cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupling of fully Eulerian and arbitrary Lagrangian---Eulerian methods for fluid-structure interaction computations

We present a specific application of the fluid-solid interface-tracking/interface-capturing technique (FSITICT) for solving fluid-structure interaction. Specifically, in the FSITICT, we choose as interface-tracking technique the arbitrary Lagrangian---Eulerian method and as interface-capturing technique the fully Eulerian approach, leading to the Eulerian-arbitrary Lagrangian---Eulerian (EALE) technique. Using this approach, the domain is partitioned into two sub-domains in which the different methods are used for the numerical solution. The discretization is based on a monolithic solver in which finite differences are used for temporal integration and a Galerkin finite element method for spatial discretization. The nonlinear problem is treated with Newton's method. The method combines advantages of both sub-frameworks, which is demonstrated with the help of some benchmarks.
The association of maternal factors with delayed implantation and the initial rise of urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin

BACKGROUND Late implantation and the pattern of early rise in hCG have been associated with early pregnancy loss. We explored factors that might be predictive of these markers of poor embryonic health in spontaneously conceived pregnancies. METHODS Participants in the North Carolina Early Pregnancy Study collected daily first-morning urine specimens while attempting to conceive. Samples were assayed for estrogen and progesterone metabolites (to identify day of ovulation) and hCG (to detect conception). Data were available for 190 pregnancies, 48 of which ended in early loss (within 6 weeks of the last menstrual period). We used logistic regression to identify characteristics associated with late implantation (≥10 days post-ovulation). For pregnancies surviving at least 6 weeks (n= 142), we used linear mixed models to identify factors associated with variations in hCG rise in the first 7 days from detection. RESULTS Later implantation was associated with current maternal smoking [odds ratio (OR): 5.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-30] and with oocytes that were likely to have been fertilized late in their post-ovulatory lifespan (OR: 5.1; CI: 1.9-16). Older women had a faster rise in hCG (P= 0.01), as did women who had relatively late menarche (P for trend = 0.02). Women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol showed an unusual pattern of slow initial hCG rise followed by a fast increase, a pattern significantly different from that of unexposed women (P= 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Although limited by small numbers and infrequent exposures, our analyses suggest that a woman's exposures both early in life and at the time of pregnancy may influence early development of the conceptus.
Analysis of robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyleloplasty for primary versus secondary repair in 119 consecutive cases.

Objective To analyze the outcomes of our robotic-assisted pyeloplasty series for primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and compare them with our series of robotic-assisted pyeloplasty for secondary UPJO. The repair of secondary UPJO can pose additional challenges to surgeons. Robotic assistance could aid in these repairs. Methods Using an institutional review board-approved database, we reviewed 119 consecutive patients who had undergone robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty at our institution during an 8-year period (May 2002 to February 2010). Data were collected in a combined retrospective and prospective manner. The patients were stratified into primary repair and secondary repair for the primary analysis. The patients were also stratified into those with stones and those without stones for the secondary analysis. We compared the demographic, operative, postoperative, and radiographic outcomes. Student's t test and Pearson's chi-square correlation were used for statistical analysis of continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Results Of the original 119 patients, data were available for 117. Of the 117 patients, 97 had undergone primary pyeloplasty repair and 20 had undergone secondary pyleloplasty repair. Radiographic data were available for 84 patients with primary repair and 17 patients with secondary repair. The radiographic success rate was 96.1% and 94.1%, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in the patient demographics, operative data, or postoperative or radiographic outcomes for the primary analysis. Additionally, no differences were found in the outcomes for patients with concomitant stone disease. Conclusion These data represent the largest single-center report of its kind. These data strongly suggest that robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty is a safe and durable option for secondary UPJO repair.
Capacity for sustained terrestrial locomotion in an insect: Energetics, thermal dependence, and kinematics

