cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A MATLAB-Aided Method For Teaching Calculus-Based Business Mathematics

MATLAB is a powerful package for numerical computation. MATLAB contains a rich pool of mathematical functions and provides flexible plotting functions for illustrating mathematical solutions. The course of calculus-based business mathematics consists of two major topics: 1) derivative and its applications in business; and 2) integration and its applications in business. Both topics involve various mathematical functions that may scare many business students. Fortunately, MATLAB provides an easy solution to handling the derivative and integration of various mathematical functions. With the help of MATLAB, all elementary formulas for derivative and integration in the textbooks of calculus-based business mathematics become less important to those students who have difficulty in learning and using mathematical formulas to find solutions to quantitative business problems. With the wide availability of various business data bases including the MATLAB package in the Samuel S. Bergami, Jr. Learning Center for Finance and Technology at the University of New Haven, in this paper, we illustrate how to use MATLAB to help students‟ learning of calculus-based business mathematics and apply the calculus principles to find solutions to real quantitative business problems. Our experience shows that MATLAB greatly saves students‟ efforts in learning difficult and pure calculus formulas and it is easy for business students to acquire the basic internal functions in using MATLAB.
Semiophors and sexual systems: The circulation of words and women

This article examines physical and linguistic sites through which women and words about women circulate along Latin America’s Interoceanic Road, running from the Brazilian to the Peruvian coast. I argue that the discourse on women circulates with specific linguistic-packaging, made and remade at different sites. In analyzing how these sites form ‘cartographies of communicability’ (Briggs 2005), this article engages Marilena Chaui’s discussion of the ‘semiophor’ (2000) to refer to people and things that once pulled out of daily circulation, take on new meanings beyond their material existence. By complicating the socially viable/acceptable identities offered/imposed upon these women – victims or voluntary agents, this article seeks to avoid reinscriptions of difference that “muzzle the subaltern” (Spivak 1988), advocating for a practice of ethnographic vigilance.
An Unusual Analysis: College Publicity in the United States

(1942). An Unusual Analysis: College Publicity in the United States. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 55-56.
Long-term follow-up of children after repair of atrial septal defects.

BACKGROUND It is critical to repair atrial septal defects during childhood to minimize long-term morbidity and mortality. However, only a few studies have examined factors that predict a favorable outcome. OBJECTIVE To examine prognostic variables in the repair of atrial septal defects. METHODS Retrospective analysis of children who underwent repair of atrial septal defects between 1957 and 1981. RESULTS There were 70 girls and 57 boys with a mean age of 9.3 years at the time of surgery (range 4 months to 20 years). The most common presenting symptoms were fatigue and dyspnea. Before surgery, 74% were in New York Heart Association functional class I, 70% had echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy, and 55% had cardiomegaly on chest radiographs. The average mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 17.1 mm Hg. The only factor significantly related to poor outcome was pulmonary hypertension. Age at surgery did not influence long-term results. Ninety-four percent of patients were in functional class I at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Repair of atrial septal defects is safe before age 21, but it should be done as early as possible in order to minimize the long-term complications of chronic left-to-right shunting.
The Impact of Non-nutritive Sucking on the Risk for Sleep-disordered Breathing in Children

PURPOSE Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is not uncommon in children. The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between non-nutritive sucking (NNS) and the risk of SDB in children as well as assess the effect of infant feeding practices on SDB. METHODS Eighty-four healthy four- to 12-year-old children were categorized either as high or low risk for SDB based on the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). NNS and feeding practices were determined using a customized caregiver questionnaire. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference (P=0.21) between low- and high-risk children for a history of NNS. A statistically significant difference (P<0.001) was found for breastfed versus bottlefed children, with breastfeeding having a protective effect for SDB. CONCLUSION NNS had no effect on SDB, while breastfeeding reduced the risk substantially.
Micronutrients: Supplementing seeds with zinc.

Micronutrient deficiency in human diets that are over-reliant on cereals can have grave consequences for health. Combining genetics, grafting and multi-elemental image analysis, new research shows that two P1B-ATPases maternally export zinc inside the developing seed in Arabidopsis, offering a new strategy for crop biofortification.
Introduction and Overview of the Systemic Effects of Periodontal Diseases

There has been an exponential increase in the number of papers published within the past decade on the association between periodontal diseases and a range of seemingly non-related systemic diseases and conditions. These associations include but are not limited to: diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, preterm low birth weight infants, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease, pneumonia, Alzheimer’s disease (all covered in this volume), some forms of cancer [1–4], and even erectile dysfunction [5]. When confronted with this wide array of diseases and conditions associated with periodontitis, one might ask if periodontitis contributes to the cause and progression of these conditions or whether these conditions contribute to periodontitis? Is the association due to a common underlying mechanism or mechanisms, or is the association merely due to the presence of confounding factors? And most importantly, can periodontal therapy decrease the risk or progression of these systemic diseases and conditions? Surprisingly, the answer to all five questions could be yes depending upon the disease or condition. Clearly what is needed by the practicing healthcare professional to remain abreast of this rapidly advancing and sometimes confusing field is a concise source that summarizes the current research on the association between periodontitis and systemic disease.
The Late Devonian extinction event; evidence for abrupt ecosystem collapse

