cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdiffusion, Intrinsic Diffusion, Atomic Mobility, and Vacancy Wind Effect in γ(bcc) Uranium-Molybdenum Alloy

U-Mo alloys are being developed as low enrichment uranium fuels under the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactor (RERTR) Program. In order to understand the fundamental diffusion behavior of this system, solid-to-solid pure U vs Mo diffusion couples were assembled and annealed at 923 K, 973 K, 1073 K, 1173 K, and 1273 K (650 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C) for various times. The interdiffusion microstructures and concentration profiles were examined via scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis, respectively. As the Mo concentration increased from 2 to 26 at. pct, the interdiffusion coefficient decreased, while the activation energy increased. A Kirkendall marker plane was clearly identified in each diffusion couple and utilized to determine intrinsic diffusion coefficients. Uranium intrinsically diffused 5-10 times faster than Mo. Molar excess Gibbs free energy of U-Mo alloy was applied to calculate the thermodynamic factor using ideal, regular, and subregular solution models. Based on the intrinsic diffusion coefficients and thermodynamic factors, Manning’s formalism was used to calculate the tracer diffusion coefficients, atomic mobilities, and vacancy wind parameters of U and Mo at the marker composition. The tracer diffusion coefficients and atomic mobilities of U were about five times larger than those of Mo, and the vacancy wind effect increased the intrinsic flux of U by approximately 30 pct.
Design of an active millimeter-wave concealed-object imaging system

The research and design of an active millimeter-wave concealed object imaging system is described. Several illumination and detection methods were analyzed via computer simulation to assess the effects of system parameters on the signal-to-noise ratio of the detected signal. The results of many of these simulations were experimentally verified using either a 10 MHz or a 100 GHz measurement system. Based on this assessment, two design using pulsed illuminate with gated detection were selected for development. Pulsed illumination is provided using a pulsed broadband noise source. For detecting the reflected noise pulse, two methods were examined, one using micro bolometers and the other using electrooptics. Based on imaging system considerations, such as cost of manufacture, ruggedness, etc., and technical parameters, micro bolometer arrays were selected for further development. The electronics interface, including image display capability, was developed. We examined the absorption of some common clothing materials at 100 Ghz and compared this to results previously reported.
Transideological collaboration and East-West- South economic relations

Abstract The increasing participation of the CMEA countries of Eastern Europe in the international division of labor extends beyond simple trade relations to include a complex web of production arrangements, including tripartite industrial cooperation. The East is now treating its economic relations with the South in less ideological and political terms, and therefore has engaged in more pragmatic and profitable ventures. Socialist state enterprises have become more integrated into the world market as buyers, sellers and producers, and as such have begun to display characteristics that resemble those of Western firms.
Interpretation of various assays for vitamin a in margarine

When margarine is fortified with all-trans vitamin A the assay result, whether obtained by colorimetry or spectrophotometry, should be the same as the biological potency. This paper reports the effects to be expected on each method of assay by some commercial sources of vitamin A that containcis-isomers. In most cases the biological potencies are less than the potencies predicted by physicochemical procedures. Methods are presented to calculate the extent of assay differences introduced by thesecis-isomers. Different commercial sources of vitamin A, in an amount required for 15,000 “biological” units, would give values ranging from 15,200 to 20,800 units by “blue-color” assay, from 15,100 to 19,000 units by uncorrected extinction coefficient, and from 15,000 to 18,000 units by the USP XVI assay.
An in situ sediment vane shear testing device

Abstract A compact self-contained motor driven in situ sediment vane shear tester has been developed. This device can be used to measure the shear strength of seafloor sediments either by diver or from a manned submersible.
Disparities in oral health and access to care: findings of national surveys.

In this background paper, sociodemographic variables, including age, race, family income, sex, parental education, and geographic location, have been used to characterize the dental status of US children and their access to dental services. Because tooth decay, or dental caries, remains the preeminent oral disease of childhood and national data is available on dental office visits, tooth decay has been used as the primary marker for children's oral health, and visits to the dentist is the marker for care. In general, children from low-income families experience the greatest amount of oral disease, the most extensive disease, and the most frequent use of dental services for pain relief. Yet these children have the fewest overall dental visits. Paradoxically, children in poverty—those living in households with annual gross incomes under $16 500 for a family of 4—or near poverty—those in family households with incomes between $16 500 and $33 000—also have the highest rates of dental insurance coverage, primarily through Medicaid and SCHIP. For those most affected, dental disease is consequential for their growth, function, behavior, and comfort. The twin disparities of poor oral health and lack of dental care are most evident among low-income preschool children, who are twice as likely to have cavities as are higher income children. Medicaid-eligible children who have cavities have twice the numbers of decayed teeth and twice the number of visits for pain relief but fewer total dental visits, compared to children coming from families with higher incomes. Fewer preventive visits for services such as sealants increase the burden of disease in low-income children. These disparities continue into adolescence and young adulthood, but to a lesser degree. Disparities in oral health status and access to dental care are also evident when comparing black, Hispanic, and Native American children to white children and when comparing children of parents with low educational attainment to children of parents with higher educational attainment. The fastest growing populations of children are those that currently have the highest disease rates and the lowest amount of dental care. If the strong correlation between these subpopulations and dental diseases continues, caries rates are likely to rebound after longstanding declines, and the stress on publicly financed dental care will likely increase.
Radial variation of solar-wind parameters

