cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positive Psychology: An Introduction

This chapter provides an introduction to the field of positive psychology. Martin Seligman was elected the president of the American Psychological Association in 1998 and altered the course of the field of psychological by shifting the focus of psychology from being primarily curative in nature to life enhancing through building and nurturing positive qualities in all of us. Positive psychology is defined as “the scientific study of optimal human functioning” (Sheldon, Fredrickson, Rathunde, Csikszentmihalyi, & Haidt in Akumal Manifesto, http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/akumalmanifesto.htm, 2000, Section 1) and provides a pathway for people to become the best versions of themselves. For leaders desirous of serving others, it is proposed that well-being enables one to best serve the needs of others. Well-being is defined as a combination of hedonic and eudaimonic elements. Hedonic elements are focused on positive outcomes or happiness, and eudaimonic elements are associated with the process of living a high-quality life. Those distinctions are discussed in detail through Part II. This second part will investigate the elements of positive psychology and Seligman’s (Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press, New York, NY, 2011) well-being theory beginning with an understanding of character strengths and virtues.
Copper bioavailability in pork liver and in various animal by-products as determined by chick bioassay.

Three chick experiments were conducted to investigate possible explanations for why pork liver provides no bioavailable Cu to chicks. Autoclaving, acid-hydrolysis, and protease-digestion increased (P < .01) Cu bioavailability in pork liver to 32, 46, and 63%, respectively, from virtually 0% of the Cu in unprocessed pork liver (relative to CuSO4, which was set at 100%). Addition of EDTA at 200 mg/kg to the diet containing 1 mg of Cu/kg from unprocessed pork liver also resulted in an increased (P < .07) Cu bioavailability, to 23%. Tissues representing different sources of endogenous Cu in the pig also were evaluated for their Cu bioefficacy. Freeze-dried (FD) porcine bile did not have any bioavailable Cu, whereas spray-dried porcine plasma contained Cu that was as available (99%) as that in CuSO4. In addition, when FD pork liver or FD porcine bile was added to the basal diet containing .5 mg of Cu/kg from CuSO4, Cu bioavailability in CuSO4 was reduced (P < .05) to 34% and 19%, respectively, of values obtained with CuSO4 alone. An additional experiment was conducted to estimate Cu bioefficacy in selected animal-source feed ingredients. Copper bioavailability in all-beef meat and bone meal, all-pork meat and bone meal, mixed-species meat and bone meal, high-bone meat and bone meal, poultry byproduct meal, and hog hair meal was 4, 53, 28, 8, 42, and 9%, respectively, relative to CuSO4. Feather meal did not provide any bioavailable Cu to chicks.
Mechanism of thyroid hormone action.

The pathway through which thyroid hormone controls metabolism begins with secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid, peripheral deiodination of about 1/3 of secreted T4 to T3, and uptake of the iodothyronines by passive and active mechanisms into the cell. Thyroid hormone in serum and in cell cytosol exists largely bound to proteins in a reversible equilibrium, with a tiny free fraction. It is this free fraction which equilibrates between serum and cells. Free hormone in the cell cytoplasm, and T3 generated from T4 within the cell diffuse into the nucleus and bind to thyroid hormone receptor proteins. These receptors may exist in the nucleoplasm, or, more likely, largely attached to DNA. Occupancy of receptors which are bound to specific sequences in DNA (thyroid response elements or TREs) leads to activation or repression of transcription, altered amounts of mRNA, and thus altered protein synthesis. It is the final alteration in amounts of specific proteins--enzymes, structural proteins, DNA binding proteins, which carry out the “physiologic” functions which we recognize as the increased metabolic activity seen as an individual moves from hypothyroidism to thyrotoxicosis. The key elements in this response are the thyroid hormone itself, the nuclear receptor proteins (TRs), and the TREs on hormone responsive genes.
Pulmonary Presentation of Kaposi-Sarcoma in a Renal Transplant Recipient.

Renal transplant patients on immunosuppression are at risk for malignancy. One form of malignancy that commonly affects this population is Kaposi-sarcoma. Kaposi-sarcoma is a human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)-driven process classically associated with skin lesions in immunocompromised patients. The pulmonary system may be involved in disseminated disease. In this case, a renal transplant patient was re-admitted with acute hypoxic respiratory failure and hemoptysis of an unclear etiology. Following a broad workup, HHV-8 PCR and a lymph node biopsy confirmed pulmonary Kaposi-sarcoma. Workup for multicentric Castleman disease was negative. The patient was treated with liposomal doxorubicin, ganciclovir, and prednisone. Her immunosuppression was changed to sirolimus and she is scheduled to complete six cycles of liposomal doxorubicin.
Regulation of Multiple Fission and Cell-Cycle-Dependent Gene Expression by CDKA1 and the Rb-E2F Pathway in Chlamydomonas

