cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pleasure, Desire, and Akrasia in Plato’s Republic

The moral psychology put forth by Socrates in the Protagoras is customarily treated as an anomaly that must be discounted or dismissed as not authentically Platonic. Socrates asserts that all choices are determined by the perception of pleasure and pain and, on this basis, argues that akrasia is impossible. In this paper, I argue that these two key elements of the Protagoras’ moral psychology are fully embraced in the Republic and should be considered authentically Platonic.
Unconventional natural gas development and birth outcomes in Pennsylvania, USA

Background:Unconventional natural gas development has expanded rapidly. In Pennsylvania, the number of producing wells increased from 0 in 2005 to 3,689 in 2013. Few publications have focused on unconventional natural gas development and birth outcomes.Methods:We performed a retrospective cohort stu
Effects of Norgestomet on Follicular Development in Postpartum Beef Cows

To examine effects of norgestomet pretreatment on development of follicles and their response to administration of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), 45 pluriparous suckled beef cows were assigned at random to receive a 6-mg implant of norgestomet for 9 d (inserted 24 d postpartum) or serve as untreated controls. Ovaries were obtained 48 h after removal of implants or 10 to 11 or 20 to 22 h after im administration of 150 micrograms GnRH at 48 h after removal of the implant. The largest follicle (F1) and all follicles within 3 mm in diameter of the F1 were dissected from the ovaries. Theca, granulosa and follicular fluid were separated and assayed for steroids and prostaglandins. Diameters and weights of F1 and weights of follicular components remained unchanged in control cows, but increased by 10 h and declined by 20 h in norgestomet-pretreated cows (treatment X time, quadratic, P less than .05). Ovarian volume and numbers of follicles at the surface of the ovary did not differ with treatment, but the diameter of the second-largest follicle (F2) was smaller (P less than .05) in norgestomet-pretreated cows than in controls (6.0 +/- .9 vs 8.2 +/- .7 mm). The F1 were embedded in the ovary in fewer norgestomet-pretreated than control cows (2/22 vs 8/23; P less than .05). Changes in steroids in F1 paralleled those in size (treatment X time, quadratic, P less than .05). Overall, F1 from norgestomet-pretreated cows had higher (P less than .05) contents of estradiol. Contents of prostaglandins in F1 follicles did not differ with treatment, but increased (P less than .05) following treatment with GnRH. The F2 had lower contents of estradiol than F1. It is suggested that norgestomet effected the maturation of a single follicle which produced more estradiol.
Evaluating Trade Show Opportunities

How can an industrial marketer determine if a particular trade show is worth its associated cost? One approach to evaluating trade show potential is to use a type of break-even analysis. This analysis can be conceptualized as a four-step process.
Predictors of Recurrence After Corticosteroid Injection for Trigger Digits

Background: We aimed to identify risk factors for recurrence of trigger digit following corticosteroid injection. Methods: A retrospective review identified patients 18 years and older who presente...
A Tunable CMOS UWB Pulse Generator

A tunable ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse generator is designed and simulated with standard 0.18-?m CMOS technology. By using a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) technique, the proposed UWB pulse generator can adjust the pulse width, adding flexibility for use with different UWB applications. Moreover, each peak of the proposed UWB pulse is separately controlled so that it complies with the FCC regulation. The proposed UWB pulse generator achieves the fifth-order derivative of the Gaussian pulse and can tune the pulse width from 0.38-ns to 4-ns. In particular, the maximum and minimum pulse widths comply with 3 ? 10 GHz and sub-GHz FCC regulations, respectively.
Sand transport and abrasion within simulated standing vegetation

Crop residues help protect topsoil from depletion and abrasion due to wind erosion. Limited studies have focused on type and orientation of canopies that help minimize effects of erosion by wind. In this study, a series of wind tunnel experiments was conducted to measure sand transport and abrasion energies within simulated standing vegetation. Wind speed profiles, relative abrasion energies, and rates of sand discharge were evaluated during 3-min test runs at two different vegetation heights (150 and 220 mm) for each of three densities of the simulated vegetation (i.e., 100 x 200 mm, 200 x 200 mm, and 300 x 200 mm spacing). Tests were also conducted for a bare sand surface. As expected, vegetation density was directly related to threshold velocity and inversely related to sand discharge. The densest configuration (i.e., 100 x 200 mm spacing) increased the threshold velocity of bare sand from 5.9 m s-1 to 10 m s-1. The presence of vegetation was found to be effective in minimizing abrasion experienced by the standing vegetation models by lowering the saltation of sand particles that could impact the simulated plants. The coefficient of abrasion (C(an)), a measure of kinetic energy via the impact of saltating particles, was adversely affected by saltation discharge, although this did not depend on wind speed. The values of C(an) for all types of configuration was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the bare sand state.
Cross‐Linked Micelles with Enzyme‐Like Active Sites for Biomimetic Hydrolysis of Activated Esters

