cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain-based confinement model for FRP-confined concrete

A constitutive strain-based confinement model is developed for circular concrete columns confined with external fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite jackets. The model includes the properties of the concrete microstructure through a series of relationships developed from experimental data and the fundamental stress-strain behavior of concrete. The secant concrete modulus was used in the model and expressed as a function of the secant modulus softening rate. In addition, the ultimate radial strain was related to the FRP composite effectiveness. The distinguishing feature of the model is that it includes the effects of FRP confinement on the concrete microstructure by evaluating the internal concrete damage using the axial, radial, and volumetric strains. The FRP-confined concrete model predicts the axial stress at any level of axial strain accurately for any normalized effective confinement stiffness of the FRP composite jacket as verified in comparisons with experiments.
Coinfection with Haemophilus influenzae promotes pneumococcal biofilm formation during experimental otitis media and impedes the progression of pneumococcal disease

Background Otitis media is an extremely common pediatric infection, and is mostly caused by bacteria that are carried within the nasopharyngeal microbiota. It is clear that most otitis media cases involve simultaneous infection with multiple agents.
Genetic variability and viral seroconversion in an outcrossing vertebrate population

Inverse correlations between genetic variability and parasitism are important concerns for conservation biologists. We examined correlations between neutral genetic variability and the presence of antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV) and feline parvovirus (FPV) in a free-ranging population of raccoons. Over 3 years there was a strong relationship between age and seroprevalence rates. Most young animals were seronegative to CDV and FPV, but the oldest age class was greater than 80 per cent seropositive to both viruses. CDV-seropositive animals had greater heterozygosity and lower measures of inbreeding compared with CDV-seronegative animals. This relationship was strongest among the youngest animals and did not occur during a 1 year CDV epidemic. In contrast, FPV-seropositive animals only had significantly lower measures of inbreeding in 1 year, perhaps because FPV-associated mortality is relatively low or primarily occurs among very young individuals that were under-represented in our sampling. These results suggest that even in large outcrossing populations, animals with lower heterozygosity and higher measures of inbreeding are less likely to successfully mount an immune response when challenged by highly pathogenic parasites.
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor modifies the therapeutic response of breast cancer

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) protein is functionally inactivated in the majority of human cancers and is aberrant in one-third of all breast cancers. RB regulates G(1)/S-phase cell-cycle progression and is a critical mediator of antiproliferative signaling. Here the specific impact of RB deficiency on E2F-regulated gene expression, tumorigenic proliferation, and the response to 2 distinct lines of therapy was investigated in breast cancer cells. RB knockdown resulted in RB/E2F target gene deregulation and accelerated tumorigenic proliferation, thereby demonstrating that even in the context of a complex tumor cell genome, RB status exerts significant control over proliferation. Furthermore, the RB deficiency compromised the short-term cell-cycle inhibition following cisplatin, ionizing radiation, and antiestrogen therapy. In the context of DNA-damaging agents, this bypass resulted in increased sensitivity to these agents in cell culture and xenograft models. In contrast, the bypass of antiestrogen signaling resulted in continued proliferation and xenograft tumor growth in the presence of tamoxifen. These effects of aberrations in RB function were recapitulated by ectopic E2F expression, indicating that control of downstream target genes was an important determinant of the observed responses. Specific analyses of an RB gene expression signature in 60 human patients indicated that deregulation of this pathway was associated with early recurrence following tamoxifen monotherapy. Thus, because the RB pathway is a critical determinant of tumorigenic proliferation and differential therapeutic response, it may represent a critical basis for directing therapy in the treatment of breast cancer.
Undergraduate Education Students' Perspectives on Classroom Technologies: A Qualitative Analysis

During the fall 1995 semester at a large eastern university, students enrolled in an undergraduate education course on classroom technologies generated semantic networks and expert systems on educational topics relevant to their areas of study. These tasks were intended to model for pre-service teachers integrated and constructivist uses of technology of classrooms. After completing these tasks, students wrote essays describing their views on how to use technology in their future education careers based upon the experience with technology they had just had. We qualitatively analyzed these essays to ascertain student attitudes in this area. We found that students exposed to such uses of technology were likely to discuss constructivistic uses of technology in the classroom and support the use of these technologies in their future classes. Implications for those involved in pre-service teacher technology courses are also discussed.
Depletion of Femur Bone Mineral after the Onset of Egg Production in a Commercial Strain of Leghorns and in Broiler-Type Pullets

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE literature contains considerable evidence, both direct and indirect, supporting the partial resorption of skeletan mineral during egg shell formation in the avian species. Cox and Balloun (1971) reviewed some of the related literature. Hurwitz and Bar (1969), have stated that, in their opinion, the function of bone in supplying calcium to the egg shell has been considerably overestimated. The evidence presented by Cox and Balloun (1970) and that presented by Taylor (1961), does not support this opinion. One possible explanation for this lack of agreement is the differences in the period of the hen’s reproductive cycle investigated. This report is an extension of our previous paper (Cox and Balloun, 1970) and contains the results from two experiments to study the utilization of femur bone mineral after onset of egg production in commercial strains of pullets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Physiological factors studied on individual birds were 140-day body weight,…
On preparing students for distributed software development with a synchronous, collaborative development platform