The Late Devonian extinction event was not geologically “instantaneous,” in that extinctions during the epoch are not concentrated into a single sharp pulse at the end of the Frasnian. Extinction rates are elevated for a period of at least 2 to 4 m.y. during the middle and late phases of the Frasnian, with maximum rates occurring generally 2 m.y. before the terminal Frasnian. Neither was the Late Devonian biotic crisis a “gradual” event. In the analysis of the evolution of ecosystems, it is misleading to consider the pattern of extinction rates alone. Frasnian marine ecosystems flourished during the same time interval characterized by elevated extinction rates because origination rates of new species are higher, per time interval, than corresponding extinction rates. This pattern of relative origination/extinction rates abruptly reversed during the latest Frasnian—precipitating a rapid loss of species diversity. Within limits of current stratigraphic correlation, the ecosystem collapse appears to have occurred simultaneously in such widespread geographic regions as New York State (U.S.A.) and the southern Urals (U.S.S.R.).In viewing the Late Devonian event from an ecological perspective, the most important question is not “What triggered the elevated extinction rates?”, but rather “What was the inhibiting factor that caused the cessation of new species originations?”
Range extension of Nephasoma pellucidum, and new records of Apionsoma (Edmonsius) peclinalum (Sipuncula) and Thalassema steinbecki (Echiura) from the Pacific of Costa Rica

Southern shore of Punta Morales (10° 03' N, 84c 58' W), Gulf of Nicoya, beneath rocks, in­tertidal, August I. 1996. Collector: Harlan K. Dean, four specimens (UCR-44-0 I). Islas Cor­tezas (10° 04 ' N, 840 58' W), Gulf of Nicoya, beneath rocks. intertidal, August 5, 1996. Co­llectors: Harlan K. Dean and Jose A. Vargas, two specimens (MCZ collection).
A Brief History of the Cerebellum

Cerebellar structure and function have intrigued investigators and clinicians for millennia. Major anatomic features were recognized early, and the role of the cerebellum in coordinating movements was established two centuries ago. Cerebellar involvement in nonmotor functions was described in clinical and experimental observations starting around the same time, but attention to their importance rose to the fore only recently. Functional localization was first derived from comparative morphology. Ablation degeneration and physiological studies in animals and neurological observations in patients with focal injury led to the lobular theory of organization. This was refined by delineation of the mediolateral parasagittal zonal organization of cerebellar connections. Histological studies date back to Cajal, with descriptions of additional neuronal elements and circuitry evolving over the years. Recognition of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome and the neuropsychiatry of the cerebellum, observations from connectional neuroanatomy, and advances in anatomic, task-based, and functional connectivity magnetic resonance neuroimaging provide contemporary support for the earliest notions that cerebellum is engaged in a wide range of neurological functions. Together with new theories of cerebellar function, and elucidation of the genetic basis of inherited or sporadic ataxias and neurobehavioral disorders, the cerebellum has become increasingly relevant to contemporary clinical neurology and neuropsychiatry.
HIV-associated cellular senescence: A contributor to accelerated aging

Due to the advent of antiretroviral therapy HIV is no longer a terminal disease and the HIV infected patients are becoming increasingly older. While this is a major success, with increasing age comes an increased risk for disease. The age-related comorbidities that HIV infected patients experience suggest that they suffer from accelerated aging. One possible contributor to this accelerated aging is cellular senescence, an age-associated response that can occur prematurely in response to stress, and that is emerging as a contributor to disease and aging. HIV patients experience several stressors such as the virus itself, antiretroviral drugs and to a lesser extent, substance abuse that can induce cellular senescence. This review summarizes the current knowledge of senescence induction in response to these stressors and their relation to the comorbidities in HIV patients. Cellular senescence may be a possible therapeutic target for these comorbidities.
CHAPTER 28 – Environmental Transport and Fate

Assessing the transport and fate of pesticides in the environment is complicated. There are many environmental pathways available at the local, regional, and global levels. Pesticides vary greatly in physical and chemical properties, and use patterns. The environment itself is complex and varies from one location to another, and from one time to another. The principles of pesticide transport and fate in the environment led to development of a prospective, predictive capability for evaluating environmental behavior before widespread use or release. Progress has been made in defining and understanding dissipation pathways, the relationship between physicochemical properties and dissipation, structure-activity relationships, and environmental activation and deactivation. Once a pesticide gains entry to the environment, by intentional or accidental release, it may enter one or more compartments; the initial compartment contacted by the bulk of the pesticide will be determined largely by the manner of use or release.
The Xi–Ma Summit Meeting and US Interests Across the Taiwan Strait

