cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Irradiation on properties of cured ham

ABSTRACT: The quality characteristics of cured ham, treated with ionizing radiation (4.5 kGy) at different points in the curing process, were compared during a 90-d storage period. Irradiation treatments included irradiation of raw uncured ham, raw-cured ham, cured cooked ham, and a nonirradiated control. Irradiation processing increased lipid oxidation for all treatments. The raw-cured treatment resulted in significantly lower L* values compared with the control regardless of storage period. All treatments except for cured cooked ham had lower b* values over the storage period. Irradiation of cured cooked ham resulted in higher off-odor scores than all other treatments immediately following irradiation thus indicating a change in quality.
Effects of ambient DIN:DIP ratio on the nitrogen uptake of harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum and Prorocentrum donghaiense in turbidistat

The effects of varying nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) ratios on the growth and N-uptake and assimilation of the harmful dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and Prorocentrum donghaiense were examined in turbidistat culture experiments. Algal cultures were supplied with media containing PO43− in various concentrations to obtain a wide range of N:P ratios. Experiments to determine rates of N uptake and assimilation of different N sources (NO3−, NH4+, urea and glycine by P. minimum and NO3−, NH4+ by P. donghaiense) were conducted using 15N tracer techniques at each N:P ratio. The growth rates suggested nutrient limitation at both high and low N:P ratios relative to the Redfield ratio. On a diel basis, the growth of both species was regulated by the light-dark cycle, which may be a result of regulation of both lightdependent growth and light-independent nutrient uptake. Maximum growth rates of both species always occurred at the beginning of light phase. In P-rich medium (low N:P ratio), both species had higher N assimilation rates, suggesting N limitation. Low assimilation coefficients at high N:P ratios suggested P limitation of N uptake and assimilation. NO3− and NH4+ contributed more than 90% of the total N uptake of P. minimum. Reduced N sources were more quickly assimilated than NO3−. Highest average daily growth rates were recorded near an N:P ratio of 12 for both species. The N uptake rates of cultures at N:P ratios near Redfield ratio were more balanced with growth rates. The linkage between growth rates and N uptake/assimilation rates were conceptually described by the variation of cell N quota. The N:P ratios affect the N uptake and growth of Prorocentrum spp., and may regulate their bloom progression in eutrophic ecosystems.
Channel structures observed in natural diamonds, synthetic moissanite, and synthetic quartz

Internal growth and dissolution features are visual characteristics of some natural, synthetic, and treated gem materials. Open channels or need-like structures are occasionally observed in natural diamond, synthetic moissanite (SiC-6H), and chemically-etched synthetic colorless quartz. The distinguishing features among the channel structures in these materials are compared, and possible formation mechanisms of the channels associated with dislocations or dislocation bundles are discussed.
Flow Mapping and Modeling of Liquid-Solid Risers

The trend toward environmentally benign processing has resulted in novel chemistries and new reactor types. For alkylation of both aromatics and linear paraffins, with new solid acid catalysts, liquid−solid risers are one of the reactor types considered. As the fluid dynamics of liquid−solid risers is largely unknown, it has been investigated in this work in a 6-in.- (15-cm-) diameter “cold-flow” circulating fluidized-bed riser using noninvasive methods. The time-averaged solids holdup distribution is determined by γ-ray computed tomography (CT). The solids instantaneous and ensemble-averaged velocity patterns, as well as the solids residence time distribution in the riser, is obtained by computer-automated particle tracking (CARPT). Various measures of solids backmixing are evaluated including the eddy diffusivities and the overall axial dispersion coefficient. The obtained database is used for validation of a two-fluid Euler−Lagrange model, which is coupled with appropriate closures including the kineti...
A topological approach to Springer's representations

Let u be a unipotent element in a complex semisimple group G and let 3,, be the variety of Bore1 subgroups of G which contain u. In [4, 51, Springer has defined a representation of W, the Weyl group of G, on the homology of 2:, and showed how to decompose the Wrepresentation in the top homology of .53’U so that all irreducible representations of W are obtained. His mehod used etale cohomology of algebraic varieties in characteristic p. In this paper, we shall give an elementary construction (independent of a he conjectured that the representation in the top homology of 2 is the two-sided regular representation of W and showed how this could be used to prove the completeness of the set of W-representation in the top homologies of z#,,.
Toward sustainability: A case study demonstrating transdisciplinary learning through the selection and use of indicators in a decision-making process

