cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetoresistance Measurements on CdS with Manganese Impurity

Measurements have been carried out on the magnetoresistance of a number of melt-grown CdS single crystals containing manganese impurity in amounts from 0.01 to 1.9 wt.%. The crystals investigated were cleaned in acetone, and copper leads tinned with indium were attached with the aid of an ultrasonic soldering iron. A large electromagnet provided the static magnetic fields which were used in the measurements. Samples were placed in a bath of liquid helium and temperatures were obtained from the readings of oil and mercury vapor pressure manometers. A simple manostat1 was used to keep the temperature constant while the resistivity was measured in different magnetic fields. In all the measurements the current was along the [0001] direction which was perpendicular to the magnetic field. A study of the current-voltage characteristics of the crystals was utilized to ensure ohmic conditions during the measurements.
Neutrino Physics with SNO

Abstract SNO+ is the successor to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) for which SNO's heavy water target is replaced by approximately 780 T of liquid scintillator (LAB). The combination of the 2 km underground location, the use of ultra-clean materials and the high light-yield of the liquid scintillator means that a low background level and a low energy threshold can be achieved. This creates a new multipurpose neutrino detector with the potential to address a diverse set of physics goals, including the detection of reactor, solar, geo- and supernova neutrinos. The main physics goal of SNO+ is the search for neutrinoless double beta decay. By loading the liquid scintillator with 0.3% of natural Tellurium, resulting in about 800 kg of 130 Te (isotopic abundance is slightly over 34%), a competitive sensitivity to the effective neutrino mass can be reached.
The Economics of Time as a Resource

The characteristics of time as a resource are examined in order to seek evidence of these characteristics in fundamental concepts of Economics. A series of thought experiments on time travel demonstrate that a constant irreversible rate of time usage underlies the concepts of opportunity cost, time preference, and interest. This leads to the startling suggestion that the root question in Economics concerns the choice of how to spend time. Thus, the principles of Economics are tied closely to the human perception of time and more closely to the human condition than is generally admitted in undergraduate classes on the subject.
Jus Cogens: International Law and Social Contract

One of the most complex doctrines in contemporary international law, jus cogens is the immediate product of the socialization of the international community following the Second World War. However, the doctrine resonates in a centuries-old legal tradition which constrains the dynamics of voluntarism that characterize conventional international law. To reconcile this modern iteration of individual-oriented public order norms with the traditionally state-based form of international law, Thomas Weatherall applies the idea of a social contract to structure the analysis of jus cogens into four areas: authority, sources, content and enforcement. The legal and political implications of this analysis give form to jus cogens as the product of interrelation across an individual-oriented normative framework, a state-based legal order, and values common to the international community as a whole.
China's Strategic Censorship

While it is often assumed that authoritarian regimes inevitably fear and restrict media independence, permitting watchdog journalism can actually help such regimes maintain power by improving governance. Yet such a strategy risks facilitating a coordinated uprising if discontent is revealed to be widespread. A formal model shows that under some conditions, a regime optimally permits investigative reporting on lower-level officialdom, adjusting how much reporting is allowed depending on the level of underlying social tensions. This strategy yields many of the benefits of free media without risking overthrow. An extension shows why an increase in uncontrollable information, such as from the Internet, may result in a reduction in media freedom. The model sheds light on important aspects of China's media policy and its evolution and on authoritarian media control more broadly.
Sternocleidomastoid contour restoration: an added benefit of the anterolateral thigh free flap during facial reconstruction.

Abstract Purpose To demonstrate the potential of the anterolateral thigh free flap for neck contour restoration. Study design Retrospective chart review at a tertiary care medical center of patients who underwent radical parotidectomy with sternocleidomastoid sacrifice, with or without temporal bone resection, and reconstruction of both facial and cervical contour with the anterolateral thigh free flap between November 2011 and March 2015. Seven patients were included and demographics, flap viability, pathology and tumor staging, surgical intervention, adjunctive reanimation procedures, ischemia time, and pre-operative and post-operative photos were recorded and analyzed. Results There were no flap failures and the mean ischemia time was 82 minutes. There were 2 recipient site complications. Post-operative neck symmetry was improved for all 7 patients. Conclusions The adipofascial anterolateral thigh flap is useful for improving the aesthetic contour of the neck among patients undergoing sternocleidomastoid muscle resection/disinsertion following total parotidectomy with/without temporal bone resection. Contour restoration may be performed with minimal added morbidity and with relatively little additional operative time. This technique may be adapted for other complex facial and neck defects caused by ablative surgery. Level of Evidence : 4
HOE-234, a second generation K+ channel opener, antagonizes the ATP-dependent gating of cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ channels

