cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decametric radio spectra and positions during the flare of August 28, 1966: 1522 UT

During a period of intense decametric continuum arising near the center of the sun, there occurred additional very strong emission closely associated with the flare beginning at 1522 UT on August 28, 1966. Owing to strong ionospheric absorption from about 1527 UT on, which eliminated telecommunications interference, the frequency range over which the flare-associated emission appears is unusually large, from the upper limit of the spectrograph, 41 MHz, to about 11 MHz, where external reflection cuts off the solar signals. Strong bursts of Type III (fast drift) occur from 1527 to 1531 UT, and a complex Type II (slow drift) from 1532 to 1547 UT. As the Type-II burst progresses at frequencies from 15 to 25 MHz, Northward position shifts of many solar radii probably take place; at higher frequencies the burst moves in a complicated pattern through a much narrower range of distances to the North of the sun. Type-IV emission, from 1540 UT on, moves a large distance to the sun's North, and then, after 1600 UT, returns to a stable position quite close to the sun.
Approximating attack surfaces with stack traces

Security testing and reviewing efforts are a necessity for software projects, but are time-consuming and expensive to apply. Identifying vulnerable code supports decision-making during all phases of software development. An approach for identifying vulnerable code is to identify its attack surface, the sum of all paths for untrusted data into and out of a system. Identifying the code that lies on the attack surface requires expertise and significant manual effort. This paper proposes an automated technique to empirically approximate attack surfaces through the analysis of stack traces. We hypothesize that stack traces from user-initiated crashes have several desirable attributes for measuring attack surfaces. The goal of this research is to aid software engineers in prioritizing security efforts by approximating the attack surface of a system via stack trace analysis. In a trial on Windows 8, the attack surface approximation selected 48.4% of the binaries and contained 94.6% of known vulnerabilities. Compared with vulnerability prediction models (VPMs) run on the entire codebase, VPMs run on the attack surface approximation improved recall from .07 to .1 for binaries and from .02 to .05 for source files. Precision remained at .5 for binaries, while improving from .5 to .69 for source files.
Band Edge Movement and Recombination Kinetics in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cells: A Study by Intensity Modulated Photovoltage Spectroscopy

The charge-recombination kinetics and band edge movement in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells are investigated by intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS). A theoretical model of IMVS for dye-sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor electrodes is developed, and analytical expressions for the frequency dependence of the photovoltage response at open circuit are derived. The model considers charge trapping/detrapping and electron transfer from the conduction band and surface states of the semiconductor to redox species at the solid/solution interface. IMVS is shown to be valuable in elucidating the contributions of band edge shift and recombination kinetics to changes of the open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) resulting from surface modifications of the semiconductor. IMVS measurements indicate that surface treatment of [RuL2(NCS)2] (L = 2,2‘-bipyridyl-4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid)-sensitized TiO2 electrodes with 4-tert-butylpyridine or ammonia leads to a significant band edge shift concomit...
Nomograms are More Meaningful than Severity-Adjusted Institutional Comparisons for Reporting Outcomes

It is becoming increasingly popular for medical institutions to report their medical outcomes by comparing them with other institutions. These comparisons often take the form of calculating a percentile ranking for an institution, comparing an outcome rate with a median or 90th percentile figure, or comparing observed with predicted outcome values assuming a peer institution. In most cases, these comparisons are risk-adjusted for an institution’s case mix. Risk-adjusted comparisons with other institutions are valuable and enlightening for the improvement of healthcare processes, ensuring safe and effective care delivery, promoting evidence based care, and ensuring compliance with clinical and regulatory standards of care. However, these comparisons are of limited value to the patient or physician who needs to make a treatment decision because they are generally difficult to interpret properly and typically do not convey the direct information needed to make an informed decision.
Exploiting Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium for Efficient Screening of Single SNP Associations from Case-Control Studies

In case-control studies, the assessment of the association between a binary disease outcome and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is often based on comparing the observed genotype distribution fo
Now, swing your partner! 3D-domain switching of WASP activates Arp2/3 complex.

Structural and functional analysis of WASP family cell signaling proteins shows that the same residues that are sequestered upon GTPase binding in the autoinhibited state are involved in binding to and activating Arp2/3 complex, WASP's downstream partner in the signaling cascade.
Adsorption/Reduction Reactions of Trichloroethylene by Elemental Iron in the Gas Phase: The Role of Water

The interactions of TCE with “clean” and “partially oxidized” Fe0 were investigated in the gas phase. The removal of TCE from the gas phase proceeded by adsorption onto the Fe0 surface or by dechlorination reactions with Fe0 depending on the moisture content of the reaction medium. Unlike the aqueous phase, water was a critical variable competing with TCE for adsorption sites and, above a critical limit, serving as a proton donor for the hydrogenolysis of TCE. The adsorption of water (relative humidity, RH = 6−97%) was fit to a multilayer BET isotherm. The extent of water adsorption was nearly identical for both forms of Fe0 on a surface area basis, i.e., mol/m2. The adsorption of TCE decreased by more than 1 order of magnitude from 6% to 10% RH, after which a more stable region (<50% decrease between 20% and 97% RH) appeared above monolayer water coverage (∼26% RH). The removal of TCE from the gas phase was strictly by adsorption up to a “critical” RH, i.e., 72% for acid-washed and 92% for the partially ...
CITED2-mediated regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-13 in human chondrocytes under flow shear.

