cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Centennial Review: Trace mineral research with an emphasis on manganeseDedicated to Dr. Roland M. Leach, Jr.

ABSTRACT A century of publications in the Poultry Science journal is celebrated with Centennial papers. It is relevant, therefore, to explore trace mineral (TM) research with an emphasis on manganese and selected aspects of skeletal development. Some of the initial observations on the topic appeared in the earliest volumes of our journal. Published studies in the late 1920’s and 1930’s confirmed the importance of the diet and unidentified organic (i.e., vitamins) and inorganic nutrients (i.e., TM) relative to skeletal development. The early nutrition research emphasized requirement studies, the search for unknown factors to alleviate recognized deficiencies, and lastly important nutrient interactions, especially in the gut. This review will discuss TM research with an emphasis on manganese (Mn). Some of the fundamental discoveries on the mechanisms underlying embryonic and post-hatch skeletal development led directly to research directed at the role of Mn in the synthesis of the epiphyseal matrix. The TM research agenda today is considerably different with respect to all trace nutrients and is largely driven by gut health, antibiotic free production, food safety and environmental outcomes. A significant proportion of the published research over the last 2 decades has focused on the form (i.e., organic, inorganic) of a given TM relative to a given physiologic or production response under the pretext that modern commercial genotypes and production realities have changed considerably since the last NRC publication ( NRC, 1994 ). If one closely reviews the more recent scientific literature, however, it could be argued that the term “trace mineral requirement” is often a misnomer. Many of the TM levels recommended or in use today are not the result of quantifiable requirement studies but are often based on efficacy comparisons with the different organic and inorganic forms of commercially available TM.
Regulation of DNA binding and DNA repair gene expression by FOXO3a in response to the human lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)

3448 Lung cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Eighty percent (80%) of these cases are of the non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) type, of which adenocarcinoma is the most common histotype. Anti-cancer treatments are available for lung cancer although the current regiments are poorly effective resulting in a 5-year survival rate of only 16%. Recent studies in mice have shown that lung carcinogens induce extensive chromosome instability (CIN) and the frequent recurrence of otherwise rare site-specific chromosomal changes, suggesting that carcinogenic stress has a direct influence on the genetic pathways through which lung tumors evolve. NNK is a carcinogenic byproduct of tobacco smoke which is known to induce adenocarcinoma. High-density deletion mapping of human and NNK-induced mouse lung adenocarcinoma and derivative cell lines identified the FoxO3a gene as a target of homozygous deletion. FOXO3A is a stress responsive transcription factor activated by DNA damage, oxidative stress, and chemotherapeutic drugs. We show that exogenous wild-type FOXO3a expression in FOXO3a-deficient lung adenocarcinoma cell lines suppresses cell growth and elicits cell death in response to DNA reactive metabolites of the lung carcinogens benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and NNK. These results suggest that the cellular effects of carcinogens may act as selection pressure for the deletion of FOXO3a function during lung carcinogenesis. We therefore addressed the mechanistic role of FOXO3a in cellular protection against carcinogenic damage. FOXO3a was observed to localize to the nucleus during exposure to carcinogenic metabolites of BaP (BPDE) and NNK (NNKOAc), indicating its activation as a transcription factor in response to carcinogenic stress. This was confirmed by microarray analysis in cells exposed to NNKOAc, which revealed a FOXO3a-dependent transcription program involving to a significant extent the regulation of DNA binding and DNA repair genes. Because the majority of human lung adenocarcinoma are caused by exposure to the carcinogens present in tobacco smoke, these results suggest that FOXO3a inactivation reduced protection against carcinogen-induced DNA damage thereby contributing to the development of these tumors in smokers.
Regulatory Reactivity: FDA and the Response to COVID-19

Public health-oriented agencies play a critical role to play in pandemic preparedness and response. Yet, the current pandemic has exposed significant shortcomings in these agencies’ preparedness and response efforts. Using FDA’s response to COVID-19 as a case study, this article introduces the concept of “regulatory reactivity” to describe and analyze regulatory agency response to external pressures that rely on the adoption of tailored-to-the-moment measures. The article delineates the conceptual and practical differences between the application of standard agency procedures and agency response under what we term “reactive modes,” which often result in the setting-aside of agency procedures, expertise and priorities to the detriment of public health standards. We further explain how these ex post, narrowly construed modifications to the regulatory modus operandi contrast with goals of pandemic preparedness, which require ex ante, forward-looking regulatory interventions. While we utilize COVID-19 as a lens through which to examine reactive regulatory responses to public health crises, the article anchors its analysis in broader trends displayed by the FDA in previous large-scale crises, as well as within the regulatory apparatus as a whole. We conclude with some suggestions for how the FDA might avoid slipping into reactivity mode in response to future pandemics.
Using Inter-institutional Collaboration to Generate Publishable Findings through Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) are high-impact practices that allow students to conduct research during class time. Benefits of a CURE can be maximized when integrated into a faculty member's ongoing research. However, this can be particularly challenging for field biologists, especially when field sites are not situated near their university. Indeed, few existing CUREs are field based. One solution is to partner with a collaborator near the field site. We describe a semester-long CURE in an animal behavior class that involved collaboration among three institutions: researchers from two “distant” institutions have ongoing research at the “local” institution where the CURE took place. This model uses remote conferencing and strategic collaboration to meet all stakeholders' needs. Undergraduate students engaged as active participants in collaborative inquiry-based work, learned in a cooperative context, and even participated in the publication process. The local principal investigator and their institution generated a high-impact course that integrated research and teaching. Likewise, the distant principal investigators were able to collect more extensive and longer-term field-based data than otherwise possible, and they gained valuable input from the local researchers that contributed to future projects. Remote collaborations open the door to international collaboration with smaller institutions, promoting greater inclusion in science.
Understanding environmental patterns of canid predation on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

