cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of medication errors identified in the first 3800 incident reports submitted to the Australian Incident Monitoring Study in Intensive Care (AIMS-ICU)

Results: a total of 1762 medication errors were identified. Drug groups most commonly involved in these incidents were inotropes (280), sedatives/anaesthetics (135), analgesics (132), anti-clotting (132), antimicrobial (129), electrolytes (128), plasma expand/ blood products (126) and vasodilators (105). Delayed/failed administration (213), wrong infusion rate (162), incorrect dose/ frequency (159), labelling error (111) and wrong drug concentration (110) were the most frequently reported errors. Estimated patient outcomes included nil/minor physiological change (1003), major physiological change (146) and actual physical injury (18). Fifty-two per cent of incidents occurred out of hours, with 88 per cent identified during ongoing care of the patient. Nursing staff detected 88 per cent of them by routinely checking charts (36 per cent), equipment (33 per cent) and patients (21 per cent). Most frequently identified contributing factors included: fatigue/haste/ distraction (433), failure to follow protocol (404), incorrect drug charting (433) and high unit acuity (239).
Risk factors in infancy

(1984). Risk factors in infancy. Early Child Development and Care: Vol. 16, No. 1-2, pp. 1-8.
Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin abnormalities in neurosarcoidosis.

• A retrospective chart review of neurosarcoidosis at the University of Texas Medical Branch (Galveston) between 1982 and 1987 revealed 99 patients with sarcoidosis. Six patients were diagnosed with neurosarcoidosis and had electrophoresis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid performed (one patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was later excluded). Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins and albumin levels were determined followed by calculation of an IgG index and synthesis rate for each patient. Four (80%) of five patients had elevated IgG indexes and synthesis rates indicative of intrathecal immunoglobulin production. No patient had immunoglobulin oligoclonal bands detected. To date, results of electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid in neurosarcoidosis have been reported in 37 patients among four series. Of these, only nine patients (24%) have had either an elevated IgG index or synthesis rate. Our series suggests that intrathecal immunoglobulin production in neurosarcoidosis occurs more frequently than previously described. Furthermore, the elevated indexes and synthesis rates without associated oligoclonal bands suggests a polyclonal immunoglobulin response.
Using chondroitin sulfate to improve the viability and biosynthesis of chondrocytes encapsulated in interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels of agarose and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

We recently introduced agarose-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels to cartilage tissue engineering that were able to encapsulate viable cells and provide a significant improvement in mechanical performance relative to its two constituent hydrogels. The goal of the current study was to develop a novel synthesis protocol to incorporate methacrylated chondroitin sulfate (MCS) into the IPN design hypothesized to improve cell viability and biosynthesis. The IPN was formed by encapsulating porcine chondrocytes in agarose, soaking the construct in a solution of 1:10 MCS:PEGDA, which was then photopolymerized to form a copolymer network as the second network. The IPN with incorporated CS (CS-IPN) (~0.5 wt%) resulted in a 4- to 5-fold increase in the compressive elastic modulus relative to either the PEGDA or agarose gels. After 6 weeks of in vitro culture, more than 50% of the encapsulated chondrocytes remained viable within the CS-modified IPN, in contrast to 35% viability observed in the unmodified. At week 6, the CS-IPN had significantly higher normalized GAG contents (347 ± 34 μg/μg) than unmodified IPNs (158 ± 27 μg/μg, P < 0.05). Overall, the approach of incorporating biopolymers such as CS from native tissue may provide favorable micro-environment and beneficial signals to cells to enhance their overall performance in IPNs.
Population structure in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) frequently colonize the human pharynx asymptomatically, and are an important cause of otitis media in children. Past studies have identified typeable H. influenzae as being clonal, but the population structure of NTHi has not been extensively characterized. The research presented here investigated the diversity and population structure in a well-characterized collection of NTHi isolated from the middle ears of children with otitis media or the pharynges of healthy children in three disparate geographic regions. Multilocus sequence typing identified 109 unique sequence types among 170 commensal and otitis media-associated NTHi isolates from Finland, Israel, and the US. The largest clonal complex contained only five sequence types, indicating a high level of genetic diversity. The eBURST v3, ClonalFrame 1.1, and structure 2.3.3 programs were used to further characterize diversity and population structure from the sequence typing data. Little clustering was apparent by either disease state (otitis media or commensalism) or geography in the ClonalFrame phylogeny. Population structure was clearly evident, with support for eight populations when all 170 isolates were analyzed. Interestingly, one population contained only commensal isolates, while two others consisted solely of otitis media isolates, suggesting associations between population structure and disease.
Chemical Equilibrium in the Vapour of a Mixture of Paraffins and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

