cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sampling rates, aliasing, and the analysis of electrophysiological signals

Low analog to digital (A-D) sampling rates, including the Nyquist rate, are inadequate for direct display and analysis of many electrophysiological signals (i.e., without inverse Fourier reconstruction). Recent empirical studies have reported some results that do not follow from sampling theory, such as increasing spike frequency with increasing sampling rate, and thus require explanation. This study addresses the effects of A-D sampling rate on the frequency and amplitude of known artificial signals and of electromyograms. A-D sampling rate need not always be a multiple of the upper band limit because electromyograms, and many other electrophysiological signals, do not always contain frequency components near the upper band limit. Rather, sampling rate must be matched to particular signal frequencies. Furthermore, A-D sampling rate has different effects on frequency and amplitude. Higher sampling rates are required for accurate amplitude reproduction than for accurate frequency reproduction. Very high sampling rates significantly bias quantitative results by detecting low-level noise in signals. This bias is exacerbated in taped signals sampled at reduced tape speeds.
Image compression using the spatial-orientation tree

The zero-tree method for image compression, proposed by J. Shapiro (1992), is studied. The method is presented in a more general perspective, so that its characteristics can be better understood. From this analysis, an improved method is proposed, and it is shown that the new method can increase the PSNR up to 1.3 dB over the original method. >
Prediction of anisotropy from flow models: A comparison of three methods

Observations of anisotropy in Earth are used regularly as constraints for models of deformation, using various assumptions about the relationship between deformation and the resulting anisotropic fabric. We compare three methods for calculating fabric from velocity fields: tracking of finite strain ellipses, a kinematic crystallographic code, and the evolution of directors. We find that the use of the finite strain ellipse provides only limited prediction capabilities, as it cannot reproduce experimental observations that involve recrystallization. The crystallographic code we tested (a variant of the popular code D-Rex) provides a more complete fabric prediction, but at a much higher computational cost. The directors method provides an intermediate solution: while it does not include some of the more complex crystallographic processes that D-Rex does, the results of this method closely resemble those of D-Rex, at a lower computational cost. The directors are also capable of tracking anisotropy at much larger strains than D-Rex. We conclude that when computation speed is important, for example, in self-consistent geodynamic models with anisotropic rheology, the directors method provides an appropriate approximation.
A note on the cause of skewed sex ratios in populations of terrestrial isopods in North Carolina

[84% der uber einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren in North Carolina (U.S.A.) gesammelten erwachsenen Armadillidium vulgare waren Weibchen. Diese Verteilung ergab sich ubereinstimmend an vier benachbarten Fundstellen. Sie wird hervorgerufen von einem Chlamydia-ahnlichen Organismus, der intracellular in den Weibchen gefunden wurde. Es wird auch gezeigt, das der Anteil der Mannchen in einer Kohorte mit der Zeit steigt., 84% der uber einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren in North Carolina (U.S.A.) gesammelten erwachsenen Armadillidium vulgare waren Weibchen. Diese Verteilung ergab sich ubereinstimmend an vier benachbarten Fundstellen. Sie wird hervorgerufen von einem Chlamydia-ahnlichen Organismus, der intracellular in den Weibchen gefunden wurde. Es wird auch gezeigt, das der Anteil der Mannchen in einer Kohorte mit der Zeit steigt.]
c-myc gene expression is stimulated by agents that activate protein kinase C and does not account for the mitogenic effect of PDGF.

Abstract The role of the phosphoinositide turnover-protein kinase C pathway in mediating PDGF-stimulated c- myc expression and cell proliferation was studied. Both direct activators of kinase C (e.g. phorbol ester analogues) and hormones that activate kinase C via receptor-mediated phosphoinositide turnover (e.g. PDGF, bradykinin, or vasopressin) elicited a rapid increase in c- myc mRNA expression. Desensitization of the kinase C pathway by prolonged exposure to phorbol abolished the induction of c- myc by subsequent phorbol challenge and attenuated c- myc induction by PDGF a bradykinin, but did not affect PDGF-stimulated mitogenesis. Bradykinin and phorbol esters stimulated the same magnitude of c- myc expression as PDGF but elicited less than one-tenth the PDGF-induced mitogenic response. We conclude that stimulation of c- myc expression is a common response to a diverse group of agents that elicit phosphoinositide turnover and activate protein kinase C, and that neither activation of protein kinase C nor enhanced c- myc expression is sufficient for the mitogenic action of PDGF.
Mechanisms of acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris: role of IgG valence.

