cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological and chemical characteristics of soil catenas on pinedale and Bull Lake moraine slopes in the Salmon River Mountains, Idaho

Morphological and chemical properties of soils developed on moraines of granitic composition, and forested with lodgepole pine, in Bear Valley, Idaho, change significantly with age and slope position. Soil development on Pinedale and Bull Lake moraine slopes of similar curvature and steepness was assessed at the summits, shoulders, backslopes, and footslopes of both catenas, and at the toeslope of the Bull Lake catena. Many soil properties show trends in development with both age and slope position. These properties include clay content, clay film development, color, plagioclase weathering, and dithionite-citrate-extractable iron (Fed). The degree of development of all these properties is greater on the Bull Lake catena relative to that on the Pinedale catena. This trend reflects increased soil development with age. On both catenas, development of soil properties is commonly highest at the footslope or toeslope sites and minimum at the backslope site. Downslope changes are attributed to both colluviation and pedogenic processes, including sorting of sediments during downslope transport, greater accumulation of eolian materials transported to downslope sites by surface processes, and greater in situ weathering of mineral grains at the footslope and toeslope sites.
Loess origin, transport, and deposition over the past 10,000 years, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska

Abstract Contemporary glaciogenic dust has not received much attention, because most research has been on glaciogenic dust of the last glacial period or non-glaciogenic dust of the present interglacial period. Nevertheless, dust from modern glaciogenic sources may be important for Fe inputs to primary producers in the ocean. Adjacent to the subarctic Pacific Ocean, we studied a loess section near Chitina, Alaska along the Copper River in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, where dust has been accumulating over the past ∼10,000 years. Mass accumulation rates for the fine-grained (
Utilization of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of metastatic tumors to the pancreas

There is relatively little information concerning the use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to diagnose a mass in the pancreas that is secondary to metastatic tumor. This study reviews the incidence and types of neoplasms which metastasize to the pancreas and assesses the contribution FNAB can make in their diagnosis. Of 117 radiologically guided FNABs of the pancreas, 11% (n = 13) showed metastatic malignancy. Nine patients had a previous history of malignancy while four patients presented with a pancreatic mass and were subsequently found to have wide-spread malignant disease. The majority of metastatic lesions were epithelial (77%, n = 10). Patient outcomes were generally poor (mean survival 2.8 mo). Metastases to the pancreas occur from a variety of primary sites and should be considered in patients with a pancreatic mass and a history of prior malignancy. FNAB is useful in diagnosing these metastases and this is clinically important because of their poor prognosis.
WOMEN IN TOXIC WORK ENVIRONMENTS: A CASE STUDY OF SOCIAL PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT*

In 1975, the Bunker Hill Company of Kellogg, Idaho, refused to give fertile female employees jobs involving exposure to lead unless they were sterilized. This paper analyzes the development of the Bunker Hill controversy using the Spector and Kitsuse model of social problem development. We refine the model by considering the resources needed by the claims-making groups within each stage of development. Then we suggest modifications to the model to account for government involvement in the construction of social problems.
Role of surface modulating assemblies in growth control of normal and transformed fibroblasts

Cellular microtubules, microfilaments, and surface receptors have been postulated to form a surface modulating assembly that regulates surface receptor mobility and cell growth. To test this hypothesis, we examined three agents known to affect cell growth [colchicine, concanavalin A (Con A), and the src gene product of Rous sarcoma virus] for their effects on chick embryo fibroblasts. Individual cells from serum-starved normal fibroblast populations became committed to enter S phase at various times over a 12 hr period after exposure to serum. Colchicine and other microtubule-disrupting agents blocked entry into S phase at a point close to the commitment point for each cell. The lectin Con A also blocked entry into the S phase when present in doses sufficient to modulate surface receptor mobility. In contrast, succinyl-Con A, which does not induce surface modulation, had no effect. Both Con A and colchicine blocked the appearance of cytoplasmic factors capable of stimulating DNA replication in a cell-free system. To study endogenous effects on the surface modulating assembly, we infected fibroblasts with a Rous sarcoma virus (tsNY68) having a temperature-sensitive mutation in the transforming (src) gene. We have previously shown that microtubular and microfilamentous structures of the surface modulating assembly are direct or indirect targets of the src gene product with consequent reduction in the capacity of Con A to induce surface modulation. TsNY68-infected fibroblasts shifted to the non-permissive temperature acquired normal microtubular morphology more rapidly (2 hr) than cells grown at the permissive temperature in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors (7.5 hr). This suggests that the src gene product acts directly on the surface modulating assembly rather than via the nucleus or at the level of protein synthesis. Furthermore, "transformation" of the surface modulating assembly was partly blocked by treatment of the infected cells with Con A but not succinyl-Con A. Both Con A and colchicine inhibited entry into the S phase following a shift from nonpermissive to permissive growth conditions. All of these observations are in accord with the hypothesis that the surface modulating assembly acts as a signal regulator in growth control.
Carnitine biosynthesis: The formation of glycine from carbons 1 and 2 of 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine

Abstract The excreted hippuric acid from rats administered 6-N-trimethyl-L-[1-14C]-lysine together with a dose of sodium benzoate was isolated and analyzed for radioactivity. From 21 to 30% of the isotope from metabolized substrate was incorporated into hippuric acid showing that there is a rather direct conversion of carbons 1 and 2 of 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine to glycine.
FDG-PET assessment of the effect of head and neck radiotherapy on parotid gland glucose metabolism.

