cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Polyethylene Glycol in Childhood Constipation

Constipation is a common and chronic problem in children worldwide. Long-term use of laxatives is necessary for successful treatment of chronic constipation. Commonly used laxatives in children include milk of magnesia, lactulose, mineral oil, and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Recent studies report the efficacy and safety of PEG for the long-term treatment of constipation in children. Because of its excellent patient acceptance, PEG is being used widely in children for constipation. In this commentary, we review the recently published pediatric literature on the efficacy, safety, and patient acceptance of PEG. We also assess the role of PEG in childhood constipation by comparing it with other laxatives in terms of efficacy, safety, patient acceptance, and cost.
The politics of linguistic terrorism and grammatical hegemony during the French Revolution

(1980). The politics of linguistic terrorism and grammatical hegemony during the French Revolution. Social History: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 41-69.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTION OF INTRACELLULAR RIBONUCLEASES : V. Ribonuclease Activity in Ribosomes and Polysomes Prepared from Rat Liver and Hepatomas

The RNase activity and properties of ribosome and polysome preparations from normal rat liver and some hepatomas have been examined. Polysome and ribosome preparations from the Novikoff, McCoy MDAB, and Dunning hepatomas had considerably higher specific RNase activity than corresponding preparations from normal rat liver, Novikoff ascites, or Morris 5123 hepatomas. The optimum pH of the RNase was approximately 8.5 for all samples tested, and the samples showed no evidence of latent RNase activity when treated with 3 M sodium chloride, EDTA, urea, or p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid. The RNase activity appeared to be associated principally with breakdown products and/or subunits smaller than 80S. In the presence of Mg++ ions, subunits could reaggregate to form monomer ribosomes indistinguishable from the natural products, but some of the reassociated ribosomes could contain RNase activity which had been bound to the smaller particles. Similar results were obtained with spermine. In the hepatomas, evidence was obtained for the preexistence of considerable amounts of the smaller, RNase-containing subunits in the cell. When a small amount of crystalline bovine pancreatic RNase was added to partly dissociated ribosomes, the RNase was found only in association with the smaller subunits, and little or no enzyme was taken up by ribosomes or polysomes. The results have led to the conclusion that RNase is not a normal constituent of the ribosome or polysome, but that RNase may become associated with these particulates if dissociation and reassociation take place. Some implications of these findings for the stability of messenger RNA and for the mechanism of its breakdown are discussed.
Solution phase direct fluorination of bridged alkyl di- and triphosphines

Abstract Perfluorinated phosphoranes with two phosphorus(V) centers have been prepared via elemental fluorination in solution. Oxidation sensitive a,w-bis(dialkylphosphino)alkanes are converted into the corresponding difluorophosphoranes. The F-19 and P-31 NMR are discussed. Additional characterization is provided by high and low resolution mass spectrometry.
Immunohistochemical Comparison of P16 Expression in Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin

There are approximately 200,000 new cases of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed each year in the United States, with between 1300 and 2300 deaths per year from metastatic disease. The tumor suppressor p16, encoded by the CDKN2/INK4a locus, has been reported mutated in >or=24% of squamous cell carcinomas. Mutations of the p16 gene have also been found in actinic keratoses, the first identifiable lesion in the continuum from normal skin to squamous cell carcinoma. We hypothesized that there may be an appreciable difference in expression of p16 between normal skin, actinic keratoses, squamous cell carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Ten actinic keratoses, 10 in situ squamous cell carcinomas, and 10 invasive squamous cell carcinomas were examined using the immunoperoxidase method with antigen retrieval for anti-p16(INK4a) antibody. All 10 actinic keratoses were positive for weak to moderate p16 staining in the lower third to lower half of the epidermis (especially the basal keratinocytes). This staining was significant when compared with the lack of staining seen in normal skin controls. Twenty percent of in situ squamous cell carcinomas had moderate to strong staining in only the lower half to lower two thirds of the epidermis, whereas 70% of the in situ squamous cell carcinomas exhibited full-thickness p16 staining, with no staining in the dermis. Thirty percent of invasive squamous cell carcinomas had full-thickness staining of the in situ component of the lesion, and 100% of invasive squamous cell carcinomas exhibited moderate to strong staining of the invasive component of the lesion. These findings indicate correlation between the increased expression of p16 during the progression of skin from actinic keratosis to in situ squamous cell carcinoma to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. These data may lend further support to the view of the actinic keratosis as a precursor lesion to squamous cell carcinoma.
Phenyl bismuth β-diketonate complexes: Synthesis and structural characterization

