cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer from immersed horizontal tubes of different diameter in a gas-fluidized bed

Following our earlier finding that the heat-transfer coefficient, hw, for a horizontal smooth tube immersed in a gas-fluidized bed depends upon its diameter, DT, a systematic investigation was undertaken and the results are reported in this paper. In particular, hw was measured for tubes with diameters of 28.6, 50.8 and 76.2 mm immersed in fluidized beds of silica sands of average particle diameters 497 and 773 μm, and glass beads of average particle diameter 270 μm, as a function of fluidizing air velocity at ambient temperature and pressure. It was found that hw follows the normal and previously observed dependence on G and dp, and also shows an interesting variation with DT; hw first decreases as DT is increased but increases as DT is further increased. The observation that hw has a minimum with respect to DT is suggested by some earlier studies. The understanding of this dependence of hw on DT involves a detailed interpretation of the changing hydrodynamic condition of the bed, particularly in relation to solids motion and related bubble dynamics. This process is discussed at length in this work as the fluidizing velocity is increased while keeping the other parameters unchanged.
Platinized-titanium electrodes for urea oxidation Part I. Demonstration of efficacy

Abstract Electrodes that are highly electrocatalytically active for urea oxidation were made by platinum electrodeposition onto minimally pretreated titanium surfaces. The Pt deposition from chloroplatinic acid required approximately sixteen times the stoichiometric charge requirement. Selected electrodes were evaluated for urea oxidation activity by a cyclic voltammetry method. A maximum in Pt utilization for urea oxidation was observed at a Pt loading of ∼ 1g/100 g Ti. The platinized Ti surfaces were as much as 1900 times more active for urea oxidation than smooth Pt surfaces on a per unit mass of Pt basis. Extrapolation of these results to clinical scale dialysate regeneration systems indicates that about 5 g Pt will be required for a clinical-scale deureation reactor.
Pain tolerance and kinesthetic after-effect.

In a recent series of papers, Petrie, Collins, and Solomon (1958, 1960) and Peuie (1960) argued that individual differences in pain tolerance (and in tolerance of sensory deprivation) are part of a more general perceptual characteristic of "augmenting" or "reducing" sensory inputs. Augmenting and reducing were measured by the kinesthetic after-effect apparatus. This test, first described by Koehler and Dinnerstein (1947), involves matching the width of a standard bar which is felt with one hand with a region of a tapered bar which is explored with the other hand. Interpolated kinesthetic experience (satiation) of the former hand on a bar larger or smaller than the standard produces a contrast effect. The standard will be subsequently underestimated or overestimated, respectively. The magnimde of the above constant errors has been shown to correlate with other variables of individual difference (Kline and Krech, 1952; Wertheimer, 1955). Petrie, Collins, and Solomon, however, claimed that pain tolerance is predicted by a direction of constant error which is independent of the width of the satiation bar employed in the interpolated experience. They report that, for some Ss, "augmenting" (an increasingly positive constant error) appears with both larger and smaller satiation bars. The same is reported for "reducing." It was these constant errors which related to pain tolerance. The phenomenon of augmenting and reducing is described as being different from the traditional kinesthetic after-effect. Koehler and Dinnerstein, however, warned that such effects might appear if Ss always started their kinesthetic exploration from only one end of the tapered comparison bar. Starting from the narrow end, for example, would produce a rapid satiation of the hand employed, as if by a narrow satiation bar. This would produce an overestimation of the mid-region of the tapered bar, and an apparent underestimation of the standard. This effect cannot be avoided, but the errors can be balanced out by alternating ascending and descending trials, by starting from the wide and narrow ends of the tapered bar on alternate trials. The studies by Peuie, Collins, and Solomon employed only ascending uials (personal communication from Petrie). Augmenting and reducing may thus be, in one sense, an artifact of a failure to alternate ascending and descending uials. The present study aimed to discover if the correlation between pain 'The research was supported, in part, by Grant No. U-1140 from the Health Research Council of the City of New York.
Modulation of suppression of mitogen-induced T cell-dependent B cell responses by natural killer cells.

Abstract We examined the ability of human natural killer (NK) cells to modulate pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced polyclonal antibody production. Highly purified NK cells inhibited plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses and this suppression could be substantially increased by preincubation of NK cells with the known enhancers of NK cell lytic activity, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin-2. Additionally, costimulation of NK cells with two anti-CD2 antibodies (9-1 and 9.6), which recognize different epitopes on the CD2 molecule, also augmented the inhibitory effect. When subpopulations of NK cells were assayed for suppressor cell activity, this activity was primarily mediated by NK cells bearing Leu-7 but not Leu-2 (CD8) antigens. Thus, alteration of NK cell lytic activity may have significant effects on the immunoregulatory functions of these cells, which may have important implications for the in vivo manipulation of cytotoxic responses.
A nonlinear continuous time optimal control model of dynamic pricing and inventory control with no backorders

