cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telegrams Received for the MATSCIENCE Inauguration

The inauguration of MATSCIENCE, The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Madras, India, on 3 January 1962, was greeted with great enthusiasm by scientists from around the world. My father, Professor Alladi Ramakrishnan, in his inaugural speech as the Director of the new Institute, referred to the creation of MATSCIENCE as a miracle, because a series of unexpected pleasant circumstances came in rapid succession to bear fruit. About a week before the inauguration of MATSCIENCE, congratulatory telegrams and letters started pouring in from scientists around the world. I was just past my sixth birthday at that time, but I remember the sense of excitement at our family home Ekamra Nivas as my father was preparing for that sensational event. I remember a dinner at the roof garden of the Dasaprakash Hotel in Madras a few days before the inauguration at which my father’s students who attended his Theoretical Physics Seminar were present. At this dinner, my father asked each student to predict the number of congratulatory telegrams and messages that would be received by 3 January 1962. Such was the mood at that magic moment! My father had preserved these telegrams and had them photocopied and bound in two volumes. In the following pages I have presented photo copies of a selection of these telegrams and letters. I have made some observations about the person sending the message/telegram and my father’s association with that scientist.
Characteristics of veterans and military service members who endorse causing harm, injury, or death to others in the military.

Author(s): Held, Philip; Boley, Randy A; Karnik, Niranjan S; Pollack, Mark H; Zalta, Alyson K | Abstract: ObjectiveThe purpose of the present research was to examine the demographic and mental health characteristics of veterans and service members who endorsed having caused harm, injury, or death to another person on deployment, while taking these individuals' total number of other lifetime traumas into account.MethodData for the present study were collected as part of the standard clinical evaluation for 228 treatment-seeking veterans and service members.ResultsThose who reported having caused harm, injury, or death to another person on deployment (22.4%) were more likely to be male, to have served in the Marines, to have served post 9/11, and to endorse other traumas commonly reported on deployment than those who did not endorse causing harm, injury, or death. Those who endorsed causing harm on deployment were less likely to have served in the Air Force, and to have experienced sexual assault than those who did not cause harm. Causing harm, injury, or death was associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), drug use, and expressive anger at the bivariate level, but was no longer associated with mental health problems after accounting for the number of other lifetime traumas.ConclusionsExamining the role of causing harm in isolation may lead to false conclusions. Clinicians and researchers should assess for veterans' and service members' entire trauma histories. (PsycINFO Database Record
How Should a Health Care Professional Respond to an Incarcerated Patient’s Request for a Particular Treatment?

Incarceration complicates the ethical provision of clinical care through reduction in access to treatment modalities and institutional cultures that value order over autonomy. Correctional care clinicians should expand their guiding principles to consider autonomy and health justice for their patients, which in turn should prompt development of processes and care plans that are patient-centered and account for the inherent restrictions of the setting.
Pore Modified FDU-12 as a Novel Container for Dendron Growth

The synthesis and characterization of a suite of melamine dendrons on FDU-12 and pore-expanded FDU-12 are reported. FDU-12, a mesoporous material with cubic arrays of pores possessing cage apertures of approximately 4 nm is not an efficient support for growing dendrons. However, pore-expanded FDU-12 (PE-FDU-12) is an effective support, and it is an efficient substrate for growing dendrons with high free volumes, i.e., bulkier spacer diamines, as compared to SBA-15. Extensive MALDI-MS and solution NMR on the cleaved dendrons validate the other analytical methods used and confirm that the target fragments are formed. The findings from this work illustrate the effect of the silica support’s pore topology on the synthesis of dendron materials on solid supports.
The Accountant Stereotype: Positive or Negative?

This working paper examines the accountant’s image as it is developed within a sample of fiction novels. The description of accountants and their activities in these novels are used to determine the attributes associated with accountants. The descriptions in the novels are analyzed using context analysis and the General Inquirer. A comparison is made between the results found in present study using context analysis with previous studies using social-cultural methods to investigate stereotypes. The conclusion reached is that past studies of the accountants’ image have not eliminated social-cultural biases from their research results. In addition, the media used in identifying the “accountants’ image” influences the level of negativity or positivity associated with that image.
Prospective assessment of disease-specific quality of life in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an important cause of upper gastrointestinal dysfunction in children and adults. The EoE-quality of life (QOL)-A was validated as a disease-specific measure of quality of life in EoE. This study characterized the extent of QOL concerns in a cohort of adult EoE patients and delineated the relationships between QOL and other disease activity measures. One hundred sixty-seven patients enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Patients with established and suspected EoE undergoing endoscopy at a single university-based medical center were recruited. EoE was diagnosed on the basis of the clinical criteria and histologic demonstration of ≥15 eos/hpf while on proton pump inhibition therapy. Sixty five patients undergoing repeat endoscopy during the enrollment period participated twice. Patients provided demographic information and completed symptom assessments and the EoE-QOL-A. Analyses included comparisons with overall QOL as well as QOL subscales. Outcome measures included endoscopic activity using a validated instrument, the EoE Endoscopic Reference Score, and histology. Overall QOL was significantly correlated with dysphagia frequency, intensity, and severity (P < 0.001). Patients who experienced a food impaction in the last 30 days had significantly worse overall QOL (P = 0.009). There was no correlation between overall QOL and years since diagnosis, symptom duration, endoscopic features, or histologic findings. Patient symptoms correlated with endoscopic features of edema, rings, and stricture severity. Histologic activity was highly correlated with severity of endoscopic features. Patients who underwent repeat endoscopy with histologic response demonstrated improved eating and social QOL; however, overall QOL was unchanged. In adults with EoE, patient reported QOL is associated with symptom severity but not endoscopic or histologic features. Disease-specific QOL may complement parameters of biologic activity in the assessment of overall disease burden in EoE.
Evaluating field peas as an energy source for growing and finishing beef cattle

