cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cataloging recent advances in epigenetic alterations in major mental disorders and autism.

During the last two decades, diverse epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA editing and miRNA dysregulation have been associated with psychiatric disorders. A few years ago, in a review we outlined the most common epigenetic alterations in major psychiatric disorders (e.g., aberrant DNA methylation of DTNBP1, HTR2A, RELN, MB-COMT and PPP3CC, and increased expression of miR-34a and miR-181b). Recent follow-up studies have uncovered other DNA methylation aberrations affecting several genes in mental disorders, in addition to dysregulation of many miRNAs. Here, we provide an update on new epigenetic findings and highlight potential origin of the diversity and inconsistencies, focusing on drug effects, tissue/cell specificity of epigenetic landscape and discuss shortcomings of the current diagnostic criteria in mental disorders.
Using Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics to Characterize the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Patients with COVID-19

Abstract Background COVID-19 has been associated with an increased incidence of ischemic stroke. The use echocardiography to characterize the risk of ischemic stroke in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 has not been explored. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 368 patients hospitalized between 3/1/2020 and 5/31/2020 who had laboratory-confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2 and underwent transthoracic echocardiography during hospitalization. Patients were categorized according to the presence of ischemic stroke on cerebrovascular imaging following echocardiography. Ischemic stroke was identified in 49 patients (13.3%). We characterized the risk of ischemic stroke using a novel composite risk score of clinical and echocardiographic variables: age 140 mmHg, anticoagulation prior to admission, left atrial dilation and left ventricular thrombus. Results Patients with ischemic stroke had no difference in biomarkers of inflammation and hypercoagulability compared to those without ischemic stroke. Patients with ischemic stroke had significantly more left atrial dilation and left ventricular thrombus (48.3% vs 27.9%, p = 0.04; 4.2% vs 0.7%, p = 0.03). The unadjusted odds ratio of the composite novel COVID-19 Ischemic Stroke Risk Score for the likelihood of ischemic stroke was 4.1 (95% confidence interval 1.4-16.1). The AUC for the risk score was 0.70. Conclusions The COVID-19 Ischemic Stroke Risk Score utilizes clinical and echocardiographic parameters to robustly estimate the risk of ischemic stroke in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and supports the use of echocardiography to characterize the risk of ischemic stroke in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
A thermodynamically consistent discontinuous Galerkin formulation for interface separation

Abstract This paper describes the formulation of an interface damage model, based on the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method, for the simulation of failure and crack propagation in laminated structures. The DG formulation avoids common difficulties associated with cohesive elements. Specifically, it does not introduce any artificial interfacial compliance and, in explicit dynamic analysis, it leads to a stable time increment size which is unaffected by the presence of stiff massless interfaces. The proposed method is implemented in a finite element setting. Convergence and accuracy are demonstrated in Mode I and mixed-mode delamination in both static and dynamic analyses. Significantly, numerical results obtained using the proposed interface model are found to be independent of the value of the penalty factor that characterizes the DG formulation. By contrast, numerical results obtained using a classical cohesive method are found to be dependent on the cohesive penalty stiffnesses. As a result of this notable advantage, the proposed approach is shown to yield more accurate predictions pertaining to crack propagation under mixed-mode fracture. Furthermore, in explicit dynamic analysis, the stable time increment size calculated with the proposed method is found to be an order of magnitude larger than the maximum allowable value for classical cohesive elements.
New Developments (since 1977)

With certain conjectures in mathematics, the solution of the conjecture marked the end of a period of investigation, and workers in the field moved on to other directions of research. With other conjectures, the solution of a once-open problem would lead to analogues and extensions of the problem, and provide a fountainhead of ideas for further generalizations, or even formulation of significant new problems. Fortuitously, Serre’s Conjecture is of the latter kind. In fact, the continuing research on problems related to Serre’s Conjecture in the post Quillen-Suslin period (that is, 1977-present) turned out to be even more intensive and voluminous than the work done on the original conjecture between 1955 and 1976. In total, at least some six hundred papers have appeared after 1976 that, in one manner or another, impacted upon Serre’s Problem — by way of refinements, generalizations, adaptations, variations, or applications. The surprising level, quality, quantity, and breadth of this ensuing work is, in my opinion, truly a tribute to the genius of Quillen, Suslin, and Serre.
Three Australian leg-flagged Great Knots (Calidris tenuirostris) found on the islet coast of Jinmen (Quimoy) in Fujian, China.

