cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming on Algae Lacking Carbon Concentrating Mechanisms

Seaweeds that lack carbon-concentrating mechanisms are potentially inorganic carbon-limited under current air equilibrium conditions. To estimate effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and ocean acidification on photosynthetic rates, we modeled rates of photosynthesis in response to pCO2, temperature, and their interaction under limiting and saturating photon flux densities. We synthesized the available data for photosynthetic responses of red seaweeds lacking carbon-concentrating mechanisms to light and temperature. The model was parameterized with published data and known carbonate system dynamics. The model predicts that direction and magnitude of response to pCO2 and temperature, depend on photon flux density. At sub-saturating light intensities, photosynthetic rates are predicted to be low and respond positively to increasing pCO2, and negatively to increasing temperature. Consequently, pCO2 and temperature are predicted to interact antagonistically to influence photosynthetic rates at low PFD. The model predicts that pCO2 will have a much larger effect than temperature at sub-saturating light intensities. However, photosynthetic rates under low light will not increase proportionately as pCO2 in seawater continues to rise. In the range of light saturation (Ik), both CO2 and temperature have positive effects on photosynthetic rate and correspondingly strong predicted synergistic effects. At saturating light intensities, the response of photosynthetic rates to increasing pCO2 approaches linearity, but the model also predicts increased importance of thermal over pCO2 effects, with effects acting additively. Increasing boundary layer thickness decreased the effect of added pCO2 and, for very thick boundary layers, overwhelmed the effect of temperature on photosynthetic rates. The maximum photosynthetic rates of strictly CO2-using algae are low, so even large percentage increases in rates with climate change will not contribute much to changing primary production in the habitats where they commonly live.
The Frustration Factor: Volunteer Perspectives of Frustration in a Sport Setting

Volunteers are an integral part of the labor pool in the sports industry and organizations benefit from the extensive contributions that volunteer workers make to the daily operations of organizations and the overall management of events. Sport organizations have tended to utilize mainstream human resource management practices that focus on paid workers ignoring the differences in motivation and satisfaction factors that differentiate the sports volunteer worker along with the sports industry. This study explores the lived experience of long-term sport volunteers with regard to training and work preparedness, recognition and status, well-being, and belonging. The study employs an ethnographic research strategy in an authentic environment that would allow the researchers to untangle and understand the multiple realities that construct the volunteer experience. A holistic view of the dynamic interdependencies of all components of the volunteer community emerges yielding a new typology, the Frustration Factor.
Regional patterns of postglacial changes in the Palearctic mammalian diversity indicate retreat to Siberian steppes rather than extinction.

We examined the presence of possible Recent refugia of Pleistocene mammalian faunas in Eurasia by analysing regional differences in the mammalian species composition, occurrence and extinction rates between Recent and Last Glacial faunas. Our analyses revealed that most of the widespread Last Glacial species have survived in the central Palearctic continental regions, most prominently in Altai–Sayan (followed by Kazakhstan and East European Plain). The Recent Altai–Sayan and Kazakhstan regions show species compositions very similar to their Pleistocene counterparts. The Palearctic regions have lost 12% of their mammalian species during the last 109,000 years. The major patterns of the postglacial changes in Palearctic mammalian diversity were not extinctions but rather radical shifts of species distribution ranges. Most of the Pleistocene mammalian fauna retreated eastwards, to the central Eurasian steppes, instead of northwards to the Arctic regions, considered Holocene refugia of Pleistocene megafauna. The central Eurasian Altai and Sayan mountains could thus be considered a present-day refugium of the Last Glacial biota, including mammals.
Biomechanical and neuromuscular adaptations in those with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during functional movements

iv CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1.1 Incidence and Prevalence of Knee Osteoarthritis following ACL Rupture 5 1.2 Functional Anatomy 1.2.1 The ACL 7 1.2.2 Articular Cartilage 9 1.3 Injury to the ACL 10 1.4 Gait Analysis 12 1.5 Neuromuscular Adaptations following ACL injury leading to Knee Osteoarthritis 1.5.1 Quadriceps Weakness 13 1.5.2 Frontal Plane Mechanics at the Knee 17 1.5.3 Frontal Plane Mechanics at the Hip 19 REFERENCES 21 CHAPTER 3: GAIT ANALYSIS POST ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION: KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS PERSPECTIVE ABSTRACT 26 INTRODUCTION 27 METHODS 29 RESULTS 32 DISCUSSION 33 REFERENCES 40 CHAPTER 4: NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL DURING GAIT POST ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
Optimal feedback control of nonlinear systems using a neural network

