cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young-onset colorectal cancer risk among individuals with iron-deficiency anaemia and haematochezia

Objective Young-onset colorectal cancer (YCRC) incidence is rising. Scant data exist on YCRC risk after presentation with concerning symptoms such as iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) or haematochezia. We examined the association between IDA and YCRC, and haematochezia and YCRC. Design Cohort study of US Veterans aged 18–49 years receiving Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care 1999–2016. IDA analytic cohort was created matching individuals without incident IDA to those with IDA 4:1 based on sex, birth year and first VHA visit date (n=239 000). We used this approach to also create a distinct haematochezia analytic cohort (n=653 740). Incident YCRC was ascertained via linkage to cancer registry and/or cause-specific mortality data. We computed cumulative incidence, risk difference (RD) and HRs using Cox models in each cohort. Results Five-year YCRC cumulative incidence was 0.45% among individuals with IDA versus 0.05% without IDA (RD: 0.39%, 95% CI: 0.33%–0.46%), corresponding to an HR of 10.81 (95% CI: 8.15–14.33). Comparing IDA versus no IDA, RD was 0.78% for men (95% CI: 0.64%–0.92%) and 0.08% for women (95% CI: 0.03%–0.13%), and RD increased by age from 0.14% for Conclusion Colonoscopy should be strongly considered in adults aged
Unsteady characteristics of compressible reattaching shear layers

Compressible reattaching flows occur in many aerospace applications and are characterized by high aerothermal loads at reattachment and a broad range of characteristic time scales. The flowfield in this study involves a separated shear layer reattaching onto a 20° ramp at a freestream unit Reynolds number of 6.7 × 107 m−1 and Mach number of 2.9. Delayed detached eddy simulations were carried out using OVERFLOW 2.2K by Leger et al. [“Detached-eddy simulation of a supersonic reattaching shear layer,” AIAA J. 55, 3722–3733 (2017)], and the corresponding results were analyzed to determine the unsteady features of this flowfield using statistical techniques. The simulations were run for long integration times, which ensured sufficient temporal resolution of low-frequency unsteadiness in the range of St=O(0.01). The mean flow data highlighted essential flow components such as an expansion fan at the separation point, a large recirculation vortex, and a reattachment shock. Fourier analysis of wall pressure data revealed several high energy frequency bands, which appeared to correspond to separation bubble breathing, shear-layer flapping, and shedding of vortices from the recirculation zone. The spectra also highlighted the possible presence of Rossiter modes, suggesting a feedback mechanism through the recirculation zone. Correlations in the shear-layer and recirculation zone confirmed the presence of large-scale turbulence structures, with an increase in length and time scales downstream. The spectra of reattachment shock location suggested a broadband nature of the oscillations. The role of upstream events on the same was investigated by examining coherence, conditional averages, and correlations. A similar exercise was carried out to investigate the nature of unsteadiness at the mean reattachment location.
Bariatric Surgery Is Associated with a Recent Temporal Increase in Colorectal Cancer Resections, Most Pronounced in Adults Below 50 Years of Age

Colorectal cancer incidence is rising in adults < 50 years old, possibly due to obesity. Having bariatric surgery (BRS) should hypothetically reduce this trend, but data are limited. This study compared trends of colorectal cancer (CRC) versus other obesity-related gastrointestinal cancers (OGCs) between morbidly obese and post-BRS subjects. This retrospective cohort study investigated OGC resection trends using the 2006–2013 National Inpatient Sample. Patients with prior BRS and non-BRS controls with body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2 were included (n = 30,279 total). We divided OGCs into CRC and non-CRC OGCs (esophageal, stomach, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). We calculated OGC resection trends in patients < 50 and ≥ 50 years old using the average annual percent change (AAPC). BRS patients with OGCs were younger (59.3 vs 62.3 years old), with more female gender (77.4% vs 57.1%) and White race (72.6% vs 67%) compared with controls (p < 0.05). The number of CRC resections increased across all ages in 2006–2013, especially rectal cancer for BRS patients (AAPC + 19.8%, p = 0.04). The steepest rise in early-onset CRC resections was after BRS versus a lesser increase in morbid obesity controls (AAPC + 18.7% and + 13.7%, respectively, p < 0.001). In contrast, non-CRC OGCs increased in our controls but not post-BRS. In a sensitivity analysis, estimated CRC incidence trends also increased post-BRS despite adjusting for increasing BRS prevalence. Our findings suggest that bariatric surgery is associated with a persistent increase in early-onset CRC trends. Studies are warranted to validate our results and test the impact of bariatric surgery on early-onset CRC biological mechanisms.
Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia

