cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural properties of reconstruction constructs for the interosseous ligament of the forearm

Purpose The Essex-Lopresti fracture–dislocation, also termed longitudinal radioulnar dissociation (LRUD), results in major functional impairment from pain and limitation of motion at the wrist and elbow. Interosseous ligament (IOL) reconstruction has been proposed to help treat LRUD and restore forearm stability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical structural properties of 3 different IOL reconstruction constructs and of the intact IOL for comparison. Methods Structural tensile testing was performed on 24 fresh-frozen cadaveric forearms with 4 different forearm conditions: IOL intact and IOL reconstructed with Achilles tendon, flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon, and bone–patellar tendon–bone. Isolated radius–IOL–ulna constructs were loaded to failure in a materials testing machine with force applied along the local fiber direction. Results Stiffness in the intact IOL was 129 ± 31 N/mm, which was significantly stiffer than any of the constructs tested. The intact IOL was 8 times stiffer than the Achilles tendon construct, 7 times stiffer than the FCR construct, and 3 times stiffer than the bone–patellar tendon–bone construct. The Achilles tendon and FCR constructs were similar to each other biomechanically but the bone–patellar tendon–bone construct was slightly stiffer than the Achilles tendon and FCR constructs. Conclusions All graft constructs tested were inferior structurally to the intact IOL. The results of this study provide a biomechanical basis for graft selection for reconstruction of the IOL.
Costs and benefits of fruiting to future reproduction in two dormancy‐prone orchids

Summary 1 Reproduction is expected to occur at a cost to survival, growth or future reproduction. However, trade-offs in long-lived, clonal herbs have proven difficult to assess, particularly when they are prone to adult dormancy. 2 We assessed the costs of fruiting in a study of two species of lady's slipper orchid, Cypripedium candidum and C. parviflorum, growing sympatrically in a wet meadow in north-eastern Illinois, USA, from 2000 to 2005. 3 First, we characterized flowering and fruiting in both populations. We found some differences between species, with 68.6 ± 5.7% (mean ± SE) and 43.5 ± 1.4% of sprouting plants flowering, while 33.6 ± 10.0% and 33.5 ± 8.1% of flowering plants fruited in C. candidum and C. parviflorum, respectively. 4 Next, we tested the survival, sprouting and flowering response to current fruiting using multistate mark–recapture statistics. The best-fit model posited no cost of fruiting. However, according to a model parsimonious with the best-fit model, fruiting may have resulted in a small cost to survival visible primarily in small-sized individuals of C. parviflorum (decrease from 0.846 in non-fruiting but flowering plants to 0.824 in fruiting plants). In all cases, fruiting resulted in an increased probability of future flowering, suggesting that reproduction may have a higher priority in resource allocation than survival. 5 Finally, we tested the effects of fruiting on future fruiting using logistic regression for two years in which fruiting was particularly high, but detected no change in the probability of fruiting after fruiting. 6 Fruiting may increase in response to internal cues, perhaps related to nutrient uptake or storage, in addition to the obvious effects of pollination. The result may be that plants with greater access to nutrients or with greater stored reserves are more likely to flower each season. We suggest a need for further research exploring the internal mechanisms governing fruiting response in long-lived, clonal herbs.
Brain. Conscious and unconscious mechanisms of cognition, emotions, and language.

Conscious and unconscious brain mechanisms, including cognition, emotions and language are considered in this review. The fundamental mechanisms of cognition include interactions between bottom-up and top-down signals. The modeling of these interactions since the 1960s is briefly reviewed, analyzing the ubiquitous difficulty: incomputable combinatorial complexity (CC). Fundamental reasons for CC are related to the Godel's difficulties of logic, a most fundamental mathematical result of the 20th century. Many scientists still "believed" in logic because, as the review discusses, logic is related to consciousness; non-logical processes in the brain are unconscious. CC difficulty is overcome in the brain by processes "from vague-unconscious to crisp-conscious" (representations, plans, models, concepts). These processes are modeled by dynamic logic, evolving from vague and unconscious representations toward crisp and conscious thoughts. We discuss experimental proofs and relate dynamic logic to simulators of the perceptual symbol system. "From vague to crisp" explains interactions between cognition and language. Language is mostly conscious, whereas cognition is only rarely so; this clarifies much about the mind that might seem mysterious. All of the above involve emotions of a special kind, aesthetic emotions related to knowledge and to cognitive dissonances. Cognition-language-emotional mechanisms operate throughout the hierarchy of the mind and create all higher mental abilities. The review discusses cognitive functions of the beautiful, sublime, music.
Abnormal Heart Rate Variability Precedes the Clinical Diagnosis of Late-Onset Neonatal Sepsis

Abnormal Heart Rate Variability Precedes the Clinical Diagnosis of Late-Onset Neonatal Sepsis
How Does Distinctive Processing Reduce False Recall

