cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ligand-Enabled Monoselective β-C(sp 3 )-H Acyloxylation of Free Carboxylic Acids Using a Practical Oxidant.

The development of C-H activation reactions that use inexpensive and practical oxidants remains a significant challenge. Until our recent disclosure of the β-lactonization of free aliphatic acids, the use of peroxides in C-H activation reactions directed by weakly coordinating native functional groups was unreported. Herein, we report C(sp3)-H β-acetoxylation and γ-, δ-, and e-lactonization reactions of free carboxylic acids enabled by a novel cyclopentane-based mono-N-protected β-amino acid ligand. Notably, tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide is used as the sole oxidant for these reactions. This reaction has several key advantages over other C-H activation protocols: (1) exclusive monoselectivity was observed in the presence of two α-methyl groups; (2) aliphatic carboxylic acids containing α-hydrogens are compatible with this protocol; (3) lactonization of free acids, affording γ-, δ-, or e-lactones, has been achieved for the first time.
The safety of hepatectomy after transarterial radioembolization: Single institution experience and review of the literature

Background and objectives The liver is a frequent site of malignancy, both primary and metastatic. The treatment goal of patients with liver cancer may include transarterial radioembolization (TARE). There are limited reports on the safety of hepatectomy following TARE. Our study's purpose is to review patients who have received TARE followed by hepatectomy. Methods A retrospective study was performed on patients diagnosed with any liver cancer from 2013 to 2019 who underwent TARE followed by hepatectomy. Postoperative complications were prospectively collected. Descriptive statistics and the Kaplan-Meier test were used to assess survival outcomes. Results Twelve patients were treated with a TARE followed by a hepatectomy (nine with ≥4 segments resected). Diagnoses included: six HCC, four cholangiocarcinoma, one metastatic neuroendocrine tumor, and one metastatic colorectal cancer. There were no 90-day post-hepatectomy mortalities and the overall morbidity was 66% (16% severe ≥MAGS 3). Hepatectomy-specific complications after hepatectomy included two (16%) bile leaks and no post-hepatectomy liver failures. The median recurrence free survival was 26 months. Overall survival at 1-year was 78% and at 3 years was 47%. Conclusions Our results support the safety of hepatectomy in select patients after TARE. Additional comparison to patients who receive hepatectomy as a first-line treatment for liver cancers should be investigated.
Concept of limit stress for the tensile behavior of carbon fiber composite tows

Abstract A new criterion, the limit stress, is presented for characterizing the mechanical performance of carbon fibers via the impregnated tow method. A description of the method and its underlying connection to actual single carbon fiber mechanical performance is given and an initial demonstration of the technique is implemented. For implementation, a commercial 24k tow carbon fiber was interrogated mechanically, and prepared using two independent approaches, resulting in two cross-sectional geometries; flat (ribbon) and round. The average ultimate failure stress and average limit stress from round to flat were reduced by 5.76% and 16.8%, respectively. Hence, the limit stress approach is between 2–3x more sensitive to induced variations in tow performance compared to the peak load approach. This method gives critical insight to the nuances of carbon fiber performance, important to the understanding of fiber types (for example low-cost carbon fibers) and coupled fiber surface optimization.
Abstract GS2-09: Diabetes risk reduction diet and survival following breast cancer

Importance: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with poor breast cancer prognosis. Adherence to a dietary pattern associated with lower T2D risk may improve breast cancer outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the association between adherence to a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) after diagnosis and survival outcomes following breast cancer. Method: We followed 8,320 women diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer from two large prospective cohort studies, the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1980-2014) and the NHSII (1991-2015). Information on diet and other covariates was repeatedly measured in validated follow-up questionnaires every two to four years. The DRRD adherence score includes 9 dietary components: higher intakes of cereal fiber, coffee, nuts, whole fruits and polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio; and lower glycemic index of diet, lower intakes of trans fat, sugar-sweetened beverages/fruit juices, and red meat. Cumulative average DRRD score was calculated using repeated measures of diet after breast cancer diagnosis. Deaths were reported by family members or via the search of National Death Index, and cause of death was assigned by reviewing death certificates/medical records. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between DRRD score and breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: During a median of 16 years of follow-up after diagnosis, we ascertained 2,146 deaths, of which 948 were due to breast cancer. In the multivariable-adjusted models, women with higher post-diagnostic DRRD scores had a 17% lower risk of breast cancer-specific mortality (top vs. bottom quintile HR =0.83; 95%CI=0.67-1.02; p-trend=0.03) and 33% lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR =0.67; 95%CI=0.58-0.78; p-trend Conclusion: We found that greater adherence to the DRRD after breast cancer diagnosis was associated with better survival, suggesting dietary modification after diagnosis consistent with T2D prevention may be important to breast cancer survivors. Citation Format: Tengteng Wang, Maryam Farvid, Jae Hee Kang, Michelle Holmes, Bernard Rosner, Rulla Tamimi, Walter Willett, A. Heather Eliassen. Diabetes risk reduction diet and survival following breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS2-09.
Robust Stability Analysis with Structured Norm Bounded Unstable Uncertainty

