cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More Than “A Case of Fragile X”

In one of my first lectures as a medical student, my instructor flashed the image of a young boy’s face on the giant projection screen. The boy’s face was long and his forehead and ears stuck out. According to our genetics professor, this was the face of fragile X syndrome. I looked at that boy and felt alienated. He didn’t look anything like my brother Carter, who has been the face of fragile X syndrome for me. An hour later, my classmates and I went on to review a hypothetical case of a healthy 25-year-old woman and her husband who sought genetic counseling after their 2-year-old son was diagnosed with global developmental delay. When my classmates heard that the mother also had a brother with intellectual disabilities, they immediately suggested fragile X. The instructor confirmed their diagnosis. Case closed. We moved on to drawing pedigrees.
Chronic oxidative stress and radiation‐induced late normal tissue injury: a review

Purpose: It is proposed that the development and progression of radiation‐induced late effects are driven, in part, by chronic oxidative stress. This mini‐review presents data to support this hypot...
Reactions of an Aromatic σ,σ-Biradical with Amino Acids and Dipeptides in the Gas Phase

Gas-phase reactivity of a positively charged aromatic σ,σ-biradical (N-methyl-6,8-didehydroquinolinium) was examined toward six aliphatic amino acids and 15 dipeptides by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR) and laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD). While previous studies have revealed that H-atom and NH2 abstractions dominate the reactions of related monoradicals with aliphatic amino acids and small peptides, several additional, unprecedented reaction pathways were observed for the reactions of the biradical. For amino acids, these are 2H-atom abstraction, H2O abstraction, addition — CO2, addition — HCOOH, and formation of a stable adduct. The biradical reacts with aliphatic dipeptides similarly as with aliphatic amino acids, but undergoes also one additional reaction pathway, addition/C-terminal amino acid elimination (addition — CO — NHCHRC). These reactions are initiated by H-atom abstraction by the biradical from the amino acid or peptide, or nucleophilic addition of an NH2 or a HO group of the amino acid or peptide at the radical site at C-6 in the biradical. Reactions of the unquenched C-8 radical site then yield the products not observed for related monoradicals. The biradical reacts with aromatic dipeptides with an aromatic ring in N-terminus (i.e., Tyr-Leu, Phe-Val, and Phe-Pro) similarly as with aliphatic dipeptides. However, for those aromatic dipeptides that contain an aromatic ring in the C-terminus (i.e., Leu-Tyr and Ala-Phe), one additional pathway, addition/N-terminal amino acid elimination (addition — CO — NHCHRN), was observed. This reaction is likely initiated by radical addition of the biradical at the aromatic ring in the C-terminus. Related monoradicals add to aromatic amino acids and small peptides, which is followed by Cα-Cβ bond cleavage, resulting in side-chain abstraction by the radical. For biradicals, with one unquenched radical site after the initial addition, the reaction ultimately results in the loss of the N-terminal amino acid. Similar to monoradicals, the C-S bond in amino acids and dipeptides was found to be especially susceptible to biradical attack.
Adenosine triphosphate-induced isometric tension in glycerol-extracted muscle fibers in relation to the cross-sectional area of their myofilaments

Abstract The author has examined ATP-induced isometric tension in glycerol-extracted muscle fibers from the cat, rabbit, and chicken. Before the treatment with glycerol, the protein composition of the muscle tissue was determined so that the part of the myofilaments in the fiber area could be calculated. The isometric tension was measured in a Ranney myograph. The rabbit fibers gave tension values of 137 ± 9 g/mm2 myofilament cross-sectional area, the cat fibers 128 ± 9 g/mm2, while the chicken fibers proved to be less suitable for the experiment because of difficulties in the preparation. On the basis of the given experimental figures an attempt to calculate the contractile strength of a single myofilament or its anatomical subunit is discussed. The calculated value is 1.6·10−6 dyne per myofilament.
Thermal expansion of solid methane

Relative length changes in solid methane at its approximate vapor pressure have been measured between 4 and 26 K. The linear-expansion coefficient calculated from these data is found to have a maximum at 19.8 K, 0.6 K lower than the peak found in specific-heat measurements. A negative expansion coefficient has been observed below 8 K. The possibility of nuclear spin-species conversion is discussed in terms of the long equilibration times and the observed length changes below 8 K.
On symmetry and controllability of multi-agent systems

This paper delves into the link between symmetry and controllability of networked systems. We examine symmetry results pertaining to the determining sets of a graph and eigenvalue multiplicity. These provide methods to reason how symmetry structure of the network informs the control input design. We generalize graph automorphisms, which represent graph symmetries, to signed fractional graph automorphisms via a semi-definite programming relaxation. Consequently, we extend existing results on the relationship between graph automorphisms and uncontrollability to signed fractional graph automorphisms, showing necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability.
Ebselen Induced C6 Glioma Cell Death in Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation

Studies have shown that ebselen is an antiinflammatory and antioxidative agent. Its protective effect has been investigated in oxidative stress related diseases such as cerebral ischemia in recent years. However, experimental evidence also shows that ebselen causes cell death in several different cell types. Whether ebselen will have a beneficial or detrimental effect on cells under ischemic condition is not known. Herein, we studied the effect of ebselen on C6 glioma cells under oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro ischemic model. We found that ebselen significantly enhanced cell death after 3 h of OGD as observed by lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) release and cellular morphological changes. Further studies revealed that depletion of cellular glutathione level by the combined action of ebselen and OGD played a role in enhanced cell death as demonstrated by the following evidence: (1) cellular GSH was significantly depleted by the combined effort of ebselen and OGD, compared to that of ebselen or OGD insult alone; (2) exogenous addition of N-acetyl cysteine completely diminished the cell damage induced by ebselen and OGD; (3) supplement of glucose, which provides cellular reducing agents and thus maintains cellular GSH level, to the OGD medium diminished C6 cell damage induced by ebselen. We conclude that depleting cellular glutathione plays an important role in ebselen-induced cell death with OGD. Our results suggest that ebselen can have a beneficial or toxic effect, depending on the availability of GSH.
Reply to Edward Anders: A discussion of alternative models for explaining the distribution of moderately volatile elements in ordinary chondrites

The high observed abundances of Na and Cu in chondrules indicate that the amount of loss during chondrule formation was minor and possibly negligible, consistent with the view that loss was controlled by diffusion kinetics rather than equilibrium volatility, and that the surface of the chondrule quickly cooled to temperatures at which diffusional transport was negligible. Ordinary chondrite/CI abundance ratios appear to be randomly distributed in the range 0.9-0.1. Very few values are observed in the 0.36–0.70 range, but this is not statistically significant, nor is it predicted by the two-component (chondrule-matrix) model. If CI chondrite abundances are representative of mean solar-system material, the very low chondrule content in CM chondrites (<5% of high-temperature materials) indicates that the observed volatile distribution resulted from incomplete accretion of volatile carriers (perhaps a fine aerosol). At the ordinary chondrite formation location the fraction of an element sited in unaccreted carriers increased with decreasing condensation temperature. At the CM location a similar trend is observed for elements less volatile than S, but the unaccreted fraction of more volatile elements was nearly constant.
The absolute convergence of left product representations for Φ′=A(t)Φ

Abstract It was shown in [Quart. Appl. Math. LXI (2003) 537–564] that the fundamental matrix of solutions for a system Φ ′ = A ( t ) Φ possesses three left ordered product representations. Here, for each product, we derive a sufficient condition for its absolute convergence by first constructing a scalar fixed point problem and then computing its positive solution.
Effect of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist, U69593, on reinstatement of extinguished amphetamine self-administration behavior

Previous research has indicated that pretreatment with the kappa-opioid receptor agonist, U69593, decreased the ability of experimenter-administered cocaine to reinstate extinguished cocaine self-administration behavior. This effect was specific to cocaine-produced drug seeking since U69593 failed to attenuate the ability of experimenter-administered amphetamine to reinstate extinguished cocaine self-administration behavior. One possibility is that U69593 selectively attenuates the behavioral effects of the drug that was originally self-administered. In order to test this hypothesis, the present study examined the effect of U69593 (0.0 or 0.32 mg/kg) on the reinstatement of extinguished amphetamine self-administration behavior produced by experimenter-administered injections of cocaine and amphetamine. Following extinction of amphetamine self-administration (0.04 mg/kg/infusion) the ability of cocaine (0.0, 5.0, 10.0 or 20.0 mg/kg) or amphetamine (0.0, 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg) to reinstate extinguished self-administration behavior was measured. Both drugs reinstated extinguished responding and the reinstatement was attenuated by pretreatment with U69593. The data indicate that the ability of U69593 to decrease drug seeking is not restricted to subjects experienced with cocaine self-administration. Self-administration history does, however, determine the effect of U69593 on amphetamine-produced drug seeking.
Flow cell based on glucose oxidase‐modified carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode

Glucose oxidase-modified carbon fiber electrodes have been prepared by electrochemical deposition of the enzyme in the presence of a platinum complex. The electrode is incorporated as an electrochemical detector in a flow system, exhibiting a very rapid response to dynamic changes in the glucose concentration. The fast response is attributed to the intimate contact of the biocatalytic and sensing sites. Simultaneous lowering of the overvoltage for hydrogen peroxide oxidation is observed. Various response characteristics are evaluated. The relative standard deviation for 40 repetitive injections over a 60-min period is 3%. The electrodes remain active over a 20-day period, are inexpensive and easy to prepare, and hold a great promise as in vivo or disposable glucose probes.
IR study of cross-strand coupling in a β-hairpin peptide using isotopic labels

