cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sea-level rise curve from Guilford, Connecticut, USA

Abstract High-resolution stratigraphic studies based on sediment chemistry, lithology, macroflora, and benthic foraminiferal assemblages in three peat cores from coastal salt marshes at Guilford, Connecticut, show that coastal marshes are ephemeral environments. Marsh-wide environmental variations were common, and century-long episodes of relative submergence alternated with emergence. Despite about 2 m of relative sea-level rise (RSLR) in Connecticut over the last 1500 years, the marshes have expanded both landwards and seawards, and marsh accretion has been outpaced only marginally by RSLR. We used radiocarbon dating and the level of anthropogenic markers (metal pollution, as dated with 210 Pb) in the cores for age control. For most of the last 1000 years the rate of RSLR was between 1.3 and 1.8 mm/yr, but over the last 300–400 years it increased to 2.9–3.3 mm/yr, and has been faster than the accretion rate, especially in the middle marsh. The net-submergence rate or “submergence index” (ratio of the rate of RSLR and marsh-accretion rate) averaged about 1.15 over the last 1000 years, and increased to about 1.5 over the last 200 years. The rate of RSLR was very sluggish during the early part of the Little Ice Age, but we found a slightly higher rate during the Little Climate Optimum; this excursion is close to the noise level, however. The most significant observation is that RSLR increased strongly around A.D. 1650. The onset of this acceleration falls in the middle to end of the Little Ice Age, and thus preceded the period of modern global warming that started late last century and that has been tentatively correlated with anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
Behavioural sex change in the absence of gonads in a coral reef fish

It is an axiom of vertebrate behavioural endocrinology that full expression of a male behavioural phenotype depends on testicular influences during development, in adulthood, or both. Sex change in fishes challenges this necessity: behavioural changes are often rapid and greatly precede gonadal changes. However, steroid hormones can have fast actions on the nervous system, so gonadal influences on behavioural sex change cannot be excluded based solely on the speed of these changes. We report that surgical gonad removal does not prevent or discernibly alter female-to-male behavioural sex change in a protogynous coral reef fish. Male behaviour assumption is instead purely dependent on attaining social dominance. This is the first example of a vertebrate fully expressing a male behavioural phenotype without current or previous exposure to a functioning testis or testicular products.
Central projections of brachial and lumbar dorsal roots in reptiles.

The central distributions of single lumbar and brachial dorsal roots have been determined in the reptiles: Caiman sclerops, Ctenosaura hemophila and Iguana iguana. Degeneration resulting from root transections was assessed by means of the uranyl nitrate modification of the Nauta method. All dorsal root projections were entirely ipsilateral to the side of the damaged roots. A projection to the ventral horn was found in the lizards, but not in Caiman. A nuclear column, apparently homologous with Clarke's column of mammals, was observed in Ctenosaura and Caiman. A somatotopically organized dorsal column projection to gracile and cuneate nuclei was found in Ctenosaura and Caiman. No evidence was obtained for a projection to a lateral cuneate nucleus or to areas rostral to the level of the dorsal column nuclei. The findings are contrasted with previous descriptions of dorsal root projections in reptiles, as well as with the pattern of dorsal root distribution reported for amphibians and for mammals.
The Pioneer Venus Program

The major aspects of the Pioneer Venus orbiter and multiprobe missions are documented. Specific topics covered include a program history, the scientific payloads, spacecraft descriptions, launch and interplanetary cruise features, encounter features, nominal mission descriptions, instrument anomalies, and the orbiter extended mission. The key scientific questions addressed by the missions are listed.
The antinociception induced by beta-endorphin administered intrathecally is mediated by the activation of mu- and kappa-opioid receptors in the rat.

The antinociception induced by β-endorphin given supraspinally has been previously demonstrated to be mediated by the stimulation of ɛ-, but not μ-, δ- or κ-opioid receptors in rats and mice. The present study was designed to determine what types of opioid receptors in the spinal cord are involved in the antinociception induced by intrathecally (i.t.) administered β-endorphin. Antinociception was assessed by the tailflick test in male Sprague-Dawley rats. CTOP (0.9–6.6 nmol), a selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist, or nor-BNI(13.6–95.3 nmol), a selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist, given i.t. dose-dependently reversed i.t. administered β-endorphin-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response. On the other hand, naltrindole (6.6–44.4 nmol), a selective δ-opioid receptor antagonist, or β-endorphin (1–27) (1–6.7 nmol), a selective ɛ-opioid receptor antagonist given i.t., did not antagonize the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by i.t. administered β-endorphin. The results are consistent with the previous study in mice [Tseng LF and Collins KA (1992) Eur J Pharmacol 214: 59–65] that the antinociception induced by β-endorphin given i.t. is mediated by the stimulation of μ- and κ-, but not δ- and ɛ-opioid receptors.
Optimizing Management and Financial Performance of the Teaching Ambulatory Care Clinic

OBJECTIVE: To examine how to optimize teaching ambulatory care clinics performance with regard to access to care, access to teaching, and financial viability.
Controlling chronic TTP

