cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Music Cue Archetypes in the Film Scores of Elmer Bernstein

At first glance, Elmer Bernstein's compositional style seems far removed from the musicodramatic legacy of the nineteenth century. Unlike the first generation of film composers like Max Steiner and Alfred Newman, Bernstein (1922–2004) and most others of his generation learned their craft by scoring for radio, not the Broadway or operatic stage. The leitmotif-heavy scores of composers like Erich Korngold were becoming outdated by the time Bernstein began scoring films in the 1950s. Although Bernstein created one of the great traditional film scores of the 1950s in The Ten Commandments (1956), in later interviews he suggested that this was not in accord with his own compositional instincts; the Wagnerian approach he used in that film was demanded of him by the film's director, Cecil B. DeMille. Indeed, Bernstein was one of the leaders in the move away from this older style, helping to redefine the role of jazz in film music (The Man with the Golden Arm, 1955) and demonstrating the effectiveness of the smaller, more intimate chamber-music score (To Kill A Mockingbird, 1962). Still, it is also true that Bernstein wrote some of the most memorable themes in the history of film music, and thus it is possible to see traces of older film composing strategies in his scores. Especially in the comedic films of the late 1970s and early 1980s--which Bernstein insisted should be scored "straight"--we hear music cues that are clear descendants of the generic theme types that appeared in such Silent-Era books as The Sam Fox Moving Picture Music, themes that J.S. Zamecnik might think of as "Festival Marches," "Hurries," and one of any number of exotic types. Bernstein's great gift as a melodist, his astute judgment regarding the placement of music in the films he scored, and above all, his sophisticated dramatic and comedic instincts have ensured a prominent position for him in the history of film composition, but this position is best understood in terms of historical continuity rather than revolution.
Ratiometric measurement of hydrogen sulfide and cysteine/homocysteine ratios using a dual-fluorophore fragmentation strategy.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an integral signaling molecule in biology with complex generation, translocation, and metabolism processes that are intertwined with cellular thiols. Differentiating the complex interplay between H2S and biological thiols, however, remains challenging due to the difficulty of monitoring H2S and thiol levels simultaneously in complex redox environments. As a step toward unraveling the complexities of H2S and thiols in sulfur redox homeostasis, we present a dual-fluorophore fragmentation strategy that allows for the ratiometric determination of relative H2S and cysteine (Cys) or homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations, two important metabolites in H2S biosynthesis. The key design principle is based on a nitrobenzofurazan-coumarin (NBD-Coum) construct, which fragments into spectroscopically differentiable products upon nucleophilic aromatic substitution with either H2S or Cys/Hcy. Measurement of the ratio of fluorescence intensities from coumarin and the NBD-Cys or NBD-Hcy adducts generat...
Impact of Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS) Standardization on Carboplatin Dose and Adverse Events.

BACKGROUND When using area under the concentration-time curve-based strategies for dosing carboplatin, accurate estimation of glomerular filtration rate is required for determining dose. Commonly, the Cockcroft-Gault equation is used, which is dependent on measurement of serum creatinine (SCr). Because analysis of SCr changed to an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) standard, we sought to determine the impact of this assay change on carboplatin dosing and related toxicity. METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective chart review of adults treated with carboplatin between April 2008 and April 2010 divided into cohorts that initiated carboplatin before or after IDMS standardization. End points included grade 3 thrombocytopenia, decrease in platelet count, and hospitalization and were evaluated in cohorts based on concomitant chemotherapy. RESULTS The chart review identified 158 patients, with 63 patients in the pre-IDMS group and 95 patients in the post-IDMS group. Average SCr (pre 1.01 mg/dl vs post 0.86 mg/dl, p<0.001) and average carboplatin dose (pre 580 mg vs post 703 mg, p<0.001) were significantly different between the groups. The frequency of grade 3 thrombocytopenia was not statistically significant across three partner chemotherapy cohorts before and after IDMS implementation. CONCLUSION IDMS standardization led to an overall decrease in SCr with subsequent increase in carboplatin doses. However, no increase in recorded adverse events was observed, suggesting that the clinical relevance in toxicity from higher doses was minimal.
Design,synthesis and antitumor activity of thalidomide derivatives

Aim To study antitumor activity of thalidomide derivatives.Methods According to the structure of thalidomide,starting from β-D-glucosamine hydrochloride,twenty compounds were designed and synthesized.All of them were confirmed by 1H-NMR and parts of them were confirmed by IR,MS spectra.All of them were tested by measuring the survival percent of 4T1 cell.Results All the compounds were first reported,and the preliminary anticancer test showed that all the designed compounds have extent antitumor activity.Conclusion The derivatives substituted by 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl glucopyranoside have better antitumor activity than thalidomide dose.
Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs): Their Physical and Chemical Properties

Peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) are important organic indicators of tropospheric chemical processes. In this chapter, our current understanding of the chemical and physical properties of PANs are reviewed.
Family Structure Changes During High School and College Selectivity

Research has shown that family structure changes negatively influence educational attainment, but they overlook qualitative distinctions in college choice, such as college selectivity. Yet, college choice research has largely focused on static measures of family structure, failing to account for year-to-year family structure changes that occur during high school. We merge literature in family and college choice to investigate the role of family-life events on college choice. We found family structure changes that occur early and late in high school influence the selectivity of the college where a student applies, and this relation persists in spite of controls for race, gender, family background, and pre-high school family structures. Including educational expectations, parent–student discussions, and coursework rigor account for the negative association between family structure changes during high school and the selectivity of the college where a student applies. However, late family structure changes during high school continue to correlate negatively with a student’s college enrollment, potentially reflecting realities and financial burdens of attending college, especially selective colleges.
Residual stress induced mechanical property enhancement in steel encapsulated light metal matrix composites

Abstract Macro hybridized systems consisting of steel encapsulated metal matrix composites (MMCs) were produced with the goal of creating a low cost/light weight system with enhanced mechanical properties. The systems exhibit the high strength and modulus commonly expected from steels and high specific stiffness and low density observed in MMCs. The material combination also works to alleviate the high density of steels and the poor ductility of the MMCs. Furthermore, a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch induced residual compressive stress method is utilized to improve the ductility of the MMCs. Systems consisting of an A36 or 304 stainless steel shell with an Al-SiC or Al-Al 2 O 3 shell are evaluated via neutron diffraction to quantify bulk residual stresses. The analysis shows variation in the measured strain due to steel thickness, difference in CTE between materials, and position within the composite. Improvements in ductility and yield stress are a result of these strains.
Monitoring brain waves in an effort to investigate student's cognitive load during a variety of problem solving scenarios

This paper focuses on understanding cognitive load, cognitive flexibility, cognitive efficiency, and their implications for learning. Cognitive load is commonly defined to be the total amount of mental effort that is being used by the working memory at a given time. Recently, researchers have shown that an Electroencephalograph (EEG) can be a reliable tool to measure the cognitive load that one may experience while performing various tasks. We used this knowledge as the basis for a two-phase study, the goal of which is to establish a mapping of cognitive load throughout the engineering design process, so that we may highlight the key differences between novice engineering students and advanced engineering students. During the first phase of this study we evaluated the B-Alert EEG system's ability to measure cognitive load in problem solving situations. Sophomore and senior engineering students solved engineering problems of varying complexity while connected to the B-Alert system. From the collected data, we are able to see a relationship between problem difficulty and cognitive load experienced. Further analysis of the collected data is needed to identify metrics that may be used to evaluate one's cognitive flexibility and cognitive efficiency. The second phase of this study will focus on analyzing the same cognitive functions as both novice and advanced engineering students solve design problems, which tend to be complex and open-ended in nature.
Recent results on graphical enumeration

We present four of our counting results which are to appear soon in various journals. These comprise: (1) the number of caterpillars, (2) the number of self-complementary configurations, (3) the number of achiral trees, and (4) the probability of an endpoint in a large random tree. We conclude with a brief mention of four miscellaneous results.
A taxonomy of narrative-centric board and card games

Narrative-centric analog games 1 have emerged from a hybridization of genres: they borrow conventions from pen and paper-based role-playing games such as Dungeons and Dragons, as well as the foundations of eurogames and war games. Historically, board game narratives and themes have primarily been imposed through design elements rather than mechanics: in his study of Eurogames, Woods noted that while players often value a "sense of narrative" that unifies theme and mechanics, this is rarely an emphasis of the genre [34]. However, modern narrative-centric board games demonstrate new levels of unity between play and story, integrating players into the narrative as meaningful actors and borrowing conventions from video games to build nonlinear play. In this paper, we examine and compare some exemplars of the narrative-centric board game genre, and use these games as a lens to propose a taxonomy of narrative-based physical games that builds from and extends Espen Aarseth's narrative theory of digital games [1] and suggest new possibilities for digital game narratives.
Owning the end of the world: Zero K and DeLillo’s post-postmodern mutation

Don DeLillo often has been un-problematically designated as a second-generation postmodernist, with his most prominent novels seemingly affirming his place within the canon of postmodern American f...
Rate of Convergence to the Normal Law

Let f(n) be a strongly additive arithmetic function. Define the real functions $$\begin{gathered} A(x) = \sum\limits_{p \leqslant x} {\frac{{f(p)}}{p}} , \hfill \\ B(x) = \left( {\sum\limits_{p \leqslant x} {\frac{{f(p)^2 }}{p}} } \right)^{1/2} \geqslant 0 \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ (1) .
Counselors as Surrogates

