cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of circulating donor specific antibody to predict biopsy diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection and to provide prognostic value after heart transplantation in children.

Background Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a significant cause of mortality after heart transplantation (HT). Although the presence of donor specific antibody (DSA) is a risk factor for developing AMR, serial DSA testing is not widely performed. We aimed to investigate the predictive values and prognostic implications of circulating DSA using endomyocardial biopsy as the gold standard for AMR diagnosis in pediatric recipients of HT. Methods We performed a retrospective study in pediatric recipients of HT followed during the period 2009–2013 with at least 1 biopsy paired with DSA testing. Positive DSA was defined at mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) ≥2,000 using single antigen bead testing. Statistical analyses included 2 × 2 contingency tables, receiver operating characteristic analysis for optimal MFI cutoffs, Spearman correlation of MFI strength to AMR grade, and Kaplan-Meier analysis of event-free survival. Results Of 66 children included, 27 (41%) had ≥1 DSA positive test. DSA testing had a sensitivity of 92.6%, specificity of 62.2%, positive predictive value of 24.0%, and negative predictive value of 98.5% for biopsy diagnosis of AMR at our institution. There was a statistically significant correlation between higher MFI and higher AMR grade. Patients with positive DSA and AMR had similar survival early after DSA detection but trended toward lower cardiovascular event–free survival later compared with patients without DSA and a negative biopsy. Conclusions The results of DSA testing in this cohort showed excellent sensitivity and negative predictive value for biopsy-diagnosed AMR, suggesting that DSA testing may aid in the non-invasive prediction of AMR absence in HT. The correlation of DSA MFI strength with higher AMR biopsy grade and the trend toward differences in longer term cardiovascular outcomes provide evidence for routine DSA monitoring after pediatric HT.
Photosynthetic eukaryotes unite: endosymbiosis connects the dots

The photosynthetic organelle of algae and plants (the plastid) traces its origin to a primary endosymbiotic event in which a previously non-photosynthetic protist engulfed and enslaved a cyanobacterium. This eukaryote then gave rise to the red, green and glaucophyte algae. However, many algal lineages, such as the chlorophyll c-containing chromists, have a more complicated evolutionary history involving a secondary endosymbiotic event, in which a protist engulfed an existing eukaryotic alga (in this case, a red alga). Chromists such as diatoms and kelps then rose to great importance in aquatic habitats. Another algal group, the dinoflagellates, has undergone tertiary (engulfment of a secondary plastid) and even quaternary endosymbioses. In this review, we examine algal diversity and show endosymbiosis to be a major force in algal evolution. This area of research has advanced rapidly and long-standing issues such as the chromalveolate hypothesis and the extent of endosymbiotic gene transfer have recently been clarified.
Upset events, regulatory drift, and the regulation of air emissions at industrial facilities in the United States

Upset events, emissions released to air due to accidental or unavoidable circumstances at industrial facilities, are often exempt from fines and enforcement actions by state regulators, even if state rules conflict with the Clean Air Act. State rules may allow upset events to become a substantial, yet little-studied source of emissions at large industrial complexes. Drawing from Jacob Hacker's theory of policy drift, upset events are framed theoretically as a problem of regulatory drift between state and federal environmental regulations. Supporting analysis is provided by a case study cataloguing the emissions generated during upset events at six petroleum refineries, 2003–2008. Findings demonstrate that upset events occurred routinely and released approximately 8.5 million pounds of air emissions. Future research should examine upset events at a variety of facilities in Texas. Regulators should enhance data accessibility to facilitate analysis in other states.
GROWTH OF AZOTOBACTER IN DEUTERIUM OXIDE

Johnstone, D. B. (University of Vermont, Burlington). Growth of Azotobacter in deuterium oxide. J. Bacteriol. 83:867–870. 1962.—To the small list of bacteria that are reported to have been cultured in fully deuterated media can be added Azotobacter agilis and A. vinelandii. Moreover, these bacteria, although growing in a deuterium oxide medium with deuterated carbon sources, will fix atmospheric nitrogen. Lag periods occur prior to growth, and wide morphological variation is apparent during adaptation to a deuterated environment. A convenient method is presented for measuring, by infrared spectroscopy, the amount of water that accumulates in a D2O medium; during incubation this amounts to about 1% per day. Prevention of this accumulation of water indicates that growth, after a lag period, probably is not supported by accumulated hydrogen.
IgA-dominant Staphylococcus infection-associated glomerulonephritis: case reports and review of the literature

