cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RAFT Polymerization of “Splitters” and “Cryptos”: Exploiting Azole-N-carboxamides As Blocked Isocyanates for Ambient Temperature Postpolymerization Modification

A postpolymerization modification strategy based on ambient temperature nucleophilic chemical deblocking of polymer scaffolds bearing N-heterocycle-blocked isocyanate moieties is reported. Room temperature RAFT polymerization of three azole-N-carboxamide methacrylates, including 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, imidazole, and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, afforded reactive polymer scaffolds with well-defined molecular weights and narrow dispersities (Đ < 1.2). Model analogues possessing the same N-heterocycle blocking agents with varied leaving group abilities were synthesized to determine optimal deblocking conditions. The reactivity of the azole-N-carboxamide moieties toward nucleophiles can be tuned simply by varying the structure of the azole blocking agents (reactivity order: pyrazole < imidazole < triazole). DBU-catalyzed reactions of thiols with imidazole- and 1,2,4-triazole-blocked isocyanate scaffolds were shown to occur rapidly and quantitatively under ambient conditions. Differences in reactivity of 1,2,4-t...
Choice Points for a Modal Theory of Disjunction

This paper investigates the prospects for a semantic theory that treats disjunction as a modal operator. Potential motivation for such a theory comes from the way in which modals (and especially, but not exclusively, epistemic modals) embed within disjunctions. After reviewing some of the relevant data, I go on to distinguish a variety of modal theories of disjunction. I analyze these theories by considering pairs of conflicting desiderata, highlighting some of the tradeoffs they must face.
NO2(-) activation and reduction to NO by a nonheme Fe(NO2)2 complex.

The selective reduction of nitrite (NO2–) to nitric oxide (NO) is a fundamentally important chemical transformation related to environmental remediation of NOx and mammalian blood flow. We report the synthesis and characterization of two nonheme Fe complexes, [Fe(LN4Im)(MeCN)2](BF4)2 (1MeCN) and [Fe(LN4Im)(NO2)2] (2), geared toward understanding the NO2– to NO conversion. Complex 2 represents the first structurally characterized FeII complex with two axial NO2– ligands that functions as a nitrite reduction catalyst.
Benefits of Mid-Term Flexible Airspace Management in Presence of Weather

By examining the relative benefit of reconfigured airspace to the original airspace under the same traffic conditions, this paper assessed Flexible Airspace Management that reconfigures airspace boundaries. Using weather rerouted flight plans, four airspace design methods reconfigured the original airspace design in Kansas City Center. Air traffic simulations with estimated NextGen midterm (2018) airport capacities and traffic demand were performed for the original and each reconfigured airspace design. Analysis showed that within the simulated scenarios, reconfigured airspace demonstrated user benefit by decreasing 68% of the number of flights needing to be delayed or turned away from entering the airspace to maintain balance between traffic demand and capacity. Utilization of available air traffic control resources increased by 8%, demonstrating service provider benefit. Airspace design methods that applied more changes to the original airspace achieved more benefit. However, increased change from the original airspace configuration implied a possible increase in air traffic controller workload during the transition from the original to the reconfigured airspace.
Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections in Renal Transplant Recipients after Cystoscopy for Ureteral Stent Removal

Abstract Introduction Symptomatic urinary tract infection is a known complication of cystoscopy with ureteral stent removal. However, little is known about the incidence and risk factors for urinary tract infection after cystoscopy in renal transplant recipients, who likely represent a high risk cohort. In this study we determined the infection rate after cystoscopy with stent removal in this population and identified opportunities for care improvement. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of office cystoscopies with stent removal in renal transplant recipients performed at a single institution from April 2012 through May 2014. Strict criteria were used to determine the presence of symptomatic urinary tract infection within 1 month of the procedure. Fisher’s exact tests were completed to examine associations between patient characteristics and post-transplant outcomes with urinary tract infection. Results A total of 324 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 50.0 years (SD 13.1) and 187 patients (57.7%) were male. In this group 165 patients (52.5%) received an oral fluoroquinolone antibiotic before the procedure. Nine patients had symptomatic urinary tract infections (2.8%), of which 3 infections (33.3%) were due to quinolone-resistant organisms. Female sex but no other patient or postoperative characteristic was associated with symptomatic urinary tract infection (p=0.04), including the use of peri-procedural antibiotics. Conclusions The incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection after cystoscopy with ureteral stent removal in renal transplant recipients is less than 3%, comparable to the risk of urinary tract infection after cystoscopy in the general population. Female sex is associated with symptomatic urinary tract infection. Further investigation is needed to identify the groups at greatest risk for urinary tract infection and other complications.
Oscillatory Temperature-driven Morphological Relaxation of Surface Ripple Using Weak Pulsed Laser

