cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolving lipid-based delivery systems in the management of neoplastic disease

Drug delivery systems for the therapeutic use of cytotoxic chemotherapy are an essential aspect of successful treatment and remain under active evaluation. Such systems offer advantages such as they can change the pharmacologic and pharmacodynamic properties of an active drug in preclinical screens to meet the needs of therapy in humans. For example, unstable or insoluble agents can be formulated in a manner to allow effective exposure in the tumor. Liposomal delivery systems are the most mature with regulatory approval for several liposomal preparations. The liposome is attractive as the charge, size, composition, and the payload (drug) can be manipulated to enhance efficacy. Targeting agents such as antibodies, antibody fragments, or ligands can be incorporated into the liposomal structure to enhance specificity. The liposome can be manipulated to be thermal or pH sensitive. In addition, variations of the liposome can incorporate more than one agent and also allow for sequential exposure of the active agents to the tumor. Additional lipid formulations include micelles and nanocochleates, which are earlier in development, but many offer an alternative to liposomal technology. The size, shape, adducts, and composition of the micelles may offer more flexibility in the delivery platform. Further clinical trials are eagerly awaited.
Structural comparison of alkylpolyamine analogues with potent in vitro antitumor or antiparasitic activity

A series of symmetrically or unsymmetrically alkyl-substituted polyamine analogues were synthesized containing either a 3-3-3 or 3-7-3 polyamine backbone. These analogues were evaluated in vitro as antitumor agents in the NCI H157 and NCI H82 lung carcinoma cell lines, and as antitrypanosomal agents against four strains of Trypanosoma brucei brucei or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The resulting biological data suggest that it is possible to specifically target tumor cells or parasitic organisms with alkylpolyamine analogues based on structure.
Experimental Procedure for Testing the Effects of Low Level Antibiotic Feeding and Therapeutic Treatment on Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen Infection in Broiler Chicks

Procedures are described for determining the effects of low level antibiotic feed additives in broiler chick rations when chicks are artificially infected with Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen and the effectiveness of the same antibiotics used therapeutically for salmonellosis. These procedures also permit study of development of antibiotic resistant enteric flora related to antibiotic feeding and the transferability of the resistance. Measures should be taken to monitor and assure minimal extraneous bacterial contamination of eggs, chicks, feed and facilities and minimize baseline antibiotics resistance. Facilities and equipment should be fumigated extensively, chicks should be from primary breeder flocks off antibiotics for two generations, handled minimally, and fed all-vegetable protein rations. Optimum procedures for oral induction of salmonellosis with a chick-virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen are reported. Effects of low level antibiotic feeding and subsequent therapeutic level feeding of infected and control birds are measured by mortality, feed efficiency and weight gain, and microbiological analyses of fecal samples, intestinal samples and necropsied dead chicks. Gathering all data possible from all facets of the trials is imperative for ascertaining antibiotic effects.
CD98 modulates integrin β1 function in polarized epithelial cells

The type II transmembrane protein CD98, best known as the heavy chain of the heterodimeric amino acid transporters (HAT), is required for the surface expression and basolateral localization of this transporter complex in polarized epithelial cells. CD98 also interacts with β1 integrins resulting in an increase in their affinity for ligand. In this study we explored the role of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of CD98 on integrin-dependent cell adhesion and migration in polarized renal epithelial cells. We demonstrate that the transmembrane domain of CD98 was sufficient, whereas the five N-terminal amino acids of this domain were required for CD98 interactions with β1 integrins. Overexpression of either full-length CD98 or CD98 lacking its cytoplasmic tail increased cell adhesion and migration, whereas deletion of the five N-terminal amino acids of the transmembrane domain of CD98 abrogated this effect. CD98 and mutants that interacted with β1 integrins increased both focal adhesion formation and FAK and AKT phosphorylation. CD98-induced cell adhesion and migration was inhibited by addition of phosphoinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3-K) inhibitors suggesting these cell functions are PI3-K-dependent. Finally, CD98 and mutants that interacted with β1, induced marked changes in polarized renal epithelial cell branching morphogenesis in collagen gels. Thus, in polarized renal epithelial cells, CD98 might be viewed as a scaffolding protein that interacts with basolaterally expressed amino acid transporters and β1 integrins and can alter diverse cellular functions such as amino acid transport as well as cell adhesion, migration and branching morphogenesis.
THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF POLYPHOSPHOINOSITIDES AND STUDIES ON THEIR TURNOVER IN VARIOUS TISSUES.

