cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adult Academic Achievement in Relation To Formal Education and Age

An attempt was made to determine whether there are substantial numbers of adults whose academic achievement is equivalent to that of a representative sample of college students. The test scores of 43,877 military personnel on the General Examinations of the College-Level Examination Program (CLEP) were analyzed in rela tion to previous formal education and age. Depending on the test, from 12 to 27 percent of the servicemen who have not studied beyond the high school level scored as well as the average college sophomore. A significantly positive relationship was found between formal college education and academic knowledge. The pattern of the level of academic achievement in different disciplines changed as a function of age. Knowledge of humanities, social sciences, and history improved with age while achievement in mathematics and natural sciences declined.
Low-power frequency selective filtering

Supply voltage overscaling has been studied recently for the design of low power finite impulse response (FIR) filters, where the supply voltage is deliberately scaled beyond the critical voltage so as to lower the power consumption quadratically. The violation of timing constraint leads to computational errors/noise, which is then reduced via prediction-based algorithms. In this paper, we first propose an estimation-based algorithm aiming at accuracy maximization. Then, practical design issues are addressed and the major problem that causes performance drop is identified, which leads to a novel flexible twophase bilateral estimation-based noise reduction architecture with the use of error-delay detection mechanism that enables the flexible size estimator. Compared to conventional designs, simulation results show that the estimation-based algorithm and the two-phase bilateral estimation algorithm improve the noise reduction performance by 10–20dB and 17–22dB while achieving the same power saving ratio, respectively. Alternatively, the proposed algorithms can achieve lower power while a certain performance requirement is satisfied.
The four block problem for distributed systems

A study is made of the singular values of the four-block operator, which appears naturally in many H/sup infinity / control problems. Following the framework of the monograph of B.A. Francis (1987), almost all such robust design problems can be formulated in terms of the spectral properties of such an operator. This includes the problems of sensitivity and mixed-sensitivity minimization, model matching, and certain tracking problems. The authors' techniques give the optimal solution to this problem, which is valid for a large class of distributed systems. >
Transnational State Formation and the Global Politics of Austerity

A perennial concern among scholars of globalization is the relationship between global social formations and national and subnational political and economic developments. While sociological understanding of “the global” has become increasingly rich, stressing the complex relationship between material and cultural pressures, an undertheorized nation state often sits on the receiving end of the sociologist’s model of globalization. The goal of this article is to help move the sociology of globalization out of the analytical trap of globalnational dualism by developing an account of the transnationalization of political authority. Building on neo-Marxist and Weberian theories of the transnational, or global state, which explicate the macro-structural dynamics that have led to the transnationalization of the state as such, I look at the process of the transnationalization of political authority from an institutional perspective, one that focuses on processes of transnationalization within, and across, specific state agencies. These theoretical points are empirically motivated through an historical investigation of the transnationalization of monetary authority and its relationship to the international diffusion of policies of austerity from the era of the classical gold standard through the economic crisis of 2008.
Reverse engineering an agent-based hidden Markov model for complex social systems

The power of social values that helps to shape or formulate our behavior patterns is not only inevitable, but also how we have surreptitiously responded to the hidden curriculum that derives from such social values in our decision making can be just as significant. Through a machine learning approach, we are able to discover the agent dynamics that drives the evolution of the social groups in a community. By doing so, we set up the problem by introducing an agent-based hidden Markov model, in which the acts of an agent are determined by microlaws with unknown parameters. To solve the problem, we develop a multistage learning process for determining the micro-laws of a community based on observed set of communications between actors without the semantic contents. We present the results of extensive experiments on synthetic data as well as some results on real communities, e.g., Enron email and movie newsgroups.
Patterns of Compliance from Eighteen to Thirty Months of Age

31 children at 18 months, 32 children at 24 months, and 36 children at 30 months of age were observed in 2 separate 2-hour laboratory sessions with their mother and father to study behavioral responses to demands for compliance. Patterns of compliance to parental commands and requests were examined in 5 laboratory situations. The data revealed no differences in compliance depending upon which parent was present or across the 2-week time interval between the 2 visits, although there was considerable variability in behavior across the 5 situations. Developmental analyses revealed few linear progressions with age, with 24 months signaling an important transition characterized by behavioral reorganization. Taken together, the results encourage reexamining traditional assumptions regarding the development of compliance since it may be most adaptive for children to be responsive to environmental demands and interpersonal constraints.
Bioavailability of microsize and ultramicrosize griseofulvin products in man.

