cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrepancies in After-Hours Communication Attitudes between Pediatric Residents and Supervising Physicians

Objective To examine differences in expectations when a resident should contact a supervising physician in several hospital-based, after-hours clinical circumstances. Study design We developed 34 scenarios collectively considered the most common or serious issues encountered by on-call residents, and incorporated them into a survey of pediatric residents, fellows, and attendings. For each scenario, participants were asked whether the resident should talk to the attending/fellow immediately or delay communication until the next day. ORs comparing attendings/fellows and residents were calculated, and subgroup analyses were performed examining differences among the study populations. Results A total of 112 participants completed the survey (91% response rate). In 17 of the 34 scenarios (50%), more attendings/fellows than residents asked for immediate communication (OR >1; P Conclusion We found differences in expectations of when a pediatric resident should contact a supervising physician after hours not only between residents and attendings/fellows, but among attendings themselves. These differences could lead to medical errors, miscommunication, and inconsistent supervision for overnight residents.
Degraded forest, degraded land and the development of industrial tree plantations in Laos

The concepts of degraded forest (pa mai xout xom) and degraded land (din seuam xom) have been variously applied in official Lao government policy narratives and law over the last couple of decades. In this article I focus on the concepts of degraded forest and land, and the relationship with industrial tree plantations, using two examples from southern Laos. I argue that the concepts have been significant in both facilitating and obstructing the development of large-scale industrial tree plantations in different times and spaces, thus significantly influencing access and exclusion, as well as the spatialization of tree plantations. I provide a tentative genealogy regarding the emergence of these concepts in land and forestry policy in Laos, and briefly explain the links between degradation and ‘the land rush’ presently affecting Laos.
Aggressive Mating as a Tragedy of the Commons in the Water Strider Aquarius remigis

The tragedy of the commons usually refers to the overexploitation of resources such as food or water. Here, we show in a laboratory study that competition among males for females can also result in a tragedy of the commons’ situation. Male water striders (Aquarius remigis) vary widely in their aggressiveness toward pursuing females. The most aggressive males prevent females from feeding and cause them to leave the water surface, where they are unavailable to all males. Groups of nonaggressive males are collectively three times more fit than groups of hyperaggressive males, but hyperaggressive males are more successful than nonaggressive males within mixed groups. This is the classic tragedy of the commons’ situation, and it is likely to occur in many species that exhibit sexual conflict. We have also shown that individual differences in male aggression are stable across time and are not influenced by food or light regime, although all individuals become nonaggressive in the presence of fish predators.
Effect of plastic side flow on surface roughness in micro-turning process

Abstract Kinematic roughness-based surface finish prediction is known to often under-predict the measured surface roughness in turning process, especially at small (micron level) feed rates. It has also been observed that the surface roughness in micro-turning decreases with feed, reaches a minimum, and then increases with further reduction in feed. This paper presents a model for predicting the surface roughness in micro-turning of Al5083-H116 alloy that takes into account the effects of plastic side flow, tool geometry, and process parameters. The model combines these effects with more accurate estimation of the average flow stress of Al5083-H116 at micron scale of deformation with the help of a previously reported strain gradient-based finite element model. The surface roughness model is evaluated through a series of micro-turning experiments. The results show that the model can predict the surface roughness in micro-turning quite well. It is shown that the commonly observed discrepancy between the theoretical and measured surface roughness in micro-turning is mainly due to surface roughening caused by plastic side flow. Further, it is shown that the increase in roughness at low feed can be attributed to the increased side flow caused by strain gradient-induced strengthening of the material directly ahead of the tool.
Study of noncollinear two-charged-particle events produced in 29-GeV electron-positron annihilation.

This paper presents a study of events produced in 29-GeV electron-positron annihilation in which there are just two noncollinear charged particles, no detected photons, and two or more undetected particles. These events can be explained by attributing them primarily to the reactions e/sup +/e/sup -/..-->..e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup +/e/sup -/ and e/sup +/e/sup -/..-->..e/sup +/e/sup -/..mu../sup +/..mu../sup -/ where just two particles appear in the Mark II detector. There is no evidence for unconventional sources for such events.
Itô's formula for multidimensional convex functions

In this paper, by using Dirichlet form theory and the Riesz representation theorem of functional analysis, we obtain an Ito's formula of Brownian motion for multidimensional convex functions. This generalizes previous results from the one-dimensional to the higher-dimensional case.
Aesthetic geometry evolution in a generic interactive evolutionary design framework

An interactive evolutionary design framework is presented which provides a testbed for the developmemt and exploration of a range of visual aesthetic design spaces. A commercial 3D digital content development software package is used to leverage the strength of existing 3D algorithm implementations and familiar interfaces and tools. The domain of non-representational 3D forms sculpted with a series of non-linear deformers is discussed as the primary example. Additional simple problem domains are shown which are being developed to serve as examples for nonprogrammer artists and designers who are familiar with digital content authoring in Maya. These examples will enable such individuals to rapidly construct their own interactive evolution systems.
Effects of Aging on Muscle Fibre Type and Size

