cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of Sulfhydryl and Disulfide Groups in Milk by the p-Chloromercuribenzoate-Dithizone Method

Abstract Estimations reported for −SH and −SS− in milk have differed because of variations in methodology and milk composition. For these reasons the p-chloromercuribenzoate-dithizone (PCMB-D) method of Fridovich and Handler (Anal. Chem., 29:1219. 1957.) was adapted to milk. This method is simple, rapid, of high reproducibility, and yielded 2 m -SH and 3 m -SS- per mol wt of 35,000 for β -lactoglobulin. The values for raw milk were 0.16±0.02 and 0.97±0.06, and for sterile concentrated milk they were 0.27±0.012 and 2.69±0.05mm per liter of -SH and −SS−, respectively. Maximal −SH and −SS− were obtained simultaneously with 6-8 m urea; whereas, 0.25% sodium lauryl sulfate increased -SH, but larger amounts decreased it. When cysteine and cystine were added to milk, their recoveries were 94.4±1.1% and 98.3±4.6%, respectively. A plot of PCMB versus decrease in OD at 620m μ , was linear up to 11mm per liter of PCMB. Absorbence for the PCMB-D reaction with and without urea revealed no significant differences within 350 to 750m μ .
Rail-to-rail input stages: A voltage-mode design technique and a figure-of-merit

The proliferation of battery — operated devices has called for lower supply voltages. Shorter channel lengths and the need for lower supply voltages have made analog design more challenging than ever before. Newer design requirements have also called for a fair comparison metric. This paper evaluates existing CMOS rail-to-rail input stages and introduces a new voltage-mode design technique for CMOS rail-to-rail input stages. Moreover, it establishes a figure-of-merit to assess the overall performance of CMOS rail-to-rail input stages, particularly in low voltage applications. This figure-of-merit, accounts for transconductance variations, input common mode range achieved and power consumption.
Route planning under uncertainty: the Canadian traveller problem

The Canadian Traveller problem is a stochastic shortest paths problem in which one learns the cost of an edge only when arriving at one of its endpoints. The goal is to find an optimal policy that minimizes the expected cost of travel. The problem is known to be #P-hard. Since there has been no significant progress on approximation algorithms for several decades, we have chosen to seek out special cases for which exact solutions exist, in the hope of demonstrating techniques that could lead to further progress. Applying a mix of techniques from algorithm analysis and the theory of Markov Decision Processes, we provide efficient exact algorithms for directed acyclic graphs and (undirected) graphs of disjoint paths from source to destination with random two-valued edge costs. We also give worst-case performance analysis and experimental data for two natural heuristics.
A review of elementary school-based substance use prevention programs: identifying program attributes

This article takes a systematic approach to reviewing substance use prevention programs introduced in elementary school (K-6th grade). Previous studies evaluating such programs among elementary school students showed mixed effects on subsequent substance use and related psychosocial factors. Thirty published evaluation studies of 24 elementary school-based substance use prevention programs were reviewed. The study selection criteria included searching for program evaluations from 1980 to 2008. Among 27 evaluation studies that examined program effects on substance use, 56% (n = 15) found significant decreases. In addition, programs most often demonstrated effects on increasing negative substance use attitudes, increasing knowledge, decreasing perceptions of prevalence rates (i.e., descriptive norms), and improving resistance skills. These results have implications for the appropriateness and value of introducing substance use prevention programs to youth in elementary school.
A graph-based algorithm for multi-target tracking with occlusion

Multi-target tracking plays a key role in many computer vision applications including robotics, human-computer interaction, event recognition, etc., and has received increasing attention in past several years. Starting with an object detector is one of many approaches used by existing multi-target tracking methods to create initial short tracks called tracklets. These tracklets are then gradually grouped into longer final tracks in a heirarchical framework. Although object detectors have greatly improved in recent years, these detectors are far from perfect and can fail to detect the object of interest or identify a false positive as the desired object. Due to the presence of false positives or mis-detections from the object detector, these tracking methods can suffer from track fragmentations and identity switches. To address this problem, we formulate multi-target tracking as a min-cost flow graph problem which we call the average shortest path. This average shortest path is designed to be less biased towards the track length. In our average shortest path framework, object misdetection is treated as an occlusion and is represented by the edges between track-let nodes across non consecutive frames. We evaluate our method on the publicly available ETH dataset. Camera motion and long occlusions in a busy street scene make ETH a challenging dataset. We achieve competitive results with lower identity switches on this dataset as compared to the state of the art methods.
Advancing Outcome Measures for the New Era of Drug Development in Cystic Fibrosis

