cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic modeling of the equilibrium speed-density relationship

The fundamental diagram, as the graphical representation of the relationships among traffic flow, speed, and density, has been the foundation of traffic flow theory and transportation engineering. Seventy-five years after the seminal Greenshields model, a variety of models have been proposed to mathematically represent the speed–density relationship which underlies the fundamental diagram. Observed in these models was a clear path toward two competing goals: mathematical elegance and empirical accuracy. As the latest development of such a pursuit, this paper presents a family of speed–density models with varying numbers of parameters. All of these models perform satisfactorily and have physically meaningful parameters. In addition, speed variation with traffic density is accounted for; this enables statistical approaches to traffic flow analysis. The results of this paper not only improve our understanding of traffic flow but also provide a sound basis for transportation engineering studies.
Expression of G protein alpha-subunits in bovine parathyroid.

A G protein-coupled Ca(2+)-sensing receptor was recently cloned from bovine parathyroid and shown to mediate divalent cation regulation of PTH secretion. To define which G proteins might be coupled to the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor in parathyroid cells, we determined which G protein alpha-subunit messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are expressed in the parathyroid. We also considered the possibility that a novel parathyroid-specific G alpha might be present. We, therefore, used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to study the expression of G alpha subunits in a bovine parathyroid mRNA preparation. Degenerate primers, corresponding to two regions conserved in every G alpha subunit, the G3 and G4 sequences, were used to amplify G alpha complementary DNA fragments that were subcloned and sequenced. We found that mRNAs corresponding to G alpha s, G alpha i2, G alpha 11, G alpha 12, and G alpha z are the predominant G alpha mRNAs expressed in the bovine parathyroid. No novel G alpha mRNA was identified. Northe...
Four Decades of Vascularized Heterotopic Cardiac Transplantation in the Mouse

Since the first clinical heart transplant in 1967, there has been a heightened need to understand immune and inflammatory responses to "foreign" tissues. Research efforts in those early days were based on species that would now be considered "large" and were typically out-bred individuals. While this closely mirrors the clinical scenario, where genetic mismatches of donors and recipients can only be minimized in the selection process, these were not ideal models for studying the complexities and nuances of the immune system. Even when the rat was considered the standard model those early endeavors were limited by a small number of rat strains. The mouse model has provided us with an overwhelming array of strains, knockouts, knockins and transgenics that allow us to investigate the many layers of the innate and adaptive immune systems leading to a much greater understanding of immune responses. Fully vascularized heterotopic cardiac transplantation in the mouse has now been with us for four decades; the original papers describing this technique being published by Corry in 1973. In the subsequent 40 years, this technique has been used by many laboratories, including our own, and has become a powerful tool for the investigation of transplant immunity and ischemia reperfusion injury. Given the modern availability of mouse strains and mouse-related reagents, our current understanding of transplant immunity undoubtedly would not exist without such a technique.
Quantum cellular automata: new defects and faults for new devices

Summary form only given. There has been considerable research on quantum cellular automata (QCA) as a new computing scheme in the nanoscale regimes. A detailed simulation-based characterization of defects in different QCA logic and interconnect devices and study of their effects at logic-level are presented. Various failure mechanisms which can potentially happen during nanomannfacturing of these devices have been considered and simulated. Different implementations of QCA logic devices and interconnects are also compared in term of defect tolerance and testability. The same study is performed for new proposed QCA devices too. The simulation results show that additional fault models at logic level must be considered for testing of QCA-based circuits.
Alcoholic thionin counterstaining following Golgi dichromate-silver impregnation.

Brains of cats that had been fixed 2 months or longer in 10% formalin were cut into 3–6 mm. slices and impregnated by Golgi's dichromate-silver procedure (6% dichromate solution, 4–6 days; 1.5% silver nitrate solution 2 days). Sections 100 µ thick were cut after embedding in low melting point paraffin. Three changes of xylene and three of absolute alcohol were followed by staining 3–5 minutes in a saturated solution of thionin in absolute alcohol. The sections were dipped quickly in absolute alcohol and cleared in xylene, then differentiation was effected by an equal-parts mixture of absolute alcohol and xylene. A final clearing in three changes of xylene and mounting in Permount completed the process. Counter-staining was most successful when applied to freshly cut sections.
Does Ethane 1,2‐Dimethanesulphonate (EDS) Have a Direct Cytotoxic Effect on the Seminiferous Epithelium of the Rat Testis?

