cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect Of Lipid Solvents On Protein, Dna, And Collagen Synthesis In Human Skin: An Electron Microscopic Autoradiographic Study

The effect of acetone and kerosene on the synthesis of protein, DNA, and collagen was studied by electron microscopic autoradiography using [3H]leucine, [3H]thymidine, and [3H]proline as tracers in human skin. Quantitative analyses following concomitant administration of tritiated leucine and acetone or kerosene demonstrated, at 90 min, a marked decrease in silver grains as compared to control or nonexposed areas. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine is moderately stimulated only by acetone, whereas radioactive proline distribution is not significantly affected. Electron microscopic autoradiograms revealed that tritiated leucine is distributed over all epidermal cells, mostly in the stratum spinosum of control epidermis; a marked decrease of silver grains from [3H]leucine followed both lipid solvent exposures. The autoradiographic reaction is specifically located over cytoplasmic organelles, such as polysomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and especially tonofilaments. Tritiated thymidine resulted in silver grains mostly over nuclear chromatin and these were moderately increased after acetone application, whereas the incorporation of radioactive proline in the fibroblasts and collagen fibrils were not significantly influenced. These investigations indicate a dissociated effect of lipid solvents on protein, DNA, and collagen synthesis in human skin.
Structure sensitivity and its effects on product distribution in CO hydrogenation on cobalt/alumina

Activities and selectivities of cobalt/alumina catalysts for CO hydrogenation were determined as a function of metal loading, reduction temperature, and preparation. Specific activities and average carbon numbers of the hydrocarbon product were found to vary significantly with metal loading, reduction temperature, and preparation. These changes were also found to be linearly correlated with changes in dispersion indicating that CO hydrogenation on CoAl2O3 is structure-sensitive. The changes in specific activity with dispersion can be explained by variations in the distribution of low and high coordination sites and by changes in the nature of adsorbed CO species available for reaction. High specific activity is apparently favored on sites to which CO is strongly coordinated. Variations in the average carbon number of the product can be explained by changes in the rate of termination relative to the rate of propagation. High-molecular-weight products are favored by catalysts having high rates of propagation and low rates of termination.
Accuracy and Trust of Self-Testing for Bacterial Vaginosis

Abstract Purpose Two point-of-care tests are available to detect bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common vaginal condition. This study aimed to (1) compare the accuracy of two self-performed BV tests with clinician-performed BV tests and with clinical diagnosis of BV; and (2) compare trust of results for self-performed BV testing with clinician-performed BV testing. Methods Participants (14–22 years old) in a study assessing self-testing for Trichomonas vaginalis were also asked to perform a self-test for BV (using a pH or sialidase test). Results were compared with clinician-performed tests and with clinical diagnosis of BV (defined by modified Amsel criteria). A two-item subscale from a larger acceptability scale was used to assess trust at baseline, after testing, and after discussion of results. Results All 131 women performed self-BV testing correctly. Agreement between self- and clinician-performed tests was good (κ: .5–.7) Compared with clinical diagnosis of BV, self-pH was 73% sensitive and 67% specific, and self-sialidase was 40% sensitive and 90% specific. Trust in self-performed BV testing was lower than trust in clinician-performed BV testing at baseline, but increased after testing and discussion of results. Conclusions Young women can perform self-tests for BV with reasonable accuracy, which could increase testing when pelvic examinations are not feasible. Trust in self-testing increased after experience and after discussion of test results. Although the pH test is available over the counter, young women may continue to rely on clinicians for testing.
Current issues in the stability and control of interconnected power systems

We summarize some new developments in the study of stability and control of power systems and identify some important issues that need to be urgently addressed. It is the view of this author that no real solution to the transient stability problem will acquired unless these issues have satisfactorily been resolved. We also include errata for reference [1] at the end.
Cross-Layer optimization for LDPC-coded multirate multiuser systems with QoS constraints

In this paper, we propose a new multirate multiple-access wireless system implemented by variable spreading gain and chip-level random interleaving. The receiver employs a flexible chip-level iterative multiuser detection scheme where the variable spreading gain affects only the despreading parameters. Optimization across the physical and network layers in the uplink of such a system is treated. It is assumed that each user employs an low-density parity-check (LDPC) code to protect its data. At the physical layer, the quality of service (QoS) requirement is specified in terms of the target bit error rate (BER) of each user. Optimal user transmit powers are dynamically adjusted according to the current system load and the corresponding rate requirements. At the network layer, the QoS requirements include the call blocking probabilities, call connection delays, packet congestion probabilities and packet loss rates. To maximize the average revenue of the network subject to both call-level and packet-level QoS constraints, a multicriterion reinforcement learning (MCRL)-based adaptive call admission control (CAC) method is proposed that can easily handle multiple average QoS requirements. Unlike existing model-based approaches, the MCRL-based technique does not require the explicit knowledge of the state transition probabilities to derive the optimal policy. This feature is important when the number of states is so large that model-based optimization algorithms become infeasible, which is typically the case for a large integrated service network supporting a number of different service types
Creating controversy where none exists: the important role of C-reactive protein in the CARE, AFCAPS/TexCAPS, PROVE IT, REVERSAL, A to Z, JUPITER, HEART PROTECTION, and ASCOT trials

