cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-precision measurement of the X-ray Cu Kα spectrum.

The structure of the x-ray emission lines of the Cu complex has been remeasured on a newly commissioned instrument, in a manner directly traceable to the Systeme Internationale definition of the meter. In this measurement, the region from 8000 to 8100 eV has been covered with a highly precise angular scale, and well-defined system efficiency, providing accurate wavelengths and relative intensities. This measurement updates the standard multi-Lorentzian-fit parameters from Hartwig, Holzer, et al, and is in modest disagreement with their results for the wavelength of the line when compared via quadratic fitting of the peak top; the intensity ratio of to agrees within the combined error bounds. However, the position of the fitted top of is very sensitive to the fit parameters, so it is not believed to be a robust value to quote without further qualification. We also provide accurate intensity and wavelength information for the so-called 'satellite' complex. Supplementary data, available online at stacks.iop.org/JPB/50/115004/mmedia, is provided which gives the entire shape of the spectrum in this region, allowing it to be used directly in cases where simplified, multi-Lorentzian fits to it are not sufficiently accurate.
Nucleotide sequence of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus matrix protein gene.

cDNA clones mapping within the first 2601 bases of the 3′ end of the TGEV genome were sequenced completely or in part by the method of Maxam and Gilbert and open reading frames were examined. One reading frame yielding a protein having properties of the matrix (M) protein was identified. It is positioned at the immediate 5′ side of the nucleocapsid (N) gene but is separated by an intergenic region of 12 bases. The deduced M protein is comprised of 262 amino acids, has a molecular weight of 29,544, is moderately hydrophobic, and has an amino acid sequence homology of approximately 36% with the mouse hepatitis coronavirus, 37% with the bovine enteric coronavirus, and 28% with the avian infectious bronchitis virus. Judging from an alignment with MHV and IBV proteins, the amino terminus of the TGEV M protein extends 54 amino acids from the virion envelope which compares with 26 for MHV and 21 for IBV.
Particle-size distribution modified effective medium theory and validation by magneto-dielectric Co-Ti substituted BaM ferrite composites

Abstract This letter reports an extended effective medium theory (EMT) including particle-size distribution functions to maximize the magnetic properties of magneto-dielectric composites. It is experimentally verified by Co-Ti substituted barium ferrite (BaCoxTixFe12−2xO19)/wax composites with specifically designed particle-size distributions. In the form of an integral equation, the extended EMT formula essentially takes the size-dependent parameters of magnetic particle fillers into account. It predicts the effective permeability of magneto-dielectric composites with various particle-size distributions, indicating an optimal distribution for a population of magnetic particles. The improvement of the optimized effective permeability is significant concerning magnetic particles whose properties are strongly size dependent.
A novel affective-motivational-based Overground System for detecting spinal cord injury-associated thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in rats.

Background Preclinical research for neuropathic pain has depended primarily on the use of behavioural nociceptive testing that is sensory-discriminatory-based and reflexive in nature. This can be particularly problematic in spinal cord injury (SCI)-associated neuropathic pain research where hyperreflexia may develop thus confounding interpretation of reflexive responses as pain symptoms. To address this, we have designed an affective-motivational-based Overground System that has interchangeable floors to allow examination of nociceptive behaviours in response to mechanical and cold stimuli prior to and following spinal cord injury. Methods The animals were pretrained for 3-4 weeks to cross three Overground System surfaces (cold, rough and neutral) at a consistent pace in order to obtain a food reward (Froot Loops™ ). Results Following SCI, crossing times were significantly decreased due to more rapid crossing over the cold surface despite forgoing of the food reward, in contrast with the sham control animals. This was correlated with the development of cold hypersensitivity as assessed by standard acetone droplet testing. In response to the rough surface, slower paced crossings (increased time to cross) were observed post-SCI (also resulting in forgoing of the food reward), compared to pre-SCI times and sham control animals. This was correlated with the development of mechanical hypersensitivity as assessed by standard von Frey testing. Conclusions Different responses in crossing behaviour for the cold and rough surfaces suggest a precise adaptive change in decision-making behaviour depending on the stimulus presented; thus, outcome measures may be easily tailored for different types of hypersensitivity symptoms. Significance We have designed an Overground System that is easy to establish and addresses a major concern in preclinical pain research by providing a cognitive- and motivational-based system for hypersensitivity detection. The affective-motivational-based Overground System allows examination of pain-like behaviours in response to cold (thermal) and rough (mechanical) stimulation prior to and following spinal cord injury. This system provides a more holistic and comprehensive assessment of nociceptive responses following SCI and helps overcome concerns of hyperreflexia confounding-evoked behavioural outcome measures in SCI models. Further, the incorporation of cognitive and motivational components brings preclinical research closer to replicating the clinical experience of a patient's motivation to participate in rewarding lifestyle activities in relation to their pain.
Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungi Virulence to Cowpea Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae1