A continuum (Mullins-type) model is proposed for the non-isothermal, isotropic evolution of a crystal surface on which mass transport occurs by surface diffusion. The departure from constant temperature is assumed induced by low-energy incident pulsed radiation. It has been previously shown experimentally and theoretically that such heating mode gives rise to the quasistationary regime, in which the surface temperature of a thick solid film oscillates about the mean value with the pulse repetition frequency. The implications of oscillatory driving with high frequency values on relaxation of surface ripple are examined; in particular, the traveling wave solutions with decreasing amplitude are detected numerically. Pulsed heating also results in faster smoothing of the ripple, compared to the case when the surface is at constant temperature which is same as the mean temperature in the pulsed heating mode. Impact on ripple shape is minor for ripple amplitudes considered.
Total Synthesis of Dermostatin A

The concise total synthesis of dermostatin A is described. Highlights include a two-directional application of the asymmetric acetate aldol method developed in our lab, a novel diastereotopic-group-selective acetal isomerization for terminus differentiation, and a selective cross-metathesis reaction between a terminal olefin and a trienal. A study of the scope and viability of similar cross-metathesis reactions is also described. The synthesis is convergent and utilizes fragments of roughly equal complexity.
Remembering the Battle of the Crater: War as Murder

Interest in the Battle of the Crater has become something of a cottage industry recently. Books on the July 30, 1864, clash between the Union army of the Potomac and the Confederate army of northern Virginia on the outskirts of Petersburg, Virginia, have appeared from a diverse assortment of "historians," ranging from Richard Slotkin to Newt Gingrich. The massive explosion (which created the crater and was intended to break Confederate defenses) and the subsequent disastrous Union assault mark two of the most spectacular and tragic moments of the Civil War.
Properties and Performance of Ether-Functionalized Imidazoles as Physical Solvents for CO2 Separations

Previously, we investigated 1-n-alkylimidazoles as low viscosity, low vapor pressure physical solvents for CO2/CH4 separation and noted a decrease in performance as the length of the n-alkyl chain was extended. Here, we examine imidazoles featuring oligo(ethylene glycol) substituents (“PEGn-imidazoles”) as an opportunity to improve upon the separation performance of this class of molecules. In the current work, we have characterized the density and the viscosity of PEGn-imidazoles over the temperature range 20–80 °C. PEGn-imidazoles are slightly more viscous than 1-n-alkylimidazoles but still fall below 20 cP. Ideal gas solubilities of CO2 and CH4 were measured in PEGn-imidazoles at gas partial pressures of ∼5 bar and temperatures of 25–70 °C. Solubilities of CO2 and CH4 were both found to decrease with increasing temperature, with a stronger dependence for CO2. However, better CO2/CH4 selectivity was achieved in PEGn-imidazoles at lower operating temperatures than was observed for 1-n-alkylimidazoles. Ph...
Oncology Drug Review Process

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration facilitates the development of drugs intended to treat cancer and other serious or life-threatening diseases. This article describes the new drug application (NDA) process, endpoints used in oncologic trials, and recent initiatives to expedite the review of drugs used to treat serious and life-threatening diseases. The Food and Drug Administration can grant either regular or accelerated marketing approval for oncology drugs. Regular approval is based on endpoints demonstrating that the drug provides a clinical benefit, such as longer life, enhanced quality of life, or a favorable effect on an established surrogate for longer or better life, such as long-term complete responses. Accelerated approval is based on a surrogate endpoint that is less well established but is reasonably likely to predict a longer or better life and can be granted for drugs that are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening illness and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit to patients over existing therapies. The Agency classifies an NDA as either a priority or a standard application. Drugs that receive priority review are agents that appear to represent significant improvements over existing therapies. A priority NDA is reviewed by the Agency within 6 months; a standard review is accomplished within 10 months. The Agency communicates with sponsors throughout the drug development process, suggesting appropriate trial designs and meaningful endpoints.
First Joint Application of SNCR & SCR Technique in Coal-fired Power Plant

The application of SCR SNCR technique in the boiler of CSEC Guohua Beijing Cogeneration was introduced in this article.In order to optimize the function of the two technique,the analysis has been made and combustion tests have been conducted in the boiler,as well as the test of different combination of the spray gun operation.In order to disturb the fume and homogenize the distribution of NOx and NH_3 in the cage,the steam spray from different position were used to get the best result of de-NOx.
Development Discussion for New Century Automatic Sprinkling Fire System Applied Technology

Automatic sprinkling fire system is the most effective automatic extinguishing equipment of internationally accepted at present,and plays a very important role on building fire control safety.In this paper,applications technology facing to the new century on automatic sprinkling fire system were discussed,talks about automatic sprinkling fire system should fit the various requirements of the protection,it is an inexorable trend of comprehensive and reliable development;Application and development in sprinkler head of automatic sprinkling fire system is previewed,further put forward the main points in designing the sprinkler systems application,shoud be attracted attention widely in several aspects,such as,sprinkler head assignment,design standard,contruction and insulation,and the water-supply tube,improvements and innovations,so as to play a more direct and effective role.
Westernizing reform and indigenous precedent in traditional music: Insights from Turkmenistan

