cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Severe Platelet Alloimmunization

The development of platelet alloimmunization is a common and potentially severe consequence in patients who receive frequent platelet transfusions. The use of single-donor pheresis units or human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-matched platelets to prevent or delay the onset of alloimmunization is often unsuccessful. Once sensitization occurs and refractoriness to platelet transfusions develops, patients are at risk of severe bleeding which may be difficult to manage. There has been no reliably effective therapy for such patients once alloimmunization occurs. High-dose intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin therapy has been used to treat patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia,1-4 autoimmune neutropenia,5,6 and posttransfusion purpura.7 Because of its success in these disorders, IV immunoglobulin was given to two patients with hemorrhagic symptoms who were refractory to platelet transfusions because of alloimmunization.
Effect of Subsurface Inhomogeneities on the Statistics of Solar Oscillation Power Spectra

We characterize the statistical properties of the frequency-wave number periodogram of randomly-driven waves in a hypothetical, one-dimensional, spatially inhomogeneous, stationary medium. The derived properties are used to formulate a conceptually simple test of solar oscillation power spectra to estimate the separate contributions of true dissipation and inhomogeneous structure to the linewidths of high-degree p- and f-mode oscillations.
Experimental Studies of Rotation Efficiency of Packing on Characteristics of Counter Flow Wet Cooling Tower

Packing in cooling towers is commonly used in nuclear power plants and air conditioning systems. However their efficiency with respect to the inlet air flow rate and the temperature of the water has not been fully investigated. In this research, the efficiency of packing rotational speed with respect to the wet counter flow of a cooling tower is experimentally investigated. In our experimental studies, six elliptical wooden plates that are equally spaced are used as a packing tower. The packing area of 0.85 m2 is considered with the following rotor speed ranges: 0.5, 3.5, 10, 15 and 17 rpm. It is assumed that the water mass flow rate is proportional to the inlet air to the tower. Six mass flow rates starting from 0.2 to 2.8 kg/h and the inlet air and water temperatures of 27°C and 45°C, respectively, are considered. The results illustrate that for the range of 0 to 5 rpm of the packing rotational speed the cooling rate of water is increased 3% for the water flow rate of 2.8 kg/h, and 24% for the water flow rate of 0.4 kg/h.Additionally, as a result of the increased rotational speed from 5 to over 17 rpm the cooling rate at both maximum and minimum water mass flow rates are increased from 13.9 to 34.4 percent, respectively. Furthermore, the water outlet temperature is reduced from 8.6°C to 3.3°C in the least and the most mass flow rates leading to the increased speed from 5 to 17 rpm, respectively. The experimental relationship between the inlet air temperature and the rotational speed of the packing has been determined. Also, the inlet water temperature at the maximum flow rate has been decreased to 3.4 and at the least water mass flow rate it has been decreased to 29 percent for the range of rotational speed from 5 to over 17 rpm of the packing rotation. All the results are depicted in several curves to show the actual variations of the variables.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Multivariate Voronovskaya Type Asymptotic Expansions for Normalized Bell and Squashing Type Neural Networks

Here we introduce the multivariate normalized bell and squashing type neural network operators of one hidden layer.
Patterns of Collateral Circulation in the Portal System Following Extrahepatic Inflammatory Processes

Summary Two cases, showing different patterns of collateral circulation in the portal systems following extrahepatic inflammatory processes have been presented. Both of these cases had massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Case No. I presents an unusual pattern which is not commonly demonstrated in extrahepatic portal obstruction; one in which sodium morrhuate had been used as a sclerosing agent in treating the pancreatic fistula. Case No. II represents another pattern of collateral portal circulation. The extrahepatic portal obstruction produced by the fibrosing peripancreatitis involved the superior mesenteric vein as it passed beneath the pancreas.
Solitons in Polyacetylene: A Summary of Experimental Results

The experimental results relevant to the proposal that neutral and charged amplitude solitons dominate the electronic properties of polyacetylene, (CH)X, are summarized.
Copolymerization of di- and trifunctional arylacetylenes

Abstract The copolymerization of a difunctional arylacetylene, 4,4′-diethynyldiphenylmethane (DEDPM), with trifunctional arylacetylene monomers is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and microdielectrometry, and compared with the homopolymerization of DEDPM. The addition of trifunctional monomer is found to increase the rate of reaction during the early stages of polymerization. However, as the extent of crosslinking increases, the increased viscosity attributable to formation of highly branched polymer results in a slower overall reaction rate relative to the difunctional monomer. Incorporation of trifunctional groups was found to be helpful in controlling the melt rheology during the early stages of polymerization.
Actin cytoskeleton in cell polarity and asymmetric division during mouse oocyte maturation

