cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Common Purpose: The Negro Newspaper Publishers Association's Fight for Equality during World War II

Abstract When the United States entered World War II, the Negro Newspaper Publishers Association had to decide whether to suspend the fight for equality and pledge full support for the war effort or continue its all-out assault against second-class citizenship using white America's conflicting values as a weapon. The publishers decided to do both. This study explores how the NNPA implemented and carried out a unified effort to support the country during the war, while continuing to fight for racial equality.
An attractive monetary model with surprising implications for optima: two examples

Ex ante optima are described for two examples of a monetary model with random meetings and some perfectly monitored people and some nonmonitored people. One example describes optimal in‡ation; the other describes optimal seasonal policy. Although the numerical examples are in most respects arbitrary, the results are consistent with three general conclusions: if the model is known, then intervention is desirable; even the qualitative aspects of optimal intervention are not obvious; optimal intervention depends on the details of the model. The results, therefore, are reminiscent of the conclusions of ‘second-best’theory.
Score normalization in stratified biometric systems

Stratified biometric system can be defined as a system in which the subjects, their templates or matching scores can be separated into two or more categories, or strata, and the matching decisions can be made separately for each stratum. In this paper we investigate the properties of the strat-ifiedbiometric system and, in particular, possible strata creation strategies, score normalization and acceptance decisions, expected performance improvements due to stratification. We perform our experiments on face recognition matching scores from IARPA Janus CS2 dataset.
Isotope-Selective Counting of Krypton Atoms Using Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy

The technique of resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) was extended to develop a means for counting each individual atom of a selected isotope of a noble gas. The experimental schematic is shown in Fig. ThII5-l. The concept for counting krypton atoms with isotopic selectivity is to utilize a laser for ionizing krypton atoms and a quadrupole mass spectrometer for isotope separation. The laser scheme for excitation and ionization of krypton is shown in Fig. ThII5-2. A four-wave mixing scheme was used to generate a 116.5-nm laser beam with an energy of 500 nJ/pulse, Thus, krypton atoms could be efficiently excited by resonance radiation and subsequently ionized.
More Than a Story: My Life Came Back to Life

Purpose Social models of aphasia rehabilitation emphasize the importance of supporting identity renegotiation, which can be accomplished in part through personal narrative construction. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of persons who had engaged in a project to coconstruct personal narratives about life with aphasia. Method Qualitative interviews were conducted with 3 participants with aphasia who completed a 4-week personal narrative coconstruction project, which included preadministration and postadministration of the Communication Confidence Rating Scale for Aphasia (Cherney & Babbitt, 2011). Results were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results Three themes were revealed: (a) More than a story: It changed my life validated the idea that the narrative coconstruction process supported a positive view of identity; (b) A positive experience captured the participants' enjoyment in coconstructing and sharing their story; (c) Hope engendered by the coconstructi...
Traversal, Reflection and Dwell Time for Quantum Tunneling

Many interesting questions in physics concern the calculation of time scales, i. e. elastic and inelastic scattering rates, and the comparison of such scales to find the most important process for the problem under consideration. Here we are specifically interested in characterizing the time scales for quantum tunneling. Most of the elementary textbooks on quantum mechanics discuss the time it takes a population of carriers to escape from a long lived state, such as a metastable state in a local potential valley or a resonant state in a double or multiple barrier structure. The textbooks, however, are silent when it comes to time scales which are not associated with a long lived state, such as tunneling through a single barrier or through a double barrier away from the resonant condition. A popular but unjustified method to investigate the time scales under the latter conditions, is the use of wave packets and the calculation and extrapolation of the peak motion. Buttiker and Landauer (1982) have criticized this technique, since the shape of a wave packet can differ appreciably from that of an incident packet. Moreover, this approach invariably invokes also an extrapolation procedure. The time of incidence of a packet is calculated by extrapolating the motion of the wave packet far from the barrier to the incident point. Such an extrapolation procedure is unwarranted as the motion of an incident wave packet near a barrier is strongly distorted by the interference with precursors of the packet which have already been reflected. Leavens and Aers (1989a) give a simple but striking example of this effect. Therefore, alternative methods which do not depend on wave packet motion, have been developed (Buttiker and Landauer, 1982; Buttiker, 1983). Below, a very brief review of these methods and their generalizations by Leavens and Aers (1987, 1988a) are presented. Some basic relations between different characteristic time scales are derived analyzing a simple model which describes absorption of particles in a tunneling barrier.
Using exome sequencing to decipher family history in a healthy individual: Comparison of pathogenic and population MTM1 variants.