A novel approach that simplifies the problem of finding the optimum feedback control law using a multilayer feed-forward neural network is presented. The network can be trained using a weight adjustment algorithm derived directly from the integral form of Pontryagin's minimum principle to minimize a certain cost function. The capability of the proposed approach is demonstrated by controlling the attitude of a rigid body satellite in geosynchronous orbit.
Positive Political Theory and the UK’s New Parliamentary System of Government

The United Kingdom’s government has undergone an incredible constitutional transformation since the Labour Party took power in 1997. The Human Rights Act 1998 and the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 fundamentally altered the balance of power between the three government branches, with the judiciary achieving substantial gains in influence and independence. An unintentional side-effect of these changes is that the British government structure now appears to have a more American style with a stronger separation of powers. As a result, American political science and legal theories such as Positive Political Theory are now more easily used in the UK. However, the UK’s remaining structural differences as well as its different political culture significantly impact the utility of Positive Political Theory in the UK unless those differences are taken into account. This article argues that Positive Political Theory can be used in the UK’s parliamentary system to shed light on the remaining differences between the US and the UK’s governments, as well as Positive Political Theory’s limitations when exported internationally.
Magnetic field effects on biology and potential health effects below the ICES and ICNIRP reference levels

Possible explanations for observed changes in growth rates of cancer cells and radical concentration upon exposures to magnetic fields below the ICES or ICNIRP reference levels are presented.
SREC-1 expression in dendritic cells requires TLR signaling and mediates the immune functions of Hsp70

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 260 Heat shock proteins play an unusual role in immunosurveiIlance in capturing intracellular antigens, ferrying them to antigen presenting cells (APC) and mediating cross priming of T lymphocytes. However the salient mechanisms are still obscure. We show that Hsp70 mediated cross priming involves binding to scavenger receptor SREC-1 on the surface of dendritic cells (DC). Exposure of DC to Hsp70-peptide complexes leads to Hsp70 uptake as well as induction of SREC-1 mRNA and cell surface protein expression. SREC-1 expression was dependent on toll-like receptor/MyD88 signaling and ablation of this pathway inhibited SREC-1 expression, Hsp70 binding and cross priming of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the expression of SREC-1 was correlated with the induction of tumor antigen-specific T cells. Killing of murine breast carcinoma cells by immunization with Hsp70-based vaccines was dependent on SREC-1 expression in host dendritic cells.
Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Activity in Reduced Oxygen Environment Enhances the Osteogenesis of Mouse Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells

Recent studies suggest that oxygen tension has a great impact on the osteogenic differentiation capacity of mesenchymal cells derived from adipose tissue: reduced oxygen impedes osteogenesis. We have found that expansion of mouse adipose-derived stromal cells (mASCs) in reduced oxygen tension (10%) results in increased cell proliferation along with induction of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. In this study, we utilized two HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), sodium butyrate (NaB) and valproic acid (VPA), and studied their effects on mASCs expanded in various oxygen tensions (21%, 10%, and 1% O2). Significant growth inhibition was observed with NaB or VPA treatment in each oxygen tension. Osteogenesis was enhanced by treatment with NaB or VPA, particularly in reduced oxygen tensions (10% and 1% O2). Conversely, adipogenesis was decreased with treatments of NaB or VPA at all oxygen tensions. Finally, NaB- or VPA-treated, reduced oxygen tension–exposed (1% O2) ASCs were grafted into surgically created mouse tibial...
Natural killer cells ameliorate liver fibrosis by killing activated stellate cells in NKG2D-dependent and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-dependent manners

Background & Aims: Viral hepatitis infection, which is a major cause of liver fibrosis, is associated with activation of innate immunity. However, the role of innate immunity in liver fibrosis remains obscure. Methods: Liver fibrosis was induced either by feeding mice with the 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet or by injecting them with carbon tetrachloride. The Toll-like receptor 3 ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, was used to activate innate immunity cells and mediators, including natural killer cells and interferon γ. Results: In the mouse model of DDC-induced liver fibrosis, natural killer cell activation by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid induced cell death to activated hepatic stellate cells and attenuated the severity of liver fibrosis. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid treatment also ameliorated liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride. The observed protective effect of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid on liver fibrosis was diminished through either depletion of natural killer cells or by disruption of the interferon γ gene. Expression of retinoic acid early inducible 1, the NKG2D ligand, was undetectable on quiescent hepatic stellate cells, whereas high levels were found on activated hepatic stellate cells, which correlated with the resistance and susceptibility of quiescent hepatic stellate cells and activated hepatic stellate cells to natural killer cell lysis, respectively. Moreover, treatment with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or interferon γ enhanced the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells against activated hepatic stellate cells and increased the expression of NKG2D and tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand on liver natural killer cells. Blocking NKG2D or tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand with neutralizing antibodies markedly diminished the cytotoxicity of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid–activated natural killer cells against activated hepatic stellate cells. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that natural killer cells kill activated hepatic stellate cells via retinoic acid early inducible 1/NKG2D-dependent and tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand–dependent mechanisms, thereby ameliorating liver fibrosis.
Inflation Variability and Gradualist Monetary Policy

