cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teachers’ Use of Students’ Mathematical Ideas in Mathematical Modeling

In mathematical modeling, students use mathematics to investigate a real-world problem. This chapter describes a qualitative study the question “How do teachers interact with their students’ mathematical thinking throughout a mathematical modeling lesson?” To conduct this study, I used a case study approach with two elementary school teachers. Each teacher participated in professional development on mathematical modeling prior to the study and incorporated mathematical modeling into her classroom. Modeling lessons were observed, and teachers participated in interviews before and after each lesson. Findings indicate that students engaged in meaningful mathematics to explore real-world problems by introducing mathematical ideas and asking mathematical questions. Each teacher encouraged her students to introduce most of the mathematical ideas used to investigate the modeling questions. Teachers observed their students’ work and made decisions to share students’ mathematical ideas and questions with the class. Teachers used these ideas both to progress the class forward in the modeling process and to develop mathematical understanding through mini-lessons. This chapter describes strategies used by teachers to guide their classes to investigate mathematical ideas.
Mapreduce Implementation for Malicious Websites Classification

Due to the rapid growth of the internet, malicious websites have become the cornerstone for internet crime activities. There are lots of existing approaches to detect benign and malicious websites — some of them giving near 99% accuracy. However, effective and efficient detection of malicious websites has now seemed reasonable enough in terms of accuracy, but in terms of processing speed, it is still considered an enormous and costly task because of their qualities and complexities. In this project, We wanted to implement a classifier that would detect benign and malicious websites using network and application features that are available in a data-set from Kaggle, and we will do that using Map Reduce to make the classification speeds faster than the traditional approaches.
Lipid droplet structural remodeling in adipose tissue upon caloric excess

Excess calories are stored as triacylglycerols (TAG) and cholesteryl esters (CE) in lipid droplets (LD), and during obesity, LD expansion occurs. X-ray scattering of adipose tissue uncovered that LDs comprise two TAG packing domains: a disordered core and a multilamellar shell. The number of TAG layers increases upon diet-induced obesity and is adipose depot-specific. Further, collagen was highly oriented in brown but randomly dispersed in white fat. We discovered that the bodys surfactant, bile acids (BAs) stimulate remodeling of LD size. Deleting the BA receptor, Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) reduced a hydrophilic BA, {beta} muricholic acid ({beta}-MCA), and enlarged the adipocytes. BA composition is a critical determinant of overall hydrophobicity index and solubilization ability. Accordingly, we found that the obesogenic diet reduced a hydrophobic BA, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Taken together, these findings implicate that BAs, tissue niches, and diet influence LD structural remodeling. SummaryLipid droplets (LDs) pack triacylglycerols (TAGs) with altered dimensions and exhibit distinct collagen orientation between the white and brown fat depots and are remodeled by bile acids (BAs) such that deletion of BA-receptor, Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) results in adipocyte hypertrophy.
Chimps as secret agents

We provide an account of chimpanzee-specific agency within the context of philosophy of action. We do so by showing that chimpanzees are capable of what we call reason-directed action, even though they may be incapable of more full-blown action, which we call reason-considered action. Although chimpanzee agency does not possess all the features of typical adult human agency, chimpanzee agency is evolutionarily responsive to their environment and overlaps considerably with our own. As such, it is an evolved set of capacities for goal-directed behavior, which solves problems that chimpanzees (and humans) naturally encounter. Thus, it ought not be understood as a deficient instance of human agency.
Child-centered play therapy with young children who are anxious: A controlled trial

Abstract Traditional methods of treating anxiety have been less effective with young children. The researchers sought to explore effects of child-centered play therapy (CCPT) on young children with anxiety symptoms. Fifty-three participants between 6 and 8 years old were randomly assigned to the experimental or active control group. Children who received CCPT significantly decreased their overall levels of anxiety and worry. Overall, CCPT may be considered a developmentally appropriate treatment for young children who are anxious.
Viajando en tiempos de guerra: terrorismo en los Andes peruanos

Sociopolitical violence and ideologies shape the way each generation understands and responds to their times. Enrique Rojas Paravicino in his short story “Por la puerta del viento” explores sociopolitical violence: terrorism and state terror in the history of modern Peru and its impact on the family. With a language that combines tenderness, dark humor, Paravicino produces deep awareness. This essay examines Nirvardo Portugal’s experience of recovering the body of his beloved step-son during the “years of violence” in Peru (1980-2000).
Two Outbreaks of Severe Respiratory Disease in Nursing Homes Associated with Rhinovirus

