cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interconnecting layers for tandem organic solar cells

Abstract The tandem structure provides a practical way to realize high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). It overcomes several bottlenecks in single-junction OSCs such as thermalization loss, transmission loss, and inefficient light absorption. In tandem OSCs, the interconnecting layer (ICL) electrically connects two subcells and it plays a critical role in determining the device performance and reproducibility. In this review paper, we first give a brief introduction to the working mechanism and the requirements for ICLs. We then compare three classes of ICLs based on their optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Finally, the possible paths forward for tandem OSCs are discussed.
Incidence and Prevalence of Granuloma Annulare in the United States.

Importance Although several single-center studies have estimated that granuloma annulare may account for approximately 0.1% to 0.4% of new patients presenting to dermatologists, large-scale population-based studies estimating the prevalence and incidence of granuloma annulare are lacking. Objectives To estimate the population-based incidence and prevalence of granuloma annulare in the United States and to identify the most commonly prescribed treatments. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used deidentified data from the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart Database from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018, to identify patients with granuloma annulare. Main Outcomes and Measures After validating an approach to classify patients with granuloma annulare usingInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revisioncodes, the primary outcomes were age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific annualized incidence and prevalence estimates for granuloma annulare. In addition, treatment use within 6 to 12 months after the first diagnosis of granuloma annulare was examined. Confidence intervals for prevalence and incidence estimates were computed assuming a binomial distribution using the Wilson score method. Age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific incidence and prevalence estimates were compared using the χ2test. Results A total of 11 608 patients with incident granuloma annulare (8680 female patients [74.8%]; mean [SD] age, 56.5 [18.8] years) and 17 862 patients with prevalent granuloma annulare (13 548 female patients [75.8%]; mean [SD] age, 56.6 [18.5] years) were identified during the study period. The overall annualized incidence of granuloma annulare was 0.04%, or 37.9 (95% CI, 36.9-38.9) per 100 000, and the overall annualized prevalence of granuloma annulare was 0.06%, or 58.3 (95% CI, 57.1-59.5) per 100 000. The incidence and prevalence of granuloma annulare were highest in the fifth decade of life. The incidence and prevalence of granuloma annulare were higher among women (incidence: female to male ratio, 2.8:1; prevalence: female to male ratio, 3.0:1). Within 6 months of their first diagnosis, 4822 patients (41.5%) filled a prescription for a topical corticosteroid, and 1087 patients (9.4%) received an intralesional injection. Within 6 months of their first diagnosis, oral tetracycline prescriptions were filled by 820 patients (7.1%), and hydroxychloroquine prescriptions were filled by 268 patients (2.3%). Conclusions and Relevance Granuloma annulare is a rare disease in the United States that is more common among women and middle-aged to older individuals. The findings of this cross-sectional study provide important background regarding the basic epidemiology and overall burden of granuloma annulare in the United States. Future studies are needed to better understand the association of granuloma annulare with quality of life and the most optimal treatment approaches for this condition.
Computing Pythagorean Triples

Pythagorean triples are the positive integer solutions to the Pythagoras equation for right triangles, a2+b2 = c2. They have been studied for many years, many centuries in fact. In this short paper we present a method for computing Pythagorean triples in general, the first two cases of which go back at least to the early Pythagoreans (570-495 BCE), and to Plato (429-347 BCE). But the method has not been investigated as extensively as presented here. Several other approaches are also considered.
Design principles for creating synthetic underwater adhesives.

Water and adhesives have a conflicting relationship as demonstrated by the failure of most man-made adhesives in underwater environments. However, living creatures routinely adhere to substrates underwater. For example, sandcastle worms create protective reefs underwater by secreting a cocktail of protein glue that binds mineral particles together, and mussels attach themselves to rocks near tide-swept sea shores using byssal threads formed from their extracellular secretions. Over the past few decades, the physicochemical examination of biological underwater adhesives has begun to decipher the mysteries behind underwater adhesion. These naturally occurring adhesives have inspired the creation of several synthetic materials that can stick underwater – a task that was once thought to be “impossible”. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in the science of underwater adhesion over the past few decades. In this review, we introduce the basic thermodynamics processes and kinetic parameters involved in adhesion. Second, we describe the challenges brought by water when adhering underwater. Third, we explore the adhesive mechanisms showcased by mussels and sandcastle worms to overcome the challenges brought by water. We then present a detailed review of synthetic underwater adhesives that have been reported to date. Finally, we discuss some potential applications of underwater adhesives and the current challenges in the field by using a tandem analysis of the reported chemical structures and their adhesive strength. This review is aimed to inspire and facilitate the design of novel synthetic underwater adhesives, that will, in turn expand our understanding of the physical and chemical parameters that influence underwater adhesion.
Endoscopic surgery in weightlessness: the investigation of basic principles for surgery in space

