cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Material balance in coal. 1. Material balance and oxygen stoichiometry of six coals from Wyoming

Abstract Oxygen was determined in six coals from the Wyodak Bed, Campbell County, Wyoming. Data from the U.S. Bureau of Mines' coal analysis reports were used to calculate the material balance of these coals based on accurate oxygen determination by a fast-neutron activation method developed at the University of California, Irvine. A computer program recalculates the data based on moisture determined in our laboratory and tabulates the results, comparing the ‘oxygen by difference’ to oxygen determined on ‘as received’ basis. Oxygen in samples dried at 105 °C was also determined in order to estimate the possible effect of oxidation and loss of volatile components other than water during the drying process. Summations of all data were derived using the accurate oxygen values determined. This approach permits a better interpretation of stoichiometry of coal analysis. The completeness of an analysis can be thus evaluated rapidly. One may be able to indicate and pinpoint probable errors in the determination of sulphur and nitrogen in coal, also the presence of considerable CaCO3. The gross effect of evolution of CH4 and gases other than H2O can be detected. One also is able to estimate the composition of the coal ash and the low-temperature ash as well as the mineral matter (Parr basis) in terms of their varying total oxygen and cation contents. This work shows that five of these six soft, water-rich, coals (20–31% H2O, 105 °C) do balance well stoichiometrically. One coal does not balance based on USBM moisture data. This is apparently due to an error in the moisture determination because oxygen data on this ‘as received’ versus ‘dried, 105 °C’ coal match very closely. It is shown how adding the oxygen determination to routine coal analysis may permit the coal chemist to interpret the data better in terms of true material balance. Oxygen is the only major constituent not routinely determined during the ultimate coal analysis. Adding this element permits the chemist to ascertain the accuracy of the analysis, completes the analysis in the sense of stoichiometry, and makes the customary summations of coal analysis more meaningful.
Space physiology within an exercise physiology curriculum

Compare and contrast strategies remain common pedagogical practices within physiological education. With the support of an American Physiological Society Teaching Career Enhancement Award, we have developed a junior- or senior-level undergraduate curriculum for exercise physiology that compares and contrasts the physiological adaptations of chronic terrestrial exercise (TEx) and microgravity (μG). We used a series of peer-reviewed publications to demonstrate that many of the physiological adaptations to TEx and μG are opposite. For example, TEx typically improves cardiovascular function and orthostatic tolerance, whereas μG can lead to declines in both. TEx leads to muscle hypertrophy, and μG elicits muscle atrophy. TEx increases bone mineral density and red blood cell mass, whereas μG decreases bone mineral density and red blood cell mass. Importantly, exercise during spaceflight remains a crucial countermeasure to limit some of these adverse physiological adaptations to μG. This curriculum develops critical thinking skills by dissecting peer-reviewed articles and discussing the strengths and weaknesses associated with simulated and actual μG studies. Moreover, the curriculum includes studies on both animals and humans, providing a strong translational component to the curriculum. In summary, we have developed a novel space physiology curriculum delivered during the final weeks of an exercise physiology course in which students gain critical new knowledge that reinforces key concepts presented throughout the semester.
Attenuated Response to Insulin in Very Low Birthweight Infants

Summary: Four hyperglycemia very low birthweight (VLBW) infants were given a constant infusion of insulin with parenteral alimentation in order to improve glucose tolerance. After an initial 45% decrease in serum glucose, intolerance recurred within hours to days despite delivery of as much as 16 units/kg/hour of regular insulin. Resulting serum insulin levels were as high as 72,000 μU/ml. It is suggested that insulin “resistance”, instead of insulin deficiency, may be responsible for glucose intolerance in some infants. Speculation: Abnormal hepatic regulatory systems, immature enzyme systems, or abnormal insulin receptors may play a part in the glucose intolerance of the premature infant. Further studies, both in human infants and in appropriate animal models will have to be done to determine the etiology (ies) of the glucose intolerance.
Determination and Commitment of Mechanosensory Hair Cells

Sound and movement are perceived through the vibration of modified ciliary bundles located on the apical surfaces of specialized mechanosensory hair cells. These hair cells derive from specific regions of the otocyst that become determined to develop initially as sensory epithelia and ultimately as either hair cells or supporting cells. The number of hair cells in an individual vertebrate is surprisingly small and the ability to replace these cells varies among different classes. The molecular and cellular factors that specify hair cell identity are not known, but the results of recent experiments have begun to identify some of the signaling pathways that play important roles in hair cell development. This review will describe recent findings related to the factors that influence the final choice of a progenitor cell to develop as a hair cell and discuss their implications for the overall development of the auditory and vestibular systems.
Genetic control of macrophage susceptibility to infection by Legionella pneumophila

