cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross Relaxation in LiF

A combined experimental and theoretical study of cross relaxation in LiF has been carried out. In agreement with theory, the cross-relaxation time ${T}_{21}$ is observed to be strongly anisotropic and field dependent; at 51.7 gauss it goes from 0.025 second in the [100] direction to 7 seconds in the [111] direction. A frequency distribution function analogous to the line shapes for magnetic absorption is measured down to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ times the maximum value; for most orientations a Gaussian is an excellent approximation to it.
Microscopic hopping and continuum diffusion in vicinity of a defect

Abstract Particle hopping is treated in the neighborhood of an impurity which alters the hopping rates and equilibrium distribution. Mean field theory shows that an effective force term, which is present in the single particle limit, is screened out at high particle concentrations.
The effect of lead acetate on the immune response in mice

Abstract Female BDF 1 mice were exposed to lead in the drinking water at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 ppm lead for 3 weeks. Immunological studies demonstrated that lead suppressed macrophage-dependent immune responses. The functional activity of the macrophage was evaluated by the Mishell-Dutton, in vitro , antibody production technique. Lead suppressed the immune response when the macrophage-dependent antigens, sheep red blood cells or dinitrophenyl-Ficoll, were utilized, but the response to the macrophage-independent antigen, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, was not suppressed. The macrophage substitute, 2-mercaptoethanol, caused restoration of the lead-suppressed immune response. The immune responses seen in the four combinations of adherent/nonadherent and lead-exposed/non-lead-exposed cell cultures, were suppressed only in cultures containing lead-exposed adherent cells. The immunosuppressive effects of lead were produced at relatively low lead exposures as indicated by the blood lead concentrations. Weight gains and water consumption were not affected by these lead exposures. The low level lead exposure effects manifested by immunosuppression indicate that immune dysfunction is a sensitive indicator of lead exposure.
On the stability of a family of nonlinear time-varying systems

In the present paper we investigate several types of Lyapunov stability of an equilibrium x/sub e/ of a family of finite dimensional dynamical systems determined by ordinary differential (difference) equations. By utilizing the extreme systems of the family of systems, we establish sufficient conditions, as well as necessary conditions (converse theorems) for several robust stability types. Our results enable us to realize a significant reduction in the computational complexity of the algorithm of Brayton and Tong (1979) in the construction of computer generated Lyapunov functions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of the present results by analyzing robust stability properties of equilibria for Hopfield neural networks and by analyzing the Hurwitz and Schur stability of interval matrices.
Large magnetoresistance in double perovskite Sr2Cr1.2Mo0.8O6-δ

Abstract Sr2Cr1.2Mo0.8O6-δ (δ=0, 0.2) with a double perovskite structure was prepared by solid state reaction in evacuated quartz tubes. Cr and Mo are partially ordered on the B site. Oxygen vacancies decrease the ordering, but increase the lattice parameters. X-ray absorption spectroscopy results are consistent with Cr being 3+, and Mo being close to 5+ for δ = 0.2 and 5.5 for δ = 0. The spin of Cr3+ (d3) and Mo5+ (d1) order in an anti-parallel arrangement by superexchange interaction, and lead to ferrimagnetic ordering below 465 K. Both compounds are n-type narrow gap semiconductors. Large magnetoresistance (-43%) is observed in Sr2Cr1.2Mo0.8O6. The MR behavior is attributed to an intra-grain tunneling mechanism.
Global cerebral vasodilatation elicited by focal electrical stimulation within the dorsal medullary reticular formation in anesthetized rat.

Summary: We examined the effects of electrical stimulation of a restricted area of the dorsal medullary reticular formation (DMRF) on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in anesthetized (by chloralose), paralyzed (by curare) rats. CBF was measured in tissue samples by the Kety principle, with 14C-iodoantipyrine as indicator. Stimulation of DMRF elicited a widespread, significant increase in CBF in 12 of 13 areas. The increase in flow was greatest in cerebral cortex, up to 240% of control. However, it was also substantially increased in selected regions of telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and lower brainstem, but not cerebellum. In contrast, electrical stimulation of the midline (interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus) 1 mm medial to the DMRF did not change CBF. The increase in CBF evoked by DMRF stimulation persisted after transection of the spinal cord at CI or cervical sympathetic trunk. We conclude that excitation of neurons originating in or passing through the DMRF can elicit a potent and virtually global increase of CBF. The effect appears to be mediated by intrinsic pathways of the central nervous system.
Somatic symptoms and psychological characteristics associated with insomnia in postmenopausal women

Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to assess the association of sleep disturbance with psychological characteristics, somatic symptoms and previously identified risk factors. Methods Data were from 148,938 postmenopausal women enrolled in The Women’s Health Initiative who provided cross-sectional information about psychological characteristics, somatic symptoms and the character of their sleep. Overall sleep quality was based on the Women’s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale (WHI IRS), a measure that assessed five types of sleep disturbance. Results Three factors accounted for nearly 20% of the variation in the WHI IRS: a scale for somatic symptoms, daytime restlessness and either depression or emotional well-being. Other independently associated factors were night sweats, pain and worry about expressing anger. Several factors that had been linked to sleep disturbance in other studies were found to have at most a weak independent association in this analysis. These included income, education, marital status, activity level, obesity level, hot flashes, coffee drinking and smoking. Conclusion Factors strongly associated with sleep disturbance in this study deserve further evaluation to determine the reasons for the association and whether the associations suggest possible treatments for sleep disturbance.
Initial members of the family of molecular mid-valent high-nuclearity iron nitrides : [Fe4N2X10]4- and [Fe10N8x12]5- (X = Cl-, Br-)

Current theoretical and experimental evidence points toward X = N as the identity of the interstitial atom in the [MoFe7S9X] core of the iron-molybdenum cofactor cluster of nitrogenase. This atom functions with mu6 bridging multiplicity to six iron atoms and, if it is nitrogen as nitride, raises a question as to the existence of a family of molecular iron nitrides of higher nuclearity than known dinuclear Fe(III,IV) species with linear [Fe-N-Fe]5+,4+ bridges. This matter has been initially examined by variation of reactant stoichiometry in the self-assembly systems [FeX4]1-/(Me3Sn)3N (X = Cl-, Br-) in acetonitrile. A 2:1 mol ratio affords [Fe4N2Cl10]4- (1), isolated as the Et4N+ salt (72%). This cluster has idealized C2h symmetry with a planar antiferromagnetically coupled [Fe(III)4(mu3-N)2]6+ core containing an Fe2N2 rhombus to which are attached two FeCl3 units. DFT calculations have been performed to determine the dominant magnetic exchange pathway. An 11:8 mol ratio leads to [Fe10N8Cl12]5- (3) as the Et4N+ salt (37%). The cluster possesses idealized D2h symmetry and is built of 15 edge- and vertex-shared rhomboids involving two mu3-N and six mu4-N bridging atoms, and incorporates two of the core units of 1. Four FeN2Cl2 and four FeN3Cl sites are tetrahedral and two FeN5 sites are trigonal pyramidal. The cluster is mixed-valence (9Fe(III) + Fe(IV)); a discrete Fe(IV) site was not detected by crystallography or Mossbauer spectroscopy. The corresponding clusters [Fe4N2Br10]4- and [Fe10N8Br12]5- are isostructural with 1 and 3, respectively. Future research is directed toward defining the scope of the family of molecular iron nitrides.
Sphere of influence graphs: Edge density and clique size

LetX={X"1,...,X"n} be a set of n points(n >= 2) in the metric space M. Let r"i denote the minimum distance between X"i and any other point in X. The closed ball [email protected]?"i with center X"i and radius r"i is the closed sphere of influence at X"i. The closed sphere of influence graph CSIG (M, X) has vertex set X with distinct vertices X"i and X"j adjacent provided B"[email protected]?B"j @A. The graph G is an M-CSIG provided G is isomorphic to CSIG(M, X) for some set X of points in M. We prove that, for any metric space M, the clique number is bounded over the class of M-CSIGs if and only if there is a constant [email protected]?, so that the inequality |E| @? C|V| holds whenever G = (V, E) is an M-CSIG. The proof uses Ramsey's Theorem. We also prove that if M = (R^d, @r) is a d-dimensional Minkowski space, then C @? 5^d - 32.
A system to test the effect of materials on electron drift lifetime in liquid argon and the effect of water

A materials test system (MTS) has been developed at FNAL to assess the suitability of materials for use in a large liquid argon time projection chamber. During development of the MTS, it was noted that controlling the cryostat pressure with a 'raining' condenser reduced the electron drift lifetime in the liquid argon. The effect of condensing has been investigated using a series of passive materials to filter the condensate. We report the results of these studies and of tests on different candidate materials for detector construction. The inferred reduction of electron drift lifetime by water concentrations in the parts per trillion is of particular interest.
In vitro wear of resin denture teeth

Abstract Statement of problem. One of the most important physical properties of artificial teeth used in the restoration of the edentulous patient is wear resistance, and the ability of these teeth to maintain a stable occlusal relationship over time. Purpose. This study compared the in vitro wear of four different resin denture teeth against human enamel. Material and methods. Five denture tooth samples opposing five enamel abraders were positioned in a mechanical wear testing device for two 5,000 cycle wear periods (total of 10,000 cycles) under a 13.4 N load. All tests were conducted in human saliva, and the wear was measured at the end of each test period. Results. The wear of the Classic and Kenson acrylic resin denture teeth was much greater than the DB Plus and MLI composite teeth after 10,000 cycles. The wear of the KENSON denture tooth was also greater than the Classic tooth. No wear differences were found between the two composite teeth. Conclusions. The wear of DB Plus and MLI resin denture teeth was approximately 50% less than the wear of Classic and Kenson teeth when opposed by human enamel. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:152-5.) CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This study revealed that the composite denture teeth demonstrated significantly better wear resistance than the acrylic resin teeth. The magnitude of the wear of the different tooth types would be clinically significant in patients, depending on their dietary habits and parafunctional activities. This fact coupled with other considerations such as the cusp forms selected and the occlusal contact relationships possible with their clinical use may also influence the wear patterns experienced.
Nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies and molecular-dynamics simulations of the structure of sodium fluoroberyllate glasses: Evidence of non-tetrahedrally-coordinated beryllium.

