cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Maternal Nutritional Buffering Model: an evolutionary framework for pregnancy nutritional intervention

Evidence that fetal nutrition influences adult health has heightened interest in nutritional interventions targeting pregnancy. However, as is true for other placental mammals, human females have evolved mechanisms that help buffer the fetus against short-term fluctuations in maternal diet and energy status. In this review, we first discuss the evolution of increasingly elaborate vertebrate strategies of buffering offspring from environmental fluctuations during development, including the important innovation of the eutherian placenta. We then present the Maternal Nutritional Buffering Model, which argues that, in contrast to many micronutrients that must be derived from dietary sources, the effects of short-term changes in maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy, whether due to a deficit or supplementation, will be minimized by internal buffering mechanisms that work to ensure a stable supply of essential resources. In contrast to the minimal effects of brief macronutrient supplementation, there is growing evidence that sustained improvements in early life and adult pre-pregnancy nutrition could improve birth outcomes in offspring. Building on these and other observations, we propose that strategies to improve fetal macronutrient delivery will be most effective if they modify the pregnancy metabolism of mothers by targeting nutrition prior to conception and even during early development, as a complement to the conventional focus on bolstering macronutrient intake during pregnancy itself. Our model leads to the prediction that birth weight will be more strongly influenced by the mother's chronic pre-pregnancy nutrition than by pregnancy diet, and highlights the need for policy solutions aimed at optimizing future, intergenerational health outcomes. Lay summary: We propose that strategies to improve fetal macronutrient delivery will be most effective if they modify the pregnancy metabolism of mothers by targeting nutrition prior to conception and even during early development, as a complement to the conventional focus on bolstering macronutrient intake during pregnancy itself.
Gender- and Race-Based Differences in Barriers and Facilitators to Early Detection of Colon Cancer.

Background: Early detection of colon cancer is essential to successful treatment and survival, yet most patients are diagnosed only after onset of symptoms. Previous studies suggest differences in ...
Carbon Geoengineering and the Metabolic Rift: Solution or Social Reproduction?:

Using the concepts of metabolism and metabolic rift as a framework, this paper examines carbon geoengineering technologies as a solution to climate change and explores if it is possible to mend an ...
Cyclic di-AMP in Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Formation

Bacillus subtilis is a soil-dwelling bacterium that forms highly structured microbial communities called biofilms. Biofilm formation is important for bacterial survival, as biofilms are highly tolerant to environmental stresses. In B. subtilis, the formation of biofilms facilitates important interactions with plants. While the genetic regulation of biofilm formation is highly studied in B. subtilis, little is known regarding the molecular details of how signaling molecules feed into the biofilm regulatory network of this bacterium. Recent studies found that the second messenger cyclic di-adenylate monophosphate (cyclic di-AMP) plays an important role in B. subtilis biofilm formation and plant attachment. B. subtilis secretes cyclic di-AMP via three putative cyclic di-AMP transporters, suggesting that cyclic di-AMP can act as an extracellular signal for biofilm formation and plant attachment. Here, we discuss how cyclic di-AMP metabolism and secretion impact colony biofilm architecture, biofilm gene expression, and plant attachment in B. subtilis and speculate on future directions for the field.
Intermolecular vibrational energy transfer enabled by microcavity strong light–matter coupling

Selective vibrational energy transfer between molecules in the liquid phase, a difficult process hampered by weak intermolecular forces, is achieved through polaritons formed by strong coupling between cavity photon modes and donor and acceptor molecules. Using pump-probe and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, we found that the excitation of the upper polariton, which is composed mostly of donors, can efficiently relax to the acceptors within ~5 picoseconds. The energy-transfer efficiency can be further enhanced by increasing the cavity lifetime, suggesting that the energy transfer is a polaritonic process. This vibrational energy-transfer pathway opens doors for applications in remote chemistry, sensing mechanisms, and vibrational polariton condensation.
Modeling heat transfer in fluid flow near a decelerating rotating disk with variable fluid properties

Abstract Present work formulates the unsteadily revolving fluid flow caused by a rotating porous disk in a variable viscosity fluid. Following an existing paper, the disk angular velocity is assumed to exhibit an inversely linear time dependency. Moreover, temperature dependency in fluid viscosity is incorporated in the analysis. Two different numerical approaches namely, a modified finite difference scheme and the collocation method based MATLAB package bvp4c, are employed to find self-similar solutions. Subtle fluid mechanics concepts such as radial wall stress, torque required, volumetric flow rate and heat transfer rate are analyzed for full range of unsteadiness parameter S, measuring the decay rate of disk angular velocity. There exists a particular value of S designated as S∗ which corresponds to zero torque (G′(0) = 0) illustrating the situation of freely rotating disk. Beyond this value of S, that is S
Multi-Frame to Single-Frame: Knowledge Distillation for 3D Object Detection.

