cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Betwixt and Between: Regulating the Sharing Economy

Airbnb, Uber, Eatwith, and other sharing economy platforms facilitate short-term rentals, transportation, meals, and even pet sharing. These “sharing economy” companies are part of what is also called “collaborative consumption” or “the peer-to-peer economy.” The companies in the sharing economy use technology to connect people who have private excess capacity to those who want to purchase it. Rather than staying in a hotel, customers can stay in a spare bedroom through Airbnb; rather than hiring moving companies, customers can get help moving via TaskRabbit; rather than going to a restaurant, customers can have a meal prepared for them in someone’s home via Eatwith.TIME Magazine listed the sharing economy as one of the ten ideas that will change the world, and Forbes estimates that the revenue flowing through the sharing economy will surpass $3.5 billion in 2014, with growth exceeding 25%. At that rate, peer-to-peer sharing is moving beyond a fringe movement and becoming a disruptive economic force. Look only to Airbnb, which at six years old has a valuation of $13 billion, much higher than the Hyatt hotel chain ($10 billion), and Uber, which at four years old has a valuation of $40 billion, greater than Hertz, Avis, and Enterprise combined. Companies using this relatively new business model have faced innumerable legal challenges. In some places, platforms are simply banned from operating; in others, supply-side users or the platforms themselves are punished. The reason for the difficulty and uncertainty is that the sharing economy is in a “betwixt and between space” — it does not fit within existing legal frameworks. Platforms view themselves as online companies regulated by Internet law, though they execute mostly in the offline world. Furthermore, sharing economy platforms are facilitating transactions that have always been legal, but are now executed on such a large scale that the potential for harm to the public is very real. What are the rules when the lines blur between giving a friend a ride to the airport and operating as a professional driver?This paper argues that existing laws cannot effectively regulate the sharing economy, because the sharing economy is uniquely comprised of individuals profiting from their personal excess capacity. These individuals operate microbusinesses, which cannot, without devastating consequences, be regulated like traditional businesses. The paper proposes a new framework for regulators that will support the benefits of the sharing economy while still achieving regulatory goals such as fraud prevention, safety, revenue, risk allocation, and fair competition.
Sediment Pore Waters

Abstract Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in marine sediment pore waters plays an important role in sediment carbon and nitrogen remineralization and may also be involved in sediment carbon preservation. In this chapter we examine this topic, focusing on: the composition and reactivity of pore water DOM, with particular reference to its role in sediment organic matter remineralization; the factors that control pore water DOM concentrations over various time and space scales; the role of benthic DOM fluxes in the oceanic cycles of carbon and nitrogen; and role of pore water DOM in sediment carbon preservation. Approaches to modeling pore water DOM are also described.
The spectre of past spectral conditions: colour plasticity, crypsis and predation risk in freshwater sculpin from newly deglaciated streams

Whiteley AR, Bergstrom CA, Linderoth T, Tallmon DA. The spectre of past spectral conditions: colour plasticity, crypsis, and predation risk in freshwater sculpin from newly deglaciated streams. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 80–91. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus) have colonised recently deglaciated streams of Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, USA, within the last 200 years. Highly cryptic colouration across a marked gradient of stream substrate colours within Glacier Bay could result from physiological (rapid) or morphological (slower) colour change. Laboratory experiments revealed that physiological colour plasticity occurred on the order of minutes, with significant variation in the degree of colour change among individuals and between populations. In contrast, morphological colour plasticity occurred on the order of weeks to months. Experimentally manipulated spectral conditions influenced the magnitude and variance of subsequent physiological colour plasticity. In-stream predation trials revealed significantly more predation attempts on higher background contrast sculpin models, providing evidence that background colour matching has strong fitness consequences. Colour plasticity with apparent fitness consequences occurs at multiple interacting time scales in coastrange sculpin and may play an important role in the colonisation of recently deglaciated streams.
Cell signaling and transcription factors regulating cell fate during formation of the mouse blastocyst

The first cell fate decisions during mammalian development establish tissues essential for healthy pregnancy. The mouse has served as a valuable model for discovering pathways regulating the first cell fate decisions because of the ease with which early embryos can be recovered and the availability of an arsenal of classical and emerging methods for manipulating gene expression. We summarize the major pathways that govern the first cell fate decisions in mouse development. This knowledge serves as a paradigm for exploring how emergent properties of a self-organizing system can dynamically regulate gene expression and cell fate plasticity. Moreover, it brings to light the processes that establish healthy pregnancy and ES cells. We also describe unsolved mysteries and new technologies that could help to overcome experimental challenges in the field.
Global Optimization Methods in Geophysical Inversion

