cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Role of Empathy in a Service-Learning Design Project

The emergence of empathic design has inspired growing discourse on the role of empathy within design. While research on empathic design acknowledges the presence of empathy in design practice, little attention has been paid to its underlying mechanisms and how these mechanisms operate within the designer’s mind throughout the design process. In this study, we used the service-learning data set to develop an emergent empathic design model. We collected and analyzed any instances in which designers evidenced empathy for the end users. We kept empathy loosely defined due to the exploratory intent of this study and the recognition that empathy by designers for users may show itself only subtly in designers’ reflections on interactions with users. Through thematic analysis of over 100 critical instances during the 8 service-learning videos, we discovered 4 higher level themes with 12 underlying patterns of empathy in the design process. These themes included (a) developing understanding design behaviors oriented towards identifying and comprehending the perspectives of potential users, (b) identifying criteria and constraints employing an empathic understanding of the user to set design goals and parameters, (c) generating design concepts designers’ empathic understanding of the user inspires new design concepts, and (d) evaluating design concepts using empathy to determine the appropriateness of specific design concepts for the users. These themes, their underlying patterns, and 5 additional patterns associated with empathy but not considered empathic, were mapped to depict an empathic design model.
On Time: Lectures on Models of Equilibrium

Preface Lecture I. Modelling an Industry: 1. Short run and long run 2. Pricing Lecture II. Modelling an Economy: 3. Short run and long run 4. Money, income and credit References Index.
The Earliest Occupation of Europe

The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Wil Roebroeks and Thys Van Kolfschoten. eds. Leiden, Netherlands: University of Leiden, 1995. 332 pp.
Light-dependent governance of cell shape dimensions in cyanobacteria

The regulation of cellular dimension is important for the function and survival of cells. Cellular dimensions, such as size and shape, are regulated throughout the life cycle of bacteria and can be adapted in response to environmental changes to fine-tune cellular fitness. Cell size and shape are generally coordinated with cell growth and division. Cytoskeletal regulation of cell shape and cell wall biosynthesis and/or deposition occurs in a range of organisms. Photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, particularly exhibit light-dependent regulation of morphogenes and generation of reactive oxygen species and other signals that can impact cellular dimensions. Environmental signals initiate adjustments of cellular dimensions, which may be vitally important for optimizing resource acquisition and utilization or for coupling the cellular dimensions with the regulation of subcellular organization to maintain optimal metabolism. Although the involvement of cytoskeletal components in the regulation of cell shape is widely accepted, the signaling factors that regulate cytoskeletal and other distinct components involved in cell shape control, particularly in response to changes in external light cues, remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, factors impacting the inter-coordination of growth and division, the relationship between the regulation of cellular dimensions and central carbon metabolism, and consideration of the effects of specific environment signals, primarily light, on cell dimensions in cyanobacteria will be discussed. Current knowledge about the molecular bases of the light-dependent regulation of cellular dimensions and cell shape in cyanobacteria will be highlighted.
Forensic seismology and the sinking of the Kursk

On August 10, 2000, Russia's Northern Fleet began its largest naval exercise in more than a decade. Among the vessels taking part was the heavily-armed Kursk, an Oscar class submarine that was the most modern cruise-missile sub in the fleet. Beginning on August 14, a series of reports in the press indicated that the Kursk had been severely damaged during the exercise and that the crew were likely dead. By August 17, news agencies were reporting that seismic networks in the Baltic area had detected two seismic events which appeared to correspond to the Kursk disaster in time and space (Figure 1). Specifically the seismic events were consistent with reports from the British Broadcasting Corporation on the location of ongoing rescue efforts. The fact that this section of the Barents Sea is essentially aseismic added credence to the assertion that the seismic events were directly related to the sinking of the Kursk.
An interactive thresholding scheme to extract myocardium from a sequence of two dimensional echocardiograms

The authors describe an interactive thresholding scheme to extract myocardium from a sequence of two dimensional echocardiograms (2DEs). An expert operator interactively picks a few points that are on the myocardium as the object points, and a few background points. The computer classifies the rest of the points of the image as myocardium or the background by comparing the echodensity at each point to a threshold which is computed as a function of the input points and their neighborhood echodensities. All the points with echodensities greater than the corresponding threshold form the myocardium and the rest form the background. This classification can be refined further by picking new sets of points at the misclassified regions. >
DESIGNATION OF CHILDREN WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE—CONSIDERATIONS ON PERCENTILE CUT POINTS AND SUBSEQUENT HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE: THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY

The effects of changing the percentile cut points of prior blood pressure measurements (both single and serial examinations) on prediction of subsequent high blood pressure, and of the definition of subsequent high blood pressure were assessed in 1,501 children from Bogalusa, Louisiana. Subjects were 2-14 years old at initial examination (year 1, 1973-1974) and were reexamined three, five, and eight years after the initial examination. Increasing the stringency of the prior measurement cut point resulted in increased specificity and positive predictive value, but decreased sensitivity and negative predictive value. For prediction of subsequent systolic blood pressure at the 90th percentile from year 1 levels, increasing the year 1 cut point from the 80th to the 95th percentile resulted in decreased sensitivity from 42.8 to 13.0%, and increased specificity from 83.0 to 97.3%. For systolic pressure, requiring all prior serial measurements to be above specified cut points resulted in further increases in specificity (maximizing at 100%) and decreases in sensitivity (minimizing at 2.1%). Using a year 1 cut point at the 90th percentile, increases in the definition of subsequent high blood pressure (from the 80th percentile to 140/90 mmHg or on treatment, respectively) resulted in increased sensitivity (from 20.5 to 33.3%) and negative predictive value, with decreasing specificity (from 93.9 to 91.3%) and positive predictive value. The results indicate that use of stringent criteria (serially at the 95th percentile) to identify children at risk for future essential hypertension will result in a substantial portion of the childhood population who will escape early identification but who will develop adult hypertension. Less stringent criteria will increase sensitivity and thereby provide the opportunity for primary prevention to a larger portion of the general childhood population who are at high risk for adult hypertension.
Newton's solution of the one-body problem.

1. The original question of the heavenly motions, the seed which flowered into celestial mechanics, has become known as the one-body problem: From the central gravitational force on a particle, to deduce the motion. If you ask historians of science and physicists whom they honor as the first to solve the one-body problem, you will hear one name Isaac Newton. (See, for example, [1].) As evidence for this conviction, the historians will open their copies of Newton's Principia [13] to Section III of Book I and place a finger on a two-sentence argument appended to Corollary I of Propositions XI-XIII. Corollary I records the solution to the one-body problem: that every motion subject to an inversesquare force must traverse a conic with focus at the force center. The brief argument which follows the corollary first appears in a letter from Newton to his editor, Roger Cotes, written in the fall of 1709, as Newton prepared for the second edition (1713) of the Principia:
Sigmoid impaction secondary to urinary stones: case report and review of literature

Abstract Background This is the first case report of a Miami pouch sigmoid fistula developing passage of urinary stones resulting in the presentation of constipation secondary to impaction. Case report A 49-year-old woman who developed a recurrence of invasive squamous cell cervical carcinoma 1 year after pelvis radiation. She then underwent anterior pelvic exenteration and creation of a Miami pouch. Approximately 14 years after the primary radiation therapy and 13 years after the creation of the exenterative procedure, the patient developed a Miami pouch sigmoid fistula. The decision was made at this time to repair the fistula and remove the urinary stones from the sigmoid colon. Postoperatively, the patient remained continent using intermittent catheterization of the pouch and there was no evidence of recurrence of the cancer. Conclusion Conservative management of urinary reservoir complications should always be considered before surgical intervention is attempted. When indicated, surgical management should not be delayed.
Work in progress — Developing elementary science teacher training modules based on doctoral research in engineering

With the objective of addressing the need for reinforcing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) in the education system, authorities have encouraged the creation of partnerships between universities, school districts, and other entities to attract and develop science teachers. STARS, a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded GK-12 program, and The School District of Hillsborough County (Florida) is an example of such partnership, which consists of the joint preparation of bi-monthly teacher training workshops. In this paper, we describe the experience and analyze the results of the STARS engineering graduate fellows developing original and innovative research-driven lesson modules for K-5 teachers in the workshops.
Thermodynamically consistent equilibrium properties of normal-liquid 3 He

The high-precision data for the specific heat ${C}_{V}(T,V)$ of normal-liquid ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ obtained by Greywall, taken together with the molar volume ${V(T}_{0},P)$ at one temperature ${T}_{0},$ are shown to contain the complete thermodynamic information about this phase in zero magnetic field. This enables us to calculate the T and P dependence of all equilibrium properties of normal-liquid ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in a thermodynamically consistent way for a wide range of parameters. The results for the entropy $S(T,P),$ specific heat at constant pressure ${C}_{P}(T,P),$ molar volume $V(T,P),$ compressibility $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T,P),$ and thermal expansion coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}(T,P)$ are collected in the form of figures and tables. This provides the first complete set of thermodynamically consistent values of the equilibrium quantities of normal-liquid ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}.$ We find, for example, that $\ensuremath{\alpha}(T,P)$ has a surprisingly intricate pressure dependence at low temperatures, and that the curves $\ensuremath{\alpha}(T,P)$ vs T do not cross at one single temperature for all pressures, in contrast to the curves presented in the comprehensive survey of helium by Wilks.
A Listing of Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 2009

