cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Estimation of the Structure of Turbulent Fields

The stochastic estimation method educes structure by approximating an average field in terms of event data that are given. The estimated fields satisfy the continuity equation, and they possess the correct scales of length and/or time. The fundamental concepts of general stochastic estimation and the specific application of this technique to the estimation of conditional averages are discussed. Linear stochastic estimation of random fields and of their conditional averages is developed as the principal tool, and its accuracy is demonstrated. The linear stochastic estimate is expressible in terms of second order correlation functions between the given event data and the quantity being estimated. This establishes a simple link between conditional averages, the coherent structure that they represent and correlation functions. The related problems of selecting events and interpreting the estimates that result from a given set of events are explored by considering events of increasing complexity: single-point vectors, two-point vectors, local deformation tensors, multi-point vectors, space-time vectors, and space-wave-number events. General kinematic and statistical properties are derived, and stochastically estimated structures from various types of turbulent flows are described and related to the underlying coherent structures.
“Expect the Unexpected:” Experiences of U.S.-Trained Student Affairs Professionals Working Abroad

Opportunities for student affairs work outside of the United States continue to increase because of the value of the U.S. student affairs model in the growing number of branch campuses and U.S.-ins...
Neural mechanism to simulate a scale-invariant future

Predicting the timing and order of future events is an essential feature of cognition in higher life forms. We propose a neural mechanism to nondestructively translate the current state of spatiotemporal memory into the future, so as to construct an ordered set of future predictions almost instantaneously. We hypothesize that within each cycle of hippocampal theta oscillations, the memory state is swept through a range of translations to yield an ordered set of future predictions through modulations in synaptic connections. Theoretically, we operationalize critical neurobiological findings from hippocampal physiology in terms of neural network equations representing spatiotemporal memory. Combined with constraints based on physical principles requiring scale invariance and coherence in translation across memory nodes, the proposition results in Weber-Fechner spacing for the representation of both past memory and future prediction timelines. We show that the phenomenon of phase precession of neurons in the hippocampus and ventral striatum correspond to the cognitive act of future prediction.
A Study of Mode-Matching and Alignment In Piezoelectric Disk Resonator Gyros Via Femtosecond Laser Ablation

A mode-matching and alignment algorithm for bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator gyroscopes via femtosecond laser ablation is presented in this paper and verified on a piezoelectrically-actuated AlN-on-Si disk resonator. Mode-matching is essential to operate piezoelectric BAW resonators as gyros with high sensitivity in air but challenging due to the lack of electrostatic spring-softening effect. In this work, a laser trimming algorithm is implemented to mechanically mode-match and align the two resonant modes of a disk resonator guided by novel numerical maps. After selective laser ablation trimming, the as-born frequency split of 191Hz between 1.4MHz modes of a disk due to fabrication imperfections is reduced to 12Hz, corresponding to 3.8% of its -3dB resonant bandwidth while maintaining a Q-factor of 4600 in air, and 30dB improvement in mode isolation. The laser-trimmed frequencies remain closely matched across the temperature range of -30°C to 90°C, verifying the temperature robustness of laser trimming results. The mode-matched disk resonator is operated as a gyroscope in air and exhibits a large scale factor of 4.12nA/°/s.
Preoperative Evaluation of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common disease of older adults. It presents a unique set of anesthetic challenges. With increasing life expectancy and the rapid growth of oldest-old patients, it is now more likely for anesthesiologists to encounter older patients with PD. Due to polypharmacy in the older adults with PD a potential for drug interactions during and after surgery needs to be considered. More data from prospective, multicenter trials about short- and long-term outcomes of anesthesia in PD patients are needed.
Reliability of performing ultrasound derived SWE and fat fraction in adult livers.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to test the reproducibility of performing conventional point shear wave elastography (pSWE), auto-pSWE, and ultrasound derived fat fraction (UDFF) in adult livers. Methods The Institutional Review Board approved the study and all participants provided written informed consent. Conventional pSWE (obtaining 10 measurements through 10 acquisitions), auto-pSWE (automatically obtaining 15 measurements by a single acquisition), and UDFF (one measurement obtained by one acquisition) of the liver were prospectively performed in 21 participants (10 men, 11 women, mean age 63y) by senior and junior operators in February-May 2021. Shear wave velocity (SWV, m/s) of the liver was measured by conventional pSWE and auto-pSWE. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman limits of agreement were used to test intra-observer repeatability and inter-observer reproducibility in measuring pSWE, auto-pSWE, and UDFF. Results ICC for testing intra-observer repeatability and inter-observer reproducibility in performing pSWE, auto-pSWE, and UDFF was >0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.85-0.99). The mean difference of 95% Bland-Altman limits of agreement was -0.02 (upper 0.09, lower -0.12) and the correlation of SWV measured between conventional pSWE and auto-pSWE methods was strong (r2 = 0.87). Conclusion Our results suggest good repeatability and reproducibility in measuring UDFF and SWV in adult livers. The auto-pSWE has higher reliability, reproducibility and time efficacy in measuring SWV of adult livers when compared to conventional pSWE method.
Experimental investigation on ultrasonic hopper dispensing system in powder bed additive manufacturing

Abstract In powder bed additive manufacturing, feedstock powder can be dispensed onto powder bed through a hopper. The hopper dispensing system assisted by ultrasonic vibration is effective, especially for powder with small particle sizes (e.g.,
[18F]FDG-PET Evaluation of Spinal Pathology in Patients in Oncology: Pearls and Pitfalls for the Neuroradiologist.

