cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terrella for advanced undergraduate laboratory

A terrella developed for the undergraduate Advanced Laboratory course in the University of Wisconsin-Madison Physics Department is described. Our terrella consists of a permanent magnet, mounted on a pedestal in a vacuum chamber, surrounded by electrodes that may be biased in various ways. The system can confine a plasma, which may, in some ways, be considered as a toy model of the plasma confined in the Earth's magnetosphere. Our axisymmetric plasma forms in a region where the magnitude of the magnetic field B is 14 G ≤ B ≤ 550 G; for typical operation, the neutral gas pressure is p ∼ 10 − 4 Torr. The plasma is created by thermionic emission from a hot filament. Available diagnostics are a swept Langmuir probe, a spectroscopic fiber and visible-wavelength spectrometer, and visible imaging. In two four-hour laboratory sessions, students are guided through vacuum pumpdown, connection of electrical circuits, establishment of plasma, acquisition of data, analysis of data, and critique of data. In this paper, we present student measurements of radial profiles of electron temperature Te and density ne as well as imaging of mirror trapping and ∇ B drift and curvature drift. We conclude by outlining some opportunities for additional terrella-based student experiments.
Thermal Management of Glass Panel Embedded Packages: Package Architecture vs. Power Density

This paper presents a first analysis of the thermal management and performance of glass panel embedded (GPE) packages, a novel fan-out packaging technology recently demonstrated for heterogenous integration, beyond the capabilities of emerging wafer level fan-out (WLFO) packages. In this package architecture, a glass substrate carrier is used, onto which cavity-embedded devices are attached. The active sides of these devices are exposed to enable formation of high-density multi-layered redistribution layer (RDL) wiring and direct board attach of the embedded package, providing two separate paths for heat dissipation - through the board and through the backside glass carrier. There are concerns on the ability of such a package architecture with glass materials notoriously considered as thermal insulators to handle high heat flux densities. To address this challenge and better understand the thermal performance of GPE packages, a parametric modeling study was carried out in ANSYS, considering a 10mm × 10mm logic chip embedded in a glass substrate. In summary, this paper establishes the thermal management and cooling strategy of innovative GPE packages with innovations in package architectures and simple solutions to enable direct chip cooling with integrated heat spreaders so as to handle the high heat fluxes associated with future electronics.
A New Representation based on Virtual Capacitor for Virtual Synchronous Generators

Grid-forming inverters will play a key role in the stability and operation of the future grid. Among different grid-forming methods developed in the literature, the virtual synchronous generator method (VSG) has become very popular due to the outstanding features it adopts from synchronous generators, like supporting the grid by inertia and autonomous grid-alignment. In this paper, a different representation for VSG is proposed by introduction of a “virtual capacitor”. It is shown that while the virtual capacitor shows the same performance as VSG, it gives a different physical representation that can be leveraged for design and study of multi-inverter systems. The simulation results corroborate the validity of the proposed method.
Navigation in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Automated Driving

This chapter provides a brief overview of the history that led to proliferation of work in vehicle automation, followed by a discussion of the basic vehicle models and examples of navigation for vehicle automation. Today, advanced driver assistance systems, such as lane departure warning, lane keeping assistance, adaptive cruise control, and cooperative adaptive cruise control have made their way into many production vehicles. In addition to standard positioning, GNSS signal processing provides a series of additional measurements for vehicle navigation, estimation, and control. The chapter highlights a few applications of the GNSS measurements. It provides an introduction to lateral vehicle modeling as it applies to vehicle state estimation for autonomous vehicle navigation and control. Automated driving also presents the potential to eventually alleviate the task of driving, allowing commuters to utilize the time spent in vehicles doing more productive or leisurely activities.
Olivia S. Mitchell, PhD: Calibrating Retirement Planning with Current Conditions

In September 2020, Robert Powell, editor-in-chief of the Retirement Management Journal, Jason Fichtner, PhD, senior lecturer at the Johns Hopkins University; and Anna Rappaport, FSA, MAAA, chair of the Society of Actuaries Committee on Post-Retirement Needs and Risks, spoke with Mitchell about how longer lifespans and prolonged retirement periods are requiring adjustments to Social Security benefits, employee pension plans, and individual retirement savings.
Response assessment during chemoradiation using a hypercellular/hyperperfused imaging phenotype predicts survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND Adversely prognostic hypercellular and hyperperfused regions of glioblastoma (GBM) predict progression-free survival, and are a novel target for dose-intensified chemoradiation (chemoRT) recently implemented in a phase II clinical trial. As a secondary aim, we hypothesized that dose-intensified chemoRT would induce greater mid-treatment response of hypercellular/hyperperfused tumor regions vs standard chemoradiation, and that early response would improve overall survival (OS). METHODS Forty-nine patients with newly diagnosed GBM underwent prospective, multiparametric high b value diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) and perfusion dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) pre-RT and 3-4 weeks into RT. The hypercellular tumor volume (TVHCV, mean contralateral normal brain + 2SD) and hyperperfused tumor volume (TVCBV, contralateral normal frontal gray matter + 1SD) were generated using automated thresholding. Twenty-six patients were enrolled on a dose-escalation trial targeting TVHCV/TVCBV with 75 Gy in 30 fractions, and 23 non-trial patients comprised the control group. OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The effect of TVHCV/TVCBV and Gd-enhanced tumor volume on OS was assessed using multivariable Cox proportional-hazard regression. RESULTS Most patients had gross total (47%) or subtotal resection (37%), 25% were MGMT-methylated. Patients treated on the dose-escalation trial had significantly greater reduction in TVHCV/TVCBV (41% reduction, IQR 17%-75%) vs non-trial patients (6% reduction, IQR 6%-22%, P = .002). An increase in TVHCV/TVCBV during chemoRT was associated with worse OS (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.2, 95%CI 1.0-1.4, P = .02), while pre-treatment tumor volumes (P > .5) and changes in Gd-enhanced volume (P = .9) were not. CONCLUSIONS Multiparametric MRI permits identification of therapeutic resistance during chemoRT and supports adaptive strategies in future trials.
Geometry of Moduli Spaces and Riemann Surfaces