Abstract 1. 1. 32 P-labeled spots obtained when total lipid extracts from tissue slices are chromatographed on silicic acid-impregnated paper with phenol-ammonia as the developing solvent been characterized as di- and triphosphoinositide. This has enabled us to develop a simple, rapid, quantitative method for assaying the radioactivity incorporated into di- and triphosphoinositide in large numbers of small samples of tissue. 2. 2. Slices of salts gland, brain cortex, kidney, liver, pancreas, and heart ventricle incorporated 32 P into di- and triphosphoinisitide when incubated in physiological saline containing [ 32 P]orthophosphate. With the exception of liver, the incorporation into triphosphoinositide was higher. The incorporation into diphosphoinositide generally paralled that into triphosphoinositide. 3. 3. Under conditions in which 32 P incorporation into phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl inositol was stimulated by acitylcholine in salt-gland slices, there was an inhibition of incorporation into the polyphosphoinositides.
Electron-hole droplets in strained Ge and Si

Abstract The effect of the non-parabolicity of the valence band on the electron-hole droplets in Si and Ge under a large uniaxial stress is discussed. It is found that this stress-induced band feature helps to lower the ground state energy of the droplet relative to that of the free excitons.
Packing and Covering with Centrally Symmetric Convex Disks

Given a convex disk K (a convex compact planar set with nonempty interior), let źL(K) and źL(K) denote the lattice packing density and the lattice covering density of K, respectively. We prove that for every centrally-symmetric convex disk K we have that $$ 1\le\delta_L(K)\theta_L(K)\le1.17225\ldots $$ The left inequality is tight and it improves a 10-year old result.
The effects of correlated noise in phased-array observations of radio sources

Arrays of radio telescopes are now routinely used to provide increased signal-to-noise when observing faint point sources. However, calculation of the achievable sensitivity is complicated if there are sources in the field of view other than the target source. These additional sources not only increase the system temperatures of the individual antennas, but may also contribute significant 'correlated noise' to the effective system temperature of the array. This problem has been of particular interest in the context of tracking spacecraft in the vicinity of radio-bright planets (e.g., Galileo at Jupiter), but it has broader astronomical relevance as well. This paper presents a general formulation of the problem, for the case of a point-like target source in the presence of an additional radio source of arbitrary brightness distribution. We re-derive the well known result that, in the absence of any background sources, a phased array of N indentical antennas is a factor of N more sensitive than a single antenna. We also show that an unphased array of N identical antennas is, on average, no more sensitive than a single antenna if the signals from the individual antennas are combined prior to detection. In the case where a background source is present we show that the effects of correlated noise are highly geometry dependent, and for some astronomical observations may cause significant fluctuations in the array's effective system temperature.
Superwarfarin poisoning: a report of two cases and review of the literature.

Superwarfarins are anticoagulant rodenticides similar to warfarin, but which have various substituted phenyl groups replacing the terminal methyl group, resulting in a fat-soluble, long-acting anticoagulant that is nearly 100 times more potent than the parent compound. Since their development, many accidental and intentional cases of consumption have been reported. We describe two cases of consumption, one related to unknown etiology, and the other related to utilization of the superwarfarin to potentiate a drug of abuse. The clinical manifestations including bleeding symptoms and abnormal coagulation assays are discussed. The differential diagnosis is quite broad, and includes all causes of vitamin K deficiency, factor deficiency or inhibitor, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and liver disease. Differentiating superwarfarin ingestion from the other causes can be quite difficult, but extremely important, as management requires prolonged administration of vitamin K. Other treatment options are discussed as well including, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and recombinant factor VIIa. Finally, the significance of “lacing” drugs of abuse with superwarfarin to potentiate their effect is discussed, as well as the complications that could develop from such a habit. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Physical activity beliefs, barriers, and enablers among postpartum women.

Abstract Background and Methods: Physical activity during postpartum is both a recommended and an essential contributor to maternal health. Understanding the beliefs, barriers, and enablers regarding physical activity during the postpartum period can more effectively tailor physical activity interventions. The objective of this study was to document self-reported beliefs, barriers, and enablers to physical activity among a cohort of women queried at 3 and 12 months postpartum. Five questions about beliefs and two open-ended questions about their main barriers and enablers regarding physical activity and exercise were asked of 667 women at 3 months postpartum. Among the sample, 530 women answered the same questions about barriers and enablers to physical activity at 12 months postpartum. Results: Agreement on all five beliefs statements was high (≥89%), indicating that women thought that exercise and physical activity were appropriate at 3 months postpartum, even if they continued to breastfeed. For the co...
Picrotoxin-induced behavioral tolerance and altered susceptibility to seizures: effects of naloxone.

