cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Methodologies: Implications for Institutional Mission and Administration

This chapter discusses the implications of the first three chapters with respect to institutional mission and administration. For this purpose, this chapter brings major aspects of the first three chapters to the forefront, and elaborates on their connections and implications for the way educational methodologies are applied.
Providing Services for Students with Disabilities in an Academic Library

Accessibility issues are at the forefront of library services as the number of students with disabilities attending colleges or universities continues to increase. Three areas where academic librarians can concentrate efforts to better meet the needs of these students are: bibliographic instruction, web page design, and staff training. While the suggestions presented here focus on providing enhanced service to students with disabilities. all students can benefit from increased sensitivity and understanding of different learning styles, improved quality of library service to better enable students to conduct research independently, and easier access to information.
Students' evaluations of teaching and learning experiences at community- and residency-based practices.

Background: Research has identified students’ preferences for clinical sites and the clinical teaching behaviors of preceptors valued by students. This study investigated medical students’ perceptions of preceptor teaching behaviors and student performance information at community- and residency-based sites. Methods: The sample was 594 third-year medical students who completed a 4-week rotation in family medicine at community- and residency-based sites. Students completed two evaluation instruments that addressed clinical experiences and perceptions of effective teaching by clinical preceptors. Results: For the majority of items, no statistically significant differences were found between students’ rating of preceptors at private practices and residency sites. Generally, the students rated both types of preceptors as favorable. Student clinical performance was rated higher at community sites. Conclusions: Overall, preceptor teaching behaviors at community practices and residency programs were rated favorably by students. Differences were noted between site types in their clinical evaluation of students.
Auditory-Vocal Integration in the Midbrain of the Mustached Bat: Periaqueductal Gray and Reticular Formation

Acoustic communication and echolocation involve the auditory and vocal systems. In order to understand these systems, research should be performed not only on each system in isolation, but also on auditory-vocal integration. How is the signal processing by the auditory system influenced by vocal activity? How is the activity of the vocal system modified by acoustic stimuli? To date, neurophysiological studies directly related to these questions are very limited, but there are several papers worth mentioning.
Using GIS-Based Cluster Control Systems to Create and Manage Health Care Service Areas

Providing an efficient and efficacious allocation of health care services to a geographically distributed population is a formidable challenge for public health planners. Many factors come into play including location, number, and size of service territories. A logical solution is to use a Geographic Information System (GIS) to do cluster analysis based on demand and location, and then create service center locations based on the analysis. This paper describes and demonstrates applications of a cluster mapping tool developed by Research Triangle Institute (RTI International) that allows the user to create any number of geographic clusters based on a given service territory radius. While this is a useful product in itself, we found that significant staff time is required to manage the solution, once implemented. During the management phase, it is often desirable to reduce/increase the number of clusters, combine two or more clusters into a single service area, and/or relocate clusters in closer proximity to transportation hubs or nearer to qualified service providers. To this end, RTI created the Cluster Control System in Visual Basic which allows planners to interactively shift cases between service areas, assign staff to service areas, and close/open facilities as needed. This approach provides an efficient way to optimize the case/service area designation, while maintaining the flexibility to manually change the designations as local conditions dictate or change.
Assessment of Depression Symptoms: Self-report Paper-and-Pencil and Computerized Questionnaires

I was one of nine children from a migrant farm-working family in central California. My experiences as a farm-worker and as a member of an ethnic minority roused a strong interest for seeking social and economic justice for Latinos. While at California State University, Fresno, I was a student and community activist involved in several causes, including increasing access to higher education for ethnic minority students and supporting the United Farm Workers union. As a psychology major, I was disturbed by the lack of valid research on Latino populations. After graduating college, I worked for several years as union organizer for the Service Employees International Union Local 250. I entered graduate school to study clinical psychology. At first, I aspired to become a clinician to provide bilingual services but over time my interest in research grew.While completing a clinical post-doctoral fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco, I collaborated with Dr. Ricardo Muoz. We conducted research on computerized speech recognition for assessing depression symptoms in Englishand Spanish-speaking patients. After this fellowship, I became an assistant professor in the department of psychology at California State University, San Marcos. I am the former director of the National Latino Research Center at that school. I am the former director of the NLRC. Currently the Dean of Graduate Studies and Associate Vice President for Research at CSUSM. The emphasis of the NLRC is to promote research on Latino populations in the areas of health, education, and community development; however, my research interest remains the bilingual computerized assessment of depression.
Reducing Ex Vivo Culture Improves the Antileukemic Activity of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells

