cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic pathology of autism in relation to redox metabolism

An imbalance in glutathione-dependent redox metabolism has been shown to be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Glutathione synthesis and intracellular redox balance are linked to folate and methylation metabolism, metabolic pathways that have also been shown to be abnormal in ASD. Together, these metabolic abnormalities define a distinct ASD endophenotype that is closely associated with genetic, epigenetic and mitochondrial abnormalities, as well as environmental factors related to ASD. Biomarkers that reflect these metabolic abnormalities will be discussed in the context of an ASD metabolic endophenotype that may lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying core and associated ASD symptoms. Last, we discuss how these biomarkers have been used to guide the development of novel ASD treatments.
Vygotsky in the International Scene: A Brief Overview

Cultural-historical theory is increasingly getting attention worldwide as an important source of knowledge for different disciplines. The interest in the writings of Vygotsky, a major name in this school of thought, has led to translations into various languages. As publications appear, different facets of this interesting researcher and scholar are revealed, opening new paths for the understanding of human development.
Reevaluating the free-ion activity model of trace metal availability to higher plants

The plant uptake and toxicity of many metals show a marked dependence on the aqueous speciation of the metal, and these responses often correlate best with the activity of the free metal ion. Exceptions to this generalization have been observed, however, and we sought to critically reexamine the theoretical foundation of the free-ion activity model (FIAM) of metal bioavailability to higher plants. Binding by an apoplastic functional group is often envisioned as a requisite step in the absorption or toxicity of a metal, and can be modeled in a variety of ways. Typically, however, speciation of the bulk solution is calculated without regard to such surface binding, even though it could influence the pertinent mass balance expressions. A more thorough treatment considers simultaneous formation of both the metal-ligand complex in solution (ML) and the metal-cell surface complex (M-X). Here, empirical conformity to the FIAM can be expected, but only under pivotal assumptions about the relative sizes of the test solution and the root biomass, and about the relative binding strength of L and -X. Moreover, empirical conformity to the FIAM does not preclude cell-surface binding of the complexed metal followed by ligand exchange (ML + -X ⇄ M-X + L), so that correlations between biological response and free metal-ion activity imply nothing about the molecular species that actually interacts with the cell surface. Computer simulations of Cu (II) binding by a model apoplastic ligand are used to illustrate these and other key features of the FIAM. Departures from the FIAM seem most likely when (i) the quantity of the metal-complexing ligand is limited (as may be the case in soil solution or in the rhizosphere), and/or (ii) the solution ligand is very weak.
A Morphogenetic Fate Map Constructed from HABROBRACON JUGLANDIS Gynandromorphs

A morphogenetic fate map is presented for the parasitic wasp, Habrobracon juglandis. Twenty adult cuticular structures of 1211 haploid-diploid gynandromorphs were placed on the fate map using the sturtoid calculation. The overall shape and organization of the Habrobracon fate map are similar to those of the Drosophila fate map, both of which approximate the shape of an insect embryo but show structures arranged in a manner resembling the adult body plan. Independent samples of gynandromorphs yield similar maps.
Androgen Effect on Insulin Action and Glucose Metabolism

Our understanding of the effect of androgens on insulin action and glucose metabolism is incomplete. Data derive from several different models and methods, and the limitations of each must be considered. Results suggest that in humans, low-dose testosterone (replacement dosages) may increase insulin action; high-dose testosterone (supplemental or pharmacologic dosages) decreases insulin action; and dehydroepiandrosterone appears to have no effect.
The Arrogance of the Species: Humanity, Humanitas, and the Chinese Notion of Ren (仁)

In this paper, I make two assertions: (1) there is no universal agreement on the definition of “humanity” —even if it is assumed to be a “truth universally acknowledged”; (2) the notions of “humanity” often cited as the hallmark of civilization and culture stem from erroneous conceptions of the innateness of humanity.
Agency and Ethics in The Spanish Tragedy

The proper theological significance of Kyd's Spanish Tragedy has often been misconstrued, and the play oversimplifyingly read as a referendum on revenge or Catholicism. In this essay I argue that the play (and revenge tragedy more broadly) can be better understood as a meditation on the longstanding theological and philosphical problem of agency--the question of the capacity of humans to will and act--and the ethics consequent to it. Despite Kyd's apparent avoidance of explicitly Christian conflicts, The Spanish Tragedy is deeply and broadly about the conditions, limitations, and responsibilities of human action. My analysis of the play's discourses of action suggests that they are very subtle, and that Hieronimo, in spite of Kyd's religious evasiveness, displays some commitments that criticism has often overlooked or misunderstood. His insistent pursuit of revenge exists in complex tension with a frame that both encourages and contains it in the respectively allegorical and executive functions of Revenge. In the end, I contend, the play affirms both the possibility of human action, and the necessity of transcendent limitations upon it; these dynamics of divine and human agencies generate multiple levels of ethical significance for the latter which resist reductive reading.
Representing and Misrepresenting the History of Puritanism in Eighteenth-Century England *