CITED2 (CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2) is a member of the Cited family of nuclear regulators, previously known as mrg1 (melanocyte-specific gene-related gene 1). CITED2 is inducible by varying stimuli including lipopolysaccharide, hypoxia, and cytokines such as interleukin 9 and interferon γ. Using the immortalized human chondrocyte cell line, C-28/I2, we investigated whether CITED2 could be responsive to mechanical stimuli, and if so, whether CITED2 could mediate shear-driven regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes. The C-28/I2 cells were cultured under flow shear at 1–20 dyn/cm2, and the role of CIT-ED2 in regulation of MMPs was examined using the plasmids encoding sense and antisense CITED2 DNA sequences. The results showed that flow shear at 5 dyn/cm2 increased CITED2 mRNA and protein levels and down-regulated MMP-1 and MMP-13 mRNA and protein levels as well as enzyme activities. Consistent with the coordinated expression patterns of CITED2 and MMPs, overexpression of CITED2 repressed MMP-1 and MMP-13 mRNA levels and activities, whereas antisense CITED2 plasmids prevented the shear-induced down-regulation of MMP expression. Interleukin-1β induced the formation of p300-Ets-1 complexes without affecting expression of CITED2. Transforming growth factor-β as well as flow shear at 5 dyn/cm2 stimulated not only the expression of CITED2 but also the association of CIT-ED2 with p300 by dissociating Ets-1 from p300. These results indicate that CITED2 plays a major role in shear-induced down-regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-13 via a transforming growth factor-β-dependent pathway.
Optical Measurements from High Altitude Balloons

A description is given of a system that has been constructed to make radiometric measurements from high altitude balloons. The instrumentation consists of a 20-cm aperture, 30-cm focal length radiometer that has been equipped to scan in azimuth and elevation, a filter system so that spectral data can be obtained, an onboard digital magnetic tape recording system for recording the data generated during the flight, auxiliary electronics and power supplies for operation of the equipment, and a gondola to serve as a suitable scanning platform and to protect the equipment when it is returned to the ground by parachute at the end of the flight. The results obtained on a balloon flight made with this equipment on May 8, 1959 are also presented. For this flight the radiometer was equipped with a thermistor bolometer detector with a KRS-5 window and with filters that transmitted radiation from 1 μ to 2 μ, 2 μ to 3 μ, 3 μ to 5 μ, 5 μ to 8 μ, and 8 μ to 35 μ. These results are presented in the form of isoradiance plots.
Some Relations for Straight Dislocations

Expressions are presented for the stress, strain, dilatation, and displacement due to an infinitely long straight dislocation, as well as the force per unit length and the total force on a straight dislocation due to another infinite straight dislocation. They differ from previous expressions in the literature in that they are given completely in tensor or vector notation. They are limited to the case of a linear, isotropic, infinite continuum. Es werden Ausdrucke gegeben fur die Spannung. Dehnung, Dilatation und Verschiebung, die durch eine unendlich lange, gerade Versetzung verursacht wird und fur die Kraft pro Langeneinheit sowie die Gesamtkraft an einer geraden Versetzung, die durch eine andere unendliche, gerade Versetzung hervorgerufen wird. Sie unterscheiden sich von fruheren Ausdrucken in der Literatur dadurch, das sie vollstandig in Tensor- oder Vektorschreibweise gegeben werden. Sie sind auf den Fall eines linearen, isotropen, unendlichen Kontinuums beschrankt.
Survey of Validation Data Base for Shockwave Boundary-Layer Interactions in Supersonic Inlets

The performance of supersonic inlets is strongly affected by the boundary-layer development over its internal surfaces. Boundary-layer bleed is used to suppress separation and to provide the desired inlet performance. The gain in pressure recovery and stability is accompanied, however, with a loss in mass flow and an increase in drag that must be minimized by optimizing the amount of bleed and bleed configuration. The purpose of this work is to review and assess the data base for shock boundary-layer interaction that is pertinent to the flow prediction in supersonic inlets. The first part of the review concerns mixed compression supersonic inlets and their bleed system performance at design and off-design conditions. Based on the assessment of this data, specific areas related to shock wave/boundary-layer interaction bleed, for flow-separation control, are identified, the last part of the review addresses this phenomena in various twoand three-dimensional flow configurations. The effect of bleed in the interaction zone is especially emphasized.
A transient 2D model of an electrodynamic wheel moving above a conductive guideway

