cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Print to Mobile mApps: How to Take Adobe Illustrator Maps, Add Pinch-to-Zoom, and Place Them on the Android Market

Mobile devices and their apps are changing the way people use technology, and in turn, further evolving how people use maps. New devices, including smartphones, tablet computers, Android wristwatches, and eReaders are completely revolutionizing how, where, and why people use media—both static and interactive. The future of cartography is moving toward mApp (written as “mapp” throughout the rest of this article) production—maps that have been created, or retrofitted, as apps for distribution and use on mobile computing devices. Mapps are a hybrid map form—a synthesis of the functionality of modern multimedia mapping with the portability of paper.
Racial/ethnic differences in prehypertension in American adults: population and relative attributable risks of abdominal obesity.

Racial/ethnic differences in prehypertension in American adults: Population and relative attributable risks of abdominal obesity
Accessing an understudied population in behavioral HIV/AIDS research: low income African American women.

Most HIV/AIDS behavioral research involving African American women has focused on traditional high risk populations, such as those in drug treatment centers, STD clinics, and hospitals. Few studies...
Do Competing Specialists and Preferencing Dealers Affect Market Quality

We empirically demonstrate that the opportunities the Boston Stock Exchange and the Cincinnati Stock Exchange offer members to take the other side of their customers' orders through affiliated market makers (to internalize orders) have little short-run effect on posted or effective bid-ask spreads. This is true despite substantial movement of order flow away from the New York Stock Exchange when trading under one of these regional stock exchange programs begins. These results contrast with the adverse effects of market fragmentation and internalization predicted by some theoretical market microstructure analyses and the popular financial press. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in the central control of respiration in the cane toad, Bufo marinus.

Abstract Chemical substrates, central sites and central mechanisms underlying the regulation of breathing in lower vertebrates have not been well characterized. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of pH changes and cholinergic agents on the central control of respiration in the cane toad, Bufo marinus. Adult toads were anesthetized, catheterized and unidirectionally ventilated before exposing the brainstem. An airtight buccal cannula was also inserted through the tympanum to record buccal pressure. The animal was decerebrated, anesthetic removed and the responses to pH changes of solutions bathing the ventral surface of the medulla (VSM) were tested by superfusing the VSM with mock cerebrospinal fluid (mCSF) of pH 7.8-normal, 7.2-acidic and 8.4-basic. The acidic solution increased respiratory activity, the basic solution decreased activity and the normal solution had no effect. In addition, cholinergeric agents (acetylcholine-ACh, physostigmine-Phy, nicotine-Nic, and atropine-Atr) dissolved in mCSF were applied bilaterally onto the VSM using filter paper pledgets. ACh, Phy and Nic increased episodic breathing frequency by 14.3±9.7, 9.4±5.4 and 29.1±11.8 %, respectively, whereas, Atr caused a decrease (−26.6±16.6%). These agents had no effect on blood pressure. It is therefore, concluded that the VSM is pH sensitive and a cholinergic mechanism is involved in the central modulation of respiration in Bufo.
Knightian uncertainty: evidence of uncertainty premium in the capital market

We empirically verify two predictions of asset pricing with a role for uncertainty: return premium to increase with uncertainty, and to decrease with the resolution of uncertainty over time and experience. These properties are found among Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) of new industries where uncertainty is created by innovations of new products and services, and resolution of uncertainty from early IPOs is to decline with later IPOs. Return premium for uncertainty is shown to be separate from all known measurable risks. Evidence that uncertainty is priced also lends support to the notion that investors are in general, averse to uncertainty.
Toll-like receptors in the uterus, cervix, and placenta: is pregnancy an immunosuppressed state?

Objective These studies were performed to elucidate the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the uterus, cervix, and placenta in pregnancy and across gestation. Study Design Message expressions of TLR-2, -3, -4, and -9 were investigated in nonpregnant mice and across gestation in CD-1 mice. Uterine, cervical, and placental tissues were harvested, and RNA was extracted. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed. Results Messenger RNA expression of TLRs is significantly upregulated in pregnant uterine and cervical tissues. There is differential TLR messenger RNA expression between the uterus, cervix, and placenta. In the placenta, TLR 4 is significantly downregulated. Conclusion These findings suggest that the innate immune system is a dynamic system during gestation. The concept of immunosuppression during pregnancy appears to be valid in the placenta only in regard to TLR expression. Research is warranted to determine whether the upregulation in the uterus and cervix during pregnancy is associated with an increased likelihood of responding to a pathogen or serve as a protective mechanism or both.
Diode laser atomic absorption using a new reference method

