cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential scanning calorimetric study of the thermotropic phase behavior of a polymerizable, tubule-forming lipid

A comparative study of the polymorphism exhibited by the polymerizable, tubule-forming phospholipid 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DC23PC) and its saturated analog 1,2-ditricosanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DTPC) in aqueous suspension is reported. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as freeze-fracture electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, have been used to study the influence on phase behavior of rigid diacetylene groups in the fatty acyl chains of a phosphatidylcholine. DTPC large multilamellar vesicle (MLV) and small unilamellar vesicle (SUV) suspensions were found to retain liposome morphology after chain crystallization had occurred. In marked contrast, diacetylenic DC23PC suspensions do not maintain liposomal morphology in converting to the low temperature phase. Large MLVs of DC23PC with outer diameters in excess of 1 micron convert to a gel phase with cylindrical or tubular morphology at 38 degrees C, just a few degrees below the lipid's chain melting temperature (TM(H), i.e. temperature of an endothermic event observed during a heating scan) of 43.1 degrees C. Unlike the large MLVs, small MLVs or SUVs of DC23PC, with diameters of 0.4 +/- 0.3 micron and 0.04 +/- 0.02 micron, respectively, exhibit metastability in the liquid-crystalline state for several tens of degrees below the chain melting temperature prior to converting to a gel phase which, by electron microscopy, manifests itself as extended multilamellar sheets. Raman data collected at TM(H) -40 degrees C demonstrate that the gel state formed by DC23PC is very highly ordered relative to that of DTPC, suggesting that special chain packing requirements are responsible for the novel phase behavior of DC23PC.
Heterojunction rear passivated contact for high efficiency n-Cz Si solar cells

We investigate the challenges and potential for high-efficiency n-type Cz Si solar cells having a hybrid structure - a diffused B emitter on the front side, and an amorphous Si heterojunction (SHJ) passivated full-area contact on the rear. This cell design has benefits over comparable high-efficiency geometries such as PERL (passivated emitter rear locally diffused) and SHJ cells with heterojunctions both front and rear. We show that an advantage of the HJ rear contact is excellent passivation of the backside, with measured contact recombination current density J 0,b,c oc > 700 mV. As an initial demonstration of the concept, we fabricate a hybrid-structure cell having V oc = 671 mV, J sc = 36.7 mA/cm2, FF = 0.75 and efficiency of 18.5%.
Distribution and Disappearance of Radioimmunoassayable Circulating Luteinizing Hormone in the Rat: An Apparent Difference between Stored and Released Forms of the Hormone

The distribution and disappearance of homologous LH in the rat were examined by several techniques, including a constant rate infusion/stop-entry (CRISE) method which had not previously been used for this purpose. The CRISE method offers two unique advantages over the pulse injection (PI) methods previously used for estimating the distribution volume (V) and decay constant (k) of a hormone. One advantage is that it allows V and k to be estimated when “inner” and “outer” LH pools are at equilibrium, rather than in the nonequilibrium situation immediately after the hormone is given by PI. The other advantage is that it allows intrinsic direct testing of these “equilibrium” estimates of V and k, not only at equilibrium but under the sort of “preequilibrium” conditions which commonly occur physiologically, i.e. during the early part of an LH surge. PI and CRISE studies of the LH present in rat pituitary extract yielded a similar metabolic clearance pattern (MCP) but different estimates of VLH. The initial seg...
Nurses' job satisfaction: a meta-analysis of related variables.

The purpose of this study was to describe the magnitude of the relationships between nurses' job satisfaction and the variables most frequently associated with it. A meta-analysis of data from 48 studies with a total of 15,048 subjects revealed that job satisfaction was most strongly associated with stress (-.609) and organizational commitment (.526). Seven variables had correlations between .20 and .50: communication with supervisor, autonomy, recognition, routinization, communication with peers, fairness, and locus of control. Four other variables frequently included in these studies had low correlations (less than .20): age, education, tenure, and professionalization. The influence of employment site, date of study, and measures used on the size and consistency of estimates was described.
Dynamics of vortex penetration, jumpwise instabilities and nonlinear surface resistance of type-II superconductors in strong rf fields