Ethnomusicologists have often shown how traditional musics at prestigious institutions have taken their current form only recently, under Western influence. The post-Soviet state of Turkmenistan at first appears to offer yet another case: contemporary musicians have used modern technol- ogy and Western notation to studiously reproduce masters' classic versions of traditional pieces, all the while using terms that recall canonizing discourse from European art music. But this article argues that the Turkmen practice is well grounded in indigenous precedent that predates Soviet modernization efforts. This finding therefore complicates the usual story about the rise of canonization processes in Western-influenced musics. Teswirnama. Durli medeniýetleriň sazlaryny owrenijiler (etnomuzykowedler) abraýly mekdeplerdaki tradision sazlarynyň oz hazirki gornusine ýaňy-ýakynda Gunbataryň tasiri astynda gelendigi hakda ýygy-ýygydan aýdyp gecýarler. Oň Sowet Soýuzynyň duzumine giren Turkmenistan dowleti hakda aýdaňda ýag- daýlar basgacarak ýaly: hazirkizaman sazandalary oz halypalarynyň tradision eserleriniň nusgawy wersiýalaryny doretmek ucin dowrebap tehnologiýany we Gunbataryň sertli belgilerini ulanmak bilen bir hatarda Ýewropanyň klassyky sazyna degisli kanonizirleýis diskursyny ýadyňa salýan terminleri hem ulanýar - lar. Emma bu makala turkmen praktikasynyň (meselesiniň) Sowet Soýuzynyň kamillesdirmek tagallalaryndan hem oň bar bolan ýerli nusgalara duýpli es- aslanandygy hakda gurruň berýar. Seýlelikde bu netijenama kanonizasiýa prosesleriniň Gunbataryň tasir eden sazlarynda kemala gelendigi hakdaky adaty wakany cylsyrymlasdyrýar.
Endoscopic Diagnosis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis

The endoscope is a triumph of optical science, and as its use has become increasingly accepted, it has changed the diagnostic criteria of chronic rhinosinusitis. Although CT scans are still used for diagnosis, endoscopic findings of polyps or purulent secretions allow diagnosis without radiographic imaging. To permit successful endoscopic examination, the correct equipment is necessary, which in most cases is a 0° 4 mm rigid endoscope. In some cases with notable anatomic variation or pathology, a modified diameter, angled, or flexible endoscope is recommended. Consistent examination is ensured by a reproducible technique that evaluates all the pertinent anatomy. With expertise and technique, endoscopic examination has a well-defined role in the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis.
Passage through Resonance

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses passage through resonance. Resonance is exhibited by the occurrence of a zero divisor in the solution when two frequencies are in a critical ratio. The chapter discusses the periodic Hamiltonian system, and makes use of an elegant procedure used extensively in celestial mechanics to reduce the original system to one of second order to any desired degree of accuracy by means of canonical transformations. This model also exhibits the very interesting phenomenon of sustained resonance that may occur in a system where one of the slowly varying frequencies is an unknown of the problem governed by a subsidiary differential equation. The equation governing the dependence of the resonant frequency on the two slow times corresponds to that of a pendulum with a tangential force, where the length of the pendulum and the tangential force vary on the slower time scale. For most design and initial conditions, the roll rate does not build up, and passage through resonance merely excites a small oscillation of the roll rate about its nominal value. The uniformly valid description of passage through resonance requires the representation of the solution by different multiple variable expansions in each of the time domains preceding, during, and after resonance.
Japan and the ‘Two Chinas’

If there is a culture in the world with which the Japanese feel an affinity, it is China; its civilisation has existed for at least twice as long as Japan’s, and much of ancient Japan’s systems of government, philosophy, religion, writing and high culture were borrowed from China. Yet the feelings of the Japanese towards China are mixed — a cultural affinity is combined with what is often a disdain not only for China’s political and economic system but for the Chinese people themselves. After serving as Japan’s foreign model for almost 1500 years, Japan’s elite abandoned what it perceived as a decadent and backward China for the West in the mid-nineteenth century. Conditioned to see the world as a mirror of Japan’s hierarchical society, the Japanese perceived their country’s rapid modernisation as having reversed their traditional position of inferiority towards China; it was now China that should look up to Japan. These feelings were reinforced by Japan’s easy victory in the first Sino-Japanese War (1894–5) and conquest of most of China in the 1930s. The Chinese have similar mixed feelings toward Japan — admiration for Japan’s rapid modernisation and great wealth are entwined with anger at Japan’s invasion in World War II which resulted in the death of an estimated 10 million Chinese and the devastation of much of the country, resentment at what is perceived as Japanese arrogance accompanying its economic success and fear of future Japanese aggression.
PTH and T-cell Biology