This editorial refers to ‘Evaluation of C-reactive protein prior to and on-treatment as a predictor of benefit from atorvastatin: observations from the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial’[†][1], by P.S. Sever et al. , on page 486 Based on substantial laboratory evidence that inflammation plays a major role in atherothrombosis, clinical investigators showed in the mid-1990s that inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen were associated with increased risk of first as well as recurrent cardiovascular events.1,2 It has since become clear from a meta-analysis of >50 prospective cohort studies involving >160 000 subjects that the magnitude of risk associated with C-reactive protein (and other inflammatory markers) is as large as that of total cholesterol and of blood pressure.3 The addition of C-reactive protein and family history to the usual Framingham risk factors, as in the Reynolds Risk Score, has been shown to improve significantly the ability to estimate 10-year cardiovascular risk.4 The ability of C-reactive protein to assess risk, especially in the reclassification of persons at intermediate risk, has been demonstrated in a number of populations, including those from the MONICA5 and Framingham6 studies. Given the consistency of these data and the pathophysiological importance of inflammation in vascular disease, it is not surprising that C-reactive protein evaluation has become a part of prevention guidelines in the USA and Canada, particularly for those at intermediate risk. Beyond use as an effective tool for the prediction of vascular risk, the level of C-reactive protein measured in patients receiving statins also has clinical relevance as a method to define patients who will benefit from this therapy, … [1]: #fn-2
Low energy ion bombardment and surface spin pinning in yttrium iron garnet films

Surface spin pinning and physical and chemical changes on the surface of yttrium iron garnet crystalline films were investigated. The magnetic properties of these films as determined by magnetostatic surface waves and ferromagnetic resonance measurements were studied as functions of Ar ion energy E/sub i/=200-1000 eV and ion dose D/sub i/=10/sup 14/-10/sup 18/ ions/cm/sup 2/. The surface spin pinning appears in a mildly damaged, non-stoichiometric layer with oxygen depletion. An alternative mechanism for the surface spin pinning effect based on an anisotropy associated with the oxygen vacancies and iron ion valence changes is proposed. >
Analysis of Emission Rate Measurements in a Material Showing a Meyer-Neldel- Rule

This paper presents data showing a Meyer-Neldel rule (MNR) in InGaAsN alloys. It is shown that without this knowledge, significant errors can be made using Deep-Level Transient-Spectroscopy (DLTS) emission data to determine capture cross sections. The errors arise because of the neglect of significant transition entropy changes associated with multiphonon excitation of charge from deep traps. Ignoring the entropy change results in cross section values ranging over five orders-of-magnitude in InGaAsN alloys and 18 orders-of-magnitude in CuInGaSe alloys. Only by correctly accounting for the MNR and the accompanying entropy changes in analyzing the DLTS data will the correct value of the cross section be obtained.
Geographic approaches to quantifying the risk environment: Drug-related law enforcement and access to syringe exchange programmes

Abstract The concept of the “risk environment” – defined as the “space … [where] factors exogenous to the individual interact to increase the chances of HIV transmission” – draws together the disciplines of public health and geography. Researchers have increasingly turned to geographic methods to quantify dimensions of the risk environment that are both structural and spatial (e.g., local poverty rates). The scientific power of the intersection between public health and geography, however, has yet to be fully mined. In particular, research on the risk environment has rarely applied geographic methods to create neighbourhood-based measures of syringe exchange programmes (SEPs) or of drug-related law enforcement activities, despite the fact that these interventions are widely conceptualized as structural and spatial in nature and are two of the most well-established dimensions of the risk environment. To strengthen research on the risk environment, this paper presents a way of using geographic methods to create neighbourhood-based measures of (1) access to SEP sites and (2) exposure to drug-related arrests, and then applies these methods to one setting (New York City [NYC]). NYC-based results identified substantial cross-neighbourhood variation in SEP site access and in exposure to drug-related arrest rates (even within the subset of neighbourhoods nominally experiencing the same drug-related police strategy). These geographic measures – grounded as they are in conceptualizations of SEPs and drug-related law enforcement strategies – can help develop new arenas of inquiry regarding the impact of these two dimensions of the risk environment on injectors’ health, including exploring whether and how neighbourhood-level access to SEP sites and exposure to drug-related arrests shape a range of outcomes among local injectors.
Periphyton responses to nutrient and atrazine mixtures introduced through agricultural runoff.