We consider the nonlinear dynamics of a single vortex in a superconductor in a strong rf magnetic field ${B}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\omega}t$. Using the London theory, we calculate the dissipated power $Q({B}_{0},\ensuremath{\omega})$ and the transient time scales of vortex motion. For the linear Bardeen-Stephen viscous drag force, vortex velocities reach unphysically high values during vortex penetration through the oscillating surface barrier. It is shown that penetration of a single vortex through the ac surface barrier always involves penetration of an antivortex and the subsequent annihilation of the vortex-antivortex pairs. Using the nonlinear Larkin-Ovchinnikov (LO) viscous drag force at higher vortex velocities $v(t)$ results in a jumpwise vortex penetration through the surface barrier and a significant increase of the dissipated power. We calculate the effect of dissipation on the nonlinear vortex viscosity $\ensuremath{\eta}(v)$ and the rf vortex dynamics and show that it can also result in the LO-type behavior, instabilities, and thermal localization of penetrating vortex channels. We propose a thermal feedback model of $\ensuremath{\eta}(v)$, which not only results in the LO dependence of $\ensuremath{\eta}(v)$ for a steady-state motion, but also takes into account retardation of the temperature field around a rapidly accelerating vortex and a long-range interaction with the surface. We also address the effect of pinning on the nonlinear rf vortex dynamics and the effect of trapped magnetic flux on the surface resistance ${R}_{s}$ calculated as a function of rf frequency and field. It is shown that trapped flux can result in a temperature-independent residual resistance ${R}_{i}$ at low $T$ and a hysteretic low-field dependence of ${R}_{i}({B}_{0})$, which can decrease as ${B}_{0}$ is increased, reaching a minimum at ${B}_{0}$ much smaller than the thermodynamic critical field ${B}_{c}$. We propose that cycling of the rf field can reduce ${R}_{i}$ due to rf annealing of the magnetic flux which is pumped out by the rf field from a thin surface layer of the order of the London penetration depth.
Issue indivisibility and territorial claims

Early research on contentious issues in world politics suggested that there is an important distinction between largely tangible and largely intangible issues. Tangible issues are thought to be easier to resolve, while intangible issues can fester for long periods of time through fruitless negotiations and repeated armed conflict. Research on territorial issues has suggested that many territorial claims are driven by both tangible and intangible concerns, though, which complicates the analysis of issue tangibility. The authors argue that territorial issues with greater intangible salience (e.g. historical possessions, important homelands, sacred sites, identity ties) should be harder to resolve peacefully and should produce more frequent and severe militarized conflict. Empirical analyses of 191 territorial claims in the Americas and Western Europe (1816–2001) provide mixed support for these expectations. Territorial claims with high intangible salience are significantly more likely to experience militarized disputes and wars. Surprisingly, though, states are much more likely to strike peaceful agreements with their adversaries over territories that are valued for intangible reasons.
Annealing studies of TiC and (Ti, V)C structures prepared by activated reactive evaporation

Abstract Films of TiC and (Ti, V)C solid solutions which had been deposited by the activated reactive evaporation process were annealed in an ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscope. Recrystallization of the deposit occured at 1000 °C, with the result that the microstructure transformed from fibrous grain bundles to a structure consisting of equiaxed grains of diameter 100 A. The grain size was stabilized by an ultrafine network of cavities which were part of the original microstructure deposited at lower temperatures. The presence of a Ti 3 O phase after annealing at 1000 °C was also observed.
Closed Orbit Correction of the NSLS VUV Ring

We describe the results obtained from the orbit correction system in the NSLS VUV storage ring which consists of 24 PUE stations and 16 horizontal and vertical correction dipoles. The data were obtained by the PUEREAL module of the RING control program which provides automatic switching of the signal from individual electrodes of the PUE stations and provides/ a readout at harmonic of the RF frequency. The closed orbit is then calculated and corrected by measured displacements of the PUE's from the adjacent quadrupoles. The ORBIT module of the RING program was used to minimize the RMS orbit deviations choosing the most effective correctors and calculating their strengths. For the horizontal case, the correction was accomplished using 3 correctors in two iterations starting with RMS values X = 2.9 mm to X = 0.9 mm. Vertically three iterations and 6 correctors were required to correct the RMS value from Z = 6.8 mm to Z = 0.8 mm.
Effects upon Nitrogen Sorption Analysis in Aerogels.

Nitrogen sorption at 77 K is a standard technique for the characterization of mesoporosity. However, it seemed to be unable to detect the full, theoretically expected pore volume in high-porosity aerogels. Investigating this problem, we found that if only the sample is sufficiently equilibrated upon sorption, the full pore volume is detected regardless of its porosity. As insufficient equilibration also effects the pore size distribution deduced from the isotherm, highly erroneous results can be avoided if complete equilibration upon each sorption step is assured. For compliant aerogels the effect of sample deformation during analysis has to be taken into account.
Building Generalized Inverses of Matrices Using Only Row and Column Operations.

