cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Position of Peasants in Modern China's Social Order:

It is plain that relationships between rural and urban dwellers have been an important subject of concern for Chinese administrators, at least since the third century B.C. when the philosopheradministrator Xun Qing said, "The duty of the local official is to adjust matters between town and country, to harmonize clashing interests" (Coates, 1982: 92). At the present time in the People's Republic of China, the distinction between rural and urban dwellers is still a matter of the greatest administrative concern. Furthermore, this distinction has acquired a legal meaning and structural importance that are of immense significance in China's social order. Every citizen of China is classified at birth as rural or urban personnel. This classification is inherited from the mother and can be changed only in exceptional cases. Since classification as rural personnel is not valued equally with that as urban personnel-the former being regarded as inferior-what has been created is clearly a system of birth-ascribed stratification. The system is simultaneously a product of Chinese cultural assumptions and a product of a characteristically Chinese interpretation of Marxist ideas. The idea that membership in a class status category is inherited has been observed to be present
Teaching collaborative multi-robot tasks through demonstration

Humanoid robots working alongside humans in everyday environments is a long standing goal of the robotics community. To achieve this goal, methods for developing new robot behaviors that are intuitive and accessible to non-programmers are required. In this paper, we present a demonstration-based method for teaching distributed autonomous robots to coordinate their actions and perform collaborative multi-robot tasks. Within the presented framework, each robot learns an individual policy from teacher demonstrations using a confidence-based algorithm. Based on this learning approach, we contribute three techniques for teaching multi-robot coordination using different information sharing strategies. We evaluate and compare these approaches by teaching two Sony QRIO humanoid robots to perform three collaborative ball sorting tasks.
Environmental phthalate monoesters activate pregnane X receptor-mediated transcription.

Phthalate esters, widely used as plasticizers in the manufacture of products made of polyvinyl chloride, induce reproductive and developmental toxicities in rodents. The mechanism that underlies these effects of phthalate exposure, including the potential role of members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is not known. The present study investigates the effects of phthalates on the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which mediates the induction of enzymes involved in steroid metabolism and xenobiotic detoxification. The ability of phthalate monoesters to activate PXR-mediated transcription was assayed in a HepG2 cell reporter assay following transfection with mouse PXR (mPXR), human PXR (hPXR), or the hPXR allelic variants V140M, D163G, and A370T. Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) increased the transcriptional activity of both mPXR and hPXR (5- and 15-fold, respectively) with EC50 values of 7–8 AM. mPXR and hPXR were also activated by monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP, up to 5- to 6-fold) but were unresponsive to monomethyl phthalate and mono-n-butyl phthalate (M(n)BP) at the highest concentrations tested (300 AM). hPXR-V140M and hPXR-A370T exhibited patterns of phthalate responses similar to the wild-type receptor. By contrast, hPXR-D163G was unresponsive to all phthalate monoesters tested. Further studies revealed that hPXR-D163G did respond to rifampicin, but required approximately 40-fold higher concentrations than wildtype receptor, suggesting that the ligand-binding domain D163G variant has impaired ligand-binding activity. The responsiveness of PXR to activation by phthalate monoesters demonstrated here suggests that these ubiquitous environmental chemicals may, in part, exhibit their endocrine disruptor activities by altering PXR-regulated steroid hormone metabolism with potential adverse health effects in exposed individuals.
Proteomic Methodologies to Study Transcription Factor Function

Transcription factors regulate transcription by binding to regulatory regions of genes including the promoter. Few of the transcription factors are well characterized and few promoters have been described in detail. New methods have been developed to improve both transcription factor and promoter characterization, some of which are discussed here. Trapping methodology applicable to both individual transcription factors and intact transcription complexes are described, as well as 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Southwestern blotting, and basic liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry methodology. These methods have proved useful in the study of transcriptional regulation.
Affective modulation of nociception at spinal and supraspinal levels

This study was designed to examine the effect of emotion on the nociceptive flexion reflex and pain ratings. To do so, 28 participants viewed pictures varying in emotional valence (unpleasant, neutral, pleasant) and electric stimulations were delivered during and in between pictures. Biceps femoris EMG resulting from the stimulations was used to quantify the nociceptive flexion reflex (spinal nociception), and pain ratings to the stimulations were used as an evaluative measure of supraspinal nociception. Manipulation checks suggested that pictures effectively manipulated emotion. Moreover, nociceptive flexion reflex magnitudes and pain ratings were modulated in a parallel manner. Specifically, viewing unpleasant pictures enhanced the nociceptive flexion reflex and pain, whereas viewing pleasant pictures inhibited the reflex and pain. Analyses suggested that emotional valence, but not arousal, mediated the effects of pictures.
Using programmable NICs for time-warp optimization

This paper explores optimization of parallel discrete event simulators (PDES) on a cluster of workstations with programmable network interface cards (NICs). We explore reprogramming the firmware on the NIC to optimize the performance of distributed simulation. This is a new implementation model for distributed applications where: (i) application specific communication optimizations can be implemented on the NIC; (ii) portions of the application that are most heavily communicating can be migrated to the NIC; (iii) some messages can be filtered out at the NIC without burdening the primary processor resources; and (iv) critical events are detected and handled early. The combined effect is to optimize the application communication behavior as well as reduce the load on the host processor resources. We explore this new model by implementing two optimizations to a time-warp simulator on the NIC: (1) the migration of the global virtual time estimation algorithm to the NIC; and (2) early cancellation of messages in place upon early detection of rollbacks. We believe that the model generalizes to other distributed applications.
Prevalence and correlates of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms in community-dwelling elders with dementia or mild cognitive impairment: the Memory and Medical Care Study.