The relative bioavailability of ten marketed dosage forms of griseofulvin was evaluated in two separate crossover studies. Each study utilized 12 healthy subjects, with eight of the subjects being common to both studies. Plasma griseofulvin concentrations were determined 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 25, 34, 49, and 73 hr after dosing, using a high-pressure liquid chromatographic method. The “high-dose” study compared four microsize dosage forms administered as 500-mg doses and two ultramicrosize formulations given as 250-mg doses. The “low-dose” study employed four 250-mg microsize products and two 125-mg ultramicrosize products.
Detection of anti-D in D– recipients transfused with D+ red blood cells

BACKGROUND: The D antigen is highly immunogenic, requiring only a small quantity of transfused red blood cells (RBCs) to cause alloimmunization in D– immunocompetent recipients. The relatively low sensitization rate in oncology patients transfused with D+ platelets is well documented. A study of the alloimmunization rate of primarily nononcology D– recipients transfused with D+ RBCs was undertaken. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Transfusion service records were examined to identify D– recipients who were not alloimmunized to the D antigen and who had a follow-up antibody screen performed at least 10 days after the initial D+ RBC transfusion(s). The age and sex of the recipients, date and number of D+ RBC transfusion(s) and their leukoreduction status, all subsequent serologic investigations, and the hospital ward where the units were issued were recorded. RESULTS: There were 98 study-eligible recipients identified who received a total of 445 D+ RBC units. The mean follow-up length was 182 days. Most recipients (87%) had antibody screens performed more than 21 days after the initial D+ RBC transfusion. In total, 24 recipients made 44 new alloantibodies: 22 anti-D (22%), 11 anti-E, 5 anti-C, 2 anti-K, and 1 each of anti-Kpa, anti-Jka, anti-Bg, and anti-Fyb. The rate of anti-D alloimmunization among recipients of entirely leukoreduced D+ units was 13 percent (1/8). Reexposure to D+ RBCs after the initial bleeding episode did not increase the rate of alloimmunization. CONCLUSIONS: The 22 percent rate of anti-D alloimmunization in patients requiring urgent RBC transfusion was intermediate between the rates previously reported for D– oncology patients transfused with D+ RBCs and that in immunocompetent volunteer recipients.
Evaluating the impact of communication architecture on the performability of cluster-based services

We consider the impact of different communication architectures on the performability (performance plus availability) of cluster-based servers. In particular, we use a combination of fault-injection experiments and analytic modeling to evaluate the performability of two popular communication protocols, TCP and VIA, as the intra-cluster communication substrate of a sophisticated Web server. Our analysis leads to several interesting conclusions, the most surprising of which is, under the same fault load, VIA-based servers deliver greater availability than TCP-based servers. If we assume higher fault rates for VIA-based servers because the underlying technology is more immature and programming model more complex, we find that packet errors or application faults would have to occur at approximately 4 times the rate in TCP-based servers before their performabilities equalize. We use our results from the study to suggest that high-performance and robust communication layers for highly available cluster-based servers should preserve message boundaries, as opposed to using byte streams, use single-copy transfers, pre-allocate channel resources, and report errors in manner consistent with the network fabric's fault model.
Upregulated Expression of Rat Heart Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Angiotensin II– but Not Phenylephrine- Induced Hypertension

Abstract —Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), part of an immunoglobulin-like superfamily of adhesion molecules, is involved in several cardiovascular diseases. We investigated whether in vivo angiotensin II (Ang II) increases ICAM-1 in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with vehicle or Ang II (750 μg · kg −1 · d −1 SC) for 7 days. The contribution of Ang II receptors to ICAM-1 expression was investigated with a nonpeptide Ang II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor antagonist losartan (30 mg · kg −1 · d −1 in drinking water). Systolic blood pressure was elevated in Ang II–treated animals compared with sham-treated controls, and losartan blocked this increase. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (5 μg/kg IP bolus), a prototype inducer of ICAM-1, was administered as a positive control for ICAM-1 expression. After treatment, hearts were frozen in liquid nitrogen; homogenates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with an anti-rat ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody. We detected a predominantly high-molecular-weight band in homogenates from non–TNF-α–treated rats, which was enhanced by 80±5% in TNF-α–treated rats. This band measured ≈200 kDa, which is the molecular weight of ICAM-1 in its native dimer form. The same band was detected in homogenates from sham and Ang II–treated rats, with the latter showing a 150±10% increase in ICAM-1 versus sham controls. Immunoprecipitation of rat heart homogenates with anti-rat ICAM-1 antibody resulted in a dominant band of the same molecular weight as samples not treated with antibody. Losartan prevented enhanced expression of ICAM-1 in the presence of Ang II but had no effect on basal ICAM-1 expression. Phenylephrine, an α-agonist (3 mg · kg −1 · d −1 ), was infused for 1 week but had no effect on ICAM-1 expression, even though systolic blood pressure was elevated to the same level as in rats treated with Ang II. Thus, heart ICAM-1 expression is enhanced via AT 1 receptor activation independent of hypertension. Ang II–induced ICAM-1 expression was time and dose dependent, with maximal expression occurring within 5 to 7 days at 100 to 750 μg/kg Ang II. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated markedly increased ICAM-1 levels in the perivascular area in Ang II–infused rats. Monocyte/macrophage accumulation was significantly greater in Ang II–treated rat hearts than in sham-treated hearts (10±1; P
CHI conference on microRNAs: dramatic expansion of research tools and discoveries.

