cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health care in China: the experts take command.

The trend away from communal medicine in the Peoples Republic of China is sadly noted in this brief history of medical education and practice in Mainland China since the cultural revolution. After Maos revolution the institution of barefoot doctors and other paraprofessional personnel spread quickly; entrance to medical colleges required a commitment to the common good not just intellectual qualifications. The end result was the education of a wide variety of people in the medical profession. However recently new policy states that intellectual or mental labor is equivalent to physical labor and again medical college applicants are mainly children of intellectuals; the colleges are no longer drawing committed although ill-educated persons into their ranks. This author believes that the Chinese model taught others how they could get meximum health benefits from minimum financial investments through the use of preventive work barefoot doctors traditional medicines and health campaigns. It also encouraged especially in developing countries breaks from traditional Western approaches to health care and encouraged developments of health care systems concerned more with the care of the masses of rural and urban poor rather than the praise of the medical profession housed in Western countries. The Chinese would do well to learn from their own past.
MgO Thin-Film Growth on Si (100) by Excimer Laser Ablation

XRD peaks showed that (100) -preferred oriented thin film grows at substrate temperature ranging from 300 to 550°C. MgO thin film with (100) orientation grew at 500°C. At 600°C the (111) peak increased markedly. The FWHM of XRD at the (100) peak decreased with increasing substrate temperature.At a substrate temperature of 300 to 550°C, (100) -preferred orientation of the crystalline state was observed. The (100) peak ratio is independent of O2 gas pressure except at high substrate temperatures. The ratio decreased with increasing O2 gas pressure at 600°C. The FWHM of XRD at the (100) peak is also independent of O2 gas pressure.We wish to thank F. Togashi of Science Univ. of Tokyo, Y. Hirabayashi and T. Watanabe for useful discussion and suggestions.
Effect of Platform Dynamics on Aerial Layer Network Performance

Are often unable to communicate effectively with each other through line-of-sight radios due to long distances and terrain blockages. The Joint Aerial Layer Network (JALN) consists of a set of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that provide surface range extension to surface nodes while also providing reach back to the Global Information Grid (GIG). These capabilities are achieved through a downward facing antenna that provides surface-to surface communications relay, as well as directional, high data rate crosslink antennas that connect the UAVs to each other. In this paper, we examine the implications of platform dynamics on crosslink availability and up/downlink coverage area in JALN. We study the availability for various orbital patterns and show that smaller orbits provide a larger high-availability coverage area. However, crosslink and up/downlink blockage is more likely during aircraft banking, which should be taken into consideration when designing an orbit. In addition to the orbital patterns, we also study how crosslink availability is affected by antenna placement. A single wing-mounted pod design suffers greatly due to field-of-regard restrictions. We compare the single active pod design with other options to improve performance including two active pods and body-mounted antennas.
Social Protection in the Developing World: Challenges, Continuity, and Change*

How are social protections evolving in the developing world, particularly as those nations confront the challenges of globalization? Scholars in this special issue examine the challenges, continuity, and changes in social protections across the developing world over the last few decades. The common theme that emerges from this informative group of papers is that developing nations are confronting unique politico-economic difficulties as well as opportunities for the development of their welfare programs. This is a vastly understudied topic. The studies in this issue tackle some of the unanswered questions of the globalization–social protection debate in developing economies, with a particular focus on how politics plays into the relationship. These articles hope to initiate a dialogue and offer suggestions for further research in this critical area of study.
Experience of using C-arm-X-ray guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation in the treatment of 2700 patients with trigeminal neuralgia

Objective To explore the methods and clinical effects of radiofrequency thermocoagulation in the treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia guided with C-arm-X-ray.Methods Retrospective analysis of the C-arm-X-ray guided percutaneous foramenovale a half ganglion radiofrequency thermocoagulation technique(the temperature setting of 65-80℃ and time was set to 30-60 s) of the clinical data of 2 700 cases of patients with trigeminal neuralgia were near long-term efficacy evaluation,to observe the complications.Results The pain compleately disappeared in 2 697 cases,the total efficiency of 98.56%,ineffective in 9 cases(0.33%),recurrence in 30 cases(1.11%).Conclusion C-arm-X-ray guided selective the ganglionnervi trigernini radiofrequency thermocoagulation is a minimally invasive,safe,broad indications and has significant effect of treatment,especially the recurrence of the trigeminal nerve associated with cardiovascular disease and otler treatments pain in patients with this methods is safe and reliable.
Painting with Rainbows: Patterning Light in Space, Time, and Wavelength for Multiphoton Optogenetic Sensing and Control

ConspectusPhotons are a fascinating reagent, flowing and reacting quite differently compared to more massive and less ephemeral particles of matter. The optogenetic palette comprises an ever growing set of light-responsive proteins, which open the possibility of using light to perturb and to measure biological processes with great precision in space and time. Yet there are limits on what light can achieve. Diffraction limits the smallest features, and scattering in tissue limits the largest. Photobleaching, diffusion of photogenerated products, and optical crosstalk between overlapping absorption spectra further muddy the optogenetic picture, particularly when one wants to use multiple optogenetic tools simultaneously.But these obstacles are surmountable. Most light-responsive proteins and small molecules undergo more than one light-driven transition, often with different action spectra and kinetics. By overlapping multiple laser beams, carefully patterned in space, time, and wavelength, one can steer mol...
Structure-sensitive enantiospecific adsorption on naturally chiral Cu(hkl) R&S surfaces.

