cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between bee foraging and floral resource phenology shape bee populations and communities

Flowers are ephemeral, yet bees rely on them for food throughout their lives. Floral resource phenology - which can be altered by changes in climate and land-use - is therefore key to bee fitness and community composition. Here, we discuss the interactions between floral resource phenology, bee foraging behaviour, and traits such as diet breadth, sociality, and body size. Recent research on bumble bees has examined behavioural responses to local floral turnover and effects of landscape-scale floral resource phenology on fitness, abundance, and foraging distances. Comparable studies are needed on non-social, pollen-specialist species. We also encourage greater use of information contained in museum collections on bee phenologies and floral hosts to test how phenology has shaped the evolution of bee-plant associations.
Building hazard mitigation with piezoelectric friction dampers

Publisher Summary Semi-active piezoelectric friction dampers have been recently introduced to reduce the peak responses of buildings. They are regulated in real time with applied voltages according to a simple and effective control algorithm that combines the viscous and nonlinear Reid damping mechanisms. This chapter addresses some performance-related issues such as the stick and sliding features of a friction damper, optimum ratio of Reid and viscous damping in the control algorithm, performance comparison with Coulomb dampers, and optimal placement of friction dampers in a multistorey building. Numerical simulations of a single and a twenty-storey building indicate that Coulomb dampers are effective when the external excitation on the building is known a prioror. Semi-active friction dampers, however, are effective in response reduction of a building subjected to excitations of various intensities. They have been applied to effectively mitigate the responses of buildings under both near-fault and far-field ground motions. The optimum ratio of control gain factors for the Reid and viscous damping is equal to 2/π times the excitation frequency. A sequential suboptimal procedure for damper placement is developed for practical applications. Due to their adaptability to external disturbances, semi-active dampers can greatly enhance the multiobjective performance of buildings under multilevel excitations and will play an important role in performance-based engineering.
The Exercise of Constitutional Rights, a Crime Punishable by Death

Coerced, involuntary confessions are constitutionally barred. All interrogations and plea negotiations must be maintained absent any threats. Death is different. Prosecutors throughout the United States acknowledge the continued practice of leveraging plea negotiations with the threat of execution. A small fraction of death penalty trials result from the prosecution’s pursuit of the death sentence. Many of the nation’s most notorious serial killers escaped the death penalty by simply accepting a guilty plea. Those prosecutors who adamantly support the death penalty, seeking the sentence in every case in which it is available, are overwhelmingly amenable to abandoning the sentence in exchange for the defendant’s guilty plea. In these negotiations, the defense counsels’ legal strategy centers on saving their client’s life. Legal ethics mandate defense attorneys counsel defendants to accept any offer to avoid the death penalty. This exposes the growing number of guilty pleas accepted for the sole purpose of avoiding death. The Court recognizes the practice of threatening a defendant’s life with the death penalty as constitutionally valid. Defendants maintain a voluntary choice to plead guilty and avoid the death penalty. These defendants’ guilty pleas are products of voluntary and intelligent choices between the alternatives. This interpretation effectively permits prosecutors, who leverage capital plea bargains with death, to avoid any liability for coerced confessions. This increased practice is problematic as it both undermines the purpose of the death penalty, and forces the forfeiture of constitutional rights contingent on escaping death. Employing the death penalty to encourage guilty pleas proves an unreasonable burden on defendants’ Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights. These plea negotiations result in penalizing defendants for the refusal to plead guilty, rather than for the commission of the particular crime. Immense public policy concerns evolve from both enabling defendants, guilty of the most heinous crimes, to avoid the harshest sentence through pleading; and encouraging false confessions from defendants merely attempting to escape a death sentence. This plea bargaining practice conveys both an impermissible improper influence forcing the pleas constitutionally involuntary under the Fifth Amendment, and serves as an unreasonable burden on the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights. This article is the first to scrutinize prosecutors’ use of the death penalty in plea negotiations congruent to the lacking recourses available to try death penalty cases. Encouraging defendant’s to accept a guilty plea in order to avoid a sentence in which the prosecution lacks the recourses to procure conveys an impermissible false threat. Additionally, this academic article serves as a unique analysis of the effects of plea bargaining in capital cases to penalize the exercise of constitutional rights rather than the commission of a particular crime. The pleas prove overly burdensome to the constitutional rights of capital defendants.
Abstract 4166: Role of CD44 as a regulator of adaptive plasticity in pancreatic cancer cells

