cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling groundwater flow on MPPs

The numerical simulation of groundwater flow in three-dimensional heterogeneous porous media is examined. To enable detailed modeling of large contaminated sites, preconditioned iterative methods and massively parallel computing power are combined in a simulator called PARFLOW. After describing this portable and modular code, some numerical results are given, including one that demonstrates the code's scalability. >
Combination of flow injection with capillary electrophoresis. Part 3. On-line sorption column preconcentration capillary electrophoresis system

Abstract A combined flow injection (FI)–capillary electrophoresis (CE) system with a split-flow interface reported previously was used for on-line preconcentration of pseudoephedrine by solid phase extraction on a micro-column packed with C18. Aqueous samples were loaded on the column at 1.0 ml min−1 for 90 s and eluted by a mixed eluent of 40% 62.5 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.0) and 60% acetonitrile at 0.2 ml min−1. A zone-sampling approach was employed to sample 45 μl of the most concentrated zone of the eluate, which was injected into the FI–CE split-flow interface using a phosphate buffer carrier, with a 25 μl water zone preceding the sampled eluate zone to achieve enhanced field amplification effects. Sensitivity enhancements of 60 fold (180 fold with 4 min sample loading) were thus achieved with a sample throughput of 9 h−1 and 4.7% relative standard deviations (n = 10, 2 μg ml−1 pseudoephedrine) for peak area evaluation, without significant degradation of column efficiency.
Organophosphates as solvents for electrolytes in electrochemical devices.

A homologous series of fire-retardant oligoalkyleneoxy- phosphates was synthesized for evaluation as liquid or gel-type electrolyte media for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and secondary lithium batteries. Unoptimized DSSC electrolyte formulations for DSSCs achieved ionic conductivities as high as 5.71 × 10 �3 S·cm �1 and DSSC test-cell efficiencies up to 3.6% as well as Voc, Jsc, and ff up to 0.81 V, 8.03 mA·cm �2 , and 0.69, respectively. Poly(bis-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene)-based Li + -conducting gel electrolytes plasticized with the best performing phosphate had conductivities as high as 9.9 × 10 �4 S·cm �1 at 30 °C. All the liquids have boiling points higher than 197 °C. The results show that the viscosity, glass transition temperatures, and conductivity of the phosphates are dependent mainly on the length of the longest alkyleneoxy chain.
Production responses of dairy cows fed diets supplemented with ammonium salts of iso C-4 and C-5 acids.

Abstract A three-university study examined effects of ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids on dairy cows for a full lactation cycle. Objectives were a) to determine the most efficacious amount and ratio of two components, ammonium salts of C-5 acids and ammonium isobutyrate, and b) to compare responses of this optimum blend with the control in a response surface design. This design tested six blends of the two components defined by the center point and the five points of an equilateral pentagon from which response surfaces would be computed and a control. Each treatment consisted of 23 cows for a total of 161 multiparous Holstein cows. All cows were fed corn silage for ad libitum consumption, 1.8kg of urea-mineral-vitamin-premix plus supplement based on corn grain and corn gluten meal according to milk production.
Hybrid Masculinities: New Directions in the Sociology of Men and Masculinities

AbstractHybrid masculinity refers to men’s selective incorporation of performances and identity elementsassociated with marginalized and subordinated masculinities and femininities. We use recent theoriza-tion of hybrid masculinities to critically review theory and research that seeks to make sense of con-temporary transformations in masculinity. We suggest that research broadly supports three distinctconsequences associated with recent changes in performances and politics of masculinity that workto obscure the tenacity of gendered inequality. Hybrid masculinities (i) symbolically distance menfrom hegemonic masculinity; (ii) situate the masculinities available to young, White, heterosexualmen as somehow less meaningful than the masculinities associated with various marginalized andsubordinated Others; and (iii) fortify existing social and symbolic boundaries in ways that often workto conceal systems of power and inequality in historically new ways. IntroductionAgrowingbodyofsociologicaltheoryandresearchonmenandmasculinitiesaddressesrecenttransformations in men’s behaviors, appearances, opinions, and more. While historical re-searchhasshownmasculinitiestobeinacontinuousstateofchange(e.g.,Kimmel1996;Segal1990), the extent of contemporary transformations as well as their impact and meaning is thesource of a great deal of theory, research, and debate. While not a term universally adoptedamong masculinities scholars, the concept of “hybrid masculinities” is a useful way to makesense of this growing body of scholarship. It critically highlights this body of work that seeksto account for the emergence and consequences of recent transformations in masculinities.The term “hybrid” was coined in the natural sciences during the 19th century. Initiallyused to refer to species produced through the mixing of two separate species, by the 20thcentury, it was applied to people and social groups to address popular concern with miscege-nation. Today, scholars in the social sciences and humanities use “hybrid” to address culturalmiscegenation – processes and practices of cultural interpenetration (Burke 2009). “Hybridmasculinities” refer to the selective incorporation of elements of identity typically associatedwith various marginalized and subordinated masculinities and – at times – femininities intoprivileged men’s gender performances and identities (e.g., Arxer 2011; Demetriou 2001;Messerschmidt 2010; Messner 2007). Work on hybrid masculinities has primarily, thoughnot universally, focused on young, White, heterosexual-identiﬁed men. This research is cen-trally concerned with the ways that men are increasingly incorporating elements of various“Others” into their identity projects. While it is true that gendered meanings change histor-ically and geographically, research and theory addressing hybrid masculinities are beginningto ask whether recent transformations point in a new, more liberating direction.The transformations addressed by this literature include men’s assimilation of “bits andpieces”(Demetriou2001:350)ofidentityprojectscodedas“gay”(e.g.,Bridges,forthcoming;
Satellite coverage for GPS antennas on small spinning projectiles

