cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Radius Dilemma: A brief look at the QPO Frequency-Inner Disk Radius Connection in GRS 1915+105

We examine the evolution of the color radius and GRS 1915+105 and compare that to predictions made by the Magnetic Flood Model. This model applies a linear correction to associate the Low Frequency QPO to the Keplerian frequency. Because spectral fits to the X-ray data using XSpec often produce erroneously low color radius results, the quantity is often ignored, but the trend is assumed to be a valid trace of the inner disk radius. We show that, if the radius trend established by the X-ray spectral fits can be believed, then no monotonic solution can rectify the QPO frequency to the Keplerian radius. We discuss various caveats and analases that may be performed to further test the Magnetic Flood model.
A Comparison of the Proteins of Rat Skeletal Muscle and Liver Ribosomes by Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis OBSERVATIONS ON THE PARTITION OF PROTEINS BETWEEN RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS AND A DESCRIPTION OF TWO ACIDIC PROTEINS IN THE LARGE SUBUNIT

Abstract We have determined the number of proteins in rat skeletal muscle 80 S ribosomes and ribosomal subparticles by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins were compared with those from liver ribosomes. The small subunit of muscle ribosomes contained 31 proteins: it had two proteins (Sm1 and Sm2) which were not found in liver 40 S particles; one protein (S31*) was always found in the small subunit of muscle ribosomes but was present in the 40 S subparticle of liver ribosomes only if they were prepared in buffer containing 500 mm potassium and 3 mm magnesium (it was absent if the cation concentrations during preparation were 830 and 12.5 mm, respectively); muscle small subparticles lacked S10 and S22; finally, S8 was absent if muscle subunits were prepared in buffer containing lower concentrations of potassium and magnesium (500 and 3 mm) whereas it was present if the cation concentration was higher (830 mm potassium and 12.5 mm magnesium). The large subunit of muscle ribosomes had 38 proteins: it lacked two (L1 and L41*) that always were present in liver 60 S subunits; and lacked one (L20) found only in the large subunit of liver ribosomes prepared in buffer containing 830 mm potassium and 12.5 mm magnesium; L20 is also absent from the large subunit of liver ribosomes if they are prepared in 500 mm magnesium and 3 mm potassium. We have detected two acidic proteins (L40* and L41*) in the large subunit of ribosomes that may be homologous with Escherichia coli L7 and L12. Preparations of muscle 80 S monomers contained five proteins (1, 2, 3, L1, M4) not present in either subunit; one of the five proteins (M4) was absent from liver ribosomes. We estimate muscle ribosomes have 67 to 74 different proteins; liver ribosomes have 69 to 74. Most of the apparent variance between the proteins of muscle and liver ribosomes can be accounted for either by differential partition of selected proteins to one or the other of the two subunits, or by differences in the methods required to prepare pure muscle ribosomes in high yield and those used to prepare liver ribosomes. Thus certain proteins that occur with the large subunit of liver ribosomes are found with the small subunit of muscle ribosomes or vice versa. If liver and muscle ribosomes and ribosomal subunits are prepared by the same method there are few if any differences in the proteins.
Purification, cloning, and sequence of outer membrane protein P1 of Haemophilus influenzae type b.

Abstract Outer membrane protein P1 from Haemophilus influenzae type b MinnA was purified and partially characterized. Antiserum was generated against the purified protein and was used to immunologically screen a lamba EMBL3 genomic library prepared from strain MinnA DNA. A 4.2-kilobase-pair EcoRI-BamHI fragment containing the P1 gene was subcloned into pBR322. The recombinant protein was synthesized by Escherichia coli K-12, in which it localized to the outer membrane. The N-terminal sequence of the purified protein was determined and found to correspond to residues 23 through 36. The 22-amino-acid leader peptide had a typical structure, with two lysine residues near the amino terminus, a stretch of hydrophobic residues, and alanine residues at positions 20 and 22. The Mr of the processed protein was 47,752, which is in good agreement with the estimate of 50,000 from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Putative -35 and -10 promoter sequences were identified upstream from the translational start site. Codon usage was examined and determined to be substantially different than the codon preference in E. coli.
Looking for a cosmological constant with the Rees-Sciama effect.

In models with a cosmological constant a significant component of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy is produced at rather low redshifts $z\ensuremath{\lesssim}1$. In these models, the gravitational potential perturbations begin to evolve at late times, shifting the frequencies of photons passing though them. Since the potential reflects the matter density, the latter should be correlated with the CMB anisotropy. We examine this correlation and discuss the prospects for using an x-ray/COBE comparison to detect a cosmological constant.
Inhibition of murine macrophage nitric oxide production by synthetic oligonucleotides.

