cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expanding Beyond Maximum Grade: Chemotherapy Toxicity over Time by Age and Performance Status in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in CALGB 9730 (Alliance A151729)

BACKGROUND Prior comparisons of chemotherapy adverse events (AEs) by age and performance status (PS) are limited by the traditional maximum grade approach, which ignores low-grade AEs and longitudinal changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS To compare fatigue and neuropathy longitudinally by age (<65, ≥65 years) and PS (0-1, 2), we analyzed data from a large phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel versus paclitaxel for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (CALGB 9730, n = 529). We performed multivariable (a) linear mixed models to estimate mean AE grade over time, (b) linear regression to estimate area under the curve (AUC), and (c) proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard ratio of developing grade ≥2 AE, as well as traditional maximum grade analyses. RESULTS Older patients had on average a 0.17-point (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.00-0.34; p = .049) higher mean fatigue grade longitudinally compared with younger patients. PS 2 was associated with earlier development of grade ≥2 fatigue (hazard ratio [HR], 1.56; 95% CI, 1.07-2.27; p = .02). For neuropathy, older age was associated with earlier development of grade ≥2 neuropathy (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.00-1.97; p = .049). Patients with PS 2 had a 1.30 point lower neuropathy AUC (95% CI, -2.36 to -0.25; p = .02) compared with PS 0-1. In contrast, maximum grade analyses only detected a higher percentage of older adults with grade ≥3 fatigue and neuropathy at some point during treatment. CONCLUSION Our comparison of complementary but distinct aspects of chemotherapy toxicity identified important longitudinal differences in fatigue and neuropathy by age and PS that are missed by the traditional maximum grade approach. Clinical trial identification number: NCT00003117 (CALGB 9730) IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The traditional maximum grade approach ignores persistent low-grade adverse events (AEs) and changes over time. This toxicity over time analysis of fatigue and neuropathy during chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer demonstrates how to use longitudinal methods to comprehensively characterize AEs over time by age and performance status (PS). We identified important longitudinal differences in fatigue and neuropathy that are missed by the maximum grade approach. This new information about how older adults and patients with PS 2 experience these toxicities longitudinally may be used clinically to improve discussions about treatment options and what to expect to inform shared decision making and symptom management.
The economic value of unsupplied electricity: Evidence from Nepal

Abstract Employing two complementary pieces of information from a nationally-representative sample of grid-connected consumers in Nepal - revealed coping behavior and stated willingness to pay (WTP) - this paper analyzes the demand for electricity reliability. First, ex-ante WTP values are estimated for households and firms under different electricity tariff categories. The results indicate substantial heterogeneity in needs and preferences for electricity reliability across and within residential and non-residential tariff categories. The obtained WTP values are then regressed on a set of household- and firm-level observable characteristics to determine the predictors of demand for reliability. Third, predictions by ex-ante WTP estimates are validated using ex-post changes in electricity consumption levels due to countrywide reliability improvements in Nepal. For policy-making purposes, the findings highlight the importance of conducting a detailed analysis of households' preferences and firms' opportunity costs when evaluating the costs and benefits of electricity reliability investments.
A simple approach for reconstruction of non-uniformly sampled pseudo-3D NMR data for accurate measurement of spin relaxation parameters

We explain how to conduct a pseudo-3D relaxation series NUS measurement so that it can be reconstructed by existing 3D NUS reconstruction methods to give accurate relaxation values. We demonstrate using reconstruction algorithms IST and SMILE that this 3D approach allows lower sampling densities than for independent 2D reconstructions. This is in keeping with the common finding that higher dimensionality increases signal sparsity, enabling lower sampling density. The approach treats the relaxation series as ordinary 3D time-domain data whose imaginary part in the pseudo-dimension is zero, and applies any suitably linear 3D NUS reconstruction method accordingly. Best results on measured and simulated data were achieved using acquisitions with 9 to 12 planes and exponential spacing in the pseudo-dimension out to ~ 2 times the inverse decay time. Given these criteria, in typical cases where 2D reconstructions require 50% sampling, the new 3D approach generates spectra reliably at sampling densities of 25%.
Cinematic Chaos, Catastrophe, and Unpredictable Embrace

This chapter studies how unpredictable change is understood through concepts like of fractals, chaos theory, catastrophe theory, perfect storms, and climate models in feature films from 1982 to 2019, both as narrative themes and as spectacular simulation-based animations. Positing a particular mode of visual effects spectatorship, the chapter observes how narrative, theme, and spectacular images represent these concepts in congress. Over the period surveyed, these representations shift from sublime overwhelming images of disastrous events to more recent examples that embrace chaos as a source of creativity and knowledge.
Betti numbers of the conormal module of licci rings

We establish lower bounds for the Betti numbers of the conormal module for licci ideals in a regular local ring. In particular, for a licci Gorenstein ideal I, the i-th Betti number of I/I $$I/I^{2}$$ is at least $$5f_{2i-1}$$ , for $$i\ge 1$$ , where $$f_{n}$$ is the n-th Fibonacci number.
The Viennese Ballroom in the Age of Beethoven

