cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water clarity affects collective behavior in two cyprinid fishes

Changes to the environment often affect animal behavior at the individual and group levels. For aquatic species, disturbances such as heavy rains and runoff may create a highly turbid (i.e., cloudy or visually obscured) environment, which potentially may affect individual interactions and group coordination. Surprisingly, we know little about how decreases in water clarity may influence important collective behavior, such as shoaling in fishes. We hypothesize that differences in water clarity would alter collective movement in fishes. We used an automated video tracking software to collect and process continuous, high-resolution spatial data in both clear and turbid waters. We studied two species of fishes that rely on vision for shoaling, the red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) and the sand shiner (Notropis stramineus). For each species, we used 20 groups of five fish each in a mixed-model design with three turbidity treatments: 0, 50–150, and 200–300 nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs). There were species-specific differences, but the patterns of response to turbidity were similar. Both species experienced decreased collective behavior in response to turbidity as indicated by significant increases in interfish distances and shoaling area as well as decreases in velocity. These findings show that turbidity may significantly influence collective behavior and group structure and are consistent with (but not conclusively so) a sensory limitation causation. We also provide basic knowledge in an area that is understudied and may be useful for conservation and management objectives, especially at a time when so many fishes are threatened due to habitat degradation and alteration. Collective behavior, i.e., coordinated behavior of groups of animals that often increases survivorship and fitness, occurs in many animals, e.g., schooling in fishes, flocking by birds, and herding by mammals. Habitats are being altered worldwide by human activities such as construction and agriculture. Using fishes, we studied how disruptions to the environment would alter collective behavior. Natural and human disturbances cause higher sedimentation and nutrient loads in aquatic habitats, causing water to become murky, i.e., turbid. We developed and used a computer program to study swimming patterns of shoaling fishes in such conditions. We found that fishes formed and maintained groups less efficiently as water became more turbid. Studies at various levels of the organization are essential in understanding the impacts of such disturbances to habitats, and this includes how disturbances to the environment can alter the collective behavior of fishes.
Judicial independence and lynching in historical context: an analysis of US States

An independent judiciary is a centrally important economic institution, and one that facilitates and promotes the protection of property rights, thereby fostering economic growth and development. On the other hand, extrajudicial lynchings, at least in the context of US states, have been tied to a lack of property rights and their protection (Carden in Institutions and southern development: lynching as a signal of insecure property rights. Ph.D. Dissertation. Washington University, 2006). However, these two areas of research have not been simultaneously explored. This study rectifies that by evaluating how a relatively independent judiciary might affect lynching rates across US states between 1883 and 1930. Overall, the results suggest that a relatively more independent judiciary (as measured through the method of selection and term length) is associated with a lower likelihood of observing a lynching in a given jurisdiction. This is true for both state courts of last resort and state courts of general jurisdiction.
Abortion Care in Ghana: A Critical Review of the Literature

Purpose/Aim To critically review the published literature around abortion care in Ghana, a country in sub-Saharan Africa with a relatively liberal abortion law. Research Questions What are the methodological and substantive gaps in the abortion literature in Ghana, where there is a robust community of researchers from multiple disciplines and a liberal law? Background The government of Ghana has taken important steps to mitigate the impact of unsafe abortion. However, the expected decline in maternal deaths has yet to be realized. This integrated literature review aims to present findings from empirical research directly related to abortion provision in Ghana and identify gaps for future research. Methods Four databases were searched with the keywords “Ghana & abortion,” and a hand review of reference lists was conducted. All abstracts were reviewed. Results Thirty-nine articles were included in the final sample. Abortion-related complications represent a large component of admissions to gynecologic wards in hospitals in Ghana as well as a large contributor to maternal mortality. Between 10% and 47% of those sampled reported ever having an induced abortion, although induced abortions are notoriously underreported. Demographic characteristics associated with seeking an abortion included being younger, unmarried, better educated, urban-dwelling, and of higher income. Almost half (n = 19) of the included studies were hospital-based, with the majority of those being chart reviews. Discussion Ghana has one on of the most liberal abortion laws on the African continent, and the government has taken explicit steps to reduce the impact of unsafe abortion on maternal health. However, unsafe abortion continues to contribute significantly to the stubbornly high level of maternal mortality in the country. This review of the literature has identified gaps in the literature including interviewing women who have sought unsafe abortions and health care providers who may act as gatekeepers to women wishing to access safe abortion services.
It’s Been a Privilege: Advising Patients of the Tarasoff Duty & its Legal Consequences for the Federal Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege

State laws modeled on Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California require psychotherapists to warn potential victims or law enforcement when treating dangerous patients who make serious threats of harm to another person. In practice, many psychotherapists advise their patients who make such threats about the therapists' duty under these Tarasoff model laws. Although they are not required to make these advisories by law, psychotherapists generally assume that they also have a concomitant ethical duty to advise their patients that such threats will not be kept confidential as their communications normally would be. This Note looks at how these advisories affect the status of privilege for subsequent threatening statements relayed to a psychotherapist. It explores the opposing views in the federal circuit courts regarding whether the patient's knowledge not to expect confidentiality precludes the existence of privilege for subsequent statements, or whether the advisory operates as a waiver to the privilege. This Note argues that threats communicated to a psychotherapist after an advisory about a psychotherapist's Tarasoff duty cannot be considered privileged, as a matter of law; however, as a matter of ethics and professional responsibility, psychotherapists must now be aware of the possible legal consequences regarding the patients' diminished expectation of confidentiality and lack of privilege, following such advisories. In order to act in their patients' best interest, psychotherapists should continue to follow professional ethical guidelines regarding advisories to patients about the limits of confidentiality. These advisories should also take into consideration alternative risk management techniques to reduce the risk of danger and hopefully eliminate the need to warn.
Applying Litigation Economics to Patent Settlements: Why Reverse Payments Should Be Per Se Illegal

One of the most pressing issues in antitrust law is how to assess settlements of patent disputes that involve payments from brand name to generic drug manufacturers. At stake are billions of dollars, both in inflated prices to consumers attempting to meet their medical needs and in exposure to liability for drug manufacturers. This Article applies the economics of dispute resolution to clarify the costs and benefits of various approaches to assessing patent settlements in the context of the Hatch-Waxman Act. It concludes that reverse payments should be banned under a per se rule, unless and until courts are presented with evidence that brand name drug manufacturers are at some sort of systematic disadvantage in their settlement negotiations with generic drug manufacturers, an unlikely possibility.
Regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis: Effects of inosine on normal and hypoxantine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient fibroblasts

Abstract Incubation of normal and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient (mutant) human fibroblasts with inosine results in increased intracellular concentration of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate ( PP -ribose- P ). The magnitude of this increase is dependent on the concentration of the nucleoside and results from donation of the ribose moiety of inosine to the ribosyl phosphate moiety of PP -ribose- P through ribose phosphate intermediates. During incubation, rates of purine nucleotide synthesis de novo, estimated by incorporation of [ 14 C] formate into formylglycinamide ribotide, are diminished in both normal and mutant cells: 5 mM inosine inhibits purine syntheiss by 60–80% in normal cells and 2–20% in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient cells. The rates of purine synthesis in both normal and mutant cells are increased, however, during incubation with methylene blue at concentrations (50–100 μM) which result in more modest increases in ribose 5-phosphate and PP -ribose- P concentrations than are observed with inosine. Saturation of the PP -ribose- P amidotransferase reaction by PP -ribose- P does not appear, therefore, to explain the failure of increased PP -ribose- P concentration to stimulate the rate of purine synthesis in either type of fibroblast during incubation with inosine. Although the dissociation between PP -ribose- P concentration and the rate of purine nucleotide synthesis in normal fibroblasts incubated with inosine may be explained at least in part by an accompanying increase in intracellular concentrations of purine nucleotide feedback inhibitors, purine nucleotide concentrations are unchanged in mutant cells during incubation with inosine; these cells, in addition, show minimal ( PP -ribose- P , the factors frequently invoked as antagonistic regulators controlling the rate of this process.
Practical resolution limit of KrF lithography

Since lithography represents a major part of chip manufacturing costs it is desirable to extend KrF optical lithography to 0.15 /spl mu/m design rules and beyond. This paper discusses the resolution limits that can be achieved with state-of-the-art 0.68 NA exposure systems and optical enhancement techniques such as modified illumination, phase shift masks and optical proximity corrections. The goal is to optimize the imaging process to achieve process windows large enough for use in a manufacturing environment.
Transdisciplinary Team Building: Strategies in Creating Early Childhood Educator and Health Care Teams

Children with disabilities and their families often require multi-disciplinary professional services to address physical, social and developmental needs. Differences in professional training, pedagogy and practice can create conflict and confusion in meeting those needs. The transdisciplinary approach (TA) of service integration bridges that gap by allowing professionals to share roles across disciplines in order to meet the needs of children and families. Although the process of developing TA teams is documented, the experiences and developmental processes of participants in TA teaming remain largely unexplored. This study examined the experiences of professionals working together in a TA inclusive playgroup in an effort to explore their experience as a part of that team, and to document the development of skills across disciplines. The findings demonstrate that activities such as intentional group reflection impacted the evolution of professional roles including role release skills and role transformation.
Input filter interactions in DC-DC switching regulators

