cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of apoptosis in LDL transport through endothelial cell monolayers

We have previously shown that leaky junctions associated with dying or dividing cells are the dominant pathway for LDL transport under convective conditions, accounting for more than 90% of the transport [1]. To explore the role of apoptosis in the leaky junction pathway, TNFα and cycloheximide (TNFα/CHX) were used to induce an elevated rate of apoptosis in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) monolayers and the flux of LDL was measured. Treatment with TNFα/CHX induced a 14.8-fold increase in apoptosis and a 4.4-fold increase in LDL permeability. These increases were attenuated by treatment with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Relative to TNFα/CHX treatment, apoptosis was reduced by 3.1-fold and permeability was reduced by 2-fold when the monolayers were treated with both TNFα/CHX and 100µM Z-VAD-FMK. In addition, we tested the effect of simvastatin on the apoptosis and permeability of TNFα/CHX treated monolayers. Apoptosis was reduced by 2-fold and permeability was reduced by 1.42-fold when the monolayers were treated with both TNFα/CHX and InM simvastatin, relative to treatement with TNFα/CHX only. Overall these results demonstrate the potential of manipulating endothelial monolayer permeability to LDL by altering the rate of apoptosis pharmacologically. This has implications for the treatment of vascular disease.
Mathematical formula editor for CAI

Many students in lower grades who study mathematics with computers have difficulty in inputting formulas by using existing methods. It would be much easier for them if they could input formulas naturally, as they appear in textbooks. This paper describes such an interface program module for use in CAI. This module makes it easy for students to input and edit complex formulas solely by key operations, without using a mouse. The difference between the module and existing mathematical expression editors is that it converts formulas into character strings syntactically. In this way, CAI programs can understand the meanings of the formulas.
Visual attention in children with prenatal cocaine exposure

Previous studies have reported that developmental disruption of dopaminergic systems results in lateralized deficits in visual attention (Posner et al., 1991; Craft et al., 1992). Infants who were prenatally exposed to cocaine were hypothesized to have increased reaction times to targets in the right visual field on measures of visual attention compared with infants who were not exposed to cocaine. Seventeen children without prenatal exposure to cocaine and 14 children who were exposed to cocaine (age range from 8-40 months) completed a visual attention task, the Mental Development Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition; and the Preschool Language Scale, Third Edition. Cocaine-exposed children were slower to orient to stimuli in the right visual field after repeated trials, especially after attention was first cued to the left visual field. They were also less likely to orient to the right when given a choice. Results suggest that the left hemisphere visual attention system is disproportionately affected by prenatal exposure to cocaine.
Focused post mortem dissection technique for harvest of rete mirabile in domestic swine (Sus scrofa).

Background Rete mirabile (RM) of the domestic pig is a popular animal model of arteriovenous malformations. The RM (Latin for ‘wonderful net)’ comprises the arterioarterial portal connecting ascending pharyngeal arteries and the internal carotid arteries, which exists in the skull base of even-toed ungulates. Although angiographic access of the RM is relatively easy, its post mortem procurement is complicated and its detailed technique has not been well described. Objective To present our focused post mortem dissection technique for undamaged and complete harvest of the RM. Materials and methods Fourteen domestic (40–70 lb (18–32 kg)) swine were used in this study. Angiographies were performed under general anesthesia in all animals. A 5F Berenstein catheter was used for angiography and a 014 microcatheter was used to obtain superselective angiography. A stepwise surgical dissection technique has been developed to efficiently harvest RM. Angiographic and surgical anatomy were also compared. Results The RM was supplied by bilateral ascending pharyngeal arteries. Bilateral anterior cerebral arteries, middle cerebral arteries, and the basilar system were identified rostral to the RM. Our surgical dissection technique was developed during a project to streamline harvesting of the RM and a stepwise description is as follows: (1) decapitate the swine by removing the head through the plane of the occiput and C1 vertebral body; (2) remove the tongue and oropharynx via a ventral approach; (3) dissect through the posterior pharyngeal wall identifying bilateral tympanic bullae and the basisphenoid bone; and (4) remove the basisphenoid bone about one and half inches above the rostral end of the tympanic bullae to fully expose the rete. Conclusions The RM can be procured efficiently and effectively with our technique, without requiring any sophisticated surgical devices.
Focus on Methodology: Beyond paper and pencil: Conducting computer-assisted data collection with adolescents in group settings