This article describes the use of a participant-observation experiment as an alternative form of counseling. Two college counselors shared the same experiences as a group of entering freshman students and later used their shared knowledge to better establish counseling rapport. A review of the literature shows several applied anthropology and classic fostering psychotherapeutic approaches. The results suggest that this experiential method was a successful way of bridging the transition from the counseling setting to an actual functioning milieu with this particular group of young adults. This method has applications in workplace and family settings as well.
Commentary by Alfred L. Parker

The contribution made by Professor Mann in his chapter “Urban Water Pricing: The Divergence Between Theory and Practice” is to be applauded on several counts. First, it Provides a useful survey of recent research in water demand and costing, including a constructive evaluation of the strength and weakness of the strength and weakness of recent research in these areas if water research. Second, Processor Mann makes the important connection between economic research. The linking of research developments to pricing innovation is clearly important, providing guidance direction in the development if new research activity. And third, Professor Mann identifies specific areas where additional research on these important topics — water demand and costing — is needed. On each of these count the work represent an important and valuable addition to the literature.
Modulation of Feeding and Associated Behaviors by Lateral Hypothalamic Circuits

Our ability to modulate and observe neuronal activity in defined neurons in freely moving animals has revolutionized neuroscience research in recent years. Findings in the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) highlighted the existence of many neuronal circuits that regulate distinct phenotypes of feeding behavior, emotional valence, and locomotor activity. Several of these neuronal circuits do not fit into a common model of neuronal integration and highlight the need to improve working models for complex behaviors. This review will specifically focus on recent literature that distinguishes LHA circuits based on their molecular and anatomical characteristics and studies their role in feeding, associated behaviors (e.g., arousal and locomotion), and emotional states (e.g., emotional valences).
The effect of bulb weight on salinity tolerance of three common Narcissus cultivars

Abstract Daffodils [Narcissus sp. (L.) Amaryllidaceae] are popular landscaping plants and cut flowers. The daffodil cultivars ‘Dutch Master’, ‘Ice Follies’, and ‘Tete-a-Tete’ are considered highly tolerant to salinity by maintaining visual quality at NaCl induced electrical conductivity (EC) greater than 6 dS⋅ m−1. In geophytes, the bulb can act as a buffer for stress, and in this study we wanted to determine how the bulb contributes to salinity tolerance in these three daffodil cultivars. Bulbs were divided into three weight categories and exposed to irrigation salinities of 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl during chilling, active growth and flowering. Regardless of the level of salinity exposure, plants (regardless of salinity or cultivar) with large bulbs grew at least twice the rate as plants from small bulbs grown at the same salinity. Flowers lasted on average 2 days longer in large bulb plants compared to small bulb plants. The ability to flower was impacted by cultivar and bulb size, with the least flowering occurring in small bulb ‘Dutch Master’ plants. In contrast, salinity was the main factor affecting leaf osmotic potential and relative water content (both decreased by 13%), antioxidant capacity (increased by 11%), gas exchange (reduced 50–75%), and cation uptake (5 fold increase in NaCl treatments). Although increasing bulb size did not improve all plant factors impacted by salinity, increases in initial bulb size improved overall growth at all levels of salinity and allowed the plants to maintain flower production and visual quality.
A placebo‐controlled pilot study of a wearable morning bright light treatment for probable PTSD

Author(s): Zalta, Alyson K; Bravo, Karyna; Valdespino-Hayden, Zerbrina; Pollack, Mark H; Burgess, Helen J | Abstract: BackgroundEvidence-based treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have poor uptake and remission rates, suggesting that alternative treatments are needed. Morning bright light may be an effective treatment for PTSD given its established effects on mood and sleep, however, there are no published trials.MethodsWe conducted a placebo-controlled pilot trial of a wearable light device, the Re-timer®, for individuals with probable PTSD. Individuals were randomly assigned to the active Re-timer® (n = 9) or a placebo Re-timer® dimmed with neutral density filters (n = 6). Participants self-administered the treatment at home 1 hr each morning over 4 weeks. PTSD and depression symptoms were assessed at pre- and post-treatment.ResultsThe Re-timer® was well tolerated and the perceived benefit was high, though treatment adherence was only moderate. Those in the active group were more likely to achieve a minimal clinically important change in PTSD and depression symptoms and had larger symptom reductions than those in the placebo group CONCLUSIONS: A wearable morning light treatment was acceptable and feasible for patients with probable PTSD. This study provides initial proof-of-concept that light treatment can improve PTSD. A larger trial is warranted to establish treatment efficacy. NCT#: 03513848.
A Bidirectional LLC Converter Enabled by Common-Mode and Differential-Mode Operation