The repertoire of the early Viennese ballroom was highly influential in the broader histories of both social dance and music in nineteenth-century Europe. Yet music scholarship has traditionally paid little attention to ballroom dance music before the era of the Strauss dynasty, with the exception of a handful of dances by Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. This book positions Viennese social dances in their specific performing contexts and investigates the wider repertoire of the Viennese ballroom in the decades around 1800, most of which stems from dozens of non-canonical composers. Close examination of this material yields new insights into the social contexts associated with familiar dance types, and reveals that the ballroom repertoire of this period connected with virtually every aspect of Viennese musical life, from opera and concert music to the emerging category of entertainment music that was later exemplified by the waltzes of Lanner and Strauss.
Controlling Multiple Satellite Constellations Using the TEAMAgent System

There is an increasing desire in many organizations, including NASA, to use constellations or fleets of autonomous spacecraft working together to accomplish complex mission objectives. Coordinating the activities of all the satellites in a constellation is not a trivial task, however.
Pictures vs Words: Some Discrepant Results:

140 fourth grade children and 80 adults were tested for free recall of pictures or the corresponding words. Half the Ss had an immediate recall test, half a 48-hr. delayed test. There was no difference in over-all recall of pictures or words, but correlations and intrusion errors did suggest different processing strategies.
THE COURSE OF GROWTH RETARDATION IN CHILDREN WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS

38 children with adequate height data were culled from a larger series of children with onset of ulcerative colitis (u.c.) before age 16, Data were analyzed to determine growth patterns as influenced by the disease itself, corticosteroid therapy and surgery. 8 patients were retarded in height at the onset of symptoms. In 5 the terminal ileum was not involved. 21 patients were treated only medically. 6 received azul-fidine or rectal steroids - “low dose steroid” ( 12 mg/m2/day cortisol). Of these, 11 had growth retardation lasting 6 months or longer although 2 showed accelerated growth at a reduced dose; 4 had retardation lasting less than 6 months. 17 patients were treated by subtotal or total colectomy (all had received some prior steroid therapy). 14 showed significant growth increases postoperatively; one showed no height increase. It is concluded that growth retardation, a well known complication of u.c. in childhood, may manifest itself for years prior to the onset of bowel symptoms similar to ileitis. Although it is difficult to separate the effects of the disease from those of steroid, it is apparent that “high-dose steroid” therapy significantly depresses growth. Colectomy will reverse the growth retarding effect of the u.c. if not delayed too long. Growth retardation, if not reversed by medical therapy, may be an indication for surgery.
How I Prepare a Manuscript for Publication in a Medical Journal

Introduction Since 1961, I have annually published a number of manuscripts in medical journals. This work has been enormously rewarding but continually challenging. My purpose here is to describe how I prepare a manuscript for publication in a medical journal.
Sensorimotor posture control in the blind: superior ankle proprioceptive acuity does not compensate for vision loss.

Abstract To better understand sensorimotor posture control differences between blind and sighted individuals, we examined the role of ankle joint proprioception and ankle muscle strength on postural control in healthy blind ( n = 13, 25–58 years) and age- and sex-matched sighted ( n = 15, 20–65 years) volunteers. We measured ankle joint proprioceptive acuity and isokinetic muscle strength in plantarflexion and dorsiflexion using an isokinetic dynamometer. We also assessed postural control performance during quiet bipedal stance with and without sudden postural perturbations, and during quiet unipedal stance. We found that while our blind subjects exhibited significantly better proprioceptive acuity than our sighted subjects their postural control performance was significantly poorer than that of the sighted group with eyes open, and no different from that of the sighted group with eyes closed suggesting that their superior proprioceptive acuity does not translate to improved balance control.
Dynamic surface tension: Prediction of surface viscosity relaxation effects on capillary ripple properties

Abstract Ripple interferometers of the type devised by Mann and Hansen are being developed to the precision and accuracy level that allow the experimental study of subtle interfacial viscoelastic effects. Paralleling the experimental work has been an effort to deepen the theoretical models devised to interpret the observable ripple wave numbers and damping coefficients. We report the principal results of a numerical study of the ripple field equations. We focused on relaxation effects beyond that associated with diffusion transport from the substrate to the surface, in particular, the surface compression viscosity coefficient was modeled in terms of a single relaxation time that would correspond to molecular reordering effects in the surface. The dispersion of the wave numbers and damping coefficients for both the almost transverse and almost longitudinal ripple modes was calculated for a range of relaxation parameters and monolayer states. The physical meaning and relevancy of the results with respect to the biomembrane structure-function problem are discussed.
The kinetic influence of increasing steric hindrance to metallation by zinc(II) which accompanies the inclusion of 5,10,15,20-meso (tetraphenyl) porphyrin into capped and quadruply bridged closely spaced bis-porphyrin structures

