cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Health Policy Affecting Low-Income Women: Historical Precedents and Current Need for Social Work Action

This article provides an overview of the historical arguments surrounding reproductive health policy and current policy initiatives. Because reproductive policy itself is a vast subject matter with sometimes blurry boundaries, the struggle concerning the advent of birth control is used to illustrate the historic complexities of policy affecting such a wide array of individuals. The battle over introduction of the birth control pill is pertinent because the very same arguments are used today in debates over reproductive health policy.
Finite-size scaling theory for domain growth in the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model.

The effect of finite size on the late-stage ordering process is analyzed for the case of a nonconserved order parameter in d dimensions. The detailed form of the finite-size scaling function of the nonequilibrium structure factor is obtained analytically. The crossover from the bulk behavior to the strongly finite-size regime is discussed for d=2. The result is in qualitative agreement with recent Monte Carlo simulation data of the kinetic Ising model.
Developing Emergent Literacy Skills Through Storybook Reading

This article describes strategies for using storybooks to facilitate emergent literacy. First, we provide critical background information about three areas of emergent literacy: oral language (voca...
Comparison of the Efficacy of the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic and Bender-Gestalt in Assessing Brain Damage in Adolescents

The Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test-Revised (MPD-R) and Bender-Gestalt (BG) were administered to 34 brain-damaged (BD) and 34 functional psychiatric individuals (NBD) 17 years of age or younger. The order of administration for the MPD-R and BG was counterbalanced to control for practice effects. The MPD-R used a two-step procedure for diagnosis, while the BG was scored according to the Hutt system. Correlations (Phi) and chi-squares were computed for the MPD-R and BG for test diagnosis compared to actual (correct) diagnosis. The MPD-R diagnosis was found to be associated significantly with frequency of actual (correct) diagnosis, while the BG demonstrated a low association with frequency of actual (correct) diagnosis. The MPD-R correctly identified 78% of all subjects; the BG identified 60%. The results were interpreted as evidence that the MPD-R provides a more sensitive and accurate measure for identifying BD and NBD than does the Hutt-scored BG. It appears from this study that the MPD-R is a better ...
The equivalence of team theory's integral equations and a Cauchy system: sensitivity analysis of a variational problem

Team decision theory studies the problem of how a group of decision makers should use information to coordinate their actions. Mathematically, the task is to find functions that maximize an objective functional. The Euler equations take the form of a system of integral equations. In this paper, it will be shown that a class of such integral equations has solutions that are identical to the solutions of a system of initial-valued integrodifferential equations. This Cauchy system describes the sensitivity of the solutions to underlying parameters and provides an efficient technique for solving difficult team decision problems. An analysis of a profit maximizing firm demonstrates the usefulness of the Cauchy system.
Bowel-associated dermatosis - arthritis syndrome in a patient with ulcerative colitis: an extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease.

Bowel-associated dermatosis − arthritis syndrome (BADAS) is a neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by cutaneous lesions that begin as erythematous macules and progress to vesiculopustular eruptions. It has been described in patients with inflammatory bowel disease as well as those who have undergone various intestinal surgeries. Pathologically, the lesions show features of vasculitis without fibrinoid necrosis. In a patient with diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease, these neutrophilic dermatoses should be viewed as external signals of bowel inflammation. Management requires long-term treatment of the underlying disease. We report a case of BADAS in a patient with ulcerative colitis in which the skin lesions were associated with increased colonic inflammation.
Arylsulphatase activity in polluted lake sediments

Abstract Arylsulphatase activities in a wide variety of lake sediments have been determined to see whether they can provide any clues on past changes in lake acidity or sediment quality. The enzyme activity generally decreases with depth in sediments, and often is independent of the concentration of sedimentary organic matter. There appears to be some relationship between arylsulphatase activity and (a) the pH of the lake water and (b) the metal pollution of the sediments. The inhibitory effect of copper, nickel and zinc is demonstrated and the possible role of this enzyme in the cycling of sulphur in recent lake sediments is discussed.
Analysis of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals by Infrared Spectroscopy

FT-IR microspectroscopy is used to compare the polymer and liquid crystal droplet regions within polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films. Thermoplastic polymer matrix PDLCs contain a higher amount of liquid crystal within the polymer regions than do thermoset polymer matrix films. IR functional group images of a droplet show characteristic textures corresponding to the visual images of the same droplet. The textures in the IR images change with IR polarization and with an applied electric field. Analysis by conventional IR spectroscopy shows that the C=N and the pentyl CH2 groups require an equivalent voltage to switch in the IR region. However, the phenyl C=C group does not exhibit changes under the same voltage conditions. Hysteresis also is seen in the infrared region as a function of voltage and temperature.
Momentum-resolved tunneling into the Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian edges