It is demonstrated that since fluctuations in the solar wind are not small, they can have important effects on the observed average values of parameters in the solar wind and their radial variation. The effect is distinct from the dynamical effect of waves and turbulence, and results from the averaging process. It is concluded that, for example, the average density of the solar wind need not vary as the inverse square of distance, even if the average velocity is constant and radial. The effect on thermal anisotropies might also be important. The magnitudes of the effects depend on presently unknown correlations between fluctuations in the solar wind.
Intergenerational risk shifting through social security and bailout politics

Abstract This paper adopts a stochastic overlapping generations framework to analyze the allocation of aggregate financial risks under different social security systems and a majority voting rule. We study whether there will be switches between pay-as-you-go (PAYG) and fully funded (FF) systems in such an economy. We show that in case of a negative aggregate shock, low-income young individuals will form a political coalition with the elderly to implement a PAYG system. PAYG scheme is shown to persist even after a good aggregate shock if the system is redistributive enough.
Implementation of a cognitive radar perception/action cycle

Herein we demonstrate that a cognitive capability can be readily added to modern digital radars. Such radars already consist of adaptive electronically scanned array front ends (often with built-in on-array processing) driven by back ends composed of modern flexible signal/data processor clusters plus receiver-exciters with arbitrary waveform generation capability. Using these as building blocks, a cognitive cycle can be readily constructed. The cognitive paradigm uses these existing hardware capabilities common to modern radars but implemented with new drivers; specifically a cognitive software overlay cycle linking advanced near-real-time analytic techniques. The authors believe that this investigation, which focused on practical existing implementations of the component algorithms to produce a straightforward cognitive cycle, will help convince the radar community that the Cognitive Radar paradigm merits further investigation.
To Protonate or Alkylate? Stereoselective Brønsted Acid Catalysis of C ? C Bond Formation Using Diazoalkanes

A new means to activate diazoalkanes has been discovered and applied broadly over the past few years. Bronsted acids, both achiral and chiral, have been used to promote the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds with a growing number of diazoalkane derivatives. Aside from their straightforward ability to build structural and stereochemical complexity in innovative new ways, these transformations are remarkable owing to their ability to skirt competitive diazo protonation--a reaction that has long been used to prepare esters efficiently and cleanly from carboxylic acids. In cases where achiral Bronsted acids are used, high diastereoselection can be achieved. Meanwhile, chiral Bronsted acids can deliver products with both high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. More recently, systems have emerged that combine Bronsted acids and either Lewis acids or transition metals to promote carbon-carbon bond formation from diazoalkanes.
Analogies between the chemical bonding topologies in metal–olefin complexes and in metallaboranes: the role of three-center two-electron bonding

Abstract Three-center two-electron (3c-2e) interactions are found both in the C 2 M σ-bonding in the Dewar–Chatt model of the olefin–metal bond and in the B 2 H and B 3 bonding in borane structures based on deltahedra or deltahedral fragments. Incorporation of metals as vertices of boron deltahedra frequently changes their shapes to provide degree 6 and even degree 7 vertices for the metal atoms. In addition, metal incorporation frequently modifies the core+surface skeletal bonding of the original B n H n 2− to pure surface bonding consisting mainly or entirely of 3c-2e bonds. In such structures the resulting 3c-2e B 2 M bonds are related to the C 2 M σ-bonding in the Dewar–Chatt model. The skeletal bonding of deltahedral metallaboranes containing two or more metal vertices can also include 2c-2e metal–metal bonding through the center of the deltahedron.
First report of infection of bermudagrass by Bipolaris sorokiniana in the Southeastern United States.

Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker is a major foliar and root-infecting pathogen of cool-season forage and turf grasses and small grains in the southeastern United States (2). In North America, B. sorokiniana has been reported from bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) once in California in 1961 (1), and rarely from other warm-season grasses in the southeastern United States. In May, July, September, and October 2002, B. sorokiniana sporulation was observed on leaves of common bermudagrass exhibiting necrotic lesions and dieback in waste application fields on three commercial swine farms in Chickasaw, Lowndes, and Webster counties, MS. Leaves were collected (50 per farm per month), surface-disinfested, plated on water agar, and observed for fungal sporulation on leaf surfaces after 7 to 10 days (3,4). The pathogen was detected on 1 to 3 farms each month in leaves that were infected with numerous other dematiaceous hyphomycetes (3,4). Three randomly selected single-spore isolates of B. sorokiniana from each of bermudagrass and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), collected at the Webster County farm, were compared for select features of morphology and pathogenicity on bermudagrass. Isolates differed significantly in growth rates, amount of sporulation, and spore sizes on cornmeal agar, but differences were not consistently related to hosts of origin. In plants inoculated by atomizing equal quantities of spores (2.8 × 104/ml) onto foliage, isolates of B. sorokiniana from bermudagrass and ryegrass both caused significantly (P = 0.05) more severe foliar necrosis after 10 days than B. cynodontis (5 pots of seeded plants per treatment in each of two experiments). B. sorokiniana was reisolated from disinfested, symptomatic bermudagrass leaf tissue following inoculations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. sorokiniana on bermudagrass in North America outside of California (1) and indicates that this pathogen is highly virulent on bermudagrass in the southeastern United States (3,4). Of potentially greater importance is the fact that one of the most common and widespread forage and turf grass species in the southeastern United States can serve as an alternate host for maintenance and increase of inoculum of B. sorokiniana during summer months. References: (1) R. M. Endo. Plant Dis. Rep. 45:869, 1961. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2003. (3) R. G. Pratt. Agron. J. 92:512, 2000. (4) R. G. Pratt. Plant Dis. 85:1206, 2001.
Specification, verification, and synthesis of concurrency control components

Run-time errors in concurrent programs are generally due to the wrong usage of synchronization primitives such as monitors. Conventional validation techniques such as testing become ineffective for concurrent programs since the state space increases exponentially with the number of concurrent processes. In this paper, we propose an approach in which 1) the concurrency control component of a concurrent program is formally specified, 2) it is verified automatically using model checking, and 3) the code for concurrency control component is automatically generated. We use monitors as the synchronization primitive to control access to a shared resource by multipleconcurrent processes. Since our approach decouples the concurrency control component from the rest of the implementation it is scalable. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by applying it to a case study on Airport Ground Traffic Control.We use the Action Language to specify the concurrency control component of a system. Action Language is a specification language for reactive software systems. It is supported by an infinite-state model checker that can verify systems with boolean, enumerated and udbounded integer variables. Our code generation tool automatically translates the verified Action Language specification into a Java monitor. Our translation algorithm employs symbolic manipulation techniques and the specific notification pattern to generate an optimized monitor class by eliminating the context switch overhead introduced as a result of unnecessary thread notification. Using counting abstraction, we show that we can automatically verify the monitor specifications for arbitrary number of threads.
Evaluation of the Electrostatically Embedded Many-Body Expansion and the Electrostatically Embedded Many-Body Expansion of the Correlation Energy by Application to Low-Lying Water Hexamers.

We have applied a many-body (MB) expansion, the electrostatically embedded many-body (EE-MB) approximation, and the electrostatically embedded many-body expansion of the correlation energy (EE-MB-CE), each at the two-body (MB = PA, where PA denotes pairwise additive) and three-body (MB = 3B) levels, to calculate total energies for a series of low-lying water hexamers using eight correlated levels of theory including second-order and fourth-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2 and MP4) and coupled cluster theory with single, double, and quasipertubative triple excitations (CCSD(T)). Comparison of the expansion methods to energies obtained from full (i.e., unexpanded) calculations shows that the EE-3B-CE method is able to reproduce the full cluster energies to within 0.03 kcal/mol, on average. We have also found that the deviations of the results predicted by the expansion methods from those obtained with full calculations are nearly independent of the correlated level of theory used; this observation will allow validation of the many-body methods on large clusters at less expensive levels of theory (such as MP2) to be extrapolated to the CCSD(T) level of theory. Furthermore, we have been able to rationalize the accuracies of the MB, EE-MB, and EE-MB-CE methods for the six hexamers in terms of the specific many-body effects present in each cluster.
Is the Problem of Noncompliance All in Our Heads

