cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionospheric flow shear associated with the preexisting auroral arc: A statistical study from the FAST spacecraft data

An auroral substorm is a disturbance in the magnetosphere that releases energy stored in the magnetotail into the high-latitude ionosphere. By definition, an auroral substorm commences when a discrete auroral arc brightens and subsequently expands poleward and azimuthally. The arc that brightens is usually the most equatorward of several auroral arcs that remain quiescent for ~5 to ~60 min before the breakup commences. This arc is often referred to as the “preexisting auroral arc (PAA)” or the “growth-phase arc.” In this study, we use FAST measurements to establish the statistics of flow patterns near PAAs in the ionosphere. We find that flow shear is present in the vicinity of a preexisting arc. When a PAA appears in the evening sector, enhanced westward flow develops equatorward of the arc, whereas when a PAA appears in the morning sector, enhanced eastward flow develops poleward of the arc. We benchmark locations of the PAAs relative to large-scale field-aligned currents (FACs) and convective flows in the ionosphere, finding that the arc forms in the upward current region within ~1° of the Region 1/Region 2 boundary in all local time sectors from 20 MLT to 03 MLT. We also find that near midnight in the Harang region, most of the PAAs lie within 0.5° poleward of the low-latitude Region 1/Region 2 currents boundary and sit between the westward and eastward flow peak but equatorward of the flow reversal point. Finally, we examine arc-associated electrodynamics and find that the FAC of the PAA is mainly closed by the north-south Pedersen current in the ionosphere.
Mung Bean Nuclease I III. PURIFICATION PROCEDURE AND (3')-ω-MONOPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY

Abstract A method leading to partial purification of mung bean nuclease I (potency 250) in good yield is described. Mung bean nuclease I of potency 1800 was obtained in small yield. At this stage the preparation showed two bands on disc electrophoresis. Throughout all stages of purification the nuclease activity was accompanied by (3')-ω-monophosphatase activity, suggesting that both activities are intrinsic properties of the same enzyme molecule. Dinucleotides dNpNp were first dephosphorylated by this enzyme to dNpN; then the internucleotide linkage was cleaved to form dN + dpN. The ω-monophosphatase hydrolyzes ribose mononucleotides 50- to 100-fold faster than the corresponding deoxyribose compounds. It also shows preference for bases, the order agrees with that previously established for the nuclease activity: A g T(U) g C g G. For the nuclease activity one exception was noted, ribopoly U was hydrolyzed faster than ribopoly A, presumably because the former lacks an ordered structure.
Gendered Perceptions of Community Needs and Concerns: An Exploratory Analysis

Abstract Acentral tenet of feminism is that women engage in community practice differently than men. This study explores whether gender differences exist in perceptions of community needs, strengths, problems and responsibilities. Also examined are differences within male and female groups along the dimensions of race, location, years at current address and ownership status. This analysis is based on survey responses from 191 residents in one urban community. Contrary to feminist theory, findings reveal strong agreement between men and women. There were, however, numerous differences within gender groups, especially among women. Implications for feminist scholarship, community practice, and social work education are discussed.
Race-Ethnic Differences in B-Vitamin Biomarkers and Intake Among US Adults in NHANES 2003–2006

The water-soluble B-vitamins folate, B-6, and B-12 are cofactors in 1-carbon and amino acid metabolism. Low biomarker levels are associated with an increased risk for certain birth defects and/or chronic diseases. Serum folate (S-FOL) and red blood cell folate (RBC-FOL), serum pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxic acid (4PA), serum vitamin B-12 (B-12), and nutrient-specific total vitamin intake (from diet based on one 24-h recall and from supplements) were assessed as part of NHANES 2003–2006. We investigated race-ethnic differences in these outcome variables in US adults (蠅20 y) stratified by nutrient-specific supplement use. Spearman correlation coefficients between B-vitamin biomarkers and total intake were mostly weak (r <0.4); correlations were slightly higher in supplement users (SUP+; 0.23 蠄 r 蠄 0.46) compared to nonusers (SUP-; 0.17 蠄 r 蠄 0.35). In SUP+, non-Hispanic whites (NHW) had higher S-FOL, RBC-FOL, and 4PA, while non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) had higher B-12 geometric mean levels compared...
Introduction to the Special Issue on “The Treatment of Gender Dysphoric/Gender Variant Children and Adolescents”

We were both honored and intrigued when John Elia invited us to guest edit an issue of the Journal of Homosexuality on any subject of our choice. We decided to invite contributions from diverse cli...
Improved CI formula evaluation: Elimination of the phase determination at the determinant level for arbitrarily coupled CSFs

The amount of work needed to evaluate the matrix elements in a configuration interaction calculation can be very large. This is especially true if the phase associated with bringing determinants into maximum coincidence is evaluated at the determinant level. A method is presented which allows the phase to be determined at the occupation level for arbitrarily coupled configuration state functions.
An investigation of multijunction thermal converters

The relative ac-dc differences of a group of multijunction thermal converters (MJTC's) have been determined over the frequency range 30 Hz–10 kHz. These MJTC's are of different ranges and were obtained from several sources. Differences were observed at low frequencies when converters of various ranges were intercompared. For voltage measurements, the use of matched resistors in series with the MJTC heater resistors greatly reduced these errors and contributed to the reduction of other errors as well. It is believed that the average ac-dc difference of this group is less than 0.3 ppm at 160 Hz and 0.5 ppm up to 10 kHz.
Sneak peak at galactocerebrosidase, Krabbe disease's lysosomal hydrolase.

