cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen peroxide removal and glutathione mixed disulfide formation during metabolic inhibition in mesencephalic cultures.

Compromised mitochondrial energy metabolism and oxidative stress have been associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Our previous experiments exemplified the importance of GSH in the protection of neurons exposed to malonate, a reversible inhibitor of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase/complex II. This study further defines the role of oxidative stress during energy inhibition and begins to unravel the mechanisms by which GSH and other antioxidants may contribute to cell survival. Treatment of mesencephalic cultures with 10 µm buthionine sulfoximine for 24 h depleted total GSH by 60%, whereas 3 h exposure to 5 mm 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole irreversibly inactivated catalase activity by 90%. Treatment of GSH-depleted cells with malonate (40 mm) for 6, 12 or 24 h both potentiated and accelerated the time course of malonate toxicity, however, inhibition of catalase had no effect. In contrast, concomitant treatment with buthionine sulfoximine plus 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole in the presence of malonate significantly potentiated toxicity over that observed with malonate plus either inhibitor alone. Consistent with these findings, GSH depletion enhanced malonate-induced reactive oxygen species generation prior to the onset of toxicity. These findings demonstrate that early generation of reactive oxygen species during mitochondrial inhibition contributes to cell damage and that GSH serves as a first line of defense in its removal. Pre-treatment of cultures with 400 µm ascorbate protected completely against malonate toxicity (50 mm, 12 h), whereas treatment with 1 mm Trolox provided partial protection. Protein–GSH mixed disulfide formation during oxidative stress has been suggested to either protect vulnerable protein thiols or conversely to contribute to toxicity. Malonate exposure (50 mm) for 12 h resulted in a modest increase in mixed disulfide formation. However, exposure to the protective combination of ascorbate plus malonate increased membrane bound protein–GSH mixed disulfides three-fold. Mixed disulfide levels returned to baseline by 72 h of recovery indicating the reversible nature of this formation. These results demonstrate an early role for oxidative events during mitochondrial impairment and stress the importance of the glutathione system for removal of reactive oxygen species. Catalase may serve as a secondary defense as the glutathione system becomes limiting. These findings also suggest that protein–GSH mixed disulfide formation under these circumstances may play a protective role.
Book Review: Zygmunt Bauman. Globalization: The Human Consequences, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Zygmunt Bauman. In Search of Politics, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. Zygmunt Bauman. Liquid Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000

(2002). Book Review: Zygmunt Bauman. Globalization: The Human Consequences, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Zygmunt Bauman. In Search of Politics, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. Zygmunt Bauman. Liquid Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 613-625.
Biotreatment Of Produced Water Containing Hydrate Inhibitors

With proper treatment to remove organics and inorganics, the produced water (PW) generated during oil and gas extraction can be reused as process water. Biotreatment is generally regarded as the most cost-effective method for organics removal and although widely used in industrial wastewater treatment, PW biotreatment installations are limited. The research described in this paper focused on the aerobic biotreatment of PW from the Qatari "North Shore" gas field supplemented with either 1.5% kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) or 1.5% thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor (monoethylene glycol, MEG). KHI and MEG are "field chemicals" added off-shore during the winter months. This research was part of a larger project assessing the biotreatability of produced water from both summer and winter seasons. Although the feed pH was 4.5 and the biomass used as seed was cultured at pH 5.5, the bioreactor pH stabilized at 2.6 when KHI or MEG were added. Active biological oxidation was demonstrated in our tests for a period of 7 months through COD tests and in-situ dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) measurements. When 1.5% KHI in PW was added to the bioreactor, the DO decreased sharply and the OUR increased quickly from 0.2 to 1.9 mg O2/L.min. The COD results indicated that 43% and 81% of the organics present were removed through biotreatment of PW dosed with 1.5% KHI or MEG respectively. The concentration of 2-butoxyethanol (one of the two main components in KHI) was reduced from >5,000 mg/l to <10 mg/L indicating effective biodegradation of these chemicals even under the acidic conditions of our reactor. Removal of KHI and MEG by simple stripping was also investigated and results indicated that stripping was not responsible for significant COD removal. Literature references on aerobic biological activity at pH 2.6 are scarce. We postulate that the biological activity in our reactor is producing acids that resulted in the pH depression. One possible mechanism by which the acid production could have occurred through the bio-oxidation of either KHI and MEG has been developed and will be included in this presentation. A discussion of the specific fungus believed to be responsible for this unexpected biological activity is also included. The results are aligned with the Qatar National Vision (QNV) 2030 and fall directly within "Energy and Environment" Research Theme of the QNRS in two areas: i) water security, and ii) energy security. With the recent announcement that Qatargas is building a water reuse system incorporating membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis technologies, the research results are particularly relevant.
Stress-induced activation of the sigma B transcription factor of Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The alternative transcription factor sigma B of Bacillus subtilis is activated during the stationary growth phase by a regulatory network responsive to stationary-phase signals. On the basis of the results reported here, we propose that sigma B controls a general stress regulon that is induced when cells encounter a variety of growth-limiting conditions. Expression of genes controlled by sigma B, including the ctc gene and the sigB operon that codes for sigma B and its associated regulatory proteins, was dramatically induced in both the exponential and stationary phases by environmental challenges known to elicit a general stress response. After cells were subjected to salt stress, the increased expression of lacZ transcriptional fusions to the ctc and sigB genes was entirely dependent on sigma B, and primer extension experiments confirmed that the sigma B-dependent transcriptional start site was used during salt induction of sigB operon expression. Western blotting (immunoblotting) experiments measuring the levels of sigma B protein indicated that ethanol addition and heat stress also induced sigma B activity during logarithmic growth. Salt and ethanol induction during logarithmic growth required RsbV, the positive regulator of sigma B activity that is normally necessary for activity in stationary-phase cells. However, heat induction of sigma B activity was largely independent of RsbV, indicating that there are two distinct pathways by which these environmental signals are conveyed to the transcriptional apparatus.
Computer aided design and built in self test on the i486 CPU