In this chapter, we describe how to parametrize the moduli space \(\mathcal M_{g,n}\) and the local coordinates that together form the fibre bundle \(\mathcal P_{g,n}\) introduced in the previous chapter. Then, we can characterize the tangent space that we will need in the next chapter to write the p-forms on \(\mathcal P_{g,n}\) necessary to write the amplitudes. Finally, we introduce the notion of plumbing fixture, an operation that glues together punctures located on the same or different surfaces.
Spectroscopic and computational investigations of organometallic complexation of group 12 transition metals by methanobactins from Methylocystis sp. SB2.

Abstract Methanotrophic bacteria catalyze the aerobic oxidation of methane to methanol using Cu-containing enzymes, thereby exerting a modulating influence on the global methane cycle. To facilitate the acquisition of Cu ions, some methanotrophic bacteria secrete small modified peptides known as “methanobactins,” which strongly bind Cu and function as an extracellular Cu recruitment relay, analogous to siderophores and Fe. In addition to Cu, methanobactins form complexes with other late transition metals, including the Group 12 transition metals Zn, Cd, and Hg, although the interplay among solution-phase configurations, metal interactions, and the spectroscopic signatures of methanobactin-metal complexes remains ambiguous. In this study, the complexation of Zn, Cd, and Hg by methanobactin from Methylocystis sp. strain SB2 was studied using a combination of absorbance, fluorescence, extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. We report changes in sample absorbance and fluorescence spectral dynamics, which occur on a wide range of experimental timescales and characterize a clear stoichiometric complexation dependence. Mercury L3-edge EXAFS and TD-DFT calculations suggest a linear model for Hg S coordination, and TD-DFT suggests a tetrahedral model for Zn2+ and Cd2+. We observed an enhancement in the fluorescence of methanobactin upon interaction with transition metals and propose a mechanism of complexation-hindered isomerization drawing inspiration from the wild-type Green Fluorescent Protein active site. Collectively, our results represent the first combined computational and experimental spectroscopy study of methanobactins and shed new light on molecular interactions and dynamics that characterize complexes of methanobactins with Group 12 transition metals.
A study on the resonant multi-soliton waves and the soliton molecule of the (3+1)-dimensional Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation

Abstract In this paper, a reduced (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear wave equation describing the dynamic of liquid with gas bubble, namely Kudryashov-Sinelshchikov (KS) equation is carefully investigated. After applying the simplified linear superposition principle (LSP) and the velocity resonance (VR) the fact that there has no existence of soliton molecule to KS equation is formally proofed. Simultaneously, two new resonant multi-soliton solutions constructed with distinct physical structures are also generated. Comparing with the existing ones our solutions are much more general. Most of all, their formula forms reveal the influences of the arbitrary coefficients of the bubble-liquid-dispersion, the y-transverse-perturbation and the z-transverse-perturbation to the traveling soliton waves. Finally, the propagations of inelastic interactions of resonant two-soliton waves are shown in Figures 1-6. Particularly, by specifying special values to the resonant multi-soliton solution gives three-bound-soliton waves moving with the same speed and direction which is in the manner similar to the property of soliton molecule, as shown in Figure 6. The extracted results not only show the efficiency of the simplified LSP but also have potential applications to the physical phenomena of soliton molecules and the resonance of multi-soliton waves .
Honesty as the Best Policy?An Examination of Online Chatters' Interpersonal Deception in Taiwan

With the advent of the Internet, the impact of online deception on interpersonal communication becomes intriguing. This study focuses on twenty online chatters in Taiwan with at least 2-year online chatting experience as research targets and employed qualitative interviews to solicit information about online interpersonal deception. It is found that (1) most interviewees reported that they had deceived strangers or intimate others online at least once, and vice versa; (2) their motive of deceiving intimate others was reported only for fun whereas the motives of deceiving strangers were for fun and/or preventing himself/herself from being hurt mentally; (3) interviewees indicated they could detect others’ online interpersonal deception easily whereas their deceptions were seldom detected by others; (4) online interpersonal deception would not affect the relationships between people with an intimate social tie. However, the outcomes of online interpersonal deception between two strangers were associated with their attitudes about being deceived. Those who took online interpersonal deception seriously wanted to stop chatting with those who deceived and to take revenge whereas people who chatted online only for fun would ignore the online interpersonal deception.
Acyl Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate A RAPIDLY LABELED LIPID IN GUINEA PIG LIVER MITOCHONDRIA