Synthetic 30-mer phosphorothioate (Ps) oligonucleotides (ODN) comprised of single bases (SdA30, SdC30, SdG30, and SdT30) were assessed for their effects on nitric oxide (NO) production by murine bone marrow macrophages (BMMC) and macrophage cell lines J774 and RAW264.7. Pre-treatment of these cells with any of the four Ps ODN inhibited NO production induced by CpG ODN, E. coli DNA (EC DNA), or LPS. This inhibition was time- and dose-dependent and was observed even if the Ps ODN were added as long as 12 h after stimulation. As in the case of stimulatory ODN, inhibition was dependent on backbone structure and length. Thus, all four 30-mer, single-base Ps ODN were inhibitory, and only dG30 among phosphodiester ODN was inhibitory. Together, these observations indicate that Ps ODN can inhibit macrophage production of inflammatory mediators, suggesting a role of these compounds as immunomodulatory agents.
Birth after Death: Perpetuities & the New Reproductive Technologies

Contemporary developments in reproductive technology have generated extensive debate among lawyers, ethicists, legislators, the media, and the public. Concern has intensified recently in light of claimed attempts to clone human beings. One implication of the new reproductive technologies upon which few commentators have focused is their effect on the Rule Against Perpetuities. For example, what impact should the possible existence of frozen sperm or frozen embryos have upon the execution of wills and implementation of the Rule? This Article provides a thorough analysis of the Rule Against Perpetuities, its policies, and reformulations of the Rule. It further describes the serious problems that the new reproductive technologies pose for the viability of the Rule. Finally, it recommends reforms designed to protect the policy interests served by the Rule while addressing the implications of the new reproductive technologies.
Elderly Female Serial Sexual Homicide A Limited Empirical Test of Criminal Investigative Analysis

The purpose of criminal investigative analysis is to assist law enforcement in identifying and apprehending violent offenders by identifying important suspect and crime scene characteristcs. The genesis of criminal investigative analysis grew out of micro-level reviews of unusually violent crime cases. Although the descriptive terminology used to identify the process has changed over the years, the process of assessing violent criminal behavior has not. Lack of agreement as to what constitutes criminal investigative analysis has also led some to view the process as more art than science. In an effort to clarify some of these issues, an analysis of cases of serial sexual homicides of elderly women is conducted. Although the sexual homicide of elderly women represents a small percentage of overall homicides in the United States, the authors provide empirical evidence supporting the use of criminal investigative analysis in solving these unusual cases. The FBI regularly consults on various types of violent homicide cases using this methodology and valuable investigative information often is yielded in other cases as well.
The Cauchy Problem and Stability of Solitary-Wave Solutions for RLW–KP-Type Equations

Abstract The Kadomtsev–Petviashvilli (KP) equation,(ut+ux+uux+uxxx)x+euyy=0, (*) arises in various contexts where nonlinear dispersive waves propagate principally along the x-axis, but with weak dispersive effects being felt in the direction parallel to the y-axis perpendicular to the main direction of propagation. We propose and analyze here a class of evolution equations of the form (ut+ux+upux+Lut)x+euyy=0, (**) which provides an alternative to Eq.(*) in the same way the regularized long-wave equation is related to the classical Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. The operator L is a pseudo-differential operator in the x-variable, p⩾1 is an integer and e=±1. After discussing the underlying motivation for the class (**), a local well-posedness theory for the initial-value problem is developed. With assumptions on L and p that include conditions appertaining to models of interesting physical phenomenon, the solutions defined locally in time t are shown to be smoothly extendable to the entire time-axis. In the particularly interesting case where L=−∂x2 and e=−1, (*) possesses travelling-wave solutions u(x,y, t)=πc(x−ct,y) provided c>1 and 0 0 4 3 and c>1 and for 4 3 if c>(4p)/(4+p). The paper concludes with commentary on extensions of the present theory to more than two space dimensions.
Conformational equilibrium of demetalized Concanavalin A: A reexamination of the kinetics of its interaction with Ca2+-ions and fluorescent saccharide

Abstract Two conformations of Concanavalin A have been reported by Brown et , al . [Biochemistry 16, 3883 (1977) ]; one, named “locked,” has a significantly greater affinity for both metal ions and certain saccharides than the other, the “unlocked” conformation. These authors recently reported a value of 0.14±0.01 for [PL] [P] , the equilibrium ratio at 25°C, pH 6.4, of the concentrations of the locked to unlocked conformers of demetalized Concanavalin A [ Brown et al., Biochemistry 21, 465 (1982) ]. In a recent report, Strazza and Sherry [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 106, 1291 (1982) ] concluded that “Concanavalin A will not assume the locked conformation in the complete absence of metals and that only trace amounts of Ca 2+ can catalytically convert a significant amount of the protein into the locked conformation.” These conclusions are incorrect, as shown here by a reexamination of their original kinetic data that underlie these published conclusions. The present analysis gives particular attention to the mathematical form that the data must satisfy throughout its range. The result is a value for [PL] [P] of 0.15 ± 0.02, in complete agreement with the earlier results of Brown et al. (1982) .
A NEW CLASS OF PHOSPHORUS-NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

Abstract The literature shows no successful characterizations of chlorine free phosphorus of phosphorus nitrogen compounds resulting from the reaction of phosphorous trihalides and primary aliphatic amines. However, working with excess methylamine in the absence of solvent below room temperature, we have isolated a crystalline white solid in high yield and report it as the first member of a new class of phosphorus nitrogen compounds.
Inflammatory cytokines regulate microRNA-155 expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by activating JAK/STAT pathway.

