cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women and Family in Development Plans in the Arab East

The role of women and the family in development in the Middle East is complex and often misunderstood. Some westerners regard Arab women as an untapped resource others do not see their possible participation at any level in development. A primary Middle Eastern assumption is that the survival of the family is of primary importance no matter who the breadwinner is. Western capitalist society on the other hand assumes that general economic good results from competition and struggle in labor and production outside the home and that women must join this. In fact women and children in Middle Eastern society always participated in the labor market. They labor in area industries in the home and in the informal sector of the economy without which labor in the modern economy could not proceed. Ethnocentrism hinders development plans. The Western definition of labor and production as wage labor outside the home ignores the paid and unpaid labor of women and men in agriculture and domestic production. Official statistics on labor force participation do not include the informal sector. The Western model of industrial development does not fit what is actually happening in employment in the Middle East. Middle Easterners themselves are beginning to criticize this Western-oriented development approach. Women do a great deal of physical labor in the Middle East partly due to male labor migration to the Gulf region. Development plans have ignored the problems of female-headed families. Although development plans are affected by political and economic factors more flexibility a less ethnocentric approach more accurate reporting on women and the family a recognition of the possibilities in indigenous institutions and a willingness to adapt and revise programs would enable development plans to help people.
Science engagement and science achievement: Longitudinal models using NELS data

The study explored the relationship of self-concept and locus of control to science engagement and science achievement. Furthermore, the relationship of self variables with science engagement and science achievement was studied across ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). The data were accessed from the 3 waves of the National Education Longitudinal Study: 88 (NELS:88) to estimate both cross-sectional and multilevel longitudinal models. It was hypothesized that self-concept and locus of control would have a positive effect on science engagement and science achievement and that science engagement would affect science achievement positively. The results supported the theoretical formulations of the conceptual model and showed significant effects of self-concept and locus of control constructs on science engagement and science Item Response Theory (IRT) scores. Furthermore, science engagement showed a positive but small effect on science achievement, especially the time spent on science homework...
Pancreas Allografts: Comparison of Three-dimensional Rotational Angiography with Standard Digital Subtraction Angiography

Purpose To define the role of three-dimensional (3D) rotational angiography (RA) for the evaluation of pancreas allografts and compare 3D RA to standard digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Materials and Methods DSA and 3D RA were performed in patients with vascular abnormalities diagnosed on contrast medium–enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. Patency of the allograft vasculature, confidence in the ability to make a therapeutic decision, and value of the study for definition of the optimal projection for an intervention was assessed on a graded scale. Results Seventeen standard DSA projections (mean, 3.4; range, 2–6) and 10 3D RA images (mean, 2; range, 1–3) were obtained in five patients. An average iodinated contrast agent dose of 14.4 mL (range, 8–22 mL) was administered for DSA. An average CO 2 dose of 54 mL (range, 0–120 mL) was administered for 3D RA. Five 3D RA procedures were timed for the arterial phase and five were timed for the arterial and venous phases. Average contrast agent doses were 17.6 mL (range, 11–22 mL) for arterial 3D RA and 24.4 mL (range, 16–34 mL) for arterial- and venous-phase 3D RA. Of 68 vascular segments available for direct comparison of patency, complete concordance was present in 96%. There was no difference in the reviewers' diagnostic confidence (10 ± 0 for both techniques). Three-dimensional RA was considered significantly superior for planning the optimal projection for intervention (10 ± 0 for 3D RA vs 7.2 ± 1.6 for DSA; P = .0052). Conclusions Three-dimensional RA of pancreatic allografts is feasible and does not differ in accuracy from conventional DSA. It provides similar reviewer confidence in the ability to make an accurate treatment decision, but its key advantage is its superior ability to define the optimal projection for planned endovascular interventions.
Resource Consultation and Collaboration in Gifted Education.

Recent changes in the field of gifted education, including calls for redefining the gifted education specialist's role and the classroom teacher's desire to collaborate, have led to consultative and collaborative approaches to serving gifted learners. Resource consultation and collaboration, the pooling of expertise among all school staff in order to do more for students, is emerging as a popular service delivery strategy in gifted education programming. This article reveals much about the nature and context of the processes only recently applied to gifted learners. Specifically, it contains a description of the consultation and collaboration processes, management issues for related programming, delineation of consultation and collaboration activities, and presents the educational implications for their implementation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spatial and Temporal Changes in Early Amphibian Development