Effects of (3S,4R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-6- phenylsulfonylchroman hemihydrate (HOE-234), a novel dilator of bronchial and vascular smooth muscles, were examined on whole-cell and single channel currents in guinea pig cardiomyocytes. Under the whole-cell voltage-clamp condition, HOE-234 (0.6-100 microM) induced a time-independent K(+)-dominant current in atrial and ventricular myocytes. This current was inhibited by glyburide, a selective blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, suggesting that HOE-234 activates KATP channels. Neither intracellular acidification nor the absence of intracellular ADP inhibited the ability of HOE-234 to induce the current. In inside-out membrane patches in the presence of 200 microM ATP, HOE-234 (0.3-10 microM) increased concentration dependently (EC50 approximately 1 microM) the KATP channel activity. In the absence of HOE-234, half-inhibition of spontaneously operative KATP channels occurred at 25 microM of intracellular ATP (ATPi), whereas in the presence of HOE-234 (10 microM), 316 microM of ATPi was required for half-inhibition. In ATP-free internal solution, KATP channels appeared and then ran down. In the absence of ATPi, HOE-234 did not increase channel activity when channels were in a fully open or in the partially or completely run-down state. After run-down, the nucleoside diphosphate, UDP, restored KATP channel activity which was not further augmented by HOE-234. However, HOE-234 relieved at ATP- or ATP gamma S-mediated inhibition of the UDP-induced KATP channel activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Leading Change through Faculty Development.

This chapter describes how a center for teaching and learning has become the catalyst for major institutional change through the use of faculty-owned and -driven professional development programs, faculty leadership teams, and a supportive administration.
Self-Assembly of Dinitrosyl Iron Units into Imidazolate-Edge-Bridged Molecular Squares: Characterization Including Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Imidazolate-containing {Fe(NO)2}9 molecular squares have been synthesized by oxidative CO displacement from the reduced Fe(CO)2(NO)2 precursor. The structures of complex 1 [(imidazole)Fe(NO)2]4, (Ford, Li, et al.; Chem. Commun.2005, 477–479), 2 [(2-isopropylimidazole)Fe(NO)2]4, and 3 [(benzimidazole)Fe(NO)2]4, as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, find precise square planes of irons with imidazolates bridging the edges and nitrosyl ligands capping the irons at the corners. The orientation of the imidazolate ligands in each of the complexes results in variations of the overall structures, and molecular recognition features in the available cavities of 1 and 3. Computational studies show multiple low energy structural isomers and confirm that the isomers found in the crystallographic structures arise from intermolecular interactions. EPR and IR spectroscopic studies and electrochemical results suggest that the tetramers remain intact in solution in the presence of weakly coordinating (THF) and noncoo...
Platelet adhesion to collagen in normal and Von Willebrand's disease subjects

Abstract A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of platelet adhesion was developed, utilizing a combination of optical density monitoring and interval platelet counting after addition of partially purified rat tail tendon collagen in a stirred cell system. EDTA inhibited aggregation but did not affect adhesion. The rate of platelet adhesion was significantly diminished in von Willebrand's disease and by decreasing normal plasma concentrations to less than 20%. Addition of dipyridamole to normal platelet rich plasma resulted in inhibition of adhesion, whereas acetylsalicylic acid and sulfinpyrazone had no significant effects on adhesion.
Maternal mortality, stillbirth and measures of obstetric care in developing and developed countries.

Abstract Objective Maternal mortality and stillbirths are important adverse pregnancy outcomes, especially in developing countries. Because underlying causes of both outcomes appeared similar, the relationship between maternal mortality, stillbirth and three measures of obstetrical care were studied. Methods Using data provided by the World Health Organization from 188 developed and developing countries, correlations and linear regression analyses between maternal mortality and stillbirth rates and cesarean section rates, skilled delivery attendance, and ≥ 4 prenatal visits) were developed. Results Stillbirth and maternal mortality rates were strongly correlated, with about 5 stillbirths for each maternal death. However, the ratio increased from about 2 to 1 in least developed countries to 50 to 1 in the most developed countries. In developing countries, as the cesarean section rates increased from 0 to about 10%, both maternal mortality and stillbirth rates decreased sharply. Skilled delivery attendance was not associated with significant reductions in maternal mortality or stillbirth rates until coverage rates of about 40% were achieved. Four or more antenatal visits were not associated with significant reductions in maternal deaths until about 60% coverage was achieved. The same measure was associated with only modest decreases in stillbirth. Conclusion Across countries, stillbirth was significantly associated with maternal mortality. Both stillbirth and maternal mortality were similarly related to all three measures of obstetric care. An increase in cesarean section rates from 0 to 10% was associated with sharp decreases in both maternal mortality and stillbirths.
Linking hydroperiod and vegetation response in Carolina bay wetlands

