cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inelastic scattering of 120 keV electrons from carbon, aluminum, vanadium and silver foils

Abstract The inelastic scattering of 120 keV electrons from thin-film targets of carbon, aluminum, vanadium, and silver has been measured at 120° and 135°. The number of inelastically scattered electrons at each angle has been normalized to the elastically scattered electrons and the difference of the spectra at the two angles has been computed to correct for backscattering in the Si detector. The results are compared with a double scattering process of ionization followed by elastic scattering in the target. Significantly more backscattering is observed than can be explained by either the single scattering processes of ionization or bremsstrahlung or by the double process considered. Additional double processes need to be considered to resolve the discrepancy.
Market Power and Transferable Property Rights

The appeal of using markets as a means of allocating scarce resources stems in large part from the assumption that a market will approximate the competitive ideal. When competition is not a foregone conclusion, the question naturally arises as to how a firm might manipulate the market to its own advantage. This paper analyzes the issue of market power in the context of markets for transferable property rights. First, a model is developed that explains how a single firm with market power might exercise its influence. This is followed by an examination of the model in the context of a particular policy problem--the control of particulate sulfates in the Los Angeles region.
A facile synthesis of bispyrroloquinone and bispyrroloiminoquinone ring system of marine alkaloids.

Abstract Bispyrroloquinone and bispyrroloiminoquinone are two important polycyclic ring systems present in biologically active marine alkaloids such as Zyzzyanones, tsitsikammamines, and wakayin. A facile synthesis of these two ring systems starting from a 6-benzylamino indole-4,7-quinone or 6-benzylamino pyrroloiminoquinone is described here. This chemistry involves the construction of a pyrrole ring in a single step by treatment of the starting reagents with ethyl acetoacetate or phenylbutane-1,3-dione in the presence of ceric ammonium nitrate in MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 solvent.
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of CVD diamond

Abstract The elastic modulus E of diamond is often set equal to 1 s 11 = 1050 GPa , which assumes that it does not vary much with orientation, and many authors use v = 0.2 as an appropriate average value of Poisson's ratio, which is incorrect. In fact, since the elastic constants of diamond are known with great accuracy, it is a straightforward matter to derive exact numbers for E and v that take into consideration the stress direction and the intrinsic anisotropy as well as the crystalline configuration. For diamonds synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) we find that in a first approximation the Hershey-Kroner-Eshelby averaging procedure yields acceptable numbers, E = 1143 GPa and v = 0.0691 , which are quite compatible with available experimental evidence. Our measurements of the biaxial modulus E′ = E (1 − v) make use of the bulge test method to characterize the elastic behavior of both microwavepower- and hot-filament-assisted CVD diamond films. High quality deposits yield ′E ≈ 1180 and 1220 GPa for randomly orientated and (110)-textured deposits respectively; these results confirm that state-of-the-art deposits exhibit elastic properties that are in accord with the measured stiffnesses of natural single-crystal diamond. The residual hydrogen content strongly impacts the elastic behavior and appears to be responsible for the degradation of the modulus observed in this and previous work.
Multiscale modeling with carbon nanotubes

Technologically important nanomaterials come in all shapes and sizes. They can range from small molecules to complex composites and mixtures. Depending upon the spatial dimensions of the system and properties under investigation computer modeling of such materials can range from equilibrium and non-equilibrium quantum mechanics, to force-field-based molecular mechanics and kinetic Monte Carlo, mesoscale simulation of evolving morphology, and finite-element computation of physical properties. This brief review illustrates some of the above modeling techniques through a number of recent applications with carbon nanotubes: nano electromechanical sensors (NEMS), chemical sensors, metal-nanotube contacts, and polymer-nanotube composites.
Peritoneal Surface Disease (PSD) from Appendiceal Cancer Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC): Overview of 481 Cases

Background Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) used to treat peritoneal surface disease (PSD) from appendiceal cancer have shown variability in survival outcomes. The primary goal of this study was to determine predictors of surgical morbidity and overall survival. The secondary goal was to describe the impact of nodal status on survival after CRS/HIPEC for PSD from low-grade appendiceal (LGA) and high-grade appendiceal (HGA) primary lesions.
Colloidal hydrodynamic coupling in concentric optical vortices

Optical vortex traps created from helical modes of light can drive fluid-borne colloidal particles in circular trajectories. Concentric circulating rings of particles formed by coaxial optical vortices form a microscopic Couette cell, in which the amount of hydrodynamic drag experienced by the spheres depends on the relative sense of the rings' circulation. Tracking the particles' motions makes possible measurements of the hydrodynamic coupling between the circular particle trains and addresses recently proposed hydrodynamic instabilities for collective colloidal motions on optical vortices.
Triangle inequalities in path metric spaces