In this paper, we present a continuous time optimal control model for studying a dynamic pricing and inventory con- trol problem for a make-to-stock manufacturing system. We consider a multiproduct capacitated, dynamic setting. We introduce a demand-based model where the demand is a linear function of the price, the inventory cost is linear, the production cost is an increasing strictly convex function of the production rate, and all coefficients are time-dependent. A key part of the model is that no backorders are allowed. We introduce and study an algorithm that computes the optimal production and pricing policy as a function of the time on a finite time horizon, and discuss some insights. Our results illustrate the role of capacity and the effects of the dynamic nature of demand in the model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 54: 767-795, 2007
Air Gaps, Size Effect, and Corner-Turning in Ambient LX-17

Various measurements under ambient conditions are presented for LX-17. The size (diameter) effect has been measured with copper and Lucite confinement, where the failure radii are 4.0 and 6.5 mm, respectively. The air well corner-turning has been measured with an LX-07 booster, and the dead-zone results are comparable to the previous TATB-boosted work. Four double cylinders have been fired, and dead zones appear in all cases. The steel-backed samples are faster than the Lucite-backed samples by 0.6 μs. Bare LX-07 and LX-17 charges of 12.7 mm radius were fired with air gaps. Long acceptor regions were used to truly determine if detonation occurred or not. The LX-07 booster crossed a 10 mm gap with a slight time delay. Steady-state LX-17 crossed a 3.5 mm gap but failed to cross a 4.0 mm gap. LX-17 charge with a 12.7 mm radius run after the booster crossed a 1.5 mm gap but failed to cross a 2.5 mm gap. Timing delays were measured where the detonation crossed the gaps. The Tarantula model is introduced as embedded in reactive flow JWL++and Linked Cheetah V4, mostly at 4 zones mm−1. Tarantula has four pressure regions: off, initiation, failure, and detonation. The physical basis of the input parameters is considered.
Memory Decline and Depressive Symptoms in a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Adults: The Health and Retirement Study (1998–2004)

Background/Aims: Inconsistencies in the relationship between depression and cognitive decline may exist because the expected cognitive domains at risk have not been specified in previous study designs. We aimed to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and verbal episodic memory functioning over time. Methods: Data from a prospective cohort study (Health and Retirement Study; 1998–2004; n = 18,465), a multistage national probability sample of older adults in the United States, were analyzed. Verbal learning and memory of a 10-word list learning task were the main outcomes. Depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale) constituted the main predictor. Results: Depressive symptoms were associated with significantly lower immediate (–0.05; p Conclusions: In this US national study of older adults, elevated depressive symptoms were associated with declines in episodic learning and memory over time. These associations were little affected by the demographic or medical conditions considered in this study. The results suggest that learning and memory decline may be a long-term feature associated with depressive symptoms among the nation’s older adult population.
Temporal aspects of mating-induced inhibition of sexual receptivity and its recovery in the female golden hamster

Three studies were conducted to define more precisely the physical and temporal aspects of mating stimuli that are responsible for inhibiting sexual receptivity in the hamster. In the first study, sexually receptive females became completely unresponsive to vigorous mating attempts (20 consecutive min of no lordosis) after they received 1–3 hr of continuous mating stimulation from a series of sexually rested males. Nevertheless, 75% of these females exhibited a rapid, transient recovery of lordosis responding in subsequent hourly tests with males. In two additional studies, exposure to male intromission stimulation was found to be effective in reducing lordosis duration when given during short tests spaced at 1- or 2-hr intervals. However, the rate of decline in lordosis was not appreciably affected by the amount of intromission stimulation received at each test, the frequency of testing over an 8-hr period, or a 4-hr delay in the onset of testing. Mounting stimulation alone did not significantly reduce receptivity in this paradigm but mounts with vaginocervical cues from a simulated copulatory plug were equal in effectiveness to intromission stimulation. These studies provide no evidence for a close relationship between the amount of copulatory stimuli received by the female and the rate of decline in sexual receptivity or the incidence of recovery of sexual responsiveness after continuous mating. In addition, they suggest that male ejaculation, by leading to the deposition of a copulatory plug, may contribute to the mating-induced decline in sexual receptivity.
Simple method for model reference adaptive control

A simple method is presented for combined signal synthesis and parameter adaptation within the framework of model reference adaptive control theory. The results are obtained using a simple derivation based on an improved Liapunov function.
Unpacking a Donor's Library: A Gifts Librarian's Nod to Walter Benjamin

ABSTRACT Walter Benjamin, a critic and writer in the 1920s, wrote an essay inspired by ‘unpacking his library’ upon moving to a new residence. The piece was reflective, philosophical, and full of import, as the Nazis were coming to power in Germany. This article uses Benjamin's essay and those of other writers to provide a framework and structure for a controlled ‘musing’ on the work of gifts processing. The author will often, in unpacking boxes of gift books, reflect on the titles in a donation, seeking to discern some historical context or message in the collection of books before him.
FIGHTING TYRANNY IN FIFTH‐CENTURY ATHENS: DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP AND THE OATH OF DEMOPHANTUS