Legionella pneumophila readily grows in cultures of thioglycollate (TGC)-induced macrophages (MPs) from A/J mice, but not in MPs from BALB/c mice or other mouse strains. In the present study, the growth of Legionella pneumophila in MPs from A/J and BALB/c mice, as well as hybrids of the two strains and back-crossed mice, was investigated to determine whether the permissiveness of growth of these bacteria was due to an inherited trait of the MPs. The MPs from all A/J mice supported the growth of Legionella, regardless of whether they were obtained from TGC or casein injected donors, but the cells from the mice given TGC supported growth of L. pneumophila much better than cells from mice injected with casein. Furthermore, MPs obtained from all BALB/c mice treated with either TGC or casein were nonpermissive for the growth of L. pneumophila. MPs from approximately 46% of the back-crossed ACF1 to A/J mice were permissive for L. pneumophila growth, while MPs from all ACF1 to back-crossed BALB/c mice were found to be nonpermissive. MPs from approximately 19% of ACF2 mice were permissive for L. pneumophila. Killing activities of MPs using temperature sensitive mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were variable and did not correlate with permissiveness or nonpermissiveness for growth of L. pneumophila. In addition, the number of inflammatory cells in the peritoneal cavity induced in response to TGC did not correlate with the permissiveness or nonpermissiveness of the MPs from various mouse strains to Legionella, indicating the permissive nature of the cells is controlled by genetic mechanisms involving a recessive phenotype but differs from resistance genes such as Ity important for replication of S. typhimurium.
Model-directed learning of production rules

The Meta-DENDRAL program is described in general terms that are intended to clarify the similarities and differences to other learning programs. Its approach of model-directed heuristic search through a comptex space of possible rules appears well suited to many induction tasks. The use of a strong model of the domain to direct time rule Eearch has been demons{rated for rule formation in two areas of chemistry. The high performance of programs which use the generated rules attests to the success of this learning strategy.
Suitability versus fidelity for rating single-photon guns

The creation of specified quantum states is important for most, if not all, applications in quantum computation and communication. The quality of the state preparation is therefore an essential ingredient in any assessment of a quantum-state gun. We show that the fidelity, under the standard definitions, is not sufficient to assess quantum sources, and we propose a measure of suitability that necessarily depends on the application for the source. We consider the performance of single-photon guns in the context of quantum key distribution (QKD) and linear optical quantum computation. Single-photon sources for QKD need radically different properties than sources for quantum computing. Furthermore, the suitability for single-photon guns is discussed explicitly in terms of experimentally accessible criteria.
Failure of inflammatory autacoids to change the Na and K content of the lens in vitro

Abstract While the ionic regulation of the amphibian lens is readily inhibited by such drugs as ouabain, amphotericin B and cyanide, it is unaffected by high (up to 10−4 M) concentrations of the inflammatory agents histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin or prostaglandins E1, E2 or F2α.
Coupling Molecular Beacons to Barcoded Metal Nanowires for Multiplexed, Sealed Chamber DNA Bioassays

We have combined molecular beacon (MB) probes with barcoded metal nanowires to enable no-wash, sealed chamber, multiplexed detection of nucleic acids. Probe design and experimental parameters important in nanowire-based MB assays are discussed. Loop regions of 24 bases and 5 base pair stem regions in the beacon probes gave optimal performance. Our results suggest that thermodynamic predictions for secondary structure stability of solution-phase MB can guide probe design for nanowire-based assays. Dengue virus-specific probes with predicted solution-phase ΔG of folding in 500 mM buffered NaCl of approximately −4 kcal/mol performed better than those with ΔG > −2 or < −6 kcal/mol. Buffered 300−500 mM NaCl was selected after comparison of several buffers previously reported for similar types of assays, and 200−500 mM NaCl was found to be the optimal ionic strength for the hybridization temperatures (25 and 50 °C) and probe designs used here. Target binding to the surface as a function of solution concentratio...
Experimental and theoretical study of a direct-current arc in an orifice nozzle flow

To increase the basic knowledge about the interaction between an arc near zero current and flows affected by strong shock waves, an investigation was conducted to determine the d.c. arc characteristics at a current of approximately 100 A in an orifice nozzle. Various nozzle pressure ratios were used to produce subsonic and supersonic flows. Cold-flow measurements were used to calculate the arc electrical parameters based on the arc energy integral theory. The calculated results agreed reasonably well with the experimental measurements. It can be concluded that the convection cooling of the arc is the dominant arc cooling process for most currents.
Bisector angle estimation in a nonsymmetric multipath radar scenario

