cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opportunities for improving environmental compliance in Mexico

Survey evidence from Mexico reveals large observed differences in pollution from factories in the same industry, or the same area, or operating under the same regulatory regime. Many factories have adopted significant measures for pollution control and are in compliance with environmental regulations, but some have made little or no such effort. For lack of data, systematic research on the reasons behind such variations in plant-level environmental performance (especially on how impediments to pollution control affect plant behavior) is rare, even in industrial societies. Drawing on a recent plant-level survey of Mexican factories, the author identifies a number of performance variables characteristic of compliant and non-compliant plants, as well as factors that no-compliant plants perceive to be obstacles to pollution control. Non-compliant firms made less effort than compliant firms to change materials, used, to change production processes, or to install end-of-pipe treatment equipment. They had significantly fewer programs to train their general workers in environmental responsibilities. They lagged behind in environmental training, waste management, and transportation training. They received less technical training, especially about the environment, environmental policy and administration, and clean technology and audits. Responses about obstacles to better environmental performance included scarcity of training resources, government bureaucracy, high interest rates, and Mexico's lack of an environmental protection culture. Respondents said that senior managers did not emphasize the environment, assigned more priority to economic considerations, and were not trained in the subject. Most important, however, little information was available about Mexico's environmental policy. These findings suggest the importance of technical assistance - especially training and information. In Mexico, the information gap on policy is a major problem. Mexican environmental agencies should invest more in technical assistance and environmental training targeted to non-compliant enterprises. Environmental education, especially of senior managers, could significantly improve pollution control. Maintaining close contact with non-compliant firms, designing programs targeted to them, and pursuing them systemically should increase their responsiveness to regulations.
Caution, Your Civil Liberties May Have Shifted During the Flight: Judicial Interpretations of the Warsaw Convention

Courts have interpreted and applied Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention inappropriately by limiting its scope to only physical injuries. Courts have erred by expanding the exclusivity clause of Article 24, thereby preventing domestic laws from providing relief for incidents not fitting the definition of “injury” or for incidents that do not take place on board but take place within the broad range of “embarking” and “disembarking.” Currently, the United States Supreme Court allows air carrier agents to police international flights with unlimited authority free from suit, because courts have narrowly construed accidents and injuries to protect air carriers from liability and deny relief to citizens for legitimate non-physical injuries. The Convention should be amended to allow air carrier liability for damages resulting from willful employee misconduct, including civil rights violations, mental injuries, and emotional distress. The United States should maintain the Convention, but also call for a new protocol at an international conference, as done in the past, to modify liability definitions to appropriately provide comprehensive coverage for international air travel. Alternatively, Congress should legislate greater protection for its citizens by providing multiple means of recovery against air carriers.
Super solutions of the dynamical Yang-Baxter equation

Solutions of the classical dynamical Yang-Baxter equation on a Lie superalgebra are called super dynamical r-matrices. A super dynamical r-matrix r satisfies the zero weight condition if [h⊗1+1⊗h,r(λ)] = 0 for all h ∈ h, λ ∈ In this paper we classify super dynamical r-matrices with zero weight.
Environment as Cultural Heritage : The Armenian Diaspora’s Willingness to Pay to Protect Armenia’s Lake Sevan

This paper presents a study of willingness-to-pay of the Armenian Diaspora in the United States to protect Armenia's Lake Sevan, a unique and precious symbol of the Armenian cultural heritage. Dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions were asked by mail surveys to elicit respondents' willingness to pay for the protection of Lake Sevan. The results show that on average, each household of the Armenian Diaspora in the United States would be willing to provide a one-time donation of approximately US$80 to prevent a further degradation of Lake Sevan, and approximately US$280 to restore the quality of the lake by increasing its water level by 3 meters.
Africa and the World Trade Organization

1. Introduction 2. Dispute settlement understanding 3. Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights 4. Agriculture in the Doha development round 5. Transparency in government procurement 6. Aid for trade 7. Conclusion.
Equilibrium Cross Section of Returns

We construct a dynamic general equilibrium production economy to explicitly link expected stock returns to firm characteristics such as firm size and the book‐to‐market ratio. Stock returns in the model are completely characterized by a conditional capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Size and book‐to‐market are correlated with the true conditional market beta and therefore appear to predict stock returns. The cross‐sectional relations between firm characteristics and returns can subsist even after one controls for typical empirical estimates of beta. These findings suggest that the empirical success of size and book‐to‐market can be consistent with a single‐factor conditional CAPM model.
The Monopoly Myth and Other Tales About the Superiority of Lawyers