Abstract The role of opiate mechanisms in the development of tolerance and altered susceptibility to seizures after repeated injections of picrotoxin was investigated. Independent groups of rats were pretreated with naloxone (0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) or the saline vehicle and then tested for seizures induced by picrotoxin. The procedure was performed on 3 days at 1-week intervals, for a total of 3 testing days. Latencies to different types of seizures, the duration of postseizures immobility, and the number of focal seizure episodes were scored. In the vehicle-treated group, repeated picrotoxin injections led to an increased susceptibility to myoclonic and focal seizures and to decreased duration of postseizure immobility. Naloxone pretreatement significantly decreased the duration of the postseizure akinetic periods in the 1.0- and 10.0-mg/kg groups across all days, suggesting that endogenous opiates are involved in postseizure immobility and that there are inteactions between opiate and picrotoxin mechanisms in some seizures-related behaviors. Naloxone did not alter the development of tolerance or sensitivity, indicating that naloxone-insensitive opiate mechanisms or nonopiate mechanisms may be involved in these processes.
Exploring Two Two-Edged Swords

Failla, Marie Curie, and Columbia University It was a particular pleasure to receive the Radiation Research Society Failla Award in Warsaw, Poland, the birthplace of Marie Sklodowska Curie. Gioacchino Failla was the first director of my own Institute, now called the Columbia University Center for Radiological Research (CRR). Starting in 1918, Failla was in charge of the Columbia University Center for an astonishing 43 years, before Harold Rossi and then Eric Hall took over the reins. Between them, Rossi and Hall led the CRR for a further 49 years. Perhaps radiation is linked to scientific longevity, if not to increased lifespan (1). Failla was in fact one of Marie Curie’s graduate students, and he received his doctorate from the Sorbonne in 1923. Two years earlier, Marie Curie had visited Failla in New York City during her trip to the U.S. The New York Times recorded her arrival (Fig. 1) with the headline “Mme. Curie Plans to End All Cancers,” together with the memorable subheading “Motherly looking scientist in plain black frock gives thanks to Americans.” FIG. 1 New York Times, May 12 1921, describing Marie Curie’s arrival in New York City. Curie met with her student, Gioacchino Failla, during her visit. The Two Two-Edged Swords Radiation’s two two-edged swords that have dominated my own scientific thinking are: Radiation can cure cancer versus radiation can induce cancer. Radiotherapy needs physics research versus radiotherapy needs biological research. The goal of this brief summary is to give some examples of these contrasts, and try to draw some conclusions about research directions, interleaved with some observations about the scientists who have tried to push me in the right directions over the years.
Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation of Fixed Screen-Height Observations in a Parameterized PBL

Abstract In situ surface layer observations are a rich data source that could be more effectively utilized in NWP applications. If properly assimilated, data from existing mesonets could improve initial conditions and lower boundary conditions, leading to the possibility of improved simulation and short-range forecasts of slope flows, sea breezes, convective initiation, and other PBL circulations. A variance–covariance climatology is constructed by extracting a representative column from real-time mesoscale forecasts over the Southern Great Plains, and used to explore the potential for estimating the state of the PBL by assimilating surface observations. A parameterized 1D PBL model and an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approach to assimilation are used to test this potential. Analysis focuses on understanding how effectively the EnKF can spread the surface observations vertically to constrain the state of the PBL model. Results confirm that assimilating surface observations can substantially improve the s...
Up-regulation and down-regulation of genes expressed in cocultures of rat Sertoli cells and germ cells

To better understand the molecular interactions between somatic and germ cells in the mammalian testis, we have begun to analyze with mRNA differential display changes in gene expression induced by coculturing rat Sertoli cells and germ cells. We have identified 10 cDNAs that are either down-regulated or up-regulated in cocultures of germ cells and Sertoli cells. Three genes expressed in Sertoli cells and three genes expressed in germ cells were down-regulated in Sertoli cell-germ cell cocultures, whereas four genes were up-regulated in the cocultures. Northern blot analysis was used to establish the expression pattern of the mRNAs encoded by the cDNAs and to define the sizes of the differentially expressed mRNAs. Sequence analysis of the cDNAs and computer searches against the GenBank and EMBL DNA databases were used to relate the ten cDNAs to known genes. Of the three Sertoli cell cDNAs, one appeared identical to transferin, while the other two shared regions of similarity to an endoplasmic reticulum stress protein and to a pro-alpha 2 XI collagen, respectively. The three germ cell cDNAs shared sequences with fibronectin, with a basic fibroblast growth factor receptor and with an IgG gamma 2b, respectively. The four cDNAs that were up-regulated in the Sertoli-germ cell cocultures showed similarity to an isoform of casein kinase 1 delta, to an epidermal growth factor, to a statin-related protein, and to an integral membrane glycoprotein. These data demonstrate that a number of specific genes are up- and down-regulated when germ cells and Sertoli cells are cocultured, and suggest these genes are important in cell to cell communication during spermatogenesis.
ESTIMATION OF LIQUID AND SOLID HEAT CAPACITIES USING A MODIFIED KOPP'S RULE

Element based correlations are developed for the estimation of solid and liquid heat capacities (Cp) at 298 K. The correlations follow the general format, C p = ∑ C E N E, where C E is a coefficient associated with each element in the compound and N E is the number of occurrences of the element in the compound. The developed correlations provide a suitable alternative when neither experimental data nor the parameters for more rigorous estimation methods exist. The average absolute errors for the correlations are 9·% for solids and 8·% for liquids. These results represent a substantial improvement to Kopp's Rule, the original element based correlation.
Osteopathic lymphatic pump treatment and exercise increase lymph flow in conscious dogs with normal and expanded extracellular fluid volume