Mammalian oocyte maturation involves two successive rounds of extremely asymmetric cell divisions (known as polar body extrusion) to generate a functional haploid egg. Successful polar body extrusion relies on establishment of an asymmetric spindle position and cortical polarity. Decades of studies using mouse oocytes as a model have revealed critical roles for a dynamic actin cytoskeleton in this process. Here, we review the contribution of actin to the critical events during oocyte meiotic cell divisions with an emphasis on recent advances in understanding the underlying molecular and physical mechanisms. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Cytochromes in Chloroflexus aurantiacus grown with and without oxygen

The major types of cytochromes present in Chloroflexus aurantiacus strain J-10-f1 were determined by analysis of cell-free preparations and membranes from cells grown phototrophically and chemotrophically. Reduced minus oxidized difference spectroscopy as well as quantitative analysis of the pyridine ferrohemochromogens in alkaline solution were used to determine the classes of cytochromes present. Evidence for membrane-bound cytochromes of the b and c-type was found in cell-free preparations of phototrophically grown cells. Difference spectra revealed absorption maxima at 553 nm, 523 nm, and 418 nm and a shoulder at 562 nm. Protoheme and heme c were identified as alkaline pyridine ferrohemochromogens with absorption maxima at 556 and 550 nm respectively. The ratio of heme c to protoheme in the cell-free preparation was about 10 to 1 with 0.65 μmol of heme c and 0.067 μmol of protoheme per gram of total cell protein. Dithionite plus carbon monoxide minus dithionite reduced difference spectra of membranes revealed a peak at 414 nm and troughs at 552, 523, and 423 nm consistent with a CO-binding cytochrome c. Similar analyses of chemotrophically grown cells revealed evidence for the presence of membrane-bound cytochromes of the c, b, and a classes with absorption maxima at 552–557 and 593–596 nm. Protoheme, heme c and heme a were detected as pyridine ferrohemochromogens with maxima at 556, 550, and 588 nm respectively. The ratio of heme c to protoheme was about 3 to 1 with 0.44 μmol of heme c and 0.16 μmol of protoheme per gram of total cell protein.
Vasoconstriction in horses caused by endophyte-infected tall fescue seed is detected with Doppler ultrasonography.

The hypotheses that endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum)-infected tall fescue (TF) seed causes vasoconstriction in horses in vivo and that ground seed would cause more pronounced vasoconstriction than whole seed were tested. Ten horses each received 1 of 3 treatments: endophyte-free ground (E-G; n = 4 horses) seed, endophyte-positive whole (E+W; n = 3) seed, or endophyte-positive ground (E+G; n = 3) seed. There were two 14-d periods, P1 and P2. During P1, animals were adapted to a concentrate (0.2% BW, as fed, twice daily) and alfalfa cubes. During P2, the seed was mixed into the concentrate portion of the diet and alfalfa cubes were offered ad libitum. Fescue seed was fed in increasing amounts ranging from 0.02% BW on d 1 (averaging 76 ug/kg ergovaline + ergovalinine) to 0.22% BW on d 11 to 14 (averaging 713 ug/kg ergovaline + ergovalinine). The distal palmar artery of the left foreleg of each horse was scanned via Doppler ultrasonography for 4 d during each period, with 5 replicate scans performed on each scanning day. The measurements taken at each scan included artery luminal diameter, area, and circumference, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and blood flow variables. Animal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate and ambient temperature and humidity were also recorded. Blood samples were taken on each scanning day to measure inflammatory cytokine mRNA abundances, and blood samples were collected on d 0, 4, 8, and 14 of P2 to measure prolactin concentrations. Consumption of E+G TF seed caused decreased artery lumen diameter (P = 0.0033), area (P = 0.0406), and circumference (P = 0.0480) compared with E-G seed, and E+W seed produced an intermediate response. Blood flow volume was reduced (P 0.05) among treatment groups, and neither were cytokine mRNA or prolactin concentrations. Treatment did not alter (P > 0.05) animal temperature, heart rate, or respiration rate, and neither ambient temperature nor relative humidity was consistently correlated with any response variable measured. Taken together, these data confirm that consumption of E+G fescue seed caused vasoconstriction in horses, which could be readily measured by Doppler ultrasonography. Use of Doppler ultrasound to monitor the diameter of the palmar artery of horses grazing endophyte-infected (E+) fescue pastures may provide a convenient and satisfactory biomarker to determine premonitory signs of fescue toxicosis.
Mathematical modeling of lithium-ion and nickel battery systems

A review of mathematical models of lithium and nickel battery systems developed at the University of South Carolina is presented. Models of Li/Li-ion batteries are reviewed that simulated the behavior of single electrode particles, single electrodes, full cells and batteries (sets of full cells) under a variety of operating conditions (e.g. constant current discharge, pulse discharge, impedance and cyclic voltammetry). Models of nickel battery systems are reviewed that simulate the performance of full cells, as well as the behavior of the nickel hydroxide active material. The ability of these models to predict reality is demonstrated by frequent comparisons with experimental data.
Projected replacement needs for agricultural economists.

