cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Secreted Product of Xenopus Gene lunatic Fringe, a Vertebrate Signaling Molecule

Signaling molecules are essential for vertebrate embryonic development. Here, two Xenopus homologs of the Drosophila gene fringe, lunatic Fringe (lFng) and radical Fringe (rFng), were identified and the protein product of lFng further characterized. The messenger RNA of lFng is supplied as a maternal message. Its product is a precursor protein consisting of pre-, pro-, and mature regions. The mature lunatic Fringe protein is secreted extracellularly, and it induced mesodermal tissue formation in animal cap assays. These results indicate that secreted lunatic Fringe can induce mesoderm and reveal that the Fringe proteins are a family of vertebrate signaling molecules.
A very elementary proof of the Malgrange-Ehrenpreis theorem

JEAN-PIERRE ROSAY: Ph.D. in 1970 at Grenoble (France), under the supervision of Alain Bernard, in functions algebras. Postdoctoral positions: University of Kentucky-Lexington, Universite' Paris-Sud Orsay. Professor: at Marseilles 1973-86, at the University of Wisconsin-Madison since 1986. Places visited for a semester: UCLA, University of North Carolina at Chapel-Hill. Field: Several complex variables.
The dependence of effective channel width of quasi-one-dimensional split-gate devices on carrier density

The effective channel width of quasi-one-dimensional split-gate devices fabricated on a back-gated GaAs/AlGaAs modulation doped heterostructure is investigated as a function of carrier density for different split-gate voltages. For a fixed split-gate voltage, the effective channel width decreases with decreasing carrier densities, which is expected due to increased depletion layer width. The experimental data also indicates that the effective channel width can be modeled to depend approximately on the inverse square root of the carrier density. The results presented are valuable for the design of split-gate as well as new low dimensional device structures.
SU-E-T-168: A Feasibility Study to Use Gamma-Histogram Analysis in Assisting Quality Assurance Criteria for Evaluating Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Treatment Plans

Purpose: To investigate if gamma‐histogram statistical analysis can be used as criteria in establishing clinical action limits for pre‐treatment quality assurance (QA) agreement between planned and delivered dose distributions in volumetric‐modulated‐arc therapy (VMAT). Methods: Radiotherapy patient‐treatment plans were calculated using AAA dose‐calculation algorithm implemented in Varian Eclipse system (v.10). 6 and 10 MV photon beams from a Varian‐Trilogy Linac were investigated. Pre‐treatment QA dosimetry on 102 VMAT plans was performed using an electronic‐portal‐imaging device (EPID) and an ion‐chamber‐based array (MatriXX). Evaluation was done by comparing planned and measured dose distributions using gamma‐histogram analysis for plans grouped by site (head and neck, prostate, brain and lung). Different dose‐difference/distance‐to‐agreement gamma criteria from 3%/1mm to 5%/3mm were evaluated considering only dose levels higher than 10% of the maximum dose. Statistical analysis of gamma histograms included mean γ values (γmean), γ values corresponding to Δ = mean + 1.5 SD (γΔ), and areal percentages with gamma values less than 1.0, 1.5, and greater than 2.0. Average values and standard deviations for each of these five parameters were calculated per site to determine specific action limits. Results: The γmean over all analyzed plans with EPID was 0.42 +/− 0.10 for 3%/1mm and 0.29+/− 0.06 for 3%/3mm, while the corresponding average percentage of points with gamma less than 1 was 95.0% +/− 5.0 and 99.1% +/− 1.6, respectively. The results showed that parameters under the 3%/1mm and 3%/3mm criteria are plan‐site specific while the 4%/3mm and 5%/3mm criteria did not provide statistically significant differences among sites for EPID. Similar trends were observed for analysis using the MatriXX. Conclusion: Statistical analysis of γ histogram parameters is useful to perform pre‐treatment QA for VMAT plans. A specific selected criterion can be used to establish clinical action levels based on clinical acceptability and machine delivery accuracy.
Effects of collembola (arthropoda) and relative germination date on competition between mycorrhizalPanicum virgatum (Poaceae) and non-mycorrhizalBrassica nigra (Brassicaceae)

