cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tobacco industry success in Costa Rica: the importance of FCTC article 5.3

Objective. To analyze how the tobacco industry influenced tobacco control policymaking in Costa Rica. Materials and Methods. Review of tobacco industry documents, tobacco control legislation, newspaper articles, and interviewing of key informants. Results. During the mid-to-late 1980s, Health Ministry issued several advanced (for their time) smoking restriction decrees causing British American Tobacco (BAT) and Philip Morris International (PMI) to strengthen their political presence there, resulting in passage of a weak 1995 law, which, as of August 2011, remained in effect. Since 1995 the industry has used Costa Rica as a pilot site for Latin American programs and has dominated policymaking by influencing the Health Ministry, including direct private negotiations with the tobacco industry which violate Article 5.3’s implementing guidelines of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Conclusions. The Costa Rica experience demonstrates the importance of vigorous implementation of FCTC Article 5.3 which insulates public health policymaking from industry interference.
Biodiversity research in the Neotropics: From conflict to collaboration

Abstract Tropical biodiversity researchers are working in ecological, social, and economic contexts that are completely different from those of 150 years ago. In the 1800s, scientists from developed nations studied tropical biodiversity as part of expeditionary work. The social and economic benefits from these studies went to citizens of the developed nations that funded the research. Benefits accrued to foreigners rather than the native inhabitants of tropical nations explored by natural historians. Today, the governments and citizens of tropical nations view biodiversity components as natural resources that can contribute to national cultural, social, and economic development. Modern biodiversity researchers therefore find themselves working under socio-economic conditions that are radically different from those experienced by Darwin, Wallace, Humboldt, Bates and their contemporaries. In the last quarter of a century, biodiversity researchers from developed nations have struggled to meet the changing fo...
Production of ascorbate free radicals in infant formulas and other media.

The effects of pH on ascorbate free radical production in ascorbic acid-supplemented cow's milk, soy- and milk-based infant formulas and in aqueous ascorbic acid solutions were examined. Formula and milk components decreased ascorbate free radical concentrations. Ascorbate free radical levels in pepsin-hydrolyzed soy and milk formulas were no different from those of unhydrolyzed formulas. At the phytate: iron molar ratio in the formulas, phytate decreased ascorbate free radical levels in pH 2.0 and 7.0 ascorbic acid solutions containing iron by about 35% and 50%, respectively. This antioxidant effect of phytate was not observed in soy-based and phytate-spiked milk-based formulas.
Natural models of ackermann's set theory

In 1956 W. Ackermann proposed a new axiomatic set theory, that has received some attention in recent years. (See references [3], [4], [6], [7], and [9].) This theory distinguishes between sets and classes. In this paper we study mainly the natural models of this theory. We show, among other results, that the set-theoretical fragment of these models are also models of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. This result gives a partial answer to the question, raised by A. Levy, of the relative strength of Ackermann's set theory with respect of Zermelo-Fraenkel's.2
Oxidation of Single‐Crystal Silicon Carbide Part I . Experimental Studies

The oxidation of single crystal in dry oxygen (10−3–1 atm and 1200°–1500°C) followed parabolic kinetics. Two different apparent activation energies were calculated for oxidation of the (0001) C faces of , approximately 120 kJ/mol below 1350°C and 260 kJ/mol above 1350°C. Two regimes were not apparent for oxidation of the (0001) Si faces, and apparent activation energies lay between 223 and 298 kJ/mol. Double oxidation experiments using and indicated that the process is dominated by the transport of molecular oxygen at lower temperatures (<1300°C) with a substantial contribution from diffusion of ionic oxygen at higher temperatures. Epitaxially grown Si 13C films on alpha‐Si 12C substrates via CVD were used to study carbon transport behavior during oxidation of . Depth profiles for carbonaceous species using SIMS showed that carbon can transport quickly through the oxide layer, which eliminates the possibility that transport of carbonaceous species is rate controlling in the oxidation of . Oxidation mechanisms of are discussed on the basis of these results.
Laplace Tidal Equations and the Vertical Structure Equation

Let’s return to the linearized wave equations before the gravity waves are filtered out by the quasi-geostrophic approximation. What we will see now is that the analysis of the homogeneous model can be carried over, in important cases, to the motion of a stratified fluid. A vertical modal decomposition can be done for these cases, and we will be able to show that the equations for each vertical mode are analogous to the equations for the single layer. Exactly what that relationship is will be the subject of our development that follows.
Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies.