Demand for Ph.D. agricultural economists, in general, comes from academia, government, and private industry. Within each market, employment opportunities result from attrition and newly created positions. New positions may result either from the decision to increase the number of professionals or through upgrading educational requirements of positions vacated through attrition. Attrition includes resignations, retirement, and premature death. This paper presents a projection of replacement needs in the profession as a result of retirement and premature death. No attempt is made to document resignations resulting from administrative appointments or changes in profession. The potential for new positions in academic institutions, and possibly government, is declining and may be negative. Forecasts of declining college enrollments (Helmberger) portend an academic market that may be reduced to replacement hiring only. Budgetary constraints also may inhibit both funding of new positions and filling of vacant positions. The potential for upgrading any sizable number of positions is much less now than ten or fifteen years ago. A count of agricultural economists in Professional Workers in State Agricultural Experiment Stations and Other Cooperating State Institutions for 1965 and 1975 is provided in table 1.1 Over that ten-year period, the number of individuals in departments of agricultural economics increased 17% and the number of Ph.D.s increased 58%.
Intelligent computer-aided diagnosis system for breast MRI combining kinetic and morphological aspects

An intelligent medical systems based on a radial basis neural network is applied to the automatic classification of suspicious lesions in breast MRI and compared with two standard mammographic reading methods. Such systems represent an important component of future sophisticated computer-aided diagnosis systems and enable the extraction of spatial and temporal features of dynamic MRI data stemming from patients with confirmed lesion diagnosis. Intelligent medical systems combining both kinetics and lesions' morphology are expected to have substantial implications in healthcare politics by contributing to the diagnosis of indeterminate breast lesions by non-invasive imaging.
Adaptive OFDM for underwater acoustic channels with limited feedback

In this paper we analyze the performance of adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. Our goal is to maximize the system throughput under a target average bit error rate (BER). We consider two different schemes based on the level of adaptivity: in the first scheme only the modulation levels are adjusted while the power is allocated uniformly across the sub-carriers, whereas in the second scheme, both the modulation levels and the power are adjusted adaptively. We exploit a feedback from the receiver in two forms: one that conveys the modulation alphabet and quantized power levels to be used for each sub-carrier, and another that conveys a quantized estimate of the sparse channel impulse response. We compare these two strategies based on the average number of bits per OFDM block needed to achieve a pre-specified target average BER. In both cases we predict the channel one travel time ahead so as to improve the performance in the presence of a long propagation delay. The second approach is shown to be advantageous, as it requires significantly fewer feedback bits for the same system throughput. The effectiveness of the proposed schemes is demonstrated using real channel measurements recorded in shallow water off the western coast of Kauai, Hawaii, in June 2008.
Gravity effects on capillary flows in sharp corners

We analyze the effect of gravity on capillary flows in sharp corners. We consider gravity perpendicular and parallel to the channel axis. We analyze both steady and unsteady flows. In the steady analysis the main result is a closed form expression for the flow rate as a function of the two gravity components. Good agreement with steady experiments is offered as support of the model. The unsteady analysis is restricted to “small” values of the two gravity parameters and is accomplished using a similarity formulation. The similarity coefficients of the gravity corrections are fully determined by the coefficients of the gravityless problem. The main result of the unsteady analysis is the gravity corrections to the flow rate (or rate of advance) of the liquid in the channel. In addition, we obtain corrections for the liquid height as a function of position and time. We address in detail unsteady problems with select boundary conditions that are representative of typical flow types. In Appendix A we present a new exact solution to one of the gravityless similarity cases, which is analogous to a nonlinear heat conduction equation. In Appendix B we offer dimensional formulas for all the unsteady flow results, which are valuable for systems design and analysis.
War-related changes in health and health services in Nicaragua.

Abstract The low-intensity war against Nicaragua from 1983 to 1987 has had a wide reaching impact on health, health services, and health economics in that country. Beyond the death of individuals and destruction of facilities, economic embargo and contra destruction have cost the health system about 200 billion cordobas between 1981 and 1987. This is approximately equal to the value of 2 years of the entire health budget. The war has resulted in decreased accessibility and availability of services, leaving about 10% of the population without access to modern health facilities. Perhaps 10% of the demand for acute care services is generated by the war, which has resulted in a reorganization of surgical and medical services. Long term care needs for psychiatric illness and rehabilitation services are far more extensive. Population movements and resettlement, where preventive care has been unavailable, are associated with epidemics of malaria, diarrheal diseases, measles, leishmaniasis, meningitis, and tuberculosis. Health services remain a high priority of the government as health care is viewed as a way to reduce the untoward effects of the war on the general population. Nonetheless, the indirect effects of the war have been detrimental to the system. Negative effect include the loss to the system of health professionals and rampant inflation. These forces contribute to the weakening of primary health programs and the reorientation of the national system into hospital based, curative medical services.
Infection of an Aortic Stent Graft with Suprarenal Fixation