Higher switching frequencies facilitate miniaturization and higher performance in power electronics, and the LLC resonant converter can be an advantageous topology at increased frequencies. The LLC’s frequency-dependent gain curve provides a wide range of voltage conversion ratios for only a narrow frequency range, but in conventional LLC converters, this steep gain curve is only present for one (forward) power flow direction. In this work, we demonstrate a converter topology that achieves the advantageous LLC gain characteristic for both forward and reverse power flow. This topology splits the traditional LLC topology into two equal halves connected at their resonant tanks, and it uses common-mode and differential-mode operating schemes to selectively utilize the resonant components to replicate LLC gain behavior for both power flow directions. We experimentally demonstrate these techniques in a 1 kW prototype that converts power bidirectionally between a 250-500 V bus and a 10.5-15 V bus at switching frequencies of up to 2 MHz. The bidirectional LLC gain characteristic proves to be vital for meeting all forward direction (step-down) and reverse-direction (step-up) operating points. Such bidirectional, wide gain power conversion is valuable for inter-bus converters in electric vehicles and other energy storage applications.
Reply to: non-contrast CT KUB still has a central role in the management of patients suspected of nephrolithiasis.

Dear editor This letter provides excellent dialogue about how we can advance the care of patients with renal colic. Our responses to the comments are below. It is correct that a CT KUB (kidney, ureter, bladder) has a higher sensitivity than US (ultrasound) and the ability to measure the size and exact location of an obstructing calculus. Given the adverse effects of a CT KUB (significant increased cost, length of stay, radiation and …
How Modern Mass Spectrometry Can Solve Ancient Questions: A Multi-Omics Study of the Stomach Content of the Oldest Human Ice Mummy, the 5300-Year-Old Iceman or Oetzi.

In the past 40 years, mass spectrometry has seen a stunning development regarding increased sensitivity, resolution, and accuracy, especially for biomolecule analysis. These days without any doubt mass spectrometry is the most powerful analytical tool as a standalone technique or in conjunction with separation techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE). It is literally used to analyze any kind of small or large molecules ranging from basic elements to metabolites, pesticides, toxins, small or large molecule drugs, oligonucleotides, peptides, proteins, and many other molecule classes.Here, various modern mass spectrometry techniques such as LC-MS , GC-MS, ICP-MS, and elemental bio-imaging are briefly described how they were used for the first complex multi-omics study of the oldest human ice mummy, the 5300-year-old Iceman or Oetzi. The study comprised of mass spectrometry-driven proteomics (protein profiling and characterization), metabolomics, lipidomics, glycomics, and metallomics.
Fine-grained semantics for attitude reports

I observe that the “concept-generator” theory of Percus and Sauerland (2003) , Anand (2006), and Charlow and Sharvit (2014) does not predict an intuitive true interpretation of the sentence “Plato did not believe that Hesperus was Phosphorus”. In response, I present a simple theory of attitude reports which employs a fine-grained semantics for names, according to which names which intuitively name the same thing may have distinct compositional semantic values. This simple theory solves the problem with the concept-generator theory, but, as I go on to show, it has problems of its own. I present three examples which the concept-generator theory can accommodate, but the simple fine-grained theory cannot. These examples motivate the full theory of the paper, which combines the basic ideas behind the concept-generator theory with a fine-grained semantics for names. The examples themselves are of interest independently of my theory: two of them constrain the original concept-generator theory more tightly than previously discussed examples had. EARLY ACCESS
High-Throughput Estimation of Soil Nutrient and Residue Cover: A Step Towards Precision Agriculture

Soil nutrient measurement is an integral part of farming. Several protocols exist for soil sampling and measurement of soil nutrients such as N, P, K, organic matter, soil moisture, and residue cover. However, the measurement methods are labor intensive and have lower spatial and temporal frequency. Several proximal sensing methods have been developed for faster measurement, but they are slow due to redundancy. Therefore, newer methods are being developed which exploit the optical properties of soil. Optical properties of soil affect the reflectance of radiations from the electromagnetic spectrum. This spectral reflectance can be quantified and the variation among them can be used to distinguish between soil constituents. Technics to detect and quantify the soil spectral reflectance is known as remote sensing. In this chapter we would discuss the technological advancements related to remote sensing such as aerial sensors, faster data collection, automated analysis using statistical and machine learning tools, and to use the data to train models for nutrient and residue cover estimation. This data can be used to develop soil nutrient deficiency map for variable rate management of resources. Therefore, a systematic appraisal and critical investigation of various remote sensing tools to estimate soil nutrient content and residue cover will improve our understanding of the subject and pave the way for further research in this direction.
A new perspective on the maternal mortality disparity

The disparity in maternal mortality rates between ethnicities in the United States is alarming, with Black women at far higher risk of dying than women of other ethnicities. Factors typically thought of as protective in health disparity research are not necessarily protective with maternal mortality. Building upon a social justice framework by utilizing a strength-based focus is needed when addressing this issue to build upon strengths and empower Black women as a part of the solution.
Identification of Closed-Loop Chemoreflex Dynamics Using Pseudorandom Stimuli

