cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Y-organ ecdysteroidogenesis by molt-inhibiting hormone in crabs: involvement of cyclic AMP-mediated protein synthesis.

The crustacean neuropeptide, molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), directly inhibits Y-organ ecdysteroidogenesis, an effect mediated by cyclic AMP (cAMP) and antagonized by calcium-calmodulin. We investigated regulation of Y-organ protein, RNA, and DNA syntheses by MIH, cAMP, and calcium in relation to steroidogenesis in vitro. Ecdysteroid production and [3H]leucine incorporation into protein were inhibited 50–60 and 80–90%, respectively, by MIH activity in eyestalk extracts (4 eyestalk equivalents), 10−6 M forskolin, or a combination of 10−2 M dibutyryl cAMP and 10−4 M 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (dbcAMP-IBMX). Calcium ionophore A23187 (10−4 M) stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis two-fold, did not affect the relatively high basal (control) rate of protein synthesis, and reduced the inhibitory effects of forskolin on steroidogenesis and protein synthesis. Incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA was unaffected by MIH, forskolin, or A23187 but was reduced 50% by dbcAMP-IBMX. Basal rates of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA were low and were not affected by treatments. The effects of MIH were specific; extracts of brain or muscle did not alter Y-organ steroidogenesis or protein synthesis, while muscle extract increased precursor incorporation into RNA. Eyestalk extract did not affect [3H]leucine incorporation into protein of brain, muscle, or gill. Cycloheximide (5 μg/ml) depressed protein synthesis 90% and steroidogenesis 60%, enhanced the inhibition induced by MIH, and blocked the stimulation of steroidogenesis induced by A23187; effects on basal steroidogenesis were evident after 1 hr. Actinomycin D (1 μg/ml) depressed RNA synthesis 86% but did not alter basal, MIH-inhibited, or A23187-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis during incubations. These results indicate that MIH suppresses Y-organ steroidogenesis in part by inhibiting protein synthesis at the translational level; the effect is mediated by cAMP. The stimulation of steroidogenesis by calcium, mediated by lowering cAMP, also appears to depend in part upon protein synthesis.
A comparison of the reduced galerkin and pseudo-spectral methods for simulation of steady Rayleigh-Bénard convection

A study of the computational efficiency of two numerical methods based on a mixed finite difference-Galerkin technique is undertaken. This study uses steady Rayleigh-Benard convection in a periodic container as a model problem. The formulation and linearization of the reduced Galerkin and pseudo-spectral methods is discussed. A new technique for reducing the computational effort of evaluating the convolution sums is used. It is found that the reduced Galerkin method allows greater linearization of the equations of fluid motion. Additionally, the reduced Galerkin method is approximately three times faster than the pseudo-spectral method for the problem studied.
Temporal relationship and predictive value of urinary acute kidney injury biomarkers after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objectives We investigated the temporal pattern and predictive value (alone and in combination) of 4 urinary biomarkers (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL], interleukin [IL]-18, liver fatty acid-binding protein [L-FABP], and kidney injury molecule [KIM]-1) for cardiac surgery–associated acute kidney injury (AKI). Background Serum creatinine (S Cr ) is a delayed marker for AKI after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Rapidly detectable AKI biomarkers could allow early intervention and improve outcomes. Methods Data from 220 pediatric patients were analyzed. Urine samples were obtained before and at intervals after CPB initiation. AKI was defined as a ≥50% increase in S Cr from baseline within 48 h after CPB. The temporal pattern of biomarker elevation was established, and biomarker elevations were correlated with AKI severity and clinical outcomes. Biomarker predictive abilities were evaluated by area under the curve (AUC), net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement. Results AKI occurred in 27% of patients. Urine NGAL significantly increased in AKI patients at 2 h after CPB initiation. IL-18 and L-FABP increased at 6 h, and KIM-1 increased at 12 h. Biomarker elevations were correlated with AKI severity and clinical outcomes and improved AKI prediction above a clinical model. At 2 h, addition of NGAL increased the AUC from 0.74 to 0.85 (p Conclusions Urine NGAL, IL-18, L-FABP, and KIM-1 are sequential predictive biomarkers for AKI and are correlated with disease severity and clinical outcomes after pediatric CPB. These biomarkers, particularly in combination, may help establish the timing of injury and allow earlier intervention in AKI.
The regional distribution of somatostatin, substance P and neurotensin in human brain

Abstract The regional distribution of somatostatin-, substance P- and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was determined in 41 areas of 10 human brains. Each peptide is distributed widely in the human central nervous system and for each the pattern of distribution is unique. No significant relationship was found between peptide levels and patient age, interval between death and autopsy, and tissue storage time prior to assay. The regional distribution of these peptides is similar to that seen in several animal species and the pattern of this distribution is consistent with the idea that peptides function as neurotransmitters within the central nervous system. The problems of using human post-mortem material for peptide assay are discussed.
Microgrinding of Nanostructured Material Coatings