The authors examined the possibility that ethane 1,2-dimethanesulphonate (EDS) has a cytotoxic effect on spermatogenesis that is not secondary to androgen withdrawal resulting from the well known cytotoxic effect of EDS on Leydig cells. Adult male rats were implanted with polydimethylsiloxane (PDS) capsules containing testosterone (T) and estradiol (E), and were simultaneously injected with EDS. The PDS-TE implants, by inhibiting luteinizing hormone (LH) production, prevented Leydig cells from repopulating the testis and clamped testosterone within the seminiferous tubules at increasing concentrations relative to implant size. In rats that received EDS alone, the number of advanced spermatids per testis was significantly reduced by 2 weeks, but within 8 weeks returned to the numbers maintained in vehicle-injected control rats or in vehicle-injected rats that received testosterone- and estradiol-filled capsules of 24 cm and 0.1 cm, respectively (PDS-24TE). Surprisingly, in rats that received an EDS injection plus PDS-24TE implants, the number of advanced spermatids per testis was significantly reduced at 8 weeks and severe seminiferous tubule atrophy occurred despite the fact that the testosterone concentration was sufficient to quantitatively maintain spermatogenesis in vehicle-injected rats. In rats injected with EDS and implanted with 24 cm testosterone but not estradiol-filled capsules (PDS-24T), the advanced spermatid number per testis was significantly higher than that in the EDS plus PDS-24TE rats, but significantly lower than that in control rats. These results suggest that EDS may have a cytotoxic effect on the seminiferous epithelium that is independent of the elimination of Leydig cells, and that EDS and estradiol act synergistically to exert a profound toxic effect on I spermatogenesis.
Behavioral Effects and Pharmacokinetics of (±)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) after Intragastric Administration to Baboons

(±)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) is a popular drug of abuse. We aimed to characterize the behavioral effects of intragastric MDMA in a species closely related to humans and to relate behavioral effects to plasma MDMA and metabolite concentrations. Single doses of MDMA (0.32–7.8 mg/kg) were administered via an intragastric catheter to adult male baboons (N = 4). Effects of MDMA on food-maintained responding were assessed over a 20-hour period, whereas untrained behaviors and fine-motor coordination were characterized every 30 minutes until 3 hours postadministration. Levels of MDMA and metabolites in plasma were measured in the same animals (n = 3) after dosing on a separate occasion. MDMA decreased food-maintained responding over the 20-hour period, and systematic behavioral observations revealed increased frequency of bruxism as the dose of MDMA was increased. Drug blood level determinations showed no MDMA after the lower doses of MDMA tested (0.32–1.0 mg/kg) and modest levels after higher MDMA doses (3.2–7.8 mg/kg). High levels of 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) were detected after all doses of MDMA, suggesting extensive first-pass metabolism of MDMA in the baboon. The present results demonstrate that MDMA administered via an intragastric catheter produced behavioral effects that have also been reported in humans. Similar to humans, blood levels of MDMA after oral administration may not be predictive of the behavioral effects of MDMA. Metabolites, particularly HHMA, may play a significant role in the behavioral effects of MDMA.
Assembly of Nanoparticles using Surface-Grafted Orthogonal Polymer Gradients

We report on preparing poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)(PDMAEMA) gradient substrate, wherein molecular weight (MW) and grafting density (σ) of the surface-anchored PDMAEMA chains vary continuously in two orthogonal directions. Such a speciment is used to control the assembly of charged gold nanoparticles. Increasing MW and σ of the grafted PDMAEMA cause an enhanced binding of the nanopaticles to PDMAEMA, thus leading to an orthogonal number density gradient of surface-bound gold nanoparticles.
A routerless system level interconnection network for 3D integrated systems

This paper describes a new architectural paradigm for fully connected, single-hop system level interconnection networks. The architecture is scalable enough to meet the needs of next generation multicore systems and can efficiently support multiple programming models including symmetric common memory architectures. We present preliminary data from simulations of a network model and the design of a demonstration chip in stacked 3D integration technology. Our simulations demonstrate that our fully distributed routing and control system allocates system bandwidth fairly with minimal overhead, even when demand is close to network saturation.
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for anal cancer: feasibility and technical considerations.

Background Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery is an emerging technology that may prove advantageous for complex colorectal procedures involving the irradiated pelvis, such as abdominoperineal resection for recurrent anal cancer. The authors' initial experience is presented, with assessment of feasibility, safety, and oncologic principles. Methods Over a 6 month period, five abdominoperineal resections were performed using the da Vinci® robot for recurrent anal cancer in patients initially treated with definitive chemoradiation therapy. Demographics, intraoperative parameters, pathology, and outcomes were assessed. Results Five patients underwent surgery with a mean age of 58.8 years and body mass index of 24.9 kg m−2. The interval between chemoradiation and salvage APR was 14.2 ± 10.0 months. Operative time was 204 ± 39.1 min with robotic docking time 12.2 ± 2.8 min and console time 93.0 ± 24.9 min. The mean estimated blood loss was 150 cc and there were no intraoperative complications. The mean hospital length of stay was 5.4 days. Pathology analysis revealed that all surgical margins were adequate. There was one postoperative complication consisting of a seroma. Conclusion Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for anal cancer was found to be a safe and feasible procedure. It facilitated enhanced visualization and dissection through deep irradiated pelvic structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary experiences with the Fortran D compiler