An Englishman living during the mid-eighteenth century would have known that his country had been, at least since the late sixteenth century, a decidedly and, for the long-foreseeable future, an unalterably Protestant nation. But what sort of Protestant nation? One that needed a legally estabhshed church? And, if so, what sort of church should that church as established by law be? Did it, for instance, necessarily require a certain kind of church government? In its relation to the English state, did the church need to be the senior, equal or junior partner? And what rights, if any, should those not conforming to the estabhshed church have? These were vexing questions, and the mid-seventeenth-century civil wars had mostly been an intra-Protestant fight over them. Yet neither those internecine religio-political wars nor the subsequent political revolution of the late seventeenth century had resolved definitively any of the fundamental questions about church and state raised originally by the sixteenth-century religious Reformations. Those who had lived through the Sacheverell crisis, the Bangorian controversy or the fiercely anti-clerical 1730s recognized this all too well: historians, alas, have not.
Hybrid nanocomposites with enhanced visible light photocatalytic ability for next generation of clean energy systems

Abstract Heterogenous photocatalysis is widely used for waste-water treatment and degradation of pollutants and promises to advance the science of alternative materials with visible photo-excitations abilities. However, there are still fundamental material properties and processes that need to be understood in order to increase user-tailored catalytic systems’ performance and efficiency while ensuring their optimized reactivities and large-scale development and implementation. Herein we developed graphene-based hybrid composites to be used as efficient nanocatalysts with increased ability to absorb visible light, that retain high corrosion-resistance properties when used in solution, and provide energy levels that match their reduction and oxidation half-reactions. Using both photo-deposition and photo-reduction methods, we first created platinum/tungsten trioxide conjugates with physico-chemical characteristics investigated by microscopical and spectroscopical analyses, and further decorated such conjugates onto graphene surfaces to create the hybrids. Our results demonstrate that the synthesized hybrids can degrade a model azo dye and further, show that graphene plays an important role in delaying electron transfer at its interface, with such effect being exploited for possible integration in the next generation of clean energy systems.
Developments in the Law of Environmental Reparations: A Case Study of the UN Compensation Commission

The UN Compensation Commission (UNCC) is a unique model for liability and compensation of environmental damage in an international context, influencing both jus in bello and jus post bellum. The 1990-1991 Gulf War to evict Iraq from Kuwait was a public spectacle of environmental damage. It was followed by the UNCC’s legal process that catalogued, assessed and awarded money to pay to clean and repair the damaged soil, water, coastal ecosystems, and other harms. The UNCC’s contributions include integration of environmental law principles into the reparations process; use of advanced techniques for assessment of environmental damage; and use of a multilateral process in a way that balanced confidentiality and transparency. The UNCC environmental program advanced international law most significantly by serving notice that environmental damage caused in relation to an armed conflict can be a culpable offense. Finally, a great contribution of the UNCC environmental program, and its successors, will be the spotlight they shine on the often ignored devastation to the natural environment caused by armed conflict and its potential to lead us toward prevention of harm.
The Reader at Work

The rather opaque suggestion with which I begin this chapter, a quotation from Ross Chambers’s ‘Commentary in Literary Texts’, really offers a very sensible and fruitful way to go about talking about what literary texts mean. Ordinarily, critics distinguish between histoire (the story or narrative), and discours (commentary of the narrator).3 This usual distinction, however, fails to take into account one crucial fact: elements of that histoire, or story, may be serving also the function of commentary. Professor Chambers reminds us in his article that there is always operative in criticism a sort of situation of ‘privilege’, in which the reader always decides to give ‘greater significance to one structural pattern over some other, perhaps equally valid mode of analysis or reading’.4 In this chapter, I should like to suggest that Dickens’s images indeed serve not merely as parts of his histoire, or narrative, but are very much a part of his implicit commentary as well.
Dung Beetle Masonry

This chapter deals with the traces produced by extant dung beetles. They had been already described by the ancient Egyptians until Fabre introduced detailed observations in the scientific literature by the end of the nineteenth century. Some of Fabre’s observations are included herein to provide some examples of dung beetle behavior and traces. Those observations are still one of the best reports on dung beetle behavior and neoichnology. Behavior and traces of Aphodiinae, and Geotrupinae are briefly reviewed to focus in the third subfamily of Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae, which are the producers of the most common trace fossils in paleosols. The modern classification of nesting patterns and behavioral characters is summarized in a table and analyzed. Types of dung transport, nests, brood balls, brood masses, cakes, linings, egg chambers and other characters of brood balls, and pupation chambers are reviewed. A blueprint-style plate concentrates all the significant traces produced by dung beetles. Color plates on producers and their traces are provided. Some ecological preferences of dung beetles are highlighted as useful tools for paleoenvironmental interpretations.
When Tradition Becomes Folklore