The computer-aided design tools created to accelerate the design of the i486 CPU are described. Emphasis is on the logic synthesis, layout synthesis, and timing verification programs. The impact of the state-of-the-art tools on the project schedule is described, and the built-in self-test features on the processor are detailed. The type of advanced tools that will be required to design and test future processors, which will be more complex, is considered. >
An analysis of input choice, input prices, and environmental factors on the costs of seawater reverse osmosis systems

Abstract This paper examines optimal input allocations in the context of a seawater desalination reverse osmosis (SWRO) system used to produce municipal water. The objective of this research is to better understand the effects on the total costs and the input portfolio of a SWRO system from changes in water quality, daily operations schedule, and input prices. A cost-minimization model is developed, a production function is estimated, and sensitivity analyses are conducted. The results indicate that lower total system costs are associated with warm-weather water quality parameters and lower input prices. Conditional findings indicate a range of system characteristics that yield, in optimality, moderate levels of both capital and hourly operations. This finding is due to the substitution between capital and daily-hours of operation. Additionally, an interruptible (or off-peak) electrical power supply regime is evaluated and determined to contribute to lower system costs under realistic conditions.
Size effect on flexural strength of fiber-composite laminates

The size effect on the flexural strength (or modulus of rupture) of fiber-polymer laminate beams failing at fracture initiation is analyzed. A generalized energetic-statistical size effect law recently developed on the basis of a probabilistic nonlocal theory is introduced. This law represents asymptotic matching of three limits: (1) the power-law size effect of the classical Weibull theory, approached for infinite structure size; (2) the deterministic-energetic size effect law based on the deterministic nonlocal theory, approached for vanishing structure size; and (3) approach to the same law at any structure size when the Weibull modulus tends to infinity. The limited test data that exist are used to verify this formula and examine the closeness of fit. The results show that the new energetic-statistical size effect theory can match the existing flexural strength data better than the classical statistical Weibull theory, and that the optimum size effect fits with Weibull theory are incompatible with a realistic coefficient of variation of scatter in strength tests of various types of laminates. As for the energetic-statistical theory its support remains entirely theoretical because the existing test data do not reveal any improvement of fit over its special case, the purely energetic theory-probably because the size range of the data is not broad enough or the scatter is too high, or both.
Survey of residents who have participated in humanitarian medical missions.

Purpose To survey physicians who participated in humanitarian missions as residents to assess the value of this experience on residency training and future career choices. Materials and Methods An anonymous 26-question survey was electronically mailed to 45 individuals identified as having participated in a cleft lip/palate mission during residency. The survey was created and distributed, and the data were collected using the online survey engine Survey Monkey. Results Thirty-nine individuals (86.7%) completed the survey. Of these, 27 were men (69.2%) and 12 were women (30.8%). Thirty-two (82.1%) were oral and maxillofacial surgeons, 4 (10.3) were plastic and reconstructive surgeons, 1 (2.6%) was an otolaryngologist, and 2 (5.1%) were pediatric dentists. Twenty-five respondents (64.1%) stated that, before their first mission, they had not operated on a primary cleft lip; 21 (53.8%) noted that they had not operated on a primary cleft palate before their first mission. Thirty-six (92.3%) noted that their mission experience improved their ability to repair facial clefts. Thirty-seven (94.9%) believed their mission experience improved their overall surgical skill. All respondents (n = 39, 100%) believed their mission experience improved their overall ability to evaluate patients with cleft. Thirty-six (92.3%) believed their experience in humanitarian missions made them more culturally sensitive/competent health care providers. Thirty-eight respondents (97.4%) believed these missions made them more socially aware of the differences in access/availability of health care globally. Thirty-eight (97.4%) believed that participation in a humanitarian mission was a high point of their residency. Thirty-seven (94.9%) planned to participate in humanitarian medical missions during their career after residency. Conclusion All respondents believed that participation in a humanitarian mission during residency was a positive part of their training. In addition, these missions allowed the residents to develop as surgeons and improve their awareness of global health care and cultural competence. Given these important educational aspects, participation in a humanitarian mission should be considered a required part of residency training.
SAS2: A Guide to Collaborative Inquiry and Social Engagement

