cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward an Inexpensive Aqueous Polysulfide–Polyiodide Redox Flow Battery

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) hold promise for large-scale energy storage to facilitate the penetration of intermittent renewable resources and enhance the efficiency of nonrenewable energy processes in the evolving electric power system. While all vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) represent the current state-of-the-art, their system price is near 4-fold higher than the price targets outlined by the U.S. Department of Energy, inspiring research into cost reduction through increased energy density or reduced materials cost contributions. Motivated by the abundance and low cost of sulfur and iodine, herein, we explore the feasibility of an aqueous flow battery system using a polysulfide negative electrolyte and polyiodide positive electrolyte. The polysulfide–polyiodide flow battery (SIFB) has an open circuit voltage of 1 V and uses Na+ as the working ion to balance the charge in each electrolyte. Both positive and negative electrolytes display coulombic efficiency close to 100%. Without significant syste...
The Earth System Science Pathfinder VOLCAM Volcanic Hazard Mission

The VOLCAM mission is planned for research on volcanic eruptions and as a demonstration of a satellite system for measuring the location and density of volcanic eruption clouds for use in mitigating hazards to aircraft by the operational air traffic control systems. A requirement for 15 minute time resolution is met by flight as payloads of opportunity on geostationary satellites. Volcanic sulfur dioxide and ash are detected using techniques that have been developed from polar orbiting TOMS (UV) and AVHRR (IR) data. Seven band UV and three band IR filter wheel cameras are designed for continuous observation of the full disk of the earth with moderate (10 - 20 km) ground resolution. This resolution can be achieved with small, low cost instruments but is adequate for discrimination of ash and sulfur dioxide in the volcanic clouds from meteorological clouds and ozone. The false alarm rate is small through use of sulfur dioxide as a unique tracer of volcanic clouds. The UV band wavelengths are optimized to detect very small sulfur dioxide amounts that are present in pre-eruptive outgassing of volcanoes. The system is also capable of tracking dust and smoke clouds, and will be used to infer winds at tropopause level from the correlation of total ozone with potential vorticity.
Q control of a microfabricated piezoelectric cantilever with on-chip feedthrough cancellation

One of the major prerequisites to obtaining highspeed tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a controllable quality (Q) factor. This can be achieved through the use of self-sensing cantilevers that utilize piezoelectric actuation. However, such cantilever configurations commonly feature significant levels of feedthrough from the actuation signal to the sensing signal that buries the dynamics of the cantilever, and correspondingly increases the complexity of the control implementation, especially for higher imaging modes. Here we demonstrate a novel active AFM cantilever fabricated with a separate piezoelectric actuator and sensor, together with an electrode configuration that is designed to significantly reduce feedthrough. This enables a simplified approach to controlling the cantilever's dynamics, which is demonstrated through the implementation of an effective Q control method for high-speed AFM scanning.
Propagation of Orientation Uncertainty of 3D Rigid Object to Its Points

If a CAD model of a rigid object is available, the location of any point on an object can be derived from the measured 6DOF pose of the object. However, the uncertainty of the measured pose propagates to the uncertainty of the point in an anisotropic way. We investigate this propagation for a class of systems that determine an object pose by using point-based rigid body registration. For such systems, the uncertainty in the location of the points used for registration propagates to the pose uncertainty. We find that for different poses of the object, the direction corresponding to the smallest propagated uncertainty remains relatively unchanged in the object's local frame, regardless of object pose. We show that this direction may be closely approximated by the moment of inertia axis which is based on the configuration of the fiducials. We use existing theory of rigid-body registration to explain the experimental results, discuss the limitations of the theory and practical implications of our findings.
Autonomous Dynamic Bandwidth Steering with Silicon Photonic-Based Wavelength and Spatial Switching for Datacom Networks

We present an autonomous SDN network architecture that leverages the spatial and wavelength switching capabilities of silicon photonics microring-based circuits for self-adaptive bandwidth steering. These functionalities are seamlessly integrated and demonstrated in a datacom testbed.
Self-structuring properties of dominance hierarchies a new perspective.

Abstract Using aggressive behavior, animals of many species establish dominance hierarchies in both nature and the laboratory. Rank in these hierarchies influences many aspects of animals’ lives including their health, physiology, weight gain, genetic expression, and ability to reproduce and raise viable offspring. In this chapter, we define dominance relationships and dominance hierarchies, discuss several model species used in dominance studies, and consider factors that predict the outcomes of dominance encounters in dyads and small groups of animals. Researchers have shown that individual differences in attributes, as well as in states (recent behavioral experiences), influence the outcomes of dominance encounters in dyads. Attributes include physical, physiological, and genetic characteristics while states include recent experiences such as winning or losing earlier contests. However, surprisingly, we marshal experimental and theoretical evidence to demonstrate that these differences have significantly less or no ability to predict the outcomes of dominance encounters for animals in groups as small as three or four individuals. Given these results, we pose an alternative research question: How do animals of so many species form hierarchies with characteristic linear structures despite the relatively low predictability based upon individual differences? In answer to this question, we review the evidence for an alternative approach suggesting that dominance hierarchies are self-structuring. That is, we suggest that linear forms of organization in hierarchies emerge from several kinds of behavioral processes, or sequences of interaction, that are common across many different species of animals from ants to chickens and fish and even some primates. This new approach inspires a variety of further questions for research.
Frequency-Dependent Transport Imaging by Scanning Probe Microscopy