The U.S. legal profession’s so-called monopoly on the practice of law is under siege.1 The monopoly depends on barriers to entry such as costly legal education, character and fitness inquiries, and other licensing requirements that are under sustained attack.2 These barriers not only limit entry to the profession, but also are used to justify the profession’s claim of technical and moral superiority over nonlawyer providers of legal services. At the same time, the legal profession’s privileged status is also eroding, as laws that prohibit the unauthorized practice of law by nonlawyers are (slowly) being rewritten to permit nonlawyers to provide legal services to individuals in a variety of contexts.3 Individuals are also increasingly turning to other legal information providers so that they can represent themselves both in and out of court. In some ways, the surprise is not that the monopoly is eroding, but rather, that it has taken so long. Calls in the United States to permit nonlawyers to provide more legal services date back more than thirty-five years.4 In many countries, legal services are not provided by a single group of professionals,
Aid for Trade, Infrastructure, and the Growth Effects of Trade Reform : Issues and Implications for Caribbean Countries

This paper examines how aid-for-trade programs can help to magnify the growth benefits that developing countries can reap from trade reform and global integration, with a special emphasis on the Caribbean region. The first part discusses various rationales for trade-related aid, viewed both as a compensatory scheme (aimed at cushioning the impact of revenue cuts and adjustment costs) and a promotion scheme (aimed at alleviating supply-side constraints). In the latter case, particular attention is paid to the role of infrastructure as a constraining factor on trade expansion. The second part discusses the relevance of aid-for-trade arguments for Caribbean countries and identifies a number of specific issues for the region. The third part illustrates the potential growth effects of aid-for-trade programs with simulation results for the Dominican Republic -- a country where infrastructure indicators remain relatively weak. The results illustrate the potentially large growth benefits that a temporary and well-targeted aid-for-trade program can provide to countries of the region.
Market development in the United Kingdom's natural gas industry

The author shows how, in the United Kingdom, government and industry participants have responded to challenges created by opening the natural gas industry to competition. He concludes that, as a result of cooperation between the government and industry participants, appropriate mechanisms can be established for operating and balancing system and for trading natural gas and transportation capacity. The deintegrated natural gas industry in the United Kingdom is off to a promising start after a long gestation. The author describes the processes of the Network Code, a market-based method for balancing the pipeline system and optimizing transportation by British Gas TransGo (BGT), the transportation and storage arm of British Gas (formerly the publicly owned monopoly transporter and supplier of natural gas). The Network Code is a set of rules that determine how users of the pipeline system cooperate with the system operator when seeking transportation services. The operator uses price signals generated through the flexibility mechanism to choose the balancing measures with the lowest cost to society. The author analyzes the four mechanisms used in physical gas markets, describes developments in the U.K.'s financial gas market, and describes pipeline capacity trading in primary and secondary markets and BGT's pricing of capacity and transportation services. The most important issue today, says the author, is whether industry participants can reach a consensus on how to enhance the existing framework to make markets more efficient. Development of the underdeveloped financial gas market will require cooperation between BGT and the Office of Gas Supply to give the International Petroleum Exchange access to BGT's electronic network, so that it can record and settle transactions. Both BGT and its customers will need to contribute time and resources to developing an efficient tariff structure for pipeline capacity and transportation services in the contract and tariff markets.
On the J-Flow in Higher Dimensions and the Lower Boundedness of the Mabuchi Energy

The J-flow is a parabolic flow on Kahler manifolds. It was defined by Donaldson in the setting of moment maps and by Chen as the gradient flow of the J-functional appearing in his formula for the Mabuchi energy. It is shown here that under a certain condition on the initial data, the J-flow converges to a critical metric. This is a generalization to higher dimensions of the author's previous work on Kahler surfaces. A corollary of this is the lower boundedness of the Mabuchi energy on Kahler classes satisfying a certain inequality when the first Chern class of the manifold is negative.
Does Local Government Size Matter? Privatization and Hybrid Systems of Local Service Delivery

Expert contributors in economics and political science offer a comprehensive breakdown of the issue of local jurisdiction fragmentation and provide recommendations for successful policy reform. Topics discussed include economies of scale, the costs and benefits of voluntary and forced amalgamation programs, the correlation between government size and corruption, privatization, and inter-municipal cooperation. A combination of theory and empirical evidence provides depth and makes this book an invaluable addition to the literature.
ARE INTRA-HOUSEHOLD ALLOCATIONS EFFICIENT?

