cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Process to generate a synthetic diagnostic for microwave imaging reflectometry with the full-wave code FWR2Da)

A synthetic microwave imaging reflectometer (MIR) diagnostic employing the full-wave reflectometer code (FWR2D) has been developed and is currently being used to guide the design of real systems, such as the one recently installed on DIII-D. The FWR2D code utilizes real plasma profiles as input, and it is combined with optical simulation tools for synthetic diagnostic signal generation. A detailed discussion of FWR2D and the process to generate the synthetic signal are presented in this paper. The synthetic signal is also compared to a prescribed density fluctuation spectrum to quantify the imaging quality. An example is presented with H-mode-like plasma profiles derived from a DIII-D discharge, where the MIR focal is located in the pedestal region. It is shown that MIR is suitable for diagnosing fluctuations with poloidal wavenumber up to 2.0 cm−1 and fluctuation amplitudes less than 5%.
A Distance Ruler for RNA Using EPR and Site-Directed Spin Labeling

Abstract As a basic model study for measuring distances in RNA molecules using continuous wave (CW) EPR spectroscopy, site-directed spin-labeled 10-mer RNA duplexes and HIV-1 TAR RNA motifs with various interspin distances were examined. The spin labels were attached to the 2′-NH 2 positions of appropriately placed uridines in the duplexes, and interspin distances were measured from both molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and Fourier deconvolution methods (FD) [13]. The 10-mer duplexes have interspin distances ranging from 10 A to 30 A based on MD; however, dipolar line broadening of the CW EPR spectrum is only observed for the RNAs for predicted interspin distances of 10–21 A and not for distances over 25 A. The conformational changes in TAR (transactivating responsive region) RNA in the presence and in the absence of different divalent metal ions were monitored by measuring distances between two nucleotides in the bulge region. The predicted interspin distances obtained from the FD method and those from MD calculations match well for both the model RNA duplexes and the structural changes predicted for TAR RNA. These results demonstrate that distance measurement using EPR spectroscopy is a potentially powerful method to help predict the structures of RNA molecules.
Application of high-pressure Raman spectroscopy to bone biomechanics

Compressive stress on bone, cartilage and other tissues accompanies normal activity. While the biomechanical properties of many tissues are reasonably well-understood at many levels of structure, surprisingly little is known at the ultrastructural and crystal lattice levels. We show how the use of diamond anvil cell Raman microspectroscopy enables a deeper understanding of the response of tissue to mechanical stress. We discuss the reversible responses of deproteinated and intact bone powders to hydrostatic pressure and compare these responses to those of a model compound, synthetic carbonated apatite.
Concerted cycloaddition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to α-pinene stepwise rearrangement of the β-lactam cycloadduct to a γ-lactam☆

Abstract Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate adds to α-pinene in concerted fashion to give the unrearranged N-chlorosulfonyl-β-lactam 2 (75%). Thermolysis of cycloadduct 2 affords the rearranged N-chlorosulfonyl-γ-lactam 6 (60%) via a sequence of transient carbonium ions ( 4 5 ). Reductive hydrolysis of 2 and 6 gave, respectively, the NH-β-lactam 3 (70%) and the NH-γ-lactam 7 (70%). Proof of structure of the rearranged γ-lactams 6 and 7 are provided, respectively, by X-ray crystallographic analysis and the application of the Eu(dpm) 3 NMR shift reagent.
Osteopontin expression in human crescentic glomerulonephritis.

Osteopontin expression in human crescentic glomerulonephritis Background Osteopontin is a molecule with diverse biological functions, including cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. The expression of osteopontin has been demonstrated in a number of models of renal injury in association with accumulations of monocyte/macrophages, including recent reports of osteopontin expression in glomerular crescents in a rat model of anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Methods Glomerular expression of osteopontin in biopsies of human crescentic glomerulonephritis ( N = 25), IgA nephropathy with crescents ( N = 2), and diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephropathy with crescents ( N = 1) was studied by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and combined immunohistochemistry/ in situ hybridization. Additionally, antibodies to cell-specific phenotypic markers were used to identify cellular components of the glomerular crescent, which express osteopontin protein and mRNA. Results All of the crescents present in the biopsies studied contained a significant number of cells that expressed osteopontin protein and mRNA, demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. Using replicate tissue sections and combined immunohistochemistry/ in situ hybridization, we showed that the majority of the strongly osteopontin-positive cells are monocyte/macrophages. In addition to the very strong and cell-associated localization, a weaker and more diffuse pattern of osteopontin protein and mRNA expression could be seen in a number of crescents. None of the osteopontin mRNA-expressing cells could be identified as parietal epithelial cells, CD3-positive T cells, or α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts. Interstitial monocyte/macrophages did not express osteopontin, except when located in a periglomerular inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusions Macrophages present in the human glomerular crescent express osteopontin protein and mRNA at a high level. This expression supports a role for osteopontin in the formation and progression of the crescentic lesion via chemotactic and signaling properties of the molecule.
Mixed-ligand complexes of cadmium(II) containing bulky polydentate nitrogen-based ligands