Introduction The electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) market has evolved rapidly in recent years, with exploding growth in brands and product types; however, e-cigarette use among priority (sexual minority and low-income) populations and its relationship with smoking-cessation and tobacco control policies have yet to be fully characterized. Methods The authors conducted a nationally representative online survey of 17,522 U.S. adults in 2013. Participants were drawn from GfK’s KnowledgePanel®. Logistic regression models were used to analyze relationships between e-cigarettes (awareness, ever use, current use) and cigarette smoking and cessation behaviors, tobacco control policies, and demographics. Analyses were conducted in 2014. Results Approximately 15% of participants reported ever use of e-cigarettes, 5.1% reported current use, and 34.5% of ever users reported current use. E-cigarette awareness was lower among women, minorities, and those with low education. Ever and current use of e-cigarettes was higher among current cigarette smokers, young adults, and those with low SES; both ever use and current use were correlated with current cigarette smoking status, particularly when combined with quit intentions or attempts. Lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender respondents had higher rates of ever use and current use. Ever use was lower in states with comprehensive smoking bans. No significant relationship between cigarette price and e-cigarette use was detected. Conclusions Ongoing surveillance of e-cigarette use among subpopulation groups and monitoring their use for combustible cigarette cessation are needed. Important variations in the patterns and correlates of e-cigarette awareness and use exist among priority populations. These findings have implications for future e-cigarette policy decisions.
How to Go Beyond an Ontotheology of the Human Subject? Anxiety in Kierkegaard and Heidegger

By examining Martin Heidegger's critique of Soren Kierkegaard, this essay reconsiders the limits that an ontotheology of the subject may or may not impose on investigations of the relations between being and time. I begin by summarizing briefly both Heidegger's rejection of subject-centered thought and his critique of Kierkegaard as an example of such thought. I then delineate the sense in which, and gauge the extent to which, in The Concept of Anxiety Kierkegaard unsettles both the modal-ontological categories on which such subject-centered thought is based and the "vulgar" notion of time that, according to Heidegger, traditionally attends the invocation of these categories. Finally, I indicate briefly some ways in which Heidegger's thought remains partially beholden to an ontotheology of the subject. The more general implication is certainly not, however, that Kierkegaard outdoes Heidegger in some sort of competition in the deconstruction of metaphysics. Rather, this approach to the question of the metaphysics of the subject by way of the anxiety-analyses of Heidegger and Kierkegaard suggests that the exact character of such a metaphysics and the specific meaning of "subject" and "subjectivity" remain open and pressing questions, especially given that Heidegger's fundamental ontology (and his Seinsdenken), as well as Kierkegaard's critique of Hegelian systematicity, remain marked by traditional notions of sovereign self-determination, and its ontology
A Review of: “Perez, M. A., & Luquis, R. R. (Eds.) (2008). Cultural Competence in Health Education and Health Promotion.”

Cultural competence refers to the capacity of an individual to realize and appreciate differences among people while tailoring communication and practices to better suit those differences. Cultural...
Conductive Nanocomposites Reinforced with Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets (GNPs)

Graphite nanoplatelet (GNP)/polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites were prepared by in situ exfoliating polymerization. Potassium (K) was intercalated into GNPs at an elevated temperature in vacuum to form Kgraphite intercalation compounds (K-GIC) with different stages. The stage of K-GIC was manipulated by changing the mole ratio of K to graphite during intercalation process. K-GICs were then exfoliated at room temperature in vacuum by polymerization of styrene vapor in the intercalated galleries. Electrical conductivities of GNP/PS nanocomposites thus obtained were found to depend on the intercalation stage. The stage-I GNP/PS nanocomposite showed a conductivity lower than 10 S/cm at 10 wt% of GNP, and stage IV and higher were required to get conductivity higher than 10 S/cm. Thermal stability was investigated with DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and TGA (thermogravimetric analysis). In addition, the microand nano-structures of exfoliated GNPs in nanocomposites were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The stage-I GNP/PS nanocomposite showed little graphite crystalline peak in X-ray diffraction (XRD), an indication that most of the graphene layers were separated from one another because of in situ exfoliation during polymerization. The graphite crystalline peak increased with increasing stage index. The first stage GNP/PS nanocomposite showed their thickness to be as small as 2 nm after melting.
Kinetics of NO + H+ + NO3− → NO2 + HNO2 on BaNa−Y: Evidence for a Diffusion-Limited A + B → 0 Reaction on a Surface†

The reaction NO + NO3− + H+ → NO2 + HNO2 on BaNa−Y, between 100 and 300 °C, displays evidence for low dimensionality diffusion-limited kinetics that can be modeled as an A + B → 0 reaction (DLAB0 reaction), where H+ and NO3− are “A” and “B”, and the diffusion of H+ is rate-limiting. DLAB0 reactions are described by fractal kinetics when the reactants are confined to dimensionalities ≤4. Appropriate plots (alpha plots) of the depletion of surface nitrates versus time show evidence for a time regime in the kinetics that is termed the “Zeldovich regime”, during which reaction occurs at the edges of segregated regions of reactants. The Zeldovich regime manifests itself as a linear region in alpha plots, with a slope characteristic of the dimensionality to which the reactants are confined. Here alpha is ∼0.5. The end time of the Zeldovich regime, τf, was obtained by spline-fitting the kinetic data to extract the linear region of the alpha plot. Less reactive or unreactive nitrates remain at the end-time. The e...
Abstract 3560: The chromatin architecture at gucocorticoid receptor binding sites.