Background and objectives. The mesangial deposition of IgA is rarely described with proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with Staphylococcus infection. Recently, this association has been increasingly recognized possibly due to the increased rate of Staphylococcus infection. Design setting, participants and measurements. We report two cases of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia associated with acute proliferative glomerulonephritis with dominant mesangial deposit of IgA. We searched MEDLINE (1960-2009) for similar reports. We pooled individual patient data and reported descriptive statistics of all published cases. Results. Forty-six cases were included in the final analysis. The mean age of presentation was 59, with a male predominance (84%). Clinical presentation was notable for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with nephrotic-range proteinuria and normal complement levels in 52 and 72%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (68%) was the most common pathogen isolated with a latent period ranging from 1 to 16 weeks. Diffuse mesangial proliferation was commonly found with crescentic lesions noted in 35% of the cases. Antimicrobial treatment was associated with renal recovery in 58% of the cases. Need for renal replacement therapy was significantly associated with pre-existing diabetes, hypertension and interstitial fibrosis seen on kidney biopsy. Conclusions. IgA-dominant post-Staphylococcus glomerulonephritis is a rare clinical entity with certain unique clinical and morphologic features. It is difficult to differentiate from primary IgA nephropathy in cases where the infection is not apparent. An acute onset of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, with normal complement levels and deposition of mesangial IgA in an elderly patient should raise suspicion for this rare form of glomerulonephritis.
Fracture and flexural characterization of SiCw/SiC composites at room and elevated temperatures

The fracture and flexural behaviour of monolithic SiC and SiC-whisker reinforced SiC composites (SiCw/SiC) has been investigated at room and elevated temperatures. Flexure and fracture tests were conducted in a four-point beam configuration at 23 °C, 800 °C and 1200 °C to study the effects of whisker reinforcements especially in respect of mechanical and thermal stability at high energy environments. Flexural strengths and fracture toughness data within the test temperature range are presented in graphical as well as in Weibull form, and experimental observations are analysed and discussed. Increase in flexural strength as well as in fracture toughness has been observed with the whisker reinforcement. However, it was found that the trend discontinues after a certain range of temperature. Post-failure analyses have been performed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Formation of glass phase has been observed at the whisker/matrix interface and the crack growth was found to be shifting from intergranular to transgranular with the rise in temperature. Effects of whisker reinforcement and the degradation of flexural and fracture properties at elevated temperature are investigated. Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been performed through the thickness of the untested as well as fractured specimen, and the variation in the sonic wave velocity is discussed in this paper.
Chemical stimulus determinants of cat neural taste responses to meats

The cat taste system was studied by recording single unit pulse signals from neurons innervating chemoreceptors on the fungiform papillae on the tongue. On the basis of neurophysiological measures, these units have been divided into three separate functional groups. Group I units respond to acids in general, but at neutral pH the most effective stimuli are certain nitrogen compounds. Compounds with an imidazole ring such as L-histidine, 1-methyl imidazole, anserine and carnosine prove to be effective group I stimuli. Group II units are responsive to amino acids, especially L-proline and L-cysteine, to the di- and triphosphate nucleosides, and to some inorganic salts. Group III unit stimuli are less well defined but these units are among those maximally discharged by nucleotides. The most effective compounds for stimulating both Group I and Group II units are certain nitrogen heterocycles.
Temporal dynamics of ectomycorrhizal community composition on root systems of oak seedlings infected with Burgundy truffle

ABSTRACT Truffles, the hypogeous ascocarps of the ectomycorrhizal genus Tuber, are currently cultivated in orchards to partially offset declining wild production in Europe. Truffle cultivation begins with inoculation of seedling root systems in the greenhouse. Once the mycorrhizal relationship is well established, colonized seedlings are transplanted to a suitable field site. In the USA, little is known about the effect of indigenous ectomycorrhizal species on colonization of host trees by the European Burgundy truffle fungus ( T. aestivum ). Here we identify the ectomycorrhizal community composition on inoculated seedlings grown in the greenhouse in three types of potting media. We subsequently monitored the ectomycorrhizal community composition for two years after seedlings were transplanted into a field site that had been prepared for truffle cultivation by lime applications. We found that the infection rates of contaminant ectomycorrhizal species present in the greenhouse declined to low levels in this field site. We also found that after two years in the field, both T. aestivum colonization levels and indigenous ectomycorrhizal species richness and abundance increased, indicating that indigenous species, in the short term, did not displace T. aestivum .
Electrical and optical properties of In2O3: Sn films prepared by activated reactive evaporation

Abstract In2O3: Sn films were prepared by an activated reactive evaporation technique developed for this purpose. The films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, electrical resistivity and measurements of transmittance as a function of wavelength. The electrical resistivity is found to be strongly dependent on process parameters such as the tin content and the deposition temperature. In contrast, the transmittance is found to be only weakly dependent on various process parameters. Under optimum conditions, films with an electrical resistivity of 7 × 10−5 Ω cm with an integrated (0.4–1.2 μ) transmittance of over 90% were obtained.
Studies of the Kinetic Mechanism of Maize Endosperm ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Uncovered Complex Regulatory Properties

