cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutrophil survival in the death zone

In this issue of Blood, Thompson et al reveal a key role for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2a in the adaptation of neutrophils to hypoxia. Tissue hypoxia is a common feature of trauma and inflammation. Infiltrating neutrophils must adapt to this low-oxygen environment to satisfy the metabolic and functional demands of an immune response.
Phosphatidylcholine-rich acceptors, but not native HDL or its apolipoproteins, mobilize cholesterol from cholesterol-rich insoluble components of human atherosclerotic plaques.

Abstract To examine the potential of high density lipoproteins (HDL) to ameliorate atherosclerotic plaques in vivo, we examined the ability of native HDL, lipid-free HDL apolipoproteins (apo HDL), cholesterol-free discoidal reconstituted HDL (R-HDL) comprised of apo HDL and phosphatidylcholine (PC) and PC liposomes to release cholesterol from cholesterol-rich insoluble components of plaques (ICP) isolated from atherosclerotic human aorta. Isolated ICP had a free cholesterol (FC) to phospholipid (PL) mass ratio (0.8–3.1) and a sphingomyelin (SPM) to PC mass ratio (1.2–4.2) that exceeded those of plasma membranes of cultured cells. Suprisingly, native HDL and its apolipoproteins were not able to release cholesterol from ICP. However, R-HDL and PC liposomes were effectively released cholesterol from ICP. The release of ICP cholesterol by R-HDL was dose-dependent and accompanied by the transfer of >8× more PC in the reverse direction (i.e., from R-HDL to ICP), resulting in a marked enrichment of ICP with PC. Compared to R-HDL, PC liposomes were significantly less effective in releasing cholesterol from ICP but were somewhat more effective in enriching ICP with PC. Native HDL was minimally effective in enriching ICP with PC, but became effective after prior in vitro enrichment of HDL with PC from multilamellar PC liposomes. The enrichment of ICP with PC resulted in the dissolution of cholesterol crystals on ICP and allowed the removal of ICP cholesterol by apo HDL and plasma. Our study revealed that the removal of cholesterol from ICP in vivo will be possible through a change in the level, composition, and physical state of ICP lipids mediated by PC-enriched HDL.
Semianalytical description of the modulator section of the coherent electron cooling

In the coherent electron cooling, the modern hadron beam cooling technique, each hadron receives an individual kick from the electric field of the amplified electron density perturbation created in the modulator by this hadron in a co-propagating electron beam. We developed a method for computing the dynamics of these density perturbations in an infinite electron plasma with any equilibrium velocity distribution -- a possible model for the modulator. We derived analytical expressions for the dynamics of the density perturbations in the Fourier-Laplace domain for a variety of 1D, 2D, and 3D equilibrium distributions of the electron beam. To obtain the space-time dynamics, we employed the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. We also found an analytical solution in the space-time domain for the 1D Cauchy equilibrium distribution, which serves as a benchmark for our general approach based on numerical evaluation of the integral transforms and as a fast alternative to the numerical computations. We tested the method for various distributions and initial conditions.
Conjugation and genetic recombination of Escherichia coli in soil

Abstract Conjugation in Escherichia coli appears to occur in sterile soil. The recombinants produced in soil from a fertile cross do not have the complete chromosome transferred from the donor to the recipient. Soils support the growth of auxotrophic strains of E. coli, but growth and conjugation were enhanced by addition of montmorillonite.
Sodium-coupled sugar and amino acid transport in an acidic microenvironment.

Abstract 1. 1. Nutrient transport mechanisms of lobster hepatopancreatic epithelial brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) are strongly influenced by the acidic nature of the tubular lumen. 2. 2. Sodium-dependent glucose uptake by BBMV was electrogenic and was stimulated at low pH by reducing sugar transport K 1 , without affecting J M . 3. 3. Glutamate was largely transported in zwitterionic form at pH 4.0 by an electrically silent cotransport mechanism with both Na and Cl. 4. 4. Increased H + concentration tripled the apparent membrane permeability to glutamate as well as the amino acid transport J M . 5. 5. At pH 4.0 leucine was transported as a cation by two dissimilar carrier systems: a Na-independent process shared by polar amino acids, and an electroneutral Na-2Cl-dependent mechanism shared with non-polar amino acids. 6. 6. A model is proposed for hepatopancreatic BBMV at acidic pH which employs ionic chemical gradients and membrane potential as nutrient transport driving forces.
Replication of viral DNA sequences integrated within the chromatin of SV40-transformed chinese hamster lung cells

