cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bending Moments in Free-Swimming Flagella

The bending of a flagellum, such as the flagellum which forms the tail of a sea-urchin spermatozoon, is the result of active mechanochemical processes occurring within the flagellum itself, which cause it to bend actively throughout its length (Gray, 1955; Machin, 1958). To understand how flagella operate, we must understand not only the mechanisms which generate bending, but also the control mechanisms which initiate and coordinate the active bending of different parts of the flagellum in order to generate smoothly propagated bending waves which will efficiently propel a cell.
Practice-Based Research Priorities for Palliative Care: Results From a Research-to-Practice Consensus Workshop

We employed the research-to-practice consensus workshop (RTP; workshops held in New York City and Tompkins County, New York, in 2013) model to merge researcher and practitioner views of translational research priorities in palliative care. In the RTP approach, a diverse group of frontline providers generates a research agenda for palliative care in collaboration with researchers. We have presented the major workshop recommendations and contrasted the practice-based research priorities with those of previous consensus efforts. We uncovered notable differences and found that the RTP model can produce unique insights into research priorities. Integrating practitioner-identified needs into research priorities for palliative care can contribute to addressing palliative care more effectively as a public health issue.
Teaching Experience for the School Counselor

Does the counselor with teaching experience per form more satisfactorily than the counselor without such a background? To learn more about this issue, the authors conducted a study to determine whe...
Homeless Young People’s Experiences of Caregiver Rejection

This paper explores the dynamics of caregiver rejection experienced by 40 homeless young adults 19–21 years of age. Using qualitative interviews, our findings reveal that nearly all of the youth reported at least one type of familial rejection that was intertwined with wider household conflict, and several youth experienced multiple types of rejection. Many young people reported “feeling like an outsider,” as they felt marginalized by family members and perceived a sense of outsiderness within their family networks. Some youth cited rejection when they were “betrayed by a primary caregiver for a significant other.” These intimate partners, such as a boyfriend, girlfriend or stepparent, often abused the young person, which exacerbated their experiences with caregiver rejection. Numerous youth were “pushed into institutional living,” such as foster care or group homes, at the behest of their primary caregivers, which stemmed from familial discord and behavioral issues on the part of the young person. In the most explicit form of rejection, youth were “kicked out by a caregiver” and subsequently entered into street life when they had nowhere else to go. Implications of these experiences are discussed, which can impact homeless young people’s future life chances as they attempt to exit the street.
The Significance of Power and the Power of Significance: Recommendations for Occupational Therapy Research:

Research in the behavioral and social sciences including occupational therapy has been shown to be associated with low statistical power and a high rate of Type II experimental errors. Three method...
gNCA: A framework for determining transcription factor activity based on transcriptome: identifiability and numerical implementation

Network Component Analysis (NCA) is a network structure-driven framework for deducing regulatory signal dynamics. In contrast to classical approaches such as principal component analysis or independent component analysis, NCA makes use of the connectivity structure from transcriptional regulatory networks to restrict the decomposition to a unique solution. However, the existing version of NCA cannot incorporate information beyond the network topology such as information obtained from regulatory gene knockouts that constrain the dynamics of regulatory signals. The ability of incorporating such information enables a more accurate and self-consistent analysis over different experiments and extends NCA to systems that may not satisfy the identifiability criteria of NCA. In this paper, we derive a generalized form of NCA, gNCA, which significantly expands the capability of transcription network analysis by incorporating regulatory signal constraints arising from genetic knockouts. The theoretical bases including criteria for uniqueness of solution and distinguishability between networks are derived. In addition, numerical techniques for robust decomposition are discussed. gNCA is then demonstrated using an Escherichia coli wild-type strain and an isogenic arcA deletion mutant during a carbon source transition.
Trends, complications, and mortality in peripheral vascular surgery.

Background The recent evolution in treatments for peripheral vascular disease has dated available mortality statistics for vascular intervention. Moreover, many of our current mortality statistics are derived from single-institution studies that are often not reflective of outcomes in general practice. To provide current and generalizable data regarding mortality and trends for peripheral vascular interventions, we examined two national data sets (Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 1998-2003, and National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1979-2003) and four states (New York, California, Florida, and New Jersey, 1998-2003). Methods Four procedures—abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (nonruptured), lower extremity revascularization, amputation, and carotid revascularization—were selected by cross-referencing International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, diagnostic and procedural codes. For significance, the t test was used for continuous variables, the χ 2 test was used for dichotomous variables, and the χ 2 test was used for mortality trends. Results From 1998 to 2003, there was a progressive decrease in the national per capita rate of amputations: 13.2% overall and 21.2% for major amputations ( P P Conclusions Dramatic shifts in the management of peripheral vascular disease have occurred together with an overall decline in mortality. There seems to be a significant mortality advantage for endovascular as compared with traditional surgery except for carotid endarterectomy. The increasing safety of vascular interventions should be considered when deciding which patients to treat but with the caveat that endovascular interventions are not always safer than open repair.
Comparison of methods to classify and quantify free and bound states of complexes using single molecule fluorescence anisotropy.

