cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ID: 83: PRODUCTION OF SOLUBLE RECEPTOR FOR ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS FOLLOWING ACUTE AEROBIC EXERCISE IS GENDER SPECIFIC

The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) is a transmembrane receptor that initiates a self-propagating inflammatory cascade and has been implicated in the onset of complications involved with aging, diabetes and neuroinflammation. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) inhibits this inflammatory signaling by competitively binding to RAGE ligands without stimulating downstream effectors. Evidence from our lab demonstrates chronic aerobic exercise increases the cleaved isoform of sRAGE (sRAGEc). However, the effects of acute aerobic exercise on sRAGEc production have not been comprehensively examined. Furthermore, recent data suggests that estrogen may play a role in exacerbating RAGE signaling and perturbing sRAGE production in diabetic women. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate changes in plasma sRAGE with acute aerobic exercise in both lean healthy (LH) and obese insulin resistant (OB-IR) individuals. A secondary objective of the study was to compare exercise responses between men and women. 8 LH participants (4 M, 4 F) and 14 OB-IR participants (4 M, 10 F) were recruited for the study. VO2max was determined via treadmill test and participants returned to the lab on a separate day following an overnight fast and exercised at 65% VO2max for 30 minutes. Blood samples were collected before and following exercise after participants rested in seated position for 30 minutes. Quantification of plasma sRAGE and endogeonous secretory RAGE were determined via ELISA and sRAGEc was calculated by subtraction. Between-group comparisons were made via independent T Test and the effect of gender was analyzed via two-way ANOVA. At baseline the OB-IR group was older (41±3 y vs. 26±1 y, p
A Dimple-Array Interconnect Technique for Power Semiconductor Devices

This paper describes a wireless-bond interconnect technique, termed Dimple-Array Interconnect (DAI) technique for packaging power devices. Electrical connections onto the devices are established by soldering arrays of dimples pre-formed on a metal sheet. Preliminary experimental and analytical results demonstrated potential advantages of this technique such as reduced parasitic noises, improved heat dissipation, as well as lowered processing complexity, compared to the conventional wire bonding technology in power module manufacturing. Thermomechanical analysis using thermal cycling test and FEM were also performed to evaluate the reliability characteristics of this interconnect technique for power devices.
Effect of improved myocardial protection on edema and diastolic properties of the rat left ventricle during acute allograft rejection

BACKGROUND Studies of myocardial edema and diastolic dysfunction in rat heart transplantation have been flawed by ischemic injury. This study uses improved methods to prevent ischemic contracture. METHODS Hearts of 30 ACI rats were transplanted into the abdomen of Lewis rats by use of cold University of Wisconsin solution for improved preservation. Left ventricular diastolic properties were expressed as volume at standardized pressure intervals. RESULTS On posttransplantation day 3, mean left ventricular volume at 15 mm Hg in allografts (290 +/- 9 microl, SEM) was not significantly different vs isografts (299 +/- 32 microl), allografts on day 0 (337 +/- 28 ml) or day 1 (324 +/- 20 microl), or native hearts (334 +/- 19 microl). However, volume was reduced to 173 +/- 17 microl on day 4 and to 70 +/- 23 microl on day 5 (p < 0.05). Similar findings were obtained for volume at 5 and 10 mm Hg. Allograft myocardial water content on day 3, 76.3% +/- 5%, similar to allografts on day 0 and 1 and to isografts on day 3, increased to 77.6% +/- 8% on day 4 (NS) and 79.4% +/- 6% on day 5 (p < 0.05 vs day 0). Histologically, rejection in allografts was mild on day 3, moderate on day 4, and severe on day 5. CONCLUSIONS Reduced left ventricular filling volume during rejection is only partially explained by edema. Abnormalities of diastolic properties previously attributed to the unloaded state of nonworking heart models may actually reflect inadequate peritransplantation myocardial protection.
The Current State of Urological Education for Medical Students

Abstract Introduction Providing medical students with a basic urological education is important as the geriatric population expands and the need for urological care increases. In the last decades there have been considerable changes to medical school curricula and graduation requirements that may impact medical student exposure to urology. We reviewed the literature pertaining to urological education for medical students in the United States. Methods We searched the PubMed® and Medline® databases to identify articles pertaining to medical student education in urology. We summarized these articles according to 4 themes, including 1) medical student electives in urology, 2) medical student career interest in urology, 3) new interventions in urology education and 4) the urology match. Results We identified 25 articles, which showed that 1) medical student exposure to urology has markedly declined, 2) medical students remain highly interested in pursuing a career in urology, 3) the AUA (American Urological Association) medical student curriculum has provided a key resource for medical school urological education and 4) applying for urology residency may be expensive and challenging. Conclusions Medical school urological education has changed in the last decades. Although it appears that fewer medical students are required to rotate through urology, new materials are available to educate medical students in urology and many students are highly interested in pursing a career in the field.
Methods for Improving the Performance of an SAR Recognition System

