cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Vendor Discounts for Firm Orders: Fixed vs. Sliding

Abstract To compare the two major discounting methods, fixed and sliding, offered by book vendors for firm orders, this article reports a study of 4,856 orders fulfilled between April 1997 and August 1999 at a public comprehensive teaching university. The results indicate that, at Kean University, fixed discount (12%) gains slightly more savings in the amount of $942.50 (0.5% of $202,226.14, list price) than sliding scales (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 16% and 33.3%) distributed between university presses (36.9%) and non-university presses (63.1%). Therefore, any fixed rate higher than 13% is an advantageous deal for Kean with this mix of orders. However, Kean would consider using sliding scales to gain more savings when the orders are mixed with more university presses (16% discount) and trade publishers (33.3% discount). The findings of this study suggest options and flexibility for acquisitions personnel to obtain a mutually beneficial agreement with the vendor.
Dynamic model of solenoids under impact excitation, including motion and body currents. II

For pt.I see ibid., p.142-8 (1988). Modeling of solenoids activated from a DC source (impact excitation) is difficult because of the coupling of a nonlinear magnetic system, which includes eddy currents, with a mechanical system that involves a time-varying airgap. The finite-element method (in two dimensions) has been successfully implemented to solve this complex problem. However, the large number of successive iterations involved makes it inconvenient when repeated design trials are made, for instance, during optimization. It is shown that the problem geometry, including eddy currents, can be satisfactorily approximated using only one dimension. The resulting set of equations is solved using the finite-difference method. Comparisons with test data and with 2-D finite-element calculations are conclusive. >
Understanding the Aggregate Book-to-Market Ratio

In order to connect the stock market valuation level to medium-term cash-flow fundamentals, I develop a dynamic model that links the book-to-market ratio to subsequent profitability, interest rates, and excess stock returns. My approach avoids modeling the potentially unstable dividend process. Consistent with previous research, I find that fluctuating stock market valuations are primarily driven by variation in risk premia. However, interest rate and profitability expectations also play a role in determining market prices. The model generates return and profitability forecasts. Using 1997 data, the model predicts high profitability and low, but not implausible, stock returns over the next decade.
Abstract 18093: Bleeding Events in Clopidogrel-Treated Patients with STEMI is Associated with a Genetic Risk Score Based on High-Risk Genetic Polymorphisms

Introduction: Gene polymorphisms of ABCB1, CYP2C19, PON1 and P2Y12 may influence pharmacodynamics and clinical events of clopidogrel treatment. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that a genetic risk score based on identified high-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) would be associated with bleedings in clopidogrel-treated Chinese STEMI patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: A total of 503 consecutive patients with STEMI who received an uneventful PCI and were exposed to clopidogrel treatment for 12 months, were enrolled in the single-center registry. There were 38 tag SNPs selected from ABCB1, CYP2C19, PON1 and P2Y12 genes, which were detected by the ligase detection reaction. The primary clinical safety endpoint was the incidence of major bleeding events. Major bleeding was quantified according to bleeding academic research consortium definition (BARC) criteria, including type 3 and 5 in the analysis. The follow-up period was 12 months. Results: Overall, 46 BARC≥3 bleeding events (9.1%) occurred, which included 11 (2.1%) cases of BARC 3b bleedings and 35 (7.0%) cases of BARC 3a bleedings. After adjustment for traditional clinical risk factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis identified SNPs significantly associated with bleedings were ABCB1 (rs1045642, rs2235047, rs7779562), P2Y12 (rs6809699) and CYP2C19*17. A genetic risk score was constructed by summing the number of risk alleles. Bleedings were significantly associated with increased genetic risk score tertile. Patients in the top tertile of the genetic score were estimated to have a 3.268-fold (95%CI=1.198-8.929, p=0.021) increased risk of bleedings compared with those in the bottom tertile. As a continuous variable, the risk score resulted in an OR of 1.326 per unit increase in score (95%CI=1.098-1.601, p=0.003). Conclusions: This genetic score was significantly associated with bleedings after PCI in our study population.
Improved Diffuse Reflection Models for Computer Vision

There are many computational vision techniques that fundamentally rely upon assumptions about the nature of diffuse reflection from object surfaces consisting of commonly occurring nonmetallic materials. Probably the most prevalent assumption made about diffuse reflection by computer vision researchers is that its reflected radiance distribution is described by the Lambertian model, whether the surface is rough or smooth. While computationally and mathematically a relatively simple model, in physical reality the Lambertian model is deficient in accurately describing the reflected radiance distribution for both rough and smooth nonmetallic surfaces. Recently, in computer vision diffuse reflectance models have been proposed separately for rough, and, smooth nonconducting dielectric surfaces each of these models accurately predicting salient non-Lambertian phenomena that have important bearing on computer vision methods relying upon assumptions about diffuse reflection. Together these reflectance models are complementary in their respective applicability to rough and smooth surfaces. A unified treatment is presented here detailing important deviations from Lambertian behavior for both rough and smooth surfaces. Some speculation is given as to how these separate diffuse reflectance models may be combined.
The Congruence of American School Districts with Other Local Government Boundaries: A Google-Earth Exploration

