cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inductive Time-Space Lower Bounds for Sat and Related Problems

We improve upon indirect diagonalization arguments for lower bounds on explicit problems within the polynomial hierarchy. Our contributions are summarized as follows. 1. We present a technique that uniformly improves upon most known nonlinear time lower bounds for nondeterminism and alternating computation, on both subpolynomial (n o(1)) space RAMs and sequential one-tape machines with random access to the input. We obtain improved lower bounds for Boolean satisfiability (SAT), as well as all NP-complete problems that have efficient reductions from SAT, and k-SAT, for constant k 2. For example, SAT cannot be solved by random access machines using time and subpolynomial space. 2. We show how indirect diagonalization leads to time-space lower bounds for computation with bounded nondeterminism. For both the random access and multitape Turing machine models, we prove that for all k 1, there is a constant c k > 1 such that linear time with n 1/k nondeterministic bits is not contained in deterministic $$n^{{c}_{k}}$$ time with subpolynomial space. This is used to prove that satisfiability of Boolean circuits with n inputs and n k size cannot be solved by deterministic multitape Turing machines running in $${n^{{k \cdot {c}}_{k}}}$$ time and subpolynomial space.
Sesquiterpene lactones from Centaurea solstitialis

Abstract Eight sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle). They are solstitialin A, repin, subluteolide, acroptilin, janerin, cynaropicrin, and the new lactones solstitiolide and episolstitiolide.
Laboratory study of heave behavior of expansive clay reinforced with geopiles

This paper presents heave behavior of an expansive clay reinforced with geopiles, which are vertical cylindrical cells made of geogrid and filled with geomaterials. When a geopile is installed vertically in an expansive soil, heave is controlled because of the friction mobilized at the interface formed by the fill material, geogrid-expansive soil. The effects of diameter of the geopile and the type of the fill material on heave response have been investigated in this study. The results indicated that heave decreased with increasing diameter of the geopile and increase in the particle size of the fill material. Results are also presented from tests conducted on groups of geopiles using two and four geopiles together to investigate the influence of spacing on heave between the geopiles. In the case of a group of geopiles, spacing between the geopiles was varied and its effect on heave studied. Heave decreased with closer spacing between the geopiles. No group effect of geopiles was observed when the spacing...
Evolution of Interfacial Microstructure between Barium Titanate and Binary Glasses

Evolution of interfacial microstructure between BaTiO3 and the binary glasses used as frits in thick-film technology has been studied. Possible reaction mechanisms for the interfacial compounds have been determined by comparing the results of the sintering study with the reaction of BaTiO3, powder with glass powders. The interfacial microstructure can be divided into two types. The first type of interfacial microstructure is observed for glasses rich in PbO or Bi2O3 network modifiers and is characterized by the penetration of glass into the BaTiO3 grain boundaries, accompanied by incorporation of Pb into the perovskite lattice. The second type of interfacial microstructure is observed for glasses rich in B2O3 or SiO2 network formers and is characterized by the formation of interfacial compounds.
Kaluza-Klein cosmologies and inflation. II.

The classical cosmology implied by Kaluza-Klein models is studied in some numerical detail. The constraints imposed on the parameters describing the early, n-dimensional epoch by the known properties of the current three-dimensional epoch are explored. The conclusion is that the present conditions are remarkably robust, depending essentially only on the total entropy within our horizon and requiring no fine tuning of the Kaluza-Klein parameters.
Mapping the architecture of the HIV-1 Tat circuit: A decision-making circuit that lacks bistability and exploits stochastic noise

Upon infection of a CD4(+) T cell, HIV-1 appears to 'choose' between two alternate fates: active replication or a long-lived dormant state termed proviral latency. A transcriptional positive-feedback loop generated by the HIV-1 Tat protein appears sufficient to mediate this decision. Here, we describe a coupled wet-lab and computational approach that uses mathematical modeling and live-cell time-lapse microscopy to map the architecture of the HIV-1 Tat transcriptional regulatory circuit and generate predictive models of HIV-1 latency. This approach provided the first characterization of a 'decision-making' circuit that lacks bistability and instead exploits stochastic fluctuations in cellular molecules (i.e. noise) to generate a decision between an on or off transcriptional state.
Nd–Mo-borosilicate glass–ceramic: Synthesis, characterization and response to ionizing radiation

Abstract A new borosilicate glass–ceramic with high content of Mo and Nd was synthesized and thoroughly characterized. The structure of the material after it was subjected to 5 MeV He+ was investigated. 5 MeV He+ was chosen since it deposits most of the energy as ionizing radiation rather than as nuclear stopping and therefore can be used to simulate self-radiation in advanced nuclear waste-forms. As a result of irradiation, slight Mo reduction occurred together with increased numbers of crystalline precipitates. Those results are interesting for understanding the behavior of systems with high Mo and Nd content such as nuclear waste-forms demonstrating an influence that ionizing radiation can have on the chemistry, environmental stability and microstructure of the waste-forms.
Process zone and acoustic-emission measurements in concrete