Model β-hairpin peptides can be used to develop understanding of fundamental elements of β-sheet secondary structure formation and stability. We have studied two 13C-labeled variants of a β-hairpin...
Multi-objective optimal control of vibratory energy harvesting systems

This paper presents a new approach, based on H 2 optimal control theory, for the maximization of power generation in energy harvesting systems. The theory determines the optimal harvested power attainable through the use of power electronics to effect linear feedback control of transducer current. In contrast to most of the prior work in this area, which has assumed harmonic response, the theory proposed here applies to stochastically-excited systems in broadband response, and can be used to harvest power simultaneously from multiple significant vibratory modes. It is also applicable to coupled networks of many transducers. The theory accounts for the impact of energy harvesting on the dynamics of the vibrating system in which the transducers are embedded. It also accounts for resistive and semiconductor dissipation in the power-electronic network interfacing the transducers with energy storage. Thus, losses in the electronics are addressed in the formulation of the optimal control law. Finally, the H 2 -optimal control formulation of the problem naturally allows for harvested power to be systematically balanced against other response objectives. Here, this is illustrated by showing how the harvesting objective can be maximized, subject to the constraint that the transducer voltages be maintained below that of the power-electronic bus; a condition which is required for the power-electronic control system to be fully operational. Although the theory is applicable across a broad range of applications, it is presented in the context of a piezoelectric bimorph example.
Tissue-specific effect of estradiol on endothelial cell-dependent lymphocyte recruitment

Estrogen profoundly affects onset and severity of many immune-mediated diseases. In our murine model of drug-induced autoimmunity, female-specific, estrogen-dependent increase in splenic lymphocyte homing was directly implicated in increased disease severity. The present study evaluated the effect of estradiol on microvascular endothelial cells from the spleen compared to endothelial cells from the dermis, which has no disease manifestation in this model. Estradiol increased spleen endothelial cell estrogen receptor (ER) alpha 2.9-fold and decreased estrogen receptor beta 2.1-fold while decreasing both receptors on dermal cells. Estradiol enhanced adhesion of D10 cells to spleen but not dermal endothelial cells 1.53-fold (P < 0.001), an increase that was inhibited by antibodies to VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and by the estrogen receptor antagonists tamoxifen and ICI 182,780. Estradiol induced greater VCAM-1 expression on spleen than dermal endothelial cells (P < 0.05). Estradiol increased spleen endothelial cell estrogen receptor alpha 2.9-fold and decreased estrogen receptor beta 2.1-fold while decreasing both receptors on the dermal cells. Estrogen specifically and preferentially promoted spleen chemokine protein expression for MCP-1 and MCP-3, while having no effect on dermal protein expression for these chemokines. Estradiol-mediated effects on splenic chemokines were abrogated by tamoxifen and ICI 182,780. The gender-specific increase in lymphocyte homing to spleen may be attributable, at least in part, to tissue-specific estrogen-mediated effects on microvascular endothelial cells.
Transgovernmental Interaction in the International Monetary System, 1960–1972

The main hypothesis of this article is that transgovernmental interaction among central banks and finance ministries of industrialized countries was as significant in economic policy formation as intergovernmental interaction. Elite interview data indicate, however, that the international consultative process among deputy central bank governors and deputy finance ministers conformed more closely to the intergovernmental image of international politics than had been expected. Both interaction patterns within the deputies’ consultative group and the impact of international consultations upon national economic policies could be explained moderately well in terms of a unified rational actor model. Examination of the transgovernmental interaction does suggest ways to systematically modify and improve interpretations based upon the rational actor model. In addition, the degree of politicization of issues may prove to be a reliable guide when deciding whether the transgovernmental dimension of an issue requires detailed study.
Intrauterine asphyxia and the breakdown of physiologic circulatory compensation in fetal sheep

Summary In response to acute hypoxemia, the fetus invokes physiologic compensatory mechanisms that cause apreferential redistribution of the circulation to sustain the brain, heart, and adrenal gland and maintain blood flow to the placenta. These mechanisms are available for a limited time and eventually the fetus is no longer able to maintain preferential perfusion and decompensation occurs. To identify the relationship between hypoxemia with severe acidemia and the breakdown of circulatory compensation, we decreased uterine blood flow in 10 chronically instrumented pregnant sheep. We measured fetal blood gases and pH, arterial and central venous pressures, heart rate, combined ventricular output, and regional blood flow distribution during hypoxemia with severe acidemia and when a fixed-baseline sustained bradycardia (agonal) heart rate pattern developed. Hypoxemia with severe acidemia was characterized by markedly decreased blood flow to most organs; however, the preferential perfusion of the brain, heart, adrenal gland, and placenta was still present. An agonal heart rate pattern was characterized by complete cardiovascular collapse. This study demonstrates that circulatory compensation is present in fetal sheep affected by deficiency of oxygen delivery despite hypoxemia with severe acidemia
Cotton response to chicken litter in rotation with corn in clayey soil.

