cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are existing ancillary service markets adequate with high penetrations of variable generation

The inherent variability of wind generation may 1) increase the operating costs of the conventional generators used to follow the net load not supplied by wind capacity (i.e. due to additional ramping costs), and 2) increase the amount of reserve conventional generating capacity needed to maintain Operating Reliability. For customers, the higher operating costs for conventional generators caused by additional ramping are largely offset by lower wholesale prices, due to reductions in the total annual generation from fossil fuels. However, the lower wholesale prices ($/MWh) imply lower annual earnings for conventional generators that lead to higher amounts of missing money ($/MW) needed to maintain the Financial Adequacy of installed generating units. In addition, the operating costs for the generating units that provide ramping will be higher, and these costs are not covered in the standard markets that supply regulation. The objective of this paper is to determine how wind variability affects the optimal hour-to-hour dispatch of generating units and the corresponding operating costs and wholesale prices. The results show that incorporating the cost of ramping can have substantial effects on these costs and on the optimum amount of wind capacity dispatched and the amount of reserve generating capacity needed for reliability. The Cornell SuperOPF is used to illustrate how the operating costs and wholesale prices can be determined for a reliable network (the amount of conventional generating capacity needed to maintain Operating Reliability is determined endogenously). In previous research using the SuperOPF, the analyses have been based on optimizing the dispatch and reserves for typical hours. In contrast, the results in this paper use a typical daily pattern of load and capture the cost of ramping by including additions to the operating costs of the generating units associated with the hour-to-hour changes in their optimal dispatch. The calculations for determining endogenous up and down reserves are included, and the wind generation cost is assumed to be zero. Additionally, the maximum and minimum available capacities for all hours in the day are constrained to the optimal capacities for the hours with the highest and the lowest loads. Different scenarios are evaluated for a given hourly realization of wind speeds using specified amounts of installed wind capacity with and without ramping costs. The analysis also evaluates the effects of eliminating network constraints and the daily variability of the wind resource.
Law, Principle, and the Theologico-Political History of Sovereignty

AbstractThis article takes it cue from the debate between Carl Schmitt and Erik Peterson regarding the possibility of political theology within Christianity, and in response, offers a conceptual-historical portrait of sovereignty and its juridical dimensions. Beginning with the introduction of Roman law into the medieval Church, the article traces the logic of “legal principle” as the basis of sovereign decision and how the form of legal distinctions adopted into canon law translate the Romanitas of law into the theory of papal sovereignty. By the Romanitas of law, that is to say the principle of sovereignty in law. The article then seeks to describe the conceptual translations of Roman politics and Stoic metaphysics into theological form and the logic of this translation into medieval natural law. The article concludes by evaluating how the civic theology of Rome is conceptually inherited by the politics and legal framework of sovereignty and returns to Peterson’s critique of Schmitt, arguing that politi...
A reflexive dispositional analysis of mechanistic perception

The field of machine perception is based on standard informational and computational approaches to perception. But naturalistic informational theories are widely regarded as being inadequate, while purely syntactic computational approaches give no account of perceptual content. Thus there is a significant need for a novel, purely naturalistic perceptual theory not based on informational or computational concepts, which could provide a new paradigm for mechanistic perception. Now specifically evolutionary naturalistic approaches to perception have been--perhaps surprisingly--almost completely neglected for this purpose. Arguably perceptual mechanisms enhance evolutionary fitness by facilitating sensorily mediated causal interactions between an organism Z and items X in its environment. A `reflexive' theory of perception of this kind is outlined, according to which an organism Z perceives an item X just in case X causes a sensory organ zi of Z to cause Z to acquire a disposition toward the very same item X that caused the perception. The rest of the paper shows how an intuitively plausible account of mechanistic perception can be developed and defended in terms of the reflexive theory. Also, a compatibilist option is provided for those who wish to preserve a distinct informational concept of perception.
Efficient RPG detection in noisy 3D image data

We address the automatic detection of Ambush weapons such as rocket propelled grenades (RPGs) from range data which might be derived from multiple camera stereo with textured illumination or by other means. We describe our initial work in a new project involving the efficient acquisition of 3D scene data as well as discrete point invariant techniques to perform real time search for threats to a convoy. The shapes of the jump boundaries in the scene are exploited in this paper, rather than on-surface points, due to the large error typical of depth measurement at long range and the relatively high resolution obtainable in the transverse direction. We describe examples of the generation of a novel range-scaled chain code for detecting and matching jump boundaries.
Dispersion patterns of clonally related cells during development of the hypothalamus.

