cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Invariant Signatures and Flows in Computer Vision: A Symmetry Group Approach

Computer vision deals with image understanding at various levels. At the low level, it addresses issues such us planar shape recognition and analysis. Some classical results on differential invariants associated to planar curves are relevant to planar object recognition under different views and partial occlusion, and recent results concerning the evolution of planar shapes under curvature controlled diffusion have found applications in geometric shape decomposition, smoothing, and analysis, as well as in other image processing applications. In this work we first give a modern approach to the theory of differential invariants, describing concepts like Lie theory, jets, and prolongations. Based on this and the theory of symmetry groups, we present a high level way of defining invariant geometric flows for a given Lie group. We then analyze in detail different subgroups of the projective group, which are of special interest for computer vision. We classify the corresponding invariant flows and show that the geometric heat flow is the simplest possible one. This uniqueness result, together with previously reported results which we review in this chapter, confirms the importance of this class of flows. Results on invariant geometric flows of surfaces are presented at the end of the chapter as well.
Weak Scale Supersymmetry: From Superfields to Scattering Events

Supersymmetric models of particle physics predict new superpartner matter states for each particle in the Standard Model. These superpartners will have wide ranging implications, from cosmology to observations at high energy accelerators, such as CERN's LHC. In this 2006 text, the authors develop the basic concepts of supersymmetry and show how it can be incorporated into a theoretical framework for describing unified theories of elementary particles. They develop the technical tools of supersymmetry using four-component spinor notation familiar to high energy experimentalists and phenomenologists. The text takes the reader from an abstract formalism to a straightforward recipe for writing supersymmetric gauge theories of particle physics, and ultimately to the calculations necessary for practical applications at colliders and in cosmology. This is a comprehensive, practical and accessible introduction to supersymmetry for experimental and phenomenological particle physicists and graduate students. Exercises and worked examples that clarify the material are interspersed throughout.
The induction of maturation of female American eels through hormone injections

1. Female American eels (Anguilla rostrata Le Sueur) were induced to mature by injecting silver migratory forms with powdered carp pituitaries. 2. The eggs of mature American eels resemble closely those of the European and Japanese eels, i. e. they are small (1 mm), almost spherical and have oil droplets within; thus, they appear to be pelagic. 3. The number of eggs of one mature specimen was in the range 1.3 to 1.5 × 106. 4. Purified ovine LH was not an efficacious gonadal stimulant in female American eels. 5. A unique and pungent odor detectable from the skin and mucus of matured and partially matured eels is described for the first time.
Peripheral lymphatic cannulation for physiological analysis of interstitial fluid compartment in humans

Analysis of peripheral interstitial concentrations of hormones or substrates in humans has undoubtedly been hampered by the difficulty in performing retrograde peripheral lymphatic cannulation and obtaining adequate flow rates of lymph. We now describe a technique for direct continuous sampling of peripheral lymph. A lymphatic vessel was cannulated in the lower legs of 14 males, and lymph was collected for 24-48 h. Adequate quantities of lymph were obtained basally and during physiological manipulations to make collections at 15-min intervals. Flow rates averaged 1.84 ml/h and ranged from 0.34 to 4.96 ml/h. We conclude that peripheral lymphatic vessels can be cannulated and flow rates are sufficient to measure interstitial concentration of hormones or substrates both at steady state and dynamically in adult humans.
An overview of toxicant identification in sediments and dredged materials

The identification of toxicants affecting aquatic benthic systems is critical to sound assessment and management of our nation's waterways. Identification of toxicants can be useful in designing effective sediment remediation plans and reasonable options for sediment disposal. Knowledge of which contaminants affect benthic systems allows managers to link pollution to specific dischargers and prevent further release of toxicant(s). In addition, identification of major causes of toxicity in sediments may guide programs such as those developing environmental sediment guidelines and registering pesticides, while knowledge of the causes of toxicity which drive ecological changes such as shifts in benthic community structure would be useful in performing ecological risk assessments. To this end, the US Environmental Protection Agency has developed tools (toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) methods) that allow investigators to characterize and identify chemicals causing acute toxicity in sediments and dredged materials. To date, most sediment TIEs have been performed on interstitial waters. Preliminary evidence from the use of interstitial water TIEs reveals certain patterns in causes of sediment toxicity. First, among all sediments tested, there is no one predominant cause of toxicity; metals, organics, and ammonia play approximately equal roles in causing toxicity. Second, within a single sediment there are multiple causes of toxicity detected; not just one chemical class is active. Third, the role of ammonia is very prominent in these interstitial waters. Finally, if sediments are divided into marine or freshwater, TIEs perforMed on interstitial waters from freshwater sediments indicate a variety of toxicants in fairly equal proportions, while TIEs performed on interstitial waters from marine sediments have identified only ammonia and organics as toxicants, with metals playing a minor role. Preliminary evidence from whole sediment TIEs indicates that organic compounds play a major role in the toxicity of marine sediments, with almost no evidence for either metal or ammonia toxicity. However, interpretation of these results may be skewed because only a small number of interstitial water (n = 13) and whole sediment (n = 5) TIEs have been completed. These trends may change as more data are collected.
An equivalent circuit for transformers in which nonlinear effects are present

Textbooks dealing with the subjects of transformer theory and design generally use the T-equivalent circuit to represent the inductive parameters of a transformer. This paper will point out a limitation of the T-equivalent circuit and will show that the ?-equivalent circuit has no such limitation.
Blunt trauma with a medical twist.