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase catalyzes the synthesis of ADP-glucose (ADP-Glc) from Glc-1-phosphate (G-1-P) and ATP. Kinetic studies were performed to define the nature of the reaction, both in the presence and absence of allosteric effector molecules. When 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), the putative physiological activator, was present at a saturating level, initial velocity studies were consistent with a Theorell-Chance BiBi mechanism and product inhibition data supported sequential binding of ATP and G-1-P, followed by ordered release of pyrophosphate and ADP-Glc. A sequential mechanism was also followed when 3-PGA was absent, but product inhibition patterns changed dramatically. In the presence of 3-PGA, ADP-Glc is a competitive inhibitor with respect to ATP. In the absence of 3-PGA—with or without 5.0 mm inorganic phosphate—ADP-Glc actually stimulated catalytic activity, acting as a feedback product activator. By contrast, the other product, pyrophosphate, is a potent inhibitor in the absence of 3-PGA. In the presence of subsaturating levels of allosteric effectors, G-1-P serves not only as a substrate but also as an activator. Finally, in the absence of 3-PGA, inorganic phosphate, a classic inhibitor or antiactivator of the enzyme, stimulates enzyme activity at low substrate by lowering the K M values for both substrates.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE RECENT UPTURN IN DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE

The divorce rate per thousand married women under 45 years of age in the United States increased by two–thirds between the mid-1950’s and 1970. During the same period, the remarriage rate per thousand divorced or widowed women under 55 years of age rose about one-third. By contrast, first marriages per thousand single women under 45 years of age declined by one-tenth since the mid-1950’s. These changes reinforce the general impression that a fundamental modification of life styles and values relating to marriage has been taking place. An analysis of nationwide data on birth cohorts from 1900 to 1954 demonstrates that early marriage has declined since the mid-1950’s but leaves open the question as to whether lifelong singleness is becoming more prevalent. The cohort study shows that the upward trend in divorce is not “phasing out” yet, as it did after World War II. An estimated 25 to 29 percent of all women near 30 years old now have ended or will end their first marriage in divorce. About four-fifths of these divorced women have remarried or probably will do so. Of all women around 30 years old now, some five to ten percent may be expected to experience divorce at least twice during their lifetime.
Issues and Challenges for Middle School Mathematics Teachers in Inclusion Classrooms.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate typical middle school general education mathematics teachers' beliefs and knowledge of students with learning disabilities and inclusive instruction and to gain an understanding of the process of inclusion as it is implemented in middle school classrooms. In-depth interviews, surveys, and classroom observations were conducted with seven teachers. The constant comparative method was used to analyze all interview and observation data. The findings reveal that even teachers who believe that inclusion is being successfully implemented are unclear about their responsibilities towards included students and the learning characteristics and specific mathematics teaching approaches that would be effective. The general educators feel that they were grossly under-prepared during preservice and inservice for the realities of inclusion teaching. The study provides insights that can be used to enhance preservice and inservice programs for teachers and underscores the necessity for building teamwork and collaboration among general and special education middle school teachers.
Identifying nursing hazards in the emergency department: a new approach to nursing job hazard analysis.

Abstract Introduction It is widely acknowledged that nurses are crucial components in healthcare system. In their roles, nurses are regularly confronted with a variety of biological, physical, and chemical hazards during the course of performing their duties. The safety of nurses themselves, and subsequently that of their patients, depends directly upon the degree to which nurses have knowledge of occupational hazards specific to their jobs and managerial mechanisms for mitigating those hazards. The level of occupational safety and health training resources available to nurses, as well as management support, are critical factors in preventing adverse outcomes from routine job-related hazards. This study will identify gaps in self protective safety education for registered nurses working in emergency departments as well as for nursing students. Furthermore, this study reviews the nature and scope of occupational nursing hazards, and the degree to which current nursing education and position descriptions (or functional statements) equip nurses to recognize and address the hazards inherent in their jobs. Method This study has three parts. First, a literature review was performed to summarize the nature and scope of occupational nursing hazards. Second, the safety components of position descriptions from 29 Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals across the United States were obtained and evaluated by an expert panel of occupational health nurses. Finally, an expert panel of occupational health nurses evaluated the degree to which nursing accreditation standards are integrated with OSHA's list of known emergency department hazards; and a separate expert panel of occupational health nurses evaluated the degree to which current VA emergency department nursing position descriptions incorporated hazard recognition and control strategies. Conclusion Ultimately, prevention of job-related injuries for nurses, and subsequently their patients, will depend directly on the degree to which nurses can identify and control the varied occupational hazards specific to jobs. Neither accreditation standards nor position descriptions adequately integrate common occupational hazard recognition and control strategies, nor do they adequately prepare nurses to identify and control hazards specific to nursing. A research approach that specifically addresses the current lack of formal on-the-job training for nurses regarding job-related hazard recognition and avoidance strategies is presented.
Coulomb drag between quantum wires in a magnetic field.

