cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harnessing AI to Transform Agriculture and Inform Agricultural Research

We provide an overview of the Special Issue on current advances, challenges, and opportunities for AI technologies in agriculture. We illustrate the potential of AI using four major components of the food system: production, distribution, consumption, and uncertainty. We recognize that the transformation of agriculture will require new tools to more precisely manage fields to increase production while minimizing the environmental risk to water and air quality. Combining AI with other technologies will be needed to provide effective production management strategies for a given combination of soil, climate, pest complexes, and vegetation. New methods will be needed to determine production limitations, and effective management options. The agricultural enterprise is prime for the use of AI and other technologies if they can be adapted for the unique characteristics of agroecosystems, including variability and directional changes in climate and other global change drivers as well as novel management and policy decisions, and economic market volatility.
Incarceration rates and hospital beds per capita: A cross-national study of 36 countries, 1971-2015.

Abstract Rationale. Incarceration carries several negative ramifications for population health, while diverting scarce resources from other public goods. At a time when health care systems around the world are strained, the current study investigates the long-term relationship between incarceration and health care infrastructure. Objective. We investigated the longitudinal association between incarceration rates and hospital beds per capita for 36 countries between 1971 and 2015. Method. Fixed effects regression analyses were employed to examine the effect of within-country changes in incarceration rates on hospital beds per capita. Results. Findings demonstrated that increases in national incarceration rates over time were associated with declines in hospital beds per capita, net of controls for socio-demographic and economic factors. Conclusions. Increased incarceration negatively impacts hospital bed availability at the cross-national level.
Applications of portable LIBS for actinide analysis

A portable LIBS device was used for rapid elemental impurity analysis of plutonium alloys. This device demonstrates the potential for fast, accurate m-sfiw chemical analysis and could significantly reduce the fabrication time of plutonium alloys.
Mealtime resistance: Hispanic mothers' perspectives on making healthy eating changes within the family

Several perceived barriers to healthy eating within the family (e.g., cost, lack of time, energy, accessibility) are documented. However, few studies have assessed Hispanic mothers' perceived barriers and strategies in implementing healthy eating changes in the family's meals. The primary goal of this qualitative study was to investigate Mexican and Puerto Rican mothers' barriers and strategies to creating healthy eating changes within the family at home. A sample of 46 Mexican-American and Puerto Rican mothers in California, Illinois, and Texas participated in this study. An average of 5 mothers participated in a focus group session in Spanish and completed a demographic survey. Focus group thematic analysis revealed that major barriers to implementing healthy eating changes within the family include child and spouse resistance as well as meal preparation time. The resistance mothers reported encountering magnify their meal preparation workload. Mothers shared that they sometimes prepared multiple meals in a single mealtime to please family members. Several strategies to promote healthy eating at home, including serving as role models, providing easy access to healthy food items at home, and not purchasing, or hiding, unhealthy food at home, were also discussed. The current study expands the existing literature by emphasizing the need to empower parents to make healthy changes within their family and the importance of taking fathers and children into account in programming so that the whole family is involved in making healthy changes.
Linking Self-States in Eating Disordered Patients: Multiplicity in Multidisciplinary Teams

Novack (this issue) provides opportunities for clinicians working with patients with eating disorders to think of the various team members, including additional therapists, as representing and help...
Global Mental Health, Planetary Health, and the Ethical Co-Benefit

Describing the mental health implications of our current planetary ill-health, and exploring first-person narrative, this chapter argues that each of us is either within or between disasters, and that it is the responsibility of those who are between disasters to be working on programs of climate mitigation, climate adaptation, and reckoning with reality. The psychological containment of climate change information and experience is understood as a crucial aspect of global health. The realities of climate change as a complex “wicked” problem are used to illustrate its hopeful aspects in both the butterfly effect and in possibilities for “emergence.” The appropriateness of our involvement is described practically, ethically, and as secondary to the functioning of complex systems. The ethical co-benefit of addressing climate change and other environmental degradation involves the necessary expansion of one’s circle of concern.
Does employment contribute to desistance? Offending trajectories of crime-prone men around the time of job entry

Influential perspectives in life course criminology maintain that transitions to adult social roles play an important role in the termination of criminal careers. Along with marriage, employment is frequently associated with potential to assist in the desistance process. At this time, the empirical status of these claims remains contested. Although several studies report negative associations between within-individual changes in employment and offending, the evidence regarding time-order remains limited to anecdotal observations from qualitative data. The present investigation took advantage of administrative data sources available in Norway. Focusing on a sample of criminally active males who became employed during 2001-2006 (n=1,063), general and group based estimation techniques were used to examine monthly changes in offending trajectories around the point of job entry. Results show that most offenders had desisted prior to the employment transition, and that employment entailed marginal to no further reductions in criminal behavior. We were able to identify a group of offenders who became employed during an active phase of the criminal career; and these individuals did experience substantial reductions in criminal offending following job entry. However, this trajectory describes only about 2% of the sample. Overall, the pattern observed in this research suggests that employment, as a naturally occurring event, is best viewed as a consequence rather than a contributing cause of criminal desistance.
Desert Meteorology: The climates of the world deserts