Abstract The reaction of equimolar amounts of CdCl 2 , Tl[H 2 B(3-Bu t pz) 2 ] (pz=pyrazolyl ring) and Na[Et 2 NCS 2 ] yields [H 2 B(3-Bu t pz) 2 ]Cd(S 2 CNEt 2 ) ( 1 ) and a similar reaction using Tl[HB(3-Bu t pz) 3 ] yields [HB(3-Bu t pz) 3 ]Cd(S 2 CNEt 2 ) ( 2 ). The solid state structure of [HB(3-Bu t pz) 3 ]Cd(S 2 CNEt 2 ) shows the arrangement of the donor atoms is a distorted trigonal bipyramid, an unusual geometry for a molecule containing a tridentate [HB(3-Bu t pz) 3 ] − ligand. Mixing CdCl 2 with 2 equiv. of MeLi yields the Me 2 Cd intermediate that reacts with Tl[HB(3-Phpz) 3 ] to yield [HB(3-Phpz) 3 ]CdCH 3 ( 3 ). Compound 3 reacts with thiotoluene to yield [HB(3-Phpz) 3 ]CdS( p -C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) ( 4 ) and mercaptopyridine to yield [HB(3-Phpz) 3 ]Cd(SNC 6 H 4 ) ( 5 ). The neutral 2,6-bis(2,6-dimethylphenylimino)pyridine ligand (pydim) reacts with CdCl 2 in equimolar amounts to yield the adduct (pydim)CdCl 2 ( 6 ). The cadmium(II) is in a five-coordinate arrangement that is best described as a distorted trigonal bipyramid. The three nitrogen atoms of the planar pyridine ligand occupy an equatorial and both axial sites, but the intrinsic bite angle of the ligand forces a significant distortion in the axial bond angle. Compound 6 reacts with an equimolar amount of Na[Et 2 NCS 2 ] to yield [(pydim)Cd(S 2 CNEt 2 )][Cl] ( 7 ). The reaction of equimolar amounts of pydimMe 2 and Cd(NO 3 ) 2 yields (pydimMe 2 )Cd(NO 3 ) 2 ( 8 ). In the structure of this complex, one nitrate ligand is bidentate and the other monodentate. If the bidentate ligand is considered as occupying one site of a polyhedron, the structure of 8 can be considered as a trigonal bipyramid, very similar to that of 6 .
IT: What's the impact of IFRS?

Everyone is anticipating the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) in the United States. But companies are slowly beginning to realize that conversion to IFRSs will require some complicated, far-reaching changes for firms' information technology (IT) systems. In fact, this may be more costly and disruptive than Y2K and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act combined! Senior managers will need a solid understanding of IFRSs and a workable plan to deal with the conversion process for IT. This article provides guidance for both those challenges. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy and Image-Guided Radiation Therapy: Small Clinic Implementation

In a small clinic with a small patient base, the implementation of IMRT/IGRT should be slow, measured, and meticulous. Most radiation oncologists in the United States have had no formal training in IMRT/IGRT because the modalities are so new. Proper patient selection and a team effort among the clinician, physicist, dosimetrist, and therapist are thus all the more critical. The clinician in the small clinic can take comfort in remembering that the technologies are new, but the principles of good radiation medicine are not. With patient selection, a team approach, and publication of data and maturation of the literature, IMRT/IGRT will become the new standard of care in academic centers, large private clinics, and small clinics alike.
Communication and Cybercoping: Coping With Chronic Illness Through Communicative Action in Online Support Networks

Computer-mediated communication, specifically blogs, has expanded the range of the communicative action of patients with chronic disease from information seeking to information forwarding. The authors examine the effects of these 2 types of communicative action on perceived affective and physical coping outcomes. Using a survey dataset of 254 chronic disease patients, the authors tested 2 models using structural equation modeling: first, the effects of communicative action about chronic illness on coping outcomes; and second, the mediating role of emotion-focused and problem-focused coping processes. Findings indicate overall positive effects of communicative action on coping processes and outcomes, yet with different magnitudes of effects depending on the dimensions of communication behavior, the coping process, and outcome. Implications for patients and health care providers are discussed.
Demand-Side Bidding Agents: Modeling and Simulation

Problems such as price volatility have been observed in electric power markets. Demand-side participation is frequently offered as a potential solution by promising to increase market efficiency when hockey-stick-type offer curves are present. However, the individual end-consumer will surely value electricity differently, which makes demand-side participation difficult as a group and at a bus. In this paper demand is categorized into two groups: one that highly values reliability and one that does not. The two types are modeled separately and a new optimal bidding function is developed and tested based on this model.
Is your web page accessible?: a comparative study of methods for assessing web page accessibility for the blind