In this paper, the satellite coverage of GPS antennas on a small, highly dynamic spinning projectile is investigated. Since the projectile has varying pitch and roll, the antenna needs to have omni-directional coverage. A patch antenna is selected as the basic element, but it by itself cannot provide the necessary coverage. To obtain the desired coverage, multiple elements are placed around the circumference of the projectile. Then, we investigate the best way to combine the responses of the elements to provide good SNR coverage. The three reception modes we study are digital beamforming, simply summing the elements together (we will call it sum mode), and choosing the element with highest SNR (we will call it diversity mode). Beamforming has the ideal performance but is costly because one needs to know the antenna manifold and satellite angle of arrival. The array mode does not need this information but leads to much lower SNR. The diversity mode also does not need this information, and recovers much of the ideal performance and has 4–10 dB minimum SNR improvement upon the sum mode. The diversity mode, therefore, may be a good choice for spinning projectiles.
Is the cloze procedure appropriate to evaluate health literacy in older individuals? Age effects in the test of functional health literacy in adults

Health literacy has received increasing attention because of its importance for older individuals' health, as studies have shown a close relation between older individuals' health literacy and their health. Research also suggests that older individuals have low levels of health literacy, but this finding is variable and may depend on which health literacy test is used. Older individuals assessed with the Test of Functional Health Literacy (TOFHLA) score lower than younger individuals, but a previous study suggested that this may result from age-related differential item functioning (DIF) on the TOFHLA. The study reported here assessed age-related DIF in a sample of community-dwelling volunteers. Twenty-two percent of items were differentially more difficult for older individuals independent of their overall ability, and when these items were eliminated from the total score, age differences were no longer found. Performance on a working memory task predicted older but not younger individuals' performance on the age-related items. At least part of older individuals' apparent deficits in health literacy when assessed by the TOFHLA may be related to DIF on its items. The TOFHLA, and any measure that employs the cloze procedure to evaluate reading comprehension, should be used cautiously in older individuals.
INSECT SEED PREDATORS AS NOVEL AGENTS OF SELECTIONON FRUIT COLOR

The ecological and evolutionary dynamics of fruit color polymorphisms remain poorly known because patterns and agents of selection have rarely been identified. Here, we examine Acacia ligulata, a shrub of the Australian arid zone characterized by a red/yellow/orange aril color polymorphism. Seed production patterns over four populations and three years suggested that spatially variable selection may be acting to maintain the polymorphism: red and yellow aril color morphs each had the highest seed production in alternate sites. Seed production differences between morphs were a function of both intrinsic plant characters (fruit production) and predispersal seed predation, which affects the number of viable seeds matured per ovule. Fruit production differences are hypothesized to result from a genotype-by-environment interaction, perhaps related to plant vigor. In contrast, morph differences in the numbers of viable seeds per ovule are produced via differential seed predation by heteropteran insects, as demonstrated by exclusion experiments. Because these predators feed when aril color is not visible, differential predation is evidently a response to pleiotropic effects of fruit color alleles. We suggest that such pleiotropic effects may be a common feature of fruit color polymorphisms, and that the most obvious selective agents (that is, seed dispersers) may not always be the most important.
Effect of Growth Under Selection on Appearance of Chromosomal Mutations in Salmonella enterica