It is necessary to study the microlevel failure mechanisms of a material in order to improve its quality and to develop a rational constitutive model to describe the material. Nonlinearity and strain-softening behavior of concrete has to be incorporated into any model which can be implemented into efficient design. Acoustic-emission (AE) techniques are useful for obtaining information pertaining to internal cracking and investigating the applicability of a particular material model.
Theological and Secular Meta‐Narratives of Politics: Anabaptist Origins Revisited (Again)

Until recently, scholars both friendly and hostile to Anabaptism have agreed that its origins and development to the present time could be rendered in a coherent, continuous narrative, making Anabaptist identity relatively unproblematic. This consensus has broken down. The present essay seeks to show how newer, ostensibly “objective” social-science accounts of Anabaptism in fact offer a secular counter-narrative to the Anabaptists’ accounts of their own activity. This seemingly confined dispute over Anabaptist origins and identity leads to a wider consideration of the significance of both Christian and social-scientific uses of meta-narratives or “narrative bases” in political and ethical reflection.
Regional blood flow, oxidative metabolism, and glucose utilization in patients with recent myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUNDMetabolic imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) can detect tissue viability in clinical infarct regions. With appropriate tracer kinetic models and serial PET imaging, regional myocardial blood flow and rates of metabolism can now be quantified in patients with recent myocardial infarctions.METHODS AND RESULTSSerial PET imaging with [13N]ammonia, [11C]acetate, and 18F-deoxyglucose was performed in 22 patients with recent infarctions to measure regional blood flow (in milliliters per gram per minute), glucose metabolism (in micromoles per gram per minute), and oxidative metabolism (in clearance rate per minute). Hypoperfused clinical infarct regions were classified as "PET mismatch" if 18F was increased relative to 13N activity or "PET match" if 13N and 18F activities were reduced concordantly. Blood flows differed significantly between normal, mismatch, and match segments (0.83 +/- 0.20, 0.57 +/- 0.20, and 0.32 +/- 0.12 mL.g-1.min-1, respectively). The relation between oxidative metabo...
NanoParticle Ontology for cancer nanotechnology research

Data generated from cancer nanotechnology research are so diverse and large in volume that it is difficult to share and efficiently use them without informatics tools. In particular, ontologies that provide a unifying knowledge framework for annotating the data are required to facilitate the semantic integration, knowledge-based searching, unambiguous interpretation, mining and inferencing of the data using informatics methods. In this paper, we discuss the design and development of NanoParticle Ontology (NPO), which is developed within the framework of the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), and implemented in the Ontology Web Language (OWL) using well-defined ontology design principles. The NPO was developed to represent knowledge underlying the preparation, chemical composition, and characterization of nanomaterials involved in cancer research. Public releases of the NPO are available through BioPortal website, maintained by the National Center for Biomedical Ontology. Mechanisms for editorial and governance processes are being developed for the maintenance, review, and growth of the NPO.
Possible regulation of the in vitro assembly of bovine brain tubulin by the bovine thioredoxin system

Abstract Microtubule assembly in vitro and in vivo is highly sensitive to a variety of sullhydryl-reactive reagents, raising the question of the possible existence of a physiological sulfhydryl-mediated system for regulating microtubule assembly. However, the specific reagents which have previously been used to inhibit microtubule assembly in vitro are either nonphysiological or, if physiological, effective only at concentrations much higher than their physiological ones. Because of reports of association in vivo between microtubules and the sulfhydryl-reactive proteins thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, we decided to examine the interaction in vitro between microtubules and the thioredoxin system, comprising thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and NADPH. At pH 6.8, both the mammalian and the Escherichia coli thioredoxin systems inhibited microtubule assembly by 4–35% (19 ± 9%) by reducing one intra-subunit disulfide bond in the tubulin dimer. The thioredoxin-reducible disulfide of the tubulin dimer remains protected from thioredoxin in the assembled microtubules. Thioredoxin or thioredoxin reductase alone, or together in the absence of NADPH, were incapable of either reducing tubulin or inhibiting microtubule assembly. Microtubules formed from reduced tubulin were found to be stable and morphologically identical to those obtained from native tubulin dimers. Since the components of the thioredoxin system were used at concentrations similar to their physiological ones, our results suggest a potential role of the thioredoxin system in regulation of microtubule assembly in vivo.
Neutral particle lithography: a simple solution to charge-related artefacts in ion beam proximity printing

Neutral particle lithography (NPL) is a high resolution, proximity exposure technique where a broad beam of energetic neutral atoms floods a stencil mask and transmitted beamlets transfer the mask pattern to resist on a substrate. It preserves the advantages of ion beam lithography, including extremely large depth-of-field, sub-5 nm resist scattering, and the near absence of diffraction, yet is intrinsically immune to charge-related artefacts including line-edge roughness and pattern placement errors due to charge accumulation on the mask and substrate. This paper reviews the principles of NPL, surveys recent advances in the field and discusses applications involving insulating substrates, large proximity gaps or ultra-small features where the approach has particular advantages.
Saturation of tobacco smoking models and risk of alcohol and tobacco use among adolescents