Purpose: Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) may show an initial objective response to chemotherapy that is usually of short duration. Our research goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms for this short duration response and to more fully define differences between chemosensitive and chemoresistant cells. Cancer cells that undergo an EMT and metastatic tumors show an increase in CD44s expression. In this study, we use CD44 Low and CD44 High isogenic cell models to identifying key molecular networks and potential targets that could benefit therapy. Experiments design: CFPAC1-CD44 Hi and Low cells were sorted by flowcytometry and single clone selection. Isogenic model systems were generated by overexpression CD44s in CF-Low cells. Western blot, MTT, migration and invasion assays had been used to characterize cell growth, invasiveness and gemcitabine sensitivity. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase arrays were used to identify the CD44 regulated molecular networks in these isogenic cell models treated with/without CD44 ligand hyaluronan acid (HA). Summary: CD44s high cells show an EMT phenotype (increase of vimentin and loss of E-cadherin) and increase invasion. Expression of CD44s in CD44 low cells was sufficient to drive EMT partially and drive invasion. By in vitro testing over expressing CD44s is not sufficient to decrease sensitivity to gemcitabine. By Receptor Tyrosine Kinase arrays, CD44 Hi clone cells show increase in IGF-1R phosphorylation. Preliminary data had shown that HA may stimulate ROR2, VEGFR1, and EphB2 phosphorylation in CD44 Hi clone cells. Conclusion: Our previous study suggested that CD44 could be a therapeutic target in Gemcitabine resistant PDAC cells. The current study will further identify the molecular targets that regulated by CD44 pathways. These newly identified targets could be hopefully used for the optimized multimodality therapy to sensitize the PDAC cells to therapy and to benefit the pancreatic cancer patients. Citation Format: Chen Chen, Shujie Zhao, Xiangru Zhao, James W. Freeman. Role of CD44 as a regulator of adaptive plasticity in pancreatic cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4166. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4166
Coffee, Commerce, and Colombian National Soil Science (1929–1946)

This chapter explores the soil research and management programs of Colombia’s Federation of Colombian Coffee Growers (FEDECAFE) as part of a campaign to ensure the long-term viability of the nation’s largest and most prominent export crop. FEDECAFE agronomists married original field research to popular religious and political discourse, instructing farmers in new soil management techniques that prioritized healthy microbial communities over short-term capital-intensive pest management programs. Their work was designed to serve a constituency composed of largely peasant smallholders struggling for subsistence in a period of increased erosion and declining coffee yields. I argue that FEDECAFE’s low-input, ecologically sensitive formulations of soil management were eclipsed in the 1950s by the US Green Revolution science, a shift in scientific land management that supported plantation-scaled industrialization of Colombian coffee farming.
Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Lung: Review of Literature and Report of a Case:

Less than 25 cases of primary malignant melanoma of the lung have been reported in the literature, with limited mention in the surgical literature. When published criteria are strictly applied, the actual number of cases is even fewer. We report the case of a 74-year-old man who underwent a left lower pulmonary lobectomy for a large left lower lobe mass consistent with malignancy. Clinical and pathological review confirmed primary malignant melanoma of the lung. Relevant clinical and histopathological features and the criteria for diagnosis are reviewed.
Fermentation and Fermented Dairy Products

Although this chapter is devoted to milk and other dairy products, it begins with a discussion of fermentation because of the importance of this process to dairy products.
Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced memory consolidation: Replication in an overnight sleep study

Sleep following learning benefits memory. One model attributes this effect to the iterative "reactivation" of memory traces in the sleeping brain, demonstrated in animal models. Although technical limitations prohibit using the same methods to observe memory reactivation in the human brain, the study of mental activity during sleep provides an alternative method of observing memory activation during sleep. In fact, the content of dream experience may reflect the process of memory reactivation and consolidation in the sleeping brain. In line with this hypothesis, we previously reported that dreaming about a spatial learning task during a nap strongly predicts subsequent performance improvements. Here, we replicate this observation in an overnight sleep study, for the first time demonstrating that pre-sleep training on a virtual maze navigation task is reflected in dreams reported from all phases of sleep, with unambiguous representation of the task in dream content associated with improved next-morning performance. These observations are consistent with reactivation-based models of memory consolidation in sleep, confirming our earlier finding that the cognitive-level activation of recent experience during sleep is associated with subsequent performance gains.
Cockcroft-Walton Multiplier based on Unipolar $\mathbf{Ag/HfO_{2}/Pt}$ Threshold Switch

Threshold switches (TS) exhibiting electrically driven phase transition between high resistance (insulating) and low resistance (metallic) states have shown an immense promise for several circuit applications [1]. $\mathrm{Ag}/\mathrm{HfO}_{2}/\mathrm{Pt}\ \mathrm{based}$ TS, a recent inclusion in this group, was reported to have high selectivity $(\sim 10^{7})$ and unipolar conduction [2], [3]. The unipolar nature of such a TS may be capitalized to achieve diode-like rectifying behavior with unique advantages. In this work, we discuss the merits $ofAg/HfO_{2}/Pt\ TS$ over standard diodes and present a Cockcroft-Walton multiplier (CWM) [4], [5] based on $Ag/HfO_{2}/Pt$ . The proposed CWM generates higher DC voltage from an AC input compared to standard CWM, utilizing (a) high selectivity (b) hysteretic behavior (c) abrupt $insulator\leftrightarrow metal$ transitions and (d) unipolar conduction $ofAg/HfO_{2}/Pt$ .
Scaling of Permanent Magnet Machines with Thermal Effects