Economists often casually assume that a school district and a city that share the same name also share the same territory, but in fact exactly congruent boundaries are rare. Using the overlap of school district and municipal boundaries available on Google Earth, I find that about two-thirds of medium-to-large American cities have boundaries that substantially overlap those of a single school district. The degree of overlap, however, varies greatly by region and state, ranging from nearly perfect congruence in New England, New Jersey, and Virginia, to hardly any in Illinois, Texas, and Florida. Larger and older municipalities tend to have boundaries that closely match those of a single school district. The latter sections of the paper attempt to explain why school districts diverge from municipal boundaries and why they sometimes ended up with county boundaries. Modern school districts are the product of consolidations of one-room school districts from 1900 to 1970. Contrary to much historical scholarship, I argue that, outside the South, these consolidations were consented to by local voters. They preferred districts whose boundaries conformed to their everyday interactions rather than formal units of government. The South ended up with county-based school districts because segregation imposed diseconomies of scale on district operations and required larger land-area districts. The conclusion offers a "social capital" reason for the durability of school- district boundaries.
The Voting Rights Act Through the Justices' Eyes: NAMUDNO and Beyond

The most surprising action from the Supreme Court's latest term may be what it did not do: strike down Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) as unconstitutional. After the oral argument in Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District Number One v. Holder (NAMUDNO), most Court observers expected the Court to issue a strongly divided opinion invalidating Congress's reauthorization of the provision that requires certain "covered jurisdictions" to seek preapproval, or preclearance, before enacting any change that affects voting. Instead, the Court issued an 8-1 opinion that avoided the constitutional question and decided the case on a narrower statutory ground. This Essay discusses what the Court said -- and did not say -- in NAMUDNO and explores the emerging trends in current election law jurisprudence.I proceed in three Parts. Part I discusses the Court's statutory interpretation and constitutional avoidance approach in NAMUDNO. In Part II, I explain how each current Justice generally views the VRA by coding each Justice's votes in prior VRA cases as either "expansive" or "restrictive" toward the Act. Part III concludes by analyzing how the Court's recent approach in NAMUDNO and other election law cases reveals a trend toward "strategic compromise" among the Justices in this area. Based on the Justices' typical voting patters, the decision in NAMUDNO was quite surprising. I explain the outcome by looking at how the Justices, over the past few years, have compromised their usual positions in election law cases in favor of a strategic and incremental approach to effectuate their long-term goals (or ward off starker and less favorable results).This Essay thus provides some historical and analytical backbone to the debate surrounding how the Court approaches VRA cases. That is, I hope to provide context for the continued discussion of these issues in light of the Court's constitutional avoidance approach in NAMUDNO. My goal here is merely descriptive: What did the Court do in NAMUDNO, how does that comport with the Justices' typical voting patterns in VRA decisions, and what does this mean for future cases?
Evolution of Ag/sub 3/Sn during reflow soldering

Ag/sub 3/Sn is an intermetallic compound that always find in SnAgCu lead free solder. It presents as large volumetric size in the bulk solder and at the interface. The size of the Ag/sub 3/Sn is about 3/spl sim/10x larger compared to Cu/sub 6/Sn/sub 5/ under the similar reflow conditions. Since intermetallic compound has lower coefficient thermal expansion as compared to its solder. The solder will crack along this interface during thermal cycling. Thus, it is of interests to understand the phenomenal growth of Ag/sub 3/Sn compound during reflow. To do that, Pb-Free solder ball with compositions of SnAgCu is first deposited on electroless Ni immersion Au (ENIG) at the board level, and Organic Solderable Preservatives (OSP) surface finishes substrate pads. The substrate is then loaded into reflow oven. Once the reflow oven is fully loaded with the substrates, the oven is shut down, and substrates are retrieved and quenched into the water. Heat index (temperature and time) are recorded with respect to the substrate positions, and the reflowed solder is then cross-sectioned and etched to reveal the Ag/sub 3/Sn structures and thickness. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy are used in these studies. The intermetallic thickness and the morphologies of the Ag/sub 3/Sn during reflow soldering are discussed. One of the interesting structures to reveal in this paper is 2D and 3D structures of Ag/sub 3/Sn. This paper would able to provide insights into the physical phenomenology of Pb-free solder joint formation during reflow and the mechanisms behind the solder joint formation.
Design of entry and exit maneuvers for IVHS

Presents design of entry and exit maneuvers for vehicles entering and exiting from automated highway systems (AHS). The authors assume, the traffic on AHS is organized according to the IVHS (intelligent vehicle highway systems) architecture of Varaiya (1993). The authors propose alternative highway configurations for merging and leaving the AHS lanes, either via the transition lane or via dedicated ramps. Communication protocols for coordinating entry and exit maneuvers and lateral and longitudinal control laws to execute these maneuvers are also presented.
Client Assessment in an Industrial Setting: A Cross-Sectional Method

