cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The oxidative DNA lesions 8,5′‐cyclopurines accumulate with aging in a tissue‐specific manner

Accumulation of DNA damage is implicated in aging. This is supported by the fact that inherited defects in DNA repair can cause accelerated aging of tissues. However, clear-cut evidence for DNA damage accumulation in old age is lacking. Numerous studies report measurement of DNA damage in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from tissues of young and old organisms, with variable outcomes. Variability results from genetic differences between specimens or the instability of some DNA lesions. To control these variables and test the hypothesis that elderly organisms have more oxidative DNA damage than young organisms, we measured 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides (cPu), which are relatively stable, in tissues of young and old wild-type and congenic progeroid mice. We found that cPu accumulate spontaneously in the nuclear DNA of wild-type mice with age and to a greater extent in DNA repair-deficient progeroid mice, with a similar tissue-specific pattern (liver > kidney > brain). These data, generated under conditions where genetic and environmental variables are controlled, provide strong evidence that DNA repair mechanisms are inadequate to clear endogenous lesions over the lifespan of mammals. The similar, although exaggerated, results obtained from progeroid, DNA repair-deficient mice and old normal mice support the conclusion that DNA damage accumulates with, and likely contributes to, aging.
Optimization of dendritic cell maturation and gene transfer by recombinant adenovirus.

Dendritic cells (DC) have vast potential for immunotherapy. Transferring therapeutic genes to DC may enhance their inherent T cell-stimulatory capacity. Recombinant adenovirus is the most efficient vehicle for DC gene transfer and can alone mature DC. We sought to define the parameters of adenovirus infection of murine bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and the concomitant impact on BMDC maturation. The efficiency of adenoviral gene transfer to DC depended on the mouse strain, the organ source of DC, and the level of DC maturation. C57BL/6 BMDC consistently had higher transgene expression than BALB/c DC. While BMDC had considerable GFP expression after AdGFP infection, adenovirus was relatively ineffective in accomplishing transgene expression in freshly isolated hepatic or splenic DC. BMDC that were relatively immature because of a shorter duration of culture had higher transgene expression after infection. Nevertheless, pretreatment of DC with exogenous stimulants such as LPS or TNF-α resulted in higher transgene expression. Maturation of BMDC depended only on virus entry but not viral gene or transgene expression. Therefore, DC maturation was disproportionately high compared to the percentage of DC that actually expressed the adenoviral transgene. Maturation by adenovirus was only seen in BMDC, but not in liver or splenic DC, and was more pronounced in DC from later in culture (day 12 versus day 6). There was a dose-response relationship, up to a threshold dose, between adenovirus infection and both DC maturation and enhancement of DC activation of antigen-specific T cells. Our findings underscore the importance of optimizing gene transfer to DC in designing strategies for immunotherapy.
A Behavioral Life-Cycle Approach to Understanding the Wealth Effect

The somewhat surprising strength in consumer spending in recent years has focused renewed attention on the much-debated wealth effect, the notion that when individuals feel wealthier, they consume more. This study utilizes survey data to examine the wealth effect within the context of the behavioral life-cycle model of savings. The results indicate that the likelihood of households spending more when their assets increase in value decreases with the portion of assets held in home equity. This unexpected finding is due to homeowners responding to the perceived wealth gain from increased home values by cashing out their equity. The likelihood increases with the portion of assets held in stock outside of retirement accounts, but is not significantly related to the portion of assets held in stock overall. Moreover, households that have a full-time income earner, are homeowners, have more education, have a younger household head, or expect economic growth, are more likely to report a wealth effect. Households that utilize savings “rules of thumb” are less likely to report a wealth effect. These results can be used to improve the wealth effect specification in consumer demand models and assist firms to target consumer markets.
Multidisciplinary Collaboration Methodology for Smart Perception System-on-a-Chip (SoC)

Smart Perception System-on-a-Chip (i>SoC) i>systems that sense, receive, transmit, and process signals are the i>eyes and ears in the millennium's need of information fusion and embedded intelligence. For intelligent fusion, the process of storing and analyzing the signals acquired from these i>smart perception systems involves the interoperability of mixed-signal systems. Embedded intelligence involves the collaborative blending of mixed-signal systems with the multidisciplinary areas of mixed-technology domains (electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, biochemical) and mixed-concept performance (electrical, control, digital signal processing). Collaboration of mixed-signal design differences, impose robust design challenges for multidisciplinary design methodology. Integrating application-specific signal processor cores, memory, analog and i>MEMs functions on the same monolithic chip of silicon involves unique collaborative design methodology in both the macro and micro arenas. Macro collaborative automation tools reflecting rapid prototyping techniques, enabling teams of designers to work together from remote sites is today's realization. Micro collaborative approaches in i>SoC submicron manufacturing capability, requires advances in interoperability simulation technology, hardware description languages, design analysis tools, model availability and accuracy, physical design tools, design synthesis tools, pre-developed and tested libraries of intellectual property, design advisors and test generators is tomorrow's future. At present, no micro collaborative design environment is capable of this methodology. Establishment of cross-tool interoperability design interchange standards that can bridge the gap between future and present collaborative design methodology and reduce the cost of i>SoC design and design time is required.
Interpreting bathyphotometer signals

