cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Metiamide, An H2-Receptor Antagonist, in the Prevention of Experimental Stress Ulcers

Because of evidence that Metiamide, an H2-receptor antagonist, strongly inhibits gastric acid secretion, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that Metiamide will prevent bile salt-induced stress ulcers during hemorrhagic shock. Forty dogs were bled and maintained for 4 1/2 hr at a mean blood pressure of 40 to 50 mm Hg. In group A, 10 dogs received 300 mg of Metiamide orally 45 min before bleeding and 10 dogs received normal saline. The pylorus was occluded before bleeding and 100 ml of 15 mM bile salt were instilled into the stomach and aspirated at the end of 4 1/2 hr. At the time the animal was killed after 48 hr, no ulcers were seen in the stomachs of dogs treated with Metiamide. Sixty per cent of the dogs in the untreated group developed multiple gross ulcers. In group B the effect of Metiamide on the disappearance rate of H+ ion was measured by instillation of 50 mM HCl + 15 mM bile acid. No difference was noted in the rate of H+ ion disappearance between Metiamide-treated and control dogs. Also, in 5 normotensive dogs the rate of H+ ion disappearance was measured before and after treatment with Metiamide, and the loss of H+ was identical for both periods. Metiamide was effective in preventing stress ulcer in this experimental model. The protective effect of Metiamide is probably due to its inhibitory effect of H+ ion secretion.
Response of the equatorial pacific seasonal cycle to orbital forcing

AbstractThe response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean’s seasonal cycle to orbital forcing is explored using idealized simulations with a coupled atmosphere–ocean GCM in which eccentricity, obliquity, and the longitude of perihelion are altered while other boundary conditions are maintained at preindustrial levels. The importance of ocean dynamics in the climate response is investigated using additional simulations with a slab ocean version of the model. Precession is found to substantially influence the equatorial Pacific seasonal cycle through both thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms, while changes in obliquity have only a small effect. In the precession experiments, western equatorial Pacific SSTs respond in a direct thermodynamic manner to changes in insolation, while the eastern equatorial Pacific is first affected by the propagation of thermocline temperature anomalies from the west. These thermocline signals result from zonal wind anomalies associated with changes in the strength of subtropical anti...
Electrical Hazards Posed by Graphite Fibers

The direct electrical resistance and the electrical contact resistance of graphite fibers released from both burned and unburned Fiberite T300/1034 composite were measured. The voltage at which arcing occurs due to fibers settling on electrical conductors was also determined. On the basis of results obtained, an assessment was made of the hazards posed by graphite fibers to electrical equipment.
Supporting Oxygenation in Acute Respiratory Failure

Strategies to support oxygenation can cause substantial harm through lung stretch injury, oxygen toxicity, transfusion risks and cardiac over-stimulation. Traditional goals of maintaining near normal cardiorespiratory parameters are most likely overly simplistic and are insensitive and nonspecific for tissue hypoxic effects. In order to reduce iatrogenic harm, it is conceivable that clinicians could be comfortable with lower levels of arterial oxygen content (eg, oxyhemoglobin values of < 88%: so called "permissive hypoxemia"), provided that there are ways to effectively monitor tissue hypoxia. We can learn more about hypoxic compensatory mechanisms from the fetus and from high altitude residents. We also need to learn better ways of monitoring tissue oxygenation, especially in "mission critical" tissues. Ultimately clinical trials will be needed to determine appropriate oxygenation targets to allow permissive hypoxemia.
The Road We Must Take: Multidisciplinary Team Science

Translational research is acknowledged to be complex and to require a diverse skill set. Many organizations, particularly academic institutions, have invested in educational programs, facilities, and enhanced resources to encourage translational research. Critically needed, however, is an emphasis on creating and sustaining multidisciplinary research teams. It is through the power of many and a diverse approach to our health care problems that we will realize lasting solutions.
Bistatic measurements of scattering from edges

Measurements are presented of scattering from a 30- degree metal wedge and from a metal plate which has a thickness of 0.75 wavelength. The measurements were made on an indoor bistatic scattering range operating at 70 GHz. A comparison is made of the experimental data with computations based on Keller's geometrical theory of diffraction. For the wedge, there is good agreement of the measurements and computations over a range of scattering angles in which the scattered power changes by over 40 dB. For the plate, the measurements of scattering agree quite well with the computations based on single diffraction from each edge.
Heterodoxy in the classroom: the case of community economic development

Purpose – The article seeks to identify and examine HPE concepts and ideas that help teach community economic development to college students.Design/methodology/approach – The paper's discussion is situated within a descriptive account of the learning context, content and structure of a course on community economic development. Selected course readings are analyzed to identify heterodox concepts and to illustrate how they assist in helping students think critically about community economic development.Findings – The course readings prove fruitful ground for the identification and examination of a range of heterodox concepts and ideas used to help students to think critically about community economic development issues.Research limitations/implications – Although successful in examining the contributing roles of heterodoxy in teaching community economic development, the study relied on only one course syllabus.Practical implications – The article offers a practical way to gauge the use of heterodoxy in the...
Prolonged QRS duration (QRS ≥170 ms) and left axis deviation in the presence of left bundle branch block: A marker of poor left ventricular systolic function ?

