cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light-An Essential Factor in the Trihydroxyindole-Spectrophotofluorometric Assay of Norepinephrine

When iodine is used as the oxidant in the spectrophotofluorometric assay of norepinephrine, conversion of the oxidation product (noradrenochrome) to the fluoro-phore (noradrenolutine) requires the presence of adequate light. At a light intensity of 105 foot-candles, a period of 30 minutes is required for maximal development of fluorescence. With the use of intense light (sun light: 8400 foot-candles), maximal development of fluorescence was obtained in 2 minutes. At a light intensity of 40 foot-candles or less, the development of fluorescence was incomplete even when the conversion reaction was allowed the prescribed time of 45 minutes. It is apparent that light is an important factor in the conversion of noradrenochrome to noradrenolutine. Consistent and reproducible results are obtained only when this part of the assay is carried out under an adequate intensity of light for a suitable length of time.
Learning Theories and Technology: Practical Applications

Designing instruction centered upon one learning approach is not always practical because there are many different techniques students use when learning new material. Therefore, an educator or instructional designer needs to recognize the principles, concepts, and applications of various learning theories when implementing technology into the instructional setting. This paper provides an overview of three distinct learning theories commonly applied in the area of education and addresses their practical uses in technology application. First, the principles and implications upon teaching and learning of each theory are presented. Thereafter, each theory is followed by a summary describing its influences upon the way that technology can be utilized in instruction.
Prophylactic knee bracing in college football

American football can be harmful to knees. In an attempt to reduce the number and severity of knee injuries, the intercollegiate football team at the University of Arizona (Pacific Ten Conference) has been using protective braces since 1981. Objective evaluation of the effectiveness of this program is the purpose of this study. All linemen, offensive and defensive, as well as linebackers and tight ends were considered to be the players at greatest risk and were required to use the braces. The brace used was the Anderson Knee Stabler. Each player at each practice session or game was counted as one exposure. During the 4 years of brace use, there were 28,191 exposures, while the control group numbered 29,293 exposures. The data were analyzed from the perspectives of days lost from practice or games, player's position, the type and severity of injury, and the rate of injury per 100 players per season. Players at risk showed no trend to change in injury rate. Of the players at risk, the type and severity of injury in nonbraced and in braced groups were similar. A significant finding in players at risk was a two-fold increase in knee ligament injury rate per 100 players when compared to rates for an entire team. The number of season-ending injuries remained unchanged. Practice time missed for third-degree medial ligament, and for medial meniscus injuries, was significantly lower in the braced group, but this was due to improved treatment techniques initiated in 1981. Seven NCAA rule changes, directed at reducing knee injuries, have been introduced since 1981.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Failure Rate Calculations Using a Programmable Calculator

This paper describes a TI 59 program which calculates the acceleration factor between any two temperatures, equivalent unit-hours at one temperature based on actual test hours at a second temperature, the x2 approximation at any of seven s-confidence levels, and the s-confidence limit failure rate estimate in both %/1000 hours and FITs. The program allows numerous entries of separate sample results which the calculator stores and then performs a single failure rate estimate calculation. Required inputs are test temperature, temperature at which the failure rate estimate is desired, the activation energy, and the number of failures during the test. The equations for the program are reviewed and tables are included showing all labels and memories used, and the 355 program steps listing.
Population Genetics of a Trochid Gastropod Broadens Picture of Caribbean Sea Connectivity

Background Regional genetic connectivity models are critical for successful conservation and management of marine species. Even though rocky shore invertebrates have been used as model systems to understand genetic structure in some marine environments, our understanding of connectivity in Caribbean communities is based overwhelmingly on studies of tropical fishes and corals. In this study, we investigate population connectivity and diversity of Cittarium pica, an abundant rocky shore trochid gastropod that is commercially harvested across its natural range, from the Bahamas to Venezuela. Methodology/Principal Findings We tested for genetic structure using DNA sequence variation at the mitochondrial COI and 16S loci, AMOVA and distance-based methods. We found substantial differentiation among Caribbean sites. Yet, genetic differentiation was associated only with larger geographic scales within the Caribbean, and the pattern of differentiation only partially matched previous assessments of Caribbean connectivity, including those based on larval dispersal from hydrodynamic models. For instance, the Bahamas, considered an independent region by previous hydrodynamic studies, showed strong association with Eastern Caribbean sites in our study. Further, Bonaire (located in the east and close to the meridional division of the Caribbean basin) seems to be isolated from other Eastern sites. Conclusions/Significance The significant genetic structure and observed in C. pica has some commonalities in pattern with more commonly sampled taxa, but presents features, such as the differentiation of Bonaire, that appear unique. Further, the level of differentiation, together with regional patterns of diversity, has important implications for the application of conservation and management strategies in this commercially harvested species.
Maturation of rat visual cortex. I. A quantitative study of Golgi-impregnated pyramidal neurons.

