cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and natriuretic response to high doses of angiotensin II in pregnant rats.

Background Administration of high doses of angiotensin II (Ang II) results in natriuretic and diuretic responses that are mediated by increases in renal perfusion pressure (RPP). Elevations in renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) caused by increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) or RPP are associated with significant increases in urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) and urine flow rate (V). In pregnant rats the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated and basal RIHP is reduced. The exact relationship among MAP, RIHP, UNaV, and V in response to a high pressor dose of Ang II during normal pregnancy is not known. Methods The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between MAP and RIHP, and determine the role of RIHP in the natriuretic and diuretic responses to administration of high dose of Ang II in midterm pregnant (MP) and nonpregnant (NP) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Results Intravenous infusion of Ang II (200 ng/kg/min) significantly increased MAP (ΔMAP), ΔUNaV, and ΔV in anesthetized MP and NP rats. The ΔMAP, ΔUNaV, and ΔV were 12 ± 2 mm Hg, 27.9 ± 2.7 μEq/min, and 197 ± 23 μL/min for MP rats and were similar (15 ± 3 mm Hg, 34.1 ± 4.3 μEq/min, and 242 ± 34 μL/min, respectively) for NP rats. The RIHP decreased significantly (P Conclusions The natriuretic and diuretic responses to high doses of Ang II are not mediated by changes in RIHP in pregnant or nonpregnant rats.
Quantitative analysis of the deflection of a sodium beam by laser radiation.

We have performed experimental and theoretical studies of the deflection of a sodium atomic beam by a laser tuned to the 3 /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/,F = 2--3 /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/,F = 3 transition. The intensity profile of the deflected beam was measured at different laser power levels and for different laser polarizations. Calculations using a constant force derived from a two-level atom yield deflections which are too large. The results of more realistic simulation calculations agree very well with the measured deflection. Those calculations incorporate the atomic-beam spatial and velocity distributions as well as the laser frequency distribution and polarization state. Optical pumping, loss of atoms to the nonresonant F = 1 ground state, and Doppler shifting of the atoms out of resonance are all considered, as also are the statistics and angular distributions of the spontaneous photons.
Free drug samples. Use and abuse.

On May 14, 1986, Congressman John Dingell, chairman of the US House Energy and Commerce Committee, along with ten cosponsors, introduced a bill, HR 4820, designed "to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to ban the reimportation of drugs produced in the United States, to place restrictions on drug samples, to ban certain resales of drugs purchased by hospitals and other health care facilities, and for other purposes." Section 5 of this legislation would prohibit direct distribution of free samples of drugs to physicians by representatives or other employees of drug manufacturers. The manufacturer would be allowed to mail samples to physicians on written request, and the physician must return a receipt to the manufacturer. All records of such transactions must be retained by the manufacturer. On Sept 24, 1986, Senator Spark Matsunaga, with nine cosponsors, introduced identical legislation (S 2875) into the US Senate. These bills have
Determination of lead in coal by electrothermal atomization-Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry☆

Abstract The influence of iron interferent on the determination of lead by ETA-ZAAS was evaluated. It was found that iron seriously suppressed the lead absorbance when the ratio of iron to lead was greater than 250. Ascorbic acid was shown to be an excellent matrix modifier for minimizing the iron interference in the determination of lead. Lead was determined in two standard coal samples using a graphite cup and ascorbic acid as a matrix modifier by ETA-ZAAS with very good agreement between the measured and the certified values.
Global graphs: A middleware for large scale graph processing

Modern graphs are large and often display the well known power-law property. Graphs with millions of vertices and edges are becoming commonplace. All these facts pose significant challenges in processing real graphs. Space efficient representation, scalable distributed processing and ease of programming are some of the most critical capabilities sought after by researchers for dealing with such large graphs. In this paper we present Global Graphs, a distributed memory middleware for easy and efficient processing of large graphs. Global Graphs provides the ease of “shared memory” programming while maintaining the scalability of “distributed memory” programming. Global Graphs comes with parallel implementations of numerous important algorithms including Regularized Markov Clustering (RMCL), a popular algorithm for clustering large graphs. Our experiments on real graphs and large systems show good performance of Global Graphs.
Differential effects of phasic auditory and visual stimuli on serotonergic neurons in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and nucleus raphe pallidus in freely moving cats

Abstract The effects of phasic auditory and visual stimuli upon single unit activity of serotonergic neurons within the nucleus raphe dorsalis (RD) and nucleus raphe pallidus (RPA) were studied in freely moving cats. RD units were driven by both auditory and visual stimili, while RPA neurons were totally unresponsive to auditory and visual stimulation. These data support the hypothesis that ascending and descending serotonergic neurons subserve different functions.
Computational Bayesian inference for estimating the size of a finite population