The 'Out of India' hypothesis is often invoked to explain patterns of distribution among Southeast Asian taxa. According to this hypothesis, Southeast Asian taxa originated in Gondwana, diverged from their Gondwanan relatives when the Indian subcontinent rifted from Gondwana in the Late Jurassic, and colonized Southeast Asia when it collided with Eurasia in the early Cenozoic. A growing body of evidence suggests these events were far more complex than previously understood, however. The first quantitative reconstruction of the biogeography of Asian forest scorpions (Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802: Heterometrinae Simon, 1879) is presented here. Divergence time estimation, ancestral range estimation, and diversification analyses are used to determine the origins, dispersal and diversification patterns of these scorpions, providing a timeline for their biogeographical history that can be summarized into four major events. (1) Heterometrinae diverged from other Scorpionidae on the African continent after the Indian subcontinent became separated in the Cretaceous. (2) Environmental stresses during the Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) mass extinction caused range contraction, restricting one clade of Heterometrinae to refugia in southern India (the Western Ghats) and Sri Lanka (the Central Highlands). (3) Heterometrinae dispersed to Southeast Asia three times during India's collision with Eurasia, the first dispersal event occurring as the Indian subcontinent brushed up against the western side of Sumatra, and the other two events occurring as India moved closer to Eurasia. (4) Indian Heterometrinae, confined to southern India and Sri Lanka during the KT mass extinction, recolonized the Deccan Plateau and northern India, diversifying into new, more arid habitats after environmental conditions stabilized. These hypotheses, which are congruent with the geological literature and biogeographical analyses of other taxa from South and Southeast Asia, contribute to an improved understanding of the dispersal and diversification patterns of taxa in this biodiverse and geologically complex region.
Safe Zone for Dissection in Frontotemporal Region to Avoid Injury to the Temporal Branch of Facial Nerve.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to provide a reliable roadmap for temporal branch of the facial nerve, in order to minimize, the risk of injury to the nerve during surgical dissections. A literature search was conducted on temporal branch of facial nerve. The date search range was 1950 to 2017. Databases searched included Medline, Web of science, Biosis, SciELO, Data Citation, and Zoologic Records. Data were collected on, author specialty, date of publication, and the relationship of the temporal branch of facial nerve to various landmarks in the frontotemporal region reported in human anatomic studies. Among the 48 studies reviewed, a total of 3477 anatomic dissections were performed in the craniofacial region. Temporal branch of facial nerve was located between 2.5 and 3 cm from lateral orbital rim. In relation to the zygomatic arch, it was found anywhere from the midpoint of the arch to 1 finger breath posterior to the arch. For the plane, it was most commonly described as being under the superficial temporal fascia (STF) or within the loose areolar tissue. Most anatomic dissections found 2 to 4 twigs of the temporal branch of facial nerve. In relation to the lateral canthus, it was found to be 2.85 +/- 0.69 cm superior and 2.54 +/- 0.43 cm lateral to the lateral canthus. Our study suggests consolidated data on surgical landmarks in order to ensure safe dissection in temporal region and prevent injury to the temporal branch of facial nerve.
Health Care-Acquired Infections in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and the Role of Infection Prevention and Control

Health care-associated infections (HAIs) account for many morbidity and mortality worldwide, with disproportionate adverse effects in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Many factors contribute to the impact in LMIC, including lack of infrastructure, inconsistent surveillance, deficiency in trained personnel and infection control programs, and poverty-related factors. Therefore, optimal approaches must be tailored for LMIC and balance effectiveness and cost in the control of HAIs.
Alcohol Disorders in Military Veterans: An Evaluation with the Roy Adaptation Model:

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate a role for the Roy adaptation model (RAM) for the nursing care of military veterans with alcohol use disorder. Parse’s criteria were used to critique the R...
Biosynthesis of ubiquinones and vitamins K in microorganisms.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biosynthesis of ubiquinones and vitamins K in microorganisms particularly in bacterial systems. In the chapter, the discovery of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde as precursors of ubiquinone and the developments that have arisen subsequently are reviewed and the results of some recent experiments from laboratory on this subject are presented. The biosynthetic mechanisms for the various parts of the ubiquinone structure had been inferred from information concerning the synthesis of similar structures. At early periods during incubation of p-hydroxybenzoate-U-14Cl, radioactivity was incorporated into this substance at a rate that greatly exceeded that into ubiquinone. Only negligible amounts of radioactivity appeared in rhodoquinone, a finding which further supports its role as a product of ubiquinone metabolism. The new substance was provisionally called “compound X.” Another important observation was that cells incubated in the dark under anaerobic conditions with p-hydroxybenzoate-U-14Ca accumulated large amounts of 14C in compound X and only negligible amounts in ubiquinone.
Translocation Breakpoints in Cancer

Chromosomal translocations are structural abnormalities generated by double-strand DNA breakages in two or more chromosomes, followed by reciprocal exchange of the segments between the chromosomes. In cancer cells, these translocations often juxtapose regulatory or coding sequences from two different genes, resulting in highly activated oncogenes that regulate proliferation, apoptosis and other aspects of the neoplastic phenotype. Many such translocation-associated oncogenes have been described in human cancers. Keywords: cytogenetic abnormality; chromosomal aberration; oncogene; translocation; cancer
Exact algorithms and complexity