On April 7, 2013, approximately 50 Great Knots (Calidris tenuirostris), Red Knots (C. canutus) and Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica) were seen on the coast of Jinmen (Quimoy) (N24°26'; E118°18') in Fujian, China. Among these birds, three Great Knots were banded with Australian yellow leg-flags (ENE, LCC and USP in Figures 1, 2 and 3, respectively), which are new to Jinmen. Great Knots are long distance migrants on the trans-pacific
The role of networking and social media in career advancement (9.2)

Many people have a misconception about networking and most view this in a very negative vein. We view networking as an important social skill that all professionals should include in his or her toolkit. Networking is sharing your ideas and passion, listening to your colleagues and their current research, finding new collaborators, and introducing people to one another to make ideas and projects grow. There are many resources available about networking online but many researchers feel confused and conflicted towards social media and lack sufficient information or guidance, particularly for those at the beginning of their careers. The importance of networking and issues and strategies used when trying to promote your own work and careers will be the focus of this session. To better familiarize researchers with existing Internet resources, we will discuss prospective benefits that can stem from online science conversations and interactions and explain how engineers and scientists can efficiently and effectiv...
Implementation of N/spl times/N cross-bars using RNI devices

In this paper we propose to implement the N/spl times/N crossbar using Reversible Nonlinear Interface (RNI) devices. The basic characteristics of optics such as higher bandwidth, flexible interconnections, and their application to parallel processing hardware and software contribute to the development of a very efficient optical computer. Optical implementation of various kinds of computing gates has been difficult in the past. In some cases, a gate can be implemented, but the output power from the gate is so low that cascading these gates into useful optical computing elements is impossible. RNI devices can be easily integrated. >
Bacteriologic study of suprapubic bladder drainage

Abstract One hundred and sixty patients with apparently normal functioning bladders underwent urethro-supportive procedures and suprapubic drainage. A similar group of patients undergoing the same surgical procedures but with postoperative urethral drainage provided comparative information on the recovery of normal bladder function. Detailed bacteriologic studies revealed that 24 per cent of the suprapubic group of patients developed significant bacteriuria and pyuria following operation. Of the patients with postoperative bacetriuria, 62 were examined and catheterized 6 weeks to 48 months after operation, and only 5 were found to have significant bacteriuria with or without pyuria for a recurrent infection rate of 8.1 per cent. All 5 were treated successfully with antibiotic therapy. The data from this study support the concept that induced bacteriuria as a sequela of temporary bladder drainage in a healthy female bladder is not a significant hazard toward the development of chronic urinary tract infection.
Multimodel evaluation of cloud phase transition using satellite and reanalysis data

We take advantage of climate simulations from two multimodel experiments to characterize and evaluate the cloud phase partitioning in 16 general circulation models (GCMs), specifically the vertical structure of the transition between liquid and ice in clouds. We base our analysis on the ratio of ice condensates to the total condensates (phase ratio, PR). Its transition at 90% (PR90) and its links with other relevant variables are evaluated using the GCM-Oriented Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation Cloud Product climatology, reanalysis data, and other satellite observations. In 13 of 16 models, the PR90 transition height occurs too low (6 km to 8.4 km) and at temperatures too warm (−13.9°C to −32.5°C) compared to observations (8.6 km, −33.7°C); features consistent with a lack of supercooled liquid with respect to ice above 6.5 km. However, this bias would be slightly reduced by using the lidar simulator. In convective regimes (more humid air and precipitation), the observed cloud phase transition occurs at a warmer temperature than for subsidence regimes (less humid air and precipitation). Only few models manage to roughly replicate the observed correlations with humidity (5/16), vertical velocity (5/16), and precipitation (4/16); 3/16 perform well for all these parameters (MPI-ESM, NCAR-CAM5, and NCHU). Using an observation-based Clausius-Clapeyron phase diagram, we illustrate that the Bergeron-Findeisen process is a necessary condition for models to represent the observed features. Finally, the best models are those that include more complex microphysics.
Seasonal Impacts on Bark Loss for Douglas-fir and Ponderosa Pine Harvested on the Pacific Northwest Coast of the USA

Abstract Although only a few harvesting systems today intentionally remove bark prior to transporting logs to the mill, little is known about how much bark is lost during harvesting operations at different times of the year. Depending on where you are located in the forest to mill supply chain, the presence or absence of bark can be seen as a cost or a benefit. Understanding the magnitude of bark loss and the factors that affect it should lead to minimization of the costs and maximization of the benefits. Quantification of seasonal bark loss (expressed as a percentage of the surface area of the stem) for two commercial tree species was conducted monthly over a 10-month period. All assessments were carried out on Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine harvesting operations that were using mechanized processor heads with chains over rubber feed wheels. Over 400 stems were assessed. There was a substantial (up to five times) increase in bark loss during late spring and early summer compared with the winter season. W...
Halothane anesthesia causes state-dependent retrieval failure in mice