By way of explaining why he turned to the Athenian tyrannicides while narrating the Affair of the Mysteries in 415, Thucydides asserts at 6.60.1 that the Athenian demos, ‘remembering all that they knew from report’ about their civic heroes, became ‘unmanageable and suspicious of those blamed for the affair’. Should historians believe him? Perhaps not. This paper discusses the oath of Demophantus, which the Athenians collectively recited after restoring democracy in 410/09 (And. 1.97–98) and which gives prominent place to Harmodius and Aristogeiton. The tyrannicides support the oath's obvious ideological impulse, the assimilation of oligarchy and tyranny: citizens watch for threats of the few, just as Harmodius and Aristogeiton stood against tyranny. More importantly, I argue, the oath adopts tyrannicide as a model for democratic citizenship: the oath transforms the everyday political activities of citizenship into tyrannicide: standing with Harmodius and Aristogeiton (and his real neighbours), the citizen protects democracy with confidence, not suspicion.
Successful use of nasal BiPAP in three patients previously requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation

Noninvasive mask ventilation may be used to treat patients with impending respiratory failure. In this case series, three patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who required mechanical ventilation in the past, were successfully treated with nasal bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP). All patients tolerated BiPAP well without complications. Therefore, nasal BiPAP may be considered a treatment option for patients with severe COPD who have previously required intubation and mechanical ventilation.
The productivity-wage gap and the recent stock price increase: An analysis

We analyze the effect of the productivity–wage gap on share prices. Batra argues that the productivity–wage gap may be the main factor behind the stock market bubble of the 1990s. We employ both multiple regression analyses and Granger Causality/impulse response function (IRF) analyses to examine the relationship between share prices and the productivity–wage gap, using quarterly data for the U.S. economy for 1970–2000. Our empirical findings are somewhat supportive of this hypothesis. The influence of the productivity–wage gap on stock prices is significant; however, the rise in stock prices may also have an effect on the productivity–wage gap.
Stereoselective cyclization of α-alkoxyallylstannane alkynals and their Co-complexes. A new route to cyclododecyne-1,2-diol derivatives

Abstract The α-alkoxyallylstannane dicobalt hexacarbonyl alkynal complex 18 afforded the cyclododecadienyne alcohol complex 19 as a single diastereoisomer in 70% yield upon treatment with BF 3 ⊎ Et 2 O at −78°C. The reaction is thought to proceed by prior isomerization to the γ-alkoxyallylstannane.
Forest treatment residues for thermal energy compared with disposal by onsite burning: Emissions and energy return

Abstract Mill residues from forest industries are the source for most of the current wood-based energy in the US, approximately 2.1% of the nation's energy use in 2007. Forest residues from silvicultural treatments, which include limbs, tops, and small non-commercial trees removed for various forest management objectives, represent an additional source of woody biomass for energy. We spatially analyzed collecting, grinding, and hauling forest residue biomass on a 515,900 ha area in western Montana, US, to compare the total emissions of burning forest residues in a boiler for thermal energy with the alternatives of onsite disposal by pile-burning and using either natural gas or #2 distillate oil to produce the equivalent amount of useable energy. When compared to the pile-burn/fossil fuel alternatives, carbon dioxide emissions from the bioenergy alternative were approximately 60%, methane emissions were approximately 3%, and particulate emissions less than 10 μm were 11% and 41%, respectively, for emission control and no-control boilers. Emissions from diesel consumption for collecting, grinding, and hauling biomass represented less than 5% of the total bioenergy emissions at an average haul distance of 136 km. Across the study area, an average 21 units of bioenergy were produced for each unit of diesel energy used to collect, grind, and haul biomass. Fossil fuel energy saved by the bioenergy alternative relative to the pile-burn/fossil fuel alternatives averaged 14.7–15.2 GJ t−1 of biomass.
HPLC Analysis of Capsaicinoids Extracted from Whole Orange Habañero Chili Peppers

ABSTRACT: A rapid, single-stage, quantitative extraction procedure is described for high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in whole chili peppers. Individual and multiple Capsicum chinense (orange habanero) pepper samples were analyzed in a 2 y study. Peppers, both undried and dried, contained average values of 1250 ppm capsaicin and 540 ppm dihydrocapsaicin relative to undried weight. Relative to dry weight, the orange habanero peppers contained 8840 ppm capsaicin and 3940 ppm dihydrocapsaicin.
Type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/prostaglandin F synthase (AKR1C3): Role in breast cancer and inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug analogs

