cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUPER: A blockwise curve-fitting method for accelerating MR parametric mapping with fast reconstruction.

PURPOSE To investigate Shift Undersampling improves Parametric mapping Efficiency and Resolution (SUPER), a novel blockwise curve-fitting method for accelerating parametric mapping with very fast reconstruction. METHODS SUPER uses interleaved k-space undersampling, which enables a blockwise decomposition of the otherwise large-scale cost function to improve the reconstruction efficiency. SUPER can be readily combined with SENSE to achieve at least 4-fold acceleration. D-factor, a parametric-mapping counterpart of g-factor, was proposed and formulated to compare spatially heterogeneous noise amplification because of different acceleration methods. As a proof-of-concept, SUPER/SUPER-SENSE was validated using T1 mapping, by comparing them to alternative model-based methods, including MARTINI and GRAPPATINI, via simulations, phantom imaging, and in vivo brain imaging (N = 5), over criteria of normalized root-mean-squares error (NRMSE), average d-factor, and computational time per voxel (TPV). A novel SUPER-SENSE MOLLI cardiac T1 -mapping sequence with improved resolution (1.4 mm × 1.4 mm) was compared to standard MOLLI (1.9 mm × 2.5 mm) in 8 healthy subjects. RESULTS In brain imaging, 2-fold SUPER achieved lower NRMSE (0.04 ± 0.02 vs. 0.11 ± 0.02, P < 0.01), lower average d-factor (1.01 ± 0.002 vs. 1.12 ± 0.004, P < 0.001), and lower TPV (4.6 ms ± 0.2 ms vs. 79 ms ± 3 ms, P < 0.001) than 2-fold MARTINI. Similarly, 4-fold SUPER-SENSE achieved lower NRMSE (0.07 ± 0.01 vs. 0.13 ± 0.03, P = 0.02), lower average d-factor (1.15 ± 0.01 vs. 1.20 ± 0.01, P < 0.001), and lower TPV (4.0 ms ± 0.1 ms vs. 72 ms ± 3 ms, P < 0.001) than 4-fold GRAPPATINI. In cardiac T1 mapping, SUPER-SENSE MOLLI yielded similar myocardial T1 (1151 ms ± 63 ms vs. 1159 ms ± 32 ms, P = 0.6), slightly lower blood T1 (1643 ms ± 86 ms vs. 1680 ms ± 79 ms, P = 0.004), but improved spatial resolution compared with standard MOLLI in the same imaging time. CONCLUSION SUPER and SUPER-SENSE provide fast model-based reconstruction methods for accelerating parametric mapping and improving its clinical appeal.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MOBILITY APPREHENSION IN AMPUTEES

INTRODUCTION Studies report that after lower-limb amputation, patients have high levels of pain in the form of chronic low back pain, residual limb pain, and phantom pain leading to restrictions in functional activity1. Patients with high levels of pain and disability may develop avoidance behaviors. Vlaeyen et al. presents the fear-avoidance model, which suggests that after an injury there are two pathways a patient will take based on their interpretation of acute pain 2. Pain that is perceived as non-threatening leads to the patient’s recovery and return to normal activities of daily life. Pain that is perceived as threatening, or pain catastrophizing, causes anxiety and induces mobility apprehension which leads to avoidance behaviors. Avoidance behaviors may then lead to greater pain, depression, and disability3 . Factors described in the literature that are related to mobility apprehension were measured in a sample of lower limb amputees. The purpose was to determine which of pain intensity, interference, and catastrophizing lead to increased mobility apprehension. Abstract PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/32040/24454 How to cite: Mathis S.L. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MOBILITY APPREHENSION IN AMPUTEES. CANADIAN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS JOURNAL, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2, 2018; ABSTRACT, ORAL PRESENTATION AT THE AOPA’S 101ST NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, SEPT. 26-29, VANCOUVER, CANADA, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v1i2.32040 Abstracts were Peer-reviewed by the American Orthotic Prosthetic Association (AOPA) 101st National Assembly Scientific Committee. http://www.aopanet.org/
Translational value of nonhuman primate models of antagonism

