cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verification of a numerical simulation technique for natural convection

Description du programme d'ordinateur CONVEC 2 simulant la convection naturelle bidimensionnelle dans des enceintes rectangulaires. Verification de ce programme a l'aide des donnees de 2 experiences de convection naturelle laminaire pour des valeurs elevees du nombre de Rayleigh
Properties of Silicon Doped with Iron or Copper

Iron introduces a donor level into silicon at 0.40 ev from the valence band observed both in crystals doped in the melt and in crystals into which iron was diffused at 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. This level converts anomalously to a level 0.55 ev from the conduction band on standing at room temperature. The conversion is reversible in the range \ensuremath{\sim}70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; above 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the electrical activity of iron irreversibly disappears. No evidence for acceptor action of iron was found. The electrically active solubility of iron, 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, is higher than the radiotracer solubility but the former was measured in more rapidly quenched samples. The distribution coefficient is 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. Preferential trapping of electrons by iron centers was shown by Hall mobility measurements on optically-excited charge carriers. Lifetime studies by the photoconductive decay method indicated a larger capture cross section for electrons than for holes.Copper introduced a donor level at 0.24 ev and an acceptor level at 0.49 ev, both as measured from the valence band. The maximum electrical activity in quenched samples was 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ out of a total concentration of ${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Infrared photoconductivity spectra support the position of the deep levels due to iron and copper.The apparent lack of electrical activity or inconsistency in producing a level is discussed for a number of other elements in silicon. Precipitation while cooling from high temperature is believed to reduce the soluble component of most of these elements below the observable limit of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Monitoring of the Changes in the Global Forest Cover Using Data Mining

Assessing change in forest cover is of critical importance in studying natural and anthropogenic impacts on natural ecosystems. In particular, forest degradation accounts for almost 20% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and thus is a significant driver of climate change, which, in turn can impact the health of the global ecosystem. Hence there has been a significant increase in international efforts such as the United Nations Program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD). In addition to politically negotiated treaties, a market based approach has been proposed in which corporations or countries that are significant emitters of atmospheric carbon offer monetary payments for forest preservation in exchange for carbon credits to be used in a carbon trading system. A key ingredient for effective forest management, whether for carbon trading or other purposes, is quantifiable knowledge about changes in forest cover. Rich amounts of data from remotely sensed images are now becoming available for detecting changes in forests or more generally, land cover. However, in spite of the importance of this problem and the considerable advances made over the last few years in high-resolution satellite data acquisition, data mining, and online mapping tools and services, end users still lack practical tools to help them manage and transform this data into actionable knowledge of changes in forest ecosystems that can be used for decision making and policy planning purposes. Providing this actionable knowledge requires innovations in a number of technical areas: (i) identification of changes in global forest cover, (ii) characterization of those changes, and (iii) discovery of relationships between the number, magnitude, and type of these changes with natural and anthropogenic variables. To realize progress in the above areas, a number of computational challenges in spatio-temporal data mining need to be addressed. Specifically, analysis and discovery approaches need to be cognizant of climate and ecosystem data characteristics such as seasonality, inter-region variability, multi-scale nature, spatio-temporal autocorrelation, high dimensionality and massive data size. This talk describes our initial efforts, achievements and challenges in addressing some of the above areas. 1 Research funded by Planetary Skin Institute, NSF, NASA, CISCO, and MN Futures Program. 7 © Atlantis Press, 2010
Collagenase production by human skin fibroblasts

Abstract Normal human skin fibroblasts, when cultured in serum free medium, produce collagenase in an inactive form. The enzyme in the crude medium can be activated by a brief preincubation with trypsin or by autoactivation. Once activated, the fibroblast collagenase is identical in its mechanism of action to human skin collagenase obtained from organ cultures. In addition, an inhibitor of collagenase is also present in the medium of fibroblast cultures. The inhibitor appears to be produced by the cells and its molecular weight is slightly higher than that of the enzyme. The presence of this inhibitor may account for previous inability to detect collagenase in human skin fibroblast cultures. It is also possible that some of the inactive enzyme exists in the medium in the form of a proenzyme.
Measurement of gravity filtration.