The outcome of encounters between predators and prey affects predation rates and ultimately population dynamics. Determining how environmental features influence predation rates helps guide conserv...
The Deep South's Constitutional Con

Was the Constitution an inherently pro-slavery document? Answering that question depends, in part, on correctly understanding the mysterious Pinckney Plan. Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed his plan of government when the Constitutional Convention opened, but no authentic copy of the original survives. Three decades later, Pinckney circulated a plan which he claimed was the one he offered in 1787. He also claimed that he was the author of most of the Constitution and that the Privileges and Immunities Clause he proposed was conceived with a racist and pro-slavery understanding. Most experts, beginning with James Madison, determined that the 1818 Plan was far too close to the final Constitution to be genuine, and for many years Pinckney’s constitutional con was thoroughly discredited. But in 1903, John Franklin Jameson discovered a manuscript and wrongly identified it as an extract of the Lost Plan. That error sparked a surprising surge of credulity in Pinckney’s fraudulent claims. Today, a vast accumulation of errors on the Pinckney Plan can be found throughout the scholarly and popular literature on the Constitution’s formation. Today’s Supreme Court wrongly attributes the Privileges and Immunities Clause to Pinckney. Getting the story right requires overturning more than a hundred years of faulty scholarship on the Pinckney Plan. The true story will cast some doubt on the thesis that the Constitution was conceived as a racist and pro-slavery document.
The End of Straight Supremacy: Realizing Gay Liberation

1. The metaethics of gay liberation Part I. Equality and Making Meaning: 2. Law/morality: thoughts on morality, equality, and caste 3. Law/power: the appropriation of gay identity in Lawrence v. Texas - and the substantive alternative Part II. Equality, Sexuality, and Expression: 4. Speech/hate propaganda: a comment on Harper v. Poway Unified School District 5. Pornography/death: the problem of gay pornography in a straight supremacist system Part III. Millennial Equality: A Primer on Gay Liberation in the Twenty-First Century: 6. Gay/straight: the binary ontology of the gay marriage debate 7. Knowledge/power: reversing the heteroarchal reversals of religion, marriage, and caste 8. Trans/sex: transsexualism, patriarchal ontology, and postmodern praxis 9. Epilogue: flaming, but not burning.
LVSEM for High Resolution Topographic and Density Contrast Imaging

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses some of the contrast mechanisms that contribute to the image in these instruments. The most recent generation of low-voltage scanning electron microscopes yields resolutions well below one nanometer thanks to the use of field-emission guns. This chapter also considers aspects of scanning electron microscopes (SEM) design and operation that affect the contrast and resolution of the secondary emission (SE) and the backscattering (BSE) image. The SEMs developed and used world-wide since that time owe most of their important features to early developments by this group. An SE image of a rough microscopic specimen can be easily and accurately interpreted in terms of its topographic shape. The total BSE signal is a strong function of the density of the specimen under the beam, and BSE images are therefore primarily two dimensional maps of material density versus position. In addition, as the image information is carried as a time-varying electronic signal, a variety of analog and digital signal processing procedures can easily be applied to this signal to emphasize the particular aspects of it that are of interest to the viewer.
Diffusion Growth and Evaporation of Water Drops and Ice Crystals

Immediately following their formation through heterogeneous nucleation, cloud particles proceed to grow by the process of vapor diffusion. Later on they may also experience growth by the mechanisms of collision and subsequent coalescence or sticking. In the present chapter we shall describe the individual and collective growth (and evaporation) of cloud particles by vapor diffusion; collisional growth (and breakup) are considered in Chapters 15 and 16.
Role of silicon in diatom metabolism. V. Silicic acid transport and metabolism in the heterotrophic diatom Nitzschia alba.