Abstract Inflammatory response of the retinal pigment epithelium plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. Our previous studies have shown that human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells, established from adult donor eyes, respond to inflammatory cytokines by enhancing the expression of a number of cytokines and chemokines. To investigate the role of microRNA (miRNA) in regulating this response, we performed microarray analysis of miRNA expression in HRPE cells exposed to inflammatory cytokine mix (IFN-γ + TNF-α + IL-1β). Microarray analysis revealed ∼11-fold increase in miR-155 expression, which was validated by real-time PCR analysis. The miR-155 expression was enhanced when the cells were treated individually with IFN-γ, TNF-α or IL-1β, but combinations of the cytokines exaggerated the effect. The increase in miR-155 expression by the inflammatory cytokines was associated with an increase in STAT1 activation as well as an increase in protein binding to putative STAT1 binding elements present in the MIR155 gene promoter region. All these activities were effectively blocked by JAK inhibitor 1. Our results show that the inflammatory cytokines increase miR-155 expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
The Consequences of Political Cynicism: How Cynicism Shapes Citizens’ Reactions to Political Scandals

This paper argues cynicism toward elected officials colors how individuals in the mass public interpret information about political scandals. Specifically, citizens rely on prior levels of cynicism toward elected officials when assessing new information about potential political malfeasance. Drawing on panel data surrounding two prominent political scandals, this paper demonstrates prior levels of cynicism shape individuals’ interpretations of information about scandals, but cynicism does not affect the amount of attention individuals pay to scandals. Ultimately, the results shed light on individual-level variation in response to scandals, and suggest expressed cynicism toward politicians is a politically consequential individual-level attitude that affects whether or not political leaders can survive ethical transgressions.
A Continuum of Sleep and Shallow Torpor in Fasting Doves

Fasting doves entered shallow torpor during nocturnal sleep. Body temperature dropped lower each successive night by 1 degrees to 3 degrees in parallel with diminished rapid-eye-movement sleep until torpor was composed almost entirely of slow-wave sleep at a body temperature of 30 degrees to 32 degrees C. Shallow torpor in doves, as in mammals, thus appears to lie on a metabolic continuum with sleep.
Nucleation and Growth of Cobalt Films on NaCl. I. Effects of Evaporation Rate and Surface Morphology

Cobalt thin films, which are stable in both the f.c.c. and h.c.p. structures, nucleate and grow through a process of coalescence and recrystallization when deposited on clean NaCl substrates (i.e., free of gaseous contamination) at 350 °C in much the same manner as other f.c.c. metals deposited on NaCl. Cobalt nuclei are stable in four distinct orientations characterized by having (001), (00.1), (211), or (110) planes of the nuclei parallel to the substrate; in each case the close-packed directions in the plane of the nucleus are parallel to the close-packed directions in the substrate. The final crystal structure and orientation of the films is dependent upon changes occurring during film growth as a result of coalescence and recrystallization phenomena. These are governed by evaporation rate and nucleation rate, the latter being determined by the number of preferred adsorption sites on the substrate (small cleavage steps), other deposition conditions remaining the same. When there is little time during growth for coalescence and recrystallization in the discontinuous films (at high evaporation and nucleation rates), films containing abnormally large hexagonal grains having a (00.1) fibre texture in a matrix of smaller grains having the four preferred orientations of the initial nuclei result. When coalescence and recrystallization in the discontinuous films occur, the final continuous film is epitaxial. Dunne Kobaltschichten, die sowohl in der k.f.z. als auch in der h.d.p.-Struktur stabil sind, bilden Keime und wachsen durch einen Koaleszenzprozes und Rekristallisation, wenn sie auf saubere NaCl-Substrate (d. h. frei von Gaskontamination) bei 350 °C aufgebracht werden, in ganz derselben Weise, wie andere k.f.z.-Metalle, die auf NaCl aufgebracht werden. Kobaltkeime sind bei vier verschiedenen Orientierungen stabil, die dadurch charakterisiert sind, das die (001)-, (00.1)-, (211)-oder (110)-Ebenen der Keime parallel zum Substrat liegen. In jedem Fall sind die dichtgepackten Richtungen in der Keimebene parallel zu den dichtgepackten Richtungen im Substrat. Die endgultige Kristallstruktur und- orientierung der Schichten hangt von Anderungen ab, die wahrend des Schichtwachstums als Ergebnis von Koaleszenz- und Rekristallisationseffekten auftreten. Diese werden durch die Aufdampfrate und Keimbildungsrate gesteuert, die letztere wird durch die Zahl der bevorzugten Adsorptionsplatze auf dem Substrat (kleine Spaltstufen) bestimmt, wobei die anderen Aufdampfbedingungen die gleichen bleiben. Wenn wenig Zeit wahrend des Wachstums fur Koaleszenz und Rekristallisation in den diskontinuierlichen Schichten vorhanden ist (bei hohen Aufdampf- und Keimbildungsraten) ergeben sich Schichten, die anomal grose, hexagonale Kristallite mit einer (00.1) Fibertextur in einer Matrix von kleineren Kristalliten, die die vier bevorzugten Orientierungen der ursprunglichen Keime besitzen, enthalten. Wenn Koaleszenz und Rekristallisation in diskontinuierlichen Schichten auftreten, ist die endgultige kontinuierliche Schicht epitaxial.
125I-IODOCYANOPINDOLOL (ICP) BINDING TO NEWBORN RAT LIVER MEMBRANE