Background When a family encounters the loss of a child early in life, extensive genetic testing of the affected neonate is sometimes not performed or not possible. However, the increasing availability of genomic sequencing may allow for direct application to families in cases where there is a condition inherited from parental gene(s). When neonatal testing is not possible, it is feasible to perform family testing as long as there is optimal interpretation of the genomic information. Here, we present an example of a healthy adult woman with a history of recurrent male neonatal losses due to severe respiratory distress who presented to Medical Genetics for evaluation. A family history of additional male neonatal loss was present, suggesting a potential inherited genetic etiology. Methods Although there was no DNA available from the neonates, by performing exome sequencing on the healthy adult woman, we found a missense variant in MTM1 as a potential candidate, which was deemed pathogenic based on multiple criteria including past report. Results By performing an analysis of all known MTM1-disease associated mutations and control population variation, we can also better infer the effects of missense variations on MTM1, as not all variants are truncating. MTM1-X-linked myotubular myopathy is a condition that leads to male perinatal respiratory failure and a high risk for early mortality. Conclusions The application of genetic testing in the healthy population here highlights the broader utility of genomic sequencing in evaluating unexplained recurrent neonatal loss, especially when genetic testing is not available on the affected neonates.
Accurate calculation of side chain packing and free energy with applications to protein molecular dynamics.

To address the large gap between time scales that can be easily reached by molecular simulations and those required to understand protein dynamics, we present a rapid self-consistent approximation of the side chain free energy at every integration step. In analogy with the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation for electronic structure, the protein backbone dynamics are simulated as preceding according to the dictates of the free energy of an instantaneously-equilibrated side chain potential. The side chain free energy is computed on the fly, allowing the protein backbone dynamics to traverse a greatly smoothed energetic landscape. This computation results in extremely rapid equilibration and sampling of the Boltzmann distribution. Our method, termed Upside, employs a reduced model involving the three backbone atoms, along with the carbonyl oxygen and amide proton, and a single (oriented) side chain bead having multiple locations reflecting the conformational diversity of the side chain’s rotameric states. We also introduce a novel, maximum-likelihood method to parameterize the side chain interactions using protein structures. We demonstrate state-of-the-art accuracy for predicting χ1 rotamer states while consuming only milliseconds of CPU time. Our method enables rapidly equilibrating coarse-grained simulations that can nonetheless contain significant molecular detail. We also show that the resulting free energies of the side chains are sufficiently accurate for de novo folding of some proteins.
Toxicity of Aluminum to Ceriodaphnia dubia in Low-Hardness Waters as Affected by Natural Dissolved Organic Matter

We conducted a series of 7-d toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia in dilutions of low-hardness natural waters, which contained dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations up to 10 mg/L. Stream waters were mixed with well water to achieve 2 target hardness levels (20 and 35 mg/L) and 4 DOC concentrations. Tests with aluminum (Al)-spiked waters were conducted in a controlled CO2 atmosphere to maintain the pH at a range of 6.0 to 6.5. The results were used to estimate effect concentrations for survival and reproduction, expressed as total (unfiltered) Al concentrations. There were small differences in total-Al thresholds between waters with 20 and 35 mg/L hardness, but effect concentrations for C. dubia survival (median lethal concentrations) and reproduction (effect concentrations, 20%) increased log-linearly with increasing DOC concentrations in the range, 0.3 to 6 mg/L. Slopes of these regressions were similar to slopes from data used to revise the US Environmental Protection Agency water quality criterion for Al, but toxic effects in the present study occurred at total-Al concentrations 8- to 10-fold greater than toxicity values used for criteria development. This difference probably reflects the long equilibration (aging) times of Al test waters used in the present study (up to 192 h) compared with short (3-h) equilibration times in other studies used for criteria development. These results confirm the importance of DOC as a control on Al toxicity in low-hardness waters, but they also demonstrate that total-Al concentrations are not predictive of Al toxicity, except under defined water quality (pH, hardness, DOC) and exposure conditions (e.g., aging of test waters). Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2121-2127. Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
High-stress rearing temperature in Acipenser fulvescens affects physiology, behaviour and predation rates

Early life stress can lead to long-term behavioural and physiological phenotypic alterations that impact fitness. Understanding effects of environmental stressors on wildlife is important to predict individual and population-level responses to stressors associated with climate change. Lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, are a regionally threatened fish species that experience high predation rates during larval stages. To investigate effects of a high temperature stressor, we exposed lake sturgeon eggs from four families to 10 °C (low-stress) or 18 °C (high-stress) rearing temperatures. At egg, free embryo and larval stages, we quantified stress levels for individuals from each treatment using whole-body cortisol analysis at baseline and after an acute stressor. At the larval stage, we videorecorded behaviour trials to quantify swimming activity, and we conducted predation trials to quantify survival outcomes for individuals from high-stress and low-stress temperature treatments. Free embryos reared at 18 °C had a significantly smaller cortisol response after exposure to an acute stressor, indicating that chronic high temperature stress may reduce stress reactivity in lake sturgeon. In addition, larvae reared at 18 °C had significantly higher activity levels during behaviour trials and significantly higher survival rates when exposed to crayfish predation, indicating that behavioural alterations induced by early life stress may be adaptive in high-stress contexts such as predation. These findings illustrate the need to experimentally evaluate fitness effects of stressors within ecologically relevant contexts in order to predict population- and community-level outcomes of climate change.
Response to Comment on "One Year Real-World Use of the Control-IQ Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop Technology" by Goran Petrovski et al.

