cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 80 K superconducting YBa2Cu4O8 via a novel route

Abstract The YBa2Cu4O8 (“124”) superconductor with transition temperature at 80 K is synthesized via a solid state reaction for 1 h at 800°C in flowing oxygen with a total pressure of about 2.7 X 102 Pa, followed by cooling and annealing in oxygen at ambient pressure for 20 h at 750°C. This procedure has produced orthorhombic 124 as the main phase with YBa2Cu3Ox (“123”) as a minor impurity phase. Annealing the as-calcined powder in flowing oxygen at 800°C for 24 h under ambient pressure improved the phase purity and nearly phase-pure 124, determined by X-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements, has been obtained.
Influenza immunization coverage among residents of long-term care facilities certified by CMS, 2005-2006: the newest MDs quality indicator.

Background In October 2005, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) required that long-term care (LTC) facilities certified by CMS offer each resident annual influenza vaccination. Subsequently, vaccination status was added to resident assessments collected beginning in the influenza season, 2005–2006. This is the first year immunization coverage can be reported based on a census of LTC residents. Objectives Report influenza immunization coverage for LTC residents by state, resident, and facility characteristics. Identify uses of the data and areas in need of improvement. Methods Analysis of CMS' Minimum Data Set of 1,851,676 residents in nursing homes from October 1 through December 31 but who could have been discharged between January 1 and March 31 merged with data for 14,493 non–hospital-based facilities from the Online Survey and Certification Assessment Reporting System. Results Overall, 83% of residents were offered the vaccine and 72% had received the vaccine. Almost 10% refused to receive the vaccine, 14% were not offered the vaccine, 1% were ineligible, and 3% were missing vaccination status. Vaccination coverage varied significantly among states (range: 49% to 87%). Fewer African Americans and Hispanics than whites were offered the vaccine (79% and 79% versus 84%, respectively) and received it (65% and 66% versus 73%, respectively); more African Americans refused the vaccine (12%) than residents of other races and/or ethnicities. Residents of Medicaid-certified-only facilities had higher levels of vaccination than residents of other facilities (82% versus ≤73%). Conclusion MDS immunization data can be used as surveillance to work with states to improve coverage. Further research to examine racial disparities in vaccination among LTC residents is needed.
Hydrated Salt Minerals on Ganymede's Surface: Evidence of an Ocean Below

Reflectance spectra from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) suggests that the surface of Ganymede, the largest satellite of Jupiter, contains hydrated materials. These materials are interpreted to be similar to those found on Europa, that is, mostly frozen magnesium sulfate brines that are derived from a subsurface briny layer of fluid.
Developing Rehabilitative Behavioral Interventions for Long-Term Care: Technology Transfer, Acceptance, and Maintenance Issues

Rehabilitative behavioral interventions that are documented in clinical trials to improve nursing home resident outcomes and are recommended by practice guidelines are often not adapted for daily use in nursing homes and other long-term care (LTC) facilities. Failure to evaluate issues other than clinical efficacy when developing interventions contributes to this gap between efficacy and effectiveness in practice. A potential solution is a research model that supplements traditional clinical intervention research with methodology designed specifically to evaluate the ability of LTC facilities to implement the interventions. This paper discusses several critical issues of intervention and implementation that should be addressed, including targeting interventions, advocacy, cost-effectiveness, training, and quality control. We also describe how clinical trials could be designed and staged to increase the probability that effective interventions will be implemented in the day-to-day care of frail older patients in LTC facilities.
Alliance structure and process: will the two research streams ever meet in alliance research?

The objective of this paper is to offer some reflections on the state of research in the alliance field and to comment on the Hennart and Zeng, and Salk papers, which are part of this issue. The implicit questions addressed are whether structure or process matters more in explaining alliance performance, whether academic research under-represents processual and behavioral studies on the motivations and mindsets of alliance executives, and whether the two research streams can ever meet. Doing research in the alliance field is a particularly difficult task because of the wide range of structures or organizational forms, a large variety of motivations for alliance formation, and multiplicity of roles played by alliance partners. Since the underlying question is whether structure or process matter more in explaining performance or success, the paper first reviews our current ability to measure alliance performance. It then reviews alliance structure research, as well as process-oriented, micro-level studies to date, and suggests areas where our understanding is still to be developed. The paper concludes by outlining research domains which combine the two research streams, (1) In terms of how alliance structure can affect post-formation partner behaviors and joint managerial processes, and (2) How negotiations processes at the formation stage influence the alliance structure that the parties agree upon.
Two-site Voronoi diagrams in geographic networks

We provide an efficient algorithm for two-site Voronoi diagrams in geographic networks. A two-site Voronoi diagram labels each vertex in a geographic network with their two nearest neighbors, which is useful in many contexts.
Enhanced recombination between F42lac and lambda plac5: dependence on F42lac fertility functions.

