cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
James Rorty's Social Ecology Technology, Culture, and the Economic Base of an Environmentally Sustainable Society

The environmental consequences of modern industrial society necessitates an investigation into the organizational basis of an ecologically sustainable society. From the 1930s through the 1950s, the pioneering social ecologist James Rorty examined these issues in ways that are still relevant today. Rorty's broad-ranging analysis explored the relationships among economics, society, culture, and ecology. Although not an uncritical proponent of technology, Rorty believed that science and technology could help create a society in balance with the natural environment. At its strongest, Rorty's analysis situated technology within a capitalist social and cultural system and examined the ways in which the profit-motive impeded the application of science and technology to social problems. At its worst, however, Rorty's work belied an overly optimistic faith in technological solutions to environmental degradation. The work of James Rorty demonstrates that there is a complex history of environmentalism and ecological...
Mutagenic Effects of Ultraviolet and Ionizing Radiation

UV and ionizing radiation induce cell killing, mutation and oncogenic transformation in mammalian cells. The molecular mechanisms whereby these cellular sequelae are induced has been a subject of study for many years. Although the exact reactions involved in the induction processes remain to be elucidated, the relevant alterations responsible for these cellular events are thought to be DNA lesions.
Measurement of transmission and reflection of conductive lossy polymers at millimeter-wave frequencies

Several conductive polymer samples of various thicknesses were measured at a frequency range of 26.5 to 60 GHz. Samples of conductive polymer were measured for transmission and reflection characteristics using a Hughes millimeter-wave waveguide network. It is shown that thin, lightweight planar samples of a particular conductive polymer significantly reduce reflections while providing a high transmission loss over a broad frequency range. >
Advanced cardiovascular imaging: from patients to populations

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both men and women in developed nations. Gender and population differences in the prevalence, presentation and prognosis of CVD, as well as in the role of traditional risk factors in determining its risk have been increasingly recognized. Thus, multi-ethnic studies are necessary to fully understand the basis for optimal prevention and management of CVD. Cardiovascular imaging is a well-validated form of non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic testing. Coronary artery calcium (CAC), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and elevated left ventricular (LV) mass and geometry as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) offer highly specific phenotype data on the extend of CVD. Due to their high sensitivity, these modalities are increasing used to characterize CVD risk in clinically asymptomatic individuals. Noninvasive imaging of the heart and blood vessels has the potential to replace invasive angiography for the evaluation of ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Computed Tomography (CT) angiography allows coronary vessels to be accurately assessed for stenosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1.5 Tesla and 3 Tesla offers superior evaluation of myocardial structure, function and perfusion, as well as atherosclerotic plaque and tissue composition. In summary, new imaging techniques for the heart and blood vessels offer the potential for advanced tools for patient diagnosis. The application of advanced cardiac CT and MRI to study numbers of patients is underway in epidemiologic studies to help understand risk factor effects and genetic relationships [1,2].
Cardiovascular manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex and summary of the revised diagnostic criteria and surveillance and management recommendations from the International Tuberous Sclerosis Consensus Group.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic syndrome with a highly variable phenotype that may affect several organ systems. The central nervous system findings were the first to be described, and the classic triad of cognitive impairment, facial angiofibromas, and seizures was delineated shortly
Children Who Return Home From Foster Care: A 6-Year Prospective Study of Behavioral Health Outcomes in Adolescence

Objective. Returning children to their biological families after placement in foster care (ie, reunification) has been prioritized with legislation. Comprehensive studies of child behavioral health functioning after reunification, however, have not been conducted. This study examined outcomes for youth who were reunified after placement in foster care as compared with youth who did not reunify. Design. Prospective cohort. Setting. Children who entered foster care in San Diego, California, and who remained in foster care for at least 5 months. Participants. A cohort of 149 ethnically diverse youth, 7 to 12 years old, who entered foster care between May 1990, and October 1991. Seventy-five percent of those interviewed at Time 1 were interviewed at Time 2 (6 years later). Outcome Measures. 1) Risk behaviors: delinquent, sexual, self-destructive, substance use, and total risk behaviors; 2) Life-course outcomes: pregnancy, tickets/arrests, suspensions, dropping out of school, and grades; 3) Current symptomatology: externalizing, internalizing, total behavior problems, and total competence. Results. Compared with youth who were not reunified, reunified youth showed more self-destructive behavior (0.15 vs −0.11), substance use (0.16 vs −0.11), and total risk behavior problem standardized scores (0.12 vs −0.09). Reunified youth were more likely to have received a ticket or have been arrested (49.2% vs 30.2%), to have dropped out of school (20.6% vs 9.4%), and to have received lower grades (6.5 vs 7.4). Reunified youth reported more current problems in internalizing behaviors (56.6 vs 53.0), and total behavior problems (59.5 vs 55.7), and lower total competence (41.1 vs 45.0). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups on delinquency, sexual behaviors, pregnancy, suspensions, or externalizing behaviors. Reunification status was a significant predictor of negative outcomes in 8 of the 9 regression equations after controlling for Time 1 behavior problems, age, and gender. Conclusions. These findings suggest that youth who reunify with their biological families after placement in foster care have more negative outcomes than youth who do not reunify. The implications of these findings for policy and practice are discussed.
THE QUICK TEST COMPARED WITH THE WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE AS MEASURES OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING IN A PRISON CLINICAL SETTING