We develop computationally intensive Bayesian methods to estimate the size of a closed population and apply these methods to estimate the number of children born in upstate New York with spina bifida from 1969 to 1974. The names of these children may appear on three different administrative lists: medical; birth; and death records. We assume diffuse prior distributions on the marginal probabilities of a name appearing on each record and on the various odds ratios modeling the interactions of these lists. Samples from the posterior distribution are generated using a modified sample-resample technique. A Bayesian log-linear model is developed and the posterior distribution is sampled from a Markov chain generated using the Metropolis algorithm. These two approaches are compared in terms of their interpretability and computational complexity.
CMOS Integrated Silicon Nanophotonics for Exascale Computing

CMOS integrated silicon nanophotonics allows ultra-dense monolithic single-chip integration of optical and electrical functions. This technology can enable future Exa-scale supercomputers by connecting racks, modules, and chips together with ultra-low power massively parallel optical interconnects.
1 N expansion for the Kondo lattice

A diagrammatic expansion is developed for the partition function of a lattice of spin-$j$ local moments interacting with a band via the Coqblin-Schrieffer exchange interaction. By examining the limit of large spin degeneracy, $N=2j+1$, a $\frac{1}{N}$ expansion is obtained for the partition function, which clearly exhibits how local spin fluctuations are enhanced by large spin degeneracy. The competition between the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction and local Kondo spin fluctuations is examined using scaling theory, and the critical value of the Kondo coupling constant above which a spin-compensated Kondo-lattice ground state is stable is shown to tend to zero as $O(\frac{1}{N})$, providing new justification for the applicability of the Kondo-lattice model to rare-earth systems. Physical arguments are advanced, based on the nature of the crossover to the strong-coupling regime, which suggest that the low-temperature excitations of the Kondo lattice form a narrow band of heavy fermions.
The effect of solution treatment and artificial aging on the work hardening characteristics of a cast Al–7%Si–0.6%Mg alloy

Abstract Al–7%Si–0.6%Mg (D357) alloy castings were heat treated for four different solution treatment times at 540 °C (1, 4, 16 and 64 h) and six different artificial aging times at 160 °C (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 h). Tensile work hardening characteristics were investigated by Kocks–Mecking plots for each specimen. The effects of Si particle morphology (solution treatment) and matrix strength (aging) on Kocks–Mecking (Stage III) work hardening model parameters were studied. It was found that (i) the shearing–bypassing transition in β″ precipitates takes place at or slightly after peak strength, and (ii) solution treatment, i.e., the size and aspect ratio of Si particles, has a profound effect on the Stage III work hardening characteristics of D357.
Transmission voltage unbalance evaluation

This paper presents transmission level voltage unbalance as measured by two different methods across the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Transmission system. It also discusses the recent focus on distribution voltage control. Two national standards mentioning voltage unbalance are discussed as well as TVA's operations and limitations on voltage balancing. An example of equipment malfunction creating voltage unbalance is discussed. A team was formed to address voltage unbalance concerns and this team made a number of measurements across the TVA system. The team determined the average transmission system unbalance delivered to customer sites to be 0.59% (method 1) and 0.64% (method 2).
Seeing new light

Optics after Newton: Theories of Light in Britain and Ireland, 1704–1840. By Geoffrey Cantor. Manchester University Press: 1984. Pp.257. 20, 25.
Irreducible thumb interphalangeal joint dislocation due to a sesamoid and palmar plate: A case report

A 24-year-old, right-handed man injured his left thumb while sliding into another player in softball. He was brought to the emergency room with a clean, palmar wound at the thumb IP flexion crease. The flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon was in the midline, draped over the proximal phalanx condyles. The thumb distal phalanx was displaced dorsal to the proximal phalanx. Active flexion was not possible. X-ray examination showed a dorsal dislocation of the thumb IP joint, with a sesamoid located between the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx base and the dorsal cortex of the proximal phalanx neck (Fig. 1). A closed reduction using a digital block for anesthesia was not successful. Under digital block, the palmar wound was explored. The FPL tendon and the neurovascular bundles were intact. When the FPL tendon was retracted radially, the distal phalanx base could be seen to rest on the dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx head. Extension of the distal phalanx showed the palmar plate to be attached to the distal phalanx base and displaced dorsally. The sesamoid was found attached to
Quantitation of Local Cerebral Blood Flow and Partition Coefficient Without Arterial Sampling: Theory and Validation

A new technique that requires neither arterial blood sampling nor prior knowledge of the indicator's tissue-blood partition coefficient has been developed for quantitation of local CBF. This technique arises from an existing method that uses the inert, freely diffusible gaseous tracer [18F]methyl fluoride (CH3(18)F) and positron computed tomography. The shape of the arterial blood curve is derived from continuous sampling of expired air. The concentration of CH3(18)F in the arterial blood is assumed to be proportional to the expired gas curve interpolated between end-tidal values. The absolute scale of the blood curve is determined by fitting a series of venous blood samples to a multicompartment model. Four validation studies were performed to compare values derived using the venous scaled expired breath input function with those derived using direct arterial samples. The proposed method gave higher flow values than the standard arterial sampling method by an average of 4.4%. These validation studies and data from both normal and patient scans suggest that the method provides the quantitation necessary for interstudy comparisons yet avoids the trauma of an arterial puncture.
Application of Nonlinear Dynamics Theory to Neuro-Occupation: A Case Study of Alcoholism