The skeleton is where many hematopoietic and immune cells reside. Bone, hematopoietic and immune cells are not only structurally adjacent, but also functionally interactive. Bone cells are pivotal for the maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell niche, while hemopoietic cells are the precursors of osteoclasts. The immune system contributes to the regulation of bone homeostasis through many of its cells receptors and cytokines. Among the cells of the immune system that regulate bone cells and bone homeostasis are T lymphocytes. These cells secrete osteoclastogenic cytokines, Wnt ligands that stimulate bone, and express receptors such as CD40 ligand (CD40L) that regulate osteoblasts and one formation. Recently, evidence has emerged that PTH regulates T-cell function and that T lymphocytes mediate the effects of PTH in bone and the hemopoietic system. This chapter will describe the evidence linking the immune system to PTH.
Childhood Adversities Associated with Poor Adult Mental Health Outcomes in Older Homeless Adults: Results From the HOPE HOME Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether childhood adversity is associated with depressive symptoms, suicide attempts, or psychiatric hospitalization. METHODS: History of seven childhood adversities (physical neglect, verbal abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, parental death, parental incarceration, and child welfare system placement) was gathered through in-person interviews. Multivariate models examined associations between history of childhood adversities and moderate to severe depressive symptoms, lifetime history of suicide attempt, or lifetime history of psychiatric hospitalization. The study enrolled 350 homeless adults, aged 50 and older, in Oakland, California, using population-based sampling methods. Moderate to severe depressive symptoms were measured on a Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (≥22), self-reported lifetime history of suicide attempt, and self-reported lifetime history of psychiatric hospitalization. RESULTS: Participants with exposure to one childhood adversity had elevated odds of reporting moderate to severe depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3.7) and lifetime history of suicide attempt (AOR: 4.6; 95% CI: 1.0-21.6) when compared with those who had none; the odds of these two outcomes increased with exposure to additional childhood adversities. Participants with four or more childhood adversities had higher odds of having a lifetime history of psychiatric hospitalization (AOR: 7.1; 95% CI: 2.8-18.0); no increase with fewer adversities was found. CONCLUSION: Childhood adversities are associated with poor mental health outcomes among older homeless adults. Clinicians should collect information about childhood adversities among this high-risk population to inform risk assessment and treatment recommendations.Copyright © 2016 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Language: en
Isogeometric analysis with Bézier tetrahedra

Abstract This paper presents an approach for isogeometric analysis of 3D objects using rational Bezier tetrahedral elements. In this approach, both the geometry and the physical field are represented by trivariate splines in Bernstein Bezier form over the tetrahedrangulation of a 3D geometry. Given a NURBS represented geometry, either untrimmed or trimmed, we first convert it to a watertight geometry represented by rational triangular Bezier splines (rTBS). For trimmed geometries, a compatible subdivision scheme is developed to guarantee the watertightness. The rTBS geometry preserves exactly the original NURBS surfaces except for an interface layer between trimmed surfaces where controlled approximation occurs. From the watertight rTBS geometry, a Bezier tetrahedral partition is generated automatically. By imposing continuity constraints on Bezier ordinates of the elements, we obtain a set of global C r smooth basis functions and use it as the basis for analysis. Numerical examples demonstrate that our method achieves optimal convergence in C r spaces and can handle complicated geometries.
Greater decline in memory and global neurocognitive function in HIV/hepatitis C co-infected than in hepatitis C mono-infected patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the treatment of HCV with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (IFN/RBV) have been associated with neurocognitive and psychiatric abnormalities. The goal of this research was to prospectively evaluate neurocognitive functioning among a group of HCV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected patients during the first 24 weeks of IFN/RBV treatment while accounting for practice effects, normal variations in change over time, and variations in IFN/RBV treatment exposure. Forty-four HCV mono-infected and 30 HIV/HCV co-infected patients were enrolled in a prospective study of patients beginning on IFN/RBV for chronic HCV infection. Patients were administered a depression inventory, a measure of fatigue, a structured psychiatric interview, and a neurocognitive battery at baseline and 24 weeks after initiation of treatment. Analyses were conducted to explore possible associations between neurocognitive functioning and the following: HIV/HCV co-infection vs. HCV mono-infection, IFN and RBV treatment exposure, psychiatric status, liver disease stage, and other medical characteristics. At baseline, there were no significant differences between the two groups’ neuropsychiatric or neurocognitive function other than the mono-infected group had significantly higher reports of fatigue (p = 0.033). Over the course of 24 weeks of treatment after controlling for practice effects, the HIV/HCV co-infected patients experienced significantly greater declines in memory (t(56) = 2.14, p = 0.037) and global neurocognitive functioning (t(53) = 2.28, p = 0.027). In a well-characterized sample of mono-infected and co-infected patients, it appears that persons with HIV/HCV co-infection are potentially more vulnerable to neurocognitive sequalae during HCV treatment.
Life After Death: Surviving Cardiac Arrest—an Overview of Epidemiology, Best Acute Care Practices, and Considerations for Rehabilitation Care