1. In the heterotrophic diatom, Nitzschia alba, 31Si(OH)4 appears to be transported by a carrier-mediated membrane transport system which conforms to Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics with a Ks of 4.5×10-6M and a Vmax of 3.35 gmmoles/g wet wt/min at 30°C. A Q10 of 2.0 was calculated from rates of silicic acid uptake at 20°C and 30°C. Calculations from the same data showed that energy of activation for uptake is 12.1 Kcal/mole. Optimum pH for transport is broad, ranging between 6 and 9. 2. During pulse-labelling with 31Si(OH)4, the label increases in the cytoplasm more rapidly than in the cell wall, indicating the build-up of a cytoplasmic pool of silicic acid or its derivatives, and suggesting a possible chemical transformation of silicic acid in the cytoplasm. The concentration of 31Si in the cytoplasm reaches 30 to 40 times the external concentration, but the accumulated 31Si does not flow out into a Si-free medium or exchange with non-radioative Si(OH)4. 3. The metabolic inhibitors DNP, CCCP, iodoacetamide, azide, and antimycin A strongly inhibit the uptake of silicic acid by 90–97%, whereas the ionophorous compounds, nigericin and valinomycin, have no effect. 4. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide inhibits silicic acid uptake by 50–70%. 5. Germanic acid, an inhibitor of diatom growth, inhibits silicic acid uptake; the Ki is 2.2×10-6. 6. Sub-cellular fractionation of cells exposed to 31Si(OH)4 for 10 min showed that 90% of the label is in the cell wall; the remaining 10% is distributed in various cytoplasmic fractions including the “soluble fraction”. 7. The data demonstrate that metabolic energy is required for net uptake of silicic acid by N. alba cells, and suggest that an active transport system may be involved. The possible role and nature of the silicic acid pool are discussed.
The ATT/DEC/MIT All-Optical Network Architecture

We describe elements of the architecture of the ARPA sponsored ATT/DEC/MIT All-Optical Network. The architecture supports all-optical transport over the wide, metropolitan, and local areas.
Governing virtual bodies and intimacies : Cybermarriage industries between the United States and Latin America*

Este artigo explora as maneiras como os estrangeiros surgem como fantasia de mobilidade nas industrias de cibercasamentos, unindo mulheres mexicanas e colombianas com homens norte-americanos. Enquanto algumas mulheres constroem seus corpos como apaixonados e eroticos para atrair oportunidades, como o casamento com homens norte-americanos, estudiosos da internet, durante a decada de 1990, celebraram a Internet como um espaco utopico para a construcao de si fora das limitacoes do corpo fisico. Argumento que essas teorias – em sua visao do pos-corpo nos intercâmbios por meio da Internet – carecem de uma analise do Estado e da economia politica.
Experimental analysis of parallel systems: techniques and open problems

Massively parallel systems pose daunting performance instrumentation and data analysis problems. Balancing instrumentation detail, application perturbation, data reduction costs, and presentation complexity requires a mix of science, engineering, and art. This paper surveys current techniques for performance instrumentation and data presentation, illustrates one approach to tool extensibility, and discusses the implications of massive parallelism for performance analysis environments.
Real-time optimization and control mechanisms for collaborative demand and capacity sharing

Abstract This work presents a new mechanism for real-time resource allocation, order administration, and process monitoring in Collaborative Networked Enterprises (CNE). The motivation is to mitigate the uncertainties and risks caused by arbitrary nature of customer orders, dynamic changes in demand patterns, and unforeseen supply disruptions. Enterprise collaboration is enabled by Demand and Capacity Sharing (DCS) among enterprises considering four decision criteria: (a) Total cost; (b) Demand fulfillment; (c) Resource utilization; and (d) CNE stability. A Task Administration Protocol (TAP) is designed for priority-based allocation/re-allocation of resources and real-time monitoring of DCS processes. The TAP is enhanced with a Predictive Best Matching Protocol (PBMP), which optimizes allocation decisions in real-time while taking into account potential future events. The new Real-Time Optimization (RTO) mechanism is proven in experiments to be an advantageous solution for mitigating undesirable impacts of uncertainty and dynamicity on the CNE performance with respect to the four undertaken decision criteria.
A framework for teaching global information systems

It is difficult for students to learn to a topic as vast and complex as global information systems if they lack a framework for the association of related concepts. A part of the difficulty of teaching global information systems is attempting to relate factors in human communication to machine networking and input-output devices. This paper offers a framework for teaching global information systems that incorporates both human and technical aspects.
Protonation of silylenol ether via excited state proton transfer catalysis

We demonstrate the photocatalytic protonation of a silylenol ether using 7-bromo-2-naphthol as an ESPT catalyst with phenol as the sacrificial proton source. Greater than 95% conversion is achieved with 1 mol% catalyst. The reaction cycle is dependent on the significantly increased acidity of the catalyst in the excited state as well as the long lifetime for the triplet excited state of 7-bromo-2-naphthol. The reaction does not occur in the absence of light (367 nm) and can readily be controlled by light intensity modulation. We also demonstrate that a 72% reaction yield can be obtained with unsubstituted naphthol as the catalyst by coupling triplet energy transfer, via a visible light absorbing (445 nm) sensitizer, into the catalytic cycle. These results open the door to an entirely new class of sensitized photocatalytic reactions that harness the excited state acidity of ESPT dyes.
A sensitive assay of amoxicillin in mouse serum and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid by liquid-liquid extraction and reversed-phase HPLC.

