cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optogenetic Control of Apoptosis in Targeted Tissues of Xenopus laevis Embryos.

KillerRed (KR) is a recently discovered fluorescent protein that, when activated with green light, releases reactive oxygen species (ROS) into the cytoplasm, triggering apoptosis in a KR-expressing cell. This property allows for the use of KR as a means of killing cells in an organism with great temporal and spatial specificity, while minimizing the nonspecific effects that can result from mechanical or chemical exposure damage techniques. Such optogenetic control of cell death, and the resulting ability to induce the targeted death of specific tissues, is invaluable for regeneration/repair studies—particularly in Xenopus laevis, where apoptosis plays a key role in regeneration and repair. We here describe a method by which membrane-bound KR, introduced to Xenopus embryos by mRNA microinjection, can be activated with green light to induce apoptosis in specific organs and tissues, with a focus on the developing eye and pronephric kidney.
COMPOSITIONAL, NUTRITIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF MEALS, FLOURS AND CONCENTRATES FROM NAVY AND KIDNEY BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris)

The compositional, nutritional value and functional properties of navy and kidney bean meals, high protein flours and concentrates were compared to commercial soy products. Navy and kidney concentrates contained similar quantities of protein and higher quantities of lipid, starch and ash than the soy concentrate. Gel strength, emulsification capacity and foaming properties of the three concentrates were similar, while the navy and kidney concentrate proteins were more soluble than the commercial soy product. Digestibilities of the bean products were not significantly different, except for the kidney concentrate which had a slightly higher digestibility. Electrophoresis of the meal, flour and concentrate proteins revealed slight differences in the protein distribution. Isoelectric precipitation decreased the amount of phytohemagglutinin in the navy concentrate in comparison to the meal and flour.
MASS LEVELS AND RELATIVE PARITIES OF BARYONS

That observed mass level ordering of XI , EPSILON , LAMBDA , and N comes chiefly from charge independent baryon-K interaction, assuming suitable parity for each baryon. (W.D.M.)
Electrical discharge across micrometer-scale gaps for planar MEMS structures in air at atmospheric pressure

We examine electrical discharge current responses across atmospheric pressure air gaps in the 2 µm to 7 µm range between planar polysilicon microstructures to determine the physical process of electrical discharge. The effect on discharge response from shape-related field enhancement is investigated through simulated field distribution and experimental current response for devices with design variations in electrode shape. Initial Townsend discharges, between 50 pA and 400 pA, transitioned to a second stage of 2 nA to 20 nA when the applied voltage increased 13% to 21% above the initial breakdown voltage.
Developing a Hybrid Intrusion Detection System Using Data Mining for Power Systems

Synchrophasor systems provide an immense volume of data for wide area monitoring and control of power systems to meet the increasing demand of reliable energy. The construction of traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) that use manually created rules based upon expert knowledge is knowledge-intensive and is not suitable in the context of this big data problem. This paper presents a systematic and automated approach to build a hybrid IDS that learns temporal state-based specifications for power system scenarios including disturbances, normal control operations, and cyber-attacks. A data mining technique called common path mining is used to automatically and accurately learn patterns for scenarios from a fusion of synchrophasor measurement data, and power system audit logs. As a proof of concept, an IDS prototype was implemented and validated. The IDS prototype accurately classifies disturbances, normal control operations, and cyber-attacks for the distance protection scheme for a two-line three-bus power transmission system.
Games applied to jam resistant DSA radios

In this paper, we apply Game Theory to the exploration into the development of Medium Access Protocols (MACs) for Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) software-define Secondary Radios (SRs) in the presence of Adversarial Jammers (AJs). We develop the Static Game representation of a hierarchical game involving the Primary Users (PUs) and the SRs and AJs. We then define a Dynamic, Repetitive Game to test the effectiveness of different SR and AJ agent strategies. These strategies are defined in terms of how aggressive the agents modify their future play based upon observations related to previous play outcomes. The observations are defined in the context of incomplete information, as it is not likely that a radio transceiver is capable of discerning all possible plays of competitors across all channels while also potentially transmitting on a given channel. We develop the Agent-Based Simulation (ABS) to investigate and analyze various versions of these games and agent strategies. We report on the results of the ABS investigations and our mathematical analysis.
Polyol Synthesis with β-Oxyanionic Alkyllithium Reagents: Syntheses of Aculeatins A, B, and D

Synthesis of ketone aldol products using a non-aldol route was developed. The β-phenylthio alcohols were prepared from optically pure oxiranes. Deprotonation and reductive lithiation generated the key intermediate, a β-oxyanionic alkyllithium reagent. Addition to a Weinreb amide produced the β-hydroxy ketone in >90% yield using only 1.5 equiv of the phenylthio alcohol. Stereoselective reduction of the ketone led to either the syn- or anti-1,3-diol. This simple, convergent sequence was used to prepare aculeatins A, B, and D from a common intermediate.
Typing the specialization interface