Abstract Cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus (Boheman), is the major pest of southern peas or cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.). Throughout the southeastern United States, current management recommendations for cowpea curculio rely on insecticide applications; however, resistance has been observed. Entomopathogenic biocontrol agents, specifically nematodes in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis and fungi in the genera Beauveria and Metarhizium, have shown efficacy with other curculio pests. We conducted laboratory bioassays to assess the virulence of entomopathogenic agents as a first step to provide alternative control strategies against cowpea curculio. Using controlled environmental conditions, we tested the effects of nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, and Heterorhabditis indica Poinar) and two fungi (Beauveria bassiana Balsamo and Metarhizium brunneum Petch) on survival and infectivity of cowpea curculio. Heterorhabditis...
Six problems for story understanders

Story understanding programs have been classified as script-based processors, goal-based processors or multi-level processors. Each program introduces a new knowledge structure and invents a mechanism to make inferences and manage memory for that knowledge structure. This can lead to a proliferation of incomplete, incompatible processing mechanisms. The alternative presented here is to concentrate on the processing mechanism. It is suggested that a single inferencing scheme can deal with all knowledge structures in a uniform manner. Six basic problems that such a processor must address are presented and discussed.
Herb Hultgren in Peru: what causes high altitude pulmonary edema?

Herbert Hultgren, a cardiologist who kept a careful diary all his career, arrived in Peru at the beginning of 1959 to study the occurrence of pulmonary hypertension in children at high altitude with patent ductus arteriosus. There, he was told about a strange condition, high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and found that to Peruvian physicians looking after mine employees and their families, its occurrence was almost routine. With his Peruvian colleagues, Herb immediately began a systematic study of the condition, including catheter studies. Though the absence of left ventricular enlargement suggested a non-cardiac form of pulmonary edema, and though this is what he suggested in his first publication, in two subsequent papers, one written with Charles Houston, who contributed cases occurring in mountaineers, Herb wrote that the most probable cause was left ventricular failure. What is extraordinary is that before he finally submitted the two papers, he had certain knowledge that in one case of HAPE at least, left atrial pressure had been shown to be normal. Herb’s contributions, then and later, to the elucidation of HAPE were enormous.
Super Value Grocery Store: The Bahamian Super Market

In this case, Super Value Grocery Store in Nassau, Bahamas experiences a rapid decline in sales. Marketing and promotional efforts to improve sales failed to yield any positive results. A survey of people's attitude towards Super Value indicated that the store's prices were too high. Furthermore, many Bahamians preferred purchasing their grocery items from Miami, Florida. The case raises issues of pricing to maximize organizational value. It highlights problems associated with using a cost-based pricing strategy in a competitive environment. Students are motivated to critically analyze the source of Super Value's poor sales performance. A holistic approach to determining price that includes a thorough analysis of competition, cost, and customer demand is emphasized in this case.
The Role of the Obstetrician in the Prevention and Treatment of Birth Defects

Human reproductive failure is a significant health problem. Each year there are approximately four million births in the USA; these are accompanied by at least 600,000 spontaneous abortions and 240,000 fetal deaths. Of those babies born alive, 10% are premature, 13% have a low birthweight, and 3–7% possess a malformation. In addition, 30,000 liveborn babies die as neonates and 26,000 do not survive to begin their second year.
Simulation of Damage in Human Cortical Bone with Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis in MATLAB

This paper examines bone fatigue damage using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to predict changes in modulus, damage and cycles to failure.The MATLAB-coded material model has been previously implemented in a full FEA package.It is based on published models of damage verified with experimental data.The MATLAB program inputs a finite element mesh and simulates the damage iteratively.Four meshes are examined:a machined tensile specimen of the bone, a machined bending specimen, a single strut of cancellous bone, and a 2-D slice of cancellous bone.This model is a fast testing method for ideas, allows easy comparison of different test geometries and material damage models, and may help to bring the study of bone damage to a broader audience.
Prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes.