To determine when during S phase integrated viral DNA sequences in several tsA SV40-transformed Chinese hamster cell clones replicate, we pulse-labeled cultures with BrdUrd and subsequently collected mitotic cells during sequential time intervals. Restriction endonuclease mapping indicated that each of the three SV40-transformed Chinese hamster lung cell clones contained a single viral DNA sequence at a different, but in each case unique, chromosomal site. DNA was extracted from each population of mitotic cells and then was resolved into dense, BrdUrd-containing and light, unsubstituted DNA fractions by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation. In each pair of samples obtained, we measured viral DNA sequences by solution hybridization using single-stranded SV40 32P-labeled DNA probes. Our results support the conclusions that specific genes within a mammalian DNA are programmed to replicate at particular times during S phase, and that the SV40 A gene product, large T antigen, programs integrated viral DNA sequences to replicate very early in S phase. The fractions of viral DNA replicated early in S phase appeared to correlate with each clone's content of functional large T antigen at permissive and nonpermissive culture temperatures.
Leveraging collective intellect by building organizational capabilities

Abstract This paper approaches knowledge management from a definitely practical angle. Based on experiences in Monsanto, several important aspects are addressed. The notion of value creation through insight generation is seen as crucial. Leveraging collective intellect heavily relies on learning. By using the completeness-of-information and clarity-of-understanding dimension more light is shed on adding value through learning. A knowledge management methodology consisting of six components (‘maps’) is presented that has been used in Monsanto to deal with knowledge management problems. The enabling role of information technology is highlighted. In the concluding section some guidelines for knowledge management actions are stated, which will help users to avoid the many traps that can occur when dealing with knowledge in organizations.
Effects of buffer gas composition on autoignition

Abstract This work quantifies the chemical kinetic and thermal effects of buffer gas composition on autoignition of three fuels at conditions relevant to engines, combustors, and experimental facilities used to study ignition kinetics. Computational simulations of autoignition of iso-octane, n-heptane, and of n-butanol were used to characterize the effects of buffer gas composition on ignition delay time and heat release rate. Stoichiometric mixtures, ϕ = 1.0, and a temperature range of 600–1100 K were considered. Iso-octane and n-heptane were studied at initial pressures of 9.0 atm and 60.0 atm, and n-butanol was studied at initial pressures of 3.2 atm and 60.0 atm. Two dilution levels of buffer gas to O2 of 3.76:1 (mole basis) and 5.64:1 were considered (∼21% and ∼15% O2 respectively, mole basis). The fuels and simulation conditions were selected based on the relevance to engine operating conditions and previously published ignition studies. The buffer gases considered were argon, nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Simulation results predicted changes of greater than a factor of 2 in ignition delay time and heat release rate as a function of buffer gas composition in the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) region for n-heptane and iso-octane. Outside the NTC region, the predicted effects of changes in buffer gas composition were small ( a factor of 2). The heat release rates were also sensitive to buffer gas composition, with carbon dioxide exhibiting relatively high levels of early and late heat release relative to the other buffer gases. Sensitivity analysis of the third-body collision efficiencies for the buffer gases showed the effects of uncertainties in the third body collision efficiencies on ignition delay time and heat release rate. The results highlight the significance of buffer gas composition on low-temperature combustion chemistry, particularly via H2O2 and HO2 decomposition and recombination reactions.
Effect of topical vaginal products on the detection of prostate-specific antigen, a biomarker of semen exposure, using ABAcards.

Background Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker of recent semen exposure. There is currently only limited information on whether topical vaginal products affect PSA assays. We investigated this question using various dilutions of several vaginal products (lubricants and spermicides) and the Abacus ABAcard for PSA detection.
CHEMISTRY OF FREE RADICAL AND SINGLET OXIDATION OF LIPIDS

The reaction of oxygen with unsaturated lipids produces a wide range of compounds that have attracted considerable interest and research. In foods, lipid oxidation products are responsible for the development of rancidity by the production oflow molecular weight fission compounds that impart undesirable flavors. Potentially toxic and harmful cyclic and higher molecular weight materials are formed by thermal oxidation at ·the elevated temperatures of cooking and frying fats . .In biological systems, enzymatic oxidation prodilces materials that are structurally related to those formed by non-enzymatic' autoxidation. Much evidence points to the possible involvement of these lipid oxidation products in cancer. strokes, atheriosclerosis, inflammation. asthma. arthritis and the aging process. Many of these physiological effects of lipid oxidation have been well covered in other review articles. ~7.49. 77.105 Another important process' for the oxidation of unsaturated lipids involves activated species of oxygen. Singlet oxygen. produced by photo-oxidation in the presence of sensitizers such as chlorophylL is an important reactant that has received much attention. Singlet oxidation provides a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. The role that singlet oxygen and related species play in the hydroperoxidation of unsaturated lipids is now under intensive investigation. ~3.49. 71 In the last decade much progress has been made in the chemistry of primary and secondary products of lipid oxidation. mainly as a result of advances in separation techniques and analytical methodology. This paper reviews structural studies of primary and secondary products of lipid oxidation. Free radical mechanisms for their formation are compared with that for singlet oxidation. Our current interests lie in further elucidating the structures of complex volatile and non-volatile decomposition products and in the mechanistic pathways for their formation. These decomposition products have a profound impact on the flavor and safety of lipid-containing foods. and they are implicated in many in L'it'o biological processes. 'J.llh
Random walk of dislocations following a high-velocity impact

The permanent distortion of an elastic material due to a shock wave generated by a high-velocity impact is modeled by a random walk of dislocations. The dislocation movement is inhibited by a spatial and energetic distribution of activation barriers. The dislocations also experience a radially outward stress bias from the point of impact. The experimentally observed scaling of the total integrated momentum as well as the scaling with time of the penetration distance and strength of the shock wave are obtained in this model.
Energy metabolism and transduction in smooth muscle.

