cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies with Confinement-Reared Goslings.1. Effects of Feeding High Levels of Dehydrated Alfalfa and Kentucky Bluegrass to Growing Goslings

Abstract Two hundred Embden goslings were raised to 11 weeks of age on wire in total confinement and fed a corn-soybean meal diet to which was added 0, 20, or 40% dehydrated alfalfa (DA) or 20% or 40% dehydrated Kentucky Bluegrass (KBG) in either mash or pelleted forms. Biweekly body weight data revealed no significant differences at any age with no apparent crude fiber or saponin effects. Total feed consumption per gosling was the least for the 20% KBG treatment, higher in the control and 20% DA treatments, and highest in the 40% KBG and 40% DA treatments. Feed conversion was not significantly different for goslings fed the control, 20% DA, or 20% KBG diets, but the conversions of 40% supplemented diets were significantly poorer. Mean acid detergent fiber digestibility increased with the level of fiber in the diet to a maximum of 21.4% in the 40% DA treatment. Least cost comparisons indicate possible economic advantages of high forage and low energy diets over corn-soy diets. Feather growth was good in all treatments. Visual assessment of finish and pinniness indicated processing should be done during the 9th or 10th week under similar management and dietary conditions. Mean carcass yield in the 40% DA, 20% KBG, and 40% KBG treatments were greater than in the control and 20% DA treatments.
Effect of frictions on cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending

The effect of frictions between dies and tube on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled(NC) bending was studied by numerical simulation method, combined with theoretical analysis and experiment. The results show that the frictions between mandrel, wiper, pressure die, bending die and tube have a significant and complicate effect on the section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending. To improve the section quality, frictions between mandrel, wiper and tube should be decreased, but the frictions between the pressure die, bending die and tube increase. The effect on the section distortion is more significant from mandrel, wiper, pressure die to bending die and the effect on the wall thinning more significant from mandrel, pressure die, wiper, to bending die. The effects of frictions between all dies and tube on wall thinning are smaller than their effects on section distortion. Mandrel and wiper should be lubricated well and drawing oil is used to lubricate them in actual production. The frictions between pressure die, bending die and tube should be increased and the dry friction is used between pressure die, bending die and tube in actual production.
Intrahypothalamic 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine: Temporal analysis of effects on 5-hydroxytryptamine content in brain nuclei and on facilitated lordosis behavior

The long-term relationship between serotonin (5-HT) levels in discrete hypothalamic nuclei and female rat sexual behavior, the lordosis response, was examined following intrahypothalamic injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). One week following 5,7-DHT injection, 5-HT levels in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, anterior hypothalamic nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus were approximately 90% depleted as compared to sham animals. Other hypothalamic and preoptic areas including the arcuate-median eminence, vertical nucleus of diagonal band and lateral septal nucleus showed smaller reductions in 5-HT, from 40 to 70% of sham values. At this time estrogen-dependent lordosis behavior in the lesioned group was facilitated. Behavioral facilitation was greatest at 4 weeks post lesion when depletion of 5-HT in the VMN was maximal. 5-HT levels increased at 57 days after 5,7-DHT treatment in most areas, and by 71 days post lesion, no significant differences in 5-HT levels were found between sham and 5,7-DHT-treated groups. Concomitant with the increases in 5-HT, facilitated lordosis behavior gradually decreased. Loss of behavioral facilitation appeared to be most closely related to increases in content of 5-HT in the ventromedial nucleus. These results further support the hypothesis that 5-HT endings in the hypothalamus exert tonic inhibitory regulation over hormone-dependent lordosis in the female rat. They also indicate that regenerating 5-HT fibers in the hypothalamus can reinstate a normal pattern of hormone-dependent behavioral function.
Behavior-Genetic Strategies in the Study of Emotion

Behavior-genetic studies of emotionality in rats and human studies of adult personality and childhood temperament provide evidence of genetic effects on emotion-relevant trails. Twin studies of autonomic reactivity suggest that psychophysiologic responses to stress are heritable. Genetic analyses of fears reveal that the magnitude of genetic influence varies across fears and across development. Finally, recent findings in psychiatric genetics shed light on the role of heritable variation in emotional functioning in major psychiatric disorders. Thus, there is evidence from a variety of sources that characteristics relevant to emotion are influenced by genetic factors. However, behavior-genetic methods generally have not been applied in laboratory-based studies of the psychophysiologic, cognitive, or expressive correlates of emotion. Because recent developments in quantitative genetics permit us to go beyond the simple estimation of heritability, a broader application of behavior-genetic strategies to the s...
What to do about ischemic mitral regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation (MR) can be classified as either degenerative or functional. Degenerative MR is due to disease, deformity, or damage of the mitral valve or its supporting apparatus. Functional MR is caused by improper coaptation of normal leaflets and apparatus and is due primarily to
Citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles as negative controls for measurements of neurite outgrowth