Following fertilization in Xenopus eggs, the dorsal-ventral asymmetry of the egg is established and a rapid cell cycle is begun. In the mid to late blastula period this initial asymmetry is translated into differentiation of the dorsal mesoderm initiated by the vegetal dorsalizing center; as suggested by experiments of Nieuwkoop. About this time the cell cycle undergoes a modification coincident with several events including the onset of cell motility. We report here on experiments describing how the dorsal-ventral asymmetry is produced in the early period. In particular we discuss the role of the sperm, its associated aster, the cortex, and redistribution of cytoplasmic contents. This analysis furthers our understanding of UV effects on dorsalization and the mechanism of twinning. We report also on evidence for a cytoplasmic clock regulating the cycle of DNA synthesis and cytokinesis in early cleavage, as well as on further experiments on the mechanism of cell cycle changes in the midblastula period.
Deposition of metal/dielectric multilayer filters

The successful manufacture of metal/dielectric multilayer systems requires not only very close control of the thicknesses of the individual layers, but also a good knowledge of the optical constants of the materials they are made of. In the case of metal films, it is also essential to know whether any transition layers are formed at the interfaces and, if so, how their thicknesses and optical constants depend on the deposition conditions. Numerical modeling of the metal layers and their interfaces is a powerful tool for the determination of these parameters. To illustrate the method, a bandpass filer and a long-wavelength cut-off filter, both having a low reflectance for light incident on one side, were produced. Excellent agreement has been obtained between the calculated and the measured spectral transmittance and reflectance curves.
Simultaneous reduction of radiation dose and scatter for CBCT by using collimators

Purpose: On-board cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging has been widely available in radiotherapy clinic for target localization. However, the extra radiation dose from CBCT is always a concern for its frequent use. Additionally, the relatively large scatter in CBCT often degrades the image quality. By using collimators, some of the X-rays can be stopped from reaching the patient and the detectors, hence both the scatter and the patient doses are simultaneously reduced. The authors show in this work that the collimated CBCT data can be reconstructed without any noticeable artifacts for certain collimator blocking ratios and blocking patterns, and the focus of this work is to study the relationship between the image quality and these two collimator factors.Methods: A CBCT system with collimators was simulated following the typical geometry used in clinic. Different collimator designs were tested by varying the size and the number of the collimator slits, and at the same time, the ratio of transmitted beams to total beams was varied from 100% to 10%, resulting in hundreds of different simulation scenarios. Lung and pelvis phantoms created from patients CT images were used in the simulations, and an iterative reconstruction algorithm using the compressed sensing technique was adopted. Themore » image quality was examined by root mean square errors (RMSEs) and compared with the conventional CBCT images.Results: The CBCT image quality increases as the amount of beams passing through the collimators increases, and decreases as the size of the collimator slits increases. With ultra-high resolution collimators, the RMSEs were comparable to the conventional CBCT image quality until the beam transmission rate is reduced below 25%.Conclusions: Collimators can reduce the scatters and radiation dose, however, the collimated CBCT image quality is strongly dependent on both the collimator blocking ratio and the blocking pattern. To achieve image quality comparable to the conventional CBCT, the amount of information and data format must be adequate.« less
Analysis of air arc-tunnel heat-transfer data

graphs is shown on Fig 4 and corresponds closely with the region of constant pitot pressure The position of the internally mounted pitot is accurate to ±0 001 in and that of the externally mounted tube to ±0 02 in The piessuies are measuied to an accuracy of ±0 1 psi It has been shown that it is possible to measure the pitot pressure in the boundary layei on a model in the running time of a hypei sonic gun tunnel (40 msec) Other results, which call for fuither investigation, are the identification of the sonic line in the boundaiy layer and the boundary of entropy layer
Rare clinical diagnosis of dendriform pulmonary ossification.

Abstract Dendriform pulmonary ossification, defined as "widespread heterotopic bone formation within the lungs," is a rare entity, which is usually diagnosed upon post-mortem examination. The case of a 43-year-old man with dendriform pulmonary ossification is presented. In this patient's case, thoracoscopic biopsy was an excellent diagnostic modality for identifying dendriform pulmonary ossification. Although this entity has been reported rarely, with improved technology and survival we might expect its prevalence to increase.
The Effect of Hake Meal in Broiler Rations

Abstract The estimated standing stock of adult pacific hake (Merluccius productus) off the Pacific Coast is 4 to 8 billion pounds (Ahlstrom, 1968) with a maximum sustainable yield of 230 to 540 million pounds (Nelson, 1968). Dyer et al. (1966) reported that pacific hake can be processed successfully into fish meal which compared favorably with other fish meals in 21-day chick feeding trials. In view of this potential source of protein, experiments comparing varying amounts of hake and herring meal in broiler rations have been conducted. The trials consisted of either triplicate or quadruplicate lots of 24 day-old cross-bred broilers equalized for sex. Care and management of these floor-reared broilers have previously been described (Rose and Arscott, 1962). The composition of the rations is shown in Table 1 and the outline of the experiments in Table 2. In all experiments hake 3 and herring 4 meal replaced an equivalent amount of soybean meal…
Extremal non-bipartite regular graphs of girth 4