F42lac recombination with λplac5is normally twentyfold to fiftyfold higher than recombination between λplac5 and a chromosomal lac gene. The presence of an fi+ R1 plasmid in the same cells as F42lac dramatically reduces this enhanced recombination level while the fi- R1drd19 plasmid has little effect. When F42lac traJ90 is tested in a sup+ strain, it shows a sharp reduction in recombination with λplac5 that can be largely reversed by the presence of a supF mutation that partially suppresses the traJ90 nonsense mutation. It is concluded that the enhanced recombination between F42lac and λplac5 is largely dependent on the constitutive expression of F42lac fertility functions.
A MORPHOLOGICAL AND TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATION OF TABELLARIA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) FROM THE NORTHCENTRAL UNITED STATES1,2

SUMMARY The taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the diatom genus Tabellaria Ehr. from a portion of the northcentral United States were studied from collections made from August 1968 to October 1971. Using the transmission electron microscope with carbon replicas of the frustule surfaces, taxonomically significant characters were identified and related to those visible with the light microscope, four morphologically distinguishable taxa were recognized. The frustular morphology of T. fenestrata (Lyngbye) kutz. em. Knudson var. fenestrata was confirmed by both light and electron microscopy. T. flocculosa (Roth) Kutz. var. flocculosa is composed of 3 morphologically distinguishable strains. One of which is sufficiently different from the nominate variety to be described as T. flocculosa var. linearis var. nov. Also, a planktonic ecotype of one of the strains was identified.
Peripherally inserted central catheters are equivalent to centrally inserted catheters in intensive care unit patients for central venous pressure monitoring

To determine the equivalency of pressure measurements from peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) versus centrally inserted central venous catheters (CVCs) in vitro as well as in vivo. The in vitro study was performed in a clinical laboratory. Static pressure measurements from PICCs and CVCs were obtained in vitro over a physiologic range of 5–25 mmHg. Triple and dual lumen PICCs were directly compared to CVC controls. Dynamic pressure waveforms were recorded to simulate physiologic intravascular pressure variation. The in vivo study was executed in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) of a tertiary-level academic medical center. Data was collected from ten adult patients with both a PICC and a CVC in place for on-going clinical care. Measurements of central venous pressure (CVP) were recorded simultaneously from PICCs and CVCs. Duplicate measurements were taken after a stable waveform was recorded. For the in vitro study, a total of 540 pressure measurements were recorded. The average bias determined by Bland–Altman plot was 0 mmHg for the 5Fr PICC and 0.071 mmHg for the 6Fr PICC. The correlation coefficient for both catheters was 1.0 (P < 0.001). Dynamic pressure waveforms revealed equivalent amplitude. During the in vivo trial, 70 CVP measurements were collected. The paired CVP measurements were found to be highly reliable across subjects (r = 0.99, P < 0.0001). No significance in the average difference in CVP measurement (PICC–CVC) was determined by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (S = 1, P = 0.93). In conclusion, PICCs are equivalent to CVCs when measuring static and dynamic pressure in vitro and CVP in ICU patients.
On Mozart's Partial Autograph of the Duet «Nun, liebes Weibchen», K.625/592a

Mozart's partial autograph of the duet ‘Nun, liebes Weibchen’, K.625/592a, written for Emanuel Schikaneder's heroic-comic opera Der Stein der Weisen oder die Zauberinsel (Theater auf der Wieden, 11 September 1790) has not yet received the attention it deserves in the secondary literature. Perhaps this is due to the reluctance of scholars to accept Mozart's authorship. Because the initial string parts and all of the vocal lines are in another hand, and because Mozart did not enter the duet in his own handwritten catalogue, Alfred Einstein suggested that Mozart merely orchestrated original material possibly composed by Benedikt Schack, a suggestion that has been repeated as if it were a fact in several prominent studies.
Anomalies in optical harmonic generation using high-intensity laser radiation.

We observe experimentally and explain theoretically second- and third-harmonic generation from a cell containing xenon gas using a tightly focused laser beam with intensities of up to 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Both processes are forbidden according to standard lowest-order theories.
Local taxes, schooling, and jobs in Illinois

Abstract In this study, the effects of local taxes and schooling on private non-farm employment growth in Illinois since 1980 are examined. Also, the determinants of educational outcomes (ACT scores, school attendance, and dropout rates) in Illinois are assessed. The most important findings are that: (1) property taxes have a highly significant negative effect on employment growth; (2) ACT scores (county averages) have a positive effect on jobs; and (3) expenditures per pupil have no effect on either employment changes or ACT scores. The most important predictors of ACT scores are found to be family background including family income, parents' schooling, and single parenthood.
Vernier acuity with stationary moving Gabors

