cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutral lipids from the temporal gland of the African elephant,Loxodonta africana

Lipids from inactive and active temporal glands of the African elephant,Loxodonta africana, were isolated and fractionated. The inactive gland had a much higher total lipid content per gram of fresh tissue than the active gland. Lipids from the inactive gland consisted predominantly of neutral lipids while the active gland contained large quantities of phospholipids. Neutral lipids from the active gland contained much more hydrocarbons, cholesterol, and alkoxy glycerides than neutral lipids from an inactive gland. The alkoxy glyceride fraction did not contain any alkenyl glycerides. The hydrocarbons consisted of a mixture containing predominantly straight chain even numbered saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons from C18–C30. Fatty acids from various fractions were investigated by gas liquid chromatography. Those from the active gland were characterized by a higher percentage of unsaturated acids. The change, from inactive to the active state involves mainly a reduction in palmitic and an increase in oleic acid content.
Priapismus unter Clozapintherapie

Es wird die Fallgeschichte eines 35jahrigen Patienten mit einer schizoaffektiven Psychose vorgestellt, bei dem unter der Behandlung mit Clozapin knapp 4 Wochen nach Therapiebeginn ein Priapismus auftrat. Mogliche Ursachen sowie Entstehungsmechanismen werden diskutiert sowie die Wichtigkeit einer entsprechenden Aufklarung erlautert. Verzogerungen in der Therapie dieser urologischen Notfallsituation vergrosern das Risiko einer irreversiblen erektilen Impotenz. Wichtig erscheint ferner, bei der Anamneseerhebung vorausgegangene Dauererektionen zu erfragen.
Mathematical basis for the measurement of absolute and fractional cardiac output with diffusible tracers by compartmental analysis methods

Using compartmental analysis methods, a mathematical basis is given for the measurement of absolute and fractional cardiac output with diffusible tracers. Cardiac output is shown to be the product of the blood volume and the sum of the rate constants of tracer egress from blood, modified by a factor reflecting transcapillary diffusibility, the transfer fraction. The return of tracer to the blood and distant (intracellular) events are shown to play no role in the solution. Fractional cardiac output is the ratio of the rate constant of tracer egress from blood to an organ, divided by the sum of the egress constants from blood. Predominantly extracellular ions such as sodium or bromide are best suited for this technique, although theoretically any diffusible tracer whose compartmental model can be solved may be used. It is shown that fractional cardiac output is independent of the transfer fraction, and therefore can be measured accurately by tracers which are not freely diffusible.
Conversion of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone by the canine testis in vivo

Abstract 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone labeled with tritium in position 7 has been infused at a constant rate by the left spermatic artery of anesthetized dogs. Testosterone, δ 4 -androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone containing tritium were isolated from the venous blood of the left testis. 1. 1. 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone is capable of being converted to 17α-hydroxyproegsterone by the canine testis in vivo . 2. 2. When the testis is stimulated with human chrionic gonadotropin there is an increased conversion of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone as well as an increase in testosterone production. 3. 3. Infusion of large amounts of unlabeled pregnenolone may also increase the conversion of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone.
Electrochemistry in benzotrifluoride: redox studies in a "noncoordinating" solvent capable of bridging the organic and fluorous phases.

Benzotrifluoride is a useful alternative to chlorohydrocarbons or to difluorobenzene when a relatively noncoordinating solvent is desired for electrochemical studies of transition metal complexes. It is readily obtained at low cost and high purity and is miscible with both organic and fluorous solvents. Voltammetric and electrolytic experiments have been performed on several metallocenes at and below ambient temperatures.
Molecular Estimates for Molar Attraction Constants

A semiempirical method is developed by which molar attraction constants and cohesive energy densities (the Hildebrand-Scott solubility parameter δ) can be calculated for relatively nonpolar substances. In the simplest possible modification of the method, only molecular polarizabilities and molar volumes must be known to effect the calculation. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical estimates is obtained. To illustrate the method, the cohesive energy densities are calculated for some drug agents and formulation constituents.
Women, power, and revolution

Abstract The relevant way to understand gender dynamics inside the Black Panther Party starts with this question: “How could a young black woman raised during the 1950s find someplace to take collective action against the repressive social conditions she faced and bring about revolutionary change?” The conventional assumption that somehow being part of a revolutionary movement was in conflict with appropriate conduct for a woman has grown more sophisticated; now the assumption most gender questions voice is that feminist concerns could not have been addressed within an armed, black revolutionary organization. In reality, the women who filled the ranks of our organization did not have specifically designated sex roles. According to a survey Bobby Seale conducted in 1969, two‐thirds of the members of the Black Panther Party were women. What I think is distinctive about gender relations within the Black Panther Party is not how they duplicated what was going on in the misogynous and authoritarian larger worl...
The Runge phenomenon and spatially variable shape parameters in RBF interpolation

