cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Power System Harmonic Based on Gerschgorin Disk and TAM

In power system,harmonic detection is the basis of the analysis and control of power quality,e.g.,reactive power compensation and harmonic filtration.In order to overcome the shortcoming of the traditional methods,this paper proposes a harmonic detection method by combining Gerschgorin disk criterion and Toeplitz approximation method(TAM).This method is based on the models of signal spaces.Gerschgorin disk criterion is employed to detect the source number.Besides,both the orthogonality of signal sub-space and noise sub-space and the rotational invariance of subspaces are combined to estimate the signal frequency.And then,the signal amplitude is obtained by utilizing total least squares(TLS) algorithm.Finally,it is shown from simulation experiments and real data analysis that the proposed algorithm can attain higher speediness and better precision.
False Positive Results of HBsAg by Automatic Enzyme Immunoassay Analyzer:Cause Analysis of 352 Cases

[Objective]To analyze the cause of false positive results of HBsAg by automatic enzyme immunoassay analyzer so as to control it.[Methods]ELISA method was adopted to detect serum HBsAg by automatic enzyme immunoassay analyzer.Totally 352 samples with different results in 2 test were analyzed for the cause.[Results]The factor,which impacted the results of testing HBsAg,were the quality of kits(1.42%),the dealing of samples(3.69%),hemolysis(0.28%),adding sample needle clogging and cleaning incomplete(84.94%),plate washer improper(9.38%)and long-time reagent storage.[Conclusion]During detecting HBsAg by ELISA with the automatic enzyme immunoassay analyzer,the factor,which impacts the results most,is adding sample needle clogging and cleaning incomplete.
A model of beta-adrenergic effects on calcium and potassium current in bullfrog atrial myocytes.

A model of beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic effects on the bullfrog atrial myocyte has been developed to simulate the dose-dependent effects of isoprenaline (Iso) on the action potential duration (APD); i.e., low doses of Iso lengthen the APD, whereas high doses shorten the APD. In this model, the reduction in APD is the result of 1) calcium-dependent inactivation of calcium current (ICa) resulting from the enhancement of ICa by Iso and 2) an enhancement of potassium current (IK) due to both an Iso-induced increase in the rate of activation of IK and an increase in peak action potential height. The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) is simulated by a reduction in the Iso-induced increase in ICa and IK through a reduction in relative adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate concentration ([cAMP]), as well as activation of the ACh-sensitive potassium current. At low [Iso] levels in the presence of a high [ACh], the muscarinic cholinergic effects dominate the beta-adrenergic change. However, for a large [Iso] and a small [ACh], this pattern of changes in transmembrane currents is different; in this case the model predicts that ACh can actually increase APD.
Modelling environmental and survey influences on lek attendance using long‐term lek survey data

Targeted lek surveys, in which historically active lekking areas are surveyed over multiple years, are commonly used to monitor lek‐mating birds. Lek surveys are usually used in habitats and species in which individuals are not easily detected when they are not lekking. Unfortunately, lek surveys suffer from a number of shortcomings, most notably the failure to observe lekking individuals when they are near but not actively attending a lek. Like other sources of imperfect detection, inconsistency in lek attendance may bias estimates of annual population sizes or the proportion of lekking arenas active in a given year. In turn, this may result in unreliable estimates of trends, distributions or other parameters of interest. An improved understanding of the factors affecting lek attendance is crucial to improving the efficacy of many lek monitoring programmes and the utility of lek surveys in estimating population and distributional dynamics. We assess variation in lek attendance in the Lesser Prairie Chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus using a subset of data from a long‐term monitoring programme in eastern New Mexico, USA. Focusing on lek‐years in which at least one male was observed, we used generalized linear models to assess the influence of lek size and survey and environmental characteristics on the probability that at least one male was observed in attendance. Our best‐supported model provided evidence for influences of each of these sources of variation. Models suggested that surveyors may improve the likelihood of detecting lek attendance by making small changes to survey duration, targeted survey dates and by considering environmental factors such as weather, habitat and human disturbance. In addition to improving detection, consideration of lek attendance patterns and associated behaviours may improve estimation for more effective conservation in a variety of lekking bird species.
Management of patients with severe, coexistent coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease

The coexistence of severe coronary artery and peripheral vascular lesions is not uncommon. Although diagnostic and sequential therapeutic techniques are standardized, the priority of surgical treatment is unresolved. Eight cases are reported in which simultaneous surgical correction of coronary atherosclerosis and carotid atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, or aortoiliac atherosclerosis was accomplished with success. Two additional cases demonstrate the complications which can occur when coexistent lesions are not corrected simultaneously. The surgical techniques employed are discussed. Because of these results, a further clinical trial seems warranted.
Shun or support: The role of religious behaviors and HIV-related health care among drug users in Baltimore, Maryland