This study will look at the digital signal obtained from various bathyphotometers employing either photomultiplier tube (PMT) or photodiode detectors. The U.S. Navy standard for measuring vertical distributions of bioluminescence is the High Intake Defined Excitation (HIDEX) bathyphotometer. Bioluminescence signals of the various bathyphotometers will be investigated based on response as compared to HIDEX-2. In recent years, advances in optical instrumentation have led to the development of more compact and more accurate photo-detectors. This has obvious implications in the measurement of bioluminescence, and it is important to ask whether these technologies will increase the capabilities of bathyphotometers. A well-designed bathyphotometer not only will consist of an accurate photodetector but also will take into account issues of temporal and spatial variability of the bioluminescent phenomenon. This is best accomplished by optimizing flow rate in relation to chamber volume while providing adequate stimulation to the organisms.
How Pleasure Works: The New Science of Why We Like What We Like

The thought of sex with a virgin is intensely arousing for many men. The average American spends more than four hours a day watching television. Abstract art can sell for millions of dollars. People slow their cars to look at gory accidents, and go to movies that make them cry. Pleasure is anything but straightforward. Our desires, attractions, and tastes take us beyond the symmetry of a beautiful face, the sugar and fat in food, or the prettiness of a painting. In How Pleasure Works, Yale University psychologist Paul Bloom draws on groundbreaking research to unveil the deeper workings of why we desire what we desire. Refuting the longstanding explanation of pleasure as a simple sensory response, Bloom shows us that pleasure is grounded in our beliefs about the deeper nature or essence of a given thing. This is why we want the real Rolex and not the knockoff, the real Picasso and not the fake, the twin we have fallen in love with and not her identical sister. In this fascinating and witty account, Bloom draws on child development, philosophy, neuroscience, and behavioral economics in order to address pleasures noble and seamy, highbrow and lowbrow. Along the way, he gives us unprecedented insights into a realm of human psychology that until now has only been partially understood.
An Overview of the Lejeuneaceae in Australia

As currently understood, the Lejeuneaceae flora of Australia consists of 122 species in 27 genera. The family occurs almost exclusively in rainforested areas along the eastern coast of the continent. Based on species composition, three floristic regions are recognized: tropical, subtropical and temperate. The tropical region contains 80 percent of the total number of Lejeuneaceae found in Australia, the subtropical region contains 45 percent, and the temperate region only 15 percent of the total flora. The affinities of the Lejeuneaceae in the tropical and subtropical regions are strongest with the Asian flora, and those of the temperate region are strongest with the New Zealand flora. The diversity of the Lejeuneaceae flora in Australia is higher than might be expected for a non-equatorial region. This diversity may result from the wide variety of rainforest habitats that are available along both latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. The temperate flora is probably derived from that which existed in Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and probably southern South America prior to the breakup of Gondwanaland. The modern tropical flora is probably a mixture of species that were part of the original northern Gondwanan flora and those that have invaded more recently.
COMPLEMENT-FIXATION TITERS IN EXPERIMENTAL COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN RABBITS

Brosbe, Edwin A. (Veterans Administration Hospital, Long Beach, Calif.), Jewell N. Kietzman, and Nathaniel B. Kurnick. Complement-fixation titers in experimental coccidioidomycosis. J. Bacteriol. 88: 233–241. 1964.—The course of experimental coccicioidomycosis in rabbits was followed with complement-fixation (CF) tests. Uniformity of complement-fixing antibody response to large infective doses was observed, and levels as high as 1:4,096 in the New Zealand albino and 1:16,384 in the Dutch rabbit were attained. Mortality reflected the size of the inoculum rather than the level of CF titer. Animals receiving additional challenges displayed no marked elevation in titer, although high titers persisted. Nitrogen mustard, for the most part, did not influence the CF titer. Images
Large-amplitude Moho reflections (SmS) from Landers aftershocks, southern California