False memories arising from associatively related lists are a robust phenomenon that resists many efforts to prevent it. However, a few variables have been shown to reduce this form of false memory. Explanations for how the reduction is accomplished have focused on either output monitoring processes or constraints on access, but neither idea alone is sufficient to explain extant data. Our research was driven by a framework that distinguishes item-based and event-based distinctive processing to account for the effects of different variables on both correct recall of study list items and false recall. We report the results of three experiments examining the effect of a deep orienting task and the effect of visual presentation of study items, both of which have been shown to reduce false recall. The experiments replicate those previous findings and add important new information about the effect of the variables on a recall test that eliminates the need for monitoring. The results clearly indicate that both post-access monitoring and constraints on access contribute to reductions in false memories. The results also showed that the manipulations of study modality and orienting task had different effects on correct and false recall, a pattern that was predicted by the item-based/event-based distinctive processing framework.
The effects of chromium(VI) on the thioredoxin system: Implications for redox regulation

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds are highly redox active and have long been recognized as potent cytotoxins and carcinogens. The intracellular reduction of Cr(VI) generates reactive Cr intermediates, which are themselves strong oxidants, as well as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. These probably contribute to the oxidative damage and effects on redox-sensitive transcription factors that have been reported. However, the identification of events that initiate these signaling changes has been elusive. More recent studies show that Cr(VI) causes irreversible inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and oxidation of thioredoxin (Trx) and peroxiredoxin (Prx). Mitochondrial Trx2/Prx3 are more sensitive to Cr(VI) treatment than cytosolic Trx1/Prx1, although both compartments show thiol oxidation with higher doses or longer treatments. Thiol redox proteomics demonstrate that Trx2, Prx3, and Trx1 are among the most sensitive proteins in cells to Cr(VI) treatment. Their oxidation could therefore represent initiating events that have widespread implications for protein thiol redox control and for multiple aspects of redox signaling. This review summarizes the effects of Cr(VI) on the TrxR/Trx system and how these events could influence a number of downstream redox signaling systems that are influenced by Cr(VI) exposure. Some of the signaling events discussed include the activation of apoptosis signal regulating kinase and MAP kinases (p38 and JNK) and the modulation of a number of redox-sensitive transcription factors including AP-1, NF-κB, p53, and Nrf2.
A novel defense against hemolytic-oxidative stress

Comment on Nielsen et al, page [2846][1] The findings of Nielsen and colleagues that haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr) binds to free hemoglobin as avidly as haptoglobin emphasize the critical redundancy in hemoglobin clearance mechanisms and suggest the existence of intravascular cross talk between
Magnetic Field Growth and Saturation in Plasmas with Large Magnetic Prandtl Number. I. The Two-dimensional Case

In turbulent plasmas, velocities at scales smaller than a scale lD are strongly damped by viscosity, ν, and magnetic fields below a scale lR are strongly dissipated by resistivity, η. In galaxies and protogalaxies, lD lR; i.e., the magnetic Prandtl number, PM = ν/η = l/l, is very large. The limit of high magnetic Prandtl number in two dimensions is the focus of this paper. In the kinematic phase of magnetic field growth, when the field is too weak to affect the flow, the field strength grows and the field scale length lB decreases. Much of the initial growth of the field happens at scales below lD. In this paper we examine numerically and analytically the growth and saturation of magnetic field on scales less than lD in two dimensions. If the initial seed field strength is very weak, the field grows and lB decreases down to the resistive scale lR before the Lorentz force can affect the magnetic field: once lB ~ lR it damps out rapidly. However, if the initial seed field is large enough the field grows until it saturates at a scale lB with lD > lB > lR. In saturation the field strength remains constant and lB decreases on the resistive time of the saturation scale (i.e., l/η). The small-scale velocities are insufficient to unwind the small-scale field and produce any kind of inverse cascade. When the scale of the saturation field reaches lR, the field strength begins to decay. In the initial phase of decay, coherent loops of magnetic field that are formed during saturation persist and act to limit the rate of decay of magnetic energy. Only after these loops have resistively decayed can the final, rapid, kinematic decay take place.
MECHANISM OF HYDROLYSIS OF (Z)- AND (E)-O-METHYLBENZOHYDROXIMOYL CHLORIDE

The first-order rate constants for the hydrolysis (1:3 dioxane-water, pH = 7) of (E)-O-methylbenzohydroximoyl chloride [C6H5C(Cl)NOCH3, 1Ea] and several 4-substituted derivatives have been measured. A Hammett plot of these rate constants vs σ+ gave a ρ value of −1.4. Molecular orbital calculations (AM1) have been carried out on (Z)-O-methylbenzohydroximoyl chloride (1Za), a hydrazonyl chloride [C6H5C(Cl)NNHCH3], and the corresponding nitrilium ions [C6H5C⋮NOCH3+ and C6H5C⋮NNHCH3+] in an attempt to gain insight into the differences in the reactivities of these two systems. A study of the effect of solvent composition on the rates of hydrolysis of (Z)- and (E)-O-methyl-4-methoxybenzohydroximoyl chloride (1Zb and 1Eb) has been carried out using dioxane/water solutions of various compositions. The Grunwald−Winstein m values were determined to be 1.1 and 0.95 for the Z and E isomers, respectively. The activation parameters for the hydrolysis of 1Zb and 1Eb are as follows: ΔH‡ = 34 kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = +2 eu (1Z...
Iron bioavailability of hemoglobin from soy root nodules using a caco-2 cell culture model

