cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pedestrian Perception of Autonomous Vehicles with External Interacting Features

The increasing number of autonomous vehicles has raised questions regarding pedestrian interaction with autonomous vehicles. Researchers have studied external interfaces designed for vehicle operators and other road-users (e.g., pedestrians). Most past studies have considered the interaction between pedestrians and autonomous vehicles with no visible operator. However, pedestrian-autonomous vehicle interaction may be complicated when there is a human sitting in the conventional driver’s seat of an autonomous vehicle. Such a scenario may cause some pedestrians to look to the passenger for cues when they should be looking for cues from the vehicle. The objective of the current study was to investigate pedestrians’ perspective of autonomous vehicles based on the interaction effect between passenger status and external features on the vehicle. Sixteen pedestrians completed a VR experiment. The results provided important insight into the important question of pedestrian-autonomous vehicle interaction when passengers are present in the driver seat of the vehicle.
Cognitive Metrics Profiling: A Model-Driven Approach to Predicting and Classifying Workload

Workload management is integral to the success of human-machine teams, and involves measuring and predicting workload and implementing proactive interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of degraded performance. Common approaches to workload measurement rely on the use of subjective, behavioral, and physiological metrics. These approaches suffer from two important limitations. First, the mapping between workload, subjective ratings, behavior, and physiology is complex and noisy, resulting in high uncertainty. Second, metrics based on subjective ratings, behavior, and physiology often fail to explain why performance degrades, and consequentially does not inform the development of mitigation strategies. As an alternative, we propose using cognitive metrics profiling (CMP) to improve the measurement and prediction of workload. This approach uses computational cognitive models to simulate the activity within individual cognitive systems, such as vision, audition, memory, and motor, to measure and understand workload. We discuss how CMP can be used in an unmanned vehicle control task.
A novel robust adaptive controller for EAF electrode regulator system based on approximate model method

The electrode regulator system is a complex system with many variables, strong coupling and strong nonlinearity, while conventional control methods such as proportional integral derivative (PID) can not meet the requirements. A robust adaptive neural network controller (RANNC) for electrode regulator system was proposed. Artificial neural networks were established to learn the system dynamics. The nonlinear control law was derived directly based on an input-output approximating method via the Taylor expansion, which avoids complex control development and intensive computation. The stability of the closed-loop system was established by the Lyapunov method. The current fluctuation relative percentage is less than ±8% and heating rate is up to 6.32 °C/min when the proposed controller is used. The experiment results show that the proposed control scheme is better than inverse neural network controller (INNC) and PID controller (PIDC).
Precise Matter and Antimatter Tests of the Standard Model with {\mathrm{{e}}}^{-}, {\mathrm{{e}}}^{+}, {\mathrm{{p}}}, \,\overline{\mathrm{{p}}} and \overline{\mathrm{{H}}}

Extremely precise tests of the Standard Model of particle physics and its CPT theorem come from low energy measurements of the electron, positron, proton and antiproton magnetic moments and charge-to-mass ratios. Ground state antihydrogen atoms are now available for measurements that could eventually reach a higher precision, though no precise \(\mathrm{\overline{H}}\) measurements have yet been carried out. After a brief summary of the results and status of such measurements, the focus is upon the most precisely measured and precisely calculated property of an elementary particle. The electron magnetic moment, measured to \(3\) parts in \(10^{13}\), is a probe of the interaction of the electron with the fluctuating vacuum described by quantum electrodynamics (QED). It is also a probe for electron substructure not predicted by the Standard Model. The measured magnetic moment, together with fine structure constant determined by a different method, is the most stringent test of QED and the Standard Model of particle physics. The measured magnetic moment and QED theory together yield the most precise measured value of the fine structure constant. The summary includes the antiproton magnetic moment that was recently measured precisely for the first time. The \(4\) parts in \(10^6\) precision is much less than the electron precision or the \(9\) parts in \(10^{11}\) at which the antiproton and proton charge-to-mass ratios have been compared, but very large increases in precision seem possible as quantum methods are incorporated.
Epidemiology and Population Monitoring in Genetic Risk Assessment

There are at the outset two quite separate approaches to genetic risk assessment and population monitoring that while often confused, must be carefully distinguished [1, 2, 3]. The first may be termed “surveillance”: the review and analysis of fluctuations in background rates of mutation inrarious populations to determine if there has been a mutagen introduced into the population or an increase in one already present. The second, to which the term “monitoring” may be applied and which is often of greater social concern is the evaluation over time of a population which has been exposed to a suspected or known mutagen. The process of monitoring thus addresses a specific problem, although the precise population at risk and the substances involved may or may not be known exactly. Because of the generality of the goals of surveillance — the review of background rates — it is possible to consider surveillance in a rather broad way and present an overview (see Ref. 2).
ORGANIC REACTIONS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES IN COAL TECHNOLOGY