Comment on Fakhouri et al, page [1932][1] For patients who have thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) associated with acquired severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, rituximab may be effective for helping to establish remission and prevent recurrence. The effectiveness of plasma exchange treatment for
Raman spectra of high pressure phase and phase transition of polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon)

Abstract Raman spectra of phases II and III of crystalline polytetrafluoroethylene at room temperature and several pressures to 35 kbar are reported and discussed in terms of the information provided about molecular conformation, crystal structures, and the phase transition. A revised vibrational assignment is reported for phase II spectra which suggests that the 1215- and 1295-cm −1 bands are not fundamentals but are combinations of overtones with A 1 symmetry of a cyclic group.
In Vitro Metabolism of CP-122,721 ((2S,3S)-2-Phenyl-3-[(5-Trifluoromethoxy-2-Methoxy)Benzylamino]Piperidine), a Non-Peptide Antagonist of the Substance P Receptor

The metabolism of CP-122,721, a neurokinin-1 antagonist, has been examined in vitro using hepatic microsomes from human and animal species, and recombinant heterologously expressed P450 enzymes. Metabolism occurs primarily via O-demethylation and N-dealkylation reactions. In human liver microsomes, O-demethylation was shown to be catalyzed by CYP2D6 with a low K(M) value. N-dealkyation was shown to be catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4. When scaled to in vivo, in vitro intrinsic clearance data yielded a reasonable correlation across species. CP-122,721 was shown to be metabolized by parallel pathways to 5-trifluoromethoxysalicylic acid, which had been observed as a major circulating metabolite in humans after oral administration of CP-122,721. The involvement of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and MAO-B was demonstrated in the pathways leading to 5-trifluoromethoxysalicylic acid. The O-desmethyl metabolite of CP-122,721 was shown to undergo a P450 catalyzed O-detrifluoromethylation reaction yielding a p-hydroquinone metabolite. The reaction was shown to be catalyzed by CYP3A4. Incubation under (18)O(2) yielded the hydroquinone containing O-18, consistent with this reaction occurring via an ispo substitution mechanism. Combined, these findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the metabolism of this new agent.
Suwannee Channel of the Paleogene Coastal Plain: Support for the “carbonate suppression” model of basin formation

A recently proposed model postulates that a basin separating a carbonate from an adjacent terrigenous clastic depocenter is a consequence of the neighboring depocenters rather than a precondition for their coexistence. A test of the model is provided by comparison with the well-studied carbonate-terrigenous clastic transition of the United States Coastal Plain. In general, the model is substantiated, although deviations caused by changes in sea level, terrigenous clastic input, and tectonism are noted.
Coulomb spectrum in crossed electric and magnetic fields: Eigenstates of motion in double-minimum potential wells

Two-dimensional electron layers when placed in perpendicular electric and magnetic fields can have a potential well with two minima for the electronic motion normal to the surface. Such double-minimum potential wells also arise for highly excited Rydberg states of atoms in crossed electric and magnetic fields and in certain molecular potential curves. We develop and apply a WKB formalism to such double-minimum wells and calculate the energy splittings that arise when one is near "degeneracy," that is, when either well, considered independently, can support a bound state at the same energy.
Increased adiposity on normal diet, but decreased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in μ-opioid receptor-deficient mice

Abstract The mu-opioid receptor encoded by the Oprm1 gene plays a crucial role in the mediation of food reward and drug-induced positive reinforcement, but its genetic deletion has been shown to provide food intake-independent, partial protection from diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that mu-opioid receptor-deficient mice would show an even greater, intake-dependent, resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity if the diet comprises a sweet component. We generated an F2 population by crossing the heterozygous offspring of homozygous female Oprm1−/− mice (on a mixed C57BL/6 and BALB/c genetic background) with male inbred C57BL/6 mice. Groups of genotyped wild-type (WT) and homozygous mutant (KO) males and females were fed either control chow or a high caloric palatable diet consisting of sweet, liquid chocolate-flavored Ensure together with a solid high-fat diet. Food intake, body weight, and body composition was measured over a period of 16 weeks. Unexpectedly, male, and to a lesser extent female, KO mice fed chow for the entire period showed progressively increased body weight and adiposity while eating significantly more chow. In contrast, when exposed to the sweet plus high-fat diet, male, and to a lesser extent female, KO mice gained significantly less body weight and fat mass compared to WT mice when using chow fed counterparts for reference values. Male KO mice consumed 33% less of the sweet liquid diet but increased intake of high-fat pellets, so that total calorie intake was not different from WT animals. These results demonstrate a dissociation of the role of μ-opioid receptors in the control of adiposity for different diets and sex. On a bland diet, normal receptor function appears to confer a slightly catabolic predisposition, but on a highly palatable diet, it confers an anabolic metabolic profile, favoring fat accretion. Because of the complexity of μ-opioid gene regulation and tissue distribution, more selective and targeted approaches will be necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.
Engineering Thermodynamics and 21st Century Energy Problems: A Textbook Companion for Student Engagement

