cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF ALTERATIONS IN AORTIC IMPEDANCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE VENTRICLES.

We have investigated the effects of sudden changes in the load against which the left ventricle contracts in healthy conscious dogs. During a steady state, initial responses were assessed by comparing the beat before with the beat after such a change. Flow was measured by electromagnetic flowmeters and pressure usually by a catheter-tip transducer. Results show that under the conditions of these experiments the curves relating external work and power to load are consistent with the parabolic relationship shown for isolated hearts and muscle strips and that in each case the left ventricle normally functions near the peak of the curve. When an increased load was maintained until a new steady state was reached the left ventricle still functioned on the descending limbs of what presumably were different work-load and power-load curves. It was concluded from this that either the increase in load was too great or the time too short for reflex humoral and intrinsic mechanisms to readjust and permit the ventricle...
Longitudinal instability analysis for the IPNS upgrade

The proposed 1-MW spallation neutron source upgrade calls for a 2-GeV rapidly-cycling synchrotron (RCS) with an intensity of 1.04/spl times/10/sup 14/ protons per pulse. Due to the high intensity, the potential exists for collective instabilities. Emphasis is placed on controlling these by (a) minimizing the machine impedance by using a contour-following RF shield and (b) maximizing the momentum spread to make use of Landau damping. The coupling impedance is estimated and is dominated by space charge effects. It is found that the longitudinal microwave stability limit can be exceeded unless the momentum spread is sufficient. A longitudinal tracking code was developed to simulate injection and acceleration, including the effects of space charge and other sources of impedance. With the aid of the simulation, and under the assumptions of the instability theory, we arrive at an RF voltage profile and beam injection parameters which avoid both the instability and beam loss through the entire cycle. The limitations of the analysis are explored.
Bounded-Error Compression of Particle Data from Hierarchical Approximate Methods

This paper presents an analytical and computational framework for the compression of particle data resulting from hierarchical approximate treecodes such as the Barnes-Hut and Fast Multipole Methods. Due to the approximations introduced by hierarchical methods, the position (as well as velocity and acceleration) of a particle can be bounded by a distortion radius. We develop storage schemes that maintain this distortion radii while maximizing compression. Our schemes make extensive use of spatial and temporal coherence of particle behavior and yield compression ratios higher than 12:1 over raw data, and 6:1 over gzipped (LZ78) raw data. We demonstrate that for uniform distributions with 100K particles, storage requirements can be reduced from 1200KB (100K × 12B) to about 99KB (under 1 byte per particle per timestep). This is significant because it enables faster storage/retrieval, better temporal resolution, and improved analysis. Our results are shown to scale from small systems (2K particles) to much larger systems (over 100K particles). The associated algorithm is optimal (O(n)) in both storage and computation with small constants.
Diagnosis and management of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adolescents and adults: summary of evidence reviewed for the 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines.

In preparation for the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Treatment Guidelines, the CDC convened an advisory group in 2013 to examine recent abstracts and published literature addressing the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of STDs. This article summarizes the key questions, evidence, and recommendations for the diagnosis and management of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection in adolescents and adults that were considered in development of the 2015 CDC STD Treatment Guidelines. The evidence reviewed primarily focused on CT infection risk factors in women, clinical significance of oropharyngeal CT detection, acceptability and performance of CT testing on self-collected specimens in men, performance of CT point-of-care tests, efficacy of recommended and investigational CT infection treatments, and timing of test of cure following CT infection treatment in pregnant women.
Performance of Cooperative and Single Relay Sensor Networks Under Same Energy Constraints

This work studies the impact of the network resource constraints on the performance of wireless multi-hop relay sensor networks. The cooperative relay method based on the differential space-time block code (DSTBC) in sensor network is introduced. The energy consumption is also investigated for different kinds of relay method. Based on the same total energy consumption requirement, we analyze the system performance using M/G/1 queueing system. The performance evaluation show that the cooperative relay scheme can significantly increase the system performance in terms of throughput and end-to-end delay in high SNR environment
New insights into the outlet conditions of late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, southeastern Idaho, USA