Scaling of a liquid cooled permanent magnet machine is analyzed with consideration of thermal effects. Conventional scaling rules are based on magnetics alone and do not take into account temperature changes due to varying losses or other effects. A lumped parameter network is used to create a thermal model which depends on both the axial and radial scale of the machine. The change in temperature is examined when the magnetic field is held constant. The output torque is also examined when loading is varied to reach a temperature limit on the magnets and windings. Important differences from the theoretical behavior are shown for a liquid cooled machine, and the presented method can be applied to other designs.
Entrepreneurship, Institutions, and Economic Growth: Does the Level of Development Matter?

Entrepreneurship is often touted for its ability to generate economic growth. Through the creative-destructive process, entrepreneurs are often able to innovate and outperform incumbent organizations, all of which is supposed to lead to higher employment and economic growth. Although some empirical evidence supports this logic, it has also been the subject of recent criticisms. Specifically, entrepreneurship does not lead to growth in developing countries; it only does in more developed countries with higher income levels. Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data for a panel of 83 countries from 2002 to 2014, we examine the contribution of entrepreneurship towards economic growth. Our evidence validates earlier studies findings but also exposes previously undiscovered findings. That is, we find that entrepreneurship encourages economic growth but not in developing countries. In addition, our evidence finds that the institutional environment of the country, as measured by GEM Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions, only contributes to economic growth in more developed countries but not in developing countries. These findings have important policy implications. Namely, our evidence contradicts policy proposals that suggest entrepreneurship and the adoption of pro-market institutions that support it to encourage economic growth in developing countries. Our evidence suggests these policy proposals will be unlikely to generate the economic growth desired.
Outcomes following modified extracardiac Fontan procedure of direct total cavopulmonary connection with autologous vessels: a single-centre 10-year experience

Objectives The modified extracardiac Fontan of direct total cavopulmonary connection (dTCPC) with entirely autologous vessels is a better solution in selected patients with functionally univentricular hearts because it combines the advantages of a tubular connection and of full growth potential. We investigated the mid-term to long-term outcomes of the physical condition of patients who had the dTCPC and assessed the growth potential of the autologous dTCPC pathway. Methods From July 2005 to June 2014, 31 patients, aged 1.8-14.0 years, underwent a modified extracardiac Fontan with dTCPC at our institution. Twenty-two patients underwent a 1-stage dTCPC and 9 patients underwent a 2-stage dTCPC. The preoperative and postoperative data were reviewed retrospectively. Results There were 17 (54.8%) boys and 14 (45.2%) girls, with a median age of 6.4 years (range 1.8-14.0 years) and a mean weight of 17.8 kg (range 9-41 kg). The mean follow-up period was 6.0 years (range 2.1-10.2 years). There was 1 early death and 2 late deaths. The event-free survival rate for the 31 patients was 88.9% at 10 years during the follow-up period. Late protein-losing enteropathy, thromboembolism, arrhythmia or heart failure were not observed. There was a significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative data for body mass index and the diameters of the autologous dTCPC pathway and pulmonary artery branches, confirming that the growth potential of the autologous dTCPC pathway was realized. Conclusions The dTCPC procedure could be performed with satisfactory midterm to long-term outcomes in selected patients. It has the potential of retaining the advantage of the extracardiac Fontan operation together with the potential for growth and the avoidance of prosthetic materials.
Sterically Encumbered Tris(trialkylsilyl) Phosphine Precursors for Quantum Dot Synthesis.

The synthesis of nanomaterials with a narrow size distribution is challenging, especially for III–V semiconductor nanoparticles (also known as quantum dots). Concerning phosphides, this issue has b...
Clinical Characteristics of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in Patients Over 50 Years of Age: A multicenter clinical cohort study.

Purpose To characterize the clinical features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in patients >50 years of age compared to the typical IIH population and existing data for this older cohort. Design Retrospective, clinical cohort study. Methods Medical records of 65 patients >50 years of age at first diagnosis of IIH were reviewed based on the Modified Dandy Criteria from 4 academic centers. Each center provided randomly selected controls from IIH patients Results Compared to controls, the older cohort showed the following characteristics: fewer females (n = 51 [78.5%] vs. controls: n = 60 [92.3%]; P = .045), fewer headaches (n = 33 [50.8%] vs. controls: 52 [80.0%]; P = .001), more frequent incidental discoveries of papilledema (n = 19 [29.2%] vs. controls: 7 [10.8%]; P = .015), and lower CSF opening pressure [median: 33 cm H2O [range: 21-58 cm H2O] vs. the median for controls: 34 cm H2O [range: 24-67 cm H2O; P = .029). Conclusions Patients with IIH diagnosed at >50 years of age were less often female and had lower CSF opening pressure, fewer headaches, a higher chance of incidentally identified papilledema, and body mass index similar to that of younger IIH patients. Older IIH onset was not associated with worse visual outcome.
Botanical dietary products