A survey of the literature reveals the need for a standardized procedure for testing the speed of filter papers. A practical electrical apparatus is described for testing the speed of gravity filtration. Preliminary tests on 44 brands of filter papers show discrepancies in the observed rate of filtration using this method and the commercial reports for rapidity.
Voluntary counseling and testing for couples: a high-leverage intervention for HIV/AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract Most HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa occur during heterosexual intercourse between persons in couple relationships. Women who are infected by HIV seropositive partners risk infecting their infants in turn. Despite their salience as social contexts for sexual activity and HIV infection, couple relationships have not been given adequate attention by social/behavioral research in sub-Saharan Africa. Increasingly studies point to the value of voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) as a HIV prevention tool. Studies in Africa frequently report that VCT is associated with reduced risk behaviors and lower rates of seroconversion among HIV serodiscordant couples. Many of these studies point out that VCT has considerable potential for HIV prevention among other heterosexual couples, and recommend that VCT for couples be practiced more widely in Africa. However, follow-up in the area of VCT for couples has been extremely limited. Thus, current understandings from social/behavioral research on how couples in sub-Saharan Africa manage HIV risks as well as HIV prevention interventions to support couples’ HIV prevention efforts have remained underdeveloped. It appears that important opportunities are being missed for preventing HIV infection, be it by heterosexual transmission or mother-to-child HIV transmission by mothers who have been infected by their partners. Based on an overview of documentation on VCT in sub-Saharan Africa, this paper proposes that increased attention to couples-focused VCT provides a high-leverage HIV prevention intervention for African countries. The second half of the paper indicates areas where VCT needs to be strengthened, particularly with respect to couples. It also identifies areas where applied social/behavioral research is needed to improve knowledge about how couples in sub-Saharan Africa deal with the risks of HIV infection.
Turán’s pure power sum problem

Let 1 = z 1 ≥ |z 2 | ≥... ≥ |z n | be n complex numbers, and consider the power sums s ν = z 1 ν + z 2 ν +... + z n ν , 1 ≤ ν ≤ n. Put R n = min max 1 A, for A some positive absolute constant. Atkinson proved this conjecture by showing R n > 1/6. It is now known that 1/2 < R n < 1, for n ≥ 2. Determining whether R n → 1 or approaches some other limiting value as n → ∞ is still an open problem. Our calculations show that an upper bound for R n decreases for n ≤ 55, suggesting that R n decreases to a limiting value less than 0.7 as n → ∞.
Fate of gypsum surface — applied to an Appalachian hill pasture watershed

Abstract Low pH soils leached with gypsum solutions have been shown to sorb gypsum thereby increasing calcium and improving root growth of some crops. However, in some situations, exchangeable aluminum is leached which could enter waterways and potentially cause adverse off-site impacts. Due to relatively high solubility, gypsum itself has potential to impact stream water chemistry. In this study, 8250 kg ha −1 gypsum was applied to plots in a steep 4.3 ha-pasture watershed in central Appalachia. Changes in the 0–40 cm soil profile and changes in water chemistry at a flume below a seep which drains the watershed were measured in response to this application. After the end of the second growing season, and a total rainfall of 1.7 m, 46% of the applied gypsum calcium was still in the top 40 cm of soil. The rainfall had a 11.4% efficiency rate of transporting gypsum out of the top 40 cm compared to movement of a saturated solution through an inert medium. Of the applied gypsum sulfate, 3.4% exited the watershed through stream flow. Maximum gypsum concentrations in stream flow, which occurred during a storm event, were 34 ppm or −1 , off-site environment impacts should be minimal.
Diagnostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site

Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the modern diagnostic evaluation for squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site. Methods. One hundred thirty patients were evaluated be- tween June 1983 and June 1997. All underwent head and neck examinations, head and neck computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, panendoscopies, and biopsies of head and neck mucosal sites. Twenty-four patients underwent 2-(fluorine-18)-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) single pho- ton emission computed tomography (SPECT); 34 patients under- went tonsillectomy. Results. The primary site was identified in 56 patients (43%); the likelihood was increased in patients with suggestive findings on physical examination and/or radiographic evaluation. Eighty- three percent of the lesions were located in the tonsillar fossa and base of tongue. Results of FDG-SPECT scans were positive in 20 patients (83%); the primary tumor was detected in 7 patients (35%). Twelve (35%) of 34 patients who underwent tonsillectomy had a primary tumor discovered in the tonsillar fossa. Multivariate analysis of successful primary site detection revealed that sug- gestive findings on physical examination (p = .0225) and sugges- tive findings on CT and/or MRI (p = .0013) were significantly related to this end point. Conclusion. The primary lesion will be detected in over 40% of patients with physical examination of the head and neck and CT and/or MRI followed by panendoscopy and biopsies. Limited data pertaining to FDG-SPECT suggest that this provides addi- tional useful information in a small subset of patients. Tonsillec- tomy is useful for those with suggestive findings on physical ex- amination and/or radiographic evaluation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 20: 739-744, 1998.
Distribution and density of α-bungarotoxin binding sites on innervated and noninnervated Xenopus muscle cells in culture