The growing pipeline of candidate drugs for cystic fibrosis (CF) is challenging clinical trial research. There has been a shift from evaluating drugs aimed at treating the secondary manifestations of CF to evaluating drugs targeted toward the primary prevention of chronic lung disease. As CF is an orphan disease, there is a fundamental need to assess new therapies efficiently and accurately by mechanisms that best use the number of available patients. This need can be addressed with the continued advancement and refinement of CF outcome measures. We begin by presenting an overview of the outcome measures currently used in CF clinical studies, defined and categorized in terms of one of the three main classes of endpoints: clinical efficacy measures, surrogate endpoints, and biomarkers. To move forward efficiently, clinical research in CF is dependent on the development of new outcomes able to capture biologic and clinical response to novel therapeutic approaches. We conclude with a discussion of the criteria by which all new outcome measures should be evaluated. A systematic, rigorous approach to outcome measure development is needed to provide the tools necessary for evaluating new therapies and moving drugs out of the pipeline and into the CF clinic.
High power density superconducting motor for all-electric aircraft propulsion

NASA conducts and funds research to advance the state of the art in aeronautics, including improvements in aircraft design leading to enhanced performance in areas such as noise, emissions, and safety. A particular initiative involves development of an all-electric aircraft requiring significant improvements in certain technologies. NASA has started a new project with one of the objectives being the development of enabling technologies for an all-electric aircraft. Electrical aeropropulsion requires the design of more compact and efficient electrical motors. In order to increase the power density, the weight/size must be minimized and the air gap flux density must increase significantly: the use of superconducting materials is an obvious choice. Existing HTS motors are proof-of-principle demonstrators and exhibit power densities lower than 1 HP/lb, which is too low to be considered in mobile systems. This paper deals with a preliminary electromagnetic design of a 200 HP high temperature superconducting motor optimized in terms of power density. The presented configuration is a synchronous motor with a nonconventional topology enhanced by HTS bulk material. The design targets the Cessna 172 propulsion requirements that are 200 HP at 2700 RPM.
Moral Development in Adolescence

Themes in the papers in this special issue of the JRA on moral development are identified. We discuss the intersection of moral development research with policy concerns, the distinctive qualities of moral life in adolescence that warrant investigation, the multiple connotations of “moral,” the methods typical of moral development research, and the influences that shape adolescent moral development. Suggestions are made for new methods and new directions in the study of moral development.
Pulmonary hypertension in extremely low birth weight infants: characteristics and outcomes.

Background To determine the characteristics and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants.
BIOCHEMICAL TESTING OF THYROID FUNCTION

Various published guidelines recommending serum thyrotropin (TSH)-first thyroid testing are outlined. The entities called "subclinical hypothyroidism" and "subclinical hyperthyroidism" are defined on the basis of abnormal TSH concentrations and normal values of other biochemical thyroid tests. The controversies about follow-up and treatment of these disorders are discussed. The laboratory experience of Mayo Clinic Rochester in using TSH-first thyroid testing and the subsequent implementation of a thyroid test ordering cascade are presented. Finally, recommendations are given for further optimizing laboratory testing for thyroid disorders.
Benefit of the doubt: a new view of the role of the prefrontal cortex in executive functioning and decision making

The False Tagging Theory (FTT) is a neuroanatomical model of belief and doubt processes that proposes a single, unique function for the prefrontal cortex. Here, we review evidence pertaining to the FTT, the implications of the FTT regarding fractionation of the prefrontal cortex, and the potential benefits of the FTT for new neuroanatomical conceptualizations of executive functions. The FTT provides a parsimonious account that may help overcome theoretical problems with prefrontal cortex mediated executive control such as the homunculus critique. Control in the FTT is examined via the “heuristics and biases” psychological framework for human judgment. The evidence indicates that prefrontal cortex mediated doubting is at the core of executive functioning and may explain some biases of intuitive judgments
Review of sentinel lymph node credentialing: how many cases are enough?

Multiple studies have shown sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) to be an accurate method of assessing the status of the axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. There are several advantages of SLNB over the traditional axillary dissection including a less invasive surgical procedure, elimination of postoperative drainage of the axilla, less patient discomfort, and decreased incidence in lymphedema or neurovascular injury. The SLNB can often be performed in an outpatient setting without the use of general anesthesia. This technique is rapidly becoming the new standard of care in the treatment of women with breast cancer and is replacing axillary dissection in many patients. This review summarizes the current recommendations in sentinel lymph node credentialing for surgeons.
An analysis of 5' regulatory sequences of the hamster APRT gene.