ABSTRACT Field peas were evaluated in beef growing and finishing diets in a 2-yr experiment. A total of 114 steers (initial BW = 348 kg, SD = 22 kg) in yr 1 and 114 heifers (initial BW = 249 kg, SD = 11 kg) in yr 2 were used in a 3 × 2 factorial. The first factor was grazing supplementation (0.5% BW, DM basis) with the following treatments: (1) field pea (FP); (2) blend of 70.8% corn, 24% corn condensed distillers solubles, and 5.2% urea (CB); and (3) no supplement (CON). The second factor was presence or absence of 20% FP in finishing diets. Growing phase ADG was greatest for CB, followed by FP and CON (0.99, 0.87, and 0.69 ± 0.08 kg for CB, FP, and CON, respectively; P
Continuous visualization of differences between biological conditions in single-cell data

In high-dimensional single cell data, comparing changes in functional markers between conditions is typically done across manual or algorithm-derived partitions based on population-defining markers. Visualizations of these partitions is commonly done on low-dimensional embeddings (eg. t-SNE), colored by per-partition changes. Here, we provide an analysis and visualization tool that performs these comparisons across overlapping k-nearest neighbor (KNN) groupings. This allows one to color low-dimensional embeddings by marker changes without hard boundaries imposed by partitioning. We devised an objective optimization of k based on minimizing functional marker KNN imputation error. Proof-of-concept work visualized the exact location of an IL-7 responsive subset in a B cell developmental trajectory on a t-SNE map independent of clustering. Per-condition cell frequency analysis revealed that KNN is sensitive to detecting artifacts due to marker shift, and therefore can also be valuable in a quality control pipeline. Overall, we found that KNN groupings lead to useful multiple condition visualizations and efficiently extract a large amount of information from mass cytometry data. Our software is publicly available through the Bioconductor package Sconify.
Performance and health of weanling bulls after butorphanol and xylazine administration at castration.

A total of 268 crossbred, 6- to 9-mo-old, bull calves (214 +/- 19 kg) were used in two separate 27-d experiments to assess the effects of butorphanol and xylazine administration (BXA) on the subsequent performance and health of beef calves. In each experiment, calves were randomly allotted to four treatment groups: 1) castration with BXA, 2) castration without BXA, 3) no castration with BXA, and 4) no castration without BXA. There were two replicates within each experiment. The intravenous administration of .07 mg/kg of butorphanol and .02 mg/kg of xylazine occurred 90 s before tail hold and castration procedures. Calves were placed in a squeeze chute and manually restrained by tail elevation. In Exp. 2, the cattle also were scored for chute activity (on a 1 to 5 scale with 5 being the most active). Cattle were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment, feed intake was recorded daily, and cattle were monitored daily for respiratory disease. There were no castration x BXA interactions (P greater than .51). Castration reduced (P less than .01) daily gain and gain/feed and tended (P = .13) to reduce feed intake. The administration of BXA had no effect (P greater than .05) on gain or gain/feed but did tend (P = .13) to reduce feed intake. No differences (P greater than .45) were observed in morbidity or mortality due to either BXA or castration. Castration and BXA increased (P less than .01) blood cortisol levels on d 3, whereas control animals had reduced cortisol levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Precision Calcium Photometer: A New Instrument for Astroseismology

The Precision CAlcium Photometer (PCAP) has been built with characteristics optimized for amplitude astroseismology. The instrument consists of two units: an on-telescope optical system that forms and stabilizes a stellar image onto a 200 micron optical fiber; and a spectrometer unit that accepts the light from the fiber and integrates the Calcium II H and K lines (3968.5 A and 3933.7 A), along with adjacent continuum regions, in a photon-counting mode. Some key system characteristics include active image stabilization, a 12-meter optical fiber with ~70% transmission at 3950 A, and a thermally and mechanically stable spectrometer. A description of the instrument and of laboratory and on-telescope test runs are discussed below.
Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, and Prevalence of Campus Speech Codes