Abstract A rapidly labeled lipid is found in guinea pig liver mitochondria following incubation with labeled 32P-orthophosphate or γ-32P-adenosine triphosphate. On the basis of its chemical properties and comparison with synthetic palmitoyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate, the lipid is identified as acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Trends in the Convenience Store Industry

ABSTRACT Noncommercial foodservices are operating convenience stores to meet consumer demand, remain competitive, and increase revenue. College and university, business and industry, and healthcare foodservice operations are revolutionizing outmoded cash operations by incorporating convenience store concepts. Noncommercial foodservice operations increasingly view commercial food-services as their competitors. Shrinking budgets under the current political climate motivate noncommercial foodservices to develop innovative strategies for generating revenue. The convenience store offering branded quick-service food is emerging as a solution. Food-service directors employed by colleges and universities, business and industry, and healthcare should keep abreast of opportunities and innovations occurring within the convenience store industry. Operators should incorporate continuous quality improvements with a focus on satisfying consumer demand within all components of their operations, including convenience stor...
ANTROPOLOGIA E EDUCAÇÃO: um diálogo necessário ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATION: a necessary dialogue

O presente texto discute as relacoes entre Antropologia e Educacao. Para isto, apos um breve historico dessa relacao, nos ocupamos do retorno da disciplina de Sociologia as grades escolares da educacao basica e o modo como a antropologia e instada a participar e posicionar-se a partir de normatizacao legal e da Lei 10.639. Isto posto, discute-se o problema da transposicao didatica de conteudos e o modo como os conhecimentos deste campo disciplinar e apreendido tanto pelo publico discente como docente e, em que medida, a Antropologia pode contribuir nos objetivos a serem cumpridos pela norma legal atraves de uma compreensao diferenciada do processo de construcao do conhecimento, esta, diversa para cada nivel de ensino e campo disciplinar em questao.
Effects of enteral nutrition and ethanol on cytochrome P450 distribution in small intestine of male rats

Abstract Background: Alcohol and nutrition are important factors regulating hepatic cytochrome P450 isozymes. The current studies were conducted to determine if intestinal P450 isozymes were similarly regulated. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused intragastrically with control or ethanol-containing diets. Western blot analysis was used to study CYP1A, CYP2B , and CYP3A isozymes in microsomes of three regions of the small intestine and liver. Results: Compared with rats eating standard rat food, rats receiving the total enteral nutrition diet had reduced expression of several P450 isozymes in the intestine, especially in the jejunal region. Two CYP1A forms were detected by Western blot analysis in the small intestine with electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 . These forms appeared to be differentially regulated. Long-term ethanol treatment resulted in reduction of CYP3A and CYP1A apoprotein levels in the jejunal region. Conclusions: The P450 isozymes examined displayed differing intestinal distributions, responded to dietary manipulations, and were affected by ethanol treatment in a fashion not coordinated with that observed for hepatic isozymes.
Brainstem cholinergic modulation of muscle tone in infant rats

In week-old rats, lesions of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLPT) and nucleus pontis oralis (PnO) have opposing effects on nuchal muscle tone. Specifically, pups with DLPT lesions exhibit prolonged bouts of nuchal muscle atonia (indicative of sleep) and pups with PnO lesions exhibit prolonged bouts of high nuchal muscle tone (indicative of wakefulness). Here we test the hypothesis that nuchal muscle tone is modulated, at least in part, by cholinergically mediated interactions between these two regions. First, in unanesthetized pups, we found that chemical infusion of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (22 mm, 0.1 microL) within the DLPT produced high muscle tone. Next, chemical lesions of the PnO were used to produce a chronic state of high nuchal muscle tone, at which time the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (10 mm, 0.1 microL) was infused into the DLPT. Scopolamine effectively decreased nuchal muscle tone, thus suggesting that lesions of the PnO increase muscle tone via cholinergic activation of the DLPT. Using 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography, metabolic activation throughout the DLPT was observed after PnO lesions. Finally, consistent with the hypothesis that PnO inactivation produces high muscle tone, infusion of the sodium channel blocker lidocaine (2%) into the PnO of unanesthetized pups produced rapid increases in muscle tone. We conclude that, even early in infancy, the DLPT is critically involved in the regulation of muscle tone and behavioral state, and that its activity is modulated by a cholinergic mechanism that is directly or indirectly controlled by the PnO.
Hospitalized patients frequently unaware of their chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects over 13% of the US population and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.1 However, only 10% of individuals with CKD are aware of their diagnoses.2 Even in those with stage 5 CKD, only 60% of individuals are aware of their CKD.3 To our knowledge, no work has examined CKD awareness in a hospitalized patient population. Patient awareness of their CKD diagnosis is important because progression of kidney disease can be slowed by patient self-management of diabetes and hypertension.4 Patient awareness of CKD may also increase acceptance of pre–end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient education and nephrology referral, which have been shown to delay CKD progression and improve clinical status at dialysis initiation.5 However, only 60% of patients with advanced CKD have visited a nephrologist in the past year or have seen a nephrologist prior to dialysis initiation.1 The hospital is an important site for patient education and linkage to outpatient care for patients with CKD.6 The hospital serves high-risk patients who may not be well connected to outpatient care or who have less–well-controlled disease.6,7 Thus, hospitalization represents an opportunity to identify existing CKD and to use a multidisciplinary approach to preventative care, patient education, and patient-provider planning for renal replacement therapy needs. In our cross-sectional study in an urban, minority-serving hospital, we sought to determine what patient factors were associated with hospitalized patients correctly self-identifying as having CKD.
Multiexciton dynamics in infrared-emitting colloidal nanostructures probed by a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector.