Web access for users with disabilities is an important goal and challenging problem for web content developers and designers. This paper presents a comparison of different methods for finding accessibility problems affecting users who are blind. Our comparison focuses on techniques that might be of use to Web developers without accessibility experience, a large and important group that represents a major source of inaccessible pages. We compare a laboratory study with blind users to an automated tool, expert review by web designers with and without a screen reader, and remote testing by blind users. Multiple developers, using a screen reader, were most consistently successful at finding most classes of problems, and tended to find about 50% of known problems. Surprisingly, a remote study with blind users was one of the least effective methods. All of the techniques, however, had different, complementary strengths and weaknesses.
Toward Bioengineering Anticancer Drugs

The biosynthetic route for enediyne production remained mysterious until two independent groups recently reported the genes that orchestrate enediyne synthesis in two different microorganisms. These discoveries lay the foundations for engineering this pathway to generate improved anticancer drugs.
Controlling nanoparticle template morphology: effect of solvent chemistry

Porous solids were obtained from self-assembled deposits of silica nanoparticles used as templates to form 3-D porous membranes. The effect of the solvent chemistry on the morphology of the deposits was investigated. The parameters of interest are surface tension and ionic strength of the solvent, due to electrostatic and capillary interactions. Deposits of nanoparticles of different sizes were obtained for a variety of conditions. The deposits were imaged using SEM and showed distinctive structures for each of the solvent chemistries. The phenomenon is consistent with the DVLO theory and calculations of capillary interaction energy.
Mechanical Properties of Sputtered Silicon Oxynitride Films by Nanoindentation

Silicon oxynitride (SiON) films with different oxygen and nitrogen content were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy study revealed that co-sputterred SiON films were composed of one homogeneous phase of random bonding O-Si-N network. Time-dependent plastic deformation (creep) of SiON films were investigated by depth-sensing nanoindentation at room temperature. Results from nanoindentation creep indicated that plastic flow was relatively less homogenous with increasing nitrogen content in film composition. A deformation mechanism based on atomic bonding structure and shear transformation zone (STZ) plasticity theory was proposed to interpret creep behaviors of sputtered SiON films.
Curvularia brain abscess

Curvularia is a ubiquitous dematiaceous fungus that is a very rare but often fatal cause of infection in the central nervous system (CNS). In this report, we describe a patient with chronic sinusitis who presented with a Curvularia abscess of the skull base extending into the left frontal lobe. She was successfully treated with aggressive surgical resection and antibiotic therapy. In the published literature, this patient to our knowledge represents the longest period of disease-free follow-up in those afflicted with CNS Curvularia infection, indicating the importance of proper diagnosis and aggressive surgical debridement for a successful outcome.
Preparation of sulfur reference materials that reproduce atmospheric particulate matter sample characteristics for XRF calibration

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is an important tool used in routine elemental analysis of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples collected on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filters. The method requires calibration against thin-film standards of known elemental masses commonly obtained from commercial suppliers. These standards serve as a convenient and widely accepted interlaboratory reference but can differ significantly from samples in their chemical composition, substrate, and geometry. These differences can introduce uncertainties regarding the absolute accuracy of the calibration for atmospheric samples. Continuous elemental records of the US Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) PM monitoring network extend back to 1988. Evaluation of long-term concentration trends and comparison with other networks demand a calibration that is accurate and precise compared with the uncertainty of the XRF measurement itself. We describe a method to prepare sulfur reference materials that are optimized for calibration of XRF instruments used to analyze IMPROVE PM samples. The reference materials are prepared by using the atmospheric form of the element, by reproducing the sample geometry, and by using the same substrate as in samples. Our results show that stable, pure, anhydrous, and stoichiometric deposits are collected onto the filter substrates, and furthermore, that the reference material masses are accurate and have acceptable uncertainty in the measurement range. The XRF response of the sulfur reference materials is similar to other commercial standards and is linear in the measurement range, and the slope of the multipoint calibration curve has very low uncertainty. These reference materials are valid for the calibration of XRF systems, and they bring improved transparency and credibility to the IMPROVE calibration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing Modality Operations

possible, therefore, standardization of equipment, protocols, staffing, and examination performance should be goals of the operation. Manyfactorscontributetooptimal modality operations, but an incorrect or inadequate imaging protocol (includingthosethatareunnecessarily complex) will undermine any attempt to process patients in a safe and customer-focused environment. Given the continued high demand for cross-sectional imaging (despite healthcarereform),departmentsare continuously being challenged to operate their modalities as efficiently as possible to maximize patient access. Once an imaging examination has been ordered (assuming it is appropriate),itbehoovestheorganizationto complete it as soon as possible so that both referring physician and patient can decide what further diagnostic or therapeutic steps are necessary. Operations,particularlyforhigh-fixed cost cross-sectional modalities, must therefore be streamlined to facilitate maximal patient throughput, while delivering quality and safety. Some may believe these are mutually exclusive goals, but in truth they are synergistic when performance is optimized. For instance, unnecessary
Descriptive study of occupational therapists' participation in early childhood transitions.

