cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Position Saliency and Limited Capacity in Children's Short Term Memory for Graphic Patterns

A short term recognition memory task which varied the number of letters distinguishing target and comparison stimuli was used to assess the ability of prereaders and beginning readers to utilize graphic information in a three letter graphic pattern. In Experiment 1 the Exposure Time of the target stimulus and the Retention Interval were varied. Results indicated that children were not able to pro- cess the graphic pattern as a single unit. Children based their same-different judgments on only limited graphic information and displayed clear saliency effects of the initial letter position. In fact, stimuli distinguished by an initial letter difference were more discriminable than those which differed in both middle and final letter positions. An Exposure Time × Position interaction supports the interpretation that position saliency is in part the result of serial encoding. Contrary to some explana- tions of position saliency, both readers and non-readers demonstrated the effect. In Experiment 2, beginning kindergarten children failed to demonstrate an effect of position. These studies indicate that early reading or prereading activities result in serial encoding strategies. Part of the conventional wisdom concerning children's learning to read is that the identification of words is often cued by only part of the word. Evidence for such cuing is found in a number of studies of children's oral reading errors (Bennett, 1942; Biemiller, 1970; Davidson, 1934; Weber, 1970). Descriptions of oral reading errors of beginning readers have noted (a) the use of only limited graphic information as cues to word identification, and (b) the saliency of the initial letter as a cue to word iden- tification. These characteristics of word identification performance may be used to indicate the developmental progression of learning to encode and utilize information from a graphic pattern. This developmental progression indicates the increasing im- portance of graphic information in the identification process. However, identifica- tion errors in oral reading cannot provide estimates of the amount of graphic in- formation the child is able to encode. There are a number of reasons for this: (a) the amount of graphic information the reader encodes and utilizes varies inversely with the amount of contextual information (Weber, 1970), and (b) we neither know nor control how much the availability of verbal labels and the strength of associative
Electrical Dispersion Compensator for a Giga-bit Passive Optical Network System with Fabry-Perot Laser

In this paper, we present an electrical dispersion compensator (EDC) for a 1.25 Gb/s gigabit passive optical network (GPON) with Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers. Due to mode-partition noise (MPN) from the FP laser and fiber dispersion, GPON systems suffer from inter-symbol interference (ISI). The choice of the architecture for the EDC is a feed-forward equalizer (FFE) structure. The GPON experimental link was set-up with 0~15km fiber with a commercial triplexer. The EDC successfully compensates ISI for a given link with a 1.25 Gb/s PRBS signal. The EDC is implemented in 0.18 um CMOS technology with 54 mW power consumption from a 1.8 V power supply.
Patent Policy for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research in Taiwan

The potential of human embryonic stem cell (ESC) research could prove to provide immense therapeutic value for illnesses not curable under currently existing therapies. However, human ESC research is controversial as it touches the fundamental value of human life. Taiwan has been aiming to become the biotech hub of Asia-Pacific and is becoming a major player in human ESC research. Whether or not the research results from human ESC are patentable could have a profound impact on the progress in this field. In this article, the science of human ESC research is clarified and tested against the existing murky Taiwan patent standards. In particular, this article distinguishes between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning techniques, asks questions about the patentability of totipotent human ESCs and explores the meaning of the word embryo. This article draws comparison with the European practice on ethical standards and concludes that patenting human ESC research might not be so controversial, but Taiwan has to make its patent law clearer in this field to fulfill the country's intended goal.
Hybrid mixture theory based modeling of transport mechanisms and expansion-thermomechanics of starch during extrusion

Water, vapor, and heat transport mechanisms and thermomechanical changes occurring inside the expanding extrudate were described using hybrid mixture theory-based unsaturated transport equations. Transport equations were transformed from the Eulerian coordinates to the Lagrangian coordinates. Good agreements between the predicted and experimental values of surface temperature, moisture content, and expansion ratio of the extrudates were obtained. The model was also used to calculate temperature, moisture content, pore-pressure, and viscoelastic-stress distribution in the extrudate. Matrix collapse and glassy crust formation under the surface was calculated as a function of extrusion conditions. Expansion behavior of the extrudate was described using the difference between stress due to pore pressure and viscoelastic stress. The modeling results can serve as a guide for predictably modifying the extrusion parameters for obtaining specific textural attributes of expanded starch for various food, feed, and biomedical applications. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4517–4532, 2015
Quantum monodromy for diatomic molecules in combined electrostatic and pulsed nonresonant laser fields