BACKGROUND: Performing a surgical procedure in weightlessness, also called 0-gravity (0-g), has been shown to be no more difficult than in a 1-g environment if the requirements for the restraint of the patient, operator, surgical hardware, are observed. The performance of laparoscopic and thorascopic procedures in weightlessness, if feasible, would offer several advantages over the performance of an open operation. Concerns about the feasibility of performing minimally invasive procedures in weightlessness have included impaired visualization from the absence of gravitational retraction of the bowel (laparoscopy) or thoracic organs (thoracoscopy) as well as obstruction and interference from floating debris such as blood, pus, and irrigation fluid. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of performing laparoscopic and thorascopic procedures and the degree of impaired surgical endoscopic visualization in weightlessness. METHODS: From 1993 to 2000, laparoscopic and thorascopic procedures were performed on 10 anesthetized adult pigs weighing approximately 50 kg in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Microgravity Program using a modified KC-135 airplane. The parabolic simulation system for advanced life support was used in this project, and 20 to 40 parabolas were used for laparoscopic or thorascopic investigation, each containing approximately 30 s of 0-g alternating with 2-g pullouts. The animal model was restrained in the supine position on a floor-level Crew Medical Restraint System, and the abdominal cavity was insufflated with carbon dioxide. The intraabdominal and intrathoracic anatomy was visualized in the 1-g, 0-g, and 2-g periods of parabolic flight. Bleeding was created in the animals, and the behavior of the blood in the abdominal and thoracic cavities was observed. In the thoracic cavity, gas insufflation and mechanical retraction was used at times unilaterally to decrease pulmonary ventilation enough to increase the thoracic domain. RESULTS: Visualization was improved in laparoscopy, from tethering of the bowel by the elastic mesentery, and from the strong tendency for debris and blood to adhere to the abdominal wall because of surface tension forces. The lack of adequate thoracic domain made thorascopy more difficult. Fluid in the thoracic cavity did not impair visualization because the fluid at 0-g does not loculate posteriorly, but disperses along the thoracic wall and mediastinal reflections. CONCLUSIONS: Performing minimally invasive procedures instead of open surgical procedures in a weightless environment has theoretical advantages, especially in the ability to prevent cabin atmosphere contamination from surgical fluids (blood, pus, irrigation). Visualization will become more important and practical as the endoscopic hardware is miniaturized from its current form, as endoscopic technology becomes more advanced, and as more surgically capable medical crew officers are present in future long-duration space exploration missions.
Correlated Measurement of Endogenous ATE1 Activity on Native Acceptor Proteins in Tissues and Cultured Cells to Detect Cellular Aging

Following our early discovery of arginylation in 1963, we have performed several studies to correlate its activity with essential biological processes. We employed cell- and tissue-based assays to detect both the level of acceptor proteins and the level of ATE1 activity under different conditions. Remarkably, in these assays, we found a close correlation between arginylation and aging, a discovery that we believe has longer-term implications in uncovering the importance of ATE1 in normal biology and disease therapies. Here we describe the original methods we used to measure ATE1 activity in tissues and correlate it with key biological events.
Chapter VI Recent Developments in Superconductivity

Publisher Summary This chapter presents as clear a view as possible of the physical basis and content of the recent theoretical advances. The chapter outlines the results of recent experiments, which have confirmed a number of predictions of the theory. The remarkable properties of superconductors are consequences of quantum effects operating on a truly macroscopic scale. There is evidence for a gap in the excitation spectra and other phenomena suggestive of superconductivity. There is a direct analogy between the Meissner effect and the fact that the moment of inertia of a rotating nucleus is considerably less than the rigid body value. This chapter also describes the possibility of super fluid behavior in 3He, with pairing most likely to occur through d-type functions. It has proposed a superconductivity theory of elementary particles, in which the mass of nucleons is determined by the energy gap.
Executive Stock Options and Leverage: Perverse Incentives or Optimal Contracting, a Test of Causality

Executive stock options as a form of managerial compensation have come under intense scrutiny in recent months. Agency theory has held that options granted to executives should resolve some conflicts between managers and stockholders (Jensen and Meckling, 1976, and Haugen and Senbet, 1981). Yet recent events highlight the additional and perverse incentives that executive stock options can create. The role that executive options may have played in the collapse of firms like Enron is currently being debated in the popular press as well as by legislators and regulatory officials. Testifying before congress, Alan Greenspan recently said "there has been a severance, in my judgment, of the interests of the chief executive officer in many corporations from those of the shareholders" (February 27, 2002). This severance can lead to risk taking by the corporate manager, beyond that preferred by the shareholders. One such type of risk taking is the increased use of financial leverage. Prior empirical research documents a positive contemporaneous relationships between executive options and leverage. These studies argue that executive options induce risk taking on the part of the manager and so interpret this finding as an indication that higher option grants cause higher leverage. I explicitly test for a causal relationship between executive options and leverage. I find that executive options cause financial risk taking when there is low institutional monitoring (ownership). However, for high institutional ownership, I find that this is not the case. Rather, following increases in firm risk (leverage), managers are granted additional stock options, consistent with optimal contracting and the empirical predictions of Choe (2001) and, more generally, the asset substitution hypothesis of Meyers (1977). Taken together, these results suggest that for some firms, the use of executive option may be efficient from the standpoint of shareholders.
Federal Health Coverage Mandates and Health Care Utilization: The Case of the Women's Health and Cancer Rights Act and Use of Breast Reconstruction Surgery