Steady-state single molecule fluorescence anisotropy (SMFA) is described to quantify free and bound probe molecules from a Biotin–Neutravidin complexation reaction. By formulating a ratio of bound to the total number of molecules sampled (Nb/Nt ratio) we quantified the extent of binding. We report on a comparison of three methods to extract fluorescent bursts from single molecules from a ten-minute time trace. The impact on the Nb/Nt ratio using either anisotropy values alone or anisotropy values combined with the difference in detector counts (Δn) were investigated. The data analysis methods reduced the random error due to scatter. Biotin-Rhodamine 110 (BR110) was used as the labeled probe for these studies. Neutravidin was used as the target protein. A competitive reaction between labeled BR110 probe and unlabeled Biotin was also investigated. The use of steady-state SMFA as a tool to probe molecular complexation will be useful in performing sensitive immunoassays, in drug discovery to investigate and enhance the binding of drugs to their substrates, and to study other molecular interactions.
Evoked potential testing in relatives of multiple sclerosis patients.

Evoked potential (EP) tests were obtained in 110 neurologically normal first-degree relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis. Visual EP tests were performed in all relatives; brainstem auditory and median nerve somatosensory EP tests were performed in 67 relatives. The relatives had a mean visual EP P100 latency that was significantly longer than that for normal subjects controlled for age and gender. Asymmetries were seen in results from individual MS relatives, including interocular visual EP P100 differences of up to 14 ms, and interarm somatosensory Erb-N18 differences of up to 3.0 ms. We identified 19 pairs of patients and relatives who were HLA identical and 18 other pairs who were HLA double nonmatched. EP asymmetries were seen more often in the HLA identical siblings than in the HLA double nonmatched siblings. This suggests that subclinical, focal, and electrophysiological changes do occur in relatives of MS patients, especially if they share HLA types with the patients. Since less than 2% of siblings of MS patients would be expected to eventually develop clinical MS, these small subclinical electrophysiological changes are not expected to be a sign of the future appearance of clinical MS. Clinicians should be aware not to overinterpret small EP changes in relatives of MS patients.
Band structures of nonmagnetic transition-metal oxides: PdO and PtO.

The electronic band structures of PdO and PtO are calculated using the augmented-spherical-wave method and the local-density approximation. Our results are consistent with the widely held view of these materials as conventional band insulators with the crystal-field splitting of metal d states primarily responsible for gap formation. A significant role for correlation effects as well cannot be ruled out. The predicted valence-band structure for PdO agrees well with published photoemission data. The electronic structure of PtO is qualitatively similar. In both cases the calculated gap is direct and occurs at the M point of the Brillouin zone. The magnitude of the gap is found to be larger in PtO, which we attribute to the more relativistic nature of Pt compared to Pd.
The roles and regulation of Polycomb complexes in neural development

In the developing mammalian nervous system, common progenitors integrate both cell extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory programs to produce distinct neuronal and glial cell types as development proceeds. This spatiotemporal restriction of neural progenitor differentiation is enforced, in part, by the dynamic reorganization of chromatin into repressive domains by Polycomb repressive complexes, effectively limiting the expression of fate-determining genes. Here, we review the distinct roles that Polycomb repressive complexes play during neurogenesis and gliogenesis, while also highlighting recent work describing the molecular mechanisms that govern their dynamic activity in neural development. Further investigation of the way in which Polycomb complexes are regulated in neural development will enable more precise manipulation of neural progenitor differentiation facilitating the efficient generation of specific neuronal and glial cell types for many biological applications.
Endoscopy and retrograde cholangiography via gastrostomy

The versatility of modern fiberoptic endoscopes combined with the ingenuity of endoscopists frequently results in unique solutions to difficult clinical problems.'-] This report describes the use of a gastrostomy stoma for endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract and retrograde cannulation of the papilla of Vater. CASE REPORT A 67 year old man was admitted to the Manhattan Veterans Administration Hospital complaining of intermittent upper abdominal pain. Six years before admission, an adenocarcinoma of the floor of the mouth and tongue was treated with radiotherapy and a right hemiglossectomy, mandibulectomy, radical neck dissection, and tracheostomy. The postoperative course was complicated by radiation stricture of the proximal esophagus, dysphagia and repeated episodes of aspiration pneumonia. A permanent feeding gastrostomy was created. On admission, physical examination revealed a thin, icteric man with a temperature of 101° F. The lungs were clear. The liver edge was palpable at the right costal margin and was slightly tender. The gastrostomy stoma in the left upper quadrant was fitted with a 24 French (Fr) scale feeding tube (outer diameter, 8 mm). The hematocrit was 42% and the white blood cell count was 3800 with a normal differential count. The total serum bilirubin was 9.2 mg (6.3 mg conjugated), alkaline phosphatase, 225 International Units (IU, normal, 30-85), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, 155 IU (normal, 15-50), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, 90 IU (normal, 13-26) and the Australia antigen was negative. The urine was positive for bile and urobilinogen. Because of persistent cholestasis and increasing abdominal pain, endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the papilla of Vater was performed on the sixth hospital day.
Dynamic pair bonds in hylobatids: implications regarding monogamous social systems

