cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Financing Illinois Industry, 1830–1890

Where did the owners of early Illinois industries get the capital and the funds to start their factories? What was the background of these early manufacturers? The evidence that will be presented here suggests that the typical Illinois manufacturer of the nineteenth century was a self-financed man who was born and raised in Europe or on the eastern seaboard. Let us begin with the basic thesis of Frederick Jackson Turner, Wisconsin and Harvard historian of the last generation, who reinterpreted the history of this country. Turner's thesis, enunciated at the Chicago meeting of the American Historical Association in 1893, was that society was reborn on every new frontier. Its character was influenced not only by heredity but even more by its new environment. Thus the American economy reflected not only European, especially Anglo-Saxon customs and institutions brought across the Atlantic, but it also reflected the pioneer's adaptation to primitive frontier conditions. By the second, third, and fourth generation, Americans had forgotten or abandoned certain European ways because these were not adapted to survival in the New World.
Simultaneous Determination of 12 Kinds of Industrial Dyes in Condiment by SPE-UPLC-MS/MS Method

Objective To established a method for simultaneous determination of Sudan Orange,Sudan Yellow,Sudan Ⅰ-Ⅳ,Solvent Blue 35,Para Red,Sudan Black B,Sudan Red 7B,Sudan Red G and Sudan Brown in condiment by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (SPEUPLC-MS /MS) method.Method The samples were extracted by acetone containing 10% ethanol and cleaned-up by OASIS MAX solid phase extraction column (60 mg,3 ml).The dyes were determined by UPLC-MS /MS.Results The linear range was 10.0-800.0 ng /ml for Para Red and 5.0-400.0 ng /ml for the other 11 compounds,the correlation coefficients were0.99.The qualitative detection limits of the method were in the range of 0.3-10.4 μg /kg and the quantitative detection limits of the method were in the range of 0.8-31.2 μg /kg.The average recoveries of adding standard at three levels were 77.1%-141.9% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was 5.5%-26.4%.Conclusion The method is sensitive,accurate and could be used for detecting 12 kinds of industrial dyes simultaneously in condiments.
Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic drug interactions.

2112. 13. Lassen, M. R. (2000) The EPHESUS study: comparison of the first synthetic factor Xa inhibitor with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). The prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after elective hip replacement surgery. Blood 96(11), Abstract #2109. 14. Erickson, B. (2000) The PENTHIFRA study: comparison of the first synthetic Factor Xa inhibitor with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). The prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after hip fracture surgery. Blood 96(11),
Kinetic Study of the Electrochemical FePO4 to LiFePO4 Phase Transition

The electrochemical phase transformation of carbon-coated nanophase (60−70 nm) FePO4 to LiFePO4 has been investigated by use of the Avrami−Johnson−Mehl−Eroofev equation. The analysis shows an Avrami exponent equal to 1, which is indicative of one-dimensional growth. The analysis does not support the conventional shrinking core model for the electrochemical conversion of FePO4 to LiFePO4. Analysis of the Avrami exponent reveals that the phase transformation is not controlled by diffusion but by a phase boundary reaction. Measurements at different temperatures allowed for an estimate of the activation energy, which was found to be about 13 kJ/mol for the electrochemical FePO4 to LiFePO4 transformation.
Early dysfunctions preceding neurodegeneration in synucleinopathy

M symptoms in Parkinsons Disease (PD) represent the downstream effect of a pathological cascade leading to the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantianigracompacta (SN) projecting to the striatum. Another hallmark feature of PD is late-stage occurring dementia, which is generally preceded by the occurrence of mild cognitive impairment. Mild cognitive impairment has also been shown to precede motor symptoms in PD, and therefore is considered as an early clinical marker of the pathology. The neuropathological substrate of dementia in PD patients is still under debate. Latestage occurring dementia in PD has been associated to widespread neurodegeneration concomitant to the formation of Lewy bodies. Levy bodies are aggregates containing the synaptic protein α-synuclein (α-syn), whose accumulation is considered to be one of the major causes of neurodegeneration in PD. Accordingly, overexpression of human wild-type α-syn has been recently shown to lead to a time-dependent DA neuronal loss and motor symptoms in rats. However, the exact mechanisms through which α-syn accumulation leads to the development of dementia in PD remain unclear. By means of sitesspecific adenoviral vector (AAV) mediated overexpression of human wild-type α-syn in the brain of adult mice we induced selective and severe memory impairment, which were specifically related to the function of the targeted regions. The cognitive defects observed, however, were not associated to neurodegeneration. These findings provide in vivo evidence showing that cognitive impairment precedes α-syn overexpression-mediated neurodegeneration. They suggest the interesting hypothesis that α-syn overexpression might be the cause not only of dementia occurring in the end-stage stage of PD, but also of cognitive impairment occurring in the very early stage of the disease.
Hydrogen Oxidation-Mediated Current Discharge in Mesoporous Pt/TiO2 Nanocomposite

