cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VLSI architectures for distributed smart cameras

This paper discusses the VLSI architecture for distributed smart camera systems. We first introduce the core algorithm of the smart camera systems and then compare two different approaches of implementing a single node smart camera system. We show that by using heterogeneous multiprocessors, we can achieve a 150 frames/sec processing speed with a small die area cost of 22.7 mm/sup 2/. This approach requires less than half die size compared to multiple VLIW processors approach. In addition, the issues related to distributed smart cameras such as task scheduling, inter-processor communication, and synchronization is discussed.
A Non-Human Primate Model of Severe Pneumococcal Pneumonia.

RATIONALE Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and infectious death in adults worldwide. A non-human primate model is needed to study the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of severe pneumonia, identify diagnostic tools, explore potential therapeutic targets, and test clinical interventions during pneumococcal pneumonia. OBJECTIVE To develop a non-human primate model of pneumococcal pneumonia. METHODS Seven adult baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were surgically tethered to a continuous monitoring system that recorded heart rate, temperature, and electrocardiography. Animals were inoculated with 109 colony-forming units of S. pneumoniae using bronchoscopy. Three baboons were rescued with intravenous ampicillin therapy. Pneumonia was diagnosed using lung ultrasonography and ex vivo confirmation by histopathology and immunodetection of pneumococcal capsule. Organ failure, using serum biomarkers and quantification of bacteremia, was assessed daily. RESULTS Challenged animals developed signs and symptoms of pneumonia 4 days after infection. Infection was characterized by the presence of cough, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia and fever. All animals developed leukocytosis and bacteremia 24 hours after infection. A severe inflammatory reaction was detected by elevation of serum cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)1Ra, IL-6, and IL-8, after infection. Lung ultrasonography precisely detected the lobes with pneumonia that were later confirmed by pathological analysis. Lung pathology positively correlated with disease severity. Antimicrobial therapy rapidly reversed symptomology and reduced serum cytokines. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a novel animal model for severe pneumococcal pneumonia that mimics the clinical presentation, inflammatory response, and infection kinetics seen in humans. This is a novel model to test vaccines and treatments, measure biomarkers to diagnose pneumonia, and predict outcomes.
Size dependence of elastic mechanical properties of nanocrystalline aluminum

Abstract The effect of grain size on the elastic mechanical properties of nanocrystalline pure metal Al is quantified by molecular dynamics simulation method. In this work, the largest nanocrystalline Al sample has a mean grain size of 29.6 nm and contains over 100 millions atoms in the modeling system. The simulation results show that the elastic properties including elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of nanocrystalline Al are relatively insensitive to the variation of mean grain size above 13 nm yet they become distinctly grain size dependent below 13 nm. Moreover, at a grain size
The Role of Organizational Perception, Perceived Consumer Effectiveness and Self-efficacy in Recycling Advocacy Advertising Effectiveness

ABSTRACTPrevious academic research into how consumers evaluate advocacy advertising identified many possible paths involving potentially reflexive effects on how people perceive an advocacy advertising sponsor, the advocated issue and themselves. This paper has examined one possible scenario within this complicated phenomenon: that of advertising advocating a specific environmental consumer action, recycling. In the specific context of this study, structural equation modelling demonstrated clear causal relationships among consumer perceptions of the recycling advertisements’ sponsoring organization, consumer self-efficacy and perceived consumer effectiveness of complying with the advocated issue (recycling behaviour). These factors were shown to impact specific advocacy advertising goals (termed message effectiveness in this study) such as behavioural intention toward the advocated recycling issue and perceived changes in how consumers evaluate the sponsoring organization.
Proactively Secure Cloud-Enabled Storage

Attacking cloud-enabled storage is becoming increasingly lucrative as more personal and enterprise data moves to the cloud. Traditional security mechanisms temporarily limit such attacks, but over a long period of time attackers will eventually find vulnerabilities; this can lead to compromising large amounts of valuable data and lead to large-scale privacy breaches. This paper addresses this problem by incorporating proactive security guarantees into cloud-enabled storage. Proactive security deals with an adversary's ability to eventually compromise all involved servers in a distributed storage or computation system. While there are several proactively secure secret sharing protocols that can be used to improve confidentiality of data stored in the cloud, their high overhead has traditionally limited them to less than ten parties and to only 100s of bytes typical for cryptographic keys. Realizing proactively secure cloud storage for larger data (e.g, MBs) requires careful design and calibration of system parameters, and faces several challenges. In this paper we design, implement and assess performance of the first system for Proactively Secure Cloud-Enabled Storage (PiSCES) of data larger than cryptographic keys. Based on our practical performance results we advocate that the high level of resilience and long-term security and confidentiality guarantees enabled by proactive security should be considered in future distributed and cloud-based storage and computing services.
Exploring Imagination and its Implications for Strategic Choice

The significance of imagination for organizations is frequently suggested. Yet the concept, as it relates to the organizational domain, is mostly taken for granted and underexplored. This paper the...
Empiric treatment is less costly than Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization in total joint arthroplasty patients

