cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared and raman spectra of methyl thiocyanate and conformations of some alkyl thiocyanates and isothiocyanates

Abstract The infrared spectra (3200-40 cm − ) of gaseous and solid methylthiocyanate and the Raman spectra (3200-10 cm − ) of the liquid and solid have been recorded. A complete vibrational assignment is presented based on group frequencies, infrared gas phase band contours, and Raman depolarization values. From the infrared and Raman spectra of the solid, it is clear that there are at least two molecules per primitive cell. The spectral results will be discussed and compared to other alkyl thiocyanates and isothiocyanates.
Secondary hormonal manipulations in prostate cancer.

The emergence of tumor growth despite low levels of testosterone occurs eventually in almost all patients treated with androgen deprivation. Basic and clinical data show that, despite low levels of androgen, the androgen receptor remains active, making secondary hormonal therapies a reasonable clinical approach. In the clinic, approaches to such patients include antiandrogen withdrawal, the sequential use of antiandrogens, adrenal cortex inhibitors, and estrogenic compounds. Collectively, the modest activity of these therapies challenges the notion that advancing prostate cancer is universally hormone refractory.
Wavelength-Dependent Photolysis of n-Butyraldehyde and i-Butyraldehyde in the 280−330-nm Region

We have investigated the gas-phase photolysis of n-butyraldehyde (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CHO) and i-butyraldehyde ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCHO) at 5 nm intervals in the 280-330 nm region using dye laser photolysis in combination with cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Absorption cross sections of both aldehydes have been measured. The quantum yields of radical/molecular photolysis products have been determined as functions of photodissociation wavelength (λ), aldehyde pressure, and nitrogen buffer-gas pressure. The HCO radical is a photodecomposition product of both aldehydes. The HCO quantum yields, determined by monitoring HCO absorption at 613.8 nm, decrease with increasing aldehyde pressure in the 1-10 Torr range because of the increasing HCO + HCO, HCO + R, and HCO + RCHO reactions (R = n-C 3 H 7 and i-C 3 H 7 ) at higher aldehyde pressures and because of quenching by ground-state aldehydes. After separation of the contribution of HCO radical reactions, the aldehyde pressure quenching effect was observed only at λ ≥ 310 nm. The HCO quantum yields (at all λ values) and the ratios of quenching to unimolecular decay rate constants of excited aldehydes (λ ≥ 310 nm) are given. The HCO quantum yields from n-butyraldehyde photolysis are 0.52 ′ 0.05, 0.74 ′ 0.08, 0.84 ′ 0.04, and 0.77 ′ 0.08 at 305, 310, 315, and 320 nm, respectively, where the uncertainty (1σ) represents experimental scatter only. The corresponding HCO quantum yields from i-butyraldehyde photolysis are 0.92 ′ 0.08, 1.06 ′ 0.07, 1.06 ′ 0.13, and 1.10 ′ 0.10. The differences in the peak HCO quantum yields are attributed to the opening up of the Norrish II channel (formation of C 2 H 4 + CH 3 CHO) from n-butyraldehyde photolysis. The dependence of the HCO quantum yield on the nitrogen buffer-gas pressure was examined between 8 and 400 Torr; no dependence was observed. The end products from the photolysis of both aldehydes were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The occurrence of the Norrish II channel is confirmed for n-butyraldehyde.
Design and Evaluation of FA-MPI, a Transactional Resilience Scheme for Non-blocking MPI

With the rapid scale out of supercomputers comes a corresponding higher failure frequency. Fault-tolerant methods have evolved to adapt to high rates of failure, but the behavior of MPI, the most widely used scalable programming middleware, is insufficient when confronting such failures. We present FA-MPI (Fault-Aware MPI), a set of extensions to the MPI standard designed to enable applications to implement a wide range of fault-tolerant methods. FA-MPI introduces transactional concepts to the MPI programming model for the first time to address failure detection, isolation, mitigation, and recovery via application-driven policies. To reach the maximum achievable performance of these scalable machines, overlapping communication and I/O with computation through non-blocking operations (while reducing jitter) are design themes of growing importance. Therefore, we emphasize fault tolerant, non-blocking communication operations combined with a set of nest able lightweight transactional Try Block API extensions architected to exploit system and application hierarchy both for failure detection and recovery. This is to enable applications to run to completion with higher probability than otherwise. Scaling up and out and fault-free overhead are key concerns that can be managed by tuning transaction granularity, we provide a simulation of FA-MPI in a stencil 3D program to illustrate this. Supported failure models include but are not limited to process failures, a key difference from other proposed fault-tolerant extensions to MPI. Restriction to non-blocking operations is a current limitation as compared to other proposed approaches insofar as legacy applications are concerned, but FA-MPI aligns well with future-looking applications emphasizing Exascale. And, tools to evolve legacy MPI programs to this fault-aware paradigm will soon bridge that portability gap.
On the Difference Between the Functions of the Simple Past and the Present Perfect Indicative in Modern German