Abstract Background Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is commonly associated with structural heart disease and left ventricular dysfunction. We propose that the QRS duration and degree of left-axis deviation (LAD) identify significant left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with LBBB. Methods In this prospective study the ejection fraction (EF) of 300 consecutive patients with LBBB was evaluated by echocardiography. The relationship between QRS duration and LAD (axis between –30° and –90°) and EF were derived. Results There was no significant difference in age, sex, presence of ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy and valvular heart disease, and EF among the patients with or without LAD. The EF of patients with QRS ≥170 milliseconds with LAD (n = 20) and without LAD (n = 18) was 25% ± 16% and 23% ± 13%, respectively (P =.71). The mean EF (24% ± 10%) of the patients with a QRS duration of ≥170 milliseconds (n = 38) was significantly lower than the mean EF (36% ± 16%) of the patients with a QRS duration of
Vorticity Structures in the Tropical Pacific from a Numerical Simulation

AbstractThe small-scale variability of the tropical Pacific is studied with the simulations from a numerical model in terms of vorticity structures. A Lagrangian method based on the Okubo–Weiss parameter is used to identify the structures and track their main characteristics. Between 8°S and 8°N, the structure characteristics are spatially inhomogeneous compared to higher latitudes. They can be grouped into three categories: anticyclonic and cyclonic structures off the equator and the equatorial structures between 2°S and 2°N. They all have a strong annual cycle with maximum presence from September to March, except during strong El Nino years, when the number of structures becomes very low. Off the equator from 2° to 8°, the anticyclonic structures dominate, but with drastically different characteristics north and south of the equator. In the north, large nonlinear vortices develop (known as the tropical instability vortices) in phase with the 30–35-day oscillation related to an unstable first-meridional-...
DSMC SIMULATIONS OF THE THERMOPHORETIC FORCE ON SPHERICAL PARTICLES IN A POLYATOMIC GAS

The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method of Bird is applied to determine the thermophoretic force on a spherical particle that is motionless with respect to a polyatomic gas within which heat is conducted. The gas is confined between two parallel walls at different temperatures, and the force on the particle is found at all locations between the walls. The Vestner expression, an approximation for monatomic gases that relates the thermophoretic force to the translational heat flux and the mean molecular speed, is shown to be accurate for polyatomic gases.
Durability of antireflux effect of ureteral reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux: findings on long-term cystography

Objective To evaluate the long-term durability of successful ureteral reimplantation (UR) for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) through a review of late cystography (LC) findings. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all children with primary VUR who underwent successful open UR (grade 0 VUR into the reimplanted ureter[s] on initial cystogram) at our institution from January 1990 to December 2002. We identified successful UR patients who underwent LC ≥1 year after UR and reviewed the results for the presence of recurrent VUR into the reimplanted ureter(s). Results Seven-hundred ninety-four patients underwent successful open UR for primary VUR, of whom 60 (7.6%) had a subsequent LC. Preoperative VUR grade was ≤II in 20 (34.5%) and ≥III in 38 (65.5%). Median age at UR was 3.5 years (IQR 1.3–6.2 years); 51 (85%) were female. UR was intravesical in 45 (75%) and bilateral in 19 (32%). LC was performed at a median of 38.7 months after UR (IQR 19.6–66.1 months). Indication for LC was febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) in 16 (27%), nonfebrile UTIs in 15 (25%), follow-up of contralateral VUR in 16 (27%), and other clinical indications in 13 (21%). The recurrence rate was 0%; of the 79 reimplanted ureters, 100% (95% CI 95.4–100) had no VUR (grade 0). Conclusion Among children who underwent successful open UR for primary VUR, there was no VUR recurrence on extended follow-up. This suggests that the late durability of open antireflux surgery is excellent.
Decomposing the CO2-income tradeoff: an output distance function approach

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis holds that economic growth leads to increases in pollution in early stages of development, but is a significant driver of environmental improvements as income levels increase. Most empirical applications have focused on estimating a reduced form equation in which the measure of environmental degradation is posited as a non-linear function of income. In this paper we develop a structural production model based on an output distance function to investigate the EKC hypothesis for CO2 in a panel of industrialized countries from 1971 to 2000. This structural approach allows for the decomposition of the observed emission changes into the scale, composition, and productivity effects, thus providing additional insight into the interlinked processes of economic growth and environmental change. The findings from our preferred model indicate that for most countries, the CO2-saving productivity effect is not large enough to offset the CO2-producing scale effect.
Tracer exchange vs. net uptake of glucose through human red cell surface. New evidence for carrier-mediated diffusion.

