cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common lower extremity problems in children.

1. Susan A. Scherl, MD* 1. *Pediatric Orthopedics, The University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the presentation of hip joint pathology in children. 2. Know how to treat most rotational and angular deformities. 3. Describe the hallmark of clubfoot that helps to differentiate it from isolated metatarsus adductus. 4. Explain why screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip should be performed. 5. Describe foot problems that can be markers for a neurologic disorder. Growing children are susceptible to a variety of developmental lower extremity disorders of varying degrees of seriousness. Because children are growing and developing and are not simply smaller versions of adults, it can be difficult to treat some conditions, but in other cases, there is leeway in the results of treatment not available to adults. Long-term outcome is of utmost importance for pediatric patients because their bones, joints, and muscles optimally should remain functional and pain-free during childhood and throughout their lives. Treatment should disrupt daily life as little as possible to minimize the social and psychological toll of the illness. Common lower extremity problems in children can be grouped broadly into four categories: rotational deformities, angular deformities, foot deformities, and hip disorders. This article covers the major conditions in each group. Pediatricians and other primary care clinicians can expect to encounter these disorders in their practices. A working knowledge of the basics of these disorders will help in appropriate diagnosis, treatment, counseling, and referral of patients. The developmental rotational deformities, intoeing and outtoeing, probably are the most common childhood musculoskeletal entities that prompt parents to consult a physician. Because intoeing is more common than outtoeing, the chief complaint generally is that the child is “pigeon-toed” or that his or her “feet turn in” when he or she stands, walks, or runs. Often, the parents express concern that the pigeon-toeing is leading to falls, and they …
Effect of calcium supplementation on calcium and phosphorus balance and renal net acid excretion in preterm infants fed a standard formula

In 19 preterm infants fed a standard formula for prematures (calcium (Ca) 13.5 mmol/l; phosphorus (P) 12.9 mmol/l), biochemical parameters of blood, serum and urine were determined before and during supplementation with Ca-L-lactate (final Ca concentration 20 mmol/l). In 8 preterm boys Ca and P balance were evaluated in addition. During Ca supplementation, the serum Ca levels, urine pH (without supplement 6.31, with supplement 6.73), and calciuria (46 mumol/kg/d vs. 98 mumol/kg/d) were increased, and urinary P (1.05 mmol/kg/d vs. 0.65 mmol/kg/d) and net acid excretion (1.70 mEq/kg/d vs. 0.89 mEq/kg/d) were decreased. Balance studies showed increased net intestinal Ca absorption during supplementation (37% vs. 56%) as well as improved Ca (0.8 mmol/kg/d vs. 1.85 mmol/kg/d) and P retention (0.97 mmol/kg/d vs. 1.45 mmol/kg/d). These data show that increased Ca intake given to optimize the Ca:P ratio improves mineral retention in preterm infants fed a standard formula. Ca and P intake should be thoroughly balanced to avoid side-effects like hypercalciuria or high renal net acid excretion.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: recent advances.

Purpose of review Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a significant and growing cause of chronic kidney disease and nephrotic syndrome in adults and children. Recent findings The last year has seen continued progress in understanding podocyte biology, mechanisms of podocyte dysfunction, and its contribution to proteinuria and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Summary A number of studies have helped to elucidate the mechanisms of slit-diaphragm-mediated signaling to the podocyte cytoskeleton. Advances in treatment continue to lag behind advances in understanding focal segmental glomerulosclerosis disease biology.
The Fear Survey Schedule as a measure of anxious arousal : Evidence from ERPs

Anxious arousal and anxious apprehension have been proposed to be two aspects of anxiety that are differentially lateralized. Two prior event-related potential (ERP) studies have found right-lateralized ERPs that correlate with scores on the Fear Survey Schedule (FSS) but not with the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores. This study attempts to replicate the findings of right-lateralization of FSS correlates using high-density ERPs (n=58). A spatial cueing task where emotional faces validly or invalidly cued targets was used. A right-lateralized posterior component (P296) greatest in amplitude for high FSS scores was found. This finding further supports the proposition that the FSS measures anxious arousal and that anxious arousal can be right-lateralized.
Decomposition and soil biota after reclamation of coal mine spoils in an arid region

We compared soil biota and buried wheat straw decomposition on sites subject to topsoiling plus straw mulch reclamation procedures 1–4 years prior to our study and on an unmined site. Rates of straw decomposition were highest on the unmined site. Decomposition rates were higher on the 1- and 2-year-old sites than on the 3- and 4-year-old reclaimed spoil. Microarthropod population densities and number of taxa were greater from decomposing straw on the unmined site and lowest from straw on the 1- and 2-year-old areas. Soil bacteria, fungi, and protozoan populations on buried straw on the oldest reclaimed sites were generally equal to those on the unmined area. Nematode populations on buried straw in the unmined site and 1- and 2-year-old reclaimed sites were similar. Populations of denitrifying bacteria were larger on recently reclaimed sites than on 3- and 4-year-old sites. Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization varied as a function of the diversity and abundance of soil microarthropods. Soil microfauna can serve as an index of soil development in a disturbed arid soil.
Tethered-cord syndrome after repair of meningomyelocele.

