cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Li Intercalation and Battery Voltages in Layered vs. Cubic Li[sub x]CoO[sub 2]

It is now possible to use a quantum-mechanical electronic structure theory of solids and derive, completely from first-principles, the voltage of a battery based on intercalation reaction energetics. Using such techniques, the authors investigate the structural stability, intercalation energies, and battery voltages of the two observed ordered phases (layered and cubic) of LiCoO{sub 2}. They perform calculations for not only fully lithiated LiCoO{sub 2}, but also fully delithiated cubic CoO{sub 2} and partially delithiated Li{sub 0.5}CoO{sub 2}. The calculations demonstrate that removal of Li from the cubic phase results in movement of the Li atoms from their original octahedral sites to tetrahedral sites, forming a low-energy LiCo{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel structure. The energetics of the spinel phase are shown to account for the observed marked differences in battery voltages between the cubic and layered phases of LiCoO{sub 2}. A small energy barrier exists for Li motion between octahedral and tetrahedral sites, thus indicating the metastability of the high-energy octahedral sites. Finally, the authors point out a possible pressure-induced layered to cubic transition in LiCoO{sub 2}.
THE EFFECT OF CRYSTALLIZATION CONDITIONS AND TEMPERATURE ON THE POLYMORPHIC FORMS OF POLYETHYLENE

Abstract Experimental evidence (using wide-angle X-ray and dilatometric techniques) is presented to indicate development of a second crystalline form as a result of further crystallization from the melt, and the temperature interval covering its formation and disappearance. Three fractionated samples of polyethylene of viscosity average molecular weights 12 500, 425 000 and 1 000 000 and an unfractionated sample of Marlex 50 of molecular weight 180 000 were used. The extra reflections reported were not observed with rapidly cooled samples.
Feeding Hungry People: Rulemaking in the Food Stamp Program

A reference text for decision-makers and policy planners in food and nutrition policy and program areas reviews regulatory and developmental aspects of the US federal food stamp program (FSP). The 6 themes of the text are focused on 2 major areas: interactions between regulations and the development and context of the FSP (hunger as a federal issue; the rationale of the FSP; regulatory reform; FSP cut-backs); and aspects of federal regulations, social policy, and the political process associated with the FSP (congressional-administration interactions in rule-making; the administrator's environment and the significance and exercise of administrative discretion). The material is based on some 40 elite interviews (with congressmen, legislative aides, career civil servants, lobbyists, White House staff, political appointees in the Department of Agriculture, and OMB officials) and on data obtained from Department of Agriculture and White House files. A discussion of the continuing concern about hunger in the US is appended. (wz)
Non-invasive ventilation in children with upper airway obstruction.

Summary Objective The aim of this paper is to highlight our experience with the use of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in children, neonates and pre-term infants with upper airway obstruction. Methods This was a retrospective review of our recent experience in using NIPPV for the management of upper airway obstruction in paediatric patients. Results NIPPV was successful in preventing tracheostomy in patients with significant laryngo-tracheomalacia as well as being used to optimise the timing of surgery in subglottic stenosis. Furthermore, it proved beneficial in stabilising the airway after aryepiglottoplasty and also had a role in the management of obstructive sleep apnoea. Conclusion The use of NIPPV in children with upper airway obstruction can be a safe and effective alternative to invasive mechanical ventilation. NIPPV can potentially be beneficial in avoiding prolonged invasive ventilation, avoiding tracheostomy, stabilizing the airway after extubation or decannulation, and management of obstructive sleep apnoea.
Ependymoma: Internal Correlations among Pathological Signs: The Anaplastic Variant

In a series of 298 cases of ependymoma, survival analysis identified some prognostic histological factors but failed to demonstrate a worse survival for the anaplastic variant diagnosed with the common criteria used for assessing anaplasia in primitive brain tumors. This finding suggests that either
Reaction pathways and roles of N-alkylmorpholine in amine·alane transamination: A mechanistic study

Abstract The cost- and energy-effective regeneration of alane has attracted much attention because of its potential energy applications. Using N-alkylmorpholine·AlH3 as intermediates, we have recently shown alane regeneration with improved yield, selectivity, and energy-efficiency. However, detailed interactions between AlH3 and N-alkylmorpholine were not well-understood. Herein, we present spectroscopic and theoretical studies of the reaction pathways and roles of N-alkylmorpholine in transamination. Under reduced pressures, the 2:1 alane adduct (R3N)2·AlH3 is initially transformed into its 1:1, unsaturated complex R3N·AlH3, which then forms an equilibrium with N-alkylmorpholine (L) to generate a mixed intermediate R3N·AlH3·L. Under the influence of vacuum and excess N-alkylmorpholine, R3N·AlH3·L loses an amine molecule (with higher volatility) to give L·AlH3 as the final product. Using N-alkylpiperidine and 1,4-dioxane as models to mimic the coordination behaviors of the morpholine N and O atoms, we further showed the roles of N-alkylmorpholine in transamination, during which it formed the N-donating complex R3N·AlH3·NL and, depending on steric hindrances of R3N, the O-donating complex R3N·AlH3·OL. These results highlight the effects of amine coordination modes and steric hindrances in the reactivity of their alane adducts and will provide information for the optimization of alane regeneration.
A 1.2V 38nm 2.4Gb/s/pin 2Gb DDR4 SDRAM with bank group and ×4 half-page architecture

