cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetime-based optical CO 2 sensor with 635-nm laser-diode excitation and anti-Stokes detection

Frequency-domain determination of fluorescence lifetimes has recently been utilized to determine concentrations of biologically important gases, including O2 and CO21 This technique measures the change in fluorescence lifetime due to the analyte gas by measuring the phase shift between an intensity-modulated excitation and the modulated emission. By using fluorescence lifetimes instead of intensities, interferences due to probe leaching or bleaching and source-intensity variations due to scattering, absorbance, or other causes can be avoided.
The U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs depleted uranium exposed cohort at 25 Years: Longitudinal surveillance results.

Abstract Background A small group of Gulf War I veterans wounded in depleted uranium (DU) friendly-fire incidents have been monitored for health changes in a clinical surveillance program at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore since 1994. Methods During the spring of 2015, an in-patient clinical surveillance protocol was performed on 36 members of the cohort, including exposure monitoring for total and isotopic uranium concentrations in urine and a comprehensive assessment of health outcomes. Results On-going mobilization of U from embedded fragments is evidenced by elevated urine U concentrations. The DU isotopic signature is observed principally in participants possessing embedded fragments. Those with only an inhalation exposure have lower urine U concentration and a natural isotopic signature. Conclusions At 25 years since first exposure to DU, an aging cohort of military veterans continues to show no U-related health effects in known target organs of U toxicity. As U body burden continues to accrue from in-situ mobilization from metal fragment depots, and increases with exposure duration, critical tissue-specific U concentration thresholds may be reached, thus recommending on-going surveillance of this veteran cohort.
Influence of local field-concentration on surface flashover characteristics of spacers in SF 6 gas

Influences of local field-concentration on surface flashover characteristics of spacers in SF 6 -gas-insulated coaxial electrode systems were investigated. Flashover tests and field calculations were performed for disc-type and post-type spacers with local field-concentration near the outer electrode The results for disc-type spacers show that the influence of local field-concentration on flashover becomes remarkable at the high pressure range. Results of tests and calculations of post-type spacers confirmed that under certain conditions local field-concentrations caused by field singularity near the gas-epoxy-electrode interface reduced flashover voltages, but also that the flashover characteristics of such spacers were able to be improved by some slight changes of conditions near the interface.
AML Regression by Vascular Disruption with OXi4503 and Anti-Angiogenesis with Bevacizumab.

Abstract 1031 Poster Board I-53 Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells and endothelial cells depend on each other for survival and proliferation. Strategies that target single pathways in this co-dependent relationship have demonstrated limited efficacy in treating AML. Thus, it was hypothesized that a multi-target anti-vascular strategy is effective in treating leukemia. Recently, a novel tubulin-binding combretastatin, OXi4503, was identified and displays potent vascular disruption. To investigate the effects of vascular disruption with OXi4503 on leukemia proliferation in vivo, we first established KG-1 subcutaneous chloromas in NOG mice. Chloromas in mice treated with OXi4503 (n=5) grew significantly slower after treatment compared to control animals (n=5) (p=0.05). Furthermore, OXi4503-treated chloromas displayed a central core of necrotic cells with a surrounding rim of viable and highly vascularized tissue. When compared to control chloromas, OXi4503-treated leukemias showed significantly decreased blood vessels within leukemic cores (p Disclosures: Siemann:OXiGene: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
The “I – Thou” Relationship, Place-Based Education, and Aldo Leopold:

This article describes a new educational field labeled “place-based education ” and relates it to experiential learning. This term has appeared in the educational literature over the last 10 years ...
Improved light injection and enhanced Raman scattering in microfabricated opaque structures

We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that a proper surface modification of a highly scattering material can substantially improve light coupling into turbid medium and increase the photon life-time in this medium. As a practical example, we demonstrate that such amended excitation geometry leads to a factor of 100 improved Raman signal efficiency.
The effect of water oxygen saturation on growth and haematological profile of juvenile peled Coregonus peled (Gmelin)

