cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emission polarization from rough surfaces

We revisit the theoretical model for emission polarization from rough surfaces to improve previous models. Previous models treat the directional emissivity σ s as 1- r s where r s is directional reflectivity and s stands for perpendicular or parallel component to the incident surface. The directional emissivity is based on the Kirchhoff's law and the energy conservation between incident, reflected and transmitted light. This emission model considers only linear polarization as it does not allow the cross term of parallel and perpendicular components of Fresnel reflection coefficients. In this paper, we formulate the four emission Stokes parameters with emission wave amplitudes to describe the complete emission polarization content of dielectric as well as conduction media. The emission wave amplitudes are derived from the energy conservation and are functions of Fresnel transmission coefficients and incident and refraction angles. For a conducting medium which has a complex indices of refraction, the refraction angle is redefined to avoid the physically unreasonable complex angle. The emission Stokes parameters are averaged over time and then over the roughness of the surface. The time average of the cross terms of the perpendicular and parallel emission electric fields is assumed to be zero as the emission is an incoherent process. It is found that the emission S2 is zero for a smooth surface or a surface with isotropic roughness and S3 is zero regardless of surface roughness if the time average of the cross terms is assumed to be zero. Our results are compared with previous theoretical models and lab measurements and reasonable agreement is found.
Mechanisms of immunological tolerance in central nervous system inflammatory demyelination

Multiple sclerosis is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that results in a disruption of the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals in the immune system. Given that central nervous system inflammation can be suppressed by various immunological tolerance mechanisms, immune tolerance has become a focus of research in the attempt to induce long-lasting immune suppression of pathogenic T cells. Mechanisms underlying this tolerance induction include induction of regulatory T cell populations, anergy and the induction of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells. The intravenous administration of encephalitogenic peptides has been shown to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induce tolerance by promoting the generation of regulatory T cells and inducing apoptosis of pathogenic T cells. Safe and effective methods of inducing long-lasting immune tolerance are essential for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. By exploring tolerogenic mechanisms, new strategies can be devised to strengthen the regulatory, anti-inflammatory cell populations thereby weakening the pathogenic, pro-inflammatory cell populations.
Assessing Insecticide Hazard to Bumble Bees Foraging on Flowering Weeds in Treated Lawns

Maintaining bee-friendly habitats in cities and suburbs can help conserve the vital pollination services of declining bee populations. Despite label precautions not to apply them to blooming plants, neonicotinoids and other residual systemic insecticides may be applied for preventive control of lawn insect pests when spring-flowering weeds are present. Dietary exposure to neonicotinoids adversely affects bees, but the extent of hazard from field usage is controversial. We exposed colonies of the bumble bee Bombus impatiens to turf with blooming white clover that had been treated with clothianidin, a neonicotinoid, or with chlorantraniliprole, the first anthranilic diamide labeled for use on lawns. The sprays were applied at label rate and lightly irrigated. After residues had dried, colonies were confined to forage for six days, and then moved to a non-treated rural site to openly forage and develop. Colonies exposed to clothianidin-treated weedy turf had delayed weight gain and produced no new queens whereas those exposed to chlorantraniliprole-treated plots developed normally compared with controls. Neither bumble bees nor honey bees avoided foraging on treated white clover in open plots. Nectar from clover blooms directly contaminated by spray residues contained 171±44 ppb clothianidin. Notably, neither insecticide adversely impacted bee colonies confined on the treated turf after it had been mown to remove clover blooms present at the time of treatment, and new blooms had formed. Our results validate EPA label precautionary statements not to apply neonicotinoids to blooming nectar-producing plants if bees may visit the treatment area. Whatever systemic hazard through lawn weeds they may pose appears transitory, however, and direct hazard can be mitigated by adhering to label precautions, or if blooms inadvertently are contaminated, by mowing to remove them. Chlorantraniliprole usage on lawns appears non-hazardous to bumble bees.
Bovine viral diarrhea viruses modulate toll-like receptors, cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules genes expression in bovine peripheral blood monocytes

We have used noncytopathic (ncp) and cytopathic (cp) Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viruses (BVDV) to determine the expression levels of TLR genes, type I IFN, pro-inflammatory and Th1/Th2 cytokine gene expression in bovine monocytes. In general, both BVDV strains had similar effects. However, we found some significant differences that could be due to biological differences between cp and ncp BVDV strains. TLR3 was significantly up-regulated in 1h ncp, but not in cp BVDV- infected monocytes, whereas TLR7 expression dominated in 24h infection with both BVDV strains. Type I IFN and IL-12 gene expression was also significantly up-regulated in 1h ncp, but not cp BVDV infection that correlated with the enhanced TLR3 gene expression. Both BVDV biotypes suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, but did not change Th1 type cytokine IL-12 and INF-gamma, gene expression after 24h infection. We hypothesize that BVDV may escape immune responses by altering the expression of TLR 3 and 7 and their signaling pathways.
Theory of stripes in quasi-two-dimensional rare-earth tellurides