Geologic, geomorphic, and geophysical analyses of landforms, sediments, and structures in northern Cache Valley, USA, document a revised history of flooding and recession of Lake Bonneville, the world9s premier pluvial lake. Crosscutting relationships suggest that the Riverdale fault produced a surface-rupturing earthquake ∼25 km southeast of Zenda shortly before, during, or after the Bonneville flood, as well as possible younger surface ruptures. Thus fluctuating stresses and pore pressure induced by changing lake levels may have triggered a large earthquake that, in turn, triggered the Bonneville flood. The flood scoured ∼25 km of Cache and Marsh Valleys and activated landslides during its ∼100 m incision to a new outlet near Swan Lake, Idaho. One to two thousand years of steady outflow produced the main ∼4775 ± 10 ft (1455 ± 3 m) Provo shoreline, ∼10 m above the commonly accepted altitude. Later Lake Bonneville oscillated below the main Provo shoreline, incised the Swan Lake outlet, rose and paused briefly at a new lower Provo sill (4745 ± 10 ft [1446 ± 3 m], P9?) 23 km south of Zenda, before reverting to a closed-basin condition. Correlation to the Blue Lake chronology of Benson et al. suggests that aridity during the Heinrich 1 event activated the lower Provo sill ∼15.9 ka. An abandoned, meandering riverbed, north of the lower Provo sill, records a large northward flowing river. The Great Basin9s modern divide at Red Rock Pass formed in the Holocene when a small alluvial fan filled the dry bed of this paleoriver.
Multi-component nanostructure design by atomic shadowing

Abstract This paper presents a method for multi-component three dimensional nanostructuring during physical vapor deposition, termed simultaneous opposite glancing angle deposition (SO-GLAD), which exploits atomic shadowing effects to control both the shape and the composition of nanorods parallel (in-plane) and perpendicular to the rod-axis. Periodic arrays of ~ 200-nm-wide Si–Ta two-component rods are grown by SO-GLAD onto monolayers of self-assembled close-packed 260-nm-diameter silica spheres. Simultaneous deposition of Si and Ta from opposite sides on a stationary substrate yields nanorods consisting of laterally separated Si and Ta components, since atomic shadowing causes deposition only onto the sphere-sides that are exposed to the respective deposition fluxes. Sequential deposition with a stationary and rotating substrate results in zigzag two-component nanosprings and vertical multilayer nanorods, respectively. A checkerboard arrangement is achieved by simultaneous deposition with intermittent 180° substrate rotations.
What Do Rental Contracts Reveal About Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in Rental Housing Markets

This article examines the pricing of rental contracts for two types of renter households: those who are able to amass a large, up-front security deposit and those with little, or no, security to offer. Empirical tests are presented to suggest that, in dealing with renter households who have little, or no, security to offer, landlords earn at a similar rate of return as lenders who make riskier loans at a high interest rate to borrowers of dubious credit. The analysis suggests that this situation occurs in large part because of the problem of asymmetric information and moral hazard between landlords and renter households regarding the latter's use of the premises.
Effect of growth factors on morula and blastocyst development of in vitro matured and in vitro fertilized bovine oocytes.

Abstract Growth factors were studied as a means of increasing the development of in vitro matured (IVM) and in vitro fertilized (IVF) oocytes into morulae or blastocysts. Cell numbers of blastocysts were also counted. In Experiment 1, 2- to 8-cell embryos derived from bovine IVM/IVF oocytes were randomly allotted to one of 3 culture groups: a) synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF); b) SOF + 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF); or c) SOF + 100 ng/ml EGF; all 3 culture media contained 10% fetal bovine serum. Culture resulted in 12%, 23% and 14% (P>0.05), respectively, developing into morulae and blastocysts. In Experiment 2, 5 ng/ml of transforming growth factor B 1 (TGF B 1 ) added to CR 1aa medium containing BSA increased the percentage of blastocysts to 56% vs 40% for the control (P 1 , added singly and in combination to CR 1aa did not produce a synergistic effect. More embryos developed into morulae and blastocysts (45%) in a bovine oviduct epithelial co-culture than in any other treatment except in CR 1aa + EGF (34%; P>0.05). In Experiment 4, 0, 1 and 5 ng/ml of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) added to CR 1aa yielded 39%, 70% and 52% morulae and blastocysts, respectively (P
MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS

This paper ranks the scholarly impart of our contributors to the study of public policy analysis. Ratings are derived by way of measuring how widely cited individual scholars are in the literature. Utilizing this rationale we rank order the top thirty contributors to the discipline of policy analysis for the past dozen (1969–1980) years.
Thermal conductance of metal–diamond interfaces at high pressure

The thermal conductance of interfaces between metals and diamond, which has a comparatively high Debye temperature, is often greater than can be accounted for by two-phonon processes. The high pressures achievable in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) can significantly extend the metal phonon density of states to higher frequencies, and can also suppress extrinsic effects by greatly stiffening interface bonding. Here we report time-domain thermoreflectance measurements of metal-diamond interface thermal conductance up to 50 GPa in the DAC for Pb, Au0.95Pd0.05, Pt and Al films deposited on type 1A natural [100] and type 2A synthetic [110] diamond anvils. In all cases, the thermal conductances increase weakly or saturate to similar values at high pressure. Our results suggest that anharmonic conductance at metal-diamond interfaces is controlled by partial transmission processes, where a diamond phonon that inelastically scatters at the interface absorbs or emits a metal phonon.
Complications in Laparoscopic Surgery