Abstract The aim of our study was to compare the cost of preoperative empiric mupirocin treatment of all total joint arthroplasty patients with a standard Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization protocol. The cost of empiric mupirocin treatment is $24.65 per patient, whereas the cost of a standard S. aureus screening and decolonization protocol is $60.32 per patient. Given that more than 1,051,000 total joint arthroplasties are performed annually, the cost savings with empiric treatment is nearly $40 million per year. Empiric treatment allows for more efficient workflow, minimizes potential for clerical error, eliminates risk of undertreatment, and has not been shown to increase antibiotic resistance.
Prostaglandin E2 and Thromboxane A2 Production by Human Peritoneal Macrophages: Effect of Mitomycin C, Nitrogen Mustard and Cyclosporin A

Eicosanoids are extensively implicated in experimental tumour growth and tumour metastasis (Powles et al. 1982). Macrophages are present in solid tumours and eicosanoids may exert local effects on cell growth and differentiation. These cells have the capacity for sustained release of eicosanoids (Feuerstein et al. 1981) which is probably due to the abundance of arachidonate in macrophage phospholipid. The possibility arises that metastatic compounds may exert some of their effects through an action on eicosanoid synthesis. Therefore, we studied the effect of mitocycin C and a nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine) on the release of two important cyclo-oxygenase products, namely Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) from human macrophages which were obtained from the peritoneal dialysate of patients with kidney failure (Maddox et al. 1984). We compared the effect of these two chemotherapeutic agents with that of the immunosuppresant drug cyclosporin A which is an inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation. Both PGE2 and TXA2 were selected due to their opposing effects on the immune response, wherein PGE2 inhibits and TXA2 increases immunoreactivity (Foegh et al. 1984).
Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Fresh Spinach, using lactic acid bacteria and chlorine as a multihurdle intervention.

A 12-day shelf life study was conducted at 7°C to determine whether Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach can be controlled effectively by selected strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) alone or in combination with chlorine as a multihurdle intervention. The multihurdle intervention consisted of both LAB and chlorine and was applied to spinach as a rinse and evaluated in comparison to LAB alone and chlorine and water rinses. Reductions achieved by all treatments also were compared with those observed for an inoculated control. The spinach was inoculated by submersion in a solution containing an E. coli O157:H7 cocktail at 1.0 × 106 CFU/ml. LAB were applied postharvest at a concentration of 2.0 × 108 CFU/ml, and 200 ppm of chlorine was used for the chlorine rinse. All spinach samples were packaged in commercial packaging, held in a retail display case, and tested for E. coli O157:H7 on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 using the Neo-Grid filtration system and CHROMagar. Survival of LAB throughout the shelf life als...
American and French Revolutions: Impact on the Social Sciences

This article surveys the significance of the American and French Revolutions in the modern social sciences. It argues that the French Revolution has historically had a greater impact, except among those political sociologists preoccupied with the question of ‘American exceptionalism.’ Yet this has changed since the collapse of Soviet Communism, and certain features of the American Revolution and the American experience have come to the fore.
Complexes of titanium in oxidation states 0 to II

This chapter reviews titanium complexes with titanium in oxidation states 0 to +II. The arene, diene, and the carbonyl complexes are discussed. The review also includes titanium(II) complexes such as the bis(cyclopentadienyl), cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexadienyl, bis(pentadienyl), bis(phosphacyclopentadienyl), bis(trispyrazolylborate), porphyrin, bis(benzamidinate), bis(guanidinate), and calixarene complexes. The titanium(II)-mediated transformations are also discussed.
Transrenal Ureteral Embolization Utilizing Amplatzer Vascular Plugs and N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Glue.

Abstract This retrospective study presents three consecutive patients who underwent bilateral ureteral occlusion using the Amplatzer vascular plugs and N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue sandwich method. T...
Joint Part-of-Speech and Language ID Tagging for Code-Switched Data.

Code-switching is the fluent alternation between two or more languages in conversation between bilinguals. Large populations of speakers code-switch during communication, but little effort has been made to develop tools for code-switching, including part-of-speech taggers. In this paper, we propose an approach to POS tagging of code-switched English-Spanish data based on recurrent neural networks. We test our model on known monolingual benchmarks to demonstrate that our neural POS tagging model is on par with state-of-the-art methods. We next test our code-switched methods on the Miami Bangor corpus of English Spanish conversation, focusing on two types of experiments: POS tagging alone, for which we achieve 96.34% accuracy, and joint part-of-speech and language ID tagging, which achieves similar POS tagging accuracy (96.39%) and very high language ID accuracy (98.78%). Finally, we show that our proposed models outperform other state-of-the-art code-switched taggers.
Utilizing IL-7 to generate melanoma antigen T cell receptor-modified cells for adoptive transfer in the absence of activation.

e14552Background: Metastatic melanoma remains a fatal disease as many patients fail to respond to novel therapies. Presently, we have an ongoing trial utilizing T cell receptor (TCR)-modified cells...
Palliative and end of life care content within common pharmacy textbooks.