The green alga Chlamydomonas proliferates by "multiple fission": a long G1 with >10-fold cell growth followed by multiple rapid divisions. Cells above a critical size threshold are "committed" and will divide independent of light and further cell growth. The number of divisions carried out depends on the initial size of the committed mother cell. Here, I show that CDKA1, the ortholog of the yeast and animal mitotic inducer CDK1, regulates the critical size for commitment. The Rb/E2F/Dp1 pathway regulates division number as well as commitment size. Epistasis analysis indicated that CDKA1 and Rb/E2F/Dp1 regulate multiple fission by distinct mechanisms. Rb-E2F/Dp1 regulates G1/S gene expression in animals and land plants. Transcriptome analysis showed that mat3 or dp1 disruption altered regulation of a large group of cell-division-associated genes with respect to cell size, but not with respect to synchronization timing. In contrast, cdka1 inactivation disturbed both temporal and cell-size regulation of expression. These defects were enhanced by double inactivation of cdka1 and dp1, suggesting interaction between CDKA1 and the Rb-E2F/Dp1 pathways in regulating cell-cycle-specific gene expression and cell-cycle initiation. In the context of a theoretical model for regulation of Chlamydomonas multiple fission, these results suggest that CDKA1 may promote a switch into a division-competent state, and E2F/Dp1 may promote maintenance of this state.
Dopamine-mediated improvements in dynamic balance control in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Impaired dynamic balance control increases fall risk and contributes to immobility in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is unclear whether higher-level neural processes of the central nervous system contribute to impaired balance control. Research Question Are dopamine-mediated neural processes of the higher-level central nervous system important for dynamic balance control in PD? Methods 21 individuals with idiopathic PD performed step-threshold assessments before and after self-administered dopaminergic medication. Individuals withstood progressively larger postural perturbations, during which they were explicitly instructed to avoid stepping to recover balance. The perturbation magnitude which elicited stepping responses on four consecutive trials is referred to as the step-threshold. Dynamic balance control was quantified as the minimum margin of stability captured during the largest sub-threshold trial (i.e., the maximum amount of compensated postural instability during the task). We compared dynamic balance between off and on medication states and between individuals who exhibited motor adaptive behavior and those who did not. Results Dopaminergic medications significantly improved step-thresholds and allowed individuals to withstand greater amounts of instability without stepping, indicating dopamine-mediated improvement in dynamic balance control. Individuals who displayed behavioral evidence for higher-level neural processes (motor adaptation across repeated perturbations) displayed superior dynamic balance control versus those who did not. Anteroposterior ground reaction forces captured during perturbations suggest that individuals alter force profiles to avoid stepping at ∼200 ms after perturbation onset–a latency consistent with a transcortical process. Significance Combined, our results indicate that higher-level, dopamine-mediated neural processes are responsible for dynamic balance control in PD. We hypothesize that this process incorporates sensorimotor integration, motor response initiation/inhibition, and goal- and reward-driven behaviors. Interventions targeting these processes may improve dynamic postural control in individuals with PD.
Evaluation of the Esophagogastric Junction on High Resolution Manometry.

The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is a complex barrier between the thoracic and abdominal luminal gut compartments, comprised primarily of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and crural diaphragm. Although closed at rest, the EGJ relaxes to allow antegrade bolus transit and retrograde venting of air. Abnormal relaxation is the hallmark of achalasia spectrum disorders, while increased frequency of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and/or EGJ disruption are seen in gastroesophageal reflux disease. High resolution manometry (HRM) is the modern day gold standard for assessment of EGJ morphology and function, with better performance characteristics compared with endoscopy and barium esophagography. Conventional LES metrics defining EGJ function include resting LES pressure as well as postswallow residual pressures. Newer HRM-based metrics include EGJ contractile integral, which measures static barrier function at rest, and EGJ morphology, which characterizes the relationship between LES and crural diaphragm. Provocative maneuvers assess dynamic EGJ function during physiological or pharmacologic stress. The most useful of these maneuvers, the rapid drink challenge, assesses for latent obstruction, while multiple rapid swallows evaluate adequacy of deglutitive inhibition. Amyl nitrate and cholecystokinin administration can segregate motor from structural obstruction. Newer provocative tests (straight leg raise maneuver, abdominal compression) and novel diagnostic tools (functional lumen imaging probe) complement HRM evaluation of the EGJ. Although current HRM metrics and maneuvers show promise in identifying clinically relevant EGJ abnormalities, future investigations evaluating management outcomes will improve segregation of normal from abnormal EGJ morphology and function.
Phase IB study of sorafenib and evofosfamide in patients with advanced hepatocellular and renal cell carcinomas (NCCTG N1135, Alliance).