In the last decade, the popularity of laparoscopic surgery has exploded, as evidenced by the dramatic increase in the number of laparoscopically performed urologic procedures. This has been driven by the potential of laparoscopic surgery to achieve the same goals as a standard open approach while offering the patient distinct advantages with regard to perioperative morbidity, length of hospital stay, and convalescence. However, there are also disadvantages to the endoscopic approach. Typically the learning curves for laparoscopic operations are long and there are a number of pitfalls that potentially complicate these procedures. Even for very experienced open surgeons, it is difficult to translate skills and knowledge directly to the endoscopic technique.
Fabrication and characterization of ZnSnxGe1−xN2 alloys for light absorbers

The II–IV-nitrides are an alloy series analogous to the well-characterized III-nitrides, where a Group II and Group IV element replace the Group III element. We report on the fabrication and structural and optoelectronic characterization of earth-abundant II–IV-nitrides: ZnSnxGe1−xN2. The sputtered thin-films show potential for ZnSnxGe1−xN2 to be tunable semiconductor photovoltaic absorber materials.
Wire array z-pinch implosion dynamics and radiation with a 1D ablation model

A 1D radiation hydrodynamics code with non-LTE collisional radiative population dynamics is used to simulate stainless steel wire array pinch implosions on the ZR generator at Sandia National Laboratories. To account for the wire ablation phase, the initial array position is treated as a time dependent mass source. The spatial extent of the evaporation and radial acceleration forms a thin outer boundary layer to the imploding dynamic flow. The model is parameterized by the plasma creation rate and radial velocity at the inner edge of the layer and can produce various density profiles between the array radius and central axis. The inclusion of a parameterized sub-scale model for the wire ablation phase permits an assessment of the precursor mass distribution on the implosion dynamics and the radiation output with a self-consistent coupling between the ionization dynamics and the radiative output. The discussion will focus on energy coupling, implosion kinetic energy, "JxB" work, Ohmic heating, and the total and K-shell radiation power and yield. In particular, the ratio of the wire ablation time to the current rise time will be examined for its effect upon the radiation pulse shape.
Regional Climate Planning and Local Outcomes in California

In this chapter, we investigate the impact of California’s landmark regional climate planning law Senate Bill (SB) 375 on local climate change planning and policy-making. SB 375 is intended to provide the framework to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as mandated by Assembly Bill 32 by coordinating land use and transportation at the regional level through a “Sustainable Communities Strategy” or SCS. Notably, SB 375 does not carry a mandate for local jurisdictions to develop consistent strategies with the SCS. We find that, in general, mid-size to larger cities are coordinating their policies more than smaller cities. Ultimately, this may negate the negative aspect of the free-rider problem on regional outcomes. However, it still may be too early to tell the ultimate impact of SCS on local initiatives.
Optimal end user energy storage sharing in demand response

Deregulated electricity markets with time varying electricity prices and opportunities for consumer cost mitigation makes energy storage such as a battery an attractive proposition; users can charge the battery when prices are low and discharge the battery for activities when prices are high. An electricity storage system with enough capacity to support hours of home use can be expensive for an individual consumer; a high capacity battery shared across a group of homes in a community or apartments in a building, can not only alleviate the economic deterrents but also exploit the fact that users' activity patterns do not necessarily overlap. The centralized control of such a shared battery is the focus of this work. In general, users may not have equal requirements from the shared battery, and the purchase and maintenance costs may be divided unequally. As these conditions vary, an achievable cost savings region exists for different users, wherein each point corresponds to a simultaneously achievable set of cost-savings for the group of users. In this work, the optimal cost savings region for a finite capacity battery assuming a zero tolerance for activity delay is studied using an infinite horizon discounted cost Markov Decision Process. When selling electricity back to the grid is allowed through net metering, it is shown that the cost optimization yields a policy structure wherein the optimal action is always independent of the state of the battery and the dynamic policy optimization can be reduced to an integer linear programming solution with significantly reduced complexity. When selling electricity back is not allowed, the optimal cost savings policy specifies a threshold on the total electricity stored in the battery below which the optimal action mirrors the net metering solution. The complexity of this policy optimization scales exponentially in the number of users, and a computationally scalable sub-optimal policy is proposed which, through numerical simulations on real electricity pricing and usage data, is shown to perform closely to the optimum.
Integration of Biological and Chemical Control: Manipulation of the Environment

