cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tweethood: Agglomerative Clustering on Fuzzy k-Closest Friends with Variable Depth for Location Mining

According to a recent report by research firm ABI Research, location-based social networks could reach revenues as high as $13.3 billion by 2014 [1]. Social Networks like Foursquare and Gowalla are in a dead heat in the Location War. But, having said that it is important to understand for privacy and security reasons, most of the people on social networking sites like Twitter are unwilling to specify their locations explicitly. This creates a need for software that mines the location of the user based on the implicit attributes associated with him. In this paper, we propose the development of a tool TweetHood that predicts the location of the user on the basis of his social network. We show the evolution of the algorithm, highlighting the drawbacks of the different approaches and our methodology to overcome them. We perform extensive experiments to show the validity of our system in terms of both accuracy and running time. The experiments performed demonstrate that our system achieves an accuracy of 72.1% at the city level and 80.1% at the country level. Experimental results show that TweetHood outperforms the gazetteer based geo-tagging approach.
Characterizing the uncertainty of pesticide leaching in agricultural soils

Abstract A Monte-Carlo numerical simulation procedure for making regional assessments of pesticide leaching has been developed. This procedure uses probability density functions for organic matter, field capacity, and wilting point developed from information on approximately 3000 soils. Variations in climatic conditions were incorporated by random selection of yearly rainfall data. The procedure was demonstrated for aldicarb applied to corn grown in Ohio. A total of 2000 parameter sets were evaluated using the unsaturated zone model PRZM. The simulation results indicated that convergence of the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles for movement past 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.5 m was obtained after 500 simulations. The relative uncertainty associated with these percentiles was approximately 50% after 1500 simulations. The downward movement of aldicarb residues was most sensitive to changes in field capacity. These simulations, coupled with additional soil-specific simulations, indicated no significant movement of aldicarb residues beyond 1.8 m for applications to Ohio corn.
Reactive Synthesis of Aluminide Intermetallics

Abstract Reactive synthesis of bulk and reinforced aluminides are reviewed. When processed under optimal conditions, reactively-synthesized aluminides display room-temperature mechanical properties as good as, or better than, cast aluminides. Frequently encountered defects resulting from reactive synthesis are: (i) porosity, (ii) incomplete synthesis and (iii) loss of shape due to liquid formation. Using a simple mass balance, the amount of liquid aluminide is calculated as a function of the initial temperature of the reactants. Process maps are discussed for some of the aluminides of nickel and titanium.
Magnetite Biomineralization and Ancient Life on Mars

Certain chemical and mineral features of the Martian meteorite ALH84001 were reported in 1996 to be probable evidence of ancient life on Mars. In spite of new observations and interpretations, the question of ancient life on Mars remains unresolved. Putative biogenic, nanometer magnetite has now become a leading focus in the debate.
Equiparatition of energy for turbulent astrophysical fluids: Accounting for the unseen energy in molecular clouds

Molecular clouds are observed to be partially supported by turbulent pressure. The kinetic energy of the turbulence is directly measurable, but the potential energy, which consists of magnetic, thermal, and gravitational potential energy, is largly unseen. We have extended previous results on equipartition between kinetic and potential energy to show that it is likely to be a very good approximation in molecular clouds. We have used two separate approaches to demonstrate this result: For small-amplitude perturbations of a static equilibrium, we have used the energy principle analysis of Bernstein et al. (1958); this derivation applies to perturbations of arbitary wavelength. To treat perturbations of a nonstatic equilibrium, we have used the Lagrangian analysis of Dewar (1970); this analysis applies only to short-wavelength perturbations. Both analysis assume conservation of energy. Wave damping has only a small effect on equipartition if the wave frequency is small compared to the neutral-ion collision frequency; for the particular case we considered, radiative losses have no effect on equipartition. These results are then incorporated in a simple way into analyses of cloud equilibrium and global stability. We discuss the effect of Alfvenic turbulence on the Jeans mass and show that it has little effect on the magnetic critical mass.
Insulin treatment acutely increases the concentration of phosphatidylserine in rat adipose tissue.

Abstract Insulin treatment in vivo or in vitro for 60 min elicited 40 and 35% increases, respectively, in phosphati-dylserine concentration in rat adipose tissue. This effect, along with previously observed insulin-induced increases in phosphatidic acid and inositides, may contribute to known effects of insulin on pyruvate dehydrogenase, low Km phosphodiesterase and, perhaps, other enzymes.
Agreement among raters in assessment of physiologic waveforms recorded by a cardiorespiratory monitor for home use

