cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Will Einstein Still be the Super-Hero of Physics History in 2050?

Since the middle of the Twentieth century there have been three histories of physics: that of the historians, that of the physicists – they call it physics history – and that of the journalists and general public. On the whole, that of the journalists and the public follows closely that of the physicists (although of course watered down a good bit), while the historian’s history, departing from both, is read by neither. To this generalization there is one great exception: Sam Schweber writing history of science that is also physics history and is read by historians, physicists and the general public too.1 What all three of these histories of physics, however different their audiences and their intents, have in common is – Einstein. A ne plus ultra for the historians, the most wonderfully human super-human for the public, Einstein inspires especially the efforts of those theoretical physicists committed to the goal of elimination of the world’s apparent diversity through reduction to the properties and interactions of more elementary entities. In their grand narrative of physics history as an epic of ever-grander unification of physical theory, Einstein is the super-hero. Of Einstein’s unparalleled prominence in all three histories of physics we had striking evidence at the recent International Congress of the History of Science in Beijing. Falling in fully with the celebration of the World Year of Physics as an exercise in Einstein idolatry, not only were there many, many papers about Einstein contributed to the proceedings and several plenary lectures, but also the opening plenary lecture, again about Einstein, was given by C.N. Yang, perhaps the greatest living theoretical physicist. Moreover, this exaltation of Einstein was consistent with at least one side of the general theme of that history of science congress, namely “globalization and diversity”. In an important sense, globalization entails homogenization. By means of translation and diffusion, Einstein is now a hero not only in Germany and Switzerland, Europe and the United States, but in all the West. Einstein is now also regarded as a hero in China, India and Brazil. He is indeed a global hero. Since nobody imagines that this process of globalizing various areas of human actions can or will be arrested, we must suppose that in 2050 the world will be much more homogeneous than it is now. Thus, were globalization the only story
Gendered expectations: are we unintentionally undermining our efforts to diversify STEM fields?

A look at how implicit biases influence the advancement of women in science and engineering.
The Physionet/Computers in Cardiology challenge 2008: T-wave alternans

The 9th annual PhysioNet/Computers in Cardiology challenge invited participants to measure T-wave alternans (TWA) in a set of 100 two-minute electrocardiograms that included subjects with a variety of risk factors for sudden cardiac death (including ventricular tachyarrhythmias, transient myocardial ischemia, and acute myocardial infarctions), healthy controls, and synthetic ECGs with calibrated amounts of artificial TWA. The participantspsila TWA estimates were used to develop a ranking of the 100 test cases in order of TWA content, and the Kendall rank correlation coefficient between this reference ranking and each individual participantpsilas ranking of the 100 cases was calculated as a score (between -1 and 1; actual scores were between 0.11 and 0.92). The challenge yielded insights into the strengths and weaknesses of classic and novel TWA analyses, open-source implementations of a variety of methods, and a set of freely available ECGs with reference rankings of TWA content.
Ultrastructure of the reproductive system of the black swamp snake (Seminatrix pygaea). VII. spermatozoon morphology and evolutionary trends of sperm characters in snakes

This study investigates the evolution of snake spermatozoa within a phylogenetic context, with the addition of a new ultrastructural description from the spermatozoa of the Black Swamp Snake, Seminatrix pygaea. Overall the spermatozoon of S. pygaea is similar to that described for other squamates, whereas some characters such as the electron lucent space separating the cortex and medulla of the acrosome complex may be a unique feature of S. pygaea spermatozoa. This preliminary analysis of sperm evolution within Serpentes leads to the hypothesis that some sperm characters are more plastic than others. Incongruencies are found between the molecular and the morphological topologies utilized, and the phylogeny derived from a morphological data set recovers more unequivocal ancestral states of snake sperm structure. Characters such as the beginning of the fibrous sheath at mitochondrial tier one unite the Colubroidea, whereas characters such as the presence of an acrosome vesicle subdivision, absent vacuity subdivision, and round ⁄ oval mitochondria in transverse section unite all squamates. However, from this analysis it is evident that more taxa need to be studied and taxa with current data need to be more thoroughly investigated to make more conclusive remarks regarding the evolution of sperm structure within snakes.
Positivism Extended: Institutions, Sources, Authority, and Law

At mid-century, Hart set out a distinctively positivist general theory of law. Following the lead of Bentham, as he read him, Hart saw himself first of all as an “expositor” of law in general, not its censor. He offered, in the fashion of the time, a philosophical analysis of “the concept of law,” which he understood to be an exercise of general, analytical jurisprudence. His theoretical eye surveyed law in general, abstracted from the special features of local, English legal system. Its task was analysis rather than apology, its objective was general understanding, rather than admiration or allegiance. Still, the concept he fashioned was designed to make possible a clear-eyed, critical view of the law. He regarded this as a distinctively positivist project, guided by the root thesis of the fundamental separability of law from morality, which shaped both his methodology and his substantive account of law.
Paradigms of AI Programming in Python

