cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of the effect of intraparticle temperature gradients on catalytic activity

Abstract A study has been made of temperature profiles incident within porous catalyst particles in the course of a highly exothermic chemical reaction, the hydrogenation of benzene. A newly developed experimental technique which permits catalyst pellets to be formed around fine wire thermocouples has been employed. Using thermocouple wires 0·001 in. in diameter it has been possible to measure temperatures simultaneously at four radial positions in 1 2 -in. cylindrical pellets formed by compressing a nickel on kieselguhr catalyst powder. Pellets were pressed at three density levels, 1·71, 1·85 and 1·95 g/cm 3 and the reaction experiments carried out with a mole fraction of hydrogen in the entering mixture to the reactor of 0·83. Temperature of reactants entering the reactor varied from 40 to 133°C. For runs at the lower temperature levels, the internal temperature profile was found to increase monotonically from the surface to a center line maximum along the radius of the cylinder. Although centerline measurements were somewhat distorted by axial conduction effects at higher temperatures, it was possible to obtain consistent interpretation based on measurements of internal temperature near the surface. It was also observed that the slope of the internal temperature profile passed through a maximum as surface temperature was increased. This observation is consistent with the kinetic behavior of the system: the rate of reaction, as reported by others, passes through a temperature maximum somewhere between 150 and 220°C. The results of this work indicate that the uncertainty surrounding the temperature at which maximum rate occurs may well be due to the existence of diffusional limitations in previously reported kinetic studies. An analysis of the internal temperature profiles was achieved using an approach similar to that outlined by Weisz and Hicks, employing a simple pore structure model based on the bimodal volume-area distribution of the catalyst pellet to evaluate transport parameters. At a given pellet density it was found that the theory accurately predicted temperature profiles over the range of surface temperatures below 150°C. The analysis requires a value of activation energy be assumed for computations and values corresponding to the range reported in the literature, 6500 to 11,700 cal/g-mole, were employed. The best agreement between theory and experiment was obtained with a value of 6500 cal/g-mole, corresponding to reported activation energies from experimentation with nickel film catalysts. It was not possible to apply the results obtained with catalyst at one density level to the prediction of effects at a second density level. It is felt that this is a result of the inadequacies of the pore structure model employed for estimation of transport properties.
Differentiation-specific element binding protein (DSEB) binds to a defined element in the promoter of the angiotensinogen gene required for the irreversible induction of gene expression during differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipoblasts to adipocytes.

The differentiation-specific element (DSE) is a cis-acting transcriptional element located at nucleotide--1000 in the 5'-flanking promoter of the angiotensinogen gene. It is required for the irreversible and sustained increase in transcription of the angiotensinogen gene that occurs during differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipoblasts into adipocytes induced by a 3-day hormonal pulse. We report here the cloning of 3T3-L1 adipocyte cDNA encoding a 150 kilodalton protein designated Differentiation Specific Element Binding Protein (DSEB) that exhibits sequence-specific binding to a DSE oligonucleotide. Two DSEB mRNAs (3.6 and 4.2 kilobases) are observed in adipose, brain, kidney, testis, liver, and lung. Both DSEB mRNA and protein are induced during, and remain elevated after, 3T3-L1 cell adipogenesis. Analysis of adipoblasts by immunocytochemistry with an antiserum directed to bacterial expressed DSEB reveals that DSEB is localized to the nucleus and is induced during differentiation. DNA-binding assays show that b...
Gradient bounds for p-harmonic systems with vanishing Neumann (Dirichlet) data in a convex domain

Abstract Let Ω be a bounded convex domain in Euclidean n space, x ˆ ∈ ∂ Ω , and r > 0 . Let u = ( u 1 , u 2 , … , u N ) be a weak solution to ∇ ⋅ ( | ∇ u | p − 2 ∇ u ) = 0 in Ω ∩ B ( x ˆ , 4 r ) with | ∇ u | p − 2 u ν = 0 on ∂ Ω ∩ B ( x ˆ , 4 r ) . We show that sub solution type arguments for certain uniformly elliptic systems can be used to deduce that | ∇ u | is bounded in Ω ∩ B ( x ˆ , r ) with constants depending only on n , p , N , and r n | Ω ∩ B ( x ˆ , r ) | . Our argument replaces an argument based on level sets in recent important work of Cianchi and Maz’ya (2014) [1] , [2] , Geng and Shen (2010) [3] , Maz’ya (2009) [4] , [5] , involving similar problems. We also show that an analogous argument gives the same conclusion in the case of vanishing Dirichlet data.
Clinical pathways for the high-risk patient