Abstract Introduction This study compared the end-of-life care (EOLC) content in pharmacy-related textbooks to textbooks evaluated in a comparable 2003 study. Methods Six common pharmacy-related textbooks were reviewed for content relating to EOLC. Five of the textbooks were the newest editions of the same texts reviewed in a similar 2003 study, and one focused primarily on clinical ethics, a topic that was underrepresented in the previous study. The six texts were searched for a list of 33 keywords or phrases pertaining to EOLC. Entries containing any of these 33 keywords were assigned a domain and scored using a simple scoring system of one if minimally helpful content was present or two if helpful content was present. The total number of entries and their average scores were compared to the results of the previous study. Results The average number of entries per textbook was 154, which represents an increase from the 110.1 average number of entries in the 2003 study. However, one of the textbooks had a total of 470 entries alone. Of a total number of 78 possible domains, 40 had either zero or one entries. The average ratings for each book ranged from 0.5 to 1.6, whereas they ranged from 0.9 to 1.6 in 2003. Four of six books in this study had average rating of less than 0.9. Conclusion Although certain texts have made strides to include more EOLC content, overall, EOLC content in pharmacy textbooks may still be improved.
Self-Assembled, Ultrahigh Refractive Index Pseudo-Periodic Sn Nanostructures for Broad-Band Infrared Photon Management in Single Layer Graphene

Graphene is a two-dimensional material with intriguing electrical and optical properties for infrared photonic devices. However, single layer graphene (SLG) suffers from a very low optical absorption of ∼1–2% depending on the substrate, which significantly limits its efficiency as photonic devices. In this Letter, we address this challenge by coating SLG with self-assembled, pseudoperiodic ultrahigh refractive index (n = 8–9 at λ = 1600–5000 nm) semimetal Sn nanostructures for highly effective, broad-band infrared photon management in SLG, offering a new approach for light trapping beyond plasmonics and high refractive index dielectric photonics. The infrared absorption in SLG on fused quartz (SiO2) is greatly increased from 15% in a very broad spectral range of λ = 900–2000 nm due to the near-field electromagnetic interactions between the ultrahigh refractive index Sn nanostructures and SLG, a significant advantage over relatively narrow-band plasmonic resonances for photon management in SLG. T...
What Factors Influence Consumer Preferences for Search and Credence Seafood Characteristics? an Empirical Analysis in Kentucky and South Carolina

Consistent with preferences for other food products, consumers increasingly care about a range of search and credence seafood characteristics such as: environmental effects and product form. This study utilized a dataset obtained from an online survey, and a Multivariate Ordered Probit formulation to examine the impact of: demographic characteristics, lifestyle preferences, and seafood consumption frequency on preferences for selected seafood attributes. The findings indicate that the factors influencing consumer preferences differ across the attributes examined. Although some demographic variables have a statistically significant effect on consumers’ preferences for seafood attributes other than price, their predictive power was limited regarding preferences for wild-caught, fresh seafood and the impact of sustainability on purchasing decisions. Furthermore, consumers who utilize direct marketing outlets have stronger preferences towards fresh and wild-caught seafood products.
The States Come Marching In: Examining State Agency Influence on Federal Rules

Amidst congressional gridlock, administrative rulemaking is the main pathway for environmental policy making. Scholars have assessed the role of the institutions of government (the president, Congress, and the courts) and key interest groups (i.e., business and environmental interests) in shaping rulemaking outcomes. What is missing from this literature is an assessment of the role of key implementers, state environmental agencies. This research fills this gap by assessing the role and impact of state government agencies in three case studies of rulemaking at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Based on original interviews and a public comment analysis, this research suggests that state agencies play an active and influential role in EPA rulemaking. And, in some cases, state agencies wield more influence than other interest groups. Interviewees argued that this influence stems from these agencies’ unique voice as an implementation collaborator. As a result, researchers should incorporate an assessment of the role of these interests to more effectively explain regulatory outcomes at the EPA and potentially across the bureaucracy. 国家机构入场：检验国家机构对联邦规则的影响 国会困顿之际，行政规则制定是环境政策制定的主要途径。学者已评估了政府机构（总统、国会和法院）和关键利益团体（即商业利益和环境利益）在影响规则制定结果时产生的作用。然而文献中并未提及对关键执行者（即国家环境机构）的作用进行评估。本文则填补了这一研究空白——通过评估国家政府机构在三个有关环境保护局（EPA）规则制定的案例研究中产生的作用。基于原创访问和一项公共评论分析，本文认为，国家机构在EPA规则制定过程中扮演了活跃和具有影响力的角色。同时，在部分案例中，国家机构产生的影响大于其他利益团体。受访者认为，这种影响力源于国家机构作为执行合作者的独特话语权。结果则是，研究者应将这些利益所产生的作用进行评估，以更有效地解释EPA的监管结果，以及官僚机构之间潜在的监管结果。 Los estados vienen marchando: examinando la influencia de las agencias estatales en las reglas federales En medio de un estancamiento en el Congreso, la reglamentacion administrativa es la principal via para la formulacion de politicas ambientales. Los academicos han evaluado el papel de las instituciones gubernamentales (el presidente, el Congreso y los tribunales) y los grupos de interes clave (es decir, los intereses comerciales y ambientales) en la configuracion de los resultados de la reglamentacion. Lo que falta en esta literatura es una evaluacion del papel de los implementadores clave, las agencias estatales del medio ambiente. Esta investigacion llena este vacio al evaluar el papel y el impacto de las agencias del gobierno estatal en tres estudios de caso de reglamentacion en la Agencia de Proteccion Ambiental (EPA). Basado en entrevistas originales y en un analisis de comentarios publicos, esta investigacion sugiere que las agencias estatales desempenan un papel activo e influyente en la reglamentacion de la EPA. Y, en algunos casos, las agencias estatales ejercen mas influencia que otros grupos de interes. Los entrevistados argumentaron que esta influencia se debe a la voz unica de estas agencias como un colaborador de implementacion. Como resultado, los investigadores deben incorporar una evaluacion del papel de estos intereses para explicar de manera mas efectiva los resultados regulatorios en la EPA y potencialmente en toda la burocracia.
Evaluation of dextromethorphan with select antidepressant therapy for the treatment of depression in the acute care psychiatric setting.

