cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4553: Substituted monocyclic pyrimidines as potent tubulin inhibitors that circumvent P-glycoprotein mediated resistance

Tubulin is involved in several critical cellular functions, including cell division, cell motility and development and maintenance of cell shape. Although microtubule disrupting agents like paclitaxel are highly successful chemotherapeutic agents, these compounds are easily recognized by P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and are pumped out of cancer cells, resulting in resistance to the agent. Thus, these compounds have major limitations against multidrug resistant tumors. Recently, we reported simple, monocyclic pyrimidines with the N-methyl-4′-methoxyaniline moiety at the 4-position. These compounds circumvent some of the important limitations of paclitaxel while preserving its antimitotic activity. To further evaluate the SAR at the 4-position of the pyrimidine scaffold, a series of compounds were designed and synthesized that involved replacing the chloro moiety of the 5-amino-4,6-dichloro-2-methylpyrimidine with various anilines. The replacement of the N-methyl-4′-methoxyaniline moiety of the lead molecule with a conformationally restricted 6′-methoxy-tetrahydroquinoline moiety resulted in potent tubulin assembly inhibition (IC 50 = 3.0 ± 0.03 μM) comparable to that observed with combretastatin A-4 (CSA4, IC 50 = 1.1 ± 0.1 μM), of which the phosphorylated derivative is currently in clinical trials. It is a potent inhibitor of [ 3 H]colchicine binding (65% at 5 μM concentration) indicating that it binds at the colchicine binding site on tubulin similar to CSA4. Similarly, the monocyclic pyrimidine with a conformationally restricted 4-N-methyl 2′,3′-dihydrobenzofuran moiety was also a potent inhibitor of bovine tubulin assembly. Replacement of the 4′-methoxy of the lead with a 4′-thiomethyl retained potency against tubulin assembly (IC 50 = 2.6 ± 0.1 μM). In Pgp overexpressing NCI/ADR-RES cell line, three of the newly synthesized compounds were found to be 1.5-5-fold more potent (IC 50 = 170-630 nM) than in the wild type OVCAR-8 cell line, thus, overcoming an important mechanism associated with clinical resistance to paclitaxel. These attributes of the 4-N-substituted monocyclic pyrimidines provide the impetus for further preclinical development of these compounds. Citation Format: Rishabh Mohan, Aleem Gangjee, Ruoli Bai, Ernest Hamel. Substituted monocyclic pyrimidines as potent tubulin inhibitors that circumvent P-glycoprotein mediated resistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4553. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4553
Diversity across the Curriculum: Perceptions and Practices

AbstractOne step toward generating social equity in public policy and administration is to expose future leaders within the field to a variety of discourses from historically marginalized groups. T...
Deterrence Without Nuclear Weapons

The main problem may not be nuclear weapons themselves, but the concept of deterrence. A concept that has become perhaps irreversibly nuclear in nature, especially for the USA. But deterrence is here to stay. It was a fundamental strategic concept well before the nuclear age—nuclear weapons are just one more instrument that can be used to manage it. Now, nuclear deterrence may have emerged with the Cold War, but that does not mean that just because the Cold War is over, nuclear weapons and deterrence are no longer relevant to US grand strategy and security.1 To the extent that it would be difficult to envisage returning to non-nuclear capabilities as the primary instruments for deterring major war between great powers. Instead, US nuclear strategy will have to be continually updated to deal with new technologies, new threats, and new contexts, especially given the fundamental transformations underway in both Europe and the Asia-Pacific today.
Reconstructing Early Industrial Contributions to Legacy Trace Metal Contamination in Southwestern Pennsylvania.

Early industrial trace metal loadings are poorly characterized but potentially substantial sources of trace metals to the landscape. The magnitude of legacy contamination in southwestern Pennsylvania, the cradle of North American fossil fuel industrialization, is reconstructed from trace metal concentrations in a sediment core with proxies including major and trace metal chemistry, bulk density, and magnetic susceptibility. Trace metal chemistry in this sediment record reflects 19th and 20th century land use and industry. In particular, early 19th century arsenic loadings to the lake are elevated from pesticides used by early European settlers at a lakeside tannery. Later, sediment barium concentrations rise, likely reflecting the onset of acidic mine drainage from coal operations. Twentieth century zinc, cadmium, and lead concentrations are dominated by emissions from the nearby, infamous Donora Zinc Works yet record both the opening of a nearby coal-fired power plant and amendments to the Clean Air Act....
What Can Polymers Contribute to Industrial Paints

SummarySome typical current requirements are outlined and attention is drawn to the problem of their specification in precise terms with particular reference to adhesion, lubricity, and film strength. The relationship between structure and properties is discussed, first at the molecular level in the design of polymer structures, and secondly in terms of paint film morphology. An attempt is made to infer the approach to polymer and paint film design likely to lead to useful future developments.
Multilingual Vector Representations of Words, Sentences, and Documents