The Quick Test and the WAIS were administered to 40 patients (39 males, one female) in an urban prison hospital. 34 patients were black. Chronological ages of the sample ranged from 16 to 39 yr., with a mean age of 27 yr. Analysis showed a strong positive correlation between the Quick Test IQs and the WAIS Verbal Scale IQs, Performance Scale IQs, and Full Scale IQs. These findings suggest that the Quick Test provides a reasonable estimate of conventional verbal intelligence in an urban minority prison population.
Reassessing Soviet motives for invading Afghanistan: A declassified history

Abstract This article reassesses Soviet motives for invading Afghanistan in 1979, based on newly available archival materials, especially from the former USSR. The article argues that these Soviet documents show that the 1979 invasion reflected defensive rather than offensive objectives. Specifically, the USSR sought to restrain extremist elements of the Afghan communist party, who were undermining stability on the southern Soviet frontier. The findings of this article are at odds with with long-standing views that the invasion of Afghanistan was part of a larger Soviet strategy aimed at threatening the Persian Gulf and other western interests.
Making Effective Use of Computer Technology

Computer uses, programming, soft ware, simulations, and the procedures that will help principals and teachers to adopt them and students to use them more effectively are described.
Planar cell polarity, ciliogenesis and neural tube defects

Cilia are microtubule-based protrusions that are found on the surface of most vertebrate cells. Long studied by cell biologists, these organelles have recently caught the attention of developmental biologists and human geneticists. In this review, I will discuss recent findings suggesting a link between cilia and the planar cell polarity signaling cascade. In particular, I will focus on how this interaction may influence the process of neural tube closure and how these results may be relevant to our understanding of common human birth defects in which neural tube closure is compromised.
The British Film Industry in the 1970s: capital, culture and creativity

For historians of film, the 1970s in Britain are a problematic decade. Just as the 1960s’ utopian window of social progress closed in the 1970s, the films produced in the 1970s have typically been ...
Physical mechanisms of tissue injury in electrical trauma

The author reviews data indicating that skeletal muscle cell rupture may result from either heating or electroporation due to electric shock and discusses their relative contributions to tissue injury in electrical trauma victims. It is concluded that the relative contributions of these mechanisms are probably dependent on the duration of electric current passage, the geometry of the cells, their location, and other factors. If the contact is brief, nonthermal mechanisms of cell damage may be most important. If the contact is much longer, heat damage will be most destructive. The characteristic time before heat damage predominates is probably a function of the electric field strength in the tissue. The various factors involved should also influence the pattern of injury because damage by Joule heating is not known to be dependent on cell size. >
Acceleration of polarized protons to high energy

High energy polarized beam collisions will open up the unique physics opportunities of studying spin effects in hard processes. However, the acceleration of polarized beams in circular accelerators is complicated by the numerous depolarizing spin resonances. Using a partial Siberian Snake and an RF dipole that ensure stable adiabatic spin motion during acceleration has made it possible to accelerate polarized protons to 25 GeV at the Brookhaven AGS. Full Siberian Snakes and polarimeters are being developed for RHIC to make the acceleration of polarized protons to 250 GeV possible. A similar scheme is being studied for the 803 GeV HERA proton accelerator.
Ageism: A Course of Study

(1984). Ageism: A course of study. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 23, Multicultural Education, pp. 117-123.
Effectively Educating Latino/a Students: A Comparative Study of Participation Patterns of Hispanic American and Anglo-American University Students

This article provides, first, a brief review of literature concerning the education of Hispanic American (Latino/a) students at the secondary and postsecondary levels and, second, the results of qu...
Development of feed-forward design system for rapid SiP design

This paper proposes a feed-forward type of SiP (System-in-Package) design environment to improve SiP products design. The proposed environment enables accurate performance prediction including signal integrity and thermal dispersion at initial design stages. This design environment is contributes to finding design constraints from initial package layout at early design stages. By feeding these constraints forward to later detailed design stages, extra design iterations can be removed. As the results, we can reduce the whole SiP design period by half with keeping sufficient quality.
Impacts Of Accountability Indicators And Socioeconomic Factors On Test Scores And Policy Implications