Jamie Huff , Artur Schander , Scott T. Stoll , Jerry W. Simecka , H. Fred Downey , Hollis H. King , Lisa M. Hodge a,b a Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX b National Osteopathic Research Center, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX c Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX
Decline in inducibility of sustained ventricular tachycardia from two to twenty weeks after acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract To determine temporal evolution of sustained ventricular arrhythmias inducible after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), serial programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) was performed in 27 patients 15 ± 4 and 150 ± 28 days after AMI. These patients did not have worsening of congestive heart failure or angina, coronary artery bypass surgery or spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the period between 2 PVS studies. During initial PVS, sustained VT or ventricular fibrillation (VF) was inducible in 17 patients (group I) and was not inducible in 10 (group II). Late PVS in group I induced sustained VT or VF in 8 patients (47%) and nonsustained VT or no VT in 9 (53%). A decrease in late inducibility of sustained VT VF was greater for arrhythmias induced during initial PVS by triple extrastimuli and burst pacing than for those induced by double extrastimuli (88% vs 25%, p
Ure(k)a! Sirtuins Regulate Mitochondria

Increasing evidence suggests that multiple metabolic pathways are regulated by sirtuin-dependent protein deacetylation in the mitochondria. In this issue, Nakagawa et al. (2009) show that the sirtuin SIRT5 deacetylates and activates a mitochondrial enzyme, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1, which mediates the first step in the urea cycle.
In Vitro Responses to Crude and Purified hCG in Human Thyroid Membranes

Others have reported that hCG has intrinsic thyrotropic activity in the mouse. To obtain evidence of whether hCG has stimulatory activity in the human thyroid, we have studied the interactions of crude and pure hCG with receptors in human thyroid membranes by assessing the ability of these preparations to inhibit the binding of bovine [125I]TSH ([125I]-bTSH) and to activate adenylate cyclase activity therein. On the assumption that all activity in crude hCG was due to hCG itself, studies of the displacement of [125I]bTSH at 4 C in 20 DIM Tris-Cl-0.5% bovine serum albumin, pH 7.45, revealed differing preparations of crude hCG to be approximately 10- to 40- fold more potent than pure hCG on a molar basis. Gonadotropic activities of crude and pure hCG were then standardized in a radioreceptor assay for hCG in rat testis. No major discrepancy between the in vivo bioactivity and the activity determined in vitro radioreceptor assay of these preparations was revealed. Lineweaver-Burk analysis showed the inhibiti...
Relationship of Divorce to Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Grade Point Average of Fifth and Sixth Grade School Children:

61 children (33 in Grade 5 and 28 in Grade 6) participated and were administered the Piers-Harris Self-concept Test, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory--School Form, and the Children's Depression Inventory. At the end of the school year grade point averages (GPAs; 12-point scale) were calculated and Iowa Tests of Basic Skills were taken from their transcripts. Among the 58, 21 children were from divorced homes (10 girls and 11 boys) and 37 were from nondivorced homes (21 girls and 16 boys). Other subjects' data were not used because some data were missing. Children from divorced homes scored significantly lower on the self-concept test, self-esteem tests, and GPAs than children from nondivorced homes, although both scores would be considered average. Girls had significantly higher GPAs than boys. Children from divorced homes scored significantly higher on the Children's Depression Inventory than children from nondivorced homes, but there were no significant effects for the composite score from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills for marital status of parents. Present results agree with prior observations that divorce has negative effects upon the children involved.
Effects of dexamethasone, heat shock, and serum responses on the inhibition of Hsc70 synthesis by antisense RNA in NIH 3T3 cells.

A dexamethasone (Dex)-inducible antisense RNA expression vector was constructed that contains the 5′-untranslated region and one third of the coding sequence for the bovine hsc70 protein. This vector was used to transfect NIH 3T3 cells from which clonal cell lines expressing hsc70 antisense RNA were developed. Quantitative Northern blot analysis with strand-specific probes was used to demonstrate the Dex-inducible accumulation of hsc70 antisense RNA in proliferating cell cultures and the inhibition of hsc70 RNA levels. Surprisingly, antisense RNA was either much less effective in reducing the amounts of hsc70 RNA in Dex-treated cultures than in untreated controls or cells compensated by producing more hsc70 RNA in response to increasing amounts of antisense RNA. Hsc70 protein synthesis did not decrease in either Dex-treated or untreated cultures: it actually increased, again suggesting the activation of a compensatory response. In Dex-treated cultures subjected to heat shock, hsc70 antisense RNA blocked the induction of hsp70, indicating that newly synthesized RNA was targeted effectively before it became translationally active. To test this hypothesis further, Dex-treated cultures were made quiescent by serum deprivation and then restimulated with serum, which causes a burst of RNA and protein synthesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, increased synthesis of hsc70 was blocked in serum-stimulated cultures expressing antisense RNA. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social media: multiple channels to capture multiple audiences