Neural vector representations are now ubiquitous in all subfields of natural language processing and text mining. While methods such as word2vec and GloVe are well-known, this tutorial focuses on multilingual and cross-lingual vector representations, of words, but also of sentences and documents as well.
PoC, LGBTQ, and gender: The intersectionality of America Chavez

AMERICA: The Life and Times of America Chavez was a comic book series eventually published in trade form. Written by Gabby Rivera, queer Latinx young adult literature author, this iteration of Marv...
Regional Variation in Nephrolithiasis Incidence and Prevalence among United States Men

AbstractThe southeastern region of the United States has long been considered to have higher rates of nephrolithiasis than other regions. Previous reports examined hospital discharge rates for nephrolithiasis rather than stone incidence rates and did not evaluate potential confounding variables. We studied prospectively the regional rates of incident stone formation within the United States in a cohort of 45,289 men 40 to 75 years old in 1986 who had no history of kidney stones. Dietary intake was measured by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. During 6 years of followup 753 incident cases of kidney stones were documented. We also examined regional prevalence among 4,082 men who had a history of nephrolithiasis at the start of the study.There were no significant differences in age-adjusted incidence rates between the Southeast and other regions. Controlling for other risk factors, including age and relevant nutrients, did not alter the results. The prevalence of stone disease was significantl...
Coordinated Power Management Control Strategy for Interconnected AC and DC Microgrids

This chapter investigates the issue of active power sharing among a cluster of microgrids formed by a set of ac and dc microgrids network-interconnected through a set of interlinking converters. First, we investigate the power sharing problem for two interconnected AC/DC microgrids. An appropriate control strategy is developed to control the interlinking converter (IC) to realize proportional power sharing between ac and dc microgrids, which includes two parts: the primary outer-loop dual-droop control method along with secondary control; the inner-loop data-driven model-free adaptive voltage control. Using the proposed scheme, the interlinking converter have the ability to regulate and restore the dc terminal voltage and ac frequency and the design of the controller is only based on input/output (I/O) measurement data but not the model any more. Second, we investigate the same problem for more than two microgrids connected by ICs. An event-based distributed consensus control approach is proposed to address this issue. We first construct the agent system for each IC and design its consensus control protocol, which uses a cooperative approach to indirectly adjust the active power load of individual microgrid. Then, an event-based control scheme is utilized to design the consensus protocol to reduce the communication between interlinking converters. The proposed distributed control method allows a sparse communication structure and higher reliability and flexibility operation. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the proposed control method.
KMT2A (MLL) rearrangements observed in pediatric/young adult T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: A 10-year review from a single cytogenetic laboratory.

T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL) accounts for approximately 15% of pediatric and 25% of adult ALL. While the underlying frequency of KMT2A (MLL) gene rearrangements has been identified in approximately 4-8% of T-ALL/LBL cases, a paucity of literature is available to characterize further the KMT2A rearrangements in pediatric/young adult T-ALL/LBL. A 10-year retrospective review was performed to identify KMT2A rearrangements in specimens sent for T-ALL/LBL fluorescence in situ hybridization studies in patients under the age of 30 years. Of 806 T-ALL/LBL FISH studies performed on unique individuals, 27 (3.3%) harbored KMT2A rearrangements. Nineteen patients were male and eight were female (M:F ratio, 2.4:1) with ages ranging from 1 to 20 years (mean 12, median 12). Of the 27 cases, nine (33%) had KMT2A/MLLT1 fusions, eight (30%) had KMT2A/AFDN fusions, two (7%) had KMT2A/ELL fusions, and one (4%) had a KMT2A/MLLT10 fusion. In addition, five (19%) had KMT2A rearrangements with unidentified gene fusion partners and two (7%) had 3'KMT2A deletions. Our results indicate that MLLT1 and AFDN account for the majority (63%) of KMT2A gene partners in pediatric/young adult T-ALL/LBL, while no KMT2A/AFF1 or KMT2A/MLLT3 fusions were observed despite their common identification in B-ALL and acute myeloid leukemia, respectively. In addition to diagnostic and prognostic value, detecting specific KMT2A fusions may also be of clinical importance in the era of targeted therapies.
Child protection reports and removals of infants diagnosed with prenatal substance exposure.

Abstract Background A frequent response for prenatal substance exposure (PSE) is intervention by child protective services (CPS). Previous research has examined differences in reports to CPS regarding PSE by substance exposure and by maternal race. However, little is known regarding the frequency of immediate removals by CPS relating to PSE and maternal race. Methods We investigated hospital reports to CPS and CPS removals of PSE infants by using linked birth, hospital discharge, and CPS records for all children born in Washington State between 2006 and 2013 (N = 760,863). We identified PSE using diagnostic codes, calculated prevalence by substance type and maternal race, and tested for differences by interactions of race and substance using multinomial logistic regression. Results Prevalence of PSE births varied by race with 8.1% of Native American, 2.8% of black, 1.9% of white, and 0.8% of Hispanic births diagnosed with PSE. Opioids was the most common type of PSE diagnosis at 48.2%. The majority of PSE infants (86.7%) were not removed by CPS but variations by substance type were observed. Of the interactions in the multinomial logistic regression model, only black infants exposed to alcohol were more likely to result in reports to CPS without removal than the referent group of white infants exposed to opioids. Conclusions Findings indicate that most infants diagnosed with PSE were not removed by CPS and minority PSE infants were not reported to CPS or removed by CPS more than white infants. Racial differences identified in the prevalence of PSE present opportunities for targeted prevention efforts.
Consequences of integrability breaking in quench dynamics of pairing Hamiltonians

