cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactive Oxygen Species, SUMOylation, and Endothelial Inflammation

Although the exact mechanism through which NADPH oxidases (Nox's) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) is still not completely understood, it is widely considered that ROS accumulation is the cause of oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Increasing pieces of evidence strongly indicate the role for ROS in endothelial inflammation and dysfunction and subsequent development of atherosclerotic plaques, which are causes of various pathological cardiac events. An overview for a causative relationship between ROS and endothelial inflammation will be provided in this review. Particularly, a crucial role for specific protein SUMOylation in endothelial inflammation will be presented. Given that SUMOylation of specific proteins leads to increased endothelial inflammation, targeting specific SUMOylated proteins may be an elegant, effective strategy to control inflammation. In addition, the involvement of ROS production in increasing the risk of recurrent coronary events in a sub-group of non-diabetic, post-infarction patients with elevated levels of HDL-cholesterol will be presented with the emphasis that elevated HDL-cholesterol under certain inflammatory conditions can lead to increased incidence of cardiovascular events.
Quantum-electrodynamic corrections to the gravitational interaction of the electron

The order-..cap alpha.. quantum-electrodynamic modifications to the photon stress tensor are calculated using the finite, causal methods of source theory. The results are in agreement with those of Berends and Gastmans, who used dimensional regularization. Although the corrected stress tensor is conformally invariant, a ''trace anomaly'' does appear as a consequence of gravitational and electromagnetic gauge invariance.
Multivariate regression estimation of continuous-time processes from sampled data: local polynomial fitting approach

Let (Y,X)={Y(t),X(t),-/spl infin/<t</spl infin/} be real-valued continuous-time jointly stationary processes and let (t/sub j/) be a renewal point processes on (0,/spl infin/), with a finite mean rate, independent of (Y,X). We consider the estimation of regression function r(x/sub 0/, x/sub 1/,...,x/sub m-1/; /spl tau//sub 1/,...,/spl tau//sub m/) of /spl psi/(Y(/spl tau//sub m/)) given (X(0)=x/sub 0/, X(/spl tau//sub 1/)=x/sub 1/,...,X(/spl tau//sub m-1/)=/sub x-1/) for arbitrary lags 0</spl tau//sub 1/<...< /spl tau//sub m/ on the basis of the discrete-time observations {Y(t/sub j/),X(t/sub j/),t/sub j/)/sub j=1//sup n/. We estimate the regression function and all its partial derivatives up to a total order p/spl ges/1 using high-order local polynomial fitting. We establish the weak consistency of such estimates along with rates of convergence. We also establish the joint asymptotic normality of the estimates for the regression function and all its partial derivatives up to a total order p/spl ges/1 and provide explicit expressions for the bias and covariance matrix (of the asymptotically normal distribution).
Nine new species of Phanerochaete from Taiwan.

Nine new species of Phanerochaete from Taiwan are described and illustrated: P. argillacea, P. capitata, P. eburnea, P. flavidogrisea, P. fulva, P. hyphocystidiata, P. reflexa, P. rubescens, and P. suballantoidea. A key to 30 species of Phanerochaete from Taiwan is given.
Injection Therapy in the Management of Musculoskeletal Injuries: Foot and Ankle

Despite their widespread and frequent use, there is little guidance of injectable treatments to the ankle and foot. Common pathologies in the foot and ankle that injectable therapy is useful for include: plantar fasciitis, tarsal tunnel syndrome, degenerative joint disease of the ankle, Morton's neuroma, hallux rigidus, and Achilles tendinopathy. While corticosteroid therapy is useful in many of the aforementioned diagnoses, its use should be limited in Achilles tendinopathy. More recently, platelet rich plasma is being investigated as a possible efficacious treatment modality in plantar fasciitis, ankle arthritis, and Achilles tendinopathy. This article serves to summarize the current literature and provide guidance of injectable therapy in common foot and ankle pathologies.
Correcting the Effect Size of d for Range Restriction and Unreliability

Pearson product moment correlations are often corrected for statistical artifacts such as range restriction and unreliability. Formulas have long existed to make such corrections. However, other effect size estimates are rarely corrected for these artifacts, in spite of the fact that there is an established mathematical link between the correlation and some effect size estimates. Correlations and other effect sizes are therefore vulnerable to the same artifacts. The authors take a common effect size estimate, the standardized mean difference between two groups, and derive (and reaffirm in one instance) correction formulas suitable for use with this statistic. It is demonstrated how these formulas might substantially increase the precision of estimates and decisions made within organizational research and practice, whenever correction factors can be appropriately estimated.
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF RAW CLAYS INFLUENCING THEIR USE

Several properties of single-base clays were measured to test the general correlation of these properties. This correlation is possible providing the water content and the soluble constituents are controlled, in which case the properties can be denned as functions of sorption capacity, the nature of the adsorbed ions, and the pore structure.
High Temperature Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy: A Review