SUMMARY: [18F]FDG-PET is a widely used technique for specific evaluation of disease and treatment response in oncology. However, the principles behind [18F]FDG-PET imaging allow a wide-ranging array of benign and malignant pathologies to be identified on both initial and routine surveillance imaging. This is important for clinicians and radiologists, alike, in that effective and accurate evaluation of malignancy and metastatic disease, specifically involving the spine and central nervous system, is crucial. In this article, we review the normal and posttherapy appearance of the spine on [18F]FDG-PET, the various types and patterns of metastatic disease that involve the spine and spinal cord, and, finally, important spinal pathologies that may mimic malignancy on [18F]FDG-PET.
Perceptions of adoption of alfalfa plantings by forage–livestock producers in the southern United States

ABSTRACT Objective The development of newer alfalfa cultivars with improved adaptation to local growing conditions and dual-purpose applications (hay and grazing) has increased alfalfa incorporation into forage systems in the southern United States. The objective of this survey was to identify main challenges associated with alfalfa adoption by forage–livestock producers in the southern region. Materials and Methods The web-based survey consisted of 24 questions and was distributed from May through December 2020 across 12 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Texas). Results and Discussion There was a total of 211 respondents. Most participants had already considered planting alfalfa and sought out information through extension publications (84 and 66%, respectively). Thus, most participants were seeking alfalfa as an option to increase forage quality (48%) and profits (15%). The major considerations associated with low adoption of alfalfa plantings were cost of stand establishment (21%), longevity of stand life usefulness (22%), and “others” (22%). In the latter category, most participants mentioned weather-related conditions that represent a challenge to produce high-quality hay, along with proper management practices. Although environmental benefits of alfalfa incorporation are diverse, including decreasing reliance on nitrogen (N) chemical fertilizer input, only 10% of participants were interested in including alfalfa to reduce N input. Implications and Applications Educational resources and trainings are needed to help farmers make decisions related to stand management and economics and understand environmental benefits that inclusion of alfalfa can provide to forage–livestock systems in the southern United States.
Streamlining NEPA to Combat Global Climate Change: Heresy or Necessity?

This Article discusses the impact of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) on the development of noncarbon energy sources and raises the question of whether the NEPA process should be altered to bring clean power online faster. The Article examines the ability of the market to respond to the call for rapid adaptation to climate change and for rapid development of noncarbon sources of energy, given the regulatory environment and existing regulatory treatment of NEPA processes. NEPA requires federal agencies to consider the environmental impacts of major projects they undertake. When an agency’s environmental assessment reveals significant effects from a proposed project, it develops an environmental impact statement (EIS), which includes a detailed analysis of the proposed federal action, covering short and long-term environmental effects of that action, and possible alternatives to the proposed action. Preparing an EIS is a lengthy and expensive process, and results in significant delays to new energy projects. Absent a categorical exemption or other exception, NEPA applies to traditional energy projects such as coal-fired utilities and, additionally, to noncarbon energy sources such as concentrated solar installations and wind farms. Some traditional energy sources now receive major exceptions of some sort. NEPA exemptions for traditional sources suggest that renewable sources will not be able to compete in the market absent similar treatment. The Article examines examples of current streamlining of the NEPA process in the energy arena. Although promotion of sustainable energy projects is a stated priority of the federal energy policy, the current regulatory environment continues to provide significant incentives for nonsustainable fuels. Regulations of the Nuclear Power Commission provide for significant streamlining of NEPA for development of nuclear energy. Similarly, the Oil Shale, Tar Sands, and
The Story is True

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Bruce Jackson Year: 2007 Pages: 256 Publisher: Temple University Press ISBN: 1-592-13606-0 (hard cover). Prices: $25.00 USD(hard cover).
Relevant attribute discovery in high dimensional data based on rough sets and unsupervised classification: application to leukemia gene expressions

A pipelined approach using two clustering algorithms in combination with Rough Sets is investigated for the purpose discovering important combination of attributes in high dimensional data. In many domains, the data objects are described in terms of a large number of features, like in gene expression experiments, or in samples characterized by spectral information. The Leader and several k-means algorithms are used as fast procedures for attribute set simplification of the information systems presented to the rough sets algorithms. The data submatrices described in terms of these features are then discretized w.r.t the decision attribute according to different rough set based schemes. From them, the reducts and their derived rules are extracted, which are applied to test data in order to evaluate the resulting classification accuracy. An exploration of this approach (using Leukemia gene expression data) was conducted in a series of experiments within a high-throughput distributed-computing environment. They led to subsets of genes with high discrimination power. Good results were obtained with no preprocessing applied to the data.
Results from the Magellan mission to Venus