We study the collisionless dynamics of two classes of nonintegrable pairing models. One is a BCS model with separable energy-dependent interactions, the other - a 2D topological superconductor with spin-orbit coupling and a band-splitting external field. The long-time quantum quench dynamics at integrable points of these models are well understood. Namely, the squared magnitude of the time-dependent order parameter $\Delta(t)$ can either vanish (Phase I), reach a nonzero constant (Phase II), or periodically oscillate as an elliptic function (Phase III). We demonstrate that nonintegrable models too exhibit some or all of these nonequilibrium phases. Remarkably, elliptic periodic oscillations persist, even though both their amplitude and functional form change drastically with integrability breaking. Striking new phenomena accompany loss of integrability. First, an extremely long time scale emerges in the relaxation to Phase III, such that short-time numerical simulations risk erroneously classifying the asymptotic state. This time scale diverges near integrable points. Second, an entirely new Phase IV of quasiperiodic oscillations of $|\Delta|$ emerges in the quantum quench phase diagrams of nonintegrable pairing models. As integrability techniques do not apply for the models we study, we develop the concept of asymptotic self-consistency and a linear stability analysis of the asymptotic phases. With the help of these new tools, we determine the phase boundaries, characterize the asymptotic state, and clarify the physical meaning of the quantum quench phase diagrams of BCS superconductors. We also propose an explanation of these diagrams in terms of bifurcation theory.
What Does Nanoparticle Stability Mean

The term "nanoparticle stability" is widely used to describe the preservation of a particular nanostructure property ranging from aggregation, composition, crystallinity, shape, size, and surface chemistry. As a result, this catch-all term has various meanings, which depend on the specific nanoparticle property of interest and/or application. In this feature article, we provide an answer to the question, "What does nanoparticle stability mean?". Broadly speaking, the definition of nanoparticle stability depends on the targeted size dependent property that is exploited and can only exist for a finite period of time given all nanostructures are inherently thermodynamically and energetically unfavorable relative to bulk states. To answer this question specifically, however, the relationship between nanoparticle stability and the physical/chemical properties of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles are discussed. Specific definitions are explored in terms of aggregation state, core composition, shape, size, and surface chemistry. Next, mechanisms of promoting nanoparticle stability are defined and related to these same nanoparticle properties. Metrics involving both kinetics and thermodynamics are considered. Methods that provide quantitative metrics for measuring and modeling nanoparticle stability in terms of core composition, shape, size, and surface chemistry are outlined. The stability of solution-phase nanoparticles are also impacted by aggregation state. Thus, collision and DLVO theories are discussed. Finally, challenges and opportunities in understanding what nanoparticle stability means are addressed to facilitate further studies with this important class of materials.
Metabolic route computation in organism communities

Microbiomes are complex aggregates of organisms, each of which has its own extensive metabolic network. A variety of metabolites are exchanged between the microbes. The challenge we address is understanding the overall metabolic capabilities of a microbiome: through what series of metabolic transformations can a microbiome convert a starting compound to an ending compound? We developed an efficient software tool to search for metabolic routes that include metabolic reactions from multiple organisms. The metabolic network for each organism is obtained from BioCyc, where the network was inferred from the annotated genome. The tool searches for optimal metabolic routes that minimize the number of reactions in each route, maximize the number of atoms conserved between the starting and ending compounds, and minimize the number of organism switches. The tool pre-computes the reaction sets found in each organism from BioCyc to facilitate fast computation of the reactions defined in a researcher-specified organism set. The generated routes are depicted graphically, and for each reaction in a route, the tool lists the organisms that can catalyze that reaction. We present solutions for three route-finding problems in the human gut microbiome: (1) production of indoxyl sulfate, (2) production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and (3) synthesis and degradation of autoinducers. The optimal routes computed by our multi-organism route-search (MORS) tool for indoxyl sulfate and TMAO were the same as routes reported in the literature. Our tool quickly found plausible routes for the discussed multi-organism route-finding problems. The routes shed light on how diverse organisms cooperate to perform multi-step metabolic transformations. Our tool enables scientists to consider multiple alternative routes and identifies the organisms responsible for each reaction.
A Review of “Joint Libraries: Models That Work”

Joint libraries—libraries that serve more than one user group—have been starting up with increasing frequency since the success of a few models begun in Florida in the 1970s. University–Public, Uni...
Compile-time detection of machine image sniping