Computer-assisted data collection offers advantages over traditional paper and pencil measures; however, little guidance is available regarding the logistics of conducting computer-assisted data collection with adolescents in group settings. To address this gap, we draw on our experiences conducting a multi-site longitudinal study of adolescent development. Structured questionnaires programmed on laptop computers using Audio Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing (ACASI) were administered to groups of adolescents in community-based and afterschool programs. Although implementing ACASI required additional work before entering the field, we benefited from reduced data processing time, high data quality, and high levels of youth motivation. Preliminary findings from an ethnically diverse sample of 265 youth indicate favorable perceptions of using ACASI. Using our experiences as a case study, we provide recommendations on selecting an appropriate data collection device (including hardware and software), preparing and testing the ACASI, conducting data collection in the field, and managing data.
HFS Job Description Survey: Where We Work, What We Do

This paper reports findings from a survey of members, fellows, and associates of the Human Factors Society living in the continental US. Data are presented on gender, ethnic background, salary, types of organizations in which we work, workgroup size and composition, and activities performed on the job. Analyses are presented by highest degree held and by type of organization.
The Regulation of Phospholipase-A2 (PLA-2) by Cytokines Expressing Hematopoietic Growth-Stimulating Properties

Various growth factors released by macrophages and other cell types modulate normal hematopoiesis. The physiological mechanisms whereby these molecules interact with specific target cells are ill defined. Eicosanoids, the products of fatty acid metabolism, are known to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. The release of membrane-bound phospholipid by phospholipase-A2 (PLA-2) is the first critical step in the initiation of membrane remodeling and eventually eicosanoid synthesis. We report here data that demonstrates how various cytokines exhibit a marked hydrolytic activity mediated through PLA-2 against both [1-14C] oleic acid- and [1-14C] arachidonic acid-labeled Escherichia coli (micelle) substrates. PLA-2 extracts were prepared from neutrophils elicited by injecting rats ip with 8% glycogen. The rate of hydrolysis of free fatty acids from the phospholipid substrate was found to be linear, rapid, and pH dependent and was calculated to be 30 nmoles of phospholipid/hr/mg protein lysate. Cytokines (i.e., interleukin-1 [IL-1, human and murine recombinant, alpha], mouse lung cell-derived colony-stimulating factor [L-CSF], granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [murine recombinant GM-CSF], tumor necrosis factor [murine recombinant TNF-alpha], and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [human recombinant, G-CSF] all induced PLA-2 activity with the release of free fatty acids above basal levels. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-2, (IL-2, human recombinant), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) did not significantly activate PLA-2 hydrolysis. The activation of this membrane-bound enzyme-substrate complex by these growth factors may serve as a mechanism whereby the appropriate target cells expressing receptors respond through either direct or secondary signals leading to the formation of free fatty acids with the eventual synthesis of prostanoid or lipoxygenase products, resulting in cellular proliferation and differentiation.
Movement Commitment among Progressive and Conservative Religio-Political Activists in the United States

In this article, I compare progressive and conservative religio-political activists' commitment to their movements (the religious left and right, respectively). I rely on data from the Public Religion Research Institute's 2009 surveys of individuals they identified as religious left activists and religious right activists. Do these activists actually say they identify with the movement with which pollsters assume them to affiliate? How potentially influential do they perceive their movements to be? Third, to what extent do activists support their movement's core social movement organizations? I conclude by arguing that the evidence is mixed that the American religious left lacks influence because its activists tend not to be unified.
Antibody secretion by human intestinal mononuclear cells from normal controls and inflammatory bowel disease patients.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) intestinal mononuclear cells (MNC) exhibit decreased spontaneous IgA secretion with an increased percentage of monomeric IgA and IgA subclass 1 in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients. When compared with control intestinal MNC, a marked increase in spontaneous secretion of IgG is observed from IBD MNC. The greatest increase in spontaneous IgG secretion is seen with ulcerative colitis intestinal MNC, due to the secretion of large amounts of IgG subclass 1. Crohn's disease intestinal MNC have increased IgG subclass 2 secretion. Similar differences in IgG subclass concentrations also occur in the sera of active, untreated, IBD patients. Therefore, major alterations occur with regard to spontaneous antibody secretion of IgA and IgG subclasses in IBD. Because intestinal MNC comprise a unique immunologic compartment, it will be important to better understand the regulatory mechanisms, effector capabilities, and inducing antigens involved in intestinal IgA and IgG...
Management of Suspected Choledocholithiasis on Intraoperative Cholangiography

Choledocholithiasis is a frequently encountered problem on intraoperative cholangiography at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. While numerous strategies have been described for dealing with this intraoperative scenario, most surgeons employ laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE), open common bile duct exploration, or postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in this situation. It is important to understand the relative outcomes of each of these strategies in terms of stone clearance rates, morbidity, the need for secondary procedures, and other outcomes such as hospital length of stay. Although the data are limited, the initial procedure of choice may be LCBDE through a transcystic approach, followed by either transcholedochal exploration (laparoscopic or open) or postoperative ERCP depending on anatomic factors and available expertise.
Horse and cart: The role of resource acquisition order in new ventures

