cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What are the Properties of Coordination

Analyses of coordination did not consider the internal configuration of coordinated constituents until the mid 80s (with the notable exception of Dik 1968), when research into the internal structure of coordination began to yield important insights. One of the areas of discussion in the literature had to do with the relationship between conjuncts and heads that license them. In particular, when conjuncts have conflicting features (i.e. sets of features that together do not match those of an outside head with which they agree), which one prevails? What are the conditions for cases where only one of the conjuncts triggers agreement or matches case, etc.? Some of these issues, in turn, have direct impact on the structural representation of coordination: a binary-branching representation may provide a more principled explanation than a ternary structure as to why only one of the conjuncts triggers agreement. In a ternary structure, both conjuncts have the same structural position, whereas in a binary structure it is possible to define one conjunct as structurally closer to a head than the other. Another important issue discussed is whether coordination displays some kind of structural asymmetry: is one of the conjuncts structurally higher than the other? Finally, an important issue in the background of the discussions about the status of coordination involves how the interpretation of conjoined phrases provides evidence for their structural representation, etc. In this chapter, I will review each of these topics, presenting the relevant proposals in turn.
Influences of Post-processing, Location, Orientation, and Induced Porosity on the Dynamic Compression Behavior of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Built Through Additive Manufacturing

This paper investigates the dynamic compression behavior of Ti–6Al–4V alloy built through powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing. Samples of 45 different conditions were examined: Builds of three different orientations (vertical, horizontal, and 45° tilt), built in five different locations around the build plate (four corners and center), in as-built, stress-relieved and hot isostatically pressed conditions. High strain rate behavior was evaluated using a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar testing system. The as-built builds showed significant scatter with respect to both orientation and location owing to high internal stresses. Stress relief treatment resulted in a locationally uniform response but the retained columnar structure gave rise to higher strength in 45° tilt builds, along with a higher propensity for failure by shear localization. Hot isostatic pressing was found to be a necessary treatment for a truly homogeneous response that was independent of orientation and location on the build plate. A second series of samples were built in porous sandwich form with modification of processing parameters in the core to produce varying amounts of porosity. Porous samples exhibited greater energy absorption per unit volume than fully dense samples. Largest energy absorption capacity was observed in the samples with minimal porosity due to delayed failure without a significant loss in strength.
Pharmacological characterization of the neurotrophic sesquiterpene jiadifenolide reveals a non-convulsant signature and potential for progression in neurodegenerative disease studies

The 'neurotrophic sesquiterpenes' refer to a group of molecules derived from the Illicium genus of flowering plant. They display neurotrophic effects in cultured neuron preparations and have been suggested to be cognitive enhancers and potential therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders and dementias. Recent synthetic advances generated sufficient quantities of jiadifenolide for in vivo investigation into its biological effects. Jiadifenolide did not induce convulsions in mice nor did it enhance or diminish convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole. Other negative allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors, picrotoxin, tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS), and bilobalide all induced convulsions. Either i.p. or i.c.v. dosing generated micromolar plasma and brain levels of jiadifenolide but only small effects on locomotion of mice. However, jiadifenolide decreased d-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice, an antipsychotic-like drug effect. Jiadifenolide did not significantly alter body temperature or behavior in the forced-swim test in mice. Molecular simulation data suggested a potential site in the pore/M2 helix region that is at an overlapping, yet lower position than those observed for other 'cage convulsant' compounds such as TETS and picrotoxin. We hypothesize that a position nearer to the entrance of the pore channel may allow for easier displacement of jiadifenolide from its blocking location leading to lower potency and lower side-effect liability. Like jiadifenolide, memantine (Namenda), one of the few drugs used in the symptomatic treatment of dementias, occupies a unique site on the NMDA receptor complex that creates low binding affinity that is associated with its reduced side-effect profile. Given the potential therapeutic applications of jiadifenolide and its relatively inert effects on overt behavior, the possibility of clinical utility for jiadifenolide and related compounds becomes intriguing.
Computer Processing of the Visual Evoked Response

One of the chief problems in making the visual evoked response (VER) a usable tool in the clinic and laboratory is the complex nature of the response itself. Signal averaging removes much noise but the remaining complex waveform requires further processing. We have studied three processing techniques which analyze the shape of the waveform as a whole. These are: projection of the waveform onto a vector space spanned by orthogonal functions; least squares fitting with non-linear functions of the parameters; and integration of the product of the waveform and a template function. These studies were motivated by our need for computer methods to characterize waveforms during the course of experiments.
Voice Analytics Process

Analysis of a large volume of audio conversation is required to derive reliable analytics that is statistically significant.
Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR) on Neurophysiological Stress Indicators