Fortran D is a version of Fortran enhanced with data decomposition specifications. Case studies illustrate strengths and weaknesses of the prototype Fortran D compiler when compiling linear algebra codes and whole programs. Statement groups, execution conditions, inter-loop communication optimizations, multi-reductions, and array kills for replicated arrays are identified as new compilation issues. On the Intel iPSC/860, the output of the prototype Fortran D compiler approaches the performance of hand-optimized code for parallel computations, but needs improvement for linear algebra and pipelined codes. The Fortran D compiler outperforms and the CM Fortran compiler (2.1 beta) by a factor of four or more on the TMC CM-5 when not using vector units. Better analysis, run-time support, and flexibility are required for the prototype compiler to be useful for a wider range of programs.
Note: Youth Transitioning Out of Foster Care: An Evaluation of a Supplemental Security Income Policy Change

Youths with disabilities face numerous challenges when they transition to adulthood. Those who are aging out of foster care face the additional challenge of losing their foster care benefits, although some will be eligible for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments after foster care ceases. However, the time needed to process SSI applications exposes those youths to a potential gap in the receipt of benefits as they move between foster care and SSI. We evaluate the effects of a 2010 Social Security Administration policy change that allows such youths to apply for SSI payments 60 days earlier than the previous policy allowed. The change provides additional time for processing claims before the applicant ages out of the foster care system. We examine administrative records on SSI applications from before and after the policy change to determine if the change has decreased the gap between benefits for the target population.
Impact Of The Internet On Internal Service Quality Factors: The Travel Industry Case

The growth of multichannel and pure-play companies attests to the changes that technology has brought to business processes. These changes have an effect on the quality of service delivery and customer satisfaction. In this qualitative study, the Service Quality Model was applied to gain insight into the internal service quality factors of two types of travel agencies. In addition, the impact of the Internet on quality of service was explored. The findings have theoretical and managerial implications.
DSAT - A Modular Simulation Development & Analysis Tool

In this paper, a very low cost, high throughput, scalable, plug-and-play, COTS based simulation development and analysis platform for use in design and verification of complex dynamical systems is reviewed. The tool is used to solve the problem of integrated verification of the ISS GN&C systems, while meeting demanding schedules and providing confidence in risk estimates. Its modular design accommodates parameter or architecture modifications. It also automates simulation generation, verification analysis process, and result documentation. Its functional capabilities include static, frequency domain, and time domain analysis. It also includes various user references.
Identification of avian erythroblastosis virus by precipitation with chicken immune serum.

SummarySpheroidal particles of about 100-120 mμ diameter occur characteristically in the plasma of chickens with erythroblas-tosis. With formalin-inactivated concentrates of these particles, immune serums have been produced in the chicken which effectively neutralize the infectivity of the agent. These antiserums also cause agglomeration of particles in concentrates identifiable by electron micrography as those found characteristically in this disease. The results have been interpreted to indicate that the characteristic particles agglomerated constitute the viral agent of avian erythroblastosis.
The efficacy of quantitative and qualitative chloride titrators in the estimation of human salt intake

We evaluated the utility of chloride titrator sticks for facilitating the assessment of dietary salt intake, in a systematic series of clinical trials. These inexpensive devices were applied daily to 24-h or nocturnal urine specimens, thereby avoiding the inter- and intra-subject variability in salt excretion which confounds the use of occasional 24-h urine collections. Chloride and sodium concentrations in urine were highly correlated (r>0.92) in either nocturnal, diurnal, or 24-h collections. The quantitative chloride titrator estimates and measured chloride concentrations were highly correlated as well (r>0.99). The qualitative chloride titrator was graded on a simple scale, and was successfully employed by outpatients attempting to limit their salt intake. Commonly used antihypertensive medications did not interfere with the determinations. Additional chloride intake, such as supplemental potassium chloride, interfered with estimates of salt ingestion, but if the daily amount of potassium chloride supplement was constant, adjustments in interpretation could be made. Renal insufficiency introduced a systematic over-estimation of salt intake by the qualitative chloride tirator, but only at high salt intakes. Relative estimates of salt intake in subjects with renal failure were still possible. We conclude that chloride titrators can facilitate the management of patients who require a prescribed salt intake.
A model for oxygen-dependent backscattering spectroscopic contrast from single red blood cells(Conference Presentation)

