cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep learning in breast radiology: current progress and future directions

This review provides an overview of current applications of deep learning methods within breast radiology. The diagnostic capabilities of deep learning in breast radiology continue to improve, giving rise to the prospect that these methods may be integrated not only into detection and classification of breast lesions, but also into areas such as risk estimation and prediction of tumor responses to therapy. Remaining challenges include limited availability of high-quality data with expert annotations and ground truth determinations, the need for further validation of initial results, and unresolved medicolegal considerations. KEY POINTS: • Deep learning (DL) continues to push the boundaries of what can be accomplished by artificial intelligence (AI) in breast imaging with distinct advantages over conventional computer-aided detection. • DL-based AI has the potential to augment the capabilities of breast radiologists by improving diagnostic accuracy, increasing efficiency, and supporting clinical decision-making through prediction of prognosis and therapeutic response. • Remaining challenges to DL implementation include a paucity of prospective data on DL utilization and yet unresolved medicolegal questions regarding increasing AI utilization.
MOA Live Detection System Based on Wireless Synchronization

The MOA is the mainlightning protection equipment in power system,The status is generally monitoredby online monitoring and offline test inroutine maintenance. Traditional MOA live detection requires a lot of wiring, and has operation problems and safety risks. A new distributed MOA online monitoring wireless measurement is presented in this paper, that is, 433 wireless transmission and GPS clock synchronization technology fulfill distributed wireless synchronization measurement in MOA online monitoring device. Focusing on the design principles, implementation methods and the device composition, it isindicated that the wireless synchronization testing result is same with wired synchronization testing result, which can meet the requirements of MOA online monitoring.
Pyramiding superior haplotypes and epistatic alleles to accelerate wood quality and yield improvement in poplar breeding

Abstract Genetic improvement of woody bioenergy crops is essential to maximize the genetic gain of industrially useful products. Conventional selective breeding to improve complex traits is laborious and time-consuming. A molecular marker-assisted selection approach based on multi-omics genetic dissection and pyramiding gene module utilization has not been developed for woody industrial crops. We initially identified 80 correlated genes enriched in co-expression modules that sustainably participate in lignocellulosic biosynthesis during various developmental periods in Populus. Using an adult germplasm population (15 years old, 435 accessions) of Populus tomentosa, we integrated association mapping, expression quantitative trait loci, and epistasis analyses to reveal the pleiotropy of causative genes within the core co-expression modules, such as ALG14, GSL8, SMT1, and IRX15-L.2, that drive natural variations in gene expression and harvested wood traits. We further pyramided two superior haplotypes and one desirable epistatic allele (Hap_01PtoSMT1+Hap_01PtoALG14+SNP2PtoIRX15-L.2) to alleviate linkage drag in multi-trait selection and improve industrial pulpwood products. Early-period selection study and genetic interpretation of the allelic differences of candidate elite trees in a juvenile germplasm population (5 years old, 435 accessions) demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of our haplotype-based selection method relative to phenotype-based selection. This study provides novel insights into the improvement of industrial wood traits and also facilitates the rational breeding of perennial trees.
Regulation of carcinogenic food additives in the United States

Regulation of food additives, including carcinogenic food additives, in the United States, is the responsibility of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA has approved for marketing food additives that have not been demonstrated, using good testing methods, to be free of carcinogenic potential. Acesulfame potassium, a high-intensity artificial sweetener, is widely used in the United States, usually in blends with aspartame or sucralose. Acesulfame has never been tested in bioassays sufficient to resolve the question of whether the additive is free of carcinogenic potential. FDA’s decision-making regarding carcinogenic food additives has not necessarily been based on good science or protection of public health. Changes in the Food Additive Petition (FAP) approval process are needed to ensure that carcinogenic food additives do not get approved for marketing.
Sights and Sounds

The chapter briefly discusses sound files, and introduces image processing. Different methods of representing pixel color, using both colormaps and RGB 3-dimensional matrices, are introduced. Creating custom colormaps and reading and manipulating image files are shown. An introduction to programming Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) is also given, including the creation of a button group and embedding images in a GUI. The graphical user interface development environment is introduced. The App Designer, which creates object-based code, is also introduced. The concepts of event-driven programming and callback functions, are introduced and examples are given, both programmatically and using App Designer.
Analysis of Thermal Stressing Techniques for Flaw Detection with Shearography

Electronic shearographic interferometry [1,2] and time-resolved infrared radiometry (TRIR) [3,4] are both nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques that have been shown to be sensitive to subsurface and surface breaking defects. With TRIR, the location and type of defect can be determined by measuring the development of the surface temperature of an object during heating. Electronic shearography is a full-field optical technique that is sensitive to changes in out-of-plane displacement derivatives of a deforming object. The method is based on the evolution of a speckle fringe pattern formed by laser light scattered off the object surface. Various stressing methods have been employed to produce characteristic deformations which may be monitored shearographically [1]. Most of these techniques including vibration, pressure, mechanical, and thermal loading produce wide-field stressing of the test object. Controlled heating with a laser source described in this work provides several advantages for flaw detection. This noncontact, localized stressing method allows defect information to be obtained while heating. In addition, the beam profile can be tailored to aid in the detection of different defect types. This paper presents results of simultaneous observations of material response to an applied thermal load using both TRIR and shearographic detection methods. Of particular importance is the demonstration that the depth of a defect can be determined accurately by measuring the time-dependence of the shearographic fringe development during heating.
The L - and K - Auger spectra of tellurium