The effect of varying oxygen saturation regimes on growth and haematological profiles of peled Coregonus peled was investigated on fish of initial age 90 days post hatching. Eighty-five juveniles per group (initial body weight 3.09 ± 0.80 g) were submitted to a 63-day experiment with one of four water saturation regimes: normoxia (NORm, 80%–90%), hypoxia (HYPo, 50%–60%), hyperoxia (HYPe, 150%–160%) and intermittent hyperoxia (iHYPe, 150%–160% - 80%–90%). Survival rate in NORm, HYPe and iHYPe ranged from 96.3 ± 2.1% to 97.7 ± 2.7, but survival 87.5 ± 3.0 was significantly lower in the HYPo group. No differences were observed in feed conversion ratio. The highest final body weight of 18.2 ± 4.6 g and a specific growth rate of 2.81 ± 0.01%/day were seen in the NORm group. Significant differences were found in haemoglobin concentration with increased saturation. The fish had lower haemoglobin 55.00 ± 5.72 and 51.35 ± 10.89 g/L in treatments HYPe, iHYPe with compared to the normoxia (64.22 ± 5.78 g/L). Haematocrit was similar in the groups HYPo, NORm and iHYPe (0.55 ± 0.04, 0.58 ± 0.05 and 0.54 ± 0.09) with the exception of HYPe, which was significantly lower (0.48 ± 0.06). Significantly lower count of erythrocyte was observed in iHYPe group (0.88 ± 0.20) with compared to the normoxia (1.06 ± 0.13). The supersaturation level was not associated with effects on growth and survival, and adding oxygen is not recommended for intensive rearing of peled. The results showed normoxia oxygen level to be the most suitable conditions for peled.
The fluctuations of mood

A group of 24 subjects recorded judgments of mood and physical conditions three times a day during a five weeks’ period. On the basis of the data gathered from this group the following conclusions may be drawn:
Electrophilic Cyclization of Phenylalkynediols to Naphthyl(aryl)iodonium Triflates with Chelating Hydroxyls: Preparation and X-ray Analyses

Alkynediols containing one propargylic alcohol as well as a second alcohol, which is propargylic or homopropargylic, react with PhI+CN–OTf (Stang’s reagent) or 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3I+CN–OTf to afford naphthyl(aryl)iodonium triflates. The reaction occurs at room temperature over the course of 6–12 h and provides 36–82% yields of microcrystalline solids. Slow diffusion of Et2O into CH3CN solutions of the salts afforded X-ray quality crystals of five compounds with hydroxyl groups forming five- and six-membered chelation complexes with the iodine atom. Crystallizations from larger scale reactions (≥∼0.25 mmol) were generally facile from CH2Cl2.
What Factors Influence the Career Choice of Hotel Management Major Students in Guangzhou

This exploratory study examined students’ perceptions of importance with reference to contributory factors of their career choice in hospitality and tourism department of a polytechnic college in Guangzhou City, China. The study result was derived from a survey of 372 freshmen and sophomore students. The questionnaire comprised items relating to factors influencing students when they made their career decision. Descriptive statistics, T-test, and factor analysis were conducted using SPSS 17.0. It is found that more students made their own career choice with little influence exerted by their family members. It was also indicated that generally there was no statistically significant difference between male and female students; however, a difference between freshmen and sophomore respondents was found for a few items. Additionally, this study identified five underlying contributory factors. “Students self-efficacy and occupational aspiration” was the most important factor to influence the students’ career decision, followed by “tradition and cultural value”, “career guidance”, “support from parents”, and “external consultation”. Finally, discussion of the findings was presented and possible suggestions were given for both hospitality educators and practitioners.
Treating sleep apnea in heart failure patients: promises but still no prizes.

In North American and Western European middle-age populations, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as defined by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, is as high as 20% ([1][1]). The majority of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed, and OSA and heart failure (HF) often coexist ([2,
The association of C-reactive protein with subclinical cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women.

Objective HIV is a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. However, CVD risk is often underestimated in HIV-infected women. C-reactive protein (CRP) may improve CVD prediction in this population. We examined the association of baseline plasma CRP with subclinical CVD in women with and without HIV. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods A total of 572 HIV-infected and 211 HIV-uninfected women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study underwent serial high-resolution B-mode carotid artery ultrasonography between 2004 and 2013 to assess carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and focal carotid artery plaques. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression models to assess the association of baseline high (≥3 mg/l) high-sensitivity (hs) CRP with baseline CIMT and focal plaques, and used multivariable linear and Poisson regression models for the associations of high hsCRP with CIMT change and focal plaque progression. We stratified our analyses by HIV status. Results Median (interquartile range) hsCRP was 2.2 mg/l (0.8-5.3) in HIV-infected, and 3.2 mg/l (0.9-7.7) in HIV-uninfected, women (P = 0.005). There was no statistically significant association of hsCRP with baseline CIMT [adjusted mean difference -3.5 μm (95% confidence interval:-19.0 to 12.1)] or focal plaques [adjusted odds ratio: 1.31 (0.67-2.67)], and no statistically significant association of hsCRP with CIMT change [adjusted mean difference 11.4 μm (-2.3 to 25.1)]. However, hsCRP at least 3 mg/l was positively associated with focal plaque progression in HIV-uninfected [adjusted rate ratio: 5.97 (1.46-24.43)], but not in HIV-infected [adjusted rate ratio: 0.81 (0.47-1.42)] women (P = 0.042 for interaction). Conclusion In our cohort of women with similar CVD risk factors, higher baseline hsCRP is positively associated with carotid plaque progression in HIV-uninfected, but not HIV-infected, women, suggesting that subclinical CVD pathogenesis may be different HIV-infected women.
Study of self-ion irradiated nanostructured ferritic alloy (NFA) and silicon carbide-nanostructured ferritic alloy (SiC-NFA) cladding materials

