cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Social Capital in Building Community Resilience

This chapter uses examples from a number of recent disasters to illuminate the ways that social capital serves as a critical part of resilience. Specifically the article looks at the response from the perspective of social networks to disaster in Bangkok, Thailand, the Tohoku region of Japan, and Christchurch in New Zealand. I introduce three types of social capital—bonding, bridging, and linking—and discuss the mechanism by which they are created and employed using concrete examples. In these cases social cohesion keeps people from leaving disaster-struck regions, allows for the easy mobilization of groups, and provides informal insurance when normal resource providers are not open. Social networks improve disaster recovery for local residents, communities, and the nation as well. Disasters are, and will continue to be, a challenge for both developed and developing countries everywhere. With this understanding in mind, it is important that communities build social capital in advance of disasters by communities as well as by planners and other decision makers. Preparing for disaster with an emphasis on physical infrastructural solutions, such as higher seawalls, raised floors, higher building standards, and so forth, is not sufficient to avoid the negative impact of disasters.
Working with Raster

The second type of spatial data that is used in GIS is the raster format, which is one form of organization for spatial data. This type of format is suitable for continuous surfaces, such as temperature. Raster is a regular grid of mesh of cells (pixels) that laid over the landscape covering a specific area. The cells of the grid are organized in rows and columns.
Patella and Quadriceps Tendinopathy

Jumper’s knee is tendinopathy of the quadriceps or patellar tendon, which occurs due to overuse from repetitive jumping or running. Patients present with anterior knee pain and difficulty extending the knee due to pain. There is tenderness to palpation at the superior patellar pole in quadriceps tendinopathy and tenderness at the inferior patellar pole, patellar tendon, or tibial tuberosity in patellar tendinopathy. Pain is elicited on resisted knee extension. Treatment is usually conservative and includes icing, taping, activity modification, stretching and strengthening exercises, and mainly slow controlled progressive eccentric strengthening with heavy loads.
Email trouble: Secrets of spoofing, the dangers of social engineering, and how we can help

Email spoofing is a method of scamming individuals by impersonating a trusted correspondent via email. Incidences of successful Business Email Compromise (BEC) implemented by email spoofing are rising astronomically. Existing security systems are not widely implemented and cannot provide perfect protection against a technological threat that relies on social engineering for success. When existing security systems are implemented the settings are generally not restrictive enough to catch the more sophisticated email attacks. Businesses are not comfortable with legitimate emails being lost due to security false positives. Our idea for a solution would add a layer to existing precautions that would permit looser server-side security settings but would warn the user when discrepancies occur in the header source code that could result from a spoofed email. We suggest a client-side sentinel to vet email header source code and alert the user to potential problems. This software could log alerts, notify company officials, remind users of company policies to be followed in the event of suspicious email, and could increase user accountability by logging incidents. Users could have the option of white-listing frequently flagged trusted correspondents which would decrease the annoyance of false positives.
Regulating Religious Texts: Access to Texts in Mādhva Vedānta

L'A. examine un type de doctrine de gouvernement que l'on trouve parmi les doctrines proposees par Madhvācārya, le theologien du XIIIe siecle qui a fonde Mādhva Vedānta. Il se penche d'abord sur le contexte historique a l'origine de Mādhva Vedānta. Puis apres un bref resume de questions historiques, il propose une analyse de ces doctrines. Enfin, il etudie plusieurs exemples des textes Mādhva ou le debat avec des etrangers est aborde. Tout au long de cette analyse, l'A. critique et evalue les positions de Madhvācārya.
A probabilistic model of redundancy in information extraction

Unsupervised Information Extraction (UIE) is the task of extracting knowledge from text without using hand-tagged training examples. A fundamental problem for both UIE and supervised IE is assessing the probability that extracted information is correct. In massive corpora such as the Web, the same extraction is found repeatedly in different documents. How does this redundancy impact the probability of correctness? This paper introduces a combinatorial "balls-andurns" model that computes the impact of sample size, redundancy, and corroboration from multiple distinct extraction rules on the probability that an extraction is correct. We describe methods for estimating the model's parameters in practice and demonstrate experimentally that for UIE the model's log likelihoods are 15 times better, on average, than those obtained by Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI) and the noisy-or model used in previous work. For supervised IE, the model's performance is comparable to that of Support Vector Machines, and Logistic Regression.
Dissecting the Performance of Nanoporous Gold Catalysts for Oxygen-Assisted Coupling of Methanol with Fundamental Mechanistic and Kinetic Information