Purpose Functional imaging with [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) provides the opportunity to define the physiology of the major salivary glands before and after radiation therapy. The goal of this retrospective study was to identify the radiation dose–response relationship of parotid gland glucose metabolism in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Materials and Methods Forty-nine adults with HNSCC were identified who had curative intent intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and FDG-PET imaging before and after treatment. Using a graphical user interface, contours were delineated for the parotid glands on axial CT slices while all authors were blinded to paired PET slices. Average and maximal standard uptake values (SUV) were measured within these anatomic regions. Changes in SUV and volume after radiation therapy were correlated with parotid gland dose–volume histograms from IMRT plans. Results The average parotid gland volume was 30.7 mL and contracted 3.9 ± 1.9% with every increase of 10 Gy in mean dose ( p = 0.04). However, within the first 3 months after treatment, there was a uniform reduction of 16.5% ± 7.3% regardless of dose. The average SUV mean of the glands was 1.63 ± 0.48 pretreatment and declined by 5.2% ± 2.5% for every increase of 10 Gy in mean dose ( p = 0.04). The average SUV max was 4.07 ± 2.85 pretreatment and decreased in a sigmoid manner with mean dose. A threshold of 32 Gy for mean dose existed, after which SUV max declined rapidly. Conclusion Radiation dose responses of the parotid glands can be measured by integrated CT/FDG-PET scans. Retrospective analysis showed sigmoidal declines in the maximum metabolism but linear declines in the average metabolism of the glands with dose. Future studies should correlate this decline in FDG uptake with saliva production to improve treatment planning.
Comparative Evaluation of Intestinal Nitric Oxide in Embryonic Zebrafish Exposed to Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle (NP) exposure may induce oxidative stress through generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which can lead to cellular and tissue damage. The digestive system is one of the initial organs affected by NP exposure. Here, it is demonstrated that exposure to metal oxide NPs induces differential changes in zebrafish intestinal NO concentrations. Intestinal NO concentrations are quantified electrochemically with a carbon fiber microelectrode inserted in the intestine of live embryos. Specificity of the electrochemical signals is demonstrated by NO-specific pharmacological manipulations and the results are correlated with the 4,5-diaminofluorescein-diacetate (DAF-FM-DA). NPs are demonstrated to either induce or reduce physiological NO levels depending on their redox reactivity, type and dose. NO level is altered following exposure of zebrafish embryos to CuO and CeO2 NPs at various stages and concentrations. CuO NPs increase NO concentration, suggesting an intestinal oxidative damage. In contrast, low CeO2 NP concentration exposure significantly reduces NO levels, suggesting NO scavenging activity. However, high concentration exposure results in increased NO. Alterations in NO concentration suggest changes in intestinal physiology and oxidative stress, which will ultimately correspond to NPs toxicity. This work also demonstrates the use of electrochemistry to monitor in vivo changes of NO within zebrafish organs.
Nonscanning no-moving-parts imaging spectrometer

A temporally and spatially nonscanning imaging spectrometer is described in terms of computed-tomography concepts, specifically the central-slice theorem. The critical system element is a sequence of three transmission sinusoidal-phase gratings rotated in 60 degree increments which achieve dispersion in multiple directions and into multiple orders. The dispersed images of the system's field-stop are interpreted as 2D projections of a 3D (x, y, (lambda) ) object cube. Due to finite focal-plane array size, this computed-tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS) is an example of a limited-view-angle tomographic system. The imaging spectrometer's point-spread-function is measured experimentally as a function of wavelength and position in the field-of-view. Reconstruction of the object cube is then achieved via the maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization algorithm under the assumption of a Poisson likelihood law. Experimental results using a spatial/spectral 'University of Arizona' target indicate that the instrument performs well in the case of broadband and narrowband emitters. A relationship between an object's spatial size and spectral resolution characteristic of limited-view-angle systems is demonstrated.
Development of a clinical prediction rule for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy

Objective The purpose of this study was to elucidate if anemia in pregnancy caused by iron deficiency could be predicted by simple measures obtained on a complete blood count (CBC) using ferritin as the gold standard. Study design One hundred forty-one pregnant patients with anemia were recruited during their first prenatal visit. CBC and ferritin level were obtained and candidate-predictors identified. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, stratified analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used to develop a prediction rule with maximum specificity. Results A hemoglobin level ≤9.7 and a red cell distribution width (RDW) ≥15 (in gestational age Conclusion Iron deficiency anemia can be predicted in pregnancy using lower cost tests, which could be an incredibly useful tool in areas with limited resources and a high prevalence of the disease. This study was limited to a mostly African American population in an urban setting, and the results may not be generalized to other populations.
Hepatic Abnormalities Associated with Aluminum Loading in Piglets

