cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antichaos and adaptation.

M athematical discoveries are in­ viting changes in biologists' thinking about the origins of order in evolution. All living things are highly ordered systems: they have intri­ cate structures that are maintained and even duplicated through a precise bal­ let of chemical and behavioral activi­ ties. Since Darwin, biologists have seen natural selection as virtually the sole source of that order. But Darwin could not have suspected the existence of self-organization, a re­ cently discovered, innate property of some complex systems. It is possible that biological order reflects in part a spontaneous order on which selection has acted. Selection has molded, but was not compelled to invent, the na­ tive coherence of ontogeny, or biologi­ cal development. Indeed, the capacity to evolve and adapt may itself be an achievement of evolution. The studies supporting these conclu­ sions remain tentative and incomplete. Nevertheless, on the basis of mathe­ matical models for biological systems that exhibit self-organization,. one can make predictions that are consistent with the observed properties of organ­ isms. We may have begun to understand evolution as the marriage of selection and self-organization. To understand how self-organization
Modification of herpes 2-transformed cell-induced tumors in mice fed different sources of protein, fat and carbohydrate

Abstract The effects of different sources of protein (milk, soy, wheat, fish and beef), fat (corn oil and butter), and carbohydrate (dextrin and sucrose) on tumor development and on spleen characteristics were investigated in BALB c mice injected subcutaneously with 5 × 105 herpes simplex virus Type 2-transformed cells (H238 cells). Low or high levels of protein and fat were used. Several weeks post-injection results indicated that a high level of fat significantly enhanced tumor incidence. A high fat level was also associated with a lower spleen weight and a smaller proportion of mature granulocytes in the spleen. Butter, compared to corn oil, significantly restricted tumor volume. Among the most highly significant findings was the low tumor incidence in mice fed protein from either a milk or a fish source.
A cellular factor involved in the formation of a DNA-synthesizing complex from DNA polymerase I in Escherichia coli

Abstract A factor (‘E’) has been identified which stabilizes an endogenous DNA-synthesizing complex involving DNA polymerase I. The complex is separated from free DNA polymerase by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The factor will reform the complex after it has been dissociated and will convert a preparation of DNA polymerase I to complex. The factor and the DNA-synthesizing complex both appear to be localized at the cell membrane.
Mesoscale eddy formation and shock features associated with a coastally trapped disturbance

Synoptic maps for 28-29 August 2002 indicate typical near-surface northerly flow along coastal California, while Goes-10 animated satellite imagery from this period show a stratuscapped, coastally trapped disturbance (CTD) propagating northward against the prevailing flow. A pronounced hydraulic-jump-like ('shock') feature develops in the cloud field south of Cape Mendocino (CM) and angles linearly away from the coast. Over the next /spl sim/6 hours both the CTD and the shock feature move northward and, as they approach the Cape, the leading edge of the CTD clouds roll-up into a visually striking cyclonic mesoscale eddy-with the shock feature being wrapped into the eddy. The CTD rather abruptly stalls and fails to round CM. Further, a second cyclonic mesoscale eddy is observed to form SW of Point Arena. Using a mesoscale model, many of the observed features of this case are forecast, including: (a) the cloud-filled, northward propagating CTD; (b) the development, linear structure, and orientation of the oblique shock feature; (c) the CTD rounds Point Arena, but fails to round CM; and (d) the formation of cyclonic mesoscale eddies near CM and Point Arena. The model fidelity permits us to analyze the dynamics associated with the shock feature and eddy formation.
Cross-cultural medical education: conceptual approaches and frameworks for evaluation

Given that understanding the sociocultural dimensions underlying a patient's health values, beliefs, and behaviors is critical to a successful clinical encounter, cross-cultural curricula have been incorporated into undergraduate medical education. The goal of these curricula is to prepare students to care for patients from diverse social and cultural backgrounds, and to recognize and appropriately address racial, cultural, and gender biases in health care delivery. Despite progress in the field of cross-cultural medical education, several challenges exist. Foremost among these is the need to develop strategies to evaluate the impact of these curricular interventions. This article provides conceptual approaches for cross-cultural medical education, and describes a framework for student evaluation that focuses on strategies to assess attitudes, knowledge, and skills, and the impact of curricular interventions on health outcomes.
Electrothermal microthrust systems

Design and performance characteristics of several electrothermal microthrust systems for spacecraft
The benefits of emotional expression for math performance

This study investigated the effects of emotional expression on actual and perceived math performance. Female participants were either asked to express their emotions or given no special instructions before taking a math test under stereotype threat or no stereotype threat conditions. Participants in the emotional expression condition performed better on the math test than participants in the control condition. Under stereotype threat, participants in the emotional expression condition believed they performed better on the math test. Emotional expression appears not only to have health benefits (e.g., Pennebaker, 1997), but academic benefits as well, including for stereotyped threatened individuals.
Theoretical studies of spin-polarized LEED rotation curves: Clean W(100) and Fe overlayers on W(100).