Norvig's (1992) Paradigms of AI Programming is an important book for learning about AI programming. However, the book uses Common Lisp as the programming language, which is less popular now than in 1992. Thus, we have translated many classical AI programs described in the book into Python, a more commonly used language. We have also documented the programs and offered them as a resource in a course on knowledge-based AI.
Entangled in the Web. Unexpected Events with New Technologies: Addiction, Consequences on Communication

About 20 years ago, the idea of instant communication on massive scale became a reality. Today, the Internet is one the most powerful instruments in the hands of human race that is crucial in fulfilling vital elements of our daily tasks. The Internet created unthinkable opportunities, of which the phenomenon of telepsychiatry (the topic of this book) is one of the examples. It is ironic, however, that such web-based kind of treatment can be used in treating one of the dangerous side effects of applying this new technology, namely, the Internet addiction. OBJECTIVES: (1) Discussion of the advantages of the Internet. (2) Exploration of the negative social consequences of malicious misuse of the Internet. (3) Examination of physiological and psychological negative side effects of abuse of the Internet. RESULTS: Ad (1) The following are the advantages of the use of the Internet: revolutionary increase in opportunities to disseminate, share, obtain, accumulate, and store information and interpersonal contacts. Ad (2) The major disadvantages of the use of the Internet are deception (scams, cyber crimes, and smearing), manipulation of the public opinion, and the phenomenon of socially accepted and expected compromise of privacy to the point of exhibitionism. Ad (3) When it comes to physiological and psychological negative side effects of abuse of the Internet, the following are mentioned: atrophy of certain brain activities, submissiveness toward “tyranny of tiny tasks,” and gradual decrease in face to face interpersonal communication which is being replaced by virtual anonymity.
Computed tomography evaluation of the sacroiliac joints in Crohn disease. Radiologic/clinical correlation.

Computed tomography (CT) was used in a prospective study of the sacroiliac joints in 86 patients with Crohn disease to determine the type and frequency of sacroiliac joint abnormalities present in this population. The CT findings were correlated with review of the clinical history in 64 patients. Computed tomography demonstrated changes of sacroiliitis in 29% of the study group. This high prevalence of sacroiliac joint abnormality was found even in those under 30 years of age. It exceeds the 11–19% previously reported from plain film examination, reflecting the greater sensitivity of CT. In the subgroup of 64 patients studied clinically, 19 (30%) had abnormal sacroiliac joints on CT, but only 2 (3%) reported symptoms related to the sacroiliac joints.
The ultrastructure of chordoma.

Electron microscopic examination of two chordomas provided evidence to clarify the histogenesis of the cytoplasmic vacuoles which characterize the light microscopic appearance of some of their cellular elements. Small vacuoles found in cells with “foamy cytoplasm” appear to represent dilated cisterns of coarse endoplasmic reticulum, whereas large forms observed in the so-called physalipherous cells are derived from herniations or sequestrations of interstitial material. Entrapment of portions of cytoplasm from cells might also artifactually appear as vacuoles by light microscopy. Transitions between the fusiform, nonvacuolated, and the round, overtly-vacuolated cellular elements of chordomas indicate that these cells are histologic variants of the same cell type, as well as showing the progenitor nature of the former. Recognition of similarly-structured vacuoles, desmosomal attachments, cytoplasmic filaments, and abundant pinocytic vesicles in samples of rat notochord represent morphologic evidence supporting the view relating chordomas to notochordal elements, and also indicate their epithelial (ectodermal) nature.
Self-Consistent PRISM Theory—Monte Carlo Simulation Studies of Copolymer Grafted Nanoparticles in a Homopolymer Matrix

We have used a self-consistent PRISM−Monte Carlo (MC) approach to study copolymer functionalized nanoparticles in a homopolymer matrix and to calculate the potential of mean force (PMF) between the...
The use of specialized cybercrime policing units: an organizational analysis

AbstractGiven the increased focus and importance of cybercrime, some police agencies have turned to the use of specialized cybercrime policing units. Research has yet to examine how frequently these units are used in policing, nor has research examined the types of agencies most likely to use these units. The current research, drawing on contingency theory, institutional theory, and Maguire’s theory of police organizational structure, uses four waves of Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Survey data to provide a descriptive analysis of specialized cybercrime units with a focus on identifying organizational correlates, environmental pressures, and the role of time. Trend data show that cybercrime units have proliferated over time and are on the path to becoming a normative aspect of policing, with about one-half of all state-level agencies and around one-quarter of all county and municipal agencies making use of cybercrime units as of 2013. Regression results indicate that larger agencies, agenc...
Alteration of soil chitinolytic bacterial and ammonia oxidizing archaeal community diversity by rainwater redistribution in an epiphyte-laden Quercus virginiana canopy