Background Recognition of the feline red blood cell (RBC) antigen Mik and the presence of naturally occurring anti-Mik antibodies resulting in acute hemolytic transfusion reactions prompted the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before a cat's first RBC transfusion, but this guideline has not yet become a standard practice. Objective To determine the prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB alloantibodies detectable by tube crossmatch, and to compare transfusion outcomes in cats with and without a crossmatch performed. Animals Three hundred cats that received an RBC transfusion, with or without a major crossmatch performed. Methods Retrospective study. Results Major crossmatch incompatibilities were documented in 23 of 154 transfusion-naive cats (14.9%) and in 15 of 55 previously transfused cats (27%; P = 0.042). Type-specific packed RBCs (pRBCs) were administered to 167 and 82 cats with and without a crossmatch, respectively. Median volume of pRBCs administered during the first transfusion was 5.3 mL/kg (range, 2.4-18 mL/kg). Median change in PCV scaled to dose of pRBCs was +0.8%/mL/kg; administration of crossmatch-compatible pRBCs was not associated with a greater increase in PCV. Febrile transfusion reactions occurred more often in cats that received non-crossmatched (10.1%) compared to crossmatched (2.5%) pRBCs (P = 0.022). Seventy-six percent of cats that received pRBC transfusions survived to hospital discharge. A crossmatch was not associated with improved survival to discharge or at 30 or 60 days posttransfusion. Conclusions and clinical importance The prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB incompatibilities is sufficiently high to justify the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before all (including the first) RBC transfusions in cats.
Intraoperative Management of Bleeding at Stapled Side-to-Side Anastomosis

Direct visualization of the staple line for hemorrhage and immediate control of bleeding must be performed for every anastomosis.
Corporate Finance Under Safe Asset Scarcity

How does government borrowing affect corporate financing and investment? This paper focuses on the role that government debt plays in providing a safe and liquid store of value to the private sector. In the data, I show that firms interact with the market for government debt in two ways: first, by issuing close substitutes in the form of highly-rated short-term debt; second, by holding government securities and close substitutes on their balance sheets as cash. I present and estimate a general equilibrium model where long-lived corporations make endogenous corporate financing and investment decisions. The government affects these decisions through its issuance of safe debt, which trades in a market which is segmented from long-term corporate debt and equity as a result of the precautionary demand of firms for safety and liquidity and the limited ability of private agents to supply these attributes. When government borrowing increases, the model shows that there are two effects: the first is to increase costs of capital, driving investment down. The second is to decrease the costs of precautionary savings, driving investment up. The precautionary savings channel is quantitatively important: estimating the model from data on the panel of public firms from 2000 on, I find the precautionary savings channel dominates the cost of capital channel. The results suggest that since 2000, corporations rely more on the government as a source of safety and liquidity than they compete with it in providing those services to other sectors.
The secondary structure of a heptapeptide containing trifluoromethyl-λ6-tetrafluorosulfanyl substituted amino acids

Site specific introduction of the polar hydrophobic trifluoromethyl-λ6-tetrafluorosulfanyl (CF3SF4) group can effectively control the secondary structure of a heptapeptide, the minimum repeat unit of an α-helix. The structural influence of CF3SF4-containing amino acid on the heptapeptide was established using NMR methods.
Cardiac transplant for epidermolysis bullosa simplex with KLHL24 mutation-associated cardiomyopathy.

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a rare inherited blistering disease characterized by mutations in several genes encoding for structural proteins within the epidermis. Mutations in kelch-like protein 24 (KLHL24) were recently implicated in a unique subtype of EBS.1 Features of EBS-KLHL24 include blistering at birth, stellate scarring, hypo- and hyperpigmentation in childhood, nail dystrophy, alopecia, anetoderma, and skin fragility. There is a growing association of dilated cardiomyopathy in EBS-KLHL24 that may be severe and present in early adulthood.2 Here we report a case to support the current evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with EBS-KLHL24. In addition, we report a successful orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) as treatment for severe manifestation of KLHL24 mutation–related cardiomyopathy.
GOING ELECTRONIC: THE BRYN MAWR CLASSICAL REVIEW

A discussion of the shift that electronic publishing represents, with particular reference to the history of the Bryn Mawr Classical Review and the effect of its shift to electronic publication.
Transition from amagmatic to volcanic margin: Mantle exhumation in the Vøring Basin before the Icelandic plume influence

Abstract The outer Voring Basin, Norwegian Sea, is an abnormally deep and distal part of the Norwegian passive margin, known as “magma-rich”. Yet, the lastest borehole drilled in its northernmost part led to a drastic change in the interpretation of seismic reflection data. This update motivates a new model for the entire Mesozoic-Eocene rifting period. Here I evaluate the link between tectonics, serpentinization and magmatism in the Norwegian margin from the Ryazanian-Valanginian to the Palaeocene-Eocene magmatic breakup. Maps of the regional Nise sandstones and main regional unconformities specifically highlight the fundamental role of the Nyk-Vema Structure to understand the basin and to question the deformation timing related to deep structures. The top of partially serpentinized mantle is supported by high-amplitude reflectors clearly visible on certain seismic lines, known as “T-Reflector”, covered with gravity-driven pre-exhumation sediments and further deposits. A new structural scheme based on the interpretation of 2D and 3D seismic data shows the complex organization of fault networks and constrains a major deformation period between the Late Campanian and the Late Palaeocene. Ocean-scale complementary arguments are in good agreement with Lower-Cretaceous mantle exhumation. Before becoming a volcanic margin in the Palaeocene, this segment of the Norwegian margin appears as amagmatic until the Late Campanian, at least. I propose an integrated model since the onset of hyperextension in the end of the Jurassic until the cessation of activity of the Aegir Ridge in the Miocene. This model has implications regarding the context-dependent interpretation of lower-crustal bodies, the ubiquity of serpentinization and mantle exhumation worldwide, and on the hydrocarbon system.
Gathering Validity Evidence on an Internal Medicine Clerkship Multistep Exam to Assess Medical Student Analytic Ability.