Abstract Entrepreneurs need to accumulate different types of resources to take the initial steps to grow their ventures. While much is known about the configurations of resources that improve venture success, less is known on how ventures should initially accumulate resources to begin to exploit valuable opportunities. Using agent based simulations, we classify resources by the functions (search and execution) that they provide. We find that acquiring search resources before execution resources leads to more valuable opportunities, but only under conditions of higher uncertainty. We contribute to the entrepreneurial resource acquisition literature by showing how resource order may affect an entrepreneur's ability in opportunity discovery, evaluation, and exploitation. We draw inferences on contingencies that can increase the salience of resource order on venture success.
Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension in the Bariatric Surgery Patient

Obesity increases an individual’s risk for cardiovascular disease by causing a variety of cardiac structural changes, hemodynamic alterations, and metabolic dyscrasias that lead to both myocardial and endothelial dysfunction. Obesity is associated with an increase in both total blood volume and cardiac output due to the increased metabolic demands of excessive fat accumulation. This increased workload leads to an increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy, which predispose to a clinically significant imbalance between perfusion and metabolic demand known as the syndrome of obesity cardiomyopathy (1).
Key Features of Regional Planning

Regional planning has developed along pragmatic lines with relatively little attention to formal theory. It may be premature to expect a fully developed theory in a young and highly disparate field, but it does seem possible to generalize about the common features of regional planning as it has evolved in various countries around the world. Such generalization is not only suggestive of areas for further study but offers the possibility of illuminating a path through the confusing reality with which we must deal. The emphasis here is on problems of broad-scale regional planning, including both urban and rural activities, in developing situations.
Ecological Research Reserve Planning

Guidelines for assessing sites as potential reserves for scientific study tend to be very general. Translating these imprecise qualities into measurable ranking criteria in a large landscape can be particularly challenging. Here, we evaluate the usefulness of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system to assess suitability of sites to serve as a potential new reserve to support the research and teaching mission of the University of California Merced campus. The assessment was performed iteratively at three geographic scales, narrowing the spatial scope but increasing the detail of the criteria at each subsequent stage. The products of the assessment were the identification of a small number of high suitability parcels to be field inspected, and a flexible, transparent framework for assessing new areas in the future. Although the criteria might vary among reserve systems, our basic approach and use of EMDS could be readily adapted to other reserve systems in the U.S. and abroad.
Meninges and Vasculature

This chapter focuses on interactions between the meninges, the vasculature, and the brain during development. In addition to describing the structure of the embryonic and adult meninges, we discuss how different factors secreted from the meninges play a role in neuronal proliferation and migration. In the second half, we describe how angiogenic factors secreted by the brain guide vascular patterning and maturation as well as the formation of the blood–brain barrier. The developing brain, from its very early stages, is encased within a complex meshwork of vascular and mesenchymal cells. The vascular plexus matures along with the brain, establishing a network both within and around the brain to meet its steadily increasing metabolic needs. The meninges develop from a single layer of mesenchymal cells to form a specialized laminar structure that protects the adult brain. What has becoming increasingly clear, however, is that the meninges and the vasculature do not develop passively next to the brain; rather, there is a complex exchange of maturation cues that ensures successful formation of all three structures. This chapter begins with a comprehensive overview of meningeal development and function and highlights work on how the meninges release multiple, diffusible factors that regulate neuronal progenitor behavior and neuronal migration. In the second half, the different stages of brain angiogenesis are outlined and we discuss how the formation and maturation of the brain vasculature relies heavily on signals from the brain itself.
A compressive sensing information aware analog front end for IoT sensors using adaptive clocking techniques

Compressive sensing (CS) is a recent signal processing paradigm that exploits the inherent sparsity in input signal through data compression before wireless transmission. Recent CS implementations have shown impressive energy-efficiencies with good signal recovery but require apriori sparsity estimation and are thus not adaptable dynamic IoT environments resulting in loss of accuracy. This paper describes an information-aware compressive sensing architecture that leverages advances in data analytics to achieve ultra low-power operation while maintaining high reconstruction accuracy. Matrix-multiplication for feature-extraction and classification are implemented through scalable and reconfigurable switched-capacitor design approaches with variable power consumption up to 3 uW. The outcome of this approach enables transmission of either features, compressed or raw data as desired to achieve higher SNR at lower overall power consumption.
"Pin the Tumor on the Kidney:" An Evaluation of How Surgeons Translate CT and MRI Data to 3D Models.