Objectives: To characterize illness and identify the etiology for two nursing home outbreaks of respiratory illness. Design: Multisite outbreak investigations; cohort. Setting: Two nursing homes in Pennsylvania. Participants: Facility A residents (n=170), Facility B residents (n=124), and employees (n=91). Measurements: Medical records for Facility A and B residents were reviewed, and employees from Facility B self-administered a questionnaire to identify risk factors for illness. Serological, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal specimens were collected for both outbreaks, and testing for respiratory pathogens was performed. Results: In Facility A, 40 (24%) of 170 residents were identified with respiratory illness; 13 (33%) case-patients had radiographically confirmed pneumonia, 15 (38%) were taken to a hospital, and two (5%) died. Of 10 specimens collected from symptomatic Facility A case-patients, four (40%) tested positive using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for rhinovirus. In Facility B, 77 (62%) of 124 residents had respiratory illness, and 40 (52%) had radiographically confirmed pneumonia; 12 (16%) case-patients were hospitalized, and five (6%) died. Of 19 respiratory specimens collected from symptomatic Facility B case-patients, six (32%) were positive for rhinovirus; one was from an employee. Five (50%) of 10 rhinovirus-positive cases in both outbreaks had clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Conclusion: These investigations suggest that rhinoviruses may be an underrecognized cause of respiratory outbreaks in nursing homes, capable of causing pneumonia and perhaps death.
Gunther's Travels: The Odyssey of Metasequoia Seeds from the 1920s?

The story of the establishment of the fossil genus Metasequoia Miki in 1941 by the Japanese paleobotanist S. Miki and the discovery and classification of the living Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng (Dawn Redwood) in 1946–1948 by Professors H. H. Hu and W.C. Cheng are well known. In addition, the efforts of Elmer D. Merrill of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University and paleontologist Ralph Chaney of the University of California, Berkeley to collect and disperse M. glyptostroboides seeds throughout the world have been carefully chronicled. But what is not well-known is the story of how Wilhelm Gunther (1893–1983), a German national who lived and worked in China between 1914 and 1941, acquired seeds in the late 1920s that decades later would be identified as those of M. glyptostroboides. Drawing from historical and contemporary photographs as well as interviews with Gunther’s daughters, this essay unravels the odyssey of these M. glyptostroboides seeds that possibly predate the discovery of the native population in China.
A Brief Analysis of Suicide Methods and Trends in Virginia from 2003 to 2012

Background. The objective is to analyze and compare Virginia suicide data from 2003 to 2012 to US suicide data. Methods. Suicide trends by method, age, gender, and race were obtained from Virginia's Office of the Chief Medical Examiner's annual reports. Results. Similar to US suicide rates, suicide rates in Virginia increased between 2003 and 2012 from 10.9/100,000 people to 12.9/100,000 people. The most common methods were firearm, asphyxia, and intentional drug overdose, respectively. The increase in asphyxia (r = 0.77, P ≤ 0.01) and decrease in CO poisoning (r = −0.89, P ≤ 0.01) were significant. Unlike national trends, intentional drug overdoses decreased (r = −0.55, P = 0.10). Handgun suicides increased (r = 0.61, P = 0.06) and are the most common method of firearm suicide. Hanging was the most common method of asphyxia. Helium suicides also increased (r = 0.75, P = 0.05). Middle age females and males comprise the largest percentage of suicide. Unlike national data, the increase in middle age male suicides occurred only in the 55–64-year-old age group (r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.01) and decreased in the 35–44-year-old age group (r = −0.60, P = 0.07) and 10–14-year-old age group (r = −0.73, P = 0.02). Suicide in all female age ranges remained stable. Caucasians represent the highest percentage of suicide. Conclusion. There has been a rise in suicide in Virginia and suicide rates and trends have closely resembled the national average albeit some differences. Suicide prevention needs to be enhanced.
Show Me the Money: Cybershrews and on-line Money Masochists

This article documents the existence of a novel form of deviant behavior, called money slavery, which utilizes the Internet. This practice involves males (called “money slaves”) making monetary payments to women (called “money mistresses”) they contact on-line in exchange for being humiliated, degraded, and even blackmailed. The data for this study were gathered over a four-year period from Web pages, newsgroups, message boards, and discussion forums. The results indicate that participants utilize various social control strategies in an attempt to prevent the ample opportunities for fraud associated with this practice. Moreover, participants sometimes offer accounts (Scott and Lyman 1968) in an apparent attempt to manage stigma. These findings are considered in the framework of postmodern culture, and social learning theory is offered as a possible explanation of this behavior. The significance of this phenomenon is also examined, and the possible real-life ramifications of these men's behavior are also c...
Non-destructive machine vision analysis of pigment-producing cell cultures