Abstract Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C3 catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of Δ 4 -androstene-3,17-dione to yield testosterone, reduction of estrone to yield 17β-estradiol and reduction of progesterone to yield 20α-hydroxyprogesterone. In addition, it functions as a prostaglandin (PG) F synthase and reduces PGH 2 to PGF 2 α and PGD 2 to 11β-PGF 2 . Immunohistochemistry showed that AKR1C3 is over-expressed in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Retroviral expression of AKR1C3 in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells shows that each of the assigned reactions occur in a breast cell microenvironment. Steroid and prostaglandin conversions were monitored by radiochromatography. Prostaglandin conversion was validated by a second method using HPLC coupled to APCI-MRM/MS. The combined effect of the AKR1C3 catalyzed 17- and 20-ketosteroid reductions will be to increase the 17β-estradiol:progesterone ratio in the breast. In addition, formation of PGF 2 epimers would activate F prostanoid receptors and deprive PPARγ of its putative anti-proliferative PGJ 2 ligands. Thus, AKR1C3 is a source of proliferative signals and a potential therapeutic target for hormone-dependent and -independent breast cancer. Two strategies for AKR1C3 inhibition based on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were developed. The first strategy uses the Ullmann coupling reaction to generate N -phenylanthranilate derivatives that inhibit AKR1C enzymes without affecting PGH 2 synthase (PGHS) 1 or PGHS-2. The second strategy exploits the selective inhibition of AKR1C3 by indomethacin, which did not inhibit highly related AKR1C1 or AKR1C2. Using known structure–activity relationships for the inhibition of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 by indole acetic acids we obtained N -(4-chlorobenzoyl)-melatonin as a specific AKR1C3 inhibitor ( K I = 6.0 μM) that does not inhibit PGHS-1, PGHS-2, AKR1C1, or AKR1C2. Both strategies are informed by crystal structures of ternary AKR1C3·NADP + ·NSAID complexes. The identification of NSAID analogs as specific inhibitors of AKR1C3 will help validate its role in the proliferation of breast cancer cells.
Diffusion tensor eigenvector directional color imaging patterns in the evaluation of cerebral white matter tracts altered by tumor

Purpose To categorize the varied appearances of tumor-altered white matter (WM) tracts on diffusion tensor eigenvector directional color maps. Materials and Methods Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was obtained preoperatively in 13 patients with brain tumors ranging from benign to high-grade malignant, including primary and metastatic lesions, and maps of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and major eigenvector direction were generated. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn within identifiable WM tracts affected by tumor, avoiding grossly cystic and necrotic regions, known fiber crossings, and gray matter. Patterns of WM tract alteration were categorized on the basis of qualitative analysis of directional color maps and correlation analysis of ADC and FA. Results Four basic patterns of WM alteration were identified: 1) normal or nearly normal FA and ADC, with abnormal tract location or tensor directions attributable to bulk mass displacement, 2) moderately decreased FA and increased ADC with normal tract locations and tensor directions, 3) moderately decreased FA and increased ADC with abnormal tensor directions, and 4) near isotropy. FA and ADC were inversely correlated for Patterns 1–3 but did not discriminate edema from infiltrating tumor. However, in the absence of mass displacement, infiltrating tumor was found to produce tensor directional changes that were not observed with vasogenic edema, suggesting the possibility of discrimination on the basis of directional statistics. Conclusion Tumor alteration of WM tracts tends to produce one of four patterns on FA and directional color maps. Clinical application of these patterns must await further study. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:555–562. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Safe and simple emergency department discharge therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and severe hyperglycemia.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the safety and effectiveness of 2 simple discharge regimens for use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and severe hyperglycemia, who present to the emergency department (ED) and do not need to be admitted. Methods We conducted an 8-week, open-label, randomized controlled trial in 77 adult patients with DM2 and blood glucose levels of 300 to 700 mg/dL seen in a public hospital ED. Patients were randomly assigned to receive glipizide XL, 10 mg orally daily (G group), versus glipizide XL, 10 mg orally daily, plus insulin glargine, 10 U daily (G + G group). The primary outcome was to maintain safe fasting glucose and random glucose levels of Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 treatment groups. The primary outcome was achieved in 87% of patients in both treatment groups. The enrollment mean blood glucose values of 440 and 467 mg/dL in the G and G + G groups, respectively, declined by the end of week 1 to 298 and 289 mg/dL and by week 8 to 140 and 135 mg/dL, respectively. Homeostasis model assessment of b-cell function and early insulin response improved 7-fold and 4-fold, respectively, in responders at the end of the 8-week study. Conclusion Sulfonylurea with and without use of a small dose of insulin glargine rapidly improved blood glucose levels and b-cell function in patients with DM2. Use of sulfonylurea alone once daily can be considered a safe discharge regimen for such patients and an effective bridge between ED intervention and subsequent follow-up. (Endocr Pract. 2009;15:696-704)
ELECTRIC ANNEALING OF GLASS

The total and distribution heat requirements are discussed in general as well as the manner in which electric leers economically meet these requirements based on actual determinations and calculations.
De novo prediction of cis -regulatory elements and modules through integrative analysis of a large number of ChIP datasets