Abstract A diode laser was used as the source for atomic absorption spectroscopy. To overcome the frequency instability and drift of the laser, a new referencing approach is proposed. The frequency of the laser is modulated across the rubidium transition at 780.02 nm, and the absorption signal is detected in an air/hydrogen flame. The absorption signal is processed by a lock-in amplifier. The reference signal for the lock-in amplifier is generated by shaping the absorption signal from a Rb atomic vapor cell into a square wave. As the laser frequency drifts, no phase change occurs between the reference and analytical signals, eliminating noise and signal loss that would have been caused by using a reference method which does not follow the fluctuations of the laser.
BIOGEOCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS TO SIMULATED CHRONIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION

Reported in this paper are foliar chemistry, tree growth (above- and below- ground), soil chemistry, nitrogen cycling (net mineralization and nitrification) and soil N20 flux responses to the first 6 yr of chronic nitrogen amendments at the Harvard Forest (Massachusetts, USA). A 70-yr-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stand and a 50-yr-old mixed hardwood stand received control, low nitrogen (50 kg.ha-'-yr-'), high nitrogen (150 kg.ha-'-yr-'), and low nitrogen plus sulfur treatments, with additions occurring in six equal doses over the growing season as NH4NO3 and Na2SO4. Foliar N concentrations increased up to 25% in the hardwood stand and 67% in the pines, and there was no apparent decrease of N retranslocation due to fertilization. Wood production increased in the hardwood stand in response to fertilization but decreased in the pine stand. Fine-root nitrogen concentrations increased with N additions, and fine roots were a significant sink for added nitrogen. Nitrate leaching losses increased continuously over the 6-yr period in the treated pine stands but remained insignificant in the hardwoods. Annual net N mineralization increased substan- tially in response to treatments in both stands but declined in the pine high-N plot by the end of year six. Net nitrification increased from 17% of net mineralization in 1988 to 51% in 1993 for the pine high-N plot. Only a slight increase in net nitrification was measured in the hardwood stand, and only in 1993. Extractable NH4 was consistently higher in treated plots than in controls in both stands, where extractable NO3 was higher than controls only in the treated pine plots. Soil extracts yielded <1.5 kg/ha of NO3-N for all plots in the hardwood stand throughout the experiment. Effluxes of N2O were consistently greater in the pine high-N plot than in the pine control plot, but there were no observed large-scale increases in N20 emissions immediately following fertilizer application. Calculated nitrogen budgets for the first 6 yr showed extremely high N retention (85-99%). Of the retained N, 50-83% appears to be in the long-term, recalcitrant soil pool. The relative importance of biotic and abiotic mechanisms of N incorporation into soils remains uncertain. Size, kinetics, and uptake capacity of this soil pool are critical and largely unknown factors determining ecosystem response to increased N loading and may be related to land-use history.
A Cross-Linguistic Examination of the Noun-Category Bias: Its Existence and Specificity in French- and Spanish-Speaking Preschool-Aged Children

Abstract Previous research has revealed that English-speaking preschoolers expect that a novel count noun (but not a novel adjective), applied to an individual object, may be extended to other members of the same basic or superordinate level category. However, because the existing literature is based almost exclusively on English-speakers, it is unclear whether this specific expectation is evident in children acquiring languages other than English. The experiments reported here constitute the first cross-linguistic, developmental test of the noun-category linkage. We examined monolingual French- and Spanish-speaking preschool-aged children's superordinate level categorization in a match-to-sample task. Target objects were introduced with (a) novel words presented as count nouns (e.g., “This is a fopin ”), (b) novel words presented as adjectives (e.g., “This is a fopish one”), or (c) no novel words. Like English-speakers, French- and Spanish-speakers extended count nouns consistently to other category members. This is consistent with our prediction that the mapping between count nouns and object categories may be a universal phenomenon. However, children's extension of novel adjectives varied across languages. Like English-speakers, French-speakers did not extend novel adjectives to other members of the same category. In contrast, Spanish-speakers did extend novel adjectives, like count nouns, in this fashion. This is consistent with our prediction that the mappings between adjectives and their associated applications vary across languages. The results provide much-needed cross-linguistic support for the noun-category linkage and illustrate the importance of the interplay between constraints within the child and input from the language environment.
Reactions of N‐hydroxysulfosuccinimide active esters*

N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide esters are reactive functional groups employed in a variety of protein modification reagents, especially cross-linking reagents. For these compounds, hydrolysis is the most important reaction competing for reaction of the esters with nucleophilic groups in proteins. We have employed model compounds to investigate the rates of hydrolysis of N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide esters and their reactions with the alpha-amino group and the side chains of naturally occurring amino acids, under conditions comparable to those used for protein modification studies. The rats of hydrolysis observed were found to be very low, as compared with their rates of reaction with nitrogen nucleophiles found in proteins. Further, within the ranges investigated, the rate of aminolysis was observed to increase more rapidly than the rate of hydrolysis with increasing pH or with increasing temperature. Four amino acid side chains and the alpha-amino group were found to react measurably with N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide esters. At pH 7.4 and room temperature, the order of reactivity was found to be N alpha-Cbz-histidine greater than N alpha-Cbz-lysine approximately phenylalanine (alpha-amino group) much greater than N-acetylcysteine approximately N-acetyltyrosine; however, the acylimidazole adduct formed with the side chain of histidine was found to be a transient product, subject to hydrolysis or reaction with another nucleophile.
The Dynamic Processes of Volunteering in Civil Society: A Group and Multi-Level Approach