Abstract Approximately half of the adults in the US population consume dietary supplements, primarily to promote overall health and wellness and to complement perceived deficiencies in their nutrient balance. Other reasons for the use of these products include managing stress, building muscles, and maintaining mental focus. Since the passage of Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act by the US Congress in 1994, there are now about 50,000 different brands of dietary supplements available for sale, with these products manufactured by about 1500 companies. Included in this category are vitamins, minerals, specialty supplements, botanical (herbal) dietary supplements, and sports supplements. The present market value of botanical dietary supplements alone in the United States is now over $8 billion, and selected examples are highlighted. Other aspects covered are preclinical and clinical standardization methods and quality control procedures. In this chapter section an overview is provided of the present use of botanical dietary supplements inures for these products, and a discussion of their toxic potential. A psychoactive botanical, Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), is also considered as a widely available but somewhat contentious herbal product.
Determinants of PDT efficacy

There are multiple determinants of PDT efficacy. An in vitro study showed that the head and neck tumor lines derived from patients with an HPV infection showed a substantial decrease in the degree of photokilling by PDT directed at ER/mitochondria. We previously reported that this was not correlated with altered photosensitizer uptake, sites of sub-cellular concentration, or rate of ROS formation. PDT targeted to the ER can lead to the initiation of parapotis, a death pathway associated with ER stress. This pathway appears to be operational even cell lines with an impaired apoptotic pathway and can lead to an apoptotic response. Impaired PDT-induced photokilling in HPV(+)line was associated with a decrease of both the paraptotic response to ER photodamage and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) after mitochondrial photodamage. This may explain, in part, the impaired response to PDT when BPD (benzoporphyrin derivative, Vidsudyne) was the photosensitizing agent.
Social media language of healthcare super-utilizers.

An understanding of healthcare super-utilizers' online behaviors could better identify experiences to inform interventions. In this retrospective case-control study, we analyzed patients' social media posts to better understand their day-to-day behaviors and emotions expressed online. Patients included those receiving care in an urban academic emergency department who consented to share access to their historical Facebook posts and electronic health records. Super-utilizers were defined as patients with more than six visits to the Emergency Department (ED) in a year. We compared posts by super-utilizers with a matched group using propensity scoring based on age, gender and Charlson comorbidity index. Super-utilizers were more likely to post about confusion and negativity (D = .65, 95% CI-[.38, .95]), self-reflection (D = .63 [.35, .91]), avoidance (D = .62 [.34, .90]), swearing (D = .52 [.24, .79]), sleep (D = .60 [.32, .88]), seeking help and attention (D = .61 [.33, .89]), psychosomatic symptoms, (D = .49 [.22, .77]), self-agency (D = .56 [.29, .85]), anger (D = .51, [.24, .79]), stress (D = .46, [.19, .73]), and lonely expressions (D = .44, [.17, .71]). Insights from this study can potentially supplement offline community care services with online social support interventions considering the high engagement of super-utilizers on social media.
Alcohol-Antiretroviral Therapy Interactive Toxicity Beliefs and Intentional Medication Nonadherence: Review of Research with Implications for Interventions

The successful treatment of HIV infection relies on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Alcohol use remains a threat to ART adherence, including the beliefs held by people who drink alcohol that it is harmful to take ART when consuming alcohol (i.e., alcohol-ART interactive toxicity beliefs, AA-ITB). We reviewed the current research that has investigated AA-ITB and their relationship to intentional ART nonadherence. The review of 17 published studies found that AA-ITB are prevalent among people receiving ART and that AA-ITB are directly associated with ART nonadherence and incomplete HIV suppression. Family, friends and healthcare providers are common sources and reinforcers of AA-ITB. Studies suggest that AA-ITB may best be explained by the Medication Necessity and Concerns Beliefs Model, treating AA-ITB as a specific circumstance of medication concerns. Interventions are needed to communicate the realities of potential medication interactions and dispel myths that it is harmful to mix alcohol with ART, while not inadvertently suggesting that it is safe to drink with all medications, which could undermine adherence to ART by increasing alcohol use.
Assessment of Commercial Truck Driver Injury Severity as a Result of Driving Actions

The disaggregate modeling approach is a new trend in the literature to analyze the injury severity of truck-involved crashes. The assessment of truck driver injury severity based on driver action i...
17 Use of hair cortisol analysis to evaluate the influence of housing conditions on long-term stress in horses

