cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Call for Papers-Special Issue of Manufacturing & Service Operations Management: Interface of Finance, Operations, and Risk Management

Description The goal of this special issue is to disseminate novel, insightful, and relevant research that unifies concepts from finance, operations, and risk management. All submissions must articulate the operational component of the research and must have a clear finance or risk management connection (but not necessarily both). Potential research topics include (and certainly are not limited to): • Supply chain finance • Interactions between financial claimholders and operational claimholders of a firm • Moral hazard and asymmetric information problems that arise when financial and operational claimholders interact • Novel channels of financing operational decisions • Propagation of financial information in supply chains • The effects of operational decisions of firms (financial and nonfinancial) on financial markets and financial markets’ efficiency • The use of financial markets to inform operational decisions • Novel financial and operational risks and their management • Meaningful applications of data analytics to operations-finance and operations–risk-management interfaces • Insurance and supply chain risks • Risk issues and hedging in commodity procurement • Revenue management: Risk and financial implications of dynamic capacity planning and pricing strategies • Special finance and operations interface topics in industries such as financial services, energy, commodity trading, shipping, and logistics • Operational and financial approaches in managing disruption and catastrophic risks in global supply chains. Groundbreaking and boundary expanding ideas are particularly welcomed. Both theoretical and empirical analyses are encouraged. Submitted papers should feature original research contributions, display the rigor emphasized in the editorial statement of M&SOM, clearly articulate their managerial relevance, and obey the journal’s author guidelines. The review process will be handled by the guest editors and an ad hoc set of associate editors.
Preliminary data on processing and characterization of recycled irradiated graphite

Abstract Neutron irradiated graphite was recycled as the “filler” material in reconstituted graphite. The work, performed in a radiological facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is believed to be the first ever demonstration of the feasibility of recycling irradiated graphite. The recycled graphite was lower in selected properties than commercially available nuclear graphite, but it is believed that similar property values could have been achieved with an impregnation step and a refined particle size distribution. The irradiation temperature and fluence of the graphites that were recycled had no discernable impact on the properties of the graphites made from them.
RARE GASES FROM THE NUEVO LAREDO STONE METEORITE

Abstract The isotopic composition of helium, neon, argon, and xenon gases from the Nuevo Laredo Stone meteorite has been measured. The concentrations of these gases have also been determined by isotope dilution, except in the case of xenon, where a less accurate method was employed. Radiogenic 4 He and 40 A are present. Cosmogonic helium, neon, and argon are present. The xenon found, which may be entirely due to contamination, was of normal isotopic composition, a fact which has a bearing on the time-interval between nucleogenesis and the formation of meteorites. The K-A age of the stone lies between 3.1 and 3.6 × 10 9 years, which establishes independently of previously published lead-isotope data for the stone that it is ancient, but suggests that there has been some loss of radiogenic argon. Most of the radiogenic 4 He has escaped, if a published value of the lead concentration is correct. The cosmogenic gases have isotopic compositions in general agreement with earlier work, but are present in lower concentrations, particularly so with 3 He. This suggests that the stone has been severely heated late in its history.
Synthesis of branched and hyperbranched polystyrenes

The formation of hyperbranched polymers by a one-pot, atom transfer radical polymerization is described using p-(chloromethyl)styrene (CMS) in the presence of Cu(I) and 2,2'-bipyridyl. The synthesis of branched polystyrene by copolymerization of CMS with styrene is also discussed
Use of Information Technology for Community Empowerment: Transforming Geographic Information Systems into Community Information Systems

GIS has emerged as an elitist, anti-democratic technology by virtue of its technological complexity and cost. The question of democratizing this technology has been addressed in the GIS and Society literature. This paper addresses the thorny issue of uneven access to GIS and the associated social power it confers. Following the principle that effective access to information leads to better government as well as to community empowerment, this paper explores the issues of providing equitable access to GIS at the grass-roots level. The paper discusses a university/community partnership with the distressed, inner city neighborhood of Metcalfe Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In this project, the members of an inner-city neighborhood organization were given training in GIS for accessing public information, creating new databases from their own surveys, and analyzing these databases, with the purpose of making them able and active adjuncts to the conduct of city management and the formation of public policy. The paper evaluates the successes and failures of the project. It also explores the nature of GIS usage in this resource poor community organization between 1993–2000.
Actinomycin-D plus 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamine (DTIC) with or without intravenous Corynebacterium parvum in metastatic malignant melanoma.

Chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of Stage IV B malignant melanoma were compared in 88 patients. Chemotherapy consisted of DTIC 250 mg/M2 of the body surface area daily x five days and actinomycin-D 2 mg/M2 on day 1 repeated every 3--4 weeks. Chemoimmunotherapy consisted of the same regimen plus C. parvum 2 mg/M2 I.V. daily for 14 days before every third cycle of chemotherapy, plus 2 mg/M2 I.V. daily on days 7 and 14 of each 21--28 day chemotherapy cycle. There was 32 evaluable chemotherapy and 33 evaluable chemoimmunotherapy patients and the groups were well balanced for clinical and pathologic as well as prognostic variables. The complete and partial remission rates, remission and survival durations, and hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicities were different in the two randomized groups being 6 and 3%, 9 and 9%, 7.6 and 12 months, 8.8 and 6.0 months, 20 and 16%, and 62 and 70%, respectively for these parameters. This difference was not statistically significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that the results of chemotherapy with actinomycin-D plus DTIC were not substantially different from those reported using DTIC alone, and that we cannot recommend the addition of actinomycin-D to DTIC for palliative management in these patients. Furthermore, C. parvum immunotherapy did not add to chemotherapy in terms of remission rate, remission duration, or survival for patients with Stage IV B malignant melanoma.
Strain differences in urocortin expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and its relation to alcohol-induced hypothermia

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is the primary source of urocortin in rodent brain. Mapping of inducible transcription factors has shown that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is preferentially sensitive to ethanol self-administration. In the present study we have immunohistochemically compared expression of urocortin and c-Fos in naive and ethanol-treated C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mouse inbred strains. We found that C57BL/6J mice possess significantly higher numbers of urocortin-expressing cells in the Edinger-Westphal compared to DBA/2J mice. Subsequent histological analysis confirmed a lower number of large neurons in the DBA/2J Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Surprisingly, despite the differences in structure, no strain differences were observed in the number of c-Fos-containing cells after acute (0.6-4.8 g/kg, i.p.) and repeated (2.4 g/kg, 14 days, one injection/day) administration of ethanol. Double-label immunohistochemistry showed that ethanol-induced c-Fos expression is present in different sets of Edinger-Westphal cells between the strains. Specifically, expression of c-Fos in C57BL/6J mice is preferentially induced in urocortin cells, while c-Fos in DBA/2J mice occurs in a mixed population of cells. Behavioral analysis of the B6D2 F2 intercross, a heterogeneous mouse strain, showed that the number of urocortin cells is positively correlated with basal temperatures and ethanol-induced hypothermia. Involvement of the Edinger-Westphal in alcohol-induced hypothermia is further confirmed by analysis of urocortin cells in the HOT/COLD selected lines. These results provide evidence that C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice have structural differences in the Edinger-Westphal that can result in activation of different populations of neurons upon alcohol intoxication contributing to differential thermoregulation between these inbred strains.
Insemination-induced Histolysis of the Flight Musculature in Fire Ants (Solenopsis, Spp.): An Ultrastructural Study (1)

The fine structure of the insemination-induced flight muscle degeneration (histolysis) in the queen fire ant (Solenopsis spp.) has been investigated. Within 2 hours post-insemination, degenerative changes are detectable in the most peripheral fasciculi of the fibrillar flight muscle. Histolysis proceeds internally with time. Myofibril (sarcomere) dissolution begins with myofilament breakdown and continues until only free Z-line material remains. The latter subsequently disappears leaving, at the terminal stages, only nuclei, lamellar bodies (myelin figures), and tracheoles as residual myoid elements. Lysosomes and/or phagocytes do not appear to play a primary role in the initiation and continuance of this process.
A pediatric surgeon retools in genetics and genomics to study congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Prof Donahoe outlines her career-long interest in congenital diaphragmatic hernia and how this has led to her current investigations into its etiology and possible treatment using gene probes.
Variability in thermal responses among Furia gastropachae isolates from different geographic origins

Abstract The effect of temperature ranging from 5–30 °C on in vitro vegetative growth and conidial germination of isolates of the entomophthoralean fungus Furia gastropachae was investigated. Eleven isolates were used for growth studies; two from Maryland, six from New York, and three from Ontario. A subset of four isolates, one each from Maryland and New York and two from Ontario, were used in conidial germination experiments. Growth and germination were significantly associated with temperature for all isolates, occurring throughout the range 5–30 °C, though both processes were inhibited to varying degrees at upper and lower extremes. Temperature optima for growth ranged from 20 to 27 °C, and for germination from 20 to 25 °C. Although significant variability was observed among isolates in growth at temperatures above 13 °C, temperature optima were not significantly different among isolates, and variability did not appear to relate to the geoclimatic origins of the isolates. In contrast, germination responses to temperature did appear to be related to geographic origin. Furia gastropachae isolates from New York and Maryland germinated more slowly at 10 °C than did Ontario isolates, although the percentage of conidia ultimately germinating at each temperature was the same for all isolates. The New York and Maryland isolates performed much better at 30 °C, with significantly greater overall germination and secondary conidial discharge, than the Ontario isolates. Compared with other isolates at 30 °C, Ontario isolates were the least active, often failing to successfully discharge any secondary conidia.
Time course of the response to recombinant growth hormone in acidotic mice