Krabbe disease is caused by genetic defects in the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC) (1). Although its overall prevalence is 1:100,000 births in the general population, the frequency of Krabbe disease is as high as 1:150 in certain communities. Also called globoid-cell leukodystrophy, the resultant accumulation of psychosine, a toxic metabolite derived from galactocerebroside, leads to the death of cells forming the myelin sheath of the nervous system. Devastatingly, the majority of patients are infants diagnosed within 6 mo, and rapid disease progression results in death within 2 y (2), although patients with later onset who develop neurological symptoms in their 50’s are also known (3). Newborn screening for such inborn errors of metabolism is conducted in the United States and throughout the world but has little to offer parents who receive a positive Krabbe disease diagnosis for their infant (4). Our understanding of the pathophysiology of Krabbe disease is very limited, and the available treatment, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (5), must be conducted early and has had mixed results (4, 6). In this issue of PNAS, Deane et al. (7) report the first crystal structure of GALC [from Mus musculus, 83% identity with human enzyme and member of the GH59 family of carbohydrate activating enzymes (CAZy database, www.cazy.org) (8)], narrowing the gulf between the genetic causes of Krabbe disease and its clinical manifestations. The structure with and without galactose bound reveals a surprising architecture for glycoside hydrolases, confirms active site residues and aspects of catalysis, and provides critical insights …
Functional analysis of patient-derived mutations in the Fanconi anemia gene, FANCG/XRCC9.

Abstract Objective Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal-recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with seven complementation groups. Six of the FA genes have been cloned (corresponding to subtypes A, C, D2, E, F, and G) and the encoded proteins interact in a common pathway. Patient-derived mutations in FA genes have been helpful in delineating functional domains of FA proteins. The purpose of this work was to subtype FA patient–derived cell lines in our repository and to identify FA gene mutations. Methods We subtyped 62 FA patients as type A, G, C, or non-ACG by using a combination of retroviral gene transfer and immunoblot analysis. Among these FA patients, we identified six FA-G patients for further analysis. We used a strategy involving amplification of FANCG/XRCC9 exons and direct sequencing to identify novel FANCG mutations in cell lines derived from these FA-G patients. We functionally analyzed FANCG mutant alleles by transducing the corresponding cDNAs into a known FA-G indicator cell line and scoring correction of MMC sensitivity. Results Our results demonstrate a wide range of mutations in the FANCG gene (splice, nonsense, and missense mutations). Based on this mutational screen, a carboxy terminal functional domain of the FANCG protein appears to be required for complementation of FA-G cells and for normal assembly of the FANCA/FANCG/FANCC protein complex. Conclusion The identification of patient-derived mutant alleles of FA genes can provide important insights to the function of FA proteins. FA subtyping is also a necessary precondition for gene therapy.
Implementation of diode and bipolar triggered SCRs for CDM robust ESD protection in 90nm CMOS ASICs

We report the characterization of diode and bipolar triggered SCRs with VFTLP measurements and product ESD testing. A dual base Darlington bipolar triggered SCR (DbtSCR) in a triple well structure is demonstrated to provide 4 KV HBM, 300 V MM and 1000 V CDM protection for 90 nm ASIC I/Os. A very fast turn-on time of 460 ps was measured for the DbtSCR, compared to 8 ns for a diode triggered SCR.
Person Categorization and Automatic Racial Stereotyping Effects on Weapon Identification

Prior stereotyping research provides conflicting evidence regarding the importance of person categorization along a particular dimension for the automatic activation of a stereotype corresponding to that dimension. Experiment 1 replicated a racial stereotyping effect on object identification and examined whether it could be attenuated by encouraging categorization by age. Experiment 2 employed socially complex person stimuli and manipulated whether participants categorized spontaneously or by race. In Experiment 3, the distinctiveness of the racial dimension was manipulated by having Black females appear in the context of either Black males or White females. The results indicated that conditions fostering categorization by race consistently produced automatic racial stereotyping and that conditions fostering nonracial categorization can eliminate automatic racial stereotyping. Implications for the relation between automatic stereotype activation and dimension of categorization are discussed.
VIEWER APPREHENSION ABOUT VICTIMIZATION AND CRIME DRAMA PROGRAMS