Abstract Purpose To examine how saturation of an adolescent's environment with models of cigarette smoking (e.g., parents, siblings, friends) affects the probability of tobacco and alcohol use among junior high and high school students. Methods The Health and Smoking Questionnaire was administered to 806 adolescents (182 smokers and 624 nonsmokers; 57.2% female) average age of 15.1 years (SD = 1.6) in a mid-size Midwestern town. The questionnaire contains standardized items in five domains: demographics, smoking status and history, perceptions of risk and risk reduction, risk factors for tobacco use, and parenting style. Results Risk for smoking or using alcohol increased dramatically as the number of models who smoke increased in an adolescent's environment. For instance, adolescents with one significant other who smoked were nearly four times (OR = 3.76, p p p p Conclusions As the number of cigarette smokers in an adolescent's environment increases, risk of tobacco and alcohol use increases substantially. These data suggest that multiple models of tobacco use will substantially increase risk for substance use in adolescents.
Implementing Dating Violence Prevention Programs with Flexibility, Fidelity, and Sensitivity to Diversity: Lessons Learned from Expect Respect

Communities increasingly are recognizing that intimate partner violence is a significant risk to the mental and physical health of adolescents. In response to this concern, a number of manualized adolescent dating violence prevention programs have been developed and disseminated. Although many of these programs have received empirical support, reviews of the dating violence prevention literature reveal a number of shortcomings of these efforts, particularly an absence of attention to issues of diversity. We discuss how the effectiveness of dating violence prevention programs can be enhanced by increasing their attention to issues of diversity among participants, including the dimensions of ethnicity, gender, social class, culture, developmental level, and the unique needs of at-risk youth. Using examples from our own experience in implementing the Expect Respect program, we propose practical strategies to increase the flexibility, creativity, and adaptability of dating violence prevention efforts.
Combined endovascular and surgical treatment of head and neck paragangliomas—A team approach†

Background Paragangliomas are highly vascular tumors of neural crest origin that involve the walls of blood vessels or specific nerves within the head and neck. They may be multicentric, and they are rarely malignant. Surgery is the preferred treatment, and these tumors frequently extend to the skull base. There has been controversy concerning the role of preoperative angiography and embolization of these tumors and the benefits that these procedures offer in the evaluation and management of paragangliomas. Methods Forty-seven patients with 53 paragangliomas were treated from the period of 1990–2000. Initial evaluation usually included CT and/or MRI. All patients underwent bilateral carotid angiography, embolization of the tumor nidus, and cerebral angiography to define the patency of the circle of Willis. Carotid occlusion studies were performed with the patient under neuroleptic anesthesia when indicated. The tumors were excised within 48 hours of embolization. Results Carotid body tumors represented the most common paraganglioma, accounting for 28 tumors (53%). All patients underwent angiography and embolization with six patients (13%), demonstrating complications (three of these patients had embolized tumor involving the affected nerves). Cerebral angiography was performed in 28 patients, and 5 of these patients underwent and tolerated carotid occlusion studies. The range of mean blood loss according to tumor type was 450 to 517 mL. Postoperative cranial nerve dysfunction depended on the tumor type resected. Carotid body tumor surgery frequently required sympathetic chain resection (21%), with jugular and vagal paraganglioma removal frequently resulting in lower cranial nerve resection. These patients required various modes of postoperative rehabilitation, especially vocal cord medialization and swallowing therapy. Conclusions The combined endovascular and surgical treatment of paragangliomas is acceptably safe and effective for treating these highly vascular neoplasms. Adequate resection may often require sacrifice of one or more cranial nerves, and appropriate rehabilitation is important in the treatment regimen. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of arteriovenous malformations: a meta-analysis.