Cholestasis is a common complication of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in infants. A contributing factor to the hepatic dysfunction may be a contaminant of the TPN solution, such as aluminum, that accumulates in liver and may act as a hepatotoxin. To study the hepatic effects of aluminum, growing piglets were given daily intravenous injections of aluminum, 1.5 mg/kg, for 50 days; pair-fed controls were given heparinized saline. At sacrifice, liver and serum were obtained. Liver was analyzed for histopathology and for aluminum content and localization. The hepatocyte lysosomes of the experimental group showed aluminum peaks by x-ray microanalysis, whereas the control group did not. No differences in ultrastructure were noted between the two groups when examined by electron microscopy. Mean serum total bile acid levels (27.8 +/- 15.9 SD vs 6.3 +/- 1.5 mumol/liter, p less than 0.05), mean alkaline phosphatase (309 +/- 108 vs 180 +/- 27 IU/liter, p = NS), and mean hepatic copper content (24.8 +/- 4.5 vs 14.4 +/- micrograms/g dry weight, p less than 0.01), were elevated in the aluminum-loaded piglets, indicating that cholestasis may have been produced. Also, a small but significant reduction in serum levels of 25 hydroxy-vitamin D was found in the aluminum-loaded piglets, suggesting that vitamin D hydroxylation may be impaired. Inasmuch as lysosomal contents are excreted into the bile, aluminum accumulation in lysosomes may alter lysosomal function and possibly affect bile flow or content.
A New Generation of Nickel−dmit-Based Molecular Conductors Based on Fully Conjugated Bimetallic Complexes

We report the synthesis of a new completely planar, extensively conjugated bimetallic Ni(II) complex for the construction of new molecular metals. The complex, (Bu4N)2{tto[Ni(dmit)]2} (1), with 14 ...
The “weight” of models and complexity

This article introduces a way of measuring the intrinsic complexity of models. Unlike complication, complexity is an irreducible indication of the innate characteristics of models. Instead of a reductionist paradigm, complexity should be measured in a holistic way. This article redefines the relationship between models and data, and proposes the concept of the “weight” of models, that is, how “heavy” a model is. Based on this concept, this article further defines the complexity of a model to be its ability to distort the space configuration. Three complexity indices are proposed to quantify the extent to which the input space is distorted by a model. It is recognized that there is a lack of widely accepted definition or measure of model complexity. The answer provided by this article is an attempt to move the inquiry a step closer to that goal. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2014
Oocyte signals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids control sperm recruitment in vivo.

A fundamental question in animal development is how motile cells find their correct target destinations. During mating in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, males inject sperm through the hermaphrodite vulva into the uterus. Amoeboid sperm crawl around fertilized eggs to the spermatheca – a convoluted tube where fertilization occurs1,2. Here, we show that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the precursors of eicosanoid signalling molecules, function in oocytes to control directional sperm motility within the uterus. PUFAs are transported from the intestine, the site of fat metabolism, to the oocytes yolk, which is a lipoprotein complex. Loss of the RME-2 low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, which mediates yolk endocytosis3 and fatty acid transport into oocytes, causes severe defects in sperm targeting. We used an RNAi screen to identify lipid regulators required for directional sperm motility. Our results support the hypothesis that PUFAs function in oocytes as precursors of signals that control sperm recruitment to the spermatheca. A common property of PUFAs in mammals and C. elegans is that these fats control local recruitment of motile cells to their target tissues.
Effects of buffer magnesium on positive inotropic agents in guinea pig cardiac muscle

Experiments examined effects of extracellular Mg2+ concentration (Mgo2+) on dose-dependent actions of strophanthidin, norepinephrine, Bay K-8644 and extracellular Ca2+ (Cao2+) in electrically stimulated atrial and ventricular muscle isolated from guinea pig heart. Mgo2+ itself elicited a concentration-dependent negative inotropic effect. Elevation of Mgo2+ between 0.6 and 12 mM increased the concentration of strophanthidin necessary to produce its toxic effects without affecting the maximum developed tension prior to toxicity. Similarly, Mgo2+ did not alter the maximum contractile force elicited by cumulative addition of norepinephrine, Bay K-8644 or Cao2+, but increased their ED50 values. These data suggest that interactions between Mgo2+ and the four positive inotropic agents were not mediated by effects on receptor binding or Na+,K+-ATPase, but rather by alterations at one or more steps involved in excitation-contraction coupling.
Peak wind load comparison : Theoretical estimates and ASCE 7