Dr. Paul Biddinger: Today’s case is that of a 73-yearold man involved in a motor vehicle crash (MVC). On arrival at the scene paramedics found an unrestrained driver sitting in the front seat of a car that had struck a telephone pole. There was moderate front-end damage to the car, a bent steering wheel, and a cracked windshield. The patient was awake and alert, breathing spontaneously, and appeared to be in significant pain. He spoke Spanish only. With imperfect translation at the scene by a bystander, the patient described vague anterior chest pain and shortness of breath. The patient denied loss of consciousness. He also denied extremity pain or weakness. The patient was placed on a backboard with a cervical collar, and an intravenous (IV) line was inserted. Vital signs in the field were: blood pressure 170/80 mm Hg, pulse 110 beats per minute, respirations 24 breaths per minute. The patient was transported to our facility without incident. Are there any questions about his prehospital course? Dr. Chris Richards: The patient complained of chest pain and shortness of breath, and was slightly tachypneic. What was the lung examination in the field? Were there decreased breath sounds unilaterally suggestive of pneumothorax? Dr. Biddinger: Breath sounds were described as equal bilaterally, with bibasilar rales present with the patient sitting upright in the vehicle. Dr. Robert Murray: Was there any knowledge of the patient’s past medical history or medications? Dr. Biddinger: The paramedics reported that the patient had a complicated medical history including atrial fibrillation (AF), coronary artery disease with bypass grafting 10 years prior, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure (CHF), and history of a right upper pulmonary lobectomy for malignancy. The patient was maintained on Enalapril, Digoxin, and Warfarin. Dr. Chris Moore: Were there any skid marks at the scene? With any single-car MVC it is important to consider whether an underlying medical condition was responsible for the patient losing control of the car. Hypoglycemia, dysrhythmia, cardiac ischemia, syncope, seizure, cerebrovascular accident, or intoxication may have been the cause of the accident. Dr. Biddinger: There were no skid marks at the scene. The paramedics reported no alteration in mental status and no focal neurologic weakness. Blood sugar at the scene was 110 mg/dL. On arrival in the Emergency Department (ED), the patient was alert and appeared to be in significant distress. The airway was patent, and the patient was able to speak only in short sentences. He was also coughing up small amounts of pinkish sputum. Vital signs in the ED were: systolic blood pressure 100 mm Hg, pulse 134 beats/min, respirations 30 breaths/min. Auscultation of the patient’s lungs revealed crackles throughout all lung fields on both sides. The oxygen saturation was 81% on 100% oxygen by facemask. A second large-bore IV was placed. At this point the decision was made to intubate
Changes in in vivo knee loading with a variable-stiffness intervention shoe correlate with changes in the knee adduction moment

External knee adduction moment can be reduced using footwear interventions, but the exact changes in in vivo medial joint loading remain unknown. An instrumented knee replacement was used to assess changes in in vivo medial joint loading in a single patient walking with a variable-stiffness intervention shoe. We hypothesized that during walking with a load modifying variable-stiffness shoe intervention: (1) the first peak knee adduction moment will be reduced compared to a subject's personal shoes; (2) the first peak in vivo medial contact force will be reduced compared to personal shoes; and (3) the reduction in knee adduction moment will be correlated with the reduction in medial contact force. The instrumentation included a motion capture system, force plate, and the instrumented knee prosthesis. The intervention shoe reduced the first peak knee adduction moment (13.3%, p = 0.011) and medial compartment joint contact force (12.3%; p = 0.008) compared to the personal shoe. The change in first peak knee adduction moment was significantly correlated with the change in first peak medial contact force (R2 = 0.67, p = 0.007). Thus, for a single subject with a total knee prosthesis the variable-stiffness shoe reduces loading on the affected compartment of the joint. The reductions in the external knee adduction moment are indicative of reductions in in vivo medial compressive force with this intervention. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1548–1553, 2010
Human factors analysis of driver behavior by experimental systems methods

