cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complete crowns constructed for an existing partial denture

W hen the prevention of dental disease has failed or trauma has taken its toll of tooth structure, there is no other ethical course to follow than to rehabilitate. The purpose of this article is to introduce another technique for the construction of a complete crown to restore the tooth and meet the demands of an existing partial denture. which the intended tooth retains, supports, and braces. The ideal treatment involves the construction of a complete crown which is properly surveyed and contoured, followed by the fabrication of a new removable prosthesis. The ideal is not always practical. It must be first established that the partial denture is adequate or can be made adequate prior to construction of the complete crown. Further, it must be assumed the tooth in question is restorable. Certain advantages of this technique will become apparent as one employs the DuraLay inlay pattern resin kit.?
Central pontine myelinolysis following bone marrow transplantation complicated by severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease.

Central pontine myelinolysis following bone marrow transplantation complicated by severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease
Stability of Black Raspberry Anthocyanins in the Digestive Tract Lumen and Transport Efficiency into Gastric and Small Intestinal Tissues in the Rat

The fate of black raspberry anthocyanins in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) was evaluated. Fasted male rats (n = 30) were administered either 27 ± 6.7 nmol of cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent of ant...
Improved Oxidation Resistance of Silicon Nitride by Aluminum Implantation: I, Kinetics and Oxide Characteristics

Hot-isostatically-pressed, additive-free Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} ceramics were implanted with aluminum at multi-energies and multidoses to achieve uniform implant concentrations at 1, 5, and 10 at.% to a depth of about 200 nm. The oxidation behavior of unimplanted and aluminum-implanted Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} samples was investigated in 1 atm flowing oxygen entrained with 100 and 220 ppm NaNO{sub 3} vapor at 900--1,100 C. Unimplanted Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} exhibits a rapid, linear oxidation rate with an apparent activation energy of about 70 kJ/mol, independent of the sodium content in the gas phase. Oxides formed on the unimplanted samples are rough and are populated with cracks and pores. In contrast, aluminum-implanted Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} shows a significantly reduced, parabolic oxidation rate with apparent activation energies in the range of 90--140 kJ/mol, depending on the sodium content as well as the implant concentration. The oxides formed on the implanted samples are glassy and mostly free from surface flaws. The alteration of the oxidation kinetics and mechanism of Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} in a sodium-containing environment by aluminum implantation is a consequence of the effective modification of the properties of the sodium silicates through aluminum incorporation.
Monitoring of low-level PID control loops

In this work, we focus on the problem of monitoring and retuning of low-level proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control loops used to regulate control actuators to the values computed by advanced model-based control systems like model predictive control (MPC). We consider the case where the real-time measurement of the actuation level is unavailable, and thus PID controller monitoring has to be achieved on the basis of process state measurements. A fault detection and isolation (FDI) method involving process models and realtime process measurements is used to monitor the PID control loops and compute appropriate residuals. Once poor tuning is detected and isolated, a PID tuning method based on the estimated transfer function of the control actuator is applied to the isolated, poorly functioning PID controller. An example of a nonlinear reactor-separator process operating under MPC control with low-level PID controllers regulating the control actuators is used to demonstrate the approach.
The Impact of Communication Medium on Virtual Team Group Process

Organizations must provide appropriate work group structures and communication technologies in order for work groups to function effectively and efficiently. This study investigated the hypotheses that team structure e.g., fully collocated teams vs. virtual teams and communication mode i.e., face-to-face vs. videoconferencing will impact virtual team group processes e.g., team orientation, workload sharing, proclivity to seek and exchange information that evolve. Furthermore, these group processes will dictate team member information exchange patterns e.g., across all team members vs. only within collocated subgroups, which subsequently impact team productivity i.e., accuracy and timeliness and group process satisfaction. Four-person teams worked in either face-to-face i.e., fully collocated group or videoconferencing i.e., dispersed subgroups settings to develop detailed design documentation for specified enhancements to a hypothetical university information system. Results indicated that the dispersed subgroups exhibited more within subgroup collective behaviors and engaged greater within subgroup information exchange as compared to fully collocated teams, where more teamwide collective behaviors and information exchange were observed. Furthermore, greater team collective behaviors gave rise to greater information exchange and activation among team members. Finally, information exchange and activation were associated positively with productivity and process satisfaction.
The contribution of electrostatic coupling to electrical migration in chronopotentiometry

Abstract The nature and effect of electrostatic coupling in chronopotentiometry are considered. General flow equations are presented. The Morris-Lingane equation describing the variation of transition time with supporting electrolyte concentration is shown to follow from a simplified form of the general equations. The discrepancies between the Morris-Lingane treatment and experiment are explained.
Life assessment of creep degraded super alloy materials using ultrasound