We study side-lengths of triangles in path metric spaces. We prove that unless such a space X is bounded, or quasi-isometric to line or half-line, every triple of real numbers satisfying the strict triangle inequalities, is realized by the side-lengths of a triangle in X. We construct an example of a complete path metric space quasi-isometric to the Euclidean plane, for which every degenerate triangle has one side which is shorter than a certain uniform constant.
A COMBINATORIAL ANALOG OF A THEOREM OF F.J. DYSON

Abstract Tucker's lemma is a combinatorial analog of the Borsuk–Ulam theorem and the case n = 2 was proposed by Tucker in 1945. Numerous generalizations and applications of the lemma have appeared since then. In 2006 Meunier proved the lemma in its full generality in his PhD thesis. There are generalizations and extensions of the Borsuk–Ulam theorem that do not yet have combinatorial analogs. In this note, we give a combinatorial analog of a result of Freeman J. Dyson and show that our result is equivalent to Dyson's theorem. As with Tucker's lemma, we hope that this will lead to generalizations and applications and ultimately a combinatorial analog of Yang's theorem of which both Borsuk–Ulam and Dyson are special cases.
Order from disorder in a kagome antiferromagnet

It will be discussed to what extent the large S approach to an antiferromagnet on a kagome lattice can explain the data of magnetothermal and neutron scattering experiments on a stacked kagome antiferromagnet Sr–Cr–Ga–O. In particular, it will be shown that quantum fluctuations lift the classical degeneracy related to a large amount of frustration in a kagome lattice and give rise to a finite velocity of spin‐wave excitations which is by a factor S−1/3 smaller than for a conventional antiferromagnet.
Disjoint Edges in Complete Topological Graphs

It is shown that every complete $$n$$ -vertex simple topological graph has at $$\varOmega (n^{1/3})$$ pairwise disjoint edges, and these edges can be found in polynomial time. This proves a conjecture of Pach and Toth, which appears as Problem 5 from Chapter 9.5 in Research Problems in Discrete Geometry by Brass, Moser, and Pach.
Acousto-Ultrasonics: An Update

The application possibilities and limitations of acoustoultrasonics are reviewed. One of the most useful aspects of acousto-ultrasonics is its ability to assess degradation and damage states in composites. The sensitivity of the acousto-ultrasonic approach for detecting and measuring subtle but significant material property variations in composites has been demonstrated.
Methods of file organization for efficient use of IBM RAMAC files

The International Business Machines Corporation Random Access Memory Accounting Computer (IBM RAMAC) is a disk file storage unit with superior characteristics for use in processing a large class of commercial applications.
The relation between gap discrimination and auditory stream segregation.

Gap discrimination and stream segregation were examined using sequences of 2, 4, 8, or 16 tones. The frequency differences between tones ranged from 1/24 to 2 1/2 octaves. Judgments of stream segregation show large intersubject variability, whereas gap thresholds are comparatively stable. Gap thresholds and streaming judgments are both affected by the frequency separation between tones. However, only streaming judgments are affected by presentation rate. Gap-threshold functions show no discontinuities or plateaus with increasing frequency differences and faster presentation rates. These results suggest that stream segregation is not a primary factor limiting gap-discrimination performance in tonal sequences.
Flow and Heat Transfer in Turbine Tip Gaps

The effects of Reynolds number on flow through a tip gap are investigated by performing laminar flow calculations for an idealized two-dimensional tip gap geometry. The results of the calculations aid in understanding and reconciliation of low Much number turbine tip gap measurements, which range in tip gap Reynolds number from 100 to 10,000. For the higher Reynolds numbers, both the calculations and the measurements show a large separation off the sharp edge of the blade tip corner. For a high Reynolds number, fully turbulent flow calculations were also made. These also show a large separation and the results are compared with heat transfer measurements. At high Mach numbers, there are complex shock structures in the tip gap. These are modeled experimentally using a water table.
Motion on constant curvature spaces and quantization using Noether symmetries.

A general approach is presented for quantizing a metric nonlinear system on a manifold of constant curvature. It makes use of a curvature dependent procedure which relies on determining Noether symmetries from the metric. The curvature of the space functions as a constant parameter. For a specific metric which defines the manifold, Lie differentiation of the metric gives these symmetries. A metric is used such that the resulting Schrodinger equation can be solved in terms of hypergeometric functions. This permits the investigation of both the energy spectrum and wave functions exactly for this system.
Dislocation structures ahead of advancing cracks

Previous transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations of the dislocation structure in the vicinity of a crack suggested that the region immediately ahead of a crack is devoid of dislocations. In the present paper, the results ofin situ TEM deformation experiments in numerous systems are described. The dislocation configurations are generally complex, with dislocations extending from the crack tip(i.e., no dislocation-free zone (DFZ)) and forming complex arrangements in the plastic region in front of the crack tip. Crack advance was accompanied by the emission of dislocations from both the crack tip and nearby sources. These observations are summarized, and the theory of dislocation configurations in front of a crack is reconsidered.
Classification of n-qubit states with minimum orbit dimension