The measurement of elastic constants plays an important role in condensed matter physics and materials characterization. This paper presents the resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) method for the determination of elastic constants in a single crystal or amorphous solid. In RUS, the measured resonance spectrum of a properly prepared sample and other information such as geometry, density, and initial estimated elastic constants are used to determine the elastic constants of the material. We briefly present the theoretical background and applications to specific materials; however, the focus of this review is on the technical applications of RUS, especially those for high-temperature measurements.
Evolution of the Cyprinella lutrensis species group. III. Geographic variation in the mitochondrial DNA of Cyprinella lutrensis— the influence of Pleistocene glaciation on population dispersal and divergence

We employed restriction site variation in mitochondrial (mt)DNA to determine if significant phylogeographic structure occurs in the North American cyprinid fish Cyprinella lutrensis. Digestion patterns from 16 restriction endonucleases identified fifty mtDNA haplotypes among 127 individuals of Cyprinella lutrensis assayed from localities in the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Great Plains, and the Central Lowlands. Nucleotide sequence divergence among haplotypes was highly variable (mean ± SE: 2.87%± 0.08; range: 0.14–9.24%). Maximum-parsimony analysis and the neighbour joining method of tree construction revealed three major groupings (clades) of haplotypes that differed in geographic distribution. Divergence estimates between the basal clade, comprised of haplotypes primarily from the Brazos River in east Texas, and the remaining two clades, place C. lutrensis in the western Gulf Coastal Plain prior to Pleistocene glaciation. Nucleotide sequence divergence between the second clade, comprised of haplotypes from the Trinity and Calcasieu rivers in east Texas and southwestern Louisiana, respectively, and the third clade (comprised primarily of haplotypes from localities north of Texas and affected directly by Pleistocene glaciation), suggest that C. lutrensis colonized gladated regions to the north during the mid- to late Pleistocene. This hypothesis is supported by levels of intrapopulational nucleotide diversity in geographic localities outside of Texas and by geological evidence. Despite marked geographic variation in morphometries, meristics, and nuptial coloration, mtDNA variation in glaciated regions was not geographically structured, and subspecies of C. lutrensis were not identifiable by phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA.
The Hidden and Triune God

Luther rightly perceived that God is hidden in his presence. The challenge systematically is to integrate discourse about God’s hiddenness with a serious trinitarianism. The attempts by Gregory Palamas and Karl Barth to do just this are judged inadequate. A constructive proposal begins by recognizing that God's hiddenness is an impenetrability of his moral agency in his history with us as Father, Son and Holy Spirit, rather than a correlate of God's ontological uniqueness or our creaturely epistemic limitations. God's hiddenness must be thought of in terms of the sheer factuality of God the Father, which limits theodicy; the suffering of the Son, and thus the rejection of idolatry; and the freedom of the Spirit.
Edge-preserving reconstruction of compressed images using projections and a divide-and-conquer strategy

In this paper we present a new non-linear image recovery algorithm which is based on the theory of projections onto convex sets (POCS) to reconstruct compressed images. We introduce a new family of convex smoothness constraint sets. These sets are based on the concept of the line process which models explicitly the edge structure of images and thus can eliminate both ringing and blocking coding artifacts. We also introduce a divide-and-conquer (DAC) strategy to compute the projections onto the new smoothness sets efficiently. Finally, we present experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness of the new smoothness constraint sets. >
Mutational analysis of the karmellae-inducing signal in Hmg1p, a yeast HMG-CoA reductase isozyme.

In response to elevated levels of HMG–CoA reductase, an integral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein, cells assemble novel ER arrays. These membranes provide useful models for exploration of ER structure and function, as well as general features of membrane biogenesis and turnover. Yeast express two functional HMG–CoA reductase isozymes, Hmg1p and Hmg2p, each of which induces morphologically different ER arrays. Hmg1p induces stacks of paired nuclear-associated membranes called karmellae. In contrast, Hmg2p induces peripheral ER membrane arrays and short nuclear-associated membrane stacks. In spite of their ability to induce different cellular responses, both Hmg1p and Hmg2p have similar structures, including a polytopic membrane domain containing eight predicted transmembrane helices. By examining a series of recombinant HMG–CoA reductase proteins, our laboratory previously demonstrated that the last ER-lumenal loop (Loop G) of the Hmg1p membrane domain contains a signal needed for proper karmellae assembly. Our goal was to examine the primary sequence requirements within Loop G that were critical for proper function of this signal. To this end, we randomly mutagenized the Loop G sequence, expressed the mutagenized Hmg1p in yeast, and screened for inability to generate karmellae at wild-type levels. Out of approximately 4000 strains with Loop G mutations, we isolated 57 that were unable to induce wild-type levels of karmellae assembly. Twenty-nine of these mutants contained one or more point mutations in the Loop G sequence, including nine single point mutants, four of which had severe defects in karmellae assembly. Comparison of these mutations to single point mutations that did not affect karmellae assembly did not reveal obvious patterns of sequence requirements. For example, both conservative and non-conservative changes were present in both groups and changes that altered the total charge of the Loop G region were observed in both groups. Our hypothesis is that Loop G serves as a karmellae-inducing signal by mediating protein–protein or protein–lipid interactions and that amino acids revealed by this analysis may be important for maintaining the proper secondary structure needed for these interactions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concussion management and treatment considerations in the adolescent population

Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in understanding concussions. Information regarding proper identification, pathophysiology, risks, outcomes, and management protocols has shifted the treatment paradigm from a generalized grading system to an individualized approach. Early identification and timely management of a concussion is necessary to ensure that patients minimize persistent post-concussive symptoms affecting the physical, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive domains. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to concussions, having greater susceptibility and more prolonged recovery after sustaining an injury. This article aims to inform clinicians on how to improve symptom relief and functional outcomes for adolescent patients with concussion via immediate intervention, neuropsychological management, and pharmacological treatment.
Exact Evolution Equations for Surface Waves

This paper considers surface gravity-capillary waves in an ideal fluid of finite depth and generalizes exact evolution equations for free gravity waves obtained by Dyachenko et al. to those for forced gravity-capillary waves. The model derived here describes the time evolution of the free surface and the velocity potential evaluated at the free surface under external pressure forcing. Two integro-differential equations are written explicitly in terms of these two dependent variables, and no extra step is required to close the system. These equations are solved numerically for the particular case of stationary periodic waves, and the results compared with analogous ones available in the literature.
Ruggedness analysis of 600V 4H-SiC JBS diodes under repetitive avalanche conditions

The repetitive avalanche reliability of power rectifiers is crucial to the safe operation of the hard switching power converters under extreme conditions as well as transient voltage suppression (TVS) applications. In this paper, the ruggedness of two state-of-art 4H-SiC Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes under repetitive avalanche stresses has been studied. Two different post-stress behaviors have been observed: V F degradation and BV drifting for the two different JBS diodes. The V F degradation could happen to the device that avalanches in the active area. However, for the device that avalanches in the edge termination, the repetitive avalanche stress greatly increases the breakdown voltage for about 100V. These results bring new concerns for SiC devices that are expected to be operated in avalanche conditions.
Anatomy of the Human Heart

This chapter covers the internal and external anatomy and function of the heart, as well as its positioning within the thorax. Briefly, the heart is a muscular pump, located in the protective thorax, which serves two functions: (1) collect blood from the tissues of the body and pump it to the lungs; and (2) collect blood from the lungs and pump it to all the tissues of the body. The heart’s two upper chambers (or atria) function primarily as collecting chambers, while two lower chambers (ventricles) are much stronger and function to pump blood. The right atrium and ventricle collect blood from the body and pump it to the lungs, and the left atrium and ventricle collect blood from the lungs and pump it throughout the body. There is a one-way flow of blood through the heart which is maintained by a set of four valves (tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, and aortic). The tissues of the heart are supplied with nourishment and oxygen by a separate vascular supply committed only to the heart; the arterial supply to the heart arises from the base of the aorta as the right and left coronary arteries, and the venous drainage is via cardiac veins that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Atomistic modelling of fatigue crack growth and dislocation structuring in FCC crystals

Fatigue damage in face-centred cubic crystals by dislocation substructuring and crack growth was computationally simulated at the atomic scale. Single-crystal copper specimens with approximately 200 000 atoms and an initial crack were subjected to fatigue loading with a constant strain amplitude of 3maxZ0.01 and a load ratio of RZ3min/3maxZ0.75. Cyclic plastic deformation around the crack tip is the main influencing factor for the propagation mechanisms of nanocracks. The main crack-propagation mechanisms occurred either by void nucleation in the high-density region near the crack tip or by fatigue cleavage of the atomic bonds in the crack plane. Fatigue crack growth at grain boundaries was also studied. For high misorientation angle grain boundaries, the crack path deviated while moving from one grain to another. For low crystal misorientations, the crack did not experience any significant out-of-plane deviation. For a large crystal misorientation, voids were observed to nucleate at grain boundaries in front of the crack tip and link back with the main crack. During fatigue loading, dislocation substructures were observed to develop throughout the atomic lattices. Fatigue crack growth rates for nanocracks were computed and compared with growth rates published in the literature for microstructurally small cracks (micron range) and long cracks (millimetre range). The computed growth rates for nanocracks were comparable with those for small cracks at the same stress intensity ranges and they propagated below the threshold for long cracks.
A CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit for multiplex genome editing in plants