Abstract Forest canopy structure controls the timing, amount, and chemical character of precipitation supply to soils through interception and drainage along crown surfaces (primarily as throughfall). Yet, few studies have examined forest canopy structural connections to soil microbial communities, and none have measured how throughfall affects microbial nitrogen (N) functions. Maritime Quercus virginiana Mill. (southern live oak) forests on St Catherine’s Island (GA, USA) provide an ideal venue to study this interaction as its throughfall patterns are spatially heterogeneous due to the arboreal epiphyte, Tillandsia usneoides L. (Spanish moss), and its edaphic conditions are relatively homogeneous. To test the hypothesis that throughfall patterns alter soil microbial community N-function, we examined soil microbial community N-functional (ammonia oxidizing and chitinolytic) genes, soil chemistry/texture, and throughfall amounts/chemistry for points along a canopy coverage continuum: large canopy gaps (0%), bare Q. virginiana canopy (50–60%), and Q. virginiana canopy hosting heavy T. usneoides (>=85%) over a typical growing season (Mar–Sep 2014). Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) analyses were used to assess changes in the diversity and abundance, respectively, of soil chitinolytic bacterial and ammonia oxidizing archaeal genes. Significant differences in throughfall water and solute delivery (Na+, Cl−, PO43−, SO42−, K+, Ca2+, NO3−, NH4+) were found to alter soil sodicity and salinity. Diversity of chitinolytic bacterial and ammonia oxidizing archaeal communities significantly differed across cover classes and negatively correlated to soil salinity, soil Na+ concentration, and throughfall Cl−, SO42−, and PO43- concentrations. Results suggest throughfall can alter patterns in the soil microbial community’s N-functional gene diversity.
Bladder Mucosal Grafts for Severe Hypospadias: A Successful Technique

Free grafts of bladder mucosa may be used to bridge long urethral defects in the repair of hypospadias. Strictures, which occur commonly at the proximal anastomotic site with the native meatus and where the bladder mucosa is exposed on the glans, have limited the use of the procedure. We have found that draining the proximal anastomosis prevents most strictures. When the distal most portion of the neourethra is formed from the skin of the ventral penile shaft and glans, no bladder mucosa is exposed and meatal stricture is thereby avoided.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of Electromigration on Si(100) Surfaces under External Strain

Under zero externally applied stress, a nominally flat Si(100) surface has almost equal populations of (2×1) and (1×2) reconstructed domains. These two domains are separated by a single atomic layer step of 1.4A height. The (2×1) domain contains Si-dimer rows parallel to the step edge and the (1×2) domain contains dimer rows perpendicular to the step edge. Using Chadi’s nomenclature1, we refer the (2×1) domain as type A domain and (1×2) as type B. The two domains can be distinguished in the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) image by a straight SA steps of type A and the ragged SB steps of type B as shown in Fig. 1(a). A high resolution STM image of the dimer rows is shown in Fig. 1(b).
Acellular Matrix-Assisted Breast Reconstruction in the Setting of Radiotherapy

Acellular matrices are an important component of the reconstructive algorithm of implant-based breast reconstruction. They provide coverage of the inferolateral aspects of the tissue expander or implant at the time of reconstruction. Numerous benefits have been reported with their use including improved fold control, better support and control of the implant pocket with concomitant reduced risk of malposition, and improved lower pole expansion. Despite their widespread use, questions remain regarding their tolerability, viability, and/or performance in the setting of radiation and whether they provide any protection against the adverse effects of radiotherapy. In this chapter, the published literature is reviewed to assess the safety and outcomes of acellular matrix-assisted breast reconstruction in the setting of radiotherapy.
Stating Problems as Procedures to a General Problem Solving Program

The value of a problem solving program to a person who has a particular problem to solve is related to the ease with which he can state the problem in the program’s input language and the effectiveness of the program’s problem solving methods for finding a solution. In general, the value of a problem solving program can be measured in terms of the range of problems which can be easily stated in its input language and for which its problem solving methods are effective.
Acute Headache as an Emergency Presentation

A consecutive series of 150 children (aged 2 to 18 years) who presented to an emergency department with abrupt onset of severe headache were evaluated prospectively at the Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters, East Virginia Medical School, Norfork.
Anatomy of an Evidence Base

An analysis was conducted of the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) research evidence base on the effectiveness of replicable education interventions. Most interventions were found to have little or no support from technically adequate research studies, and intervention effect sizes were of questionable magnitude to meet education policy goals. These findings painted a dim picture of the evidence base on education interventions and indicated a need for new approaches, including a reexamination of federal reliance on experimental impact research as the basis for gauging intervention effectiveness.
Chronic Alcoholism, Alcohol and Sleep

Since the demonstration of Dement and Kleitman (1957) that the periodic occurrence of rapid eye movements (REMs) in the presence of electroencephalographic (EEG) desynchrony during sleep was associated with visual dreams, and the immediate confirmation by Dement (1958) of similar bioelectric patterns in the cat, a wealth of information has accumulated concerning many behavioral and biological aspects of sleep. Recently, increasing efforts have been made to relate the significance of this variety of data to clinical areas, including the problems of chronic alcoholism and other drug abuse.
Relaxing Sphenoidal Slit Incision to Extend the Anterior and Posterior Reach of Pedicled Nasoseptal Flaps During Endoscopic Skull Base Reconstruction of Transcribriform Defects: Technical Note and Results in 20 Patients.