The number of people surviving sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is increasing. Clinical and population-based sciences are improving lay chest compression rates and use of automated electronic defibrillators, which will continue to have an impact on future SCA victims, and subsequently, the number of survivors requiring acute and rehabilitation care. A large research and best clinical practice guideline gap remains, however. The continuum of care for rehabilitation and recovery after SCA is often fragmented and underdeveloped, particularly for those requiring specialized services due anoxic brain injury resulting from the SCA. While some elements of rehabilitation care are similar to that provided to other brain injury survivors (e.g., traumatic brain injury), the unique pathology associated with a global insult like anoxic brain injury may require modifications to standard therapies. The purpose of this review is to describe the clinical evidence and best practices for optimizing recovery after SCA. It will further introduce experiential and research-derived concepts for neurorehabilitation care for the subpopulation of SCA survivors with concurrent anoxic brain injury.
“‘It will crush you like a bug’: Maternal incarceration, secondary prisonization, and children’s visitation”:

Over the last three decades, the number of children experiencing the incarceration of one or both parents has grown dramatically. Although the children of prisoners are not under legal sanction, they are nonetheless indirectly subject to the coercive apparatus of the state by virtue of their parent’s status and they are directly subject to this apparatus during their visits to correctional facilities. In this ethnographic study of a mother–child visitation program in jail, we examine secondary prisonization among children of incarcerated mothers. Previous research on secondary prisonization has focused primarily on adults, finding that contact with the prison system alters their conception self, body, moral statuses, emotions, and relationships. Our ethnographic data demonstrate that the implications of this for children are considerable. Here, we analyze secondary prisonization as it impacts children across two domains: discipline of the body and regulation of emotion.
Whole wheat bread: Effect of bran fractions on dough and end-product quality

Abstract Consumption of whole-wheat based products is encouraged due to their important nutritional elements that benefit human health. However, the use of whole-wheat flour is limited because of the poor processing and end-product quality. Bran was postulated as the major problem in whole wheat breadmaking. In this study, four major bran components including lipids, extractable phenolics (EP), hydrolysable phenolics (HP), and fiber were evaluated for their specific functionality in flour, dough and bread baking. The experiment was done by reconstitution approach using the 2 4 factorial experimental layout. Fiber was identified as a main component to have highly significant (P
Accounting for harvested wood products in a forest offset program: Lessons from California

Carbon offset programs, such as that overseen by the California Air Resources Board (CA ARB), have emerged as a strategy for climate change mitigation. Offset projects sequestering carbon earn credits that can be traded on the Cap-and-Trade market to compensate for carbon emissions. The carbon stock embodied in harvested wood products can make up a substantial portion of the sequestered carbon in forest offset projects. In this paper we investigate the sensitivity of the calculations for the number of credits allocated to a forest offset project in the California system. We also examine how alternative models for the decay of harvested wood products might better reflect the dynamics of both the lifetime and cascade chain progression of the products and how this might change the amount of credits earned. The results suggest improved data collection and refinement in methodology would help to improve accuracy and reduce uncertainty in a large and important carbon stock. We conclude with offering suggestions on how an understanding of the dependence of harvested wood product stocks on life cycle parameters might affect the economics of offset programs and assist targeted mitigation efforts.
A new foundation for control-dependence and slicing for modern program structures

The notion of control dependence underlies many program analysis and transformation techniques. Despite wide applications, existing definitions and approaches for calculating control dependence are difficult to apply seamlessly to modern program structures. Such program structures make substantial use of exception processing and increasingly support reactive systems designed to run indefinitely. This paper revisits foundational issues surrounding control dependence and slicing. It develops definitions and algorithms for computing control dependence that can be directly applied to modern program structures. A variety of properties show that the new definitions conservatively extend classic definitions. In the context of slicing reactive systems, the paper proposes a notion of slicing correctness based on weak bisimulation and proves that the definition of control dependence generates slices that conform to this notion of correctness. The new definitions and algorithms for control dependence form the basis of a publicly available program slicer that has been implemented for full Java.
Effects of Cracks on the Response of Circular Cylindrical Shells

A simple model for the cracked cylindrical shell, which employs only familiar concepts from applied mechanics, gives insight into the effects of cracks on structural response. The model provides an...
The Impact of DNA Damage on Epithelial Cell Maintenance of the Lung

The primary function of the lung is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood and to exclude or defend against infectious agents and other airborne pollutants. As such, the respiratory epithelium is under constant attack by reactive oxygen species derived from metabolic respiration and the inflammatory response to pathogens in the airway. While reactive oxygen species can damage all macromolecules, oxidative damage to DNA is of great importance because it can affect how cells and hence organs function. DNA lesions activate a family of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-related kinases (PIKKs) that phosphorylate numerous substrates, including the tumor suppressor p53, which is critically important for maintaining genome integrity. While oxidized DNA is historically thought to be detrimental to cell function, emerging evidence suggest that it may also be an important post-replication modification that controls gene expression. Understanding how oxidation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA affects cell function could provide new opportunities for treating lung diseases attributed to oxidant injury to the respiratory epithelium.
Pediatric videonasoendoscopy for speech and voice evaluation.