Abstract Objective To quantify how surgeons translate 2-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to a 3-dimensional (3D) model and evaluate if 3D printed models improve tumor localization. Materials and Methods Twenty patients with renal masses were randomly selected from our institutional review board approved prospective 3D modeling study. Three surgeons reviewed the clinically available CT or MRI data; and using computer-aided design software, translated the renal tumor to the position on the kidney that corresponded with the image interpretation. The renal tumor location determined by each surgeon was compared to the true renal mass location determined by the segmented imaging data and the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) was calculated to evaluate the spatial overlap accuracy. The exercise was repeated for a subset of patients with a 3D printed model. Results The mean DSC was 0.243 ± 0.236 for the entire cohort (n = 60). There was no overlap between the actual renal tumor and renal tumor identified by the surgeons in 16 of 60 cases (26.67%). Seven cases were reviewed again by 2 surgeons in a different setting with a 3D printed renal cancer model. For these cases, the DSC improved from 0.277 ± 0.248 using imaging only to 0.796 ± 0.090 with the 3D printed model (P Conclusion In this study, cognitive renal tumor localization based on CT and MRI data was poor. This study demonstrates that experienced surgeons cannot always translate 2D imaging studies into 3D. Furthermore, 3D printed models can improve tumor localization and potentially assist with appropriate surgical approach.
EFFECTS OF CHRONICALLY ELEVATED PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND FLOW ON RIGHT VENTRICULAR AFTERLOAD

The effects of pulsatile hemodynamics on right ventricle-pulmonary circulation interactions were studied in control lambs and in two lamb models of altered pulmonary hemodynamics induced at infancy...
Ring–Chain Equilibria

Cyclic species are amazingly common amongst the products from polymerization reactions and occur in many different circumstances. Step reaction polymerization almost invariably leads to a sizeable fraction of cyclics of various sizes besides linear chains, and a considerable portion of a high molecular weight material may consist of rings. Of interest here are the concentrations of cyclics under conditions where chain–ring equilibria are established.
Development of a Conceptual Model to Predict Physical Activity Participation in Adults with Brain Injuries.

The purpose was to examine psychosocial factors that influence the physical activity behaviors of adults with brain injuries. Two differing models, based on Harter’s model of self-worth, were proposed to examine the relationship between perceived competence, social support, physical self-worth, affect, and motivation. Adults numbering 384 with brain injuries completed a series of questionnaires measuring each psychosocial variable. The structural analysis indicated a nonsignificant chi squared value and good fit indices for model two which included affect as the mediating variable. Findings indicate that affect is critical in shaping the physical activity cognitions and behaviors of adults with brain injuries. Suggestions are made on practical ways to enhance affect and subsequently physical activity participation.
Liquid Crystalline Order in Polymers Containing Elements of Mesogenic Structure

Polymers which spontaneously, in bulk or solution, generate liquid crystalline domains have a positional and orientational molecular order which is intermediate between that of molecular crystals and of liquids.
Integrin α-3 ß-1's central role in breast cancer, melanoma and glioblastoma cell aggregation revealed by antibodies with blocking activity.

Breast cancer, melanoma and glioblastoma cells undergo cell-mediated aggregation and aggregate coalescence in a transparent 3D Matrigel environment. Cells from normal tissue and non-tumorigenic cel...
Heidegger, the Fourfold and Luce Irigaray’s To Be Born: An Architectural Perspective

Henceforth, it is no longer a matter of merely modifying existing design methods or of adapting building techniques; architecture has to address the unsustainable situation of the human being. Luce Irigaray’s philosophy in To Be Born: Genesis of a New Human Being is radical in this respect. It encompasses environmental, social, cultural and political concerns and, at a practical level, calls on us to find our freedom—breathing by ourselves—and to take responsibility for our growing and blossoming as human beings. This is really not an easy task. It represents a provocation to change—to change ourselves, our societies, and our understanding of human rights.
Feasibility of 13N-ammonia production by 13C(p,n)13N reaction on a 7.5 MeV cyclotron

663 Objectives: 13N-ammonia is commonly produced using 16O(p, α)13N reaction but one of the limiting factor of this reaction is the relatively small reaction cross-section at proton energies of <10 MeV. An alternative N-13 ammonia production method using 13C(p,n)13N reaction is more suitable for a preclinical or small PET imagining facility equipped with a <10 MeV cyclotron which has a higher cross-section can be used. We report a novel practical and single-step method for the production of 13N-ammonia using 10% 13CH3OH/H2O solution target on a 7.5 MeV ABT BG-75 cyclotron. Methods: A solution (80 µl capacity) target constructed with tantalum consisting of a havar window supplied by ABT Molecular Inc for the production of 18F-fluoride was used without any modifications. Optimization of the reaction parameters was made thus; target solutions of various percentages of methanol (13C, 99% enrichment) solution were made with Milli-Q type 1 Ultrapure water and used to obtain maximum 13N-ammonia dose after bombardment. Target currents ranging from 0.5-2.5 µA were used as well as various bombardment times (2.0-10 min) were also investigated. Half-life determination and USP-monographed ion exchange analytical HPLC were used to identify the radionuclide. After the bombardment, an injectable solution was prepared by making it isotonic and filtering it through a 0.2 µm syringe filter. Doses were also assayed for the presence of methanol by gas chromatography (GC). Small animal PET/CT imaging was conducted in CD-1 mice (20-30 g) at 5 min after injection of 13N-ammonia (~8 MBq). Results: The product yield varied between 14.8-180.2 MBq, with decay correction, depending on the target current and duration of bombardment. Not much difference in the yield was observed with increased percentage of methanol (13C) in the target solution. A maximum yield of 180.2 MBq was obtained after a 10 min bombardment at a target current of 2.4 µA. We maintained target current at
Phenomenology in Sociology