DDR4 SDRAM is expected to realize low power consumption and high bandwidth using a 1.2V nominal supply voltage and to be a cost-effective solution for various applications. In this paper, bank group architecture, internal reference voltage level (IVREF) and pre-emphasis to overcome conventional operating frequency range are presented. CS_n to command/address latency (CAL), data bus inversion (DBI) and ×4 half-page architecture are introduced to reduce current consumption. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and command and address (CA) parity are adopted to check transmission errors in high bandwidth. Also, read CRC with DBI is calculated in parallel to mitigate calculation time and area penalty. Consequently, our 2Gb DDR4 SDRAM achieves 2.4Gb/s data rate at 1.0V supply voltage.
Effect of the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology on thyroidectomy rates and malignancy risk in cytologically indeterminate lesions.

Background Cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. In 2007, the National Cancer Institute recommended The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) as a means of improving the accuracy of thyroid cytopathology. Our objective was to determine the effect of TBSRTC on thyroidectomy rates and malignancy risk in cytologically indeterminate lesions. Methods We compared thyroidectomy rates and malignancy risk in patients with indeterminate thyroid cytopathology across 2 time periods, spanning January 2000 and November 2009; pre-TBSRTC (January 2000 to September 2003) and post-TBSRTC (June 2008 to November 2009). Statistical comparisons were performed using the Fisher’s exact test and chi-square analysis (P = .05 significant). Results We performed 938 fine-needle aspirations in the first period, 765 in the second. We identified 78 (8.3%) cytologically indeterminate lesions in the pre-TBSRTC group and 91 (11.9%) lesions in the post-TBSRTC group. We found no difference in thyroidectomy rates between the groups (37/78 [47%] pre-Bethesda versus 32/91 [35%] post-Bethesda; P = .12). However, the malignancy rate was significantly lower in the post-TBSRTC group (13/37 [35%] pre-Bethesda versus 4/32 [13%] post-Bethesda; P = .02). Conclusion Application of TBSRTC is associated with lower malignancy risk in indeterminate thyroid nodules, despite similar thyroidectomy rates. These findings imply that standardization of cytologic classification improves diagnostic accuracy.
Ethical segmentation of consumers in developing countries: a comparative analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to segment the consumer Gulf market based on actionable and strategy yielding marketing variables (i.e. ethical orientations, trust, opportunisms and Machiavellianism).Design/methodology/approach – Consumers from Saudi Arabia, Oman and Kuwait were asked to complete a survey which incorporated scales to measure consumers' ethical beliefs, Machiavellianism, ethical orientation, opportunism, trust, as well as demographic classification questions. Specifically, every attempt was made to have a broad distribution across the demographic categories of gender, age and education. Participation in the study was restricted to citizens of their respective nations. Local “data captains” were selected in each nation and trained in data collection techniques by two of the study's authors. Of the 598 questionnaires distributed, a total of 365 usable surveys were yielding an overall response rate of 61 percent. A multistage clustering approach was incorporated in order to identify th...
Staged orchiopexy—A new technique

Abstract In a small proportion of cases two operations are necessary to bring an undescended testis successfully into the scrotum. A new technique is described in which a silastic pouch is constructed for the testis and spermatic cord at the first operation. This reduces the hazards to the testis and cord at the second operation.
Short- and long-term variation in a high marsh meiofauna community

Abstract The meiobenthos from a high Spartina alterniflora marsh was studied in North Inlet, South Carolina over a 22 month period to assess long- (seasonal, yearly) and short- (weekly, monthly) term variation in community structure. Nematodes composed a mean 73% of the meiofauna assemblage and copepods ranked second in abundance. Stenhelia (D.) bifidia, Schizopera knabeni, Microarthridion littorale and Enhydrosoma propinquum were the four dominant copepod species recorded from this site and each displayed seasonally distinct patterns of abundance and reproduction. Meiofaunal polychaetes, represented by Manayunkia aestuarina and juvenile Streblospio benedicti, were also seasonally important constituents of the community. Community structure parameters indicated that there was little similarity of the copepods assemblage within seasons or between years. These findings suggest that unpredictable events are important influences on meiofauna community structure and cause this system to fluctuate over the time scale of this study.
Kings, Crowns, and Rights of Succession: Obalufon Arts at Ife and other Yoruba Centers

The copper Obalufon mask from ancient Ife is integrally associated with Ife political rule. Identified with the king Obalufon II in his role first as historic ruler at Ife, then as deity of Yoruba brass-casting arts, this mask appears to have played an important part in Ife coronation ceremonies. Later Yoruba religious arts and liturgies associated with Obalufon reinforce this identity as do a number of other Ife brass and copper works that share coronation themes. It is argued here that the sixteen lifesize cire-perdue heads are also associated with Obalufon, symbolizing the sixteen Yoruba crown states owing allegiance to Ife.
Optimal source coding for a class of integer alphabets (Corresp.)

