cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viability of Coli-Aerogenes Organisms in Culture and in Various Environments

knowledge of the length of time Bacterium coli and Bacterium aerogenes may survive whether in culture or in less artificial environments. These organisms are gram negative, short rods without spores and they grow as aerobes and facultative anaerobes on all ordinary laboratory mediums. Dextrose and lactose are fermented with the production of acid and gas. Recent writers speak of the coli section of the group as the genus Escherichia and of the aerogenes section as Aerobacter. For the present we shall consider the group as of the genus Bacterium. Both coli and aerogenes will have to be thought of as comprised of a number of varieties each of which is a little hard to reconcile with good taxonomy for specific definitions exist for Bacterium coli and Bacterium aerogenes. It is common practice, however, to disregard definition limits and to speak of organisms of the group which produce indol, are methyl red positive and Voges-Proskauer negative and which do not develop on mediums in which the only carbon source is citrate (IMViC ++ -) as Bacterium coli, Escherichia coli, or even Bacillus coli. Bacterium aerogenes reverses these four reactions (IMViC+ +). Coliaerogenes "intermediates" are organisms of the group which have one or more coli characters and one or more of those attributed to aerogenes and some "intermediates," including the typical fecal form, produce hydrogen sulphide. The present paper offers a review of the literature and data from a series of experiments bearing on the viability of the organisms in question. Some observations on certain cultural phenomena observed in the study are included and the implications for sanitation are discussed.
A Comparison of the Daily Energy Needs of the Normal and Dwarf Broiler Breeder Hen

Feeding trials were conducted to determine optimum daily calorie intake needs for broiler breeder hens of normal and dwarf (dw) genetic lines. Pullets were grown to 24 weeks of age with limited feed intake and placed on one of five series of energy intakes. Series 3 represented a composite of energy intakes suggested by major broiler breeders with Series 1 and 2 representing a slower rate of energy increase and Series 4 and 5 representing more rapid rates. It was found that energy intakes suggested by a composite of the recommendations by the major breeders resulted in performance equal or superior to that of other groups tested. Using prediction equations the maximum daily needs for energy for normal sized hens was 422 M.E. kcal./day, with 418 mg./day of lysine and 380 mg./day of methionine.
ANALYSIS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF NITI ALLOY SPHERIC NODE IN ASEISMIC GRID STRUCTURE

NiTi shape memory alloy(SMA) has superior material property,but no research has been made on stress,strain distribution law and bearing capacity of spheric node made of NiTi alloy.This research is based on the phenomenological model and uses bilinear isotropic reinforcing plastic model and isotropic reinforcing yield rule to analyze static load and seismic wave and the research results find that:(1) SMA spheric node has strong elastic deformation and could favorably alleviate the damage influence caused by external load;(2) SMA spheric node has favorable ductibility and tenacity,it is a typical ductile structure system;(3) SMA spheric node could effectively prevent the response of spheric node structure under earthquake load.
Approximating the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson normalizing constant

The Conway-Maxwell-Poisson is a two-parameter family of distributions on the nonnegative integers. Its parameters and model the intensity and the dispersion, respectively. Its normalizing constant is not always easy to compute, so good approximations are needed along with an assessment of their error. Shmueli, et al. [12] derived an approximation assuming that is an integer, and gave an estimate of the relative error. Their numerical work showed that their approximation performs well in some parameter ranges but not in others. Our aims are to show that this approximation applies to all real > 0; to provide correction terms to this approximation; and to give different approximations for very small and very large. We then investigate the error terms numerically to assess our approximations. In parameter ranges for which Shmueli's approximation does poorly we show that our correction terms or alternative approximations give considerable improvement.
The Group Psychotherapy Literature: 1973

(1974). The Group Psychotherapy Literature: 1973. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 477-517.
The etiology of gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Gastric and duodenal ulcers in the majority of cases are believed to be due to an increase in the corrosive properties of the gastric content and not to a local decrease in the resistance of the gastric wall. The increase in the corrosive properties of the gastric content is due to a hypersecretion of gastric juice. In duodenal ulcer patients this hypersecretion is predominantly of nervous origin and is due to the tensions and strain of modern life. It is abolished by a complete vagotomy. The hypersecretion of gastric juice in patients with gastric ulcer is of hormonal origin and is due to a hyperfunction of the gastric antrum in the presence of food in the stomach. This hypersecretion is abolished by excision of the antrum.
Case Study 2 — The King’s German Legion, 1803–15

