cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Innovative Program for Success: The National College Advising Corps

In December 2008, the University of Georgia (UGA) joined the National College Advising Corps (see NCAC at http://www.advisingcorps.org/) with financial support from a Georgiabased foundation. The Corps is a nationwide consortium of colleges and universities focused on increasing access to higher education and the actual decision to attend. Specifically, the corps aims “to increase the number of low-income, first-generation, and underrepresented students entering and completing higher education.” According to the 2006 report entitled Measuring Up: The National Report Card on Higher Education (http://measuringup.highereducation.org/), since the early 1990s the U.S. has made no real progress in increasing the number of young adults who go on to some form of postsecondary education; and disparities in participation by race and income continue to plague a large number of states. For example, in Virginia, 58% of high income adults aged 18–24 enroll in college, while only 14% of low income students do so. The need to increase college participation and completion is heightened by the realities of the global workplace, where companies search not just across states and regions, but around the globe for educated workforces and a competitive edge. The U.S. Department of Education reports that the fast growing job categories of today require postsecondary education, and a high-school diploma alone will leave many with low-paying jobs and no clear career path. Perhaps the current global downturn in the economy and the climbing job losses across the nation could have one silver lining if we improve educational access, support more first-time and returning students for participation in degree programs and certificates, and emerge with a greater commitment to postsecondary opportunities overall. The enormity of the task to improve college participation rates will require multiple efforts in a variety of formats. NCAC is a targeted effort that has the potential to “move the needle”, i.e., make a significant change in the number of students choosing to attend college. The initial objective is to supplement high school counselors’ college advising work. The National Center for Education Statistics places the ratio of counselors to high school students at 1:488. Consequently, with too many students to serve, many firstgeneration students never receive assistance with the complex college application process. Innov High Educ (2009) 34:1–2 DOI 10.1007/s10755-009-9100-9
Phenolic phytochemicals in cabbage inhibit amyloid β protein-induced neurotoxicity

The antioxidative and neuronal protective effects of red and white cabbages were investigated against amyloid β protein (Aβ)-induced cytotoxicity in neuron-like PC12 cells. Red cabbage phenolic phytochemicals showed higher antioxidative effect. In cell viability assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), red cabbage showed more protective effect on Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Since oxidative stress causes membrane breakdown, the protective effect of cabbage phytochemicals was investigated by lactate dehydrogenase and trypan blue exclusion assays. Red cabbages showed more efficient cell protective effects among samples. The overall relative neuronal cell protection activity of red cabbages by three tests was much higher than white cabbages. The degree of neuronal cell protection was closely correlated with their phenolic contents and their antioxidative capacities. Moreover, anthocyanins in cabbage appeared to be the major contributors.
Tool for planning the grant application process.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe and justify the use of a tool to assist faculty who want to submit a major extramural grant application. Full-support and limited-support research resource services are described. Nurs Outlook 2000;48:288-93.
Approximate Eigenfunctions of the Liouville Operator in Classical Many-Body Systems. II. Hydrodynamic Variables

A variational solution of the Liouville equation is used to obtain collective coordinates for simple classical fluids. Comparison is made with macroscopic analogs determined from relevant hydrodynamic equations. Approximate eigenfunctions of the Liouville operator, when constructed from linear combinations of the spatial Fourier transforms (fluctuations) of the mass, momentum, and energy-density operators for the fluid, are found appropriate to low-frequency disturbances. When time derivatives of fluctuations are included among trial functions, the variational procedure provides fluid-state counterparts of usual solidstate phonons.
Glycerol, a metabolic end product of Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus.

Abstract Glycerol was demonstrated as an end product of anaerobic glucose metabolism in Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus , produced in addition to acetate, H 2 , CO 2 , and lactate or succinate. In T. vaginalis strain C-1, glycerol amounted to 16% of the fermentation products and was formed at an average rate of 38 nmol min −1 (mg protein) −1 . Corresponding figures for T. foetus strain KV 1 were 7% and 4.8 nmol min −1 (mg protein) −1 . The amounts of glycerol detected compensated almost exactly for the deficits in fermentation products recognized earlier, thus complete redox balances can now be provided for both organisms. The metronidazole-resistant T. foetus strain KV 1 -1MR-100 excreted only negligible amounts of glycerol and carried out an ethanol-CO 2 fermentation. Aerobiosis hardly affected glycerol formation in T. vaginalis strains C-1 and NYH 286, but almost completely abolished it in T. foetus strain KV 1 . An NADP-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and a Mg 2+ -dependent glycerol 3-phosphatase were detected in the cytosol of both species. The phosphatase is distinct from the particle-bound nonspecific acid phosphatase. Glycerol kinase activity was not detected in either organism. Enhanced pCO 2 did not affect the ration of fermentation products in T. vaginalis strain C-1, but significantly increased the amount of succinate, and decreased the amounts of acetate, H 2 , and CO 2 , formed by T. foetus .
Polarizing properties of silver/glass nanocomposites