Abstract Introduction Dextromethorphan (DXM), an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, may have ketamine-like antidepressant effects. Dextromethorphan is extensively metabolized via cytochrome ...
Modeling variability in spatial coherence measurements for seafloor scattering

Correlation sonar systems, such as correlation velocity logs and synthetic aperture sonar micronavigation, can estimate platform motion using measurements of the spatial coherence of seafloor scattering. During the course of operation, the spatial coherence measurements made by these systems will fluctuate about their average values. A variety of factors, including noise sources, changing environmental properties, and statistical estimation error can all contribute to the variability in these measurements. This presentation will introduce models that can be used to predict the variability in measurements of spatial coherence. These models will be compared with field measurements of spatial coherence collected at normal incidence to the bottom of Seneca Lake. Finally, the application of these models will be discussed as they relate to the design of arrays and signal processing algorithms for correlation sonar systems. (The authors want to acknowledge the financial support for this work by Lockheed Martin Rotary and Mission Systems.)Correlation sonar systems, such as correlation velocity logs and synthetic aperture sonar micronavigation, can estimate platform motion using measurements of the spatial coherence of seafloor scattering. During the course of operation, the spatial coherence measurements made by these systems will fluctuate about their average values. A variety of factors, including noise sources, changing environmental properties, and statistical estimation error can all contribute to the variability in these measurements. This presentation will introduce models that can be used to predict the variability in measurements of spatial coherence. These models will be compared with field measurements of spatial coherence collected at normal incidence to the bottom of Seneca Lake. Finally, the application of these models will be discussed as they relate to the design of arrays and signal processing algorithms for correlation sonar systems. (The authors want to acknowledge the financial support for this work by Lockheed Martin R...
City of segregation: 100 years of struggle for housing in Los Angeles, by Andrea Gibbons: Brooklyn, NY, Verso, 2018

In City of Segregation, Andrea Gibbons traces the roles of racial discrimination and White supremacy in producing and maintaining the residential segregation of African Americans in Los Angeles fro...
Agent-based modeling of persons who inject drugs in metropolitan Chicago suggests that re-treatment with antivirals of persons who are re-infected with Hep C is critical to achieve the WHO incidence reduction objective by 2030

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and mortality worldwide. Persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at the highest risk for acquiring and transmitting HCV infection. We developed an agent-based model (ABM) to identify and optimize direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy scale-up and treatment strategies for achieving the World Health Organization (WHO) goals of HCV elimination by the year 2030. DAA is highly efficacious, but may require re-treatment particularly among PWID who at risk for reinfection after cure. Using an ABM approach, we predict that this prohibition will jeopardize achieving the WHO’s goal of reducing 90% of HCV incidence by 2030. We found that DAA scale-up rates of greater than or equal to 5% per year can achieve the WHO target of 90% incidence reduction. Our model simulations underscore the importance of DAA scale-up that includes re-treatment of re-infected individuals in order to achieve significant reductions in incidence. FUNDING This research is supported by NIH grant R01GM121600.
Finite Möbius Groups

The purpose of this introductory section is to classify all finite isometry groups G acting on R3. Restricting ourselves first to direct (orientation preserving) isometries, using a Burnside counting argument, we will prove a result of Klein [1] asserting that a finite group G of direct isometries of R3 is either cyclic, dihedral, or the symmetry group of a Platonic solid. We finish this section augmenting G by opposite (orientation reversing) isometries. The main reference for this section is Coxeter [2].
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in the Lungs of Smokers, Nonsmokers, and Electronic Cigarette Users.