We examined the relationship between religious behavior and HIV antibody testing, serostatus, and receiving medical care among a sample of inner-city former and current injection-drug users. Recency of church attendance, guidance from religion, and religious denomination were used as indicators for religious behavior. More recent church attendance was significantly associated with HIV testing, HIV-positive serostatus, and receiving medical care for HIV in multivariate regression models, even after adjusting for possible confounders. The findings suggest that the church may be an important source of support and social regulation among HIV-infected inner-city African-American drug users. Further studies examining how the church serves as a mechanism for HIV testing and medical care are warranted.
Systemic Risk, Policies, and Data Needs

The study of financial system stability is of fundamental importance in modern economies. The failure or distress experienced by systemically important financial institutions can have contagious effects on the rest of the financial system. This may in turn result in deteriorating macroeconomic conditions and price instability, with negative consequences and spillover effects to other sectors of the real economy. This tutorial surveys the different approaches to systemic risk modeling put forward by the academic and practitioner literature. We review the methodologies, with a focus on the relevant economic forces in play and the mechanisms leading to systemic instabilities. We discuss macroprudential, monetary and resolution policies targeting financial stability. We report the supervisory authorities of the different financial institutions, as well as the current barriers to data sharing.
Microstructural Indicators for Assessment of Effect of Prolonged and Intermittent Storage on Reliability of Lead-free Electronics

Electronic systems may be subjected to prolonged and intermittent periods of storage prior to deployment or usage. Prior studies have shown that the lead-free solder interconnects show measurable degradation in the mechanical properties even after the brief exposures to high temperature. In this paper, a method has been developed for determining the equivalent storage time to produce identical damage at a different temperature. Electronics subjected to accelerated tests often have a well-defined thermal profile for a specified period of time. Quantification of the thermal profile in field-deployed electronics may be often difficult because of the variance in the environment conditions and usage profile. There is a need for tools and techniques to quantify the damage in deployed systems in the absence of macroindicators of damage without the knowledge of prior stress history. The approach for mapping damage in the lead-free second-level interconnects between different thermal conditions is new. High-reliability applications, such as avionics and missile systems, may be often exposed to long periods of storage prior to deployment. The effect of storage at different temperature conditions can be mapped using the presented approach. A framework has been developed to investigate the system state and estimate the remaining useful life of the solder ball subjected to a variety of isothermal aging conditions, including 60 °C, 75 °C, and 125 °C for periods of time between 1 and 4 weeks. Data on damage precursors, including the rate of change in the normalized phase growth and the normalized IMC thickness, has been collected and analyzed to derive physics-based damage mapping relationships for aging. Mathematical relationships have been derived for the damage mapping to various thermal storage environments to facilitate determining an appropriate time–temperature combination to reach a particular level of damage state. Activation energy for the leading indicators of failure is also computed. Specific damage proxies examined include the phase-growth indicator and the intermetallic thickness. The viability of the approach has been demonstrated for the lead-free test assemblies subjected to multiple thermal aging at 60 °C, 75 °C, and 125 °C. Damage mapping relationships are derived from the data based on the two separate leading indicators.
Mechanisms for Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields

One of the most interesting and challenging aspects of research on the biological effects of magnetic fields is the broad spectrum of potential interaction mechanisms between these fields and living tissues- At the level of macromolecules and larger structures, interactions of stationary magnetic fields with biological systems can be characterized as electrodynamic or magnetomechanical in nature. Electrodynamic effects originate through the interaction of magnetic fields with electrolyte flows, leading to the induction of electrical potentials and currents. Magnetomechanical phenomena include orientation of magnetically anisotropic macromolecules in strong homogeneous fields, and the translation of paramagnetic species in strong gradient fields. Magnetic fields that are time-varying also interact with living tissues at the macroscopic and microscopic levels to produce circulating currents via the mechanism of magnetic induction. Each of these interaction mechanisms will be described from a theoretical viewpoint in this chapter, and their applicability to biologically relevant systems will be illustrated with selected examples.
Giant Cell Tumor of Cervical Spine Presenting as Acute Asphyxia: Successful Surgical Resection After Down-Staging With Denosumab.