Closely spaced aftershocks of the 28 June 1992 Landers earthquake (M_w 7.3) were used to make event record sections that show the transverse components of S and SmS arrivals at a distance of 70 to 170 km. For the data recorded toward the north in the Mojave desert, large SmS phases are observed with amplitudes 2 to 5 times greater than the direct S. For similar distances to the south, the SmS arrival is comparable to or smaller than the S. Comparisons to synthetic seismograms indicate that the large-amplitude SmS phases are produced by the simple crustal structure of the Mojave desert that allows a large Moho reflection. In contrast, the more complex geologic structure to the south partitions the seismic energy into a more complicated set of seismic phases, so that the Moho reflection is diminished in amplitude. The large SmS phases observed in the Mojave enhance the overall ground motions by a factor of 2 to 3. This suggests that when damaging earthquakes occur in other regions of simple crustal structures, Moho reflections will produce amplified strong motions at distance ranges around 100 km depending on the local structure.
Anchoring and synaptic stability of PSD-95 is driven by ephrin-B3

Organization of signaling complexes at excitatory synapses by membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins regulates synapse development, plasticity, senescence and disease. Post-translational modification of MAGUK family proteins can drive their membrane localization, yet it is unclear how these intracellular proteins are targeted to sites of synaptic contact. Here we show using super-resolution imaging, biochemical approaches and in vivo models that the trans-synaptic organizing protein ephrin-B3 controls the synaptic localization and stability of PSD-95 and links these events to changes in neuronal activity via negative regulation of a newly identified mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent phosphorylation site on ephrin-B3, Ser332. Unphosphorylated ephrin-B3 was enriched at synapses, and interacted directly with and stabilized PSD-95 at synapses. Activity-induced phosphorylation of Ser332 dispersed ephrin-B3 from synapses, prevented the interaction with PSD-95 and enhanced the turnover of PSD-95. Thus, ephrin-B3 specifies the synaptic localization of PSD-95 and likely links the synaptic stability of PSD-95 to changes in neuronal activity.
Judgments of photographs vs. field observations in studies of perception and judgment of the visual environment

Abstract The use of photographs as surrogates for field observations is common in studies of perception and judgment of the visual environment despite theoretically important differences between photographs and three-dimensional scenes. The few available empirical studies of the validity of photographs as representations of the visual environment have methodological weaknesses. We describe a method for investigating the representativeness of photographs that differs from previous approaches in three important respects. First, individual subjects rather than group averages are analyzed. Second, multiple judgments are obtained so that the relations among judgments of photographs can be compared with the environment. Third, a ‘lens model equation’ analysis is used to examine relations among systematic components of variation in judgments. An illustrative study of visual air quality judgments is presented. It was found that, in the case of judgments of visual air quality, photographs provide a good representation of the visual environment.
Long-term community reintegration: concepts, outcomes and dilemmas in the case of a military service member with a spinal cord injury.

AbstractPurpose: Despite growing knowledge about medical and functional recovery in clinical settings, the long-term issue of community reintegration with a spinal cord injury (SCI) in the military context remains virtually unexamined. Thus, the U.S. Department of Defense created the SCI Qualitative Research Program to advance knowledge about service members’ reintegration into civilian life. The purpose of this paper is to better characterize the long-term outcomes related to the community participation experienced and desired vis-a-vis a case study of a military veteran who suffered a service-related traumatic SCI. Methods: An in-depth anthropological interview was used with Jake, a 28-year old marine with a service-related C5/C6 SCI. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings: Three significant themes were identified: opportunities for better engaging socially meaningful others may not be adequately included in so-called “client-centered” interventions; how management of the social self in int...
A hybrid genetic algorithm for efficient parameter estimation of large kinetic models

Abstract The development of predictive models is a time consuming, knowledge intensive, iterative process where an approximate model is proposed to explain experimental data, the model parameters that best fit the data are determined and the model is subsequently refined to improve its predictive capabilities. Ascertaining the validity of the proposed model is based upon how thoroughly the parameter search has been conducted in the allowable range. The determination of the optimal model parameters is complicated by the complexity/non-linearity of the model, potentially large number of equations and parameters, poor quality of the data, and lack of tight bounds for the parameter ranges. In this paper, we will critically evaluate a hybrid search procedure that employs a genetic algorithm for identifying promising regions of the solution space followed by the use of an optimizer to search locally in the identified regions. It has been found that this procedure is capable of identifying solutions that are essentially equivalent to the global optimum reported by a state-of-the-art global optimizer but much faster. A 13 parameter model that results in 60 differential-algebraic equations for propane aromatization on a zeolite catalyst is proposed as a more challenging test case to validate this algorithm. This hybrid technique has been able to locate multiple solutions that are nearly as good with respect to the “sum of squares” error criterion, but imply significantly different physical situations.
Diabetic vascular disease and the potential role of macrophage glucose metabolism