$^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ and $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ NMR techniques are used to gain information about the short-range order in two beryllium fluoride glasses: A simple ${\mathrm{BeF}}_{2}$ glass and a NaF\ensuremath{\cdot}${2\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ glass. The magnitude of the average quadrupole coupling constant for $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ sites is deduced from the location of the first-order satellites and from low-frequency second-order broadening of the central transition of the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ spectrum. The average quadrupole coupling constant for the binary glass was a factor of 4 larger than for ${\mathrm{BeF}}_{2}$ glass. It is argued that this is consistent with the existence of non-tetrahedrally-coordinated Be ions in the sodium fluoroberyllate glass. The central transition of the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ NMR spectrum for the nominally pure ${\mathrm{BeF}}_{2}$ glass exhibited an anomalous narrow line which may be due to the presence of Be metallic clusters. The linewidth of the $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ resonance and the $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ spin-lattice relaxation time, ${T}_{1}$, of the two glasses were also studied as a function of temperature. These measurements indicate that there is some motion of the fluorines in the binary sample slightly above its transition temperature of 388 K. The two glasses were simulated by methods of molecular dynamics. It was found that whereas in simple ${\mathrm{BeF}}_{2}$ glass virtually all of the Be ions were tetrahedrally coordinated by four F ions, in multicomponent glasses a large number of Be ions have five F ions in the first coordination shell. This is qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations. Meaningful quantitative predictions of the effective $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ quadrupole coupling constants for the two glasses failed, however, because the simulated glasses are more disordered than glasses prepared in the laboratory. There is a broad distribution of F--Be--F angles in the simulated ${\mathrm{BeF}}_{2}$ glass. The calculated electric field gradients at these nonideal tetrahedral sites were comparable to those for the non--fourfold-coordinate Be sites in the alkali fluoroberyllate glass. The limitations of molecular-dynamics simulations for providing angular distributions of ions are discussed.
Balancing act: community and local requirements in an open source development process

Established best practices in software development tend to assume that a product's intended stakeholders (i.e., users, customers, and clients) are fairly well known and generally accessible. This paper outlines specific issues faced by those who conduct requirements analysis in the context of open source projects in which the user communities are widely distributed. The examples described are drawn from the experience of managing tool development within the Sakai Project [1], a higher education effort to build and share a community source framework for supporting on-line collaboration in academic courses and projects. With a far-flung community of users and developers, this project requires new approaches to eliciting, analyzing, and prioritizing user needs. The issues outlined in this paper are currently being met by a preliminary set of solutions that makes use of web-based project management technologies. These technologies along with some planning and communication strategies help improve the decision-making process involved in deciding whether and how to choose among proposed constraints, use cases, and feature requests.
CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR OF HIGHER DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS DEFINED ON COUNTABLE PARTITIONS

Jablonski maps are higher dimensional maps defined on rectangular partitions with each component a function of only one variable. It is well known that expanding Jablonski maps have absolutely continuous invariant measures. In this note we consider Jablonski maps defined on countable partitions. Such maps occur, for example, in multivariable number theoretic problems. The main result establishes the existence of an absolutely continuous invariant measure for Jablonski maps on a countable partition with the additional condition that the images of all the partition elements form a finite collection. An example is given.
Sources of Hysteresis in Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors and Their Elimination Via Methylsiloxane Encapsulants and Optimized Growth Procedures

The origins of gate-induced hysteresis in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors are explained and techniques to eliminate this hysteresis with encapsulating layers of methylsiloxane and modified processes for nanotube growth are reported. A combined experimental and theoretical analysis of the dependence of hysteresis on the gate voltage sweep-rate reveals the locations, types, and densities of defects that contribute to hysteresis. Devices with designs that eliminate these defects exhibit more than ten times reduction in hysteresis compared to conventional layouts. Demonstrations in individual transistors that use both networks and arrays of nanotubes, and in simple logic gates built with these devices, illustrate the utility of the proposed approaches.
Effects of cigarette nicotine content on smoking behavior of baboons