SUMMARY Background Little is known about the prevalence and correlates of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia incommunity-dwelling elders with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods 512 people with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores <24 or a decline of at least 4 points over twoadministrations, and their knowledgeable informants (KI) were enrolled in the MMCS. The classiﬁcation of subjects as havingdementia or MCI was based on a neuropsychological battery of four tests, not a clinical diagnostic evaluation. The sample forthis study included 454 subjects (dementia n¼333; MCI n¼121) and their KIs. Demographic and health-related character-istics of subjects and KIs were obtained during KI interviews. Multivariate logistic regression was used in statistical analysis.Results Compared to dementia subjects, those classiﬁed as MCI had a lower prevalence (47.1% vs 66.1%) of any symp-toms (psychosis, depression, or agitation), and of agitation (24.8% vs 45.1%). Symptoms of psychosis and depression alsowere less prevalent, even though differences did not reach statistical signiﬁcance. In the dementia group symptoms wereassociated with a report of a physician’s diagnosis of dementia, greater functional impairment, and a KI who was a child/child-in-law. In those with MCI, symptoms were correlated with being white, greater functional impairment, and a younger,less educated, KI.Conclusions Psychiatric and behavioral symptoms were common in community-residing elders with cognitive impair-ment, but their prevalence and correlates differed by study classiﬁcation as having dementia or MCI. Identifying and treatingthese symptoms may beneﬁt patients with cognitive impairment and their families. Longitudinal studies on the predictors,changes in prevalence, and effectiveness of treatments for psychopathology of dementia are needed. Copyright #2003 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.key words—behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia; correlates; community; dementia; elders; mild cognitiveimpairment; prevalence
Design and Evaluation of an Educational Software Process Simulation Environment and Associated Model

Simulation is an educational tool that is commonly used to teach processes that are infeasible to practice in the real world. Software process education is a domain that has not yet taken full advantage of the benefits of simulation. To address this, we have developed SimSE, an educational, interactive, graphical environment for building and simulating software engineering processes in a game-like setting. We detail the design of SimSE, present an initial simulation model of a waterfall process that we developed, and describe an experiment that we conducted to evaluate the educational potential of SimSE and its initial model
Transmitral pressure-flow velocity relation. Importance of regional pressure gradients in the left ventricle during diastole.

Effects of regional diastolic pressure differences within the left ventricle on the measured transmitral pressure-flow relation were determined by simultaneous micromanometric left atrial (LAP) and left ventricular pressure (LVP) measurements, and Doppler echocardiograms in 11 anesthetized, closed-chest dogs. Intraventricular pressure recordings at sites that were 2, 4, and 6 cm from the apex were obtained. Profound differences between these sites were noted in the transmitral pressure relation during early (preatrial) diastolic filling. In measurements from apex to base, minimum LVP increased (1.6 +/- 0.7 to 3.1 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, mean +/- SD); the time interval between the first crossover of transmitral pressures and minimum LVP increased (31 +/- 3 to 50 +/- 17 msec); the slope of the rapid-filling LVP wave decreased (74 +/- 13 to 26 +/- 5 mm Hg/sec); the maximum forward (i.e., LAP greater than LVP) transmitral pressure gradient decreased (3.6 +/- 1.3 to 2.1 +/- 0.7 mm Hg); the time interval between the first and second points of transmitral pressure crossover increased (71 +/- 9 to 96 +/- 13 msec); and the area of reversed (i.e., LVP greater than LAP) gradient between the second and third points of transmitral pressure crossover decreased (101 +/- 41 to 40 +/- 33 mm Hg.msec). During atrial contraction, significant regional ventricular apex-to-base gradients were also noted. The slope of the LV A wave decreased (26 +/- 10 to 16 +/- 4 mm Hg/sec); LV end-diastolic pressure decreased (8.1 +/- 2.0 to 7.4 +/- 2.0 mm Hg), and the upstroke of the LV A wave near the base was recorded earlier than near the apex. All differences were significant at the 0.05 level. Simultaneous transmitral Doppler velocity profiles and transmitral pressures were measured at the 4-cm intraventricular site. The average interval between the first and second points of pressure crossover and between the onset of early rapid filling and maximum E-wave velocity were statistically similar (81 +/- 13 vs. 85 +/- 12 msec; NS); and the average area of the forward transmitral pressure gradient associated with acceleration of early flow was significantly greater than the area of reversed gradient associated with deceleration of early flow (133 +/- 36 vs. 80 +/- 46 msec.mm Hg; p less than 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Major histocompatibility complex restriction of T-cell responses to varicella-zoster virus in guinea pigs.