This paper describes two problems when testing the efficiency of intra-household allocations. First, using Monte Carlo simulations I show that the test proposed for efficiency in consumption has a high type-II error, leading to a false acceptance of the hypothesis. Second, I show it is possible that even under asymmetric information the hypothesis of efficiency, incorrectly, cannot be rejected. Finally, I propose a test to account for asymmetric of information.
Periodic Ground States in the Neutral Falicov–Kimball Model in Two Dimensions

We consider the Falicov–Kimball model in two dimensions in the neutral case, i.e., the number of mobile electrons is equal to the number of ions. For rational densities between 1/3 and 2/5 we prove that the ground state is periodic if the strength of the attraction between the ions and electrons is large enough. The periodic ground state is given by taking the one dimensional periodic ground state found by Lemberger and then extending it into two dimensions in such a way that the configuration is constant along lines at a 45 degree angle to the lattice directions.
Taking Reasonable Doubt Seriously

In recent years, we have discovered a spate of factual innocent people who have been convicted. In this article, Professor Loewy contends that the failure of juries to take reasonable doubt seriously contributes to this phenomenon. Professor Loewy via an illustrative fictitious case explains that juries might be reluctant to give the defendant the benefit of a reasonable doubt because of their concern about putting dangerous criminals back on the street. He then asks whether we really want juries to take reasonable doubt seriously. Concluding that we do, he examines how we can do that. Loewy concludes that the best way to that is with a jury instruction that sharply distinguishes proof beyond a reasonable doubt from clear and convincing evidence. Only if the jury really understands that dichotomy is it likely to understand that it cannot convict merely on clear and convincing evidence. The article suggests an instruction that would accomplish this purpose. The author concludes that while this instruction is not constitutionally mandated, it is constitutionally permissible and should be adopted.
DOMESTIC CREDIT AND EXCHANGE RATES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES : SOME POLICY EXPERIMENTS WITH KOREAN DATA

En este articulo se analiza la eficacia de diversas medidas de estabilizacion financiera que pueden adoptarse en reaccion a perturbaciones provenientes de diversas fuentes. Con tal objeto, se estimo un modelo coherente con la estructura institucional de un pais en desarrollo. Luego se sometio dicho modelo a perturbaciones provenientes del sector real de la economia, de circunstancias financieras internas, y de los terminos de intercambio. Posteriormente se evaluaron las posibles reacciones de politica ante cada una de estas perturbaciones. Con los resultados se pueden hacer algunas generalizaciones. En primer lugar, las alteraciones de los tipos de cambio constituyen un instrumento poderoso de ajuste, aun cuando la elasticidad estimada del comercio exterior con respecto a los precios sea reducida. En segundo lugar, incluso en un pais que no cuente con un sistema financiero abierto e integrado con el resto del mundo, la situacion monetaria tiene efectos rapidos y de magnitud sobre la balanza de pagos. Tercero, en muchos casos las medidas mas eficaces para estabilizar la balanza externa requieren fuertes fluctuaciones de los tipos de cambio y de los precios. En la medida en que dichas fluctuaciones se consideren excesivamente costosas, podran preferirse medidas menos drasticas. Cuarto, para decidir la mejor reaccion de politica suele ser mas importante observar la causa de una perturbacion en la economia que los sintomas de la misma. Por ejemplo, la inflacion derivada de una expansion monetaria excesiva exigira una reaccion diferente de la requerida por la misma tasa de inflacion derivada de una subida de los precios de importacion. En quinto lugar, los rezagos en las medidas de politica–es decir, los rezagos entre las perturbaciones en el contexto economico y la reaccion de politica–son muy importantes. La duracion de los rezagos puede condicionar significativamente la evolucion de la economia, especialmente si la perturbacion es de corta duracion. Por ultimo, el tipo adecuado de politica, como reaccion a una perturbacion, depende de la duracion esperada de dicha perturbacion. Las ventajas de no aplicar con prontitud un ajuste excesivo tienen que sopesarse frente al costo de un ajuste probablemente mas energico, y mas penoso, en una fase posterior.
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BAYESIAN BOOTSTRAP

This paper introduces a semi-parametric bootstrapping approach to Bayesian analysis of structural parameters in simultaneous equation systems that extends the single and multivariate regression approaches of Heckelei and Mittelhammer (1996, 2002) to models with endogenous regressors. Monte Carlo evidence demonstrated the considerable accuracy of the procedure in approximating posterior distributions, even for small sample sizes.
Early school outcomes for extremely preterm infants with transient neurological abnormalities.