We calculate the electron spectral functions at the edges of the Moore-Read Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian fractional quantum Hall states in the clean limit. We show that their qualitative differences can be probed using momentum resolved tunneling, thus providing a method to unambiguously distinguish which one is realized in the fractional quantum Hall state observed at filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$. We further argue that edge reconstruction, which may be less important in the first excited Landau level (LL) than in the lowest LL, can also be detected this way if present.
The toxic fraction in certain eczema serums

Abstract On intracutaneous injection, the serums from certain infants with eczema give an immediate wheal formation. In about 30 patients with eczema, studied by passive transfer, 10, or over 30 per cent, showed this phenomenon. This toxicity is not related to enteral absorption of offending allergens nor to alteration of the colloidal properties by heat or cold. It resembles the effect of the theoretical "histamine-like" substance described by Lewis in studying the response of the skin to trauma, but other conditions in which there was extensive skin injury failed to show similar toxicity in the serum.
Purification and Characterization of Native Conventional Kinesin, HSET, and CENP-E from Mitotic HeLa Cells

We have developed a strategy for the purification of native microtubule motor proteins from mitotic HeLa cells and describe here the purification and characterization of human conventional kinesin and two human kinesin-related proteins, HSET and CENP-E. We found that the 120-kDa HeLa cell conventional kinesin is an active motor that induces microtubule gliding at approximately 30 microm/min at room temperature. This active form of HeLa cell kinesin does not contain light chains, although light chains were detected in other fractions. HSET, a member of the C-terminal kinesin subfamily, was also purified in native form for the first time, and the protein migrates as a single band at approximately 75 kDa. The purified HSET is an active motor that induces microtubule gliding at a rate of approximately 5 microm/min, and microtubules glide for an average of 3 microm before ceasing movement. Finally, we purified native CENP-E, a kinesin-related protein that has been implicated in chromosome congression during mitosis, and we found that this form of CENP-E does not induce microtubule gliding but is able to bind to microtubules.
No Easy Answers: Joseph Schwab's Contributions to Curriculum.

(1984). No Easy Answers: Joseph Schwab's Contributions to Curriculum. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 201-210.
Variational calculations and the nature of the phase transition in Z(2) gauge theory

Abstract The properties of the ground state of the hamiltonian formulation of Z(2) lattice gauge theory are investigated using simple trial wave functions that are manifestly gauge invariant. Both single-link and overlapping locally correlated functions are used to compute a bound on the ground-state energy for all coupling regimes in several dimensions. Remarkable agreement is found with known exact results when the correlated product wave functions are used. The variational calculation strongly suggests the presence of a discontinuos transition between a confining and a deconfining phase in 3 + 1 and 4 + 1 dimensions. For arbitrarily large dimensions an estimate of the critical coupling is given.
Efficient simulation of complex patterns in reaction-diffusion systems

Abstract Efficient numerical simulation techniques based on iterative and multigrid concepts are developed for solving coupled, nonlinear, reaction-diffusion systems. The solution approach is developed in a general setting and then applied to specific reaction-diffusion systems that give rise to complex dynamical patterns. The numerical strategy is based on semidiscretizing the coupled equations using a finite-difference formulation, with time integration of the resulting system of ordinary differential equations. Iterative and multigrid strategies are used to improve integration efficiency and to accelerate convergence. Numerical experiments are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the methods.
Accumulation of Cyclooxygenase Products of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Gerbil Brain During Reperfusion After Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion

Several of the cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid were measured in the cerebral hemispheres of gerbils subjected to transient interruption of the cerebral circulation. The levels of PGD2, PGF2 alpha, PGE2, TXB2, 13, 14-H2-15-keto-PGE2, and the stable nonenzymic product of prostacyclin, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, were not altered at the end of a 5-min period of ischemia. However, the onset of reperfusion was accompanied by a rapid accumulation of these products. Levels were highest during the initial period of reperfusion, then decreased to approach control levels after 120 min. PGD2, PGF2 alpha, and PGE2 were the predominant metabolites detected. This postischemic accumulation of arachidonic acid metabolites could be blocked by prior administration of inhibitors of cyclooxygenase activity.
Successful surgical repair of aortic atresia associated with normal left ventricle