Even though the rare-earth tritellurides are tetragonal materials with a quasi-two-dimensional band structure, they have a ``hidden'' one-dimensional character. The resultant near-perfect nesting of the Fermi surface leads to the formation of a charge density wave (CDW) state. We show that, for this band structure, there are two possible ordered phases: A bidirectional ``checkerboard'' state would occur if the CDW transition temperature were sufficiently low, whereas a unidirectional ``striped'' state, consistent with what is observed in experiment, is favored when the transition temperature is higher. This result may also give some insight into why, in more strongly correlated systems, such as the cuprates and nickelates, the observed charge ordered states are generally stripes as opposed to checkerboards.
The Associations of Multiple Dimensions of Discrimination and Abdominal Fat in African American Adults: The Jackson Heart Study

Background Discrimination may be adversely associated with abdominal obesity, but few studies have examined associations with abdominal fat.
In vitro models for photosynthetic energy conversion

A summary is presented of recent work on the photochemistry of chlorophyll in solution. It is shown that reactions occur which are close counterparts ofin vivo photoprocesses. These are (a) photoproduction of chlorophyll cation radical (analog of photosystem I reaction centre primary photoprocess), (b) one-electron phototransfer from bacterio-chlorophyll to quinone (analog of bacterial reaction centre primary photoprocess), (c) chlorophyll photosensitized one-electron transfer from hydroxylic compounds to quinone (analog of photosystem II reaction centre photoprocess). The mechanisms of these reactions and their implications for photosynthetic energy conversion are discussed.
Best-Evidence Synthesis: Why Less Is More

In his response to my proposal for an alternative to meta-analytic and traditional reviews (Slavin, 1986), Bruce Joyce has made the exact misinterpretation of what I am proposing that I most feared readers would make. Therefore I am delighted to have an opportunity to clarify what I meant by "bestevidence synthesis" and what I did not mean by it. One thing I did not mean to suggest was that reviewers establish a priori inclusion criteria before searching the literature. Rather, my position is very close to that which Joyce proposes: "Find everything, then organize it carefully." The first step in conducting a best-evidence synthesis is to conduct a broad-scale preliminary literature search in order to fully understand the meaning and quality of the evidence. Only then am I suggesting formulating inclusion criteria. Also, I am proposing that the evidence excluded be described in some detail, so that the reader, to use Joyce's term, can "enter the thought processes of the investigator" and understand the consequences of whatever inclusion criteria were applied. Actually, I would have no objection if a reviewer obtained every study on a particular subject and then partitioned the evidence according to well-defended criteria. What mostly differentiates bestevidence synthesis from metaanalysis is not issues relating to inclusion, but rather the requirement is a best-evidence synthesis that the studies on which the argument depends be identified and described in enough detail to allow the reader to understand what the body of research really investigated and what it found. Very few meta-analyses discuss more than one or two of the dozens or hundreds of studies whose results they synthesize. The issue of a priori inclusion comes up only because it is a practical impossibility to discuss everything in a l rge literature, so we must have some means of deciding what is worth discussing for a given purpose. Every review makes one or more principal conclusions. What is he nature and quality of the evidence on which these conclusions rest? The reader has a right to know.
Estimation of Azadirachtin Content in Neem Extracts and Formulations

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatographic reversed-phase procedure has been developed whereby azadirachtin content can be estimated in crude extracts of neem and in dust formulations of neem. An estimation of the azadirachtin content is achieved through the use of an external azadirachtin standard and valley-to-valley integration. Since azadirachtin seems to be the most potent insect feeding deterrent in these extracts and formulations, its content is a measurement of potency and represents an attempt at standardization.
Do Examinees Understand Score Reports for Alternate Methods of Scoring Computer Based Tests

This study assessed the interpretability of scaled scores based on either number correct (NC) scoring for a paper-and-pencil test or one of two methods of scoring computer-based tests: an item pattern (IP) scoring method and a method based on equated NC scoring. The equated NC scoring method for computer-based tests was proposed as an alternative to item response theory IP scoring to improve consumers' understanding of reported scores. Results indicated that a test taker's performance level and the method used to report scores may adversely affect participants' correct interpretation of test scores. The IP score report made it difficult for participants to interpret the reported scores. The equated NC scoring method did not yield score reports that are any easier to understand than the IP scoring method.
Activation of p53-p21 waf1 Pathway in Response to Disruption of Cell-Matrix Interactions

