cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic traffic metering in urban street networks: Formulation and solution algorithm

Abstract Traffic metering offers great potential to reduce congestion and enhance network performance in oversaturated urban street networks. This paper presents an optimization program for dynamic traffic metering in urban street networks based on the Cell Transmission Model (CTM). We have formulated the problem as a Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) capable of metering traffic at network gates with given signal timing parameters at signalized intersections. Due to the complexities of the MILP model, we have developed a novel and efficient solution approach that solves the problem by converting the MILP to a linear program and several CTM simulation runs. The solution algorithm is applied to two case studies under different conditions. The proposed solution technique finds solutions that have a maximum gap of 1% of the true optimal solution and guarantee the maximum throughput by keeping some vehicles at network gates and only allowing enough vehicles to enter the network to prevent gridlocks. This is confirmed by comparing the case studies with and without traffic metering. The results in an adapted real-world case study network show that traffic metering can increase network throughput by 4.9–38.9% and enhance network performance.
Antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of ascorbyl stearate in human glioblastoma multiforme cells: modulation of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression.

Human glioblastomas (gliomas) are characterized as highly invasive and rapidly growing brain tumors. In this study, we present data on in vitro effect of ascorbyl stearate (Asc-S), a liphophilic derivative of ascorbic acid on cell proliferation, transformation, apoptosis and modulation of expression of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) in human glioblastoma multiforme (T98G) cells. Asc-S showed significant inhibition of fetal bovine serum and human recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) dependent cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. Treatment of T98G cells with 0, 50, 100 and 150 μM Asc-S for 24 h slowed down the cell multiplication cycle with significant accumulation of cells at late S/G2-M phase of cycle. Asc-S treatment (100 μM) reversed the transformed phenotype as determined by clonogenecity in soft agar and also induced apoptosis of T98G. These changes were found to be associated with significant decrease in IGF-IR expression in dose and time dependent manner compared to untreated controls. The data clearly demonstrate that Asc-S has antiproliferative and apoptotic effect on T98G cells probably through modulation of IGF-IR expression and consequent facilitation of programmed cell death.
Optical Remote Sensing of the Oceans: BC (Before CZCS) and AC (After CZCS)

Following the release of some spectacular over-water photography taken by the astronauts on the earth-orbital Gemini and Apollo missions in the 1960’s, researchers from academia, government laboratories and industry proposed a number of potential applications for optical remote sensing of the oceans. Subsequently, various studies and experimental efforts were undertaken to better understand and exploit these applications of the color patterns in the sea. By the early 70’s, the requirements for an ocean color sensor operating at satellite altitudes had become sufficiently well understood for NASA to prepare specifications for and to initiate the procurement of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) which was launched in October 1978. A NASA Experiment Team (NET) was formed in 1976. They were charged with the task of advising NASA on the type of output products that could be derived from the sensor, for developing the algorithms necessary to obtain those products, and for conducting the surface experiments necessary to validate the satellite derived output products. A brief account is provided of the development of our knowledge of ocean optics and ocean color over the past 100 years, and of the major influence of satellite remote sensing on our understanding and acceptance of ocean optical phenomena. The ocean science community has applied CZCS data to a variety of ocean research problems with eminent success.
Concepts of Protobiological Evolution: Their Implications on Natural Selection and Time-Course of Evolution

This paper is addressed to the development of certain concepts in pre- and protobiological* evolution. Such elucidation sheds light not only on the origin of life but also brings new insight to general principles of evolution such as the nature of natural selection and the time-course of evolutionary change.
Can the Diasporan Go Home? Unperforming the Nation in Lust, Caution

(2011). Can the Diasporan Go Home? Unperforming the Nation in Lust, Caution. Comparative Literature: East & West: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 55-74.
Monitoring the Rapidly Changing Landscape of E-Cigarettes.

The editorialist discusses the findings of Mirbolouk and coworkers' study and the need to monitor the complex and rapidly evolving landscape of alternative tobacco products.
Site-Specific Labeling of Proteins with Near-IR Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes.

Convenient labeling of proteins is important for observing its function under physiological conditions. In tissues particularly, heptamethine cyanine dyes (Cy-7) are valuable because they absorb in the near-infrared (NIR) region (750–900 nm) where light penetration is maximal. In this work, we found Cy-7 dyes with a meso-Cl functionality covalently binding to proteins with free Cys residues under physiological conditions (aqueous environments, at near neutral pH, and 37 °C). It transpired that the meso-Cl of the dye was displaced by free thiols in protein, while nucleophilic side-chains from amino acids like Tyr, Lys, and Ser did not react. This finding shows a new possibility for convenient and selective labeling of proteins with NIR fluorescent probes.
Covariate‐assisted ranking and screening for large‐scale two‐sample inference