Enzymes have substrate-tailored active sites with optimized molecular recognition and catalytic features. Although many different platforms have been used by chemists to construct enzyme mimics, it is challenging to tune the structure of their active sites systematically. By molecularly imprinting template molecules within doubly cross-linked micelles, we created protein-sized nanoparticles with catalytically functionalized binding sites. These enzyme mimics accelerated the hydrolysis of activated esters thousands of times over the background reaction, whereas the analogous catalytic group (a nucleophilic pyridyl derivative) was completely inactive in bulk solution under the same conditions. The template molecules directly controlled the size and shape of the active site and modulated the resulting catalyst's performance at different pHs. The synthetic catalysts displayed Michaelis–Menten enzymatic behavior and, interestingly, reversed the intrinsic reactivity of the activated esters during the hydrolysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The ABCs of Immunotherapy for Adult Patients With B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of Food and Drug Administration approved and promising immunotherapy agents used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). ...
Rethinking Machine Vision Time of Flight With GHz Heterodyning

Time-of-flight (ToF) 3-D cameras like the Microsoft Kinect, are prevalent in computer vision and computer graphics. In such devices, the power of an integrated laser is amplitude modulated at megahertz frequencies and demodulated using a specialized imaging sensor to obtain subcentimeter range precision. To use a similar architecture and obtain micrometer range precision, this paper incorporates beat notes. To bring telecommunications ideas to correlation ToF imaging, we study a form of “cascaded Time of Flight” which uses a hertz-scale intermediate frequency to encode high-frequency pathlength information. We show synthetically and experimentally that a bulk implementation of opto-electronic mixers offers: 1) robustness to environmental vibrations; 2) programmability; and 3) stability in frequency tones. A fiberoptic prototype is constructed, which demonstrates 3- $\mu \text{m}$ range precision over a range of 2 m. A key contribution of this paper is to study and evaluate the proposed architecture for use in machine vision.
The Significance of Evidence

Imagine you believe the mean human body weight is 72kg. The mean human weight isn’t a random number, but it’s very hard to measure directly. You are forced to take a sample, and compute the sample mean. This sample mean is a random variable, and it will have different values for different samples. You need to know how to tell whether the difference between the observed value and 72kg is just an effect of variance caused by sampling, or is because the mean weight actually isn’t 72kg. One strategy is to construct an interval around the sample mean within which the true value will lie for (say) 99% of possible samples. If 72kg is outside that interval, then very few samples are consistent with the idea that 72kg is the mean human body weight. If you want to believe the mean human body weight is 72kg, you have to believe that you obtained a very odd sample.
Control of residual amplitude modulation in Lithium Niobate phase modulators

This work provides a simple model for Residual Amplitude Modulation observed in Lithium Niobate phase modulators. It operates under two key assumptions: the optical field incident on the modulator is not perfectly aligned to the preferred axis, and the two linear polarizations become spatially separated while travelling down the waveguide. These assumptions allow for a straight forward transfer matrix based approach. The effects of chromatic dispersion present in the optical fiber following the modulator are included, as they become important for modulation frequencies over 20 GHz. The result is a closed form expression for the intensity modulated signal seen by the photodetector in a phase modulated system. The model describes a near-instantaneous control mechanism, which is useful in minimizing the residual amplitude modulation in fielded systems by offering over 40 dB of suppression. The model is compared to direct measurements, validating the polarization effects and control mechanism proposed. Furthermore, etalon effects are ruled out by doing a course temperature dependence measurement.
Ovarian hormones mediate running-induced changes in high fat diet choice patterns in female rats.

Abstract Physical inactivity and increased consumption of energy dense, high fat (HF) foods often leads to a state of positive energy balance. Regular exercise can facilitate the maintenance of a healthy body weight and mediate changes in dietary selection. Past studies using a two-diet choice (chow vs. HF) and voluntary wheel running paradigm found that when a novel HF diet and wheel running are simultaneously introduced, male rats show complete and persistent HF diet avoidance whereas the majority of females show HF diet avoidance for a few days, but then revert to HF diet preference. Ovariectomy (OVX) appears to decrease preference for the HF diet bringing it closer to that of males. Given that estradiol but not progesterone mediates changes in food intake and energy balance, we hypothesized that estradiol signaling is required for the reversal of HF diet avoidance in female rats. Accordingly, Experiment 1 compared the persistency of running-induced HF diet avoidance in males, sham-operated females, and OVX rats with replacement of oil vehicle, estradiol benzoate (E), progesterone (P), or both (E + P). The number of wheel running rats that either avoided or preferred the HF diet varied with hormone treatment. The reversal of HF diet avoidance in running females and OVX E + P rats occurred more rapidly and frequently than male running rats. E + P but not E or P replaced OVX wheel running rats significantly reversed HF diet avoidance. OVX oil rats avoided HF diet to the same extent as male rats for the first 11 days of diet choice and then rapidly increased HF diet intake and began preferring it. This incomplete elimination of sex differences suggests that developmental factors or androgens might play a role in sustaining running-induced HF diet avoidance. Subsequently, Experiment 2 aimed to determine the role of androgens in the persistency of running-associated HF diet avoidance with sham-operated and orchiectomized (GDX) male rats. Both intact and GDX male running rats persistently avoided the HF diet to the same extent. Taken together, these results suggest that activational effects of ovarian hormones play a role in female specific running-induced changes in diet choice patterns. Furthermore, the activational effects of androgens are not required for the expression of HF diet avoidance in males.
A 216 nW/channel DSP engine for triggering theta phase-locked brain stimulation