Abstract The distribution and density of α-bungarotoxin (α-BT) binding sites on Xenopus muscle cells in culture by autoradiography using 125 I-α-BT were examined. In muscle cells grown alone α-BT binding sites were fairly uniformly distributed over the entire surface with a mean density of 104/μm 2 (background density). Occasionally, spots of higher density were observed (“hot spots”) where the mean density was 890/μm 2 . The addition of neural tube cells did not change the background density. Similarly in the majority of cases medium contained with neural tube cells did not affect the density of α-BT binding sites. Previous findings that the background acetylcholine sensitivity of muscle cells increased in the presence of neural tube cells (by approximately 50%) or in conditioned medium (by approximately 70%), therefore, are not likely due primarily to an increase in the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) density. In cocultures of nerve and muscle cells regions of high α-BT binding sites were occasionally associated with the path of neurites. In such regions the density of α-BT binding sites was estimated to be approximately 1000/μm 2 . However, even in these cells the density at non-nerve contacted regions was not different from that in muscle cells cultured alone. Whether the increase in AChR density at the junctional area is sufficient to explain a previous observation of a fivefold increase in the amplitude of spontaneous synaptic potentials during the process of AChR accumulation is discussed.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SPLEEN AND ITS FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS.

Abstract Spleens from normal albino rabbits were studied with optical and electron microscopy. There were openings in the walls of the capillaries of the white pulp, in the walls of the large parafollicular sinusoids, and the sinusoids of the red pulp. All types of cells and platelets were seen within the intersinusoidal tissue and also crossing the walls of the sinusoids. The lining of the parafollicular sinusoids was actually formed in part by the cells of the marginal zone. Most of the material that had been phagocytized was in the cells of the intersinusoidal tissue rather than in the cells lining the sinusoids. Erythrocytes and leucocytes in various stages of degeneration comprised the major part of the material that had been phagocytized. The findings are discussed in relation to the route and communications of the circulatory system of the spleen; the sequestration, phagocytosis, and degeneration of erythrocytes; the phagocytosis, distribution, and effect of extracellular materials carried to the spleen by the circulation; the production and interchange of cells between red and white pulp and the general circulation; and the components of the supporting connective tissue of the spleen.
Interfaces in Thermoplastic Composites Probed by Laser-Induced Acoustic Emission

The mechanical properties and durability of carbon fiber composites depend not only on the properties of the constituent fiber and matrix but also on the quality of the interfacial bond. Many of the techniques for evaluating this bonding rely on model (e. g. single filament) composites. Besides being difficult to prepare and test, these specimens are subject to the criticism that they may not reflect actual behavior in a full-scale composite with a reasonable volume fraction of fibers. This is an important consideration especially in thermoplastics, whose morphology may be sensitive to processing details. A few interface measurement techniques use actual composites, but are destructive. The thermoacoustic technique of Wu, on the other hand, is applied to actual laminates and probes a very small area. Thus, although it is not entirely nondestructive, it could be used for quality control of manufactured parts, for example. This letter reports on application of Wu''s technique to some well-characterized amorphous thermoplastic composites.
Investigation of the Interface Fracture during Debonding between FRP and Masonry

The masonry-FRP interface fracture is a topic of considerable research interest due to the heterogeneity of the masonry subgrade. The size of the material inhomgeneity associated with the presence of mortar joints is significant compared with the length scale of fracture process. In this paper, the results of an experimental investigation into the shear debonding of FRP sheets from brick, mortar and masonry blocks are reported. The test procedures (Ali-Ahmad et al. 2006,2007) developed previously for obtaining the FRP-concrete cohesive fracture response are applied to study interface debonding from the three substrates. During each test, spatially continuous measurements of the surface strains on the FRP and masonry are obtained using an optical technique known as digital image correlation. The interface cohesive fracture response of FRP-brick and the FRP-mortar interfaces are obtained from the results of the strain analysis. The interface fracture energy associated with the FRP-mortar interface is shown ...
Onefold photoelectron-counting statistics for non-Gaussian light: scattering from an arbitrary number of weak scatterers

The onefold photoelectron-counting statistics (e.g., probability distribution and moments) are obtained when the physical system under study contains an arbitrary number of independent weak (i.e., nonuniform phase) scatterers. The results are generalized by letting the number of scatterers be random and be governed by a Poisson distribution.
Valuing vegetation in an urban watershed

Abstract This study uses the hedonic price method to examine if land cover types-trees, shrubs, water and impervious surface areas-affect the sale price of single-family residential properties in Multnomah County, Oregon. We combine detailed structural and location information for 36,753 single-family residential property sales with the percentage of land cover on each property and within three buffers surrounding each property. Trees contribute positively to a property's sale price, but the estimated increase may be less than the costs of planting and caring for trees. Benefits received by nearby property owners may justify actions by government agencies to expand canopy coverage.
Agricultural land markets in U.S. urban-fringe counties

