cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling analysis of heterogneity in support of soil moisture retrieval at landscape level for low-frequency radars

Most traditional radar retrieval techniques utilize radar forward models that assume or require homogeneous scenes. NASA's upcoming Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission launching in October 2014 will carry an L-band radar delivering a pixel size of 3 km × 3 km. Even though this resolution is finer than the SMAP 36 km radiometer pixels, it is still coarse enough that modeling such pixels assuming homogeneous scenes is not realistic. This highlights the need to develop spatial aggregation and disaggregation techniques using radar forward scattering models that assume homogeneity over fine-scale sub-pixels and derive tailor-made models for their contribution to the coarse-scale satellite pixel for successful soil moisture retrieval. For radar based soil moisture retrieval to be a strong candidate for future products, this uncertainty has to be successfully mitigated. To study the heterogeneity at landscape level, high-resolution P-band data from the Earth Venture 1 (EV-1) Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) mission is used as its pixel resolution is fine enough to assume homogeneity over a pixel. In this work, a sampling area over a well-known AirMOSS study site is chosen, an aggregation study based on landcover type is carried out and a coarse resolution radar backscatter function over the sampling area is found to be a weighted linear average of the contributions of the fine-scale pixels.
A Sex Difference in the Activation of Hypothalamic Catecholaminergic and Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Peptidergic Neurons after Acute Castration*

A striking sex difference exists in the initial increment in plasma LH levels after bilateral gonadectomy of adult male and female rats. LH levels rise between 8–12 h after orchidectomy (ORDX), but do not increase until 3–4 days after ovariectomy (OVX) when this surgery is performed on diestrous day 1. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the acute responses of preoptico-hypothalamic dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and LHRH peptidergic neurons to ORDX or OVX and to determine if sex differences exist in these responses to castration which may provide insight into the diverse pituitary LH responses. Female rats were used on diestrous day 1 of a 4-day estrous cycle. The turnover rates (TRs) of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) in discrete preoptico-hypothalamic areas was estimated 3 and 8 h after castration by injecting α-methyl-p-tyrosine (190 mg/kg) iv and measuring DA and NE levels in rats decapitated 45 and 90 min later. Initial catecholamine levels and LHRH concentrations were determin...
Prescribing practices that promote antibiotic resistance: Strategies for change

Approximately 90% of all upper respiratory infections are caused by viruses, yet antibiotics are prescribed for 50% to 70% of patients who seek medical care for these conditions (Neiderman, Skerrett, & Yamauchi, 1998). Prescribing antibiotics for conditions for which there is no proven benefit is not a harmless practice; it contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance (Ware, 2000). This article will discuss the magnitude of the problem of antibiotic resistance as it relates to pediatric outpatient upper respiratory tract infection and otitis media, analyze practitioner prescribing practices that contribute to widespread antibiotic use, and suggest provider and patient intervention to improve the rational use of antibiotics.
Sensitivity of a Cloud-Resolving Simulation of the Genesis of a Mesoscale Convective System to Horizontal Heterogeneities in Soil Moisture Initialization

Abstract This study examines the sensitivity of varying the horizontal heterogeneities of the soil moisture initialization (SMI) in the cloud-resolving grid of a real-data simulation of a midlatitude mesoscale convective system (MCS) during its genesis phase. The quasi-stationary MCS of this study formed in the Texas/Oklahoma panhandle with a lifetime of 9 h (2200 UTC 26 July to 0700 UTC 27 July 1998). Soil moisture for the finest nested grid (the cloud-resolving grid) was derived from the antecedent precipitation index (API) using 4-km-grid-spacing precipitation data for a 3-month period. In order to vary the heterogeneities of the SMI in the cloud-resolving grid, (i) Barnes objective analysis was used to alter the resolution of the soil moisture initialization, (ii) the amplitudes of the soil moisture anomalies were reduced, (iii) the position of a soil moisture anomaly was altered, and (iv) two experiments with homogeneous SMI (31% and 50% saturation) were performed. Because of the severe drought in th...
Congenital Hypoplasia of the Inferior Vena Cava: An Underappreciated Cause of Deep Venous Thromboses among Young Adults

ABSTRACT This report illustrates how newer imaging techniques are identifying vasculopathies as risk factors for deep venous thrombosis (DVT). In this case, a healthy young man presented with a straightforward DVT but without traditional risk factors. Doppler ultrasonography confirmed a proximal clot, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography identified a hypoplastic inferior vena cava (IVC). DVTs cause considerable morbidity and death each year, including ∼200,000 fatal pulmonary embolisms. Specific treatment of DVTs and long-term management and prevention strategies are contingent on the etiology, which can be determined in ∼85% of cases. A hypoplastic IVC was discovered during efforts to find the cause of thrombosis, and a Medline search suggests that this anomaly should be considered for young persons with DVTs. DVTs are common and their underlying etiology should be identified to help guide long-term management. Evidence is emerging that an anomalous IVC should be ruled out as a cause of DVT among yo...
Numerical Simulation of Broadband Noise from Airfoil-Wake Interaction

