cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Gene Expression in Human Retinal Microvessels by Solution Hybridization

Changes in gene expression could play a central role in the phenotypic abnormalities of the retinal vascular cells observed in diabetic retinopathy and other retinal diseases. To measure gene expression in human retinal microvessels, a RNA-probe excess solution hybridization assay was used. Retinal microvessels were isolated from eyes obtained within 36 hr of death, and intact RN A was extracted by the guanidine method. Hybridization of poly(A) + RNA northern blots revealed only the cytoskeletal /3-actin message; by using the more sensitive solution hybridization assay, the plasminogen activatorinhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) mRNAs were quantified. The prevalence of these transcripts in the retinal microvessels was 0.04 X 10 6 copies/ng RNA for PAI-1 and 0.14 X 10 6 copies/ng RNA for vWF, much less than the prevalence in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (1.93 X 10 6 and 3.90 X 10 6 , respectively). The PAI-1 mRNA levels in retinal microvessels isolated from five type II diabetic patients were significantly higher than those in vessels isolated from ten age-matched controls (0.06 X 10 6 versus 0.04 X 10 6 copies/ng RNA, P < 0.05). The solution hybridization assay accurately measured low-abundance mRNAs in human retinal microvessels; determination of gene expression in these cells could aid in understanding the pathogenesis of important ophthalmologic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:1439-1445, 1991 Abnormalities of the retinal vasculature are central to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The development of the trypsin digestion technique in the early 1960s permitted the identification of a wide range of microvascular lesions (thickening of the vascular basement membranes, disappearance of pericytes and endothelial cells, nonperfusion and obliteration of capillaries, and formation of saccular capillary microaneurysms) associated with the onset of retinopathy. 12 The more recent observation that lesions develop in galactosemic animals similar to those found in human and experimental diabetes indicates that hyperhexosemia is a responsible agent. 3 In need of clarification are the cellular events that bridge hyperglycemia to the anatomic changes of the retinal vasculature.
Progression and Regression of Experimental Atherosclerotic Lesions

The prerequisite for development of experimental atherosclerosis in the rabbit and all other experimental models is hyperlipemia. Hyperlipemia can be induced in the rabbit by adding cholesterol to the diet or using a diet with a high content of saturated fat. Lipid infiltration into the wall of the proximal aorta begins within hours following the increase in blood cholesterol1. The earliest lesion morphologically is granular appearing stainable lipid in the interstitial tissue often associated with elastic fibers. Continued hypercholesterolemia eventuates in a foam cellular infiltrate in the intima and inner media associated with proliferation of smooth muscle cells and appearance of a band of smooth muscle cells beneath the endothelial lining1,2. Necrotic cells are found in the lesion usually near the media2. The lipid content of this lesion like that of all other experimental models and man is mostly cholesterol as cholesteryl esters3. The cholesterol in the lesions is derived from the blood4.
10 Conservative Principles for Cybersecurity Policy

In the age of the Internet, which now determines daily life for Americans, many threats to the U.S. now exist in the cyber domain. Cybersecurity is a near constant theme in Washington, as well as for private companies around the country. Congress and government agencies are clamoring to develop policies and strategies to protect national security and commercial interests. Internet attacks are already a standard feature of modern life, and the threats and their implications - from hacking into company sites to steal credit card numbers to hacking into government computers for espionage - are growing fast. Cybersecurity must be addressed - the right way. This Heritage Foundation paper outlines the basic facts of the Internet - and the policy principles to which they lead.
Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: antibody binding specificity to platelet antigens

Sera from four patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia (HAT) were evaluated by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect heparin-dependent serum platelet-bindable immunoglobulin (S-PBIg) and by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation to investigate the specificity of the antibody binding. All HAT sera showed mildly increased S-PBIg (mean, 7.8 fg per platelet; normal, less than 6.0 fg per platelet) to intact target platelets in the ELISA, which was markedly increased in the presence of heparin (mean, 20.9 fg per platelet). This increase was 20-fold greater than normal control sera, which showed a mean differential increase of only 0.5 fg per platelet. Immunoglobulin binding specificity to platelet antigens was investigated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of platelet lysate with transfer of the platelet fractions onto nitrocellulose strips (Western blotting) and subsequent immunoassay using HAT and normal sera. In the presence of heparin, the four HAT patients demonstrated increased binding of immunoglobulin to platelet antigens of apparent molecular weights of 180, 124, and 82 kd. Radiolabeled heparin when incubated with HAT sera, normal sera, or albumin blanks bound to platelet proteins of the same apparent molecular weights. These observations are consistent with current hypotheses suggesting that HAT antibody is directed to heparin-platelet complexes or, alternatively, that heparin induces conformational change of antigenic sites on the platelet membrane.
Age, comorbidity, life expectancy, and pulmonary nodule follow-up in older veterans.