Rat liver glycogenolysis is stimulated by β-adrenergic mechanism in newborn (NB) but a in adult (AD). It has been speculated that this maturational change from β to α control is related to changes in numbers of plasma membrane (PM) receptors. However direct binding of β radioligands to NB liver had been unsuccessful. We examined a new β ligand ICP in binding assays with NB and AD liver PM and correlated with adrenergic stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in isolated hepatocytes. PM was purified 7±1 times in NB and 11±2 times in AD assessed by 5'-nucleotidase. ICP binding was saturable, reversible and was displaced by Isop>Epi>Norepi and Alprenolol>>Metoprolol in both NB and AD. GTP lowered the Epi affinity of ICP binding sites similarly at both ages. The number of ICP (β) binding sites was contrasted with α1 - ligand, 3H-Prazosin binding sites. GP was also stimulated by Isop>Epi>Norepi in NB hepatocytes. Inhibition of Epi stimulated GP was Alprenolol (A)>>Phentolamine (P) in NB and P>>A in AD. We conclude 1) liver ICP binding sites are β2 subtype receptors and 2) the change in GP stimulation from β to α mechanism seen with maturation is related to changes in receptor number.
Stimulation by voluntary exercise of adrenal glucocorticoid secretion in mature female hamsters.

Abstract The possibility that habitual voluntary running induces a chronic change in adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis and secretion was examined in freely running mature female hamsters, in whom this behavior accelerates growth, reduces body fat levels, and elevates core temperature. Hamsters were free to run on horizontal discs or in vertical wheels between 32 and 80 days, in 14L:10D or in 10L:14D photoperiods, and at the end of this period, corticosterone and cortisol steroidogenesis and serial plasma corticosterone concentrations during day and night were used as measures of the chronic stimulation of adrenal cortical activity. Habitual voluntary running significantly increased steroidogenesis of both glucocorticoids and plasma corticosterone concentrations and alone accounted for all the variance in enhanced synthesis and secretion of corticosterone. Acute exercise and/or the nocturnal phase of circadian period enhanced the chronic stimulatory effects of exercise on cortiol. Despite its voluntary and apparently stress-free nature, running induces chronic increases in basal glucocorticoid secretion in mature female hamsters. Putative oversecretion of corticotropin releasing factor in freely running hamsters could account for increased steriodogenesis, acceleration of growth, reduced body fat levels, and core temperature elevation.
The J wave patterns and risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease

extensive efforts including genetic screening, sophisticated imaging modalities, and the participation of hundreds of thousands of patients in clinical trials, CAD and its sequelae still represent the vast majority of the underlying cause of SCD. Yet even amongst the millions who live with CAD and experience myocardial infarctions each year, only a fraction experience life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The ability to identify the patients at highest risk of SCD could lead to improved prevention measures in this population and save thousands of lives. Therefore, novel tools to stratify risk of SCD in patients with CAD are sorely needed. Recent work has identified the J wave pattern, as a risk factor for SCD in the general population as well as in patients with CAD 2–7 – quite a profound change for a pattern previously thought to be benign. Though the presence of the J wave pattern does not explain all the risk of SCD in either population, this review will examine the role of the J wave pattern as a novel risk factor for SCD specifically in a high risk population, patients with CAD. Of note, this pattern defined as an elevation of the QRS–ST junction of at least 0.1 mV from baseline and QRS slurring or notching in at least two contiguous leads in the inferior or lateral location on ECG has previously been described as early repolarization. 2 However, as the definition focuses on J point elevation associated with notches or slurs rather than the ST segment elevation classically associated with early repolarization, for the purposes of this review, we use the term J wave pattern to describe the ECG pattern labeled as early repolarization in many of the studies reviewed.
Human CD23: is it a lectin in disguise?