Descriptions of monogamy in the gibbons (Hylobates spp., Hylobatidae) have generally emphasized features derived from inference rather than direct observation: 1) adults mate for life; 2) the genetic structure of groups corresponds with a ''nuclear family'' pattern of parents and their mutual offspring; 3) first mate acquisition is achieved when two ncwly dispersed, unaccompanied, young adults of opposite sex establish a new pair and territory together. The six-year history of mating associations of adults in three groups of sympatric, wild siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) and three groups of white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) at the Ketambe Research Station (Sumatra, Indonesia) challenge the generality of these assumptions. These longitudinal sociodemographic data suggest that gibbon pair bonds are not necessarily life-long and that adults may leave mates permanently or temporarily, sometimes in order to exploit new reproductive opportunities. Of 11 heterosexual pair bonds that existed at some time during the study, only two were terminated by death of one adult, whereas five were terminated when one adult left its current mate. In some cases, the ''deserting'' individual left its mate and joined a neighboring adult of opposite sex who had recently lost its own mate through death or desertion. This turnover in pair bond membership generated stable, ''non-nuclear'' family groups in which the replacement mate was not the parent of the resident nonadults. Mechanisms of mate acquistion observed at Ketambe included two processes that may also promote non-nuclear families. A young adult may obtain its first mate by: 1) replacing an adult of the same sex in a neighboring group or in the group in which it resides; 2) establishing a new pair bond (and territory) with another unmated young adult of opposite sex who is, however, accompanied in dispersal by juvenile conspecifics from its group. Finally, observed extra-pair copulations (in siamang) suggested an additional, but as yet unspecified potential for variable relatedness between adult males and resident nonadults. Review of other long-term histories of pair bonds in wild gibbons and of studies of socio-sexual behavior in captivity reinforce the conclusion that the apparent temporal stability and underlying behavioral inflexibility of pair bonds has been over-emphasized. Although data on behavior and reproduction are limited, they nevertheless suggest strongly that the mating and social systems of these monogamous primates are considerably more dynamic and complex than previously appreciated.
Empirical investigation of size-based tournaments for node selection in genetic programming

In genetic programming systems, genetic operators must select nodes upon which to act; the method by which they select nodes influences problem solving performance and possibly also code growth. A recently proposed node selection method using "size-based tournaments" has been shown to have potential, but variations of the method have not been studied systematically. Here we extend the ideas of size-based tournaments and test how they can improve problem-solving performance. We consider allowing tournament size to depend on whether we are selecting nodes within "donors" for crossover, "recipients" for crossover, or targets of mutation. We also consider tournaments that bias selection toward smaller trees rather than larger trees. We find that differentiating between donors and recipients is probably not worthwhile and that size 2 tournaments perform near-optimally.
Chemically durable iron phosphate glass wasteforms

Up to 40 wt% of a simulated high level waste, whose major components were 54.6 wt% Na2O, 14.9 wt% P2O5 and 8.3 wt% Fe2O3, was successfully vitrified into iron phosphate wasteforms whose chemical durability was equivalent to that of borosilicate glass wasteforms. Because of their high fluidity, the iron phosphate wasteforms could be melted in as little as 30 min at temperatures between 1015°C and 1200°C. The addition of 3–7 wt% CaF2 to the batch decreased the melting time and temperature, by as much as 100°C, and improved the chemical durability, especially for crystallized iron phosphate wasteforms. Iron phosphate wasteforms are concluded to be a practical alternative for vitrifying those nuclear wastes not well suited for borosilicate glasses.
Unstable angina secondary to left main coronary thrombus extending from prosthetic aortic valve

Embolic complications due to prosthetic heart valves are common. The present report documents a left main coronary artery thrombus extending from a Starr Edward's aortic ball valve prosthesis 22 years after its placement. It resulted in unstable angina and a small myocardial infarction. This rare complication illustrates the importance of adequate anticoagulation.
The Resurrection of Taylorism: Total Quality Management’s Hidden Agenda

Looks at the historical roots of TQM. Finds that TQM, while popularly attributed to W. Edwards Deming, can be linked in Japan to 1920s industrialization and to the importation of Taylor’s philosophy. Posits that TQM’s neo‐modernism. Concludes with post‐TQM ideas for managing change.
Structural Factors that Influence the Course of Overall [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions between Imidozirconocene Complexes and Heterocumulenes