The purpose of this article is to use a case study example to demonstrate how a transparent, transdisciplinary approach to decision making allows the US Environmental Protection Agency Region III (USEPA Region III) to fulfill its decision-making responsibilities while taking critical steps toward engaging in sustainability discussions. The case study goals were to use information about environmental condition to inform staff and fiscal resource prioritization and allocation for the federal 2010 fiscal year. This article will use a select group of 3 indicators to show 1) that data are not the same as indicators, 2) the feasibility of using disparate data in the same analysis, and 3) specific discussions about indicators can lead to transdisciplinary learning, supporting more informed decision making. We show that, when used in a transdisciplinary learning process, these indicator lessons provide a stepping stone for organizations like USEPA Region III to consider sustainability as more than just a lofty, ethical concept. Instead, these kinds of organizations can more routinely and substantively address sustainability through a progression of individual decisions. We discuss how sustainability can be linked to decision making through a process that requires stakeholders to articulate and confront their values. In this process, selecting indicators and understanding what those choices imply regarding the issues that are highlighted and the population affected is part of the assessment of environmental condition, which is the focus of the case study.
An overview approach to seismic awareness for a “quiescent” region

The Denver Region in Colorado, USA, is used as an example of the seismic vulnerability of a region that is not generally considered seismically active. The HAZUS (Hazards United States) natural hazard vulnerability program of United States and an integral geographical information system are used to create the regional distribution of Denver’s potential consequences of an earthquake. Two realistic scenario earthquakes are employed based on a detailed study of seismic activity in the region. Outcomes include casualties, displaced households, building damage by construction material type, hospital functionality, highway bridge functionality, and infrastructure recovery rates. Demographic information includes the use of public transportation, elderly population, and vulnerability based on education, income, and race. Additionally, the type and frequency of communication among key planning agencies and other organizations in the region are investigated through the use of personal interviews as well as a survey to determine the degree to which these agencies consider seismic risk in their communication and coordination planning.
Neural-specific deletion of FIP200 leads to cerebellar degeneration caused by increased neuronal death and axon degeneration

FIP200 (FAK family-interacting protein of 200 kDa) is a conserved protein recently identified as a potential mammalian counterpart of yeast autophagy protein Atg17. However, it remains unknown whether mammalian FIP200 regulates autophagy in vivo. Here we show that neural-specific deletion of FIP200 resulted in cerebellar degeneration accompanied by progressive neuronal loss, spongiosis, and neurite degeneration in the cerebellum. Furthermore, deletion of FIP200 led to increased apoptosis in cerebellum as well as accumulation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates without any deficiency in proteasome catalytic functions. We also observed an increased p62/SQSTM1 accumulation in the cerebellum and reduced autophagosome formation as well as accumulation of damaged mitochondria in the mutant mice. Lastly, analysis of cerebellar neurons in vitro showed reduced JNK activation and increased susceptibility to serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in cerebellar neurons from the mutant mice. Taken together, these results provide strong genetic evidence for a role of FIP200 in the regulation of neuronal homeostasis through its function in autophagy in vivo.
Satellite footprint to cultural lifelines: Sirius XM and the circulation of Canadian content

Satellite radio posed a new question for Canadian policy-makers: How to take advantage of a transnational radio service while ensuring cultural identity was not lost within channel offerings that are predominately American. Comparing the initial licensing of satellite radio in Canada (2005) to the merger of the services (2011) and the post-merger license renewal (2012) highlights a shift in the spatial understanding of satellite radio, from being determined by a satellite’s footprint to that of what I call ‘cultural lifelines,’ the various mobile devices and services that enable one to maintain connection to cultural content. Alongside shifting spatial considerations of satellite radio, Canadian content has increasingly been packaged as a brand or genre, catering to fragmented taste preferences and individual, mobile listening practices.
Learning by Consumers in the Demand for Japanese Cars

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of consumer learning over time on the demand for Japanese cars, using both a multinomial logit demand model and the Berry–Levinsohn–Pakes demand model (Econometrica, vol. 63, 1995, 841–90). The data suggest that learning about particular models, manufacturers, and Japanese cars as a group had a positive impact on the demand for individual models during the 1970s and 1980s.
Use of the New Zealand White rabbit in teratology: Incidence of spontaneous and drug-induced malformations

Cumulative data are presented on the occurrence of external, skeletal and visceral abnormalities in foetuses from teratology studies conducted in New Zealand White rabbits over a 10-yr period. The data, based on examinations of over 5500 control foetuses and 19,000 foetuses from treated dams, are derived from studies involving 58 compounds, five of which were judged to be teratogenic.
Lattice relaxation for normal muonium in diamond

The effects of symmetric lattice relaxation around the tetrahedral (T) and the hexagonal (H) interstitial sites are calculated for normal muonium (Mu) in diamond using the non-semiempirical method of Partial Retention of Diatomic Differential Overlap (PRDDO). We use clusters containing 3 and 4 host atom shells around the T and the H sites (C20H32 and C30H40). The only significant relaxations are the outward displacement of the 6 nearest neighbors (NN) to the H site and, when the muon is at the T site, the simultaneous outward displacement of the first and second NN to the T site. In the case of diamond, the effects of these relaxations on the energy profiles and spin densities are small.
Race, Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo, NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.
Coherent electronic coupling in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer

We present two-color pump-probe spectra of excitons and trions in monolayer MoSe2. Isolated spectral cross-peaks reveal coherent exciton-trion coupling due to many-body interactions. Density matrix calculations suggest the formation of a correlated exciton-trion state.
Differential expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) mRNAs are both expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, but the distribution of these two mRNAs differs markedly. Radiolabeled probes highly specific to ERalpha or ERbeta mRNAs were used for in situ hybridization studies; two antibodies specific to ERalpha protein were used for immunocytochemistry and specific primers were used for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies. These revealed that ERbeta mRNA is widely expressed in the DRG of both male and female rats, with virtually all neurons showing positive signals. In contrast, ERalpha mRNA, as well as nuclear localized ERalpha protein, is more restricted in its localization and is present in many, but not all, of the small-sized (<600 microm(2)) DRG neurons, but is only rarely present in larger neurons. The L6-S1 DRG levels, which contain sensory neurons that innervate reproductive tissues, are relatively enriched in ERalpha compared to L3-L5 DRG levels, which contain sensory neurons that innervate hind limb regions. Long-term estrogen treatment of ovariectomized rats (21-28 days) dramatically reduces immunocytochemically detectable ERalpha protein in the DRG relative to that in ovariectomized controls. RT-PCR studies also showed that long-term estrogen treatment of ovariectomized rats downregulates the levels of ERalpha mRNA, but upregulates the levels of ERbeta mRNA in the DRG. Interestingly, in intact cycling female rats, ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA levels in the DRG were both higher during proestrus compared to metestrus. These findings suggest that the changes in expression of estrogen receptors which occur dynamically during the estrus cycle differ from those induced by long-term estrogen treatment of ovariectomized animals.
A distinct class of peas ( Pisum sativum L.) from Afghanistan that show strain specificity for symbiotic Rhizobium

A distinct class of peas ( Pisum sativum L.) from Afghanistan that show strain specificity for symbiotic Rhizobium
Differential Prediction of Preparatory and Performance Self-Efficacy Judgments

This study examined the effects of self-efficacy in preparatory and performance contexts. We conducted a longitudinal study of 63 students' exam preparation and performance. Three waves of data were collected in conjunction with course exams. Within each wave, self-efficacy was assessed at 2 time points, 1 week before the exam (preparatory self-efficacy) and within the 24 hr preceding the exam (performance self-efficacy). We expected preparatory and performance self-efficacy to predict exam preparation and performance, respectively. Multilevel analysis revealed that the effects of preparatory self-efficacy depended on the level of analysis, but performance self-efficacy had positive effects on exam performance at the between- and within-person levels of analysis. Our results suggest that timing of self-efficacy assessment matters as the effects of self-efficacy depend on the context.
Fracture toughness and micromechanics in a V4Cr4Ti alloy

Abstract Fracture toughness as a function of test temperature was determined for a V4Cr4Ti alloy under both static and dynamic conditions using relatively small, one-third-sized, pre-cracked Charpy specimens. These data were supplemented by optical, scanning electron and confocal microscopy and fracture reconstruction methods. Specimens showed a transition to cleavage-initiated fracture at temperatures above −150°C for dynamic test conditions and below −150°C for static test conditions. However, the cleavage cracks were arrested, and final failure, if any, occurred by ductile tearing of the remaining ligament. This behavior is consistent with the relatively low strength of this alloy combined with the small dimensions of the sample, which enhanced deformation-induced changes in the geometry and decrease constraint on the crack front. Hence, it should be expected that larger specimen sizes and/or higher strengths will result in a transition from ductile to cleavage fracture at a higher temperature.
The body as enemy in obese patients: Physician entanglement

That chronically obese people disown their bodies and perceive them as agencies outside the self and not subject to ordinary ego-executive functions has been amply documented.'-) In discussing her concept of ownership of the body, Bruch' demonstrates how the obese lack subjective perceptions of hunger and satiety and use externalization as a defense to avoid responsibility for their eating and its consequences. Stunkard2.) has made similar observations. Glucksman.5 pointed out that this denial of responsibility can reach quasidelusional proportions. The perception that the body functions entirely in accordance with its own rules, which have no physiologic basis, and that its functioning is altogether unconnected with any activity of the self (notably eating and exercising) can be unshakable. These authors, however, have not commented on a related finding that seems regularly, if not inevitably, associated with the externalization, namely that the externalized body-image is then perceived as inimical and an adversarial relationship is developed by the self against it. Just as the defense of externalization subserves the need to avoid responsibility, its further transformation into a hostile encounter subserves the need to alleviate impaired self-esteem by displacing self-loathing onto an external agency. And just as effective psychotherapy fosters a sense ofownership, or repossession, of the body, it also promotes a feeling of friendly alliance between selfand body, or, most favorably, a sense of "loving" one's body. This dynamic process of disowning the body and
Sudden cardiac death: Lessons from multicenter clinical trials