The crystal structure of a low-affinity human IgE receptor, CD23, is reported by Wurzburg et al. (2006) in this issue of Structure . This, together with a similar NMR structure by Hibbert et al. (2005) provide some insights into the function of the receptor.
A method for selecting an efficient diagnostic protocol for classification of perceptive and cognitive impairments in neurological patients

An important and unresolved problem in the assessment of perceptual and cognitive deficits in neurological patients is how to choose from the many existing behavioral tests, a subset that is sufficient for an appropriate diagnosis. This problem has to be dealt with in clinical trials, as well as in rehabilitation settings and often even at bedside in acute care hospitals. The need for efficient, cost effective and accurate diagnostic-evaluations, in the context of clinician time constraints and concerns for patients' fatigue in long testing sessions, make it imperative to select a set of tests that will provide the best classification of the patient's deficits. However, the small sample size of the patient population complicates the selection methodology and the potential accuracy of the classifier. We propose a method that allows for ordering tests based on having progressive increases in classification using cross-validation to assess the classification power of the chosen test set. This method applies forward linear regression to find an ordering of the tests with leave-one-out cross-validation to quantify, without biasing to the training set, the classification power of the chosen tests.
Seeing and Believing in the Commentaries on John by Martin Bucer and John Calvin

L'activite exegetique dans le cadre des echanges polemiques peut contribuer a la reevaluation de la comprehension de la foi des reformateurs. L'Evangile de Jean tient une place particuliere. Deux commentaires cles protestants de Martin Bucer et de Jean Calvin montrent quel a ete le traitement protestant de la foi dans l'Evangile de Jean. Les deux reformateurs partagent des convictions theologiques fondamentales au sujet de la vraie foi qui vient en ecoutant l'Evangile, qui contient l'annonce du salut, qui est un don divin et qui embrasse le Christ comme sauveur. L'A. compare leurs traitements de Jean 2 : 11 et 23-25 ; 3 : 1-21 ; 7 : 50-51 qui suggerent que la foi en Jesus repose sur la vue d'un miracle. Bien que les convictions theologiques soient communes aux deux theologiens, l'exegese varie. Bucer a une vue plus optimiste que celle de Calvin qui est plus suspicieux et critique a l'egard du role des signes. Calvin estime la relation entre la foi et la vue chez Jean plus problematique que Bucer.
Investigation of mechanism-based inhibitors of complement targeting the activated thioester of human C3

An intramolecular thioester bond in complement protein C3 is vital for covalent attachment of C3b (the proteolytically activated form of C3) to biological surfaces and for activation of the complement system. Proteolytic removal of C3a from C3 activates the thioester in the C3b fragment. Activated C3b primarily forms ester bonds with hydroxyl groups of carbohydrates on complement activating surfaces, but it has also been shown to react with the hydroxyl group of tyrosine and with specific Ser and Thr residues on IgG and on complement protein C4b. To examine the reactivity of the thioester, several families of hydroxylated compounds were examined. Reactivity of a series of substituted phenols varied over two orders of magnitude and demonstrated a linear correlation between reactivity and the Hammett substituent constants. Hydroxylated drugs including members of the L-DOPA/epinephrine family and hydroxamic acids also were examined. Compounds were identified that were 20,000 times more reactive than carbohydrates. These compounds were found to inhibit both the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation. Although the specificity of the thioester for its natural biological targets appears to be determined by many structural features, the data presented here demonstrate that increasing the nucleophilic character of the target hydroxyl group can increase the potency of a synthetic inhibitor many orders of magnitude.
A macrophysical model of the holocene intertropical convergence and jetstream positions and rainfall for the Saharan region

Using a macrophysical model, it has been found possible to model the Late Pleistocene and Holocene history of glacial volume and mean temperature as a function of solar radiation seasonality and modulation of the solar radiation by volcanic aerosols (Bryson, 1988). From this model it has been possible to model the Indian monsoon with fair agreement with the field data (Bryson, 1989). The present paper represents an extension of this effort to the modeling of the position of the Intertropical Convergence in North Africa and the latitude of the atmospheric polar jetstream in the same longitudes.
Does deregulation induce competition in the market for corporate control? The special case of banking

Abstract Using a sample of 936 acquisitions of commercial banks, we examine the relation between the probability to engage in value-reducing acquisitions and corporate governance structures, as well as the relation between acquirer announcement-period abnormal stock returns and antitakeover indices and measures, and how these relations were affected by the change in the market for corporate control, caused by deregulation due to the implementation of the Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 and the Financial Service Modernization Act of 1999. We find that prior to deregulation there is no relation between probability to engage in value destroying acquisitions or acquirer returns and antitakeover indices, whereas after the adoption of the FSMA, probability to engage in value destroying acquisitions and the stock market reaction to bidder M&A announcements are both significantly related to governance indexes and measures. Our findings further confirm the linkage between the market for corporate control, antitakeover indices and firm value.
Retaining Quality Workers: A Case Study of Work-Family Conflict

(2006). Retaining Quality Workers: A Case Study of Work-Family Conflict. Sport Management Review: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 79-103.
Valuations on Lp-Spaces

A representation theorem is established for continuous valuations on L p -spaces whose underlying measure is non-atomic. As a consequence, a complete classification is obtained of continuous translation invariant valuations on and of continuous rotation invariant valuations on L p (S n−1 ).2000 AMS subject classification: 46E30 (52B45)
An Efficient Method for Contact/Impact Problems in Multibody Systems: Tree Topologies