Over the past couple of decades, a series of exact exponential-time algorithms have been developed with improved run times for a number of problems including IndependentSet, k-SAT, and k-colorability using a variety of algorithmic techniques such as backtracking, dynamic programming, and inclusion-exclusion. The series of improvements are typically in the form of better exponents compared to exhaustive search. These improvements prompt several questions, chief among them is whether we can expect continued improvements in the exponent. Is there a limit beyond which one should not expect improvement? If we assume NP ≠ P or other appropriate complexity statement, what can we say about the likely exact complexities of various NP-complete problems?
Wnt5 signaling in vertebrate pancreas development

Signaling by the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins through their receptors, the frizzled (Fz) family of seven-pass transmembrane proteins, is critical for numerous cell fate and tissue polarity decisions during development. We report a novel role of Wnt signaling in organogenesis using the formation of the islet during pancreatic development as a model tissue. We used the advantages of the zebrafish to visualize and document this process in living embryos and demonstrated that insulin-positive cells actively migrate to form an islet. We used morpholinos (MOs), sequence-specific translational inhibitors, and time-lapse imaging analysis to show that the Wnt-5 ligand and the Fz-2 receptor are required for proper insulin-cell migration in zebrafish. Histological analyses of islets in Wnt5a -/- mouse embryos showed that Wnt5a signaling is also critical for murine pancreatic insulin-cell migration. Our results implicate a conserved role of a Wnt5/Fz2 signaling pathway in islet formation during pancreatic development. This study opens the door for further investigation into a role of Wnt signaling in vertebrate organ development and disease.
Structure and chromatographic properties of carbohydrates—III

Abstract The gas-liquid chromatographic mobilities of the isomeric tetra-O-trimethylsilylpentoses and methyl tri-O-trimethylsilylpentopyranosides have been compared and interpreted in terms of molecular conformations. Striking differences are noted between the order of elution of trimethylsilylated isomers and polyacetyl derivatives of carbohydrates.
POSTCOLONIALITY AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION IN MARXIST HISTORIOGRAPHY

In examining the relation between Marxist historiography and the theoretical trajectories of postcolonial studies, the problem posed in Marxist theory under the name of ‘the national question’ remains decisive. This question is always emerging around the tensions generated between the logic of capital, the purified circuit-process of capital's self-unfolding, and the local conditions of its deployment, typically the modern form of the nation-state. I argue that the history of the prewar debate on the nature of Japanese capitalism, which was itself the fundamental locus for the development of Marxist historiography and theory in Japan, can be a suggestive source of clues for the explication of this relation. In examining the theoretical problems that inhere in this historical moment, I attempt to argue that the national question in Marxist theory can be forcefully renewed through a parallax movement with the question of the postcolonial, that is, the irreversibility of the history of colonialism inscribed ...
Designing for Virtual Learning Spaces: A Second Life Example

This case describes the design of a virtual campus learning space using the Second Life platform. Second Life allows users to create spaces in which avatars can move about and interact in various environments using text, voice, or gestures to communicate. Several universities have reported utilizing Second Life spaces to enhance collaborative learning and problem solving as an extension of traditional face-to-face learning, while others are teaching entirely within these Second Life environments. This project reports the process and outcomes of the design of a virtual campus for Florida State University and focuses on two aspects of the project: the design of a virtual library, and the design of a virtual retail space. The process can be described in four phases that summarize the progress of the design from ideation through execution: 1) pre-design, 2) design-build, 3) evaluation, and 4) occupancy. The resulting design solutions were carefully evaluated and modified prior to occupancy and the final designs successfully met client needs and supported student learning outcomes. This design project, conceived and developed by an interdisciplinary design team, addressed project planning in the design of a virtual environment.
Heritage Production and Urban Locational Policy in Lijiang, China

Despite the fact that much literature has focused on the centrality of heritage to urban regeneration and economic restructuring in Western cities, heritage production has remained largely absent from accounts of urban studies in the context of China. This article addresses this neglect by examining the process of constructing an invented heritage (Mu Palace) in Lijiang Old Town in China, and how town residents have responded to this invented heritage. Drawing on a framework situated in urban political economy and the cultural politics of heritage, this article analyzes the local government's role as the principal actor in integrating Mu Palace into locational policies aimed at achieving urban competitiveness and reaping economic returns. Simultaneously, the article asserts the dissonance in which local residents contest the state's efforts. It sheds light on local ruling elites' entrepreneurship in mobilizing urban heritage for economic growth and political control, and on how locational policies of place-making are contested by ordinary people in China.
Model hamiltonian for superfluidity