Abstract We investigate the classical and quantum mechanics of diatomic molecules in combined electrostatic and pulsed laser fields. The integrable case of collinear static and linearly polarized laser fields exhibits both classical and quantum monodromy, and energy–momentum diagrams are presented for several physically relevant field combinations. Although the tilted field problem is nonintegrable, a quantum 〈 H 〉 : 〈m 2 〉 lattice for eigenstates retains much of the structure of the integrable limit and is organized by classical periodic orbits. The regular structure of the quantum lattice in the integrable limit is disrupted in an energy range associated with the onset of chaotic classical motion.
Mutation of a conserved cysteine in the X-linked cone opsins causes color vision deficiencies by disrupting protein folding and stability

Purpose. To test the effects o f disruption o f a conserved cysteine in the green cone opsin molecule on light-activated isomerization, transducin activation, folding, transport, and protein half-life. Methods. Stable cell lines were established b y transfecting 293-EBNA cells with a plasmid containing wild-type or mutant (C203R, C203S, C126S, C126S/C203S) green opsin cDNA molecules. The proteins were induced b y culturing the cells in the presence of cadmium chloride and analyzed by spectra, transducin activation, Western blotting, pulse-labeling with immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemistry. Results. The C203R mutation disrupts the folding and half-life of the green opsin molecule and its abilities to absorb light at the appropriate wavelength and to activate transducin. Similar disruption of folding, half-life, and light activation occurs when Cys203 or its presumed partner for formation of a disulfide bond (Cysl26) is replaced by serine residues. Conclusions. Like rhodopsin, the folding o f the cone opsins appears to be dependent on the formation o f a disulfide bond between the third transmembrane helix and the second extracellular loop. Disruption of this disulfide bond represents a cause of color vision deficiencies that is unrelated to spectral shifts of the photopigment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:1074-1081.
Identification and characterization of alternative splicing in parasitic nematode transcriptomes.

Alternative splicing (AS) of mRNA is a vital mechanism for enhancing genomic complexity in eukaryotes. Spliced isoforms of the same gene can have diverse molecular and biological functions and are often differentially expressed across various tissues, times, and conditions. Thus, AS has important implications in the study of parasitic nematodes with complex life cycles. Transcriptomic datasets are available from many species, but data must be revisited with splice-aware assembly protocols to facilitate the study of AS in helminthes. We sequenced cDNA from the model worm Caenorhabditis elegans using 454/Roche technology for use as an experimental dataset. Reads were assembled with Newbler software, invoking the cDNA option. Several combinations of parameters were tested and assembled transcripts were verified by comparison with previously reported C. elegans genes and transcript isoforms and with Illumina RNAseq data. Thoughtful adjustment of program parameters increased the percentage of assembled transcripts that matched known C. elegans sequences, decreased mis-assembly rates (i.e., cis- and trans-chimeras), and improved the coverage of the geneset. The optimized protocol was used to update de novo transcriptome assemblies from nine parasitic nematode species, including important pathogens of humans and domestic animals. Our assemblies indicated AS rates in the range of 20-30%, typically with 2-3 transcripts per AS locus, depending on the species. Transcript isoforms from the nine species were translated and searched for similarity to known proteins and functional domains. Some 21 InterPro domains, including several involved in nucleotide and chromatin binding, were statistically correlated with AS genetic loci. In most cases, the Roche/454 data explored in this study are the only sequences available from the species in question; however, the recently published genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus provided an additional opportunity to validate our results. Our optimized assembly parameters facilitated the first survey of AS among parasitic nematodes. The nine transcriptome assemblies, their protein translations, and basic annotations are available from Nematode.net as a resource for the research community. These should be useful for studies of specific genes and gene families of interest as well as for curating draft genome assemblies as they become available.
Multilayer High Performance Ceramic Anodes

A new approach to the design of ceramic anodes that uses a thin catalytically active functional layer that has only modest electronic conductivity sandwiched between the electrolyte and a non-catalytic elecronically conducting ceramic layer that is used as the current collector is described. The anode design is flexible and allows various materials to be used in the functional and current collector layers. Results are presented for anodes with thin functional layers (12 μm) consisting of a porous CeO2/YSZ composite impregnated with 1 wt% Pd to optimize catalytic activity and a 100 μm thick layer of porous La0.3Sr0.7TiO3 (LST) as the current collector. Low anode impedances and excellent overall performance were obtained with cells with these anodes while operating on both humidified hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels. Disciplines Biochemical and Biomolecular Engineering | Chemical Engineering | Engineering Comments Suggested Citation: M.D. Gross, R.J. Gorte and J.M. Vohs. (2007). Multilayer High-Performance Ceramic Anodes. ECS Transactions, 7(1) 1349-1354. © The Electrochemical Society, Inc. 2007. All rights reserved. Except as provided under U.S. copyright law, this work may not be reproduced, resold, distributed, or modified without the express permission of The Electrochemical Society (ECS). The archival version of this work was published in ECS Transactions, Volume 7, Issue 1, 2007, pages 1349-1354. Publisher URL: http://scitation.aip.org/ECST/ This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_papers/150
Food and Drug Administration Perspective on Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia as a Target for a Drug Treatment Claim