Part 1 Preliminary statistics: random variables random nunmbers probability probability distribution, distribution function and density function joint and marginal probability distributions mathematical expectation, moments, variances and covariances conditional probability Monte Carlo integration importance sampling stochastic processes Markov chains homogeneous, inhomogeneous, irreducible and aperiodic Markov chains the limiting probability. Part 2 Direct, linear and iterative-linear inverse methods: direct inversion methods model based inversion methods linear/linearized inverse methods iterative linear methods for quasi-linear problems Bayesian formulation solution using probabilistic formulation. Part 3 Monte Carlo methods: enumerative or grid search techniques Monte Carlo inversion hybrid Monte Carlo-linear inversion directed Monte Carlo methods. Part 4 Simulated annealing methods: metropolis algorithm heat bath algorithm simulated annealing without rejected moves fast simulated annealing very fast simulated reannealing mean field annealing using SA in geophysical inversion. Part 5 Genetic algorithms: a classical GA schemata and the fundamental theorem of genetic algorithms problems combining elements of SA into a new GA a mathematical model of a GA multimodal fitness functions, genetic drift, GA with sharing, and repeat (parallel) GA uncertainty estimates evolutionary programming - a variant of GA. Part 6 Geophysical applications of SA and GA: 1-D seismic waveform inversion pre-stack migration velocity estimation inversion of resistivity sounding data for 1-D earth models inversion of resistivity profiling data for 2-D earth models inversion of magnetotelluric sounding data for 1-D earth models stochastic reservoir modelling seismic deconvolution by mean field annealing and Hopfield network. Part 7 Uncertainty estimation: methods of numerical integration simulated annealing - the Gibbs' sampler genetic algorithm - the parallel Gibbs' sampler numerical examples.
Electronic structure of (LaNiO 3 ) 2 /(LaAlO 3 ) N heterostructures grown along [111]

The electronic structure of a LaNiO${}_{3}$ bilayer grown along the [111] direction and confined between insulating layers of LaAlO${}_{3}$ is theoretically investigated using a combination of first-principles calculations and effective multiorbital lattice models. The local density approximation (LDA) band structure is well reproduced by a tight-binding model for the Ni ${e}_{g}$ orbitals defined on the buckled honeycomb lattice. We highlight peculiar properties of this model, which include almost flat bands as well as linear and quadratic band-crossing points. The effect of local correlations is discussed within the LDA$+U$ scheme and within the Hartree-Fock approximation for interacting multiorbital lattice models. Over a wide range of interaction parameters, we find that a ferromagnetic phase is energetically favored. We discuss the possibility of additional orbital order, which could stabilize a spontaneous Chern insulator with chiral edge modes or a staggered orbital phase with a $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ reconstruction of the unit cell. By studying an interacting nickel-oxygen lattice model, we find that the stability of these orbitally ordered phases also depends on the value of the charge-transfer energy. Controlling the charge-transfer energy might therefore be an important step towards engineering exotic electronic phases in certain classes of oxide heterostructures.
Factorization in B ---> V gamma decays

The factorization properties of the radiative decays B {yields} V{gamma} are analyzed at leading order in 1/mb using the soft-collinear effective theory. It is shown that the decay amplitudes can be expressed in terms of a B {yields} V form factor evaluated at q{sup 2} = 0, light-cone distribution amplitudes of the B and V mesons, and calculable hard-scattering kernels. The renormalization-group equations in the effective theory are solved to resume perturbative logarithms of the different scales in the decay process. Phenomenological implications for the B {yields} K*{gamma} branching ratio, isospin asymmetry, and CP asymmetries are discussed, with particular emphasis on possible effects from physics beyond the Standard Model.
A duplication based compile time scheduling method for task parallelism

The cost of inter-processor communication is one of the major bottlenecks of a distributed memory machine (DMM) which can be offset with efficient algorithms for task partitioning and scheduling. Based on the data dependencies, the task partitioning algorithm partitions the application program into tasks and represents them in the form of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) or in compiler intermediate forms. The scheduling algorithm schedules the tasks onto individual processors of the DMM in an effort to lower the overall parallel time. It has been long proven that obtaining an optimal schedule for a generic DAG is an NP-hard problem. This chapter presents a Scalable Task Duplication based Scheduling (STDS) algorithm which can schedule the tasks of a DAG with a worst case complexity of O(|v|2), where v is the set of tasks of the DAG. STDS algorithm generates an optimal schedule for a certain class of DAGs which satisfy a Cost Relationship Condition (CRC), provided the required number of processors are available. In case the required number of processors are not available the algorithm scales the schedule down to the available number of processors. The performance of the scheduling algorithm has been evaluated by its application to practical DAGs and by comparing the parallel time of the schedule generated against the absolute or the theoretical lowerbound.
Regulatory Impact Analyses of Environmental Justice Effects