Carrier multiplication (CM) is the process in which absorption of a single photon produces multiple electron–hole pairs. Here, we evaluate the effect of particle shape on CM efficiency by conducting a comparative study of spherical nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) and elongated nanorods (NRs) of PbSe using a time-resolved technique that is based on photon counting in the infrared using a superconducting nanowire single-photon photodetector (SNSPD). Due to its high sensitivity and low noise levels, this technique allows for accurate determination of CM yields, even with the small excitation intensities required for quantitative measurements, and the fairly low emission quantum yields of elongated NR samples. Our measurements indicate an up to ∼60% increase in multiexciton yields in NRs versus NQDs, which is attributed primarily to a decrease in the electron–hole pair creation energy. These findings suggest that shape control is a promising approach for enhancing the CM process. Further, our work demonstrate...
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: Neuropathologic changes acquired in utero

in a child with chronic granulomatous disease and selective IgA deficiency. Acta Paediatr Scand 1976;65:519. 7. Gallin Jl, Buescher ES, Seligmann BE, et al. Recent advances in chronic granulomatous disease. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99:657. 8. Isles A, Maclusky 1, Corey M, et al. Pseudomonas cepacia infection in cystic fibrosis: an emerging problem. J PEDIATR 1984;104:206. 9. Gmunder FK, Seger RA. Chronic granulomatous disease: mode of action of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Pediatr Res 1981;15:1533. 10. Burkholder WH. Sour skin, a bacterial rot of onion bulbs. Phytopathology 1950;40:115. 11. Ederer GM, Matsen JM. Colonization and infection with Pseudomonas cepacia. J Infect Dis 1972;125:613. t2. McCracken GH Jr, Weinberg AG, Carlin ME. Granulomatous lung disease with progressive deterioration of phagocytic function. J PEDIATR 1972;81:267.
Excited-State Properties of Rh2(O2CCH3)4(L)2 (L = CH3OH, THF, PPh3, py)

The photophysical properties of Rh2(O2CCH3)4(L)2 (L = CH3OH, THF = tetrahydrofuran, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine, py = pyridine) were explored upon excitation with visible light. Time-resolved absorption shows that all the complexes possess a long-lived transient (3.5−5.0 μs) assigned as an electronic excited state of the molecules, and they exhibit an optical transition at ∼760 nm whose position is independent of axial ligand. No emission from the Rh2(O2CCH3)4(L)2 (L = CH3OH, THF, PPh3, py) systems was detected, but energy transfer from *Rh2(O2CCH3)4(PPh3)2 to the 3ππ* excited state of perylene is observed. Electron transfer from *Rh2(O2CCH3)4(PPh3)2 to 4,4‘-dimethyl viologen (MV2+) and chloro-p-benzoquinone (Cl-BQ) takes place with quenching rate constants (kq) of 8.0 × 106 and 1.2 × 106 M-1 s-1 in methanol, respectively. A kq value of 2 × 108 M-1 s-1 was measured for the quenching of the excited state of Rh2(O2CCH3)4(PPh3)2 by O2 in methanol. The observations are consistent with the production of an excit...
Beamforming of sound from two-dimensional arrays using spatial matched filters

Fully-sampled two-dimensional (2D) arrays can have two-way focusing of the ultrasound beam in both lateral directions leading to high quality, real-time three-dimensional (3D) imaging. However, fully-sampled 2D arrays with very large element counts (>16 000) are difficult to manufacture due to interconnect density and large element electrical impedance. As an alternative, row-column or crossed electrode arrays have been proposed to simplify transducer fabrication and system integration. These types of arrays consist of two one-dimensional arrays oriented perpendicular to each other. Using conventional delay-and-sum beamforming, each array performs one-way focusing in perpendicular lateral directions which yield higher sidelobe and acoustic clutter levels compared to fully-sampled 2D arrays with two-way focusing. In this paper, the use of spatial matched filters to improve focusing of row-column arrays is investigated. On receive, data from each element are first spatial match filtered in the elevation direction. After summation, the data are filtered again in the azimuth direction. Beam widths comparable to one-way focusing are seen in azimuth and beam widths comparable to two-way focusing are achieved in elevation. 3D beam patterns from computer simulation results using a 7.5 MHz 128 × 128 row-column array are shown with comparison to a fully sampled 2D array.
Relationship Among Bacterial Virulence, Bladder Dysfunction, Vesicoureteral Reflux and Patterns of Urinary Tract Infection in Children