Construct: The definition of clinical reasoning may vary among health profession educators. However, for the purpose of this paper, clinical reasoning is defined as the cognitive processes that are...
A Framework to Guide the Instruction of Industrial Programmable Logic Controllers in Undergraduate Engineering Education

Abstract Programmable logic controllers are ubiquitous in automation practice and 74% of process controls job advertisements seek applicant familiarity with this equipment. However, undergraduate training on these devices is lacking, likely due to expense and pedagogical uncertainty. Without a clear view of how to teach logic controllers little justifies the purchase of these devices in teaching laboratories and engineering programs. During the modernization of process control exercises at the University of Colorado Boulder a finite state machine framework, common to engineering practice, was used to teach programmable logic controllers. Herein we describe this approach, which reliably guided an undergraduate activity where actual commercial controllers drove engineering automation. Ultimately, the cost of a single apparatus was $2,294US, which appeared warranted given feedback from 84 alumni and closer curricular alignment with industrial needs.
Renal Artery Stenting for Renal Vascular Hypertension in a Patient with Solitary Kidney

A 52-year-old male underwent left renal artery stenting for severe left renal artery stenosis with uncontrolled hypertension on four antihypertensive medications in October 2014. Patient had a history of right nephrectomy. One year and 9 months later, patient underwent renal stent angioplasty for renal artery in-stent restenosis. This was complicated by subcapsular hematoma of the left kidney which resolved in the subsequent few days. Patient has continued to do well for the subsequent 4 years with preservation of renal function and no evidence of recurrent stenosis with better control of blood pressure.
High performance hybrid-capacitor based on MoTe2/graphene through ultra-fast, facile microwave-initiated synthesis

Abstract With the rapid development of world economy and an increasing use of portable electronic devices, energy storage systems are becoming more reliable on nano/micro supercapacitors. This work reports a fast and facile microwave-initiated synthesis approach of 2D-molybdenum ditelluride nanosheets supported on graphene substrate (MoTe2/graphene), which can be used as an efficient energy storage material. The physical characterizations, such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses substantiate the successful synthesis of MoTe2/graphene nanocomposite. The electrochemical characterizations reveal their excellent supercapacitive behavior with specific capacitance of 434 ± 37.5 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and a good cycling stability of 125% retention after 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1 in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. In addition, the symmetric MoTe2/graphene//MoTe2/graphene configuration displays excellent cyclic stability up to 10,000 cycles with a maximum energy density of 43.2 Wh kg−1 at high power density of 3000 W kg−1 in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, which demonstrates the hybrid-capacitor behavior. Therefore, the microwave synthesized MoTe2/graphene reveals a great potential as advanced electrode materials for energy storage devices with high electrochemical performance through one-step facile synthesis approach.
The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score Highly Correlates with the Simple Shoulder Test.

Background/Hypothesis There is no consensus to which patient-determined shoulder outcome scores should be considered when analyzing patient outcomes for either clinical or research purposes. The use of multiple outcome scores may be redundant and cause increased responder burden. The hypothesis of this study is that the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (ASES) will highly correlate with the Simple Shoulder Test (SST) for rotator cuff repair and total shoulder arthroplasty and have comparable responsiveness. If determined to be highly correlated, the use of these scores simultaneously may be redundant and one score may be eliminated. Methods A retrospective review of the senior author's database of patients undergoing rotator cuff repair and total shoulder arthroplasty was reviewed in which the ASES was recorded simultaneously with the SST. Correlations were determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r > 0.7 excellent; r = 0.61-0.7 strong-moderate; r = 0.31-0.6 moderate; r = 0.2-0.3 poor) for all interactions between the 2 scores. Subgroup analysis was performed to determine if correlations differed in (1) preoperative outcome and (2) postoperative outcome determinations. Responsiveness was determined by calculating the standardized response mean and the effect size of both scores. Results There were a total of 1810 simultaneous measurements (both rotator cuff repair and total shoulder arthroplasty) of the ASES and SST. The correlation was excellent for the ASES and SST for all patients (n = 1810; r = 0.81; P Conclusion In general, there was an excellent correlation between the ASES and the SST for all patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and total shoulder arthroplasty. Because there is an excellent correlation between the 2 scores, including these 2 scores simultaneously in tracking patient-determined outcomes appears to be redundant and therefore unnecessary. Because there is superior responsiveness of the ASES score compared with the SST, the authors recommend utilization of the ASES over the SST in patients undergoing rotator cuff repair and total shoulder arthroplasty.
Introduction: An Overview of Knowledge Organization