In a previous paper on "Chemical Equilibrium in a Mixture of Paraffins" the composition of the mixture in equilibrium at any temperature and pressure was calculated on the assumption that only paraffins C n H2n+2 were present. The condition for equilibrium among the members of any homologous series in the vapour was shown to be p n = p 1 f n-1, where p n denotes the partial pressure of the n th member of the series and f is a quantity less than unity which is approximately independent of n . In the present paper unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more double bonds as well as paraffins will be supposed present in the mixture. The homologous series to be considered are therefore the paraffins C n H2n+2, the olefines C n H2n with one double bond, the diolefines C n H2n-2 with two double bonds, and other series C n H2n-4, C n H2n-6, C n H2n-8, ..., containing 3, 4, 5,... double bonds.
Thermal Stress and Gas Bending Effects on Vibration of Compressor Rotor Stages

The effects of transient thermal stresses and steady-state gas bending loads on the vibration of a rotating, pretwisted compressor blade and the effect of thermal stresses on the vibration of a rotating compressor disk were studied. The transient thermal stresses arise from a rapid engine acceleration from an idle to a full-throttle speed, and the gas bending loads exist as a result of the pressure ratio across the rotor stage. It was found that the untwist angle of a typical rotating blade under both thermal stresses and gas bending loads is changed significantly. The maximum total transient thermal stress effect, including the thermal restoring torque and thermal twist deformation, reduced the torsional rigidity of the last-stage blade by 4.9%. The total gas bending effect, taking into account the static twist deformation and bending-torsion coupling, may change the blade frequencies by - 0.8-1.6%. The thermal stresses within a disk heated around its outer radius tend to increase the disk rigidity for a nodal diam n 1. The change of the disk frequencies of typical compressor disks is from -1.2-0.2%.
Producing a Radio Show About Psychological Science The Story of Psychological Frontiers

The authors describe the development of a campus-based radio show about psychological science. The authors’ goals in creating the show were to inform the public about the science of psychology and to create a teaching and learning resource for faculty members and students. The show, Psychological Frontiers, airs twice a week and consists of 2-minute summaries of research and theory. Issues related to show format, medium, and script writing are discussed. The authors also present ways in which they have used this show as an activity in their courses as well as for faculty development.
Moments of the Percus-Yevick hard-sphere correlation function

A simple recursive relation is derived for the momentsM n ,n=1, 2,..., of the Percus-Yevick correlation functionh(r) for identical hard spheres. TheMn are rational functions of the volume fractionw occupied by the spheres; the first ten are given explicitly, and a single-term asymptotic form is obtained to suffice for the rest. Applications of theMn(w) include testing different approximations forh by numerical integration ofh(r) r n . We compare exact moments with shell approximationsM n [h s ] corresponding to integration fromr=0 tos+1 fors=3−8, and with hybrid approximationsM n [h s +h a ] which supplement the shell approximations with integrals of an asymptotic tail froms+1 to ∞. For a givens, the hybrid approximation is better forw increasing than the shell approximation, andM n [h3+h a ] is even better thanM n [h8]
Aggressive Forms and Functions on School Playgrounds: Profile Variations in Interaction Styles, Bystander Actions, and Victimization

Coders used real-time focal-child sampling methods to observe the playground behavior and victimization experiences of 600 third to sixth grade youth. Person-centered analyses yielded three profile...
A 580 kyr paleomagnetic record from the sub-Antarctic South Atlantic (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1089)

[1] We report geomagnetic directional paleosecular variation, relative paleointensity proxies and oxygen isotope data from the upper 88 m composite depth (mcd) at South Atlantic Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1089 (40°56.2′S, 9°53.64′E, 4620 m water depth). The age model is provided by high-resolution oxygen isotope stratigraphy, augmented by radiocarbon dates from the upper 8 mcd of nearby piston core RC11-83. Mean sedimentation rates at Site 1089 are in the range of 15 to 20 cm/kyr. Two intervals during the Brunhes Chron, at ∼29.6 mcd (∼190 ka) and at ∼48 mcd (∼335 ka), have component magnetization directions with positive (reverse polarity) inclination; however, the excursional directions are heavily overprinted by the postexcursional field. Magnetite is the dominant carrier of magnetic remanence, and occurs in the pseudosingle-domain (PSD) grain size. An additional higher-coercivity magnetic carrier, characterized by low unblocking temperatures (<350°C), is assumed to be authigenic pyrrhotite. A decrease in magnetization intensity down core is mirrored by a reduction in pore water sulfate, indicating diagenetic reduction of magnetite. Despite down-core changes in magnetic mineralogy, normalized intensity records from Site 1089 are comparable with high-resolution paleointensity records from the North Atlantic (e.g., ODP Sites 983 and 984). Sediment properties and sedimentation patterns within the Cape (Site 1089) and Iceland (Sites 983 and 984) Basins are distinctly different at both millennial and orbital timescales and therefore preclude lithologic variability from being the source of this correlation. Variations in normalized intensity from Site 1089 therefore appear to reflect changes in global-scale geomagnetic field intensity.
Ultrafast Laser Micromachining of Latex for Balloon Angioplasty