Colleges and universities across the country have enacted speech codes severely restricting student expression on campus, despite the fact that courts have clearly indicated that these policies violate the First Amendment rights of students - and have uniformly struck down speech codes facing constitutional challenges.In this article, I examine institutional policy and practice to illustrate that speech codes are often enforced against clearly protected speech and additionally chill expression by their very existence. Speech codes thus detract from the university’s paramount function as a true “marketplace of ideas.” The article then responds to various arguments that proponents of speech codes have put forth to justify their continued existence, by demonstrating that speech codes do not offer the benefits that their proponents claim and that, rather, their harms strongly counsel against their presence on campus.The article further uses available data to demonstrate that, contrary to assertions made by some commentators, speech codes remain prevalent at colleges and universities nationwide. It concludes by offering several potential solutions aimed at removing speech codes permanently and thereby restoring student speech rights to a strong position.
AMMISOFT for AMMI Analysis with Best Practices

The Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model has been used extensively for analysis of multi-environment yield trials for two main purposes: understanding complex genotype-by-environment interactions and increasing accuracy. A 2013 paper in Crop Science presented a protocol for AMMI analysis with best practices, which has four steps: (i) analysis of variance, (ii) model diagnosis, (iii) mega-environment delineation, and (iv) agricultural recommendations. This preprint announces free open-source software, called AMMISOFT, which makes it easy to implement this protocol and thereby to accelerate crop improvement.
Quiet time impacts on the neonatal intensive care unit soundscape and patient outcomes

Healthcare is currently transitioning from prioritizing survival to prioritizing patient care with the expectation of survival. In response, current research intends to explore and ultimately identify an optimal hospital environment. Intensive care units are often susceptible to noisier environments resulting from the requirements of urgent care. Administrative interventions such as Quiet Time are a strategy to reduce noise levels without sacrificing patient care. Despite gaining popularity, there is limited published research that rigorously evaluates the effectiveness of Quiet Time from both acoustical and medical perspectives. The presented work includes a longitudinal study of Quiet Time in multiple neonatal intensive care units. Both acoustical and patient physiological measures were taken with the intention of (1) characterizing the relationship between Quiet Time and the measured soundscape, (2) investigating potential relationships between Quiet Time and infant health, and (3) exploring potential relationships between the measured soundscape and infant health. Results including detailed acoustical analysis of traditional and newly developed metrics and statistical models relating both Quiet Time and soundscape to patient physiological response will be presented. Taken as a whole, the research provides insight into the effectiveness of Quiet Time interventions and the relationships between hospital noise and infant health.Healthcare is currently transitioning from prioritizing survival to prioritizing patient care with the expectation of survival. In response, current research intends to explore and ultimately identify an optimal hospital environment. Intensive care units are often susceptible to noisier environments resulting from the requirements of urgent care. Administrative interventions such as Quiet Time are a strategy to reduce noise levels without sacrificing patient care. Despite gaining popularity, there is limited published research that rigorously evaluates the effectiveness of Quiet Time from both acoustical and medical perspectives. The presented work includes a longitudinal study of Quiet Time in multiple neonatal intensive care units. Both acoustical and patient physiological measures were taken with the intention of (1) characterizing the relationship between Quiet Time and the measured soundscape, (2) investigating potential relationships between Quiet Time and infant health, and (3) exploring potential ...
Breaking the Boundaries: Monitoring Joint Flexion Using Radio-Frequency Coils

This work introduces a novel approach for monitoring joint flexion. Specifically, Radio-Frequency coils (in transmitting and receiving modes) placed symmetrically about the joint are proposed to monitor flexion by leveraging changes in the transmission coefficient as the limb flexes and extends. To demonstrate the idea, simulations in a cylindrical and homogeneous limb model are performed. Results clearly show the feasibility of monitoring joint flexion/extension using the proposed approach. This provides a new way of monitoring joint flexion while overcoming shortcomings in the state-of-the-art. Numerous medical and consumer applications may eventually benefit from the proposed approach.
Corn (Zea mays L.) response to sublethal rates of paraquat and fomesafen at vegetative growth stages