Abstract Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), adapted to grow in guinea pig fibroblasts, was injected subcutaneously into Hartley, strain 2, and strain 13 guinea pigs. Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies were detected 2 weeks later, and T-cell proliferative responses by blood lymphocytes were found 3 weeks after injection. The proliferating cells bound the 155 antibody, which defines a CD4-like subset of guinea pig T lymphocytes. VZV-infected fibroblasts of human, Hartley, and strain 13 origin elicited equivalent amounts of proliferation, which was quantitatively greater than that obtained with an extracted VZV antigen. Uninfected (control) human or guinea pig fibroblasts did not elicit T-cell proliferation. The proliferative response to VZV required the presence of autologous (strain 2 or 13) antigen-presenting cells and was blocked by the addition of an anti-class II major histocompatibility complex antibody. Effector cells obtained from in vitro cultures mediated class II-restricted cytotoxicity to L2C cells incubated with VZV. Class I-restricted responses were obtained only by cross-priming strain 2 animals with strain 13 peritoneal exudate cells which had been preincubated with VZV. The data indicate that guinea pigs resemble humans in that class II-restricted T cells with specificity for VZV are more readily cultured from blood than are class I-restricted cells.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection: A Review

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has increased sharply in incidence, mortality rate, and burden on the healthcare system over the past decade. Therefore, novel treatment modalities have been developed, including intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). The level of immune response to Clostridium difficile colonization is the major determinant of the magnitude and duration of clinical manifestations. This effect is mediated predominantly by serum IgG anti-toxin A antibodies. Based on this finding, anti-toxin A and B antibodies were successfully used in multiple in vitro and in vivo experimental settings to passively immunize hamsters in CDI models. In humans, IVIG was used as the source of those antibodies. Fifteen small, mostly retrospective and non-randomized reports documented IVIG’s success in the treatment of protracted, recurrent, or severe CDI. Diarrhea resolution rates were higher in the former patient group, but the recurrence rates were similar. IVIG mechanism of action is neutralization of mainly toxin A through IgG anti-toxin A antibodies. Purified anti-toxin A and B antibodies were successfully used to decrease CDI recurrence rates among patients with no or one previous CDI episodes. In conclusion, the efficacy of IVIG for CDI treatment in animal models has been convincingly demonstrated. However, only few small non-randomized, mostly uncontrolled reports have been published on human subjects. A phase II trial results support the use of purified anti-toxin A and B antibodies to decrease CDI recurrence rates. Therefore, IVIG should currently only be used as adjunct therapy until results from large, randomized controlled trials are available.
On Axial Diffusion in Laminar-Flow Reactors

Although unimportant in conventional laminar-flow reactors, axial diffusion can be the dominant mechanism for mixing in micrometer-scale devices. The low Reynolds numbers characteristic of these de...
Political Culture and Development: Some Pervasive Themes in the Study of Indian Politics

One of the most common themes in the literature on political development is the assumption of an elite—mass gap based on differing educational, occupational, income and social class backgrounds. The saliency of such differences are presumed to be more important in developing than developed nations because of an overlay of Westernization to be found in the elite sectors and a strong traditional orientation among the masses, particularly the rural masses. Urban dwellers are often thought of as residing in a transitional limbo between the old and the new, between a disintegrating traditional self-identity and an emerging modern one.
Critical binding energy for exciton dissociation and its implications for the thermodynamic limit of organic photovoltaics

Spectroscopic signatures of strongly bound excitons (binding energy, E B ) in various low dielectric constant materials and reduced dimensional systems, such as CNT transistors, Quantum well lasers, etc. are often erased during room temperature, high-field, high-power-density operation of these devices. Similarly, while pump-probe experiments have been used extensively to explore exciton dynamics in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), one wonders if the exciton bottlenecks would persist under continuous broadband illumination of OPV. In this paper, we use a self-consistent thermodynamic model (involving detailed-balance and energy-conservation) to explicitly model the kinetics of exciton dissociation and corresponding energy balance considerations [1,2]. We find that exciton bottleneck may arise under normal PV operation if and only if the exciton binding energy, E B > B(critical) ≡ (p therm + ΔE)× J sc /J opt , where J sc and J opt are the short-circuit and maximum power point currents, with the ratio~1; the thermalization per carrier is given by p therm ≈ P therm /(J SC ) ≈ ((4+ξ+6/ξ)/(2+ξ)) kT s (for an ideal blackbody source), with ξ = E G /kT s . And, ΔE is the type-II band-discontinuity of a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) cell. We predict that all signatures of exciton-limited performance of OPV would be eased if E B B(critical) , and the operation of an OPV would be indistinguishable from their classical counterparts.
Hyperoxia Increases Phosphodiesterase 5 Expression and Activity in Ovine Fetal Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells

In the pulmonary vasculature, cGMP concentrations are regulated in part by a cGMP-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE), PDE5. Infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) are often mechanically ventilated with high oxygen concentrations. The effects of hyperoxia on the developing pulmonary vasculature and PDE5 are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that exposure of fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (FPASMCs) to high levels of oxygen for 24 hours leads to decreased responsiveness to exogenous NO, as determined by a decreased intracellular cGMP response, increased PDE5 mRNA and protein expression, as well as increased PDE5 cGMP hydrolytic activity. We demonstrate that inhibition of PDE5 activity with sildenafil partially rescues cGMP responsiveness to exogenous NO. In FPASMCs, hyperoxia leads to increased oxidative stress without increasing cell death. Treatment of normoxic FPASMCs with H2O2 is sufficient to induce PDE5 expression and activity, suggesting that reactive oxyge...
17-Alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and the virilism of the adrenogenital syndrome associated with congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia; a review.

In 1941, Pfiffner and North (1, 2) and von Euw and Reichstein (3) isolated from the adrenal glands of animals the compound now described by the terminology of Fieser and Fieser (4) as 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (originally designated as 17-beta-hydroxyprogesterone by the nomenclature current at the time of isolation). The biologic activity of this compound has been studied in animals by several investigators. According to Pfiffner and North (1, 2), this steroid has a weak and ineffective progestational action; their findings have been confirmed by Junkmann (5). Pfiffner and North (1) claimed that 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone has a slight mineralocorticoid action. These same workers reported (2) that the compound has no corticoid activity by the survival test in immature adrenalectomized male rats. Ingle (6) also found that the steroid has no corticoid action by the work test in adult adrenalectomized male rats. The conflicting reports (1, 2, 5, 7–9) concerning the androgenic activity of 17-alpha-hydroxy...
The Capacity To Induce Cross-Presentation Dictates the Success of a TLR7 Agonist-Conjugate Vaccine for Eliciting Cellular Immunity

Covalent conjugation of TLR agonists to protein Ags often facilitates the generation of a CD8 + T cell response. However, mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the conjugate over its unconjugated counterpart have been largely uninvestigated. In this study, we show that conjugation of a TLR7 agonist enhances CD8 + T cell responses without affecting Ag persistence and with minimal impact on cellular uptake of the Ag in vivo. Instead, the conjugated form induced a robust accumulation of dendritic cells (DCs) in regional lymph nodes. Perhaps more importantly, cross-presentation in DCs was detected only when the Ag was delivered in the conjugated form with the TLR7 agonist. Collectively, these data represent the first demonstration that a TLR agonist–Ag conjugate elicits CD8 + T cell responses based not on its capacity to induce DC maturation or Ag persistence and uptake, but on the engagement of DC cross-presentation pathways.
Equivalence of Matrices. Reduction to Diagonal Form

Consider the linear substitution (1) with matrix of coefficients This substitution is easy to invert. That is, while the substitution expresses x, y, and z in terms of a, b, and c, one can easily express a, b, and c in terms of x, y, and z; merely subtract the second equation of (1) from the first to find or, in the format of a linear substitution, (2)
Measurement of strength: pro.

Selection of maximum voluntary isometric contractions(MVIC) as a measure of motor strength and to be used as asurrogate outcome measure in ALS clinical trials should,ideally, be preceded by a rigorous theoretical and empiricalanalysis of the intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of thismeasure. These determinants, which include neural, mechani-cal, and architectural factors, will ultimately determine thesuitability of this measure in terms of its internal and externalvalidity, sensitivity, speci”city, and ease of standardization. Itshould be simple to perform in a way that will ensure accu-racy and reliability, to achieve the desired statistical power.
Promoting Children’s Mental Health: The Importance of Collaboration and Public Understanding

In the present chapter we strive to help readers understand the opportunities and impediments for child mental health advocacy. We emphasize the critical importance of enhancing public understanding of the science regarding children’s mental health for public investment in this area. We also build a case for the value of collaboration across stakeholders for effective advocacy and discuss one initiative in depth that is built on this premise—a Summit of child mental health scholars and experts partnering with communication scientists. The collaboration embodied by the Summit illustrates one promising approach to advocacy supported by the scholarship regarding bridging research, practice, and policy.
Unintended adverse consequences of electronic health record introduction to a mature universal HIV screening program

Early HIV detection and treatment decreases morbidity and mortality and reduces high-risk behaviors. Many Emergency Departments (EDs) have HIV screening programs as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recent federal legislation includes incentives for electronic health record (EHR) adoption. Our objective was to analyze the impact of conversion to EHR on a mature ED-based HIV screening program. A retrospective pre- and post-EHR implementation cohort study was conducted in a large urban, academic ED. Medical records were reviewed for HIV screening rates from August 2008 through October 2013. On 1 November 2010, a comprehensive EHR system was implemented throughout the hospital. Before EHR implementation, labs were requested by providers by paper orders with HIV-1/2 automatically pre-selected on every form. This universal ordering protocol was not duplicated in the new EHR; rather it required a provider to manually enter the order. Using a chi-squared test, we compared HIV testing in the 6 months before and after EHR implementation; 55,054 patients presented before, and 50,576 after EHR implementation. Age, sex, race, acuity of presenting condition, and HIV seropositivity rates were similar pre- and post-EHR, and there were no major patient or provider changes during this period. Average HIV testing rate was 37.7% of all ED patients pre-, and 22.3% post-EHR, a 41% decline (p < 0.0001), leading to 167 missed new diagnoses after EHR. The rate of HIV screening in the ED decreased after EHR implementation, and could have been improved with more thoughtful inclusion of existing human processes in its design.
Auger and Carrier Trapping Dynamics in Core/Shell Quantum Dots Having Sharp and Alloyed Interfaces