Previous kinetic studies of net sugar movements through the human erythrocyte surface (in response to concentration gradients) have led to postulation of a special "carrier" system for transfer of monosaccharides in these cells. But alternatively some sort of non-specific depression of cell permeability at high sugar concentrations has been suggested as a possible basis for the saturation kinetics and the competitive phenomena observed. New theoretical calculations show that these two interpretations predict entirely different orders of magnitude for the relative rate of tracer glucose exchange at such high sugar levels. Therefore, the speeds of gross chemical equilibration and of tracer glucose equilibration were compared by means of serial analyses on quickly separated cells and media, in thick red cell suspensions. Glucose was first added to glucose-free suspensions, and its entry into the cells followed; then C14-glucose was added after attainment of chemical equilibrium, and the tracer equilibration similarly followed. The speed of the tracer movement in relation to the speed of net uptake was on the order of 50 to 100 times greater than would be found in an uncomplicated diffusion process, regardless of what depressant effect might be occasioned by the high sugar levels. In contrast, the comparative rates observed are predicted by the previously proposed facilitated-diffusion mobile-carrier model for monosaccharide transfer, if the glucose-carrier complex is assigned a dissociation constant (at 20°C.) in the neighborhood of 1 mM.
On the Current Status of Mössbauer Spectroscopy Standards

Efforts to standardize the reporting of Mossbauer data are reviewed, including work on the velocity calibration of spectrometers and on isomer shift standards with respect to iron, tin, iodine, and other Mossbauer nuclides. Suggestions are made concerning nomenclature and conventions for reporting Mossbauer effect data.
Practical Applications of Trading Volatility: At What Cost?

Exchange-traded products (ETPs) linked to VIX short-term futures indices are popular among retail investors, even though they consistently lose money over time. Don’t be fooled by their popularity. These VIX ETPs are simply not good buy-and-hold investments. This is the advice of Robert E. Whaley, author of Trading Volatility: At What Cost? and creator of the CBOE Market Volatility Index (VIX). Launched in 1993, VIX is a key measure of market expectations of near-term volatility expressed by Standard & Poor’s 500 stock index option prices. It has become the market’s most closely watched “fear index.” In this Practical Applications report, Whaley tells us why these VIX-linked ETPs are not appropriate for long-term investment. He identifies inverse opportunities and alternatives for investors who do want to buy and hold VIX ETPs. Whaley is the Valere Blair Potter Professor of Management and Director of the Financial Markets Research Center at the Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University. His Journal of Portfolio Management article has gained attention in the broader media. Barron’s recently featured it in VIX Creator: Volatility ETPs ‘Virtually Guaranteed to Lose Money.’
Using a Simulated Infobutton Linked to an Evidence-Based Resource to Research Drug-Drug Interactions: A Pilot Study with Third-Year Dental Students

Many health professions students and clinicians are using evidence-based databases that allow for quicker and more accurate clinical decisions. The aims of this pilot study were to compare third-year dental students' speed and accuracy in researching questions about drug-drug interactions (DDI) when using two different methods: a simulated infobutton linked to the evidence-based clinical decision support resource UpToDate versus traditional Internet resources accessed through a computer or smart device. Students researched two simulated cases during two sessions. In the first session, half the students used the infobutton, while the other half used traditional electronic tools only. In the second session, ten days later, a cross-over took place. The sessions were timed, and after researching the case, students answered three questions on the use of antibiotics, analgesics, and local anesthetics. Of the 50 students who volunteered for the study, two were excluded, and 44 participated in both sessions and the exam. The results showed that the students took a similar amount of time to identify DDI whether they used the infobutton (mean=286.5 seconds) or traditional tools (265.2 seconds); the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.429). Their scores using the two research methods were similar in all three content areas: antibiotics (p=0.797), analgesics (p=0.850), and local anesthetics (p=0.850). In a post-intervention survey, students were generally favorable about infobutton and UpToDate, reporting the tool was easy to use (62.5%), provided the answer they were looking for (53.1%), was fast (50%), and they would use it again (68.8%). This pilot study found that the time and accuracy of these students conducting DDI research with the infobutton and UpToDate were about the same as using traditional Internet resources.
Local smoothness in Variance Reduced optimization