Research was conducted from 2013 to 2015 across three sites in Mississippi to evaluate corn response to sublethal paraquat or fomesafen (105 and 35 g ai ha−1, respectively) applied PRE, or to corn at the V1, V3, V5, V7, or V9 growth stages. Fomesafen injury to corn at three d after treatment (DAT) ranged from 0% to 38%, and declined over time. Compared with the nontreated control (NTC), corn height 14 DAT was reduced approximately 15% due to fomesafen exposure at V5 or V7. Exposure at V1 or V7 resulted in 1,220 and 1,110 kg ha−1 yield losses, respectively, compared with the NTC, but yield losses were not observed at any other growth stage. Fomesafen exposure at any growth stage did not affect corn ear length or number of kernel rows relative to the NTC. Paraquat injury to corn ranged from 26% to 65%, depending on growth stage and evaluation interval. Corn exposure to paraquat at V3 or V5 consistently caused greater injury across evaluation intervals, compared with other growth stages. POST timings of paraquat exposure resulted in corn height reductions of 13% to 50%, except at V7, which was most likely due to rapid internode elongation at that stage. Likewise, yield loss occurred after all exposure times of paraquat except PRE, compared with the NTC. Corn yield was reduced 1,740 to 5,120 kg ha−1 compared with the NTC, generally worsening as exposure time was delayed. Paraquat exposure did not reduce corn ear length, compared with the NTC, at any growth stage. However, paraquat exposure at V3 or V5 was associated with reduction of kernel rows by 1.1 and 1.7, respectively, relative to the NTC. Paraquat and fomesafen applications near corn should be avoided if conditions are conducive for off-target movement, because significant injury and yield loss can result.
Synthesis of tertiary alkyl fluoride centers by asymmetric CC(F) bond formation

Abstract Asymmetric alkylation of pseudoephedrine α-fluoropropionamide (1) affords α-alkylated products efficiently and with excellent stereocontrol at the newly formed tertiary alkyl fluoride center. Mild alkaline hydrolysis of the products provides the corresponding carboxylic acids with high enantiomeric excess.
Trees, Wood, and Paper: Materialities of Urban Arboriculture in Modern Berlin:

The systematization of street tree planting in twentieth-century cities went hand in hand with the development of the modern city’s managerial system. In the systematization process, tree planting ...
Evaluation of Ophthalmology Residency Program Web Sites

Objective This article evaluates the current availability of information on residency program Web sites that may be of interest to residency applicants. Design Cross-sectional analysis of 117 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited ophthalmology residency program Web sites from October 17, 2018 to December 17, 2018. Methods Programs were identified through the ACGME-specialty search, and the URL links provided by the program were evaluated for directing the user to the institution, department, or residency program. If a link was not functional or not provided, programs were identified through a Google search. Web sites were evaluated for having information on how to apply, application requirements and eligibility, and providing a link to the San Francisco (SF) Match. Educational content included: didactic instruction, rotation overview, research requirement information, active and/or past research, institutional conferences, academic conferences, call schedules, and charitable work. Recruitment content included current residents and faculty and their biographies, graduate placement, salary, benefits, surrounding area information, message from the Program Director, Chair, and/or Chief Residents, surgical statistics, affiliated hospital information, selection criteria, and association links. Data was stratified by program size, geographic region, and top 20 hospitals in ophthalmology by the U.S. News & World Report. Results Nonfunctional links were provided by 16.2% of programs, and 3.4% did not provide a link. Application instructions were presented by 83% of programs and 77% provided a link to the SF Match. Greater than 80% provided didactic instruction, rotation overviews, research expectations of residents, and faculty and resident listings. Up to half of programs listed information about application requirements and eligibility, call schedules, surgical statistics, academic conferences, charitable work, salary, and selection criteria. A message to applicants was displayed by 48% of programs, and 16% of programs provided association links. Programs with more than 15 residents provided more educational content than programs with less than 12 (p = 0.042). Differences in recruitment content were observed among programs in the Northeast and West, (p = 0.003) and programs in the South and West (p = 0.037). No other differences were observed. Conclusion The Internet is frequently consulted during the residency application process. Many programs provide basic information, but this can be further optimized to maximize the utility of residency Web sites.
Invasive Staging Procedures Do Not Prevent Nodal Metastases From Being Missed in Stage I Lung Cancer

Background Up to 20% of clinical stage I lung cancer patients harbor lymph node metastases that go undetected (missed) during the clinical staging evaluation. We investigated to what degree the addition of invasive nodal staging procedures to imaging, as currently practiced, prevents radiographically occult nodal metastases from being missed during the clinical staging evaluation. Methods Treatment-naive patients, imaged by positron emission tomography and computed tomography, who underwent lobectomy for clinical stage I lung cancer from 2012 to 2017 in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database were studied. Rates of missed nodal metastases (MNM) (ie, nodal metastases in lobectomy specimens undetected during clinical staging evaluation) were determined. Risk factors were assessed with multivariable modeling. Results Of the 30,685 clinical stage I patients identified, 3895 (12.7%) underwent preoperative endobronchial ultrasound and 3341 (10.9%) underwent mediastinoscopy. Invasive staging was more common with tumors > 2 cm (66.4% vs 50.2%, P Conclusions Substantial risk of occult lymph node metastases persists in patients with clinical stage I lung cancer despite negative invasive nodal staging, positron emission tomography, and computed tomography. In the absence of a thorough surgical nodal evaluation, early-stage lung cancer patients are at risk of under-treatment.
Methods to mitigate infection spread from aerosol-generating dental procedures.