Background Sorafenib (Sor) remains a first-line option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or refractory renal cell carcinomas (RCC). PLC/PRF/5 HCC model showed upregulation of hypoxia with enhanced efficacy when Sor is combined with hypoxia-activated prodrug evofosfamide (Evo). Methods This phase IB 3 + 3 design investigated 3 Evo dose levels (240, 340, 480 mg/m2 on days 8, 15, 22), combined with Sor 200 mg orally twice daily (po bid) on days 1–28 of a 28-day cycle. Primary objectives included determining maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of Sor + Evo. Results Eighteen patients were enrolled (median age 62.5 years; 17 male /1 female; 12 HCC/6 RCC) across three dose levels (DL0: Sor 200 mg bid/Evo 240 mg/m2 [n = 6], DL1:Sor 200 mg bid/Evo 480 mg/m2 [n = 5], DL1a: Sor 200 mg bid/Evo 340 mg/m2 [n = 7]). Two dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were reported with Evo 480 mg/m2 (grade 3 mucositis, grade 4 hepatic failure). Grade 3 rash DLT was observed in one patient at Evo 240 mg/m2. No DLTs were observed at Evo 340 mg/m2. MTD and RP2D were established as Sor 200 mg/Evo 340 mg/m2 and Sor 200/Evo 240 mg/m2, respectively. The most common treatment-related adverse events included fatigue, hand-foot syndrome, hypertension, and nausea/vomiting. Two partial responses were observed, one each at DL0 and DL1a.; disease control rate was 55%. Conclusions RP2D was established as sorafenib 200 mg bid + Evo 240 mg/m2. While preliminary anti-tumor activity was observed, future development must account for advances in immunotherapy in HCC/RCC.
Structural Analysis of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis M13 Metalloprotease Zmp1 Open State

Zinc metalloprotease 1 (Zmp1), a Mycobacterium tuberculosis 75 kDa secreted enzyme, mediates key stages of tuberculosis disease progression. The biological activity of Zmp1 presumably stems from its ability to degrade bacterium- and/or host-derived peptides. Crystal structures of Zmp1 and related M13 metalloproteases, neprilysin (NEP) and endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) were only determined in the closed conformation, which cannot capture substrates or release proteolytic products. Thus, the mechanisms of substrate binding and selectivity remains elusive. Here we report a 3.1A open-state cryoEM structure of Zmp1, revealed by our SAXS analysis to be the dominant state in solution. Our structural analyses reveal how ligand binding induces a conformational switch in four linker regions to drive the rigid body motion of the D1 and D2 domains, which form the sizable catalytic chamber. Furthermore, they offer insights into the catalytic cycle and mechanism of substrate recognition of M13 metalloproteases for future therapeutic innovations.
Comparative analysis of phenotypic plasticity sheds light on the evolution and molecular underpinnings of locust phase polyphenism

Locusts exhibit one of nature's most spectacular examples of complex phenotypic plasticity, in which changes in density cause solitary and cryptic individuals to transform into gregarious and conspicuous locusts forming large migrating swarms. We investigated how these coordinated alternative phenotypes might have evolved by studying the Central American locust and three closely related non-swarming grasshoppers in a comparative framework. By experimentally isolating and crowding during nymphal development, we induced density-dependent phenotypic plasticity and quantified the resulting behavioural, morphological, and molecular reaction norms. All four species exhibited clear plasticity, but the individual reaction norms varied among species and showed different magnitudes. Transcriptomic responses were species-specific, but density-responsive genes were functionally similar across species. There were modules of co-expressed genes that were highly correlated with plastic reaction norms, revealing a potential molecular basis of density-dependent phenotypic plasticity. These findings collectively highlight the importance of studying multiple reaction norms from a comparative perspective.
IL-6 boosts synaptogenesis STAT!

Maternal infection during pregnancy increases the offspring's risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. While IL-6 is involved, the mechanism by which IL-6 and other cytokines affect developing neural circuits is unknown. In this issue of Immunity, Mirabella et al. (2021) show that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 specifically increases synaptogenesis in immature excitatory neurons through downstream neuronal STAT3-dependent transcriptional regulation of Rgs4.
“Here Being in School Is Worse”: How Latinx Teachers Navigate, Recreate, and Instigate Hostile Spaces in the U.S. South

This qualitative investigation about Latinx K-12 teachers in South Carolina fills a gap in the academic literature because there is a dearth of research examining Latinx teachers’ spatial/racial ex...
Assessment of the diabetogenic drugs alloxan and streptozotocin as models for the study of immune defects in diabetic mice