A common dilemma in 3D object detection for autonomous driving is that high-quality, dense point clouds are only available during training, but not testing. We use knowledge distillation to bridge the gap between a model trained on high-quality inputs at training time and another tested on low-quality inputs at inference time. In particular, we design a two-stage training pipeline for point cloud object detection. First, we train an object detection model on dense point clouds, which are generated from multiple frames using extra information only available at training time. Then, we train the model's identical counterpart on sparse single-frame point clouds with consistency regularization on features from both models. We show that this procedure improves performance on low-quality data during testing, without additional overhead.
Ainda Persiste um Gap de Género na Investigação Cardiológica Nacional? Uma Revisão de Dados da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia

A gender gap is apparent in several professional areas, including in medicine and particularly in the cardiovascular field. We present a brief review of the topic and we analyze data from the Portuguese Journal of Cardiology regarding female authorship..
Quark flavor dependence of particle flow in nucleus-nucleus collisions measured by PHENIX

Abstract We present measurements of the nuclear modification factor R A A and azimuthal anisotropy v 2 for electrons from charm and bottom hadron decays at mid-rapidity ( | y | 0.35 ) and for inclusive J / ψ via the di-muon decay channel at forward-rapidity ( 1.2 | y | 2.2 ) in Au+Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV . Charm and bottom decay electron R A A can be described by a T-Matrix model based on a strongly coupling QGP scenario ( 2 π T D = 4 ) as well as SUBATECH and DGLV models based on quark mass dependent energy loss. Finite charm and bottom decay electron v 2 are observed with significances of 3.5 and 1.1 σ. The charm decay electron v 2 is better described by the Langevin + viscous hydro calculation with coalescence than that without coalescence. The charm decay electron v 2 is larger than inclusive J / ψ v 2 with a significance of 0.7 σ. These observations hint that charm quarks are dragged by the medium and hadronize via coalescence with light-flavor quarks. Complete analyses of 36 billion Au+Au collision events from RHIC 2014 and 2016 runs increase the integrated luminosity by a factor of 8 for the charm and bottom decay electron R A A measurements, by a factor of 2 for the charm and bottom decay electron v 2 measurements, and by a factor of 5 for the inclusive J / ψ v 2 measurements.
'Sex' and Religion after Bostock

This paper reviews the U.S. Supreme Court’s opinion in Bostock v. Clayton County. There, the Court held that by barring employer discrimination against any individual “because of such individual’s . . . sex,” Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also bars employment discrimination because an individual is gay or transgender. The paper then speculates about how much Bostock will affect how likely lower court judges will read other “sex” discrimination prohibitions in the U.S. Code in the same way, in part based on a canvass of the text of about 150 of those prohibitions. The paper also discusses the religion-based defenses that defendants may raise in response under Title VII itself, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. And the paper suggests how Bostock’s effect will likely vary with the influence of Trump-appointed federal judges.
Phase I with expansion clinical trial of seleno-l-methionine (SLM) in combination with axitinib in patients with relapsed clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC): Bench to bedside.

322Background: Hypoxia induced factor 1α/2α (HIFs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are overexpressed in ccRCC and associated with increased tumor angiogenesis, vascular instability an...
Past 6-Year Trends in Current Alcohol Use among Cyberbullied Adolescents.

Most of the research on alcohol use and being cyberbullied has focused on the correlation between the two. Less is known about the recent epidemiology of adolescent current alcohol use. Objective: ...
The impact of discrimination on allostatic load in adults: An integrative review of literature.

Abstract Objective The objective of the paper is to critically review the current state of the literature on the association between discrimination and allostatic load (AL) in adults and determine whether this association differs by sociodemographic characteristics. Methods An extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Embase to identify studies that investigated the association between discrimination and AL. The search was limited to the English language, articles that were peer-reviewed and articles that were published within the last 10 years. Results A total of 11 studies met the eligibility criteria for this review, 8 of which were cross-sectional and 3 of which were longitudinal. There was heterogeneity in the type of discrimination measured, the composition of AL summary score, and the analytic approach utilized to examine the relationship of interest. Nine studies found a significant, positive association between discrimination and AL. The types of discrimination found to be positively associated with AL included lifetime discrimination, childhood racial discrimination, everyday discrimination, and everyday weight discrimination. One study found that this association differed by educational attainment. Conclusion There is evidence that discrimination is associated with AL. Longitudinal studies with diverse samples are needed to further explore this association and how it differs based on sociodemographic characteristics.
Reduction in vasopressin cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mice increases anxiety and alters fluid intake.