Finding an appropriate way to incorporate environmental justice considerations into policy-making has been a procedural challenge since President Clinton issued Executive Order 12,898 over 15 years ago. Moreover, environmental justice continues to be overshadowed by efficiency considerations as embodied in benefit-cost analysis. This article argues that the environmental justice and benefit-cost policies and procedures in EPA's rule-making can both be improved by bringing them closer together, ultimately improving environmental regulations as well. In particular, environmental justice consideration should be incorporated into Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) by drawing on the much older tradition of incorporating distributional effects into benefit-cost analysis. By providing information on the distribution of benefits and costs of its regulatory actions, EPA would further its environmental justice objectives by providing the information that all groups—including the poor, minorities, and environmental justice communities—need to understand the impacts of a regulatory action. By incorporating such information into its RIAs, EPA would integrate environmental justice considerations into its development of regulations. Finally, by actually allowing the new information to inform the design and selection of regulations so as to better protect disadvantaged groups, adding distributional impacts to RIAs would improve the distributive justice associated with EPA's actions as well as the procedural justice.
Crystallization of calcium carbonate in the presence of trace concentrations of phosphorus-containing anions: I. Inhibition by phosphate and glycerophosphate ions at pH 8.8 and 25°C

Addition of glycerophosphate ion or orthophosphate ion to a metastable supersaturated calcium carbonate solution greatly reduced the rate of calcite seeded crystal growth at 25°C. Crystallization rate constants were decreased to half their value in pure solutions by a glycerophosphate concentration of 1.6 x 10-5M or an orthophosphate concentration of 2 x 10-6M. A relationship between the crystallization rate constant and the additive ion concentration of either ion follows an expression based on a simple Langmuir-type adsorption model. This relationship suggests that calcite growth inhibition by phosphorus-containing anions involves blockage of crystal growth sites on the calcite surface.
LEAPFROG-a manufacturing and EHS partnership

LEAPFROG is the title of a program at Intel Corporation which addresses concerns about hazardous chemicals in semiconductor manufacturing processes by dealing with them at the emerging technology stage. One aspect of the program is to incorporate environmental, health, and safety (EHS) design parameters into each new technology development plan. The goal is for each resulting process to have minimal EHS risk due to chemical use. Another aspect of LEAPFROG targets specific hazardous chemicals in existing processes, and endeavors to mitigate these problems through development of process alternatives. The author discusses the program structure, implementation, and some resulting experiences from an environmental perspective. >
Barriers to Export for Firms from Developing Countries

This paper examines barriers to export for non-exporting firms in the context of a developing country by surveying two hundred seventy-seven firms with headquarters located in Istanbul. The authors discuss a group of barriers facing firms and develop a model attempting to explain how these barriers are related to one another. The most important barrier to export as perceived by business executives is financial resources followed by inadequate market information provided by government. Analyses showed that there are strong relationships among different types of export barriers.
Discourses of Legitimacy: A Love Song to Our Mongrel Selves.

In an intervention that blurs methodological boundaries traditionally separating the researcher from the researched, history from poetry, and the personal from the political, the author weaves a narrative account of her Euro-American family's early history in California into a larger set of social and historical events taking place during the nineteenth century. She employs the metaphor of ‘legitimacy’ to trace her growing awareness of the physical, psychological, and political parallels at work in the colonization of lands, cultures, and bodies in the ‘New World’. Providing context for the mid-nineteenth century war between the USA and Mexico, she analyzes discursive constructs such as hybridity, impurity, and ‘mongrelization’ as they are evoked in the legend of Malinche – the sixteenth-century, indigenous translator and lover of the Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortes. Four centuries later, echoes of that ‘intermarriage’ and the transgression of many other kinds of boundaries can be heard in the author'...
Framing Bouazizi: ‘White lies’, hybrid network, and collective/connective action in the 2010–11 Tunisian uprising:

By delving into the detailed account of the Tunisian uprising, this article offers an explanation that sets the 2010 uprising apart from its precursors. The 2010 uprising was successful because activists successfully managed to bridge geographical and class divides as well as to converge offline and online activisms. Such connection and convergence were made possible, first, through the availability of dramatic visual evidence that turned a local incident into a spectacle. Second, by successful frame alignment with a master narrative that culturally and politically resonated with the entire population. Third, by activating a hybrid network made of the connective structures to facilitate collective action - among Tunisians who shared collective identities and collective frames - and connective action - among individuals who sought more personalized paths to contribute to the movement through digital media.
Strain and excursion in the rat sciatic nerve during a modified straight leg raise are altered after traumatic nerve injury.