Current typing systems for object oriented programming leave out crucial information about the specialization interface, the interface between a class and the subclasses that specialize it. In particular, the internal interdependencies among a class’s methods, which profoundly affect the consequences of overriding, are not described. We show how typing systems can be extended to describe this information. This technique of extending typing is independent of any particular type system. It also suggests a new relationship among the client interface, the specialization interface, and inheritance.
How activists and media frame social problems: Critical events versus performance trends for schools

This article focuses on the process by which a social problem is redefined in response to a critical event. Critical events are contextually dramatic happenings, such as economic depressions, environmental disasters, intense physical confrontations, strategic initiatives by a social movement organization, or new public policies. A critical event focuses public attention, which is itself a scarce resource in the claims‐making process. It invites the collective definition or redefinition of a social problem when movement activists, media operatives, and others compete over the meaning assigned to the issues evoked. A redefining critical event occurs when the perception of reality surrounding movement issues shifts markedly among elites and mass publics. In a case in Nashville, TN, for example, a tax‐increase referendum became a redefining event when conservative movement operatives successfully shifted “the problem” of the schools from issues of distributive justice to issues of efficient production. The pu...
Hyperfine Structure in the Inversion Spectrum of N 14 H 3 by a New High-Resolution Microwave Spectrometer

The hyperfine structure of the inversion spectrum of ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ has been reexamined with an ultra-high resolution spectrometer. Lines whose total width at half-maximum is seven kc-sec have been obtained in this spectrometer. Such narrow lines allow resolution of magnetic hyperfine structure caused by reorientation of the spins of the hydrogen nuclei. The new structure has been satisfactorily explained to within the experimental error of about 1 kc/sec by considering the various interactions of the magnetic moments of the hydrogen nuclei with the molecular fields. The interaction energy of the nitrogen nucleus has been remeasured with higher resolution than was possible previously, and indications were found that $|\mathrm{eqQ}|$ for the lower inversion state is larger by about 0.01% than that for the upper state. The sign of $\mathrm{eqQ}$ was directly determined to be negative. A theoretical treatment of the magnetic interactions has been made which is slightly different from that which has previously been used. The method allows some simplification of the form of the magnetic interactions.
A high-resolution seismic CHIRP investigation of active normal faulting across Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada

We measured extension rates across Lake Tahoe Basin for the last 60 k.y. based on measured displacement of offset marker surfaces across three active faults beneath Lake Tahoe. Seismic chirp imaging with submeter accuracy, together with detailed multibeam and light detection and ranging (LIDAR)-derived bathymetry, was used to measure fault offset, thickness of earthquake-derived colluvial wedges, depth of wave-cut paleoterraces, and other geomorphic features. An analysis of these features provides refined estimates of extension rates and new information on Holocene faulting, and places Tahoe Basin deformation into the larger context of Walker Lane and Basin and Range tectonics. Measured offset marker surfaces include submerged wave-cut paleoterraces of Tioga age (19.2 ± 1.8 ka), McKinney Bay slide deposits (ca. 60 ka), and a winnowed boulder surface of Tahoe age (ca. 62 ka). Estimated vertical offset rates across submerged geomorphic surfaces are 0.43-0.81 mm/yr for the West Tahoe fault, 0.35-0.60 mm/yr for the Stateline-North Tahoe fault, and 0.12-0.30 mm/yr for the Incline Village fault. These offset rates indicate a combined east-west extension rate across Lake Tahoe Basin, assuming 60° fault dips, of 0.52-0.99 mm/yr. This estimate, when combined with the Genoa fault-slip rate, yields an extension rate consistent with the magnitude of the extension deficit across Carson Valley and Lake Tahoe Basin derived from global positioning system (GPS) velocities. The Stateline-North Tahoe, Incline Village, and West Tahoe faults all show evidence for individual Holocene earthquake events as recorded by either colluvial wedge deposits or offset fan-delta stratigraphy.
Generalized Gauge Invariance and the Integer Quantum Hall Effect

Generalizing a simple gauge-invariance argument, we introduce a k-space vector potential A$_{k}$ which allows us to obtain explicitly the identification of the Hall conductance with the quantized phase winding number of the wave function around the Brillouin zone. We also demonstrate, based on these winding number considerations alone, that a weak periodic potential which splits each Landau band into non-degenerate subbands results in Hall conductances which sum to unity, and satisfy a Diophantine equation.
East‐Central Europe's Uncharted democratic waters

Even a brief consideration of the state of democracy in East‐Central Europe must begin with the deep‐seated legacy left by 45 years of Communist rule. Those who ruled were completely unaccountable to those they ruled. The societies that have succeeded that regime are largely fragmented and atomized. East‐Central European citizens only now slowly appear on the political scene after their long subjection by a paternalistic and infantilizing system. The politics of manipulation that blocked citizens from all relevant decision making, has left some profound “habits of the heart” in the region. Thus, the task of crafting a democratic political culture looms large among the everyday challenges of these societies. They embark on a unique voyage towards the shores of a stable, peaceful, and democratic polity.
Intravesical therapy for urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a critical review