Steroid hormone receptors are transcription factors that are implicated in the development and progression of several cancer types. It is clear that receptor activity is deregulated in these disease states. Using the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as a model factor for transcriptional initiation, we aimed to understand the role chromatin structure plays in defining the specific genetic programs initiated by receptor activation. Using Formaldehyde Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements (FAIRE), we examined the chromatin state at GR binding locations. FAIRE-seq data indicated an enrichment of signal, suggesting a more open chromatin state, surrounding the GR binding sites even in the absence of hormone. This enrichment is only seen at binding sites and not at unutilized response elements. This data is in line with recent developments indicating accessibility as a determinant of receptor binding. However, further characterization of binding regions suggests consistent nucleosome occupancy at these binding locations. Taken together, these data suggest that receptor binding may be determined by a very specific chromatin architecture that is defined by a transitional accessibility state. Citation Format: Craig J. Burd, James M. Ward, Adam B. Burkholder, David C. Fargo, Trevor K. Archer. The chromatin architecture at gucocorticoid receptor binding sites. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3560. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3560
Adolescent Psychotherapy Research: A Practical Review

Due to methodologic flaws in the existing research, psychotheapy outcome research with children and adolescents has not yet demonstrated indisputable evidence for the efficacy of individual psychot...
Feasibility of conducting a web-based survey of patient-reported outcomes and rehabilitation progress.

Background Web-based surveys provide an efficient means to track clinical outcomes over time without the use of clinician time for additional paperwork. Our purpose was to determine the feasibility of utilizing web-based surveys to capture rehabilitation compliance and clinical outcomes among postoperative orthopedic patients. The study hypotheses were that (a) recruitment rate would be high (>90%), (b) patients receiving surveys every two weeks would demonstrate higher response rates than patients that receive surveys every four weeks, and (c) response rates would decrease over time. Methods The study deaign involved a longitudinal cohort. Surgical knee patients were recruited for study participation during their first post-operative visit ( n = 59, 34.9 ± 12.0 years of age). Patients with Internet access, an available email address and willingness to participate were counter-balanced into groups to receive surveys either every two or four weeks for 24 weeks post-surgery. The surveys included questions related to rehabilitation and questions from standard patient-reported outcome measures. Outcome measures included recruitment rate (participants consented/patients approached), eligibility (participants with email/participants consented), willingness (willing participants/participants eligible), and response rate (percentage of surveys completed by willing participants). Results Fifty-nine patients were approached regarding participation. Recruitment rate was 98% ( n = 58). Eligibility was 95% ( n = 55), and willingness was 91% ( n = 50). The average response rate was 42% across both groups. There was no difference in the median response rates between the two-week (50%, range 0–100%) and four-week groups (33%, range 0–100%; p = 0.55). Conclusions Although patients report being willing and able to participate in a web-based survey, response rates failed to exceed 50% in both the two-week and four-week groups. Furthermore, response rates began to decrease after the first three months postoperatively. Therefore, supplementary data collection procedures may be necessary to meet established research quality standards.
Growing Public: Explaining the Rise of Social Transfers Since 1880

Starting around 1880, the scope of social transfers widened. No longer were social transfers just classic poor relief. Wholly new kinds of social transfer programs emerged – redistributive pension programs, unemployment compensation, accident and disability compensation, public health for the poor, and housing subsidies. More and more countries initiated each kind of transfer. Why did the rise of social transfers happen so late in the long sweep of history, gathering momentum only late in the nineteenth century? Why did it then continue for one hundred years? What kinds of countries raised social transfers and the taxes needed to pay for it, becoming full-fledged welfare states? What forces made their political systems do this, when other countries held back? Why, after 1980, did the share of social transfers in GDP stagnate but not decline, despite the highly publicized conservative revolution led by Reagan and Thatcher? The history of social transfers since 1880 is explained largely by the same democratization that shaped the pre-1880 history of poor relief in Chapters 3 and 4 and the rise of public education in Chapter 5 and 6. Four other starring roles were played by population aging, globalization, income growth, and shifts in the social affinities felt by middle-income voters. A supporting role was played by a shift in Catholic attitudes toward government social programs. This chapter sketches how these starring and supporting roles help us interpret the delayed and partial emergence of the welfare state.
Evaluation of Infants with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type-I Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Spinal Muscular Atrophy is the most common genetic cause of infant death. Due to its severity, there is a need for methods for automated estimation of disease progression. In this paper we propose a Convolutional-Neural-Network (CNN) model to estimate disease progression during infants’ natural behavior. With the proposed methodology, we were able to predict each child’s score on current behavior-based clinical exams with an average per-subject error of 6.96 out of 72 points (<10 % difference), using 30-second videos in leave-one-subject-out-cross-validation setting. When simple statistics were used over 30-second video-segments to estimate a score for longer videos, we obtained an average error of 5.95 (\(\sim \)8 % error rate). By showing promising results on a small dataset (N \(=\) 70, 2-minute samples, which were handled as 1487, 30-second video segments), our methodology demonstrates that it is possible to benefit from CNNs on small datasets by proper design and data handling choices.
Structural Properties of Bone

