cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Relationship Between Combinatorial and LP-Based Approaches to NP-Hard Scheduling Problems

Enumerative approaches, such as branch-and-bound, to solv- ing optimization problems require a subroutine that produces a lower bound on the value of the optimal solution. In the domain of scheduling problems the requisite lower bound has typically been derived from either the solution to a linear-programming relaxation of the problem or the solution of a combinatorial relaxation. In this paper we investigate, from both a theoretical and practical perspective, the relationship between several linear-programming based lower bounds and combinatorial lower bounds for two scheduling problems in which the goal is to minimize the average weighted completion time of the jobs scheduled.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Symptoms After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy for Morbid Obesity. The Importance of Preoperative Evaluation and Selection.

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is prevalent in morbidly obese patients, and its severity appears to correlate with body mass index (BMI). Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the status of GERD after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Materials and Methods: A prospectively maintained database of all the patients who underwent LSG from February 2008 to May 2011 was reviewed. Results: A total of 131 patients were included. The mean age and the BMI of the patients were 49.4 years and 48.9 kg/m 2 , respectively. Prior to LSG, subjective reflux symptoms were reported in 67 (51%) patients. Anatomical presence of hiatal hernia was endoscopically confirmed in 35 (52%) patients who reported reflux symptoms prior to LSG. All these patients underwent simultaneous hiatal hernia repair during their LSG. The overall mean operative time was 106 min (range: 48-212 min). There were no intra- and 30-day postoperative complications. Out of the 67 preoperative reflux patients, 32 (47.7%) reported resolution of their symptoms after the operation, 20 (29.9%) reported clinical improvement, and 12 (22.2%) reported unchanged or persistent symptoms. Three patients developed new-onset reflux symptoms, which were easily controlled with proton pump inhibitors. No patient required conversion to gastric bypass or duodenal switch because of the severe reflux symptoms. At 18 months, the follow-up data were available in 60% of the total patients. Conclusion: LSG results in resolution or improvement of the reflux symptoms in a large number of patients. Proper patient selection, complete preoperative evaluation to identify the presence of hiatal hernia, and good surgical techniques are the keys to achieve optimal outcomes.
Scalable parallel simulations of wireless networks with WiPPET: modeling of radio propagation, mobility and protocols

We review the design, selected applications and performance of WiPPET lWireless Propagation and Protocol Evaluation Testbedr, a general parallel simulation testbed for various types of wireless networks. WiPPET has been written in TeDsCpp, an objectdoriented modeling framework that isolates network modeling from the underlying parallel discrete event simulator. We describe the techniques for modeling radio propagation llong and shortdscale fading and interferencer and protocols that promote scalability of parallel simulations at session and packet timedscales. We outline two selected applications of WiPPET: integrated radio resource management in a mobile wireless network; and packet losses due to mobility and shortdscale fading over a radio link. We illustrate the efficiency of the simulator under two partitioning schemes with parallel performance data obtained using the Georgia Time Warp optimistic simulator.
Cystic granular cell tumor mimicking Rathke cleft cyst: Case report

Symptomatic granular cell tumors of the neurohypophysis are a rarely reported entity. To the authors' knowledge, they report the first fully described case of a symptomatic granular cell tumor with a large cystic component. A 31-year-old woman presented with headaches and visual complaints with imaging findings confirming a cystic sellar and suprasellar mass. The lesion was resected, and histological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The literature has shown that granular cell tumors are rarely reported as being symptomatic but may actually be a fairly common finding in autopsy studies. The authors review the literature with a specific focus on radiographic findings in patients with symptomatic granular cell tumors.
Promoting Effective Peer Interaction in an Intelligent Collaborative Learning System

Placing students in a group and assigning them a task does not guarantee that the students will engage in effective collaborative learning behavior. The collaborative learning model described in this paper identifies the specific characteristics exhibited by effective collaborative learning teams, and based on these characteristics, suggests strategies for promoting effective peer interaction. The model is designed to help an intelligent collaborative learning system recognize and target group interaction problem areas. Once targeted, the system can take actions to help students collaborate more effectively with their peers, maximizing individual student and group learning.
General Language Deficits in Children With Articulation Problems

Sixteen 7 year-old children with normal articulation, and sixteen 7 year-old children with defective articulation were compared as to their performance on series of language tests designed to assess the child's knowledge of form class, sentence structure, and phonological composition in English. Results showed that children in the defective articulation group gave significantly fewer paradigmatic responses in a word-association test, were less able to discriminate possible from impossible phoneme sequences in English, and were able to repeat fewer sentences correctly than children in the normal articulation group. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for present articulation therapy, which stresses the production of individual sounds and often provides little or no remedial experience in the wider aspects of language usage such as would seem required by results of the present study.
Solid/Condensed Phase Aftertreatment Systems