Aging has been associated with a loss of muscle mass that is referred to as ‘sarcopenia’. This decrease in muscle tissue begins around the age of 50 years, but becomes more dramatic beyond the 60th year of life. Loss of muscle mass among the aged directly results in diminished muscle function. Decreased strength and power contribute to the high incidence of accidental falls observed among the elderly and can compromise quality of life. Moreover, sarcopenia has been linked to several chronic afflictions that are common among the aged, including osteoporosis, insulin resistance and arthritis. Loss of muscle fibre number is the principal cause of sarcopenia, although fibre atrophy — particularly among type II fibres — is also involved. Several physiological mechanisms have been implicated in the development of sarcopenia. Denervation results in the loss of motor units and thus, muscle fibres. A decrease in the production of anabolic hormones such as testosterone, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 impairs the capacity of skeletal muscle to incorporate amino acids and synthesise proteins. An increase in the release of catabolic agents, specifically interleukin-6, amplifies the rate of muscle wasting among the elderly. Given the demographic trends evident in most western societies, i.e. increased number of those considered aged, management interventions for sarcopenia must become a major goal of the healthcare profession.
Corneal thickness measurement by confocal microscopy, ultrasound, and scanning slit methods.

Abstract Purpose To measure corneal thickness by using a calibrated confocal microscope and to compare this measurement to thickness determined by ultrasonic and noncontact scanning slit pachymetry. Design Comparison of corneal thickness measured by using four instruments in normal subjects. Methods Thickness measured by a clinical confocal microscope (Tandem Scanning) was calibrated from measurements of polymethylmethacrylate contact lenses with known thickness. Corneal thickness was measured in one eye of 24 normal subjects by using this instrument, two ultrasonic pachymeters (DHG-1000 and Sonogage), and a noncontact optical scanning slit pachymeter (Orbscan II). Results Mean corneal thickness measured by confocal microscopy was 516 ± 30 μm (±SD). This was less than the mean thickness measured by both ultrasonic pachymeters, 554 ± 28 μm by the DGH, and 555 ± 28 μm by the Sonogage ( P P Conclusion Corneal thickness measured by calibrated confocal microscopy is approximately 39 μm (7.0%) less than thickness measured by two commonly used ultrasonic pachymeters and approximately 24 μm (4.4%) less than thickness measured by the corrected Orbscan II pachymeter. These differences are important for planning and measuring the effects of refractive and other surgical procedures. The precision of confocal microscopy is limited by corneal motion in an anterior-posterior direction. The difference between instruments suggests that verification of clinical ultrasonic pachymeters should be revisited.
Rigid vs. flexible dieting: association with eating disorder symptoms in nonobese women.

The correlates of rigid and flexible dieting were examined in a sample of 188 nonobese women recruited from the community and from a university. The primary aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that women who utilize rigid versus flexible dieting strategies to prevent weight gain report more eating disorder symptoms and higher body mass index (BMI) in comparison to women who utilize flexible dieting strategies. The study sample included women who were underweight (29%), normal weight (52%), and overweight (19%). None of the women were obese, as defined by BMI>30. Participants were administered a questionnaire that measures Rigid Control and Flexible Control of eating. Body weight and height were measured and measures of eating disorder symptoms and mood disturbances were administered. Our results indicated that BMI was significantly correlated with rigid dieting and flexible dieting. BMI was controlled statistically in other analyses. The study found that individuals who engage in rigid dieting strategies reported symptoms of an eating disorder, mood disturbances, and excessive concern with body size/shape. In contrast, flexible dieting strategies were not highly associated with BMI, eating disorder symptoms, mood disturbances, or concerns with body size. Since this was a cross sectional study, causality of eating disorder symptoms could not be addressed. These findings replicate and extend the findings of earlier studies. These findings suggest that rigid dieting strategies, but not flexible dieting strategies, are associated with eating disorder symptoms and higher BMI in nonobese women.
Effects of Mibefradil, a T‐Type Calcium Current Antagonist, on Electrophysiology of Purkinje Fibers that Survived in the Infarcted Canine Heart