We investigate the interactions of input filters with DC-DC switching-mode regulators. It is shown that the small-signal averaged model widely used in the design of DC-DC regulators does not provide a complete understanding of the stability of the filter-regulator system. It can only provide the local borders of small-signal stable operation. The large-signal time-domain nonlinear averaged model is used to further understand the interaction on the slow scale using nonlinear analysis techniques. No fast scale interactions, however, can be predicted using this model. A complete nonlinear switching model is thus used to investigate the interaction of the filter and the regulator on all scales: fast and slow.
Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The history and ideology of a militant Islamist group, 2005–2012

For anyone seeking a sophisticated and succinct synopsis of one of the most significant terrorist organizations in Africa today, this is the book. Stig Hansen, Associate Professor of International ...
Neural control of the lower esophageal sphincter in the cat: studies on the excitatory pathways to the lower esophageal sphincter.

Abstract Lower esophageal sphincter pressures were measured with a 6-lumen catheter anchored at the high pressure point by a metallic pin. Electrical stimulation (5–40 Hz) of both central ends of the cervical vagus caused contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter, which was antagonized by section of the spinal cord above the brachial plexus, by tetrodotoxin, by a combination of hexamethonium and atropine, by phentolamine, and by catecholamine depletion with reserpine. Stimulation (5–40 Hz) of peripheral or central ends of the left splanchnic nerves also caused contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter response was antagonized by tetradotoxin, a combination of hexamethonium and atropine, phentolamine, and catecholamine depletion with reserpine. It was not affected by atropine alone or by propranolol. Lower esophageal sphincter relaxation was not observed even after the contraction was blocked with pharmacologic antagonists. Stimulation (5–40 Hz) of the peripheral end of the periarterial nerves of the left gastric artery also caused contraction of the sphincter and was antagonized only by tetrodotoxin and phentolamine. Atropine and hexamethonium did not affect this sphincter response. Extrinsic denervation of the lower esophageal sphincter by sectioning of the cervical vagus nerves, the spinal cord, the left splanchnic nerves, or the left gastric artery did not affect basal sphincter pressures. Basal sphincter pressure was not affected by atropine alone, by a combination of hexamethonium and atropine, or by propranolol. There was, however, a 25%–28% reduction with tetrodotoxin and phentolamine. These findings suggest the existence of an excitatory reflex arc with an afferent vagal and efferent sympathetic pathway. It consists of preganglionic cholinergic fibers and postganglionic adrenergic neurons synapsing with α-receptors at the muscle fiber. These adrenergic neurons may contribute to the genesis of basal lower esophageal sphincter tone, or to its regulation in balance with tonic neural inhibitory influences.
Cape Verdean Youth Fashion: Identity in Clothing

AbstractThrough informal and formal interviewing, participant-observation, and textual analysis this article investigates popular, political, and economic meanings assigned to treatments of the body. More specifically, this article examines the ways in which Cape Verdean youth in the Greater Boston area construct individual and social identities via fashion, that is, it underscores fashion and clothing as an important social sphere of identity construction. It highlights a semiotic web and performative practices where local, national, and global identities are negotiated and constructed. To this end, it asks a series of questions about the commitments brought to notice by clothes and fashion. First, how important is fashion in the creation and maintenance of identity? Second, how does the powerful and hegemonic racial coding of clothes and style affect the use of clothing by Cape Verdean youth? Lastly, what do the clothes Cape Verdean youth wear say about who they are or who we think they are?
The Global Climate and Energy Project at Stanford University: Fundamental Research Towards Future Energy Technologies

The Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP), at Stanford University, invests in research with the potential to lead to energy technologies with lower greenhouse gas emissions than current energy technologies. GCEP is sponsored by four international companies, ExxonMobil, GE, Schlumberger, and Toyota and supports research programs in academic institutions worldwide. Research falls into the broad areas of carbon based energy systems, renewables, electrochemistry, and the electric grid. Within these areas research efforts are underway that are aimed at achieving break-throughs and innovations that greatly improve efficiency, performance, functionality and cost of many potential energy technologies of the future including solar, batteries, fuel cells, biofuels, hydrogen storage and carbon capture and storage. This paper presents a summary of some of GCEP's activities over the past 7 years with current research areas of interest and potential research directions in the near future.
Approaches in the safety evaluations of veterinary antimicrobial agents in food to determine the effects on the human intestinal microflora