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are not adequately addressed by available treatments for schizophrenia. Thus, it is reasonable to consider them as a target for a drug claim. This article describes the thought process that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will undertake in considering negative symptoms of schizophrenia as a novel and distinct drug target. Beyond this basic question, this article identifies a number of design issues that the FDA needs to consider regarding how best to conduct studies to support claims for this target. These design issues include (1) what population to study, (2) what phase of illness to target, (3) whether to focus on the negative symptom domain overall or on some specific aspect of negative symptoms, (4) the role of functional measures in negative symptom trials, and (5) optimal designs for targeting drugs for add-on therapy or broad-spectrum agents.
Intelligent control and estimation in power electronics and drives

Intelligent control and estimation of power electronic systems by fuzzy logic and neural network techniques show tremendous promise for the future. The paper discusses primarily the work done in this area in the University of Tennessee Power Electronics Laboratory. Altogether seven projects are discussed These are: (1) fuzzy controlled DC motor drive, (2) induction motor drive with fuzzy efficiency optimizer, (3) fuzzy logic based control of wind generation system, (4) AC machine temperature and winding resistance estimation by fuzzy logic, (3) neural network based feedback signal estimation of AC drive, (6) neuro-fuzzy efficiency optimization of induction motor drive, and (7) waveform estimation by neural network.
Computational GOMS modeling of a complex team task: lessons learned

This paper presents the lessons learned when a computational GOMS modeling tool was used to evaluate user interface concepts and team structure designs for a new class of military shipboard workstations. The lessons are both encouraging and cautionary: For example, computational GOMS models scaled well to a large and complex task involving teams of users. Interruptability and working memory constructs had to be added to conventional GOMS model concepts. However, two surprises emerged: First, the non-psychological aspects of the model construction were the practical bottleneck. Second, user testing data in this domain were difficult to collect and lacked definition, meaning that the model provided a better characterization of the design details than the user testing data. Included in these lessons are recommendations for future model applications and modeling methodology development.
InP-Based Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors With High Quantum Efficiency and High-Temperature Imaging

We report a room temperature operating InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector grown on InP substrate. The self-assembled InAs quantum dots and the device structure were grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor depositon. The detectivity was 6 times 1010 cm Hz1/2/W at 150 K and a bias of 5 V with a peak detection wavelength around 4.0 mum and a quantum efficiency of 48%. Due to the low dark current and high responsivity, a clear photoresponse has been observed at room temperature. A 320 times 256 middle wavelength infrared focal plane array operating at temperatures up to 200 K was also demonstrated. The focal plane array had 34 mA/W responsivity, 1.1% conversion efficiency, and noise equivalent temperature difference of 344 mK at 120 K operating temperature.
Type I Interferons in Host Defense

Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines specialized to coordinate immunity to viruses and other intracellular infections. In the past several years, many of the receptors and signaling pathways that link pathogen detection to induction of type I IFNs have been identified and characterized. An integrated picture has emerged in which type I IFNs have essential functions in several seemingly disparate processes: they restrict viral spread by engaging machinery that ultimately cripples and kills infected cells, yet they are also positively linked to the activation and expansion of lymphocytes that are important for control of intracellular infections. These advances highlight the context-specific actions of type I IFNs and clarify the multiple points at which they are integrated into both innate and adaptive immunity.
The effects of physical and chemical preprocessing on the flowability of corn stover

Abstract Continuous and reliable feeding of biomass is essential for successful biofuel production. However, the challenges associated with biomass solids handling are commonly overlooked. In this study, we examine the effects of preprocessing (particle size reduction, moisture content, chemical additives, etc.) on the flow properties of corn stover. Compressibility, flow properties (interparticle friction, cohesion, unconfined yield stress, etc.), and wall friction were examined for five corn stover samples: ground, milled (dry and wet), acid impregnated, and deacetylated. The ground corn stover was found to be the least compressible and most flowable material. The water and acid impregnated stovers had similar compressibilities. Yet, the wet corn stover was less flowable than the acid impregnated sample, which displayed a flow index equivalent to the dry, milled corn stover. The deacetylated stover, on the other hand, was the most compressible and least flowable examined material. However, all of the tested stover samples had internal friction angles >30°, which could present additional feeding and handling challenges. All of the “wetted” materials (water, acid, and deacetylated) displayed reduced flowabilities (excluding the acid impregnated sample), and enhanced compressibilities and wall friction angles, indicating the potential for added handling issues; which was corroborated via theoretical hopper design calculations. All of the “wetted” corn stovers require larger theoretical hopper outlet diameters and steeper hopper walls than the examined “dry” stovers.
WEATHERING AND EROSION IN THE HUMID TROPICS