Hydrology filters propagule bank expression in herbaceous Carolina bays, but the strength of this filter’s effects on community composition at different points along the hydrologic gradient of these southeastern U.S. depressional wetlands is unknown. We used an experimental approach to determine the pattern of vegetation expression from propagule banks of Carolina bays exposed to different hydrologic conditions and gradients. Propagule banks of sediment cores collected from six Carolina bays were placed in bins, each of which was allocated to one of three hydrologic treatments: moist soil (MS), mid-summer drawdown (DD), or flooded (FL). After one season of vegetation development (1995) in the hydrologic treatments, half of the bins were left flat and the remaining were sloped to produce a finer moisture gradient within each bin. We compared taxa richness, community composition based on cover, and cover patterns of eight abundant species that developed in bins over the season (1996) after sloping. Species richness was significantly higher in the moist soil treatment and in sloped bins. Community composition, however, was affected by the hydrologic treatment only and not the finer-scale flooding gradient produced by sloping. Under flooded conditions, floating-leaved and submerged aquatics had higher cover; vegetation converged on simpler, less variable communities dominated by obligate wetland species, with species exhibiting different patterns of abundance over small changes in water depth. Emergent species typically had higher cover in moist soil and drawdown treatments. These results confirm a tight mechanistic link between hydrology and vegetation patterns within Carolina bays, but suggest that the strength of this link is not uniform across the gradient. The linkage weakens with drier conditions as both facultative wetland and upland species recruit into the standing vegetation.
Free Vibration of Plates by the High Accuracy Quadrature Element Method

In this paper, a highly accurate and rapidly converging hybrid approach is presented for the Quadrature Element Method (QEM) solution of plate free vibration problems. The hybrid QEM essentially consists of a collocation method in conjunction with a Galerkin finite element technique, to combine the high accuracy of the Differential Quadrature Method (DQM) for the efficient solution of differential equations with the generality of the finite element formulation. This results in superior accuracy with fewer degrees of freedom than conventional FEM or FDM. A series of numerical tests is conducted to assess the performance of the quadrature plate element in free vibration problems. Anisotropic and stepped thickness plates are investigated as well as mixed boundary conditions and point supports at the edges. In all cases, the results obtained are quite accurate.
Intensive care after elective craniotomy: "all politics is local".

lective craniotomy has traditionally implied a postoperative period of observation in an intensive care unit E (ICU), and hospitals have built infrastructures to accommodate this practice. In a former era that was driven by favorable reimbursement for expensive care, there was little incentive to challenge this and other similar practices. Increasingly, the pressure of spiraling health care costs has created an impetus to justify resource utilization. There is an emerging desire to articulate evidence-based recommendations aimed at cost savings, including potentially the rationing or prioritization of allocation of expensive components of health care delivery. Does every craniotomy indeed require postoperative critical care? The question is so cogent and seemingly simple, but the answers are indeed quite complex, and their implications are very controversial. The phrase “All politics is local” was coined by the famed former U.S. Speaker of the House of Representatives, Thomas Phillip “Tip” O’Neill, Jr. (1912e1994) to embody a pragmatic concept: people’s choices are ultimately influenced by and motivated to solve local issues, rather than reflecting larger overarching principles. In the absence of firm scientific evidence, no dictum better applies to the question of postoperative intensive care requirements after elective craniotomy than Tip O’Neill’s.
Career planning and development for emergency medicine faculty

In this article, we propose a methodology to be used by emergency medicine faculty members who are interested in career planning and faculty development on an individual basis. The basic competencies needed by faculty and methods of setting goals are described. Educational courses, workshops, seminars, and self-study strategies that can be used to provide the basic competencies and meet defined goals are described, including the advantages and disadvantages of each method, the time commitment, and needed resources. The advantage of this methodology is the ability to customize a program to meet individual needs and fit into the constraints of available time and monetary resources.
Pediatric Sleep Pharmacology

This article reviews the most common pharmacologic options in the treatment of sleep disorders in children. Despite the high prevalence of sleep disorders in children, there is a paucity of education and information available on the pharmacologic management of sleep disorders in children. The principles of sleep physiology and pathophysiology that help provide more rational pharmacologic management are discussed. Medications are typically not Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the pediatric age range or for the specific sleep disorder. Medications have a role for insomnia, narcolepsy, parasomnias, and sleep-related movement disorders. The available choices of hypnotics are reviewed. Medications to increase alertness of narcoleptics and decrease cataplexy are discussed. The use of dopaminergic agents for Restless Legs Syndrome is reviewed. The potential use of medication in sleep apnea is also reviewed. Pharmacologic guidelines need to be developed specifically for sleep disorders in children. Ideally, these guidelines should be FDA approved for the specific sleep disorder and for the pediatric age range. The development of easy to swallow, chewable or liquid forms of these medications are needed. Training programs should play the lead role in enhancing pediatricians' knowledge of the pharmacologic treatment of sleep disorders in children.
Thermodynamics of the curvature of the H/subc//sub 2/-vs-T boundary in anisotropic superconductors

