cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of proximal and distant regulatory elements in the human genome

Clustering of multiple transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) for the same transcription factor (TF) is a common feature of cis-regulatory modules in invertebrate animals, but the occurrence of such homotypic clusters of TFBSs (HCTs) in the human genome has remained largely unknown. To explore whether HCTs are also common in human and other vertebrates, we used known binding motifs for vertebrate TFs and a hidden Markov model-based approach to detect HCTs in the human, mouse, chicken, and fugu genomes, and examined their association with cis-regulatory modules. We found that evolutionarily conserved HCTs occupy nearly 2% of the human genome, with experimental evidence for individual TFs supporting their binding to predicted HCTs. More than half of promoters of human genes contain HCTs, with a distribution around the transcription start site in agreement with the experimental data from the ENCODE project. In addition, almost half of 487 experimentally validated developmental enhancers contain them as well - a number more than 25-fold larger than expected by chance. We also found evidence of negative selection acting on TFBSs within HCTs, as the conservation of TFBSs is stronger than the conservation of sequences separating them. The important role of HCTs as components of developmental enhancers is additionally supported by a strong correlation between HCTs and the binding of the enhancer-associated co-activator protein p300. Experimental validation of HCT-containing elements in both zebrafish and mouse suggest that HCTs could be used to predict both the presence of enhancers and their tissue specificity, and are thus a feature that can be effectively used in deciphering the gene regulatory code. In conclusion, our results indicate that HCTs are a pervasive feature of human cis-regulatory modules and suggest that they play an important role in gene regulation in the human and other vertebrate genomes.
A Psychological Biography for Jesus: Responding to Donald Capps'

Don Capps employed a Freudian Model and current biblical criticism models of Crossan, Borg, and others to evaluate the biblical data regarding the person and self-concept of Jesus of Nazareth. This article points to some vulnerabilities for serious criticism inherent in Capps's model and suggests the necessity of a wider range of psychological models for screening the data available on Jesus' development as a person in order to draw conclusions about his nature and motivations. Capps concludes that Jesus was a melancholic personality who was at odds with his society because he and his family were defamed regarding his problematic birth story, resulting in the violent symbolic action of cleansing the temple, thus expressing his arrival at self-confidence and self-affirmation.
Synergistic effect of surfactants and silica nanoparticles on oil recovery from condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS).

Abstract Most of the oil in condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) is in an emulsified form and centrifugation alone is not sufficient to recover the oil in high yield. The synergistic effect between non-ionic surfactants (Tween ® 80 and Span ® 80) and silica nanoparticles (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) on oil recovery was investigated using 3 batches of commercial CCDS. The use of surfactant mixture with Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balance (HLB) value of 9.7 led to the highest oil recovery. Tween ® 80/silica and surfactant mixture (HLB 9.7)/silica recovered 5–10% more oil compared with the control groups. However, Span ® 80/silica was not effective. Surfactant mixture/silica made the oil recovery by centrifugation more efficient by destabilizing oil-in-water emulsion and washing out free oil droplets. The use of surfactant and silica significantly affected the distribution of different types of oil, as well as centrifugation conditions, heating and shaking. About 20% of total oil remained in the unbroken cells or germ pieces in CCDS, which is unrecoverable without additional treatment.
Preparation of nucleosides via isoropylidene sugar derivatives

Abstract Sugar derivatives that are blocked with isopropylidene groups can be converted directly to adenine nucleosides, if they are first acylated and then coupled with 6-benzamidochloromercuripurine by the titanium tetrachloride procedure. The preparation of 9-(2-3-O-isopropylidene-α- L -rhamnofuranosyl)adenine, 9-α- L -rhamnofuranosyladenine, 9-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-α- D -mannofuranosyl)adenine, 9-α- D -mannofuranosyladenine, and 9-β- D -mannofuranosyladine are described. 9-β- D -Mannofuranosyladenine was also produced in extremely small yield by treatment of 2,3:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α- D -mannofuranosyl chloride with 6-benzamidochloromercuripurine in xylene at reflux.
How Does Household Income Affect Child Personality Traits and Behaviors

We examine the effects of a quasi-experimental unconditional household income transfer on child emotional and behavioral health and personality traits. Using longitudinal data, we find that there are large beneficial effects on children's emotional and behavioral health and personality traits during adolescence. We find evidence that these effects are most pronounced for children who start out with the lowest initial endowments. The income intervention also results in improvements in parental relationships which we interpret as a potential mechanism behind our findings.
Death sentences: from genesis to genre (Big Mama's parole)

This paper offers a meditation on the life and music of Willie Mae Thornton in order to theorize the production of voice and affect as critical sites of capitalist exploitation. Reorganizing the current discourse on subsumption, I situate the endemic crisis of agency under neoliberal capital in relation to the historical harvesting of black labor, aesthetics and culture.
Classification of Hypotheses on the Advantage of Amphimixis