The role of interface sharpness in controlling the excited state dynamics in CdSe/ZnSe core/shell particles is examined here. Particles composed of CdSe/ZnSe with 2.4-4.0 nm diameter cores and approximately 4 monolayer shells are synthesized at relatively low temperature, ensuring a sharp core-shell interface. Subsequent annealing results in cadmium and zinc interdiffusion, softening the interface. TEM imaging and absorption spectra reveal that annealing results in no change in the particle sizes. Annealing results in a 5-10 nm blue shift in the absorption spectrum, which is compared to calculated spectral shifts to characterize the extent of metal interdiffusion. The one- and two-photon dynamics are measured using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. We find that biexcitons undergo biexponential decays, with fast and slow decay times differing by about an order of magnitude. The relative magnitudes of the fast and slow components depend on the sharpness of the core-shell interface, with larger fast component amplitudes associated with a sharp core-shell interface. The slow component is assigned to Auger recombination of band edge carriers and the fast decay component to Auger recombination of holes that are trapped in defects produced by lattice strain. Annealing of these particles softens the core-shell interface and thereby reduces the amount of lattice strain and diminishes the magnitude of the fast decay component. The time constant of the slow biexciton Auger recombination component changes only slightly upon softening of the core-shell interface.
Triaxial Constitutive Model for Concrete under Cyclic Loading

AbstractThis paper presents a material model for the analysis of concrete under multiaxial, cyclic loading conditions. An elastoplastic formulation, having a nonassociative flow rule to capture compression-dominated behavior, is combined with a rotating smeared-crack model to capture the tension-dominated behavior. The proposed formulation resolves the issues that exist in many available concrete material models related to properly capturing the crack opening and closing behavior and accounting for the effect of confinement on the strength and ductility under compression-dominated stress states. The accuracy of the model is validated through analyses for reinforced concrete components. A parametric study demonstrates the importance of accounting for the increase in ductility due to the confinement effect. Additional analyses elucidate the impact of using different yield surfaces for the elastoplastic model on the simulation results.
Navigating the Network Ecology of Science

As Derek de Solla Price famously noted in 1965, the scientific literature forms a vast network. The nodes of this network are the millions of published articles, and they are linked to one another by citations and footnotes. This network grows dynamically and organically, doubling in size every ten to twenty years. It is within this growing network ecosystem that scholars conduct their research. But how does one find his or her way around a vast edifice in which new rooms, corridors, vestibules, and wings are continually added on an ever-expanding foundation? We propose that the revolution in digital scholarship provides the raw material, that when combined with intelligent algorithms, can resolve this problem. Our general approach is to infer a hierarchical map of science from citation data, and then label the structures on this map using an information-theoretic analysis of the full text of papers we are studying. We are currently scaling this technique to the full universe of scholarly publication, so that researchers may always be navigating with maps that are current not to years but to days.
Total Cell Counts of the Bone Marrow of Normal Albino Rats from 1 to 50 Weeks of Age

A method is described by which the total nucleated cell count of femoral bone marrow of the rat can be estimated and cell population expressed in terms of differential counts. Normal values of total nucleated cell counts and the cellular distributions are given for seven age groups. These data indicate considerable change in bone marrow total cell population in rats one to 10 weeks of age.
The “Satisfied” and “Dissatisfied” States Negotiate International Law: A Case Study

Peace will be achieved, virtually all Western leaders say upon issuing a general statement on foreign policy, when all men learn to obey a common law. The achievement of world peace through world law is a popular solution to the problems of world politics of our times. However, creating a viable international law that all or even most states are willing to obey has proved difficult.
Pharmacoeconomics and considerations for injectable products: focus on colony-stimulating factors.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss clinical data on the utility of 2 colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), filgrastim and pegfilgrastim, in reducing the risk and incidence of neu- tropenic complications with chemotherapy. DATA SOURCES: This article reviews the data from the clinical studies for both pegfilgrastim and filgrastim. Additionally, data from large, population-based ret- rospective analyses on the clinical and economic consequences of chemothera- py-induced neutropenia (CIN) are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: CIN remains an undertreated condition despite the evidence of its danger. Pivotal trials show that CSFs like pegfilgrastim and filgrastim are safe and effective in reducing both the incidence and duration of CIN and febrile neu- tropenia in patients who have been treated with myelosuppressive chemothera- py. Approximately 11 daily injections of filgrastim per chemotherapy cycle are required to achieve this clinical end point. Pegfilgrastim provides all the clinical benefits of daily filgrastim for managing CIN with a single dose per chemothera- py cycle.
Structural response of phyllomanganates to wet aging and aqueous Mn(II)