Amin, H. Y. (2009). Fragmented city: Visualizing the city-psyche relationship of Cairo. University of Minnesota. Bayly, S. (2009). How does the interior spatial layout and sense of security within two selected housing facilities affect residents’ quality of life? California State University, Northridge. Chae, S. (2009). Creating a sustainable neighborhood with a generative design process: Focusing on senior housing. California State University, Northridge. Chesler, A. (2009). The remodel of a historic single family residence built in 1922 in the Mediterranean revival style. California State University, Northridge. Chowdhury, M. S. (2009). Professional practice in K.C. University of MissouriColumbia. Available from https://mospace.umsystem.edu Falk, B. J. (2009). Visualizing lighting design using photometrically accurate materials and lights. University of Missouri-Columbia. Available from https:// mospace.umsystem.edu Felgate, J. A. (2009). Symbols, glyphs, and visual representation. University of Minnesota. Fergus, D. C. (2009). Ellie’s tadpoles. University of Minnesota. Jedlicka, E. A. (2009). From sportswear to street wear: American innovation: The development of a museum exhibition. University of Minnesota. Available from http://www.lib.umn.edu Jungk, A. K. (2009). The Edward Waldo house: Preserving its past, securing its future. Illinois State University. Korth, K. B. (2009). The Y okai index. University of Minnesota. Steil, S. L. (2009). To grandmother’s house I go: An experiment in communal memory and online social media. University of Minnesota.
A 51-Year-Old Man With Seizures and Progressive Behavioral Changes

A 51-year-old man was admitted for evaluation of new-onset generalized seizures in the context of progressive and significant behavioral change. His medical history was only notable for previous outbreaks of genital herpes. He took no medications. He had occasional social alcohol use and no illicit drug use but was a 35-pack-year current smoker. The patient had no relevant occupational exposure history but had recently traveled to Panama. Initially, the patient's significant other noticed a progressive flattening of his affect. The patient then started to experience episodes of "passing out" that led to injuries prompting ED visits. He was prescribed antiseizure medications and scheduled for an outpatient workup. However, with progressive gait instability, lethargy, and an increase in frequency of generalized seizures, the patient was admitted for treatment of suspected viral encephalitis. Despite initiation of antimicrobial and antiviral therapy, the patient's level of alertness continued to decline, ultimately leading to intubation for airway protection.
The incremental effect of Alzheimer's disease on direct health care costs and utilization in a Medicaid population

inNewYork.Out of 2,453 subjects of the original sample, 198were diagnosed as demented (prevalent). The remaining 2,254 subjects formed the incidence study sample and were re-examined at least once from 2001 to 2009, the average number of years of follow-up for all was 3.6 y6 3. Incident cases were diagnosed using the same procedures and criteria from baseline. Results: A total of 73 incident cases of dementia were identified; 41 of them (56.2%) had AD; 26 (35.6%) had VaD. The annual incidence rate for dementia (per 1000 person-years [py] of follow-up) of all causes was 9.10 (8,026 py of follow up); for AD 5.18 (7,916 py of follow up); and for VaD is 3.35 (7,757 py of follow up). For all dementia, AD and VaD, incidence rates increased steeply with age, and there were no consistent differences between men and women. Conclusions: Incidence of dementia in the population of the Maracaibo Aging Study is much higher than any other incidence rates of dementia in developing countries and many developed countries. Incidence was higher for AD than for any other dementia. The high incidence of VaD offers important opportunity for prevention. Sustained and stronger efforts are needed to prevent and provide care for victims of dementia.
All-thin-film GeAu thermistors for particle detection

All-thin-film thermistors for thermal detection of nuclear radiation are described. Co-evaporated Ge 1−xAux films were deposited on 7.5·7.5·0.25 mm Si chips, along with highly interdigitated gold electrodes patterned using photolithography. Values of α≡ d(ln R)/d(lnT) greater than 6 were obtainable at any desired operating temperature by varying x. A device was tested at 0.019 K in which the 200-digit electrode pattern used gave a sensitive GeAu region 20 µm long in the bias field direction, 2000 A thick and effectively 50 cm wide perpendicular to the bias field (L/A=2.0 cm−1). The device had α=6.5, Ge/ph=8·10−12 W/K, heat capacity between 0.7 and 4.4·10−12 J/K, and optimum bias power 1.5·10−11 W. Thermal pulses from 60 KeV x-rays absorbed in the substrate at T≤0.07 K were easily detectible with this arrangement.
Influence of adaptive stations in a transect-based sampling design for a multispecies fish survey