Author(s): Wong, Melisa L; Shi, Ying; Fung, Kathy Z; Ngo, Sarah; Elicker, Brett M; Brown, James K; Hiatt, Robert A; Tang, Victoria L; Walter, Louise C | Abstract: BackgroundPulmonary nodule guidelines do not indicate how to individualize follow-up according to comorbidity or life expectancy.ObjectivesTo characterize comorbidity and life expectancy in older veterans with incidental, symptom-detected, or screen-detected nodules in 2008-09 compared to 2013-14. To determine the impact of these patient factors on four-year nodule follow-up among the 2008-09 subgroup.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingUrban Veterans Affairs Medical Center.Participants243 veterans age ≥65 with newly diagnosed pulmonary nodules in 2008-09 (followed for four years through 2012 or 2013) and 446 older veterans diagnosed in 2013-14.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was receipt of any follow-up nodule imaging and/or biopsy within four years after nodule diagnosis. Primary predictor variables included age, Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index (CCI), and life expectancy. Favorable life expectancy was defined as age 65-74 with CCI 0 while limited life expectancy was defined as age ≥85 with CCI ≥1 or age ≥65 with CCI ≥4. Interaction by nodule size was also examined.ResultsFrom 2008-09 to 2013-14, the number of older veterans diagnosed with new pulmonary nodules almost doubled, including among those with severe comorbidity and limited life expectancy. Overall among the 2008-09 subgroup, receipt of nodule follow-up decreased with increasing comorbidity (CCI ≥4 versus 0: adjusted RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39-0.95) with a trend towards decreased follow-up among those with limited life expectancy (adjusted RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.48-1.01). However, we detected an interaction effect with nodule size such that comorbidity and life expectancy were associated with decreased follow-up only among those with nodules ≤6 mm.ConclusionsWe found some individualization of pulmonary nodule follow-up according to comorbidity and life expectancy in older veterans with smaller nodules only. As increased imaging detects nodules in sicker patients, guidelines need to be more explicit about how to best incorporate comorbidity and life expectancy to maximize benefits and minimize harms for patients with nodules of all sizes.
What kind of news gatekeepers do we want machines to be? Filter bubbles, fragmentation, and the normative dimensions of algorithmic recommendations

Abstract Machines are increasingly aiding or replacing humans in journalistic work, primarily in news distribution. We examined whether news recommendation engines contribute to filter bubbles and fragmented news audiences by asking a diverse set of real-world participants (N = 168), using their personal Google accounts, to search Google News for news about Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign and report the first five stories they were recommended on each candidate. Users with different political leanings from different states were recommended very similar news, challenging the assumption that algorithms necessarily encourage echo chambers. Yet we also found a very high degree of homogeneity and concentration in the news recommendations. On average, the most recommended five news organizations comprised 69% of all recommendations. Five news organizations alone accounted for 49% of the total number of recommendations collected. Out of 14 organizations that dominated recommendations across the different searches, only three were born-digital, indicating that the news agenda constructed on Google News replicates traditional industry structures more than disrupts them. We use these findings to explore the challenges of studying machine behavior in news from a normative perspective, given the lack of agreed-upon normative standards for humans as news gatekeepers. This article suggests that because there is no one agreed-upon standard for humans as news gatekeepers, assessing the performance of machines in that role is doubly complicated.
Who will defend democracy? Evaluating tradeoffs in candidate support among partisan donors and voters

Scholars and pundits fear that the American public’s commitment to democracy is declining and that citizens are willing to embrace candidates who would trample democratic principles. We examine whe...
Primitive Prime Divisors in the Critical Orbit of zd+c

We prove the finiteness of the Zsigmondy set associated to the critical orbit of f(z) = z + c for rational values of c by uniformly bounding the size of the Zsigmondy set for all c ∈ Q and all d ≥ 2. We prove further that there exists an effectively computable bound M(c) on the largest element of the Zsigmondy set, and that under mild additional hypotheses on c, we have M(c) ≤ 3.
WIDE COMPLEX TACHYCARDIA DIFFERENTIATION USING MATHEMATICALLY-SYNTHESIZED VECTORCARDIOGRAM SIGNALS

Accurate WCT differentiation by means of 12-lead ECG interpretation remains fundamental to patient care. Despite the many manual ECG criteria available, accurate WCT differentiation remains a challenging. We sought to create a WCT differentiation method from mathematically-synthesized
Musical Memories-Musical Hallucinations in a Lung Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Literature Review.

