cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Near Ground” Vertical Vorticity in Supercell Thunderstorm Models

AbstractNumerical models of supercell thunderstorms produce near-ground rotation about a vertical axis (i.e., vertical vorticity) after the development of rain-cooled outflows and downdrafts. The physical processes involved in the production of near-ground vertical vorticity in simulated supercells have been a subject of discussion in the literature for over 30 years. One cause for this lengthy discussion is the difficulty in applying the principles of inviscid vorticity dynamics in a continuous fluid to the viscous evolution of discrete Eulerian simulations. The present paper reports on a Lagrangian analysis of near-ground vorticity from an idealized-supercell simulation with enhanced vertical resolution near the lower surface. The parcel that enters the low-level maximum of vertical vorticity has a history of descent during which its horizontal vorticity is considerably enhanced. In its final approach to this region, the parcel’s enhanced horizontal vorticity is tilted to produce vertical vorticity, whi...
Metabolic Syndrome but Not Obesity Adversely Affects Outcomes After Open Aortoiliac Bypass Surgery

Background Although the incident risk of peripheral artery disease increases in patients with metabolic syndrome, several authors report favorable outcomes in obese patients after arterial bypass surgery. We examine the effect of the so-called “obesity paradox” and metabolic syndrome on outcomes after open aortoiliac bypass surgery. Methods We identified patients between 2004 and 2015 who had open surgical bypass for aortoiliac occlusive disease. We excluded patients with endovascular repair and those treated primarily for aneurysmal disease. Variables that were analyzed included preoperative medical history, Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus Document on Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease II classification, Rutherford classification, intra-operative, and postoperative outcomes. Metabolic syndrome was defined by World Health Organization criteria: diabetes and 2 or more of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity (body mass index > 30 kg/m2). Data were analyzed by stratified Kaplan–Meier and multiple Cox regression for outcomes including long-term mortality and reintervention rate. Results There were 154 open bypass surgery patients during the study period with a median age of 60 years (interquartile range [IQR] 53–68), median glomerular filtration rate 76.1 mL/min (IQR 54–102), and 58% female prevalence. In all, 53 patients had metabolic syndrome (4%), and 14 patients (9%) were obese but did not have metabolic syndrome. Primary bypass graft patency was 89.0 ± 2.7% at 1 year and 77.4 ± 4.1% at 5 years and was not significantly different between metabolic syndrome, obese, and nonmetabolic syndrome patients. Reintervention rate for the entire cohort was 25.3 ± 3.7% at 1 year and 40.6 ± 4.7% at 5 years. In those with and without metabolic syndrome, reintervention rate at 1 and 5 years was 33.0 ± 6.8% vs. 21.1 ± 4.2% and 56.1 ± 7.9% vs. 30.7 ± 5.4%, respectively (log-rank P = 0.003). In multivariable analyses, metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio [HR] 1.8, P = 0.036) and critical limb ischemia (CLI) (HR: 3.2, P = 0.001) were the only independent predictors of reintervention. Neither obesity nor the individual components comprising metabolic syndrome was a risk for reintervention. Multivariate analysis demonstrated age, female gender, CLI, and nonobesity as the independent risk factors for long-term mortality. Conclusions Our study supports the “obesity paradox” that obesity by itself is not a risk factor for reintervention and was a protective factor for mortality after open aortoiliac bypass surgery. Bypass graft patency and major amputation rates were not affected. Although the individual components do not predispose to worse outcome, metabolic syndrome is a constellation of factors that, together, are associated with adverse events.
Three dimensional ultrasound imaging of pre- and post-vocalic liquid consonants in American English: Preliminary observations

This study presents articulation data of American English laterals and rhotics captured by combining real-time 3D ultrasound, digitized 3D palate impressions, and time-aligned audio recordings. While articulation of laterals and rhotics has long been of interest, traditional two-dimensional imaging techniques are subject to limitations because the vocal tract is three-dimensional. The technological advances rendering 3D imaging possible therefore enable more sophisticated understanding of these complex articulations. Results from two speakers are presented, one from New England and one from Indiana. Lateral productions are different for each speaker, but both speakers exhibit mirrored temporal phasing of coronal and dorsal occlusions in /l/ in onset vs. coda position, with dorsal articulations occurring temporally closer to the neighboring vowel. Lingual shape for rhotic productions is complex but consistent across speaker, syllable position, and vowel context.
Peer-Assisted Social Learning for Diverse and Low-Income Youth: Infusing Mental Health Promotion Into Urban After-School Programs