Abstract This study is aimed at experimentally investigating the effect of microgrinding process on the surface finish, subsurface damage and residual stresses of thermally sprayed nanostructured WC/12Co ( n -WC/12Co) and Al 2 O 3 /13TiO 2 ( n -Al 2 O 3 /13TiO 2 ) coatings. The material removal mechanisms are discussed. Surface textures are measured with stylus profilometry, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and analyzed using conventional methods and scale-sensitive fractal analysis. Residual stresses are measured with glancing incident X-ray diffraction (GIXD) technique that is capable of providing the depth profiles of residual stresses. Investigated is also grinding damage to the coatings.
Light Production in the Aluminum-Oxygen Reaction

The mechanisms of excitation of the continuum and the AlO spectra in the aluminum-oxygen combustion reaction have been investigated. Aluminum oxide is found to be excited thermally. The color temperature and intensity of the continuum are limited to the boiling temperature of Al2O3. In aluminum-oxygen photoflash lamps, the principal light emission is blackbody radiation from AlO and Al2O3 at or below 3800°K. It is concluded that the possibility of substantial alteration of the color temperature or intensity of the radiation resulting from this reaction is remote.
Complications of Radiofrequency Ablation of Neoplasms

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is one of several techniques currently available to the interventional radiologist for direct local destruction of neoplastic tissue. At the present time RFA is among the most widely used and investigated of local therapies and has shown promise in oncological therapy for a variety of tissue types and anatomic locations, the latter including liver, kidney, bone, lung, and adrenal gland. This review will discuss risks of RFA, including methods to anticipate, avoid, ameliorate, or treat complications that may occur as a result of RFA.
Dynamic Performance, Mobility, and Agility of Multilegged Robots

Background. This article presents a method for describing the dynamic performance of multilegged robots. It involves examining how well the legged system uses ground contact to produce acceleration of its body; these abilities are referred to as its force and acceleration capabilities. These capabilities are bounded by actuator torque limits and the no-slip condition. Method of Approach. The approach followed here is based on the dynamic capability equations, which are extended to consider frictional ground contact as well as the changes in degrees-of-freedom that occurs as the robot goes into and out of contact with the ground. Results. The analysis describes the maximum translational and rotational accelerations of the main-body that are guaranteed to be achievable in every direction without causing slipping at the contact points or saturating an actuator. Conclusion. This analysis provides a description of the mobility and agility of legged robots. The method is illustrated using a hexapod as an example.
Outcome in 43 children presenting with metastatic Ewing sarcoma: the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience, 1962 to 1992.

The purpose of this work was to review the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience of patients presenting with metastatic Ewing sarcoma over a 30-year period. Forty-three of 212 cases of Ewing sarcoma presented with metastases at diagnosis. These patients were analyzed to determine whether primary tumor site or size, metastatic site(s), or advances in therapy have had a positive impact on survival. The overall survival for our 43 patients was 35% (95% confidence intervals, 20% to 50%). Comparing patients treated prior to 1979 with those treated after 1979, the overall survival was significantly different (P = 0.0002). Comparing overall survival between pelvic and nonpelvic primaries (P = 0.24), among metastatic sites (P = 0.83), and between tumors measuring >8 cm in diameter to tumors measuring <8 cm in diameter (P = 0.12), no significant differences were observed. Approximately one-third of patients presenting with metastatic Ewing sarcoma may achieve long-term survival. Children with metastatic Ewing sarcoma may benefit from clinical trials which intensify the doses of doxorubicin, and the highly effective combination of ifosfamide/etoposide. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computers: Controlling and optimizing power systems: Economic dispatch, stability, security, and reliable system operation are principal tasks for the computer

Discusses computer control of power systems to provide economic dispatch stability, security, and reliable system operation.
Neuronal events underlying rhythmic behaviors in invertebrates

Abstract 1. 1. Neuronal mechanisms underlying rhythmic behaviors: cockroach walking, ventilatory movements, food-grinding movements and heartbeat in crustaceans, leech swimming, gastropod feeding and swimming and bivalve burrowing are discussed. 2. 2. The oscillators which set the repeat cycle timing for these behaviors are treated under two major categories, endogenous oscillators and connectivity oscillators. Behaviors that possess elements of both types of oscillator are discussed. 3. 3. Strategies that have been used in analyzing oscillator mechanisms are described.
Young children's arithmetic strategies in social context: How parents contribute to children's strategy development while playing games