LES of airfoil interaction with a turbulent wake is performed in a rod-airfoil configuration to investigate the generation of broadband as well as tonal noise. A NACA 0012 airfoil at zero angle of attack is located one chord length C behind a cylindrical rod of diameter 0.1C. The chord Reynolds number is 480, 000 and free-stream Mach number is 0.2. The LES flow results, including velocity statistics and energy spectra at various locations, are compared with experimental data and show reasonable agreement. Acoustic radiation is computed using Lighthill’s equation solved by a boundary-element method. The results show good agreement with experimental far-field measurements in terms of spectral peaks as well as broadband contents. Acoustic source mechanisms are investigated and the relative importance of various source regions compared. It is found that although the airfoil generally dominates the rod in sound generation, the relative strength is highly directional and frequency dependent. Trailing-edge noise is weak relative to leading-edge noise at low frequencies but it becomes a major contributor to the total noise at higher frequencies. Turbulent flow over the hull of marine vehicles and their control surfaces interacts with the rotating blades of a downstream propeller and generates sound. The strength and characteristics of the interaction sound are strongly dependent on the incoming turbulence, which is highly inhomogeneous and complex. The sound radiated from this type of interaction consists of two components: a tonal component associated with periodic blade passage and broadband sound due to blade interaction with a broad range of turbulence scales. The classical gust response theory based on inviscid flow and empirical correlations for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence is deficient for predicting such complex interactions. High-fiedality numerical simulations such as large-eddy simulation (LES) are needed to accurately characterize the incoming turbulent flow and its interaction with a lifting surface.
Select Agent Publications and the H5N1 Flu Virus Controversy: a JVI Perspective: The Editor in Chief of the Journal of Virology shares his experience with submissions dealing with select agent viruses in light of the recent H5N1 developments

I would like to discuss the Journal of Virology (JVI)/ASM publication policies on select agent work and to update you on where I stand on what is happening with the recent National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) decision to redact some information from two H5N1 influenza virus papers. I am a member of the NSABB, but what I discuss here will be my own thoughts and ideas.
TM-0713C MRS DETECTS METABOLIC FLUX ADAPTATION IN IDH MUTANT GLIOMA CELLS

The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 mutation is associated with accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), but the metabolic fluxes associated with 2-HG production and cellular reprogramming of mutant IDH1 cells are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to use 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to probe the fate of 13C-labeled metabolites (at thermal polarization and hyperpolarized by dynamic nuclear polarization) and to monitor the glycolytic pathway, the TCA cycle, and glutamine metabolism in wild-type and mutant IDH1 glioma cells. To achieve this goal, U87 cells expressing mutant IDH1 and wild-type IDH1 were generated by transduction with a lentiviral vector coding for mutant or wild-type IDH1 respectively. MRS studies were performed using a cell perfusion (bioreactor) system. Live cells were exposed to hyperpolarized 1-13C or 2-13C-labeled pyruvic acid, 1-13C glucose or 3-13C glutamine and cell metabolism was probed using 13C MRS. We found that in mutant IDH1 cells pyruvate flux to lactate was increased relative to wild-type cells, and pyruvate flux to glutamate and 2-HG was decreased compared to pyruvate flux to glutamate in wild-type IDH1 cell. Glutamine flux to glutamate in wild-type cells, or to glutamate and 2-HG in mutant IDH1 cells was comparable. Accordingly, the total intracellular glutamate pool was reduced in mutant IDH1 cells. The drop in pyruvate flux to the TCA cycle was mediated by a significant drop in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, which was due to significantly increased inhibitory PDH phosphorylation. When considering 2-HG synthesis, our data also indicate that, consistent with previous work, the majority of 2-HG is produced from glutamine (82%). However in our cells a significant portion (18%) was also derived from glucose. Our findings thus point to metabolic reprogramming in IDH1 mutant cells beyond 2-HG production and highlight the value of MRS for characterizing the metabolic changes associated with the IDH1 mutation.
Caribbean corals house shared and host-specific microbial symbionts over time and space.