A cross-sectional method for assessing and evaluating social service programs in an industrial setting was found use ful for estimating the numbers of workers in need of social services, levels of program use, and penetration, and for examining program outcomes. Ad ditionally, workers served by social ser vice or employee assistance programs can be examined to draw inferences regarding need for additional types of services, adequacy of program coverage, and distribution of client outcomes. FEW EMPIRICALLY based reports of Hide Yamatani *ate arr*val or departure from work, con social services in the workplace exist. tinual absenteeism, and filing company
Building and deploying community nanotechnology software tools on nanoHUB.org - atomistic simulations of multimillion-atom quantum dot nanostructures

The growth of self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is driven by strain, induced by the mismatch of the lattice constants of the QD material (in this work, InAs) and that of the barrier material (GaAs). The resulting long-range strain field strongly modifies the energy diagram of the system, and has to be accounted for in realistic simulations of QD electronic properties. The nanoelectronic modeling tool NEMO-3D is designed to provide quantitative estimates of QD-bound electron and hole states by treating the system on the atomistic level. In this paper, a systematic study of the strain calculated within a domain consisting of up to 64 million atoms, followed by an electronic calculation on a subdomain containing up to 21 million atoms is presented. Unique and targeted eigenstates can be extracted from system matrices of order 4/spl times/10.
A survey of self-directed physical aggression among perpetrators of partner violence

The characterization of partner-violent behavior is potentially relevant in terms of anticipating psychiatric diagnoses, treatment needs, and outcomes. One unaddressed issue is the relationship, if any, between externalized aggressive behavior (ie, partner violence) and self-directed physical aggression. Beyond the literature on murder followed by suicide (eg, references 1 and 2) and a report of suicidal ideation or attempts in perpetrators of bullying (22%), associations between person-directed violence and self-directed physical aggression remain unclear, despite the documented presence of negative self-schemas among batterers... Language: en
What Does it Mean to be an Adult?: A Qualitative Study of College Students' Perceptions and Coping Processes

Emerging adulthood (ages 18 – 25) has been proposed as a dynamic developmental period within industrialized societies, distinct from both adolescence and young adulthood and marked by significant identity-related explorations (Arnett, 2000, 2004). In this qualitative study of the subjective experience of this period, we explored our college-aged participants’ conceptions of adulthood as well as their experiences in coping with change at this point in their lives. Interview transcript data were analyzed following the procedures of Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR; Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997). Core themes and ideas within two broad domains (Associations of Adulthood, Negotiating Adulthood) are presented and discussed. Findings underscored the salience of adaptive career development and the significant roles of parents and peers in shaping participants’ conceptions of adulthood and in affecting their transitional coping.
OCCURRENCE OF GERMANIUM AND ARSENIC IN METEORITES.

1. Spectroscopic evidence has been obtained of the occurrence of germanium in certain siderites, siderolites and aerolites. 2. Judging from the number and intensity of spectral lines the germanium in these meteorites is present in traces. 3. Germanium has been extracted from Toluca and Welland siderites. 4. Arsenic has been extracted from Toluca and Welland siderites
Pneumonia in the surgical intensive care unit. Immunologic keys to the silent epidemic.

OBJECTIVE: The authors undertook a prospective study of trauma victims in the intensive care unit (ICU) to investigate the clinical course of pneumonia and the local and systemic immune responses to the pneumonia. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The silent epidemic of pneumonia has been an "unappreciated killer" in terms of being overlooked in surgical ICUs for the past 5 years, and specifically, the most common major infection after severe trauma. Little is known about the immune response to an acute pulmonary infection. METHODS: The authors studied 50 consecutive, critically ill trauma patients, with a mean injury severity score of 28 +/- 2, who developed pneumonia while ventilated mechanically. Patients were observed clinically, and specific immunologic parameters, including major histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR, complement receptor (CR3), and Fc receptor (FcRIII), were measured in circulating and local alveolar leukocytes for up to 30 days. Eleven patients provided unique clinical data via bronchoscopy for unilateral pneumonia, with collection of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from both the infected and uninfected sides. RESULTS: Patients developed clinical pneumonia 5.3 +/- 0.4 days after admission to the ICU. At diagnosis, mean temperature was 101.4 F, white blood cell count was 16,000/mm3, arterial oxygen tension was 104 +/- 14, fraction of inspired oxygen was 0.47, and positive end-expiratory pressure was 5. Thirty patients (Group A) recovered relatively promptly; 20 patients had prolonged illnesses (Group B), 15 of whom ultimately survived, and five of whom died. Patients with poor outcomes had greater leukocytosis (p < 0.05) and temperature elevation (p < 0.05) after 5 days of pneumonia. Immunologically, peripheral leukocyte expression of HLA-DR, FcRIII, and CR3 was equivalent in both groups. However, the expression of all three antigens on local alveolar leukocytes was decreased to a greater extent in the poor outcome group compared to the good outcome group, evident before any clinical differentiation between the two outcome groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumonia prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stay, and overall infectious morbidity. Although immune suppression has been recognized as a result of initial injury, the development of pneumonia coincided with the nadir of immune function. Poor outcome patients were clinically identifiable 5 days after pneumonia and immunologically identifiable within 2 days. Moreover, there was localized suppression of pulmonary leukocytes at the site of the infiltrate compared to the uninfected lobes. This same alteration was noted in experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia. This evidence suggests that there is active immune participation within the respiratory system. It also suggests that there are predispositions to pulmonary infections, and it may allow immune modulation targeted to pulmonary leukocytes to hasten clinical recovery and minimize pulmonary dysfunction.
Satellite-based rainfall data reveal a recent drying trend in central equatorial Africa

