cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fusion reactors based on colliding beams in a field reversed configuration plasma

A plasma consisting of large orbit non-adiabatic ions and adiabatic electrons is considered. For such a plasma it is possible that the anomalous transport characteristic of Tokamaks can be avoided. Experimental evidence in support of this possibility has been obtained with energetic beams injected into Tokamaks for heating in DIII-D and TFTR and with energetic fusion products in JET. Energetic particles were observed to slow down and diffuse classically in the presence of anomalous transport of thermal particles. Assuming that classical transport theory is applicable we have elected to investigate magnetic confinement for field reversed configurations (FRC`s). This configuration was chosen because there are some 20 years of experimental investigation, about 600 published papers and current programs in Japan to provide background information for a case where a substantial fraction of the ions are non-adiabatic and contribute to the current. The investigation begins with self-consistent equilibrium solutions of the Vlasov-Maxwell equations. The classical Fokker-Planck equation is employed to evaluate Coulomb collisions and transport. Reactor configurations based on D - T, D - He{sup 3} and H - B{sup 11} reactions are considered. Energy balance is investigated considering the only losses to be Bremsstrahlung. 11 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.
Birth outcomes and the effectiveness of prenatal care.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate pregnant women's self-selection effects on the estimation of birthweight production function. A particular emphasis is placed on assessing the effectiveness of prenatal care as a major medical input in the birthweight production function. DATA SOURCES: Primary data compiled from birth and abortion certificates for the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1984. Several area-specific socioeconomic variables were also employed from the Area Resource File 1984; Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Local Agency Directory; and the family planning clinics data by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI). STUDY DESIGN: Two types of self-selection effects are defined: selection effect due to sample censoring from the resolution of pregnancies as live births or induced abortions; and selection effect due to the use of prenatal care as an endogenous variable. Race- and location-specific birthweight production functions are estimated using models with and without correction for self-selection effects. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The self-selection effect in the resolution of pregnancies is race-specific, being significant for African American women. The effectiveness of prenatal care in birthweight production is underestimated substantially by the selection bias from the use of prenatal care, and overestimated by the selection bias from pregnancy resolutions. On average, the overall estimated effectiveness of prenatal care is over five times higher after controlling for the selection effects. CONCLUSIONS: Self-selection effects could be a very serious problem in measuring the effectiveness of birthweight determinants in general. The overall effectiveness of prenatal care, in particular, tends to be significantly biased downward without controlling for selection effects. The significance and scale of the bias depends crucially on specific data and cohorts of the population investigated.
A 94GHz integrated monopulse receiver

An integrated monopulse receiver based on 23 GHz LO (local oscillator) and 94 GHz subharmonic mixers is presented. All circuits are realized using uniplanar coplanar-waveguide (CPW) and slot lines. The antennas are composed of dipoles integrated on dielectric substrates and placed within horn cavities. These features result in a compact, easily fabricated, rugged system with good predicted performance at 94 GHz. >
Assessment of Surface Markers and Functionality of Dendritic Cells (DCs)

Dendritic cells are a complex group of mainly bone marrow derived cells that possess significant ability to take up, process, and present soluble antigens to responder cells in the lymphoid tissues. Characterization of DC surface markers has been a difficult task owing to the lack of appropriate reagents of sufficient specificity. Molecules closely associated with dendritic cells are being identified and investigated and flow cytometric approaches to evaluation of monoclonal antibodies against DC populations are being developed. This informative unit describes assays for determination of the existence of subsets within two DC populations, the kinetics of antigen expression, and the identification of specific markers for DC subsets. A Support Protocol presents an approach for generating dendritic cells and Langerhans cells (a skin-derived DC) from blood monocytes.
An evaluation of educational outreach to improve evidence‐based prescribing in Medicaid: a cautionary tale

Rationale, aims and objectives Evidence suggests that educational outreach (‘academic detailing’) improves evidence-based prescribing. We evaluated the impact of an academic detailing programme intended to increase new statin prescriptions. Methods In a 2 × 2 factorial design we evaluated the effect of an academic detailing programme with/without telephonic care management for patients. Eligible patients were continuously enrolled Medicaid members at high risk for cardiovascular disease utilization who were not receiving statin medication in the 18 months prior to the intervention. All primary care prescribers assigned to these patients were randomized by clinic to academic detailing. Two trained nurses provided the detailing to prescribers, including specific discussion about the use of statins in this high-risk patient population. Nurses left the prescribers with a summary of clinical practice guidelines, a one-page detailing sheet and a list of patients under the care of the prescriber who were candidates for statins. The primary outcome was the incidence of a new statin prescription claim during the 6-month intervention period and the subsequent 6 months. Logistic regression models were used to estimate main effects of the interventions and to adjust for potential confounding variables in the study. Results Forty-eight clinics were randomized, effectively randomizing a total of 284 patients and 128 prescribers. Among the 284 patients, 46 (16%) received a new statin claim during the evaluation period. Controlling for significant bivariate associations, the academic detailing intervention had no significant effect on new statin prescriptions compared with the control group (odds ratio = 0.8, 95% confidence interval: 0.4–1.6, P = 0.5). Conclusion Among this Medicaid population at high risk for cardiovascular events, an academic detailing programme to increase statin prescriptions was not effective. To assist others to learn from our failed effort, we identify and discuss critical elements in the design and implementation of the programme that could account for these results.
Estimation of Fat Absorption by Monitoring of Expired Radioactive Carbon Dioxide After Feeding a Radioactive Fat