The efficacy of the diabetogenic drags streptozotocin and alloxan were evaluated as models for the study of immune defects associated with diabetes. Streptozotocin- or alloxan-treated mice, with a stable hyperglycaemia of 25–33 mmol/l plasma glucose, were severely impaired in their ability to mount antibody forming, mitogenic, or delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in vivo. Treatment of alloxan-diabetic mice with insulin in vivo completely reversed all immune defects, while insulin treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic mice restored immune function to only 70–80% of normal levels. Results obtained by viability measurements and in vitro biological assays of lymphoid function, including proliferation in response to T- and B-cell mitogens, the production of interleukin-2 by T cells, and the production of interleukin-1 by macrophages indicated that direct exposure to alloxan for 48 h (at concentrations ≤ 14 mmol/l) had no adverse effects on lymphoid activity, while exposure to streptozotocin was routinely toxic at concentrations ≥ 1 mmol/l. Both alloxan and streptozotocin exhibited strong toxicity in vitro for isolated pancreatic islet cells. Finally, lymphocytes from streptozotocin-diabetic mice, or cells incubated in vitro with streptozotocin, contained numerous chromosomal abnormalities indicative of DNA strand breakage. Such abnormalities were absent in alloxan-diabetic mice and in cells incubated with alloxan in vitro. These results indicate that immune dysfunction associated with streptozotocin is attributable to direct and irreversible impairment of lymphoid cell function and viability. In contrast, immune dysfunction associated with alloxan-diabetes appears to be a consequence of the diabetic state. Thus, alloxan- but not streptozotocin-diabetes provides a useful model for evaluating immunological changes associated with hyperglycaemia and diabetes.
A Multi-Pass Sieve for Coreference Resolution

Most coreference resolution models determine if two mentions are coreferent using a single function over a set of constraints or features. This approach can lead to incorrect decisions as lower precision features often overwhelm the smaller number of high precision ones. To overcome this problem, we propose a simple coreference architecture based on a sieve that applies tiers of deterministic coreference models one at a time from highest to lowest precision. Each tier builds on the previous tier's entity cluster output. Further, our model propagates global information by sharing attributes (e.g., gender and number) across mentions in the same cluster. This cautious sieve guarantees that stronger features are given precedence over weaker ones and that each decision is made using all of the information available at the time. The framework is highly modular: new coreference modules can be plugged in without any change to the other modules. In spite of its simplicity, our approach outperforms many state-of-the-art supervised and unsupervised models on several standard corpora. This suggests that sieve-based approaches could be applied to other NLP tasks.
On replacing the surfactant.

Ever since it was realized that hyaline membrane disease was the consequence of surfactant deficiency, replacing the missing surface-active alveolar lining layer has been a tantalizing prospect. The report of Fujiwara et al1 is the first demonstration in the human of consistent and dramatic success after a single instillation of an artificial surfactant by way of an endotracheal tube. The prompt restoration of a stable alveolar lining layer and the impressive improvement in blood gases are well documented. The problem of the widely patent ductus producing difficulties in the subsequent days is expected and of course could be approached by other interventions.
Properties of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase and their modification by proteolytic enzymes. II. Selective alteration by yeast proteases.

Abstract Pyruvate decarboxylase has been shown to be more heat labile in extracts of a mutant strain than in extracts of the parent yeast strain. Mutant extracts were found to contain higher levels of proteolytic enzymes than wild-type extracts, although aging of the latter preparations resulted in the activation of inactive proteases. A partially purified protease preparation was shown to degrade pyruvate decarboxylase in a selective manner such that the ability to form free acetaldehyde was destroyed while the acetylmethylcarbinol-forming activity was increased 60%. Pyruvate, or a mixture of pyruvate and acetaldehyde, was partly successful in protecting pyruvate decarboxylase from the action of the protease. Stabilization of pyruvate decarboxylase by high concentrations of phosphate, sulfate, or glycerol has been shown to be due to the inhibitory action of these compounds on yeast proteases. Pyruvate decarboxylase which was partially degraded by the protease had different relative activities on a series of α-keto acids from the corresponding activities of a nondegraded decarboxylase preparation. The data presented are in accord with a two-site mechanism postulated for pyruvate decarboxylase.
NHE8’s role in male fertility involves LHR protein trafficking (1097.8)

We reported last year that NHE8, the newest member of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger family, plays an important role in male fertility. NHE8 has abundant expression in the male reproductive organs, particularly in Leydig cells and epididymal duct cells. Male mice lacking NHE8 are infertile. Loss of NHE8 expression also resulted in reduced luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) expression in male mice. Furthermore, luteinizing hormone (LH)-stimulated cAMP production was reduced in isolated NHE8KO Leydig cells. After NHE8 expression was silenced by NHE8 siRNA in Leydig cells, reduced LHR expression and dramatically reduced cAMP production after LH stimulation were noted. Confocal microscopic imaging showed that LHR protein was targeted to early endosome in Leydig cells in the absence of NHE8 function instead of the plasma membrane. Therefore, male infertility in NHE8KO mice is due to the disruption of LHR protein trafficking, which results in an interruption in the precise hormone regulation that governs normal ...
Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Epilepsy : A Critical Review