Poultry litter may benefit continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the heavier Midsouth soils in the same way as crop rotation. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of poultry litter in maintaining yield of continuous cotton compared with cotton-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation in the Black Belt Prairie clay soils of Mississippi. The research was conducted in a Catalpa silty clay loam soil in northern Mississippi. Three main plots with the sequence cotton-cotton-cotton, cotton-corn-cotton, and corn-cotton-cotton in 2003―2004―2005 were split into five subplots each ofwhich received 0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5 Mg litter ha ―1 yr ―1 , or 123 kg N ha ―1 yr ―1 as urea-ammonium nitrate solution (32% N; UAN) (conventional inorganic fertilization, CIF). The CIF received 180 kg ha ―1 UAN-N when planted with corn. The results showed 3-yr continuous cotton produced about the same lint yield as cotton that followed corn or 1 yr cotton. Unlike soils in other locations where ≤9.0 Mg ha ―1 litter was adequate to produce yield equal to standard inorganic fertilization, cotton in this soil responded to litter up to 13.5 Mg ha ―1 , which suggests lint yield in this clayey soil may be optimized with greater litter fertilization rate than in lighter soils. Cotton fertilized with 13.5 Mg ha ―1 litter, regardless of the rotation, outyielded the CIF by up to 26%. Overall, the results show adequate fertilization with poultry litter may be more important to improving and maintaining lint yield in this soil than the perceived benefit of a short-term rotation with corn.
Courts, Compliance, and the Quest for Legitimacy in International Law

International courts are an integral component of the international legal system. These courts have been proliferating over time and increasingly working to ensure state compliance with the rules of the international regulatory regimes they join. However, these courts face a fundamental challenge: while they can rule against governments in violation of the regimeâ€™s rules, they cannot enforce those decisions. Working from the first principle that the regulatory regime is designed to help resolve collective action problems among the signees, this Article proposes a formal model of international court influence that helps to explain the extent and limits of international court influence on national government behavior.
The Interface of Anthropology and Economics in Rural Development (abstract)

social organization of the community in which it is trying to induce change. The model presented for consideration relates to the anthropologist's use of the concept "culture" as a holistic principle that encompasses the views, notions, values, and desires utilized by a particular group of people living in a single locale to guide their behavior and to adjust to the "physical, social, and political environment. This use of "culture as an adaptive mechanism" takes into consideration the fact that succeeding generations of people must continually adjust their culture to changing circumstances. From the
CIRCULARITY AND INCONSISTENCY IN KUHN'S DEFENSE OF HIS RELATIVISM

For more than a century, it has been a standard ploy to argue against relativism on the grounds of self-referential incoherence (e.g., “if the relativists say that beliefs have no objective validity then that belief itself has none,” etc.). This paper determines the particular form this sort of charge takes when applied to a problematic passage in which Kuhn defends his relativistic theory of science by applying that theory to the debate between his critics and himself. If Kuhn were to give up relativism with respect to facts and truth but retain it with respect to the strength of reasons, a pair of dilemmas charging circularity and inconsistency could be circumvented.
Thin film structures for low field granular giant magnetoresistance

Abstract Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a relatively new field of study pursued by scientists and technologists alike. A potential application of GMR thin films is the replacement of NiFe alloy thin films (having anisotropic magnetoresistance) to obtain greater signal. Applications of this type require that the GMR be obtained at low fields, on the order of 10 Oe. In this paper three types of granular GMR thin film structures are described: co-deposited heterogeneous alloys, granular bi-layers, and discontinuous multilayers. Experimental examples of each type are presented, and the field dependence of GMR for each structure is discussed. Only discontinuous multilayer thin film structures have shown suitable GMR at low fields, and the properties and microstructure of these thin films will be described in greater detail.
A study of due-date assignment rules with constrained tightness in a dynamic job shop

A manufacturing company may determine to set a specific due-date tightness level as its policy, after evaluating the expectations of the customers, the marketing strategies of the competitors and its own production capabilities. Then, an assignment rule may be selected to set the due-dates of its jobs, in conjunction with the job shop dispatching rule used and due-date tightness level desired, to minimize some performance measures. For these companies, understanding the characteristics of various due-date assignment rules with constrained tightness and selecting the rules most suitable for their situations are very important. Only very few studies have, among other things, compared the performance of various due-date assignment rules under constrained tightness. However, none of them have investigated those rules including shop status information. This may be due to the reason that the shop status of a job shop is highly dynamic and the due-date tightness of the rule that has included this information will be very difficult to control. The objective of this research is to provide a systematic study of the performance of various due-date assignment rules (including those with shop status information) with constrained tightness in a dynamic job shop.
Altered pressor responses in long-term nitrendipine treatment.