The history and historiography of the King’s German Legion leave the scholar with no doubt, that this foreign corps was the most successful instance of German soldiers operating in the British Army at any point between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Contemporary accounts of contacts with the Legion, and the opinions born out of those various interactions, further support this conclusion. While the King’s German Legion was unique in its highly regarded and lauded status, it was also very much a product of a century of Anglo-German soldierly relationships, and an embodiment of some of the major themes common not only to the foreign corps of this period, but the myriad of military associations that in many ways culminated in this specific force. The Legion is invaluable as a topic for a case study, since it existed at a time when the soldier diary and memoir enjoyed exponential growth in popularity and demand, thereby leading to a prolific amount of primary sources and, given the nature and high drama of the war against Napoleon, an ample plate of secondary materials as well.
U.S. Support for Homeowners

For years, U.S. political leaders and governmental agencies have supported campaigns that were designed to educate renters about the value of homeownership and the benefits of living in a single-family home. Even though the U.S. government has encouraged and extolled homeownership since the eighteenth century, the federal government’s role in the housing market was largely passive until the twentieth century, and the United States did not actively participate in mortgage finance markets until the Great Depression. The economic consequences of the Depression, including widespread bank failures, skyrocketing unemployment rates, and record foreclosures caused the government to intervene in the private housing finance market with the explicit goals of stimulating home sales, reducing the risk of borrower default, protecting the stability of banks, and keeping home sales high. The government has continued to subsidize homeownership by guaranteeing private mortgage loans, buying private mortgage loans in the secondary market, and providing tax benefits for people who buy and occupy houses. In addition to these financial subsidies, the United States increases the attractiveness of homeownership by giving homeowners the power to exclude certain types of property uses – and frequently certain types of residents – from their neighborhoods.
Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy.

Abstract Introduction As a result of improved safe and effective therapeutic options for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), life expectancy of those living with HIV is increasing leading to new challenges (e.g., management of chronic diseases). Some chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease [CVD]), are up to two times more prevalent in patients with HIV. Statins are a mainstay of therapy for prevention of CVD; but, clinicians should be aware that not all statins are appropriate for use in the HIV population, especially those receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The purpose of this article is to review the pharmacokinetic and clinical data for statin therapy in HIV-infected patients receiving ART. Methods A systematic literature search using PubMed and MEDLINE databases was performed using each statin drug name combined with HIV, pharmacokinetics, AIDS, and/or human immunodeficiency virus. English language trials published from 1946 to November 2016 were considered, and results were limited to clinical efficacy trials. Results In general, atorvastatin and pravastatin are safe and effective for patients treated with protease-inhibitor (PI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based ART. Rosuvastatin is generally considered safe if started at a low dose, but should be avoided if possible in patients receiving PI-based ART. Pitavastatin has limited supporting evidence, but appears safe for use based on its pharmacokinetic properties and low number of drug interactions. Fluvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin should be avoided in patients receiving ART due to drug interactions, adverse events, and/or limited clinical data. Conclusion Clinicians need to be familiar with the intricacies of statin selection for the prevention of CVD in patients with HIV on ART.
An Algorithm to Identify Generic Drugs in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System

Although generic drugs constitute approximately 88% of drugs prescribed in the US, there are no reliable methods to identify generic drugs in the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). The aim of this study was to develop an algorithm for identifying generic drugs in the FAERS. We used 1237 adverse event reports for tamsulosin, levothyroxine, and amphetamine/dextroamphetamine from the publicly available FAERS from 2011–2013, and 277 source case narratives obtained from the FDA. Two reviewers independently and in duplicate used a three-item algorithm including the following criteria: manufacturer name, New Drug Application (NDA) number/abbreviated NDA (ANDA), and specific use of the term ‘generic’ or ‘brand’ to classify the focal drug of each case report as definitely generic (two of three criteria), probably generic (one of three criteria), brand, and cannot be assessed. Inter-rater reliability was estimated using kappa coefficients, and internal consistency was estimated using Cronbach’s alpha. We compared the classification of the drugs as generic versus non-generic in publicly available FAERS compared with the original case reports (reference). The focal drug was classified as generic (definite or probable) in 15.8% (39/234), 9% (67/742), and 16.7% (42/261) of tamsulosin, levothyroxine and amphetamine/dextroamphetamine cases, respectively (overall kappa 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.85–0.93), while 37% of reports could not be classified due to incomplete information. Among the drugs classified as generics using the publicly available FAERS, we categorized 95.3% as generic drugs using the original case reports. Among those drugs that did not meet the algorithm-based definition of generic in the publicly available data, 20.9% were reclassified as generics using the original case reports. The algorithm demonstrated high inter-rater reliability with moderate internal consistency for identifying generic drugs in the FAERS, in our sample. Future efforts should focus on improving the reliability and validity of identifying generics through improving the completeness of reporting in the FAERS.
Developing T-Shaped Civil Engineers Through Involvement in Out-of-Class Activities