The focus of this chapter is on methods for improving the performance of a model-based system for recognizing vehicles in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery under the extended operating conditions of object articulation, occlusion, and configuration variants. The fundamental approach uses recognition models based on quasi-invariant local features, radar scattering center locations, and magnitudes. Three basic extensions to this approach are discussed: (1) incorporation of additional features; (2) exploitation of a priori knowledge of object similarity represented and stored in the model-base; and (3) integration of multiple recognizers at different look angles. Extensive experimental recognition results are presented in terms of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to show the effects of these extensions on SAR recognition performance for real vehicle targets with articulation, configuration variants, and occlusion.
Multi-robot Informative and Adaptive Planning for Persistent Environmental Monitoring

To gain a better understanding of environmental processes we are interested in the problem of deploying multi-robot systems for efficient collection of environmental data. For long-term autonomy, enabling persistent monitoring, it is important to consider the spatio-temporal variations of environmental phenomena. We develop a multi-robot persistent path planning method that reduces uncertainty in the environmental model. Our framework contains two components: the first component computes potential observation points that minimize model prediction uncertainty, and the second component uses this for online planning of multi-robot paths, while also taking into account the efficiency of information collection. We validated our method via simulations, and the results show that it produces multi-robot routing paths that are conflict-free, informative, and adaptive to the environmental dynamics.
Visualizing Sentiments and Emotions

Sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining, is one of the most important text mining tasks and has been widely used for analyzing, for example, reviews or social media data for various of applications, including marketing and customer service. In general, “sentiment analysis aims to determine the attitude of a speaker or a writer with respect to some topic or the overall contextual polarity of a document. The attitude may be his or her judgment or evaluation, affective state (i.e., the emotional state of the author when writing), or the intended emotional communication (i.e., the emotional effect the author wishes to have on the reader)” (Wikipedia, Sentiment analysis—Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2006. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiment_analysis [17]). The sentiment analysis result is usually a score that ranges from −1 to 1 (after normalization) with −1 indicating the most negative, 1 indicating the most positive, and 0 indicating neutral. This sentiment score is usually treated as an attribute of the corresponding text, which can be intuitively differentiated by colors that range from, for example, red (−1) to green (1). In this chapter, we introduce the state-of-the-art sentiments visualization techniques that can be largely classified into two categories including (1) the techniques for summarizing the sentiment dynamics over time, and (2) the techniques for assisting sentiment analysis.
Smallest graphs with given generalized quaternion automorphism group

For n≥3, a smallest graph whose automorphism group is isomorphic to the generalized quaternion group is constructed. If n≠3, then such a graph has 2n+1 vertices and 2n+2 edges. In the special case when n=3, a smallest graph has 16 vertices but 44 edges.
Heat-Assisted Interlaced Magnetic Recording

Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is the next generation hard disk drive technology that enables continued and significant areal density growth. There are currently two common architectures for the layout of tracks in hard disk drives: conventional magnetic recording (CMR) and shingled magnetic recording (SMR). In CMR, any track can be written at any time and neighboring tracks do not intentionally overlap. In SMR, the tracks are written sequentially in bands with the tracks intentionally overlapping like shingles on a roof. In this paper, we introduce a novel track layout, interlaced magnetic recording (IMR), and apply it to a HAMR recording system. With heat-assisted IMR, we observed a 31% increase in areal density over HAMR CMR whereas in a HAMR SMR architecture, we observed a 27% increase in areal density over HAMR CMR.
Structural and Functional Network Dysfunction in Parkinson Disease

The identification of network-level dysfunction in Parkinson disease invites a network-targeted therapeutic intervention.
Historical Journals as Digital Sources:Mapping Architecture in Germany, 1914–24

Historical Journals as Digital Sources: Mapping Architecture in Germany, 1914–24 demonstrates how historical journals can provide information for digital mapping and how mapping can tell us something new about the German construction industry in a moment of crisis. Digital maps can expand the art historical research process and raise fundamental art historical research questions. Paul B. Jaskot and Ivo van der Graaff developed a database from all issues of the German journal Deutsche Bauzeitung published in the period 1914–24 and visualized the evidence they collected using geographic information systems (GIS) technology. They assess how well the database works for historical analysis and GIS and discuss the indexical possibilities of the digital mapping of historical sources. The visualization of the database gives form to human actions and structural patterns that can redirect the art historical question from individual objects to what construction can tell us about society as a whole. In the process, such visualization allows us to see a much broader history of German architecture, 1914–24.
A novel role for coinhibitory receptors/checkpoint proteins in the immunopathology of sepsis

Coinhibitory molecules, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, 2B4, and BTLA, are an important new family of mediators in the pathophysiology of severe bacterial and/or fungal infection, as well as the combined insults of shock and sepsis. Further, the expression of these molecules may serve as indicators of the immune status of the septic individual. Using PD-1:PD-L as an example, we discuss in this review how such checkpoint molecules may affect the host response to infection by mediating the balance between effective immune defense and immune-mediated tissue injury. Additionally, we explore how the up-regulation of PD-1 and/or PD-L1 expression on not only adaptive immune cells (e.g., T cells), but also on innate immune cells (e.g., macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils), as well as nonimmune cells during sepsis and/or shock contributes to functional alterations often with detrimental sequelae.
Adolescent Perceptions of Black-Oriented Media: "The Day Beyoncé Turned Black".