Abstract Background: Utilization of breast reconstruction services remains low among women who underwent mastectomy despite the improvement in quality of life associated with this treatment. The objective of this study is to identify the effect of the Women's Health and Cancer Rights Act (WHCRA)—an understudied ongoing federal law that mandated insurance coverage of breast reconstruction following mastectomy beginning in 1999—on use of reconstructive surgery after mastectomy. Methods: We use a difference-in-differences (DD) approach to identify the change in breast reconstruction utilization induced by WHCRA by comparing the pre- and post-policy changes in utilization between states that did not have existing laws mandating coverage before the WHCRA (treatment group) and those that had such state laws (control group). The data are from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. The main sample includes 15,737 female patients who were under the age of 64 and underwent mastectomy within 4 mont...
Thyroiditis--a model canine autoimmune disease

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a model canine autoimmune disease that is thyroiditis. Thyroiditis is representative of a large number of autoimmune diseases in which immunological surveillance falters so that self and nonself become confused and the body attacks itself. In human medicine, autoimmunity is the cause of most common endocrine disorders. This appears to be true for dogs as well. A significant measure of the diagnostic ambiguity about canine hypothyroidism stems from our ignorance of the fundamental causes and contributing mechanisms underlying the autoimmune responses of dogs. The development of autoimmune disease generally involves a multistep process: an initiating event produces nonspecific trauma or inflammation that triggers a secondary immune reaction in a genetically predisposed individual. The endocrine gland is progressively destroyed by the autoimmune attack, and as the hormone titers change, clinical symptoms appear. The chapter reviews thyroiditis as a model for research on the general features of canine autoimmunity. One aim is to screen for canine alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) like those that have been associated with autoimmune disease in people.
Whole-lesion diffusion metrics for assessment of bladder cancer aggressiveness.

Purpose To explore associations of whole-lesion histogram diffusion metrics with pathologic findings and subsequent metastatic disease in bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy.
Individual differences in temporal lobe sensory processing of threatening stimuli in the cat.

Abstract In Experiment I, neurosensory responses from three limbic areas in the cat brain were recorded when cats of differing defensive temperamental traits were exposed to species characteristic threat. The cats investigated were more or less defensive in response to rats and conspecific threat howls. The behavioral disposition of these cats was stable over retest periods of more than one year. It was found that during visual inspection of rats, more defensive cats displayed greater neural activity in the amygdala and the ventromedial hypothalamus than less defensive cats, who showed no change over baseline. Neurosensory response of the amygdala to conspecific threat howls was also found to be greater in more defensive cats. In contrast, there was no neural response to threat howls in the hypothalamus. Neurosensory response to mice was different from the response to rats and threat howls. Visual inspection of the mouse was associated with a decrease in activity in the amygdalas of more difensive cats. Finally, response of the ventral hippocampus was unspecific, appearing to signal only a change in the stimulus environment. The increase in hypothalamic neural activity in response to rats in more defensive cats appeared to be driven by a potentiated output from the amygdala, since the ratio of hypothalamic to amygdala neurosensory response to rats was greater than one in more defensive cats, but equal to one in less defensive cats. Output of the amygdala was directly investigated using evoked potential techniques in Experiment II. Potentials evoked in the hypothalamus by amygdala stimulation were larger in more defensive cats. Size of the hypothalamic potential was highly correlated with the ratio of hypothalamic to amygdala neurosensory response (ratio response) to rats. Removing the effects of size of the hypothalamic evoked potential from the ratio response by analysis of covariance eliminated the difference between more and less defensive cats in ratio response to rats. The significance of these findings for the physiological bases of defensive response to threat and of temperamental traits are discussed.
Detection of primary aromatic amines on solid phase

Abstract A method for the detection of aromatic amines on the solid support by using chloranil has been developed. This test can detect as little as less than 5 μmol g −1 of primary aromatic amines attached to the resin.
Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathogenesis of Varicocele and Infertility