Community-based after-school programs (ASPs) can promote social competence by infusing evidence-based practice into recreation. Through collaborative partnership, we developed and implemented a peer-assisted social learning (PASL) model to leverage natural opportunities for peer-mediated problem-solving. ASP-Staff (n = 5) led elementary-school youth (n = 30) through 21 activities that partnered socially-skilled and less-skilled children; outcomes were compared to children (n = 31) at another site, via quasi-experimental design. Findings were mixed, including strong evidence for fidelity (adherence) and feasibility (attendance, participation, enthusiasm) of implementation. Relative to Comparison children, PASL children demonstrated improved social skills and behavior, but no changes in problem-solving, peer likability, or social network status.
Ingens: Huge Page Support for the OS and Hypervisor

Memory capacity and demand have grown hand in hand in recent years. However, overheads for memory virtualization, in particular for address translation, grow with memory capacity as well, motivating hardware manufacturers to provide TLBs with thousands of entries for larger pages, or huge pages. Current OSes and hypervisors support huge pages with a hodge-podge of best-effort algorithms and spot fixes that make less and less sense as architectural support for huge pages matures. The time has come for a more fundamental redesign.Ingens is a framework for providing transparent huge page support in a coordinated way. Ingens manages contiguity as a first-class resource, and tracks utilization and access frequency of memory pages, enabling it to eliminate pathologies that plague current systems. Experiments with a Linux/KVM-based prototype show improved fairness and performance, and reduced tail latency and memory bloat for important applications such as Web services and Redis. We report early experiences with our in-progress port of Ingens to the ESX Hypervisor.
Stability criteria of linear systems with multiple input delays under truncated predictor feedback

Abstract The model reduction technique as a feedback design approach for linear systems with input delays achieves finite spectrum assignment of the closed-loop system in a delay free form. The resulting predictor-type feedback law contains a distributed term that involves the convolution between the past input and the state transition matrix and hence causes difficulty in its implementation. For the purpose of easy implementation, the truncated predictor feedback (TPF) simplifies the predictor feedback by discarding the distributed term, and delay independent truncated predictor feedback further eliminates the delay-dependent exponential factor. In this paper, we consider the stabilization of a general linear system with multiple time-varying input delays by TPF or delay independent TPF. Stability criteria expressed in terms of input delays and the feedback parameter are derived through Lyapunov–Krasovskii stability analysis, and then numerically studied under both feedback laws.
Increased exposure of plankton to arsenic in contaminated weakly-stratified lakes

Arsenic, a priority Superfund contaminant and carcinogen, is a legacy pollutant impacting aquatic ecosystems in urban lakes downwind of the former ASARCO copper smelter in Ruston, WA, now a Superfund site. We examined the mobility of arsenic from contaminated sediments and arsenic bioaccumulation in phytoplankton and zooplankton in lakes with varying mixing regimes. In lakes with strong seasonal thermal stratification, high aqueous arsenic concentrations were limited to anoxic bottom waters that formed during summer stratification, and arsenic concentrations were low in oxic surface waters. However, in weakly-stratified lakes, the entire water column, including the fully oxic surface waters, had elevated concentrations of arsenic (up to 30μgL-1) during the summer. We found enhanced trophic transfer of arsenic through the base of the aquatic food web in weakly-stratified lakes; plankton in these lakes accumulated up to an order of magnitude more arsenic on multiple sampling days than plankton in stratified lakes with similar levels of contamination. We posit that greater bioaccumulation in weakly-stratified lakes was due to elevated arsenic in oxic waters. Aquatic life primarily inhabits oxic waters and in the oxic water column of weakly-stratified lakes arsenic was speciated as arsenate, which is readily taken up by phytoplankton because of its structural similarities to phosphate. Our study indicates that mobilization of arsenic from lake sediments into overlying oxic water columns in weakly-stratified lakes leads to increased arsenic exposure and uptake at the base of the aquatic food web.
Health Care Systems and Ethics

This paper gives a brief and basic introduction to some of the concepts and vocabulary used in the debates about health-care systems. It differentiates between socialism and communism and points out that the two are hardly identical and that democracy and capitalism are not necessarily related. The difference betwween single- and multiple-tieredhealth care systems and arguments for and against each are briefly discussed. The attempt to deal with our ethical problems in health-care and to create a just health-care system may by itself positively affect what is now perceived to be a basically unjust society.
Bounding the Results of Arithmetic Operations on Random Variables of Unknown Dependency Using Intervals

Many real problems involve calculations on random variables, yet precise details about the correlations or other dependency relationships among those variables are often unknown. For example consider analyzing the cancer risk associated with an environmental contaminant. The dependency of an individual's cumulative exposure on the less useful (but more obtainable) current exposure level will be uncertain. In this and many other cases, data points from which to derive such dependencies are sparse, and obtaining additional data is prohibitively expensive or difficult. Thus manipulating variables whose dependencies are unspecified is a problem of significance. This paper describes a new approach to bounding the results of arithmetic operations on random variables when the dependency relationship between the variables is unspecified. The bounds enclose the space in which the result's distribution function can be.
Discordance in Couples Pregnancy Intentions and Breastfeeding Duration: Results from the National Survey of Family Growth 2011–2013