A classification of hypotheses on the advantage of amphimixis over apomixis is presented. According to "Immediate Benefit" hypotheses, amphimixis is advantageous regardless of reciprocal gene exchange, because either it directly increases fitness of the progeny, reduces the deleterious mutation rate, or makes selection more efficient. In contrast, "Variation and Selection" hypotheses attribute the advantage of amphimixis to the reciprocal gene exchange that alters genetic variability and response to selection among the progeny. Most such hypotheses assume that amphimixis increases variability and efficiency of selection, but some claim that amphimixis decreases response to selection. Variation and Selection hypotheses require that some factor, either random drift or epistatic selection, makes distributions of different alleles nonindependent, while another factor, either changes of the genotype fitnesses or deleterious mutations, makes overrepresented genotypes non-optimal. Numerous Variation and Selection hypotheses, dealing with either unstructured or spatially structured populations, are reviewed. Two of them seem most plausible: better responsiveness of the amphimictic population to widely fluctuating selection, and lower mutation load in the amphimictic population under synergistic selection against deleterious mutations. In both cases the large advantage of amphimixis requires rather stringent conditions, which could be falsified by careful experiment. Further progress in understanding the evolution of amphimixis will depend mostly on such experimental work.
Making Marriage and Divorce Safe for Women Revisited

This timely and important symposium on Marriage, Democracy, and Families examines in depth the implications for a democratic society of the federal government’s recently asserted interest in promoting marriage as a way of combating poverty. The government’s interest in marriage is not merely rhetorical. Among its other provisions, the 2003 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (“TANF”) welfare program introduced into Congress last month renews the 1996 measure and includes appropriations of up to $1.5 billion to be allocated among the states for programs promoting marriage among poor families. It is not entirely clear, however, what model of marriage the government has endorsed. Apart from a reference to “healthy marriages” in the subsection on Family Support Services, the statute nowhere defines
Directed nanoparticle motion on an interfacial free energy gradient.

Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), we have observed the directed motion of 20 nm probe particles on specific regions of surfaces that exhibited strong gradients of hyd...
Knowledge, management, and learning when the context of the organization is planetary

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to expound the view that knowledge of a special kind, which the author terms open knowledge, has a central place in the conduct of human activities at the global level.Design/methodology/approach – The author advances the concept of open knowledge in a global context by examining key constructs in the field, such as knowledge, management, learning and complexification, considering some consequences and implications, and applying his personal experience, interpretations, and insights.Findings – The paper finds that this particular kind of knowledge, open knowledge, is becoming increasingly important due to operational complexities associated with global outreach. Appearance of and application of open knowledge brings consequential modifications of familiar and established local‐regional managerial practices.Originality/value – The author expounds the concept of open knowledge which is “knowledge proven useful regardless of field of study and discipline to know how b...
Melatonin, sleep disturbance and cancer risk

The pineal hormone melatonin is involved in the circadian regulation and facilitation of sleep, the inhibition of cancer development and growth, and the enhancement of immune function. Individuals, such as night shift workers, who are exposed to light at night on a regular basis experience biological rhythm (i.e., circadian) disruption including circadian phase shifts, nocturnal melatonin suppression, and sleep disturbances. Additionally, these individuals are not only immune suppressed, but they are also at an increased risk of developing a number of different types of cancer. There is a reciprocal interaction and regulation between sleep and the immune system quite independent of melatonin. Sleep disturbances can lead to immune suppression and a shift to the predominance in cancer-stimulatory cytokines. Some studies suggest that a shortened duration of nocturnal sleep is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer development. The relative individual contributions of sleep disturbance, circadian disruption due to light at night exposure, and related impairments of melatonin production and immune function to the initiation and promotion of cancer in high-risk individuals such as night shift workers are unknown. The mutual reinforcement of interacting circadian rhythms of melatonin production, the sleep/wake cycle and immune function may indicate a new role for undisturbed, high quality sleep, and perhaps even more importantly, uninterrupted darkness, as a previously unappreciated endogenous mechanism of cancer prevention.
Economic Impacts of Staffed and Unassisted off-Hour Deliveries in New York City

Abstract This paper discusses the economic impacts of off-hour deliveries (OHD) and builds upon the chief findings of a research project that tested the use of financial incentives to receivers as an alternative to freight road pricing. The two main modalities of OHD (i.e., staffed and unassisted) are compared to highlight the different trade-offs between operational cost and risk. The paper reports the results of the economic analyses conducted for both staffed and unassisted OHD.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies of plutonic granitic rocks

