cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parking Requirements and Housing Development

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Zoning laws that require onsite parking spaces with every residential unit arguably inhibit housing development in center cities and make housing that is built both more uniform and expensive. I test this idea using data from a natural experiment in Los Angeles. In 1999, Los Angeles freed old vacant commercial and industrial buildings in its downtown from all parking requirements if converted to residential use. Using both an original survey and interviews with planners and developers I first document the extent to which these buildings were turned into housing, then compare parking provision at these converted buildings with parking requirements for other downtown housing. I find that developers used deregulation to create thousands of housing units in previously disinvested areas of downtown Los Angeles and departed substantially from conventional parking zoning, mainly by providing parking offsite. I also find strong evidence that units in deregulated buildings...
Neutron Diffraction Study of La3Ni2O7: Structural Relationships Among n=1, 2, and 3 Phases Lan+1NinO3n+1

Abstract Structural relationships among the n=1, 2, and 3 members of the Ruddlesden–Popper series Lan+1NinO3n+1 are used to predict a lowering of symmetry in the n=2 phase, subsequently observed and refined against neutron powder diffraction data. Resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements are presented for n=2 and 3 that suggest the possibility of a further symmetry lowering at low temperature, such as occurs for n=1; however, no evidence for this is found in low-temperature neutron data. Re-refinement of the n=3 phase reveals significant strain within the perovskite-type layers that appears to increase with n. This strain is used to explain the absence of low temperature phase transformations for n>1. In the absence of a phase transformation, possible origins for the resistivity and susceptibility anomalies are considered.
Circadian rhythm of circulating glucose, insulin and growth hormone in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract Circulating levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin, and glucose were measured at hourly intervals during a 24 h period to establish the diurnal rhythm of these hormones in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). There was no statistically significant correlation between circulating GH levels and pituitary GH content. Serum GH appeared to be higher at night in female SHR and higher during day-light hrs in male SHR. GH levels fluctuated considerably, whereas insulin levels showed much less diurnal variation. Although there was no statistically significant correlation between blood glucose and insulin levels, glucose levels rose and fell considerably during the 24 hr period with a definite decline in blood glucose during the nocturnal hyperactivity observed in SHR. These findings are of interest in that SHR have giant-sized islets of Langerhans, develop hyperglycemia spontaneously, and are growth-retarded compared to most normotensive strains of rat.
Depletion-electric-field-induced Second-harmonic Generation Near Oxidized GaAs (001) Surfaces

Second-order nonlinear mixing is evaluated as a probe of the depletion electric field in the near-surface region of GaAs(001). A phenomenological model is presented whereby the nonlinear susceptibility is expanded in the depletion electric field. For GaAs, three terms contribute to the observed nonlinear mixing: the dipole-allowed bulk contribution and first- and second-order contributions in the depletion electric field. All three contributions can be isolated by a combination of rotational anisotropy and photomodulation studies. The second-harmonic signal from oxidized GaAs(001) surfaces was measured as a function of azimuthal sample orientation, photomodulation, and dopant density for fundamental photon energies in the region 1.17--1.51 eV. The first-order depletion-electric-field contribution dominates the second-order contribution, and can be comparable to the intrinsic bulk contribution for high surface fields. The results rule out significant contributions arising from either bulk electric quadrupole or surface dipole effects.
Mechanical evaluation of splint therapy in treatment of the edentulous patient

Many edentulous patients have temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction that affects the use of their complete dentures. During the diagnostic and treatmentplanning phase an ordered series of procedures must be performed. An arbitrary axis mounting, needlepoint and pantographic tracings on stabilized record bases will aid the dentist in determining the functional state of the TMJ and associated muscles. If no pathosis is found, a conventional denture technique can be used. If TMJ dysfunction is noted on the basis of an analysis of the tracings, an interim mandibular denture can be modified to correct the TMJ and musculature before new complete dentures are made. The occlusal scheme chosen for each patient can be based on a careful analysis of the tracings over a period of months.
Intestinal sterols. I. Δ7-cholestenol and 7-dehydrocholesterol in feces☆

1. 1. Fecal sterols from rats on a fat-free diet were found to contain substantial amounts of fast-acting sterols. Chromatography of the unsaponifiable matter resulted in the isolation of Δ7-cholestenol, cholesterol, and coprosterol, and in the identification of 7-dehydrocholesterol. 2. 2. Feces from the guinea pig, dog, and man also contained substantial amounts of Δ7-cholestenol. 7-Dehydrocholesterol was found in guinea pig feces, while only traces could be found in that of dog and man. 3. 3. The fast-acting sterol content of the feces was not altered by the ingestion of cholesterol, squalene, sulfasuxidine, fat, triolein, dextrin, or lactose. 4. 4. Much of the fecal Δ7-cholestenol and 7-dehydrocholesterol apparently originated in the intestinal mucosa.
Rechargeable alkali-ion cathode-flow battery