The early postnatal maturation of pyramidal neurons in layers II/III and V of the rat visual cortex has been examined in an attempt to elucidate some determinants of their mature morphology. Three indices have been quantified using Golgi-impregnated pyramidal cells: densities of spines along apical dendrites, numbers of primary basal dendrites and volumes of cell bodies. The mean density of spines on the apical dendrites of all pyramidal neurons increases in a stepwise fashion. The first significant increase occurs between days 6 and 9 and the second, between days 12 and 15; these increases may correlate with the arrival of geniculate afferents and with the opening of the eyes, respectively. In younger animals, the distribution of spines along the apical shafts is relatively even, whereas in older animals, spine density increases significantly over the proximal 125 μm portion and is relatively constant over the remaining distal portion. By day 21, layer V pyramidal cells have acquired more primary basal dendrites and larger somatic volumes than layer II/III cells. Furthermore, as the cells mature the rates of change in these characteristics are significantly different for neurons in layer II/III and in layer V. For both cell populations, the mean number of primary basal dendrites increases to a maximum before falling to a steady level, but for neurons in layer V, the maximum is higher and attained three days earlier than for layer II/III cells. Moreover, the increase in volume of cell bodies of layer V neurons begins three days before that of layer II/III cells. This three day phase difference in maturation may reflect the cell birth dates, since autoradiographic evidence indicates that layer V pyramidal neurons reach the cortical plate about three days prior to those which occupy layer II/III in the adult visual cortex.
Determination of Optical Constants and Carrier Effective Mass of Semiconductors

By using reflectivity and absorption measurements in the region 5 to 35 micron, the effect of free carriers on the optical constants has been determined for $n$- and $p$-type germanium, silicon, and indium antimonide, and for $n$-type indium arsenide. The contribution of the free carriers to the electric susceptibility is obtained from the optical constants. A carrier effective mass, ${m}_{s}$, is defined in terms of the susceptibility, and the significance of ${m}_{s}$ is considered for four different types of energy band structure. The experimental values of ${m}_{s}$ are compared with those calculated by using data from other experiments. Good agreement was found for $n$- and $p$-type silicon, $n$-type germanium, and $p$-type indium antimonide. In $p$-type germanium, the susceptibility due to transitions between the overlapping bands in the valence band was taken into account. However, the resulting ${m}_{s}$, for a sample of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ impurity concentration, is larger by a factor of 1.8 than that calculated by using cyclotron resonance data. In $n$-type indium antimonide ${m}_{s}$ increases with carrier concentration. If one assumes ${m}_{s}$ to be energy-dependent, the shape of the conduction band calculated is consistent with previously reported measurements of the shift of the intrinsic absorption edge with electron concentrations. In the case of $n$-type indium arsenide, ${m}_{s}$ differs from the effective mass reported from thermoelectric measurements but gives good agreement with the values determined from the shift of the intrinsic absorption edge for an impure specimen.
Estimation of unscheduled flows and contribution factors based on L/sub p/ norms

This paper portrays a novel approach based on L/sub p/ norms to estimate the unscheduled flows occurring in a wide area interconnected system. Contribution factors for the utilities toward the loop flow scenario are designed based on the participation. This may be used as an effective market tool to establish equitable charge or compensation to utilities.
Early Work in Applied Optics at the National Bureau of Standards

A review is presented of the relations between the National Bureau of Standards and the Optical Society of America. Special emphasis is placed on the earlier historical associations during the first 25 years of the half-century of service which the Bureau is celebrating this year. Consideration is given to the early technical workers and the developments in the fields of photometry, pyrometry, polarimetry, radiometry, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, colorimetry, interferometry, optical instruments, optical materials, and photographic technology.
More than cool: promiscuous relationships of menthol and other sensory compounds.