Author's summary.— An attempt at reducing to two basic rules the many rules given in most grammars for the use of the tenses in question.
Carbohydrate metabolism during fasting in chronic hemodialysis patients

Carbohydrate metabolism during fasting in chronic hemodialysis patients. Carbohydrate metabolism was studied during a 72-hr fast in 11 nondiabetic endstage renal disease (ESRD) patients on chronic hemodialysis and six normal subjects. Blood was obtained every 12hr for metabolic substrate, insulin, and potassium concentrations. Serum potassium concentrations were significantly higher in the ESRD patients at the end of each fasting day, and two patients were removed before completion of the fast when severe hyperkalemia developed. Mean blood glucose, alanine, pyruvate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and serum insulin concentrations were similar in the two groups. Mean blood lactate concentration tended to be higher in the ESRD group. Mean blood acetoacetate and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were lower in the ESRD group. When compared to serum insulin levels, the FFA concentration was lower in the ESRD group. Metabolisme glucidique pendant le jeune chez des malades en hemodialyse chronique. Le metabolisme glucidique a ete etudie pendant un jeune de 72hr chez 11 hemodialyses chroniques non diabetiques (ESRD) et chez 6 sujets normaux. Du sang etait preleve toutes les 12hr pour des mesures de substrat metabolique et des les concentrations d'insuline et de potassium. Les concentrations de potassium seriques etaient significativement plus hautes chez les malades en ESRD a la fin de choque jour de jeune, et deux malades ont ete retires avant la fin du jeune car une hyperkaliemie severe est apparue. Les concentrations moyennes sanguines de glucose, alanine, pyruvate, β-hydroxybutyrate, et l'insuline serique etaient identiques dans les deux groupes. La concentration moyenne de lactate sanguin tendait a etre plus elevee dans le groupe en ESRD. Les concentrations moyennes sanguines d'acetoacetate et d'acide gras libres plasmatiques (FFA) etaient plus faibles dans le groupe ESRD. Lorsqu'elle etait comparee au niveau d'insuline serique, la concentration de FFA etait plus faible dans le groupe ESRD.
Critical theory and the hegemony of corporate culture

Based on critical theory and dialectical thought, discusses and outlines a framework for understanding corporate culture as corporate hegemony. First, offers the relevance of critical theory to the study of corporate culture as a managerial praxis and organizational discourse. Second, examines three aspects of the dialectics of corporate culture: the dialectical tensions between corporate and individual identity; the conflicting pressure for uniformity and diversity; and the dialectics of empowerment and disempowerment. Third, discusses the mechanisms for the hegemonic perpetuation of corporate culture by researchers and practitioners and for resisting a critical stance in the discourse of corporate culture. Fourth, and finally, the article examines possible ways for overcoming the problem of cultural hegemony in organization theory and praxis.
Formation and behavior of excited cations

Abstract The electron bombardment of molecules generally gives rise to ions in more than one electronic state. The ion beam composition with respect to the electronic states can be determined by studying the attenuation of the beam as a function of the pressure of a suitable gas. In this way, the composition of B + , F + , C + , H 2 O + and H 3 O + ion beams was determined. The difference between the reactive behavior of the ion beam in the ground and the first excited state with simple targets such as molecular hydrogen and its stable isotopic variants and some of the factors which determine the amount of excited state produced were examined.
Is the Tail-Strength Measure More Powerful in Tests of Genetic Association?

To the Editor: It is well known that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) is an important property in population genetics. Deviation from HWE among cases can provide evidence for a valid association.1–4 Thus, it would be advisable to incorporate information from the HWE test for the improvement of power in detecting associated variants in genetic association studies. In the July 2008 issue of The Journal, Wang et al.5 described a test statistic, the tail-strength (TS) measure,6 for evaluation of the global null hypothesis, that the SNP was not associated with disease, which is a function of two p values: one from a logistic-regression test in a genetic association study and one from a HWE test in cases.
Microbiological analysis of environmental samples collected from child care facilities in North and South Carolina.