A brief disturbance to respiratory chemical feedback loops may initiate an interval of oscillatory fluctuations in ventilation1. The propensity for such oscillations to occur often is quantified1, 2 in terms of chemical feedback “loop gain”. A more direct and more complete characterization of the stability of ventilation can be obtained, however, by measuring the time course of the ventilatory response to a standard, brief disturbance3, 4. With appropriate parameterization of such responses, one can obtain indices which are highly correlated with loop gain, or can calculate loop gain itself. To characterize and compare the dynamics of central and peripheral chemoreflex loops of mail to disturbances, we have assessed the closed-loop ventilatory responses to single-breath inhalations of hypercapnic and hypoxic gases respectively. Such assessments in awake man are hampered by the typically large ventilatory variability relative to the small ventilatory responses elicited by such brief chemical stimuli. To overcome this limitation we have used pseudorandom chemical stimulation instead of single-breath inhalations. The responses were parameterized using the prediction-error method of transfer function estimation5.
Disproportionate insider control and board of director characteristics

Abstract We comprehensively examine the characteristics of the board of directors in firms characterized by disproportionate insider control. Specifically, we investigate whether board of director characteristics contribute to, or attenuate, the known negative association between a divergence of insider voting and cash flow rights and firm value. Using a new hand-collected sample of U.S. dual-class firms between 2000 and 2012, we find that disproportionate insider control is negatively associated with board experience, independence, and the tenure/age of directors. These findings support an entrenchment, rather than a substitution explanation, which would require stronger board monitoring as the extent of agency conflicts increases. Moreover, mediation analyses reveal that negative board characteristics act as one channel for the previously established negative association between disproportionate insider control and firm value.
The soy peptide lunasin enhances cross-presentation by dendritic cells (APP3P.109)

Lunasin, a natural seed peptide containing 43 amino acids, was originally isolated from soybeans. We recently discovered a novel function of lunasin as an immune modulating agent. Lunasin stimulation resulted in dendritic cell (DC) maturation and activation by increasing the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and the production of type I interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Lunasin acts as an adjuvant in vivo was demonstrated in a prophylactic model against OVA-expressing A20 B-lymphomas. The objective is to determine the mechanisms by which lunasin promotes antigen-specific antitumor immune responses. We hypothesize that lunasin enhances cross-presentation of tumor antigens by DCs, resulting in priming of tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). To test our hypothesis, in vitro cross-presentation of soluble OVA by isolated DCs (CD11c+) was performed. Lunasin-treated DCs stimulated greater proliferation of OVA specific CD8+ T cells (OT-I) cells than DCs cultured in medium only. To further define the molecular mechanisms, we determined the activation of transcription factors involved in DC maturation by lunasin. Increases in phosphorylation of STAT1 and NF-kB were found in DCs treated with lunasin. The data may delineate the signaling pathways involved in gene expression induced by lunasin in DCs. These results show that lunasin enhances cross-presentation of tumor antigens by DCs, resulting in effective priming of antigen specific CD8+ CTLs.
Tyranny of the White Majority? Minority Representation in American Democracy

Critics have long feared that America's winner-take-all system, it's clear white majority, and it's sharp racial divisions would combine to undermine the interests of racial and ethnic minorities. Unfortunately, we have few means of assessing minority representation in American democracy. Descriptive representation misses most of the potential influence of minorities and studies of substantive representation generally have to focus on a particular locale or policy with little hope of a more general assessment. I introduce a new measure of representation. For any election, I simply count up how many voters from each racial and ethnic group vote for the side that wins. Using this new measure and data from the series of Voter News Service exit polls and a sample of mayoral elections, I find that across the range of American elections, blacks are consistently more likely than other groups to end up losers. I then show why blacks are uniquely disadvantaged.
A Test of Integration and Cointegration of Commercial Mortgage Rates

Little empirical work examines the extent to which commercial mortgage markets are integrated into broader capital markets. We use time series data on commercial mortgage yields and yields on comparable-maturity Treasury securities to identify a long-run cointegrating relationship between the two yield series. Our empirical evidence suggest that, while the yield on commercial mortgage is cointegrated with that on comparable-maturity Treasury securities, the cointegrating relationship is far less than that found between the yield on residential mortgage rates and that on comparable-maturity Treasury securities during 1980–1990 time period. However, our results also show that the spate of commercial mortgage securitization that began in early 1991 may have been a market-integrating force and caused the commercial mortgage market to become more integrated into broader capital markets. Indeed, our results suggest that changes in capital market rates are now much more rapidly reflected in commercial mortgage rates than in the 1980–1990 time period, although there is a lag.
The Story of Rizzo: The Shifting Landscape of Attempt Law