Let f(r) denote the smallest number of points in a non-bipartite r-regular graph of girth 4. It is known that f(r) ≥ 5r2 and that f(r) = 5r2 if r is even. It is proved that f(r) ∼ 5r2 and exact values for f(r) are provided for odd integers of the form r = 4n − 1. Tight bounds for f(r) for odd integers of the form r= 4n + 1 are given.
A unified constitutive theory for polymeric liquids. II: Applications to basic problems

A unified constitutive theory for polymeric liquids has been recently proposed. Its derivation is based on a combination of continuum mechanical approach, transient-network concept and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. In the resulting model, many modes may be present for each of which there are two time scales, associated with the loss rate and the nonaffine motion of transient network junctions, respectively. A single effective relaxation time, constructed from the two time scales, governs the behavior in the linear regime of deformation. Two new parameters for each mode, in comparison with other models, are introduced: (i) the ratio “r” of the two time scales, and (ii) the index “a” distinguishing the rates of loss and creation of junctions. Both are important only for the nonlinear regime of deformation. In this paper, the theory is applied to predict the following cases: (i) stress growth at constant shear strain rate, (ii) steady shear-rate-dependent viscosity and first normal-stress difference and (iii) transient elongational viscosity at constant elongational strain rate. Determination of the model parameters based on usual characterization experiments is described. Comparison of calculated and observed behavior of low-density polyethylene at 150 °C available in the literature are presented. In general, the agreement of the predictions with experiment appear gratifying even with the simplest version of the new model.
Optical disk technology and information

The optical video disk, spawned by the home entertainment industry, and its counterpart, the optical digital disk, both hold great promise for information storage and retrieval and the scientific enterprise. Optical digital disks for computer mass storage are currently under development by many firms. In addition, efforts are under way to allow encoding of digital information on video disks. This is desirable as an inexpensive publication medium for machine-readable data as well as a means of obtaining both video and digital information on one disk. Potential applications of this technology include inexpensive on-line storage, random access graphics to complement on-line information systems, hybrid network architectures, office automation systems, and archival storage.
Direct Expression and Validation of Phage-selected Peptide Variants in Mammalian Cells

Phage display is a key technology for the identification and maturation of high affinity peptides, antibodies, and other proteins. However, limitations of bacterial expression restrict the range and sensitivity of assays that can be used to evaluate phage-selected variants. To address this problem, selected genes are typically transferred to mammalian expression vectors, a major rate-limiting step in the iterative improvement of peptides and proteins. Here we describe a system that combines phage display and efficient mammalian expression in a single vector, pDQ1. This system permits immediate expression of phage-selected genes as IgG1-Fc fusions in mammalian cells, facilitating the rapid, sensitive characterization of a large number of library outputs for their biochemical and functional properties. We demonstrate the utility of this system by improving the ability of a CD4-mimetic peptide to bind the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and neutralize HIV-1 entry. We further improved the potency of the resulting peptide, CD4mim6, by limiting its ability to induce the CD4-bound conformation of the envelope glycoprotein. Thus, CD4mim6 and its variants can be used to investigate the properties of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, and pDQ1 can accelerate the discovery of new peptides and proteins through phage display.
Endothelial-Specific Overexpression of Caveolin-1 Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the major structural protein essential to the formation of the caveolae in endothelial cells. Genetic ablation of Cav-1 on an apolipoprotein E knockout background inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis, whereas re-expression of Cav-1 in the endothelium promotes lesion expansion. Although Cav-1-null mice are useful to delineate the importance of caveolae in atherosclerosis, there are additional problems that are difficult to dissect because loss of Cav-1 abolishes both the caveolae organelle as well as the Cav-1-mediated signaling pathways. To study how Cav-1 influences the progression of atherosclerosis in mice with caveolae, we generated a transgenic mouse that overexpresses Cav-1 in the endothelial cells in an apolipoprotein E-deficient background. We found that endothelial-specific overexpression of Cav-1 enhanced the progression of atherosclerosis in mice. Mechanistically, overexpression of Cav-1 reduced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and nitric oxide production in vitro and increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in vivo.
Are temporary migrants escapees of the one‐child‐per‐family population policy: A revisit to the detachment hypothesis

Abstract Using Hubei province as a case study, this paper retests the detachment hypothesis against the three conventional hypotheses regarding migration‐fertility linkage (i.e., selectivity, disruption, and adaptation hypotheses) in explaining migrant and non‐migrant fertility differentials in China. The analysis of yearly order‐specific birth probabilities suggests that temporary migrants exhibit a significantly higher probability of having a second or higher order birth than comparable permanent migrants and non‐migrants. This higher fertility among temporary migrants occurs after migration; temporary migrants actually do not differ from non‐migrants in fertility before migration. But permanent migrants experience no significant change in their fertility after migration. The results lend a strong support to the detachment hypothesis, which best explains the fertility differentials between migrant and non‐migrant populations in contemporary China; the separation of temporary migrants’ actual residence f...
Data dependent wavelet thresholding in nonparametric regression with change-point applications