Author(s): Cai, T. Tony; Sun, Wenguang; Wang, Weinan | Abstract: Two-sample multiple testing has a wide range of applications. The conventionalpractice first reduces the original observations to a vector of p-values and then chooses a cutoffto adjust for multiplicity. However, this data reduction step could cause significant loss ofinformation and thus lead to suboptimal testing procedures.We introduce a new framework fortwo-sample multiple testing by incorporating a carefully constructed auxiliary variable in inferenceto improve the power. A data-driven multiple-testing procedure is developed by employinga covariate-assisted ranking and screening (CARS) approach that optimally combines the informationfrom both the primary and the auxiliary variables. The proposed CARS procedureis shown to be asymptotically valid and optimal for false discovery rate control. The procedureis implemented in the R package CARS. Numerical results confirm the effectiveness of CARSin false discovery rate control and show that it achieves substantial power gain over existingmethods. CARS is also illustrated through an application to the analysis of a satellite imagingdata set for supernova detection.
SLAM: High Performance and Energy Efficient Hybrid Last Level Cache Architecture for Multicore Embedded Systems

Memory performance is a significant bottleneck in modern embedded multicore chip designs. In this paper, we propose a hybrid last level cache (LLC) architecture called SLAM that combines SRAM and emerging Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STTRAM) to provide better power-performance tradeoff compared to conventional SRAM-only, STTRAM-only, and previously proposed hybrid STTRAM-SRAM LLC architectures. We propose a framework (called SLAM) to reduce write operations to the STTRAM region of the hybrid LLC and consequently minimize the write energy of STTRAM. Our experimental results show that SLAM achieves 29.23% and 5.94% total LLC energy savings and 6.863% and 0.407% performance improvement compared to two state-of-the-art proposed techniques to reduce the write latency and write energy of STTRAM for various parallel applications.
Yield response of field‐grown soybean exposed to heat waves under current and elevated [CO2]

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2 ]) generally enhances C3 plant productivity, whereas acute heat stress, which occurs during heat waves, generally elicits the opposite response. However, little is known about the interaction of these two variables, especially during key reproductive phases in important temperate food crops, such as soybean (Glycine max). Here, we grew soybean under elevated [CO2 ] and imposed high- (+9°C) and low- (+5°C) intensity heat waves during key temperature-sensitive reproductive stages (R1, flowering; R5, pod-filling) to determine how elevated [CO2 ] will interact with heat waves to influence soybean yield. High-intensity heat waves, which resulted in canopy temperatures that exceeded optimal growth temperatures for soybean, reduced yield compared to ambient conditions even under elevated [CO2 ]. This was largely due to heat stress on reproductive processes, especially during R5. Low-intensity heat waves did not affect yields when applied during R1 but increased yields when applied during R5 likely due to relatively lower canopy temperatures and higher soil moisture, which uncoupled the negative effects of heating on cellular- and leaf-level processes from plant-level carbon assimilation. Modeling soybean yields based on carbon assimilation alone underestimated yield loss with high-intensity heat waves and overestimated yield loss with low-intensity heat waves, thus supporting the influence of direct heat stress on reproductive processes in determining yield. These results have implications for rain-fed cropping systems and point toward a climatic tipping point for soybean yield when future heat waves exceed optimum temperature.
Contextual and speaker variation of glottalic stops in Q'eqchi'

Because of the complex coordination of laryngeal and supralaryngeal articulations, the realization of glottalic stops is highly variable across both languages and speakers. Therefore, it is important to discern the range of variation of glottalic stops. In Q’eqchi’, like other Mayan language, the production of bilabial glottalic stops varies between implosive and ejective. The present study explores whether the phonetic realization of glottalic stops in Q’eqchi’ systematically varies based on phonetic context. We also investigate whether different speakers have preferences for certain realizations of glottalic stops. Examining acoustic measures, we found that (1) both types of glottalic stops (implosive and ejective) are variably produced by speakers, and they are acoustically distinct, (2) ejective-like stops are more likely to occur in word-initial position, and that, (3) individual speakers have preferences towards either producing more implosive-like stops or more ejective-like stops. This study supports the hypothesis that variation of glottalic stops is conditioned by phonetic context, and that differing speakers have different preferences for the realization of these stops.Because of the complex coordination of laryngeal and supralaryngeal articulations, the realization of glottalic stops is highly variable across both languages and speakers. Therefore, it is important to discern the range of variation of glottalic stops. In Q’eqchi’, like other Mayan language, the production of bilabial glottalic stops varies between implosive and ejective. The present study explores whether the phonetic realization of glottalic stops in Q’eqchi’ systematically varies based on phonetic context. We also investigate whether different speakers have preferences for certain realizations of glottalic stops. Examining acoustic measures, we found that (1) both types of glottalic stops (implosive and ejective) are variably produced by speakers, and they are acoustically distinct, (2) ejective-like stops are more likely to occur in word-initial position, and that, (3) individual speakers have preferences towards either producing more implosive-like stops or more ejective-like stops. This study suppo...
Comparison of the electrochemical behavior of CoCrWNi, CoCrFeNiMo, and CoNiCrMo alloys

