cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer Utilities for a Legal Service Quality Support System

This empirics I study examines consumer utilities for selected components ol Legal service support system alternatives. Conjoint measurement technique was utilized to ascertain consumer utilities tor a set of mu1tiattribute alternatives. The results ol conjoint analysis, using OL S regression with effects coding, are presented and discussed.
Landscapes of Japanese American Internment

The archaeology of Japanese and Japanese American internment has burgeoned in recent years, in large part developing out of research conducted by the National Park Service, and, to a more limited extent, cultural resource management firms and archaeologists working within the context of academia. This article places these previously conducted research projects in dialogue by looking at the challenges inherent in studying both demographically large and small internment camps. In particular, it focuses on the challenge of reconstructing context and provenience information, as well as consumption and depositional practices within internment camps.
Circularly polarized omnidirectional helical element optimization

An omnidirectional circularly polarized bifilar helical antenna element was developed. This low-profile radiating antenna is composed of two individual elements providing orthogonal right and left hand circular polarization in an omnidirectional pattern. A parameterized single element model was captured in HFSS. Circular polarization and an omnidirectional pattern were optimized through parametric sweeps of aspect ratio, turns, and transitional bend radius. The resultant fabricated element operates at 960MHz, exhibits right hand circularly polarized azimuthal gain at 1.4dBi, azimuthal gain variation ≤1.43dB, ±45° vertical beamwidth, and axial ratio ≤0.9dB. These antennas can be applied in adaptive polarization and MIMO transceiver systems.
The PHELIX pulsed power project: Bringing portable magnetic drive to proton radiography

The PHELIX pulsed power project will introduce magnetically driven hydrodynamics experiments to the Los Alamos National Laboratory's proton radiography facility (pRad). The Precision High Energy-density Liner Implosion eXperiment (PHELIX) has been commissioned at Los Alamos. A small footprint capacitor bank consisting of four parallel, air-insulated, single-stage, marx units (U ~ 300 kJ) is cable coupled to a toroidal, current step-up transformer to deliver multi-megampere current pulses (tpulse ~10 μs) to cm size cylindrical loads. In a sequence of tests the performance of each component (capacitor bank and transformer) was evaluated and compared to a computer model. The transformer coupling was observed to be k ~ 0.93. A series of liner implosion experiments has been performed in which an aluminum liner (R ~3 cm, r = 0.8 mm, L = 3 cm) was accelerated to a velocity of ~ 1 km/s. The suite of machine diagnostics included linear Rogowski coils and Faraday rotation for current measurements. The experimental diagnostics include B-dot probes, multi-channel photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV), and single-frame, flash X-radiography to evaluate the performance of the high precision liner implosion. Currently, work is focused on integrating PHELIX into normal operations with the 800 MeV proton radiography facility at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), to enable high-resolution, high-frame-rate imaging of hydrodynamic experiments.
Model of Icosahedral Order

Metallic glasses, quasicrystals, and crystals may share identical local icosahedral order. This type of ordering extends to fill a three-dimensional curved space, producing an icosahedral “polytope” with perfect short and long-range icosahedral order. In this paper I demonstrate how to flatten the polytope and fill space with structures possessing the short-range order of the polytope but various types of long-range order. Both the rhombohedral packing units required to construct a three-dimensional Penrose pattern and long-range orientational order arise from rolling the polytope along special paths in three-dimensional flat space.
Using Students' Emotional Experiences to Guide Task Design in Mathematics Content Courses

The focus of this large-scale qualitative study is preservice elementary teachers' self-reported emotional experiences with mathematics. These experiences informed our task design, specifically, using writing assignments in content courses for education majors. Using excerpts from written assignments such as math autobiographies, or mathographies, and reflections on writing about mathematics, we report on preservice elementary teachers with negative emotions toward specific mathematical content and concerns about teaching. We show these students may benefit from learning to communicate about mathematics through writing. The results indicate preservice elementary teachers can improve their subject matter knowledge and their confidence in their own abilities to communicate and understand mathematics taught at the elementary level. We recommend teacher educators consider task design using written explanations of mathematical concepts. The use would allow educators to assess understanding and to help preservice elementary teachers improve their subject matter knowledge and their communication skills about mathematics.
Bacterial Virulence Factors

What is a pathogen? What is a virulence factor? At one time, these were relatively straightforward questions to address. During the late nineteenth century, when Pasteur and Koch were developing the germ theory of disease, a pathogen was simply defined as a microorganism that was capable of causing disease in a host (only human hosts will be considered in this book). Pioneers in the burgeoning field of clinical microbiology showed that life-threatening diseases such as anthrax, diphtheria, tetanus, and tuberculosis were caused by single bacterial pathogens. These so-called primary pathogens were capable of causing unique disease symptoms in a healthy host, as defined by the satisfactory fulfillment of Koch’s Postulates. In addition, macromolecular factors (e.g., exotoxins, endotoxin, capsules) were shown to be responsible for inducing these specific disease symptoms. These so-called virulence factors were thought to be inherently present in pathogenic bacteria but not present in nonpathogenic bacteria.
Existence of positive solutions for periodic boundary value problem with sign-changing Green’s function