STUDY DESIGN Case report and literature review. OBJECTIVE To describe treatment of a unique case of acute airway obstruction by a large C7 giant cell tumor (GCT) with preoperative denosumab followed by surgical resection, and review the literature on this rare entity. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Standard treatment for GCTs includes surgical resection or curettage and packing. Large lesions in the spine may require preoperative therapy with denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, to facilitate surgery. It is highly unusual for GCT arising in cervical spine to present with acute asphyxia (requiring tracheostomy). METHODS We report a patient with large C7 GCT that caused tracheal compression with almost complete airway obstruction requiring emergency intubation. RESULTS The tumor responded to subcutaneously administered denosumab with marked decrease in size and relief of symptoms. Increased tumor mineralization in response to therapy facilitated subsequent successful surgical tumor resection. The patient remains symptom-free 2 years after surgery without tumor recurrence. CONCLUSION Denosumab can shrink the size of large GCTs, providing symptom relief before surgery and facilitate tumor resection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
An Attempt to Enhance the Efficacy of Fludarabine, Mitoxantrone, Rituxan (FMR) with GM-CSF Priming: A Phase II Study.

Introduction: Fludarabine (F) is the most effective single agent for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and the combination of fludarabine and mitoxantrone (M) has demonstrated excellent activity. Rituximab (R), added to the regimen, demonstrated benefit in progression-free survival and overall survival, despite low CD20 antigen expression in CLL. GM-CSF has been shown to enhance CLL cell kill by rituximab significantly; possible mechanisms include enhancement of CD20 antigen expression and augmentation of recruitment of effector cells involved in ADCC. Thus priming cells with GM-CSF, followed by rituximab in combination with a fludarabine-based regimen should give the best chance of a durable clinical remission in previously untreated patients with CLL. In this non-controlled, prospective single arm phase II study, we evaluate the safety and efficacy of the FMR + GMCSF combination. Methods : Patients received rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV on day -1 of only the first cycle, followed by mitoxantrone 12 mg/m2 on day +1 and fludarabine 25 mg/m2 on days 1–3 of each cycle. GM-CSF 250 mcg/m2 was administered on days 9–15, followed by rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV on day 15. Cycles were repeated every 28 days for a maximum 6 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Results: 11 patients (3 female, 8 male), median age 57 (range 44–82) were enrolled with intent to treat. 3 patients completed only 1 cycle of chemotherapy: 2 patients were unable to tolerate rituximab; 1 patient with PD after 1 cycle of therapy, was found to have Richter’s transformation and died of complications related to subsequent treatment. 8 remaining patients received 6 cycles of chemotherapy; these 8 patients were evaluated for response. At median F/U 16m (range 3–26m), ORR was 87.5% (2 CR, 1 CRu, 4 PR), 1 patient with SD. Median time to progression in all patients was 7.5m (range 2m–19m). Of the 3 patients achieving CR, 1 patient progressed at 19m, 1 patient progressed at 15m, and the patient achieving CRu has not yet had documented progression. None of these patients have required further treatment. Toxicities were primarily hematologic. Each patient experienced at least one episode of grade 3/4 neutropenia despite routine administration of GMCSF, with significant neutropenia resulting from 45% of all completed cycles. However, there were only 3 episodes (5.9%) of febrile neutropenia. There were no grade 3/4 episodes of anemia or thrombocytopenia. One patient developed a local reaction to GM-CSF after cycle 4, and was changed to G-CSF for the final 2 cycles. Five episodes of infusion reactions were reported with rituximab; these were generally mild, but resulted in stopping infusions in 2 cases. Conclusion: FMR + GM-CSF is an active regimen with acceptable toxicity in patients with CLL and warrants further investigation. Direct comparison of safety profile and efficacy to the fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, rituximab regimen requires further analysis.
Running krill herd algorithm on Hadoop: A performance study

The krill herd algorithm was introduced mimicking the herding behavior of krill individuals. The krill herd algorithm obtains the optimum solution by considering two factors, namely the density-dependent attraction of the krill, and the areas of high food concentration. The iterative optimization procedure is based on the time-dependent position of the krill individuals of (1) movement induced by other krill individuals, (2) foraging activity, and (3) random diffusion. In this paper, the krill herd algorithm is investigated when run on a Hadoop cluster. The algorithm was parallelized using MapReduce. Four different sets of experiments are conducted to evaluate the krill herd algorithm in terms of speed and accuracy. The first set of experiments investigates the execution time and speedup of the krill herd algorithm applied to six different benchmark functions. The second set of experiments investigates the varying dimensions of the Alpine benchmark function with regards to the effect on the execution time. The third set of experiments analyzes the effect of different krill sizes and numbers of maximum iterations on the execution time but also on the objective value. The fourth set of experiments compares the speed gain obtained when running the MapReduce-enabled version of the krill herd algorithm compared to the normal non-parallelized krill herd algorithm.
Laser Doping and Texturing of Silicon for Advanced Optoelectronic Devices