The classic work of Bogoliubov I on a microscopic theory of super f lu id i ty is successful in obtaining a phonon l i ke low-momentum spectrum from a repulsive in ter action. The crucial assumption for th is weakly interact ing Bose system is the macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state. However, the results 2-4 for a d i lu te Bose gas are given in terms of an expansion parameter--the ra t io of the scattering length to the correlat ion length--which is large when evaluated for 4He. Also, the elementary exc i ta t ion spectrum 3 does not give r ise to the roton minimum observed with the neutronscattering experiments. 5'6 In a recent work, 7 a model for the description of a dense strongly interact ing Bose gas has been proposed which features macroscopic occupation of i n f i n i t e l y many s ing le-par t i c le momentum states in an a r b i t r a r i l y small neighborhood of the or ig in k2=O; and so possesses a nonuniform condensate. Note that macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state need not be true for s u f f i c i e n t l y strong in te r action. This new model is a general ization of Bogoliubov's model and gives r ise to not only a phonon spectrum, super f lu id i ty and a phase t rans i t ion , but also to a roton spectrum, a condensate f ract ion of 10% and the correct temperature and density dependence of the roton parameters and speed of f i r s t sound. 7
The semidiurnal tide in the middle atmosphere of Mars

[1] Atmospheric thermal tides are global oscillations in atmospheric fields that are subharmonics of a solar day. While atmospheric tides on Earth are mainly relevant in the upper atmosphere, on Mars, they dominate temperature variations and winds throughout the atmosphere. Observations and model simulations to date have suggested that the migrating diurnal tide is the predominant mode in the Martian atmosphere, and that the semidiurnal tide is only relevant in the tropical middle atmosphere during conditions of high dust loading. New comprehensive observations by the Mars Climate Sounder in a geometry that allows coverage of multiple local times show that the semidiurnal tide is a dominant response of the Martian atmosphere throughout the Martian year. The maximum semidiurnal amplitude of ~ 16 K is found at southern winter high latitudes, which makes it the largest tidal amplitude observed in the Martian middle atmosphere outside of dust storm conditions. The semidiurnal tide can be successfully modeled due to recent advances of Mars General Circulation Models (MGCMs) that include the radiatively active treatment of water ice clouds. Tidal forcing occurs through absorption of radiation by aerosols and points to the vertical structure of dust and clouds and their radiative effects as being essential for our understanding of the thermal structure and the general circulation of the Martian atmosphere. As with terrestrial GCMs trying to quantify mechanisms affecting climate, future Mars modeling efforts will require microphysical schemes to control aerosol distributions, and vertically and temporally resolved measurements of temperature and aerosols will be essential for their validation.
Mesospheric Precursors to the Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming of 2009: Validation and Dynamical Attribution Using a Ground-to-Edge-of-Space Data Assimilation System

[1] Global meteorological analyses from an assimilation of operational and research observations spanning the ∼0–90 km altitude range confirm earlier tentative suggestions that high-altitude winds throughout the upper mesosphere reversed a week before the major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) of January 2009. Analyzed winds reveal descent of mean easterlies from the upper mesosphere to the lower stratosphere, followed by more easterly winds throughout the Arctic troposphere in the weeks after the SSW, indicating that these descending Northern Annular Mode (NAM) anomalies reached the surface. Eliassen-Palm fluxes reveal that the mesospheric precursor to this event was driven by transient nonstationary wave-2 planetary waves that propagated rapidly from the troposphere into the upper mesosphere, where they dissipated and produced easterly mean-flow accelerations. This early SSW phase was characterized by both descending mesospheric easterlies and poleward expansion of subtropical stratospheric easterlies, which eventually merged in the extratropical upper stratosphere. These wind structures may in turn have focused transient wave-2 planetary wave activity emerging from the troposphere in ways that intensified the SSW.
Substitution elasticities with many inputs

Abstract Hicks-Allen elasticities of substitution describe the local convexity of isoquants when there are two inputs. This note reviews various approaches to reporting elasticities of substitution for pairs of inputs when there are many inputs. A bilateral elasticity is introduced which holds other inputs constant and performs better than Morishima and McFadden elasticities.
Addition of Cardiac Motion in a Breathing Motion Model

