cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Certificate of Need Legislation and Radiation Therapy Use Among Elderly Patients With Early Cancers

As part of the federal Health Planning Resources Development Act of 1974, Certificate of Need (CON) programs were implemented in many states. The rationale behind CON programs is that excess supply of health care capacity leads to increased health care utilization because providers must increase revenue to meet fixed costs; therefore, by controlling capacity to only meeting actual need, overutilization is reduced (1). Opponents argue that CON programs reduce competition and may actually increase health care utilization. We examined the association between CON legislation and use of radiation therapy in 2 patient groups in which omission of radiation therapy may be appropriate in select cases, to evaluate the potential impact of CON programs on health care utilization.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Mechanisms of Injury and Strategies for Injury Prevention

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common sports injury which can have severe negative consequences. Neuromuscular factors that increase risk, such as knee landing kinematics, may be ameliorated through training. Effective ACL injury prevention programs exist, although the ideal program is yet to be determined. It is recommended that athletes engaged in high-risk sports participate in an ACL injury prevention program to reduce the risk of sustaining this injury.
MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER ON ROTOR BLADES IN A TRANSONIC TURBINE CASCADE

Detailed heat transfer measurements and predictions are given for a power generation turbine rotor with 127 deg of nominal turning and an axial chord of 130 mm. Data were obtained for a set of four exit Reynolds numbers comprised of the facility maximum point of 2.50 × 106 , as well as conditions which represent 50%, 25%, and 15% of this maximum condition. Three ideal exit pressure ratios were examined including the design point of 1.443, as well as conditions which represent −25% and +20% of the design value. Three inlet flow angles were examined including the design point and ±5 deg off-design angles. Measurements were made in a linear cascade with highly three-dimensional blade passage flows that resulted from the high flow turning and thick inlet boundary layers. Inlet turbulence was generated with a blown square bar grid. The purpose of the work is the extension of three-dimensional predictive modeling capability for airfoil external heat transfer to engine specific conditions including blade shape, Reynolds numbers, and Mach numbers. Data were obtained by a steady-state technique using a thin-foil heater wrapped around a low thermal conductivity blade. Surface temperatures were measured using calibrated liquid crystals. The results show the effects of strong secondary vortical flows, laminar-to-turbulent transition, and also show good detail in the stagnation region.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Trade policy and specialization in developing countries

This paper examines the impact of trade policy on specialization patterns in ten Latin American countries over the period 1985–1998. These countries are natural case studies because in the last decades they implemented comprehensive trade liberalization programs, both generally and preferentially, starting from relatively high tariff protection levels. Our econometric results suggest that reducing own most favored nation tariffs is associated with increasing manufacturing production specialization. Furthermore, we find that preferential trade liberalization and differences in the degree of unilateral openness have resulted in increased dissimilarities in manufacturing production structures across countries. These results are robust across specialization measures and estimation methods.
Feeding and ovipositing on plants by an omnivorous insect predator

Omnivory (i.e., feeding at more than one trophic level) is common in many ecological communities. To date, most studies of omnivory have focused on systems that include omnivores that feed on several prey items, primarily in aquatic systems. Yet, many terrestrial insect predators feed not only on prey but also on plants. The difference between systems with plant-feeding omnivores and those with exclusively prey-feeding omnivores calls for special attention. The first step towards understanding the interactions between plant-feeding omnivores and their prey is to determine how omnivores respond to variations in plant properties. In this study, I investigated two major aspects of the interactions between the plant-feeding predatory bug Orius insidiosus and four host plants of its prey; the behavioral aspect, in which plants are selected for oviposition and the physiological aspect, in which plants differ in their suitability for the insect's growth, survival, and reproduction. No prey was offered to the omnivore during any of the experiments, but older nymphs and adults were fed prey eggs prior to their use in the experiments. Data show that O. insidiosus females almost completely rejected corn leaves for oviposition; nymph and adult survival was highest on bean; and female fecundity was higher on bean than tomato, pepper or corn foliage. the significance of the apparent ability of O. insidiosus to discriminate among plants and the observed correlation between oviposition preference and offspring performance in bean and in corn is discussed.
Effects of Tunable Data Compression on Geophysical Products Retrieved from Surface Radar Observations with Applications to Spaceborne Meteorological Radars

This paper presents results and analyses of applying an international space data compression standard to weather radar measurements that can easily span 8 orders of magnitude and typically require a large storage capacity as well as significant bandwidth for transmission. By varying the degree of the data compression, we analyzed the non-linear response of models that relate measured radar reflectivity and/or Doppler spectra to the moments and properties of the particle size distribution characterizing clouds and precipitation. Preliminary results for the meteorologically important phenomena of clouds and light rain indicate that for a 0.5 dB calibration uncertainty, typical for the ground-based pulsed-Doppler 94 GHz (or 3.2 mm, W-band) weather radar used as a proxy for spaceborne radar in this study, a lossless compression ratio of only 1.2 is achievable. However, further analyses of the non-linear response of various models of rainfall rate, liquid water content and median volume diameter show that a lossy data compression ratio exceeding 15 is realizable. The exploratory analyses presented are relevant to future satellite missions, where the transmission bandwidth is premium and storage requirements of vast volumes of data, potentially problematic.
Nonverbal Maintenance of Traditional Sex Roles