Cardiovascular complications remain the leading cause of mortality in adult human subjects with diabetes. Hyperglycemia has long been hypothesized to explain some of the effects of diabetes on cardiovascular complications caused by atherosclerosis, but a clear causative role for hyperglycemia has not been established. Recent studies in animal models indicate that glucose may play a role in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis by promoting pro-inflammatory responses in myeloid cells, which are key cell types in atherosclerosis. For example, monocytes and macrophages often take on a more pro-inflammatory phenotype in the setting of diabetes. Moreover, in-vitro studies demonstrate a connection between pro-inflammatory molecules and glucose metabolism in macrophages and dendritic cells. This review concerns the role of glucose metabolism in inflammatory macrophages, and their potential role in diabetic vascular disease. Further in-vivo studies, focusing on myeloid-specific effects of glucose metabolism as it relates to atherosclerosis, are needed to increase our understanding of the relationship between diabetes, myeloid cells, and cardiovascular disease.
1/f noise and effort on implicit measures of bias.

Abstract Phenomena that vary over time can often be represented as a complex waveform. Fourier analysis decomposes this complex wave into a set of sinusoidal component waves. In some phenomena, the amplitude of these waves varies in inverse relation to frequency. This pattern has been called 1/f noise and, unlike white noise, it reflects nonrandom variation. Latencies in simple computer tasks typically reveal 1/f noise, but the magnitude of the noise decreases as tasks become more challenging. The current work hypothesizes a correspondence between 1/f noise and effort, leading to the prediction that increasing effort will reduce 1/f noise. In 2 studies, the author examined the relationship between an individual's attempts to avoid bias (measured in Study 1, manipulated in Study 2) and 1/f noise in implicit measures of stereotyping and prejudice. In each study, participants who made an effort to modulate the use of racial information showed less 1/f noise than did participants who made less effort. The potential value of this analytic approach to social psychology is discussed.
CD8+ T Cells Participate in the Memory Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The contribution of CD8(+) T cells to the control of tuberculosis has been studied primarily during acute infection in mouse models. Memory or recall responses in tuberculosis are less well characterized, particularly with respect to the CD8 T-cell subset. In fact, there are published reports that CD8(+) T cells do not participate in the memory immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We examined the CD8(+) T-cell memory and local recall response to M. tuberculosis. To establish a memory immunity model, C57BL/6 mice were infected with M. tuberculosis, followed by treatment with anti-mycobacterial drugs and prolonged rest. The lungs of memory immune mice contained CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells with the cell surface phenotype characteristic of memory cells (CD69(low) CD25(low) CD44(high)). At 1 week postchallenge with M. tuberculosis via aerosol, > or =30% of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lungs of immune mice expressed the activation marker CD69 and could be restimulated to produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). In contrast, <6% of T cells in the lungs of naive challenged mice were CD69(+) at 1 week postchallenge, and IFN-gamma production was not observed at this time point. CD8(+) T cells from the lungs of both naive and memory mice after challenge were cytotoxic toward M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Our data indicate that memory and recall immunity to M. tuberculosis is comprised of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and that there is a rapid response of both subsets in the lungs following challenge.
Multi‐fluid simulations of the magnetosphere: The identification of the geopause and its variation with IMF

A new multi-fluid global treatment is presented that separately tracks the solar wind and ionospheric plasmas in the magnetosphere. The model is used to identify the density and pressure geopauses, i.e. the boundaries where the contributions to the magnetospheric density or pressure from the ionosphere equals that from the solar wind. The density geopause is primarily restricted to the inner magnetosphere and central lobes for northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) but during southward IMF it can extend into middle magnetosphere due to enhanced ionospheric outflow and convection. This variation is consistent with recent statistical studies that show that the plasma sheet density is correlated with the solar wind density, particularly during northward IMF.
Investigating the mathematical equivalence of written and enacted middle school Standards-based curricula: Focus on rational numbers

Abstract Although the question of whether written curricula are implemented according to the intentions of curriculum developers has already spurred much research, current methods for documenting curricular implementation seem to be missing a critical piece: the mathematics. To add a mathematical perspective to the discussion of the admittedly controversial and conceptually complex issue of “fidelity of curricular implementation,” this study proposes a method for investigating fidelity that deals with the question of mathematical equivalence of written curricula and their enactments in the classroom. The method rests on the assumption that the curricula, both written and enacted, can be treated as discourses, and that one of the ways to judge their mathematical equivalence is to compare the mathematical objects around which these discourses evolve. As an illustration for how the method works, I analyzed a part of the written Connected Mathematics Project (CMP) curriculum and its enactment in a sixth grade classroom learning about fractions. This analysis showed that the written and enacted versions of the central mathematical objects of the two curricula, rational numbers, differed in almost every aspect: in their ontology, in the relative prominence of their realizations (i.e., symbols, icons and concrete objects) and in the importance attributed to their different properties. These differences may have an impact on the nature of students’ mathematical competence.
Using Respiration Rates and Stable Carbon Isotopes to Monitor the Biodegradation of Orimulsion by Marine Benthic Bacteria

