cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
User assessment of media presentation rooms

Will student users prefer media presentation rooms specially designed, built, and equipped according to well-established and accepted environmental design and display system engineering principles to other, non-environmentally controlled media classrooms? The 503 university students questioned in this study did. The author concluded that given the proper instrument, students are capable of reliably evaluating factors in their learning environments — such things as acoustics, thermal conditions, visual display systems, and lighting — and that such factors are important to them.
Localization of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus to the veinal regions and role of viral coat protein in veinal chlorosis conditioned by the zym potyvirus resistance locus in cucumber

Abstract The zym locus in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) is marked by multiple alleles conferring resistance to the potyvirus, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Cotyledon inoculation of greenhouse grown plants expressing the zym Dina allele results in a distinct pattern of veinal chlorosis limited to a single systemic leaf; leaf-inoculated plants remain free of symptoms. Inoculation of cotyledons of plants of different growth stages indicated that the virus moved to the leaf that was newly emerging at the time of cotyledon infection where it then remained localized to the veinal regions for up to 30 days post-inoculation (d.p.i). Cotyledon removal experiments indicated that the inability of ZYMV to spread within the uninoculated leaf, or to infect inoculated leaves, was not due to the inability to replicate in leaves. Chimeric viruses generated from a strain of ZYMV that did not induce the veinal chlorosis response, indicated that the coat protein amino terminus, which has been shown to be involved in long distance movement, affected occurrence of veinal chlorosis. In the growth chamber, inoculation of the first leaf, but not subsequent leaves, gave a high percentage of plants expressing veinal chlorosis. Together, these observations suggest that resistance conferred by zym Dina is developmentally regulated and occurs at the level of systemic movement.
Inhibition of basal acid, chloride, and pepsin secretion in duodenal ulcer by graded doses of ranitidine and atropine with studies of pharmacokinetics of ranitidine.

Abstract Two receptor-specific inhibitors of gastric secreTion—the new H 2 antagonist, ranitidine, and the muscarinic antagonist, atropine—were used to study basal hypersecretion in duodenal ulcers. The two drugs and saline placebo were administered in graded bolus doses to 10 duodenal ulcer patients who had unusually high basal gastric acid secretion (basal acid output, 12–31 mmol/h, mean 18.7 ± 1.4; peak acid output, 52 ± 4 mmol/h). In each subject we measured volume, H + , Cl − , pepsin, and serum gastrin serially. Both drugs were potent inhibitors of secretion; atropine equally suppressed the output of all constituents without changing concentrations significantly (pH, 1.8–2.2). Ranitidine reduced [H + ] to 0 (pH > 7.4) and pepsin concentrations by 75%, but left a substantial alkaline volume (30% of pretreatment) of an undetermined source. Kinetic analysis of the dose-response curves showed marked sensitivity of acid secretion to atropine (calculated maximum inhibition 98%, dose causing 50% inhibition 1.4 nmol/kg). Ranitidine inhibited acid 100% with ID 50 38 nmol/kg. Pepsin was less sensitive to both inhibitors (ID 50 2.2 nmol/kg and 124 nmol/kg, respectively). Atropine also differed from ranitidine in elevating serum gastrin dose-responsively up to 80+ pg/ml, median effective dose 3 nmol/kg, while ranitidine and saline had no effect on serum gastrin up to 120 min after the last dose. Because all the constituents responded equally to atropine, but not to ranitidine, and because atropine was effective at very low doses (pA 2 8.9), we conclude that basal hypersecretion in duodenal ulcer patients is largely dependent upon a cholinergic pathway. We also report the pharmacokinetics from measured blood levels of ranitidine. Serum concentrations of ranitidine giving 50% of inhibition were: acid 50 nM, chloride 95 nM, volume 116 nM, and pepsin 150 nM. These values closely matched the expected serum concentrations from calculated doses causing 50% inhibition. Ranitidine disappeared from the plasma in two phases. Observed blood values decayed first with a t12 of 36 min independent of dose. A second phase representing elimination had t12 of 95–200 min related to the blood level of ranitidine. When corrected for the second slope, the first had a t12 of 19 min. Volume of initial distribution was 57% of body weight; in the elimination phase, volume of distribution was 150% of body weight. Chloride, volume, and pepsin secretion began to recover from maximum inhibition at blood levels of ranitidine of ~250 μg/L and preceded recovery of acid by some 40–60 min. Because half-life of elimination is positively related to starting blood level, a higher dose would be expected to give a longer period of effective blood concentration. This fact may have important therapeutic implications.
Object oriented design in a real-time multiprocessor environment