I made some comments this morning about the scatter that one finds in biological data. If you take a bovine metatarsal, very carefully cut a medial plane, choose very carefully to cut equal size and shape samples, and then perform impact tests on these samples to determine the absorbed energy for fracture; the numbers obtained might vary from 0.28 foot pounds to 6.17 foot pounds (in a particular experiment). In the experiment cited there were 6 samples tested with equal care. Similarly if you measure the hardness of these samples, you might find the hardness numbered to range from 30 to 90 (in appropriate units). In ordinary metallurgical practice such scatter would not be tolerated. I’d like to come back to this point a little later on.
A Solid-State 13C NMR Study of Polysiloxane Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers Containing 2-[4-(2S)-Methyl-Butoxy)-Phenyl]-5-(ω-Alkyl)-1,3,2-Dioxaborinane with Alkyl Being Undecanyl and Octyl

The polysiloxane side-chain liquid crystalline polymer containing 2-[4-(2S)-methyl-butoxy)-phenyl]-5-(ω-alkyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborinane with alkyl being undecanyl and octyl was studied using solid-state 13C NMR. The spin-lattice relaxation time, T1 was measured as a function of temperature at two distinct magnetic fields. The T1’s suggest significant motional increases for the mesogenic unit at the LC transition. The relaxation data indicate that two Tgs exist with the second predominantly involving motion of side chain. The 8 and 11 length spacer units offer adequate decoupling. A greater number of gauche conformers exists in the LC state relative to the glassy state. An Sc mesophase is predicted based on optical microscopy “textures.” The hindrance of rotation of the branched methyl carbons in the sec-butyl free substituent indicates that a packing interaction is occurring which could only happen in a more ordered smectic phase.
lambda phi4 theory in the nonrelativistic limit.

We show that the nonrelativistic limit of the \ensuremath{\lambda}${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory is trivial in 1+3 dimensions; the renormalized coupling constant vanishes and the S matrix reduces to the unit matrix. Our result is consistent with, though not sufficient to establish, the triviality of the Lorentz-invariant theory.
Aspiration pneumonia in the setting of diffuse esophageal retention cysts: An autopsy case report

Abstract Esophageal retention cysts are rare findings at autopsy and an unusual cause of dysphagia. In the diffuse form they have been termed esophagitis cystica. We present an autopsy case of aspiration pneumonia associated with both oropharyngeal dysphagia due to prior stroke and obstructive esophageal dysphagia due to florid esophagitis cystica. We describe the immunohistochemical profile of secreted and membrane-associated mucins to confirm the origin of the retention cysts from dilated excretory ducts of submucosal glands. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe esophagitis cystica contributing to cause of death at autopsy.
Sea Urchin Micromeres, Mesenchyme, and Morphogenesis

The sea urchin embryo has been a favorite material for the study of gastrulation and morphogenesis. Among the first attempts to understand morphogenesis in terms of cell behavior is found in the pioneering work of Gustafson and Wolpert (1967), which served as a powerful stimulus for more recent studies of morphogenesis. We wish to present here some ideas on what we do not know about sea urchin gastrulation, and to indicate different approaches being used in our laboratory to address these questions about the cellular and molecular basis of morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos.
Finite Rotations in the Approximation of Shells

In the spirit of this colloquium, our attention is focused upon finite rotations in structures and, specifically, their role in the approximation of thin shells. Here, the theory of shells is recast; the motion is decomposed into strains and rotations with no restrictions on their magnitudes. With a view toward the further approximation via finite elements, the general theory is couched in alternative forms: A potential admits variations of displacements whereas a complementary functional admits variations of displacements, stresses and strains. To admit very simple approximations, transverse-shear deformations are included. Interelement continuity is then preserved even when kinks occur in the surface.
Abstract 3158: Changes In Exracellular Matrix Regulation During Episodes Of Clinical Decompensation In Patients With Systolic Heart Failure