Summary The rise of coral diseases has triggered a surge of interest in coral microbial communities. But to fully understand how the coral microbiome may cause or respond to disease, we must first understand structure and variation in the healthy coral microbiome. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the microbiomes of 100 healthy coral colonies from six Caribbean coral species (Acropora cervicornis, A. palmata, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Diploria strigosa, Porites astreoides and P. furcata) across four reefs and three time points over 1 year. We found host species to be the strongest driver of coral microbiome structure across site and time. Analysis of the core microbiome revealed remarkable similarity in the bacterial taxa represented across coral hosts and many bacterial phylotypes shared across all corals sampled. Some of these widespread bacterial taxa have been identified in Pacific corals, indicating that a core coral microbiome may extend across oceans. Core bacterial phylotypes that were unique to each coral were taxonomically diverse, suggesting that different coral hosts provide persistent, divergent niches for bacteria.
Analysis of Food Poisoning in Zhenjiang City During 1999—2007

[Objective]To explore the rules and characteristics of food poisoning in Zhenjiang ,and provide scientific evidence for relevant government departments to effectively prevent and control food poisoning. [Methods]Analysis was conducted concerning the number of cases,the number of suffered individuals,the distribution of the time and place,and the causes. [Results]The numbers of cases and suffered individuals of the food poisoning in Zhenjiang were decreasing. The time distribution of the poisoning cases was mainly in the third and second quarter (76.19%). The distribution sites of poisoning cases were public food services units (52.38%),collective canteens (21.43%). Bacterial food poisoning (47.62%) is the main type of poisoning. Vibrio parahaemolyticus (30.95%) is the main pathogen. The main reason was the cross contamination of products,semi products and raw materials. [Conclusion]Controlling the cross contamination point in the high incidence season is the key to prevent food poisoning.
Evaluating Podcast Compositions: Assessing Credibility, Challenges, and Innovation

With digital technology becoming a common feature in the classroom and research, podcasts become a valuable reference for both. Whether used as primary source material, illustrating faculty development, or functioning as a multi-media resource in the classroom, assessment tools are needed to evaluate podcasts. Current evaluation tools tend to focus on the production; therefore, an analytical framework focusing the quality of information presented via podcasts for use in research or as a teaching tool in the classroom is warranted. The guideline discussed in this project is based on five factors, each of which has a number of indicators to help gauge its quality and worth. The proposed rubric is a helpful tool that aids in the building of digital ethos for potential audiences outside the academy enabling action based learning and or community impact.
Multitarget Multiscale Simulation for Pharmacological Treatment of Dystonia in Motor Cortex

A large number of physiomic pathologies can produce hyperexcitability in cortex. Depending on severity, cortical hyperexcitability may manifest clinically as a hyperkinetic movement disorder or as epilpesy. We focus here on dystonia, a movement disorder that produces involuntary muscle contractions and involves pathology in multiple brain areas including basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and sensory and motor cortices. Most research in dystonia has focused on basal ganglia, while much pharmacological treatment is provided directly at muscles to prevent contraction. Motor cortex is another potential target for therapy that exhibits pathological dynamics in dystonia, including heightened activity and altered beta oscillations. We developed a multiscale model of primary motor cortex, ranging from molecular, up to cellular, and network levels, containing 1715 compartmental model neurons with multiple ion channels and intracellular molecular dynamics. We wired the model based on electrophysiological data obtained from mouse motor cortex circuit mapping experiments. We used the model to reproduce patterns of heightened activity seen in dystonia by applying independent random variations in parameters to identify pathological parameter sets. These models demonstrated degeneracy, meaning that there were many ways of obtaining the pathological syndrome. There was no single parameter alteration which would consistently distinguish pathological from physiological dynamics. At higher dimensions in parameter space, we were able to use support vector machines to distinguish the two patterns in different regions of space and thereby trace multitarget routes from dystonic to physiological dynamics. These results suggest the use of in silico models for discovery of multitarget drug cocktails.
Dose-rate controlled energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic mapping of the metallic components in a biohybrid nanosystem

In this work, we showcase that through precise control of the electron dose rate, state-of-the-art large solid angle energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy mapping in aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope is capable of faithful and unambiguous chemical characterization of the Pt and Pd distribution in a peptide-mediated nanosystem. This low-dose-rate recording scheme adds another dimension of flexibility to the design of elemental mapping experiments, and holds significant potential for extending its application to a wide variety of beam sensitive hybrid nanostructures.
Rockfill Dams: Performance of TVA Central Core Dams

Especially valuable are reports on the behavior of rock fill dams to compare with the design assumptions. The many variable and sometimes unknown conditions which influence the design of fill dams are sometimes either over- or under-emphasized and, therefore, misapplied. Only by comparing the results with the design assumptions can better dams be built. The authors have made this comparison on three TVA fill dams.
Disproportionality and Resource-Based Environmental Inequality: An Analysis of Neighborhood Proximity to Coal Impoundments in Appalachia