The occurrence of tethered-cord syndrome is one of the delayed consequences of the repair of meningomyclocele. The existing neurological deficit worsens, or a new deficit is superimposed on the existing one. In addition, urological and orthopedic symptoms are also frequently encountered. Although radiological studies may be suggestive of tethering of the cord, not all children are symptomatic. Magnetic resonance imaging is the best radiologic study available. Ultrasonography, although economical and easy to perform, does not yield an optimal image. It appears that a careful periodic clinical evaluation is the best way to evaluate the patients for surgery.
On the propagation of a charged particle beam in a random medium. II: Discrete binary statistics

The authors consider the linear transport of energetic charged particles through a background stochastic mixture consisting of two immiscible fluids or solids. The transport model used is the continuous slowing down description in the straight ahead approximation. Under the assumption of homogeneous Markovian mixing statistics and separable (in space and energy) stopping powers with a common energy dependence, the problem of finding the ensemble averaged intensity and dose is reduced to simple quadrature. The use of the Liouville master equation offers an alternate approach to this problem, and leads to an exact differential equations whose solutions give the ensemble-averaged intensity and dose. This master equation approach applies to inhomogeneous Markovian statistics as well as non-separable stopping powers. Both treatments can be extended, in an approximate way, to non-Markovian statistics. Typical numerical results are given, contrasting this stochastic treatment with the standard treatment which ignores the stochastic nature of the problem. 11 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
The mechanism of the alkaline phosphatase reaction: insights from NMR, crystallography and site-specific mutagenesis

The proposed double in-line displacement mechanism of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP) involving two-metal ion catalysis is based on NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies. This mechanism is further supported by the X-ray crystal structures of the covalent phospho-enzyme intermediate of the H331Q mutant AP and of the transition state complex between the wild-type enzyme and vanadate, a transition state analog. Kinetic and structural studies on several genetically engineered versions of AP illustrate the overall importance of the active site's metal geometry, hydrogen bonding network and electrostatic potential in the catalytic mechanism.
An Erotetic Concept of Teaching

In this chapter we will try to provide as precise and rigorous an analysis of the concept of teaching as is possible without leaving the ordinary notion in the conceptual dust. We shall defend this analysis by pointing out some of its promise as the central feature of a full-blown theory of teaching, which we shall call an “erotetic” theory.
Catalytic and chemical reaction rates of hydrogen atoms with germanium

Abstract : The chemical and catalytic reactions between hydrogen atoms and the semiconductor germanium are investigated in order to examine the dependence of these reactions on the bulk electronic properties of the solid. Two reactions with gaseous hydrogen atoms were explored; viz., the catalytic recombination of hydrogen atoms on the semiconductor surface and the chemical reaction in which a volatile germanium hydride is produced. The recombination coefficient for hydrogen atoms on germanium was determined for crystals of different doping levels (both n-type and p-type). At 90 C, the recombination coefficient was found to be 0.25 = 0.06, and was essentially independent of the atom density in the gas and the doping level. The recombination coefficient could be correlated with the Debye temperature of the solid as found previously for metals. As the germanium temperature was increased from 90 C to 170 C, the recombination coefficient increased about 50%. The hydride formation reaction rate was found to be first-order with respect to the hydrogen atom density in the gas with a rate constant at 25 C of 1.4 = 0.2 cm/sec, independent of doping level. It is concluded that the bulk electronic properties of germanium, and probably also of silicon, do not appreciably affect either the catalytic properties for hydrogen atom recombination or the chemical properties for volatile hydride formation. (Author)
Doppler Slant Lines Observed in an Axial Discharge in a Magnetic Field

Spectroscopic studies were made of the high intensity arc used in the large ORNL electromagnetic isotope separators (calutrons). The spectrum lines of ions and the recombination spectra of hydrogen ions show unusually marked broadening and a slant line effect.'' This latter effect is attributed to a doppler shift due to the ordered rotation of ions about the arc column.
Minimum Number of Fresh Milk Samples: A Test of the Theory

Abstract This study utilizes empirical data to evaluate the applicability of statistical theory upon which recent sampling regulations for fresh milk have been based. A computer program was designed to observe all permissible combinations of various numbers of samples per month. The calculated butterfat test for each combination was compared with its respective true butterfat test, and the magnitude and sign of the difference was recorded. If 90% confidence and±.10 tolerance are acceptable, the recommended three stratified random samples per month provide a good estimate of the true butterfat content of producer milk.
Catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide over Cu-zeolites