The primary δD values of the biotites and hornblendes in granitic batholiths are remarkably constant at about −50 to −85, identical to the values in regional metamorphic rocks, marine sediments and greenstones, and most weathering products in temperate climates. Therefore the primary water in these igneous rocks is probably not “juvenile”, but is ultimately derived by dehydration and/or partial melting of the lower crust or subducted lithosphere. Most granitic rocks have δ18O = +7.0 to +10.0, probably indicating significant involvement of high-18O metasedimentary or altered volcanic rocks in the melting process; such an origin is demanded for many other granodiorites and tonalites that have δ18O = +10 to +13. Gigantic meteoric-hydrothermal convective circulation systems were established in the epizonal portions of all batholiths, locally producing very low δ18O values (particularly in feldspars) during subsolidus exchange. Some granitic plutons in such environments also were emplaced as low-18O magmas probably formed by melting or assimilation of hydrothermally altered roof rocks. However, the water/rock ratios were typically low enough that over wide areas the only evidence for meteoric water exchange in the batholiths is given by low D/H ratios (δD as low as −180); for example, because of latitudinal isotopic variations in meteoric waters, as one moves north through the Cordilleran batholiths of western North America an increasingly higher proportion of the granitic rocks have δD values lower than −120. The lowering of δD values commonly correlates with re-setting of K-Ar ages, and in the Idaho batholith two broad zones (10,000 km2) can be defined where δD biotite <−100 and K-Ar “ages” have all been re-set to values less than 60 m.y., suggesting that the Ar loss was caused by the meteoric-hydrothermal circulation systems. In certain Precambrian batholiths, a much different type of very low-temperature, regional alteration by surface-derived waters took place over an extended period long after emplacement, producing “brick-red” feldspars and markedly discordant Rb-Sr isochron “ages”.
A taxonomic study of species of the genus Vaucheria collected in California

The genus Vaucheria is one of the best known and most widely distributed members of the Chlorophyceae. Its frequent occurrence, both on damp ground and in shallow ponds and streams, its conspicuous size and unusual reproductive structures account, no doubt, for the extensive taxonomic study that has been given it for over a century. The genus is so familiar to botanists that it is unnecessary to present a discussion of its generic characteristics and modes of reproduction. As is also well-known, the differentiation of species is based almost entirely upon the structure of the reproductive organs, a system initiated by Vaucher (I803). European botanists have devoted considerable attention to systematic studies of the genus, the best recent treatment appearing in the volume by Heering (I92I) on the Siphonales and Siphonocladiales in Pascher's wellknown series. While species of Vaucheria have been frequently collected and identified by American botanists, and are included in lists of algae reported from many parts of the country by Transeau, Tiffany, Setchell and Gardner, and Taylor, the only taxonomic treatments of all American species are those of Wolle (I887) and of Collins (I909). The recent monographic treatment of the Vaucheriaceae by Miss Brown (I929) is largely a compilation from the works of Heering (I92I) and of Collins (I909), but completely ignores the logical division of the genus into sections as presented by these and other authorities. Since the various American workers on the group are in marked disagreement as to the exact nature of the specific limits of representatives of the genus found in this country, it was suggested to the writer by Dr. G. M. Smith that a careful study of a large number of collections might give a more clear-cut conception of the various species, and in addition might reveal members of the genus not previously reported from America.
On the equations of state for metals in the electric explosion models of conductors

An analytical wide-range equation of state for metals giving good agreement with the experimental results in the vast range of parameters of the state of matter is developed.
Results of Sleeve Lobectomy for Bronchogenic Carcinoma in 101 Patients

Abstract Sleeve lobectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma is an alternative to pneumonectomy. The extent and location of the tumor must be such that a sleeve procedure is feasible. The conservation of lung tissue benefits both compromised and uncompromised patients. From 1961 to 1982, 101 patients underwent sleeve lobectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung. There were 58 procedures on the right side and 43 on the left. Life-table analysis of 94 of the patients shows a 5-year survival of 30% and a 10-year survival of 22%. Preoperative irradiation was utilized in 51 patients with a 5- and 10-year survival of 25% and 16%, respectively. The sleeve lobectomy group that did not have radiation therapy demonstrated a 5-year survival of 36% and a 10-year survival of 28%. There were 2 operative deaths (2%). Completion pneumonectomy was required in 7 patients because of anastomotic dehiscence in the early postoperative period in 6 and tumor at the margin in 1. Other major complications included empyema and granulation tissue at the anastomosis that were successfully managed by bronchoscopic dilation and suture removal. Tumor recurred locally in the area of the anastomosis in 9 patients. Sleeve lobectomy is a safe procedure and when technically feasible can be considered the procedure of choice for bronchogenic carcinoma.
The effect of diphtheria toxin on the metabolism of HeLa cells.