We present an algorithm and, for the first time, a chip to predict the neural theta oscillation phase, for closed-loop phase-locked stimulation triggering. The performance, assessed on test data recorded from human hippocampus, achieves high precision and accuracy in targeting any theta phase with 25%, 50%, and 75% of the predictions falling within ±13, ±28, and ±53 degrees from the desired target phase, respectively. Design interleaving channel-depth optimization achieves 41% energy and 58% area savings compared to a single-channel design. The 32-channel chip consumes a 216 nW per channel and occupies a core area of 0.011 mm2 per channel in a 40nm low-power technology, making it suitable for implantable devices.
Methylation of DNA and chromatin as a mechanism of oncogenesis and therapeutic target in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma (NB), a developmental cancer, is often fatal, emphasizing the need to understand its pathogenesis and identify new therapeutic targets. The heterogeneous pathological and clinical phenotype of NB underscores the cryptic biological and genetic features of this tumor that result in outcomes ranging from rapid progression to spontaneous regression. Despite recent genome-wide mutation analyses, most primary NBs do not harbor driver mutations, implicating epigenetically-mediated gene regulatory mechanisms in the initiation and maintenance of NB. Aberrant epigenomic mechanisms, as demonstrated by global changes in DNA methylation signatures, acetylation, re-distribution of histone marks, and change in the chromatin architecture, are hypothesized to play a role in NB oncogenesis. This paper reviews the evidence for, putative mechanisms underlying, and prospects for therapeutic targeting of NB oncogenesis related to DNA methylation.
Serum Ionized Calcium and Dietary Calcium in Human and Experimental Hypertension

Calcium and its binding protein, calmodulin, exert multiple effects that serve to regulate blood pressure in humans. From experimental work in various organ systems and cell types that are integrated to control cardiovascular function, it is evident that calcium and the calcium-calmodulin complex are essential components of diverse physiologic processes that modulate arterial pressure. The abnormal peripheral resistance that underlies essential hypertension is principally a reflection of altered vascular smooth muscle basal tone and reactivity. As such, the vascular smooth cell is prototypical of calcium’s influence on blood pressure control.1
The Black Hole Information Paradox: What Have we Learnt from String Theory?

In a complete theory of quantum gravity and matter we must come to grips with the information paradox that is created when black holes form and evaporate. If the paradox is to be resolved within the framework of quantum mechanics as we know it, then we arrive at some very specific requirements from the theory of quantum gravity — the degeneracy of states must reproduce the Bekenstein entropy of black holes, and the interactions must give rise to unitarity preserving Hawking radiation. In the past few years string theory has had remarkably success in reproducings these requirements from black holes. We review some of these developments in this article.
Multiple Minority Groups: A Case Study of Physically Disabled Women

In general, disfranchised Americans are becoming increasingly aware of their social restrictions and limitations on opportunities. As a result there are now minority groups who have identified their shared problems only within the last twenty years,and these groups are rapidly changing the nature of minority relations. In particular, people with newly defined multiple minority statuses are beginning to articulate their specialized interests and establish new relations with both the dominant majority and the minority groups to which they belong. Physically disabled women are one such group. As women and as disabled people, they are members of two separate minority groups. Their relations to disabled males and able-bodied females shed light on the theoretical complexities of this recent social phenomenon. They also reveal how understanding their specific problems can lead to a redefinition of how to generate a more liberated and liberating society.
Programmer’s View

The view of the Integrated Spatio-Temporal Ecological Modeling System (I-STEMS) from the programmer’s standpoint gets into complex technical decisions regarding programming languages, interprocess communication, parallel and distributed processing, object development, and object encapsulation of legacy software. Perhaps the greatest challenge is the choice of the software building blocks used to develop a large complex system like I-STEMS. Hardware and software environments are still changing very fast. Although it is imperative that system development environments be chosen, emerging technologies can rapidly age such choices. Hence, choices must be made with respect to the anticipated release schedule for the software under development. Since this schedule has not been established, this book only suggests potential choices and focuses on the requirements of the system from the perspective of a programmer.
Needle in a Haystack: Natural Language Processing to Identify Serious Illness.