Cu-exchanged zeolites have been under investigation as catalysts for NO decomposition. Among the zeolites tested Cu-ZSM-5 had the highest turnover frequency. The Arrhenius plots for all the catalysts leveled off or inverted near 773 K, and these curves were entirely reversible on decreasing the temperature. The NO decomposition rate was first order in NO pressure and was inhibited by O2. The kinetics could be described in the Langmuir-Hinshelwood form, with the inhibition being half order in O2 pressure. The redox capacities of Cu-ZSM-5 measured in microbalance experiments were near 0.5 O/Cu, i.e., 1 ϵ−/Cu. Interestingly, O2 could be desorbed isothermally from an initially oxidized catalyst upon flushing the catalyst with He. ESR spectra confirmed that the Cu2+ in the catalysts was being reduced to Cu1+ during the spontaneous desorption of a corresponding amount of O2. This spontaneous desorption of O2 was also observed when pure 02 in the microbalance was replaced by an O2/He mixture, i.e., when the partial pressure of O2 over the catalyst was lowered. This phenomenon is regarded as a key requirement for a sustained NO decomposition activity. An interpretation of the kinetics in light of these findings is presented.
Application of the American Pain Society quality assurance standards.

The American Pain Society's (APS) patient outcome questionnaire was used to examine patient satisfaction with pain management in a quality assurance study of 217 adults and 31 children in a large university hospital. On a scale of 1-6, mean (S.D.) patient satisfaction with pain management provided by nurses was 5.37 (1.02) and by physicians was 5.10 (1.02). Many patients (84% of adults and 90% of children) reported that early in their hospital stay a nurse or physician had communicated the fact that treatment of pain is considered very important. The mean (S.D.) pain severity score (worst pain in the last 24 h) for adults was 6.62 (2.79) on a 0-10 scale and for children was 4.33 (0.85) on a 0-5 Faces scale. Analyses revealed little relationship between pain severity and satisfaction; even persons with high levels of pain were very satisfied with the pain management they received from nurses and physicians. Satisfaction was, however, related to whether nurses and physicians had communicated to the patient that pain management has a high priority. It appears that patients are satisfied if clinicians say they want to provide pain management regardless of whether they actually do. The data raise questions about the interpretation of patient satisfaction as an outcome variable in studies of the quality of pain management.
Quantitative Analysis of a Fully Generalized Four-State Kinetic Scheme

To describe the macroscopic behavior of many ion channels, at a minimum a four-state kinetic scheme is needed to provide for three processes: a delay in activation development, the activation process, and inactivation. I present here an analytical solution for a fully generalized four-state kinetic scheme in which every state can transit to every other state and any initial conditions can be specified. The solution describes the time courses of the probabilities of occupancy of each state during a step change in the rate constants of the scheme and includes closed-form expressions for the relaxation time constants and steady-state probabilities of occupancy as functions of the rate constants. Solutions for several relevant special cases are also included along with demonstrations that the general solution yields the correct behavior for several reduced or special cases where the result is independently known.
Isolation and characterization of pcp, a gene encoding a pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase in Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract The pcp gene, encoding a pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase (PYRase), was cloned from a γGTll genomic library prepared from Staphylococcus aureus FDA 574 and sequenced. The pcp gene is located 740 bp downstream from cna , a gene that encodes a collagen-binding adhesin in S. aureus. S. aureus pcp encodes a 212-amino-acid (aa) polypeptide. The pcp gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the PYRase purified to homogeneity. The recombinant enzyme exhibited biological activitity, as determined using the chromogenic substrate l -pyroglutamyl-β-napthylamide. Biochemical analysis of the PYRase using thiol-blocking chemicals suggested that the enyzme belongs to the cysteine peptidase family. Moreover, multiple sequence alignment revealed a high degree of similarity to previously described bacterial PYRases. This family of peptidases has been used to selectively remove the N-terminal pyrrolidone carboxylic acid residue found on certain blocked proteins and peptides prior to aa sequencing. However, the exact biological role of PYRases has yet to be elucidated.
Longitudinal single-cell cytokine responses reveal recurrent autoimmune myelin reactivity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients:

The relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity and myelin protein-induced cytokine responses over time is not elucidated. We addressed this relationship by examining longitudinal cytokine responses to myelin proteins every three months for one year, in the context of gadolinium (gad)-enhancing brain lesions and of clinical relapses. The ELISPOT assay was used to determine the ex vivo cytokine production in response to nine amino acid long peptides spanning the entire proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) molecules in relapsing—remitting (RR) MS patients and matched healthy controls. We identified three longitudinal levels of myelin-induced cytokine secretion by adding up the positive responses for all PLP or MBP peptides obtained for five timepoints, at three- month intervals: low reactivity ( ...
MR elastography of human lung parenchyma: Technical development, theoretical modeling and in vivo validation