This paper considers the relationship between two forms of performance: traditional dance and folkloric dance. The anthropologist draws on fieldwork in the western highlands of Guatemala and in and around predominantly Spanish-speaking communities of west suburban Chicago. The paper examines complementary differences between the genres along a number of parameters, exploring how both present notions of identity and community. Traditional dance, performed in the highlands of Guatemala, emphasizes indigenous identity and community among recognizable faces in concrete places. Folkloric dance, performed for (and often by) immigrants in the United States, works on the more abstract concepts of Latino identity and transnational communities. Although not directly about indigenous identity, folkloric dance strives to achieve authenticity by presenting images of indigenousness, including representations of traditional dance.
Design and control of bidirectional resonant converter for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications

In this paper, a detailed design procedure is presented for a bidirectional resonant converter for battery charging application. This converter is similar to the LLC resonant converter with an extra inductor and capacitor in the secondary side. Soft-switching can be ensured in all switches without additional circuitry, and because of that, very high frequency operation is possible, hence; the size of the magnetics and the capacitors can be reduced. In this manuscript, first, an equivalent model for the bidirectional converter is derived for the steady-state analysis. Then, the design methodology is presented. Design of a converter includes finding the transformer turns ratio, design of magnetizing inductance based on ZVS condition, design of resonant inductances and resonant capacitances. To validate the design procedure, a 3.3 kW converter was designed following the guidelines in the proposed methodology as a design example. A prototype was built and tested in the lab. Experimental results verified the design procedure presented.
Mongolian Deer Stones, European Menhirs, and Canadian Arctic Inuksuit: Collective Memory and the Function of Northern Monument Traditions

Northern peoples and those living in the Arctic and environments with broad vistas created cultural landscapes with distinctive monument traditions that supported their cultural and political systems. This paper explores three societies in different geographic regions and time periods during the past 10,000 years that used stone monuments to humanize their landscapes and invoke or honor gods or spirits, mythological ancestors, or deceased leaders. Canadian and Greenland Inuit and their predecessors of the past thousand years marked their lands with abstract human figures known as Inuksuit; Neolithic and Bronze Age Europeans built megaliths, henges, and passage graves; and Mongolian Bronze Age nomadic pastoralists populated the central Asian steppe with burial mounds (khirigsuurs) and anthropomorphic deer stone monuments. Each tradition contributed in different ways to shape and perpetuate the society’s values by invoking spirits, ancestors, or heroic leaders. The enduring presence of these creations reinforced cultural or ethnic identity through ritual, group ceremonialism, landscape values, communal enterprise and labor, and collective memory. This paper identifies commonalities and differences between these traditions and how they functioned. We also see how successive societies perpetuate, change, reinterpret, or invent new uses and meanings for ancient monuments and their landscape settings to create new ethnicities and histories for their own times.
Let us now praise Jerry B. Harvey – the Down Home scholar

AbstractThis article is an affectionate memoir of the late Jerry B. Harvey by a close faculty associate who saw him daily and collaborated with him on numerous academic projects at George Washington University over a period of twenty-four years. Several key qualities combine to make Harvey, a Texan to his bones, an unforgettable person. Explanations are offered for Harvey's unique perspective on human behavior in organizations.
Effect of the Visual Presence of an Experimenter on the Maintenance of Tonic Immobility in Domestic Chickens ( Gallus Gallus )

The importance of the visual presence of an experimenter both during the induction of tonic immobility and during the immobility response itself was investigated. The results suggested that it is the visual presence of an experimenter during the immobility response itself, and not during its initiation, that is critical for delaying recovery from immobility. Methodological and theoretical implications were discussed.
Translational MRI Volumetry with NeuroQuant: Effects of Version and Normative Data on Relationships with Memory Performance in Healthy Older Adults and Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

NeuroQuant (NQ) is a fully-automated program that overcomes several existing limitations in the clinical translation of MRI-derived volumetry. The current study characterized differences between the original (NQ1) and an updated NQ version (NQ2) by 1) replicating previously identified relationships between neuropsychological test performance and medial temporal lobe volumes, 2) evaluating the level of agreement between NQ versions, and 3) determining if the addition of NQ2 age-/sex-based z-scores hold greater clinical utility for prediction of memory impairment than standard percent of intracranial volume (% ICV) values. Sixty-seven healthy older adults and 65 mild cognitive impairment patients underwent structural MRI and completed cognitive testing, including the Immediate and Delayed Memory indices from the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Results generally replicated previous relationships between key medial temporal lobe regions and memory test performance, though comparison of NQ regions revealed statistically different values that were biased toward one version or the other depending on the region. NQ2 hippocampal z-scores explained additional variance in memory performance relative to % ICV values. Findings indicate that NQ1/2 medial temporal lobe volumes, especially age- and sex-based z-scores, hold clinical value, though caution is warranted when directly comparing volumes across NQ versions.
Visual Innovation through Findings in Perception