Abstract Several temperature-activated transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) ion channels are the molecular receptors of natural compounds that evoke thermal and pain sensations. Menthol, popularly known for its cooling effect, activates TRPM8—a cold-activated thermoTRP ion channel. However, human physiological studies demonstrate a paradoxical role of menthol in modulation of warm sensation, and here, we show that menthol also activates heat-activated TRPV3. We further show that menthol inhibits TRPA1, potentially explaining the use of menthol as an analgesic. Similar to menthol, both camphor and cinnamaldehyde (initially reported to be specific activators of TRPV3 and TRPA1, respectively) also modulate other thermoTRPs. Therefore, we find that many “sensory compounds” presumed to be specific have a promiscuous relationship with thermoTRPs.
Optical Coronal Emission Lines from Equilibrium and Cooling Plasmas

A calculation has been made of the emission from gas at temperature of about 10 to the 6th K due to optical coronal lines that result from fine structure transitions within the ground states of highly ionized atoms. These lines include the Forbidden Fe X 6374-A line, the Forbidden Fe XIV 5303-A line, and many other lines from stages of ionization of S, Ca, Fe, and Ni. The calculations are valid in the limit of very low density, and apply to the diffuse gas found in supernova remnants, the interstellar medium in galaxies, and intergalactic gas. It is found that the amount of optical coronal emission produced by a given amount of cooling gas is largely unaffected by changes in element abundances (provided the proportions of heavy elements remain the same).
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX II. METABOLISM, CIRCULATION, AND BLOOD CONCENTRATION DURING SUPRARENAL INSUFFICIENCY IN THE DOG

1. The basal oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, blood flow, blood pressure, and the changes in concentration of the arterial blood were determined in suprarenalectomized dogs (a) when receiving injections of cortical extract (Swingle-Pfiffner), (b) during suprarenal insufficiency induced by withdrawal of the injections, and (c) during the period of recovery brought about by resumption of extract injections. 2. Reasons are advanced for the view that the hemoconcentration which occurs is probably due to loss of fluid through the kidneys, rather than by increased capillary permeability and loss into the tissues, or by loss through the gastrointestinal tract. 3. The loss of fluid from the plasma and tissues will explain the symptoms which follow withdrawal of injections of the hormone, as well as the fatal outcome. The assumption that the suprarenal cortex or its hormone has a detoxifying action upon some product of metabolism is thus rendered unnecessary.
Comments on "Block multirate input-output model for sampled-data control systems"

In the above paper, Albertos (1990) presents a modeling technique to model linear, time-invariant systems with synchronous sampling. The model is derived from both the discrete transfer function and state-space representation of a given system and yields two similar expressions. Albertos equates the two in Lemma 2.1; there is, however, an inconsistency in Lemma 2.1, and this is discussed further. >
Does Grazing Affect Regional Climate

Before European settlement, the Great Plains of the United States contained vast herds of bison. These bison altered the landscape through their grazing. Measurement data of the disturbance that such grazing could produce, when scaled for the large population of bison, were used with a coupled atmospheric‐ecosystem model to evaluate the likely effect that this grazing had on the growing season weather in the Great Plains. A dynamically coupled meteorological and plant growth model was used to investigate the regional atmospheric conditions over a single growing season. A 50-km horizontal mesh was implemented, covering the central plains of the United States. The modeling system was then integrated, with a time step of 90 s, for a period covering 1 April 1989 through 31 August 1989 using boundary conditions obtained from an objective analysis of gridded archive data. This integration was performed with and without grazing to assess the effects on regional atmospheric and biological processes. The grazing algorithm was employed to represent presettlement North American bison and was switched on and off for different simulations. The results indicated a cooling response in daily maximum temperatures to removal of grazing. The opposite trends were found for the minimum daily temperature. It was also found that grazing produced significant perturbations in the hydrological cycle.
Relating summer ambient particulate sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and light scattering to gaseous tracer emissions from the MOHAVE Power Project.

ABSTRACT Project MOHAVE was initiated in 1992 to examine the role of emissions from the 1580 MW coal-fired MOHAVE Power Project (MPP) on haze at the Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP), located about 130 km north-northeast of the power plant. Statistical relationships were analyzed between summertime ambient concentrations of a gaseous perfluorocarbon tracer released from MPP and ambient SO2, particulate sulfur, and light scattering to evaluate whether MPP's emissions could be transported to the GCNP and then impact haze levels there. Spatial analyses indicated that particulate sulfur levels were strongly correlated across the monitoring network, regardless of whether the monitoring stations were upwind or downwind of MPP. This indicates that particulate sulfur levels in this region were influenced by distant regional emission sources. A significant particulate sulfur contribution from a point source such as MPP would result in a non-uniform pattern downwind. There was no suggestion of this in the data. Fur...
Conductance and exchange coupling of two ferromagnets separated by a tunneling barrier.