Abstract Background: Alone, administrative data poorly identifies patients with palliative care needs. Objective: To identify patients with uncommon, yet devastating, illnesses using a combination ...
Supporting Teacher Candidates' Sense-Making of Field Instructors Feedback Through Co-constructed Goal-Setting

The purpose of this study was to discern if teacher candidates and their university-based field instructors engagement in co-constructed goal-setting activities would better support teacher candidates’ understanding of feedback delivered during post-lesson observation conferences. Data from preliminary and retrospective surveys were compared within and across treatment and control groups. Findings showed that teacher candidates (n = 9) who participated in co-constructed goal-setting activities grew more comfortable discussing their teaching and took on a greater responsibility in guiding the post-observation conferencing discourse and higher rates than control-group participants (n = 9). However, the co-constructed goal-setting protocol did not support a greater understanding of feedback.
Fibrin tissue sealant and minor skin grafts in burn surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Summary Background The indications for use of fibrin glue in skin grafting burn patients remains understudied. The purpose of this study is to review the efficacy of fibrin tissue sealant in skin graft adherence, establish guidelines for use of fibrin tissue sealant, and review the cost effectiveness of fibrin glue. Methods Publications with the following criteria were included: comparative human studies, autologous skin grafts, and autologous or commercial fibrin sealant. Outcomes assessed included evidence of engraftment, wound closure, rates of hematoma/seroma, graft loss and infection. Meta-analysis obtained pooled odds ratios for outcomes of interest. Cost analysis was performed using data available in the literature. Results 7 studies and 751 interventions (fibrin) and controls (staples) were included in the final analysis. 67.6% grafts with fibrin were 100% adherent by one week, vs. 55.5% (OR 1.45, p = 0.086). Complete wound closure by one month was 80.2% with fibrin, vs. 73.3% (OR 1.34, p = 0.187). Hematoma/seroma occurred 38.2% with fibrin, vs. 64.7% (OR 0.487, p = 0.122). Graft loss was higher in the control group, 21% vs. 12.6% (OR 0.891, p = 0.604). Average cost of fibrin glue was $50 per ml, and averaged costs of stapler and staple remover was $30 USD ($10–50). Conclusion Fibrin glue is as effective as staples for adhering skin grafts, and trends towards lower rates of hematoma/seroma. In topographically complex regions, fibrin glue may be a better choice for adherence of skin grafts.
Effects of Zn, Cu, and K Promoters on the Structure and on the Reduction, Carburization, and Catalytic Behavior of Iron-Based Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts

Zn, K, and Cu effects on the structure and surface area and on the reduction, carburization, and catalytic behavior of Fe–Zn and Fe oxides used as precursors to Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts, were examined using X-ray diffraction, kinetic studies of their reactions with H2 or CO, and FTS reaction rate measurements. Fe2O3 precursors initially reduce to Fe3O4 and then to metallic Fe (in H2) or to a mixture of Fe2.5C and Fe3C (in CO). Zn, present as ZnFe2O4, increases the surface area of precipitated oxide precursors by inhibiting sintering during thermal treatment and during activation in H2/CO reactant mixtures, leading to higher FTS rates than on ZnO-free precursors. ZnFe2O4 species do not reduce to active FTS structures, but lead instead to the loss of active components; as a result, maximum FTS rates are achieved at intermediate Zn/Fe atomic ratios. Cu increases the rate of Fe2O3 reduction to Fe3O4 by providing H2 dissociation sites. Potassium increases CO activation rates and increases the rate of carburization of Fe3O4. In this manner, Cu and K promote the nucleation of oxygen-deficient FeO x species involved as intermediate inorganic structures in reduction and carburization of Fe2O3 and decrease the ultimate size of the Fe oxide and carbide structures formed during activation in synthesis gas. As a result, Cu and K increase FTS rates on catalysts formed from Fe–Zn oxide precursors. Cu increases CH4 and the paraffin content in FTS products, but the additional presence of K inhibits these effects. Potassium titrates residual acid and hydrogenation sites and increases the olefin content and molecular weight of FTS products. K increases the rate of secondary water–gas shift reactions, while Cu increases the relative rate of oxygen removal as CO2 instead of water after CO is dissociated in FTS elementary steps. Through these two different mechanisms, K and Cu both increase CO2 selectivities during FTS reactions on catalysts based on Fe–Zn oxide precursors.
National Innovation Ecosystems in the G-20 Countries: A Longitudinal Comparative Study

Based on an ecosystem perspective, this study develops a conceptual model that identifies institutions, knowledge infrastructure, and firm capabilities as core complementary contributing factors to...
Effects of antiplatelet therapy after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (RESTART): are neurologists feeling more comfortable to RESTART antiplatelet?