We report a case of an elderly man admitted with abdominal pain and fever, 5 months after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair of a suspected inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm. He underwent successful explantation of an infected stent graft with suprarenal fixation following extra-anatomic revascularization. After a prolonged hospitalization, he was discharged on antibiotics and at follow-up has returned to baseline activity level. Although explantation of an infected prosthesis following endovascular aortic aneurysm repair has been previously reported, our case prompted a review of the literature to evaluate mode of presentation, putative factors, and management decisions associated with reduced morbidity and mortality.
What is infectiveness and how is it involved in infection and immunity

Proof of the Germ theory of disease and acceptance of Koch’s postulates in the late 1890’s launched the fields of microbial pathogenesis and infectious diseases and provided the conceptual framework that has guided thought and research in these fields. A central tenet that emerged from studies with microbes that fulfilled Koch’s postulates was that microbes that caused disease had characteristics that allowed them to do so, with the corollary that microbes that did not cause disease lacked disease-causing determinants. This observation, which held true for many diseases that were known to cause disease in the late 19th century, such as toxin-producing and encapsulated bacteria, led to the view that the ability to cause disease rested with microbes and reflected the activity of specific determinants, or virulence factors. With the dawn of the 20th century, efforts to neutralize virulence factors were under development and ultimately translated into anti-microbial therapy in the form of antibodies targeted to toxins and polysaccharide capsules. However, the 20th century progressed, antibiotics were identified and developed as therapy for infectious diseases while other medical advances, such as specialized surgeries, intensive care units, intravenous catheters, and cytotoxic chemotherapy became commonplace in resourced nations. An unintended consequence of many of these advances was that they resulted in immune impairment. Similarly, HIV/AIDS, which emerged in the late 1970’s also produced profound immune impairment. Unexpectedly, the prevailing view that microbes were the sole perpetrators of virulence was untenable. Microbes that were rarely if ever associated with disease emerged as major causes of disease in people with impaired immunity. This phenomenon revealed that available explanations for microbial infectiveness and virulence were flawed. In this review, we discuss the question ‘what is infectiveness’ based on the tenets of the Damage-response framework.
Combined Computational and Experimental Study of Substituent Effects on the Thermodynamics of H2, CO, Arene, and Alkane Addition to Iridium

The thermodynamics of small-molecule (H2, arene, alkane, and CO) addition to pincer-ligated iridium complexes of several different configurations (three-coordinate d8, four-coordinate d8, and five-coordinate d6) have been investigated by computational and experimental means. The substituent para to the iridium (Y) has been varied in complexes containing the (Y-PCP)Ir unit (Y-PCP = η3-1,3,5-C6H2[CH2PR2]2Y; R = methyl for computations; R = tert-butyl for experiments); substituent effects have been studied for the addition of H2, C−H, and CO to the complexes (Y-PCP)Ir, (Y-PCP)Ir(CO), and (Y-PCP)Ir(H)2. Para substituents on arenes undergoing C−H bond addition to (PCP)Ir or to (PCP)Ir(CO) have also been varied computationally and experimentally. In general, increasing electron donation by the substituent Y in the 16-electron complexes, (Y-PCP)Ir(CO) or (Y-PCP)Ir(H)2, disfavors addition of H−H or C−H bonds, in contradiction to the idea of such additions being oxidative. Addition of CO to the same 16-electron co...
7: The Evaluation of Teachers in Higher Education

In teaching and learning, variation among individuals is the rule. Professors approach their jobs in different ways, as scholars, researchers, disciplinarians, healers, managers, and molders. Likewise, each student learns differently; students master different amounts of material in their courses and rate their teachers with varying degrees of tolerance. Variety is the substance, not the spice, of college life. But how much do differences among teachers influence student learning? How much do teacher differences contribute to differences in the ratings they receive from students and observers? Which are the teacher variables that make the difference? These are the basic questions in research on the evaluation of teachers, and they are the concern of this review. We will consider two kinds of procedures for evaluating teachers. The first relies heavily on inferences made by observers about the quality of a teacher's performance. These observers may be a teacher's students, colleagues, superiors, or the teacher himself. We will first examine student ratings, which have been studied most often, and then consider other evaluations that require observer inferences. The second kind of procedure for evaluating teachers involves direct measurement of the performance of students, the subject of the last section of this chapter.
AIDS cost modeling in the U.S.: a pragmatic approach.

Sophisticated modeling of the economic impact of AIDS remains a future goal rather than a present reality due to a lack of data. However, policy makers with responsibility for implementing AIDS-related programs have an immediate need for estimates of service utilization and costs. In this paper we describe a microcomputer-based planning model which is structured to reflect the 'epidemic of epidemics' nature of AIDS. In the process of constructing this model, deficiencies in existing data sources have become evident. The second part of the paper describes research issues and priorities for improving data used to estimate the cost of AIDS.
Caustics of nonlinear waves

Abstract The behavior at caustics is analyzed for weakly nonlinear wave solutions of hyperbolic equations. It is shown that short waves, weak enough to be governed by linear or weakly nonlinear geometrical optics away from caustics, are governed by linear theory at and near caustics. For somewhat stronger waves, for which linear theory does not suffice at caustics, a weakly nonlinear caustic theory is developed. It leads to an equation derived by Guiraud, Hayes, and Seebass for gas dynamics.
Photorespiratory phenomena in maize: oxygen uptake, isotope discrimination, and carbon dioxide efflux.