A new procedure to derive the distribution of peak pressure and load coefficients from individual sample records is applied to wind tunnel records obtained from a generic flat-roof model tested at the Univ. of Western Ontario (UWO). The initial step of this procedure requires the identification of the appropriate marginal probability of these records. The corresponding distribution of the peaks is then obtained with the use of the standard translation process. Predicted load coefficients over variable tributary areas as determined from UWO records and based on a preset probability of non-exceedence are compared with the provisions of the ASCE 7 standard. Based on the open-terrain observations, the code provisions generally correspond to relatively low levels of nonexceedence of 84% or less. The ASCE 7 suggested method to estimate the peak pressure coefficients for the suburban environment based on those for the open terrain could be successfully applied to the UWO observations. This, however, is generally not true when performing a similar estimation procedure for peak load coefficients from the Clemson experiments.
NOISE IMPROVES TRANSFER OF NEAR-THRESHOLD, PHASE-LOCKED ACTIVITY OF THE COCHLEAR NERVE : EVIDENCE FOR STOCHASTIC RESONANCE ?

Stochastic resonance can be described as improved detection of weak periodic stimuli by a dynamic nonlinear system, resulting from the simultaneous presentation of a restricted dynamic range of low-intensity noise. This property has been reported in simple physical and biological activities. The present study describes data consistent with the interpretation that stochastic resonance can be observed in the response of cochlear neurons. These experiments utilized low levels (−5 to 25 dB SPL) of stimuli and noise (5 to 30 dB SPL). Stimuli consisted of simultaneously presented 8 kHz (F1) and 8.8 kHz (F2) tone bursts, which generated an 800 Hz F2–F1 cochlear nerve envelope ensemble response in the gerbil. The mean response threshold was approximately −3 dB SPL. Simultaneous presentation of a low-intensity wideband noise increased the amplitude of this response. This was observed with tonal stimuli having intensities of 0–5 dB SPL; responses to stimulus levels >10 dB were attenuated by noise. Response amplitude was increased by noise levels of 10–15 dB; the amplitude was unaffected by lower levels of noise, and decreased in the presence of higher noise levels. These properties are compatible with those of stochastic resonance.
Transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of local disease after I125 seed implantation for prostate cancer

A study was undertaken to assess the ability of transrectal ultrasound (TR/US), digital rectal examination (DRE), and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), to diagnose persistent prostate cancer following an I-125 seed implant (SI). Twenty-six patients formed the study group. The median follow-up time was 38 months, and the range was 20 to 60 months. Eighty-eight percent (23/26) had suspicious lesions on TR/US, followed by ultrasound-guided biopsies. Biopsies were performed only on those patients having suspicious lesions on TR/US. Histologically proven adenocarcinoma was found in 81% (21/26) of the patients. Statistical evaluation was done using tissue obtained at biopsy as the gold standard. The sensitivities for the DRE and PSA were 33% and 76%, respectively. The specificities for DRE and PSA were 50% and 0%, respectively. The positive predictive values for cancer were 91% by TR/US, 100% by DRE, and 89% by PSA. The negative predictive values were 13% for DRE and 0% for PSA. Overall detection rates (N = 26) were 81% for TR/US, 27% for DRE, and 62% for PSA. We conclude that ultrasound criteria for the presence of cancer are the same for both the post-irradiated prostate and the untreated prostate, and that TR/US is the most sensitive testmore » for the diagnosis of persistent local cancer following I125 seed implantation.« less
Novel test pattern generators for pseudoexhaustive testing

Pseudoexhaustive testing of a combinational circuit involves applying all possible input patterns to all its individual output cones. The testing ensures detection of all detectable multiple stuck-at faults in the circuit and all detectable combinational faults within individual cones. Test pattern generators based on coding theory principles are not tailored to a specific circuit as they do not utilize any structural information. They usually generate test sets that are several orders of magnitude larger than the minimum size pseudoexhaustive test set required for a specific circuit. In this paper, we describe hardware efficient test pattern generators that employ knowledge of the circuit output cone structures for generating minimal test sets. Using our techniques, we have designed generators that generate minimum size test sets for the ISCAS benchmark circuits.
Monoclonal Antibody 4B1 Alters the pKa of a Carboxylic Acid at Position 325 (Helix X) of the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli

A carboxylic acid at position 325 in helix X is obligatory for lactose/H+ symport at a step corresponding to deprotonation of lactose permease [Carrasco, N. et al. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 2533−2539]. In this paper, pH profiles for active transport, efflux, and equilibrium exchange are analyzed for wild-type permease and mutant Glu325 → Asp. With respect to active transport and efflux down a concentration gradient, both of which involve net H+ translocation and are defective in the mutant, the wild-type and the mutant exhibit similar profiles, and at no pH is the mutant stimulated relative to the wild-type. Strikingly, exchange which does not involve H+ translocation is comparable in the wild-type and the Glu325 → Asp mutant below pH 7.5. Above pH 7.5, however, the exchange activity of the mutant is progressively and reversibly inhibited with a midpoint at about pH 8.5; while the exchange activity of wild-type permease is only mildly decreased above pH 9.5, and exchange by Glu325 → Ala or Glu325 → Gln perm...
Synergistic interactions in three-center metalmetal bonding. CuZn on Ru(0001)