This is a great example of what it is like to work in knowledge organization. Sometimes we see one entity, sometimes if we are fortunate we can see that same entity from different points of view. Sometimes, if we can step back a little bit, we can understand the entity by seeing it adjacent to other entities in the same domain. Look again at the last photo—to the upper right you see the hillside into which the palace was built. Had I wanted, I could have shown the Aegean Sea by including a view down the hill and to the left, behind the corner, as it were. We see only a tiny bit at a time of anything, and we understand even less. The search for meaning is critical. But it must always be like this—stepwise, a little to the left, a little to the right, look up from below, look all around, and so on.
Multi-component fuel drop-wall interactions at high ambient pressures

Abstract In direct injection engines, multicomponent fuels are injected at high pressures—resulting in a finely atomized spray which impacts on the hot wall of the piston crown and cylinder liner. The variable operating load of typical combustors results in widely varying wall temperature and ambient pressures. For quantitative prediction of the combustion spray physics, detailed data is required for the impact of multicomponent fuel drops on these heated surfaces at combustor-relevant pressures. A series of experiments are presented for blends of n-heptane and n-decane, as well as a commercial gasoline blend impacting heated walls at ambient pressures in the range of 1–20 bar and wall temperatures up to 350 °C. Time-resolved image sequences for single drop impacts are used to classify the onset of Leidenfrost phenomena, nucleate boiling, and film spreading. Results are summarized by impact regime diagrams, and bi-component mixtures are found to replicate the systematic behavior observed for a gasoline drop with the higher volatility components controlling behavior at low pressure, and a decreasing effect at high pressure. These experiments establish a baseline for multicomponent drop-wall interactions at combustor-relevant pressure, and will aid in development of simulations incorporating relevant spray-wall physics in combustors.
Analysis of Tandem Repeat Protein Folding Using Nearest-Neighbor Models

Cooperativity is a hallmark of protein folding, but the thermodynamic origins of cooperativity are difficult to quantify. Tandem repeat proteins provide a unique experimental system to quantify coo...
The Role of Entropy in the Structural Transitions in Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) are porous flexible crystalline frameworks of interest to separations, catalysis and other applications. Structural flexibility often leads to the existence of different polymorphs, and displacive structural transitions triggered by adsorption of guest molecules, temperature and pressure. Here, prototypical ZIF-7 and ZIF-4 materials are investigated by classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and a temperature ramp method, which is effective for exploring entropy-driven transitions. The calculated vibrational density of states are in reasonable agreement with the inelastic neutron scattering experiments at low frequences. Using vibrational density of state and quasi-harmonic approximation, the enthalpy and entropy changes associated with the structural transitions are calculated in good agreement with experiments.
Telemedicine in the era of coronavirus 19: Implications for postoperative care in cardiac surgery.

Background The Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) pandemic forced an unprecedented shift of postoperative care for cardiac surgery patients to telemedicine. How patients and surgeons perceive telemedicine is unknown. We examined patient and provider satisfaction with postoperative telehealth visits following cardiac surgery. Methods Between April 2020 and September 2020, patients who underwent open cardiac surgery and had a postoperative appointment via telemedicine were administered a patient satisfaction survey over the phone. Time of survey administration ranged from 1 to 4 weeks following their appointment. Surgeons also completed a satisfaction survey following each telemedicine appointment they conducted. Results Fifty patients were surveyed. Of these, 36 (72%) had a postoperative appointment over the telephone, and 14 (28%) had a postoperative appointment via video-chat. Overall, patients expressed satisfaction with the care that they received via our two telemedicine modalities (mean Likert scale agreement 4.8, SD 0.5). Despite this, 46% of patients said they would prefer their next postoperative appointment to be via telemedicine even if there was not a stay-at-home order in place. All surgeons surveyed reported (agree/strongly agree) that they would prefer to see their postoperative patients using telemedicine. Conclusions These findings highlight acceptability of continuing telemedicine use in the postoperative care of cardiac surgery patients.
Impact of Agricultural Extension on Adoption of Soyabean Innovations in Bauchi, Nigeria