Background Children cared for outside the home are at an increased risk of enteric disease. Microbiological analyses were performed on environmental samples collected from child care facilities in North and South Carolina. Methods There were 326 samples collected from 40 facilities corresponding to common surfaces (77% of samples) and the hands of care providers (23% of samples). Samples were analyzed for total aerobic plate counts (APCs), total coliforms, biotype I Escherichia coli , and pathogens Shigella spp, Salmonella enterica , E coli O157, Campylobacter jejuni , and human norovirus. Results Median APCs and coliform counts for hands were 4.6 and 1.0 log 10 colony-forming units (CFU) per hand, respectively. Median APCs for surfaces were 2.0 and 2.6 log 10 CFU for flat and irregular surfaces, respectively. Coliforms were detected in 16% of samples, with counts ranging from 1.0 log 10 to >4.3 log 10 CFU, with higher counts most often observed for hand rinse samples. Biotype I E coli counts were below assay detection limits ( 10 CFU) for all but 1 sample. No samples were positive for any of the 4 bacterial pathogens, whereas 4 samples showed evidence of human norovirus RNA. Conclusion The relative absence of pathogens and biotype I E coli in environmental samples suggests the child care facilities sampled in this study managed fecal contamination well.
Antihypertensives Are Administered Selectively in Emergency Department Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Elevated blood pressure is common in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). American Heart Association guidelines do not specify a blood pressure target, but limited data suggest that systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥160 mmHg is associated with increased risk of rebleeding and neurologic decline. In a population-based study, we determined the frequency of antihypertensive therapy in emergency department (ED) patients with SAH and the proportion of those patients with SBP ≥160 mmHg who received this therapy. In 2005, nontraumatic SAH cases were retrospectively ascertained at 16 hospitals in our region by screening for International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision diagnostic codes 430-436. Blood pressure was recorded at ED presentation and also before and after any treatment with antihypertensives. Hypotension was defined as SBP U test and χ 2 test were used for comparisons. Our cohort comprised 82 patients with SAH presenting to an ED; 4 patients were excluded. The median age of the included patients was 54 years, 74.4% were female, 29.5% were black, and 31 (39.7%) had SBP ≥160 mmHg. Antihypertensive therapy was given to 22 of 31 patients (70.9%) with SBP ≥160 mmHg and to 4 of 47 patients (8.5%) with SBP
Effects of two courtship display components on female reproductive behaviour and physiology in the sagebrush lizard

Exposure to aggressive or courtship displays of conspecifics has been shown to alter the physiology and behaviour of observers. However, these effects are dependent on the information content of signals. Separate courtship signals that convey redundant information may be expected to have similar effects on female reproductive physiology or behaviour, while those that contain nonredundant information are expected to have differing effects. Using a mechanized model lizard painted to resemble a male sagebrush lizard, Sceloporus graciosus, we presented female sagebrush lizards with either a stationary model or one of two male display types: push-ups, a signal used in both aggressive and courtship displays, and shudders, a display used exclusively during courtship. Females exposed to push-ups showed more rejection behaviour when later paired with a live male lizard and produced less femoral pore secretions on the first day of stimulus presentation than females exposed to shudders. However, females exposed to either display were found in closer proximity to the live male than females exposed to the stationary model. These results suggest that both components of the courtship display (push-ups and shudders) cause lasting but distinctive changes in female behaviour, supporting a ‘multiple messages’ scenario for the evolution of the two signals.
Hearing loss in veterans and the need for hearing loss prevention programs

Currently, there are more than 445,000 veterans receiving compensation for hearing loss associated with military service, and 395,000 receiving compensation for service-related tinnitus. In addition to compensation payments, service-related hearing disorders cost the US Department of Veterans Affairs in terms of provision of hearing aids, hearing aid-related services, and clinical services at its 220 facilities nationwide. It is imperative that hearing conservation among military personnel and veterans be addressed. In this paper, we describe the rationale for and the development of a multimedia Hearing Loss Prevention Program aimed at preventing the progression of hearing loss among veterans associated with social, recreational, and nonmilitary occupational noise exposure. The program was developed based on the principles outlined in the Health Belief Model of Rosenstock (1966) and the Health Promotion Model of Pender et al. (2002).
The complex history of distal human chromosome 1q.

Abstract Human chromosome 1 has been claimed to be a conserved ancestral chromosome of eutherian mammals. However, two small regions from distal 1q (with orthology to mouse chromosome 11) appear to have a different history. These two regions are proposed to have been added to the ancestor of human chromosome 1 as a single block that was subsequently disrupted by a paracentric inversion. The translocation and inversion appear to have occurred at some time after the primate lineage diverged from a common ancestor with rodents. Reconstruction of the history of distal human chromosome 1q is complicated by the “reuse” of breakpoints in different mammalian lineages and by coincidental shared synteny between humans and cats.
Vapor-phase photodecomposition of chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane)

Abstract Under simulated environmental (atmospheric) conditions, chloropicrin vapor was readily converted in light to phosgene, which remained stable, and nitrosyl chloride which was subsequently photolyzed to nitric oxide and chlorine; a portion of the nitric oxide was oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide. The unexpected dependence of the reaction upon oxygen, the initial photoproducts, and the incorporation of 18 O when the photolysis occurred in the presence of 18 O 2 suggest an intramolecular rearrangement involving a trioxazole N-oxide.
Ortho-para separation of molecules using optical orientation of atoms in hyperfine Zeeman states