Let p(i) be a probability measure on the set of nonnegative integers. The Huffman optimum encoding technique is extended to a class of p(i) including those whose tail decreases
The chemical classification of iron meteorites. III - Hexahedrites and other irons with germanium concentrations between 80 and 200 ppm.

Abstract Concentrations of Ni, Ga, Ge and Ir are reported for 61 iron meteorites having Ge concentrations between 80 and 200 ppm. Four additional chemical groups are characterized as follows: Group Structure Ni(%) Ga(ppm) Ge(ppm) Ir(ppm) IIA H 5·3–5·7 57–62 170–185 2–60 IIB Oge 5·7–6·4 46–59 107–183 0·01–0·5 IIC Opl 9·3–11·5 37–39 88–114 4–11 IID Of-Om 10·0–11·3 70–83 83–98 3–18 Groups IIB, IIC and IID are relatively small, whereas group IIA (consisting of single-crystal hexahedrites) includes about 11 % of known iron meteorites. In groups IIA, IIC and IID Ni, Ga and Ge are positively correlated with each other, and negatively correlated with Ir. In group HB Ga, Ge and Ir are positively correlated with each other, and inversely correlated with Ni. Groups IIA and IIB appear to be separate parts of a single differentiation sequence, and may have originated in the same parent body. Compositional data and cosmic-ray ages tentatively support this possibility, with low-Ni, high-Ir irons originating nearest to the center of the body. It is suggested that the variations in elemental concentrations observed in groups IIC and IID have originated in core-type fractionation processes, whereas nebular processes may have caused the compositional variations found within groups IIA and IIB.
Pitfalls in the ultrasound diagnosis of upper urinary tract obstruction

Evaluation for possible obstruction of the upper urinary tract with ultrasound can be complicated by pitfalls. Representative examples of pitfalls are reviewed and illustrated in this essay. Since both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of urinary obstruction can lead to grave consequences, one must be aware of these pitfalls when performing and interpreting renal ultrasound studies.
A method for enucleating cultured mammalian cells

Abstract A method is described for enucleating cells which normally could not be enucleated due to their poor adhesion to the growth surface. The technique consists of linking ConA to the surface and then applying the cells. This results in cell adhesion firm enough to withstand the centrifugal forces necessary to enucleate. The method has been applied to fibroblastic, epithelioid and lymphoid cell lines.
Studies on the metronome effect on stuttering.

Abstract Forty-four severe adult stutterers served as subjects in four experiments on the mechanism by which pacing speech with a metronome increases fluency. In the first experiment subjects read with an auditory metronome set at a speed that ensured speaking at the same rate as during two control readings unaided by a metronome. All subjects were more fluent with the metronome which suggests that the mere slowing of speech is not the basis of the metronome effect. In the second experiment subjects again read with an auditory metronome and then while performing a subsidiary task of a distracting nature. Since subjects were clearly more fluent during the metronome condition, it was concluded that “distraction” is not the basis of the metronome effect. The third study concerned the relative efficacy of three metronomes which differed in the sensory modality of their outputs. Auditory, visual and tactile metronomes proved to be about equally effective in pacing speech and increasing fluency. The final experiment concerned the prevalent assumption that a metronome exerts its influence by virtue of the rhythmicity of the beats. In this experiment subjects paced their speech with a rhythmic metronome in one condition and with the ticks of an arrhythmic metronome in another. Although most subjects were slightly more fluent with the rhythmic metronome, this difference was small compared with the marked increase in fluency obtained with both metronomes as compared with the subjects' speech unaided by either device. This indicates that rhythmicity is not the principal basis of the metronome effect.
Finding Undercut-Free Parting Directions for Polygons with Curved Edges

We consider the problem of whether a given geometry can be molded in a two-part, rigid, reusable mold with opposite removal directions. We describe an efficient algorithm for solving the opposite direction moldability problem for a 2D "polygon" bounded by edges that may be either straight or curved. We introduce a structure, the normal graph of the polygon, that represents the range of normals of the polygon's edges, along with their connectivity. We prove that the normal graph captures the directions of all lines corresponding to feasible parting directions. Rather than building the full normal graph, which could take time O(n log n) for a polygon bounded by n possibly curved edges, we build a summary structure in O(n) time and space, from which we can determine all feasible parting directions in time O(n).
Fathering Pregnancies: Marking Health-Risk Behaviors in Urban Adolescents