Horses are kept in a variety of housing systems which often reflect the needs of both horses and their owners as well as available resources. Housing management practices not only impact horse health and performance but may also influence a horse's physiological and psychological stress. Traditional sampling methods using blood, saliva, urine, and feces are often utilized to evaluate stress in animals by measuring acute cortisol levels. Hair cortisol analysis allows for the quantification of long-term cortisol which may be a better indicator of prolonged periods of elevated stress. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of transitioning horses from outdoor group housing to individual box stalls on hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) and determine the relationship between physiological and behavioral stress responses. Hair samples were collected approximately every 30 d from the same location on 11 Quarter Horses (5 mares, 6 geldings; 3.5 ± 1.3 yr) over a period of 180 d (90d group housing/90d box stalls). Hair cortisol production was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and horse heart rate (HR) and behavior were recorded throughout a series of novel object and sensory sensitivity tests. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and Pearson correlations in SAS v. 9.4. HCC ranged from 0.6 pg/mg to 3.0 pg/mg throughout the study with an average concentration of 1.3 ± 0.4 pg/mg. Overall, there was no difference in HCC due to the type of housing system. However, HCC increased during the 30-d period immediately following the transition from group housing to individual housing and then decreased during the next 30 d period (P
Evaluation of automated specialty palliative care in the intensive care unit: A retrospective cohort study

Introduction Automated specialty palliative care consultation (SPC) has been proposed as an intervention to improve patient-centered care in the intensive care unit (ICU). Existing automated SPC trigger criteria are designed to identify patients at highest risk of in-hospital death. We sought to evaluate common mortality-based SPC triggers and determine whether these triggers reflect actual use of SPC consultation. We additionally aimed to characterize the population of patients who receive SPC without meeting mortality-based triggers. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all adult ICU admissions from 2012–2017 at an academic medical center with five subspecialty ICUs to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the five most common SPC triggers for predicting receipt of SPC. Among ICU admissions receiving SPC, we assessed differences in patients who met any SPC trigger compared to those who met none. Results Of 48,744 eligible admissions, 1,965 (4.03%) received SPC; 979 (49.82%) of consultations met at least 1 trigger. The sensitivity and specificity for any trigger predicting SPC was 49.82% and 79.61%, respectively. Patients who met no triggers but received SPC were younger (62.71 years vs 66.58 years, mean difference (MD) 3.87 years (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.44–5.30) p<0.001), had longer ICU length of stay (11.43 days vs 8.42 days, MD -3.01 days (95% CI -4.30 –-1.72) p<0.001), and had a lower rate of in-hospital death (48.68% vs 58.12%, p<0.001). Conclusion Mortality-based triggers for specialty palliative care poorly reflect actual use of SPC in the ICU. Reliance on such triggers may unintentionally overlook an important population of patients with clinician-identified palliative care needs.
The Possibility of Geochemical Provinces in the Ocean Basins

Aus fruheren chemischen Analysen magmatischer Gesteine von den Ozeanboden und hier vor allem solcher, die nahe der Rander der Ozeanbecken genommen wurden, wurde die Forderung nach zwei verschiedenen Typen ozeanischer magmatischer Gesteine erhoben. Die „Pazifische Reihe“ war durch den tholeiitischen Magmentyp, die „atlantische Reihe“ als alkalisch mit niedrigem Kalk-Alkali-Index gekennzeichnet.
Back in Black

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Iyengar and colleagues (2015) employ live imaging of melanocyte regeneration in adult zebrafish to define a bias in progenitor cell fates that enables both rapid pigment cell renewal and maintenance of regenerative capacity.
Specific Impulse Definition for Ablative Laser Propulsion

The term “specific impulse” is so ingrained in the field of rocket propulsion that it is unlikely that any fundamental argument would be taken seriously for its removal. It is not an ideal measure but it does give an indication of the amount of mass flow (mass loss/time), as in fuel rate, required to produce a measured thrust over some time period. This investigation explores the implications of being able to accurately measure the ablation rate and how the language used to describe the specific impulse results may have to change slightly, and recasts the specific impulse as something that is not a time average. It is not currently possible to measure the ablation rate accurately in real time so it is generally just assumed that a constant amount of material will be removed for each laser pulse delivered. The specific impulse dependence on the ablation rate is determined here as a correction to the classical textbook definition.
Redevelopment Planning and Distributive Justice in the American Metropolis

The paper examines the forces shaping American redevelopment policy and its outcomes. Its central argument is that nearly sixty years of programs have involved significant changes in administrative form, funding, scale, justifications, content, public participation, and the composition of redevelopment coalitions. At the same time, however, the separation of physical and social components of redevelopment efforts has changed little and the distribution of benefits has largely favored developers and business interests regardless of the alleged aims of the program. Consequently while redevelopment programs have contributed to revival of previously declining cities, they have rarely acted as agencies for producing greater justice within metropolitan areas. I briefly trace the history of government-sponsored redevelopment programs in the United States since the Housing Act of 1949. That history is periodized according to each phase’s general thrust, with the recognition that there was always local variation. The causal factors underlying the shifts delimiting each period are delineated. These factors, which are numerous and interactive, include political pressures and changes in national and urban regimes; economic restructuring; changing demographics; and ideological currents. The paper concludes with an argument concerning the relationship between spatial and social justice, indicating the general principles – equity, democracy, and diversity – that should govern urban redevelopment policy, and specifying particular types of policies that would embody those principles.
Populist Retribution and International Competition in Financial Services Regulation