Abstract A multivariate interaction detection model was used to assign urban-influenced counties into statistically-optimal groups. The groups delineated 3 types of farmland markets within the predefined set of counties. From a set of county-level variables representing farm and non-farm factors, the procedure found 3 farm-related factors, agricultural sales acre -1 , farm income acre -1 and farm size, to be important in explaining the variation in average farmland values among the urban-influenced counties. The results imply a diversity among urban-influenced counties that is not accounted for in aggregate analyses that use a simple dichotomy between rural and urban counties.
Film thickness measurements in a simplex swirl atomizer

The results of previous theoretical and experimental studies on the relationship between the liquid-film thickness produced at exit from pressure-swirl and airblast atomizers are reviewed. An electrical conductance method is used to measure the liquid-film thickness in the final orifice of a specially designed simplex atomizer when discharging water into air at normal atmospheric pressure. The results of these measurements are compared with various theoretical equations for predicting liquid-film thickness in this type of nozzle. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment is demonstrated for two equations, one of which is derived in this paper. Aa Ap A0 CD dp Ds dQ mL SMD t X PL 6 AP Nomenclature =air core area, m2 = total inlet ports area, m2 = discharge orifice area, m2 = discharge coefficient = inlet port diameter, m = swirl chamber diameter, m = discharge orifice diameter, m = flow number, [ = m/(APpL)Q-5 ] , m2 = liquid flow rate, kg/s = Sauter mean diameter, m = liquid-film thickness, m =Aa/A0 = liquid viscosity, kg/ms = liquid density, kg/m3 = spray cone half -angle, deg = total pressure drop across nozzle, Pa
The critical voice in ethnography of communication research

The ethnography of communication has been always interested, at base, in describing communication systems as constitutive of social and cultural lives. The basic problems for study are typically the available means and uses of communication in socio-cultural contexts and communities. As Hymes (1962, p. 101) put it: T h e ethnography of speaking is concerned with the situations and uses, the patterns and functions, of speaking as an activity in its own right.** The basic data have been various practices of communication that are situated in specific social contexts; the primary theoretic concerns have been their organization into cultural patterns, which themselves sometimes suggest more general principles of and about communication. These practical and theoretical concerns may vary in substance from conversational structures, symbolic forms, speech acts, politeness phenomena, and so on. But each such concern, because of the dual attention to communication in context and theoretical concern with communication in its own right, explores matters both of practice and principle, cultural instances and classes of phenomena, indigenous tokens and general types of communication. It is the discovery and description of such 'situations and uses/ as well as what these suggest more generally, that provide the base for
Carboxypeptidase N-deficient mice present with polymorphic disease phenotypes on induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Carboxypeptidase N (CPN) is a member of the carboxypeptidase family of enzymes that cleave carboxy-terminal lysine and arginine residues from a large number of biologically active peptides and proteins. These enzymes are best known for their roles in modulating the activity of kinins, complement anaphylatoxins and coagulation proteins. Although CPN makes important contributions to acute inflammatory events, little is known about its role in autoimmune disease. In this study we used CPN−/− mice in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis. Unexpectedly, we observed several EAE disease phenotypes in CPN−/− mice compared to wild type mice. The majority of CPN−/− mice died within five to seven days after disease induction, before displaying clinical signs of disease. The remaining mice presented with either mild EAE or did not develop EAE. In addition, CPN−/− mice injected with complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant died within the same time frame and in similar numbers as those induced for EAE. Overall, the course of EAE in CPN−/− mice was significantly delayed and attenuated compared to wild type mice. Spinal cord histopathology in CPN−/− mice revealed meningeal, but not parenchymal leukocyte infiltration, and minimal demyelination. Our results indicate that CPN plays an important role in EAE development and progression and suggests that multiple CPN ligands contribute to the disease phenotypes we observed.
Circulant space-time codes for integration with beamforming

This paper provides a framework for designing space-time codes to take advantage of a small number of feedback bits from the receiver. The new codes are based on circulant matrices and simple conditions are derived that guarantee full rate and full diversity. In the absence of feedback, Symbol Error Rate (SER) performance is shown to be similar to that of Diagonal Algebraic Space-Time (DAST) codes, both for Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoding and for suboptimal linear decoding. Decoding complexity of circulant codes is similar to the DAST codes and encoding is slightly less complex. In the presence of a small number of feedback bits from the receiver the circulant construction is shown to permit integration of space-time coding with a fixed set of beams by simply advancing the phase on one of the antennas. This integration is not possible within the DAST framework. Integration of space-time codes with beamforming makes it possible to achieve ML decoding performance with only linear decoding complexity or to improve upon ML performance of the original code.
Specificity of a cutaneous receptor