Effects of exposure to halothane on memory processing was studied using single-trial inhibitory avoidance learning to measure retention. Mice were anesthetized with halothane either before training, immediately after training, or both before training and before testing. Results showed that memory was not impaired by posttraining halothane exposure, indicating that the anesthetic does not cause retrograde amnesia. Mice trained after recovery from halothane showed a robust memory loss 24 h later. This deficit could be alleviated by reexposure to the anesthetic before the retention test. Mice given multiple training trials following recovery from the anesthetic showed a normal rate of learning when compared with controls, but deficient retention. This indicates that the performance deficit was the result of impaired retention (anterograde amnesia) rather than disrupted acquisition. Anterograde amnesia occurred when training was delayed up to 2 h after recovery from anesthesia. These findings indicate that the memory impairment following halothane anesthesia is the result of a state-dependent retrieval failure.
Application of Inverted Strip Dielectric Waveguides for Measurement of Material Properties at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

An entirely new method for measuring dielectric properties of slab type materials is developed by using a novel dielectric waveguide structure originally designed for millimeter-wave integrated circuits. The method entails the measurement of the stop-band of the grating structure created in the dielectric waveguide. Several examples of measurement results are reported.
AvaII and BglI restriction maps of bacteriophage Mu.

The Ava II and Bgl I restriction maps of bacteriophage Mu were derived by restrictionanalysis of a series of plasmid clones containing segments of Mu DNA which, in combination, covered the entire Mu genome. The plasmids analyzed included pKN36, pKN54, pKN62, pKN50, pKN35, pKN27, pKN48, pKN82, and pKN56 from the collection of W. Schumann and E. G. Bade, and pCM02, a newly constructed plasmid containing the rightmost internal Eco RI- Pst I fragment of Mu DNA. Bgl I cuts Mu DNA at 23 sites, producing 24 fragments which range in size from 0.05 kb up to the approximately 7-kb fragment derived from the right end. Ava II cuts Mu DNA at 17 sites (including 2 within the G segment), producing fragments which range in size from 0.17 to 8.9 kb. The derived maps were confirmed by results of hybridization of 32 P-labeled, nick-translated plasmid DNA to Ava II- and Bgl I-digested Mu DNAs. Evidence for modification of one of the Ava II sites in E. coli was obtained.
Public Attitudes Toward Science and Technology: What Have the Surveys Told Us?

THE 1970s witnessed a growing concern over the possible erosion of public confidence in science and technology, compared to the period following World War II. Fuel for this concern has been provided by the writings of such critics as Theodore Roszak and Jacques Ellul, who accuse science of contributing to everything from air pollution to the dehumanization of society. The media have carried frequent reports of the dangers of nuclear energy, recombinant DNA research, food additives, toxic wastes, and so forth. Public protests against scientific and technological developments have seemingly grown and scientific projects have frequently been ridiculed with "golden fleece" awards for allegedly wasting public funds. These events have not gone unnoticed by the scientific community. The National Science Board (1976) devoted an entire section of its bicentennial report to the concerns of various scientists about the
Electrical activation of the human vestibulo-sympathetic reflex.

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) is modulated on a beat-to-beat basis by the baroreflex. Vestibular input from the otolith organs also modulates MSNA, but characteristics of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex (VSR) are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to elicit the VSR with electrical stimulation to estimate its latency in generating MSNA. The vestibular nerves of seven subjects were stimulated across the mastoids with short trains of high frequency, constant current pulses. Pulse trains were delivered every fourth heartbeat at delays of 300–700 ms after the R wave of the electrocardiogram. Vestibular nerve stimulation given 500 ms after the R wave significantly increased baroreflex-driven MSNA, as well as the diastolic blood pressure threshold at which bursts of MSNA occurred. These changes were specific to beats in which vestibular stimulation was applied. Electrical stimulation across the shoulders provided a control condition. When trans-shoulder trials were subtracted from trials with vestibular nerve stimulation, eliminating the background baroreflex-driven sympathetic activity, there was a sharp increase in MSNA beginning 660 ms after the vestibular nerve stimulus and lasting for about 60 ms. The increase in the MSNA produced by vestibular nerve stimulation, and the associated increase in the diastolic blood pressure threshold at which the baroreflex-driven bursts occurred, provide evidence for the presence of a short-latency VSR in humans that is likely to be important for the maintenance of blood pressure during rapid changes in head and body position with respect to gravity.
An STM Study of the pH Dependent Redox Activity of a Two-Dimensional Hydrogen Bonding Porphyrin Network at an Electrochemical Interface