Working remotely is becoming the norm for both professionals and students alike. Software development has become a global industry due to outsourcing, teleworking, flex time, and companies' desire to use the best and/or most economical talent regardless of where that talent is located. Professionals are not alone because students usually work from home despite having sufficient resources on campus. In this paper we share our experiences from using Jazz, a synchronous, collaborative development platform, with our inevitably distributed software engineering students. Eleven students optionally used the tool while working on a five-week team project. Students primarily used the version control, chat, and work item features in Jazz. We collected their reactions in retrospective essays and found that all Jazz students supported using Jazz in future semesters of the course. We also examined grade differences and found that the students who used Jazz were more successful than those who did not use Jazz.
COMPARISON OF CARRIAGE RATES OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS IN DIABETIC AND NONDIABETIC PERSONS

In several published studies, diabetic persons appeared to be at increased risk for Group B streptococcal disease. Since colonization with pathogens frequently antedates disease, the authors studied the carriage rate of Group B streptococcus in 38 diabetic and in 39 nondiabetic age- and sex-matched subjects. Fifty-four per cent of the controls and 34% of the diabetics carried Group B streptococci in at least one of five sites cultured (p less than 0.05). The data indicate that an increased carriage rate of Group B streptococci cannot be invoked as a reason for the increased numbers of diabetic persons among patients with Group B streptococcal infections.
Autism: Will vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood reduce the recurrence rate of autism in newborn siblings?

Abstract Background Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in the world including the vulnerable group of pregnant women. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is hypothesized to contribute to the cause of autism. Further, it is hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood will reduce the recurrence rate of autism in newborn siblings. Methods To investigate the hypothesis an open label prospective study was performed prescribing vitamin D during pregnancy to mothers of children with autism at a dose of 5000 IU/day. The newborn siblings were at high risk for the recurrence of autism. The newborn infants were also prescribed vitamin D, 1000 IU/day to their third birthday. The newborn siblings were followed for three years and during that time, were assessed for autism on two separate occasions: at 18 months and 36 months of age. The results were compared to the reported recurrence rates in siblings of autistic children in the literature. Results The final outcome was 1 out of 19 (5%) developed autism in contrast to the recurrence rate of approximately 20% in the literature. We did not have a control group, nor was there blinding. Conclusions The results are promising, however, this is a preliminary study with very small numbers and was uncontrolled. Further study with larger numbers is indicated. The ethics of prescribing a low dosage of vitamin D such as 400 IU D3/day to a control group of mothers in comparison to a large dose such as 5000 IU D3/day are problematic in our opinion.
Incidence of malaria in Changning County from 2003-2008

In Changning County,there were 227 cases of malaria reported from 2003 to 2008,indicating an annual incidence rate of 1.11/10,000.The source of infection was local in 37 cases(16.30%) and exogenous in 190 cases(83.70%).The type of malaria was vivax malaria in 153 patients(67.40%),falciparum malaria in 63(27.75%),and an unknown sub-type in 11(4.85%).Cases occurred in every month throughout the year with no obvious seasonality.Patients were mainly young male farmers and migrant workers.Various villages and towns in the county had cases of malaria,and the cases were widely distributed.Malaria incidence in Changning County has increased in recent years,outbreaks of malaria.Villages served as individual sites of endogenous outbreaks,along with an increase in imported cases.The outlook for malaria control is not optimistic.Changning County must emphasize and enhance malaria prevention and control efforts to prevent outbreaks of malaria.
Framing the Accomplishment: How, and Why, Presidents use the Rhetorical Content in Signing Statements for Strategic Purposes, FDR–Carter

How, and why, do presidents use the rhetorical content in signing statements for strategic purposes? The article analyzes the rhetorical content of the 985 signing statements from FDR through Carter and argues that the president's rhetoric is an effort to frame the accomplishment that has just occurred with an eye toward maximizing prospective power and building legacy. The article explores the impact of different political contexts (divided government and elections) on several important rhetorical characteristics found in signing statements. In addition, the study delves into three interesting cases related to presidential credit claiming and attribution. LBJ and Carter were the most likely to attribute credit to members of Congress, while Nixon was the most likely to claim credit for himself. The findings help illuminate the various motivations that presidents have to use signing statements for reasons beyond constitutional challenges. Successful political leaders do not necessarily do more than other l...
Improved procedures for preparation of tissues for chemical analyses.

