cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A low order model for vertical axis wind turbines

A new computational model for initial sizing and performance prediction of vertical axis wind turbines is presented. The model uses a 2D hybrid dynamic vortex and blade element momentum approach. Each airfoil is modeled as a single vortex of time varying strength with an analytical model for the influence of the shed vorticity. The vortex strengths are calculated by imposing a flow tangency condition at the three-quarter chord location on each airfoil, modified in the case of stall. The total blade forces and the momentum-based streamtube deceleration are then obtained using pre-computed cd and cm 2D blade profile characteristics. Model fidelity is improved over previous models because flow c urvature, dynamic vortices, blade interactions, static stall, and streamtube changes are all taken into account. Fast convergence is obtained for a large range of solidity and tip speed ratio, which allows optimization of various parameters, including blade pitch angle variation.
Integrative Approach with the Patient in Mind: A Glance Forward

The treating orthopedic surgeon must be very mindful of the integrative, multi-disciplinary nature of treating patients afflicted with metastatic bone disease. Furthermore, we must embrace better quality metric to demonstrate that we are delivering upon what we promised.
A manufacturable, 26 GHz GaAs MMIC technology

A 26 GHz MMIC technology has been developed to manufacture high performance integrated circuits for microwave instrumentation. The fabrication process features an MBE active layer, a 0.4 mu m gate patterned by DUV contact lithography, Ta/sub 2/N thin-film resistors, Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ MIM capacitors and dry-etched backside vias. The completed MESFET has a nominal f/sub t/ of 23 GHz and a f/sub max/ of 55 GHz. Two standard products are currently being manufactured. The first is a 2-26.5 GHz travelling wave amplifier (TWA) which routinely achieves 8.7 dB+or-0.5 dB gain across the band with 21 dBm saturated output power and a noise figure of better than 8 dB at 18 GHz. RF yield to a gain spec of 7 dB at 26.5 GHz and 10 dB input and output return loss is 40%. The second product is a DC-50 GHz variable attenuator which achieves 72% yield to a 26.5 GHz spec of 2.4 dB minimum insertion loss, 27 dB maximum attenuation and greater than 8 dB input and output return loss. >
On the stability of a laminar wall jet with heat transfer

The hydrodynamic stability of a low speed, plane, non-isothermal laminar wall jet at a constant temperature boundary condition was investigated theoretically and experimentally. The mean velocity and temperature profiles used in the stability analysis were obtained by implementing the Illingworth–Stewartson transformation that allows one to extend the classical Glauert solution to a thermally non-uniform flow. The stability calculations showed that the two unstable eigenmodes coexisting at moderate Reynolds numbers are significantly affected by the heat transfer. Heating is destabilizing the flow while cooling is stabilizing it. However, the large-scale instabilities associated with the inflection point of the velocity profile still amplify in spite of the high level of the stabilizing temperature difference. The calculated stability characteristics of the wall jet with heat transfer were compared with experimental data. The comparison showed excellent agreement for small amplitudes of the imposed perturbations. The agreement is less good for the phase velocities of the sub-harmonic wave and this is attributed to experimental difficulties and to nonlinear effects.
Optimizing Immunostaining of Enamel Matrix: Application of Sudan Black B and Minimization of False Positives from Normal Sera and IgGs

Non-specific fluorescence from demineralized enamel matrix can significantly compromise the immunofluorescence studies and lead to false positives. Our goal was to assess degrees of nonspecific binding under different conditions and try to optimize procedures for immunofluorescence studies of forming enamel. Firstly, we compared two methods for background fluorescence elimination, i.e. sodium borohydride and Sudan Black B treatments. The results demonstrated that Sudan Black B is far superior to sodium borohydride in reducing the background fluorescence in dental tissues. We also studied the extent of non-specific binding of normal sera and purified polyclonal immunoglobulins (IgG) from five mammalian species, guinea pig, rat, rabbit, goat and sheep, over a broad range of dilutions. For all sera tested fluorescence signals increased exponentially from 1:1000 to 1:100. Interestingly, the nonspecific binding of sera from rodent species was below that of positive control in the whole range of dilutions. In contrast, incubation with sera from 3 non-rodent species produced much higher signals which surpassed the positive control signal at 1:250~1:500 dilution range. Most of the IgGs didn’t show significant non-specific binding within 0.25-5 µg/ml range, except rabbit IgG which demonstrated extremely high affinity to the enamel matrix even at concentrations as low as 1 µg/ml. Further studies confirmed that Fab fragments of purified normal rabbit IgG, not conserved Fc fragments, were involved in the interactions. Our observations suggest this high affinity is associated with the antigen binding sites of rabbit IgG. We anticipate that our results will help enamel researchers to optimize and standardize their immunochemical procedures.
Incidental Finding of Bronchopulmonary Sequestration in a 64-Year-Old Female