Machine image sniping is a difficult-to-detect security vulnerability in cloud computing code. When programmatically initializing a machine, a developer specifies a machine image (operating system and file system). The developer should restrict the search to only those machine images which their organization controls: otherwise, an attacker can insert a similarly-named malicious image into the public database, where it might be selected instead of the image the developer intended. We present a lightweight type and effect system that detects requests to a cloud provider that are vulnerable to an image sniping attack, or proves that no vulnerable request exists in a codebase. We prototyped our type system for Java programs that initialize Amazon Web Services machines, and evaluated it on more than 500 codebases, detecting 14 vulnerable requests with only 3 false positives.
Causal coupling between neural activity, metabolism, and behavior across the Drosophila brain

Coordinated activity across networks of neurons is a hallmark of both resting and active behavioral states in many species, including worms, flies, fish, mice and humans1–5. These global patterns alter energy metabolism in the brain over seconds to hours, making oxygen consumption and glucose uptake widely used proxies of neural activity6,7. However, whether changes in neural activity are causally related to changes in metabolic flux in intact circuits on the sub-second timescales associated with behavior, is unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether transitions between rest and action are associated with spatiotemporally structured changes in neuronal energy metabolism. Here, we combine two-photon microscopy of the entire fruit fly brain with sensors that allow simultaneous measurements of neural activity and metabolic flux, across both resting and active behavioral states. We demonstrate that neural activity drives changes in metabolic flux, creating a tight coupling between these signals that can be measured across large-scale brain networks. Further, these studies reveal that the initiation of even minimal behavioral movements causes large-scale changes in the pattern of neural activity and energy metabolism, revealing unexpected structure in the functional architecture of the brain. The relationship between neural activity and energy metabolism is likely evolutionarily ancient. Thus, these studies provide a critical foundation for using metabolic proxies to capture changes in neural activity and reveal that even minimal behavioral movements are associated with changes in large-scale brain network activity.
Transgender women's satisfaction with healthcare services: A mixed-methods pilot study.

Background Many transgender women are dissatisfied with healthcare services PURPOSE: (a) To describe satisfaction/dissatisfaction with healthcare services; and (b) to describe barriers/facilitators of satisfaction with healthcare services among a sample of transgender women. Design and methods A mixed methods design collected quantitative data (n = 50) and qualitative data (n = 25) from transgender women. Findings Quantitatively, satisfaction with healthcare services was high among the participants, with lower areas related to healthcare systems issues. Qualitatively, participants identified barriers and facilitators of healthcare satisfaction. Implications This study provides clinical, research, educational, and policy implications for improving healthcare satisfaction among transgender women.
Sizing Up Entrepreneurial Potential: Gender Differences in Communication and Investor Perceptions of Long-Term Growth and Scalability

Female entrepreneurs have been found to face disadvantages when compared with male entrepreneurs, especially in acquiring the financial resources needed to sustain and grow their ventures. Across t...
A Performance Improvement Initiative for Implementing an Evidence-Based Discharge Bundle for Lung Transplant Recipients.

Background:Lung transplant recipients have high hospital readmission rates. Readmissions are costly to institutions and associated with higher mortality among patients within the first year of tran...
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study of ondansetron for bipolar and related disorders and alcohol use disorder.

Abstract Bipolar disorder is associated with high rates of alcohol use disorder. However, little is known about the treatment of this dual diagnosis population. Previous studies suggest that ondansetron decreases alcohol use, particularly in people with specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles. A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ondansetron was conducted in 70 outpatients with bipolar spectrum disorders and early onset alcohol use disorder. Outcome measures included alcohol use, assessed with the Timeline Followback method, Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Self-report, and Young Mania Rating Scale. SNPs rs1042173, rs1176713 and rs1150226 were explored as predictors of response. Participants had a mean age of 44.9 ± 9.4 years, were mostly men (60.0%), and African American (51.4%). Mean ondansetron exit dose was 3.23 ± 2.64 mg. No significant between-group differences in alcohol use measures were observed. However, a significant reduction in HRSD scores was observed (p = 0.045). Inclusion of SNPs increased effect sizes for some alcohol-related outcomes and the HRSD. Ondansetron was well tolerated. This proof-of-concept study is the first report on ondansetron in bipolar people with bipolar disorders and alcohol use disorder. Alcohol use did not demonstrate a significant between-group difference. However, the findings suggest that ondansetron may be associated with reduction in depressive symptom severity in persons with bipolar illnesses and alcohol use disorder. A larger trial is needed to examine the effects of ondansetron on bipolar depression.
Density Functional Theory (DFT)-enhanced computational fluid dynamics modeling of substrate movement and chemical deposition process in spatial atomic layer deposition

Abstract Spatial atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been widely accepted as an effective strategy to improve the throughput in traditional ALD. This paper presents a Density Functional Theory (DFT)-enhanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, which includes substrate movement and a mechanistic chemical kinetics model derived from DFT in an inline spatial ALD. Substrate movement alters the steady flow field, but the disturbance does not damage the effective gas barrier built by N2 flow. Evaluation of deposition rate shows the growth per cycle (GPC) decreases as the substrate velocity increases. However, the growth per second (GPS) increases because of the considerable amount of time saved in faster substrate movements. Bottom and top purging designs are shown comparable in deposition rate. The DFT-enhanced CFD model provides a new route for accurate ALD modeling and simulation, and offers insightful information on reactor design and process optimization in spatial ALD.
A Survey of Current Preferences of Plastic Surgeons Regarding the Assessment and Reduction of Preoperative Patient Anxiety.