The potential of ultrasound for characterizing creep damage in superalloy materials was evaluated. Several samples of IN-738, a superalloy used in many gas turbines, were heat treated at a temperature of 1520 degrees F under 40-kpsi stress for times ranging from 500 to 900 h. Both ultrasonic attenuation and velocity measurements using a 20-MHz transducer were employed for characterizing the samples. It is shown that velocity measurements lack quantitative value since significant variability exists in the samples prior to creep damage. However, attenuation measurements clearly distinguish between fresh specimens and samples with creep damage. >
Equity but not Equality: Commentary on Lachance-Grzela and Bouchard

Lachance-Grzela and Bouchard (2010) review the research concerning the division of household labor that has been published between 2000 and 2009, with special emphasis placed on micro-level and macro-level perspectives and on methodological considerations. This commentary suggests that perceived fairness is an important factor that cannot be separated from the impact of division of household labor. Women perform the majority of household labor, yet the majority of both men and women view this unequal division to be fair. In the past, perceived fairness has been linked to both mental and relationship health. Perceived fairness is discussed from a micro-level and macro-level perspective and in terms of methodological considerations using research primarily published within the last decade.
How to Avoid Being Driven to Consequentialism: A Comment on Norcross

Critique de l'argument en faveur du consequentialisme developpe par A. Norcross a partir de la these de la vie pour les maux de tete et des vies pour la commodite. Rejetant le rapport d'analogie etabli par Norcross entre les deux cas, l'A. montre qu'il existe une difference morale, ainsi qu'une difference quant a l'incertitude, entre le fait de tuer quelqu'un pour lui eviter des maux de tete et de ne pas limiter la vitesse a 50 miles pour ne pas incommoder certaines personnes
Genetic parts to a preventive medicine whole

Integration of clinical evaluations and whole-genome sequence data from eight individuals in a recent study demonstrates that genetic and clinical information can be combined and applied to preventive medicine. Statistical and graphical tools were developed to assess and visualize the genetic risk of common chronic conditions and to show the changes in disease risk that result from monitoring clinical symptoms over time. This approach provides a direction to consider in the adoption of genetic information in health care, but, like all provocative scientific articles, it raises as many questions as it answers.
Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series III: Eisenstein Series and Twisted Unstable Ar

Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series were associated with a root system and a number field F containing the n-th roots of unity by Brubaker, Bump, Chinta, Friedberg and Hostein [3] and Brubaker, Bump and Friedberg [4] provided n is suciently large; their coecients involve n-th order Gauss sums. The case where n is small is harder, and is addressed in this paper when = Ar. “Twisted” Dirichet series are considered, which contain the series of [4] as a special case. These series are not Euler products, but due to the twisted multiplicativity of their coecients, they are determined by their p-parts. The p-part is given as a sum of products of Gauss sums, parametrized by strict Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns. It is conjectured that these multiple Dirichlet series are Whittaker coecients of Eisenstein series on the n-fold metaplectic cover of GLr+1, and this is proved if r = 2 or n = 1. The equivalence of our definition with that of Chinta [11] when n = 2 and r 6 5 is also established.
Survival and performance of the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae) from seeds of different embryo number under two light environments

The nonnative vine Vincetoxicum rossicum threatens several ecosystems in the Lower Great Lakes Basin of North America. One feature that may contribute to its invasiveness is the production of some seeds with multiple embryos (polyembryony), which may be beneficial as a bet-hedging strategy in variable environments. However, lower seed reserves per embryo in polyembryonic seeds may entail costs in low-light environments. The effect of seed from three embryonic classes (1, 2, or 3 embryos/seed) on V. rossicum survival and growth was studied under two forest understory light environments: full canopy (shade) or canopy gaps (light) in New York state. Two seedling cohorts were planted, in May 2004 and in May 2005. The survival and growth of seedlings was monitored biweekly for two (2005 cohort) or three (2004 cohort) seasons. For both cohorts, plants grown in canopy shade had reduced survival and growth compared with those grown in gaps. Contrary to expectations, seed embryo number had no effect on the final height, survival, or dry mass of plants in either habitat. Our results suggest that any fitness advantage provided by polyembryony may be habitat (light) dependent and not a general trait that affords V. rossicum a benefit in all habitats colonized.
British Romanticism and Latin America, 1: Shock and Awe in the New World

Since Mary Louise Pratt’s pioneering work on Alexander von Humboldt in Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (1992), research that examines the cultural, political, and material relations between Britain and Latin America during the Romantic era has grown to constitute an area of studies within the discipline. This body of research suggests three broad critical motifs: Rediscovery, Atlantic revolution, and British intervention. Drawing on the work of Seamus Deane on Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), this essay reconsiders the role of Robertson’s History of America (1777) as a ‘foundational text’ in the process of the British rediscovery of the New World. Robertson’s use of the Burkean sublime and his deployment of topographia and epic language generate an imaginative surplus that constructs the New World as a heterotopic space of multiple signification. For while historiography presents Spanish America as an imperial horizon for British readers, the literary bears witness to the destruction of Amerindian and African peoples. Robertson’s America illuminates the extent to which the violence of the Euroamerican encounter returned in Britain’s wars with the Caribs of St. Vincent in the 1770s and 1790s.
Calculation of Aircraft Wake Velocity Profiles and Comparisonwith Experimental Measurements