Latex balloons used in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty are micromachined by mechanical, electrical, and optical methods. However, the cleanliness, straightness, and thermal damage obtained in these methods must be improved in order to minimize the adhesion of a balloon on the catheter tube. In this work, a femtosecond pulsed laser was used to micromachine 1.5 mm diameter latex tubes. The focused beam coupled with argon shield gas substantially improved the quality of cuts and holes acceptable by the Food and Drug Administration. Ultrafast laser by virtue of nonthermal ablation enabled the best quality in machined profiles.
A graphical approach to vacuum engineering

Summary A new technique is presented for the graphical solution of the steady state and transient flow of gases in a vacuum system throughout all the pressure ranges normally encountered. Methods are established for the analysis of various components as well as complete systems. Evaluation of such items as pumping-down time, time response, leakage, and gas flow conversion are also discussed. This paper is based on a lecture contributed by the authors to the Second Symposium held by the Committee on Vacuum Techniques in 1955 but also contains additional information which has been compiled during studies of the subject in subsequent months. Copies of Vacuum Engineering Graphs, marked FN 756A and FN 756B are available from the General Electric Company.
Diesel exhaust particles cause increased levels of DNA deletions after transplacental exposure in mice

Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are a major source of air-borne pollution and are linked to increased risk of disease including lung cancer. Here we investigated effects of exposure to DEP on the frequency of DNA deletions, levels of oxidative DNA damage and DNA adduct formation during embryonic development in mice. Pregnant dams were orally exposed to various doses of DEP (500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25 mg/kg/day) at embryonic days 10.5-15.5. We determined the frequency of 70 kb DNA deletions spanning exons 6-18 at the p(un) allele that results in black-pigmented spots in the unpigmented retinal pigment epithelium in the eyes of p(un)/p(un) offspring mice. DEP caused a significant increase in the frequency of DNA deletions. Levels of 8-OH deoxyguanosine indicating oxidative DNA damage were within the limits of the unexposed mouse embryos. 33P post-labeling analysis revealed very low levels of DNA adducts in the embryo tissue. Thus, transplacental exposure to DEP resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of DNA deletions in the mouse fetus and such genetic alterations in the offspring may have pathological consequences later in life.
Analysis and Confirmation of 1,3-DMAA and 1,4-DMAA in Geranium Plants Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry at ng/g Concentrations:

1,3-Dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) is a stimulant commercially sold in a variety of dietary supplements as a chemical species derived from geranium plants (Pelargonium graveolens). Whether 1,3-DMAA naturally occurs in geranium plants or other dietary ingredients, it has important regulatory and commercial ramifications. However, the analysis of 1,3-DMAA in geranium plants is not trivial due to low concentrations and a complex environmental matrix, requiring high selectivity and sensitivity. An extraction method combined with high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry is used to determine 1,3-DMAA and 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA) concentrations in geranium plants with both external calibration and standard addition method. Samples from the Changzhou, Kunming, and Guiyang regions of China during both winter and summer were analyzed for 1,3-DMAA and 1,4-DMAA. The diastereomer ratios of the 1,3-DMAA stereoisomers of a racemic standard and the extracted plant were also quantified.
On the normalization of fuzzy belief structures

Abstract The issue of normalization in the fuzzy Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence is investigated. We suggest a normalization procedure called smooth normalization. It is shown that this procedure is a generalization of the usual Dempster normalization procedure. We also show that the usual process of normalizing an individual subnormal fuzzy subset by proportionally increasing the membership grades until the maximum membership grade is one is a special case of this smooth normalization process and in turn closely related to the Dempster normalization process. We look an alternative normalization process in the fuzzy Dempster-Shafer environment based on adding to the membership grade of subnormal focal elements the amount by which the fuzzy subset is subnormal.
Numerical Optimization for Bottom Structure of ZGM Medium Speed Mill

The inner flow fields in the ZGM95 medium speed mill are numerically simulated by employing the commercial code of FLUENT. The results show that the static pressure and the flow rate at each nozzle ring is different from those of others due to the primary air entering the mill only from one side. Some baffles are proposed to be added in the bottom chamber of the mill to optimize the performance of medium speed mill, and the modified models are also simulated. A couple of fan-shaped baffles, which are arranged symmetrically in the bottom chamber, can improve the distribution of the flow fields efficiently in the mill while few pressure drop of the mill will increase. The structure with fan-shaped baffles is recommended to be an important choice of the structural optimization of the medium speed mill. The numerical investigations also indicate that the structural modification of mill should be as simple as possible.
Regulation of cell proliferation in rat mandibular condylar cartilage in explant culture by insulin-like growth factor-1 and fibroblast growth factor-2