The goal of managed health care is to reduce health care costs while maintaining or improving the quality of care given to patients. Clinical pathways, which outline the services and therapies planned for a typical patient admitted with a specific diagnosis, may provide a way to control costs and improve patient outcome. These pathways are under development by medical centers and managed-care organizations nationwide, with the aim of planning, managing, documenting, and evaluating multidisciplinary care. A coordinated care plan can take a number of approaches. Time lines identify predictable clinical landmarks and time intervals for a specific medical episode or illness within a given diagnostic-related group or set of diagnostic-related groups. Case-management plans and case managers coordinate a patient's care throughout an episode, eg, an operation, enabling patients to reach defined time points in the course of their care at the expected time. Critical pathways are the favored method of documenting the patient's progress according to the predicted time schedule. This report discusses ways to successfully implement a care plan, highlighting the commitment and effort needed from a multidisciplinary staff to achieve the goal of optimizing efficiency and quality of patient care.
Effects of Season, Herd Size, and Geographic Region on the Composition and Quality of Milk in the Northeast

Our objectives were to describe the milkshed comprising herds in New York, western New Jersey, and central and eastern Pennsylvania in regard to milk yield, composition, and quality and also to estimate the effects of season, herd size, and geographic area on those same variables. Data were collected from July 1993 through June 1994 from 3450 herds. The effect of a somatic cell count (SCC) limit of 500,000/ ml on milk yield and the composition of monthly bulk tank milk for all marketed milk was estimated as was the frequency of deliveries of milk that contained SCC that were greater than this limit. All general linear models for mean monthly yield of milk and milk components (fat and protein) and SCC were significant for fixed effects of month and herd size within quartiles for herd size (defined by the number of lactating cows) and significant absorbed effects of herds within quartiles for herd size within subregion. Milk yield, milk components (kilograms), true protein percentage, and SCC were significantly higher in spring than in fall for both data files (complete data file and data file containing only herds with SCC 62 lactating cows had ≥1 mo with an SCC >500,000/ml. For herds in the subregions, percentages of shipments with an SCC ≥500,000/ml ranged from 10.5 to 20.2%. Herds with <27 lactating cows contributed to the milkshed a disproportionate percentage of SCC (11%) compared with their percentage of contribution of milk (5%).
“Islamo‐Fascism” as an ideological discourse

the ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed, the world is ruled by little else. Pract...
Prion permissive pathways: extracellular matrix genes control susceptibility to prion infection

There are wide variations in the susceptibility of humans, animals, and cultured cell lines to infection by prions. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Marbiah et al (2014) identified a gene regulatory network that regulates the susceptibility of cultured cells to prion infection. Surprisingly, a number of these genes impact the structure of the extracellular matrix. These results have important implications for understanding mechanisms of prion infection and also suggest new therapeutic targets.
Contribution of Salmonella typhimurium type III secretion components to needle complex formation

Abstract The prgHIJK operon encodes components of the Salmonella typhimurium pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system (TTSS). Previously, prgH and prgK were shown to be required for formation of the supramolecular type III secretion needle complex (NC) [Kubori, T., et al. (1998) Science 280, 602–605]. This work indicates that all prg operon genes are required for NC formation. PrgH multimerizes into a distinct tetrameric-shaped structure that may be an early intermediate of NC assembly and may provide the structural foundation required for PrgK oligomerization. PrgH and PrgK, in the absence of other TTSS components, oligomerize into ring-shaped structures identical in appearance and size to the base of the NC, indicating that they are likely the major inner membrane structural components required for secretion. PrgI and PrgJ cofractionate with the NC and are secreted into the culture supernatant. NC from prgI and prgJ mutants have an identical morphology to the envelope-spanning (basal body) NC components, but are missing the external needle, indicating that PrgI and PrgJ are required for full NC assembly and are likely components of the external needle. Therefore, PrgI and PrgJ are secreted through the NC basal body, composed in part of PrgH/K and InvG/H rings, to participate in assembly of the more distal components of the NC.
Bridging the Treatment Gap: Improving Compliance With Lipid-Modifying Agents and Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes

Despite the large burden of cardiovascular disease on society, abnormal lipid levels, which are associated with an increase in coronary heart disease mortality, are not being adequately managed in many individuals. Poor patient compliance with therapeutic lifestyle changes and lipid-modifying therapies contribute to this treatment gap. If management of lipid levels is to reduce cardiovascular mortality effectively, poor compliance with treatment needs to be understood and addressed. Educating and motivating patients to understand the need for compliance with continued therapy is an important step for ensuring that the benefits of lipid management cited in clinical trials are translated to the general population. This will require a proactive approach from both patients and physicians. Well-tolerated and effective therapies may also help compliance by reducing the incidence of side effects and the need for complex dosing regimens. Suboptimal treatment of lipid levels is currently limiting the effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease; methods for improving compliance should be a key strategy to overcoming this problem.
Conservation and divergence in the transcriptional programs of the human and mouse immune systems