The National Academy of Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineering, ABET, Inc. and other entities have described the global vision for the future of engineering and civil engineering specifically. Included in this global vision are the competencies necessary to equip civil engineers to contribute to solving industry-spanning technical, social, financial, political, and cultural challenges. While curricular activities have long been the focus of engineering education research and practice, engineering educators have recently begun to recognize the value of what engineering students do outside of the classroom. The goal of this paper is to introduce and engage the AHFE HSSE community on the workforce challenges specific to the construction industry, and to explore out-of-class activities as pathways for developing the 21st century competencies necessary to solve these challenges.
An intrasinusoidal extracavitary variant of primary effusion lymphoma

![Figure][1] A 41-year-old man with a history of hepatitis C and HIV infection (CD4+ T-cell count, 156/mm3) receiving combination antiretroviral therapy was found to have inguinal lymphadenopathy. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography showed hypermetabolic diffuse lymphadenopathy
Abstract WP335: Incidence of Stroke Mimics and Post R-tpa Hemorrhage in the Era of Telemedicine

Introduction: The use of r-tPA to treat stroke patient presenting within 4.5 hours of symptoms onset has rapidly expanded with the advent of telestroke. This expansion may further exacerbate the concerns related to treating patients with alternative diagnoses (stroke mimics). Hypothesis: Stroke mimics rate is higher in patient treated through telestroke and is associated with a higher rate of hemorrhagic conversion. Methods: This is a single center cross-sectional analysis of possible stroke patients treated with r-tPA from January 2013 to October 2014 using retrospective panel review of post-tPA negative imaging (MRI and CT) for diagnoses of stroke mimics and provision of alternative diagnoses. The frequency of stroke mimics was compared between patients treated via telestroke and on-site treated patients. Rate of hemorrhagic transformation was compared between stroke mimics and “actual stroke”. Results: Overall 66 (23.3%) stroke mimics were identified including 53 (27.2%) in the telestroke group and 13 (14.8%) in the In-house group (P= 0.033). There was a total 34 (12.0%) hemorrhagic transformation in the entire cohort with 2 (3.0%) occurring in stroke mimics and 32 (14.7%) in those with an established diagnosis of acute infarct (p = 0.019). Conclusion: In this single center cohort, the rate of stroke mimics was twice as high in participants treated via telestroke as in on-site treated participants. The rate of hemorrhagic transformation in stroke mimics was lower than in those with stroke.
RNA Binding Proteins in Intestinal Epithelial Biology and Colorectal Cancer.

The intestinal epithelium is highly proliferative and consists of crypt invaginations that house stem cells and villus projections with differentiated cells. There exists a dynamic equilibrium between proliferation, migration, differentiation, and senescence that is regulated by several factors. Among these are RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that bind their targets in a both context dependent and independent manner. RBP–RNA complexes act as rheostats by regulating expression of RNAs both co- and post-transcriptionally. This is important, especially in response to intestinal injury, to fuel regeneration. The manner in which these RBPs function in the intestine and their interactions with other pivotal pathways in colorectal cancer may provide a framework for new insights and potential therapeutic applications.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor affecting children and adolescents. The biological behavior is consistent with the premise that pulmonary micrometastases are present at diagnosis in the majority of patients. These are silent and undetected on imaging studies. They usually surface six to twelve months following amputation of the primary tumor and if untreated are responsible for the patients demise. Until the 1970s the tumor was generally considered to be chemoresistant. However, in the early 1970’s, two chemotherapeutic agents were found to be active in osteosarcoma. These comprised Adriamycin (doxorubicin) and high-dose Methotrexate with Citrovorin factor rescue (Leucovorin rescue). The administration of high-dose Methotrexate following amputation alone or in combination with other agents yielded a cure rate of 40-65 percent. This was attributed to the destruction of the pulmonary micrometastases. The improved survival due chemotherapy did not go unchallenged. The Mayo Clinic adduced data to suggest that there had been a “natural improvement” in the cure rate over several years and that it should not necessarily be assumed that chemotherapy, particularly high-dose Methotrexate, was responsible for the improvement. The veracity of historical controls and the efficacy of high dose Methotrexate were also disputed by additional claims from the Mayo Clinic. Principal among these was recent advances in diagnostic techniques i.e. CT lung and radionuclide bone scans.
A survey of local existence theories for abstract nonlinear initial value problems

This paper surveys the abstract theories concerning local-in-time existence of solutions to differential inclusions, u′(t)∈F(t,u(t)), in a Banach space. Three main approaches assume generalized compactness, isotonicity in an ordered Banach space, or dissipativeness. We consider different notions of “solution,” and also the importance of assuming or not assuming that F(t, x) is continuous in x. Other topics include Caratheodory conditions, uniqueness, semigroups, semicontinuity, subtangential conditions, limit solutions, continuous dependence of u on F, and bijections between u and F.
Actis & CDC: A New Partnership