The capacity for sustained, terrestrial locomotion in the cockroach. Blaberus discoidalis, was determined in relation to running speed, metabolic cost, aerobic capacity, and ambient temperature (T a=15, 23, and 34°C; acclimation temperature=24°C). Steady-state thoracic temperature (T tss) increased linearly with speed at each T a.The difference between T tss and T awas similar at each experimental temperature with a maximum increase of 7°C. Steady-state oxygen consumption (VO2ss) increased linearly with speed at each T aand had a low thermal dependence (Q10=1.0-1.4). The minimum cost of locomotion (the slope of the VO2ss versus speed function) was independent of T a.Cockroaches attained a maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). increased with T afrom 2.1 ml O2·g-1·h-1 at 15°C to 4.9 ml O2·g-1·h-1 at 23°C, but showed no further increase at 34°C, VO2max increased 23-fold over resting VO2 at 23°C, 10-fold at 34°C, and 15-fold at 15°C. Endurance correlated with the speed at which VO2max was attained (MAS, maximal aerobic speed). Temperature affected the kinematics of locomotion. compared to cockroaches running at the same speed, but higher temperatures (23–34°C), low temperature (15°C) increased protraction time, reduced stride frequency, and reduced stability by increasing body pitching. The thermal independence of the minimum cost of locomotion (Cmin), the low thermal dependence of VO2ss (i.e., y-intercept of the VO2ss versus speed function), and a typical Q10 of 2.0 for VO2max combined to increase MAS and endurance in B. discoidalis when T awas increased from 15 to 23°C. Exerciserelated endothermy enabled running cockroaches to attain a greater VO2max, metabolic scope, and endurance capacity at 23°C than would be possible if T tss remained equal to T a. The MAS of B. discoidalis was similar to that of other arthropods that use trachea, but was 2-fold greater than ectotherms, such as salamanders, frogs, and crabs of a comparable body mass.
Impact of global health governance on country health systems: the case of HIV initiatives in Nigeria.

Background Three global health initiatives (GHIs) – the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and the World Bank Multi–Country HIV/AIDS Program – finance most HIV services in Nigeria. Critics assert that GHIs burden fragile health systems in resource–poor countries and that health system limitations in these countries constrain the achievement of the objectives of GHIs. This study analyzed interactions between HIV GHIs and the Nigerian Health System and explored how the impact of the GHIs could be optimized.
A HYBRID MODEL FOR TUMOR SPHEROID GROWTH IN VITRO I: THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY RESULTS

Tumor spheroids grown in vitro have been widely used as models of in vivo tumor growth because they display many of the characteristics of in vivo growth, including the effects of nutrient limitations and perhaps the effect of stress on growth. In either case there are numerous biochemical and biophysical processes involved whose interactions can only be understood via a detailed mathematical model. Previous models have focused on either a continuum description or a cell-based description, but both have limitations. In this paper we propose a new mathematical model of tumor spheroid growth that incorporates both continuum and cell-level descriptions, and thereby retains the advantages of each while circumventing some of their disadvantages. In this model the cell-based description is used in the region where the majority of growth and cell division occurs, at the periphery of a tumor, while a continuum description is used for the quiescent and necrotic zones of the tumor and for the extracellular matrix. Reaction-diffusion equations describe the transport and consumption of two important nutrients, oxygen and glucose, throughout the entire domain. The cell-based component of this hybrid model allows us to examine the effects of cell–cell adhesion and variable growth rates at the cellular level rather than at the continuum level. We show that the model can predict a number of cellular behaviors that have been observed experimentally.
Program assessment at the 20 year mark: experiences of Massachusetts companies and communities with the Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) program

Abstract The Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) model is widely cited as an effective blend of mandatory and voluntary components, and is considered a model nation-wide and internationally. There is ample documentation of the reductions in toxic chemical use achieved by Massachusetts facilities under TURA. The present study was designed to gather other information about the experience of these facilities. Through an online survey and telephone interviews, the study investigated how these facilities are achieving toxics use reduction, how TURA affects internal company dynamics, what benefits and difficulties facilities experience, and how their experiences in the program have changed over time. Survey results indicate that the benefits experienced most frequently by facilities subject to TURA requirements are increased management attention to environmental practices; improved worker health and safety; and financial savings. Most frequently cited obstacles to TUR implementation are technical feasibility problems; financial costs; concerns about product quality; and customer requirements. Survey results also indicate that the TUR planning process is most useful in the first and second planning cycles, although most respondents indicated that they sometimes identify useful TUR options in subsequent planning cycles as well. Over all, the results indicate that facilities are continuing to experience significant benefits from the TURA program, while they also continue to face some challenges. These results provide a snapshot of the experience of Massachusetts facilities 20 years since the inception of the TURA program. They also provide baseline information that will be useful for later evaluations of the effects of statutory changes to TURA adopted in 2006 and implemented in subsequent years. The study also included a preliminary assessment of the experience of Massachusetts municipal agencies, community organizations, small business associations and others that receive assistance from the TURA program.
The Act of Reading in the Foreign Language: Pedagogical Implications of Iser's Reader-Response Theory

essential element in foreign-language teaching (Adelson). The pre-audiolingual view that access to the great works of literature of the target culture was the major goal of language study--has perhaps been replaced by more functional rationales. The literary text is considered as an efficient vehicle for foreign language acquisition (Krashen: p. 15), as an organic whole for cultural analysis, and as a non-banal context for composition writing (Gajdusek). If we adapt literature to these aims, it becomes necessary to view and teach texts in new ways (Harper). Studies of reading in a foreign language during the past decade have provided clear evidence that familiarity with text content and structure can attenuate the
Least action principles and their application to constrained and task-level problems in robotics and biomechanics