Much of the knowledge about cell differentiation and function in the immune system has come from studies in mice, but the relevance to human immunology, diseases, and therapy has been challenged, perhaps more from anecdotal than comprehensive evidence. To this end, we compare two large compendia of transcriptional profiles of human and mouse immune cell types. Global transcription profiles are conserved between corresponding cell lineages. The expression patterns of most orthologous genes are conserved, particularly for lineage-specific genes. However, several hundred genes show clearly divergent expression across the examined cell lineages, and among them, 169 genes did so even with highly stringent criteria. Finally, regulatory mechanisms—reflected by regulators’ differential expression or enriched cis-elements—are conserved between the species but to a lower degree, suggesting that distinct regulation may underlie some of the conserved transcriptional responses.
Nomenclature of the German Subjunctive

The use of the terms Subjunctive 1 and Subjunctive 2 has certain logical advantages but more practical disadvantages.
Approximate analytical solutions for particle deposition in viscous stagnation-point flow in the inertial-diffusion regime with external forces

Abstract In a previous paper (1) the effects of particle inertia on the diffusional deposition of Brownian particles onto a surface in viscous, axisymmetric stagnation-point flow were investigated using the method of Brownian dynamics. Following Fernandez de la Mora and Rosner (2), under the conditions of large Schmidt numbers and small Stokes numbers (less than the critical Stokes number), an approximate analytical solution is obtained here that also includes an arbitrary external force acting on the particles. This solution is shown to be in excellent agreement with the results from Brownian dynamics simulations. An important characteristic of these solutions is inertial particle concentration “enrichment” outside the diffusion boundary layer near the adsorbing surface at subcritical Stokes numbers. In general, it is shown that attractive external particle forces only slightly reduce the amount of this enrichment. On the other hand, in the absence of inertia, attractive external particle forces increase the surface flux of particles beyond that for solely diffusional deposition. The combination of inertial particle concentration enrichment and an attractive external particle force leads to a synergistic-type increase in the surface flux of particles beyond that for solely diffusional deposition. Finally, Robinson's theorem (6) is extended to formally prove these results for inviscid-type flows.
Peak statistics and narrow-band features of coupled torsion-flapping rotor blade vibrations to turbulence

This study concerns the peak statistics and the narrow-band features of coupled torsion-flapping rotor blade responses during high advance ratio flight regimes when blade vibrations due to atmospheric turbulence can be very severe. The peak statistics of torsion and flapping include the total peak rate expectations, the probability density function for the height of a local peak conditional on the occurrence of a peak for this instantaneous blade azimuth position, and the probability density function of peak magnitude over one rotor revolution. These peak density results are also compared with other approximate formulae based on (a) certain narrow band approximations, (b) the Rayleigh and the time-averaged Rayleigh density laws, and (c) the single degree of freedom models without torsion-flapping coupling. While this coupling can appreciably influence certain narrow band features of flapping and has a detrimental effect on the probability of high-level torsional excursions, it has negligible effect on flapping excursions and on the narrow band features of torsion.
Offaxis neuromuscular training of knee injuries using an offaxis robotic elliptical trainer

The goal of this study was to use an offaxis robotic elliptical trainer to improve off-axis neuromuscular control in people with knee injuries. Thirteen individuals with knee injuries participated in the study. Among them, 8 individuals participated in 18 sessions of pivoting offaxis intensity-adjustable neuromuscular control training (POINT) (3 sessions/week for 6 weeks including 3 evaluation sessions) to improve offaxis neuromuscular control, specifically dynamic lower limb stability in pivoting. 5 individuals served as controls who only participated in the three evaluations. Following POINT patients in the training group reduced pivoting instability (p=0.024), while the control group did not (p=0.118). Individuals in the training group were able to hop farther in a single leg hop for distance task, take shorter in 12m hop time for time task, and reported reduced knee pain. The results suggest that subject-specific POINT utilizing the novel robotic elliptical trainer can be implemented as a rehabilitation protocol for patients with knee injuries to improve their lower limb functions and reduce knee symptoms.
Acrylonitrile-induced sister-chromatid exchanges and DNA single-strand breaks in adult human bronchial epithelial cells.