This essay compares the current effort to reform financial services regulation with the regulatory initiatives that come out of the Great Depression. Unlike the 1930s, policymakers today must account for the impact of regulatory competition in crafting responses to the financial crisis. The available evidence suggests that jurisdictional competition is no match for the forces of populist retribution in modern democratic states.
Effective Temperature in an Interacting Vertex System: Theory and Experiment on Artificial Spin Ice

Frustrated arrays of interacting single-domain nanomagnets provide important model systems for statistical mechanics, as they map closely onto well-studied vertex models and are amenable to direct imaging and custom engineering. Although these systems are manifestly athermal, we demonstrate that an effective temperature, controlled by an external magnetic drive, describes their microstates and therefore their full statistical properties.
Experimental abruptio placentae in the rabbit

Abstract 1. An abruptio-like state was produced in pregnant rabbits by temporary occlusion of the inferior vena cava at varying intervals between the twentieth and twenty-eighth days of gestation. 2. Histologic studies were made of the uteri and placentas from the experimental animals after postocclusion recovery intervals of 24 and 48 hours. 3. The principal microscopic lesions observed under these conditions were (1) fibrinoid deposition and focal pseudoaneurysmal dilatation, thrombosis, and vacuolar degeneration of decidual vessels; (2) coagulative necrosis of villous tufts; and (3) myometrial hemorrhage and edema. 4. These changes, which strikingly resemble previously described findings in human decidual arterioles in abruptio and toxemia, appear to be exaggerations of the normal process of placental degeneration. 5. Differences between placental attachment in the rabbit and other species have been demonstrated, notably the extreme resistance of the rabbit placenta to retroplacental hematoma formation and to gross separation from the uterine wall.
Concentration of fibrinogen in the plasma of normal newborn infants.

Concentrations of fibrinogen in the plasma have been determined for the first several days of life in a series of normal infants, and during the first 12 hours post partum in some of their mothers. The mean value for the infants on the first day was 231 mg/100 ml, as compared to 440 mg/100 ml for the mothers, and 280 mg/100 ml for a group of healthy adult controls. A slight increase in the mean concentration of fibrinogen is seen during the first 3 days of life. Sex, color, birthweight and the concentration of fibrinogen in the mother9s plasma do not influence the infant9s initial concentration of fibrinogen. There is no correlation between clotting times and concentrations of fibrinogen over the range of concentrations of fibrinogen encountered. A correlation may exist between the initial concentration of fibrinogen of the infant and the degree of hepatic immaturity.
Inadequacy of diagnosis related group (DRG) reimbursements for limb salvage lower extremity arterial reconstructions

Prospective cost and reimbursement data were collected from 10 centers in various parts of the United States on 566 patients undergoing lower extremity arterial reconstructions for limb salvage and nonlimb salvage indications. Information for each patient was available on indication and type of procedure, length of stay, the type of hospital insurance, and hospital costs/charges. Diagnosis related group payments from each center were used to determine net gain or loss for each patient. Patients were classified as having claudication or critical ischemia (limb salvage). Reimbursements matched costs/charges for the claudication group; overall mean loss in this group was only $915 per patient. However, all centers had important losses in the limb salvage group. Reimbursements averaged 60% of costs/charges, with a mean loss of $8158 per patient and an overall loss for all 10 centers of $3,653,918. An effort to remedy this inequity is progressing via a dialogue between representatives of the Society for Vascular Surgery, the North American Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, and the federal government.
Suzanne Césaire, The Great Camouflage: Writings of Dissent (1941–1945), Wesleyan University Press, 2012, 104 pp., $18.95, 978-0-8195-7275-2

The Great Camouflage is the timely and necessary first English translation of the complete work of the most important French Caribbean female theoretician, Suzanne Cesaire. While Daniel Maximin's m...
PICUBASICS: an on-line resource for the diagnosis and management of acute illness in children with chronic conditions and disabilities

Children with disabilities and chronic conditions are more likely than their healthy peers to be admitted to emergency rooms, to be hospitalized, and to require pediatric intensive care. Although many of these admissions are attributable to disease burden, a significant percentage are unscheduled stays for an acute illness that is directly related to a known condition. Such admissions are foreseeable, and therefore may be avoidable. An understanding of typical patterns of events that lead to acute illness in children with chronic conditions might suggest strategies to prevent these illnesses or to minimize the severity of unpreventable illnesses when they occur. When viewed as a marker for avoidable morbidity, an "unanticipated" hospitalization of a child with a chronic condition or disability thus provides an important opportunity for health care quality improvement at the community level.
Female and male Mychophilus roseus Hesse (Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae) Living in the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri

Abstract The female and male of Mychophilus roseus Hesse, 1865 (Enteropsinae) are fully redescribed based on specimens living in the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766) from Roscoff. The female has three submarginal setulose setae on the labrum; the labral setae of M. roseus have not been reported previously. The anus opens as a transverse slit near the dorsal distal margin of the leg 4-bearing segment. The presence of labral setae (number varies) and the displacement of the anus (transverse slit) to the dorsal side (location similar) are probably diagnostic features for females of the genus Mychophilus. With respect to the rostrum and many of the appendages, the male of M. roseus is clearly distinguished from the male of Enterocola fulgens van Beneden (Enterocolinae).
To Go or Not to Go: Pedestrian Behavior at Intersections with standard Pedestrian Call Buttons

Pedestrian safety is a major concern at signalized intersections because of an increased likelihood of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. The objective of this study was to examine the factors possibly influencing the likelihood that a pedestrian would cross against the signal at an intersection. In Seattle, Washington, 800 pedestrians were observed at six intersections. Examined factors included gender, weather, the number of times the call button was pushed, the impact of other pedestrians at the crosswalk, and whether pedestrians returned to push the button. The model was also adjusted for differences in each intersection attributable to volume-to-capacity ratio, cycle lengths, and location. The findings from a logistic regression model showed that females were more likely to wait for a "Walk" signal than were males and that people were more likely to wait for a "Walk" signal when other pedestrians were at the intersection. Pedestrians were more likely to wait for the light to indicate the "Walk" signal if ...
Severe anemia as the presenting manifestation of giant cell arteritis

Giant cell (temporal, cranial) arteritis (GCA) is usually confirmed in patients presenting with classic features. Those who present with atypical features often undergo prolonged evaluations until a diagnosis is established. Severe anemia as an initial manifestation of GCA has rarely been described. We describe herein 2 patients with biopsy-proven GCA who presented with severe anemia and significant weight loss, which corrected after corticosteroid therapy.
Was the financial crisis the result of ineffective policy and too much regulation? An empirical investigation

Every major financial crisis in the United States has been followed with a regulatory response meant to keep another crisis at bay. The current crisis is no different; on 21 July 2010, a sweeping regulation was passed designed to prevent another financial crisis. If history is a reliable guide, the regulatory response is likely to contribute to the next financial crisis unless some sound understanding of the causes of the crises is determined. The purpose of this article is to empirically test the perspective that too much regulation and poor policy choices contributed to the first financial crisis of the twenty-first century. We find statistical evidence to indicate that policies at the Government Sponsored Enterprises, monetary policy and the Community Reinvestment Act all compromised large bank performance for the 1999 through 2008 period.
Gluon fragmentation into P-wave heavy quarkonium.

The fragmentation functions for gluons to split into P-wave heavy quarkonium states are calculated to leading order in the QCD coupling constant. Long-distance effects are factored into two nonperturbative parameters: the derivative of the radial wavefunction at the origin and a second parameter related to the probability for a heavy-quark-antiquark pair that is produced in a color-octet S-wave state to form a color-singlet P-wave bound state. The fragmentation probabilities for a high transverse momentum gluon to split into the P-wave charmonium states \chi_{c0}, \chi_{c1}, and \chi_{c2} are estimated to be 0.4 \times 10^{-4}, 1.8 \times 10^{-4}, and 2.4 \times 10^{-4}, respectively. This fragmentation process may account for a significant fraction of the rate for the inclusive production of \chi_{cJ} at large transverse momentum in p \bar p colliders.
Quantifying avian nest survival along an urbanization gradient using citizen- and scientist-generated data

Despite the increasing pace of urbanization little is known about the factors that limit bird populations (i.e., population-level processes) within the urban/suburban land-use matrix. Here, we report rates of nest survival within the matrix of an urban land-use gradient in the greater Washington, D.C., USA, area for five common songbirds using data collected by scientists and citizens as part of a project called Neighborhood Nestwatch. Using program MARK, we modeled the effects of species, urbanization at multiple spatial scales (canopy cover and impervious surface), and observer (citizen vs. scientist) on nest survival of four open-cup and one cavity-nesting species. In addition, artificial nests were used to determine the relative impacts of specific predators along the land-use gradient. Our results suggest that predation on nests within the land-use matrix declines with urbanization but that there are species-specific differences. Moreover, variation in nest survival among species was best explained by urbanization metrics measured at larger "neighborhood" spatial scales (e.g., 1000 m). Trends were supported by data from artificial nests and suggest that variable predator communities (avian vs. mammalian) are one possible mechanism to explain differential nest survival. In addition, we assessed the quality of citizen science data and show that citizens had no negative effect on nest survival and provided estimates of nest survival comparable to Smithsonian biologists. Although birds nesting within the urban matrix experienced higher nest survival, individuals also faced a multitude of other challenges such as contaminants and invasive species, all of which could reduce adult survival.
Thermal excitation in a spatially modulated monolayer solid: Incommensurate xenon/graphite