In this experiment the separate and interactive effects of grazing of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae by collembola and of relative germination date on competition between the mycorrhizal perennial grassPanicum virgatum and the non-mycorrhizal annual cruciferBrassica nigra were investigated. In the absence of competition,P. virgatum mass and P uptake were not affected by collembola grazing; grazing did reduce tissue N concentration and root: shoot ratio. Competition fromB. nigra plants of the same age/size (“simultaneous competition”) significantly reducedP. virgatum total, root, and shoot mass relative to control plants not subject to competition. In contrast, when in competition,B. nigra plants did not differ in biomass fromB. nigra controls grown without competition. Simultaneous competition also reduced N and P uptake byP. virgatum, but not byB. nigra. Grazing by collembola during simultaneous competition increased the differences in nutrient uptake and tended to shift the competitive balance further toward the non-mycorrhizalB. nigra. WhenP. virgatum plants were subjected to competition fromB. nigra plants which germinated three weeks later (“offset competition”) the situation was reversed: offsetB. nigra plants were negatively affected by competition while the larger, olderP. virgatum plants were not. Thus, relative germination date is important in determining the relative competitive ability of these two species. Grazing by collembola did not affect offset competition. The grazing of VAM hyphae by collembola appears to increase N availability in this experimental system. Under simultaneous competition, this N is taken up by the more extensive root system ofB. nigra; under offset conditions, the root system of the smallerB. nigra plants is insufficient to take advantage of the added resources. Thus, we suggest that grazing-induced transient changes in nutrient availability and the differential abilities of the two species to make use of these added resources constitute the mechanisms by which relative germination date and collembola grazing influence competition.
Thermal glycosylations: Reactions of β-cellobiosyl fluoride heptaacetate with tigogenin and its trimethylsilyl ether

Abstract Thermal reaction of β-cellobiosyl fluoride heptaacetate with ticogenin in toluene or o -xylene at 112–142 °C gave ticogenyl β-cellobioside heptaacetate in 69–75% yields with good stereoselectivity. The procedure avoids the use of Lewis acid or traditional glycosidation promotors. The deacetylated product is a hypocholesterolemic and anti-atherosclerosis agent.
Damage tolerance and failure analysis of a composite geodesically stiffened compression panel

A geodesically stiffened continuous-filament composite structural concept has been designed for a transport aircraft fuselage application and fabricated using an automated manufacturing process. Both large panels and element specimens derived from these panels have been experimentally and analytically investigated when subjected to axial compression to understand their buckling, postbuckling, and failure responses. The primary failure mode for this structural concept is skin-stiffene r separation in the skin postbuckling load range. The large panels are subjected to low-speed impact damage and tested to failure in axial compression to evaluate the damage tolerance of this structural concept. These results suggest that damage to the stiffener and a stiffener intersection point from the skin side do not influence the failure load or failure mode of this structural concept. Nonlinear finite element analysis using a detailed element specimen model indicates that failure of this specimen may have initiated at the skin-stiffener flange region close to the stiffener intersection. When the skin is in the postbuckling range at four times its initial buckling load, the interlaminar shear stress concentrations at a region where the stiffener makes a 20-deg turn away from the stiffener intersection seem to initiate panel failure.
Monoamines and memory in mutant mice

A recent study of transgenic mice that lack monoamine oxidase A indicates that norepinephrine may modulate the formation of emotional (fear) memory.
Determining entrance conditions from downstream measurements

Abstract The temperature profile in the entrance region of a thermally developing hydrodynamically developed laminar flow between parallel plates is derived from temperature measurements downstream of the entrance using inverse analysis techniques similar to those used in inverse heat conduction studies. Solutions are obtained for various distributions of measurements. For all cases studied we are able to derive the entrance temperature. In some of the cases we attempted to determine the flow rate also from temperature measurements. This was successful when sufficient measurements were available. The sensitivity of the solution to the distribution and the quantity of measurements is also studied. As expected, we find that measurements closer to the entrance region are more important in determining the temperature profile at the entrance. We also find that the location of measurements is more critical than the number of measurements.
"Dead China-make" phones off the grid: investigating and designing for mobile phone use in rural Africa

Mobile phone users in rural parts of the developing world, especially Africa, adapt to lack of electricity, poverty, remote locations, unpredictable services, and second-hand technology. Meanwhile, the technology developers are forging ahead, designing for "smartphones," high-speed data packets, and Internet access, not the "dumb" phones and parsimonious voice calls of the rural householder. We draw from fieldwork in Kenya with mobile phone owners to relate specific practices and issues facing rural users. Problems such as "spoiled" phone batteries and "China-makes" suggest larger design implications. We use our findings to motivate a design agenda for the rural poor built on the assumption of off-grid use and limited power, simple cheap phones, and Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) protocol. A key part of this agenda calls for developing usable technologies aimed at the infrastructure rather than mobile phone interface level.
Social justice: social work's organizing value.