Nonlinear dynamics systems theory, also referred to as chaos theory, is infiltrating the biomedical and social sciences, including the practice of occupational therapy. Consequently, the Neuro-occupation model has emerged for the treatment of different illnesses, in which a therapist strives to apply the benefits of this theory. This model provides occupational therapists with a method of anticipating the natural flux between underlying or hidden order and chaos in occupations, which allows individuals to function at their highest level. These occupations typically involve the interaction of numerous variables over time. By considering a nonlinear dynamics approach in illnesses such as alcoholism, occupational therapists may understand how meaningful occupations serve as a catalyst to facilitate change, which may assist in better understanding the effect of the therapeutic relationship with the clients they serve. This paper explains the nonlinear dynamics of the interventions in a single case study on al...
Utility of a Wisconsin card sorting test short form in persons with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease

The utility of administering only the first deck of 64 cards from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-64) in persons with Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) was evaluated. There were 35 elderly subjects matched for gender, age, and education in each of four groups: controls, PD without dementia (PDN), PD with dementia (PDD), and AD. Additionally, the control and PDN subjects were matched for level of cognitive functioning as were the PDD and AD groups. Results revealed that demented persons performed significantly worse than nondemented subjects. The WCST-64 was also sensitive to the subtle executive deficits demonstrated by persons with PD without dementia. The findings support the use of the WCST-64 in elderly persons with AD and PD.
Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: Observations of ozone on Mars

The Mariner 9 Ultraviolet Spectrometer has observed the 2550 A ozone spectral absorption feature on Mars. This absorption was previously detected in the south polar region by Mariner 7 in 1969. Mariner 9 did not observe ozone at any time in the equatorial region, nor at the south polar cap during its summer season. However, ozone was found in the north polar region beginning at a latitude of 45 deg N and extending northward. Ozone later appeared in the southern hemisphere southward of 50 deg S as the Mars autumnal equinox approached. The presence of ozone on Mars seems to be coupled to the water vapor content of its atmosphere.
A Giant Specimen of Gnathophausia Ingens (Dohrn, 1870) (Mysidacea) and Remarks On the Asymmetry of the Para-Gnaths in the Suborder Lophogastrida

Un Mysidace de dimensions exceptionnelles, de l'espece Gnathophausia ingens (Dohrn, 1870) a ete trouve dans les eaux profondes de l'est de l'Ocean Pacifique tropical (Lat. 7° 50' N. Long 120° 13' W. a Lat. 8° 12' N. Long. 119° 54' W.). La comparaison de ce specimen avec une serie de specimens plus petits montre qu'il appartient sans aucun doute a la meme espece. Une etude detaillee des pieces buccales a revele que les paragnathes sont asymetriques et que celui de gauche est couple avec la mandibule gauche pour former un organe de mastication. Une recherche plus profonde a montre que l'on trouve des paragnathes asymetriques de cette sorte chez d'autres membres de la famille des Lophogastridae, de meme que chez les especes de la famille des Eucopiidae. Il est possible que ce trait se revele comme caracteristique du sous-ordre des Lophogastrida. Toutes les especes du sous-ordre des Mysida etudiees jusqu'a present ont des paragnathes presque symetriques, a l'exception du genre Thalassomysis.
A comparison of PASCAL intermediate languages

PASCAL P-code is an aid when transporting PASCAL to new machines and environments. Implementations using P-code may modify the P-code. This modification process may require some creative effort. Some of this effort may be eliminated by looking at previous work with P-code. This paper describes three versions of P-code and compares ther modifications.
Attribution, Salience, and Attitudes toward Criminal Sanctioning:

Building upon the work of Stinchcombe, Taylor et al., the present research attempts to assess the impact of victimization, salience, and attribution on four measures of criminal sanctioning: general punishment, rehabilitation, capital punishment, and the punishment of white-collar crime. Utilizing a sample drawn from Galesburg, Illinois, our analysis revealed that attitudes were not significantly influenced by being a victim or by crime salience. In contrast, our measure of attribution (what a person “attributed” the cause of crime to) had consistent effects across the scales, with those having a positivist orientation being less punitive and more in favor of rehabilitation. When members of criminal justice related occupations were included in the analysis, these results generally continued to persist. These findings thus suggest that attributional processes and, in particular, the way in which people explain crime may be important determinants of the attitudes that those both inside and outside the crimi...
Ancylostoma caninum: Adult worm removal, corticosteroid treatment, and resumed development of arrested larvae in dogs