With an aging global population, the prevalence of chronic atherosclerotic diseases requiring antithrombotic medications has risen steadily (1). The worldwide incidence of haemorrhagic strokes has also been on the rise, as indicated by the Global burden of disease (GBD) study, which revealed a 47% increase in the absolute number of haemorrhagic strokes (2).
Investigation of Evidence for the Internal Structure of a Modified Science Motivation Questionnaire II (msmq II): a Failed Attempt to Improve Instrument Functioning Across Course, Subject, and Wording Variants

The Science Motivation Questionnaire II (SMQ II) was developed to measure aspects of student motivation in college-level science courses. Items on the SMQ II are structured such that the word ‘science’ can be replaced with any discipline title (e.g., chemistry) to produce a discipline-specific measure of student motivation. Since its original development as the Science Motivation Questionnaire and subsequent refinement, the SMQ II and its discipline-specific variants have been used in a number of science education studies. However, many studies have failed to produce acceptable validity evidence for their data based on the proposed internal structure of the instrument. This study investigated if modifications could be made to the SMQ II such that it produces consistent structural evidence across its use in various forms. A modified SMQ II (mSMQ II) was tested with wording variants (‘science’ and ‘biology’ or ‘chemistry’) in general biology and in preparatory and general chemistry courses at several institutions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to cull problematic items and evaluate the structure of the data based on the relations posited by the SMQ II developers. While extensive revisions resulted in acceptable data model fit for the five-factor structural models in most course and wording conditions, significant issues arose for the single-factor scales. Therefore, potential users are cautioned about the utility of the SMQ II or its variants to support the evaluation of classroom practices. A reflective review of the theoretical underpinnings of the SMQ II scales call into question the original framing of the scales and suggests potential alternatives for consideration.
Impact of bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with chronic kidney disease

Objective In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), this study aims to elucidate (a) the bleeding risks associated with CKD, (b) the association between bleeding and subsequent mortality, and (c) the pattern of antithrombotic therapy prescribed. Background Patients with CKD have a higher risk of bleeding following TAVR. It is unclear whether this risk persists beyond the periprocedural period and whether it negatively impacts mortality. Methods A retrospective review was performed on patients who underwent TAVR at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2008 to 2017. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 . Primary endpoints up to 1-year following TAVR included bleeding, all-cause mortality, and ischemic stroke. Outcomes for patients with and without CKD were compared using log-rank test, and Cox regression with age, sex, and diabetes as covariates. Bleeding was treated as a time-varying covariate, and Cox proportional hazard regression was utilized to model mortality. Results Of the 773 patients analyzed, 466 (60.3%) had CKD. At 1 year, CKD patients had higher rates of bleeding (9.2 vs. 4.9%, adjusted hazard ratios [aHR] = 1.91, p = .032) and all-cause mortality (13.7 vs. 9.1%, aHR = 1.57, p = .049), but not stroke (3.9 vs. 1.6% aHR = 0.073, p = .094). Bleeding was associated with an increased risk of subsequent mortality (aHR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.25-5.63, p = .01). There were no differences in the antithrombotic strategy following TAVR between CKD and non-CKD patients. Conclusion CKD is associated with a higher risk of bleeding up to 1 year following TAVR. Long-term bleeding after TAVR is associated with increased subsequent mortality.
Patient risk factors for acromial stress fractures after reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a multicenter study.

Background Despite the growing recognition of acromial stress fractures (ASFs) after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA), most of the current data are derived from single-center studies with limited generalizability. This multicenter study investigated the incidence of ASFs after RTSA and identified preoperative patient characteristics associated with their occurrence. Methods Using 2 institutional registries from different regions of the United States, we identified 1479 patients undergoing either primary or revision RTSA between 2013 and 2018 with minimum 3-month follow-up. ASFs were defined as radiographic evidence of an acromial or scapular spine fracture with clinical symptoms (eg, tenderness over the acromion or scapular spine). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify preoperative patient factors associated with the development of ASFs. Results Overall, 54 (3.7%) patients were diagnosed with an ASF after RTSA. Patient-related factors independently associated with the development of an ASF included female sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.21 reference: male; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-4.74; P Conclusions The non-negligible percentage of ASFs that occur after RTSA is associated with the diagnoses of rotator cuff dysfunction and chronic fracture sequelae in female patients with suboptimal bone health. This information can be used to counsel patients and set expectations about potential setbacks in recovery.
Trump’s Text Appeal: Vague Language in Post-Truth Politics

By focusing on the receiving side of post-truth political communication rather than its production, this chapter contributes a less common approach to political discourse. The chapter analyzes the reactions of Trump supporters through the comments they left on his official Facebook page after the announcement of the Muslim ban. It uses the statements containing the lemma SAY as a dataset to study how the audience interpreted what Trump meant by his vaguely worded proposal. The analysis classifies the comments according to their distance from the exact wording of Trump’s proposal and the strategies of text modification employed by the commenters. The findings demonstrate the range of interpretations produced by Trump’s Facebook commenters and the distance some of them travel from the literal meaning of Trump’s statement.
The Instrumental Justice of Private Law

Instrumentalists and deontologists have long battled for an exclusive theory of private law. The instrumentalists have argued that private law is merely a means to achieving any number of political or social ends. Deontologists, by contrast, have contended that the law seeks only the moral end of justice and cannot be used for anything else. In this article, I critique these extreme positions and offer an intermediate theory called "instrumental justice." I show that the absolute instrumental view is elusive, illusory, and illiberal, while the absolute deontological view is incoherent, implausible, and in one critical respect, impossible. Instrumental justice avoids these problems by combining the best elements of both perspectives. This composite theory acknowledges the inherent instrumental nature of private law, but establishes justice as its central, organizing idea. So framed, instrumental justice's primary function is to create rights that serve as tools for marking and mapping important interests, and for defending and vindicating those interests when they are threatened or impaired. Rights, in turn, both imbue the law with the moral credibility necessary to perform secondary social functions, and prevent it from pursuing these functions at the expense of its core principles.
Early Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts 30-Month Outcomes after Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy.

