cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of tallow in diets based on corn silage or alfalfa silage on digestion and nutrient use by lactating dairy cows.

Abstract Six multiparous Holstein cows (average 31 days in milk; 36.3 kg/d of milk) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 6×6 Latin square with 21-d periods to investigate the effects of diets that varied in forage source and amount of supplemental tallow. Isonitrogenous diets in a 2×3 factorial arrangement were based on either high corn silage (40:10 corn silage to alfalfa silage, % of dry matter) or high alfalfa silage (10:40 corn silage to alfalfa silage, % of dry matter) and contained 0, 2, or 4% tallow. Intakes of dry matter and total fatty acids were lower when cows were fed the high corn silage diet. Tallow supplementation linearly decreased dry matter intake. Milk yield was unaffected by diet; yields of milk fat and 3.5% fat-corrected milk were higher for the high alfalfa silage diet but were unaffected by tallow. Milk fat percentage was higher for the high alfalfa silage and tended to decrease when tallow was added to the high corn silage diet. Contents of trans -C 18:1 isomers in milk fat were increased by high corn silage and tallow, and tended to be increased more when tallow was fed in the high corn silage diet. Ruminal pH and acetate:propionate were lower when high corn silage was fed. Ruminal acetate:propionate decreased linearly as tallow increased; the molar proportion of acetate was decreased more when tallow was added to the high corn silage diet. Ruminal liquid dilution rates were higher for the alfalfa silage diet; ruminal volume and solid passage rates were similar among diets. Total tract apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, starch, energy, and total fatty acids were unaffected by diet. Digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and cellulose were lower when high corn silage was fed. The high alfalfa silage diet increased intakes of metabolizable energy and N, and increased milk energy and productive N. Tallow decreased the amount of N absorbed but had few other effects on utilization of energy or N. Tallow linearly increased concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and cholesterol in plasma; cholesterol was increased by high alfalfa silage. Overall, forage source had more pronounced effects on production and metabolism than did tallow supplementation. Few interactions between forage source and tallow supplementation were detected except that ruminal fermentation and milk fat content were affected more negatively when tallow was fed in the high corn silage diet.
Coordinate expression of transcripts and proteins in platelets

To the editor: Published reports have demonstrated coordinate expression between messenger RNA and proteins in platelets.[1][1][⇓][2]-[3][3] It was therefore surprising that, comparing our RNA-seq data set[4][4] to their quantitative proteomics data set, Burkhart et al[5][5] concluded that “in
Estimation of central aortic forces in the ballistocardiogram under rest and exercise conditions

The ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal represents the movements of the body in response to cardiac ejection of blood. The BCG signal can change considerably under various physiological states; however, little information exists in literature describing how these forces are generated. A physical analysis is presented using a finite element model of thoracic aortic vasculature to quantify forces generated by the blood flow during the cardiac cycle. The traction at the fluid-solid interface of this deformable wall model generates a Central Aortic Force (CAF) which appears of similar magnitude to recorded BCG forces. The increased pulse pressure in an exercise simulation caused a significant increase in CAF, which is consistent with recent BCG measurements in exercise recovery.
THE APPLICATION OF IMAGE ORTHICON TECHNIQUES TO AURORAL OBSERVATION

The relatively high quantum efficiency of the photocathodes now used in photoelectric devices is an essential feature which makes these devices attractive for use in astronomical and auroral observations. In addition to possessing high sensitivity by virtue of the photocathode, certain types of photoelectric devices allow an image to be accumulated over some increment of time and then be read out in the form of an electrical signal which can be processed directly or used to produce a 2-dimensional image. One of these devices, the image orthicon television tube, has been found to be quite useful for obtaining auroral photographs and auroral and airglow spectra of very short exposure.
Therapeutic potential of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor ligands

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is widely distributed in the human body and contributes to a vast number of physiological processes. Since its discovery, NPY has been implicated in metabolic regulation and, although interest in its role in central mechanisms related to food intake and obesity has somewhat diminished, the topic remains a strong focus of research concerning NPY signalling. In addition, a number of other uses for modulators of NPY receptors have been implied in a range of diseases, although the development of NPY receptor ligands has been slow, with no clinically approved receptor therapeutics currently available. Nevertheless, several interesting small molecule compounds, notably Y2 receptor antagonists, have been published recently, fueling optimism in the field. Herein we review the role of NPY in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases and highlight instances where NPY receptor signalling systems are attractive therapeutic targets.
Data aggregation in partially connected networks