The absorption of visible light by metal colloids provides beautiful colored glass for aesthetic as well as practical purposes. Since the metal particles dispersed in the colloid have diameters much smaller than the wavelength of light, on the order of 10nm, the elastic scattering cross section is negligible. In typical colloidal solutions the metal particles are approximately spherical and therefore the optical constants are isotropic. Some metal/glass nanocomposites such as RG6 Schott glass contain nonspherical metal particles but the orientation of the particles in the host is random. In order to obtain a polarizing nanocomposite, the nonspherical metal particles must be aligned along a common axis. A fabrication technique based on ultrathin metal deposition has been found to provides the necessary size, shape, and orientation of the metal particles for highly anisotropic optical constants in the visible and near-IR. The measured absorption spectra of the films are analyzed by Maxwell-Garnett theory. The nanocomposite films have extinction coefficients that vary by 2 orders of magnitude depending on the polarization of the incident light. These metal nanocomposite films are useful for micro-optic and waveguide polarizers.
Human activation‐induced cytidine deaminase causes transcription‐dependent, strand‐biased C to U deaminations

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for the maturation of antibodies in higher vertebrates, where it promotes somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch recombination and gene conversion. While it is known that SHM requires high levels of transcription of the target genes, it is unclear whether this is because AID targets transcribed genes. We show here that the human AID promotes C to T mutations in Escherichia coli which are stimulated by transcription. The mutations are strand-biased and occur preferentially in the non-transcribed strand of the target gene. Human AID purified from E.coli is active without prior treatment with a ribonuclease and deaminates cytosines in plasmid DNA in vitro. Further, the action of this enzyme is greatly stimulated by the transcription of the target gene in a strand-dependent fashion. These results confirm the prediction that AID may act directly on DNA and show that it can act on transcribing DNA in the absence of specialized DNA structures such as R-loops. It suggests that AID may be recruited to variable genes through transcription without the assistance of other proteins and that the strand bias in SHM may be caused by the preference of AID for the non-transcribed strand.
Effects of spinal cord injury level on the activity of shoulder muscles during wheelchair propulsion: an electromyographic study.

Abstract Mulroy SJ, Farrokhi S, Newsam CJ, Perry J. Effects of spinal cord injury level on the activity of shoulder muscles during wheelchair propulsion: an electromyographic study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:925–34. Objective To determine the influence of spinal cord injury (SCI) level on shoulder muscle function during wheelchair propulsion. Design Fine-wire electromyographic activity of 11 muscles was recorded during wheelchair propulsion. Setting Biomechanics research laboratory. Participants Convenience sample of 69 men, in 4 groups by SCI level (low paraplegia, n=17; high paraplegia, n=19; C7–8 tetraplegia, n=16; C6 tetraplegia, n=17). Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Timing of muscle activity onset, cessation, and duration, and time of peak intensity for each functional group were compared with 1-way analysis of variance. Median electromyographic intensity was also compared. Results Two functional synergies were observed: push (anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, biceps) and recovery (middle and posterior deltoid, supraspinatus, subscapularis, middle trapezius, triceps). Push phase activity began in late recovery and ceased in early to late push. Recovery phase muscles functioned from late push to late recovery. Recruitment patterns for the groups with paraplegia were remarkably similar. For subjects with tetraplegia, pectoralis major activity was significantly prolonged compared with subjects with paraplegia ( P Conclusions Level of SCI significantly affected the shoulder muscle recruitment patterns during wheelchair propulsion. Differences in rotator cuff and pectoralis major function require specific considerations in rehabilitation program design.
State-to-state dynamics and doubly differential cross sections of the reaction of chlorine atoms with CH4(v3=1, J)

A mixture of methane and chlorine molecules in a helium carrier is expanded into a vacuum chamber using a pulsed valve. Polarized laser photolysis of Cl2 at 355 nm is used to produce chlorine atoms with a sharply peaked speed distribution and a known angular distribution. Methane molecules are excited in the v3 mode by infrared absorption on the R(O) fundamental transition, which results in methane in the v3 equals 1, J equals 1 state. Following a 100 ns time delay to allow for reaction, HCl (v' equals 1, J') product molecules are detected by (2 + 1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). The resulting photoions are detected with both mass and velocity resolution using a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). An analysis of the time dependence of the ion signal allows us to determine the differential scattering cross section for the specific rovibrational state ionized. The TOF data show a change in the product angular distribution with J', and thus demonstrate the importance of measuring doubly differential cross sections for elucidating the dynamics of this reaction system.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of constant and variable temperature extremes on sex ratio and progeny production by Aphytis melinus and A.lingnanensis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