We examined the relationship between parents’ behaviour and children’s use of simple arithmetic strategies while playing a board game in contrast to solving arithmetic problems. In a microgenetic study spanning 3 weeks, 5-year-old children who were just beginning kindergarten played a modified game of “Chutes and Ladders” with one of their parents, computing their moves from the throw of dice. Children also solved math problems (math context) given to them by their parents at the end of each session. Children’s arithmetic strategies and a variety of parental behaviours (prompt, prompt after error, affirmation, disaffirmation, cognitive directives, provide answer) were coded for children’s game moves and the math context. As in past research, children used multiple and variable strategies, both when computing their moves during the game and in solving the math problems. Parents displayed different patterns of behaviours during the game and math contexts and showed different relationships among behaviours a...
Textact: A text-action based web authentication scheme

World Wide Web has become an integral part of our life and the bulk of Web usage involves user authentication. Technology available in this area does not offer much variation. Much research has been done to improve security and user experience of Web authentication, but still the schemes are far from being perfect. In this paper, we present a novel Web authentication scheme, Textact, which can meet the desired level of competence in multiple criteria including password space, memorizability, and security against known attacks. We also give a comparative analysis on improvement over the existing authentication schemes.
Distance learning: a discussion of the implementation of a graduate course of study using various on-line technologies

This past fall the Center for Imaging Science initiated a distance learning option for its Masters Degree in Imaging Science. This program is identical to the local version of the degree except for th fact that students take the course at a distance. Initially, the program offered a specialization track in Color Imaging but now the program includes Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing tracks. My course, Vision & Psychophysics, was one of the first courses to go online. The model we have used for this endeavor is an asynchronous one; students may take the courses anywhere and learn on their own schedule. Judging by the experience of the instructors and the feedback form our students, we feel that this endeavor has been a success. In this paper I will describe my experience in designing implementing, and teaching a distance-learning course. The goal is to facilitate others who may be considering teaching in this way by sharing my limited experience.
EDTA-enhanced electroremediation of metal-contaminated soils

Precipitation and sorption of heavy metals reduce their mobility and limit the effectiveness of in-situ remediation technologies. In electroremediation, metal mobility can be further impeded by the development of regions of elevated pH near the collecting electrodes. This paper investigates the feasibility of mobilizing precipitated heavy metals by delivering complexing agents into soils by ionic migration. Two metals, lead and zinc, were selected as contaminants, and EDTA, a widely available non-toxic chelating agent, was selected as the complexing agent. It was found that EDTA added to the catholyte can be readily delivered into a sandy soil where it solubilizes the precipitated metals. The resulting complexes are then transported to the anode with metal removal efficiencies, for the spiked laboratory samples, approaching 100%. The poor ligand utilization obtained in the tests is attributed to the low dissolution rate of the metals. Modifying the operating conditions to increase the concentration and the residence time of the ligand in the soil is expected to improve the utilization efficiency of the complexing agent.
Family Interventions for Schizophrenia

This article reviews the existing evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of psychoeducational family interventions in the treatment of persons with schizophrenia. There is substantial evidence that psychoeducational family interventions reduce the rate of patient relapse. There is suggestive, though not conclusive, evidence that these interventions improve patient functioning and family well-being. Interventions with multifamily groups that include the patient may be of superior benefit for subgroups of patients. More research is necessary to determine the critical ingredients of family interventions, to expand the groups of patients included in these studies, and to evaluate a broader range of outcomes.
Cosmic Explosions (Optical)

One of the principal motivations of wide-field and synoptic surveys is the search for, and study of, transients. By transients I mean those sources that arise from the background, are detectable for some time, and then fade away to oblivion. Transients in distant galaxies need to be sufficiently bright as to be detectable, and in almost all cases those transients are catastrophic events, marking the deaths of stars. Exemplars include supernovae and gamma-ray bursts. In our own Galaxy, the transients are strongly variable stars, and in almost all cases are at best cataclysmic rather than catastrophic. Exemplars include flares from M dwarfs, novae of all sorts (dwarf novae, recurrent novae, classical novae, X-ray novae) and instabilities in the surface layers of stars such as S Dor or η Carina. In the nearby Universe (say out to the Virgo cluster) we have sufficient sensitivity to see novae. In §1 I review the history of transients (which is intimately related to the advent of wide-field telescopic imaging). In §2 I summarize wide-field imaging projects, and I then review the motivations that led to the design of the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). Next comes a summary of the astronomical returns from PTF (§3), and that is followed by lessons that I have learnt from PTF (§4). I conclude that, during this decade, the study of optical transients will continue to flourish (and may even accelerate as surveys at other wavelengths—notably radio, UV and X-ray—come on-line). Furthermore, it is highly likely that there will be a proliferation of highly-specialized searches for transients. Those searches may well remain active even in the era of LSST (§5). I end the article by discussing the importance of follow-up telescopes for transient object studies—a topical issue, given the Portfolio Review that is being undertaken in the US.
A shielded beam channel septum magnet