With new emphasis on civil advocacy and active citizenship, volunteering needs more of a group process and multi-level approach to civil society. A theoretical approach to doing this can be done in two ways. First, volunteering can be theorized as existing in informal networks with opinion leaders who provide information and recruit volunteers through a multi-step process. In these interpretive communities ‘being asked’ is socially organized, and opinion leaders lead to more directed volunteering through social movements in the next phase. Second, volunteering can be theoretically embedded within three levels of civil society consisting of: (1) the private sphere of conversations with friends and family, (2) the civil sphere of voluntary associations and organizations, and (3) the regulatory sphere of political, media, and economic institutions. Three processes operate in these spheres. Civil repair operates vertically between these spheres with voluntary associations that generate volunteering and then s...
Biomass, production and decomposition of a deep water seagrass, Halophila decipiens ostenf.

Abstract Beds of Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld, at depths between 15 and 27 m, were studied using a saturation diving facility (NULS-1: Hydrolab) in the Salt River submarine canyon off St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Distribution, biomass, production and decomposition of the seagrass were studied during two missions in June 1983 and July 1984. Biomass of H. decipiens ranged from 5 to 12 g m−2 during summer months. Due to the rapid turnover of H. decipiens, biomass distribution was closely related to concurrently measured growth rates. Production estimates using oxygen production techniques or rhizome elongation were similar ranging between 100 and 500 mg C m−2 day−1. Decomposition of H. decipiens occurred rapidly, losing over 50% of its original weight in approximately 3 days. Under most conditions, weight loss from litter bags occurred more rapidly than nitrogen loss. H. decipiens exhibits a number of adaptations to a low ambient light environment, including a high ratio of leaf tissue to non-photosynthetic tissue, low leaf area index to reduce self-shading, high turnover leaf material and the ability to rapidly colonize sandy bottoms when light conditions are suitable.
ON A CONJECTURE OF CARLITZ

A conjecture of Carlitz on permutation polynomials is as follow: Given an even positive integer n, there is a constant Cn, such that if Fq is a finite field of odd order q with q > Cn, then there are no permutation polynomials of degree n over Fq. The conjecture is a well-known problem in this area. It is easily proved if n is a power of 2. The only other cases in which solutions have been published are n = 6 (Dickson [5]) and n = 10 (Hayes [7]); see Lidl [11], Lausch and Nobauer [9], and Lidl and Niederreiter [10] for remarks on this problem. In this paper, we prove that the Carlitz conjecture is true if n = 12 or n = 14, and give an equivalent version of the conjecture in terms of exceptional polynomials.
A tribute to David Triggle

Abstract “A gentleman and a scholar” is how many would characterize David Triggle. His insightful, thoughtful approaches to professional pursuits, both personal research and collaborative relationships, stand out by any measure. He has shaped students, colleagues, and whole fields, calcium ion channels and ligands being most representative of the latter. In recent years, he has expanded his contributions to important commentaries on politics and social challenges in the sciences. David is the rare intellect able to do all this and more, as outlined herein.
Do changes in the mechanical properties of articular cartilage promote catabolic destruction of cartilage and osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by cartilage degeneration, a thickening of subchondral bone, and formation of marginal osteophytes. Previous mechanical characterization of cartilage in our laboratory suggests that energy storage and dissipation is reduced in osteoarthritis as the extent of fibrillation and fissure formation increases. It is not clear whether the loss of energy storage and dissipation characteristics is a result of biochemical and/or biophysical changes that occur to hyaline cartilage in joints. The purpose of this study is to present data, on the strain rate dependence of the elastic and viscous behaviors of cartilage, in order to further characterize changes that occur in the mechanical properties that are associated with OA. We have previously hypothesized that the changes seen in the mechanical properties of cartilage may be due to altered mechanochemical transduction by chondrocytes. Results of incremental tensile stress-strain tests at strain rates between 100%/min and 10,000%/min conducted on OA cartilage indicate that the slope of the elastic stress-strain curve increases with increasing strain rate, unlike the reported behavior of skin and self-assembled collagen fibers. It is suggested that the strain-rate dependence of the elastic stress-strain curve is due to the presence of large quantities of proteoglycans (PGs), which protect articular cartilage by increasing the apparent stiffness. The increased apparent stiffness of articular cartilage at high strain rates may limit the stresses borne and prolong the onset of OA. It is further hypothesized that increased compressive loading of chondrocytes in the intermediate zone of articular cartilage occurs as a result of normal wear to the superficial zone or from excessive impact loading. Once the superficial zone of articular cartilage is worn away, the tension is decreased throughout all cartilage zones leading to increased chondrocyte compressive loading and up-regulation of mechanochemical transduction processes that elaborate catabolic enzymes.
Biomarkers of alcohol abuse in racehorses by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid and sensitive method was developed for the screening, quantification and confirmation of ethyl glucuronide (EG) and ethyl sulfate (ES) as biomarkers for alcohol administration to racehorses using liquid chromatography coupled on-line with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Urine sample aliquots (0.1 mL) were pre-treated by protein precipitation. Separation of EG and ES was achieved on an Ultra PFP column. Isocratic elution with a flush step was performed using 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). Analysis was performed by negative electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The retention times for EG and ES were 1.7 +/- 0.30 and 3.4 +/- 0.30 min, respectively. The internal standard used was d(5)-ethyl glucuronide with a retention time of 1.7 +/- 0.30 min. The entire separation was completed in or =3) and 500 ng/mL, respectively. The limit of confirmations (LOC) for EG and ES were 500 ng/mL and 1.0 microg/mL, respectively. The assay was linear over a concentration range of 0.5-100 microg/mL (r(2) > 0.995). Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were less than 15%. The analytes were stable in urine for 24 h at room temperature, 10 days at 4 degrees C and 21 days at -20 degrees C and -70 degrees C. Ion suppression or enhancement due to matrix effect was negligible. The measurement uncertainty was <14% for EG and <25% for ES. This method was successfully used for the quantification of EG and ES in urine samples following alcohol administration to research horses and for screening and confirmation of EG and ES in urine samples obtained from racehorses post-competition. The method is simple, rapid, inexpensive, and reliably reproducible.
A unified approach to simulating electrical and thermal substrate coupling interactions in ICs