A theory is given for three closely related effects involving a nonmagnetic electron-tunneling barrier separating two ferromagnetic conductors. The first is Julliere's magnetic valve effect, in which the tunnel conductance depends on the angle \ensuremath{\theta} between the moments of the two ferromagnets. One finds that discontinuous change of the potential at the electrode-barrier interface diminishes the spin-polarization factor governing this effect and is capable of changing its sign. The second is an effective interfacial exchange coupling -J cos\ensuremath{\theta} between the ferromagnets. One finds that the magnitude and sign of J depend on the height of the barrier and the Stoner splitting in the ferromagnets. The third is a new, irreversible exchange term in the coupled dynamics of the ferromagnets. For one sign of external voltage V, this term describes relaxation of the Landau-Lifshitz type. For the opposite sign of V, it describes a pumping action which can cause spontaneous growth of magnetic oscillations. All of these effects were investigated consistently by analyzing the transmission of charge and spin currents flowing through a rectangular barrier separating free-electron metals. In application to Fe-C-Fe junctions, the theory predicts that the valve effect is weak and that the coupling is antiferromagnetic (Jl0). Relations connecting the three effects suggest experiments involving small spatial dimensions.
Posttranscriptional regulation of specific protein synthesis in the silkmoth wing, as revealed by actinomycin D☆

Abstract The synthesis of both total and electrophoretically fractionated proteins was studied in the wing epidermis of developing silkmoths, using a simple organ culture system which maintains the cells in synthetically normal condition for approximately 2 days. Differences were detected in the electrophoretic profile of proteins synthesized at different developmental stages, and correlated with transition from growth-related to differentiation-related products. Actinomycin D induced an apparently exponential decay in incorporation into total protein; the half-life of the decay ranged from 10 to 13 hr, depending on the stage of development. Double-label experiments indicated that decay of protein synthesis in the presence of actinomycin is not uniform, but proceeds at different rates for different components. Putative differentiation-specific products may be associated with differential resistance to actinomycin. At a specific developmental stage, actinomycin induced a transient secondary stimulation of overall incorporation. Measurements of leucine specific activity suggested that protein synthesis (rather than merely incorporation) is affected, and that “superinduction” is not limited to a few protein species.
An Opportunity for Me? The Role of Resources in Opportunity Evaluation Decisions

We apply the prescriptions of the resource-based perspective to develop a model of entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation. We propose that opportunity evaluation decision policies are constructed as future-oriented, cognitive representations of ‘what will be’, assuming one were to exploit the opportunity under evaluation. These cognitive representations incorporate both (1) an evaluation of the existing resource endowments (already under the control of the venture), which may be employed to exploit the opportunity under evaluation, and at the same time (2) an assessment of the future, wealth generating resources that must be marshalled (and subsequently under the control of the venture) in order to exploit the opportunity under evaluation. We empirically test this model using conjoint analysis and hierarchical linear modelling techniques to decompose more than 2300 opportunity evaluation decisions nested in a sample of 73 entrepreneurs. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurs are attracted to opportunities that are complementary to their existing knowledge resources; however, we also identify a set of opportunity-specific and firm-specific conditions that encourage entrepreneurs to pursue the acquisition and control of resources that are inconsistent with the existing, knowledge-based resources of the venture. We identify these conditions and discuss implications for theory, practice, and future research.
Education for innovation

Engineering education should encourage students to strive for a mastery of fundamentals and the cultivation of excellence?but this is not enough. Engineering education must be kept alive and relevant; and, to encourage creativity, it must stimulate the imaginations of students. The typical educational yard-stick of a student's performance, however, is the accuracy with which he can repeat, by rote, information obtained from a lecture or text. Original or unconventional approaches to problems are discouraged, and their proponents often penalized, thus discouraging and depressing the student. Must inventiveness be sacrificed to education?
Retrograde approach to recanalization of complex tibial disease.

A significant proportion (∼20%) of patients with complex tibial artery occlusions cannot be treated using a conventional antegrade approach. We report our experience using the retrograde approach for the treatment of complex tibial artery occlusive disease using retrograde pedal/tibial access in 13 limbs from 12 patients. Retrograde pedal/tibial access was achieved in all cases (facilitated by surgical cutdown in one case), and procedural success was achieved in 11 of 13 limbs (85%). Based on this experience, a discussion of clinical and technical aspects of the retrograde pedal/tibial approach is provided, and a new classification for tibial artery occlusive disease is proposed. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Combination of Naltrexone and Fluoxetine on Rats’Propensity to Take Alcoholic Beverage