The solvent system toluene:acetic acid:methanol = 5:20:75% (vol./vol.) has been developed for metallation of porphyrins. This system is quite suitable for kinetic studies because it affords stable homogeneous solutions of porphyrins plus metal salts. In this solvent system, Zn2+ insertion into TPP (IH2) is more than 104 times faster than observed in DMF. Kinetics of Zn2+ incorporation into other porphyrins, C4-capped porphyrin (IIH2) cofacial bis-porphyrin (IIIH4) and spheroidal bis-porphyrin (IVH4) were then studied in this mixed solvent at 30.0 °C. It is found that Zn2+ insertion into IIIH4 is first order in both [Zn2+] and [IIIH4]. The final kinetic product was characterized as IIIZn2. The mono Zn2+ insertion product (IIIZnH2) was separately synthesized and characterized. The kinetics of the stepwise Zn2+ insertion leading to IIIZn2 was followed by HPLC. The second order rate constants for the first and second insertion reactions are comparable (0.59 and 0.21 s−1 M−1). Because both sides of the bis-porphyrin IVH4 are fully protected, the metallation was extremely slow. The relative rates of Zn2+ insertion into the four porphyrins (IH2, IIIH4, IIH2, IVH4) are 32 000 000:480 000:3 000:1.
Paradoxical Stimulation of a DEG/ENaC Channel by Amiloride

Extracellular amiloride inhibits all known DEG/ENaC ion channels, including BNC1, a proton-activated human neuronal cation channel. Earlier studies showed that protons cause a conformational change that activates BNC1 and exposes residue 430 to the extracellular solution. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to blocking BNC1, amiloride also exposes residue 430. This result suggested that, like protons, amiloride might be capable of activating the channel. To test this hypothesis, we introduced a mutation in the BNC1 pore that reduces amiloride block, and found that amiloride stimulated these channels. Amiloride inhibition was voltage-dependent, suggesting block within the pore, whereas stimulation was not, suggesting binding to an extracellular site. These data show that amiloride can have two distinct effects on BNC1, and they suggest two different interaction sites. The results suggest that extracellular amiloride binding may have a stimulatory effect similar to that of protons in BNC1 or extracellular ligands in other DEG/ENaC channels.
Universal Design for Early Childhood Education: Ensuring Access and Equity for All

This article introduces the framework of Universal Design for Early Childhood Education (UDECE). The goal of the framework is to synthesize best practices within the field of early childhood education and special education, providing a template to support access and equity for all children. The UDECE framework includes examination of issues of access, the provision of high quality educational practices, and issues of accountability for success and equity. By placing the needs of all children at the core, UDECE extends philosophies embracing full inclusion into pathways through which this goal can be supported.
Hypothermia Eliminates Isoflurane Requirements at 20° C

BACKGROUND Hypothermia decreases anesthetic requirements, but the temperature that completely eliminates anesthetic needs has not been previously determined. METHODS Eight female goats were anesthetized with isoflurane and catheters were placed in the femoral artery and cranial vena cava, after which the right carotid artery and external jugular vein were dissected free. Peripheral temperature was monitored in the rectum and core temperature in the vena cava. A thermistor was placed in the epidural space via a small burr hole to monitor brain temperature. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for isoflurane was determined by eliciting gross, purposeful movement with a tail clamp. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was established using bubble oxygenators with venous blood drained from a jugular vein and arterial blood infused with a roller pump into the carotid artery. The animals were cooled to approximately 29 degrees C, and MAC redetermined, after which further cooling to 20 degrees C was accomplished. Isoflurane was eliminated, core and brain temperature adjusted in 2-3 degrees C increments, and the tail clamp applied until two temperatures were found that just permitted and just prevented movement. The animals were rewarmed, isoflurane added, and post-CPB MAC determined. RESULTS At 38.5 degrees C, pre-CPB MAC was 1.3 +/- 0.1% (mean +/- SEM). At 29.0 degrees C, MAC was 0.7 +/- 0.1%, and the anesthetizing temperature was 20.1 +/- 0.6 degrees C. At 37.3 degrees C, post-CPB MAC was 1.0 +/- 0.1% (P < 0.05 vs. pre-CPB). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the rectilinear decrease in MAC seen in previous studies and establishes the anesthetizing temperature at 20 degrees C.
Beyond the 3+3 method: expanded algorithms for dose- escalation in Phase I oncology trials of two agents:

Background The number of published Phase I trials for determining a maximum tolerated combination of two agents is increasing, with a majority of those trials suffering from poor study design. A re...
Off-Loading Of A Cylindrical Optic To Simulate Zero-Gravity