The incomplete Choleski conjugate gradient (ICCG) method and a macromodeling technique employing asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) have been applied to the simulation of integrated circuits in the presence of parasitic electrical and thermal substrate coupling interactions. Simulation of electrical substrate coupling effects has been found to be accurate and fast as compared to MEDICI, a device simulation program. Simulation results are also in good agreement with reported measurements on a test chip fabricated in a 2/spl mu/m BiCMOS n-well process. DC/steady-state and transient simulations of thermal substrate interactions using similar techniques on several benchmark circuits show orders of magnitude reduction in cpu time compared to traditional simulation techniques.
Dopant diffusion and segregation in semiconductor heterostructures : Part III, diffusion of Si into GaAs

We have mentioned previously that in the third part of the present series of papers, a variety of n-doping associated phenomena will be treated. Instead, we have decided that this paper, in which the subject treated is diffusion of Si into GaAs, shall be the third paper of the series. This choice is arrived at because this subject is a most relevent heterostructure problem, and also because of space and timing considerations. The main n-type dopant Si in GaAs is amphoteric which may be incorporated as shallow donor species SiGa+ and as shallow acceptor species SiAs-. The solubility of SiAs- is much lower than that of SiGa+ except at very high Si concentration levels. Hence, a severe electrical self-compensation occurs at very high Si concentrations. In this study we have modeled the Si distribution process in GaAs by assuming that the diffusing species is SiGa+ which will convert into SiAs- in accordance with their solubilities and that the point defect species governing the diffusion of SiGa+ are triply-negatively-charged Ga vacancies VGa3-. The outstanding features of the Si indiffusion profiles near the Si/GaAs interface have been quantitatively explained for the first time. Deposited on the GaAs crystal surface, the Si source material is a polycrystalline Si layer which may be undoped or n+-doped using As or P. Without the use of an As vapor phase in the ambient, the As- and P-doped source materials effectively render the GaAs crystals into an As-rich composition, which leads to a much more efficient Si indiffusion process than for the case of using undoped source materials which maintains the GaAs crystals in a relatively As-poor condition. The source material and the GaAs crystal together form a heterostructure with its junction influencing the electron distribution in the region, which, in turn, affects the Si indiffusion process prominently.
Near-Uniform Sampling of Combinatorial Spaces Using XOR Constraints

We propose a new technique for sampling the solutions of combinatorial problems in a near-uniform manner. We focus on problems specified as a Boolean formula, i.e., on SAT instances. Sampling for SAT problems has been shown to have interesting connections with probabilistic reasoning, making practical sampling algorithms for SAT highly desirable. The best current approaches are based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, which have some practical limitations. Our approach exploits combinatorial properties of random parity (XOR) constraints to prune away solutions near-uniformly. The final sample is identified amongst the remaining ones using a state-of-the-art SAT solver. The resulting sampling distribution is provably arbitrarily close to uniform. Our experiments show that our technique achieves a significantly better sampling quality than the best alternative.
Optimum thawing temperature and time for bovine semen processed by three methods and packaged in 1 ml ampules.