Carbon dioxide evolution rates and the δ13C of produced CO2 were measured in slurry experiments to determine the potential for biodegradation of Orimulsion, a new fuel consisting of 70% Cerro Negro...
A model optimizing the port-hinterland logistics of containers: The case of the Campania region in Southern Italy

This article presents an optimization model for the economic analysis and strategic planning of port-hinterland container logistics systems. The model was employed to investigate the inland multimodal distribution of import/export containers handled at the seaports located in the Campania region of Southern Italy. The loading units can transit through the regional off-dock intermodal and logistic facilities called ‘interports’, as well as through extra-regional locations which have a railway terminal, before reaching the final inland destinations or the seaports. The model mainly aims at highlighting and measuring possible advantages arising both from shifting the seaport exit/entry of containers to regional interports, and from employing intermodal solutions for inland distribution. The programming problem minimizes the sum of all container-related generalized logistic costs throughout the entire multimodal port-hinterland network. The logistic costs include transportation costs (by road and railway), terminal handling and storage costs, customs control costs, in-transit inventory holding costs and container leasing costs. A numerical prototype has been formulated and solved using a high-level programming language for large-scale mathematical optimization problems. The results demonstrate how the competitiveness of the regional container seaport cluster can be boosted by an interport-based extended gateway system with adequate customs facilities and improved railway connections.
John Haiman, Talk is cheap: Sarcasm, alienation, and the evolution of language. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. ix, 220. Hb $40.00, pb $18.95.

In this “idiosyncratic personal essay,” Haiman applies his formidable erudition and powers of social observation to questions that North American linguists in general are, unfortunately, content to ignore: the evolutionary origins and historical development of metalanguage, i.e. the property of language that allows us to say “that which is not,” including something other than what we “really” mean. The interdisciplinary nature of this project – engaging evolutionary biology, anthropology, and psychology, in addition to virtually all the traditional subfields of formal/theoretical linguistics – makes it an especially pioneering work, and represents a theoretical overture which, I hope, other linguists and social scientists of all stripes will follow up.
Zinc induces a Src family kinase-mediated up-regulation of NMDA receptor activity and excitotoxicity

Zinc is coreleased with glutamate from excitatory nerve terminals throughout the central nervous system and acutely inhibits N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation. Here we report that cultured murine cortical neurons briefly exposed to sublethal concentrations of zinc developed increased intracellular free Na(+), phosphorylation of Src kinase at tyrosine 220, and tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor 2A/2B subunits, in a fashion sensitive to the Src family kinase inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, PP2. Functionally, this zinc exposure produced a delayed increase in NMDA receptor current in perforated patch but not conventional whole-cell recordings, as well as an increase in NMDA receptor-mediated cell death. These observations suggest that the effect of synaptically released zinc on neuronal NMDA receptors may be biphasic: acute block, followed by Src family kinase-mediated up-regulation of NMDA receptor activity and cytotoxicity.
Factors influencing the long-term outcome of mandibular reconstruction.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to understand the association of 30 candidate variables with the outcome of mandibular reconstruction. Patients and Methods: Seventy cases of mandibular reconstruction performed between 1976 and 1991 were identified. Medical records were reviewed for all patients. Thirty variables, including patient factors, preoperative preparation, and intraoperative and postoperative findings were determined for each patient. Bone graft outcome was evaluated in 2 ways: 1) Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression models were used to determine the association between the clinical parameters and the success of the bone graft at 1 year and 2) proportional hazard regression models were then used to identify the predictors of bone graft survival time from the 30 chosen variables. Results: Multivariate analysis determined that greater blood loss during the procedure (P =.018) and the presence of postoperative recipient site complications (P =.010) were significantly associated with bone graft failure during the first year. The diagnosis of malignant disease (P =.006), the use of sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) flaps for soft tissue augmentation (P <.001), longer duration of suction drainage (P =.001), and the presence of postoperative recipient site complications (P =.013) were found to be significant predictors of graft survival time in the proportional hazard regression model. Conclusions: The analysis of parameters assciated with bone graft outcome may aid in surgical decision making and help improve the likelihood of a successful result in the future. © 2000 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
The development and intellectual structure of continuous auditing research