The effect of diphtheria toxin on certain metabolic processes in growing HeLa cells has been described. It was found that both aerobic respiration and glycolysis are insensitive to toxin action. The incorporation of S35-methionine was found to be completely inhibited by toxin prior to the appearance of any visible cell damage. It was also observed that toxin levels above 0.3 Lf per ml. had no further effect on the kinetics of inhibition of methionine uptake. The kinetics of intoxication were studied by adding diphtheria antitoxin to a partially intoxicated culture at various times and measuring the resulting rate of methionine uptake. Low temperatures were found to block intoxication. Using this information, data were obtained suggesting that the initial step in the process of intoxication consists of a rapid adsorption of toxin by the cell. The kinetics of toxin action on protein synthesis were compared with those of cyanide and 2,4-DNP. Diphtheria toxin eliminates completely any methionine uptake remaining after exposure of the cell to either of these respiratory inhibitors. The significance of these results is discussed.
Sustained and Halo Effects of Various Speed Reduction Treatments in Highway Work Zones

This paper analyzes the speed reductions achieved with the use of an automated speed photo-radar enforcement (SPE) system in highway work zones. A comparison with the following three traditional treatments used to reduce speeds is also presented: (a) a speed feedback trailer (trailer treatment), (b) a police patrol car (police treatment), and (c) the combination of a police patrol car and a speed feedback trailer (police-trailer treatment). The results indicated that the SPE system and police-trailer treatments reduced the mean speed of both the general traffic stream and free-flowing vehicles by about 5 to 7 mph. The magnitudes of the speed reductions while the treatments were deployed were sustained over time. Police presence alone also reduced the speed significantly but to a lesser degree, and the effects of the trailer treatment alone were limited. The frequency and the degree of speeding were also influenced by the treatments to various degrees. The proportion of drivers speeding by more than 10 mph was reduced by 8.7% by the SPE system treatment and by 8.9% by the police-trailer and police treatments, which brought the rate of speeding down to 0.2% for the SPE system treatment and 0% for the police-trailer and police treatments. These treatments also reduced the frequency of speeding by 10 mph or less by 36% to 46%. The halo effect for the SPE system after the treatment was removed was limited to a reduction in the mean speed of 2 mph or less, and that for the police treatments was not significant.
Shape Comparison for Solar Thermal Parabolic Collector

The KU EcoHawks are a mechanical engineering, undergraduate, senior design group at the University of Kansas that focuses on projects emphasizing a sustainable approach to automobiles and energy infrastructure. Much of the EcoHawks construction work is completed at a barn on campus that does not currently contain a heating or air conditioning system. Due to the temperature extremes reached in Kansas during the summer and winter months, thermal comfort is problematic for students working within the barn. This past academic year, one design group implemented a heating system for the barn utilizing a solar thermal parabolic collector. During the design phase, research of the literature found relatively little information in regards to the optimized depth of the parabolic curve. As a result, a prototype solar thermal parabolic trough was built in order to test three different parabolic shapes with varied depths. Static testing of a 50-50 mix of ethylene glycol and water found that the parabolic shape with the smallest focal length had the greatest solar collection efficiency. From this assessment, a final parabolic trough design was created. The assumptions, testing procedure, and results of static testing for the optimum parabolic shape of a solar trough collector will be addressed herein.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Kolmogorov complexity based automata modeling for intrusion detection

According to Kolmogorov complexity, a string is considered patternless if the shortest Turing machine that can encode it is at least as long as the string itself. Conversely, a non-random string with patterns can be described by some Turing machine that is shorter than the string. Hence, special forms of Turing machines - such as functions, N-grams, finite automata and stochastic automata - can all be regarded as representations of some approximations of patterns. Based on these observations, system profiles are defined for anomaly-based intrusion detection systems. The results are encouraging.
Recall of perpetrator height and weight by Asian and Caucasian eyewitnesses: Evidence of ethnic stereotyping