Abstract A central composite rotatable design was used to determine optimum temperature and time for thawing semen which was processed in egg yolk-tris-glycerol (ETG), egg yolk-citrate-glycerol (ECG) and skim milk-glycerol (SMG) diluents. Percentage of progressive motility (PPM) and percentage of intact acrosomes (PIA) immediately after thawing (0-hr) and after 3-hr incubation at 37°C were measured. The optimum conditions for temperature and time (C/sec) to sustain maximal PIA response after 3-hr incubation (PIA) were: ETG 42° 121 , ECG 33° 175 , and SMG 38° 128 . Average conditions predicted to be “shared” by all three processing methods were 35°C for 150 sec. Final seminal temperature (FST) was measured at each of these points for ETG, ECG and SMG. Each of the above conditions has a FST above 30°C. A strip plot design was used to compare the optimum and predicted “shared” ( 35° C 150 sec ) conditions with recommended method ( 35° C 65 sec ) presently in use, denoted as “present”. The predicted “shared” thawing conditions resulted in greater (P
Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science

Abstract Several recently developed philosophical approaches to the self promise to enhance the exchange of ideas between the philosophy of the mind and the other cognitive sciences. This review examines two important concepts of self: the ‘minimal self', a self devoid of temporal extension, and the ‘narrative self', which involves personal identity and continuity across time. The notion of a minimal self is first clarified by drawing a distinction between the sense of self-agency and the sense of self-ownership for actions. This distinction is then explored within the neurological domain with specific reference to schizophrenia, in which the sense of self-agency may be disrupted. The convergence between the philosophical debate and empirical study is extended in a discussion of more primitive aspects of self and how these relate to neonatal experience and robotics. The second concept of self, the narrative self, is discussed in the light of Gazzaniga's left-hemisphere ‘interpreter' and episodic memory. Extensions of the idea of a narrative self that are consistent with neurological models are then considered. The review illustrates how the philosophical approach can inform cognitive science and suggests that a two-way collaboration may lead to a more fully developed account of the self.
The fine structure of the interstitial tissue of the rat prostate.

The structure of the interstitial tissue of the rat prostate has been studied using the light and electron microscopes in an attempt to determine the role of the fibromuscular stroma in the normal functioning of the gland. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts are the most numerous cell types. They are accompanied by macrophages, mast cells, and undifferentiated cells of low electron density. Smooth muscle cells have cytoplasmic protrusions that extend into corresponding depressions in adjacent muscle cells, and, at these points, the intercellular space is narrowed to 150–2000 A. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts are arranged in parallel in septa between adjacent epithelial alveoli and form a sheath around each alveolus. Proceeding peripherally from the epithelium into the interstitial tissue, this sheath is composed of a layer of one or two highly flattened fibroblasts and a parallel layer of smooth muscle cells, followed subsequently by additional layers of fibroblasts and smooth muscle that merge into the remainder of the interstitial tissue. Most of the capillaries have an uninterrupted endothelium, but in some regions endothelial fenestrations are present. Unmyelinated axons contain aggregations of small granular and agranular vesicles. Vesicles are found in axons at distances up to several thousand angstroms from muscle cells and in axons that approach to within 150–200 A of smooth muscle cells. In some cases an axon lies in a deep depression in the surface of a muscle cell. The type of innervation and variety of intercellular contact between muscle cells is discussed in relation to probable physiological characteristics of the tissue.
A Distributed Cooperative Framework for Continuous Multi-Projector Pose Estimation

We present a novel calibration framework for multi-projector displays that achieves continuous geometric calibration by estimating and refining the poses of all projectors in an ongoing fashion during actual display use. Our framework provides scalability by operating as a distributed system of "intelligent" projector units: projectors augmented with rigidly-mounted cameras, and paired with dedicated computers. Each unit interacts asynchronously with its peers, leveraging their combined computational power to cooperatively estimate the poses of all of the projectors. In cases where the projection surface is static, our system is able to continuously refine all of the projector poses, even when they change simultaneously.
Dynamic time warping for off-line recognition of a small gesture vocabulary

We focus on the visual sensory information to recognize human activity in form of hand-arm movements from a small, predefined vocabulary. We accomplish this task by means of a matching technique by determining the distance between the unknown input and a set of previously defined templates. A dynamic time warping algorithm is used to perform the time alignment and normalization by computing a temporal transformation allowing the two signals to be matched. The system is trained with finite video sequences of single gesture performances whose start and end-point are accurately known. Preliminary experiments are accomplished off-line and result in a recognition accuracy of up to 92%.
Spironolactone Management of Resistant Hypertension

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy data, and adverse effects of spironolactone in the treatment of resistant hypertension.Data Sources:A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966-July 2010), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-July 2010), and Cochrane database (2009) for the key words spironolactone or resistant hypertension. References cited in the articles were reviewed for additional information.Study Selection and Data Extraction:English-language literature reporting pharmacology data from animal studies and clinical trials evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy data, and adverse effects of spironolactone were included.Data Synthesis:Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic with anti-aldosterone effects that are beneficial in the management of hypertension. Spironolactone has shown improvement in 5 prospective studies and 1 retrospective study evaluating its blood pressuring–lowering abilities i...
A quantum obstruction to embedding