Automated Insulin Delivery systems, a.k.a. artificial pancreas, are rapidly becoming available to many patients with type 1 diabetes around the world. As the transition from controlled clinical tri...
A Principal Component of Quality-of-Life Measures Is Associated with Survival: Validation in a Prospective Cohort of Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy.

The association between HRQOL metrics and survival has not been studied in early stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing SBRT. The cohort was derived via a post-hoc analysis of a prospective randomized clinical trial examining definitive SBRT for peripheral, early-stage NSCLC with a single or multi-fraction regimen. Patients completed HRQOL questionnaires prior to and 3 months after treatment. Using principal component analysis (PCA), changes in each HRQOL scale following treatment were reduced to two eigenvectors, PC1 and PC2. Cox regression was employed to analyze associations with survival-based endpoints. A total of 70 patients (median age 75.6 years; median follow-up 41.1 months) were studied. HRQOL and symptom comparisons at baseline and 3 months were vastly unchanged except for improved coughing (p = 0.02) and pain in the chest at 3 months (p = 0.033). PC1 and PC2 explained 21% and 9% of variance, respectively. When adjusting for covariates, PC1 was significantly correlated with progression-free (PFS) (HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.67–0.92, p = 0.003) and overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.46, p = 0.041). Changes in global health status, functional HRQOL performance, and/or symptom burden as described by PC1 values are significantly associated with PFS and OS. The PC1 quartile may facilitate the identification of at-risk patients for additional interventions.
A Method for Verifying Measurements and Models of Linear and Nonlinear Systems

A method has been developed to help verify system models and measurements and identify system nonlinearities. This method involves measuring the response of physical systems with a swept sine measurement device, such as the HP3562(3) A Control Systems Analyzer (CSA)1, and simulating system models with a dynamic system simulation tool, such as SIMULINK, using swept sine input. The input-output time sequences obtained from the simulations are analyzed in a similar fashion as done by the CSA to enable more accurate comparisons. A parallelism between swept sine measurements and describing functions is exploited to allow this method to be used in identifying nonlinear systems. Using the measured and simulated frequency response functions as a guide the designer can iteratively improve the model of the system and verify the correctness of the measurements.
Caenorhabditis elegans Embryogenesis: Genetic Analysis of Cell Specification

Cell fate in some early embryonic blastomeres of C. elegans is specified cell autonomously (mosaic development), by proteins localized by cytoskeletal machinery controlled by the par gene products, and in others by cell-to-cell signalling (regulative development), using either the APX-1–GLP-1 (Notch-like) or the Wnt signalling pathway. Keywords: C. elegans; embryogenesis; cell fate specification; regulative development; cell-autonomous development; Wnt signalling; Notch-like signalling
Reform and Simplification of the U.S. Foreign Tax Credit Rules

In this report the authors consider alternatives for reform and simplification of the foreign tax credit rules.
Application of quadrature mirror filters to split band voice coding schemes

This paper deals with applications of Quadrature Mirror Filters (QMF) to coding of voice signal in sub-bands. Use of QMF's enables to avoid the aliasing effects due to samples decimation when signal is split into sub-bands. Each sub-band is then coded independently with use of Block Companded PCM (BCPCM) quantizers. Then a variable number of bits is allocated to each sub-band quantizer in order to take advantage of the relative perceptual effect of the quantizing error. The paper is organized as follows: - First, splitting in two sub-bands with QMF's is analysed. -Then, a general description of a splitband voice coding scheme using QMF's is made. -Finally, two coding schemes are considered, operating respectively at 16 KBps and 32 KBps. Averaged values of S/N performances are given when encoding both male and female voices. Comparisons are made with conventional BCPCM and CCITT A-Law. Taped results will be played at the conference.
Assessing Languages for Specific Purposes: Specific purpose language ability