We present a series of theoretical spin-polarized low-energy-electron-diffraction studies which explore the information that may be extracted from rotation curves. Here the polar angle of incidence of an unpolarized beam is held fixed, and the scattering plane is rotated so the azimuthal angle is scanned. The total intensity of the scattered beam is monitored, along with components of spin polarization in the scattered beam parallel and perpendicular to the scattering plane. Venus and collaborators have reported such data for the clean W(100) surfaces, and this surface covered by (ferromagnetic) Fe overlayers. We explore this system, focusing on the sensitivity of features in the rotation curves to aspects of surface geometry and surface magnetism. We find, for example, the polarization data to be very sensitive to interplanar spacings near the surface. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Hershey Arena: Anton Tedesko’s Pioneering Form

Civil engineering structures are part of our cultural heritage. The story of who we are can be told, in part, by what we have built. There have been pivotal moments in civil engineering design history wherein a master engineer creates a pioneering structure. One major example is Anton Tedesko’s 1936 Hershey Ice Arena, the first large-scale thin shell concrete roof in the United States. Tedesko left all his papers, including the original design and analysis calculations of the Hershey shell, to the Princeton Maillart Archives. These documents, as well as other archival materials and photographs, provide insight into the design history of Hershey, and the transfer of thin shell technology to America. In this paper, we retrace the design and analysis calculations performed by Tedesko, and compare them to modern computer models. We show that the hand calculations are sufficiently accurate, and in fact are necessary for initial form finding. We close by pointing out the enormous impact that this design had in ...
Evaluation of Magnitude and Location of Solid Particle Erosive Wear in an Elbow Geometry Using CFD Analysis

A number of factors that influence the magnitude of erosion include geometry, material of the impacting surface, impact angle, particle size and shape, particle velocity, flow condition and fluid properties. Among the various factors, particle size and velocity has been considered to be most important parameter that causes erosion. Particle size and velocity are influenced by surrounding flow velocities and carrying fluid properties. Higher erosion rates has been observed in gas solid flow in geometry where the flow direction changes rapidly such as elbow, tee, valves, etc due to local turbulence and unsteady flow behaviors. This paper presents the results of a Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of dilute gas-solid flow through a 90 degree elbow due to dynamics behavior of entrained solid particles in the flow. The effect of particle size and the corresponding location of erosion were investigated for 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 μm sand particles for three different flow velocities (15, 30 and 45 m/sec). The magnitude and location of erosion presented in the paper can be used to determine the areas susceptible to maximum erosive wear in the geometry along with corresponding rate of metal loss in these areas.© 2009 ASME
Fracture properties of metals and alloys from molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of fracture have been performed on the metals Al and Nb, and the intermetallic alloys RuAl, Nb 3 Al and NiAl. The forces and energies were modelled with embedded atom method potentials. The increasing external stress was applied using displacements of the outer boundaries of the array, calculated by anisotropic elasticity theory, until the pre-existing cracks propagated or dislocation nucleation occurred. The resulting critical stress intensity factor was calculated at various orientations and temperatures, and the results compared with theory. Observations of slip systems are reported, as well as values for surface energies and “unstable stacking” energies.
Sensitive gas chromatographic assay for the quantitation of bretylium in plasma, urine and myocardial tissue

A sensitive analytical method has been developed for the quantitation of bretylium in plasma, urine and myocardial tissue. Bretylium and the internal standard, UM-360 (o-iodobenzyltrimethylammonium), are extracted and isolated as the iodide salts. Sodium benzenethiolate is added and the mixture heated to 100° for one hour. This results in the formation of 2-bromobenzyl phenyl thioether and 2-iodobenzyl phenyl thioether, which can be separated and quantitated by gas chromatography. Good reliability and reproducibility can be obtained using electron-capture detection with quantities of bretylium as small as 1 ng.
Neurosecretory neurons and their projections to the serotonin neurohemal system of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.), and identification of mandibular and maxillary motor neurons associated with this system