Environmental hazards created by resource extraction impose numerous risks on rural populations, but have been understudied in quantitative analyses of environmental inequality. This study fills that gap by examining whether neighborhoods with socioeconomic disadvantages are disproportionately proximate to coal impoundments in Appalachia. Coal impoundments are large, hazardous dams that hold billions of gallons of wastewater and slurry, a sludge-like by-product of processing coal. I ground this study in William Freudenburg's double diversion framework, which highlights “disproportionality”—the unequal trade-off between economic benefits and environmental costs of certain industries. Disproportionality is evident in Appalachia, where coal mining makes up a small percentage of the region's jobs, but threatens local communities through the creation of environmental hazards. Spatial regression results indicate that neighborhoods closest to impoundments are slightly more likely to have higher rates of poverty and unemployment, even after controlling for rurality, mining-related variables, and spatial dependence. The findings also suggest that a neighborhood's proximity to past mining activity is a stronger predictor of impoundment proximity than current levels of mining employment. This article lays the groundwork for future research on resource-based environmental inequality that considers the uneven spatial distribution of hazards created by resource extraction.
Evaluation and Stability of PEDOT Polymer Electrodes for Li–O2 Batteries

Lithium–air (O2) batteries have shown great promise because of their high gravimetric energy density—an order of magnitude greater than Li-ion—but challenges such as electrolyte and electrode instability have led to poor capacity retention and low cycle life. Positive electrodes such as carbon and inorganic metal oxides have been heavily explored, but the degradation of carbon and the limited surface area of the metal oxides limit their practical use. In this work, we study the electron-conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and show it can support oxygen reduction to form Li2O2 in a nonaqueous environment. We also propose a degradation mechanism and show that the formation of sulfone functionalities on the PEDOT surface and cleavage of the polymer repeat unit impairs electron conductivity and leads to poor cycling. Our findings are important in the search for new Li–O2 electrodes, and the physical insights provided are significant and timely.
Sintering of Non-Spherical Polyethylene Particles:

Experimental observations of polymer sintering with non-spherical particles have been carried out. The evolution of neck formation during sintering was studied by two- particle experiments in a temperature-controlled oven. Shrinkage and change in surface area were also measured using image analysis. Melt densification studies using powder particles were included to complement the two-particle experiments. It was found that ground polymer particles show an important shape recovery stage at the beginning of the sintering process. Comparisons with sintering models available in the literature were made and deviations from the behaviour predicted by such models are discussed.
Clinical Outcomes of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty During the Surgeon Learning Curve Versus Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty Performed at the Same Time

Purpose: To compare outcomes after Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) and traditional Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSEK) during the surgeon’s DMEK learning curve in a prospective, non-randomized, consecutive, interventional case series. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting to the university eye clinics and undergoing endothelial keratoplasty were included. Data including patient demographics, visual acuity, endothelial cell counts and complications were recorded at baseline, as well as 3 and 6 months post-operatively. The primary outcome for this study was BSCVA at 6 months. Pre-specified secondary outcomes included endothelial cell counts and complication rates. Results: A total of 60 eyes of 42 consecutive patients met inclusion criteria, underwent endothelial keratoplasty, and were included in this analysis. Of these, 18 eyes of 14 patients had DSEK while 42 eyes of 28 patients had DMEK. After controlling for baseline visual acuity, study participants undergoing DMEK had a statistically significant approximately half-line improvement in visual acuity compared with DSEK at 3 months (P=0.05) but not at 6 months (P=0.22). DMEK patients experienced an average of 43% endothelial cell loss compared with 25% in DSEK. There were 5 primary graft failures after DMEK compared with 0 after DSEK and but this was not a statistically significant difference (P=0.09). Conclusion: During the surgeon’s DMEK learning curve there was some evidence of improved visual acuity outcomes in DMEK. We observed worse 6-month endothelial cell loss among DMEK patients; however this may improve with surgeon experience.
Noninvasive Prediction of Graft-Verus-Host Disease Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation by Gene Expression Profiling

Abstract Abstract 896 Background: Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) and immunosuppressive medications for its treatment result in significant morbidity and mortality, limiting the clinical benefit of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). A noninvasive, diagnostic and prognostic test is needed to determine which patients have active cGvHD at present and which subset will have active cGvHD in the future. Methods: We performed peripheral blood gene expression profiling to identify an array of transcriptional biomarkers that discriminate presence of active cGvHD requiring immunosuppression following allogeneic HCT. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were prepared by Ficoll gradient and cryopreserved from 63 patients (median age 50 yrs; range 19–64) following allogeneic HCT (median 475 days post-HCT) on an IRB approved protocol. Samples were randomly selected into a training set (23 cGvHD and 19 without cGvHD) and test set (12 cGvHD and 9 without cGvHD) and processed on the Agilent whole human genome 44k microarray platform. Bioinformatics programs including AILUN, GeneSpring, SAM, and PAM were used to select a minimum gene-set (false discovery rate, FDR Results: There is considerable heterogeneity among cGvHD patients, not attributable to multiple confounding factors, suggesting molecular heterogeneity in the development and progression of cGvHD. A minimum of 10 unique genes selected from SAM and PAM predict active cGvHD at the time of the peripheral blood sample with 95% sensitivity and 78% specificity in the training set, and 75% sensitivity and 78% specificity in the test set. Eight and four of ten genes are enriched in NK and CD4 T cells, respectively, and involved in the IL-10 signaling pathway (p Conclusion: Peripheral blood gene expression across a 10 gene-set shows strong correlation of the predictive probability of cGvHD and the clinical phenotype. Given reasonable diagnostic sensitivity and specicifity for prediction of future cGvHD, additional longitudinal studies of this cohort and a prospective cohort are underway to further improve the accuracy of this approach and predictive power of this gene-set. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
INTRINSIC DETERMINANTS OF AXON REGENERATION