When a magnetic rotor is simultaneously rotated and translationally moved above an aluminum guideway a traveling time-varying magnetic field is created in the air-gap. This field induces eddy currents in the guideway that can simultaneously create suspension and propulsion or braking forces. The transient fields and the forces created by this moving rotor are modeled using a novel 2D analytic based A-φ method in which the presence of the rotor field is incorporated into the boundary conditions of the guideway. The solution is obtained by using the spatial Fourier transform and temporal Laplace transform. The performance of the method is compared with a previously presented 2D transient finite element model.
Management objectives for the protection of ecosystem services

People find themselves confronted with ever starker tradeoffs in the allocation of resources to competing uses and users. At the local level, for instance, allocation of land or water to agricultural, industrial, municipal, recreational, and conservation activities often involves a zero sum game. This is apparent in the widespread loss of water and land from native habitat to farms and increasingly to urban and industrial purposes. These tradeoffs are becoming increasingly vexing and difficult to resolve, from both ethical and practical perspectives. The Ecosystem Services Framework integrates biophysical and social dimensions of environmental protection in a way that holds great promise for addressing the environmental crisis that will likely peak in the 21st century. Here, I provide a brief overview of this framework and suggest a plan for immediate action. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Preemption-based avoidance of priority inversion for Java

Priority inversion occurs in concurrent programs when low-priority threads hold shared resources needed by some high-priority thread, causing them to block indefinitely. Shared resources are usually guarded by low-level synchronization primitives such as mutual-exclusion locks, semaphores, or monitors. There are two existing solutions to priority inversion. The first, establishing high-level scheduling invariants over synchronization primitives to eliminate priority inversion a priori, is difficult in practice and undecidable in general. Alternatively, run-time avoidance mechanisms such as priority inheritance still force high-priority threads to wait until desired resources are released. We describe a novel compiler and run-time solution to the problem of priority inversion, along with experimental evaluation of its effectiveness. Our approach allows preemption of any thread holding a resource needed by higher-priority threads, forcing it to release its claim on the resource, roll back its execution to the point at which the shared resource was first acquired, and discard any updates made in the interim. The compiler inserts code at synchronization points, permitting rollback of thread execution, and efficient revocation of interim updates. Our design and implementation are realized in the context of IBM's Jikes RVM, a high-quality compiler and runtime system for Java. Our performance results show that throughput of high-priority threads using our scheme can be improved by 30% to 100% when compared with a classical scheduler that does not address priority inversion.
Measurement Characteristics of the Perceived Adequacy of Resources Scale

Home economists involved in research and intervention with families need measures with which to explore family functioning. The utility of such measures turns, of course, on the measurement integri...
Heat treating P6 alloy for special properties for a four element gyro system

In one assembly of gyros stray field from the hysteresis-motor stators had to be controlled. In addition, the motors had to achieve adequate starting and synchronizing torques. Power input, voltage and exciting current were also specified. Wide variations in system performance stemmed from variations in the rotor's hysteresis rings. These ring laminations were punched from P6 alloy, a modified 50/50 cobalt-iron alloy. Analysis of experimental results indicated the lack of control of alloy heat treatment as the source of trouble. Modified minor-loop properties were specified as well as a recommended heat treatment. These specifications now guarantee maximum starting and synchronizing torques associated with a minimum stray field.
Adiabatic Effectiveness Measurements of Endwall Film-Cooling for a First-Stage Vane

In gas turbine development, the direction has been towards higher turbine inlet temperatures to increase the work output and thermal efficiency. This extreme environment can significantly impact component life. One means of preventing component burnout in the turbine is to effectively use film-cooling whereby coolant is extracted from the compressor and injected through component surfaces. One such surface is the endwall of the first stage nozzle guide vane. This paper presents measurements of two endwall film-cooling hole patterns combined with cooling from a flush slot that simulates leakage flow between the combustor and turbine sections. Adiabatic effectiveness measurements showed the slot flow adequately cooled portions of the endwall. Measurements also showed two very difficult regions to cool including the leading edge and pressure side-endwall junction. As the momentum flux ratios were increased for the film-cooling jets in the stagnation region, the coolant was shown to impact the vane and wash down onto the endwall surface. Along the pressure side of the vane in the upstream portion of the passage, the jets were shown to separate from the surface rather than penetrate to the pressure surface. In the downstream portion of the passage, the jets along the pressure side of the vane were shown to impact the vane thereby eliminating any uncooled regions at the junction. The measurements were also combined with computations to show the importance of considering the trajectory of the flow in the near-wall region, which can be highly influenced by slot leakage flows.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Thrombin Activates Factor XI on Activated Platelets in the Absence of Factor XII