Energy is a basic human need; technologies for energy conversion and use are fundamental to human survival. As energy technology evolves to meet demands for development and ecological sustainability in the 21st century, engineers need to have up-to-date skills and knowledge to meet the creative challenges posed by current and future energy problems. Further, engineers need to cultivate a commitment to and passion for lifelong learning which will enable us to actively engage new developments in the field. This undergraduate textbook companion seeks to develop these capacities in tomorrow's engineers in order to provide for future energy needs around the world. This book is designed to complement traditional texts in engineering thermodynamics, and thus is organized to accompany explorations of the First and Second Laws, fundamental property relations, and various applications across engineering disciplines. It contains twenty modules targeted toward meeting five often-neglected ABET outcomes: ethics, communication, lifelong learning, social context, and contemporary issues. The modules are based on pedagogies of liberation, used for decades in the humanities and social sciences for instilling critical thinking and reflective action in students by bringing attention to power relations in the classroom and in the world. This book is intended to produce a conversation and creative exploration around how to teach and learn thermodynamics differently. Because liberative pedagogies are at their heart relational, it is important to maintain spaces for discussing classroom practices with these modules, and for sharing ideas for implementing critical pedagogies in engineering contexts.
Rich stimulus sampling for between-subjects designs improves model selection

The choice of stimulus values to test in any experiment is a critical component of good experimental design. This study examines the consequences of random and systematic sampling of data values for the identification of functional relationships in experimental settings. Using Monte Carlo simulation, uniform random sampling was compared with systematic sampling of two, three, four, or N equally spaced values along a single stimulus dimension. Selection of the correct generating function (a logistic or a linear model) was improved with each increase in the number of levels sampled, with N equally spaced values and random stimulus sampling performing similarly. These improvements came at a small cost in the precision of the parameter estimates for the generating function.
Three-Dimensional Radiation Ray-Tracing for Shock-Layer Radiative Heating Simulations

A three-dimensional ray-tracing algorithm is developed for shock-layer radiative heating predictions. When coupled with a tangent slab approximate code, such as the HARA radiation code, this algorithm provides an efficient approach for computing the radiative heating and allows the commonly applied tangent slab approximation to be removed. Application to several Earth- and Mars-entry conditions show that the ray-tracing approach predicts up to 15% lower radiative heating values than the tangent slab approximation at the stagnation point, which is consistent with the results of previous studies. In the afterbody region of Mars entry vehicles, where radiative heating from the CO2 molecule may be larger than convective heating, a 70% reduction from the tangent-slab result is seen, indicating the inadequacy of the tangent slab approximation in such regions.
Diagnosing Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis and Considerations for Developing a New Model

Objective. —To examine the accuracy of existing diagnostic indicators for pelvic inflammatory disease and to develop guidelines for a new diagnostic model. Data Sources. —Studies were identified for the period 1969 through 1990. A Medline search of the English-language literature was conducted using the subject termspelvic inflammatory diseaseorsalpingitisanddiagnosis. In addition, abstracts and bibliographies of articles and books were reviewed. Study Selection. —Studies were selected if pelvic inflammatory disease was diagnosed using laparoscopic findings or narrow clinical rules. Of the 15 reports identified, 12 were included in this analysis. The selected studies were grouped by a quality rating based on subject selection, definition of pelvic inflammatory disease, data analysis, and other measures. Data Extraction. —Diagnostic findings were divided into four categories: historical (symptoms), clinical examination (signs), laboratory, and combinations of the above. Sensitivity and specificity were extracted using raw data. Data were classified by quality rating. Data Synthesis. —Historical findings were usually not statistically significant predictors of pelvic inflammatory disease, and when they were they tended toward low sensitivity and high specificity, while clinical findings were somewhat more sensitive and about as specific. Several laboratory tests showed consistent value in pelvic inflammatory disease diagnosis, with high sensitivity and specificity. Combinations of indicators permitted high sensitivity or high specificity but not both simultaneously. Conclusions. —No single or combination diagnostic indicator was found to reliably predict pelvic inflammatory disease. Combining published evidence with practical clinical considerations, a diagnostic approach is proposed that emphasizes diagnostic sensitivity when clinical presentation is mild and more thorough evaluation when a woman is severely ill. Research is needed to evaluate the accuracy and acceptability of specific diagnostic models and to investigate new diagnostic indicators. (JAMA. 1991;266:2594-2604)
Development of depth perception mediated by motion parallax in unidimensional projections of rotation in depth

Abstract Motion parallax is a composite of five transformations demonstrated to be effective in adult judgments of rotation direction in polar motion projections of a horizontal row of dots rotating in depth. The effectiveness of these transformations as a function of age was tested by presenting six such motion projections to first graders (age = 6 years), seventh graders (age = 13 years), and college students (age = 19 years). Identical age functions were obtained for judged rotation direction from the four motion projections representing (1) Velocity, corresponding to the traditional definition of motion parallax as differential velocity, (2) Velocity plus differences between ratios of instantaneous displacement to instantaneous acceleration for dots on the near and far sides of the rotation axis ( D A Difference), (3) Velocity, D A Difference, and a gradient across the row of D A ratios, and (4) all transformations. First graders, unable to use horizontal transformations, performed at chance on these four projections, while older students made correct judgments. Order, separated from Velocity for the first time, resulted in chance performance at all ages, while Direction, also separated from Velocity for the first time, resulted in veridical judgments in only 4 of 24 college students.
Synergism and diluent effects in the extraction of cesium by 4-sec-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol (BAMBP)