West-central Uganda, a biodiversity hotspot on the eastern edge of central equatorial Africa (CEA), is a region coping with balancing food security needs of a rapidly growing human population dependent on subsistence agriculture with the conservation of critically endangered species. Documenting and understanding rainfall trends is thus of critical impor- tance in west-central Uganda, but sparse information exists on rainfall trends in CEA during the past several decades. The recently created African Rainfall Climatology version 2 (ARC2) dataset has been shown to perform satisfactorily at identifying rainfall days and estimating seasonal rainfall totals in west-central Uganda. Therefore, we use ARC2 data to assess rainfall trends in west-central Uganda and other parts of equatorial Africa from 1983-2012. The core variables examined were three-month rainfall variables for west-central Uganda, and annual rainfall variables and seasonal rainfall totals for a transect that extended from northwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo to southern Somalia. Significant decreases in rainfall in west-central Uganda occurred for multiple three-month periods centered on boreal summer, and rainfall associated with the two growing seasons decreased by 20 % from 1983-2012. The drying trend in west-central Uganda extended westward into the Congo rainforest. Rainfall in CEA was significantly correlated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) at the annual scale and during boreal summer and autumn. Two other possible causes of the decreasing rainfall in CEA besides North Atlantic Ocean sea-surface temperatures (e.g.,
Constant Coefficient Multiplication Using Look-Up Tables

Multiplication is an important but expensive operation in most FPGA-based signal processing systems. Many techniques have been introduced for reducing the size and improving the speed of FPGA-based multipliers. Constant-coefficient multipliers are an important class of such multipliers that reduce FPGA resource requirements by exploiting constant-specific optimizations. This paper reviews and analyzes a constant coefficient multiplier that exploits the fine-grain memory resources of FPGAs by performing table look-up. Several optimizations to this multiplier are introduced and analyzed. This paper will also introduce several techniques for reducing the resources of this multiplier by exploiting modern FPGA architectural enhancements.
Optical Properties Of Low Loss Fluoride Glass-Cladded Fibers

Recent improvements in preform processing and fiber drawing techniques have resulted in glass-cladded fluoride glass fibers having losses under 10 dB/km. Multicomponent zirconium fluoride glass was used, and care was taken to reduce impurities such as transition metals and water. The reduction of scattering centers was also a major concern. Preforms were made using the rotational casting approach, which resulted in glass-cladded preforms having no observable core-clad defects. The preforms were coated with teflon, and drawn into fibers using an r.f. induction furnace. The optical attenuation of the fibers was measured in the infrared region. The minimum loss occurred around 2.5 microns. The fiber scattering loss was also measured. A variety of lasers were used for this measurement, including an infrared color-center laser to obtain scattering data directly in the infrared region.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM, COPING AND OPTIMISM

In a recent article Levonian (11) concluded that self-esteem is negatively related to coping and optimism. The present note suggests that this is a false conclusion and shows how it may have been r...
The normal adolescent electrocardiogram.

Abstract Criteria for the interpretation of the electrocardiogram of the adolescent are presented in tabular form. Three major areas of difference were noted between the electrocardiograms of adolescents and other individuals. These were: (1) The summation of the amplitudes of SV 2 and RV 5 was markedly greater in the adolescent than in adult studies; (2) J-point elevation (Leads aV F , V 5 , and V 6 ) was a frequent finding (25 per cent) in adolescents; (3) the rotation of the QRS loop in the frontal plane was clockwise in the majority (62 per cent) of adolescents.
WITHIN‐SESSION CHANGES IN RESPONDING DURING CONCURRENT SCHEDULES WITH DIFFERENT REINFORCERS IN THE COMPONENTS

