cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning environments for infants

Learning environments in a sample of communal families and a sample of two-parent married nuclear families are compared for both intragroup and acrossgroup differences likely to influence childrearing and socialization outcomes. Learning environment variables include family and demographic backgrounds of parents; newborn health, developmental, and feeding patterns; personnel, size, and density in households; caretaking patterns; work loads and domestic tasks for mothers; kin and social supports for mothers; beliefs and value orientations of the parents; and change and mobility in families. Creedal and domestic types of communes also differed. The learning environment variables are interdependent with each other and with demographic features of the groups, and there is rapid change in communal lifestyles; both these features suggest that intragroup and longitudinal data are essential for generalizing about the effects of lifestyles on young children.
1023-LBP: Successful desensitization of anti-HLA antibodies in a HAPLO-CORD hematopoietic cell transplant

Aim Donor specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have been associated with graft failure. Single-center, desensitization of a small number of patients with DSA in HLA haplo-identical HCT has been reported. We report a case of a highly sensitized 50 year old, African-American, female with chronic myeloid leukemia. Patient lacked HLA-matched related and unrelated donors. She was enrolled in our hapoidentical cord blood transplant protocol. DSA existed against all donor options. Donors with the lowest number and strength of DSA were selected. Methods Sera were tested by solid-phase immunoassays. Strength of DSA was estimated according to the cutoff values of flow-cytometric crossmatches (FCXM) from solid organ transplant data and mean fluorescent intensity (MFI). Desensitization protocol consisted of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) (5x), and low dose IVIG after each TPE. Patient sera were tested pre- and post-desensitization to monitor effectiveness of treatment. Results Preformed DSA were to class II antigens. Afterdesensitization, by the day of transplant, DSA were no longer present. Patient received haplo-identical and cord blood infusions. She developed an anaphylactic reaction during infusion of first cord, and required a second cord infusion. The same precautions were taken in selection of second cord. By this time, class II antibodies were no longer present. Neutrophil engraftment occurred on day 10. One month post-transplant, chimersim showed haplo donor accounted for 95% of total DNA and 68% of CD3+ cells. Cord donor accounted for the remaining, demonstrating success of the haploidentical graft. On day 50 post-transplant, absolute neutrophil count is 2.8 K/Ul. Thrombocytopenia persists and platelet engraftment is not fully evaluable due to platelet infusions for different procedures. Conclusions Desensitization with TPE, low dose IVIG and immune suppression can eradicate DSA and allow engraftment.
Association between intensity of statin therapy and mortality in persons with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association lipid guideline recommends statin dosing based on intensity, rather than targeting specific low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, among general populations. The 2013 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) lipid guideline recommends statins for most adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but dose-dependent statin effects in CKD are unclear. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of US veterans with CKD Stages G3a, G3b or G4, and new, persistent statin use, from 2005 to 2015. We tested the association of intensity of statin therapy [categorized as low (expected LDL-C reduction <30%), medium (30 to <50%) or high (≥50%)] during the initial 1-year exposure period, with all-cause mortality over the subsequent 4 years. We used Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate the association between statin intensity and all-cause mortality, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and laboratory measurements. RESULTS Our cohort included 65 292 persons, of whom 40 124 (61.5%) had CKD G3a, 20 183 (30.9%) G3b and 4985 (7.6%) G4. Overall, 4878 (7.5%) used high-intensity, 39 070 (59.8%) used moderate-intensity and 21 344 (32.7%) used low-intensity statins. High-intensity statins were used more in recent years, and among persons diagnosed with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. There was no association between statin intensity and mortality in unadjusted or multivariable-adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS There were no significant associations between statin intensity over 1 year of exposure and subsequent mortality among US veterans with CKD. This supports the current KDIGO guideline recommendations to use statins and dosages that have been studied specifically in CKD populations, rather than intensity-based dosing.
Directional allelic imbalance profiling and visualization from multi-sample data with RECUR

Motivation Genetic analysis of cancer regularly includes two or more samples from the same patient. Somatic copy number alterations leading to allelic imbalance (AI) play a critical role in cancer initiation and progression. Directional analysis and visualization of the alleles in imbalance in multi-sample settings allow for inference of recurrent mutations, providing insights into mutation rates, clonality and the genomic architecture and etiology of cancer. Results The REpeat Chromosomal changes Uncovered by Reflection (RECUR) is an R application for the comparative analysis of AI profiles derived from SNP array and next-generation sequencing data. The algorithm accepts genotype calls and 'B allele' frequencies (BAFs) from at least two samples derived from the same individual. For a predefined set of genomic regions with AI, RECUR compares BAF values among samples. In the presence of AI, the expected value of a BAF can shift in two possible directions, reflecting an increased or decreased abundance of the maternal haplotype, relative to the paternal. The phenomenon of opposite haplotype shifts, or 'mirrored subclonal allelic imbalance', is a form of heterogeneity, and has been linked to clinico-pathological features of cancer. RECUR detects such genomic segments of opposite haplotypes in imbalance and plots BAF values for all samples, using a two-color scheme for intuitive visualization. Availability and implementation RECUR is available as an R application. Source code and documentation are available at scheet.org. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Drift-Diffusion InGaN/GaN Solar Cell Simulator with Optical Management

