cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ENHANCEMENT OF PHYTOCHROME ACTION ON BARLEY LEAF UNFOLDING BY INTERMITTENT LIGHT

Abstract. The phytochrome controlled unfolding of etiolated barley leaves proceeds best if orange light (0.6 J/m2/s; 625 ± 25 nm) is given as two appropriately timed short pulses rather than as a single longer light period.
Exploratory study on power-efficient silicon nano-wire dynamic NMOSFET/PMESFET logic

The latest techniques in fabricating silicon-based, vertical surrounding gate MOSFETs (SGFET) instigate the pathway towards building the next generation ultra large-scale integration (ULSI). The study shows the design and optimisation of surrounding gate n-channel MOSFETs and p-channel MESFETs used in dynamic differential domino circuits suitable for an area-efficient technology. Three-dimensional device simulations investigate the maximum device transconductance and minimum OFF current of vertical, metal-gated nano-wire NMOSFETs and PMESFETs as a function of wire radius and doping concentration. Two-dimensional process simulations are carried out on the optimum transistor designs, and non-ideal device characteristics are measured. A family of differential dynamic circuits composed of a two-input AND (OR), and two-input XOR gates and a full adder are built to measure worst-case pre-charge and evaluate function delays, power dissipation and layout area.
Ethnocentrism in a Pluralistic Society: A Concept Analysis:

Development of culturally competent nursing care requires an examination of ethnocentric values and behaviors. Ethnocentric practices, as shown in the literature, have resulted in adverse patient care outcomes. Although it is recognized that awareness of personal values is the key to developing cultural competence, ethnocentrism is woven into the fabric of one’s own cultural makeup. Ethnocentrism is not clearly defined in the nursing literature and use of the term is vague and ambiguous. This article utilizes the Walker and Avant method of concept analysis to clarify the meaning of ethnocentrism resulting in a new definition.
Complex background suppression for vibro-acoustography images.

Abstract Vibro-acoustography (VA) is an ultrasound-based imaging modality that maps the acoustic response, or acoustic emission, of an object stimulated by two ultrasound waves at slightly different frequencies. VA images typically have a nonzero background intensity which can reduce contrast in images. We present a method that uses the complex representation of the acoustic emission data to estimate and suppress the unwanted background signal. This method utilizes a fast, linear approach to the problem called complex background suppression (CBS) using a square filtering window of size W × W. Images processed with the CBS algorithm have significantly enhanced contrast. Another improvement observed with this method is the ability to better localize objects within the depth direction with respect to the ultrasound transducer. This algorithm was tested on images obtained from scanning a phantom with spherical inclusions, a urethane breast phantom, and in vivo human breast. The results show that image quality is improved through processing with the CBS algorithm by increasing the contrast of features in the images. The contrast in the sphere phantom was increased by factors of 2–12 depending on the sphere. Utilizing the CBS algorithm increased the contrast in breast phantom by factors ranging from 1.1 to 5.4 for various inclusions. The size of the filtering window, W, affected the contrast achieved between the phantom features such as the spheres or simulated inclusions and the background material. Application of the CBS algorithm also demonstrated that objects could be localized in depth much better as the relationship to image intensity level was directly correlated to objects located at the center of the focal plane in the axial direction. This method has wide applicability for all VA imaging applications.
A neuropsychopharmacological study of phenmetrazine in several animal species.

Abstract The ability of phenmetrazine to elicit gross behavioral and electrographic alterations was examined in view of previous findings. Phenmetrazine elicits stereotyped behavior in rats, cats and dogs. In cats it produces a desynchronized electroencephalogram and elevates reticular formation multiple unit activity. The stereotypy-inducing action of phenmetrazine in cats can be antagonized by α-methyl-p-tyrosine and reserpine. Phenmetrazine appears to have pharmacological properties similar to those of (+)-amphetamine and cocaine.
Episodic Future Thought: An Emerging Concept.

The ability to mentally simulate hypothetical scenarios is a rapidly growing area of research in both psychology and neuroscience. Episodic future thought, or the ability to simulate specific personal episodes that may potentially occur in the future, represents one facet of this general capacity that continues to garner a considerable amount of interest. The purpose of this article is to elucidate current knowledge and identify a number of unresolved issues regarding this specific mental ability. In particular, this article focuses on recent research findings from neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and clinical psychology that have demonstrated a close relation between episodic future thought and the ability to remember personal episodes from one’s past. On the other hand, considerations of the role of abstracted (semantic) representations in episodic future thought have been noticeably absent in the literature. The final section of this article proposes that both episodic and semantic memory play an importa...
Paths of Formica neogagates (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Tree and Shrub Leaves: Implications for Foraging