Here we report on direct evidence of a correlation between hydrogen-to-water oxidation on mesoporous Pt/TiO2 nanocomposites at room temperature and the conversion of surface-released chemical energy into a stationary electrical current. The Pt phase of this heterojunction device is an electrically continuous 15 nm thick mesh deposited onto a mesoporous TiO2 substrate fabricated with a plasma electrolytic oxidation process. The H2O turnover frequency approaches an asymptotic value associated with the saturation of the Pt/TiO2 interface as the concentration of hydrogen gas is increased. In situ measurements of the reaction-induced current concurrently with mass spectrometry measurements illuminate the polarity switch of the reaction current (from thermionic emission to a reverse steady-state flow) simultaneously with the production of water. Furthermore, a concentration-dependent value of 5 min is measured as the time constant for the adsorption of the initial addition of H2 and H2O formation and desorption.
Association of Unilateral Renal Agenesis With Adverse Outcomes in Pregnancy: A Matched Cohort Study.

Background Data regarding the effect of a solitary kidney during pregnancy have come from studies of living kidney donors. We evaluated the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with a single kidney from renal agenesis. Study Design Matched cohort study. Setting & Participants Using data from 7,079 childbirths from an integrated health care delivery system from 1996 through 2015, we identified births from women with renal agenesis. Only first pregnancies and singleton births were included. After excluding those with diabetes and kidney disease, 200 women with renal agenesis were matched 1:4 by age (within 2 years), race, and history of hypertension to women with 2 kidneys. Predictor Renal agenesis defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision ( ICD-9 ) codes prior to pregnancy. Outcomes The primary outcome was adverse maternal outcomes, including preterm delivery, delivery by cesarean section, preeclampsia/eclampsia, and hospital length of stay. Adverse neonatal end points were considered as a secondary outcome and included low birth weight ( Results Mean gestational age at delivery was 37.9±2.1 weeks for women with renal agenesis compared to 38.6±1.8 weeks for women with 2 kidneys. Compared with women with 2 kidneys, those with renal agenesis had increased risk for preterm delivery (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.86-4.45), delivery by cesarean section (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.49-2.99), preeclampsia/eclampsia (OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.23-4.72), and length of stay longer than 3 days (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.18-2.78). Renal agenesis was not significantly associated with increased risk for infant death/transfer to acute facility (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 0.57-11.89) or low birth weight after accounting for preterm delivery (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 0.76-5.88). Limitations Renal agenesis was identified by ICD-9 code, not by imaging of the abdomen. Conclusion Women with unilateral renal agenesis have a higher risk for adverse outcomes in pregnancy.
Development of an aggressive Miller Cycle engine with extended Late-Intake-Valve-Closing and a two-stage turbocharger:

This paper describes the development of an aggressive Miller cycle gasoline engine with stoichiometric combustion, a high expansion ratio of 12.5:1, a 65 crank angle degrees (CAD) longer duration L...
Click Chemistry and Material Selection for in Situ Fabrication of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering Applications

This Review gives a brief introduction to hydrogels formed through click chemistry for applications in tissue engineering. Specifically, we focus on three representative click chemistry mechanisms: Diels–Alder reactions, azide–alkyne cycloaddition, and thiol–ene chemistry. Apart from that, we also discuss photoinitiated chain growth polymerization, which also has fast kinetics. The chemical mechanisms of these reactions, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are presented. These gelation methods are compared and contrasted with other methods of forming hydrogels. Further, we offer an insight on the fabrication of click chemistry hydrogels from a material selection perspective. Commonly used materials from both synthetic and naturally derived polymer families were selected and discussed with their special features and drawbacks in fabricating hydrogels used in tissue engineering applications. At the end, the impact of cross-linking mechanisms and hydrogels properties on the host response is discus...
Hormonal profiles in women with breast cancer

The literature findings on endogenous hormonal profiles in women with breast cancer are reviewed in detail. It is concluded that four sets of findings are valid: (1) diminished adrenal androgen production, probably genetic, in women with premenopausal breast cancer; (2) ovarian dysfunction (luteal inadequacy plus increased testosterone production) in breast cancer at all ages; (3) increased 16 alpha-hydroxylation of estradiol in breast cancer at all ages; and (4) evidence that prolactin is a permissive risk factor for breast cancer, and that the pregnancy-induced decrease in prolactin levels may account for the protective effect of early pregnancy against breast cancer.
Effects of Pressure on the Thermal Decomposition Rates, Chemical Reactivity and Phase Behavior of HMX, RDX and Nitromethane