Momentum transfer between two quasi-one-dimensional electron gases, mediated by the Coulomb interaction, is considered in the presence of a magnetic field normal to the plane of the gases. The lateral confinement is assumed to be parabolic. Impurity scattering (screened) and electron-electron interaction are treated self-consistently within the random-phase approximation. The current response is evaluated from the derived momentum-balance equations, which involve the nonequilibrium electron polarizability, in conjunction with a drifted-temperature model for the polarizability. An applied current driven through either of the gases, whose centers are separated by a distance a, induces a contactless current in the other gas about ${10}^{5}$ times smaller and in direct analogy with the zero-magnetic-field observations of Solomon et al. Both the applied and the induced current exhibit Shubnikov\char21{}de Haas oscillations. The applied current increases slightly with a and saturates at a finite value. In contrast, the induced current decreases approximately as ${\mathit{a}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ for a much larger than the wire width.
Telomere biology and translational research.

Origins. The appreciation that there might be something special about chromosome ends began in the 1930s through 2 independent observations. Herman Muller, working with fruit flies, noticed that x rays caused chromosome breakages and that the broken ends subsequently fused with each other. He noticed that the real ends of chromosomes never took part in these fusion events, and he concluded chromosome ends were sealed in some way. At about the same time, Barbara McClintock observed in maize that dicentric chromosomes (chromosomes with 2 centromeres) broke at mitosis and that the broken ends fusedwith each other. Again, the natural chromosome ends were not involved. She also noticed that the fusion events did not happen in embryonic cells; the broken ends here were ‘‘healed’’ somehow. In 1961, Hayflick found he could grow normal human diploid cells, but they would divide only a limited num-
Lithospheric modeling of the Ordovician foreland basin in the Puna of northwestern Argentina: on the influence of arc loading on foreland basin formation

In a qualitative sedimentological model of the Ordovician basin in the Puna of northwestern Argentina, the temporal and spatial distribution of predominantly marine volcanoclastic facies was interpreted to indicate a basin evolution from extensionally related subsidence to that driven by crustal down flexure. Sedimentological data were taken to reflect a Middle Ordovician eastward thrusting of an extinct Early Ordovician arc over part of its back-arc basin in the course of the collision of the allochthonous Arequipa Massif terrane with the South American margin. To test the original qualitative sedimentological interpretation of the Puna basin, an infinite beam elastic plate loading model was applied using the constraints of the field data. Contrary to the original interpretation, results show that the Puna basin can be modeled as resulting entirely from the effects of lithospheric loading caused by the progressive contruction of a static load, i.e., a volcanic arc. Two loading events, one in the Early Ordovician, and one in the Llanvirnian, with tectonic load thicknesses of 6000 and 2000 m, respectively, best explain the observed basin geometry. The onlap patterns on the distal margin on the peripheral bulge are reproduced well using a flexural rigidity of 1022 N m representing an equivalent elastic thickness of 14 km of the loaded plate. Higher values for the flexural rigidity are considered unlikely, as they result in an enhanced peripheral bulge which uplifts marine near-shore deposits on the distal margin to unrealistic subaereal positions. The model results fit a foreland basin development where crustal thickening was caused by the construction of a static volcanic arc on a previously passive margin. Modeling the movement of thrust loads over parts of the basin according to traditional models of foreland basin formation in this case leads to model results which are inconsistent with field data, even when moderate thrust rates are considered.
Competitive intelligence methods for systems and cultural analysis

A fundamental change in the business environment has occurred in the last 50 years. The change has been a shift from markets being producer-controlled to being consumer-controlled. The result is that the classical-science-based analytic approach used in most competitive intelligence analysis needs to be supplemented with the use of systems analysis and cultural analysis. These forms of analysis focus on relationships between elements, instead of the properties of elements. This article covers step-by-step procedures for performing both systems thinking and cultural analysis, and suggests that organizational analysis is no longer mainly focused on analysis of resources. Today's environment calls for a focus on analysis of both organizational culture and resources. Systems thinking supports the view that organizational culture in large part determines the relationship between resources in an organization. Organizational culture has replaced policy and procedure as the glue holding organizations together and controlling their operations. It controls what an organization can and cannot do efficiently and effectively. This is true for both internal and external analysis, and has a substantial impact on the way competitive intelligence analysis is done. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reorientation Kinetics of Fluoride- and Oxygen-Compensated Dipoles in Gadolinium-Doped Calcium Fluoride

A study of the thermal depolarization spectra for crystals of calcium fluoride containing trivalent gadolinium has been made before and after oxygen contamination. In the oxygen-contaminated crystals, a new ionic thermocurrent peak, with an activation energy of 0.49 eV and a reciprocal frequency factor of 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ sec, is attributed to the relaxation of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$-${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ dipoles in the ${T}_{1}$ complex (${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$$\mathrm{O}_{4}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$).
Selective Precipitation of RNA, Supercoiled Plasmid DNA, and Open‐Circular Plasmid DNA with Different Cationic Surfactants