Abstract Naturally occurring Mn(IV/III) oxides are often formed through microbial Mn(II) oxidation, resulting in reactive phyllomanganates with varying Mn(IV), Mn(III), and vacancy contents. Residual aqueous Mn(II) may adsorb in the interlayer of phyllomanganates above vacancies in their octahedral sheets. The potential for interlayer Mn(II)-layer Mn(IV) comproportionation reactions and subsequent formation of structural Mn(III) suggests that aqueous Mn(II) may cause phyllomanganate structural changes that alters mineral reactivity or trace metal scavenging. Here we examine the effects of aging phyllomanganates with varying initial vacancy and Mn(III) content in the presence and absence of dissolved Mn(II) at pH 4 and 7. Three phyllomanganates were studied: two exhibiting turbostratic layer stacking (δ-MnO2 with high vacancy content and hexagonal birnessite with both vacancies and Mn(III) substitutions) and one with rotationally ordered layer stacking (triclinic birnessite containing predominantly Mn(III) substitutions). Structural analyses suggest that during aging at pH 4, Mn(II) adsorbs above vacancies and promotes the formation of phyllomanganates with rotationally ordered sheets and mixed symmetries arranged into supercells, while structural Mn(III) undergoes disproportionation. These structural changes at pH 4 correlate with reduced Mn(II) uptake onto triclinic and hexagonal birnessite after 25 days relative to 48 h of reaction, indicating that phyllomanganate reactivity decreases upon aging with Mn(II), or that recrystallization processes involving Mn(II) uptake occur over 25 days. At pH 7, Mn(II) adsorbs and causes limited structural effects, primarily increasing sheet stacking in δ-MnO2. These results show that aging-induced structural changes in phyllomanganates are affected by aqueous Mn(II), pH, and initial solid-phase Mn(III) content. Such restructuring likely alters manganese oxide reactions with other constituents in environmental and geologic systems, particularly trace metals and redox-active compounds.
Thiamine Deprivation Induces Reticulocytopenic Anemia in Slc19A2 Knockout Marrow: Evidence for Cell-Intrinsic Defect.

Megaloblastic anemia, diabetes, and sensorineural deafness characterize the autosomal recessive human disorder, Thiamine-Responsive Megaloblastic Anemia syndrome (TRMA). TRMA is due to mutations of the human SLC19A2 gene, which encodes a high-affinity thiamine membrane transporter. The murine Slc19a2 knock-out (-/-) model (Fleming et al, Mol Gen Metab; 80 (2003), 234–241) develops thiamine-dependent reticulocytopenia without megaloblastic anemia or sideroblasts, but the whole animal knockouts become ill in thiamine-depleted settings, which limit investigation of erythropoiesis. Here we investigate, by bone marrow transplantation experiments, whether the erythropoietic defect is cell-intrinsic and correlated with the correct function of Slc19a2. We conducted this study by transplanting C57BL/6J-GPIb Slc19a2 −/− (−/−) or wild type (+/+) bone marrow into C57BL/6J-GPIa wild type (+/+) mice. These congenic strains were chosen to distinguish host and donor cells by GPI isozymes. After host irradiation (525 cG for 2 doses), we injected 4 X106 donor marrow cells retro-orbitally. After engraftment, confirmed by GPIa/b assay (>60 days), we switched animals to either 2mg/kg chow thiamine diet (control) or 0 mg/kg thiamine (normal mouse chow is 22 mg/kg thiamine). The transplant experiments were carried in duplicate and included a total of 53 transplant recipient mice of both sexes. After 24-day diet both +/+ and −/− groups on 0 mg/kg thiamine diet lost weight (~28%). Blood parameters changed unequally. After 24 days on 0 mg/kg thiamine diet mice transplanted with −/− bone marrow reveled a significant increment of reticulocyte mean cell volume (MCV) (23% with P< 0.01) together with a relevant decrease of red blood cell count (46% and P< 0.01). A severe leukopenia diet correlated was also observed in both groups of mice on thiamine-depleted diet. The blood parameters of mice on 2-mg/kg diet did not reveal significant changes along the entire diet period. These results confirm the involvement of Slc19a2 membrane transporter in the impaired thiamine cell uptake and allow us to say that the erythropoietic defect we first observed in Slc19A2 KO mice is not only diet related, but due to a cell-intrinsic marrow defect. Tables. Peripheral blood parameters of bone marrow transplanted mice at baseline and after 24 days on depleted thiamine diet. | Donor | | WBC | RBC | MCV Retic | |:-----:| ------------ | ------------ | ----------- | ------------ | | −/− | mean (StDev) | 20.41 (4.23) | 10.5 (3.46) | 61.83 (2.38) | | +/+ | mean (StDev) | 20.63 (2.36) | 9.24 (1.45) | 67.4 (3.03) | | | P | 0.9140 | 0.4257 | 0.0136 | BASELINE | Donor | | WBC | RBC | MCV retic | |:-------------------------------------------:| ------------ | ----------- | ----------- | ------------ | | St Dev = Standard Deviation P = probability | | −/− | mean (StDev) | 8.53 (1.75) | 6.79 (1.65) | 76.18 (1.24) | | +/+ | mean (StDev) | 6.51 (3.16) | 6.09 (1.37) | 65.23 (5.04) | | | P | 0.3232 | 0.0321 | 0.0011 | 24 days on 0 mg/kg thiamine diet
Chapter 1 “Objects Fit for Tamburlaine”: Self-Arming in Marlowe’s Tamburlaine the Great, Robert Vaughan’s Portraits, and The Almain Armourer’s Album