The effect of long-term treatment with nitrendipine on systemic pressor responses to norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (AII) was evaluated in 11 subjects with mild, uncomplicated hypertension. Pressor responses to NE and AII were measured at the end of a 4-wk placebo period and after 5 wk treatment with nitrendipine (final dose 16 mg twice daily; range 5 to 20 mg/day) or placebo. In subjects who received nitrendipine, clinic supine blood pressure was reduced from 152 ± 12/96 ± 4 mm Hg to 134 ± 11/84 ± 5 mm Hg and pressor responses to NE but not to AII were attenuated. Endogenous plasma levels of NE and renin activity were not changed by nitrendipine. Data suggest that noradrenergic blood pressure control mechanisms depend more on cellular calcium transport than do AII-mediated ones and may help explain the greater effectiveness of calcium entry blockers in the treatment of low-renin hypertension. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1984) 36, 315–319; doi:10.1038/clpt.1984.181
A model for thermally-induced stresses in multi-year sea ice

Abstract A model is developed which gives the stresses resulting from temperature-induced strains in sea ice. The model is unique in that it includes the viscoelastic response of the ice (or creep) to time varying strains as well as the effect of strains occurring elsewhere in the ice. Moreover, the influence of stress relief due to fracturing under tension is also included. The model indicates that heat flux variations between the pack ice and the atmosphere provide the primary component for inducing stresses within larger, thicker pieces of sea ice. Moreover, thermally-induced strain is seen to be an effective method of inducing stresses deeper in multi-year floes, even at depths of > 1 m.
Light and electron microscopy of peripheral blood

The light microscopic evaluation of the peripheral blood is an important laboratory test used daily in every hospital to evalulate the state of health of patients. A drop of blood is smeared on a glass slide, air dried and stained with a polychromatic staining procedure which was devised at the turn of the century by Wright. This simple technique yields valuable information about the status of the red—blood cells, (erythrocytes) the various white blood cells (leukocytes) and even elements of the clotting system (platelets) (Figure 1).
Naive T cell homeostasis: From awareness of space to a sense of place

This Review describes our current understanding of how the 'space' for the peripheral naive T cell pool is influenced by competition for homeostatic signals and how the 'place' at which the T cells encounter these signals can influence their physical and functional maintenance. The peripheral naive T cell pool is fairly stable in number, diversity and functional competence in the absence of vigorous immune responses. However, this apparent tranquillity is not an intrinsic property of T cells but involves continuous tuning of the T cell pool composition by homeostatic signals. In the past decade, studies have revealed that naive T cells rely on combinatorial signals from self-peptide–MHC complexes and interleukin-7 for their physical and functional maintenance. Competition for these factors dictates T cell 'space'. In addition, recent studies show that these and other homeostatic factors are offered to T cells on stromal cell networks, which also serve to guide T cell trafficking in secondary lymphoid organs. Such findings suggest the importance of 'place' in the perception and integration of homeostatic cues for the maintenance and functional tuning of the naive T cell pool.
Radioactive waste buried beneath Runit Dome on Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands

In the early 1970s after extensive characterisation of fallout the US Pacific Proving Grounds located at Enewetak Atoll began rehabilitation in preparation for the return of indigenous people who were relocated during the Cold War. Cleanup entailed removal and collection of ~545 GBq of contaminated topsoil, vegetation, and debris (concrete and metal) that was subsequently entombed within an unlined crater produced by an 18 kT surface test and capped with a concrete dome. The site is now known as the Runit Dome. Currently, the US Department of Energy conducts comprehensive radiological monitoring of people living on Enewetak Atoll, but characterisation of exposure risks posed by Runit Dome have been limited to catastrophic release scenarios and periodic atoll-wide environmental surveys. Furthermore, evidence indicates open hydraulic communication between waste and intruding ocean water, with migration pathways leading to local groundwater and circulating lagoon waters. Radionuclide migration is likely facilitated by colloids and dissolution/complexation reactions under low-pH anoxic conditions.
Food selection and taste changes in humans after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: A direct-measures approach

It has been suggested that the weight loss seen in individuals who receive Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery may be due, at least in part, to changes in patient food selection, and that this change may stem from effects of the operation on the sense of taste. In this review, we evaluate the literature examining postoperative changes in food intake and food choice. While some evidence suggests that gastric bypass leads to altered food selection and taste perceptions, a clear picture regarding these changes remains to be elucidated and is blurred by inconsistencies, which may be rooted in the diverse subject pools within and between studies as well as in the indirect measures used to assess ingestive behavior. We argue that complementing current assessment tools with more direct measures of intake, food selection, and taste-related behavior might help provide some clarity and also facilitate translation between findings from animal models, in which similar measures are available, and clinical research.
Pursuit tracking impairments in schizophrenia and mood disorders: step-ramp studies with unmedicated patients