Abstract Nonhuman primate (NHP) models of trait dispositional constructs, such as antagonism, represent an animal model with unparalleled translational value to humans. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the existing literature on antagonism in NHPs and to suggest directions for future research. In service of this goal, we (a) first provide a brief overview of the quantification and placement of dispositional antagonism within NHP models of personality that dovetail with existing human models, (b) review neurobiological (i.e., neural and genetic) and environmental correlates of antagonism in NHPs with explicit links to the human literature, (c) provide an example of a recently developed NHP model of personality pathology in which antagonism plays an important role (i.e., psychopathy), and (d) conclude with general recommendations for NHP research on antagonism. All told, human and NHP research complement each other with increased cross-fertilization likely to result in valuable insights and breakthroughs into the pathophysiology of antagonism-related forms of psychopathology specifically and mental illness more generally.
Myocardial ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Chest pain is a common symptom reported by patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, even in the absence of epicardial coronary artery disease (4). Although the chest pain often has atypical features (occurring at rest as well as during effort, prolonged duration, variable response to nitrates), several lines of evidence suggest that myocardial ischemia may occur and cause chest pain in this disease. These include: (1) chest pain and abnormal lactate metabolism during pacing (1, 9, 14), (2) reversible defects in perfusion during exercise by thallium-201 scintigraphy (5, 11), (3) abnormal regional left ventricular function (12) and (4) autopsy demonstration of left ventricular necrosis and fibrosis, often in the presence of morphologically abnormal intramural coronary arteries (6, 8). Although it seems likely that some of the chest pain syndromes experienced by patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy reflect myocardial ischemia, the exact mechanisms are obscure. Our studies were designed to investigate the mechanism of myocardial ischemia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, by examining factors that modified myocardial hemodynamics and coronary blood flow during pacing-induced increases in myocardial oxygen demand.
Efficient pixel-by-pixel optimization of photonic devices utilizing the Dyson’s equation in a Green’s function formalism: Part I. Implementation with the method of discrete dipole approximation

Here, we introduce an efficient method to perform pixel-by-pixel optimization of photonic devices, based on the Dyson equation in the Green’s function formalism. Unlike continuous optimization techniques widely used for photonic device optimization, pixel-by-pixel optimization automatically results in structures consisting of a discrete set of permittivities, and it incorporates the constraint of a minimum feature size throughout the optimization process. Thus pixel-by-pixel optimizations automatically result in structures amenable to lithographic nanofabrication. We show that the use of a Green’s function formalism enables an efficient pixel-by-pixel update of the structure, where each update is guaranteed to improve the performance of the structure.
Co-immunoprecipitation with MYR1 identifies three additional proteins within the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole required for translocation of dense granule effectors into host cells

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous, intracellular protozoan that extensively modifies infected host cells through secreted effector proteins. Many such effectors must be translocated across the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) in which the parasites replicate, ultimately ending up in the host cytosol or nucleus. This translocation has previously been shown to be dependent on five parasite proteins: MYR1, MYR2, MYR3, ROP17, and ASP5. We report here the identification of several MYR1-interacting and novel PV-localized proteins via affinity purification of MYR1, including TGGT1_211460 (dubbed MYR4), TGGT1_204340 (dubbed GRA54) and TGGT1_270320 (PPM3C). Further, we show that three of the MYR1-interacting proteins, GRA44, GRA45, and MYR4, are essential for the translocation of the Toxoplasma effector protein GRA16, and for the upregulation of human c-Myc and cyclin E1 in infected cells. GRA44 and GRA45 contain ASP5-processing motifs, but like MYR1, processing at these sites appears to be nonessential for their role in protein translocation. These results expand our understanding of the mechanism of effector translocation in Toxoplasma and indicate that the process is highly complex and dependent on at least eight discrete proteins.
The Association Between Sexual Functioning and Suicide Risk in U.S. Military Veteran Couples Seeking Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Intimate relationship distress has been identified as one of the most common precipitants of suicidal thoughts for U.S. military populations. Sexual functioning is associated with relationship distress and has recently been identified as a predictor of suicidal ideation with female military personnel; however, no studies have examined this association among a treatment-seeking sample of male and female veterans and their partners. Couples (N = 138) completed baseline assessments of sexual functioning, relationship functioning, suicidal ideation, and mental health prior to evaluation for engagement in a couples-based PTSD treatment study. Analyses revealed that decreased sexual pleasure and decreased frequency of sexual intercourse were associated with more recent suicidal ideation for male veterans, whereas increased sexual frequency was marginally associated with increased suicidal ideation for female veterans, controlling for PTSD and depression symptoms, relationship satisfaction, and medications. These findings stress the importance of assessing sexual functioning as a risk factor for suicide and taking into consideration the possibility that sexual functioning may be protective or predictive of suicidality depending on the person and context.
“Should I Stay or Should I Leave?”: Exploring (Dis)continued Facebook Use After the Cambridge Analytica Scandal:

Social media platforms bring both benefits and risks which have been documented copiously in extant academic literature. A range of issues related to privacy and trust inhibit the fulsome enjoyment...
Abstract 4299: Collagen 1 fiber content can predict for recurrence in stage 1 non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction: Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) comprises 85% of all lung cancers. Since most stage 1 NSCLC can be cured by surgery alone, these patients generally do not receive further cancer treatment. However, 20-30% of them will have their lung cancer progressed and died from it. There is a major unmet need to early identify those individuals who are likely to recur so that they can benefit from current effective cancer treatments. Collagen 1 (Col1) fibers are a major structural component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tumors. While increased Col1 fibers have been associated with increased metastasis in breast cancer, the role of Col1 in NSCLC and its relationship to recurrence has not been previously examined. Method: We performed a blinded second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy study on surgically resected tumor histology tissue sections obtained from twelve patients with non-recurrent stage 1 NSCLC and fourteen patients with recurrent stage 1 NSCLC from The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) project conducted by the National Institute of Health (NIH). Col1 fibers were detected with SHG microscopy that detects an intrinsic signal derived from the noncentrosymmetric molecular structure of Col1 fibers. SHG microscopy of tumor regions was performed on the HE 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4299.
High-Q Ultrasensitive Spiral-Based Coupled-Resonator Device on a Si3N4 Platform for Sensing Applications