This article discusses the analytical approaches to the study of how cognitions and perceptions of social reality are reviewed under the rubric of phenomenological sociology. The roots of this stream of thought are traced through founders, modifiers, and adapters. Analytical and research techniques are presented along with discussions of a variety of applications to substantive areas of study. Recent trends, directions, and potentials in this field of inquiry are assessed.
Making (Branded) News: The Corporate Co-optation of Online Journalism Production

As traditional news outlets decline and corporations cultivate publisher ambitions, brand journalism (i.e., native advertising and content marketing) has grown robustly. This paper examines and cri...
Using a reasoned action approach to identify determinants of organized exercise among Hispanics: a mixed-methods study

Research on Hispanics’ activity preferences suggest that they prefer engaging in group-oriented physical activities, such as organized exercise. Yet, little is known about pathways to participation in organized exercise among Hispanics. This study used a reasoned action approach (RAA) framework to explore beliefs and determinants of organized exercise among Hispanics. Specifically, we examined the impact of participants’ intentions on reported organized exercise behavior, and the relation between intentions and attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and self-efficacy. Our mixed-methods study was part of a larger pre-post design intervention study. Participants completed an interview containing open- and closed-ended questions to identify salient beliefs and practices about attending organized exercise activities. We conducted two separate regression models to assess the effects of intentions on behavior (n = 330) and the associations of RAA constructs on intentions (n = 101), both adjusting for demographics. Qualitative analysis of a sub-sample (n = 105) of responses to open-ended questions identified salient beliefs related to organized exercise attendance. Our results showed that intentions predicted behavior at follow up (IRR = 2.03, p < .05), and that attitudes and perceived behavioral control were associated with intentions (β = .36, p < .05; β = .36, p <. 05, respectively). Qualitative findings suggest participants value health and the behavioral benefits of attending organized exercise activities; feel approval from family and friends; and identify transportation, time, distance, and costs as factors that influence their attendance to organized exercise activities. Consistent with theoretical expectations, we identified statistically significant determinants of intentions and attendance to organized exercise. Findings can inform the development of persuasive messages and interventions to promote exercise in low-income Hispanic populations facing obesity disparities.
Microsurgical Gross Total Resection of Foramen Magnum Meningioma via Far Lateral Approach.

Foramen magnum meningiomas are one of the most challenging tumors for skull base neurosurgeons due to their proximity to critical neurovascular structures. The far-lateral approach demonstrated here facilitates access to lesions involving the anterior portion of the foramen magnum. In this video, we present a 62-year-old woman with hand numbness and weakness. The patient had significant difficulty in fine motor movements of both hands. In the neurological examination, she had a significant right-hand intrinsic muscle weakness and mild quadriparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a dural-based homogeneously enhancing extra-axial mass in the anterior foramen magnum with a significant mass effect on the brain stem and the upper cervical cord. The decision was made to proceed with a far lateral transcondylar skull base approach including partial C1 laminectomy. The surgery and postoperative course were uneventful. The postoperative MRI showed gross total resection of the mass. The histopathology indicated a WHO (World health Organization) grade-I meningioma. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. She improved to normal neurological function within several weeks and continues to do well without recurrence at 20 months' follow-up. In this video, we demonstrated important steps for the microsurgical resection of these challenging lesions. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/_nuX2Y7YU9w .
Book Review—Reclaiming Community: Race and the Uncertain Future of Youth Work

Reclaiming Community: Race and the Uncertain Future of Youth Work (Baldridge, 2019) presents a case study of a community-based after-school organization that supports youth cultural, identity, academic, and political development. This book highlights the organization as it tries to navigate neoliberal educational reforms.
The Role of the Centrosome in Development and Progression of Breast Cancer

The centrosome is the major microtubule organizing center in most mammalian cells, and as such it determines the number, polarity, and spatial distribution of microtubules (MTs). Interphase MTs, together with actin and intermediate filaments, constitute the cell's cytoskeleton, which dynamically maintains cell polarity and tissue architecture. Interphase cells begin Gl of the cell cycle with one centrosome. During S phase, the centrosome duplicates concomitantly with DNA replication. Duplicated centrosomes usually remain in close proximity to one another until late G2, at which time they separate and then move during prophase to become the poles that organize the bipolar mitotic spindle. During the G2/M transition, interphase MTs depolymerize and a new population of highly dynamic mitotic MTs are nucleated at the spindle poles. The bipolar mitotic spindle apparatus constitutes the machinery that partitions and separates sister chromatids equally between two daughter cells.
Security Fault Tolerance for Access Control