By virtue of the authority delegated to me, I confer upon you the degree of Master of Arts (in Social Service Administration), and I express the hope that your work will promote the welfare of individuals and the achievement of a socially just society. With these words--for nearly 100 years--the President of the University of Chicago has conferred the social work master's degree and launched the careers of new graduates. This mandate to social work graduates expresses the essential significance of the social work profession and eloquently articulates our inherited challenge. Executive Director of NASW, Elizabeth J. Clark echoed this challenge when she organized both the Social Work Congress and the Public Education Campaign designed to celebrate the past and look to the future as part of the 50th anniversary of the Association (Clark, 2004). She articulated our essential commitment to social and economic justice by noting that there are "those who would like the rest of America to forget that there continues to be much suffering in this great country of ours. They would also like people to forget that individuals of all socioeconomic levels--our families, friends, coworkers and neighbors--increasingly need help in navigating our country's cumbersome and inadequate social support system ... (We must) remind our nation and its leaders about how the social work profession helped make the United States a compassionate world leader in the last century and that social workers continue to advocate for social justice and provide necessary services for all citizens. Our ultimate goal is to reposition social workers as critical contributors, not just value-added resources, in the new millennium" (p. 10) Social and economic justice is the organizing value for the social work profession. It is the basis of our rich tradition and provides new and diverse directions for our future. Social workers were among the early architects of our social welfare system and remain active advocates for policies and programs that preserve and promote the health and well-being of all people. Social workers are trained to understand the political, economic, and social factors that shape the development of social programs and the work we do to implement them. Today, social workers are on the forefront in developing innovative policies and practices in critically important and diverse areas such as the reduction of racial disparities in health and child welfare, end-of-life care, home of relative care, youths aging out of foster care, death sentence mediation, and post-prison reintegration. Identifying that social and economic justice is the organizing value of our profession is essential to our future, to our capacity to survive and thrive as a profession. As is true with all professions, our mission and interests overlap with others: family therapists, teachers, probation officers, nurses, public policy generalists, clinical psychologists, ministers, and physicians. …
HDAC inhibition induces increased choline uptake and elevated phosphocholine levels in MCF7 breast cancer cells.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have emerged as effective antineoplastic agents in the clinic. Studies from our lab and others have reported that magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-detectable phosphocholine (PC) is elevated following SAHA treatment, providing a potential noninvasive biomarker of response. Typically, elevated PC is associated with cancer while a decrease in PC accompanies response to antineoplastic treatment. The goal of this study was therefore to elucidate the underlying biochemical mechanism by which HDAC inhibition leads to elevated PC. We investigated the effect of SAHA on MCF-7 breast cancer cells using 13C MRS to monitor [1,2-13C] choline uptake and phosphorylation to PC. We found that PC synthesis was significantly higher in treated cells, representing 154±19% of control. This was within standard deviation of the increase in total PC levels detected by 31P MRS (129±7% of control). Furthermore, cellular choline kinase activity was elevated (177±31%), while cytidylyltransferase activity was unchanged. Expression of the intermediate-affinity choline transporter SLC44A1 and choline kinase α increased (144% and 161%, respectively) relative to control, as determined by mRNA microarray analysis with protein-level confirmation by Western blotting. Taken together, our findings indicate that the increase in PC levels following SAHA treatment results from its elevated synthesis. Additionally, the concentration of glycerophosphocholine (GPC) increased significantly with treatment to 210±45%. This is likely due to the upregulated expression of several phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isoforms, resulting in increased PLA2 activity (162±18%) in SAHA-treated cells. Importantly, the levels of total choline (tCho)-containing metabolites, comprised of choline, PC and GPC, are readily detectable clinically using 1H MRS. Our findings thus provide an important step in validating clinically translatable non-invasive imaging methods for follow-up diagnostics of HDAC inhibitor treatment.
Exploding out of the MARC box : Building new roles for cataloging departments

SUMMARY A new, less catalog-centric model for library services has begun to develop. There are places within this new model for catalogers and cataloging departments to contribute in new and more challenging ways than has been the current practice. Catalogers will need to apply old skills in new ways and departments will have to restructure in order to facilitate their service. Management of these new departments requires emphasis on different skills from those used in traditional departments.
"What Questions Fascinate Me?" "What do I Want to Know?"

SubStance # 100, Vol. 32, no. 1, 2003 But if there is consciousness, who or what is conscious? Since consciousness seems unthinkable except as a form of representation, how is one to grasp the ultimate subject of that representation? Those subjects keep receding in an endless series of Chinese boxes. The basic dilemma is clear. One can endorse the cognitive theory and discard consciousness or one can endorse the emergent theories and run up against an insuperable paradox. If one discards consciousness, it can be explained (away); if one accepts consciousness it cannot be explained. But must consciousness be understood as an internal state that resists scientific explanation as well as non-paradoxical philosophical description? Can it rather be understood as a worldly, transactional event not confined either to subjective or objective locations? Does understanding consciousness, then, mean giving up on the idea of the “I”? If it does, which absence of the “I” would I prefer? The cognitive absence of the self? Or the Buddhist absence of the self? And who decides? Department of English Wake Forest University
The achievement effects of tardy classmates: evidence in urban elementary schools