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) regulate the proliferation and differentiation of growth-plate chondrocytes, but surprisingly little is known of the mechanisms underlying growth regulation in secondary cartilages such as the mandibular condylar. The aims here were to investigate whether IGF-1 and FGF-2 receptors are present in mandibular condylar cartilage in vivo from 28-day-old male Sprague–Dawley rats (by immunohistochemistry), how proliferation in that cartilage responds to increasing concentrations of exogenous IGF-1 or FGF-2 in explant culture (by [ 3 H ]thymidine incorporation), and whether the expression of these growth factors and their receptors in the cartilage changes during the transition to puberty (quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction). Immunoreactivity for receptors (R) for IGF-1 and FGF-2 (IGF-1R, FGFR1, and FGFR3) was most pronounced in chondroblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes, while FGFR2 immunoreactivity was strongest in the articular and prechondroblastic zones. The proliferative response elicited by exogenous IGF-1 was considerably greater than that induced by FGF-2, although the threshold concentration for a significant response was lower for FGF-2. In the transition from prepuberty (31 days) to the beginning of late puberty (42 days), a pronounced trend of increasing IGF-1 and decreasing FGF-2 gene expression was evident. Of the receptors, only FGFR2 and FGFR3 expression increased. These data provide evidence that proliferation in the mandibular condylar cartilage might be regulated in part by IGF-1 and FGF-2, and that expression of these genes changes considerably at puberty. The data also suggest that mechanisms governing proliferation in mandibular condylar cartilage might have as much in common with those regulating cranial sutures as those regulating growth-plate.
Gel Permeation Chromatography of Polyethylene Terephalate

Abstract This paper describes the development of the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique for the measurements of cyclic trimer content, molecular weights, and molecular weight distribution of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), utilizing a solvent system of o-chlorophenol-chloroform. Mark-Houwink constants for this solvent system are also described. The GPC technique was applied to the study of the cyclic trimer content, molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of a variety of commercial PET resins. The results indicate that the cyclic trimer content in PET is dependent on molecular weight, polycondensation process and catalyst system. Solidstate polymerized PET contains less cyclic trimer than PET made by the melt-phase process of the same molecular weight. The cyclic trimer content in solid-stated PET appears to be dependent on the conditions of solid-state polymerization. The polydispersity index determine for a variety of PET samples is higher than the theoretically predicted value ...
A NEW "DOUBLE RESONANCE" METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS. APPLICATION TO Hg $sup 3$P$sub 1$

Excitation of atoms in a vapor by polarized light produces unequal population of the magnetic sublevels of the excited state. The emitted optical resonance radiation is therefore partly polarized. The application of radiofrequency or microwave fields at a magnetic resonance frequency will induce transitions between sublevels of the excited state. The degree of polarization of the emitted optical resonance radiation is altered when the magnetic resonance condition is fulfilled. As suggested by Brossel and Kastler, this effect may be used to reveal the structure of the energy level. A detailed theory applicable to, and experiments on the $^{3}P_{1}$ state of all the isotopes of mercury are reported. The results obtained indicate that double resonance phenomena constitute a valuable new tool for investigating the structure of atomic energy levels. The mean life of the $^{3}P_{1}$ state is shown by observations on the resonance line widths to be 1.55\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ sec for all the isotopes. The $g$-factor of the $^{3}P_{1}$ state for isotopes with zero spin, measured in terms of the proton $g$-factor, is 1.4838\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0004.
HPLC of biological macromolecules: The first decade

During the past decade, HPLC has developed into a powerful new technique for the analysis of complex mixtures of biological macromolecules. Through the use of microparticulate supports of vastly improved mechanican strength, superior stationary phase chemistry, and advanced instrumentation, it is now possible to separate biological macromolecules more than 10 times faster and with greater resolution than in the classical SEC, IEC, HIC, bioaffinity, and hydroxyapetite chromatography columns. Additionally, the introduction of new separation modes such as RPC and metal chelate make it possible to carry out separations that were not possible with the classical gel-type media. It is anticipated that 1) expanded use of non-porous media, 2) development of new stationary phases for carbohydrates, 3) greater throughput and resolution in preparative separations, and 4) better understanding of retention mechanisms are a few of the areas of macromolecular separations in which advances can be expected in the next few years.
Beam Instabilities Observed at the CEA

