cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of Humalog Insulin by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

INTRODUCTION The methodology for in vitro testing of insulin delivery systems for long-term infusion of lispro insulin requires insulin flow studies over time, with the measurement of lispro concentrations in wells or other laboratory fluid collection systems. We postulated that the efficiency of the insulin assay could be improved if the insulin collected in the wells could be measured without having to perform dilutions of insulin samples. The manufacturer's method for the identification of Humalog(R) insulin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) does not provide a detailed method for the quantitation of the clinical formulation. No reports could be found in the literature describing a method to quantitate lispro insulin's entire concentration range, nor could we find detailed information on pH effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a reversed-phase HPLC method to quantitate Humalog insulin at three levels of pH. METHODS Serial dilutions of Humalog insulin stock solution were prepared at pH levels of 2.6 and 7.4 (concentrations 0.20-100 IU/ml) to construct calibration curves. Samples were also prepared at lower concentrations (0.23-15.0 IU/ml) at pH levels of 4.0 and 7.4. Areas under curve data were plotted against known concentrations, and the limit of quantitation and precision of the assay were determined. RESULTS Calibration curves for the 0.20-100 IU/ml concentration (pH 7.4 and 2.6) revealed no significant differences (p < 0.01) between those curves. pH and concentration did not have an effect on the overall precision of the method. Linearity was not conserved past the 15-IU/ml concentration. Coefficient of variation (CV) values were generally <15% except at the lower concentrations where the largest CVs were observed. Mean known concentrations plotted on a logarithmic scale demonstrated linearity from 12.5 to 100 IU/ml. CONCLUSIONS Humalog insulin clinical formulation can be quantitated over the entire concentration range by a reversed-phase HPLC method using nonlinear regression analysis. The method is reproducible at lower (<15 IU/ml) and higher insulin concentrations. Linear regression analysis may be used when the concentrations of interest are in the 0- to 15-IU range. Preparation of insulin solutions at pH 2.6, 4.0, and 7.4 did not significantly affect the reproducibility of the assay.
Communication Limits Due to Photon Detector Jitter

Detector jitter, the random delay from the time a photon is incident on a single-photon-counting detector (SPD) to the time an electrical pulse is produced in response to that photon, is characterized for a number of SPDs. The jitter is modeled as a weighted sum of Gaussians. The performance in detector jitter is measured by determining the capacity of a communications channel utilizing a given detector. It is observed that the loss, measured as the ratio of the signal power required to achieve a specified capacity in the presence of jitter to that in the absence of jitter, goes as the square of the normalized jitter standard deviation (the standard deviation of the jitter in slotwidths). The loss is small when the normalized jitter is less than one, and becomes significant beyond that point. This loss must be taken into account when evaluating detectors for very high throughput channels.
Fracture and back stress along the Byrd Glacier flowband on the Ross Ice Shelf

East Antarctic ice discharged by Byrd Glacier continues as a flowband to the calving front of the Ross Ice Shelf. Flow across the grounding line changes from compressive to extensive as it leaves the fjord through the Transantarctic Mountains occupied by Byrd Glacier. Magnitudes of the longitudinal compressive stress that suppress opening of transverse tensile cracks are calculated for the flowband. As compressive back stresses diminish, initial depths and subsequent growth of these cracks, and their spacing, are calculated using theories of elastic and ductile fracture mechanics. Cracks are initially about one millimeter wide, with approximately 30 m depths and 20 m spacings for a back stress of 83 kPa at a distance of 50 km beyond the fjord, where floating ice is 600 m thick. When these crevasses penetrate the whole ice thickness, they release tabular icebergs 20 km to 100 km wide, spaced parallel to the calving front of the Ross Ice Shelf.
The Nomadic Pattern of Living among the Tibetans as Preparation for War