Abstract Silicon carbide-nanostructured ferritic alloy (SiC-NFA) materials are expected to have the beneficial properties of each component for advanced nuclear claddings. Fabrication of pure NFA (0 vol% SiC-100 vol% NFA) and SiC-NFAs (2.5 vol% SiC-97.5 vol% NFA, 5 vol% SiC-95 vol% NFA) has been reported in our previous work. This paper is focused on the study of radiation damage in these materials under 5 MeV Fe++ ion irradiation with a dose up to ∼264 dpa. It is found that the material surfaces are damaged to high roughness with irregularly shaped ripples, which can be explained by the Bradley-Harper (B-H) model. The NFA matrix shows ion irradiation induced defect clusters and small dislocation loops, while the crystalline structure is maintained. Reaction products of Fe3Si and Cr23C6 are identified in the SiC-NFA materials, with the former having a partially crystalline structure but the latter having a fully amorphous structure upon irradiation. The different radiation damage behaviors of NFA, Fe3Si, and Cr23C6 are explained using the defect reaction rate theory.
Adaptive management in variable environments

Adaptive management (AM) encourages land managers to modify plans for the future based on carefully evaluating what happened in the past. Extreme abiotic variation overwhelms effects of management, making AM extremely difficult to implement. We demonstrate how passive AM, involving monitoring over a few years and using data to inform future decisions, was used to determine seeding rates of native plants in a restoration experiment conducted in the Irvine Ranch National Landmark in Southern California. We found that seedling density depended more on the year in which seeding was conducted than on seeding rates. Analysis of longer term data, using weather as independent variables in analyses, can help managers tease apart the relative importance of management actions and of precipitation. Seeding in multiple years provided a bet hedging strategy for increasing success of the restoration project, given inter-annual variation in precipitation. Limitations of our seeding rate example could be resolved through active AM, in the form of controlled, manipulative experiments testing different seeding rates and replicated over many years. Effective AM requires a willingness to repeat management actions that failed due to abiotic conditions in a single year. What failed last year may work well in the future, and evaluating the role of environmental variation requires repetition across multiple years.
Ferdinand Freudenstein (1926–2006)

Ferdinand Freudenstein is considered the father of modern kinematics in America. He made his mark early with his seminal PhD dissertation in which he developed what is known as Freudenstein’s Equation. During a long career at Columbia University, he and his students produced outstanding research results in every area of modern kinematics. At the time of his death there were over 500 academic descendents belonging to the Freudenstein family tree. His progeny are teachers in many different countries, and his research results have shaped the teaching and practice of mechanism and machine theory throughout the world.
On Querying for Safe Optimality in Factored Markov Decision Processes

As it achieves a goal on behalf of its human user, an autonomous agent's actions may have side effects that change features of its environment in ways that negatively surprise its user. An agent that can be trusted to operate safely should thus only change features the user has explicitly permitted. We formalize this problem, and develop a planning algorithm that avoids potentially negative side effects given what the agent knows about (un)changeable features. Further, we formulate a provably minimax-regret querying strategy for the agent to selectively ask the user about features that it hasn't explicitly been told about. We empirically show how much faster it is than a more exhaustive approach and how much better its queries are than those found by the best known heuristic.
Cigarette smoking is associated with adverse pathological response and increased disease recurrence amongst patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy: a single-centre experience.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between smoking status and pathological response to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and survival outcomes in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) treated with radical cystectomy (RC). PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed 201 patients treated with NAC and RC for cT2-cT4N0M0 BC between 01/1999 and 01/2015. Smoking status was categorised as: 'never', 'former', and 'current' smoker. Pathological response to NAC was defined as: complete (ypT0N0), partial (ypTis/Ta/T1, N0), and no response (ypT2-4 or ypN+). Clinicopathological characteristics were analysed according to smoking status. Logistic regression analyses tested the association between smoking status and pathological response to NAC. Cox regression analyses tested risk factors associated with recurrence, overall (OM) and cancer-specific mortality (CSM). RESULTS Overall, there were 58 (28.9%) never smokers, 87 (43.3%) former smokers, and 56 (27.9%) current smokers. No response to NAC was more frequently noted in current smokers (73.2%; P = 0.007). Former smoker (odds ratio [OR] 2.28; P = 0.024) and current smoker statuses (OR 4.52; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with no response to NAC, after adjusting for age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and clinical stage. Similarly, current smoking status (hazard ratio [HR] 2.14; P = 0.03) and extravesical pathological tumour stage (HR 3.31; P < 0.001) were independently associated with an increased risk of recurrence after RC. CONCLUSION Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with adverse pathological response to cisplatin-based NAC in patients with MIBC treated with RC. Current smokers were at significantly higher risk of disease recurrence as compared to former and never smokers.
Bond-selective phase contrast imaging (Conference Presentation)