Object Oriented Design (OOD), with its emphasis on data encapsulation and rigorously defined message passing interfaces, offers great possibilities for improving the reliability and maintainability of large-scale software. These improvements are made feasible for the first time in military avionics applications by the recent emergence of new computers with significant increases in processing power and memory capacity. Ironically, this newly available hardware, because it features modularity and multiprocessing, calls for distributed software, and thereby introduces an interesting challenge to the Object Oriented software view. The message passing or operation invoking interface between two objects which reside on the same processor is well defined and readily handled within the OOD paradigm. How to extend the paradigm to cover two objects hosted on two different processors requires some thought, since only data, not tasks, can be passed from one processor to anotherThis distributed-objects challenge was faced early on in the development of Ada software for the F-16A/B VHSIC1 Core Avionics Processor (VCAP). This thirty month project, initiated in December 1987 by the Ogden Air Logistics Command (OO-ALC), is prototyping hardware and software for a possible Advanced Avionics Architecture (A3) upgrade to the F-16A/B Fire Control and Stores Management systems. The solution devised for VCAP is called the Remote Object Paradigm (ROP). This paper describes relevant features of the VCAP architecture and application, explains the ROP methodology, and presents performance statistics to show the adequacy of ROP to support hard real-time requirements.
Sediment fingerprinting for calibrating a soil erosion and sediment yield model in mixed land use watersheds

AbstractThis research estimates sediment yield contributed from surface mining soils, stream banks, and forest soils using sediment fingerprinting with isotope tracers coupled with soil erosion and sediment yield modeling in mixed land use watersheds. New δC13 and δN15 tracer results from sediment sources and transported sediments are collected and explained; sediment fingerprinting, including uncertainty analyses, is performed; and soil erosion and sediment yield modeling is applied through calibration with sediment fingerprinting as well as sediment concentration measurements. The δC13 and δN15 tracers successfully separated the forest, reclaimed mine, and stream bank sources in Island Branch and Whitaker Branch watersheds located in the Appalachian region of Kentucky, and the results expand the literature database for the usefulness of δC13 and δN15 tracers to separate end-member sources. A significant difference was measured for the values of δC13 and δN15 of the forest sediment source when comparing ...
Reinvestigation of the asymmetric torsional potential function in ethylphosphine

Abstract The far infrared spectrum of ehtylphosphine was measured at 0.12 cm −1 nominal resolution. These data were used together with splitting data from microwave spectroscopy to determine a new potential function for the asymmetric internal rotation which is in much better agreement with experimental data than the one published previously. The potential energy minimum for the gauche conformer is calculated to be 232 ± 10 cm −1 higher than the minimum of the trans form.
Comparison of magnetic probe calibration at nano and millitesla magnitudes.

Magnetic field probes are invaluable diagnostics for pulsed inductive plasma devices where field magnitudes on the order of tenths of tesla or larger are common. Typical methods of providing a broadband calibration of B probes involve either a Helmholtz coil driven by a function generator or a network analyzer. Both calibration methods typically produce field magnitudes of tens of microtesla or less, at least three and as many as six orders of magnitude lower than their intended use. This calibration factor is then assumed constant regardless of magnetic field magnitude and the effects of experimental setup are ignored. This work quantifies the variation in calibration factor observed when calibrating magnetic field probes in low field magnitudes. Calibration of two B probe designs as functions of frequency and field magnitude are presented. The first B probe design is the most commonly used design and is constructed from two hand-wound inductors in a differential configuration. The second probe uses s...
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor COL-3 in the Treatment of AIDS-Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma: A Phase I AIDS Malignancy Consortium Study

PURPOSE: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in tumor invasion and metastasis and are overexpressed in Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) cells. The primary aim was to define the safety and toxicity of the MMP inhibitor COL-3 in patients with AIDS-related KS. Secondary aims were to evaluate tumor response, pharmacokinetics, and changes in blood levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: COL-3 was administered orally once daily, and doses were escalated in cohorts of three to six subjects. Patients with symptomatic visceral KS or severe tumor-associated edema were excluded. Antiretroviral therapy was permitted but not required. Study end points were grade 3 or 4 toxicity or progressive KS. Serial blood specimens were obtained for pharmacokinetics and levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF, and bFGF. RESULTS: Eighteen patients received COL-3 in dosing cohorts of 25, 50, and 70 mg/m2/d. Prior KS therapy was reported by 17 patients (9...
Storing semi-structured data on disk drives

Applications that manage semi-structured data are becoming increasingly commonplace. Current approaches for storing semi-structured data use existing storage machinery; they either map the data to relational databases, or use a combination of flat files and indexes. While employing these existing storage mechanisms provides readily available solutions, there is a need to more closely examine their suitability to this class of data. Particularly, retrofitting existing solutions for semi-structured data can result in a mismatch between the tree structure of the data and the access characteristics of the underlying storage device (disk drive). This study explores various possibilities in the design space of native storage solutions for semi-structured data by exploring alternative approaches that match application data access characteristics to those of the underlying disk drive. For evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed native techniques in relation to the existing solution, we experiment with XML data using the XPathMark benchmark. Extensive evaluation reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed native data layout techniques. While the existing solutions work really well for deep-focused queries into a semi-structured document (those that result in retrieving entire subtrees), the proposed native solutions substantially outperform for the non-deep-focused queries, which we demonstrate are at least as important as the deep-focused. We believe that native data layout techniques offer a unique direction for improving the performance of semi-structured data stores for a variety of important workloads. However, given that the proposed native techniques require circumventing current storage stack abstractions, further investigation is warranted before they can be applied to general-purpose storage systems.
Preface: Perspectives of an MS Researcher.