M ANY factors and influences operate to make the typical pastoral nomadic community what it is: a predatory, warlike, and potentially explosive society. There are psychological influences which mold character into what has been called the nomadic personality, and at the other end of the scale there are economic causes the need or desire for enlarged pasturelands-which at times set the nomad to raiding and on the path of conquest. Between these two extremes there are many other factors which come into play and some work has been done in the examination and description of these various factors and influences. Scant attention, however, has been paid to the fact that the exigencies of the nomadic way of life, the demands placed upon the nomad, and the nature and manner of his response constitute an intensive, effective, and continuous military training program. It is the purpose of this paper to examine in some detail this phenomenon and show its relationship to the distinctive characteristics of the nomadic way of life. The data used are taken from recollection and writings of personal observation and experience during several years of residence among a number of nomadic communities in Amdo-the northeastern province of Tibet (see Fig. 1). Most recently the important aspects of this paper have been discussed with several of the Tibetan scholars who are now connected with the Tibetan Research Project of the University of Washington and have received their general endorsement. Two of these scholars1 have intimate first-hand knowledge of nomadic communities in other parts of Tibet, and the information they have given makes it clear that the nomadism of northeastern Tibet, herein described, differs but little from the nomadism of eastern Tibet or that which exists on the fringes of the Northern Plain in central Tibet. Further confirmation of a sort, in observed incident and action, is scattered throughout the writings of many who-have traveled in Tibet,2 but I know of no topical analysis of these data such as I propose. The encampment, which may number anywhere from a dozen to 100 tents or families, is the analogue of the hamlet or village among the farming communities and generally is the most tightly integrated and cohesive unit of nomadic society. Thus, attention will be focused on the normal routine and activity of the encampment to show how and in what degree such routine and activity does in fact fulfill the function of a military training program. Inescapably, the manner in which such training affects families and individuals will appear, as well as the more tangential relationship to tribal activity and policy, but primary emphasis will be on the encampment.
Discriminating among educational majors and career aspirations in Taiwanese undergraduates: The contribution of personality and self-efficacy.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Big Five personality factors, measured by the NEO Personality Inventory Five-Factor Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and vocational confidence across Holland’s hexagon, measured by the Skills Confidence Inventory (SCI; Betz, Borgen, & Harmon, 2005), were useful in discriminating among educational majors and career aspirations for 312 Taiwanese university students. The Big Five and confidence, in combination, significantly differentiated among 4 college majors and 7 career aspirations in a Taiwanese university sample. Big Five Agreeableness and SCI Realistic, Investigative, and Conventional confidence emerged as most salient in the discrimination. Differences by sex, major, and career aspiration were mostly consistent with social cognitive career theory, Holland’s theory, and prior U.S. research.
Fast pattern matching for entropy bounded text

We present the first known case of one-dimensional and two-dimensional string matching algorithms for text with bounded entropy. Let n be the length of the text and m be the length of the pattern. We show that the expected complexity of the algorithms is related to the entropy of the text for various assumptions of the distribution of the pattern. For the case of uniformly distributed patterns, our one dimensional matching algorithm works in O(nlogm/(pm)) expected running time where H is the entropy of the text and p=1-(1-H/sup 2/)/sup H/(1+H)/. The worst case running time T can also be bounded by (n log m/p(m+/spl radic/V))/spl les/T/spl les/(n log m/p(m-/spl radic/V)) if V is the variance of the source from which the pattern is generated. Our algorithm utilizes data structures and probabilistic analysis techniques that are found in certain lossless data compression schemes.
Saturated absorption and degenerate four-wave mixing in Nd3+ BETA-double prime alumina.

Nd3+ beta″ alumina is one of a family of potentially useful nonlinear-optical materials based on rare-earth ions substituted into a beta″ alumina host. The saturation intensity of Nd3+ beta″ alumina has been measured to be in the range 16 to 35 kW cm−2. Phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing has been demonstrated, and the phase-conjugate reflectivity has been measured as a function of both laser wavelength and intensity.
Wave-particle duality in a quark model

A quark model based on finite-dimensional quantum mechanics is presented. Observables associated with color, flavor, charge, and spin are considered. Using these observables, we construct quark and baryon Hamiltonians. Wave-particle dualities in this model are pointed out.
Apholate and Tepa as Chemosterilants of the Plum Curculio

The successful eradication of the screw-worm from the Southeast through the release of sterile males offers encouragement for this particular method of insect control. Many different chemicals have been found which affect the reproduction of various insects, and to date several species of insects have been effectively sterilized by application of chemicals.
Anterolateral chordotomy for relief of pain.

Among the factors which have been cited as influencing the success or failure of chordotomy are the disease responsible for the pain, addiction to drugs, duration of pain, neurosis, organic neurologic involvement, localization of the pain, the type of anesthesia, and the depth of the operative incision. An analysis of the results of chordotomy in 121 patients is presented which considers these and other aspects of the operation. Chordotomy relieved the pain completely in 67 per cent of the cases, produced a fair result in 21 per cent, and failed in 7 per cent.
The Construction of the Digital Basic Phrase Dictionary of the Shang-oracle Inscription

It is necessary to study the shang-oracle Inscription with computer and construct the digital basic phrase dictionary of the Shang-oracle Inscriptions.Now there is no the digital basic phrase dictionary of the Shang-oracle Inscriptions to use yet.This paper construct a digital dictionary a ccording to the category of the phrases.It has not only the conventional information data,but also has the function to statistic the part-of-speech and the word frequency in time,and it is open to everyone.
The clinical characteristics of J wave syndrome during early ischemia in acute myocardial infaction