This work reports development of an InGaN/ GaN hetero-structure solar cell simulator by coupling Drift-Diffusion (DD) equations for describing electrical transport and Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) for the optical solver, respectively. A tri-layer Anti-Reflection Coating (ARC) is optimized from 300 to 1200 nm based on TMM to reduce front reflection loss. This broadband ARC could be used for InGaN multi-junction solar cells or hybrid concentrating solar thermal systems in the future. The 2.94 eVInGaN solar cell demonstrates an increase of the conversion efficiency by 23% (relative) under 1 sun AM1.5, room temperature with ARC.
Identification of Children's BMI Trajectories and Prediction from Weight Gain in Infancy.

OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to identify patterns of BMI changes across childhood (ages 24 months to 13 years) and to assess whether demographic characteristics, birth weight, and percent infant weight gain from birth to 15 months predicted BMI patterns. METHODS Eleven waves of data from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were used. Trained technicians assessed children's weight at birth and 10 times from 15 months to eighth grade (N = 1364). Latent growth modeling was used to estimate BMI change trajectories, and logistic regression was used to predict membership in trajectory classes. RESULTS Children in the high-rising and low-to-high BMI patterns had the highest BMI of all trajectory groups during middle childhood. Birth weight and infant weight gain were stronger predictors of trajectory membership than gender or race/ethnicity. Infant weight gain predicted high-rising membership over and above the effect of birth weight. African American children had lower birth weight, faster infant weight increase, and higher odds of being in one of the rising trajectories. Risk algorithms are provided. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should monitor weight gain during infancy independent of birth weight. Researchers should continue investigating the lasting physiological effects of early rapid weight gain in infancy.
Analysis of Pilot-Spoofing Attack in MISO-OFDM System Over Correlated Fading Channel

In this paper we investigate the effect of fading correlation on pilot-spoofing attack in a TDD MISO-OFDM system from information-theoretic perspective. So far all the analysis, whether it is from information-theoretic perspective or signal processing perspective, are carried out under the assumption that MISO channels are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) flat fading. This paper is the first one to consider the effect of frequency-selective spatially correlated fading channel on the efficacy of pilot-spoofing attack. By its inherent characteristic, OFDM naturally calls for the consideration of the frequency-selectivity of the channel. Capacity bounds are derived. The simulation results show that spatial correlation facilitates the pilot-spoofing attack. The achievable legitimate rate is lower than its i.i.d. counterpart. Although the achievable legitimate rate decreases at a slower rate than its i.i.d. counterpart.
Transcriptional regulation of chilling stress responsive long noncoding RNAs in Populus simonii

We report genome-wide identification and functional prediction of lncRNAs under chilling stress, the present study deepened our understanding of the transcriptional regulation mechanism of poplar under chilling stress. Chilling stress is a major threat to tree development and survival. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to play a role in plant stress responses, but their transcriptional regulatory network remains elusive. We conducted genome-wide identification and functional prediction of lncRNAs under chilling stress in an ecologically important poplar species, Populus simonii. After the chilling treatment, we detected 30,769 genes and 10,186 putative lncRNAs, of which 13,172 genes and 5082 lncRNAs were differentially expressed under chilling stress in P. simonii. From these chilling-responsive transcripts, we hypothesized that five unique patterns of 21 lncRNAs acted directly on genes, and 617 lncRNAs affected gene expression by interacting with microRNAs (miRNAs). Additionally, the significantly differentially expressed genes were enriched to 198 gene ontology (GO) terms, which were prominently involved in photosynthesis and endogenous phytohormone synthesis pathways. Based on the physiological index, we found 48 genes with 15 lncRNAs, and 70 genes with 50 lncRNAs that were significantly differentially expressed in photosynthesis and endogenous phytohormone synthesis pathways, respectively. These findings improve our understanding of the potential functions of lncRNAs by refining the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in the photosynthesis and phytohormone synthesis pathways.
The seemingly innocuous presentation of metastatic pancreatic tail cancer: a case report