Frequency-dependent transport measurement, including impedance spectroscopy and capacitance-voltage measurement, is a key tool for materials and device characterization and failure analysis. The rapid development of nanomaterials and nanoscale devices necessitates extending our fundamental understanding of transport phenomena to the nanoscale as well. The ability to conduct nanoscale impedance measurements provides a promising route to extend our understanding of nanoscale transport physics and device operation. In this chapter, we describe two paradigms for scanning probe microscopy (SPM)-based impedance measurement [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. In a first configuration, the SPM tip is used as a current probe in a manner similar to conventional impedance spectroscopy (nanoimpedance microscopy). In a second configuration, the SPM tip is used as a moving voltage electrode in a manner similar to four probe impedance measurements (scanning impedance microscopy). Applying these two configurations, nanometer scale measurement and visualization of impedance is demonstrated for a wide variety of materials systems, including solid electrolytes, semiconductors, electroceramics, corrosion research, and fuel cell systems. Future prospects for SPM-based impedance measurement are discussed.
After Silent Spring

Rachel Carson’s legacies are far-reaching. The controversies her work generated continue to simmer. Her work has numerous outcomes and manifestations that branch out like the spreading branches of a tree, influencing, challenging, and inspiring many people, agencies, and institutions. This chapter can barely begin to point to some of the branches. Chapter 8 contains a list of resources for those who wish to learn more about the topics broached here.
Metabolic control of cytochrome P-450 cam.

Long before cytochrome P-450 was discovered, it was known that the metabolism of steroids was inhibited by CO (Ryan and Engel, 1957). It was a study of carbon monoxide inhibition of steroid metabolism by adrenal cortex which led to the discovery of the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in this reaction (Estabrook et al., 1963). Following this original observation, carbon monoxide inhibition of various monooxygenase reactions has been used in a number of laboratories to study the metabolism of these compounds. Philadelphia has been the site of a number of memorable experiments in the elucidation of the role of this enzyme in drug and steroid metabolism. Therefore, it is quite fitting that the subject of this paper be the control of cytochrome P-450 reactions and the role which carbon monoxide inhibition of cytochrome P-450 has played in obtaining an understanding of this control.
Ultrahigh-Speed Optical Coherence Tomography and its Applications

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables 3D imaging of biological tissue with micron-scale resolutions in vivo. Recent technical advances to achieve ultrahigh-speed OCT and its novel applications will be discussed.
Belief Revision in Multimodal Sensing and Detection Environments

In probabilistic data fusion systems, belief revision, i.e., the primary method for revising existing beliefs in response to new incoming evidence, is routinely implemented via the classic Bayes conditional. However, in complex multimodal data fusion environments, where data acquisition is often carried out via disparate sensors corresponding to multiple sensing modalities, implementation of traditional Bayes-like conditioning becomes a challenging task, primarily due to the complex nature of incoming evidence. In this article, a natural extension of Bayes-like conditioning applicable to belief revision in multimodal data fusion environments is explored. In particular, a detailed analysis of two functionally similar yet fundamentally different conditional approaches, namely, conditional update equation (CUE) and generalized conditional update (GCU), is presented. Furthermore, focusing on a particular set of multimodal belief revision problems (defined based on the relationship among sensing modalities), suitability of CUE and GCU for multimodal belief revision are discussed in light of two implementation strategies that are applicable to large-scale sensing and detection environments.
Robot learning in science fiction

We should discard the expectations from science fiction that a robot will become a virtuoso at a new task overnight and that learning leads to sentience.
Metrics, Money, and Managerialism: Faculty Experiences of Competing Logics in Higher Education

ABSTRACTHigher education faces a conflict between the traditional logic of professionalism and an increasingly prominent corporate logic. Using interviews with 30 faculty at a single institution, w...
Mixed Precision Training With 8-bit Floating Point.