The proliferation of most cells is strictly dependent on cell-matrix interactions, a phenomenon called anchorage dependence. Because tumor cells often are independent of this regulation, it is important to characterize the molecular pathways that control cellular proliferation after detachment of cells from their matrix. In this report, we investigated a possible role of p53 and one of its target genes, p21 waf1/cip1 , as components of anchorage-dependent cell growth control. We found that p53 protein is rapidly activated upon the disruption of cellular attachment. This led to p21 transcriptional activation via two p53-binding sites in its promoter. Elevated p21 protein levels blocked transcription and activity of the cell cycle-regulator cyclin A, and cells became arrested in G1 of the cell cycle. Under the same conditions, fibroblasts from p53 knock-out mice did not activate p21 and did not down-regulate cyclin A expression but rather induced another cell cycle inhibitor, p27. Thus, our results characterize a chain of events, starting from the activation of p53 and proceeding via p21 to cyclin A, that is activated in response to the loss of cellular adherence. This p53-regulated pathway may constitute one of a few redundant systems to ensure proper cell control in multicellular organisms.
Obesity and extreme obesity, manifest by ages 20–24 years, continuing through 32–41 years in women, should alert physicians to the diagnostic likelihood of polycystic ovary syndrome as a reversible underlying endocrinopathy

Abstract Objectives: Document obesity–extreme obesity in most 20–24, 25–29, and 32–41 years old women with PCOS as a stimulus for physicians to consider the diagnosis of PCOS, an underlying reversible endocrinopathy. Study design: In matched age groups 20–24, 25–29, and 32–41 years, we compared BMI in 84, 129, and 188 Caucasian women with PCOS versus 956, 815, and 815 women in NHANES I (general population), and 25, 36, and 45 non-pregnant women (community obstetrics practice). Results: At ages 20–24, 25–29, and 32–41 years, mean ± S.D. BMIs in women with PCOS (35.3 ± 7.7, 36.0 ± 9.4, 36.7 ± 8.2) were much greater than NHANES I (22.8 ± 4.6, 23.3 ± 5.0, 24.5 ± 5.6; p p Conclusions: Obesity–extreme obesity in women, manifest by ages 20–24 years, continuing through 32–41 years, should alert physicians to the likelihood of PCOS, an underlying, heritable, potentially reversible, insulin resistant endocrinopathy that promotes obesity.
mRNA at Synapses, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory Consolidation

Miller et al. (this issue of Neuron) report that deletion of the 3'UTR of alpha-CaMKII mRNA prevents dendritic delivery of the mRNA in transgenic mice and thus local synthesis of alpha-CaMKII protein in dendrites. 3'UTR mutant mice exhibit decreases in alpha-CaMKII protein in postsynaptic densities, and deficits in late phase LTP and in memory consolidation.
Dyslexia and the Double Deficit Hypothesis.

The double deficit hypothesis (Bowers and Wolf 1993) maintains that children with both phonological and naming-speed deficits will be poorer readers than children with just one or neither of these deficits. In the present study, we drew on this hypothesis to help understand why some children have a serious reading impairment. In addition, by adding an orthographic factor, we extended it to a triple deficit hypothesis. Participants were 90 children aged 6 to 10 years. Dyslexic children, whose reading was low for age and for expected level, garden-variety poor readers, reading-level matched younger children, and low verbal IQ good readers, were compared. The dyslexic group was significantly lower then the garden-variety poor readers and the low verbal IQ good readers on most measures, and lower than the younger group on phonological measures. Findings support the double deficit hypothesis of Bowers and Wolf, and also the triple deficit hypothesis. Most of the poorest readers, nearly all of whom qualified as dyslexic, had a double or triple deficit in phonological, naming-speed, and orthographic skills. Conclusions were that dyslexia results from an overload of deficits in skills related to reading, for which the child cannot easily compensate.
Differences between Lifting and Lowering Manual Material Handling Tasks in Distribution Centers

A cross-sectional study was conducted to quantify the physical demands of manual material handling in distribution centers. One hundred and sixty-three workers were assessed wearing the moment monitor. The moment monitor measures static and dynamic mass of the boxes as well as the trunk kinematics and moment arms of each manual material handling exertion. The moment monitor analysis software distinguishes between lifting, lowering, pushing/pulling exertions. Paired comparison between lifting and lowering were performed on 163 workers. The results showed no differences in static mass or moment whereas the dynamic z force and dynamic moment were significantly greater for lifting. Trunk kinematic results showed greater sagittal velocity for lifting compared to lowering but greater lateral velocity for lowering compared to lifting.
Examination of biofilm formation and risk of infection associated with the use of urinary catheters with leg bags

Urinary catheters and leg bags were simultaneously colonized by Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris using a model urinary drainage system. The system was continuously supplied with filter-sterilized artificial urine using a diurnal flow pattern. The extent of colonization was determined by assessment of both planktonic and biofilm formation over time. Contamination of the catheters resulted in rapid colonization of the whole system within a 24 h period. Contamination of the leg bags resulted in an ascending biofilm formation over a four-day period. Results indicated that infection risks could be minimized by changing the catheter and leg bags at least once a week. The design of the leg bags was not found to influence the rate or extent of biofilm formation.
Shredding of environmental signals by sediment transport