Abstract The first examples of arylbismuth diketonate complexes are reported. Phenylbismuth(III) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate), BiPh(hfac)2 (1) and its adducts [BiPh(hfac)2(L)] (Hhfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione; L = H2O (1a), Me2CO (1b), THF (1c), DMA (N,N-dimethylacetamide) (1d), DMSO (1e), PhCN (1f), as well as a mixed hexafluoroacetylacetonate–trifluoroacetate complex, [BiPh(hfac)(O2CCF3)]2 (2), have been synthesized and characterized. Compound 1 is isolated from the reaction of BiPh3 with 2 equiv. of Hhfac in dry hexanes. Compound 2 can be synthesized using two different routes: one utilizes the reaction between stoichiometric amounts of 1 and CF3CO2H, while the second method involves the interaction of the previously described BiPh2(O2CCF3) (3) with Hhfac. Crystallographic analysis of the [BiPh(hfac)2(L)] adducts reveals a pentagonal pyramidal geometry around the metal center; similarly, the dinuclear [BiPh(hfac)(O2CCF3)]2 complex is composed of two distorted pentagonal pyramids connected into dimers by the bridging carboxylate groups. The effect of replacing the Lewis base in the coordination sphere of Bi(III) on the coordination polyhedron and crystal packing is discussed. The 1H and 19F NMR spectra of the title complexes at room temperature indicate single environments for the hfac group and suggest that they are fluxional in solutions on the NMR time scale. Compounds 1 and 2 are promising starting materials in the chemistry of bismuth(III) and as building blocks for the construction of heterometallic species.
Fast search and localization algorithm based on human visual perception modeling: an application for fast localization of structures in mammograms

A computer algorithm for fast identification and localization of structures of interest in images is presented. The algorithm is based on the analysis of a reduced set of image neighborhoods selected randomly by a constrained sampling of an associated image map of much smaller spatial resolution. The general approach is demonstrated by estimating the relative location of the breast tissue on a dataset of 860 digitized mammographic images. The computational times and breast tissue localization error rates are reported for different reduced spatial resolution image maps and three different features used for the corresponding neighborhood analysis. Our results show significant improvement on the error rates and computational times obtained with our approach compared to a pixel intensity thresholding approach. The algorithm implementation is very simple, requires less computation time than the sequential processing of each one of the image elements in a raster pattern and can be easily included into a hierarchical image analysis model.
Electric fields yield chaos in microflows

We present an investigation of chaotic dynamics of a low Reynolds number electrokinetic flow. Electrokinetic flows arise due to couplings of electric fields and electric double layers. In these flows, applied (steady) electric fields can couple with ionic conductivity gradients outside electric double layers to produce flow instabilities. The threshold of these instabilities is controlled by an electric Rayleigh number, Rae. As Rae increases monotonically, we show here flow dynamics can transition from steady state to a time-dependent periodic state and then to an aperiodic, chaotic state. Interestingly, further monotonic increase of Rae shows a transition back to a well-ordered state, followed by a second transition to a chaotic state. Temporal power spectra and time-delay phase maps of low dimensional attractors graphically depict the sequence between periodic and chaotic states. To our knowledge, this is a unique report of a low Reynolds number flow with such a sequence of periodic-to-aperiodic transitions. Also unique is a report of strange attractors triggered and sustained through electric fluid body forces.
Earthquake recurrence on the Calaveras fault east of San Jose, California

Abstract Occurrence of small (3 ⩽ ML Latitude Longitude Depth Mag. Target date Standard error (days) 37°17′± 2′N 121°39′±2′W 5.0 ±2 km 3.0–4.0 7-22-77 22.3 37°26′± 2′N 121°47′±2′W 6.0 ± 2 km 3.0–4.0 9-02-77 8.0
TRIMM: A High Speed Parallel Processor For Optimization And Estimation Problems

Abstract The design of a parallel processor containing 60 32-bit processors with on-chip floating point hardware, 60 Mbytes of memory, hardware random number generation, and a high bandwidth, re- configurable interprocessor communications system is discussed. The system is especially well- suited to run Monte Carlo-based algorithms, such as simulated annealing, for optimization and estimation problems in nuclear medicine and other areas. Introduction In image reconstruction problems in nuclear medicine, as well as in optimization and estimation problems in many other areas, one wants to find a "best" estimate of some quantity. Often, it is either impossible or impractical to handle these problems with a straightforward deterministic algorithm. In such cases, there are a number of Monte Carlo-based methods which provide techniques for obtaining satisfactory solutions. Examples include simulated annealing1"4, genetic algorithms5, and others. Although these techniques are very powerful, they typically require very large amounts of computation for their effective use, and this has prevented them from being implemented on a widespread basis for many applications.A very attractive and cost-effective approach to providing the computational resources needed to execute these optimization methods rapidly is to use a combination of special-purpose hardware and microprocessor-based parallel processing. In this paper we present the design of a parallel processor that we have developed using such an approach.
The Potential to Determine a Postmortem Submersion Interval Based on Algal/Diatom Diversity on Decomposing Mammalian Carcasses in Brackish Ponds in Delaware*