Purpose: To develop a novel MR-based method for visualizing the elastic properties of human lung parenchyma in vivo and to evaluate the ability of this method to resolve differences in parenchymal stiffness at different respiration states in healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods: A spin-echo MR Elastography (MRE) pulse sequence was developed to provide both high shear wave motion sensitivity and short TE for improved visualization of lung parenchyma. The improved motion sensitivity of this approach was modeled and tested with phantom experiments. In vivo testing was then performed on 10 healthy volunteers at the respiratory states of residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC). Results: Shear wave propagation was visualized within the lungs of all volunteers and was processed to provide parenchymal shear stiffness maps for all 10 subjects. Density corrected stiffness values at TLC (1.83 ± 0.22 kPa) were higher than those at the RV (1.14 ± 0.14 kPa) with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: 1H-based MR elastography can noninvasively measure the shear stiffness of human lung parenchyma in vivo and can quantitate the change in shear stiffness due to respiration. The values obtained were consistent with previously reported in vitro assessments of cadaver lungs. Further work is required to increase the flexibility of the current acquisition and to investigate the clinical potential of lung MRE. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:1351–1361. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influences of H ion implantation on Ti:O,H,D films prepared by rf sputtering

Abstract A 30 keV H ion implantation on Ti:O,H,D films which were composed of titanium oxide, hydride and deuteride phase was carried out, and the changes in the microstructure and H concentration were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and elastic recoil detection (ERD) analysis. It was found that the crystallinity of the δ-phase Ti:H,D was decreased and γ-phase Ti:H,D was observed after H ion implantation. The surface morphology was also changed and the surface roughness was reduced after implantation. The distribution of H atoms was spread out toward the substrate as H ion dose was increased. The total amount of H estimated from ERD spectra was slightly increased, but the D concentration was decreased after H ion implantation.
Relationships among arteriolar, regional, and whole organ blood flow in cremaster muscle.

The relationship between microvessel and tissue blood flow (BF) was determined with two different techniques during changes in local vasomotor tone in the rat cremaster muscle. Whole organ and regional BF were measured with the radioactive microsphere technique (BFms) and compared with values calculated in individual arterioles (BFc) using the dual-slit cross-correlation technique. In the muscle prepared for microcirculatory observation (i.e., dissected, surgically divided into a flattened sheet, and covered with clear plastic), resting BFms was 43 +/- 3 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1, which was significantly higher than paired BFms in the contralateral undisturbed muscle (24 +/- 7 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1). Over a range in vasomotor tone, regional BFms to the edge of the tissue, which was exposed to the trauma of the surgery, was 56 +/- 7 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1 compared with 38 +/- 5 in the less traumatized center region, a significant difference of 79 +/- 31%. There was no linear relationship between arteriolar BFc and BFms. The correlation was not improved if the factors of vessel size, vasomotor tone, animal size, or muscle size were considered. Changes in arteriolar BFc (y) overestimated changes in total tissue BFms (x) by a factor of 2 (y = 2.01x - 0.6; r = 0.86), but changes in arteriolar BFc were proportional to changes in BFms if only the center region (x) of the tissue was considered (y = 1.08x - 0.1; r = 0.84). The general implication from these results is that factors that influence perfusion heterogeneity, such as surgical trauma, should be carefully considered when correlating macro- and microcirculatory measurements of BF.
Probabilistic analysis of a network design problem heuristic

Previous work has shown the budget network design problem (selecting a subset of arcs, subject to a budget constraint, so that the total weighted sum of the shortest paths in the network is minimized) to be a very difficult optimization problem. This article gives an efficient heuristic procedure for solving budget network design problems embedded in a circle on the euclidean plane where the nodes are independently and randomly distributed over the circle. With mild conditions on the budget constraint, we prove that as the number of nodes increases, the probability that the heuristic solution value exceeds any fixed percentage of the optimal solution value goes to zero. Computational results for the heuristic arc given.
BRAIN REPRESENTATION OF OBJECT-CENTERED SPACE IN MONKEYS AND HUMANS

▪ Abstract Visuospatial cognition requires taking into account where things are relative to each other and not just relative to the viewer. Consequently it would make sense for the brain to form an explicit representation of object-centered and not just of ego-centered space. Evidence bearing on the presence and nature of neural maps of object-centered space has come from two sources: single-neuron recording in behaving monkeys and assessment of the visual abilities of human patients with hemispatial neglect. Studies of the supplementary eye field of the monkey have revealed that it contains neurons with object-centered spatial selectivity. These neurons fire when the monkey has selected, as target for an eye movement or attention, a particular location defined relative to a reference object. Studies of neglect have revealed that in some patients the condition is expressed with respect to an object-centered and object-aligned reference frame. These patients neglect one side of an object, as defined relati...
Mechanisms that match ATP supply to demand in cardiac pacemaker cells during high ATP demand.