Regulation of gene expression is mediated by the interaction between cis-acting elements in the promoter region of a gene and trans-acting protein factors which recognize and bind to these cis-acting factors. The typical eukaryotic gene contains a TATA sequence, which directs the site of RNA polymerase 2 binding to such elements, and a CAAT sequence, near the site of transcription initiation. Some genes also have “enhancer” sequences, which appear to be possible protein binding sites that enhance the level of transcription (reviewed in Serfling et al. 1985). In an analysis for such signals in the published sequences of the aprt gene from hamster (Nalbantoglu et al. 1986, Park and Taylor, 1988), mouse (Dush et al. 1985) and humans (Broderick et al. 1987), we have not been able to detect such cis-acting sequences. Thus regulation of expression of the aprt gene must occur by other mechanisms, or by signals still uncharacterized. The aprt gene from all of the above organisms, however, does contain GC rich sequences which have been characterized as putative SP1 binding sites, and which play a role in transcription regulation (Dynan and Tijian 1983, Dynan 1986).
Deviation theorems for solutions of differential equations and applications to lower bounds on parallel complexity of sigmoids

Abstract Under a sigmoid with a depth d we understand a circuit with d layers where each real function computed at (i+1)th layer is obtained as G(q) where q is a rational expression in the functions computed at ith layer and G is a gate operator from some admitted family. Two types of the families of gate operators are considered: first, we admit to substitute g(q) where g is a solution of a linear ordinary differential equation with the polynomial coefficients and second, as G(q) we take a solution of nonlinear first-order differential equation. The sigmoids of the first type compute any composition of the functions like exp, log, sin (thus, it includes, in particular, standard sigmoids corresponding to the gate g=(1+exp(−x))−1), the sigmoids of the second type compute Pfaffian functions. The main result states that if two different functions f1, f2 are computed by means of the sigmoids with the parallel complexity d, then the difference |f1−f2| grows not slower than (exp(d)(p))−1 (and not faster than exp(d)(p)) where exp(d) is d times iteration of the exponential function and p is a certain polynomial, thus one cannot rather good approximate f1 with a precise parallel complexity d by means of a function f2 with a less parallel complexity. Also we estimate the number of zeroes in the intervals of a function computed by a sigmoid of the first type. All the obtained bounds are sharp.
ABSOLUTE PROPERTIES OF THE HIGHLY ECCENTRIC, SOLAR-TYPE ECLIPSING BINARY HD 74057

We have obtained Str?mgren b and y differential photometric observations of the solar-type eclipsing binary HD 74057 plus follow-up high-resolution, red wavelength spectroscopic observations. The system has an orbital period of 31.2198 days, a high eccentricity of 0.47, and is seen almost exactly edge on with an inclination of 898. The two main-sequence G0 stars are nearly identical in all physical characteristics. We used the Wilson-Devinney program to obtain a simultaneous solution of our photometric and spectroscopic observations. The resulting masses of the components are M 1 = 1.138 ? 0.003 M ? and M 2 = 1.131 ? 0.003 M ?, and the radii are R 1 = 1.064 ? 0.002 R ? and R 2 = 1.049 ? 0.002 R ?. The effective temperatures are 5900?K (fixed) and 5843?K, and the iron abundance, [Fe/H], is estimated to be +0.07. A comparison with evolutionary tracks suggests that the system may be even more metal rich. The components rotate with periods of 8.4 days, significantly faster than the predicted pseudosynchronous period of 12.7 days. We see evidence that one or both components have cool spots. Both stars are close to the zero-age main sequence and are about 1.0?Gyr old.
Blood donation and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in men.

Background Although blood donations may reduce body iron stores, to date, prospective data on frequent blood donation and colorectal cancer risk are limited.
Chronic Depressive Disorders

Chronic depression represents a relatively new focus for psychiatry, and there have been few systematic studies on the subject. The term dysthymic disorder was introduced into the psychiatric nomenclature in the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III; APA, 1980) to categorize chronic depressions that are of a long duration but less severe than major depressive episodes. It was used to replace the concept of neurotic depression in the second edition of the manual (DSM-II; APA, 1968). This revision arose as a result of studies (Akiskal, Bitar, Puzantian, Rosenthal, & Walker, 1978; Kendell, 1976; Kiloh, Andrews, Nielson, & Bianchi, 1972; Klein, 1974; Klerman, Endicott, Spitzer, & Hirschfeld, 1979; Paykel, 1971) showing substantial heterogeneity in neurotic depressions and as the result of a decision to create a diagnostic category based purely on phenomenology (Spitzer, Williams, & Skodol, 1980). An important aspect of this change is that, in the DSM-III, dysthymic disorder is included in Axis I as an affective disorder, and there is no category for chronic depression in the personality disorder section of the DSM-III. This basic structure has been maintained in the revised DSM-III (DSM-III-R; APA, 1986), although there have been several important modifications from the DSM-III criteria.
Restrictive educational placements increase adolescent risks for students with early-starting conduct problems