Although the scientific community has been attempting to define the concept of stress for several hundred years, we have yet to devise a scientifically rigorous definition. The origins of the concept flow directly from Darwin’s formulation of natural selection. In his view, the environment is in constant change (seasonal, chemical, geological, etc.) or it is continually being altered by its inhabitants. In the organism’s struggle for existence, the environment is potentially threatening or dangerous due to the withdrawal of resources, the disruption of health by infection, starvation, heat or cold, and the threat of predators or competitors. Thus, Stressors are selective pressures that derive from the physical and social environment. The environmental challenge, called stress, elicits physiological, as well as behavioral and psychological responses, which are specific and appropriate to the stressful situation.1
To adopt or not to adopt? Insights on energy transitions from a study of advanced wood heating

Abstract The study of energy system transitions requires research methods that incorporate multilayered systemic factors that span shifts in time, contexts, and actor groups. To integrate this complexity into energy transition research can be a daunting methodological challenge. However, it can illuminate how an energy system operates and help identify the levers that influence a transition to sustainable energy sources. This article describes how a multistate study of the strategies and policies to promote advanced wood heating technology in the northeastern United States encountered methodological challenges indicative of the broader problems faced in energy system transitions. In particular, we found that changes in macrolevel systemic factors (e.g. price of oil) and the early stage of diffusion of this particular technology complicate sampling and ultimately affect the application of results. While a participatory research approach and use of key informants helped in developing the sampling strategy, survey questions and access to study participants, it also introduced logistical difficulties and the potential for pro-innovation bias. We describe the mixed methods used to capture the systemic factors that affect adoption of this technology and highlight implications for research on interventions that seek to promote alternative energy technologies.
Analytics and Visualization

This book is not about how to do analytics. Rather, we will explore the specialized infrastructures and tools that support research on and exploration of health data at scale. Generally, this involves aggregating at least the clinical part of that data from a large number of digital health records. This introduces the interoperability issues and technologies we have been discussing throughout the book. It is good to think back to the proposed FHIR Bulk Data Protocol we discussed in the population health section. We referred then to research as another future application of FHIR once that access method becomes available.
Effects of flexibility and branching of side chains on the mechanical properties of low-bandgap conjugated polymers.

This paper describes effects of the flexibility, length, and branching of side chains on the mechanical properties of low-bandgap semiconducting polymers. The backbones of the polymer chains comprise a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) motif flanked by two furan rings and copolymerized by Stille polycondensation with thiophene (DPP2FT). The side chains of the DPP fall into three categories: linear alkyl (C8, C14, or C16), branched alkyl (ethylhexyl, EH, or hexyldecyl, HD), and linear oligo(ethylene oxide) (EO3, EO4, or EO5). Polymers bearing C8 and C14 side chains are obtained in low yields and thus not pursued. Thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties are plotted against the number of carbon and oxygen atoms in the side chain. We obtain consistent trends in the thermal and mechanical properties for branched alkyl and linear oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains. For example, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and elastic modulus decrease with increasing number of carbon and oxygen atoms, whereas the crack-onset strain increases. Among polymers with side chains of 16 carbon and oxygen atoms (C16, HD, and EO5), C16 exhibits the highest Tg and the greatest susceptibility to fracture. Hole mobility, as measured in thin-film transistors, appears to be a poor predictor of electronic performance for polymers blended with [60]PCBM in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. For example, while EO3 and EO4 exhibit the lowest mobilities ( 2.6%) in unoptimized devices. Conversely, C16 exhibits the highest mobility (≈0.2 cm2 V−1 s−1) but produces poor solar cells (efficiency < 0.01%). We attribute the lack of correlation between mobility and power conversion efficiency to unfavorable morphology in the BHJ solar cells. Given the desirable properties measured for EO3 and EO4, the use of flexible oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains is a successful strategy to impart mechanical deformability to organic solar cells without sacrificing electronic performance.
Autoimmune and Immunodeficiency Diseases

Ovarian cancer often resembles an autoimmune disorder. These patients may be difficult to cross-match, and it has been observed that they have an antibody that interferes with cross-matching. Such an antibody, which may occur in patients who have not been transfused, reacts against normal tissue but does not recognize the ovarian cancer antigen. It can be suppressed after cortisone treatment. For 2 to 3 days following this therapy it is possible to cross-match the patient. In addition, the use of anticancer drug treatment gives the patient a sense of well-being long before there is any effect on tumor volume. These observations are suggestive but not conclusive that an autoimmune disorder results from the ovarian cancer.
Probing the Early Universe with the S-Z Effect

The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is providing important clues into the evolution of the early universe. In this Science Perspective, Joy and Carlstrom discuss one feature of the CMBR, the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, which can be used to determine the abundance and evolution of clusters of galaxies, thereby constraining key cosmological parameters such as the matter density of the universe and its expansion rate.
Reacting to Perceived High- and Low-Risk Win–Lose Opportunities in a Risky Decision-Making Task: Is It Framing or Affect or Both?

