cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Additive fabrication of integrated ferroelectric thin-film capacitors using self-assembled organic thin-film templates†

The fabrication of modern microelectronic devices is based on a sequence of physical and chemical processes, in which thin films are repeatedly deposited and etched. Photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) are extensively used in patterning blanket deposited thin films, to yield the complex 3-D structures that make up the devices. While these subtractive processing methods generally work well, the manufacturing of advanced devices is increasingly limited by such photolithographic and chemical etching techniques. It is now well appreciated, for example, that the design rules for devices are rapidly approaching limiting sizes, beyond which lithography-based patterning methods will be pushed only with enormous difficulty. The lack of suitable processes for etching advanced thin film materials also presents significant challenges to process design. For some thin-film materials of current interest in technology, such as the integrated platinum and lead zirconium titanate (PZT) structures described in this report, conventional methods can not be used for fine scale patterning; the conditions needed to optimally process such materials are not ones which can be tolerated by either the Si substrate or the structures it bears (see below). So-called “macroelectronics”, where devices are integrated into a large format assembly (such as a flat panel display), also present complex manufacturing challenges related to the limitations of conventional thin-film patterning methods. For example, lithography is best suited for de___________
Revisions in the risk‐based breast cancer screening program at group health cooperative

To pursue the goal of achieving regular use of mammography in women 40 years of age and older, a risk-based selective approach to screening was implemented at a 400,000-member managed health care system in the Northwest in 1985. This article describes the context for this approach to selective screening and reviews revisions in the algorithm used to determine when and how a woman should be screened. Changes made in 1988 with respect to age criteria, intervals for mammography, and which risk factors to include are discussed. The result of these changes is that 83% of women 40 years of age and older are now eligible for regular mammography compared with 57% under the former system. The total use of mammography in any given year remains unchanged. The results of this analysis have implications for other organizations attempting to promote the use of mammography.
Scholarship During Fellowship: Flexibility Unrealized

* Abbreviations: ABP — : American Board of Pediatrics SOC — : Scholarship Oversight Committee What is the goal of pediatric subspecialty training, how long should the training period be, and what is the value of a scholarly activity? A committee of the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) grappled with these and other questions from 2000 to 2003. Previously the ABP supported the view of the Federation of Pediatric Organizations that “the principal goal of fellowship training should be to develop future academic pediatricians”1 and required all applicants for subspecialty certification to have evidence of “meaningful accomplishment in research,” usually a peer-reviewed publication. A number of concerns spawned the 2000 to 2003 ABP review, including subspecialty workforce shortages, decreasing numbers of pediatric physician–scientists, and trends toward nonacademic careers among subspecialty fellowship graduates, concerns that persist today. Based on the committee’s recommendations, in 2004 the ABP issued new fellowship training requirements providing greater curricular flexibility to better prepare subspecialists with varied career aspirations.2 In place of “meaningful accomplishment in research,” the ABP embraced a variety of scholarly activities that could be tailored to individual career goals. Furthermore, fellows were to be mentored by a Scholarship Oversight Committee (SOC) that approved their scholarship work product. Examples of scholarship offered by the ABP included basic, clinical, translational, and health … Address correspondence to F. Bruder Stapleton, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, RB2:401, Seattle, WA 98105. E-mail: bruder.stapleton{at}seattlechildrens.org
Practical framework for Bloom’s based teaching and assessment of engineering outcomes

ABET's outcomes-based assessment and evaluation requirements for engineering school accreditation has been a catalyst for curricular reform for engineering programs across the U.S. and around the world. Norfolk State University launched programs in Electronics and Optical Engineering in 2003. In 2007, Norfolk State became one of only six accredited Optical Engineering programs in the United States. In preparation for their first ABET evaluation in fall 2007, the faculty initiated an embedded-assessment program to insure continuous improvement toward the desired learning outcomes. The initial program design includes embedded assessments that have been generated using a practical framework for the creation of course activities based on Bloom's Learning Taxonomy. The framework includes specific performance criteria for each ABET-defined learning outcome. The embedded assessments are generated by individual faculty for courses that they are assigned to teach, and the performance criteria provide sufficient information to guide the faculty as they generate the embedded assignments. The assignments are typically administered through course exams, projects, electronic portfolio assignments, and other structured educational activities. The effectiveness of the assessment design is being evaluated through faculty surveys, faculty group discussions, and student performance. This paper outlines the assessment and evaluation plan, and the integrated processes that have been used to support the evaluation of learning outcomes using embedded assessment instruments.
Psychological Management of Children in a National Crisis

This paper describes the psychological reactions of children in a national disaster and the intervention program which was developed through work with parents and teachers. The children studied are members of the American diplomatic communities in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The adults' initial response to the effect of the trauma on the children was denial, and this dynamic had to be addressed before the management suggestions of the consultant could be utilized. The majority of the children mastered the psychological effects of the trauma through repetitive narrations, drawings, and play. These activities seemed necessary to restore their emotional equilibrium. There was a small number of children, however, who appeared to adapt by shutting out all stimuli emanating from the event.
The needs of young children and research: Psychosocial development revisited