Populations adapt physiologically using regulatory mechanisms and genetically by means of mutations that improve growth. During growth under selection, genetic adaptation can be rapid. In several genetic systems, the speed of adaptation has been attributed to cellular mechanisms that increase mutation rates in response to growth limitation. An alternative possibility is that growth limitation serves only as a selective agent but acts on small-effect mutations that are common under all growth conditions. The genetic systems that initially suggested stress-induced mutagenesis have been analyzed without regard for multistep adaptation and some include features that make such analysis difficult. To test the selection-only model, a simpler system is examined, whose behavior was originally attributed to stress-induced mutagenesis (Yang et al. 2001, 2006). A population with a silent chromosomal lac operon gives rise to Lac+ revertant colonies that accumulate over 6 days under selection. Each colony contains a mixture of singly and doubly mutant cells. Evidence is provided that the colonies are initiated by pre-existing single mutants with a weak Lac+ phenotype. Under selection, these cells initiate slow-growing clones, in which a second mutation arises and improves growth of the resulting double mutant. The system shows no evidence of general mutagenesis during selection. Selection alone may explain rapid adaptation in this and other systems that give the appearance of mutagenesis.
Working-Class Interests and the Politics of Social Democratic Reform in Britain, 1900–1940

When nineteenth-century liberals searched for reasons not to enfranchise the lower orders, they most often hit upon the argument that, once given the vote, workers would use it to elect governments pledged to redistribution and welfare at the expense of property. A cursory look at the political history of the twentieth century suggests they were not entirely deluded. Indeed, the most salient facts about political development since 1900 surely are related: The democratization of the political system allowed for the emergence of the working class as a distinct claimant to political power, and its presence within the polity somehow or another stimulated the enormous extension of the social and economic role of the state. The enfranchisement of the workers has meant that property has had to pay some thing?a bit more ransom, as Joseph Chamberlain would have said?for the social stability it so desperately craves. The coincidence between the rise of the working class and the creation of the welfare state has been so obvious as to lead many observers to regard the connection between the two processes as essential, even causal. The connection has underpinned what has come to be called the "social democratic" or "working class strength" model of welfare state development.l Like most correlations across differing moments and contexts, however, the correspondence between working class strength and the demand for welfare often has been less than perfect in detail. Scholars have recently begun to focus on the awkward details that do not seem to fit.2 In Britain, for example, it has been pointed out that many working-class organizations were distinctly ambivalent about "state welfare" up through World War I and even after that. While the working class hesitated, moreover, representa tives of the professional classes formulated many of the plans and proposals, and much of the ideological rationale, upon which the welfare state would subsequently be based.3 If working-class support for welfare has in fact been weaker, or at least less consistent, than previously supposed, it becomes somewhat easier to account for the often slow adoption of welfare programs and for their vulnerability to attack from politicians on the right and from ordinary taxpayers. In Britain in particular, the ambivalence of workers toward state welfare and state intervention more
Generation of highly tunable microwave radiation via a relativistic ionization front

A novel method of continuously upshifting the frequency of an electromagnetic wave is presented. This technique utilizes a relativistically propagating ionization front to simultaneously upshift and compress the source radiation. Using existing technology, it is possible to apply this technique to obtain a single source that is tunable from the microwave (30 GHz) to the millimeter (300 GHz) regime. Peak powers in the kilowatt range with pulse durations of much less than 1 ns are feasible. This technique has been demonstrated in a proof-in-principle experiment by upshifting 34.8-GHz radiation to greater than 116 GHz, with the degree of upshift being continuously tunable. The experimental arrangement employed a microwave cavity filled with azulene vapour. It should be possible to scale the technique to higher frequencies and higher powers. >
Fitts Education Award Winners: Teaching Human Factors and Ergonomics

Every day, current Human Factors & Ergonomics (HF/E) professionals work to foster the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for their students to be future HF/E professionals. Experienced HF/E...
Activation of CRABS CLAW in the Nectaries and Carpels of Arabidopsis

CRABS CLAW (CRC), a member of the YABBY gene family, is required for nectary and carpel development. To further understand CRC regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana, we performed phylogenetic footprinting analyses of 5′ upstream regions of CRC orthologs from three Brassicaceae species, including Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic footprinting efficiently identified functionally important regulatory regions (modules), indicating that CRC expression is regulated by a combination of positive and negative regulatory elements in the modules. Within the conserved modules, we identified putative binding sites of LEAFY and MADS box proteins, and functional in vivo analyses revealed their importance for CRC expression. Both expression and genetic studies demonstrate that potential binding sites for MADS box proteins within the conserved regions are functionally significant for the transcriptional regulation of CRC in nectaries. We propose that in wild-type flowers, a combination of floral homeotic gene activities, specifically the B class genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA and the C class gene AGAMOUS act redundantly with each other and in combination with SEPALLATA genes to activate CRC in the nectaries and carpels. In the absence of B and C class gene activities, other genes such as SHATTERPROOF1/2 can substitute if they are ectopically expressed, as in an A class mutant background (apetala2). These MADS box proteins may provide general floral factors that must work in conjunction with specific factors in the activation of CRC in the nectaries and carpels.
BIOMECHANICS AND HEALING RESPONSE OF THE MENISCUS