Introduction: The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an active role in myocardial remodeling in heart failure (HF). Episodes of decompensation are associated with increased levels of neurohormones, inflammation and oxidative stress that are known to affect ECM regulation, and may contribute to progression of HF. We hypothesized that HF decompensation is associated with dysregulation of ECM turnover, as reflected by markers of degradation (matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs] and their tissue inhibitors [TIMPs]) and synthesis (pro-collagen N-terminal types I [PINP] and III [PIIINP]). Methods: Blood levels of MMP-2 and -9, TIMP-1, -2 and -4, and PI- and PIIINP were measured in 80 patients in 3 groups: 20 controls without HF, 21 patients with chronic stable systolic HF (no recent admission and no congestion by clinical examination), and 39 patients with acute HF decompensation, in whom measures were done on admission, at discharge, and chronically at least 2 months later. Results: In chronic stable HF, ECM markers were not increased vs. controls. In contrast, in patients with decompensated HF, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and PIIINP levels were increased (vs. stable HF or controls; Table[⇓][1]), while MMP-9, TIMP-2 and -4 or PINP were unchanged. Likewise, following effective therapy and return to clinical compensation (chronically but not at discharge) MMP-2, TIMP-1 and PIIINP levels returned to chronic stable HF levels, whereas MMP-9, TIMP-2 and -4 or PINP remained unchanged. Conclusion: A transient ECM dysregulation occurs during acute episodes of HF decompensation and may contribute to adverse ventricular remodeling. While HF decompensation is associated with certain markers of degradation and synthesis (MMP-2, TIMP-1 and PIIINP), other markers (MMP-9, TIMP-2 and -4 or PINP) are unchanged, suggesting selective pattern of ECM activation. The observation that matrix turnover is increased in decompensated but not stable HF may have implication for the timing of anti-remodeling therapy. ![Table][2] ECM markers in controls, stable and decompensated HF [1]: #T1 [2]: pending:yes
Very Early Versus Early Readmissions in General Surgery Patients.

Abstract Background Hospital readmission rates are an important quality metric. A readmission very soon after discharge may be related to a different cause than readmissions that occur later in the first 30 d. Materials and Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data sets from 2014 to 2015 were used to identify patients undergoing general surgery procedures. Demographics, comorbidities, and morbidity were analyzed. Stepwise regression was used to determine statistical predictors for any readmission. The final model variables were a combination of selected clinical variables and statistically significant variables. Multinomial logistic regression was then used with these variables to develop models for “very early” (days 0-3 after discharge) and “early” (days 4-30) readmissions. Results A total of 744,492 patients were included with 5.9% readmitted within 30 d and 1.5% readmitted within 3 d of discharge (26.1% of all readmissions). Significant risk factors for any readmission included ≥3 comorbidities, major surgery (operative time >1 h, length of stay greater >2 d), and American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥3. When examining “very early” readmissions, the greatest risk factor was experiencing a severe complication (≥Grade III) before discharge. Conclusions Readmissions within 3 d of discharge constitute a large portion of all 30 d readmissions. The greatest risk factor for “very early” readmission was a severe complication before discharge. Better understanding of the reason for this association is needed to develop effective prevention strategies.
Fibroepithelial Lesions of the Breast

Fibroepithelial lesions of the breast are a group of biphasic neoplasms, lesions characterized by proliferation of both mesenchymal and epithelial elements. On the whole, these lesions constitute one of the most commonly encountered neoplasms in routine practice and span the spectrum of biological significance from benign to malignant. Prototypic examples of these neoplasms include the fibroadenoma (FA) and phyllodes tumor (PT), with the phyllodes tumor requiring further subtyping into benign, borderline/intermediate, and malignant in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations [1]. These specific lesions within this group have diverse clinical behavior, natural history, and therapeutic implications, despite showing considerable morphologic overlap at times. Since many of the initial diagnoses are rendered in core biopsies, this can potentially compound a diagnostic challenge, and clinical-pathological correlation is imperative. Here, we present a review of fibroepithelial lesions with an emphasis on morphology and distinguishing features. Hamartomas, also considered a fibroepithelial lesion, is discussed below under the differential diagnosis section of fibroadenoma.
A review of molecular responses of catfish to bacterial diseases and abiotic stresses.

Catfish is one of the major aquaculture species in the United States. However, the catfish industry is threatened by several bacterial diseases such as enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), columnaris disease and Aeromonas disease, as well as by abiotic stresses such as high temperature and low oxygen. Research has been conducted for several decades to understand the host responses to these diseases and abiotic stresses. With the development of sequencing technologies, and the application of genome-wide association studies in aquaculture species, significant progress has been made. This review article summarizes recent progress in understanding the molecular responses of catfish after bacterial infection and stress challenges, and in understanding of genomic and genetic basis for disease resistance and stress tolerance.
The Roles of Teacher Leaders in Guiding PLCs Focused on Disciplinary Literacy.

This study investigates the experiences of teacher leaders working to facilitate professional learning communities (PLCs) focused on inquiry into disciplinary literacy at the high school level. Spe...
False confidence: are we ignoring significant sources of uncertainty?