Abstract Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a dermatosis mediated by autoantibodies against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3). It was known that intraperitoneal (ip) injections of PV IgG and PV F(ab′) 2 , but not of PV Fab, into neonatal mice reproduced the key features of the disease in these animals. It was proposed that crosslinking of antigen by bivalent PV autoantibodies may trigger acantholysis in PV. In the present study, we have used subcutaneous (sc) injections of PV IgG and its proteolytic fragments into neonatal mice to test equimolar amounts of these autoantibody fractions. Mice developed clinical and histological features of PV in a dose-dependent manner following a similar time course. PV IgG and Fab fractions induced acantholysis as early as 2 hr after the injection. It was also demonstrated that sc injections of PV Fab were more effective in inducing disease than ip injections. PV autoantibodies may bind an “adhesive site” of Dsg3 and impair its function, thus triggering acantholysis.
THE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE UNITED STATES

The study of public administration in the United States is large in terms of the number of academic programmes, the range of journal publications, and the number of scholars. Its scholarship attracts attention from all over the globe. At the same time it is a public administration that is clearly embedded in a specific national culture, just as anywhere else. Three of the main challenges include the strong increase of quantitative-statistical methods, the decline of practitioner authors, and substantive specialization to the extent that generalists’ perspectives are losing ground. What you can’t calculate, you believe cannot be true What you can’t weigh, has no weight for you What you can’t cost, has no value for you.
Hypercapnic respiratory failure due to L-tryptophan-induced eosinophilic polymyositis.

A 24-year-old man presenting with fever, rash, and myalgias subsequently developed hypercapnic respiratory failure and severe limb muscle weakness. Muscle biopsy revealed eosinophilic myositis, due to the ingestion of large quantities of L-tryptophan as a dietary supplement. Complete recovery occurred with corticosteroid administration. Significant involvement of the respiratory muscles can be a predominant feature of this newly described disease entity. (Chest 1991; 99:756–57)
Ordinal definability in the rank hierarchy

Myhill and Scott [ 15 ] have characterized the ordinal definable sets as those definable without parameters in some level R(a) of the rank hierarchy. In the same paper they showed how the class HOD of hereditarily ordinal definable sets could be used to simplify GSdel's proof of the consistency of the axiom of choice with Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. Subsequently the class HOD has been applied by--L6vy [ 10] to obtain a refinement of Cohen's independence proof for the axiom of choice, and more recently by Solovay [22] in establishing the consistency of ZF+ "Every set of reals is Lebesgue measurable" relative to ZF+ "There is an inaccessible cardinal". In addition, the concept of ordinal definability was apparently explored by both Post and GSdel many years prior to its exposition in [ 15 ], and was later rediscovered independently by Vop~nka. Despite this pattern of repeated discovery and application to important consistency questions, the ordinal definable sets have never been systematically investigated. Indeed, the only published work in this area, aside from [ 15 ], appears to be that of McAloon [ 12 ] devoted to consistency questions concerning the inclusions L c_ HOD ~ V. Yet in view of the significance of Jensen's recent investigations [7] of the fine structure of L, it might be hoped that knowledge of the fine structure of the ordinal definable sets could be similarly productive. With this in mind, we here study the relation "a is definable without parameters in (R(3'), ~)" between ordinals ,~, 3' in models of set theory.
Effectiveness of sampling-exposure procedures on facilities utilization by psychiatric hard-core chronic patients☆

Abstract Sampling-exposure procedures patterned on those of Ayllon and Azrin (1968 a, b) were systematically introduced, alternating with regular pass procedures, in an attempt to increase use of off unit facilities and services by residents of milieu and social-learning treatment units. Social-learning unit residents (for whom passes cost tokens) remained unaffected by the experimental conditions for 22-week duration of the study, using services at a frequency consistently and significantly below that of milieu unit residents (for whom passes were “free”). However, milieu unit residents' utilization was dramatically increased by the sampling-exposure procedures, generalized to alternating announce-only procedures, and continued at a significantly higher level at a final extended baseline.
Automatic discovery, selection, and specialization of modules in RCADE

With increasingly larger FPGA devices, it is tempting to continue using conventional code generation techniques to construct hardware designs from high-level languages. However, in this paper we make a case against the application of conventional techniques to hardware design in favor of a new code generation approach that enables the use of heavily customized, parameterizable modules. This approach moves a portion of the generation functionality into tiles, which handle the negotiation of a module's parameters and subsequently the instantiation of the parameterized module. Furthermore, the tiles are automatically discovered at run-time and dynamically loaded into the design generator, which allows the system to be readily extended. This approach has been implemented in a collaborative, problem-solving design environment for reconfigurable computing. It is shown --- with respect to latency, throughput, and size --- that the proposed approach to hardware design generation is significantly more efficient than the conventional code generation techniques.
Facultative egg-larval parasitism of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The braconid parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) has long been known to be a larval parasitoid of numerous lepidopteran species. Recent field observations, however, indicated that C. marginiventris is also capable of functioning as an egg-larval parasitoid of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). These field observations were corroborated by laboratory observations, demonstrating that C. marginiventris is capable of ovipositing in S. exigua eggs, and of successfully developing and emerging from host larvae hatching from stung eggs. The mechanisms used by the parasitoids to locate host egg masses in the field were not determined. These results lend support to phylogenetic hypotheses of the Braconidae that indicate a close relationship between the Cheloninae and the microgastroid taxa.
An Evaluation of Vitamin E Status of Infants Fed Formulas with Different Levels of Vitamin E