Many studies, mostly empirical, have been devoted to finding an optimal shape parameter for radial basis functions (RBF). When exploring the underlying factors that determine what is a good such choice, we are led to consider the Runge phenomenon (RP; best known in cases of high order polynomial interpolation) as a key error mechanism. This observation suggests that it can be advantageous to let the shape parameter vary spatially, rather than assigning a single value to it. Benefits typically include improvements in both accuracy and numerical conditioning. Still another benefit arises if one wishes to improve local accuracy by clustering nodes in selected areas. This idea is routinely used when working with splines or finite element methods. However, local refinement with RBFs may cause RP-type errors unless we use a spatially variable shape paremeter. With this enhancement, RBF approximations combine freedom from meshes with spectral accuracy on irregular domains, and furthermore permit local node clustering to improve the resolution wherever this might be needed.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

ACT is an example of a third wave behavior therapy that saves direct change strategies for overt behaviors and utilizes contextual and experiential methods such as mindfulness and acceptance to address cognitive process that hinder and limit overt behavioral change. The treatment is informed by RFT and is based on the philosophical position of functional contextualism. ACT seeks to undermine the literal grip of language (relational framing) that fosters experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and behavioral inflexibility, through the application of six core psychological techniques: acceptance, defusion, contact with the present moment, self-as as-context, values, and commitment to behavior change. Homework can play an integral role in the application of these techniques, by supporting the in-session therapy. Homework can be especially useful because it allows the client to utilize these principles in situations that cannot be created in the therapy sessions, such as public situation for someone who struggles with anxiety. As with most therapies, ACT has its own homework assignments, but therapists often create new techniques to serve the clients needs.
Otorhinolaryngologic Manifestations of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Similar to gastrointestinal symptoms of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE), symptoms of otorhinolaryngologic disease associated with EE often are refractory to traditional treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Patient demographics and characteristics often are similar. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion to accurately diagnose and manage airway findings related to esophagitis. Team collaboration between otolaryngologists, allergists, and gastroenterologists will assure the best treatment in this select group of predisposed patients.
Stochastic finite element methods for the seismic response of soils

Some of the available stochastic finite element methods are adapted and evaluated for the analyses of response of soils with uncertain properties subjected to earthquake induced random ground motion. In this study, the dynamic response of a soil mass, with finite element discretization, is formulated in the frequency domain. The spectral density function of the response variables are obtained from which the evaluation of the root-mean-squared and the most probable extreme values of the response are made. The material non-linearities are incorporated by using strain compatible moduli and damping of soils using an equivalent linear model for stress–strain behaviour of soils and an iterative solution of the response. The spatial variability of the shear modulus is described through a random field model and the earthquake included motion is treated as a stochastic process. The available formulations of direct Monte-Carlo simulation, first-order perturbation method, a spectral decomposition method with Neumann expansion and a spectral decomposition method with Polynomial Chaos are used to develop stochastic finite element analyses of the seismic response of soils. The numerical results from these approaches are compared with respect to their accuracy and computational efficiency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Results on coverage for finite wireless networks

Practical or economic considerations may impose a finite limit on the number of nodes deployed in a wireless network. Results derived from asymptotic analysis are reportedly ill-suited for such cases. This motivates the analysis of finite wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we discuss the upper and lower bounds of the coverage probability of a randomly-deployed finite wireless network. Comparisons of the bounds with simulation and asymptotic results are presented. A discussion on the optimal deployment of sensors to achieve maximum coverage probability for a line network is also presented.
Effectiveness of analogs of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist (3R)-7-Hydroxy-N-((1S)-1-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic) to reduce U50,488-induced diuresis and stress-induced cocaine reinstatement in rats

Rationale The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist, JDTic, was reported to prevent stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-maintained responding and to have antidepressant-like effects.
Cloning and Molecular Characterization ofCnTEF1Which Encodes Translation Elongation Factor 1α inCryptococcus neoformans

Abstract Thornewell, S. J., Peery, R. B., and Skatrud, P. L. 1997. Cloning and molecular characterization ofCnTEF1which encodes translation elongation factor 1α inCryptococcus neoformans.22,84–91. Degenerate PCR primers were synthesized based upon known translation factor 1α (TEF1) sequences. Touchdown PCR with these primers utilizingCryptococcus neoformansstrain M1-106 genomic DNA as template produced a DNA fragment containing a portion ofCnTEF1.This DNA fragment was used as a hybridization probe to clone a cDNA version ofCnTEF1fromC. neoformansstrain B3501. Comparison of the genomic and cDNA nucleotide sequences revealed the presence of six introns inCnTEF1.The nucleotide sequence ofCnTEF1from these two strains ofC. neoformanswere 98% identical. Codon bias for most amino acids encoded byCnTEF1was similar to that observed inSaccharomyces cerevisiaefor highly expressed genes. This codon bias was also observed in theC. neoformans ACTgene.CnTEF1encoded a protein (CnEF-1α) consisting of 459 amino acids with a calculated MW of 50.3 kDa fromC. neoformansstrain B3501.CnTEF1from strain M1-106 encoded a protein with one additional aa. BothC. neoformansproteins possessed a high degree of identity throughout their length to fungal, human, and plant EF-1α proteins.
An ontology-based system to identify complex network attacks