ABSTRACT Black-oriented media, content with predominantly Black casts or racial themes, is marketed primarily toward Black audiences, but how audiences perceive such targeting is unclear. Black and White adolescents ( N = 1,990) identified the perceived target audience of 15 movies, 12 of them Black oriented. Results suggest that Black adolescents, especially those with strong ethnic identity, differentiate Black-oriented films from mainstream movies. Black adolescents reported higher exposure to Black-oriented films, particularly if they perceived such films as targeted to Black audiences. White adolescents found it more difficult to identify Black-oriented films. Black-oriented films therefore might be marketed successfully beyond Black audiences.
Abstract A27: Exploring the role of glycosylation in pancreatic disease

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is almost uniformly lethal and surgical intervention is the only cure. Unfortunately, most patients are ineligible for resection because of the advanced stage of disease by the time of diagnosis. This is due in part to the lack of diagnostic tools, especially for families with elevated risk. The PDA biomarker, CA19-9, is measured in the blood to follow tumor burden longitudinally, but is neither sensitive nor specific enough to be used for diagnosis. The use of CA19-9 in PDA diagnosis is problematic given the elevation of CA19-9 in benign pancreatic disease, such as pancreatitis. While CA19-9 has been traditionally used as a diagnostic, retrospective studies reported that PDA patients who maintain a CA19-9 negative/low status have a significantly longer survival relative to those with higher CA19-9 levels in multivariate analyses. The functional significance of CA19-9 to PDA initiation, maintenance, and progression remains unclear due in part to the absence of this carbohydrate modification in mice. We found that expression of CA19-9 in the mouse pancreas is sufficient to induce pancreatitis, a benign proliferative condition that often confounds the diagnosis of PDA. Specifically, CA19-9 elevation resulted in rapid elevation of pancreatic enzymes in the blood, pancreatic infiltration of immune cells, acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and atrophy, as well as increased proliferation. Furthermore, we explored the utility of CA19-9 as a therapeutic target for both acute and chronic pancreatitis. This avenue of treatment strategy exhibits potential given that a pilot study demonstrated that turning off CA19-9 expression results in the normalization of pancreatic enzyme levels within four days following an acute episode of pancreatitis. Future work will focus on how elevation of this glycosylation modification mediates the development of pancreatitis by identifying the signaling pathways that are altered upon CA19-9 expression. In addition, we will explore the efficacy of therapeutically targeting CA19-9 in both pancreatitis and PDA with a larger goal of delineating the role of CA19-9 in pancreatic disease
No food for thought: Food insecurity is related to poor mental health and lower academic performance among students in California’s public university system:

This study examined the relationships between food insecurity, mental health, and academic performance among college students in a California public university system (N = 8705). Structural equation modeling was performed to examine a direct path from food insecurity to student grade point average and an indirect path through mental health, controlling for demographic characteristics. Food insecurity was related to lower student grade point average directly and indirectly through poor mental health. These findings support the need for future interventions and policy on the importance of providing students with the basic needs to succeed both academically and in the future.
Rotational Motion Compensated Prediction in HEVC Based Omnidirectional Video Coding

Spherical video is becoming prevalent in virtual and augmented reality applications. With the increased field of view, spherical video needs enormous amounts of data, obviously demanding efficient compression. Existing approaches simply project the spherical content onto a plane to facilitate the use of standard video coders. Earlier work at UCSB was motivated by the realization that existing approaches are suboptimal due to warping introduced by the projection, yielding complex non-linear motion that is not captured by the simple translational motion model employed in standard coders. Moreover, motion vectors in the projected domain do not offer a physically meaningful model. The proposed remedy was to capture the motion directly on the sphere with a rotational motion model, in terms of sphere rotations along geodesics. The rotational motion model preserves the shape and size of objects on the sphere. This paper implements and tests the main ideas from the previous work [1] in the context of a full-fledged, unconstrained coder including, in particular, bi-prediction, multiple reference frames and motion vector refinement. Experimental results provide evidence for considerable gains over HEVC.
An ultra-sensitive capacitive microwire sensor for pathogen-specific serum antibody responses