To accelerate the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/ CRISPR-associated protein 9) system to a variety of plant species, a toolkit with additional plant selectable markers, more gRNA modules, and easier methods for the assembly of one or more gRNA expression cassettes is required. We developed a CRISPR/Cas9 binary vector set based on the pGreen or pCAMBIA backbone, as well as a gRNA (guide RNA) module vector set, as a toolkit for multiplex genome editing in plants. This toolkit requires no restriction enzymes besides BsaI to generate final constructs harboring maize-codon optimized Cas9 and one or more gRNAs with high efficiency in as little as one cloning step. The toolkit was validated using maize protoplasts, transgenic maize lines, and transgenic Arabidopsis lines and was shown to exhibit high efficiency and specificity. More importantly, using this toolkit, targeted mutations of three Arabidopsis genes were detected in transgenic seedlings of the T1 generation. Moreover, the multiple-gene mutations could be inherited by the next generation. We developed a toolkit that facilitates transient or stable expression of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in a variety of plant species, which will facilitate plant research, as it enables high efficiency generation of mutants bearing multiple gene mutations.
Object and query transformation: supporting multi-dimensional queries through code reuse

complexity of deploying high-performance spatial structures in transactional DBMS environments has motivated researchers to experiment with the idea of reusing the effort invested in developing a traditional indexing scheme. To enable reuse, the design of a spatial access method must employ a form of object transformation that maps extended objects in the original space into points of a dual space. If these points are further transformed into one-dimensional keys, they can be indexed by any traditional scheme for exact-match retrieval, e.g. B + -trees. This paper investigates the performance of two generations of object transformation schemes in both low- and high-dimensional spaces. The first-generation object transformation provides relatively good performance in low-dimensional spaces. But, as the number of dimensions grows, its performance deteriorates quickly. The second generation scheme applies a query transformation that refines an idea, introduced in connection with the design of LSD-trees, of limiting the search space by taking into account properties of the actual data set. The refined second- generation scheme enables a rapid deployment of a spatial access method while achieving performance comparable to that of advanced monolithic schemes.
Expectations and Realization of Joint Retirement Among Dual-Worker Couples:

Using data from the first seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992 to 2004), the authors examined the extent to which joint retirement expectations were realized, the role of couple-level agreement in facilitating joint retirement, whether husbands' or wives' expectations were more likely to be realized in cases of disagreement, and factors associated with the realization of expectations. The results indicate that couples expecting joint retirement were over three times more likely to retire jointly than couples in which neither spouse expected to do so. However, the probability of joint retirement did not differ between couples in which both spouses expected to retire jointly and those in which only one spouse expected to do so. Wives' and husbands' expectations were equally strong predictors of joint retirement, and retirement age, health, spouses' relative earnings, and discussions of retirement were related to the likelihood of realizing joint retirement expectations.
Entropy-stabilized oxides

Configurational disorder can be compositionally engineered into mixed oxide by populating a single sublattice with many distinct cations. The formulations promote novel and entropy-stabilized forms of crystalline matter where metal cations are incorporated in new ways. Here, through rigorous experiments, a simple thermodynamic model, and a five-component oxide formulation, we demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that entropy predominates the thermodynamic landscape, and drives a reversible solid-state transformation between a multiphase and single-phase state. In the latter, cation distributions are proven to be random and homogeneous. The findings validate the hypothesis that deliberate configurational disorder provides an orthogonal strategy to imagine and discover new phases of crystalline matter and untapped opportunities for property engineering.
Myofibroblast secretome and its auto-/paracrine signaling

Myofibroblasts (myoFb) are phenotypically transformed, contractile fibroblast-like cells expressing α-smooth muscle actin microfilaments. They are integral to collagen fibrillogenesis with scar tissue formation at sites of repair irrespective of the etiologic origins of injury or tissue involved. MyoFb can persist long after healing is complete, where their ongoing turnover of collagen accounts for a progressive structural remodeling of an organ (a.k.a. fibrosis, sclerosis or cirrhosis). Such persistent metabolic activity is derived from a secretome consisting of requisite components in the de novo generation of angiotensin (Ang) II. Autocrine and paracrine signaling induced by tissue AngII is expressed via AT1 receptor ligand binding to respectively promote: i) regulation of myoFb collagen synthesis via the fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1-Smad pathway; and ii) dedifferentiation and protein degradation of atrophic myocytes immobilized and ensnared by fibrillar collagen at sites of scarring. Several cardioprotective strategies in the prevention of fibrosis and involving myofibroblasts are considered. They include: inducing myoFb apoptosis through inactivation of antiapoptotic proteins; AT1 receptor antagonist to interfere with auto-/paracrine myoFb signaling or to induce counterregulatory expression of ACE2; and attacking the AngII-AT1R-TGF-β1-Smad pathway by antibody or the use of triplex-forming oligonucleotides.
Development of a Detection Scheme for Aircraft Engine Failures Based on the Artificial Immune System Paradigm