Surgical repair of aortic atresia with a large ventricular septal defect and a normally developed left ventricle was accomplished in a 14 month old infant. Palliative surgery at age 23 days consisted of bilateral banding of pulmonary artery branches and replacement of the ductus arteriosus with a Goretex conduit. Corrective surgery was accomplished by closure of the ventricular septal defect, insertion of a valved conduit between the apex of the left ventricle and the subdiaphragmatic aorta, removal of the pulmonary artery bands and division of the pulmonary-aortic conduit. The patient has a mild coarctation of the aorta and remains asymptomatic at 2 years of age.
The role of β-alanyl-l-tyrosine (sarcophagine) in puparium formation in the fleshfly Sarcophaga bullata

Abstract 1. 1. A study has been made of the physiological relationships between β-alanine, tyrosine and a naturally occurring dipeptide, β-alanyl- l -tyrosine (sarcophagine), in the fly Sarcophaga bullata . 2. 2. The rate of sarcophagine biosynthesis in the growing larva is about 0·03 μmole/larva per hr, and this accounts for some 40 per cent of the total free β-alanine turned over. In the fully grown larva the dipeptide is the principal non-protein, ninhydrin-positive material, and it sequesters up to 90 per cent of the non-protein β-alanine and tyrosine. 3. 3. During hardening and darkening of the fly puparium, the concentration of sarcophagine and free tyrosine drops precipitously. The observed decrease in peptide-linked and free β-alanine at this time is accounted for quantitatively by the β-alanine bound in the sclerotized puparium. None of these changes occurs in the posterior portions of larvae ligatured behind the brain to prevent pupation. 4. 4. The question of whether the intact dipeptide or its individual hydrolysis products are incorporated into the sclerotized puparium is discussed; the bulk of the evidence suggests that hydrolysis precedes utilization.
Designing large-scale nudge engines

In many of the challenges faced by the modern world, from overcrowded transportation systems to overstretched healthcare systems, large benefits for society come about from small changes by very many individuals. We survey the problems and the cost they impose on society, and describe a framework for designing "nudge engines"---algorithms, incentives and technology for influencing human behavior. We present a model for analyzing their effectiveness and results from transportation pilots conducted in Bangalore, at Stanford and in Singapore, and a wellness program for the employees of Accenture-USA.
Correlation and Prediction of Partition Coefficients From the Gas Phase and from Water to Alkan-1-ols

Partition coefficients, PS, have been obtained from the literature for partitions from water and from the gas phase to wet butan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, heptan-1-ol, nonan-1-ol, and decane-1-ol. Equations based on the Abraham descriptors have been constructed for the correlation of the 12 sets of coefficients to yield equations for the prediction of further coefficients. The number of compounds used in the regressions ranges from 54 (the decan-1-ol system) to 106 (the pentan-1-ol system), and the standard deviation (SD) in the regression equations is from 0.13 to 0.18 in log PS, except for the water-to-butan-1-ol system, where it is 0.23 log units. For the gas-to-wet alcohol partitions, the SD values are about 0.02 log units larger than for the corresponding water-to-wet alcohol partitions. The coefficients in the regression equations alter quite regularly with increase in size of the alcohol and can be used to deduce the chemical properties of the wet alcohols that influence partition.
Optimal estimation of unmodeled accelerations on the ONERA navigational satellite

The results of a study of the estimation of the state vector and the unmodeled accelerations for a proposed drag-free navigational satellite are presented. The method of Dynamic Model Compensation (DMC) is used to obtain optimal estimates of the position and velocity vectors and the unmodeled accelerations. The model error is represented by a first-order Gauss-Markov process. Computer simulations are used to evaluate the procedure. The effects of the density of observations, the observation type, and observation noise, and of the nominal orbit selection are presented. Based on numerical results it is concluded that the method will yield accurate estimates of the position and velocity of the satellite and of the unmodeled acceleration components during the time in- tervals for which observations are obtained from as few as two or three stations. STUDY of a drag-free navigational satellite (proposed to be launched about 1977) is being conducted at the present time by Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and by Office National D'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales (ONERA). The proposed satellite will be in a circular near polar orbit with semi-major axis between 600 and 7000 km alt with the final selection of altitude to be deter- mined later. Accelerations will be measured to a precision of 10-12 m/sec2. Thus the satellite will be a valuable scientific instrument in addition to its practical use as a navigational in- strument. The precise determination of the satellite's position and velocity components will be necessary for after-the-fact navigation. It is desired that a precise ephemeris be generated for a period of up to one month. This will not be possible if sufficiently large errors exist in the dynamical model used in generating the ephemeris. The drag-free aspect of the satellite will eliminate any need for accurate modeling of atmospheric drag and solar radiation forces. The magnetic and electric ef- fects on the motion are expected to be insignificant and may be included as noise in the model. The primary sources of model error are expected to be due to inaccurate modeling of the geopotential and to atmospheric, oceanic, and earth tides. These model errors will lead to a discrepancy between the true motion and the modeled motion of the satellite and this discrepancy will limit the usefulness of orbit determination results, both for navigational and scientific purposes. Con- sequently, these errors must be accounted for in some man- ner. This study is directed toward the determination of the un- modeled accelerations so that these model errors can be reduced. It is now possible to obtain measurements of range and range-rate to a satellite with a precision of better than 1 m and 1 m/sec, respectively. These precise observations make it possible to determine the satellite's position and velocity to an accuracy such that the unmodeled acceleration components may be determined. Consequently an accurate ephemeris may be generated for a duration that may be acceptable for
Polyhedral Ionic Molecules

