cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resilience Against Data Manipulation in Distributed Synchrophasor-Based Mode Estimation

Generators are critical components of electrical grids and have to operate synchronously. Unfortunately, faults in power grids can cause significant electro-mechanical oscillations. A number of methods to estimate these electro-mechanical oscillation modes have been proposed in the literature. With the advent of synchrophasors which enable real-time measurements over a wide-area, and in keeping with a trend towards more distributed monitoring and control applications (e.g., WAMPAC), measurement-based methods to estimate oscillation modes in a distributed manner have been proposed. Like other power system applications these distributed mode estimation approaches also face the prospect of false data injection attacks. In this paper, we introduce a mechanism, inspired by byzantine fault tolerance, for making distributed alternating direction of multipliers method of mode estimation resilient against data manipulation attacks. We evaluate our approach using IEEE 68-bus and 145-bus test systems under different attack scenarios and show that in all the scenarios considered our approach allows distributed mode estimation to converge well.
Amperometric titrations with rotated platinum electrode: Determination of hydrazine by potassium bromate

The reaction between hydrazine and potassium bromate is studied amperometrically at rotating platinum electrode. The bromate titration is performed at an applied e.m.f. of zero (versus S.C.E.) and in the presence of bromide and 1–5N sulfuric acid or 0.5–4N hydrochloric acid. Quantities ranging from 30 μg to 3 mg of hydrazine can be estimated accurately by this method. Determination of phenylhydrazine, Semicarbazide and other oxidizable materials on similar lines is suggested.
Promises and Perils of Technology's Future

Living with the Genie Essays on Technology and the Quest for Human Mastery. Alan Lightman, Daniel Sarewitz, and Christina Desser, Eds. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2003. 355 pp. $27. ISBN 1-55963-419-7. The editors offer a balanced set of fresh commentary on the promises and perils posed by our accelerating technologies--especially biotechnology, nanotechnology, and robotics.
Effect of differentiation on the adenylate cyclase system of 3T3-C2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Determination of choleragen substrates in differentiating 3T3-L1 and nondifferentiating 3T3-C2 cells.

3T3-L1 preadipocytes, when treated with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin, differentiate into cells with the morphological and biochemical properties of adipocytes; the closely related 3T3-C2 cells, under identical conditions, exhibit a low frequency of adipocyte conversion. During differentiation, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes acquire an increased responsiveness to certain agonists (e.g. isoproterenol and adrenocorticotropic hormone) that influence lipolysis and lipogenesis through activation of adenylate cyclase, whereas 3T3-C2 cells do not. It has been suggested that changes in hormone responsiveness of 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation result from increased amounts of the guanyl nucleotide-binding protein of adenylate cyclase, as demonstrated by choleragen-catalyzed [32P]ADP ribosylation of 42 and 49-50-kilodalton particulate peptides. Particulate fractions from nondifferentiating 3T3-C2 cells, like those from 3T3-L1 cells, contained choleragen substrates of 42 and 46-47 (doublet) kilodaltons. Incubation of intact 3T3-L1 or 3T3-C2 cells with choleragen prior to preparation of particulate fractions prevented the subsequent in vitro choleragen-dependent [32P]ADP ribosylation of only these peptides. Increased incorporation of radioactivity into both the 42 and 46-47-kilodalton peptides was observed during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. However, a similar increase was also observed in nondifferentiating 3T3-C2 cells subjected to the differentiation protocol. Therefore, increased hormone responsiveness of 3T3-L1 adipocytes cannot be explained solely on the basis of increased labeling, and perhaps increased amounts, of the guanyl nucleotide-binding protein.
The N,O-Diacetylmuramidase of Chalaropsis Species II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Abstract Lysozyme Chalaropsis is a single polypeptide chain with an apparent weight average molecular weight of 19,100 ± 900. The ultraviolet absorption is typical for proteins with an E1%1 cm = 24.8 ± 0.4, and its isoelectric point is weakly alkaline at 7.53. The sedimentation constant (s020,w) of 2.27 ± 0.14 exhibits no apparent concentration dependence, a phenomenon consistent with a symmetrical sedimenting mass. The secondary structure, as judged by optical rotatory dispersion in the ultraviolet, exhibits significant structural differences as compared to hen egg white lysozyme.
An integrated, project-based, introductory course in calculus, physics, English, and engineering