This topic is subject to various interpretations largely depending on one's concept of integrated control. My concept is that cultural as well as biological and chemical control may be involved in integrated control. Here I am using a very broad definition of cultural control to include control brought about by an environmental manipulation other than the use of chemicals or release of natural enemies. From this perspective, any deliberate environmental modification which reduces but does not eliminate the need for other control methods constitutes a manipulation of the environment fostering integrated control. In this symposium I will focus attention principally on those environmental manipulations which indirectly affect control by enhancing biological or chemical control. This restriction is very difficult to apply, however, because the interactions between cultural practices and biological and chemical control are so poorly understood. Much of my discussion, therefore, will be on theoretical grounds.
Pathological conformations involving the amino terminus of tau occur early in Alzheimer's disease and are differentially detected by monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract Conformational changes involving the amino terminus of the tau protein are among the earliest alterations associated with tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. This region of tau contains a phosphatase-activating domain (PAD) that is aberrantly exposed in pathological forms of the protein, an event that is associated with disruptions in anterograde fast axonal transport. We utilized four antibodies that recognize the amino terminus of tau, TNT1, TNT2 (a novel antibody), Tau12, and Tau13, to further study this important region. Using scanning alanine mutations in recombinant tau proteins, we refined the epitopes of each antibody. We examined the antibodies' relative abilities to specifically label pathological tau in non-denaturing and denaturing assays to gain insight into some of the mechanistic details of PAD exposure. We then determined the pattern of tau pathology labeled by each antibody in human hippocampal sections at various disease stages in order to characterize PAD exposure in the context of disease progression. The characteristics of reactivity for the antibodies fell into two groups. TNT1 and TNT2 recognized epitopes within amino acids 7–12 and specifically identified recombinant tau aggregates and pathological tau from Alzheimer's disease brains in a conformation-dependent manner. These antibodies labeled early pre-tangle pathology from neurons in early Braak stages and colocalized with thiazine red, a marker of fibrillar pathology, in classic neurofibrillary tangles. However, late tangles were negative for TNT1 and TNT2 indicating a loss of the epitope in later stages of tangle evolution. In contrast, Tau12 and Tau13 both identified discontinuous epitopes in the amino terminus and were unable to differentiate between normal and pathological tau in biochemical and tissue immunohistological assays. Despite the close proximity of these epitopes, the antibodies demonstrated remarkably different abilities to identify pathological changes in tau indicating that detection of conformational alterations involving PAD exposure is not achieved by all N-terminal tau antibodies and that a relatively discrete region of the N-terminus (i.e., amino acids 7–12, the TNT1 and TNT2 epitope) is central to the differences between normal and pathological tau. The appearance of PAD in early tau pathology and its disappearance in late-stage tangles suggest that toxic forms of tau are associated with the earliest forms of tau deposits. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the TNT antibodies are useful markers for early conformational display of PAD and provide information regarding conformational changes that have potential implications in the toxic mechanisms of tau pathology.
Possible Applications of Fullerene Nanomaterials in Water Treatment and Reuse

Fullerenes are a class of molecules composed entirely of carbon. The first of these molecules, Buckminsterfullerene, was discovered in 1985 and contains 60 carbons in the form of a hollow spherical cage consisting of 12 pentagonal and 20 hexagonal faces. Other spherical fullerenes or “buckyballs” have since been synthesized as well as nonspherical fullerenes that include cylinders (carbon nanotubes-CNTs), lobed structures, and bowls to name a few. Further variations on fullerenes include the addition of an almost infinite variety of functionalities ranging from simple hydroxylation to the grafting of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. Driven by immediate applications and the utility of undifferentiated material for subsequent modification, there has been a significant commercial emphasis placed on the production of buckyballs and CNTs. In environmental engineering, fullerenes have been proposed as a basis for developing new technologies for nanomaterial-enabled oxidation and disinfection, improved membrane processes, adsorbents, and biofilm-resistant surfaces. This chapter details recent progress toward the development of these proposed applications. We examine the development of fullerene composite materials using CNTs to strengthen membranes and modify membrane surface chemistry. We also explore the use of fullerene nanomaterials to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the basis for a range of new technologies including in situ generation of oxidants to destroy trace organic compounds, new strategics for disinfection, the inhibition of biofilm development, and reduced biofouling. The use of fullerenes in conjunction with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is considered as an advanced disinfection process (ADP) for viral inactivation.
Bone Regeneration Using Gene-Activated Matrices