Agricultural runoff often contains pollutants with antagonistic impacts. The individual influence of nutrients and atrazine on periphyton has been extensively studied, but their impact when introduced together and with multiple agricultural pollutants is less clear. We simulated a field-scale runoff pulse into a riverine wetland that mimicked pollutant composition typical of field runoff of the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. Periphyton biomass and functional responses were measured for 2 weeks along a 500 m section. Additionally, laboratory chamber assays were used to identify potential periphyton changes due to nutrients, atrazine, and their interactions. Generally, nutrients stimulated, and atrazine reduced chlorophyll a (Chl a) in chambers. In the wetland, nutrient and atrazine relationships with periphyton were weaker, and when found, were often opposite of trends in chambers. Total nitrogen (TN) was inversely related to Chl a, and total phosphorus was inversely related to respiration (R) rates. Atrazine (10–20 μg L−1 in the wetland) had a positive relationship with ash-free dry mass (AFDM), and weakened the relationship between TN and AFDM. Wetland periphyton biomass was better correlated to total suspended solids than nutrients or atrazine. Periphyton function was resilient as periphyton gross primary production (GPP)/R ratios were not strongly impacted by runoff. However, whole-system GPP and R decreased over the 2-week period, suggesting that although periphyton metabolism recovered quickly, whole-system metabolism took longer to recover. The individual and combined impacts of nutrients and atrazine in complex pollutant mixtures can vary substantially from their influence when introduced separately, and non-linear impacts can occur with distance downstream of the pollutant introduction point.
Adaptive iterative phase synchronization for serially concatenated continuous phase modulation

An adaptive iterative detection structure is proposed for serially concatenated continuous phase modulation (SCCPM) on unknown channels. Joint phase synchronization and detection are implemented by means of a set of suboptimal adaptive soft-input soft-output (SISO) algorithms. The forward-only adaptive algorithms are found more robust than the forward-backward adaptive algorithms in tracking and acquiring a time-varying channel, due to rotational invariance of CPM trellis. Simulation results also show that the performance of the proposed forward-only adaptive iterative receiver closely approach that of iterative receivers with perfect knowledge of phase offset.
Dental identification and age determination in Elephas maximus

The dentition of an elephant (fossil or extant) can yield clues to the animal's age species identity, provided the teeth are correctly identified. Identifying the serial category of elephant teeth is difficult because the size, shape and position of each tooth changes throughout life, as the teeth form, erupt, wear and move throught the jaw. In the present study, teeth from over 100 museum specimens of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) were the basis for establishing size ranges for cheek teeth in six serial categories (designated by Roman numerals I to VI). Although the teeth vary greatly and overlap in their dimensions, reliable identifications (as well as estimates of an individual's age in years) can be obtained using three or more measurements. An appreciation for dental variability in Elephas maximus will demand a re-evaluastion of frequently-cited examples of macroevolutionary patterns within the Elephantidae.
Viral immune evasion molecules attack the ER peptide-loading complex and exploit ER-associated degradation pathways

The CD8+ cytotoxic-T-cell response is a potent mechanism that controls intracellular pathogens, including many viruses. To facilitate transmission, viruses often counter this response by inhibiting the cell surface display of virus-derived peptides on MHC class I molecules. More specifically, recent studies have demonstrated that viruses have evolved remarkable mechanisms to inhibit MHC class I expression by interfering with the function of the MHC class I assembly machinery (the peptide-loading complex) in the endoplasmic reticulum and/or by exploiting endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation pathways. These viral molecules are proving invaluable as research tools to illuminate the novel features of physiological pathways that are central to normal cell biology. Furthermore, the detailed characterization of such pathways has yielded significant new insights into host-pathogen interplay.
Challenges to Human Subject Protections in US Medical Research

United States regulations governing federally supported research with human subjects derive in part from 2 international codes, the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki. The Declaration of Helsinki states that "concern for the interests of the subject must always prevail over the interests of science and society." The concept of minimal risk and the principle of informed consent are the key means by which US federal regulations seek to protect the rights and welfare of the individual in the research setting. Current trends in medical research—including increased funding, ever-greater capabilities of computers, development of new clinical tools that can also be used in research, and new research tools developed through research itself—are creating greater demand for human subjects, for easier recruitment and conscription of these subjects, and for unimpeded access to patient medical records and human biological materials. Nationally and internationally, there are new pressures to subordinate the interests of the subject to those of science and society. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission, which is about to undertake a comprehensive review of the US system of human subject protections, faces a daunting task.
Bacterial Degradation of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid and Homoprotocatechuic Acid