The problems have long been recognized in supporting a conventional, disc-shaped optical element in the presence of gravity, so as to minimize the gravity-induced deflections. With the increasing size and quality of optics that are being used in space come correspondingly difficult problems in simulating a zero-gravity situation while supporting the optic on Earth. These problems are made worse by the fact that no additional stresses and strains should be introduced into the optic as it slowly changes shape because of, for instance, temperature drifts. In other words, a zero-gravity support should be kinematic. In this paper, we present a scheme for a zero-gravity support for a cylindrical optic. The type of optic being considered is used in grazing incidence X-ray telescopes, and consists of a cylindrical shell with a reflecting surface on the inside of the cylinder. The zero-gravity support presented permits extremely small gravity-induced deflections, yet contacts the mirror in only four places, and is therefore rather easily made kinematic. Moreover, no counterbalances or calibrated forces are needed - the distribution of the weight of the mirror itself guarantees that the off-loading will be calibrated correctly. We discuss the application of this concept for the alignment of an X-ray telescope. Using some thin-member approximations, we give some analytical approximations of the deflections. Also, some results of a finite element method analysis of the support are given. These results are interpreted in terms of a previously published set of functions that are orthonormal over the surface of a cylinder.
MAGNEQUENCH ND-FE-B MAGNETS

ABSTRACT The advent of MAGNEQUENCH neodymium-iron-boron materials having excellent magnetic properties and potential economic advantages has initiated a new era in permanent magnet technology. These magnets have already been used in cranking motors, stepping motors, etc. Different kinds of isotropic powders have been developed having high and low coercivities for use in varied applications. The properties of these powders are discussed. The properties of fully dense isotropic (MQ2) and anisotropic magnets (MQ3) are given. Anisotropic powders produced from hot deformed magnets are stable and it contrasts sharply with those prepared from sintered magnets. These anisotropic powders can be molded into bonded magnets with energy products of 15-17 MGOe.
Immunotoxin sensitivity of Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human transferrin receptors with differing internalization rates.

Previous studies have shown that immunotoxin action is dependent upon selective binding to the target cell, internalization and then passage into the cytosol. It is important to define precisely how these critical steps are controlled so that the underlying relationship of each to high cytotoxic effectiveness is understood. In order to evaluate the contribution of internalization rate and receptor number on immunotoxin potency, the effects of an anti-(transferrin receptor, TfR)/ricin A chain immunotoxin, 7D3-A, were assessed on a parent Chinese hamster ovary cell line developed in our laboratory with no TfR (TfRneg) and two lines transfected with either wild-type TfR (Tfrwt) or an internalization-deficient (TfR(delta 7-58del)) mutated human TfR. Potent, receptor-mediated cytotoxicity resulted from the action of 7D3-A on TfRwt cells (ID50 100 nM). Butyrate up-regulation substantially increased receptor expression on the TfRwt and TfR(delta 7-58del) cells, but no corresponding rise in sensitivity to 7D3-A was observed. In contrast, immunotoxin potency was increased by co-treatment of TfRwt cells with the carboxylic ionophore monensin and the effect was even more pronounced for TfR(delta 7-58del) cells. We conclude that internalization rate or intracellular destination is a much more important determinant of immunotoxin efficacy than receptor number.
Teacher Testing and the Historically Black College

George asserts that "entrance-gate" tests will have an adverse effect on minority populations seeking admission to teacher education programs. The ef fects may be particularly acute for histor ically black institutions. The author out lines three specific strategies for dealing with the teacher testing issue, one of which entails the use of multiple en trance-gate criteria, and she describes the direct impact of admission and exit testing on the Nation's elementary and secondary students who are in need of positive minority role models.
Recognition of DNA, RNA, and Proteins by Circular Oligonucleotides.

While the backbone organization of DNA and RNA is normally quite regular, there are many structural forms which these molecules can adapt by undergoing various secondary and tertiary helical and folded interactions, by being subjected to twisting and bending, and by interconversion between various topological and knotted variations. Probably the most common structural form of DNA in nature is a long double helix in which the ends are joined into a circle. The genomes of most lower organisms are organized in this way,1 and clearly this circular structure lends some important advantage to these organisms or evolution would not have selected for it. Most chemists are chiefly interested in structure and reactivity of molecules smaller than entire bacterial genomes; such large circular DNAs will not be discussed herein for that reason. Of particular interest, then, is the question: what are the smallest cyclic DNAs or RNAs which exist in nature? For DNA, the answer appears to be several hundred to perhaps 1500 nucleotides (nt), which is still rather large. For RNA, probably the smallest known circular structures are the viroid RNAs, which are single-stranded and as small as 246 nucleotides in size.2 However, this is far from the smallest possible cyclic nucleic acid structure. Duplex DNA can exist in circles at least as small as 125 bp (base pairs);3 cyclic structures smaller than this are difficult to achieve because of the rigidity of the double helix.4 Single-stranded DNA and RNAs do not have this problem, and rings as small as two nucleotides are known.5 Thus, the realm of possible cyclic DNA and RNA structures falls easily into the size range most palatable to chemists. Interestingly, although small synthetic circular DNAs had been reported a number of times as early as in 1968,6 prior to 1990 there were no reported studies investigating the effect of this quite significant structural modification on DNA’s molecular recognition properties. Despite this, there was quite reasonable precedent that such a structural alteration might have a large effect on such recognition properties. Indeed, in recent decades it has become widely recognized that macrocyclic molecular structures can have strong advantages in the formation of noncovalent complexes.7 Among these advantages (relative to noncyclic molecules of similar structure) are tighter binding affinity and greater specificity for binding the target of interest. The advent of simple synthetic approaches to the construction of oligonucleotides has led to an explosion of studies aimed at studying and modifying their noncovalent binding properties. In our early work we proposed that the principle of macrocyclic recognition could also be applied to nucleic acids in small synthetic well-defined systems. The testing of that hypothesis is the subject of this Account.
Hypothermia Improves Defibrillation Success and Resuscitation Outcomes From Ventricular Fibrillation