The Cambridge Health Institute’s sixth annual conference on microRNAs integrated exceedingly diverse academic and commercial interests. Included were novel technologies for microRNA profiling and nucleic acid sequencing, drug delivery technologies using gene therapy, and promising diagnoses and treatments for various diseases, especially types of cancer. The conference format comprised 42 presentations, each 25 min in length. This article gives telegraphic descriptions of ten of the presentations, to illustrate the range of conference topics. At least two other mutually nonintersecting choices of ten could have been used with equal effect.
Effect of Meprobamate on Growth and Feed Efficiency of Chickens

ABSTRACT THE tranquilizing drug, meprobamate (Miltown), has been shown to have a muscle-relaxant action and taming effect on mammals as reported by Berger (1956). This study was conducted to learn whether the drug would produce similar effects in chickens and whether any change in activity would affect growth rate or feed efficiency. METHODS White Leghorn cockerels were used as experimental animals because of their excitable nature. Starting at one day of age and continuing for the duration of the experiment they were fed ad libitum a standard growing mash fortified with fish meal to bring the protein content to approximately 27 percent. When 8 days old, the original 300 birds were reduced to 200 by discarding the lightest and heaviest birds. The remaining birds were divided into 10 groups of 20 each. Two groups served as controls while the others were fed the same diet containing the following levels of meprobamate: . . .
Consumption and gastric evacuation in juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus): Estimation of prey type effects and validation of field-based daily ration estimates

Abstract The red drum Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus) is a dominant member of southeastern U.S.A. estuarine systems that feeds on numerous species of commercial and recreational value. Recovering red drum stocks highlight the need for quantification of feeding habits and rates of consumption to assess predatory impact. To validate field-based estimates of gastric evacuation rates and daily ration, a series of controlled laboratory experiments was completed for juvenile and sub-adult red drum (~ 60–600 g). Influential factors examined included water temperature (17 °C and 27 °C), prey type (fish and crustacean prey), and red drum body size (small x ¯ = 76.3 g; large x ¯ = 429.2 g). Average maximum consumption rate varied between red drum body sizes and water temperatures. Small drum fed at a mean (± SD) rate of 18.9 ± 0.6% body mass d− 1 at 27 °C and 9.6 ± 0.6% body mass d− 1 at 17 °C, while large drum fed at a rate of 12.5 ± 0.8% body mass d− 1 at 27 °C and 6.3 ± 0.4% body mass d− 1 at 17 °C. Gross growth efficiency was generally consistent across factors, ranging between 13.2 and 16.3%, with small red drum being slightly more efficient. The rate of gastric emptying was influenced most by temperature and ranged from 4.0 to 9.4% h− 1. The red drum body sizes and prey types we tested demonstrated only modest effects, with slightly faster evacuation rates by smaller red drum and for anchovy prey. Among the eight factor combinations (red drum size × water temperature × prey type) tested during gastric evacuation trials, half (four) of the relationships were best described by the square root model. However, model selection approaches revealed that multiple models provided adequate fit in nearly all cases. Laboratory estimates of red drum gastric evacuation and maximum consumption confirmed that previous field-based estimates were plausible.
Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine Improves Transplant-Free Survival in Early Stage Non-Acetaminophen Acute Liver Failure

Background & Aims N -acetylcysteine (NAC), an antidote for acetaminophen poisoning, might benefit patients with non–acetaminophen-related acute liver failure. Methods In a prospective, double-blind trial, acute liver failure patients without clinical or historical evidence of acetaminophen overdose were stratified by site and coma grade and assigned randomly to groups that were given NAC or placebo (dextrose) infusion for 72 hours. The primary outcome was overall survival at 3 weeks. Secondary outcomes included transplant-free survival and rate of transplantation. Results A total of 173 patients received NAC (n = 81) or placebo (n = 92). Overall survival at 3 weeks was 70% for patients given NAC and 66% for patients given placebo (1-sided P = .283). Transplant-free survival was significantly better for NAC patients (40%) than for those given placebo (27%; 1-sided P = .043). The benefits of transplant-free survival were confined to the 114 patients with coma grades I–II who received NAC (52% compared with 30% for placebo; 1-sided P = .010); transplant-free survival for the 59 patients with coma grades III–IV was 9% in those given NAC and 22% in those given placebo (1-sided P = .912). The transplantation rate was lower in the NAC group but was not significantly different between groups (32% vs 45%; P = .093). Intravenous NAC generally was well tolerated; only nausea and vomiting occurred significantly more frequently in the NAC group (14% vs 4%; P = .031). Conclusions Intravenous NAC improves transplant-free survival in patients with early stage non–acetaminophen-related acute liver failure. Patients with advanced coma grades do not benefit from NAC and typically require emergency liver transplantation.
Kinematic analysis of the hind limb during swimming and walking in healthy dogs and dogs with surgically corrected cranial cruciate ligament rupture