Intrusion Detection Systems are tools used to detect attacks against networks. Many of these attacks are a sequence of multiple simple attacks. These complex attacks are more difficult to identify because (a) they are difficult to predict, (b) almost anything could be an attack, and (c) there are a huge number of possibilities. The problem is that the expertise of what constitutes an attack lies in the tacit knowledge of experienced network engineers. By providing an ontological representation of what constitutes a network attack human expertise to be codified and tested. The details of this representation are explained. An implementation of the representation has been developed. Lastly, the use of the representation in an Intrusion Detection System for complex attack detection has been demonstrated using use cases.
Attitude evoked anticipatory responses and attraction

Predictions based on a reinforcement model of evaluative, responses were tested by exposing Ss to strangers’ attitude scales expressing varying proportions of attitudes which were similar to their own. Attraction toward the stranger, the anticipated positiveness of contact with the stranger, and estimated speed of success in solving a problem with the stranger as a partner were all significantly related to the proportion of similar attitudes expressed by the stranger. All findings were consistent with the reinforcement model of evaluative responses.
Structure of 2,2′-anhydro-3′-O-acetyl-2′thio-1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride

2,2′-Anhydro-3′-O-acetyl-2′-thio-1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride crystallizes in space group P212121 witha=10.373(1),b=14.517(2),c=9.496(1) A. Reflections were measured on a diffractometer and the structure was solved by direct methods. Least-squares refinement converged atR=0.056 andR w =0.063. The study of this crystal structure showed that the alterations in the geometry of 2,2′-anhydro-1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine when the bridge oxygen is replaced by sulfur are localized in the region of the fused ring. The angle at the bridge atom decreases to nearly 90°, with concomitant enlargements of about 5°–7° in the angles opposite to the bridge atom. Angle C(1′)-N(1)-C(6) decreases by 4°. Also, the amount of double bond character in the bond formed by C(2) and the bridge atom decreases. A survey of the conformational features of S,2′-cyclonucleosides and comparison with O,2′-cyclonucleosidcs showed that their preferred conformations are the same. However, S,2′-cyclonucleosides exhibit a wider range of P and χ values. This correlates with a greater ease of the sulfur containing five-membered ring to pucker as compared to the oxygen-cyclo ring.
Indian Ocean ridge seismicity observed with a permanent hydroacoustic network

[1] The distribution of earthquakes along the Indian Ocean ridge system between January 18 and October 20, 2003 is investigated using data from two hydrophone stations of the International Monitoring System's global network. Coherent array processing of earthquake-induced hydroacoustic T-waves is used to determine precise arrival times and back azimuths that allow automatic location of the earthquakes. We observed 4725 events throughout the Indian Ocean Basin. Here, we examine 1146 earthquakes from the Central and Southeast Indian Ridge. Source level estimates from the hydroacoustic signals indicate that the hydroacoustic network is at least one magnitude unit more sensitive than the seismic network for Indian Ocean ridge earthquakes. The seismicity primarily clusters at ridge transform offsets. Events are observed off the ridge axis near Boomerang and St. Pierre Seamounts, the active expression of the Amsterdam-St. Paul Hotspot. Seismic gaps are observed at several ridge segments with anomalous bathymetric highs.
The general multi-loop Veneziano amplitude☆

Abstract We present the planar and nonplanar multi-loop Veneziano amplitude in a manifestly projectively invariant and cyclically symmetric fashion. The planar, nonplanar, and overlapping loop amplitudes are found to differ chiefly in the limits of integration.
Acute toxicity of organic chemical mixtures to the fathead minnow

Abstract The acute joint toxicity of industrial organic chemicals to the fathead minnow was determined for binary and equitoxic multiple chemical mixtures. Results from binary tests were used to define isobole diagrams. The degree of joint toxic action was determined among 27 chemicals from seven different chemical classes. The slopes of the acute concentration response relationships were quite similar for all test chemicals. This suggests that the mode of acute toxic action for these chemicals is alike though it may not be identical. Intoxication signs of fish exposed to nearly all test chemicals were also similar and indicative of an anesthetic like effect. The results of isobole diagrams for binary mixtures, with 1-octanol as the reference chemical, demonstrated a near concentration additive acute joint action over a wide range of mixture ratios for each chemical from 7 different classes. Tests conducted with mixtures containing equitoxic levels of two to 21 chemicals also displayed a concentration additive acute joint action. All test chemicals can be modeled by a structure-toxicity relationship characteristic of a narcosis type of toxic action. These results are consistent with those of other investigators and are of particular importance when one realizes that numerous industrial chemicals are likely to cause lethality to aquatic organisms through similar toxic action.
Using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to Evaluate the Neurocognitive Effects of Transient Events: Design Matrix Mixed Effects Analysis