OBJECTIVE. The study describes the current role of occupational therapists in the transition of young children with special needs from early intervention to preschool and from preschool to kindergarten. METHOD. Questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of 500 pediatric occupational therapists who are members of the American Occupational Therapy Association�s School System Special Interest Section. RESULTS. The response rate was 44.3%, with 173 usable surveys. Approximately 40% of therapists working in the early-intervention-to-preschool transition and 32% of therapists working in the preschool-to-kindergarten transition reported not participating fully in the process. The primary barrier to full participation was �not enough time.� Evaluation was identified as the most frequently used strategy for participation. Only 23% of respondents reported receiving specialized transition training. CONCLUSIONS. Although limited by a small sample, the study provides an initial description of occupational therapists� participation in early childhood transitions.
SODIUM ION UPTAKE BY PERFUSED GILLS OF THE BLUE CRAB CALUNECTES SAPIDUS: EFFECTS OF OUABAIN AND AMILORIDE

Sodium ion uptake in the isolated perfused posterior gill of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, acclimated to 5‰ salinity and 20°C was measured using 22 Na as a tracer. Unidirectional influxes across individual gills occurred against large sodium concentration differences (internal perfusate=273 mmoll −1 ; external perfusate=l–80mmoll −1 ) and depended strongly on the concentration of sodium ions present in the external perfusate. The maximum rate of influx was 3.24μmolg −1 min −1 and the K m for this process was 23.0mmoll −1 . Ouabain added to the internal perfusate reduced the influx to an average of 51.3% of the control values and had its maximal effect at lmmoll −1 . Ouabain (lmmol −1 ) added to the external perfusate had no significant effect on sodium influx. Amiloride (0.1 mmoll −1 ) added to the external perfusate reduced the influx to an average of 38.9% of the control values. During all treatments, perfusion pressures showed no treatment-dependent effects, indicating that the observed changes in fluxes were due to specific effects of the treatment on the epithelium and not due to some indirect effect on perfusion pattern within the gill. Treatment of the gill with the metabolic poisons cyanide and iodoacetate resulted in a rapid decline of sodium influx to 20–30% of the control values. This was correlated with a large reduction in gill ATP content to 13% of the control. The overall results of this study are consistent with the general picture of epithelial sodium uptake across gills, supporting the existence of a ouabain-sensitive Na + pump on the basolateral membrane and an amiloride-sensitive Na + /H + exchanger on the apical membrane. Note:
Evidence of a role for neuropeptide Y and monoamines in mediating the appetite-suppressive effect of GH

Among the many responses to GH administration is suppression of voluntary feed intake (FI) in some species, attributed to improvement in the efficiency of nutrient utilization and, therefore, reduced need for ingested substrates. Commercial broiler chickens have been genetically selected for generations for rapid growth, realized largely via the major correlated response of increased voluntary feed consumption. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and monoamines play very important roles in the central regulation of feeding. Preliminary studies from our laboratory suggest that the appetite-suppressive effect of GH may be independent of its actions as a repartitioning agent, and may involve alterations in NPY expression at the pre-translational level. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the dose–response nature of the appetite-suppressive effect of GH in juvenile broilers, and the possible involvement of NPY and monoamines in this process. A GH dose–response study was conducted using 8-week-old female broilers infused i.v. with GH in a pulsatile pattern for 7 days at 0, 10, 50, 100 or 200 µg/kg body weight per day. Hypothalamic NPY and epinephrine (EP) concentrations decreased in a dose-related manner with GH. At the highest dosage, voluntary FI decreased 19% (P<0·05) and hypothalamic NPY mRNA decreased approximately 50% in the infundibular nuclei and midline region (P<0·0001). In contrast, birds pairfed to the high-GH dosage group did not differ from controls, verifying that changes in NPY and monoamines were not secondary to reduced FI. We conclude that hypothalamic NPY and EP are likely candidates to explore further as mediators of the appetite-suppressive effect of GH.
Factors associated with stroke survivor behaviors as identified by family caregivers.

Purpose Stroke survivor behaviors that caregivers identify as bothersome can lead to family caregiver stress, which can result in premature institutionalization of the survivor. The purpose of this study was to explore demographic and theory-based factors associated with survivor bothersome behaviors as identified by family caregivers. Methods A secondary analysis of a combined sample of 96 family caregivers of stroke survivors was conducted using baseline data from two existing studies. Bothersome behaviors were measured using the Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist (RMBPC). Theory-based factors were measured using well-validated scales. Results Male stroke survivors exhibited more bothersome behaviors (t = 3.53, p < .01). After controlling for survivor gender, 35% of the variance in bothersome behaviors was explained by caregiver depressive symptoms, task difficulty, life changes, and threat appraisal (F[5, 88] = 10.82, p < .001). Conclusions These results identify potential areas for nursing interventions designed to reduce bothersome behaviors as identified by family caregivers.
Efficient event routing in content-based publish-subscribe service networks

