cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water Calorimetry: The Heat Defect.

Domen developed a sealed water calorimeter at NIST to measure absorbed dose to water from ionizing radiation. This calorimeter exhibited anomalous behavior using water saturated with gas mixtures of H2 and O2. Using computer simulations of the radiolysis of water, we show that the observed behavior can be explained if, in the gas mixtures, the amount-of-substance of H2 and of O2 differed significantly from 50 %. We also report the results of simulations for other dilute aqueous solutions that are used for water calorimetry-pure water, air-saturated water, and H2-saturated water. The production of H2O2 was measured for these aqueous solutions and compared to simulations. The results indicate that water saturated with a gas mixture containing an amount-of-substance of H2 of 50 % and of O2 of 50 % is suitable for water calorimetry if the water is stirred and is in contact with a gas space of similar volume. H2-saturated water does not require a gas space but O2 contamination must be guarded against. The lack of a scavenger for OH radicals in "pure" water means that, depending on the water purity, some "pure" water might require a large priming dose to remove reactive impurities. The experimental and theoretical problems associated with air-saturated water and O2-saturated water in water calorimeters are discussed.
Reactive sticking coefficient of silane on the Si(111)-(7×7) Surface

Abstract The reactive sticking coefficient, S R , of SiH 4 on the Si (111)-(7×7) surface has been studied as a function of hydrogen coverage (Θ H ) in the temperature range from 100 to 500 °C. Evidence is seen for two adsorption regimes which are proposed to correspond to minority and majority surface sites. On the minority sites (Θ H =0 to 0.08), S R is approximately 10 −5 and essentially no dependence of S R on surface temperature, T S , is found. Reactive sticking becomes a complicated function of T S and Θ H , with S R decreasing, on the majority sites (Θ H ⪢008).
Investigation of the electrical system design concept and grid connection of ocean energy devices to an offshore compressed energy storage system

One of the biggest challenges of ocean wave and wind energy systems is the mitigation of the intermittency effects, in order to allow for their integration into the electric grid. Energy extraction using an ocean based compressed air energy storage system (OCAES) is proposed to enhance the economic dispatch of these energy sources onto the grid. There are land based compressed air energy systems storage systems. The ocean based version is a relatively new concept that is not proven and has not been studied in detail, yet it has significant advantages over the land based systems. The focus of the paper is on the power transmission and grid control utilizing the OCAES. System design concepts are discussed and simulation results are provided.
Cadmium exposures in silver soldering operations.

(1960). Cadmium Exposures in Silver Soldering Operations. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 107-109.
Global transcriptome and deletome profiles of yeast exposed to transition metals.

A variety of pathologies are associated with exposure to supraphysiological concentrations of essential metals and to non-essential metals and metalloids. The molecular mechanisms linking metal exposure to human pathologies have not been clearly defined. To address these gaps in our understanding of the molecular biology of transition metals, the genomic effects of exposure to Group IB (copper, silver), IIB (zinc, cadmium, mercury), VIA (chromium), and VB (arsenic) elements on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined. Two comprehensive sets of metal-responsive genomic profiles were generated following exposure to equi-toxic concentrations of metal: one that provides information on the transcriptional changes associated with metal exposure (transcriptome), and a second that provides information on the relationship between the expression of ∼4,700 non-essential genes and sensitivity to metal exposure (deletome). Approximately 22% of the genome was affected by exposure to at least one metal. Principal component and cluster analyses suggest that the chemical properties of the metal are major determinants in defining the expression profile. Furthermore, cells may have developed common or convergent regulatory mechanisms to accommodate metal exposure. The transcriptome and deletome had 22 genes in common, however, comparison between Gene Ontology biological processes for the two gene sets revealed that metal stress adaptation and detoxification categories were commonly enriched. Analysis of the transcriptome and deletome identified several evolutionarily conserved, signal transduction pathways that may be involved in regulating the responses to metal exposure. In this study, we identified genes and cognate signaling pathways that respond to exposure to essential and non-essential metals. In addition, genes that are essential for survival in the presence of these metals were identified. This information will contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism by which organisms respond to metal stress, and could lead to an understanding of the connection between environmental stress and signal transduction pathways.
Seselwa Serialization and its Significance

Hitherto it has been believed that serial verb constructions were not found in the French Creoles of the Indian Ocean. In fact, there exists a wide variety of such constructions in both Morisyen and Seselwa; extensive examples from Seselwa are provided. However, for less basilectal speakers, such constructions must carry on each verb a tense marker which is identical to that on the matrix verb. This fact, together with the misanalysis of Seselwa i as a reprise pronoun, served to disguise the nature of Seselwa serials. The data surveyed has significant consequences for future studies of creoles and for theories of creole origins.
Effects of finite geometry and boundary conditions on scattering functions at two-dimensional critical points.

