cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Business and community: Integrating service learning in Graduate Business Education

For the past five years at the Daniels College of Business at the University of Denver a community service or service learning component has been included in the Values in Action class (now Values-Based Leadership), a core MBA course that integrates ethics, law, and public policy perspectives on business issues. This paper summarizes the educational philosophy and the mechanics of this required component. Few empirical studies have been conducted to gauge the perceived value and impact of a service learning requirement on students. Thus, several surveys were conducted to understand better the choices made by students as well as the impact of the requirement on students. Preliminary results reveal generally a positive effect on students, including some evidence that such a service learning requirement may influence students to make a greater lifetime commitment to community service.
On the micromechanics of brittle fracture: Existing vs injected cracks

Abstract The response of a deformable solid, in which dislocations are assumed to be highly mobile, to the presence of a loaded crack has been examined, and two cases have been considered. In the first case, that of a crack which pre-exists at zero load, it was confirmed that dislocation emission from the crack tip always precludes brittle crack propagation. In the second case, a microcrack is injected into the loaded deformable solid, for example, due to the cracking of a brittle inclusion. In this case simultaneous dislocation emission and brittle crack propagation can occur, depending on the cohesive energy and the dislocation mobility. Both cases have been studied dynamically, assuming fast moving dislocations, and the effect of the presence of dislocations upon the crack-tip field was fully taken into account. The implications of these results for understanding the brittle-ductile transition and impurity-induced intergranular embrittlement are discussed.
Associations among 5-Year Changes in Weight, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Mexican Americans

Recent changes in lifestyle have led to a global epidemic of obesity. To determine the associations of these changes with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, the authors correlated changes in CVD risk factors with changes in weight and physical activity in a population-based sample of 539 Mexican Americans in the San Antonio Heart Study in 1992-1999 who were examined twice approximately 5 years apart. Average weight change during that interval was 2.7 kg. While change in physical activity (expressed as percent change) was associated modestly only with change in low density lipoprotein cholesterol median diameter (p = 0.017), weight change was strongly and positively associated with unfavorable changes in lipid and lipoprotein traits, insulin levels, and blood pressure, explaining 2-10% of the variation in the risk factor changes during the interval. The unfavorable associations with weight gain tended to be more pronounced in lean compared with obese individuals and in men compared with women. However, the associations were significant for most CVD risk factors in all groups. In Mexican Americans, a population at high risk for obesity, weight change was positively correlated with metabolic variables associated with risk of CVD. Therefore, increasing adiposity in this population may tend to slow, or even reverse, the decline in CVD morbidity and mortality.
Use of Dialogue Journals and Video-Recording in Early Childhood Teacher Education.

This study utilizes students' journaling and video-recording of field experience teaching sessions as vehicles for inquiry into the development of the process of productive reflection within the piloting phase of an experimental course, designed by the National Center for Research on Early Childhood Education (NCRECE). The NCRECE course is designed to improve teachers' interactions with children as well as their implementation of curricula to promote gains in children's social and academic development. The piloting of the NCRCEC course took place in the Winter Quarter of 2007 in a 4-year university in the Midwest United States. By guiding students to reflect on their actions through use of dialogue journals and video-recording, this action research aimed at scaffolding students' productive reflection. Students participating in the pilot course kept weekly journals with the instructor in an online dialogue format throughout the quarter. As a culminating activity, they video-recorded one language-based less...
Measurement of frontal lobe volume on magnetic resonance imaging scans

This article describes rules for measurement of the frontal lobe on thin SPGR (spoiled gradient recalled echo in steady state) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans. Measurements were performed using a locally-developed software program that allows 3-dimensional reconstruction of images, 'painting' of landmarks on the surface of the brain, and reconstruction of 2-dimensional images in any plane with landmark 'paint' remaining on the surface of the brain. Excellent inter-rater reliability has been achieved for this method. The approach may be particularly useful for studies involving groups of patients whose brains are known to be dysmorphic and who may not, therefore, be appropriate for measurement methods that involve image warping or dependence on arbitrary landmarks for defining the posterior boundary of the frontal lobe.
On-site medical care in methadone maintenance: Associations with health care use and expenditures

To evaluate whether long-term drug treatment with on-site medical care is associated with diminished inpatient and outpatient service use and expenditures, we linked prospective interview data to concurrent Medicaid claims of drug users in a methadone program with comprehensive medical services. Patient care was classified as follows: long-term (≥6 months) drug treatment with on-site usual source of medical care (linked care), long-term drug treatment only, or neither. Multivariate analyses adjusted for visit clustering within patients (n = 423, with 1,161 person-years of observation). After adjustment, linked care participants had more outpatient visits (p < .001), fewer emergency department (ED) visits (24% vs. 33%, p = .02) and fewer hospitalizations (27% vs. 40%, p = .002) than the “neither” group. Ambulatory care expenditures in the linked group were increased, whereas expenditures for other services were similar or reduced. Long-term drug treatment with on-site medical care was associated with increased ambulatory care, less ED and inpatient care, and no net increase in expenditures.
Inventory issues in incremental FMS implementation