Describes the development of an integrated introductory course delivered to freshman engineering students at Arizona State University in the Fall '94 semester as a part of the Foundation Coalition program. The course combined and integrated material from introductory courses in calculus, physics, English composition and engineering, normally taught in a stand-alone format. The calculus used in this course was based on the Harvard reform model. The physics was mechanics-based. What differentiated this integrated package from versions found at other institutions in the Coalition was (a) the inclusion of English composition, and (b) the project-based introduction to engineering. In this integrated course, the students learned to organize and develop ideas for both technical and general audiences. In addition, they learned the use of rhetorical principles with readings from the philosophy of science, engineering case studies, and so on. The overarching framework for the class was the use of engineering projects to teach design and modeling principles. The three projects incorporated the calculus and physics that had been learned to date in the class. The first utilized kinematics and curve-fitting to functions to design and build a simple projectile launcher; the second employed dynamics and numerical integration to design and build a bungee drop system; and the third used rotational motion concepts and a data acquisition system to identify the shape and material of a hidden object. The integrated course also employed considerable use of computers in an active learning environment that stressed teaming and other quality tools.
Mixed-effects multinomial logit model for nominal outcomes

In this chapter, I first provide an overview of the classical multinomial logit regression model, and then specify the mixed-effects multinomial logit model. Next, a retransformation method is introduced that derives unbiased nonlinear predictions of the response probabilities by using analytic results of the mixed-effects multinomial logit model. The method is designed to retransform two random components, the between-subjects random effects and the within-subject random disturbances. The delta method is applied to compute the standard errors of the predicted probabilities based on the approximate variance-covariance matrix for a mean multinomial logit function. As it is difficult to interpret the regression coefficients of covariates in the multinomial logit model, the conditional effects are created on a set of predicted probabilities to aid in the interpretation of the analytic results. An empirical illustration is provided to display the application of the mixed-effects multinomial logit model in the analysis of longitudinal data taking three or more discrete levels.
Municipal Fiscal Policy Space and Fiscal Structure: Tools for Managing Spending Volatility

In this research, we examine the impact of municipal governments' internal fiscal structure and external fiscal policy space on operational spending volatility and fund balances. We test our model using a system of two equations that is estimated with panel data consisting of 265 municipalities in the Chicago metropolitan region from 1997 to 2009. We find that these governments are managing spending volatility using tools available in both dimensions and that the fund balance is a critical tool for this purpose. We also find that the impact of a stringent versus relaxed set of options (home rule) for managing this financial problem is likely to be more complex than what is represented in prior research.
Long-term follow-up of sequential aortocoronary venous grafts.

Abstract In 1972 we reported myocardial revascularization of 130 patients using multiple sequential aortocoronary anastomoses to a single saphenous vein [1]. Of the 122 survivors described in that report, 121 (99%) have been followed an additional 3 years. Twelve deaths occurred during the interval. The 110 currently followed patients represent 290 anastomoses; 54 have been studied angiographically since operation. Angiographic patency at 3 years in the studied group (18) was 70%. These figures exceed our follow-up data for 135 patients revascularized during the same period using individual vein grafts. Comparison of life table survival curves demonstrates this result. We believe the improved patency and decreased operating time that have resulted from employing this technique have outweighed the likelihood of a proximal stenosis causing closure of the whole graft system. We continue to use this technique in combination with internal mammary artery grafts in the management of multiple-vessel coronary disease. Good early results using this technique have been reported by other authors [2, 3, 5].
Posterior urethral valves

Abstract Twenty cases of posterior urethral valves are reviewed with the presentation of several illustrative cases. Review of the current literature regarding management of patients is discussed.
[H3]-nitrendipine binding in non-neuronal cell cultures

3H-Nitrendipine binding was observed in non-neuronal cells derived from fetal mouse spinal cultures grown in 10% fetal calf serum. One class of binding sites was observed with a Kd of 25 nM and a Bmax of 293 fmol/well (13 fmol/micrograms protein). These data suggest that low affinity binding sites for nitrendipine are present on non-neuronal cells.
Thermal Effects in a Coated Medium (with a Cavity) Due to Friction Heating by a Passing Asperity

The present paper expounds on the effect of a near-surface cavity, when the solid surface is subjected to the Coulomb frictional loading of an asperity moving at moderately high speed. The medium under consideration is represented by a solid half-space which is coaled with a thin layer of solid wear coating. The cavity is assumed to be rectangular in cross section. The temperature field and its gradient in the vicinity of the cavity are obtained during the traverse of the asperity over the surface near the cavity. The cavity defect results in a material nonuniformity mathematically modelled in term of the material coordinates. The resulting governing differential equation is time-explicit and transient. A general finite difference formulation is developed, from which numerical solutions are obtained for problem with a cavity at various positions relative to the surface-layer/substrate interface. Because of the poor heat transfer characteristics of tile cavity, the temperatures in the surface layer above i...
Foreign exchange bottlenecks, devaluation and inflation

Devaluation is unambiguously deflationary when foreign exchange earned by the export sector pays for additional imports of intermediate inputs and the criterion for a foreign exchange bottleneck is satisfied.
Symposium on Harrison's “Lean and Mean”: A productivity perspective