Gene delivery to bone is a potential therapeutic strategy for directed, sustained, and regulated protein expression. Tissue engineering strategies for bone regeneration include delivery of proteins, genes (viral and non-viral-mediated delivery), and/or cells to the bone defect site. In addition, biomimetic scaffolds and scaffolds incorporating bone anabolic agents greatly enhance the bone repair process. Regional gene therapy has the potential of enhancing bone defect healing and bone regeneration by delivering osteogenic genes locally to the osseous lesions, thereby reducing systemic toxicity and the need for using supraphysiological dosages of therapeutic proteins. By implanting gene-activated matrices (GAMs), sustained gene expression and continuous osteogenic protein production in situ can be achieved in a way that stimulates osteogenesis and bone repair within osseous defects. Critical parameters substantially affecting the therapeutic efficacy of gene therapy include the choice of osteogenic transgene(s), selection of non-viral or viral vectors, the wound environment, and the selection of ex vivo and in vivo gene delivery strategies, such as GAMs. It is critical for gene therapy applications that clinically beneficial amounts of proteins are synthesized endogenously within and around the lesion in a sustained manner. It is therefore necessary that reliable and reproducible methods of gene delivery be developed and tested for their efficacy and safety before translating into clinical practice. Practical considerations such as the age, gender, and systemic health of patients and the nature of the disease process also need to be taken into account in order to personalize the treatments and progress towards developing a clinically applicable gene therapy for healing bone defects. This review discusses tissue engineering strategies to regenerate bone with specific focus on non-viral gene delivery systems.
A contextual auditing method for SNOMED CT concepts

SNOMED CT has been regarded as the most prominent clinical health terminology to be used in Electronic Health Records. However, modelling inconsistencies are preventing SNOMED CT from providing proper support for clinical use. This study introduces positional similarity sets as an effective contextual technique to identify such inconsistencies and improve the modelling of SNOMED CT concepts. Positional similarity sets are sets of lexically similar concepts having only one different word at the same position of their names. A technique to incorporate three structural indicators into the selected sets is provided to improve the likelihood of finding inconsistently modelled concepts. The results show that the likelihood of finding inconsistencies using such positional similarity sets is up to 41.6%. Such quality assurance methods can be used to supplement IHTSDO's own efforts in order to improve the quality of SNOMED CT.
Copper‐Coated Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomer via Bioinspired Polydopamine Adhesion and Electroless Deposition

This study explores the functionalization of main-chain nematic elastomers with a conductive metallic surface layer using a polydopamine binder. Using a two-stage thiol-acrylate reaction, a programmed monodomain is achieved for thermoreversible actuation. A copper layer (≈155 nm) is deposited onto polymer samples using electroless deposition while the samples are in their elongated nematic state. Samples undergo 42% contraction when heated above the isotropic transition temperature. During the thermal cycle, buckling of the copper layer is seen in the direction perpendicular to contraction; however, transverse cracking occurs due to the large Poisson effect experienced during actuation. As a result, the electrical conductivity of the layer reduced quickly as a function of thermal cycling. However, samples do not show signs of delamination after 25 thermal cycles. These results demonstrate the ability to explore multifunctional liquid-crystalline composites using relatively facile synthesis, adhesion, and deposition techniques.
Prostaglandin suppression of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. Changes with mitogen dose and preincubation.

In this study we further characterize the properties of the prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell. Overnight preincubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells results in an increased response of the cells to phytohemagglutinin or Concanavalin A compared to the response of fresh cells. This increase in mitogen response with preincubation was similar in magnitude to the increase in mitogen response of fresh cells after the addition of indomethacin. The two manipulations were not additive; that is, after preincubation, indomethacin caused much less enhancement of mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (100 +/- 12% increase before preincubation vs. 12 +/- 6% after preincubation; mean+/-SEM, P 1,000-fold more exogenous PGE(2) to produce comparable inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated preincubated cells than is required for inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated fresh cells. The enhancing effect of indomethacin increases with decreasing doses of phytohemagglutinin. Indomethacin causes a 1,059+/-134% increase in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation at the lowest dose of phytohemagglutinin (0.2 mug/ml), and a 4+/-3% increase at the highest dose (20 mug/ml). This increase in response to indomethacin with a lower dose of phytohemagglutinin is due to increased sensitivity to inhibition by PGE(2) at lower mitogen doses. The prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell assay and the short-lived suppressor cell assay measure over-lapping phenomena. The increased suppressive effect of the prostaglandin-producing suppressor at suboptimal mitogen dose must be taken into account in the interpretation of any study where the response to a range of mitogen doses is studied.
Hemispheric Asymmetry of Development Due to Drug Exposure.

Background A previous survey of the literature of fMRI brain activation for two risk factors, impulsivity and craving, for addiction were lateralized to the right and left hemispheres respectively. Most articles reported these findings without consideration of how lateral asymmetries might be relevant to understanding the underlying factors leading to addiction. Objective The current survey is intended to extend these observations by demonstrating hemispheric asymmetry of development due to pre-natal or adolescent/adult exposure to drugs of abuse. Method Articles that reported either pre-natal or adolescent/adult exposure to drugs of abuse were collected and the hemisphere of the affected structures was tabulated to determine if, and which, drugs affected more structures in one hemisphere or the other or both together. Results Some drugs, notably cocaine and alcohol, differentially affected left or right hemisphere structures which significantly differed depending on whether individuals were exposed prenatally or as an adolescent/adult. Cocaine tended to affect more left hemisphere structures when exposed prenatally and significantly affected more in the right when exposed as adults. Alcohol had the reverse pattern. The difference in patterns of effect between pre-natal or adult exposure was significant for both. Conclusion The results in this survey demonstrate that some drugs of abuse appear to have a right/left differential effect on structures of the brain. Further investigation into the reasons for this asymmetry may provide new insights into underlying factors of drug-seeking and addiction.
Pulsating turbulence in a marginally unstable stratified shear flow