Concurrent O 2 evolution, O 2 uptake, and CO 2 uptake by illuminated maize ( Zea mays ) leaves were measured using 13 CO 2 and 18 O 2 . Considerable O 2 uptake occurred during active photosynthesis. At CO 2 compensation, O 2 uptake increased. Associated with this increase was a decrease in O 2 release such that a stoichiometric exchange of O 2 occurred. The rate of O 2 exchange at CO 2 compensation was directly related to O 2 concentration in the atmosphere at least up to 8% (v/v). When illuminated maize leaves were exposed to saturating CO 2 concentrations containing approximately equal amounts of 12 CO 2 and 13 CO 2 , the latter was taken up more rapidly, thus depressing the atom% 13 C in the atmosphere. Moreover, upon exposure to CO 2 containing 96 atom% 13 C, there occurred a directly measurable efflux of 12 CO 2 from the leaves for at least 15 minutes. During this period an equimolar evolution of 16 O 2 and uptake of 13 CO 2 was observed. Thereafter, although the rate of 16 O 2 evolution remained unchanged, the rate of 13 CO 2 uptake declined markedly, suggesting continual 13 C enrichment of the photorespiratory substrate. It is concluded that a finite photorespiratory process occurs in maize and that the CO 2 generated thereby is efficiently recycled. Recycling maintains the internal CO 2 concentration at a level difficult to detect by most photorespiratory assays.
Guiding planes: when and where.

Abstract Guiding planes that are contacted by guiding plates are an important aspect of removable partial denture design principles. Complete vertical contact of guiding planes is beneficial for tooth-borne removable partial dentures. When distal-extension ridges are present, complete contact is detrimental. The design should be modified to take into account the different resiliencies of the supporting structures.
Some radial and direction-dependent models for densities of homes and workplaces

Abstract Census data on journeys to work in two cities, London and Bristol, are analyzed in order to examine how the homes and workplaces are distributed across the urban areas. The analyses suggest two generalizations of models proposed by Clark and by Sherratt for population densities. One generalization is required for accurate treatment of the central area, while the other allows for directional dependence.
Incorporating Wellness into Group Work in Elementary Schools

Small group and classroom guidance interventions are commonly used by school counselors to address children's academic and personal-social development. Specifically, counselors in elementary school settings have used group work to help children prevent, remediate, and cope with a variety of experiences. For young children, the presence of and their reaction to difficult situations may impact their overall wellbeing, or wellness. This article describes how to incorporate a wellness perspective to classroom guidance and small group work.
Angular-Velocity Tracking with Unknown Dynamics for Satellite Rendezvous and Docking

ABSTRACT Autonomous satellite on-orbit servicing is a very challe nging task when the satellite to be serviced is tumbling and has an unknown dynamics model. This paper addresses an adaptive control approach which can be used to assist the control of a servicing satellite to rendezvous and dock with a tumbling satellite whose dynamics model is unknown. A proximity-rendezvous and docking operation can be assumed to have three steps: 1) pre-dock alignment, 2) soft docking and latching/locking-up, and 3) post-docking stabilization. The paper deals with the first and third steps. Lyapunov-based tracking law and adaptation law are proposed to guarantee the success of the nonlinear control procedures with dynamics uncertainties. A dynamics simulation example is presen ted to illustrate the application of the proposed control approach. Simulation results demonstrated that the adaptive control method can successfully track any required angular velocity trajectory even when the dynamics model of the target satellite is unknown. Keywords: Rendezvous and docking, velocity tracking, satellite on-orbit servicing, adaptive control, parameter estimation, inertia estimation.
Predicting the onset of DNA supercoiling using a non-linear hemitropic elastic rod

Abstract Elastic rod models provide a means to interpret single molecule DNA experiments as well as predict DNA behavior under physiological conditions. Here we use an elastic rod model to predict the stability boundary (critical torque vs. applied tension) for single molecule DNA experiments in which the molecule is subjected to applied tension and twist. We discuss the shortcomings of the usual isotropic rod model. We then derive a consistent non-linear material law from the general representation for a hemitropic (chiral) rod. Finally, we present results of a standard bifurcation analysis predicting the stability boundary. We find results from the non-linear hemitropic rod to match the data closely.
Digital Computer System for Dynamic Analysis of Speech and Sound Feedback Mechanisms