The group of local unitary transformations acts on the space of n-qubit pure states, decomposing it into orbits. In a previous paper we proved that a product of singlet states (together with an unentangled qubit for a system with an odd number of qubits) achieves the smallest possible orbit dimension, equal to 3n/2 for n even and (3n + 1)/2 for n odd, where n is the number of qubits. In this paper we show that any state with minimum orbit dimension must be of this form, and furthermore, such states are classified up to local unitary equivalence by the sets of pairs of qubits entangled in singlets.
A Smooth Space of Tetrahedra

Abstract We construct a smooth symmetric compactification of the space of all labeled tetrahedra in P 3.
Influence of Base and Structure in the Reversible Covalent Conjugate Addition of Thiol to Polycyclic Enone Scaffolds

The energetics of thiol addition and elimination reactions to bicyclic enones derived from an indole core structure were explored using 1H NMR and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The agreement between experiment and theory is excellent, and the combined results reveal that even minor changes in the conformation of the enone, substituents on the scaffold, and the use of different bases have a signficant influence on product distribution. A potential application of these principles is in the rational design of new reversible covalent enzyme inhibitors.
Managing information systems for service quality: a study from the other side

System quality, information quality, user IS characteristics, employee IS performance and technical support are identified as important elements that influence service quality. A model interrelating these constructs is proposed. Data collected through a national survey of IS departments in electric utility firms was used to test the model using regression and path analysis methodology. The results suggest that system quality, information quality, user IS characteristics, through their effects on employee IS performance, influence service quality, while technical support influences service quality directly. The results also suggest that employee IS performance contributes more to service quality compared with technical support. Implications of this research for IS theory and practice are discussed.
Evaluation of aerothermoelasticity problems for unmanned Mars-entry vehicles.

Aerothermoelasticity problems for Mars entry vehicles, discussing deceleration loads, separated hot gas flow, shield thermal gradients and oscillatory body motion
Equity valuation and negative earnings: The role of book value of equity

This study provides an explanation for the anomalous significantly negative price‐earnings relation using the simple earnings capitalization model for firms that report losses. We hypothesize and find that including book value of equity in the valuation specification eliminates the negative relation. This suggests that the simple earnings capitalization model is misspecified and the negative coefficient on earnings for loss firms is a manifestation of that misspecification. Furthermore, we provide evidence on three competing explanations for the role that book value of equity plays in valuing loss firms. Specifically, we investigate whether the importance of book value in cross‐sectional valuation models stems from its role as (1) a control for scale differences (Barth and Kallapur 1996), (2) a proxy for expected future normal earnings (Ohlson 1995; Penman 1992), or (3) a proxy for loss firms' abandonment option (Berger et al. 1996; Barth et al. 1996; Burgstahler and Dichev 1997). Our results do not suppo...
Adiabatic Losses and Stochastic Particle Acceleration in Gamma-Ray Burst Blast Waves

We treat the problem of adiabatic losses and stochastic particle acceleration in gamma-ray burst (GRB) blast waves that decelerate by sweeping up matter from an external medium. The shocked fluid is assumed to be represented by a homogeneous expanding shell. The energy lost by nonthermal particles through adiabatic expansion is converted to the bulk kinetic energy of the outflow, permitting the evolution of the bulk Lorentz factor Γ of the blast wave to be self-consistently calculated. The behavior of the system is shown to reproduce the hydrodynamic self-similar solutions in the relativistic and nonrelativistic limits, and the formalism is applicable to scenarios that are intermediate between the adiabatic and fully radiative regimes. Nonthermal particle energization through stochastic gyroresonant acceleration with magnetic turbulence in the blast wave is treated by employing energy-gain rates and diffusive escape timescales based on expressions derived in the quasi-linear regime. If the magnetic field in the shocked fluid approaches its equipartition value, this process can accelerate escaping particles to 1020 eV energies, consistent with the hypothesis that ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are accelerated by GRB blast waves. Because of particle trapping by the magnetic turbulence, only the highest energy particles can escape during the prompt and afterglow phases of a GRB for acceleration by a Kolmogorov spectrum of MHD turbulence. Lower energy particles begin to escape as the blast wave becomes nonrelativistic and shock Fermi acceleration becomes more important.
EQUILIBRIUM MEASURES AND CAPACITIES IN SPECTRAL THEORY

This is a comprehensive review of the uses of potential theory in studying the spectral theory of orthogonal polynomials. Much of the article focuses on the Stahl--Totik theory of regular measures, especially the case of OPRL and OPUC. Links are made to the study of ergodic Schrodinger operators where one of our new results implies that, in complete generality, the spectral measure is supported on a set of zero Hausdorff dimension (indeed, of capacity zero) in the region of strictly positive Lyapunov exponent. There are many examples and some new conjectures and indications of new research directions. Included are appendices on potential theory and on Fekete--Szegő theory.
Nonlinear behavior of the renormalization group flow and standard model parameters