A spatial memory task with an event related design was used as a proxy for showcasing a design matrix regression on fNIRS data for neuroergonomic studies of complex tasks involving transient workload transitions. The analysis identified a region of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in which oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) was increased during memory maintenance. Task performance negatively modulated HbO2 in this brain region during memory maintenance. The results show that neural effects specifically within the period of memory maintenance, as opposed to other cognitive components (e.g., encoding or retrieval) can be reliably identified. Similar analytical methods could be used for the analysis of cortical hemodynamics in more complex tasks involving transient events (e.g., workload transitions) and in related neuroergonomic applications.
Mosaic Chromosome 18q Partial Deletion Syndrome with Bilateral Full-thickness Corneal Disease: Surgical Intervention and Histopathology

AbstractA 2-month-old boy diagnosed with a mosaic chromosome 18q partial deletion syndrome was referred for bilateral cloudy corneas. The abnormal metaphases had a terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 18 as clonal abnormality. The cytogenetics findings were 46,XY, del (18)(q21.2)[12]/46,XY[20]. Ocular findings included bilateral microcornea with dense opacification and unilateral iris and chorioretinal coloboma. Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) was performed on both eyes. Histopathology of the host corneal button showed complete loss of Bowman’s layer, hyperkeratosis of the epithelium, stromal neovascularization, and leukocyte infiltration. Descemet’s membrane and endothelium were irregular in both specimens. CD45 stain for leukocytes confirmed perivascular and epithelial leukocytes infiltration. Mosaic chromosome 18q deletion syndrome is a rare genetic abnormality with a variable phenotype – including ocular findings – and hence, warrants an ophthalmic evaluation and genetic counseling.
Opioid antagonist-induced modulation of cerebral and hippocampal development: histological and morphometric studies.

The role of endogenous opioid systems in preweaning cerebral and hippocampal development was explored in rats utilizing naltrexone, a potent opioid antagonist. Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily injections (s.c.) of either 1 or 50 mg/kg naltrexone to invoke a temporary or complete blockade, respectively, of opioid receptors throughout the first 3 weeks of postnatal life; animals injected with sterile water served as controls. At weaning (Day 21), macroscopic, morphometric, and histological assessments were undertaken. In general, 50 mg/kg naltrexone had a stimulatory action on brain development, whereas 1 mg/kg naltrexone had an inhibitory influence. In most cases, both males and females were affected comparably. Opioid antagonist action was especially directed at cellular and tissue differentiation, with marked changes in macroscopic and areal dimensions and histotypic organization observed in the cerebrum. A prominent effect on the cerebrum of the 1 mg/kg naltrexone group was a substantial increase in packing density of the neural cells, reflecting a reduced area for accommodating neural elements. Changes in the hippocampus were largely restricted to the 1 mg/kg group. However, the number of granule cells was increased in the dentate gyrus of the 50 mg/kg group, suggesting that opioid receptor blockade affects cell types undergoing postnatal proliferation. Cellular elements derived prior to naltrexone treatment (e.g., pyramidal neurons) were capable of being influenced in only differentiative capacity. Our results show that endogenous opioids are natural trophic factors in brain development and provide evidence for the crucial role of endogenous opioid-opioid receptor interaction in neuro-ontogeny.
CHoMP: a chemoenzymatic histology method using clickable probes.

The characterization of aberrant glycosylation patterns in biopsied patient samples represents a remarkable challenge for scientists and medical doctors due to the lack of specific methods for their detection. Here, we report the development of a histological method, dubbed CHoMP—Chemoenzymatic Histology of Membrane Polysaccharides—for analyzing glycosylation patterns in mammalian tissues. This method exploits a recombinant glycosyltransferase to transfer a monosaccharide analog equipped with a chemical handle to a specific cell-surface glycan target, which can then be derivatized with imaging probes using bioorthogonal click chemistry for visualization. We applied CHoMP to survey changes in expression of N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) in human samples from patients afflicted with lung adenocarcinoma and observed a sharp decrease in expression levels between normal and early grade tumors, suggestion a potential application of this technique in early cancer diagnosis.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide protects against whole body ischemia in a porcine model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in a porcine model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Twelve pigs were anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated with oxygen, and were monitored for electrocardiograph (ECG), arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, airway pressure. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced in all animals by the application of 30 V of alternating current (60 Hz) across the heart, and remained untreated for 3 min, followed by conventional CPR with pneumatic piston device (Thumper) for 15 min. At 18 min of VF a single dose of vasopressin was given, and followed by defibrillation attempts. Two groups were studied. Group 1: Six pigs were used as saline control. Group 2: 0.3 nmol/kg CGRP was given 15 min prior to induction of VF. All animals in the CGRP pretreated group achieved a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survived more than 2 h (100%), whereas none of the saline control animals achieved ROSC. Blood gases were not significantly different between the groups. However, CGRP group had significantly higher arterial blood pressure and coronary perfusion pressure than control group during CPR. Pretreatment with CGRP affords a cardioprotective effect in this model of whole body ischemia.
Factors affecting food choices of working mothers with young families.