This chapter discusses some of the aspects of the organic chemistry of coals at temperatures above 300°C. The intention is to provide an introduction to some of the concepts of organic reaction chemistry that may be important in the behavior of coals during high temperature processing in reductive (e.g. hydrogenation) or neutral (pyrolytic) environments. To maintain a focus on general aspects of the chemistry of coal, the discussion centers mainly on reaction mechanisms, and not on details of specific coal conversion processes.
SemNet: A Tool for Personal Knowledge Construction

Educators are looking for ways to engage learners in deeper level processing of information, SemNet is a tool that engages learners in semantic knowledge representation. SemNet is a cognitive tool that can be used widely to help learners acquire knowledge representation skills.
Hospital quality indicators are not unidimensional: A reanalysis of Lieberthal and Comer.

Author(s): Cefalu, Matthew S; Elliott, Marc N; Setodji, Claude M; Cleary, Paul D; Hays, Ron D | Abstract: ObjectiveTo evaluate the dimensionality of hospital quality indicators treated as unidimensional in a prior publication.Data source/study designPooled cross-sectional 2010-2011 Hospital Compare data (10/1/10 and 10/1/11 archives) and the 2012 American Hospital Association Annual Survey.Data extractionWe used 71 indicators of structure, process, and outcomes of hospital care in a principal component analysis of Ridit scores to evaluate the dimensionality of the indicators. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis using only the indicators in the Centers for Medicare a Medicaid Services' Hospital Value-Based Purchasing.Principal findingsThere were four underlying dimensions of hospital quality: patient experience, mortality, and two clinical process dimensions.ConclusionsHospital quality should be measured using a variety of indicators reflecting different dimensions of quality. Treating hospital quality as unidimensional leads to erroneous conclusions about the performance of different hospitals.
Arc Flash Assessment: Two-Case Study of Public Service Facilities in Kalamazoo, Michigan

Arc flash accidents are one of the leading causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries in both construction and general industries. This paper describes the causes of arc flash and the underlying concepts associated with short-circuit fault analysis. These concepts are applied to model and simulate arc flash scenarios based on the NFPA 70E Standard - 2015 Edition. The case studies considered in this project correspond to two public services facilities located in the City of Kalamazoo, Michigan. These studies are simulated using EasyPower software for short circuit and incident energy analyses. The final result of this work was the successful placement of arc-flash labels according to NFPA safety standard for all main system components.
MRI-Guided DBS for Parkinson’s Disease

Accurate surgical placement is critical for successful deep brain stimulation (DBS) of Parkinson’s disease. Traditionally, this has required the patient to be awake for intra-operative physiologic testing. Here, an intra-operative MRI approach is described that allows for the patient to be under general anesthesia. The unique equipment and MRI safety requirements are detailed. MRI-guided DBS has been shown to have equivalent outcomes to microelectrode-guided DBS placement.
Tricuspid valve‐in‐valve jailing right ventricular lead is not free of risk

Transcatheter tricuspid valve in valve (TViV) is increasingly performed on patients with degenerated bioprosthetic valves and elevated surgical risk. Jailing a right ventricular (RV) pacer lead at the time of TViV implantation has been achieved without causing lead dysfunction; however, device-related complications that require lead extraction raise the need for better periprocedural strategies for TViV, in pacer-dependent patients. We describe a case of device pocket infection with incomplete lead extraction, due to a jailed RV lead at the time of TViV.
Scholars of Color Turn to Womanism: Countering Dehumanization in the Academy.

The article draws on critiques in political theory and morality to argue that womanism, a worldview rooted in Black women's lives and history, provides an alternative conceptual framework to prevai...
Treatment sequence, hospital practice patterns, and completion of multimodality therapy for locally advanced gastric cancer.

14Background: Optimal oncologic care for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer includes multimodality therapy (MMT). While both perioperative chemotherapy and postoperative chemoradiotherap...
Overview of the Quality Health Outcomes Model