This chapter provides the background information of the Kuomintang’s rapprochement policy toward the People’s Republic of China since 2008. Specifically, the historic summit meeting, in November 2015, between the Chinese president Xi Jinping and Taiwan’s president Ma Ying-jeou will be examined to illustrate how such an encounter, though unprecedented, took place in the context of heightening of tensions between Washington and Beijing and Taiwan’s rising domestic discontent about Ma’s pro-China position.
Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow (Cubital Tunnel Syndrome)

Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow (UNE) is the second most common peripheral nerve entrapment after carpal tunnel syndrome. Patients typically complain of hand weakness and paresthesias in the distribution of the ulnar nerve. Diagnosis is typically made based on clinical findings and then confirmed with electrophysiological testing. Treatment can either be conservative or surgical depending on the clinical severity of the focal nerve entrapment. Surgical treatment is typically reserved for moderate to severe cases with evidence of muscle wasting and nerve compromise.
Diet, Osteoporosis, and Fracture Prevention: The Totality of the Evidence

Osteoporosis is currently defined as “a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture. Bone strength primarily reflects the integration of bone density and bone quality” (JAMA 285(6):785–95, 2001). Bone matrix is composed of collagen and other proteins which are mineralized with calcium and phosphorus. Nutritional intake of these proteins, calcium, and phosphorus are obviously needed to provide these important structural components. Nutritional intake of other vitamins and minerals are needed for the cellular processes of bone tissue deposition, maintenance, and repair. In this chapter, we will review the main micronutrients involved in bone growth, remodeling, and repair; but bear in mind that nutrition comprises all nutrients and micronutrients consumed as food, and as such, food is a sum of more than its component parts. Simply supplementing with adequate intakes of the various nutrients does not make a balanced diet, and likely will not have the same benefits. Some micronutrients may be more important to bone than we realize, but separating them out from the diet and focusing on them as a single actor may not be possible. Micronutrients are not drugs and shouldn’t be separated from a balanced diet in practical application. As these are nutrients, the advantage in adding them to a diet will be most beneficial for those with deficiency. For example, adding additional calcium to an already calcium replete diet offers no additional benefit. However, much of the population has inadequate intakes of calcium to build and maintain their skeletons.
Counterfeit ICs: Path-Delay Fingerprinting

Several light-weight on-chip sensors have been presented to detect recycled ICs based on the degradation of ring oscillators and usage time. They are very effective for recycled ICs detection. However, they only work best for designs with these sensors but cannot address detection of existing and legacy ICs that have no such sensors embedded in them. In order to address this issue, a new technique is proposed based on side-channel information degradation due to aging, including path delay degradation, leakage current degradation, and transient current degradation.
Nanoscale fingerprinting with hyperbolic metamaterials

We develop a new concept for optical sub-wavelength discrimination of nanostructures positioned on a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) surface using only far-field measurements of the spectral scattered intensity. The device demonstrating our approach consists of an HMM structure, one strong scatterer on top of the HMM at an a priori known location, and the target nanostructures to be sensed on the opposite interface of the HMM. Under far-field illumination from the top, highly localized beams are generated within the HMM by the top scatterer, with wavelength-dependent propagation directions. If the incident wavelength is varied, the localized beam will sweep across the target(s) and the far-field scattered intensity versus wavelength from the bottom target(s) can be measured. We show that this far-field measurement can be used to determine the location of the target(s) with deep-subwavelength accuracy. In addition, discrimination of targets made from different materials can be achieved.
My Brother's Keeper: Healthcare Experiences of the Poor in One Texas City

Access to healthcare is an important issue in the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore ways in which individuals living under the federal poverty line experience negative interactions with the health care system. I interviewed 11 individuals in the Waco area who are currently living under the federal poverty guideline. Answers were recorded and analyzed. Common themes amongst the participants included (1) financial insecurity combined with a lack of health insurance discouraged individuals from visiting a healthcare provider, (2) inadequate transportation to a healthcare establishment, (3) feelings of disrespect when receiving treatment from healthcare professionals, and (4) difficulty following up with treatment. In conclusion, the problems that arise in the healthcare system regarding the treatment of individuals living in poverty cannot be attributed solely to lack of funds.
Electron Spin Resonance Properties of CrI3 and CrCl3 Single Crystals