(1973). The needs of young children and research: Psychosocial development revisited. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 12, The Early Years of Childhood, pp. 129-136.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Psychosis: A Call to Action

Spurred by Caudiano's (this issue) excellent review of research supporting cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for psychosis, we address the question of why CBT is so rarely provided to persons with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses in the United States, in contrast to Great Britain, where it has become widely available. We identify potential factors contributing to this difference, including greater skepticism about the benefits of psychotherapy for persons with severe mental illness, over-optimism concerning the clinical benefits of polypharmacy, and the traditional separation between psychology and psychiatry in the United States as compared to Great Britain. We provide a call to action for the field of clinical psychology to commit to training psychologists in the treatment of severe mental illness, including CBT, and for the field of psychiatry to incorporate training in CBT as a standard and required competency.
8. A Spherical Coordinate System for Tumor Identification in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging.

Purpose: PET can be useful in determining the progression of malignant disease over time as well as the response to therapy. To achieve this, the physician must be able to unambiguously identify and characterize individual tumors among several different scans.Methods: We have developed a spherical coordinate system for identifying individual tumor sites on PET scans, using the carina on the transmission scan as a point of origin. Using this system, each tumor is given a set of spherical coordinates that identifies its position: a rho (rho, displacement from carina), a theta (θ, angle between the A-P axis and the tumor), and a phi (φ, angle between the cranial-caudal axis and the tumor).Results: We tested this method on a patient with metastatic thyroid cancer, who underwent 18FDG and 124I-Iodide PET scans in the same week. The patient had a total of 90 tumors, 82 of them identified in the 18FDG scan and 35 in the 124I-Iodide scan, with 27 tumors identified in both. For rho, θ, and φ among the 27 matching pairs of tumors, the mean differences were 6.80 + 5 mm, 6.22 + 4.54 degrees, and 5.51 + 5.81 degrees, respectively. After thorough analysis, we have determined that corresponding tumors with rho < 15 mm, θ and φ < 15 degrees difference usually indicate a match. The disparity in coordinate values between corresponding tumors can be explained by the distinctive uptake patterns of the radiopharmaceuticals.Conclusion: Within a mean difference of 6.8 mm and 6 degrees, this spherical coordinate system facilitates the identification and characterization of individual tumors among multiple scans, thus aiding in both the assessment of diagnostic capabilities of different tracers, and the tracking of tumors following therapy.
Thiamine pyrophosphate, a growth factor forTreponema vincentii andTreponema denticola

Growth ofTreponema vincentii N-9 in complex media was stimulated by culture filtrates ofT. minutum. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in nanogram quantities could substitute for the stimulatory factor inT. minutum culture filtrates. Characterization of the filtrates indicated that the stimulatory factor was similar to TPP in heat stability and ultrafiltration properties. The oral treponemesT. vincentii andT. denticola required TPP for maximum growth, whereas the genital treponemesT. minutum, T. phagedenis, andT. refringens do not require TPP. The presence of TPP activity in culture filtrates of the genital treponemes was confirmed by using a strain ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae auxotrophic for TPP. TPP activity was not found in culture filtrates of oral treponemes. Culture filtrates of 13 of 14 species representing eight genera found in the microbial flora of the oral cavity also contained TPP activity.
Low-force magneto-rheological damper design for small-scale structural control experimentation

Experimental validation of novel structural control algorithms is a vital step in both developing and building acceptance for this technology. Small-scale experimental test-beds fulfill an important role in the validation of multiple-degree-offreedom (MDOF) and distributed semi-active control systems, allowing researchers to test the control algorithms, communication topologies, and timing-critical aspects of structural control systems that do not require full-scale specimens. In addition, small-scale building specimens can be useful in combined structural health monitoring (SHM) and LQG control studies, diminishing safety concerns during experiments by using benchtop-scale rather than largescale specimens. Development of such small-scale test-beds is hampered by difficulties in actuator construction. In order to be a useful analog to full-scale structures, actuators for small-scale test-beds should exhibit similar features and limitations as their full-scale counterparts. In particular, semi-active devices, such as magneto-rheological (MR) fluid dampers, with limited authority (versus active mass dampers) and nonlinear behavior are difficult to mimic over small force scales due to issues related to fluid containment and friction. In this study, a novel extraction-type small-force (0- 10 N) MR-fluid damper which exhibits nonlinear hysteresis similar to a full-scale, MR-device is proposed. This actuator is a key development to enable the function of a small-scale structural control test-bed intended for wireless control validation studies. Experimental validation of this prototype is conducted using a 3-story scale structure subjected to simulated single-axis seismic excitation. The actuator affects the structural response commanded by a control computer that executes an LQG state feedback control law and a modified Bouc-Wen lookup table that was previously developed for full-scale MR-applications. In addition, damper dynamic limitations are characterized and presented including force output magnitude and frequency characteristics.
FTIR-ATR, AFM, and UHV-STM characterization of the interface of SiO2/Si(001) induced by thick SiO2 formation