Background Reconstruction of large anterior skull base (ASB) defects after an endoscopic endonasal transcribriform approach (EEA-TC) remains a challenge despite the advent of the vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap (PNSF). Objective We describe a relaxing PNSF slit incision that extends the anterior and posterior reach of the PNSF to maximize tensionless flap coverage of transcribriform ASB defects. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on 20 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal transcribriform approach and subsequent PNSF reconstruction with a relaxing slit incision. At the time of endoscopic ASB reconstruction, the PNSF is rotated into position so that the anterior margin of the flap is situated at the posterior table of the frontal sinus. A relaxing slit incision is made across the sphenoidal segment of the PNSF, which is the segment of flap that bridges across the sphenoid sinus once the flap is rotated into position. The anterior reach of the flap is increased to adequately cover the posterior table of the frontal sinus, and the redundant sphenoidal flap is rotated posteriorly to make contact to the bony planum sphenoidale. Results No patients developed postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks (0%). The ASB repair was monitored via postoperative outpatient nasal endoscopy at various time points, which demonstrated excellent mucosalization of the ASB with a mean follow-up of 19.2 months (range: 4.1–36.2 months). Conclusions Our simple relaxing slit incision in the sphenoidal portion of the PNSF allows for maximal tensionless coverage of extensive transcribriform defects by increasing the anterior and posterior reach of the flap.
P61: Harnessing the therapeutic potential of nitrite through a novel hybrid hydrogel/glass nanoparticle platform

Nitrite is actively being considered and evaluated as a source of nitric oxide (NO) for both topical and systemic clinical applications. A major limitation for the many promising applications of nitrite based therapy is that the dosing and duration of action are difficult to control. We have developed a nanoparticle delivery platform that utilizes a novel solid phase thermal reduction process to convert nitrite to either NO or N2O3 within the nanoparticle [1] . NO is released in a slow sustained manner when the dry nanoparticles are exposed to moisture. Release rates and NO content are easily tuned with this platform. The NO releasing nanoparticles (NOnps) have been tested in vivo for both topical and systemic applications. Topically NOnps are highly effective as a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent that also enhances wound healing [2] , [3] . The nanoparticles can deliver NO transdermally as is evident from their efficacy as a topical therapy for erectile dysfunction [4] and for MRSA infected abscesses. Most recently, it has been demonstrated in a hamster skin flap model that topically administered NOnps induce increased tissue perfusion in the full thickness of the skin below the administered NOnps. Systemically administered NOnps have an extended circulation time with a prolonged physiological response consistent with sustained NO release [5] , [6] , [7] . The NOnps are anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory. They have been shown to minimize HBOC toxicity and short circuit the proinflammatory cascade associated with hemorrhagic shock. Together these preclinical results indicate that this platform can harness the considerable therapeutic potential of nitrite for both topical and systemic applications. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.
A Remark on the Invariance of Solenoidal Vectors in Elastostatics

The linear elastostatic displacement boundary-value problem is considered for a bounded simply connected region Ω in R n in the case of a homogeneous isotropic medium. For n = 2 it is shown that if all solenoidal forcing terms result in solenoidal displacements, then Ω is a disk. It is likely that the result is true for n ≥ 3 but that problem is not resolved.
Lung Dose Escalation

RTOG 73-01 established standard doses of radiation for the treatment of patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer at 60 Gy in 2 Gy per fraction. However, overall survival was still poor, and local failures were a continuing problem. Over the next 30 years, a number of single institution and multi institution studies have been performed, attempting to improve overall survival by reducing local failures through radiation dose escalation either alone or in combination with chemotherapy with promising results. Additionally, new technology has been developed that can improve tumor imaging, deliver more conformal RT with less dose to normal structures, and decreased the set-up uncertainties, which has increased the therapeutic ratio and now allows for even safer dose escalation. The present chapter reviews these studies and discusses the current status of radiation dose escalation for patients with stage III NSCLC.
Effective heuristic for large-scale unrelated parallel machines scheduling problems

Abstract This paper is concerned with non-preemptive scheduling of large-scale unrelated parallel machines (UPM) with the objective of minimizing total weighted completion times (TWCT). We propose a sequential improvement local search algorithm using multiple-jump strategy embedded within Tabu search (TS) components for TWCT, and use a highly efficient data structure to provide a necessary and sufficient condition for local optimality of a solution. We will generate a set of large-scale test problems to evaluate the performance of proposed algorithm in term of scalability, solution quality and efficiency. The non-parametric tests of algorithm components will be used to validate the consistent performance across problem types and problem sizes in the proposed algorithm.
Inadequate antibiotic dosing in patients receiving sustained low efficiency dialysis