Mibefradil's Effects on Canine Purkinje Myocytes. Introduction: We studied the effects of mibefradil (MIB), a nondihydropyridine T-type Ca2+ channel antagonist, on T- and L-type Ca2+ (ICaT, ICaL) currents in Purkinje myocytes dispersed from the subendocardium of the left ventricle of normal (NZPC) and 48-hour infarcted (IZPC) hearts. Methods and Results: Currents were recorded with Cs*- and EGTA-rich pipettes and in Na+ -K+ -free external solutions to eliminate overlapping currents. In all cells, ICa was reduced by MIB (0.1 to 10 μM). No change in the time course of decay of peak ICa was noted. Average peak T/L ratio decreased in NZPCs hut not IZPCs with 1 μM MIB. Steady-state availability of ICaL was altered with I μM MIB in both cell types (mean ± SEM) (V0.5= -22 ± 4 mV for NZPC and -25 ± 5 mV for IZPC before drug; -63 ± 9 mV for NZPC and -67 ± 6 mV for IZPC after drug: P < 0.05). For ICaT V0.5 (-50 ± 3 mV for NZPC and -52 ± 1 mV for IZPC before drug) shifted 10 -60 ± 2 mV (NZPC) and -62 ± 3 mV (IZPC) (P < 0.05) after drug. We also determined the effects of MIB on spontaneously heating Purkinje normal fibers and on depolarized abnormally automatic fibers from the infarcted heart using standard microelectrode techniques. When NZPC and IZPC fibers were superfused with [K+]0= 2.7 mM, MIB 3 μM and 10 μM had no effect on rate or the maximum diastolic potential, but action potential plateau shifted to more negative values, the slope of repolarization phase 3 decreased, and action potential duration increased. Conclusion: MIB blocks L- and T-type Ca2+ currents in Purkinje myocytes hut lacks an effect on either normal or abnormal automaticity in Purkinje fibers.
Microhabitat Selection by Three Stream-Dwelling Cyprinids: Blacktail Shiner (Cyprinella venusta), Bluntface Shiner (C. camura), and Striped Shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus)

Abstract Cyprinids in small streams tend to segregate spatially to reduce competitive interaction and avoid predation. Understanding environmental parameters by which these fishes segregate provides valuable information on structure of fish guilds. Previous multivariate analyses of field data suggest spatial segregation occurs vertically within the water column and in relation to aquatic plants. In an experimental flume we controlled water flow and these two parameters to further investigate microhabitat partitioning of three cyprinid species: blacktail (Cyprinella venusta), bluntface (C. camura), and striped shiners (Luxilus chrysocephalus). Fish distribution relative to the environmental parameters was quantified with videography and expressed as percent occurrence. We observed significant differences across fish treatments in microhabitat selection relative to water flow and water column, and differences in species overlaps. These data support the idea that vertical position in water column is a major ...
On Localization of Connective Covers

A result of Neisendorfer says that, for every connected p-complete finite complex Y with π2Y torsion, the p-completion of PK(ℤ/p, 1) (Y〈m〉) and Y are of the same homotopy type for any positive integer m. Here, PK(ℤ/p, 1)(Y〈m〉) is the periodization functor of Bousfield and Y〈m〉) is the m-connective cover of the space Y. The proof of this result depends on Miller’s Theorem of Sullivan’s conjecture. The aim in this paper is to study the phenomenon without the use of Miller’s Theorem.
High Pulsatility Flow Induces Adhesion Molecule and Cytokine mRNA Expression in Distal Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells

Background: Arterial stiffening or reduced compliance of proximal pulmonary vessels has been shown to be an important predictor of outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Though current evidence indicates that arterial stiffening modulates flow pulsatility in downstream vessels and is likely related to microvascular damage in organs without extensive distributing arteries, the cellular mechanisms underlying this relationship in the pulmonary circulation are unexplored. Thus, this study was designed to examine the responses of the microvascular pulmonary endothelium to changes in flow pulsatility. Methods: A flow system was developed to reproduce arterial-like pulse flow waves with the capability of modulating flow pulsatility through regulation of upstream compliance. Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were exposed to steady flow and pulse flow waves of varied pulsatility with varied hemodynamic energy (low: pulsatility index or PI = 1.0; medium: PI = 1.7; high: PI = 2.6) at flow frequency of 1 or 2 Hz for different durations (1 and 6 h). The mean flow rates in all the conditions were kept the same with shear stress at 14 dynes/cm2. Gene expression was evaluated by analyzing mRNA levels of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, E-selectin), chemokine (MCP-1) and growth factor/receptor (VEGF, Flt-1) in PMVECs. Functional changes were observed with monocyte adhesion assay. Results: 1) Compared to either steady flow or low pulsatility flow, increased flow pulsatility for 1 h induced significant increases in mRNA levels of ICAM-1, E-selectin and MCP-1. 2) Sustained high pulsatility flow perfusion induced increases in ICAM, E-selectin, MCP-1, VEGF and its receptor Flt-1 expression. 3) Flow pulsatility effects on PMVECs were frequency-dependent with greater responses at 2 Hz and likely associated with the hemodynamic energy level. 4) Pulse flow waves with high flow pulsatility at 2 Hz induced leukocyte adhesion and recruitment to PMVECs. Conclusion: Increased upstream pulmonary arterial stiffness increases flow pulsatility in distal arteries and induces inflammatory gene expression, leukocyte adhesion and cell proliferation in the downstream PMVECs.
Further Validation of the Psychotherapy Supervisor Development Scale

ABSTRACT Clinical supervisors “oversee” client care and transmit skills and knowledge of the profession to the next generation of psychologists. Given the large impact that supervisors have on trainees and clients, it seems practical to expand our knowledge about supervisor development. The purpose of this study was to estimate temporal stability, internal consistency, interrater reliability, and concurrent validity of the Psychotherapy Supervisor Development Scale (PSDS), a theory-driven measure of supervisor development. Findings support the PSDS as a general assessment of supervisor development with highly homogenous items capable of yielding stable scores across a four week time period. A moderate relation was found between supervision theory complexity and complexity level as reflected in overall PSDS scores.
Assessing recovery after day-case surgery