Small isolated clusters of alkali halides and analogous divalent species composed of closed-shell atomic ions are known to prefer densely packed structures similar but not identical to the repeat units found in the solid state. Beyond the simple cube structure that occurs, for example, in alkali halide tetramers, no other ionic polyhedral structures containing only atomic ions are known. In this article, we explore the possibility of other three-dimensional structures, and we show computationally that two molecules, Mg2Al4O8 and Na4Mg4O6, have very stable distorted rhombic dodecahedron structures. We therefore suggest that a wide variety of stable polyhedral structures could be constructed from ions, and we offer a simple electrostatic model for predicting which polyhedral ionic structures should be stable and which should not. We point out that several recently observed inorganic solid state materials contain core structures that fit our predictions.
Effect of Excessive Contralateral Trunk Tilt on Pitching Biomechanics and Performance in High School Baseball Pitchers

Background:There is a growing number of pitching-related upper extremity injuries among young baseball pitchers; however, there is a lack of data on the identification of injury prevention strategies, particularly the prevention of injuries through the instruction/modification of technique. The identification of technical parameters that are associated with increased joint loading is needed.Purpose:To investigate the effects of excessive contralateral trunk tilt, a common technique identifiable by video observation, on pitching biomechanics and performance in high school baseball pitchers. The hypothesis was that this strategy is associated with greater joint loading and poor pitching performance.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:The 3-dimensional pitching biomechanics, ball speed, and frontal view of the pitching technique from 72 high school baseball pitchers were captured on video and analyzed. The videos were reviewed to determine if the pitcher’s trunk was excess...
Are Death Anxiety and Death Depression Distinct Entities

Subjective distress about the matter of death is widely recognized by thanatology scholars to be multiple faceted. Although there are several instruments that assess anxiety or fear regarding death...
NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SOLVING POPULATION BALANCES IN PRECIPITATION PROCESSES

A simple, accurate and efficient numerical technique for solving the dynamic population balance associated with precipitation/crystallization reactors is presented. The basic approach is to determine the solute concentration dynamics first using the method of moments and an efficient ordinary differential equation solver, and then to solve the dynamic population balance, a partial differential equation having coefficients which depend on the known solute concentration, by standard finite difference techniques. The method is illustrated by simulating the dynamics of MSMPR and semi-batch reactors for BaSO4 precipitation. The technique should be applicable to a wide range of population balance models.
Impact of distributed storage and pre‐processing on Miscanthus production and provision systems

Distributed storage and pre-processing of biomass feedstock at satellite storage locations (storage depots) has been proposed in literature to reduce costs and improve efficiency of the supply system. The performance of such a system, however, has not yet been rigorously quantified and compared with conventional alternatives. This work presents such an analysis using the BioFeed optimization model. BioFeed is a system-level model that optimizes the important feedstock production activities and determines the optimal system configuration on a regional basis. The BioFeed model was first modified to enable modeling of mechanical pre-processing, such as pelletization and grinding, at the input or the output of storage facilities, which can be mandatory or optional. The model was used to study different Miscanthus production scenarios in southern Illinois. The results showed that making storage pre-processing mandatory increased the total cost by up to 16–53% as compared to the base case. However, it reduced the farmers' share of the total cost by up to 13–39%. The exact values depended on the particular pre-processing technology and scenario modeled. The most cost-effective system consisted of a combination of pre-processing on the farms as well as at the storage facilities. The study recommended that biomass output from a hammer mill should be the biorefinery delivery specification; the hammer mills should be installed at the input of the storage facilities, but pre-processing at the storage facility should be optional. This led to the minimum total cost of 46.4 $ Mg-1. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Jaime Lerner, Urban Acupuncture: Celebrating Pinpricks of Change That Enrich City Life (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2014).