Abstract Many otolaryngologists and speech clinicians have found videofiberoptic evaluations to be invaluable for assessment of velopharyngeal and laryngeal function in adults. However, many professionals question the feasibility of routine use of these procedures in the pediatric population. This article describes a method for successful completion of videonasoendoscopic speech and voice evaluations of children as young as 3 years of age. The importance of the ENT/speech team is emphasized in both the collection and interpretation of data. In addition, contributions of videonasoendoscopic observations to diagnosis, medical treatment, and therapy for speech and voice disorders are discussed.
Semiclassical methods in chemical dynamics

A general semiclassical (multidimensional WKB-type) approximation to quantum mechanics is reviewed. The principal feature of the approach is that it is able to incorporate the exact classical mechanics of the system and also the quantum principle of superposition. Applications to inelastic and reactive scattering, and to statistical mechanics and reaction rates are discussed. 13 refs.
Development of Parallel, Adaptive Finite Element Implementations for Modeling Two-Phase Oil/Water Flow

An adaptive finite element code is implemented for the parallel solution of multiphase fluid flow problems. This modular code, although not optimal, provides reasonable performance gains while maintaining flexibility for future developments. Issues of dynamic mesh modification and load balancing are encapsulated within highly cohesive units which communicate minimally with other units for the parallel solution of the differential equations over a global domain.
Adverse Selection in Online New-Goods Market: An Analysis of Product Uncertainty and Seller Uncertainty

Online markets play an important role for both online sellers and online buyers. Previous research has identified problems of information asymmetry in the online used goods markets, this research explore whether there are similar problems in the new-goods online markets. Grounded in “lemon market” theory, this study used panel data captured from eBay Motors. Employing Ordinary Least Squares analysis, we find information asymmetry problems exist in online new-goods markets. Our findings also indicate that product uncertainty and seller uncertainty in online new-goods market does not significantly impact the bidding price of new cars. This could indicate that the proxies used to measure product and seller uncertainty might not have the same impact in both used-car markets and new-car markets.
Protein oxidation and proteolytic degradation. General aspects and relationship to cataract formation.

The past few years have seen an explosion of knowledge on the subject of intracellular protein degradation. The view that lysosomes (or rather intra-lysosomal proteases) are primarily responsible for degrading intracellular proteins has now been discredited, and a large number of cytoplasmic proteolytic enzymes have been discovered. It now appears that lysosomes are mostly responsible for the degradation of cellular organelles, whereas most cytoplasmic proteins are degraded by soluble, cytoplasmic proteinases, proteases, and peptidases.1
Stressful Life Events and Personality Styles: Relation to Impairment and Treatment Outcome in Patients with Social Phobia

Forty-five patients with social phobia and 15 individuals with no mental disorder were compared on number and type of life events experienced. Social phobia patients were further examined to evaluate the effect of negative life events and of the interaction between personality style and life events on severity of impairment and reactions to cognitive-behavioral group therapy. Patients with social phobia reported more negative life events than participants with no mental disorder. Among patients with social phobia, more frequent negative life events were associated with higher scores on measures of depression and general anxiety. Patients high on autonomy who reported more negative autonomous (i.e., achievement-oriented) life events also scored higher on measures of social anxiety and general anxiety. There were no significant interactions between sociotropy and the frequency of reported socially oriented negative life events. However, patients high on sociotropy scored higher on measures of social anxiety, depression, and general anxiety. Patients who had experienced more negative life events improved more after treatment on measures of social anxiety than did those who had experienced fewer negative life events. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
“His Death Manifested Its Power and Efficacy in Us”: The Role of Christ’s Resurrection in John Calvin’s Theology

Even while Calvin affirms the reality of the resurrection of the flesh, Christ’s resurrection does only very limited work in Calvin’s theological imagination. It is only revelatory and applicatory of a transformative event that has previously occurred. For Calvin, the full measure of salvation is obtained in Christ’s death, not in his resurrection. Christ’s resurrection makes us aware of this salvific reality and allows us to be drawn into it, but it does not inaugurate a salvific transformation itself. Moreover, while Calvin holds that Christ’s resurrection is a guarantee and model for our resurrection, embodiment plays no role in his eschatological vision.
Embracing Digitalization: Student Learning and New Technologies:

Digital change is like a fast-moving tsunami, with the digitalization of many business practices creating new relationships between businesses and customers and altering the marketing landscape. We...
End-of-Life Costs and Hospice Utilization in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer.