Based on a sample of 63 school districts in the state of Louisiana during academic year 2003-2004, we find that a higher (IOWA) test score is associated with higher attendance rates, smaller class sizes, more qualified teachers, more discipline, less spending per student, lower poverty rates, and lower per capita personal income. Therefore, we need to continue to pursue qualified teachers, smaller class sizes, and more discipline.
Imaging of the Trigeminal Nerve

The clinical neurosensory testing of the patient who sustains an injury to the lingual nerve or inferior alveolar nerve is comprised of both objective tests and subjective tests. It has been suggested that there are no “purely” objective testing modalities available for the evaluation of iatrogenic injuries to the terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve, and this makes the clinical diagnosis and management of these conditions complex for the clinician. All available clinical neurosensory testing modalities require patient cooperation and are based upon a patient response, thus introducing a subjective component to the testing protocol. Furthermore, all testing is commonly performed following the nerve injury, so no individual baseline testing results are available for comparison and true determination of the magnitude of the resultant damage for each individual patient. For objective radiographic assessment, a number of imaging modalities are available to assist in the preoperative risk assessment of the trigeminal nerve, as related the commonly performed procedures in the vicinity of the nerve, mostly third molar surgery. In addition, these studies may be applied for objective functional monitoring of either spontaneous or surgically assisted recovery of the inferior alveolar (IAN) and lingual (LN) nerves. This chapter will provide a review of all currently available imaging modalities and their clinical application relative to the preoperative nerve injury risk assessment, and post-injury and postsurgical repair status of the IAN and LN.
Characterizing data deliverability of greedy routing in wireless sensor networks

As a popular routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), greedy routing has received great attention. The previous works characterize its data deliverability in WSNs by the probability of all nodes successfully sending their data to the base station. Their analysis, however, neither provides the information of the quantitative relation between successful data delivery ratio and transmission power of sensor nodes nor considers the impact of the network congestion or link collision on the data deliverability. To address these problems, in this paper, we characterize the data deliverability of greedy routing by the ratio of successful data transmissions from sensors to the base station. We introduce η-guaranteed delivery which means that the ratio of successful data deliveries is not less than η, and study the relationship between the transmission power of sensors and the probability of achieving η-guaranteed delivery. Furthermore, with considering the effect of network congestion and link collision, we provide a more precise and full characterization for the deliverability of greedy routing. Extensive simulation and real-world experimental results show the correctness and tightness of the upper bound of the smallest transmission power for achieving η-guaranteed delivery.
Greg Edmonds (B)

This follow-up to the A case (UVA-OB-0623) reveals Greg Edmonds's decision to leave his company and create new opportunities. It also explores the consequences of that decision.
Influence of altered fatty acid composition on resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to antimicrobials

The sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and ATCC 19114 to antimicrobial compounds was altered when bacterial membrane lipid composition was modified by growth in the presence of added fatty acids. Analysis of cellular fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography indicated that L. monocytogenes Scott A cells contained 0.97, 2.32, 0.81, and 0.72% (relative) of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:l, respectively. In the presence of exogenously supplied C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:l, the percentages increased to 14.03, 30.92, 16.30, and 27.90%. Average MICs for L. monocytogenes Scott A and ATCC 19114 to sodium chloride, tertiary butylhydroquinone, methyl paraben, and propyl paraben were 10.0%, 81, 1406, and 544 μg/ml, respectively. Growing either strain in the presence of 50 μg/ml of either exogenously added C14:0 or C18:0 fatty acids increased their resistance to the four antimicrobial compounds. However, growth in the presence of C18:1 led to increased sensitivity to the antimicrobial agents. The results indicate that the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to antimicrobial agents is related to the lipid composition of the cell membrane. Consequently, food preservation processes which alter fatty acid composition of L. monocytogenes could result in changes in antimicrobial susceptibility.
Triumphant memory of the perpetrators: Putin's politics of re-Stalinization

Abstract In this article, I explore the interconnection between Putin's politics of re-Stalinization, historical memory, and a specific version of the post-Soviet neo-medievalism. I show that re-Stalinization is a mass movement that is grounded in the unprocessed memory of Soviet crimes and atrocities. The popular myth of the “Great Patriotic War” and the myth of Stalinism as the Golden Age exploited by Putin's memory politics became a gold mine for Putin's kleptocracy. I argue that re-Stalinization and the Kremlin-sponsored ideology of Eurasianism represents two interrelated trends of a complex ideological process. Eurasianism combines Soviet denial of individuality with the idea of a state-dependent patriarchal society and Russian historical messianism. It glorifies the reign of Ivan the Terrible and Stalin. The ‘medievalist’ discourse of Eurasian ideologists, which advocates a return to the medieval society of orders, on the one hand, and the Gothic monsters populating post-Soviet film and fiction, on the other, creates a political language that expresses new attitudes to people in post-Soviet Russia. They depict a new social contract that reconsiders the modern concept of citizenship, and creates a social basis for the criminalization and militarization of Russian society.
A Note on Jacobi's Method for Real Symmetric Matrices

