cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching social responsibility through service learning: a study of antecedents leading to change

In this study, we use ANCOVA models to test the effectiveness of service learning as a pedagogy employed to teach social responsibility. A sample of 341 students, enrolled in principles of management classes over six consecutive semesters, were given surveys before and after their service-learning projects to test for changes in empathy, internal locus of control, moral identity, trait cynicism and moral engagement. Results indicated significant changes in empathy, internal locus of control, moral identity, and moral engagement. Significant positive changes were attributed to female students and business majors, as opposed to male students and non-business majors.
Cup Arthroplasty for Shoulder Resurfacing: Technical Tips and “Pearls”

Surface replacement arthroplasty is a conservative means of joint replacement in the shoulder that has many applications. This paper will provide a series of technical tips on patient indications and contraindications, surgical techniques, and application in the special conditions in which this bone-sparing prosthesis can become a valuable tool in the hands of the shoulder surgeon faced with a variety of challenging conditions. Specific surgical techniques in the application of cup arthroplasty reconstruction are demonstrated as alternatives to more invasive, less conservative forms of arthroplasty.
Structure determination of low-alkali-content Na2S + B2S3 glasses using neutron and synchrotron x-ray diffraction

Abstract The structures of low-alkali-content xNa2S + (1 − x)B2S3 (x ⩽ 0.2) glasses have been studied by neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Similar results were obtained both in neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments. One significant difference, however, is that with the higher resolution obtainable in the X-ray atomic distribution function data, the peak at 1.8 A splits into two components, one at 1.8 A and one at 1.93 A with the addition of Na2S to B2S3. The experimental total atomic distribution functions have been compared to model ones computed on the basis of structure data for crystalline counterparts of the glasses. The results provide direct structural evidence that doping B2S3 with Na2S creates a large fraction of tetrahedrally coordinated borons in the glass.
Fourier analysis of polymer x‐ray diffraction patterns

In analyzing the shapes of diffraction peaks from polymers, it has been mistakenly assumed that it is possible to distinguish between models based on “microstrains” and on paracrystallinity. It is shown that either paracrystallinity or distortions due to dislocations give rise to disorder of the second kind and cannot be distinguished by current diffraction methods. Fourier analysis of shapes of peaks from polymers gives quite satisfactory results, despite comments in the literature to the contrary. The analysis can now be carried out with single peaks; multiple orders are not required.
Hands-on Computer Use in Science Classrooms: The Skeptics Are Still Waiting.

A decade ago, desktop computers were beginning to appear in colleges and universities in small numbers, and we began to explore their use (Sowell and Fuller, 1990). Since then, our thinking has changed substantially, moving away from having computers serve as patient teachers of the classical curriculum, and toward using them as professional toolsto extend, to magnify, to expand, and to enhance human reasoning. This article deals with the issues related to students learning to use computers as such professional tools. Two qualitative data sources inform this paper. The first is a recent doctoral dissertation consisting of a case study of a 'mathematical methods in physics' course that incorporated the use of MapleTS software (Runge, 1997). The other is an evaluation of a new undergraduate course, 'multimedia physics,' that sought to integrate mathematics and physics content, and involved the use of many media forms (Pytlik Z. and Spiegel, 1997).
North to Alaska: Evidence for conveyor belt transport of Dungeness crab larvae along the west coast of the United States and Canada

We propose and evaluate the hypothesis that Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) larvae from the northwestern coast of the United States and Canada can be transported northward to southeastern Alaska. Larvae collected in southeastern Alaska during May and June 1997–2004 had abundances and stages that varied seasonally, interannually, and spatially. An unexpected presence of late-stage larvae in spring raises a question regarding their origin, and the most plausible explanation is that they hatched off the northern Washington and British Columbia coasts and were transported to southeastern Alaska. Buoy drift tracks support the hypothesis that larvae released off the northern Washington and British Columbia coasts during the peak hatching season can be physically transported to southeastern Alaska, arriving as late-stage larvae in May and June, when local larvae are only beginning to hatch. A northward spring progression of monthly mean 7uC SST isotherms and phytoplankton blooms provide further evidence that environmental conditions are conducive for larval growth and metabolism during the transport period. The proposed larval transport suggests possible unidirectional gene flow between southern and northern populations of Dungeness crabs in southeastern Alaska.
Models versus rules, deep versus compiled content versus form: some distinctions in knowledge systems research

Four distinctions that are made in the literature on knowledge system design are examined. They are: model-based versus rule-based problem solving, models versus experiential or associational knowledge, deep versus compiled knowledge, and content versus form. The focus is on the diagnostic task, since these distinctions have most often been debated in the context of this problem, but the issues are relevant to knowledge systems in general. >
Cholesterol turnover and ecdysone content in tissues of normal and de‐eyestalked crabs (Cancer antennarius)