Abstract Purpose: To establish self-reported rates and associated correlates of fathering pregnancies in urban teen males, and to explore the possibility of using their pregnancy history as a marker for other health-risk behaviors. Methods: A blinded, self-administered questionnaire was given to the predominantly African-American patients of an inner-city adolescent outpatient clinic. Urine was also collected in a blinded, anonymous fashion, matched to the questionnaires, and tested for five drugs of abuse. Males were classified as having or not having a pregnancy history (PH) according to a questionnaire response item. PH and non-PH participants were compared for eight risk factors using univariate and multivariate methods. Results: A total of 24.2% reported a PH. These males were about 14 times more likely to report three or more sex partners in the last year, more than five times as likely to report a sexually transmitted disease history, more than three times as likely to test positive for drugs, and more than 2.5 times as likely to be inconsistent or nonusers of condoms as compared to males without a pregnancy history. An association between violent behavior and PH is unsupported. Conclusions: Pregnancy history can be a valuable marker for other risk factors among inner-city African-American males. With some patients, it may be easier for clinicians to discuss pregnancy history or fatherhood as opposed to drug abuse and other more sensitive risk factors. The topic can then be used as a gateway for discussion of other risk factors.
A mobile life support stretcher system

Despite the advantages of hospital Coronary Care Units, statistics indicated the number of fatalities from heart attacks were not reduced. Many victims of myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest died prior to arrival at the hospital. In order to provide mobile life support in cardiac emergencies a survival stretcher system was designed for use in a mobile Coronary Care Unit. The system was instituted and evaluated at Lenox Hill Hospital Emergency Department. After several months use, the stretcher was redesigned according to criticisms by Lenox Hill Staff and put into service for further evaluation. The stretcher provided the means for a minimum number of personnel to treat cardiac emergencies immediately and to monitor patients' conditions continually.
Cost effectiveness of screen-and-treat strategies for low bone mineral density: how do we screen, who do we screen and who do we treat?

Bone densitometry is currently widely recommended for, and considered central to, identifying post-menopausal women and older men at high risk of fracture and establishing an indication for pharmacological fracture-prevention therapy. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review cost-effectiveness modelling studies published to date of bone mass measurement technologies (primarily dual energy x-ray absorptiometry [DXA]) designed to identify those individuals at sufficiently high risk of fracture to warrant pharmacological fracture-prevention therapy. Based on older paradigms of the pharmacological treatment of those with a bone density value below a specific threshold, bone densitometry appears to be cost effective for post-menopausal women aged ≥65 years, regardless of the presence or absence of other clinical risk factors. For younger post-menopausal women, bone densitometry is likely to be cost effective only for those with specific clinical risk factors, such as prior fracture or low bodyweight. For older men, bone densitometry may be cost effective for those who have had a prior fracture and/or are aged ≥80 years, but the subset of men for whom bone densitometry is likely to be cost effective may vary from country to country depending on societal willingness to pay for health benefits, fracture rates in the population and the costs of bone densitometry and drug treatment. The cost effectiveness of other technologies such as heel ultrasound, peripheral DXA and quantitative CT remains uncertain. However, in the context of the new WHO paradigm of directing treatment based on absolute fracture risk rather than bone density, a new generation of cost-effectiveness modelling studies will be required to define the most cost-effective way bone densitometry can be used to identify those who are likely to benefit sufficiently from pharmacological fracture-prevention therapies.
Negative Decision Powers and Institutional Equilibrium: Experiments On Blocking Coalitions:

VER the past decade an important strand of political science research has turned to studying actors' behavioral strategies within political institutions. This "new institutionalism" has focused largely on legislative processes, with the approaches to that study varying from the historical to the analytical (see the discussion by Shepsle 1986). The principal question asked by these researchers is: In what ways do institutions affect the actions of political agents? The study carried out here relies on analytic methods and empirical testing to demonstrate one general institutional procedure that changes the behavior of political actors. We do not offer a general theory characterizing all institutional effects on behavior. Instead, we concentrate on "negative agenda powers" which impede political decision making. This focus provides insight into the effects of disparate negative agenda powers such as executive vetoes, bureaucratic intransigence, "pigeon-holing" legislation by committees, and filibustering. The study of agenda processes has dominated much of the analytic work on political institutions. Largely this is due to the importance of agendas for translating individual preferences into collective choices. Agenda procedures are not dictated by happenstance. They are endogenous to political institutions and are defined by detailed rules and precedents. For example, the House of Representatives adheres to strict procedures for the introduction, discussion, and passage of general legislation. Bills placed in the legislative hopper are typically routed to a committee of jurisdiction, legislation is returned to the committee-of-the-whole under well-defined rules, and the processes governing voting on the legislation are well-understood (see Oleszek 1984). Two major points have emerged from the formal study of agenda processes. The first is that the structure of an agenda matters for political choices. Plott and Levine (1978) demonstrate, both theoretically and empirically, that the order of an agenda dictates the outcomes selected by
Process, Product, and Promise