TheL- andK- Auger spectra of tellurium (Z=52) were studied from the electron capture decay of125I. The measured relativeL- Auger transition intensities are not in agreement with the theoretical intensities of Asaad for silver (Z=47). The measured relativeKLL intensities are in agreement with those ofGraham et al. Relative intensities are given for theKL Y spectrum. TheKL Y/KLL ratio was measured to be 0.44 ± 0.02 in good agreement with the theoretical value given byWapstra.K/L andL subshell conversion ratios are given for the 35 keV nuclear transition in125Te.
Scientific Creativity: Idealism versus Pragmatism.

AbstractThe need for creativity in the sciences has, from time to time, been questioned. Thus, Ghassib’s (2010) argument that creativity is critical to performance in the sciences, and hence organizational effectiveness in a knowledge production economy, is important. Moreover, the proposition that scientific creativity is based on knowledge and conceptual combination is well founded. Nonetheless, the description of creativity in organizational settings provided is, ultimately, an idealistic image. The idealism leads to problems with regard to the assumptions made about (1) who does creative work; (2) the kinds of knowledge involved in creative work; (3) the processing operations people apply in working with this knowledge; and (4) the importance of the organizational setting in which this work occurs. The implications of these observations for preparing people for creative work in organizations are discussed.
Isomer Ratios from (α, xn) Reactions on Silver

Excitation functions have been measured for the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n){\mathrm{In}}^{110,110m}$ and ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{109}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, 3n){\mathrm{In}}^{110,110m}$ reactions with isotopically separated targets. The excitation functions for the high-spin metastable state peak in both reactions at higher bombarding energies than the low-spin ground state. In the case of the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)$ reaction, the cross section for the formation of ${\mathrm{In}}^{110}$ peaks at a helium-ion energy of about 17 MeV and that for ${\mathrm{In}}^{110m}$ peaks at about 19.5 MeV. The isomer ratio, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{m}}{({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{m}+{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{g})}$, determined for the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)$ reaction varies from 0.13 at a helium-ion energy of 10.8 MeV to 0.81 at a helium-ion energy of 22.0 MeV. In the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{109}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, 3n)$ reaction, this ratio varies from 0.68 at a helium-ion energy of 27.6 MeV to 0.87 at a helium-ion energy of 38.7 MeV. The experimental cross sections are based on measured half-lives of 70.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.4 min and 5.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 h for ${\mathrm{In}}^{110}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}^{110m}$, respectively. The isomer ratios were calculated theoretically for the above reactions and the effects of various parameters on the calculations were examined. The experimental isomer ratios for the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)$ reaction for bombarding energies below 18 MeV agree within experimental uncertainties with calculated results based on either a Fermi-gas model with a rigid moment of inertia (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}=34.7t$) or a superconductor model. A superconductor model predicts only about a 20% reduction in the moment of inertia for ${\mathrm{In}}^{110}$ and such a small change could not be definitely established from the data. A marked increase in the experimental isomer ratios from the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)$ reaction is observed near the onset of the ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, 2n$) reaction. This increase is probably due to a fractionation of the intermediate spin distribution for energies slightly exceeding the threshold of a second reaction. This effect is suggested also in the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{109}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, 3n)$ reaction by the small experimental isomer ratios at bombarding energies where the ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, 2n$) competition is sizeable. These results indicate that values of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ deduced from the isomer ratio technique are in error at energies where cross sections for a competing reaction are large.
Extravagances de Baudelaire

Madness, folly, the bizarre and excess are types of extravagance formulated in the Renaissance and the Baroque. While the notion of extravagance fades away after those periods, the poet Charles Baudelaire revives it in several poetic texts, especially in prose poetry. The etymological resonance of wandering makes itself felt in Baudelaire's writing. Extravagance enters the aesthetics of Paris Spleen, particularly in the portrayal of the arts and in the artist's vocation. This essay proposes to explore the poetics of extravagance that takes shape in fictional characters, poetic images, and the dramatizing of aesthetics in several prose poems. Keywords: Charles Baudelaire, prose poetry, aesthetics, poetics of the city
Marked lowering of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels due to high dose bexarotene therapy