Abstract Macroscopic images of callus colonies and microscopic images from suspension cultures of anthocyanin-producing Ajuga cells were analyzed by machine vision to appraise culture productivity (pigment accumulation and cell growth). Callus culture mass was accurately estimated using data from simultaneous capture of top and side view images. A comparison of several alternative regression models determined that this performance data could be obtained reliably without interrupting the culture cycle to weigh cell colonies. The best regression models could predict callus mass in the 2.12–5.95 g fresh weight range with a maximum error less than 11%. For suspension culture analysis, the detailed RGB (red-green-blue) information captured in each of the color microscopic images did not allow separation of pigmented cells and cell aggregates from non-pigmented entities and background in the medium, however, conversion of RGB data to the HSI (hue-saturation-intensity) coordinate system permitted clear separation of object classes based on a combination of dimensional and photometric information. Further segmentation using saturation and intensity characteristics of the HSI values allowed categorization of low, medium, and highly-pig- mented cells and aggregates in the mixed suspension, and machine vision data was able to track both biomass accumulation and anthocyanin pigment formation over time as verified by mass and spectrophotometric analysis of the same cultures.
Comparative flame and furnace synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract In this Letter, results are reported for flame synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes. A pyrolysis flame of CO/H 2 is established with introduction of the nanocatalyst precursor particles as an aerosol created by drying a nebulized solution of iron or iron colloid (in the form of ferrofluid). Results are compared to those produced by entraining the same catalyst aerosol into a tube furnace. Optimum flame gas flows and overall gas composition are reported and interpreted in terms of temperature and particle residence time.
PLUTONIUM DIOXIDE: PREPARATION OF SINGLE CRYSTALS

Well-formed single crystals of plutonium dioxide were precipitated from a silicate glass and examined as an inclusion in a glass fiber drawn from the parent material. Excellent atomic scattering factors for Pu+4 may be obtained with these specimens.
Emissions from Syngas Combustion

Gasification technology has matured to the point that previously-held hesitations regarding performance and availability have given way to acceptance of the technology for energy generation. Indeed, the past few years have seen a significant increase in the number of gasifiers installed for generation of power and heat, and the number of installations is expected to increase dramatically over the next several decades as demand for efficient and environmentally sound energy generation increases. It is valuable to consider the environmental impact of this new generation of energy production systems, specifically release of gaseous emissions from combustion of the synthesis gas produced by gasification. Emissions from syngas combustion in turbines, engines and boilers are discussed in this review. The types of emissions considered include the unburned fuel components and partially oxidized species, nitrogen and sulfur-containing gases, volatile organic compounds, and other trace elements. Combustion of synth...
Short-term static and cyclic behavior of two automotive carbon-fiber composites

Abstract The basic static (tensile, compressive, and in-plane shear) and fatigue properties, including temperature and fluid environment effects, for two carbon-fiber polymeric composites, produced by a rapid-molding process suitable for high volume automotive applications, are described. The two composites had the same urea/urethane matrix and were reinforced with stitch-bonded carbon-fiber mats, in a crossply layup in one case, and in a quasi-isotropic layup in the other. All properties were determined over a temperature range from −40 to 120 °C, and the degradation of the properties due to distilled water and windshield washer fluid was established. In all cases, two fiber orientations of the crossply, 0/90° and ±45°, relative to the specimen axes were addressed. As expected, matrix-dominated properties were degraded more by rising temperatures than were fiber-dominated properties. Fluid had only a modest effect in both cases. Basic fatigue behavioral characteristics were established through tensile fatigue tests over the temperature range of interest. An assessment of fatigue test results for the two composites revealed differences in a progressive loss in stiffness and an increase in permanent strain, both of which are indicative of increasing damage. In all cases, fatigue reduction factors were established to account for the effects of temperature and fluids.
Assessment and management of rib fracture pain in geriatric population: an ode to old age.

Purpose of reviewPain management for traumatic rib fractures has been described in literature, but there is paucity of data when it comes to acute pain management in the elderly, let alone pain resulting from traumatic rib fractures.Recent findingsThis article focuses on challenges of assessment of
An Additive Sparse Penalty for Variable Selection in High-Dimensional Linear Regression Model

We consider a sparse high-dimensional linear regression model. Penalized methods using LASSO or nonconvex penalties have been widely used for variable selection and estimation in high-dimensional regression models. In penalized regression, the selection and prediction performances depend on which penalty function is used. For example, it is known that LASSO has a good prediction performance but tends to select more variables than necessary. In this paper, we propose an additive sparse penalty for variable selection using a combination of LASSO and minimax concave penalties (MCP). The proposed penalty is designed for good properties of both LASSO and MCP. We develop an efficient algorithm to compute the proposed estimator by combining a concave convex procedure and coordinate descent algorithm. Numerical studies show that the proposed method has better selection and prediction performances compared to other penalized methods.
Improving Life Cycle Assessment by Including Spatial, Dynamic and Place-Based Modeling

Drawing from the substantial body of literature on life cycle assessment / analysis (LCA), the article summarizes the methodology’s limitations and failings, discusses some proposed improvements and suggests an additional improvement. After describing the LCA methodology within the context of ISO guidelines, the article summaries the limitations and failings inherent in the method’s life cycle inventory and impact assessment phases. The article then discusses improvements meant to overcome problems related to lumped parameter, static, site-independent modeling. Finally, the article suggests a remedy for some of the problems with LCA. Linking industrial models with spatially explicit, dynamic and site-specific ecosystem models is suggested as a means of improving the impact assessment phase of LCA.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Imaging Tau Deposits In Vivo: Progress in Viewing More of The Proteopathy Picture