In the introduction to Madness and Civilization, Foucault wrote, „In our era, the experience of madness remains silent in the composure of a knowledge which, knowing too much about madness, forgets it.“ (1965 p. xii) It is still valid to claim that thoroughly biologized and categorized psychiatry disguises and forgets, if not mutes, much of the experience of madness. But the ‚silence‘ of madness is increasingly displaced by an audible, readable, visible rhetoric and practice, and pushing hard against the confines of soundlessness. The composing of knowledge about mental illness no longer has such a passive audience of subjects who defer authority, and authorship, to „science“ unchallenged. A growing, diverse chorus of people who have experienced psychiatric diagnosis and treatment are unwilling to be represented and analyzed as objects unrecognizable to themselves. A score on a depression scale does not communicate numbing despair or wincing regret. Likert scale distinctions do not resemble enough the textures and tones of their inner lives. Partly in protest, perhaps mainly in exercise of reclaiming authorship of themselves, we have the benefit of bountiful and imaginative first and second person accounts, observations, analyses, performances, and research to learn from and to contend with in the research and clinical community. The research undertaken by the eight members of the Consumer Council in Connecticut, and the paper reporting that research, calls for a broader and deeper reflection on both the ‘new’ collaborative process and its products. To that end, this commentary aims to analyze critically, and admittedly sympathetically, primarily the process dimensions of this paper, and related work.
Sources of heterogeneities in estimating the prevalence of endometriosis in infertile and previously fertile women

Objective To identify possible sources of heterogeneity in estimates of the prevalence of endometriosis in previously fertile women and in women with infertility. Design A pooled analysis of previously published studies reporting prevalence estimates. Setting Academic. Patients None. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures None. Results There were tremendous heterogeneities in prevalence estimates for both the fertile and infertile groups. In addition, the prevalence estimates increased with the year of publication, but decreased with sample size. For previously fertile women, the heterogeneity in prevalence estimates was no longer significant after the effects of sample size and year of publication on estimates were taken into account. In the infertile group, however, there was still a sizeable heterogeneity unaccounted for after both sample size and year of publication were taken into account. Conclusions A single prevalence estimate for the entire fertile or infertile group may be too simplistic at best. More precise prevalence estimates, likely to be age-dependent, await carefully designed and executed studies that will also record covariates such as age at surgery and referral patterns.
China's urban geography.

"In this paper I seek to review recent work on Chinese urban geography and to appraise the development of China's urban geography as a field of study both inside and outside China. The temporal scope will span scholarship finished and published mainly during the 1980s." The focus is on works published in English. The author examines the primary topics of interest, methodologies and theories, and available sources of data.
A wave-guide model for turbulent shear flow

It is shown that for a dynamical system admitting wave propagation modes (i.e. a wave-guide) the cross-power spectral density for stationary random fluctuations in the system will be dominated by the waves if they are lightly damped, the reason being that these can correlate over large distances of the order the inverse of the damping ratio. For a turbulent shear flow the wave propagation constant is obtained approximately from the solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld problem for the mean flow. Numerical calculations for a flat-plate boundary layer produce results for the streamwise dependence of the cross-power spectral density for the surface pressure fluctuations in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with measurements. An exception is the convection velocity for which the theory predicts a value that is somewhat too low.
Further investigation of the discriminative stimulus properties of MDA

Rats trained to discriminate either (+)-amphetamine or (+/-)-MDA from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task, were used to study the stimulus effects of MDA and its two optical isomers. Amphetamine-stimulus generalization occurred to S(+)-MDA, but not to its enantiomer R(-)-MDA. This, coupled with our earlier finding of DOM-stimulus generalization to R(-)-MDA but not to S(+)-MDA, suggests that the stimulus effects of S(+)-MDA are predominantly amphetamine-like while those of R(-)-MDA are more DOM-like. Thus, animals trained to discriminate racemic MDA from saline can apparently recognize members of both classes of agents.
The nature and significance of pseudotachylite from the Nason terrane, North Cascade Mountains, Washington

Abstract Pseudotachylite has been recently discovered at numerous localities in the Nason terrane of the North Cascade Mountains, Washington. The pseudotachylite is widespread, not associated with any single major fault or shear zone, and tends to occur in narrow foliation-parallel zones. Single pseudotachylite veins range in thickness from less than 0.1 to 10 cm. Veins and networks of veins occur in six distinct types, and these form the basis of a suggested classification scheme. Multiple generations of pseudotachylite are present in some samples. Host lithologies include quartz diorite, semipelitic schist, tonalite, amphibolite and especially graphitic pelitic schist. Glassy veins are rare; most pseudotachylite is apparently holocrystalline. Spherulites, vesicles and dendritic microphenocrysts are present and indicate a frictional melt origin. The ubiquitous occurrence of cataclasite xenoliths within the pseudotachylite, along with other textural observations, indicates that in the Nason terrane, the development of cataclasite zones was the precursor to pseudotachylite generation. It is inferred that cataclastic deformation of the schist provided the strain softening which resulted in faulting and pseudotachylite generation. The water-rich and ultra-fine-grained matrix of the cataclasite was an ideal starting material for pseudotachylite generation. Based upon bulk chemistry of host lithologies and microprobe analyses of the pseudotachylite, it appears that the pseudotachylite formed as a result of a virtually complete melting of the pelitic (i.e. non-quartz vein) component of the schist. Where pseudotachylite occurs within pelitic schist alone, the composition of the pseudotachylite is very similar to the pelitic component of the schist, while the composition of veins cutting tonalite gneiss in addition to pelitic schist appears to define a mixing line between these two lithologies. This suggests either participation of the tonalite during initial melting, or subsequent assimilation of gneiss into the melt.
A commutant lifting approach to tangential interpolation