Sudden cardiac death is a major epidemiologic problem that accounts for 300,000 to 400,000 deaths in the United States yearly. Most patients die from a sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia and nearly all patients have some form of heart disease, usually coronary artery disease. There are many pathophysiologic mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation, including such disparate etiologies as ischemia and long QT syndrome. Appropriate treatment of survivors of cardiac arrest is critical to prevent recurrent episodes. The diverse etiologies preclude a single approach to this problem, and the assessment and treatment of these patients must be done on an individual basis. Importantly, most patients do not survive their first episode of cardiac arrest; therefore, prospective data are needed to identify patients at high risk for sudden cardiac death. The ‘best” approach to identify the patient at high risk for sudden cardiac death, or to treat survivors of cardiac arrest, has not yet been determined. Controlled clinical trials yield important information regarding treatment strategies. Several such trials have been completed or are ongoing in patients who have sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias or who are considered at high risk for sudden death. The purpose of this symposium was to review information from these trials to determine how they have affected clinical practice or might alter treatment strategies in the future. Senior investigators with substantial experience in randomized clinical trials were asked to provide a manuscript for publication. Dr. Camm presents his heuristic views on clinical trials of arrhythmia management. He reminds us that the data from randomized clinical trials notwithstanding, personal experience and information from nonrandomized trials are also useful in making clinical decisions for patients. He raises issues regarding the scope of any single trial and the appropriateness of the endpoints selected. A detailed discussion of enrollment bias is presented with specific examples from the literature. The interpretation of clinical trials is also reviewed. Dr. Camm discusses important questions concerning extrapolation of data from a
A feedback-controlled interface for treadmill locomotion in virtual environments

Virtual environments (VEs) allow safe, repeatable, and controlled evaluations of obstacle avoidance and navigation performance of people with visual impairments using visual aids. Proper simulation of mobility in a VE requires an interface, which allows subjects to set their walking pace. Using conventional treadmills, the subject can change their walking speed by pushing the tread with their feet, while leveraging handrails or ropes (self-propelled mode). We developed a feedback-controlled locomotion interface that allows the VE workstation to control the speed of the treadmill, based on the position of the user. The position and speed information is also used to implement automated safety measures, so that the treadmill can be halted in case of erratic behavior.We compared the feedback-controlled to the self-propelled mode by using speed-matching tasks (follow a moving object or match the speed of an independently moving scene) to measure the efficacy of each mode in maintaining constant subject position, subject control of the treadmill, and subject pulse rates. In addition, we measured the perception of speed in the VE on each mode.The feedback-controlled mode required less physical exertion than self-propelled. The average position of subjects on the feedback-controlled treadmill was always within a centimeter of the desired position. There was a smaller standard deviation in subject position when using the self-propelled mode than when using the feedback-controlled mode, but the difference averaged less than 6 cm across all subjects walking at a constant speed. Although all subjects underestimated the speed of an independently moving scene at higher speeds, their estimates were more accurate when using the feedback-controlled treadmill than the self-propelled.
New Materialisms, Old Humanisms, or, Following the Submersible

The question of how we should relate to that which we cannot control is still up for grabs, and as this question has become displaced, along with the wilderness, into the ocean deeps and the depths...
Stability and 3-D spatial dynamics analysis of a three cable crane

A 3-cable crane mechanism has been designed for incorporation into a highly loaded Lunar crane for planetary construction. This 3-cable crane must maintain a positive stability margin in all phases of the loading/unloading, assembly, or installation operations. A 2D kinematic curvature theory is applied to: (1) derive a general stability criterion to prevent the 3-cable crane from instability; and (2) determine a simple equation of natural frequency for two planar models of 3-cable crane. Investigation of the 2D vibrational characteristics of the planar models provides valuable insight toward understanding of 3D dynamic behavior of the 3-cable crane. Also, precision in natural frequency from this simple kinematic equation due to the exclusion of the radius-of-gyration of a suspended article is discussed. Multibody dynamics of the 3D 3-cable crane is presented and simulated to study the resulting vibrational characteristics under external disturbances and to verify the feasibility of the stability criterion for the 3-cable crane.
Modeling the Combined Influence of Host Dispersal and Waterborne Fate and Transport on Pathogen Spread in Complex Landscapes