Long-term administration of recombinant growth hormone (GH) increases growth, despite persistent acidosis, in mice with carbonic anhydrase II deficiency (CAD). In contrast, short-term administration of GH to acidotic rats fails to improve growth. To determine the factors affecting the rate of growth response to GH in acidosis, we analyzed serial measurements obtained during a randomized trial of GH in CAD mice and healthy controls. Administration of GH increased standardized growth progressively up to 5-9 weeks. These data suggest that assessment of the response to GH in rodents requires prolonged administration.
THEORY OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING: SECOND BORN APPROXIMATION AND CORRECTIONS TO MOLIERE'S WORK

The formula given by Moli\`ere for the scattering cross section of a charged particle by an atom, on which has been based the formula for the "screening angle" ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ in his theory of multiple scattering, has been examined and found to contain an inconsistent approximation in all orders of the parameter ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}=\frac{\mathrm{zZ}}{137\ensuremath{\beta}}$ except the lowest (the first Born approximation). In the present work, the correct expression of Dalitz is used for the single-scattering cross section of a relativistic Dirac particle by a screened atomic field up to the second Born approximation. It is found that the effect of the deviation from the first Born approximation on the screening angle is much smaller than Moli\`ere's expression for this quantity would lead one to believe. This is so because the deviation from the first Born approximation is very small at the small angles that go into the definition of the screening angle. In Moli\`ere's work, all the effect of the deviation from the first Born approximation on the distribution function $f(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for multiple scattering is contained in the quantity $B$ which depends only on ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. In the present work, it is shown that in a consistent treatment of terms of various orders in ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, there exist additional terms of order $\frac{\mathrm{zZ}}{137}$ in the distribution function. These terms, which represent the second Born approximation, become important at large angles. Calculations have been carried out for the scattering of 15.6-Mev electrons by Au and Be. The $\frac{1}{e}$ widths of the distribution function obtained are in good agreement with the experimental result of Hanson et al., whereas Moli\`ere's theory gives too great a width compared with the experimental value in the case of Be.
Low-Temperature Photothermal Measurements of High-T C Superconductors

Thermal conductivity provides important information on the scattering mechanisms in a material. In anisotropic materials, such as the high-temperature superconductors, the thermal conductivity depends on the anisotropy of both the charge carriers and the lattice contribution. The conductivity also depends intimately on the nature of the electron-phonon interactions which are a major source of the scattering. Since the electron-phonon interaction also plays a critical role in the Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity, measurements of the thermal conductivity can provide insight into the superconducting mechanism.
Health information technology in US emergency departments

Background Information technology may improve patient safety, and is a focus of health care reform. A minority of emergency departments (EDs) in Massachusetts, and in academic EDs throughout the US, have electronic health records.
Amiloride reduces the aversiveness of acids in preference tests.

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the relative contribution of amiloride-sensitive pathways to the aversiveness of acid stimuli in preference tests performed on male Golden Syrian hamsters. In Experiment 1 hamsters were given a choice between water and test solutions in two-bottle preference tests lasting 4 days. The results showed that although citric acid at pH 3.0–5.0 was not aversive, at pH 1.4 or 2.0 citric acid was avoided by all animals, as indicated by both consummatory behavior and licking activity. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine whether amiloride could reduce the aversiveness of citric acid in preference tests. Citric acid at pH 2.4, an aversive solution, and citric acid at pH 3.8, which was not aversive, were tested either alone or in the presence of amiloride. Amiloride (30–300 μ M ), which when presented alone was neither preferred nor avoided, significantly reduced the aversiveness of citric acid at pH 2.4, similar to its effect on NaCl aversiveness. However, amiloride had no effect on intake of citric acid at pH 3.8, nor upon preference for saccharin. These results support those found in isolated hamster taste cells and from in situ taste bud recordings, which suggested that amiloride-sensitive pathways contribute to the transduction of acidic stimuli.
Use of genetically ablated stigmas for the isolation of genes expressed specifically in the stigma epidermis

In crucifers, the epidermal (papillar) cell of the stigma is uniquely specialized to allow the adhesion, hydration, and germination of pollen grains. In order to isolate genes expressed specifically in papillar cells, we compared the distribution of transcripts expressed in wild-type Brassica stigmas to those expressed in transgenic stigmas whose papillar cells were genetically ablated by expression of a cellular toxin under the control of a papillar cell-specific promoter. This analysis resulted in the isolation of several genes that are expressed specifically or predominantly in papillar cells. Antisense suppression indicated that one of the genes is required for efficient pollination in Brassica. The strategy described here should be applicable to the isolation of genes expressed specifically in any cell type that can be specifically ablated in transgenic plants.
Mechanisms of HGF/Met signaling to Brk and Sam68 in breast cancer progression.