The problem of noncompliance has troubled diabetes educators for years. This paper will argue that the problem of noncompliance in diabetes is not so much a problem of patient behavior, but rather stems from the inadequacy of the traditional medical approach to care. The view of the patients' and practitioners' roles embodied in the traditional medical approach to treat ing disease is inappropriate in diabetes because of the self-care requirements. Diabetes requires a new way of con ceptualizing and implementing the patient/practitioner relationship such as the educational approach offered by counseling psychology. This ap proach would view noncompliance a communication problem and advo cate renegotiation of the treatment plan. The first step in successfully ap plying a new approach to relating to patients requires practitioners to examine and become aware of the as sumptions that currently influence their behavior with patients.
Differentiation Among Nine Populations of Phlox: Response to Environmental Gradients

To investigate the extent of ecological differentiation in the annual Phlox drummondii, nine populations were characterized for response along six controlled environmental gradients. Statistically significant heterogeneity among populations in survival, vegetative growth, and flowering was observed in response to different levels of moisture, light, nutrients, and competition. Differences in germination were observed in response to temperature and nutrient levels. Analysis of response along each gradient indicated that some populations are more sensitive to different environments than others, a significant genotype—environment interaction. Differences among populations were teste for adaptive significance by examining the relationships between response along gradients and a set of environmental measurements performed at the site of each population. Soil was characterized for five nutrients, organic matter, and texture. Percent plant cover, extent of surface disturbance, density of P. drummondii, and species diversity were also measured. Climatic differences were established from meteorological records. Correlation was used to examine relationships between site characteristics and population response along gradients. Despite highly significant differences among populations in response along gradients and significant differences in the environment at the sites of populations, we found no evidence that the differentiation among populations is adaptive. These results suggest that in situations where no single, consistent environmental factor has an overriding influence on the distribution and abundance of a species, a certain amount of indeterminancy arises between environment and adaptations exhibited by the organism. This situation may be common among plant species.
The Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell: Still Young and Fascinating at 50

The skeletal muscle satellite cell was first described and named based on its anatomic location between the myofiber plasma and basement membranes. In 1961, two independent studies by Alexander Mauro and Bernard Katz provided the first electron microscopic descriptions of satellite cells in frog and rat muscles. These cells were soon detected in other vertebrates and acquired candidacy as the source of myogenic cells needed for myofiber growth and repair throughout life. Cultures of isolated myofibers and, subsequently, transplantation of single myofibers demonstrated that satellite cells were myogenic progenitors. More recently, satellite cells were redefined as myogenic stem cells given their ability to self-renew in addition to producing differentiated progeny. Identification of distinctively expressed molecular markers, in particular Pax7, has facilitated detection of satellite cells using light microscopy. Notwithstanding the remarkable progress made since the discovery of satellite cells, researchers have looked for alternative cells with myogenic capacity that can potentially be used for whole body cell-based therapy of skeletal muscle. Yet, new studies show that inducible ablation of satellite cells in adult muscle impairs myofiber regeneration. Thus, on the 50th anniversary since its discovery, the satellite cell's indispensable role in muscle repair has been reaffirmed.
An efficient motion planning algorithm for stochastic dynamic systems with constraints on probability of failure

When controlling dynamic systems, such as mobile robots in uncertain environments, there is a trade off between risk and reward. For example, a race car can turn a corner faster by taking a more challenging path. This paper proposes a new approach to planning a control sequence with a guaranteed risk bound. Given a stochastic dynamic model, the problem is to find a control sequence that optimizes a performance metric, while satisfying chance constraints i.e. constraints on the upper bound of the probability of failure. We propose a two-stage optimization approach, with the upper stage optimizing the risk allocation and the lower stage calculating the optimal control sequence that maximizes reward. In general, the upper-stage is a non-convex optimization problem, which is hard to solve. We develop a new iterative algorithm for this stage that efficiently computes the risk allocation with a small penalty to optimality. The algorithm is implemented and tested on the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) depth planning problem, and demonstrates a substantial improvement in computation cost and suboptimality, compared to the prior arts.
The effect of cross-sectional geometry on ZT enhancement in rough silicon nanostructures

The dramatic reduction in the thermal conductivity of rough silicon nanowires is due to phonon localization in the wire resulting from multiple scattering of phonons from the rough walls. We report the dependence of thermal conductivity of the nanowires as a function of the surface roughness and the diameter of the wire by modeling the nanowire as a waveguide. In addition, we estimate the impact of boundary condition, dimensionality and cross section of rough wire on the thermal conductivity. This theoretical model gives insights for tailoring thermal conductivity and enhancing the ZT of silicon to 1 for its use in thermoelectrics
The SCA8 transcript is an antisense RNA to a brain-specific transcript encoding a novel actin-binding protein (KLHL1).