This paper presents an algorithm for the efficient numerical analysis and simulation of contact/impact problems in tree topology multi-rigid-body dynamic systems. The algorithm can accommodate the jumps in structure which occur in the equations of motion of general multi-rigid-body tree systems due to a contact/impact event between bodies, or due to the locking of joints. The presented method uses a generalized momentum balance approach to determine the velocity jumps which take place across impacts in such multibody dynamic systems, and where necessary explicitly determines impact impulsive loads (both working and non-working). The presented method does not suffer from the performance (speed) penalty encountered by most other momentum balance methods given its O(n) overall cost, and exact direct embedded consideration of the all constraints. Due to these characteristics, the presented algorithm offers superior computing performance relative to other methods in situations involving both large n and potentially many unilateral constraints.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Thymomas: Clinicopathologic features, therapy, and prognosis

Fifty-four patients with thymoma were seen at Memorial Hospital from 1928 to 1972. There were 18 benign and 36 malignant thymomas. Benign tumors were completely encapsulated. Malignant tumors were non-encapsulated or incompletely encapsulated and invasive. All patients with benign thymoma were treated by resection alone. None had recurrent disease or died with tumor for periods ranging from 5 to 17 years after resection. Patients with malignant thymoma treated by resection alone had recurrent tumor within 5 years and subsequently died of their disease. All malignant thymoma patients who were alive free of disease for 5 or more years had radiation therapy and resection. Clinicopathologic features indicating a poor prognosis were: a non-encapsulated tumor of a predominantly epithelial cell type, superior vena caval syndrome, malignant pleural effusion, supraclavicular lymph node involvement, dysphagia, hoarseness, myasthenia gravis, erythroid hypoplasia, and hypogammaglobulinemia.
Evaluation of the antiabortifacient and embryotoxic effects of methylenedioxyindene and methylenedioxyindan calcium antagonists.

Abstract 1. 1. Calcium channel blockers have been advocated as potential therapeutic agents in the management of premature labor. In the present study, the class of intracellular calcium antagonistic methylenedioxyindenes (MDIs) was investigated for potential antiabortifacient activity in mice. 2. 2. Pretreatment of pregnant mice from day 15 of gestation with the MDIs did not afford protection against the abortifacient effect of prostaglandin F 2α administered from day 17 of gestation. 3. 3. The MDIs demonstrated embryotoxic and fetotoxic activity as shown by a significant increase in the incidence of resorptions and stillbirths. Similar embryotoxicity was previously reported for the calcium channel blockers. 4. 4. It appears doubtful that any of the calcium antagonists so far examined will be clinically useful in the management of premature labor.
Preparation of inorganic and organometallic polymers with controlled structures

Preparative and mechanistic aspects of polysilanes and polyphosphazenes are reviewed based on several synthetic methods developed in the author's laboratories. Various aspects of chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and supramolecular control in these reactions are discussed. Polysilanes and copolysilanes are prepared by sonochemical reductive coupling, modifications, and ring-opening polymerization. Polyphosphazenes are prepared by the anionically catalyzed polycondensation of phosphoranimines.
Mechanism-based inhibitors of dopamine β-hydroxylase

Abstract The copper-containing monooxygenase dopamine β-hydroxylase catalyzes the hydroxylation of dopamine at the benzylic position to form norepinephrine. Mechanismbased inhibitors for dopamine β-hydroxylase have been used as probes of the mechanism of catalysis. The variety of such inhibitors that have been developed for this enzyme can be divided into three groups: (i) those in which the inactivating species is formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom to form a radical intermediate; (ii) those in which the inactivating species is formed by abstraction of an electron to form an epoxide-like intermediate; and (iii) those in which the product is the inactivating species. A mechanism consistent with inactivation by all three groups of inhibitors which proposes that hydroxylation of dopamine by dopamine β-hydroxylase involves formation of a benzylic radical has been developed. The benzylic radical is formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the substrate by a high-potential copper-oxygen species.
Divalent cation binding to phospholipids: An EPR study

Divalent cation association to sonicated phospholipid liposomes has been examined with electron paramagnetic spectroscopy. Spectra were obtained suggesting that, in some cases, divalent cations associated with acidic phospholipid head groups are highly mobile. Using the amplitude of its characteristic sextet signal as a measure of free Mn(H2O) 6 ++ , the apparent affinities of cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine for Mn2+ were measured as a function of monovalent electrolyte. Monovalent cations having smaller nonhydrated radii were more effective in displacing Mn from the phospholipids. Under conditions of low divalent cation concentrations, it is shown that the Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory predicts a Mn-affinity (K A ) inversely proportional to the square of monovalent salt concentration. Although this relationship was closely obeyed for Mn binding to cardiolipin, the fall-off inK A with added sodium chloride was slower in the cases of Mn binding to phosphatidylserine or phosphatidic acid. When phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol was incorporated into mixed vesicles along with a fixed amount of charged phospholipid, the Mn-binding strength was roughly proportional to the weight fraction of the latter. This result is consistent with: (1) a random dispersal of lipids in the bilayer, and (2) a 1:2 divalent cation-phospholipid interaction.
Satisfaction with Care among Elderly African American and White Residents of Adult Care Facilities