Abstract Central vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated in the control of multiple behaviors, including social behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and sickness behavior. The extent to which the different AVP-producing cell groups contribute to regulating these behaviors has not been extensively investigated. Here we test the role of AVP cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in these behaviors by ablating these cells using viral-mediated, Cre-dependent caspase in male and female AVP-Cre + mice and Cre-controls. We compared anxiety and social behaviors, as well as sickness behaviors (lethargy, anhedonia (indexed by sucrose consumption), and changes in anxiety-like- and social behavior) induced via injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that SCN AVP cell ablation increased anxiety-like behavior and sucrose consumption in both sexes, as well as increased urine marking by males in a non-social context, but did not alter behavioral responses to sickness. Our data suggest that SCN AVP does not strongly affect LPS-induced behavioral changes, but may contribute to anxiety-like behavior, and may play a role in ingestive reward/motivation and fluid intake.
Abstract LB081: Systemic inflammation is associated with increased risk of mortality after invasive breast cancer among Hispanic women from New Mexico

Introduction: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-II (sTNF-R2), a circulating pro-inflammatory biomarker, has been found to associated with obesity and increased risk of breast cancer. No studies to date have examined the association between sTNF-R2 and risk of mortality among Hispanic breast cancer survivors, an at-risk population due to their high prevalence of obesity and poor prognosis. The current study examined the long-term effects of sTNF-R2 on risk of mortality among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) breast cancer survivors from the New Mexico Health Eating Activity and Lifestyle Study. Methods: A total of 397 invasive breast cancer survivors (96 Hispanic, 301 NHW) contributed data for the present study. Women with breast cancer diagnosed between July 1996 and March 1999 were ascertained through the National Cancer Institute9s Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry in New Mexico. Baseline demographic characteristics, anthropometric measures, and blood samples were collected approximately 5 months post diagnosis by trained interviewers. Plasma levels of sTNF-R2 were assayed and measures were log-transformed to conform to normality. The main predictor of low (referent) vs high sTNF-R2 levels was based on the median value. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between sTNF-R2 and all-cause mortality were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models overall and by ethnicity. Models were adjusted for age at diagnosis, education, breast cancer stage, treatment, and body mass index (BMI). Results: A total of 133 deaths (53 breast cancer-specific deaths) were observed after a median follow-up time of 13 years. While Hispanic women had higher baseline BMI (mean= 27.21, standard deviation (SD)= 5.83) compared to NHW women (mean= 25.68, SD= 5.36) (p Citation Format: Avonne E. Connor, Stephanie D. Boone, Kathy B. Baumgartner, Richard N. Baumgartner. Systemic inflammation is associated with increased risk of mortality after invasive breast cancer among Hispanic women from New Mexico [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB081.
Application of Whole Genome Sequencing to Understand Diversity and Presence of Genes Associated with Sanitizer Tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes from Produce Handling Sources.

Recent listeriosis outbreaks linked to fresh produce suggest the need to better understand and mitigate L. monocytogenes contamination in packing and processing environments. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotype screening assays for sanitizer tolerance, we characterized 48 L. monocytogenes isolates previously recovered from environmental samples in five produce handling facilities. Within the studied population there were 10 sequence types (STs) and 16 cgMLST types (CTs). Pairwise single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ranged from 0 to 3047 SNPs within a CT, revealing closely and distantly related isolates indicative of both sporadic and continuous contamination events within the facility. Within Facility 1, we identified a closely related cluster (0–2 SNPs) of isolates belonging to clonal complex 37 (CC37; CT9492), with isolates recovered during sampling events 1-year apart and in various locations inside and outside the facility. The accessory genome of these CC37 isolates varied from 94 to 210 genes. Notable genetic elements and mutations amongst the isolates included the bcrABC cassette (2/48), associated with QAC tolerance; mutations in the actA gene on the Listeria pathogenicity island (LIPI) 1 (20/48); presence of LIPI-3 (21/48) and LIPI-4 (23/48). This work highlights the potential use of WGS in tracing the pathogen within a facility and understanding properties of L. monocytogenes in produce settings.
The use of variable speed drives to retrofit hydraulic injection molding machines

Injection molding is a common method of plastic processing in which thermoplastic materials can be molded into arbitrary complex shapes. Most injection molding machines use complicated hydraulic systems to perform the necessary work of the process. Hydraulic system flow and pressure requirements vary throughout the cycle and in many cases, excess fluid that is not required by the process is throttled back to the reservoir, wasting motor energy and producing additional thermal load on the cooling system. Variable speed drives can be used to allow injection molding machine hydraulic systems to vary the amount of fluid being pumped and thus reduce the amount of fluid that is throttled reducing the amount of wasted energy. This article discusses injection molding machine processes and develops a protocol for assessing the efficacy of variable speed drive retrofits for hydraulic injection molding machines.
Modulation of endothelin-1 production by a pulmonary epithelial cell line: I. Regulation by glucocorticoids