Summary: Problem: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of epilepsy. We need to understand its frequency and its contribution to the total spectrum of the convulsive disorders. Methods: A review of selected articles dealing with epilepsy after brain trauma was undertaken. Results: The number of epidemiologic studies of posttraumatic seizures has increased substantially over the past 40–50 years, offering steadily increasing knowledge of the frequency, natural history, and risk factors of this well-recognized complication of TBI. In general, the incidence of posttraumatic seizures varies with the time period after injury and population age range under study, as well as the spectrum of severity of the inciting injuries, and has been reported to be anywhere from 4 to 53%. As high as 86% of patients with one seizure after TBI will have a second in the next 2 years. Longer-term remission rates of 25–40% have been reported. Significant risk factors for the development of seizures in the first week after injury include acute intracerebral hematoma (especially subdural hematoma), younger age, increased injury severity, and chronic alcoholism. Significant risk factors for the development of seizures >1 week after TBI include seizures within the first week, acute intra-cerebral hematoma (especially subdural hematoma), brain contusion, increased injury severity, and age >65 years at the time of injury. Conclusions: Epilepsy is a frequent consequence of brain injury in both civilian and military populations. We understand some factors associated with its development, but there remain many unanswered questions.
Carbon cycling at the landscape scale: the effect of changes in climate and fire frequency on age distribution, stand structure, and net ecosystem production.

Climate, fire frequency and intensity, and forest structure and development are strongly linked, and predicting potential changes in carbon storage depends on understanding these links. However, we lack the ability to make robust predictions about how changes in climate will alter these interactions and change the carbon balance of a landscape. Forests contain as much as 80% of the total carbon stored aboveground and 40% of that stored belowground in terrestrial ecosystems (Dixon et al. 1994, Harmon 2001). Disturbances such as fires or insect outbreaks - controlled largely by climate - may shift a forested area from a net sink to a net source of carbon to the atmosphere, and increasing the frequency of large disturbances may affect the global carbon budget. Complex interactions among climate, disturbance regimes, and stand-level ecosystem processes, however, preclude predicting the importance of climate change for forest landscapes.
Genre-Based In-Document Content Type Classification

This paper presents an in-document content classification approach that combines genre analysis and shallow natural language processing techniques to do document segment-level content classification. Given a document in a particular genre, we can classify the content of each segment (e.g. a paragraph) based on the recognized content type and typical linguistic features of the genre. The informal evaluative document genre is chosen as the test genre, and the online consumer review is used as the test data set. The classification results support our hypothesis that the content type of segment in a document of a particular genre could be predicted from the linguistic features. This approach may be used as a component in faceted search, multi-document summarization and many other information processing applications.
Cloud Template, a Big Data Solution

Today the emerging field of cloud computing has become as a new concept for hosting and delivering different services over the Internet and network for dealing with big data issues. Cloud computing is attractive to different business owners of both small and corporations as it eliminates the requirement for end-users to plan ahead for provisioning a massive and expensive infrastructures, and allows corporations to start with low investment and increase resources on demand. Despite the fact that cloud computing offers huge opportunities to the both in-house IT and out-house IT industry, the development of cloud computing technology is currently has several issues, such as lack of customization. This study presents an idea for introducing concept of "Cloud Templates" which will be used for analyzing, designing, developing and implementing cloud computing systems. We present a template based design for cloud computing systems, highlighting its key concepts, architectural principles and state-of-the-art implementation requirements, as well as research challenges and future work requirements. The aim of this idea is to provide a concept for important area of big data.
A 94 GHz uniplanar subharmonic mixer

A uniplanar subharmonic mixer has been implemented in coplanar waveguide technology, The circuit is designed to operate at RF frequencies of 92-96 GHz, IF frequencies of 2-4 GHz, and LO frequencies of 45-46 GHz. Total circuit size excluding probe pads is less than 2 mm/spl times/1.5 mm. The measured minimum SSB conversion loss is 9.4 dB at a 94 GHz RF, 2 GHz IF, and an LO power of 9 dBm, and represents state-of-the-art performance for a planar W-band subharmonic mixer. Potential applications for this mixer are millimeter-wave receivers for smart munition seekers and automotive collision avoidance radars.
SEQUENCE OF CENTROMERE SEPARATION: ROLE OF CENTROMERIC HETEROCHROMATIN

The late metaphase-early anaphase cells from various tissues of male Mus musculus, M. poschiavinus, M. spretus, M. castaneus, female and male Bos taurus (cattle) and female Myopus schisticolor (wood lemming) were analyzed for centromeres that showed separation into two daughter centromeres and those that did not show such separation. In all strains and species of mouse the Y chromosome is the first one to separate, as is the X or Y in the cattle. These sex chromosomes are devoid of constitutive heterochromatin, whereas all autosomes in these species carry detectable quantities. In cattle, the late replicating X chromosome appears to separate later than the active X. In the wood lemming the three pairs of autosomes with the least amount of centromeric constitutive heterochromatin separate first. These are followed by the separation of seven pairs of autosomes carrying medium amounts of constitutive heterochromatin. Five pairs of autosomes with the largest amounts of constitutive heterochromatin are the last in the sequence of separation. The sex chromosomes with medium amounts of constitutive heterochromatin around the centromere, and a very large amount of distal heterochromatin, separate among the very late ones but are not the last. These observations assign a specific role to centromeric constitutive heterochromatin and also indicate that nonproximal heterochromatin does not exert control over the sequence in which the centromeres in the genome separate. It appears that qualitative differences among various types of constitutive heterochromatin are as important as quantitative differences in controlling the separation of centromeres.
Function of periplasmic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in Caulobacter crescentus.

