cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computation of standard projections for a triclinic system of arbitrary orientation

Abstract The equations for the computation of the crystallographic poles in various standard projections are derived for a general triclinic system with the lattice parameters A, B, C, α, β, and γ. The Cartesian coordinates of these projected poles allow precise plotting for arbitrary crystal orientations. As examples the computer simulated orthographic, stereographic, and gnomonic projections for several orientations for WC ( c a + 0.976) and W 2 C ( c a + 1.580) are presented.
Metal Extraction from Heterogeneous Surfaces Using Carbon Dioxide Microemulsions

We have demonstrated that water in carbon dioxide (w/c) microemulsions extract copper and europium ions from a variety of solid substrates in high yields. The microemulsions are unique from bulk aqueous extractions in that the volume of water used is similar to that of the metal extracted, rather than that of the entire solid substrate, allowing grams of waste to be extracted with microliters of water. The microemulsion enhances wetting without saturation of the solid matrix, allowing almost complete recovery of the metal ions. Our results show that >98% of the metal can be recovered from a filter paper surface in a single extrtaction step. Extraction experiments using wood spiked with metal ions have shown that the microemulsions have enhanced diffusivity compared to bulk water. Pressure changes allow recovery and regeneration of the surfactant; in a test case, 81% of the initial capacity is achieved upon reexposure of the w/c microemulsion to a second batch of copper nitrate.
Development of neuromuscular junctions in rat embryos

Abstract Physiological properties of nerve-muscle junctions were studied in intercostal muscles of rat embryos of 13 to 21 days gestation and in neonates. Nerve bundles grew into the muscle region by Day 13 of gestation. Myotubes began to appear on Days 13–14. Myotubes were electrically coupled before birth, allowing the spread of depolarization laterally between fibers. The strength of coupling declined with embryonic age and disappeared after birth. At early times, some fibers of adjacent segments were also coupled, end to end. Resting potentials of myotubes were high (70–90mV) from the time of their appearance. Miniature end-plate potentials were recorded in some myotubes on Day 14 of gestation. At that time also, nerve stimulation could evoke an end-plate potential which was capable of triggering muscle contraction. The mean quantal content of transmitter released from individual terminals was small compared to that in adult muscle; it remained small through the first postnatal week. Individual myofibers had a single end-plate site near their center, which could receive as many as six distinct synaptic inputs. The number of inputs per fiber reached a peak at Day 17 of gestation, and then began to decline before birth, reaching its adult value of one input per fiber within the second postnatal week. The internal intercostal muscles contained about 30 motor units, each confined to a small zone in the muscle. The region occupied by a single motor unit was not obviously reduced in size as the number of synaptic inputs per fiber declined. At Day 17 of gestation 40% of the muscles contained one or more aberrant motor units, the parent axons of which projected out through the ventral roots of adjacent segments. Elimination of these units commenced at the same time as did the reduction in number of synaptic inputs to single myofibers, and 70% of the aberrant units were eliminated before birth.
A Meeting of Broadcast and Post-Broadcast Media in the 2004 American Presidential Election

The ways in which individuals interact with political media has changed significantly over the last 30 years. With the advent of cable television some scholars have argued that television's influence on political opinions can now be defined by the specific, niche audiences of the cable channels, instead of the vast, general audience of network television channels (Prior, 2007). Using the 2004 NAES debate panel survey, this article argues that, although the shift from reach to specificity might be occurring, political debates still serve an important reach function in American elections. Further, the tested model also displays different paths of influence for FOX News verse CNN viewers on their opinions of President Bush. Specifically, FOX News viewing was found to directly influence individuals' opinions of Bush, while CNN indirectly affected individuals' opinions of Bush by positively influencing debate viewing.
Tissue Distribution of Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase E3 (ALDH9): Comparison of Enzyme Activity with E3 Protein and mRNA Distribution

The tissue distribution of the E3 isozyme of human aldehyde dehydrogenase has been investigated by three methods: enzyme activity assay employing betaine aldehyde as substrate, Western blotting employing E3 isozyme-specific antibodies, and Northern blotting using a human liver E3 cDNA as probe. All three methods showed that E3 isozyme was universally distributed among all tissues tested. The highest levels of the E3 isozyme activity were found in liver, adrenal gland, and kidney. These same tissues also showed highest levels of the E3 protein via the Western blot. This distribution is consistent with the possible physiological role of E3 isozyme in the synthesis of the osmolyte, betaine, and the neurotransmitter, GABA. Northern blot analysis, however, differed from that of enzyme assay and the Western blot in that it showed highest mRNA levels in skeletal and heart muscles, which had low enzyme activities and E3 protein levels.
A resident's view of a psychiatry in-patient unit in a university hospital

Abstract A first year psychiatric residency in an in-patient unit in a university hospital provided experience in the use of a range of drugs and, when necessary, of the other resources of a general hospital. Of 90 patients treated, mainly psychotic, 42 were markedly improved and 33 moderately improved.
THE CORRELATED k-DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUE AS APPLIED TO THE AVHRR CHANNELS