Background In eukaryotes, transcriptional regulation is usually mediated by interactions of multiple transcription factors (TFs) with their respective specific cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in the so-called cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) in DNA. Although the knowledge of CREs and CRMs in a genome is crucial to elucidate gene regulatory networks and understand many important biological phenomena, little is known about the CREs and CRMs in most eukaryotic genomes due to the difficulty to characterize them by either computational or traditional experimental methods. However, the exponentially increasing number of TF binding location data produced by the recent wide adaptation of chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with microarray hybridization (ChIP-chip) or high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) technologies has provided an unprecedented opportunity to identify CRMs and CREs in genomes. Nonetheless, how to effectively mine these large volumes of ChIP data to identify CREs and CRMs at nucleotide resolution is a highly challenging task.
WEIGHING THE EVIDENCE FOR A SINGLE ORIGIN OF PLASTIDS1

The Journal of Phycology recently published a research paper entitled "A single origin of plastids revisited: convergent evolution in organellar genome content" (Stiller et al. 2003). Also appearing in that issue was a minireview by Jeffrey D. Palmer (Palmer 2003), "The symbiotic birth and spread of plastids: how many times and whodunit?" In his review, Palmer discussed evidence in support of a single endosymbiotic origin, in light of our analyses showing that similarities in plastid genome content are explained better by convergent evolution than by shared evolutionary history. Palmer raised a number of important issues that were not addressed in our paper, including the point that, in his view, no real evidence has been cited against a single plastid origin. After carefully considering Palmer's arguments, and this key point in particular, I am prompted to offer a few additional comments in the spirit of furthering a useful discussion begun in the February issue.
Japanese Reference Panel of Blood Specimens for Evaluation of Hepatitis C Virus RNA and Core Antigen Quantitative Assays

ABSTRACT An accurate and reliable quantitative assay for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is essential for measuring viral propagation and the efficacy of antiviral therapy. There is a growing need for domestic reference panels for evaluation of clinical assay kits because the performance of these kits may vary with region-specific genotypes or polymorphisms. In this study, we established a reference panel by selecting 80 donated blood specimens in Japan that tested positive for HCV. Using this panel, we quantified HCV viral loads using two HCV RNA kits and five core antigen (Ag) kits currently available in Japan. The data from the two HCV RNA assay kits showed excellent correlation. All RNA titers were distributed evenly across a range from 3 to 7 log IU/ml. Although the data from the five core Ag kits also correlated with RNA titers, the sensitivities of individual kits were not sufficient to quantify viral load in all samples. As calculated by the correlation with RNA titers, the theoretical lower limits of detection by these core Ag assays were higher than those for the detection of RNA. Moreover, in several samples in our panel, core Ag levels were underestimated compared to RNA titers. Sequence analysis in the HCV core region suggested that polymorphisms at amino acids 47 to 49 of the core Ag were responsible for this underestimation. The panel established in this study will be useful for estimating the quality of currently available and upcoming HCV assay kits; such quality control is essential for clinical usage of these kits.
The effect of benzedrine on the post-electroshock EEG.

Abstract 1. 1. In 44 Macacus rhesus monkeys and in 15 humans, the observations of other investigators on immediate and prolonged EEG effects of electroshock convulsions have been repeated and confirmed. 2. 2. EEG alterations during and after electroshock convulsions can be divided into five phases: 1. High amplitude fast waves appear during the tonic phase of the convulsion. 2. Fast and slow waves are mixed during the clonic phase of the convulsion. 3. Marked low amplitude, or flattening, characterizes the electroencephalogram during the immediate postconvulsive period. 4. High amplitude 1–3 per second waves appear most prominently in the frontal leads and persist during the period of post-convulsive stupor. 5. Six per second and then normal frequencies are mixed with the 1–3 per second waves, and there is a gradual shift to normal. 3. 3. The fourth phase, that of extreme postconvulsive slowing, was eliminated in 11 of 19 trials in monkeys when Benzedrine 1–3 mg/kilo was given subcutaneously 10–15 minutes before the shock, and the animals appeared more alert. In humans, Benzedrine was not adequately tested for its effect on immediate post-convulsive slowing but, as in the monkeys, it did not affect the fifth phase. It did not alter post-convulsive confusion. 4. 4. The Benzedrine effect was not reproduced by any of the other drugs tested. These included the dextro-and laevorotatory forms of Benzedrine. Both the vasomotor and central nervous system stimulating effects of racemic Benzedrine appeared to play a role in the mechanism of its action. 5. 5. The persistence of post-convulsive slowing was also affected by the number of shocks and by the position of the shocking electrodes: it was increased with increasing numbers of s shocks and by trans-frontal electroshock. Electroencephalographic slowing was less persistent after trans-occipital than after trans-frontal shocks, and the site of maximum slowing tended to be posterior with posteriorly delivered shocks.
Fine structure of the seminiferous tubule of the swiss mouse. The spermatid