The utility of the surface reactivity observed for model systems under ultrahigh vacuum for predicting the performance of catalytic materials under ambient flow conditions is a highly debated topic in heterogeneous catalysis. Herein we show that vast differences in selectivity observed for methanol self-coupling across wide ranges of temperature and reactant pressure can be accurately predicted utilizing the kinetics and mechanism obtained from model studies on gold single crystals in ultrahigh vacuum regressed to fit transient pulse responses over nanoporous gold (Ag0.03Au0.97) at low pressures. Specifically, microkinetic modeling of the complex sequence of elementary steps governing this reaction predicts the dramatic effect of reactant partial pressure on the product distribution and leads to conclusion that the gas phase partial pressures of both reactants and the reaction temperature determine the changes in selectivity to methyl formate formation. Moreover, thorough analysis of the reaction network ...
Use of unmanned aerial vehicle extracted data to predict health and tiller count in wheat

Wheat, third most important cereal in the world, is sensitive to nitrogen deficiency. To increase yield, nitrogen (N) inputs are used but production costs may exceed returns if unnecessary applications are made; and the environment may become polluted. To improve N management, farmers of the mid-Atlantic generally apply N to wheat based on actual plant growth by counting the number of tillers or N concentration in the plant tissues. Both methods can be labor intensive and time consuming, and tissue testing also requires additional production costs. Remote-sensing technologies and more particularly Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems are now being used to extract new variables (spectral reflectance and vegetation indices) and to estimate plant growth and N requirements. Previous studies in Virginia have shown that spectral reflectance data, collected using the ground GreenSeeker® system, could be used to estimate the number of tillers and tissue nitrogen content. The objective of this project was to evaluate the accuracy of remote sensing and UAV-based wheat spectral reflectance for estimating tiller density in winter wheat. Tillers were counted regularly and simultaneously with ground (using handheld GreenSeeker®) and aerial (using UAV) NDVI measurements. Each UAV flight was performed using a Red Green Blue (RGB) and Tetracam (Near InfraRed) camera to extract NDVI and color space indices. Our results showed significant correlations between the number of tillers and aerial indices but further analysis is needed to identify the best flight time for estimating wheat tiller density and early season N requirements.
Preparation of spiro[benzoisothiazole-isoxazole] dioxides from dilithiated C(α),O-oximes and methyl 2-(aminosulfonyl)benzoate

Several dilithiated C(α), O-oximes were prepared in excess lithium diisopropylamide-tetramethyl-ethylenediamine (LDA/TMEDA) and condensed with methyl 2-(aminosulfonyl)benzoate followed by acid cyclization of intermediates to spiro(benzoisothiazole-isoxazole) dioxides, a new spiro and fused-ring system. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) for all products, as well as X-ray single crystal analysis on a representative product, were especially relevant for structure confirmation in this synthesis.
Discovery Potential for Di-lepton and Lepton+Etmiss Resonances at High Mass with ATLAS

This paper describes the discovery potential for new resonances with the ATLAS experiment. The resonances discussed in here are the Z', leptoquarks, graviton and W' resonances in some of their leptonic final states, considering a center-of-mass energy of 14 TeV for all of them, and an estimation of the potential of the W' search at the early center-of-mass energy of the LHC . The studied scenarios show that an initial run of few tens of 1/pb would be enough to go beyond the current limits in most of these models.
A characterization of hyperbolic affine flat, affine minimal surfaces in A3

Abstract We investigate the geometric properties of hyperbolic affine flat, affine minimal surfaces in the equiaffine space A 3 . We use Cartan's method of moving frames to compute a complete set of local invariants for such surfaces. Using these invariants, we give a complete local classification of such surfaces and construct new examples.
Delay-Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks: Routing Challenges and Solutions

Delay-tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks (DTMSNs), which have features of both Delay-tolerant Networks (DTNs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), need to be considered as a different network type due to the unique characteristics. DTMSNs have been getting popular due to the increasing number of applications. As a result, several routing algorithms for the communication between the nodes have been developed recently. In this chapter, we discuss the challenges for routing in the DTMSN environment and present a survey of existing routing algorithms in the literature. We categorize the DTMSNs as terrestrial, underwater, and flying DTMSNs and go through the challenges and routing solutions in each of these subcategories. We not only examine the routing algorithms specifically designed for DTMSNs but also examine the routing algorithms designed for DTNs and WSNs from the perspective of DTMSNs. Moreover, we discuss the evaluation metrics used for the performance analysis of developed routing algorithms.
SGLT2 inhibitors as adjunctive therapy for type 1 diabetes: balancing benefits and risks