Abstract Ultrahigh vacuum type scanning tunnelling microscopic (UHV-STM) and atomic force microscopic (AFM) measurements showed the existence of long periodical mound and valley shape (∼ 1 μm-period, ∼ 1.5 nm-height) at SiO 2 /Si(001) interface after removing native oxide. This shape was observed at the interface even after the formation of a thick (∼ 150 nm) thermal oxide or a chemical oxide made in HNO 3 solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) measurements of the interfaces indicated the atomic scale roughness of the interface.
An Islamic Tradition of Reform in the westei Sudan from the sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century

Among the many unpublished works of the Shehu ‘Uthmān dan Fodio three have come to my notice which are of interest in that they illustrate the development of a tradition of reform which, having remote origins in the Almoravid movement of the eleventh century A.D. achieved literary expression in the Muslim empire of Songhay, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and which was continued in the Habe kingdoms almost three centuries later. They also illustrate the continuity of social custom in the Sudan over this period. The works are:
An alternative approach to conceptualizing interviews in HRD research

Qualitative researchers in human resource development (HRD) frequently use in-depth interviews as a research method. Yet reports from qualitative studies in HRD commonly pay little or no analytical attention to the co-construction of interview data. That is, reports of qualitative research projects often treat interviews as a transparent method of data collection, with the contents of answers to interview questions as data that mirror people's views and experiences of a “world out there.” In this article, we demonstrate how an ethnomethodological approach to the reanalysis of interview data drawn from a qualitative study in HRD treats the research interview as a socially situated setting in which narrative data are co-constructed by speakers. From this perspective, it is possible to see how speakers produce unstable category descriptions and morally laden portrayals in order to support their claims. We argue that this type of analysis is useful for three reasons: (1) it provides a way to investigate instances in which interview accounts may prove analytically problematic; (2) it makes evident how interview data are produced by illuminating the conversational resources used by both researcher and participant to co-construct descriptions; and (3) it provides a new analytical approach for HRD researchers, who have until now relied primarily on thematic representations of findings derived from inductive analyses of interview data. By using this approach to analyze or reanalyze interview data, researchers may gain further insight into the research topic and the interaction that produced the interview data in a particular socially situated setting. This approach reveals the practical reasoning, identities, and moral assumptions demonstrated in talk by speakers. Such analysis, we argue, assists in HRD theory building in that it contributes to complex interpretations of data that respond to new and different questions, including methodological questions.
Investigation of Wells-Dawson Heteropoly Oxofluorotungstates by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Tunneling Spectroscopy

Ammonium salts of Wells-Dawson heteropoly oxofluorotungstates with different framework compositions. (NH 4 ) 9 Mn(II)W 17 O 56 F 6 NaH 4 .9H 2 O, (NH 4 ) 9 Cu(II)W 17 O 56 F 6 NaH 4 .9H 2 O, (NH 4 ) 8 Mn(III)W 17 O 56 F 6 NaH 4 .8H 2 O, and (NH 4 ) 8 Fe(III)W 17 O 56 F 6 NaH 4 .8H 2 O, were deposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surfaces and imaged by scanning tunneling microscopy. All samples formed monolayers of two-dimensional, well-ordered, close-packed arrays. The lattice constants of these arrays in each case were roughly ca. 13 × 16 A; these values were consistent with the molecular dimensions of typical Wells-Dawson heteropolyanions (10.98 × 14.48 A), plus charge-compensating NH + 4 cations (ionic radius of 1.43 A) between the heteropolyanions. The presence and positions of these cations in the surface arrays were subsequently confirmed by tunneling spectroscopy (TS), and the positions were consistent with those found in the bulk crystal structures of these salts. TS measurements also showed that the oxofluorotungstates exhibited negative differential resistance (NDR) behavior in the negative sample bias regime of their current-voltage spectra. Their NDR peak voltages varied depending on the identity of the monosubstituted polyatom, Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 3+ , and Fe 3+ . The reduction potentials of heteropoly oxofluorotungstates increased and NDR peak voltages appeared at less negative applied values with the decreasing electronegativity of the monosubstituted polyatom. The correlation between reduction potentials and NDR peak voltages established for these heteropolyacids (HPAs) was consistent with trends observed in the cation-exchanged and heteroatom-substituted HPAs; the more reducible HPAs showed NDR behavior at less negative applied voltages. However, the trends in NDR peak voltage and reduction potential with respect to the electronegativity of the monosubstituted polyatom were opposite of those observed for the cation-exchanged and heteroatom-substituted HPAs.
Diagenesis of fossil coral skeletons: Correlation between trace elements, textures, and 234 U / 238 U