Ortho-para separations of ${}^{7}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ and ${}^{6}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ molecules were achieved by using a monochromatic laser beam to align atoms into a single nuclear spin state. This approach is unlike the cryogenic cooling technique, which has been successful only on very light molecules (such as ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$), which have large energy gaps between the lowest rotational states. The atoms were ``pumped into'' a single hyperfine Zeeman state with defined electron and nuclear spin orientations. The well-resolved rotational structures of the lithium molecules, as shown by laser-induced fluorescence spectra, revealed the enrichment of ortho-components over para-components. Using laser radiation with a power density of $\ensuremath{\sim}10{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ can increase the amount of ortho-components by a factor of 2 for ${}^{7}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ vapor and by a factor of 3 for ${}^{6}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ vapor on a time scale of milliseconds. This paper proposes a model to account for the experimental observations. These increases in the concentrations of ortho-components to para-components are explained by a combined effect of (i) a decrease in molecular density due to the electron spin orientation and (ii) a transfer of nuclear spin momenta from oriented atoms to molecules. The exchange reaction, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{+\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}}_{2}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Li}}_{3}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Li}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}+\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i},$ appears to transfer the spin orientation from atoms to molecules. A substantial number of ortho-para separations can be achieved through multiple exchange collisions. Applications of this technique to other homonuclear diatomic molecules and polyatomic molecules with nuclear exchange symmetry are predicted.
PREDOMINANCE OF KNOCKOUT REACTIONS AT HIGH ENERGY IN COLLISIONS OF X + H2 (X = O(3P), F, CL, T, AND H)

Quasiclassical trajectory studies have been carried out for the reactions of O(3P), F, Cl, T, and H with H2 over a wide range of relative collision energy. For all five systems at low energy the projectile reacts only with the H atom it hits first (direct reaction), but at high energy the major product channel is the knockout reaction, where the atom hits one H atom but then goes on to react with the other one. This behavior is consistent with the direct interaction with product repulsion model and is attributed to a common feature of the potential energy surfaces, namely, a strong repulsion between the two H atoms after the system makes the rapid transition between the reactant and product regions of the surface. Evidence for the importance of knockout reactions at high energy is also seen in the angular distribution of the products, particularly in the persistence of product molecules scattered into the backward hemisphere.
The Influence of Health Behaviors During Childhood on Adolescent Health Behaviors, Health Indicators, and Academic Outcomes Among Participants from Hawaii

Health behaviors during childhood may influence adolescent health behaviors and be related to other important outcomes, but no longitudinal research has examined this in a multicultural population in Hawaii to date. This study investigated if childhood moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fruit and vegetable consumption, and sedentary behavior influence adolescent (1) MVPA, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sedentary behavior; (2) body mass index (BMI) percentile, general health, and stress; and (3) school marks and school absenteeism. Three cohorts of public elementary school children (fourth to sixth graders) who participated in a state-mandated after-school program in 2004, 2005, and 2006 completed baseline (demographics, MVPA, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sedentary behavior) and 5-year follow-up surveys (demographics, MVPA, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sedentary behavior; BMI, general health, stress, school marks, and absenteeism; combined follow-up n = 334; 14.76 ± 0.87 years old; 55.1 % female; 53 % Asian, 19.8 % Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, 15.3 % White, and 11.9 % other). Regressions found that childhood MVPA (mean [m] = 45.42, standard deviation [SD] = 31.2 min/day) and fruit and vegetable consumption (m = 6.96, SD = 4.54 servings/day) predicted these behaviors in adolescence (m = 47.22, SD = 27.04 min/day and m = 4.63, SD = 3.03 servings/day, respectively, p < 0.05). Childhood sedentary behavior (m = 3.85, SD = 2.85 h/day)) predicted adolescent BMI percentile (m = 60.93, SD = 28.75, p < 0.05). Childhood fruit and vegetable consumption and sedentary behavior negatively predicted adolescent marks (B average, p < 0.05). Childhood health behaviors do influence adolescent health behaviors, some health outcomes, and some academic indicators in this population, especially childhood sedentary behavior, which underlines the importance of sedentary behavior interventions.
The battle within the self, 1: An existential framework for understanding personality disorders

A new phenomenologically based model for understanding personality disorders is presented. This model draws upon the existential concepts of “Dasein” and “pitch” to explain how individuals with personality disorders have extremely constricted and rigid experiences of the world. When they were children, these individuals internalized and retained hypercritical, sadistic parental messages. Such covert parental voices are misidentified as rational evaluations by these patients who are deficient in their capacity to engage in rational self-evaluation. When these individuals are encouraged to observe and report upon the internalized self-attacks, their observing ego is strengthened and an effective groundwork is set for ultimate changes in behavior.
Field distribution in junction field-effect transistors at large drain voltages

An analytical approximation to the field distribution in the channel portion between gate and drain of the junction field-effect transistor is derived, assuming an infinitely small channel width-to-height ratio, and modified for finite channel widths by introducing an effective impurity concentration which depends on drain current. The approximation is applicable also in the limiting case of zero gate edge curvature, i.e., for Schottky-barrier gate. The theoretical field distribution is used to extract impact-ionization coefficients from published experimental data on gate current enhancement at large drain voltages. These impact-ionization coefficients agree with published data derived from bulk impact ionization.
History and Anatomy of Arkansas River Sand Bar Near Tulsa, Oklahoma: ABSTRACT