Developing functional, cleavable two-dimensional materials for use in next generation devices has recently become a topic of considerable interest due to their unique properties. Of particular interest, transition metal halides CrI3 and CrCl3 have shown to be good contenders for tunable and cleavable magnetic materials due to their unique magnetic properties in the monolayer. Here, electron spin resonance spectroscopy is used to pinpoint the atomic origins and underlying mechanisms of magnetic interactions as a function of temperature (5-500 K) and microwave frequency (9.43, 120 GHz) on CrI3 and CrCl3 bulk single crystals. ESR signals from CrI3 due to Cr3+ were observed to decay at 460 K, while ESR signals from CrCl3 remain up to 500 K. In the case of CrCl3, the temperature dependences of signal behavior, line width and g-value show characteristic signatures of ferromagnetic fluctuations at around 40 K, near to the antiferromagnetic phase transition at 17 K.
Allies and Adversaries: Anglo-Ottoman Boundary Negotiation in the Middle East, 1906–1914

From 1906 with the Egyptian-Ottoman Agreement of 1906 to the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, the British and Ottoman Empires signed numerous agreements. These were attempts to avoid conflict and achieve mutual goals. In these treaties, British interests were best served, but Ottoman interests were recognized, in many cases, as legitimate. The best examples of these power-sharing agreements were the Egyptian-Ottoman Agreement of 1906, British participation in the final implementation of the Treaty of Erzurum in 1911–1914, and Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 and 1914. These agreements were essentially peaceful resolutions to long-standing issues associated with the ‘Eastern Question.’ The First World War ruptured this working relationship. With the outbreak of war, Britain penned new agreements undoing treaties signed with its erstwhile partner. The Treaty of London of 1915, Constantinople Agreement of 1915, and the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 planned for an outright partition of the Ottoman Empire. These wartime agreements were, for the most part, put into practice with the Armistice of Mudros of 1918 and the Treaty of Sevres of 1920. With the failure of many of the provisions of the Treaty of Sevres, Britain and the newly emergent Republic of Turkey re-established a working relationship and finally came to an agreement with the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923. This chapter will outline the ebb and flow of the diplomatic relationship of the Ottoman and British Empires; it will highlight the spirit of cooperation between the two powers and will synthesize many of the issues resolved in 1923.
Grain growth in Nio–MgO and its dependence on faceting and the equilibrium crystal shape

Abstract The impact of faceting on grain growth was approached by model experiments in NiO–MgO. Grain growth rates were found to be 10 times higher in NiO compared to MgO. As the self-diffusion acoefficients differ by a factor of 250, grain growth in NiO is unexpectedly slow compared to MgO. Recently, the movement of steps was identified as the atomic mechanism of grain boundary migration. According to the equilibrium crystal shape, grain boundaries in NiO are more faceted. The faceted grain boundaries of NiO have fewer steps at the grain boundaries resulting in a relatively lower mobility.
Using discrete choice experiments to develop and deliver patient-centered psychological interventions: a systematic review

Developing and/or tailoring psychological interventions to align with patient preferences is a critical component of patient-centered care and has the potential to improve patient engagement and tr...
Perceptions of Gender Norm Violations Among Middle School Students: An Experimental Study of the Effects of Violation Type on Exclusion Expectations:

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence the perceived social costs of interacting with gender-atypical peers. Our study examined the relationship between peer processes ...
Omphalocele-What should we tell the prospective parents?

An omphalocele is a congenital defect in the abdominal wall characterized by absent abdominal muscles, fascia, and skin. The characteristic ultrasound appearance includes a midline defect with herniation of abdominal contents into the base of the umbilical cord. Other anatomic abnormalities are seen in approximately 50% of cases, most notably cardiac defects (19%-32%). Approximately, 50% of cases are associated with genetic and multiple malformation syndromes including trisomy 13/18, pentalogy of Cantrell and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Therefore, a thorough evaluation is recommended, including detailed anatomic survey, fetal echocardiogram, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnostic testing. Overall prognosis depends on the size of the omphalocele, genetic studies, and associated anomalies. Early prenatal diagnosis remains important in order to provide parental counseling and assist in pregnancy management. Delivery should occur at a tertiary care center. Timing and mode of delivery should be based on standard obstetric indications with cesarean delivery reserved for large omphalocele (>5 cm) or those that involve the fetal liver. Neonatal management involves either primary or staged reduction, both of which can be associated with a prolonged neonatal hospitalization.
A New Framework to Address BIM Interoperability in the AEC Domain from Technical and Process Dimensions