Summary A rapid method for the diagnosis of steatorrhea based upon oral administration of radioactive glyceryl trioctanoate (RATO) and study of its oxidative decarboxylation as determined by monitoring expired C 14 -labeled CO 2 has been presented. Results based upon the testing of 20 controls and 21 patients with steatorrhea of various types clearly separated 15 of the controls from all of the patients with steatorrhea. Fourteen of 21 patients with steatorrhea fell below the lowest value encountered in 20 control subjects. Possible refinements of the technique are worthy of exploration.
Understanding German Idealism: Hegel: systematic philosophy without foundations

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) came of age as a person and an author at the same time that the triumphant proclamations of the arrival of the age of reason promised revolutionary transformations of human thought and action. In 1787, when Hegel was seventeen years old, Kant declared his own philosophy to be the epistemological equivalent of the Copernican revolution: arguing that the possibility of metaphysical knowledge cannot be explained if one assumes that the cognizing subject must conform to the object of cognition, Kant inverted this assumption. The result was transcendental idealism, with which Kant claimed to have determined the means, extent and limits of truly rational cognition. Only two years later, in 1789, when Hegel was a student in Tubingen, the practical equivalent of this theoretical development manifested itself in France: arguing that freedom is impossible if one assumes that political subjects must conform to the will of the ruling authority, the revolutionaries inverted this assumption and promised to establish a truly rational system of government. Hegel celebrated both the Kantian and the French revolutions, but not uncritically. Hegel's enthusiasm stemmed from his agreement with the revolutionary insistence on the right of reason: modern theoretical claims and practical arrangements must be, above all and by definition, rational. Hegel's criticism, however, stemmed from his view that the age of reason failed to live up to its name: neither Kantian philosophy nor the French Revolution was truly rational, because both rested on a misconception of rationality itself.
Chimeric Chemoreceptors in Escherichia coli: Signaling Properties of Tar-Tap and Tap-Tar Hybrids

The Tap (taxis toward peptides) receptor and the periplasmic dipeptide-binding protein (DBP) of Escherichia coli together mediate chemotactic responses to dipeptides. Tap is a low-abundance receptor. It is present in 5- to 10-fold-fewer copies than high-abundance receptors like Tar and Tsr. Cells expressing Tap as the sole receptor, even from a multicopy plasmid at 5- to 10-fold-overexpressed levels, do not generate sufficient clockwise (CW) signal to tumble and thus swim exclusively smoothly (run). To study the signaling properties of Tap in detail, we constructed reciprocal hybrids between Tap and Tar fused in the linker region between the periplasmic and cytoplasmic domains. The Tapr hybrid senses dipeptides and is a good CW-signal generator, whereas the Tarp hybrid senses aspartate but is a poor CW-signal generator. Thus, the poor CW signaling of Tap is a property of its cytoplasmic domain. Eighteen residues at the carboxyl terminus of high-abundance receptors, including the NWETF sequence that binds the CheR methylesterase, are missing in Tap. The Tart protein, created by removing these 18 residues from Tar, has diminished CW-signaling ability. The Tapl protein, made by adding the last 18 residues of Tar to the carboxyl terminus of Tap, also does not support CW flagellar rotation. However, Tart and Tapl cross-react well with antibody directed against the conserved cytoplasmic region of Tsr, whereas Tap does not cross-react with this antibody. Tap does cross-react, however, with antibody directed against the low-abundance chemoreceptor Trg. The hybrid, truncated, and extended receptors exhibit various levels of methylation. However, Tar and Tapl, which contain a consensus CheR-binding motif (NWETF) at their carboxyl termini, exhibit the highest basal levels of methylation, as expected. We conclude that no simple correlation exists between the abundance of a receptor, its methylation level, and its CW-signaling ability.
ABORTED GAMETOPHYTE 1 is required for gametogenesis in Arabidopsis