It would be well-nigh impossible for one who has heeded the call of the vast Desert solitudes to pass back through the Gateway to the Desert [Tripoli] without a special tribute to the insidious charm of that great land of sand and silence which lies behind it. South, the interminable African main drifts on to the Sudan; west to east it sweeps the whole width of Africa. Even at the Red Sea it merely pauses for a moment at the brink, then dips beneath the limpid waters and continues across Arabia, Persia, and into northern India. … It is little wonder that the ancients saw in the Sahara, dark dotted with oases, the graphic simile of the leopard's skin. The call of those limitless reaches is as subtle and insidious as must be the snow fields of the Arctic. Listening to it, one is beguiled onward against the gentle pressure of its capricious south-east breezes, under which date-palms nod their graceful crests over the murmoring oases … No sound but the soft scuff of our horses and the creaking saddle leathers breaks the stillness; no shadows except our own paint splashes of azure upon the orange sand. Again, white-walled, bastioned Tripoli lies many miles behind me on the edge of the coast like a great silver shell in a stretch of golden sand, and I feel that somehow I have again drawn back the veil of the ages. Charles Wellington Furlong, American adventurer and writer The Gateway to the Sahara (1914)
Knowledge Provenance Infrastructure.

The web lacks support for explaining information provenance. When web applications return answers, many users do not know what information sources were used, when they were updated, how reliable the source was, or what information was looked up versus derived. Support for information provenance is expected to be a harder problem in the Semantic Web where more answers result from some manipulation of information (instead of simple retrieval of information). Manipulation includes, among other things, retrieving, matching, aggregating, filtering, and deriving information possibly from multiple sources. This article defines a broad notion of information provenance called knowledge provenance that includes proof-like information on how a question answering system arrived at its answer(s). The article also describes an approach for a knowledge provenance infrastructure supporting the extraction, maintenance and usage of knowledge provenance related to answers of web applications and services.
The Trading Bell at the New York Stock Exchange

Following the methodology used by Meshke (2002), we investigate the information content of the media event of ringing the trading bell at the NYSE. Using a sample of 152 firms which had been invited to ring the opening and the closing bell at the NYSE in the year 2004, we fit a standard market model and test for the presence of abnormal returns around the event date. The evidence seems to suggest that ringing the trading bell at the NYSE is a non-event in terms of having effect on stock prices.
Crude Casein and Meat Solubles in Milk Replacers

Abstract Two groups of six calves each were used in a 3-wk trial to determine the digestibility and nitrogen retention of milk replacers containing 8% casein or 8% meat solubles. Each calf was fed 227g milk replacer reconstituted with 1.8kg water twice daily. Dry matter digestibilities (%), nitrogen digestibilities (%), and nitrogen retentions (%) for wk 1, 2, and 3 were: (casein) 89.8, 78.0, 33.0; 93.3, 85.7, 40.4; 94.2, 87.2, 42.0; and (meat solubles) 80.3, 54.8, –10.4; 87.0, 65.5, 7.4; 91.5, 72.0, 23.2. Milk replacer that contained casein was higher in essential amino acids with the exception of arginine and contained approximately 35% more total essential amino acids than replacer with meat solubles.
Siting noxious facilities with victim compensation: N-person games under transferable utility

Abstract The siting of noxious facilities embodies the classic efficiency–equity dilemma, where efficiency tends toward centralized facilities, while equity favors completely dispersed siting schemes. Traditional prescriptions for confronting this dilemma generally focus on the issue of victim compensation . The foremost task concerns determining the proper amount of compensation to be received by host communities. In this paper, the case of transferable utility is taken up, where mechanisms for carrying out sidepayments (i.e., compensation) exist. This analysis proposes that the siting problem is best handled as an allocation game for which methods from n-person cooperative game theory are well suited. This new approach addresses a long-standing need for a rigorous framework within which solutions based on principles of equity can be formulated. The kinds of outcomes generated by this new analytic stands in contrast to, and underscores the serious inadequacies of, traditional, often ad hoc prescriptions for solving the siting game. For one thing, the analysis suggests that the traditional formula, that of transferring utility so as to bring all players to the point of Pareto efficiency, undercompensates victims. In short, without a framework such as proposed herein, stakeholders may find themselves debating proposed solutions that ultimately violate basic notions of equity and, so, fail to engender cooperative modes of behavior needed for sustainable solutions. In fact, traditional notions of compensation, by violating the so-called core constraints, may give players inherent incentive to defect from cooperative agreements. Given this condition, it should come as no surprise that the outcome of many negotiations is terminal impasse.
Studies of the Electron Transport Chain of Extremely Halophilic Bacteria IV. ROLE OF HYDROPHOBIC FORCES IN THE STRUCTURE OF MENADIONE REDUCTASE