With the diverse new capabilities that sensor and ad hoc networks can provide, applicability of data aggregation is growing. Data aggregation is useful in dealing with multi-value domain information, which often requires approximate agreement decisions among nodes. In contrast to fully connected networks, the research on data aggregation for partially connected networks is very limited. This is due to the complexity of formal proofs and the fact that a node may not have a global view of the entire network, which makes it difficult to attain the convergence properties. The complexity of the problem is compounded in the presence of message dropouts, faults, and orchestrated attacks. By exploiting the properties of Discrete Markov Chains, this study investigates the data aggregation problem for partially connected networks to obtain: the number of rounds of message exchanges needed to reach a network-convergence, the average convergence rate in a round of message exchange, and the number of rounds required to reach a stationary-convergence.
Sex Differences in Mental Stress–Induced Myocardial Ischemia: Are Women From Venus?∗

Psychological or mental stress, a common complaint in cardiac patients, results in a cascade of responses that are triggered by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and mediated by the adrenocorticotrophic hormones and concomitant proinflammatory responses. Persistent activation of these
Antisocial luxO Mutants Provide a Stationary-Phase Survival Advantage in Vibrio fischeri ES114

UNLABELLED The squid light organ symbiont Vibrio fischeri controls bioluminescence using two acyl-homoserine lactone pheromone-signaling (PS) systems. The first of these systems to be activated during host colonization, AinS/AinR, produces and responds to N-octanoyl homoserine lactone (C(8)-AHL). We screened activity of a P(ainS)-lacZ transcriptional reporter in a transposon mutant library and found three mutants with decreased reporter activity, low C(8)-AHL output, and other traits consistent with low ainS expression. However, the transposon insertions were unrelated to these phenotypes, and genome resequencing revealed that each mutant had a distinct point mutation in luxO. In the wild type, LuxO is phosphorylated by LuxU and then activates transcription of the small RNA (sRNA) Qrr, which represses ainS indirectly by repressing its activator LitR. The luxO mutants identified here encode LuxU-independent, constitutively active LuxO* proteins. The repeated appearance of these luxO mutants suggested that they had some fitness advantage during construction and/or storage of the transposon mutant library, and we found that luxO* mutants survived better and outcompeted the wild type in prolonged stationary-phase cultures. From such cultures we isolated additional luxO* mutants. In all, we isolated LuxO* allelic variants with the mutations P41L, A91D, F94C, P98L, P98Q, V106A, V106G, T107R, V108G, R114P, L205F, H319R, H324R, and T335I. Based on the current model of the V. fischeri PS circuit, litR knockout mutants should resemble luxO* mutants; however, luxO* mutants outcompeted litR mutants in prolonged culture and had much poorer host colonization competitiveness than is reported for litR mutants, illustrating additional complexities in this regulatory circuit. IMPORTANCE Our results provide novel insight into the function of LuxO, which is a key component of pheromone signaling (PS) cascades in several members of the Vibrionaceae. Our results also contribute to an increasingly appreciated aspect of bacterial behavior and evolution whereby mutants that do not respond to a signal from like cells have a selective advantage. In this case, although "antisocial" mutants locked in the PS signal-off mode can outcompete parents, their survival advantage does not require wild-type cells to exploit. Finally, this work strikes a note of caution for those conducting or interpreting experiments in V. fischeri, as it illustrates how pleiotropic mutants could easily and inadvertently be enriched in this bacterium during prolonged culturing.
On the Jarzynski relation for dissipative quantumdynamics

In this note, we will discuss how to compactly express the Jarzynski identity for an open quantum system with dissipative dynamics. In quantum dynamics we must avoid explicitly measuring the work directly, which is tantamount to continuously monitoring the state of the system, and instead measure the heat ?ow from the environment. These measurements can be concisely represented with Hermitian map superoperators, which provide a convenient and compact representations of correlation functions and sequential measurements of quantum systems.
Cervical Disc Replacement Shows Compelling Difference in Adjacent-Level Ossification Development

The phenomenon of adjacent-segment degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine remains incompletely described. While it has been clear for many years that some patients do develop symptomatic degenerative disease and spinal stenosis at levels adjacent to surgical fusions, the role of the fusion itself has proven difficult to separate from the natural progression of underlying degenerative disease. Added to this, there are several mechanisms by which surgery may cause or accelerate adjacent-segment degeneration, including surgical trauma, direct impingement by spinal implants, and altered biomechanics of levels adjacent to spinal fusions; the relative importance of each of these has proven similarly difficult to isolate. The paper by Garrido et al. contributes in a meaningful way to this discussion. The authors present a retrospective analysis of prospective, randomized data collected as part of a …
Are Library Science Programs Preparing New Librarians? Creating a Sustainable and Vibrant Library Community

Recent studies show a growing sense of frustration for new library and information science (LIS) graduates who struggle to gain employment, as well as for hiring libraries who find the skills of entry-level employee candidates to be lacking. This study endeavors to discover the origins of this troubling juxtaposition by examining the perceptions of recent LIS graduates. The researchers administered a large-scale survey with over 575 respondents, analyzed and coded the data, and compared codes using a Cohen's kappa calculation. The responses indicate that LIS graduates feel that their LIS education would have been more valuable had it given them more opportunities to gain experience, more courses in technology and instruction, more guidance in which courses to take, and more mentoring opportunities with practicing information professionals.
Endoscopic mucosal resection or ablation for Barrett's esophagus containing high grade dysplasia: agreement strongest among expert gastroenterologists.