. 1. Aphytis melinus DeBach and A.lingnanensis Compere were exposed to temperature extremes during development, mating, preoviposition, and opposition to assess the effect of these exposures on the progeny per female and F1 sex ratio. 2. Both species showed a significant reduction in the expected proportion of F1 females when the male parent was exposed to 32°C during its development. 3. The proportion of females was further reduced when mating and/or oviposition occurred at 32°C and these effects on sex ratio appeared cumulative. 4. Preovipositional exposure of the females of both species to 38°C, 2°C or -2°C for 1 5, 4 or 7 h in most cases significantly reduced the expected proportion of females. 5. In general our results showed that the sex ratios of A.melinus was less severely affected by these exposures than were those of A.lingnanensis. 6. It is suggested that this difference may be one factor explaining the ability of A.melinus to exclude A.lingnanensis from the climatically more extreme areas of southern California.
Antidiuretic hormone excess

Summary Known physiologic mechanisms explain the elevatedblood ADH levels observed in most patients with the syndrome of inappropriate ADH. Therefore the word “inappropriate” is a misnomer. It implies that the mechanisms that regulate ADH release are not functioning normally-which is not true. The term misleads the physician who, ideally, should determine why a patient has an excessive blood ADH level and initiate appropriate treatment. Patients with ectopic production of ADH and hyponatremia should be so labeled: “Hyponatremia due to ectopic ADH production”. The term SIADH, if used at all, should be reserved for the rare patient with CNS injury or disease that causes increased ADH release and in which the hypothalamic center does not respond normally to afferent peripheral stimuli.
The food recruitment dance of the stingless bee, Melipona panamica

Foragers of the stingless bee Meliponapanamica can communicate the location of a good food source to nestmates and evidently communicate part of this information inside the nest. However there is no careful description of within-nest recruitment behavior for this species or for any other stingless bee. Therefore the goal of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the behaviors of recruiting M. panamica foragers within the nest. A recruiting forager enters the nest, begins producing pulsed sounds as food-unloading bees collect her food (unloading phase), and then performs a dance by rapidly executing clockwise and counterclockwise turns while continuing to produce sound pulses (dance phase). To investigate whether directional information is encoded in the dance, I alternately recorded the behavior of foragers trained to two food sources, each 175 m from the colony but in opposite directions (north and south). I examined the following parameters and found no differences between the dances of foragers feeding in opposite directions: (1) order of clockwise and counterclockwise turns, (2) turn direction, (3) angular start position, (4) angular stop position, (5) turn magnitude, and (6) turn angular velocity. Foragers recruiting for a rich food source (2.5 M) initially unloaded food with their bodies oriented 180° from the entrance. They began turns at random orientations, but tended to end these turns facing the nest entrance (0°). Dancers for poor food sources (1.0 M sucrose solution) turned at significantly lower velocities than dancers for good food sources (2.5 M sucrose solution), and exhibited random initial, start-turn, and stop-turn orientations. Throughout her stay inside the nest, the recruiting forager produced sounds. During sound production, her folded wings vibrated dorsoventrally over her abdomen and she attracted the attention of follower bees who positioned their antennae closely around her body. Foragers recruiting for 1.0 M and 2.5 M food sources attracted the same number of food-unloading bees, but 1.0 M recruiters attracted significantly fewer followers around their abdomens.
Structure-toxicity relationships of 2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]-octanes and related compounds☆

Abstract Many 2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes with P, PO, PS, CH or C-alkyl substituents in the 1-position and C2H5, n-C3H7, i-C3H7, n-C4H9, or other substituents at the 4-position act at very low intraperitoneal dosages to produce convulsive seizures and death in mice. The signs of poisoning, probably resulting from stimulation of the central nervous system, resemble those of 2,6-dithia-1,3,5,7-tetrazatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane-2,2,6,6-tetroxide and 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,8,9-trioxa-5-aza-1-silabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane, which are of similar toxicity to 4-isopropyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and its 1-oxide and 1-sulfide derivatives. It appears likely that toxicants of several of the chemical classes represented within the 67 compounds that were studied act at the same site in the central nervous system without having a requirement for metabolic activation. Synthesis procedures are reported here for many of these toxic materials. The findings of this study are relevant to the hazards associated with certain intermediates used in coordination chemistry and organic synthesis and with the combustion products of some flame retardants in the presence of certain polyols.
Skin Cancer as a Contraindication to Organ Transplantation

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide. When patients with a history of skin cancer present for organ transplantation, the vast majority are appropriate candidates. However, there is little guidance in the literature regarding the advisability of transplantation in patients with a history of high-risk skin cancer. With limited allograft resources, it is important to allocate organs to patients who will derive the most benefit. Adverse outcomes that may be associated with prior skin cancer include recurrence, metastasis, or death from relapse or decreased quality of life from numerous new primary skin cancers. This review provides prognostic guidance to transplant physicians evaluating transplantation candidates who have a history of skin cancer.
Wronski Brackets and the Ferris Wheel