Several authors have demonstrated the dipmeter's ability to resolve internal crossbed dips. Analyses of the dip patterns, which result from paleocurrent flow directions, are interpreted to determine different sand body types. This paper shows the relation between crossbed variation in a fluvial sand bar and known channel patterns which existed during deposition. The sand bar studied is in the Arkansas River valley approximately 10 mi upstream from Tulsa. From aerial photo sequences plus discharge and river stage records, it can be shown that the entire sand bar (600,000 cu yd) was deposited during two floods--May 19-22, 1957 (60 hours), and October 3-6, 1959 (96 hours). The sand bar was studied in detail along a 500-ft natural cutbank parallel with the valley and in a 700-ft trench dug at right angles to the valley. Crossbed types were studied and 210 crossbed measurements (true dip direction and true dip angle) were recorded at 12 vertical sections. Results show that the highly variable patterns of crossbed dips match the erratic and changing flow directions prevalent during flood stages. In some vertical sections crossbed dip directions are at many angles to the overall east-west orientation of the Arkansas River valley. These results verify the expected crossbed variability in fluvial sands and suggest that dipmeter patterns from wells in channel sandstone bodies should be interpreted and projected with caution. End_of_Article - Last_Page 157------------
Carbon suboxide in Halley

SIR - Crovisier et al. conclude from an examination of the VEGA 1 IKS infrared spectra that carbon suboxide (C_3O_2) is not present in the comet Halley ices at the abundance level suggested by us. They show the measured spectrum near 4 μm and note the absence of the strong C_3O_2 line emission, relative to the CO_2 emission, that should be present if the C_3O_2 production rate was comparable to that of CO_2. Key assumptions in this analysis are that C_3O_2 is released from the comet nucleus and has a scale length similar to the CO_2 scale length.
Crystallinity of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x films grown on MgO by activated reactive evaporation

The film crystallinity and nature of the interface between Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) films and (100)-oriented MgO substrates are revealed using results from x-ray line broadening analysis, x-ray pole figure analysis, and simple models for interface types. The superconductor film was grown using Activated Reactive Evaporation (ARE) at 675 °C. The results show that the interface can be treated as semicoherent with interfacial dislocations whose spacing depends on the in-plane orientation relationship between YBCO and MgO. For the orientation relationship (100) YBCO parallel to (100) MgO, the spacings between dislocations are 9 lattice spacings of MgO in the a direction and 11 lattice spacings of MgO in the b direction. For the orientation relationship (110) YBCO parallel to (100) MgO, the spacing between dislocations is 2 lattice spacings of MgO (or 4 plane spacings of (200) MgO—see Ref. 10). The x-ray based method used here can be an addition to or a replacement for the cumbersome cross-sectional TEM technique (for the YBCO system) to view the interface.
Literary text processing

To date, computer-based literary text processing bears much greater similarity to techniques used for information retrieval and, to some degree, for question-answering, than it does to techniques used in, for example, machine translation of 'classical' artificial intelligence. A literary text is treated not as 'output' in a process to be emulated nor as a string to be transformed into an equivalent verbal representation, but, rather, as an artifact to be analyzed and described.The absence of process as an integrating concept in computer-based literary text processing leads to very different definitions of linguistic domains (such as semantics and syntactics) than is the case with, for example, artificial intelligence. This presentation explores some of these distinctions, as well as some of the implications of more process-oriented techniques for literary text processing.
Acute pancreatitis after gynecologic and obstetric surgery

Abstract Objective: Our goal was to evaluate the prevalence and comorbidity of acute postoperative pancreatitis after gynecologic and obstetric surgery. Study Design: We reviewed the Mayo Medical Center surgical database (January 1953–January 1997) to identify all confirmed cases of acute pancreatitis occurring within the standard 6-week postoperative convalescence after obstetric and gynecologic surgical procedures. Pancreatitis as a result of concurrent pancreatic or biliary surgery was excluded. Pertinent clinical data were reviewed. Results: Eleven cases of postoperative pancreatitis were identified, with an overall incidence of 1 in 17,000 surgical procedures. Postoperative pancreatitis was more common after obstetric surgery. Identifiable risk factors were noted in 45% of cases, with occult cholelithiasis the predominant factor. Presenting signs and symptoms were primarily epigastric pain, oliguria, and ileus. Significant morbidity or mortality was noted in 27% of the cases. Conclusions: Acute postoperative pancreatitis is a rare complication after gynecologic and obstetric surgery. Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis are nonspecific in the postoperative setting. Prompt diagnosis and supportive therapy are essential to minimize morbidity and mortality. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:542-6.)
Sismondi, the republic and liberty: between Italy and England, the city and the nation