Abstract A sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of amoxicillin in mouse serum and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. One hundred microlitres of sample were needed for the assay. Sample processing was carried out with liquid–liquid extraction. Cefadroxil was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C 18 reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer, 1-octanesulphonic acid sodium salt and acetonitrile. The detection was conducted at 210 nm. The ranges of the standard curves were 0.2–20 and 0.05–5 μg/ml for serum and BAL samples, respectively. The recoveries of amoxicillin from serum and normal saline were 87 and 88%, respectively. The coefficients of variation were 1.78–6.13% for intra-day and 0.82–6.42% for inter-day analyses. The accuracy was within 100 ± 6%. This method was successfully applied to analyze amoxicillin in mouse serum and BAL samples from a pharmacokinetic study.
Cell simplex degeneracy, Liapunov function and stability of simple cell mapping systems

Abstract The mathematical structure governing simple cell mappings is further studied in this paper. The topics investigated are: the relationship between degeneracy of a cell simplex and the number of periodic orbits contained in the cell simplex, Liapunov functions for simple cell mappings, invariance principle and certain global stability questions. Unlike the algorithmic and computational approach to examine the behavior of simple cell mappings, the Liapunov function approach provides us with a different and yet instructive perspective.
Increased fetal adiposity: a very sensitive marker of abnormal in utero development

Abstract Objective Because offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus as young adults, our purpose was to characterize body composition at birth in infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and normal glucose tolerance. Study design One hundred ninety-five infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 220 infants of women with normal glucose tolerance had anthropometric measurements and total body electrical conductivity body composition evaluations at birth. Parental demographic, anthropometric, medical and family history data, and diagnostic glucose values were used to develop a stepwise regression model that related to fetal growth and body composition. Results There was no significant difference in birth weight (gestational diabetes mellitus [3398±550 g] vs normal glucose tolerance [3337±549 g], P = .26) or fat-free mass (gestational diabetes mellitus [2962±405 g] vs normal glucose tolerance [2975±408 g], P = .74) between groups. However, infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus had significantly greater skinfold measures (P = .0001) and fat mass (gestational diabetes mellitus [436±206 g] vs normal glucose tolerance [362±198 g], P = .0002) compared with infants of women with normal glucose tolerance. In the gestational diabetes mellitus group, although gestational age had the strongest correlation with birth weight and fat-free mass, fasting glucose level had the strongest correlation with neonatal adiposity. Conclusion Infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus, even when they are average weight for gestational age, have increased body fat compared with infants of women with normal glucose tolerance. Maternal fasting glucose level was the strongest predictor of fat mass in infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. This increase in body fat may be a significant risk factor for obesity in early childhood and possibly in later life.
Millimeter and Submillimeter Spectroscopy of Chlorine Nitrate: The Cl Quadrupole Tensor and the Harmonic Force Field☆

The rotational spectra of (sup 35)ClONO(sub 2) and (sup 37)ClONO(sub 2) in their ground and first excited torsional states (v(sub 9)=1) have been reinvestigated in selected regions between 84 and 441 GHz.
Prediction of pH in Model Systems Pressurized with Carbon Dioxide

Mathematical models were developed to predict the pH of model liquid food systems (pure water, ascorbic acid-water, citric acid-water, and ascorbic acid-citric acid-water) pressurized with carbon dioxide, as functions of pressure (0–34.50 MPa), temperature (32,37, and 42° C), and component concentrations [(0–1.107) X10−3 M for ascorbic acid, (0 to 6.080) × 10−4 M for citric acid]. For all simulation systems, predicted pH values closely followed experimentally measured pH values. In the pure water-CO2 systems, pH was a strong function of pressure but a weak function of temperature. In ascorbic acid-water-CO2, citric acid-water-CO2, and ascorbic acid-citric acid-water-CO2 systems, pH was relatively insensitive to CO2 pressure and was a strong function of acid concentrations. This method could be a first step toward predicting the pH of orange juice and other liquid food systems under pressurized CO2.
Founding, early history, and transformation of the Journal for Lipid Research to an American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology journal

The Journal of Lipid Research was founded in October, 1959 and has had a long and distinguished history. It evolved from an initial concept of a loose-leaf methodology handbook to a major journal for the lipid field. Its growth has in many ways paralleled the growth and expansion of lipid research. Today, it is operated as a journal of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the forefront of biomedical research on lipids.
A methodology for the performance analysis of product validation and test plans