Heme iron has been identified in many plant sources-most commonly in the root nodules of leguminous plants, such as soy. Our objective was to test the effectiveness of soy root nodule (SRN) and purified soy hemoglobin (LHb) in improving iron bioavailability using an in vitro Caco-2 cell model, with ferritin response as the bioavailability index. We assessed bioavailability of iron from LHb (either partially purified (LHbA) or purified (LHbD)) with and without food matrix and compared it with that from bovine hemoglobin (BHb), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), or SRN. Bioavailability of each treatment was normalized to 100% of the FeSO4 treatment. When iron sources were tested alone (100 ug iron/mL), ferritin synthesis by LHbD and BHb were 19% (P > 0.05) and 113% (P < 0.001) higher than FeSO4, respectively. However, when iron sources were used for fortification of maize tortillas (50 ppm), LHbA and BHb showed similar bioavailability, being 27% (P < 0.05) and 33% (P < 0.05) higher than FeSO4. Heat treatment had no effect on heme iron but had a significant reduction on FeSO4 bioavailability. Adding heme (LHbA) iron with nonheme (FeSO4) had no enhancement on nonheme iron absorption. Our data suggest that heme iron from plant sources may be a novel value-added product that can provide highly bioavailable iron as a food fortificant.
Experimental evidence against diffusion control of Hg evasion from soils.

Abstract Elemental Hg (Hg 0 ) evolution from soils can be an important process and needs to be measured in more ecosystems. The diffusion model for soil gaseous efflux has been applied to modeling the fluxes of several gases in soils and deserves testing with regard to Hg 0 . As an initial test of this model, we examined soil gaseous Hg 0 and CO 2 concentrations at two depths (20 and 40 cm) over the course of a controlled environment study conducted in the EcoCELLs at the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada. We also compared small, spatially distributed gas wells against the more commonly used large gas wells. In this study, two EcoCELLs were first watered (June 2000) and then planted (July 2000) with trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ). Following that, trees were harvested (October 2000) and one EcoCELL (EcoCELL 2) was replanted with aspen (25 April 2001). During most of the experiment, there was a strong vertical gradient of CO 2 (increasing with depth, as is typical of a diffusion-driven process), but no vertical gradient of soil gaseous Hg 0 . Strong diel variations in soil gas Hg 0 concentration were noted, whereas diel variations in CO 2 were small and not statistically significant. Initial watering and planting caused increases in both soil gas CO 2 and Hg 0 . Replanting in EcoCELL 2 caused a statistically significant increase in soil gas CO 2 but not Hg 0 . Calculated Hg 0 effluxes using the diffusion model produced values two orders of magnitude lower than those measured using field chambers placed directly on the soil or whole-cell fluxes. Neither soil gas Hg 0 concentrations nor calculated fluxes were correlated with measured Hg 0 efflux from soil or from whole EcoCELLs. We conclude that (1) soil gas Hg 0 flux is not diffusion-driven and thus soil gas Hg 0 concentrations cannot be used to calculated soil Hg 0 efflux; (2) soil gas Hg 0 concentrations are increased by watering dry soil, probably because of displacement/desorption processes; (3) soil gas Hg 0 concentrations were unaffected by plants, suggesting that roots and rhizosphere processes are unimportant in controlling Hg 0 evasion from the soil surface. We recommend the use of the small wells in all future studies because they are much easier to install and provide more resolution of spatial and temporal patterns in soil gaseous Hg 0 .
Truth in fiction: The story continued

(1993). Truth in fiction: The story continued. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 24-35.
Worm geomorphology: Lessons from Darwin

Darwin’s analysis of the geomorphology of worms is the first documented account of fauna influencing the landscape and established the foundation upon which many current studies in ecosystem engineering, zoogeomorphology, soil science, and biogeomorphology are more broadly predicated. The focus of this assessment is to analyze the long-lasting and broad application of his 1881 work, The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits. In particular, this assessment identifies and elaborates on underlying lessons for today’s geomorphologists. The underlying lessons presented here are three-fold: (1) be multidisciplinary, (2) assess the trivial, and (3) be impactful. First, we review the context of geomorphology in his essay on worms. Then, we address each of the three underlying lessons. We discuss how geomorphologists have adopted these lessons, and what geomorphology can continue to learn from Darwin (1881). In doing so, we analyze the wide influence Darwin’s ...
Welcome to Atoms: A New Open Access Journal

