cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resurgent Metropolis: Economy, Society and Urbanization in an Interconnected World

An urban problematic is identified by reference to the essential characteristics of cities as spatially polarized ensembles of human activity marked by high levels of internal symbiosis. The roots of the crisis of the classical industrial metropolis of the twentieth century are pinpointed, and the emergence of a new kind of urban economic dynamic over the 1980s and 1990s is discussed. I argue that this new dynamic is based in high degree upon the growth and spread of cognitive-cultural production systems. Along with these developments have come radical transformations of urban space and social life, as well as major efforts on the part of many cities to assert a role for themselves as national and international cultural centers. This argument is the basis of what we might call the resurgent metropolis hypothesis. The effects of globalization are shown to play a critical role in the genesis and geography of urban resurgence. Three major policy dilemmas of resurgent cities are highlighted, namely, their internal institutional fragmentation, their increasing character as economic agents on the world stage and the concomitant importance of collective approaches to the construction of localized competitive advantage, and their deepening social disintegration and segmentation.
Efficient scale space auto-context for image segmentation and labeling

The conditional random fields (CRF) model, using patch-based classification bound with context information, has been widely adopted for image segmentation/ labeling. In this paper, we propose three components for improving the speed and accuracy, and illustrate them on a developed auto-context algorithm: (1) a new coding scheme for multiclass classification, named data-assisted output code (DAOC); (2) a scale-space approach to make it less sensitive to geometric scale change; and (3) a region-based voting scheme to make it faster and more accurate at object boundaries. The proposed multiclass classifier, DAOC, is general and particularly appealing when the number of class becomes large since it needs a minimal number of [log2 k] binary classifiers for k classes. We show advantages of the DAOC classifier over the existing algorithms on several Irvine repository datasets, as well as vision applications. Combining DAOC, the scale-space approach, and the region-based voting scheme for autocontext, the overall algorithm is significantly faster (5 ~ 10 times) than the original auto-context, with improved accuracy over many of the existing algorithms on theMSRC and VOC 2007 datasets.
A NEW ORNITHOCHEIRID PTEROSAUR FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (CENOMANIAN-TURONIAN) EAGLE FORD GROUP OF TEXAS

The Cretaceous of North America preserves an abundance of pterodactyloid pterosaurs, with a majority of occurrences in the Late Cretaceous Niobrara Formation. All Cretaceous North American pterosau...
Protocol for disseminating an evidence-based fall prevention program in community senior centers: evaluation of translatability and public health impact via a single group pre-post study.

Background Falls are the leading cause of injury death in older adults and present a significant public health problem and a major burden to healthcare. Although there is sufficient evidence from randomized controlled trials to indicate that exercise can prevent falls in older people, few effective, evidence-based fall prevention programs exist in community practice. Thus, there is a pressing need to translate and disseminate evidence-based exercise programs to community providers that serve older adults at increased risk of falling. The current study addresses this public health need by disseminating the evidence-based Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance (TJQMBB) program through community senior centers.
The Bridged T-Coil [A Circuit for All Seasons]

The bridged T-coil, often simply called the T-coil, is a circuit topology that extends the bandwidth by a greater factor than does inductive peaking. Many high-speed amplifiers, line drivers, and input/output (I/O) interfaces in today?s wireline systems incorporate on-chip T-coils to deal with parasitic capacitances. In this article, we introduce and analyze the basic structure and study its applications.
Methamphetamine Intoxication Encephalopathy Associated With Hyperammonemia.

Ammonia (NH3) is derived from amino acid metabolism in the liver via the urea cycle. It is routinely measured in cases of unexplained lethargy and vomiting, or encephalopathy. It is most useful when checked in encephalopathies of unknown cause.Methamphetamine is an addictive psychostimulant drug, which is chemically related to amphetamine. Elevated NH3 has not been reported in cases of encephalopathy in humans due to methamphetamine toxicity. The authors report 3 cases of elevated NH3 associated with methamphetamine toxicity in human subjects, and discuss the possible etiologies of this relationship.
Smoking Cessation Strategies for Patients with COPD

Smoking cessation remains the priority intervention for patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to slow progression of lung tissue damage, decrease symptoms, and enhance quality of life. This article highlights ways home healthcare clinicians can incorporate Prochaska's stages of change to individualize smoking cessation interventions for COPD patients. By assessing patients' readiness-to-quit and implementing evidence-based teaching techniques, including motivational interviewing, home healthcare clinicians can identify specific strategies to promote smoking cessation and enhance the health and quality of life for this population.
Patterns of Panting and Gular Flutter in Cormorants, Pelicans, Owls, and Doves