The desorption kinetics of a chiral compound, R-3-methylcyclohexanone (R-3MCHO), have been measured on both enantiomers of seven chiral Cu(hkl) RS [Formula: see text] changes sign within the set of surfaces of a given chirality.
Brune Stress Parameter Estimates for the 2016 Mw 5.8 Pawnee and Other Oklahoma Earthquakes

ABSTRACT I have estimated Brune (single‐corner) stress parameters (stress drops) for several Oklahoma earthquakes, including the 2016 M w 5.8 Pawnee earthquake and the largest aftershocks. My approach is to estimate corner frequency from the peak of the tangential component of the velocity Fourier spectrum using recordings about 50 km or less from the epicenter, where possible. Because Brune stress parameter is for body waves, care has been taken to avoid contaminating spectral peaks from surface waves, nearby building interactions, and soil resonances. For shallow earthquakes, leaky‐mode surface waves have been observed overlapping P and S waves, including in Oklahoma. Hence, spectral shape fitting has been avoided in this study. Oklahoma earthquakes (potentially induced) tend to be shallow ( M w 5.8 Pawnee and other Oklahoma mainshocks ranges between 14 and 22 MPa, whereas aftershocks and smaller magnitude earthquake stress parameters fall in the 1–11 MPa range. These values are typical for the south‐central United States potentially induced and natural (shallow and deeper) earthquakes. Other eastern North America regions have natural earthquake stress parameters above 15 MPa, but shallow natural earthquakes can have values in the 2–12 MPa range, similar to potentially induced earthquakes. Comparisons with other estimates of corner frequency using spectral shape fitting suggest that these estimates can be biased by leaky‐mode surface waves and/or systematic site responses among recording stations, which affects stress‐parameter estimates and interpretations.
Degradation of Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes with UV254 Treatment

Disinfected wastewater effluent contains a complex mixture of biomolecules including DNA. If intact genes conveying antibiotic resistance survive the disinfection process, environmental bacteria may take them up. We treated plasmid pWH1266, which contains ampicillin resistance gene blaTEM-1 and tetracycline resistance gene tetA, with UV254 doses up to 430 mJ/cm2 and studied the ability of those genes to be acquired by Acinetobacter baylyi. The plasmids required approximately 20–25 mJ/cm2 per log10 loss of transformation efficiency. We monitored plasmid DNA degradation using gel electrophoresis and qPCR with both short amplicons (∼200 bps, representative of ARG amplicon lengths commonly used for environmental monitoring) and long amplicons (800–1200 bps, designed to cover the entire resistance genes). The rate of transformability loss due to UV254 treatment was approximately 20× and 2× larger than the rate of gene degradation measured with the short and long amplicons qPCR, respectively. When extrapolated ...
Air lens vs aspheric surface: A lens design case study

In this paper, we study the behavior and usage of air lenses in lens design. The structural aberration coefficients of a thin air lens are derived and a telephoto case study example is provided.
Gut Microbial Influences on the Mammalian Intestinal Stem Cell Niche

The mammalian intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) niche is comprised of diverse epithelial, immune, and stromal cells, which together respond to environmental changes within the lumen and exert coordinated regulation of IESC behavior. There is growing appreciation for the role of the gut microbiota in modulating intestinal proliferation and differentiation, as well as other aspects of intestinal physiology. In this review, we evaluate the diverse roles of known niche cells in responding to gut microbiota and supporting IESCs. Furthermore, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which microbiota may exert their influence on niche cells and possibly on IESCs directly. Finally, we present an overview of the benefits and limitations of available tools to study niche-microbe interactions and provide our recommendations regarding their use and standardization. The study of host-microbe interactions in the gut is a rapidly growing field, and the IESC niche is at the forefront of host-microbe activity to control nutrient absorption, endocrine signaling, energy homeostasis, immune response, and systemic health.
Long-term morbidity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A plea for standardization

Abstract Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors present long-term morbidities in several systems, including the neurodevelopmental, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal ones, and CDH long-term sequelae are increasingly being recognized. Due to high co-morbidity, health related quality of life in a significant proportion of CDH patients might be compromised. As a consequence of consciousness on the long-term sequelae of CDH survivors, and their consequences for life, several follow-up programs were brought to life worldwide. In this review, we will summarize the long-term sequelae of CDH survivors, the impact of new treatments, and analyze the consistency of follow-up programs.
Authors' response to letter on "levetiracetam in toxic seizures".