BACKGROUND: Students with early-starting conduct problems often do poorly in school; they are disproportionately placed in restrictive educational placements outside of mainstream classrooms. Although intended to benefit students, research suggests that restrictive placements may exacerbate the maladjustment of youth with conduct problems. Mixed findings, small samples, and flawed designs limit the utility of existing research. METHODS: This study examined the impact of restrictive educational placements on three adolescent outcomes (high school noncompletion, conduct disorder, depressive symptoms) in a sample of 861 students with early-starting conduct problems followed longitudinally from kindergarten (age 5-6). Causal modeling with propensity scores was used to adjust for confounding factors associated with restrictive placements. Analyses explored the timing of placement (elementary vs. secondary school) and moderation of impact by initial problem severity. RESULTS: Restrictive educational placement in secondary school (but not in elementary school) was iatrogenic, increasing the risk of high school noncompletion and the severity of adolescent conduct disorder. Negative effects were amplified for students with conduct problem behavior with less cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid harm to students and to society, schools must find alternatives to restrictive placements for students with conduct problems in secondary school, particularly when these students do not have cognitive impairments that might warrant specialized educational supports. Language: en
Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult

Most patients with major congenital cardiac defects are recognized and treated in childhood. Today, congenital heart disease comprises a very small percentage of the practice of the adult cardiologist, the internist, or the generalist. Patients with congenital heart disease may be considered in two groups: acyanotic and cyanotic heart disease.
Extreme Thermal Transient Stress Analysis with Pre-Stress in a Metal Matrix Composite Power Package

This paper culminates several years of development of a SiC MOSFET-based solid-state circuit breaker power module designed and fabricated for aluminum-based composite metal-ceramic packaging. The aluminum composite structure was used for high temperature thermal management >350°C and high reliability. Testing of the final module surpassed 750 total cycles. The module was optimized for four dies, 4.1mm × 4.1 mm each for SiC or GaN. The electrically loading per die was 48 A for 5 ms with a di/dt of 2.1 kA/us (23 ns opening time). An internal snubber increased the response to 390 ns. The die absorbed ∼4.6 J causing a transient junction temperature increase of ∼245 °C. Two ambient temperatures were used in testing and set at 25 °C and 105 °C. The maximum junction temperature was conservatively projected to reach 350 °C during the 5 ms pulse. Electrical, thermal and mechanical design and testing results are presented.
Tailoring of RF coded optical pulses for underwater 3D imaging

Laser imaging of 3D targets in highly scattering environments has traditionally been done using narrow 1–2ns optical pulses in conjunction with a range-gated detector. While this approach offers range resolution determined by the width of the optical pulse and is very effective in eliminating the effects of backscatter from the turbid environment, it lacks resistance to the effects of forward scatter. The Modulated Pulse Lidar is an alternative approach developed by researchers at NAVAIR that uses longer pulses that are intensity modulated with RF coded waveforms. Radar pulse compression techniques involving the use of RF coded waveforms with large bandwidths provide range resolution that meets or exceeds that of the short pulse approach, while matched-filtering techniques are employed to suppress backscatter. More importantly, the modulated pulse approach provides resistance to forward scatter effects that the short pulse approach does not. This work focuses on the comparison of imagery generated employing both pulse schemes in the same line-scan underwater 3D imaging system over a range of water turbidities. Experimental imagery and temporal data will be presented that shows that the modulated pulse approach does in fact offer an advantage over the short pulse approach due to its resistance to forward scatter effects.
Hybrid sensing face detection and recognition

The capability to track, detect, and identify human targets in highly cluttered scenes under extreme conditions, such as in complete darkness or in battlefield, has been one of the primary tactical advantages in military operations. In this paper, we propose a new collaborative, multi-spectrum sensing solution to achieve face detection and registration under low lighting conditions. We construct a novel type of hybrid sensors by combining a pair of near infrared (NIR) cameras and a thermal camera (a long wave infrared LWIR camera). We strategically surround each NIR sensor with a ring of LED IR flashes in order to capture the “red-eye”, or more precisely, the “brighteye” effect of the target. The bright-eyes are used to localize the 3D position of eyes and face. The recovered 3D information can be further used to warp the thermal face imagery to frontal-parallel pose so that additional tasks such as face recognition can be reliably conducted, especially with the assistance of accurate eye locations.
Possible chemical interactions among heathland plants

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were used to investigate the production of inhibitory substances by heathland plants. Generalised bioassays indicated that most species tested had some inhibitory effect on growth or germination of Avena fatua, but this effect was reduced when leachates from intact plants rather than from plant fragments were used. Few inhibitory effects on the germination of Calluna vulgaris or Deschampsia flexuosa were found, although growth of D. flexuosa plants was strongly inhibited by leachates from ericaceous species. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi produced the greatest number of inhibitory effects but also severely inhibited its own growth. Despite these findings the importance of chemical interactions in the field is questioned.
A combination of 6 months of treatment with pyridostigmine and triweekly exercise fails to improve insulin-like growth factor-I levels in fibromyalgia, despite improvement in the acute growth hormone response to exercise.