This paper considers the optimal approach to reducing inflation when the cost of inflation is its conditional variability. Inflation is stochastically related to money growth, with unobservable time-varying autonomous and induced components. A sharp reduction in money growth provides information about the responsiveness of inflation to money, but also induces variability as the economy heads into unknown territory. Gradual policy is always optimal and the model explains why moderate-inflation countries adopt a much more gradual money growth reduction than high-inflation countries. Additionally, the analysis sheds light on the more general problem of learning with two unobservable parameters.
Get Hubble out of trouble

Since its launch from the space shuttle in 1990, Hubble has revolutionized almost every field in astronomy. But non-astronomers also fell in love with the space telescope. Its spectacular cosmic images have captured the imagination, earning Hubble its nickname: the people's telescope. Servicing missions won't be possible anymore because NASA has retired its fleet of space shuttles. NASA's plan is to de-orbit Hubble a few years after the launch of its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope, which is planned for late 2018. Operating like a space tug, the robotic craft would guide the huge telescope safely into the Pacific. Here, Schilling urges everyone to rescue the planet's favorite telescope.
Numerical simulation of mechanical strain in ceramic bt and pmn-pt multilayers via boundary-value analysis

Abstract BT and PMN-PT multilayer electroceramics were numerically simulated to determine electromechanical strains at the juncture of layers and electrodes. Estimates of stresses within interleaved and staggered multilayer systems were determined. Electric potential contours in the vicinity of printed electrodes were plotted near critical sections of layered structures. Tabulations of typical enhancements of the strains and stresses have been found for the steady-state operating range of actuators and capacitors. These results are useful for maintaining reliable steady-state operation, and mecnanical and electrical integrity of the MLC design.
Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict

Abstract In a world of rising sea levels and melting glaciers, climate change is most likely occurring but with uncertain overall effects. I argue that we can predict the effects of climate change on migration by exploring the effects of environmental problems on migration in recent decades. People can adapt to these problems by staying in place and doing nothing, staying in place and mitigating the problems, or leaving the affected areas. The choice between these options will depend on the extent of problems and mitigation capabilities. People living in lesser developed countries may be more likely to leave affected areas, which may cause conflict in receiving areas. My findings support this theory, and suggest certain policy implications for climate change.
Schistosoma mansoni: stage specificity of granuloma formation around eggs after exposure to irradiated cercariae, unisexual infections, or dead worms.

Schistosoma mansoni: Stage specificity of granuloma formation around eggs after exposure to irradiated cercariae, unisexual infections, or dead worms. Experimental Parasitoloty 27 , 60–66. Humoral antibody-mediated immediate hypersensitivity responses are relatively nonspecific in comparison with cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity reactions as has been demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro systems. Studies of both antibody formation and immediate intradermal reactions in schistosomiasis have shown marked cross-reactivity between schistosomes and other helminths, among the three major human schistosome species, and among the different stages of development of individual schistosome species. The recent demonstration that the schistosome egg granuloma is a form of cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity has resulted in a series of investigations of the specificity of this reaction. It was initially shown that there was no cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and Ascaris suis eggs. Then it was found that there was relatively little cross-reactivity among the eggs of the three human schistosome species, and finally, mice with early schistosomiasis, prior to the onset of egg laying by the worms, were not sensitized to granuloma formation around homologous eggs. In the present study mice were each exposed to 1000 irradiated S. mansoni cercariae (10,000 r), were unisexually infected with large numbers of male or female S. mansoni worms, or were injected intraperitoneally with killed 4-week-old worms of the same species. S. mansoni eggs isolated from the livers of mice with schistosomiasis mansoni of 8 weeks' duration were injected intravenously into the lungs of experimental mice. In comparison with control unsensitized mice and mice sensitized with homologous eggs in which markedly accelerated and augumented granuloma formation occurred, the mice exposed to irradiated cercariae, those with unisexual infections, and those injected with killed 4-week-old worms all acted as unsensitized animals. The cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity granulomatous reaction which develops around S. mansoni eggs appears to be a stage-specific reaction.
US emergency department use by children, 2001-2010.