The spontaneous action potential (AP) firing rate of sinoatrial node cells (SANCs) involves high-throughput signaling via Ca2+-calmodulin activated adenylyl cyclases (AC), cAMP-mediated protein kin...
Low and nontoxic inorganic mercury burdens attenuate BCR-Mediated signal transduction

The ubiquitous environmental heavy metal contaminant mercury (Hg) is a potent immunomodulator that has been implicated as a factor contributing to autoimmune disease. However, the mechanism(s) whereby Hg initiates or perpetuates autoimmune responses, especially at the biochemical/molecular level, remain poorly understood. Recent work has established a relationship between impaired B-cell receptor (BCR) signal strength and autoimmune disease. In previous studies, we have shown that in mouse WEHI-231 B cells, noncytotoxic concentrations of inorganic mercury (Hg +2 ) interfered with BCR-mediated growth control, suggesting that BCR signal strength was impaired by Hg +2 . Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1,2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is responsible for the activation of several transcription factors in B cells. Phosphorylation of ERK serves as an essential node of signal integration for the BCR. Thus, the magnitude of ERK activation serves as an operational metric for BCR signal strength. Using Western blotting and phospho-specific flow cytometry, we now show that the kinetics and magnitude of BCR-mediated activation of ERK-MAPK are markedly attenuated in WEHI-231 cells and splenic B cells that have been exposed to low and nontoxic burdens of Hg +2 . However, Hg +2 does not seem to act directly on ERK-MAPK but rather on an upstream element or elements of the BCR signal transduction pathway, above the level of the key protein tyrosine kinase Syk. Our data suggest that the site of action of Hg +2 may very well be localized on the plasma membrane. These findings support a connection between Hg +2 and attenuated BCR signal strength in the etiology of autoimmune disease.
Enumeration of Partitions with Hooklengths

Partitions of an integer have found extensive application in combinatorics [1, 14, 17], group representation theory [6, 13, 15], and the theory of algorithms [10, 12]. The component parts of a partition can be arranged linearly, in the plane or even associated with the elements of an arbitrary partially ordered set. One of the important properties of linear partitions is that their generating function can be written
Strain measurement in coronary arteries using intravascular ultrasound and deformable images

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture is responsible for the majority of myocardial infarctions and acute coronary syndromes. Rupture is initiated by mechanical failure of the plaque cap, and thus study of the deformation of the plaque in the artery can elucidate the events that lead to myocardial infarction. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) provides high resolution in vitro and in vivo cross-sectional images of blood vessels. To extract the deformation field from sequences of IVUS images, a registration process must be performed to correlate material points between image pairs. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of an image registration technique termed Warping to determine strains in plaques and coronary arteries from paired IVUS images representing two different states of deformation. The Warping technique uses pointwise differences in pixel intensities between image pairs to generate a distributed body force that acts to deform a finite element model. The strain distribution estimated by image-based Warping showed excellent agreement with a known forward finite element solution, representing the gold standard, from which the displaced image was created. The Warping technique had a low sensitivity to changes in material parameters or material model and had a low dependency on the noise present in the images. The Warping analysis was also able to produce accurate strain distributions when the constitutive model used for the Warping analysis and the forward analysis was different. The results of this study demonstrate that Warping in conjunction with in vivo IVUS imaging will determine the change in the strain distribution resulting from physiological loading and may be useful as a diagnostic tool for predicting the likelihood of plaque rupture through the determination of the relative stiffness of the plaque constituents.
Stock Price Reactions to Investments in EAI and ERP: A Comparative Event Study

The study described in this paper contributes to the growing repository of event studies in the field of information technology (IT) research. The empirical results presented in this paper indicate that financial markets differentiate among technologies that companies invest in to integrate their information systems. In addition, this study confirms that technology maturity, financial health of the investing company, and stock market conditions are important factors influencing stock market reaction.
Temperature Stabilities of Montmorillonite- and Vermiculite-Glycol Complexes1