ABSTRACT In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), neurons spontaneously regenerate injured axons to reinnervate skin, muscle, and other targets. In contrast, neurons cannot generally regenerate injured axons within the central nervous system (CNS: brain, spinal cord, eye). While most research in the field has tended to ascribe these differences to cell-extrinsic inhibitors of growth, recent evidence suggests that intrinsic factors are at least as important in governing a neuron's ability to regenerate its axon. Following peripheral nerve injury, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons undergo striking changes in the expression of genes required for cell survival and axon outgrowth, enabling them to regenerate both their peripheral axon branch and their centrally directed axon branch into the CNS. In contrast, following injury to the optic nerve, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the projection neurons of the eye, show only modest changes in gene expression and modest levels of terminal sprouting, but no long-distance regeneration. In response to growth factors released by macrophages, however, RGCs undergo changes in gene expression similar to those seen in regenerating DRG neurons and extend lengthy axons through the optic nerve. Here, we discuss what is known about the inductive signals for axon regeneration in DRG neurons and RGCs, the signal transduction pathways and transcription factors involved, and the use of combinatorial treatments to overcome cell-extrinsic growth-inhibitory signals while also activating neurons' intrinsic growth state. A greater understanding of the molecular events that accompany axon regeneration in the CNS and PNS is likely to help us achieve better outcome after neural injury in the clinical setting.
Net Addicted Adolescents at Risk of Mental Health

The aim of the study was to see the impact of Internet Addiction on Mental Health. The sample comprised 70 adolescents (boysagirls) aged 14 18 years who were Internet users. The tools for assessment were Mental Health checklist (Kumar) and Internet Addiction Test (Young). The hypotheses that (1) Internet addiction affects mental health, (2) there is significant difference between Mental Health of Net Addicted and Net Non- Addicted subjects were proved. It was concluded that Internet Addicted had poor mental health
Coastal erosion and recovery from a Cascadia subduction zone earthquake and tsunami

Abstract Tsunamis generated by great earthquakes threaten coastal infrastructure, development, and human life. Earlier work has documented the inland extent and frequency of past tsunamis, but little is known about the magnitude of material eroded during prehistoric tsunamis and how erosion and coastal recovery are recorded in coastal stratigraphy. In this study we use high-resolution ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to image and quantify coastal erosion experienced during a late Holocene (~ 900 cal BP) Cascadia subduction zone earthquake and tsunami along the northern California coast. The GPR profiles illustrate three stratigraphic signatures created during co-seismic subsidence and tsunami erosion and coastal recovery. The first is erosional truncation of the underlying seaward-dipping reflections created by pre-tsunami normal beach progradation. The second is a series of landward-dipping, flat-lying, and channelized reflections marking the filling of erosional topography and coastal reworking of the irregular shoreline following inundation and erosion. The third is an abrupt landward termination of the stratigraphic unit marking coastal straightening and post-tsunami rejuvenation of normal coastal progradation. Erosion from the ~ 900 cal BP earthquake and tsunami extended > 110 m inland of the contemporary shoreline and removed/reworked 225,000 ± 28,000 m3 of sand from a 1.7-km stretch of the coast, far exceeding anything experienced during historical El Ninos along the Pacific Coast of North America. This study provides the first quantitative estimate of the amount of coastal erosion from a pre-historic earthquake and tsunami and outlines a strategy for estimating erosion during similar events elsewhere.
Meaning at the Source: The Dynamics of Field Formation in Institutional Research

Organizational fields are a central construct in institutional theory and the notion of shared meaning is integral to the definition of “field.” In this review, we discuss how institutional scholar...
Films of Trauma Unfolding: Confinement

As shown in this chapter, the child figure appears as a source of resilience and hope, which diminishes in darker films such as All the Doors Were Closed (1990), and flourishes in more confident films such as Don’t Let Them Shoot the Kite (1989). The child confined and the child breaking free are images that many coup films conjure up in their attempts to reconstruct the after-effects of the coup period. From The Way (1982) to Children of Wh—s (2008), coup films depict the loss of utopia in images of the detained and tortured, infantilized grown-ups, and children of the incarcerated. Towards the 2000s, films progressively emotionalize the consequences of the coup.
Goal Programming Solution Methodology