There are numerous reports of cardiorespiratory patterns in infants on home monitors, but no data to determine whether "experts" agree on the description of these patterns. Therefore, we evaluated agreement among four experienced investigators and five trained technicians who assessed independently the same sample of physiologic waveforms recorded from infants enrolled in a multicenter study. The monitor used respiratory inductance plethysmography and recorded waveforms for apnea > or = 16 s or a heart rate or = 5 s. The investigators and technicians initially assessed 88 waveforms. After additional training, the technicians assessed another 113 additional waveforms. In categorizing waveforms as apnea present or absent, agreement among technicians improved considerably with additional training (kappa 0.65 to 0.85). For categorizing waveforms as having bradycardia present versus absent, the trends were the same. Agreement in measurement of apnea duration also improved considerably with additional training (intraclass correlation 0.33-0.83). Agreement in measurement of bradycardia duration was consistently excellent (intraclass correlation 0.86-0.99). Total agreement was achieved among technicians with additional training for measurement of the lowest heart rate during a bradycardia. When classifying apnea as including > or = 1, > or = 2, > or = 3, or > or = 4 out-of-phase breaths, agreement was initially low, but after additional training it improved, especially in categorization of apneas with > or = 3 or > or = 4 out-of-phase breaths (kappa 0.67 and 0.94, respectively). Although researchers and clinicians commonly describe events based on cardiorespiratory recordings, agreement amongst experienced individuals may be poor, which can confound interpretation. With clear guidelines and sufficient training raters can attain a high level of agreement in describing cardiorespiratory events.
High performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of six N-methylcarbamates in vegetables and fruits

Description d'une technique de dosage de ces residus d'insecticide dans le cadre des controles reglementaires des fruits et legumes
Alix Arrives Late During HIV-1 Assembly

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) assembles at the plasma membrane of infected cells and is released after the membrane envelope surrounding the virus is separated from the plasma membrane. Virus assembly is driven by the viral Gag polyprotein. Gag also recruits endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins that provide the machinery required for membrane fission. Previous studies analyzing the dynamics of assembly and release of retroviruses at the plasma membrane of living cells using fluorescently labeled proteins have given us great insight into the behavior of HIV-1 and ESCRT proteins. However, the dynamics of the associated ESCRT protein ALIX has not been analyzed for HIV-1. Using a library of linkers to fuse ALIX to green fluorescent proteins (GFP) we identified a construct that functions like wild type in the context of viral budding. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy we successfully followed the assembly kinetics of HIV-1 and ALIX, like other ESCRT proteins, arrived with burst like recruitment near the end of Gag assembly. These results are in contrast to the observed early recruitment of ALIX into EIAV budding sites and open new questions about early recruitment of ESCRT into HIV-1 budding sites
17β-Estradiol attenuates blood–brain barrier disruption induced by cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in female rats

Abstract Disruption of blood–brain barrier (BBB), mediated through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a critical event during cerebral ischemia. While neuroprotective effects of estrogens have been well established in ischemic stroke models, the effects of estrogens on BBB integrity remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we determined effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on BBB disruption induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia and its effects on MMP2 and MMP9 activation. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion for 1 h followed by reperfusion in ovariectomized rats. E2 (100 μg/kg) or vehicle was administered 2 h before MCA occlusion. BBB integrity was determined by fluorescent detection of extravasated Evans blue. In separate experiments, effect of E2 on MMP2 and MMP9 expression and activation was determined by immunoblot and MMPs activity assay. E2 treatment prevented more than 50% and 30% of BBB disruption in the ischemic cortex and subcortex at 4 h after reperfusion, respectively. MMP2 and MMP9 expression was elevated at 2 h and peaked at 4 h after reperfusion in the ischemic cortex, which was markedly reduced by E2 treatment. E2 treatment also attenuated the increase of MMPs activity induced by ischemia–reperfusion injury. In conclusion, estrogens could attenuate BBB disruption induced by transient cerebral ischemia, by inhibition of MMP2 and MMP9 activation. Our results suggest an important role of estrogens as multiple targeting protectants against ischemic stroke on cellular as well as vascular components of central nervous system.
Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular systolic function in conscious healthy dogs: repeatability and reference intervals.

Abstract Objectives To determine the feasibility, repeatability, intra- and interobserver variability, and reference intervals for 5 echocardiographic indices of right ventricular (RV) systolic function: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC), pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging-derived systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S'), and speckle-tracking echocardiography-derived global longitudinal RV free wall strain and strain rate. To explore statistical relationships between RV systolic function and age, gender, heart rate, and bodyweight. Animals 80 healthy adult dogs. Methods Dogs underwent 2 echocardiographic examinations. Repeatability and intra-observer and inter-observer measurement variability were quantified by average coefficient of variation (CV). Relationships between RV function and age, heart rate and bodyweight were estimated by regression analysis. Results All indices were acquired with clinically acceptable repeatability and intra- and inter-observer variability (CVs Conclusions Echocardiographic indices of RV systolic function are feasible to obtain, repeatable, and affected by bodyweight. Studies of these indices in dogs with cardiovascular disease are needed.
Antecedents, subjective expected utility, and behavior: A panel study of adolescent cigarette smoking