Abstract Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising candidates for medical diagnostics and therapeutics, due to their chemical stability, optical properties, and ease of functionalization. Citrate-stabilized reference materials also have potential as negative controls in toxicology studies of other nanoparticles. Here we examine the impact of 30 nm particles on the in vitro development of rat-cortex neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which mimic aspects of the developing neurological environment. AuNPs dispersed in a low-serum culture medium initially agglomerated, but then remained stable during a three day incubation period, and agglomerated only slightly during a ten day incubation period, as determined by dynamic light scattering. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the presence of individual nanoparticles at all timepoints examined. Fixed cells were cross-sectioned by ion milling and imaged by scanning electron microscopy and helium-ion microscopy to evaluate particle incorporation. Individual nanoparticles could be resolved inside cross-sectioned cells. AuNPs were incubated with developing NPCs for ten days at concentrations of 0.5 μg/mL Au, 0.1 μg/mL Au, or 0.05 μg/mL Au. Adenosine triphosphate levels, as determined by bioluminescence measurements sensitive to low cell numbers, were not affected by AuNPs and the particles did not interfere with the assay. Multiple endpoints of neurite outgrowth were not altered by AuNPs, in particular, total neurite outgrowth per cell, a sensitive measure of neuronal development. Slide-level comparisons demonstrated the consistent response of NPCs to gold nanoparticles and a positive control chemical, neuroactive lithium. These results indicate that 30 nm citrate-stabilized AuNPs could serve as negative-control reference materials for in vitro measurements of neurite outgrowth.
Holding distribution utilities liable for outage costs

Abstract Storm-related service outages in electricity and telecommunications have created public controversies regarding the adequacy of ex ante efforts to prevent outages and ex post efforts to restore power. Product liability rules, used to promote quality of service throughout the economy, might seem to offer a solution to this problem in the utility context. Strict liability rules avoid the need for determining whether utilities were appropriately careful but increase ratepayer costs because of moral hazard and, in effect, force ratepayers to buy outage insurance from the utility. By leaving customers exposed to damage, negligence rules can avoid these shortcomings but force upon regulators and courts the need to make difficult decisions regarding efficient care levels. Profit regulation, risk aversion, regulatory commitment failures, and distributional considerations add further complications. Still, the consideration of liability rules may provide worthwhile reminders that increased reliability is neither free nor guaranteed by public provision of service.
Their Perspectives: ESL Students' Reflections On Collaborative Community Service Learning

Our business communication classes will continue to be enriched by students from various cultural backgrounds, many of them ESL learners. Among the numerous benefits of this diversity are oppor tunities for all students to develop essential life skills through course-embedded community ser vice learning (CSL) projects. This study analyzes students' guided reflections in response to qualitative probes regarding CSL projects required for all MBA candidates at the study site. Data were gathered during a 5-year period from 326 reflective repor ts. More than 80% of the reflective question responses were authored by international students; approximately 60% of those were ESL learners. The findings reveal differences not only between ESL learners and native speakers of English but also between ESL students. Key themes discussed include cultural sensitivity, teamwork, contributive roles, conflict resolution skills, and pragmatic communication skills. The findings presented are accompanied by students' comments, c...
Distribution and metabolism of iron in muscles of iron-deficient rats.

Iron-deficiency anemia leads directly to both reduced hemoglobin levels and work performance in humans and experimental animals. In an attempt to observe a direct link between work performance and insufficient iron at the cellular level, we produced severe iron deficiency in female weanling Sprague-Dawley rats following five weeks on a low-iron diet. Deficient rats were compared with normal animals to observe major changes in hematological parameters, body weight, and growth of certain organs and tissues. The overall growth of iron-deficient animals was approximately 50% of normal. The ratio of organ weight: body weight increased in heart, liver, spleen, kidney, brain, and soleus muscle in response to iron deficiency. Further, mitochondria from heart and red muscle retained their iron more effectively under the stress of iron deficiency than mitochondria from liver and spleen.
Physics Education Research funding census

It is important for a research community, such as Physics Education Research (PER), to understand how much funding it receives and where this funding comes from. During spring 2011, US-based members of the PER community were asked to respond to a web survey to identify funding that supports their research. Results indicate that the total funding base for PER from 2006-2010 (inclusive) is at least 262 grants worth a total of $72.5M. Most (75%) of the funding for PER comes from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and most of the NSF funding is through the NSF Directorate for Education and Human Resources. Very little PER work is funded through the Education and Interdisciplinary Research (EIR) Program that is housed within the NSF Division of Physics, nor is there significant funding from the US Department of Education. Although funding supports work at all levels of physics instruction, by far the largest amount of funding goes to support work at the introductory undergraduate level.
Prenatal ethanol exposure in C57 mice: Effects on pregnancy and offspring development