Preoperative anxiety is a common phenomenon in plastic surgery that has been associated with numerous negative patient outcomes. Little is known about the preferences of plastic surgeons regarding management of patient preoperative anxiety To determine the preferences of plastic surgeons regarding the assessment and reduction of adult preoperative patient anxiety in their primary practice setting. The membership of the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons (ACAPS) was surveyed using an anonymous, online questionnaire from April to June of 2020. A total of 100 participants from a membership of 532 responded (19%). The majority of respondents (63%) did not formally assess patient anxiety but supported the use of standardized scales to measure anxiety (57%). Most plastic surgeons preferred patient education (81%), family member presence (69%), and visit from the anesthesiologist (54%) to reduce patient anxiety. Plastic surgeons also allocated the most responsibility to anesthesiologists (63%) and plastic surgeons (62%) to reduce preoperative anxiety. Most plastic surgeon members of ACAPS did not assess their patients’ anxieties preoperatively but appeared willing to use anxiety scales. Plastic surgeons also supported several measures to reduce anxiety, especially patient education, family member preferences, and anesthesiologist visits. Although plastic surgeons appeared to hold multiple parties responsible to manage preoperative anxiety, they held themselves and anesthesiologists most responsible. Future studies are needed to determine whether these views cohere with those of other healthcare providers and whether these preferences change for pediatric patients. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Rumination as a mechanism of the association between interpretation bias and depression symptoms: A longitudinal investigation

Depression is a common problem with debilitating effects. Both negative interpretation biases and rumination are related to depression, but how these factors interact to produce depression is uncle...
A Comparison of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) Collection Methods and Survivability in in Vitro Rearing Systems

Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Parasitiformes: Varroidae) is an ectoparasitic pest of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.; Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. The ability to study all life stages of the mite in a laboratory setting requires one to rear the mite in vitro. This is a crucial step for the advancement in research studies, and the development of management protocols for Varroa. Current practices require that Varroa be collected from field colonies for use in lab-based studies. Traditional collection techniques for obtaining mites from adult bees include using carbon dioxide or a method in which a combination of powdered sugar and shaking dislodges the mites from a group of adult bees (i.e., a “sugar shake”). Herein, we compared 2 mite collection techniques and measured mortality of the mites after collection using the Varroa maintenance system, a tool for maintaining in vitro populations of Varroa on their host. Our results indicate that mites collected using the sugar shake method lived significantly longer (> 6 d, with 20% mortality at 6 d) than did those collected using carbon dioxide (3.9 d, with 66% mortality at 6 d). Carbon dioxide exposure was detrimental to the recovery of Varroa. These data provide critical information on how to collect Varroa properly for use in in vitro survival studies. Resumen Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Parasitiformes: Varroidae) es una plaga ectoparasita de las colonias de abejas meliferas occidentales (Apis mellifera L.; Hymenoptera: Apidae). La capacidad de estudiar todos los estadios de la vida del acaro en un entorno de laboratorio requiere la cria del acaro in vitro. Este es un paso crucial para el avance de los estudios de investigacion y el desarrollo de protocolos de manejo para Varroa. Las practicas actuales requieren que se recolecte Varroa de colonias de campo para su uso en estudios de laboratorio. Las tecnicas tradicionales de recoleccion para obtener acaros de abejas adultas incluyen el uso de dioxido de carbono o un metodo en el que una combinacion de azucar en polvo y agitacion desprende los acaros de un grupo de abejas adultas (un “batido de azucar”). Aqui, comparamos 2 tecnicas de recoleccion de acaros y medimos la mortalidad de los acaros despues de la recoleccion utilizando el sistema de mantenimiento de Varroa, una herramienta para mantener poblaciones in vitro de Varroa en su hospedero. Nuestros resultados indican que los acaros recolectados usando el metodo de batido de azucar vivieron significativamente mas tiempo (> 6 dias, con el 20% de mortalidad a los 6 dias) que los recolectados usando dioxido de carbono (3.9 dias, con el 66% de mortalidad a los 6 dias). La exposicion al dioxido de carbono fue perjudicial para la recuperacion de Varroa. Estos datos proporcionan informacion critica sobre como recolectar Varroa correctamente para su uso en estudios de sobrervivencia in vitro. Key Words: honey bees; Varroa destructor; carbon dioxide; sugar shake View this article in BioOne
Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak

The turbulence and transport expected in the SPARC tokamak Primary Reference Discharge (PRD) [P. Rodriguez-Fernandez et al., J. Plasma Phys. 86, 865860503 (2020)] have been investigated with the gyrokinetic code CGYRO [J. Candy et al., J. Comput. Phys. 324, 73–93 (2016)]. Linear and nonlinear simulations that focus on ion ( k θ ρ s 1.0) turbulence were used to probe the nature of the turbulence and the resulting transport in the fusion core. It is found that in the SPARC PRD, ion temperature gradient (ITG) turbulence is expected to dominate transport over most of the profile with some potential trapped electron mode impact in the near edge. Stiff turbulence is observed over a part of the plasma core such that SPARC's ion temperature profile will likely be pinned to just above the critical gradient for ITG. The role of electromagnetic turbulence, rotation, and electron-scale turbulence was investigated to provide some insight into the physics required to accurately predict SPARC performance via gyrokinetics. Additionally, predictions of impurity peaking for potential low- and high-Z SPARC first-wall materials are probed using ion-scale simulation. The dominance of low-k turbulence in SPARC provides a potential opportunity for more tractable prediction of plasma profiles using nonlinear gyrokinetics. This work is the first step toward full gyrokinetic profile prediction of SPARC kinetic profiles and the resulting fusion power and plasma gain.
Correlation effects in double-quantum multidimensional coherent spectroscopy

We investigate the correlation effects in double-quantum 2D spectroscopy by solving the optical Bloch equations. We also explain the discrepancies between the experimental results reported by multiple groups.
Test-retest reliability of the 5-minute psychomotor vigilance task in working-aged females.

Abstract Background The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) is a commonly used test that effectively assesses neurobehavioral alertness. The originally developed PVT is 10 minutes in duration, which presents practical and logistical issues, particularly when administered to large samples or on a repetitive basis. More recently the PVT has been used in both 3- and 5-minute formats. While both of these durations have been shown to be field sensitive to identify impairments from sleep- and fatigue-related interventions, the 5-minute version has been suggested to be more valid than the 3-minute. However, while these have shown field-validity in a number of working populations, there is a paucity of data reporting the test-retest reliability statistics of the 5-minute PVT, particularly in working-aged females. The purpose of the study was to examine the test-retest reliability of a comprehensive set of PVT variables for the 5-minute PVT in a population of working-aged females (20–63 years). New method Participants reported to the laboratory on two separate days and performed a 5-minute PVT on each occasion. Outcome measures included the mean reaction time (MRT), fastest and slowest 10% of reaction times (F10RT% and S10RT%, respectively), standard deviation of reaction times (SDRT) as well as error-based metrics including major and minor lapses, anticipations, and false starts. In addition, total errors (ERR) were computed as a composite of all types of errors. Reliability statistics were reported as intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement (SEM, SEM%), and minimal difference to be considered real (MD, MD%). Systematic error was also evaluated between sessions. Results Overall high reliability was shown for the MRT (ICC = 0.79, SEM% = 4.14%) and F10RT% (ICC = 0.83, SEM% = 4.43%) variables, with moderate relative reliability (based on ICCs) for the false starts, ERR, and sleepiness scale (ICC = 0.50 – 0.70) variables but these all exhibited poor absolute reliability (based on SEM% values of 32.60 – 168.69%). Poor relative reliability was found for the SDRT and S10RT% variables (ICCs Conclusions The finding that the MRT variable displayed systematic error (P = 0.01) indicating that a learning curve may have been present, but the F10RT% did not show systematic error, suggests the F10RT% may be the most reliable PVT variable in a 5-minute duration test. These findings provide researchers and practitioners with reliability statistics that may help in determining which variable(s) to use, and which to avoid when specifically conducting 5-minute PVT assessments, particularly in a population of working-aged females. These results suggest that the 5-minute PVT can be used in place of the 10-minute version, if used appropriately.
Automating Separation Logic with Trees and Data

Separation logic (SL) is a widely used formalism for verifying heap manipulating programs. Existing SL solvers focus on decidable fragments for list-like structures. More complex data structures such as trees are typically unsupported in implementations, or handled by incomplete heuristics. While complete decision procedures for reasoning about trees have been proposed, these procedures suffer from high complexity, or make global assumptions about the heap that contradict the separation logic philosophy of local reasoning. In this paper, we present a fragment of classical first-order logic for local reasoning about tree-like data structures. The logic is decidable in NP and the decision procedure allows for combinations with other decidable first-order theories for reasoning about data. Such extensions are essential for proving functional correctness properties. We have implemented our decision procedure and, building on earlier work on translating SL proof obligations into classical logic, integrated it into an SL-based verification tool. We successfully used the tool to verify functional correctness of tree-based data structure implementations.
Ca2+ Channel Blockers Stimulate Ileal and Colonic Water Absorption