Abstract To identify patterns of cell generation and migration during early development of the hypothalamus, clones were marked with a library of retroviral vectors. The majority of clones analyzed at Embryonic Days 8–10 were simple radial columns. A small number of clones had one of three unusual patterns of dispersion. One unusual clone type was bilaterally symmetric across the ventral forebrain. Another was composed of four or more columns of cells arranged in a line along the ventricular surface, and a third was composed of cells that appeared to disperse from the typical radial columns in a plane parallel to the ventricular surface. The appearance of the rare clones suggests that there are different mechanisms of clonal dispersion during early development of the ventral forebrain that could play a role in patterning the hypothalamus.
Prostanoid therapies in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Prostacyclin is an endogenous eicosanoid produced by endothelial cells; through actions on vascular smooth-muscle cells, it promotes vasodilation. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure due to a high pulmonary vascular resistance state. A relative decrease in prostacyclin presence has been associated with PAH; this pathway has thus become a therapeutic target. Epoprostenol, the synthetic equivalent of prostacyclin, was first utilized as short-term or bridging therapy in the 1980s. Further refinement of its long-term use via continuous intravenous infusion followed. A randomized controlled trial by Barst et al in 1996 demonstrated functional, hemodynamic, and mortality benefits of epoprostenol use. This work was a groundbreaking achievement in the management of PAH and initiated a wave of research that markedly altered the dismal prognosis previously associated with PAH. Analogs of prostacyclin, including iloprost and treprostinil, exhibit increased stability and allow for an extended array of parenteral and non-parenteral (inhaled and oral) therapeutic options. This review further examines the pharmacology and clinical use of epoprostenol and its analogs in PAH.
Provoked driver aggression and status: a field study

Abstract Male and female students enrolled in introductory psychology at a small public liberal arts university in North Dakota, USA volunteered for the present field experiment. Driving their own vehicles, participants followed directions given by an accompanying experimenter. At a predetermined stop sign, participants were honked and gestured at by a male confederate who drove either a low or high status vehicle. Various aggressive responses to provocation were measured, including rate of acceleration, duration of vocalization, presence of nonverbal gestures, and horn honk duration and latency. The results are discussed in the context of Doob and Gross's (A.N. Doob and A.E. Gross, Journal of Social Psychology 76 (1968) 213–218.) “horn-honking” study in which participant drivers were frustrated by high or low status drivers. In the present study, provocation rather than frustration was used to elicit aggressive responding. Participant drivers accelerated more quickly relative to a baseline measurement in the low status condition. No gender differences in driver aggression were observed. It was concluded that instrumental aggression rather than affective responding is influenced by status.
The occurrence of the 'NIH-shift' during the formation of N-methyltyramine from phenylalanine in Barley

Abstract The administration of dl -phenylalanine-4-3H,β-14C to germinating barley (Hordeum distichum) led to the formation of N-methyltyramine which had retained 88% of the tritium relative to the carbon-14. A systematic degradation established that all the tritium was located ortho to the hydroxyl group, indicating that the 'NIH-shift' operates during the formation of this alkaloid. The barley seeds were sterilized with ethylene oxide and it was found that the major alkaloid obtained from the roots of the germinated barley was N-methyltyramine, in contrast to normal plants of this variety of barley which produce hordenine and N-methyltyramine in a ratio of 3:1.
Ground configurations of highly ionized silver

A number of lines mostly corresponding to magnetic-dipole transitions in the n = 3 and n = 4 shells of silver have been identified. The lines were observed in the Princeton Large Torus tokamak discharges, into which silver was injected by means of the laser-ablation method.
Ultrastructural observations of anterior pituitary somatotrophs following pituitary portal vessel infusion of dibutyryl cAMP.

Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (4.6 x 10−7M) was infused with a microcannula into hypothalamo-hypophysial stalk portal vessels of adult male rats. Anterior pituitary glands were prepared for electron microscopic examination at 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 min after microinfusion. Ultrastructural observations give evidence of stimulated protein synthesis, and emiocytosis. Emiocytosis occurs at 1, 5 and 15 min only. Evidence of protein synthesis does not develop until 15 min. It persists through the 30 min time period. These observations suggest that dbcAMP may be a potent stimulus to protein synthesis, and may be a sufficient stimulus for emiocytosis.
Nursing Education in a Home Health Care Practicum

As our health care delivery system has undergone profound change in the past decade, providers are expanding services from inpatient facilities to a variety of alternative settings, including home health care. Academic programs offering nursing education are recognizing the need to parallel this trend and have been placing student nurses in community-based and home care settings for clinical experience. Careful attention to curriculum development and effective management of students in a home care practicum can help ensure adequate preparation of graduate nurses who are likely to be employed in a variety of outpatient settings, including home health care.
Fe-Mg cordierite stability in high-grade pelitic rocks based on experimental, theoretical, and natural observations