Irradiating a semiconductor with intense laser pulses in the presence of dopants changes the sample's optical, material, and electronic properties. The resulting material has applications in detection and energy harvesting.
Directional coherent light via intensity-induced sideband emission

We introduce a unique technique for generating directional coherent emissions that could be utilized to create coherent sources in a wide range of frequencies from the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) to the deep infrared. This is accomplished without population inversion by pumping a two-level system with a far-detuned strong optical field that induces the splitting of the two-level system. A nonlinear process of four-wave mixing then occurs across the split system, driving coherent emission at sidebands both red- and blue-detuned from the pump frequency, and propagates both forward and backward along the pump beam path. We observed this phenomenon in dense rubidium vapor along both the D1 and D2 transitions. The sideband emission exhibits a short pulse duration (<1 ns) with threshold-like behavior dependent on both the pump intensity and Rb vapor density. This technique offers a new capability for manipulating the emission frequency simply through intensity-induced atomic modulation that can be scaled to most frequency regimes using various atomic/molecular ensembles and pump energies. A scheme for generating coherent directional emission without the need for population inversion could be a valuable alternative to the laser. Developed by scientists at Texas A&M University in the USA, the approach can in principle be applied anywhere in the electromagnetic spectrum—from the extreme ultraviolet to the far infrared. It involves pumping a two-level system with a strong detuned optical signal, which induces transient AC Stark splitting of the energy levels and four-wave mixing. Initial tests with a dense rubidium vapour indicated that the near-infrared sidebands generated in the process are coherent pulses that are less than 1 nanosecond in duration. The approach should work with other atomic and molecular systems at other wavelengths and may be an attractive way for generating coherent extreme ultraviolet or X-ray radiation as well as a novel approach for remote sensing.
The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015: findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study

Mental disorders are among the leading causes of nonfatal burden of disease globally. We used the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2015 to examine the burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). We defined mental disorders according to criteria proposed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV and the 10th International Classification of Diseases. Mental disorders contributed to 4.7% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 3.7-5.6%) of total disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), ranking as the ninth leading cause of disease burden. Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders were the third and ninth leading causes of nonfatal burden, respectively. Almost all countries in the EMR had higher age-standardized mental disorder DALYs rates compared to the global level, and in half of the EMR countries, observed mental disorder rates exceeded the expected values. The burden of mental disorders in the EMR is higher than global levels, particularly for women. To properly address this burden, EMR governments should implement nationwide quality epidemiological surveillance of mental disorders and provide adequate prevention and treatment services.
Information presentation systems

Machine-controlled presentation subsystems have been developed for the purpose of displaying information at electronic speeds. These systems transform the continuous flow of facts and data received by an organization into selected, significant information, which is then presented in capsule form to the decision maker for implementation.
Hopelessness as a Predictor of Suicide Ideation in Depressed Male and Female Adolescent Youth.

We examined hopelessness as a predictor of suicide ideation in depressed youth after acute medication treatment. A total of 158 depressed adolescents were administered the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) as part of a larger battery at baseline and at weekly visits across 6 weeks of acute fluoxetine treatment. The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was administered at baseline and week 6. A negative binomial regression model via a generalized estimating equation analysis of repeated measures was used to estimate suicide ideation over the 6 weeks of acute treatment from baseline measure of hopelessness. Depression severity and gender were included as covariates in the model. The negative binomial analysis was also conducted separately for the sample of males and females (in a gender-stratified analysis). Mean CDRS-R total scores were 60.30 ± 8.93 at baseline and 34.65 ± 10.41 at week 6. Mean baseline and week 6 BHS scores were 9.57 ± 5.51 and 5.59 ± 5.38, respectively. Per the C-SSRS, 43.04% and 83.54% reported having no suicide ideation at baseline and at week 6, respectively. The analyses revealed that baseline hopelessness was positively related to suicide ideation over treatment (p = .0027), independent of changes in depression severity. This significant finding persisted only for females (p = .0024). These results indicate the importance of early identification of hopelessness.
Improving prediction from stochastic simulation via model discrepancy learning

Stochastic simulation is an indispensable tool in operations and management applications. However, simulation models are only approximations to reality, and often bear discrepancies with the generating processes of real output data. We investigate a framework to statistically learn these discrepancies under the presence of data on past implemented system configurations, which allows us to improve prediction using simulation models. We focus on the case of general continuous output data that generalizes previous work. Our approach utilizes (a combination of) regression analysis and optimization formulations constrained on suitable summary statistics. We demonstrate our approach with a numerical example.
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-8 Activation Induces Relaxation of Pulmonary Artery by Inhibition of Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Normoxic and Chronic Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertensive Rats