Magellan's radar-mapping mission to Venus has thus far accomplished the mapping of nearly 95 percent of the planet's surface; the 100-m resolution of these data facilitate studies of Venus' geological evolution. Widespread evidence of horizontal compression and extension at many scales is noted. Crustal deformation appears to be distributed across most of the surface. The density distribution of the interior of Venus will be explored in an upcomimg gravity experiment, in which accurate tracking of spacecraft orbital accelerations is used to identify gravity anomalies.
Intestinal lengthening: an experimental and clinical review.

Abstract Small intestinal lengthening by the Bianchi procedure has now had successful clinical application in children and neonates with the short-bowel syndrome. This paper reviews the background experimental work and clinical cases so far treated. A personal case of intestinal lengthening in a 7-week-old baby with 35 cm jejunum is described in detail. Intestinal lengthening appears to reduce dependence on parenteral nutrition, thus allowing earlier establishment of total enteral alimentation. The procedure may therefore have a useful place in the overall management of the short-bowel syndrome.
Incorporating Database Design in Warnier Method

The Warnier method, a highly prescriptive program design approach for file-oriented solutions, has been criticized for its lack of a database design component. This paper addresses this weakness by incorporating a logical database design step in Warnier method. Specifically, the paper presents rules for transforming the information in a Warnier diagram into a set of relations. With this extension the Wamier method complements the entity-relationship approach for data analysis and logical database design.
Nephrotoxicity Comparison of Two Commercially Available Generic Vancomycin Products

To date, no comparative clinical studies have investigated the effects of different vancomycin products on nephrotoxicity. The objective of this single-center, retrospective, matched-cohort study was to investigate the impact of two different vancomycin products on the development of nephrotoxicity. The study population included adults receiving a single vancomycin product, from either Pfizer or Hospira, for their entire course of therapy. Patients were matched based on underlying nephrotoxicity risk factors. Secondary outcomes included the need for renal replacement therapy, length of hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality. One-hundred forty-six matched pairs (n = 292) were included, and they had no significant differences in demographics, comorbid conditions, severity of illness, or vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity risk factors. The frequency of nephrotoxicity was 8.9% in the Pfizer group and 11.0% in the Hospira group as defined by the 2009 consensus vancomycin guidelines (P = 0.56), 17.1% in the Pfizer group and 13.0% in the Hospira group as defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) (P = 0.33), and 10.3% in the Pfizer group and 11.6% in the Hospira group as defined by RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage renal disease) criteria (P = 0.71). There were no differences between groups in regard to nephrotoxicity by any definition or in secondary outcomes. In multivariate analysis of overall nephrotoxicity risk factors, the type of vancomycin product was not independently associated with increased odds of developing nephrotoxicity according to the RIFLE criteria. Based on our results, there are no discernible differences between Pfizer and Hospira vancomycin products in the frequency of nephrotoxicity. Confirmation of these results with other types of vancomycin and different patient populations is warranted.
Improvement in Patient-Reported Visual Function After Ocriplasmin for Vitreomacular Adhesion: Results of the Microplasmin for Intravitreous Injection–Traction Release Without Surgical Treatment (MIVI-TRUST) Trials

Importance The impact of vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) resolution on patient-reported visual function in symptomatic VMA/vitreomacular traction (VMT) has not yet been documented, to our knowledge. Objective To determine the impact of intravitreal ocriplasmin on patient-reported visual function using the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) during a 6-month follow-up in patients with symptomatic VMA. Design, Setting, and Participants Two multicenter, randomized, masked, phase 3 clinical trials (studies TG-MV-006 [between December 2008 and April 2010] and TG-MV-007 [between December 2008 and July 2010]) at clinic-based centers in the United States and Europe. A total of 652 patients with symptomatic VMA/VMT, including when associated with a macular hole 400 μm or smaller, were studied. Analysis was by intent-to-treat population and performed in May 2013. Interventions Patients with symptomatic VMA/VMT were randomly assigned (2:1 or 3:1 in study TG-MV-006 and study TG-MV-007, respectively) to receive a single intravitreal injection of ocriplasmin, 125 μg, or placebo-injected vehicle (placebo). The NEI VFQ-25 was administered at baseline and 6 months following ocriplasmin injection. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean changes between baseline and 6-month follow-up NEI VFQ-25 composite and subscale scores and the proportion of patients with a clinically meaningful change (≥5 points) in scores. Results Across the 2 studies, 464 patients received ocriplasmin and 188 received placebo. At 6 months, the ocriplasmin group reported greater mean improvements from baseline in the NEI VFQ-25 composite score than the placebo group (mean change, 3.4 vs 0.7, respectively; P = .005). Improvements were also noted in subscale scores, with the following respective mean changes for the ocriplasmin vs placebo groups: vision-related dependency, 1.7 vs −2.1 ( P = .009); driving difficulty, 2.7 vs −1.5 ( P = .03); distance vision activities, 4.1 vs 0.8 ( P = .03); and general vision, 6.1 vs 2.1 ( P = .003). A higher proportion of the ocriplasmin group had a clinically meaningful (≥5-point) improvement in NEI VFQ-25 composite score from baseline than the placebo group (36.0% vs 27.2%, respectively; P = .03). Fewer ocriplasmin-treated patients had a clinically meaningful worsening in their visual function than the placebo group (15.0% vs 24.3%, respectively; P = .005). Changes in NEI VFQ-25 composite score and various subscale scores were observed in ocriplasmin-treated patients who achieved VMA resolution at day 28. Conclusions and Relevance Ocriplasmin produces clinically meaningful improvement in patient-reported visual function in symptomatic VMA/VMT. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifiers:NCT00781859andNCT00798317
Translation inhibition of the Salmonella fliC gene by the fliC 5' untranslated region, fliC coding sequences, and FlgM