Background and study aims: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) plays an important role in the staging of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and the evaluation of high grade dysplasia (HGD). The study aim is to assess the interobserver agreement among gastroenterologists expert in BE endotherapy, gastroenterologists without specified expertise in BE endotherapy, and gastroenterology trainees in recommending EMR vs ablation for BE HGD lesions, and to assess the effect of a one-time educational intervention on the interobserver agreement among non-experts and trainees. Patients and methods: An electronic survey containing 30 still endoscopic images of BE HGD was sent to three groups of respondents: experts, non-experts, and trainees. Respondents were asked to select “Endoscopic Mucosal Resection” or “Ablation” as the most appropriate next step in management. Non-experts and trainees were then invited to repeat the survey following an educational intervention. The main outcome measure was interobserver agreement measured by Fleiss’ Kappa statistic and percent agreement. Results: In selecting between EMR and ablation, on the pre-intervention survey there was the highest amount of agreement among experts (kappa = 0.437), followed by agreement among trainees (kappa = 0.281), and non-experts (kappa = 0.107). Experts demonstrated significantly higher agreement compared to either trainees (P < 0.001) or non-experts (P < 0.001). On the post-intervention survey, interobserver agreement remained low among both trainees (kappa = 0.20) and non-experts (kappa = 0.14). Comparing the results of the surveys, there was no evidence that agreement differed for either trainees or non-experts. Conclusions: Future efforts are needed to enable endoscopist recognition of BE HGD lesions. Consensus guidelines alone are insufficient in directing preferred endoscopic management of BE HGD.
Universality of supersaturation in protein-fiber formation

The thermodynamics and kinetics of the aggregation of sickle-cell hemoglobin into fibers have been studied in great detail under a wide range of solution conditions. The stability of the fiber is measured by the solubility; the kinetics is characterized by a delay before the appearance of fibers. A review of data in the literature shows that there is no correlation of the delay time with fiber stability and only a weak correlation with the initial protein concentration. There is, however, a striking collapse of all the data onto a single universal curve when the delay time is plotted versus the supersaturation, which is the ratio of the initial protein concentration to the solubility, expressed as activities. Collapse onto the same universal curve is also obtained when using delay times calculated from the double-nucleation theoretical model.
Describing Images: A Case Study of Visual Literacy among Library and Information Science Students

This paper reports on a study that examined the development of pedagogical methods for increasing the visual literacy skills of a group of library and information science students. Through a series of three assignments, students were asked to provide descriptive information for a set of historical photographs and record reflections on their experiences via blog posts. The three separate versions of the image descriptions submitted by the students were analyzed to discern changes using descriptive statistics, and their blog posts were examined to identify recurrent themes using the constant comparative method. Findings associated with the image descriptions indicate that students’ skill in describing the photographs show a modest increase across the three versions. Analysis of the blog postings revealed an overarching theme of frustration associated with the experience of developing image descriptions among the students. The underlying reasons for their frustrations are examined, and suggestions are provided for further increasing students’ abilities to describe images.
An Epidemiological Analysis of the Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever in a Non-infected Area of Ningxia

Objective To investigate epidemic situation of the epidemic hemorrhagic fever in a non-infected area of Ningxia.Methods Blood samples were collected in patients on acute and recovery stage.The persons aged 15 to 60 years old who living in the surrounding areas of patients were randomly investigated and taken blood samples.Samples from rodents were collected.The species,density and virus rates of rodents were analyzed.Results The blood samples of patient was positive.The blood samples of healthy persons were negative.All of the lung tissue and blood samples from rodents were negative.The rodents density was 2.10% in the residential area,while the field was 2.40%.Musmusculus were the predominant rodents in both the residential area and the field.Conclusion The investigation did not found infection source,but cases was confirmed cases with the epidemic hemorrhagic fever.Host animal monitoring and propaganda education on the epidemic hemorrhagic fever need to be further strengthened and improved.
Feasibility analysis of pressure-decreasing operation for large steam network