Psychologists are less concerned with the idea that eyewitnesses can be unreliable than with the question of what conditions foster reliable and unreliable descriptions and identifications (Loftus, 1979). Verbal descriptions given by witnesses typically are general rather than specific (gender, race, height, weight, hair, age) and include ranges (e.g., early to mid 30s) (Sporer, 1992; Wells, 1985: Yamey, 1979). The accuracy of the eyewitness's general description of a perpetrator is important both for the immediate investigation (O'Hara & O'Hara, [988) and for the later evalu,ation of the eyewitness evidence at triat (Visher, 1987). One factor that could influence the height and weight judgments of eyewitnesses is the perceived ethnicity of the perpetrator. Another is the ethnicity of the eyewitness. The purpose of the research presented here was to evaluate the potential influence of ethnic stereotypes and ethnically-related cognitive biases on the accuracy of height and weight estimations by Asian and Caucasia.~ eyewitnesses. Several research studies have demonstrated that stereotypic expectancies can bias the interpretation of ambiguous infommtion about others (Darley & Gross, 1983; Devine, t'989; Duncan, 1976). Hamilton, Shennan, and Ruvolo (1990) concluded that expectancies can influence the way persons process information we receive, seek additionaI information, and guide our behavioral interactions with others~ In regal proceedings, discrepancies between the verbal description of a perpetrator given by a witness and the actual physical attributes of the accused typically are taken as reason to doubt the accuracy of the eyewitness identification (Neilv. Biggers, 1972). Based on the concept of ethnic stereotyping, it was hypothesized that a perpetrator who differs from the normative height and weight of his ethnic group is likely to be recalled as being more consistent with his normative ethnic heigl;md weight. An eyewitness's beliefs about population nora,s may account tot an underestimating of aboveaverage physical characteristics of another person and an overestimating of below-average physical characteristics (Flin & Shepherd, 1986). This hypothesis predicts a general regression toward the population mean for estimations of height and weight of persons perceived to be from a given ethnic group. In addition. Flin and Shepherd (1986) found that height estimations of others were significantly related to the height of the eyewitness. In this regard, Clifford and Bull (1978) have suggested that "Perhaps the police should note down a description of the witness as well as the witness's description of the suspect." Perhaps Asian witnesses would recall others as being shorter than Caucasian witnesses simply because they themselves are shorter. To asses this possibility, the witness's own heights and weights were recorded in the present experiments with the expectation that their heights and weights would influence their perceptions and recollections of the perpetrators.
Holocene geology of the Wachapreague lagoon, Eastern Shore Peninsula, Virginia

Abstract The Wachapreague lagoon and the barrier islands defending the lagoon have been in existence for at least 5,500 years. Submergence, continuing at a decreasing rate, has controlled the evolution of the barrier islands and lagoon during the last 4,400 years. Equivocal evidence suggests that crustal upwarping, marine regression, or both, affected the area prior to 4,400 years B.P. Prior to about 1,000 years B.P., most of the lagoon consisted of open bays and tidal flats. Extensive development of tidal marshes began about 1,000 years B.P., owing to some combination of sedimentation and decreased submergence rate. Comparison of later Holocene submergence curves constructed for the Atlantic coast strongly suggests that crustal subsidence has affected the Wachapreague area over the past 4,400 years and that the locus of maximum subsidence appears to follow a line extending from the central New Jersey coast to the vicinity of Cape Cod.
A Fossil Noctuid Moth Egg from the Late Cretaceous of Eastern North America

A moth egg assignable to the family Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) is described from 75-million-year-old sediments from Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. This sample, which extends the fossil record of this farnily and modern heteroneuran moths back to the Cretaceous, may provide insight into the coevolution of moths and flowering plants, as well as have implications for the evolution of bats.
The SPEED System: An Overview of the Appliance and Clinical Performance

The SPEED appliance (Strite Industries Ltd., 298 Shepherd Ave., Cambridge, Ontario, N3C 1V1 Canada), invented by Dr. G. Herbert Hanson in the early 1970s, is a miniaturized self-ligating bracket with an active spring clip. This fully preadjusted edgewise appliance, which is available in both 0.018″ and 0.022″ slot size, has been in clinical use since 1977 and commercially available since 1980. During the past 25 years, the SPEED design has been highly refined. Refinements include the incorporation of a superelastic nickel titanium spring clip for greater precision of tooth movement throughout treatment, a "labial window" that enhances ease of opening the spring clip, and a horizontal auxiliary slot in the bracket body that facilitates segmental archwire mechanics. Although the SPEED bracket is compatible with virtually any archwire selection, specific archwires have been designed to fully exploit SPEED's inherent benefits. These include Supercable (Strite Industries Ltd.), a seven-stranded coaxial nickel titanium archwire, Hills Dual-Geometry archwire (Strite Industries Ltd.), and SPEED archwires. Whether traditional or specialty archwires are used, SPEED, with its highly flexible spring clip, creates a unique mechanical system that is ideally suited for ultra-precise orthodontic tooth movement.
Temperature, thermal efficiency, and gradient performance from two seawater-SZ solar ponds

This paper presents 10 months of experience with two seawater-SZ (Storage Zone) solar ponds operated as a source of warm seawater which could have been used in an adjacent mariculture facility. Observations and extensive temperature, gradient and efficiency data are presented. This work demonstrated operation of and heat extraction from seawater-SZ solar ponds over a much longer interval than in previous work. It confirmed that seawater-SZ solar ponds can consistently give useful temperature elevations. A few phenomena not characteristic of conventional solar ponds were identified and are discussed.
Paleo-Indian procurement of Camelops on the northwestern plains