Subjects were assigned to one of two apprehension conditions (high versus low) based on their responses to fear of victimization items embedded in a more general questionnaire. Subjects within each level of apprehension were randomly assigned to view one of two versions of a made-for-TV movie. The original version concluded with the antagonist getting shot. The second version was identical to the first except that it ended with the protagonist being shot. Physiological responses indicated that apprehensive viewers reacted more intensely to the program than their less apprehensive counterparts. Importantly, there were no significant differentiations in physiological response to noncrime content seen by the same subjects. Evaluations of the program's endings were also more negative for apprehensive viewers. Apprehensive viewers also found the antagonist to be more reprehensible than their less apprehensive counterparts. These findings are interpreted as being consistent with the view that individuals who ar...
Relationship of larval age to toxicity of gossypol to bollworms, tobacco budworms, and pink bollworms.

Larvae of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie); the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.); and the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders); were reared on a standard larval diet and transferred at 5 ages onto media containing 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% gossypol. Gossypol had statistically significant adverse effects on pupal weight and days to pupation and to adult. However the influence on development decreased with increasing larval age at the time of transfer. Pink bollworm larvae were able to tolerate higher concentrations of gossypol than either bollworm or tobacco budworm larvae.
Annealing-Induced Morphological Changes in Nanocrystalline Quantum Dots and Their Impact on Charge Transport Properties

The effects of thermal annealing on the morphological and photoconductive properties of cadmium selenide quantum dots coated with zinc sulfide are studied. The results of transmission electron microscopy with in situ annealing show a number of events taking place simultaneously, including aggregation of dots, changes in the size and shape distribution, and reduction in interdot separation. Transient absorption results indicate that there is a small redshift of the spectrum. There is a shortening of the absorption decay lifetimes due to annealing. Higher photocurrents are measured in the annealed compared with unannealed dots at room temperature.
Tuberculosis in Oriental Immigrants

1980;77;812 Chest Dixie E. Snider, Jr. and Laurence S. Farer Tuberculosis in Oriental Immigrants http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/77/6/812.1.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1980by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
Gender differences in the value of contributions to intimate relationships : egalitarian relationships are not always perceived to be equitable

Little research has directly addressed the role of gender in perceptions of self vs. partner's contributions to a relationship, despite the fact that partners in heterosexual relationships often disagree about whether their relative contributions result in an equitable relationship [N. W. VanYperen and B. P. Buunk (1990), “A Longitudinal Study of Equity and Satisfaction in Intimate Relationships,” European Journal of Social Psychology,Vol. 20, pp. 287–309]. The primary purpose of this investigation was to systematically examine the association between gender and the perceived value of several different types of contributions made by each partner to a committed relationship. We considered both the gender of the perceiver and the source of the contributions (self vs. partner). A sample of 212 men and 348 women (most of whom were college students; 87% white) were asked to judge the value of their own and their partner's hypothetical contributions to a marital or long-term cohabiting relationship. The results indicated that men and women generally agreed about the value of the contributions made by themselves and their partners. However, gender differences in the perceived value of many contributions depended on whether the contribution was made by self or partner (e.g., men attributed more worth to their partner's sexual faithfulness than to their own, whereas women believed that both partners should receive equal value for this contribution). These perceptual differences suggest that at times it may be difficult for partners to agree about the equity of their ongoing relationships.
Catalytic Enantioselective Diels−Alder Reactions of 1,4-Quinone Monoketals

Achiral 1,4-quinone monoketals function well as dienophiles in enantioselective Diels−Alder reactions catalyzed by a chiral Ti(IV) Lewis acid.
The Accelerated Benefits Demonstration: Impacts on the Employment of Disability Insurance Beneficiaries †

The steady decline in the disability employ-ment rate and the rise in disability insurance pro-gram participation have raised concerns about federal disability policy (Autor and Duggan 2011; Burkhauser and Daly 2011; Mann and Stapleton 2012). Data from the March Current Population Survey show the employment rate among people with a work limiting disability steadily declined from 28.4 percent in 1990 to 15.3 percent in 2011 (Nazarov and Lee 2012). During the same period, the age-sex adjusted percentage of people who report they are unable to perform substantial work and collect Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) benefits steadily increased from 2.8 percent to 4.6 per-cent (Board of Trustees 2013). As part of an effort to reverse these trends, the Social Security Administration (SSA) sponsored several dem-onstration projects designed to increase the dis-ability employment rate and reduce reliance on disability insurance benefits.We summarize evidence from one project, referred to as the Accelerated Benefits (AB) demonstration, conducted by MDRC with funding from SSA. The AB demonstration is a randomized trial targeting newly entitled DI beneficiaries without health insurance coverage at the beginning of the DI program’s 24-month Medicare waiting period. One objective of the
Spectinomycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis with altered sporulation properties.

Specitinomycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis show three different types of alterations in sporulation ability. Class 1 mutants can both grow and sporulate in the presence of spectinomycin. Class 2 mutants can grow in the presence of spectinomycin, but are unable to sporulate in either the presence or absence of spectinomycin. Class 3 mutants have a conditional phenotype, and are able to sporulate in the absence of spectinomycin, but not in its presence. The ability of these strains to produce alkaline phosphatase, a biochemical marker for early sporulation events, is correlated with the ability to sporulate in the presence or absence of antibiotic. All of the spectinomycin-resistance mutations could be genetically linked to the cysA marker, and a mutational alteration of a protein of the 30S ribosomal subunit has been identified in one of the Class 3 strains (Spc1–11). Fine-structure mapping of the spectinomycin resistance mutation of strain Spc 1–11 confirmed its location in the cluster of genes for ribosomal components on the B. subtilis genetic map. Genetic analysis indicated that the properties of the Class 1 and Class 2 mutants result from more than one mutation. The spectinomycin-resistance and altered sporulation properties of the two Class 3 mutants probably result from a single genetic lesion.
Theorem of Expended Power and Finite Element Formulations: Hamiltonian Mechanics Framework

Within the Hamiltonian mechanics framework described here, we have developed in this paper a general numerical discretization via the finite element method for continuum-elastodynamics applications directly stemming from the theorem of expended power involving a built-in scalar function: namely, the autonomous Hamiltonian (H(p, q): T * Q → R). To provide alternative viewpoints and new avenues, a differential formulation is proposed here rather than resorting to classical variational formulations in which, historically, most finite element developments dealing with elastodynamics have been traditionally described. We place particular emphasis upon the notion that the scalar function that represents the autonomous Hamiltonian of the continuous-body dynamical systems can be a crucial mathematical function and physical quantity that is a constant of motion in conservative systems; this is in contrast to vector quantities customarily employed with Newton-based formulations for which physical quantities are more difficult to associate. As such, the scalar representation enables one to readily capitalize on theorems such as Noether's to establish symmetry properties so that proof of satisfaction of the discrete system as that of the continuous system can be readily established, unlike traditional practices emanating from Newton-based representations. The proposed concepts emanating from the theorem of expended power inherently involving the scalar function (namely, the Hamiltonian) naturally embody the weak form in space that can be described by a discrete Hamiltonian differential operator, and integrating over a given time interval yields the weighted residual in time statement. Thereby, a novel yet simple space-discrete Hamiltonian formulation proposed here only needs to employ the discrete Hamiltonian differential operator, which provides new and alternate avenues and directly yields the semidiscrete ordinary differential equations in time that can be readily shown to preserve the same physical attributes as the continuous systems for continuum-dynamical applications. Theoretical formulations are shown for selected structural elements for illustration of the basic concepts.
Bis(oxazolinyl)phenylborane: A Lewis acid-containing ligand for methide abstraction-based coordination to aluminum(III)

A compound that contains a Lewis acidic boron center and coordinating oxazoline groups, bis(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)phenylborane (PhB(OxMe2)2; 1), has been prepared and spectroscopically characterized. Solvent dependent 15N and 11B NMR spectroscopic properties and solid-state 11B NMR measurements provide support for intermolecular interactions involving Lewis acid and base sites. The bifunctional nature of oxazolinylborane 1 is demonstrated by its reaction with (AlMe3)2, which proceeds via methide abstraction by the boron and oxazoline coordination to aluminum to yield [(κ2-PhMeB(OxMe2)2AlMe2] (2). Compound 2 contains a planar six-membered chelate ring, in contrast to related bis(pyrazolyl)boratoaluminum compounds that are puckered. Additionally, compound 2 and related bidentate tris(oxazolinyl)phenylborato dimethylaluminum are inert toward aluminum-methyl bond protonolysis. This robust nature suggested the possibility of using these oxazolinylboratoaluminum compounds in catalytic reactions, as is demonstrated by lactide ring-opening polymerization.
Divalproex extended-release in acute bipolar II depression

Abstract Background Divalproex extended-release (divalproex-ER) is effective in acute mania, and limited data suggest divalproex may have efficacy in acute bipolar depression. Methods A 7-week, open-label trial of divalproex-ER monotherapy or adjunctive therapy was conducted in 28 outpatients (15 female, mean age 36.7 ± 9.1, and mean duration of illness 22.1 ± 11.1 years) with bipolar II depression (39% with rapid cycling course of illness within the prior year). Divalproex-ER was generally given as a single dose at bedtime, starting at 250 mg and increased by 250 mg every 4 days to symptom relief or adverse effects. Efficacy was assessed using weekly prospective Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores. Results Overall, mean divalproex-ER final doses and serum concentrations were 1469 mg/day and 80.1 μg/mL, respectively. Mean MADRS scores (last observation carried forward) decreased significantly from baseline in patients in the overall group (from 30.1 to 15.2, p Limitations This study is limited by a small sample size and an open-label study design with no placebo control. Conclusions Divalproex-ER as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy was well tolerated and yielded an overall response rate of 54% in bipolar II depression. Based on the results of this pilot study, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of divalproex-ER in bipolar II depression are warranted.
Quantitative analysis of phospholipids in functionally important membrane domains from RBL-2H3 mast cells using tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry.