Harlan analyzes arming and disarming in both plays, arguing that Tamburlaine’s customary donning of his armor in Part 1 establishes him as a member of a legitimating cultural tradition of armed figures, as does Vaughan’s portrait, which was published in 1622. She examines the discourse of acquisition and rejection that governs Marlowe’s treatment of elite military dress, as well as the spoiling of Zenocrate and her absorption into the masculine militant sphere as a trophy. She also considers Tamburlaine’s militant corporeality in relationship to Lancaster’s and Mortimer Junior’s presentation of their shields to the king in Edward II, as well as how armor resurfaces in Part 2 in the extra-military realms of banqueting and mourning, which suggests the inescapability of the war system.
A Growing Scientific Consensus on The Cell and Molecular Biology Mediating

Over the past 15 years, epidemiological studies have raised concerns about possible health risks related to exposures to electromagnetic fields associated with electric power transmission, distribution and use; and to various radio and microwave field exposures in homes and schools, in the workplace, and in the environment.
Conclusion: A Woman Alone

Conrad’s complex depictions of women’s and men’s struggles with confining expectations with regard to gender and power—and the alienation that results from them—continue to be relevant. This conclusion considers how Hitchcock’s adaptation of Conrad’s novel The Secret Agent in the film Sabotage replaces Conrad’s dark ending with a more conservative resolution. This change highlights aspects of cinematic gender tropes that continue even today, especially the marriage plot ending for woman characters. In contrast, Conrad’s late novels focus on the loss caused by women’s confining traditional roles, avoiding easy and palpably false narrative resolutions to consider the troubling politics of gender representation.
The Older Technical Professional: Continuing Education for Up-Dating Technical People

(1975). The Older Technical Professional: Continuing Education for Up-Dating Technical People. Research Management: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 20-23.
Behavioral Economics in the NFL

More than to create a much needed void in the sports economics literature, the main purpose of this chapter is to point out the void that is already there. It is really quite naturally the last void in a field of economics to be filled.
Learning environment: The impact of clerkship location on instructional quality

Background and objectives Students provide variable feedback on instructional quality at ambulatory training sites. We hypothesized several strengths and weaknesses of placing students at resident and non-resident training sites, including differences in faculty behaviors, patient characteristics, work environment, learning opportunities, and levels of student engagement. We systematically assessed for differences in learning quality between clerkship sites with and without residents. Methods Students completed the MedED IQ, a validated survey assessing four domains of instructional quality, after completing a required primary care rotation. We calculated descriptive and summary statistics and two sample tests of proportion analyzing student agreement with each MedEd IQ item with respect to the presence or absence of resident learners. Results Of 149 total, 113 (75.8%) students completed the MedEd IQ site survey. A greater percentage of students at resident training sites (25.8%) than at non-resident sites (7.3%) agreed with the statement "The opportunities were too diverse, preventing me from developing proficiency." A greater percentage of students at resident training sites (19.4%) than at non-resident sites (1.2%) agreed with the statement "The health care team was not supportive of my learning." There were no differences between sites with or without residents on 14 items measuring preceptor actions or seven items measuring student involvement. Conclusions Ambulatory clerkship sites with and without residents provide comparable quality learning experiences and precepting. Students placed at resident training sites may be overwhelmed with diverse opportunities and have a less supportive learning environment than students placed at non-resident sites. Future research should evaluate the impact of health care team development programs designed to foster a more supportive training environment for medical students. Ways of aligning residency and medical student education goals within the training setting should be explored.
Two Models of Human Behavior and Reading Instruction

All psychology is behavioristic, in the sense that it is concerned with the description, prediction, explanation, and even control of human and other animal behavior. The various psychologies differ primarily in their description of the place of the events and mechanisms which each supposes controls human behavior. There are at present three principal models or theories of human behavior: the operant or S-R model, the cognitive-constructivist model which is the focus of this volume, and the psychoanalytic model. The operant theorist places the control of human behavior in the environmental consequences of the behavior itself. The locus of control, therefore, is external to the person and is public. Cognitive theorists, while accepting quite fully that environmental events or reinforcements are powerful determiners of human behavior, suppose in addition the existence of a mind and argue that behavior is controlled by a structure or system of rules, of plans, and of cognitions that reside within that mind. The psychoanalytic model supposes the existence not simply of a mind but of an unconscious mind, and attributes the control and the motivation of all behavior to it.
Rules and Rule-Governance