Environmental models, often applied to questions on the fate and transport of chemical hazards, have recently become important in tracing certain environmental pathogens to their upstream sources of contamination. These tools, such as first-order decay models applied to contaminants in surface waters, offer promise for quantifying the fate and transport of pathogens with multiple environmental stages and/or multiple hosts, in addition to those pathogens whose environmental stages are entirely waterborne. Here we consider the fate and transport capabilities of the human schistosome Schistosoma japonicum, which exhibits two waterborne stages and is carried by an amphibious intermediate snail host. We present experimentally derived dispersal estimates for the intermediate snail host and fate and transport estimates for the passive downstream diffusion of cercariae, the waterborne, human-infective parasite stage. Using a one-dimensional advective transport model exhibiting first-order decay, we simulate the added spatial reach and relative increase in cercarial concentrations that dispersing snail hosts contribute to downstream sites. Simulation results suggest that snail dispersal can substantially increase the concentrations of cercariae reaching downstream locations, relative to no snail dispersal, effectively putting otherwise isolated downstream sites at increased risk of exposure to cercariae from upstream sources. The models developed here can be applied to other infectious diseases with multiple life-stages and hosts, and have important implications for targeted ecological control of disease spread.
Responding to Work-Force Diversity Conceptualization and Search for Paradigms

Research in business disciplines about work-force diversity has been inadequate in terms of precise conceptualization and theoretical grounding. Two psychological paradigms from training literature (cognitive and affective) are examined here, but, because of their inability to explain the sources and significance of organization-level change, sociological paradigms about dominance and intergroup dynamics are presented as viable theoretical supplements. Substantive sharing of power with diverse or nontraditional employees hitherto marginalized in U.S. organizations is proposed as one potentially effective response to managing work-force diversity. Systemwide structural changes in U.S. organizations of today are recommended for optimizing diversity.
Cyber security of the railway signalling & control system

As the railway further develops into the 21st century, the signalling and control system increasingly represents an Industrial Control System (ICS) including elements of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. Due to the incorporation of common communications protocols and networking devices the system is vulnerable to cyber attacks, such as viruses, hackers, organised criminals and state-sponsored groups. Mitigation measures including a robust security strategy, collaboration with government departments, and technological, social and procedural countermeasures should be in place.
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome: Somesthetic vs visual perceptual disturbance

In 1955, English psychiatrist John Todd (1914-1987) described Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) as self-experienced paroxysmal body image illusions involving distortions of the size, mass, or shape of the patient's own body or its position in space, often occurring with depersonalization and derealization.(1) Todd named AIWS for the perceptual disorder of altered body image experienced by the protagonist in the novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), written by Lewis Carroll(2) (the pseudonym of Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson [1832-1898]), possibly based in part on Dodgson's own migrainous experiences.(3) In the story, Alice followed a talking white rabbit down a rabbit hole and then experienced several dramatic changes in her own body size and shape (e.g., shrinking to 10 inches high, growing unnaturally large, and growing unnaturally tall but not any wider).(2) Although Todd's report was the most influential, Lippman(4) provided an earlier description in 1952. In Lippman's article, one of the patients reported feeling short and wide as she walked, and referenced Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in regard to her body image illusions, referring to them as a "Tweedledum" or "Tweedledee" feeling.
Adenine-Containing DNA−DNA Cross-Links of Antitumor Nitrogen Mustards

Nitrogen mustards (NMs) are useful chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and ovarian carcinoma. The antitumor activity of NMs has been attributed to their ability to cross-link the twin strands of DNA. The resulting bifunctional lesions, if not repaired, can inhibit DNA replication and transcription, eventually leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and the inhibition of tumor growth. The predominant bifunctional DNA lesions of NM have been reported to involve the distal guanine bases in the opposite strands of 5‘-GNC sequences. In the present work, the formation of guanine−adenine and adenine−adenine adducts of N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine (mechlorethamine) in double-stranded DNA is demonstrated. Guanine−adenine cross-links of mechlorethamine were identified as N-(2-[N3-adenyl]ethyl)-N-(2-[N7-guanyl]ethyl)methylamine (N3A-N7G-EMA), N-(2-[N1-adenyl]ethyl)-N-(2-[N7-guanyl]ethyl)methylamine, and N-(2-[N6-adenyl]ethyl)-N-(2-[N7-guanyl]ethyl)methylamine. All ...
A case-study approach to introducing engineering students to nontechnical wastewater engineering constraints: Comparison across courses and controls