Objective—To determine hip, stifle, and tarsal joint ranges of motion (ROM) and angular velocities during swimming and walking in healthy dogs and dogs with surgically corrected cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. Design—Prospective clinical study. Animals—13 healthy dogs and 7 dogs with CCL rupture. Procedure—Dogs with CCL rupture were enrolled in a postoperative aquatic rehabilitation program and evaluated 21 to 35 days after surgery. Dogs were filmed while swimming in a pool and while walking at a fast (1.3 m/s) or slow (0.9 m/s) pace on a treadmill. Maximal angles of extension and flexion, ROM, and angular velocities were calculated. Results—In healthy dogs, swimming resulted in a significantly greater ROM in the hip joint than did walking, but in dogs with CCL rupture, ROM of the hip joint did not vary with swimming versus walking. For dogs in both groups, swimming resulted in significantly greater ROM of the stifle and tarsal joints than did walking, primarily because of greater joint flexion. ...
Avian use of isolated cottonwood, tamarisk, and residential patches of habitat during migration on the high plains of New Mexico

Abstract Limited woodland habitat may influence birds during migration throughout the short-grass prairie of eastern New Mexico and affect their use of habitats. Therefore, we examined the differential habitat use by songbirds during spring and fall migration to determine what strategy migrants use as they move through eastern New Mexico. Our objectives were to determine patterns of species richness, guild richness, and species abundance in wooded habitats in eastern New Mexico during spring and fall migration. We conducted point-counts in wooded habitats in eastern New Mexico within three types of habitat: patches of natural cottonwood (Populus) and elm (Ulmus); patches of invasive tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima); residential wooded habitats dominated by cottonwoods and elms. Patterns between seasons were nearly identical. Total richness and richness of Nearctic-Neotropical migrants were significantly higher in natural cottonwood patches compared to other habitats. Overall, stands of tamarisk had limited ...
A Legislative History of Article 1, Section 27 of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Showing Source Documents

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision in Robinson Township v. Commonwealth, 803 A.3d 901 (Dec. 19, 2013) has prompted enormous interest in the history and text of Article I, Section 27 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. This legislative history is a response to that interest.Amendments to the state constitution must be approved by each house of the General Assembly in two successive legislative sessions, and then approved by a majority of voters in a public referendum. Article I, Section 27 was agreed to in the 1969-1970 and 1971-72 sessions of the General Assembly, and approved by the state’s voters on May 18, 1971. We have attempted to put in one place all of the bills and other documents that represent its passage through this process. More than 40 years after its adoption, many of these documents are relatively hard to find. We hope that this legislative history will make it easier for the public, the bar, and others to see what was done, and why.A companion legislative history, showing only material relevant to Article I, Section 27, is available at 24 Widener L.J. 181 (2015), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2684030
Studies of Antibiotic Production by Cave Bacteria

Caves are outstanding geomicrobiological, ecological, and evolutionary laboratories. They are relevant to life detection on extraterrestrial bodies because of the discovery of lava caves on several Solar System bodies (Boston et al. 1992, Leveille and Datta 2009, Rasmussen et al. 2009). Karst landscape studies are of global importance because karst terrains, which contain caves, characterizes up to 25 % of many landscapes and carries up to 40 % of drinking water (Jones 1997). In addition to these core attributes of caves and karst landscapes, we are now discovering that the microorganisms that inhabit these ecosystems may produce secondary metabolites that can be of value to humans.
Emmers-Sommer, T. & Allen, M. (2005). Safer Sex in Personal Relationships: The Role of Sexual Scripts in HIV Infection and Prevention.

Why is it so difficult to talk about sexual issues, especially sexually transmitted infections like HIV, with a romantic partner? What relational processes influence these conversations? What advic...
C6 plate puncture testing report.

There are numerous scenarios where critical systems could be subject to penetration by projectiles or fixed objects (e.g., collision, natural disaster, act of terrorism, etc.). It is desired to use computational models to examine these scenarios and make risk-informed decisions; however, modeling of material failure is an active area of research, and new models must be validated with experimental data. The purpose of this report is to document the experimental work performed from FY07 through FY08 on the Campaign Six Plate Puncture project. The goal of this project was to acquire experimental data on the puncture and penetration of metal plates for use in model validation. Of particular interest is the PLH failure model also known as the multilinear line segment model. A significant amount of data that will be useful for the verification and validation of computational models of ductile failure were collected during this project were collected and documented herein; however, much more work remains to be performed, collecting additional experimental data that will further the task of model verification.
The impact of co-morbidity on health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients.