In this issue of Neuron , Maruyama et al. (2013) demonstrate the binding of a new class of selective tau ligands, termed PBBs, to tau deposits in transgenic mice and in human subjects with normal cognition, Alzheimer's disease, or a corticobasal syndrome.
Effect of Inoculum Preparation and Dietary Energy on Microbial Numbers and Rumen Protein Degradation Activity

Chilling of whole rumen contents prior to preparation of strained rumen fluid enriched with particle-associated microorganisms resulted in rumen inoculum with the highest microbial dry weight, total bacterial counts, and degradation rates for casein and soybean meal. Strained rumen fluid, whole rumen contents blended with strained rumen fluid, chilled strained rumen fluid, and strained rumen fluid plus particle-associated microorganisms were lower in bacterial counts and microbial dry weight. Except for strained rumen fluid plus particle-associated microorganisms, protein degradation rates were also lower. Three ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3 X 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effect of diet on rumen microbial numbers and protein degradation rates. Cows were fed the following diets ad libitum: 1) 100% alfalfa hay (20.7% crude protein); 2) 63% alfalfa hay and 37% corn-soybean meal concentrate (18.2% crude protein); and 3) 37% alfalfa hay and 63% corn-soybean meal concentrate (15.1% crude protein). Diet 3 yielded rumen contents with the highest concentration of microbial dry weight, total and viable bacterial counts, total protozoal counts, and fractional degradation rates for casein and bovine serum albumin. However, degradation rate per unit microbial dry matter was not altered by diet.
Eggshell modifications in captive American kestrels resulting from Aroclor 1248 in the diet

American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were fed diets containing 3 μg/g Aroclor® 1 1248 or control diets from mid-January until July. Eggs were removed from first clutches 2 to 4 days after laying ceased and shell thickness and shell dimensions were measured. Contents of the third egg of each clutch, the carcasses of all adults that received Aroclor® 1248 and of three males and three females that received the control diet were analyzed for DDE, Aroclors® 1248, 1254 and 1260, and dieldrin. Concentrations of PCBs, DDE and dieldrin were significantly higher (P < 0.03) in eggs and carcasses from treated adults than in controls. Shell thickness and shell thickness index of eggs from treated adults were reduced 5.0% (P < 0.0001) and 4.8% (P < 0.0001), respectively, from those of controls.
Warm forming die design, Part II: Parting surface temperature response characterization of a novel thermal finite element modeling code

Abstract The majority of the research activities in the area of warm forming are concentrated on demonstrating or simulating the improved formability associated with forming lightweight materials such as aluminum alloys at elevated temperatures. However, the ability to design the proper thermal management system within the forming tool is a critical aspect to delivering this technology as a viable, stable production alternative to traditional stamping. This work begins to address the thermal stability issues of this process by examining the impact of process cycle time on the parting surface temperature response. Cycle times of 10, 15, 30, and 300 s were evaluated using a reciprocating surface and a self-heated experimental block of 1020 steel fitted with resistance cartridge heaters. The presented results indicate that cycle time does not significantly impact the steady-state temperature response at the parting surface for a well-insulated die that has proper thermal management. Parting surface experimental results were compared to values obtained numerically and through the use of the novel thermal finite element analysis software PASSAGE/Forming®.
Distribution, Splicing and Glucocorticoid-Induced Expression of Cardiacα1Candα1DVoltage-gated Ca2+Channel mRNAs

Abstract Dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-gated ( l -type) Ca 2+ channels play an essential role in cardiac and smooth muscle excitation-contraction coupling. Transcripts for the two pore-forming subunits of l -type Ca 2+ channels, α 1C and α 1D have been detected in heart and lung; however, distribution, structure and regulated expression of these channel subunit mRNAs have not been examined in detail. Here we use RNase protection and RT-PCR assays to identify cardiac-specific features of expression of the two channel mRNAs. First, expression of α 1D mRNA is found in lung, aorta and atrium, but is not detected in ventricle. Limited expression of α 1D mRNA is also seen in enriched preparations of cardiac myocytes: it is significant in atrial myocytes, but not in ventricular myocytes. Second, RT-PCR analyses indicate that atrial α 1D channels exclusively contains the 15-amino acid insertion between third and fourth segments in repeat IV. Finally, expression of α 1C mRNA, but not α 1D mRNA, is up-regulated by glucocorticoids in atrium and ventricle: adrenalectomy and subsequent injection of the glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone decreased and increased the channel message, respectively. Dexamethasone also significantly increased the number of dihydropyridine-binding sites in ventricle. In contrast, α 1C mRNA levels were glucocorticoid-insensitive in lung and aorta. Thus, basal and glucocorticoid-induced expression, and splicing of the two l -type Ca 2+ channel α 1 subunit transcripts are tissue specifically controlled in atria and ventricles of rat heart.
Clustering with unsupervised neural networks with applications to data fusion