Most students complete their first and only course in linear algebra with the understanding that a real, square matrix A has an inverse if and only if rref(A), the reduced row echelon form of A, is the identity matrix In. That is, if they apply elementary row operations via the Gauss-Jordan algorithm to the partitioned matrix [A | In] to obtain [rref(A) | P], then the matrix A is invertible exactly when rref(A) = In, in which case, P = A-1. Many students must wonder what happens when A is not invertible, and what information P conveys in that case. That question is, however, seldom answered in a first course. We show that investigating that question emphasizes the close relationships between matrix multiplication, elementary row operations, linear systems, and the four fundamental spaces associated with a matrix. More important, answering that question provides an opportunity to show students how mathematicians extend results by relaxing hypotheses and then exploring the strengths and limitations of the resulting generalization, and how the first relaxation found is often not the best relaxation to be found. Along the way, we introduce students to the basic properties of generalized inverses. Finally, our approach should fit within the time and topic constraints of a first course in linear algebra.
Application of conventional laser technology to gamma-gamma colliders

A future e{sup {minus}}e{sup +} (electron-positron) linear collider can be configured with perhaps minimal modification to serve as an {gamma}-{gamma} (gamma-gamma) or a e{sup {minus}}-{gamma} collider. This is accomplished by Compton-backscattering low energy photons (from a laser source) off of the high-energy electron beams prior to the crossing of the electron beams. However, to be competitive with the e{sup {minus}}e{sup +} configuration, the luminosity cannot be compromised in the process. This requires that the laser source deliver a sufficient number of photons per pulse with a pulse format and rate matching that of the electron beams. As it turns out, this requires an average optical power of 5 to 15 kW from the laser which is beyond the current state of the art. In this paper, the authors address how to generate the required pulse format and how the high average power requirement can be met with conventional laser technology. They also address concerns about the survivability of mirrors located near the interaction point. Finally, they list a program of research and development which addresses some of the unknowns in such a system.
Parts-per-million water vapor generating system used to simulate moisture in small integrated circuit packages.

A simple, portable system has been developed and tested for generating a known water–vapor content is selected permanent gases or gas mixtures. Parts‐per‐million values ranging from 250 to 20 000 are generated in a continuous flowing stream at flowrates ranging from 50 to 200 cm3/min. A known volume of the flowing gas can be selected to simulate the internal free volume and internal pressure of hermetically sealed packages as small as 0.04 cm3. By using a variety of available connectors, the selected volume of gas may be transferred into the inlet system of a mass spectrometer for water–vapor calibration. Generator stabilizing time and upper flowrate limits are given along with test results when compared to a Transfer Humidity Standard.
Seeing the Forest Through the Trees: A Challenge Facing Communication Across the Curriculum Programs

Communication across the curriculum programs (CXCPs) are designed to increase student communication competence and enhance student learning. Yet, the designs and structures of such programs are inherently problematic when they fail to account for discipline-specific communication practices. This essay examines the challenge of maintaining the integrity of multiple disciplines when communication gets taken across the curriculum. Feminist paradigms provide an analytical framework to critique existing CXCP practices regarding needs assessment, instructional materials, and evaluation forms. Published and unpublished literature as well as actual program materials provide data for analysis. The essay concludes with suggestions for future program directions and research.
Politics of Psychiatry

In the letter "Politics of psychiatry" (23 Mar., p. 1184), the first signature should have been Paul L. Watson, not Peter L. Watson.
Sadness predicts death in older people.

Objective: To determine if a question about symptoms of depression in a mail survey predicts mortality after adjusting for a large number of covariates. Design: National cross-sectional survey of 141,589 enrollees in Medicare, age 65 and older. Analyses used multivariate logistic regression models with death as the outcome. Results: Response to a question about sadness or anhedonia was associated with death in 2 years (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.2, 1.4). Results were consistent across age, gender, and presence/absence of known heart disease. Other responses associated with death were older age, male gender, and self-reported cancers, shortness of breath, heart failure, smoking, and other characteristics. Higher education and being married appeared to protect from death. Discussion: A single survey question about feelings of sadness or anhedonia is predictive of death in 2 years.
Interval estimates for the optimum point of a quadratic logistic curve —a comparison of different estimation methods via simulation

Suppose that the quadratic logistic model describes the relationship between a proportion p and some independent variable x. When constructing interval estimates for the value of x at which p attains an optimum value, the following asymptotic methods are available: 1) Fieller; 2) delta; 3) bootstrap variance; 4) bootstrap percentile; 5) bootstrap studentized percentile; and 6) jackknife. It is not known, however, how these asymptotic methods compare for finite sample sizes. For balanced D-optimum designs with equally spaced design points, simulation results were used to compare the small and moderate sample-size performance of these asymptotic methods. Overall, in terms of coverage probabilities and interval length characteristics, the delta method and bootstrap studentized percentile method gave the best results for small and moderate sample sizes, respectively.
The effects of metrazol on operant response rates