Pregnant mice were fed lab chow or isocaloric liquid diets containing different concentrations of ethanol or sucrose from Day 5 through Day 17 of gestation. Ethanol added to the diet reduced ad lib consumption compared to that of the diet with sucrose. The reduced consumption was accompanied by an attenuated weight gain during pregnancy. The attenuated weight gain, however, was not specific to alcohol as evidenced by an equivalent attenuation for sucrose controls pair-fed to the ethanol group. Prenatal ethanol exposure increased neonatal mortality which appeared to be unrelated to the prenatal attenuated weight gain or to postnatal nurturance. Surviving offspring, reared by their biological mothers, had body weights similar to controls at birth and during lactation. However, in contrast to previous reports, mice prenatally exposed to ethanol manifested weight reductions near weaning that extended into adulthood (60 days). In spite of the increased mortality and reduced body weight, motor activity assessed by either longitudinal or cross-sectional methods was not influenced by the treatments. Possible mechanisms for the delayed weight reduction include retarded maturation and/or dysfunction of neural systems involving food regulation.
Student perceptions of learning data-creation and data-analysis skills in an introductory college-level chemistry course

This study examines how students perceive their learning of creating and analyzing data in an introductory inquiry chemistry course at a college level that features oral presentations in student-centered discussions. A student Participant Perception Indicator (PPI) survey was administered in order to obtain data on student perceptions with respect to their own data-creation and data-analysis skills, which skills are essential for learning and understanding science. These student perceptions regarding gaining knowledge were consistently higher than their perceptions regarding gaining confidence and experience; however, both the confidence and the experience measures increased significantly as a semester progressed. Further, significant differences in student perceptions were found to exist between students who made oral presentations and students who did not. This finding strongly supports the active learning theory, i.e., learning by doing, and strongly encourages student participation in knowledge creation. Findings were also analyzed according to student demographics (gender, school) to determine patterns for different populations within the groups of students. Such analysis is important for instructors and for course designers to enable them to adjust their manner of teaching based on student demographic information in their classes, and to adjust the provided feedback and guidance, as needed.
Decline of the Frecklebelly Madtom in the Pearl River Based on Contemporary and Historical Surveys

Abstract The Pearl River has experienced numerous human-caused disturbances since the 1950s, including completion of a navigation channel, reservoir construction, and channel modifications on the main stem of the river. These types of disturbances are known to negatively impact the biotic and abiotic components of riverine ecosystems. Since the 1960s, several fish species in the drainage have declined in abundance or have been extirpated from the drainage. We undertook this study to assess the current conservation status of the frecklebelly madtom Noturus munitus in the Pearl River drainage. A 1999 survey of 53 sites within the historic range of the frecklebelly madtom yielded only 13 specimens from eight localities. We also examined historical population trends for the frecklebelly madtom and other benthic fishes using archived museum material (1950– 1988). After standardizing for variation in collection effort, analysis of long-term collection data indicated that frecklebelly madtom populations have dec...
Abnormal movements and tardive dyskinesia in smokers and nonsmokers with schizophrenia genotyped for cytochrome p450 2D6

Study Objective. To investigate the relationships between cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 genotype, antipsychotic drug exposure, abnormal movements and tardive dyskinesia, and cigarette smoking. Design. Prospective, longitudinal study. Setting. University mental health research center. Patients. Thirty-seven patients with schizophrenia. Intervention. Patients were genotyped for CYP2D6*1, *3, and *4 alleles, and data were collected on their psychiatric symptoms, cigarette smoking status, and antipsychotic drug exposure. Abnormal movements were measured using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Presence of tardive dyskinesia was also evaluated. Measurements and Main Results. A linear regression model used the AIMS scores as the dependent variable, and genotype, sex, smoking status, and antipsychotic drug exposure as independent variables. Antipsychotic drug exposure, genotype, and cigarette smoking interaction was significant (p<0.0212) for patients with the CYP2D6*1/*3, *4 genotype. Seventy-eight percent of smokers with the CYP2D6*1/*3, *4 genotype had tardive dyskinesia compared with 20–33% of patients in other groups. Conclusion. Patients with a CYP2D6*3 or *4 allele may shunt antipsychotic metabolism through other pathways that are induced by cigarette smoke. This induction may result in formation of neurotoxic metabolites, leading to increased AIMS scores and a higher frequency of tardive dyskinesia compared with patients without these alleles.
Medical emergency department utilization patterns among uninsured patients with psychiatric disorders.