The MS field has evolved dramatically since the January morning in 1979 when I saw my first patient with MS. At that time there were no MS disease-modifying drugs, rehabilitation professionals worked with persons with MS reluctantly due to the progressive nature of their condition, and MS cognitive problems were generally swept under the rug. As the director of our MS center, Labe Scheinberg, MD, put it, it was the age of “diagnose and adios,” and most people were told to “go home and learn to live with it.” Today, we have five FDA-approved disease-modifying drugs with 150 clinical trials underway, MS is an important population for rehabilitation professionals, cognition has come out from under the rug, and MS care is much more proactive. Recent progress in research focused on genetic-based susceptibility to MS, the immune processes underlying the pathogenesis of MS and possibilities for neural repair suggests that we are on the brink of exciting new discoveries in MS. While the treatment of and future prospects for MS have never been better, once people leave the doctor’s office, they are still faced with the challenge of “learning to live with it.” Occupational therapy has a pivotal role in helping persons with MS acquire the skills they need to maximize their potential and minimize the effects of MS. However, with some notable exceptions, occupational therapists have been absent from the arenas of MS research and publishing. The relative dearth of MS research and publications by occupational
Mayas live on.

![Figure][1] Mayas today. A Maya woman weaves traditional Maya fabric. CREDIT: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS The title of the News Focus story “A new look at the Mayas' end” (H. Pringle, 24 April, p. [454][1]) incorrectly characterizes the state of this American indigenous group. Maya people
Comparison of gas chromotography, spectrophotometry and near infrared spectroscopy to quantify prussic acid potential in forages.

BACKGROUND: Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has been shown to contain the cyanogenic glycoside dhurrin, which is responsibleforthedisorderknownasprussicacidpoisoninginlivestock.Thecurrentstandardmethodforestimatinghydrogen cyanide (HCN) uses spectrophotometry to measure the aglycone, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (p-HB), after hydrolysis. Errors may occur due to the inability of this method to solely estimate the absorbance of p-HB at a given wavelength. The objective of this study was to compare the use of gas chromatography (GC) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) methods, along with a spectrophotometry method to estimate the potential for prussic acid (HCNp) of sorghum and sudangrasses over three stages maturities. RESULTS: It was shown that the GC produced higher HCNp estimates than the spectrophotometer for the grain sorghums, but lower concentrations for the sudangrass. Based on what is known about the analytical process of each method, the GC data is likely closer to the true HCNp concentrations of the forages. Both the GC and spectrophotometry methods yielded robustequationswiththeNIRSmethod;however,usingGCasthecalibrationmethodresultedinmoreaccurateandrepeatable estimates. CONCLUSION:TheHCNpvaluesobtainedfromusingtheGCquantificationmethodarebelievedtobeclosertotheactualvalues oftheforage,andthatuseofthismethodwillprovideamoreaccurateandeasilyautomatedmeansofquantifyingprussicacid. c � 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Cooperative CBI: The Effects of Heterogeneous versus Homogeneous Grouping on the Learning of Progressively Complex Concepts

This study compares the achievement of high and low ability eighth-grade students working cooperatively during computer-based instruction. Students were grouped either homogeneously or heterogeneously on ability, and received identical instruction on a fictitious rule-based arithmetic number system. No significant differences in achievement were found between the two grouping methods. However, the mixed ability treatment substantially improved the achievement of the low ability students without an accompanying significant reduction in the achievement of the high ability students. The results indicate that designers and teachers may have little to risk in terms of achievement, but potentially much to gain in socialization and interaction, by cooperative heterogeneous grouping during computer based instruction.
Factoring web tables

Automatic interpretation of web tables can enable database-like semantic search over the plethora of information stored in tables on the web. Our table interpretation method presented here converts the two-dimensional hierarchy of table headers, which provides a visual means of assimilating complex data, into a set of strings that is more amenable to algorithmic analysis of table structure. We show that Header Paths, a new purely syntactic representation of visual tables, can be readily transformed ("factored") into several existing representations of structured data, including category trees and relational tables. Detailed examination of over 100 tables reveals what table features require further work.
The Topkis-Veinott algorithm for solving nonlinear programs with lower and upper bounded variables

Abstract In this paper we consider a nonlinear programming problem of the form to minimize f(x) subject to a ⩽ x ⩽ b, where f is a differentiable function on En and a and b are fixed vectors in En. We develop a variation of the feasible direction algorithm of Topkis and Veinott for solving the above problem and provide explicit expressions of the optimal directions for a family of direction-finding problems using different normalization constraints. We show that the algorithm converges to a Kuhn-Tucker point. The reported computational results indicate efficiency of the algorithm. It also indicates the strong effect of the form of the normalization constraint on convergence properties.
Novel drug delivery systems for glaucoma

Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) by pharmaceutical or surgical means has long been the standard treatment for glaucoma. A number of excellent drugs are available that are effective in reducing IOP. These drugs are typically applied as eye drops. However, patient adherence can be poor, thus reducing the clinical efficacy of the drugs. Several novel delivery systems designed to address the issue of adherence and to ensure consistent reduction of IOP are currently under development. These delivery systems include contact lenses-releasing glaucoma medications, injectables such as biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles, and surgically implanted systems. These new technologies are aimed at increasing clinical efficacy by offering multiple delivery options and are capable of managing IOP for several months. There is also a desire to have complementary neuroprotective approaches for those who continue to show progression, despite IOP reduction. Many potential neuroprotective agents are not suitable for traditional oral or drop formulations. Their potential is dependent on developing suitable delivery systems that can provide the drugs in a sustained, local manner to the retina and optic nerve. Drug delivery systems have the potential to improve patient adherence, reduce side effects, increase efficacy, and ultimately, preserve sight for glaucoma patients. In this review, we discuss benefits and limitations of the current systems of delivery and application, as well as those on the horizon.
Single particle powder patterns

Abstract A-19-mm diameter insert has been built for a Gandolfi X-ray powder diffraction camera. The camera makes it possible to obtain good X-ray diffraction patterns on a single 2-μm particle in 20 hr and in a few hours time with larger particles.
Technological change and the U.S. real interest rate

Economic theory predicts that the rate of technological growth exerts a positive influence on the real rate of interest. To test this hypothesis, I examine the relationship between the inflation-adjusted yield of the 90-day Treasury-Bill and two measures of innovation: the rate of growth of the stock of patents per worker and R&D spending relative to GDP. As theory predicts, from 1963 to 2008 the rate of interest responds positively to an increase in either measure. The point-estimates imply an elasticity of intertemporal substitution between one and two. The findings suggest that a change in the stance of monetary policy and a wave of innovation both contributed to the rise of real interest rates in the 1980s.
Surgical management of cervical spinal epidural abscesses

Infections involving the epidural space of the spinal canal are rare, yet potentially devastating entities. The incidence of spontaneous epidural abscesses ranges from 0.2 to 1.3 per 10,000 hospital admissions, most commonly affecting those who are immunosuppressed. The overall incidence of epidural abscesses has been found to be on the rise in recent years, due in part to the overall aging of the population, increasing medical use of potent immunosuppressants, increasing numbers of interventional procedures involving the spinal column, and increasing rates of intravenous drug abuse. The cervical spine is affected in approximately 20% of spinal epidural abscesses and is the least commonly affected vertebral region. In this article we review the clinical presentation and surgical management of epidural abscesses involving the cervical spine.
Characterization and identification of yeasts from fresh and spoiled ground beef

Abstract From 28 samples of fresh and 4 of spoiled ground beef, 197 yeast isolates were obtained. Following identification, 79 strains resulted representing five genera with the genus Candida accounting for 82% of the strains and 61% of the identified species. Other genera found were Rhodotorula, Torulopsis, Trichosporon, and Cryptoccus. With one exception, only Candida was recovered from spoiled beef. The findings indicate that the yeast flora of fresh ground beef is characterized almost exclusively by Candida. Although not definitive, it appears that C. lipolytica, the most frequently isolated species, and C. zeylanoides are more indigenous to ground beef than any of the other 21 species identified.
Effect of pretreatment with propyl thiouracil on accumulation of astatine211 by thyroid gland of the rat.

SummaryA study has been made of the accumulation of I131 and At211 in normal and propyl thiouracil-treated rats. A very marked enhancement of the accumulation of At211 in the thyriod gland has been observed following administration of propyl thiouracil. This is in contrast to the diminution of the uptake of I131 by the thyroid glands of the rats receiving propyl thiouracil.
A metabolic control mechanism for calcium ion influx that may protect the ventricular myocardial cell

Abstract Calcium ion influx into the myocardial cell during the action potential initiates and controls the degree of contraction. The Ca ++ influx leads to an increase of the myoplasmic free Ca ++ concentration to about 10 −5 molar for activation of the myofibrils; Ca ++ may also be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by the entering Ca ++ or by voltage change across its membrane. The inward Ca ++ current during the action potential plateau traverses the sarcolemma through a separate set of slow cation channels that have some peculiar properties compared to fast sodium ion channels: Slow channels are not sensitive to tetrodotoxin, have lower activation and inactivation potentials and are kinetically slow (slow activation, inactivation and recovery processes). Slow Ca ++ channels require metabolic energy and are blocked by verapamil, manganese ion, lanthanum ion and acidosis. When the fast Na ++ channels are blocked by tetrodotoxin or voltage inactivated by 27 millimolar potassium ion, excitability is lost but can be restored by catecholamines and methylxanthines: Propagating slowly rising electrical responses (accompanied by contractions) occur that resemble the plateau of the normal action potential. Positive inotropic agents such as norepinephrine, theophylline and histamine appear to act by elevating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels and increasing the number of Ca ++ channels available for voltage activation. Increased cyclic AMP could lead to phosphorylation of a membrane protein constituent of the slow channels by means of a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Thus, the myocardial cell exercises control over the number of available slow channels and, hence, the Ca ++ influx per impulse. This control mechanism could serve to protect the myocardial cell during periods of regional ischemia by acting to conserve ATP through reduced Ca ++ influx and contraction, and thus preventing the affected cells from working themselves to death. The Ca ++ channels in ischemic cells could be made inoperative by decreased ATP, decreased pH or accumulation of some other metabolite.
Network Competition and the Provision of Universal Service