Abstract Beagles, 2 months old and helminth naive, were infected with chilled arrest-prone larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. Eighteen days after infection, the pups were treated with an adulticidal anthelmintic (disophenol or dichlorvos) to remove adult worms while allowing dormant larvae to survive. Examinations of treated pups at necropsy demonstrated that the remaining hypobiotic larvae could develop and mature in the same dogs within which their development was arrested. Removal of adult worms was not a stimulus for resumption of larval development. Indeed, larvae resumed development in untreated control dogs harboring substantial populations of adult worms. Prednisolone treatment of dogs, although apparently producing some degree of immunodepression as judged by lymphocyte transformation assays, did not release larvae from dormancy. In fact, the dogs treated with the corticosteroid harbored significantly greater populations of hypobiotic larvae at 100 days after infection than did their untreated controls. Some hypobiotic larvae appeared to resume development spontaneously and idiosyncratically during the 2 to 3 month duration of these experiments. Whether a synchronous resumption of development would occur given other stimuli or spontaneously after a longer period of dormancy remains to be determined.
Atomic Theory of the Two-Fluid Model of Liquid Helium

It is argued that the wave function representing an excitation in liquid helium should be nearly of the form Σif(ri)φ, where φ is the ground-state wave function, f(r) is some function of position, and the sum is taken over each atom i. In the variational principle this trial function minimizes the energy if f(r)=exp(ik·r), the energy value being E(k)=2k2/2mS(k), where S(k) is the structure factor of the liquid for neutron scattering. For small k, E rises linearly (phonons). For larger k, S(k) has a maximum which makes a ring in the diffraction pattern and a minimum in the E(k) vs k curve. Near the minimum, E(k) behaves as Δ+2(k-k0)2/2μ, which form Landau found agrees with the data on specific heat. The theoretical value of Δ is twice too high, however, indicating need of a better trial function. Excitations near the minimum are shown to behave in all essential ways like the rotons postulated by Landau. The thermodynamic and hydrodynamic equations of the two-fluid model are discussed from this view. The view is not adequate to deal with the details of the λ transition and with problems of critical flow velocity. In a dilute solution of He3 atoms in He4, the He3 should move essentially as free particles but of higher effective mass. This mass is calculated, in an appendix, to be about six atomic mass units.
RESEARCH ON PART‐TIME FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES

Summary Research on Part-Time Farming in the United States Part-time farming has gradually increased in the United States since the beginning of the industrialization and urbanization trends. At the present time about one-fourth of all farms are classed as part-time operations. The paper discusses the question and continuing problem of the definition of part-time farming, gives the conclusions of some studies of individual motivation leading to part-time farming, attempts to make a classification of part-time farmers according to the characteristic of the off-farm work opportunities available to them, and finally gives attention to the types of career patterns of part-time farmers. After the search of literature the author makes clear that many questions related to part-time farming remain unsolved. Little is known about the impact on agricultural adjustment and the implications for changing social organization. The author expects that part-time farming will remain an important activity in the future.
Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Cell Survival Pathway

Growth factor-dependent survival of a variety of mammalian cells is dependent on the activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and its downstream effector, the protein kinase Akt. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has been previously identified as a physiological target of Akt, which is inhibited by phosphorylation, so we have investigated the role of GSK-3 in cell survival. Overexpression of catalytically active GSK-3 induced apoptosis of both Rat-1 and PC12 cells, whereas dominant-negative GSK-3 prevented apoptosis following inhibition of PI 3-kinase. GSK-3 thus plays a critical role in regulation of apoptosis and represents a key downstream target of the PI 3-kinase/Akt survival signaling pathway.
DNA Double-Strand Break Repair: A Relentless Hunt Uncovers New Prey

A major pathway for repair of DNA double-strand breaks is nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). In this issue of Cell, Buck et al. (2006a) and Ahnesorg et al. (2006) report the discovery of a new NHEJ factor called Cernunnos-XLF. Both groups report that this protein is mutated in a rare inherited human syndrome characterized by severe immunodeficiency, developmental delay, and hypersensitivity to agents that cause DNA double-strand breaks.
Complete Sets of Functions of Two and Three Binary Variables

A catalog of all nonredundant complete sets of functions of two and three binary variables is presented in the form of a table.
Surgery for posterior quadrantic cortical dysplasia. A review