The effects of calcium channel blockers on water transport in the rat ileum and distal colon were studied in vivo using the single-pass perfusion technique. Parenteral but not intraluminal verapamil, and parenteral nifedipine increased ileal water absorption, with effects lasting at least 60 min. In contrast, i.p. verapamil had no effect on rat distal colonic water absorption, whereas intraluminal verapamil significantly stimulated colonic water absorption. Similarly, perfusing the rat descending colon with low-Ca2+ Ringer's-HCO3 stimulated colonic water absorption. Verapamil was not antisecretory because the theophylline-induced decrease in ileal water transport was similar in control animals and in animals pretreated with i.p. verapamil. In addition, nifedipine stimulated active Na and Cl absorption in rabbit ileum. These studies demonstrate that the Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine stimulate basal absorption of water in rat ileum and distal colon in vivo, and stimulate active Na and Cl absorption in rabbit ileum in vitro. The verapamil stimulation of colonic water absorption from the luminal surface was duplicated by perfusion with a low-Ca2+ bathing solution. This suggests the presence of apical membrane Ca2+ channels in rat colon, which appear to be involved in regulation of basal water transport, and that these Ca2+ channels are in a partially open state under basal conditions. Because verapamil stimulates absorption systemically (ileum) as well as intraluminally (colon), Ca2+ channel blockers have properties that might be useful in treatment of diarrheal diseases.
Prescription drug monitoring program utilization in Kentucky community pharmacies

Objective: Identify characteristics of Kentucky community pharmacists and community pharmacists’ practice environment associated with utilization of the Kentucky All Schedule Prescription Electronic Reporting Program (KASPER).Methods: Surveys were mailed to all 1,018 Kentucky pharmacists with a KASPER account and an additional 1,000 licensed pharmacists without an account. Bivariate analyses examined the association between KASPER utilization and practice type (independent or chain) and practice location (rural or urban). A multivariate Poisson regression model with robust error variance estimated risk ratios (RR) of KASPER utilization by characteristics of pharmacists’ practice environment.Results: Responses were received from 563 pharmacists (response rate 27.9%). Of these, 402 responses from community pharmacists were included in the analyses. A majority of responding pharmacists (84%) indicated they or someone in their pharmacy had requested a patient’s controlled substance history since KASPER’s inception. Bivariate results showed that pharmacists who practiced in independent pharmacies reported greater KASPER utilization (94%) than pharmacists in chain pharmacies (75%; p<0.001). Multivariate regression results found utilization of KASPER varied significantly among practice environments of community pharmacists with those who practiced in an urban location (RR: 1.11; [1.01–1.21]) or at an independent pharmacy (RR: 1.27; [1.14–1.40]) having an increased likelihood of KASPER utilization.Conclusion: Utilization of KASPER differs by community pharmacists’ practice environment, predominantly by practice type and location. Understanding characteristics of community pharmacists and community pharmacists’ practice environment associated with PDMP use is necessary to remove barriers to access and increase utilization thereby increasing PDMP effectiveness.
The mediation effects of sticker shock

Purpose – This study aims to extend prior studies by examining the mediation effects of sticker shock on the relationship between price discount and buying intention. Sticker shock refers to the discrepancy between a brand’s sale price (SP) and an individual’s internal reference price (IRP) (Winer 1985). Design/methodology/approach – Prior marketing research on sticker shock is primarily model-based. The authors employed a between-subject experimental design, and hypotheses were tested using a series of regression functions (Baron and Kenny 1986). Findings – The results suggest the effect of price discount on buying intention is partially mediated by sticker shock. Practical implications – The research results suggest that consumers take into account price messages from different sources, such as advertised reference price, SP and IRP. IRP is a key reference point that consumers use to develop the “gain” or “loss” perception. Firms may apply different strategies to influence consumers’ internal reference ...
Wet oxidation of AlGaAs vs. AlAs: A little gallium is good

In summary, buried oxides formed from the wet oxidation of AlGaAs alloys, rather than AlAs, are found to be superior in terms of oxidation isotropy, mechanical stability, and strain. It is not surprising that VCSELs using AlGaAs oxide layers as current apertures have shown promising reliability as compared to VCSELs using AlAs layers. Comparisons of lifetime data for VCSELs with differing oxide layers will be presented. The beneficial properties of oxides converted from AlGaAs alloys are found to provide robust device processing of reliable VCSELs and may play an important role in other advanced optoelectronic devices.
Disturbed Flow Induces Autophagy, but Impairs Autophagic Flux to Perturb Mitochondrial Homeostasis