Stability relations of Fe-Mg cordierite with K feldspar have been determined for conditions of muscovite-quartz instability, applicable to highgrade metamorphism of pelitic rocks. Fe cordierite, K feldspar, and water break down to Fe biotite, sillimanite, and quartz at pressures above a line through 640 ° C, 2kbar and 710 ° C, 2.7 kbar. A P-X diagram for the Fe-Mg analogue of this reaction at 675 ° C is consistent with a naturally occuring cordierite-biotite K D value of 0.53 if Al content of biotite and cordierite water of hydration are taken into account. At higher temperatures Fe cordierite breaks down alone to almandine, sillimanite, quartz and water at pressures above a line through 650 ° C, 3.41 kbar and 760 ° C, 2.9 kbar. For the Fe-Mg reaction, P-X data up to 4 kbar may be extrapolated with use of natural K D values increasing toward one with increasing temperatures. Lines of constant cordierite composition for the two reactions intersect in an Fe-Mg univariant reaction of sillimanite-biotite-quartz to cordieritealmandine-K feldspar-water which is metastable relative to melt at $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} $$ = P tot Reduced water pressure and impurities in the garnet and K feldspar greatly reduce the temperature of this reaction so that it becomes a reasonable reaction for upper amphibolite and granulite facies conditions. The results demonstrate that (1) cordierite may be used as a geobarometer if temperature and approximate $$X_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} $$ can be estimated, (2) almandine low in Mn and Ca does not participate in cordierite reactions where muscovite is present, and (3) the reaction which forms cordierite, almandine, and K feldspar is a possible melt-forming reaction which, under reduced $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} $$ , occurs about 50 ° C above the muscovite melting reaction.
Distribution and deposition of mudstone facies in the Upper Devonian Sonyea Group of New York

ABSTRACT Petrographic and small-scale sedimentary features of the mudstone-dominated Upper Devonian Sonyea Group of New York were examined in order to (1) improve our understanding of mudstone facies, (2) examine coeval mudstone facies within a broader depositional context, and (3) promote a simple methodology for the study of mudstones. Six mudstone facies are distinguished, each characterized by several component mudstone types or subfacies. Sedimentary conditions and environments are reconstructed from primary sedimentary structures and bioturbation characteristics. Mudstone facies are characterized by soils and flood deposits in the coastal-plain region, by rapid sediment deposition and frequent reworking in nearshore areas, by storm-dominated offshore transport on a wide, basin-margin platform, by turbidite slope deposits below storm wave base, and by bottom currents and slow settling in the distal, "deep"-basin black mudstones. The latter, although commonly thought of as deposits of a stratified anoxic basin, contain indications of benthic life, such as burrows, disrupted laminae, and clay/silt fecal pellets. These observations are incompatible with a stratified-basin model, and indicate the need to search for alternative models of black-shale accumulation.
Gastrointestinal Features of Parkinson’s Disease

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are among the most common nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and they have many important ramifications for patients. The purpose of this review is to raise awareness of the full spectrum of GI symptoms in PD which include weight loss, sialorrhea, dysphagia, nausea, constipation, and defecatory dysfunction. We will discuss their practical significance, and outline a clear approach to their evaluation and management. A brief discussion about the impacts of commonly used medical and surgical PD therapies on GI symptom manifestation is also included.
Chronic disaster syndrome: Displacement, disaster capitalism, and the eviction of the poor from New Orleans.

Many New Orleans residents who were displaced in 2005 by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the subsequent levee failures and floods are still displaced. Living with long-term stress related to loss of family, community, jobs, and social security as well as the continuous struggle for a decent life in unsettled life circumstances, they manifest what we are calling "chronic disaster syndrome." The term refers not only to the physiological and psychological effects generated at the individual level by ongoing social disruption but also to the nexus of socioeconomic and political conditions that produce this situation as a long-term and intractable problem. Chronic disaster syndrome emerges from the convergence of three phenomena that create a nexus of displacement: long-term effects of personal trauma (including near loss of life and loss of family members, homes, jobs, community, financial security, and well-being); the social arrangements that enable the smooth functioning of what Naomi Klein calls "disaster capitalism," in which "disaster" is prolonged as a way of life; and the permanent displacement of the most vulnerable populations from the social landscape as a perceived remedy that actually exacerbates the syndrome. Language: en
Self-adaptive predictor-corrector algorithms for static nonlinear structural analysis

A multiphase selfadaptive predictor corrector type algorithm was developed. This algorithm enables the solution of highly nonlinear structural responses including kinematic, kinetic and material effects as well as pro/post buckling behavior. The strategy involves three main phases: (1) the use of a warpable hyperelliptic constraint surface which serves to upperbound dependent iterate excursions during successive incremental Newton Ramphson (INR) type iterations; (20 uses an energy constraint to scale the generation of successive iterates so as to maintain the appropriate form of local convergence behavior; (3) the use of quality of convergence checks which enable various self adaptive modifications of the algorithmic structure when necessary. The restructuring is achieved by tightening various conditioning parameters as well as switch to different algorithmic levels to improve the convergence process. The capabilities of the procedure to handle various types of static nonlinear structural behavior are illustrated.
NMR observations of drawn polymers. V. Sorption into drawn and undrawn polyethylene