Posterior quadrant dysplastic lesions represent 3–15 % of multilobar cortical developmental pathologies, 3–5 % of all the indications to surgery for epilepsy resistant to medical treatment. The objective of this study is to review the pertinent literature related to the presurgical clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroradiological evaluation of children affected by posterior quadrant dysplasia in order to discuss the intraoperative management and the different surgical techniques that have been proposed to treat this condition as well as factors related with postsurgical seizure outcome. Seizures appear most commonly in infants and rapidly progress to a catastrophic course. They are mostly represented by focal seizures and spasms. Surface interictal video-EEG is characterized by background flattening and paroxysmal discharges prevalent on the affected side but not unusually extending to the controlateral hemisphere. The last occasionally shows an independent irritative activity in spite of the absence of further visible structural abnormalities. Most of the patients have visual field or visual attention deficits at diagnosis. Resective as well as disconnective surgical procedures have been proposed for the management of this condition, none of them having shown clear advantages in terms of seizure outcome and complications. Intraoperative electrocorticography (EcoG) and sensorimotor monitoring have been successfully used to improve the localization of the epileptic focus and reduce surgical complication rates. Undistincted lesion borders, independent controlateral ictal or/and interictal EEG activity, and incomplete resections/disconnections are among the main factors that have resulted to be associated with a worse seizure outcome.
Microtus: A Simple Method of Recording Time Spent in the Nest

A prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, was tagged with a radioactive label, a survey meter was placed over its nest, and the presence or absence of the animal in the nest was recorded on tape.
Serine protease inhibitor 2A is a protective factor for memory T cell development.

An essential event in the development of memory CD8+ T lymphocytes is the escape of progenitors from programmed cell death, but how this is mediated is unclear. Here we report that the gene encoding serine protease inhibitor 2A (Spi2A), an inhibitor of lysosomal executioner proteases dependent on transcription factor NF-κB, is upregulated in memory cell precursors. Spi2A upregulation protected lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus–specific memory progenitors from programmed cell death. Thus, Spi2A promotes the survival of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, allowing them to differentiate into memory CD8 T cells. These findings suggest a model in which commitment to the memory lineage is facilitated by the upregulation of protective genes.
Increasing the Use of Mammography: A Pilot Program

Despite the effectiveness of mammography, a large percentage of eligible women do not obtain screening mammograms. Two programs designed to increase the use of mammography were designed, implemented and evaluated. One hundred and fifty-six women were recruited and assigned to an Educational plus Psychological program (EP), an Educational program (E), or to a delayed treatment control group (C). Women completed a pretest, a posttest (EP and E only) and a telephone follow-up. At posttest, EP women had greater intention to obtain a mammogram than C women. EP and E women had higher levels of knowledge and higher levels of perceived benefit of mammography than C women. Actual compliance did not differ among the three conditions. Implications for the design of future programs are discussed.
Dexamethasone Represses Signaling through the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Muscle Cells by Enhancing Expression of REDD1

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a critical modulator of cell growth, acts to integrate signals from hormones, nutrients, and growth-promoting stimuli to downstream effector mechanisms involved in the regulation of protein synthesis. Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid that represses protein synthesis, acts to inhibit mTOR signaling as assessed by reduced phosphorylation of the downstream targets S6K1 and 4E-BP1. Dexamethasone has also been shown in one study to up-regulate the expression of REDD1 (also referred to RTP801, a novel stress-induced gene linked to repression of mTOR signaling) in lymphoid, but not nonlymphoid, cells. In contrast to the findings of that study, here we demonstrate that REDD1, but not REDD2, mRNA expression is dramatically induced following acute dexamethasone treatment both in rat skeletal muscle in vivo and in L6 myoblasts in culture. In L6 myoblasts, the effect of the drug on mTOR signaling is efficiently blunted in the presence of REDD1 RNA interference oligonucleotides. Moreover, the dexamethasone-induced assembly of the mTOR regulatory complex Tuberin·Hamartin is disrupted in L6 myoblasts following small interfering RNA-mediated repression of REDD1 expression. Finally, overexpression of Rheb, a downstream target of Tuberin function and a positive upstream effector of mTOR, reverses the effect of dexamethasone on phosphorylation of mTOR substrates. Overall, the data support the conclusion that REDD1 functions upstream of Tuberin and Rheb to down-regulate mTOR signaling in response to dexamethasone.
A Comparison of 100 Percent Stator Ground Fault Protection Schemes for Generator Stator Windings

This paper describes three different schemes for detecting single-phase-to-ground faults in 100% of the generator stator winding. The operating theory, a setting example, and field measurements are provided for each of the three schemes. A chart comparing the significant application characteristics of the three schemes is presented.
Poke but don't pinch: risk assessment and venom metering in the western black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus

The capacity to assess threat, and modulate defensive behaviour accordingly, is widespread among animals. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that venomous animals possess control of venom expenditure in predatory contexts, few have examined venom metering in defensive contexts. Here, we investigated venom use in the context of threat assessment in the western widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus , a synanthropic, medically relevant species found throughout western North America. In experiment 1, we subjected wild-caught adult females ( N = 43) to single (low threat) and repeated (medium threat) prods with a gelatin ‘finger’, and repeated pinches between two gelatin fingers (high threat). Poking at low threat elicited primarily avoidance responses (‘move’ and ‘retract’), repeated prodding at moderate threat stimulated increased silk-flicking, and pinching at high threat provoked significantly more biting. In experiment 2, we pinched spiders ( N = 20) to induce bites of three successive targets (parafilm-covered tubes) from which venom could be recovered. Spiders modulated venom expenditure at two levels. First, spiders chose whether to use venom, frequently delivering dry bites (>50% of interactions) independent of venom depletion. Second, spiders metered venom quantity, delivering 1.8-fold more venom per bite when pinched on the body versus a leg, and 2.3-fold more venom when successive target presentations were separated by a lengthy (5 min) compared to a brief (5 s) interval. These findings suggest that spiders make decisions about silk and venom use for defence. Because these weapons are metabolically costly to replace, they represent limited commodities that should be used judiciously.
Electromagnetic Coupling to an Infinite Cable Placed Behind a Slot-Perforated Screen