Abstract With an increasing number of complex operations being performed in ambulatory settings, proper assessment of recovery from anaesthesia is necessary. Strict guidelines should be established for discharging patients. These criteria include stable vital signs, ability to walk unaided, minimal nausea or vomiting, pain that can be controlled by oral analgesics, and an escort home. Patients should be warned to refrain from driving for at least 24 hours after anaesthesia.
Upstream Mobility of the Asiatic Clam Corbicula fluminea: Identifying Potential Dispersal Agentsa

ABSTRACT Based on studies conducted in 1987 and 1993, we have determined that the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, has moved upstream at least 1.2 km/year in a southeastern U.S. blackwater stream. Since these studies were done in a protected area (the Savannah River Site, South Carolina), our data suggest that this was a process unaided by humans. In addition, the upstream movement has been halted by a large, permanent wetland and two culverts. Because the Asiatic clam has not colonized headwater areas, where several wetlands exist, this precludes the aided movement of C. fluminea by waterfowl. It is possible that fish are partially responsible for dispersing C. fluminea, at least for longer distances. We suggest that unassisted upstream movements may also be an important dispersal mechanism for this species.
Developmental anomalies of the cervical spine in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva are distinctly different from those in patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome: clues from the BMP signaling pathway.

STUDY DESIGN A radiographic analysis of the cervical spine of 70 patients diagnosed with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and 33 diagnosed with Klippel-Feil (KF) syndrome was conducted. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to describe cervical spine abnormalities in patients with FOP, to compare and contrast those findings with the malformations in patients with KF syndrome, and to examine the possible etiology of these abnormalities. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Congenital features of diseases often provide seminal clues to underlying etiology and developmental pathways. While progressive metamorphosis of connective tissue to heterotopic bone is the most dramatic and disabling feature of FOP, less severe congenital anomalies of the skeleton are also present. Vertebral fusions observed in KF are consistent with defects in embryonic segmentation. METHODS The cervical spine plain films of 70 FOP patients and 33 KF patients with documented congenital abnormalities were reviewed. RESULTS Generalized neck stiffness and decreased range of motion were noted in most children with FOP. In the FOP patient group, characteristic anomalies, including large posterior elements, tall narrow vertebral bodies,and fusion of the facet joints between C2 and C7, were observed. Most notably, these characteristic anomalies of the cervical spine in patients with FOP were distinctly different from those of 33 patients with KF that were examined but were strikingly similar to those seen in mice with homozygous deletions of the gene-encoding noggin, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist. CONCLUSIONS FOP patients exhibit a characteristic set of congenital spine malformations. While the noggin gene (NOG) is not mutated in patients who have FOP, these findings extend a growing body of evidence implicating overactivity of the BMP signaling pathway in the molecular pathogenesis of FOP.
Sub-10 nm imprint lithography and applications

New developments, further details, and applications of imprint lithography are presented. Arrays of 10 nm diameter and 40 nm period holes were imprinted not only in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) on silicon, but also in PMMA on gold substrates. The smallest hole diameter imprinted in PMMA is 6 nm. All the PMMA patterns were transferred to a metal using a liftoff. In addition, PMMA mesa’s of a size from 45 nm to 50 μm were obtained in a single imprint. Moreover, imprint lithography was used to fabricate the silicon quantum dot, wire, and ring transistors, which showed the same behavior as those fabricated using electron (e)-beam lithography. Finally, imprint lithography was used to fabricate nanocompact disks with 10 nm features and 400 Gbits/in.2 data density—near three orders of magnitude higher than current critical dimensions (CDs). A silicon scanning probe was used to read back the data successfully. The study of wear indicates that due to the ultrasmall force in tapping mode, both the nano-CD and the ...
Proofs in expository writing — Some examples from Bourbaki's early drafts

The stories told above exemplify the ordinary as much as they document the extraordinary. In the practice of expository writing, definitions play as important a role as mathematical proofs. Also, specifying notation and vocabulary is usually at stake in the writing of textbooks. Although the making of concepts and conceptual settings puts an emphasis on definitions, proofs are in no way absent from this process: in the case of Bourbaki's treatment of Stokes' Theorem, proofs may have acted as a spark in the search for better settings. In the case of filters, the discovery of new concepts simplified some proofs and enabled the results to hold in a more general context. But the motivation for new concepts to be defined did not rise exclusively from a dissatisfaction with proofs that were deemed not rigorous enough. Moreover, the close interplay between the members' own research and the group's expository task tended to relegate proofs to a heuristic in the background of the group's preoccupations.
An Integrated Knowledge Framework to Characterize and Scaffold Size and Scale Cognition (FS2C)