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of J wave syndrome during early ischemia in acute myocardial infarction.Methods 55 patients with acute myocardial infarction were enrolled,and their electrocardiograms(ECG) and coronary angiography(CAG) were collected during hospitalization.The change of ECG in J wave syndrome during early ischemia in acute myocardial infarction were observed.The right coronary atherosclerosis lesions and the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia in the patients with J wave syndrome were calculated.Results There were 16 patients with J wave syndrome during early ischemia in acute myocardial infarction,of which 10 patients had a serious right coronary atherosclerotic stenosis,meanwhile,among them 11 patients presented ventricular arrhythmia.The patients with J wave syndrome during early ischemia in acute myocardial infarction had a significant higher incidence of serious right coronary atherosclerotic stenosis and ventricular arrhythmia than that in the patients without J wave syndrome(all P0.05).Conclusion Patients with J wave syndrome during early ischemia in acute myocardial infarction easily involve right coronary atherosclerosis,and present the ventricular arrhythmia easily.
Trace Amines as Intrinsic Monoaminergic Modulators of Spinal Cord Functional Systems

This chapter reports on recent observations demonstrating that the neonatal rat spinal cord contains the substrates for biosynthesis of the trace amines (TAs) β-phenylethylamine, tyramine, and tryptamine, as well as for receptor-mediated actions via cognate trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). When the isolated spinal cord was maintained in vitro, these TAs recruited a locomotor rhythm indistinguishable from that ordinarily observed with serotonin. TA-activated locomotor rhythms could occur independent of monoamine release from descending projections and required intracellular uptake via sodium-independent membrane transporters, suggesting actions via intracellularly located TAARs. The TAs also generated distinctive episodic locomotor bouts. Similar locomotor bouts emerged by increasing intracellular amino acid levels, suggesting that endogenous TA biosynthesis could also recruit spinal locomotor circuits. In summary, anatomical and functional evidence supports the TAs as part of an intrinsic spinal TA-ergic system capable of facilitating recruitment of spinal motor circuits via an intracellular form of neuromodulation.
Dieter Wickmann,Eine mathematisch-statistische Methode zur Untersuchung der Verfasserfrage literarischer Texte. Durchgeführt am Beispiel der “Nachtwachen. Von Bonaventura” mit Hilfe der Wortartübergänge: (Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, No. 2019.) Cologne and Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1969. Pp. 78.

(1970). Dieter Wickmann, Eine mathematisch-statistische Methode zur Untersuchung der Verfasserfrage literarischer Texte. Durchgefuhrt am Beispiel der “Nachtwachen. Von Bonaventura” mit Hilfe der Wortartubergange. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 309-310.
Trajectories of Risk for Specific Readmission Diagnoses after Hospitalization for Heart Failure, Acute Myocardial Infarction, or Pneumonia

Background The risk of rehospitalization is elevated in the immediate post-discharge period and declines over time. It is not known if the extent and timing of risk vary across readmission diagnoses, suggesting that recovery and vulnerability after discharge differ by physiologic system. Objective We compared risk trajectories for major readmission diagnoses in the year after discharge among all Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries hospitalized with heart failure (HF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or pneumonia from 2008–2010. Methods We estimated the daily risk of rehospitalization for 12 major readmission diagnostic categories after accounting for the competing risk of death after discharge. For each diagnostic category, we identified (1) the time required for readmission risk to peak and then decline 50% from maximum values after discharge; (2) the time required for readmission risk to approach plateau periods of minimal day-to-day change; and (3) the extent to which hospitalization risks are higher among patients recently discharged from the hospital compared with the general elderly population. Results Among >3,000,000 hospitalizations, the yearly rate of rehospitalization was 67.0%, 49.5%, and 55.3% after hospitalization for HF, AMI, and pneumonia, respectively. The extent and timing of risk varied by readmission diagnosis and initial admitting condition. Risk of readmission for gastrointestinal bleeding/anemia peaked particularly late after hospital discharge, occurring 10, 6, and 7 days after hospitalization for HF, AMI, and pneumonia, respectively. Risk of readmission for trauma/injury declined particularly slowly, requiring 38, 20, and 38 days to decline by 50% after hospitalization for HF, AMI, and pneumonia, respectively. Conclusions Patterns of vulnerability to different conditions that cause rehospitalization vary by time after hospital discharge. This finding suggests that recovery of various physiologic systems occurs at different rates and that post-discharge interventions to minimize vulnerability to specific conditions should be tailored to their underlying risks.
Lead extraction outcomes in patients with congenital heart disease.