Context Bexarotene is a retinoid X receptor agonist, which is currently used for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). It is known to induce central hypothyroidism as well as dyslipidemia including elevation of triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol along with slight lowering of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Marked lowering of HDL-C has never been previously reported in bexarotene-treated patients and whether it is related to hypothyroidism remains unclear. Case Report A 49-year-old African female with a history of CTCL on treatment with bexarotene of 300 mg/d, presented with serum total cholesterol level of 249 mg/dL (6.4 mmol/L), TG level of 92 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L), HDL-C level of 78 mg/dL (2.02 mmol/L), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of 0.68 μIU/mL, and free thyroxine level of 0.5 ng/dL. Six months later, on increasing the bexarotene dose to 600 mg daily, serum TG increased to 310 mg/dL (3.5 mmol/L) and HDL-C dropped to 3 to 5 mg/dL (0.077–0.13 mmol/L), whereas the TSH was undetectable (0.01 μIU/mL). Despite adequate levothyroxine replacement to 225 μg daily resulting in free thyroxine levels up to 1.5 ng/dL, HDL-C remained extremely low of 4 to 9 mg/dL (0.103–0.233 mmol/L). Bexarotene was discontinued due to poor response of CTCL, 3 months after which her HDL-C levels returned to baseline of 80 to 90 mg/dL (2.07–2.33 mmol/L). Conclusions High dose bexarotene can markedly lower HDL-C levels, which normalize on discontinuation of the drug. Lowering of HDL-C with bexarotene may be due to an increase in cholesterol ester transfer protein activity and appears to be independent of central hypothyroidism.
Physicochemical properties of flours that relate to sorghum couscous quality

ABSTRACT Flours from eight sorghum cultivars were evaluated for their couscous-making ability with the objective of finding predictive relationships between flour physicochemical properties and couscous quality. Chemical composition, physical characteristics, and pasting and gelatinization properties of the flours were determined. A laboratory procedure was used to prepare couscous. Couscous properties were evaluated and compared to a laboratory-prepared and a commercial durum wheat couscous. Hard grain produced flours containing a high proportion of coarse particles with low ash and high damaged starch content and yielded a higher proportion of desirable sorghum couscous granules. A variety of colors ranging from brown to yellow were obtained when flours were processed into couscous. Cooked sorghum couscous stickiness was positively correlated (r = 0.89, P < 0.01) with the amount of damaged starch in flour. Cooked couscous hardness correlated positively (r = 0.79, P < 0.05) with apparent amylose content ...
Intraoperative Diagnosis of Unsuspected Methemoglobinemia Due to Low Pulse Oximetry Values

Methemoglobinemia results from the oxidation of the iron in the hemoglobin molecule from the ferrous to the ferric state. Methemoglobinemia may result from congenital deficiencies of enzymes that normally convert methemoglobin (metHb) to hemoglobin, alterations in the hemoglobin molecule itself or, most commonly, from medications or toxins. As metHb cannot carry oxygen, clinical sequelae result when the concentration of metHb is high enough to compromise oxygen delivery to the tissues. With low levels, the patient may be asymptomatic or only symptomatic during periods of increased tissue oxygen demands such as exercise. With higher levels, symptoms may occur at rest. We describe an adolescent with acute leukemia who presented to the operating room for placement of a Broviac catheter for permanent central venous access. Given a persistently low oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (92% to 94%) with no response to changes in the inspired oxygen concentration and the lack of physical findings on auscultation to explain the low oxygen saturation, the diagnosis of metHb was entertained and confirmed by laboratory analysis.
Age-dependent reduction of amygdala volume in bipolar disorder

The amygdala is hypothesized to play a critical role in mood regulation, yet its involvement in bipolar disorder remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare measurements of amygdala volumes in a relatively large sample of bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls ranging in age from 18 to 49 years. Subjects comprised 54 adult patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder and 41 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and education. Magnetic resonance imaging (1.5 T) was performed to obtain volumetric measurements of the amygdala using a manual region-of-interest tracing method with software that allowed simultaneous visualization of the amygdala in three orthogonal planes. The anterior head of the hippocampus was removed in the sagittal plane prior to amygdala volumetry measurement. Multiple regression analysis was computed on amygdala volume measurements as a function of diagnosis, age, sex, and cerebral volume. Bipolar patients showed an age-related reduction of amygdala volume, but controls did not. Among bipolar subjects, amygdala volume was unrelated to medication history. There were no significant hemispheric or sex interactions with the main effects. Results support a role for amygdala dysfunction in bipolar disorder which appears most robustly in older relative to younger adult patients. Differential aging effects in bipolar disorder may compromise amygdala integrity and contribute to mood dysregulation.
Origin of ferromagnetism in Cs 2 AgF 4 : The importance of Ag-F covalency

The magnetic nature of ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}{\mathrm{AgF}}_{4}$, an isoelectronic and isostructural analogue of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, is analyzed using density functional calculations. The ground state is found to be ferromagnetic and nearly half metallic. We find strong hybridization of Ag-$d$ and F-$p$ states. Substantial moments reside on the F atoms, which is unusual for the halides and reflects the chemistry of the Ag(II) ions in this compound. This provides the mechanism for ferromagnetism, which we find to be itinerant in character, a result of a Stoner instability enhanced by Hund's coupling on the fluorine ions.
Poetic structuring of Kuna discourse: The line*