USING A COMBINATION OF EXPERIMENTAL CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION, VIDEOTAPE, AND HYBRID COMPUTER METHODS, THE CONCEPT WAS TESTED THAT THE AUTOMOBILE FUNCTIONS AS A WHEELED EXOSKELETON OF THE DRIVER, WHOSE STEERING EFFICIENCY DEPENDS ON THE DESIGN OF BOTH CONTROL AND SENSORY INPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MACHINE SKELETON. MEASURES OF A SIMULATED DRIVING TASK INDICATED THAT STEERING ACCURACY DECREASED SYSTEMATICALLY WITH INCREASE IN DRIVING SPEED OR RATE OF CHANGE IN ROAD COURSE. VISUAL FEEDBACK DELAYS, INTRODUCED AS THE LAGS BETWEEN STEERING ACTIONS AND THE RESULTED MOVEMENTS OF THE SIMULATED VEHICLE RELATIVE TO THE ROAD DISPLAY, CAUSED DEGRADATION OF STEERING PERFORMANCE. RESULTS OF ANOTHER EXPERIMENT ON ACTUAL DRIVING WITH LATERALLY DISPLACED T.V. IMAGES ON THE ROAD SHOWED THAT VISION FROM THE LEFT SIDE OF THE CAR MAY NOT REPRESENT THE OPTIMAL ORIGIN OF VISION FOR THE GUIDANCE OF A VEHICLE. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT THE OVERALL DESIGN OF A SHELLED VEHICLE, BASED ON THE ANTHROPOMORPHOUS CONCEPT OF THE MAN-VEHICLE RELATIONSHIP MUST TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION BOTH THE ROAD AND THE MOTOR-SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRIVER.
The annealing behavior of implanted nitrogen in fcc stainless steel

Post-implantation annealing of N-implanted 304 stainless steel at 400 °C has been investigated by conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. After a 1 h anneal, the near complete dissolution of the as-implanted Fe2N-like nitride phase results in a 9 at.% N fcc solid-solution phase. After the final anneal (64 h), N has diffused to a depth of about 2 μm and remains in solid solution with an average content of 4 at.%. An average N diffusion coefficient at 400 °C is estimated to be ∼10-12-10-14 cm2/s, depending on anneal time, too small to explain the deep penetration observed in high-flux, high-dose N-implanted stainless steel. The present results provide additional evidence for beam controlled N migration where Cr plays an important role.
The Influence of Rater Language Background on Writing Performance Assessment.

Language performance assessments typically require human raters, introducing possible error. In international examinations of English proficiency, rater language background is an especially salient factor that needs to be considered. The existence of rater language background-related bias in writing performance assessment is the object of this study. Data for this study are ratings assigned by Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB) raters to compositions written by examinees of various language backgrounds. While most of the raters are native speakers of English, four have first languages other than English: two Spanish, one Korean, and one bilingual speaker of Filipino and Chinese (Amoy). Examinees were divided into 21 language groups. The IRT application FACETS was used to estimate and control for rater severity when calculating the amount of bias reflected by each rater’s set of ratings for each language/language group. Results show that the magnitude of bias terms for all raters for all ...
Increase in Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression Immediately After Ischemia-Reperfusion in Isolated Rat Hearts

Background Myocardial ischemia is known to upregulate the systemic renin-angiotensin system, which influences myocardial ischemic events by affecting hemodynamics and hemostatic activity. This study was designed to examine whether angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor expression in the myocardium is altered immediately after ischemia-reperfusion. Methods and Results Isolated buffer-perfused Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were subjected to continuous perfusion (control, n=5) or to 25 minutes of global ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion (n=10). Autoradiographic analysis for Ang II receptors of multiple myocardial sections was performed. Whereas continuous perfusion of hearts resulted in minor changes in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and developed left ventricular pressure (dLVP=LVSP−LVEDP), ischemia-reperfusion caused a marked increase in CPP and LVEDP and a decrease in dLVP, indicating severe cardiac dysfunction. Concurrently, total myocardial Ang II ...
Evidence that gonadal steroids modulate nitric oxide efflux in the medial preoptic area: effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate and correlation with luteinizing hormone secretion

Several lines of evidence suggest that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the neuroendocrine control of reproductive function. This study was undertaken to determine 1) NO activity in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) where LHRH- and NO synthase-containing neurons are coextensive; 2) whether N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation, which stimulates LHRH release, augments NO activity in the MPOA; and 3) whether NO activation in the MPOA underlies the steroid dependency of NMDA-induced pituitary LH release. As extracellular levels of cGMP in discrete brain sites are a reliable index of basal and stimulated activity of NO, extracellular cGMP levels in the MPOA of freely moving, awake rats were measured by microdialysis in the current study. In the first experiment, the MPOA of intact and castrated male rats were microdialyzed with artificial cerebrospinal fluid at a rate of 5 microliters/min. The basal level of cGMP efflux was determined from the initial seven samples collected at 20-min intervals. The NO response to a single i.v. injection of NMDA (10 mg/kg) or saline was assessed in the next five samples. In the second experiment, the basal and NMDA-evoked NO effluxes in the MPOA of ovariectomized (ovx) and estrogen-treated ovx rats were examined. Results showed that in both sexes, the absence of gonadal steroids resulted in significantly lower basal cGMP levels. Additionally, the cGMP response to NMDA was steroid dependent. Whereas in castrated rats it failed to affect cGMP efflux, NMDA in intact male rats promptly raised cGMP levels at 20 min, and these elevated levels were maintained through the duration of the experiment. This NMDA-induced cGMP response, observed selectively in intact rats, was also associated with stimulation of plasma LH levels. In female rats, NMDA similarly enhanced MPOA cGMP efflux and pituitary LH secretion in estradiol benzoate-treated, but not in oil-treated, ovx rats. The NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-amino-5-phosphoropentanoic acid and the NO synthase inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine, completely blocked the NMDA-induced cGMP and LH responses, thereby demonstrating the specificity of the NMDA receptor --> NO line of communication probably operating in the MPOA in the control of pituitary LH release. Therefore, these results show that gonadal steroids augment basal as well as NMDA-induced MPOA cGMP efflux in male and female rats. It is likely that facilitation of NO/cGMP activity in the MPOA may underlie the steroid dependency of NMDA-evoked LH hypersecretion in the rat.
Planning horizons for the deterministic capacity problem