The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-mediated immunotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) highlights the potential of T-cell therapies with directed cytotoxicity against specific tumor antigens. The efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy depends on the engraftment and persistence of T cells following adoptive transfer. Most protocols for T-cell engineering routinely expand T cells ex vivo for 9-14 days. Because the potential for engraftment and persistence is related to the state of T-cell differentiation, we hypothesized that reducing the duration of ex vivo culture would limit differentiation and enhance the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy. We demonstrated that T cells with a CAR targeting CD19 (CART19) exhibited less differentiation and enhanced effector function in vitro when harvested from cultures at earlier (day 3 or 5) compared with later (day 9) timepoints. We then compared the therapeutic potential of early versus late harvested CART19 in a murine xenograft model of ALL and showed that the anti-leukemic activity inversely correlated with ex vivo culture time: day 3 harvested cells showed robust tumor control despite using a 6-fold lower dose of CART19, whereas day 9 cells failed to control leukemia at limited cell doses. We also demonstrated the feasibility of an abbreviated culture in a large-scale cGMP-compliant process. Limiting the interval between T-cell isolation and CAR treatment is critical for patients with rapidly progressing disease. Generating CAR T cells in less time also improves potency, which is central to the effectiveness of these therapies.
Effect of Sintering Process with Co3O4 on the Performance of LSCF-Based Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The impact of the sintering process, especially in terms of sintering temperature and sintering aid concentration, on the ohmic transport and electrode performance of (La0.80Sr0.20)0.95CoO3–δ–gadolinia-doped ceria (LSCF-GDC) cathodes is studied. The ohmic and charge-transfer kinetics exhibit a highly coupled Co3O4 concentration dependency, showing the best performances at an optimum range of 4–5 wt%. This is ascribed to small grain sizes and improved connection between particles. The addition of Co3O4 was also found to have a dominant impact on charge-transfer kinetics in the LSCF-GDC composite layer and a moderate impact on the electronic transport in the current-collecting LSCF layer. Care should be taken to avoid a formation of excessive thermal stresses between layers when adding Co3O4.
Proximal Junctional Kyphosis: A Pediatric and Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery Dilemma.

Proximal junctional kyphosis, a complication associated with both pediatric and adult spinal deformity surgical procedures, is defined as a proximal junctional sagittal Cobb angle of ≥10° or a proximal junctional sagittal Cobb angle at least 10° greater than the preoperative measurement.Several risk
Planetary science: Volcanism or aqueous alteration on Mars?

The Mars Global Surveyor's Thermal Emission Spectrometer has identified two global spectral surface types in martian dark regions, which were initially interpreted as being of basaltic (type 1) and intermediate (type 2, basaltic andesite to andesite) volcanic composition1. Wyatt and McSween2 suggest that northern-hemisphere occurrences of the type-2 spectrum are instead representative of weathered basalt, on the basis of ambiguity in the spectral interpretation and overlap between the distribution of this material and the outline of a putative ancient ocean. Although the spectral data may be open to interpretation within the limits of current understanding, creating weathered basalt and explaining its distribution is problematic. These competing hypotheses have significantly different implications for the igneous and aqueous history of Mars, and it is important to continue debating the merits of each.
Glucose availability impacts proteotoxic stress in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Alterations in protein folding may lead to aggregation of misfolded proteins, which is strongly correlated with neurotoxicity and cell death. Protein aggregation has been shown as a normal consequence of aging, but it is largely associated with age-related disease, particularly neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington disease (HD). Huntington disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene and serves as a useful model for neurodegeneration due to its strictly genetic origin. Research in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans suggests that glucose protects against cell stress, including proteotoxicity related to aggregation, despite the well-known, lifespan-shortening effects of glucose. We hypothesized that glucose could be beneficial by alleviating energy deficiency, a well-characterized phenomenon in HD, or by upregulating stress resistance pathways. We used C. elegans expressing polyglutamine repeats to quantify lifespan, motility, reproduction, learning, and activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), with and without glucose, to identify the role of glucose in proteotoxicity and neuroprotection. Our data show HD worms on glucose plates exhibited shorter lifespans, no change in motility, learning, or SDH product formation, but had altered reproductive phenotypes similar to dietary restriction. Additionally, worms expressing toxic polyglutamine repeats were unable to learn association of food with a neutral odorant. We also observed tissue-specific differences; polyglutamine appeared to be slightly more toxic to muscle cells than neurons. Rather than increasing energy production, glucose appeared to decrease mitochondrial metabolism, as SDH formation decreases with added glucose. Future work investigating glucose-mediated neuroprotection should focus on connecting metabolism, sirtuin activation, and DAF-16 activation.
Foundations of the method of electromagnetic field separation in upgoing and downgoing parts and its application to marine controlled source electromagnetic data