Most birds pant when subjected to heat stress, but some supplement evaporation from the respiratory tract by fluttering the gular area. Gular flutter occurs in at least the following taxa: cormorants, pelicans, boobies, anhingas, frigate-birds, herons, owls, doves, roadrunners, colies, and many gallinaceous species. The mechanics of gular flutter have been examined only in the Poor-will, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (Lasiewski and Bartholomew 1966), but data on rates of gular flutter are available for a number of species, including the Common Nighthawk, Chordeiles minor (Lasiewski and Dawson 1964), Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia (Calder and Schmidt-Nielsen 1966), Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), Gambel's and California Quail (Lophortyx gambelii and L. californicus), Painted Quail, Excalfactoria chinensis, Screech Owl, Otus asio, and Mourning Dove, Zenaidura macroura (Lasiewski et al. 1966b). The ability of birds that employ gular flutter to dissipate all of their metabolic heat through evaporation has been demonstrated in the Poor-will (Bartholomew et al. 1962), Common Nighthawk (Lasiewski and Dawson 1964), Domestic Pigeon (Calder and Schmidt-Nielsen 1966), Inca Dove, Scardafella inca (MacMillen and Trost 1967), and the Painted Quail (Lasiewski et al. 1966a). In caprimulgids the rate of flutter is independent of heat load and appears to be determined by the resonant properties of the gular area, just as the panting rate of dogs is determined by the resonant properties of the thoraco-abdominal region (Crawford 1962). The present study was undertaken to examine aspects of gular flutter and breathing in several birds of widely differing morphology and behavior. Through the cooperation of the staff of the San Diego Zoological Gardens, we were able to make measurements on a Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), a Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), a Homed Owl (Bubo virginianus), and a Barn Owl (Tyto alba). Mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura) and a Horned Owl were studied on the Los Angeles Campus of the University of California.
Natural 15N abundance of presumed N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing plants from selected ecosystems.

The 15N/14N ratios of plant and soil samples from Northern California ecosystems were determined by mass spectrometry. The 15N abundance of 176 plant foliar samples averaged 0.0008 atom % 15N excess relative to atmospheric N2 and ranged from-0.0028 to 0.0064 atom % 15N excess relative to atmospheric N2. Foliage from reported N2-fixing species had significantly lower mean 15N abundance (relative to atmospheric N2 and total soil N) and significantly higher N concentration (% N dry wt.) than did presumed non-N2-fixing plants growing on the same sites. The mean difference between N2-fixing species and other plants was 0.0007 atom % 15N. N2-fixing species had lower 15N abundance than the other plants on most sites examined despite large differences between sites in vegetation, soil, and climate. The mean 15N abundance of N2-fixing plants varied little between sites and was close to that of atmospheric N2. The 15N abundance of presumed non-N2-fixing species was highest at coastal sites and may reflect an input of marine spray N having relatively high 15N abundance. The 15N abundance of N2-fixing species was not related to growth form but was for other plants. Annual herbaceous plants had highest 15N abundance followed in decreasing order by perennial herbs, shrubs, and trees. Several terrestrial ferns (Pteridaceae) had 15N abundances comparable to N2-fixing legumes suggesting N2-fixation by these ferns. On sites where the 15N abundance of soil N differs from that of the atmosphere, N2-fixing plants can be identified by the natural 15N abundance of their foliage. This approach can be useful in detecting and perhaps measuring N2-fixation on sites where direct recovery of nodules is not possible.
Interaction between ryanodine receptor function and sarcolemmal Ca2+ currents.

We used the whole cell voltage-clamp technique to investigate the effects of disruption of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) on sarcolemmal Ca2+ currents of chick myotubes kept in culture for 7 or 8 days. Ca2+ currents were recorded in 145 mM tetraethylammonium chloride and 10 mM Ca2+ with pipettes containing cesium and 10 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N9,N9-tetraacetic acid. We found two components of Ca2+ current: 1) relatively large T-type currents that were activated near -50 mV and inactivated during 100-ms depolarizations to potentials positive to -60 mV (they were of similar magnitude in Ba2+ or Ca2+ and were insensitive to nifedipine) and 2) L-type currents that were activated near 0 mV and showed little or no inactivation during 100-ms depolarizations (they were larger when Ba2+ was the charge carrier and were blocked by 10 microM nifedipine). Addition of 1 or 100 microM ryanodine to the culture medium for 6-7 days caused a modest but significant increase in the L-type Ca2+ current density (pA/pF). Ryanodine (1 or 100 microM) exposure for 1-7 days reduced the T-type Ca2+ current density to 24 h changes sarcolemmal Ca2+ channel expression or function.
Vitamin D and Cartilage

Two metabolites of vitamin D 3 , 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) regulate growth plate physiology. The effects of each metabolite are limited to different subsets of cells in specific zones of the growth plate; different mechanisms of action are used by the metabolites to exert their effects in their target cells. In resting zone chondrocytes, 24R,25(OH) 2 D 3 maintains the pool of resting zone chondrocytes and protects against apoptosis; in growth zone chondrocytes, 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 stimulates differentiation, maturation, and cartilage calcification. Together these metabolites cycle to maintain growth plate homeostasis.
Abstract 4985: Radiation potentiates systemic anti-tumor immunity unleashed by a novel TLR9 agonist (SD-101)