Abstract Camelops have been recorded in a number of Paleo-Indian sites that lack evidence of past procurement methods. Recently, two occurrences of Camelops remains have been recorded in Paleo-Indian animal kills in Wyoming. One kill situation was in a Hell Gap cultural context that produced remains of a single Camelops taken along with about 100 bison in a parabolic sand dune trap. The other Camelops was in a Clovis cultural context and deals with a single animal believed to have been taken in an arroyo trap that was used to take bison at several Paleo-Indian time periods. Identification of geomorphic features involved in these kill sites offers a basis for beginning to interpret Paleo-Indian camel procurement methods.
Phase II trial of PCNU in advanced malignant melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group pilot study

PCNU, a chloroethylnitrosourea with high alkylating activity, low carbamoylating activity, optimal octanol: water partition coefficient and broad activity in animal systems, was administered to 32 evaluable patients with measurable metastatic melanoma by brief intravenous infusions every six weeks. The initial dose was 75 or 100 mg/m2, with escalation or reduction for toxicity, and a total of 58 evaluable courses were given. Half of the patient population had received no prior chemotherapy. One objective complete response (duration 585 days) and four objective partial responses (durations 55, 169, 405 and 102 days) occurred, the last recorded in a patient previously treated with DTIC. These responses included visceral, nodal and subcutaneous disease. The response rate was 16% with a 95% confidence interval of 5.5 to 33.7%. Thrombocytopenia was dose-limiting and leukopenia was relatively mild. Gastrointestinal toxicity was less severe than expected for a nitrosourea. PCNU has comparable clinical activity to that of other nitrosoureas in patients with advanced melanoma.
Social Skills Deficits in Learning Disabilities: The Psychiatric Comorbidity Hypothesis.

The hypothesis that social skills deficits in learning disabilities may re- flect the comorbidity of learning disabilities with psychiatric diagnoses is partially supported by prevalence rates of learning disabilities within samples of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depressive or dysthymic disorder. The maladaptive social skills patterns of children with specific subtypes of learning disabilities appear to mimic the symptom patterns of children with ADHD, depression or dysthymia, thus providing additional support for the psychiatric co- morbidity hypothesis. This article includes a discussion of the implications of a psy- chiatric comorbidity hypothesis for increased special education support, further de- lineation of subtypes of learning disabilities, therapeutic, psychological or psychopharmacologic treatment, and collaborative efforts between professionals in mental health and learning disabilities.
A note on a maximal function of C. Fefferman and Stein

We extend the class of weight functions for which a known inequality for the maximal function TA,( f )( x) is valid. In this note, we derive a strengthened version of an estimate given by Torchinsky [51 and Barker [I] for the "box" maximal function of C. Fefferman and Stein [3] defined by T; r(f)(X) = SUp( h}-"fl t"' I f(I.t) I'dz dt /1>0 t.'. ii) where I 1 and r > 0. Then TA,r(f )(X) d. In case w 1, the theorem was obtained by Barker (11; both [1 and 5] generalized an earlier result of Muckenhoupt and Wheeden [4]. The proof we shall give is very similar to those in (1 and 5], and is based on the following known lemma about Carleson measures. We use the same letter c to denote different constants. LEMMA. Let v and a be nonnegative measures on R n+ and Rn respectively such that a(B2s(t)) ca(Bs(Q)) for all f E Rn and s > 0. Then for p ? p, II At, |f(Z. t ) lp d v(z, t)) C c(,N( f )( z ) da( z)) if and only if v(H(t, s)) s c?(BsQ))P'1P. To prove the theorem, fix h and x and write (I) (hn" tAn -n -I If( Z, t*) irdZdt X H| X( Z, It)f( z, t)r |dp(z, t)) where H = H(x, h), XH is the characteristic function of H, and dv(z, t) h-AntAn-n-IXH(Z, t) dz dt. Let a(*) = L( )/,i(Bh(x)). We claim that v(H(t, s)) 0. First note that v(H(t, s)) = 0 if H(t, s) n H = 0. Also note that v(H(t, s)) = h-"Xnf t 'n-nIdz dt H( . s) nH h-Xn( tXn-n-I dt) ( dz) O 1) =c nun ( I ) We distinguish the cases (i) s h. In case (i), we must have I x I< 2h unless H(t, s) n H = 0. Therefore, i(Bh(()) i(Bh(X)), and by Dd we have h ( B"(-)) t A ,(Bs(x)) I h Li (Bh() S l (Bh (x)) This content downloaded from 207.46.13.52 on Fri, 21 Oct 2016 05:28:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms FUNCTION OF C. FEFFERMAN AND STEIN 511
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and sleep-disordered breathing: an unfavorable combination

In this thought-provoking Viewpoint and accompanying clinical vignettes, Sengupta and colleagues posit that clinicians should be aware of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. They hypothesize that this sleep disorder could be the reason cardiomyopathy symptoms remain despite therapy and could also contribute to a raised gradient seen in some patients.
Spallation neutron source moderator design