The neuroanatomy of a serotonin neurohemal system in the head of Periplaneta americana was studied by means of immunohistochemistry, cobalt backfilling, transmission electron microscopy, and nerve transection. This neurohemal system is supplied by bilateral groups of two or three neurons whose somata are located ventrally in the subesophageal ganglion, near the root of each mandibular nerve. Axons of these serotoninergic neurons extend into all of the nerves of the mouth parts but reach most of these nerves by a very circuitous route. Initially the axons extend from the subesophageal ganglion, through the ipsilateral mandibular nerve trunk, and into the third branch of the mandibular nerve. From here the axons extend into the second branch of the maxillary nerve by way of a link nerve, and then they project retrogradely to reenter the subesophageal ganglion. In the ganglion, branches of these axons extend into the labial nerves, and the axons run dorsally through the subesophageal ganglion, circumesophageal connectives, and tritocerebrum to reach the labral nerves. In the nerves of the mouth parts the serotoninergic axons give rise to numerous secondary branches that form an extensive neurohemal system at the surface of these nerves. The relatively large surface and cephalic location of this system probably indicate that the timely release of relatively large amounts of serotonin plays an important role in the physiology of feeding in this insect. The somata, neurites, and dendritic fields of the serotonin neurohemal neurons and those of the motor neurons of the mandibular abductor muscle occur together, and some of the mandibular abductor motor neurons also stain for serotonin. In order to distinguish clearly between these neurohemal and motor neurons, the anatomy of the mandibular abductor motor neurons has also been determined. Similarly, in the course of this study it has been necessary to work out the anatomy of the motor neurons of the maxillary retractor and cardo rotator muscles in order to distinguish them from the serotoninergic neurons. A nonserotoninergic peripheral neuron is associated with the serotonin neurohemal system, and its soma is located on the mandibular-maxillary link nerve. This link nerve neuron appears to be neurosecretory.
Circumventing Cartesian Circles

Etude de la conception cartesienne de la connaissance fondee sur le critere de l'indubitabilite qui constitue une reponse au defi metacritique du scepticisme pyrrhoniste. Examinant la definition du doute hyperbolique, puis du doute universel dans le cadre du debat sur la strategie d'exemption ou de renforcement des fondements chez Descartes, l'A. se propose de resoudre le probleme du cercle et le probleme de la regression a l'infini qui se posent a la these de la certitude et au fondement de la connaissance dans l'existence de Dieu, dans le texte de la cinquieme «Meditation metaphysique»
In search of the intercultural

Au cours du siecle dernier, la communication entre les peuples de differentes langues et de differentes cultures, a tenu une place preponderante dans la recherche. Qu'elle soit nommee communication internationale, transculturelle ou interculturelle, des chercheurs de toutes disciplines ont tente de la definir. L'A. passe en revue quatre ouvrages allant dans ce sens, parus en 2000 et 2001
Concise synthesis of enantiomers of 4-aminobutane-1,2,3-triol.

Formula chem.A very efficient synthesis of (2R,3S) and (25,3R)-4-aminobutane-1,2,3-triol has been developed using either D- or L-glucose as the starting material. A key step is the one-pot conversion of an aldehyde to an amide, the scope of which has been extended to include other carbohydrate-derived aldehydes.
Measurement results for an x-ray 3D-integrated active pixel sensor

We have developed a hybrid Active Pixel Sensor for detecting low energy X-rays. The sensor consists of a silicon diode detector array built on a high resistivity wafer and an SOI CMOS readout circuit, connected together by means of unique 3D integration technology developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. In this paper we will describe measurements of sense node capacitance and device depletion depth along with corresponding simulations aimed to optimize device performance. We also describe race condition in the column decoder and identify ways to eliminate it in order to reduce fixed pattern noise.
S(1)-C(2)-secocephems

Abstract Preparation of acetylenic-S(1)-C(2)-secocephems from the reaction of Grignard reagents on cis -α-vinylhalo sulfoxides.
Short, Simple, but Still of Uncertain Value

This issue of the Journal includes a paper by Ringbaek and colleagues1 suggesting that a short and simple measure of patient reported outcomes may provide much of the same information captured by t...
Nonpharmacological treatment of menstrual headache: relaxation-biofeedback behavior therapy and person-centered insight therapy.

SYNOPSIS Sixty percent of female headache sufferers have an increase paramenstrually. Although behavioraltreatment of migraine and tension headache has proven effective in controlled studies, the effect onparamenstrual increases has rarely been isolated and observed. The purpose of this study was todemonstrate the effects of two types of nonpharmacological treatment on menstrual headache: 1)relaxation with EMG and thermal biofeedback, and 2) person-centered insight therapy, as an alternativetreatment control. The design was that of the time series method. Diagnosis was made into subtypes ofmigraine, muscle-contraction, mixed and cluster headache. 16 women with paramenstrual headaches selfmonitored 4 times daily for a 2-cycle baseline, then were matched on pre-treatment pain levels into 8 pairsand randomly assigned to treatment, 12 sessions carried out over 3 cycles, with a one-month follow-upcycle. Post-treatment group data analysis was by three-way analysis of variance with 2 repeatedmeasures. There were no significant main effects of group or time, although individual clinical analysis bypercent improvement demonstrated a trend of greater improvement in the behavioral group. Resultssuggest that nonpharmacological treatment has a lesser impact on menstrually associated headachesthan on headaches not associated with menstruation.
A child with recurrent episodes of dark urine: answer