A central feature of the oral discourse of the Kuna Indians of Panama is the line. The nature of lines, verses, and other poetic and rhetorical units has recently emerged as a significant topic within the study of native American languages and discourse generally. Investigation of the structuring of Kuna lines requires attention to the intersection and interplay of linguistic, sociolinguistic, and poetic structures, patterns, and processes. (Discourse, line and verse patterning, ethnopoetics; Panama, Kuna.) The Kuna Indians are more than 25,000 agriculturalists who inhabit, mainly, a string of islands along the northeast coast of Panama, known as San Bias. Kuna verbal life provides a laboratory for the study of the structuring and performance of oral discourse. The Kuna have a very diverse range of linguistic varieties, styles, and genres, from colloquial and everyday to formal and ritual, in both
Fatigue of Bovine Trabecular Bone

Fatigue loading of bone, from the activities of daily living in the elderly, or from prolonged exercise in the young, can lead to increased risk of fracture. Elderly patients with osteoporosis are particularly prone to fragility fractures of the vertebrae, where load is carried primarily, by trabecular bone. In this study, specimens -of bovine trabecular bone were loaded in compressive fatigue at four different normalized stresses to one of six maximum strains. The resulting change in modulus and residual strain accumulation were measured over the life of the fatigue test. The number of cycles to reach a given maximum compressive strain increased with decreasing normalized stress. Modulus reduction and specimen residual strain increased with increasing maximum compressive strain, but few differences were observed between specimens loaded to the same maximum strain at different normalized stresses.
Treatment of bleeding in the urban battlefield

Urban trauma centers care for horribly injured patients using an array of tools for hemostasis and stabilization. Over the last 20 years, damage control operative therapy, an approach that emphasizes prompt hemorrhage control, keeping patients warm, and prevention and prompt treatment of coagulopathy, has improved greatly outcomes for these patients. This article reviews the basic aspects of damage control operations, with particular reference to problems of hepatic and retroperitoneal bleeding; presents 3 illustrative cases; and reviews the results of the author's collaboration in a study comparing the efficacy of platelet-enriched autologous plasma and bovine collagen and thrombin in reducing the need for blood transfusion in patients with retroperitoneal bleeding.
Effects of Feeding Pit Formation by Rays on an Intertidal Meiobenthic Community

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine effects of feeding pit formation by rays on benthic meiofauna communities in an estuarine intertidal sand flat. Core samples were collected both inside and outside feeding pits on four different dates during the summer of 1998, and were dominated by nematodes. Regardless of sampling date, the total number of meiofauna and the dominant meiobenthic component (nematodes) were always higher outside pits than inside pits. The total number of meiofauna in the control areas (outside pits) exceeded 300 cm−2and steadily declined over the study period. The decline in numbers may have been due to continued excavation and reworking of the sediments as well as other uncontrolled factors. Statistically significant differences between treatments also occurred for ostracods on the first three sampling dates, and for oligochaetes on the first two sampling dates. There were no significant differences in numbers of copepods or polychaetes for any of the sampling dates of the study; however, densities were low. Preliminary data suggest that the low numbers of meiofauna in pits is maintained for at least 2 days after formation.
A Homozygous KCNJ10 Mutation in Jack Russell Terriers and Related Breeds with Spinocerebellar Ataxia with Myokymia, Seizures, or Both

Background Juvenile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia has been recognized in Jack Russell Terriers and related Russell group terriers (RGTs) for over 40 years. Ataxia occurs with varying combinations of myokymia, seizures, and other signs of neurologic disease. More than 1 form of the disease has been suspected. Hypothesis/Objectives The objective was to identify the mutation causing the spinocerebellar ataxia associated with myokymia, seizures, or both and distinguish the phenotype from other ataxias in the RGTs. Animals DNA samples from 16 RGTs with spinocerebellar ataxia beginning from 2 to 12 months of age, 640 control RGTs, and 383 dogs from 144 other breeds along with the medical records of affected dogs were studied. Methods This case-control study compared the frequencies of a KCNJ10 allele in RGTs with spinocerebellar ataxia versus control RGTs. This allele was identified in a whole-genome sequence of a single RGT with spinocerebellar ataxia and myokymia by comparison to whole-genome sequences from 81 other canids that were normal or had other diseases. Results A missense mutation in the gene coding for the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 (KCNJ10:c.627C>G) was significantly (P < .001) associated with the disease. Dogs homozygous for the mutant allele all had spinocerebellar ataxia with varying combinations of myokymia and seizures. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Identification of the KCNJ10 mutation in dogs with spinocerebellar ataxia with myokymia, seizures, or both clarifies the multiple forms of ataxia seen in these breeds and provides a DNA test to identify carriers.
Target detection performed on manifold approximations recovered from hyperspectral data