Groups of male intact, premolt and postmolt crabs, and those induced into premolt by de-eyestalking (DE), were injected with [14C]cholesterol and selected organs were removed 24 hr later. Total as well as labeled cholesterol were measured. Values were corrected for handling loss and for extracellular (inulin) tissue volumes. Gonad had the highest endogenous cholesterol concentration (∼ 3 mg/gm), followed in order by Y organs (∼ 2 mg/gm), hypodermis, hepatopancreas, muscle, and hemolymph. Significant differences between stages for any tissue were no more than 2-fold. However, specific activity (radioactivity/unit weight total cholesterol) of Y organs in intact premolts was 2- to 9-fold higher than other organs in the same group. Shortly after DE (24 hr), Y organ specific activity was elevated as much as 164-fold over other tissues of this group, 26 × above premolt Y organs and up to 114 × higher than Y organs of other stages. Qualitatively, similar increases occurred in hepatopancreas after DE and in muscle and hypodermis in early postmolt. The combined data include the demonstration that very rapid turnover of the free cholesterol pool occurs in Y organs in earliest premolt. Further, the large uptake of cholesterol by Y organs occurred against a steep cholesterol gradient, indicating active transport into Y-organ cells. With the lower detection limit at 20 ng (HPLC), ecdysone was found in all tissues extracted, 20-hydroxyecdysone only in hemolymph and hepatopancreas. Y organs contained the highest concentrations of ecdysone and contained the hormone in more stages than other tissues. No ecdysone could be detected in Y-organs 24 hr after DE, but it was accumulated progressively with time to 45 days after DE. Together with the findings on cholesterol, these data indicate that Y organs in early premolt rapidly take up and convert sterol precursor accompanied by equally rapid secretion, without accumulation, of ecdysone.
Assessment of Radar Signal Attenuation Caused by the Melting Hydrometeor Layer

Attenuation of radar signals by melting hydrometeors is studied using modeling approaches and comparisons of simulated and observed results. In spite that the melting layer in precipitating systems is usually relatively thin ( ~ 500 m), this attenuation can be substantial at X-band frequencies for low elevation angles and at millimeter-wavelength frequencies that are used by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program and CloudSat radars operating at vertical/nadir incidence. Melting layer attenuation is stronger than the attenuation in the resultant rain at comparable path lengths and needs to be accounted for in remote sensing methods that use radar reflectivity measurements for retrieving cloud and precipitation parameters if the radar beam penetrates this layer. The choice of the mixing rule for calculating dielectric constants of melting hydrometeors determines, to a significant degree, the magnitude of the modeled attenuation values. A relatively simple Wiener mixing rule provides results that are consistent with melting layer reflectivity enhancements and attenuation estimates from the X-band radar observations. The total melting layer attenuation A is related to the resultant rain rate R in an approximately linear manner at X- and Kalpha-band frequencies, whereas at W-band, the melting layer attenuation increase with rain rate is slower due to strong non-Rayleigh scattering effects. Typical A-R relations are suggested, and the variability of these relations is discussed. This paper is mostly concerned with precipitating systems associated with snowflakes that are unrimed or only slightly rimed above the freezing level, as indicated by relatively low values of vertical Doppler velocities.
Computational proteomics of biomolecular interactions in the sequence and structure space of the tyrosine kinome: deciphering the molecular basis of the kinase inhibitors selectivity.

Understanding and predicting the molecular basis of protein kinases specificity against existing therapeutic agents remains highly challenging and deciphering this complexity presents an important problem in discovery and development of effective cancer drugs. We explore a recently introduced computational approach for in silico profiling of the tyrosine kinases binding specificity with a class of the pyrido-[2,3-d]pyrimidine kinase inhibitors. Computational proteomics analysis of the ligand–protein interactions using parallel simulated tempering with an ensemble of the tyrosine kinases crystal structures reveals an important molecular determinant of the kinase specificity. The pyrido-[2,3-d]pyrimidine inhibitors are capable of dynamically interacting with both active and inactive forms of the tyrosine kinases, accommodating structurally different kinase conformations with a similar binding affinity. Conformational tolerance of the protein tyrosine kinases binding with the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine inhibitors provides the molecular basis for the broad spectrum of potent activities and agrees with the experimental inhibition profiles. The analysis of the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine sensitivities against a number of clinically relevant ABL kinase mutants suggests an important role of conformational adaptability of multitargeted kinase inhibitors in developing drug resistance mechanisms. The presented computational approach may be useful in complementing proteomics technologies to characterize activity signatures of small molecules against a large number of potential kinase targets. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Protonation/deprotonation effects on the stability of the Trp-cage miniprotein.