An Evaluation of Vitamin E Status of Infants Fed Formulas with Different Levels of Vitamin E
Antibodies to dynorphin A(1–13) but not β-endorphin inhibit electrically elicited feeding in the rat

Abstract Highly specific antibodies to dynorphin A(1–13), infused into the lateral ventricle, elevated brain stimulation threshold for eliciting feeding behavior. Antibodies to β-endorphin had little or no effect. Temporal analysis of the anorectic action indicated a striking similarity to the effect of systemically administered naloxone. These findings suggest that central dynorphin is involved in the control of ingestive behavior and that the anorectic action of naloxone may result from antagonism of dynorphinergic transmission.
Analysis of turbulent buoyant jet in density-stratified water

Discussion a propos de l'article de Ruochuan Gu et Heinz G. Stefan paru dans la meme revue en Aout 1988, vol. 114, no 4
Conjugation kinetics of acetaminophen by the perfused rat liver preparation

Abstract Sulfate conjugation of acetaminophen was studied in the perfused rat liver preparation. Varying input concentrations of unlabeled acetaminophen (0.22 to 6.0 μg/ml or 1.5 to 40 μM) were added in a stepwise fashion once-through the liver preparation at a flow rate of 10 ml/min. For the concentration range tested, acetaminophen sulfate conjugate remained the only detectable metabolite in perfusate plasma. Other metabolites such as the glucuronide and the glutathione conjugates, however, were detected only in bile and, together with the sulfate conjugate and unconjugated acetaminophen, constituted 5 per cent of the total administered dose. Hepatic elimination of acetaminophen in the formation of sulfate conjugate was apparently maximal at input concentrations ⩽ 1.0 μg/ml (6.7 μM) and could be viewed as mediated via a uni-enzyme system. Sulfate conjugation also decreased with preloading of the liver, especially with high concentrations of acetaminophen. A plot of the ratio of the steady-state output concentrations of drug to metabolite versus the reciprocal of drug extraction ratio, which might prove useful in the prediction of metabolite concentrations in the liver, was introduced.
To Succeed or Not to Succeed: A Critical Review of Issues in Learned Helplessness.

Abstract A critical analysis of theoretical and methodological issues in learned helplessness is presented. Researchers have tended to focus upon learned helplessness as a behavioral trait independent of contextual conditions. Learned helplessness has been studied exclusively in achievement settings using achievement tasks, perceived as maladaptive behavior requiring some intervention strategy or retraining program. It has not been studied as an adaptive response to situational demands. It is the purpose of this paper to analyze the theoretical backgrounds and methodological limitations of much of the research in learned helplessness and to suggest new directions and implications for education.
What can be done about home health fieldwork

The literature indicates that health care is moving away from institutional care and specialization to the community and home where providers need generalist competencies. As educators strive to prepare students for this environment, fieldwork experiences in the community and home are opportunities for students to develop generalist competencies. Because of the current scarcity of fieldwork sites, in general, scheduling placements is difficult. As educators seek new sites, home health settings and therapists who provide home health care as a component of their service need to be considered. Home health occupational therapy requires a practitioner to adopt a holistic perspective in order to assist clients to function optimally in their home environment. Because a large number of students work in addition to taking classes, they can be encouraged to find jobs as home health aides or chore providers as part-time employment before and during their didactic education. This work experience can help them to acculturate to the home setting. By encouraging students' participation in home health experiences, educators are helping to facilitate generalist competencies.
Ectoparasites of Cattle and Small Ruminants

Arthropod ectoparasites are the most ubiquitous life forms affecting ruminant animals and commonly affect the daily activity and health status of ruminants. This article describes the phenology of several important ectoparasites of livestock and small ruminants, and delineates some general control and management strategies for protecting domestic ruminants.
Epigenetic mechanisms in mood disorders: Targeting neuroplasticity