A species of Acinetobacter and two strains of Pseudomonas putida when grown with 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid gave cell extracts that converted 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (homoprotocatechuic acid) into carbon dioxide, pyruvate, and succinate. The sequence of enzyme-catalyzed steps was as follows: ring-fission by a 2,3-dioxygenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent dehydrogenation, decarboxylation, hydration, aldol fission, and oxidation of succinic semialdehyde. Two new metabolites, 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic acid and 2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-diene-1,7-dioic acid, were isolated from reaction mixtures and a third, 4-hydroxy-2-ketopimelic acid, was shown to be cleaved by extracts to give pyruvate and succinic semialdehyde. Enzymes of this metabolic pathway were present in Acinetobacter grown with 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid but were effectively absent when 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid or phenylacetic acid served as sources of carbon.
On the Joys of Missing Data

We provide conceptual introductions to missingness mechanisms--missing completely at random, missing at random, and missing not at random--and state-of-the-art methods of handling missing data--full-information maximum likelihood and multiple imputation--followed by a discussion of planned missing designs: Multiform questionnaire protocols, 2-method measurement models, and wave-missing longitudinal designs. We reviewed 80 articles of empirical studies published in the 2012 issues of the Journal of Pediatric Psychology to present a picture of how adequately missing data are currently handled in this field. To illustrate the benefits of using multiple imputation or full-information maximum likelihood and incorporating planned missingness into study designs, we provide example analyses of empirical data gathered using a 3-form planned missing design.
Fusion analysis of information retrieval models on biomedical collections

A variety of endeavors have been made to improve the performance of traditional information retrieval models in biomedical domain. However, majority of the studies have focused on improving the performance of individual information retrieval models, while few attempts have been made to the investigation of combining multiple information retrieval models and exploring their interactions in biomedical information retrieval area. In this study, a comprehensive performance evaluation of seven popular generic information retrieval models is conducted on a biomedical literature collection. In addition, an information fusion method called the Combinatorial Fusion Analysis is applied to perform extensive combinatorial experiments on these information retrieval models. Our experimental results have demonstrated that a combination of multiple information retrieval models can outperform a single model only if each of the individual models has different scoring and ranking behavior and relatively high performance.
Bayesian Inference on Multivariate Normal Covariance and Precision Matrices in a Star-Shaped Model with Missing Data

In this article, we study Bayesian estimation for the covariance matrix Σ and the precision matrix Ω (the inverse of the covariance matrix) in the star-shaped model with missing data. Based on a Cholesky-type decomposition of the precision matrix Ω = Ψ′Ψ, where Ψ is a lower triangular matrix with positive diagonal elements, we develop the Jeffreys prior and a reference prior for Ψ. We then introduce a class of priors for Ψ, which includes the invariant Haar measures, Jeffreys prior, and reference prior. The posterior properties are discussed and the closed-form expressions for Bayesian estimators for the covariance matrix Σ and the precision matrix Ω are derived under the Stein loss, entropy loss, and symmetric loss. Some simulation results are given for illustration.
Average pressure and velocity fields in non-uniform suspensions of spheres in Stokes flow

A widely used method for the approximate numerical simulation of the bulk behavior of particle suspensions consists in filling the entire space with copies of a fundamental cell in which N particles are arranged according to some probability distribution. Until now this method has only been used for suspensions that are spatially uniform in the mean. The case of spatially non-uniform systems, on the other hand, has not been considered. Here the average velocity and pressure fields for such a non-uniform suspension of identical rigid spheres in Stokes flow are calculated, and analytic solutions expressed in terms of multipole coefficients are presented. The results match and extend others obtained by the authors in parallel work using a completely different approach. In particular, the definition of a quantity to be identified with the mixture pressure is fully supported by the present results. An explicit result for the structure of the viscous stress in the suspension is also found. It is shown that, for spatially non-uniform systems, the stress contains a non-symmetric contribution analogous to a baroclinic source of vorticity. As a byproduct of the analysis, certain integrals of two periodic functions introduced by Hasimoto are calculated. These integrals would arise in similar problems, e.g. the electric field produced by electric multipoles in a periodic cubic structure.
Using technology to engage third-age (retired) leisure learners: A case study of a third-age MIDI piano ensemble:

Census data from the USA and other countries project that people over the age of 65 are expected to account for one-fifth of the population by 2030 and will double to 88.5 million people by 2050. R...
ON STATIONARITY OF THE SOLUTION OF A DOUBLY STOCHASTIC MODEL

. Consider the discrete parameter process {XI} satisfying the doubly stochastic model Xt=otXt-1+et where {o} and {et} are also stochastic processes. Necessary and sufficient conditions on {o} are given for {X1} to be a second order process. When {ot} is a strictly stationary process, some sufficient conditions in terms of {o} are given which guarantee the wide sense stationarity of {Xt}. It turns out that for these problems the distribution and dependence structure of the process {log |o|} play an important role.
Situation Models: The Mental Leap Into Imagined Worlds

Situation models are mental representations of the state of affairs described in a text rather than of the text itself. Much of the research on situation models in narrative comprehension suggests that comprehenders behave as though they are in the narrated situation rather than outside of it. This article reviews some of this evidence and provides an outlook on future developments.
ATR signaling at a glance.