Affect research has suggested that in high-risk situations, a positive mood often results in an enhanced sensitivity to losses, leading to strong risk-averse behavior relative to neutral or negative mood, but when a situation is seen as being low risk, a reversal occurs and positive affect will often result in more risk-seeking behavior. It was hypothesized that the simple “framing” of a gambling task to emphasize either potential gains or potential losses could act as an affect inducer and would produce similar results. In Experiment 1 the effects of an induced positive or negative affective state on risk-taking behavior in a gambling task were examined. Results replicated the risk-averse/risk-seeking reversal phenomenon described above. In Experiment 2 the affect conditions were replaced with a simple Winning vs. Losing framing manipulation where an instructional emphasis was placed either on accumulating points or avoiding the loss of points. Results demonstrated that a reversal pattern in risk taking like that found in Experiment 1 for affect could also be obtained via this simple framing manipulation. An affective-cognitive model of pre-choice framing and a theoretical link between the effects of framing and the effects of mood manipulation based on mood management theory are presented and discussed.
Understanding the Subgroup Complexities of Transfer: The Impact of Juvenile Race and Gender on Waiver Decisions:

While prior research has consistently found the presence of extralegal disparities in juvenile justice decision-making, less research has investigated the combined effects of a juvenile’s race and ...
Longitudinal Relations between Emotion Restraint Values, Life Stress, and Internalizing Symptoms among Vietnamese American and European American Adolescents.

Objective: Recent research has documented cultural differences in the extent and manner in which various forms of emotion regulation are linked with psychological well-being. Most of these studies,...
Mees: Participatory Design and Self-Building in Shared Urban Open Spaces: Community Gardens and Casitas in New York City

As suggested by the title Participatory Design and Self-Building in Shared Urban Open Spaces, Carolin Mees’s book weaves two primary threads of inquiry, the vernacular or professional design of com...
An Open-Source Ultrasound Imaging System with Wearable Active Probes

Many emerging ultrasound-based imaging modalities depend on operation in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. This paper describes a compact and wearable autonomous ultrasound imaging system for such applications. The system uses a 64-element wearable active probe design with onboard high voltage (HV) multiplexers, transmit/receive switches, and pre-amplifiers for improving SNR of the received echoes. The analog front-end is implemented as a custom transceiver board, while a miniaturized system-on-chip (SoC) platform is used to implement the digital back-end. Built-in high-efficiency switching power converters enable operation from a single 12 V battery. The improved functionality and power efficiency of the system is confirmed through simulations and measurements.
Machine learning models applied to friction stir welding defect index using multiple joint configurations and alloys

Friction stir welding process has been studied extensively in the last decades since its early stage. Most of the research done so far is related to the process development including tool design, m...
Influence of baseline kidney dysfunction on perioperative renal outcomes after endovascular aneurysm repair with suprarenal fixation.

Abstract Background Conflicting evidence exists regarding the comparative effects of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with and without suprarenal fixation. We compare outcomes in patients treated by EVAR with baseline normal kidney function and moderate and severe chronic kidney disease. Methods Patients with normal kidney function (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2) or moderate (GFR = 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2) or severe (GFR 2 mg/dL without dialysis or new dialysis requirements, were analyzed within the first 30 days with results stratified by degree of kidney disease. Results A total of 5534 patients underwent EVAR, with 3225 (58.3%) receiving a device using a suprarenal fixation system. Suprarenal fixation systems were less commonly used for symptomatic patients (11.0% vs 13.7%; P = .002) and patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (4.5% vs 6.3%; P = .01). There was no difference in baseline kidney function between groups. EVAR with suprarenal fixation was associated with more renal complications (1.40% vs 0.65%; P = .008). In subgroup analysis, patients with moderate kidney dysfunction (n = 1780) had more renal complications (2.2% vs 0.8%; P = .02) with suprarenal fixation systems. No differences were seen in patients with normal kidney function (0.4% vs 0.2%; P = .32; n = 3597) or severe kidney dysfunction (14.3% vs 10.2%; P = .45; n = 157). This difference was driven mostly by postoperative elevation of creatinine concentration (0.6% vs 0.2%; P = .03) without requirements for new dialysis (0.8% vs 0.4%; P = .08). After adjustments with multivariate logistic regression models, EVAR with suprarenal fixation was associated with more renal complications (odds ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-5.34). Conclusions In our study, EVAR with suprarenal fixation devices was associated with more perioperative renal complications in patients with moderate kidney dysfunction. Long-term evaluation of these patients undergoing EVAR should be considered.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: Direct-to-Consumer DNA Testing for Ancestry as a Complement to Traditional Genealogical Methods