Abstract The renewed interest in the methods of electromagnetic (EM) field decomposition into upgoing and downgoing parts has been generated by the practical problem of removing the effect of EM airwaves on marine controlled source EM data collected in shallow water. In this chapter we consider the principles of solving this problem using the classical methods of EM field separation into external and internal parts. We demonstrate that the most general approach to upgoing/downgoing field decomposition is based on the theory of Stratton–Chu type integrals. This approach allows us to separate the field observed on an arbitrary surface. In the case of a flat observational surface, the Stratton–Chu method is equivalent to the decomposition technique based on the Fourier transform in the spatial frequency domain. We present also a novel method of EM field separation using the method of horizontal gradients of the EM field. The new technique is tested on synthetic marine controlled source EM (MCSEM) data. The numerical results show that stable and reliable separating results can be obtained using this new approach. We demonstrate also that the method represents a useful tool for a rapid qualitative interpretation of MCSEM data.
“Terrorism as Veiled Suicide: A Comparative Analysis”

In the early twentieth century Russian revolutionaries carried out suicidal assaults and validated them by anarchist and radical socialist rhetoric as fervently as jihadists today employ the idiom ...
Critical properties of the ground-state localization-delocalization transition in the many-particle Aubry-André model

As opposed to random disorder, which localizes single-particle wave functions in one dimension (1D) at arbitrarily small disorder strengths, there is a localization-delocalization transition for quasiperiodic disorder in the 1D Aubry-Andr\'e model at a finite disorder strength. On the single-particle level, many properties of the ground state at criticality have been revealed by applying a real-space renormalization-group scheme; the critical properties are determined solely by the continued-fraction expansion of the incommensurate frequency of the disorder. Here, we investigate the many-particle localization-delocalization transition in the Aubry-Andr\'e model with and without interactions. In contrast to the single-particle case, we find that the critical exponents depend on a Diophantine equation relating the incommensurate frequency of the disorder and the filling fraction which generalizes the dependence, in the single-particle spectrum, on the continued-fraction expansion of the incommensurate frequency. This equation can be viewed as a generalization of the resonance condition in the commensurate case. When interactions are included, numerical evidence suggests that interactions may be irrelevant at at least some of these critical points, meaning that the critical exponent relations obtained from the Diophantine equation may actually survive in the interacting case.
Contract Theory and Contract Practice: Allocating Design Responsibility in the Construction Industry

This Article explores contractual practices concerning delegated and shared design in building construction projects to explore an intersection of contract theory with practice. The analysis concludes that those who address design and construction contracts without proper regard for legal theory may unwittingly tempt our legal institutions to abandon a contract response to commercial risk analysis in favor of a tort approach. Such abandonment could have most unfortunate jurisprudential and practical results, specifically, judicial adoption of tort solutions in circumstances in which comprehensive contractual allocation of liability would be more efficient and effective.
Scott Joplin: A Guide for Music Educators PART II—King of Ragtime Composers:

Scott Joplin was an African American composer and pianist of singular merit and influence. This article is the second in a three-part series considering the biographical, artistic, and cultural con...
Correlations between Rheological Behavior and Intrinsic Properties of Nanofibrillated Cellulose from Wood and Soybean Hulls with Varying Lignin Content

Effects of raw material and chemical composition were considered relative to the intrinsic properties and the rheological behavior of nanofibrillated cellulose aqueous suspensions (CNFs). Atomic force microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, surface chemistry analysis, thermal gravimetrical analysis, and zeta-potential were used to study the morphology, chemical composition, charge density, as well as thermal and colloidal stability of the different CNFs. Regarding the rheological properties of the samples, steady-state and oscillation studies of the CNF aqueous suspensions obtained from wood and soybean hulls were performed. An interesting correlation was found between the rheological behavior of CNF suspensions and their intrinsic properties. Soybean CNF presented lower viscosities than wood samples, which could be related to their morphology and charge density. Additionally, unbleached soybean CNF (sb-LCNF) showed yield stress compared with the other samples, which could be attributed to the presence of pectin. Furthermore, the different chemical compositions between the samples affected their thermal properties, as well as on their crystallinity.
Should We Be Puzzled by Forward Guidance