Building information modelling (BIM) is an integrated informational process and plays a key role in enabling efficient planning and control of a project in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) domain. Industry foundation classes- (IFC-) based BIM allows building information to be interoperable among different BIM applications. Different stakeholders take different responsibilities in a project and therefore keep different types of information to meet project requirements. In this paper, the authors proposed and adopted a six-step methodology to support BIM interoperability between architectural design and structural analysis at both AEC project level and information level, in which (1) the intrinsic and extrinsic information transferred between architectural models and structural models was analyzed and demonstrated by a business process model and notation (BPMN) model that the authors developed; (2) the proposed technical routes with different combinations and their applications to different project delivery methods provided new instruments to stakeholders in industry for efficient and accurate decision making; (3) a new material-centered invariant signature with portability can improve information exchange between different data formats and models to support interoperable BIM applications; and (4) a newly developed formal material information representation and checking method was tested on a case study where its efficiency was demonstrated to outperform (i) proprietary representations and information checking method based on a manual operation, and (ii) the model view definition (MVD)-based information checking method. The proposed invariant signature-based material information representation and checking method brings a better efficiency for information transfer between architectural design and structural analysis, which can have significant positive effects on a project delivery due to the frequent and iterative update of a project design. This improves the information transfer and coordination between architects and structural engineers and therefore the efficiency of the whole project. The proposed method can be extended and applied to other application phases and functions such as cost estimation, scheduling, and energy analysis.
State (ir)responsibility and the (un)making of transformative reparations at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

To what extent are reparations still meaningful when a government is unwilling or unable to deliver or endorse these initiatives? And what are the consequences for transitional justice when private...
A New Dataset for Natural Language Understanding of Exercise Logs in a Food and Fitness Spoken Dialogue System

Health and fitness are becoming increasingly important in the United States, as illustrated by the 70% of adults in the U.S. that are classified as overweight or obese, as well as globally, where obesity nearly tripled since 1975. Prior work used convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to understand a spoken sentence describing one’s meal, in order to expedite the meal-logging process. However, the system lacked a complementary exercise-logging component. We have created a new dataset of 3,000 natural language exercise-logging sentences. Each token was tagged as an Exercise, Feeling, or Other, and mapped to the most relevant exercise, as well as a score of how they felt on a scale from 1 to 10. We demonstrate the following: for intent detection (i.e., logging a meal or exercise), logistic regression achieves over 99% accuracy on a held-out test set; for semantic tagging, contextual embedding models achieve 93% F1 score, outperforming conditional random field models (CRFs); and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained on a multiclass classification task successfully map tagged exercise and feeling segments to database matches. By connecting how the user felt while exercising to the food they ate, in the future we may provide personalized and dynamic diet recommendations.
Precision Request: A Secondary Analysis of the Use of Praise, Response Cost, and Reprimand

The precision request (PR) is a semi-scripted request sequence incorporating antecedent and consequence procedures designed to improve compliance. In a previous study, we demonstrated that PR can increase the compliance of students receiving special education services under the category of emotional disturbance (ED). However, the PR includes a punishment procedure (i.e., response cost), which may be unwise for ethical, legal, and practical reasons. In this study, we evaluated secondary data from the previous study to examine the impact of PR on the teacher’s use of praise, response cost, and reprimands. We found that the teacher’s use of the PR was associated with an increase in teacher praise and decreases in both response cost and reprimands. We also discuss the possible active elements of the PR intervention for improving student compliance. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Factors Associated with Accurate Recall of Prior Disability in Older Persons

OBJECTIVES: To identify the factors associated with accurate recall of prior disability. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Greater New Haven, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-two participants, included in each of two analytical samples, who were nondisabled at the present time in four essential activities of daily living (ADLs; bathing, dressing, transferring, and walking) but who had had at least 1 month of disability during the prior year as determined from monthly telephone interviews. MEASUREMENTS: Participants who did not need help from another person at the present time were asked to recall whether they had needed help from another person to complete the relevant ADL at any time during the previous 12 months. RESULTS: Forty-five (48.9%) and 46 (50.0%) of the 92 participants accurately recalled having had disability in the prior year in the first and second analytical samples, respectively. Having at least a high school education was the only factor independently associated with accurate recall in the first analytical sample, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.03 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.11−8.31), whereas a composite disability scale that considered the timing and severity of prior disability was the only factor independently associated with accurate recall in the second analytic sample (AOR=5.38, 95% CI=1.81−16.1). CONCLUSION: The results of the current study, coupled with those of previous studies, suggest potential strategies that could be used to more completely and accurately ascertain the occurrence of disability in older persons.
Distributed modeling of layout parasitics effects in CMOS power devices

The effects of distributed power device model optimization and extraction techniques are incorporated to predict the f T , f max , transducer power gain and output power in 130 nm CMOS. Small signal and large signal of BSEVI-RF model, ICF-D1 model, and measured power device results are compared for model verification.
Influence of (—)-Hydroxycitrate on Lipogenesis in Chickens and Rats