We recently showed that ligand-mediated cross-linking of FceRI, the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, on RBL-2H3 mast cells results in its co-isolation with detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) and its consequent tyrosine phosphorylation by the co-localized tyrosine kinase Lyn that is a critical early event in signaling by this receptor [Field et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 4276−4280]. As part of efforts to determine the structural bases for these interactions, we examined the phospholipid composition of DRM vesicles isolated from RBL-2H3 cells under conditions that preserve FceRI association. We used positive and negative mode electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to compare quantitatively the phospholipid composition of isolated DRM to that of total cell lipids and to a plasma membrane preparation. From these analyses, over 90 different phospholipid species were spectrally resolved and unambiguously identified; more than two-thirds of these were determined...
Drug-resistance transfer in Escherichia coli in New York Bight sediment

Abstract Sediment from the sewage sludge dump site area in the New York Bight contains bacteria resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to determine if antibiotic resistance could be transferred from donor to recipient Escherichia coli strains inoculated into glass vessels containing sediment and seawater obtained near the dump site. Temperature was maintained at 10°C, the mean winter temperature of benthic water at the dump site. Transconjugants (recipients which inherit donor genes for tetracycline resistance) were isolated from the seawater and sediment within one hour after inoculation and were found in all subsequent sediment samples for one month. Donor and recipient E. coli remained viable in the sediment for at least one month. Our results indicate that sewage sludge polluted sediment may serve as an environment conducive to conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes.
Characterization of regional cerebral blood flow in mild cognitive impairment and older adults with cognitive complaints

differences in cognitive decline (variability in longitudinal slope) measured by neuropsychological tests can be explained by changes/progression of biomarkers as opposed to their baseline values at each cognitive stage (normal, MCI, mild AD). Methods: 526 subjects in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) with valid data in all of our variables of interest were used in this study. The primary clinical outcome is the cognitive composite score tapping the memory domain. Baseline values and progression in the following biomarkers were examined in their association with trajectory of the cognitive outcome: MRI total brain, hippocampal, ventricular, WMH volumes, ROI cortical thickness (medial and inferior temporal thickness), FDG-PET summary score (n1⁄4260) and CSF p-tau, t-tau and abeta42 (n1⁄4271). First, individual-specific slope (i.e., random component) of the longitudinal trajectory of each biomarker was estimated using mixed effects models, controlling for age, sex, education, practice effects, apoe 4 allele and changes in diagnosis. Then these estimates and observed baseline values were used as predictors of cognitive decline using mixed effects models. Variability in cognitive decline (i.e., individual differences in slopes) explained by the subject-specific baseline biomarker values was compared with that explained by the progression. Results: Even among the normal subjects where cognitive decline is minimal, progression in FDG-PET (but not baseline) explained the variability in memory decline. Also progression explained variability in memory decline more than the baseline values in most biomarkers; the proportion of variability explained ranged from 14.6% (changes in FDT-PET) to 28.3% (changes in inferior temporal thickness) among the MCI subjects. Among AD subjects, an even higher proportion was explained by the progression: 39.4% (changes in FDG-PET), 51.4% (changes in medial temporal thickness), 68.9% (ventricular expansion), 73.0% (changes in inferior temporal thickness). Conclusions: Progression in biomarkers is more important than baseline values in most biomarkers in predicting cognitive decline. This has important implications for clinical trials targeted to modify AD biomarkers, as well as for prognosis and prediction of clinical outcomes.
Stakeholder engagement in climate change policymaking in American cities

In all likelihood, climate change will be the most challenging environmental problem that society will face in the new century. Despite growing scientific evidence that climate change is taking place, skepticism still exists about whether it is actually occurring and, if it is, whether increased greenhouse gas emissions will have a significant adverse impact on the ecosystem. Unless divergent actor groups are able to establish a dialogue on these issues, meaningful discussions about the causes and effects of climate change will not take place, government action will not be forthcoming, and additional harm to the ecosystem will occur. This, in turn, will place an impediment in front of public and private efforts to promote sustainability, making it even that much more difficult to reverse course and adopt needed changes to energy production and consumption in the future. This paper contributes to the emerging scholarly discussion around the dimensions of climate change communication by conducting a stakeholder-focused analysis concerning climate change at the local level. The paper draws upon a theoretical framework developed by Sabatier et al. (2005) to analyze stakeholder involvement in collaborative watershed management, and applies the framework to climate change policymaking in American cities. A major goal of the study is to assess the value of this framework for analyzing the nature and extent of interactions between the major players involved in climate change mitigation and adaptation at the local level. Developing an effective stakeholder framework can help us to understand the multifaceted stakeholder dynamics around climate change communication at the municipal level and can be a critical contribution to theory and, subsequently, to policymaking by helping decision makers become aware and knowledgeable about their constraints and opportunities in addressing climate change within the urban context. Overall, research on climate change policymaking by cities is underdeveloped, and this paper adds to this literature.
Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Large Vessel Vasculitis: Takayasu Arteritis