Almost 100 Million Americans have turned to DTC (Direct-to-Consumer) DNA testing kits to identify their forebears and map the biogeographic areas from which they came. Test results for most America...
Genetic manipulation of KNAT7 transcription factor enhances saccharification by reducing recalcitrance in the bioenergy crop Populus

The precise role of KNAT7 transcription factors (TFs) in the regulation of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis of poplars has largely remained unclear as our understanding of KNAT7 is continuously evolving. Through the use of a variety of novel strategies, we can understand how genetic modifications in homologous and heterologous KNAT7 gene expression affect SCW development. The resulting changes in wood properties could in turn affect the saccharification efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass in transgenic poplars. We produced poplar KNAT7 (PtKNAT7) overexpression (PtKNAT7-OE) and RNAi construct (PtKNAT7-AS) for the generation of transgenic poplars. Since the overexpression of homologous genes can potentially result in co-suppression, we also overexpressed Arabidopsis KNAT7 (AtKNAT7-OE) in transgenic poplars. In all our Agrobacterium vector constructs, the expression of KNAT7 transgenes was driven under developing xylem-specific promoter, DX15. The PtKNAT7-AS lines showed a 6% reduction in total lignin content in poplar wood compared to the controls. Syringyl to Guaiacyl lignin (S/G) ratios were significantly increased in all the three transgenic lines from PtKNAT7-OE and PtKNAT7-AS than controls. All transgenic lines including, PtKNAT7-OE, PtKNAT7-AS l, and AtKNAT7-OE wood yielded significantly greater glucose release than controls. Antisense KNAT7 transgenic lines were taller and the stem was thicker than control. These results suggest targeted modification of KNAT7 is achievable in poplar with enhanced functional wall properties without compromising plant growth and productivity. Overall, our results demonstrated that developing xylem-specific genetic alteration of KNAT7 TFs affects the lignification process as well as improving the saccharification efficiency, hence, providing a powerful tool for improving bioethanol production from bioenergy poplar plants.
Learning robust manipulation tasks involving contact using trajectory parameterized probabilistic principal component analysis

In this paper, we aim to expedite the deployment of challenging manipulation tasks involving both motion and contact wrenches (forces and moments). To this end, we acquire motion and wrench signals from a small set of demonstrations using passive observation. To learn these tasks, we introduce Trajectory parameterized Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis (traPPCA) which compactly re-parameterizes the acquired signals using trajectory information and encodes the signal correlations using Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis (PPCA). Finally, the task is transferred to a robot setup by specifying the robot behavior using a constraint-based task specification and control approach. This framework results in increased robustness of the system against different sources of uncertainty: imprecise sensors, adaptation of the tool, and changes in the execution speed.
Spindle cell neoplasms of the upper gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary tract, and pancreas by fine needle aspiration: A single institutional experience of 15 years with follow-up data

Background The diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasms (SCN) of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, hepatobiliary tract, and pancreas detected by fine needle aspiration (FNA) is challenging. We describe a single-center experience of these samples with follow-up data and characterization of the morphologic findings. Methods We retrospectively reviewed pathology records for all FNAs diagnostic for or suggestive of SCN on esophagus, stomach, small bowel, liver, and pancreas in a 15 year period. All cases with at least 6 month follow-up were included. Surgical material (biopsy or resection) was the diagnostic gold standard. All FNAs with subsequent surgical specimens were reviewed and assessed for cellularity, architectural features, and nuclear features. Results In 15 years, 5101 FNAs of the upper GI tract, hepatobiliary tract, and pancreas were performed. SCN was diagnosed in 98 (2%) patients. Seventy-two patients had definitive pathologic diagnoses: 68 were neoplastic and four were non-neoplastic. Cytomorphologic review in relationship to final diagnosis revealed three statistically significant features: low cellularity favors a benign process (P = .00544), epithelioid nuclear morphology favors malignancy (P = .00278), and identification of perinuclear vacuoles favors a diagnosis of GIST over non-GIST SCN (P = .04236). Conclusions Among cases with follow-up, final pathologic diagnoses were SCN in 94% of cases diagnosed as SCN on FNA of upper GI, hepatobiliary tract, and pancreas. Although some cytomorphologic criteria are more suggestive of malignancy, arriving at a specific diagnosis relies on collaboration of clinical, radiologic, cytomorphologic, and immunohistochemical data.
Fibroblasts and macrophages: Collaborators in tissue homeostasis

Fibroblasts and macrophages are universal cell types across all mammalian tissues. These cells differ in many ways including their cellular origins; dynamics of renewal, recruitment, and motility within tissues; roles in tissue structure and secretion of signaling molecules; and contributions to the activation and progression of immune responses. However, many of the features that make these two cell types unique are not opposing, but instead complementary. This review will present cell-cell communication in this context and discuss how complementarity makes fibroblasts and macrophages highly compatible partners in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
It can happen here: white power and the rising threat of genocide in the US: by Alexander Laban Hinton, New York, NYU Press, 2021, x+287, $29.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 9781479808014