Abstract Caulobacter crescentus is one of a small number of bacterial species that contain a periplasmic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD). A C. crescentus mutant, with the CuZnSOD gene interrupted by a promoterless cat gene, was constructed and characterized to analyze CuZnSOD function. Periplasmic SOD does not protect against oxyradical damage in the cytosol or play a major role in maintaining the integrity of the cell envelope. Studies of the effect of sodium citrate on plating efficiency suggest that CuZnSOD protects a periplasmic or membrane function(s) requiring magnesium or calcium.
Research on executive function in a neurodevelopmental context: Application of clinical measures

In pursuit of evidence to support the hypothesis that executive dysfunction (EDF) contributes to the manifestations of learning disabilities, we encounter conceptual and methodological issues. EDF cannot be documented without establishing that there is adequate processing of the information content (linguistic or visuospatial) of the task purported to demand executive function. Because there are no content‐free tasks, it is necessary to assess, in pairs or dyads, content‐sharing tasks that differ in their executive demands. We give preference to research tasks that readily translate into clinical applications: Referring to the executive function candidate as Task B, we review approaches such as subtracting z scores (Task A minus Task B discrepancy) and deriving residual values of Task B from a normative regression of Task B on Task A. We report greater success in operationalizing EDF within the linguistic content domain than within the visuospatial content domain.
The numerical solution of one-dimensional thermally expandable flows

Abstract The equations of a thermally expandable fluid provide a simple model of two-phase flow in a nuclear reactor coolant channel. In this paper we consider these equations with a general lag-type boundary condition to account for the closed loop effects of the model. We propose finite-difference equations for their numerical solution and, under suitable conditions, prove convergence of the finite-difference approximations. A numerical example is given.
The Interaction of π Orbitals with a Carbocation over Three σ Bonds

The semi-π analogue of double hyperconjugation (“hyperconjugation/conjugation”) has been examined in 4-isopropylidenecyclohexyl mesylate (4-OMs) by comparison with the saturated analogue, trans-4-isopropylcyclohexyl mesylate (5-OMs). The unsaturated substrate reacts in 97% trifluoroethanol only four times faster than the saturated substrate. Raber−Harris plots indicate that both substrates react by ks mechanisms; i.e., solvolysis occurs with solvent assistance rather than carbocation formation. These results are consistent with the absence of a direct, through-bond interaction of the double bond with the reactive center. The absence is caused at least in part by less than ideal overlap of the γ,δ π orbitals with the α,β σ orbitals. In contrast, an electron-rich tin atom attached to the 4-position provides a large rate enhancement and changes the mechanism to carbocation formation through double hyperconjugation.
Our Place at the Table: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Women's Groups.

(1999). Our place at the table: An introduction to the special issue on women's groups. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 227-230.
Pressure effects on protein secondary structure and hydrogen deuterium exchange in chymotrypsinogen: a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study☆

Abstract Infrared spectra of chymotrypsinogen in 2H2O have been measured as a function of pressure up to 30 kbar. An irreversible denaturation is induced at 7.6 kbar where the contributions of the random coil and turn conformational substructures to the protein structure increase dramatically at the expense of the contributions of the α-helix and β-sheet substructures. The pressure at which denaturation starts is higher when pressure is applied more slowly. The rate of H2H exchange of the interior labile protons on the amide groups is dramatically increased by external pressure and is closely associated with the global conformational structure of the protein. This suggest that pressure denaturation involves the bulk of the molecule. The results are compared with those obtained from other experimental approaches and with temperature-induced denaturation.
Three-dimensional Cylindrical Truss Structures:A Case Study For Topological Optimization

A general minimum-weight cylindrical structural layout for the support of any combination of axial and torsional loading has been developed. The principal intention in this work is to provide a test case for 3-dimensional numerical topological optimization. It is anticipated that the solution may present a challenge, since for the small angular spacing of the truss elements the internal radial force component is always of the order of magnitude of the angular spacing for any arbitrary selected pair of helix families. Moreover for a wide range of solutions slender members are an essential part of the topology. A novel finite element topology optimization procedure is presented based on the application of Beta probability density and cumulative distribution functions. The procedure utilizes a family of Beta functions which provide a smooth transition from a uniform to a bi-modal density distribution, with constant probability mean to conserve constant mass.
Association of antiretroviral therapy with detection of HIV-1 RNA and DNA in the anorectal mucosa of homosexual men.