The menisci are important in many aspects of knee function, including load bearing, shock absorption, joint stabilization, joint lubrication, and proprioception. Total and partial meniscectomy significantly increase the load per unit area in the tibiofemoral joint and result in early osteoarthritis. Meniscus repair has generally been limited to the peripheral vascular area of the meniscus, but efforts have been made to promote the healing of tears in the avascular inner area. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential for cytokines to increase extracellular matrix synthesis by meniscal cells, suggesting the ability to improve meniscus healing. Meniscus allograft transplantation represents one of the few available treatment options after total meniscectomy. Novel strategies for meniscal repair using gene therapy techniques and engineered tissue are exciting options for the future. This review will discuss these basic aspects of the meniscus, focusing on meniscus biomechanics, the healing response of meniscal cells after injury and allograft transplantation, and future directions for meniscal repair and regeneration.
Space-time duality and the theory of temporal imaging

There exists a beautiful duality between the equations that describe the paraxial diffraction of beams confined in space and the dispersion of narrow-band pulses in dielectrics. We will see that this duality leads naturally to the conclusion that a quadratic phase modulation in time is the analog of a thin lens in space. Therefore, by a suitable combination of dispersion and quadratic phase modulation (now a "time lens"), we can synthesize the time-domain analog of an imaging system. Such a temporal-imaging system can magnify time waveforms in the same manner as conventional spatial-imaging systems magnify scenes. We analyze this space-time duality and derive expressions for the focal length and f-number of a time lens. In addition, the principles of temporal imaging are developed and we derive time-domain analogs for the imaging condition, magnification ratio, and impulse response of a temporal-imaging system. >
Surgical versus conservative treatment of primary patellar dislocation. A systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of surgical and conservative treatment in the prevention of recurrence after primary patellar dislocation. Studies were searched on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and CINHAL from their inception to April 2015. All randomized controlled clinical trials comparing surgical versus conservative treatment after first patellar dislocation were included. Primary outcomes were: recurrent dislocation, subluxation, overall instability and subsequent surgery. Secondary outcomes included imaging, and subjective and objective clinical assessment tools. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed using Cochrane Collaboration’s “Risk of Bias” tool. Pooled analyses were reported as risk ratio (RR) using a random effects model. Continuous data were reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using I². Nine studies were included in the meta-analyses. Methodological quality of the studies was moderate to low. Meta-analyses showed that surgical treatment significantly reduces the redislocation rate (RR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.39, 0.98, p = 0.04) and provides better results on Hughston VAS score (SMD = −0.32; 95% CI = −0.61, −0.03; p = 0.03) and running (OR = −0.52; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.88; p = 0.01). Conservative treatment showed less occurrence of minor complications (OR = 3.46; 95% CI = 2.08, 5.77; p = 0.01) and better results in the figure-of-8 run test (SMD = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.77; p = 0.02) and in the squat down test (SMD = −0.45; 95% CI = −0.81, −0.10; p < 0.00001). No other significant differences could be found. Based on the available data, surgical treatment of primary patella dislocation significantly reduces the risk of patella redislocation.
Semiconductor nanomembranes for integrated silicon photonics and flexible Photonics

Crystalline semiconductor nanomembranes (NMs), which are transferable, stackable, bondable and manufacturable, offer unprecedented opportunities for unique and novel device applications. We review here nanophotonic devices based on stacked semiconductor NMs on Si, glass and flexible PET substrates. Photonic crystal Fano resonance-based surface-normal optical filters and broadband reflectors have been demonstrated with unique angle and polarization properties. Flexible photodetectors and solar cells have also been developed based on the NM stacking processes. Such NM stacking process can lead to a paradigm shift on silicon photonic integration and hybrid organic/inorganic flexible photonics.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLASMON BRANCHES FOR HIGH Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS

The plasmon mechanism of superconductivity in the new high Tc superconductors is characterized by the appearance of two physically distinct branches. They arise from the presence of several partially occupied carrier bands and the reduced dimensionality. Dispersion relations of these branches are derived in RPA and the effect of deviation from RPA is discussed. The possible hybridisation with polar phonon modes and the consequences on contributions to superconductivity and optical properties are presented. Additionally the implications for tunneling and neutron scattering experiments are sketched.
Some new results on Markstein number predictions