Developing novel therapeutics and diagnostic tools based upon an understanding of neuroplasticity is critical in order to improve the treatment and ultimately the prevention of a broad range of nervous system disorders. In the case of mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BPD), where diagnoses are based solely on nosology rather than pathophysiology, there exists a clear unmet medical need to advance our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and to develop fundamentally new mechanism experimental medicines with improved efficacy. In this context, recent preclinical molecular, cellular, and behavioral findings have begun to reveal the importance of epigenetic mechanisms that alter chromatin structure and dynamically regulate patterns of gene expression that may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Here, we will review recent advances involving the use of animal models in combination with genetic and pharmacological probes to dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms and neurobiological consequence of targeting this chromatin-mediated neuroplasticity. We discuss evidence for the direct and indirect effects of mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and antipsychotics, among their many other effects, on chromatin-modifying enzymes and on the epigenetic state of defined genomic loci, in defined cell types and in specific regions of the brain. These data, as well as findings from patient-derived tissue, have also begun to reveal alterations of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. We summarize growing evidence supporting the notion that selectively targeting chromatin-modifying complexes, including those containing histone deacetylases (HDACs), provides a means to reversibly alter the acetylation state of neuronal chromatin and beneficially impact neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription and mood-related behaviors. Looking beyond current knowledge, we discuss how high-resolution, whole-genome methodologies, such as RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) for transcriptome analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) for analyzing genome-wide occupancy of chromatin-associated factors, are beginning to provide an unprecedented view of both specific genomic loci as well as global properties of chromatin in the nervous system. These methodologies when applied to the characterization of model systems, including those of patient-derived induced pluripotent cell (iPSC) and induced neurons (iNs), will greatly shape our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms and the impact of genetic variation on the regulatory regions of the human genome that can affect neuroplasticity. Finally, we point out critical unanswered questions and areas where additional data are needed in order to better understand the potential to target mechanisms of chromatin-mediated neuroplasticity for novel treatments of mood and other psychiatric disorders.
Screening for pharmacological chaperones in Fabry disease

As a prerequisite for clinical trials of pharmacological chaperone therapy (PCT) for Fabry disease, we developed a rapid screening assay for enhancement of endogenous alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A) in patient-derived cells. We used a T-cell based system to screen 11 mutations causing Fabry disease for enhanceability using 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ). When patient-derived T-cells were grown in the presence of DGJ, alpha-Gal A activity increased to more than 50% of normal in several mutations but was unaffected in others. In addition to the mutation R301Q, reported previously, A97V, R112H, R112C, A143T, and L300P were enhanceable, but R356W, G132R, A143P, R220X, and 30delG were not. The level of alpha-Gal A activity achieved provides a basis for the therapeutic trial of DGJ in patients with similarly enhanceable enzyme. This assay method has general utility in other disorders in assessing the degree of enhancement of activity of mutated proteins by PCT.
Public Schools: Make Them Private

A voucher system that would enable parents to choose freely the schools that their children attend is the most feasible way to improve elementary and secondary education in the US. Such a voucher system will encourage privatization of a sizeable fraction of educational services. That will unleash the drive, imagination and energy of competitive free enterprise to revolutionize the education process. The competition will froce goverment schools to improve in order to retain thier clientele. Except for a small group who have a vested interest in the present system, everyone would win: parents, students, teachers, taxpayers, private entrepreneurs and, above all, the residents of the central cities.
Gradient inverse weighted smoothing scheme and the evaluation of its performance

Abstract This paper presents an image smoothing scheme for improvement of the quality of noisy pictures. It is an iterative scheme employing a 3 × 3 mask in which the weighting coefficients are the normalized gradient inverse between the center pixel and its neighbors. The smoothing operation tends to clean out noise inside a region without blurring its boundary. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, we adopt an f statistic which is based on the analysis of variance. Simulation studies show that this method reduces the gay level scattering within a region, and keeps its mean relatively unchanged. Applications to several real world images are illustrated.
Simulation Study of the Structure and Dynamics of the Alzheimer’s Amyloid Peptide Congener in Solution

The amyloid Abeta(10-35)-NH2 peptide is simulated in an aqueous environment on the nanosecond time scale. One focus of the study is on the validation of the computational model through a direct comparison of simulated statistical averages with experimental observations of the peptide's structure and dynamics. These measures include (1) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived amide bond order parameters and temperature-dependent H(alpha) proton chemical shifts, (2) the peptide's radius of gyration and end-to-end distance, (3) the rates of peptide self-diffusion in water, and (4) the peptide's hydrodynamic radius as measured by quasielastic light scattering experiments. A second focus of the study is the identification of key intrapeptide interactions that stabilize the central structural motif of the peptide. Particular attention is paid to the structure and fluctuation of the central LVFFA hydrophobic cluster (17-21) region and the VGSN turn (24-27) region. There is a strong correlation between preservation of the structure of these elements and interactions between the cluster and turn regions in imposing structure on the peptide monomer. The specific role of these interactions in relation to proposed mechanisms of amyloidosis is discussed.
Screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy to prevent pyelonephritis: a cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis.