The 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) of the fliC flagellin gene of Salmonella contains sequences critical for efficient fliC mRNA translation coupled to assembly. In a previous study we used targeted mutagenesis of the 5' end of the fliC gene to isolate single base changes defective in fliC gene translation. This identified a predicted stem-loop structure, SL2, as an effector of normal fliC mRNA translation. A single base change (-38C:U) in the fliC 5'UTR resulted in a mutant that is defective in fliC mRNA translation and was chosen for this study. Motile (Mot+) revertants of the -38C:T mutant were isolated and characterized, yielding several unexpected results. Second-site suppressors that restored fliC translation and motility included mutations that disrupt a RNA duplex stem formed between RNA sequences in the fliC 5'UTR SL2 region (including a precise deletion of SL2) and bases early within the fliC-coding region. A stop codon mutation at position 80 of flgM also suppressed the -38C:T motility defect, while flgM mutants defective in anti-sigma28 activity had no effect on fliC translation. One remarkable mutation in the fliC 5'UTR (-15G:A) results in a translation defect by itself but, in combination with the -38C:U mutation, restores normal translation. These results suggests signals intrinsic to the fliC mRNA that have both positive and negative effects on fliC translation involving both RNA structure and interacting proteins.
Vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) and hot pressing for CaCO3 nanoparticle treated kenaf fiber reinforced composites

Abstract This work was to apply the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process and use calcium carbonate inorganic nanoparticle impregnation (INI) to improve the mechanical properties and water resistance of the kenaf fiber/polyester composites. The results show that the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rapture (MOR), tensile modulus (TE) and tensile strength (TS) of the composites made with INI-treated fibers are increased by 33.1%, 64.3%, 22.3% and 67.8%, respectively, compared with the composites made with un-treated fibers. The thickness swelling of 24-h water submersion is reduced from 19.7% to 1.9%. The moisture contents of the composites after the conditioning and water submersion are reduced from 5.8% to 1.5% and 18.3% to 2.2%, respectively, when INI-treated fibers are employed. The improvement makes the kenaf fiber/polyester composites possible to replace the glass fiber SMC for the automobile application.
A randomized trial of a brief multimedia intervention to improve comprehension of food labels.

Abstract Objective Food label use is associated with better food choices, an essential part of the management of many chronic diseases. Previous studies suggest lack of comprehension of food labels. We studied a multimedia intervention to improve food label comprehension in a sample of low income patients in New York City. Methods This randomized study took place at Gouverneur Healthcare Services from 2005 until 2007. The intervention group ( n = 29) received a Nutrition Facts Label pocket card and viewed a video explaining card use. The control group ( n = 27) received written materials. Participants completed a 12-item pre- and post-intervention nutrition food label quiz. Quiz scores were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results The intervention group had greater improvement on the quiz than the control group ( p p Conclusion A multimedia intervention is an effective way to improve short-term food label comprehension in patients with adequate health literacy. Further research is necessary to improve understanding of food labels in patients with limited health literacy.
Neurological impact of vasopressin dysregulation and hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is frequently associated with neurological disease, neurosurgical procedures, and use of psychoactive drugs. Arginine vasopressin (AVP), or antidiuretic hormone, is the principal physiological regulator of water and electrolyte balance, and disruption of the normal AVP response to osmotic stimuli is a common cause of dilutional hyponatremia in neurological disorders. The hyponatremia-induced shift in water from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment can lead to cerebral edema and serious neurological complications, especially if the decrease in serum sodium concentration ([Na+]) is large or rapid. Overly rapid correction of the serum [Na+] may lead to osmotic demyelination and irreversible brain injury. Fluid restriction is considered first-line treatment and pharmacological agents currently used in the treatment of hyponatremia are limited by inconsistent response and adverse side effects. AVP receptor antagonists represent a new approach to the treatment of hyponatremia by blocking tubular reabsorption of water by binding to V2 receptors in the renal collecting ducts, resulting in aquaresis. Initial clinical experience with AVP receptor antagonists for hyponatremia has shown that these agents augment free water clearance, decrease urine osmolality, and correct serum [Na+] and serum osmolality. Controlled clinical trials now underway will help elucidate the role of AVP receptor antagonism in the treatment of hyponatremia. Ann Neurol 2006;59:229–236
Application of synthetic oligonucleotides to the diagnosis of human genetic diseases