Abstract The ability of acrylonitrile to induce cytotoxicity, sister-chromatid exchanges and DNA single-strand breaks was studied in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. The toxic effect as determined by cloning efficiency was observed at a dose of 600 μg/ml but not at doses of both 150 and 300 μg/ml. The frequency of sister-chromatid exchange in untreated cells was 3.7 ± 1.3 per cell. In contrast, cell treated with acrylonitrile at 150 and 300 μg/ml exhibited 6.6 ± 1.3 and 10.7 ± 1.7 sister-chromatid exchanges per metaphase, respectively. DNA single-strand breaks were induced by acrylonitrile at dose levels of 200 and 500 μg/ml. The genotoxic effects on human bronchial epithelial cells that were directly exposed to acrylonitrile are of interest in relation to evidence for the higher lung cancer incidence of acrylonitrile workers in epidemiological studies.
Structural Modeling of PSD-95 and other MAGUKs using Single-Molecule FRET

In order for information to be correctly propagated between cells, it is necessary for both the sending and receiving cells to have organized molecular machinery so that the transmitted signals can be accurately received and processed. By conjoining protein interaction domains, multidomain scaffold proteins form a framework for maintaining and modulating these junctional communications. Scaffold proteins have been traditionally conceptualized as “beads on a string” with unstructured linkers allowing each domain to be independently oriented, but recent data on multidomain supramodules suggests that the fundamental functional units of scaffold proteins may be larger multidomain complexes. Membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins are multidomain scaffold proteins that function at cellular junctions; most importantly at epithelial tight junctions and within the postsynaptic densities of neurons. MAGUK proteins contain both PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) and Src Homology (SH3) domains, as well as an enzymatically inactive guanylate kinase domain. While the high-resolution structures of the isolated domains of the canonical MAGUK, PSD-95, have been solved, the organization of these domains remains unknown. In combination with rigid body docking and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, single-molecule FRET measurements between each of five domains allowed for the determination of the domain positioning in full-length PSD-95. The “ground” state configuration of PSD-95 was found to contain two stable multidomain subunits that while connected by a flexible linker do not appear to interact. A comparison of measurements within each of these partitions with homologous measurements in other MAGUKs showed that domain orientations can vary among this family of scaffold proteins. These findings represent the first unambiguous assignment of domain positioning in a full-length scaffold protein and provide insights into potential allosteric coupling between domains in MAGUK proteins.
The Restriction of Judicial Investigative Remand in Russia: The Role of Cultural Values in Citizen Acceptance and Perceived Fairness

In 2001, the Russian Criminal Procedure Code was substantially reformed and replaced the 1960 Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR. One major reform element was a revocation of the trial judge's authority to remand a case for additional investigation, which had been allowed by the Soviet criminal procedural code. Our study examined citizen support for limiting the judge's remand authority. A self‐report survey was administered to a representative sample of the Russian Federation (N=1,640) during the summer of 2006. Structural‐ equation modeling was used to analyze the results. Two research hypotheses were evaluated: 1) citizens with a collectively‐oriented value system would reject the reform as unfair, and 2) those with individualistically‐oriented values would perceive it as fair; both were validated. More than one‐half of respondents (62.3%) reported the reform as unfair. Collective social values still prevail in Russian society and influence citizen support for the adoption of adversarial criminal pro...
Effect of Pressure on the Isotope Effect in Sodium Self-Diffusion

The diffusion of $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$ in sodium has been measured over the temperature range - 78.5 to 97\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and the data do not fit a linear Arrhenius relation. The data indicate that at least two, and possibly three, jump mechanisms could be responsible for the diffusion behavior. The diffusion of $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$ in sodium has been measured as a function of pressure over the range from ambient pressure to 9500 kg ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at 14.8 and 91.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The $\mathrm{ln}D$-vs-pressure results also show curvature and are in substantial agreement with the ambient-pressure data. Isotope-effect measurements have been made over the temperature-range - 25.0 to 97\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C at ambient pressure. The isotope effect decreases as the temperature increases over the entire temperature range, with a more rapid decrease above 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Isotope-effect measurements have been made at 7000 kg ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ over a temperature range 14.8-117\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The effect of pressure on the isotope effect is not large. The variation of isotope effect with temperature appears to be less at 7000 kg ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. Collectively, the data are interpreted in terms of one, two, or three mechanisms of diffusion. It is not possible to determine unambiguously the mechanisms of diffusion in sodium. The evidence appears to favor a vacancy mechanism at low temperatures with an increasing contribution from divacancies as the melting temperature is approached.
The Electronic Reserves program at LSU: A dual study in service and survival

Born of the confluence of the traditional library and emerging technologies, Electronic Reserves offers a unique opportunity that we dare not pass. This paper will provide that opportunity by examining the growth of the Electronic reserves program at LSU, thereby bringing into focus certain trends which may affect both the future and development, perhaps even the survival, of electronic reserves. Further, the very evaluation process presented will provide a blueprint for the development and application of tools that can be readily incorporated into other local electronic reserve programs for effective evaluation.
Sound propagation in parallel sheared flows in ducts: the mode estimation problem