Summary Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have several beneficial effects in patients with type 2 diabetes, including glucose lowering, weight loss, blood pressure lowering, and a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. To address high unmet medical need via improved glycaemic control, several clinical trials have been done to assess the efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in combination with insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes. In this Personal View, we summarise data from eight clinical trials of canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and sotagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes. HbA1c-lowering efficacy was greatest at 8–12 weeks of therapy, but the magnitude of HbA1c lowering waned with longer duration of treatment (up to 52 weeks). Data are not yet available to establish for how long glycaemic efficacy could be sustained during long-term therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Moreover, SGLT2 inhibitor therapy induces serious adverse events, including a roughly six-times increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. The US Food and Drug Administration estimated that one additional case of ketoacidosis will occur for every 26 patient-years of exposure of patients with type 1 diabetes to sotagliflozin therapy. Assuming a case mortality of 0·4%, this estimate translates into 16 additional deaths per year per 100 000 patients with type 1 diabetes undergoing treatment. These considerations raise important questions about the risk-to-benefit profile of SGLT2 inhibitors when used as adjunctive therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Fifty Years of Progress in the Epidemiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review of National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored Studies

Our understanding of the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including such metrics as incidence, prevalence, risk factors, outcome, and comorbidities has increased greatly over the past 50 years. Much of this increase is attributable to National Heart Blood and Lung Institute (NHLBI)-sponsored studies. This paper will review 13 of these key studies and their contribution to our understanding of COPD in the last half century.
The therapeutic alliance in exposure therapy for anxiety-related disorders: A critical review.

Abstract The therapeutic alliance has been the subject of a great deal of psychotherapy research, and evidence from numerous empirical studies suggests that a strong patient-therapist relationship predicts favorable treatment outcomes. Despite the consistency of the alliance outcome relationship across treatment modalities and diagnoses, little attention has been given to this potential prognostic indicator in exposure therapy for anxiety-related disorders. Given that exposure therapy requires patients to engage in challenging and distressing activities (e.g., confrontation with feared stimuli), a strong alliance between patient and therapist is conceptually relevant to treatment. Relatively few published exposure therapy trials have included the therapeutic alliance as a process variable, and no single review summarizes findings from this body of literature. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview and synthesis of existing research on the alliance-outcome relationship in exposure therapy. Methodological and conceptual considerations will be discussed, and future research priorities will be identified.
Issues in E-resources Authentication and Authorization

Libraries and vendors who license e-resources both have a vested interest in making it easy for users to access online content that a library licenses or subscribes to from anywhere. They also want...
Human-Inspired Robotic Eye-Hand Coordination Enables New Communication Channels Between Humans and Robots

This paper concerns human-inspired robotic eye-hand coordination algorithms using custom built robotic eyes that were interfaced with a Baxter robot. Eye movement was programmed anthropomorphically based on previously reported research on human eye-hand coordination during grasped object transportation. Robotic eye tests were first performed on a component level where accurate position and temporal control were achieved. Next, 11 human subjects were recruited to observe the novel robotic system to quantify the ability of robotic eye-hand coordination algorithms to convey two kinds of information to people during object transportation tasks: first, the transported object’s delivery location and second, the level of care exerted by the robot to transport the object. Most subjects correlated decreased frequency in gaze fixations on an object’s target location with increased care of transporting an object, although these results were somewhat mixed among the 11 human subjects. Additionally, the human subjects were able to reliably infer the delivery location of the transported object purely by the robotic eye-hand coordination algorithm with an overall success rate of 91.4%. These results suggest that anthropomorphic eye-hand coordination of robotic entities could be useful in pedagogical or industrial settings.
Awful archives: conspiracy theory, rhetoric, and acts of evidence

“Why do traditional modes of argument often fail in the face of claims that rely on bad evidence?” (p. 15). This is a question of interest to every argumentation scholar as well as anyone who has d...
On the pullback relation on curves induced by a Thurston map

Via taking connected components of preimages, a Thurston map $f: (S^2, P_f) \to (S^2, P_f)$ induces a pullback relation on the set of isotopy classes of curves in the complement of its postcritical set $P_f$. We survey known results about the dynamics of this relation, and pose some questions.
Addressing the mental health needs of learners and nonlearners in an academic medical center during COVID-19.