Abstract Menadione reductase from a halophilic bacterium shows a requirement for high concentrations of salt for both activity and stability, reaching maximal value at 2 to 3 m NaCl. Lower concentrations of polyvalent cations, such as Mg+2 and spermine+4, cause partial activity and some increase in stability. There is little difference in effectiveness among monovalent cations as chloride salts. Among anions, as sodium or potassium salts, the order of promoting enzyme activity and stability is Cl-, H2PO4- g Br- g NO3- g ClO4-, SCN-. The enzyme is inhibited by formamide and urea; alkyl substitution increases the effectiveness of these agents. The high salt requirement of this halophilic enzyme is proposed to be due to hydrophobic bonds which are promoted by "salting-out" salts, but which are disrupted by "salting-in" salts and other chaotropic agents. In the absence of salt, it is suggested that the enzyme is nearly completely unfolded and is inactive. At low salt concentrations and especially in the presence of polyvalent cations, the enzyme is thought to be in a partially folded conformation, and increased stability is achieved through counterion shielding. As the NaCl concentration is increased above 2 m, the native conformation is reached through the interaction of hydrophobic groups caused by their decreased solubility in the solvent. The hypothesis is supported by thermodynamic data, which show that at 0° the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme in the absence of salt is accompanied by ΔH‡ = +18.4 kcal, ΔS‡ = -6.0 entropy units, while in 3 m NaCl the corresponding parameters are -33.8 kcal and -210.0 entropy units.
Physiological and Biochemical Neuroprotection in Cetaceans: Are Some Marine Mammal Species Safeguarded From Emboli Formation and Barotrauma?

Abstract : The primary goal of these studies is to investigate the relative vulnerability of marine mammals to acoustically mediated trauma from emboli formation. By evaluating key environmental, behavioral and physiological factors involved in the movement of gases at the whole animal and tissue levels we intend to identify factors contributing to lipid and nitrogen gas mobilization, and concomitant tissue damage at depth. The results of this project will enable the development of environmentally sensitive schedules for oceanic acoustic activities by identifying those species most susceptible to tissue injury.
Configurational specificity: Unappreciated key to understanding enzymic reversions and de novo glycosidic bond synthesis: I. Reversal of hydrolysis by α-, β- and glucoamylases with donors of correct anomeric form☆

Abstract Theoretical considerations have led to a new approach for investigating enzymic glycosidic bond formation from free sugars. By use of substrates of defined anomeric form under conditions limiting mutarotation, evidence has been obtained that such condensations require donor substrates of specific configuration. Thus, crystalline glucoamylase from Rhizopus niveus has been found to catalyze the rapid synthesis of maltose and a slower synthesis of isomaltose specifically from β- d -glucopyranose. For the first time, the condensing and hydrolytic activities of this enzyme show a clear correspondence not revealed by past studies of glucosaccharide (mainly isomaltose) formation by prolonged glucoamylase action on mixtures of d -glucose anomers. Crystalline sweet potato β-amylase, likewise, has been found to catalyze the rapid synthesis of maltotetraose specifically from β-maltose, and crystalline hog pancreatic α-amylase the rapid synthesis of maltotetraose specifically from α-maltose. These condensations also confirm for the first time, by synthesis, the specificities of these classic amylases long known from their hydrolytic reactions. A rapid approach to equilibrium was found both in maltose synthesis from β- d -glucopyranose by glucoamylase, and in maltotetraose synthesis from β-maltose by β-amylase. Moreover, essentially the same equilibrium ( K eq = ca . 0.13) was reached by these homologous hemiacetal-to-secondary carbinol condensations. The configurational inversion accompanying both condensations, finally, reveals their mechanism as one of glycosyl transfer. As reversions represent the only class of carbohydrase-catalyzed reactions not previously shown to follow this mechanism, their addition demonstrates the complete generality of the glycosyl-hydrogen interchange model proposed as the paradigm for the action of the carbohydrases.
Measurement of water-soluble B vitamins in infant formula by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A method has been developed for the simultaneous measurement of multiple B vitamins (i.e., Bi, B 2 , B 3 , B 5 , and B 6 ) in infant formulas by LC-MS/MS. The vitamins were extracted with acidic solvent, followed by protein precipitation at a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, and filtered. This simplified procedure eliminates many of the potential sources of laboratory error and facilitates rapid and efficient analysis. As is common in most cases, isotope internal standards were added to account for variations in sample preparation, as well as changes in MS measurement. In this method, isotope-labeled internal standards of B 1 , B 3 , B 5 , and B 6 were used. The factors affecting analytical performance were investigated and optimized. In addition, the stability of these vitamins in the extraction solution was investigated. An acidic condition (5 mM HCl) was applied to successfully stabilize B 1 , which had shown a decrease in signal when other solvents were used. The quantitative extraction and good stability allowed isotope standards to be added to the filtered sample solution, instead of to the extraction solvent. The addition of the isotope to the small portion of the filtered sample solution significantly reduces cost. A comprehensive evaluation of the analysis of the standard reference material and good spike recovery of the vitamins (100 ± 6%) demonstrates the accuracy of the method. The results for commercially available infant formula samples were also compared with those obtained using the current microbiological method.
Comparison of Domain and Similarity Models for Characterizing Moisture Sorption Equilibria of Paper