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the biomechanics of the sciatic nerve with hind limb positioning in live and euthanized Sprague-Dawley rats after traumatic nerve injury. Methods: With radiographic analysis, sciatic nerve excursion and strain were measured in situ during a modified straight leg raise, which included sequential hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion. Comparisons were made between nerves in uninjured, sham-injured and mild crush-injured rats at the 7-day and 21-day recovery times. Results: Significant strain and proximal excursion of the sciatic nerve were observed in all groups during hip flexion, and additional increased strain was noted during dorsiflexion. Seven days after nerve injury, strain increased significantly during hip flexion (17.64 ± 14.12%; p = 0.0091) and dorsiflexion (22.56 ± 15.47%; p = 0.0082) compared to the sham-injured controls. At 21 days after injury, the strains were similar between the injured and sham-injured groups. Conclusions: Nerve bed elongation during straight leg raise causes sciatic nerve strain and excursion towards the moving joint with the greatest movement nearest the moving joint. In the first week after injury, the maximal strain exceeded the level previously shown to impair nerve conduction and circulation.
Anorexia Nervosa: A Pastoral Update

Anorexia nervosa is a disorder of unknown etiology that is a complex of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes occurring in individuals who starve themselves. The incidence of this disease has increased dramatically in the last twenty years. Most patients seem to be unaware of or unconcerned about their emaciation. After presenting a case, this study reviews the most recent findings about this disease, including the symptoms, social characteristics of its victims, increaed incidence, history, and prognosis. Suggestions are offered for pastoral care and counseling.
Endotoxin in inner-city homes and atopy and wheeze in the first two years of life

Abstract Rationale Studies have reported a protective effect of early life exposure to endotoxin against the development of allergic diseases, but few have examined an inner-city population. Due to temporal differences between increased hygienic living in NYC (early 20th century) and the asthma increase (later 20th century), we hypothesized that endotoxin's protective effect would not be observed in this inner-city community. Methods As part of an ongoing prospective birth cohort study sponsored by CCCEH, children of Dominican and African-American mothers living in NYC underwent detailed questionnaires quarterly, home dust collection, and IgE measurement. The 176 dust samples collected thus far from bedroom floors at age 12 months were extracted in pyrogen-free water with tween and assayed for endotoxin by LAL assay. Results The geometric mean of endotoxin in the dust was 78 EU/mg [95% CI 65-93]. Endotoxin concentrations were slightly higher in homes of mothers reporting weekly cockroach sightings (88 EU/mg vs. 72 EU/mg, p=0.3) or pet ownership (93 EU/mg vs. 75 EU/mg, p=0.4), and significantly higher with weekly mouse sightings (108 EU/mg vs. 69 EU/mg, p=0.043). There was no association between those children living in homes with endotoxin concentrations in the highest quartile (>163 EU/mg) and wheeze at 12 (RR 0.92 [0.8-1.1]) or 24 months (RR 0.96 [0.8-1.1]); doctor diagnosed eczema at 12 (RR 0.94 [0.8-1.1]) or 24 months (RR 1.0 [0.8-1.3]); or total IgE in the highest quartile at 24 months (RR 1.1 [0.8-1.5]). Conclusions At this age in this inner-city community we observed no association between high endotoxin and a lower prevalence of early markers of allergic disease, while endotoxin concentrations were comparable to those reported elsewhere.
Key Determinants of a Mother's Decision to File for Child Support

About one-third of custodial mothers choose not to pursue a child support award even though it can be a significant source of income. A qualitative study was conducted with 43 mothers who have each...
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY-ANTHRONE DETERMINATION OF SUGARS.

Abstract Mixtures of glucose, fructose and sucrose were successfully analyzed by a method employing separation on paper, elution and colorimetric determination with the anthrone reagent. Since the anthrone reagent is employed as the colorimetric reagent, prior hydrolysis of sucrose is not necessary. The method, which requires very simple apparatus, may be used for the rapid and accurate determination of sugars in plant materials.
A review of the information capacity of single-mode free-space optical communication

We provide a summary of the classical information capacity of single-mode free-space optical communication for pure-loss channels. We compare the capacities afforded by structured transmitters and receivers to that of the ultimate communication capacity dictated by the quantum nature of light, and we draw the following conclusions. The ultimate capacity can be achieved with classical coherent states (i.e., ideal laser light), but the capacity-achieving receiver (measurement) is yet to be determined. In photon-starved pure-loss channels, binary phase modulation in combination with the optimal receiver is near-capacity achieving, and more importantly, it is superior to on-off keying with either the optimal receiver (as yet to be determined) or with a photon-counter. Heterodyne detection approaches the ultimate capacity at high mean photon numbers.
Living Alone and Depression Among Older Chinese Immigrants

Abstract This study examined the profiles of 147 Chinese elderly immigrants by living arrangement and the role that stress and coping resources played in explaining depressive symptoms in the volunter sample group who were recruited at senior centers and meal sites. Elderly Chinese Americans who lived alone, had higher levels of education, reported poorer health, experienced more stressful life events, and were dissatisfied with help received from family members were more likely to be depressed. The impact of these factors on the quality of life of elderly Chinese immigrants can be understood within the Chinese cultural context and the implications of these findings for service providers are discussed.
The time-course development of the effects of ethanol ingestion on choline oxidase