In the classical problem of low-angle radar tracking, echoes return to the array via a specular path as well as by a direct path, with the angular separation between the two ray paths a fraction of a beamwidth. The performance of any bearing estimation scheme in this scenario is dependent on the phase difference between the direct and specular path signals at the centre of the array. The beamspace domain maximum like- lihood (BDML) bearing estimator is a recently developed three-beam extension of the sum and difference beam technique employed in conven- tional radar. Nonsymmetric BDML breaks down when the phase difference is either 0" or 180". In contrast, symmetric BDML, in which the point angle of the centre beam is the bisector angle between the two ray paths, can theoretically handle any phase difference, with the 0" case giving rise to the best performance. A simple, closed-form bisector angle estimator is developed based on characteristic features of the 3 x 3 forward-backward averaged beamspace corre- lation matrix when the centre pointing angle is the true bisector angle. In this way, a 2-D parameter estimation problem is decomposed into two suc- cessive 1-D parameter estimation problems: esti- mation of the bisector angle, followed by estimation of the target bearing. Simulations are presented assessing the performance of the new bisector angle estimator and comparing the per- formsnce of symmetric BDML employing the new estimator with other ML based bearing estimation schemes in a simulated low-angle radar tracking environment.
Vibrational enhancement of H atom transfer near an enzyme active site: An inverse classical control study

Abstract Many enzymes have active sites that are designed solely to facilitate the transfer of an H atom from a substrate to another molecule. It has been suggested that there may be vibrational motions in the enzyme–substrate complex that enhance H atom transfer. In this work we describe a novel way of uncovering such transfer enhancing motions using ideas of inverse classical control. We view the enzyme as being a “controller” of H atom transfer that uses vibrational motions as a “control field”, and use inverse quantum control to find vibrational motions that enhance H atom transfer. We devise a simplified single-dimensional model of the transfer system and treat the quantum dynamics of the H atom completely quantum mechanically by solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation for the dynamics of the H atom.
Spatiotemporal Temperature Measurement Using Quantum Dot Thermometry During Nanoshell Mediated Thermal Therapy

Due to advances and routine use of various diagnostic technologies, tumors are increasingly detected at very early stages. Thus, there is growing interest in employing minimally invasive surgical techniques for the management of tumors. Many of these procedures are thermal therapies, in which localized thermal lesions, either hyperthermic or cryogenic, are created to destroy malignant tissue in situ. However, the major drawback to the widespread dissemination and acceptance of thermal therapy is the lack of a reliable real-time intraoperative monitoring technique of the thermal lesion.© 2008 ASME
Material requirements for optical limiting

Optical limiting devices based on nonlinear optical (NLO) materials exhibit a throughput radiation level that is related to the magnitude of the nonlinear material parameters. In order to determine the upper bound on optical limiting performance in a variety of configurations it is necessary to establish the limitations of the NLO materials themselves. Various physical mechanisms responsible for NLO behavior in the visible spectral region are examined. Some of the largest effective nonlinearities are derived. These large nonlinear values are then compared to the nonlinearities required to protect the human eye from Q-switched visible laser pulses in a 0° field-of-view (FOV) "thin" cell limiter.
The role of airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells in chronic respiratory disease

An abnormal immune response to environmental agents is generally thought to be responsible for causing chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Based on studies of experimental models and human subjects, there is increasing evidence that the response of the innate immune system is crucial for the development of this type of airway disease. Airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells represent key components of the pathogenesis of chronic airway disease and are emerging targets for new therapies. In this Review, we summarize the innate immune mechanisms by which airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells regulate the development of chronic respiratory diseases. We also explain how these pathways are being targeted in the clinic to treat patients with these diseases.
Induction of ornithine decarboxylase in colon and liver by starvation and refeeding: A comparison of effects on total and holoenzyme

Abstract In rats, short-term starvation and subsequent refecding induced both holo- and total ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) levels in colon 5-fold over ad lib fed controls. Starvation alone led to a significant decrease in total ornithine decarboxylase level in colon, while no change was seen in the holoenzyme level. There are only two reported short-term chemical inducers of colon ornithine decarboxylase, and this is the first demonstration of dietary induction in this tissue. Liver total ornithine decarboxylase was also induced by starvation-refeeding, but no holoenzyme effects were seen in any treatment.
Systematic Security and Timeliness Tradeoffs in Real-Time Embedded Systems

Real-time embedded systems are increasingly being networked. In distributed real-time embedded applications, e.g., electric grid management and command and control applications, it is required to not only meet real-time constraints but also support the data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. Unfortunately, in general, cryptographic functions are computationally expensive, possibly causing deadline misses in real-time embedded systems with limited resources. As a basis for cost-effective security support in real-time embedded systems, we define a quantitative notion of strength of defense (SoD). Based on the SoD concept, we propose a novel adaptive security policy in which the SoD can be degraded by decreasing the cryptographic key length for certain tasks, if necessary, to improve the success ratio under overload conditions. Our approach is lightweight. The time complexity of our approach is linear and its amortized version has the constant overhead per SoD adaptation period. Moreover, our approach supports desirable security features requiring an attacker to do extra work to find the cryptographic key. In the performance evaluation, we show that our approach can considerably improve the success ratio due to controlled SoD degradation under overload
Rayleigh Lecture 2007: Flow-surface interaction noise