We examined the ability of observers to determine the vertical alignment of three Gabor patches (cosine gratings tapered in X and Y by Gaussians) when the grating within the middle patch was moving right or left. The comparison patches were flickered in counterphase, as was the test patch in a control condition. In all conditions, the Gabor patch itself (the envelope) was stationary. Vernier acuity (i.e. sensitivity) was almost as good with the moving as with the flickering Gabors, but there was a very pronounced positional bias in the case of the patterns in which the internal gratings were moving. The (stationary) patches appeared to be displaced in the direction of the grating movement. Thus if the grating were drifting rightwards, the observer would see the patches as being aligned only when the test patch position in fact was shifted far over to the left. This movement-related bias increased rapidly with retinal eccentricity, reaching 15 min at 8 deg eccentricity. The bias was greatest at 4-8 Hz temporal frequency, and at low spatial frequencies. Whether the patterns were on the horizontal or the vertical meridian was largely irrelevant, but larger biases were found with patterns moving towards or away from the fovea than with those moving in a tangential direction.
Pore-Water Chemistry of Carbonate Sediments from Harrington Sound, Bermuda: ABSTRACT

The interstitial waters of some anaerobic carbonate mud from Harrington Sound, Bermuda, have been analyzed for several organic and inorganic chemical species. The pore-water chemistry is controlled by production of these species because of the action of anaerobic bacteria on organic matter in the sediment. Interstitial waters from a series of shallow cores (approximately 1 m) were analyzed for the following aqueous species: pH, HCO< inf/3/-, SO4=, NH4+, HS-, CH4, N2, Ca+2, Mg+2, and SiO2. The insoluble organic matter was analyzed for organic C and N. Some observed concentration ranges are NH4+:O to 1 meq/l; HS-:O to 1 meq/l; HCO3-:2.7 to 8.0 meq/l. The decrease in SO4= concentration varies from 0 to 2 meq/l. The abundance of all the dissolved organic species consistently increases with depth, with concurrent decreases in pH, SO4=, Ca+2, and Mg+2. The C:N ratio in the metabolized organic matter is approximately 8. The ratio of CO2/H2S introduced into the pore waters is 5. This cannot be explained solely by the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria. The data are consistent with a theoretical model of organic decay in a closed chemical system, in which the components of the aqueous phase maintain near-equilibrium with the minerals present. End_of_Article - Last_Page 746------------
Extended Hückel treatment of the Fe57m nuclear quadrupole interaction in hemin

Improvement of the previous method of calculation of the field gradient at iron in hemin is reported. The earlier attempt included only the local contribution (electron density localized on iron) to the field gradient and that calculation gave the wrong sign of q. Reported here are the contributions of non-local and distant terms to the observed field gradient. It is found that the distant terms are negligible, and that non-local effects are of comparable size and the same sign as local terms. Thus with the available extended Huckel wave-functions, a more complete calculation of q leads to a worsening of the results. Further analysis leads to the conclusion that a correct estimate of q may be obtained by means of contracting the radial parts of the in-plane d-orbitals (those which interact most strongly with the porphyrin nitrogen lone pairs). Greatly results are obtained with only a moderate and physically reasonable change in the orbital exponents. Also presented is a calculation of the quadrupole coupling at ligand chlorine.
Sexual bias on Rorschach administration.

Summary To broaden the base of previous findings of cross-sex influence in Rorschach testing, specifically the hypothesis that the male E — female S combination leads to more Rorschach responses than any other sex pairing, Rorschach protocols obtained from male and female Ss by male psychology interns, female psychology interns, and male experienced clinicians were examined. The hypothesis was supported only for male interns who obtained significantly more responses from female than male Ss (p < .05). No cross-sex differences were found for either female interns or experienced male clinicians. The results are consistent with previous studies of the psychological testing and experimental situations. However, the study strongly suggests that cross-sex bias may not be generalizable to experienced male clinicians.
Characteristics of success in mentoring and research productivity - a case-control study of academic centers.

Abstract Objectives While mentoring has been associated with research productivity, the specific characteristics of successful mentoring have not been well studied. Thus, we performed a case–control study to identify characteristics of successful mentoring programs. Methods Institutions were divided based on number of plenary research presentations at an annual society meeting over 6years. Case institutions (Group A) had more presentations vs. controls (Group B). A survey of professors and research fellows assessed characteristics of their mentoring program. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Of 159 surveyed, response rates were 46% for professors and 51% for fellows. Compared to Group B, Group A was more likely to have: an additional year of protected fellowship research training (62% vs. 24%; p=0.003), an established program to connect a mentor and mentee with similar research interests (52% vs. 27%; p=0.049), methods to provide feedback to mentors (62% vs. 29%; p=0.01), require mentee research progress reports (45% vs. 21%; p=0.047), and report ease of identifying a mentor (90% vs. 69%; p=0.046). On multivariate analyses, the additional year of research training (OR=7.53, 95% CI: 2.10–27.09; p=0.002) and ease at identifying a research mentor (OR=7.45, 95% CI: 1.44–38.6; p=0.017) remained as independent factors associated with higher research productivity. Conclusions Our data suggest that programs can enhance research productivity with the incorporation of accountability features including formalized reports of progress and mentorship feedback in fellowship training. Facilitating the identification of a mentor and providing an additional year of research may be independent factors associated with research productivity.
Preventive ethics and rural healthcare: addressing issues on a systems level.