In flowering plants, the male and female gametogenesis is a crucial step of sexual reproduction. Although many genes have been identified as being involved in the gametogenesis process, the genetic mechanisms underlying gametogenesis remains poorly understood. We reported here characterization of the gene, ABORTED GAMETOPHYTE 1 (AOG1) that is newly identified as essential for gametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. AOG1 is expressed predominantly in reproductive tissues including the developing pollen grains and ovules. The AOG1 protein shares no significant amino acid sequence similarity with other documented proteins and is located mainly in nuclei of the cells. Mutation in AOG1 caused degeneration of pollen at the uninucleate microspore stage and severe defect in embryo sacs, leading to a significant reduction in male and female fertility. Furthermore, the molecular analyses showed that the aog1 mutant significantly affected the expression of several genes, which are required for gametogenesis. Our results suggest that AOG1 plays important roles in gametogenesis at the stage prior to pollen mitosis I (PMI) in Arabidopsis, possibly through collaboration with other genes.
Disabled Policy A Personal Postscript

This paper analyzes the passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) and argues that the Act continues a historical tradition, expressed in generations of disability policies, of using the ...
Uniqueness of n-fold delooping machines

Abstract We give an axiomatic characterization of n -fold delooping constructions that leads to uniqueness theorems for these constructions. Such a result implies that if W and W ′ are any two n -fold delooping constructions and X is an E n -space, then the n -fold deloopings WX and W′X are weakly homotopy equivalent. In particular, the n -fold delooping constructions of May and Segal are equivalent.
Validity of GSR Conditioning

This paper touches on several theoretical issues related to the controversy of sensitization or pseudo-conditioning of the galvanic skin response coupled to an auditory stimulus. Results of GSR audiometric studies were cited as evidence that under controlled conditions, valid auditory thresholds may be measured using the GSR method.
Green tea consumption and incidence of colorectal cancer.

To the Editor, Given the emerging supports from in vitro and in vivo studies (1), drinking green tea is biologically plausible to affect one's risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). However, s...
Differential Perceptions of Women Inmates, Correctional Staff, and Correctional Officers Regarding Rehabilitation Program Modalities

ABSTRACT In comparing what correctional officers, correctional staff and women inmates identify as the most effective type of rehabilitative programs needed, there is sometimes a wide gap in their perceptions. This paper examines those differences as they apply to educational, behavior modification, and vocational programs in a women's prison in Nebraska. This study annotates how each ranked the importance of specific programs. A review of predictions by the U.S. Department of Labor compares the job market for the year 2005 with current inmate vocational programs. In conclusion, those programs that all three groups identified as being the most effective are listed. Data for this study were collected in June of 1994, through coordination with the Nebraska Department of Corrections and the University of Nebraska at Kearney. The purpose was initially designed to evaluate how women inmates at the Nebraska Center for Women (NCW) perceived their current educational, behavior modification, and vocational program...
Environmental gradients in a simulation model of a beech-yellow-poplar stand

Abstract A simulation model for growth and succession of a hypothetical American-beech–yellow-poplar forest has been developed to study changes in response of this simple community under conditions of a slowly varying climate. As the temperature, through a model parameter equal to the number of growing degree days (GDD), is increased, a sharp discontinuity in response of the model is noted at approximately 4500 GDD. A similar discontinuity is observed at about 4800 GDD as the temperature is slowly decreased. This hysteretic response with width of 300 GDD can be compared for consistency against the rather sharp boundaries which occur between forest communities along smooth environmental gradients. Although many environmental gradients are responsible for transitions is natural systems, the model calculations described indicate that changes in a single environmental variable, temperature, can account for transition zones by affecting competitive ability.
Inhibition of influenza virus replication by plant-derived isoquercetin

Influenza virus infects the respiratory system of human and animals causing mild to severe illness which could lead to death. Although vaccines are available, there is still a great need for influenza antiviral drugs to reduce disease progression and virus transmission. Currently two classes (M2 channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors) of FDA-approved influenza antiviral drugs are available, but there are great concerns of emergence of viral resistance. Therefore, timely development of new antiviral drugs against influenza viruses is crucial. Plant-derived polyphenols have been studied for antioxidant activity, anti-carcinogenic, and cardio- and neuroprotective actions. Recently, some polyphenols, such as resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate, showed significant anti-influenza activity in vitro and/or in vivo. Therefore we investigated selected polyphenols for their antiviral activity against influenza A and B viruses. Among the polyphenols we tested, isoquercetin inhibited the replication of both influenza A and B viruses at the lowest effective concentration. In a double treatment of isoquercetin and amantadine, synergistic effects were observed on the reduction of viral replication in vitro. The serial passages of virus in the presence of isoquercetin did not lead to the emergence of resistant virus, and the addition of isoquercetin to amantadine or oseltamivir treatment suppressed the emergence of amantadine- or oseltamivir-resistant virus. In a mouse model of influenza virus infection, isoquercetin administered intraperitoneally to mice inoculated with human influenza A virus significantly decreased the virus titers and pathological changes in the lung. Our results suggest that isoquercetin may have the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of influenza virus infection and for the suppression of resistance in combination therapy with existing drugs.
Wilson's disease.