Using the consequences of conformal invariance we examine the effects of finite size and boundary conditions on the scattering line shape for two-dimensional systems at bulk critical points. The "apparent exponent" behavior observed for free boundary conditions is modeled analytically, and the influence of the finite geometry on the overall line shape is discussed. For fixed boundary conditions critical effects are strongly suppressed.
Mechanism of protection against carbon tetrachloride by prior carbon tetrachloride administration.

Abstract A small dose of carbon tetrachloride, equal to 1 20 of an ld 95, administered intragastrically to rats, confers a remarkable protection against subsequently administered and ordinarily lethal doses of the same liver poison. Protection sets in after 12 hours. It is fully developed by 24 hours and lasts for 3 days, after which it gradually fades. The development of tolerance is due to the capacity of the small initial dose of carbon tetrachloride to depress the liver microsomal drug-metabolizing system. Forty-eight hours posttreatment with a small, protective dose of carbon tetrachloride, hexobarbital sleeping time is increased more than 3-fold, and conversion of 14CCl4 to exhaled 14CO2 is depressed to half the control rate.
The effects of soy and whey protein supplementation on acute hormonal reponses to resistance exercise in men.

Objective: For many resistance-trained men concerns exist regarding the production of estrogen with the consumption of soy protein when training for muscle strength and size. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of soy and whey protein supplementation on sex hormones following an acute bout of heavy resistance exercise in resistance trained men. Methods: Ten resistance-trained men (age 21.7 ± 2.8 [SD] years; height 175.0 ± 5.4 cm; weight 84.2 ± 9.1 kg) volunteered to participate in an investigation. Utilizing a within subject randomized crossover balanced placebo design, all subjects completed 3 experimental treatment conditions supplementing with whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), and maltodextrin placebo control for 14 days with participants ingesting 20 g of their assigned supplement each morning at approximately the same time each day. Following supplementation, subjects performed an acute heavy resistance exercise test consisting of 6 sets of 10 repet...
Effects of Base Sequence Context on Translesion Synthesis Past a Bulky (+)-trans-anti-B[a]P-N2-dG Lesion Catalyzed by the Y-family Polymerase pol κ†

The effects of bases flanking single bulky lesions derived from the binding of a benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide derivative ((+)-7R,8S,9S,10R stereoisomer) to N2-guanine (G*) on translesion bypass catalyzed by the Y-family polymerase pol κ (hDinB1) were examined in vitro. The lesions were positioned near the middle of six different 43-mer 5‘-...XG*Y... sequences (X, Y = C, T, or G, with all other bases remaining fixed). The complementary dCTP is preferentially inserted opposite G* in all of the sequences; however, the proportions of other dNTPs inserted varies as a function of X and Y. The dCTP insertion efficiencies, fins = (Vmax/Km)ins, are smaller in the XG*Y than in XGY sequences by factors of ∼50−90 (GG*T and GG*C) or 5000−25000 (TG*G and CG*G). Remarkably, in XG*Y sequences, fins varies by as much as 3 orders of magnitude, being smallest with G flanking the lesions on the 3‘-side and highest with G flanking the adducts on the 5‘-side. One-step primer extension efficiencies just beyond the lesio...
CVD synthesis and purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes on aerogel-supported catalyst

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were synthesized by disproportionation of carbon monoxide on an aerogel-supported Fe/Mo catalyst. A simple acidic treatment followed by an oxidation process produced a high purity (>99%) of SWNTs. The nanotubes obtained are bundled SWNTs and free of amorphous-carbon coating. Several factors that affect the yield and the quality of the SWNTs were also studied. This method shows great promise for large-scale production of SWNTs.
Tributaries and deltas: efficient and robust aggregation in sensor network streams

Existing energy-efficient approaches to in-network aggregation in sensor networks can be classified into two categories, tree-based and multi-path-based, with each having unique strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, we introduce Tributary-Delta, a novel approach that combines the advantages of the tree and multi-path approaches by running them simultaneously in different regions of the network. We present schemes for adjusting the regions in response to changes in network conditions, and show how many useful aggregates can be readily computed within this new framework. We then show how a difficult aggregate for this context---finding frequent items---can be efficiently computed within the framework. To this end, we devise the first algorithm for frequent items (and for quantiles) that provably minimizes the worst case total communication for non-regular trees. In addition, we give a multi-path algorithm for frequent items that is considerably more accurate than previous approaches. These algorithms form the basis for our efficient Tributary-Delta frequent items algorithm. Through extensive simulation with real-world and synthetic data, we show the significant advantages of our techniques. For example, in computing Count under realistic loss rates, our techniques reduce answer error by up to a factor of 3 compared to any previous technique.
Blood ACTH: effects of ether, pentobarbital, epinephrine and pain.