The curvature of H/subc//sub 2/-vs-T boundary in anisotropic superconductors is considered from a thermodynamic point of view. Special consideration is given to layered superconductors where positive curvature has recently been observed. It is argued from the thermodynamics that only for special directions of the magnetic field can the transition be second order; for all other directions of the field the phase transition is first order. The curvature of the phase boundary is governed by various derivatives of the magnetization (and in the first-order case by the discontinuity in specific heat). This suggest that the magnetization as a function of temperature and magnetic field in the vicinity of the transition in the layered materials is very different from that in other materials. (AIP)
Theory of the DC conductivity for a two-dimensional superionic conductor on the honeycomb lattice

Abstract In the superionic conductor AgCrS2, the ionic conduction takes place in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice perpendicular to the hexagonal c-axis. Motions of mobile ions are well represented by a lattice gas model in which an ion can hop from one lattice site to another. The total Hamiltionian is made up of hopping terms and the nearest-neighbor repulsive interaction between the mobile ions. According to the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, the ionic conductivity is calculated from the imaginary part of the retarded Green function, which in turn calculated from the thermal Green function. As is formulated by Mahan in the lowest order perturbation and in the half-filled lattice system, the thermal Green function is expressed in terms only of the two-dimensional spin correlation functions. Munera et al. calculated all the honeycomb and triangular Ising spin correlation functions necessary for the DC conductivity of two-dimensional superionic conductors. These correlation functions enable us to find the temperature dependence of the DC conductivity of two-dimensional superionic conductors. Our formulation is similar to that by Mahan, which is for the two-dimensional square lattice; however, there are some significant differences. Our expression of the thermal Green function in terms of the static correlation functions is exact because of the use of the idempotent property of the occupation number operators, and we have calculated all the necessary exact static Ising correlation functions with an extensive use of the Suzuki identities.
Transurethral incision of prostate

Abstract The first transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) by the author was done in 1969. An analysis of 150 TUIP's performed thus far is given and compared with 150 concomitant subsequent resection, whereas 8 patients in the TURP group have had reresection. There has been no contracture of the bladder neck, no incontinence of urine, fewer strictures, and less sexual changes associated with this new method.
Plasma processes at comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko: Expectations for Rosetta

The Rosetta–Philae mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014 will provide a unique opportunity to observe the variable nature of the interaction of a comet with the solar radiation and the solar wind, as the comet approaches the Sun. In this short paper we will focus on the varying global structure of the cometary plasma environment. Specifically we make predictions on the varying locations of the two basic transitions in the global, contaminated solar wind flow toward the comet: the outer bow shock and the ionopause.
Rethinking “Abnormal” Blood Pressure: What Is the Value?

Hypertension is a major public health priority that accounts for more adult primary care office visits than any other chronic medical condition 1. According to the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) data from 2005–2008, 31% of all US adults are hypertensive based on a definition of blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medication; 2 the prevalence among African-Americans is 39%. Using the same definition, the majority of older individuals are hypertensive: prevalence among those ≥65 years of age rises to 70%. Despite widespread public awareness that hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, only 81% of hypertensive adults are aware of their diagnosis 3, 73% are taking anti-hypertensive medication, and 50% of patients are taking antihypertensive medication and have achieved a goal blood pressure of <140/90 4. Even a small change in criteria for the diagnosis of hypertension would have a substantial impact on disease prevalence, labeling, burden of treatment and health care costs.
Evaluation of guidelines for the use of telemetry in the non-intensive-care setting

To determine if the American College of Cardiology (ACC) cardiac monitoring guidelines accurately stratify patients according to their risks for developing clinically significant arrhythmias in non-intensive-care settings, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 2,240 consecutive patients admitted to a non-intensive-care telemetry unit over 7 months. Sixty-one percent of patients were assigned to ACC class I (telemetry indicated in most patients), 38% to class II (telemetry indicated in some), and 1% to class III (telemetry not indicated). Arrhythmias were detected in 13.5% of the class I patients, 40.7% of the class II patients, and 12% of the class III patients (p<.001). Telemetry detected an arrhythmia resulting in transfer to an intensive care unit in 0.4% of the class I patients, 1.6% of the class II patients, and none of the class III patients (p=.006). Telemetry led to a change in management for 3.4% of the class I patients, 12.7% of the class II patients, and 4% of the class III patients (p<.001). When patients with chest pain as the reason for admission were moved from class I to class II and patients with arrhythmias as the reason for admission were moved from class II to class I, more arrhythmias and more clinically significant arrhythmias occurred in class I patients and the trends from class I to class III were more consistent with the purpose of the guidelines. These findings indicate that when the ACC guidelines are reexamined, consideration should be given to changing them so they are more useful in non-intensive-care settings.
Testing for violations of the homogeneity needed for conditional logistic regression