Abstract In order to understand better the nature of the extraction of cesium by 4-sec-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol (BAMBP), the effects of various synergistic reagents and diuleutns on the extraction have been studied. The synergistic reagents included di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP0 and two car☐ylic acids, 4-phenylvaleric acid (HV) and heptadecyl tetrapropenylsuccinic acid (HS). The diluents included octanol-1 (hydrogen bonded, donor type), acetophenone (non-hydrogen bonded, donor type), and chloroform (weakly hydrogen bonded, acceptor type), besides carbon tetrachloride and an aliphatic hydrocarbon. Synergism was slight at pH > 11, increasing in neutral and slightly acid solutions to, e.g. enhancement x > 100 with 0·02 M HV−1 M BAMBP in CCl 4 and X > 1000 with 0·01 M HDEHP-1 M BAMBP in hydrocarbon at pH = 7. The dependence of E a 0 on BAMBP concentration in the presence of HDEHP and HV changed in different pH regions. The extraction chemistry was interpreted primarily on the basis of these extraction data. I.R., NMR, and dielectric constant measurements were used to corroborate and extended our understanding of the nature of the molecular interactions involved in these systems and their effects on the extraction mechanisms. The principal extract species appears to be [Cs·4 BAMBP] + Y − , where Y − represents V − , HV 2 − , or H(DEHP 2 − , plus some species with the anion directly coordinated to cesium: CsY·2 BAMBP and CsV·3 BAMBP.
CHARACTERISTIC SIZE OF FLARE KERNELS IN THE VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED CONTINUA

In this Letter, we present a new approach to estimate the formation height of visible and near-infrared emission of an X10 flare. The sizes of flare emission cores in three wavelengths are accurately measured during the peak of the flare. The source size is the largest in the G band at 4308A and shrinks toward longer wavelengths, namely the green continuum at 5200A and NIR at 15600A, where the emission is believed to originate from the deeper atmosphere. This size-wavelength variation is likely explained by the direct heating model as electrons need to move along converging field lines from the corona to the photosphere. Therefore, one can observe the smallest source, which in our case is 0. 65 ± 0. �� 02 in the bottom layer (represented by NIR), and observe relatively larger kernels in upper layers of 1. �� 03 ± 0. �� 14 and 1. �� 96 ± 0. 27, using the green continuum and G band, respectively. We then compare the source sizes with a simple magnetic geometry to derive the formation height of the white-light
Trucks off the road: A volumetric framework for evaluating energy technologies for forward operating military base camps

The importance of considering energy security and resource efficiency in policies across the Department of Defense (DoD) has recently been emphasized. DoD-sponsored research reports repeatedly encourage consideration of energy efficiency and energy security in all decision-making processes, including those that pertain to Forward Operating Military Base Camp (FOB) equipment. But while energy security and efficiency are valued in the general sense, for FOBs, energy and water are strategically vital and sources of vulnerability. There are incredibly high human and capital costs associated with transporting fuel and water within hostile war zones, where convoys are routinely subjected to mortal danger. A volumetric framework for evaluating field equipment is proposed that simultaneously addresses the broad DoD-wide goals of bolstering energy security and energy efficiency, as well as the immediate and strategically significant goal of “taking [fuel and water delivery] trucks off the road.” The metrics associated with this framework focus on the volume of field equipment itself, as well as the volumes of fuel and water that are either consumed or saved by the equipment over time. For example, solar panels require additional up-front volume to be brought to the FOB, but then spare future volumes of fuel that need not be shipped. Using a volumetric framework described herein, the tradeoffs between up-front and marginal volumetric requirements can be rigorously assessed. Existing metrics, such as those that focus only on equipment lifecycle cost, are unsuitable for evaluating field equipment for FOBs primarily because they are extremely difficult to accurately quantify. By instead focusing on fuel and water volumes that are more easily quantified, decision-makers might gain important insights about the relevant trade-offs and strategic implications of fielding equipment on FOBs. The proposed metrics are compared to existing metrics with respect to their effectiveness for quantifying the true values of energy- and water-saving devices on FOBs in a strategically relevant way. A suite of volume-based metrics is developed by adapting existing economic metrics, including return on investment (ROI), payback period, and net present value (NPV), for a volume-based rather than cost-based analysis. Use of the volumetric framework is illustrated for a few different technologies.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Colloidal Nanocrystals of Wurtzite Zn1−xCoxO (0 ≤ x ≤ 1): Models of Spinodal Decomposition in an Oxide Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor

Magnetic-ion-rich nanoscale inclusions formed by spinodal decomposition have been observed in many diluted magnetic semiconductors and have recently been implicated in the ferromagnetic ordering observed in some of these materials. In this study, colloidal nanocrystals of the ternary alloy wurtzite Zn1−xCoxO, with x ranging from 0.0 (w-ZnO) to 1.0 (w-CoO), have been synthesized as model systems for the proposed spinodal decomposition nanostrucures of ferromagnetic Zn1−xCoxO thin films and powders. As free-standing nanocrystals, these phases do not show any signs of ferromagnetism or superparamagnetism at any value of x. Changes in the electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra with x are described that should allow optical identification of spinodal decomposition in other Zn1−xCoxO samples. Optical and magneto-optical spectroscopic results are presented for the end member of this series (w-CoO), apparently for the first time, and show this binary oxide to be an indirect gap charge...
Microenvironmental protection in diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma.