Abstract In one version of the change-point problem one has independent observationsY1,…, Yn which have the same mean under the null hypothesis. This problem is transformed into a nonparametric regression problem by considering each Yi to have mean /tf( i n ) , and then estimating the function /tf on [0,1] from the data. Wavelets provide a useful tool for estimating such a function, which may have multiple abrupt jumps. A data dependent technique for selecting a threshold with which to shrink empirical wavelet coefficients is introduced. The technique, based on standard statistical tests of hypotheses, is shown to give good results both when the underlying function is constant, and when it undergoes multiple abrupt changes. By adjusting the level α of the tests of significance, it is possible to control the smoothness of the resulting estimator, allowing one to give preference to good expected MSE performance or to favor good visual appearance of the estimator in exploratory data analysis settings.
Managerial Advancement and The Influence of Sponsorship in Large Industrial Organizations

In our society it is a strongly held norm that advancement in business organizations should be a consequence of personal achievement; hence, there is respect accorded to individuals who arrive on their own merit. At the same time, it is recognized that many competent subordinate managers receive help in advancement from higher level executives acting in the role of sponsors. The purpose of this article is to draw together some research evidence concerning the occurrence of sponsorship in transfer and promotion decisions as experienced by middle level managers in large manufacturing firms. Previous studies [5; 17; 8] have considered the extent to which managerial promotion decisions are based on alleged favoritism, shared values, or informal factors rather than achievement-related criteria. This study is intended to redefine the concept of sponsorship, to develop some appropriate research questions, and to report some new findings concerning these questions.
Effect of ractopamine-hydrochloride on the fiber type distribution and shelf-life of six muscles of steers

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of ractopamine-hydrochloride (RAC) supplementation on the myosin heavy chain isoform distribution and shelf-life properties of muscles from beef top round, knuckle, and loin. Thirty-four steer carcasses were selected from 4 separate slaughter groups. Within each slaughter group (3 groups, n = 8; 1 group, n = 10), steers were separated into pens (n = 8) and fed 0 or 200 mg x animal(-1) x d(-1) of RAC for the final 28 d of feeding. Seventy-two hours postmortem, the longissimus lumborum, semimembranosus (SM), adductor, gracilis, vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris were removed from each carcass. A subsample of each muscle was collected for immunohistochemical analysis. Whole muscles were vacuum packaged and wet aged at 1 +/- 2 degrees C for 13 d before processing into steaks for a 5-d simulated retail display study. Daily, steaks were analyzed for reduction of nitric oxide metmyoglobin, lean color, fat color, and surface discoloration. Objective measures of metmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin, L*, a*, and b* values were recorded daily. Ractopamine significantly (P 0.05) by RAC supplementation. Percent nitric oxide metmyoglobin reduction data indicate that reducing ability of RAC-treated steaks from the adductor and longissimus lumborum were significantly affected (P < 0.05). Visual panel data suggest that RAC tended (P < 0.10) to have the most detrimental effect on the lean color and surface discoloration scores of steaks from the VL during the last 3 d of display. Ractopamine significantly (P < 0.05) increased the surface discoloration of the rectus femoris and SM on d 5. Although RAC supplementation had no effect on objective color measurements, subjective measurements indicate that it may have some effect on surface discoloration of some muscles.
Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Rotating Solids

Pulsed nuclear-magnetic-resonance measurements have been made on rapidly rotating solid samples. Transient induction signals were observed for ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$ and ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ nuclei in ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{3}$${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{3}$${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$, and AlP powders. A stochastic theory of relaxation is used to discuss the transverse and longitudinal spin relaxation processes. Indirect nuclear exchange appears to limit the relaxation times ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ at high rotation rates.
The effects of intravenous doxycycline therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Objective To determine the feasibility, safety, and potential clinical efficacy of intravenous (IV) doxycycline therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as its possible effects on serum and urinary markers of collagen breakdown. Methods The exploratory trial was designed as a 16-week, single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eligible subjects with active seropositive or erosive RA were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups: doxycycline 200 mg IV, azithromycin 250 mg orally, or placebo. The blinded IV study drug was administered once daily for the first 3 weeks by home self-infusion and then weekly for the next 8 weeks, concurrent with the blinded oral study drug at the prescribed doses. The primary end points were the change between baseline and week 4 in the tender joint count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and urinary excretion of pyridinoline. Results The trial was stopped prematurely after enrollment of 31 patients. Three subjects were withdrawn because of worsening arthritis, and 1 patient was withdrawn when newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Infusion-related events occurred in 13 (42%) of 31 patients, but none were serious. There were 4 serious adverse events unrelated to the study drug, including a new diagnosis of breast cancer in 3 cases and hospitalization for abdominal pain in 1 case. No significant differences were observed across treatment groups in any of the 3 primary clinical end points. Conclusion Although IV doxycycline therapy was generally well-tolerated by patients in this trial, it did not show any evidence of reducing disease activity or collagen crosslink production.
Anodic waves of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone in alkaline media