Least action principles provide an insightful starting point from which problems involving constraints and task-level objectives can be addressed. In this paper, the principle of least action is first treated with regard to holonomic constraints in multibody systems. A variant of this, the principle of least curvature or straightest path, is then investigated in the context of geodesic paths on constrained motion manifolds. Subsequently, task space descriptions are addressed and the operational space approach is interpreted in terms of least action. Task-level control is then applied to the problem of cost minimization. Finally, task- level optimization is formulated with respect to extremizing an objective criterion, where the criterion is interpreted as the action of the system. Examples are presented which illustrate these approaches.
Pregnancy induced sympathetic overactivity: A comparison of different hypertensive states

DIFFERENT HYPERTENSIVE STATES KEITH WILLIAMS, FRANCE GALERNEAU, MARIA SMALL, Yale University, Obstetrics & Gynecology, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have shown that elevated sympathetic outflow in patients might contribute to vasoconstriction in Preeclampsia (PET). The ability to assess Blood Pressure Variability (BPV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) have become powerful techniques for assessing autonomic control in cardiac diseases. We questioned whether increased sympathetic activity is associated with other hypertensive pregnant states including chronic hypertension and Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH). The measurement of sympathetic activity could be helpful in differentiating these conditions. STUDY DESIGN: We measured continuously beat to beat outputs of Blood pressure (pilot 9200) for 2 minutes. Time series of systolic as well as systolic beat-to-beat pressure values and RR intervals were extracted to analyze and assess BRS in 20 normotensive, 10 PET, 5 chronic hypertensive and 7 Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) patients in the third trimester. We measured BRS by the linear spontaneous sequence technique assessing spontaneous sequences of 3 cycles and calculating the linear regression slope between BP and RR interval. The BP variability was calculated as the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences in Systolic BP between adjacent RR intervals. All continuous data was compared between the four groups using ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: We identified a significant difference in BRS between Normotensive, PET, Chr Hypertensive, and PIH patients (13G8.8, vs 4.9G2.5, vs 10.4G5.9, vs 9.4G3.6) (P!.034). There was also a significant difference in BP variability (30.6G16.11, vs16.4G4.2, vs 27.8G16.0, vs 30.8G7.7)(P!.047). The significantly reduced BRS and BPV indicated that increased sympathetic activity is a significant feature of PET. CONCLUSION: Women with PET showed an increase in pregnancy induced sympathetic activity in excess of that seen with chronic hypertension and PIH with similar blood pressure levels. Non invasive assessment of the autonomic nervous system should be investigated in populations at risk for PET as a screening tool.
Numerical sensitivity of trajectories across conformational energy hypersurfaces from geometry optimized molecular orbital calculations: AM1, MNDO, and MINDO/3

The monocyclic β-lactam [[4(S)-methyl-2-oxo-1-azetidinyl]thia]acetic acid was studied by the semiempirical molecular orbital methods AM1, MNDO, and MINDO/3. Using the reaction coordinate option in the program MOPAC on VAX and Cray X-MP computers, the potential energy curve was calculated for rotation of the C2-N1-S-C torsional angle in the conformationally flexible side chain while optimizing all other geometrical variables in the molecule. The trajectory taken during geometry optimization was found to be sensitive to the computer, the program version, the convergence criteria, and the degree of code optimization used in the calculation. In order to reduce the likelihood of spurious results, conformational or reaction energy hypersurfaces need to be calculated with the more precise SCF convergence and minimization criteria available in programs for MINDO/3, MNDO, and AM1 calculations. The nitrogen in the model β-lactam antibiotic is predicted to invert periodically as the dihedral angle to the exocyclic N-substituent sweeps through 360°.
How Water Meets a Hydrophobic Surface

Synchrotron x-ray reflectivity measurements of the interface between water and methyl-terminated octadecylsilane monolayers with stable contact angle >100 degrees conclusively show a depletion layer, whether or not the water is degassed. The thickness is of order one water molecule: 2-4 Angstrom with electron density <40% that of bulk water. Considerations of coherent and incoherent averaging of lateral inhomogeneities show that the data cannot be explained by "nanobubbles." When the contact angle is lower, unstable in time, or when monolayers fail to be sufficiently smooth over the footprint of the x-ray beam, there is no recognizable depletion.
Maintenance and restoration of Japanese gardens in North America: a case study of Nitobe Memorial Garden

Since World War II more and more Japanese gardens have been created all over the world. However, many of these gardens are not maintained properly. The Japanese garden is unique in its concept: dep...
Total Phosphorus Transport During Storm Events

The flow of water and total phosphorus was simulated in a stream with different types of total phosphorus transport mechanisms. The results of the simulations were compared with known properties of observed hydrographs and chemographs. It is concluded that the major mechanism required to explain the observed results is one that postulates the resupension and deposition of total phosphorus from the reaches of the river. Thus, most of the total phosphorus moves through a river reach by moving a finite distance with each high flow even passing through the river..
Abstract 85: One Size Does Not Fit Fall: Does a Successful Inpatient Fall Reduction Program Benefit Stroke Patients?