In this paper we extend the structured singular value stability robustness analysis test to include unstable structured perturbations.
Analyzing Stops, Citations, and Searches in Washington and Beyond

In its most recent review of Washington State Patrol traffic stops, a group of researchers from Washington State University concluded the following with regard to stops and citations: “when racial differences in compliance with traffic and safety laws are statistically controlled for, there is no evidence of systematic racial bias on the part of the Washington State Patrol at the level of which drivers are issued citations.” With regard to searches, the researchers concluded that, although race continues to correlate with rate of search, there is “no evidence that these disparities at the bivariate level are the result of intentional or purposeful discrimination, and thus we find no evidence of intentional “racial profiling” (evidence of purposeful or intentional discrimination is generally the first step required by the federal courts when attempting to prove racial discrimination under the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution).” We review their analysis, and although we agree with them that the evidence does not support a finding of widespread intentional discrimination on the part of the Washington State Patrol, we disagree with their methodology for accounting for racial disproportionality at the citation level and we assert that there is a logical fallacy by which they discount for racial disproportionality with regard to searches.
Convective instability in sedimentation: Linear stability analysis

[1] Convective sedimentation in a stably stratified saltwater is studied using the linear stability analysis. Convective sedimentation is known to occur due to the double-diffusive mechanism and the settling-driven mechanism. In this study, a semi-empirical closure of sediment diffusivity based on the long-range hydrodynamics effect is adopted. The sediment phase can act as either the slow- or fast-diffusing agent in the double-diffusive system for the given salt diffusivity. Moreover, the settling-driven effect is proportional to the square of the sediment diameter via Stoke settling law. We consider sediment concentration (grain size) in the upper freshwater layer to be in the range of 0.1 to 39.4 g/l (2 to 60 µm), which is on top of a saltwater layer with salinity 35 ppt. Linear stability analysis allows us to identify the dominant mechanism that triggers the instability, the growth rate, and the resulting characteristic finger width. Model results suggest that for fine sediment with grain diameter smaller than 10 µm (settling velocity 0.09 mm/s), double-diffusive mechanism controls the instability and the resulting sediment finger size is of millimeter scale. For the given threshold of growth rate of O(0.01) s−1, the minimum sediment concentration is about 8–15 g/l. For grain size greater than or around 10 µm, the settling-driven mechanism dominates and instabilities occur at sediment concentration as low as O(0.1) g/l with centimeter-scale fingers. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding on the observed rapid sediment removal in the plume of small mountainous rivers.
Realizing a Source Authentic Internet

An innate deficiency of the Internet is its susceptibility to IP spoofing. Whereas a router uses a forwarding table to determine where it should send a packet, previous research has found that a router can similarly employ an incoming table to verify where a packet should come from, thereby detecting IP spoofing. Based on a previous protocol for building incoming tables, SAVE, this paper introduces new mechanisms that not only address a critical deficiency of SAVE when it is incrementally deployed (incoming table entries becoming obsolete), but can also push the filtering of spoofing packets towards the SAVE router that is closest to spoofers. With these new mechanisms, and under the assumption of incremental deployment, we further discuss the security of SAVE, evaluate its efficacy, accuracy, and overhead, and look into its deployment incentives. Our results show incoming-table-based IP spoofing detection is a feasible and effective solution.
Holding Charities Accountable: Some Thoughts from an Ex-Regulator

This paper recounts a number of lessons learned in the course of serving as the Director of Public Charities for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It incorporates these lessons into a discussion of the proper analysis of charitable organizations. Should charities be analogized to for-profit firms or are they something that is essentially different? The paper argues that they lack many of the attributes of Coasian firms and that they should be considered as "consumption groups" that have different methods of accountability.
The effect of As, Co, and Ni impurities on pyrite oxidation kinetics: Batch and flow-through reactor experiments with synthetic pyrite