Abstract This article discusses the triangular relationship between the writings of Sismondi, the Risorgimento and British opinion. Sismondi provided the Italian national movement with a ‘usable past’ by demonstrating that the medieval republics of Italy had led the way in the revival of European civilization and in the growth of political liberty. Sismondi's belief in the virtues of the city-state was grounded in his loyalty to his native republic, Geneva, but his thought was shaped by his ‘second education’ in England, and in particular by his reading of Adam Smith and William Robertson, and later by his encounter with Mme de Stael and Benjamin Constant. He aimed to revive Italians' memory of liberty by writing an account of its rise and fall, and participated actively in the liberal intellectual movement in Italy in the 1820s. He was involved in controversy with the historian of the Medici, William Roscoe, against whom he argued that the free Republics had been the true source of Italian creativity, in...
Degradable, silyl ether thiol–ene networks

A system of multifunctional silyl ether containing alkene and thiol monomers are synthesized and polymerized into uniform degradable networks with widely tunable thermomechanical properties. The glass transition temperature of the hydrolytically unstable networks can be controlled between −60 °C and 40 °C. Near total degradation is observed and the rate of degradation is controlled to occur between hours and months. Dynamic mechanical analysis, mass loss, uniaxial compression testing, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are utilized to characterize the degradation of these networks. Importantly, this system of materials allows for rapid hydrolytic degradation that is not preceded by swelling. These degradable polymers are demonstrated to be compatible with microfabrication techniques, namely photolithography. As a demonstration, partially biodegradable cortical electrodes were fabricated and electrochemically characterized on silyl ether substrates.
Aortopathy is Prevalent in Relatives of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Patients

Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dilation and abnormal elastic properties of aortic root in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients. Background Evidence indicates that BAV is a genetic disorder. Although FDRs of affected individuals have an increased prevalence of BAV, their risk of aortic root abnormalities is unknown. Methods We studied dimensions as well as the elastic properties of the ascending aorta in 48 FDRs with morphologically normal tricuspid aortic valves, 54 BAV patients, and 45 control subjects using 2-dimensional echocardiography. Results The prevalence of aortic root dilation was 32% in FDRs and 53% in BAV patients, whereas all control subjects showed normal aortic dimensions (p −3 mm Hg and 1.4 ± 2.0 × 10 −3 mm Hg vs. 2.5 ± 1.6 × 10 −3 mm Hg, p Conclusions The aortic root is functionally abnormal and dilation is common (32%) in first-degree relatives of patients with BAV. Screening of FDRs by transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography should be considered for detection of aortic valve malformation and dilated ascending aorta.
Physical ageing of stretched specimens of a polycarbonate film and its temperature dependence

Well annealed specimens of polycarbonate film were first subjected rapidly to a static elongation of 2.6% at 13 temperatures from −110 to 110°C. During stress relaxation at each temperature, the static strain was modulated with a sinusoidal tensile strain of small amplitude (⩽ 0.1%), usually from 0.4 to 25 Hz, to determine the (differential) storage modulusE′. Such measurements were repeated intermittently at values of the elapsed (ageing) timete during periods of several hours or more. During such periods,E′ increased continuously, a reflection of physical ageing, a hardening process. Initially, the storage modulusE′0 was significantly higher than after the static elongation was applied; the latter produces de-ageing, a softening process. From the data, the ageing rate d logE′/d log te was evaluated and found to be independent of frequency andte. The ageing rate showed a minimum at about 30°C, a pronounced maximum at –40°C and then became almost zero at –110°C. Also discussed is the temperature dependence of d logE′d log f, wheref is the frequency, and the effect at two temperatures of different values of the static elongation on both the ageing rate and the frequency dependence ofE′. From all data, the ageing-rate parameter μ was also evaluated and discussed.
Revised model for plug/funnel flow in bins

Abstract The paper deals with modeling the evolution of flow zones during discharge of cohesionless granular materials from bins. A particular kinematic model presented by Waters and Drescher [Powder Technol. 113 (2000) 168] is revised to incorporate the presence of the funnel flow zone, and the effect of stresses developing during flow. The stresses are determined by means of the method of slices widely used in bin-loads analysis; the latter method is extended to the case of plug/funnel flow bins. The source of numerical instability of the equations given in the original model is analyzed, and remedial measures are introduced. The revised model predictions are compared with results of small-scale model tests on semicylindrical and plane, flat-bottomed bins. Good agreement between the model and experiments is demonstrated.
OCTUPOLE AND QUADRUPOLE TRANSITION RATES IN $sup 19$F FROM SCATTERING OF 15- MeV DEUTERONS.