In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated convincingly that impressive benefits can be obtained by the adoption of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs). To obtain the benefits of an FMS requires the development of a completely integrated system. However, FMS implementations are frequently done incrementally through the introduction of subsystems such as flexible machining centers into an existing conventional system. The purpose of this research is to investigate some of the operational issues associated with the introduction of a CNC (computer numerically controlled) machine tool into a conventional system. The primary objective of the present study is to explore the relative effects on inventory holding cost of installing a single CNC at different locations within three different system configurations. Additionally, the study examines the sensitivity of these impacts to changes in (1) System utilization; (2) the ratios of setup times to run times in the conventional work centers; and (3) the rates of increase in holding costs for parts as they move through the system. Results indicated that, in general, introduction of a CNC into an otherwise conventional system reduces inventory holding cost for the system as a whole. However, the degree of this reduction varies depending on the position of the CNC in the system. In some cases the reduction in inventory holding cost is substantial, while in other cases it is relatively small.
The measurement and analysis of wavefront structure from large aperture ICF optics

This paper discusses the techniques, developed over the past year, for high spatial resolution measurement and analysis of the transmitted and/or reflected wavefront of large aperture ICF optical components. Parts up to 400 mm {times} 750 mm have been measured and include: laser slabs, windows, KDP crystals and lenses. The measurements were performed using state-of-the-art commercial phase shifting interferometers at a wavelength of 633 {mu}m. Both 1 and 2-D Fourier analysis have been used to characterize the wavefront; specifically the Power Spectral Density, (PSD), function was calculated. The PSDs of several precision optical components will be shown. The PSD(V) is proportional to the (amplitude){sup 2} of components of the Fourier frequency spectrum. The PSD describes the scattered intensity and direction as a function of scattering angle in the wavefront. The capability of commercial software is limited to 1-D Fourier analysis only. We are developing our own 2-D analysis capability in support of work to revise specifications for NIF optics. 2-D analysis uses the entire wavefront phase map to construct 2D PSD functions. We have been able to increase the signal-to-noise relative to 1-D and can observe very subtle wavefront structure.
Yeast histone deposition protein Asf1p requires Hir proteins and PCNA for heterochromatic silencing

Abstract Background: Position-dependent gene silencing in yeast involves many factors, including the four HIR genes and nucleosome assembly proteins Asf1p and chromatin assembly factor I (CAF-I, encoded by the CAC1–3 genes). Both cac Δ asf1 Δ and cac Δ hir Δ double mutants display synergistic reductions in heterochromatic gene silencing. However, the relationship between the contributions of HIR genes and ASF1 to silencing has not previously been explored. Results: Our biochemical and genetic studies of yeast Asf1p revealed links to Hir protein function. In vitro, an active histone deposition complex was formed from recombinant yeast Asf1p and histones H3 and H4 that lack a newly synthesized acetylation pattern. This Asf1p/H3/H4 complex generated micrococcal nuclease–resistant DNA in the absence of DNA replication and stimulated nucleosome assembly activity by recombinant yeast CAF-I during DNA synthesis. Also, Asf1p bound to the Hir1p and Hir2p proteins in vitro and in cell extracts. In vivo, the HIR1 and ASF1 genes contributed to silencing the heterochromatic HML locus via the same genetic pathway. Deletion of either HIR1 or ASF1 eliminated telomeric gene silencing in combination with pol30–8 , encoding an altered form of the DNA polymerase processivity factor PCNA that prevents CAF-I from contributing to silencing. Conversely, other pol30 alleles prevented Asf1/Hir proteins from contributing to silencing. Conclusions: Yeast CAF-I and Asf1p cooperate to form nucleosomes in vitro. In vivo, Asf1p and Hir proteins physically interact and together promote heterochromatic gene silencing in a manner requiring PCNA. This Asf1/Hir silencing pathway functionally overlaps with CAF-I activity.
Reasons for quitting smoking prior to a self-quit attempt among smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder or other anxiety/mood psychopathology.