Abstract Background Musical hallucinations (MH), also known as auditory Charles Bonnet Syndrome, are auditory phenomena in which individuals “hear” music without an external stimulus. The music may be verbal or nonverbal, and is usually culture-bound and familiar. MH differ from auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in etiologies, patient insight, accompanying symptoms, and neurobiology. The purpose of this case report is to present and discuss the complicated clinical case of a lung transplant recipient with multiple medical and psychiatric comorbidities who developed MH. Methods The case presentation discusses the numerous variables that could contribute to the patient’s MH; similarly, her complex workup and treatment are reviewed. Existing scientific MH literature is explored through the case. Topics reviewed include 1) neurobiology of hearing and music processing, 2) MH pathophysiology including neurotransmitters and central nervous system structures, 3) data on iatrogenic, otologic, neurologic, and psychiatric diseases correlated with MH, 4) MH work up, and 5) the evidence behind different interventions to treat MH. Results A multifaceted approach was utilized to assess and treat the patient. Cessation of iatrogenic contributors had transient benefit. After obtaining imaging, laboratory, and auditory studies, initiation of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, consistent use of hearing aids, and depression treatment led to sustained symptom improvement Conclusion MH are due to complex interplay between peripheral auditory structures, central neurocircuitry and neurotransmitters connecting auditory cortices, memory, and emotional processing. A multidisciplinary approach to these patients provides better understanding and symptom management
Ensembles of Generative Adversarial Networks for Disconnected Data

Most computer vision datasets are composed of disconnected sets, such as images of different objects. We prove that distributions of this type of data cannot be represented with a continuous generative network without error, independent of the learning algorithm used. Disconnected datasets can be represented in two ways: with an ensemble of networks or with a single network using a truncated latent space. We show that ensembles are more desirable than truncated distributions for several theoretical and computational reasons. We construct a regularized optimization problem that rigorously establishes the relationships between a single continuous GAN, an ensemble of GANs, conditional GANs, and Gaussian Mixture GANs. The regularization can be computed efficiently, and we show empirically that our framework has a performance sweet spot that can be found via hyperparameter tuning. The ensemble framework provides better performance than a single continuous GAN or cGAN while maintaining fewer total parameters.
Transition From a Standard to a Hybrid On-Site and Remote Anatomic Pathology Training Model During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic.

CONTEXT: As teaching hospitals institute social distancing and defer non-emergent procedures to cope with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the need for daily onsite presence, unless necessary has been reduced for all medical staff including trainees. Pathology training programs must adapt to these changes to ensure overall safety without significantly compromising training and educational mission of the institution. OBJECTIVE: To describe the hybrid on-site and remote anatomic pathology training model in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which was implemented in our pathology department and report the clinical fellows' responses to the survey about their experiences. DESIGN: The hybrid model was implemented March 25, 2020. Fellows alternate weekly between working on-site and working remotely. On-site, fellows wear personal protective equipment and maintain social distancing. Remotely, fellows use digital pathology to review cases and supplement with online educational activities. Virtual "coffee breaks," meditation, and exercise are part of the curriculum. Online platforms, including WebEx, Google Classroom, and Canvas, are used to continue educational activities. The survey was open May 19 through June 8. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of the 29 clinical fellows (96%) responded. Many of the respondents indicated substantial increase in their skill with using digital pathology and online platforms during the pandemic. The top most helpful resources were the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Interactive Microscopy courses (22/23=91% of clinical fellows found very or somewhat helpful), ExpertPath (19/23=82%), the College of American Pathologists virtual learning series (18/23=78%), the World Health Organization Blue Books (16/23=70%), the American Society of Cytopathology webinars (14/23=61%), and our institutional digital slide collection (12/23=52%). CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid on-site and remote training can maximize anatomic pathology learning opportunities while maintaining the safety of trainees, hospital personnel, and the community.
A Multipole-Taylor Expansion for the Potential of the Gravitational Lens MG J0414+0534

We employ a multipole-Taylor expansion to investigate how tightly the gravitational potential of the quadruple-image lens MG J0414+0534 is constrained by recent VLBI observations. These observations revealed that each of the four images of the background radio source contains four distinct components, thereby providing more numerous and more precise constraints on the lens potential than were previously available. We expand the two-dimensional lens potential using multipoles for the angular coordinate and a modified Taylor series for the radial coordinate. After discussing the physical significance of each term, we compute models of MG J0414+0534 using only VLBI positions as constraints. The best-fit model has both interior and exterior quadrupole moments, as well as exterior m = 3 and m = 4 multipole moments. The deflector centroid in the models matches the optical galaxy position, and the quadrupoles are aligned with the optical isophotes. The radial distribution of mass could not be well constrained. We discuss the implications of these models for the deflector mass distribution and for the predicted time delays between lensed components.
Accuracy of computed tomography angiography and structured reporting of high-risk morphology in anomalous aortic origin of coronary artery: comparison with surgery