Abstract We consider the problem of determining the optimal timing and sizing of new facility construction under a continuous technology model of possible sizes. The rate of convergence of short to long run optimal policies is established and planning horizon implications are explored. We also present an efficient algorithm for solving such problems for all horizon times by solving a single horizon time problem
Occurrence and Utilization of Zooplankton by Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Lower Columbia River

Abstract The stomachs of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, taken in the Prescott-Kalama area of the Columbia River during July-November 1968 and March-December 1969 were examined to obtain information on their contents. Zooplankton, especially Daphnia, were the major item in the diet of the young salmon from July through October, whereas insects were the most important constitutents of the diet during spring and fall. The zooplankton in the area was sampled from January 1968 to November 1969 and examined in relation to the relative abundance of juvenile chinook salmon and their stomach contents. Daphnia, Bosmina, and cyclopoid copepods were major zooplankters in the area, and their periods of highest abundance were associated with high water temperatures of summer. Samples taken during daylight hours indicated Bosmina were most numerous at the surface, Daphnia were most numerous below 5 m, and cyclopoid copepods were relatively uniform in their vertical distribution. The zooplankton popul...
Luting cement-metal surface physicochemical interactions on film thickness.

Abstract Low film thickness is critical to the clinical success of cemented castings. This study investigated the effect of luting agent-metal physico-chemical surface interactions on film thicknesses of representative luting agents. Control group luting agents were placed between two glass plates, as described by American Dental Association specifications 8, 61, and 66, and test group luting agents were positioned between glass and metal plates. The materials selected were zinc phosphate cement, polycar☐ylate cement, glass ionomer cement, glass ionomercomposite resin hybrid cement and a resinous cement, with a type III gold alloy, a noble metal ceramic alloy, and a base metal ceramic alloy. A two-way analysis of variance and follow-up tests were done. The effects of the type of metal surface, type of cement, and their statistical interaction significantly affected film thickness ( p
Enhanced in vivo therapy of pulmonary metastases with interferon and interleukin-2.

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) can mediate in vivo tumor regression at high doses. To enhance this efficacy, we studied the effect of adding a human hybrid recombinant interferon α A/D (rHuIFN-α-A/D) because of its known in vitro augmentation of immune-mediated tumoricidal activity. C56BL/6 mice bearing established pulmonary metastases induced by the iv injection of the methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma MCA 106 were treated for 12 days with intraperitoneal injections of (1) Hanks' balanced salt solution, (2) recombinant IL-2, (3) rHuIFN-α-A/D, and (4) a combination of IL-2 and HuIFN-α-A/D. IL-2 and interferon each had some antitumor activity. However, maximal reduction of pulmonary metastases consistently resulted from combining IL-2 with interferon. In two of four experiments, this combination was significantly better compared to either IL-2 or interferon treatment alone. The most potent regiment was 12 days of IL-2 (50,000 units bid) together with rHuIFN-α-A/D (50,000 units ip qd). No consistent pattern of proliferative or cytotoxic activity was found against a panel of stimulator and target cells. These results demonstrate enhanced antitumor efficacy of combining recombinant interferon-α and IL-2 against established pulmonary metastases. Potential clinical applications are suggested by these data.
Assessment of community wellness outcomes to measure ICT impact

Measuring the development impacts of ICTD interventions continues to be an unresolved problem, especially when trying to include non-traditional development measures beyond economic growth, such as empowerment and social capital. A growing body of work shows that the impact of ICTD programs is more frequently related to capabilities and other non-material notions of wellness, and that these aspects are easily missed when looking only at traditional tangible outcomes such as income or economic growth, education and health. We argue for an alternate approach that measures non-material impacts of ICTD, which we term Community Wellness Outcomes (CWO). We suggest measurement instruments (qualitative and quantitative) to assess CWO related to self-efficacy/self-esteem, expressions of aspirations, personal relations, and civic engagement. Through testing in community settings in Brazil (LAN Houses) and in Colombia (public libraries) we will refine and validate the measurement of CWO as a way to understand non-material impacts of ICTD from the perspective of human capabilities and community wellness, offering a more complete picture of the contributions of ICT to community development than those that rely solely on traditional economic development measures.
Strong Chemical Interactions Between Au and Off-Stoichiometric Defects on TiO2 as a Possible Source of Chemical Activity of Nanosized Au Supported on the Oxide