Stabilities of Mg-, Ca-, and Na-montmorillonite- and vermiculite-glycol complexes are compared by heating experiments with the oscillating-heating x-ray powder diffraction method. In the course of expulsion of glycol from the 17A two-layer glycol complexes of the Mg-, Ca-, and Na-montmorillonites, a 14A one-layer complex is encountered which is substantially the same as the 14A one-layer vermiculite-glycol complex. One.dimensional Fourier methods are utilized for analysis of interlayer liquid distributions. Direct observations of x-ray diffraction phenomena under dynamic conditions during the course of dehydration of monoionic montmorillonites reported at the Fourth National Clay Minerals Conference (Rowland, Weiss, and Bradley, 1956) indicated a transient intermediate hydration stage of about ll.5A, from which surprisingly close approach of water molecules to complex silicate layers was inferred. The range of temperature of stability seemed too narrow for collecting data for analysis by Fourier methods, but two avenues of approach suggested themselves for obtaining supplemental information. These were the utilization of a higher boiling organic liquid as substitute for the water concerned, and the utilization of vermiculite as a better crystallized analogue of the silicate complex. Each approach afforded data sequences in the 001 series superior to those afforded by the water-montmorillonite systems. The degree of improvement is readily illustrated in the diffractometer registrations but, unfortunately, still falls far short of a quality that would be independently definitive. Figure 1 illustrates the extent of the data available from the water systems from slides arranged as for the oscillating-heating technique. Records of the migrations of the several maxima were illustrated last year (Rowland, Weiss, and Bradley, 1956). The improved range in the 00l series from a similarly arranged ethylene glycol complex is illustrated in Figure 2. The glycol complexes are prepared by exposure of moderately well-oriented water system slides to ethylene glycol vapor in the oscillating-heating furnace. Records of the position and intensity of first maxima from glycolated complexes are illustrated in Figure 3. For the monoionic montmorillonite complexes, transition from a 17A two-layer complex to a 14A one-layer complex is clearly depicted, and for the magnesium member, at least, a hopefully broad temperature range of stability is indicated for the one-layer complex. The ver
Femoral Tunnel Placement in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Technical failures with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions occur in large part from errors in femoral tunnel placement. Recent research questions our knowledge of femoral tunnel placement. Based on newer biomechanical studies, the traditional method of placing the graft in the 11-o’clock position in the right knee restores anterior stability but not rotational stability. In addition, the kinematics of the knee may be abnormal after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. We review the literature on the anatomic attachment site and the biomechanical studies. These studies provided the impetus for the development of the senior author’s current method of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Lamprologus markerti, a new lamprologine cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) endemic to the lower Congo River in the Democratic Republic of Congo, west-central Africa.

A new Lamprologus is described from the lower Congo River (LCR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Lamprologus markerti, new species, is readily distinguished from L. tigripictilis and L. werneri, the LCR endemic lamprologines with which it was once taxonomically conflated, in the possession of a reduced number of gill rakers on the first arch (9–11 versus 12–17), a longer head (32.1–34.7% SL versus 29.3–31.9 and 29.1–32.9% SL, respectively), and a longer predorsal length (33.0–35.9% SL versus 29.3–32.7 and 28.5–32.6% SL, respectively). Further, L. markerti lacks a second intestinal loop present in both L. tigripictilis and L. werneri, and has a highly reduced infraorbital series often consisting of a single first infraorbital (lachrymal) element.
Labeling of Vanilla Type Affects Consumer Perception of Vanilla Ice Cream

The effects of labeling v The effects of labeling v The effects of labeling v The effects of labeling v The effects of labeling vanilla type on consumer liking of v anilla type on consumer liking of v anilla type on consumer liking of v anilla type on consumer liking of v anilla type on consumer liking of vanilla ice cr anilla ice cr anilla ice cr anilla ice cr anilla ice cream w eam w eam w eam w eam were evaluated. Three experiments with 144 to 150 panelists using 4 commercial ice creams were done where the samples were initially experiments with 144 to 150 panelists using 4 commercial ice creams were done where the samples were initially experiments with 144 to 150 panelists using 4 commercial ice creams were done where the samples were initially experiments with 144 to 150 panelists using 4 commercial ice creams were done where the samples were initially experiments with 144 to 150 panelists using 4 commercial ice creams were done where the samples were initially not labeled with the type of v not labeled with the type of v not labeled with the type of v not labeled with the type of v not labeled with the type of vanilla flav were evaluated, the labeled, naturally flavored sample was liked more than the unlabeled sample overall; when were evaluated, the labeled, naturally flavored sample was liked more than the unlabeled sample overall; when were evaluated, the labeled, naturally flavored sample was liked more than the unlabeled sample overall; when were evaluated, the labeled, naturally flavored sample was liked more than the unlabeled sample overall; when labeled, the artificially flavored ice cream was liked less than the unlabeled sample. Labeling was shown to affect labeled, the artificially flavored ice cream was liked less than the unlabeled sample. Labeling was shown to affect labeled, the artificially flavored ice cream was liked less than the unlabeled sample. Labeling was shown to affect labeled, the artificially flavored ice cream was liked less than the unlabeled sample. Labeling was shown to affect labeled, the artificially flavored ice cream was liked less than the unlabeled sample. Labeling was shown to affect consumer liking. consumer liking. consumer liking. consumer liking. consumer liking.
LegionFS: A Secure and Scalable File System Supporting Cross-Domain High-Performance Applications

