cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Generalized Knapsack-Problem Based Decomposition Heuristic for Solving Multistage Stochastic Programs with Endogenous and/or Exogenous Uncertainties

Optimization problems with decision-dependent (endogenous) and/or decision-independent (exogenous) uncertainties are commonly observed in the process industry, and multistage stochastic programming (MSSP) is one approach for modeling such problems. However, MSSPs grow quickly and become computationally intractable for real-world size problems due to their space and time complexities. This paper presents a generalized knapsack-problem based decomposition algorithm (GKDA) to efficiently obtain feasible solutions for large-scale MSSPs under endogenous and/or exogenous uncertainties. The GKDA decomposes the original MSSP into a series of knapsack problems and solves these problems at appropriate decision points of the planning horizon. We applied GKDA to obtain feasible solutions for four planning problems, which include continuous and/or discrete decision variables, and endogenous and/or exogenous uncertain parameters. The comparison of solutions obtained by GKDA to the optimum solutions for these problems r...
Genetically Engineered Proteins as Recognition Receptors

The design of fluorescent protein biosensors for the detection of analytes has applications in diverse fields, from molecular life sciences to military readiness. The engineering of biosensors has progressed, from using naturally occurring proteins to the redesign of polypeptide sequences using extensive computational and experimental screening to create entirely new binding molecules. Bacterial periplasmic binding proteins have high affinity and specificity for a variety of biochemically important sugars, amino acids, and anions. The mutation of these proteins and the labeling with fluorescent probes has been utilized to create many reagentless biosensors. Further advances combined genetic fusions of these proteins with derivatives of green fluorescent proteins to create FRET-based biosensors which are expressed in living cells and report on metabolic processes in real-time. A number of proteins and polypeptides have also been used as scaffolds and reengineered to bind new ligands. Computational tools, such as ROSETTA and DEZYMER, have successfully predicted specific mutations to reconstruct protein scaffolds producing novel binders. A complementary approach is to select a highly stable scaffold, randomize predetermined sites, and create phage or ribosome display libraries which may be screened for specificity toward a target analyte. While both of these methods have individually led to the production of novel polypeptides with nanomolar binding constants, the combination of screening libraries and utilizing computational tools is likely to provide the greatest progress in the future of biosensor design.
Psychological Assessment and Behavioral Management of Refractory Daily Headaches

While true psychosomatic headaches are rare in clinical practice, ­psychological factors frequently influence the course of a headache and the degree of disability associated with it. Psychological stress, defined as situations in which an individual perceives demands upon themselves exceeding their ability to adapt effectively, produces autonomic responses which escalate headaches. Further ­psychological risk factors include reinforcement of attention to pain and disability, diminished activity as a pain coping strategy, depression, anxiety, a history of ­childhood physical or sexual abuse, or markedly altered family functioning. Astute clinicians attend to these issues, and assist their patients in seeking appropriate care when indicated. Guidelines for assessment and referral are offered.
Crafting authenticity: The validation of identity in self-taught art

The desire for authenticity now occupies a central position in contemporary culture. Whether in our search for selfhood, leisure experience, or in our material purchases, we search for the real, the genuine. These terms are not, however, descriptive, but must be situated and defined by audiences. In this analysis, I examine the development of the market for self-taught art, an artistic domain in which the authentic is a central defining feature, conferring value on objects and creators. Self-taught art is a form of identity artin which the characteristics of the artists and their life stories are as important as the formal features of the created objects. The article examines the justifications for this emphasis and the battles over the construction of biography. My examination of self-taught art is grounded in five years of ethnographic observation, interviews, and analyses of texts.
Multiscale network dynamics between heart rate and locomotor activity are altered in schizophrenia.

Objective Changes in heart rate (HR) and locomotor activity reflect changes in autonomic physiology, behavior, and mood. These systems may involve interrelated neural circuits that are altered in psychiatric illness, yet their interactions are poorly understood. We hypothesized interactions between HR and locomotor activity could be used to discriminate patients with schizophrenia from controls, and would be less able to discriminate non-psychiatric patients from controls. Approach HR and locomotor activity were recorded via wearable patches in 16 patients with schizophrenia and 19 healthy controls. Measures of signal complexity and interactions were calculated over multiple time scales, including sample entropy, mutual information, and transfer entropy. A support vector machine was trained on these features to discriminate patients from controls. Additionally, time series were converted into a network with nodes comprised of HR and locomotor activity states, and edges representing state transitions. Graph properties were used as features. Leave-one-out cross validation was performed. To compare against non-psychiatric illness, the same approach was repeated in 41 patients with atrial fibrillation (AFib) and 53 controls. Main results Network features enabled perfect discrimination of schizophrenia patients from controls with an areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 1.00 for training and test data. Other bivariate measures of interaction achieved lower AUCs (train 0.98, test 0.96), and univariate measures of complexity achieved the lowest performance. Conversely, interaction features did not improve discrimination of AFib patients from controls beyond univariate approaches. Significance Interactions between HR and locomotor activity enabled perfect discrimination of subjects with schizophrenia from controls, but these features were less performant in a non-psychiatric illness. This is the first quantitative evaluation of interactions between physiology and behavior in patients with psychiatric illness.
Hayek, Epistemics, Institutions, and Change