Abstract Precipitation of RNA and plasmid DNA in clarified lysate produced from a bacterial culture was studied using three cationic surfactants with a different number of alkyl groups in the hydrophobic tail and cationic head. All the precipitation mixtures contained 0.5 M of NaCl. The results obtained indicated that selective precipitation was achieved when different types of cationic surfactants were used. In this study, trimethyltetradecylammonium bromide (TTAB) appeared to be a promising precipitant for precipitation of supercoiled plasmid DNA.
β‐ADRENOCEPTOR DESENSITIZATION DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANINE PACING‐INDUCED HEART FAILURE

SUMMARY 1. The goal of this review is to emphasize four major points regarding the development of catecholamine desensitization in heart failure (HF). 2. Catecholamine desensitization occurs prior to the development of HF (i.e. after 1 day of rapid pacing, physiological responses to β-adrenoceptor stimulation are depressed by over 50%, yet no evidence of HF is observed for 3-4 weeks of rapid pacing). 3. Multiple mechanisms in the β-adrenoceptor cascade are involved. In HF there are decreases in β1-adrenoceptors, high affinity β-adrenoceptors, adenylyl cyclase activity and messenger RNA and increases in Gi. 4. Not all mechanisms appear simultaneously (i.e. early decreases occur in high affinity β-adrenoceptors and adenylyl cyclase; late increases in Gi and decreases in β-adrenoceptor density evolves). 5. Mechanisms distal to cAMP generation also play a role (i.e. alterations in ryanodine receptor binding and excitationcontraction coupling also occur).
Illegitimate magmas of the Galápagos: Insights into mantle mixing and magma transport

Roughly 1–2% of the flows erupted from flank vents of the western Galapagos shield volcanoes have anomalous compositions. We call these illegitimate magmas because of their uncertain parentage. Because some illegitimate magmas are compositionally indistinguishable from lavas of an adjacent volcano and erupt from the flank facing the adjacent volcano, such magmas apparently result from lateral intrusion of magma from the adjacent volcano. Other illegitimate magmas come from parts of the Galapagos plume that have incompletely mixed or result from unusually advanced melting of part of the mantle.
DEPENDENT STAGE SAMPLING INSPECTION

SUMMARY Dependent stage acceptance sampling is a plan where the probability of acceptance of each lot is dependent on the probability of acceptance of all prior lots submitted. It is intended as a simplified supplement to existing two-stage sampling plans. The general concept and properties of the technique are explained and it is compared with chain sampling plans.
The point spectra for certain classes of operators in B(ℓ p )

In a recent paper [5] Maddox determined the point spectrum of the Cesaro matrices of order α>0, considered as series-to-series operators. In this paper we obtain the point spectrum for the Endl generalized Hausdorff matrices, the Hausdorff matrices, and for a wide class of generalized Hausdorff matrices, which include the Endl and ordinary Hausdorff matrices as special cases. We also obtain point spectrum results for a wide class of weighted mean matrices. Since the Cesaro matrices are examples of Hausdorff matrices, our results contain the corresponding theorems of Maddox as special cases.
Groundwater mounding in the vadose zone from on-site wastewater systems: Analytical and numerical tools

On-site wastewater systems (OWS) provide a sustainable method for disposing of residential wastewater. Large “cluster” OWS systems are now frequently being used to serve multiple-unit housing developments. Groundwater perching, mounding, and lateral flow can occur when the effluent application rate to an infiltration area exceeds the soil’s capacity to infiltrate the wastewater. This study addresses mounding of wastewater on a low hydraulic conductivity (K) layer in the vadose zone, and focuses on modeling tools available to design systems so that the potential for the occurrence of surface or side-slope breakout is minimized. In particular, we demonstrate how an existing analytical model developed by Khan et al. (1976) can be used for evaluating the mounding problem. The robustness and limitations of the analytical solution due to certain constraining assumptions are evaluated for a few realistic scenarios by comparing it to results of a numerical model that is not constrained by the assumptions. The hei...
In defense of deductive inference

L'A. rejette la conclusion pessimiste a laquelle parvient W. G. Lycan dans l'article precedent intitule « Conditional Reasoning and Conditional Logic». L'A. defend la these contraire selon laquelle le raisonnement de l'etre humain est, et doit etre deductif, selon une double perspective descriptive et normative. Dans l'article suivant intitule «Reply to H. Kornblith», W. G. Lycan reconnait la faussete de ses propres remarques concernant la fonction normale de la deduction
Integrative Analyses of Posttranscriptional Regulation in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Transcriptomic and Proteomic Data

Correlation between mRNA and protein expression is typically modest due to substantial posttranscriptional regulation. Using large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic data of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we quantitatively examined the effects of several posttranscriptional biological properties on the correlation between mRNA and protein expression levels (mRNA-protein correlation) on a genomewide scale. The two classes of properties investigated are (1) stability of mRNA and protein molecules and (2) biological properties related to translational process, such as codon usage and amino acid usage, and experimental data of ribosome density and occupancy. The multiple regression analysis showed that while mRNA half-life and translation initiation efficiency (estimated as mRNA secondary structure in the 5'-UTR) do not appear to have remarkable contributions to the variations in the mRNA-protein correlation, protein half-life descriptor (PHD) is identified as the most important property affecting mRNA-protein correlation (contributing to 16.87% of the total variation in mRNA-protein correlation), suggesting protein degradation significantly affects mRNA-protein correlation. Codon usage and amino acid composition contribute to 8.89% and 7.60% of the total variation, respectively, which is consistent with several previous studies in bacteria (such as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Desulfovibrio vulgaris), suggesting that mRNA-protein correlation is affected the most by elongation during protein translation. Taken together, all posttranscriptional biological properties contributed to 33.15% of the total variation of mRNA-protein correlation.
Effects of regulated discharge on burbot migration