Aims Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at increased risk for intracardiac device malfunction and infection that may necessitate extraction; however, the risk of extraction is poorly understood. This study addresses the safety of extraction in patients with structural heart disease and previous cardiac surgery. Methods This retrospective study included 40 CHD and 80 matched control patients, who underwent transvenous lead extractions between 2001 and 2014. Only leads >12 months were included. Results There were 77 leads in CHD patients and 146 in controls. The mean age was 38 ± 16 years in CHD patients. Ninety per cent of CHD patients had ≥1 cardiac surgeries when compared with 21% of controls ( P < 0.001). The number of abandoned leads was significantly different (17 vs. 3, P < 0.001). Lead age was similar with an average duration of 83 ± 87 months in CHD patients and 62 ± 65 months in controls ( P = 0.24). There was no significant difference in extraction techniques. Manual traction was successful in 40% of CHD patients and 47% of controls, and advanced techniques were used in 60 and 53% of CHD patients and controls, respectively. Complete extraction was achieved in 94% of the patients in both groups. There was no significant difference in complications. Conclusion Lead extraction can be safely performed in patients with CHD. Despite anatomic abnormalities and longer implantation times, the difficulty of lead extraction in patients with CHD is comparable with controls.
An infrared free electron laser system for the proposed chemical dynamics research laboratory at LBL based on a 500 MHz superconducting linac

We describe a new design of the Infrared Free Electron Laser (IRFEL) for the proposed Chemical Dynamics Research Laboratory (CDRL) at LBL. The design and choice of parameters are dictated by the unique requirements of the CDRL scientific program. The accelerator system is based on the 500 MHz superconducting cavity technology to achieve a wavelength stability of 10[sup [minus]4].
TCTAP C-050 A Dialysis Case with Repeat Restenosis Included Stent Overlapping Site

### Patient initials or identifier number 2643807 ### Relevant clinical history and physical exam A dialysis case of a 61-year-old female admitted to our hospital with chest pain on the effort. She had angina pectoris and hypertension. Previously she received PCI because of unstable angina in
Developing global citizenship through critical media literacy in the social studies

Abstract The transnational movement of people and ideas continues to reshape how students and citizens imagine places and cultures. Considering our constant exposure to information delivered via mass media, global educators are tasked with engaging students in learning activities that help them develop skill sets that include a globally minded, critical media literacy. Grounded in cultural studies, and framed by Andreotti׳s (2006) work in critical global citizenship education (GCE) and Appadurai׳s (1996) concept of mediascapes, this article examines how eleven global educators in as many countries use films to teach about what they considered to be the “6 C׳s” of critical global media literacy: colonialism, capitalism, conflict, citizenship, and conscientious consumerism. How global educators foster globally minded, critical media literacy in their classrooms, the resources they use to teach about perspectives too often marginalized in media produced in the Global North, and how educating students about media informs action within global citizenship education in the social studies are discussed.
Impact of hormone therapy on Medicare spending in the Women's Health Initiative randomized clinical trials.

Abstract Background Randomized trials can compare economic as well as clinical outcomes, but economic data are difficult to collect. Linking clinical trial data with Medicare claims could provide novel information on health care utilization and cost. Methods We linked data from Medicare claims of women ≥65 years old who had Medicare fee-for-service coverage with their clinical data from the Women’s Health Initiative trials of conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE+MPA) versus placebo and of CEE‐alone versus placebo. The primary outcome was total Medicare spending during the intervention phase of the trial, and the secondary outcomes were spending on diseases hypothesized a priori to be sensitive to the effects of hormone therapy. Results In the CEE+MPA trial, 4,557 participants ≥65 years old were included. Women randomly assigned to CEE+MPA had 4% higher mean Medicare spending overall ($45,690 vs $43,920, P = .08) but 0.5% lower spending for hormone-sensitive diseases ($3,526 vs $3,547, P = .07), with 73% higher spending for coronary heart disease (P = .045) and 122% higher spending for pulmonary embolism (P = .026). In the CEE-alone trial, 3,107 participants were included. Total spending among women randomly assigned to CEE was 3.3% higher ($75,411 vs $72,997, P = .16), and 1.7% higher spending for hormone-sensitive diseases ($5,213 vs $5,127, P = .57), but with 39% lower spending for hip fracture (p Conclusions Menopausal hormone therapy increased spending for some diseases, but decreased spending for others. These offsetting effects led to modest (3%-4%), nonsignificant increases in overall spending among women aged 65 years and older.
Detecting Potential Underreporting of Suicide Ideation Among U.S. Military Personnel