With the increasing use of stochastic simulation, also known as Monte Carlo simulation, to perform uncertainty analysis in life cycle assessment, it is important to consider whether the predominant methods and practices in the field accurately represent uncertainty in the results. Two quantitative aspects of uncertainty characterization in ecoinvent, namely the derivation of additional uncertainty from the pedigree matrix and the use of static market activities to model consumption mixes, are reviewed with respect to their effects on stochastic simulation results. A discrete choice simulation is applied to model uncertainty in a consumption mix, and the results are compared to the conventional approach. Both practices studied are found to systematically underestimate uncertainty as measured by the size of the confidence interval. In markets with multiple suppliers, the uncertainty in the market average is dramatically narrower than the variability in the suppliers themselves. The current state of practice leads to false inferences and may be misleading to the public. Life cycle assessment researchers should distinguish between synthetic variability models, such as those used in ecoinvent, and authentic estimates of uncertainty in foreground models. The community must continue to develop and critically evaluate methods for uncertainty characterization.
Dependence of Rayleigh integral predictions on the ground motion model for acoustic signals produced by underground explosions

Seismoacoustic signatures are produced by above- and below-ground explosions and are often observed at local, regional, and global distances. In the case of an underground explosion, seismic waves propagate to the surface and produce acoustic signatures via pumping of the atmosphere by the ground motion that can be predicted using a Rayleigh integral analysis. Acoustic signature predictions will be discussed and compared with observations from the Source Physics Experiment (SPE) in two scenarios. First, a rigid piston model of the ground motion will be highlighted as a first order model. Second, a more realistic model treating the ground as an elastic medium with finite compressional wave speed will be developed and discussed to demonstrate how such a model changes predicted acoustic signals at local distances. Acoustic signals predicted using each methodology will be compared with observations from SPE to identify how characteristics of the acoustic signal can be leveraged to improve characterization of the underground explosive source.
Levodopa-responsive chorea: A review

Background: Chorea is one of the disabling movement disorders, and the number of drugs which can treat this disorder effectively is limited. Tetrabenazine and deutetrabenazine are the two drugs approved by the US-FDA for the treatment of chorea associated with HD. Levodopa can improve chorea in some disorders, and this review aims to provide information on the use of levodopa in chorea. Methods: A literature search was performed in February 2019 using the following terms “levodopa chorea,” “levodopa TITF-1,” levodopa brain-lung-thyroid syndrome,” and “levodopa Huntington's Disease.” The information regarding the etiology, outcome, and dose of levodopa was collected. Results: We found a total of 18 cases in the literature where the benefit was reported with levodopa. Majority of the cases were brain-thyroid-lung (BTL) syndrome (50%). Another 5 cases were HD (Huntington's Disease), one with PCH type 2 (Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2), one with meningovascular syphilis, and two patients with Sydenham chorea. The patients with BTL syndrome responded to a very low dose of levodopa. Discussion: This review suggests that levodopa has the potential to improve chorea in BTL syndrome while its use in chorea due to other disorders requires further study. BTL syndrome due to NKX2-1 mutation responded to levodopa while we did not find any case of chorea due to ADCY-5 mutation responding to levodopa.
Demultiplexing overlapping signaling scaffold functions to probe lipid messenger coupling to cytoskeletal dynamics

ABSTRACT The coordination of lipid messenger signaling with cytoskeletal regulation is central to many organelle-specific signaling and regulatory processes. While central to many aspects of cell physiology, this coupling often depends on the function of multi-domain scaffolds that orchestrate transient interactions and dynamic feedback among a spectrum of signaling intermediates and regulatory proteins on organelles. Understanding scaffold protein functions has remained challenging given this complexity. This work employs live-cell imaging and statistical analyses to deconvolve (demultiplex) how the multi-domain scaffold IQGAP1 coordinates phosphoinositide signaling with organelle-specific actin regulation and membrane processing events. Using actin-ensconced endosomes that localize to the basal cortex of polarized epithelial cells as a model system, we demonstrate abilities to dissect how IQGAP1 transitions between different actin and endosomal-membrane tethered states. We provide evidence IQGAP1 functions as a transient inhibitor of actin growth around the endosomes in at least one of these states. While not easily distilled via standard (static) colocalization analyses or traditional pathway perturbations methods, this negative regulation was revealed via a series of dynamic correlation and multiple regression analyses. These methods also uncovered that the negative actin regulation is linked to GTPase-dependent tethering to the endosomal membrane. Moreover, the scaffold transitions underlying this control are shown to depend on the production of PIP3 lipid messengers by the lipid kinase PI3K. Overall, these methods and results provide new insights in to how IQGAP1 act as a signaling hub by orchestrating time-dependent membrane and cytoskeletal protein interactions and provide new routes to dissect scaffold-mediated pathway regulation in a variety of settings.
Structural underpinnings of cathode protection by in situ generated lithium oxyfluorophosphates