The Trp-cage miniprotein is a 20 amino acid peptide that exhibits many of the properties of globular proteins. In this protein, the hydrophobic core is formed by a buried Trp side chain. The folded state is stabilized by an ion pair between aspartic acid and an arginine side chain. The effect of protonating the aspartic acid on the Trp-cage miniprotein folding/unfolding equilibrium is studied by explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of the protein in the charged and protonated Asp9 states. Unbiased Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics (REMD) simulations, spanning a wide temperature range, are carried out to the microsecond time scale, using the AMBER99SB forcefield in explicit TIP3P water. The protein structural ensembles are studied in terms of various order parameters that differentiate the folded and unfolded states. We observe that in the folded state the root mean square distance (rmsd) from the backbone of the NMR structure shows two highly populated basins close to the native state with peaks at 0.06 nm and 0.16 nm, which are consistent with previous simulations using the same forcefield. The fraction of folded replicas shows a drastic decrease because of the absence of the salt bridge. However, significant populations of conformations with the arginine side chain exposed to the solvent, but within the folded basin, are found. This shows the possibility to reach the folded state without formation of the ion pair. We also characterize changes in the unfolded state. The equilibrium populations of the folded and unfolded states are used to characterize the thermodynamics of the system. We find that the change in free energy difference due to the protonation of the Asp amino acid is 3 kJ mol−1 at 297 K, favoring the charged state, and resulting in ΔpK1 = 0.5 units for Asp9. We also study the differences in the unfolded state ensembles for the two charge states and find significant changes at low temperature, where the protonated Asp side chain makes multiple hydrogen bonds to the protein backbone.
Energy and Structure of (001) Coincident-Site Twist Boundaries and the Free (001) Surface in MgO: A Theoretical Study

A computer code is described which permits investigation of the energy and structure of coincident-site lattice (CSL) grain boundaries, stacking faults, and free surfaces in ionic crystals. The code uses computational techniques similar to those of Harwell's HADES code for the study of point defects in bulk ionic crystals. Two sets of short-range potentials are used to determine the energy and structure of the free (001) surface and of (001) CSL twist boundaries in MgO with values of Γ, the inverse density of CSL sites, ranging between Γ= 5 and Γ= 65. From comparison of the results obtained by means of the different potentials it is concluded that the Van der Waals attraction between oxygen ions on opposite sides of the interface is mainly responsible for the rather weak cohesion predicted for such bicrystals, whereas Coulombic interactions are found to play only a minor role. It then follows that (i) the (001) plane is not a favored plane for the formation of grain boundaries in pure oxides with NaCl structure and (ii) similarities should exist between (001) twist boundaries in ionic crystals with NaCl structure and in fee metals. These similarities are investigated by comparing calculated boundary structures and energy-vs-misfit angle curves for MgO with recent results for aluminum, copper, silver, and gold, in which a broad spectrum of different interatomic potentials was used. It is suggested that the rather strong cohesion of the pressure-sintered MgO bicrystals of Sun and Balluffi may be due to impurities which have migrated to the boundary during sintering.
Breast Cancer Treatment Guidelines in Older Women

Purpose To determine patterns and predictors of concordance with institutional treatment guidelines among older women with breast cancer. Methods The study population included 1,568 patients aged 55 years and older who were treated at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between July 1997 and January 2002 for stage I to IIIA invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer. Concordance with institutional guidelines was determined for definitive surgical therapy, radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy after mastectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy use, and adjuvant hormonal therapy use. The following variables were considered as possible modifiers of concordance: patient age, marital status, race, educational level, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, comorbidity score, clinical stage, hormone receptor status, HER2-neu status, tumor grade, pathologic tumor size, lymphatic invasion, and number of lymph nodes involved. Logistic regression modeling was performed to determine the independe...
Grain Size and the Compressive Strength of Ice

This work presents the results of uniaxial compression tests on freshwater polycrystalline ice. Grain size of the test material ranged from 1.5 to 5 mm, strain rate ranged from 10 W to 10 S s and the temperature was -5 C. The grain size effect emerged clearly as the strain rate increased to 10 V s and persisted to the highest applied strain rates. On average, the stated increase in grain size brought about a decrease in peak stress of approximately 31 percent. The occurrence of the grain size effect coincided with the onset of visible cracking. The strength of the material increased to a maximum at a strain rate of 10 T s , and then dropped somewhat as the strain rate increased further to 10 S s . Strain at peak stress generally tended to decrease with both increasing grain size and increasing strain rate. The results are discussed in terms of the deformational mechanisms which lead to the observed behavior.
An Insulin-like Signaling Pathway Affects Both Longevity and Reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans

Mutations in daf-2 and age-1 cause a dramatic increase in longevity as well as developmental arrest at the dauer diapause stage in Caenorhabditis elegans. daf-2 and age-1 encode components of an insulin-like signaling pathway. Both daf-2 and age-1 act at a similar point in the genetic epistasis pathway for dauer arrest and longevity and regulate the activity of the daf-16 gene. Mutations in daf-16 cause a dauer-defective phenotype and are epistatic to the diapause arrest and life span extension phenotypes of daf-2 and age-1 mutants. Here we show that mutations in this pathway also affect fertility and embryonic development. Weak daf-2 alleles, and maternally rescued age-1 alleles that cause life span extension but do not arrest at the dauer stage, also reduce fertility and viability. We find that age-1(hx546) has reduced both maternal and zygotic age-1 activity. daf-16 mutations suppress all of the daf-2 and age-1 phenotypes, including dauer arrest, life span extension, reduced fertility, and viability defects. These data show that insulin signaling, mediated by DAF-2 through the AGE-1 phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, regulates reproduction and embryonic development, as well as dauer diapause and life span, and that DAF-16 transduces these signals. The regulation of fertility, life span, and metabolism by an insulin-like signaling pathway is similar to the endocrine regulation of metabolism and fertility by mammalian insulin signaling.
The importance of accounting information systems in the accounting curricula: A CPA perspective.

ABSTRACT Research regarding accounting program curricula design has been extensive. While attention has been given to generic skills, the relative importance of specific functional skills has been lacking. The importance of accounting information systems (AIS) knowledge and skills has been assumed but rarely tested although it is an integral part of most accounting programs. Little attention has been given to the comparative value of AIS topics within the overall accounting curricula. In this study, 56 CPAs were surveyed to elicit opinions about the importance of individual accounting skills and determine the importance of AIS to the program. Responses support the value of AIS skills to practitioners and compare well to generic and other functional skill sets. Accounting educators will benefit from this research by gaining a new perspective on the importance of AIS within the overall accounting program and external stakeholders ranking of skills.
Joint Acquisition, Channel Estimation, and Beamforming for CDMA Demodulation by Satellite with Code Reuse

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a simple multiple access scheme that allows many users to share the same bandwidth. Globalization of mobile communications by satellite with CDMA, however, requires the use of very long codes to support high capacity. This is not desirable because longer codes require more processing time for suppression of the multiple access interference (MAI), occurring from overlapping users applying different codes, and despreading. Keeping code lengths small, however, requires that codes be reused, but this results in excessive code reuse interference (CRI) in addition to the MAI. It is desirable to find a solution to keep code lengths short and mitigate CRI for such a system to be commercially feasible. Beamforming with an antenna array can significantly reduce CRI, but synchronization to the desired spreading code to beamform in the presence of CRI is difficult. In this paper, we propose a joint algorithm to blindly synchronize and beamform to any user of a satellite system employing short codes and code reuse to demodulate signals in the presence of CRI and MAI. We show that we can use very short codes to demodulate up to Nc CRI users with an Lr=4, 8, or 16 element antenna array on the satellite as long as Lr>Nc, the code reuse factor (CRF). In addition, assuming asynchronous MAI users, up to K=N/2 MAI users can be supported, giving a total capacity, C=K x (Lr-1). We show that the algorithm works well with very short codes, e.g. N=64, but if greater capacity is desired, N can be increased, at the expense of processing latency. Under cases of heavy CRI, i.e. Nc=Lr-1, coding is needed to improve BER performance, which is in the range of 10-2 to $10-3 but in all other cases we can achieve excellent performance, i.e. 10-5 to $10-6 BER with moderate Eb/N0 of 5-6 dB.
Historical Archaeology Before 1967

Although some accidental discoveries of histor ical sites go back to 1620, deliberate, objectively conceived, and problem-solving historical site in vestigation in North America took place on St. Croix Island, Maine, in 1796 when the British Boundary Commission produced definitive evi dence to establish the identity of the island, the St. Croix River, and the settlement of duMonts and Champlain of 1604 that was the key to the inter national boundary dispute. Another planned and recorded dig was that of James Hall in 1856 at the Miles Standish house at Duxbury, Massachusetts. The first large-scale project to investigate an entire community was that at Jamestown in 1934-1941 and 1954-1957. Thereafter the movement to es tablish historical archaeology as a sub-discipline of American archaeology got under way to result in the founding of the Society for Historical Archae ology. Historical archaeology has itself a depth in time in North America which has been too little noted. This article is an effort to put the pioneers on record.
Search for Cosmic Ray Monopole Flux Using Superconductive Detectors

On February 14, 1982 in our laboratory a prototype superconductive detector designed to search for magnetic monopoles observed a single candidate event. Even though it has not been possible to rule out a spurious cause, the possible existence of superheavy magnetically charged particles passing through the earth’s surface has produced enormous interest within the scientific community. During this last year, we have designed, built and are now operating a new superconductive detector with three larger independent sensing loops used in coincidence. In addition we are planning an order of magnitude yet larger detector utilizing a superconducting sheet which will be periodically scanned with a magnetometer. This paper summarizes our work on these detectors.
Avanzando la investigación en salud pública en latinoamerica