The exogenous test for ACTH release, analysis of blood ACTH in a recipient hypophysectomized rat, provides information on the rapid changes in blood ACTH which may follow application of a stimulus. The endogenous test, analysis of ACTH release by adrenal ascorbic acid depletionin the stimulated animal, fails to uncover these dynamic changes. A painful stimulus markedly elevates blood ACTH within a few minutes of application. Elevated blood levels persist during 30 minutes of intermittent painful stimulation. Ether first excites, then inhibits ACTH release. Pentobarbital exhibits only a depressant action. The excitatory action of ether is blocked by decerebration and by destruction of the median eminence area of the hypothalamus. The excitatory action of epinephrine is manifest in the decerebrate but not in the median eminence lesion rat. Since ether and pentobarbital depress the brain stem reticular system, it is reasonable to speculate that the action of these two agents in inhibiting ACTH release involv...
Coming of Age: Breast Cancer in Seniors

In the U.S., cancer is a disease of aging. The average 65year-old patient has an anticipated life expectancy of 20 years, and clinicians should take this into account when making breast cancer management decisions. However, older breast cancer patients can present with wide variations in health status, and treatment in older patients should therefore include a careful evaluation of comorbidities, physical function, polypharmacy, and other issues that could potentially impact a patient’s ability to undergo chemotherapy without excessive risk. Evaluation tools are under development, including potential molecular markers, to identify which older patients are the best candidates for chemotherapy, as well as those more susceptible to actually developing cancer. Standard chemotherapy regimens are just as effective in olderpatientsastheyareintheyoungerpopulation,and can substantially prolong life expectancy when used in the right patients. This article discusses breast cancer in seniors, including the epidemiology of breast cancer in these patients, the potential impact of comorbidities, and effective adjuvant therapy in selected older patients. The Oncologist 2010;15(suppl 5):57–65
Sorption and transport of methanol in poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Abstract This paper reports the sorption and diffusion characteristics of methanol vapor in polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Amorphous PET, semicrystalline, biaxially oriented annealed and non-annealed samples have been studied for equilibrium sorption and kinetics of methanol. At activities of methanol less than 0.30, uptake shows Fickian kinetics and isotherm follows the Dual Mode model. Diffusion coefficients increase with penetrant concentration and are of the order of 10−10 cm2/s. Hysteresis during desorption and increase in solubility during resorption suggest methanol induced conditioning effects which may have detrimental effects on the barrier efficacy of PET. At activities greater than 0.30, swelling and relaxation effects occur and the isotherms show Flory–Huggins behavior for all three samples. Uptake follows two-stage kinetics fit by the Berens–Hopfenberg model. Greater polymer chain stability due to annealing reduces the extent of relaxation and improves the barrier efficacy over amorphous and non-annealed, oriented PET. For amorphous PET, at 80% activity and above, an induction time is observed which is absent in the semicrystalline films, suggesting strong relaxation effects in the amorphous phase of PET.
Choosing Work Group Members: Balancing Similarity, Competence, and Familiarity

Abstract This study explores one of the contributors to group composition—the basis on which people choose others with whom they want to work. We use a combined model to explore individual attributes, relational attributes, and previous structural ties as determinants of work partner choice. Four years of data from participants in 33 small project groups were collected, some of which reflects individual participant characteristics and some of which is social network data measuring the previous relationship between two participants. Our results suggest that when selecting future group members people are biased toward others of the same race, others who have a reputation for being competent and hard working, and others with whom they have developed strong working relationships in the past. These results suggest that people strive for predictability when choosing future work group members.
Harmony, lowering and nasalization in Brazilian Portuguese

This article studies a complex interaction of two different systems of rules affecting vowel height in Brazilian Portuguese. One of these systems of rules is displayed in the phenomenon of vowel alternation. Elaborating on previous analyses, an alternative analysis of this phenomenon is provided, in which vowel alternations are shown to follow from three major rules (Vowel Harmony, Lowering and Neutralization). It is argued that two of these central rules (Vowel Harmony and Neutralization) must crucially conform to the Principle of Structure Preservation. The other system of rules affecting vowel height is found in the nasalization phenomenon. An analysis for this phenomenon is proposed, which shows the effects of nasalization on vowel height: Nasalized low vowels are raised. We then study the results that obtain when the two subsystems affecting vowel height interact and show the complicated facts that arise can be accounted for in terms of the analysis given here.
Bit-wise parallel algorithms for efficient software correlation applied to a GPS software receiver

A set of efficient algorithms for processing code-division multiple-access spread spectrum signals has been developed. They make use of bit-wise parallelism to process 32 samples simultaneously. These algorithms have been implemented in a real-time global positioning system software receiver. The receiver consists of a radio-frequency front end, a system of shift registers, a digital data acquisition card, and software that runs on a 1.73-GHz PC. The PC performs base-band mixing and pseudorandom noise code correlations in a manner that directly simulates a hardware digital correlator.
c-Ki-ras mutations in peripheral blood of pancreatic cancer patients: A marker for early tumor metastasis