Electron micrographs from this study demonstrate several stages in the formation of the nuclear cap and acrosome by the Golgi system. Formation of small vesicles from Golgi membranes, coalescence of these vesicles into the nuclear cap with concomitant fusion of contained granules to form the acrosome, is confirmed. Mitchondria, which at low magnifications appear to be “empty,” are shown by high magnification to contain dilated intracristal spaces. In many cases cristae are arranged parallel to the mitochondrial surface. In later spermiogenesis, appearance of the caudal sheath or manchette, proximal centriole, and terminal annulus (“ring centriole”) precede formation of the middlepiece and flagellum. The presence of a series of parallel “annulated” membranes has been described. The exact nature of these membranes, which appear to connect with the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, remains to be investigated.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. 33. Application to the Study of ECE/DISP Reactions

The scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) is used to measure the kinetics of ECE/DISP type reactions. The theory of the steady-state feedback response is developed in terms of numerical simulation. The theoretical curves show that the variation of the tip and substrate current with the tip−substrate separation can readily be used to differentiate between an ECE and a DISP1 pathway. The theoretical results suggest that rate constants up to 1.6 × 105 s-1 can be measured with tip sizes usually employed in SECM. The theory is validated using the experimental example of the reduction of anthracene in DMF in the presence of phenol. The reaction is shown to follow a DISP1 pathway, in agreement with previous studies. Good agreement is found between theory and experiment for all the phenol concentrations explored, and a rate constant of (4.4 ± 0.4) × 103 M-1 s-1 has been determined for the protonation of the anthracene radical anion by phenol.
Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1. Overview of Focus Groups 2. Planning the Focus Group Study 3. Developing a Questioning Route 4. Participants in a Focus Group 5. Moderating Skills 6. Analyzing Focus Group Results 7. Reporting 8. Styles of Focus Group Research 9. Focus Group Interviews With Young People 10. International and Cross-Cultural Focus Groups Interviewing 11. Telephone and Internet Focus Group Interviewing 12. Focus Group Interviews Within the Organization 13. Modifications of Focus Groups 14. Answering Questions About the Quality of Focus Group Research
Experimental Study of the ( d , He 3 ) Reaction on Even- A Isotopes of Mo

The ($d$, ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$) reactions on ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{92,94,96,98}$ and the ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{92}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, d)$ reaction were studied with 23-MeV deuterons and 34-MeV ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ particles from the Argonne cyclotron. Experimental angular distributions were analyzed on the basis of the distorted-wave Born-approximation theory to determine the $l$ values and spectroscopic factors. Results were compared with previous data and the shell-model predictions. Experimental strengths of the ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ and ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ components in the ground state of ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{92}$ are consistent with the calculations. Very low-lying states with large ${p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and ${f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ strength were observed.
Managing stimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an update.

1. Esther H. Wender, MD* 1. *Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Since publication in this journal of the review article Managing Stimulant Medication for Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (1), new forms of methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts have been approved for use in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this update, all of the currently approved forms of methylphenidate and amphetamine are reviewed. These are the only stimulants that are considered first-line treatment for ADHD, according to the recently published American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) clinical practice guideline. (2) In the current article, the newer forms of the stimulant medications are compared with the older versions, and guidelines for switching from one form to another are provided. The reader is encouraged to study the original article for recommendations regarding initial titration, maintenance, and termination of stimulant medication. The available methylphenidate and amphetamine medications are listed in Table 1⇓, including recently modified formulations. As stated in the original review article and the AAP guidelines, titration should begin with one of these two families of medication. …
Simulation-based feasibility study of improved air conditioning systems for hospital operating room

Abstract The goal of the air distribution inside a hospital operating room (OR) is to protect the patient and staff from cross-infection while maintaining occupant comfort and not affecting the facilitation of surgical tasks. In ORs, HEPA-filtered air and vertical (downward) laminar airflow are often used to achieve a unidirectional flow of fresh air from ceiling, washing over the patient and flowing out of exhaust vents on the side walls, near the floor. However, previous research has shown that this method does not necessarily achieve the desired unidirectional flow pattern or adequately achieve optimal air asepsis. The results from this study show that maximizing the area of the laminar flow diffusers remedies this issue and provides very low contamination levels. The use of air curtains as specified by manufacturers of commercial products may not provide satisfactory results, with noticeable contamination levels at the wound site.
Bretylium potentiation of the contractor responses of isolated rabbit aortic strips to potassium and tyramine

1. Pretreatment of rabbit aortic strips with bretylium potentiated the contractor response to potassium and tyramine but not to noradrenaline. On the other hand, such pretreatment inhibited the response to nicotine.2. Even in reserpinized or cold stored aortic strips, pretreatment with bretylium enhanced the contractor response to potassium and tyramine.3. Pretreatment of fresh, reserpinized, or cold stored aortic strips with pheniprazine potentiated the contractor response to potassium and tyramine.4. Pretreatment of aortic strips with bretylium or pheniprazine did not potentiate the response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).5. The results indicate that both bretylium and pheniprazine potentiate the action of tyramine and potassium, not by presynaptic mechanisms, but by postsynaptic action, causing an increase in the sensitivity of the effector cells to the stimulants.
Hypothyroidism in severely iodine-deficient rats.