SUBJECT AREAS: Emerging markets, Fraud, Partnerships, Private equity CASE SETTINGS: Global; United Kingdom; Private equity; 200 employees; 2004 The senior managing partner of Actis, a leading private equity investor in emerging markets, must decide whether to go into the market to raise money. Actis was spun out of CDC, a 50-year-old division of the U.K.'s Department for International Development, and is guaranteed a substantial flow of capital under the terms of the demerger agreement. Actis management has to decide whether to focus on developing relationships with its chief limited partner and honing its internal processes or to go out into the market to raise funds.
Self-Identified Social Determinants of Health during Transitions of Care in the Medically Underserved: a Narrative Review

Medically underserved or low socioeconomic status (SES) patients face significant vulnerability and a high risk of adverse events following hospital discharge. The environmental, social, and economic factors, otherwise known as social determinants, that compound this risk have been ineffectually described in this population. As the underserved comprise 30% of patients discharged from the hospital, improving transitional care and preventing readmission in this group has profound quality of care and financial implications. EMBASE and MEDLINE searches were conducted to examine specific barriers to care transitions in underserved patients following an episode of acute care. Articles were reviewed for barriers and categorized within the context of five general themes. This review yielded 17 peer-reviewed articles. Common factors affecting care transitions were cost of medications, access to care, housing instability, and transportation. When categorized within themes, social fragility and access failures, as well as therapeutic misalignment, disease behavior, and issues with accountability were noted. Providers and health systems caring for medically underserved patients may benefit through dedicating increased resources and broadening collaboration with community partners in order to expand health care access and enhance coordination of social services within this population. Future studies are needed to identify potential interventions targeting underserved patients to improve their post-hospital care.
Higher Diuretic Requirements in Acute Heart Failure With Admission Hyponatraemia Versus Normonatraemia.

Abstract Background Diuretic requirements in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and hyponatraemia versus normonatraemia on admission has not been previously explored. Methods The Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE) trial dataset was utilised to examine the characteristics and diuretic requirements of patients with ADHF with hyponatraemia or normonatraemia on admission. Results Patients with ADHF and admission hyponatraemia (n = 103, average Na 130.2 meq/L) had a higher degree of congestion evident in higher frequency of jugular venous distension (JVD) >12 cmH2O (p = 0.007), 2+ lower extremity oedema (p = 0.001), and higher right atrial pressure (p = 0.007), compared with normonatraemic patients (n = 327, average Na 138.6 meq/L). Despite a similar baseline furosemide dose in both groups (median 200 mg), the hyponatraemia group received higher in-hospital furosemide (280 vs. 200 mg, in both groups, respectively, p Conclusion Patients with ADHF and hyponatraemia on admission had a higher degree of congestion and required higher doses of furosemide, compared with normonatraemic subjects. The lower Na and SBP in this instance should not lead to withholding or minimising diuretic dosage which should rather be dictated by volume status.
Effects of neonatal ethanol on cerebral cortex development through adolescence

Neonatal brain lesions cause deficits in structure and function of the cerebral cortex that sometimes are not fully expressed until adolescence. To better understand the onset and persistence of changes caused by postnatal day 7 (P7) ethanol treatment, we examined neocortical cell numbers, volume, surface area and thickness from neonatal to post-adolescent ages. In control mice, total neuron number decreased from P8 to reach approximately stable levels at about P30, as expected from normal programmed cell death. Cortical thickness reached adult levels by P14, but cortical volume and surface area continued to increase from juvenile (P20-30) to post-adolescent (P54-93) ages. P7 ethanol caused a reduction of total neurons by P14, but this deficit was transient, with later ages having only small and non-significant reductions. Previous studies also reported transient neuron loss after neonatal lesions that might be partially explained by an acute acceleration of normally occurring programmed cell death. GABAergic neurons expressing parvalbumin, calretinin, or somatostatin were reduced by P14, but unlike total neurons the reductions persisted or increased in later ages. Cortical volume, surface area and thickness were also reduced by P7 ethanol. Cortical volume showed evidence of a transient reduction at P14, and then was reduced again in post-adolescent ages. The results show a developmental sequence of neonatal ethanol effects. By juvenile ages the cortex overcomes the P14 deficit of total neurons, whereas P14 GABA cell deficits persist. Cortical volume reductions were present at P14, and again in post-adolescent ages.
A novel gravity valve and its application in a 3D printed centrifugal fluidic-system for solid phase extraction (SPE)