Morphological features including interarterial course, intramural course, high ostial location and slit-like ostium are presumed risk factors for sudden cardiac death in children with anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery (AAOCA). To facilitate clinical risk stratification, the diagnostic accuracy of CT angiography for individual risk factors in the setting of AAOCA must be established. We assessed diagnostic accuracy of standardized CT angiography interpretation for morphological characteristics that might determine risk in children with AAOCA by comparing them to surgical findings. We created a standardized protocol for CT angiography of AAOCA and retrospectively evaluated diagnostic performance in 25 consecutive surgical patients. Relevant morphological variables in AAOCA were assessed by three independent blinded readers, with surgery as the reference standard. We used Cohen kappa coefficients and accuracies to assess agreement between readers and surgical findings, and we calculated intraclass correlation coefficients to compare length of the intramural course. CT angiography correctly identified AAOCA in all patients. For the three readers, accuracies for detecting ostial stenosis were 84%, 94% and 96%; for high ostial origin, accuracies were 76%, 78% 82%; for intramurality using the peri-coronary fat sign, accuracies were 98%, 96% and 92%; and for intramurality using oval shape of coronary artery, accuracies were 98%, 94% and 92%. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for predicting intramural length among the three readers were 0.67, 0.75 and 0.81 using peri-coronary fat, and 0.69, 0.50 and 0.81 using oval shape, respectively. CT angiography reliably identified AAOCA in all children and detected the presence of intramurality with high accuracy.
A Gendered “Ideal?” Discourses that Characterize the Ideal Scientist

Using the framework of Acker’s (1990) theory of gendered organizations, this study sought describe the ideal scientist by identifying the discourses that guided the process of becoming a scientist. Data collection focused on identifying the day-to-day work involved with becoming a scientist or mathematician and, then, identifying the discourses that coordinated the work of becoming a scientist or mathematician. The findings suggest that the ideal scientist is defined according to masculine discourses which creates challenges for women students.
Predictors of Success in an Orthopaedic Residency.

» Orthopaedic surgery is one of the most competitive residencies to match into. Meanwhile, the average applicant's United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) test scores, research involvement, and number of clinical honors increase every year. » Measures such as USMLE scores, productivity in research, Alpha Omega Alpha (AΩA) honor society status, number of clinical honors, and performance on away rotations have all been cited as factors contributing to program directors choosing applicants for interviews and ranking them for their program. However, questions remain as to whether these measures translate to success on board examinations, high faculty evaluations, and designation as chief resident during orthopaedic residency. » USMLE scores have been shown to correlate with Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE) and American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) scores, while clinical grades and AΩA status correlate with faculty evaluations. Participating in research as a medical student was predictive of research productivity in residency but did not correlate with standardized testing scores or faculty evaluations. » The literature has suggested ways in which measures such as personality and grit may be used in the application process and how these factors may contribute to predictors of success. However, additional research is needed to measure and define personality and grit during the application evaluation process.
Developing an Implementation Typology of Moving On Initiatives

Permanent supportive housing (PSH) programs are now using Moving On Initiatives (MOIs) to increase homeless service system capacity. These initiatives support tenants with the transition from PSH t...
Comments on “Some Conceptual Issues in Observed-Score Equating” by Wim J. van der Linden

The van der Linden article (this issue) provides a roadmap for future research in equating. My belief is that the roadmap begins and ends with collecting auxiliary data that can be utilized to provide improved equating, especially when data are sparse or equating beyond simple moments is desired.
Effects of promoters and supports on coke formation on Pt catalysts during CH4 reforming with CO2

The promotion of Pt catalysts by the addition of Sn has been investigated. The results show that the addition of Sn lowers the initial activity for the reforming of CH4 with CO2 but increases its stability. The effects of the support on the catalyst activity have also been studied. ZrO2 promotes the highest activity and selectivity. It is believed that the ZrO2 aids in the dissociation of CO2, which helps to remove carbon formed form the decomposition of CH4 and increases the CO production.
A high-frequency decimal multiplier

Decimal arithmetic is regaining popularity in the computing community due to the growing importance of commercial, financial, and Internet-based applications, which process decimal data. This paper presents an iterative decimal multiplier, which operates at high clock frequencies and scales well to large operand sizes. The multiplier uses a new decimal representation for intermediate products, which allows for a very fast two-stage iterative multiplier design. Decimal multipliers, which are synthesized using a 0.11 micron CMOS standard cell library, operate at clock frequencies close to 2 GHz. The latency of the proposed design to multiply two n-digit BCD operands is (n+8) cycles with a new multiplication able to begin every (n+1) cycles.
Treatment with 16,16'-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 before and after induction of colitis with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in rats decreases inflammation.

Colitis was induced in rats by intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (80 mg/kg, in 30% ethanol). An acute inflammation with ulcers and neutrophil infiltration developed that evolved into a chronic inflammation and luminal narrowing with attendant smooth muscle hypertrophy. We assessed the effects of 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 , administered either before or after trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, on the development of inflammation. Inflammation was assessed by gross appearance using a grading scale (0–4) and by histology. The number of neutrophils present in inflamed colonic tissue was quantitated by the myeloperoxidase assay. The production of lipoxygenase products was monitored by incubation of colonic specimens with [ 14 C]arachidonic acid and separation of the products by thin-layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Levels of leukotriene B 4 were measured in tissue extracts by high-pressure liquid chromatography and ultraviolet absorbance. Eicosanoid production was also assayed by incubating colonic specimens and assaying the media for prostaglandin E 2 , leukotriene B 4 , and leukotriene C 4 by radioimmunoassay. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid treatment resulted in a greatly increased amount of leukotriene B 4 in the media. Treatment with 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 before administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid resulted in a lower inflammation index, lower myeloperoxidase activity, and decreased production of leukotriene B 4 . Administration of 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 24 h after administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was also effective in reducing the inflammatory response. Treatment with 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 also prevented the development of long-term architectural changes 3 wk after administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Rectal administration of dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 also diminished the colitis induced by direct injection of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid into the colonic wall.
Transmission Lines and Waveguides