Numerous studies have examined the electrochemical behavior of Co-28Cr-6Mo and Co-35Ni-20Cr-10Mo in simulated physiological solutions. However, two other CoCr alloys-Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni and Co-20Cr-16Fe-15Ni-7Mo-have received relatively little attention. In this work, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of as-received and passivated CoCrWNi and CoCrFeNiMo in phosphate-buffered saline. Comparison of the potentiodynamic results with those for as-received and electropolished CoNiCrMo showed marked differences in the passive behavior of the three alloys, even though they are all Co-20Cr. The passive film on all three alloys underwent solid-state oxidation involving Cr(III) to Cr(VI) and Co(II) to Co(III). However, the alloys then differed substantially in their behavior. CoCrFeNiMo exhibited no further changes up to the onset of water oxidation, whereas CoNiCrMo was subject to transpassive dissolution, while CoCrWNi underwent a second oxidation and then localized breakdown of the oxide. The EIS results also showed differences between the alloys with regard to the oxide thickness and resistivity. The thickness increased in the order CoCrFeNiMo < CoNiCrMo < CoCrWNi. Passivation increased the thickness but did not significantly affect the resistivity. For the as-received alloys, the resistivity increased with thickness, suggesting that the oxide films became less defective with increasing thickness.
Machining Topoi: Tracking Premising in Online Discussion Forums with Automated Rhetorical Move Analysis

Abstract This article interrogates recent computational work on discovering and analyzing topoi through the use of topic modeling in the discipline of the literary digital humanities against the long history of topical research and pedagogy in rhetoric and composition. While significant work has been done in the literary digital humanities to advance the study of texts through topic modeling, this article argues that the emphasis on the textuality of topoi in computational research neglects situated rhetorical actions and the dynamics of audience interaction. In response to this deemphasis, this article proposes an algorithmic alternative to the identification and explanation of the rhetorical topoi through the integrated use of a computational rhetorical move classifier called the Faciloscope (Omizo et al., 2016) and the pattern-matching program, Docuscope (Kaufer and Ishizaki, 1998).
Pyrrolo(l ,4)benzodiazepine Antitumor Antibiotics: Chemistry, Interaction with DNA, and Biological Implications.

The pyrrolo(l,4)benzodiazepine (P(1,4)B) antitumor antibiotics, anthramycin, tomaymycin, sibiromycin and the neothramycins A and B, are potent anticancer agents that form covalent adducts through the exocyclic amino group of guanine in DNA. This review describes the chemistry important for both the DNA reactivity and synthesis of the carbinolamine containing drugs and the strategy for elucidation of the three-dimensional form of the adduct with DNA. The high DNA sequence specificity as well as some of the observed biological consequences of DNA damage caused by these agents in human and yeast cells are rationalized through the proposed structure of the drug-DNA adducts. Parallel toxicological studies have led to a proposal for the underlying mechanism for the cardiotoxicity of certain members of this group of agents. A rationale for designing drugs which should retain their potent antitumor activity without the associated cardiotoxicity is also proposed. Lastly, the application of the P(l,4)B's as probes for monitoring drug binding to DNA and drug-induced conformational changes is described.
Stable high-order cubature formulas for experimental data

Abstract In many applications, it is impractical—if not even impossible—to obtain data to fit a known cubature formula (CF). Instead, experimental data is often acquired at equidistant or even scattered locations. In this work, stable (in the sense of nonnegative only cubature weights) high-order CFs are developed for this purpose. These are based on the approach to allow the number of data points N to be larger than the number of basis functions K which are integrated exactly by the CF. This yields an ( N − K ) -dimensional affine linear subspace from which cubature weights are selected that minimize certain norms corresponding to stability of the CF. In the process, two novel classes of stable high-order CFs are proposed and carefully investigated.
Fetal Risk Stratification and Outcomes in Children with Prenatally Diagnosed Lung Malformations: Results from a Multi-Institutional Research Collaborative.

OBJECTIVE To assess current clinical outcomes in children with prenatally diagnosed congenital lung malformations (CLMs) and to identify prenatal characteristics associated with adverse outcomes. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Despite a wide spectrum of clinical disease, the identification of fetal CLM subgroups at increased risk for hydrops and respiratory compromise at delivery have not been well defined. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using an operative database of prenatally diagnosed CLMs managed at eleven children's hospitals from 2009-2016. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric bivariate or multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Three hundred forty-four children were analyzed. Fifteen (5.5%) fetuses were managed with maternal steroids in the setting of hydrops, and prenatal surgical intervention was uncommon (1.7%). Seventy-five (21.8%) had respiratory symptoms at birth, and 34 (10.0%) required neonatal lung resection. Congenital pulmonary airway malformation volume ratio (CVR) measurements were recorded in 169 (49.1%) cases and were significantly associated with perinatal outcome, including hydrops, respiratory distress at birth, need for supplemental oxygen, neonatal ventilator use, and neonatal resection (p < 0.001). An initial CVR ≤ 1.4 was significantly correlated with a reduced risk for hydrops [area under the curve (AUC), 0.93; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.87-1.00]. A maximum CVR < 0.9 (AUC, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.67-0.85) was associated with a low risk for respiratory symptoms at birth. CONCLUSION In this large, multi-institutional study, an initial CVR ≤ 1.4 identifies fetuses at very low risk for hydrops, and a maximum CVR < 0.9 is associated with asymptomatic disease at birth. These findings represent an opportunity for standardization and quality improvement for prenatal counseling and delivery planning.
Introduction to Kidney Transplantation: Long-Term Management Challenges.

Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for kidney failure, associated with a lower risk of mortality compared with dialysis ([1][1]) and improved quality of life ([2][2]). The number of kidney transplants in the United States continues to increase on an annual basis; 23,401 kidney
Evidence Theory Representations for Properties Associated With Weak Link/Strong Link Systems, Part 3: Margins for Failure Time and Failure Temperature

AbstractThe use of evidence theory and associated cumulative plausibility functions (CPFs), cumulative belief functions (CBFs), cumulative distribution functions (CDFs), complementary cumulative pl...
Home Infusions for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Are Safe: US Experience and Patient Perspectives.

Background Home infusions (HIs) for biologic medications are an option for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the United States. We aimed to describe the population receiving HIs and report patient experience with HIs. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in the Quintiles-IMSLegacy PharMetrics Adjudicated Claims Database from 2010 to 2016 to describe the population receiving infliximab (IFX) and vedolizumab (VDZ) HIs and determine predictors for an urgent/emergent visit post-HIs. We then administered a cross-sectional survey to IBD Partners Internet-based cohort participants to assess knowledge and experience with infusions. Results We identified claims for 11 892 conventional IFX patients, 1573 home IFX patients, 438 conventional VDZ patients, and 138 home VDZ patients. There were no differences in demographics or median charges with IFX home and conventional infusions. Home VDZ infusions had a greater median charge than conventional VDZ infusion. Less than 4% of patients had an urgent/emergent visit post-HIs. Charlson comorbidity index > 0 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-3.77) and Medicaid (OR: 3.01; 95% CI, 1.53-5.94) conferred significantly higher odds of urgent/emergent visit post-HIs. In IBD Partners, 644 IBD patients responded; 56 received HIs. The majority chose HIs to save time and preferred HIs to conventional infusions. Only 2 patients reported an urgent/emergent visit for HI-related problems. Conclusions HI appears to be safe in IBD patients receiving IFX and VDZ. However, patients with fewer resources and more comorbidities are at increased risk for an urgent/emergent visit post-HIs. The overall patient experience with HI is positive. Expansion of HIs may result in decreased therapy-related logistic burden for carefully selected patients.
Role of abiotic factors and habitat heterogeneity in the interactions between stream salamanders and crayfish in the southern Appalachians

AbstractSpecies interactions are important for determining the biological organization of natural communities. Presumably, as interacting organisms become more similar in resource niches, the magni...
OTIMIZAÇÃO DO USO DOS ENXERTOS PANCREÁTICOS NO BRASIL

Liver and kidney grafts have been more optimized than pancreas grafts worldwide. This review aims to show strategies of using non- ideal pancreatic donors in order to increase the amount of organs for pancreas transplantation in Brazil. Non-ideal donors for pancreas transplantation include those with hyperamylasemia, hyperglycemia, using vasopressors, and the pediatric, old, obese and non-heart-beating donors, as well as donors with vascular abnormality or donors with congenital abnormalities in the graft. Donors should not be excluded based only on their age, weight, blood tests or due to the use of vasoactive drugs. Importantly, the inspection and palpation of the pancreas by an experienced surgeon will be the determinant factor to the feasibility for the organ donation for islet or pancreas transplantation. During the donor surgery, vascular abnormalities as well as the simultaneous donation of the liver and/or the small bowel should not preclude the pancreas donation. The presence of fat infiltration, fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and the renal function of the donor, as well as a proper selection of the recipient are the main factors to be used to determine whether marginal donors will be used or not for the pancreas or islet transplantation. Organs that should not be used for pancreas transplantation might be used for islet transplantation. An aggressive policy can significantly raise the number of pancreas available for transplantation in our country.
Impact of complex, partially nested clustering in a three-arm individually randomized group treatment trial: A case study with the wHOPE trial:

Background/AimsWhen participants in individually randomized group treatment trials are treated by multiple clinicians or in multiple group treatment sessions throughout the trial, this induces part...
Multipath Zeta Functions of Graphs

Let G be a finite connected graph with vertex set V and (undirected) edge set E. Other authors [1,2,3,4,6] have previously introduced zeta functions attached to G in one and several variables. These all turned out to be the inverse of polynomials in the variables. The variables were associated to vertices and to edges of G. In [5], Stark and Terras introduced a multipath zeta function with variables associated to pairs of generators of the fundamental group of G. This zeta function depends only upon the rank of G (the rank of the fundamental group of G). Nevertheless, it was shown in [5] that the path variables could be specialized as monomials in the edge or vertex variables so as to yield all previously defined zeta functions of graphs.
Oscillations Arising in Numerical Experiments