Background— Induced hypothermia is recommended to improve neurological outcomes in unconscious survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest. Patients resuscitated from a VF arrest are at risk of refibrillation, but there are few data on the effects of already existing hypothermia on defibrillation and resuscitation. Methods and Results— Thirty-two swine (mean±SE weight, 23.0±0.6 kg) were divided into 4 groups: normothermia (n=8), mild hypothermia (35°C) (n=8), moderate hypothermia (33°C) (n=8), and severe hypothermia (30°C) (n=8). Hypothermia was induced by surrounding the animal with ice, and VF was electrically induced. After 8 minutes of unsupported VF (no CPR), the swine were defibrillated (biphasic waveform) with successive shocks as needed and underwent CPR until resumption of spontaneous circulation or no response (≥10 minutes). First-shock defibrillation success was higher in the moderate hypothermia group (6 of 8 hypothermia versus 1 of 8 normothermia; P=0.04). The nu...
Schizophrenia-like psychosis and cerebellar degeneration

Neuroimaging studies have suggested an association between a variety of structural brain abnormalities and schizophrenia, including lateral and third ventricular enlargement, cortical atrophy, medial temporal lobe and cerebellar vermian atrophy (Sharif et al., 1993; Weinberger et al., 1979). This latter finding, however, did not receive much attention from researchers, and the cerebellum has rarely been viewed as a potential site of pathology relevant to schizophrenia. In this case study we present a patient with cerebellar degeneration and schizophrenia-like psychosis and discuss the possible relationship between these two conditions.
Calcium carbonate cement (caliche) in Keweenawan sedimentary rocks (∼ 1.1 Ga), upper Peninsula of Michigan

Abstract A complex caliche profile, and numerous widespread zones of carbonate cement occur in a thick sequence of fluvial siliciclastic sandstones and conglomerates that were deposited in the Lake Superior basin during and after continental basaltic volcanism, as interflow conglomerates of the Portage Lake Volcanics and as the Oronto Group. In conglomerates the carbonate cement forms discontinuous zones, up to 60 cm thick and several meters in length, consisting of up to 25 vol.% carbonate. Whereas the caliche horizon at the Centennial Mine shows typical upward-grading features characteristic of pedogenic caliche, the widespread sparry carbonate cement is less diagnostic. It is interpreted also as caliche for the following reasons: (1) it predates regional epidote metamorphism; (2) a caliche profile has been described from the same strata; (3) textures characteristic of caliche such as carbonate-rimmed pebbles, pendulose calcite on pebbles, sand grains floating in a carbonate matrix, and exfoliated chlorite; (4) possible vadoids; (5) the carbonate-rich zones are widespread stratigraphically and geographically in basinward-inclined alluvial fans, and (6) the distribution of these zones, and the total quantity of contained carbonate requires other than a point source for the origin of the carbonate. Several lines of evidence suggest that the prevailing climate may have been arid, with a fluctuating, perhaps seasonal rainfall pattern required for caliche: (1) a paleolatitude about 30° north; (2) carbonate-filled shrinkage cracks denoting high evaporation; (3) intermittent, flashy, or ephemeral streams recorded locally in fluvial beds by numerous superimposed horizons of mud-chip conglomerate, enormous, previously cemented mudstone rip-ups; and desiccation-cracked mud drapes. Interpretation of the cement as vadose caliche is compatible with a sedimentation model for the region as a semi-arid intermontane basin, flanked by alluvial fans and with a central saline lake.
Two-phase ozonation of chlorinated organics

Abstract Although ozonation is an effective advanced oxidation process for the destruction of hazardous organic pollutants, a single-phase ozonation system is limited by low ozone solubility, low ozone stability, and a lack of selective oxidation potential. These problems may be overcome by mixing a non-polar fluorinated hydrocarbon solvent (FC40) with the aqueous solution. The primary advantages of the FC40 solvent are that it is non-toxic, reusable, has an ozone solubility 10 times that of water, and that 85% of the ozone remains in the solvent even after 2 h. This novel two-phase process has been utilized to study the rapid destruction of trichlorophenol (TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (DCB), and trichloroethylene (TCE). Our results show that 98% of a 50 mg/l solution of TCP can be degraded 30 s if a molar ratio of 12 moles ozone/mole TCP is utilized. Further studies have reported that the two-phase system is capable of degrading nearly 92% of a 10 mg/l solution of pentachlorophenol (PCP) within 1 min when a ratio of 4.3 moles ozone/mole PCP is used. Also, 80% of a 78 mg/l solution of 1,3 dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) is degraded within 5 min for a 21.2 molar ratio of ozone/1,3-DCB. Furthermore, these reaction rates are not altered significantly even if high concentrations of sodium bicarbonate, a free radical scavenger, are present in the aqueous phase.
Self-consistent field cluster study of hyperfine properties of normal and anomalous muonium in elemental semiconductors