Abstract A two-stage data collection method (focus group interviews followed by an individual probing technique) was used to study influences on working mothers' food choices for their families. Data were analyzed using a thematic content approach through which five categories or perspectives were identified. Three of these perspectives — “nutritionist,” “economist,” and “manager-organizer” — have been commonly addressed in nutrition education. Two additional perspectives — “meaning-creator” and “family diplomat” — that affect working mothers' food choices were identified. The working mothers also revealed that they experienced guilt related to family mealtime activities.
Wheelchair racing sports science: a review.

Wheelchair racing science and the performance of athletes involved in wheelchair racing have developed rapidly in recent years . With increasing interest in this sport, the need arises to identify areas where further research is necessary and cooperation between individuals with various backgrounds is encouraged. Many of the problems facing investigators in this field require knowledge in several areas of science and engineer- ing, which suggests an interdisciplinary approach to these issues. Further progress would also benefit from the development of more quantitative methods for the classification of wheelchair athletes, or a restructuring of the classification system ; develop- ment of sophisticated instrumentation for racing wheelchairs; standardization of test procedures and more complete reporting of results of studies ; and, more in-depth mathematical model- ing and computer simulation of wheelchair racing. This review presents an overview of four areas of wheelchair racing science: 1) classification of wheelchair athletes; 2) design and analysis of racing wheelchairs ; 3) biomechanics of racing wheelchair pro- pulsion; and, 4) training and coaching of wheelchair racers.
Greater arousal and less attentiveness to face/voice stimuli by neonates of depressed mothers on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Neonates born to depressed (n = 44) versus non-depressed (n = 43) mothers were compared on individual items of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). The neonates of depressed mothers received lower scores on orienting to the live face/voice stimulus and on the alertness items, suggesting they were less attentive. They also scored less optimally on the cuddliness and hand-to-mouth activity items, suggesting they were more aroused. These data lend support to the model that infants of depressed mothers are more aroused and less attentive.
Inhibition of the antisecretory effects of [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin in the guinea-pig ileum by a selective δ opioid antagonist

Abstract The novel opioid antagonist [dially-Tyr 1 ,(CH 2 )S-Phe 4 ,Leu 5 ]enkephalin (M154,129) was examined for its ability to block the antisecretory effects of [D-Ala 2 ,D-Leu 5 ]enkephalin (DADLE) in isolated mucosal segments of the guinea-pig ileum, actions mediated predominantly through the δ opiate receptor. DADLE reduced transepithelial potential difference and short-circuit current (ED 50 18 nM); these effects were competitively antagonized by M154,129 with a K e value of 746 nM. These results are consistent with others demonstrating that M154,129 is a relatively selective although not highly potent blocker of δ opiate receptors.
Treatment disparities for major depressive disorder: Implications for pharmacists

Abstract Objectives To determine whether differences exist in overall antidepressant use and specific antidepressant drug class (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SSRI]/serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [SNRI] versus other) use among patients of different race/ethnicity groups (blacks and Hispanics compared with whites) with a diagnosis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ) 12-month major depressive disorder (MDD) and to discuss ways in which pharmacists can decrease the gap in treatment disparities. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting United States from February 2001 through April 2003. Participants Respondents of the National Comorbidity Survey–Replication with DSM-IV 12-month MDD. Intervention Not applicable. Main outcome measures Previous 12-month overall antidepressant use and previous 12-month specific antidepressant drug class (SSRI/SNRI versus other) use. Results For respondents who screened positive for 12-month MDD (n = 362.3), only 34% reported antidepressant use in the previous 12-month period. Blacks (17.5%) and Hispanics (21.8%) reported significantly ( P P = 0.10, and 0.53 [0.31–0.91], P = 0.61, respectively). Conclusion Among respondents with a diagnosis of MDD, race/ethnicity plays an important role in the use of antidepressants. The results of this study indicate a need for pharmacists to proactively interact and manage their patients’ antidepressant therapy.
Naturalized Virtue Ethics and the Epistemological Gap

The proponent of the epistemological gap maintains that value claims are justified in a different way than are nonvalue claims. I show that a neo-Aristotelian naturalized virtue ethics does not fall prey to this gap. There are ethical claims concerning human beings that are epistemically justified in a way logically identical to the way in which are justified certain nonethical claims about human and nonhuman organisms. This demonstration (1) lends credibility to naturalized virtue ethics, (2) calls into question the very notion of an epistemological gap, and (3) confronts antinaturalists with a dilemma.
Tax Credits for Job Creation and Job Retention in the California Economy

This article examines the potential impact of a wages-paid tax credit and a tax credit for the cost of retraining workers in California. The empirical results suggest that a wages-paid tax credit would be most effective in increasing employment atfirms with the fewest resources. The results also suggest that a tax credit for the cost of retraining workers would not be effective in the retention of workers.
The microbial production of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) from tallow