Recently botanical evidence has been studied to determine if it is useful in forensic investigations. This study was performed to examine stillborn piglet decomposition in a brackish water environment and to semi-quantitatively document stages of decomposition, degree day accumulation per stage as well as the algal/diatom diversity useful in determining a postmortem submersion interval (PMSI). Piglets and ceramic tiles were submerged in brackish ponds and sampled on a regular basis to document algal diversity and succession between substrates and stages of decomposition. Significantly greater weight was lost from piglet carcasses during the early floating and advanced floating decay stages. Seasonal effects were observed in degree-day accumulations. Diatom diversity was significantly greater on piglet carcasses compared to tile substrates. Algal diversity decreased over time on the piglet carcasses as well as the stage of decomposition. A significant relationship and strong correlation between algal diversity found on the piglet substrate with time was observed. Our results indicate that more research is needed to examine the potential to use diatoms in not only determining manner of death but also the duration of time (PMSI) a victim may have been immersed in an aquatic environment.
Understanding the impact of transistor-level BTI variability

Recent work has shown large variations due to bias-temperature instability (BTI) at the device level, and we study its impact on the behavior of larger circuits. We propose an analytical method that is over 600x faster than Monte Carlo simulation and accurate for technologies down to 16nm, and demonstrate it on circuits with up to 68,000 transistors. Results show that the impact of BTI variability at the circuit level is significantly smaller than at the device level, but increases with device downscaling.
Sites of possibility: applied theatre and digital storytelling with youth

As a process for engaging marginalised voices in the social/cultural economy of the media, digital storytelling has garnered much attention from media artists, community organisers and scholars since the early 1990s. The practice of digital storytelling, or the making and sharing of personal narratives through recorded voice-overs, digital photography and video, music and/or digitally composed multi-media collages, parallels many aspects of applied drama/theatre; and yet, little scholarship exists around how digital storytelling can and does function as an intentionally facilitated, critical performance practice with young people. This article argues that digital storytelling as an applied theatre praxis can revision the ways we represent and engage young people in society. The author draws on practical examples from an applied theatre project to examine how digital storytelling, as both a creative process and a performance product, functions as a political act of cultural production. She demonstrates how...
The Role of Fillers in Facial Implant Surgery

Alloplastic facial implants and injectable fillers are currently used for facial rejuvenation and augmentation. Their respective roles in augmentation and volume replacement of the chin and midface are discussed. Treatment goals, patient selection, procedures, and patient recovery are detailed. In addition, there is a segment for surgeons presenting a decision algorithm for selecting surgical versus less-invasive or nonsurgical approaches for midface rejuvenation.
Incongruent reduction of tungsten carbide by a zirconium-copper melt

The reduction of tungsten carbide (WC) to elemental tungsten by reaction with a Zr–Cu melt was examined. Dense WC disks were immersed in a vertical orientation in molten Zr2Cu at 1150–1400 °C for 1.5–24 h. Continuous, adherent layers of W and ZrC formed at WC/melt interfaces. The rates of thickening of the W and ZrC product layers were examined as a function of reaction time and temperature and position along the vertical WC surface. Such kinetic data, along with microstructural analyses, indicate that the incongruent reduction of tungsten carbide is likely to be controlled by carbon diffusion through one or both of the product layers.
Knowledge of magnetism in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica

THAT the pre-Columbian peoples of Mesoamerica were familiar with the property of magnetism has been suggested by numerous researchers, among them Coe and Fuson1. Indeed, a flattened oblong piece of haematite discovered by Coe during the excavation of the Olmec site of San Lorenzo in southern Veracruz state in 1973, has been thoroughly examined by Carlson2, who suggests that it probably was manufactured for use as a compass. Fuson has argued that the varied alignments of architectural complexes in many Mayan ceremonial centres may be explained by their having been oriented to compass directions which changed through time, and further, that the Mayas' knowledge of mercury would have permitted them to use vessels filled with this liquid, as well as the water-filled calabashes, to float their ‘needles’ or lodestones. In January 1975 during field studies at Tzapa, in the Pacific coastal plain of south-eastern Chiapas state, I discovered strong circumstantial evidence that the people of this Late Formative ceremonial centre not only knew about magnetism but possibly even associated it with the homing instinct of the sea-turtle.
SURFACE ALTERATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS FROM THE CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY

Abstract The scalloped surface feature on Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary glass is often explained as being due to terrestrial aqueous leaching. Leaching of man-made glass results in a reduction in density of the glass. Also, Fe, because of its relative insolubility, is concentrated by the leaching process. Thus, the Haitian glass specimens which have been heavily altered should have a thin rim of less dense glass in which the Fe is concentrated compared to the core glass. The higher Fe concentration in the rim glass should cause it to have an enhanced Curie constant and a lower density compared to the unaltered glass. The magnetic Curie constant, density, and scanning electron microscopic studies were made on altered specimens of Haitian glass and also on specimens showing a minimum of alteration. The results show that the less altered samples have the highest density and the lowest Curie constant. The data substantiate the terrestrial hypothesis.
The effect of water on the zeta potential of chromium dioxide in tetrahydrofuran