Phase-contrast microscopy detects the optical phase delayed by a specimen, especially by transparent ones. Modern phase imaging techniques are capable of quantifying the phase, enabling a large variety of applications. A missing feature of phase imaging, however, is the lack of chemical information. To fulfill this gap, we developed a bond-selective phase-contrast microscope based on chemical bond vibrational absorption of mid-infrared light. We report high spectral fidelity, nanosecond temporal resolution, submicron spatial resolution, and a speed of 50 frame/sec in a wide field scheme, limited by the camera. Our microscope utilizes a mid-infrared pulsed laser to induce a local temperature rise via absorption, resulting in a transient phase change of probe light that is directly related to the molecular spectroscopy information of the specimen. By tuning the delay between the pump and probe laser, the dynamics of the absorption and heat decay is acquired, adding another dimension of information. Our approach links the missing chemical information to phase contrast, which paves a new avenue for microscopic studies in biology and materials science.
Where is the Writing Teacher? Preservice Teachers’ Perspectives on the Teaching of Writing

This article identifies how a cohort of preservice teachers educated during the No Child Left Behind Era thought about the teaching of writing when they entered a secondary English Language Arts (ELA) teacher preparation program. Most participants shared the beliefs that: (1) writing was primarily the demonstration of specific skills, often on a standardized test; (2) alternatives to the five-paragraph essay would be extra, with formulaic writing central to instruction; (3) teachers had little role in student writing development beyond assigning writing; (4) feedback on writing should be ‘objective’ and tied to a grade; and (5) the purpose of ELA is primarily to teach literature. Authors believe identifying preservice teachers’ beliefs about writing and the role of the writing teacher at the beginning of a program can help teacher educators design experiences to expand students’ notions of literacy and of writing instruction.
The digital autopilot for thrust vector control of the Shuttle Orbital maneuvering system

This paper describes the requirements for and the design, development and performance of the digital autopilots (DAPs) for thrust vector control, utilizing the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) of the Space Shuttle Orbiter. The hardware and software requirements which caused the design to assume its current form are described. Also, the design synthesis, which considered rigid body stability margins, bending and slosh stabilization, guidance loop compensation, off-nominal performance and hardware and software limitations is presented. The performance of the OMS control system is summarized utilizing flight data from the first three Space Transportation System (STS) flights.
Comparing postoperative outcomes after free flap surgery in a specialty step-down unit vs nonspecialty intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND To determine if there was a difference in postoperative outcomes of head and neck free flap reconstruction patients treated in a specialty step-down unit compared to a nonspecialty intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS A retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent free flap reconstruction for head and neck defects from 2014 to 2017 at Loyola University Medical Center. Patients managed postoperatively in the ICU were compared to patients managed in a specialty step-down unit. Postoperative outcomes, length of stay, and readmission were compared. RESULTS Three hundred and five patients were included in the study. Patients managed postoperatively in the specialty step-down unit had comparable rates of postoperative complications and flap failure as ICU patients. Step-down patients had significantly shorter lengths of stay (Mdn = 5 days, IQR = 5-7 days) than patients in the ICU (Mdn = 6 days, IQR = 5-6 days; P < .001).
Finding the strength in a weak instrument in a study of cognitive outcomes produced by Catholic high schools

We show that the strength of an instrument is incompletely characterized by the proportion of compliers, and we propose and evaluate new methods that extract more information from certain settings with comparatively few compliers. Specifically, we demonstrate that, for a fixed small proportion of compliers, the presence of an equal number of always‐takers and never‐takers weakens an instrument, whereas the absence of always‐takers or, equivalently, the absence of never‐takers strengthens an instrument. In this statement, the strength of an instrument refers to its ability to recognize and reject a false hypothesis about a structural parameter. Equivalently, the strength of an instrument refers to its ability to exclude from a confidence interval a false value of a structural parameter. This ability is measured by the Bahadur efficiency of a test that assumes that the instrument is flawless, or the Bahadur efficiency of a sensitivity analysis that assumes that the instrument may be somewhat biased. When there are few compliers, the outcomes for most people are unaffected by fluctuations in the instrument, so most of the information about the treatment effect is contained in the tail of the distribution of the outcomes. Exploiting this fact, we propose new methods that emphasize the affected portion of the distribution of outcomes, thereby extracting more information from studies with few compliers. Studies of the effects of Catholic high schools on academic test performance have used ‘being Catholic’ as an instrument for ‘attending a Catholic high school’, and the application concerns such a comparison using the US National Educational Longitudinal Study. Most Catholics did not attend Catholic school, so there are few compliers, but it was rare for non‐Catholics to attend Catholic school, so there are very few always‐takers.
Author Response to Symposium: What Does it Mean to Consent?