This review summarizes the published literature about the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of varicocele and the beneficial effects of varicocele repair on oxidative stress. Literature survey was performed using the Medline, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and Cochrane databases between 1993 and 2008 that were relevant to oxidative stress and varicocele. Varicocele treatment can reduce reactive oxygen species levels and improve sperm parameters and pregnancy rates, although it is still controversial with Assisted Reproductive Techniques outcomes. We conclude that spermatozoal dysfunction in varicocele patients could be multifactorial, and oxidative stress-induced injury appears to be one of the main causes.
High-speed front-illuminated GaInAsP/InP pin photodiode

Describes a high-speed front-illuminated GaInAsP/InP pin photodiode for use at the optical wavelength of 1.3 μm. The device is grown on an n+-InP substrate and uses polyimide both as a passivation layer and as a bonding pad holder to reduce parasitic capacitance. An optoelectronic sampling measurement of the impulse response shows a pulsewidth (FWHM) of 28 ps. A 3 dB bandwidth in excess of 18 GHz has been achieved.
Needs Assessment and Curriculum Mapping Enhancing Management Skills of the Nonprofit Workforce

This article documents the needs assessment and curriculum mapping of a nonprofit management certificate program in the United States. Based on a survey of nonprofit leaders, we identify management skill sets critical to the nonprofit sector in a challenging economic environment. In addition, a survey of alumni and students assesses participants' view of skills and knowledge they need in their daily jobs or for career advancement. Results of the study not only help to inform the curriculum revamping of the selected program but also serve to inform the content of other education programs within the nonprofit professional development education arena.
Common variable immunodeficiency in a renal transplant patient with severe recurrent bacterial infection: A case report and review of the literature

The second reported case of common variable immunodeficiency (acquired agammaglobulinemia) after renal transplantation is presented. Agammaglobulinemia presumably resulted from long-standing immunosuppression. This case and our review of the literature indicate that agammaglobulinemia is a rare event after transplantation but can be treated successfully with intravenous immunoglobulin. Additionally, hypogammaglobulinemia occurs frequently after transplantation and should be monitored and treated in appropriate clinical situations. The treatment of our patient with intravenous immunoglobulin also suggests that patients with common variable immunodeficiency can undergo renal transplantation.
Toward Effective Quality Assurance in Evidence-Based Practice: Links between Expert Consultation, Therapist Fidelity, and Child Outcomes.

This study validated a measure of expert clinical consultation and examined the association between consultation, therapist adherence, and youth outcomes in community-based settings. Consultant adherence to the multisystemic therapy (MST) consultation protocol was assessed through therapist reports, and therapist adherence to MST principles was assessed through caregiver reports in 2 samples of families (N1 = 178, N2 = 274) and therapists (N1 = 87, N2 = 162). Caregiver reports of youth behavior and functioning were obtained in the second sample pre- and posttreatment. Random effects regression models demonstrated associations between consultant behavior, therapist adherence, and posttreatment youth behavior problems and functioning. Instrumental aspects of consultation supported therapist adherence and improved youth outcomes; supportive aspects of consultation were negatively associated with adherence and outcomes. These findings suggest the availability to clinicians of expert consultation can impact cl...
Motor vehicle emissions control: some policy options for developing countries

In the next decade developing countries are likely to experience an unprecedented growth in road transport as a result of the rapid increase in their rates of motorization and urbanization. These developments will translate into increased demands for passenger and freight transport, and consequently into increased levels of automotive air pollution. This paper discusses regulatory strategies and policy options to control automotive emissions in developing countries.
Quantitative fluorescence microscopy provides high resolution imaging of passive diffusion and P-gp mediated efflux at the in vivo blood–brain barrier

Quantitative fluorescent microscopy is an emerging technology that has provided significant insight into cellular dye accumulation, organelle function, and tissue physiology. However, historically dyes have only been used to qualitatively or semi-quantitatively (fold change) determine changes in blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Herein, we present a novel method to calculate the blood to brain transfer rates of the dyes rhodamine 123 and Texas red across the in situ BBB. We observed that rhodamine 123 is subject to p-glycoprotein mediated efflux at the rat BBB and can be increased nearly 20-fold with p-glycoprotein inhibition. However, Texas Red appears to not be subject to MRP2 mediated efflux at the rat BBB, agreeing with literature reports suggesting MRP2 may lack functionality at the normal rat BBB. Lastly, we present data demonstrating that once dyes have crossed the BBB, diffusion of the dye molecule is not as instantaneous as has been previously suggested. We propose that future work can now be completed to (1) match BBB transfer coefficients to interstitial diffusion constants and (2) use dyes with specific affinities to cellular organelles or that have specific properties (e.g., subject to efflux transporters) to more fully understand BBB physiology.
The effects of group dynamics on resident progress committee deliberations.