Reduced precision computation for deep neural networks is one of the key areas addressing the widening compute gap driven by an exponential growth in model size. In recent years, deep learning training has largely migrated to 16-bit precision, with significant gains in performance and energy efficiency. However, attempts to train DNNs at 8-bit precision have met with significant challenges because of the higher precision and dynamic range requirements of back-propagation. In this paper, we propose a method to train deep neural networks using 8-bit floating point representation for weights, activations, errors, and gradients. In addition to reducing compute precision, we also reduced the precision requirements for the master copy of weights from 32-bit to 16-bit. We demonstrate state-of-the-art accuracy across multiple data sets (imagenet-1K, WMT16) and a broader set of workloads (Resnet-18/34/50, GNMT, Transformer) than previously reported. We propose an enhanced loss scaling method to augment the reduced subnormal range of 8-bit floating point for improved error propagation. We also examine the impact of quantization noise on generalization and propose a stochastic rounding technique to address gradient noise. As a result of applying all these techniques, we report slightly higher validation accuracy compared to full precision baseline.
Review of: ‘Bone dysplasia—an atlas of genetic disorders of skeletal development (fourth edition)’ Edited by: Jürgen W Spranger, Paula W Brill, Christine Hall, Gen Nishimura, Andrea Superti-Furga, Sheila Unger. Published by: Oxford University Press, 2018

The field of bone dysplasias can be daunting, as more than 400 separate disorders have been identified. The clinical diagnosis usually requires recognising image patterns on skeletal radiographs. This can be a challenge as most of these disorders are extremely rare, and even experienced clinicians will have seen only a fraction of these disorders. This is where the Bone Dysplasia Atlas can be extremely helpful. With thousands of X-ray images and clinical pictures …
Exploring Adolescent Faith Articulation among At-Risk Urban Youth:

Adolescents have significant capacity to engage in theological inquiry and theological reflection. How do at-risk teens articulate their faith and practice? This study explores how at-risk youth pr...
Legionella pneumophila LegC7 effector protein drives aberrant ER:endosome fusion in yeast

Abstract Legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen, causing the severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires’ disease. Legionella actively alters host organelle trafficking through the activities of ‘effector’ proteins secreted via a TypeIVB secretion system, in order to construct the bacteria-laden Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) and prevent lysosomal degradation. The LCV is derived from membrane derived from host ER, secretory vesicles, and phagosomes, although the precise molecular mechanisms that drive its synthesis remain poorly understood. In an effort to characterize the in vivo activity of the LegC7/YlfA SNARE-like effector protein from Legionella in the context of eukaryotic membrane trafficking in yeast, we find that LegC7 interacts with the Emp46p/Emp47p ER-to-Golgi glycoprotein cargo adapter complex, alters ER morphology, and induces aberrant ER:endosome fusion, as measured by visualization of ER cargo degradation, reconstitution of split-GFP proteins, and enhanced oxidation of the ER lumen. LegC7-dependent toxicity, disruption of ER morphology, and ER:endosome fusion events were dependent upon endosomal VPS class C tethering complexes and the endosomal t-SNARE, Pep12p. This work establishes a model in which LegC7 functions to recruit host ER material to the bacterial phagosome during infection by inducing membrane fusion, potentially through interaction with host membrane tethering complexes and/or cargo adapters.
Microphone Array Post-filter Based on Multi-statistical Models and Perceptual Properties of Human Ears

To overcome the drawbacks of the conventional microphone array post-filter speech enhancement method, some improvements are proposed using the masking properties of human ears.A subspace selection method is proposed by maximizing the present probability of the target speech.In the noise subspace, the conditional probability is used to estimate the noise power spectrum.A novel post-filter is proposed based on the masking properties of human ears.Experiments prove that the proposed noise estimation method and post-filter are much better than the conventional ones.The proposed speech enhancement technique has shown to produce impressive results in terms of quality measures of the enhanced speech.
Suppressing works of contemporary authors using the Code's publication requirements is neither easy nor advisable

In times of increasing easiness to produce publications, attempts have been made to use the Code's requirements for publication to declare controversial works unavailable. I advise against such strategy, because in this day and age, these requirements are very easily met by anybody and their violation very difficult to prove. This is illustrated by one example each from herpetology, ichthyology, and entomology. Contemporary works with controversial taxonomy and available nomenclatural acts are better taken care of by the scientific community and resolved in the long term by prevailing usage rather than trying to declare them unavailable or seeking suppression of such works by the ICZN.
The prevalence of overweight and its association with heart disease in the U.S population

Abstract: Obesity (BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2) is always a trending public health problem and different studies have linked it to the development of heart diseases. However, overweight (BMI betwe...
Interpolating Subspaces in R N

A k-interpolating subspace of C(R n ) is a subspace F ⊂ C(R n ) such that for every choice of distinct points t 1,..., t k ∊ R n and every choice of scalars α 1,..., α k ∈ R there exists f ∈ F with f(t j ) = α j , j = 1,..., k.
The carbon isotope biogeochemistry of microbial mats