Rats and pigeons responded on several concurrent schedules that provided different reinforcers in the two components (food and water for rats, Experiment 1; wheat and mixed grain for pigeons, Experiment 2). The rate of responding and the time spent responding on each component usually changed within the session. The within-session changes in response rates and time spent responding usually followed different patterns for the two components of a concurrent schedule. For most subjects, the bias and sensitivity to reinforcement parameters of the generalized matching law, as well as the percentage of the variance accounted for, decreased within the session. Negative sensitivity parameters were sometimes found late in the session for the concurrent food-water schedules. These results imply that within-session changes in responding could cause problems for assessing the validity of quantitative theories of concurrent-schedule responding when the components provide different reinforcers. They question changes in a general motivational state, such as arousal, as a complete explanation for within-session changes in responding. The results are compatible with satiation for, or sensitization-habituation to, the reinforcers as explanations.
In situ XANES study of the formation and reduction of the passive film formed on Fe in acetate solution

Abstract In situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) was used to study the formation and galvanostatic reduction of passive films that form on Fe in 1 and 0.1 M acetate solutions of pH 4.5–7.5. Passivation at anodic potentials was accompanied by dissolution of Fe; a small amount of dissolution at pH 5.5–7.5 and significantly more dissolution at pH 4.5. Passive film thickness was approximately 40–50 A and did not vary with pH. Nevertheless, the duration of the potential decay during galvanostatic reduction at −1 μA cm −2 increased substantially with pH from 380 s at pH 4.5 to 2500 s at pH 7.5. At the knee of the potential decay curve, a burst of dissolution occurred where the reduced passive film and remainder of the metallic Fe sample dissolved. The plot of the plateau potential versus pH had a slope of −94 mV/pH unit. The products of the reduction were Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 2+ .
The Effect of Lamination-Induced Stresses on Fatigue Damage Development at Internal Flaws

The effects of stresses induced by the lamination of off-axis plies to O-deg lamina on the development of damage during the fatigue loading of the O-deg plies are discussed. The transverse normal stresses in the plane of the laminae and the laminate created by the laminating constraints when an axial force is applied to the laminate are calculated in terms of a differential Poisson ratio between the ply in question in the unconstrained and constrained states, and significant differences in the constraint environments of an unnotched specimen joined to plies of 45 and 90 deg inclination are noted which correspond to an increase in longitudinal splitting in the 90 deg case and a marked decrease in longitudinal splitting in the 45 deg case. If a notch is present, shear and crack-opening damage is found to be very effectively suppressed in 45-deg laminates, and less so in the 90-deg case. It is pointed out that whereas the 45-deg laminate represents the least damage situation, it does not have the greatest notched strength. It is concluded that an understanding and prediction of damage development in laminates requires knowledge of the stress fields caused by the lamination constraints.
Deuterium quadrupole coupling constant in CD2Cl2

Abstract The quadrupole coupling constant of deuterium in liquid CD 2 Cl 2 has been determined as 155 ± 5 kHz. This value agrees with the 175 kHz calculated for CD 4 [9].
Two level bulk preload branch prediction

This paper describes the large capacity hierarchical branch predictor in the 5.5 GHz IBM zEnterprise EC12 microprocessor. Performance analyses in a simulation model and on zEC12 hardware demonstrate the benefit of this hierarchy compared to a smaller one level predictor. Novel structures and algorithms for two level branch prediction are presented. Prediction information about multiple branches is bulk transferred from the second level into the first upon detecting a perceived miss in the first level. The second level does not directly make branch predictions. Access to the second level is limited when it is unlikely to be productive. The second level is systematically searched in an order that is likely to provide hits as early as possible. On the workloads analyzed in the simulation model, measurements show a maximum core performance benefit of 13.8%. On the two workloads analyzed on zEC12 hardware 3.4% and 5.3% system performance improvements are achieved.
Methods for stability analysis of unbalanced three-phase systems

This paper extends small-signal stability analysis methods developed for balanced three-phase systems to the more general unbalanced three-phase system. The impedance-based stability analysis method in the phase-domain is generalized to unbalanced systems characterized by coupled positive-sequence and negative-sequence impedance networks. Compared to balanced three-phase systems, modeling of unbalanced converter systems is more complicated due to the negative-sequence trajectory that is impressed on the ac system by the unbalanced condition. Small-signal models are developed to determine whether or not a small unbalance voltage condition introduces any significant change to the inverter impedance models of the perfectly balanced case. Simulation and experimental measurements are used for verification of the small-signal models and the proposed stability analysis method.
Neutron sputtering yields from Nb, Au, and Co

Abstract Employing a neutron source based on the 9 Be (d, n) reaction, high energy neutron sputtering yields have been determined for Nb, Au and Co. Two experiments have been conducted. In the first, graphite catcher foils were used and in the second, polished Si wafers. From data collected in the first experiment the neutron sputtering yields of Nb, Au and Co were determined to be in the range of 10 −5 to 10 −4 particles per incident neutron. Examination of the collector foils from the second experiment did not show any evidence of large particle (> 1 μm) ejection from the Nb targets.
Diet and chronic disease issues for minority populations