Abstract Male rats were fed a low-fat diet containing 36% of calories as ethanol, and the time-course development of the effects of ethanol on liver mitochondrial oxidation of choline was determined. Ethanol induced an increase in choline oxidase at days 2, 5 and 7 after being introduced into the diet. Due to an observed 32% increase in total fatty acids in the whole liver, defatted bovine serum albumin was added to the buffer used to homogenize the liver. The presence of bovine serum albumim resulted in a significant decrease in choline oxidase activity at days 2 and 5; however, ethanol still induced an increase in choline oxidase activity in these mitochondria. The total fatty acid concentration of mitochondria prepared in the absence of bovine serum albumin increased steadily until day 5; however, by day 7 the fatty acid concentration had returned to control levels. The addition of bovine serum albumin to the homogenization medium prevented the increase in the total amount of fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of the bovine serum albumin-treated mitochondria, however, was not different from the mitochondria is isolated in the absence of bovine serum albumin. Further, the addition of a free fatty acid to isolated mitochondrial preparations caused about a 100% increase in choline oxidase. These data are consistent with the idea that choline oxidase may be regulated to some extent by an influx or an increase in free fatty acids in the liver as a result of ethanol ingestion. Thus, a second mechanism has been described which contributes to the increase in choline oxidase after ethanol ingestion.
56 CHILD MALTREATMENT IN TWIN FAMILIES

Inadequate spacing of children carries an increased risk for child abuse and neglect (CAN). Twin births (T) are an extreme example, yet the association of T with CAN has not been explored. To study this, 48 consecutive T families delivering at St. Vincent Hosp. and Nashville General Hosp. were compared with 124 control single birth families matched for hospital of delivery, birth date, race, maternal age, and socioeconomic status. Criteria for all subjects included (mean used for T pairs): birth weight (BW) > 2000 gms & 5 min. Apgar (A5)>6. A review of agency files without knowledge of T vs control status revealed that 3 control (2.4%) vs 9 T families (19%) were reported for CAN within 3 yrs. following delivery (p < .001). However, T also had significantly lower Apgar scores at 1 (A1)(p <.001) and A5 (p < .001), lower BW (p < .001) and longer nursery stays (N)(p < .001). A regression analysis was generated with all 172 subjects to assess the impact of these & T status on subsequent reports of CAN. T carried the highest beta weight (T=.189, N=.140, BW=-.093, A1=-.030, A5= -.000). The correlation of an identical regression model excluding T (R2=.089) was significantly less predictive of maltreatment compared with the regression model including T (R2=.109)(p < .05). Twin delivery significantly increased risk for CAN. This appeared to be related to delivery problems, but the impact of social factors is currently being investigated.
Multipole Corrections To Account for Structure and Proximity Effects in Group Contribution Methods: Octanol−Water Partition Coefficients

We propose a new method to correct for structure and proximity effects that are not generally accounted for in group contribution models. Molecular orbital calculations for isolated molecules are performed to obtain the net charge and dipole moment on each group within the molecule. These group multipoles, which vary as a result of the presence of proximate groups, are used as the basis for corrections to simple group contribution methods. We have applied this method to our recently developed GCSKOW model to predict the octanol−water partition coefficients (KOW) for complex molecules. We studied this simple, theoretically based method with a total of 450 solutes, including five pharmaceutical compounds. The root-mean-square (RMS) deviation in the log10 KOW calculated from the GCSKOW model with these multipole corrections is found to be 0.18 (which leads to a mean error of 52% in KOW), compared with a RMS deviation of 0.44 (177%) when no correction is made. This simpler approach is more accurate than the K...
Outcomes of artificial urinary sphincter placement in men after radical cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversions for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: the University of Southern California experience.

Objective To examine the outcomes of male patients who have undergone artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), AMS-800 (American Medical Systems Minnetonka, MN) placement for iatrogenic stress urinary incontinence after radical cystectomy (RC) and orthotopic neobladder (ONB) diversion in a single institution. Materials and Methods From 2002-2009, patients were prospectively randomized to undergo RC and Studer vs T-pouch neobladder reconstruction. We received IRB- approval to retrospectively review the charts of patients who underwent AUS placement for symptoms of SUI. Patients were mailed 2 validated questionnaires, International Continence Society Male-Short Form, the Incontinence Symptom Severity Index, and a pad questionnaire. Results Twelve male patients were identified. Average age at time of AUS placement was 73.8 years (range 52-82). Mean time between RC/ONB and AUS placement was 1.53 years (range 1-4). Mean follow-up time after initial AUS placement was 21.7 months (range 12-72). Ten patients (10/12; 83.3%) returned the validated questionnaires. In comparing pre-AUS to post-AUS continence, 90% of patients reported improvement in continence. Three patients deactivated their AUS during the day and activated it at night. There were no erosions (0%) or any mechanical malfunctions of the device (0%) in our cohort. There were no complications or injuries to the ONB during placement of the AUS components. Conclusion AUS is a safe, effective continence procedure for patients with ONB and SUI. Complication rate, urinary symptoms, and quality of life these patients have as determined by validated questionnaires is acceptable.
Oligomeric structure, dynamics, and orientation of membrane proteins from solid-state NMR.