Signal transduction pathways downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are often deregulated during oncogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. In particular, the peptide growth factor hormone, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and its specific receptor, Met tyrosine kinase, regulate cancer cell migration, thereby conferring an aggressive phenotype (Nakamura et al., J Clin Invest 106(12):1511–1519, 2000; Huh et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:4477–4482, 2004). Additionally, overexpression of Met is associated with enhanced invasiveness of breast cancer cells (Edakuni et al., Pathol Int 51(3):172–178, 2001; Jin et al., Cancer 79(4):749–760, 1997; Tuck et al., Am J Pathol 148(1):225–232, 1996). Here, we review the regulation of recently identified novel downstream mediators of HGF/Met signaling, Breast tumor kinase (Brk/PTK6), and Src-associated substrate during mitosis of 68 kDa (Sam68), and discuss their relevance to mechanisms of breast cancer progression.
A simple device for prostate and rectal localization in radiation therapy

A simple device for prostate and rectum localization in radiation therapy may be constructed as follows: first, dental wax is used to make up a shape of the rectal probe. Second, dental stone is used to make a two-piece mold by molding the dental wax probe. Third, using the mold, the rectal probe is made from a mixture of silicone and barium. The final step involves the attachment of the "plug," which is made of aluminum. From the simulation films for the prostate setup, the location of the anterior wall of the rectum, anal sphincter, and anal verge can easily be identified, such that the appropriate regions are shielded accordingly. A CT scan with the probe in the rectum did not give too much artifacts from the barium/silicone mixture. The rectal probe with the plug is useful for localizing the prostate more accurately, compared with using the other rectal localization techniques such as barium injection or some rectal markers.
Nationwide Newspaper Coverage of Posttraumatic Stress: A Community Structure Approach

This study utilized the community structure approach to analyze newspaper coverage of posttraumatic stress (PTS) in veterans in 26 U.S. cities. The study examined whether media placed responsibility for PTS treatment on government or society through a review of 353 articles from March 20, 2003, to March 20, 2013. Researchers coded articles for “prominence” and “direction” to produce a “Media Vector” for each paper, ranging from 0.8403 to −0.3592. Results showed that 25 of 26 Media Vectors (96%) supported government responsibility. Pearson correlations yielded nine significant findings. Results disconfirmed buffer hypotheses linking privilege with support for government responsibility (privilege defined by percentage of college educated, percentage of family income $100,000 or more, and percentage of professional/technical occupational status; r = −.486, −.524, −.553, respectively, significant at the .006 level). Stakeholder hypotheses were also disconfirmed; greater percentages of age 65 and older correla...
University's involvement in technology business incubation: what theory and practice tell us?

This article serves as introduction to this special issue of International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management on ‘Innovative university programs in technology business incubation’. University technology business incubation has been an important emerging policy tool for supporting regional innovation and technology based entrepreneurial growth over the past half century. It is premised on the belief that a research university’s active entrepreneurial involvement provides critical value added inputs essential for the creation and development of innovative ventures and new products. But what university policies are more conducive to a pro-development regional role is very much mission driven and context specific. After synthesising the past several decades of literature, practice and recent trends in the field, this paper summarises the contributions included in this issue in light of the ongoing debate. The goal of the special issue is to address important questions and provide insights through case study examples that may help resolve controversies and/or improve our entrepreneurial university’s incubation programme offerings.
An older name for Lomentaria baileyana (Harvey) Farlow (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyta)

The red alga Chrysymenia divaricata Durant, described from New York Harbor, is shown to belong to Lomentaria. The binomial Lomentaria divaricata (Durant) M.J. Wynne comb. nov. is proposed. This name includes the taxonomic synonyms L. baileyana (Harvey) Farlow and Chondrothamnion divaricatum Bailey ex Kutzing.
Effects of a carbodiimide on neuromuscular transmission in frog.

Abstract 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), which reacts with phosphate and carboxylate groups was applied to the frog sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle neuromuscular junction. EDC decreased both quantal content and quantal size without affecting membrane resting potential.
Experimental verification of theoretical model for speckle intensity excursion areas

Speckle is inherently an interference phenomenon produced when a rough object or turbulent medium introduces some degree of randomness to a reflected or transmitted electromagnetic field. Speckle characteristics are therefore a major concern in many laser imaging or wave propagation applications. For many applications, a detailed description of speckle size as a function of intensity threshold level is desirable. Extensive experimental measurements of average speckle size as a function of intensity threshold level were therefore made for several different targets and illumination conditions. We then compare these measurements with a theoretical model for excursion areas of speckle intensity. Excellent agreement is obtained for intensity threshold levels greater than approximately twice the mean intensity level.
An Empirical Investigation of Third-Party Seller Rating Systems in E-Commerce: The Case of buySAFE

