cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particles dispersion and deposition in inhomogeneous turbulent flows using continuous random walk models

The suitability of the normalized Langevin stochastic equation with appropriate drift correction for simulation of instantaneous fluctuation velocities in inhomogeneous turbulent flows was studied. The Reynolds Stress Transport turbulence model of the ANSYS-Fluent code was used to evaluate the inhomogeneous turbulent flow properties in a two-dimensional duct flow. The simulation results were then used in an in-house Matlab particle tracking code and the trajectories of about 2 × 105 randomly distributed particles in the channel were evaluated by solving the particle equation of motion including the drag and Brownian forces under the one-way coupling assumption. The performance of the Continuous Random Walk (CRW) stochastic model using the conventional nonnormalized, as well as the normalized Langevin equations without and with the drift term for predicting a uniform distribution for the fluid-tracer particles in an inhomogeneous turbulent flow was examined. The accuracy of these models in predicting the deposition velocities and distribution of solid particles with diameters ranging from 10 nm to 30 μm was also carefully examined. In addition, the effects of including the finite-inertia coefficient in the drift term and using the corrected root mean square normal velocity in the near-wall region on the accuracy of the results were emphasized. By exploring the concentration profiles and deposition velocities of particles resulting from different CRW models, it was concluded that the Normalized-CRW model including the appropriate drift term leads to the most accurate results.
The relationship between impulsivity and shame and guilt proneness on the prediction of internalizing and externalizing behaviors

Shame and guilt are responses to moral transgressions that are characterized by negative self-evaluations and negative behavioral-evaluations, respectively. Previous research has found shame to be the more maladaptive of these "self-conscious" emotions due to its association with various health-risk behaviors. In the current study, undergraduate participants (n = 199) from a large, public university completed behavioral and self-report measures of impulsivity, shame and guilt-proneness, and behavioral tendencies. Exploratory factor analysis and mediation models were used to determine if shame and/or guilt-proneness significantly mediate the relationship between impulsivity and internalized/externalized problems. Findings demonstrate that impulsivity and shame proneness both positively predict internalized and externalized problem behavior, but indirect effects of shame and guilt are not significant. These findings indicate that shame and guilt do not reliably mediate the relationship between impulsivity and problem behavior, but they do support previous findings on the maladaptive nature of impulsivity and shame. Implications for the protective nature of guilt proneness are also discussed.
Multi-path convolutional neural network for glioblastoma survival group prediction with point mutations and demographic features

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain cancer with a median survival rate of 15 months. It is well-established that age is a strong independent predictor of GBM survival outcome. There is accumulating evidence that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IDH1 gene influences GBM survival time. We propose a new multi-path convolutional neural network that combines SNPs, age, age groups, and gender to predict survival groups with a one-year threshold. We obtained GBM SNP and demographic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We compare our multipath CNN with a support vector machine (SVM) and random forest. We randomly held out 10% of the samples as a test set, and employed 10-fold cross-validation for hyperparameter tuning in the remaining 90%. We then fit a model with optimal hyperparameters and predict the test set. In the combined SNP and demographic features, our proposed multi-path model achieved 67% accuracy in the test set compared to SVM accuracy of 60% and random forest accuracy of 47%. In the 10-fold cross-validation, our model predicted the two survival groups with 63% mean balanced accuracy while SVM and random forest attained 56% and 49% mean balanced accuracy. We evaluated the predictive ability in combined SNP and demographic data versus each data source alone for our proposed CNN, SVM, and random forest. The highest achieved accuracy for SNP data only in the test data set is 60% with our single-path CNN. The top accuracy in the test data set for demographic features alone attained is 60% by SVM and our single-path neural network.
An Archaeology Led by Strawberries

Drawing on traditional Indigenous knowledge and teachings, this chapter weaves together the key themes and important points raised in the prior chapters of this edited volume. Readers are asked to consider decolonial research futures for archaeology and other areas of scholarship that are based on a set of values, principles, and ethics that are heart-centered and informed by indigenous science practices such as storywork, relationality, respect, kindness, empathy, compassion, care, and patience.
Muscle forces comprise a more sensitive measure of post-stroke movement deficits than joint angles