The rural hospital and community with its cultural and personal values are uniquely interconnected and distinctly different from the non-rural setting. The unique characteristics of rural healthcar...
Toward a theory of collection development

Abstract Libraries exist because of the benefits they make possible to patrons and others, which benefits derive essentially from libraries' collections. A library collection should be seen as an investment. Benefits are returned on that investment and may justify the investment. Benefits remain potential benefits until use of materials in the collections results in actual benefits. Because of the role of benefits in justifying the investment, and the role of collections in providing benefits, this paper contends that collection development is the critical function in a library. Support is developed for this contention, which contributes to a theory of collection development, by focusing deserved attention on collection development, on library collections, on the related issues of benefits and return on investment, and on the question, Why do libraries exist? Finally, the discussion attempts to convince senior library managers and others of the obligation to ask if the benefits deriving from a library collection justify the dollars invested in that collection.
Responses of Legumes to Herbivores and Nutrients During Succession on a Nitrogen-Poor Soil

We measured legume abundance following 13- and 5-yr experiments testing for the effects of mammalian herbivores, nutrients, and climate on plant communities in an old field and a savanna in east central Minnesota. Total legume abundance was signif- icantly greater in plots with herbivores excluded. Within herbivore exclosures, legumes were more abundant in plots to which P, K, S, Mg, Mn, Ca, Na, and trace minerals had been added. Legumes were significantly more abundant in the savanna than in the old field. Lathyrus venosus, a rapidly growing early-maturing species, was largely responsible for these results. Two other common legumes at our study site, Amnorpha canescens and Les- pedeza capitata, were not significantly affected by herbivore exclosures. However, within herbivore exclosures, addition of nutrients significantly reduced Lespedeza. Late summer total legume biomass within herbivore exclosures increased strongly following exclosure establishment in 1982, declined dramatically following a severe drought in 1988, and then increased again following the drought. This trend suggested that herbivore effects we measured in 1994 restUlted from long-term accumulation of legumes following the estab- lishment of exclosures. Our results suggest that herbivores and nutrients other than nitrogen can dramatically limit the abundance of some legume species that might otherwise dominate grassland plant communities on nitrogen-poor soils. Limitation of legumes by colonization and drought may also be important. Thus, herbivores and nutrients other than nitrogen may be critical in structuring grassland plant communities and influencing succession, even on nitrogen-poor soils.
Genetic basis of murine responses to hyperoxia-induced lung injury

To evaluate the effect of genetic background on oxygen (O2) toxicity, nine genetically diverse mouse strains (129/SvIm, A/J, BALB/cJ, BTBR+(T)/tf/tf, CAST/Ei, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and FVB/NJ) were exposed to more than 99% O2 for 72 h. Immediately following the hyperoxic challenge, the mouse strains demonstrated distinct pathophysiologic responses. The BALB/cJ and CAST/Ei strains, which were the only strains to demonstrate mortality from the hyperoxic challenges, were also the only strains to display significant neutrophil infiltration into their lower respiratory tract. In addition, the O2-challenged BALB/cJ and CAST/Ei mice were among six strains (A/J, BALB/cJ, CAST/Ei, BTBR+(T)/tf/tf, DBA/2J, and C3H/HeJ) that had significantly increased interleukin 6 concentrations in the whole lung lavage fluid and were among all but one strain that had large increases in lung permeability compared with air-exposed controls. In contrast, the DBA/2J strain was the only strain not to have any significant alterations in lung permeability following hyperoxic challenge. The expression of the extracellular matrix proteins, including collagens I, III, and IV, fibronectin I, and tenascin C, also varied markedly among the mouse strains, as did the activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and manganese-SOD (Mn-SOD or SOD2). These data suggest that the response to O2 depends, in part, on the genetic background and that some of the strains analyzed can be used to identify specific loci and genes underlying the response to O2.
Ductile-Phase Toughening of Brazed Joints

A heat treatment is presented that uses ductile-phase toughening to mitigate the effect of brittle intermetallics in a Ni-based braze alloy. The fracture resistance has been enhanced by creating a microstructure containing elongated ductile γ-(Ni) domains that align, preferentially, across the joint. The development of this beneficial microstructure is based on an understanding of the transient dissolution, isothermal solidification, and coarsening phenomena. Due to slow kinetics, the elimination of intermetallics by diffusion is avoided in favor of ductile domain formation through solidification control. The toughening has been attributed to a combination of bridging and process zone dissipation, enabled by the ductile phase.
Efficiency of the CATIE and BACS neuropsychological batteries in assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic treatments in schizophrenia