I am grateful to the Loyola Law Review for publishing this symposium issue on my book, Consentability: Consent and Its Limits. The contributors to this issue are all prominent scholars who have wrestled with the issue of consent and autonomy in their respective fields, and this symposium is an invaluable opportunity to engage with them on these topics. I thank each of them for their insights and their helpful comments and criticisms. I also thank Danielle Kie Hart for conceiving of and thoughtfully organizing the symposium issue, Brian Bix for writing the incisive and comprehensive foreword, and the members of the Loyola Law Review for their careful work editing this symposium issue. It has truly been a pleasure and an honor. This book project first started as a way for me to understand why the law permits individuals to consent to some activities but not others. This captures one of the two meanings of the term “consentability.” The first meaning refers to legality. Certain acts are simply not permitted and so one is not allowed to consent to them. These activities include paid sex work and selling one’s organs. But the question of legality or legal permissibility is tied to the second meaning of consentability, that of possibility. Some acts are not legal because it seems unlikely that anyone could or would actually want to consent to them. The nature of the act itself makes us question the validity of the consent. We believe that something went awry in the decision-making process—that there was some type of coercion involved, a lack of information about what the activity entailed, or some other defect in the decision- making process. We suspect, in other words, that given what the activity entails, nobody would really want to participate. This, however, raises the question—what does it mean to consent? My book proposes a framework for evaluating consentability that recognizes the integrality of consent.
Resisting Surveillance: Responding to Wearable Device Privacy Policies

This pilot study considers risk in association with wearable devices by placing body-monitoring in conversation with privacy policies (i.e. who is controlling your data, by what means, and to what end). This article focuses on the increasingly commonplace embodied technology that is both pervasive and invasive to individuals’ privacy as determined through the device users’ interpretation of corporate privacy policies. The primary focus is on the underexplored intersection of undergraduate students, wearable technology, and privacy, which ultimately advocates for transparency in corporate privacy policies. In this pilot study, it was found that users who read through the privacy policies of Fitbit and Google are more likely to change their passwords and emails, pay more attention to legal jargon, and may be less likely to link all of their applications through Google.
Quantitative Sensory Testing Discriminates Central Sensitization Inventory Scores in Participants with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: An Exploratory Study

BACKGROUND The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is often used in clinical settings to screen for the presence of central sensitization. However, various cutoff scores have been reported for this tool, and scores have not been consistently associated with widespread pain sensitivity as measured with quantitative sensory testing (QST). The purpose of this study was to compare QST profiles among asymptomatic controls and participants with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP), and to determine the association between self-report questionnaires and QST in participants with CMP. METHODS Twenty asymptomatic controls and 46 participants with CMP completed the CSI, PROMIS-29, and QST assessments of mechanical and thermal pain thresholds remote to the area of pain. Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis revealed a cutoff score of 33.5 for the CSI. PROMIS-29 Quality of Life (QOL) inventory and QST measures were compared between low and high CSI groups. RESULTS The high CSI group (n = 19) had significantly lower mechanical and thermal pain thresholds, and larger impairments in QOL measures, compared to the low CSI group (n = 27) and asymptomatic controls. Participants with CSI scores < 33.5 presented similarly to asymptomatic controls. Anxiety, pain interference, and CSI scores demonstrated the highest number of significant associations to QST measures. CONCLUSION A cutoff score of 33.5 on the CSI may be useful for discriminating widespread pain sensitivity and quality of life impairments in participants with CMP. Future studies should consider how the presence of high or low CSI may impact differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responsiveness for patients with primary or secondary CMP.
How to Work on a Non-endangered Species and Contribute to Cetacean Conservation: An Example by the Sarasota Dolphin Research Program

The world’s most endangered small cetaceans are found in countries many miles from Sarasota Bay and its common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Information on the ecology and threats to many of these endangered cetaceans is often far more limited than that on bottlenose dolphins, with the IUCN Red Data List describing many species as “data deficient” . In many developing nations where these rare species occur, resources for research and monitoring are scant, and logistical challenges further limit research into marine mammal health and population status and their threats. The Sarasota Dolphin Research Program (SDRP) has tackled this problem by using the bottlenose dolphin as a model for cetacean species in other parts of the world and using its resources to assist scientists working with more endangered species of cetacean. The celebration of 50 years of study by the SDRP exemplifies how using long-term data on known individuals can advance the fields of cetacean behaviour, ecology, life history, physiology, toxicology and medicine, all providing information for informing certain conservation actions . The Sarasota team has used their work to inform conservation policy both home and abroad.
Supplemental-frequency harmonic balance: A new approach for modeling aperiodic aerodynamic response