We prove the existence of positive solutions for the boundary value problem $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} y^{\prime \prime }+m^{2}y=\lambda g(t)f(y), &{}\quad 0\le t\le 2\pi , \\ y(0)=y(2\pi ), &{}\quad y^{\prime }(0)=y^{\prime }(2\pi ), \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}$$ for certain range of the parameter $$\lambda >0$$ , where $$m\in (1/2,1/2+\varepsilon )$$ with $$\varepsilon >0$$ small, and f is superlinear or sublinear at $$\infty $$ with no sign-conditions at 0 assumed.
DVFT: A Lightweight Solution for Power-Supply Noise-Based TRNG Using Dynamic Voltage Feedback Tuning System

True random number generators (TRNGs) are central to many computing applications, particularly in security domains such as cryptography. In this paper, we consider the design and implementation of a low-cost and lightweight TRNG. In the interest of being thorough, we examined six different power supplies in order to verify the noncyclostationary behavior of the voltage sources. Our novel TRNG model is based on power-supply variations (noise behavior) and self-adjusting operation. The benefit of our novel design is that it is simple and easy to implement and there is little to no additional cost required to incorporate the TRNG into existing circuitry. In addition, dynamic voltage feedback tuning (DVFT) allows for feasibility and robustness of our model. The cumulative effect of these benefits is the practicality of the entire power-supply noise-based TRNG system. We then validate the results of our theoretical model and experimental setup to show that there is a high-entropy rate based on the findings from the NIST statistical test suite. Based on our observations and results, our DVFT power-supply noise-based TRNG model has the potential to be used in critical applications while also having the advantage of simplicity and practicality.
Predictors of parent involvement across contexts in Asian American and European American families

This study examines the predictors of parent involvement in 537 Asian American and 12,630 European American parents. Data came from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study ...
Pursuing Global Health with Justice

This brief article is a review of Global Health Law by Lawrence O. Gostin (Harvard University Press, 2014). Building on his background in human rights and public health law, Gostin seamlessly integrates those fields into his discussion of how the international system attempts to address the major health-related challenges of our time. Gostin focuses much of his book on the deep health disparities found around the globe, and he articulates a powerful vision of “global health with justice” that includes an expansive understanding of the “right to health” found in various international agreements. This review argues that although Gostin’s vision is profound and inspiring, Global Health Law may underestimate the many challenges and roadblocks inherent in our decentralized system of global governance.
Physical barrier type abuse-deterrent formulations: monitoring sintering-induced microstructural changes in polyethylene oxide placebo tablets by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

Objective: The monitoring and evaluation of sintering-induced tablet strength of a polyethylene oxide (PEO) based placebo tables was accomplished using infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).Significance: Ev...
The N-Terminal GTPase Domain of p190RhoGAP Proteins Is a PseudoGTPase.

Summary The pseudoGTPases are a rapidly growing and important group of pseudoenzymes. p190RhoGAP proteins are critical regulators of Rho signaling and contain two previously identified pseudoGTPase domains. Here we report that p190RhoGAP proteins contain a third pseudoGTPase domain, termed N-GTPase. We find that GTP constitutively purifies with the N-GTPase domain, and a 2.8-A crystal structure of p190RhoGAP-A co-purified with GTP reveals an unusual GTP-Mg2+ binding pocket. Six inserts in N-GTPase indicate perturbed catalytic activity and inability to bind to canonical GTPase activating proteins, guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and effector proteins. Biochemical analysis shows that N-GTPase does not detectably hydrolyze GTP, and exchanges nucleotide only under harsh Mg2+ chelation. Furthermore, mutational analysis shows that GTP and Mg2+ binding stabilizes the domain. Therefore, our results support that N-GTPase is a nucleotide binding, non-hydrolyzing, pseudoGTPase domain that may act as a protein-protein interaction domain. Thus, unique among known proteins, p190RhoGAPs contain three pseudoGTPase domains.
Update on Management of Type 2 Diabetes for Cardiologists

The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus has evolved over the last several years as new antidiabetic agents continue to arrive and change the goals of diabetes care. In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration mandated that all new antidiabetic agents must demonstrate cardiovascular (CV) safety, which has led to a series of CV outcome trials. In this article, we review the key findings from these CV outcome trials and their impact on diabetes care guidelines.
Fundamentals of government information: Mining, finding, evaluating, and using government resources