Sir,We thank our colleagues for highlighting important limitations in this study. We detailed these limitations, including our colleagues' concerns from the letter to the editor, in the original ma...
Forced sound transmission through a finite-sized single leaf panel subject to a point source excitation.

In the case of a point source in front of a panel, the wavefront of the incident wave is spherical. This paper discusses spherical sound waves transmitting through a finite sized panel. The forced sound transmission performance that predominates in the frequency range below the coincidence frequency is the focus. Given the point source located along the centerline of the panel, forced sound transmission coefficient is derived through introducing the sound radiation impedance for spherical incident waves. It is found that in addition to the panel mass, forced sound transmission loss also depends on the distance from the source to the panel as determined by the radiation impedance. Unlike the case of plane incident waves, sound transmission performance of a finite sized panel does not necessarily converge to that of an infinite panel, especially when the source is away from the panel. For practical applications, the normal incidence sound transmission loss expression of plane incident waves can be used if t...
Adaptive Mode Control in 4- and 17-Mode Fibers

Using adaptive optics, we experimentally demonstrate the ability to control linearly polarized modes in 4- and 17-mode fibers, where feedback is provided by the correlation between the experimentally captured intensity distribution and the theoretical profile of the desired mode. Selective excitations of high-order mixed orbital angular momentum modes are also shown.
Addressing Health Care Needs in the Homeless Population: A New Approach Using Participatory Action Research:

This article explores a unique approach to addressing the health needs of a rural homeless population using core principles relevant to community-based participatory research (CBPR). The objective ...
Development of Machine Learning Algorithms for Prediction of 30-Day Mortality After Surgery for Spinal Metastasis.

Background Preoperative prognostication of short-term postoperative mortality in patients with spinal metastatic disease can improve shared decision making around end-of-life care. Objective To (1) develop machine learning algorithms for prediction of short-term mortality and (2) deploy these models in an open access web application. Methods The American College of Surgeons, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was used to identify patients that underwent operative intervention for metastatic disease. Four machine learning algorithms were developed, and the algorithm with the best performance across discrimination, calibration, and overall performance was integrated into an open access web application. Results The 30-d mortality for the 1790 patients undergoing surgery for spinal metastatic disease was 8.49%. Preoperative factors used for prognostication were albumin, functional status, white blood cell count, hematocrit, alkaline phosphatase, spinal location (cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral), and severity of comorbid systemic disease (American Society of Anesthesiologist Class). In this population, machine learning algorithms developed to predict 30-d mortality performed well on discrimination (c-statistic), calibration (assessed by calibration slope and intercept), Brier score, and decision analysis. An open access web application was developed for the best performing model and this web application can be found here: https://sorg-apps.shinyapps.io/spinemets/. Conclusion Machine learning algorithms are promising for prediction of postoperative outcomes in spinal oncology and these algorithms can be integrated into clinically useful decision tools. As the volume of data in oncology continues to grow, creation of learning systems and deployment of these systems as accessible tools may significantly enhance prognostication and management.
5R-Methyl-1-chloromethyl-2-pyrrolidinone: Determining Enantiomeric Excess in Chiral Nonracemic Amines1

Abstract 5R-Methyl-1-chloromethyl-2-pyrrolidinone reacts with chiral, racemic amines to form a diastereomeric adduct. Analysis of the N-CH2-O signals in the proton NMR spectra allows determination of the enantiomeric excess of the original amine.
A multi-species modeling framework for describing supersonic jet-induced cratering in a granular bed: Cratering on Titan case study