The underlying thesis of this book is that the conventional wisdom regarding small companies is wrong: large firms and their suppliers generate most of the meaningful new jobs and innovations.1 Furthermore, large companies are more "flexible" than small companies. Flexibility is defined in three ways. Functional flexibility refers to work tasks, redeployment of resources, technology adoptions, and reconfiguration of relationships with suppliers. Wage flexibility involves the ability to adjust wages and benefits (usually, in a downward direction) without too much difficulty. Numerical flexibility relates to outsourcing and the use of contingent workers. Each of these has enabled firms to become "lean and mean," and thus, more competitive in the global marketplace. The author is not satisfied with the efforts large firms have undertaken to improve efficiency. They must become even more flexible or their foreign rivals will consistently outperform them. To reach this goal, they should grow in size and scope, by forming more strategic alliances and developing close, nurturing relationships with a vast network of suppliers. Professor Harrison believes that firms cannot achieve this without assistance from
Size ratio performance in detecting cerebral aneurysm rupture status is insensitive to small vessel removal.

BACKGROUND The variable definition of size ratio (SR) for sidewall (SW) vs bifurcation (BIF) aneurysms raises confusion for lesions harboring small branches, such as carotid ophthalmic or posterior communicating locations. These aneurysms are considered SW by many clinicians, but SR methodology classifies them as BIF. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of ignoring small vessels and SW vs stringent BIF labeling on SR ruptured aneurysm detection performance in borderline aneurysms with small branches, and to reconcile SR-based labeling with clinical SW/BIF classification. METHODS Catheter rotational angiographic datasets of 134 consecutive aneurysms (60 ruptured) were automatically measured in 3-dimensional. Stringent BIF labeling was applied to clinically labeled aneurysms, with 21 aneurysms switching label from SW to BIF. Parent vessel size was evaluated both taking into account, and ignoring, small vessels. SR was defined accordingly as the ratio between aneurysm and parent vessel sizes. Univariate and multivariate statistics identified significant features. The square of the correlation coefficient (R(2)) was reported for bivariate analysis of alternative SR calculations. RESULTS Regardless of SW/BIF labeling method, SR was equally significant in discriminating aneurysm ruptured status (P < .001). Bivariate analysis of alternative SR had a high correlation of R(2) = 0.94 on the whole dataset, and R = 0.98 on the 21 borderline aneurysms. CONCLUSION Ignoring small branches from SR calculation maintains rupture status detection performance, while reducing postprocessing complexity and removing labeling ambiguity. Aneurysms adjacent to these vessels can be considered SW for morphometric analysis. It is reasonable to use the clinical SW/BIF labeling when using SR for rupture risk evaluation.
MultiFacet: A Faceted Interface for Browsing Large Multimedia Collections

Faceted browsing is a common technique for exploring collections where the data can be grouped into a number of pre-defined categories, most often generated from textual metadata. Historically, faceted browsing has been applied to a single data type such as text or image data. However, typical collections contain multiple data types, such as information from web pages that contain text, images, and video. Additionally, when browsing a collection of images and video, facets are often created based on the metadata which may be incomplete, inaccurate, or missing altogether instead of the actual visual content contained within those images and video. In this work we address these limitations by presenting MultiFacet, a faceted browsing interface that supports multiple data types. MultiFacet constructs facets for images and video in a collection from the visual content using computer vision techniques. These visual facets can then be browsed in conjunction with text facets within a single interface to reveal relationships and phenomena within multimedia collections. Additionally, we present a use case based on real-world data, demonstrating the utility of this approach towards browsing a large multimedia data collection.
Refining Enamel Thickness Measurements from B-Mode Ultrasound Images

Dental erosion has been growing increasingly prevalent with the rise in consumption of heavy starches, sugars, coffee, and acidic beverages. In addition, various disorders, such as Gastroenterological Reflux Disease (GERD), have symptoms of rapid rates of tooth erosion. The measurement of enamel thickness would be important for dentists to assess the progression of enamel loss from all forms of erosion, attrition, and abrasion. Characterizing enamel loss is currently done with various subjective indexes that can be interpreted in different ways by different dentists. Ultrasound has been utilized since the 1960's to determine internal tooth structure, but with mixed results. Via image processing and enhancement, we were able to refine B-mode dental ultrasound images for more accurate enamel thickness measurements. The mean difference between the measured thickness of the occlusal enamel from ultrasound images and corresponding gold standard CT images improved from 0.55 mm to 0.32 mm with image processing (p = 0.033). The difference also improved from 0.62 to 0.53 mm at the buccal/lingual enamel surfaces, but not significantly (p = 0.38).
An induced mutant of coastcross 1 bermudagras with improved winterhardiness