Studying electron transfer reactions of porphyrin molecules is important for a wide range of applications including biology, molecular devices, artificial photosynthesis, information storage, and fuel cells. It is known that porphyrins adsorbed in a self-assembled monolayer at an electrochemical interface may lose their electrochemical activity. However, the mechanism of the suppressed electrochemical activity is not clear. In this article, the electrochemical behavior of the two-dimensional network structures of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxylphenyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin (TCPP) molecules, formed via intermolecular hydrogen bonding on Au(111), was investigated by electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM). Three types of domains, including a square network with molecules trapped inside, square packing, and hexagonal close-packing structures have been observed under various pH conditions. The difference in STM contrast between oxidized and reduced TCPP allows the slow electrochemical reduction of adsorbed TCPP to be visualized by STM. For the first time, the pH dependent reduction of porphyrins was imaged by EC-STM, revealing the mechanism of porphyrin slow reduction at electrochemical interfaces. TCPP reduction can be accelerated either by tuning the working electrode potential to a more negative value or by lowering the H(+) concentration. A redox reaction model was proposed based on the pH dependent reduction of TCPP to elucidate the fundamental aspects of porphyrin redox reactions.
Imaginative play and imagery learning

The relationship between the amount of imagination exhibited during free play and the effective use of imagery during learning was studied. Eight observations of imaginativeness during play were made for each of 18 children. The subjects also were studied in three conditions of paired associate learning: stimuli presented side by side before or after imagery and stimuli presented interactively. There was a significant correlation between imaginative play and correct recognition of paired associates presented side by side both before and after imagery training. IQ was uncorrelated with either correct recognitions or imaginative play.
Evidence-Based Practice in Provision of Amplification

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has been widely embraced in many healthcare fields as a way of maintaining currency of knowledge and state-of-the-art treatment recommendations in an age of information abundance and rapid scientific progress. Although the principles of EBP are slowly entering the specialties of communication disorders, they are not well known or extensively employed as yet. In this article, the rationale for EBP is presented and differences between EBP and traditional practice are highlighted. The five-step process of EBP is described: defining the problem, searching for evidence, critically appraising the evidence, formulating a recommendation, and assessing the outcome. Critical appraisal calls for determination of the validity, clinical significance, and applicability of evidence. Each of these topics is explored with emphasis placed on the application of EBP to hearing rehabilitation. Finally some suggestions are offered for researchers and practitioners to facilitate a transition to EBP in amplification provision.
Computerized tomography in the management of intracranial bleeding in hemophilia

Computerized tomography was used to evaluate the severity of six episodes of suspected intracranialbleeding in four patients with hemophilia. In all instances the CT scan rapidly provided information on the extent and location of the intracranial hemorrhage. Results of the initial scan provided a rational basis for therapy, and subsequent scans were a noninvasive means of evaluating the effects of treatment. If available, computerized tomography is a valuable aid in the management of the hemophiliac patient with intracranial bleeding.
Health Monitoring and Structural Reliability as a Value Chain

A value chain is defined as an end-to-end solution to a problem, with the beneficiary constituting one end of the chain and the enabling technologies (or parties) making up the rest of the chain. In this context, enabling technologies such as health monitoring, damage detection, and reliability are viewed as sequential components in a chain, with each continuing the chain while adding value to it, so that the aggregate value of the chain can be delivered to the ownership. This holistic view is taken to expose a current imbalance in technology development, and the weak link corresponds to a lack of information that relates technology-investment costs to financial benefits for the owner. Structural reliability, useful life expectancy, and other information of this genre are seen to be keeping the full value of the chain from being realized and appreciated by the ownership. An example of what the desired linkage may be comes from aerospace and mechanical engineering. In the form of so-called symptom-based reliability technology, reliability is quantified for existing structures based on actual usage instead of natural age and measured symptoms instead of idealized model prediction. Hence it is also compatible with current health-monitoring and damage-detection developments (enabling technologies of the value chain). Since the value of the chain is only as (in)effective as its weakest link, it is argued that future research effort should stress balanced development throughout the chain.
Uncertainty explains many aspects of visual contrast detection and discrimination.