Abstract The dynamics of cratering caused by a multi-component supersonic jet due to its interaction with the granular soil on the surface of Titan is investigated using a two-phase model and numerical simulations. Both fluid and particles are mathematically described in an Eulerian framework. The fluid is modeled using multi-species Large Eddy Simulation accounting for the details of diffusion among species, and the solid phase is described by a Kinetic-Theory-based model. The general framework is that of a recent model that successfully predicted specific details of Mars/Earth cratering observed by the Mars Science Laboratory (Balakrishnan and Bellan, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 99, 1–29, 2018), however the distinctive differences between the present and previous model allows new physics to be uncovered that is peculiar to cratering in the presence of a dense atmosphere. Unsteady, three-dimensional simulations are performed to elucidate the morphological features of the crater and the dynamics of its evolution with time. Parametric variations of the initial conditions are conducted to understand the effect of the surface evenness, jet Mach number, particle size in the granular bed, jet composition, and the inter-granular stress coefficient. The new observation of crater-in-a-crater formation at early times is discussed and explained; this phenomenon is transient and the subsequent consumption of the inner crater by the surrounding crater walls is explained in detail. The jet exhibits complex morphological features revealed by vorticity and helicity analysis. The primary-crater walls display ripples along their surface that are traced to the interaction with the dense jet fluid which, having reached the crater bottom, changes direction to exit the crater using the spaces unoccupied by the jet and rubs the crater walls. Detailed analyses of the particle volume fraction and the particle momentum revealed the detailed morphology of the craters and the ejections from the craters, and related them to the initial conditions. A larger jet Mach number results in increased erosion due to the higher momentum content of the jet. A smaller increase in the jet momentum obtained by increasing the jet-fluid molar mass jet results in a crater that is more angled at the top, this feature being due to the increased jet expansion rate. The inter-granular stress coefficient does not affect the large-scale features of the crater, but does affect the peak compaction values. Species diffusion is investigated and it is found that both regular and uphill diffusion occur, the latter being primarily concentrated in the vicinity of the jet and the depths of the crater. The presented detailed formulation and numerical methodology for investigating supersonic jet-induced cratering on granular soil are sufficiently robust to accommodate plume-induced cratering on a variety of planetary bodies having an atmosphere.
Moore’s Clock

Abstract Considering a stochastic clock – a chronograph that ticks randomly according to an underpinning ticking rate – we address the durations between its successive ticking epochs and ask: when are the inter-ticking durations independent of each other? We establish that this question has two answers: equilibrium and non-equilibrium. The equilibrium answer is termed Benchmark Clock, it is characterized by a constant ticking rate, and it corresponds to the time-flow of a “steady-state universe” model. The non-equilibrium answer is termed Moore’s Clock, it is characterized by an exponential ticking rate, and it corresponds to the time-flow of a “big-bang universe” model. In the context of stochastic clocks, Moore’s Clock is the manifestation of Moore’s Law of accelerating change . This paper explores the rich statistical structure of Moore’s Clock, and pinpoints the dramatic differences between the stationary Benchmark Clock and the non-stationary Moore’s Clock.
La obra de arte para Jan Mukarovsky y Mijaíl M. Bajtín

En este articulo se examina la dimension social que otorgaron al objeto estetico dos pensadores relacionados por sus aproximaciones formales a la literatura: Jan Mukarovsky y Mijail M. Bajtin. Senalando el camino hacia la teoria de la recepcion, el teorico checo sostiene en 1936 que el texto literario alcanza estatuto artistico cuando entra al circuito de valores sociales por medio de la lectura y la apreciacion de los lectores. Por su parte, Bajtin considera que el encuentro de voces y valores sociales es constitutivo del objeto artistico. A diferencia de Mukarovsky, para el filosofo ruso este dialogo es inherente a la palabra estetica, siempre plurivocal y multiacentual. La inexorabilidad del origen y destino social del texto es, pues, aquel elemento que revela la dimension pragmatica, irreductible a la obra de arte, vista por Bajtin como acto etico.
Treatment of scar endometriosis with elagolix

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects approximately 5%–10% of women and is a major contributor to chronic pelvic pain. It can result in a significant impact on a woman’s qua...
Elastic Cuckoo Page Tables: Rethinking Virtual Memory Translation for Parallelism

The unprecedented growth in the memory needs of emerging memory-intensive workloads has made virtual memory translation a major performance bottleneck. To address this problem, this paper introduces Elastic Cuckoo Page Tables, a novel page table design that transforms the sequential pointer-chasing operation used by conventional multi-level radix page tables into fully-parallel look-ups. The resulting design harvests, for the first time, the benefits of memory level parallelism for address translation. Elastic cuckoo page tables use Elastic Cuckoo Hashing, a novel extension of cuckoo hashing that supports efficient page table resizing. Elastic cuckoo page tables efficiently resolve hash collisions, provide process-private page tables, support multiple page sizes and page sharing among processes, and dynamically adapt page table sizes to meet application requirements. We evaluate elastic cuckoo page tables with full-system simulations of an 8-core processor using a set of graph analytics, bioinformatics, HPC, and system workloads. Elastic cuckoo page tables reduce the address translation overhead by an average of 41% over conventional radix page tables. The result is a 3-18% speed-up in application execution.
Knowledge of Good Samaritan Laws and Beliefs About Arrests Among Persons Who Inject Drugs a Year After Policy Change in Baltimore, Maryland:

ObjectivesDelivering and receiving prompt medical care during an overdose are imperative to ensure survival. Good Samaritan laws encourage people to call 911 during an overdose by providing immunit...
When Bioethics Is Too Narrow – The Relevance of Philosophy of Medicine in Medical Education