We connect the Bayesian order on classical states to a certain Lie algebra on \(C^\infty[0,1]\). This special Lie algebra structure, made precise by an idea we introduce called a Wronski bracket, suggests new phenomena the Bayesian order naturally models. We then study Wronski brackets on associative algebras, and in the commutative case, discover the beautiful result that they are equivalent to derivations.
Influence of upstream properties on detonation wave structure. Irreversible, unimolecular reaction with small rate parameter

Wood's analysis of detonation wave structure for an irreversible, unimolecular reaction with small rate parameter is used to study the influence of upstream properties on the coupling between pressure rise and reaction zones. The variation of a reduced distance Δζ due to adiabatic upstream burning, upstream heat addition, and variation of heat release per unit mass of reactant is considered. Δζ is the reduced distance between the point of minimum velocity (essentially the point of maximum pressure) and the point where the temperature is some chosen fraction of the final temperature, i.e., Δζ is a measure of the coupling between pressure rise and reaction zones.
De-mystifying earned value management for ground based astronomy projects, large and small

The scale and complexity of today’s ground based astronomy projects have justifiably required Principal Investigator’s and their project teams to adopt more disciplined management processes and tools in order to achieve timely and accurate quantification of the progress and relative health of their projects. Earned Value Management (EVM) is one such tool. Developed decades ago and used extensively in the defense and construction industries, and now a requirement of NASA projects greater than $20M; EVM has gained a foothold in ground-based astronomy projects. The intent of this paper is to de-mystify EVM by discussing the fundamentals of project management, explaining how EVM fits with existing principles, and describing key concepts every project can use to implement their own EVM system. This paper also discusses pitfalls to avoid during implementation and obstacles to its success. The authors report on their organization’s most recent experience implementing EVM for the GMT-Consortium Large Earth Finder (G-CLEF) project. G-CLEF is a fiber-fed, optical echelle spectrograph that has been selected as a first light instrument for the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), planned for construction at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile’s Atacama Desert region.
A promising oxide material for high-temperature thermoelectric energy conversion: Ba1−xSrxPbO3 solid solution system

Thermoelectric properties and figure of merit for Ba1−xSrxPbO3 solid solution were investigated in a temperature range of 320–1073 K. The electrical conductivity (σ) and the Seebeck coefficient (S<0) decreased with increasing Sr concentration, and their temperature dependence showed semimetallic behavior over the whole Sr concentration, i.e. metallic at lower temperatures and semiconducting at higher temperatures, suggesting the mixed conduction of the free electrons and the thermally activated (bound) holes. Thermal conductivity (κ) continuously decreased with a gradual change in temperature gradient from the positive to the negative with increasing Sr concentration. The maximal figure of merit was about 2×10−4 K−1 at 673 K for the sample with x=0.6, which was an exceedingly high value of the oxides. The present results suggest that the Ba1−xSrxPbO3 solid solution is a potential oxide for high-temperature thermoelectric energy conversion.
Colorimetric assay for monoamine oxidase in tissues using peroxidase and 2,2'-azinodi(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) as chromogen

Monoamine oxidase is assayed in tissue by a colorimetric reaction using horse radish peroxidase and 2,2'-azinodi(ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid to measure H2O2 formed during oxidation of amines. The method has a coefficient of variation of approximately 2.5% and provides results comparable with those of radiometric assay. Monoamine oxidase activities in rat liver mitochondria and crude mitochondrial fraction from brain and with tyramine as a substrate were 18.9 +/- 0.4 and 4.61 +/- 0.15 nmol/min/mg of protein, respectively, using this method. Kinetic parameters of liver and brain monoamine oxidase with various substrates and inhibitors appeared to be the same when determined by either colorimetric or radiometric methods.
Relationships between ligand affinities for the cerebellar cannabinoid receptor CB1 and the induction of GDP/GTP exchange.