Burbot Lota lota movement and river discharge were studied in the Kootenai River, Idaho, U.S.A. and British Columbia, Canada, downstream of Libby Dam, Montana, U.S.A. A total of 24 adult burbot with transmitters were tracked from 1994 to 2000, for analysis of a travel distance of ≥5 km in ≤10 days termed ‘stepwise movement’. Of 44 ‘stepwise movements’, significantly greater movements during pre-spawning and spawning were observed when average daily discharges from Libby Dam were 300 m3 s−1(mean = 1·84 km day−1) than at discharges >300 m3 s−1 but no difference was found for the pre-spawning and spawning period. Burbot that started ‘stepwise movements’ in low discharge conditions frequently stopped during low discharges.
Fracture Behavior of Alumina/Monazite Multilayer Laminates

Monazite (LaPO4) has been proposed as an interphase to promote debonding between the reinforcement and the matrix during the fracture of oxide-based composites. The correlation between fracture behavior and micromechanical properties in model alumina/monazite (Al2O3/LaPO4) multilayer laminates has been investigated in this study. The delamination fracture energy (Gi) was dependent on crack length, which is consistent with previous results; the initial value of Gi was ;10 J/m 2 . The interfacial frictional sliding resistance increased as the normal stress on the interface increased. Using a Coulombic friction model, the coefficient of static friction between the Al 2O3 and LaPO4 layers was determined to be 0.63. The influence of Gi and flaw size in the Al2O3 layers on fracture path has been predicted, using an existing model, and confirmed experimentally. The results indicate that, in addition to satisfying energybased fracture criteria, several other factors affect whether LaPO4 is a suitable interphase for oxide composites.
Network impacts of high penetration of photovoltaic solar power systems

The impacts of PV power plants are associated with voltage profiles, electrical losses, power factor, capacity planning, power quality, system operations and protection. Currently utility-scale solar PV plants have nominal capacities that are compatible with distribution substation MVA ratings e.g., between 1 MVA and 10 MVA, plans are to develop transmission interconnected PV plants in the 50 – 100 MW power range. These distribution network impacts are discussed and mitigation solutions are provided. A case study of a feeder fully loaded with PV power plants will be discussed.
Evidence that Palmitoylation of Carboxyl Terminus Cysteine Residues of the Human Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Regulates Postendocytic Processing

Palmitoylation is a well-conserved posttranslational modification among members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The present study examined the role of palmitoylation in endocytosis and postendocytic trafficking of the human LH receptor (LHR). Palmitoylation of the LHR was determined by incorporation of [3H]palmitic acid into wild-type (WT) or mutant receptor in which the potential palmitoylation sites, C643 and C644, were mutated to glycine residues. The WT receptor showed incorporation of [3H]palmitic acid into the mature 90-kDa form of the receptor whereas mutation of the two Cys residues abrogated this incorporation, indicating that Cys 643 and C644 are the sites of palmitoylation. The role of palmitoylation on endocytosis and postendocytic processing was examined by testing the ability of the WT and mutant receptor to undergo internalization, recycling, and lysosomal degradation. Compared with the WT receptor, the mutant receptor showed increased internalization and decreased recycling,...
Listener preferences for stuttered and syllable-timed speech production

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine how “naive” listeners react to syllable-timed speech production. Three stutterers were videotape recorded while speaking in their usual manner and pacing their speech at 100 words per minute (wpm) and 70 wpm. Twenty-three listeners rated the speech samples as to which they preferred to hear. The results indicated generally that listeners preferred paced speech to stuttering.
Metrics for depolarization

Several single-valued metrics have been introduced for the assessment of depolarization including the Depolarization Index and the Average Degree of Polarization (obtained by averaging the exiting degree of polarization over all incident polarization states). These metrics are compared then a more complete representation of depolarization is introduced, the Degree of Polarization Surfaces, which help elucidate the structure of the depolarization degrees of freedom within the Mueller calculus.
Soft x-ray backlighting of direct-drive implosions using a spherical crystal imager on OMEGAa)

Using a spherically bent quartz crystal for the Si Heα line at ∼1.865 keV, a narrowband x-ray imager has been deployed at the Omega Laser Facility to record backlit images of direct-drive laser implosions. The crystal was cut along the 101¯1 planes for a 2d spacing of 0.687 nm, resulting in a Bragg angle of 83.9°. Apertures in front of the crystal were used to control the astigmatism of the imaging system. The backlit images show a high signal-to-background ratio of >10:1 with backlighter laser energies ≥1.5 kJ at a 10-ps pulse duration and a spatial resolution of better than 20 μm.
27Al(p, γ)28Si resonance widths with study of temperature and contaminant effects