By studying closed-ended technical problems, senior undergraduate and early graduate students may not appreciate critical interrelations between technical and nontechnical aspects of engineering in both the developed and developing world. To address this gap, a team of engineering and liberal arts faculty created a module on sanitation engineering for the developing world. Two different faculty teams subsequently implemented the module in two different senior/graduate level courses to test transferability. In both courses, students were assigned a semester-long design project, on which they worked in teams to design a sanitation solution for a small remote local community. In addition, students developed case studies as a means to broaden and deepen their understanding of nontechnical issues of wastewater engineering. Based on design project reports and tests administered before and after case-study development, significant increases were observed in student understanding of technical and nontechnical sanitation issues in both courses. In contrast, a control group showed no significant change. This paper presents a detailed statistical and qualitative analysis of the module's impact in two different classroom implementations and compares these results with a control group.
Oakeshott's concept of ideology

Michael Oakeshott's critique of ‘political rationalism’ is often regarded as a unique contribution to the study of 20th-century ‘ideologies.’ But, in fact, Oakeshott understood rationalism and ideology as distinct phenomena. This article exposes the essence of each in Oakeshott's writings, analyses their complex relationship and shows how far back in human history they reached. Neither was, for Oakeshott, distinctly modern. In fact, he traced ideology and rationalism alike to the birth of philosophy in ancient Greece, even while he acknowledged important differences in their ancient and modern manifestations. Oakeshott's outlook with respect to these phenomena was significantly more pessimistic than that of other 20th-century analysts. He did not think our problems were easily curable. He did, however, harbour some hope (albeit dreamy) that in the domain of politics in particular, the metaphor of ‘conversation’ might somehow loosen the grip of ideological thought and action.
Eruptive xanthoma: a microscopic simulant of granuloma annulare

The microscopic appearance of eruptive xanthoma (EX) presents the potential for misinterpretation as granuloma annulare (GA). Both exhibit one or multiple lesions in the superficial reticular dermis. Both have a perivascular and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltrate. Extracellular lipid in EX separates and disrupts the reticular dermis, simulating necrobiosis. There are several useful differential diagnostic features. The perivascular infiltrate is histiocytic in EX and lymphoid in GA. The histiocytes of EX have translucent, finely stippled cytoplasm, whereas those of GA have denser eosinophilic cytoplasm. EX lacks a distinctly granulomatous appearance, whereas epithelioid and multinuclear cells arc typical of GA. The semilucent extracellular deposits of lipid in EX are associated with only minimal fragmentation of collagen and no evidence of cellular necrosis. Necrobiotic material stains more deeply eosinophilic or basophilic; degradation of collagen is discern-able, and there is often evidence of cell death. Both EX and GA exhibit deposits of hyaluronic acid. They tend to be concentrated at the borders of lesions in EX and in the centers of lesions in GA. Elastolysis was not appreciated in EX. It was present in some eases of GA.
Effect of Endophytic Fungi on Herbivory by Redlegged Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on Arizona Fescue

We tested the hypothesis that an endophytic fungus, Acremonium starrii (White & Morgan–Jones), deters redlegged grasshoppers, Melanoplus femurrubrum (De Geer), from feeding on Arizona fescue, Festuca arizonica (Vasey), a native grass. Arizona fescue plants were screened and classified according to their level of endophyte infection. In the laboratory, we presented grasshoppers with grass clippings from plants of high or low endophyte infection levels either simultaneously (choice) or separately (no choice), and we measured the amount of each eaten by the grasshoppers. In the field, we monitored the mass of grasshoppers placed in cages built around plants of high or low levels of infection. In all cases, we found that grasshoppers consumed similar amounts of grasses with high and low infection levels, contrary to the prediction that endophytic fungi deter herbivores. Our results question whether the A. starrii endophyte alters the interactions of native populations of Arizona fescue with a native grasshopper.
Far infrared circumstellar “Debris” shells of red supergiant stars

Examination of IRAS data on late type evolved stars suggests that there is yet another transition line, between chromospheres and dust, which lies above and to the right of corona-wind transitions in the HR Diagram. The IRAS 60 µm data also appears to indicate the existence of very cool material extending tens of thousands of stellar radii around red supergiant stars. These circumstellar debris shells may prove useful in the analysis of the history of mass loss in given objects and larger scale galactic trends, such as metallicity.
Antimicrobial therapy in infants and children: update 1976-1985. Part I.