The management of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is a challenge for physicians and patients alike. This is largely due to the heterogeneous natural history of this disease, in which tumors range from indolent to rapidly progressive and eventually fatal. Moreover, the high rate of recurrence and progression cause significant morbidity, expense, and detriment to quality of life. The advent of effective and safe intravesical therapies has improved the management of non-muscle-invasive UCB. Nevertheless, despite over 30 years of research and clinical experience, the mechanism, risks, benefits, and optimal regimens and treatment algorithms remain unclear. Although immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been the mainstay of intravesical treatment and represents a significant advance in the interaction of immunology and oncology, its clinical effectiveness is accompanied by a wide range of adverse events. Here, we review the literature on intravesical immunotherapy and chemotherapy with the aim of evaluating the clinical utility of the different treatments and providing recommendations. Many studies over the years have compared efficacy and toxicities of different agents and regimens, and certain conclusions are now well supported by high-level evidence. Future perspectives and promising advances in drug development are discussed and areas of improvement are identified in order to promote better cancer control and decrease the rate and severity of side-effects.
Deleted forms of plastid DNA in albino plants from cereal anther culture

Wheat and barley albino plants derived from anther culture contain plastid genomes which have suffered deletion. DNA molecules of the size of unit genomes exist in these plants. In some cases these may be linear genomes. In all cases a region near the T8 fragment of barley or the corresponding region of the wheat plastid genome has been retained. This region may therefore represent sequences sufficient for replication.
Ligands for the T-cell receptor: hard times for avidity models

T-cell activation occurs when the T-cell receptor (TCR) binds to a self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule carrying a specific peptide. Small changes in peptide structure can alter or inhibit this response. Although this phenomenon is normally attributed to a lowering of the avidity of the ligand for its receptor, recent data suggest that conformational changes in the receptor itself may be playing a critical role, as discussed here by Charles Janeway.
Understanding how the distal environment directs reactivity in chlorite dismutase: spectroscopy and reactivity of Arg183 mutants.

The chlorite dismutase from Dechloromonas aromatica (DaCld) catalyzes the highly efficient decomposition of chlorite to O2 and chloride. Spectroscopic, equilibrium thermodynamic, and kinetic measurements have indicated that Cld has two pH sensitive moieties; one is the heme, and Arg183 in the distal heme pocket has been hypothesized to be the second. This active site residue has been examined by site-directed mutagenesis to understand the roles of positive charge and hydrogen bonding in O–O bond formation. Three Cld mutants, Arg183 to Lys (R183K), Arg183 to Gln (R183Q), and Arg183 to Ala (R183A), were investigated to determine their respective contributions to the decomposition of chlorite ion, the spin state and coordination states of their ferric and ferrous forms, their cyanide and imidazole binding affinities, and their reduction potentials. UV–visible and resonance Raman spectroscopies showed that DaCld(R183A) contains five-coordinate high-spin (5cHS) heme, the DaCld(R183Q) heme is a mixture of five-...
Strain hypothesis of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the outcome of human diseases

The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is an exceptionally successful food and waterborne parasite that infects approximately 1 billion people worldwide. Genotyping of T. gondii isolates from all continents revealed a complex population structure. Recent research supports the notion that T. gondii genotype may be associated with disease severity. Here, we (1) discuss molecular and serological approaches for designation of T. gondii strain type, (2) overview the literatures on the association of T. gondii strain type and the outcome of human disease and (3) explore possible mechanisms underlying these strain-specific pathology and severity of human toxoplasmosis. Although no final conclusions can be drawn, it is clear that virulent strains (e.g. strains containing type I or atypical alleles) are significantly more often associated with increased frequency and severity of human toxoplasmosis. The significance of highly virulent strains can cause severe diseases in immunocompetent patients and might implicated in brain disorders such as schizophrenia should led to reconsideration of toxoplasmosis. Further studies that combine parasite strain typing and human factor analysis (e.g. immune status and genetic background) are required for better understanding of human susceptibility or resistance to toxoplasmosis.
The response to ischemia in blood perfused vs. crystalloid perfused isolated rat heart preparations