Abstract A description is given of methods used to determine nuclear reaction widths from reaction yield curves. Limitations on the precision of measurment due to the Doppler width, contaminant effects, beam energy spread, and voltage instability are analysed. Experimental equipment was developed to reduce each of these spreading factors. Nuclear resonance half-widths were determined at the resonances near 992, 1262, 1317, 1328, 1364 and 1388 keV. The width of the resonance near 1388 keV, Γ = 550±110 eV, is at variance with the published estimate of 190±80 eV. The confusing effect of contaminants was reduced by attainment of a target chamber pressure during evaporation of the target of 3 × 10 −9 mm Hg in the best case, and 5 × 10 −11 mm Hg during proton bombardment. Yield curves taken from cold targets could not be fitted to calculated yield curves over the 27 Al(p, γ) 28 Si resonance near 774 keV ( Γ = 14±3 eV) if the Doppler width, Δ = 2(R g 3) 1 2 , was calculated in the Debye approximation. The observed variation with temperature of the Doppler width exceeds that predicted by Debye or Einstein theories for specific heats in solids. Favourable comparison of calculated and experimental yield curves was made if the classical approximation to the Doppler width was assumed: namely, Δ = 2 (RkT) 1 2 . For aluminium at T = 80° K this represents a difference in estimated values of the Doppler width of over 40%.
Shifts in the employment outcomes among Mexican migrants to the United States, 1976–2009

Abstract Although studies have examined the impact of U.S. immigration policy shifts in the 1980s and 1990s on the employment outcomes of migrants, scholars have paid less attention to how the federal government's shifting approach to worksite enforcement has transformed the conditions in which Mexican migrants work. Consistent with previous research, we find a worsening of conditions for both unauthorized and legal Mexican migrants in the years following the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) and that unauthorized status is associated with more unfavorable workplace conditions relative to legal immigrants. However, in the first decade of the 21st century, we also find that unauthorized immigrants’ employment outcomes more closely resemble those of legal immigrants now than in the past, suggesting a dramatic shift in the ways that employers treat unauthorized immigrants on the job. This convergence between authorized and unauthorized migrants is consistent with federal policies and practices related to workplace enforcement.
Analysis of spore photoproduct lyase operon (splAB) function using targeted deletion-insertion mutations spanning the Bacillus subtilis operons ptsHI and splAB.

Germinating Bacillus subtilis spores repair UV-induced DNA damage in part using the enzyme spore photoproduct (SP) lyase. SP lyase is encoded by splB, the second cistron of the splAB operon. The splAB operon is transcribed during sporulation from the P1 promoter, which partially overlaps the transcriptional terminator of the upstream ptsHI operon, which in turn encodes the Hpr protein and Enzyme I components of the PEP:sugar phosphotransferase (PTS) system. In order to determine the physical and functional boundaries of these contiguous operons, null mutations were generated in the region by in vitro site-directed mutagenesis, in which parts of the cloned ptsI-splAB region were removed and replaced with an ermC antibiotic resistance cassette, then introduced by transformation into B. subtilis. A deletion-insertion spanning ptsI, splA, and splB abolished the ability of the resulting mutant to utilize the PTS sugar glucose. Deletions removing either splB alone or both splA and splB did not affect glucose utilization, thus indicating that splAB gene products are not involved in PTS function. A complementation system was developed using the deletion-insertion mutant lacking splAB which allows placement of alleles of the cloned splAB operon at the chromsomal amyE locus. The complementation system was used to explore the role of SP lyase in determining spore UV resistance.
HCToolkit/EOS interface: an open source, multi-platform phase equilibria framework for exploring phase behaviour of complex mixtures

We present a computational framework that can be used to estimate phase equilibria, equation of state properties and composition-dependent viscosity, aimed at the geochemical community for modelling reservoir processes, and at the chemical community to quickly estimate continuum properties of known mixtures. The framework presented is an extensible, component-based set of modules that can be used in calculating phase properties (volumes and densities, compositions and conditions of phase separation, Henry’s Law constants and viscosities) at a wide range of pressures, temperatures and starting compositions. There are two pieces to the model: the HCToolkit (a set of Perl modules that act as computational engines) and the EOSInterface (an ActiveX wrapper for the HCToolkit) which allow the models in the HCToolkit to be usable in Microsoft Office programs. An application hosted in Microsoft Excel is included within the distribution. The EOS models are adaptable for mixtures of arbitrary complexity, with number and types of components only limited by hardware. Model runs with mixtures of over 100 components have been tested, and are perfectly feasible. Implemented within the software are four equations of state; additional equations of state can easily be added. Also implemented are G^E models and mixture viscosities. Finally, the EOS models provide liquid-vapour flash calculations, liquid-liquid flash (designed for petroleum-aqueous solutions) and the generation of phase diagrams.
Patient-Centered Healthcare