Abstract The in situ strategy of cathode protection opportunistically uses PF6− anions in electrolyte as chemical reagents to convert inactive precursor molecules to active electrolyte additives. With our approach, a bifunctional x(SiMe3)2 precursor replaces fluoride in the hexafluorophosphate, forming either a bidentate monoanion P(x)F4− or a linear x(PF5−)2 dianion, depending on the bridge x (e.g., oxalato, malonato, succinato, and catecholato). While the efficiency of these species as cathode protective agents has been demonstrated, the mechanism for their beneficial action remains unknown. In this study, several molecular precursors have been synthesized, and the topology and energetics of secondary anions were correlated with their cycling performance. Regardless of their structural motif, all such additives demonstrated improved electrochemical performance by reducing initial cathode impedance and lowering the rate of capacity fade compared to the baseline electrolyte. However, bidentate monoanions with a malonato bridge showed significant advantage over other molecular designs for mitigating the impedance rise, suggesting that structural strain in the anion is important for easing surface modification of the cathode.
Postoperative pain control modalities for pectus excavatum repair: A prospective observational study of cryoablation compared to results of a randomized trial of epidural vs patient-controlled analgesia.

Abstract Background Pain following bar placement for pectus excavatum is the dominant factor post-operatively and determines length of stay (LOS). We recently adopted intercostal cryoablation as our preferred method of pain control following minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair. We compared the outcomes of cryoablation to results of a recently concluded trial of epidural (EPI) and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) protocols. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of patients undergoing bar placement for pectus excavatum using intercostal cryoablation. Results are reported and compared with those of a randomized trial comparing EPI with PCA. Comparisons of medians were performed using Kruskal-Wallis H tests with alpha 0.05. Results Thirty-five patients were treated with cryoablation compared to 32 epidural and 33 PCA patients from the trial. Cryoablation was associated with longer operating time (101 min, versus 58 and 57 min for epidural and PCA groups, p Conclusion Intercostal cryoablation during minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair reduces LOS and perioperative opioid consumption compared with both EPI and PCA. Level of Evidence II.
“I LEAVE YOU LOVE”: African American Women as Collectors in, of, and through, the Arts:

In her last will and testament, educator-activist Mary McLeod Bethune (1875–1955) declared, “I LEAVE YOU LOVE. Love builds.” A direct descendant of former chattel slaves, Bethune believed in buildi...
Towards Efficient NDN Framework for Connected Vehicle Applications

Named Data Networking (NDN) recently arises as a promising technology to support connected vehicle (CV) applications due to the match between their characteristics. However, the fast mobility and the vast number of vehicles raise great challenges in designing a scalable and efficient NDN network for CV applications. Therefore, in this paper, we develop an NDN based CV application framework that handles the challenge through innovations in two aspects. First, we propose a hierarchical hyperbolic NDN backbone architecture (H2NDN). H2NDN exploits the location dependency of CV applications to develop a hierarchical router topology and a hierarchical data/interest namespace. As a result, efficient and scalable data retrieval can be achieved by only configuring static forwarding information base (FIB) on NDN routers. To avoid overloading high-level routers, H2NDN integrates hyperbolic routing into the hierarchical architecture through carefully designed hyperbolic planes. Second, on top of the H2NDN architecture, we further model the optimal data caching problem. Based on the modeling, we propose a distributed adaptive caching strategy that can greatly improve the efficiency of the H2NDN backbone in supporting CV applications. Extensive ndnSIM based experiments with real traffic data in a city prove the efficiency and scalability of the proposed NDN application framework.
An Assessment of Steam-Explosion-Induced Containment Failure. Part III: Expansion and Energy Partition

Energy partition during the energy release phase of a steam explosion in the lower plenum of a pressurized water reactor is considered. The results indicate that explosions that are energetic enoug...
“Can I Live”: Black American Adolescent Boys’ Reports of Police Abuse and the Role of Religiosity on Mental Health

State sanctioned violence aimed at Black individuals and communities is an issue that has pervaded American history and society since before the establishment of the United States. For Black males, anticipating and preparing for involuntary police contact, unfortunately, is an inevitable part of life. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of reports of police abuse on mental health and perceived racial out-group perceptions and the protective role of religiosity among a nationally representative sample of Black American adolescent boys (Mage = 14.98). Linear multiple regression was used to determine the interactive effects of subjective religiosity and reported police abuse on Black American adolescent boys. Higher reports of subjective religiosity were associated with lower depressive symptomatology. Reports of police abuse were associated with lower public regard beliefs (belief that society views Black Americans less favorably). Results highlight the impact experiencing police abuse has on Black adolescent boys and we conclude with implications, areas for future research and intervention points.
Correspondence on gender disparities in the initial psychological impact of the U.S. COVID-19 pandemic.