Objective: This study examined medical emergency department utilization for patterns among uninsured patients with psychiatric disorders. Methods: Billing records of 15,672 uninsured adult patients treated in the emergency department of an academic medical center in southeast Texas over a 12month period were analyzed for information on demographic characteristics, diagnosis, number of emergency department visits, and hospitalization. Results: Overall, 11.8% of the population was diagnosed as having at least one psychiatric disorder during an emergency department visit. Patients with psychiatric disorders had an increased risk of having multiple emergency department visits and hospitalization compared with patients without psychiatric disorders. The risk of multiple emergency department visits was particularly high for patients with either bipolar disorder or psychotic disorders. Conclusions: Uninsured patients with psychiatric disorders appear to be heavy users of medical emergency department services. These findings may be helpful in developing more efficient strategies to serve the mental health needs of the uninsured. (Psychiatric Services 59:808–811, 2008)
Concurrent testing of digital microfluidics-based biochips

We present a concurrent testing methodology for detecting catastrophic faults in digital microfluidics-based biochips and investigate the related problems of test planning and resource optimization. We first show that an integer linear programming model can be used to minimize testing time for a given hardware overhead, for example, droplet dispensing sources and capacitive sensing circuitry. Due to the NP-complete nature of the problem, we also develop efficient heuristic procedures to solve this optimization problem. We apply the proposed concurrent testing methodology to a droplet-based microfluidic array that was fabricated and used to perform multiplexed glucose and lactate assays. Experimental results show that the proposed test approach interleaves test application with the biomedical assays and prevents resource conflicts. The proposed method is therefore directed at ensuring high reliability and availability of bio-MEMS and lab-on-a-chip systems, as they are increasingly deployed for safety-critical applications.
Moving the Nest: The Impact of Coresidential Children on Mobility in Later Midlife

Using data from the 1992-2000 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, this article examines the relationship between the presence and age of children in the home and parental mobility in midlife. Although a substantial literature evaluates the factors affecting the timing of children leaving (and returning) home, less attention has been paid to the residential changes that parents may experience during this stage of the family life cycle. As young adults leave home, family ties that keep their parents in a place may weaken, precipitating residential change. Results indicate that parents with no children or adult children at home are more likely to move, and move further, than those with children younger than 18 at home. These findings are discussed in the context of a life course view of family migration behavior that suggests that as children age and their potential for independent living increases, parental mobility may increase.
An involuntary stereotypical grasp tendency pervades voluntary dynamic multifinger manipulation.

We used a novel apparatus with three hinged finger pads to characterize collaborative multifinger interactions during dynamic manipulation requiring individuated control of fingertip motions and fo...
Polystyrene‐1‐ethyl‐3‐(3′‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide Hydrochloride

[99270-53-8] (used as a peptide coupling reagent; used in acylsulfonamide libraries, disulfide analog synthesis, heterocyclic carboxamides via a CMR/R approach, formation of Mosher amides, preparation of hapten active esters, thiol ester formation, cyclodehydration reactions) Alternate Name: polymer-bound (or polymer-tethered) 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide; polymer-bound (P)-EDCI; P-EDC; polymeric-EDC; solid-supported (SS)-EDAC; polymer-bound EDAC. Solubility: reaction solvents include chloroform (CHCl3), methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), dimethylformamide (DMF), or acetonitrile (MeCN). In certain instances, t-butanol (t-BuOH) has been added as a co-solvent in order to dissolve insoluble amine or carboxylic acid components. Other solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or diethyl ether (Et2O), have been shown to slow down the reaction substantially. Preparative Methods: PS-EDCI 1 is prepared from commercially available EDCI, which may be bound via alkylation utilizing the nucleophilic property of the dimethylamino group of the reagent, to the commercially available chloromethylated polystyrene-divinylbenzene. Suitable polymers have a 200–400 mesh size, 1–2% divinylbenzene cross-linking, and a level of chloromethylation of 0.8 mmol of Cl per g of resin. The preparation of PS-EDCI is accomplished in one step by heating EDCI (1.5 equiv) with chloromethylated polystyrene-divinylbenzene and a suitable solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF, 100 °C) or acetonitrile (MeCN, reflux) for 15 h (i.e., overnight). A long reflux period and the use of 50% excess EDCI are to ensure completeness of the reaction (i.e., in the quaternization, accessible chloromethyl groups are all consumed). The functionalized polymer is obtained upon cooling and subsequent filtration. Washing with THF followed by diethyl ether and drying (P2O5) gives the PS-EDCI reagent product in pure form. The reagent can then be stored at 0 °C without loss of activity for several months.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the beige colored, free floating resin can be stored without significant loss of reactivity at 0 °C for several months.
A Two-Dimensional Model for the Study of Interpersonal Attraction:

We describe a model for understanding interpersonal attraction in which attraction can be understood as a product of the initial evaluations we make about others. The model posits that targets are evaluated on two basic dimensions, capacity and willingness, such that affective and behavioral attraction result from evaluations of (a) a target's capacity to facilitate the perceiver's goals/needs and (b) a target's potential willingness to facilitate those goals/needs. The plausibility of the two-dimensional model of attraction is evaluated vis-a-vis the extant literature on various attraction phenomena including the reciprocity of liking effect, pratfall effect, matching hypothesis, arousal effects, and similarity effect. We conclude that considerable evidence across a wide range of phenomena supports the idea that interpersonal attraction is principally determined by inferences about the target's capacity and willingness.
Plasmon-enhanced photothermal response in heterogeneous metallic trimers

Heat generation in plasmonic nanostructures has attracted enormous attention due to the ability of these nanostructures to generate high temperatures in nanoscale volumes using far-field irradiation, enabling applications ranging from photothermal therapy to fast (sub-nanosecond) thermal optical switching. Here we investigate the optical and thermal response of a heterogeneous trimer structure composed of a gold nanoparticle surrounded by two larger silver nanoparticles analytically and numerically. We observe that this type of multi-scale multi-material plasmonic oligomer can produce temperature changes over two orders of magnitude higher than possible with isolated gold nanoparticles.
Norms of communicative analysis

Analytical tools are hard to learn and use. Yet getting the numbers right is only part of the job for engineers, economists and other quantitative modelers. Bosses, clients, colleagues and members of the public need to understand-and believe-the analytical results, or else the job is not done. Practicing analysts work in a social, communicative context which few academics understand and about which few students learn. This paper introduces the concept of communicative analysis, establishes behavioral norms and suggests a set of heuristics for its performance.
IMMEDIATE RECALL OF SEMANTICALLY VARIED "SENTENCES" BY LEARNING-DISABLED ADOLESCENTS

The immediate recall of 20 semantically and syntactically varied sentences was assessed and compared for 30 learning-disabled and 30 academically achieving adolescents. Learning-disabled adolescents repeated significantly fewer of the sentences verbatim than their achieving age peers. They exhibited significant reductions in the recall of sentences which violated semantic (selectional) rules, contained correctly and incorrectly sequenced modifier-strings, contained a random word-setting, or were syntactically complex. Perseveration errors occured more frequently among the learning-disabled adolescents than among the achievers and inter-sentence perseverative errors were exhibited only by those who were learning disabled. The rank order of difficulty for the sentences agreed for the two groups, suggesting primarily quantitative reductions in the immediate recall by the learning-disabled adolescents. The findings suggest that learning-disabled adolescents depend heavily upon semantic aspects for language processing, experience immediate memory and sequencing problems for modifier-strings, and exhibit a prevalence of interfering perseverative responses.
Relation of Vmax to Different Models of Cardiac Muscle

The present study was undertaken to reevaluate the effects of preload on maximum velocity of shortening at zero load, Vmax, relative to the length-tension curve. Force-velocity relations were measured from afterloaded isotonic contractions and were calculated from isometric contractions of isolated cat papillary muscles. Results were interpreted in the light of three alternative mechanical models of muscle. Vmax was obtained by mathematical extrapolation of each force-velocity relation to zero load using a hyperbolic least-squares analysis performed on an IBM 360 computer. With the application of all three muscle models to isotonic force-velocity relations, Vmax was relatively constant at low preloads but was reduced substantially as muscle length approached Lmax (the length at the peak of the active length-tension curve). In force-velocity relations from isometric contractions, similar results were obtained with the two-element and Voigt models of muscle. With the Maxwell model, Vmax remained more nearly...
M2 occlusions as targets for endovascular therapy: comprehensive analysis of diffusion/perfusion MRI, angiography, and clinical outcomes

Background The ideal population of patients for endovascular therapy (ET) in acute ischemic stroke remains undefined. Recent ET trials have moved towards selecting patients with proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) or internal carotid artery occlusions, which will likely leave a gap in our understanding of the treatment outcomes of M2 occlusions. Objective and methods To examine the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of M2 compared with M1 MCA occlusions in patients undergoing ET by assessing comprehensive MRI, angiography, and clinical data. Results We found that M2 occlusions can lead to massive strokes defined by hypoperfused and infarcted volumes as well as death or moderate to severe disability in nearly 50% of patients at discharge. Compared with M1 occlusions, M2 occlusions achieved similar Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b/3 recanalization rates, with significantly less hemorrhage. M2 occlusions presented with smaller infarct and hypoperfused volumes and had smaller final infarct volumes regardless of recanalization. TICI 2b/3 recanalization of M2 occlusions was associated with smaller infarct volumes compared with TICI 0–2a recanalization, as well as less infarct expansion, in patients who received IV tissue plasminogen activator as well as those that did not. Successful reperfusion of M2 occlusions was associated with improved discharge modified Rankin scale. Conclusions If suitable as targets of ET, M2 occlusions should be given the same consideration as M1 occlusions.
A method for two-dimensional characterization of animal vibrational signals transmitted along plant stems