Abstract Background and Purpose The whole repertoire of complex human motion is enabled by forces applied by our muscles and controlled by the nervous system. The effect of damage to the nervous system such as stroke on the complex multi-joint motion is difficult to quantify in a meaningful way that informs about the underlying deficit in the neural control of movement. We tested the idea that the disruption in intersegmental coordination after stroke can be quantified with higher sensitivity using metrics based on forces rather than motion. Our study aim was to objectively quantify post-stroke motor deficits using motion capture of stereotypical reaching movements. Our hypothesis is that muscle forces estimated based on active joint torques are a more sensitive measure of post-stroke motor deficits than angular kinematics. Methods The motion of twenty-two participants was captured when reaching to virtual targets in a center-out task. We used inverse dynamic analysis to derive muscle torques, which were the result of the neural control signals to muscles to produce the recorded multi-joint movements. We then applied a novel analysis to separate the component of muscle torque related to gravity compensation from that related to motion production. We used the kinematic and dynamic variables derived from motion capture to assess age-related and post-stroke motor deficits. Results We found that reaching with the non-dominant arm was accomplished with shoulder and elbow torques that had larger amplitudes and inter-trial variability compared to reaching with the dominant arm. These dominance effects confounded the assessment of post-stroke motor deficits using amplitude and variability metrics. We then identified the metric based on waveform comparison that was insensitive to dominance effects. We used it to show that muscle torques with gravity-related components subtracted were much more sensitive to post-stroke motor deficits compared to measures based on joint angles. Using this metric, it was possible to quantify the extent of individual deficits caused by stroke independently from age-related deficits and dominance effects. Conclusions Functional deficits seen in task performance have biomechanical underpinnings, seen only through force-based analysis. Our study has shown that estimating muscle forces that drive motion can quantify with high sensitivity post-stroke deficits in intersegmental coordination. A force-based assessment developed based on this method could help quantify less “observable” deficits in mildly affected stroke patients, such as those classified as asymptomatic via traditional motion-based assessments, but who may still report difficulty moving, increased fatigue, and/or inactivity. Moreover, identifying deficits in the different components of muscle forces may be a way to personalize and standardize intervention and increase the effectiveness of robotic therapy.
Quadcopter Control in Three-Dimensional Space Using SSVEP and Motor Imagery-Based Brain-Computer Interface

The use of quadcopters is increasing in more and more fields in daily lives and is not limited to military applications from where they originated. They are moving towards entertainment, real-estate, delivery, and so on. The unconventional man-machine interface is a generous topic to explore now and in the future. One among them is Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) which has proven to be a very powerful tool to establish communication without any motor movements of the limbs. BCI based on motor imagery (MI) requires very long training sessions to be used effectively. On the other hand, BCI based on steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) has a limited number of sessions because electroencephalography (EEG) signal detection time (signal window length) and accuracy get the highest priority as performance parameters. This paper presents mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of a quadcopter and BCI. An application is presented with the help of a DJI Flight Simulator and an Emotiv Epoc+ headset.
Severe maternal morbidity and mortality during delivery hospitalization of class I, II, III, and super obese women.

BACKGROUND Previous studies show that obesity predisposes patients to higher risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Data on the relationship between increasing degrees of obesity and risks of severe maternal morbidity, including mortality, are limited. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of increasing classes of obesity, especially super obesity, with the risk of severe maternal morbidity and mortality at the time of delivery hospitalization. STUDY DESIGN Using New York City linked birth certificates and hospital discharge data, we conducted a retrospective cohort study. This study identified delivery hospitalizations for singleton, live births in 2008–2012. Women were classified as having obesity (class I, II, III, or super obesity), as opposed to normal weight or overweight, based on prepregnancy body mass index. Cases of severe maternal morbidity were identified based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis and procedure codes according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between obesity classes and severe maternal morbidity, adjusting for maternal sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS During 2008–2012, there were 570,997 live singleton births with available information on prepregnancy body mass index that met all inclusion criteria. After adjusting for maternal characteristics, women with class II (adjusted odds ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–1.23), class III (adjusted odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–1.49), and super obesity (adjusted odds ratio, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.57–2.54) were all significantly more likely to have severe maternal morbidity than normal and overweight women. Super obesity was associated with specific severe maternal morbidity indicators, including renal failure, air and thrombotic embolism, blood transfusion, heart failure, and the need for mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION There is a significant dose-response relationship between increasing obesity class and the risk of severe maternal morbidity at delivery hospitalization. The risks of severe maternal morbidity are highest for women with super obesity. Given that this is a modifiable risk factor, women with prepregnancy obesity should be counseled on the specific risks associated with pregnancy before conception to optimize their pregnancy outcomes.
Advantage and Disadvantage of Unemployment Benefits

Unemployment benefits are payments made by the state or other authorized bodies to unemployed people. Unemployment benefits are generally given only to those registering as unemployed, and often on conditions ensuring that they seek work and do not currently have a job. Unemployment benefits help individuals and families stay afloat during difficult times. While unemployment benefits can provide a safety net for many, caveats and restrictions a, so apply. The various advantages and disadvantages associated with unemployment benefits can impact individuals, families, and society. Therefore it is necessary to analyze the advantage and disadvantages of unemployment benefits in various aspects.
An Entropy Flow Optimization Technique for Helium Liquefaction Cycles

Several potential applications of superconducting technology require large size refrigerators/liquefiers for cooling. The capital cost of such large size refrigerators is small compared with the operating cost. Therefore there is an emphatic need for highly efficient refrigerators. The intensity of the effort to design efficient cycles is reflected in the numerous discussions of optimization techniques in the literature1.
Are Hospitalizations for Heart Failure the Great Equalizer

In 1964, Stein et al. [(1)][1] reported a case series of 23 boys and girls in Baragwanath Hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, with relative homogenous clinical presentation with low-output heart failure (HF) and high mortality with pathology revealing endocardial fibroelastosis as the likely
Role of the NADP/thioredoxin system in the reduction of alpha-amylase and trypsin inhibitor proteins.