Background: Nicotine-containing electronic cigarette (e-cig) use has become widespread. However, understanding the biological impact of e-cigs compared with smoking on the lung is needed. There are major gaps in knowledge for chronic effects and for an etiology to recent acute lung toxicity leading to death among vapers. Methods: We conducted bronchoscopies in a cross-sectional study of 73 subjects (42 never-smokers, 15 e-cig users, and 16 smokers). Using bronchoalveolar lavage and brushings, we examined lung inflammation by cell counts, cytokines, genome-wide gene expression, and DNA methylation. Results: There were statistically significant differences among never-smokers, e-cig users, and smokers for inflammatory cell counts and cytokines (FDR q Conclusions: These data indicate that e-cigs are associated with less toxicity than cigarettes for smoking-related pathways. What is unknown may be unique effects for e-cigs not measured herein, and a comparison of smokers completely switching to e-cigs compared with former smokers. Clinical trials for smokers switching to e-cigs who undergo serial bronchoscopy and larger cross-sectional studies of former smokers with and without e-cig use, and for e-cigs who relapse back to smoking, are needed. Impact: These data can be used for product regulation and for informing tobacco users considering or using e-cigs. What is unknown may be unique effects for e-cigs not measured herein, and clinical trials with serial bronchoscopy underway can demonstrate a direct relationship for changes in lung biomarkers.
‘Est Iste Liber Maximi Secreti’: Alfonso X’s Liber Razielis and the Secrets of Kingship

This article explores the relationship of the discourse of secrets and courtly politics during Alfonso X's rule in Castile and Leon (1252–1284). This piece argues that Alfonso's imperial aspirations may be the key to better understand the reasons encouraging the complilation of the Liber Razielis at the Alfonsine court. In this work, we can find three main elements that were useful to legitimize Alfonso's project: the discourse of secrets and its relationship to the royal institution, the identification between the wise Solomon and Alfonso, and, finally, the use of natural philosophy as a means to portray the figure of the eagle as a defining element of the empire. Finally, this essay concludes that the figure of the eagle and the strategic meaning of Solomon also appear in several later works of the Alfonsine corpus in similar political terms.
Enhancing the Orthognathic Surgery Experience: Treatment in 10 Weeks "Surgery First" Approach.

This case report describes the successful treatment of a 25-year-old male with maxillary retrognathism, skeletal and dental Class III malocclusion, anterior and posterior crossbite, negative overjet and overbite, mild mandibular crowding, and lower midline deviation. The nonextraction treatment plan included: (1) maxillary and mandibular arch fixed appliance and (2) Le Fort 1 maxillary osteotomy and postsurgical orthodontic treatment. The orthodontic treatment was initiated with 0.022” preadjusted brackets bonded to all the teeth except the maxillary second molars, 2 days before the surgery without any archwires. Two weeks after the surgery, maxillary and mandibular arch alignment along with the occlusal adjustments was started with the use of 0.018” NiTi wires, in both arches. Optimum esthetic and functional results were achieved in 10 weeks after the surgery, with the cooperation of two specialties and the use of surgery first approach.
Magnetic Inductor Arrays for Intel® Fully Integrated Voltage Regulator (FIVR) on 10 th generation Intel® Core™ SoCs

Circuit area scaling driven by Moore’s law coupled with the push to thinner packages for mobile microprocessors has reduced the volume available for Air Core Inductors (ACI). This translates to a reduction in the conversion efficiency of Fully Integrated Voltage Regulator (FIVR). Magnetic Inductor Array (MIA) modules are used for the first time on the 10th generation Intel Core™ microprocessor in mobile segments to improve FIVR efficiency. In addition to improving the peak efficiency, it is also possible to realize large light load efficiency gains and minimize voltage ripple through the use of magnetic inductors. This paper covers the magnetic inductor array (MIA) design considerations for improving performance as well as meeting high volume manufacturability and reliability requirements.
The leadership of senior international officers: a qualitative study

The leadership of Senior International Officers is prevalent in guiding campus internationalisation efforts forward. This research is a part of a larger study exploring the role of Senior Internati...
BRAF inhibitor resistance confers increased sensitivity to mitotic inhibitors