Detection of viral infection is commonly performed using serological techniques like the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibody responses. Such assays may also be used to determine the infection phase based on isotype prevalence. However, ELISAs demonstrate limited sensitivity and are difficult to perform at the point of care. Here, we present a novel technique for label-free, rapid detection of ultra-low concentrations of virus specific antibodies. We have developed a simple, robust capacitive biosensor using microwires coated with Zika or Chikungunya virus envelope antigen. With little discernable nonspecific binding, the sensor can detect as few as 10 antibody molecules in a small volume (10 molecules/30 µL) within minutes. It can also be used to rapidly, specifically, and accurately determine the isotype of antigen-specific antibodies. Finally, we demonstrate that anti-Zika virus antibody can be sensitively and specifically detected in dilute mouse serum and can be isotyped using the sensor. Overall, our findings suggest that our microwire sensor platform has the potential to be used as a reliable, sensitive, and inexpensive diagnostic tool to detect immune responses at the point of care.
Insights into the Composition and Function of a Bismuth-Based Catalyst for Reduction of CO2 to CO

The electrochemical conversion of CO2 to CO is a process important for generation of carbon-based fuels using energy produced from intermittent, renewable energy sources. Electrodeposited thin films of bismuth-based materials are promising platforms for this transformation when used for CO2 electrolysis in the presence of imidazolium-based ionic liquids including [BMIM]OTf and [EMIM]OTF. In this study, the composition and function of a bismuth-based carbon monoxide evolving catalyst (Bi-CMEC) has been probed. In particular, the composition of both the electrodeposited bismuth material and the catholyte has been scrutinized in an effort to understand the factors that drive efficient catalyst operation. A combination of XPS depth profiling, XANES, and EXAFS experiments were employed to identify the bulk composition of the bismuth catalyst, which is shown to be composed of both metallic and oxidized phases. The identity of the catholyte solvent has been shown to influence the nature and efficacy of CO2 reduc...
A W-Band FMCW Radar System-on-Chip Employing Synchronized Switching Digitally Controlled Artificial Dielectric for Chirp

This paper presents a fully integrated single-chip radar transceiver (including waveform generation) in 65nm CMOS technology. The single chip radar employs synchronously switched digitally controlled artificial dielectric (DiCAD) in order to extend the FMCW chirp bandwidth leading to higher axial radar resolutions. Measurements with a prototype device demonstrate a factor of 2 increase in chirp bandwidth although increase by larger factors is possible. The entire radar chip occupies 2.5 x 1.7 mm of silicon area and consumes 320 mW of DC power.
Remembering Donald J. Armstrong (1937–2019)

Abstract We pay tribute to Donald J. Armstrong, who passed away at age 82 on June 13, 2019 in Corvallis, Oregon, USA. He was both an excellent teacher and a respected scientist. His research spanned more than 40 years and ranged from studying cytokinin structure and activity, to secondary metabolism, to inhibition of seed germination. He is fondly remembered by his colleagues, fellow scientists and students for his mentorship, friendship and, above all, as a gentle and kind human being. This tribute draws heavily from an autobiographical note prepared by Donald Armstrong himself for his family and friends, and information shared by his colleagues at Oregon State University.
Architecture and design of a cloud-based visual simulation environment

Doing things "in the cloud" has become ubiquitous and the "cloud" has become a rich platform for the use of modeling and simulation (M&S) anywhere and anytime to provide solutions to complex problems. Creation of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for building and executing visual M&S applications "in the cloud" poses significant technical challenges. This paper presents an architecture and a design of a cloud-based visual M&S IDE for the example problem domain "traffic networks". The IDE consists of integrated software tools that provide computer-aided assistance in the composition and visualization of simulation models under a web browser on a client computer while the simulation model is being executed on a server computer. Based on a client-server architecture enabling distributed multitiered M&S development, the design employs an asynchronous visualization protocol with efficient resource utilization. The architecture and design can assist researchers and developers to create other cloud-based visual M&S IDEs.
The restricted heritage significance of historic mosques in Qatar

The study of contemporary mosque rehabilitation and restoration projects in Qatar reveals that the relationship between cultural heritage subjects and their actual and potential stewards is complic...
Fetal inflammatory response syndrome

The fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) is a state of activation of the innate immune system in the fetus body and is a kind of neonatal inflammation for 72 hours after birth.It is defined as the following items ＞ 2:(1) breathing too fast (＞ 60 times/min),accompanied by breathing difficulties or with oxygen desaturation; (2) temperature instability ＞ 37.9 ℃ or ＜ 36 ℃ ; (3) capillary filling time ＞ 3 s;(4) the white blood cell count ＞34 × 109/L,or ＜4 × 109/L; (5) CRP ＞ 10 mg/L; (6) IL-6 or IL-8 ＞70 g/ml;(7) gene testing of 16S rRNA for PCR is positive.FIRS can be induced by infectious and non-infectious factors.In FIRS,fetal immune system is over-activated to the external violation,which causes uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines.A variety of inflammatory mediators and cytokines directly or indirectly activate the coagulation system and interfere with the body's anticoagulation system,which induces the coagulation disorders.Multiple organ systems involved in the inflammatory response throughout this process.FIRS can lead to premature delivery,perinatal death,cerebral white matter damage,necrotizing enterocolitis,and affect fetal lung maturity and multi-organ damage.In order to reduce fetal injury,it is necessary for appropriate treatment and prediction of the FIRS. Key words: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; Fetus; Inflammatory factors; Premature; Multiple organ dysfunction
Marx, Berkeley and Bad Abstractions