Size and scale cognition is a critical ability associated with reasoning with concepts in different disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. As such, researchers and educators have identified the need for young learners and their educators to become scale-literate. Informed by developmental psychology literature and recent findings in nanoscale science and engineering education, we propose an integrated knowledge framework for characterizing and scaffolding size and scale cognition called the FS2C framework. Five ad hoc assessment tasks were designed informed by the FS2C framework with the goal of identifying participants' understandings of size and scale. Findings identified participants' difficulties to discern different sizes of microscale and nanoscale objects and a low level of sophistication on identifying scale worlds among participants. Results also identified that as bigger the difference between the sizes of the objects is, the more difficult was for participants to iden...
Collaborative Strategic Reading: Findings From Experienced Implementers

Abstract This study examined the effects and fidelity of collaborative strategic reading (CSR) implemented by experienced CSR teachers (participated in previous study; Vaughn et al., 2011) on the reading comprehension outcomes of students in English/Language Arts (ELA) or Reading classes. Eligible teachers (12 of 17; others reassigned to teach grades/subjects not eligible for inclusion) in middle schools in Texas and Colorado who participated in the previous year in a study examining the effects of CSR on the reading comprehension outcomes of their students participated in a 2nd-year, new cohort of students. Teachers taught multiple sections of ELA or reading; sections were randomly assigned to a treatment or comparison condition, and any extra classes were assigned to the treatment condition. There were 26 CSR and 22 comparison classes. Teachers were asked to implement CSR in their treatment classes only for approximately two 50-min sessions per week for 18 weeks. Examining the role of fidelity revealed ...
Injuries and the Australian mortality mosaic: a comparison with the United Kingdom and New Zealand

With reference to comparative data for New Zealand and the United Kingdom, the contribution of injuries to the Australian mortality mosaic is examined against the background of the three leading causes of death; namely, heart disease, cancer and cerebrovascular disease. The data are primarily adapted from 1980 age-, sex- and cause-specific mortality tabulations published by the World Health Organization. A core concept is premature mortality, which is operationalised as an age-adjusted rate of potential years of life lost between ages one and 65. Injuries universally rank first as a cause of male premature mortality, and are second to cancer in the female case. The 15–24 age group is the predominant source of these injury losses. Irrespective of sex, Australian and New Zealand premature injury mortality rates are similar, and are almost double the British rates. Three-quarters of the rate variation between Australia and the United Kingdom are accounted for by two causes of death; motor vehicle traffic accidents and suicide.
Identification of the T< components for single-proton single-proton hole states in 90Zr

Abstract 89 Y( 3 He,d) 90 Zr data taken with the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron at E 3 He = 25 MeV are analyzed. Previously seen states at 0.0, 1.76, 2.32, 2.73 MeV are used for a check on the analysiss. Five l p = 1 states are found in the vicinity of 4.5 MeV excitation, and this is plausible only if the ground state of 89 Y is not pure p 1 2 . Fourteen l p = 2 states are found between 5.08 – 6.64 MeV excitation, which are considered to be the T = T z single particle-hole states of the p case1 2 −1 d 5 2 proton configuration in 90 Zr.
Adsorption-Induced Conformational Changes in Fibronectin Due to Interactions with Well-Defined Surface Chemistries

Protein adsorption onto synthetic materials influences cell adhesion and signaling events that direct cell function in numerous biomedical applications. Adsorption of fibronectin (FN) to different surfaces alters protein structure and modulates α5β1 integrin binding, cell adhesion, cell spreading, and cell migration. In the present study, self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols on Au were used to analyze the effects of surface chemistry (CH3, OH, NH2, and COOH) on the adsorption of a recombinant fragment of FN, FNIII7-10, that incorporates both the synergy and RGD cell binding motifs. Surface chemistry potentiated differential FNIII7-10 adsorption kinetics and adsorbed structure as determined by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and antibody binding assays. FNIII7-10 functional activity, determined by cell adhesion strength, was modulated in a fashion consistent with these structural changes (OH = NH2 > COOH > CH3). However, these changes in protein parameters did not correlate simply to difference...
Ultrasound-Induced Aqueous Removal of Nitric Oxide from Flue Gases: Effects of Sulfur Dioxide, Chloride, and Chemical Oxidant

The effects of sulfur dioxide (SO2), sodium chloride (NaCl), and peroxymonosulfate or oxone (2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4 with active ingredient, HSO5-) on the sonochemical removal of nitric oxide (NO) have been studied in a bubble column reactor. The initial concentration of NO studied ranged from about 500 to 1040 ppm. NaCl in the concentration range of 0.01−0.5 M was used as the electrolyte to study the effect of ionic strength. At the low NaCl concentration (0.01 M), the percent fractional removal of NO with initial concentration of 1040 ppm was enhanced significantly, while as the NaCl concentration increased, the positive effects were less pronounced. The presence of ∼2520 ppm SO2 in combination with 0.01 M NaCl further enhanced NO removal. However, with a NO initial concentration of 490 ppm, the addition of NaCl was detrimental to NO removal at all NaCl concentration levels. The combinative effect of sonication and chemical oxidation using 0.005−0.05 M oxone was also studied. While the lower concentrations o...
Interannual and Interdecadal Rainfall Variations in the Hawaiian Islands