In high dimensional data, manifold learning seeks to identify the embedded lower-dimensional, non-linear mani- fold upon which the data lie. This is particularly useful in hyperspectral imagery where inherently m-dimensional data is often sparsely distributed throughout the d-dimensional spectral space, with m << d. By recovering the manifold, inherent structures and relationships within the data – which are not typically apparent otherwise – may be identified and exploited. The sparsity of data within the spectral space can prove challenging for many types of analysis, and in particular with target detection. In this paper, we propose using manifold recovery as a preprocessing step for spectral target detection algorithms. A graph structure is first built upon the data and the transformation into the manifold space is based upon that graph structure. Then, the Adaptive Co- sine/Coherence Estimator (ACE) algorithm is applied. We present an analysis of target detection performance in the manifold space using scene-derived target spectra from two different hyperspectral images.
Neonatal exposure to MK801 promotes prepulse-induced delay in startle response time in adult rats

The acoustic startle reflex in rats can be inhibited if a prepulse stimulus is presented just before the startle stimulus (prepulse inhibition; PPI). When postnatal day 7 (P7) rats are exposed to agents that block the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), robust apoptosis is observed within hours and is thought to be followed at later ages by a significant loss of PPI. To understand these observations further, we exposed rat pups to vehicle or the NMDAR antagonist MK801 (1 mg/kg) at P6, P8, and P10. We then examined animals for PPI at P28 and P56. Compared to vehicle controls, we found no evidence for PPI deficits in the MK801-treated group, although we did observe prepulse-induced delay in response time at P56 (but not at P28). In a parallel study, we also performed histological analysis of brain sections for evidence of the pro-apoptotic marker activated caspase-3, 8 h after vehicle or MK801 injection into P6 animals. We found that there was a robust increase in this marker of cell death in the inferior colliculus of MK801 compared to vehicle-treated animals. Thus, transient blockade of the NMDAR during the postnatal period not only promotes early apoptosis in a brain region critical for acoustic processing but also leads to auditory deficits at a later age, suggesting that injury-induced loss of collicular neurons leads to network reorganization in the auditory system that is progressive in nature.
Proximal point algorithms and generalized nonlinear variational problems

Abstract Let T : K → H be a continuous ( η ) – pseudomonotone and ( η , L ) – relaxed monotone mapping from a nonempty closed invex subset K of a finite-dimensional Hilbert space H into H . Let f : K → R be proper, invex and lower semicontinuous on K and let h : K → R be continuously Frechet-differentiable on K with h ′, the gradient of h , ( η , α ) – strongly monotone and ( η , β ) – Lipschitz continuous on K . Let x ∗ ∈ K be any fixed solution of the variational inequality problem (VIP): find an element x ∗ ∈ K such that 〈 T ( x ∗ ) , η ( x , x ∗ ) 〉 + f ( x ) - f ( x ∗ ) ⩾ 0 for all x ∈ K . Then the sequence { x k } generated by the proximal point algorithm converges to x ∗ .
Pathogenesis of Generalized Dermal Pigmentation Secondary to Malignant Melanoma and Melanuria

One of the most striking phenomena in human oncology is the transformation of the normal skin color to an intense blue-gray pigmentation. This occurs as a complication of malignant melanoma. In the recent literature, several excellent examples of this type of pigmentation have been reported in patients with malignant melanoma.
The reality of absences

In this paper, I make a contribution to a naturalistically-minded theory of truthmakers by proposing a solution to the nasty problem of truthmakers for negative truths. After formulating the difficulty, I consider and reject a number of solutions to the problem, including Armstrong's states of affairs of totality, incompatibility accounts, and JC Beall's polarity view. I then defend the position that absences of truthmakers are real and are responsible for making negative truths true (and positive falsehoods false). According to the positive account of absences I offer, absences of contingent states of affairs are causally relevant mind-independent features of the physical world, located within space and time, and capable of being discovered by scientific inquiry. Recognition of the reality of absences strengthens truthmaker theory as a naturalistic metaphysics, as truth and falsity of each and every contingent proposition finds an ontological grounding in some region of the physical universe.
An Analysis of Missouri's Insanity Acquittee Population, 1980–2009: Differences Within African American Insanity Acquittees

Research regarding African Americans in the correctional and mental health systems has focused on potential disparities based upon ethnicity. Little research has analyzed within-group differences of this population. The current study analyzed 30 years of insanity acquittee data in a midwestern state and found that African American males were more likely to be diagnosed with psychotic disorders, antisocial personality disorder, and substance abuse and more likely to commit a felony. African American females were more likely to be diagnosed with a mood disorder and twice as likely to commit murder. Multiple stigma points are discussed, as are implications for future practice and research.
Ultrahigh resolution imaging using Optical Coherence Tomography

Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography achieves a quantum improvement in image resolution. New light sources and novel technology implementations promise to enable widespread applications for structural and functional imaging in the laboratory and clinic. Article not available.
Engineering Plant Resistance to Thiazopyr Herbicide via Expression of a Novel Esterase Deactivation Enzyme

Abstract Plants were engineered to confer resistance to thiazopyr, a member of the pyridine herbicide family, via an esterase deactivation mechanism. Earlier studies showed that transformation of thiazopyr to its monoacid metabolite resulted in loss of herbicidal activity (P.C.C. Feng et al., 1995, Xenobiotica 35, 27). Based on thiazopyr hydrolytic activity, a 60-kDa esterase was purified from rabbit liver. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified pyridine-esterase demonstrated high homology to the published protein sequence of rabbit liver esterase isozyme 1 (RLE1). PCR primers designed based on the amino acid sequence of RLE1 recovered a novel cDNA (RLE3) whose derived amino acid sequence was 95% homologous to RLE1. Baculovirus-mediated expression of RLE3 cDNA in insect cells detected the 60-kDa esterase as well as activity against thiazopyr. Stable plant transformation of RLE3 cDNA was conducted in tomato and tobacco under a constitutive expression promotor. R 0 plants demonstrated wild-type phenotype, and analysis of leaf tissues confirmed the presence of the 60-kDa esterase. Transgenic seedlings demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo deactivation of thiazopyr to the monoacid. In growth chamber and greenhouse tests, R 1 seedlings from transgenic tomato and tobacco demonstrated enhanced resistance to thiazopyr. Resistance was directly correlated to the level of pyridine-esterase expression. A field study was conducted with transgenic tomato seedlings which further confirmed resistance to thiazopyr.
Space-bounded reducibility among combinatorial problems

Reducibility and completeness among combinatorial problems can be formulated in terms of space bounds, in some cases refining the polynomial time-reducibility of Cook and Karp. Two versions are defined, by means of Turing machines and by bounded-quantifier formulas. Following are the main results. (1) The problem ''Is there a path between specified nodes of a digraph?'' is shown to be complete for the sets acceptable in nondeterministic log(.) space; (2) The problem ''Given a finite function f: {1,...,n}->{1,...,n}, is there a k such that f^k(1)=n?'' is similarly complete for deterministic log(.) space; and (3) Each of the problems ''Is T(M)=o?'' and ''Is T(M) infinite?'' (for M a deterministic finite automaton) is shown to be complete for nondeterministic (deterministic) log n space in the case in which the alphabet of M is arbitrary (consists of one letter).
Medical decision-making capacity and cataract surgery.

ABSTRACT Background. Medical decision making has evolved from a paternalistic, “doctor knows best system” to one of shareddecision making between health care providers and patients. Shared decision making involves informed consent relatedto the proposed health care options and medical decision-making capacity by patients. Adults aged 90 and older are thefastest growing segment of the US population. Dementia prevalence increases dramatically among this group. Dementiamay affect the ability of patients to participate in shared decision making. Case Report. The case of a 91-year-old female rehabilitation inpatient with mild cognitive impairment, cataracts, andmacular degeneration is presented. The case highlights key issues of informed decision making and medical decision-making capacity related to cataract surgery. Video examples of the assessment of cognitive and medical decision-makingcapacity are presented.(Optom Vis Sci 2012;89:e23–e26)Key Words: cognitive status, medical decision-making capacity, cataract surgery, macular degeneration
Cigarette Wars: The Triumph of "The Little White Slaver"

This is a meticulously researched, engagingly written history of the first anti-cigarette movement, dating from the Victorian Age to the Great Depression, when cigarettes were both legally restricted and socially stigmatized in America. Progressive reformers and religious fundamentalists came together to curb smoking, but their efforts collapsed during the First World War, when millions of soldiers took up the habit and cigarettes began to be associated with freedom and modernity. Cassandra Tate compellingly shows how supporters of the early anti-cigarette movement articulated virtually every issue that is still being debated about smoking today; theirs was not a failure of determination, she argues in these pages, but of timing.
A crack in the door: Critical race theory in practice at a predominantly White Institution

Midwest Central University1 has a population of 3,500 students, predominantly working class and 95 percent White. The racial composition of the university suggests, and rightly so, that the students have minimal contact with Asians, Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, Indians, Middle-Easterners, and people of mixed race, even though there is a predominantly black community about two miles from the campus. Given the lack of opportunities for cross-racial interaction among the student body, unless there is some intervention built into the curricula, students can complete their studies at the college with their limited ideological views on race and members of the aforementioned racial groups intact. If we have any hope of attaining a fair and just society, this cycle must be interrupted in the classroom. In this paper, I describe methods that I have used in my teaching and discuss my classroom experiences in an effort to provide some ideas for catalyzing white students to critically examine their own stance on race a...
Evaluation and Management of Neurogenic Stress Urinary Incontinence