With a research hypothesis that the behavior of blood perfused hearts was different from that of crystalloid perfused hearts, we tested the null hypothesis that the functional and metabolic status of blood-perfused (paracorporeal oxygenation) and Krebs-Henseleit (bubble oxygenation) perfused Langendorff isolated rat hearts is the same before, during and after global myocardial ischemia. Thirty isolated rat hearts were studied under identical conditions except that in equal numbers they were randomly assigned to either blood or crystalloid perfusion. In the blood perfused and crystalloid perfused hearts subjected to 22 min of normothermic ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion, mean systolic recovery was 72 ± 3.9% (s.e.) and 20 ± 10% (P = 0.001), respectively; coronary resistance increased 21 ± 16% and 158 ± 27% (P = 0.0003) (unadjusted for viscosity); mean water content after reperfusion was 82.0 ± 0.43% and 86.7 ± 0.42% (P < 0.0001), ATP content was 8.4 ± 1.9 and 4.3 ± 0.5 μmol/g dry wt (P = 0.08), and energy charge was 0.74 ± 0.114 and 0.59 ± 0.048 (P = 0.3). A major qualitative difference during reperfusion was spontaneous relaxation of contracture and rapid resumption of sinus rhythm in blood perfused hearts, in contrast to continued contracture and rise in intraventricular pressure in 9 of 10 crystalloid perfused hearts. One crystalloid perfused heart did not develop contracture, and its phenomena during reperfusion were similar to those of blood perfused hearts. The data support the research hypothesis, and suggest caution in extrapolating to blood perfused systems inferences from crystalloid perfused models. Better preservation of reactive hyperemia early in reperfusion may explain the better performance of blood perfused hearts.
YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductors via oxide precursor containing BaCuO2.5

Abstract An oxide precursor (NEPTH) comprising 0.5 p2O3 + CuO + 2BaCuO2.5 is used to synthesize bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor. By thermomechanical processing of a silver tube packed pith the precursor at 950°C for less than 90 min, and subsepuently cooling in air at less than 200°C/h, ortho-rhombic YBa2Cu3O7-x phase is directly obtained. For processing at 950 and 900°C, the superconducting properties are correlated pith the pertinent process parameters.
Ancillary sensors on a MAVS current meter

Sensing current and logging it as an earth coordinate vector in 3-D is complex. By comparison, logging a scalar property like temperature or pressure should be simple. But that is not always so and there are issues of warm-up time, frequency response when warmed up, power consumption, voltage requirements, output format and voltage, and testing and calibrating that almost rival the complexity of making the current measurement.
The Saxons within Carolingian Christendom: post-conquest identity in the translationes of Vitus, Pusinna and Liborius

The Franks incorporated Saxony into the Carolingian empire through a long, brutal struggle coupled with forced conversion. When Saxons themselves began to write a few decades afterwards, they had to make sense of this history and of their role and identity in their contemporary Carolingian world. In contrast to the portrayal of Saxons in writers such as Einhard and Rudolf, three ninth-century Saxon accounts of relic translations — those of Vitus, Pusinna and Liborius — reinterpreted history to claim a place for the Saxons as a distinct group equal to the Franks within the populus Christianus under the Carolingian monarchs. As a key part of their literary strategies, these authors attempted to salvage from the story of their defeat and forced Christianisation an account of God's sovereignty, native agency and virtue (especially fidelity) as a foundational element of Saxon identity. These texts prefigure the debates about post-conquest Saxon identity which would underlay the later and better-known Ottonian ...
Navigating Random Forests and related advances in algorithmic modeling

This article addresses current methodological research on non-parametric Random Forests. It provides a brief intellectual history of Random Forests that covers CART, boosting and bagging methods. It then introduces the primary methods by which researchers can visualize results, the relationships between covariates and responses, and the out-of-bag test set error. In addition, the article considers current research on universal consistency and importance tests in Random Forests. Finally, several uses for Random Forests are discussed, and available software is identified.
Adherent endotoxin mediates biological responses of titanium particles without stimulating their phagocytosis

Aseptic loosening of orthopaedic implants is thought to be primarily due to stimulation of cytokine production by wear particles from the implants. The cytokines increase osteoclast differentiation, leading to osteolysis and implant loosening. Accumulating evidence indicates that adherent endotoxin mediates the biological responses induced by the wear particles. One mechanism by which adherent endotoxin may act is by increasing phagocytosis of the wear particles. To test this hypothesis, the effect of adherent endotoxin on phagocytosis of titanium particles was determined. First, we developed reliable confocal and fluorescence microscopy methods to examine both the attachment and internalization steps of phagocytosis. Use of these methods showed that adherent endotoxin does not detectably alter the rate or the extent of phagocytosis of titanium particles by RAW 264.7 cells. Despite this lack of an effect on phagocytosis, adherent endotoxin dramatically increases the ability of RAW 264.7 cells to produce TNF-alpha and induce osteoclast differentiation. Thus, adherent endotoxin mediates these biological responses by a mechanism that does not rely on increased phagocytosis. These results also demonstrate that phagocytosis is not sufficient to induce cytokine production and osteoclast differentiation but do not rule out the possibility that phagocytosis is required for induction of these responses by titanium particles with adherent endotoxin.
Diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and helium in water

Measurements of laminar dispersion in a capillary have been used to determine the molecular diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and helium dissolved in water over the temperature range of 10° to 55°C. Literature correlations did not predict realistic values of the diffusivities for the hydrogen—water and helium—water binaries. A statistical analysis of the experimental diffusion coefficients indicated that they could be related to the absolute temperature by a semiempirical correlation, which may be considered an extension of the well-known Wilke-Chang correlation. This relation was based on the absolute reaction rate model of liquids.
Packaging videogames for long‐term preservation: Integrating FRBR and the OAIS reference model

The Preserving Virtual Worlds project has been investigating the preservation of computer games and interactive fiction. The preservation of games benefits from simultaneous application of the data models from the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records report, and the Open Archival Information System reference model. The article described efforts to integrate these two data models within a single Web ontology language for application with multiple XML‐based packaging formats. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of testosterone on health-related quality of life in elderly males - a pilot study.