Abstract Aim: Temporal and spatial variations in shear stress are intimately linked with vascular metabolic effects. Autophagy is tightly regulated in intracellular bulk degradation/recycling system for maintaining cellular homeostasis. We postulated that disturbed flow modulates autophagy with an implication in mitochondrial superoxide (mtO2•−) production. Results: In the disturbed flow or oscillatory shear stress (OSS)-exposed aortic arch, we observed prominent staining of p62, a reverse marker of autophagic flux, whereas in the pulsatile shear stress (PSS)-exposed descending aorta, p62 was attenuated. OSS significantly increased (i) microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) II to I ratios in human aortic endothelial cells, (ii) autophagosome formation as quantified by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 dots per cell, and (iii) p62 protein levels, whereas manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) overexpression by recombinant adenovirus, N-acetyl cysteine treatment, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JN...
THE SHIFT IN STAGES OF THE NUTRITION TRANSITION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD DIFFERS FROM PAST EXPERIENCES

Objective: This paper explores the unique nutrition transition shifts in diet and activity patterns from the period termed the receding famine pattern to the one dominated by nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NR-NCDs). The paper examines the speed and timing of these changes; unique components, such as the issue of finding both under- and overnutrition in the same household; potential exacerbating biological relationships that contribute to differences in the rates of change; and political issues. Setting: The focus is on lower- and middle-income countries of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. Results: These changes are occurring at great speed and at earlier stages of these countries’ economic and social development. There are some unique issues that relate to body composition and potential genetic factors. The significance of the high number of persons exposed to heavy insults during pregnancy and infancy (foetal origins hypothesis) and the subsequent rapid shifts in energy imbalance remains to be understood. Countries that are still addressing major concerns of undernutrition are not ready to address these NR-NCDs. Conclusions: The developing world needs to give far greater emphasis to addressing the prevention of the adverse health consequences of this shift to the nutrition transition stage of degenerative diseases.
Targeted Recruitment of the Sin3-Rpd3 Histone Deacetylase Complex Generates a Highly Localized Domain of Repressed Chromatin In Vivo.

Eukaryotic organisms contain a multiprotein complex that includes Rpd3 histone deacetylase and the Sin3 corepressor. The Sin3-Rpd3 complex is recruited to promoters by specific DNA-binding proteins, whereupon it represses transcription. By directly analyzing the chromatin structure of a repressed promoter in yeast cells, we demonstrate that transcriptional repression is associated with localized histone deacetylation. Specifically, we observe decreased acetylation of histones H3 and H4 (preferentially lysines 5 and 12) that depends on the DNA-binding repressor (Ume6), Sin3, and Rpd3. Mapping experiments indicate that the domain of histone deacetylation is highly localized, occurring over a range of one to two nucleosomes. Taken together with previous observations, these results define a novel mechanism of transcriptional repression which involves targeted recruitment of a histone-modifying activity and localized perturbation of chromatin structure. Although it has been known for more than 3 decades that histone acetylation is associated with transcriptional activity in eukaryotic cells (2, 27), the causal relationship and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been elusive. The recent identification of proteins with intrinsic histone acetylase and deacetylase activities has dramatically enhanced our understanding by providing a critical link between chromatin structure and transcriptional output (for recent reviews, see references 11, 26, 32, and 34). Some histone acetylases are intrinsic components of the basic RNA polymerase II (Pol II) machinery or are closely associated with this machinery. In essence, therefore, the transcription machinery (broadly defined) contains histone acetylase activity, which suggests a mechanism for the general correlation between histone acetylation and transcriptional activity. In this regard, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gcn5 histone acetylase (8), the enzymatic component of the SAGA complex that functionally interacts with TBP (10), specifically acetylates histones in the vicinity of the promoter in vivo in a manner that is correlated with Gcn5-dependent transcriptional activity (20).
Proton MR spectroscopy in children with bipolar affective disorder: preliminary observations.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) can have its onset during childhood, but the diagnosis may be difficult to establish on the basis of clinical findings alone. Our purpose was to determine whether proton MR spectroscopy can be used to identify abnormalities in the brain of children with BPAD. METHODS: Ten children, ages 6 to 12 years, underwent clinical testing to establish the diagnosis of BPAD. After a drug washout period, all patients underwent MR spectroscopy in which a TE of 135 was used along with a single-voxel placement in both frontal and temporal lobes during a single session. Peaks from N -acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), glutamate/glutamine (Glu/Gln), and lipids were normalized with respect to the creatine (Cr) peak to obtain ratios of values of peak areas. These data were compared with those obtained in 10 non–age-matched control subjects. To corroborate our data, five children with BPAD also underwent 2D MR spectroscopic studies of the frontal lobes with parameters similar to those used in the single-volume studies. RESULTS: All children with BPAD had elevated levels of Glu/Gln in both frontal lobes and basal ganglia relative to the control group. Children with BPAD had elevated lipid levels in the frontal lobes but not in the temporal lobes. Levels of NAA and Cho were similar for all locations in both groups. Two-dimensional MR spectroscopic studies in five children with BPAD confirmed the presence of elevated lipids in the frontal lobes. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary observations suggest that MR spectroscopy may show abnormalities in children with BPAD not found in unaffected control subjects. It remains to be established whether these abnormalities are a signature of the disease and can be used as a screening test.