Naltrexone (NTX) and fluoxetine (FLU) are useful for treating alcoholism and depression, respectively. Furthermore, these afflictions covary. Given the possibility that people might be prescribed NTX and FLU concurrently, we assessed the effects of these two agents on rats' propensity to drink an alcoholic beverage. Rats were given 65 days of access to a sweetened alcoholic beverage and water for 2 hr daily. At first, they took little ethanol, but after 20 days, they took on average 2.0 to 2.5 g/kg of ethanol, daily during the 2-hr session. They also took sufficient water to maintain their health. After 30 days, they were divided into four groups to receive, 30 min before the drinking session, 1 of 4 different kinds of injections. For the next 20 days, one group received placebo daily. Another group received 5 mg/kg of NTX daily and another 5 mg/kg of FLU daily. The fourth group received both 5 mg/kg of NTX and 5 mg/kg of FLU daily. After 20 days, the doses of NTX and FLU were doubled across an additional 10 days. Both NTX and FLU reduced rats' intake of alcoholic beverage. The combinations of NTX and FLU, however, were no more effective in reducing rats' intake of alcoholic beverage than either alone. Also, the small dose of NTX seemed to lose its effectiveness with repeated administrations. A second experiment confirmed the conclusion that small doses of NTX lose their effectiveness in suppressing intake of alcoholic beverage across repeated administrations. In summary, data provide no support for the idea that FLU and NTX would act synergistically to reduce propensity to take alcoholic beverages.
Short-term changes in the firing pattern of hypothalamic neurons during pavlovian conditioning

Summary The neuronal activity in the region of the hypothalamic medial forebrain bundle was studied in the chronic preparation, using a classical conditioning paradigm with food as the reward. Changes in the rate of firing after the auditory stimuli (conditioned stimuli) were assessed in terms of the time of their occurence during the CS-US interval and in terms of the number of trials before their appearance. A similar analysis was made of the movements of the animals which were recorded electronically andfunctioned as behavioral indices of learning giving a basis for relating neuronal changes to behavior changes. The statistically significant modifications of the spontaneous firing rate after the CS during the conditioning were called learned responses and characterized according to latencies. The modifications during the sensitiaation tests to the same stimuli were called innate responses. The findings for the hypothalamic region were mainly 3: (1) there were many innate neuronal responses with latencies of 20 msec or less measurable with the methods used in these experiments. All of the innate responses occured in the time interval before 80 msec after the stimuli presentation; (2) there were no learned neuronal responses with latencies of 20 msec or less. The majority of the learned responses occurred during the 40–80 msec intervals after the CS, that is before the occurence of the behavioral learned responses which had latencies of 80–120 msec, but later than many of the innate responses; (3) neuronal learning occured some time during the 10–30 trial sequence whereas learned behavior occured later in the sequence. These changes correlated with the acquisition of a skill rewarded by food, using a Pavlovian paradigm, are viewed as signifiing a participation of the hypothalamic region in the cognitive process, not as the primary ‘informational processor’ but as a region where input-output sequences are related to positive reinforcement.
Proximity-effect tunneling study of Mg

A study of electron-phonon coupling in pure Mg by means of proximity tunneling into Mg films backed by recrystallized Nb foils is reported. The results indicate that Mg in thicknesses of 20-100 A continuously covers a clean Nb surface and yield a value lambda = 0.29 +- 0.03 for the electron-phonon coupling constant. This is consistent with an as yet unobserved superconducting T/sub c/ = 0.3 mK for pure Mg.
Arterial Patency after Repeated Hepatic Artery Bland Particle Embolization

Purpose To evaluate hepatic arterial patency after serial bland particle embolization procedures in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods All patients with HCC who underwent five or more hepatic artery bland embolization procedures with permanent particulate and spherical embolic agents between September 1996 and December 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Data analyzed included patient demographics, vessels embolized, embolic agent used, and duration of arterial patency. Results Forty-three patients were identified who underwent five or more bland embolization procedures in the same arterial distribution. Of the 43 patients examined, 83% ( n = 36) showed no change in the hepatic arterial tree after repeated bland embolization (mean treatment period of 48 months ± 23). Six patients (13%) exhibited occlusion of a fifth-order or more distal vessel after an average of 5 embolizations ± 2 over a period of 34 months ± 27. A single case of vascular occlusion of a fourth-order vessel was observed after five embolizations over a period of 52 months. Conclusions Repeated bland embolization of the hepatic arteries in HCC preserves patency of the hepatic arterial vasculature despite the fact that embolization is carried out to complete stasis.
Developmental previewing: enhancing the adolescent's predictions of behavioral consequences.