THE TALENTS of S. A. Kinnier Wilson (1878 to 1937) were most apparent at the bedside and in the lecture hall. 1,2 He had little interest in experimentation and confined his attention to clinical matters. Thus, during his long professional career at the National Hospital, Queen Square, London, 3-5 Wilson wrote on a variety of clinical topics, ending with a two-volume textbook of neurology that was edited and published after his death. 6 Perhaps the best of these many contributions was a lengthy masterpiece that Wilson prepared for the MD degree at the University of Edinburgh. 7 In it, he reviewed a few previous reports and added four personal cases, crystallizing all of this information into a classic description of a distinct disease. But Wilson did not recognize the existence of the Kayser-Fleischer corneal ring 8-11 in his patients, and this sign was not appreciated as a manifestation of progressive
An Inexpensive, Efficient Synthesis of 1-Methylxanthine

Abstract 1-Methylxanthine has been prepared in 20% overall yield via a reproducible six-step sequence.
Strengthening causal inferences in positivist field studies

Abstract This essay discusses how incorporating qualitative analyses and insight in positivist field studies can strengthen researchers’ ability to draw causal inferences. Specifically, I review how the rich institutional knowledge available in field settings can be used to increase internal validity by improving the specification of empirical models and tests and by providing greater insight into statistical results, particularly through the investigation of the causal processes linking the accounting practices and outcomes.
96 EFFECT OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON MYOCARDIAL FUNCTION AND HYPERTROPHY

Cardiac function and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were studied in rats preconditioned by exercise training (ET) consisting of eight weeks of running on a treadmill. At the end of the ET a group of exercised (E) and sedentary (S) rats were subjected to an in situ hemodynamic evaluation under conditions of altered afterload (AL), preload (PL) and hypoxia (HY). A group of E and S rats also underwent aortic banding or a sham operation. The only significant hemodynamic difference between E and S at rest was a slight elevation in heart rate (HR) in E. With either → or → preload no significant hemodynamic differences were noted between E and S. After relief of ↑AL cardiac index (CI) remained depressed in S (165±10 ml/min/kg) but returned to normal in E (214±12ml/min/kg). During recovery from HY, CI was significantly higher in E than in S (216±12 vs 170±14ml/min/kg). These differences were related to changes in stroke index (SI) rather than HR. At the end of ET there were no significant differences in body wt (237±2 vs 234±2g) or LV wt (LVW) (507±4 vs 514±9 mg) between E and S. S rats developed significant LVH at 3 days (570±18 mg) but had no hypertrophy at 1 day (542±9 mg) after aortic constriction. Exercised rats, however, developed significant LVH by 1 day (611±11mg) after pressure overload. These data suggest that the heart from an exercised animal more ably tolerates an increase in afterload and hypoxia, and can respond with compensatory LVH more rapidly than that from a sedentary animal.
Analysis of the Computational Singular Perturbation Reduction Method for Chemical Kinetics

This article is concerned with the asymptotic accuracy of the Computational Singular Perturbation (CSP) method developed by Lam and Goussis [The CSP method for simplifying kinetics, Int. J. Chem. Kin. 26 (1994) 461–486] to reduce the dimensionality of a system of chemical kinetics equations. The method, which is generally applicable to multiple-time scale problems arising in a broad array of scientific disciplines, exploits the presence of disparate time scales to model the dynamics by an evolution equation on a lower-dimensional slow manifold. In this article it is shown that the successive applications of the CSP algorithm generate, order by order, the asymptotic expansion of a slow manifold. The results are illustrated on the Michaelis–Menten–Henri equations of enzyme kinetics.
Preventive Care for Children in Low-Income Families: How Well Do Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Programs Do?

OBJECTIVE: Child health problems that are caused or exacerbated by health behaviors remain a leading cause of medical spending for children. We examined receipt of clinician advice by low-income children, comparing children who had public insurance with those who had private insurance, as well as with children who were uninsured for part or all of the year. METHODS: We used children who were aged 3 to 17 and living in families with incomes of<250% of the federal poverty level in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from 2001 to 2003 to estimate linear probability models on receipt of preventive advice. The main outcome measures were receipt of clinician's advice about healthy eating, physical activity, the harmful effects of smoking in the home, proper safety restraints in a car, and use of a bicycle helmet. We also examined 2 related barriers to receiving clinician advice: whether the child had any preventive care visits in the past year and whether the child had a usual source of care other than a hospital emergency department. RESULTS: Publicly insured children were more likely than privately insured, full-year-uninsured children, and part-year-uninsured children to have had a preventive care visit in the past year, but regardless of health insurance group, many children went without preventive care. Even conditional on having had a preventive care visit, 48% did not receive clinician advice in any of the areas measured, and 41% of the overweight children were advised about neither healthy eating nor exercise in the past year. CONCLUSIONS: Enrolling more uninsured children in Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Programs could improve the chances that families receive advice about health behaviors and injury prevention; however, nearly half of the children who were insured for the entire year did not receive important advice from their clinicians. Language: en
Matrix valued Jacobi polynomials