Abstract Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is one of the most potent bronchoconstrictor agents yet described. Bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic patients in vivo express preproET-1 and in vitro release high amounts of ET-1. Healthy and chronic bronchitic controls do not express preproET-1 or release ET-1. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and other cytokines up-regulate the in vitro ET-1 release in guinea pig airway epithelial cells. We explored whether two glucocorticoids, dexamethasone (Dex) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA), inhibit the synthesis and release of ET-1 by A549 cells, a transformed human pulmonary epithelial cell line, since ET-1 may have a basic role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Cells were grown to confluence in RPMI 1640 plus 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were then cultured for 3 days without serum to obtain ET-1 basal levels. The effects of 10% FBS, IL-2 (10 U/mL), Dex, TA or mifepristone, a steroid antagonist (1, 10 or 100 nM), were evaluated on ET-1 as measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). ET-1 production increased from 57.6 ± 5 pg/mg cell protein at 6 hr to 170 ± 9 pg/mg cell protein at 72 hr in control cultures. Ten percent FBS increased ET-1 production from 58.7 ± 9.6 to 399 ± 14.5 pg/mg cell protein. IL-2 significantly increased ET-1 from 100.7 ± 6.1 to 144 ± 6.7 at 24 hr and from 170 ± 9 to 207.7 ± 24 at 72 hr. Dex and TA (10 and 100 nM) at 24–72 hr decreased ET-1 under basal conditions. Both drugs (only at 100 nM) decreased ET-1 production in 10% FBS- and IL-2-stimulated cells. Mifepristone (10 and 100 nM) reversed the decreased production of ET-1 induced by Dex (100 nM) at 24–72 hr. Northern blot analysis showed that Dex (100 nM) decreased the expression of ET-1 mRNA at 6 and 24 hr, but that mifepristone (100 nM) reversed this effect in cells cultured with Dex. In conclusion, Dex and TA down-regulated the synthesis and production of ET-1 by this human pulmonary epithelial cell line under basal or stimulated conditions, and these effects are reversed by mifepristone. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of glucocorticoid effect during the treatment of asthma.
An Examination of the Antecedents of Global Diversity in Top Management Teams

Researchers have found that if managed properly, TMT global diversity can have positive effects such as stronger performance, yet little attention has been paid to what factors encourage or discourage TMT global diversity. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model to address this question and it includes six main antecedents to TMT global diversity: the degree of the firm international diversification, the firm’s past performance, the international experience of the CEO, the global diversity of Board of Directors, foreign ownership levels, and executive compensation. Understanding the antecedents of TMT global diversity should help shed light on what levers might be used to improve global diversity in situations where global diversity might lead to stronger effects on the firm.A proposal version of this paper was presented in the 2013 Annual Meeting of the Strategic Management Society in Atlanta, Georgia. The current version is a work in progress and has been expanded using the feedback from conference attendees and reviewers.
Regulation of purified type I and type II adenylylcyclases by G protein beta gamma subunits.

Type I and type II adenylylcyclases have been purified after expression in Sf9 cells, each by application of a two-step purification protocol. The specific activities of the essentially homogeneous enzymes are approximately 7 and 2 mumol.min-1.mg-1, respectively. Each purified enzyme preparation is activated by Gs alpha, but they are regulated in an opposite fashion by G protein beta gamma subunits. Purified beta gamma inhibits Gs alpha-stimulated type I adenylylcyclase directly, while beta gamma activates type II adenylylcyclase and potentiates the Gs alpha-mediated stimulation of the enzyme. This is the first demonstration of the activation of a purified effector molecule by G protein beta gamma subunits.
Numerical simulation of InP/InGaAs npn heterojunction phototransistors

A drift-diffusion-based numerical simulation of an npn InP/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) is described. With the device in a floating-base common emitter configuration, I-V characteristics, optical gain versus input optical power, and spectral response are presented. These characteristics are consistent with device characteristics in the literature. It is shown that space charge region recombination is responsible for reductions in gain over the ideal analytical model. Significant gain and sensitivity enhancement through reduction of this recombination current is attained through the insertion of a thin lightly doped region in the emitter. >
Diode Pumped Cesium Laser

We demonstrate a continuous-wave diode laser pumped cesium vapor laser. We achieved a forty percent slope efficiency relative to the pump power in a non-optimized experiment
Climate Change Hits Home

Engaging the public with climate change has proved difficult, in part because they see the problem as remote. New evidence suggests that direct experience of one anticipated impact — flooding — increases people’s concern and willingness to save energy.
Adverse intraoperative medical events and their association with anesthesia management strategies in cataract surgery.