Introduction In this chapter I will review research on the nature of communicative language ability, and summarize our current best understanding of this complex concept, including a discussion of background knowledge in specific fields of interest. The goal is to work toward a clearer understanding of the construct of specific purpose language ability , for that, of course, is what we are attempting to measure with LSP tests. I will especially consider the relationship between language ability and specific purpose background knowledge. This is an important issue, for if language is learned in communicative contexts – and there is much evidence to suggest that this is so – then it follows that those contexts must affect the very nature of the language that is thus acquired. Chapelle (1998) points out, in an elaboration of what she calls an interactionist view of construct definition, that merely taking into account both the traits of the language user and the features of the context is not enough; rather, we must allow for the interaction between the two. This inevitably means that the quality of each changes: ‘Trait components can no longer be defined in contextindependent, absolute terms and contextual features cannot be defined without reference to their impact on underlying characteristics’ (p. 43). This notion suggests that there is such a thing as specific purpose language knowledge, and that the nature of language knowledge may be different from one domain to another.
Panel Data and Productivity Measurement

The chapter first discusses how productivity growth typically has been measured in classical productivity studies. We then briefly discuss how innovation and catch-up can be distinguished empirically. We next outline methods that have been proposed to measure productivity growth and its two main factors, innovation and catch-up. These approaches can be represented by a canonical form of the linear panel data model. A number of competing specifications are presented and model averaging is used to combine estimates from these competing specifications in order to ascertain the contributions of technical change and catch-up in world productivity growth. The chapter ends with concluding remarks and suggestions for the direction of future analysis. The literature on productivity and its sources is vast in terms of empirical and theoretical contributions at the aggregate, industry, and firm level. The pioneering work of Dale Jorgenson and his associates and Zvi Griliches and his associates, the National Bureau of Economic Research, the many research contributions made in U.S universities and research institutions, the World Bank and research institutes in Europe and other countries are not discussed here as our goal is by necessity rather narrow. We focus on work directly related to panel data methods that have been developed to address specific issues in specifying the production process and in measuring the sources of productivity growth in terms of its two main components of innovation (technical progress) and catch-up (efficiency growth), with emphasis given to one of the more important measures of the latter component and that is technical efficiency.
Reclaiming futures and juvenile reentry: The case for joining forces

Abstract More than a decade earlier than the launching of Reclaiming Futures, federally funded work began on the reentry of juvenile offenders returning to the community from state secure correctional facilities. This work led to the development of a juvenile reentry model referred to as the Intensive Aftercare Program model. Work has continued in adapting the model to other populations and settings. This article discusses the compatibility of the juvenile reentry and Reclaiming Futures models, examining their components with respect to overarching case management, continuity of care, and evidence-based practices. Lessons learned from juvenile reentry and the implications for policy and programming are highlighted as they apply to the Reclaiming Futures model.
Bubble generation and transport in a microfluidic device with high aspect ratio

Abstract Bubble generation and transport in a micro-device composed of a micro-T-junction and a following serpentine micro-channel was experimentally investigated. It has a rectangular cross-sectional with an aspect ratio of 7.425. Air and water were used as gas and liquid, respectively. Mixtures of water–glycerol and water–Tween-20 were used to study the effects of liquid viscosity and surface tension. Compared with previous T-junction bubble generation, the liquid and gas inlets orientation was switched in this work. The continuous flow was driven from the perpendicular channel and the dispersion flow was from the main channel. It shows that the break-up process has three periodic steps under certain operating conditions. The dimensionless bubble length L / w in the micro-channel with high aspect ratio is much larger than that in square microchannels. A correlation is proposed to correlate L / w with liquid flow rate J L , gas flow rate J G , and liquid viscosity μ L . Surface tension σ can change the bubble shape but almost does not affect the bubble length in this fast break-up process. Additionally, a long bubble may be broken up at the corners at the same time because the locations of gas and liquid are exchanged relative to the concave and convex portions of an elbow after a turn which may result in the change of fluid velocities and gas–liquid pressure drop.
What you can learn from one gene: GLI3

The study of patients with rare multiple congenital anomaly syndromes can provide illuminating insights into normal development and the pathogenesis of congenital anomalies. The GLI3 gene is a particularly good example as it illuminates the phenomena of pleiotropy, phenocopies, syndrome families, and evolutionary conservation of pathogenesis, and raises questions about how diagnoses are conceptualised. These topics are reviewed in turn, in the context of the clinical and biological data derived from patients with mutations in GLI3 and experimental work in model systems.
Delayed Hypersensitivity: Bone Marrow as the Source of Cells in Delayed Skin Reactions

Adult Lewis rats were thymectomized, irradiated, and restored with bone marrow from allogeneic (or F1) donors. They were passively sensitized to tuberculin by a subsequent transfer of Lewis lymph node cells and were given intradermal skin tests with tuberculoprotein. In 24-hour skin reactions the majority of cells, in successive experiments, were shown to be allogeneic (or F1) with the use of isoantibody against the antigens of the transplanted marrow cells and by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Our results demonstrate that the non-specific cells making up a large proportion of the infiltrating elements in tuberculin skin reactions probably originate in the bone marrow.
Bridging the Gap: Helping Students from Competitive Dance Training Backgrounds Become Successful Dance Majors