Absolute vibrotactile thresholds are determined on the human tongue and compared to corresponding data obtained on the hand. The mucosa of the tongue is devoid of Pacinian corpuscles but the hand is richly with these nerve endings. Summation of energy is characteristic of responses recorded from tissue containing Pacinian corpuscles and absent where the corpuscle is specifically sensitive to mechanical vibration.
The development and marketing of estrus synchronization in cattle in Australia using prostaglandins

Abstract Estrus synchronization using prostaglandins was applied to a well-developed system of AI in beef cattle. Cows and heifers were selected to be free from infectious disease. Cows were run at pasture in a single group and estrus was detected visually twice a day without the use of any aids. Estrous cows were removed from the group each morning. Cows detected in estrus in the morning were inseminated that afternoon and cows detected in the afternoon were inseminated the next morning. The AI program ran for 25 to 42 days and was evaluated by rectal pregnancy palpation about 42 days after the last insemination. Calves were produced at an average cost of $26. The only management systems of synchronization using prostaglandins that could match this cost was the 10 day program with one treatment of 10 or 12.5 mg prostaglandin F2α on day 5. Management systems using two treatments of PGF2α, 12 days apart, increased calf costs to $160, $100, and $45, respectively, with two or one timed insemination or insemination after detection of estrus. The most significant efficiency factor was the ratio of the number of cows inseminated to the number of cows put into the AI program and this ratio was statistically the same in normal AI (72%) and AI with synchronization and detection of estrus (74%). About half of the cattle not inseminated had ovarian activity, palpable follicles or corpora lutea but had not yet come into estrus. Pregnancy rates per insemination and the number of cows pregnant per 100 cows in an AI program were the same but the labor input was reduced by synchronization. Responses to prostaglandin F2α treatment were the same over the range of dose rates from 8 to 20 mg. The 10 day AI program with a single treatment of 10 or 12.5 mg PGF2α has been used commercially in Australia for 6 years with other management systems being tailored to particular needs.
Food selectivity in children with and without an autism spectrum disorder: Investigation of diagnosis and age

Feeding problems are common in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), with food selectivity being the most frequently reported. Selectivity based on type and/or texture of food is of concern in those with ASD. Variations in symptom presentation of food selectivity in children with different autism spectrum diagnoses across childhood have not often been investigated. Parent-report of food selectivity was examined in 525 children age 2-18 years diagnosed with autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, Asperger's disorder, atypical development, and typical development using information garnered from the Autism Spectrum Disorder-Comorbidity for Children (ASD-CC), a tool to assess emotional issues and comorbid psychopathology. Individuals with an ASD were reported to have significantly more food selectivity than both the atypically developing group and the typically developing group. In addition, the ASD groups, when looked at together, showed a decrease in food selectivity across childhood with significant decrease in the Asperger's disorder group.
Effect of Mixing Conditions on Irritant Potency of Zinc Oxide and Sulfur Dioxide

Measurement of mechanics of respiration in guinea pigs was used to assess the irritant potency of zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide mixed under different conditions of temperature and humidity. Concentrations were 1-2 mg/m3 zinc oxide and 1 ppm sulfur dioxide. Dry conditions of mixing (Chamber RH 30%) either at 24°C in the exposure chamber or at 480°C in a dry furnace gave a biological response which could be completely accounted for by responses to zinc oxide and/or sulfur dioxide alone. Chemical examination of the aerosols did not indicate the formation of particulate sulfur species. Zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide mixed dry at 480°C and fed into the exposure chamber at 80% RH reacted to produce an irritant aerosol as evidenced by a rapid increase in resistance to levels 29% above control; reversal was rapid when exposure ended. Chemical studies indicated the presence of sulfite on these aerosols. Addition of water vapor to the furnace during mixing at 480°C produced a different irritant aerosol. The resistan...
Systematic Zoology: Slicing the Gordian Knot with Ockham's Razor

Systematic zoology has undergone a revolution during the past 25 years. A major step was in the formulation of an explicit and objective methodology for determining phylogenetic relationships that results in testable hypotheses. The methodology of phylogenetic systematics has spawned vicariance biogeography and is applicable not only to traditional morphological characters but to new kinds of systematic characters. Innovative biochemical, cytogenetic, and developmental approaches to phylogenetic relationships have broadened the scope of systematic zoology. This diversity increases the potential for generating and testing hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships and temporal evolution.
Using Wavepackets to Explore and Control Non-Perturbative Interactions

The creation of well-characterized wavepackets enables the controlled investigation of non-perturbative dynamics in atoms and molecules, from time-dependent electron-electron interactions in atoms to molecular orientation-dependent processes in intense laser fields.
Follow-up of abnormal Papanicolaou smears in a hospital-based adolescent clinic.