Thioredoxin, reduced either enzymatically with NADPH and NADP-thioredoxin reductase or chemically with dithiothreitol, reduced alpha-amylase and trypsin inhibitor proteins from several sources. Included were cystine-rich seed representatives from wheat (alpha-amylase inhibitors), soybean (Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor), and corn (kernel trypsin inhibitor). This system also reduced other trypsin inhibitors: the soybean Kunitz inhibitor, bovine lung aprotinin, and egg white ovoinhibitor and ovomucoid proteins. The ability of these proteins to undergo reduction by thioredoxin was determined by 1) a coupled enzyme activation assay with chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase or fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 2) a dye reduction assay with 5‘,5‘-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and 3) a direct reduction method based on the fluorescent probe, monobromobimane, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Reduction experiments with the seed proteins were carried out with thioredoxin from wheat germ (h-type) or Escherichia coli; the corresponding experiments with the animal trypsin inhibitors were carried out with thioredoxin from calf thymus or E. coli. In all cases, thioredoxin appeared to act catalytically; the reduced form of glutathione was without effect. When considered in conjunction with earlier results on purothionin (confirmed and extended in the current study), the new findings suggest that the NADP/thioredoxin system functions in the reduction of protein inhibitors of seeds and animal tissues. These results also raise the question of the occurrence of glutaredoxin in plants, as E. coli glutaredoxin was found to promote the reduction of some but not all of the proteins tested.
Fully truncated cone-beam reconstruction on pi lines using prior CT

C-arms are well suited for obtaining cone-beam projections intra-operatively. Due to the compact size of the detector used, the data are usually truncated within the field of view. As a result, direct application of a standard cone-beam reconstruction algorithm gives rise to undesirable artifacts and incorrect values in the reconstructed image volume. When prior information such as a pre-operative CT scan is available, fully truncated cone-beam projections can be used to recover the change within a small region of interest without such artifacts. A method for integrating prior CT is developed using the concept of pi-lines and tested on real flat-panel and simulated cone-beam data.
Reclaiming Diné History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Jennifer Nez Denetdale Year: 2007 Pages: 264 Publisher: University of Arizona Press ISBN: 0-8165-2420-3 (hard cover). Prices: $45.00 USD(hard cover).
Computers as tools for analysis of urban spaces

Abstract As the scope and scale of urban design continues to increase, new methods of analysis and design are required. The application of new technologies, particularly computers, offers the promise of broader and more complete understanding of the urban entity in all its structural and systemic levels. This article discusses some of the issues and methodologies in the use of computers. Starting with background information about urban design and analysis, the discussion proceeds through linkages between computer-driven and traditional techniques, leading to an exploration of future capabilities, possibly offering some vision of what the computer is and will become, as a tool in its own right.
Epitaxial growth of CoxMnySiz (111) thin films in the compositional range around the Heusler alloy Co2MnSi

Epitaxial growth and structural properties of CoxMnySiz thin films on Ge (111) substrates, including the Heusler alloy Co2MnSi (111), have been studied using combinatorial molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques. In situ reflection high energy electron diffraction and ex situ x-ray diffraction experiments show that high quality coherent MBE growth with fcc (111) stacking can be achieved over a relatively large composition space that includes Co2MnSi. The highest structural and chemical ordering is observed near the composition of Co0.63Mn0.14Si0.23 rather than that at the Heusler stoichiometry of Co2MnSi. The in-plane crystallographic axis of the fcc film exhibits a 60° rotation with respect to that of the Ge substrate. The rotation appears to be originated at the film-substrate interface, as a result of the symmetry and stacking of the Ge (111) surface reconstruction.
Mycobacterial and Nocardial Infections in the Compromised Host

Among the broad range of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms that can affect the immunologically impaired host are members of various mycobacterial and nocardial species. These organisms are often grouped together because of a common tinctorial property: both Mycobacteria and Nocardia spp. generally appear acid fast when stained with the traditional Ziehl-Neelson procedure or with modified acid-fast staining techniques. Despite this similarity, these organisms behave quite differently in biologic, clinical, and therapeutic terms, and as a result they require separate discussion here.
Cross-linking of residue 57 in the regulatory domain of a mutant rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C to the inhibitory region of troponin I.