Thrombin can activate factor XI in the presence of dextran sulfate or sulfatides. However, a physiological cofactor for thrombin activation of factor XI has not been identified. We examined this question in a cell-based, tissue factor-initiated model system. In the absence of factor XII, factor XI enhanced thrombin generation in this model. The effect on thrombin generation was reproduced by 2 to 5 pmol/L factor XIa. A specific inhibitor of factor XIIa did not diminish the effect of factor XI. Thus, factor XI can be activated in a model system that does not contain factor XIIa or nonphysiological cofactors. Preincubation of factor XI with activated platelets and thrombin or factor Xa enhanced subsequent thrombin generation in the model system. Preincubation of factor XI with thrombin or factor Xa, but without platelets, did not enhance thrombin generation, suggesting that these proteases might activate factor XI on platelet surfaces. Thrombin and factor Xa were then directly tested for their ability to activate factor XI. In the presence of dextran sulfate, thrombin or factor Xa activated factor XI. Thrombin, but not factor Xa, also cleaved detectable amounts of factor XI in the presence of activated platelets. Thus, thrombin activates enough factor XI to enhance subsequent thrombin generation in a model system. Platelet surfaces might provide the site for thrombin activation of functionally significant amounts of factor XI in vivo.
Cocaine, Cocaine Metabolite, and Ethanol Concentrations in Postmortem Blood and Vitreous Humor

The use of postmortem cocaine and metabolite concentrations is a complex subject. This study was undertaken to determine (1) the usefulness of vitreous humor as a specimen, compared with blood, to quantitate cocaine and cocaine metabolites; (2) whether there is a preferential site of disposition for cocaethylene between vitreous humor and blood; and (3) if the presence of cocaethylene influences the concentration of benzoylecgonine in postmortem specimens. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and cocaethylene were quantitated in blood and vitreous humor by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and ethanol was quantitated by gas chromatography in 62 medical examiner cases. No differences were found between mean concentrations of vitreous cocaine 0.613 mg/L (standard deviation [SD] 0.994 mg/L), cocaethylene 0.027 mg/L (SD 0.59 mg/L), and ethanol 0.092 g/dL (SD 0.13 g/dL) compared to blood cocaine 0.489 mg/L (SD 1.204 mg/L), cocaethylene 0.022 mg/L (SD 0.055 mg/L), and ethanol 0.058 g/dL (SD 0.91 g/dL), respectively. However, a statistical difference was found between mean benzoylecgonine concentrations in vitreous 0.989 mg/L (SD 1.597 mg/L) and blood 1.941 mg/L (SD 2.912 mg/L) (p = 0.0004). Regression analysis demonstrated that linear relationships were present between concentrations of vitreous and blood cocaine (r = 0.854) and benzoylecgonine (r = 0.763). However, the correlation coefficients were lower for cocaethylene (r = 0.433) and ethanol (r = 0.343). There were variations between the concentrations of cocaine and metabolites both in terms of magnitude and also direction of change. Mean concentrations of benzoylecgonine in blood and vitreous were higher in cases where ethanol was absent, 2.593 mg/L (SD 3.195 mg/L) and 1.431 mg/L (SD 2.021 mg/L), compared to when ethanol was present, 1.199 mg/L (SD 2.396 mg/L) and 0.469 mg/L (SD 0.553 mg/L). This study demonstrates that vitreous humor may be used to quantitate cocaine and cocaine metabolites; however, because the concentrations of cocaethylene in vitreous humor and blood were not well correlated, vitreous humor may not be a reliable specimen for measuring cocaine and cocaine metabolite concentrations.
Low Loss Transmission Electron Spectroscopic Studies in Donor Doped BaTiO3

We used the Kramers-Kronig transformation to investigate the local dielectric function of barium titanate, BaTiO3 from regions of sub-micrometer scale. Further the effect of dopants, in this case, Nb, on the dielectric function was investigated to assess the level of its local partitioning in the BaTiO3 lattice. The transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy technique was used to obtain dielectric function by placing a small electron probe in isolated regions of the electron transparent BaTiO3 samples. We observed an anomalous, but consistent, shift in the volume plasmon in all regions of the doped sample (compared to the pure one) indicating a uniform incorporation of the dopant within the lattice.
Assassinations and Murder in Modern Italy: Transformations in Society and Culture

Stephen Gundle and Lucia Rinaldi (2007) Assassinations and Murder in Modern Italy: Transformations in Society and Culture (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), i–viii + 1–246 pp., ISBN: 1403983917, US$79...
A practical solution to the client-LDNS mismatch problem