The present investigation examined intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for quitting among daily cigarette smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as compared to clinical daily smokers with other anxiety and mood disorders (AM) and daily smokers with no current Axis I psychopathology (C) prior to a self-guided quit attempt. It was hypothesized that (1) the PTSD group would report greater intrinsic (ie, self-control and health concerns) reasons for quitting smoking, and (2) among those with PTSD, anxiety sensitivity (fear of anxiety; AS) would predict greater intrinsic reasons for quitting smoking. Participants were 143 (58.7% female; Mage = 29.66 years, SD = 11.88) daily cigarette smokers. Partially consistent with prediction, the PTSD group reported significantly greater self-control intrinsic reasons for quitting, but not health concern intrinsic reasons, than the C group (p <. 01). The PTSD group also reported greater immediate reinforcement extrinsic reasons for quitting than the C group (p <. 05...
Frankfurt, fischer and flickers

Critique de l'argument en faveur de la compatibilite de la responsabilite morale et du determinisme developpe par J. M. Fischer a partir de la position d'H. Frankfurt selon laquelle la responsabilite ne requiert pas d'autres possibilites d'actions. Soulevant le probleme de l'alternative faible que Fischer designe par l'expression tremblement de liberte, l'A. montre que la reponse de Fischer a la strategie des tremblements n'est pas suffisante au regard de l'objection incompatibiliste qui definit l'absence de determination exterieure comme critere d'attribution de la responsabilite morale
Globus Online: Accelerating and Democratizing Science through Cloud-Based Services

Many businesses today save time and money, and increase their agility, by outsourcing mundane IT tasks to cloud providers. The author argues that similar methods can be used to overcome the complexities inherent in increas ingly data-intensive, computational, and collaborative scientific research. He describes Globus Online, a system that he and his colleagues are developing to realize this vision.
The mechanism of β-ionone stimulation of carotenoid and ergosterol biosynthesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus

Abstract The stimulation by β-ionone of carotenoid and ergosterol biosynthesis in Phycomyces blakesleenus was studied. [9 14 C-]-β-ionone was synthesized and its utilization by growing cultures of P. blakesleeanus was investigated. The results demonstrate that β-ionone stimulates general isoprenoid biosynthesis in a catalytic manner. Experiments with specific inhibitors of protein synthesis indicated that β-ionone does not act via an enzyme induction mechanism. The incorporation of labelled intermediates indicated that the biochemical site of action of β-ionone very likely lies in an area between 5-phosphomevalonic acid and γ,γ-dimethylallypyrophosphate. In addition, kinetic studies show that β-ionone does not serve as a diverting agent capable of channeling sterol intermediates into the production of carotenoids.
The photochemistry of 3,5-disubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridines ☆

Abstract On irradiation, 1,4-dihydropyridines have been shown to undergo three types of reaction: disproportionation, isomerization and dimerization. The presence of 2,6-substituents inhibits these reactions except in the case of 3a which undergoes disproportionation. The diester 10 and diketone 11 yield mixtures of the corresponding 1,2-isomers and photodimers. The structure and stereochemistry of the dimers derived from 10 have been established by X-ray and NMR methods to be head-to-tail anti, 17, and head-to-tail syn, 16. The latter compound cyclizes to the cage isomer 15 upon further irradiation.
A study of parent/grandparent education for managing a febrile illness using the CALM approach.

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of fever management education in increasing knowledge, confidence, comfort, and satisfaction of the parent/grandparent. Method: A randomized repeated measures design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational brochure and video. After baseline data were collected on parent/grandparents of children receiving standard care, each site was randomized into two groups: Group 1 parents were given a video and brochure about fever management as they left the clinic/office; Group 2 were shown the video and given the brochure before seeing their health care provider. The parent/grandparents of 216 children, mean age 21.8 months, completed the Fever Management Questionnaire (FMQ) at 48-72 hours, 1, 3, and 6 months post-education. Results: Knowledge scores of parents/grandparents in both CALM groups were significantly higher than those in the control group at 48 hours and 1-month post-visit. By 6 months, the knowledge level of the parent/grandparents in CALM2, those who viewed the video in the office, was significantly different from the other two groups. Satisfaction, comfort, and confidence of all three groups were high at all three points. Parents/grandparents in both CALM groups were highly satisfied with the education they received. Discussion: Educating parent/grandparents about fever management using written and video materials is effective in increasing knowledge about fever management. J Pediatr Health Care. (2003). 17, 176-183.
Earnings management in Japanese companies

Abstract This study examines choices of accounting accruals using a large sample of Japanese companies, which operate in an environment that is generally regarded as being rather different from the United States. We find that debt-to-equity and asset hypotheses hold in the Japanese environment only for the years after the market crash of 1990. Prior to the crash, the number of employees seems to capture the political (or economic) pressure. Similar to their U.S. counterparts, managers of Japanese companies chose income-increasing accounting accruals to increase their bonus and increase the amount of outside funding. The ownership effect was also observed on the choice of accounting accruals. Those companies that have higher degrees of ownerships by trust companies and stock brokers have incentives to choose income-increasing accruals to provide a more positive picture of the firm. Since this incentive does not exist for ownership by financial institutions, the opposite effect was observed. The effect of ownership by individual investors, management, or corporations on the choice of income-increasing accruals was opposite to that hypothesized in 1989. These opposite-to-expected effects were not present after the Japanese market crash. The stock market crash of 1990 appears to have had a profound effect on the choices of accounting accruals.
Ruptured conjugated polymer thin films formed during spin coating