Internal combustion engines are a critical component of the transportation industry and a key contributor to urban air quality concerns. Of significant importance are the unavoidable emissions of particulate matter from these sources. This chapter examines the issues surrounding the nature of particulate matter, its regulation and the technology used for its control. The topic is introduced by first giving the legal and physical definitions of particulate matter, followed by a discussion of the impacts of particulates and a brief overview of the regulatory landscape. The discussion then turns to the primary control technology for particulates, that is, filtration. The mechanisms of filtration are described along with the physical description of real-world approaches. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion of how particulate filtration devices are integrated into the overall vehicle system, the performance implications, and practical concerns regarding their reliability. Keywords: particulates; filtration; diesel particulate filter; exhaust aftertreatment; soot
The Gender Gap in High School Physics: Considering the Context of Local Communities

Objectives We focus on variation in gender inequality in physics course-taking, questioning the notion of a ubiquitous male advantage. We consider how inequality in high school physics is related to the context of students’ local communities, specifically the representation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupations in the labor force. Methods This study uses nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and its education component, the Adolescent Health and Academic Achievement Transcript Study. Results Approximately half of schools are characterized by either gender equality or even a small female advantage in enrollment in this traditionally male subject. Furthermore, variation in the gender gap in physics is related to the percent of women who are employed in STEM occupations within the community. Conclusion Our study suggests that communities differ in the extent to which traditionally gendered status expectations shape beliefs and behaviors.
Mealiness and sogginess in sweet potato

Abstract Sweet potato (var. Jersey) and yam (var. Velvet) are ‘mealy’ and ‘soggy’ varieties, respectively, of Ipomoea batatas Poir. In the raw state the storage roots of both have virtually the same histological structure: more or less abundant starch grains in the parenchyma cells and few intercellular spaces. After baking, the sweet potato shows rounded cells which are full of gelatinised starch and are separated by numerous small, capillary-like intercellular spaces. The baked yam has very little starch, shrivelled cells, ruptured and shrunken cell walls and many large intercellular cavities. The relationships of histological structure to textural properties in these roots and in the mealy and soggy varieties of the tuber of the Irish potato are discussed.
Sacred Syllogisms and Song for the Ecology of Mind

This paper discusses the poetic art of cultivating the sacred by connecting the thought of two unlikely figures, twentieth-century anthropologist and systems theorist Gregory Bateson and nineteenth-century poet-philosopher Friedrich Holderlin. Gregory Bateson's theory of mental process within the ecology of mind, characterized in terms of metaphor and simile, or poetry and prose thinking, is illustrated with the aid of two syllogisms, the syllogism in Barbara and the syllogism in Grass. In light of these syllogisms, Friedrich Holderlin's views on the task of the poet and the logic behind tragic song are then examined. Holderlin's poetic theory reveals how two elements of the song, tragic metaphor and caesura, invoke a living representation of the sacred, or the whole of ecology of mind.
Hydrochemical tracers in the middle Rio Grande Basin, USA: 2. Calibration of a groundwater-flow model

The calibration of a groundwater model with the aid of hydrochemical data has demonstrated that low recharge rates in the Middle Rio Grande Basin may be responsible for a groundwater trough in the center of the basin and for a substantial amount of Rio Grande water in the regional flow system. Earlier models of the basin had difficulty reproducing these features without any hydrochemical data to constrain the rates and distribution of recharge. The objective of this study was to use the large quantity of available hydrochemical data to help calibrate the model parameters, including the recharge rates. The model was constructed using the US Geological Survey’s software MODFLOW, MODPATH, and UCODE, and calibrated using 14C activities and the positions of certain flow zones defined by the hydrochemical data. Parameter estimation was performed using a combination of nonlinear regression techniques and a manual search for the minimum difference between field and simulated observations. The calibrated recharge values were substantially smaller than those used in previous models. Results from a 30,000-year transient simulation suggest that recharge was at a maximum about 20,000 years ago and at a minimum about 10,000 years ago.
On the Error Correcting Capacity of Finite Automata

MICHAEL A. HARRISON Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California INTRODUCTION One interesting application of sequential machines is to consider them us encoders and decoders for an information channel. In a sequence of papers, Neumann (1962, 1962, and 1964) has exploited the properties of automata to study such codings. Schiitzenberger (1964) has studied the synchronizing properties of such codes. In Neumann's work, the possibility of noise in the channel was considered. Winograd (1964) generalized the model to the case where the decoder was a finite au- tomaton which corrected a set of errors prescribed by an error relation; the idea being that the noise in the channel is describable by a relation. A related study of errors on regular sets has been made by Hartmanis and Stearns (1963). In this paper, we obtain results concerning the structure of error correcting automata. Another reason for the study of these automata is that the regular sets which they recognize are particularly simple. In fact, these events are the natural generalization of the definite events (Perles, Rabin, and Shamir, 1963; Brzozowski, 1963. NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS The notation used in this paper is derived from Rabin and Scott (1959) and Biichi (1962). Let Z be a fixed finite nonempty set called the alphabet. Z* is the free monoid generated by Z with identity element A and the operation of concatenation. If x E Z*, then the length of x is the number of ele- ments of Z in x; of course lg (A) = 0. * This study was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Grant AF-AFOSR-639-64. Some of the material in this paper was presented at an Inter- national Colloquium on Automata Theory and Algebraic Linguistics, Jerusalem, Israel, August 24-25, 1964. 43O
Protein Supplementation of Cowpeas with Sesame and Watermelon Seeds