We provide a proof of concept of a lithium battery configuration containing an aqueous cathode in a flow-through mode. A room-temperature, rechargeable alkali-ion battery with a commercially available Li+-ion solid–electrolyte separating a Li0 anode and an organic liquid–carbonate electrolyte on one side and, on the other, an aqueous cathode containing 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 has been demonstrated to give high efficiency electrical energy storage at 3.40 V; it is capable of matching the capacity of the Li0 anode if operated with the aqueous cathode in a flow-through mode. The resistance of the solid electrolyte rather than the flow rate of the cathode determined the power density of the test cell. The concept can be used with a more-abundant Na0 anode and a Na+-ion solid electrolyte. The results call for the development of an alkali-ion solid–electrolyte separator with a smaller resistance.
Completeness issues for join dependencies derived from the universal relation join dependency

Abstract Completeness issues for Sciore's axioms are examined for the special case where the join dependencies are logically implied by the universal relation join dependency. It is shown that Sciore's axioms are complete for this special class of join dependencies.
Quantitative phase imaging in biomedicine

Quantitative phase imaging, i.e., measuring the map of pathlength shifts due to the specimen of interest, has been developing rapidly over the past decade. The main methods and exciting applications to biomedicine will be reviewed.
Use of 234U and 238U isotopes to identify fertilizer-derived uranium in the Florida Everglades

Abstract Surface water and peat in the northern Everglades have very low natural concentrations of U and are therefore sensitive to the addition of small amounts of U from anthropogenic sources such as fertilizer. Peat samples collected along a nutrient gradient in the northern Everglades have unusually high concentrations of U (>1 μg/g, dry basis) and also have a distinctive 234 U/ 238 U activity ratio (AR). AR values for U-enriched peat fall in the narrow range of AR values for commercial phosphate fertilizer (1.00±0.05). In contrast, AR values for low-U peat from background sites exceed 1.05. The spatial distribution of anomalous U concentration, and of fertilizer-like AR values in peat, parallel a previously documented pattern of P enrichment. These results strongly suggest that some of the U in nutrient-impacted peatlands is fertilizer-derived. Agricultural drainage water sampled in the northern Everglades has high concentrations of dissolved U (0.3–2.4 μg/l) compared to surface water from background sites ( 1.05). Synoptic sampling of surface water along drainage canals indicate that Lake Okeechobee, and some drainage from agricultural fields, are sources of dissolved U, whereas wetlands farther downstream act as sinks for U. Historically cultivated agricultural soil has only a marginally elevated (+0.2 μg/g) average concentration of U compared to nearby uncultivated soil and incorporates only 20% of the U from an aqueous solution that was slurried with the soil. In contrast, a similar experiment with fresh Everglades peat indicated uptake of 90% of the added U. These experiments support the proposed removal of U from agricultural fields and concentration of U in downstream peatlands. The methodology of this study can be used to describe the behavior of fertilizer-derived U in other low-U environments.
Subtractive Method of Optical Thin-Film Interference Filter Design

A fast automatic synthesis program based on interference minus filters is described. It yields the parameters of a number of individual filters that together match any desired spectral transmittance curve, providing that the spectral range over which the latter is defined is not excessive. It is shown that in practice many of these components can be combined without significantly affecting the performance. When used alone, the program may yield solutions consisting of a large number of layers. It is demonstrated that far fewer layers are needed if intermediate solutions obtained with this program are refined using other automatic synthesis programs. The program is illustrated by a number of rather difficult hypothetical problems.
Darkfield Imaging of Platelet Cytoskeleton-Granule Interactions

Platelets play a major role in clot formation during hemostasis; however, one of their primary roles, activation, is still poorly understood. When circulating platelets encounter a breach in a vessel wall or certain signaling molecules, such as thrombin or calcium, they begin to activate. Activation is a multivariate processes including the release of granular contents and a rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. To obtain a better fundamental understanding of platelet activation, the interplay between these two processes should be investigated.Live platelets are difficult to image due to their small size and tendency to activate when disrupted (i.e. by attempting to permeabilize the membrane to allow fluorescent molecule access). Fluorescence imaging is further complicated by the fact that platelets do not contain a nucleus, preventing transfection with plasmids that encode fluorescently tagged proteins. This work overcomes these challenges by using darkfield microscopy to image platelets during activation. Darkfield microscopy results in bright, defined images of platelets without exogenous labels. In addition, platelet granules can be tracked using darkfield. Finally, platelet membrane components can be fluorescently labeled and combined with the darkfield imaging for co-localization studies.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Elimination of vector parasites in finite element Maxwell solutions