Efficient event delivery in a content-based publish/subscribe system has been a challenging problem. Existing group communication solutions, such as IP multicast or application-level multicast techniques, are not readily applicable due to the highly heterogeneous communication pattern in such systems. We first explore the design space of event routing strategies for content-based publish/subscribe systems. Two major existing approaches are studied: filter-hosed approach, which performs content-based filtering on intermediate routing servers to dynamically guide routing decisions, and multicast-based approach, which delivers events through a few high-quality multicast groups that are pre-constructed to approximately match user interests. These approaches have different trade-offs in the routing quality achieved and the implementation cost and system load generated. We then present a new routing scheme called Kyra that carefully balance these trade-offs. Kyra combines the advantages of content-based filtering and event-space partitioning in the existing approaches to achieve better overall routing efficiency. We use detailed simulations to evaluate Kyra and compare it with existing approaches. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of Kyra in achieving high network efficiency, reducing implementation cost and balancing system load across the publish-subscribe service network.
Local, global, and multilevel stereo matching

A computational framework is introduced for matching a pair of stereo images which, in contrast to existing algorithms, features a self-contained local matching module cascaded with a global matching module. Local matching outputs a 3-D grey-scale image in which each and every point has an intensity measuring the goodness of a possible match. Global matching reduces to surface detection in this image. To detect the surface, it is first enhanced, employing a hyperpyramid data structure. Unlike traditional multiresolution approaches, which are based on the coarse-to-fine continuation method, the authors' multilevel method emphasizes a fine-to-coarse process in which local support is accumulated. The algorithm is concise, efficient and above all, gives good results for complex scenes. >
Hypotyrosinemia, Hypocystinemia, and Failure to Retain Nitrogen During Total Parenteral Nutrition of Cirrhotic Patients

Six patients with gastrointestinal malabsorption and 12 with alcoholic cirrhosis received total parenteral nutrition for 4 wk. Freamine II, the source of the amino acids, is nearly devoid of cystine and tyrosine. We monitored daily nitrogen balance and other nutritional parameters and 22 plasma amino acids. Malabsorbers had a strongly positive nitrogen balance and improvements in nutritional parameters. Plasma amino acids were maintained within or above their normal fasting ranges. Eight of 12 cirrhotics resembled malabsorbing patients in terms of positive nitrogen balance, improved nutritional parameters, and plasma amino acids. In 4 cirrhotics, nitrogen balance remained negative and nutritional repletion failed to occur. Plasma cystine and tyrosine fell to below 30% of their normal fasting means. In 2 of these patients, oral supplements of cystine and tyrosine were given during the fifth week of parenteral nutrition. Plasma cystine and tyrosine were normalized, nitrogen balance became positive, and other repletion indicators demonstrated recovery. We conclude that in 4 cirrhotics, repletion was blocked by deficiencies of cystine and tyrosine, resulting from hepatic inability to synthesize cystine from methionine and tyrosine from phenylalanine.
Silicon Nanowires: Doping Dependent N- And P- Channel FET Behavior

The electrical transport properties of field effect transistor (FET) devices made of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) synthesized by pulsed laser vaporization (PLV) were studied. From as-grown PLV-SiNW FET, we found p-channel FET behavior with low conductance. To improve conductance, spin on glass (SOG) and vapor doping were used to dope phosphorus and indium into SiNW, respectively. From doping after synthesis, we could successfully make both n-and p- channel FET devices.
Finite Element Approach to Plane Microelasticity

The object of the investigation reported herein was to explore the applicability of the finite element technique to the stress and deformation analysis of multidimensional bodies of microelastic materials. For simplicity, the presentation has been restricted to micropolar materials. No particular difficulty is, however, envisioned if the more general case of a micromorphic material is considered. The strain-energy density and the constitutive equations were calculated for both plane strain and plane stress. Subsequently, the stiffness matrix was developed for a simple triangular finite element. Results presented are applicable to a large class of practical problems, some of which will be covered in a subsequent paper. From this investigation, it is clear that the same process may be extended to elements of other shapes, higher-order elements for plane problems, flexural elements and elements of three-dimensional bodies.
Control with random access wireless sensors

We consider multiple sensors randomly accessing a shared wireless medium to transmit measurements of their respective plants to a controller. To mitigate the packet collisions arising from simultaneously transmitting sensors, we appropriately design the sensor access rates. This is posed as an optimization problem, where the total transmit power of the sensors is minimized, and control performance for all control loops needs to be guaranteed. Control performance of each loop is abstracted as a desired expected decrease rate of a given Lyapunov function. By establishing an equivalent convex optimization problem, the optimal access rates are shown to decouple among sensors. Moreover, based on the Lagrange dual problem, we develop an easily implementable distributed procedure to find the optimal sensor access rates.
Lists, Common Differential Diagnoses, and Mnemonics

This chapter contains different groupings and listings of diseases and findings for the purposes of better learning and memorization. Hopefully these differentials, lists, and mnemonics are helpful to you!
High expression of miR-532-5p, a tumor suppressor, leads to better prognosis in ovarian cancer both in vivo and in vitro