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of predetermined subconvulsant and convulsant doses of Metrazol on operant response rates (lever presses) in four male hooded rats. Response rates produced by these animals, on a multiple fixed ratio-fixed interval schedule of reinforcement (mult FR 30 FI 5), were compiled daily. Each animal received, in a random order, four doses of Metrazol and a control, sodium phosphate, intraperitoneally over a period of 5–7 weeks. All animals were on a restricted 22 hr water deprivation schedule. The data were computer analyzed as a subjects X treatments design corresponding to Lindquist Type I. The results and statistical analyses support the following conclusions: (1) 10 mg/kg—a reliable, statistically non-significant slight depression in initial response rate. (2) 20 mg/kg—statistically significant depression in response rate during the first two periods of FR and FI. (3) 30 mg/kg—no statistically significant effect on response rate. (4) 40 mg/kg—complete disruption of responding in both FR and FI for over an hour followed by a return to pre-drug responding.
An End-to-End Process for Cancer Identification from Images of Lung Tissue

This research describes a non-interactive process that applies several forms of computational intelligence to the task of classifying biopsy lung tissue samples based on visual data in the form of raw digital photographs of those samples. The three types of lung cancer evaluated (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and bronchioalveolar carcinoma) together account for 65-70% of lung cancer diagnoses. The accuracy of the process on the test data supports the hypothesis that an accurate predictive model can be generated from the training images. The fact that the performance of the process on the independent test data set is comparable to the one-hold-out performance on the training data alone also supports the hypothesis that the performance achieved in this study is an accurate baseline for the processes potential performance against much larger quantities of data.
Simultaneous localization of multiple unknown CSMA-based wireless sensor network nodes using a mobile robot with a directional antenna

We use a single mobile robot equipped with a directional antenna to simultaneously localize unknown carrier sensing multiple access (CSMA)-based wireless sensor network nodes. We assume the robot can only sense radio transmissions at the physical layer. The robot does not know network configuration such as size and protocol. We formulate this new localization problem and propose a particle filter-based localization approach. We combine a CSMA model and a directional antenna model using multiple particle filters. The CSMA model provides network configuration data while the directional antenna model provides inputs for particle filters to update. Based on the particle distribution, we propose a robot motion planning algorithm that assists the robot to efficiently traverse the field to search radio source. The final localization scheme consists of two algorithms: a sensing algorithms that runs in O(n) time for n particles and a motion planning algorithm that runs in O(nl) time for l radio sources. We have implemented the algorithm, and the results show that the algorithms are capable of localizing unknown networked radio sources effectively and robustly.
Spatially Selective Representations of Voluntary and Stimulus-Driven Attentional Priority in Human Occipital, Parietal, and Frontal Cortex

When multiple objects are present in a visual scene, they compete for cortical processing in the visual system; selective attention biases this competition so that representations of behaviorally relevant objects enter awareness and irrelevant objects do not. Deployments of selective attention can be voluntary (e.g., shift or attention to a target’s expected spatial location) or stimulus driven (e.g., capture of attention by a target-defining feature such as color). Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that both of these factors induce spatially selective attentional modulations within regions of human occipital, parietal, and frontal cortex. In addition, the voluntary attentional modulations are temporally sustained, indicating that activity in these regions dynamically tracks the locus of attention. These data show that a convolution of factors, including prior knowledge of location and target-defining features, determines the relative competitive advantage of visual stimuli within multiple stages of the visual system.
Blood and Books: Performing Code Switching

"Sprachwechsel" ist ein linguistischer Begriff, der identifiziert, in welcher Weise Individuen kommunizieren und wie sie Unterschiedlichkeit in sozialen Beziehungen aushandeln. In diesem Beitrag versuche ich zu zeigen, dass kunstbasierte Forschung, die sich beispielsweise die Elemente Choreografie und Performance zunutze macht, einen angemessenen und wirksamen Kontext eroffnet, innerhalb dessen verbale und nonverbale Sprachwechsel untersucht werden konnen. Hierzu wird Blood and Books, eine Fallstudie uber eine Tanz-Choreografie post-kolonialistischer Maori-Performances in Aotearoa (Neuseeland), beschrieben und hinsichtlich der Sprachwechsel analysiert. Der Beitrag wird gerahmt durch eine Diskussion der Frage, wie kunstbasierte Forschung in der Hochschulausbildung vermittelt werden kann. Hinweise hierzu gibt der im Beitrag selbst vollzogene reflexive Gebrauch umgangssprachlicher und formal(wissenschaftlich)er Terminologie und Konzepte. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0802462
Heat, Moisture, and Momentum Budgets of Isolated Deep Midlatitude and Tropical Convective Clouds as Diagnosed from Three-Dimensional Model Output. Part II: Sensitivity to Ice Phase and Small Changes in Ambient Shear Strength and Low-Level Moisture Supply