What do these terms have in common? Drapetomania Female hysteria Homosexuality Sluggish schizophrenia If you guessed “former medical conditions that were used to pathologize socially-undesirable persons and their behaviors”, you are correct! Drapetomania was described as a mental illness that caused African-American slaves to run away. Female hysteria was first noted in the second millennium BCE and was subsequently used to institutionalize women. Sluggish schizophrenia was used to subjugate political dissidents in the USSR, and homosexuality is one of the more recent “disorders” to undergo depathologization. These diseases, of course, are now obsolete or exist as behaviors that are widely accepted in western society. So why do they matter? In a sentence – the medical profession exists to treat disease. The corollary – to treat disease, we must first determine what disease is. The historical legacies of medicine are riddled with abuses of human rights stemming from treatment of conditions that were not diseases at all. Today’s medical students will go on to discover and classify new diseases, and competency with theories that conceptualize disease and illness are an educational imperative. Clinical bioethics, in particular, often takes for granted terms such as ‘disease’, ‘illness’, and ‘health’. Knowledge of basic abstract concepts within philosophy of medicine should be foundational, rather than tangential, to medical school humanities curricula. Naturalistic and normative theories comprise the major types of disease-conceptualizing theories. Normative theories aim to define disease in terms of value judgments, often taking the form of ‘X condition is a disease because it is bad for the person who has it’. Theories differ in their assessment of why the condition is bad (that is, they differ in their value judgements). Naturalistic theories aim to define disease without the use of value judgements. This is typically achieved through appeal to deviance from statistical and/or evolutionary function. Each type of theory has its own strengths and limitations, and couching this discussion in terms of historical nosology lends itself to critical examination of pathologization within medicine. Integrating these ideas in medical school curricula will enrich students’ understanding of disease, and may mitigate diagnoses that historically harmed patients.
An online international pharmacy summer course during the COVID-19 pandemic

The University of Southern California School of Pharmacy has offered a residential summer course for international undergraduate pharmacy students for many years, with a focus on clinical therapeutics. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic made it impossible to offer the on-campus course. After some discussion, the course was moved online, with the goals of maintaining links with international partners and providing students with a virtual study abroad experience. This article describes the planning and implementation of this course, which was held for two weeks in July 2020 for 19 students from South Korea, Taiwan and Saudi Arabia. The course included an integrated science and clinical approach to diabetes and drug-drug interactions. The facilitation of active learning and problem-solving in transnational student groups through Zoom meetings are described. A post-course survey of students provided positive feedback on the content and online delivery of the course.
Adhering to COVID-19 health guidelines: Examining demographic and psychological predictors of adherence.

The effort to limit the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19) has relied heavily on the general public's compliance with health guidelines limiting social contact and mitigating risk when contact occurs. The aim of this study was to identify latent variables underlying adherence to COVID-19 guidelines and to examine demographic and psychological predictors of adherence. A sample of US adults (N = 1,200) were surveyed in late April to mid-May 2020. The factor structure of adherence was examined using exploratory factor analysis. Machine learning regression models using elastic net regularization were used to examine predictors of adherence. Two factors characterized adherence: avoidance and cleaning. Elastic net models identified differential demographic and psychological predictors of these two forms of adherence. Religious affiliation, denial coping, full-time employment, substance use coping, and being 60 or older predicted lower avoidance adherence. Behavioral and mindfulness emotion regulation skills, agreeableness, and Democrat political affiliation predicted greater avoidance adherence. For cleaning adherence, interpersonal and behavioral emotion regulation skills and conscientiousness emerged as strong predictors of greater cleaning. Efforts to promote compliance with COVID-19 health guidelines may benefit from distinguishing avoidance and cleaning adherence and considering predictors of each of these aspects of adherence.
Influence of Grazing Season, Residual Herbage, and Precipitation on Rumen Extrusa Diet Quality

Abstract While considerable research has quantified effects of grazing management and precipitation on plant communities, less is known about how seasonal effects influence extrusa diet quality selected by grazing ruminants. We tested effects of cattle grazing to two residual herbages (600 kg [moderate] or 300 kg [low] animal unit mo [AUM]/ha) and two grazing seasons (summer and fall) on 20 indicators of ruminant extrusa diet quality over a 6-yr period. We found no effect of residual herbage on 13 indicators of diet extrusa quality (P ≥ 0.13) and no effect of season on 4 indicators of extrusa diet quality (P ≥ 0.0773). We did, however, detect effects of yr on extrusa diet quality metrics and nutrients, likely due to variation in annual precipitation, which ranged from 63.9% to 138.6% of the long-term average. Most noticeably, the mineral Mn in extrusa was substantially lower in yrs with higher precipitation (P
Perceptions of Exercise and Its Challenges in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Survey-Based Study.