Abstract: The hypothesis of these studies is that ligand efficacy at the neuronal CB1 receptor is dependent on the ratio of ligand affinities for the active and inactive states of the receptor. Agonist efficacy was determined in rat cerebellar membranes using agonist-induced guanosine 5′-O-(3-[35S]thiotriphosphate) binding; efficacy was variable among the CB1 agonists examined. Ligand affinities for the active and inactive state of the CB1 receptor were determined by competition with [3H]CP55940 and [3H]SR141716A in the presence of 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate, respectively. All of the agonists investigated had a higher affinity for the active state than the inactive state. The fraction of CB1 receptors in the active state at a maximally effective concentration was calculated for each agonist and was found to correlate significantly with agonist efficacy. These studies demonstrate that the CB1 receptor of the cerebellum can assume an active conformation in the absence of agonist and that the variability in efficacy among CB1 receptor agonists can be explained by the relative affinities of these ligands for the CB1 receptor in the active and inactive states.
Cross-Validation of Regression Models

Abstract A methodolgy for assessment of the predictive ability of regression models is presented. Attention is given to models obtained via subset selection procedures, which are extremely difficult to evaluate by standard techniques. Cross-validatory assessments of predictive ability are obtained and their use illustrated in examples.
Fluidized Bed Kinetics for Hydrogen Production Through Steam Iron Oxidation

Kinetic analysis is essential for chemical reactor modeling. This study proposes a methodology to use available kinetic analysis methodologies, including conventional (modelistic) graphical representation, isoconversional (model free), models based on first principles and reduced time scale analysis (Sharp and Hancock procedure) to predict the kinetics of an investigated reaction. Even though these methods have some limitations, a methodology comprised of combining their results can help in determining the kinetic parameters for reaction. The isoconversional approach can be used to determine the activation energy without the need of using a reaction model. The modelistic graphical representation can aid is determining the group (i.e. diffusion, first order, phase boundary or nucleation) to which the reaction generally belongs. The reduced time scale analysis can guide in isolating the reaction kinetics in the early stages of the reaction when the conversion ranges between 0.15 and 0.5. This proposed methodology uses the various methods and applies them to experimental data for high temperature reactions in fluidized bed reactors. Particular attention is given to steam driven iron oxidation kinetics for hydrogen production. When only the modelistic approach is used, the activation energy computed using the selected models varies from 59–183 kJ/mol, depending on the model used. However, by combining the predictive capabilities of various approaches discussed in this study, the activation energy range narrows to 80–147 kJ/mol. It is also shown that the iron oxidation with steam under the studied conditions can be described by a combination of two models. The early stage of the reaction is represented by either a contracting volume or first order model. Later stages of reaction can be described by either a contracting volume, first order or 3-D diffusion model. In addition, when analyzing reaction kinetics using a fundamental approach, it is observed that the fluidized bed oxidation reaction of iron with pure steam can be best represented by a combination of two mechanisms, namely shrinking sphere surface area and diffusion controlled mechanisms and the estimated activation energy is 103 kJ/mol.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
INHIBITION OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES OF INTESTINAL SEGMENTS FOLLOWING AUGMENTATION ENTEROCYSTOPLASTY IN RATS

AbstractPurpose: Sodium and chloride transport was measured by using the Using chamber-voltage clamp technique to evaluate alterations occurring in ileal segments interposed in the urinary tract in a rat enterocystoplasty model.Materials and Methods: In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats which had undergone augmentation ileocystoplasties 3 months earlier, intestinal segments were explanted from the neobladders and native ileal segments were removed separately for electrolyte transport and morphometric analysis.Results: Basal ileal active sodium and chloride absorption and cyclic nucleotide-induced chloride secretion were attenuated in transplanted ileum in contrast to control tissue. Morphologically, there was villus epithelial hyperplasia, crypt hyperplasia and chronic inflammation in transplanted segments, but villus height:crypt length ratios were unchanged.Conclusions: Pathophysiologic derangements in intestinal segments interposed in the urinary tract include inhibition of sodium and chloride transport p...
How well do visual verbs work in daily communication for young and old adults

In this paper we study how verbs are visually conveyed in daily communication contexts for both young and old adults. Four visual modes are compared: a single static image, a panel of four static images, an animation, and a video clip. The results reveal age effects, as well as performance differences introduced by lexical verb properties and visual cues. We also suggest guidelines for visual verb creation.
A vector space approach to the indefinite LQR problem

Vector space methods are used to solve the linear quadratic regulator problem with indefinite weighting matrices. The solution is interpreted as an oblique projection in a certain Hilbert space. Advantages of this approach are discussed.
Serious inferior alveolar nerve dysesthesia after endodontic procedure: report of three cases.

Evaluation and treatment methods for damage to the inferior alveolar nerve are discussed in three cases Microsurgical techniques are used to alleviate the pain and loss of sensation after endodontic treatment of mandibular teeth.
Enhancement of macrophage invasion of tumors by administration of chemotactic factor-antitumor antibody conjugates.