Context: Outcomes following treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with microsurgery, embolization, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), or combinations vary greatly between studies. Objectives: To assess rates of case fatality, long-term risk of hemorrhage, complications, and successful obliteration of brain AVMs after interventional treatment and to assess determinants of these outcomes. Data Sources: We searched PubMed and EMBASE to March 1, 2011, and hand-searched 6 journals from January 2000 until March 2011. Study Selection and Data Extraction: We identified studies fulfilling predefined inclusion criteria. We used Poisson regression analyses to explore associations of patient and study characteristics with case fatality, complications, long-term risk of hemorrhage, and successful brain AVM obliteration. Data Synthesis: We identified 137 observational studies including 142 cohorts, totaling 13 698 patients and 46 314 patient-years of follow-up. Case fatality was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.61-0.76) per 100 person-years overall, 1.1 (95% CI, 0.87-1.3; n = 2549) after microsurgery, 0.50 (95% CI, 0.43-0.58; n = 9436) after SRS, and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.67-1.4; n = 1019) after embolization. Intracranial hemorrhage rates were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.3-1.5) per 100 person-years overall, 0.18 (95% CI, 0.10-0.30) after microsurgery, 1.7 (95% CI, 1.5-1.8) after SRS, and 1.7 (95% CI, 1.3-2.3) after embolization. More recent studies were associated with lower case-fatality rates (rate ratio [RR], 0.972; 95% CI, 0.955-0.989) but increased rates of hemorrhage (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03). Male sex (RR, 0.964; 95% CI, 0.945-0.984), small brain AVMs (RR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.981-0.995), and those with strictly deep venous drainage (RR, 0.975; 95% CI, 0.960-0.990) were associated with lower case fatality. Lower hemorrhage rates were associated with male sex (RR, 0.976, 95% CI, 0.964-0.988), small brain AVMs (RR, 0.988, 95% CI, 0.980-0.996), and brain AVMs with deep venous drainage (0.982, 95% CI, 0.969-0.996). Complications leading to permanent neurological deficits or death occurred in a median 7.4% (range, 0%-40%) of patients after microsurgery, 5.1% (range, 0%-21%) after SRS, and 6.6% (range, 0%-28%) after embolization. Successful brain AVM obliteration was achieved in 96% (range, 0%-100%) of patients after microsurgery, 38% (range, 0%-75%) after SRS, and 13% (range, 0%-94%) after embolization. Conclusions: Although case fatality after treatment has decreased over time, treatment of brain AVM remains associated with considerable risks and incomplete efficacy. Randomized controlled trials comparing different treatment modalities appear justified.
Computer Simulation, Design, and Characterization of a Nozzle for More Effective Delivery of Oxidizing Gases

For the in situ growth of cuprate superconductors and related oxides by vacuum deposition methods it is desired to achieve as high a flux of oxidizing species as possible at the growing surface and as little as possible elsewhere within the reaction chamber. The well known gas flow equations derived by Knudsen, Clausing, and others which apply to the molecular flow regime were implemented in a computer algorithm to simulate the gas flow upon a substrate from hypothetical nozzles of several different geometries. The optimal design for a particular MBE chamber and substrate size was determined and such a nozzle was fabricated and characterized. A dysprosium-coated quartz crystal monitor was used to determine the oxidant flux. The measured result matches predictions of the computer model within a factor of three. The computer algorithm was also used to model the spatial distribution of ozone gas through a nozzle of another reported geometry, where measurements of the resulting flux had been made. The shape of the calculated flux distribution agrees to within a few percent and the absolute values of flux reported agree within a factor of two.
Systematically improvable multiscale solver for correlated electron systems

The development of numerical methods capable of simulating realistic materials with strongly correlated electrons, with controllable errors, is a central challenge in quantum many-body physics. Here we describe a framework for a general multiscale method based on embedding a self-energy of a strongly correlated subsystem into a self-energy generated by a method able to treat large weakly correlated systems approximately. As an example, we present the embedding of an exact diagonalization self-energy into a self-energy generated from self-consistent second-order perturbation theory. Using a quantum impurity model, generated from a cluster dynamical mean field approximation to the two-dimensional Hubbard model, as a benchmark, we illustrate that our method allows us to obtain accurate results at a fraction of the cost of typical Monte Carlo calculations. We test the method in multiple regimes of interaction strengths and dopings of the model. The general embedding framework we present avoids difficulties such as double counting corrections, frequency-dependent interactions, or vertex functions. As it is solely formulated at the level of the single-particle Green's function, it provides a promising route for the simulation of realistic materials that are currently difficult to study with other methods.
On the Laws of Geostrophic Drag and Heat Transfer over a Slightly Inclined Terrain

Abstract Analytical solutions of a set of equations that couples the Ekman boundary layer and the Prandtl slope wind equations are presented for terrain inclinations with an upper limit of ∼0.2. With the aid of the logarithmic asymptotes for wind and temperature profiles in the dynamic sublayer, a system of transcendental equations connecting the internal and external parameters of the boundary layer is derived. For terrain sloping at an angle much less than a critical value of 0.01, this system gives a generalization of the well-known Monin and Zilitinkevich formulas, valid for the Ekman boundary layer, for the geostrophic drag and heat exchange coefficients. On the other hand, for terrain at an angle much larger than the critical value, and in the absence of geostrophic wind, the system yields simple expressions for the momentum and heat exchange coefficients as a function of only one nondimensional external parameter. For the latter case a graphical representation is also given which can be used to cal...
Rho activity critically and selectively regulates endothelial cell organization during angiogenesis