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) screening and Heinz body preparation are both negative, and the haptoglobin level is decreased at 2.2 mg/dl (normal range: 27–139 mg/dl). C3 and C4 complement levels are normal, and the antinuclear antibody titer, anti-streptolysin O titer and Coombs tests are all negative. The paucity of intact red blood cells and the presence of pigment casts in the urinary sediment in this dark reddish-brown urine suggest the presence of hemoglobin or myoglobin. The moderate anemia, elevated reticulocyte count, and decreased haptoglobin are consistent with intravascular hemolysis. There are autoimmune causes of hemolytic anemia and G6PD deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, but the Coombs test and G6PD preparation are normal. The fact that more than one hematopoietic cell line is abnormal suggests a clonal disorder. The history of mild leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hemolysis is consistent with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The presence of a cell population lacking decay-accelerating factor (DAF) on the cell membrane determined by flow cytometric analysis with anti-DAF fluorescent antibody confirms the diagnosis.
Preparation and reactivity of ν6-veratrolemanganese tricarbonyl tetrafluoroborate

Abstract Reaction of pentacarbonylmanganese tetrafluoroborate with veratrole (1,2-dimethoxybenzene) affords η 6 -veratrolemanganese tricarbonyl tetrafluoroborate in 66% yields. This complex does not react satisfactorily with alkyllithium compounds, but it does undergo highly regioselective reaction with the lithium enolate of cyclohexanone, ortho to the MeO substituent. The product was converted to 2-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone, thereby giving a novel and unique method for regioselective functionalization of veratrole. Similarly, anisolemanganese tricarbonyl tetrafluoroborate, and 4-bromoveratrolemanganese tricarbonyl tetrafluoroborate were prepared and their reactivity toward the enolate nucleophile was examined.
Depth-dependent fate of biologically-consumed dimethylsulfide in the Sargasso Sea

Abstract Biological consumption is a major sink for dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the surface ocean, but the fate of DMS is poorly known. We determined the fate of sulfur from biologically consumed DMS in samples from the upper 60 m of the Sargasso Sea during July 2004. Using tracer levels of 35S-DMS in dark incubations we found that DMS was transformed into three identifiable non-volatile, sulfur-containing product pools: dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), sulfate, and particle-associated macromolecules. Together, DMSO and sulfate accounted for most (81–93%) of the non-volatile sulfur products. Only a small fraction (∼ 2%) of the consumed DMS-sulfur was recovered in cellular macromolecules, leaving 5–17% of the metabolic products of DMS consumption unidentified. The relative importance of the two major products varied with depth. DMSO was the main sulfur product (∼ 72%) from DMS metabolism in the surface mixed layer, whereas sulfate was the most important product (∼ 74%) below the mixed layer. Changes in temperature and photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR) did not cause shifts in DMS fate in short term incubations (7–12 h), however these or other factors (e.g., exposure to ultraviolet radiation), operating over longer time scales, could potentially influence the observed pattern of DMS fate with depth. Biological DMSO production rates ranged from 0.07 to 0.33 nM day− 1, with the highest rate found at 30 m, just below the surface mixed layer. With DMSO concentrations ranging from 4.0 to 8.6 nM, turnover times for DMSO were long (15–61 days) when only the biological production from DMS was considered. Identification of the main sulfur containing products from DMS metabolism improves understanding of this important process in the marine sulfur cycling. Detection and quantification of DMSO production from biological DMS consumption also provides a more complete picture of DMSO biogeochemistry in the ocean.
Noxious Facilities, Environmental Damages, and Efficient Randomized Siting

This paper considers the efficient siting of a noxious facility that causes environmental damages (for example, increased pollution) in the host community. The analysis shows that there can be multiple efficient locations without transfers, and that an efficient location need not have the smallest WTA or WTP. In general, there exist randomized outcomes that are ex ante efficient and that Pareto dominate efficient outcomes. The analysis also shows that a community’s most preferred lottery never provides full insurance. Under some conditions, lotteries with no host compensation are Pareto superior to those with compensation.
Amorphous silicon/p-type crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells with a microcrystalline silicon buffer layer

Abstract Undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)/p-type crystalline silicon (c-Si) structures with and without a microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) buffer layer have been investigated as a potential low-cost heterojunction (HJ) solar cell. Unlike the conventional HJ silicon solar cell with a highly doped window layer, the undoped a-Si:H emitter was photovoltaically active, and a thicker emitter layer was proven to be advantageous for more light absorption, as long as the carriers generated in the layer are effectively collected at the junction. In addition, without using heavy doping and transparent front contacts, the solar cell exhibited a fill factor comparable to the conventional HJ silicon solar cell. The optimized configuration consisted of an undoped a-Si:H emitter layer (700 A), providing an excellent light absorption and defect passivation, and a thin μc-Si buffer layer (200 A), providing an improved carrier collection by lowering barrier height at the interface, resulting in a maximum conversion efficiency of 10% without an anti-reflective coating.
Prevalence of thermoduric bacteria and spores in nonfat dry milk powders of Midwest origin