Using a military sample comprised largely of National Guard personnel, zero-inflation negative binomial regression was applied to estimate the effects of indirect, nonface valid indicators of suicide ideation [Thwarted Belongingness (TB), Perceived Burdensomeness (PB), and Hopelessness], in predicting suicide ideation. Data from a sample of 497 military personnel (82.1% male; mage = 27.24; range = 18-59) were analyzed. TB and the interaction of TB with Hopelessness were significant predictors in the logistic regression, and in the negative binomial regression, the main effects of TB and hopelessness, and the interactions of TB with hopelessness and PB with hopelessness were significant. The findings further indicated that approximately 10% of those not reporting ideation would be predicted to be ideators. Clinically, these results indicate that, in samples reluctant to report ideation, the assessment of suicide risk may improve through the use of relevant measures that do not explicitly reference suicide thoughts.
Serving with Pride and Dignity: a traveling fashion pageant, the Women’s Army Corps, and soldier femininity, 1963–1969

“Serving with Pride and Dignity” (SWPD), the Women’s Army Corps’ traveling pageant, toured all 50 states from 1963 to 1969 with the intent to promote the Corps and improve its reputation with the American public. It combined the American history of women and war with the American history of fashion. The pageant offered a narrative that told the story of American women and the military, highlighting extraordinary women such as Dr. Mary Walker of the Civil War and Molly Corbin of the Revolutionary War. SWPD shows how the Women’s Army Corps celebrated soldiers’ femininity and sexuality, simultaneously unconventional in how women served in the past and conventional by reinforcing heteronormativity and femininity in contemporary soldiers. In an era associated with the burgeoning women’s rights movement, SWPD illustrated a particularly white, middle-class version of postwar femininity in the midst of the American public’s renegotiation of what it meant to be a woman. At the same time, “Serving with Prid...
Cationic Au(I) complexes with aryl-benzothiazoles and their antibacterial activity.

Abstract Two cationic Au(I) complexes derived from aryl-benzothiazoles, namely [(PPh3)Au(pbt)](OTf) (1) and [(PPh3)Au(qbt)](OTf) (2) (where pbt = 2‑(pyridyl)benzothiazole and qbt = (quinolyl)benzothiazole, and OTf− = trifluoromethanesulfonate anion), have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Both complexes exhibit strong antibacterial effects against Gram-negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Results of examination of the reactions of 1 and 2 indicate that these cationic Au(I) complexes rapidly cross the bacterial membrane and exert drug action by disrupting cellular function(s) through binding of cytosolic thiol-containing peptides (such as glutathione) and proteins to the highly reactive (PPh3)Au+ intermediate formed upon in situ dissociation of pbt or qbt.
SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITIES OF PLANT PEROXIDASE ISOZYMES

ABSTRACT. Peroxidase (E. C. 1.11.1.7) utilized hydrogen peroxide to oxidize a wide range of hydrogen donors. Because this enzyme system consists typically of a large number of isozymes in plants, the possibility exists that the peroxidase system consists of a family of homologous enzymes which have different substrate specificities and perform different physiological functions in the cell.
Propensity Score Matching to Extract Latent Experiments from Nonexperimental Data: A Case Study

During the 1995–1996 academic year, investigators from the College Board surveyed a random sample of high school junior and senior SAT® takers to probe how they had prepared for the SAT. Among other questions, students were asked whether they had taken extracurricular test-preparation classes. Some 12% of respondents said that they had; the comparison of these students’ SAT scores to those of the remaining 88% comprised the observational study reported by Powers and Rock (1999).
Nanoanalysis of Ceramic Composite Interfaces

Instrumentation requirements, particularly for small probes, for high resolution analytical electron microscopy are described. Analysis of structure and chemistry of interfaces in conventionally processed Si3N4/SiC(w) ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) and metal/(0001) 6H-SiC single crystal substrates are presented. All of these interfaces are characterized by a chemical and a structural width. In the CMCs, which were processed at high temperatures, the chemical widths formed by diffusion of sintering aids into the bulk microstructure and were always much larger than the corresponding structural widths. The metals on SiC were deposited near room temperature, where diffusion is slow. Significant chemical widths did not form, and microstructure was determined by crystallographic factors. Upon annealing, reaction zones with appreciable chemical widths did form, with interesting morphologies that separated naturally into two groups. For metals that formed stable silicides and carbides, e.g. Ti, all interfaces in the reaction zones remained nearly atomically flat over large distances. For metals that formed only stable silicides interfaces in the reaction zones were often curved, and sometimes formed closed surfaces, for relatively low annealing temperatures, suggesting that interface melting had occurred even at temperatures less than expected for Si-metal eutectics.
Arrest in Viral Transport as the Basis for Plant Resistance to Infection