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by enhanced vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling, which are attributable to the alteration of Ca2+ homeostasis in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). It is well established that store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is augmented in PASMCs during PH and that it plays a crucial role in PH development. Our previous studies showed that the melastatin-related transient receptor potential 8 (TRPM8) is down-regulated in PASMCs of PH animal models, and activation of TRPM8 causes relaxation of pulmonary arteries (PAs). However, the mechanism of TRPM8-induced PA relaxation is unclear. Here we examined the interaction of TRPM8 and SOCE in PAs and PASMCs of normoxic and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertensive (CHPH) rats, a model of human group 3 PH. We found that TRPM8 was down-regulated and TRPM8-mediated cation entry was reduced in CHPH-PASMCs. Activation of TRPM8 with icilin caused concentration-dependent relaxation of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and endothelin-1 contracted endothelium-denuded PAs, and the effect was abolished by the SOCE antagonist Gd3+ Application of icilin to PASMCs suppressed CPA-induced Mn2+ quenching and Ca2+ entry, which was reversed by the TRPM8 antagonist N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-([(3-methylphenyl)methyl])-oxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzamide hydrochloride salt (AMTB). Moreover, the inhibitory effects of icilin on SOCE in PA and PASMCs of CHPH rats were significantly augmented due to enhanced SOCE activity in PH. Our results, therefore, demonstrated a novel mechanism of TRPM8-mediated inhibition of SOCE in pulmonary vasculature. Because SOCE is important for vascular remodeling and enhanced vasoconstriction, down-regulation of TRPM8 in PASMCs of CHPH rats may minimize its inhibitory influence to allow unimpeded SOCE activity for PH development.
Frequency determination from truly sub-Nyquist samplers based on robust Chinese remainder theorem

Abstract In this paper, a truly sub-Nyquist sampling method for frequency estimation of sinusoidal signals in noise is presented. Basically speaking, sinusoidal signals are first sampled at multiple sampling rates lower than the Nyquist rate, and then a robust Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) is proposed to estimate the frequencies of interest from the aliased frequencies obtained by taking the discrete Fourier transform of the collected samples in each undersampled waveform. Compared with compressed sensing, this method can be easily implemented from the hardware point of view. This paper provides a thorough overview of the existing research results on the robust CRT during the last decade, and discusses some related open problems as well.
Aging and Dietary Restriction: The Yeast Paradigm

The only intervention to have been consistently shown to extend the life span in organisms ranging from yeast to monkeys is calorie restriction (CR). Saccharomyces cerevisiae is perhaps the simplest among the major model organisms established for studies of calorie restriction and aging since it is unicellular, easily manipulated genetically, amenable to a number of powerful genome/proteome-wide screening techniques, and the genes that regulates its life span play similar roles in higher eukaryotes. Here we briefly review some of the methods and discoveries related to dietary restriction (DR) and aging in yeast and discuss the potential genes and mechanisms mediated its effect on life span.
Social Determinants of HIV Risk in Women.

There are social factors contributing to high HIV risk in women and the changes in education and traditional roles necessary to reduce that risk. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
High volume pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at an academic community cancer center.

Abstract Background We sought to evaluate the post-operative outcomes of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy at a high volume academic community cancer center. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy over a 10-year period. Results Over 10 years, 213 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Median age was 66y. Most patients had significant comorbidities (median ASA = 3) and were overweight (median BMI = 27). Median operative time and blood loss were 253 min and 500 ml, respectively. 160 (75%) out of 213 patients had a malignant lesion on final pathology. 121 (76%) out of 160 had R0 resection. Median lymph nodes harvested was 13. Overall incidence of DGE was 31% (67/213), with clinically significant DGE in 15% (32/213). Pancreatic leak rate was 18% (37/213), with clinically significant leaks in 10% (21/213). Median length of stay was 8 days. Grade 3/4 morbidity rate was 21% (44/206), and 30-day mortality was 2% (5/213). Conclusions At a high volume academic community cancer center, pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed with excellent outcomes on par with any academic center or university hospital.
Cost-effectiveness of a patient navigation intervention to increase colonoscopy screening among low-income adults in New Hampshire.