The effects of pressure on the thermal decomposition kinetics, chemical reactivity and phase behavior of β HMX, RDX and nitromethane have been studied by a combination of measurement techniques in conjunction with a high pressure diamond anvil cell. These techniques include: (1) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, (2) energy dispersive x-ray powder diffraction, (3) optical polarizing microscopy, and (4)Raman scattering. Studies were generally limited to the region where decomposition rates could be measured within reasonable laboratory time, i. e., below 10 GPa and 573K. The P-T phase diagram for RDX was determined to 573K and 7.0 GPa, delineating the stability fields of three solid phases, α, β and γ, and the liquidus. The α and β phases of RDX were found to thermally decompose, while the γ phase transformed to either α or β before reaching decomposition temperatures. The decomposition rate of a phase was found to increase with increasing pressure suggesting a bimolecular-type mechanism. Conversely, β HMX decomposition rates decrease with increasing pressure suggesting a unimolecular-type reaction mechanism. Activation energies, volumes and entropies for the thermal decomposition reactions are calculated from the observed data for β HMX and α RDX. The decomposition mechanism for nitromethane appears to be complex and varies over large changes in pressure. A mechanism is proposed which explains the bimolecular nature of the reaction and also accounts for the observed pressure dependence of the decomposition rate and products.
Parent-Child Socialization

The parent—child relationship initiates a child into the social world and reshapes components of the adult self-concept into identification with parental roles. Much of what occurs between parents and children transforms a biological organism into a human being and confronts adults with a new set of experiences and responsibilities. Through this facet of the socialization process, parents and children acquire the knowledge, attitudes, skills, values, and expectations that allow them to become increasingly integrated into new social relationships.
Pearson Capital Management

Naveen Bhatia has just received $2.5 million from the sale of his employer’s firm and wants to invest it for his retirement. He meets with Brad Pearson, principal of a local money management firm, who describes his firm’s investment philosophy and offers empirical evidence supporting its efficacy. The philosophy is generally consistent with modern portfolio theory, encompassing such notions as diversification, beta risk, the market line, and alpha return. The case also alludes to several investment styles, as well as active versus passive investing. Evidence favoring Pearson Capital Management’s investment philosophy includes alpha returns on several portfolios over 30 years and various sub-periods. Mr. Bhatia’s challenge is to make sense of this information, to identify how Pearson Capital Management might add value compared to investing directly himself, and ultimately to decide how best to invest his $2.5 million.The case can be used early in an investments course to introduce many of the topics considered throughout the term, and in a corporate finance course, or executive program, to talk about basic concepts of risk and return, diversification, and beta risk, as well as the intuition underlying the efficient market hypothesis and the capital asset pricing model. Most business students hope and expect to confront Mr. Bhatia’s problem one day themselves, so discussion tends to be lively.
Data-Driven Voltage Regulation in Radial Power Distribution Systems

In this paper, we develop a data-driven framework for controlling distributed energy resources (DERs) in a balanced radial power distribution system with the objective of regulating voltages across the whole system. The objective is to determine optimal DER power injections that minimize the voltage excursions outside a desirable voltage range without knowing a complete model of the power distribution system. To this end, we approximate the nonlinear relationship between the voltage magnitudes and the power injections by a linear model. The parameters of this linear model—referred to as the voltage sensitivities—can be computed using information on the network topology and the line parameters, the values of which will be estimated. Assuming the knowledge of feasible network topology configurations and distribution line resistance-to-reactance ratios, we propose a framework for identifying the true network topology configuration and the corresponding line parameters using only a few measurements of voltage magnitudes and power injections. Utilizing the estimated voltage sensitivities, the optimal DER power injections can be readily determined by solving a convex optimization problem. Due to its data-driven nature, the proposed framework is intrinsically adaptive to changes in system conditions such as unknown topology reconfiguration. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated via numerical simulations on the IEEE 123-bus distribution test feeder.
Challenges and Opportunities in dMRI Data Harmonization

Advances in diffusion MRI (dMRI) have led to discoveries of factors that affect brain microstructure and connectivity in health and disease. The small size of many neuroimaging studies led to concerns about poor reproducibility of research findings, and calls for the comparison and pooling of multi-cohort datasets to establish the consistency of reported effects. Across studies diffusion MRI protocols vary in spatial, angular and q-space resolution, b-value, as well as hardware used—all of which affect measured diffusion parameters. Efforts to compare and pool dMRI measures use meta- or mega- analytical techniques to compensate for these sources of variance. Meta-analytical methods gauge the consistency of effects, and mega-analytical methods involve mathematical or statistical transformations of the data. Here, we review some recent advances that allowed the diffusion community to create large scale population studies with greater rigor and generalizability than was previously attainable by individual studies.
Sizing a renewable microgrid for flow shop manufacturing using climate analytics