A number of studies have documented that certain nonverbal behaviors are reliable indicators of dominance and relative status within a group while other behaviors indicate liking and emotional warmth. These same cues have been independently found to differentiate men and women so that men display more dominance and high-status cues and women more liking and warmth in their nonverbal expressions. These sex differences perpetuate sex-role stereotypes, are particularly resistant to change because of their nonconscious nature, and serve to maintain traditional sex roles.
Understanding time variation of risk

Abstract Information about temporal variations in risk, attributable to changes in the human component of natural disasters, is rarely included in disaster assessments carried out by hazard management professionals. Whereas the risk of extreme natural events will probably remain unchanged during the lifetimes of today's population, the probability of large urban disasters appears to be increasing rapidly. Recent earthquakes in Northridge (1994) and Kobe (1995) are indicators of these trends. This paper introduces an integrated approach to urban risk assessment that focuses on the changing risk and vulnerabilities of large cities to earthquakes. These cities can be thought of as complex socio-technical systems, comprising interdependent subsystems that may be modelled econometrically. The construction of one such model is discussed, as well as the procedure for simulating changes in case-study urban areas over different time periods, with and without the occurrence of major earthquakes. Implications of the model for hazard management are identified.
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF 3-ALPHA,17-ALPHA-DIHYDROXYPREGNANE-11,20-DIONE IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA.

11-Keto-17-hydroxypregnanolone was isolated from the urine of patients with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. The identification was based on: its mobility on paper chromatograms and the pink spot obtained when treated with the Zimmermann reagent; the product of oxidation with sodium bismuthate had an Rf value and a color reaction with the Zimmermann reagent similar to that of 11-ketoetiocholanolone; its ultraviolet spectrum as a sulfuric acid chromogen, and its infrared spectrum. A method for the measurement of this steroid based on its ltravioletabsorption as a sulfuric acid chromogen is described. In the simple virilizing form, patients of 5 to 39 years of age excreted 1.1–4.9 mg/24 hr of 11-keto-17-hydroxypregnanolone, while 2 infants under 1 year excreted 0.8 and 0.9 mg. In the salt-losing form, 5 patients under 1 year of age excreted 0.3–0.8 mg/24 hr. In subjects with the hypertensive form this steroid could not be detected.
Iodinated melatonin mimics melatonin action and reveals discrete binding sites in fetal brain

Iodinated melatonin was used to study melatonin sites of action in brain. Iodomelatonin mimicked the effects of melatonin on reproductive development in Djungarian hamster fetuses. 125I-melatonin injected into the dam was recovered from fetal brain. In vitro autoradiographic studies revealed a remarkably discrete distribution of competitive 125I-melatonin-binding sites in the fetal brain, with binding in median eminence/arcuate nucleus area greater than suprachiasmatic nucleus greater than pineal gland much greater than anterior pituitary gland much greater than preoptic area. 125I-melatonin promises to be a useful tool for understanding the sites and mechanism of action of melatonin.
Storage of a sensory pattern by anti-Hebbian synaptic plasticity in an electric fish.

Abstract Synaptic plasticity occurs in several regions of the vertebrate brain and is believed to mediate the storage of behaviorally significant information during learning. Synaptic plasticity is well demonstrated in most cases, but the behavioral meaning of the relevant neural signals and the behavioral role of the plasticity are uncertain. In this paper we describe a case of synaptic plasticity which involves identifiable sensory and motor signals and which appears to mediate the storage of an image of past sensory input. Corollary discharge signals associated with the motor command that drives the electric organ are prominent in the electrosensory lobe of mormyrid electric fish. Some of these corollary discharge signals elicit a negative image or representation of the electrosensory input pattern that has followed recent motor commands. When the temporal and spatial pattern of sensory input changes, the corollary discharge effect also changes in a corresponding manner. The cellular mechanisms by which the corollary discharge-evoked representation is stored were investigated by intracellular recording from cells of the electrosensory lobe and pairing intracellular current pulses with the corollary discharge signal. The results indicate that the representation of recent sensory input is stored by means of anti-Hebbian plasticity at the synapses between corollary discharge-conveying fibers and cells of the electrosensory lobe. The results also suggest that dendritic spikes and plasticity at inhibitory synapses are involved in the phenomenon.
Optical properties of bismuth trifluoride thin films.