The vector parasite problem is studied in the context of finite-element solutions of Maxwell's equations for driven boundary-value problems. An expanded weak form which combines the divergence equation with the conventional weak form of the double-curl equation is introduced. This form is related to penalty methods where the penalty or weighting factor varies with the dielectric constant. The resulting algebraic system is identical to the Galerkin-Helmholtz operator on homogeneous subregions. Normal and tangential boundary conditions arise in terms of the divergence and curl of the field on the boundary which can be reexpressed as equivalent charges and currents. Computational results show the occurrence of two distinct types of parasitic modes in driven problems and their elimination with the formulation presented. Practical observations concerning the conditions which provoke spurious modes in these problems are reported. Spurious solutions arise from improper or unphysical boundary conditions, and the importance of careful specification of boundary-value problems is illustrated. Most conceptual difficulties with boundary conditions per se are removed when hybrid methods are used to couple the interior finite-element solution to the exterior problem. which focuses attention on the physics of the source distribution. >
Fractional sublimation of the β-diketone chelates of the lanthanide and related elements

Abstract Various β-diketone chelates of Sc(III), Y(III), Th(IV), U(IV). U(VI), Zr(IV) and the lanthanides have been prepared, characterized and investigated to determine if they were volatile and stable. The ligands employed were acetylacetone(AA), trifluoroacetylacetone(TFAA), hexafluoroacetylacetone(HFAA), and dipivaloyl-methane(DPM). The chelates were sublimed in a fractional vacuum sublimator and the recrystallization temperature zones recorded for individual chelates. None of the lanthanide acetylacetonates arc volatile but the Sc(III), Th(IV), U(IV) and dioxouranium(VI) acetylacetonates are thermally stable and quite volatile below 150° at 1 mm mercury pressure. The lanthanide, Sc(III), Y(III), and dioxouranium(VI) trifluoroacetylacetonates are volatile and can be vacuum-sublimed below 150°, but are thermally unstable; only the Th(IV) chelate is sufficiently stable to be quantitatively recovered by sublimation. The Sc(III), Y(III), Th(IV), and lanthanide hexafluoroacetylacetonates are thermally stable and easily sublimed below 125° in vacua or at atmospheric pressure. All the dipivaloylmethanates studied were thermally stable and volatile and could be quantitatively recovered by vacuum sublimation below 140°. The volatility of the HFAA and DPM lanthanide chelates increased with an increase in atomic weight (a decrease in ionic radii) of the lanthanides. The lack of volatility observed for the lanthanide AA and TFAA chelates is attributed to the fact that only hydrates of the chelates were formed, which decomposed at elevated temperatures in vacuo to form basic polymeric compounds. Separations are proposed for numerous binary mixtures of the β-diketone chelates of the lanthanide and related elements. Recrystallization temperature zones are given for the following binary mixtures which were quantitatively resolved by the fractional sublimation technique; 118-88° for Nd(DPM) 3 and 84-48° for Tm(DPM) 3 ; 72-49° for Sc(DPM) and 120-88° for Pr(DPM); 128-79° for La(DPM) 3 and 79-47° for Yb(DPM) 3 ; 70-47° for Th(TFAA) 4 and 116-96° for Gd(TFAA) 3 ; 52-42° for Th(HFAA) 4 and 120-80° for La(HFAA) 3 .
Leapfrog variants of iterative methods for linear algebraic equations

Two iterative methods are considered, Richardson's method and a general second order method. For both methods, a variant of the method is derived for which only even numbered iterates are computed. The variant is called a leapfrog method. Comparisons between the conventional form of the methods and the leapfrog form are made under the assumption that the number of unknowns is large. In the case of Richardson's method, it is possible to express the final iterate in terms of only the initial approximation, a variant of the iteration called the grand-leap method. In the case of the grand-leap variant, a set of parameters is required. An algorithm is presented to compute these parameters that is related to algorithms to compute the weights and abscissas for Gaussian quadrature. General algorithms to implement the leapfrog and grand-leap methods are presented. Algorithms for the important special case of the Chebyshev method are also given.
Reliability, validity, and minimally important differences of the SF-6D in systemic sclerosis

ObjectivesTo evaluate the reliability and validity and estimate the minimally important difference (MID) for the SF-6D in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Subjects We used data from two clinical studies to analyze the SF-6D in patients with SSc: Study 1 was a cross-sectional observational study (N = 107) designed to assess three direct preference measures—the rating scale, time trade-off, and standard gamble (SG) in patients with diffuse SSc and limited SSc, and Study 2 was a 12-month randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial (N = 168) assessing oral bovine collagen versus placebo in diffuse SSc. Methods We assessed the test–retest reliability of the SF-6D in Study 2 over a mean (SD) 4.8 (3.0)-week interval and the agreement between the SF-6D and direct preference measures in Study 1 using intraclass correlations (ICC). The MID was estimated using three different anchors—the SF-36 change in health item (patients who answered “somewhat better” formed the MID group), the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI; change of ≥0.14 and ≥0.22) and the skin score (change of ≥5.3). Results The mean (SD) SF-6D scores were 0.61 (0.12) in Study 1 and 0.64 (0.13) in Study 2. Test–retest reliability for the SF-6D was high (ICC = 0.82 [95% CI: 0.76, 0.87]). Agreement between the SF-6D and three direct preferences measures was poor to moderate (0.16–0.52). The MID estimate for the SF-6D using the change in SF-36 item −0.012 and this level of change was similar to the no change group. The mean MID estimate for the SF-6D improvement using the HAQ-DI and skin score as anchors was 0.035 (effect size of 0.27). Conclusion This is the first study to assess the SF-6D in SSc. The SF-6D is reliable and valid in patients with SSc. We provide MID estimates that can aid in calculating sample size for clinical trials involving patients with diffuse SSc.
Crack cocaine causing fatal vasoconstriction of the aorta