Early investigations into the nature of the coupling between energy transduction and metabolism in smooth muscle, particularly from the laboratories of Bulbring and Lundholm, suggested that specific metabolic pathways could independently supply energy for ion transport and actin-myosin interactions. Subsequent work has solidified the concept that oxidative phosphorylation is specifically coupled to tension generation and maintenance, whereas, aerobic glycolysis is not only a vital characteristic of smooth muscle metabolism, but also is likely to be independently coupled to Na-K transport at the plasmalemma. The independence of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism is reflected as a compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism in the porcine carotid artery. The coupling of these independent metabolic pathways with specific energy utilizing processes, indicates a means by which energy production and transduction can be closely and efficiently regulated. The coupling of glycogenolysis to mitochondrial respiration may have evolved as a direct response to the energetic needs of VSM. That is, the large glycogenolytic response in the initial minutes of stimulation may be necessary to maximize the cellular production of ATP during the presteady state. Likewise, the coupling between aerobic glycolysis and Na-K transport indicates a sensitive and efficient means of coordinating energy metabolism with ion transport at the membrane level. Additionally, the regulation of substrate supply, i.e. glucose transport, also may be closely coordinated with changes in ion transport. One may speculate that alterations in the microenvironment of each compartment can independently regulate intermediary metabolism and therefore allow the cell to quickly and efficiently respond to localized stimuli. Thus, stimulation of Na-K transport could effectively regulate energy production at the membrane level without mobilizing or competing with the energy transduction of other cellular processes. This compartmentation of energy utilization may be highly advantageous, since oxidative metabolism is closely coordinated with mechanical activity and therefore regulation of blood flow. Future investigations will attempt to elucidate which intracellular signals which are responsible for the regulation of these functionally independent compartments of energy metabolism and transduction in VSM. In more general terms, our findings provide a basis from which future questions concerning the regulation of cellular metabolism must be directed. The cellular cytoplasm can no longer be envisioned as a homogeneous compartment, but rather a complex array of functional subcompartments which may be individual
High-energy x-ray and neutron modeling and digital imaging for nondestructive testing applications

Adapting amorphous silicon imagers to the rigors of nondestructive evaluation has required the creation of new tools and techniques for successful detection of flaws in dense objects. At Los Alamos National Laboratory, extensive use of digital imagers and a desire to replace film with digital systems has led to additional research into modeling and simulation with an ultimate goal of improved techniques for using these imagers. The imagers have been used with varying success at x-ray energies ranging from 70 eV to 20 MeV, as well as with a variety of neutron energies at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. To simulate these diverse situations, a new version of the Monte Carlo Neutron/Photon Science Center. TO simulate these diverse situations, a new version of the Monte Carlo Neutron/Photon simulation package, developed at Los Alamos, is employed. The rapid simulation of various setups allows the rapid development of techniques without extensive and costly experimentation or test blocks. The simulations cover digital radiography as well as computed tomography. The results of these simulations leads to several techniques for digital radiology and computed tomography unique to amorphous silicon imagers, and provides additional information concerning advantage of amorphous silicon detector to provide density resolution in ways not possible with film. Also, the viability of amorphous silicon detectors at extremely high energies is simulated and tested experimentally.
On Lie algebras with only inner derivations

It is the purpose of this article to give a characterization of abelian by nilpotent Lie algebras which have only inner derivations. The motivation has been provided by two recent papers [3, 41 which deal with a similar problem in group theory. The Lie algebra case allows some modifications and simplifications as compared to the group theory case. We begin with a brief summary about Lie algebras which have only inner derivations and also about Lie algebras which must possess outer derivations. If the algebra has nondegenerate Killing form, then all derivations are inner [6, p. 741, while if the algebra is nilpotent, then there exist outer derivations [S]. This latter result has been extended in a variety of ways (see [ 131 and the bibliography given there). In particular, we men- tion that if the algebra is solvable and has no outer derivations, then its center must be 0 [2, 121. On the other hand there are examples of Lie algebras with nonzero center and only inner derivations (see [9]). Also a general method for constructing algebras with only inner derivations is described in [7]. In another direction, Schenkman’s famous derivation tower theorem [lo] asserts that an algebra with zero center can be sub- invariantly embedded in an algebra with only inner derivations. Schenkman’s paper also provides bounds on this embedding which are actually met as is shown in [8]. All Lie algebras considered here are finite dimensional over a field. Let
Analysis of neutron diffraction spectra acquired in situ during mechanical loading of shape memory NiTiFe at low temperatures