In the humid tropics, the primary factor which distinguishes different weathering regimes is tectonic setting, especially the contrast between tectonically active areas and stable cratonic regions. In tectonically active environments, most of the material that is exposed to weathering has undergone rapid uplift involving brittle deformation, and volcanism is sometimes important. Uplift rates are on the order of 103–104 mm/ka, while erosion rates are about the same to an order of magnitude less. As a result, easily weathered lithologies are exposed on steep slopes and weathering rates are lithology dependent. Where carbonates and evaporites are present, their weathering products dominate the river solution chemistry. Similarly, weakly cemented clastic rocks dominate solid load inputs. Aluminosilicate rocks do not weather completely to phases depleted in the major cations (Na, K, Mg, Ca); instead, some unweathered primary minerals remain, and various secondary cation-rich clays frequently form. On the cratons, sea level changes exert a major control on long term weathering rates and landscape development. When sea level is high, sediment is deposited on the passive margins, continental platforms, and intracratonic basins. At the same time near-sea-level planation surfaces develop on shield areas. As sea level drops erosion is not regionally uniform, but is localized on scarps which advance into the older erosion surfaces. For South American shields average uplift rates approach 10–20 mm/ka, and it seems reasonable that their long-term average erosion rates are close to this value. Weathering on the craton is much more complete, and the solid weathering products are cation depleted: quartz, kaolinite, and sesquioxides. After cyclic salt corrections, major cations in rivers are in bedrock proportions.
Awareness and Use of Dissolvable Tobacco Products in the United States.

INTRODUCTION Little is known about dissolvable tobacco products (DTPs) compared with other alternative tobacco products (ATPs) like e-cigarettes and snus. We sought to understand US adults' awareness and use of DTPs. METHODS A nationally representative sample of US adults (age ≥ 18 years, N = 17 522) completed an online survey in March 2013 assessing their awareness and use of DTPs. RESULTS Approximately 16% of all respondents were aware of DTPs. Few reported ever using DTPs (1.6%). DTP awareness among all respondents was greatest among males, younger adults, current and former smokers, never married respondents, blacks and Latinos, and those who used other ATPs. Among current smokers, DTP awareness was greatest for males, younger adults, blacks and Latinos, those who used other ATPs, and Southerners. DTP use among all respondents was greatest among males, younger adults, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) respondents, former and current smokers, and those who used other ATPs. Among current smokers, DTP use was greatest among males, younger adults, LGBT respondents, those who used other ATPs, those who intended to quit, and those who received medical advice to quit. CONCLUSIONS DTP awareness and use have increased since 2009. DTPs are being used as smoking cessation aids thereby increasing risk of polytobacco use. Medical professionals should emphasize use of empirically-supported smoking cessation aids when advising patients to quit. Regulations are needed to prevent tobacco company promotion of DTPs as smoking cessation aids and to inform consumers of the risks associated with DTPs and polytobacco use. Increased national surveillance of DTP use is recommended.
Structural behavior of composites with progressive fracture

The objective of the study is to unify several computational tools developed for the prediction of progressive damage and fracture with efforts for the prediction of the overall response of damaged composite structures. In particular, a computational finite element model for the damaged structure is developed using a computer program as a byproduct of the analysis of progressive damage and fracture. Thus, a single computational investigation can predict progressive fracture and the resulting variation in structural properties of angleplied composites.
Abstract 311: Phosphorylation of RalB by PKC regulates its intracellular distribution and promotion of bladder tumor growth

RalA and RalB are members of the Ras family of monomeric G proteins that are 83% identical in amino acid sequence, but have paralog-specific effects on cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis. Using in vitro kinase assays and phosphosite specific antibodies, here we show paralog-specific phosphorylation of RalA by PKA and RalB by PKC. Mutagenesis identified Ser194 as the single PKA phosphorylation site in RalA and S198 as the primary PKC phosphorylation site in RalB. Phorbol ester treatment of human bladder carcinoma cells induced phosphorylation of S198 in both stably expressed FLAG-RalB and endogenous RalB. Compared to activated RalB(G23V) that localized at plasma membrane, phosphosite mutant RalB(G23V-S198A) colocalized with GFP-Rab11, a recycling endosome marker. Phorbol ester treatment enhanced anchorage independent growth of UMUC3 human bladder carcinoma cells stably transfected with wild type RalB or activated RalB(G23V), but not with phosphosite mutants RalB(S198A) or RalB(G23V-S198A). Furthermore, UMUC3 cells transfected with RalB(G23V) exhibited enhanced subcutaneous tumor growth compared to vector transfected cells, but cells expressing RalB(G23V-S198A) had growth indistinguishable from the controls. Our data demonstrate that RalA and RalB are specifically phosphorylated by different kinases, and RalB phosphorylation regulates its intracellular localization and in vivo tumor growth promotion. Phosphorylation of RalA and RalB by different kinases may contribute to the biological specificity of these closely related proteins. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 311.
Impacts of Energy Storage Capacity Configuration of HPWS to Active Power Characteristics and Its Relevant Indices