A study has been carried out to examine the factors that influence the overall [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between imidozirconocene complexes Cp2(THF)ZrNR (R = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3, 2,6-Me2C6H3, t-Bu) and small, unsaturated organic molecules. Steric factors in the cycloaddition reactions investigated were found to be significant in both the imido fragment and the heterocumulene reactant partner. When Cp2(THF)ZrNR (R = 2,6-Me2C6H3) was treated with symmetrical carbodiimides RNCNR (R = t-Bu, i-Pr, SiMe3, cyclohexyl, p-tolyl), the corresponding diazametallacycles formed in high yields. However, with the more sterically encumbered zirconocene imido complex Cp2(THF)ZrNR (R = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3), diazametallacycle formation was observed only with the heterocumulenes 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide, 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and 1,3-di-p-tolylcarbodiimide. The 16-electron diazametallacyle Cp2Zr(N(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)CN(Tol)N(Tol)) (9c) underwent rearrangement of the Zr−N bound moiety upon heating, forming a new metallacycle w...
The importance of place : Using local-focus videos to spark the sociological imagination

C. Wright Mills argued that people must understand that they do not exist in a vacuum, but that their values, beliefs, and behaviours are influenced by the particular time and place in which they themselves exist. The development of this sociological imagination, as Mills called it, is a key goal for every sociology class. The sociology instructor provides students with a framework for analyzing how the sociohistoric context in which they live informs their individual choices and chances. By appliying sociological concepts to their everyday lives, students increase their sociological imagination. In this paper I propose a teaching technique that uses videos featuring local issues to build upon students' connections to place; the use of local-focus videos allows students to apply sociological concepts to their everyday lives, thus enhancing their sociological imagination.
The Outcome of Limited-Stage Plasmablastic Lymphoma Treated With and Without Radiation Therapy: A Single-Institutional Experience

Purpose/Objective(s): To quantify the risks of acute and late ophthalmic toxicity in lymphoma patients receiving radiation therapy (RT) to ocular or periorbital structures, and to identify dosimetric factors predictive of these risks. Materials/Methods: The study population included 30 consecutive lymphoma patients who received radiation therapy to ocular or periorbital structures at our institution from 2004 to 2010. Dose-volume histograms and dosimetric data were generated for the lacrimal glands, lenses, globes and orbits bilaterally. Radiation-related toxicities including conjunctivitis, xerophthalmia and cataracts were collected from the medical record and adverse effects were graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize dosimetric factors and the distribution of toxicities. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 65 (range, 31 to 89). Marginal zone lymphoma was the most common histology (10 cases), followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (6 cases). 11 patients (37%) received treatment to the bilateral orbits. 3D conformal therapy was used in all cases, including intensity-modulated radiation therapy in 3 cases. The median prescribed dose was 2750 cGy (range, 1980 cGy to 5000 cGy). At a median follow up of 51 months, there were no local relapses. Within the first 6 months after initiating radiation therapy, 3 patients (10%) experienced grade 2 ophthalmic toxicity comprising acute conjunctivitis or xerophthalmia. Beyond 6 months, 17 patients (57%) subsequently manifested late grade 2 toxicity comprising xerophthalmia requiring intervention or cataracts requiring surgery. There was no correlation between maximum lens dose (range 7 cGy e 3967 cGy) and the development of cataracts in the study cohort (p Z 0.42). Beyond 6 months, the lacrimal gland V5 and globe V10 were significantly correlated with the development of late xerophthalmia and grade 2 toxicity. V5 covering the entire (100%) lacrimal gland and V10 covering the entire globe were associated with late xerophthalmia (p Z 0.03 and p Z 0.006, respectively) and with the development of grade 2 toxicity (p Z 0.003 and p Z 0.005, respectively). The median globe V10 was 39.8% for patients without late xerophthalmia, in contrast to 100% for those who did develop late xerophthalmia (p Z 0.006). Conclusions: In patients receiving radiation therapy for ocular adnexal or periorbital lymphoma, attempts to spare part of the lacrimal gland and limit the globe V10 to less than 40% may reduce the risk of late xeropthalmia. Author Disclosure: L.Z. Braunstein: None. Y. Chen: None. S.W. Lee: None. P.M. Mauch: None. A.K. Ng: None.
Estimates of dietary exposure to aluminium.