We consider the inviscid, linear propagation of discrete frequency sound in an infinitely long, two-dimensional duct, possibly with soft walls, carrying a steady parallel sheared flow. Completely explicit expressions are obtained for the amplitudes of the sound modes associated with the discrete wavenumber spectrum generated upstream and downstream of a specified source distribution. By comparison with a less explicit solution for this problem given by Swinbanks (I975) we obtain an explicit expression for the group velocity of a mode in the case of rigid duct walls. Explicit expressions for the mode amplitudes can also be obtained in the case that the pressure, axial pressure gradient and transverse velocity are specified at one axial station. In the case of the problem of expanding a pressure profile in terms of modes entirely of the downstream or upstream family it is shown that in general this results in the need to solve an infinite set of linear simultaneous equations. Two such sets can be developed, suggesting that in fact non-trivial constraints exist on the kinds of initial pressure profiles that are ami-enable to expansion in such a partial set of eigenfunctions. A necessary condition for the 'optimum impedance' problem is also derived. The entire analysis is based on a new approach to non-classical eigenvalue problems that combines the elements of residue theory and Sturm-Liouville theory and that is first illustrated by consideration of a non-classical vibrating string problem.
Charles de Brosses and Diderot: Eighteenth-century arguments concerning primitive language, particular natural languages and a national language

Dans le cadre d'une recherche sur les bases theoriques du caractere national d'une langue, l'A. compare les positions de Diderot et de De Brosses sur trois points: l'origine du langage, sa nature arbitraire ou determinee, et le developpement du langage
Brain torque and sex differences in schizophrenia

The opposing asymmetry of the frontoparietal brain regions has been referred to as 'torque' and may be used as an index of speed of neurodevelopment. It has been recently suggested that torque is minimized in male schizophrenia, reflecting anomalous neurodevelopment. This study examined volumetric and linear torque in a group of 20 schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy individuals; all were right-handed and under the age of 46 years. None of the main or interaction effects on torque were statistically significant, although the sex difference in torque among schizophrenia patients (male larger than female) was more than seven times that in healthy subjects. Torque was significantly associated with years of education and age of illness onset (schizophrenia). These findings support the hypothesis that slowed neurodevelopment may be associated with male schizophrenia and may contribute to earlier age of onset and fewer years of education.
A New Dose-Finding Design for Bivariate Outcomes

Pour certaines substances l'apparition de manifestations toxiques peut amener a des interruptions precoces de traitement, avant l'apparition d'une reponse therapeutique. En fait il y a trois resultats possibles : une manifestation toxique sans effet therapeutique observe, une reponse therapeutique sans manifestation toxique, et aucun effet ni therapeutique ni toxique. La dose optimale est la dose qui rend maximum la probabilite d'avoir conjointement un effet therapeutique et pas de toxicite. La dose maximale sure est la dose qui maximise la probabilite d'une reponse sans toxicite parmi les doses avec une toxicite inferieure au seuil maximum tolerable. Nous presentons un nouveau protocole sequentiel pour les essais d'escalade de doses avec deux criteres de jugement. Ce protocole maximise le nombre de sujets recevant une dose voisine de la dose optimale sure.
The role of flexor tenolysis in the palm and digits.

Seventy-seven digits in 70 patients undergoing a technique of thorough flexor tenolysis, with instillation of local triamcinolone, and immediate motion were studied. Classification of the results utilized a method which determined the percentage of passive joint flexion potential actively achieved and by a second system which graded the results in the finger as a whole. A further categorization into three patient groups, depending on the etiology of the tendon adhesions, was carried out. Using these classifications 84% of the proximal interphalangeal joints, 86% of the distal interphalangeal joints, and 80% of the fingers as a whole were improved by this procedure. These results were comparable or superior to those of other published reports. Improvement in digital flexion was consistent, often with restoration of near-normal function. The incidences of tendon rupture, infection, and delayed wound healing have not been great.
Afro-Americans as a Political Class: Towards Conceptual Clarity

Abstract This study re-opens the issue of whether there was a unique aspect to the black experience in the U.S. The legal history of the blacks show quite clearly that there was: No other immigrants were statutorily ascribed a subordinate heriditary socio-economic status. Since the statutory proscriptions went beyond customary and market discrimination typical in the experiences of other groups and made socio-economic deprivation inheritable by all future generations of blacks, the statutes fit the criteria of a classical estate system. This estate experience is what sets blacks apart from sall other ethnic groups coming to the U. S. and makes the differences in the types of socio-political and socio-economic movements blacks have engaged in. Estates are political classes. The paper shows that bringing the concept of estate back into the theorizing of racial and ethnic relations provides a better basis for understanding social protest movements by ethnic and sex groups and a better basis for understanding...
SSPE‐BIKEN: A Naturally arising hemagglutination‐defective mutant of measles virus