Background: Bronchopulmonary sequestration is a congenital abnormality of the primitive foregut. In adults, the typical age at presentation is 20-25 years. Case Report: A 64-year-old female was referred for evaluation of an 8 × 6-cm right lower lobe cystic lesion. Her medical history was significant for recurrent right lower lobe pneumonia requiring multiple hospitalizations. Her physical examination was significant for crackles at the right lung base. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with contrast showed cystic changes with thickened septation of the medial segment of the right lower lobe lacking distinct visceral pleura and with arterial supply from the anomalous branch of the thoracic aorta arising near the celiac trunk. Pulmonary angiography confirmed the diagnosis of intralobar pulmonary sequestration. The patient underwent celiac endovascular coil embolization of the anomalous artery to lessen the risk of hemorrhage prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) resection of the right low...
Meniscus-assisted solution printing of large-grained perovskite films for high-efficiency solar cells

Control over morphology and crystallinity of metal halide perovskite films is of key importance to enable high-performance optoelectronics. However, this remains particularly challenging for solution-printed devices due to the complex crystallization kinetics of semiconductor materials within dynamic flow of inks. Here we report a simple yet effective meniscus-assisted solution printing (MASP) strategy to yield large-grained dense perovskite film with good crystallization and preferred orientation. Intriguingly, the outward convective flow triggered by fast solvent evaporation at the edge of the meniscus ink imparts the transport of perovskite solutes, thus facilitating the growth of micrometre-scale perovskite grains. The growth kinetics of perovskite crystals is scrutinized by in situ optical microscopy tracking to understand the crystallization mechanism. The perovskite films produced by MASP exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties with efficiencies approaching 20% in planar perovskite solar cells. This robust MASP strategy may in principle be easily extended to craft other solution-printed perovskite-based optoelectronics.
Moral and Social Values of Physical Education in the Secondary Schools

(1915). Moral and Social Values of Physical Education in the Secondary Schools. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 477-487.
Low-level arsenic exposure from drinking water is associated with prostate cancer in Iowa

Inorganic arsenic is a toxic naturally occurring element in soil and water in many regions of the US including the Midwest. Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer in men in Iowa, surpassed only by non-melanotic skin cancer. Epidemiology studies have evaluated arsenic exposure from drinking water and prostate cancer, but most have focused on high-level exposures outside the US. As drinking water from groundwater sources is a major source of arsenic exposure, we conducted an ecologic study to evaluate prostate cancer and arsenic in drinking water from public water sources and private wells in Iowa, where exposure levels are low, but duration of exposure can be long. Arsenic data from public water systems were obtained from the Iowa Safe Drinking Water Information System for the years 1994-2003 and for private wells from two Iowa Well Water Studies, the Iowa Community Private Well Study (ICPWS, 2002-2003) and Iowa Statewide Rural Well Water Survey Phase 2 (SWIRL2, 2006-2008) that provided data for 87 Iowa counties. Prostate cancer incidence data from 2009 to 2013 for Iowa were obtained from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results' SEER*Stat software. County averages of water arsenic levels varied from 1.08 to 18.6 ppb, with three counties above the current 10 ppb limit. Based on the tertiles of arsenic levels, counties were divided into three groups: low (1.08-2.06 ppb), medium (2.07-2.98 ppb), and high (2.99-18.6 ppb). Spatial Poisson regression modeling was conducted to estimate the risk ratios (RR) of prostate cancer by tertiles of arsenic level at a county level, adjusted for demographic and risk factors. The RR of prostate cancer were 1.23 (95% CI, 1.16-1.30) and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.21-1.35) in the medium and high groups, respectively, compared to the low group after adjusting for risk factors. The RR increased to 1.36 (95% CI, 1.28-1.45) in the high group when analyses were restricted to aggressive prostate cancers (Gleason score ≥ 7). This study shows a significant dose-dependent association between low-level arsenic exposure and prostate cancer, and if this result is replicated in future individual-level studies, may suggest that 10 ppb is not protective for human health.
“The Politics of Place”: Domestic and Diplomatic Priorities of the Colorado River Salinity Control Act (1974)

This article analyzes the Colorado River Salinity Control Act (1974) from international, regional (Colorado River Basin), and local (Yuma County) perspectives. While the Nixon administration simply wanted appropriations to build a desalination plant near Yuma, Arizona, in order to respond to Mexican complaints of saline river water south of the border, regional (U.S.) leaders used the legislation to obtain additional salinity control measures that would ostensibly conserve the Colorado River Basin’s shrinking water supply. The article also examines the efforts of farmers, municipal leaders, and Quechan natives in Yuma County to shape the legislation to their advantage.
Forecasting the Seasonal Timing of Maine's Lobster Fishery