Infection control measures play a critical role in preventing the spread of disease in healthcare settings. Concerns that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, may be transmitted through droplets and aerosols from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals has turned the spotlight on healthcare interventions that involve aerosol generation in the oral cavity, such as many dental and periodontal procedures. This commentary seeks to familiarize the dental practitioner with various infection control methods that may be implemented to mitigate spread of infection in dental settings through aerosol-generating dental procedures (AGDPs). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar Concept Using P -Band Signals of Opportunity

The spaceborne aperture radar (SAR) technique based on a combination of P -band signals of opportunity (SoOp) reflectometry with a sparse array of receivers at low earth orbits (LEOs) and transmit signals from the United States Navy's Mobile User Objective System operating on a geosynchronous altitude has been analyzed. The design focuses on the forward-looking geometry near the specular direction, which allows a high surface reflectivity, in order to obtain adequate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with a moderate receiving antenna gain. The sparse array is utilized to sharpen the across-track resolution and reduce the iso-range ambiguity. The formulation for match filtering and illustrations of point target response are presented. This work shows that an array of five to seven receivers is able to achieve an across-track resolution of about 200 m in the outer portion of swath and about 1 km in the center part of swath. The along-track resolution can reach 10 m or better due to the feasibility of a long dwell time for Doppler filtering. We find that the sparse array allows the reduction of the iso-range ambiguity to a level of lower than 5% for a major portion of swath, ∼70% or greater depending on the number of receivers and spacing. We have completed an SNR formulation, which can consistently account for both coherent and incoherent scattering regardless the spatial resolution. An analysis of SNR based on the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering has been performed. We find that it is possible to obtain a swath width of 100 km with an SNR of 5 dB or better for a constellation of seven satellites with a receiving antenna directivity of 15 dBi at a LEO altitude of 675 km for a wide range of surface roughness. Our study suggests the promise of the SoOpSAR concept for high-resolution remote sensing of land surfaces.
Health Information in the Era of Social Media: An Analysis of the Nature and Accuracy of Posts Made by Public Facebook Pages for Patients with Endometriosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nature and accuracy of social media (Facebook) content related to endometriosis DESIGN: Retrospective content analysis SETTING: Social media platform, Facebook PATIENTS: Social media posts on Facebook endometriosis pages INTERVENTIONS: A search of public Facebook pages was performed using the key word "endometriosis". Posts from the month-long study period were categorized and analyzed for accuracy. Two independent researchers used thematic evaluation to place posts into the following 11 categories: educational, emotional support, advocacy, discussion, events, humor, promotional, recipes, resources, surveys, and other. Posts categorized as "educational" were further subcategorized and reviewed. Each posted fact was cross-referenced in peer-reviewed scientific journals to determine whether the claim made was evidence-based. Engagement in a post was calculated by taking the sum of comments, shares, and reactions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-three Facebook pages meeting inclusion criteria were identified and 1,464 posts from the study period were evaluated. Emotional support posts comprised the largest category of posts (48%) followed by educational posts (21%). Within the educational category, the epidemiology and pathophysiology subcategory comprised the largest group (42.0%) followed by the symptoms subcategory (19.6%). Post category had an effect on the amount of post engagement (p-value < 0.001) with emotional posts generating 70% of the overall engagement. The subcategories of the educational posts demonstrated a similar effect on engagement (p-value < 0.001). Posts were more engaging if they contained epidemiology and pathophysiology information with 44% of all engagement of educational posts occurring within this subcategory. Educational posts were found to be 93.93% accurate. There was no correlation between post engagement and post information accuracy (p-valueâ¯=â¯0.3117). CONCLUSION: Facebook pages offer emotional support and education to people with endometriosis. Most information found in these Facebook pages is evidence-based. Clinicians should consider discussing the use of Facebook pages with their patients diagnosed with endometriosis.
Outcomes following Distal Radius Fractures with Preexisting Ulnocarpal Abutment.

