cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding minimum energy disjoint paths in wireless ad-hoc networks

We develop algorithms for finding minimum energy disjoint paths in an all-wireless network, for both the node and link-disjoint cases. Our major results include a novel polynomial time algorithm that optimally solves the minimum energy 2 link-disjoint paths problem, as well as a polynomial time algorithm for the minimum energy k node-disjoint paths problem. In addition, we present efficient heuristic algorithms for both problems. Our results show that link-disjoint paths consume substantially less energy than node-disjoint paths. We also found that the incremental energy of additional link-disjoint paths is decreasing. This finding is some what surprising due to the fact that in general networks additional paths are typically longer than the shortest path. However, in a wireless network, additional paths can be obtained at lower energy due to the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. Finally, we discuss issues regarding distributed implementation and present distributed versions of the optimal centralized algorithms presented in the paper.
Efficacy of administration of dexfenfluramine and phentermine, alone and in combination, on ingestive behavior and body weight in rats

Recently, a combination of the anorectics fenfluramine (FEN) and phentermine (PHEN) has been used to treat obesity. While each of these agents has been investigated in animals, little is known concerning the effects of the combination on ingestive behavior and body weight. In the present experiments, we report: (1) the effects of acute administration of dexfenfluramine (DFEN) and PHEN individually and in combination on sweetened milk intake and body weight in non-deprived rats and (2) the effects of chronic administration (7 day minipump) of DFEN, PHEN, and their combination on daily food intake and body weight both during and after the treatment period. Additionally, the effects of the 5-HT2C agonist 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]piperazine (TFMPP) alone and in combination with PHEN on food intake and body weight were assessed. Both acute and chronic administration of DFEN and PHEN revealed that in combination they are more effective than when given individually. However, the DFEN/ PHEN combination does not appear to exert effects that are selective for food intake because water intake was markedly suppressed in water-deprived rats. PHEN alone or in combination with either DFEN or TFMPP also produced increased activity or alertness during the day when controls normally were asleep. While anorectic combinations such as DFEN/PHEN may be effective at promoting weight loss and reducing food intake, future studies on their specificity, safety and efficacy are warranted.
Interior Space Invaders: Disruptive Neighbors and the Relational Self in Updike's Rabbit Redux

Contrary to the solipsism emphasized in most discussions of John Updike's Rabbit tetralogy, this article examines the tenuous and improper community Harry Angstrom forms when he invites two members of enemy groups to stay in his house. Drawing from Kierkegaard's “neighbor-love” and Levinas's phenomenological ethics, I argue that the presence of others shatters Harry's selfhood, demonstrating a relational identity that replaces the egoism often associated with Updike.
Behaviour of the Critical Taylor Number in Dilute Polymer Solutions

FRICTION in turbulent flow can be reduced by the addition of small quantities of soluble polymers of high molecular weight. It has been suggested that the effect is connected with non-Newtonian properties of the solutions such as a shear dependent viscosity or viscoelasticity. In solutions of the concentrations which exhibit drag reduction, however, no shear dependence of viscosity has been observed.
When grandchildren grow up: Role transition and family solidarity among baby boomer grandchildren and their grandparents

Abstract Research on grandchild-grandparent relationships has largely focused on juvenile and adolescent grandchildren. However, this research examines the connection between adolescent-to-adult role transition by grandchildren, and perceptions of intergenerational solidarity with their grandparents. What are the effects of grandchildren's changing employment, marital, and family status on family solidarity with grandparents? Using OLS multiple regression analysis, pooled data from five waves of the University of Southern California Longitudinal Study of Generations spanning 23 years between 1971–1994 are constructed into a subsample consisting of 3,210 grandchild person-intervals. The model of role transition across the life course suggests a negative relationship between adult role acquisition and intergenerational solidarity. However, the data are not consistent with the role transition hypothesis. Rather, the effects of adult role transition are dynamic. In other words, role acquisition did not necessarily lead to declines in family cohesion; nor did role loss always result in greater family solidarity. The findings indicate that overall, adult role transitions are stronger predictors of grandchildrens' solidarity with grandfathers, than with grandmothers.
The effects of mestranol-containing synthetic grit on the breeding of pigeons.