OBJECTIVES We investigated whether comorbidities differentially impacted health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients. METHODS Adult patients with self-reported doctor-diagnosed RA (n=159) or OA (n=149) were recruited from multiple sources and completed an online cross-sectional survey. Patients self-reported sociodemographic variables, arthritis severity and comorbid conditions. HRQOL was assessed using the SF-12v2 and comorbidity counts were assigned using an expanded Functional Comorbidities Index. HRQOL (8 domain and 2 composite (physical and mental health) scores) was compared with norm-based general US population scores and between RA and OA patients to determine if they significantly differed from one another. Linear regression was used to test whether comorbidity count was associated with the physical and mental health of RA and OA patients. RESULTS OA and RA patients experienced significantly worse HRQOL across all dimensions compared with that of the general US population. There were no significant differences between RA and OA patients on any HRQOL dimension. A higher comorbidity count was associated with worse physical (p=0.0007) and mental (p=0.0295) health scores when controlling for patient gender, age, education, and arthritis severity. CONCLUSIONS Arthritis negatively impacted patients' HRQOL. OA patients in our sample perceived their condition as similarly disabling in terms of physical and mental health as RA patients. Arthritis patients with more chronic comorbid conditions may be at particular risk for poor physical and mental health. Providers should discuss management of comorbid conditions with arthritis patients.
Nanoparticles change the ordering pattern of n-carboxylic acids into nanorods on HOPG.

This paper describes the formation of organic nanorods induced by monolayer-protected inorganic nanoparticles. Alkanes and alkane derivatives, such as n-carboxylic acids, self-assemble on highly or...
Genetics of the Ge 78 — As 78 Fission Chain

The half-life of ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{78}$, measured by isolation of the (91.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)-min ${\mathrm{As}}^{78}$, is (86.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0) min. No evidence for the \ensuremath{\sim}40-min As reported in fission was found. The fission yields of ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{77}$, ${\mathrm{As}}^{77}$, ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{78}$, and ${\mathrm{As}}^{78}$ are reported.
William Shakespeare’s Sonnets and Deictic Textuality

These poems use deixis in many ways, but especially significant is self-referentiality. That process assumes distinctive forms in Shakespeare’s couplets, where it variously looks backward to what has come before and introduces a succeeding statement in ways a colon might have done, thus adding weight and complexity to that statement. These patterns also have implications for other sonnet sequences and for the materiality of texts in other genres as well.
Creating a GPS/GIS technologies course module using Google Earth

This tutorial will introduce participants to the field of GPS/GIS using Google Earth and will provide guidance to develop a module in Computer Science courses for both majors and non-majors. It will also show how the interdisciplinary nature of these technologies can be used to attract non-majors to Computer Science courses. Participants will have the opportunity to experiment with the technology and to create a short lesson plan.
Check the Head: Emergency Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fetal Anencephaly

Background: Early pregnancy complaints in emergency medicine are common. Emergency physicians increasingly employ ultrasound in the evaluation of these complaints. As a result, it is likely that rare, though important, diagnoses will be encountered. We report a case of fetal anencephaly diagnosed by bedside emergency ultrasound in a patient presenting with first trimester vaginal bleeding. Case Report: A 33 year-old patient at 10 weeks gestation presented with vaginal bleeding. After initial history and physical examination, a bedside ultrasound was performed. The emergency physician noted the abnormal appearance of the fetal cranium and anencephaly was suspected. This finding was confirmed by a consultative high-resolution fetal ultrasound. Making the diagnosis at the point of care allowed earlier detection, and more comprehensive maternal counseling about pregnancy options. This particular patient underwent elective abortion which was able to be performed at an earlier gestation, decreasing maternal risk. If this diagnosis would not have been recognized by the emergency physician at the point of care, it may not have been diagnosed until the second trimester, and lower risk maternal options would not have been available.
A real-time signal control strategy for mitigating the impact of bus stops at urban signalized intersections

ABSTRACTBuses stopping at transit stops reduce the capacity of signalized intersections, which can lead to excessive delays for all users. In order to avoid such phenomena, signal control strategies can be utilized. This article presents a real-time signal control strategy to mitigate the impact of bus stop operations on traffic operations along an undersaturated approach. The objective of the proposed strategy is to ensure that any residual queues due to a bus stopping are fully dissipated as soon as possible by increasing the green time for the bus stop approach as soon as the bus departs. In addition, this strategy ensures that the cross-street approaches do not become oversaturated. Kinematic wave theory is utilized to track the formation and dissipation of queues and determine the green extension (or red truncation) for the subject approach. The benefits achieved from the proposed strategy are illustrated through simulation tests at a single intersection for a variety of bus stop and bus operation ch...
Processes, strategies, and knowledge in creative thought: Multiple interacting systems.