Abstract Coastcross 1 bermudagrass, a sterile F 1 hybrid, (Coastal × PI 255445 from Kenya) establishes faster, yields as much dry matter, is 12% more digestible, and gives 30–35% better daily gains and liveweight gains per ha when fed to cattle than does the Coastal clone but fails to develop rhizomes and lacks the winterhardiness of Coastal. To create a winterhardy mutant, some 500,000 green stems (each containing several dormant buds) were exposed to 7000 rad of 60 -Co rays at Oak Ridge. TN June 21, 1971 and were immediately planted at Blairsville, GA where relatively severe winters occur frequently. One of 4 plants surviving the 1971–1972 winter was like Coastcross 1 in yield, in vitro dry matter digestibility and appearance in a 3-yr test during mild winters at Tifton, GA. In the growing season following the moderate winter of 1976–1977, Coastcross 1-M3 yielded more than Coastcross 1 but only about half as much as Coastal. The severe winter of 1977–1978 destroyed about 98% of the plants in the clipped plots of Coastcross 1 and Coastcross 1-M3 but reduced the stand of Coastal very little. The small gain in winterhardiness by Coastcross 1-M3 suggests that several genes control the winterhardiness of well-established Coastal bermudagrass.
Microflow fields in the hinge region of the CarboMedics bileaflet mechanical heart valve design.

Abstract Objective: The design of bileaflet mechanical heart valves includes some degree of leakage flow on valve closure for the reverse flow to wash the hinge and pivot region of the valve. It is believed that this reverse flow helps to prevent areas of stasis and inhibit microthrombus formation. However, the magnitude of this retrograde flow may also give rise to unacceptable levels of blood element damage and lead to platelet activation or hemolysis as a result of the increased flow velocities through the hinge region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hinge flow dynamics of a 23-mm CarboMedics bileaflet mechanical valve (Sulzer CarboMedics Inc, Austin, Tex) and then to compare the results with those of the St Jude Medical 23-mm Regent (St Jude Medical Inc, Minneapolis, Minn) and Medtronic Parallel (Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, Minn) valves studied earlier. This comparison allows new insight into the microflow fields within the hinge region of the CarboMedics bileaflet mechanical valve, which have not been previously assessed during its clinical history. Methods: Two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimetry was used to measure the velocity and turbulent shear stress fields in the hinge regions. To conduct these measurements, exact dimensional models of the bileaflet hinge regions were cast or machined from transparent plastic materials. The experiment was conducted in a pulsatile flow loop with measurements taken at different levels within the pivot and hinge regions. Results: In the 23-mm CarboMedics valve hinge, the phase-averaged forward velocity obtained at the flat level and levels of 190 μm and 390 μm above flat and 1 mm below flat were 0.54 m/s, 0.77 m/s, 0.3 m/s, and 1.0 m/s, respectively. Corresponding values of the peak phase-averaged leakage velocities were 3.17 m/s, 2.91 m/s, 2.52 m/s, and 0.5 m/s, respectively. Corresponding turbulent shear stresses were 5510 dyne/cm 2 , 5640 dyne/cm 2 , 4380 dyne/cm 2 , and 4810 dyne/cm 2 , respectively. Conclusions: The hinge flow dynamics of the CarboMedics bileaflet design lie somewhere in between those of the St Jude Medical and the Medtronic Parallel valve designs. The fluid dynamics of the investigated valve were found to be similar to those of the St Jude Medical valves, although with slightly higher leakage velocities and turbulent shear stresses. This discrepancy may be a result of the sharper corners associated with the hinge design of the CarboMedics valve. It could also be due to the incremental enlargement of the internal orifice area of the St Jude Medical Regent design. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:561-74
Stress-induced voiding in aluminum alloy metallizations

Fabrication of microelectronic metal interconnects generates a state of tensile stress in the metal. For constant metal and passivation film thicknesses, the magnitude of stress increases as linewidth decreases until the metal forms internal voids in order to relax. Such voids can grow large enough to sever lines, degrading chip functionality and reliability. For narrow lines, constraints from the passivation layer permit relaxation through void growth to occur only by diffusion. This phenom¬ enon is known as stress migration, by analogy to voiding produced by high electrical current (electromigration). To study the influence of alloy composition and microstructure on diffusion in Al-based interconnects with and without Ti underlayers, interconnects with different amounts of Si, Cu and oxygen were passivated with PECVD SiN, and aged at 150° C for 1000 hr in air. Samples were also electromigration-stressed to highlight possible interactive variables. AI-Cu produces fewer voids and longer electromigration lifetimes than pure Al. High (> 2%) Si appears to promote void formation by rapid grain boundary diffusion and precipitate growth, but does not necessarily decrease electromigration lifetime. Low Si (< 1%) appears to be beneficial for ex¬ tending electromigration lifetime and reducing the total volume of voiding, but causes large void sizes which lead to failure. The effect of oxygen contamination on stress migration is generally detrimental. Ti underlayers are redundant conductors which greatly increase electromigration life, but increase individual void size. A model for thermal dependence of atomic flux, used in con¬ junction with thermal stress hysteresis measurements of metal films, describes a wide range of voiding behavior.
A mandatory campaign to vaccinate health care workers against pertussis

Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection that has dramatically increased in recent decades and has caused outbreaks in health care facilities. Because of these trends, we implemented a mandatory pertussis (Tdap) employee vaccination program. Final vaccination compliance was 97.8% across all clinical campuses.
Hypertensive Vascular Disease Produced in Rats by Compression of the Adrenal Glands and Its Relationship to Adrenal-Regeneration Hypertension

Young female rats were sensitized t o the development of hypertension having a kidney removed and being given 1% NaCl solution to drink. The adrenal glands were either enucleated, compressed, or surgically explored. Control rats maintained a normal blood pressure thereafter. Rats subjected to adrenal enucleation or adrenal compression behaved identically. They failed to gain weight normally, became hypertensive, developed heavier hearts, kidneys and brains, and smaller adrenals and displayed extensive cardiovascular lesions. The adrenal medulla, invariably destroyed by enucleation, often survived compression. It is concluded that adrenal compression, technically a simpler procedure than enucleation, is equally efficacious in causing hypertension; that the same mechanisms cause and sustain the respective hypertensive states; and that, therefore, the frequent presence of medullary tissue in the adrenals of hypertensive rats with compressed glands argues against medullary insufficiency as the cause of adrena...
Decision procedures for surjectivity and injectivity of parallel maps for tessellation structures

After demonstrating the existence of nontrivial information Jossless parallel maps on one-dimensional iterative array configurations, algorithms are presented for deciding the injectivity or surjectivity of the global maps given their defining local maps. Whether or not these properties are independent of neighborhood interconnection patterns is also considered.
Genome‐wide screen for prostate cancer susceptibility genes in men with clinically significant disease

BACKGROUND One of the difficulties confronting genetic studies of prostate cancer is the complex and heterogeneous etiology. Given the high population frequency of lesions meeting the histological definition of prostate cancer, a significant portion of men with a positive family history may be diagnosed due to increased surveillance and associated higher likelihood of biopsy. Over diagnosis decreases power to detect genes that increase susceptibility to a clinically significant prostate cancer. METHODS We re-evaluated all 623 men with prostate cancer in our 188 hereditary prostate cancer families and identified a subset of 244 men with more aggressive disease based upon meeting at least one of the following clinical and/or pathologic criteria: tumor grade Gleason score ≥7, tumor stage T2c or higher, pretreatment PSA ≥20 ng/ml, rising PSA after treatment, evidence of metastasis, or death from prostate cancer. RESULTS Genome-wide screens were re-performed by defining men as affected only if they met the criteria for clinically significant disease. The new analyses identified stronger evidence for linkage in Xq27-28 and 22q, as well as several novel loci, including 3p and 9p. CONCLUSIONS Although, these results need to be confirmed in independent studies, our approach represents an important step to overcome the impact of over diagnosis in genetic studies of prostate cancer. Larger studies that incorporate this approach are needed. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Orientational disorder and the intermolecular potential of FCC C60

Careful diffraction studies reveal that the orientational distribution of C60 molecules in disordered high-temperature FCC fullerene deviates significantly from random. These studies show that the molecular orientational preferences anticipate the low temperature orientationally ordered phase, help explain the orientational glass behavior noted in this material and provide quantitative estimates of the intermolecular orientational forces at work.
Effect of Supplier Profit Rate, Procedure Cost Reduce, and Component Commonality on the Supply Chain Performance under Stochastic and Price-Dependent Demand

Manufacturers add product variants in one product family to meet customers’ different preferences. Components could be shared and reused to reduce costs. Demand and demand variance change with different sale prices under the stochastic and price-sensitive demand environment. Demand uncertainty has significant effects on costs and profits of the supply chain. With a numerical example involving a product family of cordless drills, a model is used to investigate the effect of supplier profit rate, procedure cost reduce, and component commonality on the supply chain performance. Results show that saving in upstream suppliers due to component commonality could be passed to the manufacturer, retailer, and customers with appropriate coordination models such as quantity discount. With reduced procedure cost, a Win-Win pricing strategy for one supplier is to increase its profit at a rate while sell its products at a cheaper sale price based on the cost markup method considering the demand uncertainty from buyers or downstream suppliers in the supply chain.
Studies on the Turtle Tumor Susceptibility Gene TSG101: Full-Length cDNA Sequence, Genomic Structural Analysis, and Role in Green Turtle Fibropapilloma