Daily intakes of aluminium were estimated for 14 age—sex groups based on the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Total Diet Study dietary exposure model. The aluminium content of the core foods of the FDA Total Diet Study were determined by analyses, recipe calculation, or literature values and coupled with information on food consumption from the 1987–88 US Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Estimates of aluminium intakes ranged from 0.7mg/day for 6–11‐month‐old infants to 11.5mg/day for 14–16‐year‐old males. Average intakes for adult men and women were 8–9 and 7mg/day, respectively. The major contributors to daily intake of aluminium were foods with aluminium‐containing food additives, e.g. grain products and processed cheese.
Colloquium 4 Glaucon’s Fate: Plato’s Republic and the Drama of the Soul

I argue that the internal evidence of the Republic supports a conjecture first advanced by the historian Mark Munn: Glaucon was an accomplice of the so-called Thirty Tyrants who most likely died at the side of his relatives Critias and Charmides in the Battle of Munychia. If Munn is right, the Republic must be read as a poignant philosophical drama, the tragedy of Socrates’ unsuccessful struggle to save Plato’s brother from the corrupting influence of his family and his city. This perspective raises important questions about the nature and limits of Socrates’ philosophical pedagogy, which must in turn be seen within the context of the dialogue’s symbolic and mythical representation of the cosmic moral drama of the soul.
Orthotopic mouse models for the preclinical and translational study of targeted therapies against metastatic human thyroid carcinoma with BRAF V600E or wild-type BRAF

Molecular signature of advanced and metastatic thyroid carcinoma involves deregulation of multiple fundamental pathways activated in the tumor microenvironment. They include BRAFV600E and AKT that affect tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. Human thyroid cancer orthotopic mouse models are based on human cell lines that generally harbor genetic alterations found in human thyroid cancers. They can reproduce in vivo and in situ (into the thyroid) many features of aggressive and refractory human advanced thyroid carcinomas, including local invasion and metastasis. Humanized orthotopic mouse models seem to be ideal and commonly used for preclinical and translational studies of compounds and therapies not only because they may mimic key aspects of human diseases (e.g. metastasis), but also for their reproducibility. In addition, they might provide the possibility to evaluate systemic effects of treatments. So far, human thyroid cancer in vivo models were mainly used to test single compounds, non selective and selective. Despite the greater antitumor activity and lower toxicity obtained with different selective drugs in respect to non-selective ones, most of them are only able to delay disease progression, which ultimately could restart with similar aggressive behavior. Aggressive thyroid tumors (for example, anaplastic or poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma) carry several complex genetic alterations that are likely cooperating to promote disease progression and might confer resistance to single-compound approaches. Orthotopic models of human thyroid cancer also hold the potential to be good models for testing novel combinatorial therapies. In this article, we will summarize results on preclinical testing of selective and nonselective single compounds in orthotopic mouse models based on validated human thyroid cancer cell lines harboring the BRAFV600E mutation or with wild-type BRAF. Furthermore, we will discuss the potential use of this model also for combinatorial approaches, which are expected to take place in the upcoming human thyroid cancer basic and clinical research.
Nondeterminism can be causal

It is shown how a new type of model, based in the abstract properties of computational processes, provides both a mechanism and a novelcausal explanation for the nondeterminism observed in particle interactions. Related work shows that hidden variable theories are at the same time unacceptable.
Pathophysiologic effects of anatoxin-a(s) in anaesthetized rats: The influence of atropine and artificial respiration

The pathophysiologic effects of anatoxin-a(s) from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 were investigated in anaesthetized adult male Sprague Dawley rats given the toxin by continuous intravenous infusion until death. Rats (n = 6) pretreated with atropine sulfate (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally survived significantly longer (P less than 0.05) than non-atropinized rats (n = 6), suggesting that the muscarinic effects of anatoxin-a(s) were important in the lethal syndrome. In contrast to rats only given toxin, rats that were pretreated with atropine had a decrease in heart rate and mean blood pressure that followed profound reductions in respiratory tidal and minute volume, suggesting that neuromuscular blockade of the muscles of respiration was the cause of death. Even when survival time of rats was increased by pretreatment with atropine, phrenic nerve amplitude increased, indicating a lack of a depressive effect of anatoxin-a(s) on central mediation of respiration. Rats (n = 3) continuously ventilated during toxin infusion survived a dose more than 4 fold greater than a consistently lethal dose of the toxin. Thus, the cardiovascular effects of anatoxin-a(s) alone could not account for the death of rats. Electromyographic activity recorded from the diaphragms of rats (n = 5) during continuous toxin administration revealed an increase in muscular electrical activity that became more random and finally decreased prior to death, suggesting a toxin-induced neuromuscular blockade in vivo which ultimately was the cause of death of the anatoxin-a(s) dosed rats.
Women Psychiatrists: Personal and Professional Choices—A Survey

Objective: A survey of female psychiatrists’ personal and professional choices, their stress levels related to these choices, and their overall personal and professional satisfaction was conducted. Method: Members of the Association of Women Psychiatrists residing in the U.S. and Canada were anonymously surveyed. Results: Respondents with children spent significantly less time in career related activities, more time in family related activities, were more satisfied with their careers and with intimate relationships, and had less personal time than respondents without children. Respondents with academic affiliation reported significantly more satisfaction with their careers as a source of economic and personal reward, devoted more time to career related activities, less time to family, and were more stressed by current professional situation than women without academic appointment. Respondents without children and with academic affiliations reported the most stress in their current professional setting. Conclusions: Female psychiatrists who were able to combine children, intimate relationships, and academic involvement were the most satisfied of all groups.
Bistable mechanisms for morphing rotors