Whether through natural ability or educational training, designers possess advanced knowledge of visual form. Designers acquire most of this special knowledge through experience creating visual objects such as drawings, color symbols, and layouts. Although designers immerse themselves creating effects for visual perception they mostly do so without awareness of the causes of these effects. Designer’s form knowledge is more tacit than explicit. Perceptual scientists on the other hand have explicit knowledge of perception of visual form. They have identified physiological processes that directly relate to designers, such as: pop-out, visual illusions, and mental images. The question is less whether designers should be aware of these findings than how the growing understanding of visual perception and cognition can stimulate visual innovation and design practice. This paper reports on initial attempts to integrate this knowledge into design education at the University of Cincinnati.
The Euclidean algorithm

Prime numbers may be regarded as the “building blocks” of the natural numbers because any natural number is a product of primes. (This explains, by the way, why 1 is not regarded as a prime—nothing is built from products of 1 except 1 itself). But even if primes are the building blocks, it is not easy to grasp them directly. There is no simple way to test whether a given natural number is prime, nor to find the smallest prime divisor of a given number.
Courtly code andconjointure: The rhetoric of identity inErec et Enide

As the popular saying goes, there are certain things we despise whose worth is far greater than we think. So a man does well to make the most of such understanding as he possesses: for anyone who neglects to do so may easily leave something unsaid that could in the future give much pleasure. Therefore Chretien de Troye says it is right for everybody always to devote his thoughts and efforts to telling and teaching what is good; and from a tale of adventure he fashions a very elegant composition (conjointure), giving manifest proof that there is no wisdom in not freely making one's knowledge available so far as God's grace allows.
Anxiety Sensitivity in Association With Alcohol-Related Behaviors Among College Students: The Role of Negative Urgency.

Objective:Extant work has documented the relationship between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and problematic alcohol-related behaviors. However, research on the underlying mechanisms may serve to better ...
Unsettling the GLBT and Queer Coalitions in US Politics Through the Lens of Queer Indigenous Critique

This article draws on critiques put forth by Queer Indigenous activists and scholars to question the tendency to include ever more “diverse” groups in the GLBT and Queer coalitions. I begin by intr...
Ceruletide-induced acute pancreatitis in the dog and its amelioration by exogenous secretin.

Large pharmacological doses of ceruletide administered to conscious dogs by intravenous (i.v.) infusion uniformly induce a severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis within 4 h. High-dose i.v. secretin administered for a period of 24 h after cessation of ceruleetide infusion resulted in a significant amelioration of the acute pancreatitis compared to non-secretin-treated dogs with acute pancreatitis. Light microscopy of the pancreas in secretin-treated dogs revealed a significant decrease in edema, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, cell necrosis and acinar cell vacuolization. Serum amylase levels in secretin-treated dogs were significantly decreased compared to non-secretin-treated dogs. The results of this study suggest that high-dose i.v. secretin exerts a beneficial effect on pre-established, ceruletide-induced acute pancreatitis in dogs.
Dynamics of phase stability and magnetic order in magnetoresistive La 0.83 Sr 0.17 Mn 0.98 57 Fe 0.02 O 3

Two samples with the same nominal composition La{sub 0.83}Sr{sub 0.17}Mn{sub 0.98}{sup 57}Fe{sub 0.02}O{sub 3} were prepared in air and argon. Thermograviametric, structural, resistive, and magnetic measurements show that the air-made sample has slightly higher Mn{sup 4+}/Mn{sup 3+} ratio; i.e., it is slightly more highly doped by {approximately}0.15{percent} cation vacancies. Substitution of Fe for Mn depresses the ferromagnetic transition temperature T{sub c} but has very small effect on the rhombohedral/orthorhombic structural phase boundary. Dramatic differences are found in transport properties for small differences in Mn{sup 4+} concentration near a structural and magnetic phase boundary. The dynamics of charge hopping and exchange via the effect of relaxation of the magnetic hyperfine field distribution and its average value are monitored by temperature-dependent Mossbauer effect measurements. Ferromagnetic clustering is observed above T{sub c} at {sup 57}Fe sites. The compound undergoes complex temperature dependent magnetic and phase behaviors that are monitored locally by the {sup 57}Fe Mossbauer effect. The iron probe has a stable 3+ valance configuration whose hyperfine interaction reflects the structural phase changes, the Jahn-Teller distortion and the time-dependent Mn{sup 3+}-Mn{sup 4+} charge fluctuations. It is shown that regions of magnetic order exist over {approximately}100 K range beginning well above T{sub c}. Moreover,more » the low-temperature structural phase, reported to be orthorhombic at this composition, shows dynamic magnetic fluctuation behavior that motionally narrows at low temperature. Any changes in hyperfine interaction due to the structural transition are masked by the fluctuating magnetic behavior, but clearly the two structures coexist in the temperature region near T{sub c}. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Moving towards a Least Restrictive Environment: A New Direction in Court Decisions.