Background: SD-101 is a CpG oligonucleotide-based TLR9 agonist that engages its target within early and late endosomes of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), resulting in DC activation, robust IFN-α responses, and priming of tumor-specific T-cells. We have previously shown that local radiotherapy (RT) may also act as an immune adjuvant and thereby contribute to immune-mediated tumor rejection (J Natl Cancer Inst, 2013: 105:256-265). We hypothesized that the effects of SD-101 may be potentiated by RT and trigger immune-mediated abscopal responses, outside the irradiated field (Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 58:862-870). Methods: BALB/c mice were inoculated s.c. with syngeneic TSA mammary tumor cells in 2 sites (primary [ipsilateral flank] and secondary [contralateral flank]) to detect abscopal responses. When tumors reached an average of 5 mm in diameter, mice were randomly assigned to 1 out of 4 treatment groups: control (untreated), SD-101, RT, or SD-101+RT. RT was delivered to primary tumors (8 Gy x3 fractions) in 3 consecutive days; secondary tumors were completely shielded from RT. SD-101 was injected into primary tumors (50 μg) three times per week starting on the last day of RT. Mice were followed for tumor growth in both the primary and secondary tumors. In a parallel experiment, mice were euthanized 10 days after initiation of therapy for immune analysis. Results: Significant growth delays (p Conclusions: Our studies support the rational use of RT as a powerful therapeutic partner to potentiate the anti-tumor effects of SD-101. Citation Format: Karsten Pilones, Jeffrey Kraynak, Sandra Demaria, Encouse Golden, Silvia Formenti. Radiation potentiates systemic anti-tumor immunity unleashed by a novel TLR9 agonist (SD-101). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4985.
Requirement of a single high-risk feature as an indication for EUS for the diagnosis of asymptomatic pancreatic cysts

Abstract Background and aims Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is widely used to evaluate pancreatic cysts. Recent American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) guideline limits EUS for evaluation of cysts with at-least two high-risk features (size ≥ 3 cm, dilated main pancreatic duct or presence of a solid component). We have investigated the impact of this guideline on sensitivity of EUS for pancreatic cancer and the reduction of EUS procedures for pancreas cysts. Methods EUS procedures performed between 2004 and 2015 and related patient records were retrospectively reviewed to determine the presence or absence of high-risk features, and for the results of fine needle aspiration cytology. Results Two hundred ten patients (108 males) underwent EUS for diagnostic evaluation of pancreatic cysts. Four patients (1.9%), all with at-least one high-risk feature, were diagnosed with cytologically-proven pancreatic cancer. Only 2 patients with cancer had at-least two high-risk features that would have warranted EUS examination based on the new AGA guideline. The requirement for at-least two high-risk features would have decreased the number of EUS procedures by 91%, but reduced the sensitivity for pancreatic malignancy to 50%. If only one high-risk feature was required, EUS procedures would have been decreased by 67%, with a sensitivity of 100%. Conclusion Limiting EUS to patients with pancreatic cysts with 2 or more high-risk features may substantially reduce the sensitivity for pancreatic malignancy. Performing EUS in patients with at least one high-risk feature may substantially decrease the need of invasive procedures without reducing sensitivity for detecting malignancy.
Expanding binocular depth of focus by combining monovision with diffractive bifocal intraocular lenses

Purpose To test the hypothesis that binocular depth of field can be expanded while retaining high-quality vision at intermediate distances by combining anisometropia (monovision) and simultaneous vision bifocals. setting School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. Design Prospective research study. Methods A computational polychromatic model was used to simulate retinal images as seen through a pseudophakic eye with a diffractive bifocal for a range of target distances. Computationally blurred stimuli were presented dichoptically, simulating a binocular pseudophakic person with 1 emmetropic eye and 1 eye with myopia of 0.40 diopter (D), 0.80 D, or 1.20 D. Binocular visual acuity was measured for computationally blurred high-contrast Sloan letters. Results Ten subjects participated in this study. The emmetropic eye achieved best vision at infinity and near distance specified by the addition (add) power, while the myopic eye peak acuities were achieved at shorter viewing distances. Having 1 myopic bifocal eye had no effect on distance acuities. With a bifocal add of 2.20 D and 1.20 D of anisometropia, the binocular depth of focus was more than 3.00 D and provided binocular acuities of better than 20/20 throughout this range. For each target distance, the binocular acuities closely approached those of the better-focused eye. Conclusions By careful selection of unilateral myopia and bilateral use of high-quality bifocal lenses, high intermediate distance acuities can exist with a large depth of field. This approach can improve intermediate vision and expand depth of field without compromising best achievable distance and near acuities. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Line Absorption Studies of the Interstellar Gas Near 1015 Hz

The Copernicus satellite now opens up the ultraviolet region for inspection, and the number of resonance lines which may be studied has increased from 6, seen in the visible, to more than 30. The distribution and properties of an important constituent of the interstellar gas, molecular hydrogen, can be studied in detail using this instrument. A more comprehensive picture may now be developed for element depletion factors, electron densities, and sources of ionization (UV photons, low energy cosmic and X-rays).
Helical-Path, Half-Cone-Beam Acquisition for SPECT Brain Imaging

