal manometry before surgical placement of a jejunostomy. Continuous drip jejunal feeding with an elemental formula was subsequently initiated. Follow-up after jejunal feeding was 1.6 years (range, 6 months to 4 years). Jejunal manometry was performed 2 months to 1 year after jejunostomy. Results Jejunal feeding eliminated the need for parenteral nutrition in all 9 patients with migrating motor complex (MMC) and in 3 of 9 patients without MMC ( P
Adsorption and surface energy (II): Thermal faceting from minimization of surface energy

Abstract The thermodynamic criterion governing the occurrence of surface energγ-induced thermal faceting is developed and related to the alterations in shape of the γ-plot that can result from gaseous adsorption. When single and double ledges are preferred sites of adsorption, it is shown that faceting will occur if the curvature of a parabolically-shaped cusp exceeds a critical value. This defines a critical pressure that must be exceeded before faceting can occur, and it is predicted under certain conditions that this critical pressure will vary exponentially with temperature. An exponential temperature dependence of the critical pressure for thermal faceting has been previously observed, allowing a determination of the heat of adsorption for double ledge sites from this relationship. When surface sites are preferred for adsorption, a decrease in curvature of the γ-plot occurs. It is shown, however, that it is still possible to have a critical pressure for faceting, due to the simultaneous, general shrinking of the γ-plot towards the origin. In this case, the temperature dependence of the critical faceting pressure yields the heat of adsorption for surface sites.
Advergames and the effects of game-product congruity

Electronic games transcend demographic boundaries and are a prevalent cultural phenomenon. Marketers see potential of this immersive venue as a way to reach a highly receptive audience with brand messages. Designing games around a brand - advergames - has become a common marketing practice. However, few empirical studies have tested the effectiveness of this communication strategy in delivering the brand message. This paper serves to fill some research gaps and explores the influence of game-product congruity on brand memory and attitudes toward the game. A product-congruent advergame is compared to a product-incongruent advergame using a stimulus brand for a low-involvement product category. The findings indicate that highly congruent games lead to superior memory for the sponsoring brand. However, benefits of these positive memory effects may be negated by the negative attitudes players have toward the highly thematic game for a low-involvement product. Implications are discussed.
Chemical Suitability of Substrates for Walleye Egg Development in the Lower Fox River, Wisconsin

Abstract Site suitability for egg development was assessed for walleyes Stizostedion vitreum in the Fox River, Wisconsin. Water chemistry at the sediment-water interface was compared with criteria for walleye egg hatch success (oxygen and hydrogen sulfide) and chronic toxicity (free ammonia). Reduced concentrations of dissolved oxygen and elevated concentrations of ammonianitrogen and hydrogen sulfide occurred above some sand and all soft muck substrates. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the surficial sediments was a useful surrogate variable for identifying the chemical suitability of spawning sites; locations with a surficial sediment COD less than 40 mg O2/g dry weight were considered suitable. A comprehensive surficial sediment survey of the lower Fox River below the DePere Dam showed that optimal walleye spawning habitat (gravel-cobble substrate) is rare (less than 3% of the area) and that 75% of the suboptimal (sand and muck) substrate is chemically unsuitable for walleye egg development. We conc...
13C chemical shielding anisotropy studied by variable-angle sample spinning

Abstract Spinning the sample at angles other than the magic angle is shown to have interesting applications for obtaining chemical shielding anisotropies for systems where severe overlapping makes the analysis of static powder pattern either cumbersome or impossible. Results for 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene and p -dimethoxybenzene are in excellent agreement with those obtained via single-crystal studies.
Strength softening and stress relaxation of nanostructured materials

A composite model is proposed to rationalize the phenomena of strength softening with decreasing grain size for nanostructured materials, which is assumed to consist of a grain interior and an amorphous grain-boundary layer. The grain interior deforms elastically under external stresses, while the linear viscoelastic flow is responsible for the plastic deformation of the grain-boundary layer, whose stress “relaxation” follows Maxwell’s equation. The results indicate that the strength of a nanostructured material decreases linearly with decreasing grain size, when the grain size is below a certain threshold. The model is compared with the experimental data from the published studies on nanostructured Cu and Ni. The relevant creep mechanisms for nanostructured materials are also discussed in light of model predictions.
How to build a bad research center

Sharing lessons learned from experiences creating successful multidisciplinary research centers.
Relationship between depression and substance use disorders in adolescent women during the transition to adulthood.