Interactions between troponin C (TnC) and troponin I (TnI) play an important role in the Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction. In the present study, we investigated the sites of interaction between the N-terminal regulatory domain of TnC and the inhibitory region (residues 96-116) of TnI, using a mutant rabbit skeletal TnC (designated as TnC57) that contains a single Cys at residue 57 in the C-helix. TnC57 was modified with the photoreactive cross-linker 4-maleimidobenzophenone (BP-Mal), and, after formation of a binary complex with TnI, cross-linking between the proteins was induced by photolysis. The resulting product was cleaved with CNBr and several proteases, and peptides containing cross-links were purified and subjected to amino acid sequencing. The results show that Cys-57 of TnC57 is cross-linked to the segment of TnI spanning residues 113-121. Previously, we showed that Cys-98 of TnC can be cross-linked via BP-Mal to TnI residues 103-110 (Leszyk, J., Collins, J.H., Leavis, P.C., and Tao, T. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 7042-7047). Taken together, these results demonstrate that both the C- and the N-terminal domains of TnC interact with the inhibitory region of TnI and are consistent with the hypothesis that, in a complex with TnI, TnC adopts a more compact conformation than in the crystal structure.
Nucleotide sequence determination of bacteriophage T4 leucine transfer ribonucleic acid.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of T4 tRNAleu, one of several transfer RNAs specifically coded for by bacteriophage T4, has been determined using 32P-labeled material from T4-infected cultures of Escherichia coli. The purified RNA species which has been sequenced has been shown to have leucine acceptor activity, and to hybridize well to T4 DNA. The sequence is: pGCGAGAAUGGUCAAADDGmGDAAAGGCACAGCACUNAAA * A ψ GCUGCGGAAUGAUUUCCUUGUGGGTψCGAGUCCCACUUCUCGCACCA—OH. The 87 nucleotide length is the same as that of the two E. coli leucine tRNAs, the sequences of which have been reported. The molecule can be arranged in the classic cloverleaf pattern. The sequence further shows that the anticodon of the T4 tRNAleu is -N-A-A-, in which N is a modified form of U. Thus, the molecule might be expected to recognize the leucine codons UUA or UUG, or both together, but trinucleotide binding studies by Scherberg and Weiss ((1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 69, 114) indicate that it recognizes only UUA.
Module Composition and Refinement with Applications to Protocol Conversion

Abstract In Lam and Shankar's theory of specifications based on state transition systems, modules correspond to programs or implementations; interfaces are abstract specifications defining the services that modules provide to each other. A module that correctly implements the service defined by a given interface is said to offer the interface. This paper defines two refinement relations on module specifications. The first is a sufficient condition for safety and progress properties of one module to hold in the other; it is a slight generalization of Lam and Shankar's well-formed refinement. The second relation implies that if one module offers an interface, the other does so as well. A composition operation, permitting compatible module specifications to be combined without explicitly specifying an interface between them, is also defined.
Gerrymandering for Justice: Redistricting U.S. Liver Allocation

U.S. organ allocation policy sequesters livers from deceased donors within arbitrary geographic boundaries, frustrating the intent of those who wish to offer the livers to transplant candidates based on medical urgency. We used a zero-one integer program to partition 58 donor service areas into between four and eight sharing districts that minimize the disparity in liver availability among districts. Because the integer program necessarily suppressed clinically significant differences among patients and organs, we tested the optimized district maps with a discrete-event simulation tool that represents liver allocation at a per-person, per-organ level of detail. In April 2014, the liver committee of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network OPTN decided in a unanimous vote of 22-0-0 to write a policy proposal based on our eight-district and four-district maps. The OPTN board of directors could implement the policy after the proposal and public-comment period.Redistricting liver allocation would save hundreds of lives over the next five years and would attenuate the serious geographic inequity in liver transplant offers.
Cultured murine cerebral microvascular endothelial cells contain von Willebrand factor-positive Weibel-Palade bodies and support rapid cytokine-induced neutrophil adhesion.

Objective: To obtain cultures of rodent brain microvascular endothelium (BMEC) that retain endothelial cell-specific markers and functions for two purposes: investigating whether these cultures contain endothelial cell-specific storage granules or Weibel-Palade bodies and have the ability to rapidly bind neutrophils upon cytokine induction; and setting the groundwork for future studies examining endothelium derived from mice strains with targeted deficiencies in endothelial adhesion molecules.Methods: Capillaries were obtained by collagenase/dispase digestion and subsequent density centrifugation of either rodent brain or meninges. The yield was then plated onto fibronectin-coated dishes. For some studies, pure murine endothelial cultures were obtained by flow-cytometric sorting, using uptake of fluorescently labeled diI-acetylated low-density lipoprotein as a marker for endothelium. Endothelial cell-specific markers were analyzed via immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation and light microscopy. Cytokine-...
Building bridges: the importance of translational forensic nursing research.