Abstract 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone yields at pH > 11 anodic waves, which correspond to a formation of a slightly soluble salt of mercury formed in the reaction of Hg22+ with the product of a reaction of the quinone with two OH− ions. Anodic waves are a linear function of phenanthrenequinone concentration up to about 1 × 10−4M and are affected by adsorption at higher concentrations. The concentration limit depends on the cosolvent used and decreases in the sequence MeOH > EtOH > n-PrOH. At given concentrations of phenanthrenequinone and of OH− ions the anodic current decreases with increasing alcohol concentration.
T cells from patients with polycythemia vera elaborate growth factors which contribute to endogenous erythroid and megakaryocyte colony formation

In the present study, we report that media conditioned by polycythemia vera (PV) CD3+ cells promote BFU-E and CFU-Mk colony formation by both cord blood and PV peripheral blood CD34+ cells in the absence of exogenous cytokines and promoting megakaryocyte proplatelet formation. CD3+ cells constitutively produce elevated levels of IL-11, while stimulation with the addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) increased GM-CSF levels in most of the patients with PV. Anti-IL-11-neutralizing antibody partially inhibited the formation of BFU-E and CFU-Mk colonies promoted by PV CD3+ cell-conditioned media. Although IL-11 is not produced by normal T cells, real-time PCR and flow cytometric analysis showed that IL-11 was upregulated in the CD3+ cells of most PV patients as compared to normal CD3+ cells. In addition, a greater percentage of BFU-E colonies formed by PV CD34+ cells in the presence of PV CD3+ cell-conditioned media alone were JAK2V617F-positive as compared with that induced by EPO. We conclude that dysregulated production of soluble growth factor(s), including IL-11 and GM-CSF by PV T cells, contributes to the in vitro formation of erythroid colonies in the absence of exogenous cytokines by PV CD34+ cells and likely plays a role in sustaining hematopoiesis in PV.
Limits on the transition to Gaussian orthogonal ensemble behavior: Saturated radiationless transitions between strongly coupled potential surfaces

We examine the transition to Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) behavior in the statistical properties of the eigenspectrum and transition amplitudes of a class of model Hamiltonians, which simulates the crossing region between a bright potential surface with a low density of states and a dense set of states on a dark potential surface. The Hamiltonian contains the highly delocalized coupling of multiple bright states with the regular, Poisson-distributed, bath of dark states expected for a classically integrable system. Coupling between rovibrational states on electronic surfaces with different equilibrium molecular conformations like the ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}^{2}$${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ or acetylene-vinylidene couplings, may be of this type. Statistical properties of the eigenspectrum and of the delocalized bright state intensity are shown to follow those of the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble for increasingly longer ranges and in higher-order correlations, as the number of simultaneously interacting bright states increases, but are shown to be limited by intermediate behavior at long range, which is stable to increases in the coupling strength and depends on the number of bright states. Molecular systems that follow this model would show statistics dependent on experimental limitations on resolution and range, such as a spacing distribution function with level repulsion at short range and a nearly exponential tail, and values of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{3}$ that have GOE behavior at short range, but linear at long range. Delocalization of the bright states over the sampled energy range is required for statistics stable to changes in coupling strength and is shown to be measured by the short-time behavior of the spectral Fourier transform.
In vivo tibiofemoral contact analysis using 3D MRI-based knee models

This paper quantified the motion of the tibiofemoral contact points during in vivo weight bearing flexion using MRI- based 3D knee models and two orthogonal fluoroscopic images. The contact points on the medial and lateral tibial plateau were calculated by finding the centroid of the intersection of the tibial and femoral cartilage layers and by using the bony geometry alone. Our results indicate that the medial femoral condyle remains in the central portion of the tibial plateau and the lateral condyle translates posteriorly with increasing flexion. Using the bony contact model increased the total translation of the medial and lateral condyles by 250 and 55%, respectively, compared to the cartilage contact model. These results suggest that using the bony geometry alone may not accurately represent the articular surfaces of the knee. Articular cartilage geometry may have to be used to accurately quantify tibiofemoral contact.
Reproductive protein evolution in two cryptic species of marine chordate