Satisfaction with long-term care has received the attention of academics, policymakers, and the general public. However, little attention has been paid to ethnic differences in satisfaction, despite the increasing proliferation of long-term care options and minority representation in such facilities. The authors find that ethnic differences exist in satisfaction with adult care homes. Dependency, satisfaction with health, resident involvement in placement decisions, home type, and percentage of private rooms vary in their impact on satisfaction by ethnicity. Predictors of satisfaction within groups are primarily intra/interpersonal versus organizational characteristics. African Americans are more affected than Whites by organizational factors. Different predictors of satisfaction by ethnicity may indicate that elders bring different life experiences, cultural beliefs, and expectations with regard to long-term care that may influence their degree of satisfaction. Service delivery in long-term care institutions should be aware of the unique experiences of their residents and implement services to ensure optimal satisfaction and care.
Electric field gradients in Au-Te alloys and charge transfer in some intermetallic compounds of nontransition metals with gold

This work is an extension of an earlier study of charge transfer occurring when Au is alloyed with nontransition (main-group) elements. Au M\"ossbauer-isomer-shift and quadrupole-splitting results are reported for a series of Au-Te alloys: Au${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Au}}_{0.12}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{0.88}$, ${\mathrm{Au}}_{0.052}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{0.948}$, and ${\mathrm{Au}}_{0.01}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{0.99}$. Asymmetric doublets are observed in the $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ M\"ossbauer spectra of these alloys and are attributed to the Goldanskii-Karyagin effect. The sign of the electric field gradient is deduced to be negative. The quadrupole splittings, substantial relative to those ordinarily encountered in metals, are consistent with the presence of an amount of bonding charge along nearest-neighbor Te-Au-Te lines which exceeds by about $0.1e$ the charge along the two longer Te-Au-Te axes defining the equatorial positions in the distorted Te octahedron. The net charge transfer, $\ensuremath{\delta}$, in Au${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ and in related $\mathrm{Au}{M}_{2}$ compounds---compounds of common composition but not common structure---has been evaluated with a modified model which includes photoelectron binding-energy shifts, isomer shifts, and volume-correction terms at both the Au and $M$ sites. With an extension of this model, an attempt is made to reduce the extent of uncertainty arising from reference-level shifts in the analysis of photoelectron data: the net charge transfer is assumed to be a linear function of the chemical-potential difference between the alloying species. As has been found previously, the analysis provides evidence for $d$---non-$d$ charge compensation. That is, at Au sites a decrease in $d$ count accompanies a net gain, $\ensuremath{\delta}$, in charge. The extended model yields $\ensuremath{\delta}$ values which vary more smoothly than those obtained previously and show a trend consistent with general chemical behavior. Finally, while the full analysis indicates a gain of charge at Au sites and charge loss at the metalloid sites in Au${\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}$, Au${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}$, and Au${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$, the M\"ossbauer isomer-shift data for the metalloids actually indicate that $s$ charge increases in Te, though it decreases in the cases of Sn and Sb. This, taken with the netcharge-flow estimates, suggests a systematic variation in the relative loss of $s$ vs $p$ charge across the Au${\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}$-Au${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}$-Au${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ sequence. Energy differences associated with these $s$,$p$ effects are significant in relation to the heats of formation of these compounds.
Hepatic mixed-function oxidase of the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos).

Abstract 1. The microsomal MFO activity of mallard ducks, Anas platyrhynchos, showed a pH optimum for aminopyrine N-demethylation at 7.2–7.3 and for benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation at 6.8. The optimum temperature for N-demthylation of aminopyrine, at 7.2 pH, lay between 42 and 45°C. 2. The Lineweaver-Burk plot of kinetic data for the N-demethylation of aminopyrine showed a departure from linearity which may indicate the presence of more than one enzyme acting on this substrate. 3. Male rats have twice the cytochrome P450 and N-demethylase activity than male ducks, but female ducks are 4 times more active in benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation than male rats.
Teeth, brains, and primate life histories.

This paper explores the correlates of variation in dental development across the order Primates. We are particularly interested in how 1) dental precocity (percentage of total postcanine primary and secondary teeth that have erupted at selected absolute ages and life cycle stages) and 2) dental endowment at weaning (percentage of adult postcanine occlusal area that is present at weaning) are related to variation in body or brain size and diet in primates. We ask whether folivores have more accelerated dental schedules than do like-sized frugivores, and if so, to what extent this is part and parcel of a general pattern of acceleration of life histories in more folivorous taxa. What is the adaptive significance of variation in dental eruption schedules across the order Primates? We show that folivorous primate species tend to exhibit more rapid dental development (on an absolute scale) than comparably sized frugivores, and their dental development tends to be more advanced at weaning. Our data affirm an important role for brain (rather than body) size as a predictor of both absolute and relative dental development. Tests of alternative dietary hypotheses offer the strongest support for the foraging independence and food processing hypotheses.
The literary arts in Hume's science of the fancy