I MANY PROBLEMS dealing with the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, it is convenient to use a well-known method due to Jacobi for diagonalizing real symmetric matrices. I t consists of performing a sequence of plane rotations (orthogonal transformations), each of which reduces to zero one of the nondiagonal elements of the matrix, until the sum of squares of nondiagonal elements fails to decrease. Less attention has been paid, however, to the total number of rotations required to diagonalize matrices of various orders. Recently, in connection with a study of the effect of the selection of the number of masses and their distribution in approximating the dynamic characteristics of a uniform beam, Jacobi's method was used to calculate the natural frequencies, modes, and other related matrices for a range from 2 to 20 lumped masses using two different methods of lumping (cases a through d) as shown in Fig. 1.
Technique of Arthroscopic Treatment of Impingement After Total Ankle Arthroplasty

Rates of medial and/or lateral gutter impingement after total ankle replacement are not insignificant. If impingement should occur, it typically arises an average of 17 months after total ankle replacement. Our patient underwent treatment for right ankle medial gutter bony impingement with arthroscopic debridement 5 years after her initial total ankle replacement. Standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals and a 30° 2.7-mm-diameter arthroscope were used. An aggressive soft-tissue and bony resection was performed using a combination of curettes, a 3.5-mm shaver, a 5.5-mm unsheathed burr, a drill, and a radiofrequency ablator. This case shows that arthroscopic treatment is an effective and potentially advantageous alternative to open treatment of impingement after total ankle replacement. In addition, symptoms of impingement often improve in a short amount of time after arthroscopic debridement of the medial and/or lateral gutter.
Últimas Tendencias de la Crítica Literaria Española

(1953). Ultimas Tendencias de la Critica Literaria Espanola. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 213-231.
Polybromodiphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in aquatic sediments from southern and eastern Arkansas, United States.

South-central Arkansas (AR) is home to major manufacturing facilities for brominated flame retardant chemicals (BFRs) in the U.S. Unintended release during production may have caused accumulation of the BFRs in the local environment. In this work, sediment cores were collected from six water bodies in AR, including three located close to the BFR manufacturing facilities in El Dorado and Magnolia, to investigate past and recent deposition histories. A total of 49 polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were detected, with concentrations as high as 57 000 and 2400 ng/g dry weight for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) and DBDPE, respectively. Log–log regression of BDE209 and DBDPE surface concentrations versus distance to known BFR manufacturing facilities fit the Gaussian Plume Dispersion model, and showed that, if the distance is shortened by half, concentrations of BDE209 and DBDPE would increase by 5-fold. The spatial distribution and temporal trend of the contamination indic...
The Hyperactive Agency Detection Device

The “hyperactive agency detection device” (HADD) refers to the cognitive modular process that primes humans to believe in supernatural agents. According to many leading scientists who study the int...
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postoperative cardiac support in children

Prolonged circulatory support for cardiac failure has been increasingly successful in adults but has had very limited use in children. From January 1982 to December 1985, 13 children with postoperative cardiac failure refractory to conventional therapy were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ages ranged from 9 days to 17.6 years (mean = 3.8 years); weights ranged from 2.8 to 50 kg (mean = 13.8 kg). Seven patients had obstructive lesions of the right ventricle, such as pulmonary stenosis and tetralogy; the other patients had tricuspid atresia, truncus arteriosus, complete transposition, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, pericardial tamponade, and a drug reaction after heart transplantation. One patient (nonsurvivor), who could not be separated from cardiopulmonary bypass, required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the operating room. In the remaining 12, the interval between operation and the start of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ranged from 9 to 50 hours (mean = 22.2 hours). Four patients were cannulated through the groin and nine through the chest. Peak flows ranged from 1.05 to 2.74 L/min/m2 (mean 1.92 L/min/m2). Duration of oxygenator support ranged from 12 hours to 9 days (mean = 3.4 days). Seven patients required reexploration for bleeding. Renal insufficiency developed in five patients, four of whom underwent hemodialysis or ultrafiltration during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Two patients had evidence of clots in the oxygenator circuit Seven patients were weaned from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Failure to wean from the oxygenator was related to neurologic sequelae of prolonged hypotension before institution of oxygenation in three patients. Mediastinitis developed in three of the seven patients who were weaned. One of these three died in the hospital 74 days after being weaned from the oxygenator. There has been one late death 6 months after oxygenator support was withdrawn. At most recent examination, five children were well, with normal cardiac function 7 months to 4.3 years postoperatively (mean = 32 months). This series suggests that profound cardiac insufficiency in children after cardiac operations can be successfully managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with excellent functional recovery, although major complications are common in this critically ill group of patients.
Pelvic Infections Following Vaginal Hysterectomy