Jacques M. Chevalier and Daniel J. Buckles (eds.) SAS2: A Guide to Collaborative Inquiry and Social Engagement Los Angeles and London: Sage Publications/Ottawa: International Development Research C...
Kinetic evidence for interdomain communication in the allosteric regulation of α-isopropylmalate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The enzyme α-isopropylmalate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtIPMS) has been identified as a possible target for the design of new antitubercular therapeutics. Recently, it was shown that MtIPMS is subject to slow-onset, feedback inhibition by l-leucine, the first instance of an allosteric regulator utilizing this mechanism. Structural studies are inconsistent with canonical allosteric mechanisms, including changes to the quaternary structure or large, rigid-body conformational changes to the enzyme upon l-leucine binding. Thus, the allosteric regulation may result from a discrete inhibitory signal transmitted to the active site upon l-leucine binding in the regulatory domain, a distance of more than 50 A. To test this mechanism, site-directed mutagenesis was employed to construct enzymes with substitutions at phylogenetically conserved active site residues near the interface of the catalytic and linker domains. The substitutions had wide-ranging effects on the kinetics of l-leucine inhibition,...
Abnormal abdominal computerized tomography with amiodarone therapy and clinical significance

Although the antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone, is known to cause elevation of liver function tests, the effect of this drug on abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scans in patients on amiodarone therapy is unknown. Since iodine is in its molecular structure, the presence of amiodarone or its metabolites might be expected to produce higher CT numbers similar to the effect of contrast agents. To test this hypothesis, CT scans were performed in a series of 25 patients receiving amiodarone, 14 receiving short-term (mean 2.5 +/- 1.3 days) and 19 receiving long-term therapy (mean 130 +/- 75 days), as well as in a control group not receiving amiodarone. Gastrointestinal symptoms (if any) and liver function tests (LFT) prior to instituting amiodarone therapy and at the time of CT scan were also documented. CT scans showed a modestly increased density in multiple organs in the short-term group, but a markedly increased hepatic density in all but one patient in the long-term group. Presence of gastrointestinal symptoms or abnormal LFT did not appear to correlate with the CT number. Such findings would suggest that increased hepatic density on CT scan is to be expected in patients receiving long-term amiodarone therapy, and although the exact biologic pathways of amiodarone metabolism are uncertain, the liver appears to be a major site of drug storage and/or metabolism.
Fluorescence pattern photobleaching recovery for samples with multi-component diffusion

The translational mobility of proteins and lipids in phospholipid bilayers is often not well described as ideal self diffusion. One of the best methods for characterizing such non-ideal diffusion is to use fluorescence pattern photobleaching recovery. In this method, the spatial gradient of the monitoring and bleaching intensity is created by using epi-fluorescence and an expanded Gaussian-shaped laser beam which passes though a Ronchi ruling placed at the back image plane of a microscope. A difficulty arises when the fluorescence recovery from the exchange of slowly diffusing molecules between illuminated and non-illuminated stripes temporally overlaps with the recovery from the exchange of more rapidly diffusing molecules through the gradient produced by the broad Gaussian shape of the illumination. In the work presented here, a general theory is developed that describes the shape of the resulting fluorescence recovery curve for these typical experimental conditions. Approximate expressions amenable to non-linear curve fitting are also given. The new theoretical formalism has been demonstrated on data for the translational mobility of a fluorescent lipid probe in phospholipid bilayers deposited on planar-fused silica substrates.
The role of tracheotomy in weaning

Tracheotomy is commonly performed in ventilator-dependent patients. Disadvantages to the procedure are perioperative complications, long-term airway injury, and the cost of the procedure. Benefits ascribed to tracheotomy vs prolonged translaryngeal intubation include improved patient comfort, more effective airway suctioning, decreased airway resistance, enhanced patient mobility, increased potential for speech, ability to eat orally, a more secure airway, accelerated ventilator weaning, reduced ventilator-associated pneumonia, and the ability to transfer ventilator-dependent patients from the ICU. None of these benefits, however, have been demonstrated in large-scale, prospective, randomized studies. It is proposed that there should be an anticipatory approach wherein tracheotomy is considered after an initial period of stabilization with the patient receiving mechanical ventilation when it becomes apparent that the patient will require prolonged ventilator assistance. Tracheotomy then is performed when the patient appears likely to gain one or more of the benefits ascribed to the procedure.
State Taxation of Interstate Sales: Enforcement Problems and Prospects