Abstract This project uses a three-dimensional anelastic cloud model with a simple ice phase parameterization to evaluate the feedback of isolated deep convective clouds over a horizontal scale comparable to one grid cell in typical mesoscale numerical weather prediction models. A more specific focus in this paper is the sensitivity of the feedback to modest changes in the initial vertical wind shear intensity and low-level moisture supply, as well as to the ice phase. Two parallel sets of comparative simulations are run for a quasi-steady severe Oklahoma supercell thunderstorm in strong vertical wind shear versus a weaker, less persistent, and narrower tropical Atlantic cumulonimbus with a slowly decaying and pulsating updraft in much weaker shear. The horizontal Reynolds averaging approach of Anthes is adopted to diagnose the budgets for heat, moisture, and horizontal momentum. Several similarities and differences between the midlatitude and tropical control experiments were delineated in Part I. The ma...
Determining the Amount of Rumen-Protected Methionine Supplement That Corresponds to the Optimal Levels of Methionine in Metabolizable Protein for Maximizing Milk Protein Production and Profit on Dairy Farms

The profitability of feeding rumen-protected Met (RPMet) sources to produce milk protein was estimated using a 2-step procedure: First, the effect of Met in metabolizable protein (MP) on milk protein production was estimated by using a quadratic Box-Cox functional form. Then, using these estimation results, the amounts of RPMet supplement that corresponded to the optimal levels of Met in MP for maximizing milk protein production and profit on dairy farms were determined. The data used in this study were modified from data used to determine the optimal level of Met in MP for lactating cows in the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (NRC, 2001). The data used in this study differ from that in the NRC (2001) data in 2 ways. First, because dairy feed generally contains 1.80 to 1.90% Met in MP, this study adjusts the reference production value (RPV) from 2.06 to 1.80 or 1.90%. Consequently, the milk protein production response is also modified to an RPV of 1.80 or 1.90% Met in MP. Second, because this study is especially interested in how much additional Met, beyond the 1.80 or 1.90% already contained in the basal diet, is required to maximize farm profits, the data used are limited to concentrations of Met in MP above 1.80 or 1.90%. This allowed us to calculate any additional cost to farmers based solely on the price of an RPMet supplement and eliminated the need to estimate the dollar value of each gram of Met already contained in the basal diet. Results indicated that the optimal level of Met in MP for maximizing milk protein production was 2.40 and 2.42%, where the RPV was 1.80 and 1.90%, respectively. These optimal levels were almost identical to the recommended level of Met in MP of 2.40% in the NRC (2001). The amounts of RPMet required to increase the percentage of Met in MP from each RPV to 2.40 and 2.42% were 21.6 and 18.5 g/d, respectively. On the other hand, the optimal levels of Met in MP for maximizing profit were 2.32 and 2.34%, respectively. The amounts of RPMet required to increase the percentage of Met in MP from each RPV to 2.32 and 2.34% were 18.7 and 15.6 g/d, respectively. In each case, the additional daily profit per cow was estimated to be $0.38 and $0.29. These additional profit estimates were $0.02 higher than the additional profit estimates for maximizing milk protein production.
EFFIGY VESSELS, RELIGIOUS INTEGRATION, AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CENTRAL MEXICAN PANTHEON

Investigations into the evolution of early religious institutions should emphasize how the ritual manipulation of symbolically charged objects generated shared understandings regarding divine entities among religious communities of practice. This study demonstrates that the origins of two distinctively central Mexican deities—the Old God of Fire and the Storm God—can best be understood through contextual analysis of effigy vessels depicting them during later Formative periods (ca. 600 B.C .– A.D. 100). By presenting new examples of such effigy vessels and assembling contemporary counterparts from other central Mexican sites, we can better appreciate the Formative religious integration of the region and its legacy for the religious systems of later societies. Specifically, the primacy of the Old God of Fire and the Storm God to Aztec dedicatory offerings, and the private/domestic associations of the former and public/monumental associations of the latter at Teotihuacan were elaborations on patterns apparent in Formative ritual practices. Most scholars of pre-Hispanic central Mexico consider religion to have been one of the major structuring frameworks within which social practices and transformations were realized. It is somewhat surprising therefore how little we understand the origins of the Classic-period religious system centered on the city of Teotihuacan and the potential continuities in religious beliefs and practices that may have extended from the Formative period to the Spanish Conquest. In the three decades since the publication of a seminal volume edited by H.B. Nicholson (1976), titled Origins of Religious Art and Iconography in Preclassic Mesoamerica, little new archaeological data relevant to these issues have made their way to press. This study is intended to advance current understanding of early central Mexican religious practices and the origins of the Classic-period pantheon by reporting on the discovery of two styles of effigy vessels depicting what appear to be renditions of the Old God of Fire and the Storm God. The effigies originated from Middle to Terminal Formative-period domestic contexts at La Laguna, a midsize regional center in northern Tlaxcala. Stylistically similar examples from contemporaneous sites in central Mexico are assembled to demonstrate that the region’s inhabitants were increasingly integrated in their religious practices and that renditions of these two deities were manipulated in domestic contexts across the settlement and socioeconomic spectrum during the Middle to Terminal Formative period (Figure 1). An important distinction in the representations and corresponding ritual practices of the two deities was further elaborated at Teotihuacan, where the Old God remained primarily in the domestic sphere while the Storm God was venerated in domestic contexts but was also central to public rituals conducted by state rulers.
Meeting the Supply/Demand Requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act:

Some states have generated teacher supply/demand information that will satisfy the mandates of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. One purpose of this law is to alleviate the shortage of teachers in the field of special education. Because the supply/demand issues facing special education are closely related to those in general education, accomplishing this goal can impact on the quality of education for all children.
High speed EPICS data acquisition and processing on one VME board

A custom VME board is being designed at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) for high speed signal acquisition and processing. While it is desirable to design around the EPICS/VME platform, it can be difficult to process high-speed signals with long record lengths. The relatively slow data path between the IOC and the general-purpose computer makes real time computations impossible. Commercial VME processor boards can be used, but the data must still flow over the VME backplane in lieu of other traffic. This custom board is designed to overcome this problem by acquiring and processing the signal in one place, with the processed result presented at the VME interface instead of the raw data. The board consists of multiple front-end signal conditioners/digitizer cards plugged into the foundation 6U VME board with an embedded digital signal processor (DSP). The DSP is programmed in C to process the raw signal any way the user wants before writing results into a VME register map. The present front-end conditioner/digitizer cards are being designed with the LANSCE low momentum detector in mind, but other variations on this card could be developed. The architecture is flexible enough to deploy in many accelerator applications.
Ultrasonic delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent using acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV)

The ability to localize, both spatially and temporally, a chemotherapeutic agent could be used to reduce the systemic toxicity associated with conventional chemotherapy regimens. Ultrasound (US)-triggered drug delivery systems, such as microbubbles or emulsions, present the ability to localize the effect of chemotherapy agents. In the case of phase-shift emulsions, the activation by US results in the production of gas bubbles - a process known as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). Here, the ability of ADV to selectively release chlorambucil (CHL), a clinically-used chemotherapeutic agent, from an emulsion is tested in vitro. A micron-sized emulsion, stabilized by bovine serum albumin, was made using perfluoropentane, soybean oil, and CHL. A linear array (6.3 MHz, mechanical index = 0.7) was used to vaporize the CHL-laden emulsion after introduction into chambers containing adherent Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. An 84.3±3.8% growth inhibition was observed with ultrasound, compared to 46.7±7.6% growth inhibition without ultrasound. Therefore, ADV has the potential to localize the release of an agent encapsulated within the triggered emulsion.
Rural Revolt and Provincial Society in Egypt, 1820–1824

Given Gabriel Baer's 1962 study “Submissiveness and Revolt of the Fellah,” there should be no more talk of the political passivity of Egyptian peasants and their rural neighbors during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Baer demonstrates that rural uprisings were frequent and widespread during the years just before and on into the regime of Muhammad Ali Pasha. Furthermore, he describes three series of provincial rebellions which were significantly larger and better organized than any that preceded them. These three series of rebellions, which are associated with the village of as-Salimiyyah between Qina and Farshut in 1820–1821, with that of al-Ba'irat opposite Luqsur in 1822–1823, and with virtually the whole of Qina province in 1824, illustrate both that a very large number of people in this region would actively support an antigovernment leader during the 1820s and that these people were willing and able to establish effective and legitimate governmental institutions of their own on a local level.
Multimessage multicasting: complexity and approximations

The author considers the multimessage multicasting problem for complete static networks. The author presents problem instances that require d/sup 2/ time to transmit all their messages, where d is the maximum number of messages that each processor may send (receive). The author shows that when messages have fan-out k=1, the problem is polynomially solvable, and becomes NP-complete when k/spl ges/2. The author presents an algorithm to generate schedules with total communication time 2d-1 when k=2. The author presents an efficient algorithm with an approximation bound of qd+k/sup 1/q/(d-1), for any integer k>q/spl ges/2. The algorithms are centralized and require all the communication information ahead of time. The author discusses several applications when all of this information is available. By doubling the number of communication phases, the results apply to the Meiko CS-2 machine and in general to dynamic networks.
Haplotype sorting using human fosmid clone end-sequence pairs