Abstract This paper describes various aspects of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) moderator design. Included are the effects of varying the moderator location, interaction effects between moderators, and the impact on neutron output when various reflector materials are used. Also included is a study of the neutron output from composite moderators, where it is found that a combination of liquid H2O and liquid H2 can produce a spectrum very similar to liquid methane (L-CH4).
Sequence of centromere separation: influence of pericentromeric heterochromatin (repetitive DNA) inMus

A relationship between the sequence of centromere separation and quantity of pericentromeric constitutive heterochromatin was studied using bone marrow cells ofMus musculus molossinus and three cell lines, viz., SEWA-Rec 4, brain tumor and L-cells, ofM. m. domesticus origin. The timing of separation of a centromere into two daughter centromeres is related to the quantity of pericentromeric heterochromatin. In these genomes, having qualitatively uniform DNA in their heterochromatin fraction, the chromosomes with none or small quantities of heterochromatin separate first. These are followed by those chromosomes which have increasingly larger quantities of heterochromatin. It appears that one function of repetitive DNA (pericentromeric heterochromatin) is to regulate the timing of separation of centromeres.
Modeling static and dynamic detection of humans in rural terrain

Historically, the focus of detection experiments and modeling at the Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) has been on detecting military vehicles in rural terrains. A gap remains in understanding the detection of human targets in rural terrains and how it might differ from detection of vehicles. There are also improvements that can be made in how to quantify the effect of human movement on detectability. Two experiments were developed to look at probability of detection and time to detect fully exposed human targets in a low to moderate clutter environment in the infrared waveband. The first test uses static images of standing humans while the second test uses videos of humans walking across the scene at various ranges and speeds. Various definitions of target and background areas are explored to calculated contrast and target size. Ultimately, task difficulty parameters (V50s) are calculated to calibrate NVESD sensor performance models, specifically NVThermIP and NV-IPM, for the human detection task. The focus of the analysis in this paper is primarily on the static detection task since the analysis for the dynamic detection experiment is still in the early stages. Results will be presented as well as a plan for future work in this area. © (2014) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Retrospective review of biopsy results following percutaneous fixation of vertebral compression fractures.

Summary Background Percutaneous vertebral body fixation has been found to provide pain relief and restoration of function for patients with compression fractures. Despite the prevalence of osteoporosis, there are a variety of aetiologies, such as lymphoma, myeloma or metastatic disease that may be responsible for the condition. In these instances, vertebral body biopsy can play an important role in determining fracture aetiology and assist in initiating concurrent medical treatment. Materials and methods Between 2002 and 2005, 80 vertebral body biopsies were performed in conjunction with percutaneous augmentation procedures on 50 patients at our teaching institution. Eleven biopsies were performed during vertebroplasty and 69 were performed during kyphoplasty. The mean age at the time of procedure was 75.7 years. Eight patients were male and 42 were female. A pathologist interpreted all biopsy samples and all charts were reviewed examining past history, diagnoses prior to compression fracture, biopsy results and post-op conditions that developed or were diagnosed after surgery. Results All patients healed their compression fractures following surgery and no complications were experienced. Eleven patients had a diagnosis of osteoporosis prior to vertebral fracture, while 8 patients had a malignant condition initially suspected as being responsible for the compression fracture. Malignancy was identified in 4 patients, 3 of whom did not previously have such a diagnosis. In an additional 6 cases the suspected aetiology behind vertebral compression fracture was not confirmed by pathology. Discussion This study found a 20% prevalence of malignancy in our population, which is higher than other reports in the literature. Eight percent of the patients in this study were ultimately found to have a malignant aetiology behind their compression fracture, while in 18% of the cases the presumed aetiology was not confirmed on pathological examination. Compression fractures can be one of the most common manifestations of osteoporosis, but a variety of other conditions, including neoplastic processes may also be responsible. As a result, we recommend obtaining a vertebral body biopsy prior to every vertebral augmentation procedure.
Immunochemical comparison of cardiac glycoside-sensitive (lamb) and -insensitive (rat) kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.