eBay's highly visible feedback-based rating system is also highly flawed, contributing to problems for buyers, which in turn creates problems for sellers. The well-known "market for lemons" phenomenon studied by Akerlof, and the even older Gresham's law effect, are contributing to loss of buyers' confidence in eBay, shrinking sellers' margins, contributing to the erosion of eBay's share price, and, potentially, leading to serious reductions in the value of eBay as an electronic auction site. buySAFE has created an alternative mechanism for reducing buyers' information deficit concerning sellers and their merchandise, involving a third-party certification system and bonding for qualified sellers; the rating is analogous to bond rating services such as Moody's and Standard & Poor's. Analysis of buySAFE's certification and bonding strategies for eBay sellers provides a basis for ongoing theory development related to organizational strategies that recognize the importance of information asymmetries in the digital marketplace and address resolution of consumers' concerns. buySAFE's original business model involves bonding sellers' transactions and protecting consumers for as much as $25,000. This has a number of beneficial effects on the buyers and sellers: it improves the information endowments of the buyers, it increases their willingness to pay for the goods and services offered, and it increases the margins and total revenues of the sellers. Although acceptance of buySAFE has been rapid, it has been slower than anticipated, and slower than theory would suggest. The company's executives are exploring adjusting their approach to the market and finding a way to achieve higher profitability, and working to limit their dependence upon eBay.
Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS): Measurements from an instrumented aircraft

Abstract As part of the Lake Michigan Ozone Study, the NOAA instrumented King Air research aircraft made a series of flights over Lake Michigan during the summers of 1990 and 1991 to characterize the atmospheric conditions prevailing during times when O 3 concentrations exceeded the air quality standard. Most of the time, O 3 concentrations were within the normal range (40–70 ppbv) for the location and season, but higher concentrations were measured during the afternoon flights at several isolated locations. During three afternoon flights, high O 3 concentrations (> 120 ppbv) were observed along portions of the flight path; the highest 1-min average exceeded 160 ppbv. In two flights the highest O 3 concentrations were observed in the lower boundary layer over the eastern portion of the flight track; in one case the high concentrations were found over the western side of the lake throughout the boundary layer. The increased O 3 was accompanied by moderately increased SO 2 and NO x (10–20 ppbv); outside the region of elevated O 3 , the SO 2 and NO x were less than 2–3 ppbv. The elevated zone concentrations were related to emissions from the urban region located near the southern and southwestern shores of Lake Michigan.
The politics of cross-border engagement: Mexican emigrants and the Mexican state

Reacting to migrants’ many, ongoing involvements with their home communities, sending states have increasingly adopted policies designed to resolve the problems of citizens living abroad and to respond to expatriates’ search for engagement, doing so in ways that best meet home state leaders’ goals. This article seeks to understand the factors shaping this interaction between sending states and emigrants abroad by studying two contrasting aspects of the Mexican experience—expatriate voting, a relatively new development, and provision of the matricula consular, a long-standing component of traditional consular services, though one that has recently been transformed. Focusing on the complex set of interactions linking migrants, sending states, and receiving states, the article identifies the key differences and similarities between these two policies. Both policies suffered from a capacity deficit inherent in sending state efforts to connect with nationals living in a territory that the home country cannot control; both also generated conflict over membership and rights. Nonetheless, Mexico’s efforts to resolve the immigrants’ identification problems in the receiving society proved useful to millions; by contrast, a tiny proportion of emigrants took advantage of the first opportunity to vote from abroad. These diverging experiences demonstrate that sending states can exercise influence when intervening on the receiving society side, where the embeddedness of the immigrant population provides a source of leverage. By contrast, the search to re-engage the emigrants back home encounters greater difficulties and yields poorer results, as the emigrants’ extra-territorial status impedes the effort to sustain the connection to the people and places left behind. In the end, the article shows that extension to the territory of another state yields far more constraints than those found on home soil as well as unpredictable reactions from receiving states and their peoples, not to speak of nationals who no longer perceive the migrants as full members of the society they left.
A partition relation for partially ordered sets