Samples of nonfat dry milk powder were analyzed for the presence of heat-resistant bacteria. The samples were collected from Midwest manufacturing companies and were evaluated for the presence of spores, thermoduric bacteria, and the total bacterial count. Three companies were included in this study, and results showed differences between each of the companies in the heat-resistant microbial groups tested. Company 3 had the highest levels of total spores and thermoduric bacteria: 3.6 ± 0.14 and 3.5 ± 0.13 log cfu/g, respectively. Interestingly, this company did not have the highest total bacterial count but rather the second lowest total bacterial count for the group, perhaps because of the higher proportion of thermophiles present in the powders from this company. The average level of total bacterial counts was 2.57 ± 0.07 log cfu/g. Isolates obtained from the samples were identified by mass spectrometry, and all of the companies showed Bacillus licheniformis as the most prevalent bacterial species identified.
Calculation and inversion of K/K′ on a programmable calculation

Approximate and exact methods are presented for computing a function, related to complete elliptic integrals of the first kind, which arise in the theory of microwave transmission lines. The method can be implemented on programmable hand calculators.
Leptin Acts Independently of Food Intake to Modulate Gut Microbial Composition in Male Mice

Shifts in the composition of gut bacterial populations can alter host metabolism and may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, including obesity. Mice deficient in leptin action are obese with altered microbiota and increased susceptibility to certain intestinal pathogens. Because antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) secreted by Paneth cells represent a major mechanism by which the host influences the gut microbiome, we examined the mRNA expression of gut AMPs, several of which were decreased in leptin receptor (LepR)-deficient db/db mice, suggesting a potential role for AMP modulation of microbiota composition. To address the extent to which the alterations in gut microbiota and AMP mRNA expression in db/db mice result from increased food intake vs other defects in leptin action, we examined the effects of pair feeding and gut epithelial LepRb ablation on AMP mRNA expression and microbiota composition. We found that the phylum-level changes in fecal microbial content and AMP gene expression persist in pair-fed db/db mice, suggesting that these differences do not stem from hyperphagia alone. In addition, despite recent evidence to support a role for intestinal epithelial LepRb signaling in pathogen susceptibility, ablation of LepRb from the intestinal epithelium fails to alter body weight, composition of the microbiota, or AMP expression, suggesting a role for LepRb elsewhere for this regulation. Indeed, gut LepRb cells are not epithelial but rather constitute a previously uncharacterized population of perivascular cells within the intestinal submucosa. Overall, our data reveal a role for LepRb signaling extrinsic to the intestinal epithelium and independent of food intake in the control of the gut microbiome.
Modern approach to alcoholic liver disease.

The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease is unclear. The recent literature on pathogenic factors, including direct effects of ethanol and its proximate metabolite acetaldehyde, associated nutritional factors, the formation of acetaldehyde-protein adducts, associated immune alterations, and the potential for liver injury due to coexisting hepatitis virus infection, is highlighted. The therapy of patients with advanced alcoholic liver injury, especially alcoholic hepatitis, is also controversial. It seems reasonable that all patients should receive adequate nutrition even if parenteral or enteral supplementation is required. Corticosteroid administration may benefit those patients with alcoholic hepatitis who have coexisting spontaneous hepatic encephalopathy and no gastrointestinal bleeding. For patients with complications from end-stage alcoholic cirrhosis, liver transplantation should be considered, as the patient with alcoholic cirrhosis does as well after liver transplantation as those patients with...
Information and Patch Exploitation Strategies of the Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias striatus (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

We examined to what extent 15 chipmunks foraging from dishes in the field varied load sizes depending on a predetermined sequence of resource renewal/removal. At 10-m distances from burrows, chipmunks collected smaller loads when seeds were replenished over sequential trials and larger load sizes when trials were interrupted by removing all seeds for one visit. Similar sequence effects were less obvious at 0 m. Load size also varied with travel time but not in a manner consistent with either long-term rate maximization or resource tracking. When travel time effects were removed, sequence effects became more pronounced at distances of both 0 and 10 m. The results suggest that chipmunks use past experience in patches to gauge expected returns in the future, and that they devalue resources according to their uncertainty (“future discounting”). That chipmunks varied load sizes with food renewal/removal more at 10 than 0 m from burrows suggests that the degree to which chipmunks devalue future resources may depend on how defendable those resources are.
Engineering carbon nanomaterials for future applications: energy and bio-sensor

This paper presents our recent results on carbon nanomaterials for applications in energy storage and bio-sensor. More specifically: (i) A novel binder-free carbon nanotubes (CNTs) structure as anode in Li-ion batteries. The interfacecontrolled CNT structure, synthesized through a two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and directly grown on copper current collector, showed very high specific capacity - almost three times as that of graphite, excellent rate capability. (ii) A large scale graphene film was grown on Cu foil by thermal chemical vapor deposition and transferred to various substrates including PET, glass and silicon by using hot press lamination and etching process. The graphene/PET film shows high quality, flexible transparent conductive structure with unique electrical-mechanical properties; ~88.80 % light transmittance and ~ 100 Ω/sq sheet resistance. We demonstrate application of graphene/PET film as flexible and transparent electrode for field emission displays. (iii) Application of individual carbon nanotube as nanoelectrode for high sensitivity electrochemical sensor and device miniaturization. An individual CNT is split into a pair of nanoelectrodes with a gap between them. Single molecular-level detection of DNA hybridization was studied. Hybridization of the probe with its complementary strand results in an appreciable change in the electrical output signal.
A1Gaas/Gaas Radiation Hardened Photodiodes