NMR measurements on undrawn polyethylene (PE) samples in contact with a solvent such as C2Cl4 indicate an increase in the mobility of the mobile chain segments as compared to dry samples. Highly drawn PE shows no such effect. This is because Sa, the sorption per unit mass of noncrystalline material present, decreases from 20.9 wt.-% (dry basis), found for undrawn quenched PE, to 0.63 wt.-% after drawing (Sa determined at 25°C. and 0.80 vapor activity). Drawing also reduces the segment mobility according to the NMR spectrum. It is shown that these effects are caused by considerable structural changes occurring in the noncrystalline regions of PE upon drawing. Annealing of drawn PE samples at successively higher temperatures leads to a gradual relaxation of the noncrystalline regions towards the state characteristic of undrawn PE. With increasing annealing temperature Sa as well as the mobility approach values found with undrawn PE.
A study of P-type ohmic contacts to InA1As/InGaAs heterostructures

Optical modulators operating at near-infrared wavelengths are of interest for a variety of applications including bidirectional communications and optical interconnects. The fabrication of 1.06 {micro}m and 1.32 {micro}m operating wavelength strained-layer-superlattice vertical-cavity optoelectronic modulators requires the formation of a p-type ohmic contact to the InAlAs/InGaAs quarter-wave bottom mirror stack. In this study, BeAu and TiPtAu p-type ohmic contact metallization schemes were evaluated for use on molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown In{sub .10}Al{sub .90}As/In{sub .12}Ga{sub .88}As and In{sub .32}Al{sub .68}As/In{sub .33}Ga{sub .67}As device heterostructures. Recessed and nonrecessed transmission line measurement (TLM) structures were fabricated and evaluated as a function of rapid thermal anneal (RTA) temperatures over the range of 360 C--420 C. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the surface morphology of each sample for evidence of metal or material degradation. For contacts directly on InGaAs layers, TiPtAu contacts had relatively high specific contact resistance values of {rho}{sub c} {approximately} 3 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} {Omega}cm{sup 2} and displayed no dependence on the anneal. The BeAu contacts had minimum specific contact resistance values of {rho}{sub c} {approximately} 5 {times} 10{sup {minus}7} {Omega}cm{sup 2} but showed evidence of degradation at higher temperatures. Contacts directly made to InAlAs layers had minimum specific contact resistances of {rho}{sub c} {approximately} 4 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} {Omega}cm{sup 2} and were improved slightly with the addition of a thin GaAs layer.
Anatomy and physiology of a nociceptive modulatory system.

Although efferent control of sensory transmission is a well-established concept, a specific network for nociceptive modulation has only recently been discovered. This network includes interconnected components at midbrain, medullary and spinal levels. At the midbrain level, electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal grey (p.a.g.) inhibits spinal neurons that respond to noxious stimuli as well as nociceptor-induced reflexes and escape behaviour in a variety of species. Midbrain stimulation also produces analgesia in patients with clinically significant pain. The rostral ventral medulla (r.v.m.) has similar behavioural and physiological effects and mediates midbrain antinociceptive actions at the level of the spinal cord. Endorphins are present at all levels of this nociceptive modulating network. Opiate microinjections at p.a.g., r.v.m. or spinal levels produce analgesia, presumably by mimicking the actions of the endorphins. The nociceptive modulatory system is diffusely organized, highly interconnected and appears to act as a unit whether activated by opiates or electrical stimulation. There are two classes of r.v.m. neurons the activity of which is correlated with the occurrence of reflexes induced by noxious stimulation. One class (the on-cell) accelerates, the other class (the off-cell) pauses just before tail flick. Both classes project to the spinal cord and are excited by electrical stimulation of the midbrain. However, when morphine is injected either systemically or into the p.a.g., the off-cell is excited and the on-cell stops firing. The off-cell is probably the r.v.m. output cell that inhibits nociceptive transmission at the level of the spinal cord. The function of the on-cell is not clear. The nociceptive modulatory system can be activated by a variety of stressful environmental factors, which are often, but not necessarily, noxious. The idea that the system acts as a simple negative feedback circuit is not consistent with its known properties.
Work of breathing in adaptive pressure control continuous mandatory ventilation.