More than 20 years ago, Tanner [Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 89, 752 (1961)] noted that observers asked to detect a signal act as though they are uncertain about the physical characteristics of the signal to be detected. The popular assumptions of probability summation and decision variable, taken together, imply this uncertainty. This paper defines and uncertainty model of visual detection that assumes that the observer is uncertain among many signals and chooses the likeliest. With only four parameters, the uncertainty model explains why d' is approximately a power function of contrast ("nonlinear transduction") and accurately predicts effects of summation, facilitation, noise, subjective criterion, and task for near-threshold contrast. Thus the uncertainty model offers a synthesis of much of our current understanding of visual contrast detection and discrimination.
Benefits of Exercise Maintenance After Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Wise EK, Hoffman JM, Powell JM, Bombardier CH, Bell KR. Benefits of exercise maintenance after traumatic brain injury. Objective To examine the effect of exercise intervention on exercise maintenance, depression, quality of life, and mental health at 6 months for people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) with at least mild depression. Design Treatment group participants were assessed at baseline, after a 10-week exercise intervention, and 6 months after completion of the intervention. Setting Community. Participants Participants (N=40) with self-reported TBI from 6 months to 5 years prior to study enrollment and a score of 5 or greater on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Interventions Ten-week exercise intervention program consisting of supervised weekly 60-minute sessions and unsupervised 30 minutes of aerobic exercises 4 times each week. Telephone follow-up was conducted every 2 weeks for an additional 6 months to promote exercise maintenance for individuals randomized to the intervention group. Main Outcome Measure Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) comparing participant outcomes over time. Post hoc analyses included comparison among those who exercised more or less than 90 minutes per week. Results Participants reduced their scores on the BDI from baseline to 10 weeks and maintained improvement over time. Many participants (48%) demonstrated increased physical activity at 6 months compared with baseline. Those who exercised more than 90 minutes had lower scores on the BDI at the 10-week and 6-month assessments and reported higher perceived quality of life and mental health. Conclusions Exercise may contribute to improvement in mood and quality of life for people with TBI and should be considered as part of the approach to depression treatment.
The ontogeny of specific retrograde transport of nerve growth factor by motoneurons of the brainstem and spinal cord.

Abstract Radiolabeled Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) was injected into either the mandibular process of the first visceral arch or the limb bud of chick embryos at Days 3.5–14 or Days 4–13 of incubation, respectively. Control embryos received injections of labeled cytochrome-C or labeled NGF plus an excess of unlabeled NGF. The tissues were then processed for autoradiography. The 125 I-NGF was retrogradely transported by motoneurons of the trigeminal (V) motor nucleus on Days 3.5–8 of incubation, but not at later stages. Similar transport was seen in motoneurons of the spinal cord lateral motor column from Days 4–10 of incubation, but not at later stages. Sensory neurons of the V ganglion and of the dorsal root ganglia transported NGF at all injection ages. In no instance was the 125 I-cytochrome-C transported by sensory or motor neurons. The injection of an excess of cold NGF along with labeled NGF resulted in no evidence of retrograde transport of the labeled NGF indicating that the transport was saturable. The time of transport by these brainstem and spinal cord motoneurons corresponds closely to the points during development at which they have been found to exhibit specific NGF binding. The present results, then, provide further evidence for a possible biological role for NGF during early developmental stages of these motoneuron populations.
Associations among body composition, androgen levels, and human immunodeficiency virus status in adolescents.

Abstract Purpose To investigate whether factors influencing body composition may be unique for male and female adolescents with horizontal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods HIV infected and uninfected youth (aged 13–18 years) participating in the multi-center project REACH (Reaching for Excellence on Adolescent Health Care) had at baseline anthropomorphic measurements including height, weight, bicep, tricep, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold measurements and midarm circumference. Body mass index, muscle mass, fat free body mass, and fat mass were calculated and predictors of these measures were assessed using multiple variable linear regression. Predictors included contraception, HIV status and related variables (CD4 counts, treatment status, and viral load), substance use, androgen levels as well as appetite changes, and bone age. Results In multiple variable linear regression analysis, female adolescents’ body composition was associated with HIV status, CD4 + T cell counts, and free testosterone levels. HIV status was found associated with higher fat and lean body mass, however lower CD4+T cell counts were associated with lower fat and lean body mass. Higher testosterone levels were associated with higher lean and fat mass. For adolescent males, higher total testosterone levels but not free testosterone levels were associated with lower lean and fat mass. Conclusions HIV status was not associated with a lower muscle or fat mass. Different factors influenced body composition for females than males. Higher testosterone levels may be protective against loss in lean and fat mass in females.
Octave-spanning spectrum from a diode-pumped Yb:KYW fs-laser by nonlinear broadening

A Yb:KYW femtosecond laser pumped by single-mode fiber Bragg grating stabilized laser diodes is built and characterized. The output spectrum of the laser and the continuum obtained after broadening in nonlinear microstructured fiber, normalized to different scales were measured and presented. The resulting octave-spanning spectrum, with peaks at 675 nm and 1350 nm, should enable measurement of the carrier-envelope offset frequency and self-referencing.
Down-converters using Schottky-barrier diodes

The analysis of noise in down-converters, in which signal and image ports are equally terminated, is extended to include the effect of a nonlinear junction capacitance. The theory is applied to Schottky-barrier diodes, which are represented by a constant resistance in series with a parallel combination of a nonlinear conductance and nonlinear capacitance pumped in phase. Using numerical optimization procedures, the minimum overall receiver noise figure, the associated conversion loss, and the required optimum external terminations are calculated and compared with experimental results. It is shown that in a resistive mixer with equal termination of signal and image ports, the addition of a nonlinear capacitance can lower the conversion loss substantially; but the overall noise figure remains nearly invariant. A conversion loss as low as 3.5 dB was measured (3.3 dB calculated) for a silicon Schottky-barrier diode operated at 3 GHz, driven by 0.1 mW LO power, and without dc bias. The overall noise figure, including an IF amplifier noise figure of 1.5 dB, however, stays at 5.7 dB (5.5 dB calculated).
Hair Follicle Stem Cells are Specified and Function in Early Skin Morphogenesis