First published in 2011 and now in its second edition, Fundamentals of Government Information; Mining, Finding, Evaluating, and Using Government Information is an insightful look at the creation an...
Self-Allancd Gate Contact (SAGC) for CMOS technology scaling beyond 7nm

We demonstrate a novel self-aligned gate contact (SAGC) scheme with conventional oxide/nitride materials that allows superior process integration for scaling while simplifying the SRAM cross-couple wiring. We show that the key feature to avoid both gate-contact (CB) to source-drain local interconnect (LI) shorts and the LI-contact (CA) to gate shorts is the shape of the LI cap. A trapezoid-shaped oxide (SiO 2 ) LI cap with an appropriate taper angle eliminates shorting between the contacts in the gate and source-drain region. We further demonstrate that this oxide LI cap is fully compatible with Cobalt (Co) metallization with a novel selective tungsten (W) growth process. Additionally, this process enables the SRAM cross-couple (XC) in the same metallization level, eliminating the need for an upper level wiring and greatly simplifying routing in the SRAM cell.
Prioritizing riparian corridors for ecosystem restoration in urbanizing watersheds

Background Riparian corridors can affect nutrient, organic matter, and sediment transport, all of which shape water quality in streams and connected downstream waters. When functioning riparian corridors remain intact, they provide highly valued water quality ecosystem services. However, in rapidly urbanizing watersheds, riparian corridors are susceptible to development modifications that adversely affect those ecosystem services. Protecting high quality riparian corridors or restoring low quality corridors are widely advocated as watershed level water quality management options for protecting those ecosystem services. The two approaches, protection or restoration, should be viewed as complementary by watershed managers and provide a foundation for targeting highly functioning riparian corridors for protection or for identifying poorly functioning corridors for restoration. Ascertaining which strategy to use is often motivated by a specific ecosystem service, for example water quality, upon which watershed management is focused. We have previously reported on a spatially explicit model that focused on identifying riparian corridors that have specific characteristics that make them well suited for purposes of preservation and protection focused on water quality. Here we hypothesize that focusing on restoration, rather than protection, can be the basis for developing a watershed level strategy for improving water quality in urbanizing watersheds. Methods The model described here represents a geographic information system (GIS) based approach that utilizes riparian characteristics extracted from 40-meter wide corridors centered on streams and rivers. The model focuses on drinking water reservoir watersheds that can be analyzed at the sub-watershed level. Sub-watershed riparian data (vegetation, soil erodibility and surface slope) are scaled and weighted based on watershed management theories for water quality, and riparian restoration scores are assigned. Those scores are used to rank order riparian zones -the lower the score the higher the priority for riparian restoration. Results The model was applied to 90 sub-watersheds in the watershed of an important drinking water reservoir in north central Texas, USA. Results from this study area suggest that corridor scores were found to be most correlated to the amount of: forested vegetation, residential land use, soils in the highest erodibility class, and highest surface slope (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.0001). Scores allow watershed managers to rapidly focus on riparian corridors most in need of restoration. A beneficial feature of the model is that it also allows investigation of multiple scenarios of restoration strategies (e.g., revegetation, soil stabilization, flood plain leveling), giving watershed managers a tool to compare and contrast watershed level management plans.
Agent based simulation of bot disinformation maneuvers in Twitter

Multiple state and non-state actors have recently used social media to conduct targeted disinformation operations for political effect. Even in the wake of these attacks, researchers struggle to fully understand these operations and more importantly measure their effect. The existing research is complicated by the fact that modeling and measuring a persons beliefs is difficult, and manipulating these beliefs in experimental settings is not morally permissible. Given these constraints, our team designed an Agent Based Model that is designed to allow researchers to explore various disinformation forms of maneuver in a virtual environment. This model mirrors the Twitter Social Media Environment and is grounded in social influence theory. Having built this model, we demonstrate its use in exploring two disinformation forms of maneuver: 1) "backing" key influencers and 2) "bridging" two communities.
An implicit updated lagrangian formulation for liquids with large surface energy

We present an updated Lagrangian discretization of surface tension forces for the simulation of liquids with moderate to extreme surface tension effects. The potential energy associated with surface tension is proportional to the surface area of the liquid. We design discrete forces as gradients of this energy with respect to the motion of the fluid over a time step. We show that this naturally allows for inversion of the Hessian of the potential energy required with the use of Newton's method to solve the systems of nonlinear equations associated with implicit time stepping. The rotational invariance of the surface tension energy makes it non-convex and we define a definiteness fix procedure as in [Teran et al. 2005]. We design a novel level-set-based boundary quadrature technique to discretize the surface area calculation in our energy based formulation. Our approach works most naturally with Particle-In-Cell [Harlow 1964] techniques and we demonstrate our approach with a weakly incompressible model for liquid discretized with the Material Point Method [Sulsky et al. 1994]. We show that our approach is essential for allowing efficient implicit numerical integration in the limit of high surface tension materials like liquid metals.
Assessing the biomechanical behavior of aqueous veins and perilimbal sclera complex using photoacoustic imaging and finite element analysis