Abstract A variety of methods have been proposed to assist the integration of microgrid in flow shop systems with the goal of attaining eco-friendly operations. There is still a lack of integrated planning models in which renewable portfolio, microgrid capacity and production plan are jointly optimized under power demand and generation uncertainty. This paper aims to develop a two-stage, mixed-integer programming model to minimize the levelized cost of energy of a flow shop powered by onsite renewables. The first stage minimizes the annual energy use subject to a job throughput requirement. The second stage aims at sizing wind turbine, solar panels and battery units to meet the hourly electricity needs during a year. Climate analytics are employed to characterize the stochastic wind and solar capacity factor on an hourly basis. The model is tested in four locations with a wide range of climate conditions. Three managerial insights are derived from the numerical experiments. First, time-of-use tariff significantly stimulates the wind penetration in locations with medium or low wind speed. Second, regardless of the climate conditions, large-scale battery storage units are preferred under time-of-use rate but it is not the case under a net metering policy. Third, wind- and solar-based microgrid is scalable and capable of meeting short-term demand variation and long-term load growth with a stable energy cost rate.
Evolution of Patiromer Use: a Review

The purpose of this review is to present data from clinical trials that resulted in the key data supporting the use of patiromer as a potassium binder in clinical practice today. In addition to trials that support the current Food and Drug Administration label and published over the past 3 years, the recently published Spironolactone With Patiromer in the Treatment of Resistant Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease (AMBER) trial provides clear benefits of patiromer use in a group of resistant hypertension patients. The AMBER was a phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study that evaluated 295 participants stratified by local serum potassium measurement (4.3 to < 4.7 mmol/L vs 4.7 to 5.1 mmol/L) and history of diabetes and chronic kidney disease. The focus was on enabling participants with resistant hypertension to achieve blood pressure goals by using spironolactone. Additionally, the ongoing Patiromer for the Management of Hyperkalemia in Subjects Receiving RAASi Medications for the Treatment of Heart Failure (DIAMOND) trial is designed to demonstrate how patiromer is an “enabler” of therapies that are needed to either control resistant hypertension or reduce mortality in heart failure but generate hyperkalemia. These and other studies are discussed in detail. Patiromer is one of two new potassium binders that are far better tolerated than the previous agent and can be given chronically to participants who need life-saving therapies but have elevations of potassium into a dangerous range as a consequence.
Experimental and numerical investigation of piezoelectric energy harvesting on a locally resonant metastructure

We investigate piezoelectric energy harvesting on a locally resonant metamaterial beam for concurrent power generation and bandgap formation. The mechanical resonators have piezoelectric elements which are connected to electrical loads to quantify their electrical output in the locally resonant bandgap neighborhood. Electromechanical model simulations are followed by detailed experiments on a beam setup with 9 resonators. The locally resonant bandgap is measured and a resistor sweep is performed for each resonator to capture the optimal power conditions. Experimental efforts also include the DC combination of the separate harvester power outputs through full wave rectification of each output voltage.
The Role of Biaxial Loading on Smooth Muscle Contractility in the Nulliparous Murine Cervix.

Throughout the estrus cycle, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cervical smooth muscle cells (cSMC) coordinate to accomplish normal physiologic function in the non-pregnant cervix. While previous uniaxial experiments provide fundamental knowledge about cervical contractility and biomechanics, the specimen preparation is disruptive to native organ geometry and does not permit simultaneous assessment of circumferential and axial properties. Thus, a need remains to investigate cervical contractility and passive biomechanics within physiologic multiaxial loading. Biaxial inflation-extension experiments overcome these limitations by preserving geometry, ECM–cell interactions, and multiaxially loading the cervix. Utilizing in vivo pressure measurements and inflation-extension testing, this study presented methodology and examined maximum biaxial contractility and biomechanics in the nulliparous murine cervix. The study showed that increased pressure resulted in decreased contractile potential in the circumferential direction, however, axial contractility remained unaffected. Additionally, total change in axial stress ( $$\Delta {T}_{zz}$$ ) increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to circumferential stress ( $$\Delta {T}_{\theta \theta }$$ ) with maximum contraction. However, passive stiffness was significantly greater (p < 0.01) in the circumferential direction. Overall, axial cSMC may have a critical function in maintaining cervical homeostasis during normal function. Potentially, a loss of axial contractility in the cervix during pregnancy may result in maladaptive remodeling such as cervical insufficiency.
Do Postsecondary Training Programs Respond to Changes in the Labor Market

This paper analyzes whether postsecondary training programs have kept up with shifts in the occupational structure of the labor market over the past decades. I compare long-term trends in the distribution of employment, degrees, and certificates across occupation groupings using data from the Census and from the nation's largest community college system. I then estimate that an occupation's share of community college completions grows 0.53 percentage points for every percentage point increase in its share of employment. However, I show that this relationship is primarily driven by increases in student demand rather than by colleges expanding capacity.
A review of top performing rural community and critical access hospitals' web resources for transgender patients in the United States.