As providers of basic infrastructure services, telecommunications providers have traditionally been required to provide services and to serve customers that would not provide a reasonable return on investment in an unregulated marketplace. Today there are still important telecommunications policy goals that are unlikely to be achieved through competition alone. A successful transition from monopoly to competition requires the development of new mechanisms for achieving these goals that do not impede competition in services and in geographic areas where it would otherwise be feasible. This paper examines the problem of providing basic telephone service to low income households in urban areas large enough to support two or more competing providers of telephone service. It shows that there are plausible circumstances under which, even without public support, low income households unwilling to pay the cost of connection to the public network will still be provided service by telephone companies who want to make them available to other subscribers willing to pay more. This can happen if there is a mechanism that allows service providers to accurately distinguish me and high income subscribers. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
Pretreatment of bio-oil followed by upgrading via esterification to boiler fuel.

Bio-oils produced from fast pyrolysis of renewable energy feedstocks are chemically complex organic liquids that contain over 200 different organic compounds. Many of these compounds are oxygenates which result in 40–45% oxygen content in the bio-oils. Due to this high oxygen content bio-oils have numerous negative properties that include low heating value, high acidity, high water content and variable viscosity. It is universally agreed that for production of a viable fuel pyrolysis bio-oils must be upgraded. Esterification is a viable means to produce a boiler fuel but maximum heating energies remain rather low and amount of alcohol usually added is uneconomic. In this study we tested oxidative pretreatment prior to esterification as a means to both increase heating energy and decrease the amount of alcohol required. The most effective oxidative pretreatment was with application of a combined ozone/H2O2 treatment. The esterification of the ozone/H2O2 pretreated product produced a boiler fuel with improved yield and better physical/chemical properties compared to direct esterification of bio-oil. As compared to the product from direct esterification of bio-oil the esterified ozone/H2O2 pretreated bio-oil provided a 23% increased boiler fuel yield of 48 wt%; higher heating value was 5.7% higher at 35.3 MJ/kg.
Investigations of the roles of arginine 115 and lysine 120 in the active site of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS) catalyzes the conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. A co-crystal structure of MTHFS bound to its substrates has been published (Chen et al., Proteins 56:839–843, 2005) that provides insights into the mechanism of this reaction. To further investigate this mechanism, we have replaced the arginine at position 115 and the lysine at position 120 with alanine (R115A and K120A, respectively). Circular dichroism spectra for both mutants are consistent with folded proteins. R115A shows no activity, suggesting that R115 plays a critical role in the activity of the enzyme. The K120A mutation increases the Michaelis constant (Km) for ATP from 76 to 1,200 μM and the Km for 5-formylTHF from 2.5 to 7.1 μM. The weaker binding of substrates by K120A may be due to movement of a loop consisting of residues 117 though 120, which makes several hydrogen bonds to ATP and may be held in position by K120.
Physical Sciences: Multiple Redshifts in QSOs

FOUR QSOs (PHL 957, Ton 1530, Parkes 0237–23, and 4C 05.34) are now known with complex absorption spectra; these have been interpreted1–5 as objects with multiple redshifts. It is disturbing that even with the use of up to 10 redshifts per object, 20% or more of the absorption lines which are definitely present with strength 2 or greater remain unidentified.
The Influence of Socialism in Black and Womanist Theologies: Capitalism's Relationship as Source, Sin, and Salvation

This article examines the role of Black and womanist theologies as critiques of capitalism. Arguing that capitalism is the economic structural context for Black people's experiences of subordination, I examine how engagement with capitalism interacts with categories of theological sources, understandings of sin, and the meaning of salvation. Comparing classic Black and womanist theologians with Cornel West's model of democratic socialism, I conclude that Albert Cleage comes the closest to rising to West's challenge, and that future Black and womanist theologies should follow their lead in order to explicitly connect current manifestations of racism with economic exploitation.
Immersion Scald Burns and the Ability of Young Children to Climb Into a Bathtub

Introduction. Immersion scald burns in children are often suspicious for neglect or abuse. The history that a child climbed into a tub previously filled with hot water by the parent is common. The child9s ability to climb into such a tub is a major factor in determining the reliability of the history. Methods. A standard bathtub was installed in an examination room at a pediatric clinic in a children9s hospital. Foam mats were placed in and outside of the tub. Toy boats were placed in the back of the tub. Children were selected if they were between 10 and 18 months of age, born at term, and had no past or present medical condition that could be expected to have affected their fine or gross motor or central nervous system development and had a normal Denver Developmental Screening Test within the past 3 months. The parent placed the child in a standing position with the child holding onto the front of the tub. Parents encouraged the child to climb into the tub and get the toys. The child9s efforts were videotaped. Children were allowed 5 minutes to climb, depending on their attention span and tolerance. Results. Of 176 children in the study, 62 (35%) climbed into the tub. One fourth climbed in head first, and the rest climbed in sideways. Conclusions. Our study may have underestimated children9s climbing abilities because of the absence of a shower curtain to help with balance and the distracting presence of strangers. The diagnosis of abuse is in part based on a described mechanism being inconsistent with the observed pattern of injury. This has severe repercussions for the child and his or her family. Our study brings into question previously held beliefs that these injuries could only be sustained by direct immersion.
The role of the retinal interplexiform cell: effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on the spatial properties of carp horizontal cells.