Abstract Cu and Zn alloy when co-adsorbed on top of Ru(0001). The properties of these alloy films have been examined using thermal desorption mass spectroscopy, core-level photoemission, and CO chemisorption. For submonolayer coverages of Cu and Zn, the interaction among the RuZn, RuCu and ZnCu bonds produces a system that has electronic and chemical properties significantly different from those of Cu/Ru(0001), Zn/Ru(0001) and thick copper zinc alloys. Two-dimensional copper zinc alloys supported on Ru(0001) show ZnRu and ZnCu bonds more stable than the corresponding bonds in Zn/Ru(0001) or thick CuZn alloys. We propose that this phenomenon is caused by synergistic interactions in three-center metalmetal bonding.
IGF-I and EGF receptors in the pigmented rabbit bulbar conjunctiva.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether receptors for insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor α (TGFα) are present on the apical surface of the pigmented rabbit bulbar conjunctiva. Binding of 125I-labelled ligands to the apical surface of the pigmented rabbit bulbar conjunctiva was conducted at 4d`C both in the absence and presence of excess unlabeled ligands. There was no evidence for the existence of IGF-II, insulin or TGFα receptors in the isolated pigmented bulbar conjunctiva. Only IGF-I and EGF receptors appeared to be present. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of IGF-I receptors was 206 ± 13 pM and that for EGF was 51 ± 5 pM. The number of receptors per 95 mm2 of bulbar conjunctiva was (6.0 ± 0.2)X 109 for IGF-I and (2.4 ± 0.1) × 109 for EGF. There was no crossover binding of either IGF-I or EGF to one another's receptors. The IC50 value for competitive displacement of bound 125I-IGF-I was: 44 ...
A note on the lifetime of the ring current particles

Abstract Characteristics of the time variations of Dst during magnetic storms are discussed in the context of several energizing and loss processes thought to be important for the production and decay of the storm time ring current. The energy input rate U R may be more accurately evaluated if the predominant lifetime for ring current particle loss is taken as a few hours during main phase energizations, and a few tens of hours for particles remaining during recovery phases, and allowing for populations with a range of lifetimes during recurrent episodes of energization.
Writing in Early Childhood Classrooms: Guidance for Best Practices.

Writing is a critical emergent literacy skill that lays the foundation for children’s later literacy skills and reading achievement. Recent work indicates that many early childhood programs offer children materials and tools for engaging in writing activities but teachers rarely are seen modeling writing for children or scaffolding children’s writing attempts. Early childhood educational settings hoping to support children’s literacy development should provide multiple opportunities for children to observe teachers model writing, provide teacher support and scaffolding for children’s writing attempts and engage children in meaningful writing in their play. This paper provides twelve research-based guidelines for supporting children’s writing development in early childhood classrooms.
Inhibition of frog SK effector-target cell binding.

Substances known to inhibit mammalian NK cell activity during the first stage of lysis (i.e., effector cell-target cell binding) will also inhibit frog SK cell activity. We analyzed target cell lysis after conjugate formation between one target cell and at least one effector cell. Using frog SK effector cells and frog allogeneic and mammalian tumor target cells, we demonstrated that EDTA, the Ca+2 and Mg+2 chelating agent, but not EGTA, the Ca+2 chelating agent, inhibited binding. Thus, Mg+2 is required for conjugate formation. The inhibitory effects of EDTA were at least partially reversible following removal of EDTA. Binding also required membrane fluidity since pretreatment of targets with glutaraldehyde prevented effector cell binding. Adding glutaraldehyde after conjugate formation increased lysis. Modification of target cell surface proteins by DMSO and trypsin also inhibited binding of effector and target cells. Substances inhibiting binding decreased lysis as measured by 51Cr-release from target cells. Inhibition of binding between SK effector and target cells adds further support to our view that natural or spontaneous killing of foreign cells may be one of the most primitive immuno-defense mechanisms.
Nutritional Benefits of Phytase and Dietary Determinants of its Efficacy

Lei, X.G. and Stahl, C.H. 2000. Nutritional benefits of phytase and dietary determinants of its efficacy. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 17: 97–112. Over 60% of the total P in cereal grains and oil seeds and...
Their Portfolios, Our Role: Examining a Community College Teacher Education Digital Portfolio Program from the Students' Perspective.