We developed a photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and finite element analysis (FEA) approach for characterizing the biomechanical behaviors of the aqueous veins and perilimbal sclera, and their roles in the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). In this study, an optical resolution PAI system captures the 3D architectures of the sclera and the aqueous veins perfused with indocyanine green. FEA computes tissue and vein strain fields. The performance of the PAI-FEA has been validated by tensile test in scleral tissue. The methods have also shown the capability of resolving the strain gradients at the vein-sclera interface during the manipulation of IOP.
Tap: An Semantic Web Test-Bed

In this paper we describe TAP, an experimental system for identifying and researching many different of the different technical issues that lie on the path to achieving the vision of the Semantic Web. In particular, we address the issues of scalable query languages, sharing vocabularies, bootstrap knowledge bases, automated extraction of RDF from text and applications of the Semantic Web.
Real Brauer characters

Abstract In this paper, we determine the structure of finite groups with a small number of real-valued irreducible Brauer characters.
A single-cell guide to retinal development: Cell fate decisions of multipotent retinal progenitors in scRNA-seq

Recent advances in high throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology have enabled the simultaneous transcriptomic profiling of thousands of individual cells in a single experiment. To investigate the intrinsic process of retinal development, researchers have leveraged this technology to quantify gene expression in retinal cells across development, in multiple species, and from numerous important models of human disease. In this review, we summarize recent applications of scRNA-seq and discuss how these datasets have complemented and advanced our understanding of retinal progenitor cell competence, cell fate specification, and differentiation. Finally, we also highlight the outstanding questions in the field that advances in single-cell data generation and analysis will soon be able to answer.
Tiny Neural Models for Seq2Seq

Semantic parsing models with applications in task oriented dialog systems require efficient sequence to sequence (seq2seq) architectures to be run on-device. To this end, we propose a projection based encoder-decoder model referred to as pQRNN-MAtt. Studies based on projection methods were restricted to encoder-only models, and we believe this is the first study extending it to seq2seq architectures. The resulting quantized models are less than 3.5MB in size and are well suited for on-device latency critical applications. We show that on MTOP, a challenging multilingual semantic parsing dataset, the average model performance surpasses LSTM based seq2seq model that uses pre-trained embeddings despite being 85x smaller. Furthermore, the model can be an effective student for distilling large pre-trained models such as T5/BERT.
Pathobiology and Response to Tissue Injury

The biomaterials scientist must understand the normal cell functions in tissues that are injured or diseased. To do this, one must understand gross and microscopic anatomical structures, which were introduced in Chapter 4, and cellular and tissue changes that are observed in injured or diseased tissue. Once the anatomical and microscopic structure and biochemistry of normal tissues is well understood, it is then possible to understand how injury or disease affects cells and tissues.
Pomegranate juice altered lifespan and intestinal fat deposition in ceanorhabditis elegans model organism

Pomegranate juice (PJ) is rich in polyphenols, enzymatic ellagic acid metabolites, and hydroxy-6H-benzopyran-6-one derivatives. Consumption of pure juice shows antioxidant properties, enhances the ...
Links in hierarchical information networks

We provide evidence that the inherent hierarchical structure of the web is closely related to the link structure. Moreover, we show that this relationship explains several important features of the web, including the locality and bidirectionality of hyperlinks, and the compressibility of the web graph. We describe how to construct data models of the web that capture both the hierarchical nature of the web as well as some crucial features of the link graph.
Uniting Idaho: A Small Newspaper Serves Hispanic Populations in Distributed Rural Areas

Print-media needs of Hispanics in non-metropolitan areas of America are often overlooked. One newspaper editor in Idaho found Hispanics to be invisible in her small community and its newspaper, except in crime reports. So she began publishing the bilingual Idaho Unido. This study addresses the publisher’s business model and motivation for publication. It is based on two research streams: theories of the press from Siebert, Peterson, and Schramm in 1956 through McQuail in 2005 and cultural maintenance perspectives. The Idaho Unido story represents a revelatory case, demonstrating the power of a motivated individual to essentially subvert the dominant media paradigm by creating a successful, independent publication specifically intended to serve the information, entertainment and cultural-identity needs of a small, marginalized population living in widely distributed rural areas.
Characterization of Various Dislocations Present at a near Σ 3[−110]/(−1–11) Grain Boundary of Aluminium by high Resolution Electron Microscopy

A near Σ 3[−110]/(−1–11) grain boundary of aluminium prepared by cross rolling and annealing has been studied by high resolution microscopy. The defect-free segments of the boundary can easily be characterized by coincident lattice site concepts, but some dislocations present at the boundary require some modified concept for characterizations. The existence of lattice dislocations near the boundary appears to suggest the capture of mobile dislocation by the boundary to contribute either to the formation of the boundary or to the dynamic movement of the boundary.
On genetically remodeling the almond tree.