A multispecies transect-based survey with an adaptive sampling design was evaluated to determine the import of adding stations adaptively at sea in order to better resolve the cross-shelf distribution of species in regions of rapid bathymetric change. The dataset came from a series of transects occupied in November, January, March, and May from May 2003 to November 2005 along transects northeast of Hudson Canyon and northeast of Baltimore Canyon in the Mid-Atlantic Bight region of the western Atlantic. The transect survey results demonstrate the necessity of high sample density in this region of the continental shelf where fish aggregate patchily over scales of a few kilometers. Species cross-shelf distributions were often bimodal. The adaptive sampling protocol demonstrated the expected tendency of fish to be underestimated or overestimated given inadequate sampling density. However, on the average, low sample density led to an underestimation of biomass or abundance and often strongly so. Modeling of the transect design reveals that the overestimates and underestimates, as well as the bias towards underestimation, originate from variations in patch location and, even more importantly, patch shape, with the sampling design. The transect model shows that extreme overestimates and underestimates can occur when patch size is small relative to the distance between stations, but the occurrence of routine, predictable, persistent underestimates in some species is not so easily explained. The model clearly resolves the importance of bimodality and a patch form represented by a dome shape in determining the vulnerability of a species to a biomass or abundance underestimate. Cases where the fixed stations alone provide data clearly inadequate for the estimate of abundance or biomass occur when sampling density is inadequate to identify the center of the patch or to identify the shape of the patch. It is the improved understanding of patch shape that is the single most important contribution of the adaptive sampling protocol, not a better knowledge of the location of the patches. Patch shape is a principal determinant of the adequacy of sample density.
Information Literacy in the Workplace: Employer Expectations

This study attempts to bridge the apparent divide between academic information literacy research and the perception of information literacy as a workplace skill. A qualitative inquiry of mid- to senior-level corporate managers yielded a series of recurring themes related to information use in the workplace, how information competencies are recognized in workplace settings, and how entry-level professionals are equipped to locate and use information in their jobs. To directly interpret and apply results locally, participant selection was limited to organizations with a direct relationship to the College of Business of James Madison University. The business college strives to provide a highly relevant, experiential learning curriculum to prepare students for postgraduate employment, and the intent of this study is to inform and enhance the information literacy initiatives of university libraries in support of business college programming.
Tetrahymena IFT122A is not essential for cilia assembly but plays a role in returning IFT proteins from the ciliary tip to the cell body

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) moves multiple protein particles composed of two biochemically distinct complexes, IFT-A and IFT-B, bi-directionally within cilia and is essential for cilia assembly and maintenance. We identified an ORF from the Tetrahymena macronuclear genome sequence, encoding IFT122A, an ortholog of an IFT-A complex protein. Tetrahymena IFT122A is induced during cilia regeneration, and epitope-tagged Ift122Ap could be detected in isolated cilia. IFT122A knockout cells still assembled cilia, albeit with lower efficiency, and could regenerate amputated cilia. Ift172p and Ift88p, two IFT-B complex proteins that localized mainly to basal bodies and along the cilia in wild-type cells, became preferentially enriched at the ciliary tips in IFT122A knockout cells. Our results indicate that Tetrahymena IFT122A is not required for anterograde transport-dependent ciliary assembly but plays a role in returning IFT proteins from the ciliary tip to the cell body.
Induced vitamin-requiring mutants of Chlamydomonas.

A FEW instances of vitamin requirements among green algae have been recorded. Since the isolation of algae has usually involved an enrichment in a mineral solution, which would select against species with organic growth-substance requirements, our present knowledge of algal physiology is strongly biased in favour of completely autotrophic forms.
Neutron Resonance Spectroscopy. XIV. Potassium

Results are presented of high-resolution transmission measurements using pure natural K metal samples. The measured total $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ vs $E$ to 400 keV is given, and resonance parameter evaluations are given for 65 resonances below 200 keV. The isosopte assignments, $A=39 or 41$, are mainly based on recent unpublished measurements of Good and Harvey at the Oak Ridge electron linear accelerator using separated K isotope samples. Values of level strengths, $\mathrm{ag}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}$, are mainly based on transmission dip area analysis, which with evidence from the resonance shape and peak cross sections permits assignment of $l$ and $J$ for most resonances, and $A$ for many of the resonances not identified in the separated isotope measurements. We obtain for the $s$ and $p$ strength functions: $10^{4}S_{0}=({0.66}_{\ensuremath{-}0.30}^{+0.63}),({0.78}_{\ensuremath{-}0.41}^{+1.08})$, and $10^{4}S_{1}=({1.8}_{\ensuremath{-}0.5}^{+0.7}) \mathrm{and} ({2.4}_{\ensuremath{-}0.8}^{+1.3})$ for $^{39}\mathrm{K}$ and $^{41}\mathrm{K}$, respectively.
T cell responses to antigen: hasty proposals resolved through long engagements.