The maintenance of genomic integrity is crucial for the survival of all organisms. In humans, compromised genomic integrity contributes to genetic disorders, aging and cancers. The task of safeguarding the genome is accomplished by the concerted action of a number of cellular processes, including
The Demand For Community Supported Agriculture

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) has undergone both a rapid increase in growth and interest over the last decade. As such, the amount of literature on the subject has also increased. However, there are few, if any, theoretical models of demand on CSA that have been developed from membership data. This paper uses both survey and anecdotal data of members of the Roxbury Biodynamic Farm, the second largest CSA in the United States, to present a theory of demand for CSA membership. Included in the discussion is consideration of the evidence that there is a direct relationship between production method and demand, usually a shibboleth in traditional economic analysis. Further exploration considers the possibility that over time participation influences the very nature of demand for CSA membership, and hypothesizes that this dynamic demand is a necessary but insufficient condition for the sustainability of CSA.
Small, annular, double-contained /sup 252/Cf fission chamber for source-driven subcriticality measurements

A small-diameter, double-contained /sup 252/Cf fission chamber design that can be inserted into a 0.95-cm (0.375-in) diameter hole or tube (such as the control rod guide tubes in pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel elements) is described. This fission chamber can be used as a neutron driver for subcriticality measurements with irradiated PWR fuel elements. This prototype contains approximately 0.1 mu g of /sup 252/Cf, but the design has the flexibility to accommodate larger amounts of fissionable material required for PWR tests. Details of the design are presented, as well as some of the instrument's operational parameters and performance characteristics. >
OLIGONYCHUS PERSEAE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) POPULATION RESPONSES TO CULTURAL CONTROL ATTEMPTS IN AN AVOCADO ORCHARD

Populations of Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello (Acari: Tetranychidae) were monitored for 37 weeks in an avocado (Persea americana Miller) orchard in Fallbrook California, USA. Three cultural control methods were tested to reduce vertical recolonization of avocado trees by O. perseae. Control methods examined were: (1) Tanglefoot® barriers on tree trunks. (2) Removal of ground cover and leaf litter under tree canopies, and (3) Tanglefoot® barriers combined with ground cover removal. All treatments were compared to control trees that were not subjected to any of the preceding cultural practices. No significant differences in O. perseae populations or O. perseae-induced leaf damage were found among trees receiving different treatments. However, aerial dispersal activity of O. perseae was found to increase as O. perseae populations on monitored avocado trees increased, suggesting that populations could have been augmented as new immigrants arrived from unmonitored avocado trees or other miscellaneous host plants. The phytoseiids Galendromus helveolus (Chant) and G. annectens (De Leon), Amblyseius similoides Buchelos and Pritchard, Euseius hibisci (Chant), and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) were also monitored during this study. Natural enemy numbers were not adversely affected by cultural control attempts targeting O. perseae. Aerial applications of abamectin with NR 415 oil for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) had an adverse effect on Galendromus spp., which are important predators of O. perseae in avocado orchards.
Initialized iterative reweighted least squares for automatic target recognition

Automatic target recognition is typically deployed on infrared focal plane arrays with high resolution, which could be costly. Due to the compressibility of infrared images, compressive sensing allows us to reduce the resolution requirements of a focal plane array while keeping the same target recognition ability. In this paper, we develop an iterative reweighted least squares algorithm with stochastically trained initial weights. Our simulations indicate that this method has higher automatic target recognition accuracy than conventional methods such as OMP, BP, and IRLS when applied to the U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) dataset.
Cyclic appearance of antibody-producing cells in the peripheral blood in response to a chemically-defiend polyglycerophosphate antigen.