The recent coming of age of genomic techniques and bioinformatics tools has led to an unprecedented proliferation of publications on genomewide association studies and expression profiling for use in genetic analysis, molecular classification, and prognostication of various diseases. Such reports, however, have often resulted in confusion and, at times, disappointment. The use of expensive methods to subclassify histologic variants of tumors as accurately as $15 immunohistochemical assays, the inability to replicate more than 98% of published genomewide association studies, and multiple retrospective studies using single-group series with small sample sizes all contribute to these sentiments. For these reasons, the article . . .
Extended Lymphadenectomy in Gastric Cancer Is Debatable

Much debate still exists regarding the appropriate extent of lymphadenectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. In high incidence countries in Eastern Asia, more extensive (e.g. D2) lymphadenectomies are standard, and these surgeries are generally done by experienced surgeons with low morbidity (<20 %) and mortality (<1 %). In United States and Western Europe, where the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma is much lower, the majority of patients are treated at non-referral centers with less extensive (e.g. D1 or D0) lymphadenectomy. This symposium article first reviews early studies that led to recommendations for less extensive lymphadenectomy. Two large prospective, randomized trials performed in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in the 1990s failed to demonstrate a survival benefit of D2 over D1 lymphadenectomy, but these trials have been criticized for inadequate surgical training and high surgical morbidity (43-46 %) and high mortality rates (10-13 %) in the D2 group. We then discuss more contemporary studies that support more extensive lymphadenectomy with a minimum of 16 lymph nodes for adequate staging. The 15-year follow-up of the Netherlands trial now demonstrates an improved disease-specific survival and locoregional recurrence in the D2 group. A prospective, randomized trial from Taiwan found a survival benefit of more extensive lymphadenectomies, and another randomized trial from Japan found adding dissection of para-aortic nodes to a D2 lymphadenectomy did not improve survival. Western surgeons have increasingly accepted the importance of performing more than a D1 node dissection, and Eastern surgeons are accepting that more than a D2 node dissection does not improve survival and increases morbidity. Thus both Eastern and Western approaches are favoring D2 lymphadenectomy as a standard, and on this topic we appear to be harmonizing.
Advertising disclosures and CSR practices of credit card issuers

Purpose – This paper aims to test the relations among consumers' attitudes toward disclosures in credit card issuers' print ads, attitudes toward credit card issuers' CSR practices, and attitudes toward credit card issuers in general, with a survey study.Design/methodology/approach – A survey study with a convenient sampling consisting of college students is used to test the relations among consumers' attitudes toward disclosures in credit card issuers' print ads, attitudes toward credit card issuers' CSR practices, and attitudes toward credit card issuers in general.Findings – The results suggest that students' positive attitudes toward disclosures positively enhance their attitudes toward credit card issuers and credit card issuers' CSR practices. More importantly, students' attitudes toward credit card issuers' CSR practices mediate their attitudes toward disclosures on enhancing their attitudes toward credit card issuers.Research limitations/implications – Disclosures are increasingly common in advert...
The Temperature Dependence of Triplet State Reaction Rate and Quantum Yield for an Intramolecular Enone Photocycloaddition

Abstract : Valence photoisomerization (320-380 nm) of endo-tricyclo-deca-4, 8- diene-3-one has been studied as a function of temperature. At 4 - 51 the isomerization quantum yield is independent of temperature. In the same range the lifetime for the triplet state responsible for isomerization decreases. Arrhenius parameters for triplet decay are computed. A mechanism involving formation of a diradical intermediate which partitions to the valence isomers is suggested.
LIMITING PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES OF ETHANOL, PROPAN‐1‐OL, BUTAN‐1‐OL, PENTAN‐1‐OL, AND HEXAN‐1‐OL IN N‐HEPTANE AT 298.15 K

Abstract Excess molar volumes of { x C A H 2 A +1 OH + (1− x )C 7 H 16 } have been measured for values of x less than about 0.04 by means of a specially designed tilting dilution dilatometer. Values of the limiting excess partial molar volumes V 1 E, ∞ , and thence of the limiting partial molar volumes V 1 ∞ , of the alcohols in n -heptane have been derived.
Modeling and analysis of the forced Fisher equation