Within the US, consumers are assuming a much greater role in actively managing their own health, educating themselves regarding health problems, and facilitating interventions to improve health outcomes. The Internet is a convenient and cost-effective enabler for supporting patient-centered healthcare. It is a well-spring of knowledge; a virtual, global community center; and a simple and convenient infrastructure for enabling consumers to monitor their own health states. For the Internet to successfully fulfill its role in health and disease management, a number of significant challenges must be addressed. Foremost among these are unfamiliar and difficult clinical vocabulary, lack of quality control, unequal accessibility, and risks to personal privacy.
Measurement of the Neutron-Proton Cross Section at 1.0 and 2.5 Mev

The total cross section of hydrogen for 1.0- and 2.5-Mev neutrons has been determined by measuring the neutron transmission of samples of 2-2-4 trimethylpentane and graphite. Electrostatically analyzed protons from an electrostatic generator were used to bombard thin targets of tritium absorbed in zirconium to produce 2.5-Mev neutrons, and thin targets of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$O to produce 1.0-Mev neutrons. A gas-filled recoil counter served as neutron detector. For both cross-section determinations the geometry of the measurement was such that neutrons scattered from the samples at angles greater than 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory system were not detected. A pulse-height discriminator, biased to reject pulses from low-energy neutrons, reduced the background from room-scattered neutrons to less than one percent and eliminated effects of low-energy neutron groups from the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p, n)$ reaction and the ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}(p, n)$ reaction. Neutron energy spreads, primarily caused by the finite target thicknesses, were determined by measuring the widths of narrow neutron-scattering resonances in sulfur and carbon. The results of the cross-section measurements are: $\ensuremath{\sigma}=2.525\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at a neutron energy of 2.540 Mev, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}=4.228\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at a neutron energy of 1.005 Mev. These values, together with the values of ${a}_{t}$, ${a}_{s}$, and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{t}$ given by Burgy, Ringo, and Hughes yield values of the singlet effective range in the shape independent approximation of 2.48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm from the 2.5-Mev measurement, and 2.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm from the 1.0-Mev observations. These effective ranges are consistent with the proton-proton scattering data and the hypothesis of the charge independence of nuclear forces.
P50 suppression in individuals at risk for schizophrenia: the convergence of clinical, familial, and vulnerability marker risk assessment.

Background Identification of individuals at risk for the development of schizophrenia is important because it can lead to a greater understanding of the early stages of the illness. The aim of the present study was to determine whether individuals “at risk” for schizophrenia have deficits in P50 suppression, a preattentive measure of sensory gating. Methods Thirty-one at-risk and 21 normal comparison subjects were referred to the CARE (Cognitive Assessment and Risk Evaluation) Program at University of California San Diego. The primary aim of the CARE Program is to identify individuals who are at the greatest risk for conversion to psychosis, with a combination of clinical, familial, and vulnerability markers, including P50 suppression. Results As a group, the at-risk subjects had modestly lower levels (effect size = .43) of P50 suppression (55.1%, SD = 39.8) relative to comparison subjects (71.5%, SD = 34.7). At-risk subjects with a first-degree relative with schizophrenia had profoundly deficient P50 suppression (16.4%, SD = 33.8) compared with other at-risk ( p p Conclusions Ongoing longitudinal follow-up studies will determine whether it is possible to improve the predictive validity of the clinical and familial variables by using P50 suppression alone or in combination with other measures in determining which individuals are at greatest risk for schizophrenia.
Effect of Intravascular Isotope Content on the Isotopic Determination of Coronary Collateral Blood Flow

Simultaneous determinations of myocardial blood volume (using I 131 -PVP), myocardial blood flow (using H 3 2 O), and coronary collateral myocardial blood flow (using retrograde flow) were made in dogs after left circumflex artery ligation. Intravascular H 3 2 O content at the end of the H 3 2 O infusion was calculated as the product of myocardial blood volume and the final arterial H 3 2 O concentration. When correction is made for intravascular H 3 2 O content the resulting flow measured by H 3 2 O is nearly identical to the retrograde flow. These results indicate that radioactive isotopes can be used to measure blood flow if correction is made for the intravascular isotope content. The identity of corrected H 3 2 O flows with retrograde flows also indicates the applicability of isotopic methods for the measurement of coronary collateral blood flow.
Interaction of a peptide with antibody to oxidized ribonuclease.

Abstract Peptide 105–124 from oxidized bovine pancreatic ribonuclease was iodinated with 125 I by the chloromine T. and by the iodine monochloride methods. Its association constant for a fraction of γ-globulin from goat antiserum to oxidized ribonuclease was 3.10 × 10 6 M −1 and 1.83 × 10 6 M −1 by the two methods respectively. Both technics gave a heterogeneity index of 0.98.