Purpose: We hypothesized that virulence levels of Escherichia coli isolates causing pediatric urinary tract infections differ according to severity of infection and also among various uropathies known to contribute to pediatric urinary tract infections. We evaluated these relationships using in vitro cytokine interleukin-6 elicitation.Materials and Methods: E. coli isolates were cultured from children presenting with urinary tract infections. In vitro cytokine (interleukin-6) elicitation was quantified for each isolate and the bacteria were grouped according to type of infection and underlying uropathy (neurogenic bladder, nonneurogenic bowel and bladder dysfunction, primary vesicoureteral reflux, no underlying etiology).Results: A total of 40 E. coli isolates were collected from children with a mean age of 61.5 months (range 1 to 204). Mean level of in vitro cytokine elicitation from febrile urinary tract infection producing E. coli was significantly lower than for nonfebrile strains (p = 0.01). The inte...
Systemic and mucosal immune responses to H1N1 influenza virus infection in pigs

Influenza is a common respiratory disease in pigs, and since swine influenza viruses are zoonotic pathogens, they also pose human health risks. Pigs infected with influenza virus mount an effective immune response and are protected from subsequent challenge, whereas the currently available, inactivated-virus vaccine does not consistently confer complete protection to challenge. To develop and evaluate new vaccination strategies, it is imperative to fully understand the immune responses that are associated with protection following natural infection. Therefore, we have evaluated the phenotype and kinetics of immune responses to primary and re-challenge infection with H1N1 swine influenza virus in the pig. Through the use of isotype-specific antibody secreting cell ELISPOT assays, interferon-gamma ELISPOT assays and isotype-specific ELISAs on serum, nasal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage samples, we defined the humoral and cellular immune responses, both locally in the respiratory tract and systemically, to this viral infection. Virus-specific serum IgG, IgA, and HI titers all peaked 2-3 weeks after primary infection and did not substantially increase after re-challenge. The predominant virus-specific isotype in serum was IgG. Pigs responded with virus-specific IgG and IgA in both the upper (nasal washes) and lower (bronchoalveolar lavages) airways; IgA was the predominant isotype in both sites. Despite the fact that the pigs were completely protected from re-challenge, the antibody titers in the nasal washes increased. Results of the antibody-secreting cell ELISPOT assays demonstrated that the numbers of both IgG and IgA secreting cells in the nasal mucosa were dramatically higher than in any other tissue examined. In contrast, IFN-gamma secreting cells were predominantly localized to the spleen and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. These data will be helpful in the future development and evaluation of novel vaccines.
ESTIMATED EFFECT OF THE TEACHER ADVANCEMENT PROGRAM ON STUDENT TEST SCORE GAINS

This article presents findings from the first independent, third-party appraisal of the impact of the Teacher Advancement Program (TAP) on student test score gains in mathematics. TAP is a comprehensive school reform model designed to attract highly effective teachers, improve instructional effectiveness, and elevate student achievement. We use a panel data set to estimate a TAP treatment effect by comparing student test score gainsinmathematicsinschoolsthatparticipatedinTAP with student test score gains in non-TAP schools. Ordinary least squares estimation reveals a positive TAP treatment effect on student test score gains in the elementary grades, with weaker but still positive point estimates in the secondary grades. When estimation methods control for selection bias, the positive effect remains at the elementary level, but most estimates for grades 6 through 10 turn negative. Our findings are qualified by the lack of information on the fidelity of implementation across TAP schools and on variation in features of TAP programs at the school level.
12 Gy gamma knife radiosurgical volume is a predictor for radiation necrosis in non-AVM intracranial tumors.

Purpose: To determine whether the 12-Gy radiosurgical volume (12-GyV) correlates with the development of postradiosurgical imaging changes suggestive of radiation necrosis in patients treated for non–arteriovenous malformation (non-AVM) intracranial tumors with gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKSRS). Methods and Materials: A retrospective single-institution review of 129 patients with 198 separate non-AVM tumors was performed. Patients were followed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and physical examinations at 3- to 6-month intervals. Patients who developed postradiosurgical MRI changes suggestive of radiation necrosis were labeled as having either symptomatic radiation necrosis (S-NEC) if they experienced any decline in neurologic examination associated with the imaging changes, or asymptomatic radiation necrosis (A-NEC) if they had a stable or improving neurologic examination. Results: 12-GyV correlated with risk of S-NEC, which was 23% (for 12-GyV of 0–5 cc), 20% (5–10 cc), 54% (10–15 cc), and 57% (>15 cc). The risk of A-NEC did not significantly change with 12-GyV. Logistic regression analyses showed that the following factors were associated with the development of S-NEC: 12-GyV ( p p p = 0.03), and male sex ( p = 0.03). Radiosurgical plan conformality did not correlate with the development of S-NEC. Conclusion: The risk of S-NEC, but not A-NEC after GKSRS for non-AVM tumors correlates with 12-GyV, and increases significantly for 12-GyV >10 cc.
Lebesque Measure Zero Subsets of the Real Line and an Infinite Game