SummaryImproved procedures for preparation of tissues for chemical analyses have been presented. These procedures have definite advantages over all previous procedures; they are saving in both time and effort; they permit a uniform routine for all types of tissues; they produce homogenous materials that insure adequate sampling, and they enable numbers of tissues to be taken from the same experimental animal and handled satisfactorily.
Preliminary Results of Sugar Maple Carbohydrate and Growth Response under Vacuum and Gravity Sap Extraction

Recent technological advancements have increased the amount of sugar-enriched sap that can be extracted from sugar maple (Acer saccharum). This pilot study quantified overall sugar removal and the impacts of vacuum (60 cm Hg) and gravity sap extraction on residual nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations and on stem and twig growth. Vacuum sap extraction (VSE) resulted in significantly greater mean sugar removal (1.19 ± 0.46 kg [SE]) than gravity sap extraction (GSE) (0.48 ± 0.14 kg). Residual stem NSC displayed a pattern of increased concentration with increased extraction. Twig residual NSC concentrations were highly variable, perhaps because of the highly dynamic late spring period, and no clear patterns were observed. Mean radial stem growth in the year after sap extraction was greater in untapped trees (2.93 ± 0.58 mm) than with VSE (1.99 ± 0.44 mm) or GSE (1.67 ± 0.12 mm). The results raise the possibility that sap removal shifts sugar maple NSC source-sink relationships toward storage at the expense of growth.
The Analysis of the Technology and the Future Application of the Binocular Stereo Vision System

This article makes an analysis of the implementation process of the binocular stereo vision technology,presents implementation methods and drawbacks of camera calibration,feature extraction,stereo matching,especially gives a practical and effective 3D reconstruction method,the article also analyses and prospects the future application and development of this technology.
Data and Information Fusion for Bio-Medical Design and Bio-Manufacturing Systems

This paper presents methods of data analysis and information fusion in bio-medical design and bio-manufacturing system performance improvement. Technical methods of data and information fusion and the new industrial engineering role in bio-medical design and bio-manufacturing systems development are discussed in this paper. A case study in regenerative medicine is presented to validate the product development lead time estimation, and to demonstrate that the total processing time can be significantly reduced through integrated approach. In overview, this research develops a method for transforming uncontrolled biological procedures into reproducible, controlled manufacturing processes.
Methods of Compensating Victims of War: Combating the Problems of an Enduring System

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr Part of the Courts Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, International Law Commons, Jurisdiction Commons, Law and Society Commons, Military, War and Peace Commons, Organizations Commons, Politics Commons, President/Executive Department Commons, Public Law and Legal Theory Commons, Remedies Commons, and the Transnational Law Commons
Political Hospitalization: Conception, Conceptualization and Conduct

Many states confront episodic phenomena of political, national, ethnic and religious dissidents who defy societal norms. The Soviet experience with dissident movements was unprecedented for its duration, intensity, mass recruiting base, and its significance in the erosion and collapse of the Union. The Soviet experience was unique in both the size and degree of organization of nonconformist informal groups. The dissident movements at their apex comprised perhaps a quarter of a million or more diverse individuals (Hubner, 1980:84), of whom hundreds, possibly thousands, of the more vocal or irritating nonconformists were confined to psychiatric hospitals for extended periods. Even pariah states, such as South Africa at the height of its defence of apartheid, did not resort systematically to this measure to inhibit political upheaval.
A Control Strategy for a Lower Limb Exoskeleton with a Toe Joint

In this paper a lower limb exoskeleton with a toe joint is studied. A mathematical model of the exoskeleton is presented, and the equations of motion are given. The exoskeleton is controlled with a feedback controller. The control system attempts to move the center of mass of the exoskeleton along the desired trajectory. To find the joint space trajectory that allows to perform the desired motion a numerical optimization-based iterative algorithm for solving inverse kinematics is given. The algorithm allows to engage and disengage the toe joint, based on how close the mechanism is to a singular position. That gives us an automatic human-like toe joint engagement, that can be controlled though certain parameters, which is discussed in the paper. The results of the numerical simulation of the exoskeleton motion are presented.
Stochastic Single-Machine Scheduling With Learning Effect

Learning is ubiquitous in the modern scheduling environment. While the deterministic scheduling problems with known processing time and learning rate have been extensively studied, limited work exists to address the problems with both learning effect and uncertainty. In this paper, the single-machine scheduling problem with random nominal processing time and/or random job-based learning rate is studied, with the objective of minimizing the expected total flow time and expected makespan. Several optimal policies are obtained: first, the shortest expected processing time is optimal when only the nominal processing time is random; second, when the job-based learning rate is random, the optimal policy can be obtained by solving an assignment problem with random assignment cost. Computational study is conducted to offer insights on the behavior of optimal policy. The expected value of perfect information (EVPI) is calculated as the difference between the expected objective value found by the optimal policy, and the expected objective value with perfect information. EVPI offers a practical way for decision makers to quantify the incentive and benefit of reducing uncertainty for the addressed problem. The results show that the performance of optimal policy will be negatively impacted by high variation of random parameters.
Antenatal screening and fetal intervention