Solid-state NMR is a versatile and powerful tool for determining the dynamic structure of membrane proteins at atomic resolution. I review the recent progress in determining the orientation, the internal and global protein dynamics, the oligomeric structure, and the ligand-bound structure of membrane proteins with both α-helical and β sheet conformations. Examples are given that illustrate the insights into protein function that can be gained from the NMR structural information.
Later status of juvenile diabetics.

Summary Follow-up data on 120 children who developed diabetes prior to 15 years of age has been presented. Thirty of these are dead, a gross mortality rate of 25 per cent, the majority having died from acidosis. Sixty were seen for a careful analysis of their progress and present physical condition, and the results thus obtained were organized for statistical evaluation. Those whose control level has been considered good are contrasted with those whose control level has been considered poor. The difference of physical grades of these patients who have had good and poor control is great enough to suggest that not only duration but also control is important to the incidence of complications in diabetes mellitus. While good control may not entirely prevent the onset of degenerative vascular disease, it may minimize its progress and, therefore, prolong the useful life of the individual. This in itself seems sufficient justification for the control of diabetes as carefully as is consistent with a relatively normal life for the individual. More experience and more well-controlled patients may demonstrate an even more important and specific role of control in the prevention of vascular complications of diabetes mellitus.
ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data.

Since 1990, the Standardization and Terminology Committee of the International Society of Biomechanics has been working towards a recommendation for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data. The paper, which is a result of those efforts (including broad input from members of the Society), is intended as a guide to the presentation of kinematic data in refereed publications and other materials. It is hoped that some uniformity in presentation will make publications easier to read and allow for the more straightforward comparison of data sets from different investigators. It is not intended to restrict individual investigators in the manner in which they collect or process their data. Rather, it could be viewed as a “output filter” applied to a variety of data formats to provide uniformity in the final product. The ISB is cognizant of the various attempts at standardization that are being pursued by other organizations-such as CAMARC in Europe, the Clinical Gait Laboratory Group in the U.S.A., and the efforts of individual professional groups such as the Scoliosis Research Society. Where possible, we have sought unanimity with these groups, but on issues where the members of our society expressed strong opinions, we have-at timesstated a contrary view. One example in point is the use of center of mass-based segmental reference frames. Since such reference frames are needed for conventional dynamic analysis, we make the recommendation that such frames should be routinely used. We anticipate that extension to the present document in the future will include recommendations for joint coordinate systems and the definition of anatomical landmarks for locating other segmental reference frames. The committee recognizes that standardization of the description of movement at individual joints is best left to those who are intimately involved in the study of those joints, and we have therefore appointed subcommittees for various joints to provide recommendations. Groups are currently active for the ankle, hand, shoulder, spine, temporomandibular joints, whole body and wrist; members with interests and explrtise in other joints are being actively sought. The initial recommendations of some of these groups have already been published in the ISB Newsletter, and once these recommendation have been discussed by the membership, a subsequent document on joint coordinate systems will be published. The present recommendations are presented as a framework on which future progress can be based. We are grateful to former members of the Standardization and Terminology Committee (notably Professors John Paul, David Winter, and Don Grieve) and to the many ISB members who have commented on earlier drafts of this recommendation. The present paper owes much to the work of Sommer (1991).
Effect of anesthesia and surgery on plasma cytokine levels.

Cytokines released in response to stress may have a profound impact on circulatory stability. There is no information on the effect of general anesthesia alone on plasma cytokine levels and little information on cytokine release following surgery. Plasma cytokine levels and hemodynamic parameters were measured during anesthesia and abdominal surgery under sterile and nonpyrogenic conditions in seven pigs anesthetized with ketamine and pentobarbital. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was measured by bioassay. Bioassays of low and high sensitivity were used to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6). Measurements were made sequentially during: (1) 4 hours observation with anesthesia alone; (2) 2 hours following laparotomy and traumatic intestinal manipulation (IM) sufficient to produce shock; and (3) after an intravenous bolus of 1 microgram/kg endotoxin as a positive control. Arterial blood pressure decreased following IM from 91.5 +/- 5.8 to 48.6 +/- 3.2 mm Hg, (mean +/- SE, P < .05), with no further change following endotoxin. Heart rate was unchanged during the experiment, and central venous pressure decreased after endotoxin (P < .05). There were no increases in TNF or IL-6 (using a low sensitivity assay) with anesthesia alone or following IM with shock, but both increased after endotoxin administration (P < .05); using a high sensitivity assay, IL-6 did not change during anesthesia alone but did increase fivefold following IM with shock (P < .05) and 50-fold following endotoxin administration (P < .05). We conclude that in a porcine model under sterile and nonpyrogenic conditions, prolonged anesthesia does not increase plasma cytokine levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Calibration of uncooled LWIR microbolometer imagers to enable long-term field deployment