Correlated k-distributions have been created to account for the molecular absorption found in the spectral ranges of the five Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite channels. The production of the k-distributions was based upon an exponential-sum fitting of transmissions (ESFT) technique which was applied to reference line-by-line absorptance calculations. To account for the overlap of spectral features from different molecular species, the present routines made use of the multiplication transmissivity property which allows for considerable flexibility, especially when altering relative mixing ratios of the various molecular species. To determine the accuracy of the correlated k-distribution technique as compared to the line-by-line procedure, atmospheric flux and heating rate calculations were run for a wide variety of atmospheric conditions. For the atmospheric conditions taken into consideration, the correlated k-distribution technique has yielded results within about 0.5% for both the cases where the satellite spectral response functions were applied and where they were not. The correlated k-distribution's principal advantages is that it can be incorporated directly into multiple scattering routines that consider scattering as well as absorption by clouds and aerosol particles.
NOTES ON CONGRUENCES ON REGULAR SEMIGROUPS. I

Four properties of congruences on a regular semigroup S are studied and compared. Let R, L and D denote Green's relations and let V = {(a, b) ∈ S × S|a and b are mutually inverse}. A congruence ρ on S is (1) rectangular provided ρ ∩ D = (ρ ∩ L) ° (ρ ∩ R), (2) V-commuting provided ρ ° V = V ° ρ, (3) (L, R)-commuting provided L ° ρ = ρ ° L, and R ° ρ = ρ ° R, and (4) idempotent-regular provided each idempotent ρ-class is a regular subsemigroup of S.A rectangular congruence is (L, R)-commuting and a V-commuting congruence is idempotent-regular. If ρ is idempotent-regular and (L, R)-commuting then ρ is V-commuting. Examples and conditions are given to show what other implications among the four properties hold. In addition to characterizations of the properties, these are studied in the presence of other conditions on S. For example, if S is a stable regular semigroup, then each congruence under D is rectangular.
Bovine coronavirus I protein synthesis follows ribosomal scanning on the bicistronic N mRNA

Abstract The mRNA encoding the 49-kDa nucleocapsid protein (N) of the bovine coronavirus is bicistronic. A 23-kDa protein, termed the I protein for the ‘internal’ open reading frame (ORF), is also synthesized but in the +1 reading frame beginning 61 nt downstream of the N start codon. Sequences flanking the N and I start codons suggest that the I ORF might be accessed by scanning ribosomes passing over the N start codon. Here we test this idea and demonstrate with translation studies both in vitro and in vivo that the I protein is synthesized according to the leaky scanning model for initiation of translation on the subgenomic N mRNA molecule.
Safety-first approach to memory consistency models

Recent efforts to standardize concurrency semantics for programming languages require programmers to explicitly annotate all memory accesses that can participate in a data race (“unsafe” accesses). This requirement allows the compiler and hardware to aggressively optimize unannotated accesses, which are assumed to be data-race-free (“safe” accesses), while still preserving the intuitive thread interleaving semantics known as sequential consistency (SC). However, unannotated data races are easy for programmers to accidentally introduce and difficult to detect, and thus the safety and correctness of programs can be significantly compromised. The authors argue instead for a safety-first approach, whereby the compiler and hardware treat every memory access as potentially unsafe unless it is proven otherwise. In this way, SC semantics is guaranteed for all programs, whether data-race-free or not. The authors show that the performance and design cost of this approach is insignificant in practice, because the majority of accesses can be proven safe through a simple static or dynamic analysis, and memory ordering constraints can be ignored for such accesses without violating SC. Together with their earlier work on an efficient SC-preserving compiler, their SC hardware provides end-to-end SC semantics at the language level with low overhead.
Large Particles in Modern Diesel Engine Exhaust

During research on diesel engine EGR cooler fouling a test stand giving visual access to the building deposit layer has been developed. Initial experiments reveal the presence of large particles in the exhaust. While conventional wisdom is that diesel particulates typically have log-normal size distributions ranging approximately 10–200 nm, the tests reported here observe small numbers of particles with sizes on the order of tens of μm. Such particles are not generally reported in the literature because exhaust particle sizing instruments typically have inertial separators to remove particles larger than ∼1 μm in order to avoid fouling of the nanoparticle measurement system.The test stand provides exhaust or heated air flow over a cooled surface with Reynolds number, pressure, and surface temperature typical of an EGR cooler. A window allows observation using a digital microscope camera. Starting from a clean surface, a rapid build of a deposit layer is observed. A few large particles are observed. These may land on the surface and remain for long times, although occasionally a particle blows away.In order to study these particles further, an exhaust sample was passed over a fiberglass filter, and the resulting filtered particles were analyzed. Samples were taken at the engine EGR passage, and also in the test stand tubing just before the visualization fixture. The resulting images indicate that the particles are not artifacts of the test system, but rather are present in engine exhaust.MATLAB routines were developed to analyze the filter images taken on the microscope camera. Particles were identified, counted, and sized by the software.It is not possible to take isokinetic samples and give quantitative measurement of the number and size distribution of the particles because the particles are large enough that inertial and gravitational effects will cause them to at least partially settle out of the flows. Nonetheless, the presence of particles tens of μm is documented.Such particles are probably the result of in-cylinder and exhaust pipe deposits flaking. While these larger particles would be captured by the diesel particulate filter (DPF), they can affect intake and exhaust valve seating, EGR cooler fouling, EGR valve sealing, and other factors.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Intravenous fluid flow beneath inflated antishock trousers in a canine hemorrhagic shock model.