The fishery for American lobster is currently the highest-valued commercial fishery in the United States, worth over US$620 million in dockside value in 2015. During a marine heat wave in 2012, the fishery was disrupted by the early warming of spring ocean temperatures and subsequent influx of lobster landings. This situation resulted in a price collapse, as the supply chain was not prepared for the early and abundant landings of lobsters. Motivated by this series of events, we have developed a forecast of when the Maine (USA) lobster fishery will shift into its high volume summer landings period. The forecast uses a regression approach to relate spring ocean temperatures derived from four NERACOOS buoys along the coast of Maine to the start day of the high landings period of the fishery. Tested against conditions in past years, the forecast is able to predict the start day to within one week of the actual start, and the forecast can be issued 3-4 months prior to the onset of the high-landings period, providing valuable lead-time for the fishery and its associated supply chain to prepare for the upcoming season. Forecast results are conveyed in a probabilistic manner and are updated weekly over a 6-week forecasting period so that users can assess the certainty and consistency of the forecast and factor the uncertainty into their use of the information in a given year. By focusing on the timing of events, this type of seasonal forecast provides climate-relevant information to users at time scales that are meaningful for operational decisions. As climate change alters seasonal phenology and reduces the reliability of past experience as a guide for future expectations, this type of forecast can enable fishing industry participants to better adjust to and prepare for operating in the context of climate change.
What Are We Measuring as Outcome? Looking Beyond Neurodevelopmental Impairment.

Outcomes of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) graduates have been categorized by rates of neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years old. Although useful as metrics for research, these early childhood assessments may underestimate or overestimate later functional capabilities. Often overlooked are less severe but more prevalent neurobehavioral dysfunctions seen later in childhood, and chronic health concerns that may impact the child’s quality of life (QoL). Comprehensive NICU follow-up should include measures of less severe cognitive/learning delays, physical/mental well-being, and the promotion of resilience in children and families. Studies are needed to identify QoL measures that will optimize children’s assessments and outcomes.
Implementation of an Algorithm Utilizing Saline Versus Albumin for the Treatment of Intradialytic Hypotension

Background: Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is the most commonly reported complication of hemodialysis (HD) treatment. At our institution, dialysis patients often have both 25% albumin and normal s...
A comprehensive review of protein kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy.

Introduction: Protein kinases are involved in various cellular functions. About 2% of the human genome encodes for protein kinases. Dysregulation of protein kinases is implicated in various process...
14.1 A 65nm 1.1-to-9.1TOPS/W Hybrid-Digital-Mixed-Signal Computing Platform for Accelerating Model-Based and Model-Free Swarm Robotics

Artificial swarm intelligence, inspired by biological studies of insects, ants and other organisms, present an emerging computing paradigm, where seemingly simple elements interact with each other to collectively solve challenging problems. In particular, swarm robotics, where multiple robots co-ordinate in real-time to solve diverse problems such as pattern-formation, cooperative reinforcement learning (RL), path-planning etc. [1], find extensive uses in exploration, reconnaissance and disaster relief. This is partly motivated by the robustness of swarm dynamics to failures and malfunctions of individual robots. Successful hardware demonstrations of neuro-inspired algorithms on edge-devices [2]–[6] is now leading to the emergence of intelligence and control in swarms as the next frontier. Although certain swarm algorithms rely on real-time learning (e.g., cooperative RL) representing a model-free approach, many powerful algorithms that have been developed over the past two decades (e.g., pattern formation) rely on a mathematical structure and represent a more traditional model-based approach. The next generation of swarm hardware needs to support both of these approaches. In this paper, we identify the commonalities and shared compute primitives across a variety of model-based and model-free swarm algorithms and present a unified, fully-programmable, energy-efficient and scalable platform capable of real-time swarm intelligence.
Constitutive Modelling of Skin Growth

Skin, like all biological materials, adapts to mechanical cues. When expanded beyond its physiological regime over extended time periods, skin grows. This intuitive knowledge has been leveraged clinically in a widely used surgical technique called tissue expansion, in which a surgeon inserts a balloon-like device and inflates it gradually over months to grow skin for reconstructive purposes. However, it is currently not possible to anticipate how much of the deformation due to the expander is growth and how much of it is elastic strain, and tissue expansion protocols remain arbitrary, based on each physician’s experience and training, leading to an unacceptable frequency of complications. Here we show a continuum mechanics framework to describe skin growth based on the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient in to growth and elastic tensors. We present the corresponding finite element implementation, in which the growth component is an internal variable stored and updated at the integration points of the finite element mesh. The model is applied to study the deformation and growth patterns of skin for different expander shapes, as well as in patient specific scenarios, showing excellent qualitative agreement with clinical experience. Experimental methods to calibrate and validate the translation of the model to the clinical setting are briefly discussed. We expect that the proposed modeling framework will increase our fundamental understanding of how skin grows in response to stretch, and it will soon lead to personalized treatment plans to achieve the desired patterns of skin growth while minimizing complications.
The Last Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) which has been flying on polar orbiting weather satellites since 1978 provide the longest global daily record of Earth observations. Data from AVHRRs have been vital for studying global change through their remote sensing observations of land, oceans, atmosphere and the cryosphere. MetOp-C satellites that was launched successful this year carries the last AVHRR. This paper reviews the glorious contributions of AVHRR during the past 40 years.
Habitat Targets for Imperiled Grassland Birds in Northern Mixed-Grass Prairie☆,☆☆