Everett’s domain and Mualem’s capillary-radii similarity models of hysteresis were used to characterize the moisture sorption equilibria of a bleached kraft paperboard of mean basis weight 230 g/m 2 . The models predicted the experimental equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the paperboard for the case of desorption scanning (similarity model only), adsorption scanning, spiral, and loop trajectories inside the main sorption hysteretic loop with good precision. Over an RH range of 15-90%, the root-mean-square deviation between the predicted and experimental EMCs was 0.11-0.83% (domain model) and 0.21-0.64% (similarity model). However, the similarity model is easier to use and requires data of only the two boundary isotherms that envelop the main hysteretic loop. The similarity method obviates the need of taking additional labor-intensive and time-consuming scanning curve data that is necessary to develop the moisture distribution function of the domain model and predicts higher-order EMC trajectories that lie inside the main hysteretic loop in a consistent fashion.
Decay of 245Am

Abstract The γ-ray and conversion electron spectra of 245 Am (2.08 h) have been studied with Ge(Li) and Si(Au) detectors. Three γ-transitions were observed, with energies (in keV) and relative intensities (in percent per disintegration) as follows: 240 (1.2), 252.3 (20) and 296 (0.55). Conversion coefficient measurements indicate that the 252.3 keV transition is predominantly M1. It is concluded that the previously reported 0.905 MeV β-transition proceeds to the ground state of 245 Cm, and that its total intensity is 78%, corresponding to a log ft value of 6.3. Two other levels, of energy 252.3 and 296 keV, are populated by direct β-transitions, the respective β-intensities (and log ft values) being ≈ 17% (6.4) and ≈ 5% (6.9). The characteristics of the observed levels are readily interpretable in terms of the Nilsson model.
RESAMPLING TESTS FOR META-ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL DATA

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that allows one to combine the results from multiple studies to glean inferences on the overall importance of various phenomena. This method can prove to be more informative than common ''vote counting,'' in which the number of significant results is compared to the number with nonsignificant results to determine whether the phenomenon of interest is globally important. While the use of meta- analysis is widespread in medicine and the social sciences, only recently has it been applied to ecological questions. We compared the results of parametric confidence limits and ho- mogeneity statistics commonly obtained through meta-analysis to those obtained from re- sampling methods to ascertain the robustness of standard meta-analytic techniques. We found that confidence limits based on bootstrapping methods were wider than standard confidence limits, implying that resampling estimates are more conservative. In addition, we found that significance tests based on homogeneity statistics differed occasionally from results of randomization tests, implying that inferences based solely on chi-square signif- icance tests may lead to erroneous conclusions. We conclude that resampling methods should be incorporated in meta-analysis studies, to ensure proper evaluation of main effects in ecological studies.
Preferential enhancements of the solar flare-accelerated nuclei carbon to zinc from about 20-300 MeV/nucleon

IMP 8 satellite measurements with a charged-particle telescope are examined which show that three large solar flares in late 1977 displayed preferential enhancements of abundances from C through Fe at energies of about 20 to 400 MeV/nucleon. It is found that the differential energy spectra of C, O, Mg, Si, and Fe, as well as protons and helium, are best fitted by power laws in energy per nucleon or rigidity with an index of 2.3 + or - 0.2, that the spectra of most of the even-Z nuclei have essentially the same slope, and that all the enhancements were independent of energy in the range from 20 to 300 MeV/nucleon. A plot of enhancement factor vs. Z is presented which clearly demonstrates the preferential enhancement of abundances with increasing Z in one of the solar flares, where the nuclei reached such high energies that they must have escaped the corona fully stripped of electrons. Implications for theories of solar-flare acceleration of the nuclei are considered.
A 250,000-Year Climatic Record from Great Basin Vein Calcite: Implications for Milankovitch Theory

A continuous record of oxygen-18 (delta(18)O) variations in the continental hydrosphere during the middle-to-late Pleistocene has been obtained from a uranium-series dated calcitic vein in the southern Great Basin. The vein was deposited from ground water that moved through Devils Hole-an open fault zone at Ash Meadows, Nevada-between 50 and 310 ka (thousand years ago). The configuration of the delta(18)O versus time curve closely resembles the marine and Antarctic ice core (Vostok) delta(18)O curves; however, the U-Th dates indicate that the last interglacial stage (marine oxygen isotope stage 5) began before 147 +/- 3 ka, at least 17,000 years earlier than indicated by the marine delta(18)O record and 7,000 years earlier than indicated by the less well dated Antarctic delta(18)O record. This discrepancy and other differences in the timing of key climatic events suggest that the indirectly dated marine delta(18)O chronology may need revision and that orbital forcing may not be the principal cause of the Pleistocene ice ages.
Edge of Light: a new enhanced optical NDI technique