This paper describes an approach to the security fault tolerance of access control in which the security breaches of an access control are tolerated by means of a security fault tolerant (SFT) access control. Though an access control is securely designed and implemented, it can contain faults in development or be contaminated in operation. The threats to an access control are analyzed to identify possible security breaches. To tolerate the security breaches, an SFT access control is made to be semantically identical to an access control. Our approach is described using role-based access control (RBAC) and extended access control list (EACL). A healthcare system is used to demonstrate our approach.
Perspectives, pillars, and examples of polymer reaction engineering in the 21st century

Abstract In this chapter, we reflect on the very definition of polymer reaction engineering (PRE) now versus from its origin paying homage to original pillars of the field and the trajectory it has evolved along to date. We open with a collection of perspectives from direct conversations with former chairs of the Polymer Reaction Engineering conference series as well as a selection of major contributors that we had the opportunity to ask. We highlight the common threads and themes both on the origins of the field, birthed from chemical reaction engineering, and the noted challenges we are facing today. We project examples of the future direction of PRE with commentary and describe our confidence in the continued needs for our expertise with new polymer classes and markets. Now nearly a century from the birth of the synthetic macromolecular market, we also remark on the critical role of the determination of reaction rate coefficients by our PRE community as well as a perspective on a basis for the continued challenge to directly determine those for certain monomers that have been in use for many decades. Here, we contrast direct analytical determination by pulsed-laser polymerization methods, coupled with molecular weight distribution analysis, with modeling based approaches extrapolating from kinetics output. We are encouraged by the impact PRE has made through the 20th century and we are certain the field and society will feel the same as we continue to contribute through the 21st century.
A challenging frontier - the genomics and therapeutics of nonclear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Purpose of review As molecular profiling of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) continues to elucidate novel targets for nonclear cell histologies, understanding the landscape of these targets is of utmost importance. In this review, we highlight the genomic landscape of nonclear cell RCC and its implications for current and future systemic therapies. Recent findings Several genomic studies have described the mutational burden among nonclear cell histologies. These studies have highlighted the importance of MET in papillary RCC and led to several clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of MET inhibitors for papillary RCC. The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as ipilimumab and nivolumab, in clear cell RCC has led to ongoing trials evaluating these novel therapeutics in nonclear cell RCC. Summary Genomic profiling has allowed for the evaluation of novel targets for nonclear cell RCC. This evolving therapeutic landscape is being explored in promising, ongoing trials that have the potential for changing how nonclear cell RCC is managed.
Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Cybersecurity

This study examines the cybersecurity responses by organizations to threats. Based on the notions of exploration and exploitation, this study developed a 2 × 2 matrix to characterize organizational...
Impact of the Swank and Wahls elimination dietary interventions on fatigue and quality of life in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: The WAVES randomized parallel-arm clinical trial:

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of the modified Paleolithic elimination (Wahls) and low-saturated fat (Swank) diets in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).MethodsIndividuals (n = 87) with RRMS were random...
Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II. A novel tumor-derived polypeptide that activates host-response mechanisms

An important means by which tumor cells influence the vasculature is through the production of soluble mediators altering vascular properties. A approximately 22-kDa polypeptide was purified to homogeneity from conditioned medium of murine methylcholanthrene A (meth A) fibrosarcoma cells by ion-exchange chromatography and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), based on its ability to induce tissue factor procoagulant activity in endothelial cells (ECs). The final product migrated as a broad band on reduced and nonreduced SDS-PAGE and had an unique amino-terminal sequence. This meth A-derived polypeptide modulated EC coagulant properties through the induction of tissue factor, induced monocyte migration and tissue factor expression, and was also chemotactic for granulocytes. Injection of the polypeptide into mouse footpads resulted in an inflammatory response with tissue swelling and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. The ability of this mediator to activate ECs and monocytes has led us to name it EMAP II (endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide). EMAP II is distinct from a previously described approximately 40-kDa meth A-derived polypeptide termed EMAP I. Through its potential to activate host effector mechanisms, EMAP II could contribute to the biology of immunogenic tumors, such as the meth A fibrosarcoma.
Bacillus subtilis (natto) plasmid pLS20 mediates interspecies plasmid transfer