Human cigarette smokers modify the way in which they smoke cigarettes of differing nicotine content, apparently to maintain nicotine exposure at a preferred level. The effects of changing from moderate to high or low nicotine content cigarettes were examined in 11 baboons (superspecies Papio cynocephalus) trained to smoke cigarettes for water rewards. Relative to the moderate nicotine content cigarette, the animals took significantly (p less than .05) more puffs on the high nicotine content cigarette, and the puffs on the high nicotine cigarette were significantly larger in volume. The animals made the same number of puffs, relative to the moderate nicotine content cigarette, on the low nicotine content cigarette, but the volume of the puffs was significantly smaller. The cotinine output in urine varied significantly and was directly related to cigarette nicotine content; cotinine is the primary metabolite of nicotine. Baboons, like people, prefer high nicotine content cigarettes. Nonhuman primates also regulate nicotine exposure by modification of their puffing behavior. These results indicate that the nonhuman primate also can be used as a model for the investigation of the behavioral aspects of cigarette smoking.
Oxidation mechanism and ferryl domain formation on the α-Fe2O3 (0001) surface

Abstract Recent experimental evidence calls for a reinterpretation of the oxidized structure in chemically distinct domains of the hematite (0 0 0 1) surface as the ferryl (Fe O) termination rather than the bulk terminated O3–Fe–Fe–R structure. Although this interpretation is consistent with experimental data and ab initio thermodynamics calculations, it raises serious questions about how molecular oxygen can be dissociated on a surface where reactive iron centers are slightly more than 5 A apart. Here, we propose a novel cooperative bimolecular mechanism that provides a reasonable pathway for the formation of the unusual ferryl surface termination and should be readily reversible, which is important for understanding the function of hematite surfaces as an oxidation catalyst.
Light-induced absorbance changes in cell-free extracts of Neurospora crassa.

— The mycelium of Neurospora crassa was ground and extracted with buffer and separated into a soluble supernatant fraction and a particulate fraction by centrifugation. Both fractions were examined for light-induced absorbance changes. Irradiation of the supernatant fraction caused a reversible photooxidation of cytochrome c which was inhibited by sodium azide or by dialysis. The action spectrum for the photooxidation showed that the response was mediated by an endogenous flavin. The photooxidation of cytochrome c, lost by dialysis, could be restored by adding flavin mononucleotide. Irradiation of the particulate fraction with blue light caused a reversible photoreduction of cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase and, in some samples, of cytochrome b as well. The supernatant fraction showed photooxidation of cytochrome c rather than the more usual photoreductive changes because of the presence of super-oxide dismutase activity.
The treatment of insomnia through the use of electrosleep: an EEG study.

In order to test whether electrosleep is an effective therapeutic procedure, its effects were assessed on the most common of sleep disorders, sleep onset insomnia. The present research was designed to avoid the inadequacies of previous investigations by a) using a double blind procedure; b) using ob
Comparison of the Effect of High and Low Doses of Methadone on Treatment Outcome

The results of a 2-year-study of the relationship between methadone dosage and treatment outcome are reported. For discharged patients, higher doses of methadone were significantly related to successful treatment and lower doses to treatment failure. Based on these findings and the review of literature as well as the senior author's clinical experience, a theoretical formulation is offered to provide a rationale for methadone maintenance treatment. The tenability of the formulation is readily testable by clinical research.
Elicitation, a New Window into Plant Chemodiversity and Phytochemical Drug Discovery

Plant extracts collected from the wild are important sources for drug discovery. However, these extracts suffer from a lack of reproducible bioactivity and chemical composition caused by the highly inducible, variable, and transitory nature of plant secondary metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that exposing roots of hydroponically grown plants to chemical elicitors selectively and reproducibly induced the production of bioactive compounds, dramatically increased the hit rate, and more than doubled the number of plant species showing in vitro activity against bacteria, fungi, or cancer. Elicitation performed under controlled conditions dramatically improves reliability and efficiency of plant extracts in drug discovery while preserving wild species and their habitats.
Expression signatures that correlated with Gleason score and relapse in prostate cancer.

Abstract Predicting prognosis in prostate carcinoma remains a challenge when using clinical and pathologic criteria only. We used an array-based DASL® assay to identify molecular signatures for predicting prostate cancer relapse in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate cancers, through gene expression profiling of 512 prioritized genes. Of the 71 patients that we analyzed, all but 3 had no evidence of residual tumor (defined as negative surgical margins) following radical prostatectomy and no patient received adjuvant therapy following surgery. All of the 71 patients had an undetectable serum PSA following radical prostatectomy. Follow-up period was 44 ± 15 months. Highly reproducible gene expression patterns were obtained with these samples (average R 2 = 0.99). We identified a panel of 11 genes that correlated positively and 5 genes that correlated negatively with Gleason grade. A gene expression score (GEX) was derived from the expression levels of the 16 genes. We assessed the prognostic value of these genes and found the GEX significantly correlated with disease relapse ( p = 0.007). These results suggest that the approach we used is effective for expression profiling in heterogeneous FFPE tissues for cancer diagnosis/prognosis biomarker discovery and validation.
Vertex operators and Hall-Littlewood symmetric functions

Abstract We consider vertex operators on space V with a parameter t. Their components form an associative algebra which is a generalization of the Clifford algebra. A distinguished orthogonal basis of V is proved to be the Hall-Littlewood symmetric functions. We show that Kostka-Foulkes polynomials (or certain Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials for the affine Weyl group of type A) are matrix coefficients on the space V. We also obtain certain generating functions for the product of Hall-Littlewood functions and the Kostka-Foulkes polynomials.
Calorimetric study of quinoline interaction with o-phenylphenol and coal-derived asphaltenes