Considering the great popularity of amoxicillin in the treatment of many common infections of childhood, it is not surprising that several drugs with similar properties have been developed. Of these, two are available in the United States: cyclacillin and bacampicillin. Both are designed for oral use. Bacampicillin and cyclacillin produce higher peak serum levels than amoxicillin when given in equivalent dosage. The serum half-life of cyclacillin is considerably shorter than that of amoxicillin, whereas that of bacampicillin is longer. ~-3 In vitro, cyclacillin is consistently less active than amoxicillin. Bacampicillin, once absorbed, is hydrolyzed to ampicitlin; its activity is therefore identical. Because cyclacillin is less active than either amoxicillin or bacampicillin, the higher peak serum levels do not translate into better clinical responses; cyclacillin is approximately equal in efficacy to amoxicillin, although it produces a slightly lower incidence of diarrhea. Bacampicillin is associated with the lowest incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, which suggests its use in the occasional child who always develops diarrhea when taking amoxicillin. This advantage has a price: bacampicillin costs at least three times as much as amoxicillin. The cost of cyclacillin is only modestly more than that of branded anaoxicillin, but in no situation is cyclacillin preferred. If these penicillins are considered in the sequential parenteral-oral therapy of serious infection, the lower activity and shorter half-life of cyclacillin suggest that it should not be used for that purpose. Both amoxicillin and bacampicillin have been used to treat serious infections, but have not been compared in controlled studies.
Nanostructured Sn–Ti–C composite anodes for lithium ion batteries

Abstract Nanostructured Sn–Ti–C composites have been synthesized by a facile, inexpensive high energy mechanical milling process and investigated as an anode material for lithium-ion cells. Characterization data collected with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal an uniform dispersion of Sn nanoparticles within the conductive, amorphous (or poorly crystalline) TiC + C matrix. Among the three Sn–Ti–C compositions investigated, the Sn 11 Ti 31 C 58 composite exhibits the best electrochemical performance, with a capacity of ∼370 mAh/g and excellent capacity retention over 300 cycles studied. It also exhibits excellent cycle life with LiMn 2 O 4 spinel cathode, suggesting a tolerance of the Sn–Ti–C anodes toward poisoning by the manganese leached out from the spinel cathode. The superior electrochemical performance of Sn 11 Ti 31 C 58 composite is attributed to a homogeneous distribution of the electrochemically active amorphous Sn, suppression of Sn grain growth, and the mechanical buffering effect provided by the conductive TiC + C matrix toward the volume expansion-contraction occurring during cycling.
Iron chelation in myocardial preservation after ischemia-reperfusion injury: The importance of pretreatment and toxicity

Oxygen-derived free radicals have been implicated in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. It has been proposed that deferoxamine, an iron chelator, improves myocardial preservation by reducing the iron-catalyzed production of the hydroxyl radical. The objectives of this study were to define the appropriate timing of iron chelation therapy and the dose-response properties of deferoxamine. Isolated working rat hearts were subjected to 25 minutes of normothermic global ischemia. Deferoxamine was given as pretreatment (n = 39; doses of 10 or 30 mg/kg), added to cardioplegic solution (n = 43; doses 0.46 to 1.90 mmol/L), or administered upon reperfusion (n = 52; doses 0.15 to 0.76 mmol/L) and compared with saline controls (n = 25). Deferoxamine pretreatment improved survival at each dose from a control value of 44% to 71% and 72% (p less than 0.05), respectively. A cardioplegia dose of 0.46 mmol/L improved survival from 48% to 75%. Higher doses reduced survival and implied a toxic effect. Reperfusion therapy did not alter survival. Regardless of time of administration, deferoxamine did not improve ventricular function or adenosine triphosphate levels. Deferoxamine given as pretreatment 1 hour before ischemia at doses of 30 mg/kg, and perhaps as low as 10 mg/kg, significantly improved survival. The addition of deferoxamine to cardioplegic solution was safe and may be protective at approximately 0.50 mmol/L; however, toxicity should be considered at concentrations greater than 0.76 mmol/L. These data support the postulate that iron catalysis is involved in the production of oxygen-derived free radicals during ischemia-reperfusion injury. We conclude that pretreatment before ischemia is an important component of iron chelation therapy in myocardial preservation.
UNDERSTANDING COMBUSTION PROCESSES THROUGH MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH

A review of research on the effects of gravity on combustion processes is presented, with an emphasis on a discussion of the ways in which reduced-gravity experiments and modeling has led to new understanding. Comparison of time scales shows that the removal of buoyancy-induced convection leads to manifestations of other transport mechanisms, notably radiative heat transfer and diffusional processes such as Lewis number effects. Examples from premixed-gas combustion, non-premixed gas-jet flames, droplet combustion, flame spread over solid and liquid fuels, and other fields are presented. Promising directions for new research are outlined, the most important of which is suggested to be radiative reabsorption effects in weakly burning flames.
Women's Contributions to Instructional Technology Journals.