The past ten years has been witness to a movement towards a less restrictive setting for educating students with disabilities. Although earlier court decisions were not always as supportive of incl...
Protein Conformational Transitions from All-Atom Adaptively Biased Path Optimization.

Simulation methods are valuable for elucidating protein conformational transitions between functionally diverse states given that transition pathways are difficult to capture experimentally. Nonetheless, specific computational algorithms are required because of the high free energy barriers between these different protein conformational states. Adaptively biased path optimization (ABPO) is an unrestrained, transition-path optimization method that works in a reduced-variable space to construct an adaptive biasing potential to aid convergence. ABPO was previously applied using a coarse-grained Go-model to study conformational activation of Lyn, a Src family tyrosine kinase. How effectively ABPO can be applied at the higher resolution of an all-atom model to explore protein conformational transitions is not yet known. Here, we report the all-atom conformational transition paths of three protein systems constructed using the ABPO methodology. Two systems, triose phosphate isomerase and dihydrofolate reductase, undergo local flipping of a short loop that promotes ligand binding. The third system, estrogen receptor α ligand binding domain, has a helix that adopts different conformations when the protein is bound to an agonist or an antagonist. For each protein, distance-based or torsion-angle reduced variables were identified from unbiased trajectories. ABPO was computed in this reduced variable space to obtain the transition path between the two states. The all-atom ABPO is shown to successfully converge an optimal transition path for each of the three systems.
Differential expression and homotypic enrichment of a classic Cadherin directs tissue-level contractile asymmetry during neural tube closure

Embryos pattern force generation at tissue boundaries during morphogenesis, but how they do so remains poorly understood. Here we show how tissue-specific expression of the type II cadherin, Cadherin2 (hereafter Cad2), patterns actomyosin contractility along the neural/epidermal (Ne/Epi) boundary to drive zippering and neural tube closure in the basal chordate, Ciona robusta. Cad2 is differentially expressed and homotypically enriched in neural cells along the Ne/Epi boundary, where RhoA and Myosin are activated during zipper progression. Equalizing Cad2 expression across the Ne/Epi boundary inhibits RhoA/Myosin activation and zipper progression, while creating ectopic Cad2 expression boundaries is sufficient to direct RhoA/Myosin activity to those boundaries. We show that Cad2 polarizes RhoA activity by sequestering the Rho GTPase activating protein, Gap21/23, to homotypic junctions, which in turn redirects RhoA/Myosin activity to heterotypic Ne/Epi junctions. By activating Myosin II along Ne/Epi junctions ahead of zipper and inhibiting Myosin II at new Ne/Ne junctions behind zipper, Cad2 promotes tissue level contractile asymmetry to drive zipper progression.
Congenital Anomalies of the Upper Urinary Tract

Congenital anomalies of the upper urinary tract are common in pediatric patients. These anomalies can be classified into kidney anomalies, calyceal anomalies, pelvic and ureteral anomalies, duplex collecting system, and anomalous termination of the ureter. Kidney anomalies include anomalies of form such as renal agenesis and hypoplasia and anomalies of position such as renal ectopy, rotational anomalies, and horseshoe kidney. Calyceal anomalies include congenital hydrocalycosis, congenital megacalycosis, and calyceal diverticulum. There are congenital ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction, congenital megaureter, and congenital ureteral obstruction in pelvic and ureteral anomalies. Ureterocele and ectopic ureteral insertion are included in anomalous termination of the ureter. And multimodality imaging evaluation is important in this spectrum of diseasesPlease check if edit to the sentence starting: “Ureterocele and….” is ok.
A Tale of Two Forecasts: An Analysis of Mandatory and Voluntary Effective Tax Rate Forecasts

Disclosure theory predicts that the likelihood of voluntary disclosure increases with the level of noise in mandatory disclosure. We test this prediction by exploiting a unique setting where firms provide two forecasts of the same underlying metric – annual effective tax rates (ETRs). We find that managers are more likely to issue voluntary ETR forecasts when mandatory ETR forecasts contain more noise due to tax complexity. This finding suggests that managers resort to voluntary disclosure when mandatory disclosure constrains their ability to convey private information. Using analysts’ ETR forecast revisions to assess the informativeness of voluntary and mandatory ETR forecasts, we find that both forecasts are incrementally informative. However, analysts place a greater weight on voluntary ETR forecasts compared to mandatory ETR forecasts, especially when voluntary ETR forecasts are non-GAAP based and when discrete items are present. Overall, our study provides context specific evidence on the relation between voluntary and mandatory forward-looking disclosures, and on sophisticated financial statement users’ responses to both forms of disclosures.
A Common Architecture for Human and Artificial Cognition Explains Brain Activity Across Domains