[1] Landscapes respond to climate, tectonic motions and sea level, but this response is mediated by sediment transport. Understanding transmission of environmental signals is crucial for predicting landscape response to climate change, and interpreting paleo‐climate and tectonics from stratigraphy. Here we propose that sediment transport can act as a nonlinear filter that completely destroys (“shreds”) environmental signals. This results from ubiquitous thresholds in sediment transport systems; e.g., landsliding, bed load transport, and river avulsion. This “morphodynamic turbulence” is analogous to turbulence in fluid flows, where energy injected at one frequency is smeared across a range of scales. We show with a numerical model that external signals are shredded when their time and amplitude scales fall within the ranges of morphodynamic turbulence. As signal frequency increases, signal preservation becomes the exception rather than the rule, suggesting a critical re‐examination of purported sedimentary signals of external forcing. Citation: Jerolmack, D. J., and C. Paola (2010), Shredding of environmental signals by sediment transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L19401, doi:10.1029/2010GL044638.
A Suggestion Regarding the Semantical Analysis of Performatives

ummary This paper develops a semantical account of sentences containing performative principal verbs in which these verbs are analyzed as indexical expressions: the proposition picked out by a sentence containing a performative verb depends on aspects of the context of use of the sentence; and these same aspects of context of use also determine the truth value of the proposition picked out. A two-dimensional modal operator (t) is utilized in analyzing non- performative sentences that contain principal verb which, in other contexts, have performative uses. Thus, the analysis developed accounts for the performative — non-performative distinction within a formal semantic-pragmatic framework; the more common approach of relegating the distinction to the somewhat vague realm of ‘language use’ is avoided. Resume Cet article developpe un traitement semantique des phrases contenant un verbe principal performatif. Ces verbes sont analyses comme des expressions indicees: la proposition selectionnee par une phrase contenant un verbe performatif depend du contexte d'usage de cette phrase; et ces memes aspects du contexte d'usage determinent egalement la valeur de verite de la proposition selectionnee. Un operateur modal a deux dimensions (†) est utilise pour l'analyse de phrases non-performatives contenant un verbe principal performatif dans d'autres contextes. L'analyse developpee rend ainsi compte de la distinction performatif — non-performatif dans un cadre semantico-pragmatique; on evite ainsi la solution habituelle consistant a releguer cette distinction dans le domaine plutot vague de l'usage linguistique. Zusammenfassung Es wird eine semantische Darstellung von Satzen entwickelt, die performative Hauptverben enthalten, indem diese Verben als indexikale Ausdrucke analysiert werden: die Proposition, die durch einen Satz mit einem performativen Verb bezeichnet wird, hangt von Aspekten des Gebrauchskontextes des Satzes ab; und gerade diese Aspekte bestimmen auch den Wahrheitswert der Proposition. Ein zweidimensionaler Modaloperator (†) wird verwendet, um nicht-performative Satze zu analysieren, die Hauptverben enthalten, welche — in andern Kontexten — einen performativen Gebrauch haben. Auf diese Weise gibt die entwickelte Analyse innerhalb eines formalen semantisch-syntaktischen Rahmenwerkes Rechenschaft uber die Unterscheidung performativ — nicht-performativ; man vermeidet dadurch das ubliche Vorgehen, die Unterscheidung in den etwas vagen Bereich des sog. 〈Sprachgebrauchs〉 abzuschieben.
Temporary femoral artery bifurcation shunting following penetrating trauma

Penetrating common femoral artery injuries are life-threatening, especially when the femoral bifurcation has been destroyed. In the presence of other associated injuries which preclude immediate definitive vascular reconstruction, temporary arterial shunting may be useful. Presently available shunts, however, are tubular and allow for distal perfusion to only one vessel. We have utilized a modified bifurcated hemodialysis catheter (Mahurkar MAXID; Tyco Healthcare, Mansfield, Mass) to successfully provide simultaneous perfusion from the proximal common femoral artery to both the superficial and deep femoral vessels. Such catheters are readily available in most institutions, can be quickly modified, and are easy use in urgent trauma situations.
Path planning using the Newtonian potential

Newtonian potential function is used to represent polygonal objects and obstacles. The closed-form expression of this potential field and other gradient-related quantities are derived. Such results not only eliminate the problems associated with the discretization of the object and obstacles in evaluating the risk of collision, but also make the search for the optimal object configurations efficient. The object skeleton, a shape description of the moving object, is introduced to guide the moving object through narrow regions while the search is done at different stages. The free space can then be divided by the narrow regions where the path planning takes place-a very simple free space decomposition scheme. Successful global strategies are developed to connect the local plans into a safe and smooth global path. >
Characteristics of normal prostate vascular anatomy as displayed by power Doppler.