The Quality Health Outcomes Model (QHOM) and its four primary constructs—system, client, interventions, and outcomes—organize the components of quality and safety within a nursing framework. The QHOM allows nurses and other healthcare professionals to conceptualize and measure quality and safety components at the individual, family, community, and population levels. This chapter describes the primary constructs of the QHOM and the theoretic and analytic advantages of the QHOM. Uses of the QHOM in the literature are reviewed. An overview of the book content is provided.
Modeling and Predicting Antibody Durability for mRNA-1273 Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Abstract Recently, the antibody titer levels have been followed in 33 adults who received the mRNA-1273 vaccine for 6 months. With single dose estimated effectiveness of 92.1%, we combine this knowledge with corresponding antibody levels to model and estimate the long-term durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine. Additionally, we integrate studies about differences in antibody neutralization to SARS-CoV-2 variants to understand how variants can affect the durability of the vaccine. The estimated days after first injection for binding antibodies to fall below levels of those from day 15 is 411 days. The estimated days after first injection to fall below the lower limit of detection of 20 GMTs is 327 days for pseudovirus neutralization and 461 days for live virus neutralization. Our model has pseudovirus neutralization against variant B.1.351 falling below 20 GMT on day 100; variant P.1 on day 202, variant B.1.429 on day 258; and variant B.1.1.7 on day 309. The data used contains many limitations including the small sample size with older age bias, sensitivity of the neutralization assays, and limited data on variants. Still, we believe mRNA-1273 two dose vaccine can provide over a year of protection against COVID-19 from the initial D614G variant. It is likely by the second year, protection against COVID-19 will fall below single dose efficacy. Therefore, there should be consideration for a booster shot a year after the first set of vaccines. If there is an observed increase in variants with higher resistance such as B.1.351 and P.1, a booster vaccine against the newer variants should be considered to increase protection against resistant variants.
Using eye tracking to investigate failure to notice word transpositions in reading.

Abstract Previous research ( Mirault, Snell, & Grainger, 2018 ) has demonstrated that subjects sometimes incorrectly judge an ungrammatical sentence as grammatical when it is created by the transposition of two words in a grammatical sentence (e.g., The white was cat big). Here we present two eye-tracking experiments designed to assess the prevalence of this phenomenon in a more natural reading task, and to explore theoretical explanations. Readers failed to notice transpositions at about the same rate as in Mirault et al. (2018) . Failure to notice the transposition was more common when both words were short, and when readers' eyes skipped, rather than directly fixated, one of the two words. The status of the transposed words as open- or closed-class did not have a reliable effect. The transposed words caused disruption in the eye movement record only on trials when participants ultimately judged the sentence to be ungrammatical, not when they judged the sentence to be grammatical. We argue that the results are not entirely consistent with the account offered by Mirault et al. (2018) , which attributes failure to notice transpositions to parallel processing of adjacent words, or with a late, post-perceptual rational inference account ( Gibson, Bergen, & Piantadosi, 2013 ). We propose that word recognition is serial, but post-lexical integration of each word into its context may not be perfectly incremental.
Synthesis of Docosahexaenoyl Coenzyme A in Human Spermatozoa

The synthesis of docosahexaenoyl coenzyme A (22: 6-CoA) was studied in a long-chain fatty acid: CoASH ligase (AMP)-enriched fraction from human spermatozoa and was compared to palmitoyl CoA (16:0-CoA) synthesis. The pH optimum for 22:6 activation was 8.4, which was identical to the value obtained with 16: 0. The Km for ATP was 0.5 mM when 22:6 was the acyl substrate; however, when 16:0 was incubated with the ligase preparation, the Km for ATP was 2.9 mM. When CoASH was varied and 22:6 was the fatty acyl acceptor, a pattern of negative cooperativity was observed. This was confirmed by a downwardly concave double-reciprocal plot, a Hill coefficient of 0.63, and an Rs in excess of 150. The Hill coefficient with 16:0 and CoASH was 0.94. Palmitic acid was demonstrated to be a competitive inhibitor of 22:6-CoA synthesis. Based upon these data, we conclude that the kinetics of spermatozoan ligase are complex, and, in addition, these data support the hypothesis that 22:6 may regulate ligase activity, and therefore free fatty acid utilization, in sperm.
Multigrid calculations for cascades

Development of numerical methods for internal flows such as the flow in gas turbines or compressors has generally met with less success than that for external flows, due to the complexity of the flow pattern. Potential flow methods had been the major approach in cascade flow calculations until fairly recently, when solution of the Euler equations became practically feasible. The most widely used Euler method has been Denton's finite volume method [1]. Like all explicit methods, Denton's method suffers from the limit of the CFL condition. Implicit schemes have been developed to yield convergence in a smaller number of time steps. This will only pay, however, if the decrease in the number of time steps outweighs the increase in the computational effort per time step consequent upon the need tosolve coupled equations. A review of various time stepping schemes is given by Jameson [2]. The finite volume method with a multiple stage time stepping scheme developed by Jameson [3] has been very successful in calculating external flows. This method has the advantage of separated spatial and time discretizations and is easy to implement. The finite-volume discretization applies directly in the physical domain and is in conservation form. Adaptive numerical dissipation of blended first and third differences in the same conservation from as the convection fluxes is used to provide the necessary higher order background dissipation, and also the dissipation for capturing shocks. Subramanian [4] and Holmes [5] have successfully extended the 4---stage Runge-Kutta scheme to cascade calculations. Instead of the 4---stage scheme the present work uses a more flexible multistage scheme together with locally varying time steps, enthalpy damping and implicit residual averaging to extend the stability limit and accelerate convergence. Finally very rapid convergence is obtained by applying an effective multigrid method [6]. Since the necessary dissipation is added separately from the discretization of the conservation laws, the amount of dissipation can be carefully optimized to improve the accuracy. Two--dimensional subsonic, transonic and supersonic cascade flows have been calculated using this method. The results show excellent accuracy and convergence.
Structure and mechanical properties of tempered martensite and lower bainite in Fe−Ni−Mn−C steels