BACKGROUND: Adaptive pressure control is a mode of mechanical ventilation where inflation pressure is adjusted by the ventilator to achieve a target tidal volume (VT). This means that as patient effort increases, inflation pressure is reduced, which may or may not be clinically appropriate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ventilator work output and patient effort in adaptive pressure control. METHODS: A lung simulator (ASL 5000) was set at compliance = 0.025 L/cm H2O and resistance = 10 cm H2O/L/s. Muscle pressure (Pmus) was a sine wave (20% inspiration, 5% hold, 20% release) that increased from 0-25 cm H2O in steps of 5 cm H2O. The adaptive-pressure-control modes tested were: AutoFlow (Drager Evita XL), VC+ (Puritan Bennett 840), APV (Hamilton Galileo), and PRVC (Siemens Servo-i and Siemens Servo 300). The target VT was set at 320 mL (Pmus = 15 cm H2O, inspiratory pressure = 0 cm H2O) to allow delivery of a realistic VT as the simulated patient demanded more volume. All measurements were obtained from the simulator. RESULTS: Patient work of breathing (patient WOB) increased from 0 J/L to 1.88 J/L through the step increase in Pmus. Target VT was maintained as long as Pmus was below 10 cm H2O. VT then increased linearly with increased Pmus. The ventilators showed 3 patterns of behavior in response to an increase in Pmus: (1) ventilator WOB gradually decreased to 0 J/L as Pmus increased; (2) ventilator WOB decreased at the same rate as Pmus increased but plateaued at Pmus = 10 cm H2O by delivering a minimum inspiratory pressure level of 6 cm H2O; (3) ventilator WOB decreased as in patterns 1 and 2 to Pmus = 10 cm H2O, but then decreased at a much slower rate. CONCLUSIONS: Adaptive-pressure-control algorithms differ between ventilators in their response to increasing patient effort. Notably, some ventilators allow the patient to assume all of the WOB, and some provide a minimum level of WOB regardless of patient effort.
Breast-feeding reduces maternal lower-body fat

The effect of breast-feeding on maternal anthropometric measures during the first 6 postpartum months was studied in 24 women. Mothers, who were seen in the hospital shortly after delivery and at monthly intervals thereafter, kept a record of their infant-feeding practices and provided three 24-hour dietary recalls per month. The women were placed in one of three groups according to their infant-feeding practices: breast-feeding exclusively, combination of breast- and formula-feeding, and formula-feeding only. Changes in anthropometric variables at 6 months postpartum were similar in the three groups, but mothers who breast-fed exclusively or partially had significantly larger reductions in hip circumference measurements (3.6% and 3.1%, respectively) and were less above their prepregnancy weights at 1 month postpartum (7.8% and 8.5% above prepregnancy weight, respectively) than mothers who fed formula exclusively (0.68% reduction in hip circumference and 13.7% above prepregnancy weight). Our findings indicate that a woman's choice of infant-feeding practice influences postpartum anthropometric changes, but these effects may be temporary.
A high-performance parallel CAVLC encoder on a fine-grained many-core system

This paper presents a high-performance parallel context-based adaptive length coding (CAVLC) encoder implemented on a fine-grained many-core system. The software encoder is designed for a H.264/AVC baseline profile encoder. By utilizing arithmetic table elimination and compression techniques, the data-flow of the CAVLC encoder has been partitioned and mapped to an array of 15 small processors. The parallel workload of each processor is characterized and balanced for further throughput optimization. The proposed parallel CAVLC encoder achieves the real-time processing requirement of 30 frames per second for 720 p HDTV. Our experiments show that the presented CAVLC encoder has 4.86 to 6.83 times higher throughput and requires far smaller chip area than the identical encoder implemented on state-of-art general-purpose processors. In comparison to published implementations on common DSP processors, the design has approximately 1.0 to 6.15 times higher throughput while requiring less than 6 times smaller area.
Packet Loss Characterization in WiFi-Based Long Distance Networks

Despite the increasing number of WiFi-based Long Distance (WiLD) network deployments, there is a lack of understanding of how WiLD networks perform in practice. In this paper, we perform a systematic study to investigate the commonly cited sources of packet loss induced by the wireless channel and by the 802.11 MAC protocol. The channel induced losses that we study are external WiFi, non-WiFi and multipath interference. The protocol induced losses that we study are protocol timeouts and the breakdown of CSMA over WiLD links. Our results are based on measurements performed on two real-world WiLD deployments and a wireless channel emulator. The two deployments allow us to compare measurements across rural and urban settings. The channel emulator allows us to study each source of packet loss in isolation in a controlled environment. Based on our experiments we observe that the presence of external WiFi interference leads to significant amount of packet loss in WiLD links. In addition to identifying the sources of packet loss, we analyze the loss variability across time. We also explore the solution space and propose a range of MAC and network layer adaptation algorithms to mitigate the channel and protocol induced losses. The key lessons from this study were also used in the design of a TDMA based MAC protocol for high performance long distance multihop wireless networks [12].
Energetics of sodium transport in frog skin. II. The effects of electrical potential on oxygen consumption.