Single beam instabilities have been observed at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator during accumulation and storage of electron and positron beams. In the filling mode, the instability appears at about 3 mA peak current. It develops structure in the beam sausage, makes the beam horizontally larger with increasing currents, shortens the decay time, and limits the maximum accumulated peak current to 40 mA for electrons and 10 mA for positrons. The instability involves an interaction over several bunches. Coherent horizontal betatron and phase oscillations have been observed in connection with the instability. The threshold could be increased with a high frequency quadrupole powered at a harmonic of the circumference frequency. It gives different bunches different ? values, which reduces the bunch-bunch interaction. The instability associated with the phase oscillation was reduced with a cavity oscillating at a different harmonic number from the RF. Neighboring bunches now see different RF-voltage gradients and have different synchrotron oscillation frequencies. Peak currents of 70 mA for electrons and 25 for positrons were achieved. During the storage mode, vertical and horizontal single bunch instabilities have been observed. Their threshold can be increased with octupole fields. The beam-beam interaction during accumulation and without separation has been investigated. The threshold seems to be independent of the number of bunches (or the ?-value shift if there were more than 25 bunches in each beam).
Harman's Zoo Story

Proponents of the analytic-synthetic distinction claim that we cannot give up basic analytic principles without changing the meaning of our words. This presupposes a real distinction between changing our view and only appearing to change it by changing the meaning of words used to state it. But the distinction is only a matter of degree. Any change of belief can be considered a change in meaning in the sense that it makes the identity-mapping somewhat less good a scheme of translation. A sufficient number of small changes done in a systematic way can add up to a large enough change so that that simplicity of the identity-mapping [i.e. the simplicity of assuming that the person who has undergone this systematic change of belief nevertheless means the same thing you do by his words] is outweighed by the preservation of dispositions to accept sentences and of actual usage that would be gained by switching to an alternative scheme.1
Fixed bed with catalyst deactivation: on-line estimation of deactivation, control, and design

On-line measurements of temperature and concentration and the global rate for fresh catalyst can be used to estimate a measure of catalyst deactivation. A feedback control policy is obtained from this measure of catalyst deactivation for maintaining the reactor outlet conversion constant with time at a desired level. This feedback control enables one to maintain the desired conversion without any knowledge of deactivation kinetics. These results are applicable to any type of deactivation. The optimal control can easily be taken into consideration for reactor design. This combination of process design and control with due consideration of catalyst deactivation for both is shown to result in a substantial improvement of the reactor performance.
Semi-fuel cell studies for powering underwater devices: Integrated design for maximized net power output

Use of sensor systems in water bodies has applications that range from environmental and oceanographic research to port and homeland security. Power sources are often the limiting component for further reduction of sensor system size and weight. We present recent investigations of metal-anode water-activated galvanic cells, specifically water-activated Alcells using inorganic alkali peroxides and solid organic oxidizers (heterocyclic halamines), in a semi-fuel cell configuration (i.e., with cathode species generated in situ and flow-through cells). The oxidizers utilized are inexpensive solid materials that are generally (1) safer to handle than liquid solutions or gases, (2) have inherently higher current and energy capacity (as they are not dissolved), and, (3) if appropriately packaged, will not degrade over time. The specific energy (S.E.) of Al-alkali peroxide was found to be 230 Wh/kg (460 Wh/kg, considering only active materials) in a seven-gram cell. Interestingly, when the cell size was increased (making more area of the catalytic cathode electrode available), the results from a single addition of water in an Al-organic oxidizer cell (weighing ~18 grams) showed an S.E. of about 200 Wh/kg. This scalability characteristic suggests that values in excess of 400 Wh/kg could be obtained in a semi-fuel-cell-like system. In this paper, we also present design considerations that take into account the energy requirements of the pumping devices and show that the proposed oxidizers, and the possible control of the chemical equilibrium of these cathodes in solution, may help reduce this power requirement and hence enhance the overall energetic balance.
The interaction of Na ions with synthetic polynucleotides.

The interaction of Na+ with poly A, poly U, poly A·poly U, and Poly A·2 poly U has been investigated by means of potentiometry, by means of potentiometry, by means of a linked-function analysis of its effect on the binding of Mg++ ions, and of K+ by means of an analysis of its effect on the sedimentation coefficients of the polymers. The last method was found to be inapplicable. The results of the other two methods were found to be consistent, except in the case of poly A where the existence of base stacking, influenced by the binding of Mg++, significantly affects the linked-function analysis. The results are also consistent with the effects of the concentration of Na+ ions on the thermally induced conformational transitions of poly A·poly U and poly A·2 poly U, and with the extents of “binding” of Na+ to DNA measured by equilibrium and by transport methods. The interaction of Na+ with polynucleotides appears to be physically quite specific, although its thermodynamic basis is not clear. The extent of binding of Na+, Ψ, was found to be independent of the total Na+ concentration but a quadratic function of the extent of Mg++ binding, θ. In the absence of Mg++, Ψ = 0.35–0.38 for poly U, 0.40 for poly A, 0.59 for poly A·poly U, and 0.66 for poly A·2 poly U.
The type-specific polysaccharide and the R protein antigens of the L-phase from a group B, type III Streptococcus