Pancreatic cancers of the tail have an especially poor prognosis due to their late detection. An earlier diagnosis depends on a better understanding of the clinical course of the disease; however, much of the current literature focuses on pancreatic head adenocarcinomas owing to their higher incidence. Thus, we add our case report to the current literature of pancreatic tail cancers in the hope of aiding earlier detection. We present an interesting case of a patient who initially presented with innocuous abdominal pain and a single episode of vomiting who was subsequently diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic tail cancer. A 56-year-old Hispanic man with a past medical history of alcohol and cocaine abuse was initially evaluated in our clinic after presenting to the emergency department with sudden onset of abdominal pain and one episode of emesis. On further questioning, he stated that he had been experiencing dull, intermittent left back pain for the past 2–3 years. Laboratory tests were performed, which showed that the patient had new-onset diabetes, and imaging revealed a pancreatic tail mass with metastases to the liver. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of stage IV metastatic pancreatic tail adenocarcinoma. During follow-up 1 month later, the patient reported that he had been largely asymptomatic since his hospital admission; however, his left back pain had increased in severity. He was then started on a FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy regimen (5-fluorouracil/leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin). There are many pitfalls in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, especially pancreatic tail cancer due to its vague symptoms. Thus, pancreatic cancer of the tail often presents late with a very poor prognosis. Because there is currently no widespread screening for pancreatic cancer, it is often difficult for practitioners to identify pancreatic tail cancers. Current research suggests that there is a strong association between new-onset diabetes after the age of 50 and pancreatic cancer, and tumors detected at the onset of diabetes are favorable to resection. Pancreatic cancer has also been shown to be associated with certain risk factors, such as smoking, high body mass index, chronic pancreatitis, and a family history of pancreatic cancer. Thus, when patients with presentations similar to our patient’s with new-onset diabetes after the age of 50, along with vague symptoms such as back or abdominal pain as well as the presence of risk factors, we suggest that it is beneficial for practitioners to maintain a high index of suspicion for pancreatic cancer.
Culturalism, E.P. Thompson and the polemic in British Cultural Studies

The recent publishing of Stuart Hall’s 1983 lectures on the theoretical history of British Cultural Studies (BCS) provides an opportunity to reconsider the efficacy of ‘culturalism’ and ‘structural...
Philanthropy and Civil Society: Comparative Perspectives on Private Solutions to Public Problems

This article outlines a graduate course about private philanthropy in a public affairs program. Using an experiential learning model called student philanthropy, the course provides students the op...
A female perspective: testing the effects of noise masking on signal transmission patterns inside the nest box

During the breeding season, avian pairs coordinate interactions with songs and calls. For cavity nesting birds, females inside nest boxes may rely on male vocalizations for information. Anthropogenic noise masks male songs, which could affect information gained by females. We explored song transmission from a female house wren (Troglodytes aedon) perspective, testing the hypothesis that noise masking alters songs that reach females inside nest boxes. We broadcast songs at three distances up to 25 m from nest boxes and re-recorded songs using two microphones, positioned inside and outside nest boxes. We measured signal-to-noise ratios and cross-correlation factors to estimate the effects of masking on transmission. In noise, songs received inside nest boxes had lower signal-to-noise ratios and cross-correlation factors than songs recorded outside of boxes, and these effects decreased with distance. For females, noise may reduce information conveyed through male songs and in response pairs may need to adjust their interactions.
Do Veterinarians recognize a Role for Physical Therapist in: Small Animal Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation?

The role of physical therapy and rehabilitation of an injured or aging small animal offers great potential. The increase in the use of domestic small animals, particularly canines, as companion animals, service animals and for athletic competition, advances in medical and surgical techniques in veterinary medicine and personal experiences participating in physical therapy appears to have created a desire from owners regarding the animal’s quality of life and quantity of years. There is little literature addressing small animal physical therapy rehabilitation and how such services might be accessed. We present an interview-based study to assess opinions of veterinarians to gauge whether they perceive a need for small animal physical therapy and rehabilitation. We further examine which health care professionals these veterinarians perceive are most qualified to render these rehabilitative services. Eight veterinarians from a rural, northeastern region of Georgia were interviewed. The results demonstrate that many veterinarians may not have received curriculum instruction in small animal physical therapy through veterinary school. Still, results reveal that veterinarians in this study support physical therapists playing a role in the rehabilitative treatment of small animals. This study further supports the need for interprofessional education and collaboration in the treatment of small animals and their physical therapy needs.
Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Edge Caching in Wireless Networks