We propose a family of non-uniform sampling strategies to provably speed up a class of stochastic optimization algorithms with linear convergence including Stochastic Variance Reduced Gradient (SVRG) and Stochastic Dual Coordinate Ascent (SDCA). For a large family of penalized empirical risk minimization problems, our methods exploit data dependent local smoothness of the loss functions near the optimum, while maintaining convergence guarantees. Our bounds are the first to quantify the advantage gained from local smoothness which are significant for some problems significantly better. Empirically, we provide thorough numerical results to back up our theory. Additionally we present algorithms exploiting local smoothness in more aggressive ways, which perform even better in practice.
Scaling and Measurement: Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Reconsidered

Over the last two decades considerable research effort has focused on the relationship between role stress (role conflict and role ambiguity) and salesperson job performance and satisfaction. Many researchers in selling and sales management have used role stress scales developed by Rizzo, House and Lirtzman (RHL) in 1970. Researchers who wish to use the RHL scales must contend with criticisms about the scales ‘validity and reliability, and with a history of changes to the scales’ response format and item content. This paper reviews the criticisms of the scales, the use of the scales in the sales literature, and offers guidelines for researchers for the most effective use of the RHL scales.
‘Necessary to engineers of the new generation’: what is important for engineers to know?

Interest in establishing programs of Liberal Studies in Engineering that are not designed to be accredited by Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) necessarily intersects with the larger issue of how understandings of the liberal arts and social sciences should be incorporated into B.S. engineering programs. Debate over how (or how much) engineering education should focus on science and mathematical instruction is a long one; it stretches back to the early twentieth century and encompasses the proselytizing of Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), a leader at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and in the post-World War II creation of the National Science Foundation. Above all, Bush advocated ‘basic science’ as the root source of technological innovation in the modern world and he heralded science and math as the essential components of engineering education. The danger that engineering education which emphasizes – or gives credence to – the humanities and social sciences can be viewed as...
The Availability of Core Principles

The paper examines whether three core principles–economic welfare, moral absolutism, and militarism–are present in the minds of citizens who vary in terms of political sophistication. I argue that citizens across the sophistication divide should prove equally adept at developing and maintaining core principles. I then use data from four NES cross-sectional surveys and one NES panel study to test this claim. Using a combination of measurement modeling techniques, stability tests, an item non-response comparisons, I find that that all citizens, regardless of how much or little they know about politics, hold genuine principles
Timing of Sexual Initiation and Relationship Satisfaction in Young Adult Marital and Cohabiting Unions

Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this research examines the association between timing of oral sex initiation and marital and cohabiting relationship satisfaction among young adults. Findings indicate that women who transition to oral sex "late" or who have no oral sex experience report higher levels of relationship satisfaction in their current coresidential unions than do women who transition at a "normative" age. Higher levels of relationship satisfaction among women who transition "late," however, appear to be explained by their lower likelihood of experiencing forced sexual relations and sexually transmitted infections. We find no evidence of any association between timing of oral sex initiation and relationship satisfaction among men. To best promote healthy relationships, researchers, practitioners, and educators need to better understand the various types of sexual activities in which young people engage.
Motherhood in Complex Families

Families formed through multipartner fertility, where children with a common biological mother were conceived by different biological fathers, represent a growing share of all families in the United States. Using data from four waves of the Fragile Families Child and Wellbeing Study (N = 3,366), I find that women who have engaged in multipartner fertility are more likely to experience parenting stress and depression compared with mothers whose children share the same biological father. Mothers’ depression is explained in the short term by poor relationship quality with the father of her prior children and in the longer term by indicators of boundary ambiguity in complex families. Mothers’ parenting stress was only weakly explained by variation in perceived kin support, father involvement, or boundary ambiguity.
Using Multiple Attributes to Assess Sources of Performance Feedback

The article provides information on a study which aimed to examine whether individuals differentiate between feedback sources on the basis of the perceived usefulness and reliability of the informa...
Monitoring of nutrition and health status among resident in Hanshan District of Handan City

[Objective]To understand the nutrition and health status among resident in Hanshan District of Handan City. [Methods]According to the Chinese residents nutrition and health status monitoring manual( 2010),889 people received the health examination and laboratory tests. The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 19. 0 Software,and 5% or lower P-value is considered to be statistically significant.[Results]The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old in Hanshan District was 10. 1% and 9. 5% respectively,while the prevalence rate was respectively 46. 9% and 21. 6% in adults over 18 years old. The prevalence of hypertension was 40. 9%. The prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose was 9. 6% and 8. 9% respectively. The prevalence rate of hypercholesterolemia,hypertriglyceridemia and lower high density lipoprotein was 30. 2%,36. 8% and 18. 4%,respectively.[Conclusion]The epidemic situation of overnutrition and some chronic diseases among resident can not be ignored in Hanshan District of Handan City. The relevant departments should strengthen the health education and health communication,to improve the nutrition and health status.
Construction of a Web GIS-based forecast system of crop diseases and pests