Reproductive character displacement (RCD) is a common and taxonomically widespread pattern. In marine broadcast spawning organisms, behavioral and mechanical isolation are absent and prezygotic barriers between species often operate only during the fertilization process. Such barriers are usually a consequence of differences in the way in which sperm and egg proteins interact, so RCD can be manifest as faster evolution of these proteins between species in sympatry than allopatry. Rapid evolution of these proteins often appears to be a consequence of positive (directional) selection. Here, we identify a set of candidate gamete recognition proteins (GRPs) in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and showed that these GRPs evolve more rapidly than control proteins (those not involved in gamete recognition). Choosing a subset of these gamete recognition proteins that show evidence of positive selection (CIPRO37.40.1, CIPRO60.5.1, CIPRO100.7.1), we then directly test the RCD hypothesis by comparing divergence (omega) and polymorphism (McDonald-Kreitman, Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D and F, Fay and Wu's H) statistics in sympatric and allopatric populations of two distinct forms of C. intestinalis (Types A and B) between which there are strong post-zygotic barriers. Candidate gamete recognition proteins from two lineages of C. intestinalis (Type A and B) are evolving more rapidly than control proteins, consistent with patterns seen in insects and mammals. However, ω (dN/dS) is not significantly different between the sympatric and allopatric populations, and none of the polymorphism statistics show significant differences between sympatric and allopatric populations. Enhanced prezygotic isolation in sympatry has become a well-known feature of gamete recognition proteins in marine broadcast spawners. But in most cases the evolutionary process or processes responsible for this pattern have not been identified. Although gamete recognition proteins in C. intestinalis do appear to evolve more rapidly, on average, than proteins with other functions, rates of evolution are not different in allopatric and sympatric populations of the two reproductively isolated forms. That sympatry is probably human-mediated, and therefore recent, may explain the absence of RCD.
Paediatric histiocytic tumors

Abstract The histiocytoses are a diverse collection of uncommon diseases that include accumulations and proliferations of macrophages and dendritic cells. In this review we survey the majority of histiocytic proliferations that affect children. We emphasize the practical diagnostic features, differential diagnosis, and consider new information on Langerhans cell histiocytosis and related lesions. We describe the various non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses, especially the juvenile xanthogranuloma family of lesions including reticulohistiocytoma, Rosai–Dorfman disease, and overlap, combined and sequential histiocytic lesions.
Dissociating influences of key and hand separation on the Stroop color-identification effect

Three experiments examined the influence of distance between response keys (and hands) on the Stroop effect obtained for two-choice tasks in which stimulus colors were identified with keypresses. The Stroop effect was larger when the response locations were close together than when they were far apart, replicating a previous finding. Although this result was obtained only in the initial 30 trials, it was evident in a between-subject design as well as a within-subject design. With more practice, the Stroop effect was of similar size for the close and far separation conditions. Also, when the keys were close together, the Stroop effect was of similar size regardless of whether they were actuated by fingers from one or two hands, providing evidence against anatomical discriminability as a critical factor. Finally, the Stroop effect was numerically larger when the close keys were pressed by sticks held at the far separation than when the far keys were pressed by sticks held at the close separation, implicating distance between the keys rather than the hands as the main factor. The initially larger Stroop effect in RT for close keys could be due to lower spatial discriminability or to an accuracy bias in response thresholds, as suggested by the finding that it was accompanied by a numerically smaller effect in percent error.
A computational molecular design framework for crosslinked polymer networks

Crosslinked polymers are important in a very wide range of applications including dental restorative materials. However, currently used polymeric materials experience limited durability in the clinical oral environment. Researchers in the dental polymer field have generally used a time-consuming experimental trial-and-error approach to the design of new materials. The application of computational molecular design (CMD) to crosslinked polymer networks has the potential to facilitate development of improved polymethacrylate dental materials. CMD uses quantitative structure property relations (QSPRs) and optimization techniques to design molecules possessing desired properties. This paper describes a mathematical framework which provides tools necessary for the application of CMD to crosslinked polymer systems. The novel parts of the system include the data structures used, which allow for simple calculation of structural descriptors, and the formulation of the optimization problem. A heuristic optimization method, Tabu Search, is used to determine candidate monomers. Use of a heuristic optimization algorithm makes the system more independent of the types of QSPRs used, and more efficient when applied to combinatorial problems. A software package has been created which provides polymer researchers access to the design framework. A complete example of the methodology is provided for polymethacrylate dental materials.
EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS IN MACROECONOMIC MODELS

This paper provides a survey of the applications of evolutionary algorithms in macroeconomic models. Discussion is organized around the issues related to stability of equilibria, equilibrium selection, transitional dynamics, and the long-run evolutionary dynamics different from rational-expectations equilibrium outcomes. The survey also discusses criteria that can be used to evaluate the performance and usefulness of evolutionary algorithms in the macroeconomic context.
Review of Frederick Gaiser’s book, Healing in the Bible