Patrick Murray draws a historical line, starting from Berkeley’s critical phenomenology, passing through Hegel, and ending in Marx, where he sets up a treatment of what he calls ‘bad abstraction’, and how this relates to the notion of abstraction in Marx. He then finds a second division that goes from Berkeley to Marx, passing through Samuel Bailey. Neither Berkeley nor Bailey, though critics of political economists for dealing with abstract ideas, understood value as the expression of the social nature of wealth. They were both held prisoner by the bad abstractions that the capitalist mode of production generates. The author then reviews Marx’s way of dealing with these bad abstractions in his works, both in Philosophy and in Political Economy, concluding with thoughts on the problem of what would be the meaning of ‘abstract’ in abstract labor.
Effect of Strain Range on High Temperature Creep-Fatigue Behaviour of Fe-25Ni-20Cr (wt.%) Austenitic Stainless Steel (Alloy 709)

Since the preliminary data suggest that Fe-25Ni-20Cr austenitic stainless steel (Alloy 709) is an excellent candidate as a structural material for high-temperature applications such as Sodium-coole...
Professor Pundits Engaging with Vulnerable Populations

This chapter pivots to how academics can leverage their media work to facilitate more in-depth, and, we might suggest, accurate media coverage of the political challenges minority communities face. Here, Professor Pundits use not just their research expertise in media appearances, but (as we envision their role), can function as interlocutors that help direct the coverage journalists undertake of minority groups. At the same time, academics can help encourage spokespeople from within the minority groups to emerge, thereby enabling the communities to have an authentic voice representing their perspectives in news coverage. The chapter provides examples of academic efforts on this front.
Oncogenic KRAS drives radioresistance through upregulation of NRF2-53BP1-mediated non-homologous end-joining repair

KRAS-activating mutations are oncogenic drivers and are correlated with radioresistance of multiple cancers, including colorectal cancer, but the underlying precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Herein we model the radiosensitivity of isogenic HCT116 and SW48 colorectal cancer cell lines bearing wild-type or various mutant KRAS isoforms. We demonstrate that KRAS mutations indeed lead to radioresistance accompanied by reduced radiotherapy-induced mitotic catastrophe and an accelerated release from G2/M arrest. Moreover, KRAS mutations result in increased DNA damage response and upregulation of 53BP1 with associated increased non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair. Remarkably, KRAS mutations lead to activation of NRF2 antioxidant signaling to increase 53BP1 gene transcription. Furthermore, genetic silencing or pharmacological inhibition of KRAS, NRF2 or 53BP1 attenuates KRAS mutation-induced radioresistance, especially in G1 phase cells. These findings reveal an important role for a KRAS-induced NRF2-53BP1 axis in the DNA repair and survival of KRAS-mutant tumor cells after radiotherapy, and indicate that targeting NRF2, 53BP1 or NHEJ may represent novel strategies to selectively abrogate KRAS mutation-mediated radioresistance.
Supportive and negative responses in the partner relationship: their association with psychological adjustment among individuals with cancer

This study examined the association between positive and negative aspects of spouse responses and psychological adjustment among 158 individuals with cancer. Two contextual variables, gender and disease-related functional impairment, were taken into account when examining the association between spouse responses and patient psychological distress and well-being. Results indicated that negative aspects of close relationships played a comparatively stronger role than positive aspects in their associations with both psychological distress and well-being. For negative spouse responses, patient gender did not moderate the effects of these responses upon psychological outcomes. For positive aspects of spouse support, both gender and functional disability moderated the association between spouse support and psychological outcomes. These findings are integrated with the general literature on positive and negative aspects of close relationships. Implications for clinical interventions are also discussed.
The Contribution of Cytochemistry and Immunophenotyping to the Reproducibility of the FAB Classification in Acute Leukemia

Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of the FAB classification was assessed for two independent observers whose decisions are acted on for treatment of patients with acute leukemia in the Hamilton region. Intraobserver reproducibility was assessed for Wright-stained preparations that were examined independently on two consecutive occasions at least 2 weeks apart. A third reading was performed with Wright stain and cytochemical data, and the fourth reading was done with addition of immunophenotype data. Concordance was calculated using a statistic that corrects for chance-expected agreement (k), and a weighted statistic that takes into account the seriousness of disagreements was used. Samples were available for morphological and cytochemical assessment on 105 patients, and immunophenotype data were available on 93 specimens. Intraobserver concordance was 64.8% and 70.5% for observers A and B, respectively, with kappa values of .56 and .62. There were 37 discordant readings for observer A and 31 for observer B, with each observer discordant between lymphocytic:nonlymphocytic phenotypes in ten cases. Concordance between observers was 63% (k = .54) and 72% (k = .65) for each of two separate readings for Wright-stained preparations only. Reproducibility improved to 89% (k = .86) when cytochemistry was added. When immunophenotype information was provided in addition to Wright-stained and cytochemical preparations, the agreement was 99%. Lymphocytic:nonlymphocytic discordance between observers occurred on nine occasions when Wright- stained preparations only were available and four times when cytochemistry was added; it did not occur with immunophenotyping. The study suggests that immunophenotyping, when added to morphological assessment of acute leukemia, may contribute substantially to agreement between observers.
Role of Dispersoids on the Fatigue Behavior of Aluminum Alloys: A Review

Aluminum alloys contain dispersoids, namely thermodynamically stable second phase particles ranging in size from 0.1 to 1.0 µm, which are used, for example, to control grain size. The presence of second phase particles could have a beneficial or detrimental effect on fatigue behavior depending on their properties and distribution within the aluminum matrix. Hard non-shearable particles promote cross-slip and deformation homogenization that delays fatigue crack initiation, while shearable particles result in planar slip, which promote strain reversal and crack closure and slows crack propagation. Cracking and fragmentation of the particles, or strain incompatibility at the interface of the dispersoids with the matrix, can lead to the nucleation of cracks ahead of the main advancing crack. This paper presents a review of the effect of dispersoids on the fatigue behavior of aluminum alloys.
Microbial hydroxylations: VIII. Induction of steroid hydroxylases of Curvularia lunata by 19-nortestosterone analogs

Abstract 19-Nortestosterone, rac -19-nortestosterone, and testosterone induce hydroxylases of Curvularia lunata NRRL 2380 for their own metabolism and for the metabolism of rac -13β-ethyl-17β-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one. Products formed include derivatives monohydroxylated at the 10β-, ent -10β-, 11β-, ent -11β, ent -12α-, and 14α-sites, depending on substrate. Formation of specific ent -10β-, ent -11β-, and ent -12α-monohydroxylated products from racemic substrates in incubations induced by 19-nortestosterone or by testosterone implies that steroids of natural optical configuration induce hydroxylase activities which metabolize enantiomeric substrates of unnatural optical configuration. These points are interpreted in terms of our previously suggested possibility that a generalized hydroxylase be that agent causing formation of the complex spate of monohydroxylated products of both natural and unnatural optical configurations from racemic 19-norsteroid substrates in these systems.
Integrated electro-absorption modulation DFB laser based all-optical subcarrier label swapping

We propose and demonstrate an all-optical subcarrier label-swapping system incorporating an integrated electro-absorption modulation laser (EML). The experiment results show error-free operation with negative penalty via optical regeneration to the payload.
Response: IP and "Common Sense" Views of the Mind: Can We Communicate with Educational Psychologists?

OF PAPER Shelby Sheppard’s study of the “logical relationships between the concepts of mind, knowledge, and education” gives us much to think about. Her stimulating critique shows her “deep concerns about implications of IP for education.” Sheppard’s paper has three parts. In the first, she describes changes that have occurred as a result of the cognitive revolution — from behaviorism to a study of mental processes, from a plurality of models of the mind to the dominant computational analogy, and from philosophers’ indifference to psychology to an interest in research based on functionalism in the philosophy of mind. In the second part, Sheppard describes educational decisions influenced by the IP conception of mind. Here she argues that the IP model and the liberal education ideal are based on “conflicting conceptions of knowledge and education.” In the third part, Sheppard raises theoretical issues related to the IP conception. One of these issues is that a narrow focus on cognitive psychology leads to a neglect of the public aspects of a liberal education. After building the case for the negative influences of the IP model on education, Sheppard describes an alternative based on “using common sense.” She points toward a selection of educational experiences that “allow us to flourish as human beings.”
Becoming Adult: Meanings of Markers to Adulthood

This essay examines a range of meanings and markers of adulthood, from biological to social, psychological, and legal. It describes a shift from more universal and traditional definitions of adulthood, which were also heavily gendered, to an increasingly diverse and personalized set of definitions. This shift reflects the prolonged, complex, and highly unequal spectrum of pathways that young people take into adulthood today. And yet, public perceptions of what adulthood is supposed to look like, and even the views of young people themselves, are often anchored in an earlier historical era. The clash between outdated ideas and the new realities of adulthood create a major set of contradictions for young people. Two contexts are shown to be crucial in determining individuals' actual and perceived progress toward adulthood: families and institutions of higher education. But in these contexts, too, young people receive contradictory signals about their status. The essay concludes with thoughts about the changing meanings of what it means to be “young” and “adult” today. Keywords: youth; adolescents; adolescence; life transitions; coming of age; young adults; life course; age; age norms; leaving home; higher education; college; marriage; parenting; employment; high school-to-college transition; school-to-work transition; parent–child relationships; family support
The Young Adult: An Overview