Background: A fall reduction program on an inpatient neurology unit was initiated in 2012 and successfully reduced falls by 51%, but the total percentage of falls among stroke patients increased. In 2011 the percentage of stroke patients who fell was 26%(9/35), in 2012 35%(6/17), and by July 2013 they were up to 50%(6/12). Purpose: To identify unique fall risk factors for stroke patients. Methods: All falls data from 1/2011-7/2013 was retrieved and within this sample two groups were compared, stroke falls versus non-stroke falls. Significance, p<0.05. Results: Within this 36 month period, 64 patient falls occurred; n=21 (33% stroke falls) and n=43 (67% non-stroke falls). Between the stroke falls versus non stroke falls, there were no differences in age or sex but independent patients prior to admission were more likely to be stroke patients with subsequent hospital falls. None of the stroke patients were discharged home, with 81% requiring a higher level of care. ![][1] Conclusions: Stroke patients have unique risk factors that are not fully captured using our current risk assessment tool, which emphasizes prior falls and mental status. This analysis supports assigning higher risk scores to those independent prior to their stroke and in need of higher level of care at discharge. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Through the Seasons: An Activity Book for Memory-Challenged Adults and Caregivers, by Cynthia R. Green and Joan Beloff

The toll that memory disorders take on sufferers' ability to communicate thoughts and feelings can create great challenges for their caregivers. Green and Beloff wrote Through the Seasons: An Activ...
Esophagology: An Update:

Because of the great interest in the problem of gastroesophageal reflux, much emphasis has been placed on factors which control the competence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Much study has been devoted to the effect of hormones and drugs on the LES. Of the various diagnostic methods available, 24-hour pH testing seems to offer the most information regarding reflux and its complications. Medical therapy should be given a careful trial before surgical procedures for reflux are considered. Diagnostic esophagoscopy is usually performed with fiberoptic instruments. Open-tube esophagoscopes are still preferable for most types of endoscopy is usually performed with fiberoptic instruments. Open-tube esophagoscopes are still preferable for most types of endoscopic therapy. However, flexible fiberscopes may be used for injection of esophageal varices and for laser coagulation of bleeding lesions or even tumors. Guide wires may be introduced through flexible scopes to aid in the dilation of esophageal strictures and also to aid in the placement of prosthetic tubes in patients with obstructing cancers. The performance of esophagoscopy by practitioners of several disciplines has resulted in fragmentation of the specialty. Ideally, all esophagoscopists should be competent with both open-tube and fiberoptic scopes and should be familiar with all of the newer knowledge of the physiology and pharmacology of the esophagus and its sphincters.
Asynchronous Parallel Algorithm for Power System Electromechanical Transient Stability Simulation Based on Equivalence

A novel asynchronous parallel simulation method based on equivalence approach is proposed for transient stability simulation of power systems.In this method,the network is partitioned into several interconnected subsystems according to geographical positions,and the subsystems are equivalent each other at each simulation iteration step.Each subsystem utilizes the equivalent information from other subsystems to calculate independently.At each iteration step,a subsystem only needs the predictive equivalence and correctional equivalence of the adjacent subsystems once.Additionally,the asynchronous parallel technique is used to transmit and iterate the equivalent information among subsystems to speed up the convergence of iteration.Several cases demonstrate that the proposed method has fast calculation speed and high calculation efficiency,as well as the simulation precision accepted for engineering application.For some large-scale real systems,the real-time or super-real-time simulation will be realized.
Hyperuniformity and its generalizations.