A new enhanced optical technique for NDI has been developed at IAR/NRC. This technique converts changes in surface slope into light intensity changes in an image created with a computer based line scanner. Light passing through a slit (edge of light) is reflected from the inspected surface at a shallow angle and captured by the scanner detector. Typically a plastic zone exists in the vicinity of a crack. This zone leaves a deformed surface trail along a crack. It is this surface deformation which is enhanced by the edge of light method. In this study, a prototype edge of light scanner was used to inspect low cycle fatigue cracks in engine disk bolt holes. The results showed surface breaking cracks which were not visible using optical microscopy. The probability of detection of the inspection was calculated by opening the cracks. The prototype edge of light scanner performed significantly better than liquid penetrant and magnetic particle techniques for this application. The ability of this technique to enhance very small scale surface deformation holds promise for may NDI applications and will be the subject of future studies and evaluations.
Adequacy of Care: The Concept and Its Measurement

This article presents a methodology for measuring the adequacy of care. Little attention has been given to how well services, both informal and formal, come together to meet the specific needs of dependent elderly in-home care. The measure of adequacy of care derives from an assessment of need and assistance received in 14 activities of daily living. In each activity area where the elderly need assistance, assessments are made of the quantity and quality of care received from formal and informal sources. This information is then used to produce several scores. Information for the measure can be denved from either self-report by the elderly or from professional assessment. The scores are useful to social workers for both clinical and research purposes
Deactivation of the water–gas-shift activity of Pd/ceria by Mo

Abstract The effect of surface Mo on the water–gas-shift (WGS) activity of Pd/ceria was studied. A series of 1 wt% Pd catalysts, with varying Mo content, were prepared from supports obtained by aqueous impregnation of (NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 onto ceria. Rates were found to decrease linearly with Mo coverage up to 1.8 Mo/nm 2 and were 10% of that on Pd/ceria after the addition of this amount of Mo. TPD studies with 2-propanol on the Mo-containing ceria demonstrate a relationship between the loss of WGS activity and the ceria sites that decompose the alcohol to propene and water. FTIR measurements suggest that Mo ions exchange with surface hydroxyls on ceria and that carbonates are not formed on ceria surfaces that have 1.8 Mo/nm 2 . The results from CO–O 2 pulse measurements suggest that the Mo-containing surface is much harder to reduce than pure ceria. Raman spectra of the Mo-containing ceria show features associated with molybdena only for Mo coverages greater than 1.8 Mo/nm 2 . The implications of these results for understanding WGS activity on Pd/ceria are discussed.
Massive hemoptysis as the presenting manifestation in a child with histoplasmosis.

A previously healthy and asymptomatic 7-year-old white boy presented with a history of two episodes of hemoptysis productive of bright red blood in the 5 days preceding admission. After admission he developed massive hemoptysis that, on bronchoscopy, was noted to be emanating from the right lower lobe. An emergency right lower lobe resection was done. Pathological examination revealed hilar adenopathy and peripheral lesions with caseating granulomas containing yeast, morphologically consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum.Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1997;24:57–60. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mercury in soil from the area of Dayton, Ohio

Mercury concentrations in “A-zone” soil from seventeen urban, suburban, and rural town locations in the area of Dayton, Ohio range from 0.24 to 1.50 ppm. A positive correlation is indicated between the mercury concentrations and the amount of fallout of settleable particulate matter from the air at these sites. Airborne pollution may be an important source of the element in Dayton area soils.
Darkening Mirrors: Imperial Representation in Depression-Era African American Performance. Stephanie Leigh Batiste. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.