Studies were made of the dependence of the rate of oxygen consumption, Jr, on the electrical potential difference, Δψ, across the frog skin. After the abolition of sodium transport by ouabain the basal oxygen consumption was independent of Δψ. In fresh skins Jr was a linear function of Δψ over a range of at least ±70 mv. Treatment with aldosterone stimulated the short-circuit current, Io, and the associated rate of oxygen consumption, Jro, and increased their stability; linearity was then demonstrable over a range of ±160 mv. Brief perturbations of Δψ (±30–200 mv) did not alter subsequent values of Io. Perturbations for 10 min or more produced a "memory" effect both with and without aldosterone: accelerating sodium transport by negative clamping lowered the subsequent value of Io; positive clamping induced the opposite effect. Changes in Jro were more readily detectable in the presence of aldosterone; these were in the same direction as the changes in Io. The linearity of Jr in Δψ indicates the validity of analysis in terms of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics—brief perturbations of Δψ appear to produce no significant effect on either the phenomenological coefficients or the free energy of the metabolic driving reaction. Hence it is possible to evaluate this free energy.
DCAF - A Directly Connected Arbitration-Free Photonic Crossbar for Energy-Efficient High Performance Computing

DCAF is a directly connected arbitration free photonic crossbar that is realized by taking advantage of multiple photonic layers connected with photonic vias. In order to evaluate DCAF we developed a detailed implementation model for the network and analyzed the power and performance on a variety of benchmarks, including SPLASH-2 and synthetic traces. Our results demonstrate that the overhead required by arbitration is non-trivial, especially at high loads. Eliminating the need for arbitration, sizing the buffers carefully and retransmitting lost packets when there is contention results in a 44% reduction in average packet latency without additional power overhead. We also use an analytical model for ScaLAPACK QR decomposition and find that a 64 processor DCAF could outperform a 1024 node cluster connected with 40Gbps links on matrices up to 500MB in size.
Coaxial Group III−Nitride Nanowire Photovoltaics

Coaxial core/shell nanowires represent an important class of nanoscale building blocks with substantial potential for exploring new concepts and materials for solar energy conversion. Here, we report the first experimental realization of coaxial group III−nitride nanowire photovoltaic (PV) devices, n-GaN/i-InxGa1−xN/p-GaN, where variation of indium mole fraction is used to control the active layer band gap and hence light absorption. Current−voltage data reveal clear diode characteristics with ideality factors from 3.9 to 5.6. Electroluminescence measurements demonstrate tunable emission from 556 to 371 nm and thus confirm band gap variations in the InxGa1−xN active layer from 2.25 to 3.34 eV as In composition is varied. Simulated one-sun AM 1.5G illumination yielded open-circuit voltages (Voc) from 1.0 to 2.0 V and short-circuit current densities (Jsc) from 0.39 to 0.059 mA/cm2 as In composition is decreased from 0.27 to 0 and a maximum efficiency of ∼0.19%. The n-GaN/i-InxGa1−xN/p-GaN nanowire devices a...
Do Word-Problem Features Differentially Affect Problem Difficulty as a Function of Students' Mathematics Difficulty With and Without Reading Difficulty?

This study examined whether and, if so, how word-problem features differentially affect problem difficulty as a function of mathematics difficulty (MD) status: no MD (n = 109), MD only (n = 109), or MD in combination with reading difficulties (MDRD; n = 109). The problem features were problem type (total, difference, or change) and position of missing information in the number sentence representing the word problem (first, second, or third position). Students were assessed on 14 word problems near the beginning of third grade. Consistent with the hypothesis that mathematical cognition differs as a function of MD subtype, problem type affected problem difficulty differentially for MDRD versus MD-only students; however, the position of missing information in word problems did not. Implications for MD subtyping and for instruction are discussed.
A comparison of methodologies for designing for human variability

In the design of artefacts that interact with people, the spatial dimensions of the user population are often used to size and engineer the artefact. The variability in anthropometry indicates the fixed allocation of space, adjustability requirements, or how many sizes are needed to accommodate the intended user population. Various tools are used to achieve this goal, including boundary manikins, digital human models, prototypes and population models, and hybrid methods that combine the approaches. The present work explores each of these and their relative strengths and weaknesses. This is done in the context of a univariate case study involving the adjustability requirements of a stationary bicycle. An experiment involving 51 individuals was conducted to obtain the data necessary for utilising and evaluating the methods.
Unite and conquer