BACKGROUND To define the vascular anatomy of the normal prostate as depicted by power Doppler and to provide baseline data for evaluation of this modality in the diagnosis and management of prostatic disease. METHODS The vascular anatomy of 40 subjects was studied. Power Doppler images were correlated with corresponding gray-scale images. Doppler spectral waveform measurements were obtained for the vessels identified. RESULTS Separate branches of the capsular vessels were visualized clearly, distributed radially in the peripheral and central zones and converging toward the center of the gland. Urethral vessels were visualized in the transition zone coursing from bladder neck to verumontanum. The neurovascular bundles were identified posterolaterally along the length of the gland. No significant difference between the resistive indexes of the urethral and capsular vessels was identified (P = 0.595), although there was a significant difference between the resistive index of the neurovascular bundles and that the prostatic vessels (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The vascular anatomy of the normal prostate as displayed by power Doppler demonstrates a reproducible and symmetric flow pattern. Power Doppler is highly sensitive in depicting blood flow, the number, course, and continuity of vessels more readily than other imaging modalities, such as color Doppler. These data should allow comparison of the vascular anatomy of the normal prostate with that of the prostate with diseases such as prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 46:281–288, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Systematic and comprehensive strategy for reducing matrix effects in LC/MS/MS analyses

A systematic, comprehensive strategy that optimizes sample preparation and chromatography to minimize matrix effects in bioanalytical LC/MS/MS assays was developed. Comparisons were made among several sample preparation methods, including protein precipitation (PPT), liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), pure cation exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE), reversed-phase SPE and mixed-mode SPE. The influence of mobile phase pH and gradient duration on the selectivity and sensitivity for both matrix components and basic analytes was investigated. Matrix effects and overall sensitivity and resolution between UPLC ® technology and HPLC were compared. The amount of specific matrix components, or class of matrix components, was measured in the sample preparation extracts by LC/MS/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) using both precursor ion scanning mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). PPT is the least effective sample preparation technique, often resulting in significant matrix effects due to the presence of many residual matrix components. Reversed-phase and pure cation exchange SPE methods resulted in cleaner extracts and reduced matrix effects compared to PPT. The cleanest extracts, however, were produced with polymeric mixed-mode SPE (both reversedphase and ion exchange retention mechanisms). These mixed-mode sorbents dramatically reduced the levels of residual matrix components from biological samples, leading to significant reduction in matrix effects. LLE also provided clean final extracts. However, analyte recovery, particularly for polar analytes, was very low. Mobile phase pH was manipulated to alter the retention of basic compounds relative to phospholipids, whose retention tends to be relatively independent of pH. In addition to the expected resolution, speed and sensitivity benefits of UPLC ® technology, a paired t-test demonstrated a statistically significant improvement with respect to matrix effects when this technology was chosen over traditional HPLC. The combination of polymeric mixed-mode SPE, the appropriate mobile phase pH and UPLC ® technology provides significant advantages for reducing matrix effects resulting from plasma matrix components and in improving the ruggedness and sensitivity of bioanalytical methods.
Predicting the exchange traded fund DIA with a combination of genetic algorithms and neural networks

Abstract We evaluate the performance of a heterogeneous mixture of neural network algorithms for predicting the exchange-traded fund DIA. A genetic algorithm is utilized to find the best mixture of neural networks, the topology of individual networks in the ensemble, and to determine the features set. The genetic algorithm also determines the window size of the input time-series supplied to the individual classifiers in the mixture of experts. The mixtures of neural network experts consist of recurrent back-propagation networks, and radial basis function networks. The application of genetic algorithm on the heterogeneous mixture of powerful neural network architectures shows promise for prediction of stock market time series. These highly non-linear, stochastic and highly non-stationary time series have been found to be notoriously difficult to predict using conventional linear statistical methods. In this paper, we propose a biologically inspired methodology to tackle such hard problem using a multi-faceted solution.
Cooperation Between TGF‐β and Wnt Pathways During Chondrocyte and Adipocyte Differentiation of Human Marrow Stromal Cells