Abstract Grassland bird populations are declining faster than any other avian guild in North America, and promotion of favorable habitat conditions in rangeland breeding cores is important for their maintenance. There is much information on associations between breeding grassland songbirds and vegetation attributes. However, previous results have been difficult to translate into management practices due to mismatch between the scale and metrics used in biological sampling and those used in management. Here, we evaluate the response of imperiled grassland bird species to vegetation conditions using metrics and scales accessible to managers. We focus on four species that are experiencing particularly severe population declines: Baird's sparrow (Centronyx bairdii), chestnut-collared longspur (Calcarius ornatus), McCown's longspur (Rynchophanes mccownii), and Sprague's pipit (Anthus spragueii). In 2017 and 2018, we evaluated the abundances of these species within their core distributions in northern Montana. We used temporally replicated point-counts and hierarchical models to estimate abundance and associations with plot-level (9-ha) vegetation conditions while accounting for spatially and temporally variable detectability. Exotic grass encroachment and shrub cover had negative or neutral effects on all species. Birds responded strongly to biomass at this scale, with chestnut-collared longspurs and Sprague's pipit preferring a range of 1 100 kg ha−1 to 1 400 kg ha−1, and McCown's longspurs selecting for the lowest available. Residual grass and litter cover were important for Baird's sparrows. Variable results among species emphasize the need for heterogeneity in vegetation structure and composition at scales larger than the plot. Our results provide guidance for managers interested in improving habitat for these species.
Ultrasound scan for neonatal pulmonary diseases

Objective To evaluate the value of lung sonography in diagnosis of neonatal pulmonary diseases and to provide a reliable and simple method for diagnosing neonatal pulmonary diseases.Methods From May 2012 to August 2012,105 newborns who admitted into Bayi Children's Hospital were enrolled into this study,including respiratory distress syndrome 40 cases (three of them with difficulty in withdrawing mechanical ventilation),meconium aspiration syndrome 17 cases,wet lung of newborn 17 cases and 30 health neonates without lung diseases.Lung ultrasound was performed at bedside by a single expert physician within the first 24 h of life.All patients with neonatal lung diseases were diagnosed by clinical manifestations,arterial blood gas analysis and chest X-ray.Results (1) Lung sonography of normal neonates showed hypo-echo (black),smooth and clear hyper-echoic pleural line.A line was hyper echo too.(2) All 40 neonates with respiratory distress syndrome showed lung consolidation with air bronchograms; abnormal pleural line,disappeared A-lines,pleural effusion and alveolar-interstitial syndrome.Five out of the 40 (12.5％)infants showed pleural effusion.(3) All 18 meconium aspiration syndrome infants showed focal lung consolidation under pleural membrane,alveolar-interstitial syndrome,atypical changes of abnormal pleural line and disappeared A-line in lesion area with lung sonography.(4) All infants with wet lung of newborn (100.0％,17/17) showed "double lung point",with which all wet lung of newborn could be diagnosed.(5) Differential diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome with wet lung of newborn:five infants with severe dyspnea showed " white lung" in X-ray and were diagnosed as respiratory distress syndrome,while sonography only showed severe lung edema and one infant showed pleural effusion which was in accordance with wet lung of newborn,so was their courses of disease.(6) Three cases of respiratory distress syndrome showed dyspnea after withdrawing mechanical ventilation,and lung sonography showed local atelectasis but normal in X-ray.Conclusions Lung ultrasound has many advantages,such as accurate,reliable,no radiation damage,low-cost and simple; therefore,it is feasible in neonatal ward. Key words: Respiratory distress syndrome, newborn; Meconium aspiration syndrome; Ultrasonography
Evaluation of the rectal‐interdigital temperature gradient as a diagnostic marker of shock in dogs

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the difference in the rectal-interdigital temperature gradient (RITG) between dogs that were presented to an emergency room with clinical signs of shock compared to those without signs of shock, and if this gradient can be used as a diagnostic marker for shock. DESIGN Prospective, single center, observational study conducted from 2014 to 2015. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Twenty dogs with a clinical diagnosis of shock and 60 dogs without a clinical diagnosis of shock (controls). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Upon presentation to the emergency room and prior to intervention, measurements of rectal temperature, interdigital temperature, ambient temperature, systemic markers of perfusion (capillary refill time [CRT], heart rate [HR], respiratory rate [RR], Doppler blood pressure [DBP], and venous plasma lactate concentration), and venous blood gas analytes were recorded. Dogs were initially determined to be in shock by the attending clinician, and post hoc inclusion criteria were applied. Shock was defined as abnormalities in ≥3 of the 6 following criteria: HR > 120/min, RR > 40/min, CRT > 2 seconds, rectal temperature 2.5 mmol/L, or DBP < 90 mm Hg. Animals with circulatory shock had a significantly increased RITG. An increased RITG was also correlated with individual perfusion parameters including prolonged CRT (ρ = .353, P = 0.0013), tachycardia (ρ = .3485, P = 0.0015), decreased DBP (ρ = -0.6162, P = 0.0003), and shock index (ρ = 0.6168, P = 0.0003). Receiver operator curve analysis indicated a RITG cutoff point of 11.6°F had 90% specificity for the diagnosis of shock (area under the curve = 0.7604). CONCLUSIONS The RITG in this study was associated with a diagnosis of shock and therefore may serve as a diagnostic marker of circulatory shock. Future studies with larger sample sizes to validate the use of temperature gradients and other peripheral perfusion abnormalities as diagnostic and monitoring tools are warranted.
Dissemination of cancer survivorship care plans: who is being left out?