The mechanisms that control organization of endothelial cells (ECs) into new blood vessels are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the GTPase Rho, which regulates cytoskeletal architecture, is important for EC organization during neovascularization. To test this hypothesis, we designed a highly versatile mouse skin model that used vascular endothelial growth factor-expressing cells together with packaging cells producing retroviruses encoding RhoA GTPase mutants. In this animal model, dominant negative N19RhoA selectively impaired assembly of ECs into new blood vessels; and, in contrast, active V14RhoA stimulated ECs to form blood vessels with functional lumens. In vitro, dominant negative N19RhoA reduced EC actin stress fibers and prevented ECs from contracting and reorganizing into precapillary cords within collagen gels. In contrast, active V14RhoA promoted EC stress fiber formation, contractility, and organization into cords. Neither N19RhoA nor V14RhoA significantly affected EC proliferation or migration in vitro; and, similarly, neither mutant significantly affected EC density during angiogenesis in vivo. Thus, these studies identify a critical and selective role for Rho activity in regulating EC assembly into new blood vessels, and they identify both negative and positive manipulation of Rho activity, respectively, as strategies for suppressing or promoting the organizational stages of neovascularization.
Differences in the spectral interactions between NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and a series of cytochrome P-450 enzymes.

Abstract The interaction between NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and a series of cytochrome P-450 isozymes was investigated using UV-visible spectrophotometry. In the absence of substrate the interactions between the reductase and RLM3, RLM5, and RLM5a were tight, exhibiting sub-micromolar dissociation constants and resulted in type I spectra of varying magnitude from which the following increases in the proportion of high spin hemoprotein were calculated; RLM3 (7%), RLM5 (36%), LM2 (29%), RLM2 (0%). Preincubation of LM2 with its type I substrate benzphetamine increased the affinity of the cytochrome for the reductase. Using initial estimates of the P-450 spin states in the absence of reductase in conjunction with the spectral binding data and equations relating these parameters to the microequilibria for the association of reductase with high or low spin P-450, RLM3, RLM5, RLM5a and LM2 were shown to bind significantly more tightly to high spin P-450. The relevance of this data to the understanding of spin state influence on P-450 reduction is discussed.
Pulse response of recording media

The response of magnetic tapes to field pulses of durations down to 0.68 ns was measured. The tapes examined included: gamma iron-oxide, cobalt-substituted gamma iron-oxide, chromium-dioxide, and cobalt-phosphorus in particle and continuous film form. The majority of tapes showed a fairly linear relationship with switching speed constants from 0.2 to 0.6 us-Oe when reciprocal time was plotted against pulse field amplitude. No correlation was observed between the response speeds and the common physical or magnetic properties of the tapes. The pulse fields were generated from a strip-line recording head whose response was flat from dc to 3 GHz.
Rgs13 constrains early B cell responses and limits germinal center sizes.

Germinal centers (GCs) are microanatomic structures that develop in secondary lymphoid organs in response to antigenic stimulation. Within GCs B cells clonally expand and their immunoglobulin genes undergo class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Transcriptional profiling has identified a number of genes that are prominently expressed in GC B cells. Among them is Rgs13, which encodes an RGS protein with a dual function. Its canonical function is to accelerate the intrinsic GTPase activity of heterotrimeric G-protein α subunits at the plasma membrane, thereby limiting heterotrimeric G-protein signaling. A unique, non-canonical function of RGS13 occurs following translocation to the nucleus, where it represses CREB transcriptional activity. The functional role of RGS13 in GC B cells is unknown. To create a surrogate marker for Rgs13 expression and a loss of function mutation, we inserted a GFP coding region into the Rgs13 genomic locus. Following immunization GFP expression rapidly increased in activated B cells, persisted in GC B cells, but declined in newly generated memory B and plasma cells. Intravital microscopy of the inguinal lymph node (LN) of immunized mice revealed the rapid appearance of GFP+ cells at LN interfollicular regions and along the T/B cell borders, and eventually within GCs. Analysis of WT, knock-in, and mixed chimeric mice indicated that RGS13 constrains extra-follicular plasma cell generation, GC size, and GC B cell numbers. Analysis of select cell cycle and GC specific genes disclosed an aberrant gene expression profile in the Rgs13 deficient GC B cells. These results indicate that RGS13, likely acting at cell membranes and in nuclei, helps coordinate key decision points during the expansion and differentiation of naive B cells.
Multi-fractal nature of human left ventricular trabeculae: Possible biomechanical role?

Abstract Ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunctions represent a large portion of healthcare problems in the United States. Many of these problems are caused and/or characterized by their altered fluid–structure mechanics. The structure of the left ventricle in particular is complex with time dependent multi-scale geometric complexity. At relatively small scales, one facet that is still not well understood is the role of trabeculae in the pumping function of the left ventricle. We utilize fractal geometry tools to help characterize the complexity of the inner surface of the left ventricle at different times during the cardiac cycle. A high-resolution three dimensional model of the time dependent ventricular geometry was constructed from computed tomography (CT) images in a human. The scale dependent fractal dimension of the ventricle was determined using the box-counting algorithm over the cardiac cycle. It is shown that the trabeculae may indeed play an integral role in the biomechanics of pumping by regulating the mechanical leverage available to the cardiac muscle fibers.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: Recognition and emergency department management