In epidemiologic studies where the outcome is binary, the data often arise as clusters, as when siblings, friends or neighbors are used as matched controls in a case-control study. Conditional logistic regression (CLR) is typically used for such studies to estimate the odds ratio for an exposure of interest. However, CLR assumes the exposure coefficient is the same in every cluster, and CLR-based inference can be badly biased when homogeneity is violated. Existing methods for testing goodness-of-fit for CLR are not designed to detect such violations. Good alternative methods of analysis exist if one suspects there is heterogeneity across clusters. However, routine use of alternative robust approaches when there is no appreciable heterogeneity could cause loss of precision and be computationally difficult, particularly if the clusters are small. We propose a simple non-parametric test, the test of heterogeneous susceptibility (THS), to assess the assumption of homogeneity of a coefficient across clusters. ...
Structural characterization of recombinant soluble rat neuroligin 1: mapping of secondary structure and glycosylation by mass spectrometry.

Neuroligins (NLs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that function in synapse formation and/or remodeling by interacting with β-neurexins (β-NXs) to form heterophilic cell adhesions. The large ...
THE INSTABILITY OF STRATIFIED FLOWS AT LARGE RICHARDSON NUMBERS

Abstract In contrast to conventional expectations based on the stability of steady shear flows, elementary time-periodic stratified flows that are unstable at arbitrarily large Richardson numbers are presented here. The fundamental instability is a parametric one with twice the period of the basic state. This instability spontaneously generates local shears on buoyancy time scales near a specific angle of inclination that saturates into a localized regime of strong mixing with density overturning. We speculate that such instabilities may contribute significantly to the step-like microstructure often observed in buoyancy measurements in the ocean.
Morphology and intracellular responses of an identified dorsal raphe projection neuron

Abstract Stimulation of ventral medial tegmentum elicits an antidromic action potential and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in dorsal raphe projection neurons. The inhibitory postsynaptic potential is not wholly due to activation of recurrent inhibitory circuits as it is not monosynaptic and its onset preceeds the antidromic action potential. Light microscopic examination of horseradish peroxidase-filled projection neurons reveals a neuron type with radiating, poorly branched dendrites and terminal dendritic thickets. The axon of the exemplary neuron presented is seen to leave the nucleus but gives off a single collateral while still within the parent cell's dendritic domain.
Apoptosis of infiltrating T cells in the central nervous system of mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.

Abstract Theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), DA strain, induces in susceptible strain of mice a biphasic disease consisting of early acute disease followed by late chronic demyelinating disease. Both phases of the disease are associated with inflammatory infiltrates of the central nervous system (CNS). Late chronic demyelinating disease induced by TMEV serves as an excellent model to study human demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis. During early acute disease, the virus is partially cleared from the CNS by CD3 + T cells. These T cells express Fas, FasL, negligible levels of Bcl-2 proteins and undergo activation-induced cell death as determined by TUNEL assay leading to resolution of the inflammatory response. In contrast, during late chronic demyelinating disease, and despite dense perivascular and leptomeningeal infiltrates, only very few cells undergo apoptosis. Mononuclear cells infiltrating the CNS express Bcl-2. It appears that the lack of apoptosis of T cells during late chronic demyelinating disease leads to the accumulation of these cells in the CNS. These cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of the demyelinating disease.
Anharmonic vibrational calculations modeling the raman spectra of intermediates in the photoactive yellow protein (PYP) photocycle.

The role of anharmonic effects in the vibrational spectroscopy of the dark state and two major chromophore intermediates of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP) photocycle is examined via ab initio...
The primary function of a redundant Sp1 binding site in the mouse aprt gene promoter is to block epigenetic gene inactivation

The promoter region of the mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) gene contains one non-consensus Sp1 binding site at its 5' end followed by three consensus Sp1 binding sites. The two 3'-most binding sites are sufficient for maximal expression of aprt , suggesting that the non-consensus and consensus binding sites at the 5' end are redundant. However, the two 3' sites are not sufficient to block epigenetic inactivation, which led to the hypothesis that the redundant consensus and/or non-consensus 5' Sp1 binding sites are required to block inactivation events. To test this hypothesis, promoter region constructs were made in which the two 5' Sp1 binding sites were mutated alone or in tandem, and then each construct was tested for its ability to withstand epigenetic inactivation. A cis -acting methylation center that is normally located 1.2 kb upstream of the promoter was used to induce inactivation. The results demonstrate that the presence of the redundant consensus Sp1 binding site is required to block methylation-associated gene inactivation. Therefore, the Sp1 binding sites comprising the mouse aprt promoter have evolved two distinct functions, one to promote transcription and the other to block epigenetic inactivation.
Emerging Issues in Agricultural Labor Relations: Discussion