We report high-Q ultrasensitive Si3N4 racetrack-spiral and spiral-spiral coupled-resonator devices with bulk sensitivity of 132 nm/RIU for sensing applications. We demonstrate Qs of 560,000 (263,000) at ~1300 nm wavelength with air (water) cladding.
Characterization of Planetscope-0 Planetscope-1 surface reflectance and normalized difference vegetation index continuity

Abstract Planetscope data are acquired from a constellation of low-cost satellites to provide 3 ​m red, green, blue, and near infrared (NIR) data with near-daily global coverage. Differences in the spectral characteristics of the different Planetscope sensor generations imply that they may not provide consistent reflectance time series needed for certain quantitative analyses. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of the surface reflectance and derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) differences between the first two generations of Planetscope sensors, known as Planetscope-0 and Planetscope-1. More than 9100 Planetscope images, acquired with cloud cover 60 ​min apart and 25% were sensed ≤30 ​min apart. Transformation functions were developed and the coefficients are provided so that the user community can adjust the surface reflectance and NDVI from the Planetscope-0 and Planetscope-1 sensors to each other to provide more consistent 3 ​m time series. This was undertaken by statistical comparison of 9.9 million contemporaneous quality filtered Planetscope-0 and Planetscope-1 observations sensed on the same day within 30 ​min (average 11.8 ​min) and ≤5° solar zenith difference. Two linear regression models, reduced major axis (RMA) and Theil-Sen, were used to provide a general depiction of reflectance and NDVI differences between the two sensor generations, and to develop the transformation functions between them, respectively. The Planetscope-0 blue surface reflectance was on average greater than the Planetscope-1 blue surface reflectance by 20.1%, whereas the Planetscope-0 red, green and NIR surface reflectance were 4.6%, 5.1%, and 12.1% less than the comparable Planetscope-1 bands respectively. The Planetscope-0 atmospherically corrected NDVI was typically about 3.7% smaller than the Planetscope-1 atmospherically corrected NDVI. These differences are likely primarily due to the different spectral response functions and bandwidths of the two sensor generations. This is supported by our finding that the surface reflectance from the three Planetscope-0 visible band values were more highly correlated with each other than for the Planetscope-1 visible bands. To demonstrate that the transformations performed correctly, the Planetscope-0 surface reflectance and NDVI data were transformed to Planetscope-1 equivalent values, and vice versa, and the temporal consistency of monthly time series containing observations from both sensors were evaluated using a temporal smoothness index. The results of this adjustment demonstrated that the temporal consistency of monthly time series containing Planetscope-0 and Planetscope-1 observations were improved for all bands and for the NDVI.
The return of quiescence metabolites.

The transition of endothelial cells between quiescence and proliferation is essential for regulating the extent of the vasculature that supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues. A study now shows that the FOXO1 transcription factor regulates endothelial cell proliferation by controlling levels of the metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate.
Creating a semantic hierarchy of SUN database object labels using WordNet

Using a semantic hierarchy as a labeling scheme can provide object detection systems with a more robust expert knowledge of the relationships between object classes. This knowledge can be used to improve object class prediction in cases where an object detector encounters an object of a class upon which it was not trained, known as zero-shot object detection or open-set recognition. Datasets which are useful for a particular application, domain, or task may not have their object labels organized into an appropriate semantic hierarchy. For example, the Scene UNderstanding (SUN1) Database has image scenes organized into a hierarchy, but no such organization exists with the object labels. Objects in the images of this dataset were annotated in a crowd-sourced manner which allowed annotators to define the polygons which bound the objects as well as assign the labels. The challenge taken up by the method presented in this paper was to take the original object labels of the SUN Database and create a semantic hierarchy such that each child-parent pair of object classes demonstrates an “IS-A” relationship. By associating common labels within the dataset with the most relevant and fine-grained WordNet2 synonym, this approach resulted in a multi-layered semantic hierarchy for SUN Database object labels. The product is a tree-structured graph where each node is a WordNet synonym of the original label and a node’s parent is determined by its WordNet hypernym. Other ontological frameworks, such as Basic Formal Ontology3 and the Operational Environment Ontology Suite,4 are also discussed.
Systematized Review of Psychotherapeutic Components of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy.