Abstract For every value of the parameters α , β >−1 we find a matrix valued weight whose orthogonal polynomials satisfy an explicit differential equation of Jacobi type.
Residual reduction algorithms for nonsymmetric saddle point problems

In this paper, we introduce and analyze Uzawa algorithms for non-symmetric saddle point systems. Convergence for the algorithms is established based on new spectral results about Schur complements. A new Uzawa type algorithm with optimal relaxation parameters at each new iteration is introduced and analyzed in a general framework. Numerical results supporting the efficiency of the algorithms are presented for finite element discretization of steady state Navier-Stokes equations.
Abnormal Regulation of High Affinity Nicotinic Receptors in Subjects with Schizophrenia

Previous studies have suggested that an abnormality in neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression or function may be involved in the neuropathophysiology of schizophrenia. [3H]-nicotine and [3H]-epibatidine binding were compared in postmortem brain from control and schizophrenic subjects with varying smoking histories. In control subjects, increased receptor binding was seen in hippocampus, cortex, and caudate with increasing tobacco use. In contrast, schizophrenic smokers had reduced nicotinic receptor levels in these brain regions compared to control smokers. Chronic haloperidol and nicotine treatment, in the rat, was used to assess neuroleptic effects on receptor up-regulation by nicotine. A significant increase in cortical nicotinic receptors was seen in both nicotine treated as well as haloperidol and nicotine co-treated animals, suggesting that the abnormal regulation of high affinity neuronal nicotinic receptors in schizophrenics following nicotine use was not related to chronic neuroleptic treatment.
Elusive vector glueball

If the vector glueball {Omicron} exists in the mass range that theory suggests, its resonant production cross section can be detected in e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation only if the decay width is very narrow ({le} a few MeV). Otherwise {Omicron} will be observed only indirectly through its mixing with {psi}{prime}. We propose a few tests of the {Omicron}-{psi}{prime} mixing for future charm factories.
Environmental and genetic influences on the thermal physiology of Rana sylvatica

Abstract 1. 1.|Intraspecific variation in the thermal physiology of Rana sylvatica was examined. 2. 2.|Heat and cold tolerances of both adult and larval representatives were determined for animals representing populations from New York, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan and Canada. 3. 3.|In general, frogs from more northern localities exhibited lower heat tolerances. 4. 4.|There was no evidence of interpopulational differences in cold tolerance. Similar trends were revealed by larval testing. 5. 5.|Interpopulational differences among laboratory-reared tadpoles suggests a strong genetic component to Rana sylvatica thermal physiology.
An unusual manifestation of lymphoma

Abstract A 55-year-old Negro women exhibited a bilateral symmetrical enlargement of the maxillary denture-bearing areas as an unusual manifestation of lymphosarcoma.
Space-time finite element computation of arterial fluid-structure interactions with patient-specific data

The stabilized space–time fluid–structure interaction (SSTFSI) technique developed by the team for advanced flow simulation and modeling is applied to the computation of arterial fluid–structure interaction (FSI) with patient-specific data. The SSTFSI technique is based on the deforming-spatial-domain/stabilized space–time formulation and is supplemented with a number of special techniques developed for arterial FSI. These include a recipe for pre-FSI computations that improve the convergence of the FSI computations, using an estimated zero-pressure arterial geometry, layers of refined fluid mechanics mesh near the arterial walls, and a special mapping technique for specifying the velocity profile at an inflow boundary with non-circular shape. In the test computations reported here, we focus on a patient-specific middle cerebral artery segment with aneurysm, where the arterial geometry is based on computed tomography images. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing Sequence Correlation Limits the Efficiency of Recombination in a Multisite Evolution Model

The accumulation of preexisting beneficial alleles in a haploid population, under selection and infrequent recombination, and in the absence of new mutation events is studied numerically by means of detailed Monte Carlo simulations. On the one hand, we confirm our previous work, in that the accumulation rate follows modified single-site kinetics, with a timescale set by an effective selection coefficient s eff as shown in a previous work, and we confirm the qualitative features of the dependence of s eff on the population size and the recombination rate reported therein. In particular, we confirm the existence of a threshold population size below which evolution stops before the emergence of best-fit individuals. On the other hand, our simulations reveal that the population dynamics is essentially shaped by the steady accumulation of pairwise sequence correlation, causing sequence congruence in excess of what one would expect from a uniformly random distribution of alleles. By sequence congruence, we understand here the opposite of genetic distance, that is, the fraction of monomorphic sites of specified allele type in a pair of genomes (individual sequences). The effective selection coefficient changes more rapidly with the recombination rate and has a higher threshold in this parameter than found in the previous work, which neglected correlation effects. We examine this phenomenon by monitoring the time dependence of sequence correlation based on a set of sequence congruence measures and verify that it is not associated with the development of linkage disequilibrium. We also discuss applications to HIV evolution in infected individuals and potential implications for drug therapy.
Inflation as a probe of trans-Planckian physics: a brief review and progress report1