Amino acid analysis of autoclaved cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), defatted sesame (Sesamum indicum) and defatted watermelon seeds (Citrullus vulgaris) indicated that the proteins of sesame and watermelon seeds have the potential to supplement the proteins of cowpeas nutritionally. Feeding experiments with growing rats demonstrated this supplementation, as shown by the following protein efficiency rat os: cowpeas (C) 1.71; sesame (S) 1.22; watermelon seeds (W) 1.07; 75% C protein and 25% S protein 2.27; 50:50 C and S proteins 2.44; 75% C protein and 25% W protein 2.20; 50:50 C and W proteins 2.28, compared to casein 2.50. The N-digestibility was high (79 to 81 percent) in all diets. The in vitro lysine availability in treated cowpeas, sesame and watermelon seeds varied from 93% to 95%.
Molecular expression and functional activity of vitamin C specific transport system (SVCT2) in human breast cancer cells.

The main goal of this study is to investigate the expression of sodium dependent vitamin C transport system (SVCT2). Moreover, this investigation has been carried out to define uptake mechanism and intracellular regulation of ascorbic acid (AA) in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1). Uptake of [(14)C] AA was studied in MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1 cells. Functional parameters of [(14)C] AA uptake were delineated in the presence of different concentrations of unlabeled AA, pH, temperature, metabolic inhibitors, substrates and structural analogs. Molecular identification of SVCT2 was carried out with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Uptake of [(14)C] AA was studied and found to be sodium, chloride, temperature, pH and energy dependent in all breast cancer cell lines. [(14)C] AA uptake was found to be saturable, with Km values of 53.85 ± 6.24, 49.69 ± 2.83 and 45.44 ± 3.16 μM and Vmax values of 18.45 ± 0.50, 32.50 ± 0.43 and 33.25 ± 0.53 pmol/min/mg protein, across MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1, respectively. The process is inhibited by structural analogs (l-AA and d-iso AA) but not by structurally unrelated substrates (glucose and PAHA). Ca(++)/calmodulin and protein kinase pathways appeared to play a crucial role in modulating AA uptake. A 626 bp band corresponding to a vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) based on the primer design was detected by RT-PCR analysis in all breast cancer cell lines. This research article describes AA uptake mechanism, kinetics, and regulation by sodium dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) in MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1 cells. Also, MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1 cell lines can be utilized as a valuable in vitro model to investigate absorption and permeability of AA-conjugated chemotherapeutics.
Simultaneously extracted transient and steady-state evoked responses during general anesthesia: Variability of different rates

Unintended intraoperative awareness occurs in one to two individuals out of every one thousand treated with general anesthesia. Patients that experience intraoperative awareness have significant post-operative psychological sequelae. The ability to detect intraoperative awareness is currently suboptimal because the mechanism employed by anesthetic drugs to impair consciousness remains poorly understood. Studies have suggested that evoked potentials (EP) may be used to monitor the depth of anesthesia. Both transient and steady state responses can be simultaneously extracted using the Continuous Loop Averaging Deconvolution (CLAD) method with specially designed CLAD sequences. 20 Hz and 30 Hz jittered CLAD sequences in addition to 5 Hz isochronic and 40 Hz jittered CLAD sequences were applied in baseline awake and general anesthesia conditions. A qualitative method to assess the extracted EPs was developed in this study, termed Randomized Split Set Average (RSSA). The results showed that EPs extracted during general anesthesia require a greater number of sweeps to obtain a signal-to-noise ratio comparable to that observed in EPs extracted during the awake state. Therefore, the development of a real time or quasi real time EP monitoring system for anesthesia provides an increased challenge. The RSSA employed in this study is a useful method for assessing the signal quality of EP responses.
Images as Occlusions of Textures: A Framework for Segmentation

We propose a new mathematical and algorithmic framework for unsupervised image segmentation, which is a critical step in a wide variety of image processing applications. We have found that most existing segmentation methods are not successful on histopathology images, which prompted us to investigate segmentation of a broader class of images, namely those without clear edges between the regions to be segmented. We model these images as occlusions of random images, which we call textures, and show that local histograms are a useful tool for segmenting them. Based on our theoretical results, we describe a flexible segmentation framework that draws on existing work on nonnegative matrix factorization and image deconvolution. Results on synthetic texture mosaics and real histology images show the promise of the method.
Infectious diseases presentations of munchausen syndrome by proxy: Case report and review of the literature

Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a form of abuse, usually of a child by a parent, in which a factitious illness is reported or produced in the child, resulting in unnecessary medical evaluations and treatments. A dramatic case of a 17-month-old infant with recurrent polymicrobial bacteremia prompted a review of cases diagnosed by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases consultation service at our referral children's hospital and a review of the infectious diseases presentations in the medical literature. The infectious diseases presentations of the syndrome as well as criteria for the diagnosis are reviewed and discussed.
Independent pair correlations in a cluster expansion formalism

Abstract A variational, many-body wavefunction containing correlations only between independent pairs of particles is discussed. A cluster expansion for the energy is obtained as a sum of connected diagrams, which for bosons is summed to give an exact expression for the variational energy. For a repulsive Yukawa potential the solution to the variational equation gives over half of the full correlation energy at all densities.
Effect of water absorption on physical properties of high nitrile barrier polymers

Water absorption studies were made on a series of high nitrile barrier polymers, as a function of polymer composition, rubber content, temperature, orientation and relative humidity. Results indicate that absorbed water has a great influence on both mechanical and thermal properties of the polymer. Absorbed water in high nitrile polymers causes a large decrease in the glass transition temperature and yield stress. These effects are found to depend on polymer composition, amount of absorbed water, and degree of orientation. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to end-use properties of the polymer.
THE MATERIALS OF HOYSALA TEMPLES AND SCULPTURES: A PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION

Talcxhlorite schist is the material commonly used by the sculptors and builders of the Hoysala dynasty, which ruled i n the western part of India south of the Deccan from the eleventh to the mid-fourteenth century. Forty-one samples from seven Hoysala sites were examined by petrographic microscopy and electron beam microprobe analysis. Although it is difficult to distinguish between some of the rocks from the different sites. many contain minerals that can be valuable in distinguishing between different possible quarry sources.
TEM Examination of Heart‐Treated Nanocrystalline ZnS

Monodisperse, spherical, submicrometer-size ZnS particles with nanocrystalline substructure were heated and examined in situ using a Gatan hot stage and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) at temperatures ranging from 500° to 900°C. The goal of this study was to observe the micro-structural changes that occur in these particles during heat treatment. The particles, whose morphology consists of an agglomeration of nanocrystals, showed significant grain growth and sintering at temperatures as low as 600°C, much lower than expected for bulk ZnS crystals. In addition, the particles were seen to develop hollow cores during heat treatment. This hollowing effect appears to be related to the nanocrystalline/nanoporous nature of the particles.
Controlled Synthesis of Zinc Selenide Nanostructures using Oil-Water-Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Liquid Crystals

A technique for simultaneous size and shape control of compound semiconductor nanostructures using poly (ethylene oxide)-poly (propylene oxide)-poly (ethylene oxide) block copolymer/water/p-xylene lyotropic liquid crystals as templates is reported. Luminescent quantum dots of ZnSe were grown in the spherical domains of reverse (water-in-oil) cubic liquid crystals, hollow nanospheres and hollow nanotubes were grown around the dispersed spherical and cylindrical oil domains of the normal (oil-in-water) cubic and hexagonal phases respectively, and free-standing quantum wells (nanoplates or nanolaminates) were grown in the lamellar liquid crystals. The ZnSe nuclei were formed at room temperature by a spontaneous and irreversible reaction between zinc acetate that was dissolved in the water phase, and hydrogen selenide that was allowed to diffuse into the liquid crystalline templates. The nanostructures were characterized by HR-TEM, XRD, and optical spectroscopy. The shape of the nanocrystals can be controlled by selecting the structure of the templating phase. The size of the nanocrystals can be controlled by the size of the nanodomains and the concentration of the zinc precursor in them.
Probabilistic aspects and flexible thresholds of waveform distortions

The probabilistic aspects of time-varying waveform distortions present an interesting and valuable research avenue, especially applied to the design of a tightly coupled integrated power systems (IPS) such as onboard an electric ship. The power quality thresholds that are currently practiced may not hold appropriate for the efficient operation of the IPS. One school of thought defers to an equipment based flexible threshold of power quality rather than the current practice of a fixed threshold of power quality for each voltage class. This is augmented by the lack of utility-customer like structure and points of common coupling in the IPS. Of particular interest to this research is the cumulative effect of time-varying waveform distortions on the equipments onboard. In this presentation, a case study on a reduced IPS consisting of the AC ring, propulsion systems and the DC-ZEDS is performed with artificially induced time-varying waveform distortions. The statistics (probability density function PDF) of a power quality parameter (total voltage harmonic distortion VTHD in this case) at the terminals of a power conversion module (PCM2) that feeds other AC loads are quantified. Further, discussion of the probabilistic aspects of the time-varying waveform distortion with respect to additional thermal heating in an example load (3-phase induction machine) and the corresponding reduction in life expectancy will be presented. The basis for seeking flexible/relaxed thresholds for power quality at the equipment terminals based on the time-varying nature of waveforms will be established. Also a brief description into the appropriate tools required to quantify/visualize the time-varying waveform distortions and effects will be made
VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING FOR ROBOTIC FABRICATION OF REBAR CAGES IN MANUFACTURED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