Background. Parental disagreement in pregnancy intention elevates the risk of adverse health events for mother and child. However, research surrounding parental pregnancy intention discrepancies and breastfeeding duration is limited. This study aims to examine the relationship between couple’s discordant pregnancy intention and breastfeeding duration. Methods. Data from the 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth was analyzed. Parental pregnancy intention was categorized as “intended by both parents,” “unintended by both parents,” “father intended and mother unintended,” and “father unintended and mother intended.” Breastfeeding duration was categorized as “never breastfed,” “breastfed less than six months,” and “breastfed at least six months.” Multinomial logistic regression, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results. Couples with a concordant unintended pregnancy were more likely to have a child who was never breastfed or breastfed less than six months compared to couples with a concordant intended pregnancy. Similarly, couples with a discordant pregnancy were more likely to have a child who was never breastfed or breastfed less than six months. Conclusions. Findings from this study show a relationship between couples’ pregnancy intentions and subsequent breastfeeding behaviors. Healthcare professionals should be cognizant of parents’ differing opinions surrounding pregnancy intention and the implications on breastfeeding outcomes.
Text message exchanges between older adults with serious mental illness and older certified peer specialists in a smartphone-supported self-management intervention.

Objective To identify the strategies peer specialists use to provide illness self-management support for older adults with serious mental illness (SMI) through text messaging. Method Transcripts of text message exchanges between 8 older adult participants with SMI who completed the PeerTECH intervention and 3 older adult certified peer specialists who delivered the 12-week program were analyzed. Text message analyses explored themes relevant to peer support and health behavior change. Quantitative data comprised frequency of text messages by either the peer or consumer. Results Consumers (N = 8) had a mean age of 68.8 years (SD = 4.9) and were mainly women (88%), White (100%), and married (75%). Certified peer specialists (N = 3) were all 55 or older; 100% were female, 66% identified as White, and 33% identified as African American. Overall, peers sent 215 text messages whereas consumers sent 141 text messages. In the peer specialist-consumer text message exchanges, we identified 4 themes on different aspects of illness self-management, including health behavior change, self-management therapeutic techniques, engagement in health technology, and peer support. Conclusions and implications for practice This exploratory qualitative study offers preliminary support that peers are able to use text messages to support the delivery of a peer-delivered home-based medical and psychiatric self-management intervention. Certified peer specialists can potentially provide a range of illness self-management support to older adults with SMI via text messaging. These findings will inform the development of standardized peer text-messaging services to augment evidence-based illness self-management interventions for older adults with SMI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Sub-Sahara’s Experience with the Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis

For a panel of 19 Sub-Sahara African countries, annual data are used to carry out an empirical investigation of the main tenet of the Purchasing Power (PPP) Hypothesis. After a brief examination of recent inflation and direction of trade data, OLS techniques are used to establish an initial link between inflation differentials (for the panel with the five primary industrialized countries) and changes in the bilateral nominal exchange rates. Following an ADF unit root test, the Johansen cointegration technique is used to search for a stable long term relationship for these variables that would provide support for the PPP. There is at best modest support for the premise that aggressive fiscal and monetary policies aimed at combating high inflation can guarantee a stable currency.
Adenosine Triphosphate Templated Self-Assembly of Cationic Porphyrin into Chiral Double Superhelices and Enzyme-Mediated Disassembly

Self-assembly of small molecules through noncovalent interactions into nanoscale architectures has been extensively studied in supramolecular chemistry. However, it is still challenging to develop a biologically inspired self-assembly system that functions in water with complex structure and dynamics by analogy with those found in nature. Here, we report a new water-soluble cationic porphyrin that undergoes adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-templated self-assembly into right-handed double-helical supramolecular structures. Direct observation of the porphyrin-ATP assembly by transmission electron microscopy has been accomplished. The assemblies consist of superhelical fibers with length greater than 1 μm and width ∼46 nm. The chiral superhelical fibers show reversible disassembly to monomers upon hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the nanofibers can be re-formed with subsequent addition of ATP. Moreover, transient self-assembly of a chiral double helix is formed when ALP is present to consume ATP.
Simultaneous analysis of phosphopeptides and intact glycopeptides from secretome with mode switchable solid phase extraction

We present a novel method named mode switchable solid phase extraction (MS-SPE) for simultaneous enrichment of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides from the digest of cancer cell secretome. This SPE method utilized the electrostatic and hydrophilic affinity of weak anion exchange chromatography and operated sequentially in electrostatic repulsion and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode to selectively isolate phosphopeptides and glycopeptides from complex samples. With both the protein standard and secretome digest, it was demonstrated that the MS-SPE provided with comparable and complementary performance as the combination of enrichment by conventional metal affinity chromatography and HILIC SPE. The developed method was applied to analyze the secretome of cancer cell line A549 for comprehensive phosphoproteome and glycoproteome analysis. 135 phosphosites and 283 N-glycosites were identified with 2 technical replicates on a Synapt G2 QTOF mass spectrometer. More importantly, this method enabled efficient isolation of phosphopeptides and intact glycopeptides that led to the identification of intact glycopeptides with peptide sequence, N-glycosylation site and glycan compositions. Hence, MS-SPE offers a novel solution for simultaneous analysis of multiple post translational modifications.
Community Health Centers: A Model for Integrating Eye Care Services with the Practice of Primary Care Medicine.