Based on the thermodynamics theory,a pressure-decreasing operation scheme of 1.6 MPa network was proposed,which is comformable with the actual situation of large-scale steel enterprise and can meet the demand of safe and stable operation.The feasibility studies of its implementation in steam source and network were carried out respectively and a conclusion was drawn:according to the fact that the network consumers commonly need use low network pressure,pressure-decreasing operation can decrease the energy quality loss and increase power generation load,thus improve the rate of energy utilization.
Efficient diode-laser-pumped 946-nm Nd:YAG laser with resonantly-enhanced pump absorption

If the pump radiation is strongly absorbed in the laser material, end-pumping of solid-state lasers can lead to high efficiency as a result of the good mode overlap between the solid-state laser and the diode-laser pump. Weak absorption of the diode-laser radiation can result from the use of a very short solid-state laser cavity for single-mode operation,1 inherently weak absorption2 in the laser material at the wavelengths of available pump lasers, or low laser ion concentration in the host material. Weak absorption in quasi-three-level lasers can also result if short laser crystals or low-concentration material are used to reduce the reabsorption loss.3,4 Some method of increasing the total absorption of pump light is desired to increase the overall efficiency of laser systems with weak single-pass absorption.
Subsurface to substrate: dual-scale micro/nanofluidic networks for investigating transport anomalies in tight porous media

Micro/nanofluidic experiments in synthetic representations of tight porous media, often referred to as “reservoir-on-a-chip” devices, are an emerging approach to researching anomalous fluid transport trends in energy-bearing and fluid-sequestering geologic porous media. We detail, for the first time, the construction of dual-scale micro/nanofluidic devices that are relatively large-scale, two-dimensional network representations of granular and fractured nanoporous media. The fabrication scheme used in the development of the networks on quartz substrates (master patterns) is facile and replicable: transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids with lacey carbon support film were used as shadow masks in thermal evaporation/deposition and reactive ion etch (RIE) was used for hardmask pattern transfer. The reported nanoscale network geometries are heterogeneous and composed of hydraulically resistive paths (throats) meeting at junctures (pores) to mimic the low topological connectivity of nanoporous sedimentary rocks such as shale. The geometry also includes homogenous microscale grid patterns that border the nanoscale networks and represent microfracture pathways. Master patterns were successfully replicated with a sequence of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA) 63 polymers. The functionality of the fabricated quartz and polymer nanofluidic devices was validated with aqueous imbibition experiments and differential interference contrast microscopy. These dual-scale fluidic devices are promising predictive tools for hypothesis testing and calibration against bulk fluid measurements in tight geologic, biologic, and synthetic porous material of similar dual-scale pore structure. Applications to shale/mudrock transport studies in particular are focused on herein.
Ultrasound-Guided Elbow Procedures

High-resolution ultrasonography can help clinicians visualize key anatomic structures of the elbow and guide periarticular and intra-articular injections. Historically, most procedures done around the elbow have been done using landmark guidance, and few studies have reported the accuracy of ultrasonography-guided injections in the elbow region. This article reviews common musculoskeletal disorders about the elbow that can be evaluated with ultrasonography, reviews the literature on ultrasonography-guided injections of the elbow region, and describes the senior author's preferred approach for the most commonly performed elbow region injections.
Prospective Controlled Study of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Laryngeal Paralysis.

Objective To determine the frequency, nature, and magnitude of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in dogs with laryngeal paralysis (LP). Study Design Prospective comparative clinical study. Animals Client-owned dogs with LP and healthy client-owned dogs (n = 6 each). Methods Dogs underwent sedated laryngeal examination for diagnosis and grading of bilateral LP and for placement of a nasoesophageal dual pH/impedance probe. Endoscopy was used to confirm probe location and evaluate the distal esophagus. Data were recorded continuously. GER was defined as pH 7.5 lasting >2 seconds reaching a magnitude of 2 impedance sensors proximally. Results The median total number of GER events per hour was 0.64 (range, 0.44–1.6) for the LP group and 0.53 (range, 0.38–1.0) for the control group (P = 0.259; power = 0.50). The median total number of alkaline regurgitation events per hour was 0.37 (range, 0.17–0.93) for the LP group and 0.46 (range, 0.25–1.0) for control group (P = 0.575; power = 0.57). The median total number of acidic regurgitation events per hour was 0.22 (range, 0–0.70) and 0.0 (range, 0–0.14) for the LP and control groups, respectively (P = 0.025). Acidic reflux events reached the proximal pH sensor in 2 dogs in the LP group for a total of 4 reflux events and in 1 dog in the control group for a total of 3 reflux events (P = 0.673). Conclusion Based on the limited number of dogs studied, it appears that dogs with naturally occurring LP have increased acidic reflux events compared to clinically normal dogs. GER can reach the most proximal part of the esophagus.
Estimating heritable genetic contributions to innate immune and endocrine phenotypic correlations: A need to explore repeatability