We introduce a partition relation which is an alternate for measuring how badly the ordinary partition relation fails, we develop its corresponding partition calculus and we determine its status for various typical partially ordered sets.
Thalamic projections of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Cortical aspirations were made of the dorsomedial prefrontal sector in the rhesus monkey and the resultant anterograde and retrograde degeneration plotted. Retrograde changes were mapped using both cresyl violet and modified Fink-Heimer techniques. Following large dorsomedial lesions, small numbers of degenerating fibers were traced through the medial part of the magnocellular ventral anterior nucleus (VAmc) and the ventral part of the internal medullary lamina surrounding the anterior nuclei. Degenerating fibers were also traced medially through the inferior thalamic peduncle and rostrodorsally through the basal thalamic region into the mediodorsal nucleus. All pathways converged on areas in the dorsal part of the parvocellular mediodorsal nucleus (MDpc) containing fine-grain dust and argyrophilic neurons, reactions usually associated with retrograde degenerative changes. Sparse fiber degeneration was also noted in the ventral part of the magnocellular mediodorsal nucleus (MDmc). After a longer survival period, slight to moderate cell loss and gliosis were seen in MDpc along with an increase in the number of degenerating fibers passing through the medial part of VAmc. Rostral dorsomedial lesions resulted in small numbers of degenerating fibers in the medial part of VAmc; no degenerating fibers appeared in the basal thalamic region. Fine-grain dust was noted in the dorsal part of MDpc along with sparse preterminal degeneration in the dorsal and ventral parts of MDpc and MDmc respectively. Following caudal dorsomedial lesions, fiber degeneration was traced through the medial part of VAmc and through the inferior thalamic peduncle and basal thalamic regions to areas of degenerating preterminals in the dorsal part of MDpc. Sparse fiber degeneration was also noted in MDmc. No evidence of cell loss and gliosis or increased numbers of degenerated fibers was noted following longer survival periods. Dorsolateral and orbital lesions resulted in large areas of fine-grain dust, argyrophilic neurons, and severe cell loss in MDpc and MDmc respectively. A large combined dorsolateral and orbital lesion made 32 days prior to sacrifice of the animal resulted in coarse fiber degeneration in the medial part of VAmc and in the anterior nuclear capsule. Severe cell loss and fiber degeneration were evident in the entire MD. These results suggest that the rostral dorsomedial prefrontal sector receives projections from MDpc while the caudal sector does not. This projection courses dorsally and rostrally through the ventral part of the capsule surrounding the anterior nuclei and into the medial part of VAmc. The entire dorsomedial sector projects sparsely to both MDpc and MDmc. The projection from the rostral medial surface passes through the medial part of VAmc while that from the caudal surface reaches MD both by the dorsal approach through VAmc and through a ventral approach via the inferior thalamic peduncle and the basal thalamic region.
Effect of shading, mulching and vegetation control on Douglas-Fir seedling growth and soil water supply

Abstract Harsh environmental conditions on many harvested sites in southwest Oregon necessitate site modifications for successful regeneration of Douglas-fir [ Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]. We conducted a 2-year study with 350 seedlings to assess the effects of twelve soil-shading, mulching, and vegetation control techniques on seedling growth and soil temperature and moisture environments. Treatments modified a variety of environmental conditions. Major effects of treatments were to lower soil surface temperature, reduce soil surface evaporation, and reduce vegetative competition for soil water. These modified conditions affected seedlings by adjusting the timing of seedling growth and reducing soil water loss to increase available water for seedling use. Final seedling shoot volume and stem diameter both differed among treatments. Seedlings in treatments where competing vegetation was controlled showed significantly greater growth than seedlings in other treatments. Soil water loss in treatments where either soil surface evaporation was controlled by mulching, or where competing vegetation was controlled, was significantly less than water loss from the shaded and control treatments. Soil water loss in treatments with vegetation controlled by herbicide was significantly less than in treatments with vegetation controlled by scalping. Seedlings showed greatest growth with treatments that elicited the most efficient use of available microsite water either by reducing soil surface evaporation or vegetation competition.
Molecular adsorption and the chemistry of plasma-deposited thin organic films: Deposition of oligomers of ethylene glycol

Weakly ionized, radio-frequency, glow-discharge plasmas formed from methyl ether or the vapors of a series of dimethyl oligo(ethylene glycol) precursors (general formula: H-(CH2OCH2)n-H;n=1 to 4) were used to deposit organic thin films on polytetrafluoroethylene. X-ray photoelecton spectroscopy (XPS) and static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of the thin films were used to infer the importance of adsorption of molecular species from the plasma onto the surface of the growing, organic film during deposition. Films were prepared by plasma deposition of each precursor at similar deposition conditions (i.e., equal plasma power (W), precursor flow rate (F), and deposition duration), and at conditions such that the specific energy (energy/mass) of the discharge (assumed to be constrained byW/FM, whereM=molecular weight of the precursor) was constant. At constantW/FM conditions, two levels of plasma power (and, hence, twoFM levels) and three substrate temperatures were examined. By controlling the energy of the discharge (W/FM) and the substrate temperature, these experiments enabled the study of effects of the size and the vapor pressure of the precursor on the film chemistry. The atomic % of oxygen in the film surface, estimated by XPS, and the intensity of theC-O peak in the XPS Cls spectra of the films, were used as indicators of the degree of incorporation of precursor moieties into the plasma-deposited films. Analysis of films by SIMS suggested that these two measures obtained from XPS were good indicators of the degree of retention in the deposited films of functional groups from the precursors. The XPS and SIMS data suggest that adsorption of intact precursor molecules or fragments of precursor molecules during deposition can have a significant effect on film chemistry. Plasma deposition of low vapor pressure precursors provides a convenient way of producing thin films with predictable chemistry and a high level of retention of functional groups from the precursor.
Stress erosive gastritis