SIGNIFICANCE Optometry is desperately needed to combat the increasing rate of avoidable visual impairment that goes undiagnosed largely owing to the lack of integration of eye care services with primary care medicine. Government leaders are actively discussing substantive changes to health care legislation that will impact optometrists and their patients. The importance of a regular eye examination for disease prevention has long been undervalued in the setting of primary care. Consequently, many serious and potentially treatable ocular and systemic diseases go undiagnosed. Despite clear indicators that vision impairment increases the risk of morbidity and mortality from chronic systemic disease and decreases quality of life, vision health remains among the greatest unmet health care needs in the United States. To improve vision care services for all Americans, we must focus our attention on two central themes. First, we must educate the public, health care professionals, and policymakers on the importance of routine eye care as a preventive measure in the setting of primary care. Next, we need to recognize that optometrists, through their geographic distribution and advanced training, are in a strategic position to deliver integrated, comprehensive, cost-effective eye care services for individuals most in need. In this perspective, we discuss a model for integrating optometric services with the practice of primary care medicine to facilitate early detection of both eye and systemic disease while reducing serious and preventable health-related consequences.
Abstract 16206: An Atypical Presentation of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in a Young Male Patient

Background: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an important cause of myocardial infarction (MI) in women but rare in young healthy males. We report a case of a young male who presente...
Diverse dynamics of glutamatergic input from sensory neurons underlie heterogeneous responses of olfactory bulb outputs in vivo

ABSTRACT Mitral/tufted (MT) cells of the olfactory bulb (OB) show diverse temporal responses to odorant stimulation that are thought to encode odor information. To understand the role of sensory input dynamics versus OB circuit mechanisms in generating this diversity, we imaged glutamate signaling onto MT cell dendrites in anesthetized and awake mice. We found surprising diversity in the dynamics of these signals, including excitatory, suppressive, and biphasic responses as well as nonlinear changes in glutamate signaling across inhalations. Simultaneous imaging of glutamate and calcium signals from MT cell dendrites revealed highly correlated responses for both signals. Glutamate responses were only weakly impacted by blockade of postsynaptic activity, implicating sensory neurons as a primary source of glutamate signaling onto MT cells. Thus, the dynamics of sensory input alone, rather than emergent features of OB circuits, may account for much of the diversity in MT cell responses that underlies OB odor representations.
Performance and fault modeling with VHDL

Describes how VHDL can be used across the system design process, from specification to the development of maintenance strategies. The contributors provide advanced techniques, and detail how these can be adapted to improve the system development process, reducing time and cost.
Protocol-Based Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

Sepsis remains a significant public health problem, with increasing incidence but decreasing mortality worldwide. The landmark Rivers study published in 2001 revolutionized the management of sepsis and septic shock, and brought early recognition, early antibiotic therapy, and protocol-based care to the forefront of sepsis management. However, certain components of the Rivers protocol have remained controversial and have not been widely accepted into practice. In addition, data for elements not included in the Rivers protocol have emerged. A series of three trials (ProCESS, ARISE, and ProMISe) designed with harmonized methods have recently demonstrated a lack of survival benefit for patients with septic shock treated with early goal directed therapy compared with usual care. Based on the results of these studies, the surviving sepsis campaign and national quality forum are revising their recommendations related to sepsis management.
An Event-Related fMRI Study of Syntactic and Semantic Violations

We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify brain regions involved in syntactic and semantic processing. Healthy adult males read well-formed sentences randomly intermixed with sentences which either contained violations of syntactic structure or were semantically implausible. Reading anomalous sentences, as compared to well-formed sentences, yielded distinct patterns of activation for the two violation types. Syntactic violations elicited significantly greater activation than semantic violations primarily in superior frontal cortex. Semantically incongruent sentences elicited greater activation than syntactic violations in the left hippocampal and parahippocampal gyri, the angular gyri bilaterally, the right middle temporal gyrus, and the left inferior frontal sulcus. These results demonstrate that syntactic and semantic processing result in nonidentical patterns of activation, including greater frontal engagement during syntactic processing and larger increases in temporal and temporo-parietal regions during semantic analyses.
Clinically significant Gleason sum upgrade: external validation and head-to-head comparison of the existing nomograms.