With the purpose to offload data traffic in wireless networks, content caching techniques have recently been studied intensively. Using these techniques and caching a portion of the popular files at the local content servers, the users can be served with less delay. Most of the content replacement policies are based on the content popularity, that depends on the users’ preferences. In practice, such information varies over time. Therefore, an approach to determine the file popularity patterns must be incorporated into caching policies. In this context, we study content caching at the wireless network edge using a deep reinforcement learning framework with Wolpertinger architecture. In particular, we propose deep actor-critic reinforcement learning based policies for both centralized and decentralized content caching. For centralized edge caching, we aim at maximizing the cache hit rate. In decentralized edge caching, we consider both the cache hit rate and transmission delay as performance metrics. The proposed frameworks are assumed to neither have any prior information on the file popularities nor know the potential variations in such information. Via simulation results, the superiority of the proposed frameworks is verified by comparing them with other policies, including least frequently used (LFU), least recently used (LRU), and first-in-first-out (FIFO) policies.
Geographic Core Areas of Coinfections in Washington, District of Columbia: Recommendations for Planning Prevention-Intervention to Mitigate Human Immunodeficiency Virus Burden

BACKGROUND Research suggests that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) may be at increased risk of transmitting HIV to someone else through unprotected sex. The primary aim of the analysis is to identify the high-risk geographic areas of transmission of coinfections and factors that may be associated with poor outcomes of viral suppression within these higher-risk geographic areas, thus important in transmission prevention. METHODS We used surveillance data reported by all providers and laboratories in the District of Columbia (DC). Applied discrete Poisson scan model in SaTScan to identify the geographic areas. The relative risk (RR) for the scan statistic was calculated based on events inside the cluster, and P values evaluated statistical significance. We used multinomial logistical regression to explore care and demographical characteristics associated with being virally unsuppressed within and outside the geographic areas. RESULTS The coinfected areas (RR, >1; P < .001) were located in the tracts of central and southern DC. Black population (RR, 3.154 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.736-5.729]), age 13-19 years (RR, 4.598 [95% CI, 3.176-6.657]), repeat STIs (RR, 1.387 [95% CI, 1.096-1.754]), and not retained in care (RR, 2.546 [95% CI, 1.997-3.245]) were found to be at higher risk of being virally unsuppressed within the coinfected clusters. Those with unknown linkages were found to be at higher risk of being virally unsuppressed outside the coinfected clusters (RR, 5.162 [95% CI, 2.289-11.640]). CONCLUSIONS This is DC's first effort to identify the geographic core areas of coinfections and factors that may be sustaining them. These results will be used by the health department to plan for prevention-intervention strategies. This model be replicated by any local jurisdiction similar.
Effect of Joint Friction Compensation on a "Muscle-First" Motor-Assisted Hybrid Neuroprosthesis.

This study assessed the metabolic energy consumption of walking with the external components of a “Muscle-First” Motor Assisted Hybrid Neuroprosthesis (MAHNP), which combines implanted neuromuscular stimulation with a motorized exoskeleton. The “Muscle-First” approach prioritizes generating motion with the wearer’s own muscles via electrical stimulation with the actuators assisting on an as-needed basis. The motorized exoskeleton contributes passive resistance torques at both the hip and knee joints of 6Nm and constrains motions to the sagittal plane. For the muscle contractions elicited by neural stimulation to be most effective, the motorized joints need to move freely when not actively assisting the desired motion. This study isolated the effect of the passive resistance or “friction” added at the joints by the assistive motors and transmissions on the metabolic energy consumption of walking in the device. Oxygen consumption was measured on six able-bodied subjects performing six-minute walk tests at three different speeds (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 m/s) under two different conditions: one with the motors producing no torque to compensate for friction, and the other having the motors injecting power to overcome passive friction based on a feedforward friction model. Average oxygen consumption in the uncompensated condition across all speeds, measured in Metabolic Equivalent of Task (METs), was statistically different than the friction compensated condition. There was an average decrease of 8.8% for METs and 1.9% for heart rate across all speeds. While oxygen consumption was reduced when the brace performed friction compensation, other factors may have a greater contribution to the metabolic energy consumption when using the device. Future studies will assess the effects of gravity compensation on the muscular effort required to lift the weight of the distal segments of the exoskeleton as well as the sagittal plane constraint on walking motions in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI).
Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in Transactive Markets Considering Physical Network Constraints

In recent years, the rapid growth of active consumers in the distribution networks transforms the modern power markets’ structure more independent, flexible, and distributed. Specifically, in the recent trend of peer-to-peer (P2P) transactive energy systems, the traditional consumers became prosumers (producer+consumer) who can maximize their energy utilization by sharing it with neighbors without any conventional arbitrator in the transactions. Although a distributed energy pricing scheme is inevitable in such systems to make optimal decisions, it is challenging to establish under the influence of non-linear physical network constraints with limited information. Therefore, this paper presents a distributed pricing strategy for P2P transactive energy systems considering voltage and line congestion management, which can be utilized in various power network topologies. This paper also introduces a new mutual reputation index as a product differentiation between the prosumers to consider their bilateral trading willingness. In this paper, a Fast Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (F-ADMM) algorithm is realized instead of the standard ADMM algorithm to improve the convergence rate. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through software simulations. The result shows that the algorithm is scalable, converges faster, facilitates easy implementation, and ensures maximum social welfare/profit.
Workshop 6: Single-Fiber EMG WS6.1. Voluntary SFEMG: Principles and Parameters