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer (CoC) recommend a clear and effectively explained comprehensive survivorship care plan (SCP) be given to all cancer survivors. The objective of this study is to understand the relationship between social determinants of health (SDOH) and self-reported receipt of SCP by cancer survivors in the USA. We analyzed an adult population of cancer survivors in the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System’s (BRFSS) Survivorship modules. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association of SDOH and reported receipt of SCP. There were 7061 cancer patients eligible for an SCP. The probability of reporting receipt of SCP decreased with lower educational achievement (high school/some college: AOR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.70–0.97, p = 0.02; < high school: AOR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.47–0.97, p = 0.03) compared to those with at least one college degree. Additionally, being widowed/divorced/separated (widowed/divorced/separated: AOR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61–0.86, p < 0.01 vs. married/cohabiting) and uninsured (uninsured: AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.0.34–0.80, p < 0.01 vs. insured) increased the odds of not receiving an SCP. Younger patients were more likely to receive an SCP than those over 65 (18–24 years: AOR = 6.62, 95% CI: 1.87–24.49, p < 0.01 vs. 65+ years). Among cancer survivors, SDOH such as low educational achievement, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, and being uninsured were associated with a lower likelihood of receiving an SCP. Future studies should evaluate how omission of SCP in these patients influences the quality of care during the transition from oncologists to primary care.
Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Aura nitrogen dioxide standard product version 4.0 with improved surface and cloud treatments

Abstract. We present a new and improved version (V4.0) of the NASA standard nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) product from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the Aura satellite. This version incorporates the most salient improvements for OMI NO 2 products suggested by expert users and enhances the NO 2 data quality in several ways through improvements to the air mass factors (AMFs) used in the retrieval algorithm. The algorithm is based on the geometry-dependent surface Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (GLER) operational product that is available on an OMI pixel basis. GLER is calculated using the vector linearized discrete ordinate radiative transfer (VLIDORT) model, which uses as input high-resolution bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) information from NASA's Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments over land and the wind-dependent Cox–Munk wave-facet slope distribution over water, the latter with a contribution from the water-leaving radiance. The GLER combined with consistently retrieved oxygen dimer (O 2 –O 2 ) absorption-based effective cloud fraction (ECF) and optical centroid pressure (OCP) provide improved information to the new NO 2 AMF calculations. The new AMFs increase the retrieved tropospheric NO 2 by up to 50 % in highly polluted areas; these differences arise from both cloud and surface BRDF effects as well as biases between the new MODIS-based and previously used OMI-based climatological surface reflectance data sets. We quantitatively evaluate the new NO 2 product using independent observations from ground-based and airborne instruments. The new V4.0 data and relevant explanatory documentation are publicly available from the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center ( https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/OMNO2_V003/summary/ , last access: 8 November 2020), and we encourage their use over previous versions of OMI NO 2 products.
Fast Non-line-of-sight Imaging with Two-step Deep Remapping

Conventional imaging only records photons directly sent from the object to the detector, while non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging takes the indirect light into account. Most NLOS solutions employ a transient scanning process, followed by a physical based algorithm to reconstruct the NLOS scenes. However, the transient detection requires sophisticated apparatus, with long scanning time and low robustness to ambient environment, and the reconstruction algorithms are typically time-consuming and computationally expensive. Here we propose a new NLOS solution to address the above defects, with innovations on both equipment and algorithm. We apply inexpensive commercial Lidar for detection, with much higher scanning speed and better compatibility to real-world imaging. Our reconstruction framework is deep learning based, with a generative two-step remapping strategy to guarantee high reconstruction fidelity. The overall detection and reconstruction process allows for millisecond responses, with reconstruction precision of millimeter level. We have experimentally tested the proposed solution on both synthetic and real objects, and further demonstrated our method to be applicable to full-color NLOS imaging.
Preliminary study of self-perceived communication competence amongst adults who do and do not stutter.