In order to understand Hayek’s intellectual journey, one must appreciate his formation in Vienna during the early twentieth century, one of the most vibrant intellectual centers of the time. Hayek was familiar with the debates on the role of epistemology in the natural sciences, and these arguments influenced his own understanding of the scope and method of economics. What the social scientist is always studying is the result of the interaction of the minds of a multitude of individuals. The context within which these minds interact is fundamentally important to trace the basis for the unintended consequences of human action. Hence, epistemic considerations must be at the front and center in our study of economic, political, and social phenomena.
The American Brachytherapy Society consensus statement for electronic brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose Brachytherapy is utilized in the treatment of many different malignancies; although traditionally performed with low-dose-rate or high-dose-rate techniques, more recently, electronic brachytherapy (EB) has emerged as a potential alternative. At this time, there are no evidence-based guidelines to assist clinicians in patient selection for EB and concerns exits regarding differences in dosimetry as compared to traditional brachytherapy techniques. As such, the American Brachytherapy Society appointed a group of physicians and physicists to create a consensus statement regarding the use of EB. Methods and Materials Physicians and physicists with expertise in brachytherapy created a site-directed consensus statement for appropriate patient selection and utilization of EB based on a literature search and clinical experience. Results EB has been utilized to deliver accelerated partial breast irradiation with, thus far acceptable local control and toxicity rates including a randomized trial that used EB to deliver intraoperative radiotherapy; however, prospective data with large patient numbers and long-term follow up are needed. Increasing numbers of patients have been treated with EB for nonmelanomatous skin cancers; although, preliminary data are promising, there is a lack of data comparing EB to traditional radiotherapy techniques as well as a lack of long-term follow up. For treatment of the vaginal cuff with EB, small retrospective studies have been reported without long-term follow up. Conclusions In light of a randomized trial in breast showing higher rates of recurrence and the lack of prospective data with mature follow up with other sites, as well as concerns regarding dosimetry, it is not recommended that EB be utilized for accelerated partial breast irradiation, nonmelanomatous skin cancers, or vaginal cuff brachytherapy outside prospective clinical trials at this time.
Physics-Based Radiometric Signature Modeling and Detection Algorithms of Landmines Using Electro-Optical Sensors

Abstract : This work, supported by the USA RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, focuses on signature modeling and detection algorithms. Signature modeling helps to provide insight for sensor deployment. The model addresses relevant issues in sources, targets, and sensors. Natural sources such as thermal emission, solar radiation, and solar scattering were considered and incorporated using empirical models. A BRDF model that defines scattering and emission from rough surfaces was developed that integrates geometric relations with intrinsic surfaces properties. Stokes' vectors are used throughout this work to describe incident and scattered radiances, which permits a polarimetric study of the signatures. The simulated signatures are compared with several measured data sets from different scenarios and exhibit strong quantitative agreement. The advancements described throughout the document will serve to improve real-time mine detection.
JANKOVIC, Joseph: Texas/USA

Dr. Jankovic trained at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, and at Neurological Institute, Columbia University, New York City. In 1977 he founded and has since directed the Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic at Baylor College, which has been designated as a “Center of Excellence” by the Parkinson’s Foundation, Huntington Disease Association of America, and Tourette Association of America. He holds the endowed Distinguished Chair in Movement Disorders.
Dynamics of fractional stochastic reaction-diffusion equations on unbounded domains driven by nonlinear noise

Abstract This paper is concerned with the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the fractional reaction-diffusion equations with polynomial drift terms of arbitrary order driven by locally Lipschitz nonlinear diffusion terms defined on R n . We first prove the well-posedness of the equation based on pathwise uniform estimates as well as uniform estimates on average. We then define a mean random dynamical system via the solution operators and prove the existence and uniqueness of weak pullback mean random attractors. We finally establish the existence of invariant measures when the diffusion terms are globally Lipschitz continuous. The uniform estimates on the tails of solutions are employed to prove the tightness of a family of probability distributions of solutions in order to overcome the non-compactness of usual Sobolev embeddings on unbounded domains.
The Culture of Digital Scholarship in Academic Libraries