The Spectrometer for Materials Research at Temperature and Stress (SMARTS) at Los Alamos National Laboratory was used to acquire neutron diffraction spectra in situ during mechanical loading at 216 and 237 K. The experiments were performed with the objective of following the texture, strain and phase fraction evolution in the trigonal R-phase in a Ni46.8Ti50Fe3.2 shape memory alloy. A methodology to quantify the textures, strains and phase fractions using the General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) for Rietveld refinement of neutron diffraction spectra, is implemented and described. Emphasis is placed on evaluating the choice of P3 and P¯ 3 space groups for the R-phase in the refinements and the impact of this choice on the quantitative analyses of spectra. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Computationally extended logic programming

Abstract In this paper we describe some novel features that have been introduced into a logic programming language. These include: (1) an increased level of clause expressiveness through the introduction of constructors for addition and multiplication, resulting in a system capable of being programmed to solve systems of linear equations; and (2) a search that produces a stream of bindings, permitting a higher degree of user interaction. The new language, referred to as CELP (computationally extended logic programming) has been implemented in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The version Scheme 84, developed at Indiana University and written in Franz Lisp, was used as the source language for our system.
Targeting Epilepsy Genes

In medieval art it was traditional to show a demon emanating from a suffering epileptic at the conclusion of a seizure, with concern clearly evident regarding its inevitable reappearance. In this century, anticonvulsant drugs have been developed for their ability to control, rather than prevent or reverse, seizure disorders. Has the strategy for a rational search for definitive therapy of certain epilepsies finally unfolded, and is that goal within reach? What is clear is that few inherited epilepsies will be correctly interpreted in transgenic mutants without assessing specific compensatory pathways; these intermediate steps may provide the most realistic insight into modifying the disease process. Phenotypic rescue by replacement of a missing gene product after the onset of seizures, where possible, provides an important a posteriori test to discriminate primary from secondary mechanisms in mice, but in clinical syndromes the damage may already be done.Nevertheless, the extraordinary bounty of epilepsy models from geneticists' laboratories will continue to provide new and otherwise unobtainable parts of the puzzle. There are more such models to come, and they will both confirm predictions and yield surprises, such as the absence of an epileptic phenotype in mice lacking the Kv3.1 K+ channel (Ho and Joho, 1995, Soc. Neurosci., abstract), and the GABAR β3 subunit (Culiat et al. 1995xCuliat, C.T, Stubbs, L.J, Woychik, R.P, Russell, L.B, Johnson, D.K, and Rinchik, E. Nature Genet. 1995; 11: 344–346Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (91)See all ReferencesCuliat et al. 1995). Transgenic expression of human mutations in mouse models will allow critical epileptogenic steps to be traced and assigned to appropriate categories, while the mutants themselves serve as reproducible biological test systems for therapeutic discovery. Ultimately, these epilepsy models will not only help relieve the human condition but also provide insights into gene control of more subtle fluctuations of excitability, synchronization, and plasticity in neural networks.
Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15

Interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-2 have distinct immunological functions even though both signal through the receptor subunit IL-2Rβ and the common γ-chain (γ(c)). Here we found that in the structure of the IL-15-IL-15Rα-IL-2Rβ-γ(c) quaternary complex, IL-15 binds to IL-2Rβ and γ(c) in a heterodimer nearly indistinguishable from that of the IL-2-IL-2Rα-IL-2Rβ-γ(c) complex, despite their different receptor-binding chemistries. IL-15Rα substantially increased the affinity of IL-15 for IL-2Rβ, and this allostery was required for IL-15 trans signaling. Consistent with their identical IL-2Rβ-γ(c) dimer geometries, IL-2 and IL-15 showed similar signaling properties in lymphocytes, with any differences resulting from disparate receptor affinities. Thus, IL-15 and IL-2 induced similar signals, and the cytokine specificity of IL-2Rα versus IL-15Rα determined cellular responsiveness. Our results provide new insights for the development of specific immunotherapeutics based on IL-15 or IL-2.
The effects of implanted oxygen on Pd2Si formation

A systematic study of the effects of implanted oxygen on the formation of Pd2Si has been carried out using 4He+ backscattering spectrometry and the 16O(d, α)14N nuclear reaction for the analysis. Palladium ∼ 2000 A thick were e-baum evaporated on Si〈100〉 substrates and implanted with 2 × 1016 O/cm2 halfway through the film. Upon anneling in vacuum, Pd2Si grows identically in both implanted and unimplanted samples. The implanted oxygen has no effect on the growth kinetics of Pd2Si. We also find that after Pd2Si formation is complete, the implanted oxygen is incorporated into the silicide in a deep-lying band near the Pd2SiSi interface. Substantial additional oxygen is also found at the surface. The results are interpreted by assuming that oxygen is mobile in the Pd at the annealing temperature of 250°C, but is immobile once incorporated into the silicide. A simple model can then explain the observed redistribution of the implanted oxygen. The major parameters in this model are the chemical affinities of oxygen relative to the reacting species and the dominant diffusing species during Pd2Si formation. The redistribution of the implanted oxygen is consistent with Si as the dominant diffusing species. This result is compared with previous marker experiments.
Field-Emission Studies of Electronic Energy Levels of Adsorbed Atoms