Abstract Cocaine is the most powerful central nervous stimulant found in nature. All forms of cocaine cause tachycardia and vasoconstriction. A smokable, rapidly reacting form of cocaine base, “crack,” is highly addictive. Smoking crack introduces a high concentration of cocaine into the bloodstream, rendering it especially dangerous. We report a case that visually demonstrates severe aortic vasoconstriction from the suprarenal aorta and extending to both femoral arteries and beyond, resulting in renal failure and fatal bowel ischemia after a 5-day binge of crack cocaine.
The Association Between Food Prices and the Blood Glucose Level of US Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

Objectives. We estimated the association between the price of healthy and less-healthy food groups and blood sugar among US adults with type 2 diabetes.Methods. We linked 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey health information to food prices contained in the Quarterly Food-at-Home Price Database. We regressed blood sugar levels on food prices from the previous calendar quarter, controlling for market region and a range of other covariates. We also examined whether the association between food prices and blood sugar varies among different income groups.Results. The prices of produce and low-fat dairy foods were associated with blood sugar levels of people with type 2 diabetes. Specifically, higher prices for produce and low-fat dairy foods were associated with higher levels of glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose 3 months later. Food prices had a greater association with blood sugar for low-income people than for higher-income people, and in the expected direction.Conclusion...
Insulin-like growth factor-I improves glucose utilization in tumor necrosis factor—treated rats under hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic conditions

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on glucose metabolism in normal and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-treated rats under euglycemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions. During a hyperinsulinemic clamp (10 mU/kg.min), rats further received either saline or IGF-I (3.33 micrograms/kg.min) infusion for 2 hours. Glucose kinetics were determined with [3H-3]-glucose. Glucose utilization in peripheral tissues was examined by glucose uptake using [14C-2]-deoxyglucose (14C-DG) and by glycogen content in select tissues. The results showed that TNF infusion significantly decreased the rate of glucose infusion required to maintain euglycemia. TNF decreased glycogen content significantly in liver and marginally in abdominis muscle. TNF also decreased glucose uptake in muscle, although the decrease was only statistically significant compared with IGF-I infusion. In addition, TNF significantly reduced plasma IGF-I concentration. However, during hyperinsulinemic and euglycemic conditions, exogenous IGF-I significantly increased glucose uptake in muscle and glycogen storage in the liver and abdominis muscle in both saline- and TNF-treated groups. IGF-I normalized each of the effects of TNF in the rats, including those on plasma IGF-I, glucose uptake in muscle, and glycogen content in liver and abdominis muscle. These data suggest that under hyperinsulinemic and euglycemic conditions, TNF-treated rats, although resistant to insulin, have a normal response to IGF-I, indicating that the TNF-induced defect in the insulin pathway may not be a step in the IGF-I pathway.
Depth and resolution characterization of two-photon photoacoustic spectroscopy for noninvasive subsurface chemical diagnostics

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a powerful optical biopsy technique that enables rapid tumor diagnosis in situ. It has also been reported that photoacoustic spectroscopy can be used to diagnose pre-malignant tissue based on the chemical differences between healthy and pre-malignant tissues. Since the acoustic signals obtained from tissues in these analyses suffer from minimum damping, photoacoustic spectroscopy can be highly sensitive. This paper focuses on the characterization of a novel multiphoton excited photoacoustic methodology for margining of malignant and pre-malignant tissues. The two-photon excitation process in tissues using nanosecond laser pulses produces ultrasonic signals that transmit through tissue with minimal attenuation. Additionally, the two-photon excitation process is highly localized since only ballistic photons contribute to the excitation process; thereby eliminating potential absorption events in tissue not of interest (i.e., along the beam path) and increasing the spatial resolution of the diagnostic technique to that achievable via optics. This work characterizes the two-photon excitation process for photoacoustic signal measurements on a model dye. Using gelatin phantoms to mimic real tissues, tissue penetration studies were performed, revealing chemical species as deep as 1.3 cm in the tissue can easily be detected using this methodology. Furthermore, the resolution of this multiphoton excitation process was determined to be as great as 50 μm (near cellular level resolution).
19F magnetic resonance study of xenon oxytetrafluoride