Este numero especial dedicado a la Salud Mental de la Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, representa una contribucion importante al avance de las investigaciones y el entrenamiento en salud mental en el ambito publico en America Latina. Los editores (asi como los autores) merecen un especial reconocimiento por haber concebido e implementado la presente publicacion conjunta. En esta breve introduccion, destaco cuatro formas en las que sus esfuerzos probablemente aceleren el progreso en este campo.
Effect of Solution Parameters on Spontaneous Jet Formation and Throughput in Edge Electrospinning from a Fluid-Filled Bowl

The process of edge electrospinning relies on forming electric-field-induced instabilities (i.e., jets) in a polymer solution bath which act as sources for nanofiber production. As such, it depends...
Comments on Shenson's Comments

The article presents a letter to the editor in response to the comments made on the article “The Impact on Managers of Frequency of Feedback,” from the September 1968 issue of “Academy of Managemen...
Paraneoplastic Dermatosis in a Patient with Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma: Case Report and Literature Review.

Background/Aims: Paraneoplastic dermatoses are skin disorders that are associated with malignancy. Anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (ALTCL) has rarely been associated with paraneoplastic skin manifestations such as gangrenous foot ulcers and erythroderma. Methods: We describe a case of ALTCL presenting as a large annular skin rash. The clinical picture, course, and treatment will be discussed along with current hypotheses on the mechanism of paraneoplastic syndromes. Results: Skin manifestations in ALTCL most commonly arise in two distinct ways; either as primary cutaneous lymphoma manifestation or as systemic disease with secondary metastasis. Less commonly, systemic disease causes skin manifestations secondary to a paraneoplastic process without infiltration of malignant cells. This is thought to be mediated by an immunologic reaction to tumor antigen or the result of cytokines and other inflammatory markers produced by the tumor itself. Conclusion: Paraneoplastic dermatoses could be the initial presentations of systemic lymphoma. Knowledge about their association with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma may help with timely diagnosis. In a patient with unexplained dermatosis associated with B symptoms who is unresponsive to topic treatment, an investigation for systemic lymphoma workup is warranted.
Abortion, US Attitudes to

The question of whether or not a woman should be able to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy has been hotly debated for decades. In the United States, most individuals have an opinion about the morality and/or legality of the abortion act, and a majority of people indicate the issue is important to them. Attitudes range from the belief that abortion should be available to all women for any reason to the belief that abortion is equivalent to murder and therefore illegal and immoral. The basis of abortion attitudes is typically complicated, involving questions of gender roles, theology, and sexual morality. Keywords: abortion; attitudes; gender roles; health care; human rights; ideology; morality; motherhood; policy; pregnancy; public opinion; race and ethnicity; religion; social issues; women
Drivers’ Lane Change Maneuver and Speed Behavior in Freeway Work Zones

Lane changing and merging occurs more frequently in work zones than other roadway conditions due to mandatory lane changes that occur in work zones with lane closures. Discretionary lane changes are also performed in work zones under conditions where drivers respond to signage, speed reduction, drivers’ aggressiveness, entering and exiting work zone area, or avoiding slow moving or heavy vehicles. Understanding driver behavior and particularly lane changing within and entering the work zone area can be utilized to better design and operate safe work zones. The overall objective for this research is to develop logistic regression model to identify factors that influence drivers’ lane changing behavior in order to improve work zone safety. The vehicle type, original lane average speed and target lane volume were found to be a significant factor influencing lane changes in the work zone.
Distinct Genetic Networks Orchestrate the Emergence of Specific Waves of Fetal and Adult B-1 and B-2 Development

B cell development is often depicted as a linear process initiating in the fetus and continuing postnatally. Using a PU.1 hypomorphic mouse model, we found that B-1 and B-2 lymphopoiesis occurred in distinct fetal and adult waves differentially dependent on the Sfpi1 14 kB upstream regulatory element. The initial wave of fetal B-1 development was absent in PU.1 hypomorphic mice, while subsequent fetal and adult waves emerged. In contrast, B-2 lymphopoiesis occurred in distinct fetal and adult waves. Whole-transcriptome profiling of fetal and adult B cell progenitors supported the existence of three waves of B-1 and two waves of B-2 development and revealed that the network of transcription factors governing B lineage specification and commitment was highly divergent between B-1 and B-2 progenitors. These findings support the view that the B-1 and B-2 lineages are distinct and provide a genetic basis for layering of immune system development.
What are parents willing to discuss with their pediatrician about firearm safety? A parental survey