Exercise is a foundational treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the majority of patients are unable to initiate and maintain effective exercise habits and remain at increased risk for progressive liver disease. Barriers and limitations to exercise in patients with NAFLD have not been fully identified. We performed a single survey of 94 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD to understand baseline physical activity and sedentary behavior, self-perceived fitness, limitations to exercise, potential solutions to increase physical activity behavior, and perception of exercise as a foundational treatment for NAFLD. For exploratory analyses, we evaluated differences in responses to the survey by grouping severity of hepatic fibrosis as follows: nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL); early stage (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH] F0, NASH F1, NASH F2); and late stage (NASH F3, NASH F4). Zero weekly total physical activity was reported by 29% of patients with NAFLD. Late-stage NASH had significantly lower vigorous (P = 0.024), walking (P = 0.029), total weekly activity (P = 0.043), and current fitness level (P = 0.022) compared to early stage NASH. Overall, 72% of patients with NAFLD reported limitations to exercise, with the greatest proportion citing lack of energy (62%), fatigue (61%), prior/current Injury (50%), and shortness of breath (49%). A preference for personal training to increase their physical activity was indicated by 66% of patients with NAFLD, and 63% preferred exercise over medication to treat NAFLD. Conclusion: The majority of patients with NAFLD have limitations to exercise but prefer exercise as a treatment option for NAFLD in the form of personal training. Patients with NAFLD may have unique physiologic limitations to exercise that worsen with fibrosis severity. Exercise interventions or services that are personalized and scalable may improve sustainability of exercise habits in the long term.
‘Put the wet stuff on the hot stuff’: The legacy and drivers of conflict surrounding wildfire suppression

Existing research demonstrates that wildfire events can lead to conflict among local residents and outside professionals involved in wildfire management or suppression. What has been missing in the wildfire literature is a more explicit understanding of the social dynamics that influence such conflict in rural or agricultural communities and their long-term legacy for future wildfire management. Authors conducted interviews with local residents of a southeastern Washington community in 2012 to better understand conflict surrounding management of the 2006 Columbia Complex Fire. We utilize structuration theory to demonstrate how conflict stemmed from differences in the norms characterizing the local community and the established practices of outside firefighters, the inability of these two populations to communicate in a way that established shared meanings for values at risk, and local residents' desire to contribute to suppression efforts rather that give up complete control to outside resources. The legacy of conflict during the Columbia Complex fire included increased distrust of externally based fire response and entrenched views about locals' right to protect their property. We conclude by discussing the need to account for the legacy of conflict during future wildfire events and the reasons such conflict are likely in rural or agricultural communities.
Channel-adapted quantum error correction

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an essential concept for any quantum information processing device. Typically, QEC is designed with minimal assumptions about the noise process; this generic assumption exacts a high cost in efficiency and performance. We examine QEC methods that are adapted to the physical noise model. In physical systems, errors are not likely to be arbitrary; rather we will have reasonable models for the structure of quantum decoherence. We may choose quantum error correcting codes and recovery operations that specifically target the most likely errors. This can increase QEC performance and also reduce the required overhead. We present a convex optimization method to determine the optimal in terms of average entanglement fidelity) recovery operation for a given channel, encoding, and information source. This is solvable via a semidefinite program (SDP). We derive an analytic solution to the optimal recovery for the case of stabilizer codes, the completely mixed input source, and channels characterized by Pauli group errors. We present computational algorithms to generate near-optimal recovery operations structured to begin with a projective syndrome measurement. These structured operations are more computationally scalable than the SDP required for computing the optimal; we can thus numerically analyze longer codes. Using Lagrange duality, we bound the performance of the structured recovery operations and show that they are nearly optimal in many relevant cases. We present two classes of channel-adapted quantum error correcting codes specifically designed for the amplitude damping channel. These have significantly higher rates with shorter block lengths than corresponding generic quantum error correcting codes. Both classes are stabilizer codes, and have good fidelity performance with stabilizer recovery operations. The encoding, syndrome measurement, and syndrome recovery operations can all be implemented with Clifford group operations. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Protein tyrosine phosphatases

Insulin receptor signal transduction plays a critical role in regulating pancreatic β-cell function, notably the acute first-phase insulin release in response to glucose. The basis for insulin resistance in pancreatic β-cells is not well understood but may be related to abnormal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation events, which, in turn, may alter organization of insulin-signaling molecules in space and time. Members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) family are both functionally and structurally diverse; and within the past few years data have emerged from many laboratories that suggest selectivity of the PTPase catalytic domains toward cellular substrates. Of significance, a subset of PTPases has been implicated in the regulation of insulin signaling in a number of insulin-sensitive tissues. Alteration in PTPase expression or activity has been associated with abnormal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation events and is accompanied by modulation of insulin sensitivity in vivo. Manipulations aimed at reducing expression of physiologically relevant PTPases acting at a step proximal to the insulin receptor are accompanied by normalization of blood glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity in both normal and diabetic animals. Hence, the development of tissue-specific gene inactivation strategies should facilitate the study of the potential role of PTPases in β-cell insulin signaling transduction.
The role of storm-relative advection of absolute angular momentum in strengthening of Atlantic tropical cyclones