The administration of antimicrobial agents to livestock creates potential for antibiotic residues to enter the food supply and be consumed by humans. Therefore, as a process of food animal drug registration, national regulatory agencies and international committees evaluate data regarding the chemical, microbiologic, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmacologic, toxicologic, and antimicrobial properties of veterinary drugs to assess the safety of ingested antimicrobial residues to consumers. Currently, European, Australian and United States guidelines for veterinary drug registration require a safety assessment of microbiologic hazards from consumption of antimicrobial residues taking into account the potentially adverse effects on human intestinal microflora. The main concerns addressed are selection of resistant bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and disruption of the colonization barrier of the resident intestinal microflora. Current requirements differ among national agencies. Efforts are ongoing internationally to review and harmonize approaches and test methods and protocols for application to these microbiologic safety evaluations of antimicrobial drug residues in food. This review describes the background to current regulatory approaches used in applying in vitro and in vivo methods to set a microbiologic acceptable daily intake for residues in food derived from animals treated with an antimicrobial agent. This paper also examines the current research needs to support these evaluations.
Response contingent shock and avoidance conditioning

Hooded rats were trained on an avoidance conditioning task with varying amounts of response contingent shock (RCS) for the first 20 trials. RCS was either manipulated (withheld or added) or not manipulated when S began to respond during the CS-UCS interval. Ss were tested in 30 additional trials. RCS increased freezing and individual differences, and decreased mean avoidances. It is suggested that withholding shock has a combined effect of reducing freezing and of behavior shaping.
Quasi-spherical cavity resonators for metrology based on the relative dielectric permittivity of gases

We evaluate a quasi-spherical, copper, microwave cavity resonator for accurately measuring the relative dielectric permittivity er(p,T) of helium and argon. In a simple, crude approximation the cavity’s shape is a triaxial ellipsoid with axes of length a,1.001a and 1.005a, with a=5 cm. The unequal axes of the quasi-sphere separated each of the triply degenerate microwave resonance frequencies of a sphere (f11TM,f12TM,…,f11TE,f12TE,…) into three nonoverlapping, easily measured, frequencies. The frequency splittings are consistent with the cavity’s shape, as determined from dimensional measurements. We deduced er(p,T) of helium and of argon at 289 K and up to 7 MPa from the resonance frequencies flnσ, the resonance half-widths glnσ, and the compressibility of copper. Simultaneous measurements of er(p,T) with the quasi-spherical resonator and a cross capacitor agreed within 1×10−6 for helium, and for argon they differed by an average of only 1.4×10−6. This small difference is within the stated uncertainty of...
Laser Doppler methods in electrophoresis

Abstract Electrophoretic motion of particles, molecules, and biological cells can be readily measured by laser Doppler techniques. Small frequency shifts associated with the motion of the scatterers are detected by heterodyne detection of the scattered laser light. The principles of laser light scattering and heterodyne detection are reviewed. The central experimental problems associated with the application of electric fields to conducting solutions are considered in detail. Various types of laser Doppler spectrometers and electrophoresis chambers are compared both from fundamental physical points of view as well as in terms of resolving power of standard marker cells. As applications of the laser Doppler technique, measurements on proteins, virtues, nucleic acids, bioparticles and biological cells are reviewed.
An efficient algorithm for 3NF determination

In this paper we present an algorithm that determines whether or not a relation R is in Third Normal Form (3NF). The algorithm works by classifying the attributes of R into so-called dependency sets that are based on the set of functional dependencies defined on R. A new type of dependency graph is introduced to visualize the dependencies. The algorithm will run faster than algorithms designed to find all of the candidate keys of R, especially if there exists more than one dependency set.
On the differential approximation in radiative transfer

Die Anwendbarkeit des Differentialnaherungswertes bei der Berechnung der Warmeubertragung durch Strahlung wird fur verschiedene geometrische Konfigurationen gepruft. Es wird gezeigt, dass mit Ausnahme der eindimensionalen flachen Schicht der Differentialnaherungswert nur beschrankt verwendbar ist.
CONSTITUTIVE CRIMINOLOGY: THE MATURATION OF CRITICAL THEORY*

This paper synthesizes recent trends in the development of critical criminology into a new theoretical direction in thinking about crime. It rejects approaches to criminological theory that reduce crime to an outcome of micro causes or macro contexts. It suggests instead that thinking about crime should be reconsidered as the coterminous discursive production by human agents of an ideology of crime that sustains it as a concrete reality. It argues that this coproduction occurs when agents act out criminal patterns, when others seek to control criminal behavior, and when yet others attempt to research, philosophize about, and explain crime. The paper argues that reducing crime will only come about with a reduction of investment by human agents in the ideology of crime production. Such a reflexive re-conceptualization requires the development of a replacement discourse, rather than an oppositional one, a peacemaking discourse rather than a conflicting one. We call this new theoretical direction constitutive criminology.
Intercorrelations among monoamine metabolite concentrations in human lumbar CSF are not due to a shared acid transport system