The 55-kilobase plasmid, pLS20, of Bacillus subtilis (natto) 3335 promotes transfer of the tetracycline resistance plasmid pBC16 from B. subtilis (natto) to the Bacillus species B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, and B. thuringiensis. Frequency of pBC16 transfer ranged from 2.3 x 10(-6) to 2.8 x 10(-3). Evidence for a plasmid-encoded conjugationlike mechanism of genetic exchange includes (i) pLS20+ strains, but not pLS20- strains, functioned as donors of pBC16; (ii) plasmid transfer was insensitive to the presence of DNase; and (iii) cell-free filtrates of donor cultures did not convert recipient cells to Tcr. Cotransfer of pLS20 and pBC16 in intraspecies matings and in matings with a restriction-deficient B. subtilis strain indicated that pLS20 was self-transmissible. In addition to mobilizing pBC16, pLS20 mediated transfer of the B. subtilis (natto) plasmid pLS19 and the Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pUB110. The fertility plasmid did not carry a selectable marker. To facilitate direct selection for pLS20 transfer, plasmid derivatives which carried the erythromycin resistance transposon Tn917 were generated. Development of this method of genetic exchange will facilitate the introduction of plasmid DNA into nontransformable species by use of transformable fertile B. subtilis or B. subtilis (natto) strains as intermediates.
Growth kinetics of microorganisms isolated from Alaskan soil and permafrost in solid media frozen down to -35°C.

We developed a procedure to culture microorganisms below freezing point on solid media (cellulose powder or plastic film) with ethanol as the sole carbon source without using artificial antifreezes. Enrichment from soil and permafrost obtained on such frozen solid media contained mainly fungi, and further purification resulted in isolation of basidiomycetous yeasts of the genera Mrakia and Leucosporidium as well as ascomycetous fungi of the genus Geomyces. Contrary to solid frozen media, the enrichment of liquid nutrient solutions at 0°C or supercooled solutions stabilized by glycerol at −1 to −5°C led to the isolation of bacteria representing the genera Polaromonas, Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter. The growth of fungi on ethanol–microcrystalline cellulose media at −8°C was exponential with generation times of 4.6–34 days, while bacteria displayed a linear or progressively declining curvilinear dynamic. At −17 to −0°C the growth of isolates and entire soil community on 14C-ethanol was continuous and characterized by yields of 0.27–0.52 g cell C (g of C-substrate)−1, similar to growth above the freezing point. The ‘state of maintenance,’ implying measurable catabolic activity of non-growing cells, was not confirmed. Below −18 to −35°C, the isolated organisms were able to grow only transiently for 3 weeks after cooling with measurable respiratory and biosynthetic (14CO2 uptake) activity. Then metabolic activity declined to zero, and microorganisms entered a state of reversible dormancy.
The Anticarcinogenic Effect of trans-11 18:1 Is Dependent on Its Conversion to cis-9, trans-11 CLA by Δ9-Desaturase in Rats

The present study was designed to determine whether the ability of vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1; VA) to reduce the risk of chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats is direct or is mediated via conversion to cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). We previously reported that dietary VA caused a dose-dependent increase in the accumulation of CLA in the mammary fat pad, which was accompanied by a parallel decrease in the risk of mammary tumorigenesis. Specifically, our objective was to determine whether inhibiting Delta9-desaturase with cyclopropenoic fatty acids, supplied by sterculic oil (SO), would reverse the cancer-protective effect observed with a dietary supplement of VA-enriched butter. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with a single dose of carcinogen (methylnitrosourea) and were fed 1 of 4 diets: 1) low VA (0.13% of diet), 2) low VA + SO (0.4% of diet), 3) high VA (1.60% of diet), and 4) high VA + SO. After 6 wk, the mammary glands were evaluated histologically for the appearance of premalignant lesions and were stained with bromodeoxyuridine to determine the extent of cell proliferation, and fatty acids were analyzed in plasma, liver, and mammary fat pad. The VA-enriched diet increased the tissue content of CLA, reduced the risk of developing premalignant lesions, and decreased the proliferative activity of premalignant cells in the mammary gland. Treatment with SO reversed the effects of VA. The anticarcinogenic effect of VA is predominantly, perhaps exclusively, mediated through its conversion to cis-9, trans-11 CLA via Delta9-desaturase, and when this conversion is blocked by SO, the biological response to VA is attenuated.
Guns in the Anglo-American democracies: explaining an American exception

This article looks to the founding fragment analytical tradition in search of an explanation for America's unique relationship with guns, reviewing key aspects of gun control policy and gun-related culture in the USA and four other Anglo-American societies: Australia, Canada, England, and New Zealand. The discussion that follows argues that only contributors to the fragment tradition that identify considerable differentiation between the USA and Canada can plausibly explain the former's relationship with guns. Finally, the conclusion argues that it was the American Revolution's amplification of the effects of ideological fragmentation from Europe that best explains the American gun exception.
Guided Instruction Improves Elementary Student Learning and Self-Efficacy in Science