Design and performance data of a shielded beam channel, pulsed magnetic septum magnet are presented. Simple construction, good field quality, extremely low stray field are the advantages of this type of deflecting magnet.
Direct observation of conduction-band structure of 4H- and 6H-SiC using ballistic electron emission microscopy

We performed ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) measurements on Pt and $\mathrm{Pd}/4H$- and $6H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}$ Schottky contacts, obtained Schottky barrier heights, and observed qualitatively different behavior of the BEEM spectra for $4H$- and $6H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}.$ In particular, in $4H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}$ we observed an additional minimum $\ensuremath{\sim}0.14\mathrm{eV}$ above the lowest conduction-band minimum. We calculated the electronic band structure for both polytypes and found it in good quantitative agreement with our BEEM observations as well as good qualitative agreement with previous SiC band-structure calculations.
Relations Between Parental Divorce and the Quality of Adult Sibling Relationships

Abstract Two theoretical approaches make opposite predictions concerning the effects of parental divorce on sibling relationship quality. From a social learning perspective, via modeling the individual learns negative patterns of interpersonal relations through the experience of parental conflict and divorce, which negatively affects relationship quality throughout the life span. A social support approach argues that sibling relationships may serve as a buffer to shield the individual from negative interactions between parents, perhaps resulting in closer, more intimate sibling relationships. Two hundred sixty-four college students described one of their sibling relationships using the Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale (LSRS; Riggio, 2000), a standardized measure of attitudes toward the sibling in childhood and adulthood. Results indicated that young adults who experienced parental divorce during later childhood or adolescence experienced significantly fewer positive feelings toward the sibling in adult...
Targeted therapy and pharmacogenomic programs.

The goal in administering chemotherapeutics is to develop the ability to predict the outcome of therapy in terms of response and toxicity. Technology has been developed to allow tumor profiling with measurement of protein expression, gene expression levels of markers, and even genetic polymorphisms, which may predict response to particular chemotherapeutics. The chemotherapeutics for which particular markers have been shown to predict outcome include the fluoropyrimidines and platinums. The next step is to develop clinical trials that will assess prospectively the benefits of profiling a patient's particular tumor, which should translate into an improvement in response and toxicity.
Quantitative monomolecular coverage of inorganic particulates by methacryl-functional silanes

Monomolecular coverage of mineral particulates by hydrolyzed γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) has been produced and characterized by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Monolayer species are identified by hydrogen bonding interactions between the organofunctionality and the surface functionality. In the monomolecular layer, adsorbed γ-MPS occupies a surface area of 0.59 nm2 per molecule and is oriented parallel to the surface. This value compares closely with an area of 0.55 nm2 per molecule calculated from the spacefilling projection of the molecule interacting with the surface through its silanol and carbonyl functionalities. The adsorbed molecules are densely packed and the molecular orientation appears to be controllable by the method of application.
Regulation of myelin basic protein gene transcription: Identification of a distal cis-acting regulatory element

The myelin basic protein (MBP) gene contains sequences located upstream of its transcription start site which play a key role in glial-specific transcription of the MBP promoter. Earlier analysis of the 320 bp upstream regulatory sequence of MBP has revealed multiple cis-acting regulatory motifs which differentially regulate transcription of a heterologous promoter fused to a reporter gene in glial and nonglial cells. In the present study, we have focused on a region designated MB3, which is located between −93 to −130 nucleotides with respect to the RNA start site, and contains a binding site for the NF1/CTF family of transcription activators. Results from DNase I footprint protection analysis of nuclear proteins prepared from mouse brain revealed a major region within the MB3 regulatory element that specifically interacts with the proteins derived from mouse brain at various stages of brain development. Using synthetic oligonucleotides spanning the protected region, we show that the double-stranded MB3 sequence interacts with nuclear proteins from mouse brain and forms specific major C1 and a minor C2 complex. Methylation interference experiments have allowed the identification of the G-residues within nucleotides −100 to −108, named MB3a, which are distinct from the NF1/CTF of MB3 that contact with nuclear proteins to form the major C1 complex. Results from band shift studies revealed assembly of the C1 complex upon incubation of MB3 DNA with the nuclear proteins from various cells of glial origin. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that the identified G-residues for DNA-protein interaction are important to confer transcriptional activity to this domain in transiently transfected glial cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Concurrent and Fail-Safe Replicated Simulations on Heterogeneous Networks: An Introduction to EcliPSE