Disordered many-particle hyperuniform systems are exotic amorphous states of matter that lie between crystal and liquid: They are like perfect crystals in the way they suppress large-scale density fluctuations and yet are like liquids or glasses in that they are statistically isotropic with no Bragg peaks. These exotic states of matter play a vital role in a number of problems across the physical, mathematical as well as biological sciences and, because they are endowed with novel physical properties, have technological importance. Given the fundamental as well as practical importance of disordered hyperuniform systems elucidated thus far, it is natural to explore the generalizations of the hyperuniformity notion and its consequences. In this paper, we substantially broaden the hyperuniformity concept along four different directions. This includes generalizations to treat fluctuations in the interfacial area (one of the Minkowski functionals) in heterogeneous media and surface-area driven evolving microstructures, random scalar fields, divergence-free random vector fields, and statistically anisotropic many-particle systems and two-phase media. In all cases, the relevant mathematical underpinnings are formulated and illustrative calculations are provided. Interfacial-area fluctuations play a major role in characterizing the microstructure of two-phase systems (e.g., fluid-saturated porous media), physical properties that intimately depend on the geometry of the interface, and evolving two-phase microstructures that depend on interfacial energies (e.g., spinodal decomposition). In the instances of random vector fields and statistically anisotropic structures, we show that the standard definition of hyperuniformity must be generalized such that it accounts for the dependence of the relevant spectral functions on the direction in which the origin in Fourier space is approached (nonanalyticities at the origin). Using this analysis, we place some well-known energy spectra from the theory of isotropic turbulence in the context of this generalization of hyperuniformity. Among other results, we show that there exist many-particle ground-state configurations in which directional hyperuniformity imparts exotic anisotropic physical properties (e.g., elastic, optical, and acoustic characteristics) to these states of matter. Such tunability could have technological relevance for manipulating light and sound waves in ways heretofore not thought possible. We show that disordered many-particle systems that respond to external fields (e.g., magnetic and electric fields) are a natural class of materials to look for directional hyperuniformity. The generalizations of hyperuniformity introduced here provide theoreticians and experimentalists new avenues to understand a very broad range of phenomena across a variety of fields through the hyperuniformity ``lens.''
Chemoreception in the Homing and Orientation Behavior of Amphibians and Reptiles, with Special Reference to Sea Turtles

The importance of chemoreception in the life history of amphibians and reptiles has been reviewed on several occasions (Burghardt, 1970; Madison, 1977; Stoddart, 1980). Our task is considerably more specific as our interest is in the chemosensory components of orientation and homing.
An Aristotelian Account of Human Agency

In Metaphysics Θ, Chapter 2, Aristotle provides what is, perhaps, the first systematic distinction between two-way powers and one-way powers.1 As Stephen Makin observes, Aristotle makes ‘two distinctions among active capacities: that between rational and non-rational capacities (1046a36–1046b4), and that between two-way and one-way capacities (1046b4–7)’. Makin, then, observes that Aristotle claims that the relationship between these two capacities is as follows: [A] If a capacity is rational then it is a two-way capacity. [B] If a capacity is non-rational then it is a one-way capacity.2
A Network Approach to Interest Group Politics

Interest groups often serve as intermediaries or brokers between formal decision-making institutions and organized subgroups of society. Due to this positioning, key functions of interest groups can be understood in network terms. This chapter addresses five questions about interest groups to which network analysis offers answers: (1) What are the origins of interest groups?; (2) How do they develop, maintain, and change their identities over time?; (3) Under what conditions do groups work together, and how?; (4) How do interest groups relate to other political institutions?; and (5) What influence do they have on politics generally? The discussion highlights various effects of networks on interest group politics, including how new groups are born out of preexisting networks, how they use connections to access information and influence policy, and how they maintain long-term relationships with policymakers. Future research could benefit from greater attention to multiplexity, content analysis, and longitudinal network analysis.
Impact of Zika virus for infertility specialists: current literature, guidelines, and resources.

In the past 2 years, Zika virus has emerged from obscurity onto the world stage—traversing and transcending clinical specialties, basic science disciplines, and public health efforts. The spread of Zika virus has serious implications for the specialty of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Our patients, practices, and labs—worldwide and specifically in the USA—have been impacted by this teratogenic, sexually transmitted, largely asymptomatic virus. While the World Health Organization’s Public Emergency of International Concern designation has lapsed as major epidemics have subsided and understanding of risks is in part clarified, the acute and long-term threat to pregnant patients is not over. The risk of wider spread in the USA is not insignificant, the subtler and long-ranging consequences beyond microcephaly are not fully known, large geographic areas of risk still contain naive populations, and whether Zika will continue to be an intermittent risk in endemic areas is uncertain. Staying up to date with the burgeoning research on Zika virus is an important objective for the infertility specialist. Here, we review in detail the most relevant recent developments, discuss applicable guidelines, and propose strategies for contributing to a reduction in the risk and burden of Zika virus.
What is the maximum attainable visibility by a partially coherent electromagnetic field in Young's double-slit interference?