Abstract Study Objective To present data on the spectrum of abnormal Papanicolaou (PAP) smears in adolescents and to determine factors that influence compliance with recommendations to return for repeat PAP smears or for colposcopic exanmination. Design Retrospective chart review with follow-up telephone calls to patients who did not follow recommendations for colposcopy. Setting Adolescents receiving health care in a hospital-based adolescent clinic. Participants Patients with abnormal PAP smears between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 1995. Main Outcome Measures Compliance with follow-up for abnormal PAP smears including referral to the colposcopy clinic, and the results of repeat PAP smears and colposcopy. Results Of 888 adolescents undergoing PAP smear evaluation 119 (13.4%) had an abnormal PAP smear during the study year (index PAP). The results of the index PAP were 97 (81.5%) atypia and 22 (18.5%) squamous intraepitheliallesion low grade (SIL LG). The index PAP was the first abnormal PAP smear for 92 of the patients (77%); 27 had one or more previous abnormal PAP smears (18 atypia, 7 SIL LG, 2 SIL high grade [HG]), and 13 had been referred for colposcopy in the past. For 76 of 92 patients with atypia on index PAP (84%), the index PAP was the first abnormal PAP smear. Of these 76 patients, 51 had a second PAP smear: 27 (53%) were normal, 13 (25%) atypia, and 11 (22%) SIL LG. Sixty patients were referred to the colposcopy clinic, but only 37 actually kept the colposcopy appointment despite outreach. The only significant factor for obtaining colposcopy was a visit to the Adolescent Clinic after notification of the abnormal PAP smear result and before the colposcopy appointment; 79% of those who had a visit obtained colposcopy compared with 45% of those who did not have such a visit (p = 0.007). There were no significant differences by race, insurance status, age, PAP smear result, previous referral for colposcopy, or number of reminders with compliance with recommendations for repeat PAP smears or colposcopy. Conclusions Although a sizable propol1ion of adolescents with abnormal PAP smears have significant pathology on repeat PAP smears, adolescents with abnormal PAP smears have a high failure rate in keeping appointments for follow-up PAP smears and colposcopy. Interventions that target all adolescents with abnormal PAP smears need to be designed and tested to aid follow-up.
Wood plastic composites weathering: Visual appearance and chemical changes

Abstract The effects of outside and accelerated (xenon-arc and UVA) weathering on the visual appearance and chemical changes of wood plastic composite (WPC) formulations based on high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were investigated. Colorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS) were employed in this study. The study showed that for both outside and accelerated weathering, longer exposure time increased the degree of color change (and lightness), carbonyl concentrations, and wood loss on weathered WPC surfaces. HDPE-based WPC exhibited decreased lightening, carbonyl concentrations, and wood content loss when compared to PP-based WPC. From this study, relationships between chemical and color changes that occurred during exterior weathering of HDPE-based WPC were established. Oxidation and degradation of wood lignin influenced WPC color changes (lightening) during weathering.
Direct Field and Laboratory Evidence that a Combination of Egg and Larval Predation Controls Recruitment of Invasive Common Carp in Many Lakes of the Upper Mississippi River Basin

Abstract Field and laboratory experiments tested the hypothesis that recruitment of the invasive Common Carp Cyprinus carpio is often controlled by the feeding activity of egg and larval predators in interconnected lakes of the upper Mississippi River basin. The survival of naturally spawned carp eggs was monitored in a seemingly typical lake by sampling the abundance of such eggs in spawning areas and in the diets of fish caught at these locations. Over 95% of the carp eggs found attached to spawning substrate disappeared within 4 d of spawning, at the same time that large numbers of eggs were found in the stomachs of Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus. Egg predation closely paralleled but lagged egg disappearance. Concurrent laboratory studies showed that carp eggs hatched after 4.75 d at lake temperatures, demonstrating that most (but perhaps not all) of the eggs had been eaten by egg predators prior to hatching. A second laboratory experiment found that Bluegills readily find and consume carp larvae while ...
Ontogeny of dynorphin-like immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation of the rat

Light microscopic immunocytochemical techniques were used to analyze the ontogeny of dynorphin (A)-like immunoreactivity (DLI) in the hippocampal formation of the Sprague-Dawley rat. For comparison purposes, alternate sections of the same brains were processed for the localization of methionine enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ELI). DLI was first detectable in CA3a stratum lucidum and the suprapyramidal hilus on postnatal day (P) 6. On P7, DLI was evenly present throughout the full extent of the mossy fiber system. From P8 to P19, DLI progressively increased in intensity and could be localized in the fine axons and spherical swellings. The mossy fiber system and occasional perikarya superficial to stratum granulosum were the only hippocampal elements that exhibited DLI. In corroboration with earlier results, stratum lucidum ELI was first detected within large spherical bouton-like swellings on P13. From these data it is concluded that DLI appears in morphologically immature mossy fibers soon after they reach their target fields. In contrast, enkephalin is first detected within morphologically elaborated mossy fiber boutons well after the establishment of functional synapses.
Induction of thymidylate synthetase activity in Tetrahymena by cyclic guanosine monophosphate