The effect of off-stoichiometric point defects (oxygen vacancies or extra oxygen atoms at the metal−oxide interface) on oxide surfaces on the chemical activity of Au nanostructures supported on the oxide was studied using the density functional theory and ab initio thermodynamic calculations. We find that highly active Au sites are present on the Au nanostructures, when Au is anchored to the defects at the Au−oxide interface. Depending on the nature of the defect, we create electron-rich or electron-deficient Au. We show that the presence of the highly active Au sites does not correlate with the nominal charge on Au, and that the off-stoichiometric defects in the oxide play a critical role not only in anchoring metal particles, but also in inducing chemical activity on the particles.
The role of cortical directional selectivity in detection of motion and flicker.

Abstract Contrast sensitivity for moving and counterphase gratings was measured over a range of temporal and spatial frequencies in normal cats and in cats with selective loss of cortical directional selectivity (strobe-reared cats). Sensitivity ratios (moving/counterphase) in normal cats were largest (mean ratio: 1.9) at lower spatial and at higher temporal frequencies. The sensitivity of strobe-reared cats was more similar for moving and counterphase gratings than was that of normal cats. Sensitivity ratios were lower in strobe-reared cats (mean ratios: 1.2–1.5) than in normal cats and were largely independent of spatial and temporal frequencies. Reduced sensitivity ratios in strobe-reared cats were not the result of greater sensitivity to counterphase gratings, as would be expected if counterphase gratings were detected by independent directionally selective mechanisms. Rather, the low ratios appear to be due largely to reduced sensitivity to moving gratings. These results suggest that the superior sensitivity of normal cats for moving gratings is due to the activity of cortical directionally selective neurons. Moreover, it appears unlikely that the detection of counterphase gratings is mediated by directionally selective mechanisms.
Rapid thermal processing of inorganic membranes

Abstract Rapid thermal processing (RTP) methods can be used to majorly reduce the processing time of thin supported inorganic membrane layers. The methods result in a finer, more homogeneous membrane microstructure and can be used to form membrane layers requiring high-temperature processing on supports with limited thermal stability. The short processing time of RTP reduces fabrication cost price, helps improve process optimization, and also encourages exploration of other multi-layer structures. The work in this paper demonstrates the use of RTP for thin defect-free supported mesoporous γ-alumina membranes that have a thickness of ∼400 nm. Conventionally thermal processed (CTP) and RTP γ-alumina membranes were characterized by ellipsometry, microscopy, aqueous ion rejection and permporometry. CTP and RTP membranes showed an aqueous ion rejection of >95% and >97%, respectively for a solution of 1 mol/m 3 calcium chloride dihydrate with 0.01 mol/m 3 aluminum chloride. According to ellipsometry analysis, the porosity of the RTP and CTP membranes are approximately 43 and 50%, respectively. Permporometry provides RTP and CTP membrane pore size, O p of 3.4 + 2 t and 4.3 + 2 t nm, respectively where t ≈ 0.35 nm.
Age, Growth, and Length-Weight Relationship of Vermilion Snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens from North Carolina and South Carolina Waters

Abstract Scales and otoliths were used to determine age of vermilion snapper, but only scales were used to back-calculate lengths. Scale annulae are laid down in March-April and their formation is well correlated with increasing photoperiod, preparation for spawning, and rising bottom water temperature. The von Bertalanffy growth equation fitted to back-calculated lengths (L, mm total length; t, years) is: Lt = 626.5 [1 - e-0.198(t-0.198)]. Maximum longevity of females is at least 10 years but males may only live 8 years. The length-weight (W, g) relationship (r = 0.97) is: W = 0.00001722 L2.946.
Baroque Times in Old Mexico: Seventeenth-Century Persons, Places and Practices

This book opens a window on a forgotten and glorious time---the life of colonial Mexico. Here is the color of that era in a mosaic of life--a worldly ambitious archbishop, a beautiful nun-poetess, a Creole scholar torn between faith and scientific learning, poetasters, inquisitors--and in the background, the first glimmers of Mexican nationalism. Baroque in its intricate pattern of caste and custom, rich with silver pouring from its mines, the feudal society of Old Mexico lives in this account of a vanished time.
Distribution and regulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity along the villus–crypt axis in the small intestine

Abstract Distribution of ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat intestinal villi and crypts was determined by serially sectioning frozen mucosa and measuring enzyme activity in pools of sections composed of villi or crypts. Contents of the pools was determined by histological examination of representative sections, and simultaneous measurement of sucrase as a marker of villus samples demonstrated excellent separation of villi and crypts. In fasted and ad lib fed rats, enzyme activity was highest in the villus–crypt junctional area and in crypts (P
High School Reform and the Reform of Teacher Education