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has impacted life for people throughout the world, especially for those in health care who experience unique stressors. To support the psychological needs of staff, faculty, and learners at a biomedical sciences university, faculty at Baylor College of Medicine created a mental health and wellness support program consisting of multiple behavioral health care pathways, including phone support, a self-guided mental health app, a coping skills group, and individual therapy services. The authors present this program as a model for academic institutions to support the well-being of faculty, staff, and learners.
Impact of Cost Conversation on Decision-Making Outcomes

Abstract Objective To understand the impact of cost conversations on the following decision-making outcomes: patients’ knowledge about their conditions and treatment options, decisional conflict, and patient involvement. Patients and Methods In 2020 we performed a secondary analysis of a randomly selected set of 220 video recordings of clinical encounters from trials run between 2007 and 2015. Videos were obtained from eight practice-based randomized trials and one pre–post-prospective study comparing care with and without shared decision-making (SDM) tools. Results The majority of trial participants were female (61%) and White (86%), with a mean age of 56, some college education (68%), and an income greater than or equal to $40,000 per year (75%), and who did not participate in an encounter aided by an SDM tool (52%). Cost conversations occurred in 106 encounters (48%). In encounters with SDM tools, having a cost conversation lead to lower uncertainty scores (2.1 vs 2.6, P=.02), and higher knowledge (0.7 vs 0.6, P=.04) and patient involvement scores (20 vs 15.7, P=.009) than in encounters using SDM tools where cost conversations did not occur. In a multivariate model, we found slightly worse decisional conflict scores when patients started cost conversations as opposed to when the clinicians started cost conversations. Furthermore, we found higher levels of knowledge when conversations included indirect versus direct cost issues. Conclusion Cost conversations have a minimal but favorable impact on decision-making outcomes in clinical encounters, particularly when they occurred in encounters aided by an SDM tool that raises cost as an issue.
Nurses on the front line: The 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics.

ABSTRACT: Due to advances in science and medicine, nursing is far different today than it was in 1918. During a pandemic, however, skilled nursing care remains critical to patient outcomes. This article identifies and describes the experiences of US nurses during the 1918 influenza pandemic and compares them to the experiences of nurses responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Social Institutions and Technical Change

When David M. Gordon introduced the term “social structure of accumulation” in the late 1970s he pointedly focused the attention of economists and historians on the social nature of long term economic fluctuations.1 As he and his later co-authors put it, we may mark the passage from one distinct period of capitalist growth to another more insightfully by the bunching of institutional innovations then by the bunching of technological innovations. Those who have followed Gordon (including the present writer) have thus shown more interest in the emergence of collective bargaining and the growth of the welfare state than in the development of the automobile, plastics and the computer.
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a nuclear medicine technique that provides tomographic images of the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals in the body. Radiopharmaceuticals have been developed to image cerebral perfusion as well as a wide range of brain neurotransmitter systems, especially the dopamine system. SPECT is used to study the pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric diseases. It has also moved into the clinic, to assist in patient management.
Trapdoors for lattices: simpler, tighter, faster, smaller

We give new methods for generating and using "strong trapdoors" in cryptographic lattices, which are simultaneously simple, efficient, easy to implement (even in parallel), and asymptotically optimal with very small hidden constants. Our methods involve a new kind of trapdoor, and include specialized algorithms for inverting LWE, randomly sampling SIS preimages, and securely delegating trapdoors. These tasks were previously the main bottleneck for a wide range of cryptographic schemes, and our techniques substantially improve upon the prior ones, both in terms of practical performance and quality of the produced outputs. Moreover, the simple structure of the new trapdoor and associated algorithms can be exposed in applications, leading to further simplifications and efficiency improvements. We exemplify the applicability of our methods with new digital signature schemes and CCA-secure encryption schemes, which have better efficiency and security than the previously known lattice-based constructions.
Some Initial Explorations of Interregional Linkages for Econometric Models

Abstract The present paper offers some initial findings in an ongoing effort to isolate significant interregional patterns in economic activity. These preliminary explorations are designed to provide a partial contribution toward an ultimate situation in which an effective structure for multi-regional or “bottom up” econometric models may be promulgated. Specifically, the analysis concentrates upon a simple approach to the construction of a framework for analyzing relative cost factors as a determinant of regional employment performance. In particular, this approach is much less restrictive in its implementation than is the case with other recent efforts of a comparable nature. Initially, some basic employment functions are examined. This discussion includes the derivation of the relevant relationships and a presentation of some simulation results for the Texas economy. The investigation then proceeds to a formal exposition of a flexible methodology for capturing interregional cost patterns. In addition to the determination of standard employment results from well-known expressions for the aggregate production function, the pertinent equations are extended to incorporate such factors as a partial adjustment to equilibrium mechanism and the presence of technical progress. The essential purposes of this endeavor are (1) to suggest some tentative lines along which fruitful subsequent analyses of interregional linkages of various aspects of economic activity may be pursued and (2) to initiate a procedure for the specification of multi-regional econometric models which include a significant degree of geographic interrelationship.
Fragmentations by photoinduced electron transfer. Fundamentals and practical aspects