In this paper, I discuss several social media applications and their use to create a full media campaign to target the correct demographics. Applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and more offer unprecedented access to faculty, administrators, students, staff, etc. Social Media has broken down the silos between segments and sections of society and allows communications to occur organically and effectively. Moreover, information is consumed in real time and "just in time." The new communications, public relations, and marketing campaigns have a new arsenal of communication channels to use. The only thing left to do is to know which to choose, how to apply them, and how to measure their effectiveness.
Optimal set of features for accurate skin cancer diagnosis

Skin cancer is on the rise. Hence the accurate detection of cancerous lesions is of paramount importance in the treatment of this health condition. In this study, we present a computer vision framework that studies 10 skin lesion features including newly introduced morphological and texture features along with established in the literature. All features are extracted automatically from 90 lesion images. A two-class classification problem was applied to determine the most significant features of disease using three features selection methods, Support Vector Machines Recursive Feature Elimination (SVMRFE), Information Gain, and Correlation-based Feature Subset Selection. We found that the five features selected by SVMRFE provides the highest accuracy readings of 100% model, 84% leave-one-out, and 89% 10-fold cross validation (10×CV) than the other two methods. Comparing the selected features with those used by the Total Dermoscopy Score, we report consistencies, disagreements, and the contributions of the present work.
Morphological Operators for Polarimetric Anomaly Detection

We introduce an algorithm of morphological filters and propose its use to classic polarization metrics for applications requiring passive longwave-infrared, polarimetric remote sensing and real-time anomaly detection. The approach significantly augments the daytime and nighttime detectability of weak-signal manmade objects immersed in a predominant natural background scene. A tailored sequence of signal-enhancing filters is featured, consisting of basic and higher level morphological operators to achieve a desired goal. Qualitatively, the goal is to effectively squeeze the variance of pixel values representing the natural clutter background, while simultaneously spreading the pixel variance within the manmade object class and separating the pixel mean averages between the two classes of objects. Using real data, the approach persistently detected with a high confidence level three mobile military howitzer surrogates (targets) from natural clutter, during a 72-h coverage. Targets were posed at three aspect angles (range 557 m), yielding a negligible false alarm rate. Performance was invariant to diurnal cycle and mild atmospheric changes.
A robust sound-source separation algorithm for an adverse environment that combines MVDR-PHAT with the CASA framework

Extracting a high-quality speech signal of a single source from a multiple-source input in an adverse environment has always been a challenge for microphone-array processing. Three major approaches have been proposed to tackle this problem: blind-source separation (BSS), beamforming (BF), and computational auditory scene analysis (CASA). Combinations of the CASA and BF, BSS and BF also have been introduced. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm which utilizes the null-steering beamformer minimum-variance distortionless response (MVDR) using the proven-robust phase transform (MVDR-PHAT) and the CASA framework that closely mimics human hearing perception. Experimental results using real data recorded in a room with high background and reverberation noise indicated the improved performance of the proposed algorithm compared to those of traditional beamforming algorithms and an SRP-PHAT-based source-separation algorithm recently described at ICASSP 2010.
Sand pine (Pinus clausa) seedling distribution and biomechanics in relation to microsite conditions and proximity to potential nurse plants

Abstract We investigated the distribution of sand pine (Pinus clausa) seedlings in relation to the locations of hardwoods and palmettos that had resprouted in five recently clear-cut and one burned stand in sand pine scrub vegetation in Ocala National Forest (Florida, USA). We also studied how the shade and mechanical support provided by the taller resprouts affect the allometry and biomechanics of sand pine seedling stems. Although soil surface temperatures were higher and soil moisture contents (0–5 cm) were lower in open than in covered microsites, sand pine seedling densities did not vary in relation to proximity to resprouted hardwoods and palmettos. There was no apparent nurse plant effect on sand pine seedling distributions, but seedlings that grew up under the resprouts had larger whole stem flexibilities, greater height:diameter ratios, and less tapered stems. In response to the mechanical support and shade of neighboring plants, sand pine seedlings grow taller per unit investment in stem tissue, thereby shortening the period during which they presumably suffer from above-ground competition. This biomechanical plasticity increases the rates at which sand pine seedlings can overtop their resprouted competitors.
Symposium on land erosion: Introduction