Abstract The standard model for high-energy physics (SM) describes fundamental interactions between subatomic particles down to a distance scale on the order of 10 −18 m. Despite its widespread acceptance, a consistent and comprehensive understanding of SM parameters is missing. Starting from a less conventional standpoint, our work suggests that the spectrum of particle masses, gauge couplings and fermion mixing angles may be derived from the chaotic regime of the renormalization group flow. In particular, we argue that the observed hierarchies of standard model parameters amount to a series of scaling ratios depending on the Feigenbaum constant. Leading order predictions are shown to agree well with experimental data.
Synthesis and characterization of derivatives and dimers of 4,5-dicyanoimidazole

Abstract Synthesis of 1-methyl-2-fluoro-4,5-dicyanoimidazole was accomplished by halogen exchange between 1-methyl-2-bromo-4,5-dicyanoimidazole and potassium fluoride with catalytic 18-crown-6 ether in diglyme. Halogen exchange between 1-methyl-2-bromo-4,5-dicyanoimidazole and lithium chloride in N-methylpyrrolidinone at 150°C yielded 1-methyl-2-chloro-4,5-dicyanoimidazole, while additional heating to 210°C resulted in the subsequent demethylation to yield 2-chloro-4,5-dicyanoimidazole. The nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of various imidazole nucleophiles with 1-methyl-2-fluoro-4,5-dicyanoimidazole resulted in several derivatives of 2-(4′,5′-dicyano-1′-imidazoyl)-4,5-dicyanoimidazole. The pKa, UV, and electronic properties are reported.
The Borda dictionary

Forn candidates, a profile of voters defines a unique Borda election ranking for each of the 2 n − (n + 1) subsets of two or more candidates. The Borda Dictionary is the set of all of these election listings that occur for any choice of a profile. As such, the dictionary contains all positive features, all flaws, and all paradoxes that can occur with single profile, sincere Borda elections. After the Borda Dictionary is characterized, it is used to show in what ways the Borda Count (BC) is an improvement over other positional voting methods and to derive several new BC properties. These properties include several new characterizations of the BC expressed in terms of axiomatic representations of social choice functions, as well as showing, for example, that the BC ranking ofn candidates can be uniquely determined by the BC rankings of all sets ofk <n candidates for any choice ofk between 2 andn.
Effect of molecular complexation of the porphyrin ligand on the axial ligation of FeTPPCl

Abstract The formation of a molecular complex between tetraphenylporphyrin or a metallotetraphenylporphyrin and electron acceptors in toluene and in dimethylsulfoxide is evidenced by a red shift and loss of intensity in the Soret region. Complexation between a donor or acceptor and the porphyrin periphery in a metalloporphyrin is expected to effect reactions at the metal center. The effect of molecular complexation on the axial ligation of 5,10,15,20- tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine iron(III) chloride (FeTPPCl) was investigated by a determination of the equilibrium constant and thermodynamic data for the reaction between FeTPPCl and 1-methylimidazole (MeIm) in dimethylsulfoxide in the presence of an electron donor and an electron acceptor. ΔH values in the presence of the donor 1,10-phenanthroline and the acceptor II are −58.3 and −32.8 kJ mol−1, respectively, compared to −47.8 in the absence of either a donor or an acceptor. ΔS values for the reaction in the presence of a donor, in the presence of an acceptor, and in the absence of either are −0.12, −0.036 and −0.082 kJ (Kmol)−1, respectively. The enthalpies indicate that an electron donor favors the low spin bisadduct of FeTPPCl and MeIm while an acceptor favors the high spin non-ligated form. The entropy effects are in opposition to the enthalpy effects.
In situ quantitative analysis of individual H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions by laser Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectral parameters for the Raman ν1 (1285 cm−1) and 2ν2 (1388 cm−1) bands for CO2 and for the O–H stretching vibration band of H2O (3600 cm−1) were determined in H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions. Synthetic fluid inclusions containing 2.5 to 50 mol% CO2 were analyzed at temperatures equal to or greater than the homogenization temperature. The results were used to develop an empirical relationship between composition and Raman spectral parameters. The linear peak intensity ratio ( IR=ICO2 / ( ICO2+IH2O)) is related to the CO2 concentration in the inclusion according to the relation: Mole% CO2 ¼ e−3:959 IR2 þ8:0734 IR where ICO2 is the intensity of the 1388 cm−1 peak and IH2O is the intensity of the 3600 cm−1 peak. The relationship between linear peak intensity and composition was established at 350 °C for compositions ranging from 2.5 to 50 mol% CO2. The CO2–H2O linear peak intensity ratio ( IR) varies with temperature and the relationship between composition and IR is strictly valid only if the inclusions are analyzed at 350 °C. The peak area ratio is defined as AR=ACO2/(ACO2+AH2O), where ACO2 is the integrated area under the 1388 cm−1 peak and AH2O is the integrated area under the 3600 cm−1 peak. The relationship between peak area ratio (AR) and the CO2 concentration in the inclusions is given as: Mole% CO2 ¼ 312:5 AR The equation relating peak area ratio and composition is valid up to 25 mol% CO2 and from 300 to 450 °C. The relationship between linear peak intensity ratio and composition should be used for inclusions containing ≤50 mol% CO2 and which can be analyzed at 350 °C. The relationship between composition and peak area ratios should be used when analyzing inclusions at temperatures less than or greater than 350 °C (300–450) but can only be used for compositions ≤25 mol% CO2. Note that this latter relationship has a somewhat larger standard deviation compared to the intensity ratio relationship. Calibration relationships employing peak areas for both members of the Fermi diad (ν1 at 1285 cm−1 and 2ν2 at 1388 cm−1) were slightly poorer than those using only the 2ν2 (1388 cm−1) member owing to interference from quartz peak at approximately 1160 cm−1.
Polarized Infrared Emission by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Resulting from Anisotropic Illumination