Abstracts Objective This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of “LGBT” and “transgender” terminology and type of resources available to transgender patients on the websites of top performing rural/community hospitals and critical access hospitals in the U.S. The effect of hospital control (e.g. type of operating parent organization) on the presence of transgender resources on these websites was also evaluated. Methods The rural and critical access hospitals selected for inclusion in this study were those published on the Chartis Group’s 2020 “top performing” hospital lists. Each hospital website was reviewed for the presence of “transgender” and “LGBT” terminology, as well several control terms commonly found on hospital websites. Results Findings suggest a lack of resources for sexual and gender minorities among rural community and critical access hospitals within this sample; the term “transgender” appeared on 26% of rural community hospitals and 21% of critical access hospitals (N = 200). There was no significant relationship between hospital classification and the type of transgender resources offered by the hospitals (p = 0.248). There was a significant relationship between hospital control and presence of the term “transgender” on the websites of critical access hospitals (p = 0.002, Fisher’s Exact Test). Conclusions Few facilities provided links to external resources for transgender patients, advertised LGBT-friendly providers, or provided any information pertaining to gender-affirming healthcare. Additional research is needed to determine what barriers or social forces prevent these hospitals from using their websites to create a more inclusive environment for transgender patients within the communities they serve.
Knowledge gaps in Alzheimer's disease immune biomarker research

Considerable evidence has accumulated implicating a role for immune mechanisms in moderating the pathology in Alzheimer's disease dementia. However, the appropriate therapeutic target, the appropriate direction of manipulation, and the stage of disease at which to begin treatment remain unanswered questions. Part of the challenge derives from the absence of any selective pressure to develop a coordinated beneficial immune response to severe neural injury in adults. Thus, immune responses to the prevailing stimuli are likely to contain both beneficial and detrimental components. Knowledge gaps include: (1) how a biomarker change relates to the underlying biology, (2) the degree to which pathological stage group differences reflect a response to pathology versus trait differences among individuals regulating risk of developing pathology, (3) the degree to which biomarker levels are predictive of subsequent changes in pathology and/or cognition, and (4) experimental manipulations in model systems to determine whether differences in immune biomarkers are causally related to pathology.
The College of American Pathologists Foundation's See, Test & Treat Program®: an Evaluation of a One-Day Cancer Screening Program Implemented in Mississippi.

Women in Mississippi experience significant barriers to healthcare that results in high incidence rates of late-stage breast, cervical, and oropharyngeal cancer. We implemented See, Test, & Treat, a cancer screening and education program, that was aimed at increasing access to cancer screening for underserved women in the Jackson Metropolitan Area. During the event, 103 women between the ages of 21 and 69 years old received breast, cervical, and/or oral cancer screenings. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected to evaluate the effect of the program on the participants’ cancer screening knowledge, self-efficacy to obtain medical check-ups, and intentions to engage in health-enhancing behaviors. Of the 57 women who received a mammogram, 18 had abnormal results that required follow-up care. None of the women who received a Pap test had abnormal results, but 8 women were diagnosed with trichomoniasis. One woman was diagnosed with stage 4 oral cancer. The evaluation data indicated that participants found that free cancer screenings and receipt of results on the same day were primary benefits of the program.
DeepAMO: a multi-slice, multi-view anthropomorphic model observer for visual detection tasks performed on volume images.

Purpose: We propose a deep learning-based anthropomorphic model observer (DeepAMO) for image quality evaluation of multi-orientation, multi-slice image sets with respect to a clinically realistic 3D defect detection task. Approach: The DeepAMO is developed based on a hypothetical model of the decision process of a human reader performing a detection task using a 3D volume. The DeepAMO is comprised of three sequential stages: defect segmentation, defect confirmation (DC), and rating value inference. The input to the DeepAMO is a composite image, typical of that used to view 3D volumes in clinical practice. The output is a rating value designed to reproduce a human observer’s defect detection performance. In stages 2 and 3, we propose: (1) a projection-based DC block that confirms defect presence in two 2D orthogonal orientations and (2) a calibration method that “learns” the mapping from the features of stage 2 to the distribution of observer ratings from the human observer rating data (thus modeling inter- or intraobserver variability) using a mixture density network. We implemented and evaluated the DeepAMO in the context of Tc99m-DMSA SPECT imaging. A human observer study was conducted, with two medical imaging physics graduate students serving as observers. A 5 × 2-fold cross-validation experiment was conducted to test the statistical equivalence in defect detection performance between the DeepAMO and the human observer. We also compared the performance of the DeepAMO to an unoptimized implementation of a scanning linear discriminant observer (SLDO). Results: The results show that the DeepAMO’s and human observer’s performances on unseen images were statistically equivalent with a margin of difference (ΔAUC) of 0.0426 at p < 0.05, using 288 training images. A limited implementation of an SLDO had a substantially higher AUC (0.99) compared to the DeepAMO and human observer. Conclusion: The results show that the DeepAMO has the potential to reproduce the absolute performance, and not just the relative ranking of human observers on a clinically realistic defect detection task, and that building conceptual components of the human reading process into deep learning-based models can allow training of these models in settings where limited training images are available.
Changes in skinfold and girth measures of women varsity basketball and field hockey players.