An effort to develop a workable plan for reducing the present high incidence of postoperative febrile morbidity led to a reopening of the question of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. A test based on the view that the operative site be considered “potentially contaminated” is reported; while the study did not seek to prevent all infections, its findings indicate that the incidence can be cut by about one half.
An iterative method for computing optimal controls for bilinear quadratic tracking problems

In this paper, an iterative method for synthesizing optimal controls for the bilinear quadratic tracking problem is investigated. The presented method is easy to implement as the control law of the bilinear system is obtained iteratively by considering a sequence of linear systems. The minimizing control law is calculated iteratively through solving a set of coupled state-dependent differential equations derived from the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. The proof of convergence of the iterative procedure is provided, and the convergence is demonstrated by numerical simulations for three example tracking problems.
Process Modeling in the Operating Room: A Socio-Technical Systems Perspective

Given the importance of communication in healthcare, a need exists for modeling approaches that facilitate analysis of complex interactions among providers. While attempts have been made to translate best practices from engineering, manufacturing, and other fields, their value has been limited because they are applied with minimal modification for contextual differences in healthcare. This paper develops a methodology for modeling processes and analyzing communication in a particular healthcare setting, the hospital operating room OR. The analysis is based on the construction of a large multidomain matrix MDM, a representation of interactions across "domains" in a socio-technical system. In the OR, these domains are people the surgical team and process the steps that they take in a surgical procedure. Based on these domains, the MDM consists of four quadrants: a process architecture design structure matrix DSM representing task dependencies, an organization architecture DSM representing interactions among staff, a domain mapping matrix DMM of activities performed by team members, and a DMM of activities that "trigger" team members to complete their own tasks. Integrated analysis of these matrices leads to a process map of surgical procedures and construction of a congruence matrix specifying the relationship between expected and actual interactions in the OR. Analysis of process metrics demonstrate that merely engaging the surgical staff in building the MDM can itself lead to performance improvement. The paper lays the foundation for future studies focused on understanding the relationship of team communication to patient outcomes in a single OR and across healthcare systems.
A strong arbiter PUF using resistive RAM within 1T-1R memory architecture

Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) is cost effective and reliable security primitives widely used in authentication and in-place secret key generation. With growing research in the area of non-CMOS technologies for memories and circuits, it is important to understand their implications on the design of security primitives. Resistive Random Accessible Memory (RRAM) offers easy integration with CMOS due to minimal changes in the process technology. RRAM also demonstrates resistance variability characteristics due to inherent defects in the conducting filament formed inside the metal oxide layer. RRAM based PUF designs exploit either the probabilistic switching of RRAM or the resistance variability during forming, SET and RESET processes. Memory PUFs using RRAM are typically weak PUFs due to fewer number of Challenge Response Pairs (CRPs). We propose strong arbiter PUF based on 1T-1R bit cell which is obtained from conventional RRAM memory array with minimally invasive changes. Conventional voltage sense amplifier is employed to generate the response. The PUF is simulated using 65nm predictive technology models for CMOS and Verilog-A model for a hafnium oxide based RRAM. The proposed PUF architecture is evaluated for uniqueness, uniformity and reliability and by running NIST benchmarks. It demonstrates mean intra-die Hamming Distance (HD) of 0.13% and inter-die HD of 51.3%, and, passes the NIST tests.
Creating a Better State of Health for Women

Women's wellness spans from childhood into adolescence, through the childbearing period, and into older age. It includes not only wellness issues related to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other chronic conditions but also the consequences of intimate partner violence and mental health issues.Throughout the life course, women's health should be a priority. Healthier women lead to healthier babies, which lead to healthier communities. In addition, when women are connected to the health care system, their families are also more likely to be connected. This issue of the North Carolina Medical Journal explores the many aspects of women's health and its many impacts.
Non-Respiratory Function of the Lungs: Host Defenses Against Infection