Removal of an electron from a bonding orbital or addition of an electron to an antibonding orbital of a diamagnetic molecule activates the resulting radical ion for fragmentation. Such reactive radical ions may be generated by photoinduced electron transfer (PET). There are two alternative ways to accomplish the transfer of an electron: (1) the local excitation of a donor or an acceptor which is well described by the empirical Weller equation and (2) the excitation of the charge-transfer complexes according to the Mulliken theory. The fragmentation reaction competes with back-electron transfer (BET) within the photogenerated radical ion pairs. The back electron transfer is well described by the Marcus theory. In most PET systems the rate of BET decreases with the increasing exergonicity and the rate is faster within contact ion pairs than with solvent separated ion pairs. The exergonicity of BET as well as ion pair solvation and spin multiplicity are predetermined by the method of ion-pair generation. These factors, in addition to the rate of cleavage, are critical in determining the overall efficiency of the PET fragmentation.
Conditional Suspension of the US Ethanol Mandate using Threshold Price inside a Competitive Storage Model

In 2012, EPA turned down request to suspend the US ethanol mandate on the ground that doing so would not result in lower corn prices. Given that ethanol pro- duction accounts for more than 40 percent of the US annual corn harvest together with current trend of extreme weather events, it is likely that a similar request will resurface in the future. We therefore use a competitive storage model to investigate how a waiver of the US ethanol mandate, conditional on high corn price, might affect corn prices and consume welfares. It is found that although waiving the mandate when the price was at the level in 2012 would only result in moderate decrease of long run corn prices, the price volatility reductions are much larger. In addition, if the US corn yield in 2013 is as low as it was in 2012, suspending 20 percent of the mandate in 2012 will result in a price drop of 18 percent in 2013, higher than EPA's estimate of less than 1 percent. Associated with lower corn price is a gain of 7.69 billion dollars in US consumer welfares.
The LHC Confronts the pMSSM

Abstract We explore the impact of current (7+8 TeV) and future (14 TeV) LHC searches on the range of viable sparticle spectra within the 19/20 – dimensional phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM). Considering both neutralino and gravitino LSPs, we compare our results with simplified model exclusion limits and describe important cases where the pMSSM results differ significantly from the simplified model descriptions. We also consider models that are poorly constrained by LHC data because of unusual decay topologies and/or displaced decays, and discuss ways to improve the LHC sensitivity in these scenarios. Finally, motivated by naturalness, we examine the sensitivity of current searches to models with light stops and to a specialized set of models with fine-tuning better than 1%. We show that the 14 TeV LHC will be a very powerful probe of natural pMSSM models.
Reductive cyclization of halo-ketones to form 3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles via palladium catalyzed hydrogenation: a hydrogen-mediated Grignard addition

The reductive cyclization of N-oxoacyl ortho-bromoanilides to form 3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles under the conditions of palladium catalyzed hydrogenation is described. This work may be viewed as a prelude to intermolecular hydrogen-mediated Grignard-type reductive couplings of organic halides with carbonyl compounds.
Multi-center evaluation of analytical performance of the Beckman Coulter AU5822 chemistry analyzer.

Abstract Objectives Our three academic institutions, Indiana University, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, and Wake Forest, were among the first in the United States to implement the Beckman Coulter AU5822 series chemistry analyzers. We undertook this post-hoc multi-center study by merging our data to determine performance characteristics and the impact of methodology changes on analyte measurement. Design and methods We independently completed performance validation studies including precision, linearity/analytical measurement range, method comparison, and reference range verification. Complete data sets were available from at least one institution for 66 analytes with the following groups: 51 from all three institutions, and 15 from 1 or 2 institutions for a total sample size of 12,064. Results Precision was similar among institutions. Coefficients of variation (CV) were 10% included direct bilirubin and digoxin. All analytes exhibited linearity over the analytical measurement range. Method comparison data showed slopes between 0.900-1.100 for 87.9% of the analytes. Slopes for amylase, tobramycin and urine amylase were 1.5, due to known methodology or standardization differences. Consequently, reference ranges of amylase, urine amylase and lipase required only minor or no modification. Conclusion The four AU5822 analyzers independently evaluated at three sites showed consistent precision, linearity, and correlation results. Since installations, the test results had been well received by clinicians from all three institutions.
Semantically Secure Order-Revealing Encryption: Multi-input Functional Encryption Without Obfuscation