Author(s): Bach, Ashley M; Fang, Annie Y; Bonifacio, Sonia; Rogers, Elizabeth E; Scheffler, Aaron; Partridge, J Colin; Xu, Duan; Barkovich, A James; Ferriero, Donna M; Glass, Hannah C; Gano, Dawn | Abstract: ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of therapeutic hypothermia with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and 30-month neurodevelopment in term neonatal encephalopathy.Study designCross-sectional analysis of 30-month neurodevelopment (IQR 19.0-31.4) in a prospective cohort of mild-to-severe neonatal encephalopathy imaged on day 4 (1993-2017 with institutional implementation of therapeutic hypothermia in 2007). MRI injury was classified as normal, watershed, or basal ganglia/thalamus. Abnormal motor outcome was defined as Bayley-II psychomotor developmental index l70, Bayley-III motor score l85 or functional motor deficit. Abnormal cognitive outcome was defined as Bayley-II mental developmental index l70 or Bayley-III cognitive score l85. Abnormal composite outcome was defined as abnormal motor and/or cognitive outcome, or death. The association of therapeutic hypothermia with MRI and outcomes was evaluated with multivariable logistic regression adjusted for propensity to receive therapeutic hypothermia.ResultsFollow-up was available in 317 (78%) surviving children, of whom 155 (49%) received therapeutic hypothermia. Adjusting for propensity, therapeutic hypothermia was independently associated with decreased odds of abnormal motor (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.06-0.40, Pnln.001) and cognitive (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04-0.33, Pnln.001) outcomes. This association remained statistically significant after adjustment for injury pattern. The predictive accuracy of MRI pattern for abnormal composite outcome was unchanged between therapeutic hypothermia-treated (area under the receiver operating curve 0.76; 95% CI 0.61-0.91) and untreated (area under the receiver operating curve 0.74; 95% CI 0.67-0.81) infants. The negative predictive value of normal MRI was high in therapeutic hypothermia-treated and untreated infants (motor 96% vs 90%; cognitive 99% vs 95%).ConclusionsTherapeutic hypothermia is associated with lower rates of brain injury and adverse 30-month outcomes after neonatal encephalopathy. The predictive accuracy of MRI in the first week of life is unchanged by therapeutic hypothermia. Normal MRI remains reassuring for normal 30-month outcome after therapeutic hypothermia.
Neuroscience and Normativity: How Knowledge of the Brain Offers a Deeper Understanding of Moral and Legal Responsibility

Neuroscience can relate to ethics and normative issues via the brain’s cognitive control network. This network accomplishes several executive processes, such as planning, task-switching, monitoring, and inhibiting. These processes allow us to increase the accuracy of our perceptions and our memory recall. They also allow us to plan much farther into the future, and with much more detail than any of our fellow mammals. These abilities also make us fitting subjects for responsibility claims. Their activity, or lack thereof, is at the heart of culpability. For instance, planning to kill someone is strong evidence of what the law calls men rea—a guilty mind. Claims about norms, or ethical “should” claims, express two-level propositions, directed at the behaving person at one level, and at that person’s mind and cognitive control network at another level. Thus, “People should stop themselves from hurting others,” is a claim about how people should behave and also a claim about how their cognitive control networks should behave—i.e., they should inhibit harmful behavior, or the intentions leading up to it. Planning is both an ability of the full person, and of that person’s mind. Neuroscience affirms the common notion, seen both in law and folk psychology, that what makes us guilty or culpable are certain events and states that exist in our minds. Overt behavior, including speech, is fallible evidence of these states and processes. Cases of negligence still involve the executive processes, but “negatively,” in that negligence results when certain types of executive activity fail to take place.
Engagements Across National Borders, Then and Now

A focus on challenges to nationally bounded citizenship paradigms is inevitably about the dramatic effects of immigration on American society. In 2005, more than thirty-five million residents of the United States were immigrants, or a remarkable twelve percent of the population.1 It is not, of course, numbers alone that create the challenges. At the heart of debates about immigration’s impact on citizenship paradigms is the fact that so many of the immigrants maintain strong and enduring economic, political, and social ties to their homelands—what social scientists call transnationalism.2 A common popular concern is that transnational ties will detract from and hinder involvement in the United States. Such a situation—and indeed transnational ties themselves—frequently have been portrayed as something novel in American society, and earlier immigrants are remembered as more committed and eager to assimilate to American society. But how new really is transnationalism? Or, to put it somewhat differently, how much is new about transnationalism today? Contemporary immigrants, as I will argue, are not the first newcomers to live what scholars call transnational lives. Indeed, transnational ties were alive and well among many of the millions of European immigrants (mainly from
Vicente Pagasartundua's Último de los mohicanos: A Racialized Dialogue