Abstract The immunological cross-reactivity of the ouabain-sensitive lamb kidney and the ouabain-sensitive rat kidney (Na + + K + )-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.37) was examined using polyclonal and monoclona antibodies. Studies using rabbit antisera prepared against both the lamb kidney and rat kidney holoenzymes showed the existence of substantial antigenic differences as well as similarities between the holoenzymes and the respective denatured α and β subunits of these two enzymes. Quantitation of the extent of cross-reactivity using holoenzyme-directed antibodies showed a 40–60% cross-reactivity. In addition, rabbit antisera monospecific to the purified, denatured α and β subunits of the lamb kidney enzyme showed about a 50% cross-reactivity towards the respective subunit of the rat enzyme. In contrast to the cross-reactivity observed using the polyclonal antibodies, six monoclonal antibodies specific for the α su nit of the lamb holoenzyme exhibited no cross-reactivity with the rat holoenzyme. Four of these monoclonal antibodies, however, showed substantial cross-reactivity with rat α subunit as resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A fifth antibody did not bind to the denatured α subunit of either the lamb or the rat enzyme. Another monoclonal antibody (M7-PB-E9), which is specific for an epitope previously implicated in the regulation of both ATP and ouabain binding to (Na + + K + )-ATPase (Ball, W.J., Jr. (1984) Biochemistry 2275–2281) was found to bind to the denatured lamb α but not to the rat α. This antibody has identified a region of the lamb α that has an altered amino acid sequence in the ouabain-insensitive rat enzyme. These immunological studies indicate that there are substantial antigenic differences between the lamb and rat kidney (Na + + K + )-ATPases. The majority of these antigenic differences appear to be due to variations in the tertiary structures rather than to variations in the primary structures of the α subunits.
Pandemic influenza and the avian influenza A (H5N1) threat

Clearly documented influenza A pandemics occurred in 1889, 1918, 1957, and 1968. Each pandemic was characterized by a major increase in illnesses and deaths attributable to pneumonia and influenza. Notable were the estimated 500,000 deaths in the United States and 20 million in the world during the 1918 pandemic. Current evidence suggests that the antigenically novel influenza A viruses causing pandemics arise from a reservoir of avian influenza A viruses whereby a virus with a capacity for transmitting and causing illness in humans acquires a new hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigen from an avian virus. An outbreak of human influenza with deaths caused by influenza A (H5N1) viruses emerged in Hong Kong during 1997, but transmission among humans was minimal or absent. Risk for infection was exposure to poultry. Slaughtering all chickens in Hong Kong was accompanied by cessation of the outbreak. Investigations are ongoing to determine if H5N1 viruses are causing infections among humans and poultry in South China. Thus far, the Hong Kong influenza A (H5N1) viruses have lacked the required characteristics for causing a pandemic, but introduction of the virus into human populations emphasizes the continuing threat for another pandemic of influenza.
Differential Paramagnetic Effect and Harmonic Generation in an Enclosed Superconductor

The low-frequency behavior of a cylindrical enclosed superconductor (superconducting coaxial cable) is discussed, with particular attention to the case in which the inner conductor is in the intermediate state. Preliminary observations of an effect which is equivalent to the familiar differential paramagnetic effect (DPE) are reported. A qualitative explanation is developed by a detailed analysis of the ideal case, which corresponds to the limit in which the phase boundaries follow the ac field perfectly. For the specimen studied, in which the DPE is reduced from the ideal value, a model is proposed based on the assumption that the intermediate state is composed of only a few normal and superconducting regions. In addition to accounting for the lack of reproducibility of the DPE on different trials, this model makes it possible, in principle, to relate the DPE directly to the velocity of propagation of the phase boundaries, although the data are not yet adequate for this purpose. The DPE was observed by means of a coaxial pair of coils wound directly on the inner superconductor. Under conditions such that the boundary motion led to switching of the inner conductor from the intermediate to the normal state or from the intermediate to the superconducting state, a strong harmonic content was observed. A brief analysis of this harmonic content is presented. Phase-boundary motion was observed directly in an auxiliary two-frequency experiment in which the low-frequency boundary motion was monitored by a high-frequency signal.
The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins: At the intersection of metabolism and cancer

Increasing evidence supports a connection between cancer and metabolism and emphasizes the need to understand how tumors respond to the metabolic microenvironment and how tumor cell metabolism is regulated. The insulin receptor (IR) and its close family member the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) mediate the cellular response to insulin in normal cells and their function is tightly regulated to maintain metabolic homeostasis. These receptors are also expressed on tumor cells and their expression correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Understanding how the IR/IGF-1R pathway functions in tumors is increasing in importance as the efficacy of drugs that target metabolic pathways, such as metformin, are investigated in prospective clinical trials. This review will focus on key signaling intermediates of the IR and IGF-1R, the Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS) proteins, with an emphasis on IRS-2, and discuss how these adaptor proteins play a pivotal role at the intersection of metabolism and cancer.
A survey of current object-oriented databases

Object-oriented concepts form a good basis for the data models required for next-generation database applications such as CAD/CAE/CASE/CAM systems, knowledge-based systems, multimedia, etc. Many object-oriented databases are available commercially or are being developed by industry or academic research facilities. This paper attempts to compare some of these products using fourteen criteria. The selected criteria are major factors required for the successful design of an object-oriented database system. They are grouped into five different categories. The result of the survey is summarized in a table.