Abstract The Common Model of Cognition (CMC) is a consensus architecture for human and human-like artificial cognition. We hypothesized that, because of its generality, the CMC could be a candidate model of the large-scale functional architecture of the human brain. To this end, we analyzed neuroimaging from N=200 participants across seven tasks that cover the broad range of cognitive domains. The CMC framework was translated into a model of neural connectivity between brain regions homologous to CMC components. After the model was implemented and fitted using Dynamic Causal Modeling, its performance was compared against four alternative large-scale brain architectures that had been previously proposed in the field of neuroscience. The results show that the CMC outperforms the other four architectures within and across all domains. These findings suggest that a common, functional computational blueprint for human-like intelligence also captures the neural architecture that underpins human cognition. Significance Statement A consensus computational architecture for modeling both human and human-like intelligence also best explains human neuroimaging activity across cognitive domains.
Periodic solutions and chaos in the Barkley pipe model on a finite domain

Barkley's bipartite pipe model is a continuous two-state reaction-diffusion system that models the transition to turbulence in pipes, and reproduces many qualitative features of puffs and slugs, localized turbulent structures seen during the transition. Extensions to the continuous model, including the incorporation of time delays and constraining the system to finite open domains---a trigger for convective instability---reveal additional solutions to the system, including periodic solutions and chaos unseen in the original $1+1$-dimensional system. It is found that the nature of solutions depends strongly on the size of the domain under study as well as choice of boundary conditions: on a finite domain for a particular window of parameter space, period doubling and chaos are observed.
Whole-Genome Sequence of the Phlox Powdery Mildew Pathogen Golovinomyces magnicellulatus Strain FPH2017-1

Powdery mildew (PM) fungi are obligate biotrophs capable of infecting diverse plant hosts, ranging from monocotyledonous agricultural crops to dicotyledonous ornamental crops. The PM lifestyle poses significant challenges for studying these pathogens in isolation from their host. We present a draft genome of Golovinomyces magnicellulatus, a host-specific PM on Phlox species.
Asymptomatic cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: treatment options and therapeutic guidelines

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (CPAN) is a rare cutaneous small- to medium-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology. Clinically it ranges in manifestation from livedo reticularis to large cutaneous ulcers and necrosis. Prognosis is favorable and progression to systemic polyarteritis nodosa is rare. There are multiple treatment options, none of which have proven to be definitively effective. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa has been associated with abnormal antibody testing with elevations of antiphospholipid cofactor antibody, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibody, and anti-β2-glycoprotein I-dependent cardiolipin antibodies, as well as elevated anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody. These antibodies suggest increased risk for thrombosis and systemic diseases such as lupus or other autoimmune connective tissue disease. We present a case of asymptomatic CPAN and evaluate if treatment should be instituted for asymptomatic disease that presents with abnormal antibody findings.
Further Reflections on the Pardoning Power: Reply to Hoskins and Drinan

Galifianakis: "First question. In 2013, you pardoned a turkey. What do you have planned for 2014?" Obama: "We'll probably pardon another turkey". First, let me express my gratitude to the incisive comments of Zach Hoskins and Cara Drinan. I have long been a fan of Hoskins' s work, and his forthcoming book on the collateral consequences of punishment promises to be pathbreaking. The influence of Drinan's scholarship on the pardoning power] is evident in my original essay and her newer work on the Graham case has again inspired me in new directions in my research. Their comments on my essay are important in their own right, and importantly for me, they have helped to clarify my own thinking. In my brief reply, I begin by restating the main points of the article. I then try to expand on them, building off points made in both responses.
Cell seeding simulation on micropatterned islands shows cell density depends on area to perimeter ratio, not on island size or shape

Abstract Protein micropatterned substrates have been used to control cell size, shape, and cell–cell contacts, characteristics that influence a range of cell behaviors from early cell differentiation to late stages of maturation. Knowing the initial island cell seeding density is important to interpreting results and understanding downstream cell behavior. While studies routinely report the intended or target cell seeding density, they do not report the actual cell seeding density on the islands. As cells proliferate, differences in initial cell seeding density could compound and may lead to misinterpretation of results. In this work, we present a cell seeding simulation and apply it to 100s of islands with a range of geometries (sizes and shapes) to explore how island cell seeding density relates to the target or unpatterned cell seeding density. We first experimentally validate the simulation and then show that normalized island cell seeding density depends on island size, shape, and spacing, but can be predicted solely from island area to perimeter ratio, A2P, via a power law relationship for a wide range of island geometries. Interestingly, normalized island cell seeding density is the same as the normalized unpatterned cell seeding density for A2P ≥ 17 µm. This simulation will help to design micropatterned substrates and to have more accurate representation of the island cell seeding density at the start of experiments. By knowing the island cell seeding density, we can more easily reproduce results across research groups to understand the roles of cell–cell contact and cell size and shape on cell behavior. Statement of Significance We present a cell seeding simulation on protein-micropatterned substrates and use it to simulate seeding across 100s of island geometries (size, shape, and spacing) covering two orders of magnitude in size. The simulation shows that island cell density varies significantly with island geometry compared to the target seeding density. However, island cell density can be predicted from one geometric parameter – the island's area to perimeter ratio. Results will help direct researchers on how to achieve uniform cell density across all island geometries. Since cell density and island shape both influence cell behaviors, such as differentiation, this simulation may help to isolate these factors, facilitate micropatterned substrate design, and provide a mechanism for more reproduceable results across studies.
CHAPTER 18 – The Spleen