[1] This study examined absolute angular momentum tendency in Atlantic tropical cyclones. Each advective and torque term in the storm-relative Eulerian absolute angular momentum tendency equation was calculated in a storm relative reference frame using modeled and observational data. 18 storms between 2004 and 2006 were simulated using the hurricane weather research and forecast model. In addition, the storm-relative advection of absolute angular momentum was calculated using reconnaissance aircraft wind data from 12 Atlantic hurricanes which occurred between 2003 and 2007. Through methods of statistical correlation, categorical composition and linear regression, it was found that mid-level horizontal advection of relative angular momentum was most relevant to 12 hour strength change in the modeled tropical cyclones. Mid-level horizontal advection of relative angular momentum was most relevant to intensity change in the observed hurricanes, while mid-level advection of Earth's angular momentum was found to be most closely related to strength change in observed hurricanes.
A Growing Scar on the Abdomen of a Middle-aged Woman

Awoman in her 50s presented for evaluation of a growing, painful scar on the right side of her abdomen. She reported having a rectangular area of discolored skin for the past 10 years that developed as a result of a complication during an interventional radiology procedure for treatment of a splenic aneurysm. Two months prior to presentation this lesion became painful and enlarged, without improvement with triamcinolone cream or oral antibiotics. She also reported recent fevers, night sweats, nausea, and fatigue. She denied international travel, drug use, incarceration, and high-risk sexual behavior. The patient had a history of uterine cancer at age 25, for which she underwent hysterectomyandchemotherapy. Shealsohadahistoryofbreast cancer inher40s, forwhich she underwent lumpectomy and tamoxifen therapy. She had undergone surgical excision of a gastric polyp in her early 50s. She had no history of radiation therapy. On physical examination she was well-appearing and afebrile, with normal vital signs. There was a 12 × 7–cm indurated pink and deep purple plaque on the right side of the abdomen,with 2 focal areas of ulceration (Figure). Extending outward from this plaquewere finger-like projections of purple subcutaneous papules. Inferior to the plaque therewas an approximately 3-cm, tender, orange-to-yellow patch. No lymphadenopathy or other skin lesions were noted. Quiz at jama.com Figure.Growing lesion on patient’s abdomen.
Some chemographic relationships in n-component systems

Abstract A petrologic problem of fundamental importance is to determine whether 2 or more mineral assemblages can be related to one another by continuous or discontinuous facies changes, or whether their bulk compositions occupy non-overlapping regions of composition space. A general method is developed by which 2 regions of n-dimensional space whose vertices are defined by the phases present are tested for compositional overlap. This is accomplished by generating mass balance equations of the type: ∑ i = 1 m a i A i = ∑ j = 1 k b j B j where Ai is the ith phase in one region and Bj is the th phase in the other. If any such equation satisfies the requirement that the sign of each ai is the same, and that the sign of each bj is the opposite for all i, j such that: k + m = n + 1 then the 2 regions overlap in phase space. By eliminating all overlapping assemblages in a given set, the bivariant fields bounded by univariant equilibria in n-dimensional systems are completely specified. All bulk compositions are considered within the space defined by the phases that participate in the bounding reactions. An extension of the method generates in sequence all bivariant fields and associated reactions about any invariant point. A further extension is applied to multi-system analysis.
Increased lipid peroxidation and impaired antioxidant enzyme function is associated with pathological liver injury in experimental alcoholic liver disease in rats fed diets high in corn oil and fish oil.

Increased hepatic oxidative stress with ethanol administration is hypothesized to be caused either by enhanced pro-oxidant production or decreased levels of antioxidants or both. We used the intragastric feeding rat model to assess the relationship between hepatic antioxidant enzymes and pathological liver injury in animals fed different dietary fats. Male Wistar rats (5 per group) were fed ethanol with either medium-chain triglycerides (MCTE), palm oil (PE), corn oil (CE), or fish oil (FE). Control animals were fed isocaloric amounts of dextrose instead of ethanol with the same diets. The following were evaluated in each group: liver pathology, lipid peroxidation, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) levels, copper-zinc SOD (CuZnSOD) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels, and catalase (CAT) levels. All enzymes were evaluated using activity assays and immunoblots. Rats fed FE showed the most severe pathology (fatty liver, necrosis, and inflammation), those fed CE showed moderate changes, those fed PE showed fatty liver only, and those fed MCTE were normal. Parameters indicative of lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances) were also greater in rat livers from animals fed the diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (CE and FE). CuZnSOD, GPX, and CAT activities showed an inverse correlation (r = −.92, P < .01) with severity of pathological injury, with the lowest levels for both enzymes found in FE-fed rats. Decreased enzyme activity in CE- and FE-fed rats was accompanied by similar decreases in immunoreactive protein. Ethanol administration did not cause significant decreases in enzyme activity in groups that showed no necroinflammatory changes (MCTE and PE). MnSOD activity showed no significant change in any ethanol-fed group. Our results show that decreases in CuZnSOD, GPX, and CAT occur in rats showing pathological liver injury and also having the highest levels of lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that feeding dietary substrates that enhance lipid peroxidation can exacerbate both ethanol-induced oxidative damage as well as necroinflammatory changes. The decrease in activity of antioxidant enzymes observed in animals fed diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids and ethanol could possibly increase the susceptibility to oxidative damage and further contribute to ethanol-induced liver injury.
Dephasing model for spatially extended atomic states in cyclotronlike resonances