In their search for additional revenues, state governments in recent years have turned greater attention to collection of use taxes. Growth in interstate mail order sales has vastly increased the potential yield from use taxes, but Supreme Court decisions have limited the ability of states to effectively collect the tax. States have attempted to overcome enforcement barriers by joining in interstate use tax compliance compacts, and promoting congressional legislation to overcome constitutional prohibitions.
An Ineffective Effectiveness Study and Some Suggestions for Future Research

Following contingency theory on a goal based model of effectiveness, an analysis of the effectiveness of 73 human service organizations was attempted. The initial measure of effectiveness was self-reports from organizational members. When these measures were compared with additional indicators of effectiveness on the same goals, dissimilar results were found. This suggested that it was fruitless to try to establish single measures of organizational effectiveness, because there are contradictions among the goals of the organizations and among the internal and external parties concerned with the organizations. A contradiction model of effectiveness is proposed which incorporates elements of the system resource and goal models.
HYPERTENSION IN THE ELDERLY

Less than a decade ago, there was uncertainty as to whether hypertension, from elevated systolic (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels, or both, should be treated in older persons. Various epidemiologic studies had consistently demonstrated that increasing levels of SBP correlate directly with the risk of developing cardiovascular events and mortality. In the elderly, SBP becomes a stronger predictor of risk than DBP or other standard risk factors besides age. 21,29 Until 1991, 45 there were no prospective clinical trial data using SBP entry criteria to define whether treatment of hypertension based on SBP levels is beneficial and limited evidence on treating any elderly individuals with even diastolic hypertension. 2 The decade of the 1990s has clarified the perspective on treating hypertension in the elderly and provided a wealth of evidence to assist in the treatment of elevated blood pressure in older persons. Despite this wealth of information, important questions remain about treatment of hypertension in the elderly.
Photopigments of the lateral eye of Limulus

Photoreceptor membrane fractions of the lateral eye ofLimulus were solubilized in the detergent emulphogene, and three photobleachable materials were observed with respectiveλ max values at 330nm±10nm, 450 nm±10 nm, and 530 nm±10 nm. A530 is the pigment which had been reported earlier by Hubbard and Wald (1960), and it can be separated from A330 and A450 on the basis of differential solubility in digitonin. Approximately the same number of incident quanta were required for a unit absorbance change atλ max for all three pigments, but measurable photo-products were not observed after bleaching A330 and A450.
An unusual transcapitate fracture of the wrist

A patient sustained a crush-type hyperextension injury to his wrist, and presented to the emergency department (ED) with wrist pain, swelling, and paresthesias along the median and superficial radial nerve distributions. His initial radiographic study was interpreted as showing a radial styloid fracture. The next day, he returned for a scheduled revisit with continued wrist pain and swelling. He also had loss of two-point discrimination in the median nerve distribution and loss of thumb opposition. Repeat radiographs were interpreted as showing not only a radial styloid fracture, but also a fracture of the capitate with the proximal fragment rotated 180 degrees in the sagittal plane. The patient was admitted for surgery, and did well, with good return of function. The unusual position of the capitate fracture obscured the common signs of fracture recognition and thus went unnoticed on the patient's initial ED visit. However, in light of the patient's disproportionate symptoms with seemingly negative diagnostic study results, appropriate follow-up care was given, and definitive treatment was appropriately rendered.
An anthropomorphic ultrasound breast phantom containing intermediate-sized scatteres

Abstract An anthropomorphic breast phantom, built from materials which mimic tissue parenchymae with respect to attenuation coefficients, speeds of sound, densities and backscatter levels, is described in detail. One of the outstanding features of the phantom is that 30% of the volume of the glandular region consists of tissue-mimicking fat, the remainder being tissue-mimicking glandular (non-adipose) tissue. The presence of these tissue-mimicking fat globules should cause ultrasound beam distortions similar to those found in clinical scans of the breasts of younger women. Halliwell (1977) has presented direct evidence for such beam distortions in real breasts. Other tissues simulated in the phantom are: skin, subcutaneous and retromammary fat, Cooper's ligaments, ducts and (abnormal) masses. The potential areas of usefulness of the phantom are: aiding in the development of more effective ultrasound imaging machines, discovering— or verifying the causes of—various artifacts in breast imaging, routine testing of instruments being used clinically for breast imaging, and training of ultrasonographers. Ultrasound images of the phantom, made using three different instruments, are displayed and discussed.
Chloroplast gene regulation: interaction of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes in the expression of photosynthetic proteins.