Abstract Purpose Adults who stutter report a significant impact of stuttering on their quality of life, including negative thoughts and attitudes toward communication. In addition to this impact, adolescents who stutter also report lower levels of self-perceived communication competence (SPCC) compared to fluent peers. The purpose of this study was to extend the investigation of SPCC to adults who do and do not stutter. Additional aims investigated included if 1) SPCC predicted overall impact of stuttering, and, 2) stuttering frequency predicted SPCC among adults who stutter. Methods Twenty-four adults who stutter and twenty-seven adults who do not stutter matched for age, gender, and education completed the Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale ( Richmond & McCroskey, 1997 ). All participants who stutter completed the Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering (OASES [ages 18+]; Yaruss & Quesal, 2006 ) and speaking samples to measure stuttering frequency. Results Adults who stutter reported significantly lower SPCC scale total scores than adults who do not stutter. For adults who stutter, lower SPCC scale scores significantly predicted more severe overall impact of stuttering as measured by the OASES. Stuttering frequency did not predict SPCC scale scores. Discussion This is the first study to report differences in self-perceived communication competence between adults who do and do not stutter. Results suggest adults who stutter report lower self-perceived communication competence compared to adults who do not stutter. Adults who perceive themselves to have greater communication competence reported less severe overall impact of stuttering, and stuttering frequency did not influence SPCC. Clinical implications for intervention are discussed.
The Generative Power of Protest: Time and Space in Contentious Politics:

How do social movements sustain themselves under authoritarian rule? This remains a crucial puzzle for scholars of comparative politics. This article gains traction on this puzzle by foregrounding ...
From residuated lattices to $\ell$-groups via free nuclear preimages

Two fundamental constructions in the theory of residuated lattices and partially ordered monoids (pomonoids) are so-called nuclear images and conuclear images. Nuclear images allow us to construct many of the ordered algebras which arise in non-classical logic (such as pomonoids, semilattice-ordered monoids, or residuated lattices) from cancellative ones. Conuclear images then allow us to construct some of these cancellative algebras from partially ordered or lattice-ordered groups. Among other things, we show that finite (commutative) integral residuated lattices are precisely the finite nuclear images of (commutative) cancellative integral residuated lattices and that (commutative) integrally closed pomonoids are precisely the nuclear images of subpomonoids of partially ordered (Abelian) groups. The key construction is the free nuclear preimage of a pomonoid. As a by-product of our study of free nuclear preimages, we also obtain a syntactic characterization of quasivarieties of pomonoids and semilattice-ordered monoids closed under nuclear images.
Can the Political Ambition of Young Women Be Increased? Evidence from U.S. High School Students

Can the Political Ambition of Young Women Be Increased? Evidence from U.S. High School Students
Regulatory Hardwiring: A Brief Overview of the Genomic Control Apparatus and its Causal Role in Development and Evolution

This chapter provides an overview of the genomic control apparatus and its causal role in development and evolution. The regulatory interactions mandated by the gene control circuitry determine whether each gene is expressed in every cell, throughout developmental space and time and if so, at what amplitude. In physical terms the control circuitry encoded in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is comprised of cis-regulatory elements. cis-regulatory elements are information processing units “wired” into the regulatory network so that they receive multiple inputs, in the form of the multiple transcription factors that bind within them. The inputs vary depending on when it is in development and in what cell a given gene is located, and the output is the “instruction” given to the basal transcription apparatus that determines whether the gene is to be silent, or active at a specified rate. If the gene encodes a transcription factor, the output leads to all the other cis-regulatory elements within which there are functional target sites for that transcription factor.
Impact of Mitral Annular Calcification on Cardiovascular Events in a Multiethnic Community. The Northern Manhattan Study

Objectives We sought to determine the magnitude of the association between mitral annular calcification (MAC) and vascular events in a multiethnic cohort. Background Mitral annular calcification is common in the elderly and is associated with atherosclerotic risk factors. Its impact on the risk of cardiovascular events is controversial. Methods The study cohort consisted of 1,955 subjects, ages ≥40 years, and free of prior myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS). Mitral annular calcification was assessed by transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography. The association between MAC and MI, IS, and vascular death (VD) was examined by Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors. The effect of MAC thickness was also analyzed. Results The mean age of the cohort was 68.0 ± 9.7 years and the majority of subjects were Hispanics (56.8%). A total of 519 subjects (26.6%) had MAC. Of 498 patients with MAC thickness measurements available, 253 (13.1%) had mild to moderate MAC (1 to 4 mm) and 245 (12.7%) severe MAC (>4 mm). During a mean follow-up of 7.4 ± 2.5 years, MI occurred in 100 (5.1%) subjects, IS in 104 (5.3%) subjects, and VD in 155 (8.0%) subjects. After adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors, MAC was associated with an increased risk of MI (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13 to 2.69, p = 0.011) and VD (adjusted HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.09 to 2.15, p = 0.015), but not IS (adjusted HR: 1.34; 95% CI: 0.87 to 2.05, p = 0.18). Further analysis revealed that the impact of MAC was related to its thickness, with MAC >4 mm being a strong and independent predictor of MI (adjusted HR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.17, p = 0.008) and VD (adjusted HR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.21 to 2.72, p = 0.002), and showing borderline association with IS (adjusted HR: 1.59; 95% CI: 0.95 to 2.67, p = 0.084). Conclusions In this multiethnic cohort, MAC was a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular events, especially MI and VD. The risk increase was directly related to MAC severity.
Can civic society change journalism? The experience of civic advocacy journalism in Latin America