What is the maximum visibility attainable in double-slit interference by an electromagnetic field if arbitrary – but reversible – polarization and spatial transformations are applied? Previous attempts at answering this question for electromagnetic fields have emphasized maximizing the visibility under local polarization transformations. I provide a definitive answer in the general setting of partially coherent electromagnetic fields. An analytical formula is derived proving that the maximum visibility is determined by only the two smallest eigenvalues of the 4×4 two-point coherency matrix associated with the electromagnetic field. This answer reveals, for example, that any two points in a spatially incoherent scalar field can always achieve full interference visibility by applying an appropriate reversible transformation spanning both the polarization and spatial degrees of freedom – without loss of energy. Surprisingly, almost all current measures predict zero-visibility for such fields. This counter-intuitive result exploits the higher dimensionality of the Hilbert space associated with vector – rather than scalar – fields to enable coherency conversion between the field’s degrees of freedom.
The Great ETF Tax Swindle: The Taxation of In-Kind Redemptions

Since the repeal of the General Utilities doctrine over 30 years ago, corporations must recognize gain when distributing appreciated property to their shareholders. Regulated investment companies (RICs), which generally must be organized as domestic corporations, are exempt from this rule when distributing property in kind to a redeeming shareholder. In-kind redemptions, while rare for mutual funds, are a fundamental feature of exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Because fund managers decide which securities to distribute, they distribute assets with unrealized gains and thereby significantly reduce the future tax burdens of their current and future shareholders. Many ETFs have morphed into investment vehicles that offer better after-tax returns than IRAs funded with after-tax contributions. Furthermore, this rule is now being turbocharged. Some mutual fund families have created ETF classes of shares for some of their mutual funds, which permits the ETF shareholders to remove the gains attributable to the shareholders of the regular share class. Another firm acts as a strategic investor to assist mutual funds in eliminating their unrealized gains through contributions and redemptions. These transactions permit current and future fund shareholders to inappropriately defer tax on their economic gains and give ETFs and other mutual funds with ETF share classes a significant tax advantage over other investment vehicles. This article considers various options that tax policymakers should consider to eliminate the ETF tax subsidy including explicitly extending this favorable tax treatment to all RICs by exempting fund-level gains from tax, repealing the exemption rule, limiting the amount of unrealized gains a fund can distribute, requiring ETFs to reduce the basis of their remaining property by the unrecognized gain of distributed property, or requiring ETFs to be taxed as partnerships.
Device-to-Device Caching Networks with Subquadratic Subpacketizations

We consider wireless device-to-device (D2D) caching networks with single-hop transmissions. Previous work in the literature has shown that caching and coded multicasting can be strategically used to significantly increase the per user throughput. However, these schemes require partitioning files into a large number of packets which grows exponentially as the number of users increases. This makes these schemes impractical to implement. In this paper, we address this issue by designing cache placement, coded multicasting and scheduling schemes based on disjoint matchings in Ruzsa-Szemeredi Graphs, which has been applied to design a coded caching scheme in the shared link caching networks. We demonstrate that by using the proposed approach, the per user throughput is not much worse than that proposed in the literature with the requirement of exponential file subpacketization in terms of the number of users. Nevertheless, by using the proposed scheme, the requirement of file subpacketization is at most sub-quadratic in terms of the number of users if no spatial reuse is allowed. In addition, both per user throughput and file subpacketization can be improved significantly when spatial reuse is allowed.
Polymers from Bioderived Resources: Synthesis of Poly(silylether)s from Furan Derivatives Catalyzed by a Salen–Mn(V) Complex

Synthesis of degradable polymers from renewable resources has been a promising way to replace nonrenewable fossil fuel derived polymers motivated by environmental sustainability. Poly(silylether)s (PSEs) are a specific type of environmentally degradable polymer with many potential applications. A series of PSEs have been synthesized (Mn up to 25 000 g/mol) from biorenewable feedstocks, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its derivatives 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan, 2,5-diformylfuran, and 5,5′-[oxybis(methylene)]di(2-furaldehyde). The polymerization reactions employ a versatile, air-stable manganese salen complex, which catalyzes both the dehydrogenative cross-coupling of hydroxyls with hydrosilanes and the hydrosilylation of carbonyls. The chemical and thermal characterization of PSEs was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis.
“Either You Do It or You’re Going to the Box”: Coerced Labor in Contemporary America:

In recent years the problem of precarity has become the primary focus of both popular and academic accounts of work. Yet precarity is not the only troublesome feature of the contemporary economy. I...
Observing the effect of soil-applied insecticides on wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) behavior and mortality using radiographic imaging.