Objective:This systematized review sought to fill a gap in psilocybin research by investigating the structure and format of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP), with a focus on the counseling c...
Resonant cavity effect optimization of III-nitride thin-film flip-chip light-emitting diodes with microsphere arrays

Comprehensive studies were carried out to investigate the light extraction efficiency of thin-film flip-chip (TFFC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with anatase TiO2 microsphere arrays by employing the finite-difference time-domain method. The quantum well position and the resonant cavity effect were studied to obtain optimum light extraction for the planar TFFC LED. Further enhancement in light extraction was achieved by depositing microsphere arrays on the TFFC LED. The calculation results showed that the sphere diameter, packing density, and packing configuration have significant effects on the light extraction efficiency. A maximum light extraction efficiency of 75% in TFFC LEDs with microsphere arrays has been achieved. This study demonstrates the importance of optimizing the quantum well position, cavity thickness, sphere diameter, sphere packing density, and packing configuration for enhancing the light extraction efficiency of TFFC LEDs with microsphere arrays.
The Right to Understand your Doctor: Protecting Language Access Rights in Healthcare

The current federal landscape governing language access in healthcare provides for inadequate enforcement and compliance. This Note examines existing language access laws to determine the legal rights of limited English proficiency (LEP) individuals to obtain healthcare services. This Note explores California’s progressive work in ensuring language access rights for LEP individuals and recommends that states model their language access legislation after California’s to guarantee language access in healthcare settings. Such legislation would remove barriers and promote greater access to healthcare for LEP patients.
Site-directed mutagenesis of tyrosine hydroxylase. Role of serine 40 in catalysis.

Abstract We have investigated the role of serine 40 (Ser-40) in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalysis of basal and activated enzymes by protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation. Wild type and mutant TH were transiently and stably expressed in AtT-20 cells, and the enzymatic activities of the recombinant enzymes were analyzed. The specific enzymatic activity of transiently expressed TH mutants Ser-40-->leucine or-->tyrosine (Leu-40m or Tyr-40m) was higher than that of the wild type enzyme or of other mutants in which Ser-8, -19, and -31 were replaced by leucine. The kinetic studies carried out with the stably expressed TH show that the Km for the cofactor 6-methyltetrahydropterine is lower and the Ki for dopamine is higher when the enzymatic hydroxylation is catalyzed by the Leu-40m or Tyr-40m than by the wild type enzyme. The kinetic parameters and the pH profile of the enzymatic hydroxylation catalyzed by the Leu-40m or Tyr-40m are similar to the enzyme activated by PKA-mediated phosphorylation. We suggest that Ser-40 in TH exerts an inhibitory influence on the enzymatic activity, and its replacement with another amino acid by site-directed mutagenesis or its modification by phosphorylation leads to a change in conformation with an increased enzymatic activity. The importance of Ser-40 in the activation of TH by PKA-mediated phosphorylation was investigated by comparing the activation of the wild type enzyme with that of Leu-40m or Tyr-40m. The findings that the enzymatic activity is increased by PKA-mediated phosphorylation of the wild type enzyme, but not of the Leu-40m or Tyr-40m, demonstrate that phosphorylation at Ser-40 is essential for activation of TH by PKA. The findings that addition of ATP plus cAMP to homogenates from transfected AtT-20 cells stimulates the recombinant wild type TH activity indicate that these cells contain endogenous cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Behavioral Risk for HIV Infection Among Adults with a Severe and Persistent Mental Illness: Patterns and Psychological Antecedents

Behaviors associated with transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were measured in a sample of 60 adults with a severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). Results revealed that 68% had sex in the last year; 13% of men and 30% of women reported two or more male partners, and 24% of men also reported two or more female partners. Condom use was inconsistent. Sex partners were often met in a psychiatric clinic or bar, and a substantial number were injection drug users or known to be non-monogamous. Overall, 48% of men and 37% of women reported at least one risk factor. Hypothesized psychological antecedents of HIV-related risk behavior were also measured, including knowledge, motivation for risk reduction, and self-efficacy regarding risk-reduction. Many participants were misinformed regarding HIV transmission and risk reduction. Motivational indices indicated that attitudes toward condoms were slightly positive, and that social norms were generally supportive of condom use. However, participants tended to rate themselves at only slight risk for infection, undermining their motivation for condom use. Participants indicated only modest levels of self-efficacy in situations requiring sexual assertiveness. These findings, coupled with the elevated seroprevalence of HIV among persons having a SPMI, point to the need for risk assessment and counseling by mental health care providers.
Aggregating Multicast Demands on Virtual Path Trees

In ATM networks, Virtual Path Connections (VPCs) are not only a device for bundling Virtual Circuit Connections (VCCs), but they serve as an intermediate resource management layer wherein tradeoffs between cost, complexity, and efficiency are likely to be made on a slower time scale than connection holding times. In this paper we consider bundling multicast connections on VP trees. In particular, we show that the aggregation of multicast demands onto large VP trees can be an effective way to reduce capacity requirements, balance network loads, and reduce the number of VP trees required.
An effective fault-tolerant technique for circular butterfly parallel systems

The butterfly parallel system has a regular and simple interconnection pattern, making it suitable for VLSI/WSI implementation. The authors propose an effective fault-tolerant technique for the circular butterfly parallel system to ensure its rigid full butterfly structure even in the presence of failures. A resulting butterfly system with L levels involves (1/log/sub 2/L)% spare PEs and roughly 50% additional links. Reconfiguration in response fault is easy and can be performed in a distributed manner. The analytic results show that the proposed design exhibits significantly improved reliability. >
Abnormal human haemoglobins. V. Chemical investigation of haemoglobins A, G, C, X from one individual.