OBJECTIVE Children commonly use emergency departments (EDs) for a variety of health care needs. We describe recent trends in US ED use by children. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a nationally representative sample of ED visits, and US Census data between 2001 and 2010. We examined demographic trends, visit characteristics, insurance status, disposition, hospital variables, diagnoses, reason for visit, and resource use among patients younger than 19 years. Linear regression was used to evaluate significance of trends. RESULTS Approximately one quarter of all ED visits was made by patients younger than 19 years. Emergency department visits by children increased 14.4% between 2001 and 2010 (P = 0.04); the rate of visits increased from 36.4 to 40.6 per 100 population. Trauma is the most common reason for pediatric ED visits. Black children had the highest rate of ED use (61.9 per 100 in 2010). Visit rates by Hispanic children were relatively low but increased by 82.7% since 2001 (P = 0.00). The proportion of ED visits by Medicaid beneficiaries rose from 32.0% to 51.9% (P = 0.00). The volume and frequency of diagnostic testing, administration of intravenous fluids, medication administration, and discharge prescriptions increased. Visits with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging almost doubled from 3.1% of the visits in 2001 to 6.6% of the visits in 2010 (P = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS The use of ED by children is growing faster than population growth, and the intensity of ED care has risen sharply. Hispanic children and Medicaid beneficiaries represent the fastest growing populations of children using the ED.
Associative and temporal learning: new directions.

Abstract Associative and temporal learning are fundamental properties of behavior. Despite the temporal dynamics of behavior, traditional associative (trial based) approaches have often ignored (within trial) timing properties of behavior. Therefore, associative and temporal learning are considered different, parallel strategies, whose mechanisms and rules are domain-specific. The rift between the two fields is not surprising considering the difference in questions, measures, and approaches. Some questions explored in this mini-review are as follows: Are the behavioral phenomena appropriately described, measured or quantified? How do animals integrate associative and temporal information? What are the behavioral processes that bridge the associative and temporal fields? How are associative and temporal information instantiated and processed in the brain? A resolution involves finding a more adept way (e.g., computational or biological) to describe the associative and temporal phenomena, for example by transforming them in a more abstract dimension, such as information (e.g., entropy calculation) or frequency (e.g., neural firing). When seen from this neural-computation vantage point, the distinctions between associative and temporal learning vanish, and the question becomes: What are the mechanisms that coexist, cooperate and compete in a brain that processes associative and temporal information in real time? This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Associative and Temporal Learning.
Anti-HIV Activity in Cervical-Vaginal Secretions from HIV-Positive and -Negative Women Correlate with Innate Antimicrobial Levels and IgG Antibodies

Background We investigated the impact of antimicrobials in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) from HIV(+) and HIV(−) women on target cell infection with HIV. Since female reproductive tract (FRT) secretions contain a spectrum of antimicrobials, we hypothesized that CVL from healthy HIV(+) and (−) women inhibit HIV infection.
Complexity Effects on Temporal Characteristics of Speech

In light of evidence that multiple-goal messages tend to be characterized by longer speech-onset latencies and higher pause-phonation ratios, Greene, McDaniel, Buksa, and Ravizza have suggested that it is not the pursuit of multiple goals, per se, that results in less fluent speech. Rather, these authors suggest that the slower speech production characteristic of such messages is the result of difficulties in assembling, or integrating, incompatible message features. Recent evidence, however, indicates that this account is incomplete and in need of revision. Toward this end, we advance a complexity account that suggests that there are increased processing-capacity and temporal demands associated with formulating and maintaining more complex message representations. The article then reports four experimental studies of this complexity account. Experiments 1 and 2 operationalize complexity as the amount of information to be communicated in a message. These studies indicate that complexity does affect pause-phonation ratio and average pause duration. Experiments 3 and 4 operationalize complexity as the coherence of the information to be conveyed in a message. The results of Experiment 4, but not Experiment 3, again indicated that complexity influences speech fluency. The results of these studies, then, are taken to provide considerable support for the complexity hypothesis.
Minimum jerk trajectory planning for robotic manipulators

It has been experimentally verified that the jerk of the desired trajectory adversely affects the performance of the tracking control algorithms for robotic manipulators. In this paper, the reasons behind this effect are investigated, and an optimization problem that minimizes joint jerk over a prespecified Cartesian space trajectory is stated. The necessary conditions are derived, and a numerical algorithm is presented.
What Caused the Asian Crises: An Early Warning System Approach

We estimate a simple probit model of the probability of balance-of-payments crises over a panel of developing countries through 1995. We then forecast crisis probabilities for 1997. We find that a simple model composed of four traditional macroeconomic variables and one ‘second generation’ variable performs well in predicting the Asia crises. The Thai and Malaysian crises had predominantly first-generation features, while the crises in Korea and Indonesia are, to some extent, predictable largely on the basis of our second-generation variable. (J.E.L.: F31, F47).
Dynamical Model of Dual Amplitudes

We re-examine Nielsen's interpretation of the Veneziano amplitudes from the point of view of the functional formulation. It is shown that the sum of a large number of "fishnet" Feynman graphs of very high order can be approximated by generalized Veneziano amplitudes.
Regulation of aromatase activity of cultured adipose stromal cells by catecholamines and adrenocorticotropin.