We provide a prescription for parametrizing the vacuum choice ambiguity in cosmological settings. We introduce an arbitrary boundary action representing the initial conditions. A Lagrangian description is moreover the natural setting to study decoupling of high-energy physics. RG flow affects the boundary interactions. As a consequence the boundary conditions are sensitive to high-energy physics through irrelevant terms in the boundary action. Using scalar field theory as an example, we derive the leading dimension four irrelevant boundary operators. We discuss flow the known vacuum choices, e.g. the Bunch-Davies vacuum, appear in the Lagrangian description and square with decoupling. For all choices of boundary conditions encoded by relevant boundary operators, of which the known ones are a subset, backreaction is under control. All, moreover, will generically feel the influence of high-energy physics through irrelevant (dimension four) boundary corrections. Having established a coherent effective field theory framework including the vacuum choice ambiguity, we derive an explicit expression for the flower spectrum of inflationary density perturbations including the leading high energy corrections. In accordance with the dimensionality of the leading irrelevant operators, the effect of high energy physics is linearly proportional to the Hubble radius H and the scale of new physics l = 1/M. Effects of such strength are potentially observable in future measurements of the cosmic micflowave background.
Suicide and the police role: a psychosocial model

Previous models apply general social and psychological theory to police suicide. Presents a specific psychosocial model which attempts to clarify the impact of the police role on the potential for suicide. The model is based on the premiss that socialization processes strongly influence officers to adopt the police role as a principal mode for dealing with psychological strain. This process likely involves a complex interaction of the individual, police organization, social relationships, and society. Dominant use or perhaps overlearning of the police role constricts cognitive coping style and impacts the use of other roles to deal with life strain. As a result, the potential for suicide may increase. Discusses suggestions for the prevention of police suicide.
Introduction: Traversing the local/global and food/culture divides

This interdisciplinary collection contributes to debates about the role and movement of commodities in the historical and contemporary world. The seven articles and Afterword by noted theorist of cuisine Rachel Laudan collectively address a fundamental tension in the emerging scholarly terrain of food studies, namely theorizing the relationship between foodstuff production and cuisine patterns. Originally drafted as contributions to a conference entitled “Tasting Histories: Food and Drink Cultures Through the Ages,” convened to celebrate the 2009 opening of the Robert Mondavi Institute of Food and Wine Sciences at the University of California, Davis, the seven articles appearing here were selected from approximately fifty papers presented, from over one hundred and thirty submissions. 1 Our conference explored critical issues in food and drink production and consumption, and we encouraged participants to deploy a world-historical lens. We found particularly compelling papers that explored the ways in whic...
Management of imperforate anus

Experience with 89 cases of imperforate anus treated at Charity Hospital of New Orleans and the Ochsner Clinic has emphasized the importance of more standardized management of this anomaly. The importance of the observation period in determining the best plan of treatment has been stressed. Imperforate anus has been classified into four types. The surgical procedure to be employed depends on the type of anomaly, the associated anomalies and the degree of surgical risk. For type I digital dilation is usually sufficient except in cases of hard fibrotic rings when anoplasty may be required. An intrasphincteric procedure should be performed for type II anomalies. In patients with type III anomalies in which the distance between the rectal pouch and surface of the skin exceeds 1.5 cm., in those with rectovesical, recto-urethral or rectovaginal fistulas above the hymen and in those with type IV anomalies, the abdomino-intrasphincteric pull-through procedure is recommended. The anal sphincter-preserving operation is the procedure of choice for rectovaginal fistulas that open below the hymen into the fossa navicularis and for all rectoperineal fistulas. The success of immediate definitive treatment depends upon the skill of the surgeon, and the presence or absence of prematurity and associated anomalies. The various surgical technics have been described.
Prostaglandins influence myofibroblast contractility in Dupuytren's disease.