Radiometric calibration methods are described that enable long-term deployment of uncooled microbolometer infrared imagers without on-board calibration sources. These methods involve tracking the focal-plane-array and/or camera-body temperatures and compensating for the changing camera response. The compensation is derived from laboratory measurements with the camera viewing a blackbody source while the camera temperature is varied in a thermal chamber. Results are shown that demonstrate absolute temperature uncertainty of 0.35 °C or better over a 24-hour period, with more than half of this uncertainty inherent in the blackbody source to which the measurements are compared. This work was driven by environmental remote sensing applications, but the calibration methods are also relevant to a wide range of infrared imaging applications.
A nano-combinatorial library strategy for the discovery of nanotubes with reduced protein-binding, cytotoxicity, and immune response.

We have discovered functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes with reduced protein-binding, cytotoxicity, and immune response and the associated structure–activity relationships using in silico surface molecular diversity design, combinatorial library synthesis, and multiple biological screenings. Our results demonstrated the general utility of the nanocombinatorial library approach in nanomedicine and nanotoxicity research.
Chemical modification and cross-linking as probes of regions on ferredoxin involved in its interaction with ferredoxin: NADP reductase.

Abstract Ferredoxin which had been modified with glycine ethylester in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide to the extent of one carboxyl-group modified per ferredoxin was subjected to peptide mapping in an attempt to locate the site(s) of modification. The peptide mapping was done by HPLC and analysis of the resulting chromatogram allowed assignment of peaks to various segments in the amino acid sequences of the two isozymes of ferredoxin. The modified ferredoxin appeared to be a mixture of ferredoxin derivatives in which modification had occurred in three areas of the molecule. Although unable to identify the specific residues modified, it has been shown that modification is localized in the regions of residues 26–30, 65–70, and 92–94. The possibility that these regions of ferredoxin may define its binding site for ferredoxin: NADP reductase is discussed. Peptide mapping studies on a covalently linked adduct between ferredoxin and ferredoxin: NADP reductase also support these regions of ferredoxin as being important in the interaction between the two proteins.
Massive human ingestion of orpiment (arsenic trisulfide).

Abstract Background Because the toxicity of arsenic is well known, arsenic-containing compounds have frequently been ingested for suicidal purposes. We report a case of attempted suicide by massive ingestion of arsenic trisulfide, an arsenic mineral of low solubility, which resulted in minimal symptoms. Case Report An asymptomatic 57-year-old man presented to an Emergency Department 13 h after his reported ingestion of approximately 84 g of arsenic contained in a mineral specimen of orpiment (arsenic trisulfide) that had been crushed and mixed with an alcoholic beverage and food. His only symptom before presentation was nausea. Physical examination was unremarkable, and diagnostic tests included a normal electrolyte panel, a normal serum lactate, and a normal electrocardiogram. An abdominal radiograph revealed hyper-dense material scattered throughout the large intestine. As per the recommendations of the regional poison center, the patient was managed with whole bowel irrigation with a polyethylene glycol solution, maintenance intravenous hydration, and observation on a telemetry unit. Chelation was not performed. A spot urine specimen collected 12 h after admission contained 1490 μg of total arsenic per liter (background range Conclusions Our experience demonstrates that massive ingestion of a poorly soluble inorganic arsenic compound can be successfully managed with gastrointestinal decontamination alone without chelation, provided that the patient remains asymptomatic during close clinical monitoring.
Quantitative studies on the stimulation of mitosis and DNA synthesis in the cultured rabbit ocular lens.