Defined by the editors as “a highly interdisciplinary term that encompasses any activity that makes extensive use of digital tools and methods for purposes of teaching or research,” digital scholar...
Trials of Peace: Post-Conflict Criminal Prosecutions and Conflict Recurrence

Particularly in light of the creation of the International Criminal Court, academics and policymakers have debated the relative merits of prosecuting perpetrators of gross human rights violations while simultaneously building peace in societies emerging from conflict. Proponents argue that trials can physically and politically sideline would-be spoilers, while also helping to (re)establish the rule of law. Critics, by contrast, worry that, in the absence of amnesties to assuage potential spoilers’ fears, trials can undermine peace-building efforts by incentivizing violence and generating new injustices. Existing research fails to account for qualitative differences in trial activity, however. Using a global dataset of prosecutions and amnesties, this paper examines whether the timing and type of prosecution influences the probability of conflict recurrence. We present new evidence that amnesties make peace more durable in the short term, but trials of state agents decrease conflict recurrence in the long term.
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Pratylenchus dakotaensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae), a New Root-Lesion Nematode Species on Soybean in North Dakota, USA

Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) of the genus Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1936, are among the most important nematode pests on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), along with soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes. In May 2015 and 2016, a total of six soil samples were collected from a soybean field in Walcott, Richland County, ND and submitted to the Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory (MNGDBL), USDA, ARS, MD for analysis. Later, in 2019, additional nematodes recovered from a greenhouse culture on soybean originally from the same field were submitted for further analysis. Males, females, and juveniles of Pratylenchus sp. were recovered from soil and root samples and were examined morphologically and molecularly. DNA from single nematodes were extracted, and the nucleotides feature of three genomic regions targeting on the D2–D3 region of 28S rDNA and ITS rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene were characterized. Phylogeny trees were constructed to ascertain the relationships with other Pratylenchus spp., and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed to provide a rapid and reliable differentiation from other common Pratylenchus spp. Molecular features indicated that it is a new, unnamed Pratylenchus sp. that is different from morphologically closely related Pratylenchus spp., including P. convallariae, P. pratensis, P. fallax, and P. flakkensis. In conclusion, both morphological and molecular observations indicate that the North Dakota isolate on soybean represents a new root-lesion nematode species which is named and described herein as Pratylenchus dakotaensis n. sp.
Emanuel Syndrome and Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background : Emanuel Syndrome (ES), a rare chromosomal disorder caused by a supernumerary chromosome 22 derivative (der(22)t(11;22)), was identified in a fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) at our fetal center. We aimed to identify a precedent for clinical care and patient outcomes to guide family decision-making. Methods : This non-funded and non-registered study queried the entire CDH Registry (CDHR) including >10,000 patients since 1995 and conducted a systematic literature review for patients with concomitant ES and CDH. Results : Literature review captured 12 citations and identified 9 patients with CDH+ES from over 400 known ES cases. Given the rarity of the disease and to reduce bias, there were no exclusion criteria aside from non-English language. Of these 9, two underwent surgical CDH repair with neither surviving. The CDHR identified 6 patients with ES, all reported after 2013 and prenatally diagnosed. Median estimated gestational age was 39 weeks (range 37-40) and median birth weight was 2.72kg (range 2.4-3.4kg). 3 patients died within the first few postnatal days; surgical repair was not offered due to “anomalies” and “pulmonary hypertension” in two and one family chose comfort measures. The other 3 patients underwent surgical repair, and 2 were supported with ECMO. Two patients survived to discharge, incurring surgical comorbidities associated with severe CDH including gastrostomy dependence, tracheostomy, and CDH recurrence. Conclusions : ES patients with CDH have potential to tolerate repair and survive to discharge, however with significant additional morbidity combined with severe challenges inherent to ES. This represents the largest series of patients with CDH and ES to date.
Evaluating Shrinkage in the Retail Environment: Examples of Current Prescriptive Control Methods by Leading Ret Allers

This study discusses the effects of shrinkage as reported by successful retailers and presents contemporary examples of prescriptive control methods in minimizing shrinkage.
Deep geothermal energy for district heating: lessons learned from the U.S. and beyond

In this chapter, utilization of deep geothermal energy as an economically viable source of energy for district heating (DH) systems is discussed. An overview of enhanced geothermal system (EGS) technology is presented first, focusing on the technology, economics, and challenges and advantages of using EGS for DH systems. This is followed by several case studies, of both real and modeled systems, to illustrate the current and future state of geothermal district heating (GDH).
On Certain Topological Invariants Arising in System Theory