Abstract Hawaii rainfall has exhibited both interannual and interdecadal variations. On the interannual time scale, Hawaii tends to be dry during most El Nino events, but low rainfall also occurred in the absence of El Nino. On the interdecadal time scale, Hawaii rainfall is negatively and significantly correlated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) signal; an epoch of low rainfall persists from the mid-1970s to 2001, which is preceded by an epoch of high rainfall lasting for nearly 28 yr. Difference patterns in winter [November–December–January–February–March (NDJFM)] rainfall are investigated for composites of extremely dry and wet winters during the dry and wet epochs, respectively. These patterns (i.e., DRY minus WET) are then compared to the difference in constructive match conditions of El Nino and PDO (i.e., El Nino/+PDO minus La Nina/−PDO). Relative to the El Nino/PDO stage, the magnitude of dryness during the rainfall-based stage is enhanced. The corresponding large-scale atmospheric circu...
THEORETICAL AND NUMERICAL STUDIES OF OSCILLATING AIRFOILS

Unsteady flowfields around airfoils oscillating in pitch and associated dynamic stall phenomena are investigated. A viscous flow analysis and a simplified vortical flow analysis, both based on an integro-differential formulation of the Navier Stokes equations are developed and calibrated. The formulation of the viscous flow analysis confines computations only to the viscous flow zone and leads to an efficient zonal solution procedure. In the simplified vortical flow analysis, computational demands are greatly reduced by partial analytic evaluations. Simulated flowfields and computed aerodynamic loads are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Predator-prey models with almost periodic coefficients

This paper deals with the question of persistence of differential equations with almost periodic coefficients which model predator-prey systems. It is shown that persistence does occur in many models that incorporate almost periodic time dependence in the prey equation
Some asymptotic results for the residual maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of a spatial process

Zhang and Stein (1993) gave a kernel approximation to the order m(m≥1) universal kriging predictor in two dimensions under an order mintrinsic random function model. The two parameters involved in the model are the signal variance and the noise variance. To employ the likelihood method for parameter estimation, we adopt a residual maximum likelihood procedure based on the contrasts of the observations. To explore various asymptotic properities of the residual maximum likelihood estimates,we introduce a continuous stochastic model on the sphere and argue that the limiting behavior in the continuous setting is related to the discrete problem of interest. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the maximum likelihood estimate of the signal variance as the noise variance tends to zero. Using several numerical studies,we show that the approximation of the Fisher information for the signal variance in the continuous case to that in the discrete case works fairly well.
Inactivation of transfective poliovirion RNA by a product or products of the interaction of trace copper with an impurity or impurities in reagent-grade phenol.

A search for the cause of the inactivation of the transfectivity of the RNA from poliovirions, in the absence of a protective agent such as L-histidine, revealed that the inactivation is associated with trace contamination with copper and with an impurity or impurities in the phenol used to release the RNA from the poliovirions. Cu2+ and the impurity(ies) interactin vitro to produce a proximate inactivator or inactivators of the RNA. Phenol free or nearly free of active impurity can be prepared by steam distillation. Light is not required for formation or for action of the proximate inactivator. Addition of L-histidine to RNA undergoing inactivation promptly stops the inactivation, probably by taking copper away from the proximate inactivator.
Temperature dependence of vibrational energy transfer in the “low” pressure competitive two-channel 1,1-cyclopropane-d2 system

Abstract Intermolecular energy transfer has been studied in the two-channel competitive isomerization of 1,1-cyclopropane- d 2 , both in the neat system and in the presence of helium bath gas at values of k/k − centered around 0.02. The competing path ways differ in threshold energy by ≈ 0.6 kcal. The temperature range 773 K to 973 K was covered. Several methods of treating the data, whether by isotopic ratios of rate constants or by temperature dependence of fall off, are each independent of a knowledge of collision cross sections. Used in conjunction, they provide measurements of these quantities. Cyclopropane is an operationally strong collider (β ω = 1) for itself at 773 K with an average down step size, E /s> >/ 10 kcal mole −1 (>/ 3500 cm −1 ). At 973 K the substrate is no longer a strong collider; β ω declines to ≈ 0.55 with E /s> ≈ 5.2 kcal mole −1 . For helium the corresponding quantities are β ω ≈ 0.078 E /s> ≈ 1.1 kcal mole −1 declining to β ω ≈ 0.010 and E /s> ≈ 0.53 kcal mole −1 . The several methods of measuring these quantities give excellent independent agreement. Comparison with the earlier theoretical formulation of Tardy and Rabinovitch gives good agreement, the temperature dependence of β ω for the weak collider, helium, follows the relation β ω ∝ T − m , where m /s> 2.
Maternal Characteristics of Adolescent Mothers and Older Mothers of Infants