Abstract The numbers of macrophages in peritoneal guinea pig hepatomas were significantly ( P in vitro , increased the numbers of macrophages in the tumors approximately twofold when injected either in a single dose or in five doses. Although five injections of unconjugated fMLP were nearly as effective as the IgG-fMLP conjugates, free fMLP did not enhance the numbers of macrophages in tumors when injected as a single dose. Unconjugated IgG had no effect. The mean tumor weights were decreased in those groups of guinea pigs which received IgG-fMLP but statistical significance was not achieved due to tumor weight variability in all groups.
Thermogravimetric analysis of the oxidation-inhibiting behavior of nitrogen-implanted silicon

The effectiveness of oxidation-inhibiting nitride layers formed in silicon by ion implantation has been studied by in situ thermogravimetric analysis. The oxidation time delay and the oxidation rate after nitride breakdown were measured for various fluences of implanted nitrogen. The results generally confirm previous findings for the oxidation delay; however, a detailed analysis indicates that the onset of oxidation is not as abrupt as had been previously assumed. After the delay period, the oxidation of an implanted Si/SiO2 structure follows a linear time dependence at oxide thicknesses where unimplanted Si/SiO2 structures follow a parabolic dependence.
The Computer in the ABE and GED Classroom: A Review of the Literature.

Much has been said about the potential of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in education and, more specifically, adult education. This article examines a number of data-based programs which have used CAI in a specific area of adult education, ABE and GED. Although two program failures are discussed, the findings of most of the studies range from "no significant differences" to CAI as being superior to "traditional only" methods. Potential problem areas are discussed under the headings cost factors, the hardware syndrome, and administrative and staff commitment. Potential benefits are discussed under the headings individualization, positive reinforcement, and instructional gains. Although CAI is not at all widespread in ABE and GED settings, the published research suggests that its use merits consideration by ABE and GED administrators.
Theory of pump-noise suppression in p-n junction light emitters

Summary form only given. Pump noise suppression in a constant-current driven semiconductor laser or LED is known to be the key mechanism in generating sub-Poissonian light from these sources. We have developed a theoretical model that describes their pumping mechanism. Pumping is considered to be the injection of carriers into the active layer across the depletion region. An independent Poisson equation that describes the junction voltage dynamics is introduced.
Experimental Optical Links

The design and performance of two experimental, optical links, tailored specifically to interconnect two high-speed tape units, are described. Both links, a full duplex digital link and a full duplex AM/FSK link, are presented in necessary detail. Laboratory experiments have shown that 33-Mbaud operation is feasible.
Band-limited interpolation from unevenly spaced sampled data

The author addresses the problem of reconstructing a bandlimited signal from a finite number of its unevenly spaced sampled data. A Fourier analysis of the available unevenly spaced sampled data is presented. The result is utilized to develop an interpolation scheme from the available data. Conditions for accurate reconstruction are examined. Algorithms to implement the reconstruction scheme are discussed. The method's application to one-dimensional and two-dimensional reconstruction problems is shown. >
Oxidative stress-induced mutagenesis in single-strand DNA occurs primarily at cytosines and is DNA polymerase zeta-dependent only for adenines and guanines

Localized hyper-mutability caused by accumulation of lesions in persistent single-stranded (ss) DNA has been recently found in several types of cancers. An increase in endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered to be one of the hallmarks of cancers. Employing a yeast model system, we addressed the role of oxidative stress as a potential source of hyper-mutability in ssDNA by modulation of the endogenous ROS levels and by exposing cells to oxidative DNA-damaging agents. We report here that under oxidative stress conditions the majority of base substitution mutations in ssDNA are caused by erroneous, DNA polymerase (Pol) zeta-independent bypass of cytosines, resulting in C to T transitions. For all other DNA bases Pol zeta is essential for ROS-induced mutagenesis. The density of ROS-induced mutations in ssDNA is lower, compared to that caused by UV and MMS, which suggests that ssDNA could be actively protected from oxidative damage. These findings have important implications for understanding mechanisms of oxidative mutagenesis, and could be applied to development of anticancer therapies and cancer prevention.
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acid (Ethyl Eicosapentaenoic Acid) Supplementation for Residual Symptoms and Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: This study determined if augmentation of neuroleptics with 3 g/day of ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) improves symptoms and cognition in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. METHOD: Eighty-seven patients meeting criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who had residual symptoms despite neuroleptic treatment were randomly assigned to receive either 3 g/day of ethyl EPA (N=43) or placebo (N=44) in a 16-week, double-blind supplementation trial. Assessments were performed at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16; a cognitive battery was administered at baseline and at week 16. RESULTS: No differences were found between groups in positive or negative symptoms, mood, cognition, or global impression ratings. Results were similar for the intention-to-treat (N=87) and completer (N=75) groups. CONCLUSIONS: For schizophrenia patients treated with 3 g/day of ethyl EPA, improvement in residual symptoms and cognitive impairment was no greater than for schizophrenia ...
Rottlerin causes pulmonary edema in vivo: a possible role for PKCδ

In the present study, we assessed the effects of chemical inhibitors shown to be selective for protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms on lung barrier function both in vitro and in vivo. Rottlerin, a purpo...
Robust speech recognition with dynamic synapses