The formation of ruptured poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenyl vinylene] (MEH-PPV) thin films coated from undried tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions was investigated. Because of the incompatibility of water and MEH-PPV, the polymer films coated from THF/water solutions showed a ruptured film structure. In the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the polymer thin films, the ruptured polymer films showed a redshifted emission in comparison with continuous polymer thin films. According to a comparison of the PL spectra of polymer solutions and films, MEH-PPV in THF showed a coil-cylinder transition during precipitation from solution. Because of the incompatibility of water and MEH-PPV, an increase in the water content could increase the ratio of polymer chains in the cylinder conformation, resulting in a redshifted emission for the films.
The Experimental Evaluation of Catalyst Effective Diffusivity

Abstract Diffusion and reaction in porous heterogeneous catalysts has been a subject of intensive investigation for almost half a century. Major summary works were published by Wheeler in 1951 and 1955 [1, 2], by Satterfield and Sherwood in 1963 [3], by Satterfield again in 1970 [4], and by Aris in 1975 [5, 6]. Recent years have witnessed no reduction in interest, and literature on the subject continues to proliferate.
Self-consistent field perturbation theory of molecular vibrations

Perturbation theory is used to perform non-iterative calculations of energy eigenvalues of the coupled ordinary differential equations that result from imposing separability assumptions in terms of normal coordinates on vibrational wavefunctions. Various model Hamiltonians with 2 or 3 coupled normal modes are studied and the increase of computational cost with the number of degrees of freedom is analysed. Quadratic Pade approximants of the perturbation expansions are rapidly convergent, and directly yield complex numbers for resonance eigenvalues. For a 3-mode system, results are obtained within partial separability assumptions, with a pair of modes left coupled. Large-order perturbation theory with partial separability is suggested as an alternative to low-order exact perturbation theory.
High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin: Hype, Help, and Reality

Articles in The New England Journal of Medicine get tremendous publicity, some justified and some not. Recently, 2 articles and an editorial (1)(2)(3) were published about the use of “high-sensitivity” cardiac troponin (cTn).1 These articles are welcome because they emphasize important concepts for clinicians. Some aspects, however, require clarification. Here we examine these articles and separate out new data from hype. No. Most of the assays used are contemporary assays (4), including the Siemens Ultra and Abbott Architect assays. Two new assays were included, both from Roche: a hs-cTnT assay (1) and a first description of a cTnI assay. There are no analytical data to evaluate the cTnI assay, but it appears similar to contemporary cTnI assays at best. The new hs-cTnT assay (2) is a novel high-sensitivity assay. Although there are no published analytical studies of the assay, there are several clinical publications. The hs-cTnT assay appears more analytically sensitive (4) than the others (see “What Does the Future Hold?” below). Despite that, the hs-cTnT assay was not statistically better clinically than the other assays for detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (1). They are not novel. The findings are more robust because larger patient groups were used. But the concept is not new that if one uses ( a ) sensitive contemporary assays as opposed to many presently available insensitive assays and ( b ) the 99th percentile cutoff recommended by guidelines groups, then early diagnosis occurs frequently. It is the use of the 99th percentile value as a decision cutpoint that is key for early diagnosis. Similar findings were reported in 2006 and confirmed. The New England Journal of Medicine results (1)(2) are impressive, which likely reflects differences in the populations studied. Hopefully, the publicity associated with The New England Journal of Medicine …
Agonistic behavior and the maintenance of a learned response in male rats

Two experiments examined the relationship between agonistic behavior and the maintenance of a previously learned response. Following individual training, highly aggressive and less aggressive domesticated male rats were pairs in a modified operant box. A bar press from a single manipulandum (Experiment 1) or one of two manipulanda (Experiment 2) delivered food to both animals. As is typically observed, the vast majority of the bar press responses in the social setting was made by only one of the rats. An unexpected finding was that the more highly aggressive rat was the “worker” for the pair. In addition, the characteristic bar press response decrement in the social context was relatively mild in Experiment 1 and was virtually eliminated for the worker rat in the second investigation. It is suggested that these findings were, at least in part, a function of the social environments in which the animals fought at relatively low levels.
Impersonal Default Rules vs. Active Choices vs. Personalized Default Rules: A Triptych