A method is developed for the calculation of the initial inviscid form of rolled-up wake vortices behind a wing having arbitrary lift distribution. The method makes use of the Betz assumptions of conservation of wake vorticity and moments of vorticity. It is found that a simple relationship exists between the radial distribution of vorticity in the rolled-up wake and the spanwise lift distribution. Computed tangential velocity profiles for DC-7, DC-9, and C-141 aircraft are shown to compare favorably with profiles measured by the FAA during tower flyby tests of these aircraft in both flapped and unflapped configurations.
Dermal papilla-induced hair differentiation of adult epithelial stem cells from human skin.

The epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between keratinocyte stem cells and dermal papilla (DP) cells are crucial for normal development of the hair follicle as well as during hair cycling. During ...
An Averaging Analysis of Discrete-Time Indirect Adaptive Control

An averaging analysis of indirect, discrete-time, adaptive control systems is presented. The analysis results in a signal dependent stablity condition and accounts for unmodeled plant dynamics as well as exogenous disturbances. This analysis is applied to two discrete-time adaptive algorithms: An unnormalized gradient algorithm and a recursive least squares algorithm with resetting. Since linearization and averaging are used for the gradient analysis, a local stability result valid for small adaptation gains is found. For RLS with resetting, the assumption is that there is a long time between resets. The results for the two algorithms are virtually identical emphasizing their similarities in adaptive control.
Hydropeaking induces losses from a river reach: observations at multiple spatial scales

In humid regions, where gaining river conditions generally prevail, daily hydroelectric dam releases alter downstream surface water–groundwater interactions by reversing the head gradient between river and adjacent groundwater. Previously, it has been noted that artificial stage changes due to dam releases enhance hyporheic exchange. Here we investigate the regulated Deerfield River in northwestern Massachusetts at multiple scales to evaluate how changing downstream geologic conditions along the river mediate this artificial hyporheic pumping. Water budget analysis indicates that roughly 10% of bank-stored water is permanently lost from the 19.5-km river reach, likely as a result of transpiration by bank vegetation. An adjacent reference stream with similar dimensions and geomorphology, but without hydropeaking, shows predictable gaining conditions. Field observations from streambed piezometers and thermistors show that water losses are not uniform throughout the study reach. Riparian aquifer transmissivity in river sub-reaches largely determines the magnitude of surface water–groundwater exchange as well as net water loss from the river. These newly documented losses from hydropeaking river systems should inform decisions by river managers and hydroelectric operators of additional tradeoffs of oscillatory dam-release river management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Human Embryonic Kidney Cultures Infected with Adenovirus 2 or 12: Inhibition of Cellular Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis

Infection of human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell cultures with adenovirus types 2 or 12 resulted in an initial drop in the rate of incorporation of (3)H-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) during the early latent period of virus growth, followed by a marked rise in label uptake. It was shown by cesium chloride isopycnic centrifugation that, after adenovirus 2 infection, there was a decrease in the rate of incorporation of thymidine into cellular DNA. Moreover, DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed that, by 28 to 32 hr after infection with either adenovirus 2 or 12, the amount of isolated pulse-labeled DNA capable of hybridizing with HEK cell DNA was reduced by approximately 60 to 70%. Autoradiographic measurements showed that the inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis was due to a decrease in the ability of an infected cell to synthesize DNA. The adenovirus-induced inhibition of host cell DNA synthesis was not due to degradation of cellular DNA. (3)H-thymidine incorporated into cellular DNA at the time of infection remained acid-precipitable, and labeled material was not incorporated into viral DNA. Furthermore, when zone sedimentation through neutral or alkaline sucrose density gradients was employed, no detectable change was observed in the sedimentation rate of this cellular DNA at various times after infection with adenovirus 2 or 12. In addition, there was no increase in deoxyribonuclease activity in cells infected with either virus. Cultures infected for 38 hr with adenovirus 2 or 12 incorporated three to four times as much (3)H-uridine into ribonucleic acid (RNA) as did non-infected cultures. Furthermore, the net RNA synthesized by infected cultures substantially exceeded that of control cultures. The activity of thymidine kinase was induced, but there was no stimulation of uridine kinase.
Designing a Carbon Tax Strategy