Using the Unrestricted Hartree Fock (UHF) Cluster Procedure, it is shown that for the normal muonium (Mu) center, the tetrahedral site is the most favorable in the two systems diamond and silicon investigated, while for the anomalous muonium (Mu*) center, a site displaced in the direction with respect to a vacancy in a double-positively charged environment is the appropriate one for all three elemental semiconductors. Using our calculated electronic wave-functions, one is able to explain all features of the observed hyperfine properties of both centers and, in a number of cases, obtain good quantitative agreement with experiment.
Pharyngitis: Diagnosis and Management

Children and young adults visit physicians more often for sore throats than any other problem or symptom. Pharyngitis or tonsillitis is diagnosed 12 million times a year in persons less than 21 years of age.1 An additional 12 to 60 million cases are never brought to medical attention. Up to a decade ago there seemed to be agreement on what one should do for this common problem: treat only those patients identified by throat cultures as having group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis. As the epidemiology of infectious pharyngitis and its sequelae has changed, this strategy has come under increasing scrutiny. It is now argued that it is not always possible to implement this time-honored policy and it may not even be cost effective. Today it is estimated that nearly 70% of patients with pharyngitis do not have their throat cultured whereas 25% receive an injection at the time of their initial visit. The considerable variation in recommendations that is encountered when reading the literature stems from the frailties of existing data and value judgments. This paper shall review briefly the current status of our knowledge about pharyngitis and the implications of choosing from alternative diagnostic and management approaches. Although a patient complaining of a sore throat may have an irritation in the trachea and epiglottis, an inflamed pharynx is most often responsible.
A New Approach to Study and Compare the Annual Performance of Liquid and Solid Desiccant Cooling Systems

Desiccant cooling systems, considered one of the sustainable air conditioning technologies, have been attractive for researchers to be studied for many years. In this paper, the modeling and simulation of a packed tower liquid dehumidifier and regenerator as well as a solid desiccant wheel are presented. The simplified equations that predict the air conditions after passing these systems are developed. This approach is quick and does not need a lengthy computer calculation and large memory capacity. Liquid and solid desiccant cooling cycles are presented and using this approach, the performance of these systems is calculated for weather data of a reference year and different climates in the United States. These systems are compared regarding their energy and water consumption based on this new approach. The first results show that liquid desiccant systems, without technology improvements, have the large sizes at lower capacities and have lower coefficients of performance than solid desiccant cooling systems.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Site concentration determinations in liquid ion exchange membranes: Theory and techniques

Abstract The usual TMS model for potentials of thick, fixed-site ion exchangers has been extended to liquid ion exchanger systems. The aim is a theory which allows a quantity proportional to site concentration to be experimentally determined from potentiometric measurements. Potential responses for single activity variations in one bathing solution, and for double activity variations (Meyer-Bernfeld technique) are derived, from which site concentration/salt partition coefficient information can be evaluated. The entire theory for site determinations in liquid ion exchange membranes is illustrated using digital simulation techniques. A new standard addition method is proposed for site concentration determinations, in a way that allows experimentally, the separation of site concentrations from multiplicative terms including partition coefficients and activity coefficients.
Abnormal cognition and behavior in preterm neonates linked to smaller brain volumes

Volumetric measurements of the brain regions in eight-year-old children indicate that the poor cognitive and behavioral outcomes noted in ex-preterm neonates are associated with reduced volumes of specific regions in the brain. Recent literature suggests that this reduction might result from enhanced apoptosis or excitotoxic damage to highly susceptible immature neurons.
A comparison of generalized and modified sample biserial correlation estimators

In a recent paper, Bedrick derived the asymptotic distribution of Lord's modified sample biserial correlation estimator and studied its efficiency for bivariate normal populations. We present a more detailed examination of the properties of Lord's estimator and several competitors, including Brogden's estimator. We show that Lord's estimator is more efficient for three nonnormal distributions than a generalization of Pearson's sample biserial estimator. In addition, Lord's estimator is reasonably efficient relative to the maximum likelihood estimator for these distributions. These conclusions are consistent with Bedrick's results for the bivariate normal distribution. We also study the small sample bias and variance of Lord's estimator, and the coverage properties of several confidence interval estimates.
TITANIUM AND REDUCED TITANIA OVERLAYERS ON TITANIUM DIOXIDE (110)

Abstract The adsorption of titanium on titanium dioxide TiO 2 (110) has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low energy ion scattering (LEIS). The XPS data for Ti overlayers are interpreted using peak fitting based on experimental standard spectra. 4 A of Ti deposited at 150 K reacts with the substrate to produce ≈ 12 A of intermediate oxidation state Ti. Adsorption of neutral metal begins on top of this interface oxide film, but 20 A of deposited Ti are needed to cover the oxide completely. LEIS data indicate a tendency for clustering of Ti on top of the interface oxide. Ar + sputtering of stoichiometric TiO 2 leads to preferential loss of O from the near surface region. This reduction of the clean, annealed oxide surface by Ar + ion bombardment starts immediately and does not reach a steady state until 3 × 10 17 ions cm −2 , at which point the reduced overlayer is 17 A thick.
Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the skin integrity at PICC line sites.