Although a growing literature argues output is too sensitive to future interest rates in standard macroeconomic models, little empirical evidence has been put forth to evaluate this claim. In this paper, we use a range of vector autoregression models to answer the central question of how much output responds to changes in interest rate expectations following a monetary policy shock. Despite distinct identification strategies and sample periods, we find surprising agreement regarding this elasticity across empirical models. We then show that in a standard model of nominal rigidity estimated using impulse response matching, forward guidance shocks produce an elasticity of output with respect to expected interest rates similar to our empirical estimates. Our results suggest that standard macroeconomic models do not overstate the observed sensitivity of output to expected interest rates.
Important reminder: nitrous oxide (N2O) as a cause of functional vitamin B12 deficiency

A 32-year-old woman who misused multiple substances, including nitrous oxide (N2O), sought medical advice after she subacutely developed bilateral lower extremity weakness without a sensory level but with ataxia-her significant other developed similar symptoms with vitamin B12 deficiency due to N2O intake. Laboratory results revealed macrocytic anaemia despite normal B12 and folate levels, with serum markers pointing towards functional cobalamin deficiency. Spinal MRIs and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were unremarkable. Our patient was treated with vitamin B12 supplementation with an encouraging response.
Reweaving the food security safety net: Mediating entitlement and entrepreneurship

The American food system has produced both abundance and food insecurity, with production and consumption dealt with as separate issues. The new approach of community food security (CFS) seeks to re-link production and consumption, with the goal of ensuring both an adequate and accessible food supply in the present and the future. In its focus on consumption, CFS has prioritized the needs of low-income people; in its focus on production, it emphasizes local and regional food systems. These objectives are not necessarily compatible and may even be contradictory. This article describes the approach of community food security and raises some questions about how the movement can meet its goals of simultaneously meeting the food needs of low-income people and developing local food systems. It explores the conceptual and political promise and pitfalls of local, community-based approaches to food security and examines alternative economic strategies such as urban agriculture and community-supported agriculture. It concludes that community food security efforts are important additions to, but not subsitutes for, a nonretractable governmental safety net that protects against food insecurity.
Salary Erosion and Federal Judicial Resignation

This paper studies the effects of judicial salary erosion on federal judicial resignation levels using biographical data on federal judges. Our study is the first to study resignation levels exclusively and is the first to examine the post-resignation employment of federal judges. Prior literature has identified partisanship and pension eligibility as the primary determinants of judicial turnover. By contrast, we find that salary levels have a striking effect on judicial resignation levels which has been obscured in the turnover literature. Salary erosion increases the rate of judicial resignation and particularly increases the rate of resignation to return to private practice.
Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Is Leaving the Office: Potential Impact of Telemedicine*

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:791–794. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Effective control of hypertension and the other cardiovascular risk factors has been dependent on primary medical care as provided by family practitioners and internists. The progressive reduction in availability of primary care for adult populations in the United States threatens the likelihood of better control of the risk factors and potential loss of opportunity for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Recent progress has been made in the use of home blood pressure monitoring for improvement in classification of risk for hypertensive patients. Several studies establish the feasibility of home pressure monitoring combined with telemedicine for improving control of hypertension. Some studies have explored the role of self-care for adjustment of medication, as well. The potential growth of this strategy for effective control of hypertension with reduced need for face-to-face encounter time in primary care is a promising solution to the reduction in primary care providers. Management of hyperlipidemia and diabetes by telemedicine is also being explored, particularly for rural areas, but may also be effective in urban settings. Development of technology for home monitoring together with electronic communication to providers and mechanisms for education, feedback, and warnings offers a promising solution to the possible crisis in prevention of cardiovascular disease due to the loss of traditional primary care.
Regulating Multinationals: The UN Guiding Principles, Civil Society, and International Legalization

Calls to regulate transnational corporations (TNCs) through a single overarching international treaty instrument go back to the 1970s. Over time, pressure for such a treaty has come most persistently from activists, and more intermittently from developing countries. A recent civil society assessment sums up the record to date: “All these efforts met with vigorous opposition from TNCs and their business associations, and they ultimately failed.” In contrast, in June 2011 the Human Rights Council unanimously endorsed the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (GPs), which I developed over the course of a six year mandate as Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Business and Human Rights, through nearly fifty international consultations in all regions of the world. The GPs are the first authoritative guidance that the Council and its predecessor body, the Commission on Human Rights, have issued for states and business enterprises on their respective obligations in relation to business and human rights; and it marked the first time that either body “endorsed” a normative text on any subject that governments did not negotiate themselves. In comparison with normative and policy developments in other difficult domains, such as climate change, uptake of the GPs has been relatively swift and widespread. This paper addresses the logic behind the UN Guiding Principles, and what form of international legalization is best suited to build on them.
Zombie walks and the public sphere