The oxygen-dependent absorption of hemoglobin provides the fundamental contrast for all label-free techniques measuring blood oxygenation. When hemoglobin is packaged into red blood cells (RBCs), the structure of the cells creates light scattering which also depends on the absorption based on the Kramers-Kronig relationship. Thus a proper characterization of the optical behaviors of blood has been a key to any accurate measurement of blood oxygenation, particularly at the capillary level where RBCs are dispersed individually in contrast to a densely packed whole blood. Here we provided a theoretical model under Born Approximation to characterize the oxygen dependent backscattering spectroscopic contrast from single RBCs. Using this theoretical model, we conducted simulations on both oxygenated and deoxygenated single RBCs with different sizes for standard and possible deformed cell geometries in blood flow, all which suggested similar backscattering spectroscopic contrast and were confirmed by Mie Theory and experiments using visible Optical Coherence Tomography (visOCT). As long as the cell size satisfies Gaussian distribution with a coefficient variance (C.V.) large enough, there is clear absorption contrast between the backscattering spectra of oxygenated and deoxygenated single RBCs calculated by this model, so oxygen saturation can then be characterized. Thus, this theoretical model can be extended to extract absorption features of other scattering particles as long as they satisfy Born Approximation.
Study on Antibacterial Activities of Extracts of Lilium lancifolium Thunb

To study the antibacterial activities of different solvents extracts of Lilium lancifo1ium Thunb, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and inhibitory circle of the extract were determined. The results showed that the antibacterial activities of the extracts were different against different microbes. This research is profitable for the further study and use of the Lilium lancifo1ium Thunb.
Spatial autocorrelation and trend surface analysis of bacillary dysentery by geographic information system( GIS) in Hunan Province in 2013

Objective To explore the spatial distribution characteristics of bacillary dysentery by geographic information system( GIS) in Hunan in 2013. Methods Related information about bacillary dysentery were collected. The spatial distribution map,spatial autocorrelation and trend surface analysis were used by GIS to explore the aggregation and hot region of bacillar dysentery. Results There were new cases of bacillary dysentery in Hunan except for Linli and Nanyue in2013. Global spatial autocorrelation showed that there was a spatial aggregation in the incidence of bacillary dysentery( Moran'I Index = 0. 40,Z = 8. 82,P 0. 001). Local spatial autocorrelation showed that 9 areas including Fenghuang,Jishou,Luxi,Mayang Miao Autonomous,Baojing,Guzhang,Chenxi and Hecheng were the areas with high incidence( all P 0. 05). Trend surface analysis showed that the overall distribution of bacillary dysentery from the west to the east presented a reducing straight line,and from south to north presented a "U"shape. Conclusions There were 9 areas in high incidence aggregation of bacillary dysentery in Hunan in 2013. The incidence of bacillary dysentery in the western region was higher than that in the eastern region,while the incidence in south and north region was higher than that in the central region. The key areas for future public health planning and resource allocation should be determined in Hunan Province.
Surveillance on Foodborne Pathogens in Jiaxing in 2009

Objective To analyze the contamination of food polluted by foodborne pathogens in Jiaxing city.Method A total of 275 food samples were collected and detected for Salmonella,Staphylococcus aureus,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E.coli O157:H7).Results The overall positive rate was 45.3% in 75 frozen raw meats and aquatic products;and 6 strains of Salmonella,12 strains of Listeria monocytogenes,4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 18 strains of V.parahaemolyticus were isolated.E.coli O157:H7 was not isolated.The positive rate in 200 instant food samples is 3.0%,and the main foodborne pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusion The main items of food contaminated by foodborne pathogens in Jiaxing city were frozen raw meats.The main foodborne pathogens were Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes.
Monitoring Free Drug Concentration: Clinical Usefulness and Analytical Challenges

Abstract A drug bound to protein is inactive, and it is only the free drug that can bind with a receptor providing pharmacological action. Currently, the clinical utility of monitoring free phenytoin, valproic acid, and, to some extent, carbamazepine has been well established. In addition, the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolic acid is also strongly bound to serum albumin, and monitoring free mycophenolic acid in uremic patients who are transplant recipient also has been established.
Compatibilities of dielectric films

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the interface reliability that has become a primary focus of advanced semiconductor development as dielectric materials transition from oxides and nitrides to polymers and carbides. Packaging reliability, transistor performance, resistive–capacitative (RC) delay, electromigration, and stress migration resistance have dependencies on interface properties. Process and environmentally induced damage are shown to be critical contributors to the properties of interfaces formed between dielectrics and metals, semiconductors, and other dielectrics. Adhesion promoters, plasma pre-cleans, wet pre-cleans, queue times, design rule changes, low down force polishing, and resist stripping changes have been employed to improve the compatibility of emerging dielectrics with other materials and with processes, performance and reliability requirements.
FRBR and RDA: What They Are and How They May Affect the Future of Libraries

"Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records," a document issued by the International Federation of Library Association’s Cataloguing Section in 1997, has achieved the status of an important theoretical model of the cataloging process, in effect, a theory of cataloging. It is the foundation on which the new cataloging code, Resource Description and Access (RDA), is based. An understanding of the FRBR model is essential to the understanding and application of RDA. This paper explains the entity-relationship model which FRBR presents: the bibliographic entities (work, expression, manifestation, item), their attributes, and the relationships that connect them. It explains how bibliographic records based on the FRBR model would be structured, and demonstrates how FRBR informs the structure of RDA. It describes the controversies connected with the forthcoming implementation of RDA in March, 2013, and explores the implications of this implementation for the library community.
An integrated computational environment for management and analysis of electrical energy systems