We present an analysis of the electromagnetic coupling from an external illuminating field to an infinitely long thin cable placed behind the conducting screen that is perforated by a narrow slot. By using a Fourier transform representation for the unknown electric current on the cable, we obtain an integro-differential equation for the distribution of the electric field in the slot that accounts completely for the coupling. The transfer admittance function so obtained, is in a form very convenient to estimate the electric current on the infinite cable. Results of the slot electric-field distribution and the current induced on the infinite cable are given for a few typical cases. Not surprisingly, the axial distribution of induced voltage on the slot is markedly affected by the presence of the cable.
The cockroach genera Sigmella Hebard and Scalida Hebard (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blattellidae)

Diagnostic characters are given for distinguishing between Scalida Hebard and Sigmella Hebard, two genera which have been considered synonyms. Most of the species discussed are redescribed, two new species of Sigmella are described, and a key is presented to separate the males of 13 species in this genus.
A Profile of Clinical Preventive Practice

A survey was conducted of prevention-oriented dentists to determine the type, quality, and quantity of their preventive programs. Four aspects of the programs—the prophylaxis, use of diagnostic aids, treatment programs, and educational aids— were scored. Values were assigned to each of the aspects to evaluate the quality of the programs. Of the survey participants, 98.3% indicated that they practiced preventive dentistry, but only 36.6% were found to have a satisfactory program.
Technology for the Environment to Drive Social Innovation

Climate change is one of the top three global concerns for people around the world. Studies indicate that climate change will cause weather patterns to shift, resulting in severe drought, wildfires, and water scarcity in some areas, and excessive rainfall and flooding in others. These shifts can be expected to affect the productivity of farms, forests, and fisheries as well as the geography of disease. Meanwhile, experts estimate that the world’s population will grow from seven billion today to somewhere from 9 to 11 billion by 2050. The economies of countries such as China and India continue to expand at a significant rate, increasing the demand for products, energy, and other resources. Combined, these factors place severe stress on our planet’s resources. Observation shows that climate change can have serious ramifications—from economic losses to natural disasters to social strife. Faced with the challenge of inadequate ecosystem management as climate change occurs, governments, development agencies, and private industry are investing in task forces around the globe to plan for and take action at the country, regional, state, and local level.
Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors that block replication of influenza A and other viruses

We have previously reported that two receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs), called AG879 and tyrphostin A9 (A9), can each block the replication of influenza A virus in cultured cells. In this study, we further characterized the in vitro antiviral efficacies and specificities of these agents. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of each against influenza A was found to be in the high nanomolar range, and the selectivity index (SI = 50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50]/EC50) was determined to be >324 for AG879 and 50 for A9, indicating that therapeutically useful concentrations of each drug produce only low levels of cytotoxicity. Each compound showed efficacy against representative laboratory strains of both human influenza A (H1N1 or H3N2) and influenza B viruses. Importantly, no drug-resistant influenza virus strains emerged even after 25 viral passages in the presence of AG879, whereas viruses resistant to amantadine appeared after only 3 passages. AG879 and A9 each also exhibited potent inhibitory activity against a variety of other RNA and DNA viruses, including Sendai virus (Paramyxoviridae), herpes simplex virus (Herpesviridae), mouse hepatitis virus (Coronaviridae), and rhesus rotavirus (Reoviridae), but not against Pichinde virus (Arenaviridae). These results together suggest that RTKIs may be useful as therapeutics against viral pathogens, including but not limited to influenza, due to their high selectivity indices, low frequency of drug resistance, and broad-spectrum antiviral activities.
Physical Activity Levels of Overweight and Nonoverweight High School Students during Physical Education Classes.