Human marrow stromal cells have the potential to differentiate to chondrocytes or adipocytes. We show interactions between TGF-β and Wnt signaling pathways during stimulation of chondrogenesis and inhibition of adipogenesis. Combining these signals may be useful in marrow stromal cell therapies. Introduction: Human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) have the potential to differentiate to lineages of mesenchymal tissues, including cartilage, fat, bone, tendon, and muscle. Agents like transforming growth factor (TGF)-β promote chondrocyte differentiation at the expense of adipocyte differentiation. In other processes, TGF-β and Wnt/wingless signaling pathways play major roles in controling certain developmental events and activation of specific target genes. We tested whether these pathways interact during differentiation of chondrocytes and adipocytes in human marrow stromal cells. Materials and Methods: Both a line of human marrow stromal cells (KM101) and freshly isolated hMSCs were studied. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and macroarrays were used for analysis of the modulation of TGF-β1 on Wnt signaling-associated genes, chondrocyte differentiation genes, and TGFβ/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling-associated genes in KM101 cells. Early passage hMSCs obtained from 42- and 58-year-old women were used for the effects of TGF-β and/or Wnt (mimicked by LiCl) signals on chondrocyte and adipocyte differentiation in two-dimensional (2-D) cultures, 3-D pellet cultures, and collagen sponges. Results: As indicated by macroarray, RT-PCR, and Western blot, TGF-β activated genes in the TGF-β/Smad pathway, upregulated Wnt2, Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt7a, Wnt10a, and Wnt co-receptor LRP5, and increased nuclear accumulation and stability of β-catenin in KM101 cells. TGF-β upregulated chondrocyte gene expression in KM101 cells and also stimulated chondrocyte differentiation and inhibited adipocyte differentiation in hMSCs, synergistically with Wnt signal. Finally, hMSCs cultured in 3-D collagen sponges were stimulated by TGF-β1 to express aggrecan and collagen type II mRNA, whereas expression of lipoprotein lipase was inhibited. Conclusions: In summary, TGF-β stimulated chondrocyte differentiation and inhibited adipocyte differentiation of hMSCs in vitro. The activation of both TGF-β and Wnt signal pathways by TGF-β, and synergy between TGF-β and Wnt signals, supports the view that Wnt-mediated signaling is one of the mechanisms of TGF-β's effects on chondrocyte and adipocyte differentiation of hMSCs.
The use of the medical team model on a consultation-liaison teaching service

This paper describes a consultation-liaison (C/L) teaching service that uses a medical team rounding model; four teams cover distinct geographic areas of the hospital, each team consisting of an attending psychiatrist, a resident, two medical students, and a psychology graduate student. Daily attending rounds on the medical/surgical wards provide prompt and direct patient care supervision for the team members, allowing for coordination of their activities and communication with the attending physician, who serves as a role model. Psychological testing can be readily integrated into the clinical setting; neurology and family practice residents can also get their psychiatric training in this setting. The medical team model of rounding is different from other models used on C/L services; its pros and cons are discussed.
Thyroid hormone secretion rates in growing Jersey cattle.

Abstract Thyroid hormone secretion rates were determined in growing Jersey cattle ranging in age from 1 wk to 3 vr. The secretion method was radioactive thyroxine pool-turnover with samples taken every 12 to 72h. Seventy individual determinations were made in 14 females and 6 males with no difference between sexes. Change in logarithm of rate of secretion (mg) versus logarithm of body weight (kg) was expressed by the equation Y=aX b or In Y=a + b In X, where Y was thyroid hormone secretion rate. When all 70 determinations were included, the linear expression was In secretion rate (mg) = −3.05 + .403 In body weight (kg) or Y=.0475 X .403 . Analysis of variance indicated that the linear equation accounted for 35% of the variation of Y and the quadratic effect accounted for an additional 15%. When the data were analyzed within-animal, the linear effect accounted for 19% of the variation and the quadratic effect for 26%. Calves had higher rates than older animals per unit body weight. When individual determinations of animals 0 to 3 mo of age were excluded, the relation of secretion of body weight was Y=.0142 X .686 . When animals from 0 to 6 mo were excluded, the linear expression was Y=.0052 X .811 .
Discharge disposition disagreements and re-admission risk among older adults: a retrospective cohort study

Objectives Re-admissions after hospitalisation are a burden for patients and costly. Our objective was to examine whether re-admissions were increased among older patients when they or their surrogates disagreed with the discharge disposition recommended by the clinical team at hospital discharge. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Large academic medical centre in New York, NY. Participants 514 hospital discharges of older patients admitted to a geriatric inpatient service between 1 July 2007 and 30 June 2008. Primary outcome measure and main independent variable Re-admissions for any reason to any hospital within 30 days after discharge were identified. Agreement or disagreement with the discharge disposition recommended by the clinical team at hospital discharge was assessed. Results Among 514 hospital discharges of older patients, the mean age was 83.1 years (SD=8.3), 75.7% were women, and approximately 90% were living at home prior to hospitalisation, despite 47.1% having some degree of cognitive impairment and 56.4% requiring assistance for activities of daily living or independent activities of daily living. There were 42 (8.2%) disposition disagreements; the majority (n=25; 59.5%) were discharged home despite the clinical team9s recommendation for discharge to an acute or subacute facility. Overall, 158 (30.7%) were re-admitted within 30 days. There was no difference in re-admission rates between discharges with and without disposition disagreements (33.3% (144 of 472) vs 30.5% (14 of 42), respectively; OR=1.14, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.19; p=0.71). Adjusted analyses were consistent with these findings. Conclusions Discharge disposition disagreements occurred relatively infrequently after hospitalisation among a group of older patients managed by a geriatrics inpatient service. In addition, we found no differences in re-admission when comparing patients who agreed or disagreed with the clinical team9s recommended discharge disposition.
CD30: a new target for ALL?