Summary The type-specific polysaccharide and the R protein antigens from filtered culture supernatants of the bacterial phase and L-phase of the group B, type III streptococcal strain 76–043 were studied by several immunological methods. In the L-phase of growth, the two antigens were separate and distinct molecules which were found principally in the culture supernatant even on the 254th serial subculture in the cell-wall-defective state. Only trace amounts of these antigens were detected in extracts of L-phase cells. The type III polysaccharide antigens in the supernatant of cultures of the parent bacterium and the L-phase gave reactions of identity in immunodiffusion. Precipitin bands obtained by immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) revealed that the type-specific antigen of the bacterial phase of growth migrated toward the anode, whereas that of the L-phase remained near the antigen well. The R protein antigen in the L-phase supernatant was immunologically identical to the R protein of the supernatant and 1 % trypsin-extracted antigens from whole cells of the parent bacterial strain, and other groups A, B and C streptococcal strains sharing a common R antigen. Immunologically, the R antigen appeared to be the species R4. The R protein of the L-phase and bacterial phase cultures was resistant to 5 % trypsin but sensitive to 0.5 % pepsin at 37°C/2hr. Antiserum prepared in rabbits against L-phase cells contained an antibody reactive with the R protein antigens of the bacterial and L-phase cultures. The soluble, naturally released type III and R protein streptococcal antigens of the L-phase of growth permitted immunological confirmation of its bacterial origin.
Potential splitting and numerical solution of the inverse scattering problem on the line

The one-dimensional Schrodinger equation is considered when the potential is real valued, integrable, has a finite first moment, and contains no bound states. From either of the two reflection coefficients of such a potential the right and left reflection coefficients are extracted corresponding to the left and right halves of the potential, respectively, and such half-line potentials are readily constructed from the extracted reflection coefficients. A computational procedure is described for such extractions and the construction of the two halves of the potential, and some applications are considered such as a numerical solution of the initial value problem for the Korteweg–de Vries equation. The theory is illustrated with some explicit examples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi-scale modeling to study mechanism of biofouling elimination in a surface acoustic wave biosensor

Biofouling is one of the most critical problems which plaques all biosensing devices operating in fluid media. Acoustic streaming phenomena has the potential to eliminate biofouling; however, the microscopic mechanism of streaming induced non-specific protein removal is largely unknown. In this work, a novel multiscale simulation model is developed to evaluate the effects of acoustic streaming flow on a functionalized nanoparticle typically employed in biosensing applications. First, we investigate a finite element fluid solid interaction (FE-FSI) model of acoustic streaming phenomenon resulting from the interaction of surface acoustic waves (Rayleigh mode) with liquid loading is developed. The fluid-velocity fields are imposed as boundary conditions in an atomistic simulation model to evaluate the effects of streaming velocity fields on the protein molecule attached to a nanoparticle sensing material. The multi-scale model would provide insights into the dynamics of fluid flow and the interplay of various fluid induced adhesive and removal forces at the atomistic level which is critical for efficient removal of non-specifically-bound proteins from the biosensor surface.
Synthesis and structure of two new coordination polymers featuring noncentrosymmetric inclusion of hydrogen-bonded species

Abstract Two new noncentrosymmetric coordination polymers, [(H2O)2Co(BPY)(BPEN)2]·(BPEN)1.6·(BPY)0.4·2NO3·4.65H2O and [(H2O)2Ni(BPY)(BPEN)2]·(BPEN)1.6·(BPY)0.4·2NO3·4.65H2O, have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The structure consists of large rectangular grid networks. The acentricities of the compounds were introduced by unbalanced inclusion species. Both 4,4′-bipyridine (BPY) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPEN) display pure covalent, hydrogen and bifunctional bonding modes in the structure.
Arkansas Urban Resident Fishing Site Preferences, Catch Related Attitudes, and Satisfaction