Abstract Presented in this work is a novel and easy-to-implement supplemental-frequency harmonic balance (SF-HB) approach to efficiently compute dynamically aperiodic systems, which can be cumbersome to model using the nominal high-dimensional harmonic balance (HDHB) technique. The stability of the time-spectral operator and the SF-HB solver involving multiple excitation frequencies is ensured by introducing a group of supplemental frequencies based on the fact that aperiodic (or almost aperiodic) response would contain all possible frequencies. Together with the excitation (primary) frequencies, the frequency set forms a nearly-harmonic series leading to a small condition number for the Fourier transformation matrices directly impacting the stability of the HDHB solver. In contrast to the similar work reported in the literature where optimal unequally-spaced sub-time levels are determined through a rather complicated procedure, the current approach simply uses equally-spaced sub-time levels spanning a time period that depends on a predicted base frequency. At convergence, the original excitation frequency modes dominate the solution as desired. This new technique is verified for a forced pitching airfoil in the transonic inviscid flow regime subjected to two excitation frequencies. Results of both periodic and aperiodic cases show that with the help of Fourier interpolation, the entire time history of the dynamic response can be obtained through a single run of the SF-HB solver, for which the efficiency and robustness of the traditional HDHB method is preserved.
How can we create precision immunotherapy as standard in breast cancer

Among different types of cancers, treatment options for breast cancer (BC) have seen dramatic advancements over the past 20–30 years, through the identification and targeting of two predominant dri...
An Examination of Apple Powdery Mildew and the Biology of Podosphaera leucotricha from Past to Present

Within is a comprehensive review of current apple powdery mildew literature, with the taxonomy, morphology, and life cycle of the causal phytopathogen Podosphaera leucotricha described. A discussio...
Minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy in 10 steps

Abstract Background Minimally invasive (MIS) esophagectomy is the preferred approach for surgical resection of the esophagus in many centers. This video demonstrates our approach to MIS Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Operation MIS Ivor Lewis esophagectomy begins with the abdominal portion of the case and ends in the chest. The abdominal portion involves lymphadenectomy of the celiac trunk and division of the left gastric pedicle, mobilization of the greater curvature, transhiatal dissection, creation of the conduit and feeding tube placement. The thoracic portion involves division of the pleura and azygous vein, circumferential mobilization of the esophagus, division of the esophagus, gastric pullup, division of the specimen with pathologic assessment of margins, mediastinal lymphadenectomy, assessment of conduit perfusion, and anastomosis. Conclusions MIS Ivor Lewis esophagectomy allows for significant reduction in the morbidity associated with open resection, while offering equivalent oncological outcomes. This article is a video atlas that describes the steps of this operation.
Stability of Olmesartan Medoxomil Extemporaneous Suspensions

Background: Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is only available in the United States as tablets. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) has placed OLM on its priority list of preparations that require stab...
The Mapping of Power in Renaissance Italy: Painted Cartographic Cycles in Social and Intellectual Context

How did maps of the distant reaches of the world communicate to the public in an era when exploration of those territories was still ongoing and knowledge about them remained incomplete? And why did Renaissance rulers frequently commission large-scale painted maps of those territories when they knew that they would soon be proven obsolete by newer, more accurate information? The Mapping of Power in Renaissance Italy addresses these questions by bridging the disciplines of art history and the histories of science, cartography, and geography to closely examine surviving Italian painted maps that were commissioned during a period better known for its printed maps and atlases. Challenging the belief that maps are strictly neutral or technical markers of geographic progress, this well-illustrated study investigates the symbolic and propagandistic dimensions of these painted maps as products of the competitive and ambitious European court culture that produced them.
Africa and the Perversities of International Capital Flows

During the 1980s and 1990s, neoclassical economists inside and outside of the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) heavily supported the unfettered movement of capital flows to developing countries. They argued that once impediments to free capital mobility were removed funds would flow from low marginal product of capital-rich countries to high marginal product of capital-poor countries as the capital market worked to equalize risk-adjusted marginal products of capital across borders. On the promise of significant net gains for productive investment and economic growth, many African countries embraced financial globalization. They removed restrictions on capital accounts, opened up to FDI, privatized state assets which frequently included selling off banks to foreign owners, built significant international reserves and built stock markets often under the encouragement and supervision of the International Financial Institutions (IFI).
Transnational Labor Mobilizing in Two Mexican Maquiladoras: The Struggle for Democratic Globalization