T cells discriminate between peptide-MHC complexes on the surfaces of antigen presenting cells to enact appropriate downstream responses. Great progress has been made over the last 15 years in understanding varied aspects of T cell activation on short timescales (minutes), yet the mechanics and significance of long term T cell receptor signaling (hours or days) remain unclear. Furthermore, there remain some controversies regarding the correlation of the biophysical parameters of ligand–receptor interactions with the scaling of downstream effector functions. Here we review recent studies that emphasize the importance of long-term engagement of antigens to fine-tuning the activation of T cells over the duration of the complete immune response. We discuss how T cells dynamically regulate T cell receptor signaling via antigen crosstalk, competition and consumption to accurately counter antigenic challenges.
The Mobilization of Women's Labor for Cash Crop Production: A Game Theoretic Approach

In the last decade or so, economists have modeled phenomena such as household labor supply, fertility behavior, and child survival rates using the household as the unit of analysis. This paper presents data that call into question the assumption that the household is a joint decision-making unit which maximizes a neoclassical household utility function. The data come from a study of the mobilization of women's labor by their husbands for irrigated rice production in North Cameroon. The first section of this paper describes briefly the Massa rice and sorghum farming system and then considers the relationship between the amount of compensation women receive from their husbands for their labor on rice production and the amount of labor they allocate to rice production. The findings suggest that a bargaining model may describe the intrahousehold relations of production and distribution better than the neoclassical model. The second section specifies a Nash bargaining model and contrasts it with the neoclassical model of the household. Using the bargaining framework, the third section explores in more detail possible explanations of the allocative inefficiency which seems to characterize many of the rice-cultivating households.
50 Single-molecule studies of human telomeric G-quadruplexes and the effect of oxidative damage

In the human genome, telomeric DNA has tandem repeats of the sequence 5′-TTAGGG terminating with a 3′ single-stranded overhang of 100–200 bases. These guanine-rich DNA sequences can fold into tetrastranded structures, known as G-quadruplexes. The precise fold of the G-quadruplex structure is dictated by the metal ions present which we studied through the use of the α-hemolysin ion channel. Being electrophoretically driven into the cis side of the α-hemolysin, the hybrid fold (K+) entered the vestibule mouth leading to current blockages for the duration of the time the DNA resided in the vestibule. Due to the polymorphic nature of the hybrid folds, the recorded current signatures could be correlated with the major structural topologies that exist for this fold in solution (e.g. hybrid-1, hybrid-2, and triplex; Mashimo et al., 2010). The hybrid folds were not capable of traversing to the trans side of the nanopore, while the triplex could achieve translocation. The basket fold (Na+) was also able to enter i...
Spectrographic Detection of Topographic Features on Mars

Observations of the martian carbon dioxide band at 1.05 microns made with a three-channel multislit spectrophotometer indicate gross height variations in the vicinity of Syrtis Major and surrounding desert regions. Syrtis Major appears to be very high with essentially no detectable carbon dioxide above it. The data appear to confirm local trends and, in magnitude at least, the large variations of height found in earlier radar observations. A one-to-one correlation of height with albedo is not evident in the results. Elevated areas are found in both desert and dark regions. In several regions dark areas are associated with relatively steep slopes.
Comparison of prostate cancer tumor volume and percent cancer in prediction of biochemical recurrence and cancer specific survival.

Abstract Objectives Tumor volume and percent cancer (ratio of tumor volume/prostate volume) have been proposed as predictors of biochemical recurrence and cancer specific survival after radical prostatectomy. However, their relative merits as prognosticators have not been tested. We therefore evaluated and compared tumor volume and percent cancer as independent predictors of biochemical recurrence and prostate cancer specific death after radical prostatectomy. Methods and Materials A retrospective review of 739 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer between 1984 and 2004 was conducted. Median follow-up was 91.7 months, and 22 patients died of prostate cancer. Univariate and multivariate analysis evaluated the following factors in predicting biochemical recurrence and prostate cancer specific death: tumor volume, prostate volume, percent cancer, Gleason score, percentage of Gleason grade 4/5, margin status, capsular invasion status, seminal vesicle invasion status, preoperative PSA, and lymph node status. Results In univariate analysis, both tumor volume ( P P P = 0.01 for both). Both also correlated with cancer specific survival as single variables; however, in separate multivariate models, only tumor volume ( P = 0.03) predicted death, while percent cancer did not ( P = 0.09). Conclusions Tumor volume and percent cancer are independent predictors of recurrence after radical prostatectomy. However, in our series, tumor volume predicted cancer specific death better than percent cancer. Therefore, accurate determination of tumor volume, along with other accepted pathologic indices, is sufficient and preferred over percent cancer for prognostication after radical prostatectomy.
From neurons to microglia, with complements

A study in this issue of Nature Neuroscience demonstrates that astrocytic transforming growth factor-β facilitates complement-mediated removal of weak synapses by microglia during the synaptic pruning period.
Bounds on the correlations and analyticity properties of ferromagnetic Ising spin systems