Darkening Mirrors: Imperial Representation in Depression-Era African American Performance. Stephanie Leigh Batiste. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.Darkening Mirrors explores the ways in which black performance artists in Depression-era America used their participation in initiatives such as federally-funded projects to critique, replace, and enlarge the cultural practices and understandings which contributed to their consignment to second-class status. A central concern in Batiste's book is with black agency. Her text chronicles how artists in a variety of genres, ranging from plays to operas and from promotional films to big studio productions, used their art not only to forge identities that departed from the images that dominated the cultural imaginary of themselves but also to construct alternatives to these representations that were consistent with a more empowered vision of self. The chapters of Darkening Mirrors demonstrate that black performers achieved this task in a dizzying variety of ways. In some performances, motivated by a desire to construct an identity that mirrored that of the dominant culture, they became complicit in participating in the elision of their own history. The promotional film, Idlewild, Michigan, is a good example of this. In an effort to secure representation of the existence of an affluent black middle class, the film never references racism on the frontier but instead focuses exclusively on showing black families vacationing at an all-black resort in the midwest. The representation of a successful and affluent black middle class positions them in a cultural space of Western Expansion and simultaneously depicts them as participating in a national ideology that values leisure, the economic success to secure it, as well as family. As Batiste repeatedly demonstrates, performance afforded black artists opportunities to create-and enact-new representations of themselves, and blacks took on these opportunities, some of which required them to inhabit and negotiate complex cultural spaces for the first time. What became known as the "Voodoo Macbeth" is a good example of this. In that version of the play, which was produced in 1936 and performed by an all-black cast in Harlem, a young Orson Welles introduced elements of voodoo culture into the production's lighting, set, costumes, and music. These elements were not only consistent with the theme of political ambition and military intrigue that is at the heart of the play, but they also embodied-particularly in the voodoo dance of the witches-the dark forces at play inside Macbeth. …
(Un)Changing Menopausal Bodies: How Women Think and Act in the Face of a Reproductive Transition and Gendered Beauty Ideals

Biomedical literature suggests that menopause primarily represents negative change in women’s lives. Feminist literature on menopause proposes that it can represent positive change or is a neutral experience for individual women. Conflicting characterizations result from different empirical emphases; biomedical research has focused on bodily change, and feminist research has highlighted social contexts for menopause. Results from interviews with a snowball sample of 61 women in 2001 illustrate how a change discourse on menopause and gendered beauty ideals combine to create a context within which some women believe that changes in their physical appearances can be attributed to menopause and that bodily change is problematic. In addition, during focus groups and in-depth interviews, women suggested that, in the face of these discourses or ideologies and changing external bodies, they face a “category crisis.’’ Interviewees also discussed how they attempt to prevent/mask bodily change in order to remain attractive, visibly feminine, and desirable in the eyes of men. Findings from this qualitative study illustrate that we must continue to explore women’s perceptions and experiences of bodily change during menopause, as we lack a full understanding of this developmental transition and its biosocial contexts.
Futures: A non-summary of the EDUCOM Symposium on the computer and humanistic studies, 8, 9, 10 June 1967

For at least one reason, I shall not try to summarize what everyone said during this symposium. It seems to me impossible to make a summary of the subject of our discussions-the uses of the computer in humanistic studies are increasing so fast as to constitute a kind of explosion-one cannot make a tidy summary of an explosion. Instead of summarizing what was said, I would prefer to deal in futures and project some directions I think humanistic scholarship must take in order to make full use of computer technology. Before doing so, though, I should reveal my true colors. EDUCOM invited me as a pure humanist, innocent of any contact with computers. EDUCOM didn't know, though, that I lost my virginity in 1948 -I had a summer job drafting patent applications for the old Whirlwind II. As a result, some of the elementary things about computers-flip-flops, binary digits, storage, retrieval, transfer-these are not strange to me, although I've been an honest man since that summer, and I've not touched the stuff for nineteen years. Obviously, a great deal has happened during my period of repentance, and I came to this symposium hoping to be educated. I was educated, though I should also draw the kind of distinction pilladdicts draw, between "uppies" and "downies." Some of what I heard has sent me into a Romantic exaltation, some toward a Victorian despair. Let me talk about the "uppies" first. Virtually every remark made at this symposium introduced me to new resources in computer technology of which I had not the slightest inkling in the days of Whirlwind II. In particular, I am impressed by the development of freer computer languages that more closely approximate natural languages. These, it seems to me, will do much to bring the humanistic scholar to accept the computer and much to ease the problem of training scholars for whom computers will never be an end, only a means. I am also struck by the development of dynamic models where there is a close interaction between the computer and the data it stores. As I understand them, these dynamic models can present visually the response of a complex
Second order adiabatic invariants associated with the two-body problem with slowly varying mass

An adiabatic invariant is characterized by the property that its derivative is small and oscillatory. Therefore, assuming that such a quantity is constant does not lead to a cumulative error as t→∞. In this paper, using action and angle variables, adiabatic invariants to 0(1) and 0(e) are found for the two-body problem with a slowly varying gravitational constant.
Complicaciones postoperatorias de la serie prospectiva de pacientes con hernioplastia inguinal, en protocolo de hospitalización acortada del Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke de Viña del Mar