Abstract A calorimetric method is presented for the simultaneous evaluation of equilibrium constant, K , and molar enthalpy, ΔH o , for 1:1 adduct formation of quinoline (Qu) with coal-derived asphaltenes in solvent benzene. Asphaltene ( A ), together with its acid/neutral ( AA ), and base ( BA ) fractions used in this study were isolated from a centrifuged liquid product ( CLP ) sample prepared from Kentucky hvAb coal at 27.6 MPa hydrogen pressure and 723 K, with reactor charged with glass pellets. The computed K values for the interaction of Qu and A , AA , and BA are, within experimental error, the same, 18–19 dm 3 mol −1 ; whereas there is large variation in the ΔH o values (Qu- A , −16.92 ± 0.21 kJ mol −1 ; Qu- AA , −14.74 ± 0.04 kJ mol −1 ; Qu- BA , −11.76 ± 0.04 kJ mol −1 ). For Qu- A and Qu- AA systems, hydrogen-bonding occurs between the aromatic phenols (present in A and AA ) and quinoline, which is a strong hydrogen-bond acceptor, in addition to other molecular interactions. The hydrogen-bonding interaction in the Qu- BA system is lacking because both Qu and BA are hydrogen-bond acceptors. Since asphaltenes are really mixtures, we have taken a pure compound, o -phenyl-phenol (OPP), and obtained thermodynamic parameters for its interaction with quinoline (Qu). OPP was chosen to represent the aromatic phenols found in coal liquefaction products. Results obtained are: K (dm 3 mol −1 ): 10.4 (in CS 2 ), 6.2 (in CCl 4 ); ΔH o (kJ mol −1 ): −31.40 ( in CS 2 ) −27.80 ( in CCl 4 ). The solvent effect is apparent. By using o -phenylanisole as a model non-hydrogen-bonding donor (Dietz Blaha, Li J. Chem. Thermodynamics , 1977, 9 , 783), the relative contribution of H-bond to π-interactions in the total enthalpy change for the OPP—Qu system is estimated to be 3:1.
Synthetic phase-shifting for optical testing: Point-diffraction interferometry without null optics or phase shifters

An innovative iterative search method called the synthetic phase-shifting (SPS) algorithm is proposed. This search algorithm is used for maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation of a wavefront that is described by a finite set of Zernike Fringe polynomials. In this paper, we estimate the coefficient, or parameter, values of the wavefront using a single interferogram obtained from a point-diffraction interferometer (PDI). In order to find the estimates, we first calculate the squared-difference between the measured and simulated interferograms. Under certain assumptions, this squared-difference image can be treated as an interferogram showing the phase difference between the true wavefront deviation and simulated wavefront deviation. The wavefront deviation is the difference between the reference and the test wavefronts. We calculate the phase difference using a traditional phase-shifting technique without physical phase-shifters. We present a detailed forward model for the PDI interferogram, including the effect of the finite size of a detector pixel. The algorithm was validated with computational studies and its performance and constraints are discussed. A prototype PDI was built and the algorithm was also experimentally validated. A large wavefront deviation was successfully estimated without using null optics or physical phase-shifters. The experimental result shows that the proposed algorithm has great potential to provide an accurate tool for non-null testing.
A phosphatidylinositol-containing derivative of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469

Abstract A derivative of Lactobaccillus casei ATCC 7469, characterized by limited growth in liquid media and an unusual phospholipid composition, has been isolated. Grown to early stationary phase on a lipid-free and inositol-free medium, the organism produces phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The phosphatidylinositol was identified by thinlayer, paper, and gas chromatography, and by mass spectrometry. In agreement with published data, the conventional strain produced phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and lysylphosphatidylglycerol, but no phosphatidylinositol. The phospholipid/glycolipid molar ratio, calculated on the basis of published glycolipid analyses, is 1.3: 1 for the derivative and 1.5: 1 for the conventional strain.
Sources of variability in equatorial topside ionospheric and plasmaspheric temperatures

Abstract Jicamarca measurements of electron temperatures at high altitudes (500–1500 km) from the last solar minimum routinely show variations of hundreds of Kelvin from day-to-day. Possible sources of these variations are explored using the SAMI2-PE is another model of the ionosphere including photoelectron transport (SAMI2-PE) model, which includes a multistream photoelectron transport model. Changes to the electric fields, meridional winds, and thermospheric densities can all change the electron densities and temperatures at high altitudes. The high altitude electron temperatures are primarily determined by a balance between heating from photoelectrons which travel up the field lines and thermal diffusion which carries heat back down the field lines. The winds and electric fields will change the altitude and densities of the off-equatorial F -region peaks, especially on the field lines connected to the equatorial arcs. The densities and temperatures in the plasmasphere will self consistently adjust themselves to achieve diffusive equilibrium with the off-equatorial F -regions. Furthermore, decreases in the density and/or altitude of the F -region makes it easier for photoelectrons to escape to high altitudes. These connections between the equatorial plasmasphere, the off-equatorial F -regions, and the neutral thermosphere suggest that high altitude measurements at Jicamarca could be used to study thermospheric variability.
Women, Work, and Crime: An International Test of the Emancipation Hypothesis