Abstract The immune system plays an important role in enhancing an individual's ability to survive in a world inhabited by pathogens and parasites. The innate immune system is regulated by processes encoded in an individual's genome, providing an avenue for selection to act on this system, as well as the phenotypic relationships generated between this system and other traits of interest. While relationships between innate immunity and endocrine traits (e.g. testosterone) have been reported often in the literature, these relationships are complex and may differ under varying environmental conditions. To better understand the relative contribution of innate immunity (or an endocrine or behavioral trait) to a phenotypic correlation with another trait, an estimation of the underlying heritable genetic variation of the trait of interest is needed. An upper level estimate of the heritability of such traits can be obtained from calculating its repeatability. We conducted a literature review to determine how often repeated samples of measures of innate immune function were conducted and repeatability estimates obtained. This review revealed a very limited number of repeatability estimates, with a large range (0.0–0.9); estimates were exclusively from livestock that have undergone strong artificial selection. This observation of the present literature suggests more work is needed in non-domesticated and free-living animals to begin to understand the underlying genetic contribution of innate immune function to phenotypic correlations of interest (e.g. testosterone and immunity) to behavioral ecologists, evolutionary physiologists and ecoimmunologists.
Very early disengagement and subsequent re-engagement in primary care Office Based Opioid Treatment (OBOT) with buprenorphine.

Abstract Introduction Patients with opioid use disorder often require multiple treatment attempts before achieving stable recovery. Rates of disengagement from buprenorphine are highest in the first month of treatment and termination of buprenorphine therapy results in return to use rates as high as 90%. To better characterize these at-risk patients, this study aims to describe: 1) the frequency and characteristics of patients with very early disengagement (≤ 1 month) from Office Based Opioid Treatment (OBOT) with buprenorphine and 2) the frequency and characteristics of patients who re-engage in care at this same OBOT clinic within 2 years, among the subset of very early disengagers. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of adult patients enrolled in a large urban OBOT program. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample and the proportion of patients with very early (≤ 1 month) disengagement and their re-engagement. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify patient characteristics associated with the outcomes of very early disengagement and re-engagement. Potential predictors included: sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, employment, opioid use history, prior substance use treatments, urine drug testing, and psychiatric diagnoses. Results Overall, very early disengagement was unusual, with only 8.4% (104/1234) of patients disengaging within the first month. Among the subset of very early disengagers with 2 years of follow-up, the proportion who re-engaged with this OBOT program in the subsequent 2 years was 11.9% (10/84). Urine drug test positive for opiates within the first month (AOR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.02–3.93) was associated with increased odds of very early disengagement. Transferring from another buprenorphine prescriber (AOR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.01–0.70) was associated with decreased odds of very early disengagement. No characteristics were significantly associated with re-engagement. Conclusions Early disengagement is uncommon; however, continued opioid use appeared to be associated with higher odds of treatment disengagement and these patients may warrant additional support. Re-engagement was uncommon, suggesting the need for a more formal explicit system to encourage and facilitate re-engagement among patients who disengage.
Sequential Separation of Carbonate and Siliceous Gangue Minerals During Phosphate Ore Processing

A unique fatty acid flotation process is described for sequential separation of carbonate and siliceous gangue minerals from low grade phosphate ores. The process involves a first stage of selective carbonate/phosphate separation followed by phosphate/silica separation during the second stage. In the first stage, a carbonate rich froth is removed without specific depression of the phosphate minerals and without conditioning of the pulp with the fatty acid collector prior to flotation. In the second stage, the same collector was selectively used to produce a market grade phosphate concentrate in the froth, in the presence or absence of a silica depressant. Selectivity was achieved using commercial grade fatty acid collectors, frothers and pH modifiers. The factors affecting carbonate/phosphate and phosphate/silica separation are discussed. Tests on a high-MgO siliceous phosphate matrix from south Florida, yielded phosphate concentrates analyzing 31% P2O5, 0.7% MgO and 4% acid insoluble matter with a P2O5 recovery of 80%.
Ethics and Phishing Experiments

Phishing is a fraudulent form of email that solicits personal or financial information from the recipient, such as a password, username, or social security or bank account number. The scammer may use the illicitly obtained information to steal the victim’s money or identity or sell the information to another party. The direct costs of phishing on consumers are exceptionally high and have risen substantially over the past 12 years. Phishing experiments that simulate real world conditions can provide cybersecurity experts with valuable knowledge they can use to develop effective countermeasures and prevent people from being duped by phishing emails. Although these experiments contravene widely accepted informed consent requirements and involve deception, we argue that they can be conducted ethically if risks are minimized, confidentiality and privacy are protected, potential participants have an opportunity to opt out of the research before it begins, and human subjects are debriefed after their participation ends.
Imaging aspects of new techniques in orthopedic surgery