The influence of (-)-hydroxycitrate on in vitro rates of fatty acid synthesis in chicken and rat liver and in rat adipose tissue was investigated. Following acute and chronic administration of (-)-hydroxycitrate to chickens and rats, changes in rates of fatty acid synthesis in vivo and in lipogenic enzyme activities were also determined. Addition of 1 mM (-)-hydroxycitrate to a buffer containing 10 mM glucose and liver slices from chickens or rats depressed the rate of 3H2O incorporation into fatty acids. Acute administration of (-)-hydroxycitrate to chickens and rats also depressed in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in the livers of these species. Chickens appeared to be more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate than did rats. (-)-Hydroxycitrate was incorporated into the diets fed to the chickens and rats. Hepatic citrate cleavage enzyme activities were increased several fold in livers of chickens and rats fed (-)-hydroxycitrate. However, the rates of fatty acid synthesis in chicken and rat livers were depressed when expressed per g liver. Livers of chickens fed (-)-hydroxycitrate for 14 days were enlarged. Dietary (-)-hydroxycitrate did not depress rates of fatty acid synthesis per liver in these birds. Consumption of (-)-hydroxycitrate did not alter liver weight in rats. In vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in rat adipose tissue were not influenced by consumption of a diet containing 52.6 nmoles (-)-hydroxycitrate/kg diet. Plasma triglyceride levels were increased two-fold in chickens, but unchanged in rats, fed (-)-hydroxycitrate for 2 to 3 weeks. There are species-specific as well as organ-specific responses to (-)-hydroxycitrate.
Some recent contributions of FTIR difference spectroscopy to the study of cytochrome oxidase1

In this minireview, some of the new findings using infrared spectroscopy to study cytochrome oxidase will be reviewed, with an emphasis on those studies involving our laboratory.
Does Rh immune globulin suppress HLA sensitization in pregnancy

Background How Rh immune globulin (RhIG) prevents sensitization to D antigen is unclear. If RhIG Fc delivers a nonspecific immunosuppressive signal, then RhIG may inhibit sensitization to antigens other than D. HLA antibody prevalence was compared in previously pregnant D– versus D+ women to investigate whether RhIG suppresses HLA sensitization. Study Design and Methods In the Leukocyte Antibody Prevalence Study (LAPS), 7920 volunteer blood donors were screened for anti-HLA and surveyed about prior pregnancies and transfusions. A secondary analysis of the LAPS database was performed. Results D– women not more than 40 years old (presumed to have received antenatal with or without postpartum RhIG in all pregnancies) had a significantly lower HLA sensitization rate than D+ women (relative risk, 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.83). When stratified by deliveries (one, two, three, or four or more), D– women not older than 40 were HLA sensitized less often than D+ women in every case. In contrast, a clear relationship between D type and HLA sensitization was not seen in older previously pregnant women whose childbearing years are presumed to have preceded the use of routine RhIG prophylaxis. In a multivariable logistic regression model, D– women not more than 40 years old remained significantly less likely to be HLA sensitized compared with D+ women after adjusting for parity, time from last pregnancy, lost pregnancies, and transfusions (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34-0.88). Conclusion Consistent with a nonspecific immunosuppressive effect of RhIG, younger previously pregnant D– women were less likely than previously pregnant D+ women to be HLA sensitized.
Toxicity, Efficacy, and Pharmacology of Suramin in Adults With Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas

PURPOSE: To determine the toxicity, efficacy, and pharmacology of suramin in patients with recurrent or progressive recurrent high-grade gliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty adults were to receive suramin. However, if no responses were seen in the first ten patients, the study was to be terminated. A total of 12 patients were enrolled onto this trial. Ten patients had glioblastoma multiforme, and 11 had received prior nitrosoureas. RESULTS: Drug-related toxicities were modest and reversible. Three patients developed grade 3 to 4 neutropenia, constipation, diarrhea, or nausea. No CNS bleeding was observed. Median time to progression was 55 days (range, 17 to 242 days) and median survival was 191 days (range, 42 to 811 days). No partial or complete responses were seen at 12 weeks. However, the clinical outcome of three patients suggests that evidence of suramin activity may be delayed. One patient who “progressed” after 12 weeks of suramin had a subsequent marked reduction in tumor size and has maintained a...
Enzymatic Immunoassay vs. Gas/Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Phenobarbital and Diphenylhydantoin in Serum

The antiepileptic drugs diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital were measured in serum by a new commercially available enzyme immunoassay procedure ("EMIT," Syva Corp.). The procedure requires less than 5 min and no more than 50 mul of serum per determination. It is simple; only four steps (pipetting and diluting with an automatic pipettor-dilutor) are required before spectrophotometry. Twenty replicate analyses of a serum containing phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin gave results with a CV of 6.8% and 9.1%, respectively. Results attained in a large series of patients were compared with results by a gas/liquid chromatographic procedure. For phenobarbital r = 0.97, and for diphenylhydantoin r = 0.98. No false negatives or false positives were encountered.
Sexual healing in patients with prostate cancer on hormone therapy