In this paper, an unsupervised learning artificial neural network, Dignet, is used to design a data fusion for moving target indication (MTI). Dignet is a self-organizing neural network model with simple architecture. The system parameters of Dignet are analytically determined from the self-organization during the learning process. It exhibits fast and stable learning performance. Based on its excellent clustering performance on the statistical pattern recognition, Dignet is used in the design of a multi-sensor data fusion. The data fusion is designed to supplement the decision making of an MTI radar system for multi-target detection. The radar system consists of three different sensors, which receive signals with carrier frequencies located in different bands. The received signals are processed by using digital signal processing techniques, fast Fourier Transform and pulse compression. Features of the received data are extracted from the signal processing stage. The features are then presented to Dignet for data clustering. The well centers and well depths generated by Dignet are then propagated to the fusion center. Another Dignet is used in the data fusion center for second stage clustering. The clusters of patterns created in the second stage clustering are fused by decision making algorithms to make in integrated decision. It is shown that the data fusion for MTI successfully detects and keeps track of multiple moving targets which are embedded in clutter or noisy environments.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
RelA Is a Component of the Nutritional Stress Activation Pathway of the Bacillus subtilis Transcription Factor σB

The general stress regulon of Bacillus subtilis is induced by the activation of the sigma(B) transcription factor. Activation of sigma(B) occurs when one of two phosphatases (RsbU and RsbP), each responding to a unique type of stress, actuates a positive regulator of sigma(B) by dephosphorylation. Nutritional stress triggers the RsbP phosphatase. The mechanism by which RsbP becomes active is unknown; however, its activation coincides with culture conditions that are likely to reduce the cell's levels of high-energy nucleotides. We now present evidence that RelA, a (p)ppGpp synthetase and the key enzyme of the stringent response, plays a role in nutritional stress activation of sigma(B). An insertion mutation that disrupts relA blocks the activation of sigma(B) in response to PO(4) or glucose limitation and inhibits the drop in ATP/GTP levels that normally accompanies sigma(B) induction under these conditions. In contrast, the activation of sigma(B) by physical stress (e.g., ethanol treatment) is not affected by the loss of RelA. RelA's role in sigma(B) activation appears to be distinct from its participation in the stringent response. Amino acid analogs which induce the stringent response and RelA-dependent (p)ppGpp synthesis do not trigger sigma(B) activity. In addition, neither a missense mutation in relA (relA240GE) nor a null mutation in rplK (rplK54), either of which is sufficient to inhibit the stringent response and RelA-dependent (p)ppGpp synthesis, fails to block sigma(B) activation by PO(4) or glucose limitation.
Melt processing and mechanical property characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotube/high density polyethylene (MWNT/HDPE) composite films

High density polyethylene (HDPE) was used as the matrix material for a carbon nanotube (CNT) polymer composites. This combination of composite constituents has not been previously reported in the literature. Multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT)/HDPE composite films were fabricated using the melt processing method. The composite films with 0, 1, 3 and 5% nanotube content by weight were analyzed under SEM and TEM to observe nanotube dispersion. The mechanical properties of the films were measured by small punch test. Results show increases in the stiffness, peak load and work to failure for the composite films with increasing MWNT content.
Special cases of traveling salesman and repairman problems with time windows

Consider a complete directed graph in which each arc has a given length. There is a set ofjobs, each job i located at some node of the graph, with an associated processing time hi, and whose execution has to start within a prespecified time window [r;, di]. We have a single server that can move on the arcs of the graph, at unit speed, and that has to execute all of the jobs within their respective time windows. We consider the following two problems: (a) minimize the time by which all jobs are executed (traveling salesman problem) and (b) minimize the sum of the waiting times of the jobs (traveling repairman problem). We focus on the following two special cases: (a) The jobs are located on a line and (b) the number of nodes of the graph is bounded by some integer constant B. Furthermore, we consider in detail the special cases where (a) all of the processing times are 0, (b) all of the release times ri are 0, and (c) all of the deadlines di are infinite. For many of the resulting problem combinations, we settle their complexity either by establishing NP-completeness or by presenting polynomial (or pseudopolynomial) time algorithms. Finally, we derive algorithms for the case where, for any time t, the number of jobs that can be executed at that time is bounded.
Artifacts of the Encounter and the Digital Humanities

What makes the digital humanities a dynamic field of research? What makes the digital humanities at all? This “blessay”—a cross between an essay and blog post—works to answer these questions by wading into Johanna Drucker’s statement “reception history is production history,” as presented at Princeton University Library’s conference “Remediating the Avant-Garde: Magazines & Digital Archives” in October 2013. The author looks to her own life, the poet George Oppen, and Drucker’s poetic contemporary Lyn Hejinian for foundation in such dynamism.
Development of an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry multi-residue sulfonamide method and its application to water, manure slurry, and soils from swine rearing facilities