Objective To compare the effectiveness, benefits, and costs of two asymptomatic bacteriuria screening and treatment strategies to prevent pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Methods A decision analytic model was created to compare strategies based on either 1) a leukocyte esterase-nitrite dipstick, or 2) on urine culture, with a policy of no screening or treatment. A literature search was conducted to generate probability estimates. Cost estimates were based on a local pharmacy and laboratory survey and supplemented by recent literature estimates. Sensitivity analyses were performed over wide ranges of probability and cost estimates. Results Under baseline assumptions, no screening resulted in 23.2 cases of pyelonephritis per 1000 pregnancies, versus 16.2 cases with the dipstick strategy and 11.2 with the culture strategy. The cost of screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria per 1000 pregnancies was $1968 with dipstick and $19,264 with culture. The cost of treating pyelonephritis with no screening was $57,562, versus $40,257 with dipstick and $27,832 with culture. Therefore, both the dipstick strategy and the culture strategy were costbeneficial (based on a pyelonephritis cost of $2485) when compared with no screening. However, because it cost $3492 to prevent each additional case of pyelonephritis with culture that was not prevented by dipstick, the culture strategy was not cost-beneficial compared with the dipstick strategy. These results were sensitive to varying estimates for the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, the rate of progression of asymptomatic bacteriuria to pyelonephritis, the sensitivity of the dipstick, culture costs, and the cost of a case of pyelonephritis. Conclusion When compared with a policy of no screening, screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria to prevent pyelonephritis in pregnancy is cost-beneficial whether based on the leukocyte esterase-nitrite dipstick or on urine culture. However, the culture strategy is not costbeneficial when compared with the dipstick strategy.
CYCLICAL VARIATIONS IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENT-TO-STAFF ASSAULTS: PRELIMINARY INQUIRY

This study examined possible cyclical variations in psychiatric patient assaults against staff. A statistically significant greater number of assaults occurred during hotter months. Possible explanations are presented. Language: en
Glycosylation of fluoroquinolones through direct and oxygenated polymethylene linkages as a sugar-mediated active transport system for antimicrobials.

We report herein the synthesis and biological testing of several glycosylated derivatives of some fluoroquinolone antibiotics. In particular, we have prepared several glycosylated derivatives of ciprofloxacin (2) in which the carbohydrate units are linked to the free secondary amine of the piperazine unit by: (a) no linker (e.g., a glycosylamine), (b) a beta-oxyethyl linker, and (c) a gamma-oxypropyl linker. Both glucose and galactose were used as carbohydrates so that six compounds of this type were prepared, e.g., no linker 4a,b, oxyethyl linker 5a,b, and oxypropyl linker 6a,b. In addition the aryl glycosides of glucose and galactose (7a,b) were prepared from the active 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluoroquinolone (3.) The syntheses of the glycosylamines 4a,b involved the direct condensation of glucose and galactose with the hydrochloride salt of ciprofloxacin (2). For the oxyalkyl-linked compounds, we first prepared the peracetylated omega-bromoalkyl glycopyranosides 14a,b and 15a,b and then coupled them to the allyl ester of ciprofloxacin (11) to give, after saponification to remove all of the esters, the desired fluoroquinolone carbohydrates 5a,b and 6a,b. The final series was prepared from 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoyl chloride (22) which gave 3 in four precedented steps. Coupling of 3 with the peracetylated glucosyl and galactosyl halides 12a,b and 26 afforded, after saponification, the desired aryl glycosides 7a,b. Six of these derivatives of ciprofloxacin-4a,b, 5a,b, and 6a,b-were subjected to microbiological screening. Of the six, compound 6a showed the highest activity. Since 6a would give the hydroxypropyl-substituted ciprofloxacin on hydrolysis and its activity is approximately 4-8 times less than that of ciprofloxacin (2), this implies that compound 6a is probably being actively transported. Thus preliminary results suggest that some of the compounds are stable in culture conditions and may be differentially transported by multiple resistant organisms. In some cases, the addition of a linker and a carbohydrate to ciprofloxacin lessens, but does not eliminate, antimicrobial activity.
Supporting end-user debugging: what do users want to know?

Although researchers have begun to explicitly support end-user programmers' debugging by providing information to help them find bugs, there is little research addressing the right content to communicate to these users. The specific semantic content of these debugging communications matters because, if the users are not actually seeking the information the system is providing, they are not likely to attend to it. This paper reports a formative empirical study that sheds light on what end users actually want to know in the course of debugging a spreadsheet, given the availability of a set of interactive visual testing and debugging features. Our results provide in sights into end-user debuggers' information gaps, and further suggest opportunities to improve end-user debugging systems' support for the things end-user debuggers actually want to know.
Phosphorylation with Inorganic Phosphates at Moderate Temperatures

Uridine phosphates may be obtained by heating uridine with inorganic phosphates for 9 months at temperatures as low as 65 degrees C. Under similar conditions, uridine-5'-phosphate, in addition to forming uridine diphosphates, undergoes some dephosphorylation to give uridine.
An Overview of Web Archiving