We present some numerical experiments that illustrate the emergence of oscillatory behavior in solutions of a dispersive numerical scheme for the Hopf equation. These oscillations arise at the time that the classical solution of the Hopf equation develops a singularity. Modulation equations are derived for period-two oscillations and are found to have both a hyperbolic and an elliptic region; the period-two oscillatory solutions break down after they enter that region. This kind of phenomenon has not been observed for integrable schemes. In addition, when an envelope of modulated period-two oscillations develops a contact discontinuity, it is shown to be unstable to shifts in the underlying mesh by a fraction of a cell width.
Marginal treatment effects

In this chapter, we review policy evaluation and Heckman and Vytlacil’s [2005, 2007a] (HV) strategy for linking marginal treatment effects to other average treatment effects including policy-relevant treatment effects. Recent innovations in the treatment effects literature including dynamic and general equilibrium considerations are mentioned briefly but in-depth study of these matters is not pursued. HV’s marginal treatment effects strategy is applied to the regulated report precision setting introduced in chapter 2, discussed in chapter 10, and continued in the next chapter. This analysis highlights the relative importance of probability distribution assignment to unobservables and quality of instruments.
Synchronous Growth and Sporulation of Bacillus megaterium

Filtration of late log-phase cultures of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213 grown on defined sucrose salts medium (SS) or SS plus glutamate medium (SSG) through nine layers of Whatman no. 40 filter paper in a fritted-glass disc Buchner funnel resulted in filtrates containing cells which showed synchronous growth and proceeded to sporulation. SS cells completed one synchronous division after filtration; sporulation ensued after the cessation of growth. SSG cells completed two synchronous divisions and sporulation occurred during the second division. A high degree of synchrony of vegetative growth of SSG cells was evident by the stepwise pattern of growth, by the doubling of cell numbers at each division, the high division index, and by the rapid formation of sporulation cell types and homogeneity of cell types in the filtered cultures when compared with asynchronous cultures. Because the described system gives both good growth and sporulation synchrony, the method should be useful in delineating early events in sporulation and their regulation.
Moving-Target TSP and Related Problems

Previous literature on the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) assumed that the sites to be visited are stationary. Motivated by practical applications, we introduce a time-dependent generalization of TSP which we call Moving-Target TSP, where a pursuer must intercept in minimum time a set of targets which move with constant velocities. We propose approximate and exact algorithms for several natural variants of Moving-Target TSP. Our implementation is available on the Web.
DD1: A QDI, Radiation-Hard-by-Design, Near-Threshold 18uW/MIPS Microcontroller in 40nm Bulk CMOS

This paper describes DD1, an asynchronous radiation-hard 8-bit AVR (R) microcontroller (MCU) implemented in TSMC 40LP, a low-power bulk 40nm CMOS process. Designed for extreme reliability, DD1 uses quasi-delay-insensitive (QDI) asynchronous logic and contains full-custom radiation-hard memories and logic cells. The chip was found fully functional on first silicon over a range of operating voltages from near-threshold (500mV) to above the nominal VDD (1.1V). It qualifies as both ultra-low power (<100a#x03BC;W/MHz) and radiationhard by design. At 550mV the MCU operates at 1MIPS with a power consumption of 18a#x03BC;W/MIPS. At 1.1V it runs at 20MIPS consuming 75a#x03BC;W/MIPS (1.5mW total). After extensive testing, it was found to be total-dose and latch-up immune and has an upset immunity of 2E-6 SEE/device-day (CREME96 geosynchronous near-earth orbit).
Topological superconducting state and Majorana fermions in carbon nanotubes

We show that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are good candidates for one-dimensional topological superconductivity with Majorana fermions (MFs) localized at the tube ends. Such states can potentially be useful for topological quantum computation using a nanotube network. The physics behind topological superconductivity in CNTs is novel and mediated by a recently reported curvature-induced spin-orbit coupling which itself has a topological origin. In addition to the spin-orbit coupling, an important new requirement for a robust topological state is broken chirality symmetry. We use topological arguments, calculations of the topological gap, and explicit numerical solutions of the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations to show that, for recently reported strengths of spin-orbit coupling and broken chirality symmetry, MFs and a robust topological gap $\ensuremath{\sim}$500 mK are achievable in chiral carbon nanotubes.
Karyotype and Genome Evolution in Pteridophytes

Although genomics is a field often discussed as a recent development brought upon by the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the roots of genomics extend to at least the early twentieth century. Rather than running a gel or assembling sequence reads on a server, early cytologists squashed and stained actively dividing cells and viewed them under a microscope to reveal a variety of chromosome features including numbers, sizes, and pairing behavior. These data revolutionized our perspective of plant species, and provoked numerous questions about genome evolution, some of which endure today. Among these long-standing questions is how the high chromosome numbers of homosporous ferns and lycophytes evolved and are maintained.
Abstract 463: Induction of Smooth Muscle-specific Deletion of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Adult Mice Augments Angiotensin II Vascular Pathologies