La hernioplastia es la tecnica quirurgica mas comunmente realizada por el cirujano general. Desde la decada de los 80, existe un auge por la cirugia ambulatoria en esta patologia. Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de complicaciones postoperatorias y posibles asociaciones con factores de riesgo, en hernioplastia inguinal electiva en protocolo de hospitalizacion abreviada. Material y Metodo: Serie de casos prospectiva de 214 pacientes operados de hernia inguinal, entre abril del 2003 y noviembre del 2005. Se excluyeron los pacientes con ASA III y IV. El analisis estadistico fue realizado mediante la prueba de Chi cuadrado (univariables), y regresion logistica (multivariables), SPSS 11.0. p <0,05. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 54,3 anos (17-84), predominio masculino (90,7%). Se controlo al 100% de los casos en los primeros 30 dias de la intervencion, control telefonico (78%), y en el policlinico (100%). Complicaciones postoperatorias presentaron el 14,9% de los casos, la mas frecuente fue el seroma (4,2%), la mas grave atrofia testicular y dolor cronico invalidante en 1 paciente (0,47%), debiendo finalmente realizar orquiectomia. Infeccion de herida operatoria correspondio al 0,47%, un paciente ASA I. Los menores de 65 anos tuvieron un riesgo relativo de 2,31 de presentar complicaciones. El nivel de satisfaccion usuaria fue bueno. El 90% ha sido controlado hasta agosto del 2006, media de seguimiento de 24 meses y sin presentar recidiva. Conclusiones: La herniorrafia inguinal con hospitalizacion abreviada, en el hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke de Vina del Mar, tiene significativamente mayores complicaciones en los menores de 65 anos. Tambien ha logrado niveles de satisfaccion adecuados, con un minimo de complicaciones postoperatorias inmediatas
Estimation of the Safety Effectiveness of Lane and Shoulder Width: Case-Control Approach

There is a need to better understand and quantify the safety implications of geometric improvements and countermeasures. A commonly accepted measure of safety effectiveness is the crash modification factor (CMF) defined as the expected number of crashes with a countermeasure divided by the number expected without the countermeasure. This paper evaluates the use of a case-control design to directly estimate the safety effectiveness of lane and shoulder width using the odds ratio: the probability of a crash with the countermeasure divided by the probability of a crash without a countermeasure. The case-control design is well established in epidemiology where it is used to relate risk factors within a study population to a particular outcome or disease. In the highway safety context, the "outcome" is defined as a crash, the "risk factor" is a particular geometric feature or countermeasure and the "subjects" are roadway segments. This paper describes the outcome of an experiment in which commonly available crash, roadway and traffic data are used to estimate odds ratios which are compared to CMFs from the literature. The comparison of these slightly different effectiveness measures are intended as a test of the efficacy of the case-control method in safety effectiveness evaluation. Geometric, traffic and crash data were obtained for more than 28,000 rural two-lane undivided highway segments in Pennsylvania for years 1997 to 2001 inclusive. A matched case-control design is developed to estimate the safety effectiveness of different lane and shoulder widths while adjusting for the confounding variables: speed limit, average daily traffic and segment length. Conditional logistic regression models are developed to estimate the odds ratio for lane and shoulder width separately. Lane and shoulder width odds ratios compare favorably to CMFs from the literature and have the additional advantage of including confidence intervals on the estimates. The paper concludes with a discussion of strengths and weaknesses of the method and recommendations for future research.
On cracks in rectilinearly anisotropic bodies

The general equations for crack-tip stress fields in anisotropic bodies are derived making use of a complex variable approach. The stress-intensity-factors, which permit concise representation of the conditions for crack extension, are defined and are evaluated directly from stress functions. Some individual boundary value problem solutions are given in closed form and discussed with reference to their companion solutions for isotropic bodies.
Ultrasonographic detection of thumb ulnar collateral ligament injuries: A cadaveric study

Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric thumbs were utilized to determine whether ultrasound is a useful tool for diagnosing ruptures of the ulnar collateral ligament. The integrity of the ulnar collateral ligament was evaluated by ultrasound and confirmed by dissection. Partial ruptures were produced by gentle manual loading in four of the cases and were all correctly diagnosed by ultrasound. Six complete ruptures occurred secondary to forceful loading and were diagnosed as torn in five of them. Ultrasound correctly determined the presence of an iatrogenic Stener's lesion in one specimen and an intra-articular displacement in another. In the laboratory setting, repeated clinical stress examinations of the ulnar collateral ligament can lead to iatrogenic displacement of the ligament edges. Diagnostic ultrasound is a useful, noninvasive tool for assessing the extent of rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament.
Intrinsic failure and non-linear elastic behavior of glasses

Inert failure strains of carefully prepared glass fibers, measured by using the two-point bending technique, are large. For example, the failure strain is about 18% for silica fibers. To convert such high strains to stresses, the strain dependence of the Young’s modulus (i.e., non-linear elastic behavior of glass) has to be taken into account. However, experimental values of modulus for most glasses are available only for low strains (typically <2%). In this paper, we propose that a description of the non-linear elastic behavior of glass up to and including the fourth-order modulus is necessary and adequate for converting intrinsic failure strains to failure strengths. We examine the validity of the proposed formulation by comparing the measured fiber strengths in pure tension to the values calculated – using the proposed formalism – from measured intrinsic failure strains in two-point bending for two glass compositions (silica and E-glass) for which all necessary data are available in the published literature.
Soft sheets of fibrillar bone from a fossil of the supraorbital horn of the dinosaur Triceratops horridus