BACKGROUND: Several nomograms have been developed for the purpose of predicting the likelihood of an increase in Gleason sum (GS) from biopsy information compared with the GS determined after examination of the “entire prostate” in patients with prostate cancer. In this study, the authors evaluated and compared the ability of 4 nomograms (published by Capitanio et al, Chun et al, Kulkarni et al, and Moussa et al) to predict GS upgrades for patients with biopsy GS ≤6 prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) at their center. METHODS: The entire study cohort included 942 patients with a biopsy GS ≤6. Predictive performances of the nomograms were compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) analysis, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA) in the entire cohort, in patients with low-risk prostate cancer (LRPC), and a subgroup of those patients who underwent extended biopsy with ≥10 cores. RESULTS: Patients with a GS ≥7 at prostatectomy included 319 of 942 patients (33.9%) in the entire study cohort, 263 of 814 patients (32.2%) with LRPC, and 84 of 301 patients (27.9%) with LRPC who underwent extended biopsy. With an AUC-ROC of 0.637 to 0.647 in the different subgroups of patients with low-risk cancer, the Kulkarni et al nomogram demonstrated significantly higher discriminative ability compared with the other nomograms. The same nomogram provided a small clinical benefit at DCA. All nomograms were poorly calibrated. CONCLUSIONS: The available prognostic tools had limited ability to predict clinically significant upgrading in patients with biopsy GS ≤6 and, thus, the authors concluded that these tools are not ready for clinical application. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The Significance of the Discordant Occurrence of Lens Tumors in Humans versus Other Species.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine in which species and under what conditions lens tumors occur. Design A review of databases of available human and veterinary ocular pathologic material and the previously reported literature. Participants Approximately 18 000 patients who had ocular surgical specimens submitted and studied at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health between 1920 and 2014 and 45 000 ocular veterinary cases from the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin between 1983 and 2014. Methods Material in 2 major archived collections at the University of Wisconsin medical and veterinary schools were studied for occurrence of lens tumors. Tumor was defined as a new growth of tissue characterized by progressive, uncontrolled proliferation of cells. In addition, cases presented at 3 major eye pathologic societies (Verhoeff-Zimmerman Ophthalmic Pathology Society, Eastern Ophthalmic Pathology Society, and The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Ophthalmic Alumni Society) from 1975 through 2014 were reviewed. Finally, a careful search of the literature was carried out. Approval from the institutional review board to carry out this study was obtained. Main Outcome Measures The presence of tumors of the lens. Results The database search and literature review failed to find an example of a lens tumor in humans. In contrast, examples of naturally occurring lens tumors were found in cats, dogs, rabbits, and birds. In the veterinary school database, 4.5% of feline intraocular and adnexal neoplasms (234/5153) were designated as feline ocular posttraumatic sarcoma, a tumor previously demonstrated to be of lens epithelial origin. Similar tumors were seen in rabbit eyes, a bird, and in a dog. All 4 species with lens tumors had a history of either ocular trauma or protracted uveitis. The literature search also revealed cases where lens tumors were induced in zebrafish, rainbow trout, hamsters, and mice by carcinogenic agents (methylcholanthrene, thioacetamide), oncogenic viruses (SV40, HPV-16), and genetic manipulation. Conclusions Our results suggest that lens tumors do not occur in humans. In contrast, after lens capsule rupture, a lens tumor can occur in other species. We hypothesize that a genetic mechanism exists that prevents lens tumors in humans.
Whither China: The Discourse and Practice of Property Rights Reform in China

This paper tries to shoot a moving target: the ongoing process of reforming property rights arrangements in today's China. The first part of the paper highlights three features of the Chinese shareholding system, and then briefly discusses the theoretical questions posed by the Chinese experience to the conventional theory of ownership as residual claim and residual control. The second part of the paper reviews and critically evaluates the three schools of thoughts on property rights in China and their practical significance.
Life politics, nature and the state: Giddens' sociological theory and The Politics of Climate Change

Anthony Giddens' The Politics of Climate Change represents a significant shift in the way in which he addresses ecological politics. In this book, he rejects the relevance of environmentalism and demarcates climate-change policy from life politics. Giddens addresses climate change in the technocratic mode of simple rather than reflexive modernization. However, Giddens' earlier sociological theory provides the basis for a more reflexive understanding of climate change. Climate change instantiates how, in high modernity, the existential contradiction of the human relationship with nature returns in new form, expressed in life politics and entangled with the structural contradictions of the capitalist state. The interlinking of existential and structural contradiction is manifested in the tension between life politics and the capitalist nation-state. This tension is key for understanding the failures so far of policy responses to climate change.
A series LC filter for harmonic compensation of AC drives