Frederick Gaiser’s book Healing in the Bible is very instructive when read from an ‘ordinary reader’ perspective. The reviewer especially commends Gaiser on his ‘hermeneutic of appreciation’ and his maintaining of biblical scholarship without succumbing to western enlightenment presuppositions and thereby undermining the biblical worldview. The reviewer also welcomes the post-modern structure of the book which relies on healing narratives and case studies. However, the need for a more in-depth discussion of the author’s theological methods and the lack of a unifying thesis are possible weaknesses. The reviewer explores the various themes in the book through an African indigenous and Pentecostal lens. The reviewer specifically addresses beliefs regarding healing, sickness, exorcism and the demonic, healing and curing, and healing and symbolism. Ultimately, this book is highly recommended not only for seminaries, Bible colleges, and churches in the Global North, but especially those in the Global South.
Association of mitochondrial function with feed efficiency in rainbow trout: Diets and family effects

Abstract A 2 × 4 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of commercial diets (40/10 or 45/19% protein/fat, Melick Aquafeed, Inc.) and rainbow trout families (designated as 076, 254, 256 or 257) on the performance, mitochondrial gene expression, and mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities in the liver, muscle and intestine. Four families of rainbow trout (average weight = 100, 97, 82 and 72 g for 076, 254, 256 and 257, respectively) were stocked into twenty four 152-L aquaria at a density of 10 fish/aquarium. Three aquaria were used for each treatment. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 16 weeks. Results indicated that family type had significant (P 0.05) main effect on weight gain, absolute feed consumption, feed efficiency, specific growth rate, and condition factor, regardless of the family type. There was no significant (P > 0.05) interaction between family and diet composition for weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, specific growth rate, and condition factor. Family with the least weight gain and feed effciency had significantly (P
Supraependymal macrophages of third ventricle of hamster: Morphological, functional and histochemical characterization in situ and in culture

Supraependymal cells (SECs) of the young hamster's third ventricle have been examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Of special interest were cells with the surface morphology and ultrastructure of macrophages, which were found in largest numbers in 12--15-day-old females and males. In the ciliated areas SECs are generally smooth and rounded; in nonciliated areas, they frequently have surface ruffles, blebs and microprocesses. SECs were frequently seen to be dividing or fusing. The macrophage-like cells are characterized by prominent Golgi zones and numerous large vacuoles, and frequently contain inclusions in their cytoplasm which resemble intraventricular cell processes, cytoplasmic protrusions from ependymal cells and cellular debris. We have demonstrated that supraependymal macrophage-like cells phagocytose latex beads injected into the ventricles of the brain. Supraependymal cells from 12-day-old hamsters were grown in tissue culture. Phagocytic, cytochemical and surface ultrastructural studies were then done sequentially on the same population of cells. These studies revealed the cells to be actively phagocytic as well as strongly esterase positive and peroxidase negative, consistent with their classification in the macrophage/monocyte category. The surface ruffles, ridges and microprocesses were also characteristic of the SECs seen in situ with scanning electron microscopy and of the macrophages cultured from the peritoneum and peripheral blood of the same hamsters. On the basis of cellular morphology, cytochemical staining characteristics and functional response to exposure to foreign particles both in situ and in cell culture, we have demonstrated that supraependymal cells of the third ventricle of the hamster are phagocytes that resemble cells of the macrophage/monocyte line. It is suggested that they constitute a resident macrophage system of the ventricles of the brain.
Characterization of Erwinia amylovora strains using random amplified polymorphic DNA fragments (RAPDs)

The genetic diversity among 16 strains of Erwinia amylovora, chosen to represent different host plant origins and geographical regions, was investigated by RAPD analysis. One strain of Erwinia herbicola and one of Agrobacterium vitis were used as outgroups. Ninety-eight different RAPD fragments were produced by polymerase chain reaction amplification with six different 10-mer primers. RAPD banding profiles were found that enabled the Erw. amylovora strains to be distinguished from one another. Cluster analysis based on the number of RAPD fragments shared between strains showed that strains of Erw. amylovora isolated from subfamily Pomoideae formed a single group, whereas two strains from Rubus (subfamily Rosoideae) formed a second group. Two strains isolated from Asian pear on Hokkaido, Japan, formed a third group. Sets of RAPD fragments were identified that enabled each of the two host-range groups and one geographical region (Hokkaido) of Erw. amylovora strains to be unambiguously distinguished from one another and from the outgroups. This study shows that strains of Erw. amylovora exhibit genetic diversity detectable by RAPD analysis, and that molecular and statistical analysis of RAPD fragments can be used both to distinguish between strains and to determine relatedness between them.
An in situ high voltage electron microscopy technique for the study of deformation and fracture: In multilayered materials

A novel, in situ, high voltage electron microscopy technique for the direct observation of the micromechanisms of tensile deformation and fracture in nanostructured materials is detailed. This technique is particularly well suited for the dynamic observations of deformation and fracture in multilayered materials. The success of this type of in situ technique is highly dependent upon unique specimen preparation procedures and sample design, the importance thereof will be discussed. The initial observations discussed here are expected to aid in the understanding of the mechanical behavior of this new class of atomically engineered materials.
New developments in latent variable panel analyses of longitudinal data.