Abstract In studies involving 268 control and treated pigeons, it was possible to reduce problem pigeon populations using synthetic grit as the medium for treating adult pigeons with mestranol (a steroidal estrogen) and for reducing fertility in their progeny. This grit was mixed with a mash of pigeon food and repelleted; pigeons thus pick the grit up in food when they are eating. Treatment of adult pigeons with 30 mg of mestranol incorporated in 409.8 mg synthetic grit depressed fertility in males while the grit was retained in the gizzard, and delayed ovulation in females for 39 days after treatment. Treatment by grit apparently did not affect secretion of crop milk in treated parents. Erosion of 2.51 mg of grit released 183 μg of mestranol daily in pigeons, with natural grit available. Grit was present in the adult gizzard at autopsy 6 mo after treatment, and was passed to the young before weaning throughout the 6 mo. Synthetic grit may be retained in the F1 gizzard through maturation. Mestranol or a metabolite passed to the young in crop milk or in grit particles from parents before complete sexual differentiation disrupted the normal sequence of gonadal development leading to fertility, thereby modifying the fecundity of these birds. The method of using synthetic grit containing mestranol in pigeon food pellets for pigeon population control involves no debilitation or lethality.
A Closed Form Solution of a Longitudinal Bar With a Viscous Boundary Condition

Abstract A closed form solution of a longitudinal bar with a viscous boundary condition subjected to point loading is developed in this paper. A new series solution is formulated that allows the time and space modes of the beam to decouple. This expansion yields explicit eigenvalues and eigenvectors. A frequency domain example is presented, and the results are compared with finite element solutions of the same problem. It is shown that the closed form solution is computationally more efficient than a finite element solution. Additionally, the truncation error at lower frequencies is shown to be extremely small. The method is easily implemented, and can provide time and frequency domain solutions to this class of problems.
Who is at risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) after liver transplantation?

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication that may occur after any type of organ transplant requiring the use of exogenous immunosuppression. A review of the incidence of PTLD at a large single center noted the frequency of PTLD was 1.0% for renal transplant recipients, and 3.3, 2.7, and 3.8% for recipients of heart, liver, and heart–lung grafts respectively [1]. The incidence of PTLD has remained relatively stable in liver transplantation (LTX) in recent years, even with the advent of more potent immunosuppressive regimens. This is due, in part, to increased awareness and strategies for prophylaxis, monitoring and/or improved treatment options [2]. While there may still be some discrepancies in how PTLD is defined and characterized [3], in general, it is defined as a polyclonal or monoclonal lymphoid proliferation, generally of B-cells, generally of recipient origin [4], that occurs in the scenario of impaired T-cell function secondary to pharmacological immunosuppression. It includes a spectrum of entities ranging from polyclonal mononucleosis-like syndromes to monoclonal and monomorphic high-grade neoplastic lesions. Several factors such as nature of immunosuppressive therapy, Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) serological status, and underlying recipient disease have been reported to contribute to the development of PTLD. The aim of this review is to examine the associated variables for PTLD development in the context of LTX.
Evaluation of abnormal vaginal bleeding in perimenopausal women with endovaginal ultrasound and saline infusion sonohysterography

Saline infusion sonohysterography enhances endovaginal ultrasound examination of the uterine cavity in perimenopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. It is easily and rapidly performed at minimal cost, is extremely well tolerated by patients, and is virtually devoid of complications. Its use can prevent invasive diagnostic procedures in some patients as well as optimize the preoperative triage process for those patients who will require therapeutic intervention.
MRI estimation of global brain oxygen consumption rate

Measuring the global cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) is a valuable tool for assessing brain vitality and function. Measurement of blood oxygen saturation (HbO(2)) and flow in the major cerebral outflow and inflow vessels can provide a global estimate of CMRO(2). We demonstrate a rapid noninvasive method for quantifying CMRO(2) by simultaneously measuring venous oxygen saturation in the superior sagittal sinus with magnetic resonance susceptometry-based oximetry, a technique that exploits the intrinsic susceptibility of deoxygenated hemoglobin, and the average blood inflow rate with phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. The average venous HbO(2), cerebral blood flow, and global CMRO(2) values in eight healthy, normal study subjects were 64%+/-4%, 45.2+/-3.2 mL per 100 g per minute, and 127+/-7 micromol per 100 g per minute, respectively. These values are in good agreement with those reported in literature. The technique described is noninvasive, robust, and reproducible for in vivo applications, making it ideal for use in clinical settings for assessing the pathologies associated with dysregulation of cerebral metabolism. In addition, the short acquisition time (approximately 30 seconds) makes the technique suitable for studying the temporal variations in CMRO(2) in response to physiologic challenges.
Single‐phase chromatography: Solute retardation by ultrafiltration and electrophoresis

It is suggested that chromatographic separations can be performed very effectively in the absence of a stationary sorbent phase by using small diameter tubes or tube bundles for the column and segregating the solutes radially into the slower moving fluid near the tube walls. Separation is achieved by differential solute retardation whenever the degree of segregation is different for the various solute species present. An approximate analysis and preliminary experimental studies demonstrate the feasibility of using ultrafiltration through the tube wall to achieve solute separation. Preliminary estimates based on our ultrafiltration analysis also show that segregation by electromigration is very promising for electrically charged solutes.
Enhancement of cisplatin sensitivity of cisplatin-resistant human cervical carcinoma cells by bryostatin 1