In adult skin, epithelial hair follicle stem cells (SCs) reside in a quiescent niche and are essential for cyclic bouts of hair growth. Niche architecture becomes pronounced postnatally at the start of the first hair cycle. Whether SCs exist or function earlier is unknown. Here we show that slow-cycling cells appear early in skin development, express SC markers, and later give rise to the adult SC population. To test whether these early slow-cycling cells function as SCs, we use Sox9-Cre for genetic marking and K14-Cre to embryonically ablate Sox9, an essential adult SC gene. We find that the progeny of Sox9-expressing cells contribute to all skin epithelial lineages and Sox9 is required for SC specification. In the absence of early SCs, hair follicle and sebaceous gland morphogenesis is blocked, and epidermal wound repair is compromised. These findings establish the existence of early hair follicle SCs and reveal their physiological importance in tissue morphogenesis.
Estimating the impact of good news on stock market volatility

The literature agrees that bad news increases volatility but disagrees over the impact of good news on stock market volatility and often report it as statistically insignificant. This article shows that accounting for endogenously determined structural breaks within the asymmetric Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) model reduces volatility persistence and good news significantly decreases volatility. However, good news does not affect volatility if structural breaks are ignored. We validate our empirical results with Monte Carlo simulations and provide an intuitive explanation for our results. Our results resolve earlier inconsistencies in the literature and have important practical implications for building accurate asset pricing models and forecasting of stock market volatility.
Adsorption Behavior of Cationic and Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures at the Alumina-Water Interface.

The solution and interfacial behavior of surfactant mixtures was investigated using a cationic surfactant, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (IT AC), and a nonionic surfactant, pentadecylethoxylated nonyl phenol (NP-IS), with alumina as the substrate. The cationic lTAC adsorbed at the alumina-water interface as a result of electrostatic attraction at pH -10 whereas the nonionic NP-1S did not. Interestingly, in the mixed surfactant system, the tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride forced adsorption of the NP-IS as a result of hydrophobic interactions between the adsorbed surfactant chains at the alumina-water interface. The adsorption behavior was dependent upon the ratio of the two surfactants in the mixture as well as the order of addition. With an increase in Tf AC content, the adsorption density of NPIS increased and the isotherm shifted to lower surfactant concentrations. The adsorption of IT AC decreased under conditions of saturation adsorption due to the bulkiness of the coadsorbed NPI S as well as competition for common adsorption sites. However. below saturation adsorption conditions, the adsorption of IT AC was increased due to synergistic interactions between the cationic and nonionic heads leading to reduced repulsion among the cationic head groups. Zeta potential measurements showed that, wjth an increase of NP-IS in the mixtures, the positive charge of the lTAC was partially screened by the coadsorbed NP-IS. Surface tension of the surfactant mixtures was also measured, and regular solution theory was used to model the interactions between the surfactants. Monomer concentrations obtained using the theory were correlated with the adsorption tendencies and it was seen that IT AC adsorption corresponded wjth Its monomer concentration but that of NP-IS did not, suggesting the need for adequate theories for interactions between surfactants. Q 1996 Academic ~ Inc.
Superheating limits of liquid helium I

Abstract It is shown that the maximum superheat temperature Δ T max in liquid helium I, determined under steady-state peak nucleate boiling conditions, cannot be realistically estimated from the thermodynamic limit of superheat (spinodal), as has been previously claimed. It is suggested that a more meaningful estimate of Δ T max can be obtained from the kinetic limit of super-heat (homogeneous nucleation temperature). Experimental data on the homogeneous nucleation superheat temperature, Δ T h , in liquid helium I over an extended temperature range are presented and compared with the Δ T max measurements of several investigators. It is pointed out that in any quantitative predictions of Δ T max , a knowledge of Δ T h alone is not sufficient. In fact, the measured value of Δ T max can lie either below or even above Δ T h depending on the bath temperature, conditions of the surface, and the thermophysical properties of both heater and liquid.
Stormtime particle energization with high temporal resolution AMIE potentials