Abstract A review is given of the theory of vortex sound with emphasis on sound production by vortex–surface interactions involving rigid and deformable, compact and noncompact moving bodies. The analysis is facilitated by use of the ‘compact’ approximation to the acoustic Green's function in cases where the solid surface is either acoustically compact or, for noncompact bodies, where the surface supports locally compact regions of ‘noisy’ flow identified by the presence of singularities in the ‘Kirchhoff vector’ of Green's function. The noncompact problem of the compression wave generated by a high-speed train entering a tunnel is discussed as an example of how accurate predictions of sound generation by identified distributions of vorticity can frequently be made by analytical means when the more conventional numerical approach becomes intractable.
Activation of transducin guanosine triphosphatase by two proteins of the RGS family.

RGS proteins (regulators of G protein signaling) constitute a newly appreciated group of negative regulators of G protein signaling. Several members of this group stimulate the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of various G protein α-subunits, including the photoreceptor G protein, transducin. In photoreceptor cells transducin GTPase is known to be substantially accelerated by the coordinated action of the γ-subunit of its effector enzyme, cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEγ), and another yet unidentified membrane-associated protein factor. Here we test the possibility that this factor belongs to the RGS family of GTPase stimulators. We report a detailed kinetic analysis of transducin GTPase activation by two members of the RGS family, RGS4 and Gα interacting protein (GAIP). RGS4, being at least 5-fold more potent than GAIP, stimulates the rate of transducin GTPase by 2 orders of magnitude. Neither RGS4 nor GAIP requires PDEγ for activating transducin. Rather, PDEγ causes a partial reversal of transduci...
Role of Stat3 in Skin Carcinogenesis: Insights Gained from Relevant Mouse Models

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a cytoplasmic protein that is activated in response to cytokines and growth factors and acts as a transcription factor. Stat3 plays critical roles in various biological activities including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Studies using keratinocyte-specific Stat3-deficient mice have revealed that Stat3 plays an important role in skin homeostasis including keratinocyte migration, wound healing, and hair follicle growth. Use of both constitutive and inducible keratinocyte-specific Stat3-deficient mouse models has demonstrated that Stat3 is required for both the initiation and promotion stages of multistage skin carcinogenesis. Further studies using a transgenic mouse model with a gain of function mutant of Stat3 (Stat3C) expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis revealed a novel role for Stat3 in skin tumor progression. Studies using similar Stat3-deficient and gain-of-function mouse models have indicated its similar roles in ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-mediated skin carcinogenesis. This paper summarizes the use of these various mouse models for studying the role and underlying mechanisms for the function of Stat3 in skin carcinogenesis. Given its significant role throughout the skin carcinogenesis process, Stat3 is an attractive target for skin cancer prevention and treatment.
Rationalist Theories of International Politics and the Problem of the Future

Charles Glaser's Rationalist Theory of International Politics nicely extends his work on contingent realism begun in the mid-1990s. 1 The rationalist theory he puts forward focuses on three main ca...
Consequences of exposure to leprosy in a population of wild nine-banded armadillos.

Nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) are the only free-ranging vertebrates other than humans known to exhibit naturally occurring infections of Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, but little is known about ecological consequences of leprosy in wild populations. We studied a population of armadillos in western Mississippi during the summers of 2007 and 2008. Consistent with previous work, we found no evidence of leprosy in juveniles or yearlings, suggesting no vertical transmission of disease. In 2008, a higher proportion of adult females were leprosy-positive than were adult males. Across both years, leprous females were significantly larger than nonleprous females, but a higher proportion of leprous females were lactating and lactating females were larger than nonlactating females. The behavior of leprosy-positive and leprosy-negative animals did not differ. Leprosy-positive individuals tended to be spatially clumped, but these results were not statistically significant. Our findings suggest leprosy had minimal impacts on individuals in this population of armadillos, which is a surprising and unexpected result given the substantial costs of infection documented in the laboratory.
MULTI‐CULTURALISM IN SOCIAL CONTEXT: CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS RAISED BY EDUCATIONAL POLICY ISSUES