Pyrite samples synthesized with As, Co, or Ni impurities and without added impurities were oxidized in batch and mixed flow-through reactors in the presence of 1 mM ferric iron, at pH 2. Six samples from each dopant population were used to provide a statistically robust comparison; two natural samples from Leadville, CO (major impurities Pb, As, Bi, Ag, Zn) and Elba, Italy (Co, As) were also included. In each experiment, three reaction progress variables were monitored: ferric iron, ferrous iron, and sulfate. The pyrite samples with impurities have average oxidation rates that are faster than the undoped samples, with As- and Co-doped pyrite having the highest rates. As, Co, and Ni were released to solution in accordance with their concentrations in the solid samples. As concentrations in the batch reactor experiments tended to remain constant, in contrast to Co and Ni, which increased over time. Initial rates, calculated from the batch reactor experiments, were faster than the steady-state rates calculated from the mixed flow-through reactor experiments. Apparent rates calculated using sulfate were faster than apparent rates calculated using ferric and ferrous iron, reflecting oxidation of ferrous iron in solution by dissolved oxygen. The results imply that impurities in pyrite do contribute to its reactivity, in agreement with studies using electrochemical methods. Oxidation rate differences among pyrite samples with different impurities are probably too small to warrant explicit consideration in environmental modeling applications, but are important to understanding pyrite oxidation mechanisms and semiconducting properties.
Systems of Fundamental Units in Cubic Orders

Abstract Let φ(x) = x3 + ex2 + ƒx + g be an irreducible polynomial with three real roots. Let Mλ be the cubic order Z[λ] where φ(λ) = 0. Many techniques in computational number theory depend on a knowledge of fundamental units for the orders being studied. When these fundamental units are of a form that is consistent throughout an entire family of orders, the techniques can often be applied to all of the orders at once. This paper provides a technique for determining fundamental systems of units in families of cubic orders of the form Mλ. The main theorem yields fundamental systems of units for a wide range of cubic orders with only a small number of restrictions. As an application, the main theorem is used to determine new families of orders with fundamental units of a consistent form.
Genetic algorithms for thermosciences research: application to the optimized cooling of electronic components

Abstract Genetic algorithms are adaptive search procedures loosely based on the Darwinian notion of evolution. They use rules of natural selection to investigate highly complex, multidimensional problems and have been employed successfully in a variety of search, optimization and machine learning applications in science and engineering where other more traditional methods fail. In this study genetic algorithms are presented and discussed within the framework of an adaptive solution methodology for investigating otherwise intractable optimization problems in the thermosciences. The exposition focuses on their application to an electronics cooling problem where it is required to find optimal or nearly optimal arrangements of convectively cooled components placed in-line on the bottom wall of a ventilated two-dimensional channel. The present application is specific only for purposes of illustration. The power of the methodology rests on its generality of application and an indifference to the source of data (experimental, analytical or numerical) used in the optimization process. The study shows that genetic algorithms allow a cost-effective approach for investigating highly complex numerical and/or experimental thermosciences problems where it is desirable to obtain a family of acceptable problem solutions, as opposed to a single optimum solution.
Pretrial evaluations for criminal courts: Contemporary models of service delivery.

Pretrial forensic evaluations are provided for the criminal courts throughout the United States. A variety of models of service delivery exists, and these models vary in ways that are important to the organization and funding of state mental health services. The first part of this paper describes several models of service delivery, which vary primarily in terms of centrality (central state institution vs. community service provider) and the use of inpatient vs. outpatient procedures. The second part compares these models on a number of important measures, including cost and efficiency. The final section of the paper indicates the importance of specialized forensic training and describes important components of such training.
Sodium butyrate inhibits angiogenesis of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells through COX-2 inhibition

We examined the effect of sodium butyrate on in vitro angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase (COX) expression using primary cultures of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). Butyrate inhibited VEGF-induced cellular proliferation, transmigration and tube formation of HIMEC. Butyrate also inhibited COX-2 expression as well as prostaglandin (PG)E2 and PGI2 production, and administration of PGI2 analog partially reversed the effect of butyrate on HIMEC angiogenesis. These results indicate that sodium butyrate inhibits HIMEC angiogenesis through down-regulation of COX-2 expression and PG production, and suggest that anti-angiogenic mechanisms may also be involved in the inhibitory effect of sodium butyrate on tumor growth.
Effect of Intermittent Light on Broilers Reared under Moderate Temperature Conditions

Abstract Commercial broilers reared under an intermittent-lighting regime produced a significantly better feed conversion than broilers reared under a continuous-lighting regime. Body weight gain was not significantly affected by light treatment. However, the number of breast trims, as recorded under commercial processing plant inspection procedures, was significantly higher for broilers reared under an intermittent-lighting regime than for those reared under a continuous-lighting regime in which the light intensity was changed during each 24-hr period.
Changes in income distribution and welfare from greater immigration of unskilled workers