A comparative study of Pleistocene fossil coral skeletons and of modern coral skeletons was carried out using petrographie and trace element analyses on a suite of Pleistocene samples that had previously been studied for ^(234)U, ^(230)Th, and U-^(230)Th ages (Chen et al. 1991). Evidence of a range of diagenetic changes can be recognized by optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The normal texture exhibited by modern corals under OM consists of fine needles of aragonite forming a radial-fibrous pattern around a central dark line (center of calcification). This pattern can also be seen in many fossil corals. In most cases, the central dark line partially disappears during diagenesis, the radialfibrous pattern is obscured, and there is a distinct coarsening of the radial fabric of aragonite to unoriented platy or equant aragonite crystals. SEM images show diagenetic textures ranging from dense structureless images of the coralline matrix, with sharp boundaries at the septa walls, to the development of (1) a patchy distribution of dissolution micropores partially filled with aragonite fibers in the matrix, (2) aragonite needles coming from selvages in the septa walls which radiate into the septa voids. Using an electron microprobe and SEM, concentrations of Na, S, Sr, and Mg were measured. No other trace elements were detected. Na, S, and Mg contents of the matrix, the fibrous micropores, and radiating needles are highly variable and well correlated. High concentrations of Na, S, and Mg were found in modern living corals with lower concentrations in fossil corals and fibrous micropores, and the lowest value in the radiating needles. The reason for the correlations of Na, S, and Mg and crystal chemistry and the response to diagenesis of these trace elements is not understood. The average concentrations of Na, S, and Mg for each sample, when plotted against the whole coral initial δ^(234)U, are generally correlated (Chen et al., 1991). As all these diagenetic changes involve the recrystallization and deposition of aragonite, we infer that the geologic site of diagenesis both for forming the secondary aragonitic phases and for the enhancement of the ^(234)U content in the fossil corals was the marine environment. It is possible that the textural and Na, S, and Mg trace element contents of fossil corals be used to ascertain the reliability of fossil coral skeletons for U-^(230)Th dating. The basic problem of identifying a priori unaltered coral skeletons for ^(230)Th dating is not yet resolved.
Effect of hydration on random levels of urinary pregnanediol glucuronide.

To determine the effect hydration has upon the relationship between serum progesterone and its urinary metabolite pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide (PDG) we measured spot samples from patients (n = 207) presenting in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. Serum and urine specimens were obtained simultaneously and measured for progesterone and PDG by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Urine specific gty was also measured at the time of sample collection. Results demonstrated that in samples where the urine specific gty was ≥ 1.015 there was a strong positive correlation between serum progesterone and PDG (r > 0.60, p < 0.001). However, when urine samples were below a specific gty of 1.015, serum and urinary steroid values correlated poorly or not at all.We conclude that the measurement of specific gty should be routinely performed when determining random values of urinary PDG, since only samples in which the urine is adequately concentrated accurately reflect corresponding serum progesterone concentrations.
Tests for Linkage of the Genes controlling Cattle Transferrins and Blood Groups

THERE are 11 genetically independent blood-group systems (loci) in cattle1 which provide markers on perhaps a third of their chromosomes. Attempts to discover linkage between these blood-group genes and those controlling production traits have generally been unsuccessful2. Recent discoveries of various inherited biochemical polymorphisms such as transferrins, haemoglobins, β-lactoglobulins, α-lactoalbumins, etc.3, now provide additional markers for linkage investigations. This report presents the results of tests for linkage between the transferrin locus and seven of the blood-group loci.
In the Public Interest

Restrictive patenting and licensing for cell-free fetal DNA testing has serious consequences for technology advances and benefits to public health.
Industrialization, Personality and Social Mobility in Brazil

This paper examines the relationship of the achievement syndrome (achievement motivation, values and aspirations) and industrialization to intergenerational social mobility in Brazil. It was hypothesized that residence in an industrial community and a positive orientation toward achievement are conducive to upward social mobility and that the effects of both are additive. Research was conducted in five communities, each of which was selected to represent a point on a rural-urban-industrial continuum, ranging from an isolated village through a traditional community to a modern industrial city. Data were collected over a nineteen-month period during 1963-64 from 647 adult males through the use of a personal interview and a Thematic Apperception Test. It was found that degree of industrialization and achievement orientation are equally good predictors of whether a person has been socially mobile or not. Both are positively related to mobility, even when the effects of the other is controlled; together they a...
Radiative reactions and coherence modeling in the high-altitude electromagnetic pulse