Foraging trails of the ant Formica neogagates Emery on leaves of trees and shrubs in the forest or on artificial leaves in a laboratory arena were recorded and digitized. About the same proportion of a leaf was explored by ants whatever the plant species or size of leaf. The portions and numbers of leaves revisited by ants were consistent with the hypothesis that ants do not recognize areas they have recently explored. Trail characteristics of ants foraging on artificial laboratory leaves were similar whether or not leaves had a drop of honey at their base, except that on leaves with honey, more trails occurred and large turning angles were more frequent. By continually watching ants as they climbed up and down tree trunks in the forest, I was able to deduce that up to 150 individuals of F. neogagates may be in a tree at any one time, and that some ants forage in trees for at least 4 h at a time. At this foraging intensity, a significant fraction of the leaves on a tree could be explored by these ants in a day.
Integrated mobile-robot design-Winning the AAAI 1992 robot competition

The Carmel project (computer-aided robotics for maintenance, emergency, and life support) which won the AAAI 1992 Robot Competition, is discussed. Carmel's design philosophy and architecture, obstacle avoidance, global path planning, vision sensing, landmark triangulation, and supervisory planning system are described. The Carmel project shows that mobile robots can perform carefully chosen tasks reliably and efficiently, although this requires extensive integration of components and a solid engineering effort. >
Right- and Left-Sided Heart Catheterization as a Quality Marker for Catheterization Laboratories (from the National Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment Reporting and Tracking Program)

The rate of concurrent right-heart catheterization (RHC) in patients undergoing left-heart catheterization (LHC) for coronary artery disease (CAD) indications or bilateral heart catheterization (BHC) is recommended as a measure of hospital quality, with higher rates suggesting over utilization. Our aim was to describe the prevalence of BHC and abnormal RHC findings in patients undergoing BHC with a primary indication for LHC. A retrospective analysis was performed for patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for CAD indications using the Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment Reporting and Tracking Program. Patients undergoing catheterization from October 2007 to September 2011 in 76 Veterans Affairs hospitals were included. Among 95,656 patients undergoing catheterization for CAD, 6,611 (6.9%) underwent BHC and 88,929 (93.0%) LHC. Among the patients undergoing BHC, 61.3% had at least 1 of the following abnormal RHC values: mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure >25 mm Hg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) >15 mm Hg, or pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) >3 Woods units. A total of 37.5% of patients had mean PA pressures of 26 to 40 mm Hg and 11.1% had mean PA pressures >40 mm Hg. A total of 34.4% of patients had mean PCWP of 16 to 25 mm Hg and 13.6% had mean PAWP >25 mm Hg. A total of 16.5% of patients had PVR between 3 and 6 WU and 2.9% had PVR >6 WU. A total of 4.3% of patients met formal criteria for pulmonary arterial hypertension (defined as the combination of PA mean >25 mm Hg, PCWP ≤15 mm Hg, and PVR >3). In conclusion, these findings suggest that most BHC were performed for appropriate clinical reasons. Future studies should further explore BHC rate as an effective quality indicator.
“Struggling” Middle Schoolers: Engagement and Literate Competence in a Reading Writing Intervention Class

In a report of a two-year study of seventh- and eighth-grade struggling readers, researchers employed a mixed research design to address the following guiding questions: (a) how do students' perceptions of the value and purpose of different media-rich projects, in comparison to more traditional pedagogy, relate to their levels of engagement in those projects; and (b) how do the media-rich activities help learners connect their various lived worlds and how do these activities transform their sense of competence and agency, particularly as competence has been defined in relation to traditional print-based activities? Findings indicated that participants found new literacies practices focusing on digital media more engaging than traditional practices. The class created tensions between the juxtaposed official sanctioning of these new literacies which promoted agency with traditional literacies that amplified incompetence and a deficit notion of performance.
Terahertz polarization imaging for colon cancer detection

Continuous wave terahertz (THz) imaging has the potential to offer a safe, noninvasive medical imaging modality for delineating colorectal cancer. The terahertz reflectance measurements of fresh 3 – 5 mm thick human colonic excisions were acquired using a continuous-wave polarization imaging technique. A CO2 optically pumped Far- Infrared molecular gas laser operating at 584 GHz was used to illuminate the colon tissue, while the reflected signals were detected using a liquid Helium cooled silicon bolometer. Both co-polarized and cross-polarized remittance from the samples was collected using wire grid polarizers in the experiment. The experimental analysis of 2D images obtained from THz reflection polarization imaging techniques showed intrinsic contrast between cancerous and normal regions based on increased reflection from the tumor. Also, the study demonstrates that the cross-polarized terahertz images not only correlates better with the histology, but also provide consistent relative reflectance difference values between normal and cancerous regions for all the measured specimens.
Cultural Innovation and Translation in the Eastern Cape: Jan Tzatzoe, Xhosa Intellectual and the Making of an African Gospel, 1817–1833