Purpose: Bryostatin 1, a unique protein kinase C (PKC) activator, is already in the clinical trials. An understanding of complex regulation of PKC by bryostatin 1 is essential for effective use of bryostatin 1 in the clinic. We have previously shown that the ability of bryostatin 1 to enhance cisplatin sensitivity correlated with its ability to down-regulate PKCδ in HeLa cells. We have investigated how bryostatin 1 influences PKCδ regulation in cisplatin-resistant HeLa (HeLa/CP) cells, and if bryostatin 1 could be used to reverse cisplatin resistance. Experimental Design: Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), bryostatin 1, and small interfering RNA were used to manipulate PKC level/activation status. Cell death was monitored by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Annexin V dye-binding assay, and analysis of hypodiploid peak in a flow cytometer. Results: Bryostatin 1 elicited a biphasic concentration response on PKCδ down-regulation and cisplatin-induced cell death in HeLa/CP cells; the maximum effect was achieved with 1 nmol/L bryostatin 1. Down-regulation of PKCα increased with increasing concentrations of bryostatin 1. PDBu induced down-regulation of PKCα in HeLa and HeLa/CP cells but it had little effect on PKCδ down-regulation in HeLa/CP cells. However, both PDBu and bryostatin 1 enhanced the sensitivity of HeLa/CP cells to cisplatin. Knockdown of PKCδ by small interfering RNA inhibited cisplatin-induced apoptosis but knockdown of PKCα enhanced cisplatin-induced cell death. Conclusions: These results suggest that although PKCδ acts as a proapoptotic protein, full-length PKCδ may inhibit cisplatin-induced cell death. Thus, persistent activation/down-regulation of PKCδ by bryostatin 1 was associated with cisplatin sensitization. Furthermore, PKCα acts as an antiapoptotic protein and down-regulation of PKCα by PDBu was associated with cellular sensitization to cisplatin.
Explicitly Parallel Regular Expressions

The equivalence of non-deterministic finite automata (NFA^1), deterministic finite automata (DFA), regular expressions (RE), and parallel finite automata (PFA) with augmented regular expressions (PRE) is used to relate parallel finite automata to the shuffle operation on regular languages. Our goal is to capitalize on the equivalence of regular expressions and augmented regular expressions to increase parallelization efficiency. We use the existing automated transformation algorithms for the various finite automata listed above, as well as one of our own, to inform a transformation from augmented regular expressions to minimized deterministic finite automata (DFAmin). We then discuss the serialization of augmented regular expressions, and present a brief summary of potential applications, related research, and future directions.
Propagators and Feynman diagrams for laterally heterogeneous elastic media

SUMMARY The propagator for coupled-mode elastic waves can be cast into a number of different representations, which emphasize particular aspects of the wave propagation in a laterally heterogeneous medium. One representation has the form of a generalized scattering operator and contains a quantity that can be interpreted as the lateral impedance. Another representation reduces naturally to the JWKB approximation for smoothly varying media with no mode coupling. The propagator solution for the fields in a laterally heterogeneous elastic medium with weak random boundary fluctuations leads naturally to the application of Feynman diagram techniques for the derivation of Dyson's equation and the Bethe–Salpeter equation for the propagator mean and covariance, respectively. The diagram techniques are reviewed and their utility for solution of random media elastic wave problems is demonstrated.
Analytical performance of a dry chemistry analyzer designed for in-clinic use.

Background The Heska Dri-Chem 4000 uses dry slide technology to evaluate serum or plasma. No previous independent performance evaluation is published to the authors' knowledge. Objectives The objectives were to (1) characterize analytical performance of a Dri-Chem 4000 by measuring precision and bias, (2) compare analytical performance of that Dri-Chem 4000 unit with a predetermined quality requirement, and (3) determine whether statistical QC of the Dri-Chem 4000 is possible using the 13s control rule. Methods Sixteen analytes were measured using plasma from dogs, cats, and horses. Coefficient of variation (CV), bias, and observed total error (TEobs) were calculated. TEobs was compared with allowable total error (TEa). Sigma metric and quality goal index were calculated where relevant. QC validation was performed. Results Bias and TEobs calculated using quality control material (QCM) data were smaller than those calculated using method comparison data. Using TEobs calculated from species-specific CV and QCM-based bias, 100% of analytes in each species met ASVCP-recommended TEa. Desired error detection and false rejection rates were achievable using the 13s control rule and ASVCP-recommended TEa values for 9/16 (56%) of analytes in dogs, 9/14 (64%) of analytes in cats, and 8/13 (62%) of analytes in horses. Conclusions Analytical performance of the Dri-Chem 4000 is comparable to that reported by other authors for other small benchtop biochemistry analyzers. Statistical QC using a simple control rule is possible for most analytes in dogs, cats, and horses.
Influence of pH on the acute toxicity of ammonia to juvenile freshwater mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea)