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death for gynecologic cancers, ranking fifth overall for cancer-related death among women. The identification of biomarkers and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms for improving treatment options have received extensive efforts in ovarian cancer research. miRNAs have high potential to act as both ovarian cancer biomarkers and as critical regulators of ovarian tumor behavior. We comprehensively analyzed global mRNA, miRNA expression, and survival data for ovarian cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to pinpoint miRNAs that play critical roles in ovarian cancer survival through their effect on mRNA expression. We performed miRNA overexpression and gene knockdown experiments to confirm mechanisms predicted in our bioinformatics approach. We established that overexpression of miR-532-5p in OVCAR-3 cells resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability over a 96-hour time period. In the TCGA ovarian cancer dataset, we found 67 genes whose expression levels were negatively correlated with miR-532-5p expression and correlated with patient survival, such as WNT9A, CSNK2A2, CHD4, and SH3PXD2A The potential miR-532-5p-regulated gene targets were found to be enriched in the Wnt pathway. Overexpression of miR-532-5p through miRNA mimic caused downregulation of CSNK2A2, CHD4, and SH3PXD2A in the OVCAR-3 cell line. We have discovered and validated the tumor-suppressing capabilities of miR-532-5p both in vivo through TCGA analysis and in vitro through ovarian cancer cell lines. Our work highlights the potential clinical importance of miR-532-5p expression in ovarian cancer patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1123-31. ©2016 AACR.
Properties of Density Gradient-Separated Liver Mitochondria from Triiodothyronine-Treated Rats

SummaryTwo populations of liver mitochondria from T3-treated rats, which were separated on sucrose density gradients, and normal rat liver mitochondria were studied. The more dense mitochondrial band from T3-treated rats consistently had the highest in vivo rate of 32P-orthophosphate incorporation into phospholipids and was significantly different from 32P incorporation into the phospholipids of the less dense mitochondrial band at 60 min. No differences in the in vivo rate of 14C-l-leucine incorporation into mitochondrial protein or in the major mitochondrial fatty acids were found among the bands studied. Significant differences in phospholipid:protein ratios were found between the two mitochondrial bands of the T3-treated group. The density differences of the mitochondrial bands might be explained by alterations in the phospholipid:protein ratios since changes in these ratios correlate with mitochondrial densities.The authors thank Dr. Donald Greiff for the use of his ultracentrifuge, and Drs. Roberto ...
The Biology and Immature Stages of the Caddisfly Genus Ceraclea in Eastern North America (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)

Life histories, descriptions of immature stages and a key for identifying the following species of Ceraclea (= Athripsodes , in part) caddisflies from Eastern North America are presented: alagma (Ross), alces (Ross), ancylus (Vorhies), aunulicornis (Stephens), arielles (Denning), cancellata (Betten), diluta (Hagen), excisa (Morton), flava (Banks), maculata (Banks), mentica (Walker), misca (Ross), neffi (Resh), nepha (Ross), nigronervosa (Retzius), punctata (Banks), resurgens (Walker), slossonae (Banks), spongillovorax (Resh), submacula (Walker), tarsipunctata (Vorhies), transversa (Hagen), and two species whose larvae were not definitely associated with an adult. The genus Ceraclea includes species whose larvae are detritus grazers, plant feeders, and predators of freshwater sponge. The larvae exhibit a variety of life cycles and different water quality tolerances.
Penicillin susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1978. Screening for resistance by disk testing.

Recently, strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae with greatly increased resistance to penicillin (minimal inhibitory concentrations or MICs, 1--8 microgram/ml) were recovered in cultures of blood from patients in South Africa and from one in Minnesota who had serious pneumococcal infections. The authors undertook a study to determine whether these resistant strains have become prevalent in their locale. Between January and July 1978, the laboratories of hospitals serving the greater Madison, Wisconsin, area (population 200,000) contributed 243 pneumococcal isolates for susceptibility testing by an agar dilution technic. Strains with greatly increased resistance (MICs greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml) were not found; only six strains (2.4%) had relative resistance to penicillin (MICs .125--.50 microgram/ml), a range of susceptibility that has been associated with inconsistent clinical responses to treatment with penicillin. Overall, the susceptibility patterns of these 243 isolates are similar to those reported from other centers in North America over the past 30 years. Routine susceptibility testing of pneumococci by hospital laboratories in our area does not appear to be necessary now, but laboratories are advised to screen blood and spinal fluid isolates by a disk-diffusion method. Studies of these 243 isolates and seven South African multiply-resistant strains using a modified Kirby-Bauer technic, showed that a zone of inhibition less than 35 mm around a 10-unit penicillin disk, or better, less than 17 mm around a 1-microgram oxacillin disk, correlates strongly (P less than .001) with resistance to penicillin (MIC greater than or equal to .1 microgram/ml).
Hydrocephalus: Electrophysiological Correlates

ABSTRACT.Electrophysiological recording has proven clinical utility for the management of hydrocephalus. EEG and evoked potentials can assist in monitoring the effects of shunt therapy.
Personalization and gender: 2014 gubernatorial candidates on social media