An invariant of a three-manifold with boundary is derived from topological quantum field theory. This invariant is then used as an obstruction to embedding one 3-manifold into another.
Economics of Electrolytic Recovery of Silver from Radiographic Fixing Solutions

To see if electrolytic recovery of silver would be practical for dentists, estimations were made of the amount of recoverable silver in the processing solutions and then compared with the expense of operating such a system.
Role of the mastoid in middle ear pressure regulation.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Determine the role of mastoid volume in middle ear pressure (MEP) regulation. The hypothesis was that inert gas exchange between blood and middle ear (ME) is slower for larger mastoid volumes. Study Design: Prospective. Methods: For 21 enrolled subjects, the bilateral surface areas and volumes of the mastoid and tympanum were measured from computed tomography scans in 20 subjects with a wide range of mastoid volumes. Then, 19 subjects were reclined in a chair, fitted with a non-rebreathing mask and breathed room air for 20 minutes (acclimation), a gas composition of 25% N2O, 20% O2, balance N2 for 30 minutes (experiment), and room air for 30 minutes (recovery). Bilateral MEPs were recorded by tympanometry every 2 minutes. The slopes of the MEP-time functions during N2O breathing were calculated to the first observation of eustachian tube opening and divided by the estimated blood-ME N2O gradient to yield a N2O time constant. Sufficient data were available for 16 right and 11 left MEs to calculate the time constant. Results: MEP did not change during the baseline period, but within 10 minutes of breathing the N2O mixture showed a progressive increase. The right-left correlation for the time constant was 0.87 (n = 10 ears, P = .001). Regression of the time constants on ME volume showed an inverse relationship (n = 23 ears, r = −41, P = .05). A better data fit was the curvilinear relationship predicted by a mathematical model of the mastoid acting as a ME ear gas reserve. Conclusions: These results support the tested hypothesis that the mastoid could serve as ME gas reserve.
The Role Of Phagocytic Cells In Resistance To Disseminated Candidiasis In Granulocytopenic Mice

This study assessed the involvement of phagocytic cells in murine resistance to disseminated candidiasis of endogenous origin. SCID mice and their immunocompetent CB.17 (BALB/c) counterparts were colonized with a pure culture of Candida albicans and treated with an antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody (anti-Gr-1), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I.C]), or both to impair macrophage function in vivo. Candida-colonized SCID mice were more susceptible to disseminated candidiasis after treatment with anti-Gr-1 or poly(I.C) than were CB.17 mice. Histopathology of orogastric tissues demonstrated that combined treatments with anti-Gr-1 and poly(I.C) also enhanced the susceptibility of SCID and CB.17 mice to orogastric candidiasis. These data indicate that macrophages as well as granulocytes play an important role in host resistance to mucosal and disseminated candidiasis of endogenous origin.
Rehabilitation following meniscal repair

It has become increasingly more evident that the meniscus plays an important role in contributing to knee joint longevity. Advances in surgical techniques by orthopaedic surgeons to repair traumatized menisci have led to better long term outcomes, decreasing the incidence of articular cartilage degeneration. Advances have also been made in rehabilitative techniques following meniscal repair. These techniques along with sound rehabilitation principles to include a criteria based progression have contributed to excellent outcomes and earlier return to function and sport. The role of the meniscus, recent advances in surgical repair and the current post-operative rehabilitation techniques employed by sports rehabilitation specialists today are discussed.
Legacy of Charcoaling in a Western Highland Rim Forest in Tennessee

ABSTRACT Forests of the Western Highland Rim were heavily influenced by the iron industry during the 19th and 20th centuries. The production of iron required large amounts of charcoal. Timber was cut, burned in hearths to produce charcoal and then the charcoal was transported to local furnaces and forges. The goal of our study was to document the lasting effects of charcoal production on soil characteristics, species composition and stand structure for a forest on the Western Highland Rim in Tennessee. Fires used in hearths to produce charcoal were intense, spatially concentrated events that modified soil characteristics differently than typical surface fires. We hypothesized there would still be a footprint of the charcoal making process evidenced by systematic differences in forest composition and structural attributes that could be related to soil properties. Results show there were significant differences in some soil traits between charcoal hearths and surrounding sites. However, differing soil condi...
Relative Contribution of Trabecular and Cortical Bone to Primary Implant Stability: An In Vitro Model Study

The specific aim of this study was to examine the relative contributions to the implant insertion torque value (ITV) by cortical and trabecular components of an in vitro bone model. Simulated bone ...
Solar selective coating optimization for direct steam generation parabolic trough designs