The induction of TMP synthetase activity in Tetrahymena pyriformis depended upon growth conditions. Enzymatic activity was low in cells grown in complex medium, and was high in cells grown in, or shifted to, defined medium. TMP synthetase activity rose 5 hours after the shift from complex to defined medium using uracil as the pyrimidine source. The time of induction was decreased to 312 hours using dUMP as the pyrimidine source. cGMP or its dibutyryl derivative, but not cAMP, caused the induction of TMP synthetase activity in cells grown in complex medium. Caffeine, but not theophylline, mimicked the cGMP response. cAMP decreased both the cGMP and caffeine mediated increases in TMP synthetase activity. This is the first demonstration of an effect of cGMP on induction of an enzyme of pyrimidine metabolism in any cellular system.
Child's play: Reflections on the invisibility of children in the paleolithic record

Were there children in Early Paleolithic times? At first glance, this seems a stupid question. We are obviously descended from Paleolithic ancestors. Yet, in archeological models of Paleolithic stone tool variability and assemblage formation processes, children might as well be invisible. There have been some efforts to identify byproducts of children's activities in a few Late Paleolithic contexts, but their possible role in broader patterns of Paleolithic industrial variability remains largely unexplored.1 In this paper I argue that the reason we know so little about children's knapping behavior in prehistory is not that this behavior was genuinely absent, but rather that we have not looked hard enough or in the right way at the lithic record. This is a pity, because of all the behaviors we archeologists attempt to reconstruct in our research, child-rearing must certainly number among those with the most immediate and important evolutionary consequences.
An automated optimization approach to conceptual design of naval combatants aided by computer graphics

Abstract The objective of this study is to interface the Advanced Surface Ship Evaluation Tool (ASSET) program, developed by the DTNSRDC with assistance by the Boeing Computer Services, with the Automated Optimization (COPES) program, developed at the Naval Postgraduate School. In addition a computer graphics capability was added to enhance the information output and perception. The selection of the important input parameters of the optimization process is given through a design example using the ASSET/COPES/GRAPHICS Synthesis System. Selected design studies are performed to show the merits of the system. The ASSET/COPES/GRAPHICS Synthesis System provides results in a rapid, descriptive, and inexpensive manner which compare favourably with existing designs, and offers to the naval architect an efficient tool to use in the conceptual design stage of naval surface combatants.
Moral Minimums for Multinationals

Adam's Smith's invisible hand guiding market mechanisms toward moral conduct seems recklessly idealistic today, in light of forces that have dramatically skewed international free-market operations. Donaldson argues that major changes are necessary in the decision-making process as well as in the conduct of multinational corporations in order to exercise moral obligations and meet culture-specific needs of host countries. Donaldson proposes standards for international institutions by which to protect fairness and freedom, ownership of property, free speech, and minimum education and subsistence levels. “Are such changes in the decision-making process of multinational corporations likely or even possible?” he asks. With some reservations, the author is optimistic that a more ethical approach to market issues is workable.
Sorption and diffusion of gaseous hydrocarbons in synthetic mordenite

Diffusion coefficients for the C1 to C4 paraffin hydrocarbon gases in single crystals of the synthetic zeolite (molecular sieve) sodium mordenite were determined from transient sorption rate and desorption rate measurements over the temperature range 25° to 140°C. and pressure range 0 to 20 cm. Hg, and found to be of the order of 10−9 to 10−10 sq. cm./sec. Diffusion coefficients for desorption were from three to sixty times smaller than those for sorption. Activation energies for methane and ethane were 1.7 and 1.9 kcal./mole, respectively. Equilibrium sorption capacity and diffusion coefficients are markedly affected by the conditions of synthesis and by mechanical treatments such as grinding. For propane at 29°C. and at 2.0 cm. Hg pressure, the sorption capacity in 2.5 μ crystals was only 50% of that in 21 by 21 by 33 μ crystals and the diffusion coefficient was only 1/50 of that in the larger crystals. Light mechanical grinding of the larger crystals lowered the sorption capacity 30% and the diffusion coefficient by a factor of 35.
Mining probabilistic frequent closed itemsets in uncertain databases

This paper defines probabilistic support and probabilistic frequent closed itemsets in uncertain databases for the first time. It also proposes a probabilistic frequent closed itemset mining (PFCIM) algorithm to mine probabilistic frequent closed itemsets from uncertain databases.
Structure and Polyphenylvinylene Concentration Effect on the Photoconductivity Response from Mesostructured Silica Films