The structure and mechanical properties of tempered martensite and lower bainite were investigated in a series of high purity 0.25 pct C steels with varying amounts of nickel and manganese. The martensites in 0.25 C-5 Ni−Fe and 0.25 C-3 Mn−Fe alloys were mainly untwinned, while those in 0.25 C-5 Ni-7 Mn−Fe and 0.25 C-7 Mn−Fe alloys were heavily twinned. Manganese appears to promote carbide precipitation along the lath boundaries in tempered martensite. At equivalent yield and ultimate tensile strength levels, the tempered martensite of lower manganese steels showed better impact toughness than the tempered martensite of higher manganese steels. The impact toughness (compared at similar strength levels) of untwinned tempered martensite of 0.25 pct C steel with Widmanstatten precipitation of carbide was higher than that of lower bainite, which showed unidirectional carbides. The reasons for the difference in impact toughness between the alloys, and also between the structures are rationalized in terms of internal twinning, grain boundary precipitation and carbide morphology together with other microstructural features.
Myths Dispelled: A Historical Account of Diversity and Inclusion at HBCUs.

This chapter provides a historical and contemporary overview of diversity at HBCUs, challenges five myths related to diversity at HBCUs, and concludes with opportunities for future research consideration on diversity at HBCUs.
Protein Kinase C Activity Is Reduced in Epidermal Cells from Energy-Restricted SENCAR Mice

Female SENCAR mice were pre-fed a control or 40% energy-restricted (ER) diet with energy removed from fat and carbohydrate, or a control, balanced high fat (BHF, with similar energy from fat and carbohydrate), 35% energy restricted from fat (HCR) or 35% energy restricted from carbohydrate (HFR) diet. Epidermal cells were isolated by trypsin digestion for measurement of protein kinase C (PKC) activity, lipid composition or lipid metabolism. Dietary restriction of fat or carbohydrate energy (HFR or HCR group) reduced particulate PKC activity in epidermal cells compared with cells from control mice. The ratio of soluble particulate PKC activity was higher in epidermal cells from mice fed the HCR diet compared with those fed the HFR diet. Diet did not affect soluble PKC activity. Inositol accumulation was measured in the water- or lipid-soluble fractions of prelabeled ([3H]inositol) epidermal cells following a 1-h incubation in media with LiCl. Phosphatidylinositol, inositol biphosphate and inositol triphosphate fractions were more heavily labeled in cells from mice fed the ER diet. Energy restriction did not modify epidermal total lipid or phospholipid composition, but 1,2-diacylglycerol levels were elevated in relation to cell number in epidermal cells from mice fed the ER diet. These data suggest that dietary energy restriction modified PKC activity through a pathway other than alteration in membrane lipid composition or inositol lipid metabolism.
Localization of 3H‐norepinephrine binding sites in the trout gill

Tritiated norepinephrine (Nepi) or Epinephrine (Epi) was perfused through isolated gills of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the affinity of vascular tissues for the amines examined by autoradiography. Pillar cells and certain endothelial cells in the filamental sinus accumulate 3H-Nepi extensively. The afferent and efferent filamental arteries and filamental nutrient vessels did not bind 3H-Nepi. Pillar cell and venous endothelial accumulation is selective for Nepi; Epi is not accumulated by these cells, and Nepi uptake can be inhibited by imipramine. These results suggest that pillar and venous endothelial cells are involved in regulation of plasma Nepi.
Blood viscosity in annelids

The intrinsic viscosity of hemoglobin from the marine annelid Arenicola marina is less than 25% of the value predicted for a linear polymer of comparable molecular weight. The relatively low Viscosity, which appears to be related to the subunit arrangement in annelid hemoglobins, provides a much higher than predicted blood oxygen transport capacity.
What lives on our skin: ecology, genomics and therapeutic opportunities of the skin microbiome

Our skin is home to a rich community of microorganisms. Recent advances in sequencing technology have allowed more accurate enumeration of these human-associated microbiota and investigation of their genomic content. Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium represent the dominant bacterial genera on skin and illustrate how bacteria adapt to life in this harsh environment and also provide us with unique benefits. In healthy states, our skin peacefully co-exists with commensal bacteria while fending off potentially dangerous invaders. Disruption of this equilibrium, termed "dysbiosis", can result from changes in the composition of our skin bacteria, an altered immune response to them, or both and may be a driving factor in certain types of inflammatory skin disease. Engineering topical therapeutics to favourably influence the composition of our skin flora and optimize interactions with them represents a real therapeutic opportunity for the field of dermatology and warrants additional investigation into skin microbial ecology and disease mechanisms related to host-microbe dysbiosis.
Choroidal Hemorrhage Associated With Systemic Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Purpose: To determine the cause of spontaneous choroidal hemorrhage in a 67-year-old man after a myocardial infarction and administration of tissue plasminogen activator. Methods: The patient underwent ocular examination. Results: The patient retained excellent visual acuity and the choroidal hemorrhage resolved completely within two months. Conclusion: The administration of tissue plasminogen activator was responsible for the large extent of hemorrhage and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic choroidal detachment.
Stream geochemistry, chemical weathering and CO2 consumption potential of andesitic terrains, Dominica, Lesser Antilles