Background Due to the commonality of distal radius fractures (DRFs), the potential impact of ulnocarpal abutment (UA) on patient outcomes is significant, whether it developed after or prior to injury. It is, therefore, important to consider whether preexisting UA has any impact on outcomes after an acute DRF. Questions/Purpose The aims of this study were to determine if differences were present in (1) pain at final follow-up, (2) complications, and (3) unintended operations in patients with DRFs and either without or with preexisting radiographic UA. Methods A single institution retrospective cohort study comparing patients treated either nonoperatively (43 patients) or operatively (473 patients) for DRFs between 5/1/2008 to 5/1/2018 was performed. Data included demographics, prior wrist pain or surgery, ulnar variance, select treatment data, and presence of pain, complication, or unintended operation by final follow-up. Statistical testing used Fisher's exact test and chi-squared test, with a significance level of 0.05. Results The prevalence of preexisting UA was 14.0 and 15.6% in the nonoperatively- and operatively treated groups, respectively. In nonoperatively treated patients without or with UA, no differences in pain (37.8 vs. 33.3%, p = 1.00) or complications were seen (13.5 vs. 50.0%, p = 0.07). A higher unintended operation rate for nonoperatively treated DRFs with UA, compared with those without, UA was seen (5.4 vs. 50.0%, p = 0.01). No differences in pain, complications, or unintended operations were seen between those without and with UA in the operatively treated group. Conclusion Preexisting UA is not associated with pain, complications, or unintended operations after operative treatment of DRFs. Prospective studies further evaluating outcomes in nonoperatively treated DRFs with UA may be beneficial.
The Triumph of Finance - Five Facts About Financial Growth 1850-2015

How does finance evolve in the long run and why? I introduce comprehensive annual financial accounts on the stocks and flows of financial assets for 14 advanced economies since 1850. I use my new data to establish five facts about financial growth: (1) Recent financial growth is not unprecedented. The volume of financial assets more than doubles between 1860 and 1913, stagnates until 1980, and skyrockets after that. (2) The share of debt among financial assets is stable over the past 150 years. Thus global growth of debt can be linked to the growth of finance. (3) Most of the growth of finance industry can be accounted for by corresponding changes in the volume of financial assets, as global unit costs of finance are stable over time. (4) Financial asset-to-wealth ratios are increasing linearly over the past 150 years. This paints a picture of long-run stable financial development, uninterrupted by wars and financial repression.Rising wealth-income ratios can account for the dramatic acceleration of financial growth after 1980. (5) External financing ratios stagnate between 1890 and 1960, shift up between 1960 and 1980, and stabilize afterwards. In the long-run financial formalization dominates: high, but mostly stable external financing ratios and rising financial institutionalization account for the bulk of financial growth since 1850. Put together these five facts suggest a new interpretation of financial growth: Financial growth over the past hundred years is a continuation of pre-WWI trends, only briefly hampered by the destruction of national wealth during the world wars.
Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection in Children: Influence of Antibiotic Therapy on Postconvalescent Excretion and Clinical Course-A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: Although published recommendations are available, the use of antibiotics in non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections in children is still controversially debated in clinical practice. Patients might even be put at risk, with necessary antibiotic therapy being withheld due to the widespread concern of prolonged post-convalescent shedding. The authors conducted a systematic review to assess whether antibiotic treatment influences fecal excretion or the clinical course in children with NTS infection. (2) Methods: The review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. In a Medline database search, studies assessing the influence of antibiotic therapy on excretion and/or the clinical course of NTS infections were selected. Studies reporting on adults only were not considered. Out of 532 publications which were identified during the systematic literature search, 14 publications were finally included (3273 patients in total). Quality and bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) or the Cochrane risk-of bias tool (ROB-2). (3) Results: Four early studies from decades ago demonstrated a prolongation of intestinal NTS excretion in children after antibiotic treatment, whereas most studies published more recently observed no significant influence, which might be due to having used more “modern” antibiotic regimes (n = 7 studies). Most studies did not describe significant differences regarding the severity and duration of symptoms between untreated patients and those treated with antibiotics. Quality and bias were mainly moderate (NOS) or variable (ROB-2), respectively. (4) Conclusions: There is no substantial evidence of prolonged excretion of NTS in pediatric patients after treatment with newer antimicrobials. Consequently, clinicians should not withhold antibiotics in NTS infection for children at risk, such as for very young children, children with comorbidities, and those with suspected invasive disease due to concerns about prolonged post-convalescent bacterial excretion. In the majority of cases with uncomplicated NTS diarrhea, clinicians should refrain from applying antibiotics.
Energetics of Functional Activation in Neural Tissues

Glucose utilization (lCMRglc) increases linearly with spike frequency in neuropil but not perikarya of functionally activated neural tissues. Electrical stimulation, increased extracellular [K+] ([K+]0), or opening of Na+ channels with veratridine stimulates 1CMRglc in neural tissues; these increases are blocked by ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+,K+-ATPase. Stimulating Na+,K+-ATPase activity to restore ionic gradients degraded by enhanced spike activity appears to trigger these increases in lCMRglc. Cultured neurons behave similarly. Astrocytic processes that envelop synapses in neuropil probably contribute to the increased lCMRglc. lCMRglc in cultured astroglia is unaffected by elevated [K+]0 but is stimulated by increased intracellular [Na+] ([Na+]i), and this stimulation is blocked by ouabain or tetrodotoxin. L-Glutamate also stimulates lCMRglc in astroglia. This effect is unaffected by inhibitors of NMDA or non-NMDA receptors, blocked by ouabain, and absent in Na+-free medium; it appears to be mediated by increased [Na+]i due to combined uptake of Na+ with glutamate via Na+/glutamate co-transporters.
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Physical Properties of Advanced GaAs/AlGaAs Junctions