The first year of college is often the most difficult and challenging for students. In fact, as many as 31.8% of students at public four-year postsecondary institutions drop out prior to their soph...
Exact controllability of a multilayer Rao-Nakra beam with minimal number of boundary controls

We consider a multilayer Rao-Nakra sandwich beam with shear damping included in alternate layers. In the case that the wave speeds of the layers are distinct, we show that by "tuning" the damping in each layer appropriately, it is possible to construct a scalar boundary control that exactly controls the entire layered system in a control time related to the sum of the control times of each separate layer. In the case where some waves speeds coincide, one can reduce the number of controls needed, but not to a single scalar control.
Monolayer Behavior of Hydroxyoxime Extractants

Abstract Efforts to elucidate solvent extraction mechanisms in hydrometallurgical systems have generally been hindered by a lack of physico-chemical data pertaining to the interfacial properties of organic-soluble extractants and their metal complexes. In an effort to address this situation, a Langmuir film balance was used to characterize the interfacial properties of purified metal extractants spread as monomolecular films at the air/water interface. This interfacial system was used as a model for studying the interactions of the extractant films with the aqueous phase. The metal extractants used in this study were: the anti-isomer of 5,8-diethyl-7-hydroxy-6-dodecanone oxime (DEDO, the active extractant in LIX63, Henkel), and the anti-isomer of 2-hydroxy-5-nonylbenzophenone oxime (HBPO, the active extractant in LIX65N, Henkel). Both equilibrium and dynamic film properties of single component and mixed monolayers were examined. The effects of aqueous phase copper ion on the equilibrium properties of thes...
Standardized Test Methods for Use in Waste Compliance Testing in the Department of Energy'S Waste Acceptance Process

Standardized test methods that are currently in use or under development appear to adequately cover most of the testing that may be required to demonstrate compliance with the WAPS. It may be important to complete standardization of those tests that are under development, and to develop additional standardized tests for those specifications for which no standardized tests exist. A significant amount of work would be involved in this effort. Therefore, before this effort is undertaken, DOE must decide whether there is a need for a set of standardized test methods that would receive an “official approval” for use in waste compliance testing. If a set of approved tests is needed, DOE would need to determine what types of tests to include in the “approved list”, who should develop these tests, and which organizations should review and approve the test methods. Test method review and approval might be accomplished through the use of the Materials Review Board (MRB), an organization that was created by DOE for the purpose of reviewing and approving key test methods and data related to the repository licensing process. Alternatively, other means of standardizing these tests might be considered, such as processing the tests through the American Society for Testing and Materials for publication as ASTM standards. If a set of approved tests is adopted, producers would not be required to use these tests; however, if a producer wished to propose other tests for compliance testing, it would be reasonable to require that such test procedures undergo a review/approval process similar to that which the officially approved tests had undergone. Once approved, these alternate procedures could be used for compliance testing.
Stratégies techniques pour les récidives de sténose carotidienne après angioplastie et stenting

Avec l'augmentation du nombre d'angioplasties et de procedures de stenting carotidiens, les chirurgiens vasculaires devraient prevoir l'augmentation des corrections chirurgicales des complications du stenting et, en particulier, les restenoses intra-stent. Cette etude revoit les alternatives techniques pour les stenoses carotidiennes recidivees hemodynamiquement significatives apres angioplastie et stenting. Quatre techniques ont ete employees pour la correction des restenoses carotidiennes intra-stent. Toutes les operations ont ete effectuees sous surveillance electro-encephalographique continue. Les stents ont ete enleves chez deux patients. Les operations effectuees etaient (1) une arteriotomie longitudinale centree sur le stent avec angioplastie par patch, (2) un pontage entre la carotide commune et l'artere carotide interne distale (ACI) en polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), (3) un pontage entre la sous-claviere et l'ACI distale en PTFE, et (4) une endarteriectomie carotidienne avec ablation du stent et angioplastie par patch. La duree moyenne de l'intervention etait de 133 ± 22 min. Le suivi moyen etait de 27,5 ± 29 mois. Il n'y eut aucun AVC postoperatoire, aucun infarctus du myocarde, et aucun deces. Aucune lesion de nerf crânien n'a ete notee. Les patients n'ont pas developpe d'hematomes postoperatoires du cou exigeant un retour en salle d'operation. Tous les patients etaient stables lors du suivi sans evidence de recidive de stenose a l'examen duplex postoperatoire. La cure des restenoses apres angioplastie carotidienne et stenting peut etre realisee avec ou sans ablation du stent. Des approches techniques variees peuvent etre necessaires, selon la longueur et le siege de la lesion et des stents, la presence d'une occlusion carotidienne commune, et le degre d'inflammation environnante.
The perception and discrimination of speed in complex motion.