In recent work, the formation of ring-shaped electron distributions for hydrogen atoms in resonant static magnetic-laser fields has exclusively been associated with the impact of relativity. In this note we will generalize this statement and show that the nonlinearity associated with the nuclear binding force can trigger similarly shaped steady-state charge clouds in atoms under suitable conditions. The dephasing model, based on modeling the quantum-mechanical state by a classical ensemble of quasiparticles evolving with slightly different cyclotron periods, can recover features in the two lowest-order resonances as well as the Coulomb-field-induced charge distributions.
Photophysical and photochemical properties of pyrene-doped TiO2 particle suspensions in water

Both crystalline and amorphous TiO2 impregnated with pyrene have been prepared and the photophysical behavior of the arene in the porous particles is reported. The pyrene can be leached out of the TiO2 particles with hexane. The exact behavior of the pyrene in TiO2 depends on the physical state of the TiO2. In crystalline TiO2 pyrene occupies two polar sites in the particle, one of which is accessible to water and ionic solutes, while the other is isolated from such molecules. The two sites exhibit different photophysical behavior. Pyrene in amorphous TiO2 apparently occupies only one site, which gives ready access to water and ionic quenchers. Photo products normally associated with excited pyrene are not observed in TiO2 particles, a fact that is probably due to the close proximity of the products which are formed under conditions of limited diffusion, thus enhancing back reaction.
PERIPHERAL CENTRAL MECHANISMS OF BAROREFLEX RESETTING

1. A change in the arterial pressure-sympathetic activity or heart rate relation (baroreflex resetting) can result from resetting of baroreceptors ('peripheral' resetting) or from an altered coupling within the central nervous system of afferent baroreceptor to efferent nerve activities ('central' resetting). 2. 'Peripheral' resetting involves a shift in the pressure-baroreceptor activity curve in the direction of the prevailing level of arterial pressure, e.g. after elevations in pressure, the baroreceptor pressure threshold (Pth) is increased and activity reduced at equivalent pressures and vascular strains. 3. 'Peripheral' resetting occurs during the diastolic phase of a cardiac cycle (instantaneous resetting), after brief exposure to elevated pressure (acute resetting), and during chronic hypertension or when chronic structural changes in the vasculature have occurred (chronic resetting). 4. Mechanisms include: (i) changes in the mechanical properties of the vessel wall that may alter the tension on the receptors; (ii) ionic mechanisms operating at the neuronal membrane such as activation of Na+,K+-ATPase; and (iii) release of endothelial factors that may modulate baroreceptor sensitivity. 5. Acute resetting of baroreceptors can be prevented or attenuated when the sustained elevations in pressure are pulsatile rather than static. Increases in flow increase carotid sinus nerve activity at constant pressure and strain and decrease the Pth of baroreceptors. 6. 'Central' resetting can involve neural-humoral interactions or an altered responsiveness of central neurons mediating the baroreflex to changes in afferent baroreceptor activity. 7. During static pressure, the continuous baroreceptor discharge causes significant 'central' resetting, i.e. sympathetic activity escapes from baroreflex inhibition. In contrast, during pulsatile pressure, the pulse phasic baroreceptor discharge minimizes 'central' resetting causing sustained sympathetic inhibition.
A mechanism for the interaction of a histone and DNA.

Abstract The amino acid sequence of histone F2A1 has been determined and physical evidence indicates the molecule has a high proportion of α-helical conformation. If the hypothesis is made that the sequence 33–98 forms an α-helix a possible binding site for a 16 base segment of DNA in an extended conformation is apparent. The histone molecule bears a spiral ridge rich in positively charged groups running beside a spiral groove with a mainly lipophilic floor. This can accommodate the phosphate groups (bound to the charged groups on the ridge) and ribose and base hydrocarbons (in the groove). The segment 1–31 of the histone in a β conformation can now run down alongside the DNA molecule in the same groove and forms multiple complementary bonds with selected amino acids on the α-helical portion (on one side) and with the DNA molecule (on the other side). A tentatively suggested base sequence of the DNA to achieve an optimal “fit” is CTTCCPCCCC??PCCT. The purpose of this relationship may be to allow the DNA molecule to make an acute bend or possibly the histone may act as a represser. (P = purine base).