One of the very obvious geologic phenomena that is continuously in operation throughout the Earth's land surface is erosion, the process of wearing away the soil or the surface mantle. The falling of rain drops on an unprotected slope, the flow of water across land or in a channel, the borings of a rodent, the expansion of a root, the pull of gravity, the gouging of a glacier, or the impinging of wind on an open surface are some of the forces continually at work in this erosion process. The tendency of these forces is to bring everything to a common level and the moment a point of land or a continent rises above its surroundings, gravity, rain, wind, and all the other forces set to work, bringing it back to the level of its nieghbor. The poetic expression “the everlasting hills” is an illusion, for these erosion forces have been operative since the dawn of geologic history and the evidence is conclusive that in this sequence of time numerous generations of hills and mountain ranges have been uplifted and then razed by erosion, the waste and rock debris of one range forming the source material for its successor. We could not have the great deposits of alluvium and the thick beds of conglomerate, sandstones, and shales that occur at present throughout the Earth without erosion to furnish the source material.
Motivational Orientations and Selected Learner Variables of East Asian Language Learners in the United States

ABSTRACT: In this study 341 college students enrolled in East Asian language classes were surveyed about their language learning motivational orientations (MOs). MO was classified and measured on seven subscales, as follows: integrative, instrumental, heritage-related, travel, interest, school-related, and language use. East Asian language learners were highly influenced by interest, language use, and integrative MOs. Integrative motivation was more important than instrumental motivation. The students had a stronger desire to learn speaking and listening skills than to learn reading and writing. The language of study, gender, heritage learner status, requirement, and language proficiency variables had statistically significant effects on students' MOs. Heritage learner status was the most important variable; MO differed remarkably depending on whether a student was a heritage learner or a nonheritage learner. Korean learners were more strongly motivated than Chinese or Japanese learners. Heritage learners fulfilling a requirement were the most strongly motivated group. Implications for East Asian language educators and administrators are discussed.
Free-operant compounding of low-rate stimuli

Five rats were trained on a three-component multiple schedule. Tone and light were each associated with differential reinforcement of low-rate contingencies where a response was reinforced only if minimum interresponse time requirements were met. The simultaneous absence of tone and light was associated with nonreinforcement (extinction). During stimulus compounding tests, significantly more responses were emitted to tone plus light than to either tone or light presented singly. This demonstrates additive summation for the first time under conditions where increased responding could decrease frequency of reinforcement on the baseline schedules maintaining responding in training.
Southern African Phanerozoic marine invertebrates: Biogeography, pal˦oecology, climatology and comments on adjacent regions

Abstract The Palaeozoic marine invertebrate fossil record in southern Africa is characterised by extensive data for the Early and Middle Devonian but extremely limited or absent for other Palaeozoic Periods. The Mesozoic Era is lacking in marine invertebrate fossils for the Triassic, Late Jurassic, and Cretaceous. For the Cenozoic Era there is limited marine megafossil information. Overall, in benthic, cool waters, Palaeozoic, marine megafossils from southern Africa appear to represent relatively low diversity communities, when compared to ecologically comparable warm water environments elsewhere. However, the marine benthic Cretaceous and Cenozoic faunas of southwestern Africa are typically diverse warm water types, until the later Miocene when cool waters again prevailed. The Benguela Current clearly influenced lower diversity faunas. Climatically, it can be inferred from the marine megabenthic pal˦ontological evidence, thatwarm conditions were present from Early Cambrian until mid-Ordovician times, followed by a much cooler climate that persisted well into the Middle Devonian. The Late Palaeozoic evidence thus indicates cool to cold conditions. In contrast, the Late Permian fossils are consistent with warmer conditions, continuing through Late Jurassic and Cretaceous times along the East African and West African coasts, until the Late Miocene. Within the Gondwanan framework, a Central African region can be envisaged that was subject to non-marine conditions during the entire Phanerozoic Eon. Peripheral to this central African region were marine environments of various ages. The geological history of these peripheral regions was fairly unique. Some features in southern Africa are similar of those found in the Parana Basin and the Falkland Islands. Most of North Africa from central Senegal to Libya contains a Phanerozoic marine cover extending from the Early Cambrian through to the Carboniferous, characterised by warm water faunas, except for the Ordovician which yields cool-cold water faunas. The Palaeozoic of Arabia, which was an integral part of Africa until the Miocene, has yieldedwarm water fossils.
Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April 2011 eruption at Axial Seamount

For volcanoes at submarine rift zones, a direct link between seismicity, seafloor deformation and magma intrusion has not been demonstrated. Recordings from ocean-bottom hydrophones and bottom-pressure recorders map an increasing rate of seismicity at Axial Seamount, northeast Pacific, over several years before its eruption in April 2011.
Nanoscale electronic synapses using phase change devices