The Forecasting Crop diseases and Pests System introduced in this paper was a coutryside counties-oriented crops' diseases and pests forecasting system formed by integrating the knowledge of remote sensing,meteorologic information,models of diseases and insect pests,and utilizing the technologies of WebGIS,database,ASP.NET,Adopted the Browser/Server architecture,this system could run the model of forecasting diseases and insect pests on the internet and put out large area remote sensing thematic map for diseases and pests at the first time,achieve the goal of providing and sharing diseases and pests information.This system could effectively improve the user's skill in forecasting and management for crop diseases and insect pests,ultimately reach the goal of effective prevention of crop diseases and insect pests in large areas.
Current situation and research progress of malnutrition among students in the rural area

Due to the unbalance on the development of economics between the urban and rural area,the malnutrition of students in the rural area has become an increasingly outstanding problem. This paper summarizes malnutrition status in rural students and its reasons,and evaluates the control measures that should be adopted to solve the malnourished problems along with the effect,so as to provide technical basis for deducing the malnourished phenomenon among the students in the rural areas,guaranteeing their normal growth,and enhancing the comprehensive quality of labor force.
Determination and confirmation of pirlimycin residue in bovine milk and liver by liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry : Interlaboratory study

Three laboratories participated in trials of methods to determine and confirm pirlimycin residue in bovine milk and liver. The methods used liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with an internal standard to measure residue concentration. The internal standard was isopirlimycin, a stereoisomer of pirlimycin, which was resolved chromatographically. Determinative procedures were validated by replicate analyses of negative control, fortified control, and residue-incurred milk. For the milk method, average corrected recoveries (and coefficients of variation, CVs) were 83-113% (CV, 7.5-15.4%) at 0.2 ppm, 91-98% (CV, 3.4-18.5%) at 0.4 ppm, and 89-102% (CV, 8.8-22.9%) at 0.8 ppm. For the liver method, average corrected recoveries were 94-103% (CV, 2.2-7.1%) at 0.25 ppm, 87-94% (CV, 4.8-10.3%) at 0.5 ppm, and 96-101% (CV, 5.5-6.9%) at 1.0 ppm. There were no interferences in control samples of either matrix. Pirlimycin was confirmed by matching the retention time and relative abundances of 4 ions from sample extracts to corresponding values obtained for pirlimycin standard. Pirlimycin was confirmed in all residue-incurred samples and all samples fortified at regulatory tolerances (0.4 ppm in milk and 0.5 ppm in liver) by 2 of the 3 laboratories and in most samples by the third laboratory.
Trimodality therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Prospects for the multimodality treatment of non–small-cell lung cancer have improved substantially with the demonstration of fairly dramatic results, in terms of 5-year survival, in several phase III trials that employed
Training family physicians in community health centers: a health workforce solution.

PURPOSE For more than 25 years, family medicine residencies (FMRs) have worked with community health centers (CHCs) to train family physicians. Despite the long history of this affiliation, little research has been done to understand the effects of training residents in this underserved community setting. This study compares CHC and non-CHC-trained family physicians regarding practice location, job and training satisfaction, and recruitment and retention to underserved areas. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a cohort of the 838 graduates from the WAMI (Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho) Family Medicine Residency Network from 1986-2002. RESULTS CHC-trained family physicians were almost twice as likely to work in underserved settings than their non-CHC-trained counterparts (64% versus 37%). When controlling for gender, percent full-time equivalent, and years from graduation, CHC-trained family physicians were 2.7 times more likely to work in underserved settings than non-CHC-trained family physicians. CHC and non-CHC-trained family physicians report similar job and training satisfaction and scope of practice. CONCLUSIONS Training family physicians in CHCs meets the health workforce needs of the underserved, enhances the recruitment of family physicians to CHCs, and prepares family physicians similarly to their non-CHC trained counterparts.
Rethinking Land Endowment and Inequality in Rural Africa: The Importance of Soil Fertility

Summary Access to land has been a major emphasis of previous work on socioeconomic differentiation within rural African communities. Land endowment has generally been measured in terms of area without much consideration to variation in the qualities of land at the level of village territories. Building from work on the variation of soil fertility, this paper considers the potential relationship between soil fertility variation and wealth inequality within rural communities in Sahelian West Africa. The management history, yields, and characteristics (livestock and land wealth, labor, tenure security, cropped area) of the households managing and owning 181 sampled fields within two village territories in southwestern Niger are analyzed to evaluate the relative importance of land area and soil fertility in affecting the ability of households to produce food and the factors that affect household investments into soil fertility. Soil fertility variation is found to play a major role in the crop production achieved in the study area. This variation results in part from contemporary and historic investments by farmers largely through manure application. Manuring rates are found not to be affected by the extent of land owned or managed nor by the security of land tenure. Instead, these investments are determined by livestock wealth, the major store of wealth in rural parts of the Sahel. These findings point to a major mechanism for increased inequality in areas where subsistence cropping prevails—a mechanism that is mediated through soil fertility variation.
Seapower and its Measurement Rules