BACKGROUND Colonoscopy is the most widely used colorectal cancer (CRC) screening test in the United States. Through the detection and removal of potentially precancerous polyps, it can prevent CRC. However, CRC screening remains low among adults who are recommended for screening. The New Hampshire Colorectal Cancer Screening Program implemented a patient navigation (PN) intervention to increase colonoscopy screening among low-income patients in health centers in New Hampshire. In the current study, the authors examined the cost-effectiveness of this intervention. METHODS A decision tree model was constructed using Markov state transitions to calculate the costs and effectiveness associated with PN. Costs were calculated for the implementation of PN in a statewide public health program and in endoscopy centers. The main study outcome was colonoscopy screening completion. The main decision variable was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio associated with the PN intervention compared with usual care. RESULTS The average cost per screening with PN was $1089 (95% confidence interval, $1075-$1103) compared with $894 with usual care (95% confidence interval, $886-$908). Among patients who were navigated, approximately 96.2% completed colonoscopy screening compared with 69.3% of those receiving usual care (odds ratio, 11.2; P <. 001). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio indicated that 1 additional screening completion cost approximately $725 in a public health program and $548 in an endoscopy center with PN compared with usual care, both of which are less than the average Medicare reimbursement of $737 for a colonoscopy procedure. CONCLUSIONS PN was found to be cost-effective in increasing colonoscopy screening among low-income adults in the New Hampshire Colorectal Cancer Screening Program, even at the threshold of current Medicare reimbursement rates for colonoscopy. The results of the current study support the implementation of PN in statewide public health programs and endoscopy centers.
In-situ monitoring of corrosion-induced expansion and mass loss of steel bar in steel fiber reinforced concrete using a distributed fiber optic sensor

Abstract Corrosion causes mass loss of steel bars, concrete cracking, and interface degradation in reinforced concrete, highly compromising the safety and durability of civil infrastructure. This research proposes a smart reinforced concrete instrumented with a distributed fiber optic sensor for in-situ monitoring, presents an innovative method to quantify mass loss of steel bar using unique distributed sensor data, and studies corrosion-induced expansion of steel bar in steel fiber reinforced concrete. Electrochemical test and the distributed sensor data were used to understand the corrosion deterioration process of the steel-concrete composite. Effect of the steel fiber on the deterioration process is evaluated under different concrete surface conditions, and the underlying mechanisms are investigated. The results indicate that steel fibers reduced the corrosion rate of steel bars by mitigating electron transfer from the steel bar, delaying concrete cracking, and limiting the crack width. The effect of concrete surface defects shows a transition phenomenon. This research gains insights into the corrosion deterioration mechanism and strategies for improving the long-term durability of steel-concrete composite.
How to die a good death: teaching young children about mortality in nineteenth century America

Infant and child mortality in the United States are at an all-time low, but 150 years ago an infant had a 1 in 4 chance of dying in their first year of life, and older children had only slightly be...
An investigation of the effect of hydrogen on ductile fracture using a unit cell model

Abstract The effect of hydrogen on the ductility of metals is studied by incorporating the hydrogen diffusion process and the hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) into a finite element program. A series of unit cell analyses are conducted under various stress states and the loading speed resulting in a steady state hydrogen distribution is determined. The evolution of the local stress and deformation states results in hydrogen redistribution in the material, which in turn changes the material's flow property due to the HELP effect. It is found that localized plastic deformation plays a major role in increasing the hydrogen concentration due to the newly generated trapping sites. The HELP effect promotes material failure by accelerating void growth, which is affected by the macroscopic stress state subjected by the material unit characterized by the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter. For a constant Lode parameter, the effect of HELP on void growth and failure strain reduction increases with the stress triaxiality. For a constant stress triaxiality, the effect of HELP is highest when the Lode parameter is near 0. As the Lode parameter increases towards 1 or decreases towards −1, the HELP effect gradually diminishes.
1261-P: Assessing Data Availability and Benchmarking Performance of Quality Measures for the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Collaborative

The T1D Exchange QI Collaborative was formed in 2016 to accelerate quality improvement (QI) at clinics serving people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Through an evidence-based review and idealized design process, the collaborative chose seven process and outcome measures to be the focus of improvement activities directed at high-risk T1D patients (2 or more A1c values >9% in the preceding year) aged 12-26 years. We report monthly aggregate statistics from seven Collaborative clinics for the measures and show the statistics for May and August 2018. A substantial percent of patients meet high risk criteria across all centers, and there is wide variation in performance measures. No center has the capacity to report on all measures, but there are incremental improvements in data availability. Outcomes remain suboptimal, particularly in this high-risk population. These measures will be continuously tracked to define network progress and to design QI interventions to improve glycemic outcomes. The work of the Collaborative and the creation of a technology platform will improve reporting capacity and drive QI activities. Disclosure A.B. Cabrera: None. G.T. Alonso: None. S. Corathers: None. J.M. Lee: Consultant; Self; Taiho Oncology, Inc. P. Prahalad: None. N. Rioles: None. Funding The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Abstract 2924: Evaluation of the pan-FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 with radiation in non-small cell lung cancer