Efficient and reliable assessments of cognitive treatment effects are essential for the comparative evaluation of procognitive effects of pharmacologic therapies. Yet, no studies have addressed the sensitivity and efficiency with which neurocognitive batteries evaluate cognitive abilities before and after treatment. Participants were primarily first episode schizophrenia patients who completed baseline (n = 367) and 12-week (n = 219) assessments with the BACS (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) and CATIE (Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness) neuropsychological batteries in a clinical trial comparing olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that performance on both batteries was characterized by a single factor of generalized cognitive deficit for both baseline performance and cognitive change after treatment. Both batteries estimated similar levels of change following treatment, although the BACS battery required half the administration time. Because a unitary factor characterized baseline cognitive abilities in early psychosis as well as cognitive change after treatment with atypical antipsychotic medications, short batteries such as the BACS may efficiently provide sufficient assessment of procognitive treatment effects with antipsychotic medications. Assessment of cognitive effects of adjunctive therapies targeting specific cognitive domains or impairments may require more extensive testing of the domains targeted to maximize sensitivity for detecting specific predicted cognitive outcomes.
Sex differences in trait hostility at levels above and below the mean

Abstract Sex differences in trait hostility in two samples were investigated using logistic regression techniques. It was hypothesized that women's levels of aggressive responding and hostile affect would be lower than men's in both samples. As predicted, women in sample 1 were less hostile than men on these scales at all levels. However, women in sample 2 were less hostile only on the aggressive responding scale. These differences are discussed in relation to existing research and the role of current socialization pressures.
Ultrafast Coupled Electronic and Lattice Dynamics in Exciton Self-Trapping: Correlation of the Localization Length and Acoustic Phonon Dynamics

We probe the dynamics of exciton self-trapping using femtosecond impulsive excitation techniques. We find a low frequency oscillatory response consistent with coherent acoustic phonon generation, with an acoustic wavelength that scales with exciton localization length.
Vulnerability factors in anxiety: Strain and sex differences in the use of signals associated with non-threat during the acquisition and extinction of active-avoidance behavior.

Abstract Rats that exhibit a behaviorally inhibited temperament acquire active-avoidance behaviors quicker, and extinguish them slower, than normal outbred rats. Here we explored the contribution of stimuli that signal periods of non-threat (i.e. safety signals) in the process of acquiring active-avoidance behavior. Utilizing a discrete lever-press escape–avoidance protocol, outbred Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats and inbred, behaviorally inhibited, Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats were tested under conditions where a flashing light was either presented or not during periods of non-threat (the inter-trial interval, ITI). For males, we found the absence of the ITI-signal slowed the acquisition of avoidance behavior selectively in WKY rats. However, extinction of the avoidance behavior was not influenced by training with or without the ITI-signal; WKY males extinguished slower than SD males. For females, the presence of the ITI-signal did not affect acquisition in either strain. However, after training with the ITI-signal, females of both strains extinguished quicker in its absence than in its presence. In order to determine if facilitated acquisition of avoidance learning in male WKY rats was due to a paradigm-independent influence of the visual stimulus used as ITI-signal upon associative learning, we conducted eyeblink conditioning in the presence or absence of a similar visual stimulus. No differences in acquisition, as a function of this visual stimulus, were observed within the male WKY rats, but, as was observed in avoidance learning, male WKY rats extinguished slower than male SD rats. Thus, avoidance susceptibility for male WKY rats may be tied both to the presence of non-threat signals as well as a resistance to extinguish Pavlovian-conditioned associations. Female susceptibility to resist extinguishing avoidant behavior is discussed with respect to the possible role of stimuli serving as occasion setters for threat contexts.
Working through polytomies: auklets revisited.

Abstract Polytomies, or phylogenetic “bushes”, are the result of a series of internodes occurring in a short period of evolutionary time (which can result in data that do not contain enough information), or data that have too much homoplasy to resolve a bifurcating branching pattern. In this study we used the Aethia auklet polytomy to explore the effectiveness of different methods for resolving polytomies: mitochondrial DNA gene choice, number of individuals per species sampled, model of molecular evolution, and AFLP loci. We recovered a fully-resolved phylogeny using NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) sequence data under two different Bayesian models. We were able to corroborate this tree under one model with an expanded mtDNA dataset. Effectiveness of additional intraspecific sampling varied with node, and fully 20% of the subsampled datasets failed to return a congruent phylogeny when we sampled only one or two individuals per species. We did not recover a resolved phylogeny using AFLP data. Conflict in the AFLP dataset showed that nearly all possible relationships were supported at low levels of confidence, suggesting that either AFLPs are not useful at the genetic depth of the Aethia auklet radiation (7–9% divergent in the mtDNA ND2 gene), perhaps resulting in too much homoplasy, or that the Aethia auklets have experienced incomplete lineage sorting at many nuclear loci.
Metal-Poor Stars.IV. The Evolution of Red Giants