Purpose/Objective(s): The purpose of this work is to include cardiac motion into an existing breathing motion model. Unmodeled cardiac motion degrades the quality of breathing motion modeling and the subsequent use of the model. Materials/Methods: A breathing motion model utilizing airflow f and tidal volume v as surrogates was previously developed where the internal lung tissue position (X) is determined by the expression: X Z X0+a(X0) v+b(X0)f. The tidal volume and breathing rate scaled the tissue specific vectors a and b which determined the motion direction and magnitude. A new term has been added to the motion equation of the form gh where g is a vector and h is a periodic function synchronized to the heart cycle. To determine the magnitude of g and the characteristics of h, breath hold cardiac MRI data sets were obtained from five patients. Each data set contained 5 planar views in the following orientations: 3 short axis views (base, mid, and apex), horizontal long axis (HLA), and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). The data sets were obtained from healthy volunteers and cardiac diagnostic patients that displayed minimal cardiac infarctions and hypertension. The images were retrospectively binned into 30 cardiac phases. 96 lung landmarks were manually identified in one image and registered in the other 29 images using a normalized cross correlation coefficient algorithm. The relationship between the landmark displacement and the proximity of landmark to the heart was used to characterize g and the time-dependence of the displacement used to characterize h. Results: Lung tissues up to 45 mm away from the heart were found to measurably move in response to the cardiac cycle. Displacements up to 5.3 mm were observed at 12 mm from the heart wall. The magnitude of the landmark displacement was found to be decrease with increasing distance from the heart. This relationship was approximately linear with the decrease in motion magnitude with distance from heart surface of 0.07 0.03 in the base, 0.06 0.03 in the midplane and 0.04 0.02 in the heart apex. The dominant direction of landmark displacement was normal to the closest heart-lung boundary. A heuristic curve was able to model the time-dependence of the motion such that the displacements were predicted to within 0.5 mm. Conclusions: Lung tissue undergoes displacement due to the cardiac cycle of a magnitude sufficient to degrade quantitative lung motion modeling accuracy. Adding the cardiac component, the model is now written X Z X0+a(X0)v+b(X0)f+ g(X0)h. Future work will apply this model to breathing and cardiac synchronized 4DCT image data to demonstrate the improvement of the breathing motion model after consideration of cardiac motion. Author Disclosure: B. White: None. A. Santhanam: None. Z. Wang: None. S. Jani: None. J. Lamb: None. D. Ennis: None. D. Ruan: None. D. Low: None.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Electronic Excitations in a Light-Harvesting Phenylacetylene Dendrimer

Femtosecond degenerate pump−probe spectroscopy is used to investigate the ultrafast dynamics of electronic excitations in the nanostar dendrimer. The laser wavelength was chosen to preferentially excite the 2-ring peripheral phenylacetylene chromophores, or the 3-ring intermediate phenylacetylene chromophores. The transients reveal several components with relaxation times ranging from several hundred femtoseconds to tens of picoseconds, depending on the excitation wavelength. The experimental transients resulting from excitation of the 2-ring chromophores are interpreted in terms of Forster energy transfer, which predicts energy transfer rates that are consistent with the experimental measurements.
Nitric oxide synthesis is required for exercise-induced increases in hippocampal BDNF and phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase expression

Previous studies have shown that running exercise, either alone or in combination with antidepressant treatment, results in increased hippocampal BDNF levels. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that has neuronal survival-promoting properties and has been shown to play an important role in plasticity associated with activating interventions. Herein, we administered the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), in conjunction with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant, tranylcypromine, and voluntary wheel-running exercise to determine whether the enhancement in full-length BDNF mRNA occurring with these interventions is dependent upon NO synthesis. Our results demonstrate that both chronic exercise and chronic exercise-plus-tranylcypromine lead to enhanced hippocampal BDNF mRNA and protein expression. NOS inhibition prevents this effect of chronic exercise, but only partly prevents the effects of the exercise/antidepressant combination. Thus, the robust enhancement in BDNF mRNA occurring with exercise appears to be NO synthesis-dependent, but the intervention including antidepressant may enhance BDNF expression through alternative intracellular mechanisms. In addition, because exercise and antidepressants have both been shown to activate survival-promoting genes, we evaluated the levels of hippocampal phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI-3K), an important signaling molecule within a principal neuronal survival-promoting intracellular pathway. Like BDNF mRNA and protein, exercise increases the expression of PI-3K, whereas concomitant NOS inhibition prevents this increase in PI-3K immunoreactivity above control levels. Our results are discussed in light of possible overlapping, but distinct intracellular pathways activated by exercise and antidepressant treatment to bring about enhancements in BDNF expression and other survival-promoting effects. These findings further demonstrate the potential therapeutic potential of chronic exercise to supplement pharmacotherapeutic treatment of mood disorders.
Depression among female family planning patients: prevalence, risk factors, and use of mental health services.

Background: Depression is a common, yet underdiagnosed mental health problem among women of reproductive age. Whereas risk factors and treatment of depression have been well studied among women of ...
Lesioning of Deep Prepiriform Cortex Protects Against Ischemic Neuronal Necrosis by Attenuating Extracellular Glutamate Concentrations

Abstract: An area of the deep prepiriform cortex is a controlling site for limbic seizures. Focal pharmacologic blockade of NMDA receptors in the deep prepiriform cortex protects against hippocampal cell injury during limbic seizures induced by intravenous kainate and during the excitotoxicity of global ischemia. In the current study, the deep prepiriform cortex was lesioned bilaterally by microinjection of kainate, 3 days before 10 min of global ischemia induced by four-vessel occlusion. Extracellular glutamate concentrations in the hippocampus were measured before, during, and after global ischemia by using in vivo microdialysis technique. Surviving hippocampal neurons were counted 7 days after ischemia. Lesioned animals showed significantly greater numbers of surviving neurons and significantly lower ischemia-induced elevations of extracellular glutamate concentrations than non-lesioned animals. During seizures induced from the deep prepiriform cortex, the immediate early gene cox-2 is expressed in the hippocampus. These results indicate that deep prepiriform cortex can be a modulatory site for ischemic hippocampal injury.
Age and Smoking Status are Associated with Tooth Loss During Long-Term Supportive Periodontal Therapy in Brazilian Patients