Abstract Solar selective coatings that absorb solar incident light but that inhibit emission of thermal light can have a dramatic impact on the performance of Direct Steam Generation (DSG) systems. In prior art, perfect coatings with instantaneous transitions between high absorption and low absorption have been modeled. In this paper non-ideal spectral, environmental, and material properties of solar selective coatings are shown to have significant effects on the efficiencies and optimum transition wavelengths of real systems. By introducing more real world parameters into the coating optimization it is desired that a more cost effective and efficient system can be built. It is shown that using ideal conditions the optimum transition wavelength for a DSG system is 1.4 μm with an efficiency of 55.7%. Whereas for a realistic non-ideal DSG system the optimum transition is at 3.4 μm resulting in an efficiency around 30% depending on the concentration factor used. It is then shown that an optimized selective coating will be outperformed by a simple non-selective black absorber with 95% absorption at concentration factors above 80 and above 130 when the AM1.5 spectrum is used.
The Source-Centric Framework to the Exclusionary Rule

This Article posits that there are two distinct lenses through which one can view the exclusionary rule. The first approach, set forth by Justice Holmes in 1920, analyzes the government's sources for evidence rather than the challenged evidence itself. An alternative to Holmes's approach is to focus on the challenged evidence instead of its underlying sources. In this Article I argue that the exclusionary rule is, and should continue to be, governed by the source-centric framework. The first half of this Article demonstrates that Holmes's source-centric framework is grounded in Supreme Court precedent, that it is sufficiently adaptable, and that it is, as a matter of social and legal policy, preferable to the evidence-centric framework. The Article's second half identifies and analyzes an emerging problem within criminal procedure: the abandonment of the source-centric framework in the name of deterring police misconduct. Along these lines, I pay especially close attention to Judge Richard Posner's "evidence-centric" opinion in United States v. Johnson. In conclusion, this Article offers a solution, explaining in clear terms how future courts can counter underdeterrence all the while remaining true to Holmes's source-centric vision of the exclusionary rule.
Unpacking sleep and suicide in older adults in a combined online sample

OBJECTIVE: Duration of insomnia symptoms and nightmares are related to suicidal risk in young adults independent of current symptoms of insomnia, nightmares, anxiety, depression, and PTSD. However, this relation has yet to be examined among older adults, despite older adults being at higher risk of suicidal behavior. Further, the current study aims to replicate previous research among younger adults showing that insomnia symptoms and nightmares are associated with suicide risk independent of the interpersonal psychological theory of suicide (IPTS). METHODS: The present study utilized 167 participants age 55 and older obtained by combining two independent mTurk data collections of adults in the United States. RESULTS: In the current sample, duration of nightmares was associated with suicide risk in older adults independent of symptoms of current insomnia and nightmares, duration of insomnia, and symptoms of PTSD, anhedonia, and the IPTS. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the duration of nightmares (i.e., how long someone has been experiencing nightmares) predict substantial variance in suicide risk among older adults in addition to the risk factors typically examined. Thus, assessment of sleep dysfunction is important when assessing suicide risk among older adults. Language: en
Changes in the Proteome of Langat-Infected Ixodes scapularis ISE6 Cells: Metabolic Pathways Associated with Flavivirus Infection

Background Ticks (Family Ixodidae) transmit a variety of disease causing agents to humans and animals. The tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFs; family Flaviviridae) are a complex of viruses, many of which cause encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever, and represent global threats to human health and biosecurity. Pathogenesis has been well studied in human and animal disease models. Equivalent analyses of tick-flavivirus interactions are limited and represent an area of study that could reveal novel approaches for TBF control.
Heterogeneous 3-D circuits

A three-dimensional (3-D) integrated circuit combining free-space optical interconnects (FSOI) with CMOS devices has been developed. An overview of the combined optical and CMOS system is described. Experimental data and simulated results are provided. A 3-D integrated test circuit merging the free-space optical network with gallium arsenide based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and germanium based photodetectors has been experimentally tested. The prototype 3-D IC test circuit exhibits a 3.3GHz bandwidth and a 5.1mW total power consumption per link. The bandwidth is limited due to the use of 5GHz bandwidth commercial VCSELs and the large inductive impedance of the wirebonds attaching the VCSELs and photodetectors to the I/O pads. The design of transmitter circuits for the 3-D integrated free-space optical interconnect system is discussed, and simulated extrapolated results on operating frequency and bandwidth are provided. The microprocessor operates at 333MHz and includes a bus width of 64bits, requiring a FSOI bandwidth of 10.65Gbps after serialization.
Immunologic Mediators in Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are a spectrum of T-cell mediated immune disorders. While the contributory mechanisms leading to the apoptosis of epidermal cells in SJS/TEN remain unproven, the keratinocyte apoptosis seen in SJS/TEN is thought to occur through the T-cell mediated Fas-Fas ligand (FasL), perforin/granzyme B, and other immune mediators. Most recently, emphasis has been placed on the granulysin pathway as being the primary mediator of apoptosis and widespread epidermal necrosis in SJS/TEN. This article aims to review the proposed mechanisms by which these pathways work and the immunomodulatory therapies that have been developed in an attempt to target them.
Aquaculture Genomics: A Case Study with Catfish