The Report of the Task Force on Minority Health (110), released in 1985 and 1986, signaled a new era of awareness of the unique health and disease profiles of raciaVethnic minority groups in the United States (1-10). Many minority health issues remain to be clarified; however, the need for special attention to the health problems of minority groups is no longer debated. This paper highlights minority health issues related to diet and chronic disease. The objective is to draw attention to the different chronic disease morbidity and mortality patterns among minority populations and to highlight particular areas of excess risk. Implications for community nutrition interventions are discussed.
Measurements of Modulated Lamellar P β ′ Phases of Interacting Lipid Membranes

A diffraction study of lattice constants in the ${P}_{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ ("rippled") phase of hydrated lecithins suggests that the lamellar modulation arises from a delicate interplay between the energies associated with membrane curvature and with hydration, as modified by interactions between membranes. Our results imply the existence of a Lifshitz point in the global phase diagram of the lecithin-water system.
Is Anybody Watching? The Audience for Televised Presidential Addresses

Even though nationally televised addresses provide the president the opportunity to speak directly to the American people and are a potentially powerful tool for influencing public opinion, scholars have little understanding of the people the president speaks to when he delivers televised addresses. This study examines the audience for televised presidential addresses. Specifically, it looks at the size of the audience for televised addresses, the differences between people who watch televised addresses and those who do not watch, and explains why some people watch the addresses while others do not. To answer these questions I use a unique set of national opinion surveys conducted by Richard Wirthlin, who served as Ronald Reagan's pollster throughout Reagan's years as president. I find that even though televised addresses are given on network television, the president is not assured a large television audience. Moreover, I find that there is a difference between people who watch televised addresses and th...
Distillation time alters essential oil yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of male Juniperus scopulorum trees

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 15 distillation times (DT), ranging from 1.25 to 960 min, on oil yield, essential oil profiles, and antioxidant capacity of male J. scopulorum trees. Essential oil yields were 0.07% at 1.25 min DT and reached a maximum of 1.48% at 840 min DT. The concentrations of alpha-thujene (1.76-2.75%), alpha-pinene (2.9-8.7%), sabinene (45-74.7%), myrcene (2.4-3.4%), and para-cymene (0.8-3.1%) were highest at the shortest DT (1.5 to 5 min) and decreased with increasing DT. Cis-sabinene hydrate (0.5-0.97%) and linalool plus trans-sabinene (0.56-1.6%) reached maximum levels at 40 min DT. Maximum concentrations of limonene (2.3-2.8%) and pregeijerene-B (0.06-1.4%) were obtained at 360-480 min DT, and 4-terpinenol (0.7-5.7%) at 480 min DT. Alpha-terpinene (0.16-2.9%), gamma-terpinene (0.3-4.9%) and terpinolene (0.3-1.4%) reached maximum at 720 min DT. The concentrations of delta-cadinene (0.06-1.65%), elemol (0-6.0%), and 8-alpha-acetoxyelemol (0-4.4%) reached maximum at 840 min DT. The yield of the essential oil constituents increased with increasing DT. Only linalool/transsabinene hydrate reached a maximum yield at 360 min DT. Maximum yields of the following constituents were obtained at 720 min DT: alpha-thujene, alpha-pinene, camphene, sabinene, myrcene, alpha-terpinene, para-cimene, limonene, gamma-terpinene, terpinolene, and 4-terpinenol. At 840 min DT, cis-sabinene hydrate, prejeijerene-B, gamma muurolene, delta-cadinene, reached maximum. At 960 min DT, maximum yields of beta-pinene, elemol, alphaeudesmol/betaeudesmol, 8-alpha-acetoxyelemol were reached. These changes were adequately modeled by either the Michaelis-Menten or the Power (Convex) nonlinear regression models. Oils from the 480 min DT showed higher antioxidant activity compared to samples collected at 40, 160, or 960 min DT. These results show the potential for obtaining essential oils with various compositions and antioxidant capacity from male J. scopulorum by varying DT. This study can be used as a reference paper for comparing results of reports where different lengths of the DT were used.
Elderly Persons' Appraisal of Animals in the Residential Environment

AbstractAt present in the United States, nearly 31 million people are aged 65 or older, and this group is expected to swell to nearly 22% of the total U.S. population by the year 2030. As more people live longer, efforts to identify how they can maintain a dignified, sustained quality of life are vital. The elderly individual too often becomes disconnected from valued people, places, and activities, and person-animal transactions, too, change with changes in physical and sensory capabilities and one's transactions with the built environment. Nevertheless, animals are a source of companionship throughout life. A functionalist-evolutionary perspective of human functioning and environmental presscompetence theory provided a theoretical foundation for a survey administered to 59 respondents residing Independently or in congregate housing. Relationships among personal characteristics, well-being, and characteristics of the home environment were explored for their role in a preference for involvement or noninvo...
Human envenomation from the bite of the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis s. sirtalis (Serpentes: Colubridae)