Objective To determine if parents are receptive to discussing firearm safety with their pediatrician. Study design Parents completed a self-administered paper survey during a pediatric office visit. Responses of those who confirmed and denied household firearms were compared using Fisher exact test. Results Between March 23 and May 21, 2015, 1246 of 1363 eligible parents (91.4%) completed the survey (22.6% African American, 79.5% at least some college education); 36% of respondents reported household firearms (owners). An additional 14.3% reported that their child was often in homes that contained firearms. Of the 447 owners, 25.1% reported ≥1 firearm was stored loaded, and 17.9% carried a firearm when leaving the house. Seventy-five percent of parents thought the pediatrician should advise about safe storage of firearms (owners 71.1%, others 77.5%), 16.9% disagreed (owners 21.9%, others 13.4%), and 8.2% were uncertain. Sixty-six percent thought pediatricians should ask about the presence of household firearms (owners 58.4%, others 70.9%), 23.2% disagreed (owners 31.5%, others 17.8%), and 10.5% were uncertain. Differences in parental opinions between owners and other parents were statistically significant. Twenty-two percent of owners would ignore advice to not have household firearms for safety reasons, and 13.9% would be offended by such advice. Only 12.8% of all parents reported a discussion about firearms with the pediatrician. Conclusions Avoiding direct questioning about firearm ownership and extending the discussion about why and how to ensure safe storage of firearms to all parents may be an effective strategy to decrease firearm-related injuries and fatalities in children.
Factors Associated with Healthy and Impaired Social Functioning in Young Adolescents with ADHD

There is variability in the extent to which adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit social impairment, as the same diagnosis does not necessarily entail impairment in the same area(s) of functioning. The current study entailed a cross-sectional examination of enhancers to healthy social functioning and risk factors to parent- and self-rated social impairment in 324 middle school youth (ages 10–14 years) with ADHD. A series of binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate a risk-resilience model for social functioning, including testing compensatory (i.e., main; buffering) and protective (i.e., interaction) effects of enhancers in the presence of identified risk factors. Youth conduct problems, youth depression, and negative parenting emerged as risk factors. Self-rated social acceptance, activity participation (breadth and intensity), and parent involvement were enhancers of healthy social functioning. Of these enhancers, activity participation (breadth and intensity) and parent involvement showed buffering effects against the negative impact of the risk factors on social functioning. None of the enhancers displayed protective effects. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the social functioning of young adolescents with ADHD, who comprise an understudied population relative to younger children with similar problems.
Knowledge Transfer Challenges for Universities and SMEs in the USA

Accompanying the global redistribution of commodity production to low wage countries, comes the need for companies to enhance innovation in order to remain competitive. Therefore, in order to better understand the barriers to leveraging research universities for revitalizing legacy industrial regions, field interviews were conducted with researchers at a Midwestern public university and its industry partners. The goal was to identify and better understand knowledge exchange barriers and facilitators. The constructs from Social Exchange Theory (reciprocity, cohesion, balance and power) guided the investigation of issues surrounding workplace collaboration and knowledge sharing across these organizations. The results of this investigation show that an important factor for productive exchange relationships is both maintenance and the awareness of mutual and balanced dependency (i.e. cohesion) between exchange partners. This can be facilitated by maintaining open communication channels that reinforce a perception of reciprocity and minimize perceptions of power and dominance among exchange partners.
Overlapping functions of E- and P-selectin in neutrophil recruitment during acute inflammation

Selectin adhesion molecules mediate leukocyte rolling on activated endothelium, a prerequisite to leukocyte accumulation at sites of inflammation. The precise role of each selectin (E-, P-, and L-) in this process is unclear and may vary depending on the particular inflammatory stimulus, vascular bed, leukocyte subset, and species; most data suggest discrete functional roles for each selectin. To define the relative roles of E- and P-selectin in mediating neutrophil accumulation in acute dermal inflammation, mice genetically deficient in E-selectin, P-selectin, or both E- and P-selectin were injected intradermally with zymosan. Luminal endothelial expression of E- and P-selectin in response to zymosan was documented in wild-type mice by intravenous administration of fluorochrome-labeled anti-E- and anti-P-selectin antibodies. In mice deficient in E- or P-selectin, neutrophil accumulation was unchanged or only subtly reduced relative to wild-type control mice. In mice deficient in both E- and P-selectin, neutrophil accumulation was significantly reduced (87% at 4 hours and 79% at 8 hours). These data demonstrate that, in this model of acute inflammation, there is considerable overlap in the functions of E- and P-selectin; loss of both selectins was required to impair neutrophil accumulation.
Understanding Trends in Autoignition of Biofuels: Homologous Series of Oxygenated C5 Molecules.