Let denote the ideal of Lebesgue measure zero subsets of the real line. Then add( ) denotes the minimal cardinality of a subset of whose union is not an element of . In [1] Bartoszynski gave an elegant combinatorial characterization of add( ), namely: add( ) is the least cardinal number κ for which the following assertion fails: For every family of at most κ functions from ω to ω there is a function F from ω to the finite subsets of ω such that: 1. For each m, F(m) has at most m + 1 elements, and 2. for each f in there are only finitely many m such that f(m) is not an element of F(m) . The symbol A( κ ) will denote the assertion above about κ . In the course of his proof, Bartoszynski also shows that the cardinality restriction in 1 is not sharp. Indeed, let ( R m : m ω ) be any sequence of integers such that for each m R m , ≤ R m +1 , and such that lim m →∞ R m = ∞. Then the truth of the assertion A( κ ) is preserved if in 1 we say instead that 1′. For each m, F(m) has at most R m elements . We shall use this observation later on. We now define three more statements, denoted B( κ ), C( κ ) and D( κ ), about cardinal number κ .
Elaboration and numerical anchoring: Implications of attitude theories for consumer judgment and decision making

Abstract Researchers across many domains have examined the impact of externally presented numerical anchors on perceiver judgments. In the traditional paradigm, “anchored” judgments are typically explained as a result of elaborate thinking (i.e., confirmatory hypothesis testing that selectively activates anchor-consistent information in memory). Consistent with a long tradition in attitude change, we suggest that the same judgments can result from relatively thoughtful or non-thoughtful processes, with more thoughtful processes resulting in judgments that have more lasting impact. We review recent anchoring research consistent with this elaboration-based perspective and discuss implications for past anchoring results and theory in judgment and decision making.
Micro Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Concept for Distributed Data Collection

This works presents an analysis of a concept micro autonomous underwater platform. The focus variable in this study is size: what are the size limits for a micro-AUV, and what design parameters require the greatest effort to fulfill at this size? The target design space is a robot smaller than 1 cubic inch in size and less than $50 in cost. Preliminary results indicate that the electronics, battery, and sensor subsystems are not limited by this constraint, with the exception of sonar. Mechanical design at this scale is feasible, but is limited primarily by the effectiveness of propulsion and free volume required for adequate buoyancy.
The Ubiquitin-homology Protein, DAP-1, Associates with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (p60) Death Domain and Induces Apoptosis

The tumor necrosis factor receptor, p60 (TNF-R1), transduces death signals via the association of its cytoplasmic domain with several intracellular proteins. By screening a mammalian cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid cloning technique, we isolated a ubiquitin-homology protein, DAP-1, which specifically interacts with the cytoplasmic death domain of TNF-R1. Sequence analysis reveals that DAP-1 shares striking sequence homology with the yeast SMT3 protein that is essential for the maintenance of chromosome integrity during mitosis (Meluh, P. B., and Koshland, D. (1995) Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 793-807). DAP-1 is nearly identical to PIC1, a protein that interacts with the PML tumor suppressor implicated in acute promyelocytic leukemia (Boddy, M. N., Howe, K., Etkin, L. D., Solomon, E., and Freemont, P. S. (1996) Oncogene 13, 971-982), and the sentrin protein, which associates with the Fas death receptor (Okura, T., Gong, L., Kamitani, T., Wada, T., Okura, I., Wei, C. F., Chang, H. M., and Yeh, E. T. (1996) J. Immunol. 157, 4277-4281). The in vivo interaction between DAP-1 and TNF-R1 was further confirmed in mammalian cells. In transient transfection assays, overexpression of DAP-1 suppresses NF-kappaB/Rel activity in 293T cells, a human kidney embryonic carcinoma cell line. Overexpression of either DAP-1 or sentrin causes apoptosis of TNF-sensitive L929 fibroblast cell line, as well as TNF-resistant osteosarcoma cell line, U2OS. Furthermore, the dominant negative Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) protein blocks the cell death induced by either DAP-1 or FADD. Collectively, these observations highly suggest a role for DAP-1 in mediating TNF-induced cell death signaling pathways, presumably through the recruitment of FADD death effector.
Continuous Motion in Physics VIII 8

The note discusses Aristotle's arguments concerning continuity of circular motion and shows that, first, they are philosophical in nature and, second, continuity of rectilinear motion can be proven in Aristotelian physics.
Graphic strategies for analyzing and interpreting curricular mapping data.