Abstract This paper considers the consequences of greater immigration of unskilled labor on income distribution and welfare in the receiving country. To address these issues, both the sending and receiving countries are represented in a static general equilibrium model which distinguishes between skilled and unskilled labor and which allows prices to be determined endogenously. In this framework an inflow of unskilled labor is likely to reduce wages of unskilled labor, but whether capital or skilled labor benefits depends upon demand elasticities, elasticities of substitution in production, and differences across countries in the productivity of unskilled labor. National welfare in the receiving country is likely to rise, to the extent that the relative price of importable goods falls, non-residents already in the country receive lower wages, immigrants receive lower wages than those paid to domestic workers, and immigrants cause little increased demand for public services and transfer programs.
Image transport using Anderson localized modes in disordered optical fibers

An optical fiber with a transversely disordered yet longitudinally invariant refractive index profile can propagate a beam of light using transverse Anderson localization. A launched beam of light into the disordered optical fiber expands till it reaches its localization radius beyond which it propagates without further expansion. In contrast to a conventional single-core optical fiber in which a propagating beam of light can only couple to and propagate in the core, the beam of light can be coupled to any point at the tip of the disordered fiber. This property originated from the localized highly multimodal property of disordered optical fibers that can be used for high quality optical image transport. We experimentally compare the quality of the transported images in the disordered polymer optical fibers with those transported through the multicore imaging fibers, as well as conventional single core fibers. The impacts of source wavelength and refractive index difference between the disordered sites on the quality of the transported images in the disordered optical fibers is studied numerically. The role of randomness in improving the quality of transported images is investigated by comparing the full vectorial modes of a disordered fiber with those in a periodic multicore fiber.
Volunteering and Civic Participation among Immigrant Members of Ethnic Congregations: Complementary NOT Competitive

This article explores the relationship between voluntary activity of first-generation immigrants who attend ethnic congregations and their civic participation outside their congregations. We distinguish between attendance and volunteering within the congregation and examine whether and how these concepts relate to civic participation in the wider community. To address this question, survey data from 495 first-generation immigrants who attended 23 ethnic congregations in the United States were analysed using a composite variable of civic participation. Our analysis suggests that volunteering within the congregation is significantly related to civic participation, while attendance is not. We discuss the implications of volunteering as a factor in facilitating civic participation, and hence integration, among first-generation immigrant members of ethnic congregations.
Responses of squirrel monkey vestibular neurons to audio-frequency sound and head vibration.

A study was made of the response of peripheral vestibular neurons in the squirrel monkey to head vibration and air-borne sound in the frequency range from 50-4000 Hz. Responses were measured in ter...
Towards a Design Science of Ethical Decision Support

Ethical decision making involves complex emotional, cognitive, social, and philosophical challenges. Even if someone wants to be ethical, he or she may not have clearly articulated what that means, or know how to go about making a decision consistent with his or her values. Information technology may be able to help. A decision support system could offer individuals and groups some guidance, assisting them in making a decision that reflects their underlying values. The first step towards a design science of ethical decision support is to develop a theoretical base on which first-generation systems can be built. This paper brings together work in cognitive, social and moral psychology, information systems, and philosophy relevant to ethical decision making. Attributes of a system that would support ethical decision making are described.
In search of meaning for time series subsequence clustering: matching algorithms based on a new distance measure

Recent papers have claimed that the result of K-means clustering for time series subsequences (STS clustering) is independent of the time series that created it. Our paper revisits this claim. In particular, we consider the following question: Given several time series sequences and a set of STS cluster centroids from one of them (generated by the K-means algorithm), is it possible to reliably determine which of the sequences produced these cluster centroids? While recent results suggest that the answer should be NO, we answer this question in the affirmative.We present cluster shape distance, an alternate distance measure for time series subsequence clusters, based on cluster shapes. Given a set of clusters, its shape is the sorted list of the pairwise Euclidean distances between their centroids. We then present two algorithms based on this distance measure, which match a set of STS cluster centroids with the time series that produced it. While the first algorithm creates DQG reuse this term more smaller "fingerprints" for the sequences, the second is more accurate. In our experiments with a dataset of 10 sequences, it produced a correct match 100% of the time.Furthermore, we offer an analysis that explains why our cluster shape distance provides a reliable way to match STS clusters to the original sequences, whereas cluster set distance fails to do so. Our work establishes for the first time a strong relation between the result of K-means STS clustering and the time series sequence that created it, despite earlier predictions that this is not possible.
Hippocampal damage does not impair instrumental appetitive conditioning with delayed reinforcement