This paper is an extension of the lecture presented by the first author at the conference, New Directions in Applied Mathematics, held at The Cleveland Museum of Art and at The Case Western Reserve University on the occasion of that university’s centennial anniversary. This author would like to thank the organizers of the conference, Professors Peter Hilton and Gail Young, for their cordial invitation to join in CWRU’s celebration as well as for the opportunity to give such a lecture at a time when the mathematics of control systems is expanding quite rapidly on several exciting frontiers. The lecture itself covered, roughly speaking, the material treated in sections 1, 3, and 5 of the present paper and was intended to give an indication of the kind of research which is currently going on in the application of geometry and topology to the problems and theory of linear systems. These topics included a survey of known results and of joint work with the second author, and with R. W. Brockett (this has been reported in more detail elsewhere [10])
Synthesis and properties of chromium containing mesoporous molecular sieves

Abstract Chromium containing MCM-41 [1,2] has been synthesized and small angle XRD and nitrogen physisorption show that the material has an uniform mesoporous structure. The local environment of chromium ions was then characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy (DRUV) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the calcined material has chromium (CrVI) in a tetrahedral coordination sphere with oxygen. In-situ XANES show that degradation transformed chromium to octahedra and the CrVI species became Cr111 after thermal treatment to 500°C in helium. The oxidations of alkylaromatics with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in chlorobenzene were also investigated.
Condensation simulation for ECU package

Up to now, while automobile electric packages have demanded the high density for small and light products, electric leaks, which have occurred due to condensation, have been a major problem. To prevent any electric leaks, a conformal coating on the electric parts (ex. ECU : Electronic Control Unit) has been needed, but in general the design rules of the conformal coating (ex. Application area) is vague. Therefore, DENSO demands to clear the design rules of conformal coating electric package for higher reliability. To meet the demand, DENSO has developed a condensation simulation method using CAE that can show the occurrence condition of condensation fast and accurately. In the result, DENSO has been able to get the design rules where to need the conformal coating in the electric package for automobiles.
COFACTOR-DEPENDENT ALDOSE DEHYDROGENASE OF RHODOPSEUDOMONAS SPHEROIDES.

Niederpruem, Donald J. (University of California, Berkeley), and Michael Doudoroff. Cofactor-dependent aldose dehydrogenase of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides . J. Bacteriol. 89: 697–705. 1965.—Particulate enzyme preparations of cell extracts of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides possess constitutive dehydrogenase and oxidase activities for aldose sugars, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH 2 ), and succinate. The dehydrogenation of aldoses requires an unidentified cofactor which is not required for the oxidation of succinate nor of NADH 2 . The cofactor is present in the particulate fraction of aerobic cells, but is unavailable to the enzyme system. It can be liberated by boiling or by treatment with salts at high concentration. The cofactor also appears in the soluble fraction of aerobic cells, but only after exponential growth has ceased. Extracts of cells grown anaerobically in the light possess the apoenzyme, but not the cofactor, for aldose oxidation. Cofactor activity was found in extracts of Bacterium anitratum (= Moraxella sp.) but not in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens , yeast, or mouse liver. In 0.075 m tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-phosphoric acid buffer ( p H 7.3), the oxidation of NADH 2 was stimulated and succinoxidase was inhibited by high salt concentrations.
AIDS, Epidemiology and Surveillance

During the last three decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has claimed the lives of more than 25 million men, women, and children across the globe and has developed into an international public health crisis. The HIV/AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) epidemic has spared few regions in the world and has been particularly devastating in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 60% of all HIV-infected adults and 90% of HIV-infected infants reside. The global response to HIV in many parts of the world remains inadequate, despite in-depth knowledge of the salient risk factors for HIV transmission and improved surveillance data defining the nature of the epidemic.
Water-driven structural evolution of the polar MgO (111) surface: An integrated experimental and theoretical approach

We report an experimental and theoretical analysis of the 33-R30° and 2 2 reconstructions on the MgO 111 surface combining transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and reasonably accurate density functional calculations using the meta-generalized gradient approximation functional TPSS Tao, Perdew, Staroverov, and Scuseria, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 146401 2003. The experimental data clearly show that the surfaces contain significant coverages of hydroxyl terminations, even after UHV annealing, and as such cannot be the structures which have been previously reported. For the 2 2 surfaces a relatively simple structural framework is detailed which fits all the experimental and theoretical data. For the 33 there turn out to be two plausible structures and neither the experimental nor theoretical results can differentiate between the two within error. However, by examining the conditions under which the surface is formed we describe a kinetic route for the transformation between the different reconstructions that involves mobile hydroxyl groups and protons, and relatively immobile cations, which strongly suggests only one of the two 33 structures.
Prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of laryngeal electromyography.