Studies of the distribution of stable carbon isotopes within ecosystems frequently offer useful insights into the structure and function of those ecosystems. The isotopic composition of the organic matter in a community such as a microbial mat is controlled by those enzymes which create and subsequently alter organic compounds. The extent to which these enzymes can affect the isotopic composition of organics is influenced by the relative fluxes of carbon, both within a community and between the community and its environment. Because the isotopic composition of organic matter in sedimentary rocks resists thermal alteration better than organic molecular structures, isotopic studies of ancient rocks have been important for Precambrian paleobiology (Hayes et al. 1992; Des Marais et al. 1992a).
Materials characterization of irradiated spectralon from the NIF target chamber

The Near Backscatter Imager (NBI) participates in nearly every kind of experiment conducted at NIF and measures backscatter, the result of the interaction between incident laser light and plasma waves at a target. Large Spectralon plates, on the order of a hundreds of mm per side, are used as Lambertian scatter components for the NBI diagnostics. The plates were deployed in 2009 and replaced in April of 2014. All NBI assemblies suffered reflectivity degradation, and some of these changes were spatially localized defects observed after irradiation to a cumulative combined neutron and Υ dose of 0.038 Gy. The growth of a defect was correlated to the combined cumulative neutron and Υ radiation dose from NIF fusion shots. Spectralon plates that were irradiated to cumulative combined neutron and Υ dose of 0.74 Gy were characterized for materials and mechanical changes with the following techniques: RBS, FTIR, XPS, SEM, EDX and tensile tests. These tests indicate that the bulk Spectralon did not measurably degrade but there are discolorations that affect the reflectivity. Surface analysis indicates that the surface CF2 species re-forms to make various organic and CFx species. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biosynthesis of glycosoaminoglycans by microsomal preparations from cultured mastocytoma cells.

Neoplastic mast cells of mice (including long-established and newly derived lines) were grown in large-volume suspension cultures to provide enough cells for preparation of microsomal fractions. Microsomal preparations from P815Y and P815S cells synthesized 14C-labelled glycosaminoglycan when incubated with UDP-[14C]glucuronic acid and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. No significant amount of 14C-labelled glycosaminoglycan was formed when UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was substituted for the UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. Microsomal preparations from X163 cells synthesized 14C-labelled glycosaminoglycan when incubated with UDP-[14C]glucuronic acid and either UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. The 14C-labelled glycosaminoglycan formed in the presence of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine was degradable by testicular hyaluronidase, indicating that it was chondroitin-like. The 14C-labelled glycosaminoglycan formed in the presence of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was not degradable by testicular hyaluronidase. Microsomal preparations from P815S cells were tested for sulphating activity by incubation with adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-sulphatophosphate, as well as UDP-[14C]glucuronic acid, and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. The resulting newly synthesized polysaccharide was shown by chondroitinase ABC digestion to be 70% chondroitin 4-sulphate and 30% chondroitin. The molecular size of this newly synthesized glycosaminoglycan was determined by gel filtration to be larger than 40000 mol.wt. In general, the glycosaminoglycan-synthesizing ability of the microsomal preparations appeared to reflect glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the intact cells.
Micro-architectural anatomy of a commercial TCP/IP stack

Over the last couple of decades, computer architects and performance analysts have routinely attempted to profile the overhead of TCP/IP processing in an effort to understand where the time was spent. It is well understood that this is a rather difficult problem since the processing time is spread across various software modules such as the network stack, interrupt routines, drivers, O/S scheduler, etc. As a result, the problem of extracting the micro-architectural characteristics of TCP/IP processing is significantly more challenging. In this paper, we start by covering the previous attempts at this problem and show what existing tools can provide in terms of execution time characteristics. We then propose a detailed methodology that combines full-system simulation, cycle-accurate performance simulations and symbol annotation to provide a rich cycle-accurate view of TCP/IP packet processing execution. We discuss initial results based on our profiling methodology and discuss where the time is spent. This includes an analysis of micro-architectural characteristics (such as instruction breakdown, CPI, MPI and TLB misses on a state-of-the-art microprocessor).
When Projects of Critique Are Complicit with the Object of Their Critique: Enabling Whose Education?

Megan Boler’s provocative essay titled, “All Speech is Not Free: Towards an Affirmative Action Pedagogy,” has become somewhat of a classic in foundations of education courses. As a critique of the ideal of democratic dialogue in progressive education, Boler’s essay sparked an ongoing discussion that continues to uncover the complex role that dialogue plays in education. Boler has additionally edited a collection of critical essays that take up various aspects of her main argument.
Luminescence properties of GaN and Al0.14Ga0.86N/GaN superlattice doped with europium