Abstract Objective To compare adverse medical events by different anesthesia strategies for cataract surgery. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants Patients 50 years of age and older undergoing 19,250 cataract surgeries at nine centers in the United States and Canada between June 1995 and June 1997. Intervention Local anesthesia applied topically or by injection, with or without oral and intravenous sedatives, opioid analgesia, hypnotics, and diphenhydramine (Benadryl). Main outcome measures Intraoperative and postoperative adverse medical events. Results Twenty-six percent of surgeries were performed with topical anesthesia and the remainder with injection anesthesia. There was no increase in deaths and hospitalizations associated with any specific anesthesia strategy. No statistically significant difference was observed in the prevalence of intraoperative events between topical and injection anesthesia without intravenous sedatives (0.13% and 0.78%, respectively). The use of intravenous sedatives was associated with a significant increase in adverse events for topical (1.20%) and injection anesthesia (1.18%), relative to topical anesthesia without intravenous sedation. The use of short-acting hypnotic agents with injection anesthesia was also associated with a significant increase in adverse events when used alone (1.40%) or in combination with opiates (1.75%), sedatives (2.65%), and with the combination of opiates and sedatives (4.04%). These differences remained after adjusting for age, gender, duration of surgery, and American Society of Anesthesiologists risk class. Conclusions Adjuvant intravenous anesthetic agents used to decrease pain and alleviate anxiety are associated with increases in medical events. However, cataract surgery is a safe procedure with a low absolute risk of medical complications with either topical or injection anesthesia. Clinicians should weigh the risks and benefits of their use for individual patients.
Career and Technical Education Teacher Shortage: A Successful Model for Recruitment and Retention

The role of Career and Technical Education (CTE) as a major source of skilled workers for the American economy and a vital component of American education is well established. Several recent studies show that when CTE programs combine rigorous academic standards and industry-based technical content, the result is higher academic achievement and better economic outcomes for an increasing number of high school students. In spite of the documented successes and achievements of CTE high schools, studies show that many high school programs are faced with serious challenges, not the least of which is the difficulty in attracting qualified CTE subject teachers. This article examined one highly successful CTE teacher recruitment effort in New York that involves the Thomas Wilkin is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Career and Technology Teacher Education at New York City College of Technology of the City University of New York. He can be reached at Twilkin@citytech.cuny.edu. Godfrey Nwoke is a Professor and Chair of the Department of Career and Technology Teacher Education at New York City College of Technology of the City University of New York. He can be reached at Gnwoke@citytech.cuny.edu. Career and Technical Education Teacher Shortage 23 city department of education, the teachers union, and a public university. The article focuses on the key elements of the teacher training program as a model for effective CTE teacher recruitment and retention.
Year‐round research gets boost at summit of Greenland Ice Sheet

A successful pilot project has added support for locating a year-round interdisciplinary environmental observatory at the 3200-m summit of the Greenland ice sheet (Figure 1). Such a facility will enable numbers of European and U.S. scientists to make continuous measurements at a unique, high elevation, Northern Hemisphere location (Figure 2). From August 1997 through April 1998 a pilot winter-over program of atmospheric and snow measurements was carried out, in part to test the feasibility of a longer-term year-round facility Year-round measurements are expected to resume in the summer of 2000.
The effect of obscuration's illumination and noise on retrieval and recognition for the generalized minimum mean-square-error filter

We introduce for the first time a novel and unique algorithm for a generalized form for a minimum mean-square-error image processing filter. This algorithm can be used to recognize or retrieve an image that is not only partially obscured by a constant disjoint background, but is also simultaneously blurred and overlaid with additive gaussian noise. Although this algorithm can be applied to many general filter forms that have never been considered before, we test the performance of this filter in four novel obscured-version operating modes: three recognition modes and one retrieval mode. These tests included varying the levels of the background illumination and of the additive white noise, as well as varying the amount of obscuration on the image. Our simulation results show that it is possible to recognize or retrieve images that are as much as 90% obscured, as well as blurred and noisy with a signal-to-noise ratio of 0.1. We also show that the background illumination of the obscuring object improves the performance of the filter in both its recognition or retrieval modes. This work should be a significant advance in the pattern recognition area for both automatic target recognition and machine vision.
Family factors and sampling approach differentially influence attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes.

A widely used statistical method to test for genetic association is the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) using two parent–proband trios. West et al1 have presented evidence from clinically ascertained ADHD families that children from trios were less likely to have DSM-IV combined subtype ADHD and conduct disorder. They suggest that the exclusion of parent–proband duos could reduce the power of the TDT and similar tests to detect susceptibility genes for this subtype of ADHD. We sought to test this hypothesis in a population-based sample of twin families, while controlling for the effects of other proband and family characteristics in a multivariant logistic regression framework using both latent class and DSM-IV ADHD subtype definitions. For both latent class and DSM-IV defined combined and inattentive ADHD, sex of the proband and comorbid conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder, significantly predicted diagnosis. For latent class and DSM-IV defined combined subtype, younger age also significantly predicted ADHD subtype. Latent class and DSM-IV defined combined subtype ADHD with comorbid conduct disorder was significantly less common in children from trios while conduct disorder without ADHD did not differ in frequency between families with zero, one or two participating parents.
Eosinophilia with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and immune deficiency syndromes