Abstract The spatial properties of carp horizontal cells were studied after intraocular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). This treatment has been shown to destroy dopaminergic nerve terminals as well as decrease dopamine levels in the carp retina. The receptive field size of horizontal cells from retinas treated with 6-OHDA were found to be larger than those from control retinas.
Surface complexation of antimony on kaolinite

Geochemical fate of antimony (Sb) - a similar oxyanion as arsenic (As) - in a variety of environment is largely unexplored. Kaolinite is an important, naturally occurring clay mineral in soils and aquifers and is known to control the fate of several contaminants via a multitude of geochemical processes, primarily adsorption. Here we report adsorption of antimony on kaolinite as a function of solution chemistry: initial antimony concentration, pH, ionic strength, and a competing anion. A surface complexation modeling (SCM) approach was undertaken to understand the potential mechanistic implications of sorption envelope data. In the SCM, a multicomponent additive approach, in which kaolinite is assumed to be a (1:1) mixture of quartz (≡SiOH) and gibbsite (≡AlOH), was tested. Results indicated that ionic strength has a minimal effect on antimony adsorption. For the lower initial antimony concentration (4.11 μM), the additive model with binuclear surface complexes on quartz and gibbsite showed a better fit at pH 3.5. However, the additive model with binuclear surface complex on quartz and mononuclear surface complex on gibbsite showed an excellent fit of the data. Phosphate greatly influenced antimony adsorption on kaolinite at both low and high antimony loadings, indicating competition for available surface sites.
Nucleic acid components of citrus variegation virus and their activation by coat protein.

Abstract Purified preparations of citrus variegation virus (CVV) separated into four sedimenting nucleoprotein components in sucrose gradients. The components were designated NP1, NP2, NP3, and NP4 in order of decreasing sedimentation velocities. The NP4 component, however, was present in only small amounts. RNA extracted from CVV separated into five components when electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels or when centrifuged in sucrose gradients. The components were designated as RNA 1, 2, 3, 4, 4a in order of increasing electrophoretic mobilities in gels or in order of decreasing sedimentation velocities. RNA 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4a from gels apparently correlated to RNA 1, 2, 3, 4 and 4a from gradients, respectively. RNA's were separated into two classes (RNA 1 + 2 + 3 and RNA 4 + 4a) by successive cycles of sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Neither of the RNA mixtures was infectious. However, mixtures of RNA 1 + 2 + 3 became highly infectious with the addition of CVV-coat protein or CVV-RNA 4 + 4a. There was no evidence for cross contamination between protein and RNA preparations. Molecular weights for protein subunits of CVV and citrus leaf rugose virus were estimated to be 26,000 by SDS-gel electrophoresis.
#90-S sensitivity and specificity of symptomology to screen for eligibility for anti-retroviral therapy among pregnant women

Abstract PURPOSE: Maternal-To-Child-Transmission Plus programs have proposed to identify ART eligible women through antenatal care. Screening using AIDS-related symptoms is feasible in resource-poor settings. However among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics, it is not known how well symptomology is correlated to CD4+ count and HIV viral load (VL) which are traditionally used (Table 1) Table 1 . Cut-off ⩾ 1 symptom Cut-off ⩾ 3 symptoms CD4+ (cps/ml) VL (cps/ml) CD4+ (cps/ml) VL (cps/ml) Sens (%) 100.0 97.9 25.0 28.6 Spec (%) 11.0 10.1 80.0 75.3 . METHODS: Using a population of HIV+ pregnant women from Rakai District, Uganda (n = 325), we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of identifying women for treatment using symptomology versus using the DHHS VL (>55,000 cps/ml) criterion for initiation of treatment. For a sub-set of the pregnant women (n = 86) we also analyzed the correlation between symptoms and CD4+ count ( RESULTS: There was no association between WHO major or minor criteria and VL or CD4+ cell count. Total number of symptoms was used to calculate the validity. Using the cutoffs of ⩾1 and ⩾3: It is clear that pregnant women with zero symptoms have low VLs and high CD4+ count. Treatment based solely on number of symptoms will over treat because the majority of women with symptoms would not have been eligible for treatment according to DHHS guidelines. CONCLUSION: CD4+ or VL measurements are needed to identify HIV-positive pregnant women eligible for ART. Low-cost CD4+ testing as a screen for treatment eligibility is urgently needed.
AC Operation of GaN∶Er Thin Film Electroluminescent Display Devices