The paper by Martin and Rochin is a combination of an historical account of the development of labor-management collective bargaining in agriculture in the United States, the current status of collective bargaining in California agriculture, and predictions about changes in labor supply and labor demand in agriculture. Sometimes the predictions refer to labor supply and demand changes in response to collective bargaining; sometimes collective bargaining is itself a response to labor supply or demand changes; sometimes the connection between the predictions and collective bargaining is unclear. My discussion is organized around four models that one often sees in the literature of labor economics and labor relations. These models are as follows: (a) a comparison of the situation of the unionization of workers in rel-
Hybrid structured clock network construction

This paper hierarchically constructs a hybrid mesh/tree clock network structure consisting of overlying zero-skew clock meshes, with underlying zero-skew clock trees originating from the mesh nodes. We propose a mesh construction procedure, which guarantees zero skew under the Elmore delay model, using a simple and efficient linear programming formulation. Buffers are inserted to reduce the transition time (or rise time). As a post-processing step, wire width optimization under an accurate higher-order delay metric is performed to further minimize the transition time and propagation delay/skew. Experimental results show that the hybrid mesh/tree construction scheme can provide smaller propagation delay and transition time than a comparable clock tree.
AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF US CAFE POLICY

Abstract As a result of the energy crisis of 1974, the USA enacted minimum fuel economy standards for all automobiles sold within the USA. The goal of this regulation was to help reduce the USA's reliance upon foreign oil. Twenty years later, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of this policy. It is found that overall automotive fuel efficiency has increased and the amount of imported oil used by each vehicle has decreased. However, overall oil importation has increased. This is found to be due, in part, to an increase in the number of automobiles on the road and a decrease in the real price of gasoline. Because fuel efficiency standards only directly affect the impact of individual vehicles on oil importation, not the demand for automobiles, the policy is determined to have been successful in achieving its original objectives. To achieve an overall reduction in oil imports, policy efforts aimed at reducing the number of cars and demand for gasoline are recommended.
Joule-heating field phase-amplification in particulate-doped dielectrics

Abstract Doping dielectric materials with particulates for use in electronic device applications is wide-spread, particularly for energy-storage devices such as ultracapacitors and batteries. This work investigates the resulting distortion of the electrical fields in multiphase (particle and matrix) material systems. Of particular interest is to ascertain safe overall electrical loading conditions in order to avoid current overload in heterogeneous media. Specifically, it is important to determine the phase-wise Joule-type heating field, formed by the inner product of the current and electric fields. General estimates are developed, and two asymptotic cases are studied: (1) high-conductivity (“superconducting”) particles added to a lower relative-conductivity matrix and (2) low-conductivity (“insulator”) particles added to a higher relative-conductivity matrix. The expressions developed provide a relatively easy guide for the selection of dopants in dielectric material design.
Multiple states in the sea-level induced transition from terrestrial forest to estuary

In this paper we provide a conceptual model to examine changes in ecosystem state during the transition from terrestrial forest to shallow estuarine environments for coastal mainland marshes at the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR), United States of America. Ecosystem states are characterized by plant community dominants and soil/sediment characteristics. The five states considered are upland or wetland forest, organic high marsh, intertidal mineral low marsh, autotrophic benthic with or without submersed aquatic vascular plants, and heterotrophic benthic (estuarine bottom). Transitions between states are described from the perspective of a fixed forest location undergoing transition from one ecosystem state to another. Rising sea level is acknowledged as the master variable that forces the process of change overall. Each state is hypothesized to have self-maintaining properties and thus is resistant to change from rising sea level; alternatively, transitions between states are facilitated by disturbance or exposure to acute stress. For change to occur, resistance must be overcome by events that are more abrupt than rising sea level and that appear as accentuated pulsings, which result in another self-maintaining and resistant state. Such events facilitate plant species replacement and alter sediment conditions. Mechanisms responsible for causing a state to cross a threshold are unique for each transition type and include brackish-water intrusion (osmotic stress and sulfide toxicity), tidal creek encroachment (redistribution of sediments), erosive currents and waves (resuspension of sediments, which increases light extinction), and increasing water depth (leads to greater bottom shading). Field experiments relevant to scales at which pulsings occur are not abundant in coastal marshes.
Domestic and international power relations in a Cameroonian mission school system

Abstract This paper is a critical ethnography of mathematics teachers in a Cameroonian private, mission school system. Findings from in-depth interviews with secondary mathematics teachers indicate that most of these teachers perceive their educational situation as disconnected, in several ways, from their cultures. However, most participants look to western processes as models for their own development. An analysis of state and international postcolonial hegemonies which influence these teachers is presented, including allocation of resources, curricular agendas, and professional development opportunities.
Asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-laulimalide: exploiting the asymmetric glycolate alkylation reaction