This book comes well‐vetted and well‐sponsored. Jaime Lerner is an architect by training, but also a mayor (3 terms in Curitiba, Brazil), governor (2 terms, of Parana, Brazil), and urban designer. ...
A differential transformation based computational method for switched linear quadratic optimal control

A computational method based on differential transformation is proposed for solving switched linear quadratic (SLQ) optimal control problems with a predefined switching sequence. From the necessary conditions for optimality, the SLQ optimal control problem is first converted into a two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP) with additional transverse conditions at the switching times. Then we propose a differential transformation algorithm for solving the TPBVP in which the optimal solution is computed in the form of a finite- term Taylor series. We discuss the computational complexity of the differential transformation algorithm and analyze the error of the numerical solution. The method has been shown to be simple to implement. The performance of the differential transformation algorithm is demonstrated through numerical examples.
Does new technology inspire new directions? Examples drawn from pelagic visual ecology

Oceanography has seen the recent development of many new tools and techniques. The subfield of pelagic visual ecology in particular has benefited from the development of more reliable, portable, and economic tools and techniques that can be taken to sea including spectrometers, microspectrophotometery, electroretinography, and ultraviolet and polarization imaging systems. These advances have led to a relative wealth of data on the visual physiology of pelagic species and on the optical properties of these species and their environment. These data, particularly in combination with computational methods, have tested long-standing hypotheses in pelagic ecology and led to new hypotheses and research directions. While the ability to study pelagic species still lags far behind what is possible in terrestrial and coastal environments, a renaissance may be developing in the study of the integrative biology of pelagic species.
Markedly increased secretion of VLDL triglycerides induced by gene transfer of apolipoprotein E isoforms in apoE-deficient mice.

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a key role in the receptor-mediated uptake of lipoproteins by the liver and therefore in regulating plasma levels of lipoproteins. ApoE may also facilitate hepatic secretion of very low density lipo- protein (VLDL) triglyceride (TG). We directly tested the hy- pothesis that reconstitution of hepatic apoE expression in adult apoE-deficient mice by gene transfer would acutely enhance VLDL-TG production and directly compared the three major human apoE isoforms using this approach. Sec- ond generation recombinant adenoviruses encoding the three major isoforms of human apoE (E2, E3, and E4) or a control virus were injected intravenously into apoE-deficient mice, resulting in acute expression of the apoE isoforms in the liver. Despite the expected decreases in total and VLDL cholesterol levels, apoE expression was associated with in- creased total and VLDL triglyceride levels (E2 . E4 . E3). The increase in TG levels significantly correlated with plasma apoE concentrations. In order to determine whether acute apoE expression influenced the rate of VLDL-TG pro- duction, additional experiments were performed. Three days after injection of adenoviruses, Triton WR1339 was in- jected to block lipolysis of TG-rich lipoproteins and VLDL- TG production rates were determined. Mice injected with control adenovirus had a mean VLDL-TG production rate of 74 6 7 m mol/h/kg. In contrast, VLDL-TG production rates in apoE-expressing mice were 363 6 162 m mol/h/kg, 286 6 175 m mol/h/kg, and 300 6 84 m mol/h/kg for apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, respectively. The VLDL-TG pro- duction rates in apoE-expressing mice were all significantly greater than in control mice but were not significantly dif- ferent from each other. In summary, acute expression of all three human apoE isoforms in livers of apoE-deficient mice markedly increased VLDL-TG production to a similar degree, consistent with the concept that apoE plays an im- portant role in facilitating hepatic VLDL-TG production in an isoform-independent manner. —Tsukamoto, K., C. Maugeais, J. M. Glick, and D. J. Rader. Markedly increased secretion of VLDL triglycerides induced by gene transfer of apolipoprotein E isoforms in apoE-deficient mice. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 253-259.
A Case of Resistant Hypercalcemia of Malignancy with a Proposed Treatment Algorithm

Objective:To report and describe a case of refractory hypercalcemia of malignancy (HCM) associated with metastatic, transitional-cell carcinoma of the left ureter.Case Summary:A 71-year-old male complaining of generalized weakness and night sweats for the past 3 months was sent to the emergency department when routine laboratory tests revealed a corrected serum calcium concentration of 14.4 mg/dL. Intravenous crystalloid fluids and pamidronate were administered with achievement of normocalcemia, and the patient was discharged. Computed tomography scan and liver biopsy revealed recurrent transitional-cell carcinoma with extensive liver metastasis. The patient returned approximately 1 week after discharge with a serum calcium level of 13.9 mg/dL. An initial decrease in serum calcium was observed with intravenous fluids, pamidronate, and calcitonin, but the normalization slowed and reversed within 3 days. Normocalcemia was achieved upon administration of zoledronic acid and the patient was discharged on day ...
Loss of pathogens in threatened plant species.