The memory capacity, computational power, communication bandwidth, energy consumption, and physical size of the brain all tend to scale with the number of synapses, which outnumber neurons by a factor of 10,000. Although progress in cortical simulations using modern digital computers has been rapid, the essential disparity between the classical von Neumann computer architecture and the computational fabric of the nervous system makes large-scale simulations expensive, power hungry, and time consuming. Over the last three decades, CMOS-based neuromorphic implementations of “electronic cortex” have emerged as an energy efficient alternative for modeling neuronal behavior. However, the key ingredient for electronic implementation of any self-learning system—programmable, plastic Hebbian synapses scalable to biological densities—has remained elusive. We demonstrate the viability of implementing such electronic synapses using nanoscale phase change devices. We introduce novel programming schemes for modulation of device conductance to closely mimic the phenomenon of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) observed biologically, and verify through simulations that such plastic phase change devices should support simple correlative learning in networks of spiking neurons. Our devices, when arranged in a crossbar array architecture, could enable the development of synaptronic systems that approach the density (∼1011 synapses per sq cm) and energy efficiency (consuming ∼1pJ per synaptic programming event) of the human brain.
Effects of salinity on synthesis of DNA, acidic polysaccharide, and ichthyotoxin in Gymnodinium breve

Abstract A Florida red tide organism, Gymnodinium breve Davis, an unarmored dinoflagellate, was grown in enriched sea water media at salinities 20–43% and constant illumination. Use of lowest (23%) and highest (43%) salinities resulted in death within 24 hr of inoculation, though good growth was obtained at all intermediate salinities (29–39%), in accord with field observation. Rates of synthesis of DNA, acidic polysaccharide and ichthyotoxin were determined as a function of salinity and growth constant (K 10 ). The relative rate of' synthesis of DNA or polysaccharide increased linearly with growth constant. Mean cell volumes, determined during log-phase growth, showed a positive correlation with doubling time. Hemolytic activity was detected in cell extracts only at high toxin concentrations (0.35–2.05 mg of ichthyotoxin). No significant difference was noted in hemolytic activity of extracts of cells grown in high (34%) or low (26%) salinity. The rate of toxin synthesis showed a linear decrease with the rate of DNA or polysaccharide synthesis.
Electrical engineering in the postwar world: IV — Expanding horizons

WE electrical engineers have too many developments in progress to subscribe to the sentiment that we live in a mature economy, even though we have been told we do. We feel confident that the future is going to flow on from the past. We have our natural laws through which we work. Most of us do not expect to break the laws of conservation of energy, at least not right away. We think that 100 per cent efficiency is a safe limit for the time being. But we can see that lots of these laws can be interpreted in another way. Laws are not necessarily limiting. Man-made laws are limiting, but nature's laws are partly for the purpose of directing us to the things that we can do instead of limiting us to the things that we cannot do. So, we take these laws, and we see what we might conceivably do in the way of using them as guides for the future.
Genetic models for studying cancer susceptibility.

It is becoming well recognized that the development of cancer is not simply a result of random events and environmental hazards but can depend on an individual's genetic composition as well. Approximately 10% of individuals who develop melanomas, for example, carry an inborn susceptibility for that cancer. Identification of the specific genes involved has obvious implications both for detection of susceptible individuals and for the development of new treatments. Recent well-organized efforts by many groups have begun to identify several candidate melanoma susceptibility loci on the short arms of chromosomes 1 and 9. Unfortunately, as one might predict, melanoma formation involves a complex web of interacting factors whose overall design remains obscure. Two fish at the genus Xiphophorus provide a genetic model for identifying melanoma-susceptibility genes.
Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor in FSGS: Stirred but Not Shaken

The soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has been proposed as a candidate circulating factor causing FSGS.[1][1] In this issue of JASN , Cathelin et al. further examine the short-term effects of two different types of suPAR on the kidney filtration barrier.[2][2] Although
Therapeutic intervention: issues in the care of the mentally ill.

Different characterizations of therapeutic intervention suggest alternative approaches for rehabilitation programs. Three such characterizations are described and their implications developed: intrapsychic disturbance, social disability, and illness behavior and the societal reaction. It is argued that an educational model is more appropriate than a medical one to what is frequently attempted in good rehabilitation programs.
Model-based demonstration of spectral tomographic imaging

Simulation results for a novel optical diffraction tomography approach using spectral diversity to access Fourier components of the sample permittivity contrast are presented. Structure characterization of the sample reconstruction is also presented.
Multidisciplinary Care of Patients with Brain Tumors

Patients with brain tumors are some of the most complex patients in the medical system, necessitating treatment teams of multiple subspecialists for optimal care. This article examines the roles of these subspecialists, with the goal of summarizing standard-of-care practices, recent therapeutic advances, and ongoing clinical investigations within each subspecialty.
Engaging students with active learning resources: hypertextbooks for the web

The World Wide Web has mesmerized educators for over a decade now with its tacit promise of platform independent, universal educational resource delivery. Indeed, many useful and exciting educational tools and distance learning courseware have been developed for the Web. On the other hand, some of the really fascinating educational resources— envisioned some years ago—remain elusive. One of these is the active learning hypertextbook. In this paper we discuss the concept of an active learning hypertextbook, pointing out the state of the art, the technical problems to be surmounted, and our own research and development leading to hypertextbook resources in the Webworks Laboratory at Montana State University.
Combined effects of inspired oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide on oxygen transport and aerobic capacity