On 6 January 2021, protestors incited by Donald Trump stormed the US Capitol Building in an attempt to forcibly overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election. This attack left many America...
Association of the Psychological Response to the ACL-SPORTS Training Program and Self-reported Function at 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:

Background:Psychological readiness to return to sport has emerged as an important factor associated with outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Psychological factors are p...
The impact of actual and surrogate variegated cutworm stubble phytophagy on the growth and yield of alfalfa

Variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hiibner), consumption and development on alfalfa was studied in the laboratory. Larvae exhibited either six or seven molts. Larvae with six molts required 35.6 ± 7.1 days (±SD) for development and consumed 352.6 ± 67.5 mg of foliage. Development and consumption by larvae with seven molts were 32.8 ± 3.7 days and 442.2 ± 57.9 mg of foliage, respectively. Larval and adult dry weights indicated that larvae exhibiting seven molts probably were repre­ sentative of feral individuals. Consequently, data from these larvae were used to develop an alfalfa-consumption model for the variegated cutworm.
Action Potentials Are Required for the Lateral Transmission of Glycinergic Transient Inhibition in the Amphibian Retina

Transient lateral inhibition (TLI), the suppression of responses of a ganglion cell to light stimuli in the receptive field center by changes in illumination in the receptive field surround, was studied in light-adapted mud puppy and tiger salamander retinas using both eyecup and retinal slice preparations. In the eyecup, TLI was measured in on–off ganglion cells as the ability of rotating, concentric windmill patterns of 500–1200 μm inner diameter to suppress the response to a small spot stimulus in the receptive field center. Both the suppression of the spot response and the hyperpolarization produced in ganglion cells by rotation of the windmill were blocked in the presence of 2 μm strychnine or 500 nm tetrodotoxin (TTX), but not by 150 μm picrotoxin. In the slice preparation in which GABA-mediated currents were blocked with picrotoxin, IPSCs elicited by diffuse illumination were blocked by strychnine and strongly reduced by TTX. The TTX-resistant component was probably attributable to illumination of the receptive field center. TTX had a much greater effect in reducing the glycinergic inhibition elicited by laterally displaced stimulation versus nearby focal electrical stimulation. Strychnine enhanced light-evoked excitatory currents in ganglion cells, but this was not mimicked by TTX. The results suggest that local glycinergic transient inhibition does not require action potentials and is mediated by synapses onto both ganglion cell dendrites and bipolar cell terminals. In contrast, the lateral spread of this inhibition (at least over distances >250 μm) requires action potentials and is mainly onto ganglion cell dendrites.
Executive control: balancing stability and flexibility via the duality of evolutionary neuroanatomical trends.

The concept of executive functions has a rich history and remains current despite increased use of other terms, including working memory and cognitive control. Executive functions have sometimes been equated with functions subserved by the frontal cortex, but this adds little clarity, given that we so far lack a comprehensive theory of frontal function. Pending a more complete mechanistic understanding, clinically useful generalizations can help characterize both healthy cognition and multiple varieties of cognitive impairment. This article surveys several hierarchical and autoregulatory control theories, and suggests that the evolutionary cytoarchitectonic trends theory provides a valuable neuroanatomical framework to help organize research on frontal structure-function relations. The theory suggests that paleocortical/ventrolateral and archicortical/dorsomedial trends are associated with neural network flexibility and stability respectively, which comports well with multiple other conceptual distinctions that have been proposed to characterize ventral and dorsal frontal functions, including the “initiation/inhibition,” “what/where,” and “classification/expectation” hypotheses.
Integrating similarity retrieval and skyline exploration via relevance feedback

Similarity retrieval have been widely used in many practical search applications. A similarity query model can be viewed as a logical combination of a set of similarity predicates. A user can initialize a query model, but model parameters or the model itself may be inadequately specified. As a result, a retrieval system cannot guarantee that it has presented all the relevant tuples to the user. In this paper, we propose a framework that integrates the similarity retrieval and skyline exploration. Using the relevance feedback as a way to constrain the search space, our framework can intelligently explore only a necessary portion of data that contains all the relevant tuples. Our framework is also flexible enough to incorporate model refinement techniques to retrieving relevant results as early as possible.
What's Worthy of Comment? Content and Comment Volume in Political Blogs.