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of pH on the toxicity of ammonia to juvenile freshwater mussels. Acute 96-h ammonia toxicity tests were conducted with 10-d-old juvenile mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) at five pH levels ranging from 6.5 to 9.0 in flow-through diluter systems at 20 degrees C. Acute 48-h tests with amphipods (Hyalella azteca) and 96-h tests with oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus) were conducted concurrently under the same test conditions to determine the sensitivity of mussels relative to these two commonly tested benthic invertebrate species. During the exposure, pH levels were maintained within 0.1 of a pH unit and ammonia concentrations were relatively constant through time (coefficient of variation for ammonia concentrations ranged from 2 to 30% with a median value of 7.9%). The median effective concentrations (EC50s) of total ammonia nitrogen (N) for mussels were at least two to six times lower than the EC50s for amphipods and oligochaetes, and the EC50s for mussels decreased with increasing pH and ranged from 88 mg N/L at pH 6.6 to 0.96 mg N/L at pH 9.0. The EC50s for mussels were at or below the final acute values used to derive the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's acute water quality criterion (WQC). However, the quantitative relationship between pH and ammonia toxicity to juvenile mussels was similar to the average relationship for other taxa reported in the WQC. These results indicate that including mussel toxicity data in a revision to the WQC would lower the acute criterion but not change the WQC mathematical representation of the relative effect of pH on ammonia toxicity.
Geometry reconstruction using genetic programming and local optimization

Geometry optimization has applications in many fields and problems such as structure design and inverse scattering. Recently, a method for geometry design was developed using genetic programming. The method is based on a tree shaped chromosome that represents Boolean combinations of convex shapes. Genetic programming (GP) is used to optimize the structure. This approach proved successful but required a large amount of computing resources. The typical number of function evaluations required was around 200,000. While other genetic algorithm (GA) based inverse scattering methods were shown to require a similar number of evaluations for problems of similar complexity, the efficiency of the method can still be improved by using local optimization. Local optimization methods such as the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method can compliment a GA's global search capabilities with a more efficient local search mechanism. The resulting method should provide more accurate answers using fewer function evaluations. One drawback is that the local optimization scheme will require a number of function evaluations that cannot be parallelized as easily as a genetic algorithm. If several chromosomes are optimized simultaneously, each can be run in parallel. In addition, the local optimizer can be run for a small number of steps.
Wavelet entropy characterization of elevated intracranial pressure

Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) often occurs for those patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, tumor, etc. Pathology of ICH is still controversial. In this work, we used wavelet entropy and relative wavelet entropy to study the difference existed between normal and hypertension states of ICP for the first time. The wavelet entropy revealed the similar findings as the approximation entropy that entropy during ICH state is smaller than that in normal state. Moreover, with wavelet entropy, we can see that ICH state has the more focused energy in the low wavelet frequency band (0–3.1 Hz) than the normal state. The relative wavelet entropy shows that the energy distribution in the wavelet bands between these two states is actually different. Based on these results, we suggest that ICH may be formed by the re-allocation of oscillation energy within brain.
A polymeric mixed‐metal hexamethyldisilazide

The title compound, catena-poly[[μ2-bis­(trimethyl­silyl)amido-κ2N:N]-lithium(I)-[μ2-bis­(trimethyl­silyl)amido-κ2N:N]potassium], [LiK(C6H18NSi2)2]n or [{(Me3Si)2NLi}{(Me3Si)2NK}]∞, is a polymeric one-dimensional chain composed of alternating lithium and potassium centers bridged through the amide N atoms of the hexa­methyl­disilazide anions. The repeat unit is centrosymmetric, with K on a center of symmetry, Li on a twofold rotation axis, and the complete hexa­methydisilazide anion in the asymmetric unit. All of the methyl C atoms in the hexa­methyl­disilazide anion are disordered over two sites, with the site occupancies refined to 0.63 (2) for the major component of one trimethyl­silyl group and 0.54 (3) for the major component of the second trimethyl­silyl group.
Medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: sexual dysfunction and impact on quality of life

Therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may either improve or exacerbate sexual function with an ensuing impact on quality of life. Here we review a total of 73 papers on medical therapies for BPH with a focus on the effects of different pharmacological agents on sexual function. For example, certain alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor blockers may improve erectile function; however, ejaculatory dysfunction with one of these agents, tamsulosin, occurs at a rate of 4-18%, rising to 30% with long-term use. In addition, treatment with the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride is associated with problems of ejaculation (2.1-7.7%), erection (4.9-15.8%), and libido (3.1-5.4%). Such significant and undesirable complications in relation to sexual function produce a well-documented negative impact on quality of life. Thus, optimal treatment for men with BPH requires the use of agents that demonstrate efficacy and safety with fewer sexual side effects.
Interrogating Richard Leo's Claims about Police Scholarship

i n a recent issue of Law & Society Review, Richard Leo (1996) takes full advantage of the intellectual freedom given to review essayists in "Police Scholarship for the Future: Resisting the Pull of the Policy Audience," He claims that most of police scholarship of the 1990s is "impoverished theoretically" and "often not worth reading" (p. 865) and blames the current generation of police scholars for falling into the grip (and deep pockets) of the policy audience. He contrasts current scholarship with a golden age of police inquiry, the 1960s, in which theoretical breakthroughs were common, and scholars were driven by their critical instincts rather than by material interests. His review of current works is narrower than most published in the Review, covering only two monographs published in the 1990s, and holding out but one (Bayley 1994) as evidence of all that is wrong with contemporary, sociolegal inquiry of policing. After a decade of pursuing another line of sociolegal inquiry, I have returned to police scholarship, drawn largely by the research agendas of a number of doctoral students in Justice Studies at Arizona State University. My connection with their work and with that of a number of the current generation of sociolegal scholars pursuing police scholarship around the country generates an impression quite at odds with Leo's view. Critical police scholarship is an emerging strand of sociolegal studies quite distinct and apart from the continuous pull of the policy audience on the great majority of American criminologists and criminal justice researchers. It is influenced by the empirical work of a senior group of criminological and sociolegal scholars who have long focused on the meaning of police work in organizational and community contexts, including Skolnick (1966), Manning
Wildland fire hazard and risk: Problems, definitions, and context

Abstract The risks, hazards, and relative severity of wildland fires are presented here within the ecological context of historical natural fire regimes, time, space, and process. As the public dialogue on the role and impacts of wildland fire increases, it is imperative for all partners to converge on clear and concise terminology that defines risk, hazard, and the characteristic (or uncharacteristic) nature of wildland fire. These terms must be defined in the context of scale—both spatial and temporal. The concept of historical natural fire regimes involves a classification of the characteristic, or “natural” processes and effects associated with wildland fire occurring in sustainable ecosystems. When a wildland fire occurs within the time, space, and severity parameters of the historical natural fire regime, the fire can be called natural, or “characteristic”. The milieu of disturbance effects we call catastrophic, such as economic losses, damages to communities and structures, or impacts on short-term aesthetic values involve social, cultural, and economic values and risks—none is directly associated with ecological values, damages, or risks. In the context of technical risk assessments, the term “risk” considers not only the probability of an event, but also includes values and expected losses. However, within the fire community it refers only to the probability of ignition (both man- and lightning-caused). ‘Hazard’ refers to the state of the fuel, exclusive of weather or the environs in which the fuel is found. Unlike many common uses of the term ‘severity’, fire severity refers specifically to the effect a fire has on wildland systems. It is inappropriate to use the term severity to describe the behavior of the fire phenomenon itself. Instead, we should confine its use to that relating only to a fire's effect. Finally, I discuss the limitations and conflicts to integrating all social, cultural, economic, health, and safety values in our public and policy-forming dialogue relating to fire risk, hazard, and severity. Typical risk assessments consider all relevant endpoints, including socio-economic, management, as well as ecological elements. Herein, I use the Black Mountain 2 Fire from August 2003 in the northern Rockies to illustrate the spatiotemporal extent of fire's impacts on the endpoints. When expressed over all affected spatiotemporal scales, the overlay of all endpoints from this synthetic scenario results in a “decision space” ranging in time from an hour to a century, and in space ranging from a few square meters to the continent.
Do adolescents know where to find help for mental health problems? A brief report

Objective: Few previous studies have investigated adolescents' knowledge of the services available to provide help with mental health problems. This is an important omission as knowledge about the availability of mental health services may significantly influence the extent to which adolescents with mental health problems receive appropriate help for their difficulties. The purpose of this study was to investigate knowledge of mental health services among socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents. Methodology: Students attending the participating high school completed a questionnaire describing mental health services in South Australia. Results: The results suggest that the adolescents had little knowledge of mental health services and they primarily discussed their problems with other family members or friends. The results also suggest that the adolescents prefer to obtain information about mental health problems from education programmes in schools or on television. Conclusions: There is a need to make adolescents and their families more aware of the services available to provide help for mental health problems.
Preamble recognition and synchronization detection in partial-response systems

To achieve fast initial gain and timing-phase adjustment in receivers for communication or storage systems using partial-response signaling, a synchronization preamble preceding user data is transmitted. A method for recognizing that synchronization has been achieved and that the preamble is being received, and for detecting the end of preamble is presented. The method is based on a maximum-likelihood test. Its efficiency is demonstrating by computing the probability of not recognizing the preamble when it is actually received and the probability of falsely recognizing the preamble when in fact user data are received. >
Cluster Security Research Involving the Modeling of Network Exploitations Using Exploitation Graphs