We consider a ferromagnetic Ising spin system isomorphic to a lattice gas with attractive interactions. Using the Fortuin, Kasteleyn and Ginibre (FKG) inequalities we derive bounds on the decay of correlations between two widely separated sets of particles in terms of the decay of the pair correlation. This leads to bounds on the derivatives of various orders of the free energy with respect to the magnetic fieldh, and reciprocal temperature β. In particular, if the pair correlation has an upper bound (uniform in the size of the system) which decays exponentially with distance in some neighborhood of (β′,h′) then the thermodynamic free energy density ψ(β,h) andall the correlation functions are infinitely differentiable at (β′,h′). We then show that when only pair interactions are present it is sufficient to obtain such a bound only ath=0 (and only in the infinite volume limit) for systems with suitable boundary conditions. This is the case in the two dimensional square lattice with nearest neighbor interactions for 0≦β<β0, where β 0 −1 is the Onsager temperature at which ψ(β,h=0) has a singularity. For β>β0, ∂ψ(β,h)/∂h is discontinuous ath=0, i.e. β0=βc, where β −1 is the temperature below which there is spontaneous magnetization.
A single ray approximation for a particle transport

Abstract We report the development of a one-ray approximation for the numerical transport of 3.5 MeV α particles generated in DT fusion reactions. Similar in spirit to techniques used in photon transport, this method provides respectable accuracy at potentially large savings in time and storage when compared to multigroup diffusion, S n , or Monte Carlo techniques. The approximation works in a restricted, but large, class of plasmas, those in which scattering of the α's and bending of their trajectories by magnetic fields can be neglected. Test cases in planar, cylindrical, and spherical geometry are presented. In another calculation it is demonstrated that the achievement of ignition in an imploding Z pinch may depend sensitively on the degree to which a magnetic field confines the α particles in the dense central core.
The effect of vagal block or hexamethonium on gastric secretion in the dog.

Because of relevance to the operation of vagotomy in man, and to ‘medical vagotomy’ tests attempting to forecast the results of surgery, we have made a study in the dog of the effects of (1) blocking the vagus nerves with local anaesthetic and (2) injecting intravenously a ganglion-blocking drug. Gastric secretion was stimulated with both high and low doses of histamine and gastrin in dogs equipped with either a Heidenhain or a Pavlov pouch. Although the blocking procedures abolished acid and pepsin secretion caused by a pure vagal stimulant (2-deoxy-D-glucose) they had less effect against gastrin, and still less against histamine. The implications of these results are discussed.
Multiple gestation and teen mothers. † 1629

Young mothers less than 20 years of age have limited resources to look after multiple births. Purpose of the study is to examine prevalence of multiple births among women less than 20 years of age in Black, Hispanic and White populations. Illinois State birth certificate files from 1989-1994(n=1,115,800) were analyzed using SAS. A Chi square with trend was calculated for each population group and the multiple birth rates were compared according to parity within each of the three populations. Of 30,162 multiple births(27/1000) 2,276 multiple births occurred among women under 20 years of age.Multiple birth rates (per 1000) according to parity among women less than 20 years for three populations in Illinois. The trend for multiple births increased significantly among teens with increase in parity. In addition, the rate of multiple birth differed according to parity among the three groups. Underlying reasons for this observation need further examination. With each additional gestation there is a substantial increase in risk of twinning which presents serious health risk to the young mother, infant and family. Table
Thromboxane A2 and the endoperoxides mediate canine platelet activation

Abstract With canine platelets, arachidonate consistently induces a shape change and potentiates the response to a submaximal ADP stimulus even though it does not generally induce aggregation. We have determined that TXA2 and possibly the endoperoxides are responsible for these effects based on the following data: (i) indomethacin (14uM) blocks both actions of arachidonate, (ii) imidazole (5uM) partially blocks both, and (iii) the endoperoxide analog, U-46619, produces effects similar to arachidonate, whereas other stable metabolites of arachidonate (PGE2, PGF2α, PGD2, PGI2, 6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2) do not. Specifically, PGI2 and PGD2 inhibit ADP-induced aggregation; low concentrations of PGE2 and PGF2 facilitate secondary aggregation; and the other metabolites are relatively inactive. With the exception of PGF2α , these activities are qualitiatively identical to those observed with human platelets. A decreased sensitivity of canine platelets to TXA2 and the endoperoxides is advanced as the explanation of their diminished responsiveness to arachidonate relative to other species.
Energetics of metamorphic climax in the pickerel frog (Lithobates palustris)