Thin-film electroluminescence has been obtained from GaN:Er deposited directly on amorphous dielectric layers. Electroluminescent device (ELD) structures consisting of a dielectric/GaN/dielectric were formed on p+-Si substrates. In contrast to previous GaN:Er ELDs which used epitaxial growth conditions on crystalline substrates and were operated under DC bias, these ELDs were operated under AC bias. A maximum luminance value of 300, 60, and 15 cd/m2 has been achieved from GaN:Er and AlGaN:Er AC-ELDs biased at 180 V and 100, 10, and 1 kHz, respectively. The emission spectra, which originate from Er3+ 4f-4f transitions, consist of dominant visible emission at ∼537/558 nm and infra-red (IR) emission at 1.5 μm. A violet emission peak at 415 nm indicates that hot carriers can gain up to ∼3 eV energy for an applied voltage corresponding to 1.5 MV/cm applied field. The emitted intensity initially increases linearly with frequency, followed by a trend towards saturation. The frequency for 3 dB reduction from the linear relation is at ∼65 kHz for visible emission and ∼8 kHz for infrared emission. The saturation trends can be explained in terms of the spontaneous emission lifetimes of the visible (∼10 μs) and IR (∼1ms) Er3+ emissions.
Intentional drug overdose: Predictors of clinical course in the intensive care unit

Objective: To examine the characteristics of patients admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) after intentional drug overdose. Design: Retrospective chart review, descriptive. Setting: Midwestern teaching hospital. Subjects: Convenience sample of 43 patients admitted to the MICU after intentional drug overdose. Outcome measures: Survival and disposition of those patients who survived and were discharged from the MICU. Results: Ninety-five percent of the patients survived and were discharged from the MICU: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores ranged from 1 to 29 (mean, 8); Glascow Coma Scale scores ranged from 3 to 15 (mean, 12.5); five patients were intubated and two patients had serious electrocardiograph changes requiring pharmacologic intervention for dysrhythmia. Conclusions: Neurologic findings were the best indicators of serious complications after drug overdose. Therefore, patients with a Glascow Coma Scale score of more than six, and who are not intubated, may not need admission to an intensive care unit.
Enhancement of Tc onset in (Ga,Hg)Sr2(Y,Ca)Cu2O7 by Hg doping

Abstract We synthesized a new 1212-type cuprate (Ga 1− x Hg x )Sr 2 (Y 1− y )Cu 2 O 7 . Partial substitution of divalent Hg for trivalent Ga simplifies the synthesis conditions of the 1212 compound and enhances its T c onset up to 88 K. Similar to GaSr 2 (Y,Ca)Cu 2 O 7 , its structure is orthorhombic of space group Ima2. The lattice parameters are in the order of 6 a p × b p √2× c p √2, (p refers to a primitive perovskite). No phase transition (orthorhombic → tetragonal; large unit cell → reduced unit cell) was observed when varying the ratios Ga:Hg and/or Y:Ca.
Chemistry of Radical Ions: The Absolute Rate Constant of Dimerization of Radical Anions of 1, 1-Diphenyl Ethylene

The combination of the labile radical ions. $(Ph\_2C:CH\_2)^-\_\cdot$, Na$^-$, into dimeric dianions Na$^+$, C$^-$(Ph)$\_2$.CH$\_2$.CH$\_2$.C(Ph)$^-\_2$, Na$^+$ was investigated by a flow and a stopflow technique. The bimolecular rate constant of combination was found to be 2 to 3 x 10$^6$ l. mole$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$. The reaction was initiated by an electron transfer naphthalene$^-\_\cdot$ + (Ph$\_2$C:CH$\_2$) $\rightleftarrows$ naphthalene + (Ph$\_2$C:CH$^-\_{2\cdot}$) or terphenylene$^-\_\bullet$ + (Ph$\_2$C:CH$\_2$) $\rightleftarrows$ terphenylene + (Ph$\_2$C:CH$^-_{2\cdot}$). The equilibrium constant of the first electron transfer process was found to be 20 and of the second about 16. These results are consistent with recent determinations of electron affinities of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Effect of Glass Frit Chemistry on the Physical and Electrical Properties of Thick-Film Ag Contacts for Silicon Solar Cells

The aim of this study is to understand the effect of the glass frit chemistry used in thick-film Ag pastes on the electrical performance of the silicon solar cell. The study focuses on the physical behavior of the glass frit during heat treatment as well as the resulting Ag−Si contact interface structure. We observe that the glass frit transition temperature (Tg) and softening characteristics play a critical role in the contact interface structure. The glass transition temperature also significantly influences the contact ohmicity of the thick-film metal grid. A high glass frit transition temperature generally results in thinner glass regions between the Ag bulk of the grid and the Si emitter. It was found that a glass frit (with high Tg) that crystallizes fast during the firing cycle after etching the silicon nitride and Si emitter results in smaller Ag crystallite precipitation at the contact interface. This results in smaller junction leakage current density (Jo2) and higher open-circuit voltage (Voc). Using high Tg pastes (with the appropriate Ag powder size), greater than 0.78 fill factors and >17.4% efficiency were achieved on 4 cm2 untextured single crystal Si solar cells with 100 Ω/sq emitters.
Glutamate and antimitotic agents induce differentiation, p53 activation, and apoptosis in rodent neostriatal cell lines immortalized with the tsA58 allele of SV40 large T antigen.