Background: Prior investigations suggest that resident progress decisions by committee provide a broader perspective on performance and result in less grade inflation. There is countervailing concern that group dynamics may compromise quality of progress decisions. Purpose: To determine whether and how group dynamics compromise decision making about resident progress. Methods: Researchers recorded and analyzed participant comments during a resident progress committee meeting. End-of-rotation (EOR) evaluations were analyzed and compared to progress committee meeting results. Results: EOR and progress committee comments were similar in content. The ratio of specific to general comments was higher for EOR evaluations (5:1) than for progress committee meetings (2:1). EOR evaluation comments provided more supporting evidence for assertions. Individual progress committee participants did not dominate discussion or sway decision making. Participant progress committee meeting comments were consistent with their E...
A long-lived relativistic electron storage ring embedded in Earth's outer Van Allen belt.

Since their discovery more than 50 years ago, Earth’s Van Allen radiation belts have been considered to consist of two distinct zones of trapped, highly energetic charged particles. The outer zone is composed predominantly of megaelectron volt (MeV) electrons that wax and wane in intensity on time scales ranging from hours to days, depending primarily on external forcing by the solar wind. The spatially separated inner zone is composed of commingled high-energy electrons and very energetic positive ions (mostly protons), the latter being stable in intensity levels over years to decades. In situ energy-specific and temporally resolved spacecraft observations reveal an isolated third ring, or torus, of high-energy (>2 MeV) electrons that formed on 2 September 2012 and persisted largely unchanged in the geocentric radial range of 3.0 to ~3.5 Earth radii for more than 4 weeks before being disrupted (and virtually annihilated) by a powerful interplanetary shock wave passage.
A fine line separates carbocations from diradical ions in donor-unconjugated cations.

Carbocations are traditionally thought to be closed-shell electrophiles featuring an empty orbital rich in p character. Here, density functional theory computations indicate that when strong π donors are not placed in direct conjugation with benzylic-type cations, alternative diradical configurations that resemble non-Kekule diradicals are possible. For certain donor–acceptor frameworks, an open-shell singlet configuration is the computed ground state for the cation, whereas for coumarin and xanthenyl cations substituted with strong donors, a triplet diradical configuration is the computed ground state. Changing the substituent nature and attachment location substantially alters the energy gaps between the different electronic configurations and can manipulate the computed ground-state electronic configuration. There are few known examples of ground-state triplet carbocations, and, to our knowledge, no other examples of open-shell singlet carbocations. The open-shell singlet and triplet “carbocations” des...
Damping characteristics of active-passive hybrid constrained-layer treated beam structures

A new configuration of surface damping treatments, Active- Passive Hybrid Constrained Layer (HCL) damping, is analyzed and experimentally investigated. The purpose is to improve the performance of the current active constrained layer (ACL) and passive constrained layer (PCL) treatments by mixing passive and active materials in the constraining layer. In HCL, the viscoelastic material is constrained by an active-passive hybrid constraining layer -- the active part is made of PZT ceramics, and the passive part can be selected by the designer to meet different requirements, such as higher damping performance or lighter weight. The active and passive constraining parts are mechanically connected such that the displacement and force are continuous at the connecting surface, but are isolated electrically so the passive constraining part will not affect the function of its active counterpart. Following a generic study of the HCL concept by the authors earlier, the purpose of this paper is to illustrate and validate the HCL performance through both numerical and experimental investigations on a beam structure. The governing equations and boundary conditions of an HCL treated beam are derived and a finite element model is formulated. Tabletop tests with cantilever beam specimens are used for the experimental study. The new hybrid constrained layer is found to have the advantages of both ACL and PCL. By selecting a stiffer passive constraining material and an optimal active-to-passive length ratio, the HCL can achieve better closed-loop and open-loop performances than the treatment with a pure active constraining layer.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The economic foundations of east-west migration during the 19th century

An attempt is made to account for the pattern of east-west migration often observed in the United States during the nineteenth century. Two possible explanations are discussed. One is that settlers sought to minimize the distance traveled to new land and the other is that latitude-specific investments in seeds and human capital induced migrants to move along east-west lines. An explanation for the demise of the east-west pattern in the late 1800s is also developed. The analysis is based on published census data the 1860 manuscript schedules of population and Mormon family-group records. The study indicates that "the east-west pattern was attributable to an important extent to farmers who used seeds particularly corn that were adapted to a given latitude and to farmers who acquired latitude-specific skills....Incentives diminished and national migration patterns changed during the 1800s as farmers learned about farming in different environments as settlement reached the Great Plains and beyond and as agriculture declined in importance." (EXCERPT)
A study of the gamma radiation produced in the alpha particle bombardment of O^(16)