In evaluating the deleterious effects of missing in-school time, research has almost exclusively focused on absences, and almost no attention has been paid to tardiness. Hence, this study contributes a new dimension to the field by examining the effects of student tardiness on academic achievement. Employing an empirical model on a large-scale, longitudinal, multilevel dataset of urban elementary school children over 6 years of observations, there are 2 significant findings. First, students with greater tardiness perform worse on both standardized reading and math tests. Second, holding constant an individual's own record of tardiness, students whose classmates are tardy more frequently also have lower test scores. Hence, the achievement gap widens for students in classrooms whose peers have higher rates of tardiness and widens even further for students who also have greater individual levels of tardiness. Policy implications are discussed.
Varieties of Global Integration: Navigating Institutional Legacies and Global Networks in India's Garment Industry

Abstract The ongoing restructuring of the global textile and apparel industry brings renewed attention to processes of industrial upgrading as mechanisms of adjustment to volatile market conditions. This literature has however focused largely on external drivers of adjustment: notably, the 'disciplining' pressures of trade liberalization, insertion of firms within global value chains, the role of foreign buyers, global standards and preferential trade agreements in shaping export performance. I use the case of Indian apparel, and the history of its recent export growth, to highlight the domestic dimensions of export competitiveness. I argue that the role of the state, contradictory institutional legacies of India's Import Substitution Industrialization, contested shifts within local regulatory regimes and the changing structure of the domestic market were of central importance to shaping the incorporation of a shielded industry into the global economy and the nature of its export trajectory.
Gender differences in extreme mathematical achievement: an international perspective on biological and social factors.

Genetic and other biological explanations have reemerged in recent scholarship on the underrepresentation of women in mathematics and the sciences. This study engages this debate by using international data—including math achievement scores from the Third International Mathematics and Sciences Study and country‐level data from the World Bank, the United Nations, the International Labour Organization, the World Values Survey, and the International Social Survey Programme—to demonstrate the importance of social factors and to estimate an upper bound for the impact of genetic factors. The author argues that international variation provides a valuable opportunity to present simple and powerful arguments for the continued importance of social factors. In addition, where previous research has, by and large, focused on differences in population means, this work examines gender differences throughout the distribution. The article shows that there is considerable variation in gender differences internationally, a ...
Effect of Propagation Path Characteristics on Low-Frequency Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Signal Parameters

This work explores the effect of propagation-path characteristics (electrical conductivity of the soil (sigma) and propagation distance (d)) on cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning waveform parameters (rise-time and peak amplitude). The ground wave electromagnetic field propagates long distances (100s of km) over finitely-conductivity soil and can be detected by remote ground-based lightning sensors which respond to the vertical electric field (horizontal magnetic field) component of the resulting waveform. This work has lead to a key insight regarding ground-wave propagation of electromagnetic waves produced by CG lightning. The behavior of waveform parameters (rise-time and amplitude attenuation) as a function of propagation distance (or equivalently, changes in electrical conductivity) is primarily determined by the duration (width) of the initial waveform pulse. This has lead to the inference that the first strokes in CG lightning (which have the widest initial pulse) exhibit the greatest variation in rise-time as a function of distance or conductivity. Conversely, subsequent strokes (which have the narrowest initial pulse) exhibit the greatest attenuation of the field peak as a function of distance or conductivity. Since wider pulses have the greatest dependence of rise-time on the ratio d/sigma, focusing on this sub-population should provide the most sensitive indication of changes in electrical conductivity.
Endothelin receptor blockade has an oxygen-saving effect in Dahl salt-sensitive rats with heart failure.

The effects of endothelin (ET) receptor blockade on energy utilization in heart failure (HF) are unknown. We administered ET type A (ETA), ET type B (ETB), and ETA/ETB antagonists to isolated heart...
Reconstruction of silicon surfaces: A stochastic optimization problem

Over the last two decades, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has become one of the most important ways to investigate the structure of crystal surfaces. STM has helped achieve remarkable successes in surface science such as finding the atomic structure of Si(111) and Si(001). For high-index Si surfaces the information about the local density of states obtained by scanning does not translate directly into knowledge about the positions of atoms at the surface. A commonly accepted strategy for identifying the atomic structure is to propose several possible models and analyze their corresponding simulated STM images for a match with the experimental ones. However, the number of good candidates for the lowest-energy structure is very large for high-index surfaces, and heuristic approaches are not likely to cover all the relevant structural models. In this paper, we take the view that finding the atomic structure of a surface is a problem of stochastic optimization, and we address it as such. We design a general technique for predicting the reconstruction of silicon surfaces with arbitrary orientation, which is based on parallel-tempering Monte Carlo simulations combined with an exponential cooling. The advantages of the method are illustrated using the Si(105) surface as an example, with two main results: (a) the correct single-step rebonded structure [e.g., Fujikawa, Akiyama, Nagao, Sakurai, Lagally, Hashimoto, Morikawa, and Terakura, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 176101 (2002)] is obtained even when starting from the paired-dimer model [Mo, Savage, Swartzentruber, and Lagally, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1020 (1990)] that was assumed to be correct for many years, and (b) we have found several double-step reconstructions that have lower surface energies than any previously proposed double-step models.
Pains and gains: a study of forced terminations