Intercorrelations among homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) concentrations in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were examined before and after blockade of the acid transport system by probenecid in 59 psychiatric inpatients. The three compounds remained intercorrelated despite acid transport blockade, suggesting that the common transport system does not account for their covariance. Other possibilities to explain the interrelationship among these compounds are discussed.
Non-Aqueous Solvent (NAS) CO2 Capture Process

Abstract The Non-Aqueous Solvent (NAS) CO2 Capture Process is being developed as an advanced, next-generation post-combustion capture technology for CO2 removal from power generation and industrial flue gas streams. The core of the NAS process has been the development of a family of CO2-selective NASs that have the potential to substantially reduce the thermal regeneration energy demand associated with solvent regeneration to ∼ 2,000 kJt/kg of CO2 captured. This paper discusses our rationale for selecting a NAS platform and provides results from the physical and thermodynamic characterization of the NASs, lab-scale testing results, and an update on our efforts to address specific process design challenges related to NAS processes for evaluation of the NAS CO2 capture process at the (large) bench-scale.
Collagenase activity and morphological and chemical bone resorption induced by prostaglandin E2 in tissue culture.

SummaryThe isolation of collagenase present in serum-containing medium harvested from bone cultures was effected by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Almost all of the bone tissue collagenase released into the medium was of the latent, inactive type, which could be activated in vitro with trypsin. Over the course of the experiment a 20-fold greater amount of collagenase was released into the medium by the resorbing cultures stimulated with prostaglandin E2 as compared to the control cultures. A significant increase in calcium released into the medium correlated in time with rapid bone resorption as measured microscopically. The increase in collagenase activity did not demonstrate the same precise time course.
Impact of military JP-8 fuel on heavy-duty diesel engine performance and emissions

AbstractInvestigating the impact of jet fuel on diesel engine performance and emissions is very important for military vehicles, due to the US Army Single Fuel Forward Policy mandating that deployed vehicles must refuel with aviation fuel JP-8. There is a known torque and fuel economy penalty associated with the operation of a diesel engine with JP-8 fuel, due to its lower density and viscosity. On the other hand, a few experimental studies have suggested that kerosene-based fuels have the potential for lowering exhaust emissions, especially particulate matter, compared to diesel fuel #2 (DF-2). However, studies so far have typically focused on quantifying the effects of simply replacing the regular DF-2 with JP-8, rather than fully investigating the reasons behind the observed differences. This research evaluates the effect of using JP-8 fuel in a heavy-duty diesel engine on fuel injection, combustion, performance, and emissions, and subsequently utilizes the obtained insight to propose changes to the en...
Notch signaling in human development and disease

Mutations in Notch signaling pathway members cause developmental phenotypes that affect the liver, skeleton, heart, eye, face, kidney, and vasculature. Notch associated disorders include the autosomal dominant, multi-system, Alagille syndrome caused by mutations in both a ligand (Jagged1 (JAG1)) and receptor (NOTCH2) and autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis, caused by mutations in a ligand (Delta-like-3 (DLL3)), as well as several other members of the Notch signaling pathway. Mutations in NOTCH2 have also recently been connected to Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, a dominant disorder causing focal bone destruction, osteoporosis, craniofacial morphology and renal cysts. Mutations in the NOTCH1 receptor are associated with several types of cardiac disease and mutations in NOTCH3 cause the dominant adult onset disorder CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy), a vascular disorder with onset in the 4th or 5th decades. Studies of these human disorders and their inheritance patterns and types of mutations reveal insights into the mechanisms of Notch signaling.
A quick read for better pain management: Pain Management Secrets, Second Edition Edited by Ronald Kanner Published by Hanley & Belfus, Inc., Philadelphia, 2003 275 pages, $34.95 (softcover)

Pain Management Secrets (Second Edition), edited by Ronald Kanner, is one of a series of medical textbooks published with a distinctive format. The 8-chapter volume encompasses the basics of pain, from history taking and physical examination to more advanced topics of pain syndromes, special populations, pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options. The 27 contributing authors are leaders in the field of pain, with Ronald Kanner writing 10 of the 45 chapters. Despite the fact that much of the information may be familiar to the practitioner in pain management, and, in contrast, may also be too advanced for the primary care physician, both groups may find valuable sections and use the textbook as a reference for topics not frequently encountered. Pain Management Secrets is not a traditional textbook. The information is offered in a captivating and stimulating format, divided into
Benefits of Adherence to Psychotropic Medications on Depressive Symptoms and Antiretroviral Medication Adherence Among Men and Women Living with HIV/AIDS

Background Psychotropic medications are commonly used for depressive symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS.
Single dose and multidose analgesic study of ibuprofen and meclofenamate sodium after third molar surgery