This thesis describes an investigation of gamma rays from the reaction O^(16)(α,γ)Ne^(20). The excitation function for gamma radiation has been studied for laboratory alpha-particle energies E_α from 4.8 to 9.9 Mev. Resonances were observed at E_α = 5.374, 5.94, 6.61, 6.930, 7.94, 8.17, 8.54, and 9.40 Mev, corresponding to Ne^(20) states at excitation energies of 9.029, 9.48, 10.02, 10.270, 11.08, 11.27, 11.56, and 12.25 Mev. Gamma-ray angular distribution measurements establish spins and parities of 4^+, 2^+, and 4^+ for the 9.029.-, 10270-, and 11.08-Mev states respectively. The 2^+ assignment for the 10.270-Mev state is supported by the results of triple angular-correlation studies made on the gamma-ray cascade from this state. Decay schemes have been investigated and estimates made of radiative widths and total widths. It is concluded that the 10.270-Mev state is the first T = 1 state of Ne^(20) on the basis of measurements of its excitation energy, spin and parity, total width, and M1 radiative width. The excitation function for 6.13-Mev gamma rays from the reaction O^(16)(α, α'γ)O^(16) has been studied for E_α from 8.9 to 9.9 Mev. The data indicates a resonance at E_α = 9.57 Mev corresponding to a state in Ne^(20) at 12.39 Mev. There is some evidence for a weaker resonance at E_α = 9.25 Mev corresponding to a state at 12.13 Mev.
Prevailing Wind in the Meteor Zone (80–100 km) over Atlanta and its Association with Midwinter Stratospheric Warming

Abstract The wind data generated by an all sky, continuous wave radio meteor wind facility at Atlanta (34°N, 84°W) is analyzed over the period of August 1974 through July 1975. Zonal and meridional components of the prevailing wind over the height range of 80–100 km, at 2 km intervals represent 5–10 day averages where the tidal components have been removed. Large southerly wind during winter and weak northerly wind during summer at 80–100,km altitude is consistent with other observations and mesospheric circulation models. Various phases of the 1974–75 midwinter stratospheric warming, including a pre-warming pulse during the second half of November 1974, are indicated to affect the prevailing Wind in the meteor zone over Atlanta in a consistent manner, by making use of the latitudinal and vertical compensation of temperature and also the movement of pressure systems in the stratosphere and above.
International Experiences in Restructuring Road Sector

An evolutionary continuum on which a modern and mature road administration develops is proposed. The five phases that appear necessary in this evolution are outlined: (a) the establishment of traditional construction and maintenance organization, (b) separation of client and producer functions, (c) separation of client and producer organizations, (d) corporatization or privatization of the producer organization, and (e) corporatization of the (client) road administration. The change management process—the framework process and its constituent cores—is addressed. The framework process is the flow of activities in change management when they move from one organizational phase to another. The core activities are those that the road administration must address in the change process. Both of these are discussed in detail. It is asserted that a quick reorganization of road administrations is neither possible nor desirable. The exact path to be taken depends critically on the initial conditions from which the ro...
Simultaneously defining cell phenotypes, cell cycle, and chromatin modifications at single-cell resolution

Heterogeneity of cellular phenotypes in asynchronous cell populations placed in the same biochemical and biophysical environment may depend on cell cycle and chromatin modifications; however, no current method can measure these properties at single-cell resolution simultaneously and in situ. Here, we develop, test, and validate a new microscopy assay that rapidly quantifies global acetylation on histone H3 and measures a wide range of cell and nuclear properties, including cell and nuclear morphology descriptors, cell-cycle phase, and F-actin content of thousands of cells simultaneously, without cell detachment from their substrate, at single-cell resolution. These measurements show that isogenic, isotypic cells of identical DNA content and the same cell-cycle phase can still display large variations in H3 acetylation and that these variations predict specific phenotypic variations, in particular, nuclear size and actin cytoskeleton content, but not cell shape. The dependence of cell and nuclear properties on cell-cycle phase is assessed without artifact-prone cell synchronization. To further demonstrate its versatility, this assay is used to quantify the complex interplay among cell cycle, epigenetic modifications, and phenotypic variations following pharmacological treatments affecting DNA integrity, cell cycle, and inhibiting chromatin-modifying enzymes.
Accounting Students Attitude towards Computer, the Acceptance of the Accounting Information System's Course and Teaching Method

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of student's attitude towards the acceptance of the AIS course and which teaching methods are used in the AIS course. The study results have indicated that computer attitude is significantly influences the acceptance of students towards the AIS course. However, the usefulness of the AIS course has not given an influence towards the AIS. The study results have also indicated that the many teaching methods that have been used in the AIS course are the lectures accompanied by video shows, field studies, applying e-learning, and applying the internet.
The role of self-reports in culture and personality research: It is too early to give up on self-reports