This paper characterizes typical nonlinear loads into two types of harmonic sources-harmonic current source and harmonic voltage source-which produce inherent current and voltage distortion, respectively. The conventional approach of harmonic compensation has been the parallel (or shunt) LC filter in which shunt low impedance branches traditionally consisting of 5/sup th/ and 7/sup th/ tuned LC series resonant and high-pass circuitry are connected in parallel to a nonlinear load. It is shown in this paper that the parallel LC filter is effective only for harmonic current source type of nonlinear loads but not for harmonic voltage source type of nonlinear loads such as adjustable speed AC drives with a diode rectifier at front end. This paper presents a series LC filter that is very effective in harmonic compensation for harmonic voltage source type of nonlinear loads such as AC drives. General compensation characteristics and comparison of parallel LC filters and series LC filters are given analytically. The effectiveness of series LC filters is demonstrated experimentally.
The Effects of Personal, Classroom, and School Goal Structures on Academic Cheating

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the relations of achievement goal orientation theory to academic cheating. The instructional practices used by teachers in their classrooms can have an impact on academic cheating. When teachers structure their classrooms around grades, competition, and ability differences, students will be able to justify cheating behaviors. In schools where cheating is the norm, students who feel a sense of belonging in that school may internalize cheating as an acceptable behavior in that environment. Teacher education programs should focus on curbing academic cheating. All too often, preservice teachers are not forced to face the reality that academic cheating is prevalent. Research from a goal orientation theory perspective strongly suggests that a critical examination of academic cheating among preservice teachers may be an effective means of preventing cheating in the future. Goal orientation theory offers a tested theoretical framework for critically examining instructional practices that may foster increased cheating behaviors in children, adolescents, and adults.
Century to multi‐century sea level rise projections from CMIP5 models

[1] Long-term projections of global-ocean thermal expansion (GTE) and the dynamic sea level (DSL) change are analyzed with 34 new CMIP5 models and under three greenhouse-gas emission scenarios. Multi-model ensemble mean (MEM) and ensemble standard deviation are calculated to identify robust features and quantify uncertainty. While the MEM of GTE shows moderate difference by 2100, with magnitudes of 13, 18 and 28 cm in RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, it increases and diverges significantly by 2300, with magnitudes of 21, 52 and 119 cm in the three scenarios. Model-to-model spread seems reduced in CMIP5 compared to CMIP3. The MEM changes of the DSL show similar patterns between different RCPs, but with progressively larger magnitudes in RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Notable features identified previously in the CMIP3 projections also occur in CMIP5, indicating their robustness across generations of climate model and emission scenario. The CMIP5 models still show disagreement in projecting the DSL changes, even under the same external forcing.
Cumulative trauma: The impact of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and spouse abuse

The present study investigated the relationship between trauma symptoms and a history of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and physical abuse by a partner as an adult. While there has been some research examining the correlation between individual victimization experiences and traumatic stress, the cumulative impact of multiple victimization experiences has not been addressed. Subjects were recruited from psychological clinics and community advocacy agencies. Additionally, a nonclinical undergraduate student sample was evaluated. The results of this study indicate not only that victimization and revictimization experiences are frequent, but also that the level of trauma specific symptoms are significantly related to the number of different types of reported victimization experiences. The research and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Unification of budgeting and placement

In this paper we present a novel formulation for thenet-based timing-driven placement problem.The new formulationperforms budgeting (net delay upper bounds) andplacement modification simultaneously thus alleviates theproblem of going back-and-forth between budgeting andplacement.An algorithm to accomplished the proposedtask is presented.The proposed algorithm uses a simulatedannealing approach and a modified graph-based simplexmethod.A general formulation of timing-sriven placementis presented.It is proved that both net-based andpath-based approaches to timing-driven placement are specialcases of a more general formulation.The proposed algorithmhas been incorporated into a (timing-driven) placementpackage.Experiments on MCNC benchmarks showstrong results.The proposed algorithm offers 54% to 68%reduction over the longest path compared with the existingalgorithms.
UK farm-scale evaluations of transgenic herbicide-tolerant crops.

Field trials of several herbicide tolerant transgenic crops should be a first step toward understanding their effects on the environment.
Enzymatic synthesis of l-DOPA α-glycosides by reaction with sucrose catalyzed by four different glucansucrases from four strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides

L-DOPA alpha-glycosides were synthesized by reaction of L-DOPA with sucrose, catalyzed by four different glucansucrases from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FMC, B-742CB, B-1299A, and B-1355C. The glucansucrases catalyzed the transfer of d-glucose from sucrose to the phenolic hydroxyl position-3 and -4 of L-DOPA. The glycosides were fractionated and purified by Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography, and the structures were determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The major glycoside was 4-O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl L-DOPA, and the minor glycoside was 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl L-DOPA. The two glycosides were formed by all four of the glucansucrases. The ratio of the 4-O-alpha-glycoside to the 3-O-alpha-glycoside produced by the B-512FMC dextransucrase was higher than that for the other three glucansucrases. The glycosylation of L-DOPA significantly reduced the oxidation of the phenolic hydroxyl groups, which prevents their methylation, potentially increasing the use of L-DOPA in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The use of one enzyme, glucansucrase, and sucrose as the D-glucosyl donor makes the synthesis considerably simpler and cheaper than the formerly published procedure using cyclomaltodextrin and cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase, followed by glucoamylase, and beta-amylase hydrolysis.
Abundance of banks grass mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on corn and sorghum fertilized with different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer and combinations of the two on abundance of the Banks grass mite (BGM), Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), on sorghum and corn was determined. N fertilizer had a weak positive effect on BGM densities on corn but no effect on BGM abundance on sorghum. P fertilizer had little effect on BGM densities on either crop. More mites were often present on sorghum fertilized with combinations of N-P than those fertilized with N or P alone.
Human Fibroblast but Not Lymphoid Cells Have Unusually Long Polyadenylated Interferon-β1 mRNAs

The transcription unit of human interferon-β1 (IFN-β1) mRNA was examined by chain elongation of nascent RNA in isolated nuclei of human fibroblasts and lymphoid cells induced to produce IFN. In fibroblasts, transcription proceeds beyond 2,400 nucleotides downstream from the poly(A) site of mature mRNA and appears to terminate in the region rich in Alu sequences. Northern hybridization showed the presence of a minor polyadenylated RNA species, about 3,200 nucleotides long, that hybridized to the probes derived from 3′-flanking regions of IFN-β1 mRNA. S1 nuclease analysis established that this long polyadenylated transcript represents a mixture of three RNA molecules with defined 3′ termini. In all three mRNAs, as in mature IFN-β1 mRNA, the polyadenylation site was located within a few nucleotides downstream from the AAUAAA hexanucleotide consensus sequence. Surprisingly, in Namalva lymphoblastoid cells no transcription beyond the polyadenylation site of mature IFN-β1 mRNA could be detected either in isolat...
Stationary phase approximation: a modification

University of Pittsburgh, 348 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USAAbstract  In dispersive wave propagation, the standard stationary phase approximationtothewaveisaccurate intheasymptoticregime. Typicallythecalculationofthe stationarypoints is taken to depend only on the dispersion relation. We examine the eects ofincluding the spatial phase of the initial wave as well in the calculation and show thatdoing so can improve the approximation.
Neighborhood Outcomes of Formally Homeless Veterans Participating in the HUD-VASH Program

Research regarding how neighborhoods affect the people who live in them has grown in recent years. However, the neighborhood outcomes of formally homeless veterans have not received the attention this group warrants. This article examines the neighborhood outcomes of two groups of housing voucher holders. Using administrative data, this exploratory study finds that U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) voucher holders receiving comprehensive case management reside in higher quality neighborhoods than those who do not receive these services. Additionally, this effect seems to be a more critical factor for African Americans than Whites. Use of case managers with housing vouchers may improve African American residential outcomes in terms of neighborhood quality.
Maternal toxicity and the identification of inorganic arsenic as a developmental toxicant

Abstract Assessment of the potential developmental toxicity of arsenic in humans must be based entirely on the extensive animal literature; no appropriate human data are available. Hazard identification of developmental toxicity of arsenic in animal studies is complicated by the co-occurence of maternal and developmental toxicity when the pregnant dam is exposed to the toxicant. Current regulatory guidance requires that, when maternal and developmental toxicity occur at the same or similar doses, detailed consideration needs to be given to whether developmental toxicity is secondary to maternal toxicity or whether it represents a distinct hazard. In this review, these principles were applied to the relatively large database of animal studies available for hazard identification of inorganic arsenic as a developmental toxicant. It is concluded that maternal and developmental toxicity occur in the same dose range for this potent cytotoxicant, although differential no observed adverse effect levels can be identified depending on the endpoints used. Various evidence from the basic science literature indicates that developmental toxicity is not secondary to maternal toxicity. Current regulatory guidance falls short of defining effective approaches to resolving the difficulties posed by cooccurence of maternal and developmental toxicity.
Two strains of SIVmac show differential transactivation mediated by sequences in the promoter.

Abstract Two infectious molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV mac 251 and SIV mac 239, have very different in vivo properties, SIV mac 239 being much more pathogenic than SIV mac 251. To assess whether the in vivo differences between the two viruses would be reflected in transcriptional rates in vitro, transcriptional activity in the presence of the transactivation protein tat was analyzed by transient transfection assays in HUT-78 and U937 cells. Whereas the two promoters had similar basal activities ( Anderson and Clements, 1991 , J. Virol. 65, 51–60) the promoter of SIV mac 239 was transactivated to a greater extent. Removal of sequences 5′ to −225 and 3′ to +18 maintained the basal activity, yet made the promoter unresponsive to tat. Addition of bases +19 to +149 reconstituted transactivation and decreased basal activity. Analysis of deletion mutants with reconstituted transactivation response region determined that differences between the two strains were maintained even when only the proximal sequences, −225 to +18 of the U3 and R region were placed upstream of the TAR sequences. This region contains four nucleotide differences and the potential Sp-1-binding sites, where there are an additional 11 bases in SIV mac 239 that create a third potential Sp-1 site, compared to only 2 in SIV mac 251. Transactivation in this assay system was found to correlate better to RNA differences shortly after transfection (12 hr) than later (46 hr).
Ecology of yeasts with actual and potential value in biotechnology.