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is 1 of the 2 main causes of large vessel vasculitides (LVV), giant cell arteritis being the other. LVV can also develop in various other systemic diseases. In TA, a wide variety of symptoms result from vascular stenoses, occlusions, and dilation. Aneurysms may develop and may occasionally dissect or rupture. Disease activity can sometimes be difficult to assess clinically. Diagnostic modalities also have their shortcomings. Often, acute phase reactants do not accurately detect disease activity. Available vascular imaging modalities may be acceptable in defining vascular anatomy, but are notoriously inaccurate in delineating vascular inflammation. Glucocorticoids remain the cornerstone of therapy in TA, in spite of foreseeable long term side effects. In addition, several steroid-sparing agents are also being used, often based on promising results from small uncontrolled studies. Rarely, endovascular revascularization procedures are necessary. Resection of critical-sized aortic aneurysms and repair of aortic dissections are occasionally warranted as lifesaving procedures. The long term outcome of surgical intervention is often unfavorable and relapses are not uncommon. In addition to TA, other less commonly encountered causes of LVV are also briefly discussed in this review.
Use of the Mississippi scale for Combat-Related PTSD in detecting war-related, non-combat stress symptomatology

This study investigated the effectiveness of the Mississippi Scale for Desert Storm War Zone Personnel (M-PTSD-DS), developed from the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related PTSD (M-PTSD; Keane, Caddell, & Taylor, 1988), in the measurement of varying degrees of war-related post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology of non-combat Persian Gulf War veterans. Thirty Marines were administered the M-PTSD-DS after 3 months of active duty in Operation Desert Storm. The M-PTSD-DS scores of the Marines were related significantly to the number of PTS symptoms reported by the Marines. This scale appears to be quite effective in detecting varying degrees of war-related stress in non-combatants.
Rationale for dental implants

The clinical replacement of lost natural teeth by osseointegrated implants has represented one of the most significant advances in restorative dentistry. Two decades ago, a majority of dentists were sceptical about implants and rejected them entirely. Today it is rare to find a practitioner who does not work with dental implants or who is not actively participating in one of the many seminars or courses offered by universities, professional societies and implant manufacturers.
Structural biology: FaPy lesions and DNA mutations

Formamidopyrimidine residues are damaged purines that retain the same Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonding face found in the parent nucleobase, yet these lesions are mutagenic. Crystallographic evidence suggests molecular mechanisms by which these lesions 'mispair' to generate mutations during DNA replication.
The genetics and molecular biology of the titin/connectin-like proteins of invertebrates

A substantial amount of information has been gathered about the structure and function of twitchin/titin-related proteins in the invertebrates. This has been obtained through sequence analysis and the analysis of loss-offunction phenotypes in C. elegans and Drosophila. Nevertheless, a number of fascinating questions remain, including: (i) Why are these invertebrate proteins all of approx. 700–800 kDa? In terms of sarcomeric organization, what is the significance of this size? (ii) Why do three of these proteins consist of a mixture of Ig and Fn domains, whereas UNC-89 contains only Ig domains? This is even more interesting because the structures of Ig and Fn domains are very similar (118). What is the significance of the repeating pattern of groups of Ig and Fn domains (e.g. Fn-Fn-Ig)? (iii) How are twitchin and the synchronous muscle isoform of projectin situated on the surface of thick filaments? That is, do they form polymers or are they located at discrete locations with intervening gaps? (iv) What is the mechanism by which the fundamentally similar projectin isoforms get localized to different sarcomeric locations? (v) If the data on Aplysia twitchin can be extended to the muscles of other invertebrates, what is the mechanism by which twitchin inhibits the rate of relaxation? How does phosphorylation of twitchin relieve this inhibition? (vi) What are the substrates for the protein kinase domains of nematode twitchin and insect projectin? If rMLCs are indeed the substrates, how would and why does this phosphorylation take place for the IFM isoform of projectin, which resides primarily in the I band? If rMLCs are the substrates, given the stoichiometry of approx. 1∶50 for twitchin:myosin, and the likely fixed position of twitchin along the thick filament, how does phosphorylation of just a few rMLCs result in a physiological effect (e.g. inhibition of relaxation)? What is the true activator for the twitchin and projectin kinases? (vii) How does UNC-89 participate in M-line assembly? (viii) What are the biochemical and physiological functions of intestinal brush border twitchin? A number of investigators will enjoy pursuing these and other questions for some time in the future.
Transient thermoelastic fracture of brittle substrates bonded to brittle films