There is no doubt that it is an exciting time to be studying quantum properties of atoms, molecules, and nuclei. Increasingly deep connections between long-established fields: “atomic physics”, “molecular physics”, “chemical physics”, “nuclear physics”, “scattering theory”, “nuclear magnetic resonance”, “quantum optics”, etc., are blurring old research labels. Atoms is a new open access journal with a broad scope that will aim to capture some of these exciting changes and developments, with a quantum flavor. The Editorial Board's collective expertise spans the fields involved and reflects the international communities active in these areas. [...]
The opening of Pandora’s Box: climate change impacts on soil fertility and crop nutrition in developing countries

Feeding the world’s growing population is a serious challenge. Food insecurity is concentrated in developing nations, where drought and low soil fertility are primary constraints to food production. Many crops in developing countries are supported by weathered soils in which nutrient deficiencies and ion toxicities are common. Many systems have declining soil fertility due to inadequate use of fertility inputs, ongoing soil degradation, and increasingly intense resource use by burgeoning populations. Climate models predict that warmer temperatures and increases in the frequency and duration of drought during the 21st century will have net negative effects on agricultural productivity. The potential effects of climate change on soil fertility and the ability of crops to acquire and utilize soil nutrients is poorly understood, but is essential for understanding the future of global agriculture. This paper explores how rising temperature, drought and more intense precipitation events projected in climate change scenarios for the 21st century might affect soil fertility and the mineral nutrition of crops in developing countries. The effects of climate change on erosion rates, soil organic carbon losses, soil moisture, root growth and function, root-microbe associations and plant phenology as they relate to mineral nutrition are discussed. Our analysis suggests that the negative impacts of climate change on soil fertility and mineral nutrition of crops will far exceed beneficial effects, which would intensify food insecurity, particularly in developing countries.
Differential distribution of olfactory receptor neurons in goldfish: Structural and molecular correlates

The olfactory system of many terrestrial vertebrates comprises a main olfactory organ and a vomeronasal organ each containing a morphologically distinct type of olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). The two cell types also differ in the expression of G-proteins and odorant receptor molecules. Fish do not have a vomeronasal organ, and their olfactory neurons-three different morphological types-are contained in one epithelium. The olfactory organ of goldfish appears as a rosette, with the sensory epithelium lying along the proximal portion of each lamella, where it attaches to the midline raphe. Using immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy, we tested whether a correlation exists between receptor cell morphology, distribution of cell type within the sensory epithelium, and expression of odorant receptors and G-proteins. A strong correlation exists between ORN morphology, type of odorant receptor and G-protein expressed and the distribution of sensory cells within the olfactory epithelium. The Buck and Axel type of odorant receptor and Galpha(olf) are expressed in tall ciliated ORNs distributed homogenously across the entire sensory epithelium. In contrast, microvillous ORNs expressing V2R-like receptors, and Galpha(o), Galpha(q), or Galpha(i-3), and crypt type ORNs expressing Galpha(o) and Galpha(q), are preferentially located along the dorsal margin of the epithelium and near the midline raphe. V2R- and OR-type receptor molecules do not colocalize in one cell, and only crypt-type ORNs express more than one G-protein.
Tools for schools [mathematical software packages]

The latest math packages for engineering education offer: programming through icons; collaboration over the Internet; electronic textbooks; and free courseware on the Web. Mathematical software tools can be divided into two groups: programs that chiefly perform symbolic manipulations (also called computer algebra programs for their ability to find exact solutions to analytical expressions) and programs used primarily for large numerical calculations. But the line between these tools is blurring, for some leading vendors now produce packages that include both numerical and symbolic capabilities. The author discusses both types of program and describes some of the features and functions of the programs.
Photochemistry of the Three Possible Isomeric Cyclic Disilyliron Complexes, FpSi2R5 (Si2R5 = 1,2,2-Trimethyldisilacyclohexyl, (1-Methylsilacyclopentyl)dimethylsilyl, and 1-(Trimethylsilyl)silacyclopentyl, Fp = (η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2)

The three cyclic disilyliron complexes FpSi2R5 (Si2R5 = 1,2,2-trimethyldisilacyclohexyl (3), (1-methylsilacyclopentyl)dimethylsilyl (6), 1-(trimethylsilyl)silacyclopentyl (9)) have been synthesized and characterized. Photolysis of these complexes resulted in the formation of FpSiMe3 and FpSiR3 (SiR3 = methylsilacyclopentyl) in the same ratio of 34:66 via silylene eliminations. Irradiation of 3, 6, and 9 independently in the presence of HMPA led surprisingly to the formation of only the unique silylene intermediate [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(SiMe2·HMPA)(SiR3)], 11, which has been characterized by 1H, 13C, 29Si, 13C−1H COSY, 13C−1H COLOC, and 29Si−1H COLOC NMR spectroscopy.
Serving nonspeaking patients in acute care settings: An intervention approach

This is the first of two papers based on a 2-year study of nonspeaking patients served in acute care settings of University of Washington Hospitals. This paper describes one approach to evaluating and selecting augmentative communication systems for this special population. The screening protocols place particular emphasis on a hierarchy of assessment tasks designed to allow rapid decision making and minimal efforts in the acutely ill patient. In addition, this approach emphasizes a thorough assessment of communication needs related to communication partners, environment, and messages.
Prediction and judgment as indicators of sensitivity to covariation of continuous variables.