Objective: To assess the effect of short-term testosterone supplementation on health-related quality of life in elderly males. Method: As part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy males ≥ 65-year-old were randomised to receive a total of four doses of 200 mg testosterone enanthanate (n = 14) or placebo (n = 8) intramuscularly every 2 weeks. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was assessed using the Short Form 36-item (SF-36) and Psychological General Well-Being (PGWB) scales, at baseline, week 8 and during therapy withdrawal, 6 weeks after the last dose. Results: The baseline SF-36 scores were similar between the groups in seven domains; only vitality was significantly lower in the placebo group (T: 80·4, P: 65·6; P = 0·007). After the 8-week treatment period and withdrawal phase, SF-36 scores were not significantly different between the groups. The PGWB scores at baseline, on treatment and off treatment were not significantly different between the groups. Moreover, the SF-36 and PGWB scores within each group did not change significantly over time. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that intramuscular testosterone, administered at a dose of 200 mg every 2 weeks, does not affect the HRQOL of elderly males.
Race differences in the association between multivitamin exposure and wheezing in preterm infants.

Race differences in the association between multivitamin exposure and wheezing in preterm infants
The nature of sublexical orthographic organization: The bigram trough hypothesis examined

Abstract Certain theories of reading assume the representation and manipulation of sublexical entities while others do not. Consistent with the latter, M. Seidenberg (1987, in Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1989, in Linguistic Structure i in Language Processing . Dordrecht: Kluwer) and M. Seidenberg and J. L. McClelland (1989, Psychological Review , 96 , No. 4, 523–568) have proposed that previously reported effects of syllabic and morphological structure can be best understood as resulting from the common co-occurrence of these sublexical entities and a pattern of bigram frequencies referred to as a “bigram trough.” This claim is examined using lexical decision and illusory conjunction paradigms. The reliable effects of syllabic and morphological structure that are observed cannot, however, be accounted for by the presence or absence of bigram troughs. The implications of such findings for the connectionist theory of reading proposed by M. Seidenberg and J. L. McClelland (op. cit.) are discussed.
Maximum power and efficiency: A rebutttal

Abstract In a recent paper, Silvert (1982) criticizes our 1955 formulation of the relation of efficiency to power (Odum and Pinkerton, 1955) and our times speed regulator principle that selection of systems for maximum power regulates the efficiency at a value that is neither as large nor as small as loadings could operate a system. The energy that must be degraded to maximize power in a restorage process we called entropy tax. Since there are other relevant literature, including our later discussions of power, efficiency and the maximum power principle, this note is supplied to correct and complement the discussion.
A Comparison of Four Embedded Validity Indices for the RBANS in a Memory Disorders Clinic

This examination of four embedded validity indices for the Repeated Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) explores the potential utility of integrating cognitive and self-reported depressive measures. Examined indices include the proposed RBANS Performance Validity Index (RBANS PVI) and the Charleston Revised Index of Effort for the RBANS (CRIER). The CRIER represented the novel integration of cognitive test performance and depression self-report information. The sample included 234 patients without dementia who could be identified as having demonstrated either valid or invalid responding, based on standardized criteria. Sensitivity and specificity for invalid responding varied widely, with the CRIER emerging as the best all-around index (sensitivity = 0.84, specificity = 0.90, AUC = 0.94). Findings support the use of embedded response validity indices, and suggest that the integration of cognitive and self-report depression data may optimize detection of invalid responding among older Veterans.
Statistical mechanics of self-avoiding tethered manifolds.

A formalism which allows perturbative renormalization-group calculations for self-avoiding polymers and flexible membranes of a fixed internal connectivity is presented in detail. Upon considering general D-dimensional elastic manifolds embedded in a d-dimensional space, we expand about a line in the (d,D) plane separating ideal ``phantom manifold'' behavior from a region where self-avoiding interactions are important. When d is fixed at 3, this procedure leads to a (6/7+\ensuremath{\epsilon} expansion for the radius of gyration exponent \ensuremath{\nu}, where \ensuremath{\epsilon}=D-(6/7. Although we obtain consistent results for \ensuremath{\nu} to lowest order in \ensuremath{\epsilon}, the generalized polymer exponent \ensuremath{\gamma} displays an anomalous dependence on the shape of the manifold boundary.
Bar districts as subcultural amenities