As one who thought he knew a lot about climate change issues, I find that there is always much more to learn. I have to say, as an economist, that I have been particularly encouraged by what I see and hear as a growing willingness to look at the role of the price mechanism as part of a response to the risks of climate change and as part of a move toward what I think is a broader energy transition. I view energy price reform, through carbon taxes in the case of climate change, and removing price subsidies as the core of any real effort to address climate change risk. That is not to say they are the only elements, by far. We have been reminded of the important role of values in that system, for example, but we also have to remember the role of prices in directing our energy consumption and production decisions and their risks.
CD93 Is Rapidly Shed from the Surface of Human Myeloid Cells and the Soluble Form Is Detected in Human Plasma

CD93 is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein expressed on monocytes, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and stem cells. Antibodies directed at CD93 modulate phagocytosis, and CD93-deficient mice are defective in the clearance of apoptotic cells from the inflamed peritoneum. In this study we observe that CD93, expressed on human monocytes and neutrophils, is susceptible to phorbol dibutyrate-induced protein ectodomain shedding in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The soluble fragment found in culture supernatant retains the N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain and the epidermal growth factor repeats after ectodomain cleavage. Importantly, a soluble form of the CD93 ectodomain was detected in human plasma, demonstrating that shedding is a physiologically relevant process. Inhibition of metalloproteinases with 1,10-phenanthroline inhibited shedding, but shedding was independent of TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17). Phorbol dibutyrate-induced CD93 shedding on monocytes was accompanied by decreased surface expression, whereas neutrophils displayed an increase in surface expression, suggesting that CD93 shed from the neutrophil surface was rapidly replaced by CD93 from intracellular stores. Cross-linking CD93 on human monocytes with immobilized anti-CD93 mAbs triggered shedding, as demonstrated by a decrease in cell-associated, full-length CD93 concomitant with an increase in CD93 intracellular domain-containing cleavage products. In addition, the inflammatory mediators, TNF-alpha and LPS, stimulated ectodomain cleavage of CD93 from monocytes. These data demonstrate that CD93 is susceptible to ectodomain shedding, identify multiple stimuli that trigger shedding, and identify both a soluble form of CD93 in human plasma and intracellular domain containing cleavage products within cells that may contribute to the physiologic role of CD93.
Mechanisms of action of novel agents for prostate cancer chemoprevention

Despite advances in the understanding of prostate cancer (PCa) growth and development, it is still the leading incidence of cases and the second leading cause of mortality due to cancer in men. The problem of early diagnosis compounded with the emergence of androgen independence during commonly used anti-androgen therapy of PCa, have been discouraging for optimal therapeutic response. Recently, many chemopreventive agents, including silibinin, inositol hexaphosphate, decursin, apigenin, acacetin, grape seed extract, curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3 gallate have been identified in laboratory studies, which could be useful in the management of PCa. In vivo pre-clinical studies have indicated chemopreventive effect of many such agents in PCa xenograft and transgenic mouse models. The molecular targets of these agents include cell signaling, cell-cycle regulators, and survival/apoptotic molecules, which are implicated in uncontrolled PCa growth and progression. Furthermore, angiogenic and metastatic targets, including vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia-inducing factor-1alpha, matrix metalloproteinase, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator are also modulated by many chemopreventive agents to suppress the growth and invasive potential of PCa. This review focuses on novel PCa chemopreventive observations in laboratory studies, which could provide the rationale for the prospective use of chemopreventive agents in translational studies.
Comparison Between Micrometer- and Nano-Scale Glass Composites for Sealing Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The present study compares the feasibility of controlling the properties of a glass composite seal by adding nano- or micron-scale yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) powders to a borate glass used for sealing electrolyte-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The crystallization of the glass composites was found to be independent of the volume fraction of added YSZ, for both sizes of the additive. The variation of the flow properties of both composite seals was measured using a wettability test, and an increase of the contact angle was observed when the volume fraction of additives was increased. The major factor found to decrease spreading of the glass composite was the additive particle size, where shape retention was observed for the nanometer (nm)-YSZ composites while spreading of the micrometer (μm)-YSZ composites was observed under the same testing conditions. Examination of the microstructure showed that initially the Ba-containing glass reacted with YSZ to form a BaZrO3 compound. Long-time exposure at 800°C caused a large reduction in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), which can be explained by increased formation of BaZrO3 and further change in glass composition. This change in CTE occurs rapidly for the nm-YSZ composites, which is not observed for the μm-YSZ composites. However, the adverse reactions occurring between the additives and the glass matrix were found to reduce the CTE of the glass composites to a value lower than the recommended limit for a system used for sealing SOFCs.
Functional domains of the Drosophila melanogaster muscle myosin heavy-chain gene are encoded by alternatively spliced exons.