Neurogenic bladder is a broad term that encompasses many different types of neurologic diseases and a wide spectrum of dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. Patient with neurogenic stress urinary incontinence (SUI) have poor urine store storage due to outlet dysfunction. Office examination, cystoscopy, video urodynamics (UDS), and renal imaging all play an important role in evaluating these patients (Wyndaele et al. Neurourol Urodyn. 2009;29:662-669 [27]). Based on patients’ overall function, bladder capacity and compliance, and ability to void or perform clean intermittent catheterizations, outlet procedures such as slings and artificial urinary sphincters may be offered safely (Arun Sahai et al. Curr Urol Rep. 2011;12:404-412 [28••]). Other options for partial or complete urinary diversion exist for patients with limited residual function or low capacity bladders. Improving continence in this population can positively impact quality of life and help with issues such as skin break down and chronic infection from incontinence (Ku. BJU Int. 2006;98:739-745 [26]).
Routine adjustment of Doppler echocardiographically derived aortic valve area using a previously derived equation to account for the effect of pressure recovery.

Practice guidelines of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) define aortic stenosis (AS) as being severe when the aortic valve area (AVA) is less than or equal to 1.0 cm and as moderate when the AVA is greater than 1.0 cm and less than or equal to 1.5 cm. Routine application of these guidelines to AVA calculated by echocardiography overestimates the prevalence of severe AS compared with AVA values obtained by cardiac catheterization (AVAcath). 2 The phenomenon of pressure recovery has been shown to account for some of the discrepancy in AVA and in the observed transvalvular pressure gradient when measured separately by catheterization and echocardiography. Ejected blood achieves a maximal velocity immediately distal to the stenotic valve (an area termed the “vena contracta”). This is also the site of maximal pressure gradient between the ventricle and the aorta. Pressure recovery occurs when this ejected blood loses velocity in the proximal ascending aorta. As the jet slows, pressure increases or recovers, thus lowering the effective transvalvular pressure gradient as a result of AS. Catheters used in clinical practice measure pressure in the proximal aorta, downstream from the aortic valve after the pressure has recovered. Calculation of AVA by echocardiography using the continuity equation measures the peak velocity of the aortic jet in the vena contracta, upstream fromwhere pressure recovery occurs. Thus, AVA derived by echocardiography records a higher effective transvalvular gradient compared with AVAcath. Pressure recovery is less pronounced when the proximal aorta is dilated because energy is lost from nonlaminar flow and turbulence. Measurement of AVA using echocardiography does not account for aortic size and the degree of pressure recovery and, therefore, may overestimate the severity of AS compared with AVAcath for patients with normal or small aortic roots. 2-9 AVAcath is thought to more accurately reflect the energy loss as a result of AS because it takes into account the degree of pressure recovery. An equation has been proposed to adjust AVA calculated by Doppler echocardiography (AVADop) to account for pressure recov-
The thermochemical implications of deformation twinning and martensite transformations

Abstract Shear transformations, such as deformation twinning, pseudotwinning, and martensites, can result in predictable and reversible rearrangements of the local atomic environments and the crystal symmetries. By manipulating the composition and local order of the parent phase, a degree of control can be achieved over the structure of the sheared phase. Unusual crystal structures can be created with interesting implications for thermochemical, mechanical and physical properties, and alloy theory.
THE USE OF MENTAL MODELS TO ENHANCE HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION

The approach taken in this research is to increase the quality of human-computer interaction through having the computer software match or emulate the cognitive representation employed by the user population. We believe that through interacting with users through the users' own cognitive representation of the information or knowledge, the users' perceptions of the interaction will be enhanced. Furthermore, if psychological theories of how users encode and represent knowledge are correct, the quality of information retrieved by users will increase, due to less inhibition, distortion, and reliance on constructive memory. The key is finding the representation employed by the user population. Once the scheme is known, it can be incorporated into the system and used to guide the interaction process.
Mechanical properties of highly aligned YBa2Cu3O7−δ effect of Y2BaCuOx particles

Abstract The elastic modulus and hardness of highly aligned YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ obtained by melt processing was determined using a highly spatially resolved mechanical properties microprobe. Ultra-low load indentation measurements on the (001) cleavage plane of aligned 123, indicated a Young's modulus of 143 ± 4 GPa and a hardness of 10.0 ± 1.9 GPa. For measurements on a plane perpendicular to the cleavage plane, values of 182 ± 4 GPa for the modulus and 10.8 ± 1.7 GPa for the hardness were obtained. A lower modulus in the c -direction is perhaps a result of the layer-like structure of 123, with weak coupling between the layers. Measurements on the trapped single crystal 211 particles yielded a modulus of 213 ± 5 GPa and a hardness of 14.4 ± 2 GPa. Considerations of the thermal and elastic mismatch effects between the 211 particles and the 123 matrix, the large thermal expansion anisotropy of aligned 123, and microstructural examination of polished and fracture surfaces of the aligned samples indicate that the 211 particles perhaps serve to enhance the fracture resistance behavior of 123 by energy dissipation due to interfacial delamination and crack bridging.
Glucose metabolism, islet architecture, and genetic homogeneity in imprinting of [Ca2+](i) and insulin rhythms in mouse islets