In the of Fall 2006, our large, urban community college implemented digital portfolio development for all of the preservice early childhood educators registered in the infant-toddler and preschool–early elementary programs. Three years after implementation of the program, we conducted survey research to assess our students' perceptions of their preservice digital portfolio and their experience constructing it. The data suggest several contradictions. Students express that their digital portfolios are valuable in the present and after graduation, yet they do not spend extra time on them. They find their digital portfolios useful as academic reflection tools, but do not seem to take ownership of them. Crucial for program improvement, students wish they had more faculty support and more class time to work on their digital portfolios. These findings and related implications suggest that, although digital portfolios are worth pursuing from the student perspective, the need for faculty involvement may be even m...
Molecular-iodine laser

Abstract Molecular iodine has been observed to lase on eight vibrational bands of the 3460–3015 A band system. The laser was produced by electron-beam-pumping mixtures of a iodine-donor compound (HI, CF 3 I, or CH 3 I) and argon. The highest energy output obtained was 1.0 J in a 40 ns pulse, corresponding to an average power of 25 MW.
Potentiation by nifedipine and diltiazem of the hypotensive response after contrast angiography

Arterial hypotension has been demonstrated after left ventriculography using currently available ionic contrast agents. This adverse hemodynamic response is significantly decreased with the newer nonionic contrast agents. Calcium channel antagonists also produce a hypotensive response. The potentially accentuated hypotensive response after bolus contrast angiography in patients receiving the calcium antagonists nifedipine and diltiazem was evaluated. Three contrast agents were compared: two ionic agents (Renografin-76 and Hypaque-76) and a nonionic agent (iopamidol). The hemodynamic response after left ventriculography was assessed in 125 patients, 65 receiving nifedipine or diltiazem and 60 not receiving these drugs. Baseline clinical characteristics were similar in all patient groups. The hypotensive response was significantly greater after left ventriculography with the ionic agents than with the nonionic agent. In those patients receiving nifedipine or diltiazem, the hypotensive response after bolus contrast angiography using the ionic agents occurred earlier after contrast injection (4.2 ± 3.1 versus 12.9 ± 6.0 seconds, p
Demagnetizing factors in nonellipsoidal samples; a review

It is well known that the surface divergence of the magnetization vector gives rise to a magnetic field, usually termed the “demagnetizing field.” In ellipsoidal bodies which are uniformly magnetized, the demagnetizing field is in turn also uniform. In nonellipsoidal bodies, however, the demagnetizing field is in general nonuniform. Experimental data taken on nonellipsoidal samples are, therefore, extremely difficult to interpret. For this reason, experiments on magnetic materials are best performed on samples of ellipsoidal shape. Quite frequently, however, other considerations make it advantageous to use samples that have a nonellipsoidal shape; for instance, rectangular prisms, or cylinders with flat endfaces.
Critical review of the present status of the ozone depletion theory

Resume On examine l'etat actuel de la theorie de l'epuisement attribue aux hydrocarbures chlorofluores (CFC) de l'ozone, suivant laquelle l'ozone est retransforme en oxygene. Deux rapports importants ont ete publiesen 1982, ne presentant pas des perspectives aussi sombres que precedemment. On conclut qu'on a le temps de poursuivre les recherches sans danger grave pour la sante humaine ou pour l'environment et qu'il n'est donc pas necessaire de disposer actuellement d'une nouvelle regelementation sur la production de CFC.
Geometry‐induced residual eddies in estuaries with curved channels: Observations and modeling studies

[1] Observations using a vessel-based acoustic Doppler current profiler conducted in two tidal channels with significant curvatures have shown persistent residual eddies. The residual eddies are clearly related to the bend of the channel. For a channel bending toward the north, the residual eddy on the east side of the channel tends to be clockwise, and the residual eddy on the west side of the channel tends to be counterclockwise. Water in these tidal channels is mostly well mixed or weakly stratified. Motivated by these observations, an analytic model is developed to study tidally induced mean circulation in a curved channel with arbitrary depth variations. A sinusoidal channel is used to simulate the effect of curved channels. A series of experiments with different parameters have shown consistently that a pair of residual eddies around the curvature exists. By analyzing the model results, it is found that advection is a major contributor to the residual eddies. Although the pressure gradient and the nonlinear wave propagation may not be negligible, especially for long channels, it is the advection that generates the vorticity of the residual eddies. The conclusion is true for both short and long channels. Here the division between a short and long channel is 0.6 of a quarter of the tidal wavelength. In addition, we also analyzed results from a finite volume numerical model for Lake Pontchartrain, which has curved tidal channels. The results demonstrate similar residual eddies as shown by the analytical model and the observations.
Dynamic roughness model for large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow over multiscale, fractal-like rough surfaces

Many flows especially in geophysics involve turbulent boundary layers forming over rough surfaces with multiscale height distribution. Such surfaces pose special challenges for large-eddy simulation (LES) when the filter scale is such that only part of the roughness elements of the surface can be resolved. Here we consider LES of flows over rough surfaces with power-law height spectra E h (k)∼k β s (―3≤β s <―1), as often encountered in natural terrains. The surface is decomposed into resolved and subgrid-scale height contributions. The effects of the unresolved small-scale height fluctuations are modelled using a local equilibrium wall model (log-law or Monin―Obukhov similarity), but the required hydrodynamic roughness length must be specified. It is expressed as the product of the subgrid-scale root-mean-square of the height distribution and an unknown dimensionless quantity, α, the roughness parameter. Instead of specifying this parameter in an ad hoc empirical fashion, a dynamic methodology is proposed based on test-filtering the surface forces and requiring that the total drag force be independent of filter scale or resolution. This dynamic surface roughness (DSR) model is inspired by the Germano identity traditionally used to determine model parameters for closing subgrid-scale stresses in the bulk of a turbulent flow. A series of LES of fully developed flow over rough surfaces are performed, with surfaces built using random-phase Fourier modes with prescribed power-law spectra. Results show that the DSR model yields well-defined, rapidly converging, values of α. Effects of spatial resolution and spectral slopes are investigated. The accuracy of the DSR model is tested by showing that predicted mean velocity profiles are approximately independent of resolution for the dynamically computed values of α, whereas resolution-dependent results are obtained when using other, incorrect, α values. Also, strong dependence of α on β s is found, where α ranges from α ∼0.1 for β s = ―1.2 to a ~ 10 ―5 for β s = —3.
Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (v4) Traumatic Brain Injury Battery: military normative data.