Background Patients requiring SLED are often critically ill and/or hemodynamically unstable, and often need antibiotic therapy for life-threatening infections. Antibiotic dosing recommendations for intermittent hemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy are not appropriate for SLED and there is substantial concern for under dosing. Objective To characterize the adequacy of antibiotic dosing during SLED. Setting: Inpatient adult acute care hospital. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for the period of October 2010 to August 2013 to identify patients who received SLED and at least one of the selected antibiotics: cefepime, daptomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, and vancomycin. Dosing regimens were evaluated each day the patient was receiving one of these antibiotics concurrently with SLED. The administered antibiotic dosing regimens were defined as “adequate” or “inadequate” based on recommendations available in the literature. Main outcome measure The percentage of adequate antibiotic days for each antibiotic. Results Antibiotic regimens were evaluated for a total of 51 patients: 35 (69%) with acute kidney injury, 16 (31%) with end-stage renal disease, mean SLED duration 9.3 ± 1.7 h. The total percent of adequate antibiotic days were: vancomycin 86%, cefepime 62%, daptomycin 58%, meropenem 35%, and piperacillin/tazobactam 20%. Under dosing accounted for 63% of the days antibiotic dosing was considered inadequate. Conclusion: Antibiotic dosing was frequently inadequate, especially for antibiotics requiring more frequent dosing, suggesting a high potential for subtherapeutic levels during the majority of time critically ill patients are requiring SLED.
Optimizing data layout and system configuration on FPGA-based heterogeneous platforms

The most attractive feature of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is their configuration flexibility. However, if the configuration is performed manually, this flexibility places a heavy burden on system designers to choose among a vast number of configuration parameters and program transformations. In this paper, we improve the state-of-the-art with two main innovations: First, we apply compiler-automated transformations to the data layout and program statements to create streaming accesses. Such accesses are turned into streaming interfaces when the kernels are implemented in hardware, allowing the kernels to run efficiently. Second, we use two-step mixed integer programming to first minimize the execution time and then to minimize energy dissipation. Configuration parameters are chosen automatically, including several important ones omitted by existing models. Experimental results demonstrate significant performance gains and energy savings using these techniques. This work is sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation (Grant 1533822).
Three-dimensional deep tissue multiphoton frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy via phase multiplexing and adaptive optics

We propose and demonstrate a novel multiphoton frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (MPM-FD-FLIM) system that is able to generate 3D lifetime images in deep scattering tissues. The imaging speed of FD-FLIM is improved using phase multiplexing, where the fluorescence signal is split and mixed with the reference signal from the laser in a multiplexing manner. The system allows for easy generation of phasor plots, which not only address multi-exponential decay problems but also clearly represent the dynamics of the fluorophores being investigated. Lastly, a sensorless adaptive optics setup is used for FLIM imaging in deep scattering tissues. The capability of the system is demonstrated in fixed and living animal models, including mice and zebrafish.
When Students Prove a Theorem without Explicitly Using a Necessary Condition: Digging into a Subtle Problem from Practice

Over the years, we have noticed our students constructing proofs that commutativity is preserved by isomorphism that do not explicitly use the fact that the isomorphism is surjective. These proofs are typically valid otherwise. However, such proofs are invalid because they would prove the false claim that commutativity is preserved by any homomorphism. This observation from practice raises researchable questions: How common is this phenomenon? What is the nature of this phenomenon and can we explain why students produce this type of argument? In this paper, we report a small-scale two-part survey study and a preliminary interview study designed to begin exploring these questions. Our results suggest that this phenomenon is likely quite common and goes beyond a simple omission of a proof detail. Drawing on the research literature and our follow-up interviews, we propose potential explanations for this phenomenon. Finally, we discuss two different ways to think about supporting students who make this error, one that focuses on refining the students’ proofs and one that involves encouraging students to use the conclusion of a statement to structure a proof.
Activation of adenylate cyclase in Acanthamoeba palestinensis

Preincubation of Acanthamoeba palestinensis homogenates in 0.25M sucrose-TM (2mM MgSO4 and 5mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) at 0 degree C for increasing periods of time up to 3 h, leads to a progressive increase in the activity of adenylated cyclase. In contrast, preincubation of isolated membrane fractions enriched in enzyme activity in the same medium results in no activation. However, preincubation of membrane fractions in medium containing a high density of sugars (sucrose, glucose or fructose) mimics the activation obtained with homogenates. The high density sugar activation is time and temperature dependent, and reversible upon return to a low density medium. The high osmotic pressure of the sugars utilized may be a factor, since high concentrations of the sucrose polymer, Ficoll, which has low osmotic activity, causes not activation. Soluble activators, protein synthesis and changes in cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity were all eliminated as possible effectors of the apparent activation of adenylate cyclase. In contrast to mammalian adenylate cyclase, the endoplasmic reticulum localized enzyme of Acanthamoeba is inhibited by NaF and is unaffected by GTP, adenosine, epinephrine, prostaglandin E1, propranolol, and meclofenamic acid. These data indicate that the adenylate cyclase of Acanthamoeba is structurally different from that of most mammalian cells.
The Phenomenological Movement in Context of the Philosophy of Film and Motion Pictures