This paper presents an overview of the ACES parallel software system and, in particular, an introduction to the EcliPSe layer of the system. The ACES system is a fault-tolerant, layered software system for heterogeneous-network based cluster computing. The EcliPSe toolkit, which resides on an upper layer, was constructed specifically for replication-based and domain-decomposition based simulation applications. It is not, however, restricted to simulations and supports any message-passing form of parallel processing. By taking advantage of networks of heterogeneous machines, generally “idle” workstations, EcliPSe programs can achieve supercomputer level performance with little programming effort. This was a motivating factor in EcliPSe's design. We present an overview of key application-level features in EcliPSe, a new user interface, support for fault-tolerant simulation, and performance results for three simple but large scale and representative experiments.
Transactivation of the PAR1-PAR2 Heterodimer by Thrombin Elicits β-Arrestin-mediated Endosomal Signaling

Thrombin cleaves the N terminus of PAR1, generating a new N-terminal domain that functions as a tethered ligand that binds intermolecularly to activate PAR2 in trans. The mechanisms that regulate PAR1-PAR2 heterodimer signaling and trafficking are not known. We now report that PAR1 and PAR2 form a heterodimer that exhibits unique trafficking and signaling behaviors compared with receptor protomers. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, immunofluorescence microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation, and cells expressing receptors exogenously and endogenously, we show that PAR1 and PAR2 specifically interact and form stable dimers. Intriguingly, the PAR1-PAR2 heterodimer displays constitutive internalization that is driven by PAR1 C-terminal tail sorting motifs and is a process that enhances dimer formation. Upon thrombin activation, PAR1-PAR2 dimers co-internalize and recruit β-arrestins to endosomes. Remarkably, PAR1-PAR2 heterodimers appear to utilize a distinct interface for β-arrestin interaction compared with receptor protomers. Moreover, thrombin-activated PAR1-PAR2 heterodimers enhance β-arrestin-mediated ERK1/2 activation in the cytoplasm, whereas activated ERK1/2 induced by the thrombin-activated PAR1 protomer redistributes to the nucleus. Thus, the formation of PAR1-PAR2 heterodimers provides additional modes of thrombin-stimulated signaling responses that appear to be distinctly regulated compared with the receptor protomer.
Quantum design of semiconductor active materials: laser and amplifier applications

We present an overview of a novel first-principles quantum approach to designing and optimizing semiconductor quantum-well material systems for target wavelengths. Using these microscopic inputs as basic building blocks we predict the light-current (LI) characteristic for a low power InGaPAs ridge laser without having to use adjustable fit parameters. Finally we employ these microscopic inputs to develop sophisticated simulation capabilities for designing and optimizing end packaged hi gh power laser structures. As an explicit example of the latter, we consider the design of a vertical external cavity semiconductor laser (VECSEL).
Thin-film design for multilayer diffraction gratings

Multilayer dielectric (MLD) diffraction gratings are a key component for the construction of high-peak-power, pulse-compressed laser systems. While a great deal of effort has been devoted to the design of optimal grating structures and the etching of these structures into the MLD coating, there has not been the same effort put into the optimization of the MLD coating itself. The primary characteristics of the multilayer that must be considered during design include minimization of the standing wave created in the photoresist because of the reflectivity of the coated optical surface, creation of a sufficiently high reflectivity at the use wavelength and incidence angle in a dry environment, proper balance of the individual layer materials to yield a coating with an overall neutral or slightly compressive stress, and a high laser-damage threshold for the wavelength and pulse duration of use. This work focuses on the modification of a standard MLD mirror, while considering these characteristics, to allow the fabrication of a diffraction grating with higher efficiency and laser-damage threshold than is typically achieved. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the grating structures demonstrate smoother shapes with lower roughness due to the holographic exposure. Damage testing performed at 1053 nm with a pulse width of 10 ps demonstrates the MLD coating has a sufficiently high laser-damage threshold to form the basis of reflection gratings that survive in high-fluence applications.
High-resolution and high-throughput protocols for measuring drug/human serum albumin interactions using BIACORE.

Characterizing how chemical compounds bind to human serum albumin (HSA) is essential in evaluating drug candidates. Using warfarin as a test system, we validate the application of BIACORE SPR biosensors to reliably determine binding constants for drug/HSA interactions. The binding responses for warfarin over HSA surfaces were extremely reproducible even though warfarin is small compared to the size of the immobilized protein. At high concentrations, warfarin bound at more than one site on HSA, which is consistent with its known binding properties. The affinity we determined for the high-affinity site (K(25 degrees C)(d) = 3.7 +/- 1.2 microM), as well as the dissociation rate constant (k(25 degrees C)(d) = 1.2 s(-1)), are also consistent with binding constants determined previously. These results validate the biosensor technology and illustrate how BIACORE can be used to study drug/HSA interactions in a high-resolution mode. Using a set of 10 test compounds, we present a protocol for determining equilibrium dissociation constants for HSA in a high-throughput mode. Our method involves working at low compound concentrations and fitting the equilibrium data for all compounds simultaneously. We show that the % bound values determined by SPR correlate with the values determined by solution-based methods. The ability to examine directly the binding of small molecules (130-800 Da), coupled with minimal sample requirements and automated instrumentation, makes BIACORE technology applicable for evaluating drug/HSA interactions.
Comparison of tracheary element differentiation in intact leaves and isolated mesophyll cells of zinnia elegans