Adipose tissue is the major site of estrogen formation in postmenopausal women. We have previously reported (Simpson, E.R., Ackerman, G.E., Smith, M.E. and Mendelson, C.R. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 78, 5690-5694; Mendelson, C.R., Cleland, W.H., Smith, M.E. and Simpson, E.R. (1982) Endocrinology 111, 1077-1085) that aromatase activity of human adipose stromal cells in culture is stimulated by glucocorticoids and by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bt2-cAMP). In order to establish which physiological factors might stimulate aromatase activity of these cells by activation of adenylate cyclase, we have investigated the roles of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and isoproterenol to increase cyclic AMP levels and stimulate the aromatization of androstenedione. In the presence of methylisobutylxanthine (MIX), ACTH stimulated cyclic AMP formation and aromatase activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The concentration of ACTH required for half-maximal stimulation was approximately 10(-8) M. Isoproterenol, in the presence of MIX, stimulated cyclic AMP formation in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion, and also stimulated aromatase activity. These effects of isoproterenol appeared to be mediated by binding of the agonist to a population of beta-adrenergic receptors. On the basis of these and our previous studies, we suggest that ACTH may play an important role in stimulating estrogen formation by human adipose tissue, both directly, and by stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce both substrate, androstenedione, and inducing agent, namely cortisol.
Natural mutation rates in the house mouse. Estimates for five specific loci and dominant mutations.

Abstract More than 7 million mice were examined for grossly visible spontaneous mutations. A total of 249 mutations were recovered, of which 206 could be characterized as their mode of inheritance (dominant or recessive). The rates of spontaneous mutations at 5 specific coat-color loci (a, b, c, d, and ln) were 11 · 10−6 per locus per gamete for mutations from wild-type, and 2.5 · 10−6 for mutations from recessive alleles. Large differences were found between the rates of the individual loci; the a, a+, and c+ alleles had the highest rates. Estimates of “forward” and “reverse” mutations at each of these five loci also showed large differences. A comparison of the rates at the five specific loci and those at other loci for which dominant mutations were recovered showed that the specific loci used in this study had a spontaneous mutation rate 6 times higher. No effect of the age of parent was discernible for those loci where sufficient numbers of mutants were recovered to make a meaningful comparison.
Photonic Applications of Bacteriorhodopsin

Thinfilms of bacteriorhodopsin are used to manipulate amplitude, phase, polarization of the incident light for a variety of applications like all-optical switching, logic gates, power limiting, optical Fourier processing for breast cancer diagnostics, slow/fast light.
Incorporation of P32 into the O-phosphodiester of L-serine and ethanolamine in the turtle.

Summary1. It was shown that intracardially administered P32 orthophosphate is incorporated into O-phosphodiester of L-serine and ethanolamine (SEP) and ethanolaminephosphate (EP) in tissues of the turtle. 2. Kidney and heart showed highest degree of labeling of SEP and EP. White and red muscle exhibited smallest uptake of P32 into SEP, although containing larger amounts of this compound than other tissues examined. 3. Only incubation of intact erythrocytes in plasma for prolonged periods, of a variety of in vitro systems tested, gave any evidence of P32 incorporation into SEP.
Autophagy, an immunologic magic bullet: Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome maturation block and how to bypass it

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that parasitizes host macrophages where it persists in immature phagosomes by avoiding their maturation into phagolysosomes. The mechanisms of how M. tuberculosis inhibits phagolysosome biogenesis have been researched in detail and the maturation block at least partially depends on the manipulation of host phosphoinositide interconversions, with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) being a central target since it has been shown to be required for phagolysosome biogenesis. PI3P earmarks intracellular organelles for binding and assembly of effector molecules that interact with PI3P or its derivatives, including Class E Vps proteins such as Hrs and ESCRT components, early endosome antigen 1, which are required for sequential protein and membrane sorting within the endosomal and, by extension, phagosomal systems. In a search of a cellular mechanism that can bypass the tubercule bacillus-imposed PI3P block, researchers have uncovered a new g...
A comparison of projection and proximity printings - from UV to X-ray

Abstract Projection and proximity printings are compared in terms of linewidth tolerance. Computer simulated Exposure-Defocus and Gap-Exposure diagrams are used to characterize the two techniques respectively. The depth of focus for projection printing in terms of the universal depth parameter k 2 is evaluated as a function of the universal width parameter k 1 , for five long and short representative lithographic features, then three long features. Similarly, the depth of focus and working distance for proximity printing are evaluated for a 0.25-μm system in x-ray and 2.5-μm system in uv. The image contours and depth of focus of the two imaging techniques are compared. Proximity effects are present for both techniques. The distinction of working distance and depth of focus for proximity printing is observed for the first time. Against intuition, a shorter mask-to-wafer gap is not always better.
Endocrinology in Communication Research