Experiments have been performed to determine the effect of water on dilute suspensions of CrO2 in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The effect of water in the solvent as well as on the particle surface has been investigated using electrokinetic and dispersion stability measurements. Results of these investigations have shown that the zeta potential of dried CrO2 (physisorbed water removed) in THF is positive and is dependent on the water content in THF. The zeta potential exhibits a maximum at about 1,800 ppm water. Good correlation also exists between the electrokinetic and dispersion stability measurements.
Investigation of variability of the North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water using profiling float data and numerical model output

Abstract The basic characteristics of the North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Waters (STMW) are well documented in the literature from one-time hydrographic sections or from long-term measurements at one location. From July 1997 to March 1998, 71 vertical profiling floats were deployed in the Western Subtropical North Atlantic region to provide a broader spatial and temporal coverage of STMW. In this study, the STMW properties are estimated from a total of 5352 float temperature profiles in an area covering 30°W–80°W and 20°N–45°N, from January 1998 to December 2000. These STMW properties are compared to those derived from numerical simulation output using the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM). The model is configured to the North Atlantic Ocean with a 1-deg horizontal resolution and 20 vertical layers. The model temperature profiles are collocated with the observed float profiles for a direct comparison. The values of the mean STMW temperature derived from both the float data and model output are roughly equal (18.1 °C for floats and 18.0 °C for the model). The model is found to capture well the observed annual cycle of the STMW volume. Given good agreement between float and model profiles, we use a longer MICOM simulation to investigate decadal variability of the STMW renewal rate in terms of the annual subduction rate and its relationship to the large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern changes measured by the North Atlantic Oscillation index. Good correlation is found between the model annual subduction rate anomaly at the Panulirus Station and the NAO winter index anomaly on decadal time scales with NAO leading by 2–3 years.
Thiolate-Bound Thulium Compounds: Synthesis, Structure, and NIR Emission

Molecular (DME)2Tm(SC6F5)3 and tetrametallic (DME)4(µ2-SPh)8Tm4(SPh)4 have been isolated in high yield and characterized by conventional methods. The fluorinated thiolate has an eight-coordinate Tm(III) ion bound to three sulfur atoms from the thiolates, four oxygen donors from the THF ligands, and a relatively weak dative Tm-F interaction with a 2.842(3)A Tm-F separation. The benzenethiolate compound crystallizes as a tetramer with an alternating number (3, 2, 3) of thiolates connecting the nearly linear array of Tm(III) ions. Emission properties of both thiolates and the chalcogen-rich cluster (THF)6Tm4Se9(SC6F5)2 have been established. The Ph compound is significantly more emissive than either of the fluorinated species.
Biology-Driven Library Design for Probe Discovery

Libraries of diverse small molecules are important to probe and drug discovery. The current trend toward building massive screening collections to support drug development, a special application of chemical biology, can limit their broader potential. Biology-driven construction methods (Wallace et al., 2011) are rapidly emerging to bring chemical libraries back on a viable path.
The Stiffening Effect of Rigid Elliptical Inclusions on a Power-Law Material

Developpement d'une relation constitutive pour la deformation plane dans une matrice visqueuse a loi puissance renforcee par des fibres a sections droites elliptiques. L'analyse est basee sur un shema differentiel autocoherent. On simule numeriquement l'influence d'un seul fibre sur le materiau. On etudie la forme de l'inclusion, et les non linearites du materiau
Idealism Redux: The Class-Historical Truth of Postmodernism

This paper argues that postmodernism represents a contemporary manifestation of a long-standing political despair among Western intellectuals. It shows commonality with various "power-conflict" perspectives of the past, as well as associated connections with well-known theses of "post-industrialism." The strength of postmodernism partly rests on its identification of several gaps in Marxist historical theory. In the end, however, the fundamental stance of postmodernism fails because of its dematerialization of symbols and their exchange. Postmodern social theory is thus understood as no more than a mode of Idealist philosophy, a status that renders it essentially useless as a basis for social change and that places it in the camp of political reaction.
An algorithm for time evolving volume fractions in mixed zones in Lagrangian hydrodynamics calculations

Many hydrodynamics codes use a “Lagrange plus remap” approach, in which first a pure Lagrangian step is taken then a mesh relaxation step is performed. This is one way to obtain an “ALE” code (Arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian), in which the mesh motion can be purely Lagrangian, purely Eulerian, or anywhere in between. The quality of the Lagrange step is crucial to getting a good solution. However, a good solution can be ruined if mixed zones (zones which contain two or more materials) are not treated carefully. During the Lagrange step, a zone which has materials with different bulk moduli (air and solid metal, for example) can develop unphysical densities and pressures in one or both materials if the volume fractions remain constant. This problem can be avoided by evolving the volume fractions of the materials during the Lagrange step in a physically reasonable way that takes the differences in bulk modulus into account. We discuss four different methods and show test calculations that demonstrate their virtues and weaknesses.
Scaling Limits of Waves in Convex Scalar Conservation Laws Under Random Initial Perturbations