A high-altitude nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) with a peak field intensity of 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ V/m carries momentum that results in a retarding force on the average Compton electron (radiating coherently to produce the waveform) with magnitude near that of the geomagnetic force responsible for the coherent radiation. The retarding force results from a self-field effect. The Compton electron interaction with the self-generated magnetic field due to the other electrons accounts for the momentum density in the propagating wave; interaction with the self-generated electric field accounts for the energy-flux density in the propagating wave. Coherent addition of radiation is also quantitatively modeled.
A Decision-making Framework for Vegetated Roofing System Selection

Abstract Design frequently involves making tradeoffs to obtain the “optimal” solution to a design problem, often using intuition or past experience as a guide. Since vegetated roofing is a relatively complex and comparatively new technology to many practitioners, a rational, explicit method to help organize and rank the tradeoffs made during the design process is needed. This research comprises the creation of a framework diagramming the decision process involved in the selection of vegetated roofing systems. Through literature review, case studies and interviews with experts, the available knowledge is captured and organized to determine the critical parameters affecting design decisions. Six important evaluative categories are identified and parameters within these categories are addressed in the context of a decision support system for green roof designers. A summation of the total importance of the advantages represented by each alternative is used to determine the most feasible green roof system for ...
Sinusoidal reaction formulation for radiation and scattering from conducting surfaces

A piecewise-sinusoidal reaction technique is developed for scattering and radiation from perfectly conducting bodies of arbitrary shape. This paper presents the theory and numerical results for scattering patterns of rectangular plates and radiation patterns of corner-reflector antennas. In all cases, experimental measurements are included for comparison with the calculated data.
Cooling Off before Burning Out.

How teachers in the classroom can recognize their own stress level and develop a repertoire of coping strategies.
Conditioned enhancement as a function of schedule of reinforcement

Six rats were conditioned to press a bar for food reinforcement. During each session, there were six presentations of a 2-min light CS followed by a tone. The tone lasted until 2 sec had passed without a barpress. Then a sucrose-solution UCS was presented. When the ratio of response rate during the CS to response rate prior to the CS was calculated, it was found that the ratio was lowest when barpressing was reinforced on a VI 90-sec schedule, was at an intermediate value when barpressing was reinforced on a VI 4-min schedule, and was highest when barpressing was not reinforced.
Implicit multifunction theorems for the sensitivity analysis of variational conditions

We study implicit multifunctions (set-valued mappings) obtained from inclusions of the form 0źM(p,x), whereM is a multifunction. Our basic implicit multifunction theorem provides an approximation for a generalized derivative of the implicit multifunction in terms of the derivative of the multifunctionM. Our primary focus is on three special cases of inclusions 0źM(p,x) which represent different kinds of generalized variational inequalities, called "variational conditions". Appropriate versions of our basic implicit multifunction theorem yield approximations for generalized derivatives of the solutions to each kind of variational condition. We characterize a well-known generalized Lipschitz property in terms of generalized derivatives, and use our implicit multifunction theorems to state sufficient conditions (and necessary in one case) for solutions of variational conditions to possess this Lipschitz, property. We apply our results to a general parameterized nonlinear programming problem, and derive a new second-order condition which guarantees that the stationary points associated with the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions exhibit generalized Lipschitz continuity with respect to the parameter.
Delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the meniscus: an index of meniscal tissue degeneration?

Objective Much attention has been focused recently on the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms and natural progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA), particularly in its early stages. One technique that has been used to investigate early OA is delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC), where T1(Gd) (T1 value after penetration of the MRI contrast agent gadopentate dimeglumine [Gd-DTPA2−]) is used as an index of the molecular status of articular cartilage. The goal of this study was to explore T1(Gd) in the meniscus and its relationship with articular cartilage T1(Gd) in knee dGEMRIC image data sets. Methods T1(Gd) maps of the meniscus and articular cartilage were made from knee dGEMRIC images obtained from prior studies of dGEMRIC of the knee in 21 asymptomatic subjects and 9 patients with self-reported OA. Results T1(Gd) of the meniscus covered a range of values (247–515 msec) and patterns (homogeneous and focal variations). In addition, T1(Gd) of the meniscus correlated with that of articular cartilage (R = 0.38, P = 0.037; R = 0.57, P = 0.001 for correlations of the medial posterior meniscus with the medial femoral and tibial cartilage, respectively; T1[Gd] of the anterior meniscus and lateral compartments also correlated, with R > 0.38 and P < 0.037), potentially demonstrating parallel degradative processes in the knee. Conclusion While the biophysical basis for the T1(Gd) results relative to meniscus molecular structure needs investigation, these findings introduce a potential means of examining the time course of meniscal tissue change in the development and progression of arthritis.
Coherent Solution in Optical Access Networks

Coherent technologies have been introduced to optical access networks because of its outstanding performance, spectrum efficiency, dispersion tolerance, burst-mode support, etc. This tutorial will review some coherent solutions for the next generation PON.
Observations on the biology of Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) in a closed system. A study of a model ecosystem in microgravity