Impersonal default rules, chosen by private or public institutions, establish settings and starting points for countless goods and activities -- cell phones, rental car agreements, computers, savings plans, health insurance, websites, privacy, and much more. Some of these rules do a great deal of good, but others might be poorly chosen, perhaps because the choice architects who select them are insufficiently informed, perhaps because they are self-interested, perhaps because one size does not fit all. The existence of heterogeneity argues against impersonal default rules. The obvious alternative to impersonal default rules, of particular interest when individual situations are diverse, is active choosing, by which people are asked or required to make decisions on their own. The choice between impersonal default rules and active choosing depends largely on the costs of decisions and the costs of errors. If active choosing were required in all contexts, people would quickly be overwhelmed; default rules save a great deal of time, making it possible to make other choices and in that sense promoting autonomy. Especially in complex and unfamiliar areas, impersonal default rules have significant advantages. But where people prefer to choose, and where learning is both feasible and important, active choosing may be best, especially if people’s situations are relevantly dissimilar. At the same time, it is increasingly possible for private and public institutions to produce highly personalized default rules, which reduce the problems with one-size-fits-all defaults. In principle, personalized default rules could be designed for every individual in the relevant population. Collection of the information that would allow accurate personalization might be burdensome and expensive, and might also raise serious questions about privacy. But at least when choice architects can be trusted, personalized default rules offer most (not all) of the advantages of active choosing without the disadvantages.
Augmented Replicative Capacity of the Boosting Antigen Improves the Protective Efficacy of Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccine Regimens

Prime-boost immunization regimens have proven efficacious at generating robust immune responses. However, whether the level of replication of the boosting antigen impacts the magnitude and protective efficacy of vaccine-elicited immune responses remains unclear. To evaluate this, we primed mice with replication-defective adenovirus vectors expressing the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein (GP), followed by boosting with either LCMV Armstrong, which is rapidly controlled, or LCMV CL-13, which leads to a more prolonged exposure to the boosting antigen. Although priming of naive mice with LCMV CL-13 normally results in T cell exhaustion and establishment of chronic infection, boosting with CL-13 resulted in potent recall CD8 T cell responses that were greater than those following boosting with LCMV Armstrong. Furthermore, following the CL-13 boost, a greater number of anamnestic CD8 T cells localized to the lymph nodes, exhibited granzyme B expression, and conferred improved protection against Listeria and vaccinia virus challenges compared with the Armstrong boost. Overall, our findings suggest that the replicative capacity of the boosting antigen influences the protective efficacy afforded by prime-boost vaccine regimens. These findings are relevant for optimizing vaccine candidates and suggest a benefit of robustly replicating vaccine vectors. IMPORTANCE The development of optimal prime-boost vaccine regimens is a high priority for the vaccine development field. In this study, we compared two boosting antigens with different replicative capacities. Boosting with a more highly replicative vector resulted in augmented immune responses and improved protective efficacy.
Elimination of stress-induced curvature in microbolometer focal plane arrays

The paper reports a disruptive engineering approach to eliminating stress-induced curvature in cantilever-based microbolometer focal plane arrays (FPAs). Using a combination of ion beam machining and rapid thermal annealing (RTA), we successfully modified the curvatures of free-standing SiN/sub x//Al bimaterial cantilever structures for microbolometer applications. The ion beam machining changes the surface, either by ion implantation or surface sputter etching; the RTA changes the residual stresses in bimaterials and thus modifies the FPA curvatures. Proof-of-concept experiments have shown that it is possible to achieve "flat" microbolometer structures by using these two techniques.
Bibliography on cyclostationarity

The present bibliography represents a comprehensive list of references on cyclostationarity and its applications. An attempt has been made to make this bibliography complete by listing most of the existing references up to the year 2005 and by providing a detailed classification group.
A psychotherapy dominated by separation, termination, and death.

Mr. B is a 69-year-old gay white man with a history of unsatisfying interpersonal relationships, alcohol abuse, and a slowly progressive lung cancer, who was seen for psychotherapy in a resident cl...
The Effects of Job Title and Task Composition on Job and Incumbent Perceptions1

The contribution of job content and job title to the gender-related perceptions of a job and an incumbent was examined. Two hundred thirty subjects were asked to rate job descriptions that varied in job title (masculine or feminine) and in the proportion of masculine and feminine tasks, using four dependent measures. Results indicated a job title and a job content main effect for three of the four dependent measures (ratings of the gender-type of the job, of most probable incumbent, and of probable success). There were no job title × job content interactions. The findings suggested that job title and job content contributed independently to the overall perceptions of a job. Implications for future research are discussed.
Chloroma/granulocytic sarcoma: Abdominal & pelvic presentation of acute myelogenous leukemia

There is limited literature documenting granulocytic sarcoma of the colon. We report a case of a 28 year-old female with a colonic granulocystic sarcoma of the colon as a complication of AML, as it is an important consideration with surgical management of typhilitis.
Euro-Dollar Real Exchange Rate Dynamics in an Estimated Two-Country Model: What is Important and What is Not