Since prostate cancer becomes more common with age, at least one-third of men have sexual problems at diagnosis. All localized treatments for prostate cancer greatly increase the prevalence of sexual dysfunction, which include loss of desire, erectile dysfunction, and changes in orgasm. Even men on active surveillance have a higher rate of problems than matched peers without prostate cancer. However, men given androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) have the worst rates of sexual dysfunction. Even after 3 to 4 months of ADT, men's desire for sex is decreased and irreversible damage may occur to the erectile tissue in the penis. Erections do not recover in about one-half of men, even if ADT is discontinued. Although intermittent ADT allows some recovery of sexual function, serum testosterone requires 9 to 12 months off ADT to recover. Again, one-half of men have permanent erectile dysfunction. If ADT causes atrophy of the erectile tissue, blood leaks out of the venous system during erection. This syndrome is difficult to treat except with surgery to implant a penile prosthesis. Despite the high rate of sexual problems in men on ADT, a small group stays sexually active and is able to have reliable erections. To improve men's sexual satisfaction on ADT, it may be important to educate them about getting extra mental and physical sexual stimulation, as well as using penile rehabilitation during hormone therapy. Information on reaching orgasm and coping with problems such as dry orgasm, pain with orgasm, and urinary incontinence during sex also should be provided.
TSV Stress-Aware ATPG for 3D Stacked ICs

Thermo-mechanical stress due to TSV fabrication processes is a major concern in 3D integration. TSV stress not only degrades the mechanical reliability of 3D ICs but it also affects the electrical properties, such as electron and hole mobility, of the MOS devices surrounding TSVs. Variations in carrier mobility result in a change in the timing profile of the circuit, which has an impact on delay-fault testing. We show quantitatively using the SDQL metric that test quality is significantly reduced if the test patterns are generated with TSV stress-oblivious circuit models. We evaluate the impact on TSV stress on delay testing by considering layouts for several 3D logic-on-logic benchmarks. The test escape rate is higher for processes with lower yields. Our results also indicate that we can improve the test quality by using TSV-stress aware cell libraries in a conventional ATPG flow with commercial tools, with negligible impact on pattern count. We therefore conclude that any detrimental impact of TSV stress on pattern effectiveness and test quality can be overcome by using stress-aware models for test generation.
Effects of O 2 on low-pressure CO-laser discharges

Trace additions of several gases are known to significantly effect CO-laser power and efficiency. Since small concentrations of additives are generally involved, these additives are recognized as predominantly influencing the characteristics of the laser plasma. Oxygen has been an additive receiving substantial attention in past measurements. In this paper we develop a consistent interpretation for all the observed oxygen effects both from our laboratories and elsewhere. Oxygen in small concentrations will be shown to improve laser efficiency and power through its effect on the electron-ion recombination process. At higher oxygen additions, laser output is degraded as a result of vibrational-translation relaxation by oxygen atoms. In addition, carbon formation and removal, plasma heating and cooling effects, heterogeneous loss processes, and the influence of polymer ions will be discussed through model calculations.
The Ambiguities of Authenticity in Little Sweden, U.S.A.

Throughout the United States many small towns have been reinventing themselves as ethnic–themed tourist towns. Scholars often do not give the culture in these towns a second thought, automatically assuming that the culture on display is no more than a Disneyesque caricature with no grounding in the day–to–day lives of residents. In my exploration of one of these towns, Lindsborg, Kansas, I discovered that such scholarly assumptions are misguided. However, authenticity remains a valuable lens through which to view the struggles between commerce and culture that inevitably arise in such settings. Through an examination of residents' own notions of authenticity, and the ways these notions play out in discussions of the Dala horse (a prominent town symbol), a detailed view of the interactions between tourism and culture emerges.
Perspectives of a Long-Time Observer

It is apparent from the observations of many workers-Gorrill, Guze, Braude, McCabe and Jackson-and observations in our laboratory, that individual bacterial strains differ with respect to capacity to produce manifest disease of the urinary tract. The implications of the studies of Edwards and those of Rantz ... are unmistakable. Detailed biologic study of strains of organisms obtained from patients with pyelonephritis is urgently needed, and at present we have no adequate markers for discerning biologic differences that relate to pathogenicity outside of the infected host.
Three-dimensional point cloud registration by matching surface features with relaxation labeling method