Under appropriate conditions synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probes display essentially absolute hybridization specificity. That is, every nucleotide must form a Watson-Crick base pair in order that the probe forms a stable duplex. All of the non-Watson-Crick base pairs, including G-T, have a destabilizing effect. Thus, it is possible to choose stringent conditions of hybridization such that, while a perfectly matched duplex between an oligonucleotide and complementary DNA will form, duplexes mismatched at one or more position will not. Mutations in a single base in the DNA sequence of a gene can and do result in genetic diseases. The hybridization of oligonucleotides to the region of DNA containing these base changes would be affected by the mutations and thus, oligonucleotide hybridization provides a means of detecting single base changes. In an attempt to develop a non-radioactive method for the detection of human genetic diseases, we have prepared biotinylated-oligonucleotides by an enzymatic method. An oligonucleotide probe (23-mer) containing a single biotinylated deoxyuridine residue at the 3'-terminus was prepared by a primer extention reaction using E. coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment). The probe could be specifically and tightly bound with Avidin D in 1 M NaCl. It could be hybridized to a plasmid DNA containing a perfectly matched complementary sequence, but not to a DNA containing 5 non-consecutive non-complementary bases. The hybridized biotinylated probe could be visualized by Avidin D and biotinylated alkaline phosphatase, even when 1.8 ng of the plasmid DNA (0.5 fmol) was used. A general approach to the enzymatic synthesis of oligonucleotides containing a single biotinylated deoxyuridine at the 3' end is described.
Inflammation and hemostasis biomarkers and cardiovascular risk in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study

Summary. Background: There are few studies of inflammation and hemostasis biomarkers and cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) in older adults. Objectives: To assess multiple biomarkers simultaneously and in combinations for CVD risk assessment in older individuals. Patients/methods: Thirteen biomarkers, interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, fibrinogen, factor VII, factor VIII, leukocyte count (WBC), platelet count, lipoprotein(a), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), albumin, homocysteine and uric acid, were correlated with incident CVD in 4510 individuals in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Baseline biomarkers were analyzed as gender-specific SD increments and quintiles in proportional hazards models adjusted for demographics, CVD risk factors and medications. Results: Over 9 years with 1700 CVD events, seven biomarkers were associated with CVD. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs, 95% CI) per SD increment were 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) for IL-6, 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) for CRP, 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) for D-dimer, 1.17 (1.09, 1.25) for homocysteine, 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) for WBC, 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) for factor VIII, and 1.07 (1.00, 1.13) for lipoprotein(a). Fibrinogen was associated with CVD in men only (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04, 1.22) and sICAM-1 in women only (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05, 1.27). IL-6 and CRP remained associated with CVD when modeled with WBC. Participants were classified by all combinations of two biomarkers being high or low (IL-6, CRP, WBC, factor VIII, cholesterol/HDL). All were associated with CVD when cholesterol/HDL was low and none when CRP was low. Conclusions: Seven biomarkers were associated with CVD in older adults, with CRP having some advantages compared with others. Even larger studies are needed to better characterize these associations.
Infective endocarditis resulting from CardioSEAL closure of a patent foramen ovale

Patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm are associated with an increased risk of cryptogenic stroke and recurrent thromboembolic events. Percutaneous closure is a therapeutic option to medical therapy and surgical closure. We present the first case of endocarditis associated with a CardioSEAL device closing a patent foramen ovale.
Mode dispersion in diffused channel waveguides by the effective index method

The effective index method for calculating waveguide mode dispersion is reviewed and applied to uniform rectangular optical waveguides with both small and large index differences. The results are shown to be at least as accurate as other approximate techniques. The effective index method is then applied to channel waveguides assuming 1-D and 2-D diffusion. Channel waveguides without sideways diffusion are shown to be described by the method using a normalized notation and previously published universal dispersion curves. Two-dimensional diffusion theory is applied to treat the case of isotropic sideways diffusion. A new, normalized, 1-D universal chart is obtained which in conjunction with previous results defines waveguide mode dispersion in isotropically diffused 2-D channels.
Study of the gamma decay of the first d32 analog state in 91Nb