This study was conducted to determine the impact of agricultural extension services on the adoption of improved soyabean processing and utilization technologies in Bauchi , Nigeria. Twenty improved soyabean processing and utilization technologies were used for the study. Four Local Government Areas (LGAs) were purposively selected and three villages were randomly selected from each LGA were many farmers were planting soyabean for consumption and sales. Random cluster sampling technique was used to select fifteen soyabean farmers from each village totaling (180) farmers. The result revealed that low level of education seemed to affect the level of adoption of the new technologies. Out of the twenty innovations involved in the study, only three were widely adopted. These were soya cheese (‘wara’), soya daddawa (condiment) and soya milk, 14 were below 20% adoption, while 3 were at 0% adoption (soya yoghurt, soya puffpuff, soya pancake). Four information sources were involved in the study. These were extension contact, friends/neighbours, social participation and radio/television. The result revealed the level of significance of extension contact was highest in Bauchi LGA (chi-square (X2=112.37) and lowest in Dass LGA (X2=58.95). Extension contact had a considerable impact on adoption of processing and use of soyabean in the area. It was concluded that although some improved soyabean technologies have been adopted, it is gradually becoming a popular food in the area with extension activities exerting a considerable impact. Nevertheless, more awareness of processing knowledge and more government inducement are needed to lead to further adoption of improved soyabean technologies.
Neural correlates of word representation vectors in natural language processing models: Evidence from representational similarity analysis of event-related brain potentials.

Natural language processing models based on machine learning (ML-NLP models) have been developed to solve practical problems, such as interpreting an Internet search query. These models are not intended to reflect human language comprehension mechanisms, and the word representations used by ML-NLP models and human brains might therefore be quite different. However, because ML-NLP models are trained with the same kinds of inputs that humans must process, and they must solve many of the same computational problems as the human brain, ML-NLP models and human brains may end up with similar word representations. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we used representational similarity analysis to compare the representational geometry of word representations in two ML-NLP models with the representational geometry of the human brain, as indexed with event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants listened to stories while the electroencephalogram was recorded. We extracted averaged ERPs for each of the 100 words that occurred most frequently in the stories, and we calculated the similarity of the neural response for each pair of words. We compared this 100 × 100 similarity matrix to the 100 × 100 similarity matrix for the word pairs according to two ML-NLP models. We found significant representational similarity between the neural data and each ML-NLP model, beginning within 250 ms of word onset. These results indicate that ML-NLP systems that are designed to solve practical technology problems have a representational geometry that is correlated with that of the human brain, presumably because both are influenced by the structural properties and statistics of language.
Towards a Rhetorical Understanding of Incitement: Unfinished Conversations with James Arnt Aune

Drawing on James Aune's published and unpublished writings on incitement, hate speech, and the relationship between language and conduct, we offer a space for scholars to remember Aune's contributi...
Tidal calibration of plate boundary observatory borehole strainmeters

[1] The Plate Boundary Observatory, the geodetic component of the EarthScope program, includes 74 borehole strainmeters installed in the western United States and on Vancouver Island, Canada. In this study, we calibrate 45 of the instruments by comparing the observed M2 and O1 Earth tides with those predicted using Earth tide models. For each strainmeter, we invert for a coupling matrix that relates the gauge measurements to the regional strain field assuming only that the measured strains are linear combinations of the regional areal and shear strains. We compare these matrices to those found when constraints are imposed which require the coupling coefficients to lie within expected ranges for this strainmeter design. Similar unconstrained and constrained coupling matrices suggest the instrument is functioning as expected as no other coupling matrix can be found that better reduces the misfit between observed and predicted tides when the inversion is unconstrained. Differences imply a coupling matrix with coefficients outside typical ranges gives a better fit between the observed and predicted tides. We find that 22 of the strainmeters examined have coupling matrices for which there is little difference between the constrained and unconstrained inversions. If we allow a greater divergence in the shear coupling coefficients and consider the possibility that one gauge may not function as expected, the discrepancies between the unconstrained and constrained coupling matrices are resolved for a subset of the remaining strainmeters. Our results also indicate that most of the strainmeters are less sensitive to areal strain than expected from theory.
Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring with scalp and cervical recording

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the most common technique for spinal cord monitoring that uses somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) with stimulation at the ankles, and recording over the neck and the scalp. A similar technique is used for monitoring the intracranial lemniscal sensory system as it traverses the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. For cervical or intracranial procedures, wrist stimulation often substitutes for or supplements the ankle stimulation techniques. The chapter reviews that monitoring provides services beyond simply warning of the complications. With monitoring, a surgeon can feel reassured about the spinal cord or lemniscal sensory pathway integrity and therefore, extend the surgical procedure to a greater degree than would have been done without monitoring. It discusses that patients and families can be reassured that certain feared complications are screened for during surgery. As such, monitoring provides an added dimension to surgical cases even when the SEP itself is unchanged throughout the procedure.
R-Factor-Mediated Resistance to Tetracycline in Proteus mirabilis