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to establish normative data for the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (v4) Traumatic Brain Injury (ANAM4 TBI) battery in a military context. ANAM4 data from over 107,500 active duty service members ranging from 17 to 65 years of age were included in this study. The influence of the demographic variables of age and gender were also examined. These norms, stratified by age and gender, represent a more comprehensive set of norms than previously available and are provided as a representative set of norms for clinical practice. Additionally, base rates of below average performance in a normal population are provided to help inform clinical decision making.
Methylated bases of transfer ribonucleic acid from HeLa and L cells.

Abstract HeLa cells and L cells were allowed to grow in the presence of l -methioninemethyl- 14 C so that any methylated components of the transfer RNA (tRNA) would be radioactive. The tRNA from these cells was then isolated and a complete analysis was made of the methylated bases present as minor components of the tRNA. For this purpose, the purified RNA was subjected to acid hydrolysis, and the hydrolytic products, including the methylated bases, were partially separated by chromatography on ion-exchange resins. Radioactive (methylated) compounds were then identified by paper Chromatographic analyses and, in some cases, by their chemical characteristics. Methylated bases found in relatively major quantities in both HeLa tRNA and L cell tRNA were: 1-methyladenine, 1-methylguanine, N 2 -methylguan ine, N 2 -dimethylguanine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylcytosine, and 5-methyluracil (thymine). Methylated bases present in smaller quantities included 1-methylhypoxanthine, 3-methylcytosine, and a base thought to be 3-methyluracil. Evidence was also obtained for the presence in small amounts of 2- O -methylribose residues in both HeLa and L cell tRNA. 5-Hydroxymethyluracil was identified as a minor component of L cell tRNA, but it was not present in HeLa RNA.
Nutrient status, disturbance and competition: an experimental test of relationships in a wet meadow

Abstract. In many species-rich hay meadows in Central Europe, the traditional extensive (low input, low output) management is no longer economical and meadows are either fertilized or abandoned. Both these practices lead to changes in species composition and usually to a loss in species diversity. The response of a species-rich meadow plant community to fertilization, mowing and removal of dominant species was studied in a manipulative factorial experiment over four years. Both species richness and seedling recruitment were positively influenced by mowing and to a lesser extent by removal of the dominant species, Molinia caerulea, and were negatively influenced by fertilization. Fertilization caused an immediate increase in community biomass. Response to removal of the dominant species was delayed by one season, continued over the whole period, and by the fourth year the biomass reached a similar value as in the plots with Molinia present. Changes in species composition were evaluated by RDA for repeated measurements. The best and only significant predictor of species response to fertilization was plant height. This shows that with increased nutrient availability, nutrient limitation weakens and competition for light becomes the decisive factor. Competition for light appears to be more asymmetric than competition for nutrients, and consequently, it is more likely to drive inferior species to extinction. This is, together with seedling recruitment limitations, the most important cause of a decrease in species richness under high nutrient levels.
A molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemistry study of poly(dimethylsiloxane)–silica nanoparticle interactions

We have conducted atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) melts in contact with bare silica and modified (with hydroxyl and trimethylsiloxy groups) silica surfaces using a quantum chemistry-based force field. MD simulations accurately predicted changes in PDMS dynamics with addition of SiO 2 observed in quasielastic neutron scattering experiments. In MD simulations, the density of PDMS near the bare silica surface was found to be much greater and the dynamics of interfacial PDMS much slower than that observed for unperturbed PDMS melts due to strong Van der Waals dispersion forces between PDMS and the silica surface. The presence of hydroxyl and trimethylsiloxy groups on the silica surface resulted in a decrease in the density of interfacial PDMS and a speedup in polymer dynamics relative to those observed for PDMS near the bare silica surface due to increased separation between PDMS and the silica surface and a corresponding decrease in the strength of the dispersion attraction between the polymer and the surface. Despite the presence of strong hydrogen bonding interactions between small molecule models for hydroxylated silica and PDMS observed in our quantum chemistry studies, no significant hydrogen bonding was observed in the MD simulations of PDMS in contact with hydroxylated silica surfaces. Nevertheless, interactions between hydroxyl groups and PDMS oxygen atoms were found to play a role in determining structure and dynamics of interfacial PDMS for surfaces with low to moderate degrees of hydroxylation.
Trace analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in large volume samples of snow, lake water, and groundwater.