Hantavirus infection with respiratory involvement is a new clinical entity. The respiratory and cardiovascular abnormalities associated with hantavirus infection define the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). We present two cases of HPS and discuss the presentation, epidemiology, emergency department management, and differential diagnosis. Treatment of HPS involves intensive care monitoring, airway management, and cardiovascular support. Because human hantavirus infection with respiratory involvement has been recognized recently in all geographic regions of the United States, it is important for emergency physicians to recognize this syndrome's characteristic symptoms and laboratory abnormalities. The fulminant clinical course of HPS and its 65% mortality rate underscore the importance of early recognition if potentially life-saving interventions are to be initiated.
Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes: DNA rearrangements program immune evasion

Individual B cells express only one of the many variable-region genes of the VH gene repertoire. Likewise, individual African trypanosomes express only one surface-antigen gene of the large surface-antigen gene repertoire. In both kinds of cells, expression is controlled at the level of transcriptional activation and has been shown to involve rearrangement of genomic DNA. Here, Nina Agabian and her colleagues review recent studies on the molecular mechanisms controlling trypanosome surface-antigen gene expression.
Why ocean heat transport warms the global mean climate

Observational and modelling evidence suggest that poleward ocean heat transport (OHT) can vary in response to both natural climate variability and greenhouse warming. Recent modelling studies have shown that increased OHT warms both the tropical and global mean climates. Using two different coupled climate models with mixed-layer oceans, with and without OHT, along with a coupled model with a fixed-current ocean component in which the currents are uniformly reduced and increased by 50%, an attempt is made to explain why this may happen. OHT warms the global mean climate by 1 to 1.6 K in the atmospheric general circulation (AGCM) ML model and 3.5 K in the AGCM fixed current model. In each model the warming is attributed to an increase in atmospheric greenhouse trapping, primarily clear-sky greenhouse trapping, and a reduction in albedo. This occurs as OHT moistens the atmosphere, particularly at subtropical latitudes. This is not purely a thermodynamic response to the reduction in planetary albedo at these latitudes. It is a change in atmospheric circulation that both redistributes the water vapour and allows for a global atmospheric moistening—a positive ‘dynamical’ water vapour feedback. With increasing OHT the atmospheric water vapour content increases as atmospheric convection spreads out of the deep tropics. The global mean planetary albedo is decreased with increased OHT. This change is explained by a decrease in subtropical and mid-latitude low cloudiness, along with a reduction in high-latitude surface albedo due to decreased sea ice. The climate models with the mixed layer oceans underestimate both the subtropical low cloud cover and the high-latitude sea ice/surface albedo, and consequently have a smaller warming response to OHT.
Use of the velocity of sound in predicting the PVT relations

Thermodynamic properties of fluids are generally calculated from the PVT relations through equations of state. The majority of existing equations of state require the critical properties or intermolecular potential energy parameters as their input data. In many cases, such properties are neither available nor they can be accurately estimated. One accessible and accurately measurable property of substances is the velocity of sound. In this report a method is introduced through which one can predict the PVT behavior of fluids using the velocity of sound data. A general mathematical relationship,
Feedback functions for reinforcement: A paradigmatic experiment

A reinforcement schedule states a rule for obtaining reinforcement as a function of behavior actually emitted and perhaps as a function of additional variables. These functions are here called “feedback functions.” Behavior actually emitted is, in turn, a function of obtained reinforcement. This reciprocal interdependency was quantified for an experiment in which pigeons chose among either three or two alternatives. Shifting from three to two alternatives, and vice versa, produced changes in the distribution of responding which were approximately accounted for by equations that combined the feedback functions with the matching law for reinforced responding. These equations predicted, among other things, a violation of the constant-ratio rule of formal choice theory and an absence of simultaneous contrast effects between response alternatives reinforced on variable-interval schedules. Both predictions were approximately confirmed.
357 Higher Prevalence of CV-Related Comorbidities in US Adults With Stage IIIB CKD Supports a Modification to the Existing NKF/KDIGO Classification of CKD