This overview is a study of the methods used at a variety of universities, and international government libraries and archives, to select, acquire, describe and access web resources for their archives. Creating a web archive presents many challenges, and library and information schools should ensure that instruction in web archiving methods and skills is made part of their curricula, to help future practitioners meet those challenges. In preparation for developing a web archiving course, the author conducted a comprehensive literature review. The findings are reported in this paper, along with the author's views on some of the methods in use, such as how traditional archive management concepts and theories can be applied to the organization and description of archived web resources.
Research Article: Prevalence of MRSA on meat products in central Kentucky

Abstract. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from 10 (18.5%) of 54 meat samples collected in central Kentucky. Meat specimens were collected from six local markets in the central Kentucky region. MRSA found in meat samples may be a possible source for community-associated infections of MRSA. There were nine samples obtained from each location (18 pork, 18 beef, and 18 processed meats). The specimens were placed on ice for transport to the lab where they were individually processed using an aseptic technique. Meat samples were streaked for isolation on mannitol salt agar plates (MSA) and placed in 7% salt enrichment broth upon arrival in the laboratory. MSA isolates that fermented mannitol were tested for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with the coagulase and d-trehalose fermentation test. S. aureus isolates were placed on the oxacillin agar screen test (Mueller Hinton Agar with 6 μg/mL oxacillin and 4 % NaCl) to determine if MRSA was present. The positive spe...
Analysis and simulation of spectral regrowth in radio frequency power amplifiers

This work presents a novel method for efficiently analyzing the relationship between spectral regrowth and physical distortion mechanisms in radio frequency power amplifiers. It utilizes a Volterra series model whose coefficients are computed from basic SPICE parameters. The analysis uses a decomposition of the Volterra kernels into simpler subsystems in order to greatly reduce the computation times. The method is applied to the design of several bipolar-transistor power amplifiers after a series-based model is developed for representing the increase in active device forward transit time at high collector current densities. A number of single-stage SiGe power amplifiers have been designed, fabricated, and tested using the IEEE 802.11b and IS-95 modulation schemes at different carrier frequencies, and these results are compared with the theoretical analysis.
Explicit Runge-Kutta method for unsteady rotor/stator interaction

A quasi-three-dimensional rotor/stator analysis has been developed for blade-to-blade flows in turbomachinery. The analysis solves the unsteady Euler or thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations in a body-fitted coordinate system. It accounts for the effects of rotation, radius change, and stream-surface thickness. The Baldwin-Lomax eddy-viscosity model is used for turbulent flows. The equations are integrated in time using a four-stage Runge-Kutta scheme with a constant timestep. Results are shown for the first stage of the Space Shuttle Main Engine high pressure fuel turbopump. Euler and Navier-Stokes results are compared on the scaled single- and multi-passage machine. The method is relatively fast and the quasi-three-dimensional formulation is applicable to a wide range of turbomachinery geometries.
The response of alkaline phosphatase to osmoregulatory changes in the trout, Salmo gairdneri.

The relationship between alkaline phosphatase and environmental salinity was examined in the rainbow trout and the migratory rainbow (steelhead),Salmo gairdneri. The enzyme activity in tissues involved in osmoregulation was strongly correlated with the adaptation salinity and thus to the degree of salt and fluid transport in those tissues. After transfer from freshwater to seawater, the specific activity of the enzyme increased over 260% in the intestine, decreased by 50% in kidney, and was unchanged in the liver, an organ not directly involved in osmoregulation. The sea-run steelhead trout response was similar to the nonmigratory rainbow; although, the pre-migratory transformation (smoltification) had no effect on enzyme activity. Amino acid inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase significantly reduced fluid absorption in the isolated intestine of rainbow trout, reaffirming the relationship between the enzyme and fluid movement. Electrophoretic identification of trout alkaline phosphatase isozymes, clearly distinguishes the enzyme from different tissue origins. However, from the analysis of intestinal electrophoretic patterns, osmoregulatory adjustments are not associated with the induction of new alkaline phosphatase isozymes, or in the large scale preferential stimulation of one of the two existing intestinal isozymes over the other.
Oral Hygiene and Compliance as Risk Factors in Periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microbial infection in the subgingival region. Risk factors associated with the development and progression of this disease are numerous, multifactorial, complex, and often not well defined across individuals and population groups. The focus of this paper is to provide an overview of existing information relevant to oral hygiene and compliance as risk factors in periodontitis and to present a 26-month prospective clinical study dealing with the same. The review of literature from epidemiological, clinical, and public health perspectives indicated that oral hygiene can be considered as risk indicator, risk factor, and/or risk predictor. The extent of oral hygiene contribution to the overall risk of individuals and population varies greatly across studies. Such variations may be attributed to population, personal and disease characteristics, research methodology used, and analytical strategies employed. The purpose of the study reported was to determine the role of self-reported daily oral hygiene practices and clinical plaque scores as risk factors in a middle-aged health-conscious population with early periodontitis. The group consisted of 174 subjects selected on the basis of putative bacterial risk markers and clinical indices. Medical, dental, behavioral, and clinical periodontal measurements including plaque, calculus, gingival inflammation, probing depth, bleeding on probing, and relative attachment level were obtained by one of two calibrated examiners at baseline, 14, 20, and 26 months. Data analyses revealed that some trends were seen relevant to self-reported oral hygiene and plaque scores favoring oral hygiene as a possible risk factor in periodontitis. Such trends, however, were neither clear nor consistent across various clinical parameters and observation intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Perivascular epitheliod cell tumors (PEComas): Presentation of two cases with unusual morphological features