Abstract The single-copy Drosophila muscle myosin heavy-chain (MHC) gene, located at 36B(2L), has a complex exon structure that produces a diversity of larval and adult muscle MHC isoforms through regulated alternative RNA splicing. Genomic and cDNA sequence analyses revealed that this 21-kilobase MHC gene encodes these MHC isoforms in 19 exons. However, five sets of these exons, encoding portions of the S1 head and the hinge domains of the MHC protein, are tandemly repeated as two, three, four, or five divergent copies, which are individually spliced into RNA transcripts. RNA hybridization studies with exon-specific probes showed that at least 10 of the 480 possible MHC isoforms that could arise by alternative RNA splicing of these exons are expressed as MHC transcripts and that the expression of specific members of alternative exon sets is regulated, both in stage and in muscle-type specificity. This regulated expression of specific exons is of particular interest because the alternatively spliced exon sets encode discrete domains of the MHC protein that likely contribute to the specialized contractile activities of different Drosophila muscle types. The alternative exon structure of the Drosophila MHC gene and the single-copy nature of this gene in the Drosophila genome make possible transgenic experiments to test the physiological functions of specific MHC protein domains and genetic and molecular experiments to investigate the mechanisms that regulate alternative exon splicing of MHC and other muscle gene transcripts.
Phenomenology and Serial Murder: Asking Different Questions

This article discusses the study of motives of serial murderers using the method of empirical phenomenology. Departing from a traditional clinical approach in terms of diagnostic categorizations of serial killers and from a conventional descriptive study in which generic aspects of serial murder such as modus operandi are described and interpreted, a qualitative approach is presented as essential to a more comprehensive understanding of the perpetrators of serial murder. Specifically, learning about murderers' personal constructions of meaning in their own lives positions us to be able to identify the motivations underlying their repeated acts of killing. Results obtained using this approach raise concerns regarding the validity of conclusions drawn from studies that rely upon more traditional methods of inquiry into motive. Researchers who apply conventional methods are cautioned regarding implied meanings of their data.
Retroreflective data/voice communication sensor for cooperative automatic vehicle control

This paper describes an adaptive data/voice communication sensor system for longitudinal and lateral vehicle control. The new sensor incorporates mechanisms for achieving cooperation between independent vehicles as well as within platoons of heterogenous automotive vehicles operating in freeway traffic. The cooperative retroreflective data/voice communication sensor system is capable of providing all the data necessary for increasing safety of driving, reducing the occurrence of rear end collisions and increasing highway throughput.
Soil Respiration at Dominant Patch Types within a Managed Northern Wisconsin Landscape

Soil respiration (SR), a substantial component of the forest carbon budget, has been studied extensively at the ecosystem, regional, continental, and global scales, but little progress has been made toward understanding SR over managed forest landscapes. Soil respiration is often influenced by soil temperature (Ts), soil moisture (Ms), and type of vegetation, and these factors vary widely among the patch types within a landscape. We measured SR, Ts, Ms, and litter depth (LD) during the 1999 and 2000 growing seasons within six dominant patch types (mature northern hardwoods, young northern hardwoods, clear-cuts, open-canopy Jack pine barrens, mature Jack pine, and mature red pine) on a managed forest landscape in northern Wisconsin, USA. We compared SR among and within the patch types and derived empirically based models that relate SR to Ts, Ms, and LD. Increased levels of soil moisture and higher temperatures in June–September 1999 may have accounted for the up to 37% overall higher SR than in this same period in 2000. In 2000, SR and Ts values were lower, and the sites may have been experiencing slight water limitations, but in general Ts was a much more accurate predictor of SR during this year. Empirical predictions of SR within each patch type derived from continuous Ts measurements were in close agreement with measured values of SR during 2000, but eight of 22 of the simulated values were significantly different (α = 0.05) from the rates measured in 1999. The young hardwoods consistently had the highest SR, whereas the pine barrens had the lowest. Results from our field studies and empirical models can help land managers assess landscape responses to potential disturbances and climatic changes.
A new class of single-molecule magnets: mixed-valent [Mn12O8Cl4(O2CPh)8(hmp)6]

The reaction of (NBun4)[Mn8O6Cl6(O 2CPh)7(H2O)2] with 2-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine (hmpH) or 2-(hydroxyethyl)pyridine (hepH) gives the MnII2MnIII10 complexes [Mn12O8- Cl4(O2CPh)8(hxp)6] [hxp− = hmp− (1) or hep− (2)]; these compounds are core isomers with markedly different magnetic properties, compound 1 having an S = 7 ground state and displaying strong out-of-phase ac susceptibility signals that establish it as a new class of single-molecule magnet, whereas compound 2 is a low-spin molecule with an S = 0 ground state.
SUPPRESSOR OF FRI 4 encodes a nuclear-localized protein that is required for delayed flowering in winter-annual Arabidopsis