Oxygenated biofuels provide a renewable, domestic source of energy that can enable adoption of advanced, high-efficiency internal combustion engines, such as those based on homogeneously charged compression ignition (HCCI). Of key importance to such engines is the cetane number (CN) of the fuel, which is determined by the autoignition of the fuel under compression at relatively low temperatures (550–800 K). For the plethora of oxygenated biofuels possible, it is desirable to know the ignition delay times and the CN of these fuels to help guide conversion strategies so as to focus efforts on the most desirable fuels. For alkanes, the chemical pathways leading to radical chain-branching reactions giving rise to low-temperature autoignition are well-known and are highly coincident with the buildup of reactive radicals such as OH. Key in the mechanisms leading to chain branching are the addition of molecular oxygen to alkyl radicals and the rearrangement and dissociation of the resulting peroxy radials. Predi...
Camelina sativa as a fallow replacement crop in wheat-based crop production systems in the US Great Plains

Abstract Oilseed camelina (Camelina sativa [L.] Crantz) has potential to diversify and intensify dryland wheat-based crop production in the US Great Plains. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate camelina as a fallow replacement crop in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) − fallow (W-F) crop rotation system across five locations in the Great Plains. Results showed both winter wheat and camelina grain yields varied across locations. Wheat yields after summer fallow averaged 3393 kg ha−1, significantly greater than 2796 kg ha−1 wheat yields following spring camelina. This represents an average of 17.6% reduction in wheat yields following camelina compared to fallow. However, wheat protein concentration following camelina was not different from that after fallow. In general, camelina seed yield and oil concentration obtained in the northern Great Plains were approximately 28.7 and 18.5% more than that produced in the central Great Plains, possibly due to difference in mean growing season air temperature among the locations. Our findings showed camelina can be grown as a fallow replacement crop in dryland systems across the Great Plains but ready markets will be needed for grower adoption.
Periprosthetic Distal Femur Fractures: Review of Current Treatment Options

The geriatric population in general and specifically recipients of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have increasing functional demands along with an increasing life expectancy. Certain intraoperative aspects of the index procedure, revision TKA, or the patient’s physiology (i.e.- osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, neurologic disease) predispose the patient to post-operative periprosthetic distal femur fractures (PDFF). This review describes the epidemiology, classification, examination, and treatment options of PDFF. Osteoporosis and intraoperative anterior femoral cortex notching are primary patient and surgeon specific factors, respectively. The two most commonly used classification systems were described by Rorabeck and Kim and should be used to guide the surgeon’s choice of treatment. The non-operative treatment of PDFF is rare, requires close radiographic follow up, and delayed union is common. Open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) is best accomplished with minimally invasive techniques and distal locking screws. Retrograde, intra-medullary nail fixation is technically difficult, but provides earlier weight bearing and comparable time to union as ORIF. Revision TKA is indicated in patients with adequate bone stock, a simple fracture pattern without ligamentous instability, and a loose or malaligned femoral component. Allograft-prosthetic composite (APC) or distal femoral replacement (DFR) is indicated for patients presenting with a PDFF about poor or deficient bone stock. Patients with PDFF present a challenge to the arthroplasty surgeon in regards to choice of treatment and increased morbidity and mortality post-operatively. Close follow up is required and fracture union is often delayed.
Education of Students with Disabilities as a Result of Equal Opportunity Legislation

Students with disabilities have many legal protections in the United States. Many of these protections can be traced back to lawsuits which were fought to better the education of students from culturally and linguistically diverse populations (Yell 2016). Because of these early and historic efforts by advocates for fairness and equality, approximately, 6.5 million students with disabilities now have a right to a free and appropriate public education in the United States. Public Law 94-142 was passed in 1975 and guaranteed a free and appropriate education to all students with disabilities in the United States. This chapter will explore how court cases that advocated for the rights for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) students led to federal equal rights legislation for students with disabilities. Legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 will be explored.
Mars 2020 surface mission modeling landing site thermal environments

This paper presents work done by the Mars 2020 Mission Planning Team to characterize landing site thermal environments. A process was developed to take in ground temperature simulation data for each landing site and efficiently discretize it into six thermal environment bins. The Mars 2020 Thermal Team then performed detailed heater and energy modeling in each of those environments. The heater modeling results were implemented into a Monte Carlo based surface mission model to understand mission performance impacts. The Mars 2020 Instrument Teams used the results to inform their design and to better understand how the thermal conditions at each landing site affected their instruments.
To Say What the Law Is: Rules, Results, and the Dangers of Inferential Stare Decisis