Angular distributions of 15.0-MeV deuterons scattered by ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ were measured between ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} \mathrm{and} 85\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Inelastic groups leaving ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ in its five lowest-lying excited states were observed using two position-sensitive detectors placed in the focal plane of a split-pole spectrometer. The elastic-scattering cross section was analyzed using an optical model. $B(E2)\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ values for the transitions from the $\frac{5}{2}$+(0.197-MeV) and the $\frac{3}{2}$+(1.56-MeV) states to the ground state were found to be 9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 and 10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 W.u. (single-particle units). They were calculated from the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ deformation parameter extracted from a distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) analysis using a complex form factor derived from the optical-model analysis with a surface-absorption term. These results are in good agreement with results obtained from inelastic proton scattering and from Coulomb-excitation experiments. However, the $B(E3)\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ value for the ${\frac{5}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$ transition from the 1.35-MeV state was found to be 1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 W.u. as compared to the upper limit of 3.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 W.u. from a ($p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) experiment, and to 12.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.0 and 7.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3 W.u. from two different Coulomb-excitation experiments. The results are compared to various model predictions.
The probability of survival of a mutant gene in an age-structured population and implications for the evolution of life-histories.

An expression is derived for determining the probability of survival of a new favourable mutation in a large random-mating population with overlapping generations. For a gene of small effect, in a near-stationary population, an approximate formula similar to the usual one for discrete generations is obtained. The implications of these results for the evolution of life histories are discussed, using the partial derivatives of the chance of survival of a gene, with respect to changes in age-specific fecundities and survival probabilities. The properties of these derivatives are very similar to those of the derivatives of the intrinsic rate of increase, analysed by Hamilton (1966), thus providing a genetical basis for his conclusions concerning the evolution of life histories.
Violations of Temporary Flight Restrictions and Air Defense Identification Zones: An Analysis of Airspace Violations and Pilot Report Data

This document provides the results from a study into the apparent factors and causes of violations of restricted airspace, particularly temporary flight restrictions (TFRs) and air defense identification zones (ADIZs). By illuminating the reasons for these violations, this study aims to take the first step towards reducing them. The study assesses the basic characteristics of restricted airspace violations as well as the probable causes and factors contributing to violations. Results from the study imply most violations occur where the restriction has been in place for a significant amount of time prior to the violation. Additionally, the study results imply most violations are not due to the pilot simply being unaware of the airspace at the time of violation. In most violations, pilots are aware of the presence of the restricted airspace but have incorrect information about it, namely, its exact boundaries or procedures for authorized penetration. These results imply that the best means to reduce violations of restricted airspace is to improve the effectiveness of providing pilots the details required to avoid the airspace.
ENTOMOLOGICAL WEBSITE USAGE PATTERNS

Abstract Usage patterns of entomological research websites were examined to assess their current roles as information resources. A 5-year review of logfiles at three Florida entomological research websites indicated that usage has increased since 1999 and that visitors increasingly have taken advantage of Internet search engines to find pages with high information content. Websites provide opportunities for dissemination of information (for example, in sound files or databases) that is difficult to include in traditional refereed publications. Given the rapid growth of website usage, research organizations may wish to consider formal procedures for vetting such information.
Appreciating the poverty of the stimulus in second language acquisition

The most compelling evidence for Epstein et al.'s central thesis that adult second language acquisition is constrained by the innate cognitive structures that constrain native language acquisition would be evidence of poverty of the stimulus. Although there are studies that point to such evidence, Epstein et al.'s primary form of argumentation, targetlike performance by second-language acquiring adults, is much less convincing.
First Report of Natural Infection by 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in Bittersweet Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) in the Columbia Basin of Eastern Oregon.

Potatoes are a major crop in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington, representing an annual farm gate value of almost $750 million. Zebra chip disease (ZC), a new and economically important disease of potato, was first reported in Oregon and Washington in 2011 (1). The disease is caused by the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso, also referred to as ‘Ca. L. psyllaurous’), which is vectored by the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc) (1,2). Identifying alternative hosts for Lso may facilitate management of ZC disease, which has increased potato production costs in the region. The perennial weed, bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.), is a year-round host of the potato psyllid (3) and is also a suspected host of Lso. However, little is known about the role of this weed in ZC epidemiology. Naturally occurring bittersweet nightshade plants (n = 21) were sampled at six different locations near Hermiston, Oregon, between May and October in 2012. These plants exhibited seve...
Upper Airway Obstruction Secondary to Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Trachea: Use of Nd:YAG Laser

Comprising 1 to 4% of all tumors and 7 to 15% of malignant neoplasms of the major salivary glands, acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) rarely occurs in the respiratory tract. There has been only one case of ACC of the trachea previously reported in the medical literature. A second case of ACC of the trachea associated with upper airway obstruction and its management by Nd: YAG laser and surgical resection is reported.
Fibrous hamartoma of the wrist in infancy

Fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) is a rare, self-limiting, benign tumor that occurs in the early years of life. The vast majority of reported cases occur in the proximal upper extremity and torso. A case of FHI that occurred in the wrist of a 9-month-old girl is presented. Diagnostic features of FHI are discussed and emphasized. Surgical treatment is highly successful and is the method of choice.
Laparoscopic vs Open Right Hepatectomy: A Value-Based Analysis