We have developed a speech recognition system employing the concept of dynamic synapses. A dynamic synapse incorporates fundamental features of biological neurons including presynaptic mechanisms influencing the probability of neurotransmitter release from an axon terminal. With these mechanisms, the probability of neurotransmitter release becomes a function of the temporal pattern of action potential occurrence, and hence, transforming a spike train into a sequence of discrete release events. When presynaptic mechanisms vary quantitatively across the axon terminals of a single neuron, an array of spatially distributed temporal patterns can be generated. In other words, information is coded in the spatio-temporal patterns of release events which provides an exponential growth of coding capacity for the output signals of a single neuron. A dynamic learning algorithm is developed in which alterations of the presynaptic mechanisms lead to different pattern transformation functions while changes in the postsynaptic mechanisms determines how the synaptic signals are to be combined. We demonstrate the computational capability of dynamic synapses by performing speech recognition from unprocessed, noisy raw waveforms of words spoken by multiple speakers with a simple neural network consisting of a small number of neurons connected with dynamic synapses. The system is highly robust against noise, and outperformed human listeners under some conditions.
Atoms, complexes, and demonstration: Posterior analytics 96b15-25

Abstract There is agreement neither concerning the point that is being made in Posterior analytics 96b15–25 nor the issue Aristotle intends to address. There are two major lines of interpretation of this passage. According to one, sketched by Themistius and developed by Philoponus and Eustratius, Aristotle is primarily concerned with determining the definitions of the infimae species that fall under a certain genus. They understand Aristotle as arguing that this requires collating definitional predictions, seeing which are common to which species. Pacius, on the other hand, takes Aristotle to be saying that a genus is studied scientifically through first determining the infimae species that fall under that genus. This interpretation attributes to Aristotle a distinction between primary and derivative subjects. I argue for Pacius’s interpretation, defending it against Barnes’s objections.
The design of log-periodic dipole antennas

A mathematical analysis of the logarithmically periodic dipole class of frequency independent antennas, which takes into account the mutual coupling between dipole elements, is described. A high speed digital computer (ILLIAC) is used to calculate the input impedance gain, and bandwidth, as well as the input current and voltage of the several elements. The results from this mathematical model are shown to be in good agreement with measurements. A step by step procedure, which enables one to design a log-periodic dipole antenna over a wide range of the parameters of input impedance, bandwidth, gain, and antenna size is presented.
Issues in the development of the next generation of concatenative speech synthesis systems

While commercial organisations are as interested in the ability of text-to-speech (TTS) systems to perform well at text normalisation and pronunciation as they are in the overall quality of the synthetic voice, there is still a general opinion that TTS systems are only usable for limited applications. The vast majority of applications still require more natural speech and a greater variety of styles and emotion. Work on mark-up has attempted to address the limitations of a plain text interface, but has done little to solve the basic problems of how to maintain a high quality synthetic voice and apply different speaking styles. As a consequence this paper is concerned with one narrow aspect of TTS synthesis, that is the improvement of voice quality through the progressive improvement of existing approaches to unit selection.
An evolving NGF-Hoxd1 signaling pathway mediates development of divergent neural circuits in vertebrates

Species are endowed with unique sensory capabilities that are encoded by divergent neural circuits. One potential explanation for how divergent circuits have evolved is that conserved extrinsic signals are differentially interpreted by developing neurons of different species to yield unique patterns of axonal connections. Although nerve growth factor (NGF) controls survival, maturation and axonal projections of nociceptors of different vertebrates, whether the NGF signal is differentially transduced in different species to yield unique features of nociceptor circuits is unclear. We identified a species-specific signaling module induced by NGF and mediated by a rapidly evolving Hox transcription factor, Hoxd1. NGF promoted robust expression of Hoxd1 in mice, but not chickens, both in vivo and in vitro. Mice lacking Hoxd1 displayed altered nociceptor circuitry that resembles that normally found in chicks. Conversely, ectopic expression of Hoxd1 in developing chick nociceptors promoted a pattern of axonal projections reminiscent of the mouse. Thus, conserved growth factors control divergent neuronal transcriptional events that mediate interspecies differences in neural circuits and the behaviors that they control.
Demonstration of Fast, Single-Packet Radiolocation, Applied to 802.11 Wireless Networking

This is a proposal to demonstrate an innovation in wireless infrastructure. The project consists of augmenting standard 802.11b wireless technology with fast radiolocation, and the work is currently in progress at Indiana University. We show the functioning of a recently built prototype, and illustrate its architecture with a poster. We will demonstrate real-time determination of the direction of arrival of wireless packets, using this lab prototype, which consists of an antenna array and radiolocation electronics, combined with an open-design 802.11b device. The envisioned use of this technology is to make it a standard, ubiquitous part of wireless infrastructure. It will enhance the diagnostics and security management of wireless networks, provide better connectivity, and make more rational use of radio resources. These factors make this technology interesting to wi-fi developers and manufacturers, and to institutions that wish to improve their wireless network management.
Fast Modular Composition in any Characteristic