When goal programming (GP) was introduced in the mid 1950’s there was little computer software (or computers) to help support the growth of this computationally dependent methodology. By the early 1970’s both computers and software applications where in place to encourage the development of GP modeling. As the life cycle of GP research in Figure 1-3 in Chapter 1 reveals, the real growth period for GP literature began at this very same time. The GP software required the availability of GP algorithms used to generate the primary GP problem solutions. In addition, a collection of supporting algorithms are also necessary to permit a post-solution analysis or secondary consideration of the solutions obtained in the primary solution. Collectively, these primary and secondary algorithms can be called GP solution methodologies.
Brush-type chiral stationary phase for enantioseparation of acidic compounds. Optimization of chiral capillary electrochromatographic parameters.

The capillary electrochromatographic separations of three acidic enantiomers (carprofen, coumachlor and warfarin) were studied on a capillary column packed with 5 μm (3R,4S)-Whelk-O 1 chiral stationary phase. The influence of several experimental parameters (mobile phase pH, type of background electrolyte, acetonitrile ratio, temperature, applied voltage and ionic strength) on electroosmotic flow velocity, retention factor, selectivity factor, efficiency, resolution and effectiveness of chiral separation was evaluated. It was notable that the optimum resolution of the acidic enantiomers was achieved at pH 3.0 phosphate buffer, suggesting that capillary electrochromatography in the ion-suppressed mode can be applied for chiral separations of a range of acidic compounds.
Fractional flow reserve and intravascular ultrasound

Coronary angiography has inherent limitations. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a useful technique for determining the presence of ischemia with indeterminate lesions. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is useful for optimizing stent implantation.
Bilateral Severe Vitritis, an intraocular recurrence of B cell lymphoma: A case report.

Purpose: To report a case of bilateral vitritis originated from Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. Diagnosis was made from a careful history taking and confirmed with vitrectomy. Case report: 65-year-old Vietnamese male had one month of progressive blurred vision in both eyes without other eye complaint. History revealed that about one year previously, he was diagnosed with primary diffuse large B cell lymphoma. He was treated with chemotherapy of Methotrexate 3.5 g/m2 and cytarabine 2 mg/m2, and a whole brain radiation therapy. There was a complete remission after the therapy. Fundus of both eyes was partly obscured by cells mainly in the posterior vitreous. Sequential bilateral vitrectomies were done on 5/1/17 and 7/17/17 without complication. The vitreous sample from the first eye having vitrectomy was sent for study which demonstrated large B cell lymphoma. Post-operative vision improved to 20/25 both eye without the complaint of hazy vision. Conclusion: Good history taking assisted in the diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma in this case with bilateral vitritis. However, bilateral vitrectomy restored the vision and further confirmed the diagnosis of lymphoma for future follow up care.
The High Tc Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O Superconducting System

Discoveries of 30-K La-Ba-Cu-O superconductor [1] and 90-K Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor [2] have stimulated a worldwide race for new and even higher temperature superconductors. Breakthroughs were made by the discoveries of the 90-K Tl-Ba-Cu-O system [3,4], 110-K Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system [5,6] and 120-K T1-Ba-Ca-Cu-O system [7–9]. Recently, high temperature superconductivity was also observed in the Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system [10–12], and in the M-Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O with M = Pb [13,14] and rare earths [15]. In this paper, we present preparation procedures, structure, and some properties of the 120-K Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O superconductors. We discuss an unusual levitation phenomenon of the Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O superconductor due to flux pinning [16]. Finally, we present a new Tl2O3-vapor-process [17] which allows the highest temperature Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O superconductors to be easily made in the forms of complex bulk components, wires and fibers, and thick and thin films, and minimizes problems caused by toxicity and volatility of Tl starting compounds. Recent results on T1203 vapoer-processing of thin film Ba-Ca-Cu-O precursors are included.
Visualizing Ecological Data in Virtual Reality

Visualizing complex scientific data and models in 2D can be challenging. The result can be hard to interpret and understand for the general audience, and the model accuracy hard to evaluate even for the experts. To address these problems, we created a workflow that translates data of an ecological model, LANDIS-II, into a high-fidelity 3D model in virtual reality (VR). We combined ecological modeling, analytical modeling, procedural modeling, and VR, to allow users to experience a forest in northern Wisconsin (WI), United States, under two climate scenarios. Users can explore and interact with the forest under different climate scenarios, explore the impacts of climate change on different tree species, and retrieve information from a 3D tree database. The VR application can be used as an educational tool for the general public, and as a model checking tool by researchers.
Fourier Restriction, Decoupling, and Applications