On June 25, 2013, the Senate chamber of the Texas state capitol became the scene of a remarkable political showdown. For 13 hours, citizens at the capitol—along with over 100,000 viewers via a live web stream and thousands more on Twitter—watched and waited for the conclusion of a contentious filibuster of Senate Bill 5 (SB 5), which would impose numerous restrictions on abortion access and clinic facilities. Standing at the center of the filibuster showdown, state senator Wendy Davis became a national political celebrity literally overnight. Her pink running shoes, worn to withstand hours in which she could not relinquish the podium, quickly became an online meme.
Recurrent languaging activities in World of Warcraft: Skilled linguistic action meets the Common European Framework of Reference

In this study of affordances for second language (L2) learning in World of Warcraft (WoW) group play, we compared three gameplay episodes spanning a semester-long course. Applying multimodal analysis framed by ecological, dialogical and distributed (EDD) views (Zheng and Newgarden, forthcoming), we explored four English as a second language learners’ verbalizations and avatar actions. Players learned to take skilled linguistic action as they coordinated recurrent WoW gameplay activities (questing, planning next moves, traveling, learning a skill, etc.). Frequent activities matched Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) speaking proficiency descriptors, used widely in L2 teaching and learning (L2TL), providing evidence that players engaged in the types of communicative activities interaction-oriented classroom approaches develop. However, in the WoW context, interactions were not planned, but emerged as players dynamically directed the course of play. Furthermore, modalities of avatar-embodiment and conversing over Skype allowed players to flexibly integrate language and actions to co-act toward game goals, discuss non-game topics during play, or demonstrate comprehension with avatar actions alone, an affordance for less verbal players. This research builds on previous work (Zheng, Newgarden & Young, 2012) relating WoW’s multiplayer activities and L2 learners’ skilled linguistic actions. We refer to Chemero’s (2009) model of the animal-environment system to explain how L2 learners develop abilities to take skilled linguistic action by acting on affordances in WoW. The EDD framework presented may enable other researchers to account for more of the complexities involved in L2 learning in multimodal, multiplayer virtual environments.
Autoregulation of Tcr V region epitopes in autoimmune disease.

Normal individuals possess low levels of autoantibodies specific for certain peptide defined regions of T-cell receptor (Tcr) variable regions, particularly CDR1 and Fr3. These regions are predicted to be exposed on the surface of the native molecule and, by analogy and comparison with immunoglobulins, correspond to public idiotype determinants. The anti-Tcr idiotype antibodies appear to be ubiquitous and we propose that they play a role in the regulation of T-cell function. To delineate the parameters of expression of these antibodies, we characterized anti-Tcr antibody activity in normal individuals, in those suffering from the autoimmune diseases rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and in patients with non-autoimmune arthritis (osteoarthritis) as a disease control. There were significant increases in autoantibody levels in the autoimmune patients. There was also variation in isotype and the particular variable regions recognized IgM autoantibodies directed against a few peptide defined determinants were elevated in RA, whereas SLE patient sera showed high levels of IgG binding to a broad spectrum of Tcr peptides.
Improving the Composition of Beech-Dominated Northern Hardwood Understories in Northern Maine

regeneration and pole-sized beech densities (Jones et al. 1989, Bohn and Nyland 2003, Nolet et al. 2008), but with larger gap/patch openings, beech densities can be reduced while allowing shade-tolerant sugar maple to grow beneath shade-intolerant species that establish after harvest (Leak 1999). Subsequent timber stand improvement can then be used to shift species compositions to sugar maple and yellow birch (Leak and Smith 1997). Shelterwood harvests can favor beech-dominated understories when residual beech regeneration remains, root suckering increases, and harvests occur on mid-quality sites, because beech is typically more competitive than sugar maple on sites low in calcium and nitrogen (Boerner and Koslowsky 1989, Long et al. 1997). Preharvest site preparation (Kelty and Nyland 1981) and postharvest herbicide applications (Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986) can be effective strategies for promoting the establishment of sugar maple and yellow birch when combined with even-aged management. Advances in forest herbicide technology, including precise application rates, make it possible to test the performance of treatments designed to release desirable hardwood species from understory beech cover, similar to northern conifer release treatments (sensu Newton et al. 1992, Wagner and Robinson 2006). The high susceptibility of beech and low susceptibility of sugar maple to moderate glyphosate rates (Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986, Pitt et al. 1992, 1993) makes this herbicide an ideal candidate for testing the selective removal of beech and preservation of sugar maple following shelterwood harvests. We hypothesized that by systematically adjusting the glyphosate rate and surfactant concentration that a treatment combination could be identified that produced maximum beech control and minimal injury to sugar maple and other desirable hardwood species. The objectives of this study were to (1) document the relative susceptibility of five major hardwood species in Maine northern hardwood stands (beech, sugar maple, red maple, striped maple, and yellow birch) to various combinations of glyphosate herbicide (Accord Concentrate) and surfactant (EnTree 5735); (2) identify an optimal combination of glyphosate rate and surfactant concentration that produced the highest level of beech control and lowest level of sugar maple injury; and (3) determine whether the results produced using hydraulic nozzle applications (which were required to precisely control herbicide and surfactant application rates) were transferable to mistblower applications that would typically be used for industrial herbicide applications.
Neurocysticercosis Without Risk Factors