Abstract The Fisher equation with inhomogeneous forcing is considered in this paper. First, a forced Fisher equation and boundary conditions are derived. Then, the existence of a local solution for the forced equation with a homegeneous Dirichlet condition is proved by Galerkin's method. Next, a maximum principle is established and the existence of a global solution is obtained as a consequence of the maximum principle. Finally, generalizations of the results to cases of less regular forces are discussed.
A Comprehensive Review of Evidence and Current Recommendations Related to Pacifier Usage

Pacifier usage is controversial, and published recommendations are contradictory. The purposes of this literature review were to provide a comprehensive summary of risks and benefits of pacifier usage based upon the highest levels of evidence available and to provide a reference for nurses to utilize while assisting mothers in making an informed decision. Results indicated that benefits include reported ability to soothe/comfort, decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome, and a probable synergistic role in adjunctive pain relief. Greatest risks are an increased incidence of acute otitis media, possible negative impact on breast-feeding, and dental malocclusion particularly if usage is greater than 2-3 years. The frequency, intensity, and duration of pacifier use are related to type and extent of all risks.
Characterization of 2D colloids assembled by optically-induced electrohydrodynamics.

We report the results of a study characterizing the behavior of colloid aggregations under manipulation of a technique known as Rapid Electrokinetic Patterning (REP) – this technique is capable of dynamically manipulating the crystallinity of 2D colloid aggregations, potentially enabling dynamically tunable photonic crystals. Herein, aggregations of spherical polystyrene particles 1.0 μm in diameter suspended in a low conductivity aqueous solution were collected at the surface of an indium-tin oxide coated glass slide. The uniform AC field coupled with laser-induced heating produced electrothermal hydrodynamics which is responsible for the self-assembly characteristics of the planar colloidal aggregation. REP was characterized experimentally by analyzing the mutual particle spacing within the aggregation as a function of the AC signal and laser power. Numerical simulations justified the assumption that the primary forces responsible for colloidal patterning herein are Stokes drag forces and dipole–dipole repulsive forces.
The Design of Electrical Systems to Meet Aerospace Ground Support Requirements

This paper is a discussion of the unique "Precise Power" requirements of ground support equipment and features of generators and regulators designed to meet these requirements. Graphical and numerical analysis clearly show that these requirements can best be met through special design of system components.
Effect of intervalley electron-electron coupling on the cyclotron resonance line shape for electrons in the Si surface inversion layers

Abstract The cyclotron resonance for two types of carriers is studied by using the method of kinetic equations. The memory function approach is applied to evaluate the electron-electron relaxations time τ e (ω). We show that it is the imaginary part of τ e −1 (ω) which contributes significantly to the cyclotron resonance line shape for electrons in a Si surface inversion layer at low temperatures.
THERMAL ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTS OF LASER−TISSUE INTERACTIONS: A REVIEW

Studying the interaction of ultra-short pulse lasers with biological tissues and the corresponding mathematical modeling of possible thermal damage is of fundamental importance to the understanding of laser-tissue interaction for advancing surgical application of lasers. The objective of this paper is to review the existing techniques for thermal analysis of laser-tissue interaction. Different laser-tissue interaction mechanisms are discussed and the existing techniques for characterization of extent of damage are presented. A novel approach of using a focused laser beam from an ultra-short pulse laser source to ablate the subcutaneous tumors with minimal thermal effects is introduced. The extent of laser-induced damage is studied by determining the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Heat Shock Proteins. Keywords: Thermal ablation, Heat Shock Proteins, tumor removal, short-pulse laser, laser-tissue interaction, plasma mediated ablation, HSP70, HSP47, ablation modeling.
Bimodal Star Formation: Constraints from Galaxy Colors at High Redshift

The possibility that at early epochs the light from elliptical galaxies is dominated by stars with an initial mass function (IMF) which is deficient in low-mass stars, relative to the solar neighborhood is investigated. V-R colors for the optical counterparts of 3CR radio sources offer the most severe constraints on the models. Reasonable fits are obtained to both the blue, high-redshift colors and the redder, low-redshift colors with a model galaxy which forms with initially equal star formation rates in each of two IMF modes: one lacking low-mass stars, and one with stars of all masses. The net effect is that the time-integrated IMF has twice as many high-mass stars as the solar neighborhood IMF, relative to low mass stars. A conventional solar neighborhood IMF does not simultaneously account for both the range in colors at high redshift and the redness of nearby ellipticals, with any single star formation epoch. Models with a standard IMF require half the stellar population to be formed in a burst at low redshift z of about 1.
Word duration in early child speech.