Biochemical and genetic methods have been used to investigate a defective variant of measles virus previously isolated from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Since its isolation, this syncytiogenic strain (SSPE-BIKEN) has remained cell-associated; infected cells do not hemadsorb and do not release infectious virus. Immune precipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to study the synthesis of measles virion proteins in SSPE-BIKEN-infected cells. All of the virion proteins were detected in immune precipitated whole cell extracts. However, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein was not detected on the cell surface by lactoperoxidase iodination. These results suggest that the failure of the HA protein to insert into the cell membrane accounts for the block in the release of infections virus. Radioactively labeled, noninfectious, virus-like particles have been purified from the media of SSPE-BIKEN-infected cells. These particles contain virus nucleocapsid, nucleocapsid-associated, and membrane proteins, but very little HA and hemolysin proteins. Genetic complementation between SSPE-BIKEN and a temperature-sensitive mutant of measles virus was observed and suggests that the SSPE isolate defect is due to a mutation. Additional evidence of a mutation is provided by the detection of low frequency revertant progeny in SSPE-BIKEN stocks. Our results support the hypothesis that genetic variants of measles virus are involved in the etiology of SSPE.
Crystallization and initial crystallographic analysis of phosphoglucosamine mutase from Bacillus anthracis

The enzyme phosphoglucosamine mutase catalyzes the conversion of glucos­amine 6-phosphate to glucosamine 1-phosphate, an early step in the formation of the nucleotide sugar UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, which is involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. These enzymes are part of the large α-d-phosphohexomutase enzyme superfamily, but no proteins from the phospho­glucosamine mutase subgroup have been structurally characterized to date. Here, the crystallization of phosphoglucosamine mutase from Bacillus anthracis in space group P3221 by hanging-drop vapor diffusion is reported. The crystals diffracted to 2.7 A resolution under cryocooling conditions. Structure determination by molecular replacement was successful and refinement is under way. The crystal structure of B. anthracis phosphoglucosamine mutase should shed light on the substrate-specificity of these enzymes and will also serve as a template for inhibitor design.
You've Got Chong: Reflections on Power, Intimacy, and Self-fashioning in Fieldwork in South Korea

Abstract The outstanding characteristic of anthropological fieldwork as a form of conduct is that it does not permit any significant separation of the occupational and extra-occupational spheres of one's life. On the contrary, it forces this fusion…. Everything anyone says, everything anyone does, even the mere physical setting, has both to form the substance of one's personal experience and to be taken as grist for one's analytical mill…. In the field, the anthropologist has to learn to live and think at the same time. Clifford Geertz, “Thinking as a Moral Act,” p. 39.
Multivariate analysis of cartilage degradation using the support vector machine algorithm.

An important limitation in MRI studies of early osteoarthritis is that measured MRI parameters exhibit substantial overlap between different degrees of cartilage degradation. We investigated whether multivariate support vector machine analysis would permit improved tissue characterization. Bovine nasal cartilage samples were subjected to pathomimetic degradation and their T1, T2, magnetization transfer rate (km), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured. Support vector machine analysis performed using certain parameter combinations exhibited particularly favorable classification properties. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for detection of extensive and mild degradation were 1.00 and 0.94, respectively, using the set (T1, km, ADC), compared with 0.97 and 0.60 using T1, the best univariate classifier. Furthermore, a degradation probability for each sample, derived from the support vector machine formalism using the parameter set (T1, km, ADC), demonstrated much stronger correlations (r2 = 0.79–0.88) with direct measurements of tissue biochemical components than did even the best-performing individual MRI parameter, T1 (r2 = 0.53–0.64). These results, combined with our previous investigation of Gaussian cluster-based tissue discrimination, indicate that the combinations (T1, km) and (T1, km, ADC) may emerge as particularly useful for characterization of early cartilage degradation. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
When Critical Ethnography and Action Collide

This article explores the dilemmas that arose in the effort to combine critical ethnography and praxis in a school/university partnership project intending to restructure an urban high school. The tensions and complexities discussed arise from the desire to foster collaboration among participants in a democratic and non-Othering manner, while pursuing a goal of transforming the inequitable structures of schooling m our society. What political and ethical compromises does a critical/activist researcher face when confronted with a lack of consensus among participants? What is the effect of partially transformed structures of schooling within a wider context of a socially unjust society? The author concludes by reflecting on the roles and positionalities she co-constructed with participants during the project, as well as opportunities that emerged for participant consciousness-raising about the systemic inequities of class, race, and gender and their perpetuation in urban schools.
Observations of stellar chromospheres

Stellar chromosphere detection through H, K and metastable He lines observation, noting importance for solar physics
Comment on the Raman study of the thermal transformation of calcium hydroxide

Abstract The interpretation of a recent Raman study of the thermal transformation of Ca(OH) 2 by Chaix-Pluchery et al. (J. Solid State Chem. 53, 273, 1984), is questioned since it it based on the erroneous assumption that CaO is Raman-inactive.
Boerhaave's syndrome.