Dwarf peach trees require only 1/4th the space of standard trees and thus reduce the cost of experiments in which the tree is the experimental unit, by 75%. Or, put another way, they facilitate estimates of tree performance, in experiments of the same size, that are 50% more precise than those obtainable from standard trees. The objective of this study was to determine if the almond tree could be genetically compressed (dwarfed) to facilitate discrimination of genetic and cultural manipulation on its productivity, to facilitate genetic manipulation, and to increase its productive efficiency.
SEX AND SYNERGISM

Many organisms can reproduce sexually and asexually. The latter process can give rise to many more progeny, so why do such organisms bother with sexual reproduction? It is generally held that the answer lies in the provision of genetic shuffling through sex, which in turn can create assemblies of mutations that confer a selective advantage or clear those that do not. But testing these principles is by no means easy, and that provided the central debating point at a meeting that dealt with the evolution and maintenance of sex.
Interpreting written how-to instructions

Written instructions are a common way of teaching people how to accomplish tasks on the web. However, studies have shown that written instructions are difficult to follow, even for experienced users. A system that understands human-written instructions could guide users through the process of following the directions, improving completion rates and enhancing the user experience. While general natural language understanding is extremely difficult, we believe that in the limited domain of howto instructions it should be possible to understand enough to provide guided help in a mixed-initiative environment. Based on a qualitative analysis of instructions gathered for 43 web-based tasks, we have formalized the problem of understanding and interpreting how-to instructions. We compare three different approaches to interpreting instructions: a keyword-based interpreter, a grammar-based interpreter, and an interpreter based on machine learning and information extraction. Our empirical results demonstrate the feasibility of automated how-to instruction understanding.
Enhanced Modified Voronoi Algorithm for UAV Path Planning and Obstacle Avoidance

This paper presents an enhanced obstacle avoidance Voronoi algorithm for path planning and trajectory generation for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The proposed algorithm produces a flyable collision-free path through a series of obstacles/threats represented by cylindrical risk zones. A generalized model of the risk zones is formulated that can cover a wide diversity of real operational situations. This updated methodology produces a more predictable path grid with reduced computational overhead with respect to the original methodology by constructing the external path segments as tangent lines encircling the outer-most threat zones in the environment. The new methodology also improves the mechanism used to divert path segments away from obstacles. The result is a ready-to-use planner that can easily be implemented on-board UAVs. A model of the West Virginia University (WVU) YF-22 research aircraft implemented within the WVU UAV Simulation Environment is used to demonstrate the functionality of the proposed algorithm. The enhanced algorithm is compared with the original methodology to illustrate path generation and computational improvements.
Adaptive video applications for non-QoS networks

We propose an architecture which can support video services in networks which have no Quality of Services (QoS) guarantees. We demonstrate that there is a need for such services today and also in the future, when QoS will be built into most networks. We then describe our current Internet-based system, which combines both image processing and networking techniques in order to provide good quality video without harming the performance of the Internet. These techniques are shown to be superior to previous work for the environment of video services operating in the Internet.
Cloning, DNA sequencing, and characterization of a nifD-homologous gene from the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri 227 which resembles nifD1 from the eubacterium Clostridium pasteurianum.

Abstract L. Sibold, M. Henriquet, O. Possot, and J.-P. Aubert (Res. Microbiol. 142:5-12, 1991) cloned and sequenced two nifH-homologous open reading frames (ORFs) from Methanosarcina barkeri 227. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the nifH ORFs from M. barkeri showed that nifH1 clusters with nifH genes from alternative nitrogenases, while nifH2 clusters with nifH1 from the gram-positive eubacterium Clostridium pasteurianum. The N-terminal sequence of the purified nitrogenase component 2 (the nifH gene product) from M. barkeri was identical with that predicted for nifH2, and dot blot analysis of RNA transcripts indicated that nifH2 (and nifDK2) was expressed in M. barkeri when grown diazotrophically in Mo-containing medium. To obtain nifD2 from M. barkeri, a 4.7-kbp BamHI fragment of M. barkeri DNA was cloned which contained at least five ORFs, including nifH2, ORF105, and ORF125 (previously described by Sibold et al.), as well as nifD2 and part of nifK2. ORFnifD2 is 1,596 bp long and encodes 532 amino acid residues, while the nifK2 fragment is 135 bp long. The deduced amino acid sequences for nifD2 and the nifK2 fragment from M. barkeri cluster most closely with the corresponding nifDK1 gene products from C. pasteurianum. The predicted M. barkeri nifD2 product contains a 50-amino acid insert near the C terminus which has previously been found only in the clostridial nifD1 product. Previous biochemical and sequencing evidence indicates that the C. pasteurianum nitrogenase is the most divergent of known eubacterial Mo-nitrogenases, most likely representing a distinct nif gene family, which now also contains M. barkeri as a member. The similarity between the methanogen and clostridial nif sequences is especially intriguing in light of the recent findings of sequence similarities between gene products from archaea and from low-G+C gram-positive eubacteria for glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase I, and heat shock protein 70. It is not clear whether this similarity is due to horizontal gene transfer or to the resemblance of the M. barkeri and C. pasteurianum nitrogenase sequences to an ancestral nitrogenase.
InGaAs-InGaN Wafer-Bonded Current Aperture Vertical Electron Transistors (BAVETs)