Conventional approaches to measuring animal vibrational signals on plant stems use a single transducer to measure the amplitude of vibrations. Such an approach, however, will often underestimate the amplitude of bending waves traveling along the stem. This occurs because vibration transducers are maximally sensitive along a single axis, which may not correspond to the major axis of stem motion. Furthermore, stem motion may be more complex than that of a bending wave propagating along a single axis, and such motion cannot be described using a single transducer. Here, we describe a method for characterizing stem motion in two dimensions by processing the signals from two orthogonally positioned transducers. Viewed relative to a cross-sectional plane, a point on the stem surface moves in an ellipse at any one frequency, with the ellipse’s major axis corresponding to the maximum amplitude of vibration. The method outlined here measures the ellipse’s major and minor axes, and its angle of rotation relative to one of the transducers. We illustrate this method with measurements of stem motion during insect vibrational communication. It is likely the two-dimensional nature of stem motion is relevant to insect vibration perception, making this method a promising avenue for studies of plant-borne transmission.
Effects of temperature, surfactants and skin location on the dermal penetration of haloacetonitriles and chloral hydrate

Dermal exposure has been recognized as an important contributor to the total internal dose to disinfection-by-products (DBPs) in water. However, the effect of the use of surfactants, water temperature and area of the body exposed to DBPs on their dermal flux has not been characterized and was the focus of the present study using an in-vitro system. The dermal flux of mg/l concentrations of haloacetonitriles and chloral hydrate (CH), important cytotoxic DBPs, increased by approximately 50% to 170% with increasing temperature from 25 °C to 40 °C. The fluxes for the torso and dorsum of the hand were much higher than that of palm and scalp skin. An increase in flux was observed for chloroacetonitrite and dichloroacetonitrile, two less lipophilic HANs, but not for trichloroacetonitrile or CH, with the addition of 2% sodium lauryl sulfate or 2% sodium laureth sulfate, two surfactants commonly used in soaps and shampoos used in showering and bathing. Thus, factors such as temperature, surfactants and skin location affect dermal penetration and should be considered when evaluating dermal absorption.
Investigating the impact of real-world factors on internet worm propagation

This paper reports the results of our experimentation with modeling worm behavior on a large scale, fully adaptable network simulator. Our experiments focused on areas of worm scanning methods, IP address structure, and wireless links that, to the best of our knowledge, have been mostly neglected or abstracted away in prior worm simulations. Namely, our intent was to first study by direct observation of our simulations the effects of various IP scanning techniques on the effectiveness of worm spread. Second, our intent was to research the effects that having a larger IP address space (specifically a sparsely populated IP address space like that provided by Internet Protocol Version 6) would have on the effectiveness of several worms. Third, we study how the wireless media may affect the propagation of worms. In order to perform these simulations we have made use of the Georgia Institute of Technology's network simulator, GTNetS, extending the worm classes packaged with the simulator.
Massive parallelism for sparse images

The authors present parallel algorithms using sparse representation for arrays. It is shown that adopting such a representation not only reduces the processor/space requirement, but also provides efficient load balancing. New parallel primitives needed to work with such a representation are defined. Sample algorithms from the areas of image processing and computer vision are presented. Alternate schemes for dealing with arrays containing large contiguous blocks of elements with identical array values are considered. >
New Materials on the Renaissance Artists’ Palette

In the light of new documentary information regarding the range of materials available to sixteenth century artists, cross sections from paintings were re-examined using scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive spectrometry. Among a variety of new materials, colored glassy pigments were found including diverse yellow glassy particles, specifically lead silicate and a glass colored by lead antimonate. These are the “yellow smalts” described in Renaissance writings on artists’ materials.
Simulation of ground accelerations for the May 1980 Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquakes

abstract Strong-motion accelerograms from the May 1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquake sequence are used to support the technique of estimating near-source ground motion by the summation of existing records. An SMA-1 record recovered 3 km from the epicenter of the first magnitude ( M L ) 6 earthquake in the Mammoth Lakes sequence (25 May, 16:33:44 UTC) is simulated by the summation of records from later events. The source-time history on which this summation is based comes from a study of the teleseismic P waves. The summation method has several distinct advantages: it is easy to apply; inexpensive (costly wave-propagation codes are not needed); and source-to-receiver propagation effects are automatically included. The method, however, requires a good data base from which to perform the summation.
"Between the Heavens and the Earth": Narrating the Execution of Moses Paul

The 1772 execution of the Mohegan sailor Moses Paul served as the occasion for Samson Occom's popular Sermon, reprinted in numerous editions. Recent work by Ava Chamberlain seeks to recover Paul's version of events from contemporary court records. This article argues that Paul's "firsthand" account of the case and autobiographical narrative submitted in his appeal illustrate the importance of approaching confessional texts such as Paul's as fundamentally coauthored documents. I argue that both Occom's Sermon and Paul's Petition, which was cowritten with his attorney William Samuel Johnson, construct mediated, communal definitions of "Indianness" and provide an unintentional space for individual narrative autonomy.
Partial Priapism Treated with Pentoxifylline.