A 3D centrifugal cartridge with gravity valve, capillary valves, and Coriolis switching valve was designed, fabricated, and tested for Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). In particular, the novel three-dimensional gravity valve helps to release reagents in not-sequentially increased rotation speeds. The sequential control of these valves was simply achieved by manipulating the rotating direction and speed of the cartridge. The prototype microfluidic cartridge was 3D printed with a FDM printer and experimentally tested. Anthracene, which was one of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), was used as the target analyte and tested. C18 was used as the stationary sorbent and fluorescence method was adopted to detect anthracene. The concentrations of the anthracene testing samples were 1μg/L (1ppb), 5μg/L, and 10μg/L (anthracene/water), respectively. The volumes of testing sample and eluent (nonane) were 10mL and 1mL respectively. Experiments showed that 7 times of enrichment of the original samples were achieved. This centrifugal SPE system could be potentially used as a portable on-situ pollutant enrichment and detection device.
Smaller Prostate Volume is Associated with Adverse Pathological Features and Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy

Introduction: The relationship between prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia is unclear. Reduction in androgenicity and lower intraprostatic growth factor concentrations in smaller prostates may serve a more ideal environment for the development of aggressive tumors. We determined if prostate volume was associated with adverse pathological features, tumor volume, and biochemical recurrence (BCR) in men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) for PCa. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified 192 men who underwent RP at our institution for PCa from 2010 to 2016 years. Prostate volume was based on RP specimen weight, and cumulative tumor volume was calculated. Means were compared with one-way ANOVA test and proportions with Chi-square analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of BCR after RP. Results: Patients with prostate volume >60 g were less likely to have high-risk PCa (Gleason grade group >4) (7.1% vs. 13.4%; P = 0.042), node-positive disease (7.1% vs. 13.4%, P = 0.042), and BCR (10.7% vs. 25.0%, P = 0.002) after surgery. Linear regression showed an inverse relationship between prostate and tumor volume (R = 0.267; P 30 g (odds ratio [OR]: 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09–0.88; P = 0.015) and >60 g (OR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03–0.74; P = 0.002) were independent predictors of reduced BCR at mean follow-up of 24 months.Conclusions: Smaller prostate volume was associated with adverse pathological features, increased tumor volume, higher incidence of pathological node-positive disease, and increased rates of BCR. Prostate volume should be considered as a prognostic feature when counseling patients with both elevated prostate-specific antigen and newly diagnosed PCa.
Thermal accomodation coefficients by high speed vibration of solid samples: I. Method and apparatus

Abstract A method and apparatus to determine thermal accommodation coefficients are described in which solid samples are vibrated at high velocity in the presence of a test gas at low pressure. Energy transfer between the incident gas molecules and the moving surface causes an increase in the solid temperature which is related to, and approximately proportional directly to the thermal accommodation coefficient and inversely to the emissivity. The apparatus may be used over a wide range of temperatures and pressures in the long mean-free-path region with many types and forms of solid samples. Measurements as a function of pressure may yield information on internal energy accommodation, as well as translational accommodation, in favorable circumstances. Results at room temperature for O2, N2, and Ar on uncoated and greased Pt, Ni, and Cu surfaces, and on carbon coated Pt are presented.
14 – Engineering Statistics

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the important applications of statistical theory in engineering. These applications include analysis of data, production sampling and quality control in manufacturing, fitting a continuous function to experimental data, and planning of experiments. Engineering frequently involves experimental observations and the analysis of data collected. When measurements are made in the process of experimentation, two types of errors may be involved: systematic errors and random errors. The concepts of statistical, normal distribution, probability, permutations and combinations, and binomial distributions are also discussed in this chapter. In addition to normal and binomial distributions, there are others that are better suited to other purposes. Factorial designs can be used when a large number of potentially important variables influence upon a single factor.
A possible case of serum sickness after ocrelizumab infusion.

A 41-year-old female diagnosed with multiple sclerosis began ocrelizumab treatment. She received her first treatment course without significant complication. After receiving the first maintenance d...
Use of Very High Spatial Resolution Commercial Satellite Imagery and Deep Learning to Automatically Map Ice-Wedge Polygons across Tundra Vegetation Types.

We developed a high-throughput mapping workflow, which centers on deep learning (DL) convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms on high-performance distributed computing resources, to automatically characterize ice-wedge polygons (IWPs) from sub-meter resolution commercial satellite imagery. We applied a region-based CNN object instance segmentation algorithm, namely the Mask R-CNN, to automatically detect and classify IWPs in North Slope of Alaska. The central goal of our study was to systematically expound the DLCNN model interoperability across varying tundra types (sedge, tussock sedge, and non-tussock sedge) and image scene complexities to refine the understanding of opportunities and challenges for regional-scale mapping applications. We corroborated quantitative error statistics along with detailed visual inspections to gauge the IWP detection accuracies. We found promising model performances (detection accuracies: 89% to 96% and classification accuracies: 94% to 97%) for all candidate image scenes with varying tundra types. The mapping workflow discerned the IWPs by exhibiting low absolute mean relative error (AMRE) values (0.17–0.23). Results further suggest the importance of increasing the variability of training samples when practicing transfer-learning strategy to map IWPs across heterogeneous tundra cover types. Overall, our findings demonstrate the robust performances of IWPs mapping workflow in multiple tundra landscapes.
Federal Habeas Review of State Prisoner Claims Based on Alleged Violations of Prophylactic Rules of Constitutional Criminal Procedure: Reviving and Extending Stone v. Powell