AbstractWith the advent of precast construction technology, the construction industry has seen a rapid change in the way structures are built. Precast construction has reduced project costs and durations, increased the predictability, and improved the quality of construction. It has also resulted in a shift in construction tasks from the construction site to the factory floor. Precast elements are manufactured and cured in controlled factory environments and are then transported to the construction site for assembly. This shift into the factory makes the process a viable candidate for automation. However, because of the nature of the construction industry, it is important that the automation technology used be reconfigurable in a way that accommodates frequent changes in design and demand. Most precast elements currently used are made of RC. This paper considers the unique constraints inherent in precast construction and proposes a method with which to automate the production of precast concrete elements....
Empyema due to Ventriculopleural Shunt

Empyema developing seven weeks after craniotomy in a 62-year-old black woman with an ipsilateral ventriculopleural (V-PL) shunt is described. Infection of the pleural space presumably resulted from transfer of organisms from a proximal V-PL shunt infection to the thorax. Empyema resulting from V-PL shunt infection has not previously been reported. Pleural effusions in patients with V-PL shunts must be considered as a potential site of infection with possible development of empyema.
The Game Theory Approach for Solving the Hierarchical and Decentralized Bi-Level Problem

This paper presents a game theory approach to solve two types op problem, hierarchical and decentralized bi-level multi-objective problem with multiple objective functions at the upper level and multiple players at the lower level. The sensitivity based approach is applied for numerical approach. A sensitivity based algorithm is proposed to the Hierarchical and decentralized bi-level multi-objective problem. Two scenarios are studied in this paper for modeling the decentralized bi-level multi-objective problem. The first scenario considers the cooperative game as interaction between the players at upper level and the lower level individually. The interaction between the upper and lower level is considered as Stackelberg. On the second scenario, the interaction in the lower level is modeled by Nash game. The sensitivity based method has been used to provide an approximation to the rational reaction set (RRS) for each player. An alternate approach for generating the RRS based on design of experiments (DOE) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) is also explored. Two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the proposed algorithm for the both scenario. It is seen that the proposed sensitivity based approach is able to approximate non linear RRS. For the hierarchical approach, one numerical example is studied to show the application of the algorithm.© 2013 ASME
Seasonal variation in the temperature response of leaf respiration in Quercus rubra: foliage respiration and leaf properties

Leaf respiratory temperature responses and general leaf properties of Quercus rubra were measured throughout the 2003 growing season in a deciduous forest in the northeastern USA. Measurements were made in the upper and lower portions of the canopy at two sites with different soil water availability. Correlations among respiration and various leaf properties were examined. At a set temperature (10 and 20°C), area-based leaf respiration rates were higher in both the early and late growing season than in the mid-growing season (0•50 vs 0•33µmol CO2 m2 s-1at 10°C, on average). Upper-canopy leaves generally had higher respiration rates than lower-canopy leaves (0•53 vs 0•30 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 10°C, on average). At the drier site a more significant seasonal pattern in respiration was observed, while at the more mesic site a stronger canopy-position effect was detected. E0, a model variable related to the overall energy of activation of respiration, varied only slightly (52±5 kJ mol-1K-1), and was not influenced by season, site or canopy position. Leaf properties (specific leaf area, nitrogen, soluble sugars) also varied with season, site and canopy position. Leaf N and reducing monose were positively correlated with leaf respiration rates. After isolating single factors (season, site, canopy position), reducing monose could partially explain the seasonality in respiration (32- 79%), and leaf N (Narea) was well correlated with the canopy-position effect. Our results suggest that the temporal and spatial heterogeneities of respiration need to be considered in ecosystem models, but significant simplifications may be made in Q. rubra by assuming a constant temperature coefficient (E0, 52•5 kJ mol-1in this study) or predicting the base respiration rate (R0) from well understood leaf properties.
The rate of discharge of coarse granular material from a wedge-shaped mass flow hopper

The equations of continuity and momentum balance for a cohesionless Coulomb powder discharging from a wedge-shaped hopper are solved by an iterative procedure, which generates series solutions in inverse cubic powers of distance from the vertex of the hopper. Computed residues indicate that the results are more accurate than existing approximations in the literature. Nevertheless, the gap between theory and experiment is not closed. This points to an inadequacy in the theoretical model.
Solving PDEs with Intrepid