People v. Rizzo, 158 N.E. 888 (N.Y. 1927), the case of a bunch of incompetent would-be robbers who never quite found their victim, is one of the great icons of attempt law and of criminal law generally. The prosecutor had plenty of evidence that the defendants were trying to find a payroll agent who was to deliver wages at a construction site, but they spent hours driving around the Bronx in futile pursuit of their prey, and spotted by the police, were arrested just before the intended victim showed up. In reversing the conviction for attempted robbery, the New York Court of Appeals held that the conduct of the defendants fell short of the line that divides preparation from attempt — although it also offered the police perhaps unwelcome congratulations for their vigilance. This chapter in Criminal Law Stories (Donna Coker & Robert Weisberg, eds., 2012), recounts the background of the Rizzo case and narrates the trial itself, which, amid a fair amount of comedy, offers a useful picture of late 1920s law enforcement and trial practice. But the chapter also views the opinion as doctrinally important. In holding that the defendants’ conduct was not “so near to its accomplishment that in all reasonable probability the crime itself would have been committed but for timely interference,” the court reflects such defense-friendly tests as the “physical proximity doctrine,“ the “dangerous proximity doctrine,” or the “indispensable element test.” Not long after this decision, American law saw the advent of the MPC’s “substantial step” test, which, by putting much more emphasis on the manifest subjective mental state of the defendant, is much more prosecution-friendly and might have meant a victory for the state in Rizzo. On the other hand, the case also illustrates how substantive crime definitions interact with, and are sometimes contingent upon, rules of criminal procedure. In Rizzo, the strong evidence of the defendant’s intent came from police actions that might now barred by the Warren Court search-and-seizure and confession law, as well as the law addressing cross-admission of confessions in joint trials of accomplices.
Replication Process of the Parvovirus H-1 II. Isolation and Characterization of H-1 Replicative Form DNA

The Parvovirus H-1 replicates autonomously in hamster embryo cells. A DNA synthetic event, called HA-DNA synthesis, upon which subsequent viral RNA and viral hemagglutinin synthesis is dependent, is initiated in late S phase of the infected cell (18). It was postulated that HA-DNA represents parental viral replicative form DNA (RF DNA). This study describes the isolation and characterization of H-1 RF DNA as part of the continuing study of the mechanisms and control of DNA replication in the eukaryotic cell. The H-1 RF DNA is a linear duplex molecule containing the viral strand and its complement. The complementary strands of the RF DNA have been separated by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. The RF DNA has a buoyant density of 1.705 in neutral CsCl and an estimated guanine plus cytosine (GC) content of 45.9%. It has a sedimentation coefficient of 17 S . The calculated molecular weight of 3.7 × 10 6 is twice that of the single-stranded virion DNA. H-1 virions contain DNA that is homogeneous and free of complementary strands.
Differential recovery of Ca2+ binding activity in mutated EF-hands of cardiac troponin C

Previous studies showed that conversion of the first Ca2+ ligand in Ca(2+)-binding sites III and IV from Asp to Ala decreased the affinity of cardiac TnC (cTnC) for the thin filament. Here, the functional consequences of mutation of the second ligand in the Ca(2+)-binding sites of cTnC were determined. Equilibrium dialysis and Tyr fluorescence studies showed that conversion of the second Ca2+ ligand to Ala (Asp-67, site II; Asn-107, site III; and Asn-143, site IV) inactivated all three Ca(2+)-binding sites in the free protein. Ca2+ binding to the mutated site II was not recovered upon association with a troponin complex, and proteins with this mutation were unable to regulate Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase activity in TnC-extracted myofibrils. However, Ca2+ binding was recovered at the mutated sites III and IV under the same conditions. Sequential addition of active and inactive cTnC proteins in a myofibril ATPase assay suggested that that Mg2+ binding was not recovered and that the recovered Ca2+ affinity of the mutated sites III and IV was much lower than that of the wild type in that the Ca2+ concentrations required for apparent thin filament binding by proteins containing mutations at sites III and/or IV were significantly greater than that required for the wild-type protein.
Opportunism versus specialization: the evolution of feeding strategies in frugivorous bats

I discuss the evolution of feeding strategies in frugivorous bats by addressing two basic questions: (1) To what extent is diet choice opportunistic or selective and (2) What ecological factors influence diet choice and foraging behavior? I review the dietary diversity and feeding selectivity of bats of several common genera of phyllostomid bats and conclude that the evolution of food choice has involved: (1) specialization on a core plant taxon whose fruit are available throughout the year and (2) the opportunistic addition of other fruits to this core diet. Specialization on a core diet involves a tradeoff between fruit quality and fruit quantity. Bats eating high quality fruit (e.g. Piper and Solanum) tend to have broader diets then those eating low quality but high density fruits (e.g. Ficus). Specialization on different plant taxa as core dietary items has influenced the geographic (elevational) distributions, local abundance, foraging and food handling behavior, and feeding anatomy of frugivorous bats.
Physical properties of HWCVD microcrystalline silicon thin films