Prophylactic rules are judge-made rules promulgated by the Supreme Court to help protect underlying Constitutional rights when the Court believes that the right cannot otherwise be adequately protected. It has been said that a rule is prophylactic only when it can be violated without violating the Constitution. Over the course of the last fifty years, prophylactic rules of criminal procedure-and claims based on alleged violations of these rules- have proliferated. At the same time habeas petitions in the federal courts have also proliferated.Numerous commentators have argued in recent years that “federal habeas review of state criminal convictions is desperately in need of reform.” See Eve Brensike Primus, A Structural Vision of Habeas Corpus, 98 Cal. L. Rev 1 (2010). Thirty-two years ago, in Rose v. Mitchell, 443 U.S. 545, 581 (1979), Justices Powell and Rehnquist, in a concurring opinion, said “In expanding the scope of habeas corpus...the Court seems to have lost sight entirely of the historical purpose of the writ. It has come to accept review by federal district courts of state-court judgments in criminal cases as the rule, rather than the exception that it should be.” This statement remains true today even though in Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465 (1976), the Supreme Court suggested a partial, and principled, solution to the problem. In Stone the Court held that a state prisoner who had a full and fair opportunity to litigate a Fourth Amendment claim in state court, at trial and on appeal, may not be granted federal habeas corpus relief on the ground that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment was introduced at his trial. This article argues that Stone should be revived and extended. More specifically, this article argues that the Supreme Court should rule that federal habeas courts lack jurisdiction over state prisoner claims based on alleged violations of prophylactic rules because persons in custody as a result of such violations are not “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws...of the United States.” Alternatively, the Court should limit habeas review of such claims by using the equitable considerations that it noted in Stone and that it has long used to raise and lower procedural barriers to habeas relief.
Progressive Neurologic Symptoms in the Setting of HIV: A Rare Case of Neurosymptomatic CSF HIV Escape.

A 54-year-old man with HIV infection on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) presented with progressive gait difficulty over 1 year. MRI demonstrated increasingly predominant white matter hyperintensity and development of abnormal perivascular enhancement (figure 1). An extensive workup excluded atypical infections, CNS lymphoma, sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and other autoimmune diseases. Serum HIV viral RNA was 160 copies/mL; CSF HIV viral RNA was 1,390 copies/mL with a mild lymphocytic pleocytosis, consistent with a diagnosis of neurosymptomatic CSF HIV escape, viral CSF sequestration despite ART.1 Whereas white matter hyperintensity is nonspecific in HIV, the key to CSF HIV escape diagnosis is recognizing the abnormal perivascular enhancement (figure 2).2 Clinical course and imaging findings improved with modified ART targeting neuropenetration.
Mechanisms and outcomes of catheter ablation for biatrial tachycardia in adults with congenital heart disease.

Background Biatrial tachycardia (BiAT) is a rare form of macroreentry not previously characterized in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, mechanisms, and outcomes of catheter ablation for BiAT in ACHD. Methods All ACHD undergoing catheter ablation for macroreentrant atrial tachycardia over a 10-year period were evaluated for evidence of BiAT. Patients were categorized as prior Senning, Fontan, or other biventricular operation. A novel biatrial global activation histogram (GAH) analysis was used to demonstrate the presence of interatrial connections (IACs). Results Among 263 ACHD, BiAT was identified at 11 procedures in 10 patients (4.2%; median age 35 years; 30% male). The congenital category was Fontan in 6, Senning in 3, and biventricular in 2. Diagnosis of BiAT was associated with ablation era and mapping technology (P Conclusion BiAT occurs in approximately 4% of ACHD but is likely underrecognized. BiAT could be targeted at an IAC for normally septated atria and at a conventional critical isthmus after Senning and LT Fontan operations.
Estimation of causal quantile effects with a binary instrumental variable and censored data

The causal effect of a treatment is of fundamental interest in the social, biological and health sciences. Instrumental variable (IV) methods are commonly used to determine causal treatment effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. In this work, we study a new binary IV framework with randomly censored outcomes where we propose to quantify the causal treatment effect by the concept of complier quantile causal effect (CQCE). The CQCE is identifiable under weaker conditions than the complier average causal effect when outcomes are subject to censoring, and it can provide useful insight into the dynamics of the causal treatment effect. Employing the special characteristic of the binary IV and adapting the principle of conditional score, we uncover a simple weighting scheme that can be incorporated into the standard censored quantile regression procedure to estimate CQCE. We develop robust non‐parametric estimation of the derived weights in the first stage, which permits stable implementation of the second stage estimation based on existing software. We establish rigorous asymptotic properties for the proposed estimator, and confirm its validity and satisfactory finite‐sample performance via extensive simulations. The proposed method is applied to a bone marrow transplant data set to evaluate the causal effect of rituximab in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients.
A Research on Frequently used Products from Sangam Literature