A study was performed to determine the percentage of fluid that enters the central circulation following infusion in a peripheral vein beneath an in flated pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) during hemorrhagic shock in a canine model. Seven mongrel dogs were bled acutely to a systolic blood pressure of 50 to 60 mm Hg. The PASG then was inflated. One to two microcuries of Technetium-99-labeled macroaggregated albumin was infused into a peripheral vein in the hind leg, followed by a 10-mL/kg fluid bolus. The albumin particles that reached the central circulation were trapped in the pulmonary capillary bed. Following infusion, a full body scan was performed. The percentage of injected fluid entering the central circulation was calculated by comparing the total body counts to counts localized to the thorax. Average mean arterial pressure was 111 mm Hg prior to bleeding, 47 mm Hg prior to shock trouser inflation, and 66 mm Hg after inflation. The percentage of injected Technetium-99-labeled albumin that reached the central circulation ranged from 80.5% to 99.6%, with a mean of 91.3%. We conclude that a significant percentage of IV fluids infused beneath inflated PASG will reach the central circulation.
To Cool or Not to Cool

One of the tantalizing questions in modern cosmology concerns how the first stars formed at the end of the cosmic dark ages, a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. It has long been realized that their emergence must have set into motion the rapid transformation of the early universe from an exceedingly simple initial state into one of ever-increasing complexity ( 1 ). On page 69 of this issue, Kreckel et al. ( 2 ) present a combination of laboratory and numerical astrophysics to provide an improved value for the production rate of molecular hydrogen (H2), one of the key physical processes that governed the formation of the first stars.
Theory of the orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition in YBa2Cu3O7−x

Abstract A theoretical open-system order-disorder model of the orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x is presented which gives good agreement with experimental data on the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters near the transition.
Restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage in dogs with adrenocortical suppression

Groups of splenectomized dogs were treated with weekly im doses of a potent glucocorticoid, methylprednisolone acetate (MPA; 2.5 mg/kg) or MPA-vehicle (controls) to determine if glucocorticoid-induced adrenocortical suppression would alter the restitution of blood volume in response to a 7.5 ml/kg hemorrhage. Five of the MPA-treated dogs were infused with cortisol (17 μg/min) for 2 hr beginning with the onset of hemorrhage. Blood volume restitution at 24 hr post-hemorrhage was reduced (P<0.05) in MPA-treated (46.5 ± 4.7%) or MPA-treated- cortisol infused (69.8 ± 9.7%) dogs as compared to controls (114 ± 11.8%). Hemorrhage was associated with a rapid increase in plasma immunoreactive (i) ACTH and cortisol concentrations in controls. In contrast, MPA treatment lowered baseline plasma iACTH and cortisol concentrations and prevented increases in either hormone following hemorrhage. Infusion of cortisol in one group of MPA-treated dogs gradually raised plasma cortisol concentrations but to lower (P<0.05) concentrations than measured in controls. Plasma aldosterone and glucose concentrations were not altered by MPA-treatment. Plasma osmolality increased to a greater (P<0.05) extent after hemorrhage in controls than in either group of MPA-treated dogs. It is concluded that glucocorticoid-induced adrenocortical suppression impairs the normal blood volume restitution process after moderate hemorrhage. The failure of cortisol infusion to fully restore restitution after MPA treatment may indicate that the pattern of the plasma cortisol response to hemorrhage is important in activating the restitution process or that MPA treatment diminishes non-cortisol dependent factors involved in restitution.
A Scale for Measuring Film Analyticity

The concept of film analyticity is defined. The theoretical definition of film analyticity is then operationalized in the form of a scalogram. The scalogram may be used to explore the characteristics of viewers who are high in analyticity. Results of such explorations may indicate methods for teaching people to process sequen tial audio-visual information more astutely.
Optical time-variant processing of signals in the mixed time-frequency domain

Abstract A new approach to the problem of time-variant filtering is presented. This approach is based upon the generation of the mixed time-frequency representation of a signal, multiplication of that representation by a 2-D function H(ω, t), and obtaining a filtered output by an inverse operation. An astigmatic optical system is used to implement the above operations. The resultant filter is linear if the time-frequency representation used is the complex spectrogram. In contrast, the filter is non-linear if the Wigner distribution function is used.
Optimization of carbon fiber usage in Type 4 hydrogen storage tanks for fuel cell automobiles