Random dot kinematograms were used to simulate radial, rotational and spiral optic flow. The stimuli were designed so that, while dot speed increased linearly with distance from the centre of the display, the density of dots remained uniform throughout their presentation. In two experiments, subjects were required to perform a temporal 2AFC speed discrimination task. Experiment 1 measured the perceived speed of a range of optic flow patterns against a rotational comparison stimulus. Radial motions were found to appear faster than rotations by approximately 10%, with a smaller but significant effect for spirals. Experiment 2 measured discrimination thresholds for pairs of similar optic flow stimuli identical in all respects except mean speed. No consistent differences were observed between the speed discrimination thresholds of radial, rotational and spiral motions and a control stimulus with the same speed profile in which motion followed fixed random trajectories. The perceived speed results are interpreted in terms of a model satisfying constraints on motion-in-depth and object rigidity, while speed discrimination appears to be based upon the pooled responses of elementary motion detectors. © 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Paul at the Areopagus Window on the Hellenistic World

Luke's account of Paul's speech at the Areopagus illustrates five factors at work in the Hellenistic world, namely: Hellenistic interest in religious questions; the unity of the Hellenistic world itself; Hellenistic tolerance for ancient gods from elsewhere; a pyramid-like arrangement of divine powers; and finally, outside Judaism and Christianity, the Hellenistic world's lack of any developed idea of the afterlife.
The challenge of community child psychiatry

The effective practice of community child psychiatry requires an understanding of the reality in which the work is performed. Programs and practices result as much from the requirements of the situation as from the mental health workers' preformed notions of good professional work. The various realities of a specific community psychiatric clinic for children are described and their impact on clinical practice noted.
Higher-Dimensional Generalizations of Affine Kac-Moody and Virasoro Conformal Lie Algebras

We discuss the generalizations of the notion of Conformal Algebra and Local Distribution Lie algebras for multi-dimensional bases. We replace the algebra of Laurent polynomials on Open image in new window by an infinite-dimensional representation (with some additional structures) of a simple finite-dimensional Lie algebra Open image in new window in the space of regular functions on the corresponding Grassmann variety Open image in new window that can be described as a ``right'' higher-dimensional generalization of Open image in new window from the point of view of a corresponding group action. For Open image in new window it gives us the usual Vertex Algebra notion. We construct the higher dimensional generalizations of the Virasoro and the Affine Kac-Moody Conformal Lie algebras explicitly and in terms of the Operator Product Expansion.
Circadian dysregulation in abused individuals: a proposed theoretical model for practice and research.

Trauma in the form of physical and sexual abuse remains a major issue confronting health professionals and society today. Despite the identification of large numbers of children at risk, no studies exist on the association between childhood abuse and the development of acute and long-term disruption of sleep/wake patterns. Furthermore, identification of the most effective nursing interventions to restore healthy sleep rhythms is sorely lacking. As a basic human process, sleep follows a circadian pattern, effecting sleep onset and stages. This article explores a possible model to link the sleep disruption seen in abuse children with circadian and rhythmic theories. Language: en
Automated annotation of coral reef survey images

With the proliferation of digital cameras and automatic acquisition systems, scientists can acquire vast numbers of images for quantitative analysis. However, much image analysis is conducted manually, which is both time consuming and prone to error. As a result, valuable scientific data from many domains sit dormant in image libraries awaiting annotation. This work addresses one such domain: coral reef coverage estimation. In this setting, the goal, as defined by coral reef ecologists, is to determine the percentage of the reef surface covered by rock, sand, algae, and corals; it is often desirable to resolve these taxa at the genus level or below. This is challenging since the data exhibit significant within class variation, the borders between classes are complex, and the viewpoints and image quality vary. We introduce Moorea Labeled Corals, a large multi-year dataset with 400,000 expert annotations, to the computer vision community, and argue that this type of ecological data provides an excellent opportunity for performance benchmarking. We also propose a novel algorithm using texture and color descriptors over multiple scales that outperforms commonly used techniques from the texture classification literature. We show that the proposed algorithm accurately estimates coral coverage across locations and years, thereby taking a significant step towards reliable automated coral reef image annotation.
STATE POLITICAL CULTURE AND SENTENCE SEVERITY IN FEDERAL DISTRICT COURTS