Eosinophilia was found in three male siblings with infantile, sex-linked agammaglobulinemia and fatal Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The third child had a marked early rise in blood eosinophils which progressed in parallel with the respiratory infection. Eosinophilia is found in children with immune deficiency diseases involving either the humoral or thymic dependent immune systems in man, or both, and may indicate infection of these children with Pneumocystis carinii .
Extraovarian peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma: a phase II trial of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with comparison to a cohort with papillary serous ovarian carcinoma-a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

Abstract Objectives The goals of this study were first, to assess the clinical effectiveness of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide in a phase II study involving a well-defined group of women with extraovarian peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma (EPSPC); and second, to compare these results with those of a group of patients with papillary serous ovarian carcinoma (PSOC) who received identical therapy. Methods After primary surgery, patients were treated with cisplatin 75 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 every 21 days for six cycles. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, clinical and surgical response to treatment, progression-free survival, and overall survival were evaluated. These patients were then compared with patients with PSOC who received identical treatment on a separate protocol. Results Women with a diagnosis of EPSPC tended to be older than those with PSOC (median age: 65.8 years vs 60.3 years, P = 0.04). The estimated probability of clinical response (complete and partial) to the treatment regimen for EPSPC was 65% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41–85%) compared with 59% (95% CI: 47–71%) for women with PSOC. Surgical complete responses were similar (20% vs 19%) in the two patient groups. Additionally, the death rates did not significantly differ between the two groups (hazard ratio: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.834–1.88). Conclusion Women with EPSPC and PSOC exhibit a similar probability of response to cisplatin and cyclophosphamide and a similar overall survival. Based on these findings and the fact that results of ovarian cancer trials are frequently extrapolated to patients with EPSPC, it is reasonable to include EPSPC patients in future large-scale treatment trials involving patients with advanced ovarian cancer.
Structural Study of xNa2S + (1 − x)B2S3 Glasses and Polycrystals by Multiple-Quantum MAS NMR of 11B and 23Na

Glasses and polycrystals in the series xNa2S + (1 − x)B2S3 have been prepared and studied by magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR and by two-dimensional multiple-quantum (MQ) MAS NMR of 11B and 23Na. These techniques, when applied at various magnetic fields and combined with computer simulations of the spectra, provide new insights into the structure of the polycrystalline samples. Isotropic chemical shifts, quadrupolar parameters, and relative concentrations of the various boron sites are obtained by NMR and correlated with the known structures of boron trisulfide (x = 0), sodium metathioborate (x = 0.5) and sodium orthothioborate (x = 0.75). A structural model of polycrystalline sodium dithioborate (x = 0.33) is proposed. The MQMAS NMR method significantly enhanced the resolution in 11B spectra of xNa2S + (1 − x)B2S3 glasses and proved instrumental in finding and identifying various structural units present within these materials as the modification of the B2S3 network progressed with increasing Na2S content....
Spatial Variations in the Spectral Properties of Bright Regions on Mars

Much of the surface of Mars is covered by material that is bright and reddish at visible wavelengths and which is interpreted as chemically altered soil. High spatial resolution data from the ISM near-infrared imaging spectrometer on the Phobos 2 spacecraft have provided new information about the composition and compositional heterogeneity of this soil. Most bright soil exhibits a weak, narrow absorption feature near 2.2 micron, suggesting the presence of poorly crystalline phyllosilicate. The strength of the 3.0-micron H2O absorption exhibits spatially coherent variations, with stronger absorptions occurring in specific geologic units. These variations may result from differences in the content of molecular water in soils developed on different deposits. Additionally, the position and shape of the 0.9-micron Fe(3+) absorption indicate hematite to be present in bright soils covering many areas, including Tharsis. However, other large areas covered by bright soil, including much of Arabia, exhibit a deeper absorption at a longer wavelength, suggesting occurrence of ferric minerals other than hematite. These spectral heterogeneities indicate that bright martian soil is compositionally diverse and not completely homogenized by eolian activity. The compositional differences may result from different histories of chemical alteration of parent materials and their resulting soils, possibly including local effects of liquid water.
Zamia (Cycadales: Zamiaceae) on Puerto Rico: Asymmetric genetic differentiation and the hypothesis of multiple introductions