ABSTRACTThe authors investigated whether the amount of instructional guidance affects science learning and self-efficacy. Sixty 9- and 10-year-old children were randomly assigned to one of the following three instructional conditions: (a) guided instruction consisting of examples and student-generated explanations, (b) direct instruction consisting of a lecture and examples, and (c) minimal instruction consisting of student directed discovery. Children who received guided instruction designed a greater percentage of experiments correctly and self-reported greater changes in science self-efficacy than children in the other conditions. No statistically significant differences were observed between direct and guided instruction on outcome measures of cued recall, application and evaluation. However, both conditions performed statistically higher on these outcome measures relative to the minimal instruction condition.
New Charge-Storage Effect in Silicon p − i − n Diodes at Cryogenic Temperatures

A peak was observed in the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ characteristic of silicon $p\ensuremath{-}i\ensuremath{-}n$ diodes at liquid-helium temperatures when the voltage was changed rapidly in the reverse-bias direction. The size and structure of the peak were dependent upon the integrated incident light, or forward injection. The intrinsic rise time of the peak was found to be less than 0.3 nsec.
Chromatin nucleoprotein complexes containing tightly bound c-abl, p53 and bcl-2 gene sequences: correlation with progression of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

We previously developed a technique to isolate subchromatin nucleoprotein complexes (NPC) that contain tightly bound genes and enzymatic activities. NPC fractions (NPCF) were prepared by directly treating isolated nuclei with MspI to generate six NPCF (S1, M1, S2, M2, 0.1K and R). The NPCF have been used to predict the potential efficacy of interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) [Nicolson et al., Gene 159 (1995) 105-111]. Here, the NPCF were probed for the presence of tightly bound c-abl, p53 and bcl-2 genes. We found that the NPCF isolated from the nuclei of leukocytes of normal individuals rarely contained detectable quantities of tightly-bound c-abl, p53 or bcl-2 genes or gene sequences, whereas in CML nuclei these genes were often found in tight association with multiple NPCF. Examination of NPCF isolated from the leukocyte nuclei from patients with highly progressive CML for the presence of the three genes revealed that more NPCF contained the three tightly-bound genes than leukocyte NPCF from patients with stable or less progressed CML. These data suggest that as CML progresses to more malignant states, oncogenes, suppressor genes and apoptosis-associated genes become tightly associated with NPCF
Approximating the noninferior set in linear biobjective programs using multiparametric decomposition

Abstract An algorithm is developed to generate an approximate representation of the noninferior set in the objective space for linear biobjective programs. A sharp measure of geometrical error based on multiparametric decomposition is used to obtain a subset of the noninferior objective vectors distributed over the entire noninferior set. The deviation of the approximate representation from the exact noninferior set in the objective space can be controlled by specifying the maximum possible deviation. The algorithm attempts to select each additional noninferior objective vector to be included in the approximation to reduce the deviation as quickly as possible.
Viral Infections and Diseases of the Endocrine System

The etiology of most endocrine disorders remains unknown. Although viruses have been suggested as possible etiologic agents, this area has received relatively little attention. Scattered throughout the literature, however, are a number of case reports which contain clinical and pathological evidence of endocrine involvement during and after certain viral infections. The purpose of this report is to review the clinical and experimental literature, critically examine the relationship between viral infections and endocrine disease, and discuss experimental approaches which might aid in studying the effect of viruses on endocrine function.
Serum and liver lipids of rats fed cocoa butter, corn oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil and cholesterol

Abstract Male Wistar rats were fed semipurified diets containing 10% fat and 0.4% cholesterol for three weeks. The fats were cocoa butter, corn oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil. Rats fed corn oil gained more weight than those fed the other fats. Serum cholesterol levels of rats fed cocoa butter or corn oil were similar and significantly lower than those of rats fed palm kernel or coconut oils whose cholesterol levels were also similar. Rats fed cocoa butter had lower liver cholesterol (39–52%) and triglyceride (28–67%) levels than rats fed the other fats. Serum and liver fatty acid spectra resembled those of the dietary fats except for the high levels of arachidonic acid in livers of rats fed cocoa butter. Despite its low iodine value cocoa butter does not exhibit hyperlipidemic properties.
Detection and characterization of blood group antigens on untransformed human amnion cells.

Amnion cells, primary and in culture, along with the infant's own erythrocytes, were tested by mixed agglutination for blood groups A, B, H, M, N, Tja, Rho(D), Yta, I and i. Studies were carried out on cell cultures ranging in age from one day to 39 days. Only A, B, H, Tja, I and i could be demonstrated on amnion cells. Decrease in the number of cells positive for Tja, and possibly for A and B, was observed in the course of cell passages. In cultures positive for H, the percentage of positive cells, although small, generally continued as long as the culture was studied.