Abstract Single agent and combination therapy with BRAFV600E/K and MEK inhibitors have remarkable efficacy against melanoma tumors with activating BRAF mutations, but in most cases resistance eventually develops. The purpose of this study is to uncover pharmacological vulnerabilities of BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells, with the goal of identifying new therapeutic options for patients whose tumors have developed resistance to BRAFi/MEKi therapy. We screened a well-annotated compound library against a panel of isogenic pairs of parental and BRAFi-resistant melanoma cell lines to identify classes of compounds that selectively target BRAFi-resistant cells over their BRAFi-sensitive counterparts. Two distinct patterns of increased sensitivity to classes of pharmacological inhibitors emerged. In two cell line pairs, BRAFi resistance conferred increased sensitivity to compounds that share the property of cell cycle arrest at M-phase, including inhibitors of aurora kinase (AURK), polo-like kinase (PLK), tubulin, and kinesin. Live cell microscopy used to track mitosis in real time revealed that parental, but not BRAFi-resistant, melanoma cells were able to exit from compound-induced mitotic arrest through mitotic slippage, thus escaping death. Consistent with the key role of Cyclin B1 levels in regulating mitosis at the spindle checkpoint, in arrested cells we found higher Cyclin B1 levels in parental over BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells, suggesting that altered Cyclin B1 expression levels may explain why these BRAFi resistant cells have gained increased vulnerability to mitotic inhibitors. Another BRAFi-resistant cell line showed increased sensitivity to Chk1/2 inhibitors, possibly due to an accumulation of DNA damage, resulting in mitotic failure. This study shows that BRAFi-resistance in melanoma cells confers vulnerability to pharmacological disruption of mitosis and suggests a targeted synthetic lethal approach to treat BRAF-mutant melanomas that have become resistant to BRAF/MEK-directed therapies.
Metachronous Skull Base Paraganglioma Surgical Management: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Paragangliomas (PGLs) are benign hypervascular tumors that can develop in head and neck at different locations, primarily in the carotid bifurcation, jugular bulb, tympanic plexus, and vagal ganglia.1 Different gene mutations have been linked to the familial inherited forms, which can represent approximately 30% of all PGLs.1,2 These are classified into 5 different clinical syndromes: PGL 1 to 5.1 These patients have increased risk for synchronous and metachronous lesions requiring an extensive work-up for hormone secretion and other associated neoplasms, as well as attentive follow-up for lifelong management.1,3 Surgical resection is the best treatment option as it can be curative when the resection is total.2-4 Preservation of the lower cranial nerve function is central to the management of head and neck PGLs, given the gravity of bilateral injuries.3 Irradiation therapy should be considered if the risk for bilateral lower cranial nerve injuries is high.5 Surgically, intrabulbar resection with preservation of the medial wall of the jugular bulb protects the lower cranial nerve function.3 Other technical finesses, including maintaining the facial nerve in its bony fallopian canal (facial bridge), avoiding carotid artery sacrifice, preservation of the ear canal, and preoperative embolization, contributed markedly to outcome improvement.2,3 We report a case of a 34-yr-old male with PGL 3 with a left glomus jugulare tumor that recurred and a right carotid body tumor. Patient consented to surgery and photography. Image at 3:44 republished from Al-Mefty and Teixeira,3 with permission from JSNPG.
Sylow 2-Subgroups of 2-Rank Three

Publisher Summary The classifications of simple groups of 2-rank at most two and those of sectional 2-rank not exceeding four has lead to the problem of describing the Sylow 2-subgroups of G if G is a fusion simple group of 2-rank three and normal 2-rank three. This problem is addressed in the chapter. If G is such a group and S is a Sylow 2-subgroup of G then S has a normal elementary abelian subgroup E of order eight but has no elementary abelian subgroup of larger order.
On Implementing a Protocol Independent MIB

The Management Information Base (MIB) plays a key role in a network management system (figure 1) simply because: first, network management applications need structured information about the managed network; second, the network itself usually does not provide a simple and structured interface for information services. Currently, when network management applications are developed, they are designed to work with either Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) [6, 5] or Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) [2], But, since a management information base (MIB) is only a repository of information about various network devices, the design of a MIB should not be constrained by the question, “what is the query access protocol.” Instead, our major concerns in building a MIB should be the data model and the structure it imposes on network information. These concerns can be addressed in a manner which is protocol independent.
Improving software robustness with dependability cases

Programs fail mainly for two reasons: logic errors in the code, and exception failures. Exception failures can account for up to 2/3 of system crashes, hence are worthy of serious attention. Traditional approaches to reducing exception failures, such as code reviews, wallthroughs and formal testing, while very useful, are limited in their ability to address a core problem: the programmer's inadequate coverage of exceptional conditions. The problem of coverage might be rooted in cognitive factors that impede the mental generation (or recollection) of exception cases that would pertain in a particular situation, resulting in insufficient software robustness. This paper describes a study to test the hypothesis that robustness for exception failures can be improved through the use of dependability cases. Dependability cases, derived from safety cases, comprise a methodology based on structured taxonomies and memory aids for helping software designer think about and improve exception-handling coverage. A controlled experiment conducted with 59 subjects revealed a statistically significant 43% increase in exception-handling robustness. An ancillary experiment conducted with 38 subjects provides convergent evidence that the effect is authentic, and not due to programming expertise alone.
Secure Multi-party Computation Minimizing Online Rounds