That the weighing of positive and negative consequences expected from behavior is fundamental to understanding behavior is central to many theories. We consider this in the context of subjective expected utility (SEU) and cigarette smoking in a panel study of 1,334 adolescents. There were reciprocal relationships between SEU and behavior, and SEU accounted for the association between some social and psychological variables and smoking behavior. We conclude that SEU contributes to the explanation of adolescent smoking behavior.
Spectral resolution of Fougere's maximum entropy spectral analysis

Computer results are presented to illustrate the spectral resolution of the nonlinear maximum entropy spectral analysis developed by Fougere. Comparison is also made with the recently published results in this PROCEEDINGS.
Analysis of the Performance, Power, and Noise Characteristics of a CMOS Image Sensor With 3-D Integrated Image Compression Unit

This paper investigates the design of logarithmic CMOS image sensor with 3-D integrated image compression unit. The image sensor consists of a pixel array, column circuits, an array of analog-to-digital converters, a frame memory (image buffer) array, and a signal processing unit for image compression. This paper analyzes the correlation between the power dissipation in the image compression unit and the spatial noise characteristics of the photodiode array in the 3-D image sensor. The coupled power, performance, thermal, and noise analysis is performed considering 180-nm CMOS technology. The coupled analysis shows that, due to die-to-die thermal coupling, 3-D stacking of the image compression unit, although provides for better energy efficiency, results in a strong interaction between image quality, desired image throughput, and environmental factors, such as lighting conditions or available channel bandwidth.
Regional variability in Alzheimer's disease biomarkers.

131 ISSN 1479-6708 10.2217/FNL.14.9 © 2014 Future Medicine Ltd Future Neurol. (2014) 9(2), 131–134 The amyloid cascade hypothesis predicts that pathological processes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) begin with an alteration in the balance between the clearance and production of amyloid precursor protein. The disruption of this balance leads to the formation of b-amyloid (Ab) plaques, aggregation of phosphorylated tau into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuronal dysfunction and death, and finally dementia [1,2]. These processes are not ubiquitous throughout the brain; rather the strength [3] and timing [4] of each pathology varies between brain regions. Understanding the underlying physiological properties that allow some cortical structures to be resistant to pathology may lead to new strategies for treating and preventing AD. With the advancement of imaging techniques over the last decade, in vivo mapping of AD pathology is possible. Amyloid deposition can be measured using Pittsburgh compound B PET [5] or similar amyloid tracers; glucose metabolism can be imaged with fluorodeoxyglucose PET; and structural atrophy can be assessed by volumetric analyses of MRI. PET tracers for tau are only now being introduced [6]. Early post-mortem examinations in humans found a relatively diffuse distribution of Ab plaques throughout the brain and across subjects [7]. Amyloid imaging, primarily with Pittsburgh compound B and other radioligands, has affirmed that Ab is widely deposited in both cortical and subcortical brain structures [3,4,8], but has demonstrated that there is a discernable spatial pattern to these depositions. As measured with PET, there is both an anterior locus of high plaque depositions encompassing the anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal, medial frontal and lateral frontal cortices, as well as a posterior locus consisting of the precuneus and posterior cingulate (Figure 1A) [3,4,8]. Primary sensory and motor areas, as well as the medial temporal lobes show relatively low levels of plaque pathology. Although often overlooked, there are significant subcortical deposition of amyloid, particularly in the basal ganglia and thalamus [4,9]. In addition to the formation of Ab plaques and tau NFTs, the amyloid cascade theory predicts metabolic disruption. fluorodeoxyglucose PET is a measure of glucose metabolism, which in turn indexes neuronal health and functioning. There is
Back to Basics: Host Responses to Infection

1. Armond S. Goldman, MD* 1. 2. *Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology/Allergy/Rheumatology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. Dr. Goldman is the recipient of several small grants from Wyeth Nutritional International for research concerning bioactive factors in human milk. An understanding of host responses to infections is important to pediatricians for five major reasons: 1) The manifestations of infectious diseases are due not only to microbial pathogens but also to their interactions with the immune system of the host. 2) Both the type of immune response and the infecting agent dictates whether the disease will be acute or protracted. 3) Because the immune responses of the child are age-related, manifestations and outcomes of certain infections depend on the child’s developmental status. 4) The immune state of the infant is modified by maternal factors transferred during fetal life via the placenta and during infancy via the mammary gland. Therefore, resistance to infection is decreased if the duration or degree of placental transfer is decreased or if infants are not breastfed. These factors can be modified to some extent by pediatricians and their colleagues. 5) Because resistance to many common infections can be induced by immunizations, it is important for pediatricians to understand the immunologic strategies used to develop immunizing agents. In childhood, the external environment initially is encountered by the skin, the respiratory tract, and the alimentary tract. The skin defines the external limits of the organism, aids in temperature regulation, and is a site of insensible water loss. The respiratory tract regulates respiratory gas exchange and insensible water loss. The alimentary tract is responsible for ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients; some insensible water loss; and excretion of waste products. Each of these vital systems is exposed to environmental pathogens. Innate and specific adaptive defenses have evolved to protect these vital structures and systemic sites that may become invaded if first lines of defense at the skin or mucosa fail (Table 1⇓ and Fig. 1⇓ ). View this table: Table 1. Major Features of Innate and Specific Adaptive Immunity ### INNATE DEFENSES Innate defenses are …
Destructive procedures are the standard of care for treatment of actinic keratoses