Films of BiF3 with thicknesses up to 2.35 μm have been deposited on KCl. Similar optical properties have been obtained in films prepared by thermal evaporation and reactive sputtering in a Freon atmosphere. A very broad transmission range from 2600 A to 20 μm has been measured on BiF3 films ~1 μm thick. Far ir and Auger spectra are presented. BiF3 appears promising as a new optical thin film coating for applications not involving high powers at 10.6 μm and longer wavelengths.
Assembly of Polymer-Grafted Magnetic Nanoparticles in Polymer Melts

Hydrophobic iron oxide nanoparticles grafted with hydrophobic polymer chains of varying molecular weights and graft densities are synthesized to underpin the role of brush entanglement and dipolar forces on creating nanostructures. Grafting density on magnetic nanoparticles is controlled in grafting-to method by changing the concentration of functionalized polymer in solution. The grafting density and brush length have varied systemically to observe the changes in nanostructures. Bridging between grafted chains and dipolar forces become effective only at low grafting density and result in long chains of particles. We demonstrate experimentally that structural transition of magnetic nanoparticles is controlled with the balance between grafted chain entanglements and dipolar forces.
A NEW TOPOLOGICAL MODEL OF THE CARDIAC SARCOLEMMAL NA+-CA2+ EXCHANGER

The current topological model of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger consists of 11 transmembrane segments with extracellular loops a, c, e, g, i, and k and cytoplasmic loops b, d, f, h, and j. Cytoplasmic loop f, which plays a role in regulating the exchanger, is large and separates the first five from the last six transmembrane segments. We have tested this topological model by mutating residues near putative transmembrane segments to cysteine and then examining the effects of intracellular and extracellular applications of sulfhydryl-modifying reagents on exchanger activity. To aid in our topological studies, we also constructed a cysteineless Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. This mutant is fully functional in Na+ gradient-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake measurements and displays wild-type regulatory properties. It is concluded that the 15 endogenous cysteine residues are not essential for either activity or regulation of the exchanger. Our data support the current model by placing loops c and e at the extracellular surface and loops d, j, and l at the intracellular surface. However, the data also support placing Ser-788 of loop h at the extracellular surface and Gly-837 of loop i at the intracellular surface. To account for these data, we propose a revision of the model that places transmembrane segment 6 in cytoplasmic loop f. Additionally, we propose that putative transmembrane segment 9 does not span the membrane, but may form a "P-loop"-like structure.
Effects of estrogen upon dopamine release from the corpus striatum of young and aged female rats.

Abstract In vitro superfusion was used to examine the effects of estrogen administration upon striatal dopamine release in ovariectomized young and aged female Fischer 344 rats in response to 10 μM amphetamine or 30 mM potassium stimulation. Estrogen treatment increased basal dopamine and decreased DOPAC release in young and aged females (10 μg estradiol benzoate given subcutaneously 24 and 48 h prior to superfusion). Amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release was significantly decreased in aged estrogen-treated females, but did not differ in young females as a function of estrogen treatment. Conversely, young females treated with estrogen showed significantly decreased striatal dopamine release in response to potassium stimulation, while aged females showed no differences as a function of hormone treatment. Striatal dopamine content was siginificantly decreased in all estrogen-treated young and aged females. It appears that estrogen is altering dopamine uptake mechanisms in both age groups, since basal DOPAC release is decreased and dopamine is increased. This estrogen effect depletes the readily releasable dopamine storage pool to a greater extent in the aged female as evidenced by reduced amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release. By contrast, estrogen does not alter vesicular dopamine storage pools in aged females, which are mobilized by potassium. These results may have important implications regarding sex differences in expression and treatment of age-related movement disorders.
Microsyntactic intergrowth and defects in barium ferrite compounds

Abstract The structural characteristics and defects of barium ferrite compounds in the composition range along the line which connects the composition of the M compound (BaFe12O19) and that of the W compound (BaFe18O27) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. An intergrowth of several different compounds was found to occur in a microsyntactic fashion similar to that observed previously in Mg-doped β-alumina. The characteristics of both the intergrowth and the defects are discussed relative to independent structural subunit blocks R and S in these compounds. Also, the significance of microsyntactic intergrowth to β-alumina type compounds is discussed.
Processes of sedimentation on the Atlantic continental rise off the southeastern U.S.

Abstract Seventeen piston cores were collected at 25-km intervals following the 3500-m isobath along a 400-km portion of the continental rise off the southeastern United States. The area extends between the Hatteras Canyon System and the tip of the Blake Outer Ridge. This study evaluates the mechanisms of rise formation over a large continental-rise area. From north to south, the calcium-carbonate content increases, minerals indicative of a northerly source are partially replaced by minerals more representative of the southern U.S. and Caribbean, and the sedimentation rate decreases. No identifiable turbidites were noted in any of the cores. Coarse-grained layers are infrequent; most are less than 2 cm in thickness and none showed grading. Radiography of several cores revealed mottling throughout. Bottom photographs show that present bottom-current movement closely parallels contours and flow is in a general southerly direction. The results indicate that contour-following bottom currents are primarily responsible for shaping this part of the U.S. Atlantic rise. Turbidity currents may be important only as a source of sediment, via overflows, to be transported south by bottom currents.
An enzyme in microsomal fraction of kidney that inactivates bradykinin.