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Tooth Loss in Well-Maintained Patients with Chronic Periodontitis During Long-Term Supportive Therapy in Brazil Chambrone LA, Chambrone L. J Clin Periodontol 2006;33(10):759-64 Level of Evidence 2 Strength of Recommendation B Purpose/Question The purpose of this retrospective cohort study is to investigate the reasons for tooth loss in a sample of patients who underwent long-term supportive periodontal therapy in a private practice. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort Study
Epitaxial growth of LaNiO3 thin films on Si substrates using rf sputtering

Epitaxial LaNiO3 (001) thin films with an SrTiO3/TiN template layer have been deposited on Si(001) single crystal substrates by rf sputtering. The epitaxial growth of LaNiO3 was achieved in an Ar/O2 environment at low substrate temperatures from 140 to 310 °C. The orientation relationship was determined to be LaNiO3(001)[110]∥SrTiO3(001)[110]∥TiN(001)[110]∥Si(001)[110]. The deposited LaNiO3 films show a smooth and featureless surface with roughness below 1 nm. These smooth and crack-free LaNiO3 films provide promising electrodes for the subsequent epitaxial growth of ferroelectric thin films.
Efficient Decoding of 2D Structured Illumination with Linear Phase Stepping in X-Ray Phase Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging

The ability to map the phase distribution and lateral coherence of an x-ray wavefront offers the potential for imaging the human body through phase contrast, without the need to deposit significant radiation energy. The classic means to achieve this goal is structured illumination, in which a periodic intensity modulation is introduced into the image, and changes in the phase distribution of the wavefront are detected as distortions of the modulation pattern. Two-dimensional periodic patterns are needed to fully characterize a transverse wavefront. Traditionally, the information in a 2D pattern is retrieved at high resolution by acquiring multiple images while shifting the pattern over a 2D matrix of positions. Here we describe a method to decode 2D periodic patterns with single-axis phase stepping, without either a loss of information or increasing the number of sampling steps. The method is created to reduce the instrumentation complexity of high-resolution 2D wavefront sensing in general. It is demonstrated with motionless electromagnetic phase stepping and a flexible processing algorithm in x-ray dark-field and phase contrast imaging.
Effects of exercise detraining and deacclimation to the heat on plasma volume dynamics.

The effects of the discontinuation (DET) of an endurance training/heat acclimation (T/A) program on vascular volumes were studied in 16 adult males. Resting and exercise blood volume dynamics were examined prior to and during an exercise task performed after completion of T/A (CT1) and again at the end of DET (CT2). T/A consisted of cycling at 60% of peak $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ for 90 min per day, 6 days per week, for 4 weeks. Ambient temperature was 20‡ C for the first 3 weeks and 40‡ C for the last week (rh=30–35%). Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following DET conditions: 1) cycling one day per week at 40‡ C, 2) cycling one day per week at 20‡ C, 3) resting one day per week at 40‡ C, 4) control. The exercise tasks consisted of 60 min of continuous cycle ergometer exercise at 50% of peak $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ (Ta=30‡ C, rh=35%). Although significant differences were found between CT1 and CT2, there were no interactions between the various DET conditions. Resting red cell volume decreased 98 ml and plasma volume decreased 248 ml following DET. A reduction in plasma protein content accounted for 97% of the decrease in plasma volume. Hemoconcentration occurred during exercise in both CT1 and CT2, while there were slight increases in plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] and a rapid rise in [K+]. It appears that a single exercise and/or heat exposure per week was not different from complete cessation of endurance exercise in the heat with regard to maintenance of the various vascular volumes.
Mouse trp2, the homologue of the human trpc2 pseudogene, encodes mTrp2, a store depletion-activated capacitative Ca2+ entry channel

Capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) is Ca2+ entering after stimulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) formation and initiation of Ca2+ store depletion. One hallmark of CCE is that it can also be triggered merely by store depletion, as occurs after inhibition of internal Ca2+ pumps with thapsigargin. Evidence has accumulated in support of a role of transient receptor potential (Trp) proteins as structural subunits of a class of Ca2+-permeable cation channels activated by agonists that stimulate IP3 formation—very likely through a direct interaction between the IP3 receptor and a Trp subunit of the Ca2+ entry channel. The role of Trp’s in Ca2+ entry triggered by store depletion alone is less clear. Only a few of the cloned Trp’s appear to enhance this type of Ca2+ entry, and when they do, the effect requires special conditions to be observed, which native CCE does not. Here we report the full-length cDNA of mouse trp2, the homologue of the human trp2 pseudogene. Mouse Trp2 is shown to be readily activated not only after stimulation with an agonist but also by store depletion in the absence of an agonist. In contrast to other Trp proteins, Trp2-mediated Ca2+ entry activated by store depletion is seen under the same conditions that reveal endogenous store depletion-activated Ca2+ entry, i.e., classical CCE. The findings support the general hypothesis that Trp proteins are subunits of store- and receptor-operated Ca2+ channels.
Reactive Ion Etching of Titanium Tungsten Thin Films