The Quality Oncology Practice Initiative has several metrics related to end-of life (EOL) care, including hospice enrollment ≤3 days, with lower scores signaling better performance. Of privately in...
Gain–Phase Margin-Based Design of Discrete-Time Controllers

In this chapter, we develop design procedures for digital PI and PID controllers based on gain and phase margin specifications using magnitude and phase loci.
Thymic regulation of hematopoiesis. III: Isolation of helper and suppressor populations using counterflow centrifugal elutriation

We have evidence that thymic regulatory cells can either enhance or inhibit the growth of hematopoietic progenitors in vitro. We have suggested that two separate populations are responsible for this regulatory interaction but isolation of the cell types has proven difficult. We now report the isolation by counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE) of two separate populations of thymocytes which regulate erythropoiesis in coculture. We demonstrate that a minority population (less than 10%) of slow sedimenting elutriated thymocytes provide a helper function whereas the suppressor population is the majority population. Furthermore, some thymocytes of intermediate cell volume neither enhance nor inhibit erythroid colony growth. We conclude that isolation of thymic subsets can lead to identification of populations which induce cell-cell regulation of hematopoietic progenitors resulting in both a positive and negative feedback control of growth.
A Decision-Science Approach to Health-Behavior Change:

Behavior change has the potential to radically impact health outcomes. Successfully influencing health behavior requires an understanding of the decision processes underlying health choices and tec...
Totus Christus: A Proposal for Protestant Christology and Ecclesiology:

This article argues that ‘Reformed catholics’ should accept Augustine’s totus Christus Christological-ecclesiology. It states what Augustine said about the doctrine. Then it responds to five Protes...
Effect of Temperature on pH, Conductivity, and Strength of Lime-Stabilized Soil

AbstractLime is often used to increase strength, reduce compressibility, and reduce moisture sensitivity in soils with moderate to high plasticity. In the case of road construction, state agencies ...
Preparing Future Journalists for Trauma on the Job

Journalists are not immune from the emotional impact of their work as they report on mass shootings, terror attacks, and natural disasters. Adding to an established body of research on the interrel...
Found Out or Psyched Up: How and When Workplace Impostor Thoughts Breed Mastery at Work

Mastering one’s work responsibilities is integral for professional success. Although a consequence of job mastery is that employees may come to embrace their new identities as masters of their work...
Examining Market Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Sales in the United States: 2011-2019.

Introduction The smokeless tobacco (SLT) industry in the U.S. continues to transform with novel products amid an evolving regulatory environment. We report SLT sales trends in the U.S. by analyzing retail market scanner data from 2011 through 2019. Methods National SLT sales data were obtained from Nielsen's Convenience Track System for January 2011 to December 2019. UPC codes were used to classify products by attributes including type, parent company, brand, form, and flavor. Market share was calculated as percentage of total unit sales. Detailed product analysis was presented for moist snuff, snus, and tobacco-free nicotine products. Results SLT sales increased by 5.8% between 2011 and 2016 but declined by 3.9% from 2016 to 2019. Moist snuff sales increased by 8.1% between 2011 and 2016 and then declined 7.4% from 2016 to 2019 but still accounted for roughly 90% of the overall market annually. Between 2011 and 2019, snus sales consistently increased while sales of chew, dry snuff, and dissolvables decreased. Tobacco-free nicotine products emerged in 2016 and captured 4.0% of the market by 2019. Portion pouch packaging and flavors showed consistent growth although their popularity varied by the type of smokeless product. Conclusion This study extends our previous work on U.S. SLT market trends through 2019. Overall sales increased between 2011 and 2016 but there were signs of leveling off including declining sales of moist snuff. Newer products continue to gain market share. Continued monitoring of SLT sales is needed, particularly given the new modified risk status of several products. Implications This study analyzed the last 9 years of smokeless tobacco market data (2011-2019) to describe recent trends in sales. Overall, the smokeless product category is quite resilient although signs suggest downward trends among some product categories and features. New types of smokeless tobacco products (eg, snus and tobacco-free nicotine pouches) account for a growing share of the market.
A model of tension-induced fiber growth predicts white matter organization during brain folding.