Microcrystalline silicon films were grown with different thicknesses and different hydrogen dilution ratios on glass and Si substrates. Some films were deposited with a seed layer, whereas others were deposited directly on the substrate. We used atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction to study the morphology and crystalline structure of the samples. We did not find a significant influence of the different substrates on the morphology or crystalline structure. The presence of the seed layer enhanced the crystallization process, decreasing the amount of amorphous layer present in the films. The microstructure of most films was formed by grains, with a subgrain structure. Films grown with low values of dilution ratio had (220) texture and elongated grains, whereas films deposited with high values of dilution ratio were randomly oriented and had an irregular shape.
Intelligent segmentation tools

Intelligent Scissors and Intelligent Paint are complementary interactive image segmentation tools that allow a user to quickly and accurately select objects of interest using simple gesture motions with a mouse. With Intelligent Scissors, when the cursor position comes in proximity to an object edge, a live-wire boundary "snaps" to, and wraps around the object of interest. The Intelligent Paint tool uses the cursor position to sample the image data interior to the object and grows the current region, in discrete, snapping increments, to include similar neighboring regions. Both techniques make use of a watershed algorithm called toboganning. With Intelligent Scissors, image segmentation is formulated as a piece-wise globally optimal graph searching problem, while Intelligent Paint approaches it as an adaptive, cost-ordered connected component labelling scheme. Using these tools, objects or regions can be selected in a few seconds, with better accuracy and reproducibility than can be obtained using manual selection tools. In particular interobserver reproducibility using intelligent segmentation tools is far better than intraobserver reproducibility using manual segmentation methods.
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) Resources

Editors Note: This is the first set of reviews in a new column, The Interactive Web. The column editor, Lisa D. Travis, began locating, annotating, and adding interactive websites to her library's web page during her first professional position in 2002. Over the course of her career, she has supported a wide variety of health sciences programs including Osteopathic Medicine, Nursing, Occupational and Physical Therapy, Radiography, and Veterinary Technology and has continued to add to her collection of links to interactive websites. Faculty, students, and alumni have provided her with websites for her collection, requested searches for useful websites, and provided notes for annotations. The Interactive Web column reviews freely available Internet resources that are interactive in some form and/or provide helpful videos and animations. The websites are used for assignments, lectures, and self-study purposes and are available for viewing within the Program Resources section of the Dr. Lon and Elizabeth Parr...
Predictability of dry season reforecasts over the tropical and the sub-tropical South American region

In this study, we diagnose the fidelity of South American dry season (June–July–August) reforecasts from a global climate model (GCM) and a regional climate model (RCM). This includes a set of downscaled integrations of the RCM that uses a bias correction method called anomaly nesting, which is designed to remove the bias of the GCM that forces the RCM at the lateral boundaries. The models are integrated for seven dry seasons (2001–2007), and each season consists of six ensemble members. For this study, we focus on two primary regions: the Amazon River Basin (ARB) and the subtropical (ST) region. The paper discusses the regions of model bias for 2 m air temperature and for precipitation within ARB and ST regions first using corresponding independent observations and then with the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). The paper also dwells on the predictability of the above normal, normal and below normal occurrences of the two variables using signal-to-noise ratios and calculation of the area under the relative operative characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). The models produced the largest biases of both variables over elevated terrain and within the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Signal-to-noise ratios show that the models exhibit more predictability in ARB than they do in ST and that there is more predictability for surface air temperature than for precipitation. AUCs confirm that temperature is more skilfully predicted than precipitation and that the models exhibit more skill in ARB than in ST. AUCs also show that the anomaly nesting integrations have a limited advantage over the rest with some modest improvements in skill of surface temperature prediction over ARB. Lastly, we evaluate how the three models depict land-atmosphere interactions during the dry season and compare their results with CFSR. We find conflicting results between the global and regional model predictions and CFSR on the relative coupling strength between the land and the atmosphere during the dry season. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of Thin-Film Structural Parameters on Laser Desorption/Ionization from Porous Alumina

Nanoporous aluminum oxide layers, grown by anodization of aluminum thin films on glass and then sputter-coated with gold, were used to study the effects of the thin-film structural parameters on laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry (MS) of peptides. Variation of MS signal intensity was examined as a function of alumina pore depth, pore width, and gold layer thickness. Peptide molecular ion intensity was optimal with porous alumina formed from aluminum films of ∼600-nm thickness; thinner or thicker films gave significantly lower signals. Signals decreased when pore sizes were increased beyond the as-formed width of ∼100 nm. The MS signal also varied with the thickness of the sputtered gold layer with an optimum thickness being ∼90 nm. The results of these studies provide values for empirical optimization of LDI MS performance as well as potential clues to the LDI mechanism.
Synchronous bimanual movements performed by homologous and non-homologous muscles.