Abstract This article describes the construction of a truly African Bible on the London Missionary Society's Eastern Cape Buffalo River mission station in the early years of the colonial encounter. Largely unacknowledged in the historical record, the isiXhosa translations were made in an intellectual partnership involving Jan Tzatzoe, a cultural and intellectual intermediary and innovator, and two European missionaries, John Brownlee and Friedrich Gottlob Kayser. A particular focus is Tzatzoe's breakthrough in moving the depiction of Jesus Christ towards Christ as Xhosa healer or ‘physician’. The article builds upon the renewed scholarly attention directed towards intermediaries by examining African involvement in the creation of crucial discourses and the conditions under which colonial texts were produced. It is suggested that Tzatzoe and other African linguistic intermediaries might be thought of as the vanguard of an African intellectual tradition born in the colonial encounter.
Tandem [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Nitroalkenes. 13. The Synthesis of (−)-Detoxinine

(−)-Detoxinine, an unusual, highly-functionalized amino acid, is the core residue of many components that comprise the detoxin complex. The synthesis of (−)-detoxinine was accomplished in 10 steps and 13.4% overall yield from commercially available dichlorodiisopropylsilane. The key step is an asymmetric tandem inter [4 + 2]/intra [3 + 2] cycloaddition between silyoxynitroalkene 17 and chiral vinyl ether (−)-24, illustrating the application of a temporary silicon tether in the tandem nitroalkene cycloaddition process.
From Cold War to Arab Spring: mapping the effects of paradigm shifts on the nature and dynamics of US democracy assistance to the Middle East and North Africa

Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has articulated and implemented explicit strategies of democracy promotion by providing assistance to governments, political parties, and other non-governmental groups and organizations all over the world. One particularly challenging region has been the Middle East and North Africa, where democratic development and democracy aid opportunities have been limited and constrained by a variety of factors related to social, economic, and political characteristics of the region and policy priorities of the United States. This article examines the impact of two major paradigm shifts – the end of the Cold War (1989) and the 9/11 episode (2001) – on the nature, purposes, and consequences of US democracy assistance to the Middle East. Examining democracy aid allocations, social, democratic and political factors in the region, and other variables, the analysis traces the shifts in aid strategies, purposes, and recipients generated by these paradigm shifts and assesses...
Nonlinear local-field corrections to the optical second-harmonic susceptibility of insulating crystals

There are two kinds of local-field corrections to the optical second-harmonic susceptibility in insulating crystals: those linear and those nonlinear in the macroscopic electric field originating from the linearly and nonlinearly induced microscopic charge densities, respectively. An algebraic relation is established between these two local-field corrections, which obviates the need to calculate the nonlinearly induced density. There is a hierarchy of local-field corrections consisting of first-, second-, and third-order corrections containing one, two, and three matrix elements of the linear local field, respectively. Our calculations show that the first-order local-field correction gives the leading correction. We demonstrate that the first-order correction from the previously neglected nonlinear local fields is exactly one half of the linear-local-field correction in the static limit. The newly computed total local-field corrections range from {minus}21{percent} to +30{percent} for the 15 semiconductors and insulators studied. The expression recently obtained for the second-harmonic susceptibility using the (2n+1) theorem [A. Dal Corso {ital et al.}, Phys. Rev. B {bold 53}, 15638 (1996)] is shown to be equivalent to the expression we obtained using a sum-over-states method. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Characterization of a novel set of membrane antigens associated with axonal growth. III: Expression in the regenerating goldfish optic nerve and tectum

In the preceding two papers in this series, a polyclonal antiserum (3070) and several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs 4 and 199) were used to define a novel set of laminin-binding membrane antigens in chick brain. In chick brain, 3070 and MAb 4 antigens stained growing axons and migrating nascent neurons transiently; though projection neurons were intensely labelled at all stages, normal glial cells were stained faintly or not at all. To learn if these antigens are associated more generally with active states of nerve growth, the present paper examined the expression of 3070 and MAb 4 antigens during regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve. Only a few optic fibers or glial cells were stained by 3070 antiserum in the resting (uninjured) optic nerve, but 10 days following a unilateral nerve crush, when the growth response is maximal in these fish, distal regenerating neuritic sprouts and glial cell bodies and processes were profusely labelled. The intensity of labelling was diminished by 135 days post-crush, when most active growth was completed. Since 3070/MAb 4 antigens exhibit properties expected for functional laminin receptors, these findings suggest several possible roles that they could play to aid nerve regeneration.
Political History as Women's History: Toward a More Inclusive Curriculum.