Endocrinology--the study of hormones and hormonal activity--offers promising new avenues for adjudicating social behavior. This paper introduces its methods and discusses several considerations necessary for researchers who wish to incorporate such methods into their own communication research.
The procurement function's role in strategic outsourcing from a process perspective

Outsourcing has grabbed headlines in the past few years. Some proclaim it as a necessary, effective and inevitable strategy to reduce costs, focus on the core business, maintain competitiveness and obtain needed capabilities. Others see outsourcing as a threat to jobs, companies, industries and whole economies. Barring a substantial reversal of current trends, outsourcing is here to stay. With that in mind, the authors undertook a research to understand the trends in outsourcing, how outsourcing decisions are made and how companies can be more successful in achieving their goals for outsourcing, and to clarify the role of procurement in strategic outsourcing success. Data was gathered from 165 procurement executives or their functional peers across 22 industries globally. This paper is a part of this research and aims at building an empirically validated outsourcing process model and discussing the procurement function's role in different phases and activities of strategic outsourcing.
Rethinking the biological clock: Eleventh-hour moms, miracle moms and meanings of age-related infertility

Over the past generation, aging and female reproduction have been lodged within the gendered and gendering debates regarding women's involvement in the workforce and demographic shifts toward delayed parenting that culminate in discourses on the "biological clock". Technological solutions to the biological clock, specifically in vitro fertilization, have led to clinical attempts to assess "ovarian reserve", or qualitative and quantitative changes in the ovary that correlate with aging and with successful infertility treatment. Rupturing the longstanding historical connections between menstruation and female reproductive capacity by specifically focusing on the aging of a woman's eggs, the clinical designation of "diminished ovarian reserve" has come to imply that a woman has "old eggs". This is associated in practitioners' and patients' minds with the eclipse of a woman's reproductive potential and with hidden harbingers of menopause. In an ethnographic interview study of 79 couples in the US who conceived after using donor oocytes, we found that women voiced two different narratives that described their experience and attitudes when confronted with an apparent age-related decline in their fertility. The "eleventh-hour mom" narrative was voiced by women who initially tried to become pregnant with their own eggs and turned to donated oocytes as a second-choice option, whereas the "miracle mom" narrative was expressed by women who were generally older, some of whom had entered infertility treatment hoping to conceive with their own eggs, but some who knew from the outset that it was not going to be possible. Through their narratives women not only embodied and made meaningful "diminished ovarian reserve" in varying ways that connect with cultural, social, structural/organizational, symbolic and physical aspects of aging, they reproduced the socio-biological project of the biological clock, but rooted this social project in the metaphor of "old eggs" rather than menopause.
Deep vein thrombosis treated with streptokinase or heparin. A randomized study.

Twenty-seven patients with deep vein thrombosis whose primary therapy was randomized between streptokinase and heparin were reevaluated clinically and by ascending venography after a mean period of 7 months. Normal venograms were found in 6 (40%) of the streptokinase-treated patients and in 1 patient (8%) who had heparin therapy. Segmental valve preservation was found in 1 patient from each group. All patients with complete or partial valve preservation became asymptomatic. Vein re canalization without preservation of valves occurred in 18 patients: 8 (54%) of those on streptokinase, and 10 (83%) of those on heparin. At the time of follow-up, 11 of these 18 patients, including 8 who had had prior thrombosis, reported peripheral edema; the postphlebitic syndrome devel oped in 1. Factors favoring a good outcome of acute venous thrombosis were (1) no prior thrombotic disease, (2) localized thrombosis, and (3) prompt streptokinase therapy.
The basic notion of justification