The photosynthetic, chlorophyll-containing chloroplast is one developmental stage of the plastid organelle. Plastids are found in all plant cell types and contain their own genetic material as well as all the machinery necessary for DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. They have diverse structures, functions and protein contents dependent upon the plastid type, which is determined to a large degree by the tissue (leaf versus root, etc) in which the plastid resides. For example, chromoplasts are carotenoidrich, non-photosynthetic plastids (yellow, red or orange), often associated with flowers or fruit. Plastids found in roots or tubers are termed amyioplasts. Plastids other than chloroplasts lack many of the proteins associated with photosynthetic membranes, and have messenger RNA (mENA) populations which are distinct from those of chloroplasts [ 1 ] However, because each of these plastids is able to convert to one of the other plastid types (Kirk and Tinley-Bassett, The Plastih Elsevier/North Holland Press, 1978; Mayfield and Huff, Plant P&id 1986, 81:30-351, expression of chloroplast genes must be considered in relation to gene expression in plastid types other than chloroplasts.
Addition of Glucose Oxidase for the Improvement of Refrigerated Dough Quality

ABSTRACT Refrigerated dough encompasses a wide range of products and is a popular choice for consumers. Two of the largest problems that occur during refrigerated dough storage are dough syruping and loss of dough strength. The goal of this study was to evaluate glucose oxidase as an additive to refrigerated dough with the purpose of maintaining dough strength and retarding dough syruping. Refrigerated dough was evaluated for the degree of dough syruping (DDS), dough strength, rheological characteristics, baking quality, and protein quality. The addition of glucose oxidase at 10 mg/kg was able to significantly (P < 0.05) reduce dough syruping and maintain the strength of the dough. Addition of glucose oxidase at 5 and 25 mg/kg was not able to reduce the level of dough syruping at a satisfactory level. Degradation of protein was found to occur during storage of refrigerated dough. DDS had a negative correlation (r = –0.60 to –0.94) to the level of polymeric proteins and a positive correlation (r = 0.60 to ...
Does the Use of Particulate Bone Graft Increase the Incidence of Postoperative Infection in Surgery for Craniosynostosis

Objective: The use of particulate bone graft (PBG) has become an accepted technique for filling cranial defects created during cranial vault expansion for craniosynostosis. However, the use of PBG may be a risk factor for postoperative infection. The aim of this study was to compare the rate of postoperative infection in patients who received particulate bone graft (PBG+) with that in patients who did not (PBG–). Design: An Institutional Review Board–approved, retrospective, cohort study of consecutive patients was performed. Twenty-seven consecutive patients in the PBG– group were compared with 21 consecutive patients in the PBG+ group. The two cohorts were assessed for incidence of surgical-site infection. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher exact probability test. Surgical site infection occurred in none of the PBG– patients (0%) versus one of the PBG+ patients (4.76%). This difference in infection rates between the two cohorts was not statistically significant (P = .4375). Con...
On the calibration of the electrical potential technique for monitoring crack growth using finite element methods

Finite element analysis procedures are utilized to provide theoretical calibration curves for the electrical potential crack-monitoring system as applied to single-edge-notch (SEN) and compact tension (CT) fracture specimens. The results are compared to existing calibrations for such test piece geometries derived using experimental, electrical analog and analytical (conformal mapping) procedures.
Primary Sequence Controls the Specificity and Affinity of a Small Molecule Binding to the Intrinsically Disordered Protein c-Myc

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are characterized by high flexibility and low hydrophobic to charged residue ratio. The transcription factor c-Myc is an IDP deregulated in many forms of cancer. The protein undergoes coupled folding and binding with its obligate dimerization partner Max, which is also a disordered monomer, to form a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLHZip). A small molecule, 10058-F4, binds specifically within an 11 amino acid region of the bHLHZip of c-Myc, stabilizing the disordered monomer. The affinity determining residues of the 10058-F4 binding site on c-Myc were distinguished by mutating individual residues to alanine and subsequently measuring binding of 10058-F4. Mutation of both hydrophobic and certain hydrophilic residues attenuated binding of the small molecule to c-Myc. The affinity determining residues may affect binding through direct, energetically favorable contact with the small molecule or via a conformational influence on the IDP which favors binding. Within the proteome (SLiMSearch3), only two proteins are identified with five affinity determining residues. Six affinity determining residues are enough to specify c-Myc. A minimal set of these key residues were introduced into Max, which does not normally interact with 10058-F4. The novel protein, ModMax, binds 10058-F4. Although the alanine scan distinguished the necessary amino acids for binding, conservative mutations of some affinity determining residues demonstrated that 10058-F4 affinity is tunable. Upon substitution of Y to W, the affinity was improved by an order of magnitude. On the other hand, the affinity decreased five-fold upon substitution of E to N. Primary sequence alone, without extended secondary and tertiary structure, is sufficient to confer both specificity and affinity of a small molecule-IDP interaction.
Studies of adaptive networks with preferred degree