Main findings:A 26-year-old man suffering from partial priapism was successfully treated with a regimen including pentoxifylline, a nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is often used to conservatively treat Peyronie's disease.Case hypothesis:Partial priapism is an extremely rare urological condition that is characterized by thrombosis within the proximal segment of a single corpus cavernosum. There have only been 36 reported cases to date. Although several factors have been associated with this unusual disorder, such as trauma or bicycle riding, the etiology is still not completely understood. Treatment is usually conservative and consists of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic.Promising future implications:This case report supports the utilization of pentoxifylline in patients with partial priapism due to its anti-fibrogenic and anti-thrombotic properties.
Employment Location, Neighborhood Change, and Gentrification

This paper assesses the contribution of employment location to neighborhood change and to gentrification. At the tract level, average household income change from 1990 to 2000 is positively correlated both with the change and the level of average earnings for nearby jobs. I instrument for the tract-level change in average earnings with predicted change in tract average earnings based on national industry trends, confirming a causal interpretation. The relationship between employment location and neighborhood change is strongest for tracts with slower commuting speeds, suggesting that people live nearer work where the time cost of commuting is higher.
Targeted Judicial Activism

In response to Suzanna Sherry's article, "Why We Need More Judicial Activism," this Comment suggests, based on constitutional history, that judicial "activism" is most appropriate in situations in which the legislature is likely to have acted out of passion or prejudice rather than after considered deliberation.
Editorial: Avoidance: From Basic Science to Psychopathology.

As a means of coping, avoidance encompasses thoughts and efforts toward prevention of future aversive experiences and events. Avoidance has been and remains controversial. Avoidance is accepted as a construct in many areas of research, but is roundly disdained in others. Why is such a critical feature of coping both acknowledged as such, but almost reluctantly studied?
Sexual and physical abuse history in subjects with temporomandibular disorders: relationship to clinical variables, pain sensitivity, and psychologic factors.

Recent evidence suggests that a past history of physical and/or sexual abuse is more frequently reported among chronic pain populations; however, the prevalence of reported abuse has not been examined in patients with chronic orofacial pain caused by temporomandibular disorders (TMD). This study compares reported physical/sexual abuse among female TMD subjects recruited from the general population with that of age-matched female control subjects. The association of reported abuse with clinical pain, experimental pain responses, and psychologic variables was examined in the TMD group. Results indicated that a slightly but not statistically greater percentage of TMD subjects (44.8%) reported a history of sexual or physical abuse compared to control subjects (33.3%). Reported abuse among TMD subjects was not re lated to clinical pain or psychologic variables. Regarding experimental pain responses, TMD subjects reporting a history of abuse exhibited longer ischemic pain tolerances compared to those not reporting abuse; however, the groups did not differ on other experimental pain measures. Results indicate that the reported prevalence of physical/sexual abuse is similar among tMD subjects compared to other chronic pain populations; however, the relationship of abuse to clinical and psychosocial variables remains unclear.
Low Reynolds Number Flow Dynamics of a Thin, Flat Airfoil with Elastically Mounted Trailing Edge

Direct numerical simulations were performed to study the effect of an elastically mounted trailing edge actuator on the unsteady flow over a plunging, thin airfoil at Reynolds number of 14700 based on the chord length. The goal is to investigate potential benefits of flow-induced passive actuation of the trailing edge to the lift and drag characteristics of flapping MAV wings. The trailing edge, of 30% the chord length, is hinged to the wing using a torsion spring. It may undergo flow induced rotation resulting in dynamic variations in the airfoil shape. This trailing-edge spring assembly is modeled by simple, linear, torsion spring dynamics. A small parameter space varying the spring flexibility is explored to investigate its effect on the airfoil performance. Firstly, the second-order fictitious domain based finite volume approach by Apte et al. (J. Comp. Phys. 2009) was extended to model this fluid-structure interaction problem on a fixed, Cartesian mesh. Verification studies were conducted on a canonical test case of a spring-mounted cylinder to show good predictive capability. Secondly, flow over a plunging thin flat airfoil, at reduced frequency of 5.7 (10 Hz) and 5◦ angle of attack was investigated with and without the actuation of the trailing edge. It was found that, spring natural frequencies higher than the plunging frequency result in the tailing edge actuation that leads to net increase in thrust. The phase difference between the leading and trailing edge motions was found to vary based on the spring flexibility and played a critical role in governing wing performance.
Application of filter paper partition chromatography to qualitative analysis of volatile and non-volatile organic acids.