This chapter contains sections titled: Part 1 Waves on Transmission Lines Part 2 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines Part 3 Rectangular and Circular Waveguides
Molecular mechanism of the dual activity of 4EGI-1: Dissociating eIF4G from eIF4E but stabilizing the binding of unphosphorylated 4E-BP1.

The eIF4E-binding protein (4E-BP) is a phosphorylation-dependent regulator of protein synthesis. The nonphosphorylated or minimally phosphorylated form binds translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), preventing binding of eIF4G and the recruitment of the small ribosomal subunit. Signaling events stimulate serial phosphorylation of 4E-BP, primarily by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) at residues T37/T46, followed by T70 and S65. Hyperphosphorylated 4E-BP dissociates from eIF4E, allowing eIF4E to interact with eIF4G and translation initiation to resume. Because overexpression of eIF4E is linked to cellular transformation, 4E-BP is a tumor suppressor, and up-regulation of its activity is a goal of interest for cancer therapy. A recently discovered small molecule, eIF4E/eIF4G interaction inhibitor 1 (4EGI-1), disrupts the eIF4E/eIF4G interaction and promotes binding of 4E-BP1 to eIF4E. Structures of 14- to 16-residue 4E-BP fragments bound to eIF4E contain the eIF4E consensus binding motif, (54)YXXXXLΦ(60) (motif 1) but lack known phosphorylation sites. We report here a 2.1-A crystal structure of mouse eIF4E in complex with m(7)GTP and with a fragment of human 4E-BP1, extended C-terminally from the consensus-binding motif (4E-BP150-84). The extension, which includes a proline-turn-helix segment (motif 2) followed by a loop of irregular structure, reveals the location of two phosphorylation sites (S65 and T70). Our major finding is that the C-terminal extension (motif 3) is critical to 4E-BP1-mediated cell cycle arrest and that it partially overlaps with the binding site of 4EGI-1. The binding of 4E-BP1 and 4EGI-1 to eIF4E is therefore not mutually exclusive, and both ligands contribute to shift the equilibrium toward the inhibition of translation initiation.
Conflict and Survival in Triads

A study of conflictive behavior in a three-person laboratory game provided support for five hypotheses or principles of survival in multipolar power systems: (1) the probability of survival is maximized by having as much or more power than the combination of all potential enemies; (2) if such hegemony is not possible, the probability of survival increases and conflict decreases following a transition from a multipolar to a bipolar power system; (3) disparity of power tends to increase conflict and reduce survival probabilities; (4) if power hegemony does not exist, survival is inversely related to power; and (5) aggressive (as opposed to pacific) behavior is positively related to survival. In addition, the conflict process was found to be a function of both structural and motivational factors.
Assessing the relevance of wetlands for storm surge protection: a coupled hydrodynamic and geospatial framework

The expectation that wetlands can protect coastal communities has been a major topic in the effort to evaluate innovative methods of mitigating coastal impacts from storm surge. Recent investigations have shown that there is a potential flood mitigation benefit to be gained from the presence of marshes. Though the extent of that benefit is not yet clearly defined, prioritizing wetland systems for coastal protection requires a consideration of the interactions between communities at risk of storm surge damage and wetland areas of sufficient spatial scales to reliably attenuate storm surge. Here, a framework is proposed for geospatial characterization of these interactions based on numerical model results and is applied to Virginia’s Chesapeake Bay region. Spatial identification of Chesapeake Bay wetlands was derived from four nationally available datasets (National Wetland Inventory, National Land Cover Dataset, Coastal Change Analysis Program, and NOAA’s Wetland Potential database). Maps of maximum storm tides for four historical storms were generated based on a coupled hydrodynamic wave model (ADCIRC–SWAN), validated for those storms with a mean root mean square error of 0.44 m. Population information was extracted from US Census block data in FEMA’s HAZUS Multi-Hazard geodatabase. Results from geospatial analysis of the relationships between wetland land cover, inundation, and population were used to identify where interactions with coastal populations are relevant for the study area when spatial limitations are considered. Approximately 1160 sq. km of wetlands were inundated by all four storms. Total population present in a range of proximities (200, 400, and 600 m) to flooded wetlands was used as a metric to evaluate the effect of a range of limitations on wetland size (5–50 sq. km) on potential population protected. A high level of uncertainty was seen due to wetland dataset selection (number of standard deviations from the mean ranged from 0.04 to 1.37), owing to high variability in spatial delineation/configuration of wetlands. Applying the framework to the Virginia Chesapeake Bay region yields an index of potential protection based on spatial scale limitations. For example, such an evaluation for wetlands meeting the 5 sq. km limitation (disregarding wetlands <5 sq. km) indicates that the presence of wetlands offers a potential protection for 3.4 % of the population. An application of the index on a more local scale indicates that the interaction of the flooded wetlands with more populated localities is such that the coastal marshes in Hampton Roads and Gloucester may offer protection to nearby coastal communities. This framework demonstrates that effective surge protection from wetlands and marshes is related to a combination of the incidence of storm surge inundation, proximity to coastal communities, and the relationship of sufficient spatial scales for surge attenuation.
Stopped-Flow NMR: Determining the Kinetics of [rac-(C2H4(1-indenyl)2)ZrMe][MeB(C6F5)3]-Catalyzed Polymerization of 1-Hexene by Direct Observation