Simulations were conducted to investigate the influence of rapid electric field fluctuations on electron energization in the inner magnetosphere based on the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique. Simulations for four different magnetic storms were run, namely those that occurred on May 15, 1997, May 4, 1998, September 25, 1998, and October 19, 1998. Here, we have examined the formation of high energy (10-1000 keV) electrons in the inner magnetosphere during these storm events with our recently-developed relativistic radiation belt transport code. The point of this numerical experiment is to show that a simulation of a real event must have the high time resolution electric field input files in order to produce the seed population for the radiation belts, which are often observed to increase in the days following a magnetic storm. Specifically, a cadence of the global electric field pattern of 5 minutes or less produces inner magnetospheric fluxes that are larger (by up to several orders of magnitude) than fluxes produced with a longer cadence. Differences were particularly large relative to simulation results with a 3-hour time cadence, analogous to a Kp-driven electric field model.
Lecithin:Cholesterol Aeyltransferase Activation and Lipid Binding by Synthetic Fragments of Apolipoprotein C-I

Peptide fragments of apolipoprotein C-I (apoLP-C-I) have been synthesized by solid phase methodology. After purification, each peptide showed the correct amino acid analysis and was a single band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In density gradient ultracentrifugation with vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, peptide fragments 32-57. 24-57, and 17-57 formed stable complexes while 39-57 did not. With mixed vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol 20 µM of the fragments 32-57, 24-5 7 and 17-57 stimulated lecithin:cholesterol aeyltransferase (LC AT) activity 50,60, and 100%. respectively, of the value found for apolipoprotein C-I, while fragment 39-57 was inactive. The results indicate that residues 17-57 contain the structural requirements for LCAT activation by apoLP-C-I, and that residues 32 57 represent one of the major phospholipid binding regions of apoLP-C-I.
A Model of Dust Fragmentation in Near-Nucleus Jet-like Features in Comet P/Halley

A model for dusty gas flows and dust fragmentation in cometary atmospheres is developed and applied to interpret the dust intensity profiles near the nucleus of Comet P/Halley. It is found that fragmentation is not the only physical mechanism for explaining the dust intensity profiles from the 1/z dependence in the region about 1 to 40 km from the nucleus. A combination of the geometric effect and dust fragmentation is a likely explanation for the profiles.
Monitoring process-induced overlay errors through high-resolution wafer geometry measurements

Controlling overlay errors resulting from wafer processing, such as film deposition, is essential for meeting overlay budgets in future generations of devices. Out-of-plane distortions induced on the wafer due to processing are often monitored through high-resolution wafer geometry measurements. While such wafer geometry measurements provide information about the wafer distortion, mechanics models are required to connect such measurements to overlay errors, which result from in-plane distortions. The aim of this paper is to establish fundamental connections between the out-ofplane distortions that are characterized in wafer geometry measurements and the in-plane distortions on the wafer surface that lead to overlay errors. First, an analytical mechanics model is presented to provide insight into the connection between changes in wafer geometry and overlay. The analytical model demonstrates that the local slope of the change in wafer shape induced by the deposition of a residually stressed film is related to the induced overlay for simple geometries. Finite element modeling is then used to consider realistic wafer geometries and assess correlations between the local slope of the wafer shape change induced by the deposition of a stressed film and overlay. As established previously, overlay errors only result when the stresses in the film are non-uniform, thus the finite element study considers wafers with several different nonuniform residual stress distributions. Correlation between overlay and a metric based on a corrected wafer slope map is examined. The results of the modeling and simulations are discussed and compared to recently published experimental results.
Electron Scattering on Tungsten at 31, 40, and 60 Mev

The cross section for electron scattering by heavy nuclei is model-independent at energies below 60 Mev. The angular distributions of electrons scattered by tungsten at 31, 40, and 60 Mev are self-consistent and give a uniform-model radius equal to $(1.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10){A}^{\frac{1}{3}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm.
Placeless Organizations: Collaborating for Transformation

This article defines and discusses placeless organizations as sites and generators of learning on a large scale. The emphasis is on how placeless organizations structure themselves to carry out social transformation—necessarily involving intensive learning—on a national or global scale. The argument is made that place is not a necessary component of such activity and that lack of a sense of place may be beneficial to the work. The article is intended to contribute to elaborating the cultural-historical dimensions of activity theory by examining a social framework within which significant learning activity occurs.
Annealing effects of phase I poly(vinylidene fluoride)

The effects of annealing temperatures on stretched poly(vinylidene fluoride) film were systematically studied from the “as-received” condition up to the melting range (180°C). X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the annealing process brings about better chain packing and increased crystallite perfection. The elastic modulus and piezoelectric strain and stress constants, d3, and e31, decrease as the annealing temperature Ta increases up to 160°C, while the remanent polarization Pr remains almost constant. Some of these characteritics may be interpreted in terms of a morphological transformation of microfibrils. The values of Pr, d31, and e31 increase dramatically as Ta increases from 160 to 180°C; Pr increases from 56 to 85 mC/m2, d31 from 20.2 to 27.7 pC/N, and e31 from 51.4 to 65.2 mC/m2. As a result, the values of Pr and d31 were the largest recorded from any of the samples used in the present study. e31 showed a value close to the largest one; this usually occurs in unannealed samples. Samples annealed in the melting range also exhibit significantly improved ageing characteristics. The large value of Pr and the small relaxation strength of both the dielectric constant and elastic modulus indicates that the largest crystallinity obtained is approximately 70%.
Humanoid throws inaugural pitch at Major League Baseball game: Challenges, approach, implementation and lessons learned