Objectives/Hypothesis To prospectively evaluate the clinical utility of laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) Study Design Prospective observational study. Methods The study involved 50 consecutive patients referred for LEMG. Laryngologists initially indicated diagnoses and treatment plans under the assumption of no access to LEMG. Patients then underwent LEMG by blinded examiners. LEMG results were reviewed by each patient's laryngologist. Diagnoses and treatment plans were either maintained or altered based on the LEMG results. Results The diagnosis changed 10% (5/50) of the time and treatment plans were altered 36% (18/50) of the time based on information provided by LEMG. Observational periods were eliminated in 13/50 patients based on LEMG, moving them to permanent treatment. LEMG allowed the differentiation between joint fixation and bilateral paralysis in three patients. Previously unrecognized superior laryngeal neuropathies were identified in three patients. Conclusion Laryngeal electromyography often provides clinically useful information that typically leads to a more accurate diagnosis and a more appropriate, expedited treatment plan. Level of Evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 124:2745–2749, 2014
Resolving narrowband coherent paths with non-uniform arrays

An algorithm is presented for estimating the directions of arrival (DOAs) of multiple narrowband (NB) sources (possible completely correlated) from observations by an array of arbitrary geometry. As a preprocessor, the algorithm extends the application of NB high-resolution direction-finding schemes beyond the linear uniform array configuration, which these methods usually assume when handling coherent sources. The novelty of the approach is that both geometrical considerations and results from optimal estimation theory are used. >
Pregnancy outcome following ultrasound-detected fetal cardiac activity in women with a history of multiple spontaneous abortions.

To determine whether women with two or more previous spontaneous abortions of unknown etiology, by conventional testing criteria, have a different rate of subsequent fetal loss than controls after ultrasonic documentation of fetal cardiac activity. Medical records were reviewed from 185 women with spontaneous abortion of unknown etiology. Of these women, 91.9% were found to have evidence of cellular immunity to trophoblast and were treated with progesterone for immunosuppression. Ultrasound evaluation was obtained at 5–6 weeks’ gestation to document fetal cardiac activity. A control group of 63 women was also studied. All women were followed for pregnancy outcome. A total of 248 pregnancies were identified from the 185 study patients with multiple spontaneous abortions. Fetal cardiac activity was visualized by ultrasound in 209 pregnancies from 171 study subjects; of these, the outcomes of 208 pregnancies were known. The rate ofspontaneous abortion after ultrasound documentation of fetal cardiac activity was 22.7%. Neither maternal age nor number of previous losses was associated with an increased incidence of spontaneous abortion following documentation of fetal cardiac activity. The rate of spontaneous abortion in the control group after documentation of fetal cardiac activity was 3.3%. These data may help clinicians give couples who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss a more realistic prognosis for pregnancy success once fetal cardiac activity has been confirmed.
A knowledge-based approach to scheduling in an F.M.S.

This paper reports the development of a computer-based system for production scheduling in a dedicated FMS. The system is based on the state-operator framework commonly used in artificial intelligence. Such a system consists of three components: (i) a knowledge base of states, which describes both the current task domain situation and the goal to be achieved; (ii) a set of operators that are used to manipulate the knowledge base; and (iii) a control strategy to decide which operators to apply next and to resolve conflicts. Some of the interesting features of the scheduling system include: (i) the ability to detect resource conflicts; (ii) the ability to determine alternate routes for a given part in the event of a resource conflict; and (iii) the ability to amend plans if an alternate route is found. These features allow the system to take advantage of the flexible routing for parts that an FMS allows. The system has been implemented using the XLISP programming language. Implementation considerations are discussed. A small but comprehensive example is presented. Further research directions are suggested.
A round ball uniquely minimizes gravitational potential energy

We give a proof following Carleman that among measurable bodies in R 3 of mass m 0 and density at most 1, a round ball of unit density uniquely minimizes gravitational potential energy.
Use of Buspirone in an Adolescent with Overanxious Disorder

Abstract The pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents has depended largely on the use of antidepressants, particularly imipramine. Benzodiazepines, although well established in the treatment of adult anxiety, have not been shown to be efficacious in children. Buspirone, a novel anxiolytic, has a variety of potential advantages for use in children. A case involving an early adolescent boy suffering from overanxious disorder is reported, in which buspirone provided substantial symptomatic relief and facilitated adjustment to school.
Total and exchangeable calcium in lymphocytes: effects of PHA and A23187.