The past decade has experienced renewed interest in the physical processes that fold the developing cerebral cortex. Biomechanical models and experiments suggest that growth of the cortex, outpacing growth of underlying subcortical tissue (prospective white matter), is sufficient to induce folding. However, current models do not explain the well-established links between white matter organization and fold morphology, nor do they consider subcortical remodeling that occurs during the period of folding. Here we propose a framework by which cortical folding may induce subcortical fiber growth and organization. Simulations incorporating stress-induced fiber elongation indicate that subcortical stresses resulting from folding are sufficient to induce stereotyped fiber organization beneath gyri and sulci. Model predictions are supported by high-resolution ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging of the developing rhesus macaque brain. Together, results provide support for the theory of cortical growth-induced folding and indicate that mechanical feedback plays a significant role in brain connectivity. Associations have been established between brain folding and white matter connectivity. Here the authors show that axon elongation, in response to mechanical stresses during cortical expansion and folding, may be sufficient to induce tissue remodeling consistent with white matter organization.
Perceptions of Body Condition, Diet and Exercise by Sports Dog Owners and Pet Dog Owners.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the variables that contribute to obesity in pet dogs. The working hypothesis was that sports dog owners will better estimate their dog’s body condition and report stronger belief and control over their dogs’ feeding and exercise compared to traditional pet owners. We collected data on 171 pet owners (101 participated in canine sports) for this study. Each owner completed the Dog Owner Attitude Questionnaire. Each dog was measured for percent fat and Purina body condition scale. For the pet dogs, the median Purina body condition score was 6 (too heavy), but for the sports dogs it was 5 (ideal) (p < 0.05 different from pet dogs). The average percent fat for the pet dogs was 19.1 ± 8.6%, and for the sports dogs it was 13.8 ± 5.3% (p < 0.05 different from pet dogs). Among pet owners, 52% were able to correctly estimate their dog’s body condition. Sports dog owners were 57% correct. Pet dog owners fed approximately 60% more per day compared to sports dog owners. Pet and sports dog owners exercised their dog via walking, but sports dog owners reported more activity with the dog, while pet dog owners reported more activity than the dog did by themselves. Overall, pet and sports dog owners put a high value on their dog’s health and well-being, but better education with regard to body condition, feeding and exercise is critical to improve the pet obesity problem.
Prevalence and species distribution of the low-complexity, amyloid-like, reversible, kinked segment structural motif in amyloid-like fibrils.

Membraneless organelles (MLOs) are vital and dynamic reaction centers in cells that compartmentalize the cytoplasm in the absence of a membrane. Multivalent interactions between protein low-complexity domains contribute to MLO organization. Previously, we used computational methods to identify structural motifs termed low-complexity amyloid-like reversible kinked segments (LARKS) that promote phase transition to form hydrogels and that are common in human proteins that participate in MLOs. Here, we searched for LARKS in the proteomes of six model organisms: Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Plasmodium falciparum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Escherichia coli to gain an understanding of the distribution of LARKS in the proteomes of various species. We found that LARKS are abundant in M. tuberculosis, D. melanogaster, and H. sapiens but not in S. cerevisiae or P. falciparum. LARKS have high glycine content, which enables kinks to form as exemplified by the known LARKS-rich amyloidogenic structures of TDP43, FUS, and hnRNPA2, three proteins that are known to participate in MLOs. These results support the idea of LARKS as an evolved structural motif. Based on these results, we also established the LARKSdb Web server, which permits users to search for LARKS in their protein sequences of interest.
Recognition Incentives for Internal Crowdsourcing: A Field Experiment at NASA

How can organizations motivate employees to engage in crowdsourcing? Should they use incentives that are congruent with their established hierarchical structures, or incentives that are aligned wit...
The principal urinary metabolites of dietary isothiocyanates, N-acetylcysteine conjugates, solicit the same antiproliferative response as their parent compounds in human bladder cancer cells.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5588 Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are a class of well-known cancer-preventive phytochemicals but are primarily disposed of and concentrated in the urine as N -acetylcysteine conjugates (NAC-ITCs) in vivo . Because human urinary bladder cancers occur almost exclusively in the bladder epithelium, which is directly exposed to the urine stored in the bladder, we undertook to examine the anticancer activity of NAC-ITCs in cultured human bladder cancer cells. We report here that the NAC conjugates of four naturally occurring ITCs, including allyl ITC, benzyl ITC (BITC), phenethyl ITC and sulforaphane, potently inhibited the growth of cells derived from both low-grade superficial and high-grade invasive human bladder cancers and drug-resistant bladder cancer cells. Moreover, the growth-inhibitory potencies were similar between the conjugates and their parent compounds. Further study of BITC and its NAC conjugate (NAC-BITC) as model compounds showed that both compounds accumulated in cells predominantly as the glutathione conjugate of BITC, but the accumulation of the former was slower. Moreover, both compounds also demonstrated the same antiproliferative mechanisms: causing the cleavage of the same set of caspases (caspases 3, 8, and 9) in apoptosis induction, arresting cells in the same phases (S and G2/M), and targeting the same cell cycle regulator (Cdc25C), although a longer treatment time or slightly higher doses were needed for NAC-BITC to achieve the same effect as BITC, presumably due to slower cellular uptake of NAC-BITC. These data show that the NAC-ITCs are biologically similar to their parent compounds and are highly effective against human bladder cancer cells. Supported by National Cancer Institute grant CA80962.