Abstract The process of tracheary element differentiation in intact leaves of Zinnia elegans is described using transmission electron microscopy. The process can be divided into three phases: wall thickening, cytoplasmic degeneration and wall hydrolysis. These features are described and compared with similar stages occurring during the differentiation of tracheary elements from isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells. This comparison emphasises that the unusual features of differentiation seen in isolated cells are not typical of the same plant's behaviour during normal growth. The possible nature of the observed differences is discussed.
Dwight Waldo, Public Administration, and the "Blooming, Buzzing Confusion"

Dwight Waldo is a gentleman in the finest sense of the word. Moreover, he is a gentle man whose personal sensitivity and professional integrity have been inculcated into PAR [Public Administration ...
Substrate induced ordering of molecular adsorbates on Au(111)

Using scanning tunneling microscopy in dimethylformate, [Ru(bpy){sub 2}(bpy-(CH{sub 2}){sub x}-bpy){sup 2+}] (x = 4 and 5) monolayers adsorbed on the unreconstructed and {radical}3 x 22 reconstructed surfaces of Au(111) were imaged in this paper. The substrate had a highly ordered pattern on the reconstructed surface, but random spatial distribution on the unreconstructed surface. 17 refs., 3 figs.
An inverse factorization algorithm for linear prediction

Abstract A new inverse factorization technique is presented for solving linear prediction problems arising in signal processing. The algorithm is similar to a scheme of Qiao in that is uses the rectangular Toeplitz structure of the data to recursively compute the prediction error and to solve the problem when the optimum filter order has been found. The novelty of the scheme presented here is the use of an inverse factorization scheme due to Pan and Plemmons for solving the linear prediction problem with low computational complexity and without the need for solving triangular systems. We also provide a linear systolic array for solving these problems.
The wear of selected materials in mineral oil containing a solid contaminant

Abstract In order to identify piston ring and cylinder liner materials with improved abrasive wear resistance in diesel engines, a number of materials and coatings were evaluated using a pin-on-disc apparatus. The lubricant used to simulate an abrasive-containing fuel was 2.0 /gmm Al 2 O 3 dispersed in white mineral oil. Of the materials examined, cemented WC cermets and coatings displayed the least wear, and estimates of the wear rates of these materials compared favorably with those obtained when chromium-plated pins were run against cast iron in an uncontaminated lubricant. It was found that surface finish had a significant effect on material wear in a contaminated lubricant and a smooth surface finish was desirable.
Significance testing in ecological null models

In the past decade, the use of null models has become widespread in the testing of ecological theory. Along with increasing usage, null models have also become more complex particularly with regard to tests of significance. Despite the complexity, there are essentially only two distinct ways in which tests of significance are conducted. Direct tests derive a p value directly from the null distribution of a test statistic, as the proportion of the distribution more extreme than the observed value of the test statistic. Indirect tests compare an observed value of a parameter to a null distribution by conducting an additional analysis such as a chi-square test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, or regression, although in many cases, this additional step is not necessary. Many kinds of indirect tests require that the null distribution is normal whereas direct tests carry no assumptions about the form of the null distribution. Therefore, when assumptions are violated, indirect tests may have higher type I and II error rates than their counterpart direct tests. A review of 108 null model papers revealed that direct tests were used in 56.5% of studies and indirect tests used in 45.5%. A few studies used both types of test. In general, the randomization algorithms used in most null models should produce normal null distributions, but this could not be confirmed because most studies did not present any description of the null distribution. Researchers should be aware of the differences between direct and indirect tests so as to better use, communicate, and evaluate null models. In many cases, direct tests should be favored for their simplicity and parsimony.
The generalized Eckart-Young principal axis theorem

A rectangular matrix [apq ] is said to be diagonal if apq = 0 when p ≠ q. We present a simple proof of the following theorem of Wiegmann, but in principle given earlier by Eckart and Young: THEOREM If {Ai) is a set of complex r – s matrices such thatA A andA A are Hermitian for all i andj, then there exist unitary matrices P and Q such that for each i the matrixpA Q is real and diagonal Special cases of the above are well known and extremely useful. For example, the case n = 1 yields the classical singular value decomposition.
Prevention of flower abscission after pollination in Solanum tuberosum cv. Katahdin