The adolescent years are a time of significant biopsychosocial change. Adolescents develop a variety of cognitive skills that enable them to evaluate future consequences, weigh alternatives, and select behaviors. If these cognitive skills have not matured fully, however, the female adolescent may be predisposed to enact risk-taking behaviors, such as becoming pregnant. An intervention technique that encourages adolescents to predict the consequences of their actions may therefore be beneficial. One such technique, labeled previewing, promotes the cognitive skills necessary for averting future unplanned pregnancies and, in the event the adolescent has become a mother, for establishing a more adaptive relationship with the infant.
A different kind of union: Balancing co-management and representation

Local unions engaging in co-management and joint governance arrangements require new capacities and organizational forms to balance managerial responsibilities with representation of both the collective and individual interests of the membership. This article examines the evolution of the local union at General Motors' Saturn Corporation through the internal and external tensions created by the challenges faced in assuming these roles. A new model of local unionism, grounded in this experience and data, is outlined for further testing and research.
Testing the lexical recognition task with Spanish/English bilinguals in the United States

This investigation intends to assess the effectiveness of a lexical recognition test (Meara & Buxton, 1987) as a placement tool that distinguishes among levels of two groups of students: Spanish he...
What is ecological engineering

Ecological engineering, defined as the design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both, has developed over the last 30 years, and rapidly over the last 10 years. Its goals include the restoration of ecosystems that have been substantially disturbed by human activities and the development of new sustainable ecosystems that have both human and ecological values. It is especially needed as conventional energy sources diminish and amplification of nature's ecosystem services is needed even more. There are now several universities developing academic programs or departments called ecological engineering, ecological restoration, or similar terms, the number of manuscripts submitted to the journal Ecological Engineering continue to increase at an rapid rate, and the U.S. National Science Foundation now has a specific research focus area called ecological engineering. There are many private firms now developing and even prospering that are now specializing in the restoration of streams, rivers, lakes, forests, grasslands, and wetlands, the rehabilitation of minelands and urban brownfields, and the creation of treatment wetlands and phytoremediation sites. It appears that the perfect synchronization of academy, publishing, research resources, and practice is beginning to develop. Yet the field still does not have a formal accreditation in engineering and receives guarded acceptance in the university system and workplace alike.
Differential expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (ALDH1) in normal ovary and serous ovarian tumors

Background We showed there are specific ALDH1 autoantibodies in ovarian autoimmune disease and ovarian cancer, suggesting a role for ALDH1 in ovarian pathology. However, there is little information on the ovarian expression of ALDH1. Therefore, we compared ALDH1 expression in normal ovary and benign and malignant ovarian tumors to determine if ALDH1 expression is altered in ovarian cancer. Since there is also recent interest in ALDH1 as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, we assessed co-expression of ALDH1 with CSC markers in order to determine if ALDH1 is a potential CSC marker in ovarian cancer.
Reconciling poststenotic pressure with hyperemic flow: comparing coronary flow reserve, instantaneous wave-free ratio, and fractional flow reserve.

Vigorous controversy continues in the coronary physiological community about how a basal index of stenosis severity can compete effectively with a hyperemic index1–3 and challenges conventional wisdom and our understanding of what is a true ischemic response that can be quantitated in the catheterization laboratory. Moreover, the controversy is fueled by the absence of an easily obtainable ischemic standard against which various physiological indices of hemodynamic lesion significance can be compared and has led to numerous studies using a noninvasive or surrogate physiological measurement, such as hyperemic stenosis resistance,4,5 or as in the current study, coronary flow reserve (CFR, hyperemic/basal flow velocity ratio) to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses among the proposed pressure-only indices. Article see p 492 In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions , Petraco et al6 report their pressure and flow velocity data acquired with sensor angioplasty guide wires across 216 coronary stenoses in 186 patients in the catheterization laboratory. Using CFR as a standard, the basal instantaneous wave-free pressure ratio (iFRbasal) had stronger correlation than fractional flow reserve (FFR) to CFR (correlation coefficient, r =0.68 versus 0.50; P 0.75), where flow was higher for the hyperemic index (as it should be) when compared with the iFRbasal (42 versus 26 cm/s; P <0.001). …
Estimating the vector electric field using monostatic, multibeam incoherent scatter radar measurements

An algorithm has been developed to image the local structure in the convection electric field using multibeam incoherent scatter radar (ISR) data. The imaged region covers about 4° in magnetic latitude and 8° in magnetic longitude for the specific geometry considered (that of the Poker Flat ISR). The algorithm implements the Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers to regularize the underdetermined problem posed by the radar measurements. The error on the reconstructed image is estimated by mapping the mathematical form to a Bayesian estimate and observing that the Lagrangian method determines an effective a priori covariance matrix from a user-defined regularization metric. There exists a unique solution when the average measurement error is smaller than the average measurement amplitude. The algorithm is tested using synthetic and real data and appears surprisingly robust at estimating the divergence of the field. Future applications include imaging the current systems surrounding auroral arcs in order to distinguish physical mechanisms.
Putting Words to Work Effects of Morphological Instruction on Children’s Writing