In this paper, we report the fabrication process and direct-current (DC) characteristics of a wafer-bonded heterostructure-based vertical transistor. It comprises an In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As field-effect transistor wafer-bonded to a Ga-polar In0.1Ga0.9N/GaN template. In the DC-bias operation of this device, the current conduction is initially confined lateral to the InGaAs channel and then flows vertically through a conductive aperture defined in the InGaN/GaN layers. The narrow aperture is isolated by ion-implanted current blocking layer (CBL) regions. The Id–Vds characteristics of the device demonstrate transistor-like behavior. Design optimizations have been applied to the implant and doping conditions of the InGaN/GaN layers to eliminate the leakage paths through the CBL while simultaneously obtaining unhindered current conduction through the aperture of the device.
Filled Milks for Dairy Calves. III. Comparative Value of Various Soybean Oils and Butter Oil in a Practical Dietary Regime

Summary Three groups of dairy calves maintained under a practical herd regime were used to compare the nutritive values of crude and of hydrogenated soybean oils with butter oil. Alfalfa hay and a concentrate mixture were accessible to the calves from 4 to 88 days of age. Milk, reconstituted from non-fat milk solids plus the various oils at a 3 per cent concentration, was fed the first 56 days of the experiment, but the fats were omitted from the milk rations during the subsequent 28 days, thus making all the diets qualitatively identical the latter period. The incidence of scouring was highest among the calves fed crude soybean oil, followed in order by those receiving the hydrogenated soybean and the butter oils. Poor growth, rough haircoats, excessive morbidity and a high rate of mortality also were observed among calves fed crude soybean oil. No significant differences in the hemoglobin levels among the various groups were apparent. When milks containing oils were fed, there were significant group differences in the blood plasma fat levels; the effects of the dietary oils in order from highest to lowest were crude soybean oil, butter oil and hydrogenated soybean oil. After the oils were omitted from the milk diet, differences in plasma fat values among the various groups became insignificant. Although butter oil produced slightly greater weight gains and somewhat better general appearance than the other oils, freshly processed hydrogenated soybean oil was satisfactory as the principal source of dietary fat for young calves, whereas crude soybean oil was unsuitable.
Long-term variability in the solar diurnal tide observed by HRDI and simulated by the GSWM

Observations of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere winds obtained by the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) during 1991 to 1995 reveal a semiannual variation in the amplitude of the (1,1) diurnal tide. The global-scale wave model (GSWM) represents the first numerical modeling attempt at simulating this seasonal variability, and a preliminary comparison of the GSWM tidal results with HRDI measurements is presented. The results of the comparison and of numerical tests point to some vital and unresolved questions regarding tidal dissipation and tropospheric forcing. In addition to the seasonal variability, HRDI has revealed a strong interannual modulation of the diurnal tide with amplitudes observed to change by nearly a factor of 2 from 1992 to 1994.
Barriers to Physical and Mental Condition Integrated Service Delivery

Objective To assess pragmatic challenges faced when implementing, delivering, and sustaining models of integrated mental health intervention in primary care settings. Thirty percent of primary care patients with chronic medical conditions and up to 80% of those with health complexity have mental health comorbidity, yet primary care clinics rarely include onsite mental health professionals and only one in eight patients receive evidence-based mental health treatment. Integrating specialty mental health into primary care improves outcomes for patients with common disorders, such as depression. Methods We used key informant interviews documenting barriers to implementation and components that inhibited or enhanced operational success at 11 nationally established integrated physical and mental condition primary care programs. Results All but one key informant indicated that the greatest barrier to the creation and sustainability of integrated mental condition care in primary care settings was financial challenges introduced by segregated physical and mental health reimbursement practices. For integrated physical and mental health program initiation and outcome changing care to be successful, key components included a clinical and administrative champion-led culture shift, which valued an outcome orientation; cross-disciplinary training and accountability; use of care managers; consolidated clinical record systems; a multidisease, total population focus; and active, respectful coordination of colocated interdisciplinary clinical services. Conclusions Correction of disparate physical and mental health reimbursement practices is an important activity in the development of sustainable integrated physical and mental condition care in primary care settings, such as a medical home. Multiple clinical, administrative, and economic factors contribute to operational success.
Regularity conditions for cox's test of non-nested hypotheses