Background: This study examined physical activity (PA) levels of overweight and nonoverweight African American and Caucasian students (n = 198) during game play in physical education classes. Methods: Body fat percentages (%BFs) were determined using the skinfold technique and Slaughter et al prediction equations. Girls were classified as overweight if their %BF was ≥32; boys were classified as overweight if their %BF was ≥25. PA was monitored using pedometers during flag football, ultimate Frisbee, and soccer game play. Three 2 (weight classification) × 2 (gender) × 2 (race) factorial analyses of variance were conducted. Results: Results indicated no significant difference in steps per minute between overweight and nonoverweight students regardless of game. Males were more active than females, and Caucasians were more active than African Americans. Conclusions: The most important implication of the current study is that the overweight and nonoverweight students accumulated similar amounts of PA during physical education. This emphasizes the importance physical education plays in providing both overweight and nonoverweight students with opportunities for PA. For many students, it may be their only source of regular PA.
Powerful Multi-marker Association Tests: Unifying Genomic Distance-Based Regression and Logistic Regression

To detect genetic association with common and complex diseases, many statistical tests have been proposed for candidate gene or genome-wide association studies with the case-control design. Due to linkage disequilibrium (LD), multi-marker association tests can gain power over single-marker tests with a Bonferroni multiple testing adjustment. Among many existing multi-marker association tests, most target to detect only one of many possible aspects in distributional differences between the genotypes of cases and controls, such as allele frequency differences, while a few new ones aim to target two or three aspects, all of which can be implemented in logistic regression. In contrast to logistic regression, a genomic-distance based regression (GDBR) approach aims to detect some high-order genotypic differences between cases and controls. A recent study has confirmed the high power of GDBR tests. At this moment, the popular logistic regression and the emerging GDBR approaches are completely unrelated; for example, one has to choose between the two. In this article, we reformulate GDBR as logistic regression, opening a venue to constructing other powerful tests while overcoming some limitations of GDBR. For example, asymptotic distributions can replace time-consuming permutations for deriving p-values, and covariates, including gene-gene interactions, can be easily incorporated. Importantly, this reformulation facilitates combining GDBR with other existing methods in a unified framework of logistic regression. In particular, we show that Fisher’s p-value combining method can boost statistical power by incorporating information from allele frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (HWD), LD patterns and other higher-order interactions among multi-markers as captured by GDBR.
Skeletal Surveys in Infants With Isolated Skull Fractures

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to describe the utility of skeletal surveys and factors associated with both skeletal survey use and referral to child protective services for infants with skull fractures in the absence of significant intracranial injury. METHODS. A retrospective chart review was performed for infants who were evaluated at a tertiary children9s hospital because of an isolated, non–motor vehicle-related, skull fracture between 1997 and 2006. Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations of demographic factors, clinical findings that raised suspicion for abuse (absence of trauma history, changing history, delay in care, previous child protective services involvement, and other cutaneous injuries), and fracture type (simple versus complex) with the primary outcomes of skeletal survey use and reports to child protective services. RESULTS. Among the 341 infants in the study, 31% had clinical findings that raised suspicion for abuse and 42% had complex skull fractures. Skeletal surveys were obtained for 141 infants (41%) and detected additional fractures for only 2 (1.4%) of those 141 infants. Child protective services reports were made for 52 (15%) of the 341 children. Both infants with positive skeletal survey findings had other clinical findings that raised suspicion for abuse, and they were among those reported. With controlling for race and age, Medicaid-eligible/uninsured infants were more likely than privately insured infants to receive skeletal surveys and child protective services reports in the presence of a complex skull fracture or clinical findings that raised suspicion for abuse. CONCLUSION. Skeletal surveys were ordered frequently for infants with isolated skull fractures, but they rarely added additional information, beyond the history and physical findings, to support a report to child protective services.
Angioscopy in vivo

Recent developments in optical instrumentation have made possible the direct, three-dimensional viewing of intravascular structures. Using an angioscope (the Trimedyne Optiscope, Trimedyne Inc., Santa Ana CA) and a xenon cold lamp (the Xenon Cold Light Fountain, Karl Storz Endoscopy America, Inc., Culver City, CA), the authors have visualized, without complications, the normal orifices of various arteries and their bifurcations in 12 dogs, the atherosclerotic aortas of eight post mortem humans, and the coronary arteries of six post mortem humans. Potential applications of the instruments include more accurate diagnosis of occlusive diseases of the blood vessels, evaluation of such interventional procedures as angioplasty, intraoperative assessment of anastomoses, and safer laser surgery. The angioscope also enables the physician to combine pressure recording and dye injection simultaneously with the visualization of the inner walls of the vessels.
Kinematic geometry of mass-triangles and reduction of Schrödinger's equation of three-body systems to partial differential equations solely defined on triangular parameters.