Our tasks are then complete. We offered, in J7, a defensible claim that there is a relation of necessity and sufficiency between doxastic and propositional justification. We claimed as well that propositional justification is the basic kind of justification. In order to defend this claim, several tasks were undertaken. First, a preliminary investigation showed that there are at most three irreducible kinds of justification. In order to show that there is only one kind, we first showed how personal justification is equivalent to doxastic justification. We then showed that, whereas doxastic justification can be defined in terms of propositional justification, propositional justification cannot be defined in terms of that kind of doxastic justification predicable of tokens of beliefs. We conclude that propositional justification is the basic kinds of justification. These results have implications both for the substance of epistemology and for the methodology employed in constructing an epistemological theory. First, no version of reliabilism can be defended by claiming that there are fundamentally distinct and irreducible notions of justification. Further, the procedure adopted by those versions of reliabilism which count as instances of Aristotelian epistemology cannot be correct. Such theories begin by discussing our intellectual powers, faculties, virtues, or cognitive processes and then define a primitive notion of justification in terms of the doxastic products of such powers, faculties, virtues, or processes. This approach cannot succeed, for, as we have seen, no such theory can given an adequate explanation of the connection between doxastic and propositional justification. For these theories to succeed, one of three alternatives must be available. The first is that propositional justification is explicable in terms of doxastic justification; as we have seen, that claim is false. The second and third alternatives are that Aristotelians either might claim irreducibility between propositional and doxastic justification, or the might hold that, for some reason or other, there is no such thing as propositional justification. Both of these alternatives are unattractive because of the plausibility of J7. If it is adequate, then doxastic justification is explicable in terms of propositional justification. Further, if J7 is adequate, claiming that there is no such thing as propositional justification puts the notion of doxastic justification in jeopardy as well, for doxastic justification is definable in terms of propositional justification. In sum: present reliabilist theories which hold that justification is the result of the proper employment of our cognitive equipment, and which are thereby committed to constructing a theory of justification with doxastic justification as the basic notion of justification, are incompatible with the fact that propositional justification is the basic kind of justification.
Lactobacillus GG: Bacteriology and Clinical Applications

Lactobacillus rhamnous GG (LGG) has been studied extensively in humans and experimental animals for a wide variety of uses. At present, there is strong evidence that LGG can be used in acute diarrhea and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Data suggest that LGG may be useful for treatment and prevention of atopic disease and for prevention of infections acquired in daycare, traveler's diarrhea, and dental caries. Results from studies in inflammatory bowel disease, Clostridium difficile, and cystic fibrosis are promising. Studies of LGG for cancer prevention; rheumatoid arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, liver disease, and diabetes warrant more research.
Modelling the growth of American aggregates based on the metalogistic time function

A relatively simple function derived from Benouilli’s differential equation and given the class name “metalogistic” is shown to be an efficient descriptor of the dynamics of a number of important American aggregates. These include five demographic, i.e. population, urbanization, immigration, birth‐rate, and death‐rate over the 1820‐1992 time period; and six socio‐economic, that is gross national product, GNP deflator, civilian labour force, unemployment, total energy in BTU, and a surrogate of higher knowledge, these over the 1880‐1992 time period. The descriptor in each case is defined by parameters derived from the data through regression, with model efficacy measured by an R2 > 0.90 in almost all cases.
Emission Spectra of the Doubly and Triply Ionized Rare Earths

The spectral of the rare earths have been photographed under controlled excitation so that either the spectra of the doubly or triply ionized elements are brought out with maximum intensity. A mild excitation is used in addition to give the first and second spectra for comparison. Some regularities are immediately apparent and vary very gradually through the rare-earth group. The general features of the spectra are discussed in this paper.
An association between hyperinsulinemia and hypertension during the third trimester of pregnancy

We studied 43 women in their third trimester of pregnancy whose fetuses were at significant risk of intrauterine growth retardation. To define metabolic subtypes for intrauterine growth retardation, a 100 gm glucose load was administered after an overnight fast. Twenty-seven women were normotensive and 16 had hypertension. The glucose tolerance of the hypertensive group was essentially the same as that of the normotensive group. However, 8 of the 16 women with hypertension had marked hyperinsulinemia in response to an oral glucose load. Of the five women with hypertension who gave birth to offspring of low birth weight, three had hyperinsulinemia.
Electrochemically erasable hydrogen-bonded thin films

We report a new method to trigger the dissolution of hydrogen-bonded layer-by-layer thin films through electrochemical reduction of dissolved oxygen, which raises the local pH.
Patient data access and online sleep apnea communities.

Abstract Purpose: To show that some patients with sleep apnea on positive airway pressure therapy show an interest in obtaining further monitoring data with the support of online patient communities. Methods: A case study is presented in which a patient struggles to comply with his therapy and interacts with an online patient community. Next, a content analysis is described in which sleep apnea online communities are identified, an indexing language for patients' messages is developed, and patient messages are indexed into concepts from the indexing language. Results: The case study patient substantially benefits from the guidance of other online patients about obtaining and interpreting monitoring and treatment data. In the content analysis of online communities, patients spend more time discussing long-term management than any other top-level concept and particularly focus on the role of data in long-term management. Conclusions: For certain patients, regularly accessing and interpreting their own detai...
Focused training of emergency medicine residents in goal-directed echocardiography: a prospective study.