The last fifteen years have seen a flurry of exciting developments in Fourier restriction theory, leading to significant new applications in diverse fields. This timely text brings the reader from the classical results to state-of-the-art advances in multilinear restriction theory, the Bourgain–Guth induction on scales and the polynomial method. Also discussed in the second part are decoupling for curved manifolds and a wide variety of applications in geometric analysis, PDEs (Strichartz estimates on tori, local smoothing for the wave equation) and number theory (exponential sum estimates and the proof of the Main Conjecture for Vinogradov's Mean Value Theorem). More than 100 exercises in the text help reinforce these important but often difficult ideas, making it suitable for graduate students as well as specialists. Written by an author at the forefront of the modern theory, this book will be of interest to everybody working in harmonic analysis.
A case of anaphylaxis: IPE simulation as a tool to enhance communication and collaboration

Abstract Simulation-enhanced interprofessional education (sim-IPE) was utilized as a method to focus on communication and teamwork skills. This event had 383 learners from six professions including several that are not typically included in sim-IPE: clinical laboratory science, health administration, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and respiratory therapy. The primary objective for this sim-IPE event was for the learner to demonstrate working effectively with other health professionals when managing the care of a patient with anaphylaxis including assigning roles, developing a care plan, and using TeamSTEPPS® communication tools (huddle, closed-loop communication). The sim-IPE consisted of pre-work, an introduction, a simulation session with two teams of learners observing and performing each simulation, and a faculty led debriefing session. The pre-work and introduction covered the clinical content thoroughly to allow the focus of the simulation to be solely on the communication and teamwork objectives. Evaluation of the sim-IPE was done through both an observational tool that assessed the learner team performance during the simulation and a satisfaction survey the learners completed after the simulation. The observational tool revealed that closed loop communication was the weakest overall and became the focus of the debriefing after each simulation. The satisfaction survey was evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively using a content analysis of the open-ended question in the survey. The quantitative analysis showed that overall professions were satisfied with the event, and the learners’ perception was that the sim-IPE increased their knowledge and ability to communicate and work in a team. The content analysis of the open-ended question asking the learners what they would apply to their practice confirmed that the focus on the closed-loop communication during the debriefing could drive the behavioral change in practice. While there are many challenges to developing and implementing a sim-IPE, this event demonstrated that both clinical and traditionally “non-clinical” professions could focus on communication and teamwork using a case of anaphylaxis and that using an observational tool during the sim-IPE focused the debrief session to the areas of improvement for the learners to enforce the objectives and deliver actionable goals for practice.
A 54% Power-Saving Static Fully-Interruptible Single-Phase-Clocked Shared-Keeper Flip-Flop in 14nm CMOS

A low clock power, static, fully-interruptible, single-phase-clocked, shared-keeper flip-flop without local clock inverters and no write-back failure reduces the clock transistor count to 6 instead of 12 in conventional transmission-gate flip-flop, achieving 54% reduction in total cell level power and 100mV improved V MIN. An experimental microcontroller with shared-keeper sequentials, fabricated in 14nm CMOS, shows 6.5% lower measured chip level power at iso-frequency compared to the previously published single-phase-clocked AOI sequentials at 0.75V, 25°C.
Surviving and thriving: Survivorship in the 21st century: Developing a multidisciplinary survivorship care program

Abstract Many complications of head and neck cancer treatment arise long after completion of treatment. Long-term issues that adversely affect the quality of life include dysphagia, dysphonia, neck fibrosis, trismus, xerostomia, lymphedema, osteoradionecrosis, and depression. While cancer care models have traditionally focused on treatment and short-term surveillance, many of these long-term issues remain untreated or undertreated. There is now increased recognition that cancer treatment paradigms should include life-long plans for cancer survivorship. Therefore the goal of the 21st century survivorship programs is to develop a multidisciplinary group or providers dedicated to monitoring, preventing, and treating survivorship issues with the ultimate goal to maintain an optimal quality of living throughout life.
Sustaining customer engagement through social media brand communities

Customers are spending an exorbitant amount of time engaging various media outlets. Due to technological advances such as social media, marketers must innovate to stay top-of-mind for customers and...
Paternal Education and Infant Health: Variation by Race/Ethnicity.