Abstract The E1 γ decay of a d 3 2 analog state in 91Nb has been observed in the reaction 90 Zr ( p ,γ 1 ) 91 Nb . The radiative width of this state is found as 27 ± 14 eV.
Tree-structured nonlinear filter and wavelet transform for microcalcification segmentation in mammography

The development of an extensive array of algorithms for both image enhancement and feature extraction for microcalcification cluster detection is reported. Specific emphasis is placed on image detail preservation and automatic or operator independent methods to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of detection and that should allow standardization of breast screening procedures. Image enhancement methods include both novel tree structured non-linear filters with fixed parameters and adaptive order statistic filters designed to further improve detail preservation. Novel feature extraction methods developed include both two channel tree structured wavelet transform and three channel quadrature mirror filter banks with multiresolution decomposition and reconstruction specifically tailored to extract MCC's. These methods were evaluated using fifteen representative digitized mammograms where similar sensitivity (true positive (TP) detection rate 100%) and specificity (0.1 - 0.2 average false positive (FP) MCC's/image) was observed but with varying degrees of detail preservation important for characterization of MCC's. The image enhancement step proved to be very critical to minimize image noise and associated FP detection rates for MCC's or individual microcalcifications.
Interpretation of Temperature Control for Ternary Distillation

Even with recent advances in technology for on-line composition measurement, temperature remains the dominant control configuration in distillation columns for product purity. In controlling industrial ternary distillation columns, with a nonmonotonic composition profile for the intermediate boiler, significantly different closed-loop composition dynamics are observed when the temperature-control tray is above or below the intermediate boiler composition turning point (i.e., above or below the tray where the intermediate exhibits a maximum). In this work, the role of direct temperature control is interpreted in the composition space. First, the temperature isotherm is established in the triangular composition space and the process direction and control direction can be clearly distinguished. Then, a quantitative measure, called the traveling distance, for all tray compositions under a specific temperature-control configuration is defined. The traveling distance can be computed directly from process and lo...
Some characteristics and implications of drainage basin linearity and non-linearity

Abstract Drainage basin hydrologic linearity is defined as the condition that exists on a drainage basin when runoff volume is directly proportional to precipitation volume. Hydrologic nonlinearity exists when runoff volume is not directly proportional to precipitation volume. Drainage basin linearity is indicated when the slope of the mathematical linear equation describing the second-order standardized peak discharge distribution (SSPDD) is −1.00, or nearly so. Nonlinear drainage basins show the same slope to be less than −1.00. The degree of nonlinearity is determined by the magnitude of this negative slope. Serious errors over-estimating discharge can result when a drainage basin is assumed to be linear when, in fact, it is nonlinear. A probable relation exists between the slope of the SSPDD and the slope of the discharge-probability curve.
Optical pulsewidth measurement using self-phase modulation

Simple expressions are given that relate the duration of a self-phase modulated ultrashort optical laser pulse to the number of minima (or maxima) and the maximum Stokes (or anti-Stokes) frequency shift of its spectrum.
Performance and promise of the Compton suppression well counter

Abstract Determination of gamma-ray activities in small environmental samples poses a challenge to measurement technologies: to achieve the lowest possible detection limits, an instrument must combine high efficiency with superior peak-to-background characteristics. These requirements are simultaneously met by a Compton-suppression well counter (CSWC) of intrinsic germanium. The Brookhaven CSWC has a 5-cm deep, 1-cm diameter well and active volume of ∼ 125 cm3. It is positioned in the 3.3-in through-hole of 10 × 12 in NaI(Tl) crystal. This CSWC was first assembled in the mid 1980s, and used in several research studies: double β− decay of 48Ca, the radioactivity of 180mTa, and high-sensitivity neutron activation analysis of iridium in rocks and minerals. More recently it has been employed in environmental radioactivity research on the transport of the members of the uranium and thorium series in natural soils. The counter typically measures samples of ∼ 3 g of soil, has a peak-to-Compton ratio of ∼ 300:1, and a sensitivity for 235U of ∼ 50 ng. It can detect gamma rays of less than 30 keV, hence can be used to measure environmentally significant nuclides like 210Pb, 230Th and 241Am in small soil samples or soil fractions. Because of the simple geometry self-absorption corrections are straightforward. The paper will discuss the performance of this device, and the projected performance of an advanced model which will incorporate a number of changes materially increasing the sensitivity.
Functional Requirement for a Highly Conserved Charged Residue at Position 75 in the Gap Junction Protein Connexin 32

Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited disorders characterized clinically by exclusively or predominantly peripheral nerve dysfunction. CMT1X, the most common form of X-linked CMT is caused by mutations in connexin 32 (Cx32). In this work, we used dual whole cell patch clamp recording to examine the functional effects of mutations at the Arg75 position. This residue is highly conserved among members of the connexin family, and disease-causing mutations have been identified at this (or the corresponding) position in Cx26, Cx43, and Cx46. Thus, a better understanding of the effects of mutations of this position in Cx32 may have relevance to pathogenesis of a number of different human diseases. All three mutants associated with CMT1X (R75P, R75Q, and R75W) showed very low levels of coupling similar to those of the cells transfected with vector alone. Heterotypic pairing with Cx32 WT showed that the absence of coupling for these mutants in the homotypic configuration could be explained by shifts in their hemichannel Gj-Vj relations. Examination of the expression levels and gating characteristics of seven additional mutants (R75A, R75D, R75E, R75H, R75K, R75L, and R75V) at this position suggest that the positive charge at position 75 in Cx32 is required for normal channel function but not for gap junction assembly. Our studies also suggest that disease treatment strategies for CMT1X, which correct trafficking abnormalities in Cx32, may be ineffective for the group of mutations also conferring changes in gating properties of Cx32 channels. Background: Arg75 in connexins is highly conserved. Results: Disease-causing mutations at this position cause loss of function; for Cx32, loss of a positive charge appears to be critical. Conclusion: Positive charge at position 75 is required for normal Cx32 function. Significance: Better understanding of the effects of mutations of this position in Cx32 may have relevance to pathogenesis of several human diseases.
Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Anticarcinogenic Potential of Mentha Leaf Extracts

We examined the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity and anticarcinogenic potential of Mentha leaf extracts (petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts) on 6 human cancer (HeLa, MCF-7, Jurkat, T24, HT-29, MIAPaCa-2) and normal (IMR-90, HEK-293) cell lines. Of all the extracts tested, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of M piperita showed significant dose- and time-dependent anticarcinogenic activity leading to G1 cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, perturbation of oxidative balance, upregulation of Bax gene, elevated expression of p53 and p21 in the treated cells, acquisition of senescence phenotype, while inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines response. Our results provide the first evidence of direct anticarcinogenic activity of Mentha leaf extracts. Further, bioassay-directed isolation of the active constituents might provide basis for mechanistic and translational studies for designing novel anticancer drugs to be used alone or as adjuvant for prevention of tumor progression and/or treatment of human malignancies.
Birational maps between generalized Severi–Brauer varieties

Abstract A conjecture of Amitsur states that two Severi–Brauer varieties V ( A ) and V ( B ) are birationally isomorphic if and only if the underlying algebras A and B are the same degree and generate the same cyclic subgroup of the Brauer group. We examine the question of finding birational isomorphisms between generalized Severi–Brauer varieties. As a first step, we exhibit a birational isomorphism between the generalized Severi–Brauer variety of an algebra and its opposite. We also extend a theorem of P. Roquette to generalized Severi–Brauer varieties and use this to show that one may often reduce the problem of finding birational isomorphisms to the case where each of the separable subfields of the corresponding algebras are maximal, and therefore to the case where the algebras have prime power degree. We observe that this fact allows us to verify Amitsur’s conjecture for many particular cases.
31P NMR studies of the diabetic lens.

Phosphorus-31 (31P) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses of the crystalline lens from the experimental diabetic rat were performed. Qualitative and quantitative alterations in the phosphorus-31 NMR metabolic profile were observed over the course of 3 weeks after the induction of diabetes mellitus. Most striking was the appearance of two new, as yet unidentified, metabolites. These metabolites which resonate at 6.6 and 5.8 ppm were not detected in the normal lens. Compared to the normal lens, glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) underwent an eightfold increase in concentration and phosphorylcholine decreased to one-third its initial level. The phosphodiesters, glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) and glycerophosphorylethanolamine (GPE), decreased to barely detectable levels. Oral treatment of the diabetic animal with an aldose reductase inhibitor resulted in the preservation of an essentially normal lens 31P NMR spectrum. Except for the changes observed in glycerol-3-phosphate, these alterations have not been previously reported and raise new questions about the metabolic consequences of diabetes mellitus and the dependence of these alterations on the action of a single enzyme, aldose reductase. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
TRANSFER TEST METHODOLOGY IN INVESTIGATIONS OF STIMULUS SELECTION IN PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING

An effort was made to test empirically an argument offered by Berry and Baumeister ( 197 1 b) concerning the use of the Postman and Greenbloom ( 1967) "double-criterion" transfer-test-methodology for measuring stimulus selection in paired-associate learning. Specifically, an attempt was made to test the notion that the use of the Postman and Greenbloom technique in the withinSs transfer design tends to ". . . cause us to anderestzmate the relative incidence of singlecue utilization by overestimating the relative incidence of two- and three-letter selection, respectively" (Berry & Baumeister, 1971b, p. 183).l The rationale for Berry and Baumeister's argument can be understood from a concrete illustration of Postman and Greenbloom's procedures in the context of a within-Ss design: (a) assume that RZQ: 1 was an original learning pair; then, (b) within-Ss transfer tests for chis item based on the Postman and Greenbloom technique would require that S attempt to recall the response digit on separate "tests" to R, Z and Q and that S simultaneously attempt to reproduce the two "missing" letters from memory on each successive test (Z and Q R and Q and R and Z for first-letter, second-letter, and third-letter tests, respectively). Although the tests are presented in random order, Berry and Baumeister maintained that Ss' letter-reproduction performances for multiple tests of the same paired-associate item are probably not independent and thag as a result, Ss would be more llkely to correctly reproduce missing letters. As Postman and Greenbloom infer single-cue selection only in the situation in which S fails to reproduce any missing letters, it follows logically that use of their technique in a within-S design would tend to result in lowered estimates of cue selection. A direct test of Berry and Baumeister's ( 197 1b) logical argument was made possible by: (a) forming two groups of Ss for paired-associate learning and testing one for stimulus selection with the Postman and Greenbloom method in a within-Ss transfer design and the other with a simple within-Ss transfer design involving only cue:response tests; and (b) scoring both groups' transfer findings 'In this regard, it should be noted that Berry and Baumeister's (1971a) objections to the Posunan and Greenbloom procedure were limited to the within-Ss transfer design; in facr, Berry and Baumeister ( 1971b) have advocated more widespread use of the Postman and Greenbloom technique in between-Ss transfer designs.
Shear and time‐dependent rheology of a fully nematic thermotropic liquid crystalline copolymer

Rheological measurements are reported for a fully nematic thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester composed of 80% p‐hydroxybenzoic acid/20% poly(ethylene terephthalate). The polymer displays shear thinning behavior with a constant power‐law index over eight decades of shear rate; no shear‐independent plateau (region II) is observed. Dynamic time sweeps indicate a high sensitivity of the rheological parameters to thermal history, apparently resulting from crystalline annealing. These annealing effects could be erased by appropriate thermal cycling. Torsional measurements (cone‐and‐plate) were limited at high shear rates by the occurrence of edge fracture. This instability was typically accompanied by an unusual sample texture composed of concentric rings, which was particularly distinct when offgassing had occurred in the polymer melt.
Approximations of Two-Attribute Utility Functions

This paper considers the assessment of von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions u defined on two attributes from the viewpoint of mathematical approximation theory. It focuses on approximations v of u that can be written as vx, y = f1xg1y +... + fmxgmy where the fi and/or gi are based on single-attribute conditional utility functions. The paper does not rely on independence axioms that enable ux, y to be expressed in simplified forms when they are valid.
Leadership Under Stress: Presidential Roles in Emergency and Crisis Management in the United States

Abstract This paper attempts both to rate the quality and breadth of presidential involvement in emergency management, as well as to examine the possible reasons for the differing quality. Using three major factors for evaluation, it is possible to review the presidential records from the second half of the twentieth century to today, and derive broad categorical assessments using a holistic methodology. While some presidents learned from major catastrophes (focusing events) that occurred just before or during their administrations, others were hard-pressed simply to recover from especially disruptive or new disasters and failed to improve the system as a result. During his campaign President Obama had indicated a preference to elevate FEMA again, but it remains to be seen if he will have time to deal with this issue in the first half of his administration.
A Systematic Evaluation of Factors Influencing TAB Inner Lead Reliability

Reliability evaluations for new electronic components and assemblies regularly require extensive test cycles that are both time consuming and costly. Objectives of such test batteries are to identify failure mechanisms and the relationship between these mechanisms and product design or processing features. Optimisation of these critical factors or process steps results in optimised reliability. Statistically designed experiments can facilitate the optimisation process by minimising the amount of testing needed to identify factors affecting reliability, and by providing insight into how these factors can be specified to ensure optimum product design. Designed experimentation was utilised in this study to look at product design and process factors affecting the reliability of inner leads for tape automated bonding (TAB) components. Four factors are considered: outer lead compliancy; chip immobilisation; downset; and tape stiffness and rigidity. Experimental details and results are presented which assess the relative importance of these factors in determining ultimate inner lead reliability, and also provide guidance for final product design considerations.
Antimutagenic Agents from Natural Products

Certain secondary metabolites found in terrestrial and marine plants and organisms have evinced the capability for inhibiting the mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium of a number of mutagens. These include 2-aminoanthracene (2AN), ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS), and benzo-[a]pyrene(B[alpha]P). The sensitivity of the antimutagenicity assay is such that crude extracts can be evaluated and purification of extracts readily followed. Major classes of antimutagenic compounds that have been isolated include flavonoids, coumarins, and cymopols.
Ultraviolet Spectrographs Using Linear Array Technology

Two 0.125 meter low resolution spectrographs have been built covering the wavelength ranges of 125 - 231 nm and 180 - 339 nm. Each spectrograph was designed to have high sensitivity, large dynamic range, and modest spectral resolution. There were hard design constraints on collecting area and pointing knowledge. These spectrographs measured the spectrum using a linear array. The wavelength conversion was done via an image intensifier, converting a UV spectrum to green light. The spectrographs had a 0.5° nearly circular field of view with resolutions of 109.