The relative changes in the total energy distribution of field-emitted electrons upon adsorption of single atoms have been measured for adsorption of the alkaline-earth atoms (Ba, Sr, and Ca) on several crystal planes of tungsten. The expected perturbations of the energy distribution due to the tunneling resonance through an atomic "virtual level" at various positions relative to the Fermi surface and of various half-widths $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ is demonstrated by a simple one-dimensional calculation. The measured energy-dependent structure in the current-enhancement factor due to the adsorbate has been interpreted in a tunneling-resonance model to yield the positions and shapes of the atomic "virtual levels." The ground-state $^{1}S$ $6{s}^{2}$ level of Ba is broadened to a half-width ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{S}=0.75$ eV and shifted upward by $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}^{S}=0.95$ eV. This causes it to overlap and mix with the first two excited states: a triplet $^{3}D$ $6s5d$ and a singlet $^{1}D$ $6s5d$. The observed $^{3}D$ and $^{1}D$ levels were not shifted and had a half-width ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{D}=0.1$ eV. Similarly, the first excited state of Ca, a triplet $^{3}P$ $4s4p$, was shifted by $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}^{3\mathrm{P}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.4$ eV with a width ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{3\mathrm{P}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.3$ eV ($2\ensuremath{\Gamma}=\mathrm{FWHM}$). The effect of the band structure of the substrate on tunneling resonance is discussed.
Concanavalin‐A‐binding Proteins on the Surface of Human Malignant and Normal Lymphocytes

The concanavalin-A-binding cell surface glycoproteins from normal and certain leukaemic human lymphocytes were radiolabelled and then solubilized with detergent, isolated by affinity chromatography on Con A insolubilized on agarose beads, and subsequently analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Leukaemic T cells from patients with Sezary syndrome were found to express major concanavalin-A-binding glycoproteins on their outer surface similar to those of normal T lymphocytes. Leukaemic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia expressed Con-A-binding proteins similar to those of B-cell lines. HLA antigens were predominant among the major Con-A-binding proteins on the surface of the normal and the malignant T cells studied. Human Ia-like antigens, HLA antigens, and the cell surface immunoglobulins IgD and IgM represented the major Con-A-binding proteins on the B cells studied. beta 2-microglobulin was found associated with HLA antigens on both leukaemic and non-leukaemic T and B cells. The presence of additional Con-A-binding proteins expressed on the surface of the different cell types studied is discussed along with some physical characteristics of the human Ia-like antigens isolated.
Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of Space Structures with Partially Restrained Cnnections.

: An efficient and robust finite-element-based method for estimating nonlinear responses of complex three-dimensional structures with partially restrained connections under dynamic and seismic loading is presented. The method is developed using the assumed stress-based finite-element method in which the tangent stiffness can be expressed in explicit form and fewer elements are needed to model a structure. Geometric and material nonlinearities and the nonlinear behavior of partially restrained connections are considered. For the dynamic and seismic analyses, three major sources of damping are considered. They are viscous damping, hysteretic damping in the PR connections, and the hysteretic damping at the plastic hinges, if plastic hinges are developed in the structure. It is observed from the examples considered in this study that proper consideration of PR connections is essential in modeling the realistic dynamic and seismic behavior of structures. Numerical results show that the presence of partially restrained connections may not cause failure of a structure due to insufficient strength but may make serviceability constraints, e.g., the lateral deformation, more critical.
Environmentalism and the internet: corporate greenwashers and environmental groups

Environmental degradation is a serious problem, for current populations and for future generations. Corporations are the largest offenders but seldom face the consequences of their actions. This article proposes that public relations campaigns and conflicting information on the internet pose significant challenges to calling for environmental accountability from corporations. Three companies – Coca‐Cola, Georgia Pacific, and Shell – are examined here in terms of questionable practices and public relations campaigns. While the internet could be an alternative news source, ‘corporate greenwash’ muffles a definitive voice on environmental issues. Both retributive and restorative justice processes are thwarted by misleading information. Despite environmental laws and efforts to increase accountability, calling for necessary change will continue to be exceedingly difficult without public knowledge of corporate behavior.
MAKING MULTICULTURALISM RELEVANT FOR MAJORITY CULTURE GRADUATE STUDENTS

The revised accreditation standards for marriage and family therapy programs (Manual on Accreditation, 1988) require that the curriculum reflect an emphasis on “issues of gender and ethnicity as they relate to marital and family therapy” (p. 13). Training approaches that are described in the professional literature tend to emphasize an understanding of ethnic minorities while deemphasizing the trainee's own ethnic and cultural roots. As such, training lacks dynamic integrity for the white, middle-class trainee. This paper describes a rationale for addressing the ethnic and cultural background of all family therapy trainees and provides training activities to accomplish this end.
Frequency and etiology of solitary hot spots in the pelvis at whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging

Abstract Purpose To determine the frequency and etiology of a single hypermetabolic focus within the pelvis with no other areas of increased 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the reminder of the whole body in an oncological population. Method and Materials We retrospectively examined the first 700 whole-body PET/CT scans performed at our institution for baseline staging or follow-up of cancer and identified all patients with a solitary focus of increased FDG uptake in the pelvis. All available medical records and imaging findings in these patients were reviewed in order to determine the etiology of increased FDG uptake. Results Eight (1.1%) of the 700 patients had a solitary hot spot in the pelvis at positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging, consisting of seven of 380 women and one of 320 men. In the seven women, increased FDG uptake was due to physiological endometrial uptake ( n =2), leiomyoma ( n =1), corpus luteum cyst ( n =1), physiological ovarian uptake ( n =1), urinary leak ( n =1), and nonspecific colitis ( n =1). In the man, uptake was due to recurrent rectosigmoid adenocarcinoma. None of the 700 patients was found to have metastatic disease in the pelvis. Conclusion Isolated pelvic hot spots at PET/CT imaging in an oncological population are not common and usually benign; physiological endometrial or ovarian uptake is the single commonest cause.
M Estimators of Location for Gaussian and Related Processes With Slowly Decaying Serial Correlations

Abstract We investigate the behavior of M estimators of the location parameter for stochastic processes with long-range dependence. The processes considered are Gaussian or one-dimensional transformations of Gaussian processes. It turns out that, up to a constant, all M estimators are asymptotically equivalent to the arithmetic mean. For Gaussian processes this constant is always equal to one, independently of the ψ function. In view of the case of iid observations, the results are surprising. They are related to earlier work by Gastwirth and Rubin. Some simulations illustrate the results.
Fractional variational calculus in terms of Riesz fractional derivatives

This paper presents extensions of traditional calculus of variations for systems containing Riesz fractional derivatives (RFDs). Specifically, we present generalized Euler–Lagrange equations and the transversality conditions for fractional variational problems (FVPs) defined in terms of RFDs. We consider two problems, a simple FVP and an FVP of Lagrange. Results of the first problem are extended to problems containing multiple fractional derivatives, functions and parameters, and to unspecified boundary conditions. For the second problem, we present Lagrange-type multiplier rules. For both problems, we develop the Euler–Lagrange-type necessary conditions which must be satisfied for the given functional to be extremum. Problems are considered to demonstrate applications of the formulations. Explicitly, we introduce fractional momenta, fractional Hamiltonian, fractional Hamilton equations of motion, fractional field theory and fractional optimal control. The formulations presented and the resulting equations are similar to the formulations for FVPs given in Agrawal (2002 J. Math. Anal. Appl. 272 368, 2006 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 39 10375) and to those that appear in the field of classical calculus of variations. These formulations are simple and can be extended to other problems in the field of fractional calculus of variations.
A New Method to Predict Performance of Fractured Horizontal Wells

A practical method to predict the performance of a horizontal well which is hydraulically fractured and partially perforated was presented. Using a mathematical model, factors affecting the performance of a hydraulically fractured horizontal well were analyzed. Two case histories from the Daqing oil field (China) were presented. Calculations and analyses showed that the results obtained using this method, were consistent with the actual results from the field. The effect of the fracture number on the performance of the well was also investigated. The relationship was found to be non-linear. In contrast, the effect of the fracture length on well performance was significant in both cases studied. 9 refs., 4 tabs., 6 figs.
A RULE FOR ALLOCATING JOINT TRUCK-CARRIER COSTS

Abstract This paper presents a rule for allocating joint vehicle costs between fronthaul and backhaul truck trips on a given route. The rule is derived by extending the De Vany and Saving model of a competitive trucking industry operating in uncertain markets. The rule is based upon the existence of inventory costs related to truck trips and demand interdependency between fronthaul and backhaul truck trips. The rule is compared to an earlier joint cost allocation rule developed by Walters.
An economic analysis of cooperative research

Abstract The U.S. government's most recent policy initiative to increase industrial research activity is the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984. Since its passage much attention has been given to this new organizational research form, but to date there has not been any systematic investigation of the participants in cooperative research. This paper is an initial attempt to fill that void. First, a classification scheme is presented to describe the research activity of firms currently engaged in cooperative endeavors, as evidenced by mandated filings reported in the Federal Register. Then, a model of inter-firm differences in cooperative research activity is posited and tested using survey-based data for a sample of R&D active firms in the U.S. manufacturing sector. We conclude that market power is the principal determinant of involvement in cooperative research.
Cyclic AMP differentially modulates CD40L expression on human naı̈ve and memory CD4+ T cells