Abstract Bar districts, agglomerations of drinking establishments, are important to urban economies by nurturing urban subcultures. Their vernacular nature presents important contrasts to planned urban entertainment districts (UEDs). Unlike UEDs, bar districts are not necessarily amenities for middle- and upper-class consumption and identity, but the subcultures they nurture can include potential gentrifiers. I present a case study of Polk Street in San Francisco, showing that it supported a uniquely diverse and countercultural LGBT street scene in 1999. By 2013 it had been displaced by a heterosexual nightclub scene that was first hailed for revitalization, and then regulated as a rowdy urban nuisance. These transformations show how bar districts provide two interrelated spatial resources in the gentrification process: (1) infrastructures of adult leisure and consumption and (2) sites of subcultural networking and creativity. This case study suggests the importance of distinguishing between creativity desired by potential gentrifiers from that which is not. If gentrifiers, as a subculture, benefit from creative nightlife networking opportunities, countercultural creativity is especially fragile because few outsiders recognize it as such. Bohemian creativity that can be commercialized, the target of creative cities promoters, is only one form of creative practice, and queer practices without commercial appeal are especially fragile.
The Use of Vasopressors and Inotropes in the Emergency Medical Treatment of Shock

Shock is a final common pathway associated with regularly encountered emergencies including myocardial infarction, microbial sepsis, pulmonary embolism, significant trauma, and anaphylaxis. Shock results in impaired tissue perfusion, cellular hypoxia, and metabolic derangements that cause cellular injury. The clinical manifestations and prognosis of shock are largely dependent on the etiology and duration of insult. It is important that emergency physicians, familiar with the broad differential diagnosis of shock, be prepared to rapidly recognize, resuscitate, and target appropriate therapies aimed at correcting the underlying process. This article focuses on the basic pathophysiology of shock states and reviews the rationale regarding vasoactive drug therapy for cardiovascular support of shock within an emergency environment.
Long-lived solid state perchlorate ion selective sensor based on doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films

Abstract This work describes the development and fabrication of stable potentiometric solid state sensors for the perchlorate ion (ClO 4 − ) based on doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films. PEDOT, one of the most promising conducting polymers, is extremely stable in its oxidized state. Using PEDOT(ClO 4 − ) films as sensing material in ion selective electrodes presents a unique opportunity to create sensors having a longer lifetime compared to analogous sensors, such as those created using doped polypyrrole. Over the 8 month period of this study, the PEDOT(ClO 4 − ) sensors exhibited a stable, linear response spanning at least five orders of magnitude in concentration (1 M to 1 × 10 −5 M perchlorate) with near-Nernstian slopes approaching −59 mV/decade of ClO 4 − concentration and a limit of detection of 5 × 10 −6 M. Carbon fibers and pencil leads were employed as alternative and inexpensive substrates for EDOT polymerization, addressing problems with the sensor's form (miniature size, flexibility) and cost.
Comparison of oral and intramuscular preanesthetic medication for pediatric inpatient surgery

The child's fear of injections coupled with the concern that the psychologic advantage of intramuscular premedication may be all or in part negated by the trauma of injections prompted the authors to seek an oral preanesthetic medication to safely and reliably replace injections. The authors describe the results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing the pharmacologic effects of oral versus injectable preanesthetic medication in 67 healthy pediatric inpatients older than 1 yr. Children given the oral medication (meperidine 3.0 mg/kg, pentobarbital 4.0 mg/kg) were significantly more drowsy in the holding area (P less than 0.001) and more cooperative at the time of induction of anesthesia (P less than 0.01) than the children given intramuscular medication (morphine 0.1 mg/kg, pentobarbital 4.0 mg/kg). There were no other differences between the two groups. These data demonstrate that oral preanesthetic medication can be as or more effective compared with intramuscular medication in producing the desired effects without adverse side effects. As a result of this study, the benefits of preanesthetic medication can now be achieved in nearly all surgical patients without injections.
Effects of thiosulfate and tetrathionate on urease activity and seedling growth

Abstract Interest in use of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) in conjunction with urea as a fertilizer has been stimulated by reports that ATS retards hydrolysis of urea by soil urease. We recently found, however, that ATS significantly retarded urea hydrolysis in soil only when applied at very high rates (>2,500 (μg/g soil) that adversely affected seedling development. Because ATS is rapidly oxidized in soil, we compared the effects of thiosulfate and its oxidation products (tetrathionate, sulfite, and sulfate) on urea hydrolysis and seedling development in soil and hydrolysis of urea by jackbean urease. We found that the inhibitory effect of thiosulfate on urea hydrolysis in soil is due to tetrathionate formed by oxidation of thiosulfate and that both thiosulfate and tetrathionate have an adverse effect on seedling growth of wheat and corn in soil. Tetrathionate at concentrations of 2,500 and 5,000 μ.g/mL inhibited hydrolysis of urea by jackbean urease, whereas thiosulfate had no inhibitory effect at these con...
Comparative studies on the polypeptide composition of chloroplast lamellae and lamellar fractions.