HIGHER PREVALENCE OF CV-RELATED COMORBIDITIES IN US ADULTS WITH STAGE IIIB CKD SUPPORTS A MODIFICATION TO THE EXISTING NKF/KDIGO CLASSIFICATION OF CKD Daniel Wilson, Andreas Kuznik, Jack Mardekian, Lisa Tarasenko Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA Some clinicians have recommended revision of the current NKF/KDIGO classification of CKD and establishing Stages IIIa and IIIb CKD because of perceived differences in CV risk profiles in Stage III. CKD is often associated with CV target organ damage and CHD risk equivalents. In this analysis of a nationally representative database, we quantified the prevalence of CVD and CHD risk equivalents in US adults by CKD stage, utilizing the suggested modification of Stage III CKD, in an attempt to determine if such a revision is warranted. Data from NHANES 2001–2008 were stratified by CKD stage; eGFR was calculated using the 4-variable MDRD Study equation. CKD staging used modified NKF criteria: Stage III CKD was subdivided into Stage IIIa (eGFR >45–<60 mL/min/1.73m) and Stage IIIb (eGFR 30– <45 mL/min/1.73m). CVD history was self reported; DM was identified by self report, use of diabetic medications, or fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL. Of the NHANES participants with valid renal data, 12% had CKD. The prevalence of CV-related comorbidities increased with progressive renal impairment (Table). Prevalence of CVD, CHD and stroke increased markedly between CKD Stage IIIa and IIIb. Prevalence of DM was notably higher in Stage IV versus Stage I CKD. CKD Stage CVD* CHD Stroke DM Normal 5.9% 4.2% 1.9% 7.8% I 10.9% 7.2% 2.8% 33.7% II 24.3% 17.6% 6.5% 30.9% IIIa 25.6% 19.1% 7.9% 20.4% IIIb 48.7% 33.6% 23.5% 33.1% IV 60.1% 42.6% 33.2% 49.1% *Composite of CHD, stroke and CHF Persons with CKD, especially those with advanced renal impairment, have a high prevalence of concomitant CVD. Our analysis supports the proposed revision of the current NKF/KDIGO classification of CKD, as the prevalence of specific CV comorbidities and CHD risk equivalents was substantially higher in Stage IIIb versus IIIa CKD.
Heat Transfer Between Blockages With Holes in a Rectangular Channel

Experiments have been conducted to study steady heat transfer between two blockages with holes and pressure drop across the blockages, for turbulent flow in a rectangular channel. Average heat transfer coefficient and local heat transfer distribution on one of the channel walls between two blockages, and overall pressure drop across the blockages were obtained, for nine different staggered arrays of holes in the blockages and Reynolds numbers of 10,000 and 30,000
Network based subcellular localization prediction for multi-label proteins

Many proteins are sorted to multiple subcellular localizations within the cell. However, computational prediction of multi-location proteins remains a challenging task. Here we applied a logistic regression and diffusion kernel based algorithm NetLoc for predicting multiplex proteins and explored its capability and limitations. Experiment shows that the overall and true success rates for physical protein-protein interaction network are 65% and 41% respectively, and for mixed PPI network these values are 88% and 75% respectively. Our study also showed that the performance of NetLoc in predicting protein localization is limited by the network characteristics such as ratio of the number of co-localized protein-protein interactions (coPPI) to the number of non-co-localized PPI (ncPPI) and the density of annotated coPPI in the network. For a given network with a specific number of proteins, NetLoc performance increases with higher coPPI/ncPPI ratio and higher density of annotated coPPI.
Kings and Tyrants: Leonardo Bruni's translation of Xenophon's "Hiero"

Leonardo Bruni published one of his most widely copied translations, Xenophon's pro-monarchical Hiero, shortly before he penned his more famous original works, his Dialogues and Panegyric to the City of Florence. Scholars have traditionally focused on the political ideas present in these original treatises; yet, despite the centrality of political ideas to the Hiero, its temporal proximity to these works, and its enormous popularity (the work exists in 200 fifteenth-century manuscripts), scholars have neglected to offer a full assessment of Bruni's translation in the context of these works. Bruni's translation of Xenophon's Hiero fit into a debate in early fifteenth-century Florence about Julius Caesar and the Florentine poet Dante. The two major thinkers in the debate, Bruni and Coluccio Salutati, agreed that a distinction had to be made between kings and tyrants based on legal claim and quality of rule. The Hiero reinforced this assumption. The two men disagreed, however, about which category applied to Julius Caesar and what this meant for the reputation of Dante.
Predictors of Success in Accelerated and Enrichment Summer Mathematics Courses for Academically Talented Adolescents

In this study, we used logistic regression to examine how well student background and prior achievement variables predicted success among students attending accelerated and enrichment mathematics courses at a summer program (N = 459). Socioeconomic status, grade point average (GPA), and mathematics diagnostic test scores significantly predicted achievement in accelerated courses, and age, ethnicity, and GPA significantly predicted achievement in enrichment courses. These findings may be useful in determining which students are more likely to do well in accelerated and enrichment mathematics courses at a summer program.
The Control of Neuromuscular Transmission in Health and Disease

Multiple techniques are available to study failure of neuromuscular transmission. Electrophysiological techniques used in patients are well suited to detect failure of neuromuscular transmission; however, these methods offer little insight into the mechanisms underlying failure of transmission. More detailed techniques that are better suited for studying the underlying mechanisms can be performed in animal models of neuromuscular disease. However, it is often difficult to compare studies using different techniques to measure neuromuscular transmission. In this review, I discuss different techniques that are available to study failure of neuromuscular transmission. The strengths and weaknesses of various techniques are compared using several diseases as examples. The review concludes with a discussion of mechanisms that may contribute to failure of neuromuscular transmission during repetitive stimulation.
Trends and challenges for nutrition education research