The thyroid status of severely iodine-deficient rats was assessed by measurement of the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and liver mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPD). Rats maintained on the iodine-deficient diet for 2 or 3 months showed significantly reduced RMR and α- GPD, compared to rats on the same diet supplemented with KI in the drinking water. They also displayed markedly reduced serum T4 levels, slightly reduced serum T3 levels, and highly elevated serum TSH levels. A significant decrease in liver α-GPD was observed 29 days after the rats were placed on the iodine-deficient diet. However, the decrease in RMR in the same animals was not statistically significant. These results suggest that measurement of liver α- GPD may be a more sensitive index of impending hypothyroidism than measurement of O2 consumption. The present study demonstrates that a hypothyroid state can be induced in rats exposed to a severely iodine-defic ent diet. In severe iodine deficiency, the compensatory mechan...
Response of panels to turbulence-induced, surface-pressure fluctuations and resulting acoustic radiation to the flow field.

The response of finite rectangular panels, excited by turbulent boundary layers and the resulting acoustical radiation into the flow field is studied. The method of normal modes and the technique of spectral analysis are used to compute the power spectra of the panel amplitude and strain response. Computed results are compared with the corresponding response measurements for panels exposed to attached and separated flows at supersonic speeds and attached flow at subsonic speeds. The thin plate and the convected wave equations are coupled through the boundary condition on the panel to give a formula for the radiation pressure power spectra. A formula for the acoustical damping ratio of the panel is obtained through the principle of virtual work.-
Ovoviviparity in the genus Excirolana (Crustacea: Isopoda)

Studies on the intertidal sand-beach isopod, Excirolana chiltoni, have shown the species to be ovoviviparous. Large yolk-filled eggs are deposited into paired uteri of the female where they remain throughout gestation. Intrauterine development progresses through five stages and terminates upon birth of the manca which is morphologically similar to the adult but lacks the eighth pair of thoracic legs. The oostegites while present are much reduced and form a genital operculum rather than a brood pouch as they do in the majority of free living isopods. Six other species of Excirolana examined in the course of this investigation show evidence of internal incubation. Ovoviviparity thus appears to be characteristic of the entire genus, members of which live on exposed sand beaches throughout tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Internal retention of embryonic stages provides protection against a number of environmental stresses peculiar to this sort of habitat.
Enumeration reducibility and partial degrees

Enumeration reducibility is the relation of relative effective enumerability of sets of natural numbers. As was pointed out by Myhill in [ 5 ], enumeration reducibility restricted to partial functions is the relation of relative effective computability of partial functions. Following [ 5 ] and [6, p. 146] a formal definition is give~ below. In this paper enumeration reducibility and a ge~eralization of enumeration reducibility, arithmetical enumerability, a~e studied. In § 2 results are presented which give information about the distribution and prevalence of sets which are incomparable to theh complements. In § 3 forcing is defined in an arithmetical language augmented by a partial function variable in such a way that forcing conditions are allowed which intuitively express the condition that a partial function be undefined at a particular argument value. This notion of forcing is used to obtain some general incomparability results. In § 4 it is shown that the upper semi-lattice of partial degrees (the equivalence classes of the relation of equivalence with respect to enumeration reduc'bility) is not a * Almost all of the material in this paper is contained in the author's doctoral dissertation at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, The research for this paper was carried out while the author was a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellow.
Comment on the possible role of the reaction H•+H2O→H2+•OH in the radiolysis of water at high temperatures

Abstract In a recent paper (Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2005, vol. 74, pp. 210) it was suggested that the anomalous increase of molecular hydrogen radiolysis yields observed in high-temperature water is explained by a high activation energy for the reaction H +H 2 O→H 2 + OH. In this comment we present thermodynamic arguments to demonstrate that this reaction cannot be as fast as suggested. A best estimate for the rate constant is 2.2×10 3 M −1 s −1 at 300 °C. Central to this argument is an estimate of the OH radical hydration free energy vs. temperature, Δ G hyd (OH)=0.0278 t −18.4 kJ/mole ( t in °C, equidensity standard states), which is based on analogy with the hydration free energy of water and of hydrogen peroxide.
The electric dipole moment of the A2Π state of ScO

Abstract The electric dipole moment of the A 2 Π state ( v = 1) of ScO is determined to be 4.13 ± 0.21 D in A 2 Π 3 2 and 4.25 ± 0.25 D (2σ uncertainties) in A 2 Π 1 2 by laser induced fluorescence excitation spectroscopy of the R Q 24 + R R 24 (1) and P P 1G + P Q 1G (1) ( G = 3 or 4 where G  I + S) lines in the presence of a large homogeneous electric field. The positions of low- J lines in the A 2 Π - X 2 Σ + (1,0) band are also reported.
Brain membrane cholesterol domains, aging and amyloid beta-peptides.