An analytical method was developed for the trace analysis of a wide range of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) in 50-L high-elevation snow and lake water samples. The method was validated for 75 SOCs from seven different chemical classes (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, amides, triazines, polychlorinated biphenyls, thiocarbamates, and phosphorothioates) that covered a wide range of physical−chemical properties including 7 orders of magnitude of octanol−water partition coefficient (log Kow = 1.4−8.3). The SOCs were extracted using a hydrophobically and hydrophilically modified divinylbenzene solid-phase extraction device (modified Speedisk). The average analyte recovery from 50 L of reverse osmosis water, using the modified Speedisk, was 99% with an average relative standard deviation of 4.8%. Snow samples were collected from the field, melted, and extracted using the modified Speedisk and a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) remote sample adapter in the laboratory. Lake water was s...
How do marine closures affect the analysis of catch and effort data

Fishery managers increasingly use marine closures as a tool to conserve ecosystems, biodiversity, and fish abundance. Despite the suggested benefits of closed areas, the limited or no data collection within them leads to difficulties assessing the population status. We investigated how spatial closures impacted the reliability of indices of abundance obtained from standardization methods applied to catch per unit effort data. The presence of closed areas generally introduced a bias in the derived index of abundance, and the magnitude of bias increased as the portion of the population in closed areas increased. In general, restricting the data to the areas that have been continuously fished over time performed best when spatial closures protected a small to medium portion of the population. However, as the portion of the population that was protected increased, the time series bias associated with this approach increased, and the use of an imputation approach was needed for adequate performance. Similarly,...
Field‐based experience: a study of social control and student teachers’ response to institutional constraints

This paper reports the findings of an ethnographic study of student teaching experiences in a preparation program that emphasizes field‐based practicums. It explores what students do in these practicum sites; what forces influence their behavior, ideas, and/or attitudes; and the different ways students respond to the constraints found in their field placements. Finally, it discusses the implications of the study's findings towards the theoretical constructs of reproduction and resistance as they apply to the professional socialization of future teachers.
Transcription factors prominently in Lasker Award to Roeder.

Bob's story has not yet ended, leaving us to imagine the future of the characters and further developments in the plot. Since starting graduate school in 1964, almost 4 decades ago, Bob Roeder has had an extremely successful career with very high impact. The discoveries described above represent only a fraction of the contributions from his laboratory, which continue today at a rapid rate.Importantly, Bob's contributions to science extend beyond the experimental results generated in his laboratory. An e-mail announcing his 60th birthday party last year was sent to over 100 former postdocs and graduate students who trained in his laboratory. A glance at this list reveals prominent players in gene regulation as well as scientists whose research programs have moved far afield. Bob's scientific legacy therefore lies not just in the discoveries made within the confines of his own laboratory, but in recent discoveries made within the laboratories of his former students and postdocs. In some views, the success of his career reflects the motivation and talent of this superb group of scientists in training. At the same time, we were privileged to have the opportunity to share in his adventure. We offer him our heartfelt congratulations on receipt of the 2003 Lasker Award.
Quantification of Cryptosporidium parvum in natural soil matrices and soil solutions using qPCR.

Abstract Traditional microscopy methods for the detection and quantification of Cryptosporidium parvum in soil matrices are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and lack sensitivity and specificity. This research focused on developing a qPCR protocol for the sensitive and specific detection and quantification of C. parvum in natural soil matrices and soil–water extracts. The physico-chemical parameters — lysis media, number of thermal shocks and thawing temperatures — controlling DNA extraction efficiency were investigated. Experimental results identified oocyst age as a critical parameter affecting oocyst disruption and quantification. The most efficient oocyst disruption method for C. parvum oocysts regardless of their age was established as 5 thermal shocks with thawing at 65 °C in Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer. In addition to the purification columns used to remove PCR inhibitors present in environmental matrices, a combination of 3 mM MgCl 2 and 600 ng/μl BSA yielded the highest amplicon yield for both young and aged oocysts. Sucrose flotation was determined to be a better oocyst isolation method than two-phase flotation. The optimized parameters for DNA extraction and the qPCR assay resulted in very specific and sensitive detection of C. parvum . Minimum detection limits were 0.667 for young C. parvum oocysts and 6.67 for aged C. parvum oocysts per PCR reaction. The accuracy of the detections and quantifications was 0.999. Protocol performance was tested in contrasting soil samples and soil–water extract samples on the basis of percentage of recovery (PR) values. Depending on the number of oocysts used to inoculate the samples, the average PR values ranged from 7.2 to 43.5%, 29.3–52.5%, and 11.5–60.8% for Trenton, Greenson, and Sparta soil–water extracts, respectively, and 12.1–77% for DI water. PR values ranged from 4.3% to 107.8% for Trenton, Greenson and Sparta soil samples.