To determine the effects of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) on skin inflammation and stratum corneum barrier integrity at peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) sites among patients in the neonatal intensive care setting. In a within-subject design, PICC sites with CHG plus semipermeable dressing (PICC) were compared with contralateral dressing sites and untreated controls among 40 neonates (gestational age 32.1±4.7) at weekly dressing changes, using quantitative measures of skin erythema, dryness and barrier integrity (transepidermal water loss, TEWL). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and linear mixed methods. At week 1, all three sites differed for erythema with the highest value indicating poorer skin condition at the PICC site. Dressing-site erythema was higher than the untreated control. Dryness and TEWL were higher, indicating poorer skin integrity, for the PICC site than either the dressing or the control. After 2 weeks, erythema and dryness scores were higher for the PICC site than the dressing and control skin. By week 3, scores were comparable for PICC and dressing sites and both were higher than the control for erythema and dryness. After 3 weeks, PICC skin TEWL was higher than both dressing and control and they did not differ from each other. The dressings used to secure PICC lines contribute to the observed skin compromise at CHG-treated skin sites and may affect skin barrier development in similar populations of neonates.
Regulation of inositol metabolism is fine-tuned by inositol pyrophosphates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Although inositol pyrophosphates have diverse roles in phosphate signaling and other important cellular processes, little is known about their functions in the biosynthesis of inositol and phospholipids. Here, we show that KCS1, which encodes an inositol pyrophosphate kinase, is a regulator of inositol metabolism. Deletion of KCS1, which blocks synthesis of inositol pyrophosphates on the 5-hydroxyl of the inositol ring, causes inositol auxotrophy and decreased intracellular inositol and phosphatidylinositol. These defects are caused by a profound decrease in transcription of INO1, which encodes myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase. Expression of genes that function in glycolysis, transcription, and protein processing is not affected in kcs1Δ. Deletion of OPI1, the INO1 transcription repressor, does not fully rescue INO1 expression in kcs1Δ. Both the inositol pyrophosphate kinase and the basic leucine zipper domains of KCS1 are required for INO1 expression. Kcs1 is regulated in response to inositol, as Kcs1 protein levels are increased in response to inositol depletion. The Kcs1-catalyzed production of inositol pyrophosphates from inositol pentakisphosphate but not inositol hexakisphosphate is indispensable for optimal INO1 transcription. We conclude that INO1 transcription is fine-tuned by the synthesis of inositol pyrophosphates, and we propose a model in which modulation of Kcs1 controls INO1 transcription by regulating synthesis of inositol pyrophosphates. Background: Regulation of inositol metabolism is crucial for cellular functions. Results: Inositol pyrophosphate-deficient cells exhibit defective inositol biosynthesis. Protein levels of the inositol pyrophosphate biosynthetic enzyme Kcs1 are dynamically altered in response to inositol. Conclusion: INO1 transcription and inositol biosynthesis are regulated by modulation of inositol pyrophosphate synthesis. Significance: Inositol pyrophosphates are novel regulators of biosynthesis of inositol and inositol phospholipids.
Using the ASEBA to Screen for Callous Unemotional Traits in Early Childhood: Factor Structure, Temporal Stability, and Utility

This study evaluated a five-item screening measure of Callous Unemotional (CU) traits using items drawn from the Preschool Form of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). Using data from the Durham Child Health and Development study (N = 178), confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that CU items could be distinguished from Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant (ODD) items. The two-year stability (N = 137) of CU (ϕ = .84) was comparable to that of ADHD (ϕ = .79) and ODD (ϕ = .69). Three groups of children were selected based on parent-rated ODD and CU behaviors at the 36-month assessment (N = 37; ODD+CU, N = 7; ODD-only, N = 12; non-ODD, N = 18). Multiple measures of infant temperament predicted group membership with 84% accuracy. Consistent with Frick and Morris’ (Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 33(1):54–68, 2004) hypotheses, ODD+CU and ODD-only children exhibited temperamental profiles in infancy that were consistent with low fear and emotionally dysregulated pathways into conduct problems, respectively.
Transcriptional enhancers play a major role in gene expression.