Cyclic production of serum antibody and of plaque-forming cells (PFC) of polyglycerophosphate (PGP) specificity was observed in the peripheral blood of rabbits following a single injection of antigen. Individual animals were examined at 4-day intervals up to 28 days post-injection. Direct and indirect PFC displayed initial peaks at 4 days post-injection with an 8-day lag between the first and second peaks and a 12-day lag between the second and third peaks. Serum IgM rose to a peak 4 days after the initial PFC peak and gradually dropped to baseline levels. Serum IgG rose sharply to a peak at 4 days following the initial PFC peak and generally remained at elevated levels for the duration of the experiment, Cycling of background sheep erythrocyte PFC was also observed, but cycles were out of phase with the FGP cycles and with each other.
Build — An Integrated System for Building Design

BUILD is a pilot version of a computer system for research in computer-aided building design being implemented as a subsystem of the Integrated Civil Engineering System (ICES) which is being developed in the Civil Engineering Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It provides a problem-oriented language for a limited but integrated description of a building whose geometry is based on the rectangular parallelepiped. It permits the user to specify a configuration of spaces, to indicate the materials of which surfaces are composed, to generate a structural frame at the edges of the spaces, and to make selective takeoffs of areas, volumes, weights, and costs. Geometric and topological data for the structure are in a form suitable for subsequent analysis using the Structural Design Language (STRUDL). In its present rudimentary state of development, BUILD is not a practical design system but a tool for studying problems of modeling buildings in computers. The research is directed toward an integrated information base which explicitly records interactions among design data and is capable of incremental extension in scope and detail.
Generation and ethnic identity: a typological analysis.

Data bearing on cognitive acculturation, ethnic behavior, and values were gathered from three generations of Mexican and Japanese Americans. Two dimensions of ethnic behavior were identified and na...
Defining and Closing the Hydraulic Fracturing Governance Gap

As recent examples in Texas and Colorado have shown, if local governments ban fracking, they risk pushback from state governments. This pushback, in turn, can result in preemption making an outright local ban on fracking self-defeating because it could ultimately result in less local control over the impacts of hydraulic fracturing. Given this potentially self-defeating nature of local fracking bans, local governments should address the impacts of fracking through more traditional local governance mechanisms that do not pose as great a risk to local authority. On this premise, this Article seeks to make the case for the importance of, and authority for, local leadership of fracking governance. We present an overview of the federal and state laws that address fracking and describe the traditional scope of local land use authority. We next present a list of the most salient local impacts of hydraulic fracturing, including a description of the methods we employed to catalogue these local impacts. Finally, this Article concludes with a series of case studies that demonstrate different local governance mechanisms.Because of significant gaps in the state and federal regulatory apparatus, opportunity exists for local governments to craft regulatory and non-regulatory structures that meet their communities’ needs. We believe that with more comprehensive information about the impacts of fracking, as well as regulatory and non-regulatory tools that local governments can employ, municipalities will be better able to enact policies that withstand legal scrutiny and reflect local interests.
Status of rural environmental hygiene in Jilin province 2011

Objective To analyze environmental hygiene status in rural areas of Jilin province,and provide science basis for the management of environment.Methods 5 families in each village from 20 villages in each county of 9 counties were selected and investigated by proportional stratified random sampling method.Results Dispersed water supply was the main method in the investigated counties.40% had full-time hygiene keepers.Sanitary latrine accounted for 66.14% in all household latrines.Family garbage collection occupied 53.33%.Most of family exhaust dirty water poured into pond.Conclusion Treatment rate of waste water garbage is low in rural areas.It is urgent to improve the environmental sanitation in rural region.
Surveillance on Antibodies Levels against Neisseria Meningitides among Healthy Population at Epidemic Earlier Stage in Gaoyou City

[Objective]Through monitoring of antibody levels against epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis(ECM) in epidemic prophase to comprehensively understand and evaluate the immune status of group A and group C,and provide evidence for developing appropriate prevention and control measures.[Methods]Totally 320 healthy individuals of 8 age groups,including 1,1~,3~,5~,7~,15~,20~,≥40 years(at least 40 individuals in each group),in Sanduo Town were recruited for serum sampling.ELISA assay was used for ECM group A and C antibodies detection in human serum.The results were statistically analyzed.[Results]Of the surveyed 357 individuals,the positive rate of ECM group A antibody was 78.15%,GMT was 1∶47.09;the positive rate of ECM group C antibody was 48.46%,GMT was 1∶6.72.The positive rate of ECM group A and C antibodies in≥ 3 years age group was high,while that of ECM group A was low in 3 years age groups.[Conclusion]The antibody levels against ECM group A and C are relatively high in ≥ 3 years age group,while ECM group A antibody level was low in 1 and 1~ years age groups which relates with unfinished second dose of vaccination through analysis of immunization history.
The Role of Mitophagy in Cardiomyocyte Arrhythmogenesis