Aim To determine if transient neurological abnormalities (TNA) at 9 months corrected age predict cognitive, behavioral, and motor outcomes at 6 years of age in extremely preterm infants. Method A cohort of 124 extremely preterm infants (mean gestational age 25.5wks; 55 males, 69 females), admitted to our unit between 2001 and 2003, were classified based on the Amiel-Tison Neurological Assessment at 9 months and 20 months corrected age as having TNA (n=17), normal neurological assessment (n=89), or neurologically abnormal assessment (n=18). The children were assessed at a mean age of 5 years 11 months (SD 4mo) on cognition, academic achievement, motor ability, and behavior. Results Compared with children with a normal neurological assessment, children with TNA had higher postnatal exposure to steroids (35% vs 9%) and lower adjusted mean scores on spatial relations (84 [standard error {SE} 5] vs 98 [SE 2]), visual matching (79 [SE 5] vs 91 [SE 2]), letter–word identification (97 [SE 4] vs 108 [SE 1]), and spelling (76 [SE 4] vs 96 [SE 2]) (all p<0.05). Interpretation Despite a normalized neurological assessment, extremely preterm children with a history TNA are at higher risk for lower cognitive and academic skills than those with normal neurological findings during their first year of school.
X-Inefficiencies in the Residential Real Estate Market: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

This article examines the productive efficiency levels present in the market for residential real estate brokerage services by employing the stochastic frontier approach. At the time this study was...
Security Property Based Administrative Controls

Access control languages which support administrative controls, and thus allow the ordinary permissions of a system to change, have traditionally been constructed with first order predicate logic or graph rewriting rules. We introduce a new access control model to implement administrative controls directly in terms of the security properties – we call this Security Property Based Administrative Controls (SPAC).
Engineering the Climate: Geoengineering as a Challenge to International Governance

The challenge of global climate change has attracted recommendations for remediation from a number of professions, including engineering. The possibilities suggested for “geoengineering” the climate generally fall into one of two categories: (1) removing gaseous carbon dioxide from the air and storing it in long-term repositories (“carbon dioxide removal”); and (2) limiting or reducing the intensity of incoming electromagnetic waves from the sun (“solar radiation management”). Specific and often controversial proposals include the aerial dispersion of aerosols, launching reflective gratings into orbit around the Earth, and seeding the oceans with iron filings. These proposals share the following characteristics: (1) they can be undertaken within the territorial jurisdiction of a single state or in areas beyond national jurisdiction; (2) they are likely to, and are intended to, have extrajurisdictional—indeed, global— effects; and (3) they are largely unregulated at the international level. This Essay examines the existing international governance structures to address geoengineering and concludes that they are inadequate to the task. After reviewing those modest international measures that have been adopted to regulate climate geoengineering proposals, the Essay makes recommendations for structural adaptations in international governance to address the problem of climate change.
On the Security Properties of OAEP as an All-or-Nothing Transform

This paper studies All-or-Nothing Transforms (AONTs), which have been proposed by Rivest as a mode of operation for block ciphers. An AONT is an unkeyed, invertible, randomized transformation, with the property that it is hard to invert unless all of the output is known. Applications of AONTs include improving the security and speed of encryption. We give several formal definitions of security for AONTs that are stronger and more suited to practical applications than the original definitions. We then prove that Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) satisfies these definitions (in the random oracle model). This is the first construction of an AONT that has been proven secure in the strong sense. Our bound on the adversary's advantage is nearly optimal, in the sense that no adversary can do substantially better against the OAEP than by exhaustive search. We also show that no AONT can achieve substantially better security than OAEP.
Incentive Policies to Promote the Use of Enhanced Stormwater BMPs in New Residential Developments

A voluntary stormwater management program that is incentive compatible between residential developers and regulators produces an outcome that simultaneously protects/enhances water quality and increases developer profits. Developers pay a participation fee and the collected fees are used to retrofit ineffective stormwater management systems in older neighborhoods to improve water quality.
Specialist: The firm or the individual?: Empirical evidence from the options markets

Abstract This paper investigates the role of the individual specialist vis-a-vis that of the specialist firm on the quality of markets. While previous studies have not denied the importance of the individual, they have focused exclusively on the performance of the specialist firm. This study is the first empirical test of the specialist as an individual and his influence on market quality. By implication, it tests whether the firm is the appropriate level of analysis. Within specialist firms, we find significant differences in quoting behavior while the evidence on execution quality is mixed. Some firms are able to design an effective mechanism that enforces uniformity in goals of the members of the firm. Considering that exchanges are unable to impose such uniform performance, these firms appear to have better incentive or penalty systems in place. However, the existence of other firms where significant differences in execution quality exist, presents a challenge to policy makers, as differences in execution quality within a firm indicate that the disclosure of market quality needs to be at the post-level, not just at the firm level.
The next wave of deaths from Ebola ? the impact of health care worker mortality

The ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa has put a huge strain on already weak health systems. Ebola deaths have been disproportionately concentrated among health care workers, exacerbating existing skill shortages in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone in a way that will negatively affect the health of the populations even after Ebola has been eliminated. This paper combines data on cumulative health care worker deaths from Ebola, the stock of health care workers and mortality rates pre-Ebola, and coefficients that summarize the relationship between health care workers in a given country and rates of maternal, infant, and under-five mortality. The paper estimates how the loss of health care workers to Ebola will likely affect non-Ebola mortality even after the disease is eliminated. It then estimates the size of the resource gap that needs to be filled to avoid these deaths, and to reach the minimum thresholds of health coverage described in the Millennium Development Goals. Maternal mortality could increase by 38 percent in Guinea, 74 percent in Sierra Leone, and 111 percent in Liberia due to the reduction in health personnel caused by the epidemic. This translates to an additional 4,022 women dying per year across the three most affected countries. To avoid these deaths, 240 doctors, nurses, and midwives would need to be immediately hired across the three countries. This is a small fraction of the 43,565 doctors, nurses, and midwives that would need to be hired to achieve the adequate health coverage implied by the Millennium Development Goals. Substantial investment in health systems is urgently required not only to improve future epidemic preparedness, but also to limit the secondary health effects of the current epidemic owing to the depletion of the health workforce.
Statistical physics of fields

1. Collective behaviour, from particles to fields 2. Statistical fields 3. Fluctuations 4. The scaling hypothesis 5. Perturbative renormalization group 6. Lattice systems 7. Series expansions 8. Beyond spin waves 9. Dissipative dynamics 10. Directed paths in random media Solutions to selected problems Index.
Graph Sparsification in the Semi-streaming Model

Analyzing massive data sets has been one of the key motivations for studying streaming algorithms. In recent years, there has been significant progress in analysing distributions in a streaming setting, but the progress on graph problems has been limited. A main reason for this has been the existence of linear space lower bounds for even simple problems such as determining the connectedness of a graph. However, in many new scenarios that arise from social and other interaction networks, the number of vertices is significantly less than the number of edges. This has led to the formulation of the semi-streaming model where we assume that the space is (near) linear in the number of vertices (but not necessarily the edges), and the edges appear in an arbitrary (and possibly adversarial) order. However there has been limited progress in analysing graph algorithms in this model. In this paper we focus on graph sparsification, which is one of the major building blocks in a variety of graph algorithms. Further, there has been a long history of (non-streaming) sampling algorithms that provide sparse graph approximations and it a natural question to ask: since the end result of the sparse approximation is a small (linear) space structure, can we achieve that using a small space, and in addition using a single pass over the data? The question is interesting from the standpoint of both theory and practice and we answer the question in the affirmative, by providing a one pass $\tilde{O}(n/\epsilon^{2})$ space algorithm that produces a sparsification that approximates each cut to a (1 + *** ) factor. We also show that $\Omega(n \log \frac1\epsilon)$ space is necessary for a one pass streaming algorithm to approximate the min-cut, improving upon the *** (n ) lower bound that arises from lower bounds for testing connectivity.
The march towards no-scale supergravity

The steps that led us to the discovery of no-scale supergravity are discussed from a very personal point of view. No-scale supergravity has been heralded as the most promising effective theory that describes physics below the Planck scale. In its string-derived form it holds the potential for a Dynamical Determination of Everything (DDOE).
FIELD-REVERSED MIRROR REACTOR

The reactor design is a multicell arrangement wherein a series of field-reversed plasma layers are arranged along the axis of a long superconducting solenoid which provides the background magnetic field. Normal copper mirror coils and Ioffe bars placed at the first wall radius provide shallow axial and radial magnetic wells for each plasma layer. Each of 11 plasma layers requires the injection of 3.6 MW of 200 keV deuterium and tritium and produces 20 MW of fusion power. The reactor has a net electric output of 74 MWe and an estimated direct capital cost of $1200/kWe.
Efficiency of silicon solar cells as a function of base layer resistivity

This paper reports on a theoretical study of the limitations on silicon solar-cell efficiency for both n(+)-p and n(+)-p-p(+) type cells. Detailed calculations have been made of solar-cell operation using a general computer analysis program for semiconductor devices. The computer program, which simultaneously solves Poisson's equation and the electron and hole quasi-Fermi level equations, provides an accurate numerical solution of solar-cell operation without limiting assumptions or approximations. It is found that minority-carrier lifetime and heavy doping effects in the n(+) surface region present serious limitations to efficiency in low-resistivity silicon solar cells.
Characteristics of thalamic multi-unit activity and EEG during recovery from asphyxia