Synchrony of bimanual wrist movements by 12 normal Ss was compared when homologous muscles (e.g., left and right wrist flexors) and when non-homologous muscles (e.g., left flexors and right extensors) were simultaneously active. Movements of the two limbs were less synchronous and more variable in the non-homologous condition. These data imply the existence of an unitary coupling mechanism which facilitates simultaneous action of homologous muscles of the upper limbs.
1-[Hydroxy(sulfonyloxy)iodo]-1H,1H-perfluoroalkanes: Stable, Fluoroalkyl Analogs of Koser's Reagent

1-[Hydroxy(sulfonyloxy)iodo]-1H,1H-perfluoroalkanes 3 [RfCH2I(OH)OSO2R; R = CH3, CF3, p-CH3C6H4, Rf = CF3, C2F5] can be prepared in two steps from the appropriate iodofluoroalkanes by oxidation with peroxytrifluoroacetic acid and subsequent reaction with TsOH, MsOH, or Me3SiOTf. The tosylate derivative 3a reacts with silyl enol ethers under mild conditions to give the respective α-(tosyloxy) ketones. A similar reaction of cyclohexene furnishes cis-1,2-bis(tosyloxy)cyclohexane as the major product. Triflates 3c,f react with (trimethylsilyl)arenes under mild conditions to afford the respective (fluoroalkyl) (aryl)iodonium triflates 7, while the analogous reaction with alkynyltrimethylsilanes leads to novel (fluoroalkyl)(alkynyl)iodonium salts 8.
Is E-mail Communication Effective in Changing Ordering Patterns in the Emergency Department?: A Case Study of Computed Tomography for Pulmonary Embolus

Rationale and Objectives We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of e-mail communication to reduce the utilization of computed tomography for pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) in young patients (aged 40 and under) in our institution. Materials and Methods An e-mail was sent to all of our institution’s emergency department (ED) physicians in response to a series of negative PE studies in young females. The periods 90 days before and 90 days after were evaluated to assess the total number of PE studies performed in patients aged 40 and younger, the rate of positivity, and the utilization of D-dimer and ventilation/perfusion scans during each period. Results Over the 180-day period, a total of 65 PE studies were ordered in patients aged 40 and younger in the ED. Studies were positive for PE in 1 of 33 (3%) before the e-mail and 4 of 32 (12.5%) after ( P = .343). There was no difference in the number of D-dimer studies ordered during each period for patients studied with computed tomography. Ventilation/perfusion scanning was not performed on any ED patients younger than 40 during the 180-day period. Conclusions One-time e-mail communication was not effective in changing ED ordering habits of PE studies. Scant information exists in regard to effective clinician-to-clinician communication. Further evaluation for successful mechanisms to promote health practice reform and quality improvement is necessary.
Biosynthesis of the β-D-glucan of sclerotium rolfsii sacc. Direction of chain propagation and the insertion of the branch residues

Abstract The polysaccharide produced by the mold Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. lends itself to studies of in vivo biosynthesis, since means are available to degrade pulse-labeled polysaccharide and determine the specific activity of all of the types of D -glucose residue present in its structure. Studies of this kind show, by direct measurement of the specific activities of the reducing and nonreducing terminals, that the direction of chain elongation is toward the nonreducing terminal. They show further that the interbranch, branch-point, and branch D -glucose residues are inserted into the structure of the molecule at about the same point in time, and that the D -glucose residues go intact into the structure, with no rearrangement of the carbon chain. The significance of these observations to the route of biosynthesis of the polysaccharide is discussed.
Home Care Nurses' Experience of Job Stress and Considerations for the Work Environment

Home care nurses report increased stress in their jobs due to work environment characteristics that impact professional practice. Stressors and characteristics of the professional practice environment that moderate nurses' experience of job stress were examined in this embedded multiple case study. Real life experiences within a complex environment were drawn from interviews and observations with 29 participants across two home care agencies from one eastern U.S. state. Findings suggest that role overload, role conflict, and lack of control can be moderated in agencies where there are meaningful opportunities for shared decision making and the nurse-patient relationship is supported.
Serum Prolactin During Various Physiological States and Its Relationship to Milk Production in the Bovine

Serum prolactin was measured in 55 cows 2–4 hr before, immediately after and 1 hr after milking for the duration of lactation or week 44, whichever occurred first. Serum prolactin increased in response to stimuli associated with milking, but this response was largest at 8 weeks; of lactation (77 ng/ml) and then gradually decreased as lactation advanced until at 32 weeks prolactin was no longer released. As prolactin concentrations increased in the pre—milking serum samples the amount subsequently released by the milking stimulus was reduced (p < 0.01). The correlation between serum prolactin measured 2 to 4 hr before milking and milk yield was very low (r = -0.03), although similar calculations for samples collected immediately after and 1 hour after milking (r = 0.36 and 0.18, respectively) were significant (p < 0.01). Within—stageof— lactation correlations between serum prolactin and milk yield were very low and sometimes negative during early lactation, but after 12 to 24 weeks of lactation the correla...