Convergent beam collimation can provide improved sensitivity and/or spatial resolution for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain imaging. A half-cone-beam (HCB) collimator is particularly useful because shoulder interference is mitigated and the base of the brain is within the collimator?s field of view. However, HCB SPECT acquisitions using a single circular orbit (SCO) result in insufficiently sampled projection data and consequently axial distortion. To reduce axial-distortion artifacts, we investigated HCB acquisitions using helical paths (HPs). A single HCB collimator with the focal point shifted towards the base of the brain was mounted on a Triad-XLT SPECT system. HP-HCB SPECT was evaluated with a Hoffman 3D brain phantom and a Defrise-type disk phantom. While the camera revolved in a 360 deg. circular orbit, the bed and phantom were translated at a slow speed. This combined motion resulted in a helical path of the focal point relative to the phantom. Two HP acquisitions, each with 360 deg. rotation, were combined to provide a single 720 deg. HP acquisition. An Ordered-Subset, Expectation-Maximization reconstruction algorithm was used. The HCB-HP SPECT images were compared with full-cone-beam (FCB) SCO, HCB-SCO SPECT, and parallel beam (PB) images. The FCB-SCO and HCB-SCO images of the disk phantom demonstrated strong axial artifacts. These artifacts were eliminated in HCB-HP images. HCB-HP SPECT provides markedly improved sampling of SPECT data than is possible with FCB-SCO and HCB-SCO SPECT, and offers the potential for improved SPECT imaging of the human brain.
Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Verdazyl Radicals

Aryl-Halogenated 3-aryl-1,5-diisopropyl verdazyl radicals undergo Suzkuki-Miyaura coupling with a variety of boronic acids to give biaryl substituted verdazyls in acceptable to good yields (50-90%). Successful coupling depends on the halogen and the boronic acid though most boronic acids could be coupled with the iodophenyl verdazyl using either ligandless conditions or in the presence of triphenyl phosphine. The success of these palladium catalyzed coupling reactions facilitates the incorporation of verdazyls into conjugated systems as a way to modify the properties of organic materials. New verdazyls were characterized by UV-vis, ESR, HRMS and particularly by their distinctive fragmentation pattern in electron impact mass spectrometry.
Questioning Youth: Post-identity Practices and Spatial Agencies

This chapter mingles Foucault’s discussion of fearless speech with Michael Warner’s analysis of counterpublics. I then combine insights from ethnographic work on queer youth to reinstall space and relation as necessary to agency. In so doing I hope to situate agency more specifically in kinds of relations and spaces created through friendship and political alliance.
Influence of Grapevine Rootstock on Scion Development and Initiation of Senescence

Summary Goals: The purpose of this research was to determine if scion development and the timing of phenologic events could be affected by rootstock selection. Deciphering the influence of rootstock on scion traits such as shoot internode length and diameter, yield, pruning weight, light penetration (photon flux density, PFD) into the cluster zone, initiation of leaf senescence, and progression to vine dormancy would enable growers to better address climatic changes and associated stressors. Key Findings: Vines grafted onto 110R ( Vitis berlandieri × V. rupestris ) had lower light (PFD) penetration in the cluster zone, more clusters, and greater pruning and crop weight per vine compared to scions grafted onto 101-14Mgt ( V. riparia × V. rupestris ). Scion cultivars grafted onto 110R had greater shoot internode length and diameter than those grafted to 101-14Mgt. Vines grafted to 101-14Mgt initiated leaf senescence and reached dormancy earlier than those grafted to 110R, and dry farming resulted in faster senescence of Cabernet Sauvignon scions grafted to 101-14Mgt. Impact and Significance: Rootstock choice plays a key role in scion development and can be used to induce earlier dormancy to address late-season precipitation risks during harvest or to conserve soil water resources in areas prone to drought conditions. Rootstock choice can also play a role in extending leaf function, delaying dormancy, and allowing berries additional time to attain better ripeness. A leaf senescence index could be used to classify existing rootstocks and to help in screening new germplasm and rootstock selection. Rootstock selection can also be used to manipulate pruning and cluster weights, canopy density, and light penetration into the fruiting zone. Understanding the response of scions to rootstock selection is of practical and economic importance in winegrape production.
Targeted killing in international relations theory: Recursive politics of technology, law, and practice

ABSTRACTAs new technologies make possible new modes of war, they cause tension in the previously prevailing conceptual categories. This is evident, as the practice of targeted killing by governments has increased in frequency and prominence, largely due to the American use of armed drones around the world. The essays in this special issue explore how norms, rules, and laws that many people thought were settled have been roiled by new technologies of targeted killing. This includes rules on sovereignty, territory, due process, and the distinction between civilian and combatant. The essays sketch an implicit research program around the recursive relation between rules and practice. I draw these out into a more general model for scholarship at the boundaries between law and politics and between concepts and practices.
Molecular biology: Rhino gives voice to silent chromatin