Abstract In this article, we provide for the first time general regularity conditions and a rigorous proof of the asymptotic normality of Cox's statistic for testing separate families of hypotheses. The Cox test for choosing between competing linear regression models is discussed as an example.
Phytotoxicity of high levels of iron chelates on bean plants in nutrient solution

Abstract Bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Improved Tendergreen) were grown for 14 days in a glasshouse in 3700 ml nutrient solutions containing 5 × 10‐4, 10‐3, 4 × 10‐3 and 10‐2 M Fe as EDDHA, EDTA, or DTPA plus a control with 5 × 10‐5 M FeEDDHA. The solutions otherwise were complete. The FeEDTA showed phytotoxicity at 5 × 10‐4 M, while FeEDDHA and FeDTPA showed phytotoxicity at 4 x 10‐3 M Plants with FeEDTA were dead at 10‐3M. Plants with 10‐2 M FeEDDHA were not dead but were stunted and leaves were red because of the amount of FeEDDHA present in the leaves. Iron was available from the chelate sources and there were small effects only of the Fe chelates on Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations in leaves.
Radiological features of non-accidental skeletal injury

Abstract Imaging plays a significant role in confirming the extent of non-accidental skeletal injury (NASI) and excluding any predisposing cause. Most NASI occurs in the pre-mobile child, where a clear history of injury is not always evident. In the older child the history is crucial to differentiating accidental from inflicted injury. When one injury is found, a skeletal survey is usually performed that may reveal other bony injuries or an underlying bone disorder. Whether the presenting injury is skeletal or not, a skeletal survey is important to detect occult injury in an infant presenting with symptoms of non-accidental injury. This should be performed to the agreed standard and checked by a radiologist for adequacy. The local radiologist should offer an opinion and refer onwards for a specialist opinion if they lack experience in paediatric trauma imaging. Supplemental or follow-up radiographs may confirm a diagnosis of non-accidental injury and assist in dating fractures. Clear communication by the radiologist is important for management, and forensic assessment re-timing, anticipated mechanism and symptoms of injury for the fractures identified. This involves multidisciplinary clinco-radiological correlation. Common presentation of NASI includes a fracture that is either unlikely from the child's developmental level, or an explanation for an injury that alters between seeing the general practitioner, Accident and Emergency department and paediatrician. A careful family history and clinical examination are needed to identify any predisposing disorder, supplemented by imaging and appropriate laboratory investigations. Multidisciplinary working is essential to enable paediatricians, radiologists, child protection services and the police to assist the court to determine the true cause of injury.
The growth habit of single polymer crystals

When polymer single crystals are precipitated from dilute solution all the crystals have very nearly the same basic thickness. This thickness increases with increasing temperature of precipitation. This behavior is shown to result from a growth process in which the rate-controlling step is the coherent nucleation of new layers of crystal upon the nonfolded planes of existing polymer crystals. The essential feature of the theory is the recognition that a nucleus of folded chains can enlarge easily only in directions parallel to the planes of folds. The theory is concerned primarily with the growth of crystals and only secondarily with their birth. It is shown that for polyethylene at reasonable supercoolings all the crystals will have essentially the same thickness and that this thickness should increase with temperature.
Reiterative roles for FGF signaling in the establishment of size and proportion of the zebrafish heart

Development of a functional organ requires the establishment of its proper size as well as the establishment of the relative proportions of its individual components. In the zebrafish heart, organ size and proportion depend heavily on the number of cells in each of its two major chambers, the ventricle and the atrium. Heart size and chamber proportionality are both affected in zebrafish fgf8 mutants. To determine when and how FGF signaling influences these characteristics, we examined the effect of temporally controlled pathway inhibition. During cardiac specification, reduction of FGF signaling inhibits formation of both ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, with a stronger impact on ventricular cells. After cardiomyocyte differentiation begins, reduction of FGF signaling can still result in a deficiency of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Consistent with two temporally distinct roles for FGF, we find that increased FGF signaling induces a cardiomyocyte surplus only before cardiac differentiation begins. Thus, FGF signaling first regulates heart size and chamber proportionality during cardiac specification and later refines ventricular proportion by regulating cell number after the onset of differentiation. Together, our data demonstrate that a single signaling pathway can act reiteratively to coordinate organ size and proportion.
Leptin Regulates Energy Balance and Motivation Through Action at Distinct Neural Circuits