The present study evaluated the effects of bilateral hippocampal lesions on appetitive instrumental conditioning with delayed (5-s interval) reinforcement in rats. Acquisition of a bar press response was considerably slower than rates observed with immediate reinforcement; however, no significant differences between hippocampally lesioned and control groups were noted regarding training to criteria or ratio of responses to reinforcements. These results suggest that the hippocampus is not essential for the association of temporally discontinuous stimuli, and that deficits in other forms of associative learning, such as spatial cognition, must be mediated by the loss of other functions. Putative functions and underlying substrates are discussed for response modulation and sensory (cue relations) associations.
Speaking Through the Mask: Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Social Identity. By Norma Claire Moruzzi. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. 205p. $39.95

Norma Claire Moruzzi's recent book contributes significantly to the emergent and increasingly sophisticated literature on Hannah Arendt. Entitled Speaking Through the Mask Moruzzi's text filters a careful reading of Arendt through an innovative lens that combines Kristevan psychoanalysis and Joan Riviere's concept of social identity as masquerade. This filter, clearly hospitable to the language of performativity, works to read Arendt against herself, and to query the sharp Arendtian distinction between the categories of the social and the political—that is, between an embodied, immanent social identity and the freedom of a political life that can reach beyond such immanence. Embodied reality need not be deprived of political engagement, the author argues, but can serve as the vehicle through which private individuals enter meaningfully into the public sphere.
Mass hysteria and the media: Folie à Troupeau?

After a dozen girls from Le Roy, New York, developed ticlike movements at the start of the 2011 school year, local physicians quickly suggested a diagnosis of mass hysteria. Dissatisfied with this explanation, some of the students went on television to question the diagnosis, setting off a news media frenzy that persisted for weeks.1 Despite the characteristic clustering of affected individuals and the appearance of the movements (one student famously halted her tics long enough to apply eyeliner, then promptly resumed her movements after completing this important task), there was rampant skepticism about the diagnosis, particularly by people with little direct involvement. According to contemporary reports, California environmental activist Erin Brockovich and others suggested that the outbreak was caused by groundwater contamination with trichloroethane resulting from a train derailment four decades earlier and 4 miles away.1 Neither this nor other chemical contaminants were identified in the groundwater near the school. Others promoted an equally unsubstantiated connection to Gardasil vaccination or to pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections. Reports months later that the students had recovered and that a systematic analysis confirmed the original diagnosis of mass hysteria received little media coverage. A few years before the Le Roy story emerged, I described ten teenage girls from a rural school with paroxysmal episodes resembling epilepsy or syncope.2 With few exceptions, each girl had no more than one episode in a given day. The school personnel documented that the attacks typically occurred between classes or during break times, but almost never in the classroom. Over half of the students were treated with one or more
Pediatric critical care and hospital costs under reimbursement by diagnosis-related group: effect of clinical and demographic characteristics.

Objective : To determine the relationship of demographic and clinical variables to cost, to revenue based on diagnosis-related groups, and to profit in patients in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Design : Prospective collection of clinical and demographic data of patients sampled. Detailed financial data for all patients discharged from the hospital were compiled by the office of financial planning. A combined data set was used for analysis. Setting : A multidisciplinary PICU within a general, tertiary-care, teaching hospital in an urban environment. Patients : Consecutive sample of 1174 pediatric patients discharged from the PICU during a 24-month period. Measurements and main results : Hospital cost (not charges) determined according to industry standards. Revenue was determined by the DRG system. Of the 1174 cases identified, DRG coding and financial data were 97% complete. The mean loss (negative profit) per patient was $9218±$33,676. Profit was significantly and adversely affected by outlier status, death, high risk of death, interhospital transfer, emergency admission, young age, and mechanical ventilation. Multivariate analysis revealed that duration of stay, death, interhospital transfer, and age negatively correlated with profit. Conclusion : Under a DRG-based reimbursement system, the operation of an active PICU with a broad referral base may not be desirable from a financial perspective. Similar studies at other institutions could help establish a data base with which the DRG system can be refined.
U.S. women's perceptions of and attitudes about the IUD.

Two recent surveys provide insights into U.S. womens attitudes toward and perceptions of the IUD. The first study was based on in-depth interviews conducted with 300 women 21-54 years of age in 6 cities; the second was based on telephone interviews with 1852 low-income predominantly Black and Hispanic women 18-34 years of age from New York City. Compared to other contraceptive methods such as the pill condoms and sterilization respondents judged themselves to be not very knowledgeable about the IUD. Although women placed a high value on a method that was safe easy convenient and protective against sexually transmitted diseases their current methods tended to lack these attributes. Women were likely to recognize that the IUD requires no daily attention on their part but did not perceive safety as a prominent IUD characteristic. Womens perceptions of the IUD tended to be based on hearing others talk about the method rather than on personal experience. Only 18% of respondents in the first study had ever used the IUD and only 4% were current users; most of these current users were 35 years old and above. Among the low-income younger women in the second study 3% were past IUD users and 1% were current users. While 17% of women in the first survey said they were likely to discuss the IUD with their physician in the future this statistic rose to 46% after women were read a description of the method. In the second study 9% of women who had never used the IUD said they would consider its use in the future. Younger women and those born outside the US were most likely to consider future IUD use presumably because they had not been exposed to negative publicity surrounding the Dalkon Shield.
Intrapartum fetal head position I: comparison between transvaginal digital examination and transabdominal ultrasound assessment during the active stage of labor.