Abstract Pre- and post-season subcutaneous fat, girth and weight measures were made on 12 women varsity field hockey players and 17 women varsity basketball players at The Pennsylvania State University. Each experimental period consisted of eight weeks. Skinfold measures were taken with Lange calipers using the technique suggested by Keys. Girth measurements were made using a Tip Top Whyteface tape with a Gulick handle to aid in exerting equal tension on the tape for each measure. The sites measured were: (1) the right upper arm, (2) above the right iliac crest in the midaxillary line, (3) immediately to the right of and directly opposite the umbilicus, and (4) the anterior upper quarter of the right thigh in the midline. All sites were marked so that the girth measurements could be taken over the same place. Reliability was computed for all measures. Results of a comparison of pre- and post- mean scores indicated that the field hockey players studied showed a decrease in fat at the arm, umbilical, and th...
Residential Internet-Based Marketing Service Applications

Abstract Residential Internet-based applications and their importance in the current and future success of broadband Internet are theoretically driven approach, via Reasoned Action, to empower e-commerce and its user base. The Internet is an increasingly important force in reshaping many aspects of social, economic and civic life, globally empowering users via broadband technologies to widen access to Internet connections, both fixed and wireless, that are magnitudes faster than ones in common use today. Broadband technologies have enabled residences to receive and send text, images, audio and video over the Internet at vastly superior speeds, with minimal delays and affordability. People separated by vast expanse are able to share virtual-reality experiences and work effectively together on any project. The need for residence-based broadband communications derives from the increasing speed of computers. The Internet, with its ubiquitous nature and vast amount of information resources, has greatly incited...
Irrational Behavior, Hindsight, and Patentability: Balancing the 'Obvious to Try' Test with Unexpected Results

Pharmaceutical and other high tech science industries require patent protection to justify the risks of expensive research. Without protection a copycat could bring the same product to market without the expense of research, enabling them to undercut price. This might benefit the consumer in the short term with lower prices, but it will destroy incentives to innovate. Ultimately this would lead to no new pharmaceutical and other research-intensive products.There is a delicate balance between allowing patent protection for something truly innovative and denying if for a pedestrian advancement. It is the patentability standard of obviousness, where the proposed invention would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art, that controls this balance. The difficulty for courts in determining obviousness, and thus patentability, is hindsight bias. When someone already knows how an invention works it is all too easy to consider it obvious, yet before learning about the invention, the same person would not have been able to envision the invention.The Supreme Court in KSR recently revived an approach to determining obviousness through a test known as “obvious to try.” The “obvious to try” test attempts to determine whether the approach to create the invention would have been obvious to try by a person of ordinary skill. The danger with the “obvious to try” test is that it is especially susceptible to hindsight bias because it uses the inventor’s own reasoned approach to solve a problem against him. The effect of extensive use of the “obvious to try” test will be to deny patent protection for logically guided research, while rewarding patent protection for inventions obtained through irrational behavior or luck. This will upset the balance of patent protection for innovative inventions by denying protection to those inventions derived though good research, and lead to a decline in new research-intensive products. Consequently, there must be a reasonable factor to rebut obviousness found through the “obvious to try” test. This factor should be significant unexpected results of the invention, because if a result is truly unexpected, then the invention could not have been obvious.
Gravito-electrodynamics and the structure of planetary ring systems.

Recent spacecraft observations of the Saturnian and Jovian ring systems have highlighted a plethora of interesting new phenomena associated with those regions containing fine (micron and sub-micron sized) dust. Recognizing that these dust grains, by virtue of being immersed within the planetary magnetospheres, are electrostatically charged to the point that they experience comparable gravitational and electric forces, a new 'gravito-electrodynamic' theory has been developed to describe their dynamics. This theory has been successful in explaining all these phenomena in a systematic way. In this review, the basic model and its range of validity are outlined, and its application to the Saturnian and Jovian ring systems are discussed.
Clustering and intra-processor scheduling for explicitly-parallel programs on distributed-memory systems

When mapping a parallel program onto a parallel architecture, the number of available processors is usually less than the number of tasks in the program. This gives rise to clustering and intra-processor scheduling problems. We address these two problems for distributed-memory systems where programs are explicitly-parallel in nature. We show that existing models of program representation are insufficient to capture temporal behavior of such programs. We use a new temporal communication graph model that allows identification of overlap of communication with computation and inter-task parallelism. Clustering and intra-processor scheduling heuristics, attempting to minimize program completion time, are proposed using this model. Simulation results on random task graphs show 10-25% improvement in completion time over existing heuristics. >
Hibernation alters the diversity and composition of mucosa‐associated bacteria while enhancing antimicrobial defence in the gut of 13‐lined ground squirrels