Rhythmic cortical activity has been shown to have thalamic origin during high voltage spindles in some awake immobile rats. It was also found that EEG showed burst suppression patterns during recovery from a hypoxic/asphyxic insult to the brain. These have been shown to be prognostic of the neurological outcome after the injury. Some of these EEG burst patterns were rhythmic. Therefore, it was hypothesized that these rhythmic patterns also had a thalamic origin. Adult male Wistar rats (n=5) under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia were made to undergo a three minute period of asphyxia and then resuscitated. Extra-cellular activity from the ventral posterior medial nucleus was monitored. Cortical EEG was monitored bilaterally over the parietal region. Early recovery period in 4 of the 5 animals was characterized by episodes of sustained periodic discharges in the thalamus which correlated with periodic activity in the EEG. Thus, preliminary evidence indicates thalamic origins for the rhythmic EEG burst patterns observed during recovery from an asphyxic injury.
Over-the-counter trade and the value of assets as collateral

We study asset pricing within a general equilibrium model where unsecured credit is ruled out, and a real asset helps agents carry out mutually beneficial transactions by serving as collateral. A unique feature of our model is that the agent who provides the loan might have a low valuation for the collateral asset. Nevertheless, the lender rationally chooses to accept the collateral because she can access a secondary asset market where she can sell the asset. Following a recent strand of the finance literature, based on the influential work of Duffie et al. (Econometrica 73(6):1815–1847, 2005), we model this secondary asset market as an over-the-counter market characterized by search and bargaining frictions. We study how the asset’s property to serve as collateral affects its equilibrium price, and how the asset price and the economy’s welfare are affected by the degree of liquidity in the secondary asset market.
Formal Languages and Algorithms for Similarity Based Retrieval from Sequence Databases

Similarity based retrieval is of major importance for querying sequence databases. We consider formalisms based on automata, temporal logics and regular expressions for querying such databases. We define two different types of similarity measures--syntax based and semantics based. These measures are divided into a spectrum of measures based on the vector distance function that is employed. We consider norm vector distance functions and give efficient query processing algorithms when these measures are employed.
Reductive Amination with Sodium Cyanoborohydride: N,N‐Dimethylcyclohexylamine

Reductive Amination with Sodium Cyanoborohydride: N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine product: N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine byproduct: cyclohexanol product: Cyclohexylamine product: N-Methylcyclohexylamine product: α-Phenylethylamine product: N-Methylphenethylamine product: N-Isobutylaniline product: N-Methylpiperidine Keywords: condensation, miscellaneous; reduction, miscellaneous; sodium cyanoborohydride
Valuing Options in Water Markets: A Laboratory Investigation

Risk and reliability dominate water supply discussions in the arid western United States due to increasing demand and finite, weather-dependent supply. Water markets have evolved in this region so agencies could meet this growing demand. In a few instances, water agencies turned to contractual mechanisms such as options to manage supply. As demand continues to grow option markets and other novel approaches to allocating water may become increasingly popular. We utilize experimental economics to analyze the effect of annual options on water markets in the absence of sufficient real-world data for conventional econometric analysis. We find gains from trade are higher when options can be traded. Additionally, gains are more evenly distributed, particularly with a dominant buyer and many sellers. Findings suggest option markets may be a viable choice as policymakers prepare for future droughts.
Tackling health transition in China

Over the past three decades, China has made commendable strides in improving the health status of its population. Between 1965 and 1995, its infant mortality rate declined from 90 per 1,000 live births to 36. During the same period, life expectancy at birth rose from 55 to 69 years and the maternal mortality rate fell from 26 to 15 per 100,000 deliveries. This performance compares favorably with that in similar Asian economies. China's infant mortality rate, for example, was less that half the rate predicted for its income level, Similarly, life expectancy at birth was higher than that in many comparable Asian countries. These favorable results conceal more recent trends, however. Since the early 1990s, mortality rates have increased in many provinces, particularly among infants and children under age five. And health status and health-related process indicators have improved more slowly than in the mid -1980s. What accounts for relatively stagnant, even deteriorating health indicators, and what strategies should be designed to address them as China enters the 21st century? Overall, the author argues, the recent erosion in health gains stems from three factors: a) changes in government financing of the health sector have increased inequity, inefficiency, and costs for medical treatment; b) the main contributors to the burden of disease have shifted from maternal conditions and infectious disease toward noncommunicable diseases and injuries, the prevention of which has not been a tradition part of China's public health programs; and c) the shift to a more market-oriented economy has changed environmental and behavioral risk factors, thus diversifying the types of disease across regions. The author suggests strategies for mitigating China's current and emerging health problems.
Weak Energy: Form and Function