Global declines in biodiversity create an urgent need to address the impact of infectious disease in the small and fragmented populations that characterize threatened species. However, the paucity of empirical data provides little ability to predict whether disease generally accelerates threatened species towards extinction or becomes less important as populations decline. This study tests whether plant species threatened with extinction exhibit lower disease frequencies and lower overall parasite species richness while also experimentally testing for the effect of physiological disease resistance. Herbarium surveys of the genus Silene revealed that anther-smut disease was significantly less frequent in threatened species than non-threatened species, and this effect was not constrained by the host phylogeny or by physiological resistance. Moreover, analysis across a much broader range of plants (using US Federal designations) revealed that species with endangered status had significantly lower species richness of fungal pathogens than closely-related, non-endangered species. These results support the role of host ecology, rather than physiological resistance or phylogeny, in determining overall lower incidences and diversity of diseases in plant species threatened by extinction. Low disease incidence accompanied by susceptibility in threatened species may result from selection against costly resistance genes in the absence of disease.
Confronting proviral HIV infection

The course of HIV infection is arrested by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, life-long ART is undesirable. To eradicate infection, strategies are needed to deplete the rare population of proviral genomes that persist and reemerge if ART is interrupted. Proviral HIV persists due to the simultaneous deficiency of factors required to allow proviral expression and virion production, and a predominance of factors that obstruct proviral expression. Combining ART with global inducers of T-cell activation has so far failed to eradicate HIV infection. One approach to the selective removal of obstacles to proviral expression, inhibition of the chromatin remodeling enzyme histone deacetylase, has entered clinical testing. Additional approaches may be needed. Ultimately, therapies that eliminate rare cells that persistently express HIV and interrupt low levels of viremia that persist in some patients may be required to render depletion of proviral HIV infection clinically relevant, and lead to the clearance of HIV infection.
A merging control system for the urban freeway

A computer-directed traffic-control system is described which is being designed under the sponsorship of the Bureau of Public Roads. The system is intended to increase the efficiency and safety of the merging maneuver by detecting and tracking gaps in the merging lane of the freeway and by dynamically controlling ramp vehicles into these gaps. This system is also concerned with optimizing throughput in the freeway corridor by distributing traffic demand between the freeway facility and supporting network of arterial streets. The description of this system is supported by a treatment of the parametric relationships governing traffic control on freeway, and reference to the historical development of merging control systems.
Including Radiative Effects in an Entrainment Rate Formula for Buoyancy-Driven PBLs

The effect of longwave radiative cooling at the planetary boundary layer (PBL) top in determining the entrainment rate was examined in this study. The entrainment rate equation that accounts for longwave radiative cooling can be formally derived from the following steps: 1) Derive the mean buoyancy budget in the thin layer between the averaged entrainment flux (i.e., the minimum buoyancy flux) level and the top of the entrainment zone where turbulent fluxes vanish. 2) Use the Deardorff entrainment closure assumption that the entrainment buoyancy flux is proportional to the vertically averaged buoyancy flux over the whole PBL, which is a generalized form of a widely accepted entrainment closure for the surface-heated convective PBL. This leads to an entrainment velocity that depends linearly on both the inverse of the interfacial Richardson number and the radiative flux divergence above the entrainment buoyancy flux level. The relative importance of these two terms was examined through large eddy simulations (LESs) of several smoke-cloud-topped PBLs with various radiative forcings, radiative properties, temperature inversion strengths, and numerical advective schemes. These PBLs are driven only by cloud-top radiative cooling. The LESs were performed with a fine-grid nesting layer in the entrainment zone where the grid size is about 16 m an d8mi n the horizontal and vertical, respectively, which should be sufficient to resolve entrainment processes, at least for cases with weak capping inversions. The LESs showed that the contribution to entrainment rate from the radiative flux divergence term was either larger than or about equal to that of the interfacial Richardson number term. The LESs also showed that this radiative flux divergence occurs within cloudy regions below the local cloud tops. The analysis was extended to the stratocumulus-topped PBL by using a stratocumulus-like smoke layer, and the result showed that the radiative flux contribution to the entrainment rate was still significant. Based on the physical understanding that this portion of the radiative flux divergence occurs within the upper half of cloud (or smoke) hummocks, the authors were able to analytically derive a relationship that links the radiative flux divergence to the cloud-top fluctuations, which were then empirically related to the interfacial Richardson number.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in eating disorders: caution against premature acceptance.