We describe a simple model for turbulence in a marginally unstable, forced, stratified shear flow. The model illustrates the essential physics of marginally unstable turbulence, in particular the tendency of the mean flow to fluctuate about the marginally unstable state. Fluctuations are modelled as an oscillatory interaction between the mean shear and the turbulence. The interaction is made quantitative using empirically established properties of stratified turbulence. The model also suggests a practical way to estimate both the mean kinetic energy of the turbulence and its viscous dissipation rate. Solutions compare favourably with observations of fluctuating ‘deep cycle’ turbulence in the equatorial oceans.
Mining Persistent and Discriminative Communities in Graph Ensembles

Detecting all communities in a single graph is a prevalent task in graph data analytics. However, many scientific applications naturally create data as an ensemble of graphs. For example, graph ensembles can be created from multiple: social networks at distinct points in time, biological networks created from independent experiments, and global climate networks created from unique climate models. In this work, we present a method for enumerating community subsets across an ensemble of graphs, with the ability to detect both persistent and discriminative subcommunities. Moreover, we support queries, consisting of user-specified vertices of interest and arbitrary ensemble slices, to produce output that is more relevant to the user while reducing output size and computation time. While related methods are designed around a single community definition, our method is designed around the idea that choosing an appropriate community definition often depends on the application at hand. Therefore, our goal is to provide a framework that can leverage the abundance of community detection methods available when discovering persistent and discriminative substructures.
Long-term outcomes of patients undergoing simultaneous liver transplantation and sleeve gastrectomy

Obesity is increasingly common before and after liver transplantation (LT), yet optimal management remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term outcomes for obese patients undergoing LT, including a noninvasive weight loss program and combined LT and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Since 2006, all patients referred for LT with a body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2 were enrolled. Patients who achieved weight loss (BMI 3 years of follow-up, whereas overall, a total of 29 patients underwent LT + SG. Patients in the LT cohort had less severe obesity at enrollment (40.0 ± 2.7 vs. LT + SG cohort 46.0 ± 4.5; P 10% loss in total body weight (TBW) pre-LT. Three years posttransplant, 29.4% of patients in the LT cohort maintained >10% loss in TBW, whereas 100% of the LT + SG patients did (P < 0.001). Patients who underwent LT + SG maintained a significantly higher percentage of total body weight loss after 3 years of follow-up (LT cohort 3.9 ± 13.3% vs. LT + S G cohort 34.8 ± 17.3%; P < 0.001). Patients in the LT + SG also had a lower prevalence of hypertension, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis and required fewer antihypertensive medications and lipid agents at last follow-up. CONCLUSION Whereas weight loss before transplantation was achieved by obese patients, weight regain was common in the LT cohort. Combined LT + SG resulted in more effective and more durable weight loss, as well as fewer metabolic complications at last follow-up. (Hepatology 2018).
Formation and self-organization of void superlattices under irradiation: A phase field study

Abstract Self-organized patterns, realized in non-equilibrium processes, have been widely observed in physics and chemistry. As a powerful tool to create far-from-equilibrium environments, irradiation produces a variety of types of defects, which can self-organize through physical interactions and chemical reactions. Such a process becomes complicated especially when both thermodynamics and kinetics play critical roles in pattern formation. In this paper, we investigate the formation and self-organization mechanism of void superlattices in metals and alloys under irradiation through phase field modeling and simulations. For the first time, three different formation mechanisms of void superlattices are clearly distinguished according to their thermodynamic origin and reaction kinetics. It is found that the characteristic length and symmetry of an emerging superlattice is determined by the interplay of the thermodynamic driving force and the kinetic anisotropy of the system. Through parametric study, the effects of kinetic coefficients, such as atomic mobility and irradiation dose rate, on the nucleation, growth, coarsening, coalescence, and ordering of voids are systematically investigated. The theoretical model developed in this work may provide guidelines for designing desired self-organized microstructures under irradiation.
Analysis of Variance I

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical procedure for comparing means of two or more populations. As the name suggests, ANOVA is a method for studying differences in means by analysis of the variance components in the model. In earlier chapters we have considered two sample location problems; for example, we compared the means of two groups using a two-sample t-test. Let us now consider a generalization to the multi-sample location problem, where we wish to compare the location parameters of two or more groups. One-way ANOVA handles a special case of this problem, testing for equal group means.
An Extended Depth-at-Field Volumetric Near-Eye Augmented Reality Display