After initial inoculation, most viruses spread in host plants via two mechanisms: local, cell-to-cell movement and systemic movement. Cell-to-cell movement occurs through intercellular connections, plasmodesmata (PD), between epidermal (EP) cells and mesophyll (MS) cells, or MS cells and MS cells. Systemic movement is more complex, comprising three distinct stages: viral entry into vascular system from MS cells in the inoculated leaf, long distance transport through the vasculature, and viral egress from the vascular tissues into MS cells within uninoculated, systemic organs. Generally, local movement is a relatively slow process (e.g., 5–15 µm/hr, see Gibbs, 1976), which, in some hosts, may be further restricted by limitations in the viral replication rate. On the other hand, long distance movement through the vascular system is rather rapid (e.g., 50–80 mm/hr, see Gibbs, 1976), occurring with the flow of photoassimilates and, in many if not all cases, not requiring viral replication (Wintermantel et al. 1997; Susi et al. 1999). Studies to date show that these two processes are mediated by different sets of viral proteins, implying that cellular machineries, especially those for the PD transport that viruses utilize in their two modes of movement are quite different from each other.
Postmodern Subjects: On Lyman's Sociology of the Absurd

According to Stanford Lyman, a specter continues to haunt social theory in the United States and that specter is "postmodernism." In Roads to Dystopia,2 Lyman continues3 a critical engagement with postmodern theory?especially that work which has been most influential with, and appropriated by, American sociologists. Although critical of postmodern thought, Lyman is never dismissive of his subject.4 Indeed, Lyman expresses a certain sympathy with some arguments within postmodernism because much is familiar to him.5 In his existentialist sociology of the absurd, an intellectual project first articulated by Lyman and others more than a quar ter century ago,6 several recognizably "postmodern" themes, he maintains, can be found. Lyman accepts that we live in postmodern times, a condition characterized, he suggests, by alienation and despair. It is because of this, however, that he ultimately rejects the postmodernist's response. Reflecting on our present historical condition, Lyman observes that it is "no wonder, then, that the present millennial moment is conceptualized as one 'in between' another, as one whose condition can only be designated as post-modernity, with no name for the age and situation that will follow."7 He concedes that our sense of time, our social and cultural memory, and even our abilities for self-expression, are all subject to ever-increasing fragmen tation. Although our traditional landmarks are now blurred and shifting, Lyman refuses to acquiesce to other claims of postmodernism: namely, that
PTEN status assessment in the Johns Hopkins active surveillance cohort

Up to half of men with Gleason score 6 (GS6) prostate cancers initially managed with active surveillance (AS) will eventually require definitive therapy, usually due to tumor grade reclassification during follow-up. We examined the association between PTEN status on biopsy and subsequent clinicopathologic outcomes in men with GS6 cancers who enrolled in AS. We performed a case–control study of men enrolled in the Johns Hopkins AS cohort with diagnostic biopsy tissue available for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. IHC was performed for PTEN using genetically validated protocols for all patients. Cases included men who underwent grade reclassification to GS ≥ 3 + 4 = 7 on biopsy within 2 years of follow-up (i.e., early reclassification) or reclassification to GS ≥ 4 + 3 = 7 on biopsy or radical prostatectomy during follow-up (i.e., extreme reclassification). Control patients were diagnosed with GS6 cancer and monitored on AS for at least 8 years without undergoing biopsy reclassification. Among 67 cases with adequate tissue, 31 men underwent early reclassification and 36 men underwent extreme reclassification. Cases were compared to 65 control patients with adequate tissue for assessment. On initial prostate biopsy, cases were older (median age 67 vs. 65, p = 0.024) and were less likely to meet very-low-risk criteria (64 vs 79%, p = 0.042) as compared to controls. Although not statistically significant, PTEN loss was observed in only 1 (1.5%) of 65 controls as compared to 6 (9%) of 67 cases (p = 0.062). PTEN loss was rare among men with GS6 prostate cancer enrolled in AS at Johns Hopkins. Despite this, PTEN loss was more frequent among men who underwent early or extreme reclassification to higher-grade cancer as compared to controls. Additional studies in larger low-risk cohorts may better elucidate a potential role for PTEN in selecting patients for AS.
Assessing the Impact of College on Students: A Four-Decade Quest to Get It Approximately Right

In this chapter I describe a four-decade career that has focused on assessing and understanding the impact of post-secondary education on students. That career has been built around two straightforward, if somewhat complex, activities. The first activity involved conducting original research on college impact, primarily using data sets that I had a major role in creating. The second activity involved the development of large syntheses of the existing research on college impact. Despite four-decades of rather intense work on these two activities, I have never been able to develop an understanding of college impact that was more than approximate and tentative in nature. Although my success has been limited, I offer several observations about the essential methodology and organization of college impact research that may be useful to other scholars who carry on the work.
Negative Binomial Regression: The concept of risk