Abstract This paper presents developments and issues in nutrition education research since the Society for Nutrition Education was founded 25 years ago and, in doing so, sets directions for the future. Advances in the types of variables studied, increased sophistication in data collection, and analysis of issues affecting program delivery are discussed. Progress is illustrated by looking at four challenges for the field: 1) realistic educational goals, 2) thorough research designs, 3) explicit theoretical bases, and 4) valid and reliable measurement. Inadequate recognition of biases and assumptions, such as “individual blame” and “mother/wife blame,” are also discussed. Finally, the importance of a strong link between research and practice is emphasized.
Impairment of Gag-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Function in Mucosal and Systemic Compartments of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus mac251- and Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus KU2-Infected Macaques

The identification of several simian immunodeficiency virus mac251 (SIV(mac251)) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes recognized by CD8(+) T cells of infected rhesus macaques carrying the Mamu-A*01 molecule and the use of peptide-major histocompatibility complex tetrameric complexes enable the study of the frequency, breadth, functionality, and distribution of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in the body. To begin to address these issues, we have performed a pilot study to measure the virus-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell response in the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and gastrointestinal lymphoid tissues of eight Mamu-A*01-positive macaques, six of those infected with SIV(mac251) and two infected with the pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus KU2. We focused on the analysis of the response to peptide p11C, C-M (Gag 181), since it was predominant in most tissues of all macaques. Five macaques restricted viral replication effectively, whereas the remaining three failed to control viremia and experienced a progressive loss of CD4(+) T cells. The frequency of the Gag 181 (p11C, C-->M) immunodominant response varied among different tissues of the same animal and in the same tissues from different animals. We found that the functionality of this virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell population could not be assumed based on the ability to specifically bind to the Gag 181 tetramer, particularly in the mucosal tissues of some of the macaques infected by SIV(mac251) that were progressing to disease. Overall, the functionality of CD8(+) tetramer-binding T cells in tissues assessed by either measurement of cytolytic activity or the ability of these cells to produce gamma interferon or tumor necrosis factor alpha was low and was even lower in the mucosal tissue than in blood or spleen of some SIV(mac251)-infected animals that failed to control viremia. The data obtained in this pilot study lead to the hypothesis that disease progression may be associated with loss of virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell function.
Synaptic Properties of Thalamic Input to Layers 2/3 and 4 of Primary Somatosensory and Auditory Cortices

We studied the synaptic profile of thalamic inputs to cells in layers 2/3 and 4 of primary somatosensory (S1) and auditory (A1) cortices using thalamocortical slices from mice age postnatal days 10...
Cell Cycle Regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Polo-Like Kinase Cdc5p

Progression through and completion of mitosis require the actions of the evolutionarily conserved Polo kinase. We have determined that the levels of Cdc5p, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae member of the Polo family of mitotic kinases, are cell cycle regulated. Cdc5p accumulates in the nuclei of G2/M-phase cells, and its levels decline dramatically as cells progress through anaphase and begin telophase. We report that Cdc5p levels are sensitive to mutations in key components of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). We have determined that Cdc5p-associated kinase activity is restricted to G2/M and that this activity is posttranslationally regulated. These results further link the actions of the APC to the completion of mitosis and suggest possible roles for Cdc5p during progression through and completion of mitosis.
Luminescence and EPR Study of Lithium-Diffused ZnO Crystals

Zinc oxide (ZnO) crystals grown by the seeded chemical vapor transport method have been studied using photoluminescence (PL), thermoluminescence (TL), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Lithium acceptors were diffused into the crystals during anneals in LiF powder at temperatures in the 750 to 850°C range. After a lithium diffusion, EPR was used to monitor neutral lithium acceptors and neutral shallow donors, as well as Ni3+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ impurities unintentionally present. Excitonic and deep-level PL emissions were also monitored before and after these diffusions. Two broad overlapping TL emission bands were observed at 117 and 145 K when a Li-diffused crystal was illuminated at 77 K with 325-nm light and then rapidly warmed to room temperature. The two TL bands have the same spectral dependence (the peak in wavelength is 540 nm when the intensity of the light reaches a maximum). These “glow” peaks occur when electrons are thermally released from Ni2+ and Fe2+ ions and recombine with holes at neutral lithium acceptors.
Even better than the real thing: Alternative outcome bias affects decision judgements and decision regret

Three experiments demonstrated that decisions resulting in considerable amounts of profit, but missed alternative outcomes of greater profits, were rated lower in quality and produced more regret than did decisions that returned lesser (or equal) amounts of profit but either did not miss or missed only slightly better alternatives. These effects were mediated by upward counterfactuals and moderated by participants’ orientation to the decision context. That decision evaluations were affected by the availability and magnitude of alternative outcomes rather than the positivity of actual outcomes is counter to the outcome bias effect—a bias in which decisions are rated more positively when they led to more positive outcomes (despite a priori probabilities associated with the decision outcomes). Experiment 3 demonstrated that these effects represent a bias that occurs even when it is clear that the process by which decisions were made followed rational decision processes. This research suggests that when alter...