Declines in recreational fishing participation, underrepresentation of non-whites among the angling population, and increased urban immigration and sprawl has prompted the development of urban fishing programs. This study sought to develop profiles of anglers living within urban areas located throughout the state of Arkansas. We separated anglers based on the percentage of their fishing effort that was spent within their city of residence. Anglers that predominately fished urban waters were 34% more likely to be non-white than anglers that fished rural waters exclusively. Urban anglers placed greater importance on catch, on-site amenities, and safety than rural anglers, while rural anglers placed greater importance on the scenic beauty of a site and the ability to escape the trappings of the urban environment. Future fisheries management efforts will be dependent on the support of growing urban populations, and fisheries managers will need to strongly consider the unique needs of these constituents.
Merging of Research and Teaching in Developmental Biology: Adaptation of Current Scientific Research Papers for Use in Undergraduate Laboratory Exercises

ties, teaching and research. Curricular reform, or the changes in format and content of formal course work, is necessarily a continuing process. It is a response to (1) a revolution of ideas; (2) novel multiand interdisciplinary methods of study; and (3) a constant increase in the volume of scientific literature. Developmental biology in particular is sensitive to these pressures. The most important pressure for reform, however, is the desire of teachers to find a better
Structure, process, and outcomes in skilled nursing facilities: understanding what happens to surgical patients when they cannot go home. A systematic review.

Abstract Background The surgical population is aging, and greater numbers of surgical patients are being discharged to skilled nursing facilities. Post-acute care is a poorly understood but very important aspect of our healthcare system. Methods This systematic review examines the current body of literature surrounding the structural, process of care, and outcomes measurements for patients in skilled nursing facilities. English language articles published between 1998 and 2011 that purposed to examine nursing facility structure, process of care, and/or outcomes were included. Results & Conclusions Abstracts (2129) were screened and 102 articles were reviewed in full. Twenty-nine articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. The role of the care setting and care delivery in contributing to outcomes has not been well studied, and no strong conclusions can be made. This area of care currently represents a “black box” to practicing surgeons. An understanding of these factors maybe instrumental to determining future directions for research to maximize positive outcomes for these patients.
Assessment of the symmetry of bone strains in the proximal femoral medial cortex under load in bilateral pairs of cadaver femurs

In past studies, it has been assumed that contralateral femurs from the same patient have sufficiently symmetric mechanical properties that one femur could reliably serve as representative of the other in mechanical testing experiments dealing with surface bone strains. To assess the accuracy of this assumption, 10 pairs of cadaveric femurs without evidence of osseous abnormalities were instrumented with strain gauges on the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the proximal medial cortex and strain measurements were made under simulated conditions of single-leg stance and stairclimbing. Although the strains in femurs from different individuals varied greatly, the degree of symmetry in the strains of contralateral femurs was high. These findings add support to the use of contralateral femurs without discernible abnormalities as suitable controls for each other in such situations.
Fli+ etsrp+ hemato-vascular progenitor cells proliferate at the lateral plate mesoderm during vasculogenesis in zebrafish.

Background Vasculogenesis, the de novo formation of blood vessels from precursor cells is critical for a developing embryo. However, the signals and events that dictate the formation of primary axial vessels remain poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we use ets-related protein-1 (etsrp), which is essential for vascular development, to analyze the early stages of vasculogenesis in zebrafish. We found etsrp+ cells of the head, trunk and tail follow distinct developmental sequences. Using a combination of genetic, molecular and chemical approaches, we demonstrate that fli+etsrp+ hemato-vascular progenitors (FEVPs) are proliferating at the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). The Shh-VEGF-Notch-Hey2 signaling pathway controls the proliferation process, and experimental modulation of single components of this pathway alters etsrp+ cell numbers at the LPM. Conclusions/Significance This study for the first time defines factors controlling proliferation, and cell numbers of pre-migratory FEVPs in zebrafish.
The role of acculturation and family functioning in predicting HIV risk behaviors among Hispanic delinquent youth.

The present study examined the relationship between Berry’s acculturation typology and HIV risk behaviors and whether family functioning mediated any such effects. A total of 235 high risk Hispanic adolescents were categorized into one of Berry’s four acculturation typologies through the use of cut-off scores on measures of Hispanicism and Americanism. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the effects of acculturation typology on HIV risk behaviors and the indirect effects of acculturation typology on HIV risk behaviors through family functioning. Acculturation typology was related to HIV risk behaviors. Family functioning partially mediated the effects of acculturation typology on the HIV risk behavior outcomes. These findings suggest that both Americanism and Hispanicism play an important role in the etiology of HIV risk behaviors among Hispanic youth and that both, along with family functioning, are important to consider when designing preventive interventions for this population.
Surface characteristics and degradational history of debris aprons in the Tempe Terra/Mareotis fossae region of Mars