Calculations of the properties of monolayer xenon/graphite for temperatures up to its triple point at 100 K are reported. The average lattice constant and orientational epitaxy angle for the monolayer solid are evaluated along its (two-dimensional) sublimation curve. The incommensurate rotated lattice approaches the incommensurate aligned configuration as the melting temperature is approached, as in experiments. The calculated temperature, latent heat of melting, and solid-liquid density difference at the triple point agree with experiment. The methods include molecular dynamics simulations for large submonolayer patches of xenon and both self-consistent-phonon and perturbation-variation approximations. An overall quantitative agreement between the simulations, calculations, and experimental data is achieved with an interaction model that includes the spatially periodic xenon-graphite corrugation energy.
The non-equivalence of tariffs and quotas under retaliation

Abstract This note shows the non-equivalence of tariffs and quotas when foreign retaliation is allowed for. Using a Cournot-Johnson type of retaliation mechanism it is shown that, contrary to the case of tariffs, quota retaliation will lead to the elimination of international trade between the countries involved.
Concentrated culture of gonococci in clear liquid medium.

Discussion and summaryThe results first demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of an agar/liquid flask system to obtain gonococcal growth several times more dense than normal in a representative liquid medium. Counts as high as 5 × 109 cells per ml and turbidity similar to that normally seen with staphylococci were attained.Second and perhaps more significant, the results illustrate a principle by which the enrichment materials normally incorporated into gonococcal media can be separated from the immediate growth environment. Under the conditions existing in a biphasic flask, even a clear water extract of the complete medium supported luxuriant growth of gonococci. Such medium simplification in principle should be applicable to other fastidious organisms.
Measurement of relative inequity and Yaari’s dual theory of risk

Abstract We apply Yaari’s dual theory of risk, a type of non-expected utility theory, to the problem of measuring the inequity of a premium relative to the (unknown) net premium. This work parallels that of Promislow and Young [Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 2000, 121–146]. In the latter work, however, we apply expected utility to the problem of measuring relative inequity. This paper generalizes Yaari’s risk measure, itself a generalization of a well-known measure of inequity called the Gini coefficient.
Penalized discriminant analysis of in situ hyperspectral data for conifer species recognition

Using in situ hyperspectral measurements collected in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, the authors discriminate six species of conifer trees using a recent, nonparametric statistics technique known as penalized discriminant analysis (PDA). A classification accuracy of 76% is obtained. Their emphasis is on providing an intuitive, geometric description of PDA that makes the advantages of penalization clear. PDA is a penalized version of Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and can greatly improve upon LDA when there are a large number of highly correlated variables.
An automated reasoning problem associated with proving claims about programs using Floyd-Hoare inductive assertion methods

Proving claims about behavior of software is essential for the qualification of computer-based systems used in the control of nuclear reactors. For this Problem Corner, we select one of the verification conditions for a C program that initializes an array to zero. We add assertions about the initial conditions and state of the program and about the expected behavior of the program in terms of its state. The modeling and specification technique is the inductive assertion technique of Floyd-Hoare. The program with assertions is then transformed by the source-to-source program transformation system TAMPR into a set of separate verification conditions to be proven by the automated reasoning system. Our experience with this program demonstrates the typical automated reasoning problems we have encountered and illustrates how we have approached solutions to the problems.
Aligning practice redesign and interprofessional education to advance triple aim outcomes

Achieving the goals of health care reform – described by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement as the “Triple Aim” – will place new demands on the health care workforce. Interprofessional team-based care, quality and process improvement, and population health management are not skills that have been emphasized in traditional health professions education and training. Preparing health professionals to meet these demands will require significant changes in education and training – changes that can only occur if educational institutions align with practices, health systems and the communities they serve. Together they must define the knowledge and skills required for better care, added value, and improved health outcomes, and together they must align and integrate health professions education with the reformation and redesign of health systems that are currently underway. This commentary describes a case example of what such change could look like, reviews current opportunities and challenges to progress, and offers a review of current initiatives and opportunities to move forward toward an optimal alignment of practice and education that will improve population health, reduce costs, and improve the quality of care.
Numerical solutions of fuzzy differential equations

Abstract Numerical algorithms for solving ‘fuzzy ordinary differential equations’ (FODE) are considered. A scheme based on the classical Euler method is discussed in detail, and this is followed by a complete error analysis. The algorithm is illustrated by solving several linear and nonlinear fuzzy Cauchy problems.