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the spleen s the largest lymphoid organ in the body. The spleen's role in the immune system centers on leukocyte production. The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ in the body. Because it generates lymphocytes, it is extremely crucial to the immune system, especially during the neonatal periods. Specific cellular and humoral immunity is executed by its lymphocytes, but the spleen is important in nonspecific immune reactions, which chiefly reside in its role in phagocytosis. Its framework is so constructed that phagocytic cells trap any blood-born material that traverses the spleen. The spleen is a blood-filtering organ found in all vertebrates. In addition to being an extremely efficient trapper of antigen, it plays an important role in the economy of the body sequestering worn-out red blood cells and reutilizing the iron portion of the hemoglobin. Trabeculae that form the internal support make it possible for the spleen to undergo contractions and to play a role in regulating blood volume.
Managing Angulation Challenges With Implant Overdentures

Proper treatment planning is critical to achieving a successful outcome when treating patients with implant overdenture restorations. Key factors related to success include the number, location, and distribution of implants and choice of abutment. Contemporary design of stud-style abutment systems for overdentures is aimed at accommodating patients who present with challenges such as anatomical limitations or poor dexterity hampering insertion and removal of prostheses. This article describes the effective management of excessive angulation to achieve an enhanced outcome with implant overdenture treatment, even with a less-than-ideal clinical presentation.
Cosmopolitanism and Dignity

One might expect a robust theory of human dignity in the writings of cosmopolitan thinkers. Cosmopolitans are thinkers who express an abiding interest in the variety of cultures and lifestyles within the human family.
Use of Systemic Bivalirudin and an Anticoagulant-Free Purge Solution in a Percutaneous Left Ventricular Assist Device in a Patient With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia:

The use of systemic bivalirudin and an anticoagulant-free purge solution in a percutaneous left ventricular assist device (pVAD) is described in a patient with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). An 80-year-old man with a past medical history of severe aortic stenosis and HIT was transferred to our facility for cardiogenic shock. The patient was emergently taken to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for balloon valvuloplasty and Impella pVAD (Abiomed, Inc) implantation. Due to the history of HIT, bivalirudin was chosen as an alternative anticoagulant. The device representative suggested adding bivalirudin 20 mg/500 mL to the Impella purge solution. However, due to the negligible amount of bivalirudin this would provide in comparison to patient's systemic intravenous bivalirudin dose, we elected not to add bivalirudin to the purge solution. The patient remained on the Impella for 72 hours with intravenous bivalirudin without any evidence of pump thrombosis as evidenced by unchanging flows and stable purge pressures. Unfortunately, despite functional Impella pVAD support, care was withdrawn due to ongoing multi-organ failure. This patient case demonstrated the safe, effective, and practical use of an anticoagulant-free purge solution with systemic bivalirudin in a patient with 72 hours of Impella support.
Epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa treated with dupilumab.

Epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa (EBP) is a variant of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa characterized by intense pruritus and prurigo nodularis-like lesions. While medical therapies for EBP exist, current treatments are not consistently effective, and symptoms often cause decreased quality of life. Here, we report two cases of EBP treated with dupilumab, which decreased symptoms of pruritus and improved skin findings. Both patients have been on dupilumab for over one year with sustained improvement and no adverse effects; although in one patient, increased dosing was required to attain optimal control of disease.
A Basomedial Amygdala to Intercalated Cells Microcircuit Expressing PACAP and Its Receptor PAC1 Regulates Contextual Fear