This brief essay considers the phenomenon of zombie walks from a personal perspective, exploring the experience and practice of collaborative cosplay, as well as some of the theoretical and political implications of this widespread practice.
Factors influencing medical travel into the United States

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the potential of 24 country-level measures for predicting the number of outbound international medical travelers into the USA, including health and healthcare system, economic, social and diplomatic and travel pattern factors. Medical travel is recognized as a growing global market and is an important subject of inquiry for US academic medical centers, hospitals and policy makers. Few data-driven studies exist to shed light on efficient and effective strategies for attracting international medical travelers. Design/methodology/approach – This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of the 194 member and/or observer countries of the United Nations. Data for medical traveler volume into the USA between 2008 and 2010 were obtained from the USA Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, Survey of International Air Travelers. Data on country-level factors were collected from publicly available databases, including the United Nations, World Bank and...
Tug of war for antiviral drugs data

Julia Belluz hears from both sides in the lengthy battle between the drug giants and researchers that led to the release of full clinical trial data on neuraminidase inhibitors. Does the release of these files herald a more transparent era?
How to think about security

Learning how to think about security means adopting a different mindset than we've had in the past. As a community, software developers have been thinking too much like "good guys" and thus ended up developing insecure software because they failed to predict attack scenarios. The only way to effectively develop good security in software is to learn to think like the "bad guys." Thinking like the adversary helps us to better identify and mitigate threats
Statistical Discrimination with Peer Effects: Can Integration Eliminate Negative Stereotypes?

We introduce peer effects in the costs of human capital acquisition into a model of statistical dis crimination in labour markets. This creates a link between the level of segregation in social networks and racial disparities in job assignment and wages. We show that this relationship is characterized by disconti nuities: there is a threshold level of segregation below which negative stereotypes become unsustainable, and steady-state skill levels can change dramatically. This change can work in either direction: skill levels may either rise or fall in both groups. VvTiich of these outcomes arises depends on the population share of the disadvantaged group and on the distribution of the costs of human capital investments. We also examine the effects of affirmative action policies in the presence of peer effects and provide conditions under which such policies eliminate negative stereotypes.
Cephalometric study of children with various endocrine diseases.

Abstract Cephalometric studies were made of 106 pediatric patients with various endocrinopathies. Similar measurements were made on a group of thirty-eight normal subjects. The method of relative deviates was used to determine advancement or retardation of growth relative to skeletal and chronologic ages. General facial growth retardation was observed in patients with anterior pituitary insufficiency, idiopathic short stature, delayed puberty, hypothyroidism, or Turner's syndrome; the greatest facial growth retardation was in posterior facial height. General facial growth advancement was observed in patients with incomplete sexual precocity, lymphocytic thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, or complete sexual precocity; the greatest facial growth advancement was in anterior facial height. In all patients studied, except those with lymphocytic thyroiditis or Turner's syndrome, the cranial base angle was more flexed. The vertical height index indicated an open-bite skeletal pattern for all groups except those with Turner's syndrome. Retarded or immature growth of the posterior part of the face explained this in the retarded group, while advanced anterior facial height explained this in the patients with advanced growth. The anteroposterior (AP) index showed prominence of the mandible in relation to the maxilla in patients with Turner's syndrome, incomplete sexual precocity, or hyperthyroidism. The converse was noted in patients with juvenile myxedema. When linear measurements were compared to skeletal age measurements in patients with endocrine diseases which retarded growth, the measurements still indicated retarded growth although to a somewhat lesser degree than when these measurements were compared to chronologic age. In patients with endocrine diseases causing growth advancement (except complete sexual precocity), the measurements continued to indicate advancement. This was interpreted to mean that maturation was affected less than growth in these endocrinopathies.
Drug problems and psychological distress among a community sample of adults: Predictors, consequences, or confound?