Schrodinger’s equation of a three-body system is a linear partial differential equation (PDE) defined on the 9-dimensional configuration space, ℝ9, naturally equipped with Jacobi’s kinematic metric and with translational and rotational symmetries. The natural invariance of Schrodinger’s equation with respect to the translational symmetry enables us to reduce the configuration space to that of a 6-dimensional one, while that of the rotational symmetry provides the quantum mechanical version of angular momentum conservation. However, the problem of maximizing the use of rotational invariance so as to enable us to reduce Schrodinger’s equation to corresponding PDEs solely defined on triangular parameters—i.e., at the level of ℝ6/SO(3)—has never been adequately treated. This article describes the results on the orbital geometry and the harmonic analysis of (SO(3),ℝ6) which enable us to obtain such a reduction of Schrodinger’s equation of three-body systems to PDEs solely defined on triangular parameters.
Fully Wireless Implantable Cardiovascular Pressure Monitor Integrated with a Medical Stent

This paper presents a fully wireless cardiac pressure sensing system. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medical stents are explored as radiating structures to support simultaneous transcutaneous wireless telemetry and powering. An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), designed and fabricated using the Texas Instruments 130-nm CMOS process, enables wireless telemetry, remote powering, voltage regulation, and processing of pressure measurements from a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) capacitive sensor. This paper demonstrates fully wireless-pressure-sensing functionality with an external 35-dB·m RF powering source across a distance of 10 cm. Measurements in a regulated pressure chamber demonstrate the ability of the cardiac system to achieve pressure resolutions of 0.5 mmHg over a range of 0-50 mmHg using a channel data-rate of 42.2 kb/s.
Responders, Nonresponders, and Placebo Responders Among Children with Attention Deficit Disorder Importance of a Blinded Placebo Evaluation

The responses to methylphenidate of 118 children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) were studied under double-blind conditions. Three distinct types of response to medication and placebo were found, as determined by teacher ratings. One group, called "responders," improved dramatically in attention and hyperactivity ratings on active medication but showed essentially no change from baseline when on placebo. The group called "nonresponders" showed minimal change in ratings on either placebo or medication. The third group, "placebo responders," showed almost as much improvement as the responders on medication, but their ratings were not very different from medication ratings during the placebo trial. The placebo responders, 18 percent of the group, would have been considered responders in a nonplacebo-controlled study. Double-blind placebo evaluation of ADD children can and should be done by practitioners to avoid medicating children who are responding to nonspecific effects of drugs.
Measurement of motivation for exercise

Motivation for exercise is a theoretically and empirically significant concept that is variously measured in the literature. This paper reviews recent studies that measure motivation for exercise. The findings from 22 studies that met inclusion criteria demonstrate that there is a deficiency in the published literature regarding the establishment of the psychometric properties of reliability and validity. Only five of the 22 studies report both reliability and validity measures on an instrument. An improvement in the reporting of psychometric measures and the utilization of established tools will advance the research and science of exercise motivation. The improvement in study psychometrics has implications for practical application in the field of exercise and the more general category of health promotion.
Partial cross-reactivity between latex and banana allergens.

M'Raihi et al. l recently reported on a patient with sensitivity to both banana and latex, suggesting crossreactivity between these two allergens. This was of interest to us because of our recent study of bananaspecific IgE and our research on anaphylaxis to latex.Z, 3 We further evaluated the cross-reactivity between banana and latex allergens using sera from individuals sensitive to both latex and banana.
Alternative treatment of restless legs syndrome: an overview of the evidence for mind–body interventions, lifestyle interventions, and neutraceuticals

Conventional pharmacologic treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) may be limited in some people. Up to 65% of patients with RLS regularly use alternative practices for symptom relief. We reviewed the current clinical evidence, and we proposed physiologic basis for various alternative practices for RLS including mind-body interventions (conventional exercise, yoga, and acupuncture), non-pharmacologic lifestyle interventions (pneumatic compression devices [PCDs], light therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT]), and neutraceuticals (vitamins, valerian, and Chinese herbs). Based on the available evidence, regular physical activity should be recommended for the treatment of RLS symptoms. Oral iron supplementation should be considered for people with RLS who have low ferritin levels, although criteria to identify probable responders, and optimal formulations and durations of treatment are needed. Supplementation for low levels of vitamins E, C, and D could be considered, although evidence specifically in RLS is limited, and it is unclear if levels should routinely be checked in patients with RLS. Insufficient evidence exists for yoga, acupuncture, PCDs, near-infrared light therapy, CBT, valerian, or Chinese herbs, but preliminary studies on each of these suggest that high-quality randomized controlled trials may be warranted to support and verify the data presented.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF SOVIET AEROSPACE EDUCATION

Soviet higher schools (VUZy) and specialized secondary schools (tekhnikums) that supply manpower to Soviet aerospace research, development, and production (RD&P) facilities are identified in the paper. The curricula, activities, and locations of these schools are discussed, and are compared to the locations and specializations of Soviet aerospace RD&P facilities. The strong spatial correlation and complementarity of programs between schools and facilities, together with other evidence provided, implies that aerospace graduates are placed predominantly at co-located aerospace facilities. Other graduate placements seem to occur more selectively on both an interregional and hierarchical basis.
Three New Chiggers from Spiny Rat, Proechimys guyannensis, in Northern Brazil (Acarina: Trombiculidae)

Parasecia orphana , Microtrombicula brachytrichia , and Trombicula (s.l.) ignota are described. All specimens were collected from Proechimys guyannensis in the vicinity of Belem, Para, Brazil.