The floral inhibitor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is a crucial regulator of flowering time in Arabidopsis, and is positively regulated by the FRIGIDA (FRI) gene in late-flowering winter-annual accessions. In rapid-cycling accessions, FLC expression is suppressed by the autonomous floral-promotion pathway (AP); thus AP mutants contain high levels of FLC and are late flowering. Previous work has shown that the upregulation of FLC in FRI- or AP-mutant backgrounds is correlated to an increase in histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) trimethylation at the FLC locus. This increase in trimethylation requires a PAF1-like complex and EARLY FLOWERING IN SHORT DAYS (EFS), a putative histone H3 methyltransferase. We have identified a putative zinc-finger-containing transcription factor, SUF4, that is required for the upregulation of FLC by FRI. suf4 mutations strongly suppress the late-flowering phenotype of FRI, but only weakly suppress AP mutants. As with mutants in efs or the PAF1-like complex, suf4 mutants show reduced H3K4 trimethylation at FLC. An interesting distinction between the phenotypes of suf4 mutants and mutants in efs or the PAF1-like complex is observed in the expression of genes that are adjacent to FLC or FLC-like genes. In efs and PAF1-like-complex mutants, the expression of FLC, FLC-like genes and adjacent genes is suppressed. In suf4 mutants, however, only FLC expression is suppressed. These data are consistent with a model in which SUF4 may act to specifically recruit EFS and the PAF1-like complex to the FLC locus.
Flowering of contrasting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp.) genotypes under different temperatures and photoperiods

Abstract The practical objective of this research was to develop a field screening technique that reliably detects genotypes which flower early and are insensitive to photoperiod (day-neutral). In pursuing this objective, the number of days to the first appearance of floral buds and open flowers was studied in two field environments and in controlled environments with eight contrasting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes. The summer field environments had decreasing long days (15-13 h) and either high (Riverside, CA) or extremely high (Imperial Valley, CA) temperatures. The controlled environments included two daylengths (short, 11.5 h, or long, 15 h) and different day/night temperatures (30/20°C, 30/27°C, 30°C for 15 h/27°C, 36°C for 11.5 h/27°C) in eight different combinations. The flowering responses observed in the controlled environments were consistent with the responses observed in the field environments. Environmental control of flowering of four of the genotypes consisted of a strong photoperiod × temperature interaction. The number of days to first flower was not influenced by daylength at moderate temperatures but was delayed by long days at high temperatures, and with the combination of long days and very hot environments flowers were not produced. When flowering was delayed, the flowers first appeared on later nodes. Delays in flowering were mainly due to delays in first appearance of floral buds, except at extremely high temperatures where bud development was inhibited as well. Extending the daylength with low intensity light did not influence the number of days to first appearance of floral buds but it slowed down bud development. This indicated that bud initiation and bud development may be regulated differently by environment and that regulation of bud development may involve a classical photoperiod response. The other four genotypes were day-neutral and days to first flower exhibited an optimum response to temperature, with earliest flowering occurring at intermediate temperatures. For the same genotypes in different environments, floral buds first appeared at the same node and the first flowers were produced on the following node. A screening procedure is proposed for detecting cowpea genotypes that are early and day-neutral. This simply consists of screening under hot, long-day field conditions, such as occur in Imperial Valley, California, in the summer. Cowpea genotypes that flower early in this environment would probably flower early, compared with other cowpeas, in most cowpea production environments in the world.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Novel Rapidly Solidified, High-Temperature Al-Alloy

Abstract Rapid solidification (RS) processing, as a production method, offers a variety of unique properties based on far-from-equilibrium microstructures obtained through rapid cooling rates. In this study, we seek to investigate the microstructures and properties of a novel Al-alloy specifically designed for high temperature mechanical stability. Synthesis of, AlFe 11.4 Si 1.8 V 1.6 Mn 0.9 (wt.%), was performed by two approaches: rotating cup atomization (“shot”) and melt spinning (“flake”). These methods were chosen because of their ability to produce alloys with tailored microstructures due to their inherent differences in cooling rate. The as-solidified precursor materials were microstructurally characterized with electron microscopy. The results show that the higher cooling rate flake material exhibited the formation of nanocrystalline regions as well additional phase morphologies not seen in the shot material. Secondary dendritic branching in the flake material was on the order of 0.1–0.25 μm whereas branching in the shot material was 0.5–1.0 μm. Consolidated and extruded material from both precursor materials was mechanically evaluated at both ambient and high (300 °C) temperature. The consolidated RS flake material is shown to exhibit higher strengths than the shot material. The ultimate tensile strength of the melt spun flake was reported as 544.2 MPa at room temperature and 298.0 MPa at 300 °C. These results forecast the ability to design alloys and processing approaches with unique non-equilibrium microstructures with robust mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.
Physiological Roles of Peptides in the Nervous System