Risk and 2×2 tables The notion of risk lays at the foundation of the modeling of counts. In this chapter we discuss the technical meaning of risk and risk ratio, and how to interpret the estimated incidence rate ratios that are displayed in the model output of Poisson and negative binomial regression. In the process, we also discuss the associated relationship of risk difference as well as odds and odds ratios, which are generally understood with respect to logistic regression models. Risk is an exposure to the chance or probability of some outcome, typically thought of as a loss or injury. In epidemiology, risk refers to the probability of a person or group becoming diseased given some set of attributes or characteristics. In more general terms, the risk that an individual with a specified condition will experience a given outcome is the probability that the individual actually experiences the outcome. It is the proportion of individuals with the risk factor who experience the outcome. In epidemiological terms, risk is therefore a measure of the probability of the incidence of disease. The attribute or condition upon which the risk is measured is termed a risk factor, or exposure.
Ethicality Of Advisor Motives In Academic Advising: Faculty, Staff, And Student Perspectives

Although the advising literature has emphasized the importance of good academic advising, there has been little emphasis on ethical issues. NACADA: The Global Community for Academic Advising provides Core Values to guide ethical behavior. This study used an experimental design to examine perspectives of ethical behavior among faculty, staff, and students. All groups could differentiate between ethical and unethical extremes, but students had difficulty differentiating between ethical and neutral behavior. All groups hesitated to rate advisors as highly ethical or unethical. Even when behavior was seen as less ethical, students and faculty/staff perceived limited opportunity for students to do something about that behavior, such as change advisors. Suggestions are offered to increase the likelihood of more ethical behavior within advisement.
Dual Redundant Cyber-Attack Tolerant Control Systems Strategy for Cyber-Physical Systems

In this paper, a cyber-attack tolerant control strategy for embedded controllers in a cyber-physical system is presented. A dual redundant control architecture that combines two identical controllers that are switched periodically between active and restart modes is proposed. The strategy is addressed to mitigate the impact due to corruption of the controller software by an adversary. We analyze the impact of the resetting and restarting the controller software and performance of switching process. The minimum requirements in the control design, for effective mitigation of cyber-attacks to the control software, that implies a &#x201C;fast&#x201D; switching period is provided. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy when the time to fully reset and restart the controller is faster than the time taken by adversary to compromise the controller. The results also provide insights into the stability and safety regions and the factors that determine the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
A longitudinal study of the protective influence of youth assets on juvenile arrest.

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the separate and cumulative influence of individual, family and community assets on juvenile arrest rates in a cohort of youth. METHODS Five waves of data were collected from 1111 youth and their parents living in randomly sampled census tracts in a Midwestern state. Computer-assisted, in-person data collection methods were used to measure assets within individual (six assets), family (four assets) and community (six assets) domains. Extended Cox models were used to assess the relationship between the number of assets and time to first juvenile arrest, while controlling for known confounders. RESULTS Nine of 16 assets across individual, family and community domains were prospectively associated with a reduction in arrest rates. There was a relationship between the number of assets youth possess within individual, family and community domains and rates of arrest. For example, compared to youth with zero to one community assets, those with three [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 0.52; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30-0.88], four [AHR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.34-0.97] or five to six [AHR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25-0.82] community assets had lower risk of arrest. CONCLUSIONS Public health efforts focused on developing policies and programs to promote asset building across multiple domains of influence are warranted.
Automatic detection of full ring galaxy candidates in SDSS

A full ring is a form of galaxy morphology that is not associated with a specific stage on the Hubble sequence. Digital sky surveys can collect many millions of galaxy images, and therefore even rare forms of galaxies are expected to be present in relatively large numbers in image databases created by digital sky surveys. Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data release (DR) 14 contains ~2.6*10^6 objects with spectra identified as galaxies. The method described in this paper applied automatic detection to identify a set of 443 ring galaxy candidates, 104 of them were already included in the Buta + 17 catalogue of ring galaxies in SDSS, but the majority of the galaxies are not included in previous catalogues. Machine analysis cannot yet match the superior pattern recognition abilities of the human brain, and even a small false positive rate makes automatic analysis impractical when scanning through millions of galaxies. Reducing the false positive rate also increases the true negative rate, and therefore the catalogue of ring galaxy candidates is not exhaustive. However, due to its clear advantage in speed, it can provide a large collection of galaxies that can be used for follow-up observations of objects with ring morphology.
Understanding reasons clinicians obtained endotracheal aspirate cultures and impact on patient management to inform diagnostic stewardship initiatives.