We study the polarized infrared emission by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), when anisotropically illuminated by UV photons. PAH molecules are modeled as planar disks with in-plane and out-of-plane vibrational modes. As first pointed out by Leger, infrared emission features resulting from in-plane and out-of-plane modes should have orthogonal polarization directions. We show analytically how the degree of polarization depends on the viewing geometry and the molecule's internal alignment between principal axis of inertia and angular momentum, which gets worse after photon absorption. Longer wavelength features, emitted after better internal alignment is recovered, should be more strongly polarized. The degree of polarization for unidirectional illumination (e.g., by a star) is larger than for diffuse illumination (e.g., by a disk galaxy), all else being equal. For PAHs in the cold neutral medium, the predicted polarization is probably too small to distinguish from the contribution of linear dichroism by aligned foreground dust. The level of polarization predicted for PAH emission from the Orion Bar is only ≈0.06% at 3.3 μm; Sellgren et al. report a much larger value, 0.86% ± 0.28%, which suggests that the smallest PAHs may have moderately suprathermal rotation rates. Future observations of (or upper limits on) the degree of polarization for the Orion Bar or for dust above edge-on galaxies (e.g., NGC 891 or M82) may constrain the internal alignment of emitting PAHs, thus providing clues to their rotational dynamics.
From mappings to modules: using mappings to identify domain-specific modules in large ontologies

The problem of ontology modularization is an active area of research in the Semantic Web community. With the emergence and wider use of very large ontologies, in particular in fields such as biomedicine, more and more application developers need to extract meaningful modules of these ontologies to use in their applications. Researchers have also noted that many ontology-maintenance tasks would be simplified if we could extract modules from ontologies. These tasks include ontology matching: If we can separate ontologies into modules based on the topics that these modules cover, we can simplify and improve ontology matching. In this paper, we study a complementary problem: Can we use existing mappings between ontologies to facilitate modularization? We present a novel approach to modularization based on mappings between ontologies. We validate and analyze our approach by applying our methods to identify modules for National Cancer Institutes Thesaurus (NCI Thesaurus) and Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine--Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT).
Measurement of unsteady state growth rates of micro-organisms

Growth rate of microorganisms when rate changes with time, using continuous culture technique
Is the lowest order supersymmetric WKB approximation exact for all shape invariant potentials

It has previously been proved that the lowest order supersymmetric WKB approximation reproduces the exact bound state spectrum of shape invariant potentials. We show that this is not true for a new, recently discovered class of shape invariant potentials and analyse the reasons underlying this breakdown of the usual proof.
Dissolved oxygen extrema in the Arctic Ocean halocline from the North Pole to the Lincoln Sea

Dissolved oxygen (O2) profiling by new generation sensors was conducted in the Arctic Ocean via aircraft during May 2003 as part of the North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO) and Freshwater Switchyard (SWYD) projects. At stations extending from the North Pole to the shelf off Ellesmere Island, such profiles display what appear to be various O2 maxima (with concentrations 70% of saturation or less) over depths of 70–110 m in the halocline, corresponding to salinity and temperature ranges of 33.3–33.9 and � 1.7 to � 1.51C. The features appear to be widely distributed: Similar features based on bottle data were recently reported for a subset of the 1997–1998 SHEBA stations in the southern Canada Basin and in recent Beaufort Sea sensor profiles. Oxygen sensor data from August 2002 Chukchi Borderlands (CBL) and 1994 Arctic Ocean Section (AOS) projects suggest that such features arise from interleaving of shelf-derived, O2-depleted waters. This generates apparent oxygen maxima in Arctic Basin profiles that would otherwise trend more smoothly from near-saturation at the surface to lower concentrations at depth. For example, in the Eurasian Basin, relatively low O2 concentrations are observed at salinities of about 34.2 and 34.7. The less saline variant is identified as part of the lower halocline, a layer originally identified by a Eurasian Basin minimum in ‘‘NO,’’ which, in the Canadian Basin, is reinforced by additional inputs. The more saline and thus denser variant appears to arise from transformations of Atlantic source waters over the Barents and/or Kara shelves. Additional lowoxygen waters are generated in the vicinity of the Chukchi Borderlands, from Pacific shelf water outflows that interleave with Eurasian waters that flow over the Lomonosov Ridge into the Makarov Basin and then into the Canada Basin. One such input is associated with the well-known silicate maximum that historically has been associated with a salinity of E33.1. Above that (32oSo33), there is a layer moderately elevated in temperature (summer Bering Sea water) that we show is also O2-depleted. We propose that these low O2 waters influence the NPEO and SWYD profiles to varying extents in a manner reflective of the large-scale circulation. The patterns of halocline circulation we infer from the intrusive features defy a simple boundary-following cyclonic flow. These results demonstrate the value of the improved
Double- and triple-step incremental linear interpolation