Abstract Heine, Buchtel, and Norenzayan [Heine, S., Buchtel, E. E., & Norenzayan, A. (2008). What do cross-national comparisons of personality traits tells us? The case of conscientiousness. Psychological Science, 19 , 309–313] have recently cast serious doubt on the validity of national means of self-reported conscientiousness. Extending Heine et al.’s work, we examined the validity of self-reported Big Five personality traits as well as life satisfaction and self-esteem, using weighted regression. Consistent with Heine et al., self-reported conscientiousness showed a severe lack of validity. However, self-reported agreeableness, neuroticism, self-esteem, and life satisfaction showed predictable associations with the criterion variables. It appears, therefore, premature to dismiss self-reports of personality traits and well-being as meaningless. Accordingly, it is important to examine the validity of self-reported personality, self-esteem, and life satisfaction using nationally representative samples in order to clarify which variables are vulnerable to the reference-group effect and other self-reporting biases.
Controlling an Invasive Shrub, Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC), using Directed Heating with Propane Torches

ABSTRACT: Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC) is a non-native shrub currently found in 31 states and four Canadian provinces. We examined the effectiveness of directed heating using 400,000 BTU backpack propane torches to control Japanese barberry infestations at two study areas in southern Connecticut. Each study area had eight 50-m × 50-m plots. Treatment combinations included a pre-leafout or post-leafout initial treatment with propane torches to reduce the size of established clumps and an early (late June), mid (early July), or late (late July) follow-up treatment to kill sprouts that developed from surviving root crowns. All treatment combinations were equally effective and reduced barberry abundance (a surrogate for cover) from 31% prior to treatment to only 0.5% the following autumn (i.e., a 98% reduction). All treatment combinations were also equally effective in reducing the size of surviving barberry to an average of only 11 cm compared with 74 cm for untreated clumps. Estimated labor co...
Potentially cariogenic streptococci in selected population groups in the western hemisphere

Although the presence of cariogenic streptococci in human plaque material has been established, little is known about the relationship of these organisms to the occurrence and distribution of caries. The organisms examined in these tests were found to be widespread in all groups coming from diverse backgrounds.
Multifrequency Phase-Resolution For Total Luminescence Spectroscopy

Multifrequency phase-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is used to generate a multidimensional data array in which phase-resolved fluorescence intensity is measured as a function of emission wavelength and excitation wavelength at a series of excitation modulation frequencies. The dependence of the phase-resolved fluorescence intensity on fluorescence lifetime, modulation frequency and detector phase angle setting is examined. A model two-component system of benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(b)fluoranthene has been used to demonsrate the ability of phase-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to selectively enhance the spectral contribution of a component as a function of fluorescence lifetime in total luminescence spectroscopyl, and is also discussed here.
Arterial incident detection using fixed detector and probe vehicle data

Abstract This paper describes incident detection algorithms for urban arterial streets using two distinct data sources: fixed traffic detectors and probe vehicles. The data sources are used independently to obtain two distinct algorithms. This approach is undertaken to increase the overall coverage of incident detection capabilities as early implementation will result in relatively few cases when data is available from both fixed detectors and probe vehicles on the same link and during the same time period. The algorithms were developed using simulation data for the ADVANCE ITS operational test; they will subsequently be recalibrated with field data collected during the ADVANCE demonstration project. Discriminant analysis was used to estimate a variety of models based on different traffic flow measures from each data source. Various functions of fixed detector measures (volume and occupancy) and probe vehicle travel times were considered for inclusion in the fixed detector and probe vehicle algorithms, respectively. The most effective variables for detecting incidents were volume divided by occupancy (which is related to average speed) for fixed detectors and average speed for probe vehicles. In both cases, traffic measures for the incident link were most useful for incidents located in the downstream portion of the link and for the next upstream link for incidents located at the upstream end or in the middle portion of the link. Further, it was generally found that data from a single link provided almost equally good incident detection as data obtained from pairs of links. This led to the development of an algorithm that uses data from a single detector or link, thereby supporting incident detection on any link that has a current data independent of data availability from other links. The performance of the algorithms was evaluated using detection rates and false alarm rates, which were found to be in the same range for both the algorithms. The fixed detector algorithm showed better detection ability, but its use is limited by the number of detectorized links in the network, while the performance of the probe vehicle algorithm was dependent on the number of reports available per time period.
Full‐fledged and forthright social economists under‐acclaimed

In a seeming attempt to legitimate or otherwise dignify social economics (Economie sociale, etc.), “named” economists (Adam Smith, Karl Marx et al.) have been dubbed social economists and/or regarded as having made significant but unrecognised contributions thereto. Conspicuously absent from that roster of celebrities are Leon Walras, economiste social par excellence, et al., who have distinguished themselves in the mainstream but also have done social economy(ics) explicitly, i.e. by that designation. Included in that illustrious et al. list are Francois Quesnay, J.B. Say, Friedrich von Wieser and Knut Wicksell (inter alios). Their due recognition, as per the present essay, cannot help but measurably further legitimise/dignify social economics.
The effect of temperature on the oxygenation of gopher snake blood.