Abstract Congenital malformations are a common cause of reduced life expectancy and disability and can affect all body systems. Therefore, they are relevant to all surgeons. One in fifty children will have a major or significant congenital anomaly at birth. Since the advent of antenatal ultrasound (US) there has been the potential to diagnose many congenital anomalies before birth. This can forewarn parents and clinicians, so that treatment can be started promptly following birth rather than waiting for the baby to become symptomatic. It has also raised the possibility of treatment in-utero with the goal of stopping or reversing the pathological effects of the anomaly on the developing tissues, which will, hopefully, reduce morbidity and mortality once the baby is born and thus improve outcomes. This article focuses on congenital anomalies relevant to surgeons, initially looking at screening and diagnosis and how this may affect treatment and surgery following delivery. The second part will look at some of the interventions that have been attempted to treat ‘surgical’ congenital anomalies in-utero.
Immunophenotypic analysis of the inflammatory infiltrate in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Further evidence for a T cell-mediated disease.

Abstract Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) is characterized by the deposition of immunoglobulin and complement along the conjunctival epithelial basement membrane zone (BMZ). In order to further elucidate the cellular populations of the local inflammatory infiltrates, the authors used a panel of monoclonal antibodies in cryostat tissue sections to delineate T cell subsets, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages in six patients with OCP. In comparison with matched controls of the epibulbar conjunctiva, the authors discovered a threefold increase in T lymphocytes within the epithelium and a 20-fold increase within the substantia propria. In contrast with the normal-standing population of conjunctival T lymphocytes, there were activated interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R)-positive lymphocytes in both the epithelium and the substantia propria. Macrophages were the second most common cells in the substantia propria, accounting for 12.7% of the mononuclear population—a threefold increase over the normal percentage. B cells and plasma cells, normally absent from epibulbar conjunctiva, were the next most prominent populations, constituting 6.9 and 4.6%, respectively, of all mononuclear cells. Dendritic cells which process antigen locally constituted only 1.2% of the mononuclear cell population, but were increased 25-fold over normal controls. By elaborating cytokines that promote fibroplasia, the T cells in OCP may be effector cells along with macrophages and other inflammatory cells in bringing about scarification of the substantia propria, and may furthermore be responsible for an immunoregulatory defect that allows local B lymphocytes to produce autoantibodies to the BMZ.
Blockchain Applications and Fee Structure Developments in Private Investment Funds

The traditional 2/20 fee structure of private investment funds has come increasingly under pressure in the last ten years. Typical factors considered to explain the pressure on fees in the industry include the inadequate performance of the private investment fund industry, the ability of large investors to negotiate special terms, the withdrawal of private investment fund investments by large institutional clients and public retirement funds, and the consolidation of the industry, among several other market-driven factors. This article explores an additional factor that contributes to the pressure on fees, one that has largely been ignored by commentators: private fund advisers’ use of blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and big data. Using a dataset of private investment fund advisers that utilize blockchain technology in their investment strategy or internal operations (N=[98]), this article shows that the fund advisers who use the new technology are often able to charge lower fees overall. The article explores the reasons for lower fees in those funds and examines possible future applications of the technology in the private investment fund industry. While the overall proportion of strategies of private investment funds that apply modern technologies, including blockchain technology, is still small, as the use of blockchain technology grows in the private investment fund industry, the pressure on the fee structure is likely to continue to grow.
Challenges for Peace Researchers and Peace Builders in the Twenty-First Century: Education and Coordination of a Diversity of Actors in Applying What We are Learning

Recent peace research reveals that the quest for peace is being enhanced by increasing tendencies to (1) combine a number of tools into more comprehensive peace strategies, (2) employ multiple peace tracks simultaneously, (3) take a more long term perspective, (4) bridge theory and practice, (5) deepen insight on conflict between ethnic groups, (6) develop strategies for sustaining peace settlements and (7) create conditions for preventing violent and disruptive conflict.
THU0258 Meloxicam does not increase the risk of acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, oedema or hypertension compared to nsaids: results from a pooled analysis of 27,039 patients