Objective. To describe curricular mapping strategies used in analyzing and interpreting curricular mapping data and present findings on how these strategies were used to facilitate curricular development. Design. Nova Southeastern University's doctor of pharmacy curriculum was mapped to the college's educational outcomes. The mapping process included development of educational outcomes followed by analysis of course material and semi-structured interviews with course faculty members. Data collected per course outcome included learning opportunities and assessment measures used. Assessment. Nearly 1,000 variables and 10,000 discrete rows of curricular data were collected. Graphic representations of curricular data were created using bar charts and stacked area graphs relating the learning opportunities to the educational outcomes. Graphs were used in the curricular evaluation and development processes to facilitate the identification of curricular holes, sequencing misalignments, learning opportunities, an...
Prediction of subtropical storm soil losses from field plot studies

Abstract The relationships between annual soil loss under subtropical rainfall and cumulative erosivity parameters have previously been investigated (Elwell and Stocking, 1973a). In this study daily soil losses were recorded from experimental field plots planted to maize on two different but common soil types. Planting densities varied from 12,350 to 37,000 plants/ha and slopes from 3 to 8%. One bare fallow plot was included in the investigation. The results show the significance of derived energy-intensity parameters in predicting soil losses: (a) EI30 on bare soil; (b) EI15 on all covered plots to nearly maximum vegetal cover; and (c) EI5 on high density late season crops. Different slopes appear to have no relevance as to choice of parameter. Cover combined with varied infiltration and runoff conditions are suggested as the main determinants for choice of storm soil loss parameters.
Rigidity of the polypeptide backbone in the triple-stranded collagen molecule.

Summary Conformational energy computations were carried out on collagen-like triple-stranded conformations of several polytripeptides with the structure CH 3 CO(GXY) 3 NHCH 3 , where X and Y can be Pro, Ala, or Gly. The computed minimum-energy conformations for various sequences are compared with that computed earlier for poly(Gly-Pro-Pro). Usually, substitution of Ala or Gly residues for Pro does not cause any strain or distortion of the conformation of the triple-stranded complex. Thus, the structure is a very stable and essentially rigid one. Unfavorable interactions were found only in the case of CH 3 CO(Gly-Ala-Pro)NHCH 3 . These interactions are a consequence of differences between the residue geometry of Ala and Pro. They result in small changes of some backbone dihedral angles and in an increase of intra- and interchain energies. The presence of a single Gly-Ala-Pro tripeptide within a sequence of Gly-Pro-Pro tripeptides is not sufficient, however, to cause even a small distortion of the triple strand. No deviation of the peptide groups from planarity is required to stabilize the triple-stranded structure.
Timing of migration and patterns of winter settlement by Henslow's Sparrows.

Abstract. Fall arrival is an important period in the life history of migratory birds because processes during this period determine where birds spend the winter, which is linked to subsequent survival and condition at the time of spring migration. Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) winter in savannas of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), but their secretive behavior limits our knowledge of their winter ecology, including behavioral processes that lead to their documented preference of an ephemeral habitat—recently burned savannas. We expected that upon arrival Henslow's Sparrows actively seek out recently burned savannas and that their over-winter location is dependent on intraspecific interactions during the arrival period. We conducted a 2-year mark—recapture study in southeastern Louisiana longleaf pine savannas to examine these predictions. Bird densities were highest in savannas burned during the previous growing season. There was a large turnover of transient individuals in October and early No...
Capital Structure Determinants in Real Estate Limited Partnerships

This paper models the capital structure decision facing partnerships and tests the implications using panel-data regression analysis for a sample of real estate limited partnerships. The model shows that if an optimal capital structure exists for non-taxed firms, it is a function of personal tax effects, costs of financial distress, and substitute tax shields. The empirical tests indicate a positive relationship between leverage and the proportion of real estate assets held, and a negative relationship between leverage and both growth rates and non-debt tax shields. Furthermore, the findings suggest that changes resulting from the Tax Reform Act of 1986 are positively related to partnership leverage.
Recycling of thermoplastic waste: Phase equilibrium in polystyrene-PVC-polyolefin solvent systems

The contribution of plastics to the total amount of waste produced is increasing significantly. Not only do plastics present disposal difficulties, but traditional disposal techniques constitute a waste of valuable resources. A process to recycle plastic waste economically would provide an attractive solution to both problems. Approximately 70 percent of the U.S. plastics production is comprised of only three families of plastics; polyethylene, PVC and polystyrene. Mixtures of these three polymers invariably have poor properties because of their thermodynamic incompatibility, so a recycle scheme will have to achieve separation into nearly pure components. A process is proposed which takes advantage of the thermodynamic incompatibility of polymers in solution to effect such a separation. The equilibration of a simulated waste mix containing 4 parts polyolefin (polyethylene and polypropylene), 1 part polystyrene and I part PVC was investigated in a variety of solvents at total polymer concentrations of up to 15 percent, in the temperature range 115 to 125°C, using differential refractometry. In an 85 percent xylene, 15 percent cyclohexanone solvent, the polyolefins (polypropylene and the various densities of polyethylene) coexisted in a single phase, but the three phases obtained—polyolefin, polystyrene and PVC—routinely contained 99 + percent pure polymer, indicating that excellent separations of the major thermoplastic components of a waste mix can indeed be obtained.
Solution structure of Asl1650, an acyl carrier protein from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 with a variant phosphopantetheinylation-site sequence

Cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena, produce a variety of bioactive natural products via polyketide synthases (PKS), nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), and hybrid peptide/polyketide pathways. The protein Asl1650, which is a member of the acyl carrier protein family from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, is encoded in a region of the Anabaena genome that is rich in PKS and NRPS genes. To gain new insight into the physiological role of acyl carriers in Anabaena, the solution structure of Asl1650 has been solved by NMR spectroscopy. The protein adopts a twisted antiparallel four-helix bundle fold, with a variant phosphopantetheine-attachment motif positioned at the start of the second helix. Structure comparisons with proteins from other organisms suggest a likely physiological function as a discrete peptidyl carrier protein.
Triangle zigzag transition modeling