Incremental linear interpolation determines the set of n+1 equidistant points on an interval [a,b] where all variables involved (n, a, b, and the set of equidistant points) are integers and n>0. Our method of linear interpolation generalizes the findings of a variable-step line-drawing algorithm. The resulting interpolation algorithm has as many loops as the line-drawing algorithm, but fewer restrictions on its input variables. Furthermore, its benefits over the fixed-step interpolation algorithms are similar to those of the variable-step line-drawing algorithm. That is, the double- and triple-step interpolation algorithm can reduce the number of loop iterations of the double-step interpolation algorithm (by 12.5% on average) while keeping the code complexity, initialization costs, and worst-case performance the same. The improvement in speed over the single-step B5 algorithm is even greater. >
Una ética del desierto:investigación estética

Resumen es: En el paisaje del valle de Tucson diversas formaciones rocosas, cursos de agua, colinas y canones definen un espacio que es el habitat de un silencioso e...
The overdue promise of short tandem repeat variation for heritability

Short tandem repeat (STR) variation has been proposed as a major explanatory factor in the heritability of complex traits in humans and model organisms. However, we still struggle to incorporate STR variation into genotype–phenotype maps. We review here the promise of STRs in contributing to complex trait heritability and highlight the challenges that STRs pose due to their repetitive nature. We argue that STR variants are more likely than single-nucleotide variants to have epistatic interactions, reiterate the need for targeted assays to genotype STRs accurately, and call for more appropriate statistical methods in detecting STR–phenotype associations. Lastly, we suggest that somatic STR variation within individuals may serve as a read-out of disease susceptibility, and is thus potentially a valuable covariate for future association studies.
Exploiting semantics for scheduling real-time data collection from sensors to maximize event detection

A distributed camera network allows for many compelling applications such as large-scale tracking or event detection. In most practical systems, resources are constrained. Although one would like to probe every camera at every time instant and store every frame, this is simply not feasible. Constraints arise from network bandwidth restrictions, I/O and disk usage from writing images, and CPU usage needed to extract features from the images. Assume that, due to resource constraints, only a subset of sensors can be probed at any given time unit. This paper examines the problem of selecting the "best" subset of sensors to probe under some user-specified objective - e.g., detecting as much motion as possible. With this objective, we would like to probe a camera when we expect motion, but would not like to waste resources on a non-active camera. The main idea behind our approach is the use of sensor semantics to guide the scheduling of resources. We learn a dynamic probabilistic model of motion correlations between cameras, and use the model to guide resource allocation for our sensor network. Although previous work has leveraged probabilistic models for sensor-scheduling, our work is distinct in its focus on real-time building-monitoring using a camera network. We validate our approach on a sensor network of a dozen cameras spread throughout a university building, recording measurements of unscripted human activity over a two week period. We automatically learnt a semantic model of typical behaviors, and show that one can significantly improve effciency of resource allocation by exploiting this model.
The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy

This book is a study of ancient Greek views about 'moral luck'. It examines the fundamental ethical problem that many of the valued constituents of a well-lived life are vulnerable to factors outside a person's control, and asks how this affects our appraisal of persons and their lives. The Greeks made a profound contribution to these questions, yet neither the problems nor the Greek views of them have received the attention they deserve. This book thus recovers a central dimension of Greek thought and addresses major issues in contemporary ethical theory. One of its most original aspects is its interelated treatment of both literary and philosophical texts. In a close analysis of three tragedies, and works by Plato and Aristotle, the author argues that we cannot understand the thought of the philosophers without also investigating its relation to the literary works; and that the literary works, in virtue of their form as well as their content, make a distinctive contribution to ethical thought.
Detailed analysis of early to late-time spectra of supernova 1993j