Central puzzles in international macroeconomics are why fluctuations of the real exchange rate are so volatile with respect to other macroeconomic variables, and the contradiction of efficient risk-sharing. Several theoretical contributions have evaluated alternative forms of pricing under nominal rigidities along with different asset markets structures to explain real exchange dynamics. In this paper, we use a Bayesian approach to estimate a standard two-country New Open Economy Macroeconomics (NOEM) using data for the United States and the Euro Area, and perform model comparisons to study the importance of departing from the law of one price and complete markets assumptions. Our results can be summarized as follows. First, we find that the baseline model does a good job in explaining real exchange rate volatility, but at the cost of implying too high volatility in output and consumption. Second, the introduction of incomplete markets allows the model to better match the volatilities of all real variables. Third, introducing sticky prices in local currency pricing (LCP) improves the fit of the baseline model, but not by as much as by introducing incomplete markets. Finally, we show that monetary shocks have played a minor role in explaining the behavior of the real exchange rate, while both demand and technology shocks have been important.
Studies on the regulation of the three enzymes of the Leloir pathway in cultured mammalian cells. I. Effect of substitution of galactose for glucose as the sole hexose in the medium in human diploid cell strains and in a rat hepatoma line.

In human diploid cell strains, the substitution of galactose for glucose as the sole hexose in the medium had no measurable effect on the specific activity of the cell protein for any of the three enzymes of the Leloir pathway. These enzymes are galactokinase, α-D-galactose-1-phosphate:UDP glucose uridylyl transferase and UDP galactose 4-epimerase. A cell strain from a patient with galactosemia had no detectable activity for the transferase. The substitution of galactose for glucose in the medium of these cells (which has been shown to cause the cells to accumulate galactose-1-phosphate) also failed to affect cellular activity for the three enzymes. Similarly, the three activities failed to respond to the substitution of galactose for glucose in cultures of a rat hepatoma line. Cells of this line have been shown by others to perform a number of the tissue-specific functions of liver. The failure of galactose to stimulate increased cellular activity for the three enzymes represents a striking difference between the behavior of these enzymes in human diploid cell strains and their behavior in E. coli.
Effects of greenhouse warming on maximum summer temperatures.

(...) we decided to investigate the question via a number of empirical procedures. Our first task in this regard was to assess the change in mean summer (June-August) temperature throughout the contiguous U.S.A. between 1948 and 1987, the time period for which daily temperature records are readily obtainable for stations contained within the U.S Historical Climatology Network (HCN) data base (...) Our next step was to look at the country in more detail in an attempt to identify regions which have experienced the greatest amount of summer warming (or cooling) between 1948 and 1987 (...)
Complete blood counts with differential: more accurate reference ranges based on circadian leukocyte trafficking.

Every day in the USA, an estimated 50 million complete blood counts (CBC) are ordered clinically. These are ordered as part of annual physical exams, for cancer screening and management, or for diagnosis of infection or allergy. Today, CBCs are automated, although visual examination of stained blood smears is still used for identification of specific disease pathologies. Each automated CBC cytometer is uniquely calibrated, and that machine's reference range for each cell type is reported alongside the patient's cell count. Despite the fact that circulating leukocytes fall and rise predictably with circadian cortisol cycles as shown in figures 1 and 2, CBC results are compared to broad reference ranges that encompasses this temporal variation as well as normal variation among healthy adults.1––4 The crudity of broad reference ranges is well recognised and consequently, inpatient CBC monitoring protocols minimise both sources of variation: blood is drawn at the same time each day and the trend in …
Curing regular expressions matching algorithms from insomnia, amnesia, and acalculia

The importance of network security has grown tremendously and a collection of devices have been introduced, which can improve the security of a network. Network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are among the most widely deployed such system; popular NIDS use a collection of signatures of known security threats and viruses, which are used to scan each packet's payload. Today, signatures are often specified as regular expressions; thus the core of the NIDS comprises of a regular expressions parser; such parsers are traditionally implemented as finite automata. Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) are fast, therefore they are often desirable at high network link rates. DFA for the signatures, which are used in the current security devices, however require prohibitive amounts of memory, which limits their practical use.In this paper, we argue that the traditional DFA based NIDS has three main limitations: first they fail to exploit the fact that normal data streams rarely match any virus signature; second, DFAs are extremely inefficient in following multiple partially matching signatures and explodes in size, and third, finite automaton are incapable of efficiently keeping track of counts. We propose mechanisms to solve each of these drawbacks and demonstrate that our solutions can implement a NIDS much more securely and economically, and at the same time substantially improve the packet throughput.
Modeling random early detection in a differentiated services network