Nowadays, the management of electrical power systems includes a wide selection of computational programs to solve a broad range of planning and operation matters. However, the diverse nature of the problems sometimes is an obstacle to integrate planning, operation and commercial functions, since that computational software and data structure used to be separated. This paper presents a proposal for an integrated computational environment to support management and analysis of electrical energy systems, called EESM (electrical energy system management) or GSEE (which is a anachronism in Portuguese for Gerenciamento de Sistemas de Energia Eletrica). This approach has been use to design and implementation of computational system in the electrical energy system group of PUCRS.
Assessment of Infantile Hemangiomas Using a Handheld Wireless Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Device.

Background/Objectives Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are vascular tumors with the potential for significant morbidity. There is a lack of validated objective tools to assess IH severity and response to treatment. Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS), a noninvasive, nonionizing imaging modality, can measure total hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in tissue to assess IH vascularity and response to treatment. Our objective was to evaluate the utility of a wireless, handheld DOS system to assess IH characteristics at selected points during their clinical course. Methods Thirteen subjects (initial age 5.8 ± 2.0 mos) with 15 IHs were enrolled. IHs were classified as proliferative, plateau phase, or involuting. Nine patients with 11 IHs were untreated; four patients with 4 IHs were treated with timolol or propranolol. Each IH was evaluated by placing the DOS system directly on the lesion as well a normal contralateral skin site. IH vascularity and oxygenation were scored using a newly defined normalized hypoxia fraction (NHF) coefficient. Measurements were recorded at various intervals from the initial visit to 1 to 2 years of age. Results For the nine untreated IHs, the NHF was highest at 6 months of age, during proliferation. Differences in NHFs between the proliferation and the plateau (p = 0.02) and involuting (p < 0.001) stages were statistically significant. In treated patients, the NHF normalized to 60% after 2 months. One treated IH came within 5% of the NHF for normal skin after 12 months. Conclusions DOS can be used to assess the vascularity and tissue oxygenation of IHs and monitor their progression and response to treatment.
Abstract P206: Automated Imaging Reveals a Switch Between Reversible and Irreversible Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy

Cardiac hypertrophy increases risk for heart failure, arrhythmia, and sudden death. Little is known about the specific signaling pathways that distinguish reversible forms of hypertrophy from irreversible forms which lead to heart failure. This project utilizes a novel high-throughput cell phenotype imaging and analysis protocol to study the reversibility of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy in a scalable cell culture model. Primary cardiac myocytes were transfected with GFP plasmid driven under a cardiac specific troponin T promoter. Five by five mosaic images (∼100 cells) within each well of a 96-well plate were recorded with an automated XYZ stage and focus. Post-processing algorithms automatically background corrected, segmented cell edges, quantified cell phenotypes, and tracked cells between measurements. This platform therefore has the ability to track changes in area and shape of hundreds of individual cells over a time period of about a week. Cell shape changes after washout of a dose response to the hypertrophic agonist phenylephrine (PE) showed that hypertrophy was reversible at low but not high levels of alpha-adrenergic signaling: a cellular “toggle switch”. Specialized alpha-adrenergic receptor (αAR) antagonists were used to study a potential mechanism for this biphasic response. Prazosin, an αAR antagonist that could act at the sarcolemma and also be transported inside the cell, reversed PE-induced hypertrophy. In contrast, CGP-12177a, an αAR antagonist that acts at the sarcolemma, did not reverse PE-induced hypertrophy. These experimental results and a computational model support the hypothesis that cellular uptake of PE and activity at nuclear alpha-adrenergic receptors may explain the biphasic response in the reversibility of PE-induced hypertrophy.
Chapter 10 – Imaging Tools in Human Research: Focus on Image-Guided Intervention

Image-guided interventions have been applied in clinical practice and research for decades, starting with X-ray fluoroscopy to guide catheter placements in angiography and ultrasound to guide placement of needles and devices. More recently more and more sophisticated imaging modalities have migrated out of their traditional roles and into operating and procedure rooms. The impetus for this is the power of these tools to image specific features of a given disease that are essential for the safe and effective delivery of therapy. Molecular imaging has demonstrated new and exciting insights into many diseases in vivo, and the changes that result from therapy can now be monitored in real time. In this era of “precision” medicine molecular image-guided interventions allow real personalized and precise treatment using an imaging phenotype–based approach.
Dynamics of lentiviral infection in vivo in the absence of adaptive immune responses