Automated approaches for the conversion of multiple overlapped three-dimensional (3D) point clouds into an integrated surface shape measurement in the form of a complete polygon surface are important in the general field of reverse engineering. Traditionally, the conversion process is achieved in a semi-automated manner that requires extensive user interaction. In this work, automated methods for point set registration are developed and experimentally validated using polygon surface reconstruction to represent raw, 3D point clouds obtained from non-contacting measurement systems. Using local differential properties extracted from the polygon surface representation for a measurement data set, a robust sculpture surface feature-matching method is described for automatically obtaining the initial orientation and mismatch estimates for each overlapped data set. Using both simulated and measured experimental data to quantify the performance of the method, it is shown that differential local surface features are appropriate metrics for identifying common features and initializing the relative positions of individual point clouds, thereby providing the basis for automating the registration and integration processes while improving the speed of the surface distance minimization method developed for the initial registration process.
Staphylococcus aureus protein A induces airway epithelial inflammatory responses by activating TNFR1.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that is associated with diverse types of local and systemic infection characterized by inflammation dominated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Staphylococci frequently cause pneumonia, and these clinical isolates often have increased expression of protein A, suggesting that this protein may have a role in virulence. Here we show that TNFR1, a receptor for tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) that is widely distributed on the airway epithelium, is a receptor for protein A. We also show that the protein A–TNFR1 signaling pathway has a central role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal pneumonia.
The distribution pattern of alpha-MSH-like immunoreactivity in the cat central nervous system.

Abstract The distribution pattern of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity (alpha-MSH-Li) was studied in cats using avidin-biotin modification of immunocytochemical method. Cell bodies containing alpha-MSH-Li were observed in the medial basal hypothalamus, especially in the infundibular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamus and near zone incerta. Fibers with alpha-MSH-Li extended beyond the hypothalamus, into the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, rostral amygdala, periaqueductal gray, locus ceruleus, parabrachial nucleus and medial nucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius. Axons with alpha-MSH-Li were also seen diffusely in various cortical areas, but more extensively in the limbic cortical regions. The distribution pattern of the cell bodies and fibers containing alpha-MSH-Li bears several similarities to that seen in rats, but differs in that the alpha-MSH-Li was not observed in cell bodies in locations other than the medial basal and lateral hypothalamus.
An evaluation of serverless group chat

This paper presents empirical analysis of serverless, multi-user chat in multicast-capable tactical environments. The implemented group communications middleware is based on serverless XMPP messaging. We compare the effectiveness and performance of serverless messaging over multicast, as well as typical client server TCP messaging. The experiments are performed using the Common Open Research Emulator in conjunction with the Extendable Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Emulator, to provide a higher-fidelity emulation than previous work.
In Situ Measurements of Flyash Formation from Pulverized Coal

Abstract Optical methods for particle size distribution measurements in practical high temperature environments have achieved feasibility and offer significant advantages over conventional sampling methods. The present paper describes a mobile electro-optical system which has been designed for general use in a wide range of research and industrial environments. The instrument has demonstrated capability for measuring individual particles in the size range 0.25-100 microns at number densities up to 1012/m3.- The system incorporates an in situ alignment procedure that is easy to set up and use in a wide variety of research and industrial environments. In addition to demonstration of the system's wide dynamic range, we show the utility of the in situ alignment method in hot (1100 K) turbulent flows where beam steering can be a problem. A major focus of the work described here is the application of the particle sizing technique to measurements of flyash formation in laboratory reactors. Number and mass freque...
Related intuitions and the mental representation of causative verbs in adults and children

Abstract Several lines of investigation refute the empirical basis for previous claims that experiments on subjective word relatedness demonstrate the psychological unreality of decompositional semantic representations for lexical causatives. Using three different techniques, we show that perceived relatedness between words is not a function of their structural distance at different levels of linguistic representation. Therefore, relatedness intuitions cannot be used as a critical test of the relative structural complexity of underlying syntactic or semantic representations. In contrast, subjective relatedness between nouns of structurally identical sentences are clearly affected by aspects of their conceptual interpretation, such as the ‘definiteness’ and ‘concreteness’ of the denoted entities, the intensity of their ‘intentional interaction’, or the ‘directness of causation’ expressed. The meaning of lexical causatives cannot be accounted for in terms of a prototype concept of direct causation. The prototype theory generates wrong predictions about the referential use of causative verbs in adults. It also fails to account for facts in the acquisition of lexical causatives. There is a stage of broad causative generalization when the use of both existing and novel causative verbs is extended to non-prototypical as well as prototypical causative events. We propose a bi-level lexical representation of causative verbs, which consists of (i) a decompositional — but non -definitional — semantic representation articulating their causative status, and (ii) a contextually attached conceptual stereotype specifying their range of application as a function of their context of use. The decomposable semantic structure emerges as a developmental stage in the acquisition of lexical concepts as a result of the linguistic reorganization of the lexicon. The conceptual stereotype becomes embedded later as part of the representation available in the mental lexicon for access by adults.