An analytical method was developed using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TQ-MS/MS) to simultaneously analyze 14 sulfonamides (SA) in 6 min. Despite the rapidity of the assay the system was properly re-equilibrated in this time. No carryover was observed even after high analyte concentrations. The instrumental detection limit based on signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)>3, was below 1 pg/microL (5 pg on column) for all SAs except sulfachloropyridazine. Surface water, ground water, soil, and slurry manure contained in storage ponds in and around swine [Sus scrofa domesticus] rearing facilities were analyzed. Sample cleanup for ground water and surface water included using solid phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridges. The soil and slurry manure required tandem strong anion exchange (SAX) and HLB solid phase extraction cartridges for sample cleanup. With few exceptions, the recoveries ranged from 60 to 100% for all matrices. The minimum detectable levels were below 2.0 ng/L for water, 30 ng/L for slurry manure, and 45 ng/kg for soil except for sulfachloropyridazine. The coefficient of variation (CV) was within 20% for most of the compounds analyzed. Using this method, sulfamethazine concentrations of 2250-5060 ng/L, sulfamethoxazole concentrations of 108-1.47 x 10(6)ng/L, and sulfathiazole concentrations of 785-1700 ng/L were found in the slurry manure. Sulfadimethoxine (2.0-32 ng/L), sulfamethazine (2.0-5.1 ng/L), and sulfamethoxazole (20.5-43.0 ng/L) were found in surface water and ground water. In top soil (0-15 cm), sulfamethazine ranged 34.5-663 ng/kg dry weight in those locations that received slurry manure as a nutrient; no SAs were found in the soil depths between 46 and 61 cm. The speed makes the method practical for medium to high throughput applications. The sensitivity and positive analyte identification make the method suitable for the demanding requirements for real world applications.
Discussion groups for chronic hemodialysis patients and their families

The family as well as the patient undergoes many psychological stresses in the adjustment to end stage renal disease and maintenance hemodialysis. Despite the apparent need for psychological support services for families, few are offered. Renal social workers have found it difficult to elicit interest in discussion groups for families dealing with problems associated with dialysis. This report presents two discussion groups that were recruited and conducted for dialysis patients and their families. The process and development of the two groups are described, and recommendations are given for conducting multiple-family groups as an adjunct to the biologic treatment of severe long-term illness.
Transforming activities of trichloroethylene and proposed industrial alternatives.

Three chlorinated hydrocarbons, proposed or already in use as industrial subsitutes for the hydrocarbon trichloroethylene, were tested for in vitro transforming potential in a Fischer rat embryo cell system (F1706), which previously has been shown to be sensitive to transformation by chemical carcinogens. Trichloroethylene and the three substitutes (1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene and methylene chloride) all were found to induce transformation, the three substitutes being equal or more efficient transforming agents.
Integrated Design of a Virology Course Develops Lifelong Learners.

The students in a virology course helped set the learning goals, and the design and content of the exams, and they developed rubrics for individual and group projects. The result was that they learned how to direct their own learning.
Relativistic and nonrelativistic impulse approximation descriptions of 300-1000 MeV proton + nucleus elastic scattering

Intermediate energy (300\char21{}1000 MeV) proton-nucleus elastic observables, obtained using the relativistic and nonrelativistic impulse approximations, are compared to each other and with p${+\mathrm{}}^{40}$Ca, $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ data. Systematic, energy dependent differences between the model predictions and the data are observed and discussed. The underlying target densities are then adjusted in each model to obtain best fits to the differential cross section and analyzing power data at each energy. The variations in the resulting effective target density parameters show the deficiencies, with respect to the energy dependence, of the relativistic and nonrelativistic impulse approximations. Improvements which may eliminate some of the energy dependence are discussed.
Diversity and the information technology workforce: an examination of student perceptions

Most IT professionals would agree that diversity in IT leads to positive outcomes. However, few studies have empirically tested differences in diversity perceptions among groups. This research-in-progress develops a survey to test perceptions in four diversity categories: gender, ethnicity, age, and disability. Currently, we have begun collecting data from students in three universities. Upon completion of data collection, we plan to validate the survey instrument using factor analysis. Then we will test a series of directional hypotheses theorizing differences in diversity perceptions among groups. We will use multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to analyze group differences and possible interaction effects. Upon completion of the study, we anticipate empirically validating a survey instrument to be used in future diversity studies, while also providing support for differences in diversity perceptions between the groups analyzed.
Pedagogy and Theology in Cyberspace: “All That We Can’t Leave Behind. . .”