The bacteria Pseudomonas oleovorans, P. resinovorans, P. putida, and P. citronellolis were evaluated for their ability to grow and produce poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA) using tallow free fatty acids and tallow triglyceride as carbon substrates. Tallow free fatty acids supported cell growth and PHA production for all four organisms, yielding PHA contents of 18%, 15%, 19% and 3% of their cell dry weights for P. oleovorans, P.␣resinovorans, P. putida, and P. citronellolis respectively. Only P. resinovorans, however, was able to grow and produce PHA polymer, with cells attaining a PHA content of 15% of their cell dry weight, using unhydrolyzed tallow as the substrate. Extracts from 46-h cultures of P. resinovorans were found to have a higher esterase activity (12.80 units μl−1min−1) compared to the activities found for cultures of P. oleovorans, P. citronellolis, and P. putida ( < 0.03 units μl−1min−1). Polymer repeat-unit compositions were determined by GC analysis of the β-hydroxymethyl esters of hydrolyzed PHA, and ranged in carbon-chain lengths from C4 to C14, with some mono-unsaturation in the C12 and C14 side-chains. PHA compositions were similar for the polymers obtained from all four organisms, with repeat units of chain lengths C8 and C10 predominating.
On properties of solutions of a limit problem for systems of nonlinear functional differential equations of neutral type

For one class of systems of nonlinear functional differential equations, we study asymptotic properties of their solutions continuously differentiable and bounded for t ≥ T > 0 together with their first derivatives.
Countercurrent extraction separation of some platinum group metals: part III

Abstract The bromo complexes of platinum(IV), palladium(II), rhodium(III), and iridium(IV) were prepared and studies were made on their distribution between hydrobromic acid solutions and various common solvents. The solvents employed were n-tributyl phosphate (TBP), methyl isobutyl ketone, amyl acetate, and various TBP-benzene mixtures. Distribution coefficients as a function of HBr concentration are given for each metal for each solvent system. A careful study of the measured distribution coefficients clearly showed that a number of binary and ternary mixtures of the metals can be resolved with a Craig countercurrent distribution apparatus. Rh-Pt and Rh-Pd mixtures in 4.38M HBr solutions were quantitatively separated on a Io-stage Craig apparatus using a 90% TBP-10% benzene solvent. Rh-Ir mixtures in 4.38 M HBr were resolved by 3 consecutive batch extractions with 90% TBP-10% benzene. Mixtures of Pd, Rh, and Ir in 4.38 M HBr were resolved in 90 stages using methyl isobutyl ketone as the solvent. Pd, Rh and Ir were recovered in 97.0, 87.6 and 94.5% yields, respectively. Mixtures of Pd, Rh and Pt in 4.38 M HBr were resolved in 90 stages using amyl acetate and methyl isobutyl ketone as solvents. Pd, Rh and Pt were recovered in 90.0, 96.0 and 94.0% yields, respectively. Two computer programs for the IBM 1620 Computer are given ; these facilitate the comparison of theoretical and actual solute distributions.
Have Hexagon Will Travel: An Interview With John Holland

John Holland is one of the major theorists, living or dead, in the area of career development/choice. He is the author of two books, more than 150 articles, and two inventories, one the popular Self-Directed Search. During the interview he seemed torn between his desire to be frank, honest, and outspoken, and his fear that should he be, the sex bias controversy that consumed so much of his time several years ago would be stirred up again. When he was first approached with the request for an interview, he declined because he felt that other individuals have made greater contributions than he. In this interview, Holland shares his views on how the SDS was developed, on the strengths and weaknesses of his theory, on how to provide vocational counseling efficiently, and outlines his hopes for the future.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods. I. A laboratory apparatus for frying under simulated restaurant conditions

A laboratory apparatus has been designed which can be used to quantitatively collect the volatile decomposition products produced during deep fat frying under simulated restaurant conditions. In order to study the chemical reactions of frying fat without any inter-reaction with the food fried, moist cotton balls were fried in corn oil.
The isolated anterior stomach of larval mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti): Voltage-clamp measurements with a tubular epithelium☆

Abstract The anterior stomach of larval Aedes aegypti was isolated and perfused via two pipettes. For transepithelial voltage ( V te ) measurement, the inflow pipette and the bath were connected via agar bridges to calomel electrodes. For voltage-clamping, the lumen of the tissue contained an Ag/AgCl wire held by the outflow pipette, and the preparation was placed in a bath within a spiral of Ag/AgCl wire. After equilibrating the tissue in mosquito saline on both sides, a V te of – 8 ± 1 mV was measured (± S.E.M., N = 32). Current–voltage curves (± 100 mV) demonstrated ohmic behaviour of the epithelium. Short-circuiting resulted in a current ( I sc ) of 103 ± 16 μA cm − 2 and a mean transepithelial conductance ( G te ) of 11.8 ± 1.3 mS cm − 2 (± S.E.M., N = 32). A Yonath–Civan plot of G te of individual preparations over the corresponding I sc resulted in a straight line ( r 2 = 0.8422), indicating that the difference in I sc of individual preparations is mainly based on different transcellular conductances ( G c ). This analysis allowed to estimate the mean leak conductance ( G l ≈ 3.9 mS cm − 2 ) and the mean transcellular electromotive force ( E c ≈ 13 mV). After administering 0.2 μmol L − 1 serotonin, I sc and G te significantly increased, to 457 ± 49 μA cm − 2 and to 21.3 ± 2.3 mS cm − 2 (± S.E.M., N = 31, P r 2 = 0.8219), indicating a mean G l of about 1 mS cm − 2 and a mean E c of about 22 mV. Dinitrophenol (2.5 mmol L − 1 ) almost abolished I sc and significantly reduced G te ( N = 6). Concanamycin A (100 μmol L − 1 ) reduced I sc by more than 90% without significantly affecting G te .
An application of dynamic modeling to the sea shore rotation planning problem in the navy