ABSTRACT Rarely can a host's biological response to an environmental injury be explained through simple dose/time relationships. It has become necessary for the environmental toxicologist to understand how various exposure patterns might influence the toxicological response. Short-term studies have been conducted that indicate that the biological mechanism of response to NO 2 can differ depending not only on the concentration, time of exposure, the interaction with other airborne chemicals but also from the pattern of exposure. This can be of significant importance to the setting of environmental standards. The objective of the studies to be described was to determine how these various exposure patterns alter the host's susceptibility to infectious respiratory disease. From these data, it was evident that with short-term exposure, concentration has more influence on the biological consequence than duration of exposure; that intermittent exposure did not necessarily elicit a response significantly less than continuous exposure; and that short-term peaks or spikes could have significant influence on the host response. Studies presently being completed expand this data base so as to provide a similar understanding of the biological response resulting from long-term exposure to patterns which mimic the diurnal cycle of NO 2 , alone and in combination with other airborne chemicals. Preliminary results indicate that a spiked exposure superimposed on a lower basal level of NO 2 may enhance the susceptibility of mice to respiratory infection.
Humanities Backgrounds of British Civil Servants: The Use of a Common Language

This essay undertakes an examination of the role of Oxford and Cambridge and the imparting of the humanities--or what the English call "arts"--to future civil servants. The essay begins by laying out the historical reasons for the centrality of the humanities in the recruitment of the top levels of the bureaucracy--a phenomenon unknown in other Western industrialized democracies. The author then assesses the contributions such education has made to the character of and quality of British public administration primarily in terms of its positive, but not to the exclusion of its negative, effects.
The Location of Zeros

We investigate in this chapter real functions of the real variable x. In particular we assume that the coefficients a 0, a 1, a 2,... of the polynomials a 0 + a 1 x +a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n and of the power series a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... which we shall be considering are real. We assume further, unless the contrary is stated, that all functions are analytic in the corresponding intervals. The theorems, however, are changed only slightly or not at all if we introduce more general assumptions, e.g. the existence of derivatives up to some order. The zeros in the following are always to be counted according to their multiplicity.
Proton Pump Inhibitors in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Friend or Foe

Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been redefined, in light of recent advances highlighting GERD phenotypes that respond to PPIs, and fresh revelations of potential risks of long-term PPI therapy. Erosive esophagitis predicts excellent response to PPI therapy, but non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) with abnormal reflux parameters on ambulatory reflux monitoring also demonstrates a similar response. In contrast, response is suboptimal in the absence of abnormal reflux parameters. In this setting, if an alternate appropriate indication for PPI therapy does not coexist, risks may outweigh benefits of PPI therapy. Adverse events from long-term PPI therapy continue to be reported, most based on association rather than cause-and-effect. Appropriate indications need to be established before embarking on long-term PPI therapy. Future research will define true risks of long-term PPI therapy, and develop alternate management options for acid peptic diseases.
Ureteral Stents, Nephrostomy Tubes, and Urethral Dilators

Ureteral stents, percutaneous nephrostomy tubes, and urethral dilators are some of the most common devices encountered in a urologic practice. The purpose of these devices is to establish, maintain, or divert urine through or around an area of renal obstruction. These devices come in a variety of shapes, sizes and are composed of many different propriety materials. Despite the widespread use of the devices, they continue to pose challenges to the urologist. Stent and percutaneous nephrostomy tube related pain, infection, and lower urinary tract symptoms are extremely common and have not improved despite numerous modified designs and materials. This chapter summarizes the devices used to relieve obstruction in the urinary tract and reviews the various issues encountered with their use.
Students’ perceptions of common practices, including some academically dishonest practices, in the undergraduate general chemistry classroom laboratory

In this study 635 general chemistry I and general chemistry II students completed a 40-item Likert-scale survey on their opinions of various practices, including some academically dishonest practices, that might occur in the general chemistry laboratory. The practices surveyed were focused on areas including preparation before coming to the laboratory, getting help with the pre-lab assignments, various decisions made by the teaching assistant or laboratory instructor, getting help with the calculations and questions required by the laboratory report, and various methods of obtaining data in the laboratory. An exploratory factor analysis of the results was conducted to identify the underlying factors in the survey, and the scores of the general chemistry I and general chemistry II students along these factors were compared. The findings were generally consistent with results in the literature, but also provided implications for students’ enculturation into chemistry and science as they progressed through their general chemistry coursework.
Integrating statechart components in polyglot

Statecharts is a model-based formalism for simulating and analyzing reactive systems. In our previous work, we developed Polyglot, a unified framework for analyzing different semantic variants of Statechart models. However, for systems containing communicating, asynchronous components deployed on a distributed platform, additional features not inherent to the basic Statecharts paradigm are needed. These include a connector mechanism for communication, a scheduling framework for sequencing the execution of individual components, and a method for specifying verification properties spanning multiple components. This paper describes the addition of these features to Polyglot, along with an example NASA case study using these new features. Furthermore, the paper describes on-going work on modeling Plexil execution plans with Polyglot, which enables the study of interaction issues for future manned and unmanned missions.
How Clients Select Brokers: Competition and Choice in India's Slums