We present a detailed study of line structure in early to late-time spectra of supernova (SN) 1993J. Spectra during the nebular phase, but within the first two years after explosion, exhibit small-scale structure in the emission lines of some species, notably oxygen and magnesium, showing that the ejecta of SN 1993J are clumpy. On the other hand, a lack of structure in emission lines of calcium implies that the source of calcium emission is uniformly distributed throughout the ejecta. These results are interpreted as evidence that oxygen emission originates in clumpy, newly synthesized material, while calcium emission arises from material preexisting in the atmosphere of the progenitor. Spectra spanning the range 433–2454 days after the explosion show boxlike profiles for the emission lines, clearly indicating circumstellar interaction in a roughly spherical shell. This is interpreted within the Chevalier & Fransson model for SNe interacting with mass lost during prior stellar winds. At very late times, the emission lines have a two-horned profile, implying the formation of a somewhat flattened or disklike structure that is a significant source of emission. The very high signal-to-noise ratio spectra are used to demonstrate the potential significance of misinterpretation of telluric absorption lines in the spectra of bright SNe.
Development of Hermetic Microminiature Connectors

Miniaturization of hermetic packages has provided the incentive to develop a new family of hermetic microminiature connectors. Microminiature connectors, with a pin spacing of 1.27 mm, have previously been available only in the nonhermetic form. New microminiature connectors with compression seal materials, 304 Stainless Steel housings, Alloy 52 pins, and TM-9 Glass insulators, were examined because compression seals are currently used in larger hermetic connectors and are typically designed to create a residual compressive stress state in the insulator during manufacturing. The new microminiature connectors with compression seals were evaluated analytically with two and three-dimensional finite element models and experimentally by fabrication of prototype connectors. The finite element analyses predicted the development of undesirable tensile stress in the insulator during manufacture and identified the mechanism responsible for the generation of tensile stress in the glass. The experimental investigation confirmed the existence of undesirable tensile stress in the glass with the observation of crack development during manufacture. Since the design requirements would not allow the geometric modifications needed to manufacture crack-free connectors with compression seals, insulator materials that generate a matched seal with 304 Stainless Steel housing were developed. Connectors with these matched seals were successfully manufactured.
Strange hadron resonances as a signature of freeze-out dynamics

Abstract We study the production and the observability of Λ ∗ (1520) , K ∗0 (892) , and Σ ∗ (1385) , strange hadron resonances as function of the freeze-out conditions within the statistical model of hadron production. We obtain an estimate of how many decay products are rescattered in evolution towards thermal freeze-out following chemical freeze-out, and find that the resonance decay signal is strong enough to be detected. We show how a combined analysis of at least two resonances can be used to understand the chemical freeze-out temperature, and the time between chemical and thermal freeze-outs.
Separating principles below Ramsey's Theorem for Pairs

In recent years, there has been a substantial amount of work in reverse mathematics concerning natural mathematical principles that are provable from RT, Ramsey's Theorem for Pairs. These principles tend to fall outside of the "big five" systems of reverse mathematics and a complicated picture of subsystems below RT has emerged. In this paper, we answer two open questions concerning these subsystems, specifically that ADS is not equivalent to CAC and that EM is not equivalent to RT.
Integrated photoacoustic and fluorescence confocal microscopy

Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy has demonstrated utility in imaging and characterizing microvasculature networks in vivo. This work presents a novel imaging system that integrates optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy and fluorescence confocal microscopy for simultaneous photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging. The integrated system can acquire intrinsically registered photoacoustic and fluorescence images in a single scan. Capable of providing micrometer scale microscopic imaging of both optical absorption and fluorescence contrasts, the system demonstrates in vivo imaging of oxygen saturation and oxygen partial pressure in mouse ears.
Mapping systematic errors in helium abundance determinations using Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Monte Carlo techniques have been used to evaluate the statistical and systematic uncertainties in the helium abundances derived from extragalactic H II regions. The helium abundance is sensitive to several physical parameters associated with the H II region. In this work, we introduce Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to efficiently explore the parameter space and determine the helium abundance, the physical parameters, and the uncertainties derived from observations of metal poor nebulae. Experiments with synthetic data show that the MCMC method is superior to previous implementations (based on flux perturbation) in that it is not affected by biases due to non-physical parameter space. The MCMC analysis allows a detailed exploration of degeneracies, and, in particular, a false minimum that occurs at large values of optical depth in the He I emission lines. We demonstrate that introducing the electron temperature derived from the [O III] emission lines as a prior, in a very conservative manner, produces negligible bias and effectively eliminates the false minima occurring at large optical depth. We perform a frequentist analysis on data from several ``high quality'' systems. Likelihood plots illustrate degeneracies, asymmetries, and limits of the determination. In agreement with previous work, we find relatively large systematic errors, limiting the precision of the primordial helium abundance for currently available spectra.
Quantifying the Land-Atmosphere Coupling Behavior in Modern Reanalysis Products over the U.S. Southern Great Plains

AbstractThe coupling of the land with the planetary boundary layer (PBL) on diurnal time scales is critical to regulating the strength of the connection between soil moisture and precipitation. To improve understanding of land–atmosphere (L–A) interactions, recent studies have focused on the development of diagnostics to quantify the strength and accuracy of the land–PBL coupling at the process level. In this paper, the authors apply a suite of local land–atmosphere coupling (LoCo) metrics to modern reanalysis (RA) products and observations during a 17-yr period over the U.S. southern Great Plains. Specifically, a range of diagnostics exploring the links between soil moisture, evaporation, PBL height, temperature, humidity, and precipitation is applied to the summertime monthly mean diurnal cycles of the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). Results show that CFSR is the driest and ...
The Role of Auditing in Buyer-Supplier Relations