The common characteristic of solar energy and wind power are the low energy density and strong randomness.As a new form of power generation unit,which complements the characteristics of wind power generation system with that of photovoltaic generation system and energy storage device,Hybrid photovoltaic/wind power generation system with storage bank(HPWS) can decrease active power fluctuation and improve power quality as well as mitigate the influence of active power fluctuation due to intermittent power generation of wind farms and solar PV generation sytems,thus the technica characteristics,capacity configuration and control strategy of wind power generation,solar PV generation and energy storage euqipments greatly impact the overall active power characteristics of HPWS system.On the basis of analyzing structural features,methematical model and technical features of HPWS system,an optimized charging/discharging model of energy storage unit is proposed,in which the mnimum fluctuation of active power is taken as objective function and in the constraints the initial capacity of energy storage at each step and charging/discharging control storage are taken into account.Based on the proposed model,three inices,by which the active power fluctuation is checked,are put forward,and combining with other two indices that evaluate the power supply reliability of HPWS system the characteristics of overall output active power of HPWS system is comprehensively evaluated.The checking computation of actual example is verified by the simulation software programmed by Matlab,and the varying trend of active power characteristics with the scheme of energy storage capacity configuration is analyzed.
Treatment of resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer.

Background Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. A minority of patients are candidates for surgical resection, but most treatment strategies focus on palliative care. Methods We discuss strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer by reviewing available phase II and phase III trials, as well as large retrospective studies. Results Surgical resection for pancreatic cancer is done today with an operative mortality rate below 5% and a 5-year survival rate of approximately 25%. There is evidence that chemoradiation may improve survival and quality of life in both the adjuvant setting and for locally advanced disease. Operative, minimally invasive, and endoscopic techniques are successful in palliating pain and jaundice. Conclusions The diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer continue to improve although most patients will succumb to their disease. Novel methods of earlier detection and more effective systemic therapies are needed to significantly improve outcomes.
Feasibility and safety of endoscopic cryoablation at the duodenal papilla: Porcine model.

AIM: To assess the feasibility and safety of liquid nitrogen spray cryoablation at the duodenal papilla in a porcine model. METHODS: This prospective study protocol was approved by the University of Florida Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Six pigs underwent liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy at the duodenal papilla. Freeze time of 20-s was applied per cycle (4 cycles/session). Survival animals (n = 4) were monitored for adverse events. Hemoglobin, white blood count, liver tests, and lipase were obtained at baseline and post-treatment. EGD was performed on day#7 to evaluate the papilla and for histology. All animals were euthanized and necropsy was performed at the end of the one-week survival period. Feasibility was defined as successful placement of the decompression tube in the duodenum, followed by delivery of spray cryotherapy to the duodenal papilla. Safety was determined by monitoring post-treatment blood tests and clinical course. Treatment effect was defined as endoscopic and histologic changes after cryotherapy. This was established by comparing endoscopic and histologic findings from mucosal biopsies prior to cryotherapy and on post-operative day (POD)#7. Full-thickness specimen was obtained post-mortem to assess depth of injury. RESULTS: Spray cryotherapy was feasible and successfully performed in all 6/6 (100%) animals. Cryospray with liquid nitrogen (four 20-s freeze-thaw cycles) at the duodenal papilla resulted in white frost formation at and around the target region. The mean procedural time was 54.5 min (range 50-58 min). All six animals studied had stable blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse oximetry measurements during the procedure. There were no significant intra-procedural adverse events. There were no significant differences in hemoglobin, white cell count, liver tests or lipase from baseline to post-cryotherapy. Survival animals were monitored daily post-operatively without any clinical ill effects from the cryotherapy. There was no bleeding, infection, or perforation on necropsy. Endoscopic on POD#7 showed edema and ulceration at the duodenal papilla. On histology, there was loss of crypt architecture with moderate to severe necrosis and acute mixed inflammatory infiltration in each specimen following cryotherapy. The extent of cryogen-induced tissue necrosis (depth of injury) was limited to the mucosa on full-thickness specimen evaluation. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy is feasible and safe for ablation at the duodenal papilla in a porcine model.
The Ambivalent Urban Idyll: The Saturdays and Betsy and Tacy Go Downtown