Objective To test the null hypothesis that no correlation exists between transvaginal digital and the gold standard technique of transabdominal suprapubic ultrasound assessments of fetal head position during labor. A secondary objective was to compare the performance of attending physicians vs. senior residents in depicting fetal head position by transvaginal digital examination in comparison with ultrasound, respectively. Methods Consecutive patients in active labor at term with normal singleton cephalic-presenting fetuses were included. All participants had ruptured membranes, cervical dilation ≥4 cm and fetal head at ischial spine station –2 or lower. Transvaginal sterile digital examinations were performed by either senior residents or attending physicians and followed immediately by transverse suprapubic transabdominal ultrasound assessments. Examiners were blinded to each other's findings. Power-analyses dictated number of subjects required. Statistical analyses included Chi-square, Cohen's Kappa test and logistic regression analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results One hundred and two patients were studied (n = 102). In only 24% of patients (n = 24), transvaginal digital examinations were consistent with ultrasound assessments (P = 0.002, 95% confidence interval, 16–33). Logistic regression revealed that cervical effacement (P = 0.03) and ischial spine station (P = 0.01) significantly affected the accuracy of transvaginal digital examination. Parity, gestational age, combined spinal epidural anesthesia, cervical dilation, birth weight and examiner experience did not significantly affect accuracy of the examination. The accuracy of the transvaginal digital exams was increased to 47% (n = 48) (95% confidence interval, 37–57) when fetal head position at transvaginal digital examination was recorded as correct if reported within ±45° of the ultrasound assessment. The rate of agreement between the two assessment methods for attending physicians vs. residents was 58% vs. 33%, respectively (P = 0.02) with the ±45° analysis. Conclusions Using ultrasound assessment as the gold standard, our data demonstrate an overall high rate of error (76%) in transvaginal digital determination of fetal head position during active labor, consistent with the null hypothesis. Attending physicians exhibited an almost two-fold higher success rate in depicting correct fetal head position by physical examination vs. residents in the ±45° analysis. Intrapartum ultrasound increases the accuracy of fetal head position assessment during active labor and may serve as an educational tool for physicians in training. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Phospholipid content, composition and biosynthesis during fetal lung development in the rabbit

Abstract The phospholipid content and composition of lung wash and lung tissue as well as the activities of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol (the major surface active components of pulmonary surfactant) were studied in the rabbit during fetal lung development. In lung wash the amount of phosphlipid increased four-fold during the period 27–31 days's gestation. There was a further ten-fold increase following the onset of breathing. During the same period the amount of phosphatidylcholine in lung wash increased from 29% of the total phospholipid to 80% while the amount of sphingomyelin decreased from 38% to 2%. The amount of phosphatidylcholine in lung tissue also increased during development but to a much lesser extent. During fetal lung development the activities of choline kinase and cholinephosphate cytidyltransferase changed little, cholinephosphotransferase decreased while lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase and lysolecithin acyltransferase increased. There was a postnatal increase in the activities of cholinephosphate cytidyltransferase, cholinephosphotransferase and both acyltransferases. The amount of phosphatidylglycerol, as a percentage of the total phospholipid, in lung wash and lung tissue as well as the activity of pulmonary glycerolphosphate phosphate phosphatidyltransferase did not change appreciably during development.
Direct inelastic scattering of NO from MgO(100)

Angular and internal state distributions are reported for NO molecules scattered from cleaved, single-crystal MgO(100) at several kinetic energies: 0.56⩾KE⩽0.90 eV, and surface temperatures: 300⩽Ts⩽760 K. Rotational distributions can be characterized by low- and high-J “Boltzmann-like” components. When Ts=760 K, a pronounced increase in the high-J excitation was observed. NO(ν″=1) was undetectable ([ν″ = 1]/[ν″ =0] < 5×10−3) at KE=0.76 eV and Ts=540 K.
Quality Management and the Process of Change

The implementation of quality programmes often leads to major change within an organization. However, the nature and causes of such change are not yet understood. There is need for much more research to help determine how to implement and manage major change. Traces the development and evolution of the quality management paradigm, including the resistance of the academic community to it. This evolution was not typical of a traditional organizational research issue in two ways. First, quality programme research occurred outside areas familiar to the organizational behaviour researcher. Second, pressure was exerted by the business community to influence the business school curricula to include quality management. Research on quality management was inhibited by the major paradigmatic shift required within organizations to implement quality programmes. Lack of commonly understood definitions of quality programmes has hindered research by organizational behaviour researchers. However, by relating, even redefin...
Differential transcriptional activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in MCF-7 cells.