Abstract This paper uses the commutant lifting theorem, along with some elementary facts from realization theory, to obtain all solutions to a tangential interpolation problem in terms of a minimal realization and two observability grammians.
Hylleraas-type calculations of the ground states of the Li isoelectronic sequence through Z=8

Hylleraas-type (HT) expansions, containing correlation factors of the form ${r}_{\mathrm{ij}}^{p}$, have been used to calculate ground states of the Li isoelectronic sequence. A maximum of 30 expansion terms was used with a common set of exponential parameters for all terms in a particular calculation. The ordering of expansion terms was roughly optimized, so that the expansions can be truncated at various lengths to give suitable approximations. About 15 terms of the present HT expansions give results comparable to those of Weiss's 45-term configuration-interaction calculations. For the Li ground state the present 30-term result is poorer than results of other more extensive calculations which include HT expansion terms.
Potassium ion concentration alters glucagon secretion independently of insulin secretion in the isolated rat pancreas

In the arginine-stimulated perfused rat pancreas, elevated concentrations of potassium ion inhibited glucagon secretion while stimulating the secretion of insulin. Decreased potassium ion produced the reverse effect. The observed inverse correlation between changes in insulin and glucagon secretion (r = -0.64; p<0.001) was suggestive of local interactions between islet hormones, and prompted us to determine whether potassium-induced changes in glucagon secretion were dependent upon concurrent changes in insulin release. We found that when insulin secretion was greatly suppressed, either through acute induction of diabetes with streptozotocin or by utilization of a glucose-free perfusate, no qualitative differences in glucagon responsiveness to altered potassium ion were evident, although the amplitude of these glucagon changes was enhanced. Similarly, when exogenous insulin (20,000 mU/l) was added to the perfusate in order to render potassium-induced changes in endogenous insulin secretion insignificant, glucagon responsiveness to altered potassium ion was maintained. Exogenous insulin alone had no effect on arginine-stimulated glucagon secretion. We conclude that any indirect effects of potassium ion on arginine-stimulated glucagon secretion are not mediated by insulin, but could be related to changes in somatostatin secretion.
Non-linear analysis of the morphological evolution of void surfaces in metallic thin films under surface electromigration conditions

A theoretical analysis is presented of the non-linear dynamics of void surface morphology in metallic thin films under the action of an electric field that induces surface electromigration. Self-consistent dynamical simulations aided by the conclusions of linear stability theory reveal the important role of the anisotropy of void surface diffusivity, the strength of the applied electric field, and the void size in the dynamics. Special emphasis is placed on void dynamics in cases of low symmetry of surface diffusion anisotropy. Our simulations predict void faceting and wedge-shaped void formation, failure of the metallic films due to propagation of slit-like features from the void surface, as well as propagation of soliton-like features on void surfaces prior to failure. The simulation predictions are in excellent agreement with recent experimental observations.
Engagement and Disengagement in Mutual-Help Addiction Recovery Housing: A Test of Affective Events Theory

This study tested an affective events theory (AET) model in the Oxford House network of recovery homes. Residents’ congruence with their home (P–E fit) was hypothesized to directly influence behavior that supported the house and other residents—citizenship behavior. We further hypothesized P–E fit would be related to member intentions to leave, with attitudes toward the home mediating that relationship. To assess this, we administered a cross-sectional national survey to 296 residents of 83 randomly selected Oxford Houses. Although the AET model demonstrated good fit with the data, an alternative model fit better. This alternative model suggested an additional indirect relationship between P–E fit and citizenship mediated by attitudes. Results suggested affective experiences such as feeling like one fits with a community may influence engagement and disengagement. There appears to be a direct influence of fit on citizenship behavior and an indirect influence of fit through recovery home attitudes on both citizenship and intentions to leave the home. We conclude affective experiences could be important for community engagement and disengagement but AET may need to integrate cognitive dissonance theory.
Ditungsten Siloxide Hydrides, [(silox)2WHn]2 (n = 1, 2; silox = tBuSiO), and Related Complexes