We report on AlGaAs/GaAs double heterojunction photodiodes designed and fabricated to be resistant to the effects of ionizing-radiation. The work described here includes new results comparing optimized, AlGaAs/GaAs photodiodes grown with two different growth processes: liquid phase epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy. These devices were processed with similar photo-lithographic masks and exposed to high energy neutrons, electrons, and photons. Electrical and optical characterizations were completed before and after each irradiation; degradation trends are reported.
A Device for Evaluating the Multiaxial Finite Strain Thermomechanical Behavior of Elastomers and Soft Tissues

Described here is the design and development of a computer-controlled device capable of measuring the finite strain thermomechanical behavior of a general class of polymeric materials including elastomers and biological soft tissues. The utility of this device for thermoelastic and thermophysical investigations is demonstrated by the measurement of the in-plane stress-stretch response and in-plane and out-of-plane components of thermal diffusivity of neoprene rubber undergoing finite deformations.
The Right to Be Right: Civil-Military Relations and the Iraq Surge Decision

President George W. Bush's Iraq surge decision in late 2006 is an interesting case for civil-military relations theory, in particular, the debate between professional supremacists and civilian supremacists over how much to defer to the military on decisions during war. The professional supremacists argue that the primary problem for civil-military relations during war is ensuring the military an adequate voice and keeping civilians from micromanaging and mismanaging matters. Civilian supremacists, in contrast, argue that the primary problem is ensuring that well-informed civilian strategic guidance is authoritatively directing key decisions, even when the military disagrees with that direction. A close reading of the available evidence—both in published accounts and in new, not-for-attribution interviews with the key players—shows that the surge decision vindicates neither camp. If President Bush had followed the professional supremacists, there would have been no surge because his key military commanders...
Shaping the power spectra of bipolar sequences with application to sub-Nyquist sampling

In the design of line codes for data transmission and modulation codes for data storage it is important to match the spectral properties of bipolar sequences (containing the symbols ±1) to the spectral properties of the transmission or storage medium. This paper demonstrates that spectral shaping is possible with bipolar sequences, and explores the advantage of bipolar sequences with shaped spectra in Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) where they are used to modulate a sparse input waveform that is described by a small number of parameters. Performance is improved by matching the spectrum of the modulating waveform to prior information about the spectrum of the sparse input. The focus is on the Random Demodulator where sparse signals are reconstructed from sub-Nyquist samples.
Managing through storms of change: Highlights of the 1988 Planning Forum Conference

Whether they're growing, downsizing, restructuring, or just trying to survive, today's organizations are struggling to sail through the “storms of change.” What's more, the management waters don't promise to be any smoother in the 1990s. So the stormy seas theme of this year's Planning Forum conference in San Francisco seemed most appropriate. In this review I will try to relate the insights from the sessions I attended to the theme of coping with change.
Size Reduction of an Engine Waste-Heat Driven Air- Conditioner for Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks

Abstract An engine waste-heat driven adsorption air conditioning system is studied to provide cooling for vehicles to improve fuel economy.It is critical to reduce the size of the system in order to adopt the technology in the applications of passenger cars and light-duty trucks. Thus, a modular design using the zeolite-water working pair is modeled to determine the size of the system for the cooling requirement of 3.5 kW during steady operation. The methods to reduce the module number and thus the size of the system are investigated and the control strategy to satisfy a high cooling requirement during thestart-up of the cooling period is also discussed.
Ontogenic Changes and Regulation of Renal Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Gene Expression during Fetal and Newborn Life

Ontogenic Changes and Regulation of Renal Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Gene Expression during Fetal and Newborn Life
Control of rRNA production in non-growing cells.