In this paper, we overview cluster security research underway at Mississippi State University (MSU) and focus on one particular effort involving a process to model system vulnerabilities and possible exploitations in specific cluster environments using exploitation graphs (e-graphs). Cluster security research at MSU has included attacks against clusters, anomaly detection, sensor fusion, VGLI security functionality in clusters, and the use of known system vulnerability data, system configuration data, and vulnerability scanner results to create e-graphs to model possible attack scenarios. The use of e-graphs is helpful in determining attacker work factor analysis, cost/benefit analysis of security, detection of attacks, and identification of critical vulnerabilities.
7 – Wireless sensor networks for the monitoring and control of nuclear power plants

The use of wireless communications for signal transmission in nuclear power plants has been under discussion for years. A number of situations where wireless communications are used to support varied applications in nuclear power plants are presented here.
Effect of wearing eyeglasses on judgment of socioprofessional group membership

Several researchers have reported that people photographed wearing eyeglasses were perceived as being more intelligent and honest than people who were not wearing them. In this study, conducted in France, I tried to replicate this effect using a forced-choice situation. Participants viewed a photograph of a male target wearing, or not wearing, eyeglasses and were instructed to estimate his socioprofessional group using a well-known French list. Results showed that, compared with the target without eyeglasses, the target wearing eyeglasses was more frequently associated with a higher status socioprofessional group and less often with midstatus or low-status socioprofessional groups. These results confirmed that a common cue of facial appearance is sufficient to activate a stereotype of social group membership.
Brief review: cell replacement therapies to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) have the potential to differentiate into any somatic cell, making them ideal candidates for cell replacement therapies to treat a number of human diseases and regenerate damaged or non-functional tissues and organs. Key to the promise of regenerative medicine is developing standardized protocols that can safely be applied in patients. Progress towards this goal has occurred in a number of fields, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). During the past 10 years, significant technological advances in hESC/iPSC biochemistry have provided a roadmap to generate sufficient quantities of glucose-responsive, insulin-producing cells capable of eliminating diabetes in rodents. Although many of the molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of these cells remain to be elucidated, the field of cell-based therapeutics to treat T1D has advanced to the point where the first Phase I/II trials in humans have begun. Here, we provide a concise review of the history of cell replacement therapies to treat T1D from islet transplantations and xenotranplantation, to current work in hESC/iPSC. We also highlight the latest advances in efforts to employ insulin-producing, glucose-responsive β-like cells derived from hESC as therapeutics.
Adding “missed” science to Cassini’s ops plan

The phenomenal success of the Cassini Mission at Saturn is largely due to flagship instruments, in a target rich environment, for a long period of time, executing almost error free complex mission operations. A smooth transition from cruise operations through the prime science mission and extended science (Equinox) mission culminating in the currently executing Solstice mission has folded in necessary procedural alterations due to improved understanding of the spacecraft, instruments, uplink and planning systems as well as additional science objectives. These have come with the maturation of the mission along with management of workforce reductions. One important set of operational changes has been initiated due to scientific findings highlighting "missed" science opportunities. This is the case for the Titan Meteorology Campaigns and Saturn Storm Watch Campaigns. These observations involve long term monitoring of the atmospheres of Titan and Saturn while the spacecraft and science teams are focused on other high priority targets of opportunity (like Enceladus). Our objective in this paper is to emphasize how a non-invasive strategy to get additional remarkable science was conceived and implemented in a mission with an already well defined operational plan. To illustrate this we will detail Titan Meteorology Campaign and Saturn Storm Watch Campaign integration and implementation strategies as well as the scientific goals and achievements of both.
Microbiology of Frozen Foods: IV. Longevity of Certain Pathogenic Bacteria in Frozen Cherries and in Frozen Cherry Juice

The two papers published here (IV and V) on the microbiology of frozen foods are a part of a rather extensive study of this problem. Because of the length of the complete study it was thought desirable to publish the parts separately. The first of the series contains a review of the literature on the effect of cold temperatures on micro-organisms. The second records studies on about 2,000 cans of frozen fruits and vegetables, in which the longevity of the micro-organisms present was determined. Short studies were also made on tissue changes during freezing and on time of spoilage after freezing. The third was a study of the effect of freezing on pure cultures of micro-organisms suspended in different menstruums. The sixth and last of the series was a study of the longevity of pathogens in ice cream. Those forms which are important in the dairy industries were used, i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (human, bovine and avian types), and paratyphoid and undulant fever strains.
Poor and pregnant: perinatal ganja use in rural Jamaica.