The addition of 4.0 equiv of Na(silox) to Na[W2Cl7(THF)5] afforded (silox)2ClW⋮WCl(silox)2 (1, 65%). Treatment of 1 with 2.0 equiv of MeMgBr in Et2O provided (silox)2MeW⋮WMe(silox)2 (2, 81%). In the presence of 1 atm of H2, reduction of 1 with 2.0 equiv of Na/Hg in DME provided (silox)2HW⋮WH(silox)2 (3, 70%), characterized by a hydride resonance at δ 19.69 (JWH = 325 Hz, 1H NMR). Exposure of 2 to 1 atm of H2 yielded 3 and CH4 via (silox)2HW⋮WMe(silox)2 (4); use of D2 led to [(silox)2WD]2 (3-d2). Exposure of 3 to ethylene (∼1 atm, 25 °C) in hexanes generated (silox)2EtW⋮WEt(silox)2 (5), but solutions of 5 reverted to 3 and free C2H4 upon standing. NMR spectral data are consistent with a sterically locked, gauche, C2 symmetry for 1−5. Thermolysis of 3 at 100 °C (4 h) resulted in partial conversion to (silox)2HW⋮W(OSitBu2CMe2CH2)(silox) (6a, ∼60%) and free H2, while extended thermolysis with degassing (5 d, 70 °C) produced a second cyclometalated rotational isomer, 6b (6a:6b ∼ 3:1). When left at 25 °C (4 h) ...
Defining radiographic criteria for flexion-extension studies of the cervical spine

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to describe and measure 3 radiographic variables in normal male volunteers and determine whether these variables could be useful in establishing more objective radiographic criteria for evaluation of flexion-extension studies of the cervical spine. In addition, we hypothesized that patients with a normal cervical spine should not have greater than 2 mm of subluxation present with flexion or extension. Methods: A prospective, observational study of normal male volunteers between the ages of 18 and 40 years was performed. We obtained radiographs of all participants in neutral, flexion, and extension positions and measured the amount of subluxation and interspinous distance, as well as the degree of vertebral angulation between C3 and C7. Results: One hundred male volunteers were included in the study. Subluxation during flexion (compared with neutral) was greater than 2 mm in none of the participants at each level from C3 to C7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0 to 3.6); subluxation in extension was greater than 2 mm in one participant at one level from C3 to C4 (95% CI 0 to 5.5) and none of the participants at each of the remaining 3 levels from C4 to C7 (95% CI 0 to 3.6). Comparing flexion with the neutral position, the mean vertebral angulation and SD were 24.2 degrees and 13.3 degrees, and the 95% certainty interval (CEI) was –1.9 to 50.2. Comparing extension with the neutral position, the mean vertebral angulation was 14.1 degrees, with an SD of 13.3 degrees, and the 95% CEI was –4.6 to 32.8. The mean change in interspinous distance between the neutral position and flexion varied from 1.2 to 4.6 mm (SD 1.7 to 2.4 mm), depending on the level of cervical spine studied. When comparing the neutral position and extension, the mean change in interspinous distance varied from 1.2 to 2.2 mm (SD 1.7 to 1.9). Conclusion: Currently, there are no clinically validated criteria for evaluating flexion-extension studies of the cervical spine. Our study suggests that subluxation greater than 2 mm in men 18 to 40 years of age may be a useful variable for further study as an indicator of ligamentous injury. Interspinous distance and vertebral angulation appear less likely to have useful clinical application. [Knopp R, Parker J, Tashjian J, Ganz W. Defining radiographic criteria for flexion-extension studies of the cervical spine. Ann Emerg Med. July 2001;38:31-35.]
Biomarker screening for cardiac dysfunction: the more the merrier?

The traditional view of screening for heart failure has relied upon the visual confirmation of impaired left ventricular function or abnormal dilatation or hypertrophy of the cardiac chambers (so-called stage B heart failure). It is built on the assumption that the development of overt heart failure depends on a primary b lesion Q in the heart that can be visualized by imaging modalities even in the asymptomatic b latent Q phase as unsuspected left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). Detection of the counter-regulatory hormonal response to this lesion (in particular B-type natriuretic peptide or BNP) has also been utilized as a way to quantify dysfunction. Indeed, several population studies of heart failure screening have indicated the potential utility of limited ultrasonography and/or natriuretic peptides to detect early cardiac dysfunction. However, the results have been mixed, largely due to the potential cost burden of imaging modalities and the nonspecific nature of biomarker testing. In this issue of the Journal, Ng et al seek to improve the efficiency of detecting LVSD by combining the use of a biomarker of myocardial stress (N-terminal pro-BNP or N-BNP) with two inflammatory biomarkers that have been heretofore associated with underlying atherosclerotic burden and progression. This is not surprising, considering the fact that most patients with heart failure may have myocardial ischemia as their primary cause. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are two cardiac biomarkers, offered in standard clinical laboratories, that have been implicated in the disease progression of inflammation and myocardial ischemia. Their increasing popularity stems from a wealth of scientific evidence supporting their potential role in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis. In the detailed analysis of Ng et al, combining the three biomarkers
The Effects of E-journal Management Tools and Services on Serials Cataloging