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a CTG trinucleotide repeat that is transcribed as part of an untranslated RNA. As a step towards understanding the molecular pathology of SCA8, we have defined the genomic organization of the SCA8 RNA transcripts and assembled a 166 kb segment of genomic sequence containing the repeat. The most striking feature of the SCA8 transcripts is that the most 5′ exon is transcribed through the first exon of another gene that is transcribed in the opposite orientation. This gene arrangement suggests that the SCA8 transcript is an endogenous antisense RNA that overlaps the transcription and translation start sites as well as the first splice donor sequence of the sense gene. The sense transcript encodes a 748 amino acid protein with a predicted domain structure typical of a family of actin-organizing proteins related to the Drosophila Kelch gene, and so has been given the name Kelch-like 1 (KLHL1). We have identified the full-length cDNA sequence for both the human and mouse KLHLI genes, and have elucidated the general genomic organization of the human gene. The predicted open reading frame and promoter region are highly conserved, and both genes are primarily expressed in specific brain tissues, including the cerebellum, the tissue most affected by SCA8. Transfection studies with epitope-tagged KLHL1 demonstrate that the protein localizes to the cytoplasm, suggesting that it may play a role in organizing the actin cytoskeleton of the brain cells in which it is expressed.
A bio-inspired companding strategy for spectral enhancement

This work presents a compressing-and-expanding, i.e., companding, strategy for spectral enhancement inspired by the operation of the auditory system. The companding strategy simulates the two-tone suppression phenomena of the auditory system and implements a soft local winner-take-all-like enhancement of the input spectrum. It performs multichannel syllabic compression without degrading spectral contrast. The companding strategy works in an analog fashion without explicit decision making, without the use of the fast Fourier transform, and without any cross-coupling between spectral channels. The strategy is useful in cochlear-implant processors, hearing aids, and speech recognition for enhancing spectral contrast. It is well suited to low-power analog circuit implementations.
Rates of species accumulation and taxonomic diversification during phototrophic biofilm development are controlled by both nutrient supply and current velocity.

ABSTRACT The accumulation of new and taxonomically diverse species is a marked feature of community development, but the role of the environment in this process is not well understood. To address this problem, we subjected periphyton in laboratory streams to low (10-cm i?½ s−1), high (30-cm i?½ s−1), and variable (9- to 32-cm i?½ s−1) current velocity and low- versus high-nutrient inputs. We examined how current velocity and resource supply constrained (i) the rates of species accumulation, a measure of temporal beta-diversity, and (ii) the rates of diversification of higher taxonomic categories, defined here as the rate of higher taxon richness increase with the increase of species richness. Temporal biofilm dynamics were controlled by a strong nutrient-current interaction. Nutrients accelerated the rates of accumulation of new species, when flow velocity was not too stressful. Species were more taxonomically diverse under variable than under low-flow conditions, indicating that flow heterogeneity increased the niche diversity in the high-nutrient treatments. Conversely, the lower diversification rates under high- than under low-nutrient conditions at low velocity are explained with finer resource partitioning among species, belonging to a limited number of related genera. The overall low rates of diversification in high-current treatments suggest that the ability to withstand current stress was conserved within closely related species. Temporal heterogeneity of disturbance has been shown to promote species richness, but here we further demonstrate that it also affects two other components of biodiversity, i.e., temporal beta-diversity and diversification rate. Therefore, management efforts for preserving the inherent temporal heterogeneity of natural ecosystems will have detectable positive effects on biodiversity.
Kinetics and In Vivo Induction of Genetic Variation of vlsE in Borrelia burgdorferi

The Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, is able to persistently infect humans and animals for months or years in the presence of an active immune response. It is not known how the organisms survive immune attack in the mammalian host. vlsE, a gene localized near one end of linear plasmid lp28-1 and encoding a surface-exposed lipoprotein in B. burgdorferi B31, was shown recently to undergo extensive genetic and antigenic variation within 28 days of initial infection in C3H/HeN mice. In this study, we examined the kinetics of vlsE sequence variation in C3H/HeN mice at 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days and at 7 and 12 months postinfection. Sequence changes were detected by PCR amplification and sequence analysis as early as 4 days postinfection and accumulated progressively in both C3H/HeN and CB-17 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice throughout the course of infection. The sequence changes were consistent with sequential recombination of segments from multiple silent vls cassette sites into the vlsE expression site. No vlsE sequence changes were detected in organisms cultured in vitro for up to 84 days. These results indicate that vlsE recombination is induced by a factor(s) present in the mammalian host, independent of adaptive immune responses. The possible inducing conditions appear to be present in various tissue sites because isolates from multiple tissues showed similar degrees of sequence variation. The rate of accumulation of predicted amino acid changes was higher in the immunologically intact C3H/HeN mice than in SCID mice, a finding consistent with immune selection of VlsE variants.
Argentina: Macroeconomic Crisis and Household Vulnerability*