PREMISE OF THE STUDY This study of Zamia in Puerto Rico is the most intensive population genetics investigation of a cycad to date in terms of number of markers, and one of few microsatellite DNA studies of plants from the highly critical Caribbean biodiversity hotspot. Three distinctive Zamia taxa occur on the island: Z. erosa on the north coast, and Z. portoricensis and Z. pumila, both in the south. Their relationships are largely unknown. We tested three hypotheses about their genetic diversity, including the possibility of multiple introductions. METHODS We used 31 microsatellite loci across 10 populations and analyzed the data with AMOVA, Bayesian clustering, and ABC coalescent modeling. KEY RESULTS Puerto Rican zamias exhibit an amalgam of patterns of genetic differentiation that have been reported for cycads. Overall, the taxa are slightly inbred, with high infra-populational variation and little evidence of recent bottlenecks. Zamia erosa exhibits a more than threefold greater degree of population differentiation than the other two taxa. Admixture is evident only between Z. portoricensis and Z. pumila. Zamia portoricensis is inferred to be the youngest taxon on the island, on the basis of estimates of coalescence time and effective population size. A selective sweep may be underway in a small population of Z. erosa in a saline environment. CONCLUSIONS Zamia erosa may represent an independent introduction into Puerto Rico; Z. portoricensis and Z. pumila fit a scenario of allopatric speciation. This will be explored further in the context of genetic analysis across the entire Caribbean region.
When the Priest Does Not Sympathize with el Pueblo: Clergy and Society in el Oriente Venezolano, 1843-1873

When 22 Capuchin friars landed in Barcelona in 1843, they could not anticipate the troubles they faced in the years to come. As refugees from the Spanish Carlista wars, Gallegos and Catalans who did not even speak much Spanish, the friars must have been happy enough to serve a nation that did not want them dead—yet. In their contract with the Venezuelan government, the 22 Capuchin friars who labored in Venezuela's Oriente promised to stay in Venezuela for at least ten years. In return, the Venezuelan government promised to pay them 400 pesos annually, to leave all spiritual matters in the hands of the missionaries, and to cede to the missionaries all authority in Indian mission matters. If only things worked out that well. The Capuchin friars found themselves inextricably bound in complex relationships of race and class, often intertwined with matters of land and labor. Poverty and politics (or the politics of poverty) did not allow clergy to use their position as parish priests to maintain any degree of neutrality in the tug of war between the white elite and the poor, primarily Indians, ex-slaves, and the mixed race descendants of all groups. To the contrary, poverty and politics made clergy important players in the ongoing high stakes game of chess between the elite and the masses.
Preignition Oxidation Chemistry of the Major JP-8 Surrogate Component: n-Dodecane

Four experiments were conducted to study n-dodecane oxidation at 8 atm for equivalence ratios ranging from 0.23-0.88. The experiments were performed in a pressurized flow reactor under lean, dilute conditions, throughout the low and intermediate temperature regime (600-850 K) to investigate the preignition oxidation chemistry. Samples of intermediate species produced during the oxidation process were collected and analyzed utilizing gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, coupled with mass spectrometry. The identity and quantity of intermediate species produced were similar when comparing the Moderate to High equivalence ratio experiments. However, major differences were apparent when the Moderate and High Phi experiments were compared to the Low equivalence ratio experiment. Experimental results were compared to a semidetailed kinetic model representing a Moderate Phi n-dodecane experiment. The model predicted the general trends of CO and CO2, and the consumption of n-dodecane and O2, reasonably well. Quantitatively in terms of n-dodecane consumption and carbon oxides production, the model underpredicted fuel reactivity, particularly at temperatures above 700 K.
Visualization of the Hepatic Veins: New Approaches for the Echocardiographer

Visualization and cardiac Doppler interrogation of the hepatic veins has become an important and integral part of the routine echocardiographic examination. The challenge lies in adequate visualization of the hepatic veins by use of the standard subcostal approach. This article proposes alternate approaches when the standard view yields unsatisfactory visual and cardiac Doppler information.
Visions of the future in the North Valley of California

Abstract The turnaround migration of people from urban areas to rural settings that started about 1970 has been well documented in the literature. What has not been fully examined is the attitude of these new arrivals toward the future growth and development of their new home region. Early surveys seemed to show that newcomers wanted to pull up the gangplank by opposing future growth. More recent research, however, reports a progrowth attitude among both newcomers and oldtimers. This study surveyed 400 people in the North Valley of California to evaluate their attitudes on three issues: quality of life, natural resources and general economic development. Differences between newcomers and oldtimers were minor. These differences supported certain types of development but opposed the involvement of outsiders in developing resources for export. Both sought to preserve the high quality of life that makes rural living attractive in the first place.
Public values and public failure in US science policy

Domestic science policy in the United States is linked inextricably to economic thinking. We seek to develop a practical analytical framework that confronts the manifest problems of economic valuing for science and technology activities. We argue that pervasive use of market valuation, market-failure assumptions and economic metaphors shapes the structure of science policy in undesirable ways. In particular, reliance on economic reasoning tends to shift the discourse about science policy away from political questions of “why?” and “to what end?” to economic questions of “how much?” Borrowing from the “public values failure framework”, we examine public values criteria for science policy, illustrated with case vignettes on such topics as genetically modified crops and the market for human organs.
Sonication-Assisted Functionalization and Solubilization of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes were solubilized via functionalization with poly(propionylethylenimine-co-ethylenimine). The diimide-activated amidation reaction for the functionalization was found to be signific...
Genome-wide Scan for Serum Ghrelin Detects Linkage on Chromosome 1p36 in Hispanic Children: Results From the Viva La Familia Study