The expression of R-factor-mediated resistance to tetracycline has been compared in Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli. Resistance to a range of concentrations of tetracycline was significantly lower in P. mirabilis than in E. coli in both induced and repressed states. Indirect evidence showed that conditions which result in a marked increase in the level of resistance of P. mirabilis harboring the R factor NR1 to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and spectinomycin due to an amplification in the number of copies of r-determinants per cell do not detectably increase the level of resistance to tetracycline. Tetracycline resistance was inducible in early stationary-phase P. mirabilis NR1 although not after 5 h in this state. Double isotope labeling of control and tetracycline-induced P. mirabilis NR1 in early stationary phase revealed isotopic enrichment of certain peaks in extracts from induced cells subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Chronic alcohol alters rewarded behaviors and striatal plasticity

Chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) alters neural functions and behaviors mediated by the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and prefrontal cortex. Here, we examined the effects of prolonged (16-bout) CIE on DLS plasticity and DLS-mediated behaviors. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings revealed loss in efficacy of DLS synaptically induced activation and absent long-term depression after CIE. CIE increased two-bottle choice drinking and impaired Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer but not discriminated approach. These data suggest prolonged CIE impaired DLS plasticity, to produce associated changes in drinking and cue-controlled reward-seeking. Given recent evidence that less-prolonged CIE can promote certain dorsal striatal-mediated behaviors, CIE may drive chronicity-dependent adaptations in corticostriatal systems regulating behavior.
Treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma represents the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. The vast majority of patients are diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease when surgery is no longer an option. For these patients, systemic therapy remains the mainstay of care. Although single-agent gemcitabine has remained the standard of care since its approval in 1997, improvements in patient outcomes may potentially be realized by (1) applying pharmacokinetic principles to optimize drug delivery, such as the administration of gemcitabine at a "fixed-dose rate" infusion; (2) combining gemcitabine with other cytotoxic agents for which evidence of synergy exists, such as platinum compounds; and (3) integrating novel targeted agents such as bevacizumab, erlotinib, and cetuximab into treatment paradigms, based on an increasing understanding of the molecular pathways that govern pancreatic tumor growth and maintenance. This article provides the evidence to support each of these approaches and highlights future directions in the management of metastatic pancreatic cancer.
An examination of magnetized outflows from active galactic nuclei in galaxy clusters

We present 3D adaptive mesh refinement magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of an isolated galaxy cluster that include injection of kinetic, thermal and magnetic energy via a central active galactic nucleus (AGN) in order to study and evaluate the role that AGN may play in producing the observed cluster-wide magnetic fields. Using the MHD solver in flash 3.3, we compare several subresolution approaches to the evolution of AGN, specifically focusing on large-scale jet and bubble models. We examine the effects of magnetized outflows on the accretion history of the black hole and cluster thermodynamic properties, discuss the ability of various models to magnetize the cluster medium, and assess the sensitivity of these models to their underlying subgrid parameters. We find that magnetized jet-based models suffer a severe reduction in accretion rate compared to hydrodynamic jets; however, bubble models remain largely unaffected. While both jets and sporadically placed bubbles have difficulty reproducing the observed strength and topology of cluster magnetic fields, models based on centrally located bubbles come closest to observations. Finally, whereas jet models are relatively insensitive to changes in their subgrid parameters, the accretion rate and average magnetic field produced by the bubbles vary by as much as an order of magnitude depending on the grid resolution and accretion strength.
Weed Control in Arid Southwest

The Rio Grande Project, New Mexico-Texas, maintaining over 1,000 miles of waterways, has found that a weed program of its size must utilize many methods of control and presently operates under a program which includes mechanical methods, burning and spraying operations of about equal magnitude. Specific problems involved are right-of-way encroachments, air and stream pollution, crop and crop land contamination, public endorsement, odors, and safety. General weed infestations include johnsongrass and curly dock in the distribution system with salt cedar and willow in the drainage system and reservoir areas. Basically, weed control in the distribution systems is accomplished with rotary mowers, propane burners and application of nonselective herbicides. Control of weeds in the drainage system is done with brush cutters, dragline and application of selective herbicides. Phreatophytes in reservoir areas and flood plains are maintained with rotary mowers, brush cutters and application of selective herbicides.
Nanometer-scale structures