We report the observation of visible photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence of Eu3+ ions implanted in GaN and Al0.14Ga0.86N/GaN superlattice. The sharp characteristic emission lines corresponding to Eu3+ intra-4f6-shell transitions are resolved and observed over the temperature range of 7–330 K. The luminescence shows dominant transitions 5D0→7F1,2,3 and weaker 5D0→7F4,5,6 and 5D1→7F1. The luminescence emission is very weakly temperature dependent. The intensity of Eu3+ emission from Al0.14Ga0.86N/GaN superlattice annealed in N2 is ∼58% stronger than from Eu3+ in the GaN layer. The Al0.14Ga0.86N/GaN superlattice and GaN epilayers may be suitable as a material for visible optoelectronic devices.
An Introduction to the European Community's Legal Ethics Code Part Ii: Applying the Ccbe Code of Conduct

This article, which is Part 2 in a series, examines the CCBE Code of Conduct and continues where the prior article left off. See An Introduction to the European Community's Legal Ethics Code Part I: An Analysis of the CCBE Code of Conduct, 7 Georgetown J. of Legal Ethics 1 (1993). "CCBE" is the acronym used to describe the Council of the Bars and Law Societies of the European Community; the CCBE has been recognized as the official representative of the legal profession with the European Community. In 1988, the CCBE adopted a code of conduct that was intended to apply to situations in which lawyers from one CCBE Member of Observer State were involved with lawyers from another CCBE State. The prior article summarized the development of the CCBE Code of Conduct, analyzed its substantive provisions, and offered a thesis about differences between the CCBE Code of Conduct and the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct. This article continues by analyzing the situations in which the CCBE Code of Conduct applies, including an analysis of the CCBE Code's response to the "double deontology" situation in which a lawyer might be subject to more than one set of conduct rules. This double deontology analysis focuses on substantive EU law, particularly the EU Lawyers' Services Directive (77/249). The second part of this article addresses the implementation of the CCBE Code of Conduct, including its application in lawyer discipline cases. The article concludes by focusing on the implementation of the CCBE Code in one country - Austria.
Life support for ailing hypotheses: modes of summarizing the evidence for racial discrimination in sentencing

A recent review concluded that the weight of available evidence contradicts a hypothesis of widespread overt racial discrimination in sentencing in the United States. Yet brief summaries of this body of research, found in textbooks, monographs, and the literature review sections of journal articles, commonly conveyed the opposite impression, sustaining an image of extensive support for the hypothesis. These summaries are examined to determine how this misleading impression was conveyed. Five common practices are identified: 1. Selective Citation: A biased selection of studies were reviewed or cited. 2. Letting the Evidence Speak for Itself: Overrepresentation of blacks in prison or among the executed relative to their share of the population was noted, with readers left to "draw their own conclusions." 3. The Mixed Bag: Impressive lists of studies supposedly supporting a discrimination hypothesis were padded, by lumping together studies concerning a variety of criminal justice processes besides sentencing, and various legally irrelevant defendant traits besides race. 4. Research Democracy-"All Studies are Created Equal": Equal weight was implicitly given to all studies regardless of methodological rigor, in a field where it was the least rigorous studies which were most likely to support the discrimination hypothesis. 5. Magnanimous Neutrality: The available evidence was described as "mixed" or "ambiguous," which, while technically accurate, was a misleading description of evidence which largely contradicted the discrimination hypothesis.
Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi relationships for C–C bond forming and C–C bond breaking reactions in thiamine-catalyzed decarboxylation of 2-keto acids using density functional theory

The concept of generalized enzyme reactions suggests that a wide variety of substrates can undergo enzymatic transformations, including those whose biotransformation has not yet been realized. The use of quantum chemistry to evaluate kinetic feasibility is an attractive approach to identify enzymes for the proposed transformation. However, the sheer number of novel transformations that can be generated makes this impractical as a screening approach. Therefore, it is essential to develop structure/activity relationships based on quantities that are more efficient to calculate. In this work, we propose a structure/activity relationship based on the free energy of binding or reaction of non-native substrates to evaluate the catalysis relative to that of native substrates. While Bronsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) relationships such as that proposed here have found broad application in heterogeneous catalysis, their extension to enzymatic catalysis is limited. We report here on density functional theory (DFT) studies for C–C bond formation and C–C bond cleavage associated with the decarboxylation of six 2-keto acids by a thiamine-containing enzyme (EC 1.2.7.1) and demonstrate a linear relationship between the free energy of reaction and the activation barrier. We then applied this relationship to predict the activation barriers of 17 chemically similar novel reactions. These calculations reveal that there is a clear correlation between the free energy of formation of the transition state and the free energy of the reaction, suggesting that this method can be further extended to predict the kinetics of novel reactions through our computational framework for discovery of novel biochemical transformations.
Lysine supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler breeder males.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to assess the impact of supplemental L-lysine HCl on N balance in broiler breeder males fed 8% CP corn-based diets (3,220 kcal MEn/kg; .15% supplemental DL-methionine; .24% basal lysine). In Experiment 1, 78-wk-old males were fed the basal diet with either 0, .05, .10, or .25% supplemental L-lysine HCl. Birds were allowed to eat for 1 h each day to a maximum intake of 325 kcal MEn per bird per day. Total excreta were collected for 8 consecutive days. Nitrogen retention and balance were not different among treatments (P>.05) and responded neither linearly nor quadratically to dietary lysine level. Removing the variation due to differences in N intake with analysis of covariance did not change the response. In Experiment 2, 30-wk-old males were fed the same basal diet with supplemental lysine levels of 0, .15, .30, .45, .60, and .75% L-lysine HCl for 5 consecutive days. Nitrogen balance and retention were different among diets, and both variates responded linearly to increases in dietary lysine. Removing the variation due to differences in N intake removed treatment effects, however, suggesting that at least part of the difference was the result of variable levels of intake. Regression analysis indicated a significant linear increase in both N balance and retention with increasing dietary lysine level (R2 = .82). These results suggest that young broiler breeder males can make better use of the protein of corn if supplemental lysine is provided. However, older birds do not demonstrate improved N balance as a result of supplemental dietary lysine.
Theory-Based Stress Measurement