Abstract The separation of an enzyme from the microsomal fraction of homogenized swine kidney is described. It is called peptidase P and hydrolyzes the ProPhe bond in bradykinin and related peptides.
Management of immediate and sustained intraocular pressure rise associated with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor injection therapy.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize the findings of recent reports of short-term and sustained intraocular pressure (IOP) rise associated with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections and to guide the management of this infrequent complication.Recent findingsShort-term increas
An Inventory and Assessment of Models Used to Predict Emergency Evacuation and Consideration of Increasing Policymaker Involvement

Evacuations from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma in 2005 illuminated the issues with clearing large numbers of residents via urban areas' roadways and public transportation systems. In the Gulf Coast of Texas, problems arose from people not observing the designated evacuation zones and protocol. This was particularly acute in the Houston area when residents of that city in large numbers failed to await the exiting of people from Galveston Island and other coastal communities. Consequently, the roadways were clogged inland and residents in extremely high-risk areas were unable to leave. Newly developed software for transportation planning and traffic simulation can make a big impact on the way transportation professionals work. Rapid developments in computer power, mobile phone technology, and data transfer speeds, plus radical improvements in software are transforming the way in which information can be linked to government. A number of models exist that purport to forecast evacuation volumes under a variety of scenarios. A review of these models and their potential application shows how a number of communities could make better decisions about the best methods and routes for evacuation.
Stochastic catastrophe theory in computer performance modeling

In this paper catastrophic behavior found in computer systems is investigated. Deterministic Catastrophe theory is introduced first. Then it is shown how the theory can be applied in a stochastic framework, which is useful for understanding computer system performance models. Computer system models that exhibit stochastic cusp catastrophe behavior are then analyzed. These models include slotted ALOHA, multiprogramming in computer systems, and buffer flow control in computer networks.
A Radical World Order Challenge: Addressing Global Climate Change and the Threat of Nuclear Weapons

This article explores the world order constraints that inhibit responses to major challenges of global scope, considering especially the experience with nuclear weapons and climate change. The major conclusion reached is that the state system is ill-equipped to produce responses to such global challenges that serve the global public interest. This deficiency arises partly from the primacy accorded to national as opposed to global interest, the extent to which national policy is driven by short cycles of political accountability, and the biasing impact of special economic and bureaucratic interests. Este articulo explora las limitaciones que inhiben las respuestas a mayores retos de ambito global, considerando especialmente las experiencias con armas nucleares y cambio del clima. La mayor conclusion alcanzada es que el sistema del estado esta mal equipado para producir respuestas a tales retos globales que sirvan al interes publico global. Esta deficiencia surge parte por la supremacia convenida al interes...
Current Approaches to Hispanic Caribbean Writing: An Overview

Myrna Garcia-Calderon is Assistant Professor in the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics at Syracuse University. Her articles cover topics ranging from Cultural Representations of the Hispanic Caribbean, Space and Place, Sexualities, Migrations, and Race. She is the author of Lecturas desde el fragmento. Literatura e imaginario cultural en Puerto Rico (1998), and is working on a book tentatively titled ‘‘The Construction of Memory in the Contemporary Hispanic Caribbean and its Diasporas.’’
Diapycnal mixing associated with an overflow in a deep submarine canyon

Abstract In order to close the global overturning circulation the buoyancy loss to the atmosphere associated with the formation of deep and bottom water at high latitudes must be balanced by buoyancy gain elsewhere. In case of water that is not in contact with the atmosphere except in its formation region the required buoyancy gain is accomplished primarily by diapycnal mixing. Recent observations suggest that a significant portion of the diapycnal buoyancy fluxes in the abyss is associated with overflows in submarine valleys or canyons, especially on the flanks of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges. In the present study, hydrographic and velocity data from an overflow across a sill rising 1000 m above the floor of the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 36°N were used to infer the associated diapycnal mixing. The cross-sill density gradients are characterized by a vertical dipole, with an upper layer of streamwise density increase overlying a lower layer where the density decreases along the flow. This is qualitatively consistent with the effects of diapycnal mixing transferring buoyancy from the upper into the lower layer. Hydrographic and velocity profiles provide evidence for strong mixing associated with the overflow across the sill: in addition to thick layers that are susceptible to shear instability, there are numerous density overturns indicating a spatially averaged diffusivity of order 10 - 2 m 2 s - 1 . Inversions of the density equation reveal that the cross-sill gradients can be accounted for either by adiabatic vertical advection or by vertical eddy diffusion, although the adiabatic solutions are considered energetically implausible because they require upwelling in the layer of cross-sill density increase. Eddy-diffusive solutions, both with and without adiabatic downwelling, are characterized by diffusivity profiles attaining local maxima of order 10 - 2 m 2 s - 1 ≈ 250 m above the sill depth. The vertical structure of the inversion-derived diffusivities is consistent with the Thorpe-scale based estimates and with observations from overflows in major ocean passages, which also are often characterized by local diffusivity maxima of order 10 - 2 m 2 s - 1 a few 100 m above sill depth. Combining the diffusivity profiles near the sill with budget-derived bulk estimates for 150 km of rift valley implies that ≈ 50 % of the mixing in the rift valley is associated with overflows, while the remainder is caused by other processes, including the breaking of tidally forced internal waves.
Kinetics of Alumina Ultrafine Grinding in a Planetary Ball Mill