Reassessments of culture theory and the concept of culture are current intellectual issues inl anthropology. Conspicuous contention over the defiliition, discovery, analysis, and applicatioii of the culture concept is a signal that our disciplinary paradigm is shifting. Several major contributors to this reassessment have been influenced in their theoretical formulations by their practical applications of the concept in attempts to deal with the processes of modern social change-usually perceived as "progress" or "development" in our American folk cultural view. Much of what Ward Goodenough lias taught us about the cognitive conception of culture, for instance, was communicated in a manual identified with "community development" in which the title, Cooperation in Change (1963), deliberately conveyed a philosophy of social action. Originally attractive as a model of the professional practice of applied anthropology that would put anthropologists inito direct responsibility for facilitating community action, it is now recognized as a theoretical treatise leading to a cognitive view of culture. The combination of Goodenough's cognitive view with a semiotic conception of culture (from Geertz and Schneider, as suggested by Keesing, 1974) offers us a new way of looking at the practical political issues of multi-cultural education. The contribution of this con-
The New Urbanism Versus the Market Process

The new urbanism argues that land-use planning should be used to create higher-density development and to promote alternatives to the use of personal automobiles for transportation. The concerns of the new urbanist movement are shown to be misplaced, and the goals of the new urbanism are shown to be in conflict with market incentives, making them difficult to implement in any event. A better policy for more efficient land use would be for governments to plan more effectively for their own infrastructure development while allowing the development of privately-owned land to be guided by market forces.
Transformational Construction of Correct Pointer Algorithms

This paper shows how to use the transformation of Paterson and Hewitt to improve the memory and operations used in a pointer algorithm. That transformation scheme normally is only of theoretical interest because of the inefficient performance of the transformed function. However we present a method how it can be used to decrease the amount of selective updates in memory while preserving the original runtime performance. This leads to a general transformation framework for the derivation of a class of pointer algorithms.
American College of Surgeons criteria for surgeon presence at initial trauma resuscitations: superfluous or necessary?

In this issue of Annals appear 2 articles addressing the presence of surgeons as bedside resuscitators for trauma patients presenting to the emergency department. The first, by Ahmed et al, offers a unique perspective from a Canadian trauma facility that is not regulated by American College of Surgeons. The second, by Steele et al, questions the current American College of Surgeons guidelines requiring the initial presence of general surgeons for major trauma resuscitations. Ahmed et al attempt to validate the use of nonsurgeon trauma team leaders for trauma bay resuscitations. Although we believe their article attempts to be impartial, several questions arise when the article is closely examined. The description of the 2 groups (surgeons versus nonsurgeons) needs to be better defined. The “surgeon” group includes 5 of 11 team leaders who are labeled nongeneral surgeons. Were they specialty-trained surgeons only or also trained in general/trauma surgery? Similarly, were all emergency physicians Royal College trained or were some family physicians? American College of Surgeons guidelines stipulate the presence of a general surgeon, not any surgeon, as necessary for optimal evaluation and resuscitation of major trauma victims. Although the orthopedic, plastic, and thoracic surgeon trauma leaders at the Queen Elizabeth Center are undoubtedly well versed in the care of injured patients, they do not accurately represent American College of Surgeons guidelines if they are not also general surgeons, and outcomes from such group comparisons cannot be used to discredit said guidelines. Moreover, how many of either group had ATLS training? What was the number of major resuscitations performed in the previous years by each? These variables serve as indirect measures of knowledge of recent advances and experience in trauma management, and many state accrediting bodies supplement the American College of Surgeons requirements with performance gauges such as these. Ahmed et al choose outcomes that may never show differences between management styles. It is unclear why
Using Cross-Language Information Retrieval Methods for Bilingual Search of the Web

English content dominates the Web, while the number of Web users speaking other languages is increasing rapidly. This paper describes a system that uses various cross-language information retrieval methods to provide search engines with capability of automatic search in a local language as well as English even when the user makes search queries only in the local language. The system would be useful for Web users, expanding the international scope of the Web
An efficient simulation model of the Hopfield neural networks

A novel simulation model of Hopfield neural networks is formulated. It shows the same behavior of a Hopfield neural network but reduces the simulation time at the expense of increased network complexity. The new bound of the proposed model is derived. It was shown to be much better than that of the traditional model of Hopfield neural networks. >
Specificity and Sensitivity of Distinctive Chest Radiographic and/or 67Ga Images in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis

An analysis of gallium-67 ( 67 Ga) uptake in the lacrimal and salivary glands and intrathoracic lymph nodes was made in 162 patients with sarcoidosis, consisting of a large number with chronic “fibrotic” disease, and 167 HIV-positive patients (most of whom have/had AIDS). This study was designed to further assess the diagnostic sensitivity and to fully evaluate the diagnostic specificity of chest radiographic and/or 67 Ga uptake findings found to be characteristic of sarcoidosis. A lambda 67 Ga uptake image or a panda 67 Ga uptake image with associated bilateral, symmetrical hilar lymphadenopathy (BSHL) or bilateral, symmetrical parenchymal infiltration indicative of pulmonary fibrosis on chest radiograph (BSIF) was commonly present in sarcoidosis. These distinctive 67 Ga uptake images were frequently observed in patients with normal chest radiographs (stage 0 [33 percent]), as well as in patients with BSHL on chest radiograph whether the disease was in an “early” stage, te, stages I (74 percent) and II (90 percent) or a chronic “fibrotic” stage, ie , IVa (71 percent). A panda 67 Ga uptake image was observed in 8 percent of HIV-positive patients; however, a lambda 67 Ga uptake image alone or any of the other chest radiographic and/or 67 Ga uptake patterns distinctive for sarcoidosis were not observed in any of 167 HIV-positive patients. We conclude that (1) a lambda 67 Ga thoracic image (usually associated with a panda 67 Ga uptake image) or a panda 67 Ga uptake image together with BSHL or BSIF on chest radiograph represent distinctive patterns that are highly specific and sensitive for the noninvasive diagnosis of the majority of sarcoidosis patients, and (2) the finding of a panda 67 Ga uptake image, not associated with BSHL or BSIF on chest radiograph, should suggest, in addition to a limited number of readily diagnosable disorders, the presence of a positive HIV status.
Refractive index and density of vapor‐deposited ice

The refractive indices of vapor-deposited ice films were measured versus substrate temperature from 35–140 K and H2O pressure from 1.9 × 10−7–9.5 × 10−5 Torr using optical interference techniques. The refractive indices were measured for ice films deposited on a cooled, single-crystal Al2O3 substrate in vacuum. Ice densities were calculated from these refractive indices using the Lorentz-Lorenz relationship. Above 120 K, the ice films had a refractive index of n=1.31 and a density of ρ=0.93 g/cm³. Significantly lower refractive indices and densities were found at lower temperatures and higher H2O fluxes that were consistent with microporous ices. A refractive index of n=1.24 and density of ρ=0.68 g/cm³ were determined at 35 K and an H2O pressure of 4 × 10−6 Torr. Above 35 K, the refractive index and density progressively increased with increasing temperature and decreasing H2O flux. The ice densities observed can be explained qualitatively using a ballistic deposition model. Estimates are also obtained for the surface diffusion of H2O on vapor-deposited ice.
Investigation of the stability of magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with catechol based ligands in biological media

A novel tri-nitroDOPA terminated polymer based ligand has been developed for the stabilization of magnetite nanoparticles. The synthesis involves a process in which ethylene oxide is polymerized using a trivinyl initiator, modified with carboxylic acid using a free radical addition of mercaptoundecanoic acid, and then functionalized with nitroDOPA using N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry. This newly synthesized polymer is then compared to more traditional monofunctional catechol based ligands of similar molecular weights (∼5000 g mol−1), by testing their effectiveness at stabilizing magnetite nanoparticles (∼6.5 nm in diameter) in biological media. Colloidal stability was tested using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) to observe the change in particle stability when influenced by phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The time dependent stability of these polymer-coated aqueous suspensions of magnetite was then analysed using DLS to observe the change in the hydrodynamic diameter as a function of time in both PBS and fetal bovine serum (FBS). It was observed over the course of this study that magnetite particles stabilized with PEO-tri-nitroDOPA were more stable than their monofunctional counterparts, retaining stability inside PBS for extended periods of time with no sign of significant hydrodynamic size change and only 8.1% polymer loss over 48 hours in PBS. This is a significant improvement compared to the monocoatechol polymer ligands, where losses of polymer coating of 32.2% were recorded along with large increases of hydrodynamic diameter. The tri-nitroDOPA polymer also displayed stability in FBS over 24 hours, as where the monocatechol ligands displayed heavy clustering and sedimentation over the same time period.
Neutrino reactions in the mass-37 system

Abstract A rotational model of the mass-37 isodoublet and isoquadruplet states is shown to provide an accurate description of electromagnetic and weak interactions in this system. The model is used as a basis for predicting cross sections for the reaction 37 Cl(ν e , e − ) 37 induced by solar neutrinos and by the higher-energy LAMPF neutrino beam. The latter calculation, involving a summation to a complete set of 37 Ar final states in which the full momentum dependence of all matrix elements is retained, confirms the feasibility of directly calibrating the Davis detector.
To plasticity and back again

Both the gain and the loss of flexibility in the development of phenotypes have led to an increased diversity of physical forms in nematode worms.
Predicting Condom Use in African American STD Patients: The Role of Two Types of Outcome Expectancies1