Abstract Background : Actinic keratoses are premalignant lesions resulting from exposure to carcinogens. Recently, some Medicare carriers have limited reimbursement for destruction of actinic keratoses to those lesions unresponsive to topical 5-fluorouracil treatment. Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether this policy meets the community standard of care for treatment of actinic keratoses. Methods: Data from the 1993 and 1994 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were used to determine the frequencies at which different treatments are used for actinic keratoses. These were compared with the frequencies at which procedures and medical therapies are used to treat control conditions (warts, psoriasis, acne, and dermatitis) to determine whether procedures are done because they are available or out of medical necessity. Results: Procedures were performed during 78% of visits for actinic keratoses. 5-Fluorouracil was used at 3.6% of visits, and at 39% of these visits a procedure was also performed. There were no observations of use of 5-fluorouracil alone at a first visit for actinic keratosis. Procedures were less likely to be performed at visits for warts, psoriasis, acne, or dermatitis, which indicates that reimbursable procedures are performed not simply because they are available. Conclusion: Procedures are performed to destroy actinic keratoses out of medical need. Medicare policies mandating initial use of 5-fluorouracil as initial treatment of actinic keratoses do not represent the community standard of care for treatment of these lesions.(J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:43-7.)
Two-quantum resonances observed in potassium vapor by two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy

Unexpected two-quantum resonances are observed in potassium vapor using two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. These transitions are an unambiguous indication of many-body interactions, which arise from the long-range interatomic coupling that is responsible for resonance self-broadening.
A predictor-corrector method for dynamic programming

A bounded perturbation of the discrete dynamic programming functional equation arising from the Bolza problem yields a bounded change in its solution. This stability property encourages the development of approximation techniques for solving such equations. One such technique, involving the backward solution of an approximate functional equation as a prediction step followed by a forward reconstruction using true equations as a correction step, is then discussed. The errors arising out of such an approximation procedure are bounded. Numerical results are given, illustrating applicability to the optimal control of time-lag control processes.
Production of polarized tau pairs and tests of CP violation using polarized e+/- colliders near threshold.

We consider the production of \ensuremath{\tau} pairs by electron-positron colliding beams at the maximum cross section near the threshold. At this energy \ensuremath{\tau} pairs are produced mostly in the s wave which implies that the spin of the \ensuremath{\tau} pairs is almost always pointing in the beam direction independent of the production angle. When both electrons and positrons are longitudinally polarized in the same direction, for example, 90%, one can obtain \ensuremath{\tau} pairs with 99% polarization in the direction of the polarization vectors of the incident beams. Tests of CP violation and study of the structure of weak interactions using such polarized \ensuremath{\tau} pairs is discussed.
Confidence Bands in Multivariate Polynomial Regression

This paper deals with the problem of constructing a confidence band over the real line for a polynomial regression curve of known degree. The situation involves successive, and therefore in general, correlated measurements, say, in time, on the same objects. Two methods for constructing these bands are developed when the measurements are assumed to be multivariate normal. They are then compared to determine when one provides narrower bandwidths than the other. The confidence level I – α is, in general, a lower bound.
A Quick Way to Defuse Anxiety Before the First Exam: One Professor's Experience

Test anxiety is a serious problem for some students. This article describes a quick and easy approach to help reduce tension before the first exam. The costs are low and the benefits are high.
To send or not to send: implementing deferred transmissions in a mobile host

As mobile hosts move, they encounter changing network characteristics. Characteristics such as bandwidth, reliability can change drastically when a mobile host moves from indoor to outdoor environment and vice versa. A mobile host can find itself in a lossy environment due to external conditions such as interference and fading. Existing end-to-end protocols are designed with an assumption that packet loss is a random and rare event. However due to mobility of hosts, there can be transient yet significant packet loss. In this paper we consider the effect of mobility on unreliable protocols such as UDP. We provide a mechanism by which unnecessary loss of packets can be avoided by allowing transmission only under "good" link conditions.
Generating Summary Risk Scores for Mobile Applications