In this paper we aim to model the relationship be- tween the text of a political blog post and the comment volume—that is, the total amount of response—that a post will receive. We seek to accurately identify which posts will attract a high-volume response, and also to gain insight about the community of readers and their interests. We design and evaluate variations on a latent- variable topic model that links text to comment volume.
Colourful stripes send mixed messages to safe and risky partners in a diffuse cleaning mutualism

The steps by which neutral, random and ⁄or negative biological interactions evolve into mutualistic ones remain poorly understood. Here, we study Elacatinus gobies and the ‘client’ fishes they clean. Colourful stripes are common to mutualist cleaners and noncleaning sister species. Blue stripes are unique to cleaners and are more conspicuous to predators than are basal yellow or green stripes. In turn, we focused on the role of colour as a potentially specialized signal. We show that cleaners may possess a chemical defence and demonstrate that stripes are sufficient to elicit client posing behaviour and to deter attack, corroborating the putative role of chemistry. Analysis of previously published records shows that yellow cleaners interact with predatory clients less often compared to green and blue cleaners. Our results highlight evolution from predator resistance to advertising with conspicuous signals. Similar trajectories, via recognizable signals to risky partners, may be common in other diffuse mutualisms.
Modeling and Management of Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Renewable Energy Support in Electric Power Systems–An Overview

Abstract—Energy storage devices and systems are playing a major role in all electrical systems from small electronics devices and automotive systems to the utility grid. The main objective of this article is to review energy storage devices, management, control, interface, and demonstrations for electrical power systems. Various types of energy storage systems are discussed, but the main focus is on batteries and ultracapacitors. Different types of batteries and their electrical models are explained. Three major types of ultracapcitors are also discussed. The battery management system and its functions, controls, and hardware are discussed. Various power electronics-based interface systems for battery and ultracapcitor charging and discharging are presented. Applications of energy storage systems for utility applications, including renewable firming, power shifting, and ancillary services, are discussed.
Relationships between physical activity and muscular strength among healthy adults across the lifespan.

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between objective and self-report measures of physical activity and muscle strength among healthy adults ranging in age from 20 to 91 years. Participants (n = 412) were mostly Caucasian men (48 %) and women (52 %) 43.9 ± 16.1 year of age with a body mass index (BMI) of 26.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2. Physical activity was measured objectively with an accelerometer and by self-report with the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire. Upper and lower body muscle strength were measured with an isokinetic dynamometer and handgrip strength with a static dynamometer. Multivariate regression assessed relationships between physical activity and muscle strength. The strongest correlates of upper body strength including handgrip strength were gender (r = −0.861 to −0.716), age (r = −0.445 to −0.241), BMI (r = 0.134–0.397), and physical activity (r = 0.093–0.186). The strongest correlates of lower body strength were gender (r = −0.772 to −0.634), age (r = −0.663 to −0.445), BMI (r = 0.160–0.266), and physical activity (r = −0.139 to 0.151). The strongest correlates of muscle strength were gender (explaining 40–74 % of the variance), age (6–44 %), and BMI (2–16 %), while physical activity correlations were weaker (1–3 %). Conflict surrounding the influence of a physically active lifestyle on muscle strength with age may be due to the stronger influences of other factors that supersede those of physical activity whether measured objectively or by self-report methods.
Stress Concentrations and Notch Sensitivity in Woven Ceramic Matrix Composites Containing a Circular Hole—An Experimental, Analytical, and Finite Element Study

In this paper, the stress concentrations associated with a circular hole and subjected to uniform tensile loading in woven ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have been determined experimentally through strain gauge measurements. The stress concentrations were calculated from the measured strain distributions surrounding the holes during the initial loading period. Then, the load-carrying capacity of notched CMCs with various hole radius to width ratios (a/w) has been determined. The objective is to study the stress concentrations due to circular notch, and then evaluate the notch sensitivity in woven CMCs. Both quasi-isotropic [0/90/+45/−45]s and cross-ply [0/90/0/90]s laminates of woven SiC/SiNC composites were considered. The experimental data of stress concentrations were compared with the results obtained from a complex variable method and finite element analysis. The notched strength data were also analyzed on the basis of some existing theories. The results show significant stress concentrations in the range of 3.75–4.75 near the notch edges during the early stage of loading. But in most cases, the notched strength data show notch insensitivity in CMCs, particularly with small hole diameters. This occurs mostly due to stress redistribution effects during inelastic deformation in ceramic matrix composites. The degree of notch insensitivity in CMCs is observed to decrease with comparatively larger diameter holes. For notch insensitivity, the limiting value of a dimensionless parameter n, comprising of fracture toughness, un-notched strength, and width of the specimen, has been determined on the basis of existing notch sensitivity theories. The stress concentration factors are seen not to be influenced by the lay-up sequence of the laminate. Reasonable agreement was observed between the theory and experimentally determined stress concentration factors, particularly for small hole diameters.
Microscopy of single-layer carbon nanotubes

Abstract Single-layer carbon nanotubes produced with yttrium carbide as catalyst have been studied with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The morphology, condition of iamging and the method of measurement to determine the actual diameter of a single-layer carbon nanotube have been detailed and the growth mechanism of single-layer carbon nanotubes has been discussed in this research.
Computer simulation of trabecular remodeling using a simplified structural model