The effects of transient thermal loads on the propagation of cracks in brittle substrate caused by the residual tension in a brittle film are studied using a finite element approach. Based on the assumption that cracks in homogeneous brittle solids seek a trajectory for which KII = 0, the results show how the crack trajectory change from transient growth to steady state depends upon the film thickness, the ratio of the elastic moduli of the film and substrate, the rate of application of the thermal load, and time.
Seedling growth and development on space shuttle

Young pine seedlings, and mung bean and oat seeds were flown on shuttle flights, STS-3 and STS-51F, in March, 1982 and July/August, 1985, respectively. The plant growth units built to support the two experiments functioned mechanically as anticipated and provided the necessary support data. Pine seedlings exposed to the microgravity environment of the space shuttle for 8 days continued to grow at a rate similar to ground controls. Pine stems in flight seedlings, however, averaged 10 to 12% less lignin than controls. Flight mung beans grew slower than control beans and their stems contained about 25% less lignin than control seedlings. Reduced mung bean growth in microgravity was partly due to slower germination rate. Lignin also was reduced in flight oats as compared to controls. Oats and mung beans exhibited upward growing roots which were not observed in control seedlings. Chlorophyll A/B ratios were lower in flight tissues than controls. The sealed PGCs exhibited large variations in atmospheric gas composition but the changes were similar between flight and ground controls. Ethylene was present in low concentrations in all chambers.
Strain phenomenon in carbon nanotube buckpaper actuator: Experiments and modeling

Abstract Carbon nanotube buckypapers and Nafion composites demonstrate the potential to offer a combination of sensing and actuating abilities for lightweight and flexible applications. These materials have a promising future in the applications of robotic and biomedical systems. This paper describes the modelling of the electromechanical conversion phenomena pertaining to buckypaper/Nafion actuators. The physical properties of buckypaper and Nafion, including Young's modulus and electrical double layer capacitance, serve as key factors in the actuators’ performance. Moreover, established by a convolution procedure, the proposed approach is able to study the hysteresis under an electric field. The generated displacement of the cantilevered buckypaper/Nafion actuators were calculated and show an excellent agreement between the computed tip strains and the measured data over a wide frequency range.
Interaction of carbon dioxide and ethylene in overcoming thermodormancy of lettuce seeds.

The combination of ethylene with CO2 will completely overcome the thermodormancy of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds at 35 C. This combination is effective if it is added to seeds either at the start or after several days of imbibition. The action of ethylene is dependent upon the CO2 level present in the atmosphere surrounding the seeds. When CO2 is trapped by KOH the ethylene effect is essentially nil.
Hardware security in practice: Challenges and opportunities

Computing platforms used in practice are complex and require interaction between multiple hardware components (such as processor, chipset, memory and peripherals) for their normal operation. Maintaining security of these computing platforms translates to verifying there are no known security exploits present in the run-time interaction between these hardware units which can be exploited by attackers. However, given the large number of state elements in the hardware units and many control signals influencing their mutual interaction, validating security of a commercial computing platform thoroughly can be complicated and intractable. We believe this real-world perspective of hardware security is crucial to building secure systems in practice, but it has not been sufficiently addressed in security research community, and our paper is a step in covering this gap. In this paper, we exemplify the challenges in correctly implementing security in commercial hardware platforms through representative examples of various classes of hardware-oriented security attacks. We present an overview of methods adopted to deal with the complexity of validating security of hardware in an industrial setting, and enumerate opportunities present for the security research community to contribute to hardware security validation.
American Heart Association and American Stroke Association National Survey of Stroke Risk Awareness Among Women

Background— Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States and a major cause of morbidity in women. Awareness of risk may be an important first step in stroke prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess knowledge and awareness about stroke in a nationally representative sample of women. Methods and Results— An American Heart Association–sponsored telephone survey using random-digit dialing was conducted in June and July of 2003. Respondents were 1024 women ≥25 years of age, including an oversampling of racial/ethnic minorities (68% white, 12% black, 12% Hispanic). Participants were given a standardized questionnaire about heart disease and stroke risk. Only 26% of women ≥65 years of age reported being well informed about stroke, even though this group carries the highest incidence of stroke. Overall, 20% of women stated that they worried a lot about stroke. Among women aged 25 to 34 years, 37% stated that they were not at all informed about stroke, which was significantly higher t...
The natural history of diabetes: factors present at time of diagnosis which may be predictive of length of survival.