Rabbit lenses cultured in a serum-containing medium undergo a series of characteristic changes in epithelial mitotic activity. During the first 9-hr mitosis practically ceases. It subsequently resumes, reaches a peak at 20 hr, and then once again decreases to a low level. The above changes, all of which occur in the periphery of the epithelial layer, herald the initiation of a pronounced stimulation of DNA synthesis (thymidine incorporation) in the central region. At 44 hr the number of cells in mitosis in the central region increases enormously. The S plus G-2 phases of the cell cycle for these central cells last approximately 11–15 hr.
Cloning and analysis of the mobile element gypsy from D. virilis

The homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster mobile element gypsy was cloned from the distantly related species D. virilis. It has three ORFs highly homologous to those of the element from D. melanogaster. gypsy from D. virilis appears to be actively transcribed and is capable of transposition. Comparison of the untranslated regions of both elements revealed conserved sequences including those which had previously been demonstrated to be important in transcription regulation. Distribution of gypsy among the different strains of D. virilis and different species within the D. virilis group was analyzed. Possible involvement of horizontal transmission in the process of spreading and evolution of gypsy is discussed.
population viability analysis for red-cockaded woodpeckers using an individual-based model

Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) are distributed in the southeastern United States among closed populations whose maximum size is limited. Previous population viability analyses for this species have been confined to examination of threats posed by catastrophes and loss of genetic variability, because of the lack of demographic models that incorporate the extreme spatial constraints on dispersal that characterize this species. We used a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model to assess the vulnerability of Red-cockaded Woodpecker populations to demographic and environmental stochasticity. Vulnerability to these threats was relatively low, because the presence of a substantial nonbreeding class (i.e., helpers) ameliorated the impact of stochastic variation in mortality and reproduction on the size of the breeding population. Because dispersal of helpers is spatially restricted, this effect was most pronounced when territories were aggregated or at high densities. Populations of 25...
The Impact of Coordination Methods on the Enhancement of Business Writing

Universities with limited resources are being pressured to cover more material within their degree programs. Because of this, schools are looking to integrate material from different classes. This paper sets out to determine if students can learn business writing within the context of another class, specifically, an information systems class. The goal is to eliminate the need for a separate business-writing course. However, the students will have to learn the material with limited support in order not to place an additional load on the instructor. This study investigates whether individuals can develop their business-writing skills during the course of repeated group work and whether there are differences in the level of their learning, based on collaborative media. The results show that individuals can learn business-writing skills with a minimum of support through direct instruction. In addition, there is no difference between individuals working in face-to-face (F2F) groups and those working in groups using electronic collaborative work (ECW) systems.
Thermally Activated Deformation of Gold Single Crystals

A study of the thermally activated tensile deformation of gold single crystals has been conducted between 4.2 and 473 K. The activation energy in terms of a single process analysis, AG0, at zero effective stress was found to be 1.5 eV and was sensitive to the effective stress. From the strain dependence of the zero temperature effective stress it was concluded that the barriers giving rise to the thermally activated deformation process increase in density during deformation and are probably the forest dislocations. ROBERT B. HERRING,
High resolution computed tomography of knee menisci

Sixty four menisci in 22 patients were examined by non-contrast high resolution computed tomography (CT). Fifty four menisci were imaged on a GE 8800 CT scanner. The other 10 were imaged on a GE 9800 CT scanner. Nineteen menisci were shown to be torn on arthrography and/or arthroscopy—12 medially and 7 laterally. The remaining menisci were normal. When the meniscal CTs were reviewed collectively by three observers without knowledge of arthrographic or arthroscopic results, sensitivity was 63%, specificity was 93%, and accuracy was 84%. Although only 10 menisci were imaged on the GE 9800 scanner, the sensitivity in this subset of scans was 83%, the specificity 100%, and the accuracy was 90%. These results suggest that noncontrast CT cannot replace arthrography or arthroscopy, but it is possible that images obtained on the GE 9800 or comparable CT scanner may be accurate enough to be used for screening of meniscal tears in selected patients.
Justice and the neutral state: A postmodern, feminist critique of lehning's account of justice

In this journal, Lehning (1990) defended the liberal view of political justice, arguing on behalf of a comprehensive principle of state neutrality as the linchpin of justice. By failing to deal with the postmodern challenge to the Enlightenment-liberalist conception of neutrality and by thoroughly ignoring the feminist understanding in which neutrality actually conceals a masculinist bias, Lehning's analysis is seriously undermined with respect to its possibility for understanding, let alone for accomplishing political justice.
Breathing and the support of blood pressure after spinal cord injury

Literature review. The recognized effect of breathing on venous return and cardiac output has not been assessed in the spinal cord injury (SCI) patient. To test this effect indirectly, the breathing capacity and blood pressure have been compared at various levels of SCI. SCI service, Massachusetts, USA. Spinal cord-injured subjects with complete motor paralysis were studied. The forced vital capacity (FVC) (one study, 455 subjects, 91% male) was compared with the mean blood pressure (MBP) (one study, 461 subjects, 100% male) of subjects by level of paralysis. For lumbar to cervical levels of paralysis, FVC and MBP each diminish progressively. To compare FVC directly with MBP by level of paralysis, r=0.85, P<0.001. Breathing capacity is correlated with blood pressure in SCI patients.