To a naive person, creativity looks to be a lot of fun. You get to make up something new – something that might, in fact, change the world. However, the evidence we have gathered in recent years suggests that for those actually doing creative work, although it may be fun, it is also challenging. Most creative efforts fail (Huber, 1998). Creative people look to the past and, potentially, past failures (Antes & Mumford, 2009). Criticism, including self-criticism, appears critical to the success of creative efforts (Cropley, 2006; Gibson & Mumford, 2013). Creative people must worry about constraints on their solutions (Medeiros, Partlow, & Mumford, 2015) and the acceptance of their ideas by others (Rubenson & Runco, 1992). Although many factors contribute to the difficulty of creative work, the fundamental nature of creative thought may also play an important role. Ultimately, creativity is a complex form of performance involving the production of solutions of high quality, originality, and elegance (Besemer & O'Quin, 1993; Christiaans, 2002) to problems that are complex, novel, ill defined, and poorly structured (Mumford & Gustafson, 1988, 2012). It is commonly held that the production of these problem solutions depends on three key cognitive capacities: (1) knowledge, (2) strategies used in working with this knowledge, and (3) the processes these strategies are being used to execute. Each of these components of creative thought has been studied in isolation. For example, Finke, Ward, and Smith (1992) have studied the impact of knowledge on creative problem solving. Mumford et al. (1997) have studied the impact of processing activities on creative problem-solving. The impact of both cross-process strategies, such as divergent thinking, and process-specific strategies, such as feature search and mapping, on creative problem solving has been examined in studies by Acar and Runco (2012) and Baughman and Mumford (1995). This research has begun to provide us with a sounder and stronger understanding of the nature of creative thought. By the same token, the difficulty of creative work may lie not only in the difficulty of executing each of these discrete cognitive operations, but also in the nature of the interactions observed among these cognitive capacities as people seek to generate creative problem solutions. In this chapter, we examine some of the interactions likely to be observed among knowledge, processes, and strategies as people seek to generate creative problem solutions.
Mechanistic modeling of pesticide exposure: The missing keystone of honey bee toxicology

The role of pesticides in recent honey bee losses is controversial, partly because field studies often fail to detect effects predicted by laboratory studies. This dissonance highlights a critical gap in the field of honey bee toxicology: there exists little mechanistic understanding of the patterns and processes of exposure that link honey bees to pesticides in their environment. The authors submit that 2 key processes underlie honey bee pesticide exposure: 1) the acquisition of pesticide by foraging bees, and 2) the in-hive distribution of pesticide returned by foragers. The acquisition of pesticide by foraging bees must be understood as the spatiotemporal intersection between environmental contamination and honey bee foraging activity. This implies that exposure is distributional, not discrete, and that a subset of foragers may acquire harmful doses of pesticide while the mean colony exposure would appear safe. The in-hive distribution of pesticide is a complex process driven principally by food transfer interactions between colony members, and this process differs importantly between pollen and nectar. High priority should be placed on applying the extensive literature on honey bee biology to the development of more rigorously mechanistic models of honey bee pesticide exposure. In combination with mechanistic effects modeling, mechanistic exposure modeling has the potential to integrate the field of honey bee toxicology, advancing both risk assessment and basic research. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:871-881. © 2016 SETAC.
VIRUSES | Foodborne Viruses

Human enteric viruses cause considerable disease burden. Infection by ingestion of contaminated food is but one way these viruses can be transmitted. Human noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are the most significant foodborne viruses from an epidemiological standpoint, but other viruses have been associated with foodborne transmission. This chapter provides a brief overview of viruses associated with food, including their disease burden and epidemiology. It also provides several examples of foodborne virus outbreaks and briefly discusses methods for detecting foodborne viruses.
Introduction to the second edition of the TPACK handbook

One of the earliest examples of educational technology appears in the writing of Quintilian (35-100 ad) over 2,000 years ago. Describing a possible innovation in teaching writing, he wrote:As soon as the child has begun to know the shapes of the various letters, it will be useful to have them cut out on a board, in as beautiful script as possible, so that the pen may be guided along the grooves. Thus mistakes such as occur with wax tablets will be impossible to make for the pen will be confined between the edges of the letters and will always be prevented from going astray.
The Theory of High Tc Superconductivity