The struggle to improve workers' rights in Mexican maquiladoras and export processing zones elsewhere in the world is central to the politics of global economic integration. State-centered development is increasingly compromised by supranational institutions and trade agreements. Meanwhile, multinational corporations are relocating at an unprecedented rate to overseas locations. Export processing zones are notorious for poor working conditions and result in a "race to the bottom." The maquila sector in Mexico is a prime example of this phenomenon. This article uses two case studies to examine ways in which grassroots organizing has successfully resisted low wages and poor working conditions through international network building and information sharing. It combines social movement theory with the literature on international relations to conceptualize the internationalization of grassroots efforts to pressure multinational corporations and host governments to respect labor laws included in international tr...
Estimation of co-channel FM signals with multitarget adaptive phase-locked loops and antenna arrays

A simple adaptive technique is proposed for separation and demodulation of multiple co-channel frequency modulated (FM) signals received at an antenna array. The proposed method, which for FM signals is embodied in an architecture referred to as a multitarget adaptive phase-lock loop (MADPLL), exploits known signal structure through a complete demodulation and remodulation of the signals. The two properties of the signal that are exploited here are the known bandwidth of the information signal and the constant-modulus (CM) property of FM signals. It is shown that the proposed method can lead to significant improvements in performance over methods that exploit only the CM property.
Spectroscopy of 146 Sm via the (d, t) and of 148 Sm via the (d, t) and (d, p) reactions

The ($d, t$) reaction on the isotopes $^{147}\mathrm{Sm}$ and $^{149}\mathrm{Sm}$ has been investigated at a deuteron energy of 17 MeV; the ($d, p$) reaction on the isotope $^{147}\mathrm{Sm}$ at a deuteron energy of 12.5 MeV. Angular distributions were taken in 2.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} steps in the range of $7.5\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}\ensuremath{\le}35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and in 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} steps for ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}g35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The experimental energy resolution is 9-11 keV for the pickup reactions and 10-12 keV for the stripping case. Spectroscopic factors and $l$ transfers were extracted by distorted wave Born approximation analysis. Eighty-three states in $^{146}\mathrm{Sm}$ are observed; $l$ transfer and ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ limits are given for 36 of them. For the nucleus $^{148}\mathrm{Sm}$ 97 states are observed; $l$ transfers and ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ limits are given for 63 of them. Reasonable $l=3$, $l=1$, and $l=0$ summed strengths have been found. Comparison with ($p, t$) and ($t, p$) studies of the same final nuclei investigated here is made in a phenomenological collective picture.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{147}\mathrm{Sm}(d, t)$ and $^{149}\mathrm{Sm}(d, t)$, ${E}_{d}=17$ MeV. $^{147}\mathrm{Sm}(d, p)$, ${E}_{d}=12.5$ MeV. Measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{t}, \ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{p}, \ensuremath{\theta})$; $^{146,148}\mathrm{Sm}$ level energies, resolution 9-12 keV, enriched targets, DWBA analysis.
Integration of color and shape for detecting and tracking security breaches in airports

We present an integrated surveillance system for detecting and tracking security breaches in airports. The first part of the system uses an overhead camera to detect security breaches in exit lanes using a motion-based segmentation algorithm, and the second part of the system tracks the detected target with a pan/tilt/zoom (PTZ) camera using color and shape information. If an object comes into the exit lane from the wrong direction, the first subsystem detects a security breach and sends information to the second subsystem located inside the airport. The second subsystem then extracts the target that caused the security breach using motion-based segmentation and collects features for tracking. Color is initially used as the only feature and shape incorporated in a second step for a more robust tracking.
Discipline Problems in The EFL Class: Is There a Cure?

This article discusses the findings of an action research project carried out to minimize the negative class participation of 10 EFL pre-intermediate students, aged-11-14, in a language school in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. First, some theoretical issues concerning discipline in the language class will be discussed. Second, the original project I developed in 1995 to minimize the negative class participation of 14 EFL beginner students, aged 12-15, will be reviewed. Next, the experiment with the 2003 group will be described. The results seem to confirm that, although some adaptations to the original project were necessary, when students reflect upon their importance in the lessons, they tend to behave better in class and to show a more positive attitude towards learning. Key words: Classroom management, discipline, awareness-raising activities Este articulo discute los resultados de una investigacion accion realizada para minimizar los problemas de disciplina en una clase de 10 alumnos de ingles, de nivel pre-intermedio, con edades entre 11-14 anos, en un instituto de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. En primer lugar, se discuten algunos presupuestos teoricos; en segundo lugar, presento el proyecto original que desarrolle en 1995 para trabajar con la indisciplina en mi clase de 14 alumnos principiantes en ingles, con edad entre 12-15 anos. A continuacion, se describe el experimento realizado con el grupo de 2003. Los resultados parecen confirmar que, aunque fueron necesarias algunas adaptaciones al proyecto inicial, cuando los alumnos reflexionan sobre su importancia para las clases, tienden a portarse mejor y demuestran una actitud mas positiva hacia el aprendizaje. Palabras clave: Manejo del aula, disciplina, tareas de concientizacion
Clonogenic growth of human breast cancer cells co-cultured in direct contact with serum-activated fibroblasts