Word duration in early child speech was examined through a longitudinal study of a set of frequently occurring words for three snbjects. These samples were controlled for phonetic form, Durations w...
Development of a rapid 1-h fluorescence-based cytotoxicity assay for Listeria species

Listeria monocytogenes is cytotoxic to the lymphocyte-origin hybridoma Ped-2E9 cell line. The relative cytotoxicity can be calculated by assaying the release of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from the infected cell line. In this study, a fluorogenic substrate (4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate, MUP) was used to quantify the ALP activity. The assay is 3.5-fold more sensitive than the colorimetric-based assay and requires only 1 h to differentiate virulent from avirulent strains. In addition to various Listeria species, 27 different common foodborne or clinical microorganisms were tested with the fluorescence-based cytotoxicity assay and only six cultures (Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas putida, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Micrococcus luteus) showed cytotoxic effects similar to L. monocytogenes. To use this assay as a confirmatory test for virulent L. monocytogenes suspect strains, pure cultures must be isolated from the sample prior to testing.
Piezoelectric Fans Using Higher Flexural Modes for Electronics Cooling Applications

Piezoelectric fans are gaining in popularity as low-power-consumption and low-noise devices for the removal of heat in confined spaces. The performance of piezoelectric fans has been studied by several authors, although primarily at the fundamental resonance mode. In this article the performance of piezoelectric fans operating at the higher resonance modes is studied in detail. Experiments are performed on a number of commercially available piezoelectric fans of varying length. Both finite element modeling and experimental impedance measurements are used to demonstrate that the electromechanical energy conversion (electromechanical coupling factors) in certain modes can be greater than in the first bending mode; however, losses in the piezoceramic are also shown to be higher at those modes. The overall power consumption of the fans is also found to increase with increasing mode number. Detailed flow visualizations are also performed to understand both the transient and steady-state fluid motion around these fans. The results indicate that certain advantages of piezoelectric fan operation at higher resonance modes are offset by increased power consumption and decreased fluid flow
Hazard-free design of mixed operating mode asynchronous sequential circuits

This paper presents a hazard-free design methodology for the design of asynchronous sequential circuits based on a combination of synchronous and asynchronous circuit elements. Earlier approaches to essential hazard-free design of asynchronous sequential circuits are based on any one of the two design philosophies: by the addition of delay elements to the state output, or by input gate modification. The former approach makes the whole design slower. On the other hand, the latter approach is based on the assumption that the gate delays are always higher than any wire delay present in the network, but in VLSI circuits the above assumption may not be true. The design in this paper makes no assumption about the delays of the network and hence is applicable to any environment. In addition, the design in this paper uses the minimum number of self-synchronous transitions, thus making it faster than the earlier designs.
Dielectric Optical Invisibility Cloaks

Recently, metamaterial cloaks for the microwave frequency range have been designed using transformative optics design techniques and experimentally demonstrated. The design of these structures requires extreme values of permittivity and permeability within the device, which has been accomplished by the use of resonating metal elements. However, these elements severely limit the operating frequency range of the cloak due to their non-ideal dispersion properties at optical frequencies. In this paper we present designs to implement a simpler demonstration of cloaking, the carpet cloak, in which a curved reflective surface is compressed into a flat reflective surface, effectively shielding objects behind the curve from view with respect to the incoming radiation source. This approach eliminates the need for metallic resonant elements. These structures can now be fabricated using only high index dielectric materials by the use of electron beam lithography and standard cleanroom technologies. The design method, simulation analysis, device fabrication, and near field optical microscopy (NSOM) characterization results are presented for devices designed to operate in the 1400-1600nm wavelength range. Improvements to device performance by the deposition/infiltration of linear, and potentially non-linear optical materials, were investigated.
Dynamics of host defense: the view at the front lines.

Relatively few studies have used live tissue microscopy to evaluate how the immune system responds to pathogens. In this commentary we discuss the challenges of imaging infectious processes and the questions that can be addressed with these dynamic approaches.
A Geometric Problem and the Hopf Lemma. II

A classical result of A. D. Alexandrov states that a connected compact smooth n-dimensional manifold without boundary, embedded in ℝn+1, and such that its mean curvature is constant, is a sphere. Here we study the problem of symmetry of M in a hyperplane Xn+1 =constant in case M satisfies: for any two points (X′,Xn+1), $$ {\left( {{X}\ifmmode{'}\else$'$\fi,\ifmmode\expandafter\hat\else\expandafter\^\fi{X}_{{n + 1}} } \right)} $$ on M, with $$ X_{{n + 1}} > \ifmmode\expandafter\hat\else\expandafter\^\fi{X}_{{n + 1}} $$ , the mean curvature at the first is not greater than that at the second. Symmetry need not always hold, but in this paper, we establish it under some additional conditions. Some variations of the Hopf Lemma are also presented. Several open problems are described. Part I dealt with corresponding one dimensional problems.
Terephthalic acid: A dosimeter for the detection of hydroxyl radicals in vitro

Hydroxylation reactions of aromatic compounds have been used to detect hydroxyl radicals produced by gamma irradiation and ultrasound. The present study investigated the suitability of terephthalic acid (THA) as a hydroxyl radical dosimeter for general use in biologically relevant reactions. Hydroxyl radicals were generated by: (1) irradiating THA with a 254 nm ultraviolet light; (2) irradiating with gamma rays from a cesium source; and (3) generating hydroxyl radicals with 1 mM H2O2 and 10 microM Cu+2. In each of the three experiments, a fluorescent product was generated which exhibited identical fluorescent excitation and emission spectra. THA is non-fluorescent, eliminating the problem of a high initial background. Because THA has four identical ring hydrogens, only one mono-hydroxylated isomer was formed. The hydrogen peroxide reaction was dependent on the presence of a metal and cupric ions were effective in enhancing the reaction. With a Cu+2 concentration of 10 microM, the reaction was linear between 0-30 mM H2O2. Catalase abolished the reaction at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml and the effects could still be observed at 10 ng/ml, consistent with the very high rate at which catalase destroys hydrogen peroxide. Tertbutyl- hydroperoxide did not generate any fluorescence in this system which makes THA a very specific detector of hydroxyl radicals.
Frontiers of performance analysis on leadership-class systems