In the USA, efforts to improve unequal infant health outcomes require knowledge about how the relationship between education and infant health varies by parental gender and race/ethnicity. Drawing from a pooled random sample of over 1 million live births from the 2011 to 2017 National Vital Statistics System data, we examine the relationship between maternal and paternal education and infant health and assess how it varies by maternal racial and ethnic background. The model fit statistics suggest that the relationship between paternal education and infant health is about equal to maternal education and infant health. However, we find a weaker relationship overall between parental education and infant health among Asian and Hispanic fathers than Whites, American Indian, and Black fathers. Black fathers’ education is more strongly associated with infant health than that of Black mothers. At some levels, paternal education is also more strongly related to health among Hispanic infants. The results suggest a greater focus on fathers’ contributions to infant health is warranted, and programs or policies that focus on fathers could help address racial and ethnic infant health disparities.
Online Learning for Job Scheduling on Heterogeneous Machines

Motivated by the fair allocation of goods in an offline market, we propose and study a new model for online job scheduling on heterogeneous machines. In this model, the goal is to schedule jobs on a set of machines in an online fashion with the overall quality of service as close as possible to an optimal offline benchmark. More precisely, we consider a job scheduling system consisting of a set of machines and indivisible jobs that arrive sequentially over time. When a job arrives, it must be scheduled and processed on a single machine where the utility received for such an assignment depends on the job-machine pair. It is assumed that each machine has a different power/energy budget and its welfare is proportional to the product of its power and its cumulative utilities. The goal is to maximize the total quality of service that is the sum of all the machines' welfare. However, in practice, the power budgets of machines often are not known and must be learned over time. To tackle this issue, we first propose a simple Explore-then-Exploit scheduling algorithm that achieves a sub-linear regret of (T2/3), where T is the total number of jobs. Here the regret is defined as the expected difference between the total quality of service obtained by the algorithm and its maximum value had we known the $\mathcal{O}$power budgets a priori. We then enhance this result by providing an Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) algorithm with only logarithmic regret $\mathcal{O}$ (log T). Numerical results are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms for various ranges of parameters.
Directing Cholangiocyte Morphogenesis in Natural Biomaterial Scaffolds

ABSTRACT Patients with Alagille syndrome carry monogenic mutations in the Notch signaling pathway and face complications such as jaundice and cholestasis. Given the presence of intrahepatic ductopenia in these patients, Notch2 receptor signaling has been implicated in driving normal biliary development and downstream branching morphogenesis. As a result, in vitro model systems of liver epithelium are needed to further mechanistic insight of biliary tissue assembly. Here, we systematically evaluate primary human intrahepatic cholangiocytes as a candidate population for such a platform and describe conditions that direct their branching morphogenesis. We find that extracellular matrix presentation, coupled with mitogen stimulation, promotes biliary branching in a Notch-dependent manner. These results demonstrate the utility of using 3D scaffolds for mechanistic investigation of cholangiocyte branching and provides a gateway to integrate biliary architecture in additional in vitro models of liver tissue.
Employing Drug Delivery Strategies to Overcome Challenges Using TLR7/8 Agonists for Cancer Immunotherapy

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a potential target for cancer immunotherapy due to their role in the activation of the innate immune system. More specifically, TLR7 and TLR8, two structurally similar pattern recognition receptors that trigger interferon and cytokine responses, have proven to be therapeutically relevant targets for cancer in numerous preclinical and clinical studies. When triggered by an agonist, such as imiquimod or resiquimod, the TLR7/8 activation pathway induces cellular and humoral immune responses that can kill cancer cells with high specificity. Unfortunately, TLR7/8 agonists also present a number of issues that must be overcome prior to broad clinical implementation, such as poor drug solubility and systemic toxic effects. To overcome the key limitations of TLR7/8 agonists as a cancer therapy, biomaterial-based drug delivery systems have been developed. These delivery devices are highly diverse in their design and include systems that can be directly administered to the tumor, passively accumulated in relevant cancerous and lymph tissues, triggered by environmental stimuli, or actively targeted to specific physiological areas and cellular populations. In addition to improved delivery systems, recent studies have also demonstrated the potential benefits of TLR7/8 agonist co-delivery with other types of therapies, particularly checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and chemotherapeutics, which can yield impressive anti-cancer effects. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of TLR7/8 agonist delivery systems and provide perspective on promising future directions.
Procedures in the Preparation of Solutions

Drugs which are available in solutions may be injected, diluted, applied to the skin and mucus surfaces, and easily varied in dosage. These are the advantages of having a drug in solution. The disadvantages are that solutions have a taste, they tend to deteriorate more rapidly than solid preparations and they are relatively bulky.
Effect of Variations of Delivery and Aim on Bowling Achievement of College Women

Abstract Four random groups of college women, novice to ten pin bowling, were taught under the four combinations of techniques resulting from two variations of delivery and two variations of point of aim. The variations of delivery were the hook and the straight ball, while the variations of point of aim were pin and spot. Comparisons of these instructional techniques based on the cumulative 24-game average indicate that superior results may be attained by teaching the spot point of aim to beginners regardless of the type of delivery, that beginners achieve just as good results when taught the hook ball delivery as when taught the straight ball, and that there is no interaction between type of delivery and type of aim.