Multi-party secure computations are general important procedures to compute any function while keeping the security of private inputs. In this work we ask whether preprocessing can allow low latency (that is, small round) secure multi-party protocols that are universally-composable (UC). In particular, we allow any polynomial time preprocessing as long as it is independent of the exact circuit and actual inputs of the specific instance problem to solve, with only a bound k on the number of gates in the circuits known. To address the question, we first define the model of "Multi-Party Computation on Encrypted Data" ( mp-ced ), implicitly described in [FH96],[JJ00],[CDN01],[DN03]. In this model, computing parties establish a threshold public key in a preprocessing stage, and only then private data, encrypted under the shared public key, is revealed. The computing parties then get the computational circuit they agree upon and evaluate the circuit on the encrypted data. The $\textsc{mp-ced}$ model is interesting since it is well suited for modern computing environments, where many repeated computations on overlapping data are performed. We present two different round-efficient protocols in this model: The first protocol generates k garbled gates in the preprocessing stage and requires only two (online) rounds. The second protocol generates a garbled universal circuit of size O (k logk ) in the preprocessing stage, and requires only one (online) round (i.e., an obvious lower bound), and therefore it can run asynchronously. Both protocols are secure against an active, static adversary controlling any number of parties. When the fraction of parties the adversary can corrupt is less than half, the adversary cannot force the protocols to abort. The $\textsc{mp-ced}$ model is closely related to the general Multi-Party Computation ( mpc ) model and, in fact, both can be reduced to each other. The first (resp. second) protocol above naturally gives protocols for three-round (resp. two-round) universally composable $\textsc{mpc}$ secure against active, static adversary controlling any number of parties (with preprocessing).
Recent rainfall cycle in the Intermountain Region as a quadrature amplitude modulation from the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

[1] Precipitation in the Intermountain Region has experienced a pronounced 10–20 yr cycle during the last four decades. We present evidence of a quadrature phase coupling of these 10–20 yr cycles between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Intermountain rainfall. The PDO has been linked to precipitation anomalies in the Northwest and Southwest U.S., while the Intermountain Region remains marginal. During the transition phase of a 10–20 yr cycle in the PDO, an anomalous circulation dipole over the Gulf of Alaska is formed. This circulation dipole modulates the synoptic activity that produces rainfall in the Intermountain Region. As a result, the Intermountain rainfall cycle has repeatedly lagged the PDO cycle by a quarter phase, amounting to about 3 to 4 years. Future understanding of the 10–20 yr cycle embedded in the PDO and its quadrature phase modulation may help predict the Intermountain climate.
Demography and habitat use of the Badwater snail ( Assiminea infima ), with observations on its conservation status, Death Valley National Park, California, U.S.A.

Cultural use of spring-fed wetlands in Death Valley National Park, California has reduced populations of endemic macroinvertebrates. Studies were conducted during the spring and late autumn of 1994 to assess demography and habitat use by the Badwater snail (Assiminea infima), which is endemic to low-elevation, spring-fed habitats in Death Valley where its abundance is believed to be adversely affected by municipal diversions and habitat trampling by Park visitors. Effects on demography and habitat were examined at sites highly, lightly, and unaffected by these activities. Field experiments examined the response of its habitat and abundance to trampling.
Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share (EPS) measures the income earned by each share of common stock. Keywords: earnings per share; financial statements; common stock outstanding; calculation of basic EPS; treatment of stock options
Immunobiology of Allograft Rejection in the Absence of IFN-γ: CD8+ Effector Cells Develop Independently of CD4+ Cells and CD40-CD40 Ligand Interactions

Both wild-type (WT) and IFN-γ-deficient (IFN-γ−/−) C57BL/6 mice can rapidly reject BALB/c cardiac allografts. When depleted of CD8+ cells, both WT and IFN-γ−/− mice rejected their allografts, indicating that these mice share a common CD4-mediated, CD8-independent mechanism of rejection. However, when depleted of CD4+ cells, WT mice accepted their allografts, while IFN-γ−/− recipients rapidly rejected them. Hence, IFN-γ−/−, but not WT mice developed an unusual CD8-mediated, CD4-independent, mechanism of allograft rejection. Allograft rejection in IFN-γ−/− mice was associated with intragraft accumulation of IL-4-producing cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and eosinophils. Furthermore, this form of rejection was resistant to treatment with anti-CD40 ligand (CD40L) mAb, which markedly prolonged graft survival in WT mice. T cell depletion studies verified that anti-CD40L treatment failed to prevent CD8-mediated allograft rejection in IFN-γ−/− mice. However, anti-CD40L treatment did prevent CD4-mediated rejection in IFN-γ−/− mice, although grafts were eventually rejected when CD8+ T cells repopulated the periphery. The IL-4 production and eosinophil influx into the graft that occurred during CD8-mediated rejection were apparently epiphenomenal, since treatment with anti-IL-4 mAb blocked intragraft accumulation of eosinophils, but did not interfere with allograft rejection. These studies demonstrate that a novel, CD8-mediated mechanism of allograft rejection, which is resistant to experimental immunosuppression, can develop when IFN-γ is limiting. An understanding of this mechanism is confounded by its association with Th2-like immune events, which contribute unique histopathologic features to the graft but are apparently unnecessary for the process of allograft rejection.
PTEN signaling through RAF1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (RAF1)/ERK in the epididymis is essential for male fertility