CD30, also known as Ki-1 antigen, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family. The protein is strongly expressed on the malignant cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (Reed–Stern...
Histopathology of Gottron's papules

We studied Gottron's papules in 11 cases of known dermatomyositis to determine whether the findings were similar to those in the poikilodermatous eruption usually biopsied in this disease. As in typical poikilodermatous dermatomyositis, basal layer vaculopathy, PAS-positive basement membrane thickening, upper dermal mucin deposition and a mild diffuse upper dermal mononuclear infiltrate were frequent findings. In contrast to poikilodermatous dermatomyositis, however, epidermal hyperplasia consisting of acanthosis or papillomatosis was often present and epidermal atrophy was rare. We conclude that a specific diagnosis of dermatomyositis can often be made on biopsy of a Gottron's papule.
Who Said What? The Effects of Source Cues in Issue Frames

Drawing on previous research concerning the role that source cues play in political information processing, we examine whether an ideological identity match between the source of a framed message and the respondent moderates framing effects. We test our hypotheses in two experiments concerning attitudes toward a proposed rally by the Ku Klux Klan. In Experiment 1 (N = 274), we test our hypothesis in a simple issue framing experiment. We find that framing effects occur for strong identifiers only when there is a match between the ideology of the speaker and respondent. In Experiment 2 (N = 259), we examine whether matched frames resonate equally well when individuals are simultaneously exposed to competing frames. The results from this experiment provide mixed support for our hypotheses. The results from our studies suggest that identity matching is an important factor to consider in future framing research.
Localized states in a strong magnetic field: Resonant scattering and the Dicke effect

We study the energy spectrum of a system of localized states coupled to a two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field. If the energy levels of localized states are close to the electron energy in the plane, the system exhibits a kind of collective behavior analogous to the Dicke effect in optics. The latter manifests itself in a {open_quotes}trapping{close_quotes} of electronic states by localized states. At the same time, the electronic density of states develops a gap near the resonance. The gap and the trapping of states appear to be complementary and reflect an intimate relation between the resonant scattering and the Dicke effect. We reveal this relation by presenting the {ital exact} solution of the problem for the lowest Landau level. In particular, we show that in the absence of disorder the system undergoes a phase transition at some critical concentration of localized states. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Atmospheric Attenuation of 400 GHz Radiation Due to Water Vapor

We present an experimental study of electromagnetic losses resulting from atmospheric attenuation due to water vapor on 400 GHz radiation. A hermetically sealed, high quality factor quasi-optical resonator system permits the precise control of the atmospheric water vapor content, and allows for measurement of electromagnetic losses. The empirically determined losses are compared with predictions by various different electromagnetic attenuation models. Close agreement is demonstrated with four of the models, while another differs by more than an order of magnitude at higher values of water content.
Design of a low-distortion 22-kHz fifth-order Bessel filter

A linearity improvement technique employing passive resistors and current-steering MOS transistors as a variable resistance element is proposed to implement a low-distortion filter in CMOS technology. This proposed implementation relies on the linearity of the passive resistors and the tunability of the current-steering MOS transistors operating in the triode region to overcome the limited linearity performance in continuous-time electronically tunable filters. By using the existing systematic feedback loops in the active filters and placing the nonlinear elements inside the feedback, the distortion resulting from the nonlinear devices is greatly reduced by the filter loop gain. A 22-kHz fifth-order Bessel filter, its dynamic range optimized by applying Karmarkar's rescaling algorithm and self-tuned with a switched-capacitor reference resistor, demonstrates better than -90-dB THD with a 2-kHz, 4-V/sub pp/ signal in 5-V 2- mu m CMOS. >
What have the mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate taught us

The intensive use of glyphosate alone to manage weeds has selected populations that are glyphosate resistant. The three mechanisms of glyphosate resistance that have been elucidated are (1) target-site mutations, (2) gene amplification and (3) altered translocation due to sequestration. What have we learned from the selection of these mechanisms, and how can we apply those lessons to future herbicide-resistant crops and new mechanisms of action? First, the diversity of glyphosate resistance mechanisms has helped further our understanding of the mechanism of action of glyphosate and advanced our knowledge of plant physiology. Second, the relatively rapid evolution of glyphosate-resistant weed populations provides further evidence that no herbicide is invulnerable to resistance. Third, as new herbicide-resistant crops are developed and new mechanisms of action are discovered, the weed science community needs to ensure that we apply the lessons we have learned on resistance management from the experience with glyphosate. Every new weed management system must be evaluated during development for its potential to select for resistance, and stewardship programs should be in place when the new program is introduced. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Integrating probabilistic LR parsing into speech understanding systems