Abstract 19F relaxation time measurements have been made on XeOF4 in the temperature range from −56† to 85†C. Starting with solid XeOF4 a phase transition is noted in the region of the reported melting point. Some supercooling of liquid XeOF4 is observed. Markedly different behavior is noted for T1 and T2. The T2 relaxation is interpreted in terms of a scalar coupling to the relaxing quadrupolar nucleus, 131Xe. An activation energy of 3.0 ± 0.1 kcal is calculated for this quadrupole relaxation process. It is suggested that the T1 relaxation is controlled by intermolecular and spin-rotational processes. The question of molecular interaction between XeOF4 molecules in the liquid is discussed.
Differentiating Psychology Students' Perceptions of Teachers Using the Teacher Behavior Checklist

Keeley, Smith, and Buskist (2006) investigated the psychometric properties of the Teacher Behavior Checklist (TBC), but did not provide evidence that the measure could differentiate among teachers. This study required students at 2 schools to rate their best professor, worst professor, and most recent professor on the TBC. We found highly similar results across these schools. Differences among teachers accounted for more variability in TBC ratings than other possible sources. TBC ratings evidenced significant differences across good versus bad teachers.
Evaluation of methods to correct for IR loss in Eppley PSP diffuse measurements

The IR loss in diffuse measurements made by thermopile pyranometers is examined. Diffuse measurements are used for the study of IR losses because diffuse irradiance is much smaller than the total irradiance and hence the IR effects can be more clearly seen. Specifically, diffuse measurements of an Eppley PSP pyranometer are compared to those made with a Schenk Star pyranometer. Pyranometers with black and white or star type junctions suffer minimal IR loss because the reference and receiving junctions of the thermopile are at the same thermal level. The difference between diffuse values can be attributed to calibration and cosine response errors as well as IR loss. This is a preliminary study over one month when pyrgeometer data are available. Examination of the differences at various times of the year and at more than one location is necessary to generalize the findings in this report. Several methods of correcting for IR loss are examined. First subtracting out the average nighttime offset during the day is tested. Next an extrapolation between early morning and late evening offsets is tested. This should help eliminate the IR offset in both the morning and evening hours, but underestimate the IR losses during the rest of the day. Next, correlations of IR losses calculated using pyrgeometer measurements with temperature, relative humidity, and irradiance are evaluated. Initial results show that it should be possible to use more commonly available measurements rather than prygeometer data to estimate IR loss for Eppley PSP pyranometers.
Characterizing the relationship between functional MRI-derived measures and clinical outcomes in patients with vascular lesions.

Object Functional MRI (fMRI) has proven to be an effective component of pretreatment planning in patients harboring a variety of different brain lesions. The authors have recently reported significant relationships concerning distances between brain tumor borders and areas of functional activation (lesion-to-activation distance; LAD) with regard to patient morbidity and mortality. This study further examines the relationship between LAD, focusing on a host of vascular lesions and pre- and posttreatment morbidity. Methods This study included a sample population of patients with vascular lesions (n = 106), primarily arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and cavernomas. These patients underwent pretreatment fMRI-based motor mapping (n = 72) or language mapping (n = 84). The impact of LAD and other variables derived from the patient medical record were analyzed with respect to functional deficits in terms of morbidity (weakness and/or aphasia). Results In patients with no pretreatment deficits, there was trend f...
Phosphoinositides: Minor Lipids Make a Major Impact on Photoreceptor Cell Functions

Activation of the phosphoinositide (PI) cycle generates the second messengers that control various aspects of cellular signaling. We have previously shown that two PI cycle enzymes, type II phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase (PIPK IIα) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), are activated through light stimulation. In our earlier studies, we measured enzyme activities, instead of directly measuring the products, due to lack of sensitive analytical techniques. Cells have very low levels of PIs, compared to other lipids, so special techniques and sensitive analytical instruments are necessary for their identification and quantification. There are also other considerations, such as different responses in different cell types, which may complicate quantification of PIs. For example, although light activated PIPK IIα, there was no increase in PI-4,5-P2 measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) This discrepancy is due to the heterogeneous nature of the retina, which is composed of various cell types. In this study, we examined PI generation in situ using immunohistochemistry with specific PI antibodies. PIs were generated in specific retinal cell layers, suggesting that analyzing PIs from the total retina by LC/MS underscores the significance. This suggests that PI-specific antibodies are useful tools to study the cell-specific regulation of PIs in the retina.
The carbon dioxide system in the Arabian Sea