The aim of the research reported is to put the laboratory application of closed-loop digital computer systems to experimental control and analysis in biology and behavioral science on a formal basis, using special concepts of programming to quantitatively control different parameters of variation in sensory feedback of specific response systems. The theory is unconventional in that the computer and the techniques of closed-loop programming are designed to control time delays, space displacements, kinetic modulations, and informational and symbolic transformations in the sensory feedback that is generated by movements and/or physiological actions of the living subject.The present experiment illustrates application of the system and the methods of closed-loop perturbation programming to study of delayed auditory feedback of speech. The subject's speech is transduced, amplified, converted by an analog-to-digital converter, programmed for delays, deconverted by a digital-to-analog converter, filtered, amplified, and then used to activate protected earphones on the speaker's ears. The computer is also used to introduce many special perturbation of the auditory feedback of speech in real time.
Structural phase transition in carbon nanotube bundles under pressure

The Raman shifts as functions of pressure were measured for the radial breathing mode and tangential modes in carbon nanoropes containing (10,10) and (17,0) single-walled tubes. An abrupt decrease in the rate of change of the Raman shift with pressure for the tangential modes, and the disappearance of the radial breathing mode, were observed at approximately 1.7 GPa. These changes in the Raman spectrum result from a structural phase transition as the nanoropes are compressed. Theoretical calculations using the empirical force method confirm this transition, as indicated by a calculated discontinuity in the lattice constants and unit cell volume at 1.7 GPa.
An Analysis of Empirical Cases of Community Wind in Oregon

Abstract Recently, a new type of ownership has emerged in the wind energy sector in the U.S. that is referred to as community wind. With the fact that there is little literature on empirical experience of such smaller community based projects, this paper attempts to present seven community wind cases in Oregon to identify opportunities and barriers and so to provide practical information to those who are interested in developing community wind.
Differences in the binding of 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital to rat liver cytosolic and nuclear protein fractions.

Abstract The inducers of cytochrome P -450c and P -450b, 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital, respectively, have been studied in their interaction with subcellular fractions from rat liver. 3-Methylcholanthrene bound to both nuclear and cytoplasmic components as demonstrated by DNA-cellulose chromatography. The binding of 3-methylcholanthrene to cytosolic proteins, on DNA-cellulose, was approximately 27 fmol/mg of applied protein, whereas the binding to nuclear proteins was 250–570 fmol/mg applied protein. Phenobarbital did not bind to proteins of rat serum, rat liver cytosol, or rat liver nuclei which could bind to DNA-cellulose. Further examination of the potential interaction of phenobarbital to rat liver cytosolic proteins was carried out using either DEAE A-50 Sephadex chromatography, charcoal dextran analysis, or sucrose density gradients. No binding of phenobarbital to rat liver cytosolic proteins was observed under these experimental conditions. In contrast, the binding of 3-methylcholanthrene to cytosolic proteins showed four peaks of radioactivity after DEAE A-50 Sephadex chromatography, two peaks by sucrose density gradient analysis, and specific binding (0.13 pmol/mg protein) was observed using the charcoal dextran technique. One of the peaks on sucrose gradients was labile in the presence of salt. The uptake and intranuclear distribution of 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital were markedly different after incubation with whole nuclei: 64% of the available 3-methylcholanthrene but only 3% of the available phenobarbital radioactivity became associated with nuclei. Of this radioactivity, the highest specific activity of the 3-methylcholanthrene radioactivity was associated with the 2 m KCl-resistant nuclear pellet and the highest specific activity of the phenobarbital radioactivity was associated with the nuclear fraction soluble in the absence of salt. These results are interpreted in regard to the induction of cytochrome P -450c.
How a disordered ubiquitin ligase maintains order in nuclear protein homeostasis

Cells use protein quality control (PQC) systems to protect themselves from potentially harmful misfolded proteins. Many misfolded proteins are repaired by molecular chaperones, but irreparably damaged proteins must be destroyed. Eukaryotes predominantly destroy these abnormally folded proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which requires compartment-specific ubiquitin ligase complexes that mark substrates with ubiquitin for proteasome degradation. In the yeast nucleus, misfolded proteins are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin ligase San1, which binds misfolded nuclear proteins directly and does not appear to require chaperones for substrate binding. San1 is also remarkably adaptable, as it is capable of ubiquitinating a structurally diverse assortment of abnormally folded substrates. We attribute this adaptability to San1's high degree of structural disorder, which provides flexibility and allows San1 to conform to differently shaped substrates. Here we review our recent work characterizing San1's distinctive mode of substrate recognition and the associated implications for PQC in the nucleus.
Randomness increases self-reported anxiety and neurophysiological correlates of performance monitoring

Several prominent theories spanning clinical, social and developmental psychology suggest that people are motivated to see the world as a sensible orderly place. These theories presuppose that randomness is aversive because it is associated with unpredictability. If this is the case, thinking that the world is random should lead to increased anxiety and heightened monitoring of ones actions and their consequences. Here, we conduct experimental tests of both of these ideas. Participants read one of three passages: (i) comprehensible order, (ii) incomprehensible order and (iii) randomness. In Study 1, we examined the effects of these passages on self-reported anxiety. In Study 2, we examined the effects of the same manipulation on the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related brain potential associated with performance monitoring. We found that messages about randomness increased self- reported anxiety and ERN amplitude relative to comprehensible order, whereas incomprehensible order had intermediate effects. These results lend support to the theoretically important idea that randomness is unsettling because it implies that the world is unpredictable.
Nowcasting: The Promise of New Technologies of Communication, Modeling, and Observation