Abstract Finite element (FE) analysis of a filament wound 700-bar compressed hydrogen storage Type 4 tank is presented. Construction of the FE model was derived from an initial netting analysis to determine the optimal dome shape, winding angle, and helical and hoop layer thicknesses. The FE model was then used to predict the performance of the composite tank subject to the operating requirements and design assumptions, and to provide guidance for design optimization. Variation of the winding angle and helical layer thickness in the dome section was incorporated in the FE model. The analysis was used to determine the minimum helical and hoop layer thicknesses needed to assure structural integrity of the tank. The analysis also examined the use of “doilies” to reinforce the dome and the boss sections of the tanks to reduce the number of helical layers wound around the cylindrical section of the tank. The results of the FE analyses showed that the use of doilies reduces the stresses near the dome end but the stresses at the tank shoulder are not affected. A new integrated end-cap design is proposed to reinforce the dome section. With the integrated end-cap, FE analysis showed that the high stress points shift from the dome to the cylindrical section of the tank.
A classification and assessment of research streams in International Marketing

Abstract This article attempts to identify key research streams in international marketing during the past decade and highlights the evolution of the literature. Progress in six established research thrusts and two new research streams is discussed. Using content analysis, the existing research is also examined from a methodological point of view. The review provides evidence for an increasingly sophisticated and rich body of knowledge in international marketing.
Proton Donor Is More Important Than Proton Acceptor in Hydrogen Bond Formation: A Universal Equation for Calculation of Hydrogen Bond Strength

Analysis shows that proton donor is more important than proton acceptor in determining hydrogen bond formation and strength, and a clear explanation is given for this. Within one system, hydrogen bond strength, ΔH, can be calculated by ΔH = kx − α, where k and α are constants and x is the ratio of proton affinities of the acceptor [PA(A)] to the donor [PA(D)]. If the proton donor is fixed and the proton acceptor is varied when one system is fit into the linear function, the k and α so obtained are functions of donor's proton affinity, PA(D). Therefore, it is possible to obtain a universal equation to calculate hydrogen bond strength in a variety of systems. One example has the form of ΔH = aPA(D) + dx + cPA(A) + e, where a, c, d, and e are constants. This equation has been tested with more than 300 hydrogen bond pairs with positive charge. The average absolute error for the test is 1.9 kcal/mol. Other forms of the universal equation have also been discussed.
Ligand Recognition by Anti-DNA Autoantibodies. Affinity, Specificity, and Mode of Binding†

Understanding the molecular basis of DNA recognition by anti-DNA autoantibodies is a key element in defining the role of antibody·DNA complexes in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus. As part of our efforts to relate anti-DNA affinity and specificity to antibody structure, and ultimately to disease pathogenesis, we have generated a panel of eight anti-DNA mAbs from an autoimmune MRL MpJ-lpr/lpr mouse and have assessed the binding properties of these antibodies. We find that none of our anti-DNA mAbs bind to RNA and only one low-affinity mAb cross-reacts with non-DNA antigens, albeit weakly. None of the mAbs in our panel bind double-stranded DNA exclusively. Antibodies that recognize single-stranded DNA can be categorized into two groups based on their affinity and apparent mode of binding. One group possesses relatively high affinity for oligo(dT) and may recognize single-stranded DNA ligands by accommodating thymine bases in hydrophobic pockets on the antigen binding ...
Aphidicolin inhibits repair of DNA in UV-irradiated human fibroblasts.

Abstract Aphidicolin, a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerase α, is shown to inhibit DNA repair in human diploid fibroblasts. Although aphidicolin has no apparent effect on the DNA of unirradiated cells, it causes a large number of strand breaks to accumulate in UV-irradiated cellular DNA. The number of breaks is the same as the number observed following a similar dose of ultraviolet light when cells are treated with arabinofuranosyl cytosine (araC) and hydroxyurea (HU), known inhibitors of repair. Moreover, two-dimensional paper chromatography shows that aphidicolin completely blocks removal of pyrimidine dimers. These observations are discussed in light of the proposed roles of DNA polymerases α β in DNA replication and repair and the action of aphidicolin on polymerase α.
Judicial Attitudes Regarding Custody and Visitation Issues

State judges in Louisiana were surveyed by mail with regard to their attitudes dealing with custody and visitation issues. The most preferred custody arrangement was school year with one parent and summer with the other parent, followed by (2) continuous custody by one parent, (3) alternate six months, (4) alternate months, (5) alternate weeks, and finally, (6) split week. The most preferred visitation schedule was every othcr weekend followed by (2) every weekend, (3) more often than every weekend, (4) one weekend per month, and finally (5) less than one weekend per month. When askcd to rate the importance of 12 factors which are considered in custody decisions, the highcst ratings wcrc given to factors dealing with parent-child relationships and the family unit. The lowest ratings were assigned to the preferences of younger children.
The teaching of Tropical Medicine