Abstract Understanding the dynamics of acute viral infection is crucial for developing strategies to prevent and control infection. In this study, lentiviral dynamics in a host without adaptive immunity were examined in order to determine kinetic parameters of infection and quantify the effect of neutralizing antibodies in preventing infection, using mathematical modeling of data from equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection of horses with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Estimated parameters were used to calculate the basic reproductive number and virus doubling time and found that the rate that antibodies neutralized virus was ~18 times greater than the virus clearance rate. These results establish EIAV replication kinetics in SCID horses and the minimal efficacy of antibodies that blocked infection. Furthermore, they indicate that EIAV is at most mildly cytopathic. This study advances our understanding of EIAV infection and may have important implications for the control of other viral infections, including HIV.
Recruiting the Digital-Age Applicant: The Impact of Ophthalmology Residency Program Web Presence on Residency Recruitment

Background The phenomenon of internet dependence has changed the way the rising generation seeks information. This mentality has caused medical students to turn to online resources as they seek information about potential residency training programs. Residency program web presence (PWP) is increasingly important, and may even impact recruitment efforts. Improvement of PWP could enhance programs' recruitment of ideal candidates. Objectives The purpose of this study is to assess how ophthalmology residency PWP is impacting the residency recruitment process by understanding how it influences applicants' application and rank list choices as well as to identify the contributing factors. Methods Applicants applying for ophthalmology residency training at Penn State University during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 application cycles were surveyed using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). Surveys sought applicants' perspectives with respect to their experiences with PWP and how those experiences shaped their application and rank list decisions. Results Of 860 applicants, 214 (24.9%) responded, accounting for 17.4% (214/1,228) of all ophthalmology residency applicants during the respective cycles; 72.4% of respondents expressed PWP does impact where they apply, how they form their rank list, or both; 93.4% said websites are an important resource during the application process; 47.2% conveyed interest in programs utilizing social media tools; and 76.5% of respondents felt websites gave sufficient information less than 50% of the time. Conclusion Ophthalmology PWP does impact resident recruitment. By enhancing program websites and adding social media tools, programs can improve recruitment efforts.
Sir John Gardner Wilkinson: The Preservation and Pillage of Ancient Egypt

This paper analyzes the debate over the role of John Wilkinson in the development of Egyptology in the late-nineteenth century. Scholars have debated the early importance Wilkinson had during his lifetime. Some argue that Wilkinson’s work was marginalized during his lifetime, and that his research was not fully appreciated until the past twenty years. Here, I demonstrate that Wilkinson’s work formed the foundation for the work of many of his contemporaries. This, coupled with a number of other arguments, indicate that Wilkinson’s work must have been seriously considered among academic circles during his time.
The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Explosion Welded 6061 Aluminum Alloy

The unique microstructure generated by explosion welding and the mechanics of weld formation has been the subject of numerous research programs at laboratories in many countries1,2,3,4. The results of these investigations seem to develop a clear argument for explosion welding occuring as an essentially solid state bonding mechanism based on the disruption of surface contaminants by “jetting” from oblique high velocity collision while simultaneously establishing atomic contact of newly formed surfaces. Some welding by melting and fusion does occur; however, this is regarded as a secondary phenomenon which should be minimized in order to achieve maximum weld quality. The result is a weld interface that is usually characterized by a wavy flow pattern of direct solid phase bond alternating with regions of solidified melt. The extent of flow deformation and melting can be altered by the impact conditions, i.e. the explosion welding parameters.
The Theoretical Perspective in Teaching Family Therapy: Discussion of Dr. Grunebaum’s and Dr. Chasin’s Paper

It is a pleasure to have the opportunity to begin the discussion of Dr. Grunebaum’s and Dr. Chasin’s stimulating if, at times, difficult to follow, paper. While the paper does not focus mainly on curriculum design, or child psychiatry training per se, it clearly articulates a way of conceptualizing family therapy which has many implications for teaching family therapy in relation to child psychiatry training. Since, in the brief time allotted to me, it would be impossible to discuss all, or even most, of the interesting issues raised by this paper, I will confine my comments to several areas which have particular significance for me.
CHAPTER 18 – LEAVENING AGENTS

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an account of the leavening agents. Batter and dough products are leavened by water vapor, air, carbon dioxide, and sometimes ammonia. The gases are distributed as small bubbles in batters and doughs, and the fineness of their dispersion is responsible for the grain of the baked products. Carbon dioxide is formed in foods by the decomposition of bicarbonate, by the chemical reaction of sodium bicarbonate with an acid, or by the biological action of microorganisms. Although water vapor is important in leavening pastry, popovers, and cream puffs, it may be assisted by air, especially in pastry. In foods leavened by carbon dioxide, whether formed by chemical or biological action, air and water vapor also are present during baking because some air is incorporated into batters and doughs during mixing and vapor is formed from water during baking. Many breads containing yeast not only are leavened by yeast-produced carbon dioxide but also owe their distinctive flavor to the metabolic products of yeast. Other breads are yeast-leavened (and flavored) and have a sour flavor that results from the bacterial production of acid.
Maternal Communication Strategies That Promote Body Image in Daughters