Objective: To determine whether combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with reduced detection of HIV-1 RNA and DNA in the anorectal mucosa of men who have sex with men (MSM). Design: Cross-sectional study of 233 MSM recruited from community and clinic sites in Seattle, Washington between July 1996 and December 1997. Methods: HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA were detected in anorectal swab specimens by polymerase chain reaction amplification assays. Results: HIV-1 RNA was detected significantly less often in anorectal specimens from users of combination antiretroviral therapies, whether a protease inhibitor was received (15/89; 17%) or not (16/53; 30%), than in men not receiving therapy (43/88; 49%) (P < 0.001, P = 0.03, respectively). In contrast, HIV-1 DNA was detected only slightly less frequently in anorectal specimens obtained from men receiving protease inhibitors (35/81; 43%) or reverse transcriptase inhibitors alone (22/48; 46%) than in specimens from men not receiving therapy (45/78; 58%) (P = 0.07, P = 0.20, respectively). Among men with < 50 copies HIV-1 RNA/ml plasma, detection of HIV-1 RNA in anorectal specimens was rare (1/54; 2%) but detection of HIV-1 DNA was common (14/50; 28%). Conclusions: Combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with reductions in HIV-1 RNA, but HIV-1 DNA remains detectable in the anorectal canal of almost half of MSM receiving such therapy. Condom use during anal intercourse should be encouraged, regardless of plasma viral load response to potent antiretroviral therapy.
LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

Longitudinal studies of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function were done in 45 children with ALL (37 "null" cell, 7 T cell and 1 B cell). The oxidative burst of PMNLs was studied by measuring chemiluminescence (CL) with soluble and particulate stimuli. The capacity of PMNLs to become bipolar in shape in response to the chemoattractant formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) was examined. Results from 84 of 90 CL assays were normal. Results were normal regardless of time since initial remission or end of therapy. Too few patients in relapse were studied for statistical analysis. Abnormal results occurred in 6 patients on a single occasion; there were no common features with regard to time from diagnosis, treatment or state of disease. 3 of these 6 had later measurements which were normal. Results from 14 of 89 assays measuring bipolar shape change were abnormal. 11 patients had increased numbers of bipolar shaped cells prior to FMLP stimulation and 3 patients had abnormally low numbers of bipolar PMNLs after FMLP stimulation. Abnormalities were found in 3 of 7 T cell and 10 of 37 "null" cell patients. No patients were infected at the time of these studies. Controls included children and adults not having cancer. These data suggest (1) children with ALL have normal PMNL oxidative metabolism in initial remission and during subsequent chemotherapy (2) 13/45 patients had abnormalities in the bipolar shape change assay suggesting that chemotactic activity may be adversely altered. Studies of chemotaxis are underway.
The Invisible Animal Anthrozoology and Macrosociology

Animals have had a profound influence on human societies, playing a major role in the course of human history. However, their presence and theoretical significance has been overlooked in sociologic...
Optimal Capital Structure and Financial Risk of Project Finance Investments: A Simulation Optimization Model With Chance Constraints

We investigate the use of chance constraints in modeling the debt financing decision under conditions of debt heterogeneity and uncertainty. We develop a stochastic financial model that uses simulation optimization to select an optimal mix of fixed-rate debt instruments from different sources, with the objective of maximizing net present value (NPV) while limiting default risk. We then use simulation to evaluate the performance of the resulting debt policy. Numerical results from our model indicate that in a world of uncertainty, project promoters who wish to create bankable proposals for project financing, by limiting the probability of default, should spread debt across different maturities.
Fatal Fall into a Volcanic Fumarole

Fatalities secondary to inhalation of volcanic gases in the United States have rarely been reported. We report the deaths of 3 ski patrol members at a popular California ski resort. After a snowstorm, ski patrol members were fencing off a well-known volcanic fumarole when the snow around the vent collapsed. Two members slid into the deep hole and rapidly lost consciousness. A third member carrying oxygen descended into the hole and also lost consciousness. A fourth member affixed an oxygen mask, but still lost consciousness upon descent. The 3 initial victims expired at the scene, while the fourth victim survived. Autopsy results for all 3 were consistent with a suffocation/asphyxiation death. In the case described, the involved fumarole is a well-known source of toxic gases. Atmospheric sampling data dating back decades demonstrate that carbon dioxide levels typically range from 97% to 99%, nitrogen gas from 1% to 3%, and hydrogen sulfide from .004% to .07%. Other gases in smaller concentrations include oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. Given the rapidity with which our victims lost consciousness and the historical data available on the Mammoth Mountain Fumarole (MMF), it is plausible that our patients suffered from acute asphyxiation, although the contribution of the directly toxic effects of the gases involved cannot be ruled out. During winter months, snow can build up and disguise volcanic vents and potentially trap toxic fumes to form dangerous, gas-filled pits. Recognition of such potential hazards is essential when working in or venturing into volcanically active areas during the winter.
On paleozoic plants from marine strata: Trivena arkansana (Lyginopteridaceae) gen. et sp. nov., a lyginopterid from the Fayetteville Formation (middle Chesterian/Upper Mississippian) of Arkansas, USA