The advances and continuous development of technology have been identified as significant influences on the accounting profession (AICPA, 1998). In the last twenty years, both academia and the accounting profession have been giving much attention to the demand and opportunity for audits to be performed automatically, continuously and in nearly real time. This paper presents a comprehensive review of continuous auditing research by providing an overview of the emergence and growth of the continuous auditing literature and classifying the extant continuous auditing research on the basis of four research characteristics indicated by a newly developed research taxonomy.
British Labour and Roosevelt's New Deal: The Response of the Left and the Unions

There are two prevailing views concerning Labour's response to the New Deal. Labour is said to have been either uninterested in the New Deal or else sharply divided, with sympathetic trade unions on the Right, and critical or even hostile socialists on the Left. This discussion will deal with each of these views, but it will focus on the second, which grew out of the attack on unions by the Left in the 1930s. Unions were attacked at that time not only for their defense of capitalist democracies and for their commitment to parliamentary procedures, but also for their willingness to consider short-term remedies in connection with the problem of unemployment; their interest in remedies proposed by such middle-of-the-road organizations as the Council of Action or the Next Five Years Group; and, not least, for their enthusiastic response to the New Deal. Repeatedly, unions were challenged to explain,if the Trades Union Congress would have something further to say about the situation in America under Roosevelt's National Recovery Plan. At their Annual Congress at Brighton in September they gave their blessing to the scheme and urged the British Government to follow the American lead.In doing this, they, perhaps not designedly, but none the less surely, propagated among Trade Unionists the idea that Capitalism could be restored to a prosperous and stable condition. It was … a great disservice to the cause of working-class freedom in this and other lands.
Association patterns in (HF)(m)(H2O)(n) (m + n = 2-8) clusters.

In an attempt to understand the phase behavior of aqueous hydrogen fluoride, the clustering in the mixture is investigated at the molecular level. The study is performed at the mPW1B95/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Several previous studies attempted to describe the dissociation of HF in water, but in this investigation, the focus is only on the association patterns that are present in this binary mixture. A total of 214 optimized geometries of (HF) n (H 2 O) m clusters, with m + n as high as 8, were investigated. For each cluster combination, several different conformations are investigated, and the preferred conformations are presented. Using multiple linear regressions, the average strengths of the four possible H-bonding interactions are obtained. The strongest H-bond interaction is reported to be the H 2 O...H-F interaction. The most probable distributions of mixed clusters as a function of composition are also deduced. It is found that the larger (HF) n (H 2 O) m clusters are favored both energetically and entropically compared to the ones that are of size m + n < 3. Also, the clusters with equimolar contributions of HF and H 2 O are found to have the strongest interactions.
Stage IV malignant melanoma. Psychosocial issues

The diagnosis of Stage IV malignant melanoma presents a difficult challenge for the patient with cancer, family, and health care providers. All must deal with a variety of psychosocial issues that range from the existential to the pragmatic. In the past decade an evolution in health care reimbursement methods has occurred, resulting in decreased length of stay in acute care facilities. It is at the point of hospitalization that patients' increasing needs most often become apparent. Physicians, nurses, and hospital social workers face the dilemma of providing care and support services in the reality of shrinking resources brought about by prospective payment, managed care, and cost containment policies. Health care delivery systems strive to meet the needs of patients with cancer through case management methods that link patients with a wide variety of medical and community resources. A case history is presented to demonstrate the need for collaboration among the members of the health care community in order to meet patient and family psychosocial needs.
Staff Development for the Youth Development Professionalm A Critical Framework for Understanding the Work

Despite escalating interest in positive youth development, there is little agreement on what comprises the actual “work” of youth development and even less on the role of staff development for youth workers. To strengthen professional practice and hence the quality of youth development programs, an understanding must be developed of the distinguishing features or the essential elements of positive youth development work and the ways in which these elements can best be communicated to the field through staff development. This article suggests a framework for critical reflection on practices that encourage community-based youth workers to explore and apply the lessons of positive youth development in their programs. The article discusses the experience of facilitating adult learning within this curriculum, the responses of participants, and the implications for the youth development field.
On the Kinematics of Extraplanar Gas

A review of the observational constraints and theoretical models of extra-planar rotation (lagging halos) is presented. It is becoming clear that lagging halos, with vertical gradients in rotation speeds ranging from dv Θ / dz = −8to − 60km s −1 kpc −1 , are a ubiquitous phenomenon. The observational data so far does not allow one to say definitively whether this number changes with radius or with vertical height in a galaxy, but it is pointed out that such measurements, along with constraints on the presence of radial flows, will provide a crucial test that may allow one to distinguish between the different physical models that produce lagging halos. Some challenges in kinematically distinguishing between Galactic circulation and extragalactic accretion are also discussed.
ANISOTROPY AND ANOMALOUS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF JOSEPHSON LOWER CRITICAL FIELD IN GRAIN-ORIENTED BI-PB-SR-CA-CU-O SUPERCONDUCTOR