Por ocasiao do IV Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical foi enca­minhada ao Presidente da S.B.M.T. e ao Presidente do IV Congresso a seguinte mocao:“Considerando a indiscutivel gravidade da esquistossomose mansonica em nossopais;Considerando que fatores de ordem economica e social ja em atuacao possam vir a tornar ainda mais grave o problema;Considerando a inexistencia da necessaria correlacao entre os diversos ramos do conhecimento medico dedicados ao seu estudo;Considerando que a falta desta correlacao impede ou dificulta a formulacao de uma linha prioritaria minima de pesquisas;Considerando ainda que tal situacao torna impossivel ou muito dificil o estudo comparativo entre os resultados obtidos por diversas especialidades e mesmo de uma especialidade;Considerando finalmente que por todos estes mctivos, apesar dos enormes esforcos individuais, de grupos de pesquisadores ou das proprias instituicoes governamentais nao se tem conseguido iformar um corpo de doutrina uniforme a respeito da doenca nem combate-la de modo eficaz;Propoem, que, ouvido o plenario, a Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical:Desenvolva um trabalho urgente no sentido da criacao de um comite nacional plurirepresentado com poderes normativos para: Planejamento nacional dos estudos julgados prioritarios a compreensao e combate desta endemia compreendendo padroni­zacao de tecnicas e metodos; divulgacao periodica da bibliografia nacional; difusao de boletins 'informativos a classe medica em geral e com especialidade aos medicos rurais sobre conhecimentos e praticas relativas a doenca; promover o entendimento deste orgao com a Organizacao Mundial de Saude no sentido da obtencao de recursos; atrair a aten­cao e participacao dos governos (municipal, estadual, federal), das universidades e instituicoes afins, para que uma visao globalista da doenca fosse possivel estabe­lecer e o seu combate efetivo se tornasse eficiente.Esta mocao foi assinada por nomes representativos da Medicina Tropical brasileira, como Aggeu Magalhaes Filho, Vital Lira, Donald Huggins, Virgilio Carneiro Leao, Naftale Katz e outros.
Energy compensation in the Crabtree effect with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.

RECENTLY, Quastel and Bickis1 published a very interesting and stimulating article concerning the energy relationships in several intact cell types, including the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell. They determined the ratio of lactate produced to the difference between oxygen consumed in the cell system with and without added glucose (average value 5.8). The assumption was made that the amount of adenosine triphosphate produced in the two systems was the same. They reasoned that if the total production of energy remained constant in the two cell systems, the ratio phosphorus/oxygen would be about 3.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of D-galactose tautomers during mutarotation

Abstract The tautomerism of D -galactose in water has been studied by using g.l.c. to separate per- O -trimethylsilyl derivatives of D -galactose tautomers formed during the mutarotation reaction. The initial, rapid stage of the biphasic mutarotation of α- D -galactopyranose is due to the formation of α- D -galactofuranose and β- D -galactofuranose. The slow phase is due to the formation of β- D -galactopyranose. The kinetic data of D -galactose tautomerism have been tabulated. The free-energy difference between pyranose tautomers (anomers) is primarily entropic. The free-energy difference between pyranose and furanose tautomers is distributed between relatively large and opposing enthalpic and entropic energies. It is concluded that the “transition state” for these tautomerization reactions is quite unlike the structure of any of the tautomers, and that, for the activation of a compound for tautomerization reactions, the same entropy and enthalpy exists for the formation both of furanoses and pyranoses.
The ESC Textbook of Acute and Intensive Cardiac Care

Marco Tubaro, Nicolas Danchin, Gerasimos Filippatos, Patrick Goldstein, Pascal Vranckx, Doron Zahger eds The ESC Textbook of Acute and Intensive Cardiac Care New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN: 978-0-19-958431-4 848 pages. $325.00. This book serves 2 purposes. First, it is a comprehensive textbook on intensive and cardiac care, and, second, it forms the curriculum for a course of study and testing that can lead to accreditation by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in intensive and acute cardiac care. The book comes with access to a web site for 6 months, which has an online version of the text and includes videos and additional figures and contains all the references. In addition, it has multiple choice questions that need to be done as part of the accreditation process. In fact, 1 chapter of the book is devoted to explaining the mechanics of how accreditation is accomplished. The book contains 76 chapters divided into 11 sections, starting with the prehospital phase of acute cardiac conditions and going on through various comorbid acute conditions that often accompany acute cardiac disease. There are 793 pages of actual text and several pages of accompanying materials, including 6 pages of acronyms used in the book. Some of the acronyms are commonly used ones, others are …
Practical control of transmission power for Wireless Sensor Networks

Transmission power control (TPC) has the potential to reduce power consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, despite a multitude of existing protocols, they still face significant challenges in real-world deployments. A practical TPC protocol must be robust against complex and dynamic wireless properties, and efficient for resource-constrained sensors. This paper presents P-TPC, a practical TPC protocol designed on control-theoretic techniques. P-TPC features a highly efficient controller designed on a dynamic model that combines a theoretical link model with online parameter estimation. P-TPC's robustness and energy savings are demonstrated through trace-driven simulations and real-world experiments in a campus building and residential environments.
Dress for success: automating the recycling of school uniforms

In this paper we present the Dress for Success (D4S) system, a web-supported vending machine for school uniforms. The main goal of the D4S system is to encourage and facilitate the recycling of school uniforms by automating the exchange between parents and minimizing the work necessary to donate and obtain second-hand school uniforms. By creating a sustainable system that facilitates the reuse of this clothing, we hope to reduce both the environmental and monetary cost associated with current uniform purchasing practices.
Detection of inflammation and oxidative lung injury in exhaled breath condensate of rats with acute lung injury due to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B