Objective: The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are commonly altered in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including high level of amplification of FGFR1 in lung squamous cell carcinoma. FGFR signaling may play a role in the response to radiation. We investigated the radiosensitizing effects of the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor AZD4547 in a NSCLC model using cell lines and tumor xenografts. Methods: A panel of six NSCLC cell lines were screened for FGFR1/2 DNA amplification, RNA expression, and protein expression. All cells were assessed for in vitro response to AZD4547. Immunoblots were used to examine the effect of AZD4547 on downstream signaling proteins. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin V staining and autophagy with acridine orange assay. Radiation clonogenic survival assays and xenograft growth delays experiments were performed to investigate radiosensitization. In vivo mechanistic studies were conducted using immunohistochemistry. Results: Cell lines demonstrated varying degree of FGFR1/2 RNA and protein expression. In sensitive cell lines, AZD4547 inhibited p-MAPK in a time dependent manner. In vitro clonogenic survival assays showed robust radiosensitivity with AZD4547 in three out of six NSCLC cell lines. All three cell lines overexpressed FGFR1 and two of the cells had high FGFR1 copy number. There was no radiosensitization seen in an immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cell line. A significant increase in autophagy and apoptosis was observed with combined radiation and AZD4547. Significant tumor growth delay was observed with the administration of radiation and AZD4547 compared to radiation or drug alone in two NSCLC xenograft tumor models. IHC analysis revealed modulation of FGFR-downstream signaling (p-Erk and p-S6) and proliferative (Ki67) and apoptotic markers (Cleaved Caspace 3). Conclusion: These findings suggest that AZD4547 can augment the response of radiation in NSCLC model systems. FGFR1 and FGFR2 expression may be a potential targets for radiosensitization in NSCLC. Additional studies are underway to understand the mechanism of radiosensitization. Citation Format: Margot Miller, Michael Fisher, Gopika Senthilkumar, Saakshi Kaushik, Lindsey Able, Sean Brennan, Gopal Iyer, Randall Kimple, Andrew M. Baschnagel. Evaluation of the pan-FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 with radiation in non-small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2924.
Collective intelligence in medical decision-making: a systematic scoping review

Collective intelligence, facilitated by information technology or manual techniques, refers to the collective insight of groups working on a task and has the potential to generate more accurate information or decisions than individuals can make alone. This concept is gaining traction in healthcare and has potential in enhancing diagnostic accuracy. We aim to characterize the current state of research with respect to collective intelligence in medical decision-making and describe a framework for diverse studies in this topic. For this systematic scoping review, we conducted a systematic search for published literature using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL on August 8, 2017. We included studies that combined the insights of two or more medical experts to make decisions related to patient care. Studies that examined medical decisions such as diagnosis, treatment, and management in the context of an actual or theoretical patient case were included. We include studies of complex medical decision-making rather than identification of a visual finding, as in radiology or pathology. We differentiate between medical decisions, in which synthesis of multiple types of information is required over time, and studies of radiological scans or pathological specimens, in which objective identification of a visual finding is performed. Two reviewers performed article screening, data extraction, and final inclusion for analysis. Of 3303 original articles, 15 were included. Each study examined the medical decisions of two or more individuals; however, studies were heterogeneous in their methods and outcomes. We present a framework to characterize these diverse studies, and future investigations, based on how they operationalize collective intelligence for medical decision-making: 1) how the initial decision task was completed (group vs. individual), 2) how opinions were synthesized (information technology vs. manual vs. in-person), and 3) the availability of collective intelligence to participants. Collective intelligence in medical decision-making is gaining popularity to advance medical decision-making and holds promise to improve patient outcomes. However, heterogeneous methods and outcomes make it difficult to assess the utility of collective intelligence approaches across settings and studies. A better understanding of collective intelligence and its applications to medicine may improve medical decision-making.
Modeling Brain Disorders Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Brain disorders, from neurodegenerative to psychiatric disorders, are among the most challenging conditions to study because of the intricate nature of the human brain and the limitations of existing model systems in recapitulating all these intricacies. However, innovations in stem cell technologies now allow us to reprogram patient somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can then be differentiated to disease-relevant neural and glial cells. iPSCs are a valuable tool to model brain disorders, as they can be derived from patients with known symptom histories, genetics, and drug-response profiles. Here, we discuss the premise and validity of the iPSC-based in vitro model system and highlight key findings from the most commonly studied neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
Is the Process the Only Punishment?: Racial–Ethnic Disparities in Lower‐Level Courts