Abstract Although differences in naive and memory T cell signaling have been recognized, how these differences relate to cell regulation and function is not well understood. In this study, we investigated CD40 ligand (CD40L) regulation by cyclic AMP (cAMP) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and observed differential effects depending upon the cell subset and mode of activation. cAMP inhibited CD3-induced CD40L in both naive and memory subsets, although greater inhibition was observed in memory cells. With CD3/CD28 costimulation, cAMP inhibited CD40L in memory cells but had a minimal effect on naive cells. In primed T cells, cAMP increased CD40L on naive cells but inhibited expression on memory cells. Differential cAMP effects appear interrelated to calcium signaling since the level of CD40L induced by calcium ionophore was increased by cAMP in both cell subsets, although naive cells were more calcium responsive. Calcium-dependent calcineurin activity appeared necessary for CD40L expression, although no interaction of calcineurin and cAMP regulation was demonstrable. In contrast, inhibitors of Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) blocked cAMP effects to increase CD40L and resulted in marked CD40L inhibition. The importance of CaMKIV in cAMP regulation was confirmed by transfection studies using a dominant negative CaMKIV construct. We conclude that cAMP differentially regulates CD40L expression in a manner that appears dependent upon CaMKIV activation. In view of the central role of CD40L expression in immunity as well as the pathophysiology of common diseases, it is of interest that cAMP can either increase or decrease CD40L expression depending upon the T cell subtype and mechanism of cell activation.
Choroidal bodies: a new structure in the fourth ventricular choroid plexus of the rat and mouse.

Abstract Histologic study of the caudal end of the fourth ventricular choroid plexus of the rat and mouse revealed 1–4 small, discrete collections of cells that differed from the surrounding choroidal epithelial cells in appearance. They did not occur in other parts of the choroid plexuses. These choroidal bodies were not affected by a chemical toxin that caused hydropic degeneration of all the epithelial cells in the choroid plexuses. The function, if any, of the choroidal bodies is unknown. They were present in all rats that were studied by serial sections..
Partial characterization of the component from normal eggs which corrects the maternal effect of gene o in the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum).

Axolotl females homozygous for o produce eggs which cleave normally, but never develop beyond gastrulation. This cessation of development is due to a cytoplasmic deficiency which can be corrected by injecting eggs of o/o females with cytoplasm from normal eggs. When so injected, the recipient eggs develop beyond gastrulation and may attain larval stages. The corrective component of normal cytoplasm has the following characteristics: 1. It remains in the supernatant of normal egg homogenates after two hours of centrifugation at 105 g, but is gradually sedimented thereafter. 2. The corrective activity persists for at least eight days when preparations are stored at O°C. It is abolished on heating for one hour at 50° to 55°, and on incubation with crystalline trypsin. 3. The active material is customarily extracted from egg homogenates in 0.1 M or 0.2 M KCl, with 0.01 M Tris, pH. 7.6. It can be precipitated by 2M to 3M ammonium sulfate and retains its corrective activity. It is also precipitated by distilled water, but is then irreversibly denatured. 4. The corrective component is found mainly within the germinal vesicle of large oocytes; then in the egg cytoplasm or extracts thereof following germinal vesicle breakdown. Comparable extracts of blastulae show a reduced corrective activity. Attempts to extract the active material from older embryos and from organs of adults have so far failed. These results suggest that the corrective material, presumably a product of the normal allele of o, depends upon a protein or proteins for its activity. It is produced during oogenesis and later plays an indispensible role in early organogenesis.
Some Forms of Trust

Three forms of trust: topic-focused trust, general trust, and personal trust are distinguished. Personal trust is argued to be the most fundamental form of trust, deeply connected with the construction of one’s self. Information technology has posed new problems for us in assessing and developing appropriate forms of the trust that is central to our personhood.
Error exponents for block Markov superposition encoding with varying decoding latency

Block Markov superposition encoding has been used on a number of channels to enable transmitter cooperation, including the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme on the full-duplex relay channel. We analyze the error performance of DF with regular encoding and sliding window decoding as the window size of the decoder is allowed to grow. Specifically, we use Gallager's random coding exponent to analyze the behavior of DF in the finite block length regime where the error probability cannot be made arbitrarily small for a fixed rate and block length. Although using a larger decoding window may not result in a better achievable rate in the infinite block length regime, doing so for finite block lengths enables a higher rate of transmission for a given error probability. In particular, these rate enhancements can lead to a larger range of operating scenarios in which relaying can outperform direct transmission.
On the modified superstring field theory

Abstract Investigations are made concerning tree-level bosonic amplitudes in the modified superstring field theory. The question of on-shell agreement with the first-quantized approach as well as finiteness of the off-shell extension are addressed. To examine the latter, power-counting techniques are developed and used to determine the leading singularity.
Variation in optical performance of beta-carotene-stained rabbit aorta

ABSTRACT A coupled integrating sphere system was used to measure the diffuse reflectance and transmission of rabbit aortae. Tissue absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients were calculatedby a Kubelka-Munk model, and the results were compared. The absorption coefficient in 13-carotenestained plaque was found to be greater than that in normal controls by four-fold at 488 nm wavelength, and by three-fold at 514 nm wavelength. The scattering coefficient, however, did not change significantly between B-carotene stained and non-stained rabbit aortae. 1. INTRODUCTION 13-carotene is one of the carotenoids that strongly absorbs blue-green light at 450-500 nm and preferentially binds to atherosclerotic plaque. In 1958, Blankenhorn demonstrated that atheromas contained varying amounts of carotenoids and that the amount of carotenoid in atheromas increases with the severity of the lesion(l 5) He found the carotenoid content in xanthomas can be increased about30% by administration of low dose B-carotene. In 1988, Prince et al verified that patients treatedwith oral B-carotene had higher carotenoid levels in plaques when compared to adjacent normal
Laser-assisted extraction of a pacing lead with a supraclavicular course