Deciding “greater-than” relations among data items just given their encryptions is at the heart of search algorithms on encrypted data, most notably, non-interactive binary search on encrypted data. Order-preserving encryption provides one solution, but provably provides only limited security guarantees. Two-input functional encryption is another approach, but requires the full power of obfuscation machinery and is currently not implementable.
Trends in Disparities in Low-Income Children's Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care by Family Immigration Status

Abstract Objective To examine time trends in disparities in low-income children's health insurance coverage and access to care by family immigration status. Methods We used data from the National Survey of Children's Health in 2003 to 2011–2012, including 83,612 children aged 0 to 17 years with family incomes Results All low-income children experienced gains in health insurance coverage and access to care from 2003 to 2011–2012, regardless of family immigration status. Relative to citizen children with nonimmigrant parents, citizen children with immigrant parents had a 5 percentage point greater increase in health insurance coverage ( P = .06), a 9 percentage point greater increase in having a personal doctor or nurse ( P P P P Conclusions Some disparities in access to care related to family immigration status have lessened over time among children in low-income families, although large disparities still exist. Policy efforts are needed to ensure that children of immigrant parents and immigrant children are able to access health insurance and health care.
Joint Power Control and Proportional Fair Scheduling with Minimum Rate Constraints in Cluster Based MANET

In this study, the joint power control and scheduling problem in a multihop TD/CDMA MANET is investigated. A cluster based architecture is adopted to provide scalability and centralized control within clusters, and the corresponding power control and scheduling schemes are derived to maximize a network utility function and guarantee the minimum rate required by each traffic session. Because the resulted optimal power control suggests that the scheduled nodes transmit with full power while other nodes remain silent, the joint power control and scheduling problem is reduced to a scheduling problem. Proportional fair scheduling is selected to achieve the balance between throughput and fairness. The multi-link version of the proportional fair scheduling algorithms for multihop MANET are proposed. In addition, a generic token counter mechanism is employed to satisfy the minimum rate requirements. Service differentiation is also achieved by ensuring different minimum rate for different traffic sessions. Approximation algorithms are suggested to reduce the computational complexity. In networks that are lack of centralized control, distributed scheduling algorithms are also derived and fully distributed implementation is provided. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
Design of Load-Adaptive Queue Management for Internet Congestion Control

In this paper, we propose the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID)-controller, which can provide proactive congestion avoidance and control using an adaptive congestion indicator and control function. The goals of PID-controller are to control congestion proactively, to stabilize the queue length around a desired level and to give smooth and low packet loss rates. An extensive simulation study suggests that PID-controller outperforms other active queue management (AQM) algorithms such as Random Early Detection (RED) 1 and Proportional-Integral (PI) controller 2 in terms of the queue length dynamics and the packet loss rates.
High Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Solar Maculopathy and the Differential Diagnosis of Outer Retinal Holes

Purpose To characterize the morphology of outer retinal holes caused by solar maculopathy, using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Design This study is an observational case series. Methods The SD-OCT findings of 3 patients (6 eyes) with chronic solar maculopathy are presented. Results SD-OCT demonstrates a characteristic appearance of partial-thickness hole(s) in the outer retina at the fovea. In 3 of 6 eyes, there is 1 hole directly beneath the umbo. In the remaining 3 eyes, there are multifocal holes spread across the fovea. Holes in more restricted layers, as had been previously reported with time-domain OCT, were not seen. In addition, advanced visualization of SD-OCT data demonstrates a hyperreflective ring around the outer retinal hole. Conclusions SD-OCT can be used diagnose solar maculopathy. In patients with central scotomas, characteristic outer retinal hole(s) without inner retinal cystic changes may prompt the clinician to uncover an undisclosed history of sungazing. Similar OCT findings can be caused by welder's maculopathy, tamoxifen retinopathy, juxtafoveal macular telangiectasia, foveolar vitreomacular traction, or, rarely, a closed macular hole, achromatopsia, alkyl nitrite abuse, acute retinal pigment epitheliitis, or Stargardt disease.
Data stream algorithms for codeword testing