Detailed evolutionary calculations for six Population-II red giants are presented. The first five of these models are followed from the zero age main sequence to the onset of the helium flash. The sixth model allows the effect of direct electron-neutrino interactions to be estimated. The updated input physics and evolutionary code are described briefly. The results of the calculations are presented in a manner pertinent to later stages of evolutions and suitable for comparison with observations.
A brief survey and synthesis of the roles of time in petri nets

Petri nets augmented with time are interesting models which can be used for the modelling and analysis of a wide range of concurrent discrete-event systems. In this paper, the nature of the semantics of different approaches to incorporating time in Petri nets is illustrated by examples. The paper considers the critical roles of conflict, confusion and concurrence in the formulation of execution policies. Several different methods for the analysis of timed Petri net models are also discussed. The paper then introduces a timed Petri net structure which incorporates all the other structures described.
Principal transcription sigma factors of Pseudomonas putida strains mt-2 and G1 are significantly different.

Abstract The rpoD gene coding for the primary transcription sigma factor, σ70, and its entire operon were cloned from strain mt-2 of the purple soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of Ppmt-2 σ70 with that of σ70 from P. putida strain G1 shows that the two proteins differ in their primary structure, molecular weight, and isoelectric point. The significance of this difference is discussed in terms of bacterial taxonomy and transcription regulation.
Treatment of parental stress to enhance therapeutic change among children referred for aggressive and antisocial behavior.

This study evaluated a parent problem-solving (PPS) intervention designed to augment the effects of evidence-based therapy for children referred to treatment for aggressive and antisocial behavior. All children (N = 127, ages 6-14 years) and their families received problem-solving skills training (PSST), and parents received parent management training (PMT). Families were randomly assigned to receive or not to receive an additional component (PPS) that addressed parental stress over the course of treatment. Children improved with treatment; the PPS intervention enhanced therapeutic change for children and parents and reduced the barriers that parents experienced during treatment. The implications of the findings for improving evidence-based treatment as well as the limitations of adding components to treatment are detailed. Language: en
Impact of degree of phosphorylation on intrinsic and thermal properties of poly(styrenephosphonate diethyl ester)s

The intrinsic and thermal characteristics of poly(styrenephosphonate diethyl ester)s (PSP) are described. The properties of the polymer prepared by two synthetic procedures, phosphorylation of monodispersed polystyrene and polymerization of vinylbenzenephosphonate ester, are compared with chloromethylated polystyrene and with each other. Empirical formulas are presented for the relationships between the degree of polymerization, degree of phosphorylation, molecular weight, and intrinsic viscosity (in methanol and toluene). Thermal analysis reveals a sharp drop in Tg with an increase in degree of phosphorylation; Tg of the fully phosphorylated polystyrene is in the range of 9–30°C. The Tg ΔCp values show significant decrease with augmentation in the degree of phosphorylation, yielding a value of 14 cal g−1 for the fully phosphorylated polymer, compared with ∼ 29 cal g−1 for the parent polymer. The PSP is shown to have substantial capacity for dissolving heavy metal salts, such as UO2(NO3)2, causing significant elevation in the Tg.
The use of the refraction-seismic techniques in geomorphology

Summary The portable refraction seismograph provides a useful research tool for determining the characteristics and thickness of surficial waste covers. Several types of instruments are described here. The operation of the portable seismograph and the interpretation of data are discussed including several examples of its use in the field.
Analysis of censored and incomplete survival data using flowgraph models

Multi-state stochastic models are widely used to model stages of disease progression in survival analysis. This paper develops flowgraph models for data analysis in survival analysis. We illustrate these methods using data from a study of diabetic retinopathy consisting of 277 subjects with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM). These data were collected at the Eye-Kidney Clinic of the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.
Site selection for offshore facilities

A simplified input-output process is used to describe the end-members of two methods of site selection: one in which the structure controls the site and the other in which the site controls the structure. Most site selection processes are combinations of these two methods. Factors ranging from atmospheric, oceanic, and seafloor conditions to marine biota, constructional, and political-demographic-geographic are tabulated to show the variety that may be considered in the site selection process. The bathymetric, geological-geophysical, and geotechnical components of siting surveys are reviewed, together with location control. The state-of-the-art of siting all kinds of structures on the continental margins and deepsea floor beyond the continental margin could be improved in almost all areas to increase the reliability of operations at sea and to decrease costs.
Triumph of the embryo

The Meaning of Evolution: The Morphological Construction and Ideological Reconstruction of Darwin's Theory. By Robert J. Richards. University of Chicago Press: 1992. Pp. 205. $19.95, £15.95.
Resource heterogeneity generated by shrubs and topography on coastal sand dunes