We review fundamental issues in one traditional structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to analyzing longitudinal data — cross-lagged panel designs. We then discuss a number of new developments in SEM that are applicable to analyzing panel designs. These issues include setting appropriate scales for latent variables, specifying an appropriate null model, evaluating factorial invariance in an appropriate manner, and examining both direct and indirect (mediated), effects in ways better suited for panel designs. We supplement each topic with discussion intended to enhance conceptual and statistical understanding.
Breaking through the Mode: Celia Fiennes and the Exercise of Curiosity

This essay explores the contribution of Baconian ideology to an emergent discourse of the nerves, using Celia Fiennes's Journeys as a case study. Viewed in the context of the Baconian propaganda associated with the Royal Society and the early eighteenth-century literature on nervous disease, Fiennes's project offers evidence that the national myth constructed around the English as a nervous people had its origin in a campaign to reform them into a curious people.
Image registration for interventional MRI-guided minimally invasive treatment of prostate cancer

We are investigating automatic image registration methods that can be used for interventional magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) guided radiofrequency (RF) thermal ablation of prostate cancer. We tested the ability of slice-to-volume registration between iMRI slice images and high-resolution MRI volumes. Images were acquired from a conventional 1.5 T and an interventional 0.2 T MRI system. We evaluated the registration quality by calculating 3D displacement on a voxel-by-voxel basis over a volume of interest between slice-to-volume registration and volume-to-volume registration that was previously shown to be quite accurate. Visual inspections such as color overlay and contour overlap were also used for registration evaluation. More than 300 registration experiments were performed on MR images of volunteers. Results showed that the registration was quite robust and accurate (<2 mm) for the transverse images covering the prostate.
Agenda Dynamics and Policy Subsystems

Rapid change in public policy outcomes often occurs, but most theories of pluralism emphasize only incrementalism. Yet from a historical view, it can easily be seen that many policies go through lo...
Subclasses equal instances, thanks to statistical databases

The Enterprise is an aircraft carrier. An aircraft carrier is a ship. Is the relationship of the concept “Enterprise” to the concept “aircraft carrier” the same as the relationship of “aircraft carrier” to “ship”? Many researchers in artificial intelligence say no, calling the first an “instance” or “element” relationship, the second a “subclass” or “a kind of” relationship (e.g., Winston p.258). But I disagree—I think the two relationships are exactly the same. That's a controversial statement, but in fact, I'll take an even stranger stand here: I claim that statistical databases have something to do with it.
Development of a parametric finite element model of the proximal femur using statistical shape and density modelling

Skeletal fractures associated with bone mass loss are a major clinical problem and economic burden, and lead to significant morbidity and mortality in the ageing population. Clinical image-based measures of bone mass show only moderate correlative strength with bone strength. However, engineering models derived from clinical image data predict bone strength with significantly greater accuracy. Currently, image-based finite element (FE) models are time consuming to construct and are non-parametric. The goal of this study was to develop a parametric proximal femur FE model based on a statistical shape and density model (SSDM) derived from clinical image data. A small number of independent SSDM parameters described the shape and bone density distribution of a set of cadaver femurs and captured the variability affecting proximal femur FE strength predictions. Finally, a three-dimensional FE model of an ‘unknown’ femur was reconstructed from the SSDM with an average spatial error of 0.016 mm and an average bon...
Guideline-Directed Low-Density Lipoprotein Management in High-Risk Patients With Ischemic Stroke Findings From Get With The Guidelines-Stroke 2003 to 2012

Background and Purpose—Limited information is available on stroke prevention in high-risk patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to use admission low-density lipoprotein (LDL) values to evaluate differences in the attainment of National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines goals at the time of the index event in high-risk patients with stroke and preexisting cardio- or cerebrovascular disease. Methods—Observational study, using data from the Get-With-The-Guidelines-Stroke Registry including 913 436 patients with an acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack from April 2003 to September 2012. Participants were classified as high risk if they had history of transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke (cardiovascular disease), and coronary artery disease (CAD). Results—Of the 913 436 patients admitted with an acute stroke or TIA, 194 557 (21.3%) had previous stroke/TIA, 148 833 (16.3%) had previous CAD, and 88 605 (9.7%) had concomitant CAD and cardiov...