Abstract Purpose : To determine the incidence of circulating minimal malignant clone (CMMC) (harboring c-Ki-ras-2 mutation) in peripheral blood (PB) samples of untreated pancreatic cancer using polymerase chain reactio0n (PCR) analysis of c-Ki-ras-2 oncogene. Methods and Materials : Experiments were carried out in fresh tumor, peritoneal washings (PW), and PB samples of untreated pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients (both resectable and unresectable). Samples were taken from 16 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma for the PCR analysis of mutated c-Ki-ras oncogene. Five tumor samples, 15 PB samples, and 3 PW samples were analyzed for point mutation of the c-Ki-ras gene at codon 12. Results : Out of five tumor samples analyzed for c-Ki-ras mutation, four were positive at the 12th codon. Out of total 15 PB samples, nine were positive for the c-Ki-ras point mutation at the 12th codon. All the positive PB samples showed a base substitution from GGT to GAT in the second position of the 12th codon. Out of three PW samples, two showed mutation at the second from GGT to GAT similar to their PB and tumor samples. Conclusion : Our study indicated the presence of the tumor cells (CMMC) in PB of pancreatic adenocarcinoma that can be identified by PCR analysis of c-Ki-ras oncogene. Patients with presence of CMMC in PB and mutation in PW had tumors that responds poorly to treatment.
Applications of capsule dosing techniques for use in dry powder inhalers

Dry powder inhaler (DPI) devices that utilize two-piece capsules as the dose-holding system can require specialized dosing equipment to fill the capsules. Such products are known as ‘premetered’ because they contain previously measured doses in a dose carrier (the capsule). The capsule is either inserted into the device during manufacture or by the patient prior to use. The dose is inhaled directly from the device/premetered unit by the patient. Regardless of DPI design, the most crucial attributes are the reproducibility of the discharged dose and the particle size distribution of the drug within that dose. Filling inhalation powders into capsules often requires specialized equipment in order to handle the very low weights that are often contained in each dose. The equipment typically needs to incorporate in-process checks to confirm the filling process has been correctly performed, with the ability to reject any under- or over-filled capsules, in line with established quality criteria. In the majority of cases, such processing equipment is maintained in a temperature and humidity controlled environment to avoid moisture uptake and potential powder aggregation and, in particular, to ensure the powder is free flowing on introduction into the capsule. This ensures that the emitted dose is maximized and controlled according to industry guidelines and that the fine particle fraction provides an optimum clinical benefit. Several methods of dosing precise doses of powder into capsules are available and include dosator technology and tamp processes, as well as equipment that utilize the ‘pepper-shaker’ or ‘pepper-pot’ principle for the accurate dispensing of powders. This article reviews the suitability of each method with respect to dosing inhalation powder into capsules for use in DPI devices, and discusses why the pepper-pot principle could offer a number of clear benefits.
JOB ENGAGEMENT: ANTECEDENTS AND EFFECTS ON JOB PERFORMANCE

We theorize that engagement, conceptualized as the investment of an individual’s complete self into a role, provides a more comprehensive explanation of relationships with performance than do well-known concepts that reflect narrower aspects of the individual’s self. Results of a study of 245 firefighters and their supervisors supported our hypotheses that engagement mediates relationships between value congruence, perceived organizational support, and core self-evaluations, and two job performance dimensions: task performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Job involvement, job satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation were included as mediators but did not exceed engagement in explaining relationships among the antecedents and performance outcomes.
Facile reactions of functionally substituted 1,3,5,7-tetrasilaadamantanes with nucleophilic reagents

Abstract The first facile nucleophilic displacement reactions of functionally-substituted tetrasilaadamantanes are reported and are in dramatic contrast to the previously reported lack of reactivity of this system toward nucleophilic reagents.
Enhanced extracellular matrix accumulation in restenosis of coronary arteries after stent deployment.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the cellular and extracellular composition of human coronary arterial in-stent restenosis after various periods of time following stent deployment. Background Neointimal in-growth rather than stent recoil is thought to be important for coronary arterial in-stent restenosis. There is only limited data on the cellular and extracellular composition changes with time after stent deployment. Methods We analyzed 29 coronary arterial in-stent restenotic tissue samples (14 left anterior descending coronary artery, 10 right coronary artery, and 5 left circumflex artery) retrieved by using directional coronary atherectomy from 25 patients at 0.5 to 23 (mean, 5.7) months after deployment of Palmaz-Schatz stents employing histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. Results Cell proliferation was low (0% to 4%). Myxoid tissue containing extracellular matrix (ECM) enriched with proteoglycans was found in 69% of cases and decreased over time after stenting. Cell-depleted areas were found in 57% of cases and increased with time after stenting. Versican, biglycan, perlecan, and hyaluronan were present with varying individual distributions in all samples. Positive transforming growth factor-β1 staining was found in 80% of cases. Immunostaining with alpha-smooth muscle actin identified the majority of cells as smooth muscle cells with occasional macrophages present (≤12 cells per section). Conclusions These data suggest that enhanced ECM accumulation rather than cell proliferation contribute to later stages of in-stent restenosis. Balloon angioplasty of in-stent restenosis may, therefore, fail due to ECM changes during: 1) additional stent expansion, 2) tissue extrusion out of the stent, or 3) tissue compression.
Commentary: Questionable premises, overadjustment, and a smoking/suicide association in younger adult men