Abstract We have documented the surface characteristics and degradational history of a population of 65 lobate debris aprons in the Tempe Terra/Mareotis fossae region of Mars. These aprons were compared to other martian debris aprons to evaluate similarities and differences among different populations, which can provide insight into the dominant controls on apron development. Tempe/Mareotis debris aprons, found at the bases of isolated or clustered massifs, escarpments, and crater interior walls, were studied using Viking Orbiter, Mars Global Surveyor, and Mars Odyssey datasets in a GIS database. Six textures related to degradation of apron surfaces are identified in MOC images, and they are divided into two groups: an upper-surface group and a lower-surface group. Degradation occurs within an inferred smooth, upper surface mantle of ice and debris, producing a sequence of pitted, ridge and valley, and knobby textures of the upper-surface group. Where upper-surface materials have been removed, smooth and ridged textures of the lower-surface group are exposed. Degradation to various depths may expose lower-surface materials, which may consist of the main apron mass, remnants of mantling deposits, or both. A combination of geologic processes may have caused the degradation, including ice sublimation, ice melt, and eolian activity. Apron surfaces have lower maximum thermal inertias and mean surface temperatures than adjacent plains surfaces, which may be explained by the trapping of unconsolidated materials in low-lying pits and valleys formed by surface degradation or from the disruption of crusts on degraded portions of apron surfaces. One feature observed only on Tempe/Mareotis debris aprons are broad ridges, which mimic the shape of massif bases for tens of kilometers. We propose these to be constructional features that could have formed during cycles of increased debris production. Apron morphometric parameters including area, volume, slope, thickness, relief, and H / L , were compiled and the results show that Tempe/Mareotis aprons have average surface areas, volumes, and frontal thicknesses that are ∼2–3 times smaller than eastern Hellas aprons. Within the Tempe/Mareotis population escarpment-related aprons are larger than massif-related aprons, suggesting that aprons with larger source areas have potentially greater volatile accumulation, translating into longer apron travel distances and lower H / L values.
On the relationship between mass and diameter distributions in tree communities.

It has been suggested that frequency distributions of individual tree masses in natural stands are characterized by power-law distributions with exponents near )3 ⁄ 4, and that therefore tree communities exhibit energetic equivalence among size classes. Because the mass of trees is not measured directly, but estimated from diameter, this supposition is based on the fact that the observed distribution of tree diameters is approximately characterized by a power-law with an exponent » )2. Here we show that diameter distributions of this form are not equivalent to mass distributions with exponents of )3 ⁄ 4, but actually to mass distributions with exponents of )11 ⁄ 8. We discuss the implications of this result for the metabolic theory of ecology and for understanding energetic equivalence and the processes structuring tree communities.
Cinacalcet hydrochloride for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism

Introduction: The identification and cloning of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in 1993 has enhanced our understanding of calcium metabolism in both health and disease. CaSR, a G protein-coupled receptor, serves as a key signal transduction pathway in a variety of tissues, most notably parathyroid and kidney. The development of agents that activate the CaSR (calcimimetics) has provided for a new approach for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism, especially secondary hyperparathyroidism that is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the CaSR and calcimimetics as well as a detailed discussion about pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety profile and the clinical indications for the use of cinacalcet. Expert opinion: Cinacalcet is presently the only calcimimetic agent approved for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients. It is also indicated for hypercalcemia due to inoperable parathyroid carcinoma-related parath...
Prices Under Competition and Monopoly: Some Concrete Examples

The essential conditions for competition, 288. — Lettuce in the Puget Sound district, 289. — The case of Washington potatoes, 291. — Washington apples, 293. — Staple non-perishables: dry beans, 295. — The Seattle Fur Exchange, 297. — Summary of these cases, 298. — Monopoly and competitive price contrasted: three cases, 300. — Types of discrimination, 302. — Reasons for discrimination, 303.
Reversible logic issues in adiabatic CMOS

Power dissipation in CMOS circuits has become increasingly important for the design of portable, embedded and high-performance computing systems. Our VLSI research group has investigated a novel form of energy-conserving logic suitable for CMOS. Through small chip-building experiments, we have demonstrated the low-power operation of simple logic functions. These chips have used logical reversibility on a small, sometimes trivial, scale to achieve their low-power operation. In moving towards more complex functions, the role of reversibility will increase. This paper addresses two problem areas that we have found to be crucial to successfully realizing low-power operation of CMOS chips using reversible logic techniques. The first area is the energy-efficient design of the combined power supply and clock generator. The second is the logical overhead needed to support reversible logic functions. The first problem area, though formidable, seems amenable to systematic approaches. Significant inroads have been made towards finding practical, efficient solutions. The second, however, appears to be by far the more difficult hurdle to overcome irreversible logic is to become an attractive approach for reducing power dissipation in CMOS. >
Management of congestive heart failure in the home setting: A guide to clinical management and patient education

This article discusses the clinical management of the patient with congestive heart failure in the home, stressing the importance of patient education. A case study is presented that incorporates t...