Stopped-flow NMR measurements suitable for determination of reaction kinetics on time scales of 100 ms or longer have been achieved by adaptation of a commercial NMR flow probe with a high-efficiency mixer and drive system. Studies of metallocene-catalyzed alkene polymerization at room temperature have been complicated by high rates, imprecise knowledge of the distribution of different catalyst species with time, and the high sensitivity of the catalysts to low concentrations of impurities. Application of the stopped-flow NMR method to the study of the kinetics of 1-hexene polymerization in the presence of (EBI)ZrMe[MeB(C(6)F(5))(3)] demonstrates that NMR spectroscopy provides an efficient method for direct and simultaneous measurement of substrate consumption and catalyst speciation as a function of time. Kinetic modeling of the catalyst and substrate concentration time courses reveal efficient determination of initiation, propagation, and termination rate constants. As first suggested by Collins and co-workers (Polyhedron 2005, 24, 1234-1249), a kinetic model in which Zr-HB(C(6)F(5))(3) forms rapidly upon beta-hydride elimination but reacts relatively slowly with alkene to reinitiate chain growth is supported by these data.
Structure of the “keratosulfate-like” material in liver from a patient with GM1-gangliosidosis (β-D-galactosidase deficiency)

Abstract Large amounts of a glycopeptide containing galactose, N -acetylglucosamine, N -acetylgalactosamine and threonine in the ratio 4:3:1:1, together with smaller amounts of mannose, fucose, sialic acid, sulfate, serine, and other amino acids were isolated from the liver of a patient with GM1-gangliosidosis. Treatment with mild alkali and sodium borohydride indicated an O -glycosidic linkage between N -acetylgalactosamine and threonine. All the hexosamine residues were resistant to sodium metaperiodate whereas 2 out of 4 D-galactose residues were destroyed. Further studies indicated that one of the galactose residues was 1→3 linked to N -acetylgalactosamine (as in GM1) and the other 1→4 linked to N -acetylglucosamine as found in skeletal keratosulfate.
Symposium: biological significance of autoxidized and polymerized oils.

Groups of 40 male Charles River rats were fed diets containing cottonseed oil, olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, chicken fat, beef fat, butter oil, lard and saturated medium chain triglycerides. The fats were fed fresh and after 40 hr aeration at 60 C, which hardly changed peroxide values. In addition, fresh and aerated soybean oil and lard were fed to W/Fu rats. Body weights and life span were significantly influenced by the kind of fat fed, but not by aeration. Many hearts exhibited unspecific focal myocarditis and focal fibrosis. The latter was graded in a blind test, which revealed highly significant differences in the incidence of severe lesions; those fed corn oil had the most, followed by cottonseed oil, soybean oil, olive oil, beef fat, saturated medium chain triglycerides, butter, chicken fat and lard, in that order. Feeding of aerated fat resulted in an increased incidence with six of the eight fats. The W/Fu rats had lower incidences, but those fed soybean oil had more than those fed lard, and aeration led to a higher incidence. Some heart sections stained with Light Green SF Yellowish revealed areas of muscle fibrils that did not accept the stain, probably as a consequence of cellular damage. Higher incidences of this lesion were associated with the same fats as was severe fibrosis, and feeding of aerated fats led to higher incidences. Many livers revealed marked proliferation of bile ducts. The groups fed cottonseed, soybean, olive and corn oils had higher incidences of severe lesions, and feeding of the oxidized oils led to still higher incidences. None of the results appeared to be associated with the fatty acid composition of the fats, which suggested that these long term effects may have been due to minor constituents in the individual fats.
Parietal cell changes in the stomach after ulcer operations.