The analysis of smoking/suicide associations in this edition of the International Journal of Epidemiology risks deceiving rather than informing readers. 1 The paper’s calculations and conclusions are highlighted, yet their basic assumptions seem incompletely disclosed, and likely false. The paper violates normal public health precautionary principles like full disclosure of contrary data, supporting stringent drug safety evaluations, and judging people innocent until proven guilty. The paper fails to highlight that smoking precedes and probably causes multiple suicide precursors that the researchers adjusted for, as discussed below. Thus the paper’s major premises are likely to be false and its adjustments misleading. Based on probably false premises, the paper judges smoking, a known drug addiction, stressor, and debilitator, likely to be innocent of all roles in suicide. With little evidence, this and a few prior papers judge smokers guilty of vague suicide ‘predispositions’. 2 As the paper suggests, unless a suicide risk factor ‘very likely preceded smoking,’ smoking may cause the risk factor and ‘it would be inappropriate to control for’ risk factors ‘“on the causal pathway” between smoking and suicide….’ 1 Such inappropriate and often misleading adjustments are called ‘overadjustment’. Overadjustment in the paper is very likely if smoking contributes to any of the many suicide risk factors that the authors adjusted for. As shown below, it is likely that the authors made multiple overadjustments since smoking probably plays a role in multiple suicide risk factors that the authors adjusted for. The paper’s thrust relies wholly on unsupported, probably incorrect, and sometimes less than fully disclosed assertions that smoking follows and produces no: loss of control, stress, psychopathology, dysfunction, destitution, debility, divorce, delinquency, or related suicide precursors. The facts show that smoking precedes and probably causes all of those possible suicide precursors. 3‐5 In particular, randomized trial, challenge-rechallenge, animal, cohort, and other studies show that smoking precedes and probably causes a good deal of psychopathology, 3,4 substance abuse, suicideprone biochemical changes, and losses both via second-hand smoke and the social exclusions addicts face. 6 Also, those stopping smoking had reduced suicides 7 and reduced suicide precursors compared with continuing smokers and prior measures in the same individuals, respectively. 8,9
Letter from the Co-Editors

In June of 2014, the editorial office of Social Problems moved to the University of Illinois-Chicago. As co-editors we are excited about the opportunity to contribute to the tradition of excellence of Social Problems . Our new editorial team includes associate editors Hector Carillo (Northwestern University), Sharon Collins (University of Illinois-Chicago), Heather Dalmage (Roosevelt University), David Embrick (Loyola University-Chicago), Roberto Gonzalez (Harvard University), Cedric Herring (University of Maryland), Moon-Kie Jung (University of Massachusetts-Amherst), Maria Krysan (University of Illinois-Chicago), Barbara Risman (University of Illinois-Chicago), and Rogelio Saenz (University of Texas-San Antonio). Our team also … paquiroz{at}uic.edu
School Ethnography: A Multilevel Approach1

Ethnography is increasingly used by researchers in education. Among nonanthropologists, however, it is often misconceived and superficially applied; among anthropologists there is a strong bias toward a narrow application of the technique to the study of education. The present paper argues for the application of traditional anthropological ethnography in the study of formal education and for broadening the scope of such studies. It also suggests a framework—an ecological framework—that permits a multilevel application of ethnography in formal education. SCHOOL ETHNOGRAPHY; EDUCATION; MINORITY EDUCATION; EDUCATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ETHNOECOLOGY.
Symbolic sensitivity analysis using Sspice

The authors present the implementation and application of the sensitivity analysis features in Sspice. Sspice, a symbolic circuit analyzer and approximator, can solve for transfer functions and second-order filter parameters. An symbolic sensitivity function is available in Version 2.0. The results are either exact or approximated with a user-selected threshold. This allows complicated expressions to be symbolically approximated. The presented functions can be applied recursively. Users can manipulate these functions to obtain the solutions. Examples are provided that show that symbolic circuit analysis can give circuit designers another dimension of observation. With the approximation capability in Sspice, complicated equations can be simplified while maintaining sufficient accuracy. >
CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE AND PARENTAL ALCOHOLISM: Interactive Effects in Adult Women

Symptoms associated with histories of childhood sexual abuse and parental alcoholism were investigated in a sample of 364 university women. A significant association was found in occurrence between the two stressors, and a substantially higher level of symptoms was revealed in women who had experienced both during childhood.
How is the ionosphere driven by the magnetosphere

In the ionospheric community, the electric field is often considered the driver of the ionospheric motion. We demonstrates from theoretical points of view that the electric field cannot be the driver of the motion. Instead, the electric field is a result, not the cause, of the motion. The causal relationship can be clearly understood in particular in dynamic processes and in heating processes. We call for a review and correction of the misused concept of electric field being a driver of motion and in particular the incorrect concept of penetration electric field.
Role of left ventricular dysfunction in neurohumoral activation in the recovery phase of anterior wall acute myocardial infarction