Calcium has been suggested as an internal second messenger when lymphocytes are stimulated by mitogens to enter the cell cycle. We have assessed the effect of 2 lymphocyte stimulants, the plant lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the calcium ionophore A23187, on human lymphocyte nucleic acid synthesis, total cell calcium content, and 45Ca labeling. We have used an ultrasensitive method for the measurement of total cell calcium in the same samples used for radiolabeling. Mitogenic concentrations of A23187 (approximately .25 mumole/liter) caused an increase in both total cell calcium and 45Ca labeling. These increases were almost completely blocked by inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration, suggesting that the calcium increment after ionophore treatment was located in the mitochondria. In contrast, total cell calcium was not altered at optimal mitogenic PHA concentrations (0.1 microgram/ml and above). However, at the minimum PHA concentrations that caused stimulation (0.025 to 0.1 microgram/ml), the dose response of 45Ca uptake was very similar to that of DNA synthesis. Importantly, we could not stimulate DNA synthesis with PHA without increasing lymphocyte 45Ca labeling. Thus, an increase in total cell calcium is not essential for mitogenesis; however, an increase in 45Ca exchange is closely associated with the mitogenic effects of A23187 and PHA.
Assessing multivariate nonnormality using univariate distributions

SUMMARY This paper proposes diagnostics that can indicate regions where multivariate distributions are poorly behaved in the sense that they are far from normal. The measure of nonnormality developed by Slate (1994) for univariate distributions is extended to multivariate parametric models by application to univariate marginal and conditional distributions. The approach is illustrated for univariate conditional distributions using dynamic graphics in Xlisp-Stat (Tierney, 1990). Examples show that the exploratory look at 'slices' through the multidimensional distribution provided by the software yields considerable insight into the multivariate shape.
Divinations and surprises: genetic analysis of caspase function in mice.

Abstract Caspases are critical mediators of apoptosis, the principle mechanism by which extra and harmful cells are eliminated to ensure proper development and maintain cellular homeostasis in all multicellular organisms. While compelling evidence suggests that the activation of these otherwise latent intracellular proteases is required for the execution of most, if not all apoptosis in mammals, the presence of more than a dozen caspases presents a major challenge to our understanding of the precise function of individual caspases in vivo. Using a genetic approach, several groups have generated transgenic mice deficient in various caspases so as to investigate their physiological functions. In this review, we will discuss what these studies have revealed about the role of individual caspase in development, apoptosis, and inflammation, with a particular focus on the predicable phenotypes versus the surprises based on in vitro results, as well as the implications of these findings.
A Temperament Questionnaire for Early Adult Life

The construction of a temperament questionnaire for early adult life is described, utilizing the nine categories of the New York Longitudinal Study. A correlation matrix of the nine categories, as ...
Putting Your Best Foot Forward: Applying for a Faculty Position

One of the most attractive career opportunities for a fresh Ph.D. is to become a faculty member, which affords both the freedom of working on what you love and the security of tenure. It has often been called a ?dream job? since your only boss is you. This article provides some guidance to Ph.D. students and post-docs who are exploring faculty positions at U.S. research universities.
Validation of a nuclear waste repository performance assessment model: Comparison of theory with experiment

Laboratory tests were conducted to validate a radionuclide mass transfer model. During the experiments, cesium and uranium releases from a simulated waste form embedded in an isotropic medium of quartz sand were measured. A 0.01 /und M/ NaH/sub 2/PO/sub 4/ buffer solution flowed past the waste form. Downstream concentrations obtained from computer simulations were compared with experimentally measured concentrations of cesium and uranium. Uranium release was found to be controlled by solubility-limited mass transfer, while cesium releases was controlled by waste form dissolution kinetics. It was also found that the effects of dissolution on groundwater chemistry must be coupled with solubility-limited mass transfer models to defensibly predict radionuclide release rates under realistic repository conditions. 10 refs., 6 figs.
3-D rigid-plastic FEM analysis of the rolling of a strip with local residual deformation

Abstract A strip with longitudinal ribs is one type of new-shaped strip that has been developed in recent years. The main characteristic of the rolling of a strip with ribs is that there is local residual deformation on a normal flat, and it is a new forming process that has the deformation characteristics of both strip- and shaped-steel. Using the rigid–plastic FEM, the forming process is analyzed in this paper and the numerical results of the change of the rib height in the deformation zone and of quantities such as rib height, the separating rolling load and the spread ratio have been obtained, the result of calculation being in accordance with those of the experiment.
An Antitank Missile Seeker Employing An Infrared Schottky Barrier Focal Plane Array