Advances and new techniques in orthopedic surgery continue to challenge the radiologist in our attempts to maintain familiarity with imaging aspects of these procedures. This article is an attempt to review several of these new orthopedic techniques and modifications of standard procedures. In addition the use of computed radiography, a recently developed modification of digital technology, in musculoskeletal imaging was also assessed. It is our responsibility to recognize the normal radiologic appearance of these new techniques. Perhaps more importantly better understanding of these new orthopedic surgical procedures may allow detection of complications at the earliest stage, improving patient management and clinical outcome.
Convergence and Quasiconvergence Properties of Solutions of Parabolic Equations on the Real Line: An Overview

We consider semilinear parabolic equations \(u_t=u_{xx}+f(u)\) on \({\mathbb R}\). We give an overview of results on the large time behavior of bounded solutions, focusing in particular on their limit profiles as \(t\rightarrow \infty \) with respect to the locally uniform convergence. The collection of such limit profiles, or, the \(\omega \)-limit set of the solution, always contains a steady state. Questions of interest then are whether—or under what conditions—the \(\omega \)-limit set consists of steady states, or even a single steady state. We give several theorems and examples pertinent to these questions.
Phasic Dopamine Signals in the Nucleus Accumbens that Cause Active Avoidance Require Endocannabinoid Mobilization in the Midbrain

Summary Phasic dopamine (DA) release accompanies approach toward appetitive cues. However, a role for DA in the active avoidance of negative events remains undetermined. Warning signals informing footshock avoidance are associated with accumbal DA release, whereas depression of DA is observed with unavoidable footshock. Here, we reveal a causal role of phasic DA in active avoidance learning; specifically, optogenetic activation of DA neurons facilitates avoidance, whereas optical inhibition of these cells attenuates it. Furthermore, stimulation of DA neurons during presentation of a fear-conditioned cue accelerates the extinction of a passive defensive behavior (i.e., freezing). Dopaminergic control of avoidance requires endocannabinoids (eCBs), as perturbing eCB signaling in the midbrain disrupts avoidance, which is rescued by optical stimulation of DA neurons. Interestingly, once the avoidance task is learned, neither DA nor eCB manipulations affect performance, suggesting that once acquisition occurs, expression of this behavior is subserved by other anatomical frameworks. Our findings establish an instrumental role for DA release in learning active responses to aversive stimuli and its control by eCB signaling.
Increasing Enzyme Stability and Activity through Hydrogen Bond-Enhanced Halogen Bonds.

The construction of more stable proteins is important in biomolecular engineering, particularly in the design of biologics-based therapeutics. We show here that replacing the tyrosine at position 18 (Y18) of T4 lysozyme with the unnatural amino acid m-chlorotyrosine (mClY) increases both the thermal stability (increasing the melting temperature by ∼1 °C and the melting enthalpy by 3 kcal/mol) and the enzymatic activity at elevated temperatures (15% higher than that of the parent enzyme at 40 °C) of this classic enzyme. The chlorine of mClY forms a halogen bond (XB) to the carbonyl oxygen of the peptide bond at glycine 28 (G28) in a tight loop near the active site. In this case, the XB potential of the typically weak XB donor Cl is shown from quantum chemical calculations to be significantly enhanced by polarization via an intramolecular hydrogen bond (HB) from the adjacent hydroxyl substituent of the tyrosyl side chain, resulting in a distinctive synergistic HB-enhanced XB (or HeX-B for short) interaction...
Building productive online learning communities

With reasonable assurance we can now identify and nurture those factors that dramatically increase the likelihood of building sustainable online learning communities. Demands to learn online continue to be exerted on us through our work places and learning institutions. These pressures and opportunities are likely to continue or intensify. This project provides a variety of data from pre-service teachers, practicing educators, and college professors who all received educational online learning experiences. The findings indicate that for online educational learning communities to succeed and flourish they must incorporate appropriate content with both e-moderating and technical support. Recognition of the traps contributing to failure and the preconditions for success is imperative. An electronic online learning community is not business as usual.
The Power of Storytelling: The Experiences of Incarcerated Women Sharing Their Stories.