Even though research has shown that using latex condoms during sexual intercourse greatly helps to reduce the transmission of HIV most sexually active Americans do not consistently use them. The authors report their findings from the examination of self-approval and partner reaction in predicting condom use among 188 sexually transmitted disease clinic patients. Study participants were aged 18-44 years of mean age 27.7 with a mean 12 years of formal education 57% male 84% Black and 95% self-reported heterosexual. Both individuals need to approve of their own behavior and concern over sex partners views of condom use predicted the consistency of condom use. However partner reaction expectancies predicted condom use better than did self-approval expectancies. Individuals who believed that they and their partner shared positive condom use outcome expectancies reported the greatest use of condoms. These findings suggest the need for HIV prevention programs to address both types of condom use outcome expectancies to maximize behavior change.
Profile-based 3D-aided face recognition

This paper presents a framework for automatic face recognition based on a silhouetted face profile (URxD-PV). Previous research has demonstrated the high discriminative potential of this biometric. Compared to traditional approaches in profile-based recognition, our approach is not limited to only standard side-view faces. We propose to explore the feature space of profiles under various rotations with the aid of a 3D face model. In the enrollment mode, 3D data of subjects are acquired and used to create profiles under different rotations. The features extracted from these profiles are used to train a classifier. In the identification mode, the profile is extracted from the side-view image and its metadata is matched with the gallery metadata. We validate the accuracy of URxD-PV using data from publicly available databases.
Lean operations and SCM practices in manufacturing firms: multi-firm case studies in HRM and visual-based metrics

The present study is a case study of lean and SCM practices of two major Ohio-based manufacturing companies with a significant global presence. The management of both firms tries to strategically leverage its product line to integrate HRM and visual information technologies, coupled with the power of the internet, to significantly impact and improve its lean operations. This enhanced focus on human capital is designed to simultaneously enhance the companies’ ability to meet its customers’ needs and raise customer satisfactions. It was found that whatever the operational case was cited in the present study, management was successful in its attempts integrate technology into its process to reduce cost and improve customer service as the companies continue to engage in lean manufacturing processes. Management at both companies has found that as time and competitive advantages change, technological advances change drastically as well. They have found that they can develop a strong competitive advantage by inc...
Tracing phylogenetic relationships in the family Gryllotalpidae

Abstract We propose a hypothesis of relationships in a subset of the mole cricket family (Gryllotalpidae), based on morphology and call type. Living and preserved specimens of six species were examined and a literature analysis conducted, as preliminary steps in a comparative study of this family, known world-wide in tropical and temperate regions. In the literature, 76 species in 5 extant genera are described; we included in our analysis 34 species from four genera for which the most complete morphological data were available. All analyses were rooted by the outgroup method, with Gryllus texensis Cade & Otte as the outgroup and the presence of mole-like digging forelimbs as the synapomorphic character diagnosing the ingroup. Seven other characters in the analysis were restricted to discrete traits for a total of 8 characters in the analysis. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete data set yielded > 15,000 trees to which we applied various consensus analyses by PAUP without high levels of resolution. The A...
Chronic Pelvic Pain

In a gendered social environment, the mores regarding a woman’s body powerfully influence the medical care she will receive. Women who suffer from pain that arises from the pelvic cavity and the perineum comprise a group whose medical care historically has been inadequate. Because the etiology of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is often unidentifiable, the disorder is a perplexing and frustrating condition for patients and for providers. Often the severity of pain is not proportional to the degree of pelvic pathology. Women with long-standing pelvic pain frequently have limited social support systems and may experience financial hardship and subsequent loss of medical insurance due to impaired occupational functioning. Other sequelae include decreased physical activity, impaired social relations, altered family roles, depression, and accompanying vegetative signs such as sleep and appetite dysregulation.
The Architecture of Inclusion: Interdisciplinary Insights on Pursuing Institutional Citizenship

Structural inequality has captured the attention of academics, policymakers, and activists. This structural reorientation is occurring at a time of judicial retrenchment and political backlash against affirmative action. These developments have placed in sharp relief the mismatch between structural diagnoses and the dominant legal frameworks for addressing inequality. Scholars, policymakers, and activists are faced with the pressing question of what to do now. They share a need for new frameworks and strategies, growing out of a better understanding of institutional and cultural change. The Harvard Journal of Law & Gender has used the publication of The Architecture of Inclusion: Advancing Workplace Equity in Higher Education as a catalyst for an interdisciplinary inquiry focused on developing this much-needed knowledge. The Journal used its convening power to assemble a group of creative scholars from such diverse disciplines as history, sociology, political science, economics, psychology, organizational theory, business, and law. The articles growing out of this Workshop elaborate the three main ideas comprising an architectural approach for developing and sustaining efforts to address structural inequality, set forth in an earlier article called The Architecture of Inclusion. That article first articulated the norm of institutional citizenship as a justification and goal for diversity initiatives. Institutional citizenship involves creating the conditions enabling people of all races and genders to realize their potential and participate fully in institutional life. Second, the article identified a crucial institutional role, called an organizational catalyst, as a mechanism of institutional change. This role involves individuals with knowledge, influence, and credibility in positions where they can mobilize change within complex structures such as modern research universities. They do this by connecting and leveraging knowledge, ongoing strategic relationships and collaborations, and forms of accountability across systems. Finally, the article develops the role of institutional intermediaries in sustaining and providing accountability for this institutional change process. Institutional intermediaries are public or quasi-public organizations that leverage their position within preexisting communities of practice to foster change and provide meaningful accountability. This essay provides a more complete explanation of the architectural metaphor as the organizing frame for the project of addressing structural inequality. It then draws on the interdisciplinary articles commenting on these themes to clarify and elaborate the concepts of institutional citizenship, organizational catalyst, and institutional intermediary. Finally, it considers the question of the applicability of these ideas to race and its implications for the role of law and lawyers.
Geochronology of the Stolle Mammoth Locality of Eastern New Mexico