The major purpose of this chapter is to analyze cognitive views of rules and rule-governance, but major aspects of behavioristic views of rules and rule-governance are also analyzed. These views are analyzed herein from their own perspectives because criticizing a cognitive view for being nonbehavioristic or a behavioristic view for being noncognitive would be at best self-congratulatory and would not promote understanding of the views.
Heavy metal complexes of macrocyclic trithioethers

We report here two crystal structures of heavy metal complexes containing macrocyclic trithioethers. The trithioether, 10S3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclodecane) complexes Pb(II) to form a compound of the formula [Pb(10S3)](ClO4)2(H2O) (Compound 1). This behavior contrasts the related trithioether 9S3 (1,4,7-trithianonane), which readily forms a bis Pb(II) complex. Crystals of Compound 1 consist of [Pb(10S3)(H2O)]2+ units and perchlorate anions which are weakly bound to the Pb2+ center. The two perchlorate anions serve as bidentate ligands to a single lead(II) center. However, a third oxygen in one of the perchlorates also serves as a bridging group between two lead(II) centers, linking the [Pb(10S3)(H2O)]2+ units into zigzag chains. Thus, a highly irregular nine-coordinate (S3O6) environment around the Pb2+ion is formed by the three sulfur donors from the 10S3 ligand, one coordinated water, and five oxygens from three different perchlorate anions. Also, the lone pair electrons on the Pb center are stereochemically active. Compound 2, [Cd(9S3)2](ClO4)2 ⋅ 2 CH3NO2, forms a distorted octahedral structure with unusual hexakis(thioether) coordination to the Cd(II) center. Bond distances and angles are very comparable to those found in the structure of the tetrafluoroborate salt of the complex cation. (1): P21/c, a = 9.1720(6) A, b = 15.7687(11) A, c = 11.8427(8) A, β = 93.0180(10) ○, V = 1710.4 (2) A3, Z = 4; (2): P21/c , a = 10.4305(10) A, b = 15.2059(6) A, c = 9.4919(7) A, β = 99.324(9)○, V = 1485.6(2) A3, Z = 2.
Natural Host Defense Systems Active against Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

The strategies vary by which viruses invade a host and cause disease.(1) In return, the host defense systems that are called upon to intercept and sequester those pathogenic agents also differ.(2) The natural defense system of the infected animal constitutes the first barrier of active defense. These mechanisms act relatively nonspecifically and require no prior exposure to the invading microorganism in order to be active. Macrophages, interferon, and natural killer (NK) cells are three natural defense systems that are thought to be important in the control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and will be the focus of this chapter.
The influence of hohlraum dynamics on implosion symmetry in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiments

High laser energy (>1.2 MJ) implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility show that low mode implosion symmetry is highly dependent on an expanding high-Z wall “bubble” plasma feature. The bubble is caused by the early time deposition of laser beams incident on the interior near the entrance of the cylindrical hohlraum (outer cone beams). It absorbs beams designated for the waist of the hohlraum (inner cone beams) causing a redistribution of x-ray flux on the capsule. From measurements, we are able to quantify the absorption and expansion of this bubble. Measurements show that the resulting hot spot is more oblate when there is more inner beam absorption in the bubble. We find absorption in the bubble to be between 51 ± 3% and 62 ± 2%. This bubble absorption is found to evolve predictably as a function of the early time outer cone laser pulse fluence and the pulse length. From this, a phenomenological model of the effective drive symmetry and subsequent implosion shape is found indicating a very strong dependence of implosion shape on early time laser fluence and laser pulse duration.High laser energy (>1.2 MJ) implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility show that low mode implosion symmetry is highly dependent on an expanding high-Z wall “bubble” plasma feature. The bubble is caused by the early time deposition of laser beams incident on the interior near the entrance of the cylindrical hohlraum (outer cone beams). It absorbs beams designated for the waist of the hohlraum (inner cone beams) causing a redistribution of x-ray flux on the capsule. From measurements, we are able to quantify the absorption and expansion of this bubble. Measurements show that the resulting hot spot is more oblate when there is more inner beam absorption in the bubble. We find absorption in the bubble to be between 51 ± 3% and 62 ± 2%. This bubble absorption is found to evolve predictably as a function of the early time outer cone laser pulse fluence and the pulse length. From this, a phenomenological model of the effective drive symmetry and subsequent implosion shape is found indicating a very...
Military Techno-Thriller Fiction and the Bestseller List, 1985-2000

This paper, a follow-up to the author's earlier work on spy fiction's bestseller list presence, concerns the position of the military techno-thriller in the literary market during the 1985-2000 presence on the basis of bestseller data. It argues that the genre's popularity peaked in 1989 and plummeted by the late 1990s, and considers possible explanations for the development.
The Process of Social Reconciliation

Reconciliation is a two-way street. It takes two to reconcile, and in this way reconciliation is a more arduous effort than conflict. While conflict always, eventually, has a target, it can be launched against a neutral party who has no intention of entering into the conflict. Reconciliation, on the other hand, entails the work of two “consenting adults.” It can be initiated but not accomplished by one party alone.