Women are the fastest growing prison population in the United States. Women who are incarcerated are characterized by significant mental health needs and intense societal stigma. Despite such vulne...
Origin–Destination Flow Measurement

This chapter presents an efficient approach for origin–destination flow measurement in high-speed networks, where an origin–destination (OD) flow between two routers is the set of packets that pass both routers. The OD flow measurement has wide usage in many network management applications. We consider two performance metrics, measurement efficiency and accuracy. The former requires measurement functions to minimize per-packet processing overhead in order to keep up with the line speeds of today’s high-speed networks. The latter requires measurement functions to achieve accurate measurement results with small bias and standard deviation. We present a novel measurement method that employs a compact data structure for packet information storage and uses a new statistical inference approach for OD flow measurement. Both simulations and experiments are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. The rest of this chapter is organized as follows: Section 4.1 gives the problem statement and performance metrics. Section 4.2 presents a novel origin-destination flow measurement method. Section 4.3 discusses the simulation results. Section 4.4 presents the experimental results. Section 4.5 describes other related methods. Section 4.6 gives the summary.
An Integrated Control and Intrusion Detection System for Smart Grid Security

Several control architectures have been proposed for smart grids based on centralized, decentralized or hybrid models. This chapter describes the Secure Overlay Communications and Control Model, a peer-to-peer, decentralized control and communications model with its own communications protocols and intrusion detection mechanisms that integrate a physical power system and its communications and control systems. This chapter also demonstrates how the model can help mitigate cyber attacks on a power system.
Case Study of a Thymus Gland Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Impingement on Cardiac Structures

Thymus tumors are rare primary neuroendocrine tumors that develop near the mediastinum. These tumors often have no known etiology but can arise from ectopic tissues in the mediastinum or occur with...
Genetic and phenotypic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum populations from watermelon in the southeastern United States

Fusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON), occurs worldwide and is responsible for substantial yield losses in watermelon-producing areas of the southeastern United States. Management of this disease largely relies on the use of integrated pest management (i.e., fungicides, resistant cultivars, crop rotation, etc.). Knowledge about race structure and genetic diversity of FON in the southeastern US is limited. To determine genetic diversity of the pathogen, FON isolates were collected from symptomatic watermelon plants in commercial fields in Georgia and Florida, USA, and identified based on morphological characteristics and PCR analysis using FON-specific primers. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) of 99 isolates genotyped with 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers grouped the isolates in eight distinct clusters with two prominent clusters (clusters 1 and 8). Cluster 1 consisted of a total of 14 isolates, out of which 85.7% of the isolates were collected in Florida. However, most of the isolates (92.4%) in cluster 8 were collected in Georgia. Both DAPC and pairwise population differentiation analysis (ФPT) revealed that the genetic groups were closely associated with geographical locations of pathogen collection. Three races of FON (races 0, 2 and 3) were identified in the phenotypic analysis; with race 3 identified for the first time in Georgia. Overall, 5.1%, 38.9% and 55.9% of the isolates were identified as race 0, race 2 and race 3, respectively. The majority of the isolates in cluster 1 and cluster 8 belonged to either race 2 (35.6%) or race 3 (45.8%). Additionally, no relationship between genetic cluster assignment and races of the isolates was observed. The information obtained on genotypic and phenotypic diversity of FON in the southeastern US will help in development of effective disease management programs to combat Fusarium wilt.
1-Norbornyl cation may be in equilibrium with 2-norbornyl cation:

New 1H and 13C NMR 400 MHZ spectra of the 2-Nb cation under stable ion conditions, for example, in SbF5/SO2F2/SO2ClF, −80 oC, show besides the usual 1H NMR resonances at δ 4.93, 2.82, 1.85, the nev...
Neural correlates underlying the effect of reward value on recognition memory.

Abstract The prioritized encoding and retrieval of valuable information is an essential aspect of human memory. We used electroencephalography (EEG) to determine which of two hypothesized processes underlies the influence of reward value on episodic memory. One hypothesis is that value engages prefrontal executive control processes, so that valuable stimuli engage an elaborative rehearsal strategy that benefits memory. A second hypothesis is that value acts through the reward-related midbrain dopamine system to modulate synaptic plasticity in hippocampal and cortical efferents, thereby benefiting memory encoding. We used a value-directed recognition memory (VDR) paradigm in which participants encoded words assigned different point values and aimed to maximize the point value of subsequently recognized words. Subjective states of recollection (i.e., “remember”) and familiarity (i.e., “know”) were assessed at retrieval. Words assigned higher values at study were recognized more effectively than words assigned lower values, due to increased “remember” responses but no difference in “know” responses. Greater value was also associated with larger amplitudes of an EEG component at retrieval that indexes recollection (parietal old/new component), but had no relationship with a component that indexes familiarity (FN400 component). During encoding, we assessed a late frontal positivity (frontal slow wave, FSW) that has been related to elaborative rehearsal strategies and an early parietal component (P3) thought to index dopamine driven attention allocation. Our findings indicate that the effect of value on recognition memory is primarily driven by the dopamine-driven reward valuation system (P3) with no discernible effect on rehearsal processes (FSW).
Factors affecting consumer repurchase of university sports team merchandise