In 1995 the WHOI (C. Goyet) and MIAMI (F.J. Millero) groups participated on a number of research cruises in the Arabian Sea as part of the U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This paper gives the results of our total inorganic carbon dioxide (TCO2), total alkalinity (TA) and potentiometric pH measurements made on Arabian Sea water samples during these cruises. Measurements made on Certified Reference Material (CRM) indicate that the reproducibility of the measurements was ±0.007 in pH, ±3.2 μmol kg-1 in TA, and ±1.2 μmol kg-1 in TCO2 (N=180). The surface measurements (0–30 m) of pH and normalized TCO2 and TA were quite uniform throughout the year (pH=8.1±0.05, NTCO2=1950±20 μmol kg-1 and NTA=2290±5 μmol kg-1). The larger variations in NTCO2 in the surface waters are related to changes in primary production and upwelling in the coastal waters. The depth profiles of pH, pCO2, TA, and TCO2 were similar to those in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. The components of the carbonate system (CO2, HCO-3, CO2-3) and the saturation state (Ω) for calcite and aragonite were determined from the measurements of TA and TCO2. The waters below 600 and 3400 m in the Arabian Sea were undersaturated (Ω<1.0) for aragonite and calcite, respectively. The CO2 measurements have been combined with the nutrient data to examine the stoichiometric ratios of C/N, C/P, C/O2, and C/SiO2 of the waters. Marked differences were found for the waters above and below the oxygen minimum zone. The surface water results have been used to develop the following stoichiometry for phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea (CH2O)125(NH3)14(H3PO4)(SiO2)13. The oxidation of this material is due to reactions with O2 (77%) and NO3 (23%) with the resultant formation of N2 and N2O. The maximum amount of organic carbon oxidized has been estimated to be 3.1 μmol kg-1 in the deep waters with as much as 0.9 μmol kg-1 in the oxygen minimum zone with NO3. The maximum amount of CaCO3 dissolved in the deep waters is 116 μmol kg-1. These results, together with the organic material collected from the sediment traps, should be useful in characterizing the formation and degradation of plant material in the Arabian Sea.
Predicting new solids and their properties

It is now possible to predict properties of materials using quantum theory and minimal information about the constituent atoms of a solid. Accurate calculations explaining and, in some cases, predicting electronic, structural, vibrational, and even superconducting properties of solids have been performed. Here we provide an overview of this area with emphasis on the predictive capacity of the approach. A few of the applications which will be highlighted include the analysis of high-pressure structures of solid, compounds having very low compressibilities, and metallic hydrogen.
Performance of a full‐scale biotrickling filter treating H2S at a gas contact time of 1.6 to 2.2 seconds

Emission of objectionable odors is a major problem for wastewater treatment and other processing facilities. Biological treatment is a promising alternative to conventional control methods, such as chemical scrubbing, but historically, biotreatment has always required significantly larger reactor volumes than chemical scrubbers. In this paper, we present several aspects of the operation and performance of a chemical scrubber, retrofitted to operate as a biotrickling filter treating 16,000 m3 h−1 of foul air with the original gas contact time of 1.6 to 2.2 seconds. In continuous operation for more than a year, the biotrickling filter has shown stable performance and robust behavior for H2S treatment, with pollutant removal performance comparable to using a chemical scrubber. Reclaimed water was used as a nutrient source for the process, and to maintain the pH in the biotrickling filter between 1.5 and 2.2. At a gas contact time of 1.6 seconds, H2S removal was in excess of 95% for sustained inlet H2S concentrations as high as 30 ppmv. This corresponds to volumetric elimination rates of 95 to 105 g H2S m−3 h−1. Efficiencies of about 90% were observed under transient conditions at 2.2 seconds gas contact time for inlet concentration peaks up to 60 ppmv. The biotrickling filter also removed significant amounts of reduced sulfur compounds, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds present in traces in the air, which is important in practical applications. Selected experiments, such as intermittent trickling operation and a one-month operation period at neutral pH, are also presented. Results indicate that the intermittent trickling operation does not have a significant effect on H2S removal. However, when operated at neutral pH, biotrickling filter performance clearly decreased, probably due to an excessive chlorine supply to the reactor through the make-up water. The study demonstrates that biotrickling filters can replace chemical scrubbers as a safer, more economical technique for odor control.
Looking at an Oft-Overlooked Part of the Eye: A New Perspective on Ciliary Body Development in Chick

The ciliary body is an essential tissue for the development and homeostasis of the vertebrate eye. Embryonically, the epithelial portion of the ciliary body derives from the neuroepithelium of the opt
The comprehensive approach to analyzing multivariate constructs

Many psychological constructs of interest to personality psychologists, such as personality, behavior, and emotions, are made up of many variables. Moreover, similarity metrics, such as self-other agreement, profile similarity, or behavioral consistency, result from calculations conducted across many variables. When analyzed using a comprehensive approach, such multivariate constructs present unique analytic challenges. Such challenges are not well addressed in standard graduate statistics textbooks or presently available in standard commercial software. This article introduces the ‘multicon’ package, freely available in the R statistical package, designed to aid researchers interested in taking a comprehensive approach to analyzing multivariate constructs. Realistic examples from personality psychology are provided to demonstrate the utility of this package.
Post-translational regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A.