The equation of motion for a time-dependent weak value of a quantum mechanical observable contains a complex valued energy factor—the weak energy of evolution. This quantity is defined by the dynamics of the pre-selected and post-selected states which specify the observable’s weak value. It is shown that this energy: (i) is manifested as dynamical and geometric phases that govern the evolution of the weak value during the measurement process; (ii) satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equations when expressed in terms of Pancharatnam (P) phase and Fubini-Study (FS) metric distance; (iii) provides for a PFS stationary action principle for quantum state evolution; (iv) time translates correlation amplitudes; (v) generalizes the temporal persistence of state normalization; and (vi) obeys a time-energy uncertainty relation. A similar complex valued quantity—the pointed weak energy of an evolving quantum state—is also defined and several of its properties in PFS coordinates are discussed. It is shown that the imaginary part of the pointed weak energy governs the state’s survival probability and its real part is—to within a sign—the Mukunda-Simon geometric phase for arbitrary evolutions or the Aharonov-Anandan (AA) geometric phase for cyclic evolutions. Pointed weak energy gauge transformations and the PFS 1-form are defined and discussed and the relationship between the PFS 1-form and the AA connection 1-form is established. [Editors note: for a video of the talk given by Prof. Parks at the Aharonov-80 conference in 2012 at Chapman University, see quantum.chapman.edu/talk-25.]
Image-Guided Modified Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) Corneal Transplant Using Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography

Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) is an alternative to full-thickness corneal transplant and has advantages including the absence of allograft rejection; shortened duration of topical corticosteroid treatment and reduced associated risk of glaucoma, cataract, or infection; and enables use of grafts with poor endothelial quality. DALK begins by performing a trephination of approximately 80% stromal thickness, as measured by pachymetry. After removal of the anterior stoma, a needle is inserted into the residual stroma to inject air or viscoelastic to dissect Descemet’s membrane. These procedures are inherently difficult and intraoperative rates of Descemet’s membrane perforation between 4-39% have been reported. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution images of tissue microstructures in the cornea, including Descemet’s membrane, and allows quantitation of corneal layer thicknesses. Here, we use crosssectional intraoperative OCT (iOCT) measurements of corneal thickness during surgery and a novel micrometeradjustable biopsy punch to precision-cut the stroma down to Descemet’s membrane. Our prototype cutting tool allows us to establish a dissection plane at the corneal endothelium interface, mitigates variability in cut-depths as a result of tremor, reduces procedure complexity, and reduces complication rates. iOCT-guided modified DALK procedures were performed on 47 cadaveric porcine eyes by non-experts and achieved a perforation rate of ~5% with a mean corneal dissection time <18 minutes. The procedure was also successful performed on a human donor eye without perforation. Our data shows the potential for iOCT-guided precision anterior segment surgery without variability as a result of tremor and improvements to standard clinical care.
Measuring the determinants of backward linkages from FDI in developing economies : is it a matter of size ?

The main focus of the paper is the measurement of the potential for externalities related to foreign direct investment. A series of novel proxies are drawn from the Enterprise Survey database of the World Bank-IFC and tested against hypotheses considered in the foreign direct investment literature. Using these proxies, an econometric assessment of the determinants of backward linkages in developing economies is presented. The results show that export-oriented foreign direct investment, wholly owned subsidiaries (as opposed to joint ventures), and foreign owned firms relying on foreign technologies are less likely to develop links with domestic companies. In addition, the analysis finds that some sectors (food, wood, auto, and auto-parts) are more prone than others (textiles and electronics) in developing backward linkages. Apart from the type of foreign direct investment and sector-specific characteristics, the size of the host economy matters. Foreign owned subsidiaries in most service oriented Caribbean islands buy a low percentage of inputs from domestic firms. This may be because in small islands there are not enough local suppliers with sufficient quality and capacity to meet the demands of multinationals. However, the paper presents the case of the Dominican Republic, the largest economy in the Caribbean, which has struggled to develop backward linkages because of the relative isolation of special economic zones from the rest of the economy.
Borges y la traducción

La traduction est le theme qui apparait le plus souvent dans les essais de Borges. La majorite de ses fictions explore ce theme de maniere explicite. L'unique mention de Borges dans le dictionnaire des citations d'Oxford est ce commentaire : «L'original est infidele a la traduction». Cette citation rend compte de la relation que Borges a etabli entre traduction et creation litteraire : la traduction n'est pas le passage d'une langue a une autre, mais la transformation d'un texte, qui conserve certains elements et en elimine d'autres ; la traduction peut donc s'effectuer dans une meme langue
Construction of Hyperboloidal Initial Data

In this note I discuss the conformal rescaling of spacetimes, with focus on the constraint equations. I give conditions on the Cauchy data at the conformal boundary which are sufficient for regularity, and show how to construct solutions to the conformal constraint equations. Finally, I discuss gauge conditions in the conformal setting and indicate the first steps in analyzing the conformally rescaled version of the Einstein vacuum evolution equations.
Berkeley Supernova Ia Program – II. Initial analysis of spectra obtained near maximum brightness