Abstract Supply chain management has emerged as one of the more important topics in managerial accounting. The importance of information exchange between parties involved in supply chains has also been well documented. By addressing the value of audits in this setting, this theoretical paper serves to link two strains of accounting research: the managerial topic of supply chain effectiveness and the value of the audit function, in particular audits of the suppliers conducted by the buyers. We analyze the role of supplier audits with long-term, profit sharing contracts between the buyers and suppliers. Through a stylized model, we demonstrate that when random supplier audits are conducted, the buyer can effectively leave zero informational rents to the supplier, regardless of the supplier's cost type.
Spectroscopic measurements of impurity temperatures and parallel ion flows in the DIII-D divertor

Impurity ion temperatures and parallel flow velocities in the DIII-D divertor have been measured from the shapes and shifts of visible spectral lines of C II, C III, and B II. Spectral multiplet patterns are analyzed by fitting them to theoretical profiles that incorporate exact calculations for the Zeeman/Paschen-Back effect. Both normal flows toward the target plate and reversed flows away from the target plate are observed in the outer divertor leg; only flows toward the plate are detected in the inner leg.
A new strategy for the preparation of 11-oxygenated steroids synthesis of (±)-adrenosterone

Abstract Conjugate 1,4-addition of 1-[( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene ( 5 ) to 2-methyl-cyclopentenone in highly polar media and subsequent alkylation of the resultant silyl enol ether ( 4 ) with phenylthiodienyl carbonate 10 in 5.0 M LiClO 4 ·Et 2 O provides substrate 2 . Exposure of 2 to TMSOTf/TMSOCH 2 CH 2 OTMS affords tetracyclic bis-ketal 3 , which is converted into (±)-adrenosterone ( 1 ) in four steps.
Erratum to: Homology stability for outer automorphism groups of free groups

In Hatcher‐Vogtmann [2] a proof was presented that the homology of certain groups An;s is independent of both n and s for n sufficiently large. The groups An;s include Aut.Fn/ (sD 1) and Out.Fn/ (sD 0). In August of 2005 Nathalie Wahl discovered an error in the proof, and the purpose of this note is to fix that error. We assume the reader is familiar with [2], whose notation and conventions we will use here without further comment. The error occurs in the first part of the proof of Theorem 5, showing that the map W Hi.An;sC2/! Hi.AnC1;s/ is injective for n i and s 1. The argument used a diagram chase in the following diagram: Hi.An;sC2;An 1;sC4/ ! Hi 1.An 1;sC4/ ? y ? y Hi.AnC1;s;An;sC2/ ! Hi 1.An;sC2/ It was asserted that the top horizontal and right vertical arrows were successive maps in the long exact sequence of the pair .An;sC2;An 1;sC4/, and hence their composition was the zero map, but in fact the group An;sC2 in the lower right corner of the diagram is a different subgroup of AnC1;s from the An;sC2 in the upper left corner, so that is not induced by the inclusion map of the pair. It is in fact true that the composition is the zero map for n sufficiently large, but a proof seems to require the results proved in this correction. We correct the problem by giving a completely new proof of stability with respect to s for s 1, complementing the earlier proof of stability with respect to n. The new proof entirely avoids the diagram displayed above and instead focuses on the map W An;s!An;sC1 . In the range where is an isomorphism, the relation D 2
Centering biases in heterochromatic brightness matching

Abstract When the method of constant stimuli is used to measure heterochromatic brightness matches, the resulting matches can be strongly biased toward the center of the range of test luminances used [Teller, D. Y., Pereverzeva, M., & Civan, A. L. (2003). Adult brightness vs. luminance as models of infant photometry: variability, biasability, and spectral characteristics for two age groups favor the luminance model. Journal of Vision , 3, 333–346]. In the present paper, we investigate the source of this centering bias. The stimuli were 2° red squares presented in a gray surround. In the main experiments, two ranges of stimulus luminance were presented in separate physical locations on a video monitor, but with test trials interleaved in time. Subjects either fixated a fixation cross (fixation condition), creating different retinotopic locations for the two luminance ranges, or foveated each stimulus as it appeared (foveation condition), creating identical retinotopic locations for both ranges. In the fixation condition, the two different stimulus sets resulted in a simultaneous centering bias—two different brightness matches at two different retinotopic locations at the same time. This effect was essentially eliminated in the foveation condition. A dichoptic foveation condition also revealed no centering bias. The results suggest that under the conditions tested, the centering bias is caused by a process located at a post-retinal but still retinotopically organized level of the visual system, rather than by either a retinal process or a more central, spatiotopically organized one.