Objective Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been claimed effective in the treatment of a wide variety of psychiatric disorders, including eating disorders. An informal survey suggests that EMDR is now widely offered to patients with eating disorders. Before accepting a new therapy such as EMDR, one must determine that its benefits outweigh its adverse effects. This paper reviews the literature in an attempt to assess the benefits and risks of the use of EMDR in the treatment of eating disorders. Method: We reviewed the literature on the use of EMDR to treat eating disorders and other conditions. Results: Looking at the question of its benefits, we were unable to find any methodologically sound studies that have shown efficacy for EMDR in eating disorders, or, indeed, any psychiatric disorder. We were also unable to find a sound theoretical basis for expecting EMDR to be effective. In addition, EMDR may have adverse effects. First, EMDR is sometimes used in conjunction with efforts to “recover” memories of traumatic events. But “recovered memory” therapy may carry a risk of inducing potentially harmful false memories. Second, use of EMDR may prevent or delay other therapies of established efficacy for eating disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressants. Discussion: In light of the findings of our review, the risk/benefit ratio of EMDR does not as yet encourage its widespread acceptance. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 23: 1–5, 1998.
Subliminal Strengthening Improving Older Individuals’ Physical Function Over Time With an Implicit-Age-Stereotype Intervention

Negative age stereotypes that older individuals assimilate from their culture predict detrimental outcomes, including worse physical function. We examined, for the first time, whether positive age stereotypes, presented subliminally across multiple sessions in the community, would lead to improved outcomes. Each of 100 older individuals (age=61-99 years, M=81) was randomly assigned to an implicit-positive-age-stereotype-intervention group, an explicit-positive-age-stereotype-intervention group, a combined implicit- and explicit-positive-age-stereotype-intervention group, or a control group. Interventions occurred at four 1-week intervals. The implicit intervention strengthened positive age stereotypes, which strengthened positive self-perceptions of aging, which, in turn, improved physical function. The improvement in these outcomes continued for 3 weeks after the last intervention session. Further, negative age stereotypes and negative self-perceptions of aging were weakened. For all outcomes, the implicit intervention's impact was greater than the explicit intervention's impact. The physical-function effect of the implicit intervention surpassed a previous study's 6-month-exercise-intervention's effect with participants of similar ages. The current study's findings demonstrate the potential of directing implicit processes toward physical-function enhancement over time.
Prions in Yeast

The concept of a prion as an infectious self-propagating protein isoform was initially proposed to explain certain mammalian diseases. It is now clear that yeast also has heritable elements transmitted via protein. Indeed, the “protein only” model of prion transmission was first proven using a yeast prion. Typically, known prions are ordered cross-β aggregates (amyloids). Recently, there has been an explosion in the number of recognized prions in yeast. Yeast continues to lead the way in understanding cellular control of prion propagation, prion structure, mechanisms of de novo prion formation, specificity of prion transmission, and the biological roles of prions. This review summarizes what has been learned from yeast prions.
Assessing the accuracy of some popular DFT methods for computing harmonic vibrational frequencies of water clusters

A wide range of density functional theory (DFT) methods (37 altogether), including pure, hybrid, range-separated hybrid, double-hybrid, and dispersion-corrected functionals, have been employed to compute the harmonic vibrational frequencies of eight small water clusters ranging in size from the dimer to four different isomers of the hexamer. These computed harmonic frequencies have been carefully compared to recently published benchmark values that are expected to be very close to the CCSD(T) complete basis set limit. Of the DFT methods examined here, ωB97 and ωB97X are the most consistently accurate, deviating from the reference values by less than 20 cm−1 on average and never more than 60 cm−1. The performance of double-hybrid methods including B2PLYP and mPW2-PLYP is only slightly better than more economical approaches, such as the M06-L pure functional and the M06-2X hybrid functional. Additionally, dispersion corrections offer very little improvement in computed frequencies.
An Exploratory Study of Occupational Burnout among Selected Health Educators

Abstract Burnout has been described as a condition resulting from emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment. It particularly affects those individuals in the “helping professions,” and contributes to job withdrawal, absenteeism, and depression. This study used the Maslach Burnout Inventory to assess the degree of burnout among health educators who were members of the Florida Association of Professional Health Educators. The results showed that this sample of health educators had lower burnout scores than some other professional groups. Limitations of this study and implications for future research are discussed.
Learning based supervisor synthesis of POMDP for PCTL specifications

Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) has been widely used in the robotics to model uncertainties from sensors, actuators and the environment. However, such comprehensiveness makes the planning in POMDP generally very difficult. Existing work often searches for an optimal control policy with respect to predefined reward functions, which may require a large memory and is computationally expensive. We propose to use formal methods and learn a Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) as a supervisor to regulate the behavior of a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), such that it satisfies the given specification in Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL). For such a purpose, we modify the L* learning algorithm and define oracles for membership queries and conjectures. We further show that the termination and correctness of the design algorithm are guaranteed. A simple example is used for illustration.
The problem of mind in Confucianism