Objective: Low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) deletion in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during embryonic development augments angiotensin (Ang) II induced aneurysm formation in the ascending aorta and superior mesenteric artery. However, these studies have the potential confounding issue of LRP1 deficiency causing structural changes to arteries that may be the basis for this augmented pathology. The purpose of this study was to determine whether AngII-induced vascular changes were influenced when LRP1 deletion occurred in adult mice. Methods and Results: To temporally delete LRP1 in SMCs, we used a tamoxifen (tam)-dependent Cre (ERT2) recombinase under the control of a mouse smooth muscle cell actin (SMA) gene. SMA-ERT2-Cre +/0 males containing the ROSA26 reporter were bred to LRP1 floxed female mice to develop SMA-ERT2-Cre 0/0 and +/0 LRP1 x ROSA26 mice. SMC-specific deficiency of LRP1 was induced in mature mice via an injection of an ERT2 ligand, tam (1.5 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days). Non- transgenic littermates were also injected with tam. Tam injections in mice expressing ERT2-Cre led to uniform staining of β-galactosidase in medial SMCs of the aorta and arteries. LRP1 was deleted effectively from SMCs in ERT2-Cre expressing mice as demonstrated by Western blotting of aortic medial extracts. AngII (1,000 ng/kg/min) was infused via mini-osmotic pumps for 28 days into tam-injected mice that were either ERT2-Cre 0/0 or +/0. Consistent with constitutive SMC deletion, SMC LRP1 deletion in mature mice had no effect on dilation of the suprarenal aorta, but augmented expansion of the thoracic aorta and superior mesenteric artery in both male and female mice. Conclusion: Consistent with constitutive deletion, SMC LRP1 deletion in mature mice resulted in augmentation of AngII-induced thoracic aortic and superior mesenteric arterial aneurysms. These results demonstrate that undefined ligands acting at LRP1 are responsible for site-specific AngII-induced vascular pathologies.
Feminism and the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge

Feminist science studies and the sociology of scientific knowledge have emerged within the past twenty years as explicit challenges to the epistemological individualism that still predominates within most philosophy of science. The “Strong Programme” for the sociology of scientific knowledge was put forward first, to provide distinctively sociological explanations for the diversity of human beliefs about the natural world.1 Whereas earlier programs in the sociology of knowledge had exempted the natural sciences and mathematics from their purview, and the dominant Mertonian approaches to the sociology of science had confined their studies to scientific institutions, motivations, and organizational norms, the new sociologists proposed to explain the content of scientific knowledge in the same way that they would explain any other systems of beliefs and practices. To do otherwise, they often argued, would invoke a scientifically unjustifiable a-priori decision to exempt the sciences from empirical sociological investigation. Indeed, they called for a methodological commitment to some form of epistemological relativism to prevent centuries of cultural admiration for and epistemic deference to science from prejudicing sociological inquiry.
Cloning of the bovine plasma selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GP) cDNA from the ocular ciliary epithelium : expression of the plasma and cellular forms within the mammalian eye

In the anterior segment of the mammalian eye, the ocular ciliary epithelium produces the aqueous humor, a fluid that nourishes and protects the avascular tissues from oxidative stress. This report details the results of a study of molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression of plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx-P) from the bovine ocular ciliary epithelium. The bovine GPx-P cDNA contains an open reading frame of 226 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 24,860. The corresponding amino acid sequence showed an overall identity of 88% with the human GPx-P, 88.5% with the rat GPx-P, and 46.4% with the cellular bovine glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1). The levels of GPx-P and GPx-1 transcripts in ocular tissues were analyzed and the ciliary epithelium was found to express the highest levels of GPx-P transcripts in human and bovine eyes, whereas the cornea of calf eyes expressed the highest levels of GPx-1 transcripts. Surprisingly, the lens, on which oxidants have profound effects leading to cataract formation, expressed the lowest levels of GPx-P and GPx-1 transcripts in human donor eyes. These results provide new evidence of differential gene expression of the GPx-P and GPx-1 forms in the mammalian eye and stresses the functional role of the ocular ciliary epithelium in protecting the anterior segment of the eye from oxidative damage.
Quantification of Cell and Cellulase Mass Concentrations during Anaerobic Cellulose Fermentation: Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay-Based Method with Application to Clostridium thermocellum Batch Cultures