SFEMG is a selective recording technique that identifies action potentials (APs) from individual muscle fibers. Selectivity results from the 25 µm diameter recording surface that exits on the side of the electrode, 3 mm from the tip, and is further enhanced by using a 500Hz high pass filter. SFEMG measures fiber density and neuromuscular jitter. Fiber density is measured during slight voluntary muscle activation. Position the electrode to record with maximum amplitude the AP from one muscle fiber, which triggers the display, and count the number of time-locked acceptable APs (amplitude >200 μV, rise time Jitter is measured either during axonal stimulation or voluntary activation. Stimulate facial nerve branches proximal to their entry into the muscle or anterior to the ear. In limb muscles, stimulate intramuscular axons via a monopolar needle electrode inserted near the endplate zone. Stimulate at 2 to 10 Hz (10 Hz is preferred) and adjust the stimulus intensity to produce a slight twitch. Measure jitter between the stimulus and individual APs. Analyze at least 50 stimuli for each AP and aim to measure at least 30 APs at different sites throughout the muscle. Jitter measured during voluntary activation is less subject to technical problems. Position the electrode to record at least two time-locked acceptable APs. Aim to measure jitter from 20 AP pairs from different sites throughout the muscle. Calculate jitter as the Mean value of Consecutive Differences (MCD) of successive interpotential intervals. A study is abnormal if the mean MCD exceeds the muscle upper limit, or if more than 10% of AP pairs or endplates have increased jitter. With more pronounced disturbances, individual muscle fibers fail to respond to nerve activation, blocking. Jitter can be measured with small concentric needle electrodes if careful attention is given to signal quality and appropriate reference values are used. Fiber density can only be measured with SFEMG electrodes.
CHIT: an allele-specific method for testing the association between molecular quantitative traits and phenotype-genotype interaction.

MOTIVATION Allele specific differences in molecular traits can be obtained from next generation sequencing data and could potentially improve testing power, but such information is usually overlooked in association studies. Furthermore, the variation of molecular quantitative traits (e.g., gene expression) could result from the interaction effect of genotypes and phenotypes, but it is challenging to identify such interaction signals in complex disease studies in humans due to small genetic effect sizes and/or small sample sizes. RESULTS We develop a novel statistical method, the combined haplotype interaction test (CHIT), which tests for association between molecular quantitative traits and phenotype-genotype interactions by modeling the total read counts and allele-specific reads in a target region. CHIT can be used as a supplementary analysis to the regular linear interaction regression. In our simulations, CHIT obtains non-inflated type I error rates, and it has higher power than a standard interaction quantitative trait locus approach based on linear regression models. Finally, we illustrate CHIT by testing associations between gene expression obtained by RNA-seq and the interaction of SNPs and atopy status from a study of childhood asthma in Puerto Ricans, and results demonstrate that CHIT could be more powerful than a standard linear interaction expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) approach. AVAILABILITY The CHIT algorithm has been implemented in Python. The source code and documentation are available and can be downloaded from https://github.com/QiYanPitt/CHIT. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Coding of social odors in the hippocampal CA2 region as a substrate for social memory

Summary The ability to encode and update information about individuals is critical for lasting social relationships. Although the hippocampus is important for social recognition memory, its underlying neural representations remain elusive. Here we investigate the neural codes mediating social recognition and learning by examining social odor recognition and associative odor-reward learning in mice. We performed high-resolution calcium imaging from the hippocampal CA2 region of awake head-fixed mice, as CA2 is necessary for social recognition memory. We find that CA2 encodes specific neural representations of novel social odors that are further refined during associative odor-reward learning. Optogenetic silencing of CA2 impairs the formation of reward associations. Furthermore, CA2 population activity represents odors in a geometry that enables abstract representations of social versus non-social odors. Thus, CA2 distinguishes multiple forms of olfactory stimuli to enhance the learning of social odors and associations, which are poised to serve as substrates of social memory.
Broader than expected tolerance for substitutions in the WCGPCK catalytic motif of yeast thioredoxin 2.