The purpose of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of meclofenamate sodium with ibuprofen after dental impaction surgery. This study was double-blind and used a unique methodology. Patients (N = 254) were first randomized into the single dose phase of the study that included placebo, meclofenamate 50 mg, meclofenamate 100 mg, ibuprofen 200 mg, and ibuprofen 400 mg, followed by a 7-day multidose phase in which patients in the placebo group were rerandomized into one of the active treatment cells. In the single dose phase, all active treatments were significantly more efficacious than placebo for every summary analgesic measure. A positive dose-response was seen for both active drugs with meclofenamate 100 mg and ibuprofen 400 mg exhibiting the greatest efficacy for pain relief, pain reduction, time to remedication, and overall evaluation. Side effects were reported by 26 patients. They were evenly distributed among treatment groups with headache and drowsiness being the most common. During the multidose phase, there were only small differences in efficacy measures among active treatment groups. However, meclofenamate produced a higher incidence of stomach cramps and diarrhea than did ibuprofen (8.8% and 7.2% versus 0.8% and 0.8%). This study indicates that higher doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are most effective immediately after surgery and that lower doses of these drugs can be used after the first postoperative day. The side effect profile of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics is best observed with the use of a multidose study design.
Synthesis and properties of regenerated cellulose-based hydrogels with high strength and transparency for potential use as an ocular bandage

Cellulose is a biologically derived material with excellent wound-healing properties. The high strength of cellulose fibers and the ability to synthesize gels with high optical transparency make these materials suitable for ocular applications. In this study, cellulose materials derived from wood pulp, cotton, and bacterial sources were dissolved in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide to form regenerated cellulose hydrogels. Material properties of the resulting hydrogels, including water content, optical transparency, and tensile and tear strengths, were evaluated. Synthesis parameters, including activation time, dissolution time, relative humidity, and cellulose concentration, were found to impact the material properties of the resulting hydrogels. Overnight activation time improves the optical transparency of the hydrogels from 77% to 97% at 550 nm, whereas controlling cellulose concentration improves their tear strength by as much as 200%. On the basis of the measured transmittance and strength values of the regenerated hydrogels prepared via the optimized synthesis parameters, Avicel PH 101, Sigma-Aldrich microcrystalline cellulose 435236, and bacterial cellulose types were prioritized for future biocompatibility testing and potential clinical investigation.
Using Problem-Based Learning to Deliver a More Authentic Experience in Paleontology

ABSTRACT This study is a research project focused on the implementation of problem-based learning in an honors, paleontology-oriented, Earth Science course. The course, the Age of Dinosaurs, is taught at the University of Texas at Dallas to undergraduates from a range of majors who seek core-curriculum science credit. All class work is centered on fossils and rock samples selected from a research collection accumulated from dinosaur-bearing beds in the Chihuahuan Desert of West Texas. A list of goals for the course was prepared during the design phase for the class. This list was used as a Likert scale questionnaire following completion of the course and dissemination of grades. Results from the goals questionnaire and from the official course evaluations present highly favorable responses to the course and to the problem-based learning methodology. Students provided free-response assessments and advice that influenced the next offering of this course.
THE RESEARCH PROGRAMME OF THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS SECTION, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

The Industrial Relations Section of the Department of Economics and Social Institutions of Princeton University was established in 1922 for the enhancement and extension of knowledge in industrial relations in the broadest sense of that term. During the intervening years the section has attempted to carry out its original programme through the maintenance of a special library, through participation in the departmental courses of instruction, through the publication of research reports and bibliographies, and through the preparation of numerous brief bibliographies and memoranda in answer to special requests.
Diabetes and brain damage: more (or less) than meets the eye?

Brain damage is now a well-established complication of diabetes, but its pathophysiological basis remains controversial. Until very recently, most research on this topic was devoted to demonstrating that hypoglycaemic events are the primary cause of neurocognitive dysfunction. This was a plausible hypothesis because the central nervous system (CNS) has very limited stores of glucose and other substrates, but neurons have a very high rate of glucose utilisation; any reduction in glucose availability would probably induce neuroglycopenia, ultimately leading to significant neuronal damage. Support for this view came from research demonstrating that profound hypoglycaemia could produce neuronal necrosis [1] and induce distinctive patterns of neuropathological [2] and neurocognitive [3] impairment in humans who had experienced very low blood glucose levels over an extended period of time. Fortunately, most diabetic patients never experience profound hypoglycaemia. Although some writers have speculated that recurrent episodes of moderately severe hypoglycaemia could induce a less severe degree of neurocognitive dysfunction [4, 5], most recent studies of children [6] and adults [7, 8] have failed to find compelling evidence for that possibility. Taken together, these findings suggest that there is not a linear relationship between falling blood glucose levels and permanent brain dysfunction. Rather, necrotising neuronal damage occurs only after the threshold for cerebral energy failure is reached—most typically when blood glucose values fall below 1.5 mmol, and the electroencephalogram has reached an isoelectric (flat) state [9].
Card displacement response as affected by neocortical, cerebellar, and limbic forebrain lesions in the rat