The questions raised by the integration of digital technologies into theology and pedagogy are broader than simple questions of how to use a particular tool. Instead, this integration raises cultural questions that require cultural interventions in response. Shweder's notion of “thinking through others” provides an evocative framework for envisioning more complex pedagogical responses. This essay is based on a presentation delivered to the first annual conference on Theology and Pedagogy in Cyberspace, held in Evanston, Illinois on 19–20 April 2001.
Anticonvulsant drug actions on GABA responses and sustained repetitive firing of neurons in cell culture

Abstract We have studied barbiturate, benzodiazepine (BDZ), β-carboline, triazolopyridazine, piperazine carboxylate, hydantoin, iminostilbene, valproate, and succinmide actions on GABA responses and sustained, high frequency repititive firing of mouse neurons in cell culture. Barbiturates, clinically used BDZ, zopiclone and C1 218,872 enhanced GABA responses. Ro 15-1788 and propyl-β-carboline were partial agonists at BDZ receptors while DMCM was an inverse agonist. Phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, diazepam and valproic acid limited sustained repetitive firing. We suggest that enhancement of GABAergic inhibition and limitation of sustained high frequency repetitive firing may be anticonvulsant mechanisms of action.
SIMONE WEIL'S CONCEPT OF GRACE1

This article explores three models used by Simone Weil to describe the concept of grace. In these models grace is depicted as a divine movement that (a) persuades the person to look for transcendent unity behind contradictions; that (b) redirects human attention to God; and that (c) transforms the soul through a process of passivity and waiting. By analyzing the differences and similarities of these three models and by connecting them to two geometric figures (triangle and cross), this article points out the noetic, cosmological, theological, phenomenological, and mystical implications of Weil's philosophy.
PARTICLE VELOCITY AND VOIDAGE PROFILES IN A DRAFT TUBE EQUIPPED SPOUTED-FLUIDIZED BED COATING DEVICE

Particle motion in the spray region of a semicircular spouted-fluidized bed coating device was investigated. Radial and axial particle velocity and voidage profiles were obtained using computer-based video imaging techniques and custom software. In order to investigate the effect of liquid droplets on fluidized particles in the spray region, measurements were carried out both with and without an atomized water spray fed to the bed. In the draft tube region, radial profiles of particle velocities varied from parabolic to nearly flat. At the spray rates used in this work there was no difference in velocity and voidage measurements with or without spray.
Stepped-frequency NMR spectroscopy

The scope and limitations of the recently proposed stepped-frequency NMR experiment (D. W. Sindorf and V. J. Bartuska, J. Magn. Reson. 85, 581 (1989)) have been investigated using 2H and 27Al as examples. Experiments designed to optimize signal-to-noise by the proper choice of pulse shape and strength, filter bandwidth, and sampling time are described.
BENCHMARKING THE PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM FOR MAP-READING TASKS

This study was conducted as a preliminary step in an investigation of the relationship between the amount of information on a display and the ability of the reader to process this information accurately during a map reading. A visual-choice task simulating map reading was devised to measure the accuracy of response to different amounts of information at specific distances across the visual field. The results of the experiment indicate that performance of the task was influenced by the amount of information and the acuity limitations of the eye. The results of the experiment suggest that value estimation may be an extremely strenuous information processing task. Ce projet est une etape preliminaire d'une etude des rapports qui existent entre la quantite d'information donnee sur une carte et la capacite du lecteur d'effectuer un traitement precis de cette information. Un travail a choix visuel qui simule la lecture des cartes a ete elabore afin de mesurer la precision d'absorption de diverses quantites d'in...
Diffuse phase transition in ferroelectrics with mesoscopic heterogeneity: Mean-field theory

The diffuse phase transition in ferroelectrics with mesoscopic heterogeneity has been discussed within the context of a superparaelectric model by using the Ginzburg-Landau formalism. In the Curie region ferroelectrics with mesoscopic heterogeneity are treated as {open_quotes}superparaelectrics{close_quotes} consisting of a mass of polar clusters, each of which has Ising character. Based on the mean-field theory, the influence of the finite-size effects of polar clusters on their structural instability has been discussed by considering a coherent lattice coupling between two structurally different regions. In particular, we have analytically derived the explicit solutions of the distribution of local polarizations. In turn, the processes of polar nanophase precipitation and coarsening have been also discussed in conjunction with the local chemical or structural inhomogeneity. Moreover, we have also analyzed the relationship between the local polarization distribution and the static dielectric susceptibility in ferroelectrics with the nanometric scale heterogeneity. The width of the Curie region is dependent upon the distribution of the sum of localized correlation length, which reflects the size distribution of heterogeneity. The presented analysis reveals that the diffuse phase transition is closely associated with the existence of nanometric polar clusters and their physical size distribution. Intriguingly, our theoretical results bear a very closemore » resemblance to most experimental observations. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Farmers' views of the prospects for agriculture in a metropolitan area