The work reported herein resulted from a subcontract with the McDonnell-Douglas Astro-nautics Company, whose prime contract was sponsored by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under ARPA Order No. 3974 and monitored by U.S. Army Missile Command under Contract No. DAAH01-80-C-0799. Infrared focal plane array technology has advanced rapidly in the past two years. This technology promises to offer advantages for FLIR systems as well as advanced missile seeker concepts. RCA is in the forefront of this technology and has incorporated its focal plane array into a missile seeker which is described in this presentation. The presentation is divided into the four parts as shown in Figure 1. In the first part, the RCA Schottky Barrier infrared focal plane array is briefly described. Since it has been thoroughly described in the literature, only summary information is provided. However, a list of references is provided so that those interested can obtain more information on the technology. The second part describes the details of the seeker along with the reasons certain design approaches were selected. The third part provides a summary of the key seeker performance parameters as they relate to the requirements selected for the program. The fourth part summarizes results of the entire effort.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Epibenthic, agglutinating foraminiferans in the Santa Catalina Basin and their response to disturbance

There are five common species of large (0.5–6 cm long) epibenthic, agglutinating foraminiferans in the Santa Catalina Basin (1200–1350 m). This paper describes their basic ecology and response to mound disturbance. Combined, the five species attain mean densities of 200–300 individuals per m2 and their protoplasm has an average biomass of 199.5 mg m−2. Individual species occur at densities ranging from 7 to 100 m−2, and each species has a different population size structure. Protoplasm comprises <2% of test volumes. Analysis of excess 234Th revealed no indication of particle sequestering within tests, and acridine orange direct counts of bacteria provided no evidence of microbial gardening or enhancement associated with tests. Twenty-five per cent of tests examined had metazoan associates; approximately half of these were polychaetes. Experiments were carried out to investigate the response of the epibenthic foraminiferal assemblage to disturbance from large, biogenic mounds, a common feature on the Santa Catalina Basin floor. Three branched forms, Pelosina cf. arborescens, P. cf. cylindrica and a mud-walled astrorhizinid, were most abundant on background sediments, less common on natural mounds and absent from artificially-created mounds exposed for 10.5 months. Two spherical species, Oryctoderma sp. and a different mud-walled astrorhizinid, were present at similar densities on artificial mounds (9.5–10.5 months old), natural mounds and undisturbed sediments, but Oryctoderma sp. attained largest sizes on mounds. These two species appear to be opportunistic taxa that can colonize and grow rapidly on mound sediments. This study suggests that disturbance, in this case that by sediment mound builders, is an important source of spatial heterogeneity in deep-water foraminiferal communities. Where sediment mounds occur, foraminiferal assemblages will experience disequilibrium dynamics.
Multiple pulmonary aneurysms secondary to Hughes-Stovin syndrome: Demonstration by MR angiography

We report a case of a 41-year-old patient with multiple pulmonary aneurysms secondary to Hughes-Stovin syndrome. Conventional pulmonary angiography could not be performed, because thrombus in both the inferior and superior vena cavae prevented catheter passage. Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) MR angiography (MRA) showed two segmental pulmonary aneurysms in the right lung. The affected segments of the lung were resected successfully, predicated on the MRA findings.
Water adsorption and cloud condensation nuclei activity of calcite and calcite coated with model humic and fulvic acids

Recent studies have shown that organics can alter the water adsorption and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of common deliquescent species in the Earth's atmosphere. However, very little is known about the effect of organics on water adsorption and CCN activity of insoluble nuclei, such as mineral dust aerosol. A large fraction of unidentified organic material in aerosol particles is composed of poly-acidic compounds resembling humic substances. The presence of these humic-like substances (HULIS) can alter the water adsorption and CCN activity of mineral dust aerosol. We have measured the CCN activity of model humic and fulvic acids and of mineral dust particles coated with these substances in the laboratory. We find that coatings of humic and fulvic acids on calcite particles significantly increases water adsorption compared to uncoated particles. CCN measurements indicate that humic- or fulvic acid-coated calcite particles are more CCN active than uncoated calcite particles. Additionally, thicker coatings of humic or fulvic acids appear to result in more efficient CCN activity. Thus, mineral dust particles coated with high molecular weight organic materials will take up more water and become more efficient CCN in the atmosphere than uncoated mineral dust particles, potentially altering the effect of mineral dust on the Earth's climate. In addition to the experimental results, we have explored a newly modified Kohler theory for predicting the CCN activity of insoluble, wettable particles based on multi layer water adsorption measurements of calcite.
Pyridalthiadiazole-based narrow band gap chromophores.