The flame speed of a premised flame is known to depend on curvature and local flow conditions, i.e. flame stretch. For flames in unconfined environments. both theory and experiment predict for weakly-stretched fla.mes a 1inea.r relationship bet.ween flame speed and stretch, and the sensitivity of this dependence is given in terms of the Markstein number. In this paper we first review known theoretical results concerning Markstein numbers and present some new results showing an explicit dependence on equivalence ratio and variable transport properties. We also present new theoretical predictions regarding stretch effects on premixed flames in enclosed vessels. Specifically, we derive an expression for flame speed in a constant volume vessel. The inherent unsteadiness associated with the increasing pressure gives rise to a more complicated expression for flame speed. W’e find that flame propagation is strongly influenced by geometry, and the corresponding “Markstein” numbers must be interpreted differently from the constant-pressure case. We use our model to examine the propagation of a spherical flame in a. closed vessel and relate our results to recent experimental measurements. *Associate Professor ‘Professor, Associate Fellow AIAA Copyright @ZOO0 by hslatalon. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc with pernlission. All rights reserved. Introduction Much progress in the theoretical underst.anding of premixed flame dynamics has been based on esa.mining the problem on two separate length scales (cf. Matalon and Matkowsky’ ). One length scale, LD = Z3Dth/S~, characterizes the thermal thickness of the flame: here Z)th is the thermal diffusivity of the mixture and 5’~ is the laminar flame speed. The other length scale, L, characterizes the flame shape: for example it is associated with the wavelengt.11 of wrinkles that, develop on the flame front or nit11 the geometrical dimensions of the vessel ivithin ~vhich the flame propagates. Typically LD 10-2c~n. namely much smaller than L. Viewed on the hydrodynamic length scale. the flame may be regarded as a surface of density discont,inuity, advect,ed and distorted by the flow. Tlrc flow field is determined by a global analysis Ivherr the hydrodynamic equations must be solved subject to jump relations across the flame and appropriate conditions along the boundary of the domain. The flame sheet is characterized by t\vo parameters which vary along its surface and in time: the flame temperature Tf, and its propagation speed .S’f . In general, Tj determines t.hc dcnsity drop across the flame front while S’f determines its evolution relat.ive to t,he fresh unburned gas and they differ from the adia.batic flame temperat.urc T0 and the laminar flame speed SL. Thus, flame speed and temperature are influenced by local nonuniformities in the flow field and by the flame front cur va.ture, the combined effects which are kno\vn as flame stretch.
Vaccination certificate inspection and supplementary inoculation among children entering kindergarten and school in Dalian City from 2011-2013

[Objective]To understand the status of vaccination certificate inspection and supplementary inoculation among children enrolled kindergarten and school in Dalian City,and explore effective management methods of immunization program vaccine inoculation. [Methods]The information of vaccination certificate and supplementary inoculation among children entering kindergarten and school in Dalian City from 2011-2013 were collected for analysis by using epidemiological method. [Results]From 2011-2013,3 965 kindergarten and school students were inspected,and the coverage rate of inspection was 99. 05%. A total of 316 548 children were inspected,with the rate of 98. 98%. Among them 314 136 children had the vaccination certificate,with the rate of99. 24%. There were 2 412 children without vaccination certificate,the supplement certificate rate was 97. 06%. There were31 224 children missed vaccination,the remedial vaccination rate was 97. 42%. During 3 years,a total of 35 552 complementary doses were inoculated with a remedial vaccination rate at 95. 97%. The vaccination certificate holding rate and the immunization coverage rate of children entering kindergarten were higher than those of children entering school. [Conclusion]The implementation of vaccination certificate inspection among children entering kindergarten and school in Dalian City is in good condition,and the cooperation between education department and health department needs to be improved to further complete the vaccination certificate inspection and supplementary inoculation.
Biopsychosocial Approaches to Men's Health Disparities Research and Policy.

Although a century ago the life expectancies of men and women were about equal,1 the life expectancy at birth between the sexes has grown in the past four decades.2 In most industrialized societies...
Counting and Surveying Homeless Youth: Recommendations from YouthCount 2.0!, a Community–Academic Partnership

Communities across the United States are increasing efforts to find and count homeless youth. This paper presents findings and lessons learned from a community/academic partnership to count homeless youth and conduct an in depth research survey focused on the health needs of this population. Over a 4 week recruitment period, 632 youth were counted and 420 surveyed. Methodological successes included an extended counting period, broader inclusion criteria to capture those in unstable housing, use of student volunteers in health training programs, recruiting from magnet events for high risk youth, and partnering with community agencies to disseminate findings. Strategies that did not facilitate recruitment included respondent driven sampling, street canvassing beyond known hotspots, and having community agencies lead data collection. Surveying was successful in gathering data on reasons for homelessness, history in public systems of care, mental health history and needs, sexual risk behaviors, health status, and substance use. Youth were successfully surveyed across housing types including shelters or transitional housing (n = 205), those in unstable housing such as doubled up with friends or acquaintances (n = 75), and those who were literally on the streets or living in a place not meant for human habitation (n = 140). Most youth completed the self-report survey and provided detailed information about risk behaviors. Recommendations to combine research data collection with counting are presented.
Right-edge lapse has prominence alternation