Reactive ion etching processes on titanium tungsten thin films have been investigated with CF 4 /O 2 , CF 4 /Cl 2 , and CF 4 /HCl feed gases. Process parameters such as feed gas composition, radio-frequency power, and pressure showed tremendous effects on the etch rate and the etch selectivity. Both F and Cl are effective etchants for the titanium tungsten film. The etch rate is chemically controlled by the F concentration in the CF 4 /O 2 plasma, and by the sum of Cl and F concentrations in the CF 4 /Cl 2 and CF 4 /HCl plasmas. The etch rate is a function of both the plasma phase etchant concentration and the ion bombardment energy. The peak etch rate was obtained at the medium pressure range, e.g., 100 mTorr, due to the combination of the above two factors. The F residue was detected on the CF 4 plasma etched surface, while a trace amount of Cl was detected on the Cl 2 plasma etched surface. Although the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon nitride was etchable with the same type of plasma, an etch selectivity of greater than 2 was achieved under the low ion bombardment condition.
Optimal Event Monitoring through Internet Mashup over Multivariate Time Series

The authors propose a Web-Mashup Application Service Framework for Multivariate Time Series Analytics MTSA that supports the services of model definitions, querying, parameter learning, model evaluations, data monitoring, decision recommendations, and web portals. This framework maintains the advantage of combining the strengths of both the domain-knowledge-based and the formal-learning-based approaches and is designed for a more general class of problems over multivariate time series. More specifically, the authors identify a general-hybrid-based model, MTSA-Parameter Estimation, to solve this class of problems in which the objective function is maximized or minimized from the optimal decision parameters regardless of particular time points. This model also allows domain experts to include multiple types of constraints, e.g., global constraints and monitoring constraints. The authors further extend the MTSA data model and query language to support this class of problems for the services of learning, monitoring, and recommendation. At the end, the authors conduct an experimental case study for a university campus microgrid as a practical example to demonstrate our proposed framework, models, and language.
The Theory of Male Reference Group Identity Dependence: Roles of Social Desirability, Masculinity Ideology, and Collective Identity

Data from 118 college men from the southeastern United States (U.S.) were analyzed using zero-order and partial correlations to test male reference group identity dependence theory’s propositions regarding the relations of male reference group identity attitudes (i.e., no reference group, reference group dependent, reference group nondependent similarity, and reference group nondependent diversity) with traditional masculinity ideology and dimensions of men’s gender-based collective identity (i.e., affirmative evaluation of collective identity, importance of collective identity). Male reference group identity attitudes yielded theoretically-consistent relations with the affirmative evaluation and importance of collective identity. Specifically, the no reference group attitudes were correlated negatively whereas nondependent diversity attitudes were correlated positively with affirmative evaluation; the group dependent attitudes were correlated positively with importance of collective identity; and the nondependent similarity attitudes were correlated positively with both affirmative evaluation of collective identity and the importance of collective identity. This pattern reveals the differential salience of collective identity dimensions in male reference group identity attitudes, suggesting that group dependent attitudes reflect importance of collective identity without an evaluation valence, nondependent diversity attitudes reflect affirmative evaluation whereas the no reference group attitudes reflect nonaffirmative evaluation of collective identity, and nondependent similarity attitudes involve both affirmative evaluation and importance of collective identity. Additional findings added to prior data suggesting reevaluation of the posited role of traditional masculinity ideology in male reference group identity theory. The pattern of findings was not changed by controlling for self-deceptive enhancement and impression management dimensions of social desirability.
On the Formation of “Eyes” in Emmental Cheese

Summary A review of the literature reveals little or no evidence that the eyes of Emmental cheese are strictly localized at points of excessive bacterial growth. On the contrary the evidence of bacterial counts, and direct microscopical examination as well as the gas production of different regions of the cheese indicate a more or less uniform distribution of the eye distending gas.Certain theoretical considerations are presented which lead to the hypothesis that the gas separates in aggregates according to laws governing the separation of gas from supersaturated aqueous solutions. This hypothesis has been tested upon viscous media with results directly applicable to the “eye” and “Nissler” hole formation in cheese. It is concluded that the gas produced in Emmental cheese separates in aggregates whose localities have no necessary relation to the points where the gas is produced, that a rapid gas production must tend to the formation of numerous small holes while a slow gas production must admit the formation of larger holes. This conclusion is shown to agree with the fact that Nissler holes are produced by a rapid fermentation while eyes are formed slowly. This conclusion also suggests that the gas of Nissler holes must separate at numerous points near its point of origin without regard to any particular locality of the cheese; while the eyes must form at favorable points. This was experimentally verified by a study of stained cheeses.
Terahertz conical horn waveguide coupler for spectroscopic analysis of biomaterials

A terahertz (THz) conical horn waveguide coupler was designed, fabricated, and tested for analysis of THz (100-1700GHz) vibrational modes of chemical and biological materials with small mass (<;1mg) or small volume (<;0.1μL). The waveguide concentrates THz fields, which excite stronger interactions with the samples. As examples the spectra of lactose, thymine, Bacillus thuringiensis and E. coli are presented.
Demographic effects on the Trail Making Test in sedatives abusers.