Intrepid is a Trilinos package for advanced discretizations of Partial Differential Equations PDEs. The package provides a comprehensive set of tools for local, cell-based construction of a wide range of numerical methods for PDEs. This paper describes the mathematical ideas and software design principles incorporated in the package. We also provide representative examples showcasing the use of Intrepid both in the context of numerical PDEs and the more general context of data analysis.
Application Of High-Resolution Seismic Reflection Data In Assessing The Size, Shape, And Lithology Of Near-Surface Sand Bodies

Several thousand kilometres of high resolution seismic reflection data were acquired from the east Texas continental shelf to map the major depositional systems formed since the last glacial-eustatic lowstand. This work was followed by more detailed surveys of selected depositional systems using a variety of seismic sources and aimed at characterizing seismic facies of sandy systems. Attempts to estimate the size, distribution, and volume of sand bodies based on seismic data alone met with poor success. However, when good quality seismic data and reasonable core coverage are coupled with sedimentation models, good results are obtained.
Surface flashover sustained by electrostatic surface charge on epoxy resin insulator in SF6

The importance of studying the influence of accumulated surface charge on surface flashover is demonstrated by on-site trapped charge measurements. Using a hemispherically tipped electrode on an epoxy resin plate, it has been shown that, at a critical surface energy density, a back flashover can be induced when the DC is suddenly removed. The back-flash threshold levels were measured at different pressures and for two electrode-insulator geometries. The concept of minimum surface energy density Em capable of sustaining surface flashover was formulated. Various experimental observations can be interpreted by the concept, such as the aforementioned back-flash phenomenon, the close proximity to the insulator surface that flashover path tends to seek etc. From the measured back-flash threshold voltage and field analysis of the two geometries, the minimum surface energy density Em necessary for sustaining continuous surface discharge has been calculated. The compilation of the results for both geometries at different pressures is presented.
Inelastic heavy ion scattering in a folding model

Abstract Heavy ion inelastic scattering cross sections to low-lying collective states have been calculated in the framework of a folding model for the optical potential. The inelastic transition form factor is generated by deforming the target density directly, rather than the potential. Good agreement with experimental data for 58Ni(16O,16O′)58Ni∗(2+) is obtained at 50, 60, and 70 MeV. A value of the deformation length β2RT is obtained which is consistent with that extracted from measured B(E2) values.
Quantification of Infection with Schistosoma haematobium in Relation to Epidemiology and Selective Population Chemotherapy. I. Minimal Number of Daily Egg Counts in Urine Necessary to Establish Intensity of Infection

The intensity of infection with Schistosoma haematobium (worm burden) can be approximated by quantifying the number of parasite eggs excreted in the urine. A new method of egg counting has been developed in which urine samples are passed through transparent Nuclepore filters (Nuclepore Corp., Pleasanton, Calif.). The method requires no staining, is rapid, and can be performed in the field. It has previously been reported, however, that there is a significant daily fluctuation in output of eggs in the urine of patients with schistosomiasis haematobia. In the present study, daily urine samples were obtained on each of the 10 school days during a 12-day period from 121 schoolchildren in Coast Province, Kenya (total, 10 samples per child). In terms of detecting infection, it was of interest that egg counts of 0 were very rarely recorded for subjects whose mean egg counts were greater than 20/10 ml of urine. When the patients were classified into one of four groups, according to egg count (less than 1, 1--100, 101--400, greater than 400), the proportion correctly classified based on a single urine specimen was 75%; this proportion rose to 78% when the classification was based on two specimens and to 83% with three specimens. Most of the urine specimens that were misclassified belonged in an adjacent group.
Slow axonal transport and the genesis of neuronal morphology

The classic view of slow axonal transport maintains that microtubules, neurofilaments, and actin filaments move down the axon relatively coherently at rates significantly slower than those characteristic of known motor proteins. Recent studies indicate that the movement of these cytoskeletal polymers is actually rapid, asynchronous, intermittent, and most probably fueled by familiar motors such as kinesins, myosins, and cytoplasmic dynein. This new view, which is supported by both live-cell imaging and mechanistic analyses, suggests that slow axonal transport is both rapid and plastic, and hence could underlie transformations in neuronal morphology.
REMARKS ON UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLES.

Since the publication of Heisenberg’s paper1 on the “anschaulichen Inhalt” of quantum mechanics, discussions of the fundamental limitations on the accuracy of physical measurements have been much in the foreground. According to Heisenberg, the quantum mechanics implies that it is impossible to measure simultaneous values of a coordinate and its conjugate momentum with unlimited precision. Instead, if Δp be the estimated error or uncertainty in a momentum and Δq that in the associated coordinate one must have the inequality, $$ \Delta p\Delta q>\frac{h}{{2\pi}} $$ (1) This inequality has come to be known quite generally as Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation.
Singularities and Scaling Functions at the Potts-Model Multicritical Point