Philosophers have long disagreed about whether poetry, drama, and other literary arts are important to philosophy; and among those who believe that they are important, explanations of that importance have differed greatly. This paper aims to explain and illustrate some of the reasons why Hume found literature to be an important topic for philosophy and philosophers. Philosophy, he holds, can help to explain general and specific literary phenomena, to ground the science of criticism, and to suggest and justify ";principles of art,"; while at the same time literature can provide valuable ";experiments"; for philosophical theorizing and provide it with a model for the science of morals and (in some ways) for philosophy itself. Moreover, the literary arts can not only help one to write better philosophy, in Hume's view; they can also help one to write philosophy better.
Reaction of (triorganostannyl)cyanamides with carbon disulfide

Abstract (Triorganostanny)cyanamides were found to react with carbon disulfide to give dicyandiamide, the corresponding bis(triorganotin) sulfide, and the corresponding N , N′ -dicyano- N′ -(triorganostannyl)- S -(triorganostannyl)isothiourea. (Trimethylstannyl)cyanamide, (tri-n-butylstannyl)cyanamide, and (tribenzylstannyl)cyanamide were prepared for the first time by the reaction of cyanamide with trimethyltin hydroxide, bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, and tribenzyltin hydroxide, respectively. The IR spectrum of (trimethylstannyl)cyanamide in the solid state indicates that the trimethyltin group is planar. Bis(trimethylstannyl)carbodiimide and bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)carbodiimide were prepared by the disproportionation of the corresponding (triorganostannyl)cyanamide.
Pathogenesis of Gastroesophageal Reflux and Barrett Esophagus

Barrett esophagus is a metaplastic condition that affects the lower esophagus and is a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Under normal circumstances, the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus is prevented by a complex barrier at the esophagogastric junction. Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter and the presence of a hiatal hernia lead to failure of this barrier. Esophageal mucosal damage results from the chronic exposure of the esophageal mucosa to gastroduodenal contents and the lack of an effective mucosal defense. This article is an overview of the dysfunction of the esophagogastric junction that leads to GERD. The role of the contents of the reflux and that of Helicobacter pylori infection in the pathogenesis of Barrett esophagus are also summarized.
Influence of fertilizer on growth and marker compound of field-grown Echinacea species and feverfew

Abstract Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) (FEV) and Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea pallida (ECH) plants were fertilized with complete fertilizers ranging from 220 to 440N kg/ha, 95–189P kg/ha, and 194–387K kg/ha. FEV was harvested after 2, 7 and 12 months and ECH roots were harvested after 10 months field growth. Fertilizer treatments increased biomass and marker compound content of FEV harvested 2 months after plants, but not after 7 and 12 months growth. Native soils contained adequate P and K and no more than 220N was needed for ECH species and FEV production. FEV foliage biomass and marker compound content were greatest after 7 months of field growth. Although FEV is large enough to harvest after 2 months field growth, biomass and marker compound content are inferior to FEV harvested 7 months after planting. Delaying FEV harvest to 12 months does not increase biomass or marker compound content.
Voluntary consumption of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and NH4Cl solutions by 28 mouse strains.

Male mice from 28 inbred strains (129P3/J, A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cByJ, BUB/BnJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, C57L/J, CAST/Ei, CBA/J, CE/J, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, I/LnJ, KK/H1J, LP/J, NOD/LtJ, NZB/B1NJ, P/J, PL/J, RBF/DnJ, RF/J, RIIIS/J, SEA/GnJ, SJL/J, SM/J, SPRET/Ei, and SWR/J) were tested with NaCl (75–450 mM), KCl (30–300 mM), CaCl2 (3–100 mM), and NH4Cl (10–300 mM) solutions using two-bottle preference tests with water as the second choice. For each mineral, there was a wide range of strain variation in solution intakes and preferences. This variation had a substantial genetic component as assessed using heritability estimates. In most cases, the strain means were continuously distributed; however, strains with deviating high or low intakes or preferences were also observed. The associations among the responses to different minerals were only modest, suggesting distinct genetic controls of sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonium consumption. These results provide a valuable resource for investigators who wish to identify genes involved in the regulation of mineral consumption and balance.
Finite element error estimation for crack tip singular elements

Abstract A stress-based finite element error estimator is proposed for fracture mechanics analysis involving singular isoparametric crack tip finite elements. In the crack tip region the discretization error is estimated by the L 2 integral norm of the difference between the finite element effective stress function and the known asymptotic effective stress function derived from the Westergaard solution. In the remaining portion of the domain, the L 2 element error norm is based on the difference between the discontinuous finite element effective stress function and the C 0 continuous “smoothed” effective stress function. Numerical convergence studies are presented for the classical edge crack Mode I problem with six different singular and nonsingular element formulations at the crack tip region. The analysis results showed steady monotonic convergence of the L 2 norm error estimator for the critical six-noded triangular and eight-noded quadrilateral singular crack tip elements, whereas poor convergence behaviour is seen in the Zienkiewicz and Zhu stress-based energy norm error estimator applied to the same critical crack tip element. However, monotonic convergence was seen in all global L 2 and energy error norms for all mesh cases.