American children's books—in the tradition of American literature more generally—have both celebrated and castigated the city. Consider, for just one pair of opposed examples, published within a few years of each other, Ruth Sawyer's Newbery-winning Rotter Skates (1936) and Virginia Burton's Caldecott-winning The Little House (1942). Roller Skates extols Lucinda's glorious year of freedom exploring New York City on roller skates; despite the tragic deaths of two of Lucinda's friends during that year, Lucinda values her life of urban freedom so greatly that at the end of the book she decides to stay 10, rollerskating throughout the city, forever. By contrast, The Little House shows the encroaching, menacing presence of the city upon the little house as akin to imprisonment. Freedom comes to the little house only when it is transported away from the city, transplanted back to its native countryside. Two well-loved American family stories, published within two years of each other in the early 1940s—The Saturdays, by Elizabeth Enright (1941), and Betsy and Tacy Go Downtown, by Maud Hart Lovelace (1943)—offer a more qualified and ultimately ambivalent view of the city. Both novels present remarkably similar urban idylls, idealized visions of the wondrous opportunities offered by the city to artistically gifted children, but in The Saturdays we also see an ultimate rejection of the city, and a somewhat analogous ambivalence toward the city emerges in the larger Betsy-Tacy series. While it is the celebration of children's freedom to savor urban adventures that readers remember from these books (as from Roller Skates), a careful reading of them 211
Effects of cholera toxin and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on fluid transport and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate concentrations in rabbit gallbladder.

The effects of cholera enterotoxin on fluid transport and on mucosal cyclic AMP content were investigated in the rabbit gallbladder. Gallbladders injected intraluminally with cholera toxin (0.1 or 10 μg in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer) exhibited markedly depressed rates of fluid absorption when excised 2 hr later and studied in vitro. The inhibition of absorption observed in gallbladders exposed to these doses of cholera toxin was accompanied by a significant (approximately 3.5-fold) increase in mucosal cyclic AMP content compared with control bladders. There was no significant difference between the effects of 0.1- and 10-μg doses of cholera toxin on either fluid transport or cyclic AMP content. The presence of 10 m m theophylline or 0.1 m m papaverine, both of which are phosphodiesterase inhibitors, in the solutions bathing the gallbladders also resulted in depressed rates of fluid transport and increased mucosal cyclic AMP content compared with control bladders. Significantly depressed rates of fluid transport were also observed when 3 m m cyclic AMP was present in the bathing solutions. The transmural electrical potential difference in the rabbit gallbladder was found to be close to 0 and unaffected by exposure to theophylline or papaverine.
Computation of non-covalent binding affinities

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the history, current state, and future prospects for computational studies of molecular recognition. The ability to accurately predict and analyze molecular recognition is being achieved by advances in several areas of theoretical chemistry and related fields such as applied mathematics and computational science. Noncovalent binding is central to many processes in the chemical sciences. To name only a few, the examples include: the formation of host–guest complexes in physical organic chemistry, the self-assembly of supramolecular structures in nanotechnology, and the binding of drugs to their receptors in medicinal chemistry. These examples and many others involve binding in solution. Thus, an understanding of the strength of binding requires consideration of desolvation (or solvent reorganization) in addition to the direct interactions between the binding partners. The present account describes the evolution of the computational methods for treating such problems, and a perspective on the current state of this area of computational chemistry non-covalent binding is central to many processes in the chemical sciences.
Topiramate in the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome: A case report

Abstract Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a neurologic disorder caused by a mutation of chromosome 15, is characterized by such symptoms as hypotonia, hypogonadism, hyperphagia, cognitive impairment, and difficult behaviors. One of the most concerning symptoms is hyperphagia, which can lead to uncontrolled obesity. Obesity is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality in patients with PWS; however, diagnosing PWS early in life improves the prognosis. Case Summary: An 11-year-old African American boy with a past medical history significant for PWS, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, obesity, and asthma was admitted after he became violent and destructive at his foster home while trying to get food. The patient had a 28-day stay on the children's crisis intervention unit where quetiapine was discontinued and he was maintained on clonidine 0.1 mg 3 times daily, hydroxyzine 25 mg in the morning and 50 mg at bedtime, montelukast 5 mg daily and titrated on m...
Metal-free C-H Alkylation of Heteroarenes With Alkyltrifluoroborates: A General Protocol for 1°, 2° and 3° Alkylation