Abstract 1. 1. Blood samples taken from twelve Sonora gopher snakes (Pituophiscatenifer affinis Hallowell) had a mean hematocrit of 24·0 ml red cells/ 100 ml blood, and a mean oxygen capacity of 9·3 ml oxygen/100 ml blood. 2. 2. Increasing temperature causes the oxygen dissociation curve of gopher snake blood (mean pH = 7·37-7·40; pCO2 = 29 mm Hg) to shift to the right toward higher oxygen pressures, the P50 increasing from 30 mm Hg at 20°C to 63 mm at 35°C. 3. 3. At 35°C the blood of P. c. affinis and six species of lizards for which data are available exhibit P50 1·41 to 1·75 times greater than the blood of mammals of the same body-weight at 37°C.
Breeding Sites of Snipe Flies (Rhagionidae) and Other Diptera in Woodland-Grass Soils

During terrestrial surveys for immature and adult rhagionids in northern California (Mendocino Co.), USA, woodland-grass soils were found to be a breeding source for 8 species of snipe flies: Chrysopilus , 2; Ptiolina , 1; Rhagio , 1; and Symphoromyia , 4. Immatures of a Ptiolina sp. near zonata obtained by hand sorting moss-covered soil samples from 1978–1980 yielded 2 adults. This is apparently the first time that Ptiolina has been reported from the state and that Ptiolina immatures have been successfully reared in the Nearctic Region. Adults of 8 rhagionid species were collected in emergence traps from April to July and in December 1980, with emergence densities ranging from 0.04 individuals/m2 for S. inconspicua to 1.30/m2 for Ptiolina sp. Emergence traps also captured miscellaneous dipterans belonging to ca. 48 species in 20 families. Incidental to other studies, a single male of an undescribed species of Symphoromyia near truncata was taken in an emergence trap in Contra Costa Co.
Light-induced hydrogen diffusion in a-Si:H

Experimental evidence for light-enhanced hydrogen diffusion in hydrogenated amorphous silicon is presented. Diffusion enhancement increases with illumination intensity and is suppressed in doped and in compensated material. The enhancement is attributed to an increased release rate of hydrogen from silicon-hydrogen bonds in the presence of photo-generated carriers.
Dietary and Management Procedures for Development of Consistent Hemorrhagic Symptoms in Chicks

Abstract Chicks hatched from S.C.W.L. pullets housed in laying cages an d fed a diet without vitamin K were compared with chicks hatched from pullets fed a similar ration supplemented with vitamin K3 at 750 mcg./kg. of feed. Eggs were incubated after 4, 5 and 7 months vitamin K depletion. Chicks were fed a basal chick starter with no source of vitamin K or the basal supplemented with various levels of sulfaquinoxaline (SQ) (0.0125–0.050%) or with 750 mcg./kg. of vitamin K3. Blood clotting time was determined on chicks at the beginning and at weekly intervals during each experiment. Blood clotting time was significantly increased by a SQ feeding, but no hemorrhages developed in chicks hatched from hens fed the diet containing vitamin K. Day-old chicks hatched after 4 months vitamin K depletion showed elevated blood clotting times. There was no significant change in blood clotting time during the experiment for chicks fed the basal. Blood clotting time was significantly reduced in one week for chicks supplemented with vitamin K and increased for chicks fed 0.0375 or 0.050% SQ. These levels of SQ also resulted in 25 and 47.5% skin hemorrhages. Five months vitamin K depletion of breeder hens resulted in increased incidence of skin hemorrhages, but blood clotting times were similar to those at four months. Seven months vitamin K depletion of breeder hens resulted in increased blood clotting times as compared with 4 months and 100% incidence of hemorrhages in chicks fed rations containing 0.0375 or 0.050% SQ.
Sex steroid metabolism and receptor status in hepatic hyperplasia and cancer in rats

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Both androgenic and estrogenic steroids have been implicated in the development and course of several liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate temporal changes in hepatic estrogen and androgen receptors and hormone metabolism in a rat model of liver hyperplasia and carcinogenesis. METHODS: Rats were fed hepatocarcinogenic peroxisome proliferator agents for 3 days to 10 months. Livers were examined for proliferation markers, activity and cellular distribution of sex steroid receptors, and key enzymes in sex hormone homeostasis. RESULTS: At all times, liver weight and proliferation markers in treated rats were increased. Early exposure resulted in increased nuclear estrogen and androgen receptor activity in treated rats. Tumors that developed after 9-10 months showed a marked decrease in estrogen receptor activity and, in contrast, an increase in androgen receptor activity, as did liver surrounding the tumors. Both short-term and long-term exposure to the carcinogens resulted in dramatic reductions in steroid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the thesis that, in preneoplastic stages such as hyperplasia, there is an elevation of both receptor activities and that the progression from hyperplasia to cancer results in suppression of estrogen receptor expression but maintenance of androgen receptor. (Gastroenterology 1996 Apr;110(4):1199-207)