The Stolle mammoth locality, discovered in 1977, consists of the partially articulated skeleton of a young Columbian mammoth exposed at the edge of a typical High Plains playa by bulldozer deepening. No fabricated artifacts were found but boulder and cobble size caliche clasts were found in association. Cut marks found on a bone fragment were not addressed by the original excavators. A black mat that directly overlies the bones is of Younger Dryas age indicating they are probably of Clovis age. Stolle may be a case of a natural death scavenged by Clovis people.
Discrete Models for Particle Packings

Discrete computational models for the viscosities, sintering rates, and transport properties of sintering particle packings are presented. The packing is represented by a set of nodes (the particle centroids) connected by links (inter-particle contacts). The models for the mechanical behavior enforce equilibrium for each particle which leads to a set of simultaneous equations for the particle motion. Electrical or thermal transport through inter-particle contacts is modelled by imposing zero net flux at a node which also leads to a set of simultaneous equations for the value of potential at each particle center. The model is used to simulate the compaction of spheres to generate a threedimensional random packing. Statistical properties of the computed packing such as packing fraction, percolation threshold, and coordination number are compared with those of an experimental random packing. Results are also presented for the effective conductivity of mixtures of particles with very different conductivities.
Virus particles in hamster tumors as revealed by electron microscopy.

SummaryExamination of 11 transplan-table hamster tumors by electron microscopy revealed virus particles in 9. Seven of the tumors contained particles morphologically identical with murine leukemia viruses. Five of these tumors also contained another type of particle which appears to be identical with one reported by other Workers. Two of the tumors contained only the murine leukemia-like agent, and two contained only the second agent.
Teamworking in post

The video industry thrives on its ability to interchange information quickly and efficiently. We have long since mastered the vagaries of PAL and NTSC. Component analogue was a natural evolution which led the way to digital coding culminating in ITU-R 601. But now we face a new set of challenges. Video compression is commonplace, both 16×9 and 4×3 aspect ratios co-exist. Multiple new digital high definition formats are competing for air-time in the USA. Our ever closer working relationship with the computer industry has brought with it a plethora of different file formats together with square pixels and progressive scanning techniques. Digitisation also brings with it the ability for interchange with allied disciplines in film, print and the World Wide Web. Re-purposing is no longer just an attractive option, it is becoming increasingly essential in our never ending quest for maximum efficiency. This paper explores several of the key issues with regard to the interchange of data between systems and goes on to describe the choices made by Quantel in the development of a new high performance network for interchange of audio, video and metadata. (5 pages)
Exploiting the relationship between birefringence and force to measure airway smooth muscle contraction with PS-OCT (Conference Presentation)

The ability to observe airway dynamics is fundamental to forming a complete understanding of pulmonary diseases such as asthma. We have previously demonstrated that Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) can be used to observe structural changes in the airway during bronchoconstriction, but standard OCT lacks the contrast to discriminate airway smooth muscle (ASM) bands- ASM being responsible for generating the force that drives airway constriction- from the surrounding tissue. Since ASM in general exhibits a greater degree of birefringence than the surrounding tissue, a potential solution to this problem lies in the implementation of polarization sensitivity (PS) to the OCT system. By modifying the OCT system so that it is sensitive to the birefringence of tissue under inspection, we can visualize the ASM with much greater clarity and definition. In this presentation we show that the force of contraction can be indirectly measured by an associated increase in the birefringence signal of the ASM. We validate this approach by attaching segments of swine trachea to an isometric force transducer and stimulating contraction, while simultaneously measuring the exerted force and imaging the segment with PS-OCT. We then show how our results may be used to extrapolate the force of contraction of closed airways in absence of additional measurement devices. We apply this technique to assess ASM contractility volumetrically and in vivo, in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic human volunteers.
Spanish-Speaking Limited English Proficiency Patients and Call Light Use.

Introduction:Despite a continuous increase of the limited English proficiency (LEP) population in the United States, disparities in the quality of care received in health care systems persist.Metho...