In this article, Sizer argues that a pre requisite to effective teacher education reform is the involvement of the teacher education community in school reform efforts. Schools of education that avoid sustained involvement in school reform efforts, he asserts, will be perceived by prospective teachers as unresponsive to or even hypocritical about the critical is sues of schooling. He identifies several such issues and posits strategies for ad dressing them.
Potential Liabilities of Gentamicin Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay

We report two potential liabilities of the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for the determination of serum gentamicin. One is a considerable loss of precision and accuracy at the ends of the calibration curve, and the other is an apparent loss of gentamicin with storage at −60°C.
Eponymy and Obliteration by Incorporation: The case of the “Nash Equilibrium”

In order to examine the phenomena of eponymy and Obliteration by Incorporation at both the aggregate and individual subject level, the literature relating to the game-theoretic concept of the Nash Equilibrium was studied over the period 1950–2008. Almost 5,300 bibliographic database records for publications explicitly citing at least one of two papers by John Nash and/or using the phrase “Nash Equilibrium/Nash Equilibria” were retrieved from the Web of Science and various subject-related databases. Breadth of influence is demonstrated by the wide variety of subject areas in which Nash Equilibrium-related publications occur, including in the natural and social sciences, humanities, law, and medicine. Fifty percent of all items have been published since 2002, suggesting that Nash's papers have experienced “delayed recognition.” A degree of Obliteration by Incorporation is observed in that implicit citations (use of the phrase without citation) increased over the time period studied, although the proportion of all citations that are implicit has remained relatively stable during the most recent decade with an annual rate of between 60% and 70%; subject areas vary in their level of obliteration. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computer augmented manual control of remote manipulators

Tasks of a generalized computer interface between human operator and manipulator arm are discussed. A position control device known as a six degree of freedom joy stick is described. Also, the mathematics used by the computer to convert control device parameters into handgrip position and orientation are detailed.
Proteolytic Processing of the Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus 1 Reverse Transcriptase: Identification of the N-Terminal Cleavage Site by Mass Spectrometry

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a type C human retrovirus, which is the causative agent of Adult T-cell Leukemia and other diseases. The reverse transcriptase of HTLV-1 (E.C. 2.7.7.49) is synthesized as part of a Gag--Pro--Pol precursor protein, and the mature Gag, Pro, and Pol proteins, including the reverse transcriptase, are created by proteolytic processing catalyzed by the viral protease. The location of the proteolytic cleavage site, which creates the N-terminus of mature HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase, has not been previously identified. By using sequence comparisons of several retroviral polymerases, as well as information about the location of the ribosomal frameshift, we tentatively identified this N-terminal processing site. PCR amplification was used to construct a clone, which spans a region of the pro--pol junction of HTLV-1, to produce a recombinant Pro--Pol protein spanning the locations of those cleavage sites proposed by others as well as the one identified by our sequence alignment. Cleavage of the recombinant Pro--Pol protein by HTLV-1 protease generated a 5.5-kDa fragment. Analysis of this fragment by capillary LC-MS and MS/MS revealed the N-terminal cleavage site to be between Leu(147)--Pro(148) of the pro ORF. This is the first physical identification of the authentic amino acid sequence of the reverse transcriptase of HTLV-1. The data reported here provides a basis for further investigation of the function and structural aspects of protein-nucleic interaction.
Pericapillary Gas and Water Distribution Volumes of the Lung Calculated from Multiple Indicator Dilution Curves

Simultaneous indicator dilution curves of albumin I131, tritiated water, and an inert gas are identical when the indicators do not traverse a capillary bed. When the same three indicators traverse the pulmonary capillaries before sampling, the shapes of the tritiated water and inert gas dilution curves are altered by movement of these two indicators into an extravascular water space and gas space respectively. The arithmetical difference between the distribution volumes of albumin I131 and tritiated water measures a functional extravascular water space in the lungs. The difference between tritiated water and inert gas distribution volumes is a measure of a lung gas volume in contact with perfusing capillaries. Pericapillary water distribution volume in normal dogs was found to be 4.2 ± 0.8 ml/kg and the gas distribution volume 24 ± 6 ml/kg. In normal human subjects the respective values were 1.1 ± 0.3 ml/cm height and 1.80 ± 0.28 liters/m2 of body surface area. Changes in both gas and water distribution v...
Pancreas and islet transplantation