Valeur des milieux selectifs. Saccharomyces cerevisiae et especes apparentees. Saccharomyces cerevisiae en tant qu'hote pour l'expression de DNA recombinant. Kluyveromyces fragilis et especes apparentees. Candida utilis. Levures cultivant sur hydrocarbures. Levures methylotrophes. Phaffia rhodozyma. Producteurs de riboflavine, d'acide citrique, de polyosides extracellulaires
Immunogenetic analysis of H-2 mutations: IV. Mapping of and immune reactions to the H-2fa mutation

H-2fa is a spontaneous mutation that occurred in an (A.CA X A)F1 female mouse and was later transferred on an A-strain background [congenic line A.CA (M506) or M506]. Skin grafts exchanged between M506 and A.CA strains are rejected within 4 weeks after grafting. Significant reaction is observed when these two strains are used as responders and stimulators in mixed lymphocyte culture or in a splenomegaly graft-versus-host assay. The mutant antigen induces strong cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity. The mutation maps in the K end of the H-2 complex. The capacity of mutant antigens to induce relatively strong lymphocyte proliferation is explained by hypothesizing that the T-cell receptors reacting with K- or D-region products can more easily recognize subtle than drastic alloantigenic differences.
Localism and the Logic of Nationalistic Folklore: Cretan Reflections

The object of this article is to explore a familiar paradox of folklore studies: the promotion of powerfully localist readings in the service of an inclusive national entity. In the logic of European nationalism, this might seem an irresolvable paradox. The object of the nation-state is to unify all potentially divergent cultural and social entities within a single framework, so that localist sentiment ceases to represent the threat of political separatism. In some nation-states, the most harmonious symbiosis of localism with nationalism appears in those regions that are stereotypically regarded as culturally and politically marginal and are consequently subjected to the double-edged opprobrium of being both “simple” and yet also corrupted by a vast range of allegedly foreign elements both culturally and “racially.” A study of these tension-laden matters must dodge among several levels in order to go beyond the limitations both of purely local ethnography and of national-level historiography. If the former too easily occludes the effects of larger events on local perceptions, the latter can, and often does, fail to account for the success of nationalist ideologies in securing loyalty unto death even—or perhaps especially?—from populations that are notoriously unwilling to accept state rule in more mundane matters of law and order.
Radioimmunoassay for follicle stimulating hormone in the rhesus monkey using an anti-human FSH serum and rat FSH131I.

A sensitive double antibody radioimmunoassay for rhesus monkey follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has been developed utilizing an antiserum to human FSH in combination with radioiodinated rat FSH. Correlations between FSH content, as estimated by bioassay and by radioimmunoassay, approached unity for preparations with low LH to FSH ratios. The estimate of FSH content by radioimmunoassay was considerably higher than bioassay estimates for preparations with high LH and/or TSH content. However, when these preparations were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in all cases the LH, TSH and FSH activities were clearly separated from each other as indicated by radioimmunoassay. This finding strongly suggested that LH or TSH did not influence the quantitation of FSH in this radioimmunoassay system. Serum per se did not influence the radioimmunoassay since 1) inhibition curves with serum were parallel to those obtained with pituitary extract used as standard, 2) no activity was detected in serum from h...
Facilitation of avoidance learning by pentylenetetrazol as a function of task difficulty, deprivation and shock level

While the stimulant pentylenetetrazol produces strong and reliable facilitation of learning in appetitively motivated situation, its effects on avoidance learning have generally been small. The present study proposes that the apparent lack of facilitation in aversive situations is due to unfavorable interactions between particular doses of the drug with certain experimental variables. Male and female mice were trained in a wheel turn apparatus on both a simple and a discriminated avoidance task. Two level of shock were used. Half the subjects were deprived while the rest were fed ad libitum. Different groups of animals received injections of either normal saline or one of a range of doses of pentylenetetrazol immediately after each daily training session. Training was continued for twelve consecutive days. The results suggest that the magnitude and nature of the effects of pentylenetetrazol on learning are a function of the experimental conditions. Different doses of pentylenetetrazol were found to produce facilitation, disruption or no effect. The doses producing these effects varied with the complexity of the task, the level of shock, the degree of deprivation, and, in some instances, the sex of the subjects.