One of Android’s main defense mechanisms against malicious apps is a risk communication mechanism which, before a user installs an app, warns the user about the permissions the app requires, trusting that the user will make the right decision. This approach has been shown to be ineffective as it presents the risk information of each app in a “stand-alone” fashion and in a way that requires too much technical knowledge and time to distill useful information. We discuss the desired properties of risk signals and relative risk scores for Android apps in order to generate another metric that users can utilize when choosing apps. We present a wide range of techniques to generate both risk signals and risk scores that are based on heuristics as well as principled machine learning techniques. Experimental results conducted using real-world data sets show that these methods can effectively identify malware as very risky, are simple to understand, and easy to use.
Torsion and beyond: new twists in spectral Doppler evaluation of the scrotum.

Objective To illustrate how spectral Doppler waveform analysis plays an adjunctive but very definite role in scrotal sonography. Methods The cases illustrate a variety of testicular disorders that were collected at a referral tertiary care center. Results Normal and a variety of pathologic conditions of the testes are discussed, along with their signature spectral waveforms. Conclusions Analysis of the spectral waveform provides important additional information in various scrotal disorders with acute pain. Spectral waveform analysis is critical to diagnosing incomplete torsion when color and power Doppler examinations are indeterminate.
Arm Length Measurement as an Alternative to Height in Nutritional Assessment of the Elderly

The use of long bone measurements as an alternative to height in nutritional assessment of the elderly was investigated in 100 young and 63 aged individuals. Highly significant correlations between height and total arm length, humerus length, forearm length, and proximal phalanx length were found. Compared to young subjects, values for the elderly were shifted significantly, demonstrating a reduction in height not paralleled by decreases in arm length measurements. In subsequent studies, lean body mass was evaluated by creatinine excretion in groups of young and elderly male and female volunteers. In both males and females, when creatinine excretion was related to height, ideal body weight, or total arm length, significantly lower values were found in the elderly as compared to the young. In all groups highly significant correlations between the use of arm length and the other two methods of expressing creatinine excretion were found. This validates the use of arm length measurement as an alternative to height for nutritional assessment. Since arm length is less affected than height by the aging process and more easily obtained in the bedfast patient, it should provide a more accurate reflection of stature when performing nutritional assessments of the elderly. These preliminary data emphasize the need for appropriate standards for subjects of different ages when evaluating lean body mass.
Beyond Relativism: Reclaiming the Search for Good City Form

This article argues that the search for a theory of good city form should be given a more prominent place in planning theory alongside theories of planning as a process. The professional practice o...
2-D sensor position perturbation analysis: equivalence to AWGN on array outputs

The performance of a subspace beamformer, namely the multiple signal classification algorithm (MUSIC), is scrutinized in the presence of sensor position errors. Based on a perturbation model, a relationship between the array autocorrelation matrix and the source autocorrelation matrix is established. It is shown that under certain assumptions on the source signals, the Gaussian sensor perturbation errors can be modelled as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) for an array where sensor positions are known perfectly. This correspondence can be used to equate position errors to an equivalent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for AWGN in performance evaluation. Finally, Cramer-Rao bound for the position perturbations that can be computed using the Cramer-Rao bound relations for the additive Gaussian noise case at high SNR's.
Responses of atherosclerotic aorta to argon laser.

Lasers have been advocated to resect atherosclerotic plaques in the cardiovascular system, yet little information is available regarding the effects of laser on the range of occlusive lesions seen in the peripheral arterial tree. This study was conducted to assess the risk of perforation in human cadaveric aorta involved with variable degrees of atherosclerosis. Ten fresh segments of atherosclerotic human aorta were graded for extent of atherosclerosis, then subjected to argon laser energy within 48 hours. Using air as the conduction medium and with the fiber tip 2 or 5 mm from the vessel wall, the argon laser was applied to matched calcified and non-calcified arteries at 3.0-7.0 W and 10.0–13.5 W with energy density identical for matched pairs. Results were compared among segments which were normal in appearance or had only fatty streaks grossly with those with gross regional wall calcification. The mean penetration time (T) for calcified and non-calcified lesions at low and high power outputs was compared. Mean time to perforation and range of time necessary to produce perforation were greater in calcified than non-calcified segments at all power levels employed. These data suggest that atherosclerotic lesions vary in their response to argon laser. The presence of calcium may preclude resection of some plaques and protect against wall perforation.
Depression, Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Two-Year Mortality Among Older, Primary-Care Patients