The forced termination of psychoanalysis, such as occurs when the analyst makes a geographic move, uniquely disrupts the analytic setting. This paper recounts the author's experience of terminating a full-time private practice of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy for such a move. The limited literature on the subject is reviewed with a focus on the use of technical variation in the forced termination situation. The author delineates three areas of interaction with patients where technical variation proved in her experience to be of value: dealing with countertransference and counter-reaction, providing information about the move, and the consideration and process of referral for continued therapy. As opposed to what would be predicted from a classical psychoanalytic perspective, the use of such technical maneuvers seemed to facilitate rather than impede analytic work. These variations in technique served at crucial times to maintain the analytic alliance, to preserve the patient's capacity to recognize and make use of transference, and to provide avenues for resolving past traumas in the transference and the actual loss of the analyst. The concept of the analyst as a new or useable object is proposed as providing a theoretical framework for understanding these observations.
Detecting Primary Signals for Efficient Utilization of Spectrum Using Q-Learning

The efficient utilization of underutilized spectrum is the main theme of current research. The cognitive radio with the help of Q-learning algorithm is used to detect the presence of primary signals and utilize the spectrum in the absence of primary signals. The proposed Q-learning algorithm model identifies previously known signals and learns to detect the signals which otherwise could not be detected, and helps for efficient utilization of spectrum. The simulations are further confirmed with results obtained through MATLAB gatool.
Towards an Empirically Developed Scale for System Trust: Take Two

Research on human trust in automated systems has been frequently limited by the use of inappropriate and inaccurate scales of human-machine trust. An attempt is made here to validate a scale propos...
Decrease in stream gravel permeability after clear-cut logging: an indication of intragravel conditions for developing salmonid eggs and alevins

Average gravel permeabilities decreased significantly in an Oregon, U.S.A., stream after 82% of the drainage basin was clear-cut. Patterns remained statistically normal in a stream of an unlogged drainage basin and in a stream in a drainage area that was 25% clear-cut, but with riparian buffer strips about 30 m wide left along the stream. It is cautioned that decreases in yearly permeability values can reflect adverse intragravel conditions for developing salmonid eggs and alevins, even if other environmental changes, particularly the amount of sediment fines in gravel, are not as apparent.
Modification of unit discharges in the medial geniculate nucleus by click-shock pairing

Abstract The present experiment was concerned with some discharge properties of single neurons in the medial geniculate body of the locally anesthetized paralyzed cat. The effect of pairing clicks with paw shock upon discharge rate and pattern was of particular concern. Twelve neurons obtained from 11 cats were studied exhaustively for periods up to 4 hr. Under control conditions, rate stationarity for both spontaneous and click-evoked activity was found in only 3 12 of the units. Click-shock pairing produced rate changes in 10 12 of the cells; an increase in rate predominated. The pattern of discharges was altered in 9 12 of the cells as a consequence of click-shock pairing. Specifically, the initial short-latency discharge was modified; there was a reduction in the proportion of spikes in the first peak to the total number of spikes in the poststimulus time histogram. This reduction was not merely a consequence of increases in over-all rate of discharge. In the case of one cell which was inhibited rather than excited by click stimulation, the click-shock pairing resulted in a reduction in the duration of inhibition. Control findings indicated that the pattern modifications were not due to a change in stimulus intensity, the unconditioned effects of the shock itself, or to an increase in arousal level.
Grey Literature Searching for Health Sciences Systematic Reviews: A Prospective Study of Time Spent and Resources Utilized

Abstract Objective – To identify estimates of time taken to search grey literature in support of health sciences systematic reviews and to identify searcher or systematic review characteristics that may impact resource selection or time spent searching. Methods – A survey was electronically distributed to searchers embarking on a new systematic review. Characteristics of the searcher and systematic review were collected along with time spent searching and what resources were searched. Time and resources were tabulated and resources were categorized as grey or non-grey. Data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results – Out of 81 original respondents, 21% followed through with completion of the surveys in their entirety. The median time spent searching all resources was 471 minutes, and of those a median of 85 minutes were spent searching grey literature. The median number of resources used in a systematic review search was four and the median number of grey literature sources searched was two. The amount of time spent searching was influenced by whether the systematic review was grant funded. Additionally, the number of resources searched was impacted by institution type and whether systematic review training was received. Conclusions – This study characterized the amount of time for conducting systematic review searches including searching the grey literature, in addition to the number and types of resources used. This may aid searchers in planning their time, along with providing benchmark information for future studies. This paper contributes by quantifying current grey literature search patterns and associating them with searcher and review characteristics. Further discussion and research into the search approach for grey literature in support of systematic reviews is encouraged.
Communication networks and the development of romantic relationships: An expansion of uncertainty reduction theory.