Abstract The secondary school history curriculum, with its emphasis on political history, tends to relegate women to the margins or to interpret their accomplishments according to a patriarchal framework. The author argues that by adapting theoretical developments in the field of women's history, women can be seen as political agents in history, thereby bringing about a more inclusive history in the schools that meets women on their own terms. Using the phase model designed by historians of women and educational researchers, the author shows how existing curriculum and educational research favors political history that either excludes women or overemphasizes the importance of the suffrage movement. Then, using the example of women's clubs and associations prior to the Nineteenth Amendment, she demonstrates how women's political activism influenced public education. Viewing women as political beings who were not merely limited to a private sphere, she argues, will advance the agenda of women's history in t...
Functional Hyperbranched Polymers Using Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Dicyclopentadiene with Monoterpenes

A general method for the synthesis of hyperbranched functional polymers in monoterpenes is described. During the polymerization of dicyclopentadiene, metathesis reactions between the growing polymer chain and monoterpenes produced soluble well-defined polymers. The molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity [η], and glass transition temperature (Tg) values resulting from chain transfer to monoterpenes depended on the mode of monomer addition but generally decreased as follows: d-limonene > limonene oxide > β-pinene. Calculation of the Mark−Houwink−Sakarada values by gel permeation chromatography suggested that, in solution, the branched poly(dicyclopentadiene) had a smaller hydrodynamic volume than polynorbornene. Characterization by NMR spectroscopy indicated the hyperbranched polymer had a complex structure composed of linear, terminal, semidendritic, and dendritic units.
Selection of column and gradient elution system for the separation of catechins in green tea using high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A study of a variety of stationary phases and elution conditions for the liquid chromatographic (LC) determination of six biologically active green tea catechins has resulted in the development of two well-defined, reproducible systems for such analyses which overcome limitations of previously described methods. Comparison of six reversed-phase columns indicates that deactivated stationary phases, which utilize ultrapure silica and maximize coverage of the silica support, provide significantly improved separation and chromatographic efficiencies for catechin analyses using LC, compared to conventional monomeric or polymeric C18 columns. Evaluation of elution conditions used for the separations reveals that the presence of acid in the mobile phase (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid) is essential for both the complete resolution of the catechins present in tea and the efficient chromatography of these compounds. The efficacy of one of the developed systems was demonstrated by the quantitative measurement of the six biologically active catechins in aqueous infusions of green tea (Camellia sinensis). Overall precision values for the analyses were within the range 0.3–1% (relative standard deviation).
Plasma antioxidants in subjects before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Chemo-irradiation induced oxidative damage to vascular endothelium may contribute to pulmonary complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We measured antioxidants, markers of oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant capacity in plasma or serum from 24 subjects at day 7 before HSCT and 20 control subjects. The plasma concentration of extracellular glutathione peroxidase (GPX-3) was significantly reduced in the HSCT subjects compared with controls (HSCT: 98±42 μg/ml, control: 169±56 μg/ml, P<0.0001). The concentration of γ-tocopherol was significantly higher in the HSCT subjects compared with controls (HSCT: 207±103 μg/dl; Control: 98±52 μg/dl; P=0.0002). The plasma concentrations of protein carbonyl, nitrotyrosine, malondialdehyde, α-tocopherol, vitamin A, homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinylglycine did not differ between HSCT and control subjects. Plasma from HSCT subjects was as effective as control plasma in quenching menadione-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species production in human microvascular endothelial cells. In summary, subjects before HSCT have significantly reduced plasma concentrations of GPX-3, elevated plasma γ-tocopherol yet retains the ability to quench an acute oxidative stress. These changes may play a role in chronic oxidative stress in the HSCT population.
Work in progress - collaborative multidisciplinary J-DSP software project

This NSF Phase 3 CCLI multidisciplinary project consists of a collaborative implementation and national dissemination effort that involves Arizona State University (ASU), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Prairie View A&M University, University of Washington-Bothell (UWB), Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, University of New Mexico (UNM), and the University of Cyprus (UCY). The project involves significant educational technology innovations and software extensions that will enable the online software J-DSP to be used in multiple disciplines including digital signal processing, earth systems, renewable energy, biologically-inspired sensors, and arts and media. Problems addressed include the delivery of technology-enhanced laboratory experiences to undergraduate students using novel Java tools and the requirement of a broad assessment of these practices at several universities.
The effect of ethyl methanesulfonate on the growth response, chromosome structure and mutation rate in barley