Motivated by applications in storage systems and property testing, we study data stream algorithms for local testing and tolerant testing of codes. Ideally, we would like to know whether there exist asymptotically good codes that can be local/tolerant tested with one-pass, poly-log space data stream algorithms. We show that for the error detection problem (and hence, the local testing problem), there exists a one-pass, log-space data stream algorithm for a broad class of asymptotically good codes, including the Reed-Solomon (RS) code and expander codes. In our technically more involved result, we give a one-pass, O(e log2n)-space algorithm for RS (and related) codes with dimension k and block length n that can distinguish between the cases when the Hamming distance between the received word and the code is at most e and at least a ċ e for some absolute constant a > 1. For RS codes with random errors, we can obtain e ≤ O(n/k). For folded RS codes, we obtain similar results for worst-case errors as long as e ≤ (n/k)1-e for any constant e > 0. These results follow by reducing the tolerant testing problem to the error detection problem using results from group testing and the list decodability of the code. We also show that using our techniques, the space requirement and the upper bound of e ≤ O(n/k) cannot be improved by more than logarithmic factors.
Markov decision processes with multiple objectives

We consider Markov decision processes (MDPs) with multiple discounted reward objectives. Such MDPs occur in design problems where one wishes to simultaneously optimize several criteria, for example, latency and power. The possible trade-offs between the different objectives are characterized by the Pareto curve. We show that every Pareto-optimal point can be achieved by a memoryless strategy; however, unlike in the single-objective case, the memoryless strategy may require randomization. Moreover, we show that the Pareto curve can be approximated in polynomial time in the size of the MDP. Additionally, we study the problem if a given value vector is realizable by any strategy, and show that it can be decided in polynomial time; but the question whether it is realizable by a deterministic memoryless strategy is NP-complete. These results provide efficient algorithms for design exploration in MDP models with multiple objectives.
Optimal Experimentation and the Perturbation Method

The perturbation method is used to approximate optimal experimentation problems. The approximation is in the neighborhood of the linear regulator problem which has a well-deÞned solution procedure. The Þrst order perturbation of the optimal decision under experimentation is a combination of the linear regulator solution and a term that captures the impact of the uncertainty on the agents value function. An algorithm is developed to quickly implement this procedure on the computer. As a result, the impact of optimal experimentation on an agents decisions can be quantiÞed and estimated for a large class of problems encountered in economics. Journal of Economic Literature ClassiÞcation Numbers: C44; C60; D81; D82
Do In-Work Tax Credits Serve as a Safety Net?

We test the EITC's response to economic need. Using IRS data we exploit differences in timing and severity of economic cycles across states. Because the EITC requires earned income, there is a theoretical ambiguity in the credit's cyclicality. We find higher unemployment leads to increased likelihood of EITC recipiency and in credit amounts received for married couples but has insignificant effects for single individuals. The EITC's protective effects are concentrated among skilled workers. The EITC mitigates income shocks for married couples with children and groups likely to have moderate earnings, but does not for most recipients: single parents with children.
Effects of Manufacturing Processes and In-Service mperature Variations on the Properties of TRIP Steels

This paper examines key aspects of the manufacturing process that “Transformation Induced Plasticity” (TRIP) steels would be exposed to, and systematically evaluate how the forming and thermal histories affect final strength and ductility of the material. The paper evaluates in-service temperature variations, such as under hood and hot/cold cyclic conditions, to determine whether these conditions influence final strength, ductility and energy absorption characteristics of several available TRIP steel grades. As part of the manufacturing thermal environment evaluations, stamping process thermal histories are included in the studies. As part of the in-service conditions, different pre-straining levels are also included. Materials from four steel suppliers world wide are examined. The material properties are established over a full range of expected thermal histories and selected loading modes. Establishing these relationships will allow OEM designers to select TRIP steels for proper vehicle applications, and to specify manufacturing process conditions that yield reliable final material property levels.
Estimation of Missing Intra-African Trade

Missing trade is defined as the exports and imports that may have taken place between two potential trading partners, but which are unknown to the researcher because neither partner reported them to the United Nation’s COMTRADE, the official global repository of trade statistics. In a comprehensive sample of African countries, over 40% of the potential trade flows fit this definition. For a continent whose trade integration remains an important avenue for development, this lack of information hinders the analysis of policy mechanisms -- such as the Economic Partnership Agreements with the EU -- that influence intra-regional trade patterns. This paper estimates the likely magnitude of the missing trade by modeling the manufacturing trade data in the GTAP Data Base using a gravity approach. The gravity approach employed here relates bilateral trade to country size, distance, and other trade costs while explicitly considering that high fixed costs can totally inhibit trade. This last feature provides an adequate framework to explain the numerous zero-valued flows that characterize intra-African trade. The predicted missing exports are valued at approximately 300 million USD. The incidence of missing trade is highest in the lowest income countries of Central and West Africa.
Insuring Uncertainty in Value-Added Agriculture: Ethanol Production