Considerable evidence supports the hypothesis that the microangiopathic lesions of diabetes are secondary to disordered metabolism. This hypothesis underlies the rationale for whole pancreas and islet transplantation. Whole pancreas transplantation has had limited clinical success—only 1 of 47 recipients reported to the ACS/NIH Transplant Registry is currently alive. Major problems have been allograft rejection and complications related to either the exocrine pancreas or concomitant transplantation of the duodenum. Experimental approaches to whole pancreas transplantation include use of duct-ligated organs or extraperitoneal transplantation of segmental grafts, with exocrine duct drainage established to either host ureter or a retroperitoneal Roux-en-y loop of bowel. The difficulties with whole pancreas transplantation have stimulated the development of techniques allowing transplantation of islet tissue as a free graft. Transplantation of purified adult islets, of dispersed neonatal pancreas, or of adult pancreatic fragments with exocrine enzymes inactivated can effectively ameliorate experimental diabetes when transplanted to either the intraperitoneal or portal vein sites. In dogs, adult pancreatic fragments containing both islet and exocrine tissue components can effectively ameliorate diabetes when transplanted to the spleen. The first clinical trials of islet transplantation used only small quantities of purified islets. Although insulin requirements of some recipients were reduced, a completely successful islet transplantation in humans has not been accomplished. Procurement of a sufficient quantity of islet tissue and prevention of allograft rejection are major problems, but solutions appear to be forthcoming from the laboratory. The ability of both whole pancreas and islet transplantation to prevent the development or halt the progression of secondary lesions in experimental diabetes provides an impetus to pursue such an approach in humans.
Translating as a mode of thinking translation as a model of thought

Abstract This article approaches translation and translation studies from a philosophical perspective. Theories and ideas, by George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, Mark Turner, Fredson Bowers, etc., are discussed. The basic issues in the field of translation studies, such as translatability, fidelity, pluri‐signification, and decoding and reconstructing of meaning are touched upon. Translating is illustrated as a mode of thinking combining communication, decoding, and transforming. It is argued that such processes of thought as transmitting and receiving, deducing, inferring and intuiting, and interpreting, imagining, and inventing are inherently involved. Translation is categorized into three types: ‘surrogate’, ‘contingent’, and ‘co‐eval’, on the basis of three different views of the world dependent on a point of departure which ranges from subjective interpretation to extreme objectivity or utmost reality. The study of translation comprises the study of all forms of intellectual activity: deduction, analysis, i...
Infertile couples’ perceptions of infertility support‐group participation

Although nursing authors recommend that infertile clients be referred to infertility support groups, no study has identified the benefits of participation in such groups. This exploratory descriptive study investigated the benefits of infertility support‐group participation as perceived by 16 men and 22 women. A questionnaire developed and used for the study consisted of open‐ and closed‐ended questions and included a 42‐item Infertility Support Group Perception Scale for which an internal consistency reliability of .91 was established. Most important, least important, anticipated, and unanticipated benefits perceived by the total group, male and female subgroups, and participation subgroups were explored. We found that significantly fewer men than women initially wanted to join the group (p < .01), but both men and women perceived similar amounts of benefit. Anticipated and unanticipated benefits differed between men and women. Length of membership and frequency of attendance were both positively correla...
Coupled helicopter rotor/flexible fuselage aeroelastic model for control of structural response

A ree ned coupled rotor/e exible fuselage aeroelastic response model is developed for vibration reduction studies based on active control of structural response (ACSR). The structural model is capable of representing e exible, hingeless rotors combined with a e exible fuselage, and a rigid platform combined with the actuators required for modeling the ACSR system and is combined with a free wake model. The ine uence of rotor/fuselage coupling and improved aerodynamics on the vibratory hub loads is investigated.
Mechanistic implications in the Morita-Baylis-Hillman alkylation: isolation and characterization of an intermediate.

An intermediate phosphonium salt has never been isolated from the Morita−Baylis−Hillman (MBH) reaction. Due to the weakly basic counterion produced in the MBH alkylation and allylation reactions, the reaction can be stopped after electrophilic attack on the zwitterionic enolate and an intermediate isolated. Upon analysis of the crystal structure, a trans geometry is observed, suggesting that there is no electrostatic interaction between phosphorus and oxygen in the zwitterionic enolate that undergoes alkylation, thus giving new mechanistic insight into the MBH reaction.
Complete separability and Fourier representations of n-qubit states

Necessary conditions for separability are most easily expressed in the computational basis, while sufficient conditions are most conveniently expressed in the spin basis. We use the Hadamard matrix to define the relationship between these two bases and to emphasize its interpretation as a Fourier transform. We then prove a general sufficient condition for complete separability in terms of the spin coefficients and give necessary and sufficient conditions for the complete separability of a class of generalized Werner densities. As a further application of the theory, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for full separability for a particular set of n-qubit states whose densities all satisfy the Peres condition.
Sales contests versus quotas with imbalanced territories

This paper studies the consequences of sales contests versus quota systems when territories have imbalanced sales potential. How do the optimal sales, efforts of salespeople, and profits vary with territory imbalance in a sales contest and how do these change if compensation is based upon quotas? Our major result is that territory imbalance has a differential effect: it hurts a contest more than a quota. In a sales contest, the salesperson in the stronger territory only need to mimic the effort of the salesperson in the other territory to maximize compensation, but this implies that the salesperson in the weaker territory will shirk relative to a quota system. Handicapping the contest to correct for territory imbalance overcomes its disadvantage vis-a-vis the quota plan, but this is seldom incorporated into sales contests.
Averaging structure in the 3x+1 problem

Abstract The 3 x + 1 problem has resisted analysis from multiple perspectives for many decades. This paper studies the more general q x + r problem, where q and r are odd, and finds new, averaging structures for the iterates. This structure supports the conjecture that all orbits enter a cycle if q = 1 , 3 but divergent orbits exist if q ≥ 5 .
Limitations on low rank approximations for covariance matrices of spatial data