Abstract Effects of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and X-rays were compared by several biological measures in barley. The criteria studied included rate of growth, survival and fertility of M1 plants, frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in mitosis of seedlings and meiosis of M1 spikes, and the frequencies of chlorophyll deficient mutations among M2 seedling progeny. The doses of EMS and X-ray treatments chosen reduced the rate of seedling growth and survival to a comparable degree. The reduction of fertility was directly related to the frequency of chromosome aberrations and mutations after X-ray treatment. After EMS treatment, the decrease of fertility was pronounced; however, there was little effect on seedling growth and survival. Also, the frequency of chromosome aberrations observed in EMS treatments was negligible, whereas a high rate of chlorophyll deficient mutations was induced in both M1 plants and M2 progenies. Preliminary results indicated that the efficiency of EMS treatments can be further increased when the treatment solutions are buffered and the delayed action of the mutagen is prevented. Physiological damage, e.g., reduced seedling growth and survival, increased with concentration of hydrolysis products in the treatment solutions, except when buffers were added. The damage caused by drying seeds after EMS treatment was reduced considerably by soaking the treated seeds in distilled water before drying. This delayed effect may be due to active agent and/or by-products retained in the tissue after the defined treatment time.
Use of a touch sensitive screen and computer assisted image analysis for quantitation of developmental changes in pulmonary structure

The extensive changes in pulmonary function occurring during early development may reflect variations in the anatomic structure of the respiratory apparatus during this period. Accurate definition of these alterations could yield important information concerning the structure-function correlations of the respiratory system. To facilitate the acquisition of morphometric data from histologic sections of pulmonary tissues, we propose the use of a computer assisted image analysis system with a touch sensitive screen as an interactive peripheral. This allows planimetric measurements and computation of the dimensions of areas of selected light intensities within an image. We present the description, design, and applications of such an image analysis system and report representative results regarding developmental changes in pulmonary structure. In addition, we correlate these results with previously published information regarding pulmonary mechanics during early development to help clarify the maturational changes in pulmonary structure-function relationships. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:109–118.
Multimedia classification and event detection using double fusion

Multimedia Event Detection(MED) is a multimedia retrieval task with the goal of finding videos of a particular event in video archives, given example videos and event descriptions; different from MED, multimedia classification is a task that classifies given videos into specified classes. Both tasks require mining features of example videos to learn the most discriminative features, with best performance resulting from a combination of multiple complementary features. How to combine different features is the focus of this paper. Generally, early fusion and late fusion are two popular combination strategies. The former one fuses features before performing classification and the latter one combines output of classifiers from different features. Early fusion can better capture the relationship among features yet is prone to over-fit the training data. Late fusion deals with the over-fitting problem better but does not allow classifiers to train on all the data at the same time. In this paper, we introduce a fusion scheme named double fusion, which simply combines early fusion and late fusion together to incorporate their advantages. Results are reported on the TRECVID MED 2010, MED 2011, UCF50 and HMDB51 datasets. For the MED 2010 dataset, we get a mean minimal normalized detection cost (MMNDC) of 0.49, which exceeds the state-of-the-art performance by more than 12 percent. On the TRECVID MED 2011 test dataset, we achieve a MMNDC of 0.51, which is the second best among all 19 participants. On UCF50 and HMDB51, we obtain classification accuracy of 88.1 % and 48.7 % respectively, which are the best reported results to date.
Directional wind measurement derived from elastic backscatter lidar data in real time

The development of a capability to infer wind velocities simultaneously at a number of ranges along one direction in real time is described. The elastic backscatter lidar data used was obtained using the XM94 lidar, developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory for the US Army Chemical and Biological Detection Command. In some respects this problem is simpler than measuring wind velocities on meso-meteorological scales. Other requirements, particularly high temporal fidelity, have driven the development of faster software algorithms and suggested opportunities for the evolution of the hardware.
TiO2-Photocatalyzed As(III) Oxidation in Aqueous Suspensions: Reaction Kinetics and Effects of Adsorption

Oxidation of arsenite, As(III), to arsenate, As(V), is required for the efficient removal of arsenic by many water treatment technologies. The photocatalyzed oxidation of As(III) on titanium dioxide, TiO_2, offers an environmentally benign method for this unit operation. In this study, we explore the efficacy and mechanism of TiO_2-photocatalyzed As(III) oxidation at circumneutral pH and over a range of As(III) concentrations approaching those typically encountered in water treatment systems. We focus on the effect of As adsorption on observed rates of photooxidation. Adsorption (in the dark) of both As(III) and As(V) on Degussa P25 TiO_2 was examined at pH 6.3 over a range in dissolved arsenic concentrations, [As]_(diss), of 0.10−89 μM and 0.2 or 0.05 g L^(-1) TiO_2 for As(III) and As(V), respectively. Adsorption isotherms generally followed the Langmuir−Hinshelwood model with As(III) exhibiting an adsorption maxima of 32 μmol g^(-1). As(V) adsorption did not reach a plateau under the experimental conditions examined; the maximum adsorbed concentration observed was 130 μmol g^(-1). The extent of As(III) and As(V) adsorption observed at the beginning and end of the kinetic studies was consistent with that observed in the adsorption isotherms. Kinetic studies were performed in batch systems at pH 6.3 with 0.8−42 μM As(III) and 0.05 g L^(-1) TiO_2; complete oxidation of As(III) was observed within 10−60 min of irradiation at 365 nm. The observed effect of As(III) concentration on reaction kinetics was consistent with surface saturation at higher concentrations. Addition of phosphate at 0.5−10 μM had little effect on either As(III) sorption or its photooxidation rate but did inhibit adsorption of the product As(V). The selective use of hydroxyl radical quenchers and superoxide dismutase demonstrated that superoxide, O_2^(•-), plays a major role in the oxidation of As(III) to As(V).
The Effect of Caricide on Ascaridia Galli in Chickens