A 13-yr-old victim of a prolonged eastern garter snake (Thamnophis s. sirtalis) bite was hospitalized following development of coolness, edema and ecchymosis of the bitten hand. Although lymphatic involvement was noted, vital signs and laboratory tests were normal and rapid recovery followed. Subsequent asymptomatic Thamnophis bites of the subject indicate that these clinical changes were not allergic. This case from Delaware suggests that widespread toxicity within the genus is likely.
Auroral plasmas in the evening sector - Satellite observations and theoretical interpretations

Observations and theoretical interpretations of auroral plasma distributions have led to a spectacular advance, in the latter part of the 1970's, in understanding the formation of auroral arcs and the role that the aurora plays in the coupling between the magnetosphere and ionosphere in the evening sector. The key to this understanding is the verification of the existence of electric field components parallel to the magnetic field. The parallel electric field accelerates electrons downwards to form the aurora. At the same time, it accelerates ionospheric ions upwards to provide the magnetosphere with a new source of hot plasma. The auroral plasma observations indicate that the hot auroral plasmas behave according to laws of adiabatic motion coexisting with a measure of plasma turbulence. Theoretical considerations of auroral arc formation are in accord with this plasma characteristic.
Nonlinear oscillations of viscous liquid drops

A fundamental understanding of nonlinear oscillations of a viscous liquid drop is needed in diverse areas of science and technology. In this paper, the moderate- to large-amplitude axisymmetric oscillations of a viscous liquid drop, which is immersed in dynamically inactive surroundings, are analysed by solving the free boundary problem comprised of the Navier–Stokes system and appropriate interfacial conditions at the drop–ambient fluid interface. The means are the Galerkin/finite-element technique, an implicit predictor-corrector method, and Newton's method for solving the resulting system of nonlinear algebraic equations. Attention is focused here on oscillations of drops that are released from an initial static deformation. Two dimensionless groups govern such nonlinear oscillations: a Reynolds number, Re, and some measure of the initial drop deformation. Accuracy is attested by demonstrating that (i) the drop volume remains virtually constant, (ii) dynamic response to small-and moderate-amplitude disturbances agrees with linear and perturbation theories, and (iii) large-amplitude oscillations compare well with the few published predictions made with the marker-and-cell method and experiments. The new results show that viscous drops that are released from an initially two-lobed configuration spend less time in prolate form than inviscid drops, in agreement with experiments. Moreover, the frequency of oscillation of viscous drops released from such initially two-lobed configurations decreases with the square of the initial amplitude of deformation as Re gets large for moderate-amplitude oscillations, but the change becomes less dramatic as Re falls and/or the initial amplitude of deformation rises. The rate at which these oscillations are damped during the first period rises as initial drop deformation increases; thereafter the damping rate is lower but remains virtually time-independent regardless of Re or the initial amplitude of deformation. The new results also show that finite viscosity has a much bigger effect on mode coupling phenomena and, in particular, on resonant mode interactions than might be anticipated based on results of computations incorporating only an infinitesimal amount of viscosity.
Long-term survival of patients with treated aortic dissection

Retrospective data on the treatment of aortic dissection at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1963 to 1978 are reported. During this period, 160 patients with spontaneous aortic dissection were treated by definitive medical or definitive surgical therapy. Patients were classified according to type (proximal versus distal) and duration (acute versus chronic) of dissection. Long-term followup (mean 48 months, range 1 to 147) was available in 156 cases. Hospital and late survival in each of the categories of dissection were evaluated in relation to those features of the dissection itself and of the subsequent therapy that correlated with ultimate survival. Results show that: 1) chronic presentation was the most significant determinant of both hospital and late survival; 2) in acute dissection, prognosis was determined largely by the presence or absence of major complications, regardless of ultimate therapy; the only complication without adverse effect on survival was aortic insufficiency; 3) late survival after discharge from the hospital was similar for patients with all types of dissection and modes of therapy; and 4) the incidence of late complications from aortic dissection was lower than previously reported. Thus, the success of early definitive medical and surgical treatment was sustained on longterm follow-up.
Fitting bioptic telescopes: Determining location and mounting angle with bioptic fitting apertures

The prescribing and fitting of spectacle-mounted telescopes (bioptic telescopes or bioptics) requires calculating the proper telescope power. It also requires determining the appropriate position within the spectacle lens and the proper angling of the telescope relative to the frame front (mounting angle).A description of bioptic fitting apertures, and their use in determining and confirming bioptic telescope location and mounting angle, is discussed.
Predominant effect of kidney disease on mortality in Pima Indians with or without type 2 diabetes