This study sought to expand uncertainty reduction theory (Berger & Calabrese, 1975) by exploring network and dyadic correlates of uncertainty and stability in premarital romantic relationships. Respondents completed questionnaires and participated in telephone interviews three months later. Results generally showed that respondents experienced less uncertainty about their romantic partners and were less likely to break up when they communicated more often with their partners' family and friends, received greater support for their romantic relationship from family and friends, communicated more often with their partners, and perceived greater similarity to their partners. Uncertainty combined with the other variables to predict break ups over the three-month period with almost 90% accuracy. However, the presence of collinear lies, the global focus of the study, and the inadequate data base for longitudinal analysis placed several limitations on the findings. These limitations are discussed in terms of the need for more specific research and further theoretical development.
A single electric relaxation time in Ba1−xSrxTiO3 nanoparticles at low temperatures

It is shown that the dielectric response of Ba0.77Sr0.23TiO3 nanoparticles at temperatures below 200 K has a frequency and temperature dependence in agreement with the Debye theory with a single relaxation time, which exhibits the Arrhenius law. By contrast, at temperatures above 210 K the dielectric response exhibits a broad range of relaxation times characteristic of relaxor-ferroelectrics. We suggest that the single relaxation time at low temperature originates from a frustration effect, in analogy with frustrated antiferromagnetism.
Rheological Properties of Pasteurized Liquid Whole Egg During Frozen Storage

Effects of pasteurization and frozen storage on the rheological behavior of liquid whole egg (LWE) were studied using a cone and plate viscometer. Homogenized LWE control and LWE heated at 60°C, 64°C or 68°C for 3.5 min were evaluated during 80 days storage at −24°C. Thixotropic behavior was observed in all frozen samples. Apparent viscosity increased with pasteurization and frozen storage. Unpasteurized LWE exhibited Newtonian behavior throughout storage. Pasteurized LWE flow properties changed from Newtonian to Bingham Plastic during storage. Identification of rheological parameters will help understand the molecular changes that occur during the processing and storage of LWE and help processors monitor LWE quality.
Temporal alterations in protein signaling cascades during recovery from muscle atrophy

Currently, the repertoire of cellular and molecular pathways that control skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy are not well defined. It is possible that intracellular regulatory signaling pathways are active at different times during the muscle hypertrophy process. The hypothesis of the given experiments was that cellular signals related to protein translation would be active at early time points of skeletal muscle regrowth, whereas transcriptional signals would be active at later time points of skeletal muscle regrowth. The phosphorylation status of p38 MAPK and JNK increased at the end of limb immobilization but returned to control values at recovery day 3. Transient increases in phosphorylation and in protein concentration occurred during recovery of soleus muscle mass. Phosphorylation of Akt, p70S6k, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) peaked on recovery day 3 compared with day 0. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta phosphorylation was increased on the sixth and fifteenth recovery day. In addition, transient peaks in seven protein concentrations occurred at different times of recovery: STAT3, calcineurin A (CaNA), CaNB, and beta4E-BP1 protein concentrations peaked on the third recovery day; p70S6k, STAT3, Akt, and GSK3-beta peaked on the sixth recovery day; and GSK3-beta peaked on the fifteenth recovery day. The apexes of STAT3 and GSK3-beta protein concentrations remained elevated for two recovery time points. Thus the time course of increase in molecules of signaling pathways differed as the young rat soleus muscle regrew from an atrophied state.
Effects of blood donation on arterial blood pressure in retired racing greyhounds