A distinctive group of mesenchymal tumors coexpressing markers of melanocytic and smooth muscle differentiation and presumably derived from perivascular epithelioid cells (PECs) are colligated under the rubric of PEComas. This group of tumors with classical and distinctive histological features is increasingly recognized at various sites. PEComas can occur sporadically or in association with tuberous sclerosis complex. In this report, we present two sporadic cases of PEComa, one sclerosing type arising in an unusual site, the kidney, and the other is an unusual inflammatory variant occurring in the liver. The defining histological features of the sclerosing PEComa in the kidney are bland epithelioid and spindle cells arranged in nests or fascicles surrounded by dense sclerotic stroma with calcifications. In contrast, the inflammatory PEComa in the liver showed a dense inflammatory background with scattered epithelioid cells and adipocytes. Both these tumors were positive for melanocytic markers. These isolated observations will further expand the morphological spectrum of PEComa occurring at unusual sites.
Maximum Weights of Asymmetrical Loads Acceptable to Industrial Workers for Symmetrical Manual Lifting

This paper presents ‘maximum acceptable weight of lift’ design databases for lifting asymmetrical loads by industrial male and female workers. These databases were developed by first collecting experimental data on experienced and inexperienced workers under identical conditions (Study A) and then applying the trends developed, as a result of data comparison, to the data collected on inexperienced workers in a separate independent study (Study B) dealing with lifting asymmetrical loads. Several different task variables are accounted for in the data. These include the following: 1) lifting height (floor to knuckle, knuckle to shoulder, and shoulder to reach); 2) frequency of lift (2, 4, and 6 lifts/min); 3) box-size (30.48, 45.72, and 60.96 cm long in the sagittal plane); and 4) load asymmetry (indicated by the offset of the center of gravity in the frontal plane: 0, 12.7, and 25.4 cm from the mid-sagittal plane; the 0 cm center of gravity (e.g.,) offset indicates symmetrical load).
States of matter in massive planets

This brief article addresses the question: among the very large number of interesting condensed matter physics issues, which are particularly interesting from a planetary perspective? Following some definitions and background, it is argued that we need to understand relevant first-order phase transitions (especially the nature of the hydrogen phase diagram), the behaviour of the entropy (i.e., the Gruneisen parameter), the solubility and partitioning of minor elements (e.g. noble gases mixed with hydrogen), and microscopic transport properties, especially electrical and thermal conductivity. Examples are presented of how these issues influence current interpretations of the observations of Jupiter in particular. In the future, it may be possible to observe spectroscopically the compositions of extra-solar-system planets and brown dwarfs, and thereby learn more about the physics of these bodies.
Worlds within worlds: metaphors for exploring n-dimensional virtual worlds

n-Vision is a testbed for exploring n-dimensional worlds containing functions of an arbitrary number of variables. Although our interaction devices and display hardware are inherently 3D, we demonstrate how they can be used to support interaction with these higher-dimensional objects. We introduce a new interaction metaphor developed for the system, which we call “worlds within worlds”: nested heterogeneous coordinate systems that allow the user to view and manipulate functions. Objects in our world may be explored with a set of tools. We describe an example n-Vision application in “financial visualization,” where the functions are models of financial instruments. n-Vision’s software architecture supports a hierarchy of arbitrarily transformed, nested boxes that defines an interactive space within which information is displayed and input obtained. Our design, modeled in part after the hierarchical 2D windows of the X Window System, is intended to provide an environment that is well suited to the use of true 3D input and stereo display devices. Boxes are associated with event handlers that support 3D motion, enter, and leave events, and provide recognition of finger gestures. CR
Cognitive specificity for marital discord and depression: What types of cognition influence discord?