Licensed university merchandise is a large and growing market within the USA. This research investigates the impact of consumer-related drivers and attitudes on repurchase intentions of university sports team merchandise to understand what drives repurchase behaviour in this sector. Results show that team identification influences consumers' identification through apparel and both variables directly impact consumers' repurchase intentions behaviours. Further, results indicate that consumers' attitude towards the manufacturer's brand impacts repurchase intentions and also moderates the relationship between team identification through apparel and repurchase intentions. These findings can assist product developers, retailers, and brand managers in developing more effective strategies to increase customer purchase loyalty behaviours towards licensed university merchandise.
Utilization of 19F MRI for Identification of Iraq-Afghanistan War Lung Injury.

Introduction There is mounting evidence of respiratory problems related to military service in the Middle East in the past two decades due to environmental exposures during deployment (eg, sand storms and burn pits). This pilot study tests the hypothesis that regional lung function in subjects with prior deployment in Iraq and/or Afghanistan with suspected War Lung Injury (WLI) would be worse than subjects with normal lung function. Materials and methods Five subjects meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited for this pilot study. All subjects underwent spirometry, high-resolution chest computed tomography imaging, and 19F MRI. Results While the WLI subjects had normal pulmonary function tests and normal high-resolution chest computed tomography evaluations, their regional lung function from 19F MRI was abnormal with compartments with poor function showing slower filling time constants for ventilation. The scans of suspected WLI subjects show higher fractional lung volume with slow filling compartments similar to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in contrast to normal subjects. Conclusions This is consistent with our premise that WLI results in abnormal lung function and reflects small airways dysfunction and suggests that we may be able to provide a more sensitive tool for evaluation of WLI suspected cases.
Envisioning the Future of Salivary Bioscience

There has been a remarkable evolution of salivary bioscience research from a narrow focus on basic oral biology and clinical dental research to applications across the spectrum of health. As summarized in this edited volume, the number of analytes available to be assayed in oral fluid specimens has expanded to the degree that we list them by category rather than individually and they include proteomics, metabolomics, microbiome, therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse, DNA, epigenetics, markers of infectious disease and exposures, as well as exposure to environmental chemicals and elements. Undeniably, the range of measurement will continue to expand in the coming years. In addition to the expanding applications of salivary bioscience, significant disruptions have occurred during this time, most notably with the use of salivary bioscience as a commercial product to conduct DNA testing from one’s own home. Yet, despite this progress, the promise of using salivary bioscience to revolutionize diagnostic testing and advance public health has not come to fruition as expected. As we look to the future of this field, it is important to reflect on the lessons we have learned, identify existing barriers and fruitful pathways for the translation of research, and consider what the next generation of scientists will need to make meaningful advances in the field.
Ethical Issues in Psychiatric Research

The primary goal of psychiatric research is to increase scientific knowledge about human psychology and behavior. Other chapters in this book treat the methodologies for achieving this goal as well as special topics and areas about which knowledge is sought. In this chapter, we consider ethical issues that arise in the course of formulating and conducting psychiatric research.
Joint penalized spline modeling of multivariate longitudinal data, with application to HIV-1 RNA load levels and CD4 cell counts.

Motivated by the need to jointly model the longitudinal trajectories of HIV viral load levels and CD4 counts during the primary infection stage, we propose a joint penalized spline modeling approach that can be used to model the repeated measurements from multiple biomarkers of various types (eg, continuous, binary) simultaneously. This approach allows for flexible trajectories for each marker, accounts for potentially time-varying correlation between markers, and is robust to misspecification of knots. Despite its advantages, the application of multivariate penalized spline models, especially when biomarkers may be of different data types, has been limited in part due to its seemingly complexity in implementation. To overcome this, we describe a procedure that transforms the multivariate setting to the univariate one, and then makes use of the generalized linear mixed effect model representation of a penalized spline model to facilitate its implementation with standard statistical software. We performed simulation studies to evaluate the validity and efficiency through joint modeling of correlated biomarkers measured longitudinally compared to the univariate modeling approach. We applied this modeling approach to longitudinal HIV-1 RNA load and CD4 count data from Southern African cohorts to estimate features of the joint distributions such as the correlation and the proportion of subjects with high viral load levels and high CD4 cell counts over time.
NIDDK initiatives addressing health disparities in chronic diseases.

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) focuses on many diseases that place disparate burdens on minority groups and the poor, such as obesity, diabetes, and kidney disease. Here, we highlight the NIDDK's commitment to combating health disparities through basic, translational, and clinical research.