This paper reports the ethnographic findings from a study of cannabis use by pregnant women in rural Jamaica. The perceived functions of ganja in reducing the physiological symptoms of pregnancy and associated psychological stress are described in relation to the sociocultural context of pregnancy in low-income rural communities. The data suggest that distinguishing life-style characterisitcs of cannabis-smoking women many actually mitigate the potentially harmful effects of marihuana.
Amniocentesis for Antenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders

Amniocentesis in early pregnancy is becoming an important tool in diagnosis and prevention of genetic disease. Improvements in technic have expanded knowledge and minimized complications. Antenatal diagnosis may lead to planned therapeutic abortion, but it often saves lives as well as reassures anxious parents.
Use of a microcomputer in a pediatric hospital.

The implementation and uses of a microcomputer in a 186-bed pediatric hospital are described. A Kaypro-10 portable microcomputer and an Epson Fx-80 printer were purchased in anticipation of increased workload generated by addition of beds to the hospital's neonatal intensive-care unit. Programs in C-BASIC language were developed for performing mathematical calculations, labeling of unit dose injections and oral liquids, and generating automatic-stop-order renewal notices. A master menu was designed to allow access to all programs. Work sheets to aid in the calculation of solution volumes required to deliver desired dosages of emergency drugs and for preparation of parenteral nutrient solutions are generated by the microcomputer, along with labels for these solutions. Other computer programs allow charging of floor stock items for i.v. admixtures, tracking of emergency-drug boxes, and generation of controlled-substances and anaphylaxis-dosing labels. A total of 510 hours was required to develop the microcomputer programs at a salary cost of $2600. Hospital pharmacies experiencing an expansion of patient services may be able to reduce the impact of the increased workload on manpower requirements by computerizing existing systems. Pharmacies with specialized needs can consider microcomputer implementation and inhouse software development as one alternative.
Attracting Honeybees to Alfalfa with Citral, Geraniol and Anise

SummaryWhen plots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were sprayed with citral, geraniol, anise, and sucrose in factorial treatment-combinations, plots treated with two or three scents in sucrose solution were more attractive to honeybees than plots treated with only one scent. Geraniol was generally more attractive than citral when it was applied in a solution containing 5 or 10% sucrose, but less attractive than citral when applied in water. The synergistic effect between citral and geraniol was no greater than that between citral and anise or geraniol and anise.
Parallel algorithms for the single source shortest path problem

We present several parallel algorithms for the problem of finding shortest paths from a specified vertex (called the source) to all others in a weighted directed graph. The algorithms are for machines ranging from array processors, multipleinstruction multiple-data stream machines to a special network of processors. These algorithms have been designed by “parallelizing” two classic sequential algorithms — one due to Dijkstra (1959), the other due to Moore (1957). Our interest is not only in obtaining speeded-up parallel versions of the algorithms but also in exploring the design principles, the commonality of correctness proofs of the different versions, and the subjective complexity of explaining and understanding these versions.
Aristotle's Theory of Language and Meaning: Language of Science

That a spoken sound is significant is a function of its having an internal correlate in the mind. In semantic contexts, Aristotle identifies the mental state with a logos treated as a meaning or a specification of meaning in a definition. This condition on meaningful sounds is augmented by the requirement that true sentences must also correspond to extralinguistic states of affairs. A true sentence is reducible to an internalized logos , its meaning, since the sounds and/or graphic representations of it are signs of the mental state. Thus the correlation between the internal content and the external object specified by the theory of meaning becomes a threat to the existence of knowledge – or at least to our having any confidence that any particular sentence or body of assertions, such as those making up a demonstrative science, are true. Aristotle seeks to defuse this threat by in effect contextualizing the two relevant aspects of meaning, the pathema as a logos that is expressible in a natural language and the pathema as a likeness to an extralinguistic object. The context in which these are considered in the Posterior Analytics is the theory of demonstrative science, specifically, the theory of definition and the account of the origin of universals. The basic sentences or premises of a demonstrative science are true ex hypothesi. A demonstrative science is a deductive science, moreover, and this means that definitions of basic objects will be included among the primary premises.
Comparing estimates of population change from occupancy and mark–recapture models for a territorial species