Adrenal steroid production is stimulated by adrenocorticotropin hormone activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway and subsequent induction of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) protein expression. Herein we have compared StAR mRNA and protein levels in 8-Br-cAMP-treated mouse adrenocortical Y1 and the derived PKA mutant Kin-8 cell lines to evaluate the PKA requirement in StAR expression. StAR mRNA was induced by 8-Br-cAMP-treatment of both Y1 and Kin-8 cells with maximal expression levels in Kin-8 cells approximately 50% of that observed in Y1 cells. StAR protein levels, as detected by Western analysis, were concomitantly increased in Y1 cells but were not detected in the Kin-8 cells. StAR mRNA colocalized with the active polysome fractions in both 8-Br-cAMP-treated Y1 and Kin-8 cells, indicating translation was not blocked in Kin-8 cells. Consistent with this data, a 2-fold increase in incorporation of [35S]methionine into StAR was also observed after 8-Br-cAMP treatmen...
Three-dimensional microelectromagnet traps for neutral and charged particles

Three-dimensional (3D) microelectromagnets were developed to control particle motion in electromagnetic-field landscapes in vacuum near a chip. Multiple layers of micrometer-scale conductors separated by transparent insulators create particle containers with deep, symmetric, and time-dependent potentials, suitable for integration in quantum circuits. Single and coupled multiple 3D traps, integrated 3D traps with a mirror, 3D guides for neutral particles with spin, and traps for electrons in vacuum are described.
On the distribution of ergative and accusative patterns

Abstract The purpose of the paper is to contribute to the characterization of the range of noun phrase classes that grammatical rules of human languages make reference to; and, in particular, to the establishment of principles in terms of which ergative-type and accusative-type noun phrase classifications may be predicted for any given rule in any given language. That the noun phrase classification system employed by the grammatical rules of a language does not simply follow the classification system employed by the general case-marking rules of the language in the case of ergative languages has already been shown by previous research. The evidence marshalled in this paper is aimed at showing the same for accusative languages: it is argued that just like ergative languages have both ergative and accusative patterns, accusative languages, too, have patterns of both major types. Some universally or subuniversally predictive hypotheses are proposed that can account for a proper subset of the facts presented about the distribution of the two types of pattern.
Parton energy loss in a classical strongly coupled QGP

Abstract We investigate the energy loss of heavy quarks in the gas, liquid and solid phase of a classical quark–gluon plasma (cQGP) using molecular dynamics simulations. The model consists of massive quarks and gluons interacting as a classical non-relativistic colored Coulomb gas. We show that the electric force–force decorrelates on a short time scale causing the energy loss to be mostly diffusive and Langevin-like in the cQGP. We find that the drag coefficient changes with the heavy quark mass, while the diffusion constant does not. The fractional collisional energy loss is much larger than the leading order estimates from a wQGP (weakly coupled QGP) because of the core repulsion. Following recent suggestions, we show how the cQGP results can be translated to the sQGP (strongly coupled QGP) results in the T = ( 1 − 3 ) T c range.
A syntactic approach to time-varying image analysis

Abstract A syntactic method for the analysis of time-varying (TV) images is proposed. The problem is first analyzed through the use of a pattern deformation model. The TV phenomena are then interpreted in terms of a language translation schema. Furthermore, it is proved that some TV patterns constitute a context-free programmed language. Thus the existing literature on error-correcting syntax analysis can be applied to the TV pattern analysis problem. Tree grammar translation is proposed to handle more complex TV patterns.
Human bocavirus in children.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first detected using nonspecific gene sequencing of specimens from human subjects with respiratory illness. Viral, bacterial, and human genetic sequences were identified in 2 libraries of specimens collected at different times of year. Among the genetic sequences of many known pathogens was a parvovirus clone, which was not parvovirus B19. Bovine parvovirus and canine minute virus were the closest genetic relatives to the newly discovered parvovirus, and thus, it was called “human bocavirus” (bo for bovine and ca for canine). Although HBoV was initially described with a single genotype, 2 closely related variants have subsequently been identified and designated as “HBoV2” and “HBoV3.”
Modulating Human Connective Tissue Progenitor (CTP) Cell Behavior on Cellulose Acetate Scaffolds by Surface Microtextures

It has been shown that precise microarchitecture and surface microtexture can enhance cell behavior such as cell attachment, proliferation, migration and differentiation in cell culture environment [1]. Even though Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been commonly used to fabricate the microtextured surfaces, PDMS is not biodegradable. Cellulose Acetate (CA), on the other hand, has very promising properties as scaffold material for tissue engineering applications. It is biodegradable, has low water solubility, and generates minimal foreign body reaction in vivo [2]. In this study, soft lithography techniques are used to fabricate CA and PDMS scaffolds with precise surface microtextures to compare growth characteristics of progenitor cells.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Stability analysis of congestion control schemes in vehicular ad-hoc networks