Realizing that current file systems can not cope with the diverse requirements of wide-area collaborations, researchers have developed data access facilities to meet their needs. Recent work has focused on comprehensive data access architectures. In order to fulfill the evolving requirements in this environment, we suggest a more fully-integrated architecture built upon the fundamental tenets of naming, security, scalability, extensibility, and adaptability. These form the underpinning of the Legion File System (LegionFS). This paper motivates the need for these requirements and presents benchmarks that highlight the scalability of LegionFS. LegionFS aggregate throughput follows the linear growth of the network, yielding an aggregate read bandwidth of 193.8 MB/s on a 100 Mbps Ethernet backplane with 50 simultaneous readers. The serverless architecture of LegionFS is shown to benefit important scientific applications, such as those accessing the Protein Data Bank, within both local- and wide-area environments.
Reexamination of the rate of desert varnish formation reported south of barstow, California

Desert varnish is reported to have formed in 25 years on desert pavement stones in an abandoned road south of Barstow, California. It has been discovered that stones buried close to the surface of the roadbed and adjacent desert pavement bear the same dark desert varnish as the exposed stones at the surface. This and other observations refute the claim of 25 year old varnish.
Differences in the substrate binding regions of renal organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1) and 3 (OAT3).

This study examined the selectivity of organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3 for structural congeners of the heavy metal chelator 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Thiol-reactive reagents were also used to test structural predictions based on a homology model of OAT1 structure. DMPS was near equipotent in its ability to inhibit OAT1 (IC50 = 83 μM) and OAT3 (IC50 = 40 μM) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. However, removal of a thiol group (3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid) resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in IC50 toward OAT1 vs. a ∼55-fold increase in IC50 toward OAT3. The data suggested that compound volume/size is important for binding to OAT1/OAT3. The sensitivity to HgCl2 of OAT1 and OAT3 was also dramatically different, with IC50 values of 104 and 659 μM, respectively. Consistent with cysteines of OAT1 being more accessible from the external medium than those of OAT3, thiol-reactive reagents reacted preferentially with OAT1 in cell surface biotinylation assays. OAT1 was less sensitive to HgCl2 inhibition and less reactive toward membrane-impermeant thiol reactive reagents following mutation of cysteine 440 (C440) to an alanine. These data indicate that C440 in transmembrane helix 10 of OAT1 is accessible from the extracellular space. Indeed, C440 was exposed to the aqueous phase of the presumptive substrate translocation pathway in a homology model of OAT1 structure. The limited thiol reactivity in OAT3 suggests that the homologous cysteine residue (C428) is less accessible. Consistent with their homolog-specific selectivities, these data highlight structural differences in the substrate binding regions of OAT1 and OAT3.
Lymphatic and Venous Transport of Water From Rat Jejunum: A Vascular Perfusion Study

Summary A procedure for vascular perfusion of rat upper jejunum with heparinized homologous blood is described. When bicarbonate Ringer solution was placed in the lumen of the intestine, net water absorption was demonstrated by a positive V-A difference (venous outflow rate > arterial inflow rate) and lymph flow. The sum of V-A difference and lymph flow was found to be equal to the rate of water disappearance from the lumen of intestine. When an unabsorbable salt solution (MgSO 4 ) was placed in the lumen, the V-A difference was either zero or negative and lymph flow was nil. Lymph flow was small at low venous pressure but increased at high venous pressure. The change of arterial pressure between 50 and 100 mm Hg exerted no significant effect on lymph flow. The rate of water transport into the venous system as well as that of the total net water transport were reduced at high venous pressure. The percentage transport of water by the lymphatic system increased with the increase of venous pressure and the reverse was the case for the percentage transport by the venous system. At very low venous pressure (0 to 5 mm Hg), lymph flow accounted for 10 to 25% of net water transport but, at high venous pressure (above 20 mm Hg), net water transport was entirely by way of the lymphatic system.
Effects of the High-Probability Request Procedure: Patterns of Responding to Low-Probability Requests

The effects of high probability (high-p) requests on compliance with low-probability (low-p) responses have received increasing attention in investigations aimed at increasing compliance. Differential effects of high-p treatments and at least three distinct patterns of responding to low-p requests have been presented in recent literature. We present a series of case studies with three children who had developmental disabilities and who displayed severe noncompliance. The effects of high-p treatments across several topographies of behavior in a variety of settings are representative of the three patterns presented in recent literature. In Pattern 1, increased compliance to low-p requests was most likely when compliance with high-p requests immediately preceded the low-p requests. In Pattern 2, compliance with low-p requests initially occurred differentially immediately following compliance with high-p requests, but across sessions these effects were sustained in the absence of the high-p requests. In Pattern 3, compliance with high-p requests did not result in compliance with subsequent low-p requests and compliance to high-p requests also decreased across sessions. This paper provides case illustrations of these patterns, a discussion of hypotheses regarding the basis for these differential effects, and implications for future analyses involving high-p procedures.
Social Skill Training in Short-Term Groups