Abstract Factors present at the time of diagnosis in a group of 294 patients, who have been matched for sex, and age at diagnosis, (30–49 yr—153 cases; 50–69 yr—141 cases) have been analyzed in terms of their association with length of survival, (0–9, 10–19 and 20 yr and longer) after diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The presence of an elevated blood pressure, evidence of cardiovascular disease, (particularly in the 30–49 yr of age group at diagnosis) or albuminuria at the time of diagnosis of diabetes are associated with decreased longevity. Longer survival is noted when blood glucose appears to be better controlled and no insulin is required for treatment. However, this group may represent individuals who are detected in an earlier stage of the disease and, therefore, may show only an apparently greater longevity following diagnosis. When insulin is required, reported occurrence of insulin reaction is associated with longer survival. Having a diabetic father or having the symptom of pruritus vulvae at diagnosis seems to favor longer survival.
Direct Measurements of Oscillatory Glycolysis in Pancreatic Islet β-cells using Novel Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer(FRET) Biosensors for Pyruvate Kinase M2 Activity

Pulses of insulin released from pancreatic β-cells maintain blood glucose in a narrow range, although the source of these pulses is unclear. We and others have proposed that positive feedback mediated by the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1) enables β-cells to generate metabolic oscillations via autocatalytic activation by its product fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). Although much indirect evidence has accumulated in favor of this hypothesis, a direct measurement of oscillating glycolytic intermediates has been lacking. To probe glycolysis directly, we engineered a family of inter- and intramolecular FRET biosensors based on the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKAR; pyruvate kinase activity reporter), which multimerizes and is activated upon binding FBP. When introduced into Min6 β-cells, PKAR FRET efficiency increased rapidly in response to glucose. Importantly, however, metabolites entering downstream of PFK1 (glyceraldehyde, pyruvate, and ketoisocaproate) failed to activate PKAR, consistent with sensor activation by FBP; the dependence of PKAR on FBP was further confirmed using purified sensor in vitro. Using a novel imaging modality for monitoring mitochondrial flavin fluorescence in mouse islets, we show that slow oscillations in mitochondrial redox potential stimulated by 10 mm glucose are in phase with glycolytic efflux through PKM2, measured simultaneously from neighboring islet β-cells expressing PKAR. These results indicate that PKM2 activity in β-cells is oscillatory and are consistent with pulsatile PFK1 being the mediator of slow glycolytic oscillations.
Antileukemia activity of perillyl alcohol (POH): uncoupling apoptosis from G0/G1 arrest suggests that the primary effect of POH on Bcr/Abl-transformed cells is to induce growth arrest.

Antileukemia activity of perillyl alcohol (POH): uncoupling apoptosis from G0/G1 arrest suggests that the primary effect of POH on Bcr/Abl-transformed cells is to induce growth arrest
A study of some potassium hexachlorometallate complexes using electron spectroscopy

Abstract X-ray photoelectron (ESCA) spectra of the core (Cl 2p K 2p and metal 4f, if present) and valence orbitals are reported for K2ReCl6, K2OsCl6, K2IrCl6· 3 H2O, K2PtCl6, K3MoCl6, and K2SnCl6. The K 2p 3 2 binding energy was found to be nearly constant (292.7 eV) and that of Cl to increase very slightly with increasing atomic number for the third row transition metals. The chemical shifts of Re(IV), Os(IV), Ir(IV), and Pt(IV) relative to the metals were in qualitative agreement with atomic calculations utilizing configurations obtained from extended Huckel calculations. The valence spectra of the transition metal complexes exhibit a three-band structure. On the basis of MO results and intensity considerations the high binding energy band is assigned as a composite of the a1g, eg, 1t2g MO's. The middle band represents the t2u, 2t1g MO's; and the low binding energy band the 2t2g MO. Calculated nd orbital photoionization cross sections correlate reasonably well with the relative intensifies of the valence manifolds. Comparison of band separations and charge-transfer transition energies suggests that interelectronic repulsion and MO energy separation contribute about equally to the overall charge-transfer energy.
Primary Organic Production in Relation to the Chemistry and Hydrography of the Western Indian OCEAN1

Primary organic production was measured at 231 stations in the western Indian Ocean. Low levels were measured in the eastern part of the region, both north and south of the Equator. Intermediate levels were encountered in the equatorial area, in the Mozambique Channel, and in the southern part of the region. High productivity was observed in the northern and western portions, particularly in the western Arabian Sea. The high productivity of the Arabian Sea is attributed to the presence of unusually high concentrations of plant nutrients that extend nearly to the sea surface, from which there is ready transport into the euphotic zone by local advective processes. The distributional pattern of the nutrients, in turn, is believed to result from a major system of upwelling, whereby water from intermediate depths is transported north across the Equator and towards the surface, compensating for the southerly flow of surface water and its loss from the Arabian Sea. The fertility of the region is further enhanced by the mechanism of a nutrient trap which is inherent in all countercurrent upwelling systems. Annual organic production for the 23 × 106 km2 area studied was 3 × 1012 kg, averaging about twice that of the oceans as a whole.