Abstract Background: Eye tracking abnormalities are highly prevalent in schizophrenia, and are among the most promising phenotypic familial markers for the disorder. The neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying these disturbances and their diagnostic specificity for schizophrenia are not yet well characterized. Methods: This study assessed eye tracking deficits using foveopetal and foveofugal step-ramp tasks (ramps moving toward and away from central fixation after an initial step respectively) across a range of target velocities in anti-psychotic-naive schizophrenia patients, previously treated but currently unmedicated chronic schizophrenia patients, unmedicated patients with either bipolar or unipolar mood disorders, and healthy volunteers. Results: All patient groups demonstrated reduced pursuit gain in open loop and closed loop visual tracking conditions. There were no significant group differences in the latency or accuracy of catch-up saccades on foveofugal ramp tasks. Conclusions: These findings indicate that open and closed loop pursuit eye movements are impaired during acute episodes of schizophrenia and mood disorders. The intact accuracy of saccades to moving targets in all patient groups indicates that an adequate representation of motion information is available to the saccade system. Therefore, pursuit disturbances in mood disorders and schizophrenia seem to result, at least in part, from a disturbance in sensorimotor integration in the pursuit system after the initial extraction of sensory motion information. No eye movement abnormalities observed during performance of step ramp tasks were specific to schizophrenia.
Dioxygen activation by copper, heme and non-heme iron enzymes: comparison of electronic structures and reactivities

Enzymes containing heme, non-heme iron and copper active sites play important roles in the activation of dioxygen for substrate oxidation. One key reaction step is CH bond cleavage through H-atom abstraction. On the basis of the ligand environment and the redox properties of the metal, these enzymes employ different methods of dioxygen activation. Heme enzymes are able to stabilize the very reactive iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin-radical intermediate. This is generally not accessible for non-heme iron systems, which can instead use low-spin ferric-hydroperoxo and iron(IV)-oxo species as reactive oxidants. Copper enzymes employ still a different strategy and achieve H-atom abstraction potentially through a superoxo intermediate. This review compares and contrasts the electronic structures and reactivities of these various oxygen intermediates.
Mechanism of the Slow-Down of the Silicon Etch Rate by a Fluorocarbon Overlayer in CF4/H2 Reactive Ion Etching of Silicon

We have utilized an ultrahigh vacuum surface analysis system interfaced via a load-lock to a flexible diode dry etching apparatus to study vacuum transferred CF4/H2 reactive ion etched silicon surfaces by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). From the observation and analysis of silicon-fluorine bonding underneath the fluorocarbon film and the dependence of the abundance of fluorosilyl species on the thickness of the fluorocarbon overlayer, the role of the fluorocarbon film in the slow-down of the Si etch rate has been elucidated: The role of the fluorocarbon film is to “protect” the Si surface from attack of fluorine, rather than prevent the escape of SiF4 etch product.
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers live longer in small than in large colonies

Social insect colonies are highly integrated units that can be regarded in some respects as super-organisms, with colony size and individuals analogous to body size and cells in unitary organisms. In both, unitary organisms and super-organisms, the relation between body/colony size and lifespan of the constituent units (cells/individuals) is important for understanding systemic aging but remains to be explored. Therefore, this study compared the life-history and longevity of individual honey bee workers between a large and a small colony social environment. We found that individuals in large colonies were consistently shorter lived than individuals in small colonies. This experimental effect occurred in both principal life history phases of honey bee workers, the in-hive and the foraging stage, independently of the age of the workers at their transition between the two. Nevertheless, this age of first foraging was a key determinant of worker longevity, in accordance with previous studies. The large colonies raised more brood, built more comb, and foraged at higher rates. Our results do not comply with the idea that social group size has a positive effect on individual longevity. Instead, our findings suggest that large and small colonies follow different demographic growth trajectories, trading off longevity of individuals for overall colony growth. Similarly, multi-cellular organisms might sacrifice maintenance and repair of their individual constituent cells for enhanced metabolic activity and organismal growth, leading to the widely-observed negative correlation between longevity and body size within species.
The ionization of acids in estuarine waters

Abstract The stoichiometric, K HA ∗ , and apparent, K'HA, constants for the ionization of a number of weak acids (NH4+, HSO4−, HF, H2O, B(OH)3, H2CO3, HCO3−, H3PO4, H2PO4−, HPO42, H3AsO4 H2AsO4− and HAsO42−) in seawater at 25°C diluted with water have been fitted to equations of the form ( Millero , 1979). In K HA ∗ = In K HA + AS 1 2 + BS where In KHA is the thermodynamic constant in water, S is the salinity, A and B are adjustable parameters. The validity of this equation in estuarine waters has been examined by using an ion pairing model ( Millero and Schreiber , 1981). The calculated values of K HA ∗ and K'HA at S = 35%. are in good agreement with the measured values for all the systems examined. The equation used to extrapolate the measured values to pure water KHA predicted values that agreed with those determined by using the ion pairing model. The exception was the ionization of HPO42− due to the strong interactions of Ca2+ and Mg2+ with PO43−. The differences in the predicted values of K HA ∗ in seawater diluted with pure water and average river water were very small for all the acids except HPO42− (the maximum ΔpK = 0.96 in average river water). The larger difference in the K HA ∗ for HPO42− in river waters is due to the strong interactions of Ca2+ and PO43−.
Effects of protein kinase C inhibitor H-7 on membrane properties and synaptic responses of neocortical neurons of awake cats