Two unusual cases of cysticercosis in children, ages 6 and 3 years, without risk factors or infected contacts, and five additional cases in children <2 years, are reported from Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center; Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
Bending of Thick Plates on Elastic Foundation

In this work a two–dimensional elastostatic theory for thick plates on an elastic foundation is presented. This theory incorporates the transverse normal strain effect in addition to the transverse shear and normal stress effects. The governing equations and solutions for the non-symmetrical bending of circular thick plates resting on an elastic foundation are presented. A problem for which the transverse effects (due to line and concentrated loads) are significant is discussed. The results are compared to those obtained using the plate theory by E. Reissner and the classical plate theory. Illustrative numerical results for an infinite plate subjected to line and concentrated loads resting on an elastic foundation are included.
Shoreline Change in Response to Sea-Level Rise on Florida's West Coast

ABSTRACT Houston, J.R., 2017. Shoreline change in response to sea-level rise on Florida's west coast. Shoreline position measurements about 300 m apart have been made along the Florida shoreline from the 1800s. There has been net shoreline advance during this time on the Florida E and SW coasts, but the Florida W coast has had net recession. Information is available on factors causing shoreline change on the Florida W coast, including sea-level rise, beach nourishment, loss of sediment to inlets, offshore dredged-sediment disposal, longshore sediment transport, and long-term, onshore sediment transport. Estimates are presented on the contributions these factors have made to shoreline change since the 1800s along 334 km of shoreline in seven west Florida counties. Summing the contributions results in net shoreline recession that agrees with measured recession within standard deviation confidence intervals in each of the counties and for the total shoreline. Sea-level rise is shown to have accounted for les...
Conformational Dynamics Modulate Activation of the Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme Ube2g2

The ubiquitin conjugating enzyme Ube2g2 together with its cognate E3 ligase gp78 catalyzes the synthesis of lysine-48 polyubiquitin chains constituting signals for the proteasomal degradation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we employ NMR spectroscopy in combination with single-turnover diubiquitin formation assays to examine the role of the RING domain from gp78 in the catalytic activation of Ube2g2∼Ub conjugates. We find that approximately 60% of the Ube2g2∼Ub conjugates occupy a closed conformation in the absence of gp78-RING, with the population increasing to 82% upon gp78-RING binding. As expected, strong mutations in the hydrophobic patch residues of the ∼Ub moiety result in Ube2g2∼Ub populating only open states with corresponding loss of the ubiquitin conjugation activity. Less disruptive mutations introduced into the hydrophobic patch of the ∼Ub moiety also destabilize the closed conformational state, yet the corresponding effect on the ubiquitin conjugation activity range...
Motivational climates: assessing and testing how science classroom environments contribute to undergraduates’ self-determined and achievement-based science goals

The current research examined the psychometric properties and utility of a measure of college classroom environment in predicting goal-related outcomes rooted in goal contents and achievement goal theories. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in Studies 1 and 2, respectively, yielded support for two distinct and gender-invariant classroom environment constructs—professorial concern and affiliation. Results of multilevel regression analyses in Study 3 indicated that both constructs were positive predictors of intrinsic and self-approach goals. Additionally, professorial concern was a significant positive predictor of extrinsic goal adoption. Contrary to expectation, perceptions of affiliation in the science classroom were unrelated to task-approach goals. These findings illustrate the important role that socially dynamic classroom contexts play in fostering motivation and satisfying basic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Pilar Miró y el revival del noir en los noventa

Pilar Miro ha marcado el inicio de unas pautas en el nuevo cine negro de autoria femenina. Su proyecto filmico Beltenebros desafia algunas de las convenciones visuales y narrativas mas representativas que refuerzan el arquetipo de la femme fatale, redefiniendo los roles de(l) genero y cuestionando la mirada tradicional masculina. A pesar del escaso reconocimiento que la directora ha recibido en el nuevo cine negro espanol, su trayectoria filmica la convierte en una de las pioneras de este genero multiforme en su vertiente mas retro-noir. Asimismo, el film saca a relucir los diferentes modos de violencia que el patriarcado ejerce sobre el cuerpo femenino y facilita el proceso de desmasculinizacion del cine negro por medio del juego de intertextos y de referencias metafilmicas que privilegian un discurso femenino.
Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent During Pelvic MRI: Contribution to Patient Management in Rectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND:Few publications exist regarding gadolinium-enhanced sequences in rectal MRI. None have evaluated its potential impact on patient management.OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to assess whether gadolinium-enhanced sequences, including dynamic contrast enhancement, change radiologic interpretation