Cognitive status and childrearing attitudes of adolescent mothers were compared with those of older women from the same socioeconomic status when their children were infants. The 106 adolescent mothers were significantly lower than the 47 older women on measures of cognitive status but significantly higher in authoritarian attitudes.
Immunocytochemical localization of C-myc and C-jun oncoproteins in hamster kidney and estrogen-induced kidney tumors

Abstract The chronic administration of 17β-estradiol to male Syrian hamsters for 6–7 months induces kidney tumors which express high levels of c-fos, c-myc and c-jun mRNA compared to surrounding tissue or untreated controls. In this study, we have investigated, by immunocytochemical methods, the cellular localization of c-myc and c-jun oncoproteins in estrogen-dependent kidney tumors, in kidney tissue of hamsters treated with 17β-estradiol for 6 months and in the kidneys of age-matched controls. The c-myc oncoprotein was strongly expressed in tumors, in smooth muscle layers of arteries and in parietal epithelial cells of the glomerulus. In age-matched untreated kidneys, there was little or no staining in the glomerulus, arteries or kidney tubular cells. The c-jun oncoprotein was detected in kidney tumors and in the tubular epithelium of surrounding tissue. The immunoreactivity for c-jun oncoprotein was highest in the tumor, intermediate in estrogen-treated kidney tissue and lowest in kidney tubular cells of controls. It is concluded that the high expression of c-myc in estrogen-induced kidney tumors, in the smooth muscle layer of arteries, and in glomerular parietal epithelial cells in the kidneys of 17β-estradiol-treated hamsters, but poor expression in control kidneys indicate an involvement of this oncoprotein in the tumorigenic process. In contrast, c-jun is expressed in untreated, in 17β-estradiol-treated kidneys and in tumors, and may not serve as a prognostic marker in the transformation of these cells to the malignant phenotype.
Aggregated colon cancer cells have a higher metastatic efficiency in the liver compared with nonaggregated cells: an experimental study

Abstract Background. It remains unclear whether aggregated colon cancer cells have a higher tendency for metastasis formation than nonaggregated cells. Also, the absolute number of cancer cells required for hepatic metastasis remains undefined. The aim of the present study was to compare in the liver the metastatic efficiency of viable nonaggregated colon cancer cells versus cell aggregates for equivalent numbers of cancer cells. Materials and methods. DHD/K12/TRb colon cancer cells were administered through the portal vein in syngeneic male BD IX rats. Surgical exploration was performed 8 weeks after injection. Four groups of rats were injected with 0.25 or 0.5 × 106 DHD/K12/TRb viable cancer cells, either as single nonaggregated cells or as cell aggregates. Results. Hepatic metastases were observed in 81% of the rats after intraportal injection of cell aggregates equivalent to 0.5 × 106 cancer cells. A significant lower metastatic efficiency was found after the injection of 0.5 × 106 non-aggregated, and 0.25 × 106 aggregated or nonaggregated cancer cells i.e., 16%, 32%, and 27%, respectively. Conclusion. Aggregated colon cancer cells have a higher metastatic efficiency in the liver compared with non-aggregated cells, although a critical number of cancer cells are necessary.
Neurosarcoidosis presenting as longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis

Neurosarcoidosis is an uncommon clinical entity, even in patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Its presentation is widely varied but longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis secondary to neurosarcoidosis has only rarely been described. We report the case of a patient with pulmonary sarcoidosis and congenital immunosuppression who developed longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis secondary to neurosarcoidosis following splenectomy. Diagnosis was based on history, inflammatory changes on MRI, and cerebrospinal fluid findings. Standard therapy with intravenous steroids was unsuccessful. Only more novel treatment with Infliximab allowed improvement.
Simultaneous 5 kHz OH-PLIF/PIV for the study of turbulent combustion at engine conditions

Simultaneous measurements of velocity and scalar fields were performed in turbulent nonpremixed flames at gas turbine engine-operating conditions using 5 kHz particle image velocimetry (PIV) and OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF). The experimental systems and the challenges associated with acquiring useful data at high pressures and high thermal powers are discussed. In this work, a wide range of operating conditions were studied, with a maximum pressure and thermal power of 1.8 MPa and 950 kW, respectively. In the PIV measurements, the high thermal power conditions were shown to cause significant defocusing of the particle images. This was the result of variations in the optical refractive index of the gas which were caused by strong temperature gradients within the inner structure of the flame. High flame luminosity also led to decreased SNR with increasing flame power. The OH-PLIF measurements did not show indication of strong laser sheet absorption at any condition tested. However, a decrease in the peak SNR was observed with increasing chamber pressure. An analysis of the true measurement resolution with respect to the scales of the flow is also given. Based on the resolved scales, the present dataset was used to study the time-averaged flow structure and its effect on flame behavior. Heat release conditioned flow statistics were studied to elucidate the flow–flame interactions in high-power flames.
Spectroscopic Characteristics and Biodegradability of Cold and Hot Water–Extractable Soil Organic Matter under Different Land Uses in Subarctic Alaska