Companies in a variety of industries that develop complex products have well-defined processes for developing product validation plans (to determine the number and types of prototypes needed for new product development) and test plans (to determine how tests are scheduled on each prototype). Uncertainty is prevalent in product validation and testing, with test execution times and prototype availability being among the most variable. The methodology developed in this research explicitly considers uncertainty and develops models and algorithms for the performance analysis of product validation and test plans. It also evaluates the tradeoffs between the various performance criteria of the validation plan, e.g., on-time performance, cost (number of test prototypes used) and quality (number and types of requirements validated). The application of the approach is presented with an industrial example of the performance analysis of vehicle validation and test schedules.
Using Documentation Panels to Communicate with Families

(2001). Using Documentation Panels to Communicate with Families. Childhood Education: Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 209-213.
Small dense molecular clouds which envelope groups of T-Tauri stars

Dense molecular clouds within the Taurus and NGC 2264 regions have undergone gravitational collapse and fragmentation to form groups of low mass (∼1M ⊙) T-Tauri stars which are still embedded within the clouds and which are kinematically associated with them. Molecular column densities on the order of 1014 cm−2 are inferred from the emission lines of OH and NH3. Emission line widths are ≲2 km s−1 and the antenna beamwidths include linear extents of order 0.1 pc. The OH emission appears to be in a condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium, and it cannot arise from circumstellar sheils similar to those surrounding the masing infrared stars. The OH and NH3 emission occurs in clouds of ∼1 pc in extent with optical depths of 0.1 to 1.0 and excitation temperatures of the order of 10 K. The molecular clouds have radii of ∼0.5 pc, molecular hydrogen densities of ∼4000 cm−3, masses of ∼100 solar masses, and kinetic temperatures of ∼20 K. The observed data are not inconsistent with the molecular clouds being in a state of hydrostatic equilibrium.
AMBER Alerts: Are School-Type Photographs the Best Choice for Identifying Missing Children?

We investigated how well adults could recognize the faces of children when they differed in appearance from photographs shown in an alert. College students in three studies saw a mock AMBER Alert while watching a television show. The children appeared either well-groomed with positive affect (as in a school photograph) or disheveled with poor affect (as abducted children might appear). Recognition accuracy and confidence were significantly lower when the faces differed in appearance from the alert displayed during the television show. Thus, AMBER Alerts may be more effective if they are accompanied by more than one type of photograph of a missing child, particularly if a photograph is shown in which the child does not appear well-groomed and happy.
Structure analysis and photocatalytic properties of spinel zinc gallium oxonitrides.

This report describes a detailed structural, electronic, and catalytic characterization of zinc gallium oxonitride photocatalysts with a spinel crystal structure. The bandgap decreases to less than 3 eV with increasing nitrogen content ( 420 nm) for the degradation of cresol and rhodamine B. Density functional theory calculations show that this bandgap reduction is in part associated with hybridization between the dopant N 2p states and Zn 3d orbitals at the top of the valence band. X-ray photoelectron measurements indicate that nitrogen is indeed interacting with the oxide precursor through the formation of both nitride- and oxonitride-type species. The incorporation of nitrogen reduces the uniformity of the local structure of the spinel Zn-Ga-O-N (ZGON) species, as reflected in X-ray absorption spectra and Raman measurements relative to zinc gallate, which suggests the presence of defects. The oxonitrides exhibit faster photocatalytic rates of reaction than the oxide precursor. The degradation mechanisms were determined to be via the attack by hydroxyl radicals and holes for rhodamine B and cresol, respectively. Addition of Pt as a co-catalyst increased the rate of photodegradation, a result attributed to better charge separation.
Single oral dose pharmacokinetics of decursin and decursinol angelate in healthy adult men and women.

The ethanol extract of Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) root has promising anti-cancer and other bioactivities in rodent models. It is currently believed that the pyranocoumarin isomers decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA) contribute to these activities. We and others have documented that D and DA were rapidly converted to decursinol (DOH) in rodents. However, our in vitro metabolism studies suggested that D and DA might be metabolized differently in humans. To test this hypothesis and address a key question for human translatability of animal model studies of D and DA or AGN extract, we conducted a single oral dose human pharmacokinetic study of D and DA delivered through an AGN-based dietary supplement Cogni.Q (purchased from Quality of Life Labs, Purchase, NY) in twenty healthy subjects, i.e., 10 men and 10 women, each consuming 119 mg D and 77 mg DA from 4 vegicaps. Analyses of plasma samples using UHPLC-MS/MS showed mean time to peak concentration (Tmax) of 2.1, 2.4 and 3.3 h and mean peak concentration (Cmax) of 5.3, 48.1 and 2,480 nmol/L for D, DA and DOH, respectively. The terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) for D and DA was similar (17.4 and 19.3 h) and each was much longer than that of DOH (7.4 h). The mean area under the curve (AUC0-48h) for D, DA and DOH was estimated as 37, 335 and 27,579 h∙nmol/L, respectively. Gender-wise, men absorbed the parent compounds faster and took shorter time to reach DOH peak concentration. The human data supported an extensive conversion of D and DA to DOH, even though they metabolized DA slightly slower than rodents. Therefore, the data generated in rodent models concerning anti-cancer efficacy, safety, tissue distribution and pharmacodynamic biomarkers will likely be relevant for human translation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02114957","term_id":"NCT02114957"}}NCT02114957
Geospace activity dependence of cold, streaming ions in the near-Earth magnetotail