Extensive studies have been performed on MQW junctions and structures because of their potential applications as avalanche photodetectors in optical communications and imaging systems. The role of the avalanche photodiode is to provide for the conversion of an optical signal into charge. Knowledge of junction physics, and the various carrier generation/recombination mechanisms, is crucial for effectively optimizing the conversion process and increasing the structure's quantum efficiency. In addition, the recent interest in the use of APDs in imaging systems has necessitated the development of semiconductor junctions with low dark currents and high gains for low light applications. Because of the high frame rate and high pixel density requirements in new imaging applications, it is necessary to provide some front-end gain in the imager to allow operation under reasonable light conditions. Understanding the electron/hole impact ionization process, as well as diffusion and surface leakage effects, is needed to help maintain low dark currents and high gains for such applications. In addition, the APD must be capable of operating with low power, and low noise. Knowledge of the effects of various doping configurations and electric field profiles, as well as the excess noise resulting from the avalanche process, are needed to help maintain low operating bias and minimize the noise output.
Effective Equations for Multiphase Flows—Waves in a Bubbly Liquid

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates various aspects of effective equations for multiphase flows. The subject of multiphase flow presents many practical and challenging engineering problems, such as sedimentation, flows in porous media, flows with additives, blood flows, and bubbly liquids. On the microscopic scale, the motion of the fluids and all of the interfaces are coupled. The motion of the gas is indirectly coupled to the dynamics of the other interfaces through the motion of the liquid outside the interfaces. A set of workable equations can be derived from the original set of complicated equations by a systematic and formal assymptotic analysis. The examples of the small microscopic to macroscopic scale ratio limit are presented. The coefficients in the equations are defined by the microscopic structure in the equilibrium state, and the global effect of the dynamics of the microscopic field appears only in the next-order equations for the macroscopic field. The equations of motion for each phase and interface are also described.
Developing the Role of Law in Social Change: Past Endeavors and Future Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean

"... Long ago, a man walked in the countryside and His disciples followed Him. The disciples were hungry, so when they saw stalks of wheat in the fields, they cut the wheat. Since it was the Sabbath, the law prohibited such work. It was said to Him: Why do your disciples cut wheat on the Sabbath? And He answered: Because man was not made for the Law, man was not made for the Sabbath, but the law for man, and the Sabbath for man. Before the law, there is man and the challenge for government is to put law at the service of man and man above all."***
Insect Viruses: Serological Relationships

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the serological characterization of insect pathogenic viruses from the following five pathogenic and morphologic groups: (1) nucleopolyhedrosis viruses (NPV), (2) granulosis viruses, (3) cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPV), (4) poxlike viruses now called “Entomopoxviruses,” and (5) the nonoccluded group that includes the iridescent viruses. Possible serologic relationships or interactions between insect pathologic viruses and other groups of viruses exist largely because of morphologic similarities or genetic interactions. A viral disease of insects characterized by the formation of polyhedral inclusion bodies (polyhedra) in the cytoplasm. Most of the standard techniques of serology have been employed successfully in insect virology, including complement-fixation, agar gel diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and immunofluorescence. Serological studies suggest that the relationship of polyhedral inclusion bodies is not necessarily associated with the type of inclusion body formed by the virus—the nuclear polyhedron or granulosis type—but is more closely associated with the host species in which the inclusion bodies were developed. Serological relationships between inclusion bodies and inclusion body proteins, and nucleopolyhedral and capsule proteins are also discussed in the chapter.
Spectroscopic equipment for the Space Telescope

The Space Telescope will provide views of the Universe of remarkable clarity. Central to its capabilities is an f/24 Ritchey-Chretien telescope with 40,000 sq cm unobscured collecting area, which will provide point-source images less than 0.1 sec in radius at wavelengths below 633 nm. It will operate over the range 110 nm to 1 mm. The initial flight instrumentation includes two spectrographs, the Faint Object Spectrograph (F.O.S.) and the High-Resolution Spectrograph (H.R.S.). The F.O.S. is sensitive from 115 to 800 nm. It will provide data at resolving powers 1000-100 on extremely faint sources. The H.R.S. operates at the wavelengths 107-320 nm. It will achieve high photometric accuracy at resolving powers 100,000, in the echelle mode, or 10,000-1000 in first order, on brighter targets. The two cameras on board the Space Telescope will provide ancillary spectroscopic capabilities.
How do interviewers respond to applicants’ initiation of salary negotiation? An exploratory study on the role of gender and personality

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether women encounter more social resistance than men do when they attempt to negotiate for higher compensation, and whether the gender and personality of the interviewer moderates that resistance. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted an experiment to explore how gender and personality jointly influence interviewers’ decision making in job negotiations. Findings – The authors found that: first, female interviewees who initiate negotiations in a job interview are penalized by both male and female interviewers; second, more agreeable interviewers are “nicer” than less agreeable ones to interviewees who ask for more pay, even after controlling for the interviewers’ gender; and third, more extraverted interviewers are “tougher” than less extraverted interviewers toward interviewees who initiate salary negotiation. These phenomena are more pronounced when interviewees are male as opposed to female. Research limitations/implications – Some limit...
Colonization of the botanical environment by Klebsiella isolates of pathogenic origin.