A methodology was developed to determine the mass concentrations of cellulase and cells applicable to studies of microbial cellulose utilization in systems for which a substantial fraction of cellulase is cell-associated. Antibodies raised against a 14-amino acid synthetic peptide with sequence taken from the cohesin domain of the scaffoldin protein of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 were used to develop an indirect ELISA protocol. Six cellulase calibration standards were prepared using affinity digestion (Morag, E.; Bayer, E. A.; Lamed, R. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1992, 14, 289−292.). These included supernatant and pellet samples from an Avicel-grown culture with fractional cellulose conversion (χ) = 0.98, as well as supernatant, pellet, cell-associated, and cellulose-associated samples from an Avicel-grown culture with χ = 0.8. All six standards displayed a very similar absorbance versus concentration relationship when subjected to ELISA, essentially identical SDS−PAGE banding patterns, and similar c...
Through-plane uniformity of optical anisotropy in spin-coated biphenyl dianhydride-p-phenylenediamine films

The uniformity of the average refractive index and birefringence of poly-(biphenyl dianhydride-p-phenylenediamine) (BPDA-PDA) films has been investigated experimentally as a function of film thickness. Spin-cast and cured BPDA-PDA films were thinned sequentially by reactive ion etching and the dependence of average refractive index and birefringence on the post-thinned film thickness was determined using a prism wave-guide coupler. Negligible changes in the average refractive index and the birefringence were observed as a result of the thinning process. These results confirm previous assumptions that assert uniform optical anisotropy in the through-plane direction for spin-cast BPDA-PDA films.
The 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 2-aminoperimidine hydrobromide

Abstract The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of 2-aminoperimidine hydrobromide, an example of a little-studied N -heterocyclic ring system, have been determined in dimethyl sulfoxide solution. In this solvent, contrary to some previous reports in the literature, both spectra show that the base is protonated on the ring nitrogen, rather than on the amino group. Chemical shifts and some coupling constants are reported.
Analyzing the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Report: Is New Better?

he recently released Executive Summary of theThird Report of the National Cholesterol Edu-cation Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection,Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Choles-terol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III [ATP III])summarizes an evidence-based report that expandson the clinical and scientiﬁc rationale for intensivecholesterol-lowering therapy in clinical practice. Rep-resenting 20 months of work by an expert panelcomprising 27 leading clinicians and researchers, theexecutive summary
Radiation from an open-ended waveguide with beam equalizer--A spectral domain analysis

A septum and an impedance matching post are used as a beam equalizer in an open-ended waveguide feed for reflectors used in satellite communications systems. The performance of this design over a frequency band is evaluated using a spectral domain approach. The computed radiation patterns in the E - and H -planes, as well as the results for the impedance match are presented.
Imaging of large-k phonons in InSb.

Acoustic phonons in InSb with wave vectors up to 30% of the zone boundary are observed to propagate ballistically over a 1 mm distance. An incoherent point source of these large-k phonons gives rise to a distinct pattern of caustics, as detected by phonon imaging. This phonon-focusing pattern is obtained using a frequency-selective phonon detector---a Pb superconducting tunnel junction which is sensitive to frequencies above 650 GHz. The phonon image for these high-frequency phonons is markedly different from that obtained for longer path lengths using an Al bolometer, in an experiment which emphasizes lower frequencies (\ensuremath{\sim}300 GHz). The dispersive phonon image is compared to Monte Carlo simulations employing various lattice-dynamics models as input. Shell, dipole, rigid, and bond-charge (BCM) models with parameters previously optimized for neutron scattering data each predict quite distinct phonon-focusing patterns. Qualitatively, the BCM model agrees best with the phonon-imaging data; however, no effort has been made to adjust the many lattice-dynamics parameters of each model. The dispersive phonon images are in agreement with a Monte Carlo calculation which includes phonon scattering from isotopic defects. The combined effects of isotope scattering in the bulk crystal and frequency selectivity of the Pb tunnel junction result in a quasimonochromatic subset of detected phonons with a frequency distribution that is relatively independent of the heat-source distribution.
The influences of normative information on human judgmental processes

Ninety-seven Ss were exposed to bogus information of how others rated politicians for the intelligence required and social usefulness of the profession. Four dependent measures of this situation were investigated: conformity toward the bogus information, attitude change, restructuring the meaning of the situation, and awareness of the deception manipulations. The effectiveness of peer-group sources for influencing judgments in college students was demonstrated. The data indicated substantial attitude change and no significant restructuring of the situation. The pattern of findings supports a cognitive-anchoring interpretation for the influence of normative information on judgmental processes. There was no indication that any S was suspicious of the methods employed.
PULSATILE FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES WITH AORTIC AND MITRAL MECHANICAL VALVE PROSTHESES

Pulsatile, in vitro flow visualization results are reported for aortic and mitral mechanical heart valve prostheses. Experiments were conducted in the Georgia Tech left heart pulse duplicator system. These studies give a clear picture of the complex flow phenomena caused by the prosthetic valves during various periods in the heart cycle. This overall picture helps to better interpret more detailed results obtained from LDA velocity and turbulence measurements, and pathologic studies. In addition, these clear pictures should help in interpreting the much less clear Color Doppler Row Mapping pictures. The prosthetic valves studied in the aortic position were: Starr-Edwards ball (1260), Smeloff ball, Bjork-Shiley tilting-disc, Medtronic-Hall tilting-disc, and St. Jude bi-leaflet; and in the mitral position were: Starr-Edwards ball (6120), Beall caged-disc, Bjork-Shiley tilting-disc, Medtronic-Hall tilting-disc, and St. Jude bi-leaflet.
Visual Cortex Modulates the Magnitude but Not the Selectivity of Looming-Evoked Responses in the Superior Colliculus of Awake Mice