Aging is associated with more than a ten-fold increase in the incidence of sudden cardiac death. Previously our laboratory published that redox modification of ryanodine receptors (RyR2) by mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to aberrant calcium handling in cardiomyocytes derived from aging rabbits. However to date, there are no studies that connect increased ROS, mitochondria turnover during aging, and arrhythmia. Here we report that several proteins involved in mitophagy such as p62, LC3II/I, and PINK 1 are down-regulated in the aging rabbit heart. Additionally, we show that the mitochondrial fission protein, DRP1, is increased in the aging rabbit heart. Analysis of the ultra-structure reveals smaller mitochondrion cross-sectional area, fewer mitochondria per square micron, abnormal internal structure, and greater disorganization of the network in aged cardiomyocytes. We therefore hypothesize that decreased mitophagy is a contributing factor that promotes pro-arrhythmic, aberrant calcium signaling through RyR2 activity in aging cardiomyocytes. Blocking mitophagy with chloroquine (1µM) in HL-1 cardiomyocytes under β-adrenergic stimulation (100nM isoproterenol for 5 minutes) resulted in an increase in mitochondria-derived ROS production, upregulation of fission proteins and downregulation of markers of mitophagy. Importantly, we observed increased calcium transient amplitude, increased fractional release, and decreased latency to spontaneous calcium wave formation after 20 seconds of 2.0hz pacing. MitoTEMPO (25μM) reduced ROS production and normalized calcium homeostasis. Our data demonstrate that inhibiting mitophagy in HL-1 cells increases mitochondria derived ROS thereby the hyperactivity of RyR2 and an arrhythmogenic phenotype suggesting that decreased mitophagy contributes to pro-arrhythmic changes in the aging cardiomyocyte.
Effectors of Gα0 Signaling

This chapter illustrates the direct effectors as well as the other downstream signaling pathways activated by Gα 0 . Heterotrimeric G proteins transduce signals through a wide variety of intracellular signaling pathways. Signaling pathways activated by G proteins vary depending on the identity of the specific alpha subunits. Direct effectors of the Gα 0 subunit are largely unknown, but recent work using yeast two-hybrid analysis and screening a cDNA expression library has yielded exciting new data and helped identify proteins that directly interact with Gα 0 and may serve as effectors. Some of the direct effectors identified by these methods include the GTPase activating protein for the small G protein Rap (Rap1-GAP), the GAP from the large G protein Ga z (G z -GAP), the regulator of G-protein signaling 17 (RGS-17), and the G-protein regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth (GRIN). In addition to the direct effectors, some of the signaling pathways that are activated downstream from Gα 0 have also been identified. These include mitogen activated protein kinase 1,2 (MAPK 1,2), the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), and phospholipase C (PLC).
Regulatory Considerations for the Approval of Drugs Against Histomoniasis (Blackhead Disease) in Turkeys, Chickens, and Game Birds in the United States

SUMMARY Histomoniasis, commonly referred to as blackhead disease, is a serious threat to the turkey and game bird industries worldwide, and it is having an increasingly negative impact on the chicken industry as well. The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), charged with the approval and regulation of new animal drugs in the United States, understands the rising need for the availability of therapeutic options against histomoniasis. CVM has actively engaged in discussions with the poultry industry, academic institutions, and animal health companies regarding the current status of histomoniasis in the United States and varied success of past and current management, prophylactic, and therapeutic interventions that have been used against the disease. As effective options against the disease are severely limited, CVM encourages the poultry industry, academic institutions, and animal health companies to work together to research and develop viable management, prophylactic,...
Experimental Response of a Precast Infill Wall System

Many reinforced concrete moment resisting frame buildings in seismic zones lack strength and ductility. A precast infill system may provide an economic advantage for the retrofit of these structures. In order to evaluate the performance of this type of system, a two-story nonductile frame was constructed and rehabilitated with a precast infill wall and post-tensioning system. Three tests were performed on the rehabilitated model structure to evaluate the overall system behavior, verify performance of connection details, and investigate the performance of post-tensioning used to provide column tensile capacity at the boundary elements of the wall. The behavior of the structure through its loading history is discussed and compared with design assumptions.
Alternating FDFD and born approximation to compute dielectric properties of breast tissue and localize anomalous lesions using DBT priors