Social skill training is rapidly becoming one of the broadest applied therapeutic and educational approaches. Many people suffer the inconvenience or pain of not being able to deal with interpersonal relationships. Social skill training is designed to increase the client’s competence in a wide variety of interactions with other people. The term social skills refers to the ability to perform a complex set of both verbal and nonverbal behaviors that compose a consistently effective response to a set of given social situations. It should be noted that social skills are situationally specific. That is, each type of situation has its unique requirements for an effective response. Persons may be skilled in responding to some situations but not to others. For example, some persons may be able to ask for help and express their feelings in situations that call for such behaviors but are not able to refuse others even when imposed upon. Others may be quite expert at all of the brief responses mentioned but falter in complex situations such as extended conversations, job interviews, or dating situations. Responses are considered effective if they help the dient to move toward his or her own goals without imposing on the rights of others. Social skill training, therefore, focuses on both the learning of new behaviors appropriate to a given situation and the process involved in putting together a sequence of effective behaviors. Social skill training may be also used to eliminate or modify those behaviors that interfere with the attainment of personal goals. In training, the acquisition of specific social skills appropriate to given situations is often employed as a means of solving specific, imminent problems. It is an equally relevant means of helping clients develop a repertoire of appropriate nonverbal social skills (good eye contact, appropriate voice volume and modulation) that can be used in a wide variety of situations. Finally, it may serve to assist the client in improving longterm relationships as the client succeeds in meeting mutual goals for concrete situations with a partner.
Tourmaline: A Geologic DVD

Tourmaline is an eye-catching mineral, but even more importantly, it has played a significant role in the evolution of scientific thought and, more recently, has been recognized as a medium for recording geologic information, not unlike a DVD. With its plethora of chemical constituents, its wide range of stability from conditions near the Earth9s surface to the pressures and temperatures of the upper mantle, and its extremely low rates of volume diffusion, tourmaline can acquire a chemical signature from the rock in which it develops and can retain that signature through geologic time. As a source as well as a sink for boron, tourmaline is nature9s boron recorder. Tourmaline can be used as a geothermometer, provenance indicator, fluid-composition recorder, and geochronometer. Although long prized as a gemstone, tourmaline is clearly more than meets the eye.
Barn Owl Reproduction: Patterns and Variation near the Limit of the Species’ Distribution

I studied reproduction of the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in irrigated farmlands of northern Utah for 16 years documenting 391 nesting attempts. Most Barn Owls began nesting at one year of age and produced one brood per year. The owls rarely produced second broods or replaced failed first clutches. Complete first clutches averaged 7.17 eggs (n = 275). Replacement (x = 5.81, n = 16) and second clutches (x = 5.79, n = 19) were significantly smaller than first clutches, but first (X = 5.45) and second broods (x = 5.37) did not differ significantly. Replacement broods (x = 3.83) were significantly smaller than first. Of all nesting attempts 88% produced full clutches and 71% yielded at least one fledgling. Successful nests on average produced 5.09 fledglings per first brood, 4.94 per second brood, and 3.60 per replacement brood. Second attempts were more likely to produce fledglings than either first or replacement attempts. Sixty-three percent of all eggs laid hatched and 55% produced fledglings. Of eggs that hatched, 87% survived to fledging. March 13 was the mean date for initiation of egg laying and latest second clutches hatched on 4 October. Persistent snow cover and low winter temperatures significantly delayed onset of egg laying and reduced the number and success of breeding attempts. Clutch size, however, did not differ significantly among years or among nest sites.
Effect of acetylsalicylic acid ingestion on electrophoretic patterns of human plasma.

Summary1. Blood of normal subjects was examined by electrophoresis before and after ingestion of 4 g of acetylsalicylic acid per day for 7 days. Physical and chemical constants obtained were in good agreement with published values.2. No marked changes were observed in any protein components accessible to electrophoresis. The conclusion is drawn that the effect of salicylates on blood clotting time and sedimentation rates of erythrocytes cannot be due to a reduction of plasma fibrinogen, and that salicylates are probably not hepa-to toxic.
Lycoriella mali: Control in Mushroom Compost by Incorporation of Insecticides into Compost

Six of 29 chemicals evaluated against a sciarid fly Lycoriella mali (Fitch), the major insect pest of commercial mushrooms, gave control equal to that of diazinon at lower doses. Those found to require less and their LD95 and LD50 (ppm), respectively, were: BAY SIR 8514 (2-chloro- N -[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]amino]-carbonyl]benzamide) (0.4, 0.001); chlorpyrifos (11.0, 1.5); Lilly L-7063 ( N -[[[5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-methylpyrazinyl] amino] carbonyl]2-chlorobenzamide (21.2, 3.8); ethoprop (25.1, 12.3); dimethoate (37.9, 7.3), and diflubenzuron (49.2, 4.9).