The present study used both judgments of strength of relationship and measures of the ability to predict one variable from another to assess subjects’ sensitivity to the covariation of two continuous variables. In addition, one group of subjects judged strength of relationship after merely observing the presentation of 60 pairs of two-digit numbers, and a second group made strength judgments after being actively engaged in predicting one member of a pair when given the other. The prediction and judgment data provide different pictures of subjects’ sensitivity to covariation. The subjects were quite poor at estimating strength of relationship but, by some measures, good at predicting one variable from another. Judgments were not strongly influenced by whether subjects had previously engaged in overt prediction. The implications of these results for the literature on covariation estimation are discussed.
Gas-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Reactions of Fulvic Acids: An Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectral Study

A gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reaction technique to determine the number of active hydrogens (NOAH) in fulvic acid ions using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is described. First, fulvic acid precursor ions are isolated by stored waveform inverse Fourier transform dipolar excitation. Second, ion−molecule reactions of the selected fulvic acid ions with neutral H/D exchange reagent gases are monitored. The number of incorporated deuterium isotopes in the product ion provides the NOAH for the precursor ion. Previously characterized northern hardwood (NHFA) and red spruce (NCFA) fulvic acid samples were analyzed in this study. Selected ions of both fulvic acid samples undergo H/D exchange with D2O, ND3, and CD3OD reagent gases. The extent of H/D exchange of the fulvic acid ions increases with reagent gas basicity, D2O < CD3OD < ND3. For the first time, we were able to count the NOAH of selected fulvic acid molecules. The average maximum NOAH f...
Unusual magnetic properties of the heavy-fermion compound CeCoGe3.

Heat capacity, magnetization, and electrical resistivity measurements were carried out on ${\mathrm{CeCoGe}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{LaCoGe}}_{3}$. ${\mathrm{CeCoGe}}_{3}$ was found to be a heavy-fermion system with \ensuremath{\gamma}=111 mJ/mole Ce ${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$. Two magnetic transitions were found at \ensuremath{\sim}21 and \ensuremath{\sim}18 K in the absence of a magnetic field. The upper ordering temperature is believed to be a transition from the paramagnetic state to a c-axis ferrimagnetic (FERRI) state, which in turn transforms a colinear antiferromagnetic (AF) state at \ensuremath{\sim}18 K. The AF phase undergoes an irreversible phase transition to the FERRI state under an applied magnetic field. Consequently, magnetic glasslike behaviors such as thermal and magnetic hysteresis, frozen moment, and magnetic relaxation were observed. A nonhysteretic metamagnetic transition to a c-axis ferromagnet (FERRO) was observed at high magnetic fields. The critical spin-flip field, ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{m}}$, increases in the FERRI state, and decreases in the AF state as temperature decreases. The magnetic data also suggest that the Ce moments in the ab plane are antiferromagnetically aligned in all three magnetic phases. The existence of both ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism implies that there may be close competition of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between Ce moments leading to possible spin frustration.
Stability analysis of long laminate composite plates using reissner-mindlin ‘infinite’ strips

Abstract A methodology is presented of the stability analysis of shear deformable laminated composite plates under combined loading using ‘infinite’ strips. Results are presented for long, symmetric, and anti-symmetric angle-ply laminates, anti-symmetric cross-ply laminates, and isotropic and quasi-isotropic laminates. The effects of anisotropy, material properties (E11/E22), number of layers, stacking sequence, fiber orientation, and the boundary conditions are discussed.
Choice-reaction time to visual motion with varied levels of simultaneous rotary motion.

Twelve airline pilots were studied to determine the effects of whole-body rotation on choice-reaction time to the horizontal motion of a line on a cathode-ray tube. On each trial, one of five levels of visual acceleration and five corresponding proportions of rotary acceleration were presented simultaneously. Reaction time to the visual motion decreased with increasing levels of visual motion and increased with increasing proportions of rotary acceleration. The results conflict with general theories of facilitation during double stimulation but are consistent with neural-clock model of sensory interaction in choice-reaction time.
Pediatric nurses' knowledge and practice related to infant pain.