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) immediately after collection of blood for transfusion in retired racing Greyhounds. We prospectively evaluated 19 blood donor Greyhounds before and after the collection of a unit (450 mL) of blood. The SABP was measured with Doppler in the right forearm after the dogs had been in the blood collection room for a few minutes (PRE-FLOOR) and again 5-10 minutes after the dogs were placed on the table where they would be bled (PRE-TABLE). A total of 3-5 minutes after completing the blood collection, the SABP was measured again while the dogs were still in lateral recumbency on the table (POST-TABLE) and once more 60-90 minutes later, when the dogs were on the floor after completing the donation (POST-FLOOR). All dogs were monitored for clinical signs of hypotension, including depression, weakness, collapse, and pallor, for a minimum of 2 hours after donation. There was a significant difference in SABP for the group between PRE-FLOOR and POST-TABLE (P = .02) and between PRE-TABLE and POST-TABLE determinations (P = .01). There were no significant differences for any of the other time points; there were no adverse events. Therefore, we conclude that the collection of 450 mL of blood from normal Greyhounds results in a short-lived yet significant decrease in SABP, but the likelihood of adverse events is negligible.
Private sector imprinting: An examination of the impacts of private sector job experience on public manager's work attitudes

What are the attitudes of public managers who have had full-time private sector work experience? Public managers with private sector work experience report diff erent perspectives when compared to their counterparts who have spent their entire careers in the public sector. Th ough private sector work experience negatively correlates with job satisfaction, it only does so for the “new switcher,” whose last job was in the private sector. As careers advance, the negative impact seems to wane, leaving a public sector workforce that, in part as a result of their private sector work experience, are relatively more intrinsically motivated and involved in their jobs. We conclude with discussion of implications for human resources management.
All Text Considered: A Perspective on Mass Digitizing and Archival Processing

Amid stagnant or diminishing resources, archival repositories are increasingly expected to digitize entire collections for the Internet. Yet many cannot eliminate their backlogs of unprocessed collections, let alone digitize and post them online. This article explores the idea of coupling robust collection-level descriptions to mass digitization and optical character recognition to provide full-text search of unprocessed and backlogged modern collections, bypassing archival processing and the creation of finding aids.
Siblicide and Cannibalism in Alaskan Boreal Owls

Fratricidio y Canibalismo en Aegolius funereus La eclosion asincronica puede producir dinamicas de nido complejas que a menudo pasan desapercibidas a menos que los nidos se encuentren bajo observacion constante. El fratricidio y el canibalismo como resultado de agresiones entre hermanos ha sido documentada en muchas especies, pero usualmente estos estudios son inferencias basadas en restos de los pollos en el nido. Como parte de un estudio en curso sobre las tasas de aporte de alimento de Aegolius funereus, obtuvimos material de video de fratricidio y canibalismo dentro de dos cajas nido en las afueras de Fairbanks, Alaska. Debido a la naturaleza del estudio asociado, pudimos correlacionar el aumento de la agresion entre hermanos con las tasas de aporte de alimento y los pesos de los pollos. Encontramos que un periodo de hambruna o de bajo suministro de alimento precedio estos eventos y probablemente fue la causa de la agresion entre los pollos. [Traduccion del equipo editorial]
Methods for the Eigenvalue Analysis

In addition to the matrix-iteration method discussed in Chapter 3, there are several other computer methods that are widely used for solving the eigenvalue problem of vibration systems. Among these methods are the Jacobi method and the QR method. In these methods, which are based on the similarity transformation, a series of transformations that convert a given matrix to a diagonal matrix which has the same eigenvalues as the original matrix are used. Not every matrix, however, is similar to a diagonal matrix, and therefore we find it appropriate to devote several sections of this chapter to discuss the similarity transformation before we briefly discuss the computer methods used for solving the eigenvalue problem of vibration systems. Several definitions will be used repeatedly throughout the development presented in this chapter. Some of these definitions are summarized below.
Get Off My Back! The Impact of Status Distance and Status Change on SocialUndermining

This research examines the conditions under which intragroup status structures can lead to social undermining. Going beyond ordinal measures of status, the present work introduces and highlights the usefulness of capturing status distance and status change. By introducing this additional measurement-based variance the current work is able to predict both when and why differences in status can lead to social undermining. Implications for status theory and the conflicts inherent in group life are discussed.
The influence of retrieval practice on metacognition: The contribution of analytic and non-analytic processes

People may change their memory predictions after retrieval practice using naive theories of memory and/or by using subjective experience - analytic and non-analytic processes respectively. The current studies disentangled contributions of each process. In one condition, learners studied paired-associates, made a memory prediction, completed a short-run of retrieval practice and made a second prediction. In another condition, judges read about a yoked learners' retrieval practice performance but did not participate in retrieval practice and therefore, could not use non-analytic processes for the second prediction. In Study 1, learners reduced their predictions following moderately difficult retrieval practice whereas judges increased their predictions. In Study 2, learners made lower adjusted predictions than judges following both easy and difficult retrieval practice. In Study 3, judge-like participants used analytic processes to report adjusted predictions. Overall, the results suggested non-analytic processes play a key role for participants to reduce their predictions after retrieval practice.
Comparative in Vitro and in Vivo Studies on Long-Wavelength Photosensitizers Derived from Bacteriopurpurinimide and Bacteriochlorin p6: Fused Imide Ring Enhances the in Vivo PDT Efficacy