Abstract This study investigated if the vasoactive prostaglandins, PGE 2 , and PGF 2α , were entifiable in association with nodular myofibroblasts of patients with Dupuytren's disease. Immunocytochemic studies, using antibodies specific for these prostaglandins, have confirmed their association with myofibroblasts. Radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate the prostaglandins. Our results indicate a significant increase of both prostaglandins, especially PGF 2α , in Dupuytren's palmar fascia when compared with control fascia. These endogenous prostaglandins may influence the contractile behavior of myofibroblasts in Dupuytren's disease to contribute to the pathobiology of this disorder.
Effects of dietary butylated hydroxytoluene and phenobarbital on the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and thymidine kinase in rat liver and lung

Summary Rats were entrained to a 12 h dark/12 h light cycle with food (60% protein ± 0.5% butylated hydroxytoluene or 0.05% phenobarbital) available only during the first 2 h of the dark period. Under these conditions liver ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in control animals displayed a characteristic diurnal oscillation. In livers of rats fed butylated hydroxytoluene or phenobarbital ODC activity was not increased whereas thymidine kinase (TK) activity was stimulated 4–10 fold at 3 days. In lungs from the same animals ODC and TK activities were unchanged. In rats fed butylated hydroxytoluene for 3 days [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was increased in liver but decreased in lung.
Inter-dependence of grain growth, Nb segregation, and chemical ordering in FeSiNb nanocrystals

Abstract It is known that small Nb additions help stabilize Fe 3 Si against grain growth. We studied the microstructural stability of (Fe 3 Si) .95 Nb 0.5 during annealing by Mossbauer spectrometry, x-ray diffractometry, and transmission electron microscpy. We measured the development of grain growth, chemical ordering, and the segregation of Nb atoms. We identified inter-relationships between these processes. Chemical ordering was found to be linked to Nb segregation; after the segregation of Nb atoms, DO 3 chemical order developed in the Fe 3 Si crystallites. Grain growth was found to be impeded when Nb segregation occurred, although the development of DO 3 order could be involved.
Contrasting models in literacy practice among heritage language learners of Mandarin

This paper examines how the development of print literacy practices was approached at a Chinese heritage language school in the Southwest of the United States. More specifically, it investigates the roles of instructors and parents in the development of literacy among heritage language learners of Mandarin. The study explores two contrasting approaches to literacy instruction which occurred in both the classrooms and homes of the learners, where many literacy activities took place. The findings indicate that the learners’ literacy development was determined by many factors, such as the instructors’ and the parents’ own learning experiences, their perspectives on literacy, and the approaches they adopted in both classroom and home settings. The study also reveals that instructors and parents conceptualized an important link between socializing the learners into traditional Chinese values and the promotion of their literacy development.
‘Benefit-Cost Analysis’ of Disaster Mitigation: Application as a Policy and Decision-Making Tool

Many proponents of disaster mitigation claim that it offers potential benefits in terms of saved lives and property far exceeding its costs. To provide evidence for this, and to justify the use of public funds, agencies involved in mitigation can use benefit–cost analysis (BCA). Such analysis, if well done, offers a testable, defensible means of evaluating and comparing projects, helps decision-makers choose between mitigation projects, and provides a means to assess the way we spend public funds. In this critical overview of the more contentious issues and latest developments in BCA, I emphasize the pragmatic choices that one can make in accordance with good practice in project evaluation.
Rehabilitation after Stroke

A 66-year-old man was suddenly unable to speak, follow directions, or move his right arm and leg. He received tissue plasminogen activator within 90 minutes. Four days later, his speech was limited to effortful answers of yes or no. He could not walk or use his right arm, and self-care tasks required maximal assistance. What advice would you offer him and his family regarding rehabilitation for his disabilities?
Light scattering spectra of guided wave polaritons in thin crystals: Experiment☆

Abstract Guided wave polaritons (GWP) of thin crystals have been studied by near- forward Raman scattering experiments on GaP crystals of ≈ 5–35 μm thickness. The dispersion of these modes agrees well with theoretical predictions, but their Raman scattering intensities cannot be described completely by bulk Raman tensors. We discuss the temperature dependence of the observed frequencies of the modes.
When ethnic returnees are de facto guestworkers: What does the introduction of Latin American Japanese Nikkeijin (Japanese descendants) (LAN) suggest for Japan's definition of nationality, citizenship, and immigration policy?

Japan officially bans unskilled foreign labor. A 1990 change in Japanese immigration law provides Nikkeijin (Japanese descendants) a renewable visa that allows them to live and work in Japan on the...
Military applications of high temperature fibers

The interest of the Air Force and other military organizations in high temperature fibers spans a broad range of fiber types and applications. Fibers and yarns with a high degree of flexibility and good thermal capabilities are required for flexible fibrous materials for use in decelerators and expandable and/or rigidizable structures. High temperature fibers with outstanding modulus-to-weight ratio are needed for reinforcement of composite structural materials. In most instances, a high strength-to-weight ratio, at temperature, is desirable. To meet these space-age requirements, research is being conducted by the Air Force Materials Laboratory on a wide variety of fiber types, including polymeric, metallic, graphite, glass, and ceramic. The results of this, and similar research being conducted by industry, while maintaining our military superiority, will, in many instances, also be felt in the commercial world.
Responding to Deforestation: Productive Conservation, the World Bank, and Beekeeping in Rondonia, Brazil