We study waves in convex scalar conservation laws under noisy initial perturbations. It is known that the building blocks of these waves are shock and rarefaction waves, both are invariant under hyperbolic scaling. Noisy perturbations can generate complicated wave patterns, such as diffusion process of shock locations. However we show that under the hyperbolic scaling, the solutions converge in the sense of distribution to the unperturbed waves. In particular, randomly perturbed shock waves move at the unperturbed velocity in the scaling limit. Analysis makes use of the Hopf formula of the related Hamilton-Jacobi equation and regularity estimates of noisy processes.
Simple Bending Analysis of Laminated Plates by Large-Deflection Theory

A closed-form solution is presented for the problem of laminated plates subjected to simple bending by the application of the nonlinear von Karman equations of heterogeneous anisotropic plates. The...
High-resolution laser excitation spectra of linear triatomic molecules: Analysis of the B2Σ+-X2Σ+ system of SrOH and SrOD

Abstract Single-mode cw dye laser excitation spectra of the (0, 00, 0)-(0, 00, 0), (1, 00, 0)-(1, 00, 0), (0, 11, 0)-(0, 11, 0) bands of the 611- to 607-nm system of SrOH and SrOD were observed and assigned. The spectrum is consistent with a 2Σ-2Σ system where the molecule is linear in both electronic states. The rotational analysis is obtained by measuring P-R separations in the excitation spectrum. A technique which greatly aided in the spectral assignment that utilizes a monochromator as a bandpass filter in obtaining excitation spectra is described. A new spin-rotation constant, γ(+) - γ(−), was found necessary to fit the l-type doubling of the (0, 11, 0) mode in B2Σ+ of SrOH. This new constant is assumed to arise from two 2 Σ 1 2 vibronic states, split by Renner-Teller interaction, of the (0, 11, 0) mode of A2Π. From a perturbation treatment of this electronic interaction, ϵω2 of the (0, 11, 0) mode of A2Π was found to be 14 cm−1. The linear structure of SrOH and SrOD in both electronic states is consistent with the model, in the one-electron approximation, in that the transition involves the promotion of the unpaired 5s to the 5p orbital localized on the strontium.
A rapid compression facility study of OH time histories during iso-octane ignition

Abstract Iso-octane ignition delay times ( τ ign ) and hydroxyl (OH) radical mole fraction ( χ OH ) time histories were measured under conditions relevant to homogeneous charge compression ignition engine operating regimes using the University of Michigan rapid compression facility. Absolute quantitative OH mole fraction time histories were obtained using differential narrow-line laser absorption of the R 1 (5) line of the A 2 Σ + ← X 2 Π i ( 0 , 0 ) band of the OH spectrum ( ν 0 = 32606.56 cm −1 ). Ignition delay times were determined using pressure and OH data. Diluted iso-octane/argon/nitrogen/oxygen mixtures were used with fuel/oxygen equivalence ratios from ϕ = 0.25 to 0.6 for τ ign measurements and from ϕ = 0.25 to 0.35 for χ OH measurements. The pressures and temperatures after compression ranged from 8.5 to 15 atm and from 945 to 1020 K, respectively, for the combined τ ign and χ OH data. The maximum mole fraction of OH during ignition and the plateau value of OH after ignition are compared with model predictions using different iso-octane oxidation mechanisms. Sensitivity and rate of production analyses for OH identify reactions important in iso-octane ignition under these lean, intermediate-temperature conditions. The OH time histories show significant sensitivity to the OH + OH + M = H 2 O 2 + M, CH 3 + HO 2 = CH 3 O + OH, and CH 3 + HO 2 = CH 4 + O 2 reactions, which have rate coefficients with relatively high uncertainties. Improved predictions of the OH time histories can be achieved by modifying the rate coefficient for these reactions. The enthalpy of formation used for OH also has a significant effect on the predicted ignition delay times.
Interest rate risk, labor supply and unemployment

Abstract When the rate of return on an individual’s savings is risky, the access to a labor market to work for a riskless wage provides a means of hedging this capital income risk by working more. In a non-expected utility maximizing framework using Selden’s OCE preference we investigate the effects of a change in the rate of return risk on such precautionary labor supply decision. It is shown that an increase in the rate of return risk leads to an increase (a decrease) in the optimal labor supply only when the elasticity of intertemporal substitution for consumption falls short of (exceeds) unity. An empirical analysis, using a GARCH model to estimate the interest rate risk, reveals that in the US, unemployment rate has responded positively to an increase in time-varying real interest rate risk.
Translation of Multiword Expressions Using Parallel Suffix Arrays

Accurately translating multiword expressions is important to obtain good performance in machine translation, crosslanguage information retrieval, and other multilingual tasks in human language technology. Existing approaches to inducing translation equivalents of multiword units have focused on agglomerating individual words or on aligning words in a statistical machine translation system. We present a different approach based upon information theoretic heuristics and the exact counting of frequencies of occurrence of multiword strings in aligned parallel corpora. We are applying a technique introduced by Yamamoto and Church that uses suffix arrays and longest common prefix arrays. Evaluation of the method in multiple language pairs was performed using bilingual lexicons of domainspecific terminology as a gold standard. We found that performance of 50-70%, as measured by mean reciprocal rank, can be obtained for terms that occur more than 10 or so times.
Children's Gender Role Stereotypes A Comparison of the United States and South Africa