Translational research is a dynamic and fluid exchange of scientific and clinical knowledge.
Simulation of injector dynamics during steady inductive helicity injection current drive in the HIT-SI experiment

We present simulations of inductive helicity injection in the Helicity Injected Torus with Steady Inductive helicity injection (HIT-SI) device that treats the entire plasma volume in a single dynamic MHD model. A new fully 3D numerical tool, the PSI-center TETrahedral mesh code, was developed that provides the geometric flexibility required for this investigation. Implementation of a zero-β Hall MHD model using PSI-TET will be presented including formulation of a new self-consistent magnetic boundary condition for the wall of the HIT-SI device. Results from simulations of HIT-SI are presented focusing on injector dynamics that are investigated numerically for the first time. Asymmetries in the plasma loading between the two helicity injectors and progression of field reversal in each injector are observed. Analysis indicates cross-coupling between injectors through confinement volume structures. Injector impedance is found to scale with toroidal current at fixed density, consistent with experimental observation. Comparison to experimental data with an injector drive frequency of 14.5 kHz shows good agreement with magnetic diagnostics. Global mode structures from Bi-Orthogonal decomposition agree well with experimental data for the first four modes.
High-end high school communication: strategies and practices of students in a networked environment

This paper describes a study of the design of computer-based communication and media space environments that support highly interactive school-based learning communities. The two basic questions posed in this research are: (1) How are media space tools used by students in these classrooms, both in terms of the structure of communications activity and the surrounding physical and temporal constraints of the environment?; and (2) What are possible explanations for student behaviors and attitudes with regard to media space tools? The answers to these questions will provide insight for the design of nextgeneration media spaces for educational settings.
Bioluminescence Binding Assay for Biotin with Attomole Detection Based on Recombinant Aequorin

Biotinylated recombinant aequorin was used in the development of a homogeneous bioluminescence assay for biotin. It was demonstrated that the Ca 2+ -triggered luminescent reaction of biotinylated aequorin can be inhibited by the presence of avidin, and this inhibition in bioluminescence intensity can be used to determine the biotin concentration in a sample. The optimized assay thus developed had a detection limit for biotin of 4 amol (equivalent to 1×10 -14 M in the assay system), which to our knowledge is the lowest detection limit reported to date for a homogeneous competitive binding assay
Varieties of Healing. 2: A Taxonomy of Unconventional Healing Practices

The first of two essays in this issue demonstrated that the United States has had a rich history of medical pluralism. This essay seeks to present an overview of contemporary unconventional medical practices in the United States. No clear definition of "alternative medicine" is offered because it is a residual category composed of heterogeneous healing methods. A descriptive taxonomy of contemporary unconventional healing could be more helpful. Two broad categories of unconventional medicine are described here: a more prominent, "mainstream" complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and a more culture-bound, "parochial" unconventional medicine. The CAM component can be divided into professional groups, layperson-initiated popular health reform movements, New Age healing, alternative psychological therapies, and non-normative scientific enterprises. The parochial category can be divided into ethno-medicine, religious healing, and folk medicine. A topologic examination of U.S. health care can provide an important conceptual framework through which health care providers can understand the current situation in U.S. medical pluralism.
MORPHOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY OF TILLETIA CARIES AND T. CONTROVERSA IN AXENIC CULTURE

A B S T R A C T On a wheat-based medium, the pathogenic phase of the common and dwarf bunt fungi grew slowly at 15-18 C and continued to produce massive quantities of teliospores in all subcultures for over 2 years. At w,armer temperatures or on a chemically defined medium, the teliosporogenic colonies reverted to haploid mononucleate colonies. The hyphae of the teliosporogenic colonies were stained with a modified Giemsa technique and found to be thick, contorted, highly branched and short celled with usually one or two nuclei per cell. In contrast, the haploid mononucleate hyphae were thinner, straighter, and longer and never contained more than one nucleus per cell. The vegetative hyphae of T. caries and T. controversa were indistinguishable. Teliospores, formed at the terminal end of binucleate hyphae, were initially binucleate but became mononucleate before the mature cell wall formed. THE BUNT DISEASES of wheat are caused by species of Tilletia. These pathogens were long considered to be obligate parasites, but all phases of these fungi can now be cultured (Trione, 1964; Singh and Trione, 1969; Trione, 1972). Three distinct nuclear conditions in the life cycle of Tilletia species have been described: the saprophytic monokaryon, the pathogenic dikaryon, and the diploid teliospore (Dastur, 1921; Hirschhorn, 1945; Fischer and Holton, 1957; Hansen, 1958). Compatible haploid primary sporidia, formed immediately after germination of the teliospore, usually fuse in pairs (+ and -) at the distal end of the promycelium, initiating the binucleate, pathogenic stage of the bunt fungi. If a primary sporidium does not fuse with another sporidium, it produces, upon germination, a saprophytic monokaryon. The pathogenic dikaryon is of longer duration in the life cycle of Tilletia species and of much greater economic importance than the saprophytic monokaryon. The cytology and morphology of these two active growth phases of T. caries (DC.) Tul. (common bunt) and T. controversa Kuhn (dwarf bunt) in axenic culture are described here.
A method for simultaneous RF ablation and MRI