Neurohumoral activation is readily apparent in patients with symptomatic congestive heart failure (CHF) and in the acute phase after acute myocardial infarction. In this study, the neurohumoral profiles of 36 asymptomatic patients in the early convalescent phase after acute myocardial infarction were examined. All patients in the study had a radionuclide ejection fraction less than or equal to 45% and underwent cardiac catheterization 11 to 30 days after infarction. Venous blood samples were obtained in the supine state for the measurement of norepinephrine, angiotensin II, plasma renin activity and aldosterone in all patients. Despite the reduced ejection fraction and extensive wall motion abnormalities, plasma norepinephrine was not elevated and did not correlate with any measured hemodynamic, angiographic or clinical variables. The renin-angiotensin II aldosterone system was activated, as expected, in the 9 study patients receiving loop diuretics. However, even in the 27 patients not taking diuretics, plasma angiotensin II and renin activity levels were increased in relation to Killip classification, the presence of a left ventricular (LV) aneurysm and LV ejection fraction. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be identified in hemodynamically compensated postinfarction patients not taking diuretics and appears to be related to the extent of LV dysfunction.
Systematic Evaluation of Commercial Susceptibility Testing Methods for Determining the In Vitro Activity of Daptomycin versus Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci

We systematically evaluated 5 methods for testing daptomycin versus 48 Enterococcus faecalis, 51 Enterococcus faecium, and 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolates using (i and ii) broth microdilution (BMD) with 50-mg/liter calcium medium supplementation (reference method) and 30-mg/liter calcium medium supplementation (BMD30 method), (iii) Etest, and (iv and v) MicroScan panel 33 using 2 methods to prepare the bacterial inoculum (MicroScan turbidity and MicroScan Prompt). Isolates were categorized as susceptible (S) or nonsusceptible (NS) based on measured MICs. Essential (± 1 dilution) agreement (EA) and categorical (S/NS) agreement (CA) for each method were compared to the reference method. For E. faecium, categorical agreement was poor between the reference method and BMD30 as well as with the three commercial methods, with frequent false-NS results (30 for BMD30, 18 for Etest, 22 for MicroScan Prompt, and 25 for MicroScan turbidity). All E. faecalis isolates were judged to be S by the reference method; two of these isolates were categorized as NS using the BMD30 method, and one was categorized as NS by all three commercial methods. All S. aureus isolates were judged to be S using all five methods. MIC values determined by the comparator methods tended to be higher than those for the reference method, especially for E. faecium isolates. EAs between the reference BMD and BMD30, Etest, MicroScan Prompt, and MicroScan turbidity were 63%, 63%, 63%, and 56%, respectively, for E. faecium, 87%, 83%, 98%, and 80%, respectively, for E. faecalis, and all 100% for S. aureus.
The Use of Metaphors in the Service of the Therapeutic Alliance and Therapeutic Communication

The use of metaphor as a conceptual and clinical tool in the treatment situation can enhance the therapeutic alliance and strengthen the effectiveness of therapeutic communication. The evolution of a special metaphoric system of communication in the course of the treatment situation enhances the positive alliance between patient and therapist. In a way analogous to the poetic use of metaphor, the therapeutic use of appropriate metaphors can be a powerful tool because a metaphor is a symbol that represents a condensation of multiple impulses, conflicts, fantasies, and affects. Case material will be presented to illustrate the use of metaphoric communication in the clinical situation.
Regulation of isotonic shortening velocity by second messengers in tracheal smooth muscle

Evidence suggests that the mechanical behavior of smooth muscle tissues is regulated by Ca(2+)-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of the 20,000-Da light chain of myosin (MLC). However, alternative mechanisms activated by specific kinases may be involved in regulating the shortening velocity in some smooth muscle tissues. To determine how the activation of protein kinases A or C affects the regulation of the shortening velocity in canine tracheal smooth muscle, we evaluated the effects of forskolin (10(-5) M) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu, 3 x 10(-6) M) on active stress, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), MLC phosphorylation, and isotonic shortening velocity during contractions elicited by 60 mM KCl. Forskolin depressed and PDBu increased active stress, [Ca2+]i, MLC phosphorylation, and shortening velocity; thus the effects of these agents on the shortening velocity may result from changes in Ca(2+)-dependent MLC phosphorylation. In contrast, the decline in velocity that occurred with time during tonic contractions elicited by K+ depolarization was not associated with significant changes in MLC phosphorylation; thus the time-dependent changes in shortening velocity may be regulated by a mechanism other than MLC phosphorylation.
A Preliminary Study Using Electron Capture Detection of Pentafluorophenylthiohydantoin Amino Acid Derivatives