Abstract Results from a survey of the occurrence statistics of cold, streaming ion observations in the magnetotail lobes (lobal wind) in the Polar TIDE database are presented, considering lobal wind observation occurrence percentages during quiet and active times in geospace. It is found that lobal winds are observed more than half the time, even during magnetic storm conditions, and in quiet times they are seen nearly three-quarters of the time. They are seen throughout the magnetotail portion of the Polar orbit (apogee ∼9 R E near the magnetic equator in the tail during the survey epoch), and are regularly measured at all local times and at all latitudes within the surveyed domain. The beams flow along the magnetic field away from the ionosphere, and are often seen as bi-directional streams at lower magnetic latitudes, indicating that they are present on closed field lines as well as open ones. The commonness of these cold, streaming ions emphasizes the need for global magnetospheric modelers to account for this population.
A Call for an Integrated Biopsychosocial Model to Address Fundamental Disconnects in an Emergent Field: An Introduction to the Special Issue on “Sexuality and Aging”

This special issue of Ageing International is designed to highlight the clinicians, researchers, and public policy makers who focus upon the intersection of sexuality and aging. A theoretical, biopsychosocial model is introduced in response to a variety of apparent paradoxes in the field (e.g., although nearly 1 in 5 new AIDS cases are among adults over the age of 65, no federally funded programs exist for HIV prevention among this age group, and although virtually all findings in the literature are based upon men and women from North American and Western European nations, China boasts the largest population of older adults worldwide). Consistent with this integrated approach, contributors to the special issue provide emergent information in relation to HIV and AIDS among older men and women, cross-cultural perspectives on sexuality and aging within Chinese and Ugandan culture, sexuality within the context of long-term care, and clinical approaches to erectile dysfunction. Directions for future research also are offered.
Differential appearance of extensively phosphorylated forms of the high molecular weight neurofilament protein in regions of mouse brain during postnatal development.

Abstract The appearance and accumulation of extensively phosphorylated forms of the high molecular weight neurofilament protein (H-phos) was studied in six regions of mouse brain during postnatal development by quantitative immunoblot analyses. H-phos (migrating at 200 kDa) was detected in brainstem, cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus as early as postnatal day 1. While NF-H levels increased dramatically during subsequent postnatal development in these regions, and reached levels similar to those observed in adult brain by postnatal day 14, quantitative differences were observed in both the rate and the extent of increase among individual regions. The most rapid accumulation of H-phos was observed in brainstem and cortex, where H-phos increased within the first postnatal week to levels comparable to those of adult brain. However, H-phos exhibited a slower developmental change in cerebellum, where the levels increased uniformly over the first two postnatal weeks. In hippocampus, the major increase in H-phos levels was delayed until the second postnatal week. In contrast to its early detection in the above regions, H-phos levels was not detected in immunoblot analyses of olfactory bulb or hypothalamus cytoskeletons at postnatal day 1, indicating that in these regions the accumulated levels of posttranslationally modified forms of this protein appeared relatively late. Furthermore, H-phos levels in hippocampus did not level off at postnatal day 14 and continued to increase until at least postnatal day 21. Immunoblot analyses of whole embryonic brain revealed the presence of H-phos as early as embryonic day 17, demonstrating that some mouse brain regions carry out extensive phosphorylation of NF-H during embryonic development. We conclude that extensive phosphorylation of NF-H is initiated relatively early during mouse brain development, but that the timing of expression of the NF-H polypeptide and extent of its phosphorylation varied significantly among brain regions.
Metabolic analysis of the soil microbe Dechloromonas aromatica str. RCB: indications of a surprisingly complex life-style and cryptic anaerobic pathways for aromatic degradation