Radiofrequency (RF) energy has many advantages in thermal tumor ablation protocols. With the recent development of open MRI systems, interventional MRI procedures, including thermal ablation, have become the focus of great research interest. However, the significant interference between RF generators and MR imagers has prevented simultaneous imaging and RF ablation and, until now, has limited the role of RF-based thermal therapy in interventional MRI. Here, a simple switching circuit designed with consideration of patient safety provides compatibility between open MRI systems and RF thermal lesion generators. The experimental results show that the switching circuit allows imaging during RF ablation and opens new opportunity for MR-guided thermal therapy.
Response Properties of Raccoon Cuneothalamic Neurons

(1)Microelectrodes were used to record the extracellular activity of 80 single neurons of the main cuneate nucleus (MCN) of raccoons anesthetized with either methoxyflurane or pentobarbital sodium. All 80 MCN neurons had peripheral receptive fields (RFs) that lay entirely on the glabrous surfaces of the forepaw and were responsive to light mechanical stimulation. Neurons were characterized according to the nature of their response to mechanical stimulation of their RFs, as well as to their response to electrical stimulation of the contralateral thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB). (2) All antidromically activated neurons (64% of sample) were histologically verified as falling within the clusters region of the MCN, while synaptically activated neurons (19% of sample), as well as neurons not responsive to VB stimulation (17% of sample), were located in both the clusters and the polymorphic regions. (3) Antidromically activated neurons typically responded with a single fixed-latency spike, although a few respo...
Self- and Parental Monitoring of Homework in Adolescents: Comparative Effects on Parents' Perceptions of Homework Behavior Problems

ABSTRACT Reviews of empirical research typically conclude that homework is beneficial to academic achievement and learning. Unfortunately, inadequate homework completion and homework-related behavior problems are common among children and adolescents. Even parents of students who perform well academically report significant behavior problems and parent-child conflict surrounding the process of homework completion. Many empirically evaluated homework interventions may require a degree of parental involvement that is unacceptable for some adolescents. Self-management procedures such as self-monitoring may serve as an appropriate, alternative homework intervention for older students. This study compared the effects of two interventions for middle school students with homework problems: (1) parental monitoring and structuring of homework, and (2) adolescent self-monitoring and structuring of homework. Results indicate that Homework Problem Checklist (HPC) scores significantly improved for both interventions c...
Predictors of long-term outcomes following direct percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction

To determine predictors of a long-term major adverse cardiac event (MACE) in unselected patients undergoing direct percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 274 consecutive patients presenting within 12 hours of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were evaluated. No patient with ST-segment elevation AMI received intravenous thrombolytic drugs. Chest pain to balloon time was 3.8 hours (range 2.5 to 6.9). percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was successful in 95% of patients. Abciximab was administered to 69% of patients, stents were deployed in 53%, and 17% underwent only catheterization. In-hospital events were death (7%), abrupt closure (2%), emergent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (5%), repeat PCI (3%), and recurrent myocardial infarction (1%). In patients undergoing direct PCI (n = 227), the in-hospital event rate was death 5.3%, abrupt closure 2.2%, emergency CABG 0.9%, repeat PCI 3.1%, and repeat myocardial infarction 1.3%. Median time to last follow-up or death was 20 months (range 11 to 34), and to any event, 0.3 months (range 0.03 to 24.0). Postdischarge MACE included death (5%), AMI (4%), repeat PCI (8%), CABG (9%), and stroke (0.7%). Among those undergoing direct PCI (n = 227), 10% died, 3.5% had a repeat AMI, 9% had a repeat PCI, 5% had CABG, and 1% had a stroke at long-term follow-up. At long-term follow-up, 75% were event free. Multivariate predictors were (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)]): abciximab use 0.6 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.95), Killip class 2.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 4.4), and number of narrowed coronary arteries 1.7 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.2). In this unselected consecutive series of patients presenting with ST-segment elevation AMI, direct PCI was associated with sustained long-term efficacy. Outcomes were predicted by cardiac impairment at presentation and number of narrowed coronary arteries. MACE is not related to device selection but is significantly improved with abciximab.
Wavelets for electronic structure calculations

Molecular electronic structure calculations have a multi‐scale character through the presence of a set of singularities corresponding to atomic nuclei, and thus there exists a potential to improve the efficiency of these calculations using fast wavelet transform techniques. We report on the development of a one dimensional prototype benchmark problem of sufficient complexity to capture the features of 3‐D problems that are being solved today in quantum electronics calculations. Theoretical estimates of decay across scales and spatial distribution of wavelet coefficients for the solutions of the 1‐D and 3‐D problems are derived and verified experimentally. Equivalence in a multi‐resolution context of the solutions of the 1‐D prototype and the 3‐D problem is established.
Learning to teach writing through tutoring and journal writing