A concise total synthesis of the potent antitumor macrolide (-)-laulimalide is described. The observation that homoallylic (or latent homoallylic) C-O bonds are present at C5, C9, C15, C19, and C23 led to the strategic decision to rely heavily on the asymmetric glycolate alkylation to construct both the C1-C14 fragment 3 and the C15-C27 subunit 4. A diastereoselective addition of a C1-C14 allylstannane to a C15-C27 alpha,beta-epoxyaldehyde served to join the two advanced fragments. A Mitsunobu macrolactonization of hydroxy acid 2 avoided isomerization of the sensitive 2,3-Z-enoate, which has been observed in base-catalyzed macrolactonizations. Removal of two TBS protecting groups to reveal the C15 and C20 hydroxyls occurred without rearrangement to isolaulimalide.
Airfoil in a Contracting or Diverging Stream

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the flow around an airfoil in a contracting or diverging stream is carried out in this paper. An expression for the vortex distribution, which satisfies the kinematic condition on the airfoil surface and the Kutta condition at the trailing edge, is derived. The predicted values of the lift and the surface pressure distribution, at various values of incidences and mean flow acceleration, agrees very well with the measured values. In converging flow, the circulation and lift are found to increase with increase in velocity ratio (ratio of outlet to inlet velocity). Considerable change in airfoil pressure distribution is observed, its effect being dominant on the suction surface. With diverging mean flow, both circulation and lift decrease with decrease in velocity ratio. The decrease in mean velocity seems to have dominant effect on the pressure surface. Finally, the theoretical and experimental investigation seems to indicate that the ratio of lift coefficients, with and without change in mean flow, can be expressed as CL/CL2d = VR, where VR = velocity ratio.
Reduced intensity conditioning using intravenous busulfan, fludarabine and rabbit ATG for children with nonmalignant disorders and CML.

The major problems with busulfan/cyclophosphamide (Bu/Cy)-containing conditioning regimens are acute toxicities and graft failure. To decrease acute toxicities, we have prospectively evaluated a reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen using targeted dosing of i.v. busulfan, fludarabine, and rabbit ATG (Bu/Flu/rATG) in children with diagnoses that historically would have been conditioned with Bu/Cy regimens. Nineteen pediatric patients were enrolled in the study. The donors included HLA-matched and one antigen-mismatched unrelated volunteers (n=11), unrelated cord blood (n=1), and related donors (n=7). Four patients developed graft failure, which occurred between 1 and 8.5 months post transplant. All four of them underwent a second transplantation and 3/4 are alive without evidence of disease. The mean follow-up of living patients is 29.5±s.d. 11 months. Despite excellent 2-year post-transplant overall survival (89±s.d.7%) and event-free survival (74±s.d.10%), the study was closed prematurely due to high graft failure rate (21%). Receiving a transplant from a mismatched unrelated donor was identified as a risk factor for graft failure. The Bu/Flu/rATG RIC regimen was very well tolerated, resulted in excellent overall survival, and provided sustained engraftment in patients undergoing transplant from matched sibling and unrelated donors. However, it did not provide sustained engraftment in the majority of children with nonmalignancies undergoing mismatched unrelated donor transplants.
Does Metric Feedback Hinder Actions Guided by Cognition

Providing trainees with metric feedback improves their metric distance estimations, but doing so also hinders certain actions. This paper describes a possible explanation for this hindrance. Based on that explanation, it was predicted that metric feedback should not hinder actions that are guided by cognitive processing, i.e., actions guided by the ventral visual system. To investigate this possibility, participants threw underhanded to specific metric distances during Pre and Post-Testing, e.g., throwing an object so that it came to rest 30 feet away. During the intervening Training, participants generated verbal distance estimates. Half received metric feedback. The results indicated that throws improved from Pre to Post-Test, but only when participants received metric feedback during Training. This outcome supports our hypothesis. Moreover, it suggests that trainees must know whether their distance estimation training should be applied to untrained tasks. Doing so may benefit certain tasks. Others, how...
Norms, theories of punishment, and publicly preferred penalties for crimes.

Despite growing interest in publicly preferred punishments for criminal offenses, investigators have paid relatively little attention to the criteria used by the public to determine appropriate pun...
Mechanical circulatory support decreases neurologic complications in the treatment of traumatic injuries of the thoracic aorta.