Initial interest in Dechloromonas aromatica strain RCB arose from its ability to anaerobically degrade benzene. It is also able to reduce perchlorate and oxidize chlorobenzoate, toluene, and xylene, creating interest in using this organism for bioremediation. Little physiological data has been published for this microbe. It is considered to be a free-living organism. The a priori prediction that the D. aromatica genome would contain previously characterized "central" enzymes to support anaerobic aromatic degradation of benzene proved to be false, suggesting the presence of novel anaerobic aromatic degradation pathways in this species. These missing pathways include the benzylsuccinate synthase (bss ABC) genes (responsible for fumarate addition to toluene) and the central benzoyl-CoA pathway for monoaromatics. In depth analyses using existing TIGRfam, COG, and InterPro models, and the creation of de novo HMM models, indicate a highly complex lifestyle with a large number of environmental sensors and signaling pathways, including a relatively large number of GGDEF domain signal receptors and multiple quorum sensors. A number of proteins indicate interactions with an as yet unknown host, as indicated by the presence of predicted cell host remodeling enzymes, effector enzymes, hemolysin-like proteins, adhesins, NO reductase, and both type III and type VI secretory complexes. Evidence of biofilm formation including a proposed exopolysaccharide complex and exosortase (epsH) are also present. Annotation described in this paper also reveals evidence for several metabolic pathways that have yet to be observed experimentally, including a sulphur oxidation (sox FCDYZAXB) gene cluster, Calvin cycle enzymes, and proteins involved in nitrogen fixation in other species (including RubisCo, ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase, and nif gene families, respectively). Analysis of the D. aromatica genome indicates there is much to be learned regarding the metabolic capabilities, and life-style, for this microbial species. Examples of recent gene duplication events in signaling as well as dioxygenase clusters are present, indicating selective gene family expansion as a relatively recent event in D. aromatica's evolutionary history. Gene families that constitute metabolic cycles presumed to create D. aromatica' s environmental 'foot-print' indicate a high level of diversification between its predicted capabilities and those of its close relatives, A. aromaticum str EbN1 and Azoarcus BH72.
Structure and dynamics of the N-terminal domain of the Cu(I) binding protein CusB.

CusCFBA is one of the metal efflux systems in Escherichia coli that is highly specific for its substrates, Cu(I) and Ag(I). It serves to protect the bacteria in environments that have lethal concentrations of these metals. The membrane fusion protein CusB is the periplasmic piece of CusCFBA, which has not been fully characterized by crystallography because of its extremely disordered N-terminal region. This region has both structural and functional importance because it has been experimentally proven to transfer the metal by itself from the metallochaperone CusF and to induce a structural change in the rest of CusB to increase Cu(I)/Ag(I) resistance. Understanding metal uptake from the periplasm is critical to gain insight into the mechanism of the whole CusCFBA pump, which makes resolving a structure for the N-terminal region necessary because it contains the metal binding site. We ran extensive molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the structural and dynamic properties of both the apo and Cu(I)-bound...
Deep Water Corals as Fish Food

DIRECT observations reveal fish to be predators on most species of reef corals. Biting of the tip ends of branches, rasping the surface layers of the polyp, and rasping of the algae or other organisms attached to the non-living surface of the coral, are among the many methods used in obtaining the polyp of the coral and associated animals and plants as food. Direct correlations can be obtained between the occurrence of certain kinds of fish and the type of coral—a relationship which may be largely attributed to the sheltering effect of the coral. Hiatt and Strasburg1, however, found a direct relationship between the coral and fish occurrences in terms of both habitat and predation.
Stable isotopic signature of El Niño-Southern Oscillation events in eastern tropical Pacific reef corals

In this study we measured stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in the skeletons of massive reef-building corals (Porites lobata and Pavona gigantea) at four widespread locations in the tropical eastern Pacific, each with a unique marine climate. Annual variation in sea surface temperature (SST) varied from 5–7°C at upwelling sites (Gulf of Panama and Galapagos Islands) to 2–3°C where upwelling was absent [Cano Isand (Costa Rica) and Gulf of Chiriqui (Panama)]. Annual range in salinity was high in the gulfs of Panama and Chiriqui (up to 15‰) and low at Cano Island and Galapagos (2–3‰). We characterize the isotopic signatures of recent (15–40 y long records) El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, particularly the very severe 1982–1983 event. Subannual sampling at 1–2 month resolution reveals that the δ18O signal at Cano Island records strong to very strong ENSOs. In the Gulf of Chiriqui, this signal is governed mainly (80%) by salinity and thus is a weak recorder of ENSO events: only the 1951–1952, 1957–1958 and 1972–1973 events appear as significant δ18O anomalies over the period 1940–1984. In the Gulf of Panama, high variation in both SST and salinity contribute to the δ18O signal. ENSO events at this site are poorly recorded, probably due to ameliorating effects of cool upwelled water during the early stage of the ENSO event. The δ18O record in Galapagos, however, shows a strong correlation with SST and accurately records all but the most severe 1982–1983 ENSO event. Thus, ENSOs are most clearly recorded at sites where salinity variation is minimal. At Cano only strong ENSOs are recorded while mild to strong events appear in the Galapagos record. Nowhere did the δ18O signal accurately record the full range of temperatures that occurred during the 1982–1983 ENSO; however, a stress band on the coral skeleton was evident at all sites. By comparing the δ18O records and skeletal features across sites it may be possible to identify the occurrence of strong to very severe ENSOs prior to instrumental records. The relationship between δ18O and δ13C was examined and found to be significantly positive and in phase (i.e., either depleted or enriched at the same time) at three of the four sites studied. Weak correlations at some sites may be explained by high variability in water column clarity leading to depleted δ13C when waters are cool and surface isolation high.
Association between prescription drug benefit and hospital readmission rates.