Abstract Recent studies of chemical weathering of andesitic–dacitic material on high-standing islands (HSIs) have shown these terrains have some of the highest observed rates of chemical weathering and associated CO 2 consumption yet reported. However, the paucity of stream gauge data in many of these terrains has limited determination of chemical weathering product fluxes. In July 2006 and March 2008, stream water samples were collected and manual stream gauging was performed in watersheds throughout the volcanic island of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles. Distinct wet and dry season solute concentrations reveal the importance of seasonal variations on the weathering signal. A cluster analysis of the stream geochemical data shows the importance of parent material age on the overall delivery of solutes. Observed Ca:Na, HCO 3 :Na and Mg:Na ratios suggest crystallinity of the parent material may also play an important role in determining weathering fluxes. From total dissolved solids concentrations and mean annual discharge calculations we calculate chemical weathering yields of (6–106 t km −2 a −1 ), which are similar to those previously determined for basalt terrains. Silicate fluxes (3.1–55.4 t km −2 a −1 ) and associated CO 2 consumption (190–1575 × 10 3 mol km −2 a −1 ) determined from our study are among the highest determined to date. The calculated chemical fluxes from our study confirm the weathering potential of andesitic–dacitic terrains and that additional studies of these terrains are warranted.
66-year-old man with long-standing intermittent chest pain.

Address reprint requests and correspondence to Joseph L. Blackshear, MD, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224 (e-mail: blackshear.joseph @mayo.edu). A 66-year-old man was referred to our institution for evaluation of long-standing chest pain that had recently increased in frequency. He had experienced a squeezing heaviness in the central portion of his chest with associated tingling of his left arm at various times during the past 10 years. The symptoms occasionally developed during his morning walk; however, episodes also occurred with no physical activity, and rest-related and exerciserelated episodes occurred with equal frequency. At presentation, he reported onset of chest discomfort within 15 to 20 minutes after beginning his daily 3-mile walk. Discomfort was relieved after 90 seconds of rest. The episodes of chest discomfort had increased in frequency from only once weekly to every other day to daily within the previous 6 months. He had a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia and a family history of coronary artery disease. During the past 10 years, 3 cardiovascular evaluations, including exercise thallium scintigraphy and coronary angiography, yielded unremarkable results. The symptoms persisted despite the use of atenolol (25 mg/d).
Optical properties of the ocean

Oceanic optical properties are reviewed. Topics covered include energy losses, refractive index effects, polarization, non- optical uses of optical measurements and measuring instruments. Throughout the article the optical difference between true oceanic and coastal water is emphasized.
Opinion: Buffer Overrun Madness: Why do good programmers follow bad practices?

In January 2003, the Slammer worm was reported to be the fastest spreading ever. Slammer gets access by exploiting a buffer overrun. If you peruse CERT advisories or security upgrade releases, you will see that the majority of computer security holes are buffer overruns. These would be minor irritations but for the world’s addiction to the weakly typed programming languages C and its derivative C++. Buffer overruns are a kind of array bounds error. There are many variations on how one might actually happen, but here is a typical scenario. Function F calls function G, and G returns a string. F allocates a buffer to hold the result and passes a pointer to its zeroth character. G gets the string from somewhere, perhaps a network connection, and copies it into the buffer supplied by F.
Identifying external influences on global precipitation

Changes in global (ocean and land) precipitation are among the most important and least well-understood consequences of climate change. Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are thought to affect the zonal-mean distribution of precipitation through two basic mechanisms. First, increasing temperatures will lead to an intensification of the hydrological cycle (“thermodynamic” changes). Second, changes in atmospheric circulation patterns will lead to poleward displacement of the storm tracks and subtropical dry zones and to a widening of the tropical belt (“dynamic” changes). We demonstrate that both these changes are occurring simultaneously in global precipitation, that this behavior cannot be explained by internal variability alone, and that external influences are responsible for the observed precipitation changes. Whereas existing model experiments are not of sufficient length to differentiate between natural and anthropogenic forcing terms at the 95% confidence level, we present evidence that the observed trends result from human activities.
Regional differences in tumor growth: Studies of the vascular system