The four adult haemoglobins, A, GPhila, C, X present in the blood of D.K.P. have been isolated and fingerprinted. Their constitution is shown to be Hb-A = α2Aβ2A, Hb-GPhila = α2Gβ2A, Hb-C = α2Aβ2C and Hb-X = α2Gβ2C, a doubly abrnormal homaemoglobin. The amino acid substitution in Hb-GPhila is a lysine for asparagine change in a tryptic peptide from the α-chain.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) tool kit for environmental pollutants – metals

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is mandated by the US Congress to identify significant human exposure levels, develop methods to determine such exposures, and design strategies to mitigate them. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are increasingly being used to evaluate toxicity of environmental pollutants through multiple exposure pathways. As part of its translational research project, ATSDR is developing a human ‘PBPK model tool kit’ that consists of a series of published models re-coded in a common simulation language. The tool kit currently consists of models, at various stages of development, for priority environmental contaminants including solvents and persistent organic pollutants. Presented here are results of translational activities of re-coding models for cadmium, mercury, and arsenic. As part of this work, following re-coding each new model was evaluated for fidelity followed by sensitivity analysis. Good agreement was generally obtained for all t...
Television's Unintended Audience

Jayasinhji Jhala introduced the idea of the “unintended audience” in his 1994 article of the same title in which he explored the impact of ethnographic films on those viewers who are generally not considered by the filmmaker as being included in his or her intended audience.1 I borrow this concept here in discussing subaltern audiences2 of First World television. The “other” viewing the “self” highlights the ramifications of the question “Who are ‘they'?” vis‐a‐vis notions of “Who are ‘we'?” I contend that the answer to the former directly shapes and informs the latter as Fourth World people are forced to negotiate their identity upon exposure to First World television. The result is a transformative process whereby Fourth World viewers reassign the roles of “self” and “other” in order to preserve, defend, and construct their own selfhood.
Life-threatening cytomegalovirus colitis in the immunocompetent patient: report of a case and review of the literature

Cytomegalovirus colitis in the immunocompetent patient is an unusual clinical entity. We describe a patient with life-threatening cytomegalovirus colitis in the absence of immune deficiency and review the medical literature available on this topic.
Semantic Interoperability of Geospatial Services

This article proposes a multi-agent based framework that allows multiple data sources and models to be semantically integrated for spatial modeling in business processing. The paper reviews the feasibility of ontology-based spatial resource integration options to combine the core spatial reasoning with domainspecific application models. We propose an ontology-based framework for semantic level communication of spatial objects and application models. We then introduce a multi-agent system, ontology-based spatial information and resource integration services (OSIRIS), to semantically interoperate complex spatial services and integrate them in a meaningful composition. The advantage of using multi-agent collaboration in OSIRIS is that it obviates the need for end-user analysts to be able to decompose a problem domain to subproblems or to map different models according to what they actually mean. We also illustrate a multiagent interaction scenario for collaborative modeling of spatial applications using the proposed custom feature of OSIRIS.
Flow-noise and turbulence in two tidal channels

Flow-noise resulting from oceanic turbulence and interactions with pressure-sensitive transducers can interfere with ambient noise measurements. This noise source is particularly important in low-frequency measurements (f < 100 Hz) and in highly turbulent environments such as tidal channels. This work presents measurements made in the Chacao Channel, Chile, and in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, WA. In both environments, peak currents exceed 3 m/s and pressure spectral densities attributed to flow-noise are observed at frequencies up to 500 Hz. At 20 Hz, flow-noise exceeds mean slack noise levels by more than 50 dB. Two semi-empirical flow-noise models are developed and applied to predict flow-noise at frequencies from 20 to 500 Hz using measurements of current velocity and turbulence. The first model directly applies mean velocity and turbulence spectra while the second model relies on scaling arguments that relate turbulent dissipation to the mean velocity. Both models, based on prior formulations for infrasonic (f < 20 Hz) flow-noise, agree well with observations in Chacao Channel. In Admiralty Inlet, good agreement is shown only with the model that applies mean velocity and turbulence spectra, as the measured turbulence violates the scaling assumption in the second model.
Posttreatment 12-Step Program Affiliation and Dropout: Theoretical Model and Qualitative Exploration

ABSTRACT Treatment outcome research has repeatedly demonstrated that involvement in twelve-step (TS) programs (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous) following treatment is associated with improved substance use outcomes. Treatment providers widely encourage TS program attendance during treatment and for aftercare; yet, evidence suggests that minimal and sporadic attendance or complete dropout is the more common occurrence. Providers would benefit from knowledge that would contribute to a greater understanding of factors that influence posttreatment TS program affiliation or dropout to guide treatment strategies. This article reviews the literature on TS affiliation, advances theory and a model to explain affiliation, and reports findings from a qualitative research study focused on understanding what people in TS facilitative treatment report as good (the pros) and not so good (the cons) about TS program involvement. Results suggest that unresolved ambivalence as well as socio-cultural barrie...
Commissural Transmission: Maturational Changes in Humans