Highly ordered thin films were made by a dip-coating technique. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-templated sol-gel films possess lamellar structure, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-templated sol-gel films exhibit a hexagonal structure. In this work, mesostructured films made with these surfactants were doped with polyphenylvinylene (PPV). X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the films have the known structure. The photoconductivity technique was used to determine the charge-transport mechanism on these films. The parameters for the photovoltaic effect (l0) and photoconductivity (IU) were determined from the current density versus the applied-electrical-field results. Lamellar films have bigger values of these parameters than the corresponding ones from the hexagonal films, and the conductivity is better in the former. Charge-transport parameters are quite high in the PPV-doped samples compared with the reported values in films doped with Disperse Red 1 and carbazole (SiK). KNbO3:Fe 3+ photorefractive crystals are less photoconductive and photovoltaic than the PPV films, too. There is a critical polymer concentration in the SDS samples.
Optimization of on-chip switched-capacitor DC-DC converters for high-performance applications

On-chip switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters have recently been demonstrated in silicon for high-performance applications such as multicore processors. The efficiency of the power delivery system using SC converters is a major concern, but this has not been addressed at the system level in prior research. This work develops models for the efficiency of such a system as a function of size and layout of the SC converters, and proposes an approach to optimize the size and layout of the SC converter to minimize power loss. The efficiency of these techniques is demonstrated on both homogenous and heterogenous multicore chips.
A crustacean neuronal cytoskeletal protein with characteristics of neurofilaments and microtubule-associated proteins.

The purpose of this study was to characterize further a unique protein that is a component of the cytoskeleton of crayfish neurons. This protein, referred to as P600, is unique because it is unusually large (Mr > 600 kD), and because it has characteristics in common with both mammalian microtubule-associated proteins and neurofilaments. Immunohistochemical techniques have shown that P600 colocalizes with microtubules and is a component of the fibrous side-arms that extend from microtubules (Weaver and Viancour, Brain Res. 544:49, 1991). We have developed a method for obtaining purified P600 by using gel nitration techniques. When viewed by negative staining electron microscopy, P600 obtained by that method produced 11 nm-wide beaded filaments. The number of filaments was strictly related to the P600 concentration in a column fraction. A small amount of P600 consistently copurified with taxol-stabilized microtubules. The proportion copurifying with microtubules was increased by using apyrase to deplete ATP, or by using a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue to compete with ATP. Immunogold labeling localized P600 near the ends of a subset of the fibrous side-arms extending from endogenous axonal microtubules. Several polyclonal antibodies against mammalian microtubule-associated proteins were tested for P600 labeling on immunoblots, and positive labeling was obtained with an antiserum directed against a region of microtubule-associated protein 1B that has microtubule binding activity. Epitope homology between P600, mammalian microtubule-associated protein 1B, and the mammalian mid-molecular weight neurofilament subunit is discussed in the context of possible evolutionary relationships among these cytoskeletal proteins.
The effects of prescribed burning and canopy openness on establishment of two non-native plant species in a deciduous forest, southeast Ohio, USA

Fire has often been shown to promote invasion by non-native plant species, but few studies have examined the process in temperate-zone deciduousforests.Toexaminethepotentialofprescribedfiretofacilitate invasionsintheCentralHardwoodsecosystem,weexperimentallyburned small plots and simulated aspects of fire at a forested site in southeastern Ohio, USA. Treatments included high and low burn intensity, lime addition, and litter removal to test hypotheses of population limitation by fire intensity, fire-caused nutrient release, and removal of leaf litter, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in two landscape positions (dry upland, moist lowland) and two canopy conditions (gap, no gap). The experimental sites were not significantly different from randomly chosen forest sites in any of 12 environmental variables. Seeds of two problematic non-native species (Microstegium vimineum and Rosa multiflora) were sown into plots following treatment to test the possibility of seed limitation. We recorded germination and height growth at three dates 1, 4, and 14 months following burning. Germination was promoted by litter removal and high- and low-intensity fire treatments in M. vimineum, and by high-intensity fire in R. multiflora. Seedling growth of both species was greatest following high-intensity fire under canopy gaps. Germination in the second year showed treatment effects similar to the first year indicating persistence of fire effects. Both species showed stronger recruitment in valleys and in canopy gaps, reflecting an interaction of fire and landscape position. We infer that prescribed burning and canopy-opening management practices have the potential to facilitate invasion of the study area by creating conditions promoting establishment and growth of at least two non-native species. The absence of these species in previous studies appears to be due to a lack of propagules rather than the unsuitability of forest sites for germination or growth.