Abstract The polypeptide composition of spinach chloroplast membranes and membrane fractions has been examined by the technique of sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chloroplasts were fragmented into grana (Photosystem II enriched) and stroma lamellae (Photosystem I in character) by the French press technique. The grana lamellae were futher fractionated by the use of digitonin into two fractions, one enriched in Photosystem II and the other enriched in Photosystem I. These membranes are composed of at least 15 polypeptides two of which, with approximate weights of 39 and 50 kdaltons, are observed only in granal fractions. Quantitatively the primarily Photosystem II fractions are enriched in polypeptides in the 30-23 kdalton range whereas the Photosystem I (or Photosystem I-enriched) fractions are enriched in polypeptides in the 60-54 kdalton region. The experiments reported show that contamination by soluble proteins or other membranes is negligible. The results indicate that subtle differences in composition account for the large differences in structure and function within the chloroplast membrane system.
Linear dimerization of acrylates by palladium and rhodium catalysts: effect of lewis and protic acid additives

Abstract The rates of catalytic dimerization of alkyl acrylates by PdCl 2 (NCPh) 2 and by [(C 2 H 4 )RhCl] 2 are greatly increased by the combination of a Lewis acid promoter and a proton source. For the rhodium systems, catalyst life was also enhanced and yields of up to 280 mol/mol Rh with > 98% selectivity to linear dialkyl hexenedioates have been observed. Optimal conditions involved the use of [(C 2 H 4 ) 2 RhCl] 2 , FeCl 3 and methanol in the proportions 1:5:10 at 80 °C. The isomeric composition of the product is markedly influenced by the combination of catalyst and promoter employed; either cis -Δ 2 , trans -Δ 2 , or trans -Δ 3 hexenedioate may predominate. Thus on changing the promoter from FeCl 3 to SnCl 4 in the Rh-catalyzed system, the product distribution changed from 85% trans -Δ 2 to 62% cis -Δ 2 hexene-dionate; certain Pd-catalyzed systems produced up to 60% of the isomeric Δ 3 hexenedioates.
A Universal Nonmonotonic Relationship between Gene Compactness and Expression Levels in Multicellular Eukaryotes

Analysis of gene architecture and expression levels of four organisms, Homo sapiens, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Arabidopsis thaliana, reveals a surprising, nonmonotonic, universal relationship between expression level and gene compactness. With increasing expression level, the genes tend at first to become longer but, from a certain level of expression, they become more and more compact, resulting in an approximate bell-shaped dependence. There are two leading hypotheses to explain the compactness of highly expressed genes. The selection hypothesis predicts that gene compactness is predominantly driven by the level of expression, whereas the genomic design hypothesis predicts that expression breadth across tissues is the driving force. We observed the connection between gene expression breadth in humans and gene compactness to be significantly weaker than the connection between expression level and compactness, a result that is compatible with the selection hypothesis but not the genome design hypothesis. The initial gene elongation with increasing expression level could be explained, at least in part, by accumulation of regulatory elements enhancing expression, in particular, in introns. This explanation is compatible with the observed positive correlation between intron density and expression level of a gene. Conversely, the trend toward increasing compactness for highly expressed genes could be caused by selection for minimization of energy and time expenditure during transcription and splicing and for increased fidelity of transcription, splicing, and/or translation that is likely to be particularly critical for highly expressed genes. Regardless of the exact nature of the forces that shape the gene architecture, we present evidence that, at least, in animals, coding and noncoding parts of genes show similar architectonic trends.
Swimming immobility and rat REM deprivation: A pilot study on time-delay effects

This paper helps to solve a practical problem in the ongoing sequential validation of an animal model concerned with emotionality and adaptation. The performance measure used involves the swimming activity level of rats on a series of trials. Earlier work with a different (open-field) measure had indicated that heightened activity might occur simply as a result of the REM-deprivation method that we use. A problem in evaluating that work, in the context of our own, is that it involves a very long time-delay interval. Our model is sufficiently complex to make that interval impractical for our use. Here we report a small sample evaluation that documents the effect seen earlier, but which also makes possible a more convenient time delay for future work.
Merging Physiological and Genetic Approaches to Improve Abiotic Stress Resistance

There is ample evidence for global warming and resulting climate change. To sustain food production in view of climate change, we need to improve resistance to abiotic stresses in commercially desired cultivars. Using potato as an example, a strategy is illustrated for such improvement by merging physiological and genetic approaches. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a cool-season crop, cultivated in the temperate zone in North America, Europe, and the highlands of South America, Africa, and Asia. In these areas, frost is often a major factor limiting potato production. Climate change models predict erratic weather patterns including more severe and untimely frost episodes. Cultivated potatoes are highly frost sensitive and are often killed when tissue temperatures fall below −3°C. Several wild potato species are frost tolerant. These species carry two desired traits: 1) They can survive temperatures as low as −6°C while growing under normal conditions (NAFT), and 2) they are able to acclimate in response ...
Survival and tag retention of pacific lamprey larvae and macrophthalmia marked with coded wire tags