Lipids are essential for the structural and functional integrity of membranes. Membrane lipids are not randomly distributed but are localized in different domains. These domains consist of the exofacial and cytofacial leaflets, cholesterol pools, annular lipids, and lipid rafts. Membrane lipid domains have been proposed to be involved in a variety of different functions including e.g. signal transduction, lipid transport and metabolism, and cell growth. Membrane lipid domains have been identified in brain and can be modified by different experimental conditions, aging and certain neurodegenerative diseases. Recent data reveal the very interesting possibility that membrane lipid domains may be a target of Alzheimer's disease. There is a growing body of evidence showing an association between cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease, and cholesterol is a major component of membrane lipid domains. Here we discuss recent data on brain membrane lipid domains emphasizing the structural and functional role of cholesterol. In addition, lipid domains and aging, and the potential interaction of lipid domains and amyloid beta-peptides (Abeta) that are a major component of senile plaques in brains of Alzheimer's patients are considered. We propose that age changes in the asymmetric distribution of cholesterol in contrast to total or bulk cholesterol in neuronal plasma membranes provides a cooperative environment for accumulation of Abeta in plasma membranes and the accumulation of Abeta is due in part to a direct physico-chemical interaction with cholesterol in the membrane exofacial or outer leaflet.
Political Friendship in the Legislature

Behavior fundamental to the legislative process--channeling of information and dissemination of voting cues--is patterned in accord with the interpersonal ties of legislators. What are the bases of legislators' bonds of friendship? Three distinct models provide partial accounting for legislators' interpersonal ties: the attribute model, focusing on the characteristics of legislators; the homophily-heterophily model, emphasizing the "birds of a feather" phenomenon; and the propinquity model, drawing upon spatial proximities. Resting upon interpersonal friendship choices recorded by state legislators in Iowa, in this analysis we simultaneously estimate the effects of variables indicated by these three models. Attitudes toward legislative life, shared understandings of legislative roles, common committee service, shared partisanship, and spatial proximity emerge from the enquiry as major causes of political friendship in the legislature.
The acoustic far-field of rigid bodies in arbitrary motion

The far-field sound produced by a rigid body in arbitrary motion, with shock discontinuities close to the body, is studied. The analysis is based on the work of Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (1969). An expression for the far-field sound pressure is obtained in the form of surface and line integrals carried out over a contracting sphere and its intersection with the body and shock surfaces. It is also found that in addition to the quadrupole distribution, the discontinuities in Lighthill stress at the shock, the fluid stresses at the body surface, and the curvatures (principal and mean) of the body and shock surfaces contribute to the sound field. Two examples are worked out.
Delayed matching in the pigeon: Effect on performance of sample-specific observing responses and differential delay behavior☆

Abstract Pigeons were trained on a delayed matching-to-sample task with a 0-sec delay and then transferred to a 1-sec delay (Experiment 1) or were trained with mixed 0-sec/1-sec delays and then transferred to longer mixed delays up to 28 sec (Experiment 2). Four groups were distinguished by the nature of the observing response required to each sample color (red and blue). For Group NN pecks were allowed to neither color. For Group PcPc pecks were required to both colors. For Group PcN pecks were required to red but were not allowed to blue. For Group PcPt pecks were required at the center key in the presence of red, but at a key located directly above the center key in the presence of blue. The results of both experiments indicated significant effects of both Pecking vs Not Pecking, and Sample-Specific vs Sample-Independent Responding. At the longer delays individual differences in sample-specific delay behavior were a better predictor of performance than the behavior required in the presence of the sample.
A new method for obtaining ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel via ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization☆☆

Abstract Due to the requirement of stringent rules for ultra-low sulfur content of diesel fuels, it is necessary to develop alternative methods for desulfurization of fossil fuel derived oil. Using appropriate oxidants and catalysts with the assistance of ultrasound irradiation, model compounds such as dibenzothiophene can be quantitatively oxidized in minutes. For diesel fuels containing various levels of sulfur content, and through the use of catalytic oxidation and ultrasonication followed by solvent extraction, removal efficiency of sulfur-bearing compounds can reach or exceed 99% in a short contact time at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. This simple approach can be the basis for obtaining ultra-low sulfur-containing diesel oil. GC-PFPD, GC–MS, and GC-SIMDIS were used to monitor the change of organic sulfur compounds and hydrocarbons in diesels during the process.
View-invariant object category learning, attention, recognition, search, and scene understanding

This article summarizes recent progress towards understanding how the brain can intelligently scan a scene and use fast incremental unsupervised and supervised learning to learn scenic type and view-invariant representations of the objects within it.