COOPER has summarized the recent evidence that the asymmetric labelling of 28S and 18S rRNA in non-growing human lymphocytes reflects the rapid turnover (“wastage”) of rRNA1. His summary has been presented in response to an alternative interpretation that such asymmetries reflect very long transcription times for the synthesis of rRNA precursor molecules2. I have examined in detail the experimental basis of each of these arguments and I still do not find the evidence for “wastage” in lymphocytes sufficiently conclusive to eliminate an extended transcription time interpretation. My views on each of his four points are summarized briefly.
Design optimization of stochastic flexibility

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of how to evaluate and optimize the probability of feasible operation for a design that is described by a nonlinear model. This property, which is denoted as the stochastic flexibility, represents the cumulative distribution over a feasible region in the space of the uncertain parameters. It is shown that the evaluation problem, which requires a sequence of optimization problems, can be formulated as a single nonlinear programming model which can be extended to design optimization problems for maximizing the stochastic flexibility subject to a cost contraint. A solution method based on Generalized Benders Decomposition is proposed to effectively solve this problem. A comparison with Taguchi's method for minimizing quadratic loss is also presented to point out that the use of a reward function can lead to designs that not only have consistent outputs, but are also feasible to operate over larger parameter ranges. Finally, several process design examples are presented to illustrate the determination of trade-offs between flexibility and cost.
Translational regulation of nanos by RNA localization

LOCALIZATION of the maternally synthesized nanos (nos) RNA to the posterior pole of the Drosophila embryo provides the source for a posterior-to-anterior gradient of Nos protein1,2. Correct spatial regulation of nos activity is essential for normal pattern formation. High local concentrations of Nos protein in the posterior of the embryo are necessary to inhibit translation of the transcription factor Hunchback in this region3,4, and thus permit expression of genes required for abdomen formation (see ref. 5 for review). By contrast, misexpression of Nos protein at the anterior of the embryo prevents translation of the anterior morphogen Bicoid, suppressing head and thorax development1,6–9. Posterior localiza-tion of nos RNA is mediated by sequences within the nos 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) 1 and requires the function of eight genes of the 'posterior group'2,6. Although the unlocalized nos RNA is stable in embryos from females mutant for any of the posterior group genes, these embryos appear to lack nos activity because they develop the abdominal defects characteristic of embryos pro-duced by nos mutant females2,6,10–14. We report here that unlocal-ized nos RNA is translationally repressed. Translational repression is mediated by the nos 3′UTR and can be alleviated either by replacement of the 3′UTR with heterologous 3′UTR sequences or by posterior localization. Thus, RNA localization provides a novel mechanism for translational regulation.
Few cortical cholecystokinin immunoreactive neurons have long projections.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)-like immunoreactive neurons have been reported to be widely distributed throughout both the neo- and allocortices. In the present study, we were interested in determining whether these cortical CCK neurons have long projections using the double-labeling technique of fluorescence retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence for CCK. The distribution of CCK immunoreactive perikarya and fibers was plotted throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the cerebral cortex in both untreated and colchicine-treated albino rats. In the double-labeling experiments, the animals received injections of fluorescent retrograde tracers into cortical, limbic, striatal or thalamic structures, followed one to two days later by colchicine treatment. Brains were subsequently processed for indirect immunofluorescence for CCK-octapeptide and fluorescent dye localization. It was found that 1) a small number of prefrontal cortical CCK neurons were double-labeled with both fluorescent dye and immunofluorescence for CCK after dye injection into midline thalamus, 2) only rarely were cortical CCK neurons double-labeled with injection of tracers into cortex, striatum, or other subcortical structures, 3) numerous midbrain CCK neurons were double-labeled after dye injection into prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. and 4) colchicine or cannula injection damage to cortical forebrain tracts (corpus callosum, internal capsule, external capsule, anterior commissure) resulted in the appearance of numerous CCK immunoreactive fibers not normally seen in the undamaged tracts. Although the possibility remains that cortical CCK neurons may be refractory to transport of retrograde tracers, these results suggest that CCK-like immunoreactive neurons of the rat cerebral cortex are predominantly local circuit neurons and that only minor corticocortical and cortico-subcortical CCK-containing projections exist.
EFFECT OF PROLONGED STIMULATION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE NUMBERS OF CIRCULATING ERYTHROCYTES AND LYMPHYOCYTES1

THE ROLE of the pituitary adrenotrophic hormone in the regulation of the lymphocytes and other cellular elements of the blood has been elucidated by examination of the blood picture of animals following single injections of the hormone (Dougherty and White, 1944). The action of the pituitary hormone is due to the trophic influence it exerts on the adrenal cortex. The striking alterations in blood picture seen following single injections of hormone led to examination of the effects of continued treatment with pituitary adrenotrophic factor. These results have been compared with blood changes in adrenalectomized animals. Mice of both sexes 60 to 80 days of age and of the CBA strain (Strong) were used. The data were similar in both sexes. Male rats (Sprague-Dawley strain) weighing approximately 200 gms at the time of adrenalectomy were used. All animals were kept at a constant environmental temperature. Purina Fox Chow and water were available at all times.
Lipid Paradox in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Changes With Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapies

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, related not only to traditional CV risk factors, but also to a chronic inflammatory state. However, lipid profiles in RA are different from those observed in the general population at risk of CV disease, where there is evidence of a positive relationship between disease and high cholesterol levels. In untreated patients with active RA this relationship is different, with a paradoxical effect resulting in lower levels of cholesterol associated with an increased risk of CV disease. In this review, we summarize the latest evidence on lipid abnormalities in the setting of RA and the interaction between inflammation and lipoproteins, as well as the effect of DMARDs and biologic therapies on lipid profiles and the possible implications for CV outcomes in this population.
Finite growth span of mouse mammary gland serially propagated in vivo