Anuran metamorphosis, the transition from aquatic larvae to terrestrial juveniles, is accompanied by significant morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes. Timing of metamorphosis and final size, which can influence adult fitness, may depend on sufficient energy accumulated during the larval period to support metamorphosis. However, only two species of anurans have been examined for energetic costs of metamorphosis, Rana tigrina and Anaxyrus terrestris. Based on these species, it has been hypothesized that differences in energy expenditure are related to duration of metamorphosis. To compare energetic costs of metamorphosis among species and examine this hypothesis, we quantified the total energy required for metamorphosis of Lithobates palustris tadpoles by measuring oxygen consumption rates over the duration of metamorphic climax using closed-circuit respirometry. Total energy costs for L. palustris were positively related to tadpole mass and duration of metamorphic climax. However, larger tadpoles completed metamorphosis more efficiently because they used proportionally less total energy for metamorphic climax than smaller counterparts. Costs were intermediate to R. tigrina, a larger species with similar metamorphic duration, and A. terrestris, a smaller species with shorter metamorphic climax. The results supported the hypothesis that amphibian species with more slowly developing tadpoles, such as ranids, require more absolute energy for metamorphosis in comparison to more rapidly developing species like bufonids.
Vascular and Neural Dysfunctions in Obese Zucker Rats: Effect of AVE7688

The purpose of this study was to determine whether AVE7688 a drug that inhibits both angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase activity protects vascular and nerve functions in an animal model of metabolic syndrome. Obese Zucker rats at 20 weeks of age were treated for 12 weeks with AVE7688. Vasodilation in epineurial arterioles was measured by videomicroscopy and nerve conduction velocity was measured following electrical stimulation. Treatment with AVE7688 improved vascular relaxation in response to acetylcholine and motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity. In obese Zucker rats superoxide levels and nitrotyrosine staining were elevated in the aorta and treatment corrected both conditions. Obese Zucker rats were hypoalgesic in response to a thermal stimulus and demonstrated signs of impaired tactile response and both conditions were significantly improved with treatment. Even though obese Zucker rats are normoglycemic vascular and neural dysfunctions develop with age and can be improved by treatment with AVE7688.
The immunohistochemical diagnosis of epithelial mesothelioma

Although it is generally accepted that immunohistochemistry can assist in distinguishing between epithelial mesotheliomas and metastatic adenocarcinomas to the serosal membranes, a great deal of controversy exists regarding not only the practical value of some of the markers currently used, but also which should be included as part of the routine diagnostic panel. Until recently, these panels consisted primarily of antibodies that stained adenocarcinomas but not mesotheliomas. Over the last few years, however, markers that are commonly expressed in mesotheliomas but not in adenocarcinomas have been recognized. The focus of this review is on those markers for which there is an indication that they have a practical use in the diagnosis of mesothelioma. Special emphasis is placed on those which have been most recently recognized.
ADAPTIVE MULTIVARIABLE PID CONTROLOF A DISTILLATION COLUMN WITH UNKNOWN AND VARYING DEAD TIME

Abstract A new, reliable, and easy-to-use adaptive control strategy has been developed to overcome the long-existing difficulties in adaptive control practice caused by unknown and varying process dead time. A self-tuning PID control algorithm is adopted to control a distillation column possessing second-order-plus-dead-time dynamics. The self-tuning strategy is based on recursive least-squares estimation of process parameters. U-D factorization is applied to stabilize the parameter estimation calculations. A variable forgetting factor is used to alleviate wind-up in the estimator. A simulation study and an experimental evaluation demonstrate the capability of the adaptive algorithm.
Bacterial zoonoses of fishes: A review and appraisal of evidence for linkages between fish and human infections

Human contact with and consumption of fishes presents hazards from a range of bacterial zoonotic infections. Whereas many bacterial pathogens have been presented as fish-borne zoonoses on the basis of epidemiological and phenotypic evidence, genetic identity between fish and human isolates is not frequently examined or does not provide support for transmission between these hosts. In order to accurately assess the zoonotic risk from exposure to fishes in the context of aquaculture, wild fisheries and ornamental aquaria, it is important to critically examine evidence of linkages between bacteria infecting fishes and humans. This article reviews bacteria typically presented as fish-borne zoonoses, and examines the current strength of evidence for this classification. Of bacteria generally described as fish-borne zoonoses, only Mycobacterium spp., Streptococcus iniae, Clostridium botulinum, and Vibrio vulnificus appear to be well-supported as zoonoses in the strict sense. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, while transmissible from fishes to humans, does not cause disease in fishes and is therefore excluded from the list. Some epidemiological and/or molecular linkages have been made between other bacteria infecting both fishes and humans, but more work is needed to elucidate routes of transmission and the identity of these pathogens in their respective hosts at the genomic level.
Ultrasound stimulation increases proliferation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast-like cells.