Gender trait and gender role stereotypes of 759 U.S. and 452 South African children are compared. The effects of age, sex, socioreligious background, and mother's employment status are also examined both between and within country. South African children are found to sex-type the male role to a greater extent than their U.S. counterparts, although country does not affect children's images of the female gender role. An age/ sex interaction effect is observed both between and within country. Gender role stereotypes increase with age and children are more likely to sex-type same-sex figures. Within South Africa, children from liberal Christian and Jewish backgrounds have less rigid conceptions of the male and the female gender role than do conservative Christian children. Socioreligious background does not affect children's gender role attitudes in the United States. Mother's employment status is unrelated to children's sex-typing scores in both countries.
Fluorescence detection of surface-bound intermediates produced from UV photoreactivity of alkylsiloxane SAMs.

Detection and quantification of submonolayer coverage surface species is not trivial. We have developed a novel method sensitive to surface-bound chemical functional groups as low as 1011 molecules/cm2 by specific covalent attachment of fluorescent chromophores. This enables the intermediates of the UV photochemistry of alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers to be identified.
"Reading between the lines" of flow sheet data: nurses' optional documentation associated with cardiac arrest outcomes.

Historically, short ‘comments’ on paper-based flowsheets conveyed the patient's overall clinical state. We analyzed the content and documentation patterns of electronic health record flowsheets for 201 cardiac arrest patients. Free-text comments were associated with the abnormality of clinical measurements (p<0.05). The documentation of 3 or more comments for acute care patients was associated with a greater likelihood of dying by discharge (p<0.01). Documentation of ICU vital signs greater than the minimum hourly requirement was associated with increased survival of a cardiac arrest (p<0.05). Further analysis of such patterns may be useful for the measurement of nursing knowledge and surveillance activities, interdisciplinary communication tools, and clinical decision making.
Markovian queueing network models for performance analysis of a single-bus multiprocessor system

An exact solution for the performance analysis of a typical single-bus multiprocessor system is presented. The multiprocessor system is modeled by a Markovian queueing network. An r-stage hypoexponential distribution or an r-stage hyperexponential distribution is used to represent the nonexponential service times. Consequently, the equilibrium probabilities of two-dimensional Markov chains are expressed by simple recurrence relations. Processing efficiency is used as the primary measure of performance. To investigate the effects of different service time distributions on system performance, comparative results are obtained for a large set of input parameters. The numerical results illustrate that processing efficiency attains its maximum value for a constant (deterministic) service time; if service time of common memory is hypoexponentially distributed, then approximating the service time by an exponential distribution produces less than 6% error on the system performance. >
External Economies and Economic Progress: The Case of the Microcomputer Industry

The following article provides a thorough chronicle of the microcomputer industry. That industry is a striking case, in which industrial growth took place through the creation of “external” capabilities—that is, capabilities produced by and residing in a specialized market network rather than in large organizations enjoying internal economies of scale and scope. In the microcomputer industry, the most successful products were those that took the greatest advantage—and allowed users to take the greatest advantage—of the market; and the greatest failures occurred when business enterprises bypassed the external network and attempted to rely significantly on internal capabilities.
GeoSpatial Infrastructure at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site

ABSTRACT Geographic Information Systems technology provides a keystone for achieving the mission and vision of the U. S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site. The Hanford Site, located in Richland, Washington, is at a critical crossroads involving environmental, political, cultural, and economic concerns. The site has been collecting spatial data for a period of 60 years and now, more than ever, the organization and structure of spatial databases at Hanford provide a critical path to providing an effective, efficient, and safe cleanup mission demonstrating the effectiveness of environmental protection and restoration activities. This paper provides a current state of spatial data collections, use, management, and challenges at the Hanford Site through the development of a spatial data infrastructure. Recommendations designed to ensure long-term data quality, usability, and sustainability now and into the future are presented.
Rare events in stochastic systems: modeling, simulation design and algorithm analysis

This dissertation explores a few topics in the study of rare events in stochastic systems, with a particular emphasis on the simulation aspect. This line of research has been receiving a substantial amount of interest in recent years, mainly motivated by scientic and industrial applications in which system performance is frequently measured in terms of events with very small probabilities. The topics mainly break down into the following themes: - Algorithm Analysis: Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5. - Simulation Design: Chapters 3, 4 and 5. - Modeling: Chapter 5. The titles of the main chapters are detailed as follows: Chapter 2: Analysis of a Splitting Estimator for Rare Event Probabilities in Jackson Networks Chapter 3: Splitting for Heavy-tailed Systems: An Exploration with Two Algorithms Chapter 4: State Dependent Importance Sampling with Cross Entropy for Heavy-tailed Systems Chapter 5: Stochastic Insurance-Reinsurance Networks: Modeling, Analysis and Efficient Monte Carlo.
Rheological microscopy: local mechanical properties from microrheology.