This article uses the translation history of North American James Fenimore Cooper's 1826 Last of the Mohicans to explore the place of race in nineteenth-century republican discourse as it circulated in the Atlantic World. Based not on Cooper's original, but on Auguste Defauconpret's 1826 French translation, le Dernier des mohicans, Vicente Pagasartundua's 1832 Ultimo de los mohicanos, like many republican-oriented works in the early nineteenth century, was translated in Spain for a Spanish American audience. Traveling from pre-Jacksonian New York to Orleanist Paris to absolutist Madrid, Cooper's novel and its translations participate in a transnational conversation on the role of racial hierarchies in republican government –particularly, as I will show, in regards to the question of the place of Afro-descendants in the republic, a contentious issue in the U.S., France, Spain, and Latin America as the Atlantic World faced events such as the rise of Jacksonian Democracy, the Haitian Revolution, the Cadiz Constitution, and the independence of the Spanish Main.
Sinic Trade Agreements and China’s Global Intellectual Property Strategy

This chapter closely examines the bilateral and regional trade agreements established by China, which are termed ‘Sinic trade agreements’ (STAs). It discusses China’s growing engagement with the developing world, the underlying goals of STAs and the negotiation strategies behind these agreements. Using the China–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (CNZFTA) as an illustration, this chapter then points out that the STAs negotiated thus far provide only very limited coverage of intellectual property issues. It further explores why China has kept a low profile in the international intellectual property arena. The chapter concludes by discussing the future ramifications of STAs.
PACES in epilepsy: Results of a self-management randomized controlled trial.

SUMMARY Objective: Self-management challenges facing adults with epilepsy include limited understanding of the condition and treatment, associated psychosocial issues, and lack of community integration. Self-management interventions improve patients’ medical, life role, and emotional management. Previous interventions, developed from expert opinion, indicated issues with participant engagement/retention, and limited follow-up periods. PACES in Epilepsy addressed methodologic concerns by utilizing patient needs assessment data (n = 165) to derive self-management content and program features for evaluation via randomized controlled trial (RCT). Methods: Participants were adults with chronic epilepsy (n = 83), without serious mental illness or substantive intellectual impairment, who were recruited from two epilepsy centers. Participants were assigned randomly to intervention or treatmentas-usual groups. Outcomes included the Epilepsy Self-Management Scale (ESMS), Epilepsy Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES), Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), administered at baseline, postintervention (8 weeks), and 6 months postintervention. The intervention was an 8-week group of 6–8 adults co-led by a psychologist and trained peer with epilepsy that met one evening per week at a hospital for 75 min. Topics included medical, psychosocial, cognitive, and self-management aspects of epilepsy, in addition to community integration and optimizing epilepsy-related communication. The treatment group provided satisfaction ratings regarding program features. Results: PACES participants (n = 38) improved relative to controls (n = 40) on the ESMS (p < 0.001) and subscales [Information (p < 0.001); Lifestyle (p < 0.002)]; ESES (p < 0.001); and QOLIE-31 (p = 0.002). At 6-month follow up, PACES participants remained improved on the ESMS (p = 0.004) and Information subscale (p = 0.009); and Energy/Fatigue (p = 0.032) and Medication Effects (p = 0.005) of the QOLIE-31. Attrition in both groups waslow (8% in each group) and all program satisfaction ratings exceeded 4.0/5.0, with leadership (4.76), topics (4.53), and location (4.30) as the most highly rated aspects. Significance: A consumer generated epilepsy self-management program appears to be a promising intervention from multiple perspectives, particularly in relation to dis
Range-based attack on links in scale-free networks: are long-range links responsible for the small-world phenomenon?

The small-world phenomenon in complex networks has been identified as being due to the presence of long-range links, i.e., links connecting nodes that would otherwise be separated by a long node-to-node distance. We find, surprisingly, that many scale-free networks are more sensitive to attacks on short-range than on long-range links. This result, besides its importance concerning network efficiency and/or security, has the striking implication that the small-world property of scale-free networks is mainly due to short-range links.
Disruption of fas-fas ligand signaling, apoptosis, and innate immunity by bacterial pathogens.