Abstract After truncal vagotomy with Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty or truncal vagotomy with Billroth I-type reconstruction biopsies of the gastric remnant obtained 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively failed to demonstrate any significant alteration from the control level in the numbers of parietal cells. Administration of histamine in beeswax for 10 days resulted in essentially the same degree of parietal cell hyperplasia in these animals as was observed in dogs with intact stomachs. On the other hand, vagotomy and antrectomy, with Billroth II-type reconstruction eventuated in marked mucosal changes in the residual gastric pouch, such that by 6 months postoperatively the mean number of parietal cells was diminished by 58% and the mucus-secreting cells were markedly increased. Histologic examination of longitudinal strips of gastric mucosa taken at right angles to the gastrojejunostomy showed that within 3–5 cm. of the anastomoses there existed virtually no parietal cells. Instead the mucosa was characterized by an inflammatory round cell infiltrate, mucus cell hyperplasia, and cystic dilatation of the glands. It is concluded that vagotomy and antrectomy, per se, do not significantly alter the parietal cell population in the normal canine stomach. However, diminution of secretory elements does develop after vagotomy and antrectomy when the gastric remnant is bathed in jejunal contents. These observations explain the progressive atrophic gastritis commonly noted after partial gastrectomy when Billroth II reconstruction is employed.
A study of carbon-oxygen surface complexes using O18 as a tracer

Abstract Upon the reaction of carbon with O 2 , three products form: CO, CO 2 , and a carbon-oxygen surface complex. The CO and CO 2 are produced through two paths: 1. (1) via a fleeting oxygen surface intermediate and 2. (2) via the breakdown of an oxygen surface complex. O 2 16−16 and O 2 18−18 were used in this study to ascertain the extent to which the breakdown of the surface complex contributes to the formation of CO and CO 2 during the combustion of Graphon at temperatures between 505 and 555°C. The rate of complex breakdown to CO and CO 2 is a function of the total rate of carbon gasification, the fraction of active surface area covered with complex, and the reaction temperature through a participation factor. The fraction of the total CO and CO 2 produced which is contributed by complex breakdown decreases with increasing combustion temperature. In a complementary study, again using O 2 16−16 and O 2 18−18 , it was shown that the ease of oxygen complex desorption from the surface of Graphon is independent of its time of information.
Pseudospherically symmetric tachyon perfect fluids

For each interior Schwarzschild solution, it has been suggested that there is a tachyon analog obtained by complex coordinate transformations. It is shown that this is not the case. Moreover, it is shown that a pseudospherically symmetric tachyon perfect fluid distribution of matter with zero pressure at the boundaries of the fluid does not exist in general relativity.
Taxanes of the needles of Taxus x media

The chloroform-soluble portion of the methanolic extract of the needles of Taxus x media was chromatographed on a C-18 reverse-phase column and the major components were separated by direct crystallization. Further fractionation by chromatography on normal phase silica gel, of the filtrates from the region surrounding brevifoliol, yielded two taxanes belonging to the 2(3 → 20)abeo-taxane group, one of the taxicin-type, in addition to taxinine M, 10-deacetyl paclitaxel, 10-deacetyl paclitaxel-7-xyloside, 10-deacetyl paclitaxel-C-7-xyloside, apigenin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
The myth of the moral faculty: Response to Kirkby

David Kirkby argues that I have misrepresented Marc Hauser's conception of a moral faculty, in a way that invalidates my chief arguments against the existence and necessity of such a faculty. The core of Kirkby's challenge is that what Hauser lists as necessary conditions for the moral faculty to do its work are not themselves components of that faculty. I argue that there is no useful way to distinguish necessary conditions of moral judgments from the alleged moral faculty itself, and that even if we could do this, we would be left with an empty non-explanation of the supposed moral faculty that amounts to nothing more than the claim that we have a faculty that generates judgments of right versus wrong.
Research and design of autonomic computing system model in cloud computing environment

The aim of autonomic computing is to realize self - management of complex IT systems, which makes systems own the ability of self-configuration, self-recovering, self-optimizing and self-protecting. The aim of cloud computing is to realize the use of resources on demand in distributed environment. But the problem of how to build an autonomic computing model for cloud computing environment has not been solved. This paper proposed a method to design autonomic computing model for cloud computing, which united the application of two computing patterns, so as to solve the problems of high availability and resource management in cloud computing environment.
VA nursing home residents with substance use disorders: Mental health comorbidities, functioning, and problem behaviors

Objectives: This research addresses whether residents with substance use disorders (SUDs) in VA nursing homes (VANHs) are distinctive in terms of their demographic characteristics, medical and mental health comorbidities, functioning, and problem behaviors. Methods: Residents over age 55 admitted to VANHs (n = 27,002) were identified in VA administrative files, and SUD and non-SUD residents were compared. Results: Compared with other residents, the residents with SUDs (18% of admissions over age 55) were more likely to be younger, male, African-American, unmarried, have low income and a tobacco use disorder. Controlling for demographic factors and smoking, SUD residents were more likely to have mental health comorbidities (dementia, serious mental illness, depressive disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder), as well as AIDS/hepatitis, pulmonary disease, gastro-intestinal disorders, and injuries. SUD residents were less likely to have cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders, heart failure, and renal...
Impacts of enhanced CCN on the organization of convection and recent reduced counts ofmonsoon depressions