Abstract We study a simple model involving adaptive networks in which the nodes add or cut links to other nodes according to a set preferred degree,k This behavior seems more natural for human beings as they form a circle of a preferred number of friends or contacts. In the simplest model, a node with degree k will add (cut) a link with probability w+ (k) (1– w+ (k)). Several forms of w+ are considered, e.g., a step function that drops abruptly from unity to zero as k increases beyond k. Using simulations, we find the degree distribution in the steady state. Unexpectedly, it is not a Gaussian (around k). We are able to find an approximate theory which explains these distributions quite well. Introducing a second network and coupling the two in various ways, we find both understandable and puzzling features. In the third part, we consider overlaying an SIS model of epidemics on a single adaptive network, allowing k to depend on the fraction of the infected population. The gross features of the resulting steady states can be well explained by a mean field like theory, balancing the rates of recovery and infection. Various avenues for further investigations are proposed.
Introduction of Robert J. Lefkowitz

At the 1924 meeting of the Association of American Physicians, the George M. Kober Medal was established to honor AAP members who have distinguished themselves through contributions to medicine. There is no greater honor that can be bestowed by the AAP on one of its members.
Recognizing Planar Objects in 3-D Space

Object recognition is a major theme in computer vision. In this paper, we present a method of recognizing planar objects in 3-D space from a single image. Objects in a scene may be occluded, and the orientation of the objects is arbitrary. We represent each object by its dominant points, and pose the recognition problem as a dominant-point matching problem. We introduce a measure, known as sphericity, derived from an affine transform to indicate the quality of match among dominant points. A clustering algorithm, probe-and-block, is used to guide the matching. We use a least squares fit among dominant points to estimate object location in the scene. A heuristic measure is finally computed to verify the match.
Optimal error detection codes for completely asymmetric binary channels

The (n/2)-out-of-n code is proved to be the least redundant binary block code which permits the detection of all errors in completely asymmetric channels. It is then proved that the sum code of Berger, Smith, and Freiman is the least redundant of all separable codes of this type. The redundancies of the sum and (n/2)-out-of-n codes are then compared and it is shown that the former is asymptotically twice as redundant as the latter. An efficient method of constructing separable codes which detect up to a given number, but not all, asymmetric errors is included as an appendix.
Potential flow interactions in an array of cylinders in cross-flow

The purpose of this paper is to derive expressions for the forces and moments acting on each member of an array of cylinders in a uniform cross-flow. The flow is assumed to be two-dimensional and irrotational. By using these expressions for the forces and a simple spring-mass system to describe the “elastic” response of the cylinders, it is shown that a cross-flow tends to destabilize the dynamics of the array. The instability in most cases is a direct consequence of a hydrodynamic force component F= α2δ + … (α real), where δ is the displacement of a cylinder from its equilibrium position. Thus, the above expression is tantamount to a negative spring stiffness that always causes instability.
Lattice-ordered algebras with a d-basis

Abstract A d-basis for a lattice-ordered algebra is a vector lattice basis in which each element is a d-element. In this paper we study the structures of lattice-ordered algebras with a d-basis.
Polyamines in dimorphic fungi

The polyamine contents of the yeast and mycelial forms of seven dimorphic fungi were examined to determine if a relationship existed between polyamine composition and fungal morphology. Although the polyamine contents differed, no consistent patterns emerged. Evidently, the observed differences in polyamine composition were not related to fungal dimorphism but rather to the growth conditions used to achieve those morphological forms.
Economy and the remembered future

Abstract The millennium dawns to the strains of a duet: multiculturalism in culture, globalization in economy. While the one claims to be the last word in pluralism, the other sees itself as having inaugurated an age beyond ideology. This doublet has been able to plant itself as the reigning universal because of a collective forgetting. Through a politics of memory drawn from Walter Benjamin's notion of remembrance, it is argued that the mythical still lurks within the depths of the multicultural economic machine, and is still capable of infiltrating back into the postmodern global order triggering a slippage within it. Economics, and the institutions it serves to legitimize, are both forced to labor continuously to keep this spectre at bay.
Doing feminist ethnography: lessons from feminist classrooms

This essay describes the methodology employed in an ethnographic study of eighteen feminist college teachers. The themes of mastery, authority, and positionality were used to analyze pedagogies in these classrooms. These themes are explored in terms of their methodological implications and the articulation of the authors’ relationships with their informants and their concerns as feminist ethnographers.
Metabolism oftrans-nonachlor and related chlordane components in rat and man