A 65-year-old male presented to the emergency room for evaluation of sudden onset of severe epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and shortness of breath. He was previously healthy and admitted to having esophagus there was extravasation of the contrast material into the mediastinum (fig. 2). During emergent surgery a 4-cm esophageal tear consumed large amounts of alcoholic beverages prior to his arrival at the hospital. Physical exam revealed a severely ill man in respiratory along the left posterolateral aspect of the esophagus (just above the diaphragm) was repaired. This case of spontaneous perforation of distress. BP was 90/50, pulse 121/min. The patient had subcutaneous emphysema over the left axilla and the base of his neck. the esophagus illustrates the syndrome originally recognized by Boerhaave in 1724 which now bears his name.
Rings of algebraic numbers in infinite extensions of {\mathbb {Q}} and elliptic curves retaining their rank

We show that elliptic curves whose Mordell–Weil groups are finitely generated over some infinite extensions of $${\mathbb {Q}}$$ , can be used to show the Diophantine undecidability of the rings of integers and bigger rings contained in some infinite extensions of rational numbers.
Magnetism without magnets

The earliest discoveries of electromagnetism are briefly recounted. The work of Volta (primary battery), Oersted (generating a magnetic field by a current) and Ampere (solenoid) is described. >
Self-Injury in Adolescents With Eating Disorders: Correlates and Provider Bias

Introduction Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is common among adolescents, and has been shown to be associated with eating disorders (ED). This study examines the prevalence of SIB and SIB screening in adolescents with ED, and associations with binge eating, purging, and diagnosis.
Perception in chess

Abstract This paper develops a technique for isolating and studying the perceptual structures that chess players perceive. Three chess players of varying strength — from master to novice — were confronted with two tasks: (1) A perception task, where the player reproduces a chess position in plain view, and (2) de Groot's (1965) short-term recall task, where the player reproduces a chess position after viewing it for 5 sec. The successive glances at the position in the perceptual task and long pauses in the memory task were used to segment the structures in the reconstruction protocol. The size and nature of these structures were then analyzed as a function of chess skill.
Familial Gastric and Pancreatic Cancers: Diagnosis and Screening

Screening for gastric and pancreatic cancers in asymptomatic individuals is not routinely practiced in the United States. While there is insufficient evidence that general population screening would reduce morbidity and/or mortality associated with these cancers, the utility of screening for individuals at increased risk warrants further study. Clinical challenges include identifying high risk individuals who would be most likely to benefit from screening and determining which screening modalities and intervals would be most effective.
Fluoroscopic decompression of the acutely dilated colon: Indications and technique

Decompression of the acutely dilated colon under fluoroscopy while using a nonendoscopic technique was first suggested by surgeons in 1975. Most radiologists are not familiar with this methodology, since the entities treated are uncommonly encountered by the general radiologist. Although endorsed by both radiologists and gastroenterologists as a preferred approach in patients with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, it is also a successful alternative to colonoscopy in patients with volvulus and distal colonic obstruction. Fluoroscopic decompression with a long rectocolonic tube is a cheaper alternative to the placement of metallic stents as a short-term or palliative methodology in providing passage for stool and gas, or for colonic cleansing. Using computed tomography as a major branch point in the decision tree in order to appropriately refer to fluoroscopy and colonoscopy has proven to be helpful. Dramatic relief of a patient's symptoms is found with this technique. We present a pictorial essay to illustrate the work-up, the indications, and the technique involved in this relatively simple procedure.
Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis

Summary Background The rising prevalence of obesity in children has been linked in part to the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks. Our aim was to examine this relation. Methods We enrolled 548 ethnically diverse schoolchildren (age 11·7 years, SD 0·8) from public schools in four Massachusetts communities, and studied them prospectively for 19 months from October, 1995, to May, 1997. We examined the association between baseline and change in consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks (the independent variables), and difference in measures of obesity, with linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for potentially confounding variables and clustering of results within schools. Findings For each additional serving of sugar-sweetened drink consumed, both body mass index (BMI) (mean 0·24 kg/m 2 ; 95% CI 0·10–0·39; p=0·03) and frequency of obesity (odds ratio 1·60; 95% CI 1·14–2·24; p=0·02) increased after adjustment for anthropometric, demographic, dietary, and lifestyle variables. Baseline consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks was also independently associated with change in BMI (mean 0·18 kg/m 2 for each daily serving; 95% CI 0·09–0·27; p=0·02). Interpretation Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks is associated with obesity in children.
CD4(+) T lymphocytes from calves immunized with Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1 (MSP1), a heteromeric complex of MSP1a and MSP1b, preferentially recognize the MSP1a carboxyl terminus that is conserved among strains.