We reported previously that islets isolated from individual, outbred Swiss-Webster mice displayed oscillations in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) that varied little between islets of a single mouse but considerably between mice, a phenomenon we termed “islet imprinting.” We have now confirmed and extended these findings in several respects. First, imprinting occurs in both inbred (C57BL/6J) as well as outbred mouse strains (Swiss-Webster; CD1). Second, imprinting was observed in NAD(P)H oscillations, indicating a metabolic component. Further, short-term exposure to a glucose-free solution, which transiently silenced [Ca2+]i oscillations, reset the oscillatory patterns to a higher frequency. This suggests a key role for glucose metabolism in maintaining imprinting, as transiently suppressing the oscillations with diazoxide, a KATP-channel opener that blocks [Ca2+]i influx downstream of glucose metabolism, did not change the imprinted patterns. Third, imprinting was not as readily observed at the level of single beta cells, as the [Ca2+]i oscillations of single cells isolated from imprinted islets exhibited highly variable, and typically slower [Ca2+]i oscillations. Lastly, to test whether the imprinted [Ca2+]i patterns were of functional significance, a novel microchip platform was used to monitor insulin release from multiple islets in real time. Insulin release patterns correlated closely with [Ca2+]i oscillations and showed significant mouse-to-mouse differences, indicating imprinting. These results indicate that islet imprinting is a general feature of islets and is likely to be of physiological significance. While islet imprinting did not depend on the genetic background of the mice, glucose metabolism and intact islet architecture may be important for the imprinting phenomenon.
Adeno-associated virus at 50: a golden anniversary of discovery, research, and gene therapy success--a personal perspective.

Abstract Fifty years after the discovery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and more than 30 years after the first gene transfer experiment was conducted, dozens of gene therapy clinical trials are in progress, one vector is approved for use in Europe, and breakthroughs in virus modification and disease modeling are paving the way for a revolution in the treatment of rare diseases, cancer, as well as HIV. This review will provide a historical perspective on the progression of AAV for gene therapy from discovery to the clinic, focusing on contributions from the Samulski lab regarding basic science and cloning of AAV, optimized large-scale production of vectors, preclinical large animal studies and safety data, vector modifications for improved efficacy, and successful clinical applications.
Reduction of the intoxicating effects of ethanol by drugs acting at the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor complex.

Abstract The ability of the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonists Ro 15-4513, Ro 15-3505 and FG 7142, and the picrotoxin site ligands pentylenetetrazole and Ro 5-3663 to reduce ethanol-induced intoxication were investigated. Ro 15-4513 (0.3–3 mg/kg), Ro 15-3505 (3 mg/kg), pentylenetetrazole (20 and 25 mg/kg and Ro 5-3663 (4 mg/kg) all significantly attenuated the intoxicating effects of ethanol. In contrast, FG 7142 (20 and 40 mg/kg) failed to reduce ethanol intoxication, but reversed the effect of Ro 15-4513. This pattern of results differs from that obtained using other behavioral paradigms. Since drugs which reduce the effects of GABA generally reduce the intoxicating effects of ethanol, it is suggested that the β-carbolines may be unusual in their interaction with ethanol.
The Dangers of Diplomatic Disengagement in Counterterrorism

This article assesses the utility of diplomatic sanctions in U.S. counterterrorism efforts. Through an examination of the United States' use of diplomatic sanctions in Afghanistan and Sudan in the 1990s, the article argues that diplomatic disengagement runs the danger of being more costly than beneficial. The blowback from diplomatic disengagement in counterterrorism includes, but is not limited to, the loss of valuable intelligence, a diminished public diplomacy capability, and the potential radicalization of moderates in the target regime. The article also highlights some of the general benefits of diplomatic engagement with problematic regimes and closes with recommendations aimed at enhancing the role of diplomacy in both counterterrorism and non-proliferation foreign policies.
A semiotic model of mind

A theory of signs is presented to arrive at a model of mind that provides a smooth transition from inanimate matter to the thinking brain. Principles of information theory and semiotics are invoked to create a conceptual scheme that can contribute to an understanding of the "mind-body problem." The thesis is pursued that in living systems, as opposed to inorganic ones, there occurs the phenomenon of semiotic transmission of information. The result is a "dualistic-materialist" position; the dualism arises from the fact that at the beginning of life a set of processes comes into being different from those of the inorganic world. This model has implications for psychology and psychoanalysis. It allows for semiotic systems at different levels--e.g., the molecular, the neural network, the language system, and higher mental functions--to be integrated. Analytic concepts such as free association, clinical technique, feedback systems, personality structure, transference, and repetition compulsions can be understood in both biological and semiotic terms. This model interdigitates with linguistic studies already done in psychoanalysis, as well as with biological models extrinsic to the field.