Predominant effect of kidney disease on mortality in Pima Indians with or without type 2 diabetes. Background We examined the effect of kidney disease (KD) on mortality in nondiabetic and diabetic Pima Indians aged ≥45 years old. Methods Deaths and person-years of follow-up were stratified in a time-dependent fashion into categories of ( 1 ) no proteinuria and normal serum creatinine (SCr); ( 2 ) proteinuria and normal SCr; ( 3 ) high SCr [SCr ≥133 μmol/L (1.5 mg/dL) in men, ≥124 μmol/L (1.4 mg/dL) in women] but not on renal replacement therapy (RRT); or ( 4 ) RRT. Results Among 1993 subjects, 55.8% had type 2 diabetes at baseline. Overall death rates increased with declining kidney function in both the nondiabetic and diabetic subjects ( P P = 0.0001) and was highest in those on RRT ( P Conclusion Death rates increased comparably with worsening kidney function in both nondiabetic and diabetic subjects and were similar in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects without KD. KD was associated with excess mortality from DN, CVD, infections, and malignancy in diabetic subjects, and from infections in those without diabetes.
Body weight reduction prior to quinine adulteration of water: Interactive complexities in measures of ingestive behavior

Rats were presented with.1% (w/v) quinine-adulterated water after they had been predeprived of food down to 70% of their ad lib body weight (PD-Q group) or after no predeprivation experience (ND-Q group). Both groups initially reduced their food intake and lost weight. Following adaptation to the adulterated fluid, PD-Q animals displayed a relatively higher rate of weight consolidation; however, these subjects eventually stabilized at a weight level below that of the ND-Q rats. These data (1) demonstrate at least some specificity to the predeprivation effects observed with lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions, (2) suggest the probable independence of predeprivation and LH adipsia effects during intervals immediately after surgery, and (3) document the interactive weight effects produced by food predeprivation and fluid adulteration.
Corporate system security: towards an integrated management approach

This paper discusses an integrated security approach that engages multiple functional levels in an organization from the Board and management to IT staff and individual users. The discussion presents security issues at the policy setting level and important control implementations at the gateway interface, internal network, and corporate files. As this approach involves multiple layers, the security environment can be strengthened. This discussion can be used as a guideline for corporate security management, as the components for a security audit, and as an internal communication to enhance corporate security awareness. The comprehensive view presented in this discussion is beneficial to managers, auditors, controllers, and consultants who work on security issues.
Patterns of U.S. energy consumption to 1980

The total consumption of energy in the United States in the year 1980 is expected to be equivalent to 93 × 1018 joules or 63 percent greater than in 1965. Coal consumption in 1980 is projected at 612-677 million tonnes, natural gas at 696 000 million cubic meters, and petroleum products demand at 899 million tonnes. Nuclear power generation will be 723 million MWh; conventional fuel-burning plants will provide up to 1941 million MWh of energy.
Problems in measuring effectiveness in software process improvement: A longitudinal study of organizational change at Danske Data

Software process improvement (SPI) is a widely recognized approach that software companies implement to improve quality, productivity, and time-to-market. Assessing and analyzing performance improvements are important SPI activities. However, many SPI managers have found it difficult to develop and implement effective performance measurement programs for SPI, in part because guidelines for conducting SPI measurements are scarce. We address this gap in the SPI literature by examining major problems that SPI change agents encounter when developing and implementing SPI measurement programs. We report on a longitudinal study of an SPI change initiative and the challenges that the SPI Team faced in dealing with the issues of measuring effectiveness of the initiative. We systematically analyze an SPI performance measurement program to understand its limitations and the problems that the SPI Team encountered when implementing it. We used an organizational change theory framework to derive theoretical and practical insights that can help managers and researchers develop and implement better SPI performance measurement programs.
Species-diversity patterns in some middle ordovician communities from California - Nevada

Abstract Certain fossil communities may be recognized in collections from Early—mid-Middle Ordovician age rock units in the Inyo Mountains, California, and the Bare and Ranger Mountains in adjacent Nevada. These dominantly brachiopod—tribolite communities lived in several different, shallow shelf-sea environments. The communities appear to have maintained their diversity and evenness within relatively narrow limits for as long as the major aspects of the environments in which they lived, remained little changed (periods of about 1–2 m.y.). Some taxa occur in several communities (and are called wide-niched), and some occur in only a single community (and are called narrow-niched). Certain taxa that occur in large numbers in a single community appear to have been far more tolerant of particular environmental conditions than were associated taxa in the same community that are represented by few individuals. Counts of such abundant taxa that are restricted to a single community (and are thus considered narrow-niched) compared with counts of the individuals of those taxa found in several communities (and thus are considered wide-niched) indicate that the taxa highly tolerant of particular environmental conditions may be represented by more individuals than are the wide-niched taxa.
Quantum well excitons in an electric field: two versus three dimensional behavior

Previous calculations have shown a transition between two dimensional and three dimensional behavior of excitons confined in a semiconducting quantum well structure as a function of electric field. We here present calculations of the exciton binding energy as a function of electric field using a two parameter variational wave function of the form used in the absence of the electric field by Matsuura and Shinozuka. Our calculations were performed using a finite potential barrier model for the confinement of the exciton in the quantum well. The results of our calculations confirm the validity of the conclusion that the variational exciton wave function goes from being of a purely 2D hydrogenic type at small well widths and/or low electric fields to a 3D hydrogenic type in wide wells and/or high electric fields.