Although the comorbidity of drug abuse and psychological distress is well established in adult-treatment samples, the directionality of this association is in question. There is less evidence that this relationship exists among community samples of adults. The prospective relationships between psychological distress and drug problems (e.g., alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine) were examined in a community sample of 470 adults. Results addressed three theories—self-medication/self-derogation, impaired functioning, and general deviance—to explain the relationship between drug use and psychological distress. Although the latent constructs of Polydrug Problems was largely unaffected by Psychological Distress and generally had no effect on Psychological Distress, several specific effects emerged. Providing support for the impaired-functioning theory, adults who abused drugs early on experienced later impaired functioning, anxiety, suicidal ideation, psychoticism, hostility, and decreased purpose in life four years later. Providing support for both the self-medication and self-derogation theories, those who experienced aspects of psychological distress (e.g., dysphoria, suicidal ideation) reported drug problems four years later. Moderate cross-sectional support was also found for the general deviance theory in that Social Conformity reduced or eliminated the associations between Polydrug Problems and the measures of psychological distress. Implications of these findings are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Light-induced structural changes in photosynthetic reaction center: implications for mechanism of electron-proton transfer.

High resolution x-ray diffraction data from crystals of theRhodobacter sphaeroides photosynthetic reaction center (RC) have been collected at cryogenic temperature in the dark and under illumination, and the structures were refined at 2.2 and 2.6 angstrom resolution, respectively. In the charge-separated D+Q_AQ_B− state (where D is the primary electron donor (a bacteriochlorophyll dimer), and Q_A and Q_B are the primary and secondary quinone acceptors, respectively), Q_B− is located approximately 5 angstroms from the Q_B position in the charge-neutral (DQ_AQ_B) state, and has undergone a 180° propeller twist around the isoprene chain. A model based on the difference between the two structures is proposed to explain the observed kinetics of electron transfer from Q_A–Q_B to Q_AQ_B− and the relative binding affinities of the different ubiquinone species in the Q_B pocket. In addition, several water channels (putative proton pathways) leading from the Q_B pocket to the surface of the RC were delineated, one of which leads directly to the membrane surface.
Prevention of Ischemic Neurologic Injury With Intraoperative Monitoring of Selected Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Procedures: Roles of Electroencephalography, Somatosensory Evoked Potentials, Transcranial Doppler, and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

All neuromonitoring techniques, although imperfect, provide useful information for monitoring cardiothoracic and carotid vascular operations. They may be viewed as providing complementary information, which may help surgical technique and, as a result, possibly improve clinical outcomes. As of this writing, the efficacy of TCD and NIRS monitoring during cardiothoracic and vascular surgery cannot be considered established. Well designed, prospective, adequately powered, double-blind, and randomized outcome studies are needed to determine the optimal neurologic monitoring modality (or modalities), in specific surgical settings.
Male mate-locating behavior in Euphydryas chalcedona (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) related to pupation site preferences

Males of the checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas chalcedona)patrol and perch near but not on the larval foodplant in search of females. Experiments with tethered butterflies show that searching males chase virgin females for longer times than they do mated females or males. The larvae leave the larval food-plant to pupate. The correspondence between the distance from the larval foodplant to pupation sites and where males search for females suggests that male mate-locating behavior has evolved to maximize the rate of encounters with newly emerged, virgin females. These conclusions are compared to a recent analysis of butterfly mating systems by Odendaal et al. (Am. Nat.125: 673–678, 1985).
Anti-invasion drugs.

Most of the pharmaceuticals in clinical practice today for treatment of breast and other cancers are cytotoxic or cytostatic inhibitors of tumor growth. While this type of drug has found its place, along with surgery and radiotherapy, in treatment of disease, the breast cancer death rate has not decreased. This appears to be the result of rising incidence, resistance to therapy, and metastasis of the disease. Since distant metastasis (usually indicated by lymph node involvement) of breast cancer is related only indirectly to tumor size, it would appear that a concerted effort should be made to discover drugs which directly interfere with this complex process. Metastasis appears to depend upon tumor cell motility, dedifferentiation, local invasion, and angiogenesis. Significant progress has been recently made in the creation of new animal models of metastasis and in identifying several new drugs which may be suitable for clinical inhibition of this process. This article reviews current findings on anti-invasion/metastasis drugs with a focus on breast cancer.
Evaluation of 6-year application of the enzymatic colorimetric phenylalanine assay in the setting of neonatal screening for phenylketonuria.