Bleeding from stress erosive gastritis continues to be a potential problem in critically ill and injured patients, but fortunately its incidence has decreased dramatically over the last decade. The explanation for this circumstance is probably multifactorial, but clearly relates to our increased knowledge of its pathophysiology. This understanding has led to the routine use of measures to reduce intragastric acidity (luminal acid being a prerequisite for stress ulcer to occur), coupled with improved techniques for the treatment of shock and the accompanying gastric mucosal hypoperfusion (another prerequisite for the formation of stress ulcers). A number of measures have been used to lower intragastric acidity with H2 receptor blockers emerging as the agents of choice to accomplish this goal. In the unlikely event that bleeding occurs despite these prophylactic measures, aggressive medical management will result in cessation of hemorrhage in over 80% of patients. In those few individuals requiring surgery to control bleeding, no operation has emerged as the recognized procedure of choice. Thus, we believe that a conservative operative approach is indicated in this setting and recommend vagotomy and pyloroplasty with oversewing of the bleeding erosions as appropriate therapy for most patients requiring surgical intervention.
Automatic generation of geometry interfaces between applications programs and CADCAM systems

Abstract A method is described which uses an expert system to generate interfaces automatically between applications programs and CAD systems. First an instance of a generic model is manually created at the CAD terminal. The applications programmer (guided by the expert system) then defines the model elements' relationship to the assembly. The expert system makes inquiries on the CAD database to analyse the model. Annotated program code is automatically generated and appended to the applications program. This annotated code represents the code needed to generate the model but the specific dimensions and other geometric data defining the instance are replaced by program variable identifiers. These identifiers are linked by the expert system to the appropriate applications program variables to allow parametric creation of models when the program is executed. The modified applications program carries out analyses and produces size information for the model. The automatically generated geometry interface then creates the dimensionally correct solid geometry in the CAD database. An example is presented using the IBM Expert System Environment and CADCAM Interactive Solids Design (ISD).
A method for management of extraperitoneal pelvic bleeding secondary to penetrating trauma

Several techniques for the management of bleeding from extraperitoneal pelvic hullet tracks have been described in the literature. Some methods described include packing followed by direct control of the bleeding and use of thumhtacks. These methods often incur significant blood loss and prolonged operative times. We present our experience with an alternative method, which involves tamponade of the bleeding using a Foley catheter. This method has been used on 11 consecutive patients with successful control of life-threatening hemorrhage.
Plant uptake and leaching of dimethylnitrosamine

THE occurrence of carcinogenic nitrosamines is of considerable interest because they have been found in foods consumed by humans1 and they can be produced, at least in vitro, from agricultural chemicals2,3. Furthermore, the widespread occurrence of potential precursors of nitrosamines—secondary or tertiary amines and inorganic nitrogen compounds that are readily converted to nitrite by microorganisms—led to studies demonstrating that the carcinogens can be formed in soil samples and aquatic environments4,5. A hazardous chemical in soil is not of toxicological significance, however, unless it is volatilised or enters the human food chain by being assimilated by food crops or leached through soil into ground waters ultimately used for drinking. We report here that dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) can be assimilated by the roots of lettuce and spinach, is translocated to the tops and that it also moves readily through soil.
Massless excitations in pseudoparticle fields

A simple relation is derived which specifies the number of massless excitations of a Dirac field of any isospin in the field of an arbitrary configuration of pseudoparticles. The small fluctuations of the pseudoparticle field are related to those of a Dirac field with unit isospin, proving that a pseudoparticle field with winding number $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}n$ has $8n$ independent modes of small oscillations. Thus, a general configuration of $n$ pseudoparticles or antipseudoparticles should be characterized by $8n$ parameters.
Nonlinear resonance of rectangular plates

Nonlinear flow–induced oscillations of a thin rectangular plate are studied using a spectral method to calculate the vertical and tangential displacements. When the plate is subjected to forcing near the first linear resonance frequency, a complex motion with amplitude comparable to the plate thickness occurs in the form of a modulated high–frequency vibration. Numerical solutions for two– and three–dimensional plates are obtained to establish the nature of these oscillations. The numerical results are supported by an asymptotic analysis describing nonlinear resonance for rectangular plates.
Laser glare in the cockpit: psychophysical estimates versus model predictions of veiling luminance distribution