A wide variety of insurance products is available to agricultural producers to insure against yield or price risks in the markets for the raw commodities they produce. Value-added enterprises, such as ethanol production, have been expanding over the last decade. This paper outlines the development of an insurance product aimed at corn producers who are members of an ethanol production cooperative. The product has the potential to provide these producers with a new and useful risk management tool to insure against price risks in the markets for corn, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), ethanol, and natural gas. Monte Carlo analysis is used to develop fair premiums at various coverage levels. A historical correlation structure is imposed on the simulated price data using a method proposed by Iman and Conover (1982), which maintains the marginal distributions of the variables. Historical analysis is carried out to examine how the product would have performed had it been offered over the last decade. The product is shown to perform as intended, paying indemnities in years of extreme price volatility.
Votes and Outcomes: Rethinking the Politics-Like-Markets Metaphor

Legislative and political bodies seldom work like markets. This paper revisits the politics-like-market analogies considering the role of logrolling in political representation. These considerations will hopefully facilitate the assessment of the normative implications of the “commodification” of political consensus. While certainly corroding some of the aspirational and expressive qualities of the political system, logrolling would ensure a greater opportunity for cardinal preferences to be captured in political decision-making.
Lock Reservation for Java Reconsidered

Lock reservation, a powerful optimization for Java locks, is based on the observation that, in Java, each lock tends to be dominantly acquired and released by a specific thread. Reserving a lock for such a dominant thread allows the owner thread of the lock to acquire and release the lock without any atomic read-modify-write instructions.
Goods trade, factor mobility and welfare

We develop a quantitative spatial model that incorporates a rich geography of trade costs and labor mobility with heterogeneous worker preferences across locations. We provide comparative statics for the unique equilibrium with respect to the primitives of the model. We show how the model can be used to undertake counterfactuals using only data in an initial equilibrium. In these counterfactuals, the welfare gains from trade depend on changes in both domestic trade shares and reallocations of population across locations. We show that factor mobility introduces quantitatively relevant differences in the counterfactual predictions of constant and increasing returns to scale models.
Parallelizing probabilistic inference: some early explorations

We report on an experimental investigation into opportunities for parallelism in belief-net inference. Specifically, we report on a study performed of the available parallelism, on hypercube style machines, of a set of randomly generated belief nets, using factoring (SPI) style inference algorithms. Our results indicate that substantial speedup is available, but that it is available only through parallelization of individual conformal product operations, and depends critically on finding an appropriate factoring. We find negligible opportunity for parallelism at the topological, or clustering tree, level.
Facial nerve neuroma.

Abstract Facial nerve neuromas are uncommon, slow-growing neoplasms that may occur anywhere along the course of the facial nerve from the brainstem to the facial muscles. The signs and symptoms are characteristic and vary with the anatomic site of origin. Surgery should not be attempted until a complete and thorough diagnostic examination has been completed. The surgeon should be prepared to perform a middle-cranial fossa or translabyrinthine approach in all cases, and must expect to do a nerve graft. The results of 37 patients treated by the author reveal that, under optimal conditions, patients who have had a facial nerve graft, can be expected to regain an average of 80% facial nerve strength in almost every case. All patients who have had a facial nerve graft will have some degree of synkinesis. No graft was required in 3 patients, and a hypoglossal facial anastomosis was used for one. Facial function was completely normal in 2 patients, 16 had 80-90% return, 5 patients had 50-80% return, 4 had 20-50% return, one had no recovery at all and 9 recent patients have not reached the time for their expected recovery. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical removal and VII-VII Nerve graft for facial paralysis of ten or fewer years duration offers patients the best opportunity to avoid a permanent facial palsy.
A theoretical framework for context-sensitive temporal probability model construction with application to plan projection

We define a context-sensitive temporal probability logic for representing classes of discrete-time temporal Bayesian networks. Context constraints allow inference to be focused on only the relevant portions of the probabilistic knowledge. We provide a declarative semantics for our language. We present a Bayesian network construction algorithm whose generated networks give sound and complete answers to queries. We use related concepts in logic programming to justify our approach. We have implemented a Bayesian network construction algorithm for a subset of the theory and demonstrate it's application to the problem of evaluating the effectiveness of treatments for acute cardiac conditions.
An analysis of gaming behaviors in an intelligent tutoring system

We present results from an analysis of students' shallow behaviors, i.e., gaming, during their interaction with an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS). The analysis is based on six college classes using the Andes ITS for homework and test preparation. Our findings show that student features are a better predictor of gaming than problem features, and that individual differences between students impact where and how students game.