Background Meloxicam is a novel NSAID that has been widely used in >100 countries with > 40 million prescriptions over the last 6 years. Meloxicam has been shown in numerous clinical trials to be effective, and to have lower rates of gastrointestinal adverse events than other NSAIDs such as diclofenac, piroxicam and naproxen. However, the renal and cardiovascular toxicity of meloxicam has not been extensively studied before. This is an important clinical issue because recent studies have raised considerable concern about cardiovascular and renal safety profile of some new Cox-2 selective NSAIDs. Objectives To document the risk of acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, oedema and hypertension in patients taking 7.5–30 mg doses of meloxicam, and traditional NSAIDs (diclofenac 100–150 mg, naproxen 500–750 mg, piroxicam 20 mg) in a pooled analysis of 27,039 patients. Methods We pooled data from all Meloxicam clinical trials that were at least 3 weeks in duration and included at least 20 patients per arm. Thirty-five trials with 27,039 patients on Meloxicam, comparator NSAID?s, or placebo were included in the analysis. Nearly 39% (8109) patients were over age 65. Since trials were of varying durations, we report event rates as incidence per 100 patient-years of exposure. Results Of the 27,039 patients studied, 15,071 received meloxicam in doses of 7.5 ? 30 mg daily. A total of 11,078 patients took diclofenac, naproxen or piroxicam. An additional 736 patients were randomised to placebo. The number of patients with cardiovascular and renal events adverse events is shown in the Table 1 below. Incidence rates in parenthesis refer to rates per 100 patient years. Conclusion Meloxicam in doses of 7.5–30 mg is not associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular or renal toxicity.
Plants Pack a Quiver Full of Arrows

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a process wherein plants use chemical signals to communicate broad-spectrum systemic immunity to distant tissue. Two studies recently identified N-hydroxypipecolic acid as an additional essential SAR inducer. These findings assemble another piece in the SAR puzzle.
Vancomycin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury with a Steep Rise in Serum Creatinine.

BACKGROUND Vancomycin-associated (VA) acute kidney injury (AKI) is being increasingly recognized. A distinct pattern of rapid rise in serum creatinine (sCr) during VA-AKI has occasionally been observed. However, such scenarios remain underreported. METHODS We conducted an online survey at the American Society of Nephrology Communities forum and reviewed publications of VA-AKI via PubMed or Google searching for cases of precipitous AKI (those with rise in sCr ≥1.5 mg/dL/day) attributable to vancomycin. RESULTS We identified 12 original cases compiled from 6 different hospitals and 4 published cases (n = 16; 38% women, age 43.5 ± 16 years, weight 108 ± 23 kg, body mass index 35 ± 7 kg/m2) of precipitous AKI observed shortly after large cumulative doses of VA (8.8 ± 5 g). The median steepest 24-h rise in sCr was 2.6 mg/dL (range 1.5-3.5 mg/dL) and the slope of the initial 48-h sCr rise was greater than that of a control AKI (non-VA, n = 48) group (2.03 ± 0.1 vs. 0.62 ± 0.0 mg/dL/day; p < 0.0001). The steep rise in sCr in the VA-AKI was not accompanied by anuria. Overt rhabdomyolysis was absent in all cases. Further, in 3 precipitous VA-AKI cases, simultaneous serum cystatin C values did not rise precipitously, suggesting that the reductions in glomerular filtration rate were overestimated by the sCr increase. CONCLUSIONS VA-AKI can manifest with a precipitous rise in sCr shortly after a high cumulative dose of vancomycin. True toxic tubular injury overrepresented by the sCr rise is postulated.
Nitrogen oxide emissions from rich premixed reacting jets in a vitiated crossflow

Abstract This paper describes NOx measurements from reacting jets in crossflow (RJICF). This work is motivated by interest in axial staging of combustion as a means of reducing NOx emissions at high flame temperatures (>1900 K), where thermal NOx production rates are high. In this approach, the majority of the fuel is burned in a conventional lean-premixed flame, but additional fuel is injected from the combustor walls into the vitiated flow further downstream. The NOx emissions of RJICF are influenced by the secondary fuel jet stoichiometry, jet/crossflow mixing before combustion, as well as secondary combustion product mixing with the bulk product stream. In turn, jet/crossflow mixing is controlled by the hydrodynamic stability of the jet, as well as degree of flame lifting. A key challenge in understanding fundamental factors influencing NOx is decoupling the effect of bulk temperature rise due to the RJICF (∆T), JICF momentum flux ratio (J), and JICF stoichiometry (ϕJet), as they cannot be varied independently. As such, significant effort was made in developing a test matrix to differentiate their effects. Measurements reported here were obtained from rich premixed methane/air jets injected into a varying temperature (1650 K–1800 K) vitiated crossflow, for bulk temperature rises from 20 K–290 K, J values from 1.3–4.4, and ϕJet values from 1–9. These measurements show that NOx emissions monotonically increase with ∆T, as noted in prior studies, but the data reported here are able to differentiate the effects of ∆T and other parameters. In fact, for a given ΔT value, NOx values can vary by 2X depending upon other parameters. For example, the lifting of the flame (LO), which varies with ϕJet and J has significant effects on NOx emissions. These data suggest that the key fundamental JICF parameters influencing NOx emissions are ∆T, ϕJet, J, and LO.
The Implications of Policy Decisions on Practices in Early Childhood Education

In the past decade, educators and policy makers have focused considerable attention on the role of early experiences in young children’s development. The research strongly suggests that the experiences that children have early in life lay the foundation for later growth and development. This has been documented in three influential National Research Council reports, Eager to Learn (Bowman, Donovan, & Burns, 2001), Neurons to Neighborhoods (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000), and Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children (Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1998). Although there is general agreement among policy makers and educators regarding the important role that early experiences play in children’s development, there is considerable controversy as to how policies should be translated into early childhood practices. In many instances, the same evidence is used to support divergent positions. The lack of insight into how to apply policies is problematic given the fact that implementing certain unproven assumptions can result in inappropriate experiences for young children
Dinamismo talamocortical: ¿cÓmo se comunican el tálamo y la neocorteza durante los estados de procesamiento de informaciÓn?