A 68-year-old man with a right-sided pacemaker originallyimplanted as a ventricular-only device more than 25 yearsbefore presentation and later upgraded to a dual-chamberdevice was admitted with a fever. Blood cultures grewmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Transesopha-geal echocardiography revealed a vegetation on a pacinglead. The patient was not pacemaker dependent. Because ofpersistent gram-positive bacteremia, he was referred forextraction of the pacing system.Chestradiographyraisedconcernforanunusualcourseofthe ventricular pacing lead (Figure 1). We suspected that thelead had been implanted via a supraclavicular approach.At the time of the procedure, rotational ﬂuoroscopy(Figure 2 and Online Supplemental Video) veriﬁed that thelead coursed over the clavicle, with likely vascular entry atthe right internal jugular vein. Of note, the lead appeared tohave a passive ﬁxation mechanism. Given the passiveﬁxation and the age of the lead, we anticipated the needfor advanced extraction techniques, including laser sheathapplication and/or snaring.The pacemaker pocket was entered and the generatorremoved. The active ﬁxation atrial lead was removed withsimple traction. We then undertook extraction of theventricular lead. The lead was dissected from the extensivelyﬁbrotic pacemaker pocket. No model number or serialnumber could be identiﬁed on the lead. A small supra-clavicular incision was made in the skin overlying thepalpable lead (Figure 3A). In the search for anysupraclavicular anchoring device (eg, suture and/or suturesleeve), the surrounding connective tissue was dissectedaway, but no such anchor was found. The lead was
Superplastic-like deformation in some solid solution alloys

Abstract The stress relaxation and tensile test data of Incoloy 800H and Al4.6%Mg are described at temperatures where the contribution of grain boundary sliding to flow is significant. It is shown that in the presence of grain boundary sliding the whole range of behavior, from ordinary creep to superplastic-like flow, can be exhibited in the same metals, showing that the strain rate sensitivity increases with decreasing grain size or increasing temperature in the chosen temperature range. The effect of solute hardening on the flow behaviour of solid solution alloys in the presence of grain boundary sliding is also discussed.
Inversion recovery versus T2-weighted sagittal MR imaging in cervical spinal cord injury

Purpose: To determine the usefulness of the fluid-attenuation inversion-recovery (FLAIR) sequence in the detection of cervical spinal cord contusion following blunt trauma, as compared with the conventional T2-weighted (T2W) MR sequence. Methods: Three radiologists independently reviewed T2W and FLAIR sagittal MR images in 25 patients with acute cord contusion. Conspicuity of cord contusion was rated on a scale of 0 (no evidence of contusion) to 3 (contusion easily identified). The average ratings for the T2W sequence and FLAIR sequence were then compared. Images were also reviewed in consensus for evidence of hemorrhage and extent of cord edema. Results: Twenty-three patients had increased conspicuity of cord contusion on the FLAIR sequence as compared with the T2W sequence, while two patients demonstrated no change in conspicuity. T2W images had an average rating of 1.0, while FLAIR images had an average rating of 2.2. The extent of edema was better evaluated in 17 patients with the FLAIR sequence and in 8 patients with the T2W sequence. Hemorrhagic contusion was seen in 15 patients, better identified with T2W sequence in 9 patients and with FLAIR sequence in only 2 patients. Conclusion: Cervical spinal cord contusion is much more conspicuous on FLAIR sequence as compared with T2W sequence. Additionally, FLAIR imaging can often demonstrate the true extent of edema better than T2W imaging. However, hemorrhage within contusion, an important prognostic factor, is better demonstrated with T2W imaging. Therefore, both sequences should be utilized in order to maximize both the identification and characterization of acute spinal cord contusion.
Amylose–polyester block copolymers

The synthesis of amylose–polyester block copolymers is described. 2,3,6-Tri-0-allyl amylose was synthesized by amylose alkoxide and allyl bromide and hydrolyzed by hydronium ions to give an hydroxyl-terminated allyl amylose oligomer (HTAA). The allyl groups were isomerized with t-BuoK to yield the prop-1-enyl isomer (HTPA). The HTPA was capped with a diisocyanate. The HTPA prepolymer was reacted with hydroxy-terminated poly(ethylene-co-propylene adipate) and poly-(ethylene terephthalate) to form block terpolymers. Block terpolymer formation was demonstrated by intrinsic viscosity increases, gel permeation chromatographic results, and infrared (IR) and PMR spectroscopy. The products were depropenylated by HgCl2 to yield amylose block terpolymers. These polymers were readily degraded by α-amylase.