We have contended in Chapter 1 that the primary capability resource for exercising influence on a global scale — what has been termed global reach in more recent times — has been ocean-going seapower. Indeed, one partial but very important explanation for the early but gradual ascendency of a few European states over much of the rest of the world and the very development of a global system is the fact that several European states developed the sail-driven ships necessary to project European fire-power over great distances. Part of this technological revolution was inherently tactical. According to Padfield: Technical superiority was not simply stouter ships and more powerful guns but the fusion of these two into an altogether new system of naval warfare. For thousands of years warships in the Mediterranean system had been rather slim, light, oar-propelled craft known as galleys, which manoeuvered in a similar way to lines of infantry and fought an essentially infantry battle on the water. However, what had evolved in the west in the half-century preceding the Portuguese entry into the Indian Ocean was nothing less than the floating castle defended by all-round batteries of quick-firing guns. Fleets of galleys were as powerless against these floating castles as armies were powerless against conventional stone castles, and the traditional way of reducing castles on land by siege operations could not be attempted because the floating castles were mobile and better able to keep [to] the sea for longer periods than galleys (Padfield, 1979, p. 7).
Thermal Resistance of Transferred-Silicon-Nanomembrane Interfaces

We report measurements of the interfacial thermal resistance between mechanically joined single crystals of silicon, the results of which are up to a factor of 5 times lower than any previously reported thermal resistances of mechanically created interfaces. Detailed characterization of the interfaces is presented, as well as a theoretical model incorporating the critical properties determining the interfacial thermal resistance in the experiments. The results demonstrate that van der Waals interfaces can have very low thermal resistance, with important implications for membrane-based micro- and nanoelectronics.
Interest Groups and Social Movements: Self- or Public Interested? Insights from the Brazilian Third-Sector Literature

By definition, interest groups are seen as self-interested, that is, organizations established to pursue the self-interest of their members. As such, this plethora of self-interested actors has been seen largely as a negative thing, cluttering the policy process, creating unmanageable demands, and leading to “iron triangles” of interest group/legislative/bureaucratic networks geared toward funneling benefits to narrow groups. In contrast, social movements, nongovernmental organizations, and the like typically are seen as positive, democratizing players in public policy. This paper seeks to muddy both sides of this neat distinction by bringing the Brazilian third-sector literature and field research on scientific and professional associations in the states of Sergipe and Santa Catarina to bear on the question of the self- versus public-interested stance of third-sector groups. On the one hand, social movements can be just as self-interested as the more traditional interest groups. On the other, interest groups often act wholly in the public interest.
Intensive Care Treatment Decisions: The Roots of Our Confusion

Dr Clark reaches two related conclusions in "Intensive Care Treatment Decisions: The Roots of Our Confusion" (Pediatrics 1994:94:98-101). Unfortunately, one compounds the confusion already surrounding the federal child abuse regulations; the second rests on weak evidence and questionable assumptions. Dr Clark contends that the 1984 Federal Child Abuse Amendments conflict with state child abuse laws relating to the treatment of disabled newborns. "[B]ecause two competing legal standards coexist" Clark explains, "physicians cannot simultaneously meet both standards."
Complex radiation sensor network analysis with big data analytics

Radiation detection has long been of fundamental interest in a wide range of areas such as nuclear forensics and the environmental awareness of radioactive materials. For example, the Fukushima nuclear accident stimulated citizen scientists to collect and share radiation data across the world. However, it is non-trivial to estimate exact radiation levels using volunteered geographic information (VGI) data due to the spatial and temporal granularity of measurements as well as unprecedented levels of data volume. In addition, the accurate background measurements are unavailable in all areas. This research provides an alternative to understand radiation level changes using graph comparison. Previous work has used sensor networks to detect and track radiation. While this approach uses static sensor networks, mobile sensor networks have obvious benefit to track illicit radioactive materials. However, all previous approaches use the predefined structure of the sensor networks. They might also know or calculate the background radiation levels. The aim of this paper is to understand radiation level changes without having such details. We assume that the region of high dose rates in an environment like Fukushima continues over time, irrespective of the background. Thus the structural similarity of radiation levels based on radiation interpolation maps will reveal the changes of radiation levels.
U.S. Nuclear Forces, 2009

The United States has officially reached the upper limit of 2,200 operationally deployed strategic warheads set by the moscow Treaty, yet warhead dismantlement is proceeding slowly.
Restoring and managing low-severity fire in dry-forest landscapes of the western USA.