Following recent studies on “field theory” and “new institutionalism” in journalism studies (Benson 2004, 2006), the starting premise of this article is that the press maintains linkages with three external fields: states, markets and civic society. Linkages are shaped by structural relations as well as by newsmaking practices. Structural factors such as ownership, financing, and legislation determine the connections of news organizations with states, business, and civic actors. The processes of news production and consumption involving newsrooms, sources, and audiences also affect the intensity of the relations between the press and external fields.
Sexual HIV Risk Behavior Levels Among Young and Older Gay Men Outside of AIDS Epicenters: Findings of a 16-City Sample

Although AIDS rates have leveled among older gay men in large original epicenters, HIV seroincidence remains high among young men who have sex with men (MSM) in many areas of the country. This research examined patterns of risk behavior among young (age 25 years or less) and older (age 26 years and over) MSM. Nearly 2,000 men entering gay bars in 16 small U.S. cities completed an anonymous survey of their sexual practices in the past 2 months and of psychosocial risk-related characteristics. Young men were more likely than older men to have engaged in unprotected anal intercourse and, specifically, receptive intercourse in the past 2 months. Younger men also reported more frequent occurrences of unprotected anal intercourse. A progressive decline in risk behavior levels was associated with increasing age. Young men less often personally knew someone who had died of AIDS, and deaths were not primarily within their close social networks. Continued HIV prevention efforts directed toward young MSM are needed, including cities traditionally considered as second tier with respect to AIDS.
DNA-based computation

In 1994, Adleman first illustrated in his ground-breaking seminal article how DNA can be used to solve combinatorial problems. Since then, DNA-based Computation has emerged as an interdisciplinary field that has caught attention of researchers from chemistry, molecular biology, mathematics and computer science.
Real-time PCR detection of Salmonella species using a novel target: the outer membrane porin F gene (ompF).

Aims: To evaluate the outer membrane porin F gene (ompF) for the specific detection of Salmonella species by real-time PCR assay. Methods and Results: Two hundred and eighteen isolates belonging to Salmonella enterica (subspecies I-VI) and Salmonella bongori were examined using primers designed to detect the ompF gene. The DNA of the bacteria was extracted from pure culture. The target was present in all the 218 Salmonella isolates including all the subspecies of Salm. enterica and Salm. bongori. The ompF gene was absent in 180 non-Salmonella strains tested. The limit of detection was determined to be three colony forming units per reaction in pure culture. In artificially contaminated food experiments with ten or less colony forming units per 25 g, the assay was successful in identifying the target in 100% of the samples after 22- to 24-h incubation in enrichment broth. Conclusions: Based on this study, the ompF gene is 100% inclusive for Salmonella species and 100% exclusive for non-Salmonella species for the strains tested. Significance and Impact of the Study: ompF gene was present in all the Salmonella strains tested and has the potential to be a good target for the rapid molecular identification of Salmonella.
Stereospecific d-Glucokinase of Aerobacter aerogenes PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES

Abstract A constitutive stereospecific d-glucokinase was purified over 1000-fold from extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes PRL-R3. Only d-glucose (Km = 8 x 10-5 m and d-glucosamine (Ki = 4 x 10-4 m) were phosphorylated. The enzyme was inhibited by d-xylose (competitive with d-glucose, Ki = 3 x 10-3 m) but not by 34 other sugars and related compounds tested. It was inhibited by adenosine diphosphate (competitive with adenosine triphosphate, Ki = 4 x 10-4 m) but not by d-glucose 6-phosphate or d-mannose 6-phosphate. The pH optimum was 7.5 in glycylglycine buffer and about 8.9 in glycine buffer. Other properties studied were phosphoryl donor specificity, metal ion specificity, sedimentation coefficient, and stability. The product of d-glucose phosphorylation was identified as d-glucose 6-phosphate.
Protein Kinase C δ Regulates Function of the DF3/MUC1 Carcinoma Antigen in β-Catenin Signaling

The DF3/MUC1 mucin-like glycoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed in most human carcinomas. The MUC1 cytoplasmic domain interacts directly with beta-catenin, a component of the adherens junction of mammalian epithelial cells. The present results demonstrate that MUC1 associates with protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta). A TDR sequence adjacent to the beta-catenin binding motif in the MUC1 cytoplasmic domain functions as a site for PKCdelta phosphorylation. We show that phosphorylation of MUC1 by PKCdelta increases binding of MUC1 and beta-catenin in vitro and in vivo. The functional significance of the MUC1-PKCdelta interaction is further supported by the demonstration that mutation of the PKCdelta phosphorylation site abrogates MUC1-mediated decreases in binding of beta-catenin to E-cadherin. We also show that the stimulatory effects of MUC1 on anchorage-independent growth are abrogated by mutation of the PKCdelta phosphorylation site. These findings support a novel role for PKCdelta in regulating the interaction between MUC1 and the beta-catenin signaling pathway.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Short‐term reproducibility of apparent diffusion coefficient and intravoxel incoherent motion parameters at 3.0T