SummaryPentafluorophenylthiohy dan-toin amino acids can be detected using electron capture analyses. The sensitivity of the method is in the picomole range and is comparable to the more expensive and laborious radioactive detection techniques.
Reproducing Disability and Degeneration in the Victorian Fin de Siècle

Understandings of disability were in flux in the Victorian fin de siecle as eugenic thought and degeneration theory gained in popularity. Increasingly imagined as a marker of national and familial decline in the scientific and popular literature of the day, people with disabilities were refigured as domestic threats in the late-19th century, and increasingly immersed in a culture of shame and secret keeping. While fin de siecle works from Conrad, Haggard, and Wells banished disability to the ends of empire and projected it into the distant future, New Woman novelists like Emma Frances Brooke and Sarah Grand sought to “contain” and ultimately eradicate disability from the British home by rationalizing women's role in marriage and reproduction. Brooke's A Superfluous Woman (1894) synthesizes late-19th century outlooks on degeneration and heredity as it locates disability and deviance in the upper class home. By engaging with recent histories of disability and literary studies of degeneration and eugenics, this article identifies the dearth of literary scholarship on disability in the fin de siecle and points to future opportunities for inquiry.
Design and Realization of Spacecraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Prediction System

To make the electric equipments working without interference on spacecraft, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the whole system should be guaranteed. The design of the Spacecraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Prediction System was introduced, and the system architecture was analyzed. The working mechanism of each module and the calculating flow of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and EMC prediction were emphasized. At last an instance demonstrates that the system can accomplish the electromagnetic compatibility prediction task on spacecraft.
Half-body Irradiation for Treatment of Widely Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

AbstractA total of 31 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma received a total of 35 half-body irradiation treatments; 13 treatments of 600 to 800cGy. to the upper half and 22 treatments of 400 to 1,000cGy. to the lower half of the body. The interval from the discovery of osseous metastases to symptomatic need for half-body irradiation was similar for all tumor grades and stages except for patients with well differentiated lesions, in whom this interval was significantly longer as was survival time after half-body therapy. Treatment was well tolerated and relief of pain was substantial. The majority of the patients obtained subjective relief evidenced by decreased use of narcotic analgesics or change to nonprescription medication. Median survival after half-body irradiation was 5 months. Palliative effects were maintained until death in 82 per cent of the patients treated to the upper and 67 per cent treated to the lower half of the body.
Face-Ism and Facial Expressions of Women in Magazine Photos

Two studies investigated gender stereotyping in American magazine photos. Study 1 compares cover photos of men and women on face-ism, an index of the degree to which a photo focuses on the face versus the body. Photos of women are found to focus more on their bodies and photos of men on their faces, a finding consistent with previous research. This finding is strongly mediated by other variables, however, particularly the social role of the cover person. Study 2 compares the facial expressions, specifically the mouth positions, of men and women in advertisements from several popular magazines. Women are significantly more likely than men to be photographed with their mouths open, presumably portraying less serious expressions. Discussion focuses on how such photographic portrayals can subtly reinforce sex role stereotypes.
Roll Response to Control

This chapter discusses the manner in which the aircraft responds to the application of control. The character of the transients is a major factor. The characteristics of the roll response to lateral control have been found to be very important to handling qualities. The chapter discusses the response of the airplane to aileron control. After an aileron displacement, the airplane will roll as before, but then a turn will develop. The side-force and rolling-moment equations describe the motion. The unstable mode, even starting from level flight with ailerons centered, would cause an ever-tightening spiral turn following any little disturbance to bank angle.
Monitoring Procedure Activity

Procedure activity is a major aspect of control flow, and it is especially significant in Icon because procedures can generate more than one result. This chapter describes the monitoring of procedure activity in detail. The techniques presented are important because they also apply to the monitoring of Icon’s built-in functions and operators as well as string scanning environments. The examples given are intended to illustrate the framework’s capabilities and are by no means the best or only way in which procedure activity may be portrayed.
I Give My Missus the 28 Shillings: Everyday Forms of Accommodation

‘I said to the wife’, Nagi Mohamed reported, ‘“Howay and see that man about a job …” [but] His missus came down and say he’s not in.’ Collecting his unemployment money in the afternoon, Nagi Mohamed took it directly to his wife Lauretta, emulating working-class men’s cultural practice of handing over their pay packets: ‘I go straight home and give my missus the 28 shillings.’ Later, Nagi Mohamed stopped for a drink at the Hop Pole pub, placed a bet with bookmaker Robert Owen Stokes, and encountered his elder son Hamed, a schoolboy, running an errand for Lauretta: ‘my son came along and say, “Da, I want to buy some cakes”.’ In the evening, Nagi Mohamed suspended a game of bagatelle in an Arab-run establishment, Athraby’s in Holborn, to take Lauretta to the cinema.1 Rich in local vernacular and cultural practice, Nagi Mohamed’s account of an ordinary day affords an intimate glimpse into everyday forms of cultural accommodation and acculturation in Britain’s interracial and multicultural communities.2 Nagi Mohamed conveyed details lost to the record of previous migrants: specifically how they adopted and adapted local cultural practices as they settled and married in South Shields.
Theorizing inquiry in the moral space of practice