Internet services are often deployed in multiple (tens to hundreds) of geographically distributed data centers. They rely on Global Traffic Management (GTM) solutions to direct clients to the optimal data center based on a number of criteria like network performance, geographic location, availability, etc.The GTM solutions, however, have a fundamental design limitation in their ability to accurately map clients to data centers - they use the IP address of the local DNS resolver (LDNS) used by a client as a proxy for the true client identity, which in some cases causes suboptimal performance. This issue is known as the client-LDNS mismatch problem. We argue that recent proposals to address the problem suffer from serious limitations. We then propose a simple new solution, named ``FQDN extension'', which can solve the client-LDNS mismatch problem completely. We build a prototype system and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Using JavaScript, the solution can be deployed immediately for some online services, such as Web search, without modifying either client or local resolver.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Evidence of Publication Bias

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the efficacy of serotonin receptor inhibitors (SRIs) for the treatment of repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). METHODS: Two reviewers searched PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov for randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of SRIs for repetitive behaviors in ASD. Our primary outcome was mean improvement in ratings scales of repetitive behavior. Publication bias was assessed by using a funnel plot, the Egger’s test, and a meta-regression of sample size and effect size. RESULTS: Our search identified 5 published and 5 unpublished but completed trials eligible for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of 5 published and 1 unpublished trial (which provided data) demonstrated a small but significant effect of SRI for the treatment of repetitive behaviors in ASD (standardized mean difference: 0.22 [95% confidence interval: 0.07–0.37], z score = 2.87, P CONCLUSIONS: Meta-analysis of the published literature suggests a small but significant effect of SRI in the treatment of repetitive behaviors in ASD. This effect may be attributable to selective publication of trial results. Without timely, transparent, and complete disclosure of trial results, it remains difficult to determine the efficacy of available medications.
Using field observations to inform thermal hydrology models of permafrost dynamics with ATS (v0.83)

Abstract. Climate change is profoundly transforming the carbon-rich Arctic tundra landscape, potentially moving it from a carbon sink to a carbon source by increasing the thickness of soil that thaws on a seasonal basis. However, the modeling capability and precise parameterizations of the physical characteristics needed to estimate projected active layer thickness (ALT) are limited in Earth system models (ESMs). In particular, discrepancies in spatial scale between field measurements and Earth system models challenge validation and parameterization of hydrothermal models. A recently developed surface–subsurface model for permafrost thermal hydrology, the Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS), is used in combination with field measurements to achieve the goals of constructing a process-rich model based on plausible parameters and to identify fine-scale controls of ALT in ice-wedge polygon tundra in Barrow, Alaska. An iterative model refinement procedure that cycles between borehole temperature and snow cover measurements and simulations functions to evaluate and parameterize different model processes necessary to simulate freeze–thaw processes and ALT formation. After model refinement and calibration, reasonable matches between simulated and measured soil temperatures are obtained, with the largest errors occurring during early summer above ice wedges (e.g., troughs). The results suggest that properly constructed and calibrated one-dimensional thermal hydrology models have the potential to provide reasonable representation of the subsurface thermal response and can be used to infer model input parameters and process representations. The models for soil thermal conductivity and snow distribution were found to be the most sensitive process representations. However, information on lateral flow and snowpack evolution might be needed to constrain model representations of surface hydrology and snow depth.
The Age Old Question, Which Comes First? a Simultaneous Test of Children's Savings and Children's College-Bound Identity

Abstract This study has three goals: (1) to provide an extensive review of research on the assets/expectation relationship, (2) to provide a conceptual framework for how children's savings effects children's college-bound identity (children's college expectations are a proxy for children's college-bound identity), and (3) to conduct a simultaneous test of whether owning a savings account leads to college-bound identity or college-bound identity lead to owning a savings account using path analytic technique with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Our review reveals asset researchers theorize about college-bound identity in two distinct but compatible ways: college-bound identity as a “linking mechanism”, and college-bound identity as a mediator. However, there has been little theoretical development on the attitudinal effects of assets. In this study, we posit a conceptual framework for how children's savings affects children's college-bound identity. Findings from the simultaneous test of the assets/college-bound identity relationship suggest that savings has modest effect on college-bound identity and vice versa. A policy implication is that asset building policies that seek to build children's college-bound identity in addition to their savings may be more effective than policies that only seek to build children's savings.
Accretionary Mesozoic-Cenozoic expansion of the Cordilleran continental margin in California and adjacent Oregon