We demonstrate how tracer microrheology methods can be extended to study submicron scale variations in the viscoelastic response of soft materials; in particular, a semidilute solution of � -DNA. The polymer concentration is depleted near the surfaces of the tracer particles, within a distance comparable to the polymer correlation length. The rheology of this microscopic layer alters the tracers’ motion and can be precisely quantified using one- and two-point microrheology. Interestingly, we found this mechanically distinct layer to be twice as thick as the layer of depleted concentration, likely due to solvent drainage through the locally perturbed polymer structure.
Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation Sharply Increases Intratumoral Liposomal Doxorubicin Accumulation and Tumor Coagulation

Combining radiofrequency (RF) ablation with i.v. liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) increases intratumoral doxorubicin accumulation and tumor destruction. The purpose of this study was to characterize and better define the specific parameters of such treatment in an animal tumor model. Four hundred R3230 mammary adenocarcinoma nodules were implanted in 250 Fischer rats. First, paired tumors received combined standardized RF (70 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C, 5 min) followed 30 min later with i.v. Doxil (1 mg) or Doxil alone. Intratumoral doxorubicin uptake was evaluated using fluorospectrophotometry 2-120 h after therapy (n = 110). The effects of varying i.v. Doxil doses (0.0625-7.0 mg; n = 100) and the RF tip temperatures (45 degrees C-90 degrees C; n = 190) on subsequent intratumoral doxorubicin uptake and induced tumor necrosis were evaluated. Intratumoral doxorubicin accumulation increased to a maximum at 72 h with greater uptake in the RF-ablated tumors compared with controls (P < 0.01). Greater dose-dependent intratumoral doxorubicin increases (to 37.3 +/- 7.7 microg/g) were seen with combined RF/Doxil therapy (P < 0.01). RF ablation reduced the i.v. Doxil dose needed to achieve intratumoral doxorubicin uptake of 13 microg/g from 7 to 2 mg. Increasing tip temperatures from 50 degrees C to 90 degrees C increased the ratio of doxorubicin in RF to nonablated tumors from 1.2 +/- 0.4 to 5.9 +/- 3.8 (P < 0.01). At all temperatures, greater tumor necrosis was identified for RF/Doxil-treated tumors compared with tumors treated with RF alone (P < 0.05). The threshold for inducing necrosis was 5 degrees C lower for tumors receiving combined therapy (P < 0.01). RF tumor ablation sharply increases intratumoral Doxil accumulation over i.v. Doxil alone, enabling a reduction of systemic dose while obtaining higher intratumoral concentrations than otherwise achievable. Combined therapy also increases tumor destruction over either therapy alone.
Synthesis and characterization of multifunctional chitosan-Mnfe2o4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery

Multifunctional nanoparticles composed of MnFe2O4 were encapsulated in chitosan for investigation of system to combine magnetically-triggered drug delivery and localized hyperthermia for cancer treatment with the previously published capacity of MnFe2O4 to be used as an efficient MRI contrast agent for cancer diagnosis. This paper focuses on the synthesis and characterization of magnetic MnFe2O4 nanoparticles, their dispersion in water and their incorporation in chitosan, which serves as a drug carrier. The surface of the MnFe2O4 nanoparticles was modified with meso-2,3-di-mercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) to develop stable aqueous dispersions. The nanoparticles were coated with chitosan, and the magnetic properties, heat generation and hydrodynamic size of chitosan-coated MnFe2O4 were evaluated for various linker concentrations and in a range of pH conditions.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and occupational therapy: a case report.

ABSTRACTThis case report describes occupational therapy (OT) intervention in an outpatient setting and outcomes for a child diagnosed with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) from 4 to 28 months of age. There is little information on therapy intervention and outcomes of children who have survived. The patient is a white male, born at 35 weeks gestation with a diagnosis of left CDH that required a patch repair. He also had a Nissen fundoplication, gastrostomy tube and spent the first 100 days of his life in the hospital. He received outpatient OT for 2 years. The process of service provision is described using the “Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process, 2nd edition” (American Occupational Therapy Association, , American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(6), 625–683). The focus of intervention, description of the intervention process, and timeline for achievement of skills is provided. Outcomes and assessment tools used included the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and Pea...
Reply to Hartjen, et al.