A simplified three-dimensional simulation of trabecular bone remodeling has been developed. The model utilizes 441 planar structural units to represent approximately 50 mm3 of initial bone volume with 199 basic multicellular units (BMUs). The simulation takes into account trabecular perforation in the structural model. The cases of male bone remodeling with no menopause and female bone remodeling with menopause are examined from the period of simulated age 25-80 years. Menopause is arbitrarily started at age 45 and extends for 7.5 years. Zero-, first-, and second-order BMU activation responses are employed to examine how the bone would be affected by the method of increase of BMU activation during menopause. At age 80, the female bone remodeling simulation produced a bone volume loss of approximately 49% for all three activation responses. This compared to a 38% bone volume loss for the case of no menopause. For the menopause simulations, an average of about 40% of the total bone loss was due to perforation.
Diffraction diagnosis of protein folding in gap junction connexons.

To diagnose the regular polypeptide conformation in gap junction membranes, the x-ray intensities diffracted from oriented specimens have been separated into a modulated component due to the coherently ordered portion of the channel-forming pairs of connexon hexamers and a diffuse component due to the disordered parts. The spherically averaged ordered protein diffraction, in the resolution range 15–4 A, was compared with intensity curves calculated from the Fourier transforms of proteins representative of the major tertiary structural classes. From this comparison the alpha-helical content of the ordered portion of the connexon was estimated to be approximately 60%. Calculation of cylindrically averaged patterns for oriented distributions of alpha-helical and beta-sheet proteins demonstrated that the ratio of the modulated diffracted intensity near 5 A spacing on the meridian and 10 A spacing on the equator observed from the gap junctions can be accounted for by alpha-helical segments inclined relative to the connexon axis. Model dimers of connexonlike hexamers were constructed from alpha-helix bundle proteins to correlate features in the calculated diffraction patterns with the model parameters. On the basis of these correlations, the ordered gap junction diffraction data indicate that alpha-helical segments centered at 38 A from the midplane of the gap have a mean radial location approximately 24 A from the hexamer axis, and an axial projected length of approximately 35 A. Thus, these alpha-helical segments traverse the hydrocarbon core of the lipid bilayer, as expected for the four hydrophobic sequences of the connexin molecule.
Syndrome of painful legs and moving toes: a case study.

Painful legs and moving toes syndrome is characterized by spontaneous causalgic pain in the lower extremities associated with peculiar involuntary movements of the lower extremities, especially the toes and feet. The pain is diffuse, intractable, aching, and deep. The movements consist of persistent writhing movements in the digits that cannot be limited voluntarily. The syndrome has been observed after a variety of abnormalities affecting the posterior nerve roots, the spinal ganglia, and the peripheral nerves. This article reviews commonly reported findings and current concepts in the etiology and management of this condition. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(7): 361-364, 2001)
Oceanographic measurements using radio interferometer techniques

Abstract Measurement of mean sea level to an accuracy of a few centimeters is an objective of current interest. Present techniques cannot do this satisfactorily. The use of radio interferometry, a method which has demonstrated this few-centimeter precision on land, is proposed as a means of making these sea-level measurements. Characteristics and cost of an ocean-going interferometer system are discussed. It is concluded that natural radio sources can be used. Measurements made with this system would be entirely independent of knowledge of the geoid.
Electrocatalytic Reduction of 1,3,5‐Trichlorobenzene Using Metal Chlorides in the Presence of Various Amines

1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene is readily reduced to chlorobenzene and benzene in methanol/tetrahydrofuran solution by various mediators containing metal chlorides (M = Ni, Fe, Zn, Pt, Ru, and Co) in the presence of cyclam under electrolytic conditions. The mediators being composed of metal chlorides and 2,2′-bipyridine are less effective in reducing trichlorobenzene under the same electrolytic conditions. Few electroreductions are observed when triethylamine and pyridine are used instead of cyclam. The reduction of chlorobenzene is presumed via an electron transfer from the low valence metal to chlorobenzene to remove the chlorine. Those low valence metals were generated in-situ by means of electroreduction.
Vagus nerve stimulation acutely alters food craving in adults with depression

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is now available as a treatment for epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression. The vagus nerve plays a central role in satiety and short-term regulation of food intake and research suggests a relationship between VNS and weight loss. The underlying mechanisms of this relationship are unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether acute cervical VNS might temporarily alter food cravings. Thirty-three participants were recruited for three groups; depression VNS, depression non-VNS, and healthy controls. Participants viewed 22 computerized images of foods twice in one session and completed ratings for food cravings after each image. The VNS participants' devices were turned on for one viewing of an image and off for the other (randomized order). Participants were blind to VNS condition (on versus off). Acute VNS device activation was associated with a significant change in cravings-ratings for sweet foods. A significant proportion of variability in VNS-related changes in cravings was accounted for by patients' clinical VNS device settings, acute level of depression, and body mass. Further studies are warranted addressing how acute or chronic VNS might modify eating behavior and weight.
Study on the Reuse of Electric Vehicle Batteries in Energy Storage System