A photoredox-catalyzed C–H functionalization of heteroarenes using a variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyltrifluoroborates is reported. Using Fukuzumi's organophotocatalyst and a mild oxidant, conditions amenable for functionalizing complex heteroaromatics are described, providing a valuable tool for late-stage derivatization. The reported method addresses the three major limitations of previously reported photoredox-mediated Minisci reactions: (1) use of superstoichiometric amounts of a radical precursor, (2) capricious regioselectivity, and (3) incorporation of expensive photocatalysts. Additionally, a number of unprecedented, complex alkyl radicals are used, thereby increasing the chemical space accessible to Minisci chemistry. To showcase the application in late-stage functionalization, quinine and camptothecin analogues were synthesized. Finally, NMR studies were conducted to provide a rationalization for the heteroaryl activation that permits the use of a single equivalent of radical precursor and also leads to enhanced regioselectivity. Thus, by 1H and 13C NMR a distinct heteroaryl species was observed in the presence of acid catalyst and BF3.
Statistical Selection and Interpretation of Imagery Features for Computer Vision-Based Pavement Crack–Detection Systems

AbstractThis paper aims to explore the statistics of pavement cracks using computer-vision techniques. The knowledge discovered by mining the crack data can be used to avoid subjective crack featur...
Blurred images: Indro Montanelli’s anti-politics

AbstractThrough a close reading of Indro Montanelli’s 1944/1945 novel Here They Do Not Rest, this article argues that the famous and popular Italian journalist Montanelli contributed significantly to a particular Italian form of ‘anti-politics’ after the fall of fascism. It argues that anti-politics in Italy provides the foundation for the county’s right-wing populism and that it makes a significant contribution to political and historiographical revisionism of the fascist past. Indro Montanelli is read as an important architect of this revisionism and as such read against his popular image.
Explanations and Expectations: Trust Building in Automated Vehicles

Trust is a vital determinant of acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs) and expectations and explanations are often at the heart of any trusting relationship. Once expectations have been violated, explanations are needed to mitigate the damage. This study introduces the importance of timing of explanations in promoting trust in AVs. We present the preliminary results of a within-subjects experimental study involving eight participants exposed to four AV driving conditions (i.e. 32 data points). Preliminary results show a pattern that suggests that explanations provided before the AV takes actions promote more trust than explanations provided afterward.
Printing Silver Conductive Inks with High Resolution and High Aspect Ratio

Narrow metal lines with low electrical resistance are essential for many printable electronic devices. Printing metal lines of narrower than 10 µm and with a high thickness-to-width aspect ratio is very difficult and remains a technical challenge in printable electronics. In this work, by controlling the ink–substrate interaction and ink drying dynamics, 4.6 µm wide inkjet-printed silver lines are demonstrated with an aspect ratio of 0.7 and an elliptical cross-section. The silver lines are obtained by jetting a silver nanoparticle-based ink onto an SU-8-coated polyethylene terephthalate substrate to form well-defined silver lines, and then heating the lines to transform them into high aspect ratio narrow lines through ink dewetting and receding. The simultaneous dissolution and redistribution of SU-8 by the ink result in a concave structure, which prevents the lines from bulging and allows the lines to become embedded into the SU-8 film.
White Doors, Black Footsteps: Leveraging "White Privilege" to Benefit Law Students of Color

Law students of color typically avoid seeking the mentorship of white law professors, largely white males, finding female faculty and faculty of color more approachable and willing to serve as mentors. Yet, according to recent ABA statistics, white people make up eighty-eight percent of the legal profession, with sixty-four percent being male. In addition, relevant scholarship comments that one of the primary privileges of whiteness is having greater access to power and resources than people of color do. It follows then, as recent legal scholarship suggests, that law students of color who fail to develop a cultural competence may be at a professional disadvantage if they are ill-prepared to work with diverse clients and colleagues. In other words, the success of law students of color, as well as their access to resources in the legal profession, strongly correlates with an acclimation toward positive interracial relationships. This Article draws upon interdisciplinary research, which suggests a white person's heightened White Privilege Awareness (WPA), paired with the belief that their influence can enact positive change, reduces racial inequality against people of color. Specifically, this Article maintains that WPA among white law professors, who mentor students of color and then leverage their white privilege to open professional doors for these students, will reduce implicit bias and may ultimately increase the retention of diverse attorneys. While the best methods to diversify the legal profession have appeared elusive, it is actually equal opportunity and empowerment of attorneys of color that eludes us. Diversity then feels like a *38 “buzzword,” not a tangible priority. Thus, this call to action for white professors is not rhetoric, but a unique opportunity for the white professor to diversify the legal profession.
Targeting Safety Behaviors in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Case Study of False Safety Behavior Elimination Treatment

This article provides an overview of F-SET, a brief transdiagnostic treatment for anxiety disorders. The article focuses on the use of specific treatment techniques and follows a successful course of treatment using the F-SET protocol. The client’s treatment progress is discussed session by session and at midtreatment, posttreatment, and 11-month follow-up.
Sub2Vec : Feature Learning for Subgraphs