Structured reflection on practical teaching experiences may help pre‐service teachers to integrate their learning and analyze their actions to become more effective learners and teachers. This study reports on 12 pre‐service English as a second language (ESL) teachers’ individual tutoring of learners of English language writing. The data of the study are the writing journal entries that the pre‐service ESL teachers maintained during their tutoring experience. These journals had common elements: all were used by the pre‐service teachers to consider what funds of knowledge they bring to their teaching of ESL learners, to evaluate their roles as writers, learners and teachers and to reflect on the educational, social and cultural implications of teaching writing in English to speakers of other languages. This article describes ways in which both native and non‐native English speaking pre‐service teachers adapted their instruction to meet the particular needs of individual ESL writers and what they learned in...
Immunocytochemical Colocalization of Specific Immunoglobulin A with Sendai Virus Protein in Infected Polarized Epithelium

Immunoglobulin (Ig)A provides the initial immune barrier to viruses at mucosal surfaces. Specific IgA interrupts viral replication in polarized epithelium during receptor-mediated transport, probably by binding to newly synthesized viral proteins. Here, we demonstrate by immunoelectron microscopy that specific IgA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) accumulate within Sendai virus–infected polarized cell monolayers and colocalize with the hemagglutinin– neuraminidase (HN) viral protein in a novel intracellular structure. Neither IgG specific for HN nor irrelevant IgA mAbs colocalize with viral protein. Treatment of cultures with viral-specific IgA but not with viral-specific IgG or irrelevant IgA decreases viral titers. These observations provide definitive ultrastructural evidence of a subcellular compartment in which specific IgA and viral envelope proteins interact, further strengthening our hypothesis of intracellular neutralization of virus by specific IgA antibodies. Our results have important implications for intracellular protein trafficking, viral replication, and viral vaccine development.
Stable coexistence of synthrophic chains in continuous culture

This paper examines the growth dynamics of a synthrophic chain of species Xi (i = 1, 2,…, n) in continuous coculture. Species Xi utilises substrate Si and forms a product Si + 1. The substance Si + 1 both inhibits the growth of Xi and constitutes the growth-limiting substrate of the species Xi + 1. It is shown that stable states of coexistence occur for that range of dilution rates consistent with equal values of the n specific growth rates. This conclusion if independent of the functional form of the specific growth rates and results whenever certain qualitative conditions, characteristic of synthrophic interactions, are satisfied.
Quantitative Characterization of Tissue Using Ultrasound

Present medical ultrasound systems are based on energy detection methods and therefore only utilize echo intensity information. However, phase, as well as spectral, information is recorded by the transducer, which is a pressure sensitive device, but is not utilized in present display or measurement schemes. This additional information may be of diagnostic significance since the interaction between sound and tissue is exceedingly complex, since many types of tissue can be categorized in terms of their acoustical properties, and since changes in tissue acoustical properties can be correlated with specific pathological states. Thus, in principle, in vivo techniques could be devised which would extract and separate the medically significant features of the ultrasound interactions with tissue and would display ultrasonic tissue signatures appropriate for a differential diagnosis. The development of such quantitative techniques for the measurement of ultrasonic tissue parameters and/or the display of ultrasonic tissue signatures is known as ultrasonic tissue characterization. In this paper we review the physical and clinical basis for ultrasonic tissue characterization, describe several characterization schemes currently being explored, and attempt to assess the importance such techniques may play in the future of diagnostic medicine.
Evaluation of Widely Used Hydroplaning Risk Prediction Methods Using Florida’s Past Crash Data

Reliable tools for predicting hydroplaning risk in wet weather are essential for effective highway drainage designs. For this purpose, a variety of mathematical models have been developed by numerous highway agencies in the past half century. Models that can predict the thickness of water film that develops on roadways and then the corresponding threshold hydroplaning speed can be classified into three categories: empirical, analytical, and numerical. In this research, the most commonly used methods in all three categories were evaluated by use of hydroplaned crash incidents recorded on the Interstate system in Florida from 2006 to 2011. The prediction accuracy of combinations of each of these models was evaluated and summarized. The sensitivity and the consistency of errors of each model combination were also evaluated. The evaluations were used to develop a procedure for predicting the accuracy and reliability of threshold hydroplaning speed prediction for each model combination. A computer model with a...
ST6Gal-I Protein Expression Is Upregulated in Human Epithelial Tumors and Correlates with Stem Cell Markers in Normal Tissues and Colon Cancer Cell Lines