Latency differences between ipsilateral and contralateral somatosensory evoked potentials show maturational trends in keeing with the myelogenic timetable and development of the corpus callosum. The distribution and modality-specific projection of early ipsilateral activity suggests an origin in the contralateral posterior-parietal area.
The Learning and Study Strategies Inventory-High School Version: Issues of Factorial Invariance Across Gender and Ethnicity:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the latent structure of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory-HighSchool(LASSI-HS) through confirmatory factor analysis and factorial invariance models. A simple modification of the three-factor structure was considered. Using a larger sample, cross-validation was completed and the equality of factor structures was compared across gender and ethnicity. Participants for the confirmation of the three-factor model were 115 above-average-ability and average-ability seventh through ninth graders of middle and upper middle socioeconomic status. For the cross-validation and the factorial invariance analysis, existing data from367 ninthgraders were used. Factorial invariance was found across gender but not across ethnic groups. The LASSI-HS likely offers valuable information about students’ learning strategies, but caution is warranted when making comparisons across cultural groups.
Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase in Children: An Algorithm to Determine When a "Wait and See" Approach is Optimal

Due to the possibility of underlying hepatobiliaryor bone diseases, the diagnostic work up of a child with elevated alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels can be quite costly. In a significant proportion of these patients, elevated AP is benign, requiring no intervention: hence, known as transient hyperphosphatasemia (THP) of infants and children. A 27-month old previously healthy Caucasian female was found to have isolated elevation of AP four weeks after the initial symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. One month later, when seen in hepatobiliary clinic, signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, or bone disease were absent and physical examination was normal. The diagnosis of THP was made, and, as anticipated, AP levels normalized after four months. Using this case as an example, we suggest an algorithm that can be utilized as a guide in a primary care setting to arrive at the diagnosis of THP and avoid further tests or referrals.
Physical association of uPAR with the αV integrin on the surface of human NK cells

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) serves as a receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plays a role in invasion and migration of certain immune cells, including NK cells. Although uPAR is anchored to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid moiety, we have previously shown that uPAR crosslinking results in MAP kinase signaling and increased integrin expression on the surface of the human NK cell line, YT. We report, herein, that the binding of uPA to uPAR also activates the MAP kinase signaling cascade. Furthermore, we show the physical association between uPAR and integrins on YT cells using cocapping and fluorescence microscopy. These results suggest that signaling initiated by either uPAR binding to uPA or by uPAR clustering may depend on the physical association of uPAR with integrins, a process that may be a prerequisite for NK cell accumulation within established tumor metastases during adoptive therapy.
X-ray Emission from Flare Stars

THERE is considerable interest in the X-ray emission from flare stars and Grindlay1 and Gurzadyan2 have claimed that under good conditions a detectable X-ray flux due to flares of UV Ceti would be seen at the Earth. Using Grindlay's model, Edwards3 has calculated that the total hard X-ray emission (E> 10 keV) from the galactic disk is two orders of magnitude greater than the upper limit set by Hudson et al.4 from OSO III observations. Here we discuss several difficulties with the approaches used by Grindlay and by Gurzadyan and show that an empirical approach based on the strong similarities between solar and stellar flares can be used to calculate stellar X-ray fluxes. We then obtain an upper limit on the unresolved flare star contribution to the diffuse hard X-ray emission from the galactic disk, using a calculation similar to that of Edwards.
Dynamical models of sentence processing

We suggest that the theory of dynamical systems provides a revealing general framework for modeling the representations and mechanism underlying syntactic processing. We show how a particular dynamical model, the Visitation Set Gravitation model of Tabor, Juliano, and Tanenhaus (1997), develops syntactic representations and models a set of contingent frequency effects in parsing that are problematic for other models. We also present new simulations showing how the model accounts for semantic effects in parsing, and propose a new account of the distinction between syntactic and semantic incongruity. The results show how symbolic structures useful in parsing arise as emergent properties of connectionist dynamical systems.
REMPI detection of alignment in NO collisions

Abstract The detection of collision induced alignment in ensembles of NO molecules scattered from He or Ne is investigated. The alignment is probed through (2 + 1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization of NO via different Rydberg states: E 2 Σ , F 2 Δ , and H 2 Σ , H ′ 2 Π . Transitions belonging to the first two electronic systems yield identical polarization effects consistent with the fact that the two-photon transition is characterized by a single second rank tensor component Z (2) ±1 . The electronic system involving the H-state is considerably more complicated because of the state mixing due to L-uncoupling and the simultaneous presence of zeroth and second rank tensor components for the two-photon transition. Alignment moments extracted from TOF spectra measured through different electronic systems are identical within the experimental uncertainty. The alignment is consistent with predictions of either the kinematic apse or the geometric apse models. These models indicate further that higher moments have a negligible influence on the polarization effect if the alignment is derived from spectra measured with laser light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the molecular beam axis.
Effects of Na+ and Ca2+ gradients on intracellular free Ca2+ in voltage-clamped Aplysia neurons.