Thioredoxins constitute a key class of oxidant defense enzymes that facilitate disulfide bond reduction in oxidized substrate proteins. While the WCGPCK active site motif is highly conserved in traditional model organisms, predicted thioredoxins from newly sequenced genomes show variability in this motif, making ascertaining which genes encode functional thioredoxins with robust activity a challenge. To address this problem, we conducted a semi-saturation mutagenesis screen of approximately 70 thioredoxin variants harboring mutations adjacent to their catalytic cysteines, making the substitutions in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae thioredoxin Trx2. Using this library, we determined how such substitutions impact oxidant defense in yeast along with how they influence disulfide reduction and interaction with binding partners in vivo. The majority of thioredoxin variants screened rescued the slow growth phenotype that accompanies deletion of the yeast cytosolic thioredoxins; however, the ability of these mutant proteins to protect against H2O2-mediated toxicity, facilitate disulfide reduction, and interact with redox partners varied widely, depending on the site being mutated and the substitution made. We report that thioredoxin is less tolerant of substitutions at its conserved tryptophan and proline in the active site motif, while it is more amenable to substitutions at the conserved glycine and lysine. Our work highlights a noteworthy plasticity within the active site of this critical oxidant defense enzyme.
Fictions of Mass Democracy in Nineteenth-Century America

1. Network theory circa 1800: Charles Brockden Brown's Arthur Mervyn 2. Gossip in the age of print: Poe's crowdsourcing 3. The people's curse: Hawthorne's network theory of power 4. Publics, counterpublics, networks: the viral complaint of Melville, Fern, and Jacobs 5. The tyranny of opinion: Cooper's The Ways of the Hour.
Outpatient colonoscopy complications in the CDC's Colorectal Cancer Screening Demonstration Program: a prospective analysis.

BACKGROUND To the authors's knowledge, there are few published prospective cohort studies of colonoscopy complications in patients at average risk for colorectal cancer who received colorectal cancer screening from a community-based program. In this article, the authors report the rate of colonoscopy complications in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Colorectal Cancer Screening Demonstration Program (CRCSDP), which provided colorectal cancer screening to a medically underserved population aged 50 years to 64 years for screening, diagnostic follow-up after positive stool blood tests, and surveillance purposes. METHODS Clinical data were collected prospectively from 5 community-based colorectal cancer screening programs. Complications were identified by reviewing the standardized clinical data and medical complication reporting forms submitted by the programs to the CDC. Serious complications were defined as conditions or symptoms that resulted in hospital admission within 30 days after the procedure, including perforation, gastrointestinal bleeding requiring or not requiring blood transfusion, cardiopulmonary events, postpolypectomy syndrome, excessive abdominal pain, or death. RESULTS A total of 3215 individuals underwent 3355 colonoscopies. Of these, 89% of the colonoscopies were conducted for screening, 9% were conducted for diagnostic follow-up, and 2% were conducted for surveillance purposes. The mean age of the individuals was 55.9 years. Eight individuals experienced serious complications, for an incidence of 2.38 per 1000 colonoscopies. Three patients experienced bowel perforations that required surgery, 1 patient was hospitalized for postpolypectomy bleeding, 3 patients experienced cardiopulmonary events, and 1 patient visited the emergency room for excessive abdominal pain and underwent surgery for an identified colorectal mass. No deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS In the CDC's CRCSDP, in which a total of 3215 individuals underwent 3355 colonoscopies, the overall incidence of serious complications from colonoscopy was found to be low. Cancer 2013;119(15 suppl):2849-54. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Changing Borders, Rethinking Sovereignty: Towards a Right to Migrate

The intervention of European Union border authorities in countries of Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe has shown how the European state “border” has been displaced from its national moorings and externalized across the territories of neighboring states. Our research examines the outsourcing of the southern European Union border, focusing on the case of Spain and its relationship with Morocco and countries of Western Africa. In this paper we describe the development and implementation of this strategy of migration management, signaling implications of
Pathways in Dipteran Insects for Early Visual Motion Processing

In insects, as in vertebrates, neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, and modelling studies have provided insights regarding identities and connections among neurones that accomplish elementary motion detection. These studies include intracellular recordings from identified wide-field neurones that collate local information about motion, intracellular recordings from identified, mainly non-spiking small-field neurones that are candidates for a cardinal role in motion detection, and comparative anatomical studies of retinotopic neurones that are evolutionarily conserved across taxa. Nevertheless, many important features of motion processing in insects have yet to be revealed. This review concentrates on two questions: what are the identities and relationships among neurones that participate in elementary motion detection? And, are there distinct functional classes of elementary motion detectors (EMDs) in insects?
Down-conversion and entangled photon pairs from photonic crystals

Degenerate down-conversion in photonic crystals is investigated as a source of entangled photons. Phase matching relics on form birefringence and on a change in phase velocity near the band edge of the photonic crystal
Control of Crossflow Transition at High Reynolds Numbers Using Discrete Roughness Elements

Transition analysis is performed for a swept wing at a Mach number of 0.75 and chord Reynolds number of approximately 1.7×107, with a focus on roughness-based crossflow-transition control at high Reynolds numbers relevant to subsonic flight. The roughness-based transition control involves controlled seeding of suitable, subdominant crossflow modes to weaken the growth of naturally occurring, linearly more unstable instability modes via a nonlinear modification of the mean boundary-layer profiles. Therefore, a synthesis of receptivity, linear and nonlinear growth of crossflow disturbances, and high-frequency secondary instabilities becomes desirable to model this form of control. Because experimental data are currently unavailable for passive crossflow-transition control on high-Reynolds-number configurations, a holistic computational approach is used to assess the feasibility of roughness-based-control methodology. The potential challenges inherent to this control application, as well as the associated di...
Mathematical biology of automobile driving. IV.