Using panel data from the Argentine Permanent Household Survey, this paper analyzes which households were more vulnerable to the Argentine macroeconomic crisis during 1999–2002. Results suggest that the impact of the crisis was not uniform across households, which differed in their ability to cope with shocks. In particular, households with more children, and whose head was male, less educated, and employed in the private sector were the most vulnerable, suffering larger than average declines in income. Shocks to labor income were significant, with both unemployment rates and unemployment spells increasing throughout the period, particularly during the peak of the crisis towards the end of 2001. Individuals with low levels of human capital (proxied by education and experience), males, and self-employed were more likely to lose their jobs. Public sector employees, in contrast, were more protected from the impact of the crisis on employment.
Virus-Induced Immune Complex Formation and Disease: Definition, Regulation, Importance

The unique molecules of a virus, upon interaction with the host’s immune system, can elicit a specific antibody response. These antibodies then bind to the inciting virus and/or their antigens in solution or on the plasma membranes of infected cells to form virus-antibody (V—Ab) complexes [1–3]. Once formed, these complexes can become trapped in certain tissues. Tissues notable for entrapping circulating V—Ab complexes are those (1) having an extensive flow of blood, or (2) containing vessels with fenestrated endothelial cell lining. Cells with this configuration make up parts of the kidney (glomeruli), brain (choroid plexus), spleen and lymph nodes, in addition to the circulatory system. In individuals infected by any of a wide variety of DNA or RNA viruses [1–3], the formation of V—Ab complexes probably represents a predominant host mechanism for clearing infection. However, when a virus infection does not clear but remains in force, the continual stimulation by viral antigens results in a growing load of V—Ab complexes. When production exceeds removal, complexes may accumulate at sites where they can then cause lesions and disease.
Joint-channel modeling to attack QIM steganography

This paper presents a statistical steganalysis framework to attack quantization index modulation (QIM) based steganography. The quantization process is generally modeled as an additive noise channel. The proposed method exploits the fact that plain-quantization (quantization without message embedding) decreases local-randomness (or increases local-correlation) in the resulting quantized image. Moreover, QIM-stego image exhibits relatively higher level of local-randomness than the corresponding quantized-cover, though both are obtained using same set of parameters. The local-randomness (or inter-block correlation) of the test-image is used to capture traces left behind by quantization. A parametric model is developed to characterize channel-dependent local-randomness. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) framework is used to estimate parameters of the distribution of local-randomness mask. Distributions of parameters, estimated from the quantized-cover and the QIM-stego images, are used to characterize quantization with and without message embedding. To investigate variations in the estimated parameters as a function of frequency, inter- (variations within each channel(or subband)) and intra-channel (across all channels), joint-channel modeling and single-channel modeling, respectively, is considered. For each approach, a set of parametric detectors based on generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is used to distinguish between the cover- and the stego-images. To improve detection accuracy, decisions from both detectors are fused to generate the final stego-detection decision. Effectiveness of the proposed framework is evaluated using a dataset consisting of over 35000 test-images obtained from 880 uncompressed natural images. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can successfully detect QIM-stego images with very low false rates. In addition, performance comparison with existing state-of-the-art also shows that the proposed method performs significantly superior than the selected methods.
Scaling Properties of Parallel Applications to Exascale

A detailed profile of exascale applications helps to understand the computation, communication and memory requirements for exascale systems and provides the insight necessary for fine-tuning the computing architecture. Obtaining such a profile is challenging as exascale systems will process unprecedented amounts of data. Profiling applications at the target scale would require the exascale machine itself. In this work we propose a methodology to extrapolate the exascale profile from experimental observations over datasets feasible for today’s machines. Extrapolation models are carefully selected by means of statistical techniques and a high-level complexity analysis is included in the selection process to speed up the learning phase and to improve the accuracy of the final model. We extrapolate run-time properties of the target applications including information about the instruction mix, memory access pattern, instruction-level parallelism, and communication requirements. Compared to state-of-the-art techniques, the proposed methodology reduces the prediction error by an order of magnitude on the instruction count and improves the accuracy by up to 1.3\(\times \) for the memory access pattern, and by more than 2\(\times \) for the communication requirements.
Wireless SAW Sensor Temperature Extraction Precision