Monitoring studies often use marked animals to estimate population abundance at small spatial scales. However, at smaller scales, occupancy sampling, which uses detection/nondetection data, may be useful where sites are approximately territories, and occupancy dynamics should be strongly correlated with population dynamics. Occupancy monitoring has advantages in that it is less expensive and invasive, and marked animals are not needed. Here, we used empirical data to determine whether and when change in occupancy is a good proxy for population change for a territorial species. As part of this overall goal, we also compared maximum-likelihood estimates using a model-averaging approach with a Bayesian MCMC approach. We used field data collected from 1993 to 2013 on three study areas for California spotted owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis), a territorial species. Although correlations for trajectories of realized population change (Δt) between territory occupancy and Pradel models were moderate to high for Bayesian MCMC-based estimates and high for model-averaged estimates, magnitudes of the trajectories were different with the Pradel model reporting greater magnitudes of change. For the two areas showing a decline, Δt for the Pradel model was approximately 20–30% lower than for the occupancy model, and 25% higher in the area showing an increase. These differences can arise because the occupancy model is less sensitive, in that if two owls share a territory, the loss of one may be reflected in survival and, consequently in Δt by the Pradel model, but because the territory remains occupied it is not reflected by the occupancy model. Bayesian MCMC-based and model-averaged estimates of Δt were in close agreement in pattern (correlation ≥0.74) and magnitude (relative differences of last Δt were ≤5%) for both occupancy and mark–resight models. Results from the Pradel model may lead to conservation actions necessary to avoid high extinction or extirpation risk for small populations, while results from the territory occupancy model may result in status quo management. We found both Bayesian MCMC-based and model-averaged estimates of Δt robust approaches to evaluate population trends. However, we recommend the Bayesian MCMC approach for estimating risk (e.g., probability of declines) for retrospective analyses.
The Tensions Between Shared Governance and Advancing Educational Equity

This article examines the relationship between shared governance and one school district’s (in)ability to advance educational equity. Specifically, we consider the district’s policies, discourse, and practice around equity within the context of site-based management and shared decision making. We suggest that if equity is indeed a major district responsibility, then it seems inconsistent to leave equity at the mercy of shared governance and occasional externally-imposed mandates because most individual school leaders and educators are not currently taking up this agenda or implementing changes that would result in equitable education. Thus, our work suggests that progress toward educational equity may best be achieved through top-down, directive leadership in districts.
Numerical Simulation of Wetting-Induced Settlement of Embankments

AbstractIn this paper, the Barcelona basic model (BBM) was implemented in a finite difference-based computer program to simulate the behavior of unsaturated soils subjected to wetting. The BBM impl...
Enhancing quality of life among adolescents with bipolar disorder: A randomized trial of two psychosocial interventions☆

Abstract Background Adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD) report lower quality of life (QoL) than adolescents with other psychiatric disorders. This study compared the efficacy of family-focused therapy for adolescents (FFT-A) plus pharmacotherapy to brief psychoeducation (enhanced care, or EC) plus pharmacotherapy on self-rated QoL in adolescents with BD over 2 years. Methods Participants were 141 adolescents (mean age: 15.6±1.4yr) with BD I or II who had a mood episode in the previous 3 months. Adolescents and parents were randomly assigned to (1) FFT-A, given in 21 sessions in 9 months of psychoeducation, communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills training, or (2) EC, given in 3 family psychoeducation sessions. Study psychiatrists provided patient participants with protocol-based pharmacotherapy for the duration of the study. QoL was assessed with The KINDLR Questionnaire (Ravens-Sieberer and Bullinger, 1998) during active treatment (baseline to 9 months) and during a post-treatment follow-up (9–24 months). Results The two treatment groups did not differ in overall QoL scores over 24 months. However, adolescents in FFT-A had greater improvements in quality of family relationships and physical well-being than participants in EC. For quality of friendships, the trajectory during active treatment favored EC, whereas the trajectory during post-treatment favored FFT-A. Limitations We were unable to standardize medication use or adherence over time. Quality of life was based on self-report rather than on observable functioning. Conclusions A short course of family psychoeducation and skills training may enhance relational functioning and health in adolescents with BD. The effects of different psychosocial interventions on peer relationships deserves further study.
On subliminal channels in encrypt-on-cast voting systems

Ballot secrecy, while essential, is difficult to achieve with any voting system cryptographic or otherwise. Moreover, the majority of cryptographic voting systems introduce new ballot secrecy problems. In encrypt-on-cast voting systems, like that of Benaloh [1, 2], a malicious voting machine can use the encrypted votes that it posts to the public bulletin board as a subliminal channel to convey information about voters' choices to a coercer. Although it was known that a machine could manipulate the randomness used to encrypt the votes to leak information [14], we show that this threat is more severe than previously recognized and that existing mitigations may be ineffective. A compromised machine may only need to leak a few bits and modify only a handful of ballots in order to coerce most of the voters in a polling place. In light of this threat, we propose an extension to the Benaloh scheme that allows anyone to verify that every ciphertext on the bulletin board uses the right randomness. Finally, we show that even without manipulating the randomness, a machine can still use the ciphertexts to leak a small, but potentially dangerous, number of bits by strategically flipping a few votes. Overall, we show that while subliminal channels in encrypt-on-cast voting systems can be partially mitigated, they cannot yet be eliminated completely.