Although arguments about how to measure psychological stress are typically based on implicit epistemological and theoretical assumptions, stress measurement has almost never been truly theory driven. The objective of this article is to address several measurement and research issues that derive from my particular metatheoretical concepts of systems thinking, transaction, and process and from my substantive theoretical concepts, which center on appraisal and coping. These issues are illustrated with research on the Hassles Scale. I address four controversial issues with reasoned arguments, and, as might be anticipated, I take the view (a) that stress is mainly a subjective rather than objective phenomenon, (b) that it is best measured as seemingly minor annoyances rather than major cataclysms, (c) that confounding-although a problem-does not accountfor the relationship between stress and adaptational outcomes, and (d) that any stress measure should assess the contents or sources of stress rather than merely its degree. In addition, I argue for increased emphasis on psychological content in stress scales andfor greater attention to the individual's larger adaptational context, to a systems theory perspective, and to the time periods during which stress is sampled. Finally, I argue that we should abandon the measurement of stress, which tends to be too unidimensional, in favor of measuring the degree and quality of the emotions of daily living. Information derived from such measures could greatly expand our understanding of how individuals handle both positive and negative experiences.
Detection and quantification of myocardial cell death: application of monoclonal antibodies specific for cardiac myosin.

The development of cell-membrane permeability to macromolecules is likely to be an unequivocal criterion of cell death. In order to utilize this phenomenon as an organ-specific probe in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, the leakage of cardiac-myosin light chains from damaged myocardium as well as the entry and fixation of radioactively labeled cardiac myosin-specific antibody into cells was examined. In 25 rabbits immunized with cardiac-myosin light chains, none yielded antisera that discriminated fully between cardiac- and skeletal-muscle light chains, thus failing to yield an organ-specific reagent. While immunospecifically purified rabbit antisera raised in response to immunization with cardiac myosin resulted in useful in vivo imaging reagents for myocardial infarcts, the quantity of antibody produced by these methods was severely limiting. The application of somatic-cell fusion of mouse myeloma cells with mouse plasma cells secreting either antibody specific for cardiac myosin or cardiac-myosin light chains allowed for the cloning of hybrid cell lines that continuously secreted homogeneous antibodies. The cardiac-(light chain) antibodies, utilized either singly in a conventional radioimmunoassay or in pairs in a sandwich immunoradiometric assay, markedly enhanced the resolution between cardiac- and skeletal-muscle light chains. Either the myosin light chain or myosinspecific cell lines could be amplified by growth in vivo as plasmacytomas, permitting the harvesting of gram quantities of antibodies. Thus, the problem of supply was readily solved. These monoclonal antibodies provide a powerful tool for the localization and quantification of myocardial necrosis in vivo.
Aid for arms: The impact of superpower economic assistance on military spending in Sub‐Saharan Africa

This study examines the relationship between superpower economic assistance and military allocations in 25 countries of Sub‐Saharan Africa during the period 1977–1984. Using pooled time‐series regression analysis, we find that African recipients do not treat U.S. aid as fungible. Soviet economic aid, however, is found to have a positive effect on the recipient's military spending.
Associative memory in an analog iterated-map neural network.