a b s t r a c t Soft fibrillar bone tissues were obtained from a supraorbital horn of Triceratops horridus collected at the Hell Creek Formation in Montana, USA. Soft material was present in pre and post-decalcified bone. Horn material yielded numerous small sheets of lamellar bone matrix. This matrix possessed visible microstructures consistent with lamellar bone osteocytes. Some sheets of soft tissue had multiple layers of intact tissues with osteocyte-like structures featuring filipodial-like interconnections and secondary branching. Both oblate and stellate types of osteocyte-like cells were present in sheets of soft tissues and exhibited organelle-like microstructures. SEM analysis yielded osteocyte-like cells featuring filipodial extensions of 18-20 m in length. Filipodial extensions were delicate and showed no evidence of any permineralization or crystallization artifact and therefore were interpreted to be soft. This is the first report of sheets of soft tissues from Triceratops horn bearing layers of osteocytes, and extends the range and type of dinosaur specimens known to contain non-fossilized material in bone matrix.
An introduction to collaborative learning: From theory to application

Bruffee, K. (1993). Collaborative learning: Higher education, interdependence, and the authority of knowledge. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 240 pp. ($29.95) Goodsell, A., Maher, M., Tinto, V., Smith, B., MacGregor, J., eds. (1992). Collaborative learning: A sourcebook for higher education. University Park, PA: National Center on Postsecondary Teaching, Learning, and Assessment. 118 pp. ($26.00) Johnson, D.,Johnson, R., and Smith, K. (1991). Active learning: Cooperation in the college classroom. Edina, MN: Interaction Book. ($20.00)
Cycloaddition chemistry on germanium(001) surfaces: the adsorption and reaction of cyclopentene and cyclohexene

The adsorption and reaction of two cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, cyclopentene and cyclohexene, with the Ge(001) surface has been investigated. The subsequent surface interactions were followed by a variety of surface-sensitive techniques. Bonding configurations were determined by photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. The strength of surface interactions was also monitored by temperature-programmed desorption. Cyclopentene and cyclohexene react with surface germanium-dimer bonds to yield reaction products that are consistent with a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction. This reaction generates rows of the surface complex oriented along the dimer-bond direction of the Ge(001) surface, which is easily observed by scanning tunneling microscopy.
Teaching Taoism in the 1990s

To help non-specialists ensure that their teaching of Taoism is state-of-the-art, the author offers six suggestions: (1) Teach real Chinese Taoism, as it has been revealed by the social, textual, and historical research of Asian and Western specialists since the 1970s. (2) Use textbooks that reflect current scholarship. (3) Cover all phases of the Taoist tradition, not just the long-fetishized Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu. The classical text entitled Nei-yeh helps students understand modern forms of Taoist meditation, such as those in Ch’uan-chen Taoism, which has been neglected in our textbooks. (4) Use reliable translations by responsible scholars. (5) Use real Taoist texts, such as now appear in Livia Kohn’s anthology, The Taoist Experience, and other new sourcebooks. (6) Make responsible choices. The author compares different pedagogical models and explains his own approach, designed to provide accurate knowledge of Taoist history and practices in a form that students will appreciate.
Rationality, foolishness, and adaptive intelligence

Technologies of model-based rationality are the core technologies of strategic management, having largely replaced earlier technologies that placed greater reliance on traditional practice or on communication either with the stars or with the gods. The technologies used by organizations in their pursuit of intelligence can be imagined to change over time as a result of responding to the successes and failures associated with the technologies. Although technologies of rationality seem clearly to be effective instruments of exploitation in relatively simple situations and to derive their adaptive advantage from those capabilities, their ventures in more complex explorations seem often to lead to huge mistakes and thus unlikely to be sustained by adaptive processes. Whether their survival as instruments of exploratory novelty in complex situations is desirable is a difficult question to answer, but it seems likely that any such survival may require hitchhiking on their successes in simpler worlds. Survival may also be served by the heroism of fools and the blindness of true believers. Their imperviousness to feedback is both the despair of adaptive intelligence and, conceivably, its salvation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work‐life balance in South East Asia: the Indian experience

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an in‐depth country perspective on work‐life balance issues in India.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative approach is used that includes case studies of work‐life interventions offered by a sample of Indian organizations. Primary and secondary data were gathered through interviews with HR managers and from company web sites.Findings – Commonly offered work‐life interventions by Indian companies address issues of gender equality, flexibility, stress reduction, health awareness and childcare.Research limitations/implications – Sample of organizations in the study is purposive in nature and HR policies of smaller companies in the informal sector are not included. Future research needs to consider how India's unequal economic development across the organized and unorganized sectors may affect effectiveness of work‐life interventions.Practical implications – Based on India's socio‐cultural realities additional work‐life interventions are suggested in the...