Purpose: To determine whether primary care medicine clinic (PCMC) patients with a prescription drug benefit were associated with a lower rate of hospital readmissions. Methods: This study was a retrospective, single-center, cohort study of PCMC patients who had at least 1 hospital readmission in 2011. Eligible patients were divided into 2 groups: patients without prescription drug benefits and patients with prescription drug benefits. Results: Three hundred fifty-two patients met our inclusion criteria. The number of hospital readmissions for patients with a prescription drug benefit was higher than those with no prescription drug benefit (2.453 ± 2.49 vs 1.88 ± 1.91; P = .052). The length of index admission and the length of hospital readmission in days were higher in patients with no prescription drug benefits (index admission, 5.29 ± 6.38 vs 4.59 ± 4.50; P = .428) (readmission, 5.31 ± 5.90 vs 4.48 ± 4.33, P = .166). The number of days to readmission was higher in those with drug benefits (58.12 ± 63.54...
Physical Impacts of Wind and Boat Traffic on Clear Lake, Iowa, USA

ABSTRACT Clear Lake is a shallow (Zmean=2.9 m), eutrophic (TPmean=188 μgL−1) lake that is intensively used forrecreation. After a century of intense agriculture in the watershed, the bottom is covered with nutrient-rich organic sediments. We monitored wind, boat traffic and turbidity and found that resuspension of this sediment by wind-induced waves and recreational boat traffic contributes to daily, often substantial, nutrient fluxes. Intensive monitoring over a wind-event showed that total phosphorus concentrations can increase by 100% over a diel period and ammonia concentrations increase to levels near to those toxic to fish at the peak of winds. GIS of the digitally analyzed lake basin coupled with physical models show that when wind speeds exceed 10 ms−1 (22 mph), >46% of the lake's benthic surface area may become mobile. Wind speeds >20 ms−1 (44 mph) can mobilize >98% of the lake bottom sediment surface area. The correlation between boat traffic and sediment resuspension was weak (r2 = 0.23) in nea...
Automatically Recognizing Facial Indicators of Frustration: A Learning-centric Analysis

Affective and cognitive processes form a rich substrate on which learning plays out. Affective states often influence progress on learning tasks, resulting in positive or negative cycles of affect that impact learning outcomes. Developing a detailed account of the occurrence and timing of cognitive-affective states during learning can inform the design of affective tutorial interventions. In order to advance understanding of learning-centered affect, this paper reports on a study to analyze a video corpus of computer-mediated human tutoring using an automated facial expression recognition tool that detects fine-grained facial movements. The results reveal three significant relationships between facial expression, frustration, and learning: (1) Action Unit 2 (outer brow raise) was negatively correlated with learning gain, (2) Action Unit 4 (brow lowering) was positively correlated with frustration, and (3) Action Unit 14 (mouth dimpling) was positively correlated with both frustration and learning gain. Additionally, early prediction models demonstrated that facial actions during the first five minutes were significantly predictive of frustration and learning at the end of the tutoring session. The results represent a step toward a deeper understanding of learning-centered affective states, which will form the foundation for data-driven design of affective tutoring systems.
Embracing the Abject Other: The Carnival Imagery of Harry Potter

In Rabelais and His World Mikhail Bakhtin traces the history of laughter and the specific impact of Francois Rabelais upon that history, but more important it is the most definitive example of the carnivalesque available to Western scholars to date. By carnivalesque he refers to the traditional language and spectacle associated with folk culture within the carnival season, language and images that represent the universal truths of life, death, and renewal through the grotesque body. Bakhtin’s theories of the characteristics of unbridled freedom illustrate the universality and dissident effects of laughter. The revolutionary or subversive, carnival spirit displayed by the clash between official and unofficial culture bear particular significance upon the Harry Potter series. At the heart of carnival imagery is what Bakhtin defines as the three elements of laughter: “universalism, freedom, and… [their] relation to the people’s unofficial truth” (p. 90). These are the elements of laughter that most adequately characterize Harry Potter’s subjective view of what is good and right. He is at the most basic level an initiate of change who works within the realm of the carnivalesque to illustrate the subversive qualities of laughter in opposition to the official culture the muggle world represents with regards to race. The carnivalesque and grotesque in Harry Potter illustrates an appeal to social transformation through the power of laughter and the reversal of the dominant order of race and racial difference.
Selfcomplementary, selfreverse cyclic nucleotide sequences codonically invariant under frame shifting

A cyclic nucleotide sequence is selfcomplementary if some circular permutation transfers it to a complementary sequence and (independently) is selfreverse if the cyclic order of nucleotides in both directions is the same. Moreover, it is codonically invariant under frame shifting if any shift of its frame does not alter the content and cyclic order of codons. We discuss sequences which may simultaneously have these three properties and exhibit color symmetry. Our considerations are also adapted for respective linear sequences.