Judicial decisions do more than resolve disputes. They are also crucial sources of prospective law, because stare decisis obligates future courts to follow those decisions. Yet there remains tremendous uncertainty about how we identify a judicial decision’s lawmaking content. Does stare decisis require future courts to follow the rules stated in a precedent-setting opinion? Or must future courts merely reconcile their decisions with the ultimate result of the precedent-setting case? Although it is widely assumed that a rule-based approach puts greater constraints on future courts, two recent Supreme Court decisions — Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes and Ashcroft v. Iqbal — turn this conventional wisdom on its head. In both cases, what the Court said about the governing rules was not inherently controversial, and would leave courts with considerable flexibility going forward. But what the Court did in applying those rules — the ultimate results in Wal-Mart and Iqbal — could be very destabilizing if stare decisis mandates consistency with those results in future cases.This article assesses competing approaches to stare decisis, and argues that the lawmaking content of a judicial decision should be only the rules that the court states in deciding the case. While the end result may be instructive, enlightening, or valuable for any number of reasons, it should not create binding obligations on future courts as a matter of stare decisis. A rules-only approach is an unconventional position (even those who favor rule-based stare decisis typically presume that consistency with results is also required). But it strikes the optimal balance. To infer binding obligations from results alone creates a risk that — as with Wal-Mart and Iqbal — future courts will be forced to intuit more radical legal changes than the precedent-setting court actually embraced. Put simply, a judicial decision should create binding law only to the extent that it says what the law is. Unless and until new legal rules are declared (whether by the judiciary in later cases or by legislation), courts should be free to operate within the existing legal framework, without being required to reconcile their decisions with the mere results of earlier ones.
Experiences from the Empirical Evaluation of Two Physical Layers for Node Localization

Node localization has attracted significant multidisciplinary research effort over the last few years. Despite these efforts, there is still no clear consensus on a particular technology or approach that can be used in a wide variety of environments. While this may be attributed to several reasons including cost, power and computation complexity, many researchers would agree that physical layer issues impose the largest barrier in the wider deployment and use of node localization services.
“I own it, don’t I?” The Rules of Academic Copyright Ownership and You

This article delves into a few areas of copyright law that academic authors often overlook: joint author’s rights and the work made for hire doctrine. Scholarly publications produced by university ...
Basement membrane and blood-brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly complex and dynamic structure, mainly composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and the basement membrane (BM). The vast majority of BBB research focuses on its cellular constituents. Its non-cellular component, the BM, on the other hand, is largely understudied due to its intrinsic complexity and the lack of research tools. In this review, we focus on the role of the BM in BBB integrity. We first briefly introduce the biochemical composition and structure of the BM. Next, the biological functions of major components of the BM in BBB formation and maintenance are discussed. Our goal is to provide a concise overview on how the BM contributes to BBB integrity.
The Conflicted Language of Interracial Feedback

How is the natural language of feedback affected when instructors are White and learners are minorities? The present research addressed this question using a website called Feedback Forward through which White undergraduates provided extensive open-ended responses on a poorly written essay supposedly drafted by either a Black or a White fellow student. Results revealed a dissociation between the substance and style of feedback to the Black writer. The Black writer received selectively more overt praise for his or her writing and writing skills, and more encouragement to pursue a writing-related career, replicating past studies of the positive bias. However, this positively biased feedback was conveyed in a selectively more “lenient” style, marked by a simpler and less analytic vocabulary, more personal pronouns, more positive emotion words, and syntax that more closely mimicked that of the poorly written essay. Discomfort supplying feedback moderated these effects. Increased discomfort was associated with more substantive criticism to the White writer, and with a more lenient style to the Black writer. In sum, minority learners may be receiving open-ended feedback that is a perplexing blend of explicit praise conveyed in an implicitly diminishing manner. Additional results showed that manipulated self-image concerns produced positively biased copyedits to the Black writer, replicating Harber, Stafford, and Kennedy (2010). Direct queries from the fictive writer—in the form of rating-based questions—also favored the Black writer, whose essay, ability, and prospects were rated higher than those of the White writer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
3-Dimensional Path Planning for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

This paper proposes a new algorithm for Autonomous Underwater Vehcle (AUV) path planning in 3D space to visit multiple targets using Dubins curves. For a given target-sequence, the 3D path planning is usually solved by two steps: Step 1 projects 3D targets to the X-Y plane and designs a 2D path on this plane; Step 2 maps the 2D path into 3D via interpolation. The proposed new algorithm defines a local coordinate system (LCS) for each pair of targets and designs the 2D Dubins curve in the LCS, then uses the Euler’s rotation transformation to convert the 2D dubins curve into the 3D global coordinate system (GCS). Applying the proposed rotation method to a given target sequence and given incoming-outgoing angles yields 3D Dubins path with guaranteed G2 continuity at the joints of two Dubins curves. The proposed method is compared with the interpolation method and Bezier curve method. Computer simulations demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides better G2 continuity in 3D space or shorter path lengths than the existing linear or spline interpolation methods and Bezier curves.