E-journal management tools and services such as MARC record services, A-to-Z lists, and link resolvers are changing e-journal cataloging. This column explores these changes in the academic environment through interviews with ten librarians representing eight universities. Three areas of change in serials cataloging are explored: (1) changes to the MARC record, including how libraries are adding/creating MARC records for their catalogs, the number and type of MARC records being created and linking within MARC bibliographic and holdings records; (2) the manner in which serials catalogers are being informed of changes; and (3) the evolving role of the serials cataloger. Future trends and advice for evolving workflow practices conclude the discussion.
Functional importance of coronary collateral vessels

Angiographically demonstrable coronary collateral vessels are believed to preserve myocardial function at rest, but disagreement exists regarding the importance of collaterals in mitigating exercise-induced ischemic dysfunction. Therefore, we used radionuclide cineangiography during exercise to assess the left ventricular (LV) functional effects of collateral vessels in 125 patients with at least 1 major coronary artery that had greater than or equal to 90% diameter stenosis but without prior myocardial infarction. Regional LV function, graded on a 4-point scale, worsened during exercise by at least 1 grade in 14 of 43 regions (33%) with good collaterals, and in 70 of 98 without good collaterals (p less than 0.001). Of the 43 good collaterals, 14 were supplied by arteries with greater than or equal to 75% stenoses; 10 of 14 regions (71%) thus supplied worsened by at least 1 grade (p less than 0.01). The ischemia-mitigating effect of coronary collateral vessels also affected the magnitude of exercise-induced global dysfunction. Of 43 patients with only one greater than or equal to 90% stenotic artery, 18 had good collaterals; in these patients, average LV ejection fraction (EF) at rest was 51 +/- 8%; LVEF during exercise was 46 +/- 7%. In the 25 patients without good collaterals, LVEF at rest was 52 +/- 7%, and LVEF during exercise was 41 +/- 9% (p less than 0.005 vs good collaterals).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison between frequency-dependent specific heat and dielectric relaxation of glycerol and propylene glycol

The recently developed technique of the frequency-dependent specific heat in the linear-response regime has given useful information on the glass transition, which is supplementary to that obtained by other techniques such as dielectric, ultrasonics, and dynamic light scattering. Previous comparisons of these spectroscopies by Birge and others have reported that the shape of the dielectric loss curves are significantly different from the specific-heat results in glycerol. This has led to speculation of the existence of modes of relaxation that carry entropy but have a very small dipole moment. In this work, we analyze the original glycerol dielectric relaxation data of Howell as well as the dielectric results of Davidson and Cole. We find that the dielectric and specific-heat results for glycerol are in reasonable agreement for both the fractional exponent \ensuremath{\beta} of the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function and the temperature dependence of loss peak frequencies. The analysis has also been carried out for propylene glycol. However, in this case we find a difference in the values of \ensuremath{\beta} for the dielectric and specific-heat results. The dielectric loss peaks are significantly narrower than the peaks from specific-heat spectroscopy.
Sensitivity of chest radiography, computed tomography, and gallium scanning to metastasis of lung carcinoma

To determine the efficacy of radiologic techniques in preoperative staging of the mediastinum for lung carcinoma, the authors studied 45 patients with chest films supplemented with oblique views, esophagrams, gallium scans, and computed tomograms (CT). They interpreted the studies and correlated surgical findings using a modified classification of lymph node regions. The mediastinum was positive on chest films in 14 of the 21 cases with pathologically proved mediastinal metastases (33% false-negative). Gallium scans in cases with a positive primary were positive in 12 of 15 cases with mediastinal or hilar metastases (20% false-negative). Computed tomography showed nodes over 1 or 1.5 cm in size in or adjacent to the biopsy-positive node region in 18 of 19 patients (5% false-negative), extranodal mediastinal involvement, and 9 of 10 proven hilar metastases. Computed tomography is a sensitive screening technique in patients who would otherwise require an invasive staging procedure, but is not highly specific (false-positive rate 38%).
The use of standardised patients to assess clinical competence: does practice make perfect?

CONTEXT The use of standardised patients (SPs) is now an integral component of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). This new requirement has caused more schools to include SP examinations (SPEs) in their curricula. This study reviews the effect of prior experience with SPs in a medical school curriculum on SPE pass rates. METHODS This study reviewed the mean scores and pass rates on a 4-station SPE, comparing the performance of 121 US medical school graduates (USMGs) with that of 228 international medical graduates (IMGs). The analysis of USMGs' performance was based upon whether the resident had had previous exposure to an SPE during medical school, while the analysis of IMGs' performance was based upon whether the IMG had taken the Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) for certification by the Education Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates. A distinction was made between those who had received prior exposure at Mount Sinai School of Medicine's Morchand Center, where the cases utilised were identical to those of the SPE, and those who had gained exposure elsewhere. RESULTS Neither the mean scores of the IMGs and the USMGs nor the percentage who failed was significantly different relative to prior exposure to SPs. CONCLUSION Prior exposure to SPs does not appear to have a positive effect on subsequent performance on an SPE unless similar or identical cases are used. However, the type and site of prior exposure limited the influence of the review. In view of the increased use of SPEs in medical schools, the content of prior exposure needs to be more fully established.