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are suitable for use in harsh environments because of their ruggedness under radiation and extreme temperatures and ability to be configured as passive wireless sensors. This orthogonal frequency coded (OFC) sensor system consists of a transceiver that wirelessly interrogates the passive SAW sensor, which can be used in several types of environments. A modified radar equation is presented that can be used to estimate the signal power from the returned sensor signal as a function of practical parameters. The precision performance of the OFC passive wireless sensor, not previously investigated, is shown to be a function of signal-to-noise ratio as expected from an analog sensor; extracted temperature precision better than 0.001 °C is reported. Signal integration is an effective means to increase the precision and/or range of the wireless temperature extraction scheme when deciding if the OFC passive wireless sensing scheme will fit a particular application.
Future Directions in Rodent Pathogen Control

The use of laboratory rodents is, and will continue to be, essential in biomedical research. However, like all living things, laboratory rodents have their associated "baggage" of other organisms, whether paying passengers, silent stowaways, or mutineers and pirates of the goods at hand. In other words, we should expect laboratory rodents to have characteristic health flaws. The field of laboratory animal science and medicine concerns, among many things, understanding and controlling the pathogens that are laboratory rodents' small but influential cohabitants. In this brief presentation, I review the history of rodent pathogen control and offer my expectation of the field in the future. Finally, I suggest a few practical ways in which laboratory animal scientists can further contribute to biomedical research and the betterment of society by facilitating greater understanding of the effects of microbes on laboratory rodents.
Cost-effective Large Apertures for Future Imaging Satellites

High resolution persistent imaging in space necessitates a large aperture space telescope. Achieving a large aperture in space is very challenging because of the size, weight, surface accuracy, manufacturing schedule, and cost constraints of the telescope primary mirror. In this paper, four viable cost-effective approaches for large aperture space imaging are discussed. The first approach is the use of segmented mirrors. The second approach is the use of a deformable mirror for reduced surface requirements. The third approach is to use sparse aperture system. The fouth approach is to assemble in orbit. Illustrative examples and related research at the Naval Postgraduate School are also presented for these approaches.
What This Place Needs Is a Few More Cats

a critical one for our field occurring at a pivotal time in our history. The decisions we make now about these issues, as professionals, will have substantive and lasting consequences for histori cal site preservation and interpretation in the United States long into the future. What follows is largely a reprise of comments I made during the York session, expanded slightly to include a consideration of Lees and King's introductory paper here. It is with some hesitation that I confess in such a public venue to a secret fear that I would end up as one of those little old ladies living alone in a great big house with entirely too many cats. Consequently, there is a peculiar sense of relief in discovering that my chosen profession has apparently "preadapted" me to such an end. At the risk of only increas ing the sense of analytical chaos and irascible individuality Lees and King accurately describe, I am going to suggest that one possible route to meeting the profoundly ambitious but abso lutely crucial goals they set for us is to round up a few more stray felines, and enlist them in our cause.
Analysison the measures and effect of schistosomiasis control in Yichang city( 1956-2012)

Objective To analyze the measures and effect of schistosomiasis control in Yichang city from 1956 to 2012,so as to provide basis for the adjustment and optimization of control strategy. Methods To comprehensively analyze the prevention and control measures and endemic change of schistosomiasis in Yichang city from 1956 to 2012,including: the survey and control of infection source at different stages,the survey and control of oncomelania snail,health education,the implementation of the comprehensive measures,population incidence( number),incidence of cattle( number),the area of snail and infectious snail,etc. Results The number of patients、cattle and oncomelania snail area decreased dramatically. The infection rate of human,cattle,oncomelania snail maintained at zero level,the target of reaching the standard of transmission-blocking was realized,however,the potential threat of recurrence and prevalence still existed.Conclusion Remarkable achievement of schistosomiasis control measures was obtained in the past 57 years in Yichang City,however,further consolidation should be promoted. Especially,to prevent the relapse of schistosomiasis,and the potential endemic in the reservoir area caused by the imported source of infection and oncomelania snail.
Mobile Technologies as a Support Tool for Health

This chapter explains the importance of mobile technologies to create platforms that as a personal guidance and a collaborative tool to enhance social interaction, and participation for health prevention. The first part stresses the importance of mobile technologies that enables connectivity, collectivity, and portability in health prevention. The technological advancement in mobile devices provide individuals continuous tracking physic-biological data, collecting environmental health behaviors as well as sharing health-related information through collaborative platforms. The following part explains the definition of mobile health and its conceptual framework from emerging technologies that influences the way we develop and deliver services for health with collected cases. The chapter concludes with focusing on the importance of participation where social media and mobile technologies promote new patterns to enhance communication around healthcare and stakeholders.
Summary and Final Thoughts