OBJECTIVE: People with fibromyalgia (FM) often have low insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels and a suboptimal growth hormone (GH) response to acute exercise. As previous work had demonstrated a normalization of the acute GH response to exercise with the use of pyridostigmine (PYD), we tested the hypothesis that 6 months of PYD therapy plus supervised exercise would increase IGF-I levels. METHODS: Subjects with primary FM were randomized into 4 groups: (1) PYD/exercise; (2) PYD/diet recall; (3) placebo/exercise; and (4) placebo/diet recall. The dosing of PYD was 60 mg tid for 6 months. Resting IGF-I levels were measured at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. In addition the acute GH response to exercise at VO2 max was measured at baseline and after treatment. RESULTS: A total of 165 FM subjects (mean age 49.5 yrs, 5 male) were entered and 154 (93.3%) completed the study. Six months of therapy (PYD plus exercise or exercise alone) failed to improve the IGF-I levels. The use of PYD 1 hour prior to exercise improved the acute GH response (4.54 ng/dl) compared to placebo (1.74 ng/dl) (p = 0.001) at the end of the 6-month trial. The acute GH response to exercise at baseline did not correlate with IGF-I, age, depression, medications, estrogen status, or obesity. CONCLUSION: A combination of triweekly supervised exercise plus the daily use of PYD for 6 months failed to increase IGF-I levels in patients with FM, despite the confirmation that PYD normalizes the acute GH response to strenuous aerobic exercise.
Weight-Space Mapping of fMRI Motor Tasks

In this report, we examine the notion that networks of neocortical activity exist simultaneously across different spatial scales. Our investigations concern human motor data obtained from six motor tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 1.5 T (Sutton et al., 1996). Weights for all pairs of fMRI voxels were calculated across tasks without anatomical bias, and weight maps were produced. We observed regions of interest, which averaged 1 cm3 in size, and a theoretically predicted network two orders of magnitude larger that linked anatomically related regions together. Temporal analysis revealed the persistence of multilevel clus tering through time. Our results support the concept that some dynamic networks in the neocortex are nested within other networks.
Geometric and energetic considerations of surface fluctuations during ion transfer across the water-immiscible organic liquid interface

Molecular dynamics simulations and umbrella sampling free energy calculations are used to examine the thermodynamics, energetics, and structural fluctuations that accompany the transfer of a small hydrophilic ion (Cl−) across the water/nitrobenzene interface. By examining several constrained interface structures, we isolate the energetic costs of interfacial deformation and co-transfer of hydration waters during the ion transfer. The process is monitored using both energy-based solvation coordinates and a geometric coordinate recently introduced by Morita and co-workers to describe surface fluctuations. Our simulations show that these coordinates provide a complimentary description of the water surface fluctuations during the transfer and are necessary for elucidating the mechanism of the ion transfer.
Effect of secondary organic aerosol coating thickness on the real-time detection and characterization of biomass-burning soot by two particle mass spectrometers

Abstract. Biomass burning is a large source of light-absorbing refractory black carbon (rBC) particles with a wide range of morphologies and sizes. The net radiative forcing from these particles is strongly dependent on the amount and composition of non-light-absorbing material internally mixed with the rBC and on the morphology of the mixed particles. Understanding how the mixing state and morphology of biomass-burning aerosol evolves in the atmosphere is critical for constraining the influence of these particles on radiative forcing and climate. We investigated the response of two commercial laser-based particle mass spectrometers, the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) ablation LAAPTOF and the IR vaporization SP-AMS, to monodisperse biomass-burning particles as we sequentially coated the particles with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from α-pinene ozonolysis. We studied three mobility-selected soot core sizes, each with a number of successively thicker coatings of SOA applied. Using IR laser vaporization, the SP-AMS had different changes in sensitivity to rBC compared to potassium as a function of applied SOA coatings. We show that this is due to different effective beam widths for the IR laser vaporization region of potassium versus black carbon. The SP-AMS's sensitivity to black carbon (BC) mass was not observed to plateau following successive SOA coatings, despite achieving high OA : BC mass ratios greater than 9. We also measured the ion fragmentation pattern of biomass-burning rBC and found it changed only slightly with increasing SOA mass. The average organic matter ion signal measured by the LAAPTOF demonstrated a positive correlation with the condensed SOA mass on individual particles, despite the inhomogeneity of the particle core compositions. This demonstrates that the LAAPTOF can obtain quantitative mass measurements of aged soot-particle composition from realistic biomass-burning particles with complex morphologies and composition.
Subclavian Artery Balloon Angioplasty and Stenting