Abstract The tumor susceptibility gene TSG101 is a recently discovered gene whose functional knockout in mouse fibroblasts leads to transformation and tumor formation in nude mice. Human and mouse TSG101 cDNAs are 86% and 94% similar at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid levels, respectively. The highly conserved protein sequences suggest that the mouse and human TSG101 are true gene homologs that share fundamental biological functions. Here, we report that the turtle TSG101 full-length cDNA sequence contained a 1,176-base-pair open translational reading frame predicted to encode a 392-amino-acid protein. Alignment of TSG101 sequences showed that the turtle cDNA sequence was 82.3% and 84.4% similar to mouse and human TSG101, respectively, at the nucleotide level and 89.3% and 91.9% similar to mouse and human TSG101 proteins, respectively. A coiled-coil domain and a proline-rich region typical of the activation domain of transcription factors were highly conserved among the turtle, mouse, and human TSG1...
The responsibilities of computer science in continuing education for managers

Jay W. Forrester has defined management as “the process of converting information into action.”1. The conversion process is called decision making. To make a decision a manager should (1) identify a set of feasible alternatives, (2) evaluate each of these alternatives and (3) select the alternative which most nearly satisfies his decision criteria.Computer science can support this decision making process in two ways: (1) by providing information which is required to identify and evaluate alternatives which involve the acquisition of additional computing capability and (2) by providing systems which aid in the execution of the decision making process. Continuing education is needed in both of these areas. First I will examine the need for specific education to provide information and then I will look at the need for general education in the use of the computer as an aid in managerial decision making.
Surface Segregation of Non-Bonding Impurities in Gold-Silicon Preforms

Stable, uniform and strong adhesives which have good thermal conductivity and are capable of severe temperature and mechanical stresses are required for highly reliable LSI devices. Au-2% Si "eutectic" preforms which are used to bond LSI devices to substrates have two serious problems: (1) Voids of significant size are created in the preform layer during the bonding operation and (2) bonding is non-uniform and some-times non-existent. Using Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), and Quadrupole Mass Analysis (QMA) of the gases released when the preform material melted, we show that the lack of adherence of Au-2% Si preforms is due primarily to the surface segregation and compound formation of bulk impurities, notably oxygen, carbon and silicon.
Isolated inverting papilloma of the sphenoid sinus.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Primary inverting papilloma of the sphenoid sinus is rare. We present a case of inverting papilloma with isolated involvement of the sphenoid sinus and discuss the incidence, clinical presentation, radiographic features, histological findings, and management of patients with this disease. Study Design: Case report. Methods: The medical records, films, and pathology slides of a patient with isolated inverting papilloma of the sphenoid sinus seen at University of California Los Angeles Medical Center were reviewed. The clinical presentation, radiographic features, histopathological findings, treatment, and outcome of the case were examined. Results: A single case of inverting papilloma with isolated involvement of the sphenoid sinus is presented. Headache and diplopia were the presenting complaints, as is often seen with other isolated sphenoid sinus lesions. Endoscopic intranasal sphenoid sinusotomy was performed, and no evidence of recurrent disease has been seen after 6 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Isolated inverting papilloma of the sphenoid sinus is a rare phenomenon. In contrast to the vast majority of cases that present with nasal complaints (i.e., unilateral nasal obstruction, epistaxis) because of involvement of the lateral nasal wall, the clinical presentation of inverting papillomas confined to the sphenoid sinus is often nonspecific and insidious, with visual deficits being the predominant feature. Nevertheless, functional endoscopic intranasal sphenoidotomy remains an effective mode of treatment for patients with these lesions.
The relationship of intracranial venous pressure to hydrocephalus.

Little is known about intracranial venous pressure in hydrocephalus. Recently, we reported that naturally occurring hydrocephalus in Beagle dogs was associated with an elevation in cortical venous pressure. We proposed that the normal pathway for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption includes transcapillary or transvenular absorption of CSF from the interstitial space and that the increase in cortical venous pressure is an initial event resulting in decreased absorption and subsequent hydrocephalus. Further analysis, however, suggests that increased cortical venous pressure reflects the effect of the failure of transvillus absorption with increase in CSF pressure on the venous pressure gradient between ventricle and cortex. Normally, the cortical venous pressure is maintained above CSF pressure by the Starling resistor effect of the lateral lacunae. A similar mechanism is absent in the deep venous system, and thus the pressure in the deep veins is similar to that in the dural sinuses. Decreased CSF absorption causes an increase in CSF pressure followed by an increase in cortical venous pressure without a similar increase in periventricular venous pressure. The periventricular CSF to venous (transparenchymal) pressure (TPP) gradient increases. In contrast, cortical vein pressure remains greater than CSF pressure (negative TPP). The elevated periventricular TPP gradient causes ventricular dilatation and decreased periventricular cerebral blood flow (CBF), a condition that persists even if the CSF pressure returns to normal, particularly if tissue elastance is lessened by tissue damage. If deep CBF is to be maintained, periventricular venous pressure must increase. Since the veins are in a continuum, cortical venous pressure will further increase above the CSF pressure. Understanding these principles related to intracranial venous pressure helps in the selection of shunt characteristics that best match the pathologic condition.
The Impact of Living in Co-Ed Resident Halls on Risk-Taking among College Students.