Three cognitive variables; cognitions related to depression, dysfunctional beliefs about marriage, and attributions of blame for spouses' behavior, were examined as correlates of marital discord or depression among fifty white women who met DSM-III criteria for unipolar affective disorder or dysthymia and were maritally discordant. Marital adjustment correlated with attributions of blame and dysfunctional marital beliefs whereas depression correlated with depressogenic cognitions only. Regression analyses indicated that attribution of blame was most consequential for marital discord while depressogenic cognition was most consequential for depression. Attribution of blame was found to be a plausible mediator of the association between spouses' communication and their marital adjustment. The results suggest that to enhance the impact of individual therapy on marital satisfaction it may be necessary to incorporate a direct focus on the types of cognition most strongly related to marital satisfaction.
Resonance Energy Transfer in Condensed Media from a Many-Particle Viewpoint

The F\"orster-Dexter (FD) theory of transfer of electronic energy by the resonance interaction between an excitation localized at one impurity and an unexcited state at another is based on a model consisting of an ensemble of inert continuous dielectric hosts in each of which are imbedded one sensitizer and one activator at random positions; there are only two relevant electronic energy levels associated with each impurity, and these levels are merely broadened by lattice vibrations. In spite of the apparently crude approximations involved in the two-impurity model for resonance transfer, the FD theory has been vital to the understanding of energy-transfer phenomena in solids, liquids, and biological systems, and most of the predictions of the theory have been verified at least semiquantitatively. Clearly the two-impurity model must not be so crude as it appears to be at first glance, and many of the complicated effects which one might expect from a more elegant theory must be hidden in the parameters of the model. In this paper, the resonance-energy-transfer mechanism is treated from a many-particle viewpoint, and the collective nature of the excitation migration is taken into account. Assuming a nonmagnetic monatomic crystal with two substitutional impurities, the initial and final states of the energy-transfer process are taken to be localized excitons, or excited states of the entire system of impurities plus host crystal. First, on a linear-chain model it is found that the host states modify the bare interaction between impurities and also provide a short-ranged virtual-exciton mechanism for energy transfer. Then the long-ranged part of the effective interaction is treated for a three-dimensional model of a tight-binding crystal, with the effects of the impurities on the host treated within the framework of linear response theory. For long-ranged excitation migration, the connection between the collective picture and the two-impurity picture is established by performing a unitary transformation on the crystal Hamiltonian and showing that an effective two-atom Hamiltonian consistent with the FD theory can be extracted from it. Therefore, the two-impurity picture of sensitized luminescence is shown to be a suitable limit of a many-body treatment of migration of localized excitons; and, in this limit, all the effects of the medium can be included in a simple frequency-dependent dielectric response function. The approximations implicit in the FD theory are discussed, with particular attention paid to the effects of low-lying host-crystal states on the rate of energy migration. It is argued that the usual weak-coupling criterion is not sufficient to guarantee the validity of the FD theory and that multiple-scattering effects not included in the theory become important at relatively low concentrations.
Planar Power Module With Low Thermal Impedance and Low Thermomechanical Stress

In recent years, there has been growing demand to increase the power density in power modules. Therefore, the thermal management of power modules has become more and more critical. In this paper, we show that conventional single-sided power module with wire-bond connection cannot achieve both good steady-state and transient thermal performance under high heat transfer coefficient conditions. The plate-bonded power module has been proposed to resolve this issue. However, the thick copper plate embedded in the power module induces large thermomechanical stress during temperature cycling, leading to poor reliability. To reduce the thermomechanical stress without significantly compromising the thermal performance, a trenched copper plate power module is designed and presented. A parametric study shows that the maximum von Mises stress and plastic strain in the solder layer can be reduced by 18.7%, and 67.8%, respectively, if the single piece of copper plate is replaced by a 3 × 3 trenched copper plate.
Detection of land mines using lateral migration backscatter x-ray radiography

An X-ray mine imaging system (XMIS) that uses a new form of backscatter x-ray radiography developed at the University of Florida was successfully field-tested at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia in October, 2001. The XMIS obtained high quality images of both anti-tank and anti-personnel mines on several of the Fort A.P. Hill test lanes. For high resolution imaging at a power level of 750 watts, total time for scanning and for processed image acquisition was about 60 s for a 0.5 x 0.5 m area. The very good imaging results obtained from the initial field tests with the XMIS demonstrate the excellent capabilities of this system as a confirmation sensor for land mine detection. Critical to the success of the XMIS is the use of both collimated and uncollimated detectors. This yields system capabilities and performance that cannot be matched by using only uncollimated detectors with coded apertures and spatial filters to deconvolve system response. The initial field tests showed that some fairly simple modifications could significantly improve the performance of the XMIS. With the modifications, high resolution scanning of a 0.5 x 0.5 m area can be done in 20 to 30 seconds at a power level of around 300 watts.
FACTORS CONTROLLING DEVELOPMENT OF CHICK EMBRYO LIVER CELLS DURING ORGAN CULTURE

The 5 day chick embryo liver cell still lacks many of the ultrastructural features of the adult liver cell. During organ culture on rafts over Eagle's medium, it develops electron-opaque mitochondria with granules, biliary microvilli, and compact Golgi complexes containing what appears to be secretory material. Rough ER proliferates and free ribosomes become bound to membrane. Thus, the 5 day cell, exposed only to simple nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins) develops the general appearance of the adult liver cell except for the continued absence of smooth ER and glycogen. The significance of this incomplete differentiation and the factors controlling development are discussed in the light of accompanying metabolic changes.