Abstract While the role of dietary fats in breast cancer remains controversial, the recent cloning of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a nuclear hormone receptor, from human breast cancer cells lines provides a potential molecular link. Several fatty acids from four classes of dietary fats were tested for their ability to mediate the transcriptional activity of PPARγ in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells using growth media with minimal serum. Whereas omega-3 fatty acids inhibit transactivation of PPARγ to levels below control, omega-6, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids stimulate the activity of the transcriptional reporter. These studies indicate that individual fatty acids differentially regulate the transcriptional activity of PPARγ by selectively acting as agonists or antagonists. Furthermore, the transcriptional activation of PPARγ correlates with cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. Understanding the effects of individual fats on breast cancer cells and PPARγ transactivation could provide important new insights into the epidemiology of breast cancer and the role of dietary fat.
Oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human hepatocytes treated with trichloroethylene

L02 human hepatocytes (L02 cells) were grown in RPMI 1640 culture medium, six groups of cells were treated with various trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations for 24 h, and five groups of cells were treated with a single TCE concentration (1 mM L−1) for different time periods. After hepatocytes were treated with TCE, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was measured with real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. In addition, the enzyme activities of ALT, AST and LDH in TCE-treated groups were also monitored. TCE treatment produced increases in NO levels and iNOS expression in L02 hepatocytes. In addition, the levels of MDA, ALT, AST, and LDH in the TCE-treated group were higher than in control, but SOD activity was decreased. Data indicated that TCE treatment induced oxidative stress and iNOS expression as well as some enzyme activity alterations in human hepatocytes, suggesting t...
Cardiac Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Function, Regulation, and Therapeutic Prospects

The second messengers cAMP and cGMP exist in multiple discrete compartments and regulate a variety of biological processes in the heart. The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP, play crucial roles in controlling the amplitude, duration, and compartmentalization of cyclic nucleotide signaling. Over 60 phosphodiesterase isoforms, grouped into 11 families, have been discovered to date. In the heart, both cAMP- and cGMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases play important roles in physiology and pathology. At least 7 of the 11 phosphodiesterase family members appear to be expressed in the myocardium, and evidence supports phosphodiesterase involvement in regulation of many processes important for normal cardiac function including pacemaking and contractility, as well as many pathological processes including remodeling and myocyte apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibitors for a number of phosphodiesterase families have also been used clinically or preclinically to treat several types of cardiovascular disease. In addition, phosphodiesterase inhibitors are also being considered for treatment of many forms of disease outside the cardiovascular system, raising the possibility of cardiovascular side effects of such agents. This review will discuss the roles of phosphodiesterases in the heart, in terms of expression patterns, regulation, and involvement in physiological and pathological functions. Additionally, the cardiac effects of various phosphodiesterase inhibitors, both potentially beneficial and detrimental, will be discussed.
The effect of board capital and CEO power on strategic change

We develop the construct of board capital, composed of the breadth and depth of directors' human and social capital, and explore how board capital affects strategic change. Building upon resource dependence theory, we submit that board capital breadth leads to more strategic change, while board capital depth leads to less. We also recognize CEO power as a moderator of these relationships. Our hypotheses are tested using a random sample of firms on the S&P 500. We find support for the effect of board capital on strategic change, and partial support for the moderating effect of CEO power. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Note on the Origins of Deinstitutionalization

Deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill began in earnest in California with the passing of the Lanterman-Petris-Short (LPS) Law in 1972. It stated that persons could not be held in hospitals aga...
Variation in insulin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human and rodent tissues.

The expression of insulin receptor mRNA was studied in human and rodent tissues by Northern analysis. Human EBV-transformed lymphocytes contained four receptor mRNA species of sufficient length to encode the entire proreceptor: 9.5, 7.9, 7.1, and 5.7 kb. In human fibroblasts, the same four species were observed; however, the 7.9 and 5.7 kb mRNAs were markedly decreased. In mouse liver, rat hepatoma cells, and normal rat brain, kidney, liver, and muscle only two mRNA species (7.4 and 9.6 kb) were detected. Each of these human and rodent mRNAs hybridized equally well with cDNA sequences encoding the binding and kinase domains of the insulin receptor. Several smaller polyadenylated mRNAs (∼1.8 to 3.3 kb) were also identified in human cell lines that appeared to separately encode either α- or β-subunit sequences of the receptor. In rats, liver had the highest content of insulin receptor mRNA, followed by kidney, brain, and muscle. The relative amount of the two mRNA species also varied among the rat tissues. ...
Heterogeneity and selection in multistate population analysis.