Native major surface protein 1 (MSP1) of the ehrlichial pathogen Anaplasma marginale induces protective immunity in calves challenged with homologous and heterologous strains. MSP1 is a heteromeric complex of a single MSP1a protein covalently associated with MSP1b polypeptides, of which at least two (designated MSP1F1 and MSP1F3) in the Florida strain are expressed. Immunization with recombinant MSP1a and MSP1b alone or in combination fails to provide protection. The protective immunity in calves immunized with native MSP1 is associated with the development of opsonizing and neutralizing antibodies, but CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses have not been evaluated. CD4+ T lymphocytes participate in protective immunity to ehrlichial pathogens through production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), which promotes switching to high-affinity immunoglobulin G (IgG) and activation of phagocytic cells to produce nitric oxide. Thus, an effective vaccine for A. marginale and related organisms should contain both T- and B-lymphocyte epitopes that induce a strong memory response that can be recalled upon challenge with homologous and heterologous strains. This study was designed to determine the relative contributions of MSP1a and MSP1b proteins, which contain both variant and conserved amino acid sequences, in stimulating memory CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses in calves immunized with native MSP1. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T-cell lines from MSP1-immunized calves proliferated vigorously in response to the immunizing strain (Florida) and heterologous strains of A. marginale. The conserved MSP1-specific response was preferentially directed to the carboxyl-terminal region of MSP1a, which stimulated high levels of IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells. In contrast, there was either weak or no recognition of MSP1b proteins. Paradoxically, all calves developed high titers of IgG antibodies to both MSP1a and MSP1b polypeptides. These findings suggest that in calves immunized with MSP1 heteromeric complex, MSP1a-specific T lymphocytes may provide help to MSP1b-specific B lymphocytes. The data provide a basis for determining whether selected MSP1a CD4+ T-lymphocyte epitopes and selected MSP1a and MSP1b B-lymphocyte epitopes presented on the same molecule can stimulate a protective immune response.
A rapid pneumococcal serotyping system based on monoclonal antibodies and PCR

Streptococcus pneumoniae expresses at least 91 different polysaccharide (PS) capsules and the currently available serotyping methods are tedious to perform. We have been developing a rapid pneumococcal serotyping assay (named the ‘multibead assay’) based on the capacity of pneumococcal lysates to inhibit the ability of 24 different anti-capsule antibodies to bind to latex beads coated with 24 different PSs (serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9N, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 23F, 2, 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 17F, 20, 22F and 33F). Because the polyclonal antibodies used for 10 serotypes (2, 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 17F, 20, 22F and 33F) had limited serotype specificity, we replaced them with monoclonal antibodies for the 10 serotypes. To extend the serotype coverage beyond the 24 serotypes, we have adapted multiplexed PCR for five additional serotypes (15A, 15C, 16F, 35B and 38) to be useful with the pneumococcal lysates prepared for the multibead assay. We then validated the combined assay with 157 clinical isolates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and found that the new combined assay produced results that are concordant with the quellung reaction. The combined assay is robust and could be used to rapidly identify the serotypes of the majority of pneumococci (∼90 %). In addition, the assay validation study suggests the presence of serological subtypes within serotype 11A.
American Vernacular Architecture

A chapter for an “advances” volume could begin with a brief outline of the subject before examining the leading, cutting-edge works. The scope of American vernacular architectural studies, however, needs consider able explanation, because the range of topics now considered “vernacular” has changed in the last 10 years, causing much restructuring in the field. The idea of a succinct or unified subject has been strained by the inclusion of large unwieldy new areas such as multiunit and mass-produced housing, commercial and industrial architecture, and urban structures of all periods and types (see Figures 1–3). These new areas promise to challenge the central themes and the existing agenda within this loosely organized discipline. Consequently, defining the scope of American vernacular architecture studies takes on greater importance for developing an idea of “advances” for this domain of inquiry.
A theoretical study of diethyl ketone

Abstract The IR spectrum of diethyl ketone has been computed starting with the force constants (both diagonal and off-diagonal elements) obtained by normal coordinate analysis of acetone and a normal paraffin. The position of the carbonyl frequency, νCO, is accurately computed in the gas phase. The molecule has then been deformed (G-matrix variation) and the spectrum computed. It is concluded that purely geometric effects can shift the νCO by sizable amounts, upwards of 12 cm−1. In other calculations the maximum amount of steric effect on the carbonyl vibration has been estimated to be almost 30 cm−1. This estimate has been made by using only the diagonal elements of the F-matrix assuming that the off-diagonal elements represent non-bonded interactions. This is a reasonable assumption. It has been concluded that the carbonyl stretching frequency must be used with extreme caution as a model for carbonium ion reactions. In particular the position of νCO is determined by numerous factors other than just simple angle strain.