I would like to talk here about several developments in the continuing story of the theory of high T c . As many of you will have read, or heard, I believe that the outline of the correct theory is, at this point, reasonably complete, as expressed in a sequence of statements, each supported both by theoretical and by experimental evidence, which I have called “Central Dogma” because they play the role of structuring our choices at each of a sequence of check points along the way to a complete theory. A theory which does not deal with the weight of experimental evidence and theoretical constraint which lies behind this overall structure has no chance of being correct. One of the most serious problems in this field is what I call “myopia”, the tendency both of theorists and experimentalists to ignore unequivocal findings outside their own narrow specialty. Most serious of all, it seems that many theorists, especially, are determinedly not subjecting either their own work, or even that of others, to critical scrutiny. I myself welcome criticism, but find a very disturbing lack of serious criticism. I think people have a duty to examine other theories critically and explain why they reject straightforward theoretical or experimental arguments. There is also the tendency to mouth conventional wisdom just because it is the conventional wisdom. It is not physics, for instance, to pretend that the normal state is a conventional Fermi liquid in any sense; especially, there is no excuse for using Eliashberg-Anderson-Schrieffer theory (now called MacMillan-Rowell, or MMR) which assumes Migdal’s theorem—that all vertex corrections may be ignored—to be valid for this peculiar metal; there is no excuse for continuing to discuss as relevant to cuprates theories of short-range RVB’s, anyons, and flux phases, all of which depend crucially on the existence of a spin gap, when experiment unequivocally shows that there is no spin gap in the normal state and there is a Fermi surface with a straightforward Pauli spin susceptibility, a metallic, if peculiar, Hall effect, clear photoemission traces, and perhaps even a de Haas - van Alphen effect.
Battery management for control systems with energy harvesting sensors

In this paper, we study the problem of computing the minimum battery capacity required to stabilize a scalar plant communicating with an energy harvesting sensor over a wireless communication channel. We prove that a particular greedy battery management policy suffices to stabilize the plant, and demonstrate that stability of the system under the greedy policy can be checked by a linear program. Moreover, we show that a critical battery capacity exists, below which no policy can stabilize the system, which itself can be computed by solving a sequence of linear programs which grows logarithmically with respect to the maximum allowed storage capacity. The first of these results address an open question pertaining to the stability of energy harvesting control systems. The last allows us to efficiently compute the smallest battery capacity required to stabilize a given system, which addresses a problem of importance when device size or cost are significant concerns.
Pharmacologic Hemostatic Agents in Total Joint Arthroplasty-A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Abstract Background Total knee and hip arthroplasties can be associated with substantial blood loss, affecting morbidity and even mortality. Two pharmacological antifibrinolytics, e-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (TXA) have been used to minimize perioperative blood loss, but both have associated morbidity. Given the added cost of these medications and the risks associated with then, a cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken to ascertain the best strategy. Methods A cost-effectiveness model was constructed using the payoffs of cost (in United States dollars) and effectiveness (quality-adjusted life expectancy, in days). The medical literature was used to ascertain various complications, their probabilities, utility values, and direct medical costs associated with various health states. A time horizon of 10 years and a willingness to pay threshold of $100,000 was used. Results The total cost and effectiveness (quality-adjusted life expectancy, in days) was $459.77, $951.22, and $1174.87 and 3411.19, 3248.02, and 3342.69 for TXA, no pharmacologic hemostatic agent, and EACA, respectively. Because TXA is less expensive and more effective than the competing alternatives, it was the favored strategy. One-way sensitivity analyses for probability of transfusion and myocardial infarction for all 3 strategies revealed that TXA remains the dominant strategy across all clinically plausible values. Conclusion TXA, when compared with no pharmacologic hemostatic agent and with EACA, is the most cost-effective strategy to minimize intraoperative blood loss in hip and knee total joint arthroplasties. These findings are robust to sensitivity analyses using clinically plausible probabilities.
Do credit rating agencies provide valuable information in market evaluation of sovereign default Risk

Abstract We assess the marginal information value of credit rating announcements on market pricing of sovereign risk as measured by CDS spreads. We demonstrate that accurate assessment of the effect of credit rating changes must be conditioned on relevant information known prior to the rating change. To this end, we include macroeconomic conditions and the watch or outlook status of the bond immediately prior to the rating change in our information set. The empirical work employs a dynamic panel macroeconomic model with 56 countries using monthly data from January 2004 through August 2012. We find that watch/outlook status plays a critical role in accurately determining the information value of credit rating changes, with point estimates in some cases changing by a factor of eight. CDS spreads respond most strongly to credit rating changes when bonds are on stable status, but also respond significantly when bonds are on outlook status. The least response is found for bonds on watch status at the time of the downgrade—the downgrades in these cases are largely anticipated, and the information value incorporated at the time of the negative watch announcements.
Spectroscopic Metrics for Alkyl Chain Ordering in Lying-Down Noncovalent Monolayers of Diynoic Acids on Graphene