*Lapse and *Clash have previously been seen to go a long way toward capturing the alternating pattern of stress systems, without reference to feet (e.g. Gordon 2002). We propose a perceptual reason for the fact that many languages allow a lapse to occur specifically at the right edge, arguing that final lengthening can be perceived as a type of prominence and showing a correlation between languages that allow final lapse and having duration as a stress correlate. We show how a typical final-lapse-allowed pattern can be captured under this assumption.
Effective Disinfectants for Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii

The lack of published data on effective disinfectants and contact times for use on the fungal pathogens Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii prompted the authors to investigate the fungicidal acti...
Sex differences in the behavioral sequelae of chronic ethanol exposure

Rates of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) differ between men and women, and there is also marked variation between sexes in the effects of acute and chronic alcohol. In parallel to observations in humans, prior studies in rodents have described male/female differences across a range of ethanol-related behaviors, including ethanol drinking. Nonetheless, there remain gaps in our knowledge of the role of sex in moderating the effects of ethanol, particularly in models of chronic ethanol exposure. The goal of the current study was to assess various behavioral sequelae of exposing female C57BL/6J mice to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) via ethanol vapors. Following four weeks of CIE exposure, adult male and female mice were compared for ethanol drinking in a two-bottle paradigm, for sensitivity to acute ethanol intoxication (via loss of righting reflex [LORR]) and for anxiety-like behaviors in the novelty-suppressed feeding and marble burying assays. Next, adult and adolescent females were tested on two different two-bottle drinking preparations (fixed or escalating ethanol concentration) after CIE. Results showed that males and females exhibited significantly blunted ethanol-induced LORR following CIE, whereas only males showed increased anxiety-like behavior after CIE. Increased ethanol drinking after CIE was also specific to males, but high baseline drinking in females may have occluded detection of a CIE-induced effect. The failure to observe elevated drinking in females in response to CIE was also seen in females exposed to CIE during adolescence, regardless of whether a fixed or escalating ethanol-concentration two-bottle procedure was employed. Collectively, these data add to the literature on sex differences in ethanol-related behaviors and provide a foundation for future studies examining how the neural consequences of CIE might differ between males and females.
Controversy corner: volume, distance, and productivity

Abstract Recent papers have suggested that breakthroughs in software productivity may not be forthcoming. This essay reviews some of that speculation and offers a paradigm shift in which breakthroughs are possible. Rather than considering the process of program development, which may be approaching its productivity ceiling, this paper suggests that the goal of software engineering ought to be the development of applications. Viewed from this perspective, the software process becomes one of problem solving in the application domain. Two conceptual measures that offer guidelines for identifying productivity improvement are introduced, and some case-study data are presented. The conclusion is that major improvements can be expected if one considers software engineering to be the use of software to produce a software solution to an application problem.
Spin-Entropy Wave Propagation in 3He A1 in Magnetic Fields up to 12 Tesla

The propagation of spin-entropy wave has been studied in 3 He A 1 in magnetic fields up to 12 tesla and at a pressure of 22.9 bar. The superfluid fraction at T c2 extracted from the propagation velocity increases linearly with magnetic field and reduced temperature. The anomalous attenuation previously found near T c2 in lower magnetic fields was also observed in the present maximum field. The pore size in the oscillating superleak transducer does not affect the anomalous attenuation. Outside the anomalous attenuation region, the dissipation coefficient is found to vary linearly with frequency. This frequency dependence is contrary to that of dissipations owing to viscous losses at walls and to bulk losses.
Improved workflow for unguided multiphase image segmentation

Abstract Quantitative image analysis often depends on accurate classification of pixels through a segmentation process. However, imaging artifacts such as the partial volume effect and sensor noise complicate the classification process. These effects increase the pixel intensity variance of each constituent class, causing intensity values of one class to overlap with another. This increased variance makes threshold based segmentation methods insufficient due to ambiguous overlap regions in the pixel intensity distributions. The class ambiguity becomes even more complex for systems with more than two constituents, such as unsaturated moist granular media. In this paper, we propose an image processing workflow that improves segmentation accuracy for multiphase systems. First, the ambiguous transition regions between classes are identified and removed, which allows for global thresholding of single-class regions. Then the transition regions are classified using a distance function, and finally both segmentations are combined into one classified image. This workflow includes three methodologies for identifying transition pixels and we demonstrate on a variety of synthetic images that these approaches are able to accurately separate the ambiguous transition pixels from the single-class regions. One of these methods does not require any parameter tuning and is entirely unguided, whereas the other two require manual threshold specifications and are thus user-guided. For situations with typical amounts of image noise, misclassification errors and area differences calculated between each class of the synthetic images and the resultant segmented images range from 0.69 to 1.48% and 0.01 to 0.74%, respectively, showing the segmentation accuracy of this approach. We demonstrate that we are able to accurately segment x-ray microtomography images of moist granular media using these computationally efficient methodologies.
Making places and making tradeoffs: mixed-income housing development in practice