Abstract THE investigations by Hewitt, White, Wallace, Stewart, Kushner and SubbaRow (1947) and Hewitt, Kushner, Stewart, White, Wallace and SubbaRow (1947) showed that 1-diethylcarbamyl-4-methylpiperazine hydrochloride (Caricide) had a marked effect against Litomosoides carinii infections in rats. The same substance had a similar influence upon Dirofilaria immitis in dogs (Hewitt, Kushner, Stewart, White, Wallace and SubbaRow, 1947); Wuchereria bancrofti in man (Santiago-Stevenson, Oliver-Gonzalez and Hewitt, 1947); and adult Trichinella spiralis in white rats (Oliver-Gonzalez and Hewitt, 1947). In studies of ascariasis, Kanegis (1948) reported that in cats diethylcarbamazine dihydrogen citrate approached 100 percent efficiency. He stated that the optimum dose was 25 mg. per pound of body weight. Hewitt, Wallace, White and SubbaRow (1948) obtained similar results in dogs infected with ascarids. Caricide was also shown by Oliver-Gonzalez and Hewitt (Hewitt, Wallace, White and SubbaRow, 1948) to possess activity against Ascaris Lumhricoides infections in man. The purpose of the present investigation was . . .
Microglia in human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurodegeneration.

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with a syndrome of cognitive and motor abnormalities that may develop in the absence of opportunistic infections. Neurons are not productively infected by HIV. Thus, one hypothesis to explain the pathophysiology of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) suggests that signals released from other infected cell types in the CNS secondarily lead to neuronal injury. Microglia are the predominant resident CNS cell type productively infected by HIV-1. Neurologic dysfunction in HAD appears to be a consequence of microglial infection and activation. Several neurotoxic immunomodulatory factors are released from infected and activated microglia, leading to altered neuronal function, synaptic and dendritic degeneration, and eventual neuronal apoptosis. This review summarizes findings from clinical/pathological studies, animal models, and in vitro models of HAD. Most of these studies support the hypothesis that altered microglial physiology is the nidus for a cascade of events leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. Several molecular mediators of neuronal injury in HAD that emanate from microglia have been identified, and strategies for altering the impact of these neurotoxins are discussed.
Characterization of the radiation environment at a new proposed irradiation facility at LAMPF

A new irradiation facility is being planned at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF). Irradiations will be possible both in the direct proton beam (∼760 MeV) and in a spallation neutron flux generated at the LAMPF beam stop area. As an aid in the design of the facility and an aid to potential experimenters, the radiation environment expected in this area was characterized by calculation. The Monte Carlo Code for the Transport of Neutrons and Photons (MCNP) and the High-Energy Transport Code (HETC) were employed to calculate the flux and energy spectrum of neutrons, protons, pions, muons, and photons generated by 760-MeV protons incident on components along the beam line in the Target Station A-6 area. In the direct proton beam a current density of 20 μA/cm2 can be realized. The maximum total neutron flux outside the beam line between 1 eV and 800 MeV was determined as 4.9 × 1013 neutrons cm−2 s−1 (± 2.2%). The calculated spallation neutron spectrum resembles a fission spectrum with the addition of substantial numbers of higher energy (⩾ 1 MeV) neutrons. The maximum secondary proton flux was calculated as 1.18 × 1012 protons cm−2 s−1 (± 3.2%). The maximum pion, muon, and photon fluxes along the beam line were calculated to be 5.68 × 1010 π+ cm−2s−1 (± 14.4%), 8.21 × 108μ+ cm−2s−1 (± 51.5%), and 1.4 × 1013 photons cm−2s−1 (± 8%), respectively. Additionally, calculations were done that predict transmutation product generation in a variety of materials including a ferritic stainless steel. These products, most notably He, have been identified as being effective in determining microstructural evolution of materials under high-energy neutron (14-MeV) irradiation as is present in fusion reactors. It is felt that this new facility will be useful in the study of material for fusion applications.
Generation of Equivalent-Circuit Models From Simulation Data of a Thermal System