ABSTRACT Objectives To examine the continuity of substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescent women during the transition to adulthood and to assess psychosocial functioning associated with SUD. Furthermore, to examine concurrent and longitudinal relationships between major depressive disorder (MDD) and SUD during this developmental transition. Method One hundred fifty-five women, aged 17 to 19 years, were recruited from 3 high schools and were followed annually for 5 years. Comprehensive diagnostic and psychosocial assessments were performed with standardized instruments. The primary outcome measures included MDD and SUD during follow-up in those with and without a prior history of MDD or SUD, and psychosocial functioning associated with SUD. Results The 5-year incidence of SUD was 9.6% and, by the end of follow-up, 18.7% had a lifetime episode. Prior SUD significantly increased the risk for SUD diagnosis during the study. Co-occurrence of MDD and SUD was high during adolescent and early adult years, with episodes of both disorders occurring in close temporal proximity. SUD also predicted MDD over time, but the reverse was not true. After controlling for the effects of MDD on social adjustment, SUD was associated with significant impairment in school functioning. Conclusions These results suggest that the risk for new onset and recurrence of SUD is high during the developmental transition to adulthood. SUD during this developmental period is associated with significant school-related problems. The findings also suggest that SUD and MDD frequently co-occur during the post-high school transition in women. Given the significant psychosocial dysfunction associated with these illnesses, early detection of these problems and effective intervention are crucial.
Development of Na+-stimulated glucose oxidation in synaptosomes.

—d-[14C]Glucose was oxidized to 14CO2 by synaptosomes prepared from adult rat brain. Added Na+ stimulated glucose oxidation by 179%, but K+ and choline were without effect. Li+ stimulated glucose oxidation by 64%. Ouabain largely prevented the stimulatory effect of Na+ on glucose oxidation but had no effect in the absence of Na+. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose competitively inhibited glucose oxidation differently at two different ranges of deoxyglucose and glucose concentrations; the Ki was 0.54 and 16 mm, respectively. In the presence or absence of Na+ 2,4-DNP-stimulated glucose oxidation by 370% while iodoacetate inhibited glucose oxidation by 87–95%. There was a striking increase in Na+-stimulated glucose oxidation with development but glucose oxidation in the absence of Na+ did not change dramatically with age. Taken together the data suggest synaptosomes exhibit coupled respiration which can be modulated by Na+. In addition, the appearance of Na+-stimulated glucose oxidation with maturation probably is linked to the development of Na+-K+-ATPase acitivity in the synaptosomal membrane.
PCR detection of Salmonella enterica serotype Montevideo in and on raw tomatoes using primers derived from hilA.

Salmonellae have been some of the most frequently reported etiological agents in fresh-produce-associated outbreaks of human infections in recent years. PCR assays using four innovative pairs of primers derived from hilA and sirA, positive regulators of Salmonella invasive genes, were developed to identify Salmonella enterica serotype Montevideo on and in tomatoes. Based on examination of 83 Salmonella strains and 22 non-Salmonella strains, we concluded that a pair of hilA primers detects Salmonella specifically. The detection limits of the PCR assay were 101 and 100 CFU/ml after enrichment at 37°C for 6 and 9 h, respectively. When the assay was validated by detecting S. enterica serotype Montevideo in and on artificially inoculated tomatoes, 102 and 101 CFU/g were detected, respectively, after enrichment for 6 h at 37°C. Our results suggest that the hilA-based PCR assay is sensitive and specific, and can be used for rapid detection of Salmonellae in or on fresh produce.
In the virtual extension

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Becoming a Scientist: Gender and Knowledge in Eighteenth-Century Italy

ArgumentThis essay explores how and why women involved themselves in the sciences in eighteenth-century Italy. Using the case study of Diamante Medaglia Faini, a poet who attempted to become a mathematician, it argues that the image of the woman natural philosopher was shaped by the visible presence of woman in scientific institutions in the mid-eighteenth century and by the tradition of popular scientific writing, best embodied in the works of Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and Francesco Algarotti, that made the woman natural philosopher an important literary protagonist. Becoming a scientist, in other words, was both a reality and a fiction. The tensions between these two different images shaped the terrain in which women pursued science.
Simulations of two-dimensional recirculating flow effects in horizontal MOVPE

Abstract A rigorous computer model was developed to study growth rate uniformity in MOVPE. Two different horizontal reactors were modeled in this study as a function of carrier gas composition, flow rates, and pressure. The accuracy of the simulation was verified by comparison to experimental growth rates and published gas temperature measurements. Large recirculation patterns caused by buoyancy were found in the gas for several operating conditions. These recirculation patterns affected the gas temperature, growth rate, and deposition uniformity. Furthermore, time-dependent simulations showed that recirculation reduced interface abruptness. A simple analytical formula is derived for predicting buoyant recirculation in horizontal reactors. Reduced height over the susceptor and reduced pressure are very effective in eliminating this problem.