Low-severity fires that killed few canopy trees played a significant historical role in dry forests of the western USA and warrant restoration and management, but historical rates of burning remain uncertain. Past reconstructions focused on on dating fire years, not measuring historical rates of burning. Past statistics, including mean composite fire interval (mean CFI) and individual-tree fire interval (mean ITFI) have biases and inaccuracies if used as estimators of rates. In this study, I used regression, with a calibration dataset of 96 cases, to test whether these statistics could accurately predict two equivalent historical rates, population mean fire interval (PMFI) and fire rotation (FR). The best model, using Weibull mean ITFI, had low prediction error and R2adj = 0.972. I used this model to predict historical PMFI/FR at 252 sites spanning dry forests. Historical PMFI/FR for a pool of 342 calibration and predicted sites had a mean of 39 years and median of 30 years. Short ( 55 years) mean PMFI/FRs were mainly from northern New Mexico to South Dakota. Mountain sites often had a large range in PMFI/FR. Nearly all 342 estimates are for old forests with a history of primarily low-severity fire, found across only about 34% of historical dry-forest area. Frequent fire (PMFI/FR < 25 years) was found across only about 14% of historical dry-forest area, with 86% having multidecadal rates of low-severity fire. Historical fuels (e.g., understory shrubs and small trees) could fully recover between multidecadal fires, allowing some denser forests and some ecosystem processes and wildlife habitat to be less limited by fire. Lower historical rates mean less restoration treatment is needed before beginning managed fire for resource benefits, where feasible. Mimicking patterns of variability in historical low-severity fire regimes would likely benefit biological diversity and ecosystem functioning.
Socialisation and Professional Identity: Reflections of an Administrator's Pathway into Student Affairs in the United States.

Pathways into student affairs careers may not always be clear or well defined. Often, student affairs professionals experience unconventional beginnings. Formal and informal relationships with faculty, staff and students in higher education may eventually inspire a career in student affairs. This process of socialisation positively influenced my development as a student and continues to shape my perspectives about college student development as a professional. My professional identity, influenced by the student affairs socialisation process and reflective practice as a professional in higher education, are discussed.
Setting up an adult congenital heart programme

With the growing number of adult patients with congenital heart defects in the developing world, many institutions and practice groups are beginning or growing their adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) programmes. In this paper, we review: ■ Practical considerations in establishing a clinic (Where will your patients come from? How many new referrals annually can you anticipate?); ■ Transition and transfer challenges (can you avoid the loss to care of children with moderate and complex congenital heart defects? Is there an agreed age of transfer policy? Is there an available and effective transition process?); ■ Institutional considerations (do you really have the support of your institution? Where should your program be located? Where will you admit your inpatients?); ■ Patient care imperatives (how will you commit to excellent patient care? How will you meet the needs of your patients? Clearly designate which patients you will need to refer out and to which services they will be referred); ■ The composition of the ACHD team (begin with two ACHD cardiologists and skilled echocardiography, consider a mix of pediatric trained and adult trained cardiologists, grow from there in a modular fashion if you can to include more multidisciplinary team members, and duplicate essential service positions); and ■ Organisation and accreditation of ACHD care (ACHD services need to be managed differently than pediatric services across the full diagnostic and treatment clinical spectrum).
Draft genome sequence of Venturia carpophila, the causal agent of peach scab.

Venturia carpophila causes peach scab, a disease that renders peach (Prunus persica) fruit unmarketable. We report a high-quality draft genome sequence (36.9 Mb) of V. carpophila from an isolate collected from a peach tree in central Georgia in the United States. The genome annotation is described and a phylogenetic analysis of the pathogen is presented. The genome sequence will be a useful resource for various studies on the pathogen, including the biology and ecology, taxonomy and phylogeny, host interaction and coevolution, isolation and characterization of genes of interest, and development of molecular markers for genotyping and mapping.
The invention of theory: A transnational case study of the changing status of Max Weber’s Protestant ethic thesis

This article investigates the status assigned to Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism as a case study on the development of the concept of theory in twentieth century sociology. I trace this development in the interplay between scholars in the United States and Germany and distinguish three waves of meaning given to the text. The transitions between these phases were brought about by an initial process of mystification of the text in the 1930s and a dynamic of de- and re-mystification beginning in the 1980s. Following this process of (re)interpretation over time, I show that at the beginning of the century the work was perceived as an empirical inquiry, while at the end of the century it was treated as pure theory. Based on the example of the peculiarities of the Weberian expert communities in the United States and Germany, I analyze how the invention of a concept of theory as independent from empirical evidence helped to stabilize the value of scholarly expertise on Weber in the face of otherwise declining resonance of the text. The analysis of this paradigmatic case adds to our understanding of the development, uses, and meaning of theory in contemporary sociology.
Global warming potential estimates for the C 1 –C 3 hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) included in the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol

Abstract. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are ozone depleting substances and potent greenhouse gases that are controlled under the Montreal Protocol. However, the majority of the 274 HCFCs included in Annex C of the protocol do not have reported global warming potentials (GWPs) which are used to guide the phaseout of HCFCs and the future phase down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). In this study, GWPs for all C 1 –C 3 HCFCs included in Annex C are reported based on estimated atmospheric lifetimes and theoretical methods used to calculate infrared absorption spectra. Atmospheric lifetimes were estimated from a structure activity relationship (SAR) for OH radical reactivity and estimated O( 1 D) reactivity and UV photolysis loss processes. The C 1 –C 3 HCFCs display a wide range of lifetimes (0.3 to 62 years) and GWPs (5 to 5330, 100-year time horizon) dependent on their molecular structure and the H-atom content of the individual HCFC. The results from this study provide estimated policy-relevant GWP metrics for the HCFCs included in the Montreal Protocol in the absence of experimentally derived metrics.
Soft chemistry of ion-exchangeable layered metal oxides

Soft chemical reactions such as ion-exchange and acid–base reactions have been extensively investigated to synthesize novel metastable layered inorganic solids, to exfoliate them into individual nanosheets, and to re-assemble them as thin films and nanocomposite materials. These reactions proceed at relatively low temperature and enable the synthesis of a rich variety of structures by stepwise reactions. In recent years, the toolbox of soft chemical reactions has been utilized to rationally design and tailor the properties of functional layered transition metal oxides. Layer-by-layer assembly and intercalation chemistry have provided insight into covalent interactions that stabilize oxide-supported nanoparticle catalysts. In addition, topochemical reactions have been utilized to tune the compositions of layered perovskite oxides in order to break inversion symmetry, resulting in piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. This review focuses on the use of soft chemical approaches to design functional layered transition metal oxides with tunable properties. Soft chemical reactions enable the design of functional materials for diverse applications that include artificial photosynthesis, catalysis, energy storage, fuel cells, optical sensors, ferroics, and high-k dielectrics.
Integration of Novel Shape Templates During Human Spatial Navigation Leads to Prototype Extraction

The ability to rapidly form stable representations of novel environments is crucial for successful navigation, yet the majority of studies involve environments composed of overlearned geometrical configurations, like rectangles. To address this gap in knowledge, participants underwent extensive pre-training with a non-regular shape and then navigated environments organized around this shape and other parametrically related novel non-regular shapes. Concurrent high-resolution fMRI indicated that, consistent with past studies on regular geometries, hippocampal neural activation patterns differentiated these environments, although with a bias toward the pre-exposed shape. Surprisingly, we found that hippocampal representations were most stable for the average geometric configuration of the novel environments, with subsequent map-drawing accuracy predictive of the stability of this average. Our findings challenge existing models of memory and navigation by suggesting unique mechanisms underlie the formation of novel spatial contexts, which may only become apparent under conditions that directly manipulate the influence of prior knowledge.
Ion Correlation and Collective Dynamics in BMIM/BF4-Based Organic Electrolytes: From Dilute Solutions to the Ionic Liquid Limit.

Quantifying ion association and collective dynamical processes in organic electrolytes is essential for fundamental property interpretation and optimization for electrochemical applications. The extent of ion correlation depends on both the ion concentration and dielectric strength of the solvent; ions may be largely uncorrelated in sufficiently high-dielectric solvents at low concentration, but properties of concentrated electrolytes are dictated by correlated and collective ion processes. In this work, we utilize molecular dynamics simulations to characterize ion association and collective ion dynamics in organic electrolytes composed of binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM+][BF4–] and 1,2-dichloroethane, acetone, acetonitrile, and water solvents. We illustrate different physical regimes of characteristically distinct ion correlations for the systematic range of electrolyte concentrations and solvent dielectric strengths. Dilute electrolytes composed of low-dielectric s...
The Structure of Polymers Crystallized in the Bulk

Elementary considerations, as well as detailed calculations, establish that the most thermodynamically stable state of a collection of long-chain molecules is a large crystallite whose thickness is close, but not identical, to the extended molecular length. [1] The morphology and structures that actually evolve are governed by nucleation and growth processes that are modulated by several important factors. These include the dissipation of order from the crystallite to the liquid-like region [2]; the slow relaxation of the chain units in the disordered regions [3]; and the copious interpenetration of chains in the initial disordered liquid-like state. [4][5] The development of an interphase of high free energy, cf. seq. requires that any actual crystallization process be carried out at relatively high undercoolings for any reasonable time scale. This restraint leads to the development of non-equilibrium states with the attendant complex structures that governs both microscopic and macroscopic properties.