Differential renormalization equation for the $q$-state Potts model are proposed, and the critical behavior of the model near $q={q}_{c}$ discussed. The equations give rise to critical and tricritical fixed points which merge at $q={q}_{c}$ when a dilution field becomes marginal, to an essential singularity in the latent heat as a function of $q={q}_{c}$, in accordance with the exact result of Baxter, and, for $q={q}_{c}$, to a logarithm correction to the power-law behavior of the free energy as a function of $T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}$.
‘Practice in teaching should be practice in caring’ fidelity in teacher education

Abstract As we move forward in the new millennium, the call for reform in teacher education programs increases. One reform model, offered by Nel Noddings, focuses on the students’ affect, emotion, and intellect. Noddings proposes the use of fidelity—focusing on the individual and the quality of relationships—as a cornerstone in teaching and teacher education. Fidelity in teacher education utilizes a process that includes modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation. This paper explores the fundamentals of a fidelity‐based approach to teacher education and examines a university course and its fieldwork component by analyzing the structure and methods of each using the fidelity framework. If we expect our pre‐service teachers to create caring learning environments, they must first be taught about caring environments by their professors. The use of fidelity in teacher education programs is one model that allows for caring environments as well as content application.
Long-Term Durability of Bioprosthetic Aortic Valves: Implications From 12,569 Implants

Background Increased life expectancy and younger patients' desire to avoid lifelong anticoagulation requires a better understanding of bioprosthetic valve failure. This study evaluates risk factors associated with explantation for structural valve deterioration (SVD) in a long-term series of Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT aortic valves (AV). Methods From June 1982 to January 2011, 12,569 patients underwent AV replacement with Edwards Lifesciences Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT stented bovine pericardial prostheses, models 2700PM (n = 310) or 2700 (n = 12,259). Mean age was 71 ± 11 years (range, 18 to 98 years). 93% had native AV disease, 48% underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting, and 26% had additional valve surgery. There were 81,706 patient-years of systematic follow-up data available for analysis. Demographics, intraoperative variables, and 27,386 echocardiographic records were used to identify risks for explant for SVD and assess longitudinal changes in transprosthesis gradients using time-varying covariable analyses. Results Three hundred fifty-four explants were performed, with 41% related to endocarditis and 44% to SVD. Actuarial estimates of explant for SVD at 10 and 20 years were 1.9% and 15% overall, respectively, and in patients younger than 60 years, 5.6% and 46%, respectively. Younger age ( p p = 0.002), prosthesis–patient mismatch ( p = 0.001), and higher postoperative peak and mean AV gradients were associated with explant for SVD ( p Conclusions Durability of the Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT aortic valve is excellent even in younger patients. Explant for SVD is related to gradient at implantation, especially in younger patients. Strategies to reduce early postoperative AV gradients, such as root enlargement or more efficient prostheses, should be considered.
Rearrangements between the operators in the bacteriophage lambda.

The left operator mutant λv2s develops poorly during infection as a result of constitutive expression of the left operon. A revertant of λv2s, designated λiri, was found to contain an inversion of the cI region with the inversion endpoints to be within the lambda operators oL and oR. Formation of the inversion is facilitated by a translocation of right operator oRcmutant sequence to the left operator in λv2s. The inversion in λiri positions wild-type oR sequence at oL returning control of the left operon to repression by the lambda cro repressor.
Dual Retinoblastoma-binding Proteins with Properties Related to a Negative Regulator of Ras in Yeast

The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) interacts with multiple cellular proteins that mediate its cellular function. We have identified nine polypeptides that bind to the T-binding domains of Rb using an Rb affinity resin. RbAp48 and RbAp46 are quantitatively the major Rb-associated proteins purified by this approach. RbAp48 was characterized previously and was found to be related to MSI1, a negative regulator of Ras in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we report the cloning and characterization of RbAp46. RbAp46 shares 89.4% amino acid identity with RbAp48. The internal WD repeats, which are found in a growing number of eukaryotic proteins, are conserved between RbAp46 and RbAp48. Like RbAp48, RbAp46 forms a complex with Rb both in vitro and in vivo and suppresses the heat-shock sensitivity of the yeast RAS2Val-19 strains. We have also isolated the murine cDNA homologs of RbAp48 and RbAp46. Although both mRNA can be detected in all mouse tissues, their mRNA levels vary dramatically between different tissues. No significant differences were observed in the expression patterns of these genes in most tissues except thymus, testis, and ovary/uterus, in which 2-fold differences were observed. Interestingly, the mouse and human RbAp48 amino acid sequences are completely identical, and the mouse and human RbAp46 differ only by one conserved amino acid substitution. These results suggest that RbAp48 and RbAp46 may have shared as well as unique functions in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.
Electronically steerable plasma mirror based radar-concept and characteristics