Abstract A dense and grain-oriented Bi 0.85 Pb 0.15 Sr 0.8 CaCu 1.4 O y superconductor was prepared by hot-pressing. The lower critical field ( H c1 ) and Josephson lower critical field ( H c1J ) due to the weak link between grains were measured from initial magnetization curves. Anisotropy in H c1J was observed below 77 K. The value of H c1J and H c1 rapidly increased below 20 and 40 K, respectively.
[η5-2,3-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dicarba-nido-hexaborane(2−)]chlorido(N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine)dysprosium(III)

The structure of the title compound, [Dy(C8H22B4Si2)Cl(C6H16N2)], reveals that a center of symmetry exists within the dimeric half-sandwich units. Within each half-sandwich, the DyIII ion is coordinated by the five-membered ring of the carborane, tetramethylethyl­enediamine and the chloride ion.
Of Treasures and Revelations: Mobility and the Multiple Lives of the Exhibition ‘The Arts in Latin America, 1492–1820.’ A Conversation with the Curators

Between September 2006 and October 2007 the exhibition ‘The Arts in Latin America, 1492–1820’ began its journey at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, traveled to the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, ...
Esophageal function in normal subjects and patients with either scleroderma (SCL) or ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) assessed through multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII)

Esophageal function in normal subjects and patients with either scleroderma (SCL) or ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) assessed through multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII)
Wittgenstein's notebooks, 1914–1916

The thesis of the author's article, ‘Wittgenstein and the Naming Relation’ (Inquiry, Vol. 7 (1964), No. 4), was that Wittgenstein solved some early problems he faced by developing a picture theory of language. This solution assumed that the units of language are words which are names of simple objects. The present article traces the development of this solution through the Notebooks, 1914–1916. This serves to substantiate another thesis of the earlier article, that Wittgenstein's work from the Tractatus to The Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics was all of one piece and that there is a continuous line of development from the earliest work through all of the Wittgensteinian material which has been published.
Accumulation of salt-rich dust from Owens Lake playa in nearby alluvial soils

Over the last 100 years, Owens Lake playa in eastern California has been one of the largest point sources of PM-10 dust in the United States. Here we evaluate the spatial impact of the salt-rich playa dust on the alluvial piedmont soils of Owens Valley with the expectation that those nearest the playa will have the highest concentrations of playa-derived salts. We sampled soils of similar age on alluvial fans derived from Sierra Nevada granites along the valley axis to determine soluble salt and specific ion concentrations. Salt concentrations are indeed highest in those soils most proximate to the playa, with higher levels of sodium and elevated pH. However, one site directly north of the playa has significantly higher salt concentrations as measured by electrical conductivity (EC) compared to all other soils sampled, an average pH of about 10 and a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) greater than 15, suggesting a strong impact of local dust as a result of local topography and wind patterns. Although EC, pH, and SAR of other sampled soils fall into normal ranges for sandy granitic soils in a semi-arid climate, the soils closer to the playa show greater salt and sodium impact than those further away. The strong local impact of playa salts and the patterns of salt contribution away from the playa suggest a spatial effect of dust on the alluvial soils that will grow both in intensity of impact and in distance from the playa if dust fluxes remain at recent levels.
Ventricular fluid production and absorption in Squalus acanthias.

Abstract 1. 1. Ventricular fluid (VF) production rates were measured by ventricular perfusion in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias , and found to be about 0·002 ml/min. 2. 2. Bulk absorption was investigated both by determining pressure vs flow relationship and by studying the anatomical pathways involved. 3. 3. The average resistance to bulk absorption was found to be about 250 cm H 2 O-min/ml. 4. 4. Cranial nerves and the spinal canal seem to be major pathways of bulk VF absorption.
Anchoring both ends of the chromophore in the side-chain nonlinear optical polymer for improved thermal stability

We report our study of a second-order nonlinear optical polymer in which the chromophores were first attached at one end to the polymer backbone as side chains and then crosslinked at the other end during electric field poling and thermal curing. The corona poled polymer films showed a sizable second-harmonic generation coefficient d 33 of 60 pm/V at 1.064 micrometers fundamental wavelength. The cured polymer film showed long-term stable nonlinearity from room temperature to 90 $DEGC. Improved thermal stability at 125 $DEGC was also obtained. A simple and quick method for measuring the short-term thermal stability of nonlinearity is presented.
Childhood Maltreatment, Subsequent Antisocial Behavior, and the Role of Monoamine Oxidase A Genotype