Background Overconsumption of calorically dense foods contributes substantially to the current obesity epidemic. The adiposity hormone leptin has been identified as a potential modulator of reward-induced feeding. The current study asked whether leptin signaling within the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and midbrain is involved in effort-based responding for food rewards and/or the modulation of mesolimbic dopamine. Methods The contribution of endogenous leptin signaling for food motivation and mesolimbic dopamine tone was examined after viral-mediated reduction of the leptin receptor within LH and midbrain neurons in male rats. Results Knockdown of leptin receptors selectively in the LH caused increased body weight, caloric consumption, and body fat in rats maintained on a calorically dense diet. Knockdown of leptin receptors selectively in midbrain augmented progressive ratio responding for sucrose and restored high-fat, diet-induced suppression of dopamine content in the nucleus accumbens. Conclusions In summary, endogenous leptin signaling in the hypothalamus restrains the overconsumption of calorically dense foods and the consequent increase in body mass, whereas leptin action in the midbrain regulates effort-based responding for food rewards and mesolimbic dopamine tone. These data highlight the ability of leptin to regulate overconsumption of palatable foods and food motivation through pathways that mediate energy homeostasis and reward, respectively.
Quasielliptical motion of an electron in an electric dipole field

A reformulation of a known conservation law is employed to study certain zero energy trajectories of a classical point test charge (e.g., a classical electron) moving under the influence of the electrostatic force due to a fixed electric dipole. It is found that the motion takes place along a ``folded'' ellipse with foci at the dipole charges and a fold along an axis perpendicular to the line joining these foci and lying in the plane of the motion. The motion is determined to be periodic with period ${T(d,y}_{0})=\sqrt{m}\sqrt{4\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}/qQ}(\sqrt{\ensuremath{\pi}/2}[\ensuremath{\Gamma}(1/4)/\ensuremath{\Gamma}(3/4)])[\frac{1}{3}{d}^{3/2}+(2/\sqrt{d}{)y}_{0}^{2}],$ where d is the separation of the dipole charges that are placed symmetrically about the origin on the x axis, and ${y}_{0}$ is the initial y position of the test charge that starts from rest at ${(0,y}_{0}).$
A low complexity algorithm for dynamic scheduling of independent tasks onto heterogeneous computing systems

Scheduling a set of independent tasks onto a network of heterogeneous computing systems to minimize the overall execution time is NP-hard. Among the algorithms that have been proposed in the past, the Sufferage algorithm [5] has the best performance in minimizing the makespan of a set of independent tasks. We propose a new low complexity scheduling algorithm, Heterogeneous Largest Task First (HLTF). Its complexity is O(s(Log s + m)) vs. O(s2*m) of Sufferage, where s is the number of tasks and m is the number of available machines. Simulation results reveal that in terms of minimizing the makespan, the performance of HLTF is slightly better than that of the Sufferage algorithm. In terms of running cost, HLTF significantly outperforms the Sufferage algorithm.
ErbB signaling has a role in radial sorting independent of Schwann cell number

In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells make myelin, a specialized sheath that is essential for rapid axonal conduction of action potentials. Immature Schwann cells initially interact with many axons, but, through a process termed radial sorting, eventually interact with one segment of a single axon as promyelinating Schwann cells. Previous studies have identified genes that are required for Schwann cell process extension and proliferation during radial sorting. Previous analyses also show that ErbB signaling is required for Schwann cell proliferation, myelination, radial sorting, and the proper formation of unmyelinated Remak bundles. Because ErbB signaling and Schwann cell proliferation are both required during radial sorting, we sought to determine if the primary function of ErbB signaling in this process is to regulate Schwann cell proliferation or if ErbB signaling also controls other aspects of radial sorting. To address this question, we applied small molecule inhibitors in vivo in zebrafish to independently block ErbB signaling and proliferation. Ultrastructural analysis of treated animals revealed that both ErbB signaling and Schwann cell proliferation are required for radial sorting in vivo. ErbB signaling, however, is required for Schwann cell process extension, while Schwann cell proliferation is not. These results provide in vivo evidence that ErbB signaling plays a direct role in process extension during radial sorting, in addition to its role in regulating Schwann cell proliferation.
Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Growth-Restricted, Extremely Low Birth Weight Neonates

This case series reports an acute episode of hypoxemia and systemic hypotension in seven infants under 1 kg, taking place several hours or days after birth, after a period of stability and in the absence of significant lung disease. These patients were growth-restricted at birth and had a history of chronic fetal hypoxia and oligohydramnios. Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction were found by echocadiography. Right ventricular ejection fraction was significantly depressed during the acute episode, compared to baseline values measured after recovery. The timing of symptoms seemed related to ductus arteriosus closure or constriction. Oxygenation and right ventricular function improvement occurred within a few days under ventilatory and inotropic support, while milrinone was administered in five cases. In conclusion, pulmonary hypertension is a rare but significant cause of hypoxemia in preterm infants, and pulmonary vasodilator therapy should be considered in the presence of right ventricular dysfunction.