Transcriptional enhancer sequences have been shown to play a pivotal role in the regulation of some highly expressed genes. First described in eukaryotic viruses, the discovery of enhancers has augmented the previously defined control-sequence motifs to give a more complete understanding of eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Some properties of enhancers that distinguish them from other regulatory sequences include their ability to function in a position- and orientation-independent manner. Furthermore, the observation that some enhancers and transcriptional promoters exhibit tissue specificity in their activity has generated considerable interest. Enhancer activation is thought to involve sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins but the process by which this leads to an increase in the initiation of transcription remains obscure. Although viral enhancers are more fully characterized, several cellular enhancers have recently been identified. One such enhancer sequence has been detected in a 3′ flanking region of a highly expressed human placental lactogen gene. This enhancer can increase the transcriptional rate of an adjacent gene by at least 50-fold.
An image and spectrum acquisition system for a VG HB501 stem using a color graphics workstation

Abstract A color graphics computer workstation (VAXstation 3200) has been interfaced to a VG HB501A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) for image and spectrum acquisition. The system is capable of acquiring electron energy-loss (EELS) and Auger spectra in analog and pulse counting modes (both use serial recording). High-resolution images may also be acquired singly or in pairs (simultaneous bright field and annular dark field. BF/ADF or simultaneous Auger and secondary image). The system is totally isolated (optically) from the STEM and includes computer-aided focusing using image variance and histogram methods. Various measurements of the performance speed are given and the system hardware and software are described.
Evaluating cloud computing in the NASA DESDynI ground data system

The proposed NASA Deformation, Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics of Ice (DESDynI) mission would be a first-of-breed endeavor that would fundamentally change the paradigm by which Earth Science data systems at NASA are built. DESDynI is evaluating a distributed architecture where expert science nodes around the country all engage in some form of mission processing and data archiving. This is compared to the traditional NASA Earth Science missions where the science processing is typically centralized. What's more, DESDynI is poised to profoundly increase the amount of data collection and processing well into the 5 terabyte/day and tens of thousands of job range, both of which comprise a tremendous challenge to DESDynI's proposed distributed data system architecture. In this paper, we report on a set of architectural trade studies and benchmarks meant to inform the DESDynI mission and the broader community of the impacts of these unprecedented requirements. In particular, we evaluate the benefits of cloud computing and its integration with our existing NASA ground data system software called Apache Object Oriented Data Technology (OODT). The preliminary conclusions of our study suggest that the use of the cloud and OODT together synergistically form an effective, efficient and extensible combination that could meet the challenges of NASA science missions requiring DESDynI-like data collection and processing volumes at reduced costs.
A facile enzymatic resolution process for the preparation of (+)-S-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid (naproxen)

Abstract (+)- S -2-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid ( 1 ) has been prepared via enzymatic enantlospecific hydrolysis of(±)-chloroethyl-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) propionate ( 3 ), catalyzed by the lipase of Candida cylindracea.
UNPROVABLE ASSUMPTIONS? THE REASONS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF TWELVE WHO FAVOR CENSORSHIP

(1978). UNPROVABLE ASSUMPTIONS? THE REASONS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF TWELVE WHO FAVOR CENSORSHIP. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 156-161.
The micromechanics of fatigue crack growth at 25 °C in Ti-6Al-4V reinforced with SCS-6 fibers

Micromechanics parameters for fatigue cracks growing perpendicular to fibers were measured for the center-notched specimen geometry. Fiber displacements, measured through small port holes in the matrix made by electropolishing, were used to determine fiber stresses, which ranged from 1.1 to 4 GPa. Crack opening displacements at maximum load and residual crack opening displacements at minimum load were measured. Matrix was removed along the crack flanks after completion of the tests to reveal the extent and nature of the fiber damage. Analyses were made of these parameters, and it was found possible to link the extent of fiber debonding to residual COD and the shear stress for fiber sliding to COD. Measured experimental parameters were used to compute crack growth rates using a well-known fracture mechanics model for fiber bridging tailored to these experiments.
Evolution and Extinction of Afro-Arabian Primates Near the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary

Revised age estimates for the primate-bearing localities of the Jebel Qatrani Formation (Fayum area, northern Egypt) have provided a new perspective on primate response to early Oligocene climate change in North Africa. Environmental changes associated with early Oligocene cooling might have driven the local extinction of at least 4 strepsirrhine primate clades (adapids, djebelemurines, plesiopithecids and galagids). Contrary to previous suggestions, oligopithecid (and possibly proteopithecid) anthropoids persisted beyond the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (EOB) in the Fayum area, and the former group evidently continued to diversify through the early Oligocene at lower latitudes. Propliopithecids and parapithecine parapithecids first appear in the Jebel Qatrani Formation millions of years after the EOB, so their derived dental and gnathic features can no longer be interpreted as sudden adaptive morphological responses to earliest Oligocene climatic events. Evidence for latitudinal contraction of Afro-Arabian primate distribution through the early Oligocene suggests that the profound late Oligocene restructuring of Afro-Arabian primate communities is most likely to have occurred in equatorial and low-latitude tropical Africa.