A hybrid technique using Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and Microwave Tomography shows promise for improved contrast recovery with respect to conventional breast imaging modalities. A healthy background field is modeled using a Finite Difference solver with prior breast tissue dielectric distribution given by Digital Breast Tomosynthesis. This background field is subtracted from the radar measurements to isolate the anomalous portion of the measured signal which is due to the carcinoma. The healthy background geometry used in this simulation is obtained using a characteristic relationship between the mass attenuation coefficient (measured in X-ray images) of healthy tissue and the complex dielectric constant. This relationship is not known exactly a priori, but can be computed using gradient descent. However, the computationally demanding nature of this inverse problem makes it less desirable for real clinical applications. Proposed herein is an algorithm which uses Born approximation on alternate iterations to decrease computational demand. Preliminary 2D numerical experiments in realistic media show this adjustment decreases the computation time.
From the Cover: Manganese and Rotenone-Induced Oxidative Stress Signatures Differ in iPSC-Derived Human Dopamine Neurons.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Two chemically distinct environmental stressors relevant to PD are the metal manganese and the pesticide rotenone. Both are thought to exert neurotoxicity at least in part via oxidative stress resulting from impaired mitochondrial activity. Identifying shared mechanism of action may reveal clues towards an understanding of the mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis. Here we compare the effects of manganese and rotenone in human-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived postmitotic mesencephalic dopamine neurons by assessing several different oxidative stress endpoints. Manganese, but not rotenone caused a concentration and time-dependent increase in intracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species measured by quantifying the fluorescence of oxidized chloromethyl 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF) assay. In contrast, rotenone but not manganese caused an increase in cellular isoprostane levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Manganese and rotenone both caused an initial decrease in cellular reduced glutathione; however, glutathione levels remained low in neurons treated with rotenone for 24 h but recovered in manganese-exposed cells. Neurite length, a sensitive indicator of overall neuronal health was adversely affected by rotenone, but not manganese. Thus, our observations suggest that the cellular oxidative stress evoked by these 2 agents is distinct yielding unique oxidative stress signatures across outcome measures. The protective effect of rasagiline, a compound used in the clinic for PD, had negligible impact on any of oxidative stress outcome measures except a subtle significant decrease in manganese-dependent production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species detected by the DCF assay.
Facts, Values, and Analogies: A Darwinian Approach to Environmental Choice

Most writing on environmental ethics concerns the dichotomy between humans and non-humans, and much of the work in the field has been motivated by the effort to escape #x201C;anthropocentrism#x201D; with respect to environmental values. Resulting debates about whether to extend #x201C;moral considerability#x201D; to various elements of non-human nature have been, to say the least, inconclusive. In this paper, a new approach to re-conceptualizing our responsibilities toward nature is proposed, an approach that begins with a re-examination of spatio-temporal scaling in the conceptualization of environmental problems and human responses to them.
Before or After: Evolving Neoadjuvant Approaches to Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

The treatment of patients with stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most challenging and controversial areas of thoracic oncology. This heterogeneous group is characterized by varying tumor size and location, the potential for involvement of surrounding structures, and ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node spread. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, administered prior to definitive local therapy, has been found to improve survival in patients with stage IIIA (N2) NSCLC. Concurrent chemoradiation has also been evaluated in phase III studies in efforts to improve control of locoregional disease. In certain instances, a tri-modality approach involving concurrent chemoradiation followed by surgery, may offer patients the best chance for cure. In this article, we provide an overview of the trials evaluating neoadjuvant therapy in patients with stage IIIA (N2) NSCLC that have resulted in current practice strategies, and we highlight the areas of uncertainty in the management of this challenging disease. We also review the current ongoing research and future directions in the management of stage IIIA (N2) NSCLC.
The Early Modern Battle for the Archimedean Point

Beginning with the principles of the Renaissance and the Modern Scientific Revolution, this chapter focuses on the “crisis of authority” which is historically understood to have called for a new methodology to found a “new philosophy.” Just as Rene Descartes’ philosophy was understood to have met the criteria of the “new philosophy,” so too it accomplished a shift from a Theo-centric to an Ego-centric understanding of psychology and established new problems as foundational for psychology, such as, the “mind-body problem.” After examining multiple principles introduced throughout Early Modern philosophy regarding these foundational problems for Early Modern psychology, the principles and distinctions to emerge from Immanuel Kant’s transcendental philosophy are discussed as of critical importance in the history of Western psychology.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Nanocarriers for the Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Enzymes

Protein drugs, such as recombinant enzymes useful for detoxification and replacement therapies, have extraordinary specificity and potency. However, inherently inadequate delivery to target sites and rapid inactivation limit their medical utility. Using chaperone polymeric particles designed within an injectible size range (sub-micron) may help solve these shortcomings. Such nanocarriers would (i) prevent premature inactivation of encapsulated therapeutic protein cargoes, (ii) provide a carrier that can be surface decorated by targeting ligands, and (iii) optimize sub-cellular localization of the drug. This chapter describes the techniques successfully employed for the preparation of polymer nanocarriers (PNC) loaded with the antioxidant enzyme, catalase, and targeted to endothelial cells. Methods of PNC synthesis, loading with catalase, characterization, coupling of a targeting moiety, and in vitro testing of the enzymatic and targeting activities are provided here. Advantages and disadvantages of specific designs are discussed. Due to the modular nature of the targeting methodology employed, it is believed that these protocols will provide a solid foundation for the formulation of a wide variety of enzymatic drug targeting strategies.