Radiographic imaging was used to study corn wireworm, Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Elateridae), behavior in the soil relative to Irish potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), placed above a barrier of insecticide-treated soil. Behavioral response to three insecticides was evaluated by 1) calculating the percentage of wireworms that breached the zone of insecticide-treated soil, 2) comparing the variability in the mean distance between each wireworm and the center of the tuber in each arena compartment, 3) comparing the cumulative distance of wireworm travel, and 4) comparing incidence and severity of wireworm-inflicted tuber injury. The percentage of wireworms that breached the insecticide zone was significantly lower in the bifenthrin treatment than the untreated check, but not different from clothianidin or fipronil. Limited difference between treatments in relation to the cumulative distance traveled was observed where bifenthrin inhibited travel distance more than other insecticides tested. No difference in variability of movement in relation to the food source was observed between treatments. Bifenthrin and fipronil treatments resulted in the greatest reduction in wireworm injury incidence and severity compared to the untreated check. While bifenthrin suppressed wireworm movement and feeding more than other insecticides tested, exposure to fipronil resulted in higher wireworm mortality at all sample dates.
Dominating sets of agents in visibility graphs: distributed algorithms for art gallery problems

The Art Gallery Problem asks to find a minimum subset of vertices in a polygon that are sufficient to observe the interior. This problem arises in a variety of multiagent systems, including robotics, sensor networks, wireless networking, and surveillance. Despite the fact that the centralized version of the problem has been extensively studied for the past thirty years, there is relatively little in the literature describing distributed solutions to the problem that have desirable guarantees in both runtime and optimality. We propose and analyze a new distributed algorithm for approximating a solution to this problem and a number of its variants that runs in a linear number of communication rounds with respect to the number of nodes (independent of the topology of the network), and, under assumptions on the embedding of the edge weights, will run in a logarithmic number of communication rounds producing solutions within a constant factor of optimal.
On the Constructive Theory of Memory

For hundreds of years, psychology has pursued the study of its problems in accordance with a particular view of how the human being obtains and represents knowledge of the world. I refer to the empiricist-associationistic account formulated in the 17th and 18th centuries by Hobbes, Locke, and their peers and developed and maintained by their successors. As Hamlyn (1971) has put it, empiricism “is the thesis that we are ‘given’ items of information in experience, in sense data” (p. 14). The laws of association then work on these items. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss this view in any detail, but it is enough to say that it essentially ignores the problem that to perceive an item of information, it is first necessary to have a conception of what an item is.
31 P NMR

The parameters (chemical shifts, spin–spin coupling constants and relaxation times) obtained from 31P NMR spectroscopy are summarised and reviewed in terms of their molecular structural and dynamic information. The practical aspects of 31P NMR spectroscopy are also given. Some selected applications mainly from oligonucleotide and protein studies are shown.
Demencia y cuerpos de Lewy

Los criterios consensuados para el diagnostico de la demencia con cuerpos de Lewy (DCL) que se propusieron en 1996 nos han facilitado una buena base para la investigacion en este campo. Como entidad clinica y patologicamente definida, la DCL presenta rasgos que tambien aparecen en las enfermedades de Alzheimer (EA) y de Parkinson (EP). Los criterios definidos para la DCL distinguen esta demencia de la que aparece en la EP, en la que los signos motores preceden a la aparicion de la demencia. Por regla general, los estudios que han evaluado los criterios normalizados de diagnosis clinica para la DCL concluyen que estos resultan altamente eficaces en la deteccion de la patologia de los cuerpos de Lewy. Sin embargo, muchos de los casos en los que tal patologia se produce concomitantemente con rasgos patologicos de EA no se pueden detectar clinicamente. Datos recientes indican que las caracteristicas patologicas de la EA enmascaran la expresion clinica de una patologia concomitante de cuerpos de Lewy, y que las demencias causadas por los cuerpos de lewy y por la EP podrian estan mas proximas de lo que parece
Entertaining free expression on public sidewalks: Are city ordinances kicking musical muses to the curb?

ABSTRACTFreedom of expression, provided by the First Amendment, is a core part of the foundation of our democracy. Yet those who use public places for artistic expression, such as music, are still fighting to benefit from this right, a right vital to their ability to earn a living from musical performances. Historically, both in the United States and elsewhere, buskers, those who perform on the streets for tips, have been subjected to unreasonable restrictions on the time, place, and manner of their speech, and, at times, outright banishment from constitutionally protected public fora. This article demonstrates why current restrictions on street performers constitute clear violations of free speech through an examination of historical restrictions, case law, and the current rules and regulations of four US cities. Obtaining an ostensibly permanent decision from the Supreme Court is not the solution for ensuring the free-speech rights of street performers. Rather, we present an example of model regulations...
Outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy in the elderly: a ‘real-world’ multicenter study