Conventional models of clientelism often assume poor voters have little or no choice over which local broker to turn to for help. Yet communities in many clientelistic settings are marked by multiple brokers who compete for a following. Such competition makes client choices, and the preferences guiding such choices, pivotal in fueling broker support. We examine client preferences for a pervasive broker—slum leaders—in the context of urban India. To identify resident preferences for slum leaders, we conducted an ethnographically informed conjoint survey experiment with 2,199 residents across 110 slums in two Indian cities. Contra standard emphases on shared ethnicity, we find residents place heaviest weight on a broker's capability to make claims on the state. A survey of 629 slum leaders finds client-preferred traits distinguish brokers from residents. In highlighting processes of broker selection, and the client preferences that undergird them, we underscore the centrality of clients in shaping local brokerage environments.
Analysis and Remedy of Negativity Problem in Hybrid Stochastic Simulation Algorithm and its Application: Extended Abstract

The hybrid stochastic simulation algorithm, proposed by Haseltine and Rawlings, can significantly improve the simulation efficiency for multiscale biochemical networks. However, the population of some species might be driven negative under certain situations. This paper investigates the negativity problem of the hybrid method based on the second slow reaction firing time. Our analysis and tests on several models demonstrate that usually the error caused by negative populations is negligible compared with approximation errors of the method itself. But for systems involving nonlinear reactions or highly sensitive species, the system stability will be influenced and may lead to system failure. The proposed Zero-Reaction rule is recommended considering its efficiency and simplicity.
Using feed-forward voltage-control to increase the ion removal rate during batch electrodialysis desalination of brackish water.

Abstract Batch electrodialysis (ED) desalination, which relies on diluate recirculation to produce a desired product, is often conducted at constant voltage. Here we show that constant-voltage operation under-utilizes membrane area because the applied current is much lower than the limiting current early in a batch cycle. Time-variant voltage-control, targeted at raising the average ratio of applied to limiting current during a batch cycle, can therefore increase the rate of ion-transfer achievable using a fixed membrane area. We designed a feed-forward voltage controller, which provided within −15 to +20% of the desired current, and used it to raise the production rate by up to 37% ± 2%, relative to constant-voltage operation, without exceeding the limiting current density. Furthermore, an analytical prediction of the batch completion times was derived and validated under varying feeds (1500, 2000, and 3000 mg/L), products (200, 300, and 500 mg/L), and flow velocities (4.3, 6.4, and 8.5 cm/s). Supported by experiments, the predictive model indicates that time-variant voltage-control can provide the greatest increase in production rate at high feed-to-product concentration ratios and low flow velocities. This work will assist designers and operators seeking to size, evaluate, and maximize the production performance of new and existing batch ED processes.
Endure, evolve, achieve: Stakeholder perspectives on the effectiveness of the Swamp Apes program in restoring biopsychosocial functioning of American veterans

A growing body of evidence highlights the benefits of recreational outdoor therapy for veterans experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder. We employed the Hawkins Model for “Nature as Strengths-ba...
Disrupted adenovirus-based anti-cocaine vaccine: Assessment of efficacy based on PET dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging and cocaine challenge

412 Objectives We have recently developed a disrupted “adenovirus cocaine vaccine” (dAd5GNE) and preclinical studies have demonstrated that a standard prime-boost regimen of dAd5GNE evokes high titer anti-cocaine antibodies (anti-coc). In order to test the efficacy of dAd5GNE, we have performed DAT-PET in non-human primates, before and after vaccination using [11C]PE2I, a cocaine analog with high specificity to DAT. Methods Prior to vaccination, 4 rhesus monkeys had DAT-PET for 90 min with [11C]PE2I (5 mCi; SA: 10-15 Ci/μmole). At each session, DAT-PET was performed before and after cocaine challenge (1 mg/kg). Following vaccination with dAd5GNE, identical DAT-PET studies were repeated 2-3 times over a period of 4 months. Based on PET-MRI fused images and using the cerebellum as the reference region, PE2I binding potential (BP) for caudate and putamen were estimated for each PET study with and without cocaine challenge. Results Prior to vaccination, cocaine challenge significantly reduced PE2I BP (9.1±1.5 vs 4.0±1.0) and an estimated DAT occupancy was 55±12%. Following vaccination, cocaine challenge effects a significantly smaller reduction in BP (DAT occupancy Conclusions This primate study demonstrates that vaccination with dAd5GNE evokes high anti-coc titers sufficient to sequester iv administered cocaine in blood and preventing access to its receptors in the brain. DAT-PET with [11C]PE2I provides a reliable in vivo assay to assess the efficacy of dAd5GNE
Investigation on frequency-dependent hysteresis loops of ferroelectric materials