Continuing a previous study (Bull. Math. Biophysics, 28, 645–654, 1966), the biophysical mechanism of a corrective turn is investigated for the case where the stimulus for the corrective turn is produced not only by the perception of the nearness of an edge of the lane, but also by the rate of approach of the car towards the edge. In that case it is found that the tracking curve of the car may consist of a series of damped sinusoids and safe driving would be possible at any speed if it were not for the endogenous fluctuation in the driver's central nervous system. If the effect of the rate of approach increases sufficiently rapidly as the distance to the edge of the lane decreases, then a stable undamped oscillating tracking curve is possible. The case is also studied where the driver makes a corrective turn in response to a direct perception of the angle between the direction of the lane and the longitudinal axis of the car.
Correction of complete interferon-γ-receptor-1 deficiency by bone marrow transplantation

Complete interferon-γ receptor 1 (IFNγR1) deficiency is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by high susceptibility to recurrent, severe mycobacterial and other intracellular infections. We here report the first successful treatment of the disorder by bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The 8-year-old girl had suffered from recurrent mycobacterial infections in the past and had developed liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. For conditioning, fractionated total body irradiation (TBI) was used in combination with cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte globulin (ATG). The patient received red cell–depleted bone marrow from her HLA-identical sister. The transplantation course was uneventful and 4 years later, the child remains in excellent clinical condition and free of mycobacterial infections. She has stable mixed lymphohematopoietic chimerism after repeat T-cell transfusions. Liver disease has not further deteriorated. This experience shows that correction of IFNγR1 deficiency is possible by BMT and complications of the disease can be controlled.
A comparison of carbonate leaching of a low-grade uranium ore at atmospheric and increased pressures

Abstract The present study is the investigation of the kinetics of uranium extraction from a low-grade ore using a mixed Na2CO3-NaHCO3 leachant at various air pressures from one to 68 atmospheres and temperatures ranging from 29 to 70°C. The yield and rate of uranium extraction were found to increase as a function of temperature and pressure. The highest uranium extraction was 61% at atmospheric pressure and 96.9% at ten atmospheres both after 4 h of leaching at 70°C. The activation energy was determined to be 3.86 and 3.45 kcal mole−1 at one and 10 atmospheres, respectively. The order of uranium extraction was determined to be 0.31 with respect to the oxygen partial pressure. The surface characteristics of the low-grade uranium ore and the leach residues have been characterized by scanning electron microscopic techniques.
A Spectrometer Control Subsystem with High Level Functionality for Use at the National Synchrotron Light Source

We have developed a subsystem capable of controlling stepping motors in a wide variety of VUV and x-ray spectrometers to be used at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The subsystem is capable of controlling up to 15 motors with encoder readback and ramped acceleration/deceleration. Both absolute and incremental encoders may be used in any mixture. Function commands to the subsystem are communicated via ASCII characters over an asynchronous serial link in a well-defined protocol in decipherable English. Thus the unit can be controlled via write statements in a high-level language. Details of hardware implementation will be presented.
A molecular phylogeny of the Australian huntsman spiders (Sparassidae, Deleninae): Implications for taxonomy and social behaviour

Abstract Huntsman spiders (Sparassidae) are a diverse group with a worldwide distribution, yet are poorly known both taxonomically and phylogenetically. They are particularly diverse in Australia where an endemic lineage, Deleninae, has diversified to form nearly 100 species. One unusual species, Delena cancerides, has been believed to be the sole group-living sparassid. Unlike all of the other subsocial and social spiders which are capture-web based or live in silken tunnels, D. cancerides are non-web building spiders that live in large matrilineal colonies of a single adult female and her offspring from multiple clutches of under the bark of dead trees. Here we report the discovery of two additional prolonged subsocial sparassid species, currently in Eodelena but here formally proposed as a synonomy of Delena (new synonoymy), Delena ( Eodelena) lapidicola and D. ( E.) melanochelis. We briefly describe their social demographics, behavior, and habitat use. In order to understand the evolutionary relationships among these species, and thus origin of sociality and other traits in this group, we also offer the first molecular phylogeny of Deleninae and relatives. We employ model based phylogenetic analyses on two mtDNA and three nuDNA loci using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, including both ‘classical’ concatenation approach as well as coalescent-based analysis of species trees from gene trees. Our results support the hypothesis that the delenine huntsman spiders are a monophyletic Australian radiation, approximately 23 million year old, and indicate that the current ten genera should be merged to six genera in four clades. Our findings are inconsistent with some relatively recent changes in the taxonomy of Deleninae. The three known group-living delenine species are related and likely represent a single origin of sociality with a single reversal to solitary life-styles. Our results provide strong support for the classical Isopeda , but not for the recent splitting of that taxon into Isopeda, Isopedella , and Holconia . Another moderately supported clade within Deleninae unites three genera ( Pediana , Beregama , Typostola ) that, while morphologically diverse, all share extraordinary locomotory speed. A fourth clade is comprised of the speciose Neosparassus , containing Zachria . In sum, our study results in a robust phylogeny of Deleninae, casting light on the origin of sociality in the group, and facilitating future work on these unusual spiders.
Modified One-Equation Turbulence Models for Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Flows