This chapter surveys foundational concepts in the history of phenomenology for the purpose of highlighting their relevance for key contemporary issues in the philosophy of film. A central argument concerns phenomenology’s capacity for unraveling the ontology of film, given phenomenology’s emphasis on accounting for the ontology of phenomena through description based in first-person experience. On this ground, the chapter defends the claim that film’s ontology stems from the projective intentionality of the film viewer, where the communicative nature of embodied vision also figures into play. The principal phenomenological frameworks taken up are those of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, as well as the work of contemporary film scholar Vivian Sobchack.
Transforming growth factor beta induces fibroblasts to express and release the immunomodulatory protein PD-L1 into extracellular vesicles

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is an enigmatic protein with various roles in healthy tissue homeostasis/development as well as the development or progression of cancer, wound healing, fibrotic disorders, and immune modulation, to name a few. As TGFβ is causal to various fibroproliferative disorders featuring localized or systemic tissue/organ fibrosis as well as the activated stroma observed in various malignancies, characterizing the pathways and players mediating its action is fundamental. In the current study, we found that TGFβ induces the expression of the immunoinhibitory molecule Programed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in human and murine fibroblasts in a Smad2/3- and YAP/TAZ-dependent manner. Furthermore, PD-L1 knockdown decreased the TGFβ-dependent induction of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen Iα1 (colIα1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and cell migration/wound healing. In addition to an endogenous role for PD-L1 in profibrotic TGFβ signaling, TGFβ stimulated-human lung fibroblast-derived PD-L1 into extracellular vesicles (EVs) capable of inhibiting T cell proliferation in response to T cell receptor stimulation and mediating fibroblast cell migration. These findings provide new insights and potential targets for a variety of fibrotic and malignant diseases.
Outcomes of ISHLT Lung Transplant AMR

Purpose ISHLT published diagnostic criteria for AMR in 2016 delineating the diagnostic certainty of AMR with definite, probable, and possible grading that considers PFTs, presence of DSA, histopathology, C4d, and ruling out other causes for graft dysfunction. The natural course of these AMR categories remains unknown. This study examines outcomes related to ISHLT AMR categories. Methods The study included 435 lung transplant recipients enrolled in two multicenter prospective cohort studies. An AMR Working Group reviewed clinical data and used ISHLT criteria to adjudicate for AMR and CLAD. DSA+ subjects were categorized as DSA+/no AMR and DSA+/AMR. The AMR group was further stratified into definite, probable, and possible. CLAD-free survival was defined as being alive and CLAD-free. Allograft injury was assessed as decline in FEV1 and via a validated biomarker (donor-derived cell-free DNA - %ddcfDNA). %ddcfDNA assayed by shotgun sequencing in serially collected post-transplant plasma samples. Allograft injury, DSA features and CLAD-free survival were compared between DSA+/AMR and DSA+/no AMR, as well as between AMR groups. Definite and probable AMR were combined into one group due to smaller numbers for each definite AMR. Results There were 185 DSA+ patients; 92 of which developed AMR. DSA+/AMR patients showed distinct features from DSA+/No AMR group. DSA+/AMR showed elevated %ddcfDNA levels (1.87 vs. 0.87), 3-fold higher hazard of NOT clearing DSA (95%CI 1.7-6.5, Figure A), and 4-fold higher hazard of dying or developing CLAD (95%CI 2.5-7.1, Figure B). On the other hand, definite/probable and possible AMR showed similar DSA mean florescence intensity (7241 vs 6023), %ddcfDNA (3.81 vs 3.11), %PFT decline (36% vs 28%) at the time of AMR diagnosis, and CLAD-free survival compared to possible AMR group. Conclusion DSA+/AMR subjects show increased risk of CLAD than DSA+ patients without AMR. However, all ISHLT AMR categories showed similar clinical and prognostic profiles, suggesting that the ISHLT diagnostic categories may not represent disease severity.
Fake News Detection in Social Networks Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning: Performance Evaluation

The problems related to fake news are growing rapidly which results in misleading views on some information. Social media networks are one of the fastest medium to spread information by creating a huge impact on manipulating information by influencing readers in positive and negative aspects. This paper aims at evaluating and comparing different approaches that are used to mitigate this issue including some traditional machine learning approaches, such as Naive Bayes, and the popular deep learning approaches, such as hybrid CNN and RNN. The comparison is not only within traditional methods or within deep learning methods, but also across traditional and non-traditional methods. This paper lays a foundation for selecting a machine learning or deep learning method for problem solving regarding the balance between accuracy and lightweightness.
Utilization Patterns of Perioperative Neuromuscular Blockade Reversal in the United States: A Retrospective Observational Study From the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group.