Summary form only given. This plenary will discuss how we view nanotechnology and its future impact on information technologies. It will show how in twelve years we have progressed from the birth event of nanotechnology, the manipulation of individual atoms, to demonstrating the first logic circuits in which all of the components are at the nanometer length scale. It will conclude with a sobering look at nano hysteria.
Legal Analysis and Policy Implications of a Supreme Court Decision: United States v. American Library Association

(2005). Legal Analysis and Policy Implications of a Supreme Court Decision: United States v. American Library Association. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 91-103.
The weather generation game: a review of stochastic weather models

This article reviews the historical development of statistical weather models, from simple analyses of runs of consecutive rainy and dry days at single sites, through to multisite models of daily precipitation. Weather generators have been used extensively in water engineering design and in agricultural, ecosystem and hydrological impact studies as a means of in-filling missing data or for producing indefinitely long synthetic weather series from finite station records. We begin by describing the statistical properties of the rainfall occurrence and amount processes which are necessary precursors to the simulation of other (dependent) meteorological variables. The relationship between these daily weather models and lower-frequency variations in climate statistics is considered next, noting that conventional weather generator techniques often fail to capture wholly interannual variability. Possible solutions to this deficiency - such as the use of mixtures of slowly and rapidly varying conditioning variabl...
Cell Damage Induced by Angiovist-370 and 308nm Excimer Laser Radiation

Background and Objective Radiographic contrast media containing iodine-labeled organic compounds can be present in the irradiated field during laser angioplasty using 308 nm excimer laser radiation. These compounds absorb light at 308 nm and may undergo photochemical reactions that produce products that damage cells. Study Design/Materials and Methods This study was undertaken to determine whether photoproducts that damage human lymphocytes in vitro are formed when Angiovist 370 (AV), a contrast medium containing triiodinated aromatic compounds, is exposed to 308 nm radiation. Results The absorption spectrum of AV developed a new peak at 360 nm that extended to wavelengths greater than 500 nm when dilute AV solutions were exposed to 308 nm radiation indicating that photoproducts were formed. Irradiating dilute AV solutions above a layer of human lymphocytes caused a dose-dependent decrease in thymidine incorporation using fluence rates between 5.2 × 106 and 1.0 × 108 W/cm2. Decreased DNA synthesis was independent of the pulse length (10 ns vs. 230 ns) but was lower, at a given dose, when the highest fluence rate was used. Incubation of lymphocytes with preirradiated AV solutions also decreased incorporation of thymidine in a radiation dose-dependent manner. The cell damaging photoproducts in preirradiated AV solutions were unstable; within 15 min, the effectiveness had decreased by ∼85%. Conclusions These results indicate that exposure of AV to 308 nm excimer laser radiation produces photochemical products that damage human cells in vitro. Lasers Surg. Med. 20:111–118, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conscious understanding during comprehension

This study investigated conscious understanding during narrative comprehension as revealed through the use of think‐aloud methodology. An analytical model of conscious understanding is presented, which assumes that inference and memory processes function together in order to construct a coherent, mental representation of a text. Three working memory operations were operationally identified in the think‐aloud protocols: (1) activation of relevant world knowledge in working memory, (2) maintenance of information in working memory, and (3) retrieval of text and prior thoughts from a long‐term memory store. These memory operations are functionally necessary to three kinds of inferences that also occurred in the protocols: (1) explanation, (2) association, and (3) prediction. The data revealed that understanding is, for the most part, explanation based. Memory processes serve to provide the information that readers use to explain sentences or thoughts that occur while they try to understand the text. Coherent ...
Anxiety associated with cardiovascular disorders: A study using lorazepam

Abstract In a four-week, double-blind study, lorazepam or placebo was given to 66 ambulant patients who suffered from anxiety associated with one of various cardiovascular disorders. Patients receiving lorazepam showed a significantly greater reduction of anxiety and related symptoms than did patients receiving placebo. Lorazepam was web tolerated in the dosages used and was compatible with other medications that were taken by the patients.
Rotational Distributions in the Photodetachment of IHI− and in the I + HI Reaction: The Influence of IHI Transition State Resonances

Franck-Condon factors which determine IHI− photodetachment spectra have been calculated using a three-dimensional coupled-channel reactive scattering program. These Franck-Condon factors show peaks as a function of energy that are in reasonable agreement with measured spectra due to Neumark and co-workers. Some of these peaks are due to IHI transition state resonances and others are due to direct scattering reactive threshold effects. An analysis of the rotational distributions associated with the Franck-Condon factors indicates that when direct scattering is dominant, the distributions peak at the rotational state which is nearest to its effective reaction threshold. At energies where IHI transition state resonances are important, the rotational distribution changes, thus providing a characteristic signature of resonance formation. The I + HI bimolecular rotational distributions are also considered, and they also show important differences between direct and resonant energies.