Major progress has been made in aquaculture genomics including construction of genetic linkage maps, physical maps, microarrays, and whole genome sequencing. Draft genome sequences are being produced for at least a dozen of aquaculture species including Atlantic salmon, catfish, common carp, grass carp, Japanese flounder, tilapia, Pacific oyster, and shrimps. This article focuses on aquaculture genomics using catfish as a case study to describe progress in genetic linkage mapping, physical mapping, expressed sequence tags, full-length complementary DNAs, microarray platforms, and analysis of genome repeat structures in relation to assembly and annotation of the whole genome sequence. Generation of the whole genome sequence is a historical landmark of catfish research as it opens the real first step of the long march toward genetic enhancement. The research community needs to be focused on aquaculture performance and production traits, take advantage of the unprecedented genome information and technology, and make real progress toward genetic improvements of aquaculture brood stocks.
Ferric superoxide and ferric hydroxide are used in the catalytic mechanism of hydroxyethylphosphonate dioxygenase: a density functional theory investigation.

Hydroxyethylphosphonate dioxygenase (HEPD) is a mononuclear nonheme iron enzyme that utilizes an O2 molecule to cleave a C−C bond in 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate and produce hydroxymethylphosphonate (...
FAO Activities in International Plant Protection

The Food and Agriculture Organization's involvement in plant protection started shortly after it was chartered. Work conducted led to the development in 1952 of the International Plant Protection Convention which is administered by FAO. This was quickly followed by FAO giving leadership in coordinating efforts to control plagues of the desert locust, which have periodically throughout history ravaged vast areas of Asia and Africa. FAO now provides the secretariate for a series of regional locust control organizations. These organizations have successfully maintained control over locust problems and thus prevented plagues in about 60 countries in Asia and Africa for more than a decade.
Opana ER abuse and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like illness: a rising risk factor in illicit drug users

We report the case of a 22 year-old-woman who presented with upper extremity cellulitis secondary to an infiltration of illicit intravenous drug use. She confessed to the intravenous use of Opana ER (an extended release oral formulation of oxymorphone) which is an opioid drug approved only for oral use. She was found to have clinical evidence of profound thrombotic microangiopathy which resulted due to the intravenous use of Opana ER. She showed full clinical improvement after withholding drug and supportive clinical care. Recent report of Opana ER intravenous abuse was published from Tennessee county and has now been increasingly recognised as one of the causes of thrombocytopenia which mimicks clinically as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Physicians should be aware of this association as the lack of familiarity to this can pose serious management dilemmas for our patients (especially the polysubstance abusers).
Pathophysiology of Seizures with Brain Tumors

The etiology of tumor-related seizures (TRS) is reviewed from the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Cognitive deficits in heart failure: Re-cognition of vulnerability as a strange new world.

Background Patients with chronic heart failure (HF) have impairment in memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function. Objective The aim of this study was to describe how individuals with HF and cognitive deficits manage self-care in their daily lives. Methods Using an interpretive phenomenology method, HF patients completed unstructured face-to-face interviews about their ability to manage complex health regimens and maintain their health-related quality of life. Analysis of data was aided by use of Atlas.ti computer software. Results The sample consisted of 12 patients (10 men; aged 43-81 years) who had previously undergone neuropsychological testing and were found to have deficits in 3 or more cognitive domains. Patients confirmed that they followed the advice of healthcare providers by adherence to medication regimens, dietary sodium restrictions, and HF self-care. One overarching theme was identified: "Re-cognition of Vulnerability: A Strange New World." This theme was further differentiated into 3 components: (1) not recognizing cognitive deficits; (2) recognizing cognitive deficits, described as (a) never could remember anything, (b) just old age, (c) HF-related change, and (d) making normal accommodations; and (3) recognizing vulnerability, explained by perception of (a) cognitive, (b) physical, and (c) social vulnerabilities, as well as perception of (d) the nearness of death. Discussion Although the study was designed to focus on the cognitive changes in HF patients, it was difficult to separate cognitive, physical, and social challenges. These changes are most useful when taken as a constellation. Healthcare professionals can use the knowledge to identify problems and interventions for HF patients.
Research on wavelength of medical CO_2 laser

From the medical application of laser, there is problem that the wavelength of CO2 laser is not in the vicinity of 10.6μm. By theoretic investigation and experimental study, it is demonstrated that there are diversified wavelengths of CO2 laser from 9μm to 11μm. Advices are given for controling the laser wavelength of CO2 laser treating instruments.
The Feasibility of an eLearning Nutrition Education Program for Low-Income Individuals:

Background. Online eLearning may be an innovative, efficient, and cost-effective method of providing nutrition education to a diverse low-income audience. Aims. The intent of this project is to exa...