Flies use master lists of DNA sequences from transposons to identify and silence these virus-like, genomic parasites. How the lists themselves escape the fate of their transposon targets has now been solved. See Letter p.54 The PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway is important for genome stability in the germline by establishing repressive heterochromatin at transposons. How piRNAs are transcribed from their loci within transposons that are transcriptionally silenced is not understood. Here Julius Brennecke and colleagues show that transcription initiation of Drosophila piRNA precursors involves a germline-specific TFIIA-L paralogue which they name Moonshiner. This protein is recruited to piRNA clusters in heterochromatin via an HP1 paralogue, Rhino, and couples to the core RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Moonshiner therefore enables active piRNA transcription in a repressive heterochromatin environment.
Acting for God? Types and Motivations of Clergy Political Activity

Clergy members are often important political actors. Yet, scholars rarely distinguish among different types of clergy political activities. Here, I argue for three disaggregated categories of clergy political activity: personal, general congregation level, and election-specific congregation level. Data from two sources—the Cooperative Clergy Study and the Little Rock Congregations Study—demonstrate that important differences exist across these categories, with the majority of model variables significantly influencing different clergy political activities in different directions. For instance, a conservative ideology and affiliation with a Black Protestant church both negatively influence personal political activities, like donating to a campaign, while also positively influencing election-related political activities in the congregation, like distributing voter guides. Similarly, providential religious beliefs increase general congregation-level political activities, while decreasing personal and electoral activities. These relationships are obscured when political activity is considered in the aggregate, suggesting that clergy political activities are nuanced; different activities are driven by different motivations.
Detailed Investigation of Core–Shell Precipitates in a Cu-Containing High Entropy Alloy

Due to the competing influences of configurational entropy and enthalpy of mixing, in recent years, secondary (including intermetallic) phases have been reported in many high entropy alloy (HEA) systems. These secondary phases offer great potential in terms of strengthening the HEA beyond the solid solution strengthening effects, and as such are of great interest in regards to alloy design for engineering applications. The present research investigates novel nano-scale core–shell precipitates forming within the disordered bcc matrix phase of an Al2CrCuFeNi2 HEA, utilizing complementary high-resolution microscopy techniques of atom probe tomography (APT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size, morphology, and local chemistry of these core–shell precipitates was measured by APT, and the composition was further corroborated by high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy in an aberration-corrected TEM. Furthermore, high-resolution TEM imaging of the core–shell structure indicates that the Cu-rich core exhibits a bcc crystal structure.
Spin-flip light scattering in semimagnetic semiconductors Cd 1-x Mn x S and Zn 1-x Mn x Se

Magneto-Raman spectroscopy of $n$-type ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.959}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.041}$Se, ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.983}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.017}$Se, and ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.1}$S has been performed at 2 K and in magnetic fields from 0-12 T. "Giant" spin-flip shifts due to $s\ensuremath{-}d$ exchange are observed with energies up to 200 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. In addition, conventional spin flip from localized electrons (having $g=1.99\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ in ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Se}$ and $g=1.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ in ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{S}$) is observed. Dependencies of frequencies and intensities of these spectral features with increasing magnetic field are discussed. The dependence of spin-flip intensity upon magnetic field for the ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{S}$ samples satisfies (at 1.85 K) $I(\ensuremath{\omega})=A{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}{e}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}{{C}^{2}}}+D$, where $\ensuremath{\omega}(H)$ is the spin-flip energy, $I$ is defined in dimensionless, arbitrary units, $A=4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, and $C=(18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This is in accord with the theoretical predictions of Heiman et al., from which an estimate ${C}^{2}=\frac{2{W}^{2}T}{(T+{T}_{\mathrm{AF}})}$ gives $C\ensuremath{\approx}13$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for our 10 at.% Mn sample [for which $W$ (zero-field energy)=12.9 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $T=1.85$ K, and ${T}_{\mathrm{AF}}=6.2$ K].
MOVING MESH METHODS FOR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The numerical solution of nonlinear partial differential equations is often complicated by large local gradients in the solution that evolve in time. As these gradients pass over a mesh point, the solution at that mesh point changes rapidly. When this happens, small time steps should be taken at these mesh points to accurately integrate the solution while elsewhere larger time steps would suffice. Thus, a moving front can result in a multirate system of differential equations at the mesh points and force a global small time step. If the mesh points are moved so the solution at the mesh points changes slowly, then then the same larger time step may be appropriate everywhere. Several strategies are described on how to best move the meshpoints to define a reference frame where the solution is slowly varying.
Effects of paroxetine and sertraline on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: an observational cohort study.