The objectives were to determine if tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, leukotriene (LT)B4 and 8-isoprostane (IP) were present in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and total lung lavage (TLL) of mechanically ventilated rats, 4 and 24 h after administration of Staphylococcal entertoxin (SEB) and to find out if these mediators in the EBC correlate with the concentration in the TLL. Rats were assigned to control (n = 8); 4 h (n = 8) or 24 h (n = 8) groups after SEB. The rats were mechanically ventilated and EBC and TLL were collected for TNF-α, LTB4 and 8-IP. TNF-α was higher in the EBC of rats at 24 h after SEB when compared to control [34.5 (16–62 versus 2 (14–30) pg ml−1, p < 0.05] and also in the TLL [113.5 (70–460) versus 59 (35–79) pg ml−1, p < 0.04]. LTB4 was higher in the EBC of 24 h SEB rats, when compared to control [42 (28–50) versus 36 (29–37) pg ml−1, p < 0.01] and also in the TLL [179 (116–232) versus 114 (80–187) pg ml−1, p < 0.05). 8-IP was similar among the groups. No correlation was observed between TNF-α, LTB4 or 8-IP in the EBC compared to the TLL. TNF-α and LTB4 may be indicators of inflammation and oxidative lung injury but the EBC does not correlate with TLL concentrations.
Random Boolean network model exhibiting deterministic chaos.

This paper considers a simple Boolean network with $N$ nodes, each node's state at time $t$ being determined by a certain number of parent nodes, which may vary from one node to another. This is an extension of a model studied by Andrecut and Ali [Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 15, 17 (2001)], who consider the same number of parents for all nodes. We make use of the same Boolean rule as Andrecut and Ali, provide a generalization of the formula for the probability of finding a node in state 1 at a time $t$, and use simulation methods to generate consecutive states of the network for both the real system and the model. The results match well. We study the dynamics of the model through sensitivity of the orbits to initial values, bifurcation diagrams, and fixed point analysis. We show that the route to chaos is due to a cascade of period-doubling bifurcations which turn into reversed (period-halving) bifurcations for certain combinations of parameter values.
A WORKSHOP FOR DEFINING THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE

In 1970, the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contingency Plan was introduced. This plan, which imposed a planning sequence that flowed downward from the federal government, caused considerable confusion at local levels because of its failure to fully explain how local governments were to participate. To amplify the plan and overcome this shortcoming, the California Department of Fish and Game, the USCG, and the petroleum industry joined in 1974-75 to sponsor a series of oil spill workshops for local governments. The goal was to define the role of local jurisdictions in the planning process and illustrate through simulated problems how this role was to be carried out. The workshops dispelled the confusion of local governments over their roles in oil spill action and resulted in enthusiastic acceptance of the plan itself. A similar technique could be used in any other broadscale planning effort that is committed to seeking knowledgeable local participation.
Pastoral and politics in the old South

Covering the period 1810 to 1861, this study explores the process by which the South was created as a concept in American culture through five biographical-critical sketches of John Taylor, John Randolph, George Fitzhugh, Nathaniel Beverley Tucker and Joseph Glover Baldwin.
Afro-American Adaptive Strategies: The Visiting Habits of Kith and Kin Among Black Norfolkians During the First Great Migration

This article contends that contrary to what was thought at the time, the migration of large numbers of Afro-Americans to urban areas during the First Great Migration (1900–1920) failed in many instances to cause the severing of affective bonds of kinship and friendship. Instead blacks devised a number of adaptive strategies that enabled them to maintain contact with those deemed important The present findings also reveal the complex nature of the migratory process and the central role played by women in maintaining family and friendship ties despite geographic separation.
Biomethane production from starch and lignocellulosic crops: a comparative review

The methane produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes and energy crops represents an elegant and economical means of generating renewable biofuel. Anaerobic digestion is a mature technology and is already used for the conversion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes and excess primary and secondary sludge from waste-water treatment plants. High methane yield up to 0.45 m3 STP CH4/kg volatile solids (VS) or 12 390 m3 STP CH4/ ha can be achieved with sugar and starch crops, although these cultures are competing with food and feed crops for high-quality land. The cultivation of lignocellulosic crops on marginal and set-aside lands is a more environmentally sound and sustainable option for renewable energy production. The methane yield obtained from these crops is lower, 0.17–0.39 m3 STP CH4/kg VS or 5400 m3 STP CH4/ha, as its conversion into methane is facing the same initial barrier as for the production of ethanol, for example, hydrolysis of the crops. Intensive research and development on efficient pre-treatments is ongoing to optimize the net energy production, which is potentially greater than for liquid biofuels, since the whole substrate excepted lignin is convertible into methane. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada
Combined intravitreal anti-VEGF and verteporfin photodynamic therapy for juxtafoveal and extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization as an alternative to laser photocoagulation.