Previous studies have established a strong relationship between state politics and policies and have documented the role of state politics in the recruitment of federal judges. This study uses indicators of the political. policy, and socioeconomic characteristics of the American states to explain variance in the severity of sentences rendered in 1970 cases involving violation of the Selective Service Act. The findings reveal that a substantial proportion of the sentencing variation in these cases is associated with the political, policy, and socioeconomic environments of the state in which the case is adjudicated. Consistent with mast of the literature on state policy variance, it is found that the socioeconomic environment is a more effective predictor than either state politics or policy.
Using data mules to preserve source location privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have many promising applications for monitoring critical regions, like military surveillance and wildlife monitoring. In such applications, it is critical to protect the location of the source sensor that generates the data, as exposure of this information usually reveals the location of the object being monitored. Traditional security mechanisms, like encryption, have been proven to be ineffective as the location of the source can also be revealed by analyzing the traffic flow in the network. In this paper, we investigate the source-location privacy issue. We first propose a realistic semi-global eavesdropping attack model and show its effectiveness in compromising an existing source-location preserving technique. Furthermore, to measure source location privacy against the semi-global eavesdropper, we define a model for α -angle anonymity. Additionally, we design a new protocol called Mule-Saving-Source (MSS) that preserves α -angle anonymity by adapting the conventional function of data mules. We theoretically analyze the delay incurred by using data mules in MSS, and we examine via extensive simulations the trade-off between the delay and privacy preservation under different data mule mobility patterns. We categorize the delay in MSS as being caused primarily due to the buffering time at the source sensor and the data mules. Motivated by this observation, we propose two modifications to MSS, Mule-Saving-Source-Shortest Path (MSS-SP) and Mule-Saving-Source-Two Level (MSS-TL), both aimed at reducing the total delay by reducing the buffering time at the data mule and source respectively. Through theoretical analysis, we examine the delay in the proposed modifications and evaluate their performance with the MSS protocol using a comprehensive set of simulations. Furthermore, to study the impact of the mobility model of the data mules on the MSS protocol, we compare the performance of the MSS protocol by changing the mobility model of data mules to a Random Waypoint based model.
Bio-inspired nanofabrication of barium titanate

Complex metal oxides such as BaTiO3 are widely sought materials in the ceramic and electronic industries due to their piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and dielectric properties. The synthesis of BaTiO3 typically requires harsh reaction conditions such as high temperature and pressure that provide poor control over composition, crystal structure, and nanoscale morphology. In contrast, living organisms are able to maintain impressive regulation over the crystallization of inorganic materials during naturally occurring mineralization processes. Here, we present a few general principles from biomineralizing systems that can be harnessed for synthetic materials as well as successful bio-inspired approaches that have been demonstrated for the fabrication of BaTiO3 nanostructures.
Endothelial cell lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 and an unidentified ligand act in concert to provide costimulation to human peripheral blood CD4+ T cells.

Abstract Our previous studies have demonstrated that cultured human endothelial cells (EC) provide costimulation to PHA-activated CD4 + T cells, measured as augmentation of IL-2 synthesis, through a cell contact-department pathway. Here we show that fixed and living EC provide comparable degrees of costimulation to CD4 + T cell populations, indicating that EC costimulation does not depend upon active metabolism. EC achieve these effects in part by utilizing lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3) to interact with T cell CD2 as shown by observations that EC augmentation of IL-2 is partially (50–70%) blocked by eight of eight mAb tested which recognize LFA-3; that purified phosphatidylinositol-linked LFA-3 (PI-LFA-3) can also provide costimulation to CD4 + T cells; and that there is a delay of the EC effect on CD4 + T cells which express low levels of CD2 compared to those which express high levels of CD2. However, three lines of evidence suggest that EC also utilize at least one additional ligand. First, there is incomplete replacement of the EC effect by PI-LFA-3 such that the costimulatory ability of EC combined with PI-LFA-3 is additive at all concentrations of PI-LFA-3 tested. Second, costimulation by PI-LFA-3, but not by EC, is fully inhibited by anti-CD2 or anti-LFA-3 mAb. Finally, costimulation by PI-LFA-3, but not by EC, is completely suppressed by cyclosporine A. We have not formally identified the second ligand but it does not appear to be intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, CD44, or B7/BB1.
Sensitivity Analysis in Systems for Planning and Decision Support

Abstract This paper surveys contemporary research involving error and sensitivity analysis approaches useful for the design of aids for planning and decision support. Discussed are structural sensitivity considerations as well as the effects of errors, for both single and multi-attribute cases, in estimation or elicitation of probabilities and utilities. One of the major uses for sensitivity analysis type results is in bounded prioritization of alternatives using ordinal information. This use of sensitivity analysis is discussed and illustrated with examples.
The effect of harmaline on unidirectional potassium fluxes and ouabain binding in renal cell cultures

Abstract Harmaline inhibits K+ influx into primary cell cultures of ground squirrel kidneys to a greater extent than either ouabain or furosemide. A concentration of 200 μM harmaline was required to inhibit half of the total K+ influx; this effect was also seen at low temperature (5°C), and in another species (hamster). Although kinetic analysis of K+ influx indicates that harmaline does not compete with extracellular K+, harmaline did reduce the binding of [3H]ouabain to the cells. K+ efflux was also reduced. Therefore, harmaline may inhibit the furosemide-sensitive Na+/K+ cotransport system as well as the ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+ pump.
An Exploratory Study of Universal Design for Teaching Chemistry to Students with and without Disabilities.