Objective Depression is a major contributor to death and disability, but few follow-up studies of depression have been carried out in the primary-care setting. The authors sought to assess whether depression in older patients is associated with increased mortality after a 2-year follow-up interval and to estimate the population-attributable fraction (PAF) of depression on mortality in older primary-care patients. Methods Longitudinal cohort analysis was carried out in 20 primary-care practices. Participants were identified though a two-stage, age-stratified (60–74 or 75+) depression screening of randomly sampled patients; enrollment included patients who screened positive and a random sample of screened-negative patients. In all, 1,226 persons were assessed at baseline. Vital status at 2 years was the outcome of interest. Results Of 1,226 persons in the sample, 598 were classified as depressed. After 2 years, 64 persons had died. Persons with depression at baseline were more likely to die at the end of the 2-year follow-up interval than were persons without depression, even after accounting for potentially influential covariates such as whether the participant reported a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or diabetes. Conclusions Among older, primary-care patients over the course of a 2-year follow-up interval, depression contributed as much to mortality as did MI or diabetes.
Stage of the estrous cycle does not influence myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Even though cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for men and women, the vast majority of animal studies use male animals. Because female reproductive hormones have been associated with cardioprotective states, many investigators avoid using female animals because these hormones are cyclical and may introduce experimental variability. In addition, no studies have investigated the specific effects of the estrous cycle on cardiac ischemic injury. This study was conducted to determine whether the estrous cycle stage influences the susceptibility to ischemic injury in rat hearts. Estrous cycle stage was determined by using vaginal smear cytology, after which hearts underwent either in vivo (surgical) or ex vivo (isolated) ischemia–reperfusion injury. For in vivo studies, the left anterior coronary artery was ligated for 25 min of ischemia and subsequently released for 120 min of reperfusion. Infarct sizes were 42% ± 6%; 49% ± 4%; 40% ± 9%; 47% ± 9% of the zone-at-risk for rats in proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus, respectively. For ex vivo studies, isolated, perfused hearts underwent global ischemia and reperfusion for 25 and 120 min, respectively. Similar to our in vivo studies, the ex vivo rat model showed no significant differences in susceptibility to infarction or extent of cardiac arrhythmia according to estrous stage. To our knowledge, these studies provide the first direct evidence that the stage of estrous cycle does not significantly alter cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats.
Hypersensitivity to stinging insects : review article

Stings from bees, bumblebees, wasps and ants usually cause a transient local reaction which may last for several days and which generally resolves without treatment. Occasionally, life-threatening anaphylaxis may occur. Such severe reactions may be refractory to single doses of adrenaline. Each year in the USA about 40 individuals die from anaphylaxis caused by stinging insects. In South Africa, bee-sting hypersensitivity is the most common form of stinging insect allergy. Venom immunotherapy is available and effective for bee venom hypersensitivity but many individuals with stinging-insect allergy are not referred to an allergist for evaluation and are thus never offered this potentially life-saving therapy.
Control of Nonlinear Aerospace Systems using Micro-Jet Actuators

In this paper, the problem of improving the performance of a stable nonlinear system by augmenting the system dynamics by the use of micro-jet actuators (MJAs) is considered. MJAs are small, single-use devices such that each micro-jet, when used, applies an impulselike force and moment on the system. We investigate control strategies for scheduling the use of a fixed, known, and possibly large set of micro-jets to improve the performance of a nonlinear system operating over a finite period of time and subject to bounded, exogenous disturbances. In the presented novel control problem, three fundamental questions are explored: when to use a micro-jet, how to efficiently determine the stabilizing set of microjets, and how to schedule a micro-jet from the stabilizing set. Numerical simulation results are presented that verify the performance of the developed controller for various actuator scheduling schemes.
Progressive neurologic deterioration and renal failure due to storage of glutamyl ribose-5-phosphate

A six-year-old boy presented with a history of seizures, progressive neurologic deterioration, and proteinuria. Physical examination revealed mildly coarse facies, failure to thrive, generalized hypotonia with muscle wasting, and optic atrophy; there was no organomegaly. The family history suggested an X-linked recessive inheritance. The electroencephalogram, electroretinogram, evoked potentials, and computed axial tomography of the brain were abnormal. Urine oligosaccharide chromatography, urine amino acids and organic acids, and results of leukocyte and fibroblast lysosomal-enzyme assays for the known storage diseases were normal; however, conjunctival and renal biopsy specimens contained enlarged lysosomes on electron microscopy. The patient had progressive neurologic deterioration and died of renal failure at eight years of age. A compound identified as glutamyl ribose-5-phosphate was purified from the brain (0.96 mumol per gram, wet weight) and kidney (0.60 mumol per gram, wet weight). This compound is the linkage group in ADP-ribosylation of proteins, an important regulatory process in gene expression and DNA repair. We believe this new disorder represents a glycoproteinosis that results in the cytoplasmic storage of glutamyl ribose-5-phosphate.
Computer-Supported Elicitation of Curatorial Intent