Noncovalent monolayer chemistries are widely used to control physical properties of 2D materials. For many applications (e.g., energy conversion, sensing), molecular ordering across a range of length scales is important in determining the physical properties of the interface. Scanning probe microscopy can resolve details of molecular packing and orientation over nanoscopic areas of graphene, graphite, and other 2D materials; however, evaluating molecular ordering over larger scales is also key. Such ordering is especially challenging to characterize at large scales for lying-down phases (thickness <0.5 nm) on topographically rougher materials such as graphene (vs flatter graphite). Here, we combine scanning electron microscopy and polarization-modulated IR reflection absorption spectroscopy to evaluate alkyl chain ordering in lying-down monolayers of diynoic acids on few-layer graphene and graphite substrates with areas ∼1 cm2. The ability to assess ordering in this widely used class of molecules reinforc...
Multiple gestation: time interval between delivery of the first and second twins

A clinical investigation was undertaken to challenge the commonly accepted view that the interval between the birth of the first and second twins should be preferably within 15 minutes and certainly no more than 30 minutes. During 1981 and 1982, 115 patients with live-born twins at 34 or more weeks' gestation underwent an attempted vaginal delivery at four regional perinatal centers. The interval between vaginal delivery of the first and second twins (mean, 21 minutes, range, one to 134 minutes) was 15 minutes or less in 70 (61%) cases and more than 15 minutes in 45 (39%) cases. Excluding conditions associated primarily with prematurity, all second twins delivered beyond 15 minutes did well despite the delay and had no signs of excess trauma or low five-minute Apgar scores. Maternal complications were also uncommon, although combined vaginal-abdominal delivery was more frequent if there was a delay of more than 15 minutes (eight of 45 versus two of 70, P less than .02). The authors conclude that if there is continuous fetal and uterine monitoring, a time restriction for the delivery interval between the first and second infants is not necessary.
Innovation and Financial Performance: Evidence from Nonprofit Organizations

Innovation is considered essential for nonprofit organizations’ survival. Different types of innovations are believed to create competitive advantage and contribute to organizations’ performance. U...
Logic Function Representation and Minimization

This chapter highlights a logic function that can be represented in a variety of different forms. Often, one of these forms proves to be the best for the application under consideration. It also considers the different forms of logic representation and the reduction and minimization of these different forms. Knowledge of reducing or minimizing a logic function is important so as to reduce design area, power consumption, and cost, by eliminating unnecessary hardware. Also, the minimized function often reveals information that is not readily apparent from a nonminimized form. The chapter also outlines the SOP and POS forms. To understand what is meant by SOP and POS, the AND operation is taken as the Boolean product and the OR operation represents the Boolean sum. Thus, SOP means sum-of-products while POS denotes product-of-sums. These definitions will be used throughout the text.
Chemical cues linked to risk: Cues from below‐ground natural enemies enhance plant defences and influence herbivore behaviour and performance

Chemical cues are essential for many ecological interactions. Previous studies of chemically mediated multitrophic interactions have typically focused on responses to cues from plants or herbivores above‐ground. It is increasingly clear, however, that below‐ground cues and those produced by organisms at higher trophic levels also have ecological importance. Prey animals often avoid predator odours to improve survival, and previous research has documented enhanced plant resistance following contact with below‐ground natural enemies, though the ecological basis was unknown. Here, we investigated plant and insect responses to chemical cues from below‐ground natural enemies and explored the ecological significance of these cues for multitrophic interactions. More specifically, we examined the influence of odours emitted by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), a natural enemy of insect herbivores, on the performance and behaviour of their insect prey and the defence responses of nearby plants. Our findings revealed that EPN‐infected insect cadavers emit a characteristic blend of volatile compounds with bioactivity in plants and insects. EPN chemical cues influenced both performance and preference of a specialist herbivore, Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata), feeding on its host plant, potato (Solanum tuberosum). CPB larvae consumed less leaf tissue and gained less mass feeding on plants exposed to EPN cues compared to control plants. Female CPBs laid fewer eggs on plants with EPN cues than on controls, indicating deterrence by EPN cues or EPN‐altered plant defences. Plant defences were enhanced by exposure to live EPNs or EPN chemical cues. Potato plants exposed to EPN infective juveniles induced higher amounts of the defence hormone salicylic acid (SA) and had higher expression of the pathogenisis‐related gene PR‐1(PR4) in foliar tissue. Exposing plants to EPN cues primed induction of SA and jasmonic acid in response to feeding damage by CPB larvae. These findings suggest that herbivores avoid cues from their EPN natural enemies and plants respond to the beneficial nematodes by enhancing systemic defences that reduce herbivore performance. This work has important implications for the chemical ecology of tritrophic interactions as we report that the third trophic level can play direct and indirect roles in plant defence. A plain language summary is available for this article.