Although misdemeanors make up the bulk of criminal cases in the United States, the majority of research on court decision‐making examines felony sentencing. In contrast to felony courts, lower‐level courts are characterized by higher case volumes and increased reliance on informal sanctions, which may contribute to greater racial–ethnic disparities. To assess this possibility, we examine pretrial detention and case processing outcomes for misdemeanants in Miami‐Dade County, Florida. Utilizing temporal (detention time) and monetary (bond amount) measures of pretrial detention, we assess whether and to what extent there are racial–ethnic disparities in formal and informal sanctions facing misdemeanants. Results indicate that black defendants, especially black Latinx defendants, face greater informal sanctions (longer detention and higher bond amounts), are more likely to be convicted, and experience more severe formal sanctions than do white non‐Latinx defendants. These findings complicate Feeley's (1979) argument about lower‐level cases, revealing that black defendants are punished by both the court process and formal sanctions. In this way, “the process is the punishment” for lower‐level white and nonwhite defendants, while the punishment is also the punishment for black defendants.
Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangshan City from 2008 to 2018

OBJECTIVE To analyze the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangshan City from 2008 to 2018, so as to provide evidence for formulating the future control strategy. METHODS The data regarding Oncomelania snail survey and control, schistosomiasis examinations and environmental improvements were collected in Jiangshan City from 2008 to 2018. The changes in snail status and morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum infections were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of comprehensive schistosomiasis control. RESULTS From 2008 to 2018, a total of 61 220 person-times were examined for S. japonicum infections in Jiangshan City, and the overall seroprevalence of S. japonicum infections was 0.56% (343/61 220); however, no egg-positives were detected. Among 4 231 cattle screened for S. japonicum infections using blood tests in Jiangshan City during the period from 2008 to 2018, 12 were sero-positive, with sero-prevalence of 0.28% (12/4 231), and no egg-positives were identified. There were 422 snail habitats identified in Jiangshan City during the study period, covering an area of 46.915 hm2, and among the 31 686 snails dissected, no S. japonicum infections were detected. An area of 3 625.492 hm2 snail habitats were subjected to repeated snail control and 11 settings were given environmental improvements, covering snail habitats of 17.880 hm2 and historical snail habitats of 204.380 hm2. CONCLUSIONS Following the implementation of environmental improvements-based comprehensive schistosomiasis control, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis is stable in Jiangshan City; however, there is still a risk of snail importation and re-emerging schistosomiasis. Therefore, the monitoring of snails and morbidity due to S. japonicum infections should be intensified in the city.
Influenza Vaccination Coverage of Health Care Personnel in Los Angeles County Hospitals, 2016–2017

The objective of the Los Angeles County, California (LAC), health care personnel (HCP) influenza vaccination improvement intervention was to increase HCP influenza vaccination coverage during the 2016-2017 influenza season via targeted outreach to LAC acute care hospitals. We selected 13 facilities for intervention and received tailored recommendations from a menu of evidence-based practices. Following the season, each hospital in the intervention group experienced a significant increase in vaccination coverage, which increased the LAC countywide average for all hospitals by 5%, from 74% to 79%.
Phenazine oxidation by a distal electrode modulates biofilm morphogenesis.

Abstract Microbes living in biofilms, dense assemblages of cells, experience limitation for resources such as oxygen when cellular consumption outpaces diffusion. The pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa has strategies for coping with hypoxia that support cellular redox balancing in biofilms; these include (1) increasing access to oxygen by forming wrinkles in the biofilm surface and (2) electrochemically reducing endogenous compounds called phenazines, which can shuttle electrons to oxidants available at a distance. Phenazine-mediated extracellular electron transfer (EET) has been shown to support survival for P. aeruginosa cells in anoxic liquid cultures, but the physiological relevance of EET over a distance for P. aeruginosa biofilms has remained unconfirmed. Here, we use a custom-built electrochemistry setup to show that phenazine-mediated electron transfer at a distance inhibits wrinkle formation in P. aeruginosa biofilms. This result demonstrates that phenazine-dependent EET to a distal oxidant affects biofilm morphogenesis.
The role of the built environment, food prices and neighborhood poverty in fruit and vegetable consumption: An instrumental variable analysis of the moving to opportunity experiment.

The food environment has been associated with fruit and vegetable consumption, however many studies utilize cross-sectional research designs. This study examined 3,473 participants in the Moving to Opportunity experiment, who were randomized into groups that affected where they lived. The relationship between the built environment, food prices and neighborhood poverty, assessed over four to seven years, on fruit or vegetable consumption was examined using instrumental variable analysis. Higher food prices and neighborhood poverty were associated with lower fruit or vegetable consumption. Policies and programs that address food prices should be implemented and evaluated for their effects on fruit and vegetable consumption.