Rats previously trained to push aside a stimulus card in order to gain entrance into an area of safety showed a marked impairment of the habit following lesions to either the fronto-parietal cortex or the anterior cingulate cortex. No deficit in the card displacement habit was observed in rats sustaining either occipito-temporal, cerebellar, posterior cingulate, amygdaloid, septal, or hippocampal lesions.
A mechanism for the improved rate capability of cathodes by lithium phosphate surficial films

A Fire and quench method has been applied to coat LiCoO2 with a disordered Li3PO4 film. The coated LiCoO2 powders display a 50% increase in power density relative to uncoated powders. The improvement in rate capability is consistent with other observations of similar effects in the LiFePO4 system. The results suggest a new mechanism that explains the effects in both systems. The rate capability appears to be limited by ionic diffusion in the electrolyte and the power may derive from the surficial films ability to reduce concentration polarization perpendicular to the particles’ surfaces.
Factorization of systems of differential equations

It is shown that the classical Infeld–Hull factorization method can be extended to coupled systems of second‐order equations. A complete solution of the factorization equations in two dimensions is given and a partial enumeration of factorizable systems is made.
Comparative elemental analysis of the S and B Cells of the hepatopancreas of Armadillidium vulgare, a terrestrial isopod

Abstract 1. Elemental analysis of the S cells of the hepatopancreas of Armadillidium vulgare showed peaks for the heavy metals, copper, zinc and iron. 2. Peaks were also evident for sulfur, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus. 3. Spot mode analysis of the copper storage bodies in the S cell indicated peaks for sulfur, phosphorus, copper and zinc. 4. The presence of sulfur in the copper storage body could indicate that heavy metals are complexed with metallothionein. 5. The B cells, on the other hand, showed peaks for sulfur, sodium, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium and/or phosphorus.
Electromagnetic scattering from a wire grid parallel to a planar stratified medium

The theory for electromagnetic scattering from a special periodic structure adjacent to a stratified medium is given. The configuration consists of a parallel grid of thin wires that are located in a plane parallel to a planar stratified region. The case where the grid is outside the stratified half-space is considered first. Subject to the restriction on the thinness of the grid wires, an exact solution for the scattered fields is obtained. The final result, for the far-field scattering and transmission, can be interpreted clearly in terms of an equivalent transmission line circuit. In this case, the grid is represented as a shunt element. Finally, the theory is generalized to allow for the situation where the grid is within the stratified region.
Risk of sleep-disordered breathing in Parkinson's disease

Objective The objective of this study is to assess the risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) in a cross-sectional survey of PD subjects and controls in a university-based movement disorders clinic.
A quality assessment instrument for multi‐criteria decision support software

Presents the findings concerning a search for an objective way of assessing the quality of commercially‐available, multi‐criteria decision support software. As hardware prices continue to decline, consumers are spending relatively large sums of money on software. There is a powerful need for decision makers to justify these cash outlays based on the impact on the quality of the decisions made using multi‐criteria tools. After a thorough literary search for such an assessment uncovered the lack of field‐tested assessment batteries, develops an evaluation tool and undertakes an experiment to gain insight on the performance of this evaluation tool.
Highlights of British and German Propaganda in the United States, 1939-1941

Osborne analyzes pamphlets in possession of the Rutgers University Library that provide an interesting insight into the methods and techniques used by each side to present its case to the American public from 1939 to 1941.Â He concludes "the spirit of the Anglo-American heritage permeates the pages of the British publications, but it is expressed in a subtle, indirect fashion that contrasts vividly with the rather strident claims of the Germans."
Writing the self: Exploring the stigma of hearing impairment

In this article, the author illuminates in a first person narrative the emotional involvement of coping from day to day with the stigma and sensory limitation of hearing impairment. By describing a personal experience of a stigma, the work moves beyond Goffman's perspective of feeling rules and impression management to convey how people actually feel in social situations. Although Goffman was able to identify the underlying motives behind impression management, he was not able to capture the experience of stigma as an insider. The purpose here is to show the social process of living with a stigma, and to encourage others to tell their stories and contribute to a better understanding of lived experience.
Flame-resistant cotton textiles by a continuous photocuring process