In this paper, we develop a methodology to obtain medium-order electrical equivalent circuits (ECs) of the thermal behavior of electronic systems. The method combines several elements: 1) the use of detailed finite-element (FE) simulations of steady-state thermal behavior; 2) graph partitioning of FE meshes to decompose the geometry at intermediate levels of detail; and 3) physically guided estimation of the parameters of the EC. To obtain richer training datasets, we also develop a method to include fictitious heat sources inside the FE model. This approach yields modular medium-order models for extensive and complicated geometries, such as a power-electronic chip. Moreover, representing the thermal behavior with an EC enables coupled simulations of electrothermal behavior, which are important in power electronics. We test our algorithms on a multimaterial pole of a dc motor and electronic chip. Excellent agreement in modeling both steady-state and transient behaviors was obtained.
CANARDS AND HORSESHOES IN THE FORCED VAN DER POL EQUATION

Cartwright and Littlewood discovered “chaotic” solutions in the periodically forced van der Pol equation in the 1940’s. Subsequent work by Levinson, Levi, and others has made this singularly perturbed system one of the archetypical dissipative systems with chaotic dynamics. Despite the extensive history of this system, many questions concerning its bifurcations and chaotic dynamics remain. We use a combination of analysis of the singular limit and numerical simulation to describe a horseshoe map that arises in the three-dimensional phase space. The canards that form at a “folded saddle” play a crucial role in this analysis.
Comparison of sunscreen availability in Chicago Hispanic and non-Hispanic neighborhoods.

Summary Background Poorer survival rates from melanoma among Hispanics have been previously reported. There is little information regarding sunscreen acquisition behaviors or availability/access to products that may help reduce the risk of skin cancer in Hispanic communities. This study sought to understand perceptions regarding sun protection and skin cancer risk and whether the availability of over-the-counter sunscreen products differed in three Chicago neighborhoods with different ethnic compositions. Methods We drew on interviews with 65 adult Spanish speaking Hispanics (23–72 years) recruited from faith-based institutions to better understand sunscreen use perceptions. Commercial establishments open to the general public were physically canvassed to determine whether there were any differences in sunscreen products availability. Results Stores carrying sun protection products are nearly twice as common in non Hispanic White neighborhoods versus Hispanic. In addition, when sunscreens are available for sale, Hispanics have fewer sunscreens to choose from. Discussion Emergent themes that were elicited during the interviews revealed that barriers to increased sunscreen use include economic and erroneous perceptions regarding skin cancer incidence and risk. Environmental factors that may reinforce these beliefs include lower availability and variety of sun protection products in Hispanic neighborhoods. Conclusion These findings indicate that providing culturally appropriate public health information encouraging the use of sunscreen and improving its availability in Hispanic communities are potential points of intervention in attempts to improve morbidity from skin cancer.
The Use of Categorical Variables in Data Envelopment Analysis

Data Envelopment Analysis has now been extensively applied in a range of empirical settings to identify relative inefficiencies, and provide targets for improvements. It accomplishes this by developing peer groups for each unit being operated. The use of categorical variables is an important extension which can improve the peer group construction process and incorporate "on-off" characteristics, e.g., presence of drive-in window or not in a banking network. It relaxes the stringent need for factors to display piecewise constant marginal productivities. In so doing, it substantially strengthens the credibility of the insights obtained. The paper treats the cases when the categorical variable can be controllable or uncontrollable by the manager, for the cases of technical and scale inefficiency. The approach is illustrated using real data.
Anchoring of lightness values by relative luminance and relative area.

Surface lightness is widely thought to depend on the relative luminance coming from neighboring surfaces. But relativeluminance can produce only relative lightness values. Speciﬁc lightness values can be derived only with an anchoring rulethat speciﬁes how relative luminance values in the retinal image are mapped onto the lightness scale. We explored theanchoring rules governing very simple images consisting of two adjacent surfaces that ﬁll the entire visual ﬁeld. These werepainted onto the interior of a large hemisphere that surrounded the observer’s head. Lighter and darker radial sectors of thesame two shades of gray were painted onto nine such hemispheres, but with different relative areas. The region of highestluminance was always seen as white. The lightness of the darker sector depended on relative area, appearing lighter as thedarker sector became larger, but this effect was stronger when the darker sector was larger than the lighter, a pattern ofresults shown to be consistent with over a dozen prior studies of relative area and lightness.Keywords: lightness, anchoring, relative luminanceCitation: Gilchrist, A. L., & Radonji
Wave Modeling of the Solar Wind

The acceleration and heating of the solar wind have been studied for decades using satellite observations and models. However, the exact mechanism that leads to solar wind heating and acceleration is poorly understood. In order to improve the understanding of the physical mechanisms that are involved in these processes a combination of modeling and observational analysis is required. Recent models constrained by satellite observations show that wave heating in the low-frequency (MHD), and high-frequency (ion-cyclotron) range may provide the necessary momentum and heat input to coronal plasma and produce the solar wind. This review is focused on the results of several recent solar modeling studies that include waves explicitly in the MHD and the kinetic regime. The current status of the understanding of the solar wind acceleration and heating by waves is reviewed.
Structure Studies of Thin Amorphous Films by Synchrotron X-Ray Absorption and Analytical Electron Microscopy.