Abstract A novel design of the planetary mill using two motor drives instead of the customary single drive is shown here. The grinding of alumina powder to micron sizes is achieved in a matter of 20 minutes. A factorial design of experiments on the mill delineated the key variables for achieving product quality. Furthermore, the time evolution of product size distribution is analyzed with the selection-breakage type model also known as population balance model.
Cell polarity: Par for the polar course

The nematode PAR-1 gene is required for asymmetric cell divisions during development. Recently identified mammalian Par-1 homologues are kinases that phosphorylate microtubule-associated proteins; their overexpression disrupts the microtubule cytoskeleton, and alters cellular structure and organization.
Origin of the third heart sound: comparison of ventricular wall dynamics in hyperdynamic and hypodynamic types.

To investigate the left ventricular wall dynamics conducive to the third heart sound (S3) in both hyper- and hypodynamic filling conditions, eight dogs were studied in which an S3was produced by hypoxemia and in eight others by acute mitral regurgitation. Pulse transit sonomicrometry crystals were used to measure external left ventricular dimension dynamics in the two principal axes. A miniature accelerometer was used to detect the epicardial S3vibration. The development of the S3was invariably associated with an increased peak velocity of long-axis external dimensional expansion in early diastole. This enhanced long-axis filling activity was not dependent on increased global chamber or short-axis filling dynamics and sometimes occurred when global filling rate was unchanged. In addition, the short-axis filling rate was sometimes reduced as the S3developed. It is concluded that the common denominator of S3generation in this acute dog model is exaggerated longaxis diastolic expansion activity which is present in both hyper- and hypodynamic left ventricular filling.
Oropharyngeal cancer treatment: the role of transoral surgery

Purpose of review This article reviews literature pertaining to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx and the evolution of transoral surgical (TOS) techniques for its management. Oncologists are recognizing a changing pattern in the cause of oropharyngeal cancer, namely the increasing incidence of HPV-associated tumors. An effort is underway to reduce the morbidity of treatment without jeopardizing survival. This is a timely discussion for reassessment of current standards of care and opening dialogue on treatment de-escalation. Transoral approaches including transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) and transoral robotic surgery (TORS) have revolutionized the surgical approach to SCC. Recent findings The incidence of HPV-related oropharyngeal SCC is increasing at epidemic rates. Although there are no studies comparing nonsurgical treatment to TOS in a randomized controlled fashion, there is an abundance of retrospective and prospective reports of TORS and TLM. Both early and advanced-stage oropharyngeal tumors can be managed successfully with surgery, with or without adjuvant therapy. Summary Although there are no hard scientific differences in oncologic outcomes between primary chemoradiation protocols and primary TOS-based approaches, retrospective comparisons support an advantage of primary surgery. In addition, functional outcomes may be superior following TOS treatment. Management of oropharyngeal SCC will most likely continue to be multidisciplinary with an ongoing effort to de-escalate treatment to reduce morbidity.
Changing Roles in the Electronic Age—The Library Perspective

Acquisition des publications scientifiques par les bibliotheques: changement des roles de l'editeur, du vendeur et des bibliothecaires avec l'emergence des journaux electroniques et autres documents electroniques. Augmentation par les bibliotheques de leur participation dans des contrats d'achat en consortium
Chemotaxonomy of aerobic Actinomycetes: Phospholipid composition