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for subclavian artery balloon angioplasty and stenting procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Buparlisib, a PI3K inhibitor, demonstrates acceptable tolerability and preliminary activity in a phase I trial of patients with advanced leukemias

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling plays a crucial role in oncogene-mediated tumor growth and proliferation. Buparlisib (BKM120) is an oral pan-class I PI3K inhibitor. This phase I study was conducted to determine the dose limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of BKM120 in patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory acute leukemias. Fourteen pts (12 acute myeloid leukemia, 1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 1 mixed phenotype leukemia) were enrolled. Twelve pts received BKM-120 80 mg/day and two 100 mg/day. The MTD was 80 mg/day. Of the 14 patients treated, the best response was stable disease in one patient that lasted 82 days. The median survival for all patients was 75 days (range 10-568). Three patients with a 3q26 chromosome abnormality had a significantly improved median survival of 360 days (range 278-568) as compared to a median survival of 57 days (range, 10-125) among the 11 other patients. The most frequent drug-related toxicities included confusion, mucositis, dysphagia, and fatigue. Western blot profiling revealed a decrease in p-pS6K/total pS6K in 5/7 (71%) available patient samples with a mean quantitative inhibition of 65% (range, 32-100%) and a decrease in p-FOXO3/total FOXO3 in 4/6 (67%) samples with a mean quantitative inhibition of 93% (range, 89-100%). BKM120 administered at 80 mg/day showed modest efficacy and was tolerable in advanced acute leukemias. Am. J. Hematol. 92:7-11, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy on Curcumin in Solution: A State-of-the-Art Physical Chemistry Experiment

Herein we report on the implementation of the open-aperture Z-scan method for measuring two-photon absorption (TPA) as a laboratory experiment for the undergraduate Physical Chemistry lab. The objectives of this experiment are (i) to expose undergraduates to the concept of TPA, (ii) to teach the principles of the Z-scan technique, and (iii) to allow students the opportunity to measure TPA cross-section of a naturally occurring biomarker, curcumin, using open-aperture Z-scan. After completion of the experiment, students can compare and contrast the processes of one- and two-photon absorption as well as fluorescence and upconversion. In addition, they can explain the basic experimental “apparatus” (experimental arrangement) and procedure for performing the open-aperture Z-scan. Assessment of student perception showed that students appreciated the opportunity to be exposed to techniques that build on what they learn in the classroom and have applications in research laboratories as well as practical settings.
A Synthesis of Three Commentaries on Measurement and Performance Reporting

SYNOPSIS: The issues of measurement and performance reporting have presented particularly difficult challenges to standard setters for years and, in the process, have generated much discussion among academics, preparers, and financial statement users. In this commentary, we summarize and compare three new perspectives on these two issues: Linsmeier (2016), who suggests that standard setters focus on recurring versus non-recurring operations; Marshall and Lennard (2016), who suggest distinguishing among business types; and Nishikawa, Kamiya, and Kawanishi (2016), who suggest using a dual measurement approach. In discussing these three proposals, we also identify areas where academic research is needed to provide evidence on the costs and/or benefits of the proposed changes.
Profiling of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in Mouse Brain with High-Resolution Top-Down Mass Spectrometry.

As histones play central roles in most chromosomal functions including regulation of DNA replication, DNA damage repair, and gene transcription, both their basic biology and their roles in disease development have been the subject of intense study. Because multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) along the entire protein sequence are potential regulators of histones, a top-down approach, where intact proteins are analyzed, is ultimately required for complete characterization of proteoforms. However, significant challenges remain for top-down histone analysis primarily because of deficiencies in separation/resolving power and effective identification algorithms. Here we used state-of-the-art mass spectrometry and a bioinformatics workflow for targeted data analysis and visualization. The workflow uses ProMex for intact mass deconvolution, MSPathFinder as a search engine, and LcMsSpectator as a data visualization tool. When complemented with the open-modification tool TopPIC, this workflow enabled i...
Social Behavior, Cooperation, and Kinship

Animals live in groups primarily for shared protection from predators, to cooperate in discovering and hunting food, and to take advantage of public information. Hamilton's theory of the geometry of a selfish herd explains why animals can come together in such groups even if they have no evolutionary interest in the survival of other members of the group. This reasoning explains groupings that include only animals of one species as well as groups that include two or more species. For many groups the motivations for living together are more complicated and involve aid-giving among animals in the group. This chapter puts forward a series of ideas—group selection, kin selection transactional and social contract models, reproductive skew, delayed competition/selfish teamwork, and stolen aid—as explanations for living in groups. A key concept is that that kinship structure—the web of genetic relationships among animals in such groups—is often important in determining cooperative and competitive interactions within groups. Sometimes groups consist of two or more species. Mutual benefits from the association, exploitation of public information, or parasitism underlie these types of social groups.
Medial Femoral Condyle Flap Reconstruction of a Maxillary Defect with a 3D Printing Template