Abstract Objective: Although previous research has suggested that college housing impacts student behavior and outcomes, recent research linking college housing to risk-taking has been limited. In this study, we investigate if patterns of risk behavior differ based on the type of college housing environment students reside in. Participants: This study utilizes 510 college students living in on-campus college housing. Methods: Students were recruited from 5 college sites across the United States. Participants responded to survey items online that measured current risk-taking behaviors such as binge drinking and sexual activity. Results: After controlling for an assortment of demographic and psychological variables, results indicated that students living in co-ed housing were more likely than students living in gender-specific housing to binge drink and consume alcohol, have more permissive sexual attitudes, and have more recent sexual partners. Conclusions: On-campus housing environments impact college stu...
Double compartment hydrocephalus--a new clinical entity.

We are reporting eight patients who demonstrated double compartment hydrocephalus, i.e., supratentorial and infratentorial hydrocephalus in clinical sequence and separately. One infant with veil occlusion of the aqueduct was operated on to remove the veil and then later demonstrated panhydrocephalus. Six patients had been treated months to years earlier by the performance of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for aqueductal hydrocephalus and then developed characteristic cerebellar-brain stem deficits from 4th ventricle enlargement. The work-up included computed tomographic scan, air study, isotope cerebrospinal fluid flow study, and direct 4th ventricle pressure studies. Operation with removal of a veil occlusion of the upper 4th ventricle aqueduct produced immediate recovery in five of six patients. The conversion of aqueductal stenosis to veil occlusion is postulated as the mechanism of "primary" veil obstruction found in infants. This new clinical entity is more common than realized. We report one patient with compartmental 4th ventricular hydrocephalus.
Acute and adaptive motor responses to caffeine in adolescent and adult rats

Abstract Caffeine is a psychostimulant with intake through foods or beverages tending to increase from childhood through adolescence. The goals of the present study were to examine the effects of caffeine on young adolescent Long–Evans rats and to compare the motor-behavioral responses of adolescent and adult rats to acute and chronic caffeine. Adolescent rats had a biphasic dose–response to caffeine comparable to that reported for adult rats. The magnitude of the motor response to a challenge dose of caffeine (30 mg/kg, ip) was similar between adolescent and adult rats. Administration of caffeine in the drinking water (1 mg/ml) for a period of 2 weeks led to overall consumption of caffeine which was not significantly different between adolescents and adults when normalized to body mass. There were no impacts of caffeinated drinking water on volume of fluid consumed nor weight gain in either age group compared to age matched controls drinking non-caffeinated tap water. Following this period of caffeine consumption, return to regular drinking water (caffeine withdrawal) led to a significant decrease in baseline movement compared to caffeine-naive rats. This effect inversion was observed for adolescents but not adults. In addition, the response of the adolescents to the challenge dose of caffeine (30 mg/kg, ip) was reduced significantly after chronic caffeine consumption and withdrawal. This apparent tolerance to the caffeine challenge dose was not seen with the adults. Thus, the developing brain of these adolescents may show similar sensitivity to adults in acute caffeine exposure but greater responsiveness to adaptive changes associated with chronic caffeine consumption.
Radio-Frequency Quadrupole Vane-Tip Geometries

Radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linacs are becoming widely accepted in the accelerator community. They have the remarkable capability of simultaneously bunching low-energy ion beams and accelerating them to energies at which conventional accelerators can be used, accomplishing this with high-transmission efficiencies and low-emittance growths. The electric fields, used for radial focusing, bunching, and accelerating, are determined by the geometry of the vane tips. The choice of the best vane-tip geometry depends on considerations such as the peak surface electric field, per cent of higher multipole components, and ease of machining. We review the vane-tip geometry based on the "ideal" two-term potential function and briefly describe a method for calculating the electric field components in an RFQ cell with arbitrary vane-tip geometry. We describe five basic geometries and use the prototype RFQ design for the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) accelerator as an example to compare the characteristics of the various geometries.
The influence of dialysis in 2-mercaptoethanol reduction of erythrocyte antibodies.

Sera obtained from 103 normal individuals of blood group O, A, and B were tested in dialyzed and undialyzed 2-mercaptoethanol reduction procedures. The same results were obtained with both technics with 94 per cent of anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies tested. In addition, identical results were obtained by both methods with 31 incomplete erythrocyte antibodies. The two reduction procedures had a similar range of sensitivity. It is suggested that dialysis is not necessary when 2-mercaptoethanol reduction is employed to differentiate between IgG and IgM antibodies.
Use of dry-milling derived thin stillage for producing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the fungus Pythium irregulare.