The Baldwin‐ Barth and Spalart‐ Allmaras one-equation turbulence models are implemented to solve turbulent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) e ows. Because the original version of these turbulence models were not designed for MHD e ows, some modie cations are proposed to include the effect of the magnetic e eld on turbulence. In the case of the Baldwin‐ Barth model, an additional magnetic term is introduced into the turbulence model equation, whereas one of the closure coefe cients is made dependent on the magnetic e eld for the Spalart‐ Allmaras model. The MHD equations are considered under the low magnetic Reynolds number approximation, that is, for low electrical conductivity e uids. The proposed modie cations associated with the magnetic e eld are calibrated based on the turbulent Hartmann e ow. The modie ed versions are able to predict accurately the experimentally observed relaminarization process at Ha/Re= 1/225. Investigation of the supersonic e ow over a e at plate shows that a substantial reduction in the skin friction can be achieved; however, no relaminarization process was observed for the range of applied magnetic e elds.
Effects of programmed initial strategies in a prisoner’s dilemma game

Five treatment conditions were compared in a typical Prisoner’s Dilemma experimental situation. Four conditions involved different programmed strategies for the first 15 trials followed by 60 trials of tit-for-tat matching of the S’s previous response; the fifth condition involved free play of two real Ss for 75 trials. Two identical experiments with populations varying widely in overall cooperation (54 male undergraduates and 60 high-school boys) yielded quite similar results. The free-play condition produced significantly less cooperation than all other conditions. The relatively small differences among the other conditions were probably due to the overriding effects of the tit-for-tat strategy with which they all concluded.
Perceptual rigidity in paranoid schizophrenia: use of projective animal drawings.

-The animal and opposite technique, a projective drawing device, was used objectively to show that paranoid schizophrenics ( n = 20) exhibit more rigidity in perceptions than nonparanoid psychiatric inpatients ( n = 17) . Data from a sample of 37 and a cross-validation sample of 133 are described. The paranoid schizophrenics performed with more rigidity as predicted in both samples. The results show the potential utility of the technique in clinical diagnosis and illustrate perceptual rigidity in paranoid schizophrenics.
Calibration of incandescent lamps for spectral irradiance by means of absolute radiometers.

A method for calibrating incandescent lamps for spectral irradiance by means of absolute radiometers is described in which a secondary radiometer is calibrated spectrally against absolute radiometers and then used in conjunction with a series of filters to calibrate the lamps. Considering both narrowband and wideband filters, an extensive mathematical error analysis is performed. The use of narrowband filters (20–25-nm halfwidth) is found to be advantageous because very little information is required on the spectral distribution of the lamp being measured. The most serious source of error is a wavelength shift in the measured spectral transmittances of the filters, especially at shorter wavelengths; for example, at 400 nm, a wavelength shift error of 1 nm can cause an error approaching 3%. It is estimated that the accuracy of spectral irradiance measurements made using the method described here will vary between ±1 and ±0.5% from ∼350 to 800 nm. Measurements on 500-W quartz-bromine spectral irradiance standards are described. With such lamps, only four or five narrowband filters are required to cover the spectral range from the near UV to the near IR. The measured and calibration values agreed to ∼ ±0.5% on average with a maximum difference of ∼1%.
Evaluating Coalition Theories: Some Indices

Until recently the choice of methods to evaluate coalition theories has not been a serious problem because the vast majority of studies has been restricted to simple, three-person games. When larger groups are used to test various theories, a larger number of coalitions is possible and the coalitions may also vary in size; hence, it is difficult to compare and evaluate theories when group size is varied. Accordingly, some indices measuring the accuracy of theoretical predictions of coalition likelihood are proposed, compared, and evaluated. Indices to evaluate theoretical predictions of reward division among the coalition members are also compared, and some problems of data analysis are discussed.