Cold (22 oC) and hot water (80 oC) extractions have been used to estimate labile organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soils. Sequentially extracted cold and hot water organic matter (WEOM) from 14 Alaskan soils under different land uses were characterized by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopies. Compared to cold WEOM, the ultraviolet (UV) absorptivity at 254 nm and fluorescence index were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in hot WEOM of all soils. The biodegradability, assessed in a 21-d solution incubation, of hot WEOC and WEON was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of cold WEOC and WEON in all soils. The biodegradability of cold or hot WEOC was correlated with the protein-like component, indicating that a protein-like fluorophore is a labile fraction in both cold and hot WEOM pools. Information derived from this work contributed to better understanding of subarctic soil WEOM properties and their biodegradability.
Warm Climates and Sonority Classes : Not Simply More Vowels and Fewer Consonants

Previous research has shown that speakers in warm-climate languages make use of relatively more vowels, and speakers in cold-climate languages relatively more consonants. The high sonority (audibility) of the vowel, and its adaptive value under certain conditions, have been invoked to account for its greater frequency in warmer climates. We show here, however, that the above generalization is over-broad, and that sound classes vary across climate zones in complex ways. One new finding is that speakers in warm-climate languages make more use of the so-called “sonorant” consonants, that is, consonants with some of the qualities of vowels. We offer a provisional framework that continues to find value in the concept of sonority and its relation to climate, but attempts to incorporate the new results and provide a more comprehensive explanation.
The dangerous deconstruction of gender: narrative inquiry of masculinities in a popular children's book

The leisure pastime of children's reading transmits important cultural messages about gender and identity. The messages relayed through the guise of innocent characters, settings, and plots many times reinforce dominant discourses and expectations of cultural appropriateness. In order to highlight the ways that reading can become a mechanism for the dissemination of heteronormative notions of gender, we explored the popular children's book The dangerous book for boys. Using the methodology of narrative inquiry, we analyzed the text to illuminate the leisurely ‘tellings’ and ‘not tellings’ of meta-narratives related to the dominant discourse of masculinities. Data and results are presented using creative analytic practice in a quiz format that might be found in a young adult magazine. This quiz shows that only three typical archetypes, The Beav, Bond, and Boone, are presented as appropriate masculinities in the book. We concluded that ‘a book for all boys’ should be more representative of the multiple masc...
Contact Reliability of Innovative Compliant Interconnects for Next Generation Electronic Packaging

The ongoing research work at Georgia Institute of Technology, PARC, Inc., and Nanonexus, Inc. funded by NIST/ATP, aims to develop a novel compliant interconnect technology based on stress-engineering of thin-film metal deposition. The minimum pitch size can reach as small as 6 μm. The fabrication of the stress-engineered compliant interconnect is compatible with the standard IC fabrication processes. Therefore, the compliant interconnect fabrication can be fully integrated into front-end semiconductor process. Also, thousands of interconnects can be fabricated on the wafer in one batch, which can greatly reduce the cost, improve the yield, and facilitate wafer level packaging (WLP). Based on the mechanical advantage of the stress-engineered compliant interconnect, a non-soldering assembly process has been developed. In the non-soldering assembly process, compliant interconnects are pressed against the bonding pads to establish the electrical connection. Test vehicles with such non-soldering contact interconnect have been assembled and subjected to thermal cycling. Although the assembled test vehicles have shown reliability over 1000 cycles, the primary mode of failure occurs at the contact interface between the compliant interconnect tip and the bonding pad. This contact interface is studied using analytical and numerical models to understand the reliability of freestanding sliding-contact compliant interconnect assembly.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Geniculate neuralgia: clinical, radiologic, and intraoperative correlates.

Objective Geniculate neuralgia is an uncommon pain syndrome that can be severe and disabling and is difficult to diagnose. Methods The literature was reviewed for geniculate neuralgia, including anatomy, presentation, and treatment. A case illustration was presented that demonstrates the novel brainstem functional imaging findings for geniculate neuralgia. A 39-year-old man presented with a history of left “deep” ear pain within his ear canal. He noted occasional pain on the left side of his face around the ear. He had been treated with neuropathic pain medications without relief. His wife described suicidal ideations discussed by her husband because of the intense pain. Results The patient’s neurologic examination was normal, and otolaryngologic consultation revealed no underlying structural disorder. Anatomic imaging revealed a tortuous vertebral artery–posterior inferior cerebellar artery complex with the posterior inferior cerebellar artery loop impinging on the root entry zone of the nervus intermedius–vestibulocochlear nerve complex and just inferior to the root entry zone of the facial nerve and a small anterior inferior cerebellar artery loop interposed between the cranial nerve VII–VIII complex and the hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves. A left-sided retromastoid craniotomy was performed, and the nervus intermedius was transected. An arterial loop in contact with the lower cranial nerves at the level of the brainstem was mobilized with a polytetrafluoroethylene implant. Conclusions The patient indicated complete relief of his preoperative pain after surgery. He has remained pain-free with intact hearing and balance.