The metabolic fate oftrans-nonachlor and heptachlor in rats was studiedin vivo andin vitro by using microsomal preparations of the liver. Duringin vivo studies the rate of excretion into urine and feces was monitored. The major metabolic products were collected from the feces and their chemical structures were determined by using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The immediate major metabolic product oftrans-nonachlor istrans-chlordane which is further converted to 1,2-dichlorochlordene and to oxychlordane. From the latter metabolite, two major stable products, 1-hydroxy-2-chlorochlordene and 1-hydroxy-2-chloro-2,3-epoxy-chlordene are formed. Another route of metabolism is a direct formation of chlordene chlorohydrin which acts as a precursor for 1,2-trans-dihydroxydihydrochlordene. The major metabolic products of heptachlor were heptachlor epoxide, 1-exo-hydroxyheptachlor epoxide and 1,2-dihydroxy-dihydrochlordene.
Comparative investigation of mortars from Roman Colosseum and cistern

Mortar from the Roman Colosseum and a Roman cistern from Albano Laziale were characterized with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)). The different techniques provided consistent results that the mortar of the Colosseum is mainly calcareous lime, while the mortar of the cistern is pozzolanic siliceous material. The study highlights the capabilities of the different methods for the analysis of cement. For routine analysis XRD is adequate but for characterization of poorly crystalline phases FT-IR and TGA have definite advantages.
A concept of capillary active, dynamic insulation integrated with heating, cooling and ventilation, air conditioning system

When a historic facade needs to be preserved or when the seismic considerations favor use of a concrete wall system and fire considerations limit exterior thermal insulation, one needs to use interior thermal insulation systems. Interior thermal insulation systems are less effective than the exterior systems and will not reduce the effect of thermal bridges. Yet they may be successfully used and, in many instances, are recommended as a complement to the exterior insulation. This paper presents one of these cases. It is focused on the most successful applications of capillary active, dynamic interior thermal insulation. This happens when such insulation is integrated with heating, cooling and ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) system. Starting with a pioneering work of the Technical University in Dresden in development of capillary active interior insulations, we propose a next generation, namely, a bio-fiber thermal insulation. When completing the review, this paper proposes a concept of a joint research project to be undertaken by partners from the US (where improvement of indoor climate in exposed coastal areas is needed), China (indoor climate in non-air conditioned concrete buildings is an issue), and Germany (where the bio-fiber technology has been developed).
Sensitivity of local deep convection potential over water bodies to sea surface temperature and wind speed

Abstract The sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed, and surface-layer thermal stability affect surface thermal fluxes that are conducive to deep convection. In the present study, numerical model sensitivity evaluations were carried out to quantify the impact of these properties on the potential for deep convection when short periods or airmass travel distances are pertinent. A comparison is also made between the widely used Charnock formula for the sea surface roughness length and a more recent formulation. The numerical model results usually indicate enhancement of the deep convection potential as SST and wind speed increase for a given simulation period. However, for a given airmass travel distance, the total surface thermal fluxes and deep convection reduce moderately with increased spend. Scaling evaluations are presented to provide additional insight into the basic thermodynamic forcings.
Urban Abstraction in a Central City High School.

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore urban secondary students' preceptions of their school and community in teh changing economic and social context of postindustrial life. Students and teachers worked and played in a landscape which I have characterized as one ofurban abstraction, a term synthesized mainly from the work of Manuel Castells. The construct helps explain the complex, contradictory, and dynamic conditions of late-20th-century capitalistic life and their impact on the emotional and material realities of urban residents. It also helps to explain the reactions and negotiations in which students and teachers engaged in the face of a constant threat of violence and a lack of community within the school and its surrounding neighborhoods.
Remanent magnetization of a simple ferromagnet

We have measured the remanent magnetization of single-crystal EuS from ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ to ${10}^{4}$ sec after removing an applied field. Using a recent model for magnon relaxation on finite domains, the data yield size-scaling exponents of \ensuremath{\theta}=-0.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and \ensuremath{\zeta}=0.669\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004, in excellent agreement with exact theoretical predictions. As a function of temperature, the remanent magnetization is a maximum above the Curie transition, and for some thermal histories, becomes negative in the ferromagnetic regime. The behavior is consistent with a percolation backbone that is negatively coupled to the finite domains.
Limits for Szegö polynomials in frequency analysis

Abstract We characterize limits for orthogonal Szego polynomials of fixed degree k, with respect to certain measures on the unit circle which are weakly convergent to a sum of m k point masses. Such measures arise, for example, as a convolution of point masses with an approximate identity. It is readily seen that the underlying measures in two recently-proposed methods for estimating the m frequencies, θ j , of a discrete-time trigonometric signal using Szego polynomials are of this form. We prove existence of Szego polynomial limits associated with a general class of weakly convergent measures, and prove that for convolution of point masses with the Poisson kernel, which underlies one of the recently-proposed methods, the limit has as a factor the Szego polynomial with respect to a related measure, which we specify. Since m of the zeros approach the e i θ j , this result uniquely characterizes the limit. A similar result is obtained for measures consisting of point masses with additive absolutely continuous part.
Monotonic Coding of Numerosity in Macaque Lateral Intraparietal Area