In early stages of primary succession, colonizing plants can create resource patches that influence the abundance and distribution of other species. To test whether different colonizing shrubs generate contrasting patches on coastal sand dunes, we compared soil characteristics and light availability under the nitrogen-fixing shrub Lupinus arboreus, under the non-nitrogen-fixing shrub Artemisia pycnocephala, and between shrubs on dunes at a site in northern California. Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rates were generally 1–10 times greater in soil under Lupinus than under Artemisia or between shrubs. Soil water content was mostly lower under shrubs. Mean photon flux density near ground level was reduced by at least 80% at ≥ 35 cm inside shrub canopies. Topography appeared to have more effect on soil moisture but less direct effect on nitrogen availability than did Lupinus. However, Lupinus probably increases nitrogen levels more on higher, drier dunes. Microhabitats under and between nitrogen-fixing shrubs constitute a mosaic of individually poor but complementary patches in which high levels of light and moderate levels of soil nitrogen are present but tend not to occur together.
Effects of muscle stimulation in situ in pregnant rats.

Effects of muscle stimulation were studied in the perfused hindleg of late pregnant and age-matched control rats. Muscle stimulation increased tissue glucose uptake in both groups with a tendency towards higher values in the pregnant rats. The stimulation-induced lactate production was markedly larger in pregnant than in control rats. In the pregnant rats muscle tension output decreased more rapidly and vascular resistance was greater than in non-pregnant group. The decline of tension, accompanied by the enhanced lactate production of contracting muscles, may suggest a reduced muscle oxidative potential in late pregnancy and/or delayed adaptation of the local blood flow. The greater vascular resistance found during muscle stimulation in pregnant animals might have been due to the persistant local action of estrogens. The data obtained indicate that pregnancy modifies skeletal muscle function during stimulation in situ.
Developmentally regulated expression by Trypanosoma cruzi of molecules that accelerate the decay of complement C3 convertases

We recently showed that culture-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes (CMT), but not epimastigotes (Epi), of the Miranda 88 strain of Trypanosoma cruzi evade lysis by the human alternative complement pathway because of inefficient binding of factor B to complement component C3b on the parasite surface. These results suggested that CMT and tissue-culture-derived trypomastigotes (TCT), which also activate the alternative pathway poorly, might produce a molecule capable of interfering with factor B binding to C3b. We now demonstrate that CMT and TCT lysates, as well as molecules spontaneously shed from CMT and TCT but not Epi, accelerate decay of 125I-labeled factor Bb from the alternative-pathway C3 convertase (C3bBb) assembled on zymosan or Epi and also accelerate decay of the classical-pathway C3 convertase (C4b2a) on sheep erythrocytes. Parasites metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine spontaneously shed a limited number of radioactive components ranging in molecular mass from 86 to 155 kDa for trypomastigotes and 25 to 80 kDa for Epi. Decay-accelerating activity within supernatants is inactivated by papain and is coeluted with 35S-containing polypeptides on FPLC anion-exchange chromatography, suggesting that the active constituents are protein molecules. Molecules with decay-accelerating activity may explain the developmentally regulated resistance to complement-mediated lysis in infective and vertebrate stages of the T. cruzi life cycle.
Sequencing of hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer.

Abstract Background: Hormonal therapy (HT) is an important consideration in the management of postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Despite the fact that the advanced-stage disease is virtually incurable, HTs can offer patients disease control equivalent to that of chemotherapy, but with improved quality of life (QOL). Knowledge of the estrogen and progesterone receptor status, as well as other clinical factors, allows for selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from HT. Disease that becomes refractory to an initial HT may respond to another agent or class of HTs. Thus, HTs are generally administered sequentially, delaying the need for cytotoxic chemotherapy, which often reduces QOL. Optimal sequencing is thus one of the more important facets of HT. Prior to the release of a number of newer agents, tamoxifen had been considered as initial HT. At present, more agents exist, including the aromatase inhibitors, progestins, and the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant. Objective: This article reviews key trials evaluating the use of sequential HTs. Methods: Articles were identified for inclusion in this manuscript through the following searches, limited to English-language publications: MEDLINE (mid 1960s to January 2002), American Society of Oncology abstracts (1997–2001), and San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium abstracts (2001 and 2002). The following search terms were used: breast cancer, hormonal therapies, tamoxifen, toremifene, letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane, megestrol acetate, fulvestrant, and ICI 182,780. Results: Results of Phase III studies have shown many of these agents to be equivalent or superior to tamoxifen and can be used initially to treat patients who either have failed tamoxifen therapy or may be unable to tolerate some of the toxicities associated with tamoxifen. For example, the aromatase inhibitors have been shown to be highly active and tolerable in postmenopausal women with breast cancer who have failed tamoxifen therapy or who are naive to HT. Other clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of fulvestrant in patients with metastatic breast cancer who are tamoxifen-resistant, and have shown fulvestrant to be at least as effective as anastrozole in tamoxifen-resistant patients. Conclusions: Although the optimum sequence of HTs remains controversial, using the newer agents as initial or subsequent therapy should improve QOL and may improve overall survival.
The circadian clock within the heart: potential influence on myocardial gene expression, metabolism, and function