Background The medial femoral condyle (MFC) flap is a well-vascularized corticocancellous flap based off the descending genicular artery that can be used to reconstruct difficult bony nonunions. Although frequently used in reconstruction of extremity defects, the MFC flap is rarely used in maxillofacial reconstruction. Methods We present a case example of an MFC vascularized corticocancellous free flap for reconstruction of an ameloblastoma maxillary defect. Additionally, we describe our use of a three-dimensional (3D) template to create an intraoperative osteotomy model for contouring the MFC flap. Results Preoperative 3D printing of the maxillary defect and design of a methylmethacrylate template enabled the precise and rapid contouring of a well-vascularized bone flap. Postoperative 3D CT scan demonstrated satisfactory positioning of the MFC flap within the maxilla. Conclusion The 3D printing technology continues to advance craniofacial reconstruction and allows for the efficient and precise creation of vascularized bone flaps. The MFC vascularized flap has the potential of becoming a workhorse flap in maxillary defect reconstruction alongside the use of 3D printing technology.
Towards a Top-down Policy Engineering Framework for Attribute-based Access Control

Attribute-based access control (ABAC) is a logical access control methodology where authorization to perform a set of operations is based on attributes of the user, the objects being accessed, the environment, and a number of other attribute sources that may be relevant to the current request. Once fully implemented within an enterprise, ABAC promotes information sharing while maintaining control of the information. However, the cost of developing ABAC policies can be a significant obstacle for organizations to migrate from traditional access control models to ABAC. Most organizations have high-level requirement specifications that define security policies and include a set of access control policies. Taking advantage of this rich source of information, we introduce a top-down policy engineering framework for ABAC that aims to automatically extract policies from unrestricted natural language documents and then, we present our methodology to extract policy related information using deep neural networks. We first create an annotated dataset comprised of 2660 sentences from real-world policy documents. We then train a deep recurrent neural network (RNN) to identify sentences containing access control policies (ACP) from irrelevant content. We applied the RNN to our new dataset as well as to five other, smaller datasets that have been employed in prior work on this task, and show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art and leads to a performance improvement of 5.58% over the previously reported results.
Life Cycle Inventory Assessment as a Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering Education Tool

Chemists and chemical engineers are involved in and responsible for the life of a product from the discovery stage to manufacturing, market introduction, and end of life. They participate in and contribute to all segments of the supply chain, from cradle to grave. In the industrial sector, they work hand in hand with other professionals in engineering, business, intellectual property, and environmental safety and health. To better prepare students to understand industry-focused grand challenges and contribute to the long-term sustainability of the enterprise, we designed a course for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in the Schools of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The pilot class of 26 students was introduced to chemical manufacturing, the eight sustainability grand challenges, intellectual property, regulatory and registration, and process hazard and safety. Invited speakers from industries such as Albemarle, BASF, Dow,...
Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans).

Radiation countermeasures fall under three categories, radiation protectors, radiation mitigators, and radiation therapeutics. Radiation protectors are agents that are administered before radiation exposure to protect from radiation-induced injuries by numerous mechanisms, including scavenging free radicals that are generated by initial radiochemical events. Radiation mitigators are agents that are administered after the exposure of radiation but before the onset of symptoms by accelerating the recovery and repair from radiation-induced injuries. Whereas radiation therapeutic agents administered after the onset of symptoms act by regenerating the tissues that are injured by radiation. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals generated by radiation exposure by donating H atoms. The vitamin E family consists of eight different vitamers, including four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Though alpha-tocopherol was extensively studied in the past, tocotrienols have recently gained attention as radiation countermeasures. Despite several studies performed on tocotrienols, there is no clear evidence on the factors that are responsible for their superior radiation protection properties over tocopherols. Their absorption and bioavailability are also not well understood. In this review, we discuss tocopherol’s and tocotrienol’s efficacy as radiation countermeasures and identify the challenges to be addressed to develop them into radiation countermeasures for human use in the event of radiological emergencies.
Certification of Mathematical Training for Military Service

Bulletin of Information by the War Preparedness Committee, Subcommittee on Education for Service
W. E. B. Du Bois, Berlin, and the “Dismal Science” during the Progressive Era