Abscission of flowers inSolatium tuberosum L. cv Katahdin immediately after pollination and probably before fertilization was a barrier to crossing betweenS. tuberosum andS. chacoense Bitt. in our greenhouse. A new method for improving flower retention was evaluated. Treatment of flower buds at an early stage with silver thiosulphate (STS) was compared to the cut stem technique. Flower retention on STS-treated Katahdin was greater than on untreated plants, and better than that on cut stems. Advantages of STS over the cut stem method include ease of application and reduced maintenance requirements of the plant material.
Intensive care unit management of fever following traumatic brain injury

Fever, in the presence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), is associated with worsened neurologic outcomes. Studies prior to the publication of management guidelines revealed an undertreatment of fever in patients with neurologic insults. Presently the adult TBI guidelines state that maintenance of normothermia should be a standard of care therefore improvement in management of fever in these patients would be expected. The specific aims of the study were to: (1) determine the incidence of fever (T>or=38.5 degrees C) in a population of critically ill patients with TBI; (2) describe what interventions were recorded by intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in managing fever; (3) ascertain the rate of adherence with published normothermia guidelines. Medical record review of available hospital records was conducted on patients admitted to a level I trauma center following severe TBI (N=108) from the parent study. Temperature data was abstracted and contemporaneous nursing documentation was examined for evidence of intervention for fever and adherence with published standards. Data analyses were performed that included descriptive statistics. Seventy-nine percent of TBI patients (85/108) had at least one recorded fever event while in the ICU. However in only 31% of events did the patient receive any documented intervention by nursing staff for the elevated temperature. The most frequently documented intervention was pharmacologic (358/1166 elevations). Other nursing actions (e.g. use of fan) accounted for a minority (<1%) of nursing interventions documented. Patients were more likely to have a high temperature that exceeded 40 degrees C (13%) than a temperature that was normothermic (5%). There continues to be an under treatment of fever in patients with TBI by critical care nurses despite our knowledge of its negative effects on outcomes. There remains a gap in translation between patient outcomes research and bedside practice that needs to be overcome, thus research efforts need to now focus on understanding nurses' decision-making processes and the best methods of fever reduction in patients with TBI.
Second-order modeling of the effect of intermittency on scalar mixing

A second order model is presented which describes scalar intermitency near the free boundary of a uniform density, non-reacting turbulent shear flow. Calculations agree favorably with the measurements of Antonia in a heated turbulent free jet with a co-flowing stream. We regard this successful modeling as a first step toward including scalar intermittency in flow with density fluctuations, and ultimately with combustion.
Cost-Effectiveness of Molecular Profiling for Early Breast Cancer

TO THE EDITOR: In their recent article, Bonastre et al reported a cost-effectiveness analysis of molecular profiling in adjuvant therapy for node-negative early breast cancer. They concluded that optimizing adjuvant chemotherapy decision making on the basis of the 70-gene signature is unlikely to be cost-effective compared with the use of Adjuvant! Online for decision making, or use of chemotherapy in place of adjuvant chemotherapy. First, it is important to understand that this analysis was conducted in France, which has a socialized health care system. The economic evaluation was conducted from the perspective of the French National Insurance Scheme, taking into account the medical costs, sick leave compensation, and an estimated cost of chemotherapy of €7,486, which was based on current unit costs for hospital stays and drugs in France. In the United States, the average cost of chemotherapy ranges from $27,000 to $33,000, not including the other costs. That equates to €21,197 to €25,908. The cost of MammaPrint was €2,675 in the study by Bonastre et al and is $4,200 in the United States. Cost-effectiveness may be different in different health care systems. There have been several studies indicating that the use of a gene molecular profiling tool in early breast cancer is cost-effective, at least in the health care landscape of the United States. Second, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was only used in 22% of the patients in the study. In addition, only three injections of pegfilgrastim were given to each patient, whereas in the United States, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is frequently used after each adjuvant treatment in breast cancer. At present, this can translate into higher costs for chemotherapy use. Therefore, gene molecular profiling could still be a cost-effective approach in US health care. Last, the authors also mention the fact that chemotherapy cost has decreased as a result of the availability of generic docetaxel, which highlights the point that the same may apply to molecular profiling testing. In time, these tests will improve and become less expensive, similar to what has happened in BRCA testing. Ultimately, progress in conquering cancer will depend on coordinated, innovative efforts among all stakeholders—physicians, scientists, pharmaceutical companies, and governments—working with patience and dedication to accomplish the common goal of curing cancer.
Development of GaInAsP/GaAs strained-layer quantum-well diode lasers