Combined intravitreal anti-VEGF and verteporfin photodynamic therapy for juxtafoveal and extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization as an alternative to laser photocoagulation
Diethyl sulfide stabilization of platinum-complex catalysts for hydrosilylation of olefins

Abstract Addition of excess diethylsulfide to the Karstedt catalyst prevents agglomeration of Pt and results in higher reaction rates for hydrosilylation of olefins. The beneficial effects were very pronounced in the hydrosilylation of trimethylsilyl-4-pentenoate with tetrakis(dimethylsilylethyl)silane, where 57% yield was obtained compared with 10% without diethylsulfide. Enhanced activity was also observed in the hydrosilylation of tetravinylsilane, vinyltrimethylsilane, and 1-hexene with chlorodimethylsilane.
Attitude change in school psychology trainees resulting from participation and observation in school classrooms

Abstract In this investigation of attitude change, school psychology trainees were asked to respond to teacher-produced statements as they believe they would respond if they were teachers. Our student responses were not compared with teacher data or with an appropriate control group. The purpose was to determine which of the student's beliefs were more subject to change as a result of long term contact with the pupils and teachers in public school classrooms and to have students account for the group changes in terms of their own experiences. There was considerable a agreement among studenst when we compared their descriptions of the changes which took place. Such information allows us to conclude, tentatively, that observation and participation in public school classrooms causes school psychology trainees to become more sensitive to the problems of the teacher and more sympathetic to the difficulty and complexity of the teacher's task.
Liver-derived extracellular matrix as a biologic scaffold for acute vocal fold repair in a canine model.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective of the study was to evaluate a naturally derived liver extracellular matrix (L-ECM) scaffold for repair of an acute injury to the vocal fold lamina propria in a canine model. Methods: The vocal fold lamina propria was removed bilaterally in four dogs. One vocal fold in each dog was repaired with a porcine L-ECM scaffold, which was chosen because it contains hepatocyte growth factor, an antifibrotic growth factor that aids the healing of vocal folds. The other vocal fold was left untreated. At 3 months after surgery, morphologic and histologic analysis was performed to assess the vocal fold shape, collagen density, collagen composition, elastic fiber content, and glycosaminoglycan content. Results: The L-ECM–treated vocal fold showed increased collagen density in the superficial aspect of the vocal fold (P < .05). The L-ECM–treated vocal fold also showed an increased collagen III/I ratio as compared to the nontreated group (P < .05). However, the elastic fiber content was found to be increased in both groups, and the glycosaminoglycan content was decreased in both groups as compared to the normal vocal fold (P < .05) with no differences detected between groups. Conclusions: The L-ECM scaffold did not restore the biochemical composition or histologic appearance of the injured vocal fold as compared to normal. However, the increased ratio of collagen III/I and elastic fiber content suggests that L-ECM leads to formation of connective tissue that may be more pliable as compared to no treatment. Additional investigation, including functional assessment, is warranted. Laryngoscope, 2009
Coordination of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 and Seven-up Controls Insect Counter-defense Cathepsin B Expression *

CmCatB, a cathepsin B-type cysteine protease, is insensitive to inhibition by the soybean cysteine protease inhibitor (scN). Cowpea bruchids dramatically induce CmCatB expression when major digestive proteases are inactivated by dietary scN, which is presumably an adaptive strategy that insects use to minimize effects of nutrient deficiency. In this study, we cloned the cowpea bruchid hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (CmHNF-4) and demonstrated its involvement in transcriptional activation of CmCatB in the digestive tract of scN-adapted bruchids. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that CmHNF-4 binds to a CmCatB promoter region containing two tandem chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter (COUP) sites, which is also the cis-element for Seven-up (CmSvp), a previously identified transcriptional repressor of CmCatB. Although CmSvp is predominantly expressed in unadapted insect midgut, CmHNF-4 is more abundant in adapted bruchids. When transiently expressed in Drosophila S2 cells, CmHNF-4 substantially increased CmCatB expression through COUP binding. CmSvp inhibited CmHNF-4-mediated transcriptional activation even in the absence of its DNA-binding domain. Thus antagonism resulted, at least in part, from protein-protein interactions between CmSvp and CmHNF-4. Association of the two transcription factors was subsequently confirmed by glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays. Interestingly, anti-CmHNF-4 serum caused a supershift not only with nuclear extracts of scN-adapted insect midgut but with that of unadapted control insects as well. The presence of CmHNF-4 in unadapted insects further supported the idea that interplay between CmSvp and CmHNF-4 controls CmCatB transcription activation. Together, these results suggest that coordination between CmHNF-4 and CmSvp is important in counter-defense gene regulation in insects.
Consultant attributions revisited: The relationship to teaching experience to consultant attributions