As any child knows, the first step in counting is summing up individual elements, yet the brain mechanisms responsible for this process remain obscure. Here we show, for the first time, that a population of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area of monkeys encodes the total number of elements within their classical receptive fields in a graded fashion, across a wide range of numerical values (2–32). Moreover, modulation of neuronal activity by visual quantity developed rapidly, within 100 ms of stimulus onset, and was independent of attention, reward expectations, or stimulus attributes such as size, density, or color. The responses of these neurons resemble the outputs of “accumulator neurons” postulated in computational models of number processing. Numerical accumulator neurons may provide inputs to neurons encoding specific cardinal values, such as “4,” that have been described in previous work. Our findings may explain the frequent association of visuospatial and numerical deficits following damage to parietal cortex in humans.
Relationship of chronic stress, social support, and coping style to health among Namibian refugees

This study investigates how social support and coping style affect the relationship between a traumatic chronic stressor and health status. A population of 88 Namibian refugees living in an equatorial region of Africa participated in the study. The central hypothesis was that social support and coping style moderate the relationship between length of stay in exile (a proxy measure of chronic stress) and health status (symptoms of generalized anxiety disorders, self-reported physical health status and length of stay in hospital). The results show that when social support is high the relationship between length of stay in exile and all three health outcomes is substantially reduced. When social support is low, the relation between stress and poor health outcomes is high. Coping style moderates the relationship between length of stay in exile and period of hospitalization but has no effect on level of anxiety or perceived health status. When both social support and coping style are simultaneously considered, the best results emerge.
Expansion of the planetary disturbing function

Some methods are described for the expansion of the disturbing function in planetary theory. One method uses the classical binomial expansion theorem or a successive approximation process derived from it. Another method is a direct application of the Laplace series expansions. For both methods it is proposed to first prepare the series to be manipulated by a scaling operation. These methods can be applied either in a literal or in a numerical form, or any combination of both, but they are especially designed for use on a large scale digital computer with standard Poisson series programs. No usage is made of Newcomb operators or derivatives of Laplace coefficients.
Enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of two hydrophobic solutes: t-butanol and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide, at 348.15 to 423.65 K☆

The enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide and t-butanol were measured at temperatures from 348.15 to 423.65 K. The behavior of the calculated osmotic coefficient for aqueous tetra-n-butylammonium bromide is unlike that for alkali halides at high temperatures: the osmotic coefficient first decreases and then increases with a minimum between 370 and 400 K. The pairwise enthalpy of interaction for both solutes is positive at low temperatures and becomes negative as the temperature increases. Correspondingly, the Gibbs energy is at a minimum (and the attractive forces are at a maximum) when the enthalpy effect is zero. This minimum occurs a little above 373 K for tetra-n-butylammonium bromide and at about 450 K for t-butanol. Interactions between the hydrophobic portions of these molecules might be responsible for the minimum in Gibbs energy.
A prognostic model for managing consumer electricity demand and smart grid reliability

Achieving high reliability in the smart grid depends on, among other factors, the utility companies' ability to create accurate forecasts on consumer demands for the near and long-term future. Forecasts may be based on time series analysis using historical consumer load data combined with local weather forecasts. Forecasts that predict an increase in consumer demand will enable utility companies to make informed decisions in purchasing additional capacity and/or sending out selective consumer alerts. The paper will discuss theoretical aspects of statistical forecasting and demonstrate its usefulness based upon a case study of actual electrical grid demand sampled at an hourly frequency.
Remnant saphenous veins after aortocoronary bypass grafting: Analysis of 3,394 centimeters of unused vein from 402 patients

To assess the status of a saphenous vein (SV) excised for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 3,394 cm of remnant SV from 402 patients who underwent CABG were examined. The SV remnants were 0.5 to 52 cm long (mean 8.4). They were sectioned into 5-mm-long segments, and the resulting 6,788 five-millimeter segments were examined histologically: 5,896 (87%) were narrowed 0 to 25% in cross-sectional area by fibrous tissue; 853 (12%) were narrowed 26 to 50%; 23 (0.6%), 51 to 75%, and 16 (0.4%) segments were narrowed 76 to 100%. Of the 16 segments severely narrowed, 7 (44%) were nearly totally occluded by fibrous tissue. In 17 patients who died within 24 hours of CABG, similar degrees of luminal narrowing were observed in remnant segments and in utilized segments of SV. Thus, significant preexisting luminal narrowing of SV used for CABG is infrequent. The intimal fibrous thickening is variable within the same vein when each 5-mm-long segment is analyzed; it is variable from 1 vein to another in the same patient, and it varies among patients.