Demographic effects on the Trail Making test (TMT), a test often used to screen for cognitive impairment, were examined in a sample of sedatives abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A sample was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. The number of sedatives abusers' scores available for analysis were 72. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of sex, ethnicity, age, and education variables on the two parts of the TMT in this large treatment sample of sedatives abusers. None of the demographic variables were statistically significantly related to TMT parts A and B, when considered as single variables. In addition, R-Square values for overall models were low (A =. 15, B =. 18) suggesting that demographic effects on the TMT in a sample of sedative abusers are very weak.
Acute Changes in Trabecular Bone Connectivity and Osteoclast Activity in the Ovariectomized Rat In Vivo

Estrogen deficiency results in a loss of trabecular bone mass and structure that leads to an increased incidence of osteoporotic fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the time course for trabecular structure deterioration and changes in bone turnover just after ovariectomy in the rat. Six-month-old female virgin Sprague-Dawley rats had their right proximal tibia scanned by X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM) at baseline (day 0). Animals were then randomized into two groups, and in each group 9 were sham-operated and 11 were ovariectomized and had repeat XTM scans on days 5, 13, 29, and 42 postovariectomy in group 1 and on days 8, 13, 33, and 50 postovariectomy in group 2. Urine was collected for deoxypyridinoline (DPD) cross-link measurements 24 h before each XTM scan and analyzed by ELISA. Trabecular bone structural variables and bone turnover endpoints were calculated from XTM data and standard histomorphometry. Trabecular connectivity decreased 27% by days 5 and 8 postovariectomy (p < 0.01) and continued to decrease up to day 50 postovariectomy (p < 0.01). The trabecular bone volume decreased 25% by 8 days postovariectomy (p < 0.01), and it continued to decrease through day 50. DPD cross-link excretion had increased 37% on day 13 (p < 0.01) and by over 100% of baseline by day 50 postovariectomy. Trabecular bone connectivity and volume deteriorate rapidly while DPD cross-link excretion increased more slowly in acute estrogen deficiency. These data suggest that if an agent is to preserve fully trabecular bone structure, it must be instituted very early in the estrogen-deficient state. They also suggest that a lag time exists before DPD excretion properly mirrors newly induced conditions of high bone turnover in this rat model.
Phase Measurement by Differentiating Interferometric Fringes

Abstract In this paper we discuss a method of wavefront phase detection by differentiation of the interferometric fringes. We show that only one phase step is required to determine the wavefront phase. In the process of differentiation, Moire fringes are formed. Conditions on the angle of tilt introduced between the interfering beams to overcome the formation of Moire fringes are also presented. The method is shown to be suitable for techniques such as null optical testing or interferometric methods where comparison is made between a master and a test. We present in this paper the theory of the method and experimental results obtained for both specular and speckle interferometric fringes.
An internal state variable approach to constitutive theories for granular materials with snow as an example

Abstract In this paper, a microphysical constitutive theory is developed for a class of rate dependent granular materials under finite deformation. The theory is based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics with internal state variables. The state variables may be thought of as representing the current pattern of microstructural arrangemenp and hence characterize the plastic state of the material. A significant feature of this theory is that the state variables are identified at the granular level, as opposed to the crystalline level. This allows one to develop a microdynamical theory in terms of experimentally observable quantities and is a unique feature of granular materials. The theory is used to describe the mechanical properties of snow under high rate multiaxial deformation. Snow is a highly nonlinear, rate dependent material which exhibits significant microstructural alternations under finite strain. These alternations are tracked mathematically by temporal evolution equations governing the internal state variables. The change in the state variables is directly related to the plastic strain of the material.
Academic Learning Time: Criterion for Using Computers for Instruction

The increasing availability of micro computers provides an opportu nity to improve college education. In examining potential applications of the computer in the college curriculum, however, it is necessary to have a theory based framework for making decisions about the computer's usefulness. This article recommends using academic learning time as the major factor in deciding whether or how to introduce the computer into the curriculum of a particular subject. Academic learning time (Caldwell, Huitt, and Graeber 1982, Berliner 1984) is defined as the amount of learning time a student spends attending to relevant academic tasks while performing those tasks with a high rate of success. In any designated subject, this variable is likely to be more strongly related to academic success than any other variable over which the teacher can exercise control. In college instruction, we can assume that students learn efficiently to the ex tent that they turn their class and study time into academic learning time. Neither "class time" nor "study time" automat ically qualifies as academic learning time, but both may become academic learning time to the extent that the learner spends either of them actively attending to relevant tasks with a high rate of success. Simply stated, in most