Trauma can cause dysfunctional fear regulation leading some people to develop disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The amygdala regulates fear, whereas PACAP (pituitary adenylate activating peptide) and PAC1 receptors are linked to PTSD symptom severity at genetic/epigenetic levels, with a strong link in females with PTSD. We discovered a PACAPergic projection from the basomedial amygdala (BMA) to the medial intercalated cells (mICCs) in adult mice. In vivo optogenetic stimulation of this pathway increased CFOS expression in mICCs, decreased fear recall, and increased fear extinction. Selective deletion of PAC1 receptors from the mICCs in females reduced fear acquisition, but enhanced fear generalization and reduced fear extinction in males. Optogenetic stimulation of the BMA-mICC PACAPergic pathway produced EPSCs in mICC neurons, which were enhanced by the PAC1 receptor antagonist, PACAP 6-38. Our findings show that mICCs modulate contextual fear in a dynamic and sex-dependent manner via a microcircuit containing the BMA and mICCs, and in a manner that was dependent on behavioral state.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Traumatic stress can affect different aspects of fear behaviors, including fear learning, generalization of learned fear to novel contexts, how the fear of the original context is recalled, and how fear is reduced over time. While the amygdala has been studied for its role in regulation of different aspects of fear, the molecular circuitry of this structure is quite complex. In addition, aspects of fear can be modulated differently in males and females. Our findings show that a specific circuitry containing the neuropeptide PACAP and its receptor, PAC1, regulates various aspects of fear, including acquisition, generalization, recall, and extinction in a sexually dimorphic manner, characterizing a novel pathway that modulates traumatic fear.
The racialization of North Koreans in South Korea: diasporic co-ethnics in the South Korean ethnolinguistic nation

While racialization is commonly associated with perceived phenotypical differences, this article introduces the phenomenon of co-ethnic racialization via linguistic differentiation. Based on long-t...
Effects of Multiple Karenia brevis Red Tide Blooms on a Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Prey Fish Assemblage: Patterns of Resistance and Resilience in Sarasota Bay, Florida

Red tide blooms caused by the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis are natural disturbance events that occur regularly along Florida’s west coast, often resulting in massive fish kills and marine mammal, seabird, and sea turtle mortalities. Limited prior work on the ecological effects of red tides suggests they play an important role in structuring ecosystem dynamics and regulating communities, however specific effects on prey populations and potential alterations to predator-prey interactions are unknown. We surveyed the prey fish assemblage of a top marine predator, the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), in shallow seagrass habitat in Sarasota Bay, Florida, during 2004-2019, collecting data on prey density, species composition, K. brevis cell densities, and environmental variables. Across eight distinct red tide bloom events, resistance, resilience, and the ecological effects on the prey assemblage varied depending on bloom intensity, season, and frequency. Prey assemblage structure showed significant and distinct short-term shifts during blooms independent of the normal seasonal shifts in prey structure seen during non-bloom conditions. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated a strong influence of K. brevis density on assemblage structure. Blooms occurring primarily in the summer were associated with less initial prey resistance and higher than average annual catch per unit effort (CPUE) 1-3 years following bloom cessation, with bloom frequency prolonging the time needed to reach higher than average annual CPUE. Regardless of season, recovery to pre-bloom prey abundances occurred within one year. Sample-based rarefaction and extrapolation indicated significant differences in prey diversity among summer bloom events. This study is a first step in identifying differences in resistance, resilience, and the ecological effects of multiple red tide bloom events of various temporal scales and intensity on a dolphin prey assemblage. Improved understanding of the influence of red tides on estuarine structural dynamics and function can better inform management, and potentially guide mitigation efforts post-bloom.
Effect of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride on human chromosomes

Abstract Exposure of human leukocytes in vitro to concentrations of chloridazepoxide hydrochloride of 0.1, 1.0., 10.0, and 100.0 μg per cubic centimeter for varying periods of time failed to demonstrate any increase in incidence of chromosome breakage, gaps, or abnormal forms when compared to control cultures. Analysis of leukocyte cultures from 10 patients taking chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride in varying concentrations were compared to cultures from 6 controls. No increase in chromosome breaks, gaps, or abnormal forms was noted. Studies on the effect of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride on the growth rate of human fibroblasts in culture showed little variation from control cultures up to concentrations of 20.0μg per cubic centimeter. Decrease in growth rate was noted at concentrations of 50.0 and 100.0 μg per cubic centimeter.
Papilla formation and associated peroxidase activity: A non-specific response to attempted fungal penetration of maize

Abstract The timing of papilla formation in the epidermis of the maize mesocotyl was followed after inoculation with Helminthosporium maydis and Colletotrichum graminicola . Histochemical tests showed the presence of phenols and lignin in papillae and the surrounding cell wall material. Peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.7) enzyme activity was detected histochemically in the granules which appear prior to papilla formation and in the papillae themselves. Soluble and ionically bound peroxidases were extracted from epidermal tissue during the time of papilla formation. The pattern of soluble anionic isozymes in epidermis which had been undergoing papilla formation was different from the pattern of isozymes from uninoculated epidermis or inoculated epidermis which had not yet started to form papillae. Eight isozymes were present in the soluble peroxidase fraction of uninoculated tissue and tissue inoculated but not yet forming papillae. Two new isozymes were detected in tissue in which papillae had been formed but in which fungal penetration had not yet occurred. The identical isozyme pattern was found in two maize cultivars during papilla formation in response to two different pathogenic fungi, suggesting that the occurrence of isozymes was part of a non-specific host response to attempted fungal penetration.