In this exploratory study, students in four co-taught high school chemistry classes were randomly assigned to a Universal Design for Learning (UDL) treatment or a comparison condition. Each co-teaching team taught one comparison and treatment class. UDL principles were operationalized for treatment: (a) a self-management strategy (using a mnemonic, IDEAS) for the multi-step mole conversion process; (b) multi-media lessons with narration, visuals, and animations; (c) procedural facilitators with IDEAS for conversion support; and (d) student workbooks mirroring video content and containing scaffolded practice problems. All students completed a pre-test, post-test, and a 4-week delayed post-test. There were no significant differences between conditions; however, there was an interaction effect between students with and without disabilities for post-tests. Social validity indicated students found IDEAS helpful. Implications for future research include continued focus on disaggregated learning outcomes for stu...
Catalytic partial oxidation of n-tetradecane using pyrochlores: Effect of Rh and Sr substitution

Abstract The catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of transportation fuels into synthesis gas (H2 + CO) for fuel cells is complicated by the large quantities of aromatics and sulfur-containing compounds commonly found in these fuels. Traditional supported metal catalysts are easily poisoned by these species which adsorb strongly onto the electron-rich metal clusters. The use of noble metal and/or oxide based catalyst systems may offer higher activity and stability, but only if the metal can be bound into a thermally stable structure. To that end, Rh metal was substituted into the structure of a lanthanum zirconate (LZ) pyrochlore to give La2RhyZr(2−y)O(7-ξ,) (LRZ) to produce a strongly bound, well-dispersed metal which is active for CPOX. A second catalyst was prepared in which Sr was substituted for a portion of La in the LRZ structure, producing La(2−x)SrxRhyZr(2−y)O(7-ξ) (LSRZ). Each of these pyrochlore catalysts, including the unsubstituted LZ, were characterized and screened for activity in the CPOX of n-tetradecane (TD), which is a surrogate for linear paraffins typical of diesel fuel. Results were compared to a commercial Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. X-ray diffraction patterns of both the LZ and LRZ showed that each had the cubic unit-cell pyrochlore structure. However, substitution of Sr resulted in a binary perovskite-pyrochlore phase with a defect SrZrO3 phase. Hydrogen pulse chemisorption and temperature programmed reduction studies confirmed that Rh metal was substituted into the structure of the LRZ and LSRZ, and was reducible. Activity screening with the CPOX of TD showed that the Rh substituted in both LRZ and LSRZ is able to retain activity-producing essentially equilibrium synthesis gas yields, as was the Rh/γ-Al2O3. Temperature programmed oxidation experiments performed after the CPOX of TD demonstrated that the amount of carbon was quantitatively similar for each catalyst (roughly 0.3 gcarbon/gcatalyst after each run), with the exception of LSRZ, which had significantly less carbon (0.17 gcarbon/gcatalyst). It is speculated that improved oxygen ion mobility in the LSRZ material, which resulted from Sr substitution, was responsible for the reduction in carbon formation on the surface.
Visualization Of Pion Stopping Region

The potential of negative pi mesons for radiation therapy has been informally suggested by many people, including Chaim Richman, now of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Fowler and Perkins (Ref. 1) were the first to make detailed calculations, and this work generated heightened interest in the use of negative pions for therapy. Their calculations showed that the strong nuclear inter-action experienced by pions when they come to rest could greatly increase the dose to the treatment volume. Figure 1 shows the depth-dose distribution expected from a 46 -MeV beam. The pions are captured by nuclei, primarily oxygen, nitrogen and carbon in tissue, which promptly break up into energetic but short-range charged fragments and neutrons. The total energy produced by breakup of the capturing nucleus is approximately 140 MeV; about 40 MeV goes into overcoming the binding energy of the capturing nucleus, about 70 MeV is carried off as kinetic energy of neutrons, a small amount as energetic nuclear gamma rays, and the rest (about 30 MeV) as kinetic energy of protons, alpha particles (helium nuclei) and heavier nuclear fragments (lithium and carbon nuclei). It is these high LET radiations (protons, alpha particles and heavier nuclei) that enhance the dose in the terminal region of the negative pion beam. Mesic X rays, nuclear gamma rays and neutrons are produced also but escape from the body without doing much damage either to the tumor or the surrounding normal tissue. Therefore, the depth-dose distribution from a pion beam does not drop off exponentially with depth (as with gamma rays, X rays and neutrons) but, rather, increases gradually until the stopping region is reached, where the high LET dose enhancement occurs. The finite range of pions in tissue also affords restriction of dose to normal tissue distal to the treatment volume to the muon and electron beam contamination.© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.