Scholars have devoted considerable attention to W. E. B. Du Bois’s graduate studies at the University of Berlin (1892-94), especially on his development as a sociologist. However, Gustav von Schmoller and other leaders of the Berlin “New Historical School of Economics” also developed in him a deep and abiding interest in what Thomas Carlyle called the “dismal science.” Indeed, no African American of the early twentieth century had a deeper knowledge of economic theory and practice than did Du Bois. Moreover, his economic education in Berlin laid the foundation for his analysis of the “Negro Problems” during his early career and his eventual turn to socialism. During the American progressive era he authored a significant number of publications that directly address economic issues affecting African Americans. Berlin New Historical Economic principles are inscribed in his two major books of the period: Souls of Black Folk (1903) and his first novel The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911). Significantly, he described the latter as an “economic novel of some merit.” Du Bois not only embraced the Berlin principles of an economics based on ethics and social justice, he also attempted to influence the evolving discipline of economics in that direction and to combat the scientific racism that caused white economists to violate their most deeply held economic theories. He read papers at two American Economic Association (AEA) conferences, each time delivering a blistering indictment of AEA members for ignoring or rationalizing racial and economic injustice in the South. Du Bois’s overlooked economic texts and activities of the progressive era deserve recognition and further study.
Ecomorphological and phylogenetic controls on sympatry across extant bats

AIM: Macroecological patterns of sympatry can inform our understanding of how ecological and evolutionary processes govern species distributions. Following speciation, both intrinsic and extrinsic factors may determine how readily sympatry occurs. One possibility is that sympatry most readily occurs with ecological divergence, especially if broad‐scale co‐occurrence is mediated by niche differentiation. Time since divergence may also predict sympatry if hybridization and gene flow lead to the collapse of species boundaries between closely related taxa. Here, we test for ecological and phylogenetic predictors of sympatry across the global radiation of extant bats. LOCATION: Global. TAXON: Bats (Order Chiroptera). METHODS: We used a combination of linear mixed‐modelling, simulations and maximum‐likelihood modelling to test whether phylogenetic and ecomorphological divergence between species predict sympatry. We further assess how these relationships vary based on biogeographic realm. RESULTS: We find that time since divergence does not predict sympatry in any biogeographic realm. Morphological divergence is negatively related to sympatry in the Neotropics, but shows no relationship with sympatry elsewhere. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: We find that bats in most biogeographic realms co‐occur at broad spatial scales regardless of phylogenetic similarity. Neotropical bats, however, appear to co‐occur most readily when morphologically similar. To the extent that pairwise phylogenetic and morphological divergence reflect ecological differentiation, our results suggest that abiotic and environmental factors may be more important than species interactions in determining patterns of sympatry across bats.
The Dwelling of Heraclitus

If we have paid close attention to the conclusion of the “Allegory” we have felt the deep foreboding, the tragedy of the two, apparently, mutually exclusive modalities of dialogue and monologue, the openness and silence of poetic dialogue, the imposition and static of the juridical voice. If we describe them as relating tragically, then we appear ready to let them remain incommensurable. By allowing them to remain tragically related we then take our bearing in relation to this relation.
Speculating on the Future of Attorney Responsibility to Nonclients

The trend toward greater liability to one's opponents in litigation is but one example of the overall diffusion of attorney responsibility. This may represent either greater animosity aimed at attorneys or broader liability across the board in society. Other explanations include a diffusion of attorney roles with a corresponding trend toward unifying standards of liability for a broad range of service professionals, as well as a pluralization of the attorney client relationship. Primarily, however, the trend toward greater responsibility to nonclients represents a crumbling of the overriding fidelity to a partisan adversary ethic. To the extent this trend is present in the core of the adversary system its extension to non-litigation fields of practice seems even more likely.Broader liability may be a result of or an incentive for change in legal culture. Even if standards of liability do not encourage attorneys to balance their adversarial zeal on behalf of clients with some concern for fairness toward third parties, the culture of the law may be changing to an extent which will encourage this change. The number of individuals and entities that are opting out of litigation, or who are forced by law to pursue less adversarial methods of dispute resolution, indicate that the overriding ethic of adversarial partisanship is beginning to be balanced with concerns toward more cooperative transactional and dispute resolution methods. The increasing popularity of mediation for a broad range of dispute resolution and the significant debate over the proper role of attorneys in this field is but one indication of this trend.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Alkalosis

1. Respiratory alkalosis is defined as a pH above 7.45 due to an arterial carbon dioxide tension less than 35 mmHg.
Models and the Formulation and Testing of Hypotheses in Grazing Land Ecosystem Management

The purpose of this paper is to describe different levels of hypotheses used in building and testing grazing land models, with emphasis towards ecosystem managment. A large-scale, total-system grassland simulation model is used as a point of focus. A brief description is provided of the structure of the model and results from example experimental runs testing management-oriented hypotheses are given.