Endotracheal aspirate cultures (EACs) are commonly obtained in the evaluation of suspected ventilator-associated infections (VAIs),1 an important cause of nosocomial infections.2 Over-utilization of EACs may contribute to over-treatment for VAI because EACs cannot distinguish between bacterial colonization and infection,3,4 and positive EAC results prompt treatment with antibiotics.1,5,6 There is site-specific variability of EAC utilization and interpretation of results.1 As part of a quality improvement project, we aimed to better understand local practices as a formative step in the development of a guideline to standardize EAC utilization in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
Causation by Absence: Omission Impossible

In this paper, we argue that, omissions are not events or actions, but rather fact-like entities, and that, insofar as only events and actions can be causes, omissions cannot be causes. Nevertheless, since omissions can, and often do, play a role in the explanations of events, their place in such explanations must be found; and an attempt to find such a place is made.
Hydralazine-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with pulmonary–renal syndrome: a case report

Hydralazine is a common vasodilator which has been used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Hydralazine can induce antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis due to its auto-immunogenic capability and one of the very rare presentations is pulmonary–renal syndrome. We report a case of a 64-year-old African American woman, who presented to our emergency room with shortness of breath, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, leg swelling, fatigue, loss of appetite, cough with clear sputum, and lightheadedness. On admission, she developed acute hypoxic respiratory failure requiring intubation and acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. A serologic workup was positive for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, antinuclear antibody, anti-histone, anti-cardiolipin IgM, and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies. A renal biopsy was done due to persistent deterioration in kidney function and demonstrated classic crescentic (pauci-immune) glomerulonephritis. Hydralazine was empirically discontinued early in the admission and she was started on corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide following biopsy results. She was clinically stable but remained dependent on hemodialysis after discharge. Hydralazine-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with pulmonary–renal syndrome is a rare occurrence. In the setting of hydralazine use, multiple positive antigens, and multisystem involvement, clinicians should consider this rare condition requiring prompt cessation of offending drug, early evaluation with biopsy, and contemplate empiric immunosuppressive therapy while biopsy confirmation is pending.
A Novel Voltage Balancing Control With dv/dt Reduction for 10-kV SiC MOSFET-Based Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converter

Using high voltage (HV) silicon carbide (SiC) power semiconductors in a modular multilevel converter (MMC) is promising because it results in fewer submodules and lower switching loss compared to conventional Si based solutions. The nearest level pulsewidth modulation (NL-PWM) is commonly used in the MMC for medium voltage applications. However, with the NL-PWM and existing voltage balancing control, there are many submodules that switch their modes in a control cycle, resulting in a high dv/dt during the deadtime of the power semiconductor, which could be multiple times of the dv/dt of the single device. This poses great challenges on the noise immunity and insulation design in the MMC using HV SiC devices, which have very fast switching speed. A novel voltage balancing control, which ensures only two submodules switch their modes in a control cycle, is proposed in this article, limiting the maximum dv/dt to the dv/dt of a single power semiconductor and also maintaining the voltage balance performance. The proposed voltage balancing control is experimentally validated in a 10-kV SiC mosfet based MMC with four submodules per arm.
Epileptiform discharges: Are we still defining them?

Surveys of primary care physicians indicate that seizures are 1 of the top 5 reasons to obtain an e-consult with a neurologist, with diagnostic tests such as EEG among the top reasons to request reevaluation,1 especially because EEG is an essential, well-established diagnostic tool for evaluating and managing people with epilepsy.2 Visual interpretation of EEG recordings has high specificity for an epilepsy diagnosis based on the presence of abnormal epileptiform discharges (EDs), but only moderate and variable interrater reliability3,4 for correct interpretation. Pitfalls for correct ED identification include overinterpretation of the EEG and can lead to misdiagnosis of people who do not have epilepsy.5 The initial criteria adopted by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN) to distinguish EDs are not sufficient to separate pathologic EDs from normal features of the EEG.6 Importantly, new definitions of epilepsy now include a single seizure, when it is associated with EDs. This underscores the critical importance of EEG following an initial seizure. In turn, correctly interpreted EEG results may prompt treatment with antiseizure medication that may limit seizure recurrence.7
Equity of transit accessibility across Chicago

Abstract This article studies the equity of transit accessibility in the City of Chicago. We measure the accessibility of different cohorts including minority and low-income populations, the elderly, people with disabilities, those with lower education levels, and households without a car to six different destinations by public transit. The destinations are jobs, parks, groceries, hospitals, schools, and libraries. We show that there are clear inequalities across cohorts in the distribution of benefits that the transit system provides as measured by the number of reachable valued destinations. The results indicate that areas of low accessibility have a higher percentage of African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, low-income workers, low-educated citizens, and the elderly. The most affected cohort are low-income workers, for whom access to jobs, parks, groceries, hospitals, and libraries decline as their number grows. The findings also highlight that inequities are most severe, in order, to jobs, hospitals, and grocery stores when examining the different cohorts. While transit agencies must deploy service with the existing demand in mind, the observed inequities behoove decision makers to make accessibility and equity considerations explicit in transit service decisions.