Objectives: To determine if a focused transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) training course would improve the accuracy of completion and interpretation of a goal-directed TTE by emergency medicine residents. Methods: This was a prospective, observational, educational study of the impact of a focused training course on the change in physician performance on pre- and postcourse examinations testing competency in goal-directed TTE defined by five criteria: 1) image orientation, 2) anatomy identification, 3) chamber size grading, 4) ventricular function estimation, and 5) pericardial effusion identification. Subjects included were emergency medicine residents with between ten and 20 hours of noncardiac ultrasound didactics and between 20 and >150 proctored noncardiac ultrasound examinations. All underwent five hours of focused echocardiography didactics and one hour of proctored practical echocardiography training designed and implemented by an emergency physician ultrasound director and a cardiologist. Before the start of the training course, participants completed two examinations: 1) written 23-question test on the above concepts and 2) performance of a TTE on a healthy subject testing 16 elements that define a properly performed examination. After the training course, participants again completed both examinations. Results: A total of 21 emergency medicine residents qualified for and underwent standardized testing and training. The percentage correct on the precourse written examination was 54% (95% CI = 50% to 59%), and the postcourse examination score was 76% (95% CI = 71% to 80%) (p < 0.005, paired t-test). The percentage correct on the precourse practical examination was 56% (95% CI = 51% to 60%), and the postcourse examination score was 94% (95% CI = 91% to 96%) (p < 0.005). Conclusions: A focused six-hour echocardiography training course significantly improved emergency medicine residents' percentage scores on both written and practical examinations testing essential components required for correct goal-directed TTE performance and interpretation.
Rogerian Leadership Style and Creativity

Groups of three students received exposure to enactments of a Rogerian, considerate, or structuring leadership style while they pondered an engineering problem and considered possible solutions to it. Students who experienced the Rogerian leadership style received higher creativity ratings for their solution to the engineering problem than did students exposed to either the structuring style (p< .01) or the considerate style (p< .02).
A 57.15–59.00GHz CMOS LC-VCO for V-Band high speed WPAN communication system

A 57.15GHz-59.00GHz CMOS LC-VCO is designed for V-Band mm-wave high speed wireless personal area network (WPAN) communication system. The voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) provides a center frequency of 58.08GHz and is implemented in 90nm CMOS Low Power Process. The oscillator core consumes 5.9mW through 1.2V supply voltage and the active area is 0.05 mm2 only. A tuning range 1.85GHz (57.15GHz-59.00GHz) with maximum control voltage of 1.0V can be achieved. And the phase noise is −86.46 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from the center frequency. The calculated figure-of-merit (FoM) is −174.19 dBc/Hz.
Pastoral counseling with youth

Young people need their pastor, not only as the preacher, or as the youth group leader, or as the energetic dynamo of congregational life, but as the one to whom they can go with their personal problems. They need a representative of the adult world with whom they can share and find in such sharing an incentive for developing their own identity. The pastor is in a unique position to be such a representative since he represents also the world of the Spirit.
Follow the leader: The use of leader peptides to guide natural product biosynthesis

The avalanche of genomic information in the past decade has revealed that natural product biosynthesis using the ribosomal machinery is much more widespread than originally anticipated. Nearly all of these compounds are crafted through post-translational modifications of a larger precursor peptide that often contains the marching orders for the biosynthetic enzymes. We review here the available information for how the peptide sequences in the precursors govern the post-translational tailoring processes for several classes of natural products. In addition, we highlight the great potential these leader peptide–directed biosynthetic systems offer for engineering conformationally restrained and pharmacophore-rich products with structural diversity that greatly expands the proteinogenic repertoire.
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in sub-Saharan Africa: Past, present and future challenges

HIV prevalence continues to be high among women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2007 the HIV prevalence among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics was >20% in the southern African counties of Botswana, Swaziland, South Africa and Lesotho. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV can occur in-utero, intrapartum or postnatally. Without any preventive measure the overall rate of the MTCT of HIV in breastfeeding women could be 25-45%. Prior to the discovery of successful antiretroviral interventions to prevent the MTCT of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (before 1999), innovative research determined the magnitude of the problem, the impact of the HIV epidemic on mothers and children, and the main risk factors associated with MTCT. Non-antiretroviral interventions conducted before 1999 such as washing the birth canal with antiseptics and antenatal supplementation with vitamin A did not reduce the MTCT of HIV. However, during the period 1999 to present, major successes were made in the prevention of the MTCT of HIV. The use of single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis to the mother and infant reduced the MTCT of HIV to ~12%. Subsequently, longer prophylaxis and combined antiretroviral regimens were shown to be highly effective and very low HIV transmission rates comparable to those in developed countries were reported in some clinical trial settings in sub-Saharan Africa. The future is promising but challenges remain. The current successful intervention modalities are entirely dependent on antiretrovirals and breastfeeding continues to be vital for the survival of the child in the African setting. Reviewing past and present achievements assists in focusing future research and development of prevention programs.