To the Editor—Hartjen et al compared γδ T-cell levels and phenotypes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients. Their letter describes differences from our published results [1] and questions whether the HIV-associated changes in Vδ2 T cells reported by us [2] are found in most of HIV-infected patients. The control group in the study by Hartjen et al, represented in Figure 1C of their report, has a mean value of approximately 1% Vδ2 T cells among total lymphocytes in blood. This value is on the low end of reported levels for Vδ2 cells among healthy donors in any of our previous studies [2] or in a study of sex and age effects on Vδ2 T cells [3]. If we use a median value from the Hartjen et al data, Vδ2 levels for their control group would be <1% lymphocytes; normally, we would expect this value to be closer to 2% for a healthy donor group with a median age of 37 years. Hartjen et al disagreed with our conclusion that the effector memory subset of Vδ2 T cells tends to be lower among HIV-positive groups. However, they studied terminally differentiated T cells [4] and did not focus on the effector memory subset, as defined previously [5]. Hartjen et al also raised a concern about our conclusion that CD56+ Vδ2 T cells are depleted in HIV disease except among natural viral suppressors [6] (designated “EC” for “elite controllers” in their letter). Specifically, they reported elevated CD56+ Vδ2 T cells in patients with high viremia with a mean level of 20% CD56+ Vδ2 T cells. We consider this value to be low compared with that for healthy, matched controls [6]. The control donors in Figure 1E in the report by Hartjen et al also have very low levels of CD56 expression on Vδ2 T cells, especially compared with our previous studies. Among HIV-negative control donors who we studied (matched for age and sex), only 3 of 28 whites and 10 of 29 African Americans had <20% CD56+ Vδ2 T cells in blood. This contrasts sharply with the mean value shown by Hartjen et al, which is approximately 7% CD56+ Vδ2 T cells among control donors. Our conclusions were based on extensive databases for healthy controls and HIV-positive donors from studies conducted in North America, Europe, Western Africa, and China [2]. On the basis of multiple phenotyping and T-cell receptor sequencing studies [2, 7], we are confident that HIV infection drives specific depletion of the Vδ2 subset and lowers circulating levels of CD56+ cytotoxic effectors. We are unable to account for differences between our studies and the report from Hartjen et al, especially concerning the low expression of CD56 and low abundance of Vδ2 T cells among their control donors.
Understanding the scalability of Bayesian network inference using clique tree growth curves

One of the main approaches to performing computation in Bayesian networks (BNs) is clique tree clustering and propagation. The clique tree approach consists of propagation in a clique tree compiled from a BN, and while it was introduced in the 1980s, there is still a lack of understanding of how clique tree computation time depends on variations in BN size and structure. In this article, we improve this understanding by developing an approach to characterizing clique tree growth as a function of parameters that can be computed in polynomial time from BNs, specifically: (i) the ratio of the number of a BN's non-root nodes to the number of root nodes, and (ii) the expected number of moral edges in their moral graphs. Analytically, we partition the set of cliques in a clique tree into different sets, and introduce a growth curve for the total size of each set. For the special case of bipartite BNs, there are two sets and two growth curves, a mixed clique growth curve and a root clique growth curve. In experiments, where random bipartite BNs generated using the BPART algorithm are studied, we systematically increase the out-degree of the root nodes in bipartite Bayesian networks, by increasing the number of leaf nodes. Surprisingly, root clique growth is well-approximated by Gompertz growth curves, an S-shaped family of curves that has previously been used to describe growth processes in biology, medicine, and neuroscience. We believe that this research improves the understanding of the scaling behavior of clique tree clustering for a certain class of Bayesian networks; presents an aid for trade-off studies of clique tree clustering using growth curves; and ultimately provides a foundation for benchmarking and developing improved BN inference and machine learning algorithms.
Arabidopsis IAR4 Modulates Auxin Response by Regulating Auxin Homeostasis

In a screen for enhancers of tir1-1 auxin resistance, we identified two novel alleles of the putative mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α-subunit, IAA-Alanine Resistant4 (IAR4). In addition to enhancing the auxin response defects of tir1-1, iar4 single mutants exhibit numerous auxin-related phenotypes including auxin-resistant root growth and reduced lateral root development, as well as defects in primary root growth, root hair initiation, and root hair elongation. Remarkably, all of these iar4 mutant phenotypes were rescued when endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were increased by growth at high temperature or overexpression of the YUCCA1 IAA biosynthetic enzyme, suggesting that iar4 mutations may alter IAA homeostasis rather than auxin response. Consistent with this possibility, iar4 mutants exhibit increased Aux/IAA stability compared to wild type under basal conditions, but not in response to an auxin treatment. Measurements of free IAA levels detected no significant difference between iar4-3 and wild-type controls. However, we consistently observed significantly higher levels of IAA-amino acid conjugates in the iar4-3 mutant. Furthermore, using stable isotope-labeled IAA precursors, we observed a significant increase in the relative utilization of the Trp-independent IAA biosynthetic pathway in iar4-3. We therefore suggest that the auxin phenotypes of iar4 mutants are the result of altered IAA homeostasis.
Transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention: the next frontier.

The pioneering work of Dr. Alan Cribier [(1)][1] in 2002 ushered in a new era for the treatment of valvular heart disease. In the past decade, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has gone from a difficult, moderately successful procedure [(2,3)][2] to a widely adopted intervention that
A Review of "Scrittura, riscrittura, autoesegesi: Voci autoriali intorno all’epica in volgare: Boccaccio, Tasso": Roberta Ricci. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2010. 258 pp.

Roberta Ricci's book is a rigorous philological study concerning authorial self-commentary in two of the greatest epic poems of the Italian literary tradition: Giovanni Boccaccio's Teseida (c. 1340...