SummaryA procedure for the application of filter paper partition chromatography to the separation of both volatile and non-volatile organic acids with chain lengths of about eight carbons or less is described. The potassium hydroxamate derivatives of the organic acids are prepared by reacting the methyl ester with about a two-fold excess of a mixture of potassium hydroxide and hydroxylamine in methyl alcohol. The hydroxamate derivatives obtained from about 10−6 mole of each of the esters are applied to the filter paper, the chromatogram developed with suitable solvents, and then sprayed with ferric chloride to make the derivatives visible as purple spots on a yellow background. Isobutyric acid and phenol gave the best results of the solvents tried for two-dimensional chromatograms of the dicarboxylic acids. RF values for a number of hydroxamate derivatives are given for several solvents.
Some Factors Affecting Oviposition Behavior of the Mountain Pine Beetle

Four factors that affect oviposition behavior of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas, were investigated. These were distance between egg galleries, size of the female, phloem thickness, and temperature. The average number of eggs oviposited per inch of gallery increased with increases in each of the 4 factors. The average number of eggs oviposited per day also increased with increases in each factor except that the effect of distance between galleries was not investigated. The rate of gallery construction increased only with an increase in temperature; it was unaffected by size of female and phloem thickness. Again the effect of distance between galleries was not investigated.
COMPARATIVE EVOLUTION IN MIMULUS GUTTATUS OF THE BONNEVILLE BASIN.

In western Utah, the basin of ancient Lake Bonneville with its surrounding mountains forms an excellent natural laboratory for investigations of dispersal and speciation (Durrant, 1952; Hubbs and Miller, 1948; Vickery and Lindsay, 1961). The Pleistocene to Recent geological history of the area reveals a succession of lakes that filled the valleys, and a series of glaciers that covered portions of the encircling mountains. At present the glaciers have completely melted except for a few permanent snow fields and the huge lake has evaporated to mere remnants, Utah Lake and the Great Salt Lake. One of the successful invaders of the available new areas is Mimulus guttatus Fischer, the common yellow monkey flower. Typically, its small, geographically isolated populations differ in their morphological and physiological traits. The populations have the appearance of being in various stages of evolutionary divergence. The purpose of our study is twofold: first, to determine whether the Mimulus populations are, in fact, becoming significantly differentiated one from another and second, if they are, to estimate and compare the relative rates of such evolutionary changes by means of the natural time clock provided by the recession of the lakes and glaciers from the present habitats of the monkey flowers.
A Predictive Generator Out-of-Step Protection and Transient Stability Monitoring Scheme Enabled by a Distributed Dynamic State Estimator

A novel predictive generator out-of-step protection and transient stability monitoring scheme is presented. It is based on real-time dynamic monitoring of the system, enabled by a distributed dynamic state estimator (DSE). DSE utilizes local synchronized and nonsynchronized measurements and provides the evolution of the system's dynamic state at rates of 60 times/s. The real-time dynamic model is then utilized to evaluate the system's energy function based on Lyapunov's direct method, estimate the stability barrier, and characterize its stability. The two major components of the scheme are: 1) the calculation of the system's center of oscillations and 2) the derivation in real time of an equivalent, reduced size model used for the calculation of the generator stability barrier and its stability characterization. It is shown that the major advantage of the proposed scheme, compared with legacy generator impedance relay-based out-of-step protection, is that the out-of-step condition is predicted before its occurrence and the generator can be tripped much faster than the traditional scheme. The theoretical background of the scheme and application on an actual system are presented. The proposed scheme characterizes very accurate potential generator instability and predicts generator loss of synchronism before its occurrence, before the generator slips a pole.
Calendar Assistants that Learn Preferences.

Calendar scheduling is a personal behavior and there are diverse factors on which the user’s decision depends. Whether the user is initiating a new meeting or responding to a meeting request she chooses an action with multiple objectives. For instance, when trying to schedule a new meeting at a preferred time and location, the user may also want to minimize change to her existing meetings, and she takes a scheduling action that best compromises the overall objectives. Our goal is to build an agent that can predict the best scheduling action to take, where “best” is defined in terms of the user’s true preference. We take a machine learning approach and focus on the problem of learning the user’s preference, through observation of the user as she engages in meeting scheduling episodes. We propose a hybrid preference learning framework in which we first learn utility functions of simple individual preferences such as preferred time-of-day, and then qualitatively evaluate complex scheduling options by learning a classifier from pairwise preferences. We summarize proof of principal experiments that illustrate both types of learning.
Sickle cell disease. Still a management challenge.

Preview Early diagnosis of sickle cell disease enables physicians to initiate prompt treatment and provide appropriate education and counseling for patients and their families. In this article, Dr Burdick reviews the management of major complications of the disorder, discusses the psychosocial impact, and examines the possibilities for cure in the future.