Reuse the electric vehicle batteries as a means of battery storage, could extend the battery life cycle. In order to improve the battery charge and discharge balance, we introduce and compare two optimized classification methods. The introduction of battery storage system in electric vehicle charging station could solve peak shaving, power quality and emergency charging effectively
Lamotrigine in the acute treatment of bipolar depression: results of five double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials

Objectives: The efficacy of lamotrigine as maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), particularly for delaying depressive episodes, is well established, but its efficacy in the acute treatment of bipolar depression is less clear. This paper reports the results of five randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of lamotrigine monotherapy for the acute treatment of bipolar depression. Methods: Adult subjects with bipolar I or II disorder experiencing a depressive episode were randomized to placebo or lamotrigine monotherapy (after titration, at a fixed dose of 50 mg or 200 mg daily in Study 1; a flexible dose of 100–400 mg daily in Study 2; or a fixed dose of 200 mg daily in Studies 3, 4 and 5) for 7–10 weeks. Results: Lamotrigine did not differ significantly from placebo on primary efficacy endpoints [17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in Studies 1 and 2; Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in Studies 3, 4 and 5]. In Study 1, lamotrigine significantly separated from placebo on some secondary measures of efficacy, including the MADRS, the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) and the CGI-Improvement (CGI-I), but seldom differed on secondary efficacy endpoints for the other studies. Conclusions: Lamotrigine monotherapy did not demonstrate efficacy in the acute treatment of bipolar depression in four out of five placebo-controlled clinical studies. Lamotrigine was well tolerated in the acute treatment of bipolar depression.
Student Access of Supplemental Multimedia and Success in an Online Course

Institutions are developing online courses that contain rich multimedia, but research shows there is little difference in student achievement when these types of materials are included. However, ma...
A Conversation Between Pamela Scheiman and Charles Glashausser about Suellen's Approach to Artists' Books

Charles Glashausser: Suellen’s books grew out of our stays in Berkeley and Paris. We married right after college; we first lived in Paris for two years and then in Berkeley for two years before coming here to Rutgers in 1969. Pamela Scheinman: And she had never made a book before that? CG: Oh, no. In fact, she didn’t make a book until 1980 or so. At Manhattanville, her senior thesis was a woven, room-size installation. So she had done art before going to Paris, and she wanted to try new techniques. She considered various art schools there, but nothing was really suitable. She learned French at the Sorbonne, and at the same time she painted. Our apartment was not heated, but it was big, so it was a typical art-studio type situation and she could paint there. She also went to an applied art school for a time, where she learned various techniques, such as making rugs and bookbinding. Maybe that was the start of her making books. I don’t really think it was, because it was very traditional bookbinding, with the leather covers and sewing pages together and making it all into a serious book. But in some sense that was the germ of her books. Then, going to U. C. Berkeley, she went back to weaving, which was very much in fashion, certainly in Berkeley in the sixties. Ed Rossbach, her mentor there, was the guru of weaving in the United States. Her master’s thesis was another installation, entirely woven, which we set up in our apartment in Berkeley. It took up the whole living room. She loved her other teachers there, Lillian Elliott and Joanne Segal Branford, as well as a whole troop of friends. Ed Rossbach turned out to
Transient Currents in Schefflera Stems

The long-term transient and steady-state currents produced in Schefflera stems by polarizing voltage steps of various amplitudes, and the subsequent depolarization currents, are investigated. Concurrent measurement of the voltage drops in the vicinity of the positive and negative electrodes permits the elimination of the electrode impedances. The conductance of the stem itself is obtained as a function of time for both polarization and depolarization. As the amplitude of the voltage step increases, the steady-state current becomes relatively more important and appears at earlier times. The results appear similar to those obtained for bone and organic polymers. Use of a hydroponic growth system leads to reproducibility for all results except the conductances. Inconsistency in these values may be due to a combination of space charge generation and error in the determination of the stem voltage.
Levels in 134Ba populated by the decay of 134Cs

Abstract The energy levels in 134 Ba populated in the decay of 134 Cs have been studied with the aid of a Ge(Li) detector and a six-gap orange spectrometer. Coincidence spectra have been recorded using a NaI(Tl) spectrometer for gating and displaying the coincidence spectrum with a Ge(Li) spectrometer. The results support the existence of levels at 605, 1168, 1400, 1643 and 1970 keV. No evidence was found for levels previously suggested at 923, 1062, 1374, 1567, 1770 or 1845 keV.