The behavior of an analog neural network with parallel dynamics is studied analytically and numerically for two associative-memory learning algorithms, the Hebb rule and the pseudoinverse rule. Phase diagrams in the parameter space of analog gain \ensuremath{\beta} and storage ratio \ensuremath{\alpha} are presented. For both learning rules, the networks have large ``recall'' phases in which retrieval states exist and convergence to a fixed point is guaranteed by a global stability criterion. We also demonstrate numerically that using a reduced analog gain increases the probability of recall starting from a random initial state. This phenomenon is comparable to thermal annealing used to escape local minima but has the advantage of being deterministic, and therefore easily implemented in electronic hardware. Similarities and differences between analog neural networks and networks with two-state neurons at finite temperature are also discussed.
The sterols and triterpenes of banana peel

Abstract The following sterols and triterpenes have been identified in banana peel: β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, cycloeucalenol, cycloartenol, and 24-methylene cycloartanol. 24-Methylene cycloartanol palmitate and an unidentified triterpene ketone were the major constituents. The ester represented approximately 30 per cent of the total extractable lipid.
A High Performance Control System for a Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator

A high performance control system is being designed as part of a heavy ion medical accelerator. The accelerator will be a synchrotron dedicated to clinical and other biomedical uses of heavy ions, and it will deliver fully stripped ions at energies up to 800 MeV/nucleon. A key element in the design of an accelerator which will operate in a hospital environment is to provide a high performance control system. This control system will provide accelerator modeling to facilitate changes in operating mode, provide automatic beam tuning to simplify accelerator operations, and provide diagnostics to enhance reliability. The control system being designed utilizes many microcomputers operating in parallel to collect and transmit data; complex numerical computations are performed by a powerful minicomputer. In order to provide the maximum operational flexibility, the Medical Accelerator control system will be capable of dealing with pulse-to-pulse changes in beam energy and ion species.
Situated Ideological Allegory and Battlestar Galactica

Allegory has been a focus of recent rhetorical criticism. Critics recognize that traditional allegory can be used to support an ideological system and that there are few limits to the interpretation of postmodern allegory. What has not been recognized is that a variant of traditional allegory can be used to subvert an ideological system. Situated ideological allegory uses ideologically related but not germane symbols to challenge the audience's viewpoint. In this essay, we argue that much of the power of the award winning drama Battlestar Galactica comes from a critique of the War on Terror that subverted the dominant ideology.
Protein kinase C modulation and anticancer drug response.

(2000). Protein Kinase C Modulation and Anticancer Drug Response. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 18, No. 8, pp. 731-739.
Flexural Rigidity of Intact Chlamydomonas Flagella Measured With an Optical Trap

Flagella and cilia are thin, active organelles protruding from cells that are used to propel the cell or move fluid. The flagellated alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a uni-cellular model organism well-suited for the study of flagellar and cilia mechanics.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Interview with Esharenana E. Adomi

An interview, conducted by e‐mail, with one of LHTN’s regional editors, Esharenana E. Adomi, who is on the staff of the Delta State University in Abraka, Nigeria. Gives an insight into his thoughts on the development of libraries and the library profession in Africa.
Mercury concentrations in fish, plankton and water from three Western Atlantic estuaries

Total mercury concentrations were determined in the clupeid, Brevoortia tyrannus, from three estuaries of the Western Atlantic, and in the plankton on which they feed, as well as in the water sampled from the same localities. Although there was some indication that the food chain is a likely source of mercury contamination in these fish, as seen by the very much higher levels found in viscera compared with the rest of the fish, there was no evidence of strong food chain intensification. Fish mercury levels (0.3 to 0.5 part/106 dry wt) were about twice that for plankton (0.1–0.2 part/106 dry wt), with higher levels in phyto-than in zooplankton.
Toward a unified system of care: The Pima County approach

Leaders of individual community mental health programs must relate to each other through a carefully balanced division of power, funding, personal ambition, institutional goals, and academic interests. In addition to communicating frequently, each of these leaders must develop a power base, without being subservient to any of the others or attempting to dominate the others unduly, and must envision the entire system, rather than seeing it from a provincial point of view.
Sesiid Moths Reduce Germination, Seedling Growth, and Survivorship in Pentaclethra macroloba (Mimosoideae), a Locally Dominant Lowland Neotropical Tree'

Monodominant forests are a widespread feature of the humid and wet lowland tropics, but little is known about their origins or factors mediating their persistence. Nonetheless, escape from significant vertebrate and invertebrate seed predation plays a prominent role in most hypotheses. The seeds of Pentaclethra macroloba (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) have long been thought to be virtually immune to predation, contributing to its local dominance in the canopy of some Mesoamerican forests. Here, we describe herbivory by the larvae of Carmenta surinamensis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) on the seeds of P. macroloba, and report the results of studies designed to clarify how this interaction influences germination, seedling growth, and mortality. To this end, we collected 1P macroloba seeds at 30-d intervals for 5 mo along a rain forest transect in Costa Rica. The seeds were monitored in a shade house for 30 d. Adult moths were reared from 43.6 percent of seeds, and significantly affected germination and mortality, and all measures of growth (number of leaves, seedling height, seed and seedling mass at 30 d, and 30-d change in seed and seedling mass). Based on these observations, we conclude that seed boring by C. surinamensis is a potentially important factor influencing population dynamics in 1? macroloba, and warrants further investigation for its prospective role in regulating local abundance in this locally dominant and ecologically significant tree.
On the weak asymptotic almost-periodicity of bounded solutions of u″ ϵ Au + ƒ for monotone A