A convenience sample of 181 registered nurses completed questionnaires about their knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practice related to infant pain. The majority of respondents thought infants felt pain with the same intensity as adults and were comfortable administering narcotic and nonnarcotic pain medications. The most frequently identified infant pain cues were: crying, irritability, and inability to be consoled. There were associations between greater numbers of pain cues and higher pain severity ratings and between postlicensure education about pain and number of strategies proposed to relieve pain. There were no associations for noncritical versus critical care unit assignment or participation in postlicensure education about pain with number of assessment cues. There were no associations for pain severity or noncritical versus critical care unit assignment with pain management strategies. Until the research base about management of infant pain is expanded, nurses should continue to use and evalu...
In search of the chemical basis for MHC odourtypes

Mice can discriminate between chemosignals of individuals based solely on genetic differences confined to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Two different sets of compounds have been suggested: volatile compounds and non-volatile peptides. Here, we focus on volatiles and review a number of publications that have identified MHC-regulated compounds in inbred laboratory mice. Surprisingly, there is little agreement among different studies as to the identity of these compounds. One recent approach to specifying MHC-regulated compounds is to study volatile urinary profiles in mouse strains with varying MHC types, genetic backgrounds and different diets. An unexpected finding from these studies is that the concentrations of numerous compounds are influenced by interactions among these variables. As a result, only a few compounds can be identified that are consistently regulated by MHC variation alone. Nevertheless, since trained animals are readily able to discriminate the MHC differences, it is apparent that chemical studies are somehow missing important information underlying mouse recognition of MHC odourtypes. To make progress in this area, we propose a focus on the search for behaviourally relevant odourants rather than a random search for volatiles that are regulated by MHC variation. Furthermore, there is a need to consider a ‘combinatorial odour recognition’ code whereby patterns of volatile metabolites (the basis for odours) specify MHC odourtypes.
Cell-specific basolateral membrane sorting of the human liver Na+-dependent bile acid cotransporter

The human Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) is located exclusively on the basolateral membrane of hepatocyte, but the mechanisms underlying its membrane sorting domain have not bee...
Haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium analysis of four frequent polymorphisms at the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor gene locus.

Abstract The parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor is a critical component in the control of mineral ion metabolism and in bone development. This receptor is encoded by a single gene (PTHR1) on chromosome 3p21.1–p24.2, and mutations in this gene have been found in several clinical disorders of bone and mineral metabolism. To facilitate future genetic studies of this important gene, we determined haplotype frequencies and performed linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis of four different polymorphisms at the PTHR1 locus. Combined analysis of Caucasian, African–American and Asian individuals indicated that LD exists between all but one pair of the four polymorphisms. However, the pattern of LD differed substantially among the three subpopulations; for example, LD between two closely spaced (154-bp apart) single nucleotide polymorphisms appeared to be present only in Asians. Depending on the population under study, genetic association studies may need to test even more closely spaced polymorphic markers when screening the PTHR1 locus. These findings may thus affect the design and interpretation of future genetic studies involving PTHR1.
THE LOCALIZATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE RAT PITUITARY AND THYROID GLANDS, AND ITS RELATION TO SECRETORY ACTIVITY1

The histochemical distribution and quantitative chemical and histochemical changes in acid phosphatase activity were studied in rat pituitary and thyroid glands in various phases of secretory activity. The histochemically determined enzyme activity paralleled hormonal secretion. This could be confirmed chemically for the thyroid. The acid phosphatase activity appeared to be localized in the Golgi apparatus in these organs.
Computing Small Solutions of Burgers' Equation Backwards in Time*

Abstract We construct and analyze an algorithm for the numerical computation of Burgers' equation for preceding times, given an a priori bound for the solution and an approximation to the terminal data. The method is based on the “backward beam equation” coupled with an iterative procedure for the solution of the nonlinear problem via a sequence of linear problems. We also present the results of several numerical experiments. It turns out that the procedure converges “asymptotically,” i.e., in the same manner in which an asymptotic expansion converges. This phenomenon seems related to the “destruction of information,” at t = 0, which is typical in backwards dissipative equations. We derive a priori stability estimates for the analytic backwards problem, and we observe that in many numerical experiments, the distance backwards in time where significant accuracy can be attained is much larger than would be expected on the basis of such estimates. The method is useful for small solutions. Problems where steep gradients occur require considerably more precision in measurement. The algorithm is applicable to other semilinear problems.
Enabling Controlled Dispersion in Polyethylene Nanocomposites Using Small-Angle Scattering

In this article, we present some key results that demonstrate the useful application of light scattering to characterize the dispersion of nanoparticles in polymer matrix, using polyethylene nanocomposite as an example. Our results show that the dispersions of nanoparticles in polyethylene nanocomposite, that influence the thermomechanical properties of polyethylene nanocomposites, can be characterized by using small angle light scattering. This proposition is motivated by recent synthetic and morphological characterization progress towards achieving ideally dispersed polyethylene nanocomposites. Our results are significant because it is shown that using light, size and shape features that correlate well with the scanning electron microscopy observations of nanoparticle dispersion can be obtained using our unique vertical light scattering set-up. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Some statistical methods for investigating the date of birth as a disease indicator