An alternative to using a phased array to steer a radar beam is to electronically control the orientation of an inertialess broadband microwave reflector. Recent experiments have demonstrated that a planar plasma mirror immersed in a magnetic field can be formed with electron densities high enough to reflect X-band microwave beams. A plasma mirror performs like a metal mirror, but it is inertialess. Compared to high performance phased array systems, a plasma mirror based radar system is much simpler and is therefore more affordable. Electronic steering of microwave beams using a plasma mirror permits the use of wide instantaneous bandwidth waveforms. Potential areas of application for a plasma mirror based antenna system include ship self-defense, high-resolution radar imaging, target identification, electronic countermeasures, high data rate communications, spread spectrum links and remote sensing. As a reflector, the plasma mirror exhibits extremely low loss and the reflectivity is very nearly 100%. Since a perfectly reflecting object cannot radiate, the noise temperature contribution of the plasma mirror to the antenna temperature is likely to be small. The plasma sheet can be steered in elevation by tilting the magnetic field, and steering in azimuth may be accomplished by designating cathode initiation sites. Switching times between successive mirror orientations may be less than 20 /spl mu/s.
The p16 and p18 tumor suppressor genes in neuroblastoma: implications for drug resistance.

Abstract The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p18 were investigated in neuroblastoma. Only one of 19 neuroblastoma cell lines, an adriamycin-resistant variant, and none of 5 primary neuroblastoma, was deleted for p16 while its parental drug sensitive cell line is p16 intact. The region of deletion minimally extended centromeric to include p15, and telomeric to interferon-β. This is the first report of a p16 gene alteration in neuroblastoma. No p16 gene hypermethylation or mutations were found. No homozygous deletions of p18 in these samples were found, although several instances of loss of heterozygosity are suspected. No p18 point mutations were detected. We conclude that (1) neither p16 nor p18 are likely involved in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma; and (2) the role of p16, or another 9p21 gene, in the development of drug resistance warrants further investigation.
Role of nitrates in angina pectoris

Nitrates are used extensively for the treatment of angina pectoris. However, continuous therapy with either oral nitrates or nitroglycerin patches leads to rapid development of tolerance, with loss or diminution of antianginal and anti-ischemic effects. The only practical way to avoid the development of tolerance is to use intermittent daily therapy with nitrates. Nitroglycerin patches applied for 10-12 hours during the day increase exercise duration for 8-12 hours, but a rebound increase in anginal attacks during the nitrate-free interval may occur. Oral isosorbide-5-mononitrate, 20 mg twice a day, with the first dose administered in the morning and the second dose 7 hours later, increases exercise duration for at least 12 hours without the development of tolerance to either the morning or afternoon dose. This dosing regimen has been shown not to produce a rebound phenomenon during the periods of low nitrate levels at night and early hours of the morning. Isosorbide dinitrate (30 mg) prescribed at 7 AM and 1 PM does not produce tolerance to the 7 AM dose, but effects of the afternoon dose have not been evaluated. Recent data suggest that isosorbide dinitrate given 3 or 4 times daily produces tolerance and this dosing schedule is inadequate for antianginal prophylaxis. It should be recognized that intermittent oral or patch therapy with nitrates during the day leaves the patient unprotected at night and early hours of the morning. If this is of concern, additional therapy with another class of antianginal agent, preferably a long-acting beta blocker or a long-acting calcium antagonist should be instituted.
The Effect of Various Degrees of Forewarming upon the Heat Stability of Milks of Different Solids Concentrations

Summary 1. Whole milk quickly forewarmed at temperatures between 110° C. (230° F.) and 150° C. (302° F.) and held for the optimum time period for that milk (½ to 5 minutes) exhibited much greater heat stability after concentration to 26 per cent solids content, or higher, than did those samples of the same milk forewarmed to 95° C. (203° F.) for 10 minutes in the conventional manner. 2. The heat stability of concentrated milks which before concentration were forewarmed at high temperatures and of those forewarmed at 95° C. for 10 minutes decreased at the same rates as the solids content was increased up to 25 per cent. At higher solids concentrations the heat stabilities of the milks forewarmed quickly at the high temperatures more closely approached those of the control samples forewarmed at 95° C. (203° F.) for 10 minutes. Finally a concentration (32 to 37 per cent) was reached, different for each milk and each heat treatment, at which the heat stabilities of the test and control samples were about the same. 3. The general heat stability relationships of milks subjected to different forewarming treatments were not affected by the development of acidity in fresh milk or by the addition of stabilizing salts to concentrated milks; the difference in stability caused by acid or salts was one of degree and it affected the general heat stability level rather than the stability interrelationships of milks forwarmed one way or another. 4. From a heat-stability viewpoint it should be commercially possible to manufacture evaporated milk of approximately 32 per cent total solids content, A good grade of milk should be quickly forewarmed to about 120° C. (248° f.) and held 3 to 4 minutes, then drawn into the vacuum pan and handled in the usual way. The optimum forewarming treatment which will give the heat stability and body desired in the finished product can be best determined through experience with high-temperature-forewarming procedures on each individual milk supply.