Abstract To determine how farmers view their future in agriculture under metropolitan development pressures, we interviewed 52 dairy and fruit/vegetable farmers in the suburbs of Worcester, Massachusetts, a metropolitan area in the heavily urbanized northeast region of the US. Three measures were used for whether the farmers are building up their farms or are anticipating having to leave agriculture: actions taken in the past five years, actions planned for the next five years and expectations of the future status of the land. The farmers were more positive and optimistic than would be expected from the ‘impermanence syndrome’ thought to cause the decline of agriculture near cities. Their answers varied more with personal and household characteristics than characteristics of the farm or of the surrounding area. This contradicts the belief that farmers' response to metropolitan pressures mainly is a consequence of land-use competition and the presence of a non-farming population.
Analysis and modeling of a two-phase jet pump of a thermal management system for aerospace applications

Jet pumps are devices capable of pumping fluids to a higher pressure by inducing the motion of a secondary fluid employing a high-speed primary fluid. The main components of a jet pump are a primary nozzle, secondary fluid injectors, a mixing chamber, a throat, and a diffuser. The work described in this paper models the flow of a two-phase primary fluid inducing a secondary liquid (saturated or subcooled) injected into the jet pump mixing chamber. The model is capable of accounting for phase transformations due to compression, expansion, and mixing. The model is also capable of incorporating the effects of the temperature and pressure dependency in the analysis. The approach adopted utilizes an isentropic constant-pressure mixing in the mixing chamber and at times employs iterative techniques to determine the flow conditions in the different parts of the jet pump.
The strong perfect graph conjecture for pan-free graphs

Abstract A graph G is perfect if for every induced subgraph F of G , the chromatic number χ ( F ) equals the largest number ω ( F ) of pairwise adjacent vertices in F . Berge's famous Strong Perfect Graph Conjecture asserts that a graph G is perfect if and only if neither G nor its complement G contains an odd chordless cycle of length at least five. Its resolution has eluded researchers for more than twenty years. We prove that the conjecture is true for a class of graphs which strictly contains the claw-free graphs.
Near-infrared laser desorption/ionization aerosol mass spectrometry for investigating primary and secondary organic aerosols under low loading conditions.

A new method, near-infrared laser desorption/ionization aerosol mass spectrometry (NIR-LDI-AMS), is described for the real time analysis of organic aerosols at atmospherically relevant mass loadings. Use of a single NIR laser pulse to vaporize and ionize particle components deposited on an aluminum probe results in minimal fragmentation to produce exclusively intact pseudomolecular anions at [M − H]−. Limits of detection (total particulate mass sampled) for oxidized compounds of relevance to atmospheric primary and secondary organic aerosol range from 89 fg for pinic acid to 8.8 pg for cholesterol. NIR-LDI-AMS was used in conjunction with the University of Vermont Environmental Chamber to study secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from ozonolysis of limonene at total aerosol mass loadings ranging from 3.2 to 25.0 μg m−3 and with a time resolution of several minutes. NIR-LDI-AMS permitted direct delineation between gas-phase, homogeneous SOA formation and subsequent heterogeneous aerosol processing by...
Nonlinear evolution of stimulated Raman backscatter in cold homogeneous plasma

We present an analytic solution for Raman backscatter in a cold homogeneous plasma, valid until saturation by breaking of the longitudinal waves, or by self-consistent depletion of the pump. We give quantitative values for the pump strength necessary for the former to occur first, and the transmission at saturation. Nonlinear particle bunching causes growth of electromagnetic sidebands. In quarter-critical plasma, a sideband at $\ensuremath{\omega}=\frac{3}{2}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ reaches 8% of the pump intensity at wave breaking.
INTERRUPTIONS AMONG EQUALS: Power Plays That Fail

In a corporate context, would interrupting affect the perceived power, identity traits, job performance, and interpersonal relationships of equally situated male and female speakers? The gender of both the interrupter and the interrupted speaker was varied in hypothetical transcripts of conversations between two corporate vice-presidents. There were no significant effects of interrupting or being interrupted on perceptions of the relative power of men and women speakers. However, the interrupter, regardless of gender, was perceived as more successful and driving, but less socially acceptable, reliable, and companionable than the interrupted speaker.
Absorption of Infrared Radiant Energy by CO 2 and H 2 O. III. Absorption by H 2 O between 0.5 and 36 cm −1 (278 μ−2 cm)*

Interferometric techniques have been employed to measure the H2O absorption between approximately 12.6 cm−1 and 36.0 cm−1. The experimental results, along with results obtained between 0.5 cm−1 and 10 cm−1 by other workers, have been compared with calculated values of transmittance based on theoretically determined positions, strengths, widths, and shapes of the absorption lines. From these comparisons it has become apparent that none of the well-known theoretical line shapes are correct for the extreme wings of the H2O lines below approximately 40 cm−1. The amount of continuum absorption which must be added to the theoretical absorption coefficient to provide agreement with the experimental results has been determined for N2- and self-broadened lines. A table of the line parameters has been included, along with a discussion of the procedure to be followed in calculating the transmittance of homogeneous and inhomogeneous paths.