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the development of the Brightwalk community in Charlotte, North Carolina, to explore some of the tradeoffs municipalities make when engaging in public–private partnerships designed to support the production of mixed-income housing in urban neighborhoods. Design/methodology/approach The results of a gray literature review and a series of in-depth interviews conducted with real estate practitioners familiar with the transaction are presented to evaluate the impact of market forces on key investment decisions and project outcomes. Findings Public–private partnerships formed to support mixed-income housing development can serve as an effective means of revitalizing economically stagnant urban areas and improving the quality of the affordable housing stock, but they do not always provide members of the development team with an equally strong incentive to satisfy the unique demands of low-income populations or ensure they have a seat at the table when development decisions are made. Originality/value The originality of the research lies in its focus on a public–private partnership led by a non-profit organization to facilitate the redevelopment of a dilapidated market-rate apartment complex into a revitalized mixed-income community, which may help municipalities evaluate the pros and cons of participating in similar development transactions.
Analysis of crash proportion by vehicle type at traffic analysis zone level: A mixed fractional split multinomial logit modeling approach with spatial effects

In traffic safety literature, crash frequency variables are analyzed using univariate count models or multivariate count models. In this study, we propose an alternative approach to modeling multiple crash frequency dependent variables. Instead of modeling the frequency of crashes we propose to analyze the proportion of crashes by vehicle type. A flexible mixed multinomial logit fractional split model is employed for analyzing the proportions of crashes by vehicle type at the macro-level. In this model, the proportion allocated to an alternative is probabilistically determined based on the alternative propensity as well as the propensity of all other alternatives. Thus, exogenous variables directly affect all alternatives. The approach is well suited to accommodate for large number of alternatives without a sizable increase in computational burden. The model was estimated using crash data at Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level from Florida. The modeling results clearly illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework for crash proportion analysis. Further, the Excess Predicted Proportion (EPP)—a screening performance measure analogous to Highway Safety Manual (HSM), Excess Predicted Average Crash Frequency is proposed for hot zone identification. Using EPP, a statewide screening exercise by the various vehicle types considered in our analysis was undertaken. The screening results revealed that the spatial pattern of hot zones is substantially different across the various vehicle types considered.
Clarence Hall University and the Donation

Annalisa McGann, chair of London's prestigious Clarence Hall University, together with the university's board, must make a decision about whether to return a large monetary donation from the Natour Charitable Foundation, which was founded and run by a recent graduate who was also the son of the leader of a corrupt, authoritarian regime in an oil-rich region. Almost two-thirds of the money had already been invested in an innovative leukemia drug that could significantly increase patients' chances of survival; the remainder had been earmarked for an endowment fund for low-income students. Each course of action—keeping the money, giving back the entire sum, or returning the unspent money—had complex consequences, particularly in the current environment in which all British universities were suffering financially and there was nationwide student unrest over rising university costs. The British press, by uncovering the connection between Natour and Clarence Hall, had forced the administration's hand, and McGann and the board needed to make a quick decision after considering a number of complicating factors. Excerpt UVA-E-0382 Rev. Mar. 14, 2013 CLARENCE HALL UNIVERSITY AND THE DONATION Annalisa McGann, chair of London's prestigious Clarence Hall University, sat at her desk and pondered the familiar English adage, “a bad penny always turns up.” Two years earlier, in 2009, Clarence Hall had accepted a pledged donation of a total of (British pounds) GBP8 million (equivalent to [U.S. dollars] USD13 million) from the Natour Charitable Foundation. The foundation's chairman and founder was Ibn Jarrah Natour, a 2008 Clarence Hall doctoral program graduate and the son of General Natour, the leader of a corrupt, authoritarian regime in an oil-rich region. Ibn Jarrah had recently issued an outspoken defense of his father's brutal crushing of a democratic uprising in an incendiary speech claiming that attempts to oppose his father's authority would result in the streets' turning to “rivers of blood.” Within the past week, the British press had managed to uncover the financial dealings between Clarence Hall and the Natour family, and the university now faced a public relations disaster over its 2009 decision to accept the funds and a quandary over what to do with them. Of the initial sum, GBP5 million (USD8 million) had already been invested in research into a new leukemia drug that could significantly increase patients' chances of survival. The remainder—GBP3 million (USD5 million)—was pledged to start an endowment fund for low-income students for the following academic year. As she prepared for an emergency meeting with the Clarence Hall University board, McGann had to sort through the complexities of the situation in which the school now found itself and come up with a proposed course of action. Returning the money to the Natour foundation was a possibility, but that option presented its own complications. She sighed and reached for her cup of tea. . . .
Hemophilia gene therapy comes of age.