Network embeddings have become very popular in learning effective feature representations of networks. Motivated by the recent successes of embeddings in natural language processing, researchers have tried to find network embeddings in order to exploit machine learning algorithms for mining tasks like node classification and edge prediction. However, most of the work focuses on distributed representations of nodes that are inherently ill-suited to tasks such as community detection which are intuitively dependent on subgraphs. Here, we formulate subgraph embedding problem based on two intuitive properties of subgraphs and propose Sub2Vec, an unsupervised algorithm to learn feature representations of arbitrary subgraphs. We also highlight the usability of Sub2Vec by leveraging it for network mining tasks, like community detection and graph classification. We show that Sub2Vec gets significant gains over state-of-the-art methods. In particular, Sub2Vec offers an approach to generate a richer vocabulary of meaningful features of subgraphs for representation and reasoning.
Perspectives on the Roles of Science, Scientific Assessments, the Science/Policy Interface and Industry

The Montreal Protocol is widely recognized as a model for multilateral environmental agreements because of the rapid progress made under that agreement to protect stratospheric ozone. This success is largely due to sound scientific information effectively communicated to decision makers in the government and industry. Following the publication of the ozone depletion theory in 1974 by Drs. Molina and Rowland, hundreds of scientists dedicated themselves to improve the understanding of the processes that control stratospheric ozone. The work of these scientists led to continuous advances in our understanding of the potential impact that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) could have on ozone. The primary vehicle for communication of information on stratospheric ozone was a series of scientific assessments. In 1985 the first truly international scientific assessment on a global environmental issue was published: Atmospheric Ozone 1985: Assessment of our Understanding of the Process Controlling its Present Distribution and Change. The information in that assessment combined with increasing global consumption of CFCs led DuPont and US industry in 1986 to call for a global agreement to limit production and consumption of CFCs and in 1987 it led to Montreal Protocol, initially requiring only a 50% reduction in the consumption of CFCs. Based on the information in the 1988 International Ozone Trends Panel Report, DuPont in March 1988 voluntarily and unilaterally committed to a phaseout of CFCs. Following a 1989 scientific assessment the Parties to the Montreal Protocol agreed in 1990 to a total phaseout of CFCs. Subsequent assessments from 1991 through 2006 have led to amendments and adjustments to the Protocol that added ODSs and accelerated phaseout schedules. A less recognized achievement of the Montreal Protocol was its significant reduction in contributions to global climate change. CFCs and other ODSs are also greenhouse gases with significant global warming potentials. Thus, the phaseout of ODSs has reduced emissions of greenhouse gases. Compared to scenarios of continued growth in ODS consumption, assuming the Montreal Protocol never happened,
Structural Considerations in Formulating Material Laws for the Myocardium

Specification of material laws for the heart muscle, mainly for the purpose of mechanical modeling, has been pursued intensively during the last three decades. Structural studies of the heart have an even longer history, but only recently, however, have these studies revealed the intercellular connections in the myocardium and provided a clearer picture of the myofiber pattern in the ventricular walls. Gradually increasing consideration of these findings in mechanical models of the heart has improved their validity and their predictive capabilities. A recent formulation of a material law presented in this chapter is based on analysis of the arrangement of the myofibers and the network of collagen fibers that interconnect them. Application of this material law to the description of the mechanical response of thin subepicardial slabs subjected to biaxial stretch has indicated the possible structural origin of several mechanical properties of the myocardium: its overall stiffness, the exponential-like shape of its stress-strain curves, and the mechanical coupling between the fiber and the cross-fiber directions. Further insights into the mechanical behavior of the myocardium were provided by simulating loading of thick ventricular wall segments, using a finite element formulation based on the material law mentioned above. This simulation has contributed to the understanding of the relation between the myofiber direction and the local anisotropy of the wall, the comparative magnitude of its tensile, compressive, and shear stiffnesses, and the possible effect of the collagen fiber network on the blood perfusion in the myocardium. Problems involved in future extensions of this approach by implementing even more detailed newly available structural data in models of the mechanics of the heart are also discussed.
Actin Assembly/Disassembly

Actin is a monomeric protein that polymerizes into helical filaments. Apart from its role in muscle cells as a scaffold for myosin-based contraction, actin's function often depends on its ability to assemble into filaments from monomers rapidly and to disassemble equally rapidly. Actin alone can polymerize in vitro , but both the kinetics and equilibria of polymerization are controlled in cells by specific actin-binding proteins that serve to modify the assembly/disassembly cycle inherent to actin itself. Some actin-binding proteins of particular importance are sequestering proteins, profilin, capping protein, and ADF/cofilin.