Cooperative vehicle safety (CVS) systems operate based on broadcast of vehicle position and safety information to neighboring cars. The communication medium of CVS is a vehicular ad-hoc network. One of the main challenges in large scale deployment of CVS systems is the issue of scalability. To address the scalability problem, several congestion control methods have been proposed and are currently under field study. These algorithms adapt transmission rate and power based on network measures such as channel busy ratio. We examine two such algorithms and study their dynamic behavior in time and space to evaluate stability (in time) and fairness (in space) properties of these algorithms. We present stability conditions and evaluate stability and fairness of the algorithms through simulation experiments. Results show that there is a trade-off between fast convergence, temporal stability and spatial fairness. The proper ranges of parameters for achieving stability are presented for the discussed algorithms. Stability is verified for all typical highway density cases for static traffic as well as real scenarios. Fairness is shown to be naturally achieved for some algorithms and its analysis is under study in another work of us. Under the same conditions other algorithms may have problem to maintain fairness in space. We have shown that this can be resolved by a distributed measurement of CBR and is verified.
A nucleonic NJL model for finite nuclei: dynamic mass generation and ground-state observables

Abstract We test the compatibility of chiral symmetry, dynamic mass generation of the nucleon due to spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry, and the description of finite nuclear systems by employing an NJL model understood as a chiral invariant effective theory for nucleons. We apply the model to nuclear matter as well as to finite nuclei. In the latter case, the model is adjusted to nuclear ground-state observables. We treat the case of a pure chiral theory and the physically more realistic case where a portion of the nucleon mass (160 MeV) explicitly breaks chiral symmetry. The best version of this current model is found to deliver reasonably good results simultaneously for both finite nuclei and the nucleon mass, which supports our motivation of probing a link between low-momentum QCD and the nuclear many-body problem. However, the observables calculated for finite nuclei are not as good as those coming from existing relativistic mean field models without explicit chiral symmetry.
The maturity of discourse analysis (Review article)

The term discourse analysis was first used in linguistics by Zellig Harris in I952 as the title of an article about the description of connected discourse. In the thirty-first year of its existence this term appears again tout court as a title, not of an article this time, but of two books both of which purport to be textbooks (Brown & Yule I983; Stubbs I983). These publications can be seen as documenting the claim of a new (sub)discipline's having come into existence. Only two years later we witness the appearance of the first Handbook of discourse analysis (hereafter HDA) (van Dijk i985).' Has discourse analysis come of age? Is it mature enough for a handbook? Do van Dijk's volumes live up to the expectations one tends to have about handbooks? That is, does the HDA provide a reference base and an overview and orientation of the field? And finally, does it meet its own objective to be "a coherent, representative, and upto-date state of the (new) art of discourse analysis" (van Dijk i985, Vol. I:xii)? These questions crossed my mind again and again as I read van Dijk's prefaces and introductions to the individual volumes and, subsequently, the articles gathered in each volume. I wish I could say yes, however, what follows will make it clear why I cannot.
Analogues of the bicyclic semigroup in simple semigroups without idempotents

By an important theorem of Andersen, any semigroup, containing idempotents, which is simple but not completely simple contains a copy of the bicyclic semigroup B = 〈a, b | ab = 1〉. In this paper the semigroups A = 〈a, b | a2b = a〉 and C = 〈a, b | a2b = a, ab2 = b〉 are shown to play a similar role in various classes of simple semigroups without idempotents, particularly in those for which Green's relation is nontrivial. For example it is shown that every right simple semigroup without idempotents is a union of copies of A; every finitely generated simple semigroup without idempotents contains either A or C. In a generalisation of a different sort it is shown that the bicyclic semigroup divides every simple semigroup without idempotents.Similar results are obtained for 0-simple semigroups without nonzero idempotents.
Activation-induced Aggregation and Processing of the Human Fas Antigen: DETECTION WITH CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES

Fas (APO1/CD95) is a type 1 transmembrane protein critically involved in receptor-mediated apoptosis. Previous studies have shown that Fas exists in monomeric form in resting cells and aggregates upon cross-linking to form a complex that serves to recruit additional signaling molecules to the cell membrane. To study the molecular fate of the Fas antigen following receptor activation, a monoclonal antibody specific for the cell death domain of Fas has been generated. This monoclonal antibody (3D5) could be used in Western blot analysis using total cell lysates to identify different forms of Fas antigens without immunoprecipitation. High molecular mass (>200 kDa), SDS- and beta-mercaptoethanol-resistant Fas aggregates were formed immediately following receptor cross-linking, and a 97-kDa band (p97) was detected about 2 h later. p97 could be detected by antibodies against either the death domain or the C terminus. However, p97 could not be precipitated by antiextracellular domain antibodies. Thus, p97 most likely represents a processed form of the high molecular weight Fas aggregates. Although p97 generation followed a similar time course as CPP32 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, it could not be inhibited by cysteine protease, calpain, or proteasome inhibitors.