Abstract Electrophysiological effects of intracellularly pressure-injected H-7, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, were investigated in neocortical neurons of awake cats. H-7 reduced spontaneous and depolarizing current-induced firing activity and increased the latency and apparent threshold of action potentials elicited by depolarizing currents. Slow afterhyperpolarizations following action potentials and depolarizing pulses increased after injection of H-7, without detectable changes in the time course of the fast components of the action potentials. H-7 induced increases in IPSPs evoked by stimulation of the ventrolateral thalamus (VL) or the pyramidal tract (PT). Besides slight increases in the amplitude of IPSPs measured at peak, H-7 induced pronounced increases in the amplitude measured 50–100 ms after stimulation and in the total duration of IPSPs. EPSPs evoked by VL or PT stimulation did not show measurable alterations after injection of H-7. The effects occured 2–15 min after injection of H-7 and lasted at least 90 min without essential changes in the baseline values of resting membrane potential or input resistance. The results suggest that in addition to playing a role in regulating membrane excitability, protein kinase C influences the inhibitory synaptic mechanisms of neocortical neurons.
Interference produced by modified Stroop stimuli

The present research attempted to determine whether the typical pattern of responding found with Stroop stimuli is also found when the stimuli are printed vertically, printed vertically with three-letter abbreviations, and printed horizontally with three-letter abbreviations. Response times were recorded for reading, color naming, and conflict (interference) tasks, with the primary performance measure being the ratio of the conflict score to the color naming score. Three groups of subjects responded to modified Stroop stimuli and one group was presented conventional Stroop stimuli, thereby serving as the reference, or control, group. No significant difference was found among the groups on the ratio measure. These results were interpreted as evidence that Stroop stimuli can be modified in several ways, while still retaining inference qualities. Implications of this research, particularly with regard to investigations of hemispheric asymmetry and sex differences, are discussed.
Antibody response to milk proteins in patients with milk-protein intolerance documented by challenge.

Abstract To evaluate the role of specific antibody response to milk proteins in patients with milk-protein intolerance, allergen-specific IGE, IgG, and IgG4 to these proteins were measured by ELISA. Bovine casein, gamma globulin (GG), β-lactoglobulin, and lactalbumin were the milk proteins used. Antibody production to these proteins were analyzed in 18 patients who underwent milk-protein challenges (eight positive and 10 negative) and in five normal children used in the analysis. ELISA results for specific IgE, IgG, and IgG4 to these specific proteins demonstrated no statistically different response to the four milk proteins among the three patient groups by multivariate analysis. When the specific antibody results from the positive challenge group, the negative challenge group, and the normal group were combined, the IgE and lgG4 to GG and the IgG to casein were significantly higher ( p p
Effects of Land Uses on Fecal Indicator Bacteria in the Water and Soil of a Tropical Watershed

Effects of different land uses on densities of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens in the water and soil of a tropical watershed were investigated. Densities of fecal indicator bacteria (FIBs) in the watershed exhibited a clear land-use dependency in the stream water. Significantly higher concentrations were detected in the urban portion of the stream (417, 420, and 44 CFU 100 mL(-1) for E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens, respectively) than in the forest portion (54, 32, and 5 CFU 100 mL(-1) for E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens, respectively). High concentrations of FIBs were also detected in the soil of the watershed with concentration ranges of 603-1,820,000, 69-17,000, and 0-525 CFU 100 g soil(-1) for E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens, respectively, which however were not affected by the different land uses. Prior cumulative rainfall significantly correlated with concentrations of E. coli and enterococci in the urban stream water (r=0.73-0.87, P<0.05), but not with the alternative FIB C. perfringens. Poor correlations were observed in the forest reach of the stream for all FIBs. Furthermore, the concentration of C. perfringens only correlated strongly and significantly with E. coli and enterococci in stream water (r=0.70-0.82, P<0.05), but not in tropical soil, indicating different survival and transport behaviors.
Buildings and the loss of public arts

The Judicious Eye: Architecture Against the Other Arts Joseph Rykwert Reaktion, London, and University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 2008. ISBN 978 1 86189 358 1 The first sentence of the Preface ...
Lattice dynamics of crystalline beryllium hydride