Abstract Evaluating the likelihood function for Gaussian models when a spatial process is observed irregularly is problematic for larger datasets due to constraints of memory and calculation. If the covariance structure can be approximated by a diagonal matrix plus a low rank matrix, then both the memory and calculations needed to evaluate the likelihood function are greatly reduced. When neighboring observations are strongly correlated, much of the variation in the observations can be captured by low frequency components, so the low rank approach might be thought to work well in this setting. Through both theory and numerical results, where the diagonal matrix is assumed to be a multiple of the identity, this paper shows that the low rank approximation sometimes performs poorly in this setting. In particular, an approximation in which observations are split into contiguous blocks and independence across blocks is assumed often provides a much better approximation to the likelihood than a low rank approximation requiring similar memory and calculations. An example with satellite-based measurements of total column ozone shows that these results are relevant to real data and that the low rank models also can be highly statistically inefficient for spatial interpolation.
Pseudocapacitive Lithium-Ion Storage in Oriented Anatase TiO2 Nanotube Arrays

We report on the synthesis and electrochemical properties of oriented anatase TiO2 nanotube (NT) arrays as electrodes for Li-ion batteries. The TiO2 NT electrodes displayed both pseudocapacitive Li+ storage associated with the NT surface and the Li+ storage within the bulk material. The relative contribution of the pseudocapacitive and bulk storages depends strongly on the scan rate. While the charges are stored primarily in the bulk at low scan rates (≪1 mV/s), the surface storage dominates the total storage capacity at higher scan rates (>1 mV/s). The storage capacity of the NT electrodes as a function of charge/discharge rates showed no dependence on the NT film thickness, suggesting that the Li+ insertion/extraction processes occur homogeneously across the entire length of NT arrays. These results indicated that the electron conduction along the NT walls and the ion conduction within the electrolyte do not cause significant hindering of the charge/discharge kinetics for NT electrode architectures. As ...
Ferrimagnetic resonance in films of vanadium [ tetracyanoethanide ] x , grown by chemical vapor deposition

Ferrimagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements in thin films of $\mathrm{V}{[\mathrm{TCNE}]}_{x}$ grown by chemical vapor deposition exhibit a series of sharp lines at $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The orientational dependence of these lines is a result of the sample geometry provided the magnetization tracks the applied magnetic field. The FMR intensities scale with the temperature dependence of the magnetization as measured by SQUID magnetometry. The temperature dependence of the FMR at various orientations yields an estimate of the local, negative anisotropy field, which is approximately $200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{Oe}$ at zero temperature and decreases linearly with increasing temperature and is well fit by a model developed for spin glasses. The widths of the FMR lines track the temperature dependence of the magnetization, which suggests that they are determined by density fluctuations. The spacings between the individual FMR lines and their temperature dependence are consistent with the presence of nonlinear spin waves, whose critical microwave field is approximately ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{Oe}$. A rough estimate of the exchange stiffness constant is $A={10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{erg}∕\mathrm{cm}$. The small value of $A$ may be due to the magnitude of the antiferromagnetic exchange between V and adjacent TCNE and the frustration of AFM exchange between adjacent TCNE radicals.
Cosmic gamma-ray lines

Recent observations of gamma-ray line emissions from gamma-ray bursts, the ISM, the Galactic center, and solar flares are reviewed, and the implications of these observations for high-energy processes in these sources are discussed. Line observations suggest that magnetized neutron stars are probably the best candidate objects for burst sources. Observations of the 1.809-MeV line from Al-26 decay provide evidence for ongoing nucleosynthesis in the Galaxy and information on the spatial distribution of nucleosynthetic sites. The compact 0.511-MeV line source is probably a black hole at or close to the Galactic center. Solar-flare studies have provided new information on the confinement and escape of charged particles at the sun and on multiple acceleration phases in solar flares.
Modification of the acoustic startle-reflex eyeblink: a tool for investigating early and late attentional processes

The present experiment examined the sensitivity of short and long lead interval startle eyeblink modification to attentional processing. Eighteen college student subjects were presented with a series of intermixed high and low pitched tones and instructed to attend to tones of one pitch and to ignore tones of the other pitch. The majority of the attended and ignored tones served as prepulses for an eyeblink-eliciting burst of white noise presented at lead intervals of 60, 120, 240 and 2000 ms following prepulse onset. Results indicate that both attended and ignored prepulses produce significant startle eyeblink modification: significant blink inhibition at the 60, 120 and 240 ms short lead intervals, and blink facilitation at the 2000 ms long lead interval. In addition, compared with the ignored prepulse, the attended prepulse produced significantly greater blink inhibition at the 120 ms lead interval as well as significantly greater blink facilitation at the 2000 ms lead interval. These results suggest that both short and long lead interval startle eyeblink modification measures may be useful tools for future investigations of the early and later stages of attentional processing.