This study was to explore the use of thin stillage, a major byproduct in dry milling corn–ethanol plants, for production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the fungus Pythium irregulare. Thin stillage contains various compounds that were ideal for fungal growth. Thin stillage concentration and temperature played important roles in fungal growth and EPA production. When 50% thin stillage was used in a stepwise temperature shift culture process, the cell density reached 23 g/L at day 9 with EPA yield and productivity of 243 and 27 mg/L day, respectively. The fungal biomass contained 39% lipid, 28% protein, 30% carbohydrate, and 3% ash. The fungal culture also generated a nutrient-depleted liquid by removing organic compounds in the raw thin stillage. The results collectively showed a new use of thin stillage by feeding to the fungus P. irregulare for producing omega-3 fatty acids.
S-phase cyclins are required for a stable arrest at metaphase

A critical DNA damage checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an arrest at the metaphase stage of mitosis. Here we show that the S-phase cyclins Clb5 and Clb6 are required for this arrest. Strains lacking Clb5 and Clb6 are hypersensitive to DNA damage. Furthermore, in the presence of the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) over 50% of clb5 clb6 mutants by-passed the metaphase checkpoint and arrested instead with separated sister chromatids. Levels of Pds1, an inhibitor of anaphase that accumulates following DNA damage, were similar in the wild-type and mutant strains following MMS treatment. Furthermore, unlike wild-type cells, clb5 clb6 mutants undergo nuclear division despite the presence of nuclear non-degradable Pds1. Our results suggest a novel role for the S-phase cyclins Clb5 and Clb6 in maintaining sister chromatid cohesion during a metaphase arrest, perhaps by regulating Pds1 activity.
Microstructure and crack-shape effects on the growth behavior of small fatigue cracks in Ti24Al11Nb

Abstract The effects of four different microstructures in the titanium aluminide alloy Ti24Al11Nb (at.%) on the fatigue crack growth behavior of small surface cracks and large cracks have been investigated. The four microstructures were a Widmanstatten basketweave, a Widmanstatten aligned colony, an equiaxed primary α2 in a Widmanstatten matrix and a completely equiaxed α2 structure. Small cracks were found to develop arbitrary shapes owing to the effects of microstructure. The crack shapes (aspect ratios) were measured using a laser interferometric and photomicroscopic system, and these measurements allowed accurate calculation of crack growth rates at the surface position as well as at the depth position for the surface cracks. After accounting for the continuous variation in crack shape in crack growth rate calculations, the trends in small-crack growth rates agreed reasonably well with the corresponding large-crack growth rates. While the crack growth rates at depth positions for small cracks correlated well with large-crack data in the basketweave microstructure, crack growth rates at surface positions correlated well with the corresponding large-crack data in the other microstructures. The microstructural factors that may be responsible for this behavior are discussed.
In Vitro digestibility of selected polymers

In vitro digestibility of 10 polymers was studied. Only starch, starch blend, gelatin, and silk were more than 10% digested by the enzyme cocktail. Cellophane, polyhydroxy-β-valerate, pullulan, levan, shellac, ethylene vinyl alcohol, and polyethylene were less than 10% digestible. The implications from these data are that these materials would act physiologically as dietary fiber or residue.
On the use and the performance of software reliability growth models

We address the problem of predicting future failures for a piece of software. The number of failures occurring during a finite future time interval is predicted from the number failures observed during an initial period of usage by using software reliability growth models. Two different methods for using the models are considered: straightforward use of individual models, and dynamic selection among models based on goodness-of-fit and quality-of-prediction criteria. Performance is judged by the relative error of the predicted number of failures over future finite time intervals relative to the number of failures eventually observed during the intervals. Six of the former models and eight of the latter are evaluated, based on their performance on twenty data sets. Many open questions remain regarding the use and the performance of software reliability growth models.
Optical Bistability, Logic Gating, and Waveguide Operation in Semiconductor Etalons

This article describes the application of one type of optical bistable device based on gallium arsenide as the nonlinear medium. The authors discuss several possible operations with GaAs nonlinear Fabry-Perot etalons. This article utilizes a recently developed computer model to illustrate the basic operating principles and applications. The authors mainly concentrate on the device operation itself. In keeping with common practice they use the term optical bistable device when referring to a device that can exhibit optical bistability even when not being used in such a manner. Instead of the expression nonlinear Fabry-Perot etalon, they often use nonlinear etalons or etalon devices.
Scheduling algorithms for flexible flow lines

This paper discusses scheduling algorithms for a certain kind of manufacturing environment, called the “flexible flow line.” Two scheduling problems are considered. “Loading” decides when each part should be loaded into the system. “Mix allocation” selects the daily part mix. The goals are to maximize throughput and reduce WIP. New heuristic algorithms specially suited to solve these problems in the context of a flexible flow line are described. The paper also discusses experience with the use of an experimental implementation of these algorithms to solve such problems arising in a real production line.