Selected neurons of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica were voltage-clamped and intracellular free Ca [( Ca2+]i) and Na [( Na+]i) concentrations were monitored with ion selective microelectrodes. Reducing [Na+]o from 500 mM (normal seawater, NSW) to 5 mM resulted in a decrease of the potential measured by the Ca electrode (VCa). Increasing [Ca2+]o from 10 to 50 mM increased [Ca2+]i two-fold, keeping [Ca2+]o at 50 mM and decreasing [Na+]o to 5 mM still led to a decrease in VCa. With 100 mM [Ca2+]o, which also increased [Ca2+]i, decreasing [Na+]o increased VCa in two of the eight cells tested. This indicates that in normal or moderately high resting [Ca2+]i, Ca2+ extrusion by Na/Ca exchange (forward mode) is not essential for [Ca2+]i buffering. [Na+]i was 12.9 +/- 3.6 mM (S.E.M., n = 7) in NSW; reducing [Na+]o to 5 mM decreased [Na+]i to 2.0 +/- 1.1 mM (S.E.M.). Keeping [Na+]o at 5 mM and increasing [Ca2+]o from 10 to 20 mM further decreased [Na+]i to about 1.0 mM, evidence of Na/Ca exchange operating in the reverse mode. Attempts to increase [Ca2+]i by bath application of the Ca ionophores A23187, X537A, ionomycin or ETH 1001 resulted in no measurable change of the resting [Ca2+]i. Application of Ouabain caused an apparent increase in [Ca2+]i in two of the six cells tested. In cells injected with the metallochromic indicator arsenazo III (AIII), the rate of the falling phase of the AIII absorbance increase, following a voltage-clamp pulse, was significantly slower in 5 mM [Na+]o. This indicates that in its forward mode Na-Ca exchange is active in clearing large submembrane increases in [Ca2+]i.
Weight trajectory of youth with new-onset type 1 diabetes comparing standard and enhanced dietary education.

Youth with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) gain weight after insulin therapy initiation. We aimed to study the effects of Enhanced Dietary Counseling (EDC) compared to Standard of Care Dietary Counseling (SDC) on BMI trajectory in youth with new-onset T1DM. Youth with new-onset T1DM (n = 47; 8.9 + 4.2 years) were randomized 6 weeks post-diagnosis to either SDC per American Diabetes Association guidelines (n = 25) or EDC (n = 22: SDC plus monthly nutritional education and 3-day food records (FRs) at 6 and 24 weeks). Weights and heights were measured at diagnosis, 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months post-diagnosis; pre-diagnosis BMI was obtained from pediatricians’ records. BMI Z score was used to track BMI change. Knowledge of recommended daily energy intake (DEI) and daily carbohydrate intake was assessed at follow-up visits. Changes in BMI Z scores were similar in SDC versus EDC subjects from pre-diagnosis to 12 months post-diagnosis. BMI Z score at 12 months exceeded pre-diagnosis level in 58.5 % subjects (54.5 % EDC vs. 63.1 % SDC, p = 0.75). From 6 weeks to 6 months, percentage of subjects correctly recalling recommended DEI increased in EDC along with percentage of subjects meeting recommended daily fruit servings intake from 25 % (6 weeks) to 64 % (6 months), p = 0.047). EDC did not prevent BMI Z score increases in youth with new-onset T1DM, and BMI Z score exceeded pre-diagnosis levels in >50 % 12 months post-diagnosis. A family-based approach and/or additional intervention may be needed to prevent excessive weight gain.
Dual role of the 44/62 protein as a matchmaker protein and DNA polymerase chaperone during assembly of the bacteriophage T4 holoenzyme complex.

Processive DNA synthesis in the bacteriophage T4 system requires the formation of a holoenzyme complex composed of the T4 DNA polymerase and the 44/62 and 45 accessory proteins. While ATP hydrolysis by the 44/62 protein is essential for holoenzyme formation, the role of the sliding clamp or processivity factor is attributed to the 45 protein. Beyond the need for ATP hydrolysis, the exact role of the 44/62 protein in complex assembly has not been clearly defined. In this paper, we have investigated the kinetics of complex assembly in the presence of both saturating and substoichiometric concentrations of the 44/62 protein. Under saturating conditions, complex assembly is 100% efficient, with all of the polymerase bound in a processive complex. Under conditions of limiting 44/62 protein, the 44/62 protein can act catalytically to assemble the 45 protein and polymerase into a productive complex. However, kinetic simulations indicate that a significant fraction of polymerase is sequestered in a nonproductive ...
What Is Stuttering

When it comes to stuttering, one must be very careful of a priori assumptions they may have formed about the nature of the disorder and its associated behaviors. A broad understanding and thorough ...
Rotational dynamics of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein NCp7 as probed by a spin label attached by peptide synthesis.