BACKGROUND Following the introduction of sugammadex to the US clinical practice, scarce data are available to understand its utilization patterns. This study aimed to characterize patient, procedure, and provider factors associated with sugammadex administration in US patients. METHODS This retrospective observational study was conducted across 24 Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group institutions in the United States with sugammadex on formulary at the time of the study. All American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-IV adults undergoing noncardiac surgery from 2014 to 2018 receiving neuromuscular blockade (NMB) were eligible. The study established 3 periods based on the date of first documented sugammadex use at each institution: the presugammadex period, 0- to 6-month transitional period, and 6+ months postsugammadex period. The primary outcome was reversal using sugammadex during the postsugammadex period-defined as 6 months after sugammadex was first utilized at each institution. A multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model controlling for institution was developed to assess patient, procedure, and provider factors associated with sugammadex administration. RESULTS A total of 934,798 cases met inclusion criteria. Following the 6-month transitional period, sugammadex was used on average in 40.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.8-40.2) of cases receiving NMB. Multivariable analysis demonstrated sugammadex use to be associated with train-of-four count of 0-1 (adjusted odds ratio = 4.06; 95% CI, 33.83-4.31) or 2 (2.45; 2.29-2.62) vs 3-4 twitches before reversal; the amount of NMB administered (3.01; 2.88-3.16) for the highest effective dose 95 quartile compared to the lowest quartile; advanced age (1.83; 1.71-1.95) compared to age <41; male sex (1.36; 1.32-1.39) compared to female sex; major thoracic surgery (1.26; 1.13-1.39); congestive heart failure (1.17, 1.07-1.28); and ASA III or IV (1.13; 1.10-1.16) versus ASA I or II. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate broad early clinical adoption of sugammadex following Food and Drug Administration approval. Sugammadex is used preferentially in cases with higher degrees of NMB before reversal and in patients with greater burden of comorbidities and known risk factors for residual blockade or pulmonary complications.
Continuous-in-Depth Neural Networks.

Recent work has attempted to interpret residual networks (ResNets) as one step of a forward Euler discretization of an ordinary differential equation, focusing mainly on syntactic algebraic similarities between the two systems. Discrete dynamical integrators of continuous dynamical systems, however, have a much richer structure. We first show that ResNets fail to be meaningful dynamical integrators in this richer sense. We then demonstrate that neural network models can learn to represent continuous dynamical systems, with this richer structure and properties, by embedding them into higher-order numerical integration schemes, such as the Runge Kutta schemes. Based on these insights, we introduce ContinuousNet as a continuous-in-depth generalization of ResNet architectures. ContinuousNets exhibit an invariance to the particular computational graph manifestation. That is, the continuous-in-depth model can be evaluated with different discrete time step sizes, which changes the number of layers, and different numerical integration schemes, which changes the graph connectivity. We show that this can be used to develop an incremental-in-depth training scheme that improves model quality, while significantly decreasing training time. We also show that, once trained, the number of units in the computational graph can even be decreased, for faster inference with little-to-no accuracy drop.
Kant and the “Old formula of the schools”

In this essay I offer a new interpretation of Kant’s discussion of “the old formula of the schools” in the Critique of Practical Reason – “nihil appetimus, nisi sub ratione boni; nihil aversamur, n...
Healthy and Ready to Learn: Prevalence and Correlates of School Readiness among United States Preschoolers

Abstract Objective To assess the national and state prevalence of being “Healthy and Ready to Learn” (HRL) and associated sociodemographic, health, family and neighborhood factors. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, a nationally representative parent-reported survey administered by web and paper June 2016 to February 2017. Four domains were constructed from 18 items through confirmatory factor analyses: “Early Learning Skills”, “Social-Emotional Development”, “Self-Regulation”, and “Physical Well-being and Motor Development.” Each item and domain were scored according to age-specific standards as “On-Track”, “Needs Support”, and “At Risk” with overall HRL defined as “On-Track” in all domains for 7565 randomly selected children ages 3 to 5 years. Results In 2016, 42.2% of children ages 3 to 5 years were considered HRL with the proportion considered “On-Track” ranging from 58.4% for Early Learning Skills to 85.5% for Physical Well-being and Motor Development”; approximately 80% of children were considered “On-Track” in Social-Emotional Development and Self-Regulation, respectively. Sociodemographic differences were mostly non-significant in multivariable analyses. Health, family, and neighborhood factors (ie, special health care needs status/type, parental mental health, reading, singing and storytelling, screen time, adverse childhood experiences, and neighborhood amenities) were associated with HRL. HRL prevalence ranged from 25.5% (NV) to 58.7% (NY), but only 4 states were significantly different from the U.S. overall. Conclusions Based on this pilot measure, only about 4 in 10 US children ages 3 to 5 years may be considered “Healthy and Ready to Learn.” Improvement opportunities exist for multiple, modifiable factors to affect young children's readiness to start school.
Finite-Time Convergence Rates of Nonlinear Two-Time-Scale Stochastic Approximation under Markovian Noise.