This research examined the relationships between perceived maternal communication behaviors and daughters’ body image by borrowing from the tenets of three commonly used body image prevention appro...
Total Syntheses of Aromatic Abietane Diterpenoids Utilizing Advances in the Pummerer Rearrangement

The first total syntheses of triptobenzene T, vitexifolin C, 4-epi-triptobenzene L, triptobenzene L, and nepetaefolin F have been accomplished through an enantioselective, common intermediate approach and have enabled the confirmation and/or establishment of the absolute stereochemistry of each natural product synthesized. Application of three new and/or underutilized Pummerer reaction pathways proved critical to the synthetic work. A proline sulfonamide-catalyzed Yamada–Otani reaction was used to access the highly functionalized cyclohexane A ring core, including the C10 all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. Additionally, the importance of the A ring unsaturation for controlling the stereoselectivity during the C4 alkylation is showcased.
Second-generation aryl isonitrile compounds targeting multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Antibiotic resistance remains a major global public health threat that requires sustained discovery of novel antibacterial agents with unexploited scaffolds. Structure-activity relationship of the first-generation aryl isonitrile compounds we synthesized led to an initial lead molecule that informed the synthesis of a second-generation of aryl isonitriles. From this new series of 20 compounds, three analogues inhibited growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (from 1 to 4 µM) and were safe to human keratinocytes. Compound 19, with an additional isonitrile group exhibited improved activity against MRSA compared to the first-generation lead compound. This compound emerged as a candidate worthy of further investigation and further reinforced the importance of the isonitrile functionality in the compounds’ anti-MRSA activity. In a murine skin wound model, 19 significantly reduced the burden of MRSA, similar to the antibiotic fusidic acid. In summary, 19 was identified as a new lead aryl isonitrile compound effective against MRSA.
A low-cost information nudge increases citizenship application rates among low-income immigrants

We show that an information nudge increased the rate of American citizenship applications among low-income immigrants eligible for a federal fee waiver. Approximately half of the 9 million naturalization-eligible immigrants qualify for a federal programme that waives the cost of the citizenship application for low-income individuals. However, take-up of this fee waiver programme remains low1–3. Here we use a randomized field experiment to test the effectiveness of a low-cost intervention (a ‘nudge’) that informed low-income immigrants about their eligibility for the fee waiver. We find that the information nudge increased the rate of citizenship applications by about 8.6 percentage points from 24.5% in the control group to 33.1% in the treatment group (ordinary least squares regression with robust standard errors (d.f. = 933); P = 0.015; 95% confidence interval ranged from 1.7 to 15.4 percentage points). We found no evidence that the nudge was less effective for poorer or less educated immigrants. These findings contribute to the literature that addresses the incomplete take-up of public benefits by low-income populations4–10 and suggest that lack of information is an important obstacle to citizenship among low-income immigrants who demonstrate an interest in naturalization. Through a randomized field experiment, researchers at Stanford’s Immigration Policy Lab demonstrate that a low-cost nudge informing immigrants about their eligibility for a federal fee waiver increased rates of citizenship applications.
Islamophobic and anti-Muslim resistance to postsecularism: South Asian Americans and the disciplining of American racial and religious subjectivities*

Assaults on Sikhs and other South Asian Americans represent not merely cases of ‘mistaken Muslims.’ Their victimization is different—yet not distinct—from anti-Muslim sentiment. They are the casual...
Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Opiates

The powerful effects of opiates have been well known from the dawn of human existence. The poppy art of Assyria from 4000 B.C. to the increasing popularity of heroin in present times illustrates the tenacious hold opiates have on our lives. Opium, the Latin derivation of the Greek opos,meaning juice, has long been associated with sleep. Opiates are the natural alkaloids of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). They include such substances as codeine and morphine. Narcotics are a broader group of opiate-like drugs which include synthesized substances like methadone, fentanyl, heroin, and meperidine. However, “narcotics” is often loosely used in common parlance to refer to any illicit drug.
A direct approach for simplifying nonlinear systems with external periodic excitation using normal forms

In this article, we present a straightforward methodology to obtain the normal forms of nonlinear systems subjected to external periodic excitation. Moreover, the nonlinear systems are not mandated to be minimally excited and may be parametrically excited or possess constant coefficients. This methodology applies an intuitive state augmentation scheme which serves to liberate the analysis from traditional approaches that require special strategies such as ‘book-keeping’ parameters, detuning parameters, ad hoc new unsolved differential equations and variables. Because our technique affiliates the excitation frequency terms with the augmented states in a direct, consistent and explicit manner, this approach is applicable to a broad range of nonlinear systems with single or multiple periodic excitations. We performed analysis of the forced Duffing and the Mathieu–Duffing equations via normal forms computed by our methodology. The analysis scrutinized the systems amplitude variations in time and frequency domains. Observed conformity between the normal forms results and the numerically integrated results validated the reliability of our unified approach to accurately construct normal forms of nonlinear systems with external periodic excitation.
Dexamethasone Use in the Treatment of Pediatric Deep Neck Space Infections