Abstract A survey of the phospholipid composition of 97 strains representing 20 genera of the Actinomycetales showed that five groups could be distinguished on the basis of the presence or absence of certain nitrogenous phospholipids. Phospholipid type PI (no nitrogenous phospholipids) is characteristic of the genera Actinomadura (madurae, pelletieri).Corynebacterium, Microtetraspora and Nocardioides. Actinomycetes of Type PII contain only one nitrogenous phospholipid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine. These include members of the genera Actinoplanes, Chainia, Dactylosporangium, Microellobosporia, Micromonospora, Micropolyspora (brevicatena), Mycobacterium, Nocardia (all species examined but autotrophica), Streptomyces and Streptoverticillium. Phospholipid pattern type PIII (characteristic phospholipid, phosphatidyl choline) was found in Actinomadura (dassonvillei). Micropolyspora (faeni), Nocardia (autotrophica), and Pseudonocardia. Actinomycetes having a type P IV pattern contain an unknown, previously undescribed phospholipid containing glucosamine (GluNU) which was found to be characteristic of members of the genera Intrasporangium, Microbispora and Streptosporangium. Actinomycetes of type PV contain phosphatidyl glycerol in addition to GluNU and include members of the genera Promicromonospora and Oerskovia. Other phospholipids found variably in all groups included phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl inositol mannosides, phosphatidyl methylethanolamine, acyl phosphatidyl glycerol (APG) and diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPG). The fatty acids present in DPG (or APG when DPG was absent) may be species-specific. The chemical heterogeneity of the genera Actinomadura, Corynebacterium, Micropolyspora and Nocardia is discussed.
Fruit quality of cold stored sweet cherries infested with codling moth

The effect of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), infestation on the quality of sweet cherry, Prunus avium (L.) L., fruit was studied. Each cherry was infested with one first instar codling moth and held at 3. 3C for 0 (control), 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, or 14 days. After cold storage, fruits were maintained at 25C and observed periodically for damage using a visual scale from 0 as no damage, to 9 as complete destruction. Two groups of 'Bing' cherries were examined, one from an organically grown orchard and the other from a commercial orchard with conventional chemical control. Uninfested fruits maintained quality for one month at 25C whereas infested fruits had a damage rating of 2 by the fifth day. Infested organic fruits deteriorated faster than the conventional cherries. Larvae were often not detected because of fruit deterioration and fungal contamination. Fruit quality deterioration due to codling moth infestation is an important component of the Systems Approach for quarantine security for cherries exported to Japan. Infested fruit would rapidly deteriorate as the result of decay and be culled at time of packing.
BMT beats autoimmune disease.

Early clinical trial results show that bone marrow stem cell transplantation for patients with severe autoimmune disease is safe and effective.
Xenon photo-absorption in the vacuum ultraviolet☆

Abstract The photo-absorption coefficient of xenon gas at high pressures was measured over the region 150 nm to 175 nm, at pressures ranging up to 48 atm and temperatures between 298 K and 423 K. It is found that long wavelength absorption depends systematically on atom density and temperature, and that absorption near the 172 nm laser line is probably less than 0.1 cm−1 even for most extreme conditions.
A rapid method for complementation testing of Ultraviolet-Sensitive (UVS) mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor

Abstract Seventy-one uvs mutations were isolated and tested for complementation with mutations representing the known closely linked uvsA, C and D loci by a rapid replicaplating technique involving “ultra-fertile” crosses. Most of the mutations were successfully classified by this technique. Of the 71 mutations, 23 were assiggned to uvsA , 15 to uvsC and 28 to uvsD . Four strains may have carried mutations in more than one of the three loci, or conceivably polar mutations. The remaining mutation occurred outside the uvsA,C,D cluster.
Noise Mechanisms in Small Grain Size Perpendicular Thin Film Media

In this paper, we present a set of systematic experimental investigations on possible noise mechanisms for current perpendicular thin film media of small grain sizes. In particular, we focus on intergranular exchange coupling and grain boundary surface anisotropy in the granular layer of the present continuous-granular-composite film structure. Micromagnetic modeling studies are conducted to study the impact of the observed experimental phenomenon. Modeled experiments show that significant intergranular exchange coupling may occur when oxide grain boundary thickness becomes less than 1 nm. If the grain boundary thickness has significant distribution below this critical value, the exponential dependence of the coupling strength on the oxide thickness would yield significant degradation of the medium signal-to-noise ratio. Carefully designed experiments have also been conducted to study possible grain boundary interfacial anisotropy. Co/Cr, CoPt/Cr, Co/SiO2, Co/Cr2O3, and Co/TiO 2 interfaces are investigated and the corresponding interfacial anisotropy strengths are quantitatively measured. Although Co/SiO2 interfacial anisotropy appears to be the weakest among them, the measured interfacial anisotropy energy strengths for all of them are significant fractions of the crystalline perpendicular anisotropy of the grains at present grain sizes. Finally, we investigated the impact of stacking faults in hcp Co-alloy grains. It is found that when the anisotropy strength of a small segment of a grain substantially reduces due to the existence of stacking faults, it will yield a switching field reduction disproportional to the volume ratio of the segment.
Glycerate kinase from leaves of C3 plants