Motivation: Recently, many univariate and several multivariate approaches have been suggested for testing differential expression of gene sets between different phenotypes. However, despite a wealth of literature studying their performance on simulated and real biological data, still there is a need to quantify their relative performance when they are testing different null hypotheses. Results: In this article, we compare the performance of univariate and multivariate tests on both simulated and biological data. In the simulation study we demonstrate that high correlations equally affect the power of both, univariate as well as multivariate tests. In addition, for most of them the power is similarly affected by the dimensionality of the gene set and by the percentage of genes in the set, for which expression is changing between two phenotypes. The application of different test statistics to biological data reveals that three statistics (sum of squared t-tests, Hotelling's T2, N-statistic), testing different null hypotheses, find some common but also some complementing differentially expressed gene sets under specific settings. This demonstrates that due to complementing null hypotheses each test projects on different aspects of the data and for the analysis of biological data it is beneficial to use all three tests simultaneously instead of focusing exclusively on just one. Contact: Galina_Glazko@urmc.rochester.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Copolymers of 2‐vinyl‐4,4‐dimethylazlactone with styrene and ethyl α‐hydroxymethylacrylate

Determination des rapports de reactivite des comonomeres dans la copolymerisation radicalaire. La temperature de transition vitreuse des copolymeres du methacrylate varie entre 100 et 136 o C; celle des copolymeres avec le styrene varie entre 96 et 117 o C. La thermolyse des copolymeres du methacrylate entraine leur reticulation. Le compose d'addition de l'azlactone sur le methacrylate d'hydroxyethyle est un reticulant efficace du polystyrene et du PMMA
Effects of Wind Turbulence on Coherent Doppler Lidar Performance

Abstract The effects of wind turbulence on pulsed coherent Doppler lidar performance are investigated theoretically and with computer simulations. The performance of velocity estimators is determined for the case of a single realization of a wind field described by a Kolmogorov spatial spectrum and for an ensemble average over many realizations. The results are compared with previously published data. The important normalized physical parameters are identified to reduce the parameter space. For a given realization of a random wind field, the mean Doppler lidar velocity (an ensemble average over the random aerosol particles) is a function of the lidar parameters and the instantaneous radial velocity over the sensing volume of the lidar pulse. Various approximations for the mean Doppler lidar velocity are compared using computer simulations. The best approximation for the mean Doppler lidar velocity is used to calculate the effects of the spatial averaging of the radial velocity by the lidar pulse on Dopple...
Cyber War and Strategic Thought: Do the Classic Theorists Still Matter?

Warfare in the future will be different from warfare in the past, but are the classic theorists still viable capable of providing insight into the nature of war, conflict, and policy within the realm of cyber war? While a significant amount of work has been directed towards the possibility of cyber war and explaining what it might look like, there is a limited focus on strategic options which states might select in this emerging field. The chapter first offers a typology to view issues of cyber conflict. Second it offers an examination of possible strategic choices for policy makers based on classic strategic thought. The ideas of Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, Jomini, along with more modern theorists such as Douhet and Warden are applied to the ideas of cyber war. The possible ramifications of the application of these strategic options in the cyber realm are then discussed. Classic strategic theorists can provide options for policy makers but significant work still remains to be done.
A Theory of Analysts Forecast Bias

In this paper, we provide an equilibrium explanation for the observed optimism in analysts' earnings forecasts. Our analysis provides theoretical support to the widely held notion that analysts engage in earnings optimism to gain access to management's private information. We show that a strategic analyst, who is motivated by improving the combined accuracy of his forecasts, issues a biased initial forecast to extract information from management, but issues unbiased forecasts subsequently. The management, on the other hand, provides more access because this optimistic bias reduces the proprietary costs associated with disclosure at the margin. An important element of our model is the assumption that analysts also have private information relevant to assessing firm value. Despite rational expectations about analyst bias, analysts' private information cannot be fully unravelled by other agents due to the noise introduced by the diversity in analysts' incentives.
Reconsidering Self and Identity Through a Dialogue Between Neuroscience and Psychoanalytic Theory

The terms self and identity have figured prominently in psychological and psychoanalytic writings despite a lack of consistent definitions. Whereas most attempts to clarify the terms have been in the context of a particular theoretical model such as ego psychology, self-psychology, or object relations theory, these clarifications were limited to that particular frame of reference. This paper presents evidence from the dynamic systems models of neuroscience as a foundation to inform psychoanalytic theory toward a clarification of these terms. The neuroscience data supports a distinction between self and identity relative to right hemisphere, reflexive, nonlinguistic experience and left hemisphere, reflective, linguistically mediated experience. A parallel between the empirical study of consciousness in terms of ownership, agency, unity, and continuity is also made with contemporary psychoanalytic concepts and their relationship to self and identity. Additionally, the article offers suggestions for a mutual...
The Evil Twin Strategy for a Football Pool