The ST6Gal-I sialyltransferase adds an α2-6-linked sialic acid to the N-glycans of certain receptors. ST6Gal-I mRNA has been reported to be upregulated in human cancer, but a prior lack of antibodies has limited immunochemical analysis of the ST6Gal-I protein. Here, we show upregulated ST6Gal-I protein in several epithelial cancers, including many colon carcinomas. In normal colon, ST6Gal-I localized selectively to the base of crypts, where stem/progenitor cells are found, and the tissue staining patterns were similar to the established stem cell marker ALDH1. Similarly, ST6Gal-I expression was restricted to basal epidermal layers in skin, another stem/progenitor cell compartment. ST6Gal-I was highly expressed in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, with no detectable expression in the fibroblasts from which iPS cells were derived. On the basis of these observations, we investigated further an association of ST6Gal-I with cancer stem cells (CSC). Selection of irinotecan resistance in colon carcinoma cells led to a greater proportion of CSCs compared with parental cells, as measured by the CSC markers CD133 and ALDH1 activity (Aldefluor). These chemoresistant cells exhibited a corresponding upregulation of ST6Gal-I expression. Conversely, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated attenuation of ST6Gal-I in colon carcinoma cells with elevated endogenous expression decreased the number of CD133/ALDH1-positive cells present in the cell population. Collectively, our results suggest that ST6Gal-I promotes tumorigenesis and may serve as a regulator of the stem cell phenotype in both normal and cancer cell populations.
Evaluation of fracturing fluid stability by using a heated, pressurized flow loop

A flow loop was used to evaluate the stability of fracturing fluids at high temperatures. The design provides enough pressure to prevent vaporization of water-based systems up to 350/sup 0/F (177/sup 0/C). Crosslinked polymer systems from four service companies were evaluated at 180 and 245/sup 0/F (82 and 118/sup 0/C). The tests showed that crosslinked fracturing fluids degrade with temperature and shear, losing much of their viscosity and proppantcarrying capacity in a few hours. Thermal stability is a major factor in selecting gels for fracturing deep, hightemperature reservoirs.
Computer-supported collaborative learning and conceptual change

Students often have difficulties achieving conceptual change in both individual learning and collaborative learning environments. Although research in the fields of both conceptual change and collaborative learning are well documented, few studies examine the relations between computer support and collaborative conceptual change. This review addresses this issue and considers the potential of CSCL for promoting conceptual change. We first review the major findings in the fields of conceptual change and collaborative learning. We then review literature on CSCL and discuss why CSCL environments may help in overcoming barriers to collaborative conceptual change. Finally, implications are provided for future CSCL design.
Allegations of Sexual Abuse in Divorce.

This study examines a clinical sample of 215 cases of allegations of sexual abuse in families also involved in divorce. Cases are categorized into situations in which: (1) disclosure of sexual abuse is followed by divorce (N = 31), (2) divorce is followed by disclosure of pre-existing sexual abuse (N = 54), (3) divorce is followed by sexual abuse (N = 58), (4) false allegations by adults (N = 31), (5) possible false allegations by adults (N = 14), (6) dynamics of sexual abuse not directly related to divorce (N = 27), and false allegations by children (N = 9). In addition, clinical substantiation (found in 72.6% of cases) and lack thereof are examined in terms of their relation to case characteristics assumed to be indicative of a true allegation: offender confession, offender conviction, medical/police evidence, other victims and witnesses, information from significant others, information from other professionals, and child interview data. Legal outcomes, including protection of the child, court substatia...
Role of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate in Regulating EHD2 Plasma Membrane Localization

The four mammalian C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-containing proteins (EHD1-EHD4) play pivotal roles in endocytic membrane trafficking. While EHD1, EHD3 and EHD4 associate with intracellular tubular/vesicular membranes, EHD2 localizes to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Currently, little is known about the regulation of EHD2. Thus, we sought to define the factors responsible for EHD2’s association with the plasma membrane. The subcellular localization of endogenous EHD2 was examined in HeLa cells using confocal microscopy. Although EHD partner proteins typically mediate EHD membrane recruitment, EHD2 was targeted to the plasma membrane independent of two well-characterized binding proteins, syndapin2 and EHBP1. Additionally, the EH domain of EHD2, which facilitates canonical EHD protein interactions, was not required to direct overexpressed EHD2 to the cell surface. On the other hand, several lines of evidence indicate that the plasma membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) plays a crucial role in regulating EHD2 subcellular localization. Pharmacologic perturbation of PIP2 metabolism altered PIP2 plasma membrane distribution (as assessed by confocal microscopy), and caused EHD2 to redistribute away from the plasma membrane. Furthermore, overexpressed EHD2 localized to PIP2-enriched vacuoles generated by active Arf6. Finally, we show that although cytochalasin D caused actin microfilaments to collapse, EHD2 was nevertheless maintained at the plasma membrane. Intriguingly, cytochalasin D induced relocalization of both PIP2 and EHD2 to actin aggregates, supporting a role of PIP2 in controlling EHD2 subcellular localization. Altogether, these studies emphasize the significance of membrane lipid composition for EHD2 subcellular distribution and offer new insights into the regulation of this important endocytic protein.