Diode lasers with InGaAs strained-layer quantum wells and GaInP cladding layers for operation at 980 nm have been investigated. Two types of device structure, differing in the optical-waveguide material have been grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. Threshold current densities as low as 85 A/cm 2 and differential efficiencies as high as 93% have been measured on broad-area devices. Mass transport of GaInP and GaInAsP alloys has been used to fabricate buried-heterostructure lasers with threshold currents as low as 3 mA and output powers of 30 mW/facet for uncoated devices. Threshold currents of 7 mA and single spatial mode output power in excess of 50 mW/facet have been obtained for uncoated, ridge-waveguide lasers.
Step-edge instability during epitaxial growth of graphene from SiC(0001)

A continuum equation for step motion is used to explain fingerlike structures observed when graphene is grown epitaxially by step flow decomposition of SiC(0001). A linear stability analysis predicts when a morphological perturbation of a straight moving step grows or decays as a function of growth temperature, the background pressure of Si maintained during growth, and the presence of an inert buffer gas used to retard the escape of Si atoms from the crystal surface. The theory gives semiquantitative agreement with experiment for the characteristic separation between fingers observed when graphene is grown in a low-pressure induction furnace or under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A local heating mechanism is proposed as the driving force for instability.
Visualization Tool for Interpreting User Needs From User-Generated Content via Text Mining and Classification

The amount of user-generated content related to consumer products continues to grow as users increasingly take advantage of forums, product review sites, and social media platforms. The content is a promising source of insight into users’ needs and experiences. However, the challenge remains as to how concise and useful insights can be extracted from large quantities of unstructured data. We propose a visualization tool which allows designers to quickly and intuitively sift through large amounts of user-generated content and derive useful insights regarding users’ perceptions of product features. The tool leverages machine learning algorithms to automate labor-intensive portions of the process, and no manual labeling is required by the designer. Language processing techniques are arranged in a novel way to guide the designer in selecting the appropriate inputs, and multidimensional scaling enables presentation of the results in concise 2D plots. To demonstrate the efficacy of the tool, a case study is performed on action cameras. Product reviews from Amazon.com are analyzed as the user-generated content. Results from the case study show that the tool is helpful in condensing large amounts of user-generated content into useful insights, such as the key differentiations that users perceive among similar products.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
REBEL and TDC: two embedded test structures for on-chip measurements of within-die path delay variations

As feature printability becomes more challenging in advanced technology nodes, measuring and characterizing process variation effects on delay and power is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, we present two embedded test structures (ETS) for carrying out path delay measurement in actual product designs. Of the two structures proposed here, one is designed to be incorporated into a customer's scan structures, augmenting selected functional units with the ability to perform accurate path delay measurements. We refer to this ETS as REBEL (regional delay behavior). It is designed to leverage the existing scan chain as a means of reducing area overhead and performance impact. For cases in which very high resolution of delay measurements is required, a second standalone structure is proposed which we refer to as TDC for time-to-digital converter. Beyond characterizing process variations, these ETSs can also be used for design debug, detection of hardware Trojans and small delay defects and as physical unclonable functions.
Compostional Relational Semantics for Indeterminate Dataflow Networks

Given suitable categories T, C and functor F : T → C, if X,Y are objects of T, then we define an (X,Y)-relation in C to be a triple \(\left( {R,\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{r} ,\bar r} \right)\), where R is an object of C and r : R → FX and \(\bar r:R \to FY\)are morphisms of C. We define an algebra of relations in C, including operations of “relabeling,” “sequential composition,” “parallel composition,” and “feedback,” which correspond intuitively to ways in which processes can be composed into networks. Each of these operations is defined in terms of composition and limits in C, and we observe that any operations defined in this way are preserved under the mapping from relations in C to relations in C′ induced by a continuous functor G : C → C′.
Tests of rank-dependent utility and cumulative prospect theory in gambles represented by natural frequencies: Effects of format, event framing, and branch splitting

Four studies with 3440 participants investigated four new paradoxes that refute rank-dependent utility and cumulative prospect theories of risky decision making. All four paradoxes can be interpreted as violations of coalescing, the assumption that branches leading to the same consequence can be combined by adding their probabilities. These studies explored if there is some format in which coalescing and cumulative prospect theory would be satisfied. Three variables were manipulated: probability format, branch splitting, and event-framing. Probability was displayed via text, pie charts, natural frequencies, and lists of equally likely consequences. Probability format and event framing had minimal effects, but branch splitting had large effects. In all 12 conditions of format and framing, splitting created majority violations of stochastic dominance and a second round of splitting reversed preferences, restoring majority satisfaction of stochastic dominance. Two cumulative independence properties were violated in 47 of 48 new tests. Birnbaum's TAX model, in which the relative weight of each probability-consequence branch depends on probability and rank of its consequence, correctly predicted the main trends. In this model, splitting the branch with the lowest consequence can make a gamble worse, and splitting the branch with the highest consequence can make a gamble better.