Background: Antidepressant use in US adults increased 3-fold from 2.5% in 1988–94 to 8.1% in 1999–2002, based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. As the use of antidepressants increases, a comprehensive understanding of the potential health risks that may be associated with their use becomes increasingly important. Objective: This study evaluated the effects of paroxetine and sertraline on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Study Design: An observational cohort study (1997–2004) of adults who had taken paroxetine or sertraline for at least 60 continuous days and had ≥2 LDL-C values measured during the study period, one while taking and one while not taking paroxetine or sertraline. A total of 13 634 LDL-C values clustered within 2682 patients were studied. Methods: We conducted mixed model regression analyses to quantify the relationship between antidepressant use and LDL-C values. Results: The number of days taking paroxetine (β = 0.0045; 95% CI 0.0018, 0.0073) and sertraline (β = 0.0074; 95% CI 0.0054, 0.0093) prior to the LDL-C test were related to higher LDL-C values, after accounting for age, sex, year LDL-C was tested, co-morbidity, depression and lipid medication. The number of days that had passed since exposure to paroxetine (β =−0.0013; 95% CI −0.0020, −0.00061) or sertraline (β = −0.00093; 95% CI −0.016, −0.00022) were related to lower LDL-C values. The significant interaction between exposure to an antidepressant and taking a lipid medication demonstrates that the increase in LDL-C values associated with antidepressant use is ameliorated among patients who were taking a lipid medication when LDL-C was measured. Conclusion: Our study showed that long-term use of paroxetine or sertraline may have a measurable adverse impact on cardiovascular risk in adults. Clinical strategies should be used to address cardiovascular risk while maintaining effective treatment of major depression. In light of these findings, attention to LDL-C values should accompany antidepressant use.
Preferred Provider Relationships Between Medicare Advantage Plans and Skilled Nursing Facilities Reduce Switching Out of Plans: An Observational Analysis.

Unlike traditional Medicare, Medicare Advantage (MA) plans contract with specific skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Patients treated in an MA plan’s preferred SNF may benefit from enhanced coordin...
Current frontline approaches in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: the evolving role of immunotherapy.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide and is expected to rise. Patients with early-stage disease may have a good prognosis with a 5-year survival ...
You Could Lose Your Home: The Effects of State Policies Mandating Subprime Mortgage Risk Disclosures on Consumer Evaluations of Loan Offers

This paper presents an empirical study of consumer responses to mandated information disclosures as measured by loan applicants rejecting approved high-cost mortgage loan offers in states with disclosure laws. Using 2005 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data, this analysis suggests that state laws requiring signed consumer disclosures of the risk of “losing your home” result in more loan applicants rejecting an approved high-cost refinance loan offer from a lender. In general, a loan application covered by a state signed risk disclosure law, controlling for applicant, lender and market factors, results in a 4 to 10 point increase in the rate of applicants rejecting high-cost loan offers, compared to a mean rate of 16 percent overall. While states with any mortgage risk disclosures for high cost loans exhibit elevated probabilities that loan applicants will reject high-cost loan offers based on sequential logit models, modeling only the loan applicant’s accept-reject decision and focusing on loans estimated to be covered by state laws, it appears the effects of disclosure laws are strongest among provisions that require a signature by the loan applicant. These results suggest signed disclosures may be incorporated into consumer decision making when evaluating potential high cost mortgage refinance loans and are a strategy policymakers and regulators concerned about consumer decision making may want to consider.
Synthesis and Reactivity of PtII Methyl Complexes Supported by Pyrazolate Pincer Ligands

Multidentate pyrazolate ligands, 2-(5-tert-butylpyrazol-3-yl)-6-(diethylaminomethyl)pyridine (HNNN)Et and 2,6-bis(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine (HNNNH), were metalated with PtII to form neu...
Extracellular cyclic dinucleotides induce polarized responses in barrier epithelial cells by adenosine signaling

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are secondary messengers used by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In mammalian cells, cytosolic CDNs bind STING (stimulator of IFN gene), resulting in the production of type I IFN. Extracellular CDNs can enter the cytosol through several pathways but how CDNs work from outside eukaryotic cells remains poorly understood. Here, we elucidate a mechanism of action on intestinal epithelial cells for extracellular CDNs. We found that CDNs containing adenosine induced a robust CFTR-mediated chloride secretory response together with cAMP-mediated inhibition of Poly I:C-stimulated IFNβ expression. Signal transduction was strictly polarized to the serosal side of the epithelium, dependent on the extracellular and sequential hydrolysis of CDNs to adenosine by the ectonucleosidases ENPP1 and CD73, and occurred via activation of A2B adenosine receptors. These studies highlight a pathway by which microbial and host produced extracellular CDNs can regulate the innate immune response of barrier epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces.
Accuracy of a Syringe-Style Airway Cuff Pressure Manometer