BACKGROUND: A functional promoter polymorphism in monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) has been implicated as a moderating factor in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and later adolescent and adult antisocial behavior. Despite wide interest in this hypothesis, results remain mixed from the few attempts at replication. METHODS: Regression-based analyses were conducted to test for a genotype-environment interaction using self-reported physical abuse and MAOA genotype to predict later antisocial behavior and arrests for violence by participants in the National Youth Survey Family Study. We also examined the interaction using a measure of violent victimization. The analysis sample included 277 Caucasian male respondents, aged 11-15 in 1976, who provided buccal swab DNA samples and who were successfully genotyped for the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in the MAOA promoter using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Maltreatment by a parent during adolescence was a risk factor for adolescent and adult antisocial and violence related behavioral problems. Tests for the main effect of MAOA and a MAOA-maltreatment interaction were nonsignificant. Similar results were obtained using the measure of adolescent violent victimization. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this general population sample could not confirm the hypothesis that MAOA moderates the relationship between adolescent maltreatment and adolescent or adult antisocial behavior. Language: en
Hadron structure in a simple model of quark/nuclear matter

We study a simple model for one-dimensional hadron matter with many of the essential features needed for examining the transition from nuclear to quark matter and the limitations of models based upon hadron rather than quark degrees of freedom. The dynamics are generated entirely by the quark confining force and exchange symmetry. Using Monte Carlo techniques, the ground-state energy, single-quark momentum distribution, and quark correlation function are calculated for uniform matter as a function of density. The quark confinement scale in the medium increases substantially with increasing density. This change is evident in the correlation function and momentum distribution, in qualitative agreement with the changes observed in deep-inelastic lepton scattering. Nevertheless, the ground-state energy is smooth throughout the transition to quark matter and is described remarkably well by an effective hadron theory based on a phenomenological hadron-hadron potential.
Acid-Catalyzed Solvolysis of CMP-N-Acetyl Neuraminate: Evidence for a Sialyl Cation with a Finite Lifetime

An investigation of the mechanism of solvolysis of CMP-N-acetyl neuraminate (CMP-NeuAc) is presented that includes synthesis of a family of isotopically labeled CMP-NeuAc's, use of new methodology ...
Use of multiple regression analysis to develop equations for predicting Li-Al/iron sulphide cell performance

A multiple regression analysis was conducted to develop predictive equations for the specific energy and specific power of Li-Al/iron sulphide cells over a wide range of cell designs and operating variables. The intent was to make these equations as general as possible such that one set of equations would predict the performance of Li-Al/FeS or Li-Al/FeS2 cells with bicell (one positive electrode and two facing negative electrodes) or multiplate cell configurations. Data from 33 cells were used in the analysis of specific energy, and 26 cells were used to develop the specific power equation. The calculated specific energy and specific power showed good agreement with the measured values for these cells. In general, the deviation between the calculated and measured values was within ±10%. A check of the predictive capability of these equations also showed good agreement. The specific energy and specific power calculated for 14 cells not used in the regression analysis deviated by ±10% from the measured values. These equations were used to identify the most likely cell designs to meet selected electric-vehicle battery performance goals. These designs were included in an experimental programme for further performance evaluation.
Imagining Female Citizenship in the ‘New Spain’: Gendering the Democratic Transition, 1975–1978

This article analyses the contestation over female citizenship in Spain's transition to democracy in the mid 1970s. It posits that the transition opened up a discursive space for the construction of a new concept of female citizenship, which was filled with competing images of female citizens, from the Francoist housewife to the consumer activist to the feminist. Through a close reading of the democratic press, the article explores the contradictions and tensions involved in imagining a new female citizen for a democratic Spain. With a focus on the representation of feminist citizenship, the article argues that the central tension surrounding female citizenship was the contradiction between new modes of female participation, new sets of rights and a framework of meaning which could not make sense of these changes. As a result, there was no comfortable place for the female citizen in the emerging master narrative of the transition.
Muller’s Nobel lecture on dose–response for ionizing radiation: ideology or science?

In his Nobel Prize Lecture of December 12, 1946, Hermann J. Muller argued that the dose–response for radiation-induced germ cell mutations was linear and that there was “no escape from the conclusion that there is no threshold”. However, assessment of correspondence between Muller and Curt Stern 1 month prior to his Nobel Prize Lecture reveals that Muller knew the results and implications of a recently completed study at the University of Rochester under the direction of Stern, which directly contradicted his Nobel Prize Lecture. This finding is of historical importance since Muller’s Nobel Lecture gained considerable international attention and is a turning point in the acceptance of the linearity model in risk assessment for germ cell mutations and carcinogens.