The Mesozoic–Cenozoic Cordilleran orogen of California includes multiple accretionary belts incorporated sequentially into the continental margin since Middle Triassic time. Accreted tectonic elements include subduction complexes assembled along the Cordilleran margin, intraoceanic island arcs attached to the continental margin by Jurassic arc-continent collision, and subduction complexes associated with the flanks of the exotic island arcs. Systematic analysis of areal relations and geochronological data displayed on subregional geologic maps and summary chronostratigraphic diagrams allows the punctuated but quasi-continuous pattern of tectonic accretion to be discerned. Stitching plutons and sedimentary overlap successions constrain the times that successive accretionary belts were juxtaposed and amalgamated into the edge of the continental block. In the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada, a continental-margin magmatic arc of Triassic–Jurassic age includes volcanic and plutonic components built upon and intruded into deformed Paleozoic assemblages that were accreted to the Laurentian margin before Middle Triassic time. The native arc assemblage is separated from intraoceanic Triassic–Jurassic arc assemblages exposed farther west by a compound suture belt of melange and broken formation derived from the remnant ocean basin that separated the east-facing intraoceanic arc system from the Cordilleran margin. Polarity reversal after Middle to Late Jurassic arc-continent collision was followed by accretion of a disrupted ophiolitic belt forming mafic basement in the subsurface of the Great Valley forearc basin. Subsequent forearc sedimentation accompanied the assembly of multiple belts of melange and broken formation that form the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Franciscan subduction complex of the California Coast Ranges. Franciscan subduction was largely coeval with intrusion of the dominantly Cretaceous Sierra Nevada batholith into the roots of the Cordilleran magmatic arc, but Franciscan accretion was just a late phase of continuing tectonic expansion that spanned more than 200 m.y. along the California continental margin.
Some aspects of optimal unemployment insurance

*The original version of this paper was written for the Office of ASPER of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1975. This is a revision of ‘Unemployment insurance as a social insurance program’ presented at the ISPE Conference on Social Insurance held near Tokyo. Japan in May 1977. I would like to thank participants at this conference, M.A. Baily, G.S. Fields and the referees for helpful comments. My recent work on this topic has been funded by the National Science Foundation.
BET bromodomain inhibition targets both c-Myc and IL7R in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We investigated the therapeutic potential of JQ1, an inhibitor of the BET class of human bromodomain proteins, in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We show that JQ1 potently reduces the viability of B-ALL cell lines with high-risk cytogenetics. Among the most sensitive were lines with rearrangements of CRLF2, which is overexpressed in ∼ 10% of B-ALL. CRLF2 heterodimerizes with the IL7 receptor (IL7R) and signals through JAK2, JAK1, and STAT5 to drive proliferation and suppress apoptosis. As previously observed, JQ1 induced the down-regulation of MYC transcription, the loss of BRD4 at the MYC promoter, and the reduced expression of c-Myc target genes. Strikingly, JQ1 also down-regulated IL7R transcription, depleted BRD4 from the IL7R promoter, and reduced JAK2 and STAT5 phosphorylation. Genome-wide expression profiling demonstrated a restricted effect of JQ1 on transcription, with MYC and IL7R being among the most down-regulated genes. Indeed, IL7R was the only cytokine receptor in CRLF2-rearranged B-ALL cells significantly down-regulated by JQ1 treatment. In mice xenografted with primary human CRLF2-rearranged B-ALL, JQ1 suppressed c-Myc expression and STAT5 phosphorylation and significantly prolonged survival. Thus, bromodomain inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for B-ALL as well as other conditions dependent on IL7R signaling.
Reply to Ertl's comments on the self-diffusivity data of Kitchlew and Rao

(1977). Reply to Ertl's comments on the self-diffusivity data of Kitchlew and Rao. Molecular Physics: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 1193-1193.
Rb and Prohibitin Target Distinct Regions of E2F1 for Repression and Respond to Different Upstream Signals

E2F transcription factor is subject to stringent regulation by a variety of molecules. We recently observed that prohibitin, a potential tumor suppressor protein, binds to the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and represses E2F transcriptional activity. Here we demonstrate that prohibitin requires the marked box region of E2F for repression; further, prohibitin can effectively inhibit colony formation induced by overexpression of E2F1 in T47D cells. Prohibitin was also found to interact with the signaling kinase c-Raf-1, and Raf-1 could effectively reverse prohibitin-mediated repression of E2F activity. Agents such as E1A, p38 kinase, and cyclins D and E had no effect on prohibitin-mediated repression of E2F1, but all of these molecules could reverse Rb function. Similarly, stimulation of the immunoglobulin M signaling pathway in Ramos cells could inactivate prohibitin, but this had no effect on Rb function. Serum stimulation of quiescent Ramos cells inactivated Rb and prohibitin with different kinetics; further, while the serum-dependent inactivation of Rb was dependent on cyclin-dependent kinase activity, the inactivation of prohibitin was not. We believe that prohibitin is a novel regulator of E2F function which channels specific signaling cascades to the cell cycle regulatory machinery.
USING THE RISK-DISTURBANCE HYPOTHESIS TO ASSESS THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF HUMAN DISTURBANCE AND PREDATION RISK ON FORAGING AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHERS

Abstract The risk-disturbance hypothesis asserts that animals perceive human disturbance similar to nonlethal predation stimuli, and exhibit comparable responses in the form of optimization tradeoffs. However, few studies have examined how natural predation risk factors interact with human-disturbance stimuli to elicit such responses. We observed American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) vigilance behavior from September–December 2002 on the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina. A set of models was constructed based on 340 focal-animal samples and models revealed relationships between vigilance behavior, predator density, and boat activity. Oystercatchers increased vigilance in response to aerial predators, particularly late in the season when predator species composition was dominated by Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus). At a broader temporal scale, oystercatchers exhibited the highest vigilance rates during simultaneous peaks in boating disturbance and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) ac...
Sedimentary Structures Generated by Hippopotamus amphibius in a Lake-margin Wetland, Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

Abstract Large mammals, especially Hippopotamus amphibius, have created a distinctive set of traces in a spring-fed freshwater wetland on the margin of the saline-alkaline crater lake in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. It is comprised of a ∼30 m diameter zone of deep (<2m) bioturbation due to hippo wallowing, surrounded by dendritic to radial hippo trails 1–5 m wide and <0.5 m deep, infilled with organic-rich mud. These trails narrow and thin as they grade into trackways on the lake flat. Tracks and trackways of more terrestrial mammals, such as bovids and equids, are found in the lake flat muds surrounding the hippo-dominated area. Associations of sedimentary structures such as these are important indicators of paleoenvironmental conditions where they are preserved in the sedimentary record, due to the strong affinity of Hippopotamidae for freshwater environments.
Decreasing Item Omissions from Reluctant Survey Respondents

The problem of incomplete questionnaire response is a vexing one to researchers who rely on data collected by mail surveys. Using a sample of 23,350 potential respondents, a mail survey experiment was performed to test two survey-concurrent means for decreasing item omission. Combinations of survey sponsorship and anonymity assurance were found that significantly improved questionnaire completion in demographic groups that have been previously identified as most prone to item non-response. An analysis of trade-offs between response rates and item completion was performed and recommendations for survey sponsorship and anonymity conditions are developed.
CRISPR Bacon: A Sizzling Technique to Generate Genetically Engineered Pigs

The cisgenic and transgenic capabilities of the CRISPR/Cas9 system provides important applications to create animal models and revolutionize all aspects of science in agriculture and human health.
Isolation and characterization ofMethanococcus mazei

Methanococcus mazei strain S-6 was isolated from a laboratory digester; this is the first report of its isolation in pure culture. The present isolate exhibited a life cycle, and the forms produced during its development fit the morphological description ofM. mazei exactly. In young cultures, cell clusters resembleMethanosarcina strain TM-1; in older cultures, these cell clusters become “cysts” which may be physically ruptured to yield myriads of highly irregular coccoid elements.M. mazei used acetate, methanol, methylamine, or trimethylamine for growth and methanogenesis. It used H2−CO2 slowly. It did not use formate, ethanol, butyrate, or propionate. It was Gram negative to Gram variable.
Creating Conductive Copper–Silver Bimetallic Nanostructured Coatings Using a High Temperature Reducing Jet Aerosol Reactor

We report production of bimetallic nanostructured copper– silver coatings by in situ deposition and sintering of metal nanoparticles produced as an aerosol. The metal nanoparticles themselves have potential applications in printed electronics, catalysis, antibacterial coatings, and heat transfer fluids. In many applications, nanoparticles are dispersed in an ink, which is then printed or coated onto a substrate and converted into a nanostructured thin film. Direct deposition from the aerosol allows us to produce nanostructured thin films without first dispersing the particles in a solvent. The high temperature reducing jet process allows formation of these metal nanoparticles from low-cost metal salt precursors in the gas phase. In this method, a fuel-rich hydrogen flame provides a low-cost source of energy to drive nanoparticle formation in a reducing environment. The aqueous precursor solution is delivered into the hot combustion product gases within a converging–diverging nozzle. The high-speed gas flo...
In vitro metabolism of palmitic acid and glucose in the developing tissue of the rhesus monkey.

Fetal, newborn, and adult tissues of rhesus monkeys metabolize glucose-U- 14 C and palmitate-1- 14 C to lipids and 14 CO 2 in vitro. During growth and development, differences in substrate utilization are detected. In the lung, phospholipid synthesis with the use of either substrate increases as development proceeds. In the brain, lipid synthesis diminishes after birth, though glucose utilization and 14 CO 2 production from glucose-U- 14 C increase. The metabolism of liver lipids varies with age, the term fetus and newborn infant converting less palmitate to lipids than the young fetus or the adult animal. Most of the radioactivity of palmitate is found in the 16 C fatty acid fraction of the various lipids. In the newborn infant, the catabolism of glucose-U- 14 C or palmitate-1- 14 C increases in the brain and lung while palmitate curtails glucose utilization in these tissues. Since palmitate has been shown to cross the rhesus monkey placenta in vitro and in vivo, to curtail glucose utilization, and to be incorporated into fetal lipids, the present data indicate that fatty acids of either maternal or fetal origin can, along with glucose, be utilized for the formation of fetal lipids. In fetal tissues, the conversion of palmitate to carbon dioxide is small. Therefore, a limited but steady flow of fatty acids of maternal origin may account for a large proportion of total fetal tissue lipid deposition. The data indicate that, while glucose metabolism is essential to the primate fetus, lipid synthesis from fatty acids may be more important than it is presently considered.
A method for sequencing polymerase chain reaction products can be used to sequence Bacillus subtilis miniprep plasmid DNA