We have previously shown that tumor cells inoculated into the thoracic region of the trunk grow much more rapidly and with a higher frequency than do an equivalent number of cells injected more posteriorly. We thought that these results might have been a reflection of an underlying difference in the vascular system supplying these regions of the trunk. The present experiments which were undertaken to characterize various aspects of the vascular system associated with the transplantation sites used in these studies include measurements of rates of diffusion of salt solutions, of protein clearance, and of the retention of radio-labelled cells and cellular debris. We have examined local differences in temperatures and studied the effect of change of ambient temperature on those local differences as well as on tumor growth. More directly, we have measured blood flow to the capillaries by intracardiac administration of radioactive microspheres, and assessed the ability of inoculated tumor cells to induce angiogenesis. We have been unable to detect any major differences in the parameters of the vascular system that we have analyzed. Thus we cannot offer any satisfactory explanation for the observed four-fold differences in tumor growth in anterior vs posterior inoculation sites. The results are discussed in terms of underlying developmental gradients which can be invoked to provide a basis for further experimentation.
Recent developments in ESD protection for RF ICs

New challenge in ESD protection design for RF ICs is to address the complex interactions between the ESD protection network and the core circuit being protected in both directions. This paper reviews recent developments in RF ESD protection design, including switching and mis-triggering of ESD protection networks; ESD-induced parasitic capacitive, resistive, noise coupling and self-generated noise effects, RF ESD evaluation techniques; and low-parasitic compact RF ESD protection solutions.
Averaging operations for lattice gauge theories

Usually renormalization group transformations are defined by some averaging operations. In this paper we study such operations for lattice gauge fields and for gauge transformations. We are interested especially in characterizing some classes of field configurations on which the averaging operations are regular (e.g., analytic). These results will be used in subsequent papers on the renormalization group method in lattice gauge theories.
Keeping Abortion Clinics Open: The Importance of Ragsdale v. Turnock in the Post‐Casey Era

This essay analyzes a 1985 case Ragsdale vs. Turnock challenging an Illinois statute that had the potential to successfully attack the existence of abortion clinics and may have survived constitutional scrutiny if it had not been settled out of court. The plaintiffs asked a federal district court to enjoin enforcement of three statutes passed in 1973 and 1974 that would essentially require that all abortions take place in facilities functionally equivalent to hospitals. The court found that this requirement would inflate the price of abortion beyond the means of most women. This essay follows the case as the District Court granted a preliminary injunction the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the injunction (also reviewing the dissenting opinion) and the parties settled the case. The settlement distinguished abortion facilities as those performing abortions beyond 18 weeks gestation or in cases with certain risk factors to be governed under the existing statutes and those performing abortions within 18 weeks gestation and under local anesthesia which would be governed by a new set of regulations. The essay then explains why each side agreed to the settlement and notes that the settlement was a victory for the plaintiffs who were less likely to be able to keep the clinics open if the Supreme Court had heard the case. The essay ends by considering the implications of this ruling and prospects for the future and by warning pro-choice advocates not to be sanguine about the future of abortion policy in the US.
Utilization of Chicken By-Products to Form Collagen Films

Chicken collagen casings could be an alternate source of collagen casings that are manufactured for sausages. The overall objective of this project was to extract chicken collagen from by-products of the broiler processing industries and to explore the possibility of making films. Chicken skin was washed, ground, and pretreated to remove the noncollagenous compounds. Collagen was extracted using acetic acid and pepsin. Solubilized collagen was salted-out and centrifuged at 20,000 ×g at 4°C for one hour. The precipitates were dissolved in 0.5 M acetic acid and dialyzed against 0.1 M acetic acid and distilled water before freeze-drying. Molecular weight, collagen solubility at different pH values, and NaCl concentrations were determined. TA-XT2 texture analyzer was used to characterize mechanical properties of collagen films. The highest collagen solubility was obtained at pH 2 and 2% NaCl. Hand-homogenized, nonfiltered, and conditioned samples had the highest hardness (3,262 g) and the least brittleness (30.5 mm). These results demonstrate that chicken collagen extracted from chicken by-products has the ability to form films and could be considered for making casings or be used in various other industries.
Physical properties of artificial extracellular matrix protein films prepared by isocyanate crosslinking.