In situ conversion of bacteriochlorophyll-a, present in Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Rb. sphaeroides) gave bacteriopurpurin-18 in modest yield, which in a sequence of reactions was converted into two series of bacteriochlorins: bacteriopurpurinimide and bacteriopurpurin p6 with and without a fused imide ring system, respectively. To determine the effect of overall lipophilicity in photosensitizing efficacy, these bacteriochlorins were independently reacted with HBr gas and subsequently treated with various alkyl alcohols to afford the corresponding alkyl ether derivatives as diastereomeric mixtures (the R- and S-isomers were obtained in almost equal ratios). Between the two series of bacteriochlorins, the bacteriopurpurinimides containing a fused imide ring system were found to be more effective in vivo (C3H mice bearing RIF tumors). To investigate the effect of the presence of the chiral center at position 3 of the most effective purpurinimide 9 [3(1'-heptyloxy)ethyl-3-deacetyl-bacteriopurpurin-18-N-hexylimide propyl ester], the acetyl group was replaced with a hydroxymethyl substituent and converted into 3(1'-decyloxy)methyl-3-deacetyl-purpurin-18-N-hexylimide methyl ester 26 with a similar lipophilicity. Interestingly, compared to 26, the bacteriopurpurinimide 9 was found to be more effective, suggesting that the chiral center at position 3 certainly plays an important role in photosensitizing activity. Among a series of alkyl ether analogues, between the PDT efficacy and the lipophilicity (log P and log D) calculated by computational methods (PALLAS program), a parabolic relationship was observed to some extent. However, it was limited to a particular series, e.g., compounds with similar log P values between bacteriopurpurinimides and bacteriochlorin e6 did not produce similar in vivo efficacy. As expected, within a series, a linear relationship was observed between the log P values and the HPLC retention times of the photosensitizers. Some of the mitochondrial localized photosensitizers showed a significant peripheral benzodiazepine binding (PBR) affinity. However, limited correlation between PBR binding affinity and in vivo PDT efficacy was observed. Compared to the naturally occurring bacteriochlorophyll-a, the bacteriopurpurinimides with fused imide ring system showed higher in vitro/in vivo stability. In contrast to methyl pyropheophorbide-a, the ester functionalities in bacteriopurpurinimide did not convert into the corresponding carboxylic acid by the enzyme esterases.
Driving force for crystallization of anionic lipid membranes revealed by atomistic simulations.

Crystalline vesicles are promising nanomaterials due to their mechanical stability in various environments. To control their fabrication, it is essential to understand the effects of different expe...
Riboflavin nutrition of sows

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of sows to high levels of dietary riboflavin. Responses evaluated were erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC, a biochemical indicator of riboflavin status) and reproductive performance. In Exp. 1, eight sows were fed diets either slightly deficient or superadequate in riboflavin throughout a reproductive cycle, beginning in midgestation. The EGRAC values confirmed the slight deficiency (P < .01) but did not clearly show a time when the sow is most likely to be deficient in riboflavin. In Exp. 2, 118 sows at two farms were fed diets providing 10 (control, 1.4 times the NRC [1988] requirement estimate), 60, 110, or 160 mg of riboflavin/d for 21 d beginning at breeding, and the control level through the remainder of the reproductive cycle. The percentage of sows farrowing tended to be lower (P < .10) for the control sows than for sows fed the other treatments (66.7, 85.7, 93.3, and 86.7% for 10, 60, 110, and 160 mg/d, respectively). This response is similar to other results reported previously. No other measure of reproductive performance nor EGRAC measured at any of five stages of the reproductive cycle, was affected by treatment. These results suggest that massive riboflavin supplementation of the sows' diet during early pregnancy may increase the percentage of farrowing but does no increase litter size.
A Proposal for the Solution of Quantum Field Theory Problems Using a Finite-Element Approximation

We show that the method of finite elements reduces intractable quantum operator differential equations to completely solvable operator difference equations. Early work suggests that this approximation technique is extremely accurate and very well suited to algebraic manipulation on a computer.
Fractionation of Salad Dressings for Fatty Acid Profile and Soluble Sugar Determination Using the Ultracentrifuge

An analytical method was developed for fractionating small samples of salad dressing for fatty acid profiles and soluble sugar content by using an ultracentrifuge. The extracted oils were characterized and compared with those obtained by the official AOAC ether extraction procedure. Both methods gave similar results for fatty acid profiles and oil recoveries. The fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography. In addition, the sugar content of the aqueous layer of the centrifuged samples could easily be obtained by refractometry. The proposed method is time and labor efficient and eliminates the use of hazardous and flammable ether