Eleven leading instructional technology journals were examined to determine the percentage of articles written by women during a five-year period, 1988–1992. In addition, where women were either first or second author, the articles were analyzed to identify their main topic and categorized based on the categories used by Ely (1992) in determining the trends of the field. Results of this study indicate that the percentage of women publishing in journals in instructional technology showed no indication of consistency or trends of increase or decrease over the five-year period and averaged 34%, with an annual mean ranging from 27% to 54%. Content analysis revealed that women's publications in instructional technology journals were primarily of a technological nature in educational contexts.
Bound to guide: A surprising, preattentive role for conjunctions in visual search

According to Guided Search (and similar models), features are only conjoined once an object is attended. This assertion is supported by many experiments: e.g. conjunctions of features do not pop-out in visual search and observers are poor at judging proportions of different types of conjunctions in displays. Thus, observers appear to be insensitive to the preattentive conjunctions of features. Now, consider two versions of a triple conjunction search for red, vertical rectangular targets among distractors that could be red, green, or blue; vertical, horizontal, or oblique; and rectangular, oval, or jagged. In one condition, all 26 possible distractor types are present on each trial (set sizes: 27 and 54). In the other condition, only three distractor types are present (e.g., red oblique ovals, jagged green verticals, and blue horizontal rectangles). Critically, in each condition, each feature is evenly distributed in the display: i.e. 1/3 of items are red, 1/3 green, 1/3 blue, and similarly for orientation and shape. Since the preattentive feature maps are identical in both conditions, search performance should not differ. However, RTs are faster for the condition with only three distractor types (Grand means: 625msec vs. 835msec). How can we explain this? Perhaps the easier search was done by selecting one feature (e.g. red items) and looking for an oddball in that subset. However, in a control experiment, when the target was defined as the oddball in the otherwise homogeneous red subset, search was ~200msec slower than in the three distractor condition. Alternatively, it may be possible to reject groups of identical items even if the group is defined conjunctively. Regardless of the explanation, these data show that the preattentive conjunction of basic features speeds search even though explicit appreciation of conjunctions requires attention.
Driving Force and Isotope Dependence of the Kinetics of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Oxoruthenium(IV) Polypyridyl Complexes

The kinetics of the comproportionation reaction of Ru(tpy)(bpy)O2+ and Ru(tpy)(bpy)OH22+ to produce Ru(tpy)(bpy)OH2+ were evaluated in a series of complexes that were substituted on the 4‘ position...
Semiclassical quantization of the vibration‐rotation problem

A semiclassical quantization of rigid bender H2O with a single bending vibration coupled to three dimensional rotation is presented. Angular momentum conservation reduces this problem to two degrees of freedom. An efficient new algorithm is developed for EBK semiclassical quantization in two dimensions, and a tunneling approximation used to generate asymmetry splitting. This technique reproduces to within 1% the level shifts due to vibration‐rotation interaction for j=3,10 and nv from 0 to 3 and is successful where the usual approximate quantum (centrifugal distortion) treatment of these interactions fails.
An “actual” problem: Another issue of apples and oranges

When deliberating on replacement heart valves, two important questions spring to mind. One is, “How does the replacement valve perform in terms of time-related probability of occurrence of failure and other complications attributable to the device itself?” Answering this question is the basis for making valid comparisons among different types and models of prosthesis. The second is, “How likely is it that a patient with a replacement device will survive to experience a given device-related complication?” Because the make-up (patient mix or profile) of various groups of patients receiving heart valves differs with respect to risk factors for mortality, the number of patients living to experience a given complication will differ and will not be comparable, even though the attributes of the device remain the same. Clearly these two questions differ, as do their answers; one addresses intrinsic properties of the device; the other places these properties into the context of specific patients or groups of patients. One is apple, the other is orange, and they are not to be confused. Actuarial analysis, whether by the life table method, Kaplan-Meier product limit calculation, or a number of other variants, was originally introduced to assess survival probability in a population where not everybody is dead at the time of inquiry. The method offered itself as eminently suitable when the time-related assessment of non-fatal events became a necessity. In this case, however, there is a caveat. Due to its underlying statistical and mathematical basis, actuarial assessment of a non-fatal event assumes that the entire patient population will live forever. At first blush, this assumption is preposterous— nobody lives forever! However, it may not seem so preposterous if stated in another, completely equivalent way: “We assume that patients who die before a non-fatal event occurs were just as likely, while they were alive, as anybody else to have experienced that event, even though they didn’t.” Now, that sounds more sensible, doesn’t it? Why should we be interested in this? One of the most useful strategies for laboratory investigation of a complex phenomenon is to hold all things constant and vary one thing at a time. Thus, if there are many reactions competing for a single substrate and we want to understand the characteristics of one of the reactions, we design the experiment to stop all other reactions except the one of interest. Patients are mortal, and their life and well-being are threatened continuously by a broad number of conditions, just as in an uncontrolled laboratory study. A replacement valve is only one of these conditions thrown into an environment of multiple competing risks. Despite this, can we isolate the properties of the device, holding all these competing risks constant, as in a controlled environ-