Three different approaches of having a full-size humanoid throw the first pitch at a Major League Baseball game are tested and implemented. The approaches include kinematic mapping using a motion capture system to capture a human's throwing motion then mapping that to a full-size humanoid. The second method is a fully automated approach that uses the sparse reachable map to provide viable full body throwing trajectories to provide the end effector with the desired velocity. The third approach borrows from the animation industry. The key-frames of the desired trajectory are constructed by hand. The time between each key-frame is defined by the user. Interpolation methods are used to smoothly move between key frames while limiting the jerk. Each method is analyzed and tested in simulation and on physical hardware. The full-size humanoid used is the Hubo series robot. Based on the latter tests one method was chosen to successfully throw the ceremonial first pitch at a Major League Baseball game in April 2012.
Is protein overlap in two‐dimensional gels a serious practical problem?

In a recently published article, Campostrini et al. [Proteomics 2005, 5, 2385-2395] raised questions regarding the utility of 2-D gels in proteomics research. We believe that the authors have overlooked several key issues including the dynamic range of protein expression and the sensitivity of the analytical methods used to explore a proteome. We argue that 2-D gels have and will continue to provide meaningful quantitative data when applied to proteomic analysis and that the practical significance of spot overlap has been overstated.
Singlet exciton diffusion and exciton quenching in phenanthrene single crystals

Abstract Singlet exciton surface processes have been investigated in phenanthrene single crystals with neat crystal surfaces and photo-oxidized surfaces. It is shown that two different surface conditions can be achieved experimentally; namely, an exciton quenching and a non-quenching surface. A quantitative analysis of the observed exciton quenching effect yields a singlet exciton diffusion length of 1380A.
“Some are more fair than others”: fair trade certification, development, and North–South subjects

At the same time as fair trade certified products are capturing an increasing market share, a growing number of scholars and practitioners are raising serious questions about who benefits from certification. Through a critique of north–south narratives, this paper draws on contemporary themes in fair trade scholarship to draw out different ways of thinking about fair trade outside of the dichotomous north–south framing. I argue that, through the creation of fair trade subjects of the “global north” and “global south,” certification has normalized and naturalized dichotomous power relations. The primary concern of this paper is to demonstrate the problems with situating certification and scholarship in the north–south binary and to push examination toward a more nuanced analysis of how certification and development are shaped in-place. This intervention is important for assisting with stepping away from long-standing debates regarding the effectiveness of certification, and additionally in contributing to critical thinking on economic development more broadly.
Dietary Fish and ω-3 Fatty Acid Consumption and Heart Rate Variability in US Adults

Background— Fish and ω-3 fatty acid consumption reduce risk of cardiac death, but mechanisms are not well established. Heart rate variability (HRV) predicts cardiac death and reflects specific electrophysiological pathways and influences. We hypothesized that habitual consumption of fish and marine ω-3 fatty acids would be associated with more favorable HRV, elucidating electrophysiological influences and supporting effects on clinical risk. Methods and Results— In a population-based cohort of older US adults, we evaluated cross-sectional associations of usual dietary fish and ω-3 consumption during the prior year and ECG-derived (n=4263) and 24-hour Holter monitor–derived (n=1152) HRV. After multivariable adjustment, consumption of tuna or other broiled/baked fish was associated with specific HRV components, including indices suggesting greater vagal predominance and moderated baroreceptor responses (eg, higher root mean square successive differences of normal-to-normal intervals [P=0.001]; higher normal...
Variability of the Supersaturation in Cumulus Clouds.

Abstract The quasi-steady supersaturation in cumulus clouds from the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment of 1981 are calculated from measurements of vertical wind, cloud droplet size, temperature and pressure. Mean values and spectral characteristics of the supersaturation are presented. The supersaturation values in 147 cloud regions averaged near 0%, with standard deviations in the (10-m average) supersaturation values that ranged from 0.1% in unmixed regions to about 0.4% in regions about 80% diluted by entrainment. The Eulerian variance spectra for vertical wind, integral radius and supersaturation were determined, and a technique is described for estimating the Lagrangian spectra. The Lagrangian characteristic times for supersaturation were estimated to be about 50 s for mixed regions but substantially larger for some regions with strong updrafts. It is argued that the observed variability in supersaturation is comparable to that needed to account for typical dispersions in droplet size s...