Background: Monitoring cuff pressure on intubated patients is important to prevent tracheal ischemia and aspiration. The goal of this study is to determine the accuracy of the AG Cuffill Pressure Manometer (Hospitech Respiration, Kiryat Matalon, Petach Tikva, Israel) by measuring various pressures compared to the Fluke VT Plus HF Gas Flow Analyzer (Biomedical, Cleveland, OH). Our hypothesis is that there will be no difference between the readings of the two manometers when measured at various pressures. Methods: A model trachea composed of large bore tubing (Care Fusion, Yorba Linda, CA), a 7.5-mm endotracheal tube (ETT) (Covidien, Mansfield, MA), and the Fluke, were used to test the accuracy of the AG Cuffill. The ETT was inserted into the model trachea and the Fluke was zeroed. The cuff was inflated until the Fluke read pressures of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm H2O. By utilizing two stopcocks (Smiths Medical, Dublin, OH) to isolate the Fluke, the pressures were able to be independently analyzed. Each pressure was then obtained using the Cuffill, and recorded. Three trials were performed at each of the 4 targeted pressures. Results: At the targeted pressures, the Cuffill consistently overestimated the measured pressure when compared to the Fluke (P
Toward a Framework for Embodiment in Communication Technologies: Facilitating Social Connectivity for Older Adults:

The majority of older adults report that they want to age in place, however, communities are often unequipped with the tools necessary to support this process. As a result, older adults can often e...
Arrested methanogenesis digestion of high-strength cheese whey and brewery wastewater with carboxylic acid production.

Abstract A new anaerobic digestion process based on arrested methanogenesis (AM) was developed to treat high-strength cheese whey and brewery wastewater with simultaneous carboxylic acid production. This study specifically determined the links between wastewater characteristics, microbial community structure, and the operation of AM digesters at the bench scale. The highest total carboxylic acids concentration (78 g/L) was achieved after 15 days under batch condition at 40 °C and near-neutral pH. Lactate conversion to chain-elongated volatile fatty acid was observed. Under fed-batch conditions, the highest total acid productivity was 16 g/(Lliq·d) with substrate conversion of 0.66 g CODdigested/g CODfed at hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 4 days. Fed-batch digestion with biomass recycling resulted in a 2-fold increase in VFAs concentration (30 g/L) and a higher diversity in the microbial consortia. Experimental results show that highly efficient, robust, and productive community structure was established for sustainable carboxylate production from widely varying high-strength wastewaters.
Asystole Following Concomitant Intravenous Administration of Neostigmine and Dexmedetomidine in a Patient With Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction.

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) is a condition characterized by acute dilation of the large bowel without evidence of mechanical obstruction that occurs in a variety of hospitalized patient...
Reducing Poverty-Related Disparities in Child Development and School Readiness: The Smart Beginnings Tiered Prevention Strategy that Combines Pediatric Primary Care with Home Visiting

This paper describes the Smart Beginnings Integrated Model, an innovative, tiered approach for addressing school readiness disparities in low-income children from birth to age 3 in the United States through universal engagement of low-income families and primary prevention in pediatric primary care integrated with secondary/tertiary prevention in the home. We build on both public health considerations, in which engagement, cost and scalability are paramount, and a developmental psychopathology framework (Cicchetti & Toth, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 50:16-25, 2009), in which the child is considered within the context of the proximal caregiving environment. Whereas existing early preventive models have shown promise in promoting children's school readiness, the Smart Beginnings model addresses three important barriers that have limited impacts at the individual and/or population level: (1) identification and engagement of vulnerable families; (2) the challenges of scalability at low cost within existing service systems; and (3) tailoring interventions to address the heterogeneity of risk among low-income families. Smart Beginnings takes advantage of the existing platform of pediatric primary care to provide a universal primary prevention strategy for all families (Video Interaction Project) and a targeted secondary/tertiary prevention strategy (Family Check-Up) for families with additional contextual factors. We describe the theory underlying the Smart Beginnings model, some initial findings from its recent application in two cities, and implications for changing social policy to promote school readiness beginning during very early childhood.
Foods and beverages offered in US public secondary schools through the National School Lunch Program from 2011–2013: Early evidence of improved nutrition and reduced disparities

Abstract Objective To present data on trends in foods and beverages offered through the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) in public middle and high schools in the years immediately preceding and following implementation of new NSLP standards. Method From 2011 to 2013, primary data collection through the annual Youth, Education, and Society study involved use of mailed questionnaires to obtain data on NSLP meals from schools attended by nationally representative samples of US 8 th , 10 th , and 12 th grade students (N = 792 middle schools and 751 high schools). Each school was weighted to represent the percentage of target grade students enrolled, thus allowing analyses examining changes over time in the percentage of students enrolled in (attending) schools with specified NSLP measure outcomes, as well as disparities in NSLP measures based on school characteristics. Results Significantly more US secondary students attended schools with specified NSLP measures in 2013 than in 2011; increases were observed at both middle and high school levels. Increase rates for some NSLP measures were moderated by school characteristics; where this was the case, moderating associations decreased prior NSLP nutrition environment disparities that were especially evident in smaller schools and schools with higher percentages of minority students. Conclusion Meaningful improvements have been made in the nutritional content of NSLP meals offered to US secondary students; these improvements have reduced prior NSLP meal disparities associated with school characteristics. Schools will need continued help with implementation and compliance monitoring in order to have the best opportunity to improve the nutrition environments for US students.
Metabolism of haloforms to carbon monoxide—III: Studies on the mechanism of the reaction