Fas ligand (FasL, CD95L) is a type-II membrane protein withinthe tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of death receptors [1].FasL shares 25%–30% sequence homology with related familymember proteins such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) andTNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), with the mostsimilarity present in the C-terminal homology ectodomain thatextends into the extracellular space for receptor binding [2]. FasLengages and trimerizes the death receptor Fas (CD95) on cellsurfaces to initiate the extrinsic apoptosis pathway [3]. The Fas-FasL interaction recruits the Fas-associated death domain adapterprotein (FADD) via death domain binding, which interacts withdimerized procaspase-8 to form the death-inducing signalingcomplex (DISC) [4]. Caspase-8 catalyzes its autoactivation,followed by the proteolytic conversion of downstream effectorcaspases such as caspase-3 and -7 into their mature forms [5].Effector caspases direct cell death by apoptosis, which results innuclear and cytoplasmic condensation followed by cellularfragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies [6].Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) cleaves genomic DNA betweennucleosomes to generate short fragments prior to cellularcondensation and membrane blebbing [7]. Membrane fragmentsare usually taken up by other cells and degraded in phagosomesvia a process known as efferocytosis. Efferocytosis of apoptotic cellscontributes to the resolution of inflammation by rapidly clearingcytotoxic cellular debris, and defects in this process can lead toinflammatory diseases such as acute lung injury [8].Although FasL is expressed by many cell types, it is primarilyrecognized as associated with activated T lymphocytes and naturalkiller (NK) cells. FasL-dependent apoptosis plays important rolesin tissue remodeling and the deletion of potentially autoreactivethymocytes to maintain immune tolerance during development,and it also contributes to tumor cell clearance by effector NK cells[9–11]. Though apoptosis has traditionally been defined asnoninflammatory during these processes, FasL-induced cell deathhas been shown to be highly proinflammatory in the context ofmicrobial infections [12].
Pulmonary endothelial cell ATP depletion following intestinal ischemia.

Abstract Multiple organ failure (MOF) is known to follow systemic inflammatory mediator activation associated with intestinal ischemia—reperfusion injury. In particular, the pulmonary microvasculature appears to be susceptible to MOF-related injury. This study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that non-cellular plasma factors associated with intestinal ischemia without reperfusion also mediate pulmonary endothelial cell injury. Male Sprague—Dawley rats had intestinal ischemia induced by microvascular clip occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 30, 60, 90, or 120 min. Following each period of ischemia, plasma samples were obtained from the portal vein. Time-matched sham-operated animals served as controls. Monolayers of cultured rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells were then incubated with the plasma samples and ATP levels determined using a luciferin—luciferase assay. A 51Cr-release assay using labeled endothelial cells was performed under identical conditions to assess cytotoxicity. Endothelial cell ATP levels were 1.99 ± 0.23 × 10−11 mole/μg DNA in sham preparations. After a 4-hr incubation in plasma from the 90 and 120 min ischemia groups, cellular ATP levels fell significantly to 1.07 ± 0.23 × 10−11 mole/μg DNA, respectively (P
Positive effect of the induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 on the course of ischemic acute renal failure.

Positive effect of the induction of p21 WAF1/CIP1 on the course of ischemic acute renal failure. Background The p21 protein is found in the nucleus of most cells where it modulates cell cycle activity. At low levels, p21 stabilizes interactions between D cyclins and their cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), but at high levels after induction by several different stress pathways, it causes cell cycle arrest. The p21 mRNA is induced in murine kidney after several types of acute renal failure, including cisplatin administration, ischemia-reperfusion, and ureteral obstruction. We reported that after cisplatin injection, mice with a p21 gene deletion developed much more severe renal damage than wild-type mice. To dissociate the effects of cisplatin-induced DNA damage and subsequent initiation of DNA damage-dependent cell death pathways from effects of acute renal failure, we have now examined mice after ischemia-reperfusion, a model of renal failure not associated with genotoxin-induced DNA damage early after the injury. Methods Wild-type and p21(-/-) mice were made ischemic by clamping both renal hila for 30 or 50 minutes. At various times after reflow, mortality and parameters of renal function and morphology were quantified. Also, the nuclear proteins p21 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were localized in kidney sections by immunohistochemistry. Results Kidney function was more impaired and mortality increased significantly in p21(-/-) mice as compared with p21(+/+) mice. We found more cell cycle activity, indicated by increased number of mitotic cells and nuclear PCNA-positive cells, in kidney of p21(-/-) mice. Conclusions In this study, p21(-/-) mice were more susceptible to ischemia-induced acute renal failure, with similarly elevated levels of parameters of cell cycle activity. We propose that the increased and inappropriate cell cycle activity in kidney cells is responsible for the increased kidney impairment and mortality.
Stereolithographic patterning of diazonaphthoquinone/novolac photoresist

A fabrication process has been developed which prevents solvent intermixing between layers of diazonaphthoquinone/novolac (DNQ/novolac) based resist. The process enables three-dimensional structures to be batch fabricated stereolithographically using integrated circuit-compatible resist, coating, and exposure techniques, followed by a single development step. To prevent solvent intermixing, a combination of solvent tailoring and surface treatment is employed. The photoresist is first constituted into a weaker, less polar solvent. Before coating a new layer, the surface is exposed to ozone, thus increasing the hydrophilicity of the surface and providing a less soluble barrier layer. This enables the formation of a stack of successively photoimaged layers of the same material, which are then developed in a single step. A new interlayer dose modulation technique to optimize the development process in positive tone resists such as DNQ/novolac is also described.