As to impoverished men this present world is not: The ‘graceless’ in you world have neither part nor lot. As the famous poet vazhuvar puts across this thought, we are surrounded and dependenton material possessions in this world. These asserts play a vital role in every stage and every event of our life. The relationship between oneself and the goods is too deep and enigmatic. In no way we withdraw ourselves from these domestic equipments. The materials connected to our everyday life can be tagged domestic products. These asserts help us in understanding and sangam period. On this note, the domestic products and its varieties are widely discussed. The research focuses on differentating these products namely: Domestic things, pottery, jewelleries made of gold, utensils made of stone, iron and bamboo made appliances.
Vertebral artery dissection and associated ruptured intracranial pseudoaneurysm successfully treated with coil assisted flow diversion: A case report and review of the literature

Dissecting intracranial pseudoaneurysms (IPs) are associated with a high incidence of rupture and poor neurologic outcomes. Lesions in the posterior circulation are particularly malignant and pose even greater management challenges. Traditional management consists of microsurgical vessel sacrifice with or without bypass. Flow diversion (FD) in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a reconstructive treatment option and can be paired with coil embolization to promote more rapid thrombosis of the lesion. We report a case of a ruptured dissecting vertebral artery (VA) IP successfully acutely treated with coil-assisted FD. A 53-year-old male presented with a right V4 dissection spanning the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and associated ruptured V4 IP. The patient was treated with coil-assisted FD. Oral dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) was initiated during the procedure, and intravenous tirofiban was used as a bridging agent. Immediate obliteration of the IP was achieved, with near-complete resolution of the dissection within 48 h. The patient made a complete recovery, and angiography at 6 weeks confirmed total IP obliteration, reconstruction of the VA, and a patent stent. The use of FD and DAPT in the setting of acute SAH remains controversial. We believe that coil-assisted FD in carefully selected patients offers significant advantages over traditional microsurgical and endovascular options. The risks posed by DAPT and potential for delayed thrombosis with FD can be effectively mitigated with planning and the development of protocols. We discuss the current literature in the context of our case and review the challenges associated with treating these often devastating lesions.
Serum Biomarkers of Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Cardiac Function in Facilitating Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Anti-SSA/Ro–Associated Cardiac Neonatal Lupus

Abstract Background Cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus (cardiac NL) include congenital heart block and cardiomyopathy. Several candidate biomarkers were evaluated in cases at risk for cardiac NL on the basis of potential roles in inflammation, fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction: C-reactive protein (CRP); NT-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP); troponin I; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2; urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA); urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR); plasminogen; and vitamin D. Objectives Identification of maternal and fetal biomarkers associated with development and morbidity of cardiac NL should provide clues to pathogenesis with translational implications for management. Methods Cord (139) and maternal (135) blood samples collected during pregnancies at risk for cardiac NL were available for study. Levels of cord and maternal CRP, cord NT-proBNP, and cord troponin I were evaluated using multiplex assays. Cord and maternal vitamin D were assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MMP-2, uPA, uPAR, and plasminogen were evaluated using ELISA. Results Cord CRP, NT-proBNP, MMP-2, uPA, uPAR, and plasminogen levels were higher in cardiac NL-affected fetuses than in unaffected cases, independent of maternal rheumatic disease, season at highest risk of cardiac NL development, and medications taken during pregnancy. These biomarkers were positively associated with a disease severity score derived from known risk factors for mortality in cardiac NL. Maternal CRP and cord troponin I levels did not differ between the groups. Cord and maternal vitamin D levels were not significantly associated with cardiac NL, but average maternal vitamin D level during pregnancy was positively associated with longer time to postnatal pacemaker placement. Conclusions These data support the association of fetal reactive inflammatory and fibrotic components with development and morbidity of cardiac NL. Following CRP and NT-proBNP levels after birth can potentially monitor severity and progression of cardiac NL. MMP-2 and the uPA/uPAR/plasminogen cascade provide therapeutic targets to decrease fibrosis. Although decreased vitamin D did not confer increased risk, given the positive influence on postnatal outcomes, maternal levels should be optimized.
Technique tip: reconstruction of an acute anterior tibial tendon rupture with a gracilis tendon autograft

Degenerative rupture of the anterior tibial tendon is an uncommon injury, and the diagnosis is often overlooked leading to a delay in treatment. Even if treated acutely, surgical reconstruction can prove challenging because of the compromised quality of the tendinous insertion. The authors present their preferred operative technique for the reconstruction of this disorder.
Breaking of supersymmetry through anomalies in composite spinor operators