Background Current literature lacks sufficient data on outcomes after extensive laparoscopic liver resections. We hypothesized that laparoscopic right hepatectomy (LRH) is associated with better clinical outcomes and less overall hospital costs than open right hepatectomy (ORH), supporting the notion that major laparoscopic hepatic resections carry increased value when compared with the open approach. Study Design We reviewed medical records of all patients at our institution who underwent elective LRH (n = 48) or ORH (n = 57) from May 16, 2008 to March 1, 2012. Patient demographics, preoperative comorbidities, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Hospital billing data were collected for each case to determine the average hospital costs per case. Results Average operative duration, estimated blood loss, intravenous fluid resuscitation requirements, high-grade postoperative complications, the need for postoperative admission to the ICU, and hospital length of stay were significantly less within the LRH cohort. Thirty-day mortality and readmission rates were equivalent between the 2 groups. Despite higher operative costs for LRH ($16,605 vs $10,411, p Conclusions Although overall costs between LRH and ORH are equivalent, clinical outcomes after LRH are comparable to those after ORH, supporting the value of laparoscopy in extensive right hepatic resections. Efforts to reduce operative costs of LRH, while maintaining optimal patient outcomes, should be the focus of surgeons and hospitals moving forward.
Geophysical assessment of migration and storage conditions of fluids in subduction zones

By enhancing mass transfer and energy release, the cycle of volatiles and melt is a major component of subduction. Investigating this fluid cycle is therefore critical to understand the past and current activity of subduction zones. Fluids can significantly affect rock electrical conductivity and elastic parameters that are measured using electromagnetic and seismic methods, respectively. This letter emphasizes how these geophysical methods complement each other to provide information about the storage of fluids in subduction systems. By compiling electromagnetic and seismic results from various subduction zones, a possible correlation between electrical conductivity and seismic wave attenuation anomalies in the mantle wedge is observed, consistent with fluid accumulation. A possible relationship between geophysical properties and the slab age is also suggested, whereas no significant trend is observed between electrical conductivity or seismic wave attenuation and estimates of water flux in the mantle wedge. These field-based relationships require further constrains, emphasizing the need for new measurements in the laboratory.
The effect of microvascular pattern alterations on network resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Structural microvascular rarefaction, defined by a loss of vessels, is a common characteristic of hypertension and has been associated with elevated microvascular resistance. However, determining the causal relationship between microvascular network structure and resistance requires a consideration of all pattern changes throughout a network. The objectives of this study were to determine whether microvascular rarefaction is associated with other network pattern alterations and to evaluate whether pattern alterations in hypertension necessarily contribute to increased microvascular resistance. Mesenteric tissues from age-matched (15–16 weeks) male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were harvested and immunolabeled for PECAM. SHR networks displayed a decreased microvascular area, arteriolar-venular (AV) length, number of AV branches, and number of capillary segments. In addition, SHR networks displayed increased AV connections per network compared to WKY networks. Based on network geometries, resistance per network was calculated using a computational model. For simulations with equal vessel diameter and with relative diameters based on reported intravital measurements, SHR microvascular network resistance was not elevated compared to the WKY level. Our results suggest that microvascular pattern alterations associated with hypertension are more complex than vessel loss, and that these combined alterations do not necessarily lead to elevated resistance.
Power flow for Josephson elements

A Josephson element is a nonlinear lossless element that is characterized by an internal frequency, ω 0 ;, the autonomous frequency, proportional to the dc voltage across the element. Detection, mixing, generation, harmonic generation and mixing, and parametric amplification are possible using such an element. We present here general relations for the power flow at the frequencies of interest in such an element. These general power flow relations depend upon whether the autonomous frequency is phase-locked, either harmonically or subharmonically, to a frequency in the system or is unlocked. The results here generalize those given previously by Russer for the harmonically locked case.
Reduced-feedback linear precoding with stable performance for the time-varying MIMO broadcast channel

This work explores the performance of a multiple-input multiple-output broadcast channel where both the transmitter and receivers have outdated channel knowledge due to node motion or other time-variations in the communication channel. A performance analysis based on measured channel responses reveals significant throughput degradation for optimal linear and nonlinear precoding strategies unless the channel state information (CSI) is frequently fed back to the transmitter. The paper then develops a linear beamforming precoding strategy based on channel distribution information in the form of a full spatial correlation matrix for each user. This algorithm is shown to provide highly stable communication, with a throughput that is higher than that for optimal precoders operating on outdated CSI, in a time-variant environment, indicating that this approach can operate with significantly reduced feedback frequency. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the use of the well-known Kronecker and Weichselberger models to parameterize the full correlation matrix to enable further reduction in the amount of feedback data required for implementation of the new beamforming technique.