If one subgroup of individuals in a population has a higher death rate than the others, then over time the surviving population will include a larger share of those with the lower death rate, As a result, the aggregate average death rate for this increasingly more robust population will decline. This conclusion, however, can be drawn only for nonrecurrent events experienced by populations that do not exchange members with one another—that is, for noninteracting populations. Studies of changes in marital status, labor force activity, residential location, and active life, for example, all should focus on patterns of recurrent events among interacting populations (that is, multistate populations). Selection arising from heterogeneity will occur, but the consequences for average measures become unpredictable a priori. This paper explores such aspects of the selection effects of heterogeneity in multistate populations and illuminates some of their consequences for commonly used rates.
Meso-modeling of leadership: Following James G. (Jerry) Hunt's lead in integrating micro- and macro-perspectives of leadership

This introduction provides a tribute to James G. (Jerry) Hunt as leader of leadership scholars, along with an overview to The Leadership Quarterly special issue on meso-modeling of leadership. Our tribute traces Jerry's evolution from a right-brain, defrocked engineer to a pioneering leadership scholar. Through early and sustained scholarly contributions regarding the importance of context to leadership, Jerry paved the way for meso-modeling perspectives on leadership, such as those reflected in this special issue. We conclude by highlighting the contribution of nine articles that serve to further Jerry's legacy through the advancement of conceptual and empirical insights into meso-level leadership processes.
Characterization of fouling kinetics in ultrafiltration systems by resistances in series model

Abstract Membrane processes are gaining importance for water treatment applications as a result of the advances in membrane technology and increasing requirements on water quality. Membrane fouling, which results in loss of productivity, is one of the most important operational concerns of membrane processes. A number of theoretical models have been developed to explain membrane fouling mechanisms. These models use the system parameters (i.e., viscosity, pore size, membrane thickness, pressure) and unsteady-state material and flow balance equations with specific boundary conditions. As a result, they are of scientific interest and have limited use for practical applications. The purpose of the study was to develop a simple flux model to estimate the characteristic fouling times for ultrafiltration systems based on operational data. A simple first-order model was developed based on the resistances-in-series approach to correlate flux to a characteristic clean membrane parameter, system parameters. The model was used to estimate the characteristic fouling times of a laboratory ultrafiltration system.
Amphetamine-induced stereotypy in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Stereotypic behaviors emitted by Mongolian gerbils given large acute doses of amphetamine are similar to analogous behaviors in other species in being repetitive, compulsive units of motor behavior. Qualitative and quantitative descriptions are used to emphasize the interspecies and intraspecies differences in the particular behaviors emitted. The behaviors observed before injection were not predictive of the stereotypies induced by amphetamine. One consistent change in behavior following amphetamine was the change from normal social behavior to social stereotypy, suggesting that the gerbil, a very social animal, may be useful for studying central mechanisms of social behavior.
Perceptions of Mailed HPV Self-testing Among Women at Higher Risk for Cervical Cancer

Whether human papillomavirus (HPV) self-testing can expand access to cervical cancer screening will depend on making the test accessible and acceptable to higher-risk women. To evaluate a novel delivery mode, we mailed HPV self-test kits to low-income, under-screened women and assessed their perceptions of self-testing and cervical cancer prevention. We conducted a telephone survey of 199 women in North Carolina. Eligibility criteria included not having had a Pap test in 4 years and reporting 1 or more indicators of economic hardship, such as being uninsured. Over half (55 %) of women in the diverse sample were non-Hispanic black, and almost three-quarters (74 %) reported annual household incomes of $20,000 or less. Trust in HPV self-testing was moderate to high, with almost all women (98 %) agreeing the mailed test was safe. A few women (6 %) preferred HPV self-testing to Pap testing for protecting health, but most (75 %) had no preference. Trust in or preference for mailed self-testing did not vary by race or income. However, compared to white women, black women had lower HPV-related knowledge (OR 0.46, 95 % CI 0.23–0.92) and perceived lower cervical cancer risk in the absence of screening (OR 0.44, 95 % CI 0.22–0.86). We found similar patterns of disparities for women with very low (<$10,000) versus relatively higher incomes. Our findings suggest that, across racial and economic subgroups, under-screened women generally trust HPV self-tests delivered by mail. To succeed, programs for HPV self-testing must overcome disparities in knowledge and perceptions related to cervical cancer screening.