[Presentation d'un systeme relativement simple pour maintenir en vie un crustace d'eau douce, Hyalella azteca (Amphipode), sous des conditions statiques et confinees. Des colonies viables ont ete obtenues en introduisant dans des recipients de verre d'un litre une seule femelle fecondee ou un seul couple mâle-femelle. Des cultures viables de H. azteca dans l'ecosysteme ferme ont ete maintenues jusqu'a 15 mois, la seule entree de l'exterieur etant celle de la photo-radiation. Une colonie de Hyalella a ete fournie a des chercheurs sovietiques pour un vol de 14 jours dans l'espace a bord du biosatellite Cosmos-2044. Des echantillons soumis a la gravite terrestre et a la microgravite spatiale ont ete compares histologiquement. Les resultats de cette etude ont indiques que les conditions du vol spatial n'avaient pas d'effets adverses apparents sur l'adulte ou les embryons en developpement de H. azteca., Presentation d'un systeme relativement simple pour maintenir en vie un crustace d'eau douce, Hyalella azteca (Amphipode), sous des conditions statiques et confinees. Des colonies viables ont ete obtenues en introduisant dans des recipients de verre d'un litre une seule femelle fecondee ou un seul couple mâle-femelle. Des cultures viables de H. azteca dans l'ecosysteme ferme ont ete maintenues jusqu'a 15 mois, la seule entree de l'exterieur etant celle de la photo-radiation. Une colonie de Hyalella a ete fournie a des chercheurs sovietiques pour un vol de 14 jours dans l'espace a bord du biosatellite Cosmos-2044. Des echantillons soumis a la gravite terrestre et a la microgravite spatiale ont ete compares histologiquement. Les resultats de cette etude ont indiques que les conditions du vol spatial n'avaient pas d'effets adverses apparents sur l'adulte ou les embryons en developpement de H. azteca.]
Jupiter’s Red Oval BA: Dynamics, Color, and Relationship to Jovian Climate Change

Jupiter now has a second red spot, the Oval BA. The first red spot, the Great Red Spot (GRS), is at least 180 yr old. The Oval BA formed in 2000 was originally white, but part turned red in 2005. Unlike the Great Red Spot, the red color of the Oval BA is confined to an annulus. The Oval’s horizontal velocity and shape and the elevation of the haze layer above it were unchanged between 2000 and 2006. These observations, coupled with Jupiter’s rapid rotation and stratification, are shown to imply that the Oval BA’s 3D properties, such as its vertical thickness, were also unchanged. Therefore, neither a change in size nor velocity caused the Oval BA to turn partially red. An atmospheric warming can account for both the timing of the color change of the Oval BA as well as the persistent confinement of its red color to an annulus.
Niacinamide blocks 3-acetylpyridine toxicity of cerebellar granule cells in vitro

3-Acetylpyridine (3AP) is a potent neurotoxin when administered to laboratory animals. However, its neurotoxic effects have not been investigated extensively in vitro. Cultured cerebellar granule cells are killed by concentrations of 3AP of 0.1-1 mM (ED50 = 220 microM) but not by its 2-acetyl and 4-acetyl analogues. The toxicity of 3AP is enhanced by preexposure to subtoxic concentrations of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and is unaffected by the NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 or APV, as well as by deprenyl, mazindol, or tetrahydrofolic acid. However, 3AP toxicity is completely blocked by preincubating cerebellar granule cells with low concentrations of niacinamide. These data lead us to suggest that 3AP toxicity is due to the substitution of 3AP for niacinamide in the formation of niacinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD(P)).
The Origin and Extent of Alternative Conceptions in the Earth and Space Sciences: A Survey of Pre-service Elementary Teachers.

Understanding how alternative conceptions are formed can make it easier for classroom teachers to help their students uncover their own alternative conceptions. Teachers, however, cannot be expected to help children with alternative conceptions if they hold these alternative conceptions themselves. A questionnaire containing common earth/space science alternative conceptions was administered to 122 preservice elementary teachers. A discussion of alternative conceptions followed during which participants were asked to reflect on their responses. The study suggests that many misconceptions originate in the classroom and that pre-service elementary education teachers have many of the same misconceptions that their future students will have.
MICROEVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES GENERATE PHYLOGENOMIC DISCORDANCE AT ANCIENT DIVERGENCES

Stochastic population processes may cause differences between species histories and gene histories. These processes are assumed to only influence the most recent divergences in the tree of life; however, there may be underappreciated potential for microevolutionary processes to impact deep divergences. I used multispecies coalescent models to determine the impact of stochastic processes on deep phylogenomic histories. Here I show phylogenomic discordance between gene histories and species histories is expected at deep divergences for many eukaryotic taxa, and the probability of discordance increases with population size, generation time, and the number of species in the tree. Five eukaryotic clades (angiosperms, birds, harpaline beetles, mammals, and nymphalid butterflies) demonstrate significant discordance potential at divergences over 50 million years old, and this discordance potential is independent of the age of divergence. These findings demonstrate population processes acting over very short timescales will leave a lasting impact on genomic histories, even for divergence events occurring tens to hundreds of millions of years ago.
A CHEMICAL KINETIC MODELLING STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF SOOT REDUCTION BY OXYGENATED ADDITIVES IN DIESEL ENGINES