Attribution theory recently has been applied to school psychology practice in general and to school-based consultation in particular. Previous research has shown that consultants characteristically attribute responsibility for consultation outcomes, and particularly for failed consultations, to teacher consultees. However, these attributions may be a function of differential experiences. In this study, we hypothesized that the teaching experience of school psychologists is related to causal attributions of consultation outcome. A randomly selected national sample of school psychologist practitioners completed a questionnaire concerning reasons for successful and unsuccessful consultation outcomes. Results of the study showed that the teaching experience of school psychologists may mediate attributions of causality in consultation.
On‐Farm Assessment of Biosolids Effects on Soil and Crop Tissue Quality

Agronomic use of biosolids as a fertilizer material remains controversial in part due to public concerns regarding the potential pollution of soils, crop tissue, and ground water by excess nutrients and trace elements in biosolids. This study was designed to assess the effects of long-term commercial-scale application of biosolids on soils and crop tissue sampled from 18 production farms throughout Pennsylvania. Biosolids application rates ranged from 5 to 159 Mg ha(-1) on a dry weight basis. Soil cores and crop tissue samples from corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine spp.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis spp.) hay, and/or sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were collected for three years from georeferenced locations at each farm. Samples were tested for nutrients, trace elements, and other variables. Biosolids-treated fields had more post-growing season soil NO3 and Ca and less soil K than control fields and there was some evidence that soil P concentrations were higher in treated fields. The soil concentrations of Cu, Cr, Hg, Mo, Mn, Pb, and Zn were higher in biosolids-treated fields than in control fields; however, differences were < or = 0.06 of the USEPA Part 503 cumulative pollutant loading rates (CPLRs). There were no differences in the concentrations of measured nutrients or trace elements in the crop tissue grown on treated or control fields at any time during the study. Commercial-scale biosolids application resulted in soil trace element increases that were in line with expected increases based on estimated trace element loading. Excess NO3 and apparent P buildup indicates a need to reassess biosolids nutrient management practices.
The design of multijunction photovoltaic systems for realistic operating conditions

The design of a multijunction photovoltaic system, particularly the choice of the individual bandgaps, is sensitive to the specific operating conditions of the system. Laboratory characterization is typically carried out at a standard temperature, such as 25 °C, using a standard solar spectrum, such as an AM1.5 direct spectrum. In reality, the system should be designed for operation at its anticipated temperature of operation, taking into account the spectral variation of the solar radiation over the course of the day and year. In this paper, the effects of such variations in operating conditions on the performance of different designs are examined.
Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control in Patients With Psychotic Disorders Compared to Persons Without Psychiatric Illness

The authors compared antihypertensive medication adherence and blood pressure control among middle-aged and older outpatients with schizophrenia and related those with psychotic disorders versus persons without any psychiatric illness. A total of 178 subjects were included in the investigation (89 patients with a psychotic disorder and 89 randomly selected, age-matched comparison subjects). Although the two groups had similar antihypertensive medication adherence, the patients with a psychotic disorder were significantly less likely to have had controlled blood pressure during the 1-year study period. The results highlight the need for clinicians to monitor closely the management of medical comorbidity in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders.
Central effects of μ, δ, and κ receptor agonists in hemorrhagic shock

Abstract We have recently shown that selective μ-opiate receptor agonists increase blood pressure and heart rate when injected into the anteroventral hypothalamus (AV3V) of the conscious rat, and that lesions of this area may worsen the effects of hypovolemia. These experiments suggested the possibility that μ-agonists might enhance cardiovascular recuperation following acute hemorrhagic shock. Sprague-Dawley rats (250–300 g) were prepared with indwelling polyethylene catheters (under halothane anesthesia) in both femoral arteries, and a guide cannula to allow intrahypothalamic injections. Twenty-four hours after surgery, animals were made hypovolemic by withdrawing arterial blood (8.5 ml/300 g) over a 5 min period. After the bleeding, 0.9% NaCl or D-Ala 2 -D-Leu 5 -enkephalin (DADL; δ-agonist), D-Ala 2 -MePhe 4 -Gly-ol-enkephalin (DAGO; μ-agonist) and U-50488H (trans(+)-dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-[1-pryodynyl])-benzene-acetamine, methane-sulfate hydrate) (κ-agonist) were injected in 1 μl volume into the AV3V. Hemodynamic parameters were followed for 2 hr. Neither DADL nor U-50488H affected the blood pressure and heart rate responses to hemorrhage. In contrast, the μ-opiate receptor agonist, DAGO, enhanced the recovery of blood pressure and stimulated the heart rate. These data suggest that specific μ-opiate receptor agonists might possess beneficial effects in shock and trauma by enhancing cardiovascular recuperation through centrally-mediated mechanisms.
Chromosome Morphology in the Pasture Legume Lotononis bainesii Baker and the Related Species Lotononis angolensis Welwitsch ex Baker

Lotononis bainesii Baker, a diploid, and L. angolensis Welwitsch ex Baker, a tetraploid, are self-pollinated, herbaceous perennial legumes native to southern Africa. Because these species are grazing tolerant and have high nutritional quality and palatability, they are under study for summer pasture improvement. Gross morphology of L. bainesii and L. angolensis chromosomes was examined using conventional and C-banding techniques. Ideograms are presented showing that the two species were distinctly different in chromosome morphology and C-banding patterns.