Abstract We examined the survival, tag retention, and growth of Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata larvae and macrophthalmia marked with standard-length decimal coded wire tags and exposed to two levels of handling stress. The survival of marked individuals did not differ from that of unmarked individuals at either life stage for the duration of the experiment (56 d). Tag retention was 100% for all treatment combinations except larvae that were handled frequently (93 ± 3%). The majority of tag loss occurred within 28 d of marking, and no tag loss was observed between 42 and 56 d after marking. The individuals that lost tags were among the smallest marked, and a logistic regression model indicated a relationship between larva length and the probability of tag retention. Size of larvae (length and mass) and macrophthalmia (mass) decreased over the duration of the experiment; however, changes in size were systematic among treatment combinations, indicating that factors other than tagging or handling affecte...
A review of ASTM CHETAH 7.0 hazard evaluation criteria

Abstract ASTM Committee E-27 has recently released version 7.0 of the well-known ‘CHETAH’ hazard evaluation program. This is the first revision since version 4.4, second edition, was published in 1990. In this paper, we review CHETAH's hazard criteria and point out conceptual deficiencies in criteria 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Lp-norm estimation of non-linear systems

Weighted least squares and Lp-norm estimators of non-linear systems are compared in the context of fat-tailed mixtures of multinormal error distributions.
A qualitative analysis of the resistive grid kernel estimator

Abstract The ability to estimate a probability density function from random data has applications in discriminant analysis and pattern recognition problems. A resistive grid kernel estimator (RGKE) is described which is suitable for hardware implementation. The one-dimensional linear RGKE is compared to a kernel estimate using Gaussian kernels, and simulations are presented using both continuous and quantized data. The nonlinear form of the RGKE is shown to have desirable properties, such as the ability to detect discontinuities in the density function.
Conventional apheresis therapies: a review.

This article reviews advances in the scientific basis and medical practice of plasmapheresis and cytapheresis therapies. Newly-characterized autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica, Guillain-Barre variants, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) vasculitides, etc., exemplify the modern molecular biology which now provides a rigorous framework of understanding for the clinical practice of plasmapheresis. Clinical trials continue to clarify the appropriate use of therapeutic plasmapheresis (TPE) in these and other diseases. Centrifugal (cTPE) and membrane filtration (mTPE) types of plasmapheresis are compared, with details of the plasmapheresis prescription, anticoagulation choices, replacement fluids and other practical considerations. Plasma removal is more efficient with cTPE; mTPE systems have a lower plasma extraction ratio, and therefore require higher blood flow rates or longer procedure times. Autoantibodies and other pathogenic macromolecules targeted for removal by plasmapheresis can be depleted predictably when the plasma is discarded, as in conventional TPE. On-line plasma processing to regenerate the patient’s own plasma avoids the need for replacement albumin solutions or plasma transfusion, but is inherently less efficient at removing the target molecule, so usually requires a longer procedure. Therapeutic white cell reduction (leukapheresis), platelet reduction (thrombocytapheresis) and red cell exchange (erythrocytapheresis) require centrifugal apheresis systems. J. Clin. Apheresis 26:230–238, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Instructions and skill level influence reliability of dual-task performance in young adults

The purpose of this study was to assess the trial-to-trial repeatability of dual-task performance and establish the minimal detectable change (MDC95) of gait-related dual-task interference. Thirty-one healthy young adults (22.5, SD 2.1 years) performed texting and walking tasks in isolation (single-task) and in combination (dual-task). The dual-task was repeated with three different instructional sets regarding how attention should be prioritized (no-priority, gait-priority, texting-priority) in two different environments (low-distraction, high-distraction). Participants performed two trials for each condition. Trial-to-trial repeatability of gait speed, texting speed, texting accuracy, and the relative dual-task effects (DTE) on each was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients and standard error of measurement. MDC95 scores were also computed for each performance measure. Among young adults, reliability of gait speed in a challenging dual-task situation is excellent, even in a high-distraction environment. In the absence of specific task prioritization instructions, changes in dual-task gait speed greater than 0.15m/s or 11.9% DTE represent real change. Reliability of the more novel, non-gait task has poor to good reliability. Dual-task effects are more reliable when participants are given specific instructions about how to prioritize their attention. The findings also suggest that reliability of dual-task performance in a novel or challenging task is greater when individuals are more skilled at the task. Implications for clinical assessment of dual-task performance are discussed.
Plastic instability in amorphous selenium near its glass transition temperature

The deformation behavior of amorphous selenium near its glass transition temperature (31 °C) has been investigated by uniaxial compression and nanoindentation creep tests. Cylindrical specimens compressed at high temperatures and low strain rates deform stably into barrel-like shapes, while tests at low temperatures and high strain rates lead to fragmentation. These results agree well with stress exponent and kinetic activation parameters extracted from nanoindentation creep tests using a similarity analysis. The dependence of the deformation modes on temperature and strain rate can be understood as a consequence of material instability and strain localization in rate-dependent solids.