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid (TOAC) spin label was attached at the N-terminal position to interrogate the dynamics of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid Zn-finger protein, NCp7. NCp7 is a 6.4-kDa 55-mer critical to the recognition, packaging, and efficient reverse transcription of viral RNA that has stem-loop structures, such as the RNA stem-loop 3 used in this work. The NCp7, made by solid-phase peptide synthesis with TOAC incorporated into the alpha-carbon backbone at the N-terminal "0" position, showed analytical purity and biological activity. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra of the N-terminal TOAC indicated rapid temperature-sensitive motion of the probe ( or =90% trifluoroethanol [(TFE), an alpha-helix enhancer] caused the TOAC-NCp7 without zinc in its fingers to change to a fully helical conformation, while the TOAC spin label was concurrently reporting a tumbling time of well over a nanosecond, as the N-terminal TOAC became inflexibly enfolded. Even with TFE present, the existence of intact Zn-finger regions in NCp7 prevented complete formation of helical structure, as shown by circular dichroism, and decreased the N-terminal TOAC tumbling time, as shown by EPR. This study demonstrated TOAC at the N-terminal of NCp7 to be a reporter for the considerable conformational lability of NCp7. (
Beepop: A Honeybee Population Dynamics Simulation Model

Abstract BEEPOP is a computer model that simulates honey bee colony population dynamics. Estimates of population size and composition (i.e., proportions of workers and drones) at time (t) are based upon initial colony population size, weather conditions, reproductive potential of the queen, and forager longevity. Results of a sensitivity analysis indicate that the queen's egg-laying potential has the greatest effect on colony population size. Yearly trends in population growth and age structure generated from simulations are also discussed.
Experiences of Families Using Food Assistance and Welfare Programs in North Carolina: Perceived Barriers and Recommendations for Improvement

Abstract This study describes the experiences of families using food assistance and welfare programs in North Carolina. A qualitative study was conducted consisting of 17 focus group discussions in 12 locations encompassing three major geographic regions in North Carolina. A convenience sample of 141 participants was recruited from private, nonprofit agencies that provide assistance to poor families. In each region, an urban county and a rural county were selected. The counties were selected based on a review of poverty and ethnicity statistics and enrollment figures in assistance programs. The perceived barriers to getting help from programs and suggestions to improve programs fell into three areas: program policies, program benefits, and program procedures.
Dispersion and diffusion in porous media under supercritical conditions

Hydrodynamic dispersion significantly impacts solute transport in a porous medium, such as a packed bed reactor or a soil column. Recent developments in the area of supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography have created a need for understanding dispersion phenomena in such systems. Because the literature in this area is sparse and limited to convection-dominated conditions, a supercritical fluid system was constructed for measuring dispersion coefficients in porous media at low Reynolds numbers (Re 0.4, diffusion-based Peclet number, Ped>3), and measured dispersion coefficients agree well with those reported elsewhere. The dispersion coefficients measured for the lower flow rates (approximately Re<0.1,Ped<0.4) demonstrate diffusion dominance over mechanical dispersion. The observed dispersion coefficients are demonstrated to be greater than those typical of liquid systems and less than those for gaseous systems for particular Re or Ped values. However, the dispersion behavior is consistent with that reported for gases and liquids when the observed dispersion coefficients are scaled by the appropriate diffusion coefficients. Experimentally determined dispersion coefficients are correlated with Ped(=ReSc) for values ranging from 0.02 to 30. The fitted expression captures the dynamics of the transition from diffusion to convection-dominated dispersion under supercritical conditions and is consistent with previously reported expressions for liquids and gases.
Increased patient acceptance and adherence using a new fetal movement chart

Objective: Decreased fetal movement may be an early sign of fetal compromise. We compared two fetal-movement charting techniques to determine which one was preferred by patients and promoted the highest patient adherence. Methods: Patients with singleton gestations between 28 and 34 weeks of gestation, with intact membranes and not in labor, were eligible. Consenting women were given a standard Hollister chart and a ‘Count to 8‘ chart in a crossover manner over a 2-week period. After completion of the charts, patients answered a questionnaire establishing which fetal-movement charting technique was preferred. All returned charts were reviewed to evaluate patient adherence. Categorical data were analyzed with Fisher exact tests. A P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Thirty-eight patients agreed to participate, and 31 completed and returned the charts. The new ‘Count to 8‘ chart was largely preferred over the Hollister chart (29 versus 2, P = 0.002). The proportion of patients that fully completed the ‘Count to 8‘ chart as instructed was significantly higher than the proportion completing the Hollister chart (68% versus 26%, P<0.001). Conclusions: The new ‘Count to 8‘ fetal-movement chart was clearly preferred and promoted a higher level of adherence when compared with a standard Hollister© chart.