Two methods for estimating the visual effects of light scattered from a laser glare source were compared: (1) a veiling luminance (VL) model that convolves a radiometric scan of the corneal light distribution with a point-spread function to calculate the retinal distribution and (2) psychophysically determined equivalent background luminance (EBL). For six subjects, detection thresholds for a 12-arc-min-diameter test spot were measured at 24 points in the glare field (4 quadrants 3 6 eccentricities between 0.25 and 8 deg). Measured Weber fractions were used to calculate EBLs for each test point. Output of the VL model matched the EBL data well, but underestimated the EBL at the smallest (0.25-deg) eccentricity and overestimated it at eccentricities from 1 to 4 deg. This model can be a useful predictor of visual decrements in a variety of glare situations.
Preferences for oral health states in a US community-dwelling functionally impaired older adult population: 2000-2001.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether and how much time in a state of ill oral health an older person would be willing to trade for optimal oral health. METHODS This is a cross-sectional observational study of 76 subjects (52 female, 24 male) ages 47-93 (mean 75.2) recruited from a Medicare demonstration. Subjects had to need or receive help with 2+ activities of daily living (ADLs) or 3+ instrumental ADLs plus had to have had recent significant healthcare services use. A Time Trade-Off (TTO) approach was used. TTO utility is defined as the amount of symptom-free time (i.e., the optimal oral health state) divided by the amount of time with symptoms (either their current oral health state or the worst imaginable oral health state, depending on the scenario), at the point of indifference (the point past which the person is unwilling to trade additional life expectancy). RESULTS When starting from their current oral health state, 39% of the subjects were willing to exchange time resulting in a shorter life with optimal oral health. They were willing to trade 14.0 months of life on average and valued each year in their current oral health state as 91% of a year in optimal oral health. When starting in the poorest oral health state, 79% of the subjects were willing to accept a shorter life. They were willing to trade 33.7 months of life on average, and valued the poorest state as worth 79% of a year in optimal oral health. CONCLUSIONS Dentists should take into consideration this group's preference for optimal oral health.
Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral l,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-3′-(N′,N′-dimethylamino-n- propyl)-D-glucofuranose Hydrochloride in the Dog as a Function of Dose and Characterization of Metabolites

□ The pharmacokinetics of l,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(N′,N′-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-D-glucofuranose hydrochloride (I) was studied in dogs at intravenous and oral doses of 1-50 mg/kg. There was no significant difference between the electron-capture GLC of the hep- tafluorobutyric derivative of I and the radiochemical assay of chloroform extracts of plasma and urine for 1- to 20-mg/kg doses. Urinary amounts of I measured by GLC were 20% lower than radioassays of chloroform extracts at the 50-mg/kg dose. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous I was described by a two-compartment body model with sequential plasma half-lives of 7.5 ± 0.7 and 136 ± 6 min. No apparent dose-dependent pharmacokinetics for I was observed on intravenous or oral administration. The apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment, 13.1 ± 0.7 liters, is approximately the volume of the total body water in a 20-kg dog. The apparent overall volume of distribution of 40.0 ± 1.5 liters exceeds the total body water, indicative of sequestration of I in tissues. Total and renal clearances were 205 ± 5 and 155 ± 5 ml/min, respectively. The high renal clearance of I indicated an excess of tubular secretion. Renal clearance of I was not dependent on urine flow nor urine pH. Recovery of radioactivity in the feces after I was intravenously administered was < 1%. Plasma protein binding of I was < 5%, and the erythrocyte–plasma water partition coefficient was approximately unity. Compounds excreted in urine were separated into chloroform- extractable (pH 12), ethyl acetate-extractable (pH 2), and unextractable fractions which were further characterized by TLC. A multiple-extraction system was developed to estimate relative amounts and intrinsic partition coefficients of these extractable compounds from radioactivity counts of scraped plates and was applied to the assay of these compounds in the urine after intravenous administration of I. There was a readily chloro- form-extractable metabolite with an apparent partition coefficient of 3.3 and Rf 0.43 on TLC in the systems used. This apparent major metabolite could account for 8% of the administered radioactivity. Minor chloroform-extractable metabolites (0.8—3.3%) had lower apparent partition coefficients (0.26) but Rf values of 0.28 and 0.44. Ethyl acetate-extractable compounds (1.3—2.7%) had an apparent partition coefficient of 0.81 with Rf values of 0.52 and 0.68. Three unextractable compounds had Rf values of 0.20,0.50, and 0.62 and accounted for 0.16,2.8, and 0.9% of the administered radioactivity.
Inhibition of HIV and SIV infectivity by blockade of α-glucosidase activity

Abstract Processing of HIV and SIV envelope oligosaccharides is critical for proper intracellular trafficking and function. An inhibitor of α-glucosidases I and 11, N -butyl deoxynojirimycin ( N -BuDNJ), retards HIV-1 and SIVmac spread in lymphocytes and monocytes by diminishing virus infectivity, and also causes a reduction in syncytia formation between infected cells and uninfected lymphocytes. N-BuDNJ retards envelope processing from the precursor form to the mature surface (SU) and transmembrane proteins in HIV-1- and SIVmac-infected cells, as well as in cells infected with vaccinia-HIV-1 envelope recombinant virus. However, no significant reduction is seen in the amount of SU in released virus particles, though the virus particle-associated SU from N-BuDNJ-treated cells has an altered electrophoretic mobility. In contrast, N-BuDNJ had no effect on GAG protein synthesis and processing. These findings demonstrate a critical requirement for oligosaccharide processing by α-glucosidases I and It for HIV-1 and SIVmac envelope processing and fusogenicity.