We introduce an optical design and a rendering pipeline for a full-color volumetric near-eye display which simultaneously presents imagery with near-accurate per-pixel focus across an extended volume ranging from 15cm (6.7 diopters) to 4M (0.25 diopters), allowing the viewer to accommodate freely across this entire depth range. This is achieved using a focus-tunable lens that continuously sweeps a sequence of 280 synchronized binary images from a high-speed, Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) projector and a high-speed, high dynamic range (HDR) light source that illuminates the DMD images with a distinct color and brightness at each binary frame. Our rendering pipeline converts 3-D scene information into a 2-D surface of color voxels, which are decomposed into 280 binary images in a voxel-oriented manner, such that 280 distinct depth positions for full-color voxels can be displayed.
Kidney Transplant-Immunosuppression and Rejection

Advances in immunosuppression medications have led to significant improvement in renal transplantation outcomes over the past few decades. The introduction of cyclosporine in the 1980s resulted in a reduction of acute rejection rates and prolonged short-term graft survival. The use of induction immunosuppression agents combined with the development of new maintenance therapies have led to a further decrease in early rejection episodes, making allo-immune causes of early graft loss rare. Despite these advances, overall graft survival remains unchanged in recent years. Therapies for the treatment of rejection have evolved over time. Special populations within the transplant community may warrant tailored immunosuppressive therapy. The transplant team and patient are challenged with deliberating the risks and benefits of these immunosuppression medications. This chapter details current strategies, evidence, and risk profiles of immunosuppressive medications for kidney transplantation along with treatment and prevention of rejection.
Review of James N. Green, Exile within Exiles: Herbert Daniel, Gay Brazilian Revolutionary (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018).

This is a review of James N. Green, Exile within Exiles: Herbert Daniel, Gay Brazilian Revolutionary (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018).
Stochastic energy absorbers based on analogies with soft-wall billiards

A few degrees-of-freedom Hamiltonian model exhibiting one-directional long-term trends in energy exchange flows is introduced. The model includes a massive potential well—a container with one or few light non-interacting particles—attached to a linearly elastic spring. Intentionally, no phenomenological dissipation is imposed. Nonetheless, due to the similarity of container shapes to various types of stochastic soft-wall billiards, the energy is transferred from the container (donor) to the inner particle (acceptor) in almost irreversible way during physically reasonable time intervals. The potential well is introduced in such a way that, in the rigid-body limit, it resembles one of the two most common types of billiards, with either dispersing- or stadium-type boundaries, as the signature of main geometrical parameter of the well changes. In particular, we found conditions of stochasticity of the model’ dynamics based on the nonlinear normal mode stability concept. Such an approach points to the link between stability properties of normal modes and the typical dynamics of billiards. Possible applications to macro-level energy harvesters and the design of artificial energy-absorbing materials are discussed.
S ummit : Scaling Deep Learning Interpretability by Visualizing Activation and Attribution Summarizations

Deep learning is increasingly used in decision-making tasks. However, understanding how neural networks produce final predictions remains a fundamental challenge. Existing work on interpreting neural network predictions for images often focuses on explaining predictions for single images or neurons. As predictions are often computed from millions of weights that are optimized over millions of images, such explanations can easily miss a bigger picture. We present S ummit , an interactive system that scalably and systematically summarizes and visualizes what features a deep learning model has learned and how those features interact to make predictions. S ummit introduces two new scalable summarization techniques: (1) activation aggregation discovers important neurons, and (2) neuron-influence aggregation identifies relationships among such neurons. S ummit combines these techniques to create the novel attribution graph that reveals and summarizes crucial neuron associations and substructures that contribute to a model's outcomes. S ummit scales to large data, such as the ImageNet dataset with 1.2M images, and leverages neural network feature visualization and dataset examples to help users distill large, complex neural network models into compact, interactive visualizations. We present neural network exploration scenarios where S ummit helps us discover multiple surprising insights into a prevalent, large-scale image classifier's learned representations and informs future neural network architecture design. The S ummit visualization runs in modern web browsers and is open-sourced.
THE ROLE OF MONITORS IN THE VISUALIZATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR CANAL