This chapter sets out to synthesize the key points from the preceding chapters. The synthesis includes a summary of what is understood about predicting climate and what is uncertain. We summarize the basic principles behind climate models. We describe in a qualitative fashion the mechanics of how the different components of a climate model are constructed. In the process, we focus on critical aspects of the climate system that make the different pieces complex, uncertain, and interesting. For most parts of the earth system, important mechanisms for how climate works are not necessarily intuitive. Finally, we lay out some of the methods for evaluating models, and examined what climate models are good for, and what they are not good for. This includes a detailed look at uncertainty, and a look at the applications of models for decision making. To this we also add a summary of the future directions and challenges for climate modeling.
Christodemocracy Relies on a Provincial Historical Narrative to Justify Christian Primacy

The role of a state is grounded in its history. Regardless of consensus on details, full historical narratives are social constructs. The Christian Right constructs history differently in what it chooses to emphasize and ignore. This carefully crafted history is necessary to justify other assumptions of Christodemocracy.
Genetics/genomics education for nongenetic health professionals: a systematic literature review

Genetics/genomics education for nongenetic health professionals: a systematic literature review
The New Petroleum Policy in Brazil

This article examines the origins and evolution of the new Brazilian oil policy. The partial privatization of Petrobras and the implementation of the concession regime in the 1990s are described and analyzed. The pre-salt discoveries and their political consequences are discussed, including the new regulatory framework designed for exploration and production in strategic areas. The final section tackles the challenges and limitations posed by the new policy, including the financial and political pressures facing state-controlled Petrobras. The article concludes that the new oil policy has to be reformed should the government want to boost production within the pre-salt.
Telomeric repeat [TTAGGG]n sequences of human chromosomes are conserved in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Using a series of genetic parameters, attempts have been made for more than two decades to establish the close kinship of human (Homo sapiens) with chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Molecular and cytogenetic data presently suggest that the two species are closely related. The recent isolation of a human telomeric probe (P5097-B.5) has prompted us to cross hybridize it to chimpanzee chromosomes in order to explore convergence and/or divergence of the telomeric repeat sequences (TTAGGG)n. On hybridization, the human probe bound to both ends (telomeres) of chimpanzee chromosomes, suggesting a concerted evolution of tandemly repeated short simple sequences (TTAGGG)n. Even the terminal heterochromatin of chimpanzee chromosomes was found to be endowed with telomeric repeats, suggesting that evolution of heterochromatin and capping with tandemly repeated short sequences are highly complex phenomena.
Review: California Design 1930–1965: Living in a Modern Way

California Design 1930–1965: Living in a Modern Way Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1 October 2011–3 June 2012 The Pacific Standard Time shows scattered across Southern California are at once a condensation and a cornucopia of the arts stemming from this region. That this is a fraught starting point goes without saying, but the value of pulling together nearly seventy exhibitions in dozens of museums outweighs those concerns. For all the predictable kvetching by the likes of Dave Hickey in the New York Times about California’s provincial promotionalism, the grand curatorial idea and collaboration among disparate institutions provided the momentum for some remarkable shows, to name a few: two installations in the San Diego area about light, the Hammer Museum’s show Now Dig This! Art and Black Los Angeles 1960–1980 , and the subject of this review: Los Angeles County Museum of Art’s exhibition California Design 1930–1965: Living in a Modern Way (Figure 1). These three- and-a-half decades capture the era when modern design evolved in California, particularly in the Los Angeles region, to not only accommodate but shape modern life. A host of objects provides the evidence. Visitors see a quirky beauty in the Raymond Loewy Avanti car or Googie architecture, next to sexy backyard playsuits for homemakers, Henry Keck’s ubiquitous and functionally elegant salt, pepper, and sugar shakers, alongside Greta Magnusson Grossman’s sleek Formica desk and cheaply manufactured floor lamps. It was Grossman’s characterization of California’s predilection for “living in a modern way” that gave the show its title. The show valorizes common objects and brings some little-known geniuses to light. It testifies to the collapse of popular and academic art, collecting and consuming, the living room and the gallery, the studio and the factory. The power of these familiar, domestic objects is apparent with a little eavesdropping in the galleries: “I had one of these when I was in high school” or “This looks just …
The Need for Climate and Health Education.

The article discusses the need for public information on climate change and health. Topics include the need for additional research on climate and health, the initiation of the Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education (GCCHE) by the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, and an invitation for medical schools to join the GCCHE.