The tsA58 allele of SV40 large T antigen has the ability to immortalize cells, which is thought to be due, in part, to binding of p53 protein by T antigen at 33°C. At the nonpermissive temperature (39.5°C), it is thought that p53 is released, inducing growth arrest, vulnerability to apoptosis, and loss of the immortal phenotype. In cell lines derived from the rat neostriatum immortalized with tsA58, the toxic agents Adriamycin, cytosine arabinoside, and glutamate induced apoptosis and increased p53 activity and differentiation. The apoptosis and p53-inducing effects of the drugs were not greater at 39.5°C compared to 33°C, suggesting that p53 is not effectively blocked even at 33°C. Growth arrest was not induced under most treatment conditions despite p53 induction. On the other hand, process extension was enhanced at 39.5°C compared to 33°C. Therefore, these cell lines are temperature sensitive with respect to differentiation, but not growth regulation or apoptosis.
Temperature Response of the Genetically Stable R Locus in Comparison with the Mutable V Locus in a Clone of Nicotiana

VARIEGATION for flower colour in certain Nicotiana cultures results from changes in the functional state of a genetic locus, V. The dramatic frequency with which these spontaneous changes may occur in somatic tissue is illustrated in Fig. 1A. The germinal changes in state, while potentially reversible, have sufficient persistence to permit their genetic detection by means of altered progeny segregations. Therefore, by genetic criteria, the V locus alterations have all of the characteristics of reversible mutations. Each of the functional states appears to possess genetic integrity. The question arises of whether to view these different states as nuclear differentiations or as alterations of genetic code. If the former view were taken, the phenomenon should likely be considered ‘paramutation’ in the generalized sense utilized by Brink1.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck

Abstract Purpose To report our experience using radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery to treat adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Materials and methods Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery was used to treat 120 previously untreated patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck from August 1966 to March 2008. Patients were treated with curative intent. American Joint Committee on Cancer stage distribution was,T0 (n = 1), T1 (n = 26), T2 (n = 25), T3 (n = 14), T4 (n = 54), N0 (n = 113), N1 (n = 2), N2a (n = 1), N2b (n = 2), and N2c (n = 2). Treatment included surgery with postoperative radiotherapy (n = 71), radiotherapy alone (n = 46), and preoperative radiotherapy and surgery (n = 3). Incidental and clinical perineural invasion was found in 41 (34%) and 35 (29%) patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 8.6 and 11.6 years overall and among living patients, respectively. Results The10-year overall, cause-specific, and distant metastasis-free survival rates, respectively, were as follows: radiotherapy alone, 37%, 46%, and 76%; surgery and radiotherapy, 57%, 71%, and 62%; and overall, 50%. The10-year local control rates were as follows: radiotherapy alone, 36%; surgery and radiotherapy, 84%; and overall, 65%. The 10-year neck control rates were as follows: elective nodal irradiation (ENI), 98%; no ENI, 89%; and overall, 95%. Conclusions Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy offer the best chance for cure for patients with resectable adenoid cystic carcinomas of the head and neck. Some patients with advanced, incompletely resectable disease can be cured with radiotherapy alone. ENI should be considered for primary sites located in lymphatic-rich regions.
Photolysis of naphthocarborane and benzocarborane in oxygen

Abstract Photolysis of ‘naphtho-o-carborane’ under oxygen leads to the quinone, 5,8-diketonaphthocarborane. Photolysis in the presence of hydrogen donors such as acetonitrile or 1,4-cyclohexadiene leads both to the quinone and 5-ketodihydronaphthocarborane. By contrast, photolysis of ‘benzocarborane’ under similar conditions leads only to a highly stereo- and regiospecific dimerization.
Characterization of the kinetic and regulatory properties of high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase activity in acinar preparations of rat submandibular salivary glands.

Abstract High-affinity Ca 2+ -ATPase activity was characterized in the total particulate fraction of acinar preparations from rat submandibular glands. The Ca 2+ concentration (as Ca 2+ -ATP) at half of maximal activity was 82 ± 17 nM, the Hill coefficient was 2.36 ± 0.6 and activity reached a steady level at ∼200 pmol P i min −1 μg of membrane protein −1 from 1 to 20 μM Ca 2+ -ATP. High-affinity Ca 2+ -ATPase required micro molar concentrations of Mg 2+ and was inhibited ∼60 per cent by the phenothiazine derivative, fluphenazine, but was unaffected by ouabain, Na + , K + , La 3+ , ruthenium red, oligomycin and added calmodulin. Kinetics of adenosine diphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, uridine triphosphate and inosine triphosphate hydrolysis were similar to those of Ca 2+ -ATP but p -nitrophenylphosphate was a poor substrate. In the heavy microsomal fraction of whole glands, active Ca 2+ uptake (ATP-dependent, oxalate-enhanced and abolished by A23187) was measurable in the absence of added Mg 2+ , was inhibited by fluphenazine and was stimulated by submicromolar concentrations of Ca 2+ -ATP. Thus rat submandibular glands contain the enzymic basis of active Ca 2+ transport and can actively transport Ca 2+ . Both activities are stimulated at Ca 2+ concentrations typical of the cytosol, appear to be positively cooperative and may be regulated, in part, by calmodulin.