An analytical framework for modeling a network of random early detection (RED) queues with mixed traffic types (e.g. TCP and UDP) is developed. Expressions for the steady-state goodput for each flow and the average queuing delay at each queue are derived. The framework is extended to include a class of RED queues that provides differentiated services for flows with multiple classes. Finally, the analysis is validated against ns simulations for a variety of RED network configurations where it is shown that the analytical results match with those of the simulations within a mean error of 5%. Several new analytical results are obtained; TCP throughput formula for a RED queue; TCP timeout formula for a RED queue and the fairness index for RED and tail drop.
Device Characteristics and Equivalent Circuits for NMOS Gate-to-Drain Soft and Hard Breakdown in Polysilicon/SiON Gate Stacks

In state-of-the-art technologies, the currents in all n-channel field-effect transistor device terminals can be severely degraded when a soft or hard dielectric breakdown event occurs from gate-to-drain. The equivalent circuits that are commonly used for modeling gate-to-drain breakdown do not adequately capture all of the salient features of post breakdown device characteristics and can yield results that are overly optimistic. We present an equivalent circuit comprehending both soft and hard breakdown that can be used to accurately model gate, drain, and source currents following a breakdown event from gate-to-drain.
A Study of Super Nonlinear Motion of a Simple Pendulum and its Generalization

Two identically charged simple pendulums are dropped symmetrically about their common pivot in a vertical plane. For a set of parameters associated with each pendulum namely {mass,charge, and length} we evaluate the critical angle at which the forces acting on each pendulum are null resulting a static equilibrium. We then consider two dynamic non-equilibrium cases. In the absence of friction we analyze the features of steady oscillations of the pendulums resulting from setting the initial swing angles larger and then smaller than the critical angle. In each case, for a set of initial angles we evaluate the optimum separation angles of the charges and their corresponding acquired traversed times. For a comprehensive visual understanding we utilize Mathematica animation and display the features of the oscillations.
Historical Seismicity (1918–1964) of the Kodiak Island Region

I have relocated 35 earthquakes and conducted waveform modeling studies of 12 events located primarily within the Kodiak portion of the 1964 great Alaska earthquake rupture zone and the northeasternmost portion of the 1938 Semidi earthquake rupture zone. These results show that there is considerable similarity between earthquakes occurring before the 1964 mainshock (pre-1964 mainshock seismicity) and after the 1964 mainshock (post-1964 mainshock seismicity). Persistent seismicity has occurred for the past ∼85 years at the southwestern end of the 1964 rupture zone, a region where Global Positioning System (gps)/geodesy studies indicate the plate interface is currently locked. Earthquakes also occurred frequently within the Kennedy Entrance region where the transition between the Kodiak and Kenai block of the subducting Pacific plate occurs. The seismic moment rate for post-1964 mainshock seismicity is about two times larger than for premainshock seismicity. This is in contrast to the Prince William Sound portion of the 1964 rupture zone where post-1964 mainshock moment rates are orders of magnitude lower than pre-1964 mainshock rates and the pattern of seismicity has changed considerably with time. These observations reinforce previous studies that indicate the behavior of plate subduction beneath the Kodiak Island region is much different from that beneath the Prince William Sound region.
Use of beta blockers in congestive heart failure patients with asthma and/or COPD

Abstract Rationale To determine the prevalence of beta adrenergic blocking agent usage in patients with a diagnosis of both asthma or COPD and congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods We reviewed baseline data from 1061 patients with CHF evaluated in a community based study of disease management. Self reported asthma on verbally administered questionnaire at the initial visit was found in 63/1061 (5.9%) of the patients. COPD was reported by 119/1061 (11.2%), and both asthma and COPD was reported in 27/1061 (30% of asthma patients reported both). Results Less than half (28/63 or 44.5%) of asthmatics with CHF were on β-blockers. Of those on β-blockers, 53.6% were placed on cardioselective β-blockers. Of the patients with COPD alone 32.0% (38/119) were on β-blockers, of which only 47.4% were cardioselective. In patients with both asthma and COPD, 33.4% (9/27) were on β-blockers, 44.4% of which were cardioselective. Conclusions Although a history of asthma and/or COPD is considered a relative contraindication to the use of β-blockers in the management of CHF, the proven mortality benefit of these drugs mandates their use when possible in these conditions. We found that they are routinely prescribed by physicians in the community for both asthma and COPD, more frequently in asthma. Cardioselective β-blockers are the β-adrendergic blocking medication of choice in roughly half of patients with obstructive lung disease, more frequently prescribed in patients with asthma. Further assessment of outcomes in these patients will provide insight into how best to address this common and important clinical dilemma.
Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a clinically important complication of IPF that carries a high morbidity and mortality. In the last decade, we have learned much about this event, but there are many remaining questions: What is it? Why does it happen? How can we prevent it? How can we treat it? This chapter attempts to summarize our current understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, and management of acute exacerbation of IPF and point out areas where additional data are sorely needed.
WordWise: Best Practices in Document Design