We give an algorithm for modular composition of degree n univariate polynomials over a finite field Fq requiring n 1 + o(1) log1 + o(1) q bit operations; this had earlier been achieved in characteristic no(1) by Umans (2008). As an application, we obtain a randomized algorithm for factoring degree n polynomials over Fq requiring (n1.5 + o(1) + n 1 + o(1) log q) log1 + o(1) q bit operations, improving upon the methods of von zur Gathen & Shoup (1992) and Kaltofen & Shoup (1998). Our results also imply algorithms for irreducibility testing and computing minimal polynomials whose running times are best-possible, up to lower order terms.As in Umans (2008), we reduce modular composition to certain instances of multipoint evaluation of multivariate polynomials. We then give an algorithm that solves this problem optimally (up to lower order terms), in arbitrary characteristic. The main idea is to lift to characteristic 0, apply a small number of rounds of multimodular reduction, and finish with a small number of multidimensional FFTs. The final evaluations are then reconstructed using the Chinese Remainder Theorem. As a bonus, we obtain a very efficient data structure supporting polynomial evaluation queries, which is of independent interest. Our algorithm uses techniques which are commonly employed in practice, so it may be competitive for real problem sizes. This contrasts with previous asymptotically fast methods relying on fast matrix multiplication.
Effect of Glycation on the Properties of Lipoprotein(a)

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] was glycated by incubation in vitro with glucose (0 to 200 mmol/L), and its properties were compared with native Lp(a) and native and glycated LDL. Glucose was incorporated into Lp(a) in proportions that mirrored the distribution of lysines between apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 and apo(a). Because the kringle IV domains of apo(a) are lysine poor, only 10% of glucose bound to apo(a), whereas 90% was attached to the apoB-100 of Lp(a). Approximately 3% of the lysines of both Lp(a) and LDL were modified, which is a level comparable with that observed in LDL isolated from diabetic individuals. Glucose uptake by Lp(a) and LDL was almost identical and was linear as a function of concentration and time. Glycation increased the negative charge of Lp(a) and LDL as monitored by electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography and also reduced the affinity of Lp(a) and LDL for heparin-Sepharose. Glycation did not affect the lysine-binding property of Lp(a) or generate measurable malondialdehyde oxidation adducts. The catabolism of glycated Lp(a) by human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs), like that of native Lp(a), was largely LDL receptor independent. Both glycated Lp(a) and LDL were degraded at a comparatively faster rate and stimulated greater cholesteryl ester formation than their unmodified counterparts. However, the degradation rate of glycated Lp(a) was approximately four- to fivefold slower and its stimulation of cholesteryl ester formation was ninefold lower than that of either form of LDL. These results show that Lp(a) can be glycated nonenzymatically in vitro, that the incorporation of glucose is dependent on the distribution of lysines between apo(a) and apoB-100, and that glycation does not affect the lysine-binding properties of Lp(a). Furthermore, glycation produced modest increases in the degradation rate of Lp(a) and associated cholesteryl ester synthesis by HMDMs. Based on these data, glycation does not appear to significantly enhanced the atherogenic potential of unmodified Lp(a).
Drs. Waljee and Chung reply.

To the Editor: We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the thoughtful comments of Drs. Momohara, Yano, Sakuma, and Ikari1 regarding our article examining variation in the rates of surgery for hand and wrist deformities caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA)2. In this study, we examined the determinants of surgical reconstruction among older individuals with RA across the United States using population-based claims data. Overall, rates of surgical reconstruction are low, which is likely attributable to recent advances in the medical management of RA and the introduction of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD). Although rates of surgery did vary by patient factors, a substantial proportion … Address correspondence to Dr. J.F. Waljee, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, 2130 Taubman Center, SPC 5340, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5340, USA. E-mail: filip{at}med.umich.edu
Teaching Co-Existence Through Civic Education - Theoretical Implications and Lessons Learned from Four Middle East Projects

This presentation describes a series of conceptual and practical lessons learned from five inter-related education projects that promote co-existence through civic education in the Middle East. Since 2001, these projects have involved work with a series of cross-national groups of Palestinian, Israeli, Jordanian, and Lebanese educational and local civic leaders. The projects focus on middle and high schools in the various communities, each of which serve as social institutions through which to educate young adults to re-conceptualize “self” and “other” as engaged citizens in civil society and to support the possibility for constructive co-existence in the region. The presentation outlines the complex layers of reality-construction evident in the various participating communities and the systematic approach the project participants have taken to address these complexities while promoting the concept of co-existence.