Abstract The mechanism of reaction for microsomal metabolism of dihalomethanes to carbon monoxide has been investigated. Mass spectral studies using 18 O 2 showed that C 18 O was produced indicating that molecular oxygen was incorporated during the reaction. Furthermore, cumene hydroperoxide could replace NADPH and oxygen in the reaction. A primary deuterium isotope effect was observed for conversion of dichloromethane to carbon monoxide both by hepatic microsomal fractions and by a stannous phosphate model system. These results suggest an initial oxygen insertion reaction to yield a hydroxydihalomethane intermediate which would be expected to rearrange to yield a formyl halide intermediate. Formyl halides are known to decompose spontaneously to carbon monoxide. Incubation of dibromomethane in the stannous phosphate model system in the presence of 3,4-dimethylaniline resulted in the formation of 3',4'-formoxylidide, thus supporting the intermediacy of a formyl halide. On the basis of these studies, the following mechanism for the metabolism of dihalomethanes to carbon monoxide is proposed: CH 2 X 2 → (cytochrome P-450) → H-O-CHX 2 → HC(O)X + H + + X − →: CO + H + + X − .
Regioselective 2′‐Silylation of Purine Ribonucleosides for Phosphoramidite RNA Synthesis

This unit describes high-yield procedures for protection of purine ribonucleosides based on a reaction that allows concomitant highly regioselective 2′-silylation and 3′-phosphitylation to give, in one step, monomers that are ready for H-phosphonate synthesis. For preparation of phosphoramidites, the H-phosphonate monoester is cleaved without silyl migration to give intermediates ready for phosphitylation by standard methods.
The cDNA and protein sequences of mouse lactate dehydrogenase B. Molecular evolution of vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase genes A (muscle), B (heart) and C (testis).

Mouse lactate dehydrogenase-B cDNAs were isolated from cDNA libraries of macrophage (ICR strain) and thymus (F1 hybrid of C57BL/6 and CBA strains), and their nucleotide sequences determined. The lactate dehydrogenase-B cDNA insert of thymus clone mB188 consists of the protein-coding sequence (1002 nucleotides), the 5′ (46 nucleotides) and 3′ (190 nucleotides) non-coding regions, and poly(A) tail (19 nucleotides), while macrophage clone mB168 contains a partial lactate dehydrogenase cDNA insert from codon no. 55 to the poly (A) tail. Seven silent nucleotide substitutions at codon no. 142, 143, 186, 187, 241, 285 and 292, as well as a single nucleotide change in the 3′ non-coding region, were found between these different strains of mice. The predicted sequence of 333 amino acids. excluding initiation methionine, was confirmed by sequencing and/or compositional analyses of a total of 103 (31%) amino acids from tryptic peptides of mouse lactate dehydrogenase-B protein. The nucleotide sequence of the mouse coding region for lactate dehydrogenase B shows 86% identity with that of the human isoenzyme, and only eight of the 139 nucleotide differences resulted in amino acid substitutions at residues 10, 13, 14, 17, 52, 132, 236 and 317. The rates of nucleotide substitutions at synonymous and nonsynonymous sites in the mammalian lactate dehydrogenase genes are calculated. The rates of synonymous substitutions for lactate dehydrogenase genes A (muscle) and B (heart) are considerably higher than the average rate computed from human and rodent genes. The rates of nonsynonymous substitutions for lactate dehydrogenase genes A (muscle) and B (heart), particularly the latter, are highly conservative. The rats of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions for the lactate dehydrogenase-C gene are about the same as the average rates for mammalian genes. A phylogenetic tree of vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase protein sequences is constructed. In agreement with the previous results, this analysis further indicates that lactate dehydrogenase-C gene branched off earlier than did lactate dehydrogenase-A and lactate dehydrogenase-B genes.
Peyronellaea gardeniae fungus infection presenting as posttraumatic hemorrhagic bullae and desquamation.

Peyronellaea gardeniae is a rare fungus, first described in 1966 by Chandra and Tandon,1 which was never previously identified as a source of infection in humans. We report a case of a 72-year-old white man with multiple medical comorbidities who presented with extensive hemorrhagic bullae on his left upper extremity secondary to infection with Peyronellaea gardeniae.
The Case for Wireless Overlay Networks

Wireless data services, other than those for electronic mail or paging, have thus far been more of a promise than a success. We believe that future mobile information systems must be built upon heterogeneous wireless overlay networks, extending traditional wired and internetworked processing “islands” to hosts on the move over coverage areas ranging from in-room, in-building, campus, metropolitan, and wide-areas. Unfortunately, network planners continue to think in terms of homogeneous wireless communications systems and technologies. In this paper, we describe our approach towards a new wireless data networking architecture that integrates diverse wireless technologies into a seamless wireless (and wireline) internetwork. In addition, we describe the applications support services needed to make it possible for applications to continue to operate as mobile hosts roam across such networks.