Skillful writers think very carefully about what their readers want from documents written for those readers. Often, this consideration is confined to the substance of the writer’s message to the reader — in other words, what the writer will say to the reader. But a good writer also considers how that message will be communicated to the reader. This “how” includes the appearance of the document in which the message is conveyed, including the typeface and spacing used for the text in the document.As lawyers, our readers are often “law-trained” readers, such as other lawyers and judges. Like other accomplished writers, we lawyers carefully consider what we’re going to say to these readers in the memoranda and briefs we write for them. But how often do we truly consider how we’re going to convey our message to them? How often do we ponder what an effective memo or brief should look like rather than merely what it should say?Good document design is a key skill for attorneys to learn. Long gone is the era in which document design was constrained by the limited capabilities of the typewriter. In the digital world of the 21st century, word processing applications give us the basic tools that professional typographers use, allowing us to create documents that are aesthetically pleasing and easier to read. This article will discuss basic document design principles that will allow you to more effectively convey your message to a law-trained reader.
PITFALLS AND POTENTIALS OF CROWD SCIENCE: A META-ANALYSIS OF CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES

Abstract. Crowd science is becoming an integral part of research in many disciplines. The research discussed in this paper lies at the intersection of spatial and behavioral sciences, two of the greatest beneficiaries of crowd science. As a young methodological development, crowd science needs attention from the perspective of a rigorous evaluation of the data collected to explore potentials as well as limitations (pitfalls). Our research has addressed a variety of contextual effects on the validity of crowdsourced data such as cultural, linguistic, regional, as well as methodological differences that we will discuss here in light of semantics.
Abstract B90: Diabetes and the risk of colorectal adenomas: Black Women's Health Study

Introduction: Metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) are hypothesized as colorectal carcinogenesis mediators. Results from epidemiologic studies on the association of DM with colorectal cancer are inconclusive. However, limited data from small case-control studies suggests a stronger association of diabetes with colorectal adenoma. Given the relative lack of information on the risk of colorectal adenomas in African-American women, and the higher prevalence of diabetes in African Americans we investigated DM as a risk factor for colorectal adenomas in the Black Women9s Health Study. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study among participants in the Black Women9s Health Study - a cohort study of 59,000 women followed biennially since 1995. Cases were defined as women diagnosed with incident colorectal adenoma between 1997 and 2009. Only those adenoma cases verified by medical record review were included. Controls were participants who also underwent lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in the same period and in whom no adenoma or other polyp was found. DM and insulin use were self-reported by participants on each biennial questionnaire. Using logistic regression models, we obtained odds ratios (OR) for colorectal adenoma in relation to DM, adjusting for age, education, body mass index, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, family history of colorectal cancer, smoking, alcohol intake, energy intake, and aspirin use. Results: There were 742 adenoma cases and 14,434 non-cases. After adjusting for multiple covariates, there was no association of DM with colorectal adenomas (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.82–1.26) in this study of African-American women. Insulin therapy for DM was also not associated with adenoma risk. Compared to women without DM, the ORs (95% CI) for diabetic women using insulin, and those not using insulin were 1.14 (0.78–1.68) and 0.98 (0.78 − 1.25), respectively. Conclusions: We did not find an association of DM with colorectal adenomas among African-American women. Our results support the findings from two recent cohort studies that showed no association of type 2 DM with colorectal cancer in women. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in African American women, and explore the association of DM and colorectal adenoma in African-American men. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B90.
Living on the Edge: The East European Roma in Postcommunist Politics and Societies

You watch your pocket. Gypsies. They don't work, only steal, and make children so the government will give them money every time Nadine Gordimer "I am no racist," he said. "But some Gypsies you would have to shoot." Jozef Pacai, mayor of the Slovak village of Medzev The east European communist regimes, in contrast to their frequently repeated claims, not only did not weed out nationalism in their domains but in some cases attempted to manipulate and exploit it for their own purposes. Nonetheless, since the collapse of communism the region has experienced a robust resurgence of at times violent ethnic conflicts and racism explained by the simultaneous occurrence of several factors accompanying the postcommunist transition process
Morphology and Performance of Stretched PFSA for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Uniaxial stretching was used to promote desirable morphological changes to membranes composed of 3M Corporation's 825 equivalent weight (EW) perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer. Stretching of solution cast PFSA films to a draw ratio of 4 was carried out prior to a high temperature annealing step. Film stretching increased the polymer crystallinity by 22% with an improvement in the membrane's mechanical properties. There was a small increase in proton conductivity after stretching, with a substantial decrease in methanol permeability. In direct methanol fuel cell tests at 60 degC and 1.0 M methanol, the power density at 0.4 V with a stretched 3M 825 EW membrane was 72 mW/cm2, which was considerably greater that that obtained with a solution cast unstretched membrane (28 mW/cm2) or with a commercial Nafion 117 membrane (55 mW/cm2).