Artificial extracellular matrix proteins, genetically engineered from elastin- and fibronectin-derived repeating units, were crosslinked with hexamethylene diisocyanate in dimethylsulfoxide. The resulting hydrogel films were transparent, uniform, and highly extensible. Their tensile moduli depended on crosslinker concentration and spanned the range characteristic of native elastin. The water content of the films was low (∼27%), but the temperature-dependent swelling behavior of the crosslinked materials was reminiscent of the lower critical solution temperature property of the soluble polymers.
Loss of sulfite oxidase activity and outer membrane damage in rat hepatic mitochondria during CCl4 poisoning

Abstract The activity of sulfite oxidase increased in intact rat hepatic mitochondria and decreased in solubilized mitochondria during poisoning by CCl 4 . During acute damage the sulfite oxidase activity of the post-mitochondrial supernate increased, while the total activity in the hepatocyte declined. Thus, the outer membrane loses its selective permeability to macromolecules coincident with the decline of oxidative phosphorylation. In recovery, normal levels of activity in intact mitochondria and in the hepatocyte were restored, but a large proportion of the total activity remained in the cytoplasm. The data suggest that outer membrane repair and replacement of sulfite oxidase are involved in the restoration of mitochondrial structure and function.
Subtractive cDNA libraries identify differentially expressed genes in dormant and growing buds of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Two subtractive cDNA libraries were developed to study genes associated with bud dormancy (reverse library) and initiation of shoot growth (forward library) in leafy spurge. To identify unique sequences represented in each library, 15744 clones were screened to reduce the level of redundancy within both libraries. A total of 516 unique sequences were obtained from 2304 minimally redundant clones. Radioactive probes developed from RNAs extracted from crown buds of either intact (para-dormant control) or a series of growth-induced (2 h, 2, and 4 d after decapitation) plants were used to identify differentially expressed genes by macroarray analysis. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to confirm results obtained by macroarray analysis and to determine the expression profiles for other transcripts identified within the subtractive libraries. Selected clones were also used to examine gene expression in crown buds after growth induction and/or during normal seasonal growth. In this study, four distinct patterns of gene expression were observed during the transition from para-dormancy to growth-induction. Many of the differentially regulated genes identified have unknown or hypothetical functions while others are known to play important roles in molecular functions. Gene ontology analysis identified a greater proportion of genes involved with catalytic activity in the forward library while the reverse library had a greater proportion of genes involved in DNA/RNA binding.
Self‐crosslinkable hydrogels composed of partially oxidized hyaluronan and gelatin: In vitro and in vivo responses

Self-crosslinkable hydrogels had been formulated from two precursors, partially oxidized hyaluronan (oHA) and gelatin. The physicochemical properties of the resulting hydrogels have been elucidated by instrumental analyses (FTIR, SEM, and rheometry). These hydrogels were highly porous with an average pore size of 60 microm, and evidently, accommodative to cell infiltration. Increasing the oxidation degree of oHA resulted in corresponding increases in hydrogels' storage moduli and decreases in water uptake. Dermal fibroblasts were used to study the cell-hydrogel interactions in vitro. Both the hydrogels and their degradation byproducts are biocompatible as indicated by long-term cell viability assay. In addition, significant amount of cells migrated into the hydrogels and they aligned into highly organized arrays. When cultured with cells, the hydrogels underwent degradation within 4 weeks depending on composition with obvious loss of cohesiveness over time. The good biocompatibility and biodegradability of oHA/gelatin hydrogel were further demonstrated in mice subdermal implantations. Lastly, in vitro and in vivo depositions of extracellular matrix in hydrogels by cells were demonstrated by SEM analyses.
Leucine-enkephalin: Reversal of intrinsic cardiovascular stimulation by pentobarbital

Abstract In the conscious, chronically instrumented dog, leucine-enkephalin ([Leu5]ENK), 35 μg/kg injected intravenously, increased heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic systematic arterial pressures, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and cardiac output. After pentobarbital-induced anesthesia, the same dose of [Leu5]ENK decreased heart rate, systematic and pulmonary arterial pressures, and cardiac output. Responses both before and after pentobarbital were blocked by naloxone. These results indicate that barbiturate anesthesia can reverse the cardiovascular stimulatory activity of intravenously administered [Leu5]ENK.
Conditional transformation of drift formula and potential theory for 1/2?+b()?

Using conditional Brownian motion and the transformation of drift formula (of Cameron-Martin, Girsarov, Maruyama) we give integral conditions on a vector fieldb which imply the harmonic measures and Green functions for 1/2Δ and 1/2Δ+b(·)·∇ on a bounded Lipschitz domainD are equivalent. By equivalent we mean there exist two-sided inequalities with constants depending only onb andD. This enables one to conclude the potential theory for 1/2Δ+b(·)·∇ onD and 1/2Δ onD are the same.
Oxygen sites in the zeolite stilbite: a comparison of static, MAS, VAS, DAS and triple quantum MAS NMR techniques.