It is becoming increasingly clear that the intrinsic properties of both the heart and vasculature exhibit dramatic oscillations over the course of the day. Diurnal variations in the responsiveness of the cardiovascular system to environmental stimuli are mediated by a complex interplay between extracellular (i.e., neurohumoral factors) and intracellular (i.e., circadian clock) influences. The intracellular circadian clock is composed of a series of transcriptional modulators that together allow the cell to perceive the time of day, thereby enabling preparation for an anticipated stimulus. These molecular timepieces have been characterized recently within both vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes, giving rise to a multitude of hypotheses relating to the potential role(s) of the circadian clock as a modulator of physiological and pathophysiological cardiovascular events. For example, evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that the circadian clock within the heart modulates myocardial metabolism, which in turn facilitates anticipation of diurnal variations in workload, substrate availability, and/or the energy supply-to-demand ratio. The purpose of this review is therefore to summarize our current understanding of the molecular events governing diurnal variations in the intrinsic properties of the heart, with special emphasis on the intramyocardial circadian clock. Whether impairment of this molecular mechanism contributes toward cardiovascular disease associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, shift work, sleep apnea, and/or obesity will be discussed.
Feminist scholarship as a vocation

It’s harder to work when it’s not fitting into one’s discipline in a particular way. You can’t expect to get clear judgements and rewards, although you’ll get different opinions about it… The problem is the people who could judge it are out there and not in here in my department and my discipline.
Entrainment of circadian rhythms: retinofugal pathways and unilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions.

Abstract The role of retinohypothalamic input to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) as well as SCN afferents from the ventrolateral geniculate nuclei (LGN v ) in the entrainment of circadian drinking rhythms was investigated in the rat. Bilateral lesions of the LGN v and the primary optic tracts had no affect on the entrainment of drinking rhythms to a light-dark cycle, the response to a 12 hr phase shift of the light-dark cycle, or on the period of the free-running circadian rhythm in constant light or constant darkness. Unilateral blinding in rats with or without LGN v lesions retarded the rate of phase shifting by 2 days and decreased the period of the free-running rhythm in constant light. For rats with unilateral SCN lesions, or such lesions combined with either ipsi- or contra-lateral blinding, the rate of re-entrainment was intermediate between intact and unilaterally blinded rats indicating that unilateral SCN lesions partially reversed the effects of unilateral blinding. Unilateral SCN lesions had no effect on the period of the free-running rhythm in constant light or darkness. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the asymmetrical innervation of the two SCN by the RHT in unilaterally blinded rats delays re-entrainment by changing the phase response curve of the circadian system. This change may be mediated by neural connections between the two SCN.
OPTIMAL SPATIAL TARIFFS OF JOINT PRODUCTS: THE PLANNING OF A COGENERATION AND DISTRICT‐HEATING PROJECT

It is assumed here that utility districts supplying both electricity and heating, given their institutional and physical environments, can be considered in terms of continuous, spatially-differentiated markets in which different consumers can be charged different prices for each of the joint products. An optimal spatial pricing rule is derived from a given spatial distribution of demand and income, a given normative function of distributional equity, and an assumption of spatially interdependent supply costs. In addition, the optimal size of the central cogenerating plant and the optimal size of the district are simultaneously derived. Finally, in the feasibility analysis, the possibility of cross-subsidization is introduced.
Modeling dynamical interactions between fast and slow movements: fast saccadic eye movement behavior in the presence of the slower VOR

Abstract An ongoing controversy has to do with the interactions between “fast” (saccadic, quick phase) and “slow” (all other) eye movements. By attacking such issues with both experimental and especially simulation studies using our nonlinear sixth order reciprocally innervated model of the eye mechanical system, insights can be gained into the nature of these nontrivial phenomena. In our present study we relied both (1) on simulation of saccades under a wide range of experimental conditions [vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) velocities from -100 to 100 deg/sec, VOR induced position ranges from -30 to 30 degrees, time-optimal saccades ranging from 2 to 40 degrees], and (2) on using a wide variety of computer simulation of eye movement models, ranging from nonlinear ones with first and especially second order multipulse step controller signal structures, to different controller signal interaction schemes, to simulation using linearized models. We have isolated two important nonlinear phenomena: a level I nonlinear mechanical interaction, dependent not only on the initial velocity but also on the “position effect,” a new finding; and a level II nonlinear neurological interaction, close to “squelching” of the VOR controller signals by the dominating saccadic signal. Furthermore, we have used our simulation findings to reinterpret others' experimental data on eye movement interactions, including saccadic-smooth pursuit, saccadic-vergence, and vestibular nystagmus.