Several methods for sequencing double-stranded plasmid DNA isolated from E. coli have been described. These methods are usually not effective when used to sequence plasmid DNA isolated from Bacillus subtilis. In the course of developing a simplified version of a previously published protocol for polymerase chain reaction product sequencing, it was found that this protocol could be used for sequencing plasmid DNA isolated from Bacillus subtilis.
Affective Disorders in Adolescence

The question of affective disorders in adolescence is examined critically, and the negligible impact of this developmental period on the phenomenological expression of affective disorders is discussed. It is concluded that affective psychoses with the “classical” adult presentation are common in adolescence.
Electrodeposition Considered at the Atomistic Level

This chapter focuses on the process of the electrodeposition of metallic layers from aqueous solution, which functions on discharging of metal ions present in the electrolyte at a cathodic surface. Transport of the hydrated metal ion from bulk solution to the cathode and stripping the hydration sheath from the metal ion at the metal–solution interface requires a complex process that involves number of intermediate stages. As the discharge of ad-ions to form ad-atoms takes place within the electrolyte double layer, which forms spontaneously at the metal–solution interface to form coherent metal films, it takes two further coupled stages, nucleation and (crystal) growth. In the case of poorly conducting electrolytes, effect is further enhanced by metal ion depletion. However, by selecting appropriate cathodic and anodic pulse current densities, desired reactions can be promoted, and by making use of specific adsorption and desorption, the extent of incorporation of certain species can be controlled, pulse plating allows higher deposition current densities, and DC deposition. The electrodeposition of metallic layers from aqueous solution is based on the discharge of metal ions present in the electrolyte at a cathodic surface. Transport of the hydrated metal ion from bulk solution to the cathode surface is due to convection and diffusion. The discharge of ad-atoms takes place within the electrolyte double layer, which forms spontaneously at the metal–solution interface. After passing through the electrolytic double-layer, they are absorbed on the cathode surface where they ad-atoms. A coherent metal film is formed; and nucleation and growth occur as a coupled stage process or electrocrystallization. Nucleation results from diffusion-controlled migration of the ad-atoms on the surface. The growth process begins once the nuclei have reached a critical size. The transition from ad-atoms, formed by metal ion discharge, to a crystalline state, and the subsequent growth of these crystalline nuclei, constitute the final stage in the sequence of processes leading to the formation of metallic film by electrodeposition. Nucleation and growth can be affected by the crystal and type of substrate material; the crystal structure of the deposited metal; the composition and pH of the electrolyte; and the deposition conditions such as current density and temperature.
China and India in the Age of Globalization: Sino-Indian Relations: Partners, Friends, or Rivals?

The April 2005 visit by Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao and the November 2006 visit by President Hu Jintao to India, as well as the return visit by Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to China in January 2008, mark an unprecedented level of interaction and dialogue between the leadership of China and India and signal a qualitative transformation in Sino-Indian relations. Following the 1962 border war, relations between the two Asian giants became estranged and increasingly acrimonious, with both sides feeling no compunction about conjuring up rather incongruous images of the other. In the shrill postwar atmosphere, each saw the other as a strategic adversary and used various strategies (e.g., China's unconditional support of Pakistan and India's close alliance with the USSR) to undermine the other's perceived designs (Sidhu and Yuan 2003). However, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's (1984–88) historic visit to Beijing in December 1988 (the first such trip by an Indian leader since Jawaharlal Nehru's in 1954), followed by more high-level visits by both countries over the next several years, set in motion the process of rapprochement, the “thawing of relations,” and de-escalation of tensions. In fact, during the signing of the landmark Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity in 2005 both sides effusively described their relations as “warm and friendly.” The improvement in Sino-Indo relations has also resulted in growing economic linkages between the two countries.
Resource estimation for parallel architectures with distributed processor/memory nodes

Determining the resources needed to run a specific program is an important task for static task schedulers for existing multiprocessors. It can also be a valuable computer-aided engineering tool for the design and implementation of application specific parallel processors. An approach for dete rmining the required number of processors and the amount of memory needed per processor is described. The estimates are calculated using information available in a data-flow graph generated by a hig h-level language compiler. Metrics based on the notions of thread spawning and maximum length thread probability density functions are presented. The measures obtained from the parallelism profiles arc used as input to a queuing system model to predict the number of processing elements that can be exploited. Memory resource estimates are predic ted through a s imple graph traversal technique. Finally, experimental results are given to evaluate the methods.