In this paper we explore the use of bistable mechanisms for rotor morphing, specifically, blade tip twist. The optimal blade twist distributions for hover and high-speed forward flight are very different, and the ability of the rotor to change effective twist is expected to be advantageous. Bistable or "snap-through" mechanisms have multiple stable equilibrium states and are a novel way to achieve large actuation output stroke at relatively modest effort for gross rotor morphing applications. This is because in addition to the large actuation stroke associated with the snap-through (relative to conventional actuator/ amplification systems) coming at relatively low actuation effort, no locking is required in either equilibrium state (since they are both stable). In this work, the performance of a bistable twisting device is evaluated under an aerodynamic lift load. The device is analyzed using finite element analysis to predict the device's load carrying capability and bistable behavior.
Data for cancer comparative effectiveness research: Past, present, and future potential

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) can efficiently and rapidly generate new scientific evidence and address knowledge gaps, reduce clinical uncertainty, and guide health care choices. Much of the potential in CER is driven by the application of novel methods to analyze existing data. Despite its potential, several challenges must be identified and overcome so that CER may be improved, accelerated, and expeditiously implemented into the broad spectrum of cancer care and clinical practice. To identify and characterize the challenges to cancer CER, the authors reviewed the literature and conducted semistructured interviews with 41 cancer CER researchers at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions about Effectiveness (DEcIDE) Cancer CER Consortium. Several data sets for cancer CER were identified and differentiated into an ontology of 8 categories and were characterized in terms of strengths, weaknesses, and utility. Several themes emerged during the development of this ontology and discussions with CER researchers. Dominant among them was accelerating cancer CER and promoting the acceptance of findings, which will necessitate transcending disciplinary silos to incorporate diverse perspectives and expertise. Multidisciplinary collaboration is required, including those with expertise in nonexperimental data, statistics, outcomes research, clinical trials, epidemiology, generalist and specialty medicine, survivorship, informatics, data, and methods, among others. Recommendations highlight the systematic, collaborative identification of critical measures; application of more rigorous study design and sampling methods; policy-level resolution of issues in data ownership, governance, access, and cost; and development and application of consistent standards for data security, privacy, and confidentiality.
Range and Movement of Resident Holdover and Hatchery Brown Trout Tagged with Radio Transmitters in the Farmington River, Connecticut

Abstract The 5.8-km West Branch Farmington River Trout Management Area (TMA) is one of Connecticut's premier catch-and-release fisheries for brown trout Salmo trutta. However, little is known about the behavior of brown trout in this system and to what extent brown trout emigrate from the TMA. The objectives of this study were to determine the movement, range, and emigration of resident holdover and newly stocked brown trout tagged with radio transmitters in the TMA. Transmitters were implanted into 22 first-year (mean total length = 314 mm) and 25 second-year (mean total length = 432 mm) holdover brown trout. Twenty catchable-size (mean total length = 290 mm) brown trout were also implanted with transmitters and released into the TMA. The mean range (distance between the extreme upstream and downstream locations) was greater for second-year holdover brown trout than for first-year holdover brown trout, and it was greater in fall than in winter. The movement (distance moved between successive locations) o...
Methylprednisolone inhibits pemphigus acantholysis in skin cultures

Glucocorticosteroids are used to treat patients with pemphigus, but the mechanism of action is unknown. We studied the effect of methylprednisolone on acantholysis induced in vitro by incubation of normal skin with plasma from a patient with pemphigus. Normal human breast skin was maintained in organ cultures for several days in Ham F-10 medium. Plasma from a patient with active pemphigus vulgaris caused suprabasilar epidermal acantholysis when added to this culture system. In control cultures (F-10 medium and fetal bovine serum), no acantholysis occurred. Acantholysis was prevented when breast skin was preincubated for 24 h in a 0.25 mM solution of methylprednisolone in F-10 medium and fetal bovine serum, suggesting that methylprednisolone directly inhibits acantholysis. No suppression of acantholysis occurred when the methylprednisolone was added to the culture system simultaneously with the pemphigus plasma, suggesting a time requirement for alteration of cellular events. The inhibition of acantholysis was not caused by cell death since methylprednisolone did not alter keratinocyte viability as determined by exclusion of trypan blue dye when keratinocytes were exposed to pemphigus plasma. Similarly, the inhibition of acantholysis was not due to dissolution, alteration, or coating of pemphigus antigen on epidermal cells, since the intercellular antibodies in the plasma bound as well to methylprednisolone-treated epidermis as to untreated epidermis.
Temperature, salinity and ultraviolet irradiation effects on the growth of strains of Nitzschia ovalis