The author describes some of the changes that have come about in the attitudes and behavior of young adults over the past two decades, giving his opinions of the causes for their concern and their methods of expressing it. He particularly emphasizes the need for young adults and their elders to work together toward the solution of the problems of a society in which personal integrity has declined to an alarming extent.
Recursive database structures

Recursion has always been an interesting topic in computer science, and one of the most difficult data structures to implement in modern relational database systems is recursive relationships. In a recursive relationship one type of entity is related in some way to other entity instances of the same type. Since a relationship exists, referential integrity constraints must be enforced and processing must be developed to follow the bi-directional relationship in both mapping directions. For non-recursive relationships, referential integrity constraint enforcement and bi-directional information flows have been automated to a great extent in modern database products; but this automation is not available for the recursive case. This paper discusses this problem, presents proposed solutions, and illustrates a practical application of such a solution.
An epistemological approach to past tense auxiliaries in okinawan

Abstract The Okinawan past tense auxiliaries, an, tan and een have traditionally been analyzed in a temporal framework as follows: an and tan indicate ordinary past, while een indicates “affirmative past” tan denotes progressive aspect, whereas an does not. This paper argues that the essential difference among the three forms is not temporal but epistemological: an is attached to perceptual information acquired as an experiencer; tan is attached to perceptual information acquired as an observer; and een is attached to inferential information.
Charges on strange quark nuggets in space

Since Witten's seminal 1984 paper on the subject, searches for evidence of strange quark nuggets (SQNs) have proven unsuccessful. In the absence of experimental evidence ruling out SQNs, the validity of theories introducing mechanisms that increase their stability should continue to be tested. To stimulate electromagnetic SQN searches, particularly space searches, we estimate the net charge that would develop on a SQN in space exposed to various radiation baths (and showers) capable of liberating the SQN's less strongly bound electrons, taking into account recombination with ambient electrons. We consider, in particular, the cosmic microwave background, radiation from the sun, and diffuse galactic and extragalactic ultraviolet backgrounds. The largest charge, for the settings considered, develops on a solar system SQN exposed to a solar X-ray flare. A possible dramatic signal of SQNs in explosive astrophysical events is noted.
ESTIMATING POLYNYA CLOUDINESS

Global cloudiness distributions, though an important component in radiative and hydrological budgets, are neither adequately known nor easily retrieved by the spatial and spectral resolutions afforded by current satellite instrumentation. At high latitudes, cold, high albedo surfaces present a particular challenge to cloud retrieval, offering little or no thermal or visible contrast for cloud-ice discrimination. It is in these frequently cloudy and climate-sensitive regions that changing cloud amounts and optical parameters enact the greatest influence, enhancing or suppressing melt through cloud base emission of longwave radiation or scattering of incident shortwave radiation. Polynyas and leads, seasonally ice-free areas characterized by intense air-sea fluxes of heat and moisture, are useful features for exploring the relationships between cloud cover and the underlying surface. Using polar-optimized CASPR (Cloud and Surface Parameter Retrieval) algorithms to process multi-channel AVHRR radiances, cloud amounts, microphysics, and surface forcing are evaluated and validated against in situ measurements collected in several polynyas and leads across the Western Arctic during the years 1992-2000
Effects of macrofauna on soil properties in tropical ecosystems

Abstract Earthworms, termites and ants influence soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Earthworms are most active in humid and subhumid tropics, termites and ants are more active in semi-arid and arid regions. Soil fauna influence rates of soil turnover, mineralization and humification of soil organic matter, soil texture and consistency, total and macroporosity, infiltration rate and soil-water retention characteristics. Biologically, worked soil often has more organic matter and more plant-available nutrients and water reserves than adjacent soil. Population, species diversity and activity of soil fauna are influenced by agricultural practices. The practices that adversely affect faunal population include mechanized land clearing, plowing, monoculture and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Soil- and crop-management techniques that favor and enhance the activity of soil fauna include mulch farming, no-tillage, cover crops, agroforestry and other ecologically compatible farming systems. Soil degradation in the tropics is related to drastic reductions in activity and diversity of soil fauna.
Work, gender, and stress in family cancer caregiving.