The possibility that peptides play physiological roles in neuronal function has long been suggested but only recently begun to be supported by various lines of evidence. For example, subcutaneous and intrahypothalamic injections of the hypothalamic peptide luteinizing hormone—releasing hormone (LH—RH) in ovariectomized, estrogen-pretreated female rats facilitates the induction of the lordosis reflex within an hour of injection (Moss and McCann, 1973, 1975; Foreman and Moss, 1975; Moss and Foreman, 1976), while intracranial injection of renin, angiotensin I, or angiotensin II leads rapidly to drinking behavior in rats (Epstein et al., 1970; Fitzsimons, 1971; Simpson and Routtenberg, 1973, 1975). That a single substance can organize and integrate the activity of precisely the population of neurons required for such complicated behaviors as mating and drinking strongly indicates an important role in the nervous system for such a substance. The cellular correlates and molecular mechanisms underlying these complicated, peptide-induced behaviors have not been established. The purpose of this chapter is to review recent investigations into the physiological roles of several species of peptide. Most of the material discussed will be from observations made at the cellular level, primarily as these events may relate to the elaboration of endocrine, autonomic, or motor behaviors.
Reconstructing tt¯ events with one lost jet

Abstract We present a technique for reconstructing the kinematics of pair-produced top quarks that decay to a charged lepton, a neutrino and four final state quarks in the subset of events where only three jets are reconstructed. We present a figure of merit that allows for a fair comparison of reconstruction algorithms without requiring their calibration. The new reconstruction of events with only three jets is fully competitive with the full reconstruction typically used for four-jet events.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide-Induced Inhibition of the Immunosuppressive Activity of Cultured Friend Erythroleukemia Cells

Two Friend leukemia virus-induced tumor cell lines lost their immunosuppressive properties in vitro when treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a known cellular differentiation agent. Incubation of the cell lines, GM 979 and GM 86, with DMSO for 4 days or longer, inhibited their ability to suppress the antibody forming capacity of normal murine spleen cells immunized in vitro with sheep red blood cells. Suppression of the inhibitory capability of the tumor cell lines by DMSO was time dependent. Three days incubation caused only slight, if any, inhibition, while a shorter period of treatment had no effect. Inhibition of the immunosuppressive properties of the tumor cell lines was not due to a decrease in tumor cell viability. The development of previously reported metabolic alterations in the treated cells, such as increased hemoglobin synthesis and other physicochemical alterations, paralleled cellular differentiation, and loss of immunosuppressive properties.
Delayed development of righting reflexes in offspring of manganese-deficient rats.

SummaryDevelopment of righting reflexes was studied in offspring of manganese-deficient and normal rats by 2 tests: (1) time required to turn from their backs to their feet and (2) ability to right themselves in air when dropped upside down. The reflexes concerned with the turn-over test developed at an earlier age than did those involved in the air-righting response. In both tests, however, the manganese-deficient young exhibited a marked delay in development of reflexes responsible for righting reactions.
Mechanisms of MR signal alteration by acute intracerebral blood: old concepts and new theories.

We reviewed the current literature and theories pertaining to the appearance of hemorrhage on MR images. New theories were formulated to explain the etiology of spin-echo (SE) and gradient-echo contrast on clinical MR images of hematomas at low and intermediate field strengths. It is our hope that these theories will prompt further experiments to prove or disprove their validity. The discussion of SE contrast focuses on the powerful MR effects mediated by changes in protein concentration. These changes are postulated to occur as a result of (1) clot matrix formation; (2) settling of RBCs, which increases the number of RBCs per unit volume and the total protein concentration; and (3) alterations in intracellular protein concentration caused by changes in RBC hydration. The contribution of acid methemoglobin to image contrast via the proton electron dipole-dipole mechanism is also included. The discussion of gradient-echo contrast focuses on the inhomogeneity that may be present within voxels that contain a blood clot. This inhomogeneity results when the voxel contains regions with different magnetic susceptibilities (i.e., clumped RBCs and serum). Two temporally arranged schemata for T2-weighted and T1-weighted SE scans are presented that illustrate how these factors might interact to explain the diverse appearance of hematomas on clinical SE images. The signal intensity on T2-weighted SE scans appears to be dependent primarily on the state of hydration of the RBC. This factor and the presence or absence of methemoglobin appear to be the major factors that govern contrast on T1-weighted SE images.
384 EFFECTS OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND CONTINUITY OF CARE ON OSTEOPOROSIS SCREENING.