D-Glycerate-3-kinase (EC 2.7.1.31) in six C3 species, including dicots (Pisum sativum, Spinacea oleracea, Antirrhinum majus) and monocots (Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa), ranged in activity from 44 to 353 mumol X mg chl-1 X h-1. Studies with protoplast extracts of these species indicate that the enzyme is localized in the chloroplasts. Glycerate kinase was partially purified from Secale (rye, 288-fold) and Pisum (pea, 252-fold) chloroplasts by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and chromatofocusing. The enzymes from both species showed similar physical (Mr = 41,000, pI = 4.6-4.7) and kinetic (Km ATP = 655 to 692 microM, Km D-glycerate = 180-188 microM) properties. Activity of the enzyme was essentially insensitive to variations in assay pH from 6.4 to 9.0 and to energy charge variations from 0.4 to 1.0. Rye glycerate kinase was able to utilize UTP and GTP but less effectively than ATP. Neither ADP nor pyrophosphate served as an energy source. Mn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ could function as metal cofactors, although to a lesser extent than Mg2+. Millimolar levels of sulfate were found to significantly inhibit the enzyme while similar concentrations of other anions (Cl-, NO-3, NO-2, and acetate) had little or no effect.
CN2 model to calculate the micrometeorological influences on the refractive index structure parameter

Abstract This paper presents the CN2 model for calculating the micrometeorological influences on the refractive index structure parameter. The CN2 model is a semi-empirical algorithm developed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory to provide realistic values for the refractive index structure parameter over land given two vertical levels of conventional wind speed, temperature, and humidity data as input. The CN2 model is based on the structure function formulations of Tatarski. Equations for the real index of refraction are expressed in terms of temperature, pressure, and moisture (preferably the conserved elements potential temperature and specific humidity). Calculations of micrometeorological profile structure are carried out via Monin–Obukhov theory for the surface layer. Model results can be derived for unstable, stable, and near-neutral atmospheric conditions. The CN2 model algorithm is validated in comparison to optical scintillometer data collected at 2 m above ground level over a 450 m path. The paper reported here contains technical and user’s guide information on the CN2 model.
An erythrocyte reference for hematological control.

Abstract A glycerinized preparation of red cells may be used as a reference for control of erythrocyte measurements: hemoglobin, hematocrit, and cell counting. The preparation simulates whole blood specimens and is stable for several months.
Detecting Brain State Changes via Fiber-Centered Functional Connectivity Analysis

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been widely used to study structural and functional brain connectivity in recent years. A common assumption used in many previous functional brain connectivity studies is the temporal stationarity. However, accumulating literature evidence has suggested that functional brain connectivity is under temporal dynamic changes in different time scales. In this paper, a novel and intuitive approach is proposed to model and detect dynamic changes of functional brain states based on multimodal fMRI/DTI data. The basic idea is that functional connectivity patterns of all fiber-connected cortical voxels are concatenated into a descriptive functional feature vector to represent the brain’s state, and the temporal change points of brain states are decided by detecting the abrupt changes of the functional vector patterns via the sliding window approach. Our extensive experimental results have shown that meaningful brain state change points can be detected in task-based fMRI/DTI, resting state fMRI/DTI, and natural stimulus fMRI/DTI data sets. Particularly, the detected change points of functional brain states in task-based fMRI corresponded well to the external stimulus paradigm administered to the participating subjects, thus partially validating the proposed brain state change detection approach. The work in this paper provides novel perspective on the dynamic behaviors of functional brain connectivity and offers a starting point for future elucidation of the complex patterns of functional brain interactions and dynamics.
Elastostatic surface displacements of a half-space reinforced by a thin film due to an axial ring load

Abstract The elastostatic problem of a semi-infinite solid whose surface is reinforced by a thin film and acted upon by an axial ring load is investigated in this paper. Explicit expressions are derived for the surface displacements of the solid.
Group Doxastic Rationality Need Not Supervene on Individual Rationality

There is a strong formal analogy between proposition-wise supervenience of collective doxastic rationality on individual doxastic rationality and supervenience of social choice functions on individual choice functions. In light of this analogy, the basis for List and Pettit's impossibility theorems can fruitfully be compared with the basis for Arrow's. This helps to explain why List and Pettit can derive no impossibility theorem for set-wise supervenience. However, there are empirical reasons for doubting that set-wise supervenience of collective doxastic rationality on individual doxastic rationality is necessary; a systematic feedback relationship between the former and some individual behavioral dispositions is probably sufficient to dissolve mysteries about group agency. Group doxastic rationality need not supervene on individual rationality.
Three dimensional multiphoton imaging of fresh and whole mount developing mouse mammary glands