I elaborate a programme of research to develop and test mechanisms for eliciting the curatorial intent of individuals related to digital objects transferred to repositories.
Abstract A053: Therapy with a non-blocking monoclonal antibody targeting soluble NKG2D ligand MIC revamps endogenous innate and adaptive anti-tumor responses and eliminates primary and metastatic tumors

The human tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligand, the MHC I-chain related molecule (sMIC), is highly immune suppressive in cancer patients and correlates with poor prognosis. However, the therapeutic effect of targeting sMIC has not been determined, due to the limitation that mice do not express homologs of human MIC. With a clinically relevant transgenic mouse models, we aimed to determine the therapeutic efficacy of a non-blocking sMIC-neutralizing anti-MIC mAb antibody. Treatment of the engineered MIC-expressing “humanized” TRAMP/MIC bi-transgenic mice at advanced disease stages with a sMIC-neutralizing non-blocking mAb effectively induced regression of primary tumors and eliminated metastasis without inducing systemic toxicity. The therapeutic effect is conferred by revamping endogenous anti-tumor immune responses, exemplified by restoring NK cell homeostasis and function, enhancing susceptibility of MIC+-tumor cells to NK cell killing, reviving and sustaining antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses, augmenting CD4 T cells to Th1 responses, priming dendritic cells for antigen presentation, and remodeling tumor microenvironment to be more immune reactive. With a transplantable syngeneic sMIC-expressing B16 melanoma model, we also demonstrated that therapy with the sMIC-neutralizing mAb significantly enhanced the anti-tumor responses of adoptively transferred antigen-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells. We conclude that therapy with a sMIC-neutralizing non-blocking anti-MIC mAb can effectuate anti-tumor immune responses against advanced MIC+ tumors. Our study provided strong rationale for translating sMIC-neutralizing therapeutic mAb into clinics, either alone or in combination with current ongoing standard immunotherapies. Citation Format: Jennifer Wu. Therapy with a non-blocking monoclonal antibody targeting soluble NKG2D ligand MIC revamps endogenous innate and adaptive anti-tumor responses and eliminates primary and metastatic tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A053.
Collaborative media: production, consumption, and design interventions

We live in a high-tech world. The diffusion of computing technology into every aspect of human life was considered a major development in recent history. We have moved away from desktops to laptops...
Infant Feeding Policies and HIV

This chapter discusses the dilemma that is at the heart of the debate around infant feeding policies for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women. The dilemma arises because HIV infection can be transmitted via breastfeeding and, at the same time, avoidance of all breastfeeding is associated with increased risk of infant and young child morbidity and mortality. Risk–benefit models that have quantified expected outcomes with different infant feeding options are discussed. The role of exclusive breastfeeding, early weaning, and socioeconomic contextualization of risk in the infant feeding policy debates are discussed. It has now been shown that antiretroviral drugs given either to mothers or to infants can substantially reduce risks of postnatal HIV transmission. The availability of antiretroviral interventions was able to transform the policy arena and lead to greater support for breastfeeding for HIV-infected women.
Milestones in the History of Medical Mycology the Superficial Mycoses

The chronological history of the development of our knowledge concerning superficial mycoses and their etiologic agents is presented. These are: pityriasis versicolor-Malassezia furfur; white piedra-Trichosporon beigelii; pityriasis nigra-Phaeoannellomyces werneckii, Stenella araguata, and black piedra-Piedraia hortai. The potential for M. furfur, M. pachydermatis and T. beigelii to induce life threatening systemic infections-malasseziasis furfurii, malasezziasis pachydermatisii and trichosporonosis beigelii-is also discussed.
Implementation of a Screening Program for Patients at Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Introduction: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) recipients who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are known to be associated with significant cardiac-specific mortality. Clinical observations suggest that PTSD is frequently undetected in ICD recipients followed up at electrophysiology (EP) outpatient clinics. Early recognition of PTSD is important to reduce the risk of serious manifestations on patient outcomes. Methods: All ICD recipients aged 19 years or older at the Washington University School of Medicine (WASHU) EP clinic, a large urban EP clinic, were invited to participate in the project. An informed consent letter with an attached primary care: posttraumatic stress disorder (PC: PTSD) survey was offered to the participants who met the inclusion criteria. Those who completed the survey were included in the project. Individuals with positive survey result were offered a referral to mental health services. Comparisons between PTSD and non-PTSD patients were done using a two-sample t-test for continuous variables. Using Fisher's exact test, PTSD prevalence was compared to the study by Ladwig et al in which prevalence was determined as the proportion of patients with positive findings of PTSD (n = 38/147). All analyses were conducted using SAS v9.4. The proportion of patients having PTSD was determined and an exact 95% confidence interval was evaluated based on the binomial distribution. Results: Using a convenience sample, 50 ICD recipients (33 males and 17 females) were enrolled. The project had a 30-day outcome period. Nine (18%) of the 50 participants had positive PC: PTSD findings and all these nine participants were referred to a mental health specialist. The current project demonstrated an 18% (9/50) PTSD prevalence rate when compared to a 26% (38/147) prevalence rate in the study by Ladwig et al (P = 0.34). Although this project did not demonstrate 20% PTSD prevalence rate, as hypothesized, the 18% PTSD prevalence rate is consistent with previous research. Conclusion: The prevalence of PTSD noted in the current project is consistent with previous research and validates underrecognition of PTSD in ICD patients. Offering a referral to all ICD recipients at EP clinic visits with a positive PC: PTSD screening to a mental health specialist is an important step in reducing the risk of serious manifestations on patient outcomes.
Problem Behavior Theory: Initial Formulation for the Tri-Ethnic Community Study