ABSTRACTThis essay explores the Confucian theory of mind. Doing so, it first examines the early Confucian concept of the human mind as a substance that has both moral and cognitive functions and a universal nature. It then explores the neo-Confucian concept of the human mind, the original mind, and the relationships between the human mind and human nature, as well as between the human mind and the human body. Finally, it explores the Confucian concept of cultivation of the mind.
Hypersonic Vehicle MHD Power Extraction Concept Utilizing Mach Stem Thermal Ionization

We present an initial analysis of on a new MHD power extraction device for reentry vehicles that provides signicant energy extraction at speeds of Mach 10 and below. Lower Mach number operation is accomplished by creating a strong normal shock inside a duct which heats alkali seed material to ionization temperatures. The design consists of a convergent inlet followed by an interior channel. The compression ramp angle is chosen such that a normal shock, or Mach stem, is formed near the throat. Inside the duct a Faraday generator extracts energy through aerodynamic electrode ns. The Navier-Stokes equations were solved for this geometric conguration in combination with a one dimensional MHD generator model for operation at 20km, 30km and 40km altitude and Mach 8 or 10. Results indicate that over 1MW/m may be generated with a nominal 50cm high inlet at Mach 10.
Clinical Comparison of Two Assays for Rapid Detection of Cytomegalovirus Early Nuclear Antigen

Three methods for detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 218 clinical specimens were compared: (1) shell vial assay to detect the early nuclear antigen after incubation for 16 hours and 40 hours (Syva Company); (2) 24-wcll plate assay to detect the early nuclear antigen after incubation for 16 hours (DuPont); and (3) convention tissue cell culture. CMV was detected in 26 specimens (12%) by one or more of these methods. With the shell vial assay, 12 (46%) and 15 (58%) specimens were positive after incubation for 16 hours and 40 hours, respectively. CMV was.detected in 17 specimens (65%) by the 24-well plate assay. There was no significant difference in the detection of CMV between these assays. CMV was identified by conventional tissue culture in 15 of 22 (68%) evaluable cultures after an average of 14.2 days. More specimens were positive by conventional culture than by the 16-hour shell vial assay (P = 0.035). For optimal detection of CMV. in clinical specimens, both conventional tissue cell culture and an early antigen assay should be performed. The two early antigen assays evaluated in this study yielded comparable results. However, the 24-well plates are more easily manipulated, and the 24-well plate assay, as performed, was easier to interpret and more cost efficient.
EVALUATION OF INTREPID AND ENTRUST FOR CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE ON FALL LETTUCE, 2003

The objective of the study was to evaluate two new reduced-risk insecticides (Intrepid and Entrust) for control of Lepidopterous larvae on fall head lettuce under desert growing conditions. Lettuce was direct seeded on 5 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ into double row beds on 42-inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, with furrow irrigation used thereafter. Plots were two beds wide by 45-ft long and bordered by two untreated beds. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. Sprays were applied on 25 Sep, 4, 14 and 22 Oct. The first and second applications were made with a CO2 operated boom sprayer at 60 psi and 13 gpa. A broadcast application was delivered through 2 nozzles (TX-12) per bed. The third application and fourth applications were made with a CO2 operated boom sprayer at 60 psi and 25 gpa. A directed spray (approximately 75% band, with rate adjusted for band) was delivered through three nozzles (TX-12) per bed. A spreader/sticker, Latron CS-7, was applied at 0.07% v/v with all treatments except for Success and Entrust. Evaluation of control was based on the number of live larvae per plant sampled from the two beds of each replicate. Five plants per plot were destructively sampled on 28 Sep, 2, 7, 11, 21, 27 and 30 Oct. The sample unit consisted of examination of whole plants for presence of small and large BAW and CL. For BAW, larvae were considered small if 5mm in length. For CL, larvae were considered small if 10 mm. Treatment means were analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA and means separated by a protected LSD (P ≤ 0.05).
A Study on Rational Solutions to a KP-like Equation

A KP-like nonlinear differential equation is introduced through a generalised bilinear equation which possesses the same bilinear form as the standard KP bilin- ear equation. By symbolic computation, nine classes of rational solutions to the resulting KP-like equation are generated from a search for polynomial solutions to the corresponding generalised bilinear equation. Three gen- eralised bilinear differential operators adopted are associ- ated with the prime number p = 3.