Neural circuits in the brain often receive inputs from multiple sources, such as the bottom-up input from early processing stages and the top-down input from higher-order areas. Here we study the function of top-down input in the mouse superior colliculus (SC), which receives convergent inputs from the retina and visual cortex. Neurons in the superficial SC display robust responses and speed tuning to looming stimuli that mimic approaching objects. The looming-evoked responses are reduced by almost half when the visual cortex is optogenetically silenced in awake, but not in anesthetized, mice. Silencing the cortex does not change the looming speed tuning of SC neurons, or the response time course, except at the lowest tested speed. Furthermore, the regulation of SC responses by the corticotectal input is organized retinotopically. This effect we revealed may thus provide a potential substrate for the cortex, an evolutionarily new structure, to modulate SC-mediated visual behaviors.
Between-subject and within-subject Statistical Information in Dental Research

The evaluation of risk factors in dental research frequently uses observations at multiple sites in the same patient. For this reason, statistical methods that accommodate correlated data are generally used to assess the significance of the risk factors (e.g., generalized estimating equations, generalized linear mixed models). In applications of these methods, it is typically assumed (implicitly, if not explicitly) that between-subject and within-subject comparisons will produce the same estimated effect of the risk factor. When between- and within-subject comparisons conflict, the statistical methods can give biased estimates or results that are difficult to interpret. For illustration, we present two examples from periodontal disease studies in which different statistical methods give different estimates and significance levels for a risk factor. Statistical analyses in dental research should assess whether different sources of information give similar conclusions about risk factors or treatments.
Pemphigus Vegetans Occurring in a Split‐Thickness Skin Graft

Background Pemphigus vegetans, a variant of pemphigus vulgaris, most commonly occurs in the flexural area. Objective To describe an unusual case of pemphigus vegetans occurring in a skin graft recipient site and to discuss the possible etiology. Methods We present a 41-year-old man who developed vegetating plaques from the graft recipient site of his left leg for 8 months. Results Based on the histopathologic findings of a skin biopsy, this case was diagnosed as pemphigus vegetans. The patient's condition was successfully treated with systemic corticosteroids and acitretin. Conclusion Our case is unique in its presentation of pemphigus vegetans shortly after a split-thickness skin graft. Physicians should be aware of this entity while differentiating cutaneous lesions arising from a skin graft. YU-HUEI HUANG, MD, SHU-HUI WANG, MD, TSENG-TONG KUO, MD, PHD, AND CHING-CHI CHI, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Preparing occupational therapy students to make moral decisions.

ABSTRACTThere is growing awareness that moral distress has negative consequences for health care practitioners. The preparedness of future occupational therapists to make moral decisions needs to be addressed. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine how moral reasoning changes during occupational therapy education. A repeated cross-sectional design was used to collect data from students enrolled in a 5-year entry-level professional program. For students in this study, a type of moral reasoning based on rules and social order was preferred over a type of moral reasoning based on abstract ideals. The consequences for moral distress and implications for occupational therapy education were discussed.
American Cancer Society Perspectives on Environmental Factors and Cancer

Cancer prevention is central to the mission of the American Cancer Society (ACS). The ACS's prevention activities take many forms, but are primarily focused on modifiable risk factors that have been demonstrated to have the largest impact on cancer risk in the general population (with particular emphasis on tobacco use because of its large impact on cancer), and well-proven policy and program interventions. The ACS addresses nutrition, physical inactivity and obesity, alcohol consumption, excessive sun exposure, prevention of certain chronic infections, and selected other environmental factors through a variety of venues, including consensus guidelines (eg, nutrition and physical activity, human papillomavirus vaccination) and developing educational materials for health care providers and the general public. In contrast to the broad definition of environmental factors used by the ACS and most other public health agencies, some members of the general public associate the term "environmental" only with toxic air and water pollutants and other, predominantly manmade, hazards that people encounter, often involuntarily, in their daily life. This article will provide an overview of the ACS's approach to the prevention of cancer associated with such toxic pollutants in the context of its mission and priorities with respect to cancer prevention.
X-ray photoelectron spectrum of U(4f) in condensates from UF4 and ion bombarded UF4; spectrum of UF3☆

Abstract The 4f 7/2 orbital electrons in condensates and ion bombarded powders of UF 4 have been investigated with XPS. In both cases the intensity at 382 eV decreases and that at 379 eV increases. The intensities of the 5f electrons are constant. The peak at 379 eV is assigned to UF 3 .