Abstract Static, magic angle spinning (MAS), variable angle spinning (VAS), dynamic angle spinning (DAS) and triple quantum magic angle spinning (3QMAS) NMR techniques were applied to separate and quantify oxygen signals from Al–O–Si and Si–O–Si sites of 17 O-enriched samples of the mineral stilbite, a natural zeolite. DAS experiments showed that there was a distribution of quadrupolar coupling constants, asymmetry parameters and isotropic chemical shifts. Two methods were used to study the quantification problem of DAS and 3QMAS. Our results showed that DAS was quantitative. In 3QMAS, signal intensity from sites with larger quadrupolar coupling constants was reduced because of less efficient excitation. All techniques have shown a clear difference in rates of exchange between the two types of sites with interchannel H 2 O molecules.
Optimizing heat dissipation for every environment: the cool ability of the skin to locally regulate sweating

the physiological challenge of maintaining thermal homeostasis requires rapid and complex integration of local and systemic (reflex) thermal variables to optimize the distribution of heat dissipation which, in humans, is primarily via sweating and cutaneous vasodilation. During environmental heat
Who staffs the US leaning tower? Organisational change and diversity

– The paper aims to argue that US colleges and universities resemble a “leaning tower” with ever expanding layers of administrators and managers who control and dominate university life. This set of institutional changes has altered the way that college administrators are recruited., – The paper uses recent developments in institutional theories of organisations to explain the changing environment facing US colleges and universities and the role that college administrators play in this environment. The paper matches data from a sample of administrative positions advertised in the 2004‐2005 Careers section of the Chronicle of Higher Education with web‐based data on incumbents subsequently hired for each position. These data are supplemented with aggregate statistics provided by the Chronicle and the American Association of University Professors (AAUP)., – Results suggest that only a small number of administrative positions advertised involve academic appointments with tenure and that the educational qualifications advertised span a surprisingly wide spectrum of credentials other than academic PhD's. Ethnically underrepresented groups and women are most likely to hold jobs requiring PhD's while whites and men occupy most of the positions where qualifications are ambiguous or classic academic qualifications are not called for., – The paper is the first to discuss the growing distinctive labour market for college administrators while providing preliminary data on the diversity effects of this labour market.
Diurnal Effects on Nutritive Value of Alley‐Cropped Orchardgrass Herbage

Nonstructural carbohydrates, crude protein, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) are important measures of herbage nutritive value and can vary at seasonal and diurnal time scales in conventional agronomic systems. Our objective was to determine diurnal trends of nutritive value components in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) herbage harvested daily on 1 through 15 June 2001 and 2002 from three microsites: unshaded control, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) alleys, and shortleaf pine {(P. echinata Mill.) alleys at three time intervals [0500, 1100, and 1700 h, Central Standard Time (CST)]}. Diurnal responses were defined as a regression response or change in mean (P ≤ 0.10) with time. Orchardgrass herbage exhibited temporal change in total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), starch, and IVDMD. At any given sampling time, TNC was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in control than in pine microsites. Diurnal response of TNC differed among microsites (P = 0.10), with more rapid TNC change in the control and shortleaf pine than loblolly pine (P < 0.01). The differential response of TNC in pine microsites compared with the control was attributed to an altered amount and temporal distribution of solar irradiance. Diurnal responses of WSC, starch, and IVDMD were unaffected by microsite. Herbage levels of crude protein and IVDMD were greater, but yield and nonstructural carbohydrates were lower in pine microsites compared with the unshaded control. We conclude that diurnal change in herbage nutritive value tends to be buffered against irradiance constraints in alley crop environments.
Risk Factors for Non-Adherence and Loss to Follow-Up in a Three-Year Clinical Trial in Botswana

Background: Participant non-adherence and loss to follow-up can compromise the validity of clinical trial results. An assessment of these issues was made in a 3-year tuberculosis prevention trial among HIV-infected adults in Botswana. Methods and Findings: Between 11/2004–07/2006, 1995 participants were enrolled at eight public health clinics. They returned monthly to receive bottles of medication and were expected to take daily tablets of isoniazid or placebo for three years. Non-adherence was defined as refusing tablet ingestion but agreeing to quarterly physical examinations. Loss to follow-up was defined as not having returned for appointments in $60 days. Between 10/2008–04/2009, survey interviews were conducted with 83 participants identified as lost to follow-up and 127 identified as non-adherent. As a comparison, 252 randomly selected adherent participants were also surveyed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations with selected risk factors. Men had higher odds of being non-adherent (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.24; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.24–4.04) and lost to follow-up (AOR 3.08; 95%CI 1.50–6.33). Non-adherent participants had higher odds of reporting difficulties taking the regimen or not knowing if they had difficulties (AOR 3.40; 95%CI 1.75– 6.60) and lower odds associated with each year of age (AOR 0.95; 95%CI 0.91–0.98), but other variables such as employment, distance from clinic, alcohol use, and understanding study requirements were not significantly different than controls. Among participants who were non-adherent or lost to follow-up, 40/210 (19.0%) reported that they stopped the medication because of work commitments and 33/210 (15.7%) said they thought they had completed the study. Conclusions: Men had higher odds of non-adherence and loss to follow-up than women. Potential interventions that might improve adherence in trial participants may include:targeting health education for men, reducing barriers, clarifying study expectations, educating employers about HIV/AIDS to help reduce stigma in the workplace, and encouraging employers to support employee health. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00164281