Designing read-back subsystems in magnetic recording requires precise knowledge about the signal picked up by the reading head. As areal densities in longitudinal magnetic recording increase, the read-back signal becomes more corrupted by intersymbol interference, media noise, and intertrack interference. Due to the spatial distribution of transitions on a disk surface and the nonlinear character of bit interactions, two dimensional media plane models are widely used to model the write process. If a two dimensional (or three dimensional) read- head model is utilized, intertrack interferences are also observed. Micromagnetic media modeling, coupled with appropriate read-head models, have been successfully used to model the 'raw' magnetic recording channel. However, due to its high computational complexity, micromagnetic modeling is an impractical tool in statistical signal analyses such as error rate studies where thousands of transitions need to be created. We propose a much simpler, yet realistic, two dimensional write process model. We call it the triangle zig-zag transition (TZ- ZT) model since the transition boundary is modeled by lateral sides of isosceles triangles of alternating orientations truncated on a common basis line across the track width. Formulas are presented that relate the parameters of the model, the probability density function of triangle heights and the constant vertex angle, to the magnetization transition profile of an isolated transition and to the cross track correlation width, respectively. Although stochastic zig-zag models have been proposed in the past, our model has the advantage that it is stable across the track, that is, it is not an independent increment process and it therefore doesn't exhibit a cross track drift. Compared to micromagnetic modeling, the TZ-ZT model offers computational savings of 4 orders of magnitude, while transition shapes and media noise are modeled with comparable accuracy, as our results show. For these reasons, the TZ-ZT model, combined with an appropriate head-sensitivity function, is an attractive 'raw channel' model for applications such as statistical performance analyses where large numbers of bits are needed.
Observations from Ogo 5 of the thermal ion density and temperature within the magnetosphere

Magnetosphere thermal ion density and temperature in dawn and morning quadrants from OGO 5 satellite measurements
Sustainable transportation stage of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy scale development and validation in two university samples

Single occupancy vehicle (SOV) transportation is a key contributor to climate change and air pollution. Sustainable transportation (ST), commuting by any means other than SOV, could both slow climate change and enhance public health. The transtheoretical model (TTM) provides a useful framework for examining how people progress towards adopting ST. Short valid and reliable measures for ST decisional balance, self-efficacy, and climate change doubt were developed and their relationship with stages of change was examined. Two large university-based volunteer samples participated in measurement studies. Using multiple procedures, three brief internally consistent measures were developed: decisional balance, self-efficacy, and climate change doubt. The stages of change correctly discriminated both decisional balance and self-efficacy, as well as replicated hypothesized relationships. Climate change doubt did not vary by stages; however, it may prove useful in future studies. Results support the validation of these measures and the application of the TTM to ST.
The reaction of pentacyanonitrosylferrate(II) with bases V. thiocyanate

Abstract Observations are reported which suggest that the blue species, species B (λ max =580 to 590 nm), which forms when pentacyanonitrosylferrate(II) (nitroprusside, (NC) 5 FeNO 2− )-thiocyanate mixtures are irradiated or made basic and then acidic, results from the reaction of thiocyanate with (NC) 5 FeNO 2 4− and (NC) 5 FeH 2 O 3− : (NC) 5 FeNO 2 4− +NCS − =(NC) 5 FeNCS 4− +NO 2 − (3) (NC) 5 FeH 2 O 3− +NCS − =(NC) 5 FeNCS 4− +H 2 O (4), followed by the oxidation of (NC) 5 Fe II NCS 4 by nitrous acid to yield (NC) 5 Fe III NCS 3− , species B .
Singular Stress Fields at the Intersection of a Grain Boundary and a Stress-Free Edge in a Columnar Polycrystal

The singular stress field generated at the intersection of a grain boundary and a stress-free edge is investigated for a columnar polycrystal. An idealized, plane strain geometry that embeds four columnar cubic crystals within an effective isotropic media is analyzed. This idealized problem permits a detailed finite element analysis that can resolve the nature of stress singularities. Particular emphasis is placed on characterizing the magnitude of the stress fields and defining the size of the region dominated by the singularity. The effects of crystal and grain boundary orientation combinations and crystal properties are examined.
Sequence alignment with arbitrary steps and further generalizations, with applications to alignments in linguistics

We provide simple generalizations of the classical Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for aligning two sequences. First, we let both sequences be defined over arbitrary, potentially different alphabets. Secondly, we consider similarity functions between elements of both sequences with ranges in a semiring. Thirdly, instead of considering only 'match', 'mismatch' and 'skip' operations, we allow arbitrary non-negative alignment 'steps'S. Next, we present novel combinatorial formulas for the number of monotone alignments between two sequences for selected steps S. Finally, we illustrate sample applications in natural language processing that require larger steps than available in the original Needleman-Wunsch sequence alignment procedure such that our generalizations can be fruitfully adopted.