This study analyzes Interpol statistics on female crime for the 1963–1970 period for a sample of Western nations with the purpose of testing two popular explanations of female criminality. Six measures of female economic participation in society were correlated with female proportional involvement in overall crime rates, theft, fraud, murder, and robbery/burglary. It was found that women's contribution to the overall arrest rate is neither directly proportional to their employment in the commercial work force, nor to the degree in which their jobs are comparable to those of males. The analysis of the crimes of theft and fraud provided support for the “opportunity” version of emancipation theory. Adler's “aggressive” variant of the emancipation hypothesis was only partly borne out by the data for murder and not supported for robbery and burglary.
Gender and the new inequality: explaining the college/non-college wage gap

The new inequality is often characterized by the increasing wage gap between workers with a college education and those without. Yet, although the gap in hourly wages between college-educated and non-college-educated women is high and rising, the topic has been overshadowed by research on gender inequality and wage inequality among men. Using the 1990 5-percent Public Use Microdata Samples, independent sources of macro data, and controls for individual human capital characteristics, I examine the association between the college/non-college wage gap and key aspects of local economic conditions for women and men. While the college/non-college wage gap among women is comparable in size to the gap among men, significant gender differences emerge in the underlying sources of high wage gaps in over 500 labor markets across the United States. Compared with men, flexible and insecure employment conditions (e.g., joblessness, casualization, and immigration) are more important in fostering high wage gaps among women than are technology, trade, and industrial composition, the prevailing explanations of rising wage inequality over time. Based on these gender differences, I reconsider the debate on labor-market restructuring and inequality and discuss a new analytical focus on differences in within-gender inequality.
Ghrelin expression in hyperplastic and neoplastic proliferations of the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells.

Ghrelin, a recently discovered peptide isolated from the gastric corpus mucosa, is believed to be important in the regulation of growth hormone secretion and has been shown to increase appetite and food intake as well. It may also have other gastrointestinal and cardiac functions. Because a cell of origin for ghrelin has not been convincingly identified in the gastric mucosa thus far, we studied the immunohistochemical expression of ghrelin in proliferative lesions of the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells—a cell that is not only exclusively confined to the gastric corpus mucosa but is its dominant endocrine cell type as well. Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues from three cases of gastric ECL cell hyperplasia and five ECL carcinoids (three with coexisting foci of diffuse, linear, and micronodular hyperplasia) were immunohistochemically stained for ghrelin, using a commercially available antibody. The Sevier-Munger stain for ECL cells and immunohistochemical stains for chromogranin, gastrin, serotonin, somatostatin, and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) were performed on parallel sections for correlation with the ghrelin staining results. All ECL cell carcinoids and hyperplastic lesions were positive for both the Sevier-Munger and the immunohistochemical stains for chromogranin and VMAT-2. Immunoreactivity for ghrelin was seen in 4/5 ECL carcinoids, all cases of ECL cell hyperplasia, as well as in all areas with linear and micronodular hyperplasia adjacent to the ECL cell carcinoids. In each instance, such staining was confined to the Sevier-Munger, and VMAT-2 positive cells only. Our findings indicate that the ECL cells are either the ghrelin-producing cells of the gastric mucosa or acquire the capability to synthesize ghrelin during proliferative states encompassing the entire hyperplasia to neoplasia spectrum. In view of the orexigenic and other known actions of ghrelin, the functional and/or biologic significance of ghrelin production in such ECL cell proliferations needs to be investigated further.
THE USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS TO CONTEND WITH VARIABILITY IN ENGINEERING

Summary In summary, the statistical series of Experimental Techniques will cover a wide range of topics and methodologies. The intent of the series is to widen the engineer's use of statistical techniques through a number of articles based on theory, examples, and case studies. Topics to be covered will include statistically designed experiments, variance components, control charting, distribution tests, bootstrap methods, and probabilistic design. Other topics such as graphical techniques for exploratory data purposes, statistical intervals, and discriminate analysis through the use of frequency domain data may also be covered as well. Hopefully, the articles will prove to be informative and provide enough detail for the engineer to go beyond the calculation of a mean and a standard deviation in their daily analysis of data. A listing of future articles follows.
Male hypogonadism. Part I: Epidemiology of hypogonadism