A detection scheme based on the artificial immune system (AIS) paradigm was developed for specific classes of aircraft jet engine failures including throttle, burner fuel flow valve, variable nozzle area actuator, variable mixer area actuator, low-pressure spool speed sensor, low-pressure turbine exit static pressure sensor, and mixer pressure ratio sensor. The Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation model developed by NASA has been linearized and interfaced with a supersonic fighter aircraft model and a motion-based flight simulator to provide the adequate framework for the development and testing of the detection scheme. A variety of aircraft engine actuator and sensor failures were modeled and implemented into this simulation environment. A 5-dimensional feature hyper-space was determined to build the “self” within the AIS paradigm for abnormal condition detection purposes. The AIS interactive design environment based on evolutionary algorithms developed at West Virginia University (WVU) was used for data processing, detector generation, and optimization. Flight simulation data for system development and testing were acquired through experiments in the WVU 6 degrees-of-freedom flight simulator over extended areas of the flight envelope. The AIS-based detection scheme was tested using both nominal and engine failure conditions and its performance evaluated in terms of detection rates and false alarms. Results show that the AIS-based approach has excellent potential for the detection of all the classes of engine failures considered.
Case 1: Bilateral pedal edema in a newborn

A 1-day-old girl presents with bilateral pedal edema at birth (Fig 1). She was born at 37 weeks’ gestation to a 29-year-old now gravida 5, para 3 mother who received poor prenatal care. The mother's blood type is O Rh+, she is rubella immune, and the results of serologic testing are negative for hepatitis surface antigen, syphilis, and human immunodeficiency. Pregnancy was complicated by pancreatitis, and the infant was born via repeat cesarean delivery complicated by late decelerations. Her Apgar scores were 7 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Figure 1. Pedal edema. On presentation to the nursery, the infant appears in no apparent distress, is alert, and has a weight of 3,020 g (20th percentile), a length of 46 cm (25th percentile), a chest circumference of 34 cm (>90th percentile), and a head circumference of 33 cm (50th percentile). Examination of the head is significant for posteriorly rotated auricles and high-arched palate. There are no abnormal pulmonary or cardiovascular findings. Her abdomen is soft and round, with active bowel sounds and no organomegaly. Musculoskeletal examination shows bilateral edema to the feet with normal capillary refill and positive femoral and pedal pulses. The infant also has bilateral hypoplastic toenails (Fig 2). Figure 2. Congenital lymphedema with puffiness over the dorsum of the feet and toes; narrow deep-set nails. Laboratory results include the following: white blood cell count, 7.2×103/μL; hemoglobin, 16.9 g/dL; hematocrit, 48%; platelet count, 177×103/μL; blood type, B+; direct antiglobulin test, positive; unconjugated bilirubin, 6.1 mg/dL; and reticulocyte count, 5.2%. One additional test reveals the cause of the pedal edema. Cardiac echocardiography was performed and revealed a secundum atrial septal defect with an otherwise normal intracardiac anatomy. In addition, a renal ultrasound was ordered, which did not display any abnormalities. The results of her first newborn …
Develop of a Mixed, Haptic and Virtual System to Simulate Radiographic Images

It has been conceived, designed and built a system, simulator of conventional equipment x-ray made to work on technique called two-points ie selecting values of kVp and mAs, with the aim of teaching professionals who must make radiographic pictures of patient, such as Medical Technologist, Biomedical Engineers and others to obtain correct images without the need for an actual equipment emitting X-ray, the system consists of similar technical devices to real in terms Hardware and software suitable for generating images of different quality depending on the parameters selected and the student learns without generating radiation or spend on consumables, advantages that allow manufacture and market a highly innovative, safe and friendly with environmental.
Taiwanese Immigrants' Medical Experiences: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACTImmigrants' medical experiences are an important and yet rarely studied topic. To fill this gap, this article provides an exploratory investigation concerning how immigrant status, gender, and race affect Taiwanese immigrants' health care choices, their per-ceptions of medical professionals, and their health behavior in the United States. Data are based on 16 in-depth interviews and participant observations in a Taiwanese immigrant community in a Midwestern urban area. Findings suggest that Taiwanese immigrants rely heavily on their coethnics for gathering medical information. The subjects' perceptions of a physician's gender convey stereotypes and reflect sexual body boundaries. While aware of their minority status and its impact on health care, the subjects show racial prejudice toward Black physicians. They also often contrast the two medical systems in the sending and receiving societies when describing their health care experiences. Implications of this study for scholars and health care prov...
Formation of gluconeogenic precursors in rat skeletal muscle during fasted-refed transition

During the fasted-refed transition, hepatic glycogen repletion from glucose can occur by the direct and indirect pathway. In the indirect pathway, glucose is first metabolized to 3-carbon intermediates that then are converted in the liver to glucose 6-phosphate via the gluconeogenic pathway before conversion to glycogen. The present study evaluated whether skeletal muscle is a major source of 3-carbon intermediates (i.e., lactate, pyruvate, and alanine) during refeeding of 1-day fasted rats. Arteriovenous differences for lactate, pyruvate, and alanine across the anesthetized rat hindlimbs were used to evaluate muscle metabolism in the fed, fasted, and refed state. In the fasted state, liver glycogen was depleted, and muscle released 3-carbon intermediates. One hour after refeeding, hepatic glycogen was 30% repleted, and blood lactate, pyruvate, and alanine increased. Despite this, the release of alanine by muscle diminished at this time and lactate was removed. At 4 h after refeeding, 3-carbon intermediates were all released by hindlimb tissue but in an amount not greater than in the fasted state. Overall, these results suggest that skeletal muscle in the rat is not a major source of 3-carbon precursors for early postprandial hepatic glycogen repletion via the indirect pathway, nor is the rise in 3-carbon intermediates in blood during refeeding caused by their increased output by muscle.
Prenatal diagnosis in the prevention of handicapping disorders.

Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal and many enzymatic-metabolic diseases is now possible, with little apparent risk. Studies may be carried out on the supernatant amniotic fluid, on the amniotic fluid cells directly, and on cultivated amniotic fluid cells.
A HYBRID BACKWARD-FORWARD METHOD FOR INTERACTIVE REFLECTIONS

We propose a two phase hybrid reflection rendering method based on approximating the reflected rays with a set of simple cameras modeled as continuous 3-ray cameras. In the first, "backward", phase, the view volume of each simple camera is intersected with a hierarchical subdivision of the scene to find the geometry it encompasses. In the second, "forward", phase the geometry is projected with the simple camera. Since the shape and topology of reflected triangles is complex, point based rendering is adopted to reconstruct the reflection. The hybrid method is efficient since it combines advantages of backward and forward techniques: there are two orders of magnitude fewer simple cameras than reflected rays, the hierarchical scene subdivision implements fast view volume culling for each of the simple cameras, and the reflection piece corresponding to each simple camera is computed efficiently in feed-forward fashion.
Video Captions for Online Courses: Do YouTube’s Auto-generated Captions Meet Deaf Students’ Needs?

Providing captions for videos used in online courses is an area of interest for institutions of higher education. There are legal and ethical ramifications as well as time constraints to consider. Captioning tools are available, but some universities rely on the auto-generated YouTube captions. This study looked at a particular type of video—the weekly informal news update created by individual professors for their online classes—to see if automatic captions (also known as subtitles) are sufficiently accurate to meet the needs of deaf students. A total of 68 minutes of video captions were analysed and 525 phrase-level errors were found. On average, therefore, there were 7.7 phrase errors per minute. Findings indicate that auto-generated captions are too inaccurate to be used exclusively. Additional studies are needed to determine whether they can provide a starting point for a process of captioning that reduces the preparation time.
Case Studies in Physiology: The Case of the Giant Giraffe

this issue of the journal marks the first Case Study article we have published ([15][1]). These articles are the physiological equivalent of clinical case reports, showcasing unusual or extreme physiology in single experimental subjects. Our vision is simple—we wish to encourage studies of rarely
The Labor Market for Corporate Directors

This paper empirically analyzes the labor market for corporate directors and the role compensation plays in this market. Since salaries are not individually negotiated with directors, preferences of directors and firms, rather than wages, determine market outcomes. I estimate preferences from a two-sided matching model and use them in counterfactual experiments. Increasing director pay by $150,000 a year per director allows less desirable firms to attract a better pool of directors. This result suggests that firms can effectively use compensation to build better boards. The framework developed here is used to analyze other important market segments, such as the market for CEO directors.
Mechanical Detection and Measurement of the Angular Momentum of Light

The electromagnetic theory of the torque exerted by a beam of polarized light on a doubly refracting plate which alters its state of polarization is summarized. The same quantitative result is obtained by assigning an angular momentum of $\ensuremath{\hbar} (\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\hbar})$ to each quantum of left (right) circularly polarized light in a vacuum, and assuming the conservation of angular momentum holds at the face of the plate. The apparatus used to detect and measure this effect was designed to enhance the moment of force to be measured by an appropriate arrangement of quartz wave plates, and to reduce interferences. The results of about 120 determinations by two observers working independently show the magnitude and sign of the effect to be correct, and show that it varies as predicted by the theory with each of three experimental variables which could be independently adjusted.
Beyond lexical meaning: The effect of emotional prosody on spoken word recognition

This study employs an auditory-visual associative priming paradigm to test whether non-emotional words uttered in emotional prosody (e.g., pineapple spoken in angry prosody or happy prosody) facilitate recognition of semantically emotional words (e.g., mad, upset or smile, joy). The results show an affective priming effect between emotional prosody and emotional words independent of lexical carriers of the prosody. Learned acoustic patterns in speech (e.g., emotional prosody) map directly to social concepts and representations, and this social information influences the spoken word recognition process.
Teaching the New NMR: A Computer-Aided Introduction to the Density Matrix Treatment of Double-Quantum Spectrometry

This paper constitutes a guide for the use of density matrix calculations necessary for the understanding of double-quantum coherence detection in NMR. In keeping with its didactic nature, the article follows in more detail than usual the evolution of the density matrix elements throughout single- and two- dimensional sequences applied to coupled carbon nuclei. The relation of the density matrix treatment with the vectorial representation is discussed.
Assessing State Laws and Resources for Endangered Species Protection