Concurrent with the development of recombinant factor replacement products, the characterization of the F9 and F8 genes over 3 decades ago allowed for the development of recombinant factor products and made the hemophilias a target disease for gene transfer. The progress of hemophilia gene therapy has been announced in 3 American Society of Hematology scientific plenary sessions, including the first “cure” in a large animal model of hemophilia B in 1998, first in human sustained vector-derived factor IX activity in 2011, and our clinical trial results reporting sustained vector-derived factor IX activity well into the mild or normal range in 2016. This progression to clinically meaningful success combined with numerous ongoing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)–mediated hemophilia gene transfer clinical trials suggest that the goal of gene therapy to alter the paradigm of hemophilia care may soon be realized. Although several novel therapeutics have recently emerged for hemophilia, gene therapy is unique in its potential for a one-time disease-altering, or even curative, treatment. This review will focus on the prior progress and current clinical trial investigation of rAAV-mediated gene transfer for hemophilia A and B.
Multisensory Impairment is Associated with Increased Risk of Dementia (P3.030)

Objective: To evaluate whether presence of multiple sensory impairments is associated with higher risk of dementia compared with having a single or no sensory impairment. Background: Sensory impairments, such as those of hearing, vision, and olfaction are common among older adults and associated with dementia. No study has examined multisensory impairment and risk of dementia incorporating measures of hearing, vision, smell, and touch. Design/Methods: We studied 1,810 black and white non-demented participants from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study aged 70–79 at enrollment. Sensory impairments assessed at study years 3–5 were dichotomized according to clinical or previously published cut-points: visual impairment: visual acuity ≤20/40 or log contrast sensitivity 40 decibels pure tone average at 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz; poor smell: lowest tertitle of 12-item Cross Cultural Smell Identification Test; and impaired touch: peripheral nerve insensitivity based on monofilament-10g or vibration detection threshold. Participants were followed up to 10 years; incident dementia was based on hospitalization records, dementia medications, or ≥1.5 SD decline in Modified Mini-Mental State Exam. Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for demographics and health conditions evaluated the association between number of sensory impairments (0–4) and risk of dementia. Results: Sensory impairments were common: 28% had visual impairments, 35% had hearing loss, 22% had poor smell, and 12% had peripheral nerve insensitivity; 25% had multiple impairments. Increasing impairments was associated with risk of dementia in a graded fashion (p Conclusions: Multisensory impairment was strongly associated with increased risk of dementia. Although the nature of this relationship needs further investigation, clinical assessment of sensory function may help identify patients at high risk of dementia. Study Supported by: This research was supported by National Institute on Aging (NIA) Contracts N01-AG-6-2101; N01-AG-6-2103; N01-AG-6-2106; NIA grant R01-AG028050, and NINR grant R01-NR012459. This research was funded in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging. This work was also supported by NIA grants K24-AG031155 and T32-AG027708. Disclosure: Dr. Brenowitz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaup has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yaffe has nothing to disclose.
Fragmentation and Structure of Silicon Microclysters

In the past several years there has been growing interest in the properties of small clusters of atoms.1–7 Inert gas clusters are known to form predominantly 13-, 55-, etc. atom clusters explained by stable icosahedral packing.7 More recently there has been an effort to determine the geometrical arrangements and electronic configurations for Group IV elements, C, Si, Ge and Sn.8–11 Silicon and germanium have both been found to form unusually stable 6- and 10-atom clusters. Si4 and Ge14 are also found to be particularly stable. These unusually stable clusters are referred to as the magic numbers. Unlike Si and Ge, carbon exhibits chain-like structures due to strong π bonding with their own set of magic numbers. Bloomfield, Freeman, and Brown8 (BFB) performed a photofragmentation experiment on ionized silicon, measuring relative cross sections and individual fragmentation channels for clusters containing upto 12 atoms. Neutral clusters were created by vaporizing bulk silicon in the presence of a stream of inert gas. These clusters were then ionized by a laser and mass selected by means of electrodes. Fragmentation occurred upon exposing the cluster to an intense beam of laser radiation. The size of the resulting charged fragment was then determined. The temperature of the cluster prior to dissociation reaches the order of the melting temperature of bulk silicon (T ~ 2000 K). The fragmentation channels were found to depend critically on the overlap between the laser beam and the cluster. Bloomfield et al. report relatively low total photofragmentation cross sections for Si+ 4, Si+ 6, and Si+ 10 in addition to the unusually common occurrence of Si+ 6 and Si+ 10 from the fragmentation of Si+ 7−11 and Si+ 12, respectively. The magic numbers for silicon have been determined to be 4, 6, and 10 from these experimental results.