Three strains of Nitzschia ovalis Arnott grew at temperatures from 15°–36°C and at salinities from 5–40‰ S Optimum growth occurred at combinations of 25°, 27.5° and 30°C and 25, 30 and 35‰S. This estuarine benthic diatom tolerates wide salinity and temperature conditions while demonstrating resistance to ultraviolet irradiation at 350 nm.
608 TIME SEQUENCE OF RBC PROTOPORPHYRIN (PP) ACCUMULATION IN LEAD POISONING

Lead intoxication in children deranges the last step in heme synthesis and results in the accumulation in the RBCs of protoporphyrin in the form of the Zn-chelate (ZnPP); some patients however exhibit an increased level of unchelated PP (Free PP). To evaluate the hypothesis that Free PP accumulates first and is later converted to ZnPP, the sequence of accumulation of the two PP types was followed in lead poisoned animals. Total PP, ZnPP, and Free PP were quantitated by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Three different species were used:rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. In rats and guinea pigs, increase in total PP was prompt (within 10 days) but modest (3× normal); in rabbits the increase in total PP was more marked (10× normal). Initially in all 3 species there was a rapid increase in Free PP, with a subsequent increase in ZnPP. During Pb intoxication, the relative concentration of the two types of PP was measured in RBCs separated according to age on density gradients. There was 4 times more Free PP than ZnPP in the youngest RBCs, while the oldest RBCs contained 3 times more ZnPP than Free PP. After Pb administration was discontinued the predominant PP species was ZnPP and the concentration of Free PP was minimal. These data indicate that the effect of Pb on heme synthesis results in initial accumulation of Free PP which later chelates Zn to form ZnPP. Extrapolation of these data to humans suggests that when in children both Free PP and ZnPP are present, the exposure to lead is recent.
Cardiac valve area formula for the assessment of aortic stenosis based upon evaluation of left ventricular wall stress in diastole

We have investigated the application of an hydraulic orifice equation employing aortic valve pressure gradient derived from ventricular diastolic wall stress measurements to estimate obstructive orifice area in aortic stenosis. The expression is given by A = SV square root (D/W)/(750t), where A is the aortic valve area in cm2, SV is the stroke volume in ml, D is the left ventricular minor axis dimension in diastole, W is the left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole and t is the systolic ejection period in sec. Valve areas computed by this expression using diastolic wall stress measurements correspond with valve areas derived from the Gorlin formula at a level characterized by a correlation coefficient of r = 0.95 and a standard error of SE = 0.16 cm2, N = 13 for a series of catheterization studies. All the parameters that enter the new expression may be estimated by conventional echocardiographic techniques.
Notes on confrontation in conversation

Having examined some examples of confrontation, we notice that there are certain structural elements common to them. They are a basic difference of opinion on some point, a “funnel-like” process which includes two yes/no questions or “invitations” which the confronted must complete properly, and a “punch line” that contradicts the confronted's initial statement.
A prescription of winograd's discrete Fourier transform algorithm

A detailed prescription of Winograd's DFT algorithm is presented with the aid of a summarizing table covering all cases and a set of tableaus describing the eight basic algorithms. The presentation is devoid of any theory or derivation. These are available in [3] from which the present paper has been extracted.
Outcomes in pacemaker-dependent patients upgraded from conventional pacemakers to cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillators.

Background Pacemaker-dependent patients with left ventricular dysfunction benefit from upgrade to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Those at low risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias may benefit similarly from upgrade to a CRT-defibrillator or CRT-pacemaker. Objective To determine whether coronary artery disease (CAD), because of associated scar that supports reentry, predicts higher risk of appropriate shocks in pacemaker-dependent patients upgraded to a CRT-defibrillator. Methods We grouped 157 pacemaker-dependent patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, no prior sustained ventricular arrhythmias, and conventional pacemakers upgraded to CRT-defibrillators according to the presence (n = 75) or absence (n = 82) of significant CAD. Overall survival, risk of appropriate shocks and antitachycardia pacing, complications related to high-power system components, and LVEF and end-systolic volume changes were contrasted between groups. Results Patients with CAD had more comorbidities and exhibited increased mortality during a follow-up of 59 ± 30 months (hazard ratio 2.55; 95% confidence interval 1.49–4.36; P = .001). Of 12 patients with appropriate shocks, 11 had CAD. Time to first shock, antitachycardia pacing, and tachyarrhythmia therapy were significantly shorter in patients with CAD ( P Conclusions Among pacemaker-dependent patients with no prior ventricular arrhythmias upgraded from a pacemaker to a CRT-defibrillator, patients without significant CAD have fewer comorbidities, longer survival, and low risk of appropriate shocks than do patients with CAD. CRT-pacemakers may be appropriate in such patients without CAD.
GERIATRIC RESIDENTS’ ACCEPTABILITY OF HIGH PROTEIN LOW FAT PRODUCTS PREPARED WITH TOFU