Monsoon depressions, that form during the Indian summer monsoon season (June to September) are known to be baroclinic disturbances (horizontal scale 2000 to 3000 km) and are driven by deep convection that carries a very large vertical slope towards cold air aloft in the upper troposphere. Deep convection is nearly always organized around the scale of these depressions. In the maintenance of the monsoon depression the generation of eddy kinetic energy on the scale of the monsoon depression is largely governed by the “in scale” covariance of heating and temperature and of vertical velocity and temperature over the region of the monsoon depression. There are normally about 6 to 8 monsoon depressions during a summer monsoon season. Recent years 2009, 2010 and 2011 saw very few (around 1, 0 and 1 per season respectively). The best numerical models such as those from ECMWF and US (GFS) carried many false alarms in their 3 to 5 day forecasts, more like 6 to 8 disturbances. Even in recent years with fewer observed monsoon depressions a much larger number of depressions is noted in ECMWF forecasts. These are fairly comprehensive models that carry vast data sets (surface and satellite based), detailed data assimilation, and are run at very high resolutions. The monsoon depression is well resolved by these respective horizontal resolutions in these models (at 15 and 35km). These models carry complete and detailed physical parameterizations. The false alarms in their forecasts leads us to suggest that some additional important ingredient may be missing in these current best state of the art models. This paper addresses the effects of pollution for the enhancement of cloud condensation nuclei and the resulting disruption of the organization of convection in monsoon depressions. Our specific studies make use of a high resolution mesoscale model (WRF/CHEM) to explore the impacts of the first and second aerosol indirect effects proposed by Twomey and Albrecht. We have conducted preliminary studies including examination of the evolution of radar reflectivity (computed inversely from the model hydrometeors) for normal and enhanced CCN effects (arising from enhanced monsoon pollution). The time lapse histories show a major disruption in the organization of convection of the monsoon depressions on the time scale of a week to ten days in these enhanced CCN scenarios.
Management of retained retractor during radical perineal prostatectomy.

A 66-year-old white male with a prostate specific antigen of 7.2 ng./ml. and clinically organ confined, biopsy confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate elected to undergo radical perineal prostatectomy. At the beginning of the procedure a Lowsley tractor was placed through the urethra without difficulty. Correct placement was confirmed and the blades were opened. The operation then proceeded in standard fashion to the level of urethral dissection. At that stage several unsuccessful attempts were made to close the blades of the retractor by turning the handle. After pressure applied to the blades with a digital rectal examination failed to close the blades, it was decided to bisect the prostate from the base to the apex. This procedure allowed extraction of the retractor from the bladder to the level of the ischiorectal fossa. A sterile cardiothoracic wire cutter was then used to divide the hinges of the blades. The Lowsley tractor was withdrawn though the urethra intact (see figure). The bladder neck was reconstructed in racket handle fashion and the operation was completed without any further complication. Pathological evaluation of the prostatectomy specimen revealed organ confined disease with negative margins. The patient subsequently had an uneventful postoperative course, and the Foley catheter was removed on postoperative day 10. Prostate specific antigen was undetectable at 6-week followup.
On Testing a Subroutine for the Numerical Integration of Ordinary Differential Equations

This paper discusses how to numerically test a subroutine for the solution of ordinary differential equations. Results obtained with a variable order Adams method are given for eleven simple test cases.-
Technique for the simultaneous ultrastructural demonstration of anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase and an immunocytochemically identified neuropeptide

In order to extend the information obtainable from ultrastructural studies of synaptic connectivity using either horseradish peroxidase tracing or immunocytochemistry alone, we have developed a method of combining these two procedures. Thus it has been possible to examine the characteristics of axon terminals of known origin forming synaptic contacts with cells of identified neuropeptide content.
Between 'China Threat Theory' and 'Chindia': Chinese Responses to India's Military Modernization

Since India’s nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998 and China’s 1989 Tiananmen Square incident, the two countries have faced the flow and ebb of western sanctions. Under these controls, China and India’s initial development occurred largely within a military supply vacuum that resulted in an early dependence on Russian, and later Israeli cooperation, increasingly supplemented and in some cases replaced by domestic production. In 2000, however, this pattern began to undertake a marked shift. It was during this year that then US President Bill Clinton made the first visit by a sitting US president to the subcontinent since that of Jimmy Carter in 1978. This momentous occasion set analysts talking about the potential lifting of United States sanctions against India. Within a year, and with the lifting of sanctions, the US–India strategic partnership became a reality. In 2001, the United States conducted a large-scale removal of Indian companies from the US Entity List and in 2005 came the announcement of US–India intent to engage in civil nuclear cooperation. This article explores the impact of these two once similar and increasingly divergent military modernization and procurement trajectories. Given that India has become the primary beneficiary of this shift, this article will quantitatively and qualitatively measure changing Chinese perceptions of India’s forces in the wake of sanctions lifting on the part of the West and the military procurement imbalance it left behind.