Background The applications of multiphoton microscopy for deep tissue imaging in basic and clinical research are ever increasing, supplementing confocal imaging of the surface layers of cells in tissue. However, imaging living tissue is made difficult by the light scattering properties of the tissue, and this is extraordinarily apparent in the mouse mammary gland which contains a stroma filled with fat cells surrounding the ductal epithelium. Whole mount mammary glands stained with Carmine Alum are easily archived for later reference and readily viewed using bright field microscopy to observe branching architecture of the ductal network. Here, we report on the advantages of multiphoton imaging of whole mount mammary glands. Chief among them is that optical sectioning of the terminal end bud (TEB) and ductal epithelium allows the appreciation of abnormalities in structure that are very difficult to ascertain using either bright field imaging of the stained gland or the conventional approach of hematoxylin and eosin staining of fixed and paraffin-embedded sections. A second advantage is the detail afforded by second harmonic generation (SHG) in which collagen fiber orientation and abundance can be observed.
Decyl acetate synthesis in the ant, Formica schaufussi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract Decyl acetate occurs in high amounts in the Dufour's gland of Formica schaufussi. When worker ants were fed [14C]-acetate the acetate moiety of decyl acetate was labelled preferentially indicating that decyl acetate is synthesized via an esterification reaction.
Forgotten Resources: Subject Guides in the Era of Web 2.0

Subject guides have been used for years to connect patrons with resources. What is the current state of subject guides and how have libraries incorporated changing technologies into them? For example, blogs, wikis, and chat are frequently included on library websites, but may not be included on websites at the subject guide level. This study used a matrix to review subject guides on the websites of the twenty-one Mountain West and Big 12 academic libraries to find out where subject guides are located, what they are called, and how often and which Web 2.0 technologies they incorporated into the content of their guides.
Pervaporation of methanol from a triglyme solution using a Nafion membrane: 2. Concentration polarization

Abstract In the case of the pervaporation of methanol and triglyme (triethylene glycol dimethyl ether) through a Nafion membrane, it is shown that concentration polarization can be significant for even nondilute solutions (e.g. 2–4 wt% methanol). Concentration polarization was found to be particularly severe for thin composite membranes prepared by casting a modified Nafion solution onto a porous Teflon support. The Grober equation for the liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient ( k l ) and a resistance-in-series model for the overall mass-transfer coefficient were used to model the boundary-layer effect. The value of k l was found to be related to the Reynolds number as 0.145 N Re 0.5 (units of m h −1 for the methanol/triglyme feed stream while the intrinsic membrane permeability was determined to be 2.66 × 10 −6 m 2 h −1 . Using these parameters, the model yielded a reasonable prediction of methanol flux in the feed concentration range of interest.
Distinction in Genetic Determinants for Injury-Induced Neointimal Hyperplasia and Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in Inbred Mice

Five inbred strains of mice differing in susceptibility to diet-induced atherosclerosis were compared for neointimal hyperplasia after endothelial denudation with an epoxy resin-modified catheter probe. Results showed that all animals responded similarly to the arterial injury, with increased medial area and thickness after 14 days. In contrast, a significant strain-specific difference in neointimal formation after injury was observed. The atherosclerosis-susceptible C57L/J mice were also susceptible to injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia, and the C3H mice were resistant to both forms of vascular diseases. The 129/Sv mice, which displayed an intermediate level of diet-induced atherosclerosis, also displayed an intermediate level of injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Interestingly, the atherosclerosis-susceptible C57BL/6 mice were resistant to neointimal hyperplasia after endothelial denudation, whereas the atherosclerosis-resistant FVB/N mice were susceptible, displaying massive neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. All (C57L/JxC57BL/6)F1 hybrid mice were resistant to injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Moreover, N2 mice generated from backcrossing the F1 hybrid mice to the susceptible C57L/J mice displayed a range of arterial response to injury, spanning the most severe to the most resistant phenotype. These results indicate that injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia and diet-induced atherosclerosis are controlled by distinct sets of genes; the former appeared to be determined by recessive genes at > or =2 loci.
Fructose feeding in rats is not associated with sodium retention.

Chronic fructose treatment in rats repeatedly has been shown to elevate blood pressure associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system, vascular hypertrophy, and sodium retention by the kidney tubules have been proposed to be some of the mechanisms by which insulin elevates blood pressure. The precise mechanism by which hypertension develops in fructose-fed rats is still not known. The purpose of the current study was twofold. The first objective was to assess the effect of a fructose-enriched diet on urinary sodium excretion. The second objective was to investigate any changes in plasma volume and extracellular volume in fructose-fed rats. In both experiments, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into equal groups. Rats in the control group were fed Purina Laboratory Chow, whereas those in the experimental group were fed a 60% fructose diet. There was a significant elevation in the blood pressure of fructose-fed rats at the end of the second week of treatment, and it remained elevated for the remainder of the dietary intervention. In the first experiment, there was no significant difference in sodium, potassium or urine excretion throughout the 6 weeks of dietary treatment. At the end of this study, the serum insulin levels of fructose-fed rats were significantly greater than the levels in the control group. In the second experiment, which was a 4-week study, there was no significant difference in hematocrit, plasma volume, or extracellular fluid volume between control and fructose-fed animals at 2 or 4 weeks of dietary treatment. The results of these two in vivo studies are the first to document that elevation of blood pressure in fructose-fed rats does not occur directly via sodium retention or an increase in fluid volume.