Tofu is a low fat, high protein substance that may be used as a fat substitute in some products. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of tofu substitution in cheesecake among a geriatric population's perceived sensory evaluation. Firm tofu was substituted for 50%, 75% and 100% of the cream cheese in a standard cheesecake recipe. Appearance, texture, color, flavor, and overall acceptability of the tofu cheesecake were compared to a 100% cream cheese control. The products were evaluated using a 5- point hedonic scale with 1 being “disliked extremely” and 5 being “liked extremely.” Forty-four institutionalized elderly residents evaluated each product variation. All samples were randomly counterbalanced. Repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc tests with the Bonferroni adjustment for Type 1 errors were conducted. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) among the samples for appearance and texture. Post hoc analysis with Bonferroni adjustment confirmed that there were significant differences (P < 0.01) between the control and the 75% tofu product for appearance and texture. However, no significant differences (P < 0.01) were found for flavor, color, or overall acceptability when comparing the control with the 75% tofu variation. The 50% and 100% tofu variations showed no significant differences (P < 0.01) from the control for all attributes evaluated. Based on the results of the study, tofu products could be used to increase protein and decrease fat in the geriatric resident diet.
Ketamine and other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in the treatment of depression: a perspective review.

Current pharmacotherapies for major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar depression (BDep) have a distinct lag of onset that can generate great distress and impairment in patients. Furthermore, as demonstrated by several real-world effectiveness trials, their efficacy is limited. All approved antidepressant medications for MDD primarily act through monoaminergic mechanisms, agonists or antagonists with varying affinities for serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. The glutamate system has received much attention in recent years as an avenue for developing novel therapeutics. A single subanesthetic dose infusion of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine has been shown to have rapid and potent antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant MDD and BDep. In a reverse translational framework, ketamine’s clinical efficacy has inspired many preclinical studies to explore glutamatergic mechanisms of antidepressant action. These studies have revealed enhanced synaptic plasticity/synaptogenesis via numerous molecular and cellular mechanisms: release of local translational inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and secretion from dendritic spines, mammalian target of rapamycin activation and glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition. Current efforts are focused on extending ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy, uncovering the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for ketamine’s antidepressant activity in biologically enriched subgroups, and identifying treatment response biomarkers to personalize antidepressant selection. Other NMDA receptor antagonists have been studied both preclinically and clinically, which have revealed relatively modest antidepressant effects compared with ketamine but potentially other favorable characteristics, for example, decreased dissociative or psychotomimetic effects; therefore, there is great interest in developing novel glutamatergic antidepressants with greater target specificity and/or decreased adverse effects.
Role of the retinoblastoma protein in cell cycle arrest mediated by a novel cell surface proliferation inhibitor

A novel cell regulatory sialoglycopeptide (CeReS-18), purified from the cell surface of bovine cerebral cortex cells has been shown to be a potent and reversible inhibitor of proliferation of a wide array of fibroblasts as well as epithelial-like cells and nontransformed and transformed cells. To investigate the possible mechanisms by which CeReS-18 exerts its inhibitory action, the effect of the inhibitor on the posttranslational regulation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (RB), a tumor suppressor gene, has been examined. It is shown that CeReS-18 mediated cell cycle arrest of both human diploid fibroblasts (HSBP) and mouse fibroblasts (Swiss 3T3) results in the maintenance of the RB protein in the hypophosphorylated state, consistent with a late G1 arrest site. Although their normal nontransformed counterparts are sensitive to cell cycle arrest mediated by CeReS-18, cell lines lacking a functional RB protein, through either genetic mutation or DNA tumor virus oncoprotein interaction, are less sensitive. The refractory nature of these cells is shown to be independent of specific surface receptors for the inhibitor, and another tumor suppressor gene (p53) does not appear to be involved in the CeReS-18 inhibition of cell proliferation. The requirement for a functional RB protein product, in order for CeReS-18 to mediate cell cycle arrest, is discussed in light of regulatory events associated with density-dependent growth inhibition.
Microphysical and Thermodynamic Structure and Evolution of the Trailing Stratiform Regions of Mesoscale Convective Systems during BAMEX. Part I: Observations

Abstract This study used airborne and ground-based radar and optical array probe data from the spiral descent flight patterns and horizontal flight legs of the NOAA P-3 aircraft in the trailing stratiform regions (TSRs) of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) observed during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX) to characterize microphysical and thermodynamic variations within the TSRs in the context of the following features: the transition zone, the notch region, the enhanced stratiform rain region, the rear anvil region, the front-to-rear flow, the rear-to-front flow, and the rear inflow jet axis. One spiral from the notch region, nine from the enhanced stratiform rain region, and two from the rear anvil region were analyzed along with numerous horizontal flight legs that traversed these zones. The spiral performed in the notch region on 29 June occurred early in the MCS life cycle and exhibited subsaturated conditions throughout its depth. The nine spirals performed within the...