Nowcasting combines a description of the current state of the atmosphere and a short-term forecast of how the atmosphere will evolve during the next several hours. A convergence of technical developments has set the stage for a major jump in nowcasting capabilities and the ability to apply those advances to important societal needs. New communications technologies, including broadband Internet, wireless communication, social media, and smartphones, have made the distribution and application of real-time weather information possible nearly anywhere. Rapid increases in the quantity and quality of surface, aircraft, and remote-sensing data now provide a real-time description of atmospheric conditions from the global to regional scales. Improved modeling and data assimilation offer the potential to more effectively apply mesoscale observations and to produce highresolution analyses and forecasts. Finally, improvements in communication, computation, and control have provided society with the ability to effecti...
View-dependent textured splatting

We present a novel approach to render low resolution point clouds with multiple high resolution textures – the type of data typical from passive vision systems. The low precision, noisy, and sometimes incomplete nature of such data sets is not suitable for existing point-based rendering techniques that are designed to work with high precision and high density point clouds. Our new algorithm – view-dependent textured splatting (VDTS) – combines traditional splatting with a view-dependent texturing strategy to reduce rendering artifacts caused by imprecision or noise in the input data.
A Dynamical Systems Approach to Infant Oral Feeding and Dysphagia: From Model System to Therapeutic Medical Device

Abstract A dynamical systems approach to infant feeding problems is presented. A theoretically motivated analysis of coordination among sucking, swallowing, and breathing is at the heart of the approach. Current views in neonatology and allied medical disciplines begin their analysis of feeding problems with reference to descriptive phases of moving fluid from the mouth to the gut. By contrast, in a dynamical approach, sucking, swallowing, and breathing are considered as a synergy characterized by more or less stable coordination patterns. Research with healthy and at-risk groups of infants is presented to illustrate how coordination dynamics distinguish safe swallowing from patterns of swallowing and breathing that place premature infants at risk for serious medical problems such as pneumonia. Coordination dynamics is also the basis for a new medical device: a computer-controlled milk bottle that controls milk flow on the basis of the infant's coordination patterns. The device is designed so that infants...
Glucosidase and Mannosidase Inhibitors Mediate Increased Secretion of Mutant α1 Antitrypsin Z

It is now well known that the addition and trimming of oligosaccharide side chains during post-translational modification play an important role in determining the fate of secretory, membrane, and lysosomal glycoproteins. Recent studies have suggested that trimming of oligosaccharide side chains also plays a role in the degradation of misfolded glycoproteins as a part of the quality control mechanism of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this study, we examined the effect of several inhibitors of carbohydrate processing on the fate of the misfolded secretory protein α1 antitrypsin Z. Retention of this misfolded glycoprotein in the ER of liver cells in the classical form of α1 antitrypsin (α1-AT) deficiency is associated with severe liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma and lack of its secretion is associated with destructive lung disease/emphysema. The results show marked alterations in the fate of α1 antitrypsin Z (α1-ATZ). Indeed, one glucosidase inhibitor, castanospermine (CST), and two mannosidase inhibitors, kifunensine (KIF) and deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ), mediate marked increases in secretion of α1-ATZ by distinct mechanisms. The effects of these inhibitors on secretion have interesting implications for our understanding of the quality control apparatus of the ER. These inhibitors may also constitute models for development of additional drugs for chemoprophylaxis of liver injury and emphysema in patients with α1-AT deficiency.
Sex differences in the adaptive value of androgyny

Androgynous blending of masculine and feminine behaviors was found to be positively related to androgynous sex-typing in 47 college women but not in 45 college men. However, of the two forms of androgyny, only blending was inversely related to stress in women; neither held functional significance for men.
110 MOLECULAR GENETICS OF MAMMAL I AN UMP SYNTHESIS

To study regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis in mammalian cells we isolated a series of Chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cell mutants defective in the enzymatic steps required for UMP synthesis. Urd-A mutants are deficient in CAD, the multifunctional protein catalvzing the first 3 activities of the pathway. Urd-B mutants are deficient in the 4th step of the pathway, DHO dehydrogenase, and Urd-C mutants are deficient in UMPS, the multifunctional protein catalyzing the last two steps of UMP synthesis. Urd-C mutants are functionally equivalent to cells from human natients with orotic-aciduria. The human Urd-A locus nans to human chromosome 2 and Urd-C to chromosome 3. To analyze mutations in these genes we isolated separate CHO cell mutants in which the CAD and UMPS qenes are amplified by ca. 25-fold, We fused these two mutants to create a hybrid cell line in which both CAD and UMPS are amplified. We used these amplified lines to construct both cDNA (in lambda gt 10) and genomic (in lambda EMBL-3) libraries. From these libraries we isolated a clone which contains a 1.9 kb UMPS cDNA, a clone of qreater than 3.0 kb which appears to be a CAD cDNA, and in addition several genonic clones which probably contain at least part of the CHO UMPS gene. We have initiated experiments using these clones to study requlation of UMP synthesis and the nature of the defects in our various mutants. In one Urd-A mutant, mRNA levels are markedly reduced, but transcriptional elongation rate as measured by nuclear run on is not reduced.
In vitro morphine antagonism by antibodies.