This quasi-experimental study examined effects of a 12-week, teacher-delivered, morphologically focused intervention on writing outcomes for fifth-grade U.S. students. In order to help students gain control over the morphologically complex words that typify academic writing, the intervention called students' attention to the morphological structure of words drawn from the district's science curriculum, taught morphologically related forms of those words, and provided opportunities for students to use morphologically related forms in reading and writing. Multilevel model results of posttests showed that, compared to control students (n = 75), intervention students (n = 95) included more morphologically complex words in a sentence-combining task, whether this was scored by a strict (correct spellings only) or lenient (plausible incorrect spellings accepted) criterion, and used more morphologically complex words that had been targeted in the intervention in their extended written responses. In addition, students with lower pretest scores on the sentence-combining measure showed greater intervention effects on the sentence-combining measure than did higher performing peers. Taken together, these results support the use of morphological instruction in the classroom, especially for students who struggle with writing.
Essential Role of β-Catenin in Postnatal Bone Acquisition

Mutations in the Wnt co-receptor LRP5 alter bone mass in humans, but the mechanisms responsible for Wnts actions in bone are unclear. To investigate the role of the classical Wnt signaling pathway in osteogenesis, we generated mice lacking the beta-catenin or adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) genes in osteoblasts. Loss of beta-catenin produced severe osteopenia with striking increases in osteoclasts, whereas constitutive activation of beta-catenin in the conditional Apc mutants resulted in dramatically increased bone deposition and a disappearance of osteoclasts. In vitro, osteoblasts lacking the beta-catenin gene exhibited impaired maturation and mineralization with elevated expression of the osteoclast differentiation factor, receptor activated by nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), and diminished expression of the RANKL decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin. By contrast, Apc-deficient osteoblasts matured normally but demonstrated decreased expression of RANKL and increased osteoprotegerin. These findings suggest that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in osteoblasts coordinates postnatal bone acquisition by controlling the differentiation and activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Chapman Conference delves into double‐diffusive convection

A recent AGU Chapman Conference brought together a variety of research groups to review significant advances made in double-diffusive convection (DDC) over the past decade. This phenomenon occurs when two or more species of different molecular diffusivities make opposing contributions to a stable density gradient, causing fluid motions to develop even in the absence of external driving forces. If more than two components are involved, it is called multicomponent convection. In a double-diffusive (DD) system, if the fluid is unstably stratified with respect to the slowly diffusive solute and vice versa, narrow fingerlike cells may appear, within which fluid particles may rise and sink. This is known as finger convection. When the fluid system is unstable with respect to the faster diffusing species, a series of convecting layers separated by stable interfaces is formed; such interfaces are known as diffusive interfaces. In the decade following the discovery of DDC, linear stability theories for the finger and diffusive cases were developed and laboratory experiments and oceanic observations on DDC phenomenon were reported. Applications in areas such as fluid dynamics, astrophysics, geology, oceanography, limnology, and energy technology were soon realized.
Kernel based principal component for recognizing handwritten numbers

We implement kernel-based principal component analysis to recognize handwritten numbers. Then we analyze the relationship of each numeral type's eigenvalue and eigenvector with its recognition rate. We also present a modified algorithm to improve the robustness as well as the efficiency of the recognition method by employing the secondary training and detection methods from the perspective of nature of kernel function. This method can solve the problem of low recognition rate of a small number of scribbled characters at both low time cost and space complexity. Experiments using 1000 to 5000 test samples all show that our method can achieve 97.8% to 99.0% recognition accuracy.
Comprehensive Theoretical Framework for Modeling Diverse Electron Transport Experiments in Parallel Plate Geometries

A unified set of parameters and dynamic equations have been developed to describe the time-dependent surface voltage and currents measured for a broad range of electron transport experiments conducted in parallel plate geometry with a dielectric slab above a grounded electrode and with either a floating or fixed voltage upper surface. The framework can model measurements of constant voltage, time-of-flight and AC conductivity; radiation induced conductivity; surface voltage accumulation and decay; electrostatic discharge; electron emission and electron-induced luminescence. The broad applications of the theoretical framework are outlined in terms a comprehensive classification of the ways in which charge is injected into or excited within a material; these classifications include surface deposition, bulk deposition and penetrating radiation for pulsed, stepped and periodic applied voltages/charge from either surface electrodes or electron beams. A set of equations are developed to model evolving electron transport and related phenomena in highly disordered insulating materials over large ranges of time, electric field, temperature, absorbed dose, and adsorbed dose rate. These analytic equations derived from physics-based theories predict the equilibrium and time-dependent accumulation, dissipation and transport of charge carriers; these basic equations are (i) Gauss’ law, (ii) a 1D electron continuity equation with Ohm’s law and source terms, (iii) a 1D continuity equation for holes with source terms, and (iv) the sum of currents due to various conduction mechanisms (including contributions from drift, diffusion, dispersion, polarization, and radiation-induced processes). The total conductivity is modeled as the sum of contributions from three independent conductivity mechanisms: thermally activated hopping, variable range hopping, and radiation-induced conductivity using a concise, unified set of independent fitting parameters. At a microscopic level, modeling and understanding these conduction mechanisms in disordered insulating materials is fundamentally based on a detailed knowledge of the distribution and occupation of the density of states (DOS) of nearly-free and trapped charged carriers. The conduction is controlled by transitions between extended valence and conduction band states, between localized trap states and the extended valence and conduction band states, and hopping between localized states; constant, linear, power law, exponential and Gaussian localized DOS are considered. By analyzing the observed temperature, field, dose rate and time dependent conductivities that result from both extended and localized trap state conduction, this theoretical framework provides new insight into the role of the localized trap state DOS in myriad ground-based materials testing methods.
The Mediator as Face-Giver