Male hypogonadism is a frequent and potentially undertreated condition. A number of longitudinal epidemiologic studies, including the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, the New Mexico Aging Process Study, and the Massachusetts Male Aging Study, have demonstrated age-related increases in the likelihood of developing hypogonadism. In addition to advancing age, increasing body mass index and/or type II diabetes mellitus may be associated with lower circulating androgen levels. Owing to the demographic trends toward increasing population age and life expectancy, together with the emerging pandemic of diabetes and recent trend toward an increasing prevalence of obesity in the United States, clinicians are likely to encounter increasing cases of hypogonadism in the near future.
Investigation of nucleation and epitaxial growth of Ba1−xKxBiO3 films

Abstract Single-crystal films of the Ba 1− x K x BiO 3 have been successfully grown using the technique of liquid-phase epitaxy in an electrochemical cell. The FWHM of the Bragg reflection curves of the films does not exceed 0.5° and is determined by substrate quality. The films were grown from the KOH flux saturated by Bi 2 O 3 at temperatures 230–270°C and BaO concentration 0.005–0.03 mol/mol KOH. Ferroelectric single crystals of BaBiO 3 have been grown from the close to stoichiometric melt to be used as substrates. The process of film formation on the (1 0 0) substrate face were studied using a polarization optical microscope. At the first stage of the film deposition the formation of separate crystallites were observed on the film surface. Their number increases with higher electrochemical overvoltage. The optimal current density for crystallite nucleation lies in the range 20–30 A/m 2 . The voltammograms of the as-prepared Ba 0.6 K 0.4 BiO 3 films demonstrated three particular areas: the film epitaxial growth one, the corrosion zone process area and film dissolving region. The activation energy of the film growth process have been determined.
Strategic life cycle decision-making for the management of complex Systems subject to uncertain environmental policy

Abstract Environmental regulations play a significant role in ship design, manufacturing, operations, and disposal. As the life cycle progresses, a ship's environmental performance can degrade if more stringent policies are implemented at a port of call or for operations on the open seas. Tightened constraints over time may increase life cycle cost due to mandated replacement and repair costs, larger insurance premiums, or less operational flexibility. Unless design and maintenance activities account for uncertainty related to the environmental policy agenda, regulation changes can present considerable economic, operational, and mission-based risks to the life cycle of a vessel. The optimal design and maintenance strategy for time-dependent environmental compliance can be determined via the use of a sequential decision-making framework known as a Markov decision process (MDP). The purpose of the presented research is to demonstrate the application of a non-stationary MDP to the design and maintenance decisions of a ship that must consider ballast water exchange and treatment policy changes. Research efforts outline the preliminary approach, outcomes, and conclusions resulting from the use of a MDP to model life cycle decisions.
Torulopsis glabrata fungemia--a clinical pathological study.

The clinical findings, pathologic features, and outcome were investigated in 46 patients in whom Torulopsis glabrata was isolated in 131 specimens of blood. Nineteen of the patients had only a single positive blood culture and no evidence of systemic yeast infection, while 27 patients had a clinically significant fungemia based upon the occurrence of 2 or more positive blood cultures, or the combination of a positive blood culture and isolation of the organism from a closed body cavity or demonstration of the yeast in tissue sections. The predisposing factors to the development of fungemia included the presence of intravenous lines, indwelling Foley catheters, antibiotics and surgery, especially when the gastrointestinal tract was involved. Only 22% of patients received either steroids or cytostatic agents. Possible portals of entry were suggested by the prior isolation of the organism from urine, sputum, wounds, and central venous catheter tips in most of the patients. Twelve of 27 patients with clinically significant fungemia were treated. The initial mode of therapy in nine patients was removal of intravenous lines because of the clinical suspicion of catheter related sepsis. Seven of the patients improved rapidly and one more after amphotericin B was subsequently administered. Amphotericin B was the initial therapy in three cases. One patient was cured while another died of an unrelated infection. Five patients were not treated although the isolation of T. glabrata had been reported; the fact that the presence of the organism was felt to be unimportant was considered to be a factor in the delay of treatment. In the remaining 10 patients the organism was isolated only after the patient had died. Division of the patients into four groups based upon whether the individuals survived, died of unrelated disease, died with potentially lethal infection, or died with T. glabrata infection significantly contributing to death, revealed a spectrum of disease, certain signs of which appeared to be of predictive value as prognostic indices of survival and severity of the infection. Seven patients with transient fungemia experienced an acute episode of high spiking fever (greater than 102.5 degrees F), rigors and/or hypotension, six of whom improved after the intravenous catheter was removed, suggesting a catheter-related sepsis. In contrast, persistent low grade fever (less than 102.5 degrees F) characterized eight of the nine patients in whom T. glabrata infection was considered either potentially lethal, or contributing significantly to death. A deteriorating clinical course with organ failure was also associated with this latter category of patients. Catheter-induced specticemia was considered in only two patients in this category. The autopsy and clinical findings in this investigation as well as reported experimental studies suggest that T. glabrata is an organism of low virulence. The patients' underlying disease (e.g., neoplasia) and coexisting bacterial infection are the most important factors responsible for death.
Co-association of CD3ζ with a receptor (CD16) for IgG Fc on human natural killer cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that mediate major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-nonrestricted cytotoxicity against tumours and virus-infected cells and secrete numerous cytokines on activation. NK cells are distinct from mature T lymphocytes, because they do not rearrange or productively transcribe T-cell receptor alpha-, beta-, gamma- or delta-chain genes and do not express the CD3 gamma- or delta-subunits. But recent studies indicate that NK cells do express CD3 zeta, co-associated with other membrane proteins. Here we report that CD16, the receptor for the Fc (constant) region of IgG, specifically associates with the CD3 zeta homodimer on the membrane of human NK cells, and that co-transfection with CD3 zeta complementary DNA permits expression of a transmembrane-linked CD16 complex on COS-7 cells. These findings indicate that CD3 zeta can co-associate with membrane receptors of diverse cell types and function as a common structure for signal transduction.
Constitutive presence of antibiotic resistance genes within the bacterial community of a large subalpine lake.

The fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environmental microbial communities is of primary concern as prodromal of a potential transfer to pathogenic bacteria. Although of diverse origin, the persistence of ARGs in aquatic environments is highly influenced by anthropic activities, allowing potential control actions in well-studied environments. However, knowledge of abundance and space–time distribution of ARGs in ecosystems is still scarce. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we investigated the presence and the abundance of twelve ARGs (against tetracyclines, b-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones and sulphonamides) at different sampling sites, depths and seasons, in Lake Maggiore, a large subalpine lake, and in the area of its watershed. We then evaluated the correlation between each ARG and a number of ecological parameters in the water column in the deepest part of the lake. Our results suggest the constitutive presence of at least four ARGs within the bacterial community with a high proportion of bacteria potentially resistant to tetracyclines and sulphonamides. The presence of these ARGs was independent of the total bacterial density and temperature. The dynamics of tet(A) and sulII genes were, however, positively correlated with dissolved oxygen and negatively to chlorophyll a, suggesting that the resistant microbes inhabit specific niches. These observations indicate that the lake is a reservoir of antibiotic resistances, highlighting the need of a deeper understanding of the sources of ARGs and the factors allowing their persistence in waters.
Three-phase PFC current control using dc-rail current as feedback

This paper presents a new current control method for three-phase power-factor-corrected (PFC) converters. The control method is a generalization to the nonlinear average current control previously developed for single-phase PFC converters, and uses only the dc-rail current as the feedback signal, avoiding the need to sense input phase currents and greatly simplifying current sensing requirements. Principle of the control method is presented first, followed by discussions of the implementation circuit and detailed design considerations. A mixed-signal implementation using an FPGA is also presented. Performance of the proposed control method is demonstrated by measurement results from a 2 kW prototype operating with both 60 Hz and high-frequency (400–800 Hz) lines.
Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet activation inhibited by magnesium in a dose-dependent manner.

Abstract Objective : To examine the hypothesis that magnesium inhibits platelet activation at concentrations equivalent to therapeutic levels. Methods : Fifteen subjects were enrolled: five healthy, female donors with regular, spontaneous menstrual cycles; five women with uncomplicated third-trimester pregnancies; and five preeclamptic subjects before magnesium therapy. Anticoagulated whole blood was added to tubes containing 0.5 μmol/L adenosine diphosphate (to activate platelets), HP1-1D (activation-independent platelet antibody), CD62 antibody and CD63 antibody (activation-dependent platelet antibodies), and magnesium sulfate in increasing concentrations (2–100 mg/dL). The percentage of activated platelets (CD62 or CD63 positive) was determined using three-color flow cytometric analysis. Data were analyzed using the Student t test, repeated measures analysis of variance, two-way analysis of variance, and Student-Newman-Keuls for pairwise comparison in appropriate cases. P Results : Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet activation was inhibited with increasing magnesium concentration in all subjects ( P P P P Conclusion : Magnesium inhibits adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet activation in a dose-dependent manner. This effect initially attains statistical significance at concentrations equivalent to therapeutic levels.
Acute phosphate nephropathy: a cause of chronic kidney disease

Acute phosphate nephropathy occurs whenever a patient with renal dysfunction is exposed to high doses of phosphate. Bowel purgative agents are a common source of high doses of sodium phosphate and are widely used as bowel preparation agents prior to colonoscopy due to their efficacy and tolerability. Oral sodium phosphate (OSP) preparations used to prepare patients for colonoscopy may be a cause of acute and chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD associated with OSP agents is the result of nephrocalcinosis, or calcium phosphorus crystal deposition in the renal parenchyma leading to interstitial disease. It is often irreversible and progressive in nature. The authors report a case of CKD which presented with non-specific symptoms weeks after use of an OSP agent as part of a bowel preparation regimen. Renal biopsy confirmed nephrocalcinosis.
Identification of a novel region in the proximal promoter of the mouse renin gene critical for expression

An enhancer at −2.6 kb and a HOX·PBX-binding site at −60 bp have been demonstrated to be critical to expression of the mouse renin gene (Ren-1c) in As4.1 cells. In this report, we show that a regio...