Productive conservation, a sustainable development concept for the Amazon, ideally leads to economic development in rural areas with conservation of rain forest ecosystems. This study evaluates the human and environmental dynamics of productive conservation in Rondonia, Brazil, using as a case study beekeeping, which has been promoted by the World Bank-funded Rondonia Natural Resources Development Project. Promoters of beekeeping have given little attention to basic ecological or political economic issues that determine whether the practice contributes to ideals of productive conservation. While beekeeping can generate significant increases in household income, beekeeping cooperatives may become overdependent on donor funds. Once the flow of productive conservation donor funds stops, organizations may fail, making it too difficult for beekeepers to maintain their operations. Beekeeping does not lead directly toward rain forest conservation. Moreover, beekeeping almost exclusively employs introduced Africa...
Police training in ethics: The need for an innovative approach in mandated programs

Instruction in ethics is included in state-mandated basic training programs in almost all states in America. A review of the relevant literature showed that the courses on police ethics need to highlight adherence to the higher values of law, cultivation of principled conduct, and personal integrity. Based on the examination of the core elements of the currently mandated ethics courses, it was observed that these recompendations are not generally taken into account in the preparation of the courses on ethics.
A Good Method of Combining Codes

Abstract Let q be an odd prime power, and suppose q −1 (mod8), Let C ( q ) and C ( q ) ∗ be the two extended binary quadratic residue codes (QR codes) of length q +1, and let T(q)={(a+x;b+x;a+b+x):a,b∈C(q),x∈C(q) ∗ } . We establish a square root bound on the minimum weight in T ( q ). Since the same type of bound applies to C ( q ) and C ( q ) ∗ , this is a good method of combining codes.
Distribution and neurochemical identification of pancreatic afferents in the mouse

Dysfunction of primary afferents innervating the pancreas has been shown to contribute to the development of painful symptoms during acute and chronic pancreatitis. To investigate the distribution and neurochemical phenotype of pancreatic afferents, Alexa Fluor-conjugated cholera toxin B (CTB) was injected into the pancreatic head (CTB-488) and tail (CTB-555) of adult male mice to label neurons retrogradely in both the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and nodose ganglia (NG). The NG and DRG (T5-T13) were processed for fluorescent immunohistochemistry and visualized by using confocal microscopy. Spinal pancreatic afferents were observed from T5 to T13, with the greatest contribution coming from T9-T12. The pancreatic afferents were equally distributed between right and left spinal ganglia; however, the innervation from the left NG was significantly greater than from the right. For both spinal and vagal afferents there was significantly greater innervation of the pancreatic head relative to the tail. The total number of retrogradely labeled afferents in the nodose was very similar to the total number of DRG afferents. The neurochemical phenotype of DRG neurons was dominated by transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-positive neurons (75%), GDNF family receptor alpha-3 (GFRalpha3)-positive neurons (67%), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive neurons(65%) neurons. In the NG, TRPV1-, GFRalpha3-, and CGRP-positive neurons constituted only 35%, 1%, and 15% of labeled afferents, respectively. The disparity in peptide and receptor expression between pancreatic afferents in the NG and DRG suggests that even though they contribute a similar number of primary afferents to the pancreas, these two populations may differ in regard to their nociceptive properties and growth factor dependency.
Culturalizing Achievement Goal Theory and Research.

This article is primarily designed to provide a cultural analysis of the literature on achievement goals. First, an overview of the four dominant approaches to the study of culture—namely, cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology, indigenous psychology, and psychological anthropology—is offered. Second, we analyze the extant body of research on achievement goals according to the three metatheoretical orientations of absolutism, relativism, and universalism and argue that cultural research on motivation should adopt a universalist approach as it is most consistent with a motivational science perspective. Finally, we conclude with concrete recommendations for how future research on culture and motivation should proceed in light of a universalistic perspective.
The effects of sexual selection on the foraging behaviour of the Gulf Coast fiddler crab, Uca panacea

Abstract Sexual selection has resulted in sexually dimorphic appendages in the Gulf Coast fiddler crab. Male crabs possess one enlarged major claw used for mate attraction and one normal-sized feeding claw, while females possess two functional feeding claws. The hypothesis that males modify their foraging relative to females to reduce the ‘cost’ of this non-functional feeding appendage was tested. Behavioural (increased foraging time or rate, priority of access to areas of higher organic (food) content) and morphological (greater efficiency of extracting or processing food material) mechanisms were investigated. Increased foraging rates coupled with a larger functional feeding claw allowed male U. panacea to maintain an energy intake equivalent to that of females. Natural selection has produced behavioural and morphological mechanisms that restore the loss of foraging ability caused by sexual selection for increased major claw size.