In this paper, a frequency-dependent theory is developed to study the polarization hysteresis loops of ferroelectric materials. From experimental observations, the polarization hysteresis loops strongly depend on the electric field loading frequency. When the frequency increases both remanent polarization and coercive electric field are increasing, while the dielectric constant remains unchanged at the given range of the frequency. An exponential function is introduced to express such frequency-dependent changes of the remanent polarization and the coercive field. Then a micromechanics-based approach can be applied to study hysteresis loops of ferroelectrics. To verify the developed theory, we first compare the results between the theoretical calculations and experimental data of PZT. Then we applied the model to study the frequency effects on hysteresis loops of a complex ceramic BaMn_3Ti_4O_14.25 (BMT-134) under the electric field.
Tactile Code Skimmer: A Tool to Help Blind Programmers Feel the Structure of Code

Skimming new code with a screen reader can be a time-consuming task for blind and visually impaired programmers. Screen readers aid with code navigation, but dictate code line-by-line and read spaces and tabs individually. This often provides more information than is needed. In this work, we present the Tactile Code Skimmer (TCS), a tool to aid blind and visually impaired programmers with skimming code. The device physically reflects the indentation levels of code with actuated slide potentiometers, thus helping reduce the "hearing load" that often accompanies screen readers. We describe the TCS design and implementation. Based on feedback from participants obtained through demos and an in-depth session, we discuss some considerations for tactile tools that aid with code skimming.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Structure and Functions

Oligosaccharides are a group of complex glycans that are present in the milk of most mammals. However, human milk is unique as the concentrations of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are much higher than those of other mammals, and their structural composition is more complex and varies between women. These observations prompt several questions: (i) Why are humans unique when it comes to milk oligosaccharides? (ii) Which maternal genetic and environmental factors drive the interindividual variation in HMO composition? (iii) What are the short- and long-term health benefits for the infant - and potentially also the mother? The combination of genome-wide association studies, milk transcriptomics, in vitro gene editing, and in silico pathway modeling allows us to reconstruct HMO biosynthetic pathways. Using new data mining approaches and leveraging samples and metadata from large mother-infant cohorts enable us to identify associations between HMO composition and infant and maternal health outcomes. Suitable preclinical models and clinical intervention studies allow us to corroborate the established associations for causal relationships and test for in vivo efficacy in humans. Knowledge generated from these different approaches will help us establish true structure-function relationships and provide the rigorous evidence required to improve infant health and development.
Impact of a Palliative Care Education Module in Patients With Heart Failure

Background:Heart failure (HF) impacts 6.2 million American adults. With no cure, therapies aim to prevent progression and manage symptoms. Inclusion of palliative care (PC) helps improve symptoms a...
Effectiveness of combination endoscopic therapy for colonic anastomotic leaks

Background Colonic anastomotic leaks are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Whereas small case series suggest that fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMS) are effective, no larger studies have examined the impact of combination endoscopic therapy on colonic anastomotic leaks. Methods Our retrospective cohort study reviewed 51 patients undergoing endoscopic therapy for colonic anastomotic leaks between 2011 and 2018. Patients receiving combination therapy involving FCSEMS plus local closure (n = 24) were compared with patients receiving FCSEMS alone (n = 18) or endoscopic suturing alone (n = 9). The primary outcomes were technical and clinical success (resolution of leak, removal of percutaneous drains, avoidance of surgical reoperation, and reversal of temporary diversion). Results Clinical success was achieved in 55 % of patients. Clinical success was achieved in 18/24 patients (75 %) with combination therapy compared with 6/18 patients receiving FCSEMS alone (33 %, adjusted risk ratio [RR] 2.16, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.10 – 4.24; P = 0.02) and 4 /9 patients undergoing endoscopic suturing alone (44 %, RR 1.91, 95 %CI 0.84 – 4.31; P = 0.10). Stent migration occurred in 40 % of patients. Conclusions This large series demonstrates that combination therapy was associated with a higher rate of clinical success, and future prospective studies are warranted.
Current Research on Child Maltreatment: Implications for Educators

The increasing rate of child abuse and neglect is a special concern for educators who are legally mandated reporters of suspected maltreatment, are often the first to identify and refer children who have been harmed, are in contact with parents and are aware of the family conditions contributing to child maltreatment, and who must often work closely with other professionals in their efforts to support child victims and prevent further abuse. Moreover, children's emotional or behavioral problems, learning disabilities, or other difficulties often reflect broader problems that are associated with abuse or neglect. Consequently, understanding the causes and consequences of child maltreatment, and contemporary child protection efforts, is essential to educators in their efforts to assist victimized children. This article surveys current research on child maltreatment with particular attention to the challenges of child protection, the multidimensionality of child maltreatment (distinguishing physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and psychological maltreatment), and hopeful new avenues for prevention. The implications of this research for educational professionals are emphasized.