An important goal of human genetics and genomics is to understand the complete spectrum of genetic variation across a specific human haplotype. By combining information from a dense SNP map with fosmid end-sequence pairs (ESPs) aligned to the human genome reference sequence, we have developed a simple method to resolve human haplotypes using a previously developed clone resource. By partitioning ESPs into either haplotype, we have generated a haplotype-specific clone map for eight diploid genomes (four Yoruba African and four non-African samples). On average, 59% of each haploid genome is covered by haplotype-assigned clones with an N50 length of 110 kbp. By comparing this clone-based haplotype map against HapMap phased data sets, we estimate an error rate of 0.71% when trio information is available and 6.6% in its absence. We present these data in the form of an interactive browser that allows clones corresponding to specific haplotypes to be recovered and sequenced within these eight human genomes. As an example, we sequenced 165 fosmid clone inserts to generate 6.8 Mbp of sequenced haplotypes, and demonstrate its utility in uncovering phase-switching errors and for the discovery of novel SNPs especially in Asian and African samples. We discuss the potential application of this resource in understanding the pattern of genetic variation in complex regions of the genome that may not be adequately resolved by next-generation sequencing technology or SNP haplotype imputation.
Left atrial thrombus in a patient with left atrial appendage ligation.

A 75-year-old woman who had a bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement and complete left atrial appendage (LAA) ligation a year ago was found to be in atrial flutter at routine clinical follow-up. She was started on warfarin and brought back for a transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE)-guided cardioversion. On the TOE, a left atrial thrombus overlying the ligated LAA was discovered (figure 1). The patient was asymptomatic, and since she had …
Modeling the ENSO Modulation of Antarctic Climate in the Late 1990s with the Polar MM5

Abstract The Polar fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is employed to examine the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulation of Antarctic climate for July 1996–June 1999, which is shown to be stronger than for the mean modulation from 1979 to 1999 and appears to be largely due to an eastward shift and enhancement of convection in the tropical Pacific Ocean. This study provides a more comprehensive assessment than can be achieved with observational datasets by using a regional atmospheric model adapted for high-latitude applications (Polar MM5). The most pronounced ENSO response is observed over the Ross Ice Shelf–Marie Byrd Land and over the Weddell Sea–Ronne/Filchner Ice Shelf. In addition to having the largest climate variability associated with ENSO, these two regions exhibit anomalies of opposite sign throughout the study period, which supports and extends similar findings by other investigators. The dipole structure is observed in surface temperature, meridio...
Regional differences in hospitalizations and cholecystectomies for biliary dyskinesia.

Background/Aims Published studies suggest that socioeconomic factors contribute to increasing cholecystectomy rates for biliary dyskinesia (BD). The aim of this study was to identify factors driving admissions and operations for BD by examining regional variability in hospitalizations and cholecystectomies for this disorder.
The effects of epithelial surface topography on cell stresses during airway reopening

A collapsed pulmonary system is one whose airways are blocked by a thin liquid film that obstructs airflow. A bubble of air must peel apart these airways' walls in order to reopen them. This introduces large stresses on the pulmonary epithelial cells of a magnitude that could alter their biological functioning. We present a computational model whose goal it is to locally quantify the stresses acting on these cells.
Cooperative branding for rural destinations

Abstract Destination image has been extensively studied, yet literature on the branding of it is sparse. This research delineated both concepts and proposed a conceptual model of destination branding. The model is founded on the spreading activation theory and extended from the image formation process framework, drawing on works of prominent branding scholars. Five hypotheses were developed through a case study and tested using two multidimensional scaling methods. The findings suggest that cooperative branding results in a consistent attributes-based image across multiple rural communities as perceived by tourists, but builds stronger linkages of the image to the brand identity and more favorable affective and attitudes-based brand associations for a region than for individual communities.
Gastric antral injections of botulinum toxin delay gastric emptying but do not reduce body weight

Background & Aims Gastric injections of botulinum toxin A (BTA) have been reported to delay gastric emptying, increase satiation, and reduce body weight, but there are few data from randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Methods We enrolled 60 obese participants in a 24-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, concealed allocation trial to compare the effects of gastric antral injections of BTA (100, 300, or 500 U) and saline placebo. The study was conducted at an outpatient clinical research unit. Participants were given one set of injections of BTA or placebo into the gastric antral muscularis propria by using endoscopic ultrasound guidance. Gastric emptying of solids was measured by scintigraphy; we also measured body weight, satiation (maximum tolerated volume in a caloric liquid drink test), calorie intake (by food frequency questionnaire), gastrointestinal symptoms, and psychological aspects of eating behavior (by rating scale). Results Compared with baseline values, 2 weeks after injections, the mean half-time for gastric emptying of solids increased by 0.8, 14, 24, and 14 minutes among subjects given placebo, 100, 300, or 500 U BTA, respectively ( P = .24 overall, P = .04 for the group given 300 U vs placebo); 16 weeks after the injections, mean body weights were reduced by 2.2, 0.2, 2.3, and 3.0 kg in these groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in mean body weight change, satiation volume, caloric intake, gastrointestinal symptoms, or psychological aspects of eating behavior among groups. Conclusions Gastric antral injections of BTA may delay gastric emptying at a dose of 300 U but do not cause early satiety, altered eating behaviors, or loss of body weight. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00976443
Local synaptic connections of basal forebrain neurons