Abstract The navy sea shore rotation planning problem is presented as multicriteria dynamic network optimization problem with side constraints. Using the simplex primal optimization code of Professor J. Kennington and a specially designed heuristic rounding routine we developed a computer model to run practical problems with different input parameters.
Shrinking-Bed Model for Percolation Process Applied to Dilute-Acid Pretreatment/Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Biomass

For many lignocellulosic substrates, hemicellulose is biphasic upon dilute-acid hydrolysis, which led to a modified percolation process employing simulated two-stage reverse-flow. This process has been proven to attain substantially higher sugar yields and concentrations over the conventional single-stage percolation process. The dilute-acid pretreatment of biomass solubilizes the hemicellulose fraction in the solid biomass, leaving less solid biomass in the reactor and reducing the bed. Therefore, a bed-shrinking mathematic kinetic model was developed to describe the two-stage reverse-flow reactor operated for hydrolyzing biphasic substrates, including hemicellulose, in corn cob/stover mixture (CCSM). The simulation indicates that the shrinking-bed operation increases the sugar yield by about 5%, compared to the nonshrinking bed operation in which 1 reactor volume of liquid passes through the reactor (i.e.,t = 1.0). A simulated optimal run further reveals that the fast portion of hemicellulose is almost completely hydrolyzed in the first stage, and the slow portion of hemicellulose is hydrolyzed in the second stage. Under optimal conditions, the bed shrank 27% (a near-maximum value), and a sugar yield over 95% was attained.
Neuroantigens in EAE

This chapter reviews briefly the biology of myelin and describes the major CNS myelin proteins, the potential neuroantigens in EAE. The genetics of the principal myelin proteins are also discussed. Myelin glycolipids with potential role in CNS demyelinating disease and the enzymes involved in their synthesis are also reviewed.
Estrogen improves TIMP-MMP balance and collagen distribution in volume-overloaded hearts of ovariectomized females

Our previous studies demonstrate that 17β-estradiol limits chronic volume overload-induced hypertrophy and improves heart function in ovariectomized rats. One possible cardioprotective mechanism involves the interaction between estrogen, estrogen receptors, and proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The impact of estrogen deficiency and replacement on left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and ECM protein expression was studied using five female rat groups: intact sham-operated, ovariectomized sham-operated, intact with volume overload, ovariectomized with volume overload, and ovariectomized with volume overload treated with estrogen. After 8 wk, LV protein extracts were evaluated by Western blot analysis for matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, MT1-MMP, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3 and TIMP-4, collagens type I and III, and estrogen receptor α and β expression. MMP proteolytic activity was assessed by zymography. All volume-overloaded groups exhibited LV hypertrophy, which was associated with a loss of interstitial collagen and perivascular fibrosis. After 8 wk of volume overload, 70% of ovariectomized rats developed heart failure, in contrast to only one intact rat. A downregulation of MMP-2, estrogen receptor-α (ERα), and ERβ, and upregulation of MMP-9 and MT1-MMP were found in the volume-overloaded hearts of ovariectomized rats. Estrogen treatment improved TIMP-2/MMP-2 and TIMP-1/MMP-9 protein balance, restored ERα expression, and prevented MMP-9 activation, perivascular collagen accumulation and development of heart failure. However, estrogen did not fully restore ERβ expression and did not prevent the increase of MMP-9 expression or loss of interstitial collagen. These results support that estrogen limits undesirable ECM remodeling and LV dilation, in part, through modulation of ECM protein expression in volume-overloaded hearts of ovariectomized rats.
ChucK: a programming language for on-the-fly, real-time audio synthesis and multimedia

In this paper, we describe ChucK - a programming language and programming model for writing precisely timed, concurrent audio synthesis and multimedia programs. Precise concurrent audio programming has been an unsolved (and ill-defined) problem. ChucK provides a concurrent programming model that solves this problem and significantly enhances designing, developing, and reasoning about programs with complex audio timing. ChucK employs a novel data-driven timing mechanism and a related time-based synchronization model, both implemented in a virtual machine. We show how these features enable precise, concurrent audio programming and provide a high degree of programmability in writing real-time audio and multimedia programs. As an extension, programmers can use this model to write code on-the-fly -- while the program is running. These features provide a powerful programming tool for building and experimenting with complex audio synthesis and multimedia programs.
Expression divergence measured by transcriptome sequencing of four yeast species