Some methods of temporal statistics are presented and proposed for investigating the date of birth as a disease predictor. A subject's birthday is proposed to be used as a continuous variable with a circular distribution, a special type of interval scale without a true zero point. Three types of endpoints are then considered: a dichotomous endpoint; a continuous endpoint; and time-to-event. A study of otitis media is used for illustration. We found, for example, that children born in late winter to early spring tend to have higher cord blood pneumococcal antibody concentration and lower risk of disease as compared to those born in summer to early fall perhaps due largely to exposure to indoor pollution by pregnant mothers.
Efficacy of α-Blockers for the Treatment of Ureteral Stones

Purpose: We determined if α-blocker therapy promotes expulsion of ureteral stones.Materials and Methods: Meta-analysis was performed of randomized clinical trials of α-blockers for the treatment of ureteral stones. The primary outcome was overall stone expulsion rate. Risk ratios and risk differences were estimated using DerSimonian and Laird random effects models.Results: Eleven trials (911 participants) met inclusion criteria for this study. Pooled analysis demonstrated significantly increased rates of stone expulsion with α-blocker therapy. Compared to patients receiving conservative therapy only, patients receiving conservative therapy plus α-blockers were 44% more likely to spontaneously expel the stones (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.59, p <0.001), and stone expulsion incidence increased significantly (RD 0.28, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.34, p <0.001). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses categorized by specific α-blocker, prior use of shock wave lithotripsy and stone size produced similar effect estimates, but were...
Dorsal dislocation of the trapezoid

A case of dorsal dislocation of the trapezoid associated with dorsal subluxation of the carpometacarpal joints of the index and long fingers is described. The initial trapezoid subluxation was overlooked and it progressed quickly to a complete dislocation. Open reduction and capsular repair without internal fixation was followed by early recurrent trapezoid subluxation. Repeat open reduction combined with a limited intercarpal arthrodesis was used as a salvage procedure and produced a good result.
Chemoreception and feeding behavior in the pigfish, Orthopristis chrysopterus: characterization and identification of stimulatory substances in a shrimp extract.

Abstract 1. 1. Substances in shrimp extract that stimulate feeding behavior in the pigfish, Orthopristis chrysopterus, were characterized and identified. 2. 2. The stimulatory agents had properties consistent with amino acid-like substances as indicated by molecular weights of less than ca. 1000 and stability to acid hydrolysis. 3. 3. Quantitative analyses of betaine and the 19 amino acids in shrimp extract were conducted to provide specific concentrations of each substance used for the preparation of artificial mixtures. The stimulatory capacities of these artificial mixtures were compared with that of the extract. 4. 4. A mixture containing betaine plus the 19 amino acids was fully as stimulatory as the extract itself. Of the substances in the mixture, betaine was individually the most active and could account for ca. 39% of the potency of the extract.
Purification and partial characterization of three genetically defined catalases of maize

The purification of three genetically distinct catalase isozymes from Zea mays is described. These include CAT-1, CAT-2 and CAT-3 coded by the three distinct genetic loci Cat1, Cat2 and Cat3, respectively. The three purified isozymes were each subsequently characterized biochemically. All three isozymes contain subunits of similar molecular weight (Mr 60 000) giving the tetrameric catalase molecule a molecular weight of 240 000. The isozymes exhibit a pH optimum between 7 and 9. CAT-2 has the broadest range of pH stability with a maximum between pH 7–11. CAT-2 is stable at 45°C whereas CAT-1 and CAT-3 exhibit half-lives of 12.5 and 18 min, respectively, at that temperature. Overall, CAT-3 is most resistant to the various inhibitors tested (sodium azide, potassium cyanide, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT), β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME), dithiothreitol (DTT) and the endogenous maize catalase inhibitor). Each isozyme appears to be anti-genetically distinct as judged by immunodiffusion experiments.
Extremum seeking control for efficient and reliable operation of air-side economizers

Economizers have been recognized as a class of energy-saving devices for heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems that may increase the energy efficiency by taking advantage of outdoor air during cool or cold weather. There has been a tremendous demand for reducing energy consumption of HVAC systems in commercial buildings. However, many economizers do not operate in the expected manner and waste even more energy than before installation, mostly traceable to the unreliable sensors and actuators in practice. In this paper, an extremum seeking control (ESC) based self-optimizing strategy is proposed to minimize the energy consumption. Rather than depending on the unreliable temperature and humidity measurements, the proposed strategy is based on the feedback of chilled-water supply command. The mechanical cooling load is minimized by seeking the optimal outdoor-air damper opening in real time. Such scheme does not need temperature and humidity sensors and depends much less on the knowledge of the economizer model. Simulation was performed on a Modelica based transient model of a single-duct air-handling unit (AHU) developed with Dymola and the AirConditioning Library. The simulation results demonstrated the potential of using ESC to achieve minimal mechanical cooling load in a self-optimizing manner. In addition, an anti-windup ESC scheme is proposed to overcome the ESC windup issue due to actuator (damper) saturation. The simulation results validated the effectiveness of the proposed anti-windup ESC.
Embedded image compression using a classified multistage VQ in wavelet domain