This chapter is a summary of the theoretical approach and the findings of The Tri-Ethnic Community Study initiated in 1960 in a small community in the Rocky Mountain west made up of Native Americans (Indians), long-time Spanish American residents, and Anglos (Whites). The formulation of an interdisciplinary, social-psychological theory to account for variation in alcohol use and other problem behaviors across and within the three ethnic groups is described, as are the findings generated by three converging studies in the community. This theoretical framework is the earliest version of what later became Problem Behavior Theory. Both the Sociocultural System and the Personality System of variables in the theory were significant predictors of alcohol use and other problem behaviors and, together, their explanatory account was even stronger. The limitations of the research are dealt with in detail as are its unique contributions. In the end, the chapter illuminates the meaning of ethnic status as a particular constellation of the social-psychological attributes in the theoretical framework.
Integration and Interaction of Energy Flexible Manufacturing Systems within a Smart Grid

Abstract The need for clean, safe and inexpensive energy provision is driving many countries in the transition towards renewable energies. Due to the characteristics of solar and wind power, a volatile energy provision and therefore an increasing instability of the grid can be observed. Hence, a fast and efficient communication and interaction of energy providers and energy consumers within the grid is necessary. Manufacturing companies can enable the efficient integration of renewable energies to the grid and can additionally gain a competitive advantage through the concept of energy-flexibility. This paper presents findings of the future interaction of factories and an approach for integrating manufacturing systems into a smart grid environment.
Thirty-day smoking in adolescence is a strong predictor of smoking in young adulthood

Abstract Thirty-day smoking, although a widely used measure of adolescent smoking (age 12–16), has been questioned as an accurate measure of young adult (age 26–30) smoking behavior, particularly when critiquing studies linking use of e-cigarettes with subsequent cigarette smoking. We used logistic regression to test two measures of 30-day adolescent smoking as predictors of young adult smoking in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Adjusting for psychosocial covariates, compared to those who smoked zero days in the past 30 days in adolescence, odds of any past-30-day smoking in young adulthood ranged from 2.85 (95% CI: 1.85–4.37) for those who smoked 1 day to 4.81 (3.50–6.59) for those who smoked daily as adolescents, and adjusted odds of daily smoking in young adulthood ranged from 1.99 (1.24–3.18) to 4.69 (3.42–6.43). Compared with adolescent never smokers, adjusted odds of any past-30-day smoking in young adulthood among adolescent former smokers was 2.11 (1.77–2.53), and among adolescent current smokers, ranged from 3.03 (2.22–4.14) for those who smoked 1–5 cigarettes per month to 8.19 (5.80–11.55) for those who smoked daily. Adjusted odds of daily smoking in young adulthood were 2.49 (2.12–2.91) for adolescent former smokers and, among adolescent current smokers, ranged from 2.54 (1.92–3.37) for those who smoked 1–5 cigarettes per month to 8.65 (6.06–12.35) for those who smoked daily. There is a strong dose-response relationship between 30-day smoking in adolescence—even a single day in the month—and 30-day and daily smoking in young adulthood.
Shot by a Gun … Missed by a Provider.

Abstract Background Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. The majority of cases are due to ingestion or injection drug use. Wound botulism from traumatic injury is exceedingly rare, with only one to two cases reported each year in the United States. Case Report A 27-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department with diplopia, dysphagia, and progressive weakness 10 days after sustaining a gunshot wound to his right lower leg. He had been evaluated for the same complaints at a different facility the day prior and was discharged. His wound appeared well-healing, but a high suspicion for wound botulism led to rapid consultation with the state Poison Control Center and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The patient developed worsening respiratory insufficiency and required mechanical ventilation. Expeditious treatment with equine heptavalent botulinum antitoxin resulted in significant recovery of strength in 4 days. Serum toxin bioassay tested positive for botulinum neurotoxin type A. Why Should an Emergency Physician be Aware of This? Wound botulism now accounts for the majority of adult botulism in the United States. It should be considered in any patient with signs of neuromuscular disease and a recent injury, even if the wound appears uninfected.