At Emmy's we have a weekly football pool in which each person puts $1 in the pot and picks the winning team in about ten football games. The one who picks the most winners gets the entire pot. A point spread is provided, and the favored team must win by the number of points specified. The effect of the point spread is to make the probability of picking the winner of a particular game approximately 1/2. Joe observed that most of us were just guessing and that some were even tossing a coin to decide which team to pick. He asked if he could contribute $2 to the pot and submit two entries. Joe proposed to submit his choices and those of his evil twin. For each game, his evil twin picks the winner to be the team that Joe picks to lose. This request led to interesting moral, legal, and mathematical discussions and to the following problem. Assume that all the participants in the football pool except Joe submit one entry and toss a fair coin to make their choices. Joe submits two entries: one for himself and one for his evil twin. For his choices, Joe also tosses a coin. For each game, Joe's evil twin picks as winner the team that Joe picks to lose. The player with the maximum score wins the entire pot. If there is more than one player with the maximum score, the winning players split the pot evenly. Is this a favorable game to Joe? That is, is his expected winning greater than $2? If Joe and his evil twin are competing only with Dana and there is only one game, the computation is easy. Either Joe or his evil twin will be correct. If Dana is wrong he wins nothing, and if he is correct he shares the $3 pot with either Joe or his evil twin. Thus Dana's expected winning is
Comparison of Spontaneous Color Preference and Luscher Color Test Choice

Les preferences spontanes par une couleur (choix libre) et les choix fournis au test couleur de Luscher sont compares chez 52 etudiants et 31 etudiants
2015 JOSEPH A. CUSHMAN AWARD TO PAMELA HALLOCK MULLER

Pamela Hallock Muller is the 2015 recipient of the Joseph A. Cushman Award for Excellence in Foraminiferal Research. This award recognizes her many contributions to the study of the biology, ecology, and paleobiology of calcifying larger foraminifera, and how changing environments impact them and the carbonate settings in which they live. As mentor to scores of graduate students, Pam has instilled an appreciation of larger foraminifera and their habitats for generations to come. Pam grew up in Montana and received a B.A. degree in Zoology from the University of Montana. She went on to receive her M.S. (1972) and Ph.D. (1977) degrees in Oceanography from the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, where she worked with Professor Johanna M. Resig. Pam then completed two short postdoctoral fellowships, the first at the Institute for Historical Geology and Paleontology at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark in 1978, and the second at the Institute of General Microbiology at Kiel University, Germany, in 1979. Pam’s first academic position was as Assistant Professor of Earth Sciences at the University of Texas of the Permian Basin in Odessa where she taught from …
Analysis of III–V Superlattice nBn Device Characteristics

Mid-wavelength infrared nBn detectors built with III–V superlattice materials have been tested by means of both capacitance and direct-current methods. By combining the results, it is possible to achieve clear separation of the two components of dark current, namely the generation–recombination (GR) current due to the Shockley–Read–Hall mechanism in the depletion region, and the diffusion current from the neutral region. The GR current component is unambiguously identified by two characteristics: (a) it is a linear function of the depletion width, and (b) its activation energy is approximately one-half the bandgap. The remaining current is shown to be due to diffusion because of its activation energy equaling the full bandgap. In addition, the activation energy of the total measured dark current in each local region of the temperature–bias parameter space is evaluated. We show the benefits of capacitance analysis applied to the nBn device and review some of the requirements for correct measurements. The carrier concentration of the unintentionally doped absorber region is found to be 1.2 × 1014 cm−3 n-type. It is shown that the depletion region resides almost entirely within the absorber. Also, the doping in the nBn barrier is found to be 4 × 1015 cm−3 p-type. Minority-carrier lifetimes estimated from the dark current components are on the order of 10 μs.
A Moist Crevice for Word Aversion: In Semantics Not Sounds

Why do people self-report an aversion to words like “moist”? The present studies represent an initial scientific exploration into the phenomenon of word aversion by investigating its prevalence and cause. Results of five experiments indicate that about 10–20% of the population is averse to the word “moist.” This population often speculates that phonological properties of the word are the cause of their displeasure. However, data from the current studies point to semantic features of the word–namely, associations with disgusting bodily functions–as a more prominent source of peoples’ unpleasant experience. “Moist,” for averse participants, was notable for its valence and personal use, rather than imagery or arousal–a finding that was confirmed by an experiment designed to induce an aversion to the word. Analyses of individual difference measures suggest that word aversion is more prevalent among younger, more educated, and more neurotic people, and is more commonly reported by females than males.
BoostReduce - A Framework For Strong Lattice Basis Reduction.

In this paper, we propose a new generic reduction framework BoostReduce for strong lattice basis reduction. At the core of our new framework is an iterative method which uses a newly-developed algorithm for finding short lattice vectors and integrating them efficiently into an improved lattice basis. We present BoostBKZ as an instance of BoostReduce using the Block-Korkine-Zolotarev (BKZ) reduction. BoostBKZ is tailored to make effective use of modern computer architectures in that it takes advantage of multiple threads. Experimental results of BoostBKZ show a significant reduction in running time while maintaining the quality of the reduced lattice basis in comparison to the traditional BKZ reduction algorithm.