ABSTRACTMoral realism has been advanced as a central theme in contemporary hermeneutic thought. From this standpoint, participation in cultural practices is made possible and meaningful by ontologically real moral goods and reference points. Cultural practices thus constitute a moral referential totality for human action. This article suggests that these and related hermeneutic insights offer a unique perspective for taking account of practical involvement in the world and can form the basis of an interpretive frame for research that foregrounds this practice-based moral realism. An emphasis on moral realist concepts such as participation in practice, distinctions of worth, strong evaluations, and moral reference points can allow interrelated phenomena to show up as aspects of a moral ecology and reveal something about their moral significance within a form of practice. Moreover, inquiry of this sort can reveal something about that form of practice as a space of moral possibilities for action.
Convergence of Suboptimal Controls for Point Targets

We consider sequences of suboptimal (i.e. close to optimal) controls in the context of optimal control problems for general input-output systems involving a point target condition. A sequence maximum principle for these sequences is obtained using Ekeland’s variational principle, and is then applied to show convergence of suboptimal controls for quasihnear distributed parameter systems, both of parabolic and hyperbolic type.
Breast Radiation Dose With CESM Compared With 2D FFDM and 3D Tomosynthesis Mammography.

OBJECTIVE. We aimed to compare radiation dose received during contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) using high- and low-energy projections with radiation dose received during 2D full field digital mammography (FFDM) and 3D tomosynthesis on phantoms and patients with varying breast thickness and density. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A single left craniocaudal projection was chosen to determine the doses for 6214 patients who underwent 2D FFDM, 3662 patients who underwent 3D tomosynthesis, and 173 patients who underwent CESM in this retrospective study. Dose measurements were also collected in phantoms with composition mimicking nondense and dense breast tissue. RESULTS. Average glandular dose (AGD) ± SD was 3.0 ± 1.1 mGy for CESM exposures at a mean breast thickness of 63 mm. At this thickness, the dose was 2.1 mGy from 2D FFDM and 2.5 mGy from 3D tomosynthesis. The nondense phantom had a mean AGD of 1.0 mGy with 2D FFDM, 1.3 mGy with 3D tomosynthesis, and 1.6 mGy with CESM. The dense breast phantom had ...
Application of Mixture Drift Flux Equations to Vertical Separating Flows

The one-dimensional drift flux model is widely used in the thermal-hydraulic simulation of nuclear power systems, particularly in simulator and control system modeling where faster-than-real-time solutions are necessary. During normal implementation, however, this model does not correctly simulate buoyancy-driven flows and countercurrent flow of liquid and vapor in vertical, stagnant channels. In this paper, a technique is introduced that overcomes this limitation without using special component models, modifications of the equations of motion, or modifications in constitutive relations.
Chapman–Kolmogorov equations for multi-period equity-linked note with conditional coupons

An equity-linked note with complex payoff and a path dependent variable maturity is analyzed analytically and numerically. This note pays up to one coupon, the size of which depends on the period count in which it is paid and with initial investment partially protected. Valuation of this instrument is achieved in closed form in terms of multivariate normal distribution function, but simple, fast and accurate numerical solution in terms of Chapman–Kolmogorov equations is preferred. The note has a number of unique features, some of which expose the investors to types of risk not usually encountered in either equity or fixed income world.
Estimating Monetary Policy Rules from Forward Guidance

Has the Federal Open Market Committee’s policy rule changed in recent years? This is difficult to answer given the zero lower bound environment for the federal funds rate throughout late 2008 to 2015. This paper addresses the problem using policymakers’ projections for the near horizon from 2012 to 2016, which were often greater than the bound. Projections indicate inconsistent but overall diminishing responsiveness to inflation, a relatively stable and strong response to economic activity, and increasing short-run responsiveness to financial risk. Professional forecasters perceived the size of the response to economic activity, but not inflation, perhaps due to its relative volatility.
Authoritative Parenting in the United States

Parents have historically contemplated how to raise their children to be well adjusted, socially competent, autonomous adults, often consulting friends and experts. Adding to this discussion, scholars of parenting, typically developmental psychologists, first characterized parenting practices as forming four distinct categories or styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and rejecting–neglecting. Based on an initial study in the 1960s of parenting practices, further supported by subsequent studies, scholars determined that authoritative parenting, characterized by high levels of parental control and high levels of responsiveness, was associated with the best outcomes in terms of children's social and cognitive competence. In response, some have criticized the emphasis on the strong parental control of authoritative parenting, arguing that it lessens children's competence, while others have argued that Americans are in fact too permissive. Additionally, scholars argue that these findings neglect contextual factors and thus do not apply to minority and other types of families. Keywords: adolescents; autonomy; children; control; discipline; nurturance; parenting; socialization