Background The inferior alveolar canal (IAC) is a familiar landmark for dentists. Clear visualization of the IAC and its relationship with developing or impacted mandibular third molars is especially important. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has improved the ability for more accurate assessment of the IAC. Objective(s) The aim of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the ability to appropriately assess the third molar–IAC relationship between 3 different monitor types. Study Design In all,105 scans were randomized and evaluated by 2 calibrated and masked evaluators. Evaluation was performed on 3 different monitors: BARCO 3 MP medical-grade monitor, a prototype BARCO 2 MP monitor, and DELL ultrasharp monitor. Evaluations were completed in a dimly lit area. The luminance and ambient light were measured using a light meter. All 3 monitors were placed in same position for the evaluators and were adjusted such that the luminance was the same. The gold standard was established by 2 board-certified oral and maxillofacial radiologists and 1 oral and maxillofacial radiology resident, who assessed the data sets after the evaluation was completed and reached a consensus on the location of the IAC. Results The medical 3 MP monitor demonstrated the best interrater reliability with a percent agreement of 87% and a kappa value of 0.83. Accuracy was significantly greater with the medical-grade 3 MP compared with the consumer-grade display monitor, with an average increase in accuracy of 10.1%. A significantly higher accuracy (7.2%) was also obtained for the medical-grade 3 MP in comparison with the medical-grade 2 MP by 1 observer. Discussion/Conclusions This study found that the IAC can be well visualized and with a higher degree of accuracy on medical-grade display (3 MP) monitors compared with consumer-grade display monitors. The 2 MP prototype medical monitor showed a higher degree of accuracy compared with the consumer-grade monitor, although the differences were not statistically significant.
Imaging Modalities to Delineate Sequelae of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Managed with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) often present as clinically unstable, requiring management with percutaneous coronary intervention. Complications from persistent dissection and initial percutaneous management can present with later challenges. Intravascular and non-invasive imaging modalities are adjunct modalities to coronary angiography to delineate coronary anatomy and guide therapeutic strategies. Herein, we describe the case of a 23-year-old female patient who presented with heart failure and severe mitral regurgitation eight months after an index SCAD event during which she underwent extensive stenting of the left anterior descending artery. The multimodal imaging used in this case and how it helped in formulating the management rationale is also reviewed.
Comments on the Peristome of Encalypta procera (Encalyptaceae)

The structure of the peristome of Encalypta procera is represented along with comments on other complex forms in additional supposedly haplolepideous mosses. Relevant applicable literature is mentioned.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy and Risk of Recurrent Hospitalizations in Patients Without Left Bundle Branch Block: The Long-Term Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy.

Background: Mild heart failure (HF) patients without left bundle branch block (LBBB) did not derive a significant reduction in risk of a HF event/death in the MADIT-CRT trial (Multicenter Automatic...
The Value of Aligning Your Course for Curricular Improvement

CS research has shown that many CS educators do not use an evidence-based approach to make changes to their course. Fossati and Guzdial have found that educators use their intuition, student feedback and anecdotal evidence to make course improvements. Using these approaches makes it difficult to identify the effectiveness of the improvement. In instructional design, curriculum alignment is used to evaluate the degree which the learning objectives, course content, and assessment methods are in agreement with each other. This provides instructors with a detailed view of their course and areas that need improvement. Current alignment processes are impractical for a course instructor to apply, requiring a panel of experts and training on the process. We developed a new alignment process applicable by a single course instructor limiting the need for a panel of experts, however the process took 75 hours to apply. In this paper, we describe a prototype alignment tool, AlignET, that automates the new alignment process providing instructors with results they can use to make course improvements. We conducted a case study, where four instructors at Virginia Tech used AlignET to evaluate the alignment of their course and identified specific improvements to make to their course. AlignET reduced the time to complete the alignment process to less than 11 hours. The instructors identified gaps in their instructional methods and identified learning objectives they emphasized more than others. The case study provided us with critical improvements to make to AlignET.
Point/Counterpoint: What Does the Result of Conservative Therapy Tell Us About the Need for Surgery? Improvement Means Surgery Is Indicated

Controversy exists around the management of patients with TOS depending on response to PT. Many surgeons reserve surgery for those who fail PT, but our somewhat contrarian approach has been to recommend surgery only for those with a positive response to PT. While this approach may seem intuitively to not make sense, a closer look at this strategy and our decade-long experience with this approach shows that we have improved our outcomes compared to historical controls. Given that NTOS is primarily a disease of younger patients and that unnecessary surgery carries with it some risk of long-term disability, trying to maximize surgical outcomes should be a goal for all TOS surgeons. For this reason, we believe a definitive approach to symptom resolution in the form of surgery may be appropriate especially if they respond to PT as this may indicate (1) a better response to surgery as their symptoms are relieved with mimicking decompression of the costoclavicular space and thus confirming the initial diagnosis (2) compliance with pre-operative PT may indicate a greater compliance with post-operative PT which likely results in better outcomes and screens out patients that might not have the resources, means, nor motivation to do PT postoperatively. We argue that a positive response to PT is predictive of surgical success and patients with a good response to TOS-specific PT should be offered a rib resection for TOS.