A continuous process for the photoinitiated copolymerization of vinyl phosphonate oligomer (MW 0.5–1.0 kg) and N-methylolacrylamide from aqueous solutions with cotton printcloth and a sateen fabric was investigated. The free radical reactions, initiated on the cellulose molecules by exposure of the padded cotton fabric to UV radiation gave a flame-resistant (DOC FF 3-71 test) textile product. The effects of several variables on the efficiency of oligomer and monomer conversion to polymer add-on were determined, with maximum efficiencies being 75–85%. Variables were fabric speed through the reactor (0.006–0.039 m/sec), light transmission through Pyrex or quartz windows in the tunnel, four sets of interchangeable tri-power UV lamps having different spectral distributions and relative intensities, and heat buildup within the reactor. Selected samples of these modified cotton fabrics were evaluated for flame resistance, some textile properties, and elemental phosphorus and nitrogen analysis. Copolymer and phosphorus distribution within and between the cotton fibers were illustrated by transmission electron microscopy and by energy dispersive x-ray analysis.
A volumetric analysis of soft-tissue changes in the aging midface using high-resolution MRI: implications for facial rejuvenation.

Background: The present study evaluated volumetric changes in the aging midface. Both young and old living subjects were studied using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the distribution and volume of the muscle and subcutaneous components of the midface. Methods: MRI with a customized radiofrequency coil was performed in 20 healthy Caucasian female volunteers equally divided between young (16 to 30 years) and old (>59 years) age groups. Sagittal oblique images were obtained at 1-mm intervals through the midface, perpendicular to the nasolabial fold. Quantitative analyses of the cheek fat pad overlying the levator labii superioris and zygomaticus major muscles were performed separately. Results: For both mimetic muscles, there were no significant differences between young and old subjects in muscle length, thickness, or volume from muscle origin to nasolabial fold. In addition, there were no significant differences between age groups in fatty infiltration of the muscles. The volumes of the medial and lateral aspects of the cheek fat pad were significantly greater in old than in young subjects (p < 0.05). In young subjects the greatest distribution of fat pad volume was found in the middle third of the cheek mass. There was a significant reduction in that portion of the fat pad distributed in the upper third and a further reduction in the lower third (p < 0.01). In old subjects, because of the increased distribution of fat in the upper third of the cheek fat pad, there was no significant difference in volume between the upper and middle thirds of the cheek fat pad. The percentage increase in fat in the upper third relative to the remainder of the midface was significantly greater in old compared with young subjects (p < 0.01). In contrast, the volume of the lower third of the midface was not significantly different between young and old subjects. Conclusions: The present study indicates that ptosis alone does not account for the changes observed in the aging midface. Selective hypertrophy of the upper portion of the cheek fat pad was also observed. The mimetic muscles, on the other hand, showed no significant differences with aging. To attain maximum precision in facial rejuvenation, these data suggest that after suspension of the ptotic cheek fat pad, each patient should be evaluated for excess bulk in the upper portion of the cheek fat pad. If excess bulk is present, patients may benefit further from selective reduction directed to the upper portion of the cheek fat pad, remaining superficial to the mimetic muscles of the face.
Conditional entailment: bridging two approaches to default reasoning

Abstract In recent years, two conceptually different interpretations of default expressions have been advanced: extensional interpretations, in which defaults are regarded as prescriptions for extending one's set of beliefs, and conditional interpretations, in which defaults are regarded as beliefs whose validity is bound to a particular context. The two interpretations possess virtues and limitations that are practically orthogonal to each other. The conditional interpretations successfully resolve arguments of different “specificity” (e.g., “penguins don't fly in spite of being birds”) but fail to capture arguments of “irrelevance” (e.g., concluding “ red birds fly” from “birds fly”). The opposite is true for the extensional interpretations. This paper develops a new account of defaults, called conditional entailment , which combines the benefits of the two interpretations. Like prioritized circumscriptions, conditional entailment resolves arguments by enforcing priorities among defaults. However, instead of having to be specified by the user, these priorities are extracted automatically from the knowledge base. Similarly, conditional entailment possesses a sound and complete proof theory, based on interacting arguments and amenable to implementation in conventional ATMSs.
Using Computer Simulation and Animation to Improve Student Learning of Engineering Dynamics

Abstract This paper reports the longitudinal assessment results of an interactive computer simulation and animation (CSA) learning module that was developed for, and implemented in, an engineering dynamics course. Longitudinal assessments were conducted in four semesters involving 304 engineering undergraduates. Pre-post tests and questionnaire surveys were administered to measure student learning gains and to determine students’ attitudes and experiences with the CSA learning module respectively. The assessment results show that students made an average learning gain of 36 to 85 percent. A total of 58 to 88 percent of the students who responded to the survey indicated positive experiences with the CSA learning module.