π-Conjugated materials containing pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT) units have recently achieved record power conversion efficiencies of 6.7% in solution-processed, molecular bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics. Recognizing the importance of this new class of molecular systems and with the aim of establishing a more concrete path forward to predict improvements in desirable solid-state properties, we set out to systematically alter the molecular framework and evaluate structure–property relationships. Thus, the synthesis and properties of 13 structurally related D1-PT-D2-PT-D1 compounds, where D represents a relatively electron-rich aromatic segment compared to PT, are provided. Physical properties were examined using a combination of absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and solubility analysis. Changes to end-capping D1 units allowed for fine control over electronic energy levels both in solution and in the bulk. Substituti...
Study on the Time-Dependent Characteristics of Sandstone under Chemical Corrosion

The masses, elastic wave velocities of sandstone specimens under chemical corrosion and pH values of solutions soaking specimens are tested in different soak time. It is indicated that elastic wave velocity can be utilized to perform time-dependent test research on the same specimen with the advantage of being highly sensitive to micro void and without damage on specimen in the testing process. The test results show that the relationships between the masses and the chemical solutions are small.The chemical erosion action on rock will reach a relative equilibrium status in a certain time in the closed chemical environment and pH value will reach ultimately one stable value which will be decided by the rock characteristics. The alkalescence of sandstone decides that the solutions of soaking specimen will turn to alkalescence.
Fracture mechanics analysis of cracked 2-D anisotropic media with a new formulation of the boundary element method

A new formulation of the boundary element method (BEM) is proposed in this paper to calculate stress intensity factors for cracked 2-D anisotropic materials. The most outstanding feature of this new approach is that the displacement and traction integral equations are collocated on the outside boundary of the problem (no-crack boundary) only and on one side of the crack surfaces only, respectively. Since the new BEM formulation uses displacements or tractions as unknowns on the outside boundary and displacement differences as unknowns on the crack surfaces, the formulation combines the best attributes of the traditional displacement BEM as well as the displacement discontinuity method (DDM). Compared with the recently proposed dual BEM, the present approach doesn't require dua elements and nodes on the crack surfaces, and further, it can be used for anisotropic media with cracks of any geometric shapes. Numerical examples of calculation of stress intensity factors were conducted, and excellent agreement with previously published results was obtained. The authors believe that the new BEM formulation presented in this paper will provide an alternative and yet efficient numerical technique for the study of cracked 2-D anisotropic media, and for the simulation of quasi-static crack propagation.
Frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy technique in the assessment of brain oxygenation: a validation study in live subjects and cadavers.

BACKGROUND: Studies with continuous wave near infrared spectroscopy (CW-NIRS) have shown little difference in brain oxygenation of dead compared to live subjects. We determined brain oxyhemoglobin (OHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) concentrations in healthy volunteers and cadavers using frequency domain near infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS). METHODS: Regional OHb and HHb, brain oxygen saturation (SO2), and total hemoglobin (tHb) were determined. Nine patients who died in the hospital were evaluated by FD-NIRS in the morgue 7-96 h after death was confirmed. Ten volunteers served as a control group. RESULTS: Absolute concentrations of brain tissue OHb and HHb were 24.9 +/- 9.1 uM and 13.8 +/- 32 uM, respectively, in live subjects. In dead subjects, OHb was 1.3 +/- 2.1 uM and HHb was 30.8 +/- 14.4 uM (both P < 0.05 compared to live). OHb showed a 90% decrease within 7h of death. There was a significant trend for a continued decrease in OHb from 7 to 96 h. CONCLUSION: OHb decreased and HHb increased in dead patients compared to live volunteers. Depletion of OHb primarily occurred within 7 h of death but continued gradually over 96 h. FD-NIRS was a novel technique for determining OHb and HHb changes following death.
Advanced lumber manufacturing model for increasing yield in sawmills using GPR-based defect detection system

This paper proposes an advanced lumber manufacturing model for real-time process control in saw mills in order to increase the yield of high value defect-free lumber. Detecting subsurface defects by scanning canted logs and generating a process plan to cut the logs can increase the yield of high-grade lumber in a saw mill industry. The defect detection process is performed using the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. More recently, a defect detection algorithm was developed to process GPR scanned data using the MATLAB® software. This research uses the distance and depth coordinates generated by the defect detection algorithm to develop the process plan that generates a cutting sequence for the resaw machine. The process plan is in the form of an algorithm written in MATLAB® with a simple user interface. The generated cutting sequence was validated by comparing to the conventional sawing sequence, where the operator of the resaw machine randomly performs the cutting of boards. An increase in the yield (in terms of dollar value) of about 27% was noticed using the GPR-based detection system which can map interior defects prior to sawing the log and enable an optimal sawing pattern.
Structural computations on the Cedar system

Abstract The Cedar system is a high-speed multiprocessor architecture being developed at the University of Illinois. This paper sketches the architecture and software of Cedar. Two algorithms of wide applicability in structural computation are presented.
Audience perception of clone realism

The digital clones that have appeared briefly in recent movies are remarkable examples of computer graphics. We cannot say "mission accomplished" yet however.