We hypothesized that breathing hypoxic, hypercapnic, and CO-containing gases together reduces maximal aerobic capacity (Vo2max) as the sum of each gas' individual effect on Vo2max. To test this h...
Software design and evaluation of a microcomputer-based automated load forecasting system

Several electric utilities (viz., Virginia Power) in the United States apply demand charge on the basis of coincidental peak hour load (PHL). This is in addition to the usual kWhr charge. The hour during which the utility experiences the highest demand (MW) for the month is called the peak hour and this MW value is referred to here as the PHL. The hourly demand meter readings for the appropriate consumer (e.g., industrial or large commercial customer, wholesale purchaser, etc.) are examined to determine their demand during the peak hour of the month. The monthly demand charge is computed on the basis of the consumer's contribution to this PHL. This monthly capacity charge can run into millions of dollars for industrial and large commercial customers. Thus it is very valuable for the concerned consumer to receive advance information about the time and size of the utility's peak load. This information would enable them to take load control actions such that their demand can be reduced during the hour of peak load. The motivation behind the research reported in this paper is precisely this-to be able to predict the time and size of this PHL. The load forecast software is part of a load forecasting-load management decision support system based on microcomputers. An IBM-RT/PC is used as the central computer around which the load forecasting and load management simulator has been built in our laboratory.
Ionic Conductivity of the Fluorite‐Type Hafnia–R2O3 Solid Solutions

The ionic conductivity of the hafnia-scandia, hafnia-yttria, and hafnia-rare earth solid solutions with high dopant concentrations of 8, 10, and 14 mol% was measured in air at 600° to 1050°C. Impedance spectroscopy was used to obtain lattice conductivity. A majority of the investigated samples exhibited linear Arrhenius plots of the lattice conductivity as a function of temperature. For all investigated dopant concentrations the ionic conductivity was shown to decrease as the dopant radius increased. The activation enthalpy for conduction was found to increase with dopant ionic radius. The fact that the highest ionic conductivity among 14-mol%-doped systems was obtained with HfO2─Sc2O3 suggested that the radius ratio approach should be used to predict the electrical conductivity behavior of HfO2─R2O3 systems. A qualitative model based on the Kilner's lattice parameter map does not seem to apply to these systems. For the three systems HfO2─Yb2O3, HfO2─Y2O3, and Hf2O3─Sm2O3 a conductivity maximum was observed near the dopant concentration of 10 mol%. Deep vacancy trapping is responsible for the decrease in the ionic conductivity at high dopant concentrations. Formation of microdomains of an ordered compound cannot explain the obtained results. A comparison between the ionic conductivities of doped HfO2 and ZrO2 systems indicated that the ionic conductivities of HfO2 systems are 1.5 to 2.2 times lower than the ionic conductivities of ZrO2 systems.
Deletions of the SACPD-C locus elevate seed stearic acid levels but also result in fatty acid and morphological alterations in nitrogen fixing nodules.

Background: Soybean (Glycine max) seeds are the primary source of edible oil in the United States. Despite its widespread utility, soybean oil is oxidatively unstable. Until recently, the majority of soybean oil underwent chemical hydrogenation, a process which also generates trans fats. An alternative to chemical hydrogenation is genetic modification of seed oil through identification and introgression of mutant alleles. One target for improvement is the elevation of a saturated fat with no negative cardiovascular impacts, stearic acid, which typically constitutes a minute portion of seed oil (~3%). Results: We examined radiation induced soybean mutants with moderately increased stearic acid (10-15% of seed oil, ~3-5 X the levels in wild-type soybean seeds) via comparative whole genome hybridization and genetic analysis. The deletion of one SACPD isoform encoding gene (SACPD-C) was perfectly correlated with moderate elevation of seed stearic acid content. However, SACPD-C deletion lines were also found to have altered nodule fatty acid composition and grossly altered morphology. Despite these defects, overall nodule accumulation and nitrogen fixation were unaffected, at least under laboratory conditions. Conclusions: Although no yield penalty has been reported for moderate elevated seed stearic acid content in soybean seeds, our results demonstrate that genetic alteration of seed traits can have unforeseen pleiotropic consequences. We have identified a role for fatty acid biosynthesis, and SACPD activity in particular, in the establishment and maintenance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Molecular sieving and thin film transport by molecular materials featuring large component cavities

The electrochemically measured sieving and transport properties for two new thin film materials composed of molecular squares featuring exceptionally large cavities, a salen-based zinc square 2 (23 A metal to metal separation distance) and a porphyrin-based zinc square 1 (24 A metal to metal separation distance) are described. Both materials are exceptionally porous with respect to smaller molecules but blocking toward larger permeants (i.e., those larger than the square cavities). Electrochemical experiments reveal that the size cutoff for molecular sieving can be modified by incorporating difunctional ligands within the square cavity responsible for the observed porosity.