Author(s): Camacho, Alejandro E; Robinson-Dorn, Michael J; Yildiz, Asena Cansu; Teegarden, Tara
Statewide Collaborative to Reduce Surgical Site Infections: Results of the Hawaii Surgical Unit-Based Safety Program

Background Surgical site infections (SSIs) after colorectal surgery are common, lead to patient harm, and are costly to the healthcare system. This study's purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of the AHRQ Safety Program for Surgery in Hawaii. Study Design This pre-post cohort study involved 100% of 15 hospitals in Hawaii from January 2013 through June 2015. The intervention was a statewide implementation of the Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program and individualized bundles of interventions to reduce SSIs. Primary end point was colorectal SSIs. Secondary end point was safety culture measured by the AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Results The most common interventions implemented were reliable chlorhexidine wash, wipe before operation, and surgical preparation; appropriate antibiotic choice, dose, and timing; standardized post-surgical debriefing; and differentiating clean-dirty-clean with anastomosis tray and closing tray. From January 2013 (quarter 1) through June 2015 (quarter 2), the collaborative colorectal SSI rate decreased (from 12.08% to 4.63%; p Conclusions Participation in the national AHRQ Safety Program for Surgery in the state of Hawaii was associated with a 61.7% decrease in colorectal SSI rate and an increase in patient safety culture.
Impact of Ventricular Morphology on Fiber Stress and Strain in Fontan Patients.

Background: Right ventricular (RV) morphology has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes in Fontan patients. The impact of RV versus left ventricular morphology on ventricular stress and st...
Family Data and Research in the Health and Retirement Study

I discuss the data in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) that can be used to study family change and intergenerational family relationships and offer suggestions about what might be done to enhance the uses of the HRS family data going forward. A number of family demographic behaviors are altering the family context of more recent cohorts of the HRS. These family changes need to be well-captured in the data collection and and should also inform future design decisions. Changes include the higher rates of childlessness, delayed marriage and childbearing after age 30 among the Baby Boom cohorts just now being enrolled in the HRS. Cohorts coming into the study also have higher rates of (lifetime) labor force participation on the part of women and much higher rates of nonmarital childbearing, marital disruption, and informal cohabitation than the original HRS cohorts. There is also great heterogeneity in family patterns by race and class among Baby Boom cohorts. Many of these changes increase the value of collecting family data in the HRS but also complicate the collection of useful data on transfers between parents and children or among siblings. I offer four suggestions for enhancing data collection in the HRS in light of these family changes. These include the following: 1) Reevaluate decisions about the family members on whom to gather information, particularly the decisions about when to collect data on siblings. 2) Consider collecting more information directly from each spouse (and perhaps expanding the definition of “spouse” to include cohabiting partners as cohabitation is on the rise among cohorts now entering the HRS). 3) Begin to experiment with interviewing adult children of HRS respondents and consider broadening the content to include more on parent-child relationship quality and/or on everyday activities and exchanges. 4) Make the family data in the HRS easier to access and use.
The effect of nitrosoguanidine upon DNA synthesis in vitro

Both the polymerase and the exonuclease activities of DNA polymerase III* are inactivated by treatment with nitrosoguanidine. The treatment of the DNA template with the mutagen does not affect the template in supporting DNA synthesis. No effect of nitrosoguanidine upon fidelity of replication in vitro was detected.
The Nile Basin Initiative: a Catalyst for Cooperation

In the mid 1980’s, several studies, reports and articles were published predicting that transboundary water conflicts might have a high potential for escalation to “water wars” (Naff/Matson 1984; Starr/Stoll 1988; Starr 1991). Most prominent is the prediction of former Egyptian Foreign Minister and United Nations General Secretary Boutros Boutros Ghali, that water would be a source of international conflict. Homer-Dixon warned in a general neomalthusian fashion that the world is facing growing conflict over resources of all kinds as a combination of population and economic pressure on natural resources (Homer-Dixon 1994). Transboundary water conflicts were suddenly regarded by some as a new serious future security challenge. But since the mid 1990’s comprehensive research has demonstrated that water — as the only source of conflict — does not lead, or only in a very few cases has led, to violent conflicts (Beschorner 1992/93; Lowi 1995; Bachler/Boge/Klotzli/Libiszewski/Spillmann 1996; Wolf et al. 1999). The research concluded that potential conflicts on transboundary waters become violent only in interaction with other factors, turning then into a policy issue that can be easily abused.
Assessment of a multimodal analgesia protocol to allow the implementation of enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery: Retrospective analysis of patient outcomes.