MORPHINE has a variety of pharmacological effects including inhibition of motility of some types of smooth muscle1,2. The narcotic antagonists nalorphine and naloxone appear to reverse a majority of the pharmacological effects of morphine by competitive inhibition for the tissue receptor site1,2. Our study was designed to determine if antibodies reactive with morphine could also inhibit or successfully reverse one of the biologic actions of the drug. We examined the capacity of rabbit antibodies produced by immunization with 6-succinyl-morphine conjugated to bovine serum albumin (M-6-HS-BSA)3,4 to antagonize the depressant action of morphine on electrically-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum.
Soy protein antioxidant actions in active, young adult women

Verification of the idea that soy exerts antioxidant effects in humans is limited. The present study examined intake of soy protein or a control whey protein (protocol of 40 g protein/day, 4 weeks). Soy protein, but not whey, depressed values for one oxidant stress marker (plasma lipid peroxides), though neither protein affected another marker (urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine). Soy protein, but not whey, raised plasma antioxidant capacities based on the total antioxidant status (TAS) assay. This effect seemed not to simply reflect increased plasma isoflavone contents since spiking plasma in vitro with isoflavones had no major effect on TAS values. The TAS effect also did not result from increased plasma uric acid values since these were unchanged by soy protein. These results suggest that 4 weeks of soy intake exerts some antioxidant effects but not others.
Identification of CD9 extracellular domains important in regulation of CHO cell adhesion to fibronectin and fibronectin pericellular matrix assembly

CD9, a 24-kDa member of the tetraspanin family, influences cellular growth and development, activation, adhesion, and motility. Our investigation focuses on the hypothesis that the CD9 second extracellular loop (EC2) is important in modulating cell adhesive events. Using a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell expression system, we previously reported that CD9 expression inhibited cell adhesion to fibronectin and fibronectin matrix assembly. For the first time, a functional epitope on CD9 EC2 that regulates these processes is described. Binding of mAb7, an EC2-specific anti-CD9 monoclonal antibody, reversed the CD9 inhibitory activity on CHO cell adhesion and fibronectin matrix assembly. This reversal of cell phenotype also was observed in CHO cells expressing CD9 EC2 truncations. Furthermore, our data showed that the EC2 sequence173LETFTVKSCPDAIKEVFDNK192 was largely responsible for the CD9-mediated CHO cell phenotype. Two peptides, 135K-V172 (peptide 5b) and168P-I185 (peptide 6a), selectively blocked mAb7 binding to soluble CD9 and to CD9 on intact cells. These active peptides reversed the influence of CD9 expression on CHO cell adhesion to fibronectin. In addition, confocal microscopy revealed that CD9 colocalized with the integrin α5β1 and cytoskeletal F-actin in punctate clusters on the cell surface, particularly at the cell margins. Immunoprecipitation studies confirmed CD9 association with β1 integrin. The cellular distribution and colocalization of focal adhesion kinase and α-actinin with cytoskeletal actin was also influenced by CD9 expression. Thus, CD9 may exhibit its effect by modulating the composition of adhesive complexes important in facilitating cell adhesion and matrix assembly.
NONCOMPACTNESS AND MAXIMUM MOBILITY OF TYPE III RICCI-FLAT SELF-DUAL NEUTRAL WALKER FOUR-MANIFOLDS

It is shown that a self-dual neutral Einstein four-manifold of Petrov type III, admitting a two-dimensional null parallel distribution compatible with the orientation, cannot be compact or locally homogeneous, and its maximum possible degree of mobility is 3. Diaz-Ramos, Garcia-Rio and Vazquez-Lorenzo found a general coordinate form of such manifolds. The present paper also provides a modified version of that coordinate form, valid in a suitably defined generic case and, in a sense, "more canonical" than the usual formulation. Moreover, the local-isometry types of manifolds as above having the degree of mobility equal to 3 are classified. Further results consist in explicit descriptions, first, of the kernel and image of the Killing operator for any torsionfree surface connection with everywhere-nonzero, skew-symmetric Ricci tensor, and, secondly, of a moduli curve for surface connections with the properties just mentioned that are, in addition, locally homogeneous. Finally, hyperbolic plane geometry is used to exhibit examples of codimension-two foliations on compact manifolds of dimensions greater than 2 admitting a transversal torsionfree connection, the Ricci tensor of which is skew-symmetric and nonzero everywhere. No such connection exists on any closed surface, so that there are no analogous examples in dimension 2.