Abstract If u is a bounded solution of u″ ϵ Au + ƒ on R +, where A is maximal monotone and ƒ is S2-almost-periodic on R , then u is weakly asymptotic to an almost-periodic solution of the differential equation on R .
Detection algorithms for ultrawideband foliage-penetration radar

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL), as part of its mission- funded exploratory development program, has been evaluating the use of a low-frequency, ultra-wideband imaging radar to detect tactical vehicles concealed by foliage. An instrumentation-grade measurement system has been designed and implemented by ARL. Extensive testing of this radar over the preceding 18 months has led to the establishment of a significant and unique data base of radar imagery. We are currently using these data to develop target detection algorithms which can aid an operator in separating vehicles of interest from background. This paper provides early findings from the algorithm development effort. To date, our efforts have concentrated on identifying computationally simple strategies for canvassing large areas for likely target occurrences--i.e., prescreening of the imagery. Phenomenologically-sound features are being evaluated for discrimination capability. Performance assessments, in terms of receiver operating characteristics, detail detection capabilities at various false alarm rates.
Intractable bleeding managed with Foley catheter tamponade after dilation and evacuation

Hemorrhage is one of the most frequent complications after dilation and evacuation. A small fraction of patients with hemorrhage will not respond to standard therapies. We discuss a case where both reaspiration and standard pharmacologic therapy failed to control hemorrhage and where hemorrhage was ultimately controlled by tamponade with two Foley catheters. We propose this method as an additional alternative for controlling hemorrhage after dilation and evacuation before resorting to angiographic embolization or surgery.
Comparing Direct versus Indirect Measures of the Pedagogical Effectiveness of Team Testing.

Direct measures (tests) of the pedagogical effectiveness of team testing and indirect measures (student surveys) of pedagogical effectiveness of team testing were collected in several sections of a...
Integrating Space With Place in Health Research: A Multilevel Spatial Investigation Using Child Mortality in 1880 Newark, New Jersey

Research on neighborhoods and health increasingly acknowledges the need to conceptualize, measure, and model spatial features of social and physical environments. When ignoring underlying spatial dynamics, we run the risk of biased statistical inference and misleading results. In this article, we propose an integrated multilevel spatial approach for Poisson models of discrete responses. In an empirical example of child mortality in 1880 Newark, New Jersey, we compare this multilevel spatial approach with the more typical aspatial multilevel approach. Results indicate that spatially defined egocentric neighborhoods, or distance-based measures, outperform administrative areal units, such as census units. In addition, although results do not vary by specific definitions of egocentric neighborhoods, they are sensitive to geographic scale and modeling strategy. Overall, our findings confirm that adopting a spatial multilevel approach enhances our ability to disentangle the effect of space from that of place, pointing to the need for more careful spatial thinking in population research on neighborhoods and health.
Photophysics and Photoredox Properties of the Tungsten Carbyne Complex Cp{P(OPh)3}(CO)W⋮CPh

Studies of photoinduced electron transfer from Cp{P(OPh)3}(CO)W⋮CPh (1) to a series of pyridinium and nitroaromatic electron acceptors demonstrate that the excited state is a powerful reducing agent with E1/2(1*/1+•) = −1.7 ± 0.2 V.
Strategies for increasing adherence to an online smoking cessation intervention for college students.

High rates of Internet use among young adults make online intervention with this population particularly attractive. However, low adherence rates limit the exposure to and the potential effectiveness of these programs. This study identifies strategies for increasing adherence by examining the rates of participation for a 5-week beta (pilot) version and final version of the RealU Web site, an online intervention for college smokers. Three modifications from the beta to the RealU Web site were (a) changing format from a smoking cessation Web site to an online college life magazine, (b) providing proactive peer e-mail support, and (c) adopting a more linear site structure. Participants were recruited via Internet health screening and received US$10 for completing weekly study activities. Enrollment among eligible smokers was higher for the beta compared with the RealU intervention (47/69, 68.1% vs. 517/11618,32.0%, p<.001), but participants did not differ in terms of age, gender, or past 30-day cigarette or alcohol use. Participation fell sharply during the beta test (53% in week 1 to 26% by week 5) compared with the RealU average of 95% (range 89% to 98%). Participation during each study's final week was much higher in the RealU (93% week 20) compared with the beta (26% week 5, p<.001). After 5 weeks, self-reported 30-day abstinence was higher for RealU intervention participants (16.0%) compared with the beta participants (4.3%, p=.03). The modifications from the beta to RealU Web site described above resulted in high rates of sustained participation over 20 weeks.