The gut microbiota plays important roles in animal nutrition and health. This relationship is particularly dynamic in hibernating mammals where fasting drives the gut community to rely on host-derived nutrients instead of exogenous substrates. We used 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and caecal tissue protein analysis to investigate the effects of hibernation on the mucosa-associated bacterial microbiota and host responses in 13-lined ground squirrels. The mucosal microbiota was less diverse in winter hibernators than in actively feeding spring and summer squirrels. UniFrac analysis revealed distinct summer and late winter microbiota clusters, while spring and early winter clusters overlapped slightly, consistent with their transitional structures. Communities in all seasons were dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, with lesser contributions from Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Tenericutes and Actinobacteria. Hibernators had lower relative abundances of Firmicutes, which include genera that prefer plant polysaccharides, and higher abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, some of which can survive solely on host-derived mucins. A core mucosal assemblage of nine operational taxonomic units shared among all individuals was identified with an average total sequence abundance of 60.2%. This core community, together with moderate shifts in specific taxa, indicates that the mucosal microbiota remains relatively stable over the annual cycle yet responds to substrate changes while potentially serving as a pool for 'seeding' the microbiota once exogenous substrates return in spring. Relative to summer, hibernation reduced caecal crypt length and increased MUC2 expression in early winter and spring. Hibernation also decreased caecal TLR4 and increased TLR5 expression, suggesting a protective response that minimizes inflammation.
Diastolic function in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty: Influence of degree of revascularization

Abstract To assess the early effects of successful coronary angioplasty on Doppler-derived left ventricular filling patterns and the significance of the extent of revascularization on these variables, 31 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty were examined within 24 h before and after the revascularization procedure. After angioplasty, the peak early to late velocity ratio increased from 0.89 ± 0.2 to 1.05 ± 0.3 (p These data indicate that the left ventricular diastolic filling pattern is modified significantly as early as 24 h after successful coronary angioplasty. Improvement in impaired relaxation appears to be the most likely explanation for these changes, although increased myocardial stiffness in patients with incomplete revascularization is an alternative hypothesis.
Exactly solvable case of a one-dimensional Bose–Fermi mixture

We consider a one-dimensional interacting Bose-Fermi mixture with equal masses of bosons and fermions, and with equal and repulsive interactions between Bose-Fermi and Bose-Bose particles. Such a system can be realized in experiments with ultracold boson and fermion isotopes in optical lattices. We use the Bethe-ansatz technique to find the ground state energy at zero temperature for any value of interaction strength and density ratio between bosons and fermions. We prove that the mixture is always stable against demixing. Combining exact solution with the local density approximation, we calculate density profiles and collective oscillation modes in a harmonic trap. In the strongly interating regime, we use exact wave functions to calculate correlation functions for bosons and fermions under periodic boundary conditions.
Entropy of a classical stochastic field and cosmological perturbations.

We propose a general definition of nonequilibrium entropy of a classical stochastic field. As an example of particular interest in cosmology we apply this definition to compute the entropy of density perturbations in an inflationary Universe. On the scales of structures in the Universe, the entropy of density perturbations dominates over the statistical fluctuations of the entropy of cosmic microwave photons, indicating the relevance of the entropy of density fluctuations for structure formation.
Image intensification and the electron microscopy of radiation sensitive polymers

Abstract The role of image intensification in the electron microscopy of radiation sensitive polymers is analysed. It is shown that image intensification cannot improve the quality of the usual internal recording with electron image plates. The chief advantage of image intensification is the reduced radiation damage to the specimen during focusing and alignment. For bright-field microscopy, unaided focusing imparts an electron dose to the specimen which is approximately 9 times larger than the dose sustained during the subsequent recording. Image intensification reduces the radiation damage during focusing to an insignificant fraction of the unavoidable radiation damage which occurs during the exposure of the plate and improves the picture quality correspondingly. In the darkfield case the chief advantage of the image intensifier is the greatly improved yield of useful pictures rather than improved quality. Optimum working conditions, including optimum voltage, for radiation sensitive specimens are calculated. Experimental results on polyethylene single crystals confirm the analysis.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between ammonium and nitrite ions: experimental and theoretical studies