Abstract Background: Most reports on phenylketonuria (PKU) screening focused solely on the result of the initial investigation of the neonatal screening sample. The aim of this study was to evaluate an enzymatic phenylalanine (Phe) determination in the whole context spanning from the initial investigation over the recall period, up to the confirmation or exclusion of the disease. Methods: Phe of dried blood spot specimens was analysed colorimetrically in a microtitre-plate assay based on the l -phenylalanine dehydrogenase reaction coupled with an intermediate electron acceptor system. This assay was evaluated for analytical variables and for neonatal PKU screening in a total number of 423,773 neonates during a 6-year period. Results: Method validation with respect to linearity, precision (within-run CVs 3.4–4.2%, between-run CVs 6.2–10.4%), and accuracy fulfilled all requirements for a screening method. Mean Phe (±SD) of 130,000 healthy neonates was 84 (±22) μmol/l with a cut-off point (mean+3 SD) of 150 μmol/l. From 423,773 neonates, hyperphenylalaninemia was confirmed in 155 cases and further differentiated into PKU (41 cases, 27%), BH4 deficiency (3, 2%), non-PKU HPA (67, 43%), transient neonatal HPA (28, 18%), and secondary HPA (16, 10%). The number of false-positives (recall-rate) was 0.23%, and no false-negatives were noted. Conclusions: Detailed studies over a period of 6 years including more than 400,000 neonates clearly show that the enzymatic assay is a reliable and sensitive method for neonatal screening of PKU. The proven prevalence of non-PKU HPA in the German population disclosed by the assay was twice as high as compared to the “Guthrie test” used previously. The growing use and application of tandem mass spectrometry in neonatal screening will not derogate the usefulness of the enzymatic assay in PKU screening in the foreseeable future. Careful analysis of our screening results and monitoring of all pathological samples resulted in an evidence-based flow chart for a rational PKU screening.
Superconducting microwave resonant circuits for the detection of photons from microwaves through gamma rays

Summary form only given, as follows. Thin-film superconducting microwave resonators play an important role in large superconducting cameras for applications ranging from cosmology to nuclear non-proliferation. The high quality factor and low loss of these devices make it possible to couple many resonators to a single feedline, enabling frequency-division multiplexing of large arrays. We review the use of superconducting microwave resonators for both microwave kinetic inductance detectors and superconducting transition-edge sensors.
Distorted Perceptions of Competence and Incompetence Are More than Regression Effects.

Students inaccurately assess their own skills, especially high- or low-performers on exams. This study assessed whether regression effects account for this observation. After completing the Infection and Immunity course final exam (IIF), second year medical students (N = 143) estimated their performance on the IIF in terms of percent correct and percentile rank. Second year grade point averages (M2GPAs) were combined with the IIF results to form five subgroups: 1 = true-low (lowest third on both IIF and M2GPA, 2 = false-low (lowest third on IIF only), 3 = middle (neither lowest nor highest third on IIF), 4 = false-high (highest third on IIF only), 5 = true-high (highest third on IIF and M2GPA). The false-low and false-high groups were considered more susceptible to regression effects due to likely group misclassification. Differences between self-assessment and actual performance within each group and between the five groups were used to estimate what portion of observed differences is due to general tendencies versus regression effects. Results found that students accurately assessed their percent correct, but inaccurately assessed their percentile rank. No statistically significant differences existed between the true and false-low subgroups nor the true- and false-high subgroups. Percentages of mean differences suggest that while regression effects resulted in 50–75% over/under-estimates of scores by students who were misclassified, when they were merged with the true-low/high groups, they do not account for more than 14% of low performer over-estimates of their performance and high performer under-estimates of their performance. Accurate percent correct assessments and distorted percentile rank assessments are challenges in using instructional methods dependent on student self-assessments of their learning needs. Identifying and helping students with distorted perceptions of their test performances may be a key issue in such instructional approaches.
Dolomite Controls on Phanerozoic Seawater Chemistry

We investigate the potential role of dolomite as a long-term buffer on Phanerozoic seawater composition. Using a comprehensive model of Phanerozoic geochemical cycling, we show how variations in the formation rate of sedimentary marine dolomite have buffered seawater saturation state. The total inventory of inorganic carbon reflects the sum of fluxes derived from continental weathering, basalt-seawater exchange, alumino-silicate diagenesis (reverse weathering), and global deposition of calcium carbonate. Although these fluxes are approximately balanced, model results indicate that seawater saturation state is sensitive to the marine dolomite depositional flux. This conclusion is consistent with and constrained by independent proxy data for seawater ion ratios, paleo-atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and paleo-pH data, and dolomite mass-age distribution through Phanerozoic time. Abundant research indicates that dolomite’s occurrence in marine sediments is sensitive to many factors: temperature, seawater composition, paleogeographic setting, continental organization, etc. Although the complexity of the process of dolomite formation prevents a complete understanding of the relative role of these factors, our model results clearly underscore the importance of this mineral in the chemical history of Phanerozoic seawater.
Exact solutions for inelastic neutron scattering from planar Ising ferromagnets