• Women reported more mental health symptoms and poorer coping during the first month of the U.S. COVID-19 pandemic than men, despite utilizing a greater number of coping strategies. • Younger women reported higher levels of anxiety and worry, and lower levels of coping efficacy. No relationship to age was found in men. • Women with a pre-existing mental health diagnosis reported poorer coping than their male counterparts.
Progress through Regression: The Life Story of the Empirical Cobb-Douglas Production Function

The Cobb-Douglas regression, a statistical technique developed to estimate what economists called a 'production function', was introduced in the late 1920s. For several years, only economist Paul Douglas and a few collaborators used the technique, while vigorously defending it against numerous critics. By the 1950s, however, several economists beyond Douglas's circle were using the technique, and by the 1970s, Douglas's regression, and more sophisticated procedures inspired by it, had become standard parts of the empirical economist's toolkit. This volume is the story of the Cobb-Douglas regression from its introduction to its acceptance as general-purpose research tool. The story intersects with the histories of several important empirical research programs in twentieth century economics, and vividly portrays the challenges of empirical economic research during that era. Fundamentally, this work represents a case study of how a controversial, innovative research tool comes to be widely accepted by a community of scholars.
Personal Networks: Classic Readings and New Directions in Egocentric Analysis

Social networks are ubiquitous. The science of networks has shaped how researchers and society understand the spread of disease, the precursors of loneliness, the rise of protest movements, the causes of social inequality, the influence of social media, and much more. Egocentric analysis conceives of each individual, or ego, as embedded in a personal network of alters, a community partially of their creation and nearly unique to them, whose composition and structure have consequences. This volume is dedicated to understanding the history, present, and future of egocentric social network analysis. The text brings together the most important, classic articles foundational to the field with new perspectives to form a comprehensive volume ideal for courses in network analysis. The collection examines where the field of egocentric research has been, what it has uncovered, and where it is headed.
Assessment of Pathogenic Bacteria Transfer From Pristionchus Entomophagus (Nematoda: Diplogasteridae) to the Invasive Ant Myrmica Rubra and Its Potential Role in Colony Mortality in Coastal Maine

Necromenic nematode Pristionchus entomophagus has been frequently found in nests of the invasive European ant Myrmica rubra in coastal Maine, United States, and may contribute to ant mortality and collapse of colonies by transferring environmental bacteria. Multiple bacterial species, including Paenibacillus spp., were found in the nematodes’ digestive tract. Serratia marcescens, Serratia nematodiphila, and Pseudomonas fluorescens were collected from the hemolymph of nematode-infected Galleria mellonella larvae. Variability was observed in insect virulence in relation to the site origin of the nematodes. Bacteria were highly concentrated in the digestive tract of adult nematodes, some bacteria were observed in the digestive tract of juveniles with a more significant amount on their cuticle, and none on the cuticle of adults. Host species was the primary factor affecting bacterial community profiles. Spiroplasma sp. and Serratia marcescens sequences were shared across ants, nematodes, and nematode-exposed G. mellonella larvae.
Towards Communal Identity: Shifting Self-Image in Ko Hŭi-dong’s Paintings

This paper explores the shifting self-image of Ko Hŭi-dong (1886 − 1965), best-known as the first Western-style painter of Korea, and rethinks the meaning of Ko’s ink paintings beyond the medium-ba...
Creating Clinician Educators: Evaluation of a One-Month Medical Education Curriculum for Senior Residents.

Abstract Background Clinician-educator tracks improve teaching behaviors in trainees. However, detailed curriculum descriptions to fully understand, compare, and reproduce them are often lacking. We aimed to describe and evaluate a medical education curriculum for senior residents. Methods Based on Kolb's experiential learning model, we designed a one-month curriculum to increase teaching effectiveness. PGY 2-4 internal medicine and medicine-pediatrics residents in a university-based training program participated in the course from 2015-2019. In a pre-post design, participants completed a survey to evaluate the curriculum. Survey items related to four constructs in medical education: knowledge, confidence, skills, and importance (5-point Likert scale; 1=low, 5=high). We assessed the difference in the means for each construct before and after the curriculum. Results Thirty-nine residents completed the curriculum (19% of total residents), and 100% of participants completed the surveys. We observed an increase in the mean self-rated level of teaching knowledge (2.63 [SD 0.57] vs. 4.43 [SD 0.42], p Conclusions We describe a one-month medical education curriculum with a strong foundation in learning theory. The curriculum is feasible and presented in sufficient detail to allow reproduction. Our findings suggest that it increases participants’ self-perceptions of teaching knowledge, confidence, and skills.
Investigating Student Perceptions of Instructor Talk: Alignment with Researchers' Categorizations and Analysis of Remembered Language.

Students were asked to evaluate a stimulus set of previously recorded Instructor Talk quotes as positive or negative, and whether students could recall noncontent instructor language was investigat...
Tragedy in Ovid: Theater, Metatheater, and the Transformation of a Genre

1. Mutatas dicere formas: the transformation of tragedy 2. Nunc habeam per te Romana Tragoedia nomen: Ovid's Medea and Roman tragedy 3. Lacrimas finge videre meas: epistolary theater 4. Locus exstat et ex re nomen habet: space, time, and spectacle 5. Tollens ad sidera palmas exclamat: staging rhetoric 6. Medeae Medea forem: tragic intratextuality 7. Carmen et error: tragedy's end.