Introduccion y desarrollo. El talamo es la puerta hacia la neocorteza. La mayor parte de la informacion que accede a la neocorteza llega a traves de fibras talamocorticales. A su vez, la neocorteza manda una via de retroalimentacion masiva hacia el talamo a traves de fibras corticotalamicas. La informacion sensorial llega al talamo a traves de fibras sensoriales primarias. Cuando se exploran las propiedades de estas vias, muestran caracteristicas de respuesta especificas. Estos estudios generalmente se han llevado a cabo durante anestesia u otros estados quiescentes. Sin embargo, cuando las propiedades de estas conexiones sinapticas se exploran en estados activados tipicos de procesamiento de informacion sus respuestas son sustancialmente diferentes. Conclusion. Estos cambios parecen ser necesarios para colocar las vias del sistema talamocortical en un estado de procesamiento de informacion sensorial y, por tanto, podrian suponer las transformaciones que ocurren para sustentar los procesos atencionales y perceptivos.
Advances in Evaluation of the Built Environment

The goal of this chapter is to examine the current evaluation of built settings, also known as the postoccupancy evaluation (POE). This chapter deals with post occupancy evaluation, rather than postconstruction evaluation, accepting the distinction made by Anderson and Butterfield (1980) that the latter deals with the technical and structural aspects of facilities, and the former attends to social and behavioral issues.
Chapter 18 Brace-Goetze Strength Profiles, The Partitioning of Strike-slip and Thrust Faulting at Zones of Oblique Convergence, and the Stress-Heat Flow Paradox of the San Andreas Fault

Abstract The laboratory work of W.F. Brace, C.G. Goetze, and their colleagues provided much of the basis for the now common image of strength in the crust and upper mantle: a brittle upper crust obeying Byerlee's law, a weaker ductile lower crust, and a strong, but also ductile, uppermost mantle. Accordingly, for most plausible geotherms in continental crust and upper mantle, the strongest region may lie in the uppermost mantle. Although the lower crust is likely to be relatively weak, it couples the deformation of the upper mantle to that in the upper crust in most regions. Insofar as the strongest region lies in the uppermost mantle and deforms by ductile flow, the overall large-scale deformation of continential regions should be described best as that of a viscous continuum. Thus, the principal stresses and strain rates throughout the continental crust and upper mantle should be nearly perpendicular and parallel to the Earth's surface, and oblique-slip faulting should be a minor process. Insofar as blocks of upper crust rotate about vertical axes because they are coupled to the vorticity field of the underlying viscous substratum, sets of oblique-slip faults should not be stable under finite deformation. Consequently, with finite deformation, oblique convergence is likely to become partitioned into pure strike-slip parallel to the boundary between rigid plates or blocks, and pure convergence on thrust faults also with strikes parallel to the boundary. If, indeed, blocks of upper crust were effectively carried by the stronger, continuously deforming substratum, then orientations of stress in the upper crust would provide little insight into the dynamics of crustal deformation, much less insight than measurements of the full deformation gradient tensor or velocity gradient tensor. Moreover, dissipative heating in the strong upper mantle could provide the source of excess heat flow in the Coast Ranges of California.
Histopathology, morphometry, and nuclear DNA content of iris melanocytic lesions.

PURPOSE To compare the histologic, morphometric and nuclear DNA content of a group of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions of the iris. METHODS Forty-four surgically excised melanocytic lesions of the iris were histologically classified as nevus or melanoma. Morphometric analysis using a digital filar micrometer (LaSICO 1602N-10 and 5-4A) measured the mean size of the 10 largest nucleoli, and Feulgen staining and image cytometry (CAS 200 Cell Analysis Systems) analyzed the nuclear DNA ploidy in the lesions. Patient follow-up information was obtained whenever possible. RESULTS Sixteen cases were histologically classified as nevi and twenty-eight cases as melanoma. The mean of the 10 largest nucleoli of the nevi was smaller than the mean among the melanomas (1.772 microns [SD = 0.366] and 2.773 microns [SD = 0.565], respectively). Feulgen staining revealed that all lesions were diploid, with the exception of two hyperdiploid and two hypodiploid melanomas. Of the patients with follow-up information available, none with nevi developed a metastasis and two with melanoma died of metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS The histologic classification of iris melanocytic lesions (i.e., nevus versus melanoma) correlates to nucleolar size (P < 0.001) but not to nuclear DNA ploidy.
Meta-ethical and Liberatory Dimensions of Tragedy: A Schutzean Portrait