Background Less than half of eligible women are screened for osteoporosis despite funding for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans by Medicare. In this study, we seek to identify factors associated with a lack of screening for osteoporosis. Methods Women over age 65 were surveyed in a cross-sectional study regarding socioeconomic indicators, attitudes toward preventive screening, and healthy behaviors. Subsequent chart review revealed the number of women who had been screened for osteoporosis. Descriptive data were compiled, and bivariate analysis and logistic regression were performed with DEXA scan as the outcome of interest. Independent variables that were controlled for were income, education, race, age, and number of physicians seen in the past year. Results We present preliminary results from 137 surveys and 122 chart reviews of women over 65 from 6 of 13 teaching centers. Sixty percent of patients had at least a high school education. Over half of patients (53%) earned less than $10,000/year, over half (54%) were black, and 60% were widowed. Income ( p = .003), level of education ( p = .006), and visits with more than one physician ( p = .01) were associated with failure to have DEXA scans in bivariate analysis. Income remained a significant predictor of DEXA scan following multivariate analysis, with an odds ratio of 2.7, 95% CI [1.17-6.3]. Visits with greater than one physician likewise remained significant ( p = .04), with an odds ratio of 0.35, 95% CI [0.15-0.81] for receiving DEXA scan. Race was not significant in bivariate or multivariate analysis. Conclusions In a group of patients with Medicare coverage, low income continued to be associated with decreased performance of osteoporosis screening. It is unclear whether socioeconomic status influenced physician or patient behavior or served as a barrier to obtaining DEXA scan (eg, transportation). Lack of continuity of care in this population also results in failure to receive appropriate osteoporosis screening. We continue to struggle with socioeconomic barriers to preventive screening even in a population in which the screening test is noninvasive and inexpensive to the patient.
Study on Project Management Model of the Forestry Ecological Engineering with Government Investment in China

This thesis centers on the formation and mechanism of Project Management Model of the Forestry Ecological Engineering with government investment.A project management model symbolized as "Three-system-three-management-one-ownership" is formulated to shed light on the research and formation of Project Management Model of the Forestry Ecological Engineering which is suitable for national conditions and forestry conditions in China.
VALPROATE USE IN THE OLDER MANIC PATIENT

The authors present a case series of seven older (mean age = 66 years) state hospital patients treated with valproate as an adjunct to conventional medications. The patients had had affective disorder (chiefly bipolar disorder) for an average of 31 years. Most had been hospitalized at the state hospital for several years. Previous unsuccessful treatments had included lithium, carbamazepine, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy in one patient. After 1 month of adjunctive treatment, valproate led to marked improvement in three patients, moderate improvement in two, minimal improvement in one, and no change in one patient with delusional depression. Global Assessment Scale scores increased over baseline an average of 29 points (p = .01). Valproate proved to be safe in these older individuals, many of whom had several medical conditions.
Climate Preferences, Obesity, and Unobserved Heterogeneity in Cities

Some sources of heterogeneity among cities, i.e. age, gender, race, income, and education, have been the object of substantial inquiry. The reasons are obvious. These differences are easily observed and may have important implications for economic activity. This study considers another potentially important population characteristic, obesity. Descriptive statistics reveal that the intercity variance in obesity rates is substantial. Empirical results demonstrate that demographic and regional amenity variables all have a relation to intercity differences in obesity. Because obesity is important for climate preferences, performance, and productivity, its omission from previous studies and its correlation with amenity and demographic characteristics, could create problems for empirical research. For example, it is possible to explain the recent climate preference finding by Sinha and Cropper (2015) that willingness to pay for higher summer temperature is negatively correlated, ρ = − 0.83, with preferences for higher winter temperatures.
Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria

Development of resistance to antimicrobics that have been considered active against clinically significant anaerobes and the rapid introduction of many new agents dictate a need for timely susceptibility data. Although the availability of published results and information from periodic institutional surveys will suffice for most laboratories, some will want to perform day-to-day testing of selected current isolates. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards has published an Approved Standard and a Proposed Guideline for Alternative Methods for susceptibility testing of anaerobes. These methods are described in detail. The need for further refinement of existing techniques and for the establishment of standards for the more practical broth-disk elution and microdilution methods is examined.
Effects of Thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) and their Metabolites on Osteoblast Differentiation

Studies involving human genetic mutations and mutant mouse models have provided irrevocable evidence for a key role for thyroid hormones (THs) in the regulation of skeletal growth. While T3 binds to TH receptors with higher affinity than T4, T4 occupied TH receptors have also been reported in the nucleus under euthyroid conditions raising the possibility that T4 bound nuclear receptors may be biologically relevant in thyroid syndromes with elevated free T4 and reduced T3 levels. We, therefore, evaluated the direct effects of T4, T3, and their metabolites (rT3 and T2) in stimulating osteoblast differentiation using MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts which do not produce detectable levels of deiodinases. Under serum-free conditions, a 24-h treatment of MC3T3-E1 cells with THs and their metabolites caused a dose-dependent increase in the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, osterix, and osteocalcin. Circulating concentrations of T3 (~1 ng/ml) and T4 (~30 ng/ml) showed similar potency in stimulating osteoblast differentiation marker expression, while rT3 and T2 were less potent than T3 and T4. Moreover, T3 and T4 treatments elevated the IGF-1 mRNA level suggesting the involvement of IGF-1 signaling in the TH regulation of osteoblast differentiation. We conclude that an elevated T4 level in the absence of T3 may exert stimulatory effects on osteoblast differentiation. The establishment of cell-specific effects of T4 on osteoblasts may provide a strategy to generate T4 mimics that exert skeletal specific effects without the confounding T3 effects on other tissues.