In this second paper in a series, we present measurements of spectral features of 432 low-redshift (z < 0.1) optical spectra of 261 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) within 20 d of maximum brightness. The data were obtained from 1989 to the end of 2008 as part of the Berkeley Supernova Ia Program (BSNIP) and are presented in BSNIP I by Silverman et al. We describe in detail our method of automated, robust spectral feature definition and measurement which expands upon similar previous studies. Using this procedure, we attempt to measure expansion velocities, pseudo-equivalent widths (pEWs), spectral feature depths and fluxes at the centre and endpoints of each of nine major spectral feature complexes. We investigate how velocity and pEW evolve with time and how they correlate with each other. Various spectral classification schemes are employed and quantitative spectral differences among the subclasses are investigated. Several ratios of pEW values are calculated and studied. The so-called Si ii ratio, often used as a luminosity indicator, is found to be well correlated with the so-called SiFe ratio and anticorrelated with the analogous ‘SSi ratio’, confirming the results of previous studies. Furthermore, SNe Ia that show strong evidence for interaction with circumstellar material or an aspherical explosion are found to have the largest near-maximum expansion velocities and pEWs, possibly linking extreme values of spectral observables with specific progenitor or explosion scenarios. We find that purely spectroscopic classification schemes are useful in identifying the most peculiar SNe Ia. However, in almost all spectral parameters investigated, the full sample of objects spans a nearly continuous range of values. Comparisons to previously published theoretical models of SNe Ia are made and we conclude with a brief discussion of how the measurements performed herein and the possible correlations presented will be important for future SN surveys.
A formal design methodology for parallel architectures

The authors introduce a formal approach for synthesis of array architectures. The methodology provides two main features: completeness and correctness. Completeness means the ability to use the approach for any general algorithm. Correctness is achieved by using a set of transformations that are proved to be correct. Four different forms are used to express the input algorithm: simultaneous recursion, recursion with respect to different variables, fixed nesting, and variable nesting. Four different architectures for the same algorithm are obtained. As an example, a matrix-matrix multiplication algorithm is used to obtain four different optimal architectures. The different architectures of this example are compared in terms of area, time, broadcasting, and required hardware. >
Real Estate Returns and Inflation: An Added Variable Approach

This study analyses the inflation hedging effectiveness of residential real estate over the 1969-94 period. The results indicate that residential real estate is a significant hedge against both exp...
International migration, human capital, and entrepreneurship : evidence from Philippine migrants' exchange rate shocks

Millions of households in developing countries receive financial support from family members working overseas. How do the economic prospects of overseas migrants affect origin-household investments-in particular, in child human capital and household enterprises? Yang examines Philippine households' responses to overseas members' economic shocks. Overseas Filipinos work in dozens of foreign countries which experienced sudden (and heterogeneous) changes in exchange rates due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Appreciation of a migrant's currency against the Philippine peso leads to increases in household remittances received from overseas. The estimated elasticity of Philippine peso remittances with respect to the Philippine/foreign exchange rate is 0.60. In addition, these positive income shocks lead to enhanced human capital accumulation and entrepreneurship in origin households. Favorable migrant shocks lead to greater child schooling, reduced child labor, and increased educational expenditure in origin households. More favorable exchange rate shocks also raise hours worked in self-employment and lead to greater entry into relatively capital-intensive enterprises by migrants' origin households.
Swift 1644+57: The Longest Gamma-ray Burst?

Swift recently discovered an unusual gamma-ray and x-ray transient (Sw 1644+57) that was initially identified as a long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB). However, the 10 keV x-ray emission has persisted for over a month with a luminosity comparable to its peak value. The astrometric coincidence of the source with the center of its host galaxy, together with other considerations, motivated the interpretation that Sw 1644+57 was produced by an outburst from a 10 6 7 M black hole at the center of the galaxy. Here we consider the alternate possibility that Sw 1644+57 is indeed a long-duration GRB, albeit a particularly long one! We discuss the general properties of very long-duration, low-power GRB-like transients associated with the core-collapse of a massive star. Both neutron star (magnetar) spindown and black hole accretion can power such events. The requirements for producing low-power, very long-duration GRBs by magnetar spindown are similar to those for powering extremely luminous supernovae by magnetar spindown, suggesting a possible connection between these two unusual types of transients. Alternatively, Sw 1644+57 could be associated with the faintest core-collapse explosions: the collapse of a rotating red supergiant in a nominally failed supernova can power accretion onto a solar-mass black hole for up to 100 days; the jet produced by black hole accretion inevitably unbinds the outer envelope of the progenitor, leading to a weak 10 49 erg explosion. In both neutron star and black hole models, a jet can burrow through the host star in a few days, with a kinetic luminosity 10 45 46 erg s 1 , su cient to power the observed emission of Sw 1644+57.