Tragedy is an ideal typification of a number of aesthetic mixed types. This ideal mixture affords a correlated mixture in the antisocial world of colonialism and neo-colonialism. Investigated from a tragic perspective, the meta-ethical question of the relevance of ethics emerges, which decenters ethical discourse in such a world. Schutz’s phenomenological sociology offers important conceptual tools with which to articulate some radical dimensions of this meta-ethical turn — e.g., the call for an egalitarian everyday world with room for nonideological understanding of mundane and extraordinary experience.
Comparison of comorbidity measures to predict postoperative lung cancer survival in the National Cancer Database (AFT-03).

6519Background: Comprehensive assessment of comorbidity in cancer registries is critical for comparative effectiveness research. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) measures comorbidity with a diag...
Acceptability of FitBit activity trackers for socioculturally diverse endometrial cancer survivors: A pilot study.

e17103Background: Endometrial cancer survivors are the least physically active of all cancer groups. In past feasibility studies of a physical activity intervention for obese endometrial cancer sur...
Beyond Low Tidal Volume Ventilation: Treatment Adjuncts for Severe Respiratory Failure in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Objectives:Despite decades of research, the acute respiratory distress syndrome remains associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This Concise Definitive Review provides a practical and evidence-based summary of treatments in addition to low tidal volume ventilation and their role in the
Recent advances in understanding the relationship between long- and short-term weight change and fertility

The impact of excess body weight on fertility is well recognized among both women attempting to conceive spontaneously and those attempting to conceive with medical assistance. Although many leading societies of reproductive medicine have proposed weight loss as a means to counteract the negative consequences of obesity on fertility, there is limited research on this topic. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the recent advances in the literature focused on how long- and short-term weight change affects fertility among women. Overall, despite initial hope that weight loss may be beneficial for fertility, two large well-conducted randomized controlled trials have consistently shown that short-term weight loss among overweight and obese women undergoing infertility treatment does not improve a woman’s probability of live birth. The observational evidence among women attempting to conceive without medical assistance also suggests limited benefits of weight loss on fecundity or pregnancy loss. In contrast, substantial weight gain between consecutive pregnancies, in the year prior to pregnancy attempt, and throughout adulthood appears to be harmful for not only time to pregnancy but also pregnancy maintenance. Future research focused on efforts to prevent weight gain during adulthood is needed to better understand whether these types of interventions may have beneficial effects on fertility.
Soy Applications in Food

Soy is prized by the food industry for both its versatility and the major role it plays in food functionality. However, only a limited amount of information is available explaining soy's full potential in food applicability. Soy Applications in Food provides insight into the different types of soy ingredients available for consumption and details t
Embodied Intention: Robot Spinal Initiation to Indicate Directionality

This paper explores how a spine-inspired robot can be designed to provide embodied cues to performers, in order to indicate its intention to change direction through its shifting of weight. Our prior work has explored the importance of utilizing body-level cues such as breath and center of gravity to provide more intuitive information about how a robot, media, or physical agent can act in collaboration with human performers. We detail the design and implemented process of the spinal robot and situate this exploration in a body of work on embodied interaction.
Monetary Sovereignty: Nature, Implementation, and Implications

Monetary sovereignty is a central concept of Modern Money Theory (MMT). The paper explores the characteristics of monetary sovereignty, the means used to implement it, and some of its theoretical and policy implications. Herein, it is shown that monetary sovereignty involves a high degree of coordination between the central bank and the national treasury. The paper also argues that monetary sovereignty is not special to the United States, does not require direct monetary financing of the treasury, does not tell us anything about the optimal size of the fiscal balance, and is not dependent on the willingness of foreigners to hold the domestic currency.
Standard Connections for IIoT Empowered Smart Manufacturing.

Abstract The use of Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) and related technology is propelling manufacturing into a new era in the fourth industry revolution characterized by ubiquitous connectivity. IIoT allows new and unprecedented interactions amongst hardware, software, and humans. Adopting the capability of IIoT with artificial intelligence tools, manufacturing systems become smart – with unprecedented gains in production agility, quality, and efficiency. One of the key enablers of the IIoT empowered smart manufacturing is connectivity and integration standards. In this paper we review the current IIoT standards used in manufacturing, present a new IIoT standards landscape for the smart manufacturing paradigm, and describe some of IIoT standards gaps.
Vitamin D, Calcium Supplements, and Implications for Cardiovascular Health: JACC Focus Seminar

Vitamin D and calcium supplements are commonly used, often together, to optimize bone health. Multiple observational studies have linked low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with increased cardiovascular risk. However, subsequent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) failed to demonstrate cardiovascular benefit with vitamin D supplementation. Although vitamin D supplements do not appear to be harmful for cardiovascular health, the lack of benefit in RCTs should discourage their use for this purpose, favoring optimizing vitamin D status through healthy lifestyles such as specific foods and modest sunlight exposure. Furthermore, some (but not all) observational and RCT studies of calcium supplementation have suggested potential for cardiovascular harm. Therefore, calcium supplementation should be used cautiously, striving for recommended intake of calcium predominantly from food sources. In this review, the authors examine the currently available evidence investigating whether vitamin D and calcium supplements are helpful, harmful, or neutral for cardiovascular health.
Common Subexpression Convergence: A New Code Optimization for SIMT Processors.