Abstract Study objective To investigate the impact of utilizing a multimodal analgesia protocol to allow the implementation of Enhanced Recovery after Cardiac Surgery (ERACS) in patients requiring cardio-pulmonary bypass. Design Retrospective analysis of patients treated with the proposed ERACS bundle in comparison to matched controls. Setting Single-center study. Patients A total of 50 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery limited to on pump coronary artery bypass graft. Measurements Perioperative outcomes of 25 patients that underwent ERACS protocol and 25 controls were measured. In-operating room (OR) extubation, total intubation time, total intra-OP fentanyl given, total post-OP morphine equivalent given, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS and post-OP complications were examined. Main results The ERACS group and control group were equivalent with regards to age, gender, comorbidities, ASA classification and type of surgery. Mean cardiac bypass time and mean aortic clamp time were similar. Extubation in the OR was achieved for 12 patients in the ERACS group compared to 1 in the control group. Post-operative opioid consumption was lower in ERACS group (27.3 vs. 51.7 morphine equivalents, p = 0.006). Although ICU LOS and hospital LOS were shorter in the ERACS group, this did not reach significance. Conclusions The ERACS group showed a significant decrease in opioid use and increased incidence of successful in OR extubation.
Ultrasound-Switchable Fluorescence Imaging via an EMCCD Camera and a Z-Scan Method

The spatial resolution of the conventional fluorescence imaging in centimeter-deep tissue is limited due to high light scattering. Ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) imaging was recently developed to achieve high resolution in deep tissue. However, previous frequency-domain USF systems adopted a fiber bundle to collect the emitted fluorescence photons, which led to a few limitations, such as, first, low photon-collection efficiency; second, low efficiency for scanning a sample with an uneven surface; third, low imaging speed, because of the adoption of a raster scan and the long wait time for the tissue to cool down before starting the data acquisition at the next location. In this study, we proposed a camera-based USF imaging system to overcome these limitations. Thanks to the spatial information provided by the camera, a new scan method, Z-scan, was developed, and the imaging speed was improved four times over the raster scan. The USF imaging using the Z-scan for tissue samples was realized. The results were validated by a commercial micro-CT system.
Identifying the Inclusion of National Sexuality Education Standards Utilizing a Systematic Analysis of Teen Dating Violence Prevention Curriculum.

Background Violent behaviors have devastating impacts on youth and adolescents. National standards offer a framework for age and developmentally appropriate health education expectations. This study provides findings from a systematic review and analysis of teen dating violence (TDV) prevention curricula using National Sexuality Education Standards (NSES) and National Health Education Standards (NHES). Methods Evidence-based and/or practice informed interventions for TDV prevention were compiled and analyzed. We used a standardized review instrument to analyze each curriculum (N = 11); each curriculum was reviewed independently and results met inter-rater agreement requirements. Data were analyzed to determine NSES and NHES inclusion. Results This study provides findings from the TDV prevention curriculum analysis using the NSES. Five NSES topic areas were addressed in the TDV prevention curriculum and included personal safety, healthy relationships, identity, sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficieny virus, and pregnancy and reproduction. Personal safety was the most included topic and ranged from 37% to 77%. Healthy relationships were the second most included NSES and ranged from 11% to 53%. Inclusions of NHES skills, as they are embedded within the NSES, are identified. Conclusions Curricula decision-makers gain insight by conducting reviews before recommendations are made or the adoption process is complete. The NSES and NHES support expectations for TDV prevention and can guide curricula adoption for a school or district. School professionals should work together to ensure TDV prevention curricula complements sexuality education units. While TDV curricula may cover critical topics, a singular focus on one content area cannot replace comprehensive sexuality education.
Olefins and Vinyl Polar Monomers: Bridging the Gap for Next Generation Materials.

The inherent differences in reactivity between activated and non-activated alkenes prevents copolymerization using established polymer synthesis techniques. Research over the past 20 years has greatly advanced the copolymerization of polar vinyl monomers and olefins. This Review highlights the challenges associated with conventional polymerization systems and evaluates the most relevant methods which have been developed to "bridge the gap" between polar vinyl monomers and olefins. We discuss advancements in heteroatom tolerant coordination-insertion polymerizations, methods of controlling radical polymerizations to incorporate olefinic monomers, as well as combined approaches employing sequential polymerizations. Finally, we discuss state-of-the-art stimuli-responsive systems capable of facile switching between catalytic pathways and provide an outlook towards applications in which tailored copolymers are ideally suited.
AN ALTERNATIVE CAUSE FOR HYPOXIA IN CARCINOID HEART DISEASE

Valvular heart disease is present in over half the cases of carcinoid syndrome due to fibrinous plaque deposition preferentially over right-sided heart valves. This case describes a patient with carcinoid heart disease with tricuspid valve involvement and an alternative cause for hypoxia: an atrial
Radiomic profiles via machine learning to predict response, overall survival, and KRAS status in metastatic colorectal tumors treated with FOLFOX/bevacizumab/hydroxychloroquine.

e15125Background: Autophagy is a resistance mechanism to chemotherapy that is inhibited by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). We have reported a phase II trial of FOLFOX/bevacizumab/HCQ in 28 evaluable pati...