• The surgical treatment of traumatic injuries of the thoracic aorta is controversial because a number of technical approaches have been recommended. Despite the technique employed, spinal cord ischemia continues to be a persistent problem. Nineteen patients with confirmed aortic injuries secondary to blunt trauma were treated at the Yale-New Haven (Conn) Medical Center from 1984 to 1991. The patients were analyzed in two groups: group 1 (n = 10) underwent repair using mechanical circulatory support and group 2 (n=9) underwent repair without mechanical circulatory support. Sixteen patients survived. Three patients died of complications of multiple trauma. The groups were comparable with respect to aortic cross-clamp time, preoperative systolic blood pressure, and Injury Severity Score. Three patients in the nonmechanical support group developed neurologic complications ( P ( Arch Surg . 1992;127:516-519)
Using a Balanced Scorecard to Implement Sustainability

Developing social and environmental balanced scorecard measures helps EH&S managers identify the key performance factors that link their department's work to the company's strategic objectives. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Presence of a polyadenylated RNA fragment encoding the membrane domain for immunoglobulin α chain indicates that mRNAs for both secreted and membrane-bound α chains can be produced from the same RNA transcript

Abstract RNA blotting was employed to examine polyadenylated immunoglobulin alpha chain RNAs in a B lymphoma synthesizing membrane-bound and secretory IgA and in a hybridoma which synthesizes predominantly secretory IgA. Both cell lines were derived from the I.29 lymphoma and expressed the identical heavy chain variable region gene. In addition to the predicted mRNA precursors, four novel species of polyadenylated alpha RNAs were detected. The presence of a RNA species which was too large to have the same 3' end as the largest mRNA for membrane-bound alpha chain (alpha m) implied that transcription continued past the alpha m poly(A) site, and that such transcripts could be polyadenylated. Alternatively, transcription of this alpha RNA was initiated 5' to the normal cap site. Two species of RNA were detected which encoded the alpha m domain and the intervening sequence between the alpha constant (C alpha) and alpha m domain but not the C alpha domain. These RNA molecules were of sizes appropriate for their derivation by endonucleolytic cleavage of a precursor for alpha m mRNA at the poly(A) site of the mRNA for secreted alpha chains (alpha s). The presence of these three alpha RNA species suggested that alternative and successive cleavage/polyadenylation events could occur on a single transcript to produce either alpha m or alpha s mRNAs. An additional novel species of RNA was detected which indicated that the order of removal of the large IVSs did not always proceed in the 5' to 3' direction.
Pressure-Gain Combustion: Part II—Experimental and Model Results

An experimental investigation of aerovalve pulse combustion is presented. The experimental measurements compare favorably with model predictions from a control-volume analysis of the pulse combustor. Particular emphasis is placed on the mean pressure differences through the combustor as an indicator of the so-called pressure gain performance. Both the operating conditions and combustor geometry are investigated. It is shown that complex fluid/combustion interactions within the combustor make it difficult to isolate the effect of geometric changes. A scaling rule developed from the control-volume analysis is used to produce a combustor geometry capable of producing pressure gain.
C6 oxygenates from n-hexane in a single-gauze reactor

Abstract Partial oxidation of n -hexane in an autothermal single-gauze reactor can produce 70% selectivity to oxygenated hydrocarbons, including >50% selectivity to C 6 oxygenates with ∼35% selectivity to 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran at ∼20% n -hexane conversion and 100% oxygen conversion. Experiments are performed with 40-mesh Pt–10%Rh single gauzes ( ∼100 μm wire diameter and ∼630 μm spacing) at n -hexane–oxygen molar ratios (C 6 H 14 /O 2 ) of 0.5–5.0, preheat temperatures of 100–300° C , N 2 dilution of 10–75%, and flow rates of 1.0–3.5 standard liters per minute. Oxygenates are optimized at C 6 H 14 /O 2 ≈2.5 and are favored by low preheat temperature, some dilution, and intermediate flow rate (catalyst contact time). Catalytically assisted gas-phase reaction pathways are proposed for partial oxidation of n -hexane and compared to similar experiments for cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane. The differences in product distributions can be qualitatively explained by the number of unique primary, secondary, and tertiary carbon sites in cyclohexane, n -hexane, and methylcyclohexane because the abundance of possible products grows quickly as the number of distinct sites increases. Results suggest that initial H-atom abstraction rates for these alkanes increase in the order 1 n -hexane. The low reactivity of methylcyclohexane, despite its high initial rate of abstraction, is likely a result of the stability of the tertiary radical.
Amino Acid Composition of Univalent Fragments of Rabbit Antibody.

Univalent fragments of γ-globulin preparations from four individual rabbits were fractionated and the amino acid compositions of end fractions were compared. For amino acids with uncharged side chains, differences were consistently less than one residue per fragment of molecular weight 50,000. There were differences in the content of amino acids, other than glutamic acid, with charged side chains; these were in the direction expected on the basis of relative strength of adherence to carboxymethyl cellulose and electrophoretic mobility. Exclusive of any possible differences in amide, the total difference in charged groups was three to four residues per fragment. Sine the net charge of univalent fragments reflects that of the γ-globulin molecule from which the fragments are derived, corresponding differences in composition may also exist among whole γ-globulin molecules.