The objective of this study was to examine whether employment status and gender was associated with family cancer caregivers’ reports of stress and well-being. Using a correlational, cross-sectional survey design, this study included 183 primary caregivers (i.e., those individuals who provided the most help to persons with cancer). Caregivers were recruited in a radiation oncology cancer clinic and were administered detailed interviews that collected a wide range of information about the stress process. Bivariate and multivariable analyses suggested a number of differences between various classifications of employment status and gender. In particular, women who worked appeared more likely to provide instrumental care to the person with cancer when compared to men who did or did not work. In addition, women who worked were more likely to report feelings of exhaustion and fatigue when compared to men who worked. The results emphasize the need to consider the context of cancer care when analyzing the stress process. When faced with employment, women appear particularly at risk for emotional distress and greater perceived care demands. Utilizing tools that identify cancer caregivers at risk based on work, gender, or other contextual variables may inform the development and targeting of clinical interventions for this population.
The construction of Chasma Boreale on Mars

The northern polar cap of Mars, containing enough water to cover the entire planet to a depth of several metres, features two major landforms that stand above all others. These are the enormous canyon, Chasma Boreale, and a series of spiral troughs. The processes leading to their formation have remained unclear. Now two papers in this issue present detailed histories of both systems. John Holt and colleagues use penetrating radar imagery from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's radar sounder to show that depositional processes — rather than a catastrophic event — formed the Chasma Boreale. Isaac Smith and John Holt use Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter data to rule out erosional cutting of polar ice as the cause of the central troughs, and instead conclude that they too are largely depositional, having migrated polewards and upwards in elevation in the past two million years. The Chasma Boreale is a large canyon — 500 km long, up to 100 km wide, and nearly 2 km deep — that cuts into the north polar layered deposits on Mars. Quite how it formed has been unclear. However, new penetrating radar imagery has now been used to show that depositional processes, rather than catastrophic events, were responsible. The polar layered deposits of Mars contain the planet’s largest known reservoir of water ice1,2 and the prospect of revealing a detailed Martian palaeoclimate record3,4, but the mechanisms responsible for the formation of the dominant features of the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) are unclear, despite decades of debate. Stratigraphic analyses of the exposed portions of Chasma Boreale—a large canyon 500 km long, up to 100 km wide, and nearly 2 km deep—have led most researchers to favour an erosional process for its formation following initial NPLD accumulation. Candidate mechanisms include the catastrophic outburst of water5, protracted basal melting6, erosional undercutting7, aeolian downcutting7,8,9 and a combination of these processes10. Here we use new data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to show that Chasma Boreale is instead a long-lived, complex feature resulting primarily from non-uniform accumulation of the NPLD. The initial valley that later became Chasma Boreale was matched by a second, equally large valley that was completely filled in by subsequent deposition, leaving no evidence on the surface to indicate its former presence. We further demonstrate that topography existing before the NPLD began accumulating influenced successive episodes of deposition and erosion, resulting in most of the present-day topography. Long-term and large-scale patterns of mass balance achieved through sedimentary processes, rather than catastrophic events, ice flow or highly focused erosion, have produced the largest geomorphic anomaly in the north polar ice of Mars.
Termination of pregnancy by sheep anti-LHRH gamma globulin in rats

The effect of the administration of sheepanti-LHRH γ-globulin (anti-LHRHG) onthe maintenanceof pregnancy was investigated in rats. Nidation was confirmed by laparotomy on day 7 or8 of pregnancy. In one experiment, rats were theninjected iv with 1 ml anti-LHRHG or normal sheep-γ-globulin (NSG) daily from days 7 to 11. The uteriwere inspected again on day 14 of pregnancy, whenit was found that complete resorption of the fetuseshad occurred in the anti-LHRHG-treated rats, butthat the fetuses were normal in the NSG-treatedcontrol rats. The effect of a single injection of 1 mlof anti-LHRHG on day 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 ofpregnancy was also investigated. Administration onday 9 or 10 resulted in complete resorption of thefetuses by the time of the2nd inspection on day 14, and treatment on day 8 or 11 was partially effective. However, treatment on day 7 or 12 exerted littleeffect on viability of the fetuses. None of the ratsshowed vaginal bleeding following treatment withanti-LHRHG. Termination of pregnancy by an...
GDP-Perosamine Synthase: Structural Analysis and Production of a Novel Trideoxysugar†,‡

Perosamine or 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-mannose is an unusual sugar found in the O-antigens of some Gram-negative bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae O1 (the causative agent of cholera) or Escherichia coli O157:H7 (the leading cause of food-borne illnesses). It and similar deoxysugars are added to the O-antigens of bacteria via the action of glycosyltransferases that employ nucleotide-linked sugars as their substrates. The focus of this report is GDP-perosamine synthase, a PLP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the formation of GDP-perosamine, namely, the amination of the sugar C-4′. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme from Caulobacter crescentus determined to a nominal resolution of 1.8 A and refined to an R-factor of 17.9%. The overall fold of the enzyme places it into the well-characterized aspartate aminotransferase superfamily. Each subunit of the dimeric enzyme contains a seven-stranded mixed β-sheet, a two-stranded antiparallel β-sheet, and 12 α-helices. Amino acid...