On SIMT processors, when threads in a warp diverge at a branch, the hardware scheduler serializes their execution, thereby resulting in reduced SIMT efficiency. We propose a new compiler optimization, Common Subexpression Convergence (CSC), that uses cross-block scheduling to ensure that expression trees that are common across diverged paths are moved to convergent regions and executed by more/all threads in parallel, thereby improving SIMT efficiency and execution time. Our optimization framework is based on a dynamic programming algorithm for finding maximally profitable common expression subgraphs. We also introduce a general approach to test the legality of our optimization based on the program dependence graph, and a heuristic-based cost model to decide when the optimization should be applied. We demonstrate the potential benefits of our approach through a preliminary hand-optimized evaluation using synthetic benchmarks and a BitonicSort example program.
First-Principles Investigation of Ti2CSO and Ti2CSSe Janus MXene Structures for Li and Mg Electrodes

While lithium battery electrodes are constantly being improved in terms of their properties, discovering new materials with alternative energy carriers like Mg are important to lower the cost of production and to enhance the energy density. MXenes are a type of highly investigated materials with promising energy applications due to their excellent electronic conductivity and good mechanical and dynamical stability. Experimentally realized Janus MoSSe nanosheets provided promising results for battery electrodes. It is known that the surface terminations of MXenes highly affect on the electrochemical properties and the diffusion barriers of ions. Inspired by this, we studied Ti2CSO and Ti2CSSe Janus MXenes for Li and Mg electrodes. Our density functional theory-based, first-principles calculations indicate that both monolayers are thermodynamically, mechanically, and dynamically stable. We calculated that the average voltages for Li and Mg adsorbed Ti2CST (T = O, Se) MXenes are approximately 0.95 and 0.2 V, respectively. The maximum voltage for Ti2CSTLix is about 2 V, and that for Ti2CSTMgx is around 0.45 V. The Mg adsorbed Ti2CSO monolayer exhibits the highest gravimetric capacity (524.54 mAh/g) compared to that of other Janus MXenes considered in this paper. For Ti2CSSeLix, we obtained a higher capacity (230.45 mAh/g) and a lower diffusion barrier (0.191 eV) than that of most of the Li adsorbed S-functionalized MXenes.
Abstract P146: Comparative Effectiveness Of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Atrial Fibrillation

Objective: Post-hoc analysis of three pivotal clinical trials suggests no difference in risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism among cancer patients with atrial fibrillation treated with dire...
Rapid Decay of Host Basal mRNAs During SARS-CoV-2 Infection Perturbs Host Antiviral mRNA Biogenesis and Export

A key feature of the mammalian antiviral response is the transcriptional induction of interferon (IFN) genes, which encode for secreted proteins that prime the antiviral response to limit viral replication and dissemination. A hallmark of severe COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the low presence of IFNs in patient serum despite elevated levels of IFN-encoding mRNAs, indicative of post-transcriptional inhibition of IFN protein production. Herein, we show SARS-CoV-2 infection limits type I and type III IFN biogenesis by preventing the release of mRNA from their sites of transcription and/or triggering their nuclear degradation. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibits nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of IFN mRNAs as a consequence of widespread cytosolic mRNA degradation mediated by both the host antiviral endoribonuclease, RNase L, and by the SARS-CoV-2 protein, Nsp1. Thus, inhibition of host and/or viral Nsp1-mediated mRNA decay, as well as IFN treatments, may reduce viral-associated pathogenesis by promoting the innate immune response. Funding Information: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number F32AI145112 (J.M.B), funds from HHMI (Roy Parker), and support provided by the Office of the Vice President for Research and the Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology at Colorado State University (Rushika Perera). Declaration of Interests: Roy Parker is a founder and consultant of Faze Medicines.
Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government Accounting for Saving and Capital Formation in the United States, 1947-1991

This paper is concerned with accounting for the saving and capital formation taking place in different sectors of the U.S. economy. In brief, where does saving arise and where is it used? Do some sectors save more than they spend for capital formation and thus are net lenders? Do other sectors save less than is required for their capital formation and thus are net borrowers? The U.S. national income accounts contain the basic data relating to these questions. However, at several points, these data must be recast in order to yield analytically useful results. When such a reformulation is made, the conclusions that can be drawn differ strikingly from much of the currently received conventional wisdom.