Oxygenated fuel additives are effective in reducing soot emissions and breaking the soot/NOx trade-off in diesel engines. The extent to which molecular structure of the oxygenate plays a role in soot reduction has remained unclear and controversial. It has been suggested in the literature that the rapid breakdown of oxygenates to carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and subsequent interaction between CO and CO2 with the radical pool, may play a key role. Here a constant-pressure homogeneous reactor model, SENKIN, has been used to simulate the effect of small amounts of CO and CO2 on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as surrogates for soot, and other key species such as acetylene (C2H2) using three different detailed chemical mechanisms. The addition of O2 was also studied as a reference case. It is found that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and C2H2 decrease with CO addition, and increase slightly with the addition of CO2, regardless of the mechanism used. These results suggest that CO produced by oxygenated additives in diesel fuel is able to effect reduction in PAH as suggested in the literature, but does not confirm a similar effect from CO2. (A)
Entrapment of the ulnar nerve by the deep flexorpronator aponeurosis

A study of eight patients and 20 cadaveric limbs identified the deep aponeurosis of the flexor carpi ulnaris as a potential site for constriction of the ulnar nerve. The ulnar nerve passes through this aponeurosis approximately 5 cm distal to the medial epicondyle and 2 to 3 cm distal to the cubital tunnel. In two cases of isolated compression at this level, local decompression was successful in relieving the symptoms of ulnar nerve compression. Submuscular transposition is also effective because it places the ulnar nerve deep to this aponeurosis throughout its entire course.
Theory for Protein Folding Cooperativity: Helix Bundles

We present a theory for protein folding stability and cooperativity for helix bundle proteins. We treat the individual helices with a Schellman-Zimm-Bragg-like approach, using nucleation and propagation quantities, and we treat the hydrophobic and van der Waals contacts between the helices as a binding equilibrium. Predictions are in good agreement with experiments on both thermal and urea-induced transitions of (1) molecules that can undergo single helix-to-coil transitions for various chain lengths and (2) three-helix-bundle proteins A and alpha3C. The present model addresses a problem raised by Kaya and Chan that proteins fold more cooperatively than previous models predict. The present model correctly predicts the experimentally observed two-state cooperativities, DeltaH(van't Hoff)/DeltaH(cal) approximately 1, for helix-bundle proteins. The predicted folding cooperativity is greater than that of helix formation alone, or collapse alone, because of the nonlinear coupling between the tertiary interactions and the helical interactions.
Organic compounds in meteorites—IV. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric studies on the isoprenoids and other isomeric alkanes in carbonaceous chondrites

Carbonaceous chondrites isomeric alkanes identification by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography
The impact of vesicoureteral reflux on contralateral renal length in infants with multicystic dysplastic kidney.

Purpose. The purpose of our study was to determine the influence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) on contralateral renal length in neonates and young infants with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK). Material and Methods. We reviewed the imaging findings in 48 term neonates and infants (27 boys; 21 girls) who had unilateral MCDK (mean age at diagnosis 0.09 years; range 0–0.64 years). Each had renal ultrasonography (RUS), renal scintigraphy, and voiding cystourethrography before 1 year of age. The diagnosis of MCDK was based on characteristic imaging findings (i. e., an echogenic, cystic kidney at RUS that did not function at scintigraphy). None had contralateral hydronephrosis or cysts. We calculated an age-corrected z-score for contralateral renal length (at RUS) in each patient based on published standards. We examined the effects of gender, ipsilateral or contralateral VUR, and age at RUS on the contralateral renal length using multifactor ANOVA. Results. Nine patients (19 %) had VUR into the contralateral kidney. The refluxing kidneys were significantly shorter (renal length: median 5.1 cm, mean 5.07 cm; z-score: median − 0.43, mean − 0.58) than the nonrefluxing kidneys (renal length: median 6.2 cm, mean 6.08 cm; z-score: median 1.03, mean 1.04; P < 0.001). The contralateral kidney was more than 1 SD longer than the mean for age in none of the 9 patients with VUR on that side. By comparison, the contralateral kidney was more than 1 SD longer than the mean for age in 21 (54 %) of 39 patients with no VUR on that side, and more than 2 SD longer than the mean in 5 (13 %). Conclusion. VUR into the kidney contralateral to a MCDK is associated with smaller size of that kidney during the first year of life.
Alternative algorithms for the estimation of dynamic factor, mimic and varying coefficient regression models