The number of cores in high-end systems for scientific computing are employing is increasing rapidly. As a result, there is an pressing need for tools that can measure, model, and diagnose performance problems in highly-parallel runs. We describe two tools that employ complementary approaches for analysis at scale and we illustrate their use on DOE leadership-class systems.
Angle-Insensitive Structural Colours based on Metallic Nanocavities and Coloured Pixels beyond the Diffraction Limit

To move beyond colorant-based pigmentation display technologies, a variety of photonic and plasmonic crystal based structures have been designed and applied as colour filters. Nanostructure based colour filtering offers increased efficiencies, low power consumption, slim dimensions, and enhanced resolution. However, incident angle tolerance still needs to be improved. In this work, we propose a new scheme through localized resonance in metallic nanoslits by light funneling. Angle insensitive colour filters up to ±80 degrees have been achieved, capable of wide colour tunability across the entire visible band with pixel size beyond the diffraction limit (~λ/2). This work opens the door to angle insensitive manipulation of light with structural filtering.
Visible and Near UV M1 Transitions within N-shell Ground Configurations of Heavy Ions Predicted to be Bright in Low-Density Plasmas

We report results of a theoretical survey on the presence of intense long wavelength spectral lines in the near UV and visible spectral range arising from transitions within the 4pk (k = 1–5) and 4p64dk (k = 1–9) ground configurations in heavy ions. Ten such transitions with λ > 1500 A were found in uranium ions. The density dependence of the corresponding line intensities is calculated for selected ions in the range 109–1018 cm-3. Based on previous experimental measurements in the UV spectral range, performed for similar transitions within M-shell ground configurations, it is expected that most of these lines would be sufficiently bright to be observed in future EBIT experiments, and in emission produced by other low density laboratory facilities.
Precursor‐Directed Biosynthesis: Stereospecificity for Branched‐Chain Diketides of the β‐Ketoacyl‐ACP Synthase Domain 2 of 6‐Deoxyerythronolide B Synthase

Modular polyketide synthases such as 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) catalyze the biosynthesis of structurally complex natural products. Streptomyces coelicolor CH999/pJRJ2 harbors a plasmid encoding DEBS(KS10), a mutant form of 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase that is blocked in the formation of 6-deoxyerythronolide B (1, 6-dEB) due to a mutation in the active site of the ketosynthase (KS1) domain that normally catalyzes the first polyketide chain-elongation step of 6-dEB biosynthesis. Administration of (2S,3R,4S)- and (2S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylhexanoic acid N-acetylcysteamine (SNAC) thioesters (= S-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl] (2S,3R,4S)- and (2S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylhexanethioates) 3 and 4 in separate experiments to cultures of Streptomyces coelicolor CH999/pJRJ2 led to production of the corresponding (14S)- and (14R)-14-methyl analogues of 6-dEB, 10 and 11, respectively. Unexpectedly, when a 3 : 2 mixture of 4 and 3 was fed under the same conditions, exclusively branched-chain macrolactone 11 was isolated. In similar experiments, feeding of 3 and 4 to S. coelicolor CH999/pCK16, an engineered strain harboring DEBS1+TE(KS10), resulted in formation of the branched-chain triketide lactones 13 and 14, while feeding of the 3 : 2 mixture of 4 and 3 gave exclusively 14. The biochemical basis for this stereochemical discrimination was established by using purified DEBS module 2+TE to determine the steady-state kinetic parameters for 3 and 4, with the kcat/KM for 4 shown to be sevenfold greater than that of 3.
Systems approaches for the study of metabolic cycles in yeast

Over four decades ago, the first oscillations in metabolism in yeast cells were reported. Since then, multiple forms of oscillatory behavior have been observed in yeast grown under a variety of continuous culturing environments. The remarkable synchrony of cells undergoing such oscillations has made them ideal subjects for investigation using systems-based approaches. Herein, we briefly summarize previous work on the characterization of such oscillations using systems approaches, and present the long-period, Yeast Metabolic Cycle as an excellent model system for deciphering the temporal organization of fundamental cellular and metabolic processes at unprecedented resolution.
Note on the Stoneley waves in elastic media with long-range cohesion forces

Abstract Stoneley waves at the interface of two nonlocal media are investigated. Using the nonlocal constitutive equations, the problem is solved in the Fourier transform space. The nonlocal elastic moduli appearing in the governing equations are determined by appeal to the atomic lattice dynamics. The frequency equation obtained turns out to be of the form similar to the form of the equation derived in the conventional theory, but predicts a dispersion of waves. For very short waves, the speed of Stoneley wave decreases to about 0.64 of its value for long waves.