Growth, survival, and pathogenicity of Klebsiella growing in and on environmental foci were examined. Total coliforms present in raw wastes from pulp mills were in excess of 105/ml, and 60 to 80% were Klebsiella. Fecal coliform counts ranged from 101 to 105/ml. Klebsiella isolates from industrial effluents and a variety of human and bovine mastitis origins multiplied in pulp waste and commonly exceeded 106 cells per ml. Pathogenic isolates also multiplied in dilute aqueous extracts of sawdust to comparable levels. Klebsiella strains from vegetable surfaces and human infections grew rapidly on the surfaces of potatoes and lettuce and exceeded 103 organisms per g of surface peel and leaf after a 24h incubation at room temperature. After 7 weeks on potatoes stored at 5°C, some 10 to 30% of the day 1 Klebsiella counts were recoverable. Three Klebsiella isolates of pathogenic origin were passed 45 times through sterile pulp effluent (270 generations), and mean lethal dose levels in mice were periodically monitored. In two instances, a significant decrease in virulence was noted after 15 to 26 passes (90 to 156 generations). The third culture, of bovine mastitis origin, retained its original mean lethal dose value. Botanical milieu provided suitable habitats for the multiplication and colonization of Klebsiella isolates of disease origins in the same manner as indigenous isolates. Aquatic environments polluted with botanical material served as potential reservoirs for perpetuating the growth and spread of opportunistic Klebsiella pathogens that may ultimately colonize animals, humans, and aquatic organisms.
Grain growth and densification in palladium oxide particles during spray pyrolysis

A model for aerosol-phase densification of particles during their synthesis by spray pyrolysis is presented. The model was used to describe the evolution of the specific surface area of PdO powders synthesized at temperatures between 400 to 800 °C (residence times 27.9 to 22.7 s). Surface areas and grain sizes ranged between 56 m2/g and 4 nm at 400 °C to 3.2 m2/g and 40 nm at 800 °C The characteristic coalescence lime was determined as: τ= 1.7 x 1013T d3 exp(1.3 x 105/RT) [for lattice diffusion] and t = 2.7 x 1019Td 4exp (1.6 x 105/RT) [for grain boundary diffusion] (τ is in seconds, Tin degrees Kelvin, R is 8.314J/(mol.K)and d is in meters), but the data and model did not allow identification of the specific mechanism. The model provides a general approach for correlating changes in particle surface area with reactor operating conditions that is applicable to a wide variety of materials.
Classmates with Disabilities and Students' Noncognitive Outcomes.

The increasing trend of placing students with disabilities in general education classrooms has raised questions among researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and parents about classmate peer effects on all students. However, little is known about the peer effects of classmates with disabilities on the outcomes of other students in the classroom; no research has evaluated these peer effects on other students’ noncognitive outcomes though they are highly predictive of schooling and lifelong success. The purpose of this study is to fill this research gap by using quasi-experimental methods on a nationally representative data set (i.e., Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class) of elementary school students to examine the peer effects of classmates with disabilities on five noncognitive scales for classmates without disabilities. The findings indicate that students with a greater number of classmates with disabilities have higher externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems and lower fre...
Failure of CBA/N mice to respond to thymus-dependent and thymus-Independent phosphorylcholine antigens

Abstract CBA/N mice have an X-linked defect of B lymphocyte differentiation. We have studied their responsiveness to different antigenic forms of the phosphorylcholine (PC) epitope which induce IgM responses of restricted heterogeneity. Although previous work had emphasized a defect of T.I. responses in CBA/N we found that both T.D. and T.I. anti-PC responses are severely depressed in CBA/N, in spite of the use of bacterial adjuvants or repeated immunizations; however, with certain immunization protocols we could detect in CBA/N direct and indirect PFC whose specificity was not limited to PC but included the PC-protein bridge. Transfer experiments involving normal or irradiated immunodeficient F1 hybrid males as recipients of normal spleen or bone marrow cells failed to implicate suppressive mechanisms in the unresponsiveness to PC antigens. Our results indicate that the defect in antigen-induced humoral responses in CBA/N mice is not simply related to the thymus-dependence of the antigen used but rather a consequence of selective maturational defects of subpopulations of B lymphocytes and of subsets within each subpopulation.