Les glandes mammaires de la souris n'ont qu'une possibilite limitee de developpement quand elles sont transplantees en serie sous des conditions qui permettent une proliferation continue. Les conditions de transplantation qui maintiennent les greffes en phase statique, etendent notablement la periode durant laquelle la glande peut etre transplantee. Les resultats indiquent qu'en depit de la duree limitee de croissance des cellules mammaires, la longueur de vie potentielle peut etre illimitee sous des conditions environnantes optimum.
CROSS-TALK NOISE IN VOLUME HOLOGRAPHIC MEMORY WITH SPHERICAL REFERENCE BEAMS

We investigate angle-multiplexed volume holographic memory with spherical reference beams, for which the spherical approximation is made to model the wave-front distortion in general. We find that the angular selectivity and the cross-talk noise with spherical reference beams are close to those with planar reference beams. The results indicate that angle-multiplexed volume holographic memory can be realized in compact systems for which large wave-front distortion is expected.
Effect of receptor binding specificity on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza virus A H1 vaccines

The biological basis for the poor immunogenicity of unadjuvanted avian influenza A virus vaccines in mammals is not well understood. Here, we mutated the hemagglutinin (HA) of two H1N1 virus vaccines to determine whether virus receptor binding specificity contributes to the low immunogenicity of avian influenza virus vaccines. Mutations were introduced into the HA of an avian influenza virus, A/Duck/New York/15024-21/96 (Dk/96) which switched the binding preference from α2,3- to α2,6-linked sialic acid (SA). A switch in receptor specificity of the human A/South Carolina/1/18 (SC/18) virus generated a mutant virus with α2,3 SA (avian) binding preference. Inactivated vaccines were generated and administered to mice and ferrets intramuscularly. We found that the vaccines with human receptor binding preference induced slightly higher antibody titers and cell-mediated immune responses compared to their isogenic viruses with avian receptor binding specificity. Upon challenge with DK/96 or SC18 virus, differences in lung virus titers between the vaccine groups with different receptor-binding specificities were minimal. Overall, our data suggest that receptor binding specificity contributes only marginally to the immunogenicity of avian influenza vaccines and that other factors may also be involved.
Nondestructive NIR Reflectance Spectroscopic Method for Rapid Fatty Acid Analysis of Peanut Seeds

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to rapidly and nondestructively analyze the fatty acid concentration present in peanut seeds samples. Absorbance spectra were collected in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 2500 nm using NIRS. The oleic, linoleic and palmitic fatty acids were converted to their corresponding methyl esters and their concentrations were measured using a gas chromatograph (GC). Partial least square (PLS) analysis was performed on a calibration set, and models were developed for prediction of fatty acid concentrations. The best model was selected based on the coefficient of determination (R 2 ), Root Mean Square Error of Prediction, residual percent deviation (RPD) and correlation coefficient percentage between the gas chromatography measured values and the NIR predicted values. The NIR reflectance model developed yielded RPD values of three and above for prediction of the three fatty acids, indicating that this nondestructive method would be suitable for fatty acid predictions in peanut seeds.
Coregulation mapping based on individual phenotypic variation in response to virus infection

Background: Gene coregulation across a population is an important aspect of the considerable variability of the human immune response to virus infection. Methodology to investigate it must rely on a number of ingredients ranging from gene clustering to transcription factor enrichment analysis. Results: We have developed a methodology to investigate the gene to gene correlations for the expression of 34 genes linked to the immune response of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) infected conventional dendritic cells (DCs) from 145 human donors. The levels of gene expression showed a large variation across individuals. We generated a map of gene co-expression using pairwise correlation and multidimensional scaling (MDS). The analysis of these data showed that among the 13 genes left after filtering for statistically significant variations, two clusters are formed. We investigated to what extent the observed correlation patterns can be explained by the sharing of transcription factors (TFs) controlling these genes. Our analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between MDS distances and TF sharing across all pairs of genes. We applied enrichment analysis to the TFs having binding sites in the promoter regions of those genes. This analysis, after Gene Ontology filtering, indicated the existence of two clusters of genes (CCL5, IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNB1) and (IKBKE, IL6, IRF7, MX1) that were transcriptionally co-regulated. In order to facilitate the use of our methodology by other researchers, we have also developed an interactive coregulation explorer web-based tool called CorEx. It permits the study of MDS and hierarchical clustering of data combined with TF enrichment analysis. We also offer web services that provide programmatic access to MDS, hierarchical clustering and TF enrichment analysis. Conclusions: MDS mapping based on correlation in conjunction with TF enrichment analysis represents a useful computational method to generate predictions underlying gene coregulation across a population.