Five permineralized seed fern stems from the Fayetteville Formation (middle Chesterian/Upper Mississippian) of Arkansas conform to the concept of lyginopterid seed ferns. However, these specimens are unlike all previouslyreported lyginopterids, and the name Trivena arkansana (Lyginopteridaceae) gen. et sp. nov. is proposed. The stems are up to 30 by 19 mm in diameter and have pentagonal pith and eustele of five cryptic sympodia Secondary tissues include abundant xylem with numerous wide rays and phloem surrounded by a periderm. The cortex is parenchymatous with abundant sclerotic clusters: some clusters are randomly dispersed and some are in discontinuous rows. Sclerenchyma bands form the "Dictyoxylon" -type outer cortex. Leaf traces diverge in a 2/5 phyllotaxyl. Traces, accompanied by concentric secondary xylem, increase in size as they extend through the secondary xylem of the stem. The trace assumes a squat C shape at the outer margin of the secondary xylem and in the cortex divides into three discrete bundles, each surrounded by secondary xylem. Galleries within the phloem contain arthropod coprolites and exhibit wound response, suggesting plant-arthropod coevolution. The discovery of this new lyginopterid stem adds to the growing list of unique taxa described from the Fayetteville Formation and further solidifies its reputation as one of the most important. Upper Mississippian plant fossil sites in North America.
Appending a tris-imidazole ligand with a Tyr 244 mimic on the distal face of bromoacetamidoporphyrin.

Bromoacetamidoporphyrin is a convenient synthon for the attachment of distal superstructures at room temperature in good yields. New models are presented that contain a tris-imidazole distal ligand set bound to the porphyrin in either a binary or trinary fashion. More importantly, one distal imidazole is cross-linked to a phenol mimicking Tyr244, making this model the closest structural analogue yet reported of the metal free cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) active site.
Modeling the IT value paradox

Assessing the value of IT investments has stumped managers and academics for years. If viewed as a commodity input, however, IT should be measured in the context in which the investment takes place.
On the use of historical control data for trend test in carcinogenicity studies.

Summary. Historical control data are often available in carcinogenicity studies and are included for testing dose effects in current studies. A new method is developed for incorporating the historical control information into a dose effect test. The method generalizes the test procedures proposed by Tarone (1982, Biometrics38, 215–220) and Ibrahim and Ryan (1996, Biometrics52, 1478–1485) by taking into account the variation resulting from parameter estimation based on historical data. Two examples are discussed for illustrating the proposed method.
Collaborative Research among the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma

This paper is a case study of collaborative research among the Kickapoo tribe of Oklahoma. The goals of this approach include community participation, collaboration of the participants on all aspects of the project, reciprocal learning processes, and respect for the community's sense of tribal privacy in regard to publications. The paper covers the process of implementation and the problems that emerged when researchers attempted to put principles of collaborative research into practice.
Electrochemistry at DNA-modified surfaces: new probes for charge transport through the double helix.

Abstract Electrochemistry at DNA-modified surfaces provides an alternative approach to photochemistry or radiation biology for studying charge migration through the double helix. Using short duplexes self-assembled onto gold, electrochemical reduction of redox-active reporter molecules has been observed through DNA films more than 50A thick, with heterogeneous rate constants as great as ∼100s−1. Though apparently insensitive to base content and sequence, even small distortions in the electronic structure of the π-stack (caused, for example, by single-base mismatches and other DNA lesions) attenuate the rate of electron transport. Understanding the role of conformational dynamics within the double helix, as well as the cooperative effects of self-assembling individual duplexes into ordered superlattices remain important challenges for theory and experiment.
A personalized account of the development and status of school psychology

Abstract School psychology is seen as having both a prehistory and history, with 1944 established as the dividing point. Within this framework, an account is presented of the development of school psychology from about 1952 to the present, as viewed through personal experiences. Implications for the future are noted, and a conception of what school psychology is, or should be, is offered.
Emergent global cueing of local activity: covering in music

We explore the function of noninstitutionally provided external resources that people working in groups rely on to sequence and synchronize prelearned actions. Through longitudinal observations of a music group learning to cover (i.e., play) other groups' songs, and an analysis of the computational requirements for song covering, we show how simultaneous group activity creates - as a sideeffect - emergent structures that can sequence individual behavior. In short, local activity creates global cues that can then direct local action. We argue that this is not specific to music groups, but that global cues emerge in any simultaneous group activity in which individuals have access to others' on-going performances. We discuss the importance of our results for distributed cognition research, learning in group contexts, and for the design of technological support for collaborative learning.