Abstract The kinetics of the reaction between ammonium ion (NH4+) and nitrite ion (NO2−) in aqueous solutions was studied as a function of pH, temperature, and activities of the reactants. This reaction belongs to a class of fused chemical reactions that can be used to remediate paraffin and asphaltene deposition problems in oil pipelines. The reaction rate was found to be first-order with respect to the total concentration of ammonium species and second-order with respect to the total concentration of nitrite species. The reaction is strongly dependent on the pH of the solution, increasing the rate by a factor of 4000 as pH decreased from 7 to 3. The activity of hydrogen ion catalyzes the reaction by changing the concentrations of the two true reactants (ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen trioxide (N2O3)), not by changing the reaction pathway. Reaction mechanisms were developed. A mechanism involving the SN2 reaction in which the nucleophile NH3 reacts with the electrophile N2O3 in the rate-limiting step was found to fit all experimental observations. This reaction mechanism releases the nitrite ion (NO2−) to produce an intermediate (nitrosamine (H2NNO)) which dissociates very rapidly to form the final products (nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O)).
Cardiovascular responses in the diabetic rat

Cardiac and regional haemodynamics have been studied in 12- and 15-week-old streptozotocin-diabetic rats and in non-diabetic controls. Reduced cardiac output has been found in the 15-week-old diabetic rats (64 ± 13 ml/min, mean ± S.D.), while 12-week-old diabetic rats expressed normal values (104 ± 25 ml/min, mean ± S.D.). Renal blood flows of 12- and 15-week-old diabetic rats (3·4 ± 1 ml/min. g and 3·7 ± 1 ml/min. g, mean ± S.D. respectively) were similarly decreased, when compared to those of non-diabetic rats (5·47 ± 1 ml/min. g). This finding could be only partly attributed to the increased plasma renin activity of the 12- and 15-week-old diabetic rats (16·6 ± 6 ng/ml. h and 19·3 ± 4 ng/ml. h respectively), which were higher than normal (4 ± 1 ng/ml. h). Otherwise the circulations of the brain, heart, gastrointestinal and musculocutaneous systems were similar in the diabetic and non-diabetic rats. In conclusion, while cardiac output was decreased only in the 15-week-old diabetic rats, renal perfusion was altered at an earlier stage of the diabetic process.
Bending Analysis of Textured Polycrystalline Shape Memory Alloy Beams

In this paper a micro-mechanical model that incorporates single crystal constitutive relationships is used for studying the pseudoelastic response of polycrystalline shape memory alloy beams subjected to bending. In the micro-mechanical framework, the stress-free transformation strains of all the 24 correspondence variant pairs (CVPs) obtained from the crystallographic data of NiTi are used, and the overall transformation strain is obtained by defining a set of martensitic volume fractions corresponding to active CVPs during a phase transformation. A three-dimensional finite element model is used and a polycrystalline beam is modeled based on Voronoi tessellations. The effect of crystallographic texture and the tension-compression asymmetry on the bending response of superelastic beams is studied. The results of texture measurements are used to assign appropriate crystal orientations to the grains in the model. By considering various combinations of crystal orientations, the effect of preferred crystallographic texture on the bending response is studied. The size effect is also studied by considering two polycrystal structures with different number of grains.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
High-pressure near-infrared Raman spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin light to dark adaptation.

Near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy is employed as an in situ probe of the chromophore conformation to study the light to dark-adaptation process in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) at variable pressure and temperature in the absence of undesired photoreactions. In dark-adapted bR deconvolution of the ethylenic mode into bands assigned to the all-trans (1526 cm-1) and 13-cis (1534 cm-1) isomers yields a 13-cis to all-trans ratio equal to 1 at ambient pressure (Schulte et al., 1995, Appl. Spectrosc. 49:80–83). Detailed spectroscopic evidence is presented that at high pressure the equilibrium is shifted toward the 13-cis isomers and that the light to dark adaptation kinetics is accelerated. The change in isomeric composition with temperature and pressure as well as the kinetics support a two-state model activation volumes of -16 ml/mol for the transition of 13-cis to all-trans and -22 ml/mol for the reverse process. These compare with a conformational volume difference of 6.6 ml/mol, which may be attributed to the ionization of one or two residues or the formation of three hydrogen bonds.
O6-methylguanine DNA Damage Signals Through Nfkb1/p50 to Potentiate DNA Strand Break-induced Cytotoxicity

and 6 hr of NFK-b, Nrf2 and TGF-b. MnSOD tet/tet cells, maintained in DOX, did show at 6 hr after irradiation a 50% increase in expression of Nrf2. Conclusions: MnSOD tet/tet cell lines are radiosensitive, as reflected in decreased irradiation induced gene expression which is only partially reversed by DOX. These novel mice and derived cell lines should prove valuable for understanding the link between antioxidant levels and irradiation responsive genes mediating both acute and chronic normal tissue damage effects. Acknowledgements: This project was supported by NIAID U191A168021. Author Disclosure: R. Kalash: None. J.R. Chaillet: None. F. Houghton: None. X. Zhang: None. M. Epperly: None. S. Cao: None. J.S. Greenberger: None.