Single, biocytin filled neurons in combination with immunocytochemistry and retrograde tracing as well as material with traditional double-immunolabeling were used at the light and electron microscopic levels to study the neural circuitry within the basal forebrain. Cholinergic neurons projecting to the frontal cortex exhibited extensive local collaterals terminating on non-cholinergic, (possible GABAergic) neurons within the basal forebrain. Elaborate axon arbors confined to the basal forebrain region also originated from NPY, somatostatin and other non-cholinergic interneurons. It is proposed that putative interneurons together with local collaterals from projection neurons contribute to regional integrative processing in the basal forebrain that may participate in more selective functions, such as attention and cortical plasticity.
Bistability in Spinal Motoneurons In Vivo: Systematic Variations in Rhythmic Firing Patterns

Lee, R. H. and C. J. Heckman. Bistability in spinal motoneurons in vivo: systematic variations in rhythmic firing patterns. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 572–582, 1998. In the presence of the monoamines ser...
Loss Aversion and Consumption Plans with Stochastic Reference Points

This paper studies the making of risky choices following loss aversion with endogenous reference expectations under the two schemes of state-independent and state-dependent stochastic reference points. Using a tractable, intertemporal choice model, this paper derives analytic solutions to show that, when loss aversion is high, the reference-dependent decision maker saves a markedly larger amount than is predicted by the standard model. When the loss aversion is low (i.e. the individual is loss-tolerant), the overall result is ambiguous, although the decision maker may deviate into consuming more; if he faces a small level of uncertainty relative to the intensity of his loss aversion, he may even do this by borrowing. Given the same loss aversion level, this study determines that, in the presence of positive state-dependence, the state-independent model generates greater deviation than the state-dependent one. Finally, this paper derives a two-period general equilibrium result with two agents who have different attitudes toward loss.
Abstract 3139: Can PI3K/AKT pathway mutations predict for type of recurrence after conservative treatment for DCIS

INTRODUCTION: Although the overall mortality from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated with conservative therapy is very low, local recurrence (LR), either as DCIS or invasive carcinoma, remains a significant problem occurring in up to 30% of cases. Young age, positive margins and omission of radiation therapy predict for a higher rate of LR after conservative treatment (BCT) yet cannot predict type of recurrence, DCIS versus invasive breast cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway may be prognostic in invasive breast cancer; therefore, we examined cases of DCIS that recurred after BCT to determine the relationship between PI3K/AKT mutations and type of recurrence. METHODS: From a prospectively maintained database of 1873 patients with DCIS undergoing BCT (1991-2006), we identified 190 (10%) patients who recurred. Original DCIS archival blocks were available for 108 (57%) cases. Freshly cut sections were obtained for manual microdissection of pure DCIS lesions and DNA extraction. Genotyping for PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations was performed by Sequenom® MassARRAY® system on prePCR amplified DNA. Fisher9s exact test was used to compare cases that recurred as DCIS versus those that recurred as invasive breast cancer. RESULTS: Among 108 cases, 66 (61%) recurred as DCIS and 42 (39%) recurred as invasive cancer (p=0.002). Type of recurrence in the entire population of 190 patients demonstrated the same pattern. Among studied cases, median time to recurrence was 40 months (range 7-156 mo) and did not differ by type of recurrence. Similarly, patient age, use of radiation and/or tamoxifen therapy or grade of DCIS (low vs high) did not differ by type of recurrence. Sequenom® analysis identified a higher frequency of PIK3CA (n=17) and AKT1 (n=3) mutations among cases that recurred as DCIS compared to those that recurred as invasive cancer, combined mutation rate 16/66 (24%) vs 4/42 (9%), with a trend towards significance (p=0.07). Among the 17 PI3K mutations identified, kinase domain mutations (n=13) were more common than helical domain mutations (n=4). All 4 helical domain mutations were present in cases recurring as DCIS. CONCLUSIONS: In our population, patients with DCIS who recurred after BCT were more likely recur with DCIS. Standard clinical and pathologic factors did not predict for type of recurrence. PI3K/AKT pathway mutations were more common among cases recurring as DCIS, with a predominance of kinase domain mutations. Further exploration of the significance of PI3K pathway aberrations, in combination with other biomarkers, are warranted to identify predictors for type of recurrence after conservative treatment for DCIS. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3139. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3139