Purpose To evaluate short-term test–retest and interobserver reproducibility of IVIM (intravoxel incoherent motion) diffusion parameters and ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver parenchyma at 3.0T. Materials and Methods In this prospective Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved study, 11 patients were scanned twice using a free-breathing single-shot echo-planar-imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence using 4 b values (b = 0, 50, 500, 1000 s/mm2) and IVIM DWI using 16 b values (0–800 s/mm2) at 3.0T. IVIM parameters (D: true diffusion coefficient, D*: pseudodiffusion coefficient, PF: perfusion fraction) and ADC (using 4 b and 16 b) were calculated. Short-term test–retest and interobserver reproducibility of IVIM parameters and ADC were assessed by measuring correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation (CV), and Bland–Altman limits of agreements (BA-LA). Results Fifteen HCCs were assessed in 10 patients. Reproducibility of IVIM metrics in HCC was poor for D* and PF (mean CV 60.6% and 37.3%, BA-LA: −161.6% to 135.3% and −66.2% to 101.0%, for D* and PF, respectively), good for D and ADC (CV 19.7% and <16%, BA-LA −57.4% to 36.3% and −38.2 to 34.1%, for D and ADC, respectively). Interobserver reproducibility was on the same order of test–retest reproducibility except for PF in HCC. Reproducibility of diffusion parameters was better in liver parenchyma compared to HCC. Conclusion Poor reproducibility of D*/PF and good reproducibility for D/ADC were observed in HCC and liver parenchyma. These findings may have implications for trials using DWI in HCC. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:149–156. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Purification and N-terminal analysis of urease from Helicobacter pylori.

Abstract Urease of Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) is believed to represent a critical virulence determinant for this species. Ammonia generated by hydrolysis of urea may protect the acid-sensitive bacterium as it colonizes human gastric mucosa. An H. pylori strain, cultured from a gastric biopsy of a patient with complaints of abdominal pain and a history of peptic ulcer disease, was isolated on selective medium and cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with 4% fetal calf serum. Whole cells were ruptured by French pressure cell lysis, and soluble protein was chromatographed on DEAE-Sepharose, phenyl-Sepharose, Mono-Q, and Superose 6 resins. Purified urease represented 6% of the soluble protein of crude extract, was estimated to have a native molecular size of 550 kilodaltons (kDa), and was composed of two distinct subunits of apparent molecular sizes of 66 and 29.5 kDa. On the basis of subunit size, a 1:1 subunit ratio as measured by scanning densitometry of Coomassie blue-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and estimated native molecular size, the data are consistent with a stoichiometry of (29.5 kDa-66 kDa)6 for the structure of the native enzyme. Km for urea was estimated at 0.2 mM. By N-terminal analysis, the 29.5-kDa subunit of H. pylori urease was found to share significant amino acid sequence similarity with the smallest of three subunits of the Proteus mirabilis and Morganella morganii ureases, as well as to the amino terminus of the unique jack bean subunit. The 66-kDa subunit also shared up to 80% similarity with the largest of three subunits of P. mirabilis, M. morganii, and Klebsiella aerogenes ureases and to internal sequences (amino acids 271 to 285) of the jack bean urease subunit. Thus, the amino acid sequence is conserved among ureases with one, two, and three distinct subunits, suggesting a common ancestral urease gene. Also, urease subunits of M. morganii and jack bean were specifically recognized by antisera raised against the 66-kDa subunit of H. pylori urease, demonstrating that at least some antigenic determinants were conserved among ureases from different species.
Identification of procollagen mRNAs transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper from formaldehyde agarose gels

Poly A containing RNA isolated from embryonic chick calvaria was transferred from 6% formaldehyde 0.75% agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper and the paper then hybridized to either nick translated pro alpha 1 collagen cDNA clones, pCg1 or pCg54, or to the nick translated pro alpha 2 collagen cDNA clone, pCg45. From the mobilities of the bands hybridizing most strongly to each, pro alpha 2 collagen mRNA was shown to be slightly larger than pro alpha 1 mRNA; they are 5100 and 4900 nucleotides long respectively. pCg54 also hybridized weakly to two bands of lower mobility, corresponding to RNAs 6.4 and 5.6 kb long. Neither pCg54 nor pCg45 hybridized to type II procollagen mRNA in poly A containing RNA isolated from embryonic chick sterna.
Dendritic spines: role of active membrane in modulating synaptic efficacy.

Dendritic spines have been increasingly implicated as sites for neuronal plasticity. Earlier theoretical studies of dendritic-spine function have assumed passive membrane, and have consequently predicted that postsynaptic potentials in the dendritic are attenuated when the synapse is located on the spine head rather than on the dendritic shaft. Our studies show that active membrane in the spine head (e.g. voltage-dependent Na+ or Ca2+ channels) can produce amplification rather than attenuation of the postsynaptic potential. The presence and amount of amplification depend on the density of active channels and on the spine-neck resistance. For a given type of spine head, there is an optimal spine-neck resistance; a given change in neck resistance can therefore either increase or decrease the amplitude of postsynaptic potentials. These results support the idea that spines mediate synaptic plasticity and suggest a variety of modulatory mechanisms.