The evolution of gene expression is a challenging problem in evolutionary biology, for which accurate, well-calibrated measurements and methods are crucial. We quantified gene expression with whole-transcriptome sequencing in four diploid, prototrophic strains of Saccharomyces species grown under the same condition to investigate the evolution of gene expression. We found that variation in expression is gene-dependent with large variations in each gene's expression between replicates of the same species. This confounds the identification of genes differentially expressed across species. To address this, we developed a statistical approach to establish significance bounds for inter-species differential expression in RNA-Seq data based on the variance measured across biological replicates. This metric estimates the combined effects of technical and environmental variance, as well as Poisson sampling noise by isolating each component. Despite a paucity of large expression changes, we found a strong correlation between the variance of gene expression change and species divergence (R2 = 0.90). We provide an improved methodology for measuring gene expression changes in evolutionary diverged species using RNA Seq, where experimental artifacts can mimic evolutionary effects. GEO Accession Number: GSE32679
A Review of Congenital Neurologic Malformations

Congenital neurologic malformations present a difficult challenge to the clinician in regard to diagnosis, management, and prevention. The authors review normal ontogenesis and divide this complex process into three developmental phases: (1) induction, (2) cellular proliferation and migration, and (3) maturation of cellular organization, synaptic development, and myelin formation. A classification of malformations based on the timing of occurrence during the first and second stages of central nervous system development is presented. These disorders are described with particular attention to the clinical and diagnostic features. Various prenatal diagnostic screening tests are also reviewed in an attempt to identify the population at risk for congenital neurologic malformations.
Time-dependent transcriptional profiling links gene expression to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4)-mediated suppression of omental metastatic colonization

Although metastasis is the most lethal attribute of cancer, critical gaps in our knowledge of how cancer cells effectively colonize distant sites remain. For example, little is known about the cellular and molecular events that occur during the timecourse of metastatic colonization. To address this we are using the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) metastasis suppressor as a tool to identify these events. Specifically, we report a microarray expression-based strategy to identify genes whose transcription is altered in SKOV3ip.1 human ovarian cancer cells that express ectopic MKK4 throughout the course of in vivo metastatic colonization. The majority of genes identified fell into the categories of cytokinesis, cytoskeleton remodeling, and cell adhesion, and their expression was repressed in MKK4-expressing cells relative to vector controls. The greatest transcriptional divergence was concomitant with impaired proliferation at 14 days post injection (dpi). Specifically, 763 genes were differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05) between lesions that expressed ectopic MKK4 and paired controls. In contrast, only seven genes were differentially expressed at the experimental endpoint, when MKK4-expressing and control cells had formed macroscopic metastases. Application of our cohort of differentially expressed genes to three independent clinical datasets demonstrated a strong correlation between our findings and metastatic phenotypes in patient samples. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of metastatic colonization and reinforce the importance of examining both molecular and cellular phenotypes over time when studying metastasis formation.
Epileptic seizure prediction using the spatiotemporal correlation structure of intracranial EEG

A patient-specific seizure prediction algorithm is proposed that extracts novel multivariate signal coherence features from ECoG recordings and classifies a patient's pre-seizure state. The algorithm uses space-delay correlation and covariance matrices at several delay scales to extract the spatiotemporal correlation structure from multichannel ECoG signals. Eigenspectra and amplitude features are extracted from the correlation and covariance matrices, followed by dimensionality reduction using principal components analysis, classification using a support vector machine, and temporal integration to produce a seizure prediction score. Evaluation on the Freiburg EEG database produced a sensitivity of 90.8% and false positive rate of .094.
T cell activation enhancement by endogenous pMHC acts for both weak and strong agonists but varies with differentiation state

T cells are extremely sensitive in their ability to find minute amounts of antigenic peptide in the midst of many endogenous peptides presented on an antigen-presenting cell. The role of endogenous peptides in the recognition of foreign peptide and hence in T cell activation has remained controversial for CD8+ T cell activation. We showed previously that in a CD8+ T cell hybridoma, nonstimulatory endogenous peptides enhance T cell sensitivity to antigen by increasing the coreceptor function of CD8. However, others were not able to detect such enhancement in naive and activated CD8+ T cells. Here, we show that endogenous peptides substantially enhance the ability of T cells to detect antigen, an effect measurable by up-regulation of activation or maturation markers and by increased effector function. This enhancement is most pronounced in thymocytes, moderate in naive T cells, and mild in effector T cells. The importance of endogenous peptides is inversely proportional to the agonist activity of the stimulatory peptide presented. Unlike for CD4+ T cells, the T cell receptor of CD8+ T cells does not distinguish between endogenous peptides for their ability to enhance antigen recognition.