This study was conducted to investigate genetic influence on serum ghrelin and its relationship with adiposity-related phenotypes in Hispanic children (n = 1030) from the Viva La Familia study (VFS). Anthropometric measurements and levels of serum ghrelin were estimated and genetic analyses conducted according to standard procedures. Mean age, body mass index (BMI), and serum ghrelin were 11 ± 0.13 y, 25 ± 0.24 kg/m2 and 38 ± 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. Significant heritabilities (p < 0.001) were obtained for BMI, weight, fat mass, percent fat, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and ghrelin. Bivariate analyses of ghrelin with adiposity traits showed significant negative genetic correlations (p < 0.0001) with weight, BMI, fat mass, percent fat, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio. A genome-wide scan for ghrelin detected significant linkage on chromosome 1p36.2 between STR markers D1S2697 and D1S199 (LOD = 3.2). The same region on chromosome 1 was the site of linkage for insulin (LOD = 3.3), insulinlike growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) (LOD = 3.4), homeostatic model assessment method (HOMA) (LOD = 2.9), and C-peptide (LOD = 2.0). Several family-based studies have reported linkages for obesity-related phenotypes in the region of 1p36. These results indicate the importance of this region in relation to adiposity in children from the VFS.
Transient hemiparesis associated with monoclonal CD3 antibody (OKT3) therapy

OKT3 therapy for prevention or reversal of allograft rejection has been associated with a constellation of acute systemic side effects, defined as an OKT3 first-dose reaction. Specific neurologic syndromes, including aseptic meningitis and diffuse encephalitis, have also been observed. This report describes a 12-year-old girl with steroid-resistant renal allograft rejection who developed hemiparesis associated with initiation of OKT3 therapy.
Monte Carlo simulations of realistic transmission breast optical tomography data to estimate the impact of errors in experimental parameters on reconstructed images

We use mesh based Monte Carlo simulations to generate realistic transmission breast diffuse optical tomography data. We use these controlled conditions to test the impact of data degradation on finite element diffusion based image reconstructions.
Expansion of a cavity in a rubber block under unequal stresses

Elastic expansion of a small spherical void in the interior of a rubber block has been investigated by finite element analysis (FEA). The block was subjected to a far-field tensile or compressive stress while an internal pressure was applied to the cavity. The rubber was assumed to be virtually incompressible in volume and neo-Hookean in elastic behavior. Critical stress states were determined at which the void would become indefinitely large-a form of elastic instability. An applied tensile stress was found to lower the critical inflation pressure for instability, in agreement with experimental observations [1] whereas a compressive stress increased it. The critical mean stress was lowest for an isotropic stress system (when the applied tension was zero). It was higher when either compressive or tensile stresses were applied, i.e. under non-isotropic stresses, in agreement with the analysis of Hou and Abeyaratne [2]. However, the present results show a considerably smaller effect of tensile stress than predicted by Hou and Abeyaratne.
Pollen Morphology of the Monotypic Genus Cliococca (Linaceae)

Abstract The surface ornamentation of pollen of the South American Cliococca selaginoides (Lam.) Rogers & Mildner, for many years placed in the genus Linum, is compared with that of species of Linum. It is quite unlike that of any known Linum and provides additional support for its maintenance as a separate genus.
Urethral diverticular carcinoma.

Background. Urethral diverticular carcinoma is an unusual finding in urologic lesion commonly found in female patients. Methods. This report presents 6 new cases and reviews the other 53 cases in the English literature. Results. Adenocarcinoma occurs more frequently than transitional and squamous cell cancers combined. Conclusion. The prognosis of the former is more favorable. In general, radical therapy is recommended. However, in some instances of localized disease, and with careful follow-up, more conservative approach might be attempted. Cancer 1992; 70:665–670.
Motion of Chern-Simons number at high temperatures under a chemical potential

Abstract I investigate the evolution of finite temperature, classical Yang-Mills field equations under the influence of a chemical potential for Chern-Simons number Ncs. The rate of Ncs diffusion,, Γd, and the linear response of Ncs to a chemical potential, Γμ, are both computed; the relation Γd = 2Γμ is satisfied numerically and the results agree with the recent measurement of Γd by Ambjorn and Krasnitz. The response of Ncs under chemical potential remains linear at least to μ = 6T, which is impossible if there is a free energy barrier to the motion of Ncs. The possibility that the result depends on lattice artefacts via hard thermal loops is investigated by changing the lattice action and by examining elongated rectangular lattices; provided that the lattice is fine enough, the result is weakly if at all dependent on the specifics of the cutoff. I also compare SU(2) with SU(3) and find ΓSU(3)∼ 7(αs/αw)4ΓSU(2).