This paper provides a general approach to the formulation and estimation of dynamic unobserved component models. After introducing the general model, two methods for estimating the unknown parameters are presented. Both are algorithms for maximizing the likelihood function. The first is based on the method of Scoring. The second is the EM algorithm, a derivative-free method. Each iteration of EM requires a Kalman filter and smoother followed by straightforward regression calculations. The paper suggests using the EM methods to quickly locate a neighborhood of the maximum. Scoring can then be used to pinpoint the maximum and calculate the information matrix.
Immediate Memory Functions of Verbally Deficient Reading-Disabled Children

Two groups of children (ages 8 and 12) with reading disabilities and verbal deficits were given a memory-for-colors task designed to evaluate intra- and intermodal serial memory functioning. The memory span of these children was compared to that of a group of age-matched normal controls. Eight-year-old verbally deficient reading-disabled children displayed intramodal (verbal-verbal) as well as intermodal (visual-verbal, verbal-visual) serial memory deficits. Twelve-year-old reading-disabled children displayed only verbal intramodal (verbal-verbal) deficits. The results suggest developmental differences in the relative influence of specific modalities in the immediate memory functions of these children, but emphasize the role of intramodal verbal factors across ages.
Kissing Cousins: Journalism and Oral History

This article explores the similarities and differences between journalism and oral history. Where does one end and the other begin? What might each learn from the other? The author compares both pr...
Interferon alpha-2 enhances slow-wave sleep in rabbits.

Abstract Interferon alpha-2 (IFN) is a leukocyte product with several biological properties including antiviral activity, pyrogenicity and enhancement of immune functions. We report here that an additional facet of IFN activity is its ability to enhance slow-wave sleep (SWS) without greatly altering other aspects of sleep. Intravenous or cerebral intraventricular injections of human IFN into rabbits induced enhancement of SWS, electroencephalographic slow-wave (0.5 – 4 Hz) activity and brain temperatures. IFN induced slight reductions in rapid-eye movement sleep. Animal behavior, brain temperature changes that occur during the transition from one arousal state to another, and the cyclic nature of states of vigilance remained undisturbed after IFN treatment. The sleep-promoting activity of IFN may be related to feelings of lassitude and sleepiness that often accompany viral disease and interferon therapy. That IFN and other immunoactive substances, e.g. interleukin-1 and muramyl peptides, can enhance sleep suggests that sleep is linked into the immune response.
Choosing a college major: a prototype decision support system

Abstract This article demonstrates the feasibility of a new computer technology, decision support systems (DSSs), to assist counselors with their clients in choosing a college major.
Electrical and optical properties of transition-metal oxides

Transition-metal oxides can be insulators, semiconductors, metals, or undergo semiconductor-metal transitions. The nonmetallic materials are characterized by a primarily localized optical spectrum ...
Geochemical controls on lead concentrations in stream water and sediments

The equilibrium distribution of lead in solution and adsorbed on cation exchange sites in sediment theoretically may be calculated from equations representing selectivities of substrate for lead over H+, Ca2+ and Na+, and the stabilities of lead solute species. Such calculations include consideration of total concentrations of major ions, cation exchange capacity (CEC) of substrate, and pH, at values expected in various natural systems. Measurements of CEC and selectivity coefficients were made for synthetic halloysite, a finely divided amorphous 1:1 clay prepared by precipitation from a mixture of solutions of aluminum and silica. Where suspended sediment having the same properties is present in concentrations of 10-1,000 mg/1 at pH 6–8, more than 90% of the lead present can be adsorbed on sediment surfaces. The cation exchange behavior of lead and other minor cationic species in natural systems could be predicted by this type of model if enough other supporting information were available. Information of the type needed describing natural stream sediments, however, is presently inadequate for accurate predictions.
Special Issues in the Medical Assessment of Musicians

The health of performing artists may be affected not only by occupational risks but by concomitant illness and injuries also. It is essential that those responsible for their health care have an appreciation of all that is involved in performance careers, including the training, requisites for success, life style issues, and a basic understanding of the mechanics of each performing art form. This article briefly considers why the health care of performing artists necessitates a specialized approach and gives some suggestions for a modus operandi for success.
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells: decreased serotonin fluorescence and stable argyrophil-cell numbers in acute hypoxia.

We recorded serotonin-emission intensity using formalin induced fluorescence and counted the number of neuroendocrine cells (NEC's) and neuroepithelial bodies (NEB's) containing argyrophil granules. Comparison of serotonin-emission intensity in NEB's of acutely hypoxic neonates (520 mmHg for 2–21/2 h) and normoxic controls showed significantly lower fluorescence in hypoxic animals. Neuroendocrine cell numbers as shown with Grimelius silver-nitrate stain did not change. This suggests either that the Grimelius stain reacts with compounds other than serotonin, or that the decrease in serotonin in acutely hypoxic rabbits is not sufficient to alter argyrophil stainability.