Abstract The lattice dynamics of the newly determined crystalline BeH2 is studied using a Born-von Karman model. The zone-center frequencies, isotopic shifts, and the phonon density of states are calculated. The symmetries of the zone-center modes are determined and the characters of the oscillations are identified.
A Quick Fix for Figure Legends and Table Headings

In our research papers, we rely heavily on figures and tables. As authors, we prepare the figures and tables to tell our story, and then write the text around them. As readers, we turn quickly to these "pictures," hoping to find the distilled take-home messages of an author's labor; if we are hooked by these data pictures or fascinated by the overall topic, we then proceed to read the details of the text. Why is it, then, that in our figure legends and table headings we make it so hard on each other? In these crucial paragraphs, it is as if we do our best to conceal the punch lines of our hard-earned stories. Authors typically tell only what is in the picture, such as a relationship between two or more items, histograms of something or other, or eigenvalues for this or that; rarely do authors tell why the figure or table is important, how to read the story depicted therein, or provide guidance as to how to explore the data (see Table 1). It is as if the author is saying to the reader "I dont want to bias you about the data," or "see if you can figure it out," or "I challenge you to find the explanation in the text." Because so few of us take the time to read those text details, however, the value of figures and tables is greatly diminished. In each legend or heading, I would think that an author would want to proclaim his or her findings with a paragraph of unmatched perfection. At the very top of each such paragraph, where readers most expect it, would be the illustration's explicitly stated point, or take-home message (e.g. see Williams 1990). A reader would immediately know the significance of the data and how to read and explore them. Next, supporting details would provide additional information about this "point," as expected in a good paragraph. No guesswork would be needed as the reader ponders the "why" of a figure or table. How difficult can this objective be? Not very, I contend. As we put together the stories for our papers, think of the take-home message for each figure and table. State the message explicitly, and put it first in the legend or heading. Then provide the supporting details. Fine-tune the contents, shape, orientation,
CHIL - A Comprehensive Histogramming Language

A high level language, CHIL, has been developed for use in processing event-by-event experimental data at the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility (HHIRF) using PERKIN-ELMER 3230 computers. CHIL has been fully integrated into all software which supports on-line and off-line histogramming and off-line preprocessing. CHIL supports simple gates, free-form-gates (2-D regions of arbitrary shape), condition test and branch statements, bit-tests, loops, calls to up to three user supplied subroutines and histogram generating statements. Any combination of 1, 2, 3 or 4-D histograms (32 megachannels max) may be recorded at 16 or 32 bits/channel. User routines may intercept the data being processed and modify it as desired. The CPU-intensive part of the processing utilizes microcoded routines which enhance performance by about a factor of two.
Morphogenesis of adrenergic cells in a frog parasympathetic ganglion.

The development of the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of the frog Xenopus laevis was marked by the differentiation of a population of adrenergic small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. The neural crest contributes precursors for both SIF cells and the well-studied cholinergic cardiac ganglion neurons; this situation provided an opportunity to determine whether morphogenesis of the two cell types was correlated. Accordingly, we examined the initial differentiation, developmental regulation, and territorial domain of cardiac SIF cells for comparison with their cholinergic neuron neighbors. Adrenergic SIF cells were present during the time when the first cholinergic precursors were becoming postmitotic. Although SIF cells were present first, cholinergic neurons differentiated almost 16 times faster during the first week of embryonic and larval development and outnumbered SIF cells at all subsequent stages. Nonetheless, the accumulation of both cell types were correlated, since the ratio of cholinergic neurons to SIF cells remained at approximately 10 to 1 up to adult life. Early in development, SIF cells and cholinergic neurons were clustered in the sinus venosus portion of the atrium. The asymmetric distribution of cholinergic neurons within the atrium was lost hut that of the SIF cells was maintained throughout life. These results identify relationships between the morphogenesis of two cell types in an autonomic ganglion and place constraints upon the cellular mechanisms that could produce the cells from their neural crest precursors.
Crystalline Fields of Pr, Nd and Yb from Paramagnetic Susceptibilities

Calculations are made on the temperature variation of the paramagnetic susceptibilities of various salts of the rare earth group, employing the ideas of the crystal field developed in previous papers. It is shown that good agreement can be obtained with the experimental results on the salts ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{2}$${(\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, if the crystalline field is assumed to have the form ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{i}{A{{x}_{i}}^{2}+B{{y}_{i}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}(A+B){{z}_{i}}^{2}}$. This type of field, however, allows no agreement to be had for the experimental data on ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{2}$${(\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}8${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O; instead for the octahydrated sulphates, the assumption of a field of cubic symmetry $D{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{i}({{x}_{i}}^{4}+{{y}_{i}}^{4}+{{z}_{i}}^{4})$ is necessary. The various crystalline fields we find necessary to account for the magnetic data are in good accord with the few facts known on the crystal structure of the different compounds.