Objectives:Assess the outcome of Intravenous (IV) dexamethasone in the treatment of pediatric deep neck space infections (DNSI) in combination with IV antibiotics.Methods:Retrospective chart review...
Mobile Military Reactors

Analysis of Correlates of War (COW) Project data reveals a quantitative war-energy nexus that is intensifying. A nation’s success in war, measured in fewer combat deaths, greater spending, and more victories, is increasingly correlated with per capita energy consumption. Rising per capita energy consumption, also evident in COW project data, warns of fourfold increase in fossil fuel consumption by the largest nations as soon as 2050. Fierce contention over the availability and pollution associated with these resources will add to the already high statistical risk of war. The results of the study corroborate anecdotal findings that increasing per capita energy consumption strengthens national security, but only nuclear power achieves this objective without increasing interstate contention over fossil fuels. Moreover, mobile reactors can simultaneously provide enhanced defense capability abroad while improving the health of local peoples, which is difficult and riskier with fossil fuel infrastructure. Defense applications of mobile reactors can pave the way for small commercial reactors to improve energy security, lessen pollution, and help keep peace worldwide.
Association of medical comorbidities and cardiovascular disease with toxicity and survival in patients receiving checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.

7039Background: Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (IO) is widely used to treat advanced cancer in pts. with medical comorbidities (MC), but the effect of MC on outcomes is poorly understood. Metho...
Neuroendocrine and Midgut Endocrine Systems in the Adult Mosquito

In mosquitoes, as well as in other insects, three regulatory systems, the neural, the neuroendocrine, and the endocrine, interact to control physiological processes and behavior on a daily basis. These systems also integrate general physiological processes with the episodic events of feeding, ecdysis, diapause, metamorphosis, and reproduction. All three systems accomplish this complex, coordinated regulation by the same basic process—their component cells secrete diverse chemical messengers that affect specific target cells.
Esophageal adenocarcinoma with any component of signet ring cells portends poor prognosis and response to neoadjuvant therapy.

Abstract Background Multiple investigations have shown inferior outcomes for esophageal cancer patients with signet ring cell (SRC) histology. Traditionally, SRC adenocarcinoma has been defined by ≥50% of the tumor composed of SRC. We hypothesized that patients with SRC even Methods Patients treated with trimodality therapy for adenocarcinoma from 2006 to 2018 were evaluated for SRC on pretreatment biopsy specimens. Available hematoxylin and eosin slides containing SRC tumors were re-reviewed by an esophageal pathologist to quantify the percent composition of SRC. Results SRC histology was identified on at least 1 pathologic specimen in 106 of 819 (13%) patients. Rates of pathologic complete response (pCR) among usual-type and SRC tumors were 25% (177/713) and 10% (11/106), respectively (P = .006). The pretreatment SRC components did not independently affect the rate of pCR (1%-10% SRC: 4% [2/46] pCR; 11%-49% SRC: 25% [7/28] pCR; 50%-100% SRC: 7% [2/30] pCR). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated worse survival among patients with any degree of SRC present on pretreatment biopsy, as compared with usual-type esophageal adenocarcinoma (P Conclusions We present the only known evaluation of the percentage of SRC component in esophageal carcinoma. Our data support the hypothesis that esophageal adenocarcinoma with any component of SRC are more resistant to chemoradiation with poorer survival. Pathologic reporting of esophageal adenocarcinoma should include any component of SRC. Alternative therapies in patients with any SRC component may be indicated.
Impact of Outsourcing on Hospital Financial Performance

The current debate on healthcare finances and the increasing healthcare cost lead healthcare organizations to apply innovative business models. The challenge facing healthcare facilities is to control costs while maintaining high service levels. Both theory and practice suggest that outsourcing of non-core business functions can affect firms’ probability performance through cost reductions and strategic benefits. We empirically examine whether outsourcing of non-clinical services improves the financial performance for a sample of hospitals with various ownership structures, locations, and affiliations. The overall results indicate that the managerial outsourcing decision has a positive and significant influence on hospitals financial performance. In particular, we find that the extent of outsourcing of non-clinical services improves the current and future performance of our sample hospitals. Whereas the positive relation between the rural factor and profitability is consistent with prior literature, the result for teaching hospitals is somewhat surprising. Additionally, the ownership structure of for-profit hospital adversely affects the profitability performance. This paper contributes to accounting research by examining the consequences of outsourcing decisions on hospitals financial performance. Specifically, the current study expands and complements the existing literature on hospital outsourcing, as it uses a comprehensive data sample with objective performance metrics.