The BRS cohomology of Super-Yang-Mills coupled to chiral matter has non-trivial BRS cohomology, which leads to the conjecture that the local gauge-invariant and supersymmetric composite operators have anomalies in their renormalization. Since these operators are interpolating operators for bound states which are gauge-invariant and which ought naively to fall into supersymmetry multiplets, it follows that one expects supersymmetry to be broken in bound states by anomalies in a way that can be calculated in perturbation theory.
Noninvasive monitoring of photocatalytic degradation of X-ray contrast media using Raman spectrometry

The photocatalytic degradation of the X-ray contrast agents iohexol and diatrizoate are monitored by in situ Raman spectrometry measurements in aqueous solution with a TiO2 photocatalyst. Spectral features and changes are interpreted with the use of density functional theory calculations. While we observe similar results to those published previously, significant changes seen in the Raman spectrum allow us to better identify the mechanisms without the need for deductive approaches or complicated sample preparation. Diatrizoate spectra are consistent with hydroxyl radical attack leading to the loss of CO2. Iohexol is more difficult to interpret, representing a current challenge to the use of Raman spectrometry for real-time monitoring of photocatalytic degradation experiments. We explore internal standards that can be added to gauge overall degradation rates to some extent. Potential extensions of the work are described, particularly in terms of increased rate of data acquisition and more general application. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isozymes in the Culture Forms of Leishmania tarentolae

SYNOPSIS. Leishmania tarentolae grown in Trager's defined medium C, blood brain heart infusion broth and blood agar contained 2 forms of malic dehydrogenase (MDH) after zone electrophoresis in potato starch: one at the point of origin and the other migrating towards the anode. The pH optimum with oxaloacetate as substrate was ≃ 8.35 for the anodal form and 7.50 for the point of origin enzyme. The Michaelis constant (Km) with oxaloacetate was 1.8–2.8 × 10−5 M for the anodal form and 4.0 × 10−5 M for the nonmigratory form. At pH 7.4, both MDHs were inhibited by oxaloacetate concentrations greater than 3.75 × 10−4 M. Ratios of activity with different NAD analogs were dissimilar. A few of the non-migratory enzyme ratios corresponded with those reported for mitochondrial MDH. There was no correspondence between the ratios shown by anodal MDH and ratios reported either for mitochondrial MDH or for cytoplasmic MDH. The thionicotinamide analog was not utilized by point of origin MDH; however, the anodal form did show greater activity with this analog which is a characteristic of cytoplasmic MDH. Anodal MDH was more stable than non-migratory enzyme. Heat inactivation studies indicated 80% inactivation at 68°C for the anodal form and 100% inactivation at 37°C for the other form. The point of origin enzyme had a half life of about 48 hours at 4°C whereas anodal MDH was stable for at least one week at 4°C. Addition of enzyme stabilizing agents (Cleland's reagent, mercaptoethanol and gelatin) did not prevent breakdown of the non-migrating enzyme. Phosphate buffer increased the activity of the point of origin enzyme but had no effect on anodal MDH. On the basis of the above results, non-migratory enzyme is thought to be a variant of mitochondrial MDH. The characteristics of the anodal MDH do not readily indentify it as a typical mitochondrial or cytoplasmic type and it may be a modified type similar to those found in parasitic protozoa by other workers.
Enhanced skeletal muscle and liver protein synthesis with structured lipid in enterally fed burned rats.

We assessed the effects of total enteral nutrition with long-chain triacylglycerides (LCT), medium-chain triacylglycerides (MCT), or two structured lipids, modified dairy fat (MDF) and modified MCT (Captex 810B, Capital City Products, Columbus, OH), on protein and energy metabolism in hypermetabolic burned rats (25% to 30% body surface area). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 +/- 10 g) were continuously gastrostomy-fed isovolemic diets that provided 50 kcal/d, 2 g amino acids/d and 40% nonprotein calories as lipid for three days. Changes in body weight, nitrogen balance, serum albumin, indirect calorimetry, whole body leucine kinetics, and rectus muscle and liver protein kinetics were determined. Whole body leucine kinetics and tissue fractional protein synthetic rates (FSR, percent per day) were estimated using a four-hour constant intravenous infusion of L-[1-14C]leucine on day 3. The group of rats enterally fed MDF lost less body weight than the other groups (P less than or equal to .05). MDF and Captex 810B produced a positive and significantly greater (P less than or equal to .05) daily and cumulative nitrogen balance than either LCT or MCT. Oxygen consumption (P less than or equal to .05) and total energy expenditure (P less than or equal to .05) were elevated approximately 22% with MDF as compared with LCT or MCT. Rectus muscle FSR and absolute rate of protein synthesis were increased 19% with MDF (P less than or equal to .05) as compared with LCT or MCT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)