Background The efficacy of endovascular thrombectomy (ET) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in octogenarians is still controversial. Objective To evaluate, using a large multicenter cohort of patients, outcomes after ET in octogenarians compared with younger patients. Methods Data from prospectively maintained databases of patients undergoing ET for AIS at seven US-based comprehensive stroke centers between January 2013 and January 2018 were reviewed. Demographic, procedural, and outcome variables were collected. Outcomes included 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, postprocedural National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, postprocedural hemorrhage, and mortality. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the independent effect of age ≥80 on outcome measures. Subgroup analyses were also performed based on location of stroke, success of recanalization, or ET technique used. Results Rates of functional independence (mRS score 0–2) after ET in elderly patients were significantly lower than for younger counterparts. Age ≥80 was independently associated with increased mortality and poor outcome. Age ≥80 showed an independent negative prognostic effect on outcome even when patients were divided according to thrombectomy technique, location of stroke, or success of recanalization. Age ≥80 independently predicted higher rate of postprocedural hemorrhage, but not success of recanalization. Baseline deficit and number of reperfusion attempts, but not Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score were associated with lower odds of good outcome. Conclusion The large effect size of ET on AIS outcomes is significantly diminished in the elderly population when using comparable selection criteria to those used in younger counterparts. This raises concerns about the risk–benefit ratio and the cost-effectiveness of performing this procedure in the elderly before optimizing patient selection.
End to End Testing of IRLED Projectors

In 2014, our team built the world's first infrared LED scene projector. This system is called the SLEDS projector and has been thoroughly tested and evaluated at numerous user facilities. New and upgraded versions of the SLEDS projector have been developed and the need for a non-uniformity and gamma correction has increased. A portion of this paper will describe the methods used in determining the operability and the yield of these arrays while also writing an algorithm that would apply gamma and non-uniformity correction to the scenes sent to the array.
Cell rearrangement induced by filopodial tension accounts for the late phase of convergent extension in the sea urchin archenteron

George Oster was a pioneer in using mechanical models to interrogate morphogenesis in animal embryos. Convergent extension is a particularly important morphogenetic process to which George Oster gave significant attention. Late elongation of the sea urchin archenteron is a classic example of convergent extension in a monolayered tube, which has been proposed to be driven by extrinsic axial tension due to the activity of secondary mesenchyme cells. Using a vertex-based mechanical model, we show that key features of archenteron elongation can be accounted for by passive cell rearrangement due to applied tension. The model mimics the cell elongation and the Poisson effect (necking) that occur in actual archenterons. We also show that, as predicted by the model, ablation of secondary mesenchyme cells late in archenteron elongation does not result in extensive elastic recoil. Moreover, blocking the addition of cells to the base of the archenteron late in archenteron elongation leads to excessive cell rearrangement consistent with tension-induced rearrangement of a smaller cohort of cells. Our mechanical simulation suggests that responsive rearrangement can account for key features of archenteron elongation and provides a useful starting point for designing future experiments to examine the mechanical properties of the archenteron.
Digital Auto-Ethnography

This experimental paper, ‘Interview with Self’, is not so much the findings of a research project, but rather the continuing process of it. It is part of an auto-ethnographic study of the creative making process, presented here in its unedited form as an example of a methodology and as an artefact of practice.The use of digital technologies and platforms for the auto-ethnography created spaces for reflection and alternative ways to observe and document both reflection and artistic production. My relationship to my own making was therefore mediated through technology. This enabled me to distance myself from what I was doing by becoming a spectator and experience a new intimacy with my work through seeing and hearing what usually went unnoticed.
Smokeless tobacco industry's brand stretching in India.

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a global public health concern because it is used in 140 countries.1 The 200 million SLT users in India represent about two-thirds of the global SLT users; India continues to be the leading SLT producer and consumer.2 Every year more than 350 000 people die due to SLT-related diseases in India.3 India ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and implemented a domestic tobacco control law that prohibited direct and indirect advertising of tobacco products in 2003. However, the SLT industry has continued to circumvent Indian law by finding ways to keep its brands visible by using brand stretching, applying SLT brands to non-tobacco products. Specifically, brand stretching occurs when a tobacco brand name, emblem, trademark, logo or trade insignia or any other distinctive feature (including distinctive colour combinations) is connected with a non-tobacco product or service in such a way that the tobacco product and the non-tobacco product or service are likely to be associated. Although in India most SLT products (box 1) are produced and sold in the traditional and informal market (homemade, unregulated, untaxed products sold locally) more than 30% of the market consists of commercially manufactured products.4 The Dharampal Satyapal Limited and Dharampal Premchand Limited companies (popularly known as DS Group) has been in the SLT business in India since 1929, with about 75% of its revenue coming from chewing tobacco and pan masala brands. Its SLT products are marketed domestically in India as well as in the export market.5 Box 1 ### SLT products in India Pan masala: A mixture of areca nut, spices, flavourings and other ingredients.15 16 Areca nut (supari): Seed of the …
Strong Enhancement of THz Emission in a Metal-Graphene-Silicon Heterostructure

We report a THz emitter based on a simple metal-graphene-silicon heterostructure, and demonstrate an enhancement of the amplitude by a factor of 80 over its graphene-free counterpart with no tradeoff in bandwidth or SNR. The enhancement is due to an increased carrier collection efficiency by the graphene layer.