Accumulating evidence suggests that fibroblasts play a pivotal role in promoting the growth of breast cancer cells. The objective of the present study was to characterize and validate an in vitro model of the interaction between small numbers of human breast cancer cells and human fibroblasts. We measured the clonogenic growth of small numbers of human breast cancer cells co-cultured in direct contact with serum-activated, normal human fibroblasts. Using DNA microarrays, we also characterized the gene expression profile of the serum-activated fibroblasts. In order to validate the in vivo relevance of our experiments, we then analyzed clinical samples of metastatic breast cancer for the presence of myofibroblasts expressing α-smooth muscle actin. Clonogenic growth of human breast cancer cells obtained directly from in situ and invasive tumors was dramatically and consistently enhanced when the tumor cells were co-cultured in direct contact with serum-activated fibroblasts. This effect was abolished when the cells were co-cultured in transwells separated by permeable inserts. The fibroblasts in our experimental model exhibited a gene expression signature characteristic of 'serum response' (i.e. myofibroblasts). Immunostaining of human samples of metastatic breast cancer tissue confirmed that myofibroblasts are in direct contact with breast cancer cells. Serum-activated fibroblasts promote the clonogenic growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro through a mechanism that involves direct physical contact between the cells. This model shares many important molecular and phenotypic similarities with the fibroblasts that are naturally found in breast cancers.
Environmental/Green Cultural Shifts: Dynamics of Social Change

The greening of society is a strong cultural wave as we enter the second decade of the century. This article considers what it means to be ‘green’, core issues that the environmental sustainability wave brings to society and the role of sociology its evolution in public culture. A key argument offered is that sociologists’ historic commitment to critical analysis and to social justice could be important in determining whether the green wave is simply a cultural trend or if it will expand to become a cultural shift. The contributions of environmental sociology, ecofeminism, deep ecology, and green economics are considered significant influences on the relationship between environmentalism and social analysis. Whether scholars and activists can link key concepts such as sustainable development, ecological sensitivity, human dignity, and social justice may prove critical for achieving the goal of societal transformation toward a greener culture.
Pupil diameter reflects uncertainty in attentional selection during visual search.

Pupil diameter has long been used as a metric of cognitive processing. However, recent advances suggest that the cognitive sources of change in pupil size may reflect LC-NE function and the calculation of unexpected uncertainty in decision processes (Aston-Jones & Cohen, 2005b; Yu & Dayan, 2005). In the current experiments, we explored the role of uncertainty in attentional selection on task-evoked changes in pupil diameter during visual search. We found that task-evoked changes in pupil diameter were related to uncertainty during attentional selection as measured by reaction time and performance accuracy (Experiments 1-2). Control analyses demonstrated that the results are unlikely to be due to error monitoring or response uncertainty. Our results suggest that pupil diameter can be used as an implicit metric of uncertainty in ongoing attentional selection requiring effortful control processes.
The evolution of ring current ion energy density and energy content during geomagnetic storms based on Van Allen Probes measurements

Enabled by the comprehensive measurements from the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS), Helium Oxygen Proton Electron mass spectrometer (HOPE), and Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instruments onboard Van Allen Probes in the heart of the radiation belt, the relative contributions of ions with different energies and species to the ring current energy density and their dependence on the phases of geomagnetic storms are quantified. The results show that lower energy (<50 keV) protons enhance much more often and also decay much faster than higher-energy protons. During the storm main phase, ions with energies <50 keV contribute more significantly to the ring current than those with higher energies; while the higher-energy protons dominate during the recovery phase and quiet times. The enhancements of higher-energy proton fluxes as well as energy content generally occur later than those of lower energy protons, which could be due to the inward radial diffusion. For the 29 March 2013 storm we investigated in detail that the contribution from O+ is ~25% of the ring current energy content during the main phase and the majority of that comes from <50 keV O+. This indicates that even during moderate geomagnetic storms the ionosphere is still an important contributor to the ring current ions. Using the Dessler-Parker-Sckopke relation, the contributions of ring current particles to the magnetic field depression during this geomagnetic storm are also calculated. The results show that the measured ring current ions contribute about half of the Dst depression.