Face issues under the surface can make mediation akin to negotiating a minefield. This article proposes to help mediators map the terrain, uncovering critical face issues that can stymie the negotiation. The author demonstrates how, by using face-giving techniques to diffuse uncovered face issues, mediators can help move the parties through sensitive conflicts to sustainable resolution—with egos and relationships intact.
USING ANALOGIES TO TEACH CONCEPTUAL APPLICATIONS OF DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

Teachers traditionally have used analogies as explanatory tools in bridging the gap between new and preexisting knowledge. In two studies, I examine the impact of analogies in teaching undergraduates conceptual applications of developmental psychology theories. In Study 1, I generate analogies reflecting each theory; in Study 2, I use both teacher- and student-generated analogies. Students' attitudes toward analogy-enhanced instruction were predominantly favorable. Teacher-generated-analogy (TGA) and student-generated-analogy (SGA) learning conditions performed significantly better than a no-analogy control group in understanding and applying developmental theories. Because learning becomes more active and interactive when students create their own analogies and share them with classmates and the instructor as part of in-class discussion and critique, the SGA learning condition similarly outperformed the TGA learning condition. In line with a constructivist model of teaching and learning, psychological ex...
Confidence-aware truth estimation in social sensing applications

This paper presents a confidence-aware maximum likelihood estimation framework to solve the truth estimation problem in social sensing applications. Social sensing has emerged as a new paradigm of data collection, where a group of individuals volunteer (or are recruited) to share certain observations or measurements about the physical world. A key challenge in social sensing applications lies in ascertaining the correctness of reported observations from unvetted data sources with unknown reliability. We refer to this problem as truth estimation. The prior works have made significant efforts to solve this problem by developing various truth estimation algorithms. However, an important limitation exists: they assumed a data source makes all her/his observations with the same degree of confidence, which may not hold in many real-world social sensing applications. In this paper, we develop a new confidence-aware truth estimation scheme that removes this limitation by explicitly considering different degrees of confidence that sources express on the reported data. The new truth estimation scheme solves a maximum likelihood estimation problem to determine both the correctness of collected data and the reliability of data sources. We compare our confidence-aware scheme with the state-of-the-art baselines through both an extensive simulation study and three real world case studies based on Twitter. The evaluation shows that our new scheme outperforms all compared baselines and significantly improves the accuracy of the truth estimation results in social sensing applications.
Novel targets for mitochondrial medicine

Mitochondria—classically viewed as the powerhouses of the cell—have taken center stage in disease pathogenesis and resolution. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which originates from primary defects within the organelle or is induced by environmental stresses, plays a critical role in human disease. Despite their central role in human health and disease, there are no approved drugs that directly target mitochondria. We present possible new druggable targets in mitochondrial biology, including protein modification, calcium ion (Ca2+) transport, and dynamics, as we move into a new era of mitochondrial medicine.
Novel method for predicting chemoresistance to paclitaxel in epithelial ovarian cancer patients

15007 Background: No available test exists to guide the selection of effective chemotherapeutic regimen in recurrent ovarian cancer. Preliminary studies in our lab have identified a protein, MyD88, a major component in the inflammatory pathway, to be highly expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer cells that exhibit primary or acquired Paclitaxel chemoresistance. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive approach that can detect expression of MyD88 in ovarian cancer tissue. We report the development of a test based on Laser capture microdissection that allows detection of MyD88 in a 6000 cell sample. Methods: Tumor tissue was obtained at surgery from epithelial ovarian cancer patients and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Eight micron sections were prepared on polyethylene covered glass slides and tumor cells were dissected with a Laser capture microdissection system. Protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis. Results: Protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis in 100...