Abstract We report the inelastic neutron scattering from planar Ising ferromagnets. The lattice structures investigated are square, kagome, triangular, and 3–12 (extended kagome). Exact solutions are obtained for the inelastic neutron scattering function S xx ( q , ω) of these isotropic Ising ferromagnets at all temperatures. The scattering amplitudes An (n is an integer) of the Dirac δ-functions are plotted as functions of the interaction parameter K (≡ J/kBT). The amplitude curves show “spin wave peaks” at very low temperatures. The amplitude curves for all lattice structures show some general features such as weak energy-type singularities at criticality rounded maxima, crossing points, and a systematic variation versus temperature.
Calculations of the Grüneisen Parameter for Some Models of the Solid

Using a fixed interatomic potential function, we calculate values of the Gr\"uneisen parameter by means of five computational models. The models compared are Monte Carlo, Lennard-Jones-Devonshire cell model, lattice dynamics, Dugdale-MacDonald, and Slater. The last three models use the harmonic form of the intermolecular potential, while the first two use the full form. Consequently, some conclusions can be drawn on the importance of anharmonic forces in rare-gas crystals.
Payments and social ties

Monetary payments fall into three categories: gift, entitlement, and compensation. Each one corresponds to a significantly different set of social relations and systems of meanings. People making payments use a number of earmarking techniques to distinguish those categories of social relations and meanings from each other, impose substantial controls over the proper uses of money received within each category, and attach great importance to the distinctions involved, thus creating partly separate currencies even when the medium involved is legal tender. In the United States, bureaucratization, commercialization, and monetization significantly altered the scope, form, and content of monetary gifts, entitlements, and compensation, but did not reduce the importance of such earmarking and control. Investigation of (1) bonuses in commercial firms and (2) sexual payments illustrate the significance of these principles.
An experimental study on the dynamic response of dielectric elastomer membranes

Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs) have received considerable attention recently due to their large strains, over 100% in some cases, when subject to an electric field. Previous research yielded a large deformation quasi-static model that describes the out of plane deflections of clamped diaphragms. The numerical modeling results compare well with experimental results for the same configuration. A theoretical dynamic model has also been developed for the dynamic inflation of a spherical DEA membrane. With relevance to dynamic applications, the time varying response of dielectric elastomer membranes configured for out-of-plane deflections has not been reported until now. In this paper, an experimental investigation and analysis of the dynamic response of a dielectric elastomer membrane is reported. The experiments were conducted with DEAs fabricated from VHB 4905 films and carbon grease electrodes. The experiments covered the electromechanical spectrum by investigating membrane behavior due to (i) a voltage time varying input and (ii) a mechanical time varying input, resulting in a combined electromechanical loading state during the experiments. The results reveal that the response of the membrane is a departure from the classical dynamic response of continuum membrane structures. As a result of this work, we have identified which typical modeling assumptions are valid and hence can authentically be used to develop new dynamic predictive modeling tools.
Hydrocephalus and Intraspinal Tumor

The association of hydrocephalus with mass lesions affecting the spinal cord is a rare but well documented phenomena. A search of the literature disclosed 67 reported cases with a wide variety of pathological diagnosis ranging from the benign or malignant tumors to non-neoplastic conditions such as disc herniation, granuloma, and vascular malformation. Two new cases are reported; these elderly females presented with a demential picture in association with hydrocephalus, verified by Computed Tomography of the head and progressive motor difficulties of the lower extremities. The massively elevated protein in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid led to myelography and diagnosis of a near complete block at the lower thoracic area. In case number one the cerebrospinal fluid sampled above the lesion was only moderately elevated. Complete tumor resection of a T-12 meningioma in case one and subtotal excision of a T-12 Schwannoma in case two, rein significant improvement of their mental faculties. Resolution of the hydrocephalus was documented in follow up Computed Tomography of the head.
Commentary: The Prequel to Family Firm Culture and Stewardship: The Leadership Perspective of the Founder

This commentary considers the role of the founder in establishing a family firm's culture. Drawing from transformational leadership theory, it is argued that a founder who displays transformational leadership behaviors may be more likely to establish a family firm culture that reflects family commitment, stewardship, and strategic flexibility. As such, this commentary extends the article by Zahra, Hayton, Neubaum, Dibrell, and Craig by linking stewardship theory with transformational leadership theory, and viewing family firm culture as an intervening mechanism between leadership behaviors and strategic flexibility.