We study the so-called two-time-scale stochastic approximation, a simulation-based approach for finding the roots of two coupled nonlinear operators. Our focus is to characterize its finite-time performance in a Markov setting, which often arises in stochastic control and reinforcement learning problems. In particular, we consider the scenario where the data in the method are generated by Markov processes, therefore, they are dependent. Such dependent data result to biased observations of the underlying operators. Under some fairly standard assumptions on the operators and the Markov processes, we provide a formula that characterizes the convergence rate of the mean square errors generated by the method to zero. Our result shows that the method achieves a convergence in expectation at a rate $\mathcal{O}(1/k^{2/3})$, where $k$ is the number of iterations. Our analysis is mainly motivated by the classic singular perturbation theory for studying the asymptotic convergence of two-time-scale systems, that is, we consider a Lyapunov function that carefully characterizes the coupling between the two iterates. In addition, we utilize the geometric mixing time of the underlying Markov process to handle the bias and dependence in the data. Our theoretical result complements for the existing literature, where the rate of nonlinear two-time-scale stochastic approximation under Markovian noise is unknown.
Soil- transmitted nematode infections and cognitive behavior in rural residents of Dezhou City in 2011

Objective To understand the status of soil-transmitted nematode infections,as well as the awareness and healthy behavior on soil-transmitted nematodiasis in rural residents of Dezhou City. Methods Six villages were selected according to the stratified sampling method;the permanent resident population aged 3 years or above was determined as the investigation objects.The modified Kato-Katz technique was adopted to detect the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides,hookworm and Trichuris trichiura in the feces of the residents,and the method of cellophane anal swab was used to detect the Enterobius vermicularis infection in children under 12 years old. More than 50 households in each investigated site were randomly selected to investigate the awareness status on nematodiasis prevention and treatment and the condition of healthy behavior formation. Results A total of 2 294 residents were detected by Kato-Katz methods,11 of them were positive,and the total infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes was 0.48%. Totally 260 children were detected and 40 were infected with E. vermicularis,and the infection rate was 15.38%. A total of 898 residents were investigated in the household survey and the awareness rate of nematodiasis prevention and treatment was 44.99%,the proportion of residents with healthy behavior was above 70%. Conclusions The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematode is low in rural areas of Dezhou City,but the infection rate ofE. vermicularis in children is higher. The condition of healthy behavior formation is satisfying,but the awareness rate of nematodiasis prevention and treatment of the residents is low. Therefore,the control measuresaswellashealthyeducation still should bestrengthened.
The Multifaceted Roles of Hypothalamic Astrocytes and Microglial Cells in Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Regulation in Health and Disease

The hypothalamus is a key regulatory brain region that coordinates and modulates various vital processes, including cardiovascular and respiratory functions, metabolism and mood, among others. This complex function is achieved by the concerted action of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia within this nucleus. However, various pathophysiological conditions, particularly those involving a neuroinflammatory process, disturb the normal function and interaction of these various cellular components of the nucleus. Here we provide a broad overview about the origin, development, and function of microglia and astrocytes and discuss their respective roles in the regulation of hypothalamic activity. We further provide insight into how cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure or hypertension affect neuronal and glial activity in the hypothalamus and impose detrimental consequences to the well-being of affected individuals. Finally, we discuss a recently developed technique that allows the three-dimensional reconstruction and analysis of glial cells, thereby providing unprecedented details about glial morphology.
Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences, Paternal Involvement, and Infant Health.

Objectives To assess the interplay between maternal exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and father's acknowledgment of paternity (AOP; a proxy for paternal involvement) in the risk of low birth weight ( Study design Data come from the 2018 North Dakota and South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 1896). Logistic regression models were used to assess low birth weight and preterm birth outcomes. Moderation analyses are conducted to assess the interaction between maternal ACEs and father's AOP. Results Moderation analyses demonstrated a positive interaction between an accumulating number of maternal ACEs and being unmarried without AOP for low birth weight and preterm birth. Upon comparing newborns of unmarried women without AOP, those whose mothers were exposed to 4 or more ACEs had a 3.74 times greater probability of low birth weight (0.050 vs 0.187) and a 1.74 times greater probability of preterm birth (0.085 vs 0.148) than those whose mothers reported no ACE exposure. Conclusions Exposure to accumulating ACEs substantially increases the risk of deleterious infant health outcomes, but only for newborns of unmarried women without AOP. Future research should assess the efficacy of interventions that can mitigate the impact of maternal ACEs in the absence of father's AOP.