Mechanical stimulation of bone increases bone mass and fracture healing, at least in part, through increases in proliferation of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. Researchers have previously performed in vitro studies of ultrasound-induced osteoblast proliferation but mostly used fixed ultrasound settings and have reported widely varying and inconclusive results. Here we critically investigated the effects of the excitation parameters of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation on proliferation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells in monolayer cultures. We used a custom-designed ultrasound exposure system to vary the key ultrasound parameters—intensity, frequency and excitation duration. MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded in 12-well cell culture plates. Unless otherwise specified, treated cells, in groups of three, were excited twice for 10 min with an interval of 24 h in between after cell seeding. Proliferation rates of these cells were determined using BrdU and MTS assays 24 h after the last LIPUS excitation. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error. The statistical significance was determined using Student's two-sample two-tailed t tests. Using discrete LIPUS intensities ranging from 1 to 500 mW/cm2 (SATA, spatial average-temporal average), we found that approximately 75 mW/cm2 produced the greatest increase in osteoblast proliferation. Ultrasound exposures at higher intensity (approximately 465 mW/cm2) significantly reduced proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells, suggesting that high-intensity pulsed ultrasound may increase apoptosis or loss of adhesion in these cells. Variation in LIPUS frequency from 0.5 MHz to 5 MHz indicated that osteoblast proliferation rate was not frequency dependent. We found no difference in the increase in proliferation rate if LIPUS was applied for 30 min/day or 10 min/day, indicating a habituation response. This study concludes that a short-term stimulation with optimum intensity can enhance proliferation of preosteoblast-like bone cells that plays an important role in bone formation and accelerated fracture healing, also suggesting a possible therapeutic treatment for reduced bone mass.
Primary Workspace of Industrial Robots With Roll-Pitch-Yaw Wrists

This paper presents a new method to identify the primary workspace of six-link industrial robots with Roll-Pitch-Yaw wrists in conjunction with four basic types of regional structures: the Cartesian, the cylindrical, the spherical and the articulated. The approach is to divide a robot into two subsystems, the regional structure and the wrist. Each subsystem is studied independently and then reassembled via a vector field analysis. Geometrical criteria are established to determine whether or not the kinematic connection between the wrist and the regional structure is valid. Conditions for a robot to access a point from a specified direction are derived first. The primary workpoints are then identified. Consequently, the boundaries of the primary workspaces (on the conservative side) of robots with Roll-Pitch-Yaw wrists, for the first time, can be analytically drawn. Some regional structures adopted in commercial robots which differ slightly from the standard ones are also included.
Acquired porphyria in man and rat due to hexachlorobenzene intoxication.

SINCE 1956, an outbreak of cutaneous porphyria involving several thousand cases has been noted in three south-eastern provinces of Turkey1. Affected individuals, predominantly children and adolescents, exhibit photosensitivity with hydroa aestivale, marked porphyrinuria and hepatomegaly, but no abdominal or neurological symptoms. Epidemiological studies suggested the possibility that the disease might be related to the ingestion of wheat treated with a fungicide containing hexachlorobenzene1,2. Since direct verification of this possibility by field investigation has not been obtained1, and since the available toxicological information on hexachlorobenzene is conflicting3, an attempt was made to produce hexachlorobenzene porphyria in rats.
Preprocessing of GPR data for syntactic landmine detection and classification

Syntactic pattern recognition is being used to detect and classify non-metallic landmines in terms of their range impedance discontinuity profile. This profile, extracted from the ground penetrating radar's return signal, constitutes a high-range-resolution and unique description of the inner structure of a landmine. In this paper, we discuss two preprocessing steps necessary to extract such a profile, namely, inverse filtering (deconvolving) and binarization. We validate the use of an inverse filter to effectively decompose the observed composite signal resulting from the different layers of dielectric materials of a landmine. It is demonstrated that the transmitted radar waveform undergoing multiple reflections with different materials does not change appreciably, and mainly depends on the transmit and receive processing chains of the particular radar being used. Then, a new inversion approach for the inverse filter is presented based on the cumulative contribution of the different frequency components to the original Fourier spectrum. We discuss the tradeoffs and challenges involved in such a filter design. The purpose of the binarization scheme is to localize the impedance discontinuities in range, by assigning a '1' to the peaks of the inverse filtered output, and '0' to all other values. The paper is concluded with simulation results showing the effectiveness of the proposed preprocessing technique.
Identification and characteristics of different flow regimes in a circulating fluidized bed

A series of experiments was conducted in a 0.3-m diameter circulating fluidized bed (CFB) cold model to evaluate the operating flow regimes and their transitions. A single unambiguous experimental method was developed to identify the transitions between CFB operating regimes. Experiments were conducted at riser gas velocities ranging from dense phase turbulent, through fast fluidization (S-shape riser pressure profile), and up to dilute-phase flow regimes. A transient method was applied to a low density, Geldart Type B, cork bed material. Two distinct transition velocities were found by analyzing the time required to empty out all solids from the riser of the CFB after cutting off solids flow. The lowest transition velocity marked the transition between the dense-phase turbulent and the fast fluidization flow regimes, while a higher or second transition represented the transition between the fast fluidization and the dilute-phase flow regimes. Based on the experimental results, the axial pressures and its fluctuations along the riser exhibited markedly distinct profiles in each of the three different operating flow regime regions as defined by these two transport velocities.