Without a fully developed initial segment, the most proximal region of the epididymis, male infertility results. Therefore, it is important to understand the development and regulation of this crucial region. In addition to distinctively high activity levels of the components of the ERK pathway, which are essential for initial-segment differentiation, the initial segment exhibits high protein and activity levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). To understand the role of PTEN in the regulation of the initial segment, we generated a mouse model with a conditional deletion of Pten from the epithelial cells of the proximal epididymis from postnatal day 17 (P17) onward. Shortly after Pten deletion, hypertrophy of the proximal epididymis became evident. Loss of Pten resulted in activation of the AKT (protein kinase B) pathway components from P28 onward, which in turn gradually suppressed RAF1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (RAF1)/ERK signaling through the interaction between AKT and RAF1. Consistent with progressive changes in RAF1/ERK signaling, loss of Pten progressively altered cell shape, size, organization, proliferation, and survival in the initial-segment epithelium and resulted in dedifferentiation and extensive epithelial folding. Most importantly, knockout males progressively lost fertility and became infertile from 6 to 12 mo. Spermatozoa from older knockout mice showed a lower percentage of motility and a higher percentage of flagellar angulation compared with controls, suggesting compromised sperm maturation. Therefore, under normal physiological conditions, PTEN suppresses AKT activity to maintain activation of the RAF1/ERK signaling pathway, which in turn maintains normal function of the initial segment and therefore, normal sperm maturation.
Precipitation during zinc diffusion in gallium arsenide

Size, morphology and distribution of precipitates caused by Zn diffusion in GaAs were studied using transmission electron microscopy to determine the effects of diffusion temperature, time, source, starting material and quenching rate. Precipitates are tetrakaidecahedra (14 sides) and do not exceed O.lµ in diameter. Diffusion temperature has the most noticeable effect on precipitate size and distribution. Results indicate that an internal reaction is occurring between Zn and an unknown impurity (or impurities) in the GaAs.
Beam Envelope Solution of a Finite Emittance Beam including Space Charge and Acceleration

The intermediate-energy electron-cooling effort at the University of Wisconsin began as a collaboration with the University of California - Santa Barbara free electron laser group to measure the emittance of their test device. The measurement indicated that the optics of the FEL test device were extremely good; there was no emittance degradation throughout the system. For this reason, the electron gun for the electron-cooling effort has been designed to be optically identical to the UCSB gun designed by Hermannsfeldt of SLAC. The optics program used to investigate the gun behavior is EGUN, written by Hermannsfeldt. Because of the complicated problem of electron optics at the start of the Pelletron accelerating column, the first 120 kV of acceleration in the Pelletron is included in the gun optical study. At that point in the Pelletron, the electric field no longer has any significant radial component and the following optical treatment of the device is done.
The Complexity of Decision Versus Search

A basic question about NP is whether or not search (the problem of finding a witness) reduces in polynomial time to decision (the problem of deciding whether there exists a witness). The fact that search does reduce to decision for SAT and other NP-complete problems (self-reducibility) is among the most well known facts in the theory of computation. But the general question of whether search reduces to decision for every language in NP remains open. We indicate that the answer is negative: under a natural complexity assumption (that deterministic and non-deterministic double exponential time are unequal) we construct a language in NP for which search does not reduce to decision. These ideas extend in a natural way to interactive proofs and program checking to yield negative results about the power of the prover and the complexity of checkers. We present languages in IP for which it is harder for the prover to prove membership to a verifier than it is to decide this membership. Similarly we present languages where checking is harder than computing membership. These results are also under assumptions about double-exponential time separations. Our arguments are simple and direct. We bypass Yao''s notion of coherence which was used to establish previous negative results in program checking, establishing stronger results by different techniques. By demonstrating-under the same assumptions-the existence of a language which is coherent but not checkable we indicate that coherence may not be the right approach to negative results in this area. The connections we establish with double-exponential time classes provide an interesting example of how complexity "high up" can shed light on properties of basic classes like NP and IP.
Synthesis of urea picket porphyrins and their use in the elucidation of the role buried solvent plays in the selectivity and stoichiometry of anion binding receptors

The synthesis of α,α-5,10-diurea and α,α,α-5,10,15-triurea picket porphyrins are detailed in this report. In previous reports, these porphyrins, along with α,α,α,α-5,10,15,20-tetraurea picket porphyrin, were used to demonstrate the important role one buried solvent molecule plays in the selectivity and stoichiometry of binding inorganic anions. Building on prior work, this report discusses the results of acetate anion binding studies between tetra- and diurea picket porphyrins (the latter does not contain a buried solvent molecule in the anion−receptor complex), compares differences in thermodynamic data obtained from van't Hoff plots of a porphyrin anion receptor able to utilize buried solvent in its binding motif with one that does not, and compares the crystal structure of a tetraurea porphyrin 1−chloride anion complex that contains buried solvent with new X-ray crystal structures of tetraurea porphyrin 1−dichloride or bisdihydrogenphosphate anion complexes that contain no buried solvent. Data from our...
Non-planar vibrations and radiationless molecular electronic transitions in nitrogen heterocyclic and aromatic carbonyl compounds☆

Abstract The importance of non-planar vibrations in radiationless molecular electronic transitions of hetero-aromatic molecules is described and discussed.