A wavelet based embedded image coding system, using a classified multistage vector quantization (VQ), is proposed. The classified multistage VQ provides the partial ordering and successive approximation of wavelet coefficient vectors. Using a multiple context model along with a priori information of the vector quantization system, the method produces an optimized bitstream in a rate distortion sense. In addition, coding coefficient vectors rather than single coefficients not only takes advantage of the correlation among coefficients, but it also reduces the significance map overhead leading to coding efficiency. Computer simulations indicate that the proposed scheme is effective and its performance is competitive with state of the art image compression techniques.
Compact and flexible linear-array-based implementations of a pipeline of multiprocessor modules (PMMLA) for high throughput applications

High throughput is required in many tasks, especially real-time applications. A logical structure of a parallel computing system for such applications is a pipeline of multiprocessor modules to be referred to as PMM. In this paper, a linear array based realization of PMM, referred to as PMMLA (PMM based on Linear Array) is proposed. The main design objective is to achieve uncompromised performance by a compact and flexible hardware structure. This paper describes the organization and operation of a PMMLA, analyzes its performance in detail, and compares it to other possible implementations theoretically and via emulation on nCUBE/2.
Anthropometric Evidence on Living Standards in Northern Italy, 1730–1860

New estimates of mean stature indicate declining heights in Northern Italy from 1730 to 1860, corroborating recent findings of a deterioration in per capita GDP and real wages—though possibly calling into question its severity. The level of heights in the 1830s is respectable in international comparison. Estimated geographic and occupational effects show the influence of the disease environment, malnutrition, and income. Declining living standards suggest a Malthusian interpretation of the economy, in which even a relatively flexible agricultural sector was not quite able to keep up with the growing pressure of population on resources.John Komlos arranged the collection of the data analyzed here and made them available to me. I am also indebted to him for ongoing discussions about anthropometrics and helpful comments on this article. I am grateful to Jorg Baten, Giovanni Federico, Paolo Malanima, Gianni Toniolo, and Vincent Tassenaar for reading and commenting on the article, and to three anonymous referees for their com-ments. An earlier version of the article was presented at the Seminar for Economic History, University of Munich.
Choice of Operation for Clinically Localized Renal Tumor

The cornerstone of treatment for localized renal tumors is surgical excision, which until recently was accomplished primarily through radical nephrectomy. The last 2 decades have seen a rapid evolution in the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma, marked by the increased use of nephron-sparing surgery and the application of minimally invasive techniques. A plethora of surgical options now are available. This article discusses the optimal surgical approach to renal tumors in various clinical scenarios. In all these discussions we assume that a proactive approach to treatment is indicated and desired, recognizing that active surveillance is always an additional option to consider in certain subpopulations such as the elderly or infirm.
Overcoming the Barriers to Organic Adoption in the United States: A Look at Pragmatic Conventional Producers in Texas

Organics is the one of the fastest growing segments in food sales. Though the amount of certified organic land is increasing, the supply of organic foods lags behind demand in the United States. The reasons for this gap include a lack of government support for organics, and the peculiarities of organics as an innovation. In an attempt to close this gap, and increase the environmental sustainability of U.S. agriculture, this paper has two objectives. The first is to document the structural and institutional constraints to organic adoption. This is accomplished through a review of organic programs and policies in the U.S., in particular the National Organic Program. The second objective is to investigate the predictors of interest and the perceived barriers to organic adoption among pragmatic conventional producers in Texas, compared to organic and conventional producers. This is accomplished through a survey of a representative sample of producers in Texas. The results indicate that more than forty percent of producers who currently have conventional operations have at least some interest in organic production (pragmatic conventional producers). There are significant differences among the three groups in their structural and attitudinal characteristics related to organic adoption. For the pragmatic conventional producers, an increase in revenue would be a major facilitator of organic adoption. Their high levels of uncertainty regarding organic production and marketing, and especially organic certification constrain organic adoption. The results also reveal that the institutional setting in the U.S. hindered adoption. The paper concludes that increased institutional support would facilitate organic adoption.
Charge densities and transition densities from the theory of non‐closed‐shell states and their experimental tests

It is shown that the proper generalization of the Hartrec-Fock wave function to non-closed-shell states is the charge wave function. ψc, introduced recently by Sinanoglu. This wave function contains all the specifically non-closed-shell type correlation effects which vanish in the closed-shell limit, that is, the internal and semi-internal correlations. The ψc gives the “charge-like properties” like electric dipole, quadrupole moments, form factors, hyperfine constants, and the transition densities, hence the allowed and forbidden optical transition probabilities, generalized oscillator strengths, Born cross sections, etc., to good accuracy. The charge wave functions of various ground and excited states are calculated, and from them the above charge-like properties. Unlike the Hartree-Fock values which show large discrepancies, the charge wave function results agree very well with experiments.