We combine the techniques of EXAFS and XANES using synchrotron x-rays, and the corresponding techniques using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EXELFS and ELNES) to characterize and study the local atomic arrangement in thin amorphous films. These probes are complementary in that x-rays are best suited for absorption edges above 3 keV and electron energy loss spectroscopy for low energy edges, and thus this combination is very useful for amorphous materials containing both low and high Z elements. We use in addition transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy in the low energy loss region. Results from amorphous TiO/sub 2/ and amorphous SnO/sub 2/ made by reactive sputtering are presented. 6 refs., 7 figs.
Synchronizing clocks in the presence of faults

Algorithms are described for maintaining clock synchrony in a distributed multiprocess system where each process has its own clock. These algorithms work in the presence of arbitrary clock or process failures, including “two-faced clocks” that present different values to different processes. Two of the algorithms require that fewer than one-third of the processes be faulty. A third algorithm works if fewer than half the processes are faulty, but requires digital signatures.
The Federal Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978) An Update on Selected Issues

The purpose of this article is to provide an update on a selected set of issues that might be considered if and when the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures is revised. The following issues that have been subject to a considerable number of research-based advances in the field of industrial and organizational psychology are discussed: (a) adverse impact, the four-fifths rule, and statistical significance testing; (b) criterion measures; (c) cutoff scores; and (d) differential prediction. In addition, implications for practice of research findings in each of these areas are discussed.
Simulation-directed invariant mining for software verification

With the advance of SAT solvers, transforming a software program to a prepositional formula has generated much interest for bounded model checking of software in recent years. However, reasoning at the Boolean level often may not be able to identify some key relations among the original high-level program variables. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that uses simulation-directed data mining in the original program to extract a set of high-level potential property invariants according to the dynamic execution data of the software. When these learned invariants are added as constraints to the bounded model checking instances of the software, they help to significantly reduce the search space. The simulation-directed invariant mining framework exhibits more flexibility compared to the conventional static program analysis approaches, and the experimental results showed that our approach can lead to up to an order of magnitude of speedup in software verification via bounded model checking.
Tunneling conduction in dense silicon quantum dot/poly (methyl methacrylate) composites

Abstract The conduction mechanism of organically passivated silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) embedded in Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been investigated. This architecture forces the charge carriers onto the QDs, eliminating the need for charge transfer between the host matrix PMMA and the SiQDs. Octene was determined to be the shortest aliphatic ligand for electroluminescent films, as mixtures of 5:1 SiQDs:PMMA were readily synthesized without precipitation. At low fields, the current is limited by space charge effects with a weak temperature dependence which is believed to be due to the quantum dot size distribution. The lack of a temperature dependence on the current–voltage characteristics in the high voltage regime suggests that trap assisted tunneling is the primary conduction mechanism rather than transport through the PMMA. An analysis of the results suggests that the tunneling effective mass in PMMA is approximately 0.23m o . Thus, preparing SiQDs in a PMMA matrix may yield a recombination pathway for generated excitons allowing for the creation of efficient light emitting devices.
Susceptibility of Oregon Forest Trees and Shrubs to Phytophthora ramorum: A Comparison of Artificial Inoculation and Natural Infection

Phytophthora ramorum is an invasive pathogen in some mixed-hardwood forests in California and southwestern Oregon, where it causes sudden oak death (SOD) on some members of Fagaceae, ramorum shoot dieback on some members of Ericaceae and conifers, and ramorum leaf blight on diverse hosts. We compared symptoms of P. ramorum infection resulting from four different artificial inoculation techniques with the symptoms of natural infection on 49 western forest trees and shrubs; 80% proved susceptible to one degree or another. No single inoculation method predicted the full range of symptoms observed in the field, but whole plant dip came closest. Detached-leaf-dip inoculation provided a rapid assay and permitted a reasonable assessment of susceptibility to leaf blight. Both leaf age and inoculum dose affected detached-leaf assays. SOD and dieback hosts often developed limited leaf symptoms, although the pattern of midrib and petiole necrosis was distinctive. Stem-wound inoculation of seedlings correlated with field symptoms for several hosts. The results suggested that additional conifer species may be damaged in the field. Log inoculation provided a realistic test of susceptibility to SOD, but was cumbersome and subject to seasonal variability. Pacific rhododendron, salmonberry, cascara, and poison oak were confirmed as hosts by completing Koch's postulates. Douglas-fir was most susceptible to shoot dieback shortly after budburst, with infection occurring at the bud.