The application of probabilistic LR parsing to the problem of continuous speech understanding is described. A probabilistic model for LR parsing is introduced, the integration of the parser into a speech understanding system is discussed, and recognition results are presented. The goal of speech understanding is to process continuous speech input from users and provide appropriate responses. This requires a speech recognition system with a high sentence recognition rate, and a low sentence error rate (since rejection is allowed, these are not identical). The authors demonstrate that probabilistic LR parsing can help meet these requirements by applying linguistic and statistical constraints to speech recognition, and by providing effective rejection criteria. In experiments using the MIT VOYAGER spontaneous speech corpus, the use of a probabilistic LR parser improved the percentage of utterances for which correct semantics were produced from 23% (using a perplexity 72 word-pair grammar) to 58%. System performance, as measured by the metric 100* (N/sub corret/-N/sub error/)/N/sub total/, was 44.5 at a 32.7% rejection rate. >
Smoothing geographical data, particularly rates of disease

This paper proposes a linear smoother for geographically-defined data that consist of standardized rates (for example, adjusted for age). The smoother is viewed as a special case of one that applies to data in the form of ratios, and situations are described under which such a smoother can and cannot be useful. Its application to mortality rates due to prostate cancer in both whites and non-whites demonstrates its potential to highlight features in the data that might otherwise remain obscure. Some open questions concerning inference of apparent trends are discussed.
On the Reduction of a Matrix to Diagonal Form

(1955). On the Reduction of a Matrix to Diagonal Form. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 168-171.
Developmental and anatomical studies on Cistanche tubulosa seedling

The penetration of the haustorium and seedlings differentiation of Cistanche tubulosa were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy.It was shown that:(1)The invading cells formed after the haustorium connected with epidermis of host root.Then,the wedge-shaped haustorium penetrated the host cortex,column and xylem.During penetration of the host cortex,the cell walls of the haustorium at the host-parasite interface were thicker than those of the host cells and other haustorium cells.The structure of the host cortical cells were mechanically crushed and deformed or even destroyed.(2)After the haustorium connected to the host vascular system,the germ tube cells which connected with the host epidermis were self-differentiated into meristem,then the meristem developed into growth point of Cistanche tubulosa bud.Then scale leaf primordial developed.The results showed that the invasion of C.tubulosa haustorium was an active process and the mechanical force was involved.Haustorium invade host roots and its growing of shoots are showing unipolar growth mode.
Optimum sample times for single-injection, multisample renal clearance methods.

The best choice of sample times for measuring renal function in adults by single-injection multisample plasma clearance methods was determined by Monte Carlo simulation, using a two compartment model with parameters chosen to fit average values (from published clinical studies) for each of the three radiopharmaceuticals 99mTc-MAG3, 99m-DTPA and 131I-orthoiodohippurate. Random errors were added and the simulated data were then fit to a two-exponential model using a weighted nonlinear curve fitting method. The calculated clearance values were compared with the original values to determine random and systematic errors for different selections of sample time for each radiopharmaceutical at various levels of renal function. The results show that for research-level accuracy with a GFR agent such as 99mTc-DTPA plasma sampling must begin by 10 min after injection and continue at least 3 hr (in adults). With an ERPF agent such as 99mTc-MAG3 or 131I-OIH, sampling must begin by 5 min and continue for at least 90 min. Six logarithmically distributed samples are sufficient.
Toward a Radical View of Practice

In this concluding chapter, we briefly summarize the concerns of the preceding chapters and look ahead to a more radical role for learning-in-community programs such as ours. Disparities in access to ICTs and technical know-how are structural in nature. Efforts to reduce these gaps can be topical: they may address these needs by providing ICTs and/or access to know-how. Our program has been topically focused in this sense. Alternatively, such efforts could be politically active and represent the have-nots in resource allocation decisions. The latter role is more radical insofar as it seeks to address power imbalances in communities by giving voice to the have-nots. The mediating function of programs in this regard could be slanted toward the ICT supplier versus the demand side and, within the latter, toward the resource rich versus the resource poor, toward topical versus radical intervention. University-level programs of study in ICT application and use seldom view themselves as political activists in the local community. Indeed, there is a suspicion that not many are even sensitive to the relation between technology and human values (Kling, 2002). We are not suggesting that outreach programs should “go radical” to have legitimacy in their communities. We are arguing, however, that as the gap in ICT access continues to widen, such programs, while continuing to provide topical help, cannot be blind to the structural underpinnings of digital disparities. The discipline of urban planning offers lessons in radical practice — in the need for political activism from practitioners — that are centrally relevant to the concerns of this chapter.
Post-1949 German loans in written English

AbstractThis is the fourth in a series of articles on post-1949 loans (a term that includes both loanwords and loan translations) which are recorded in standard English dictionaries, with the articles on Japanese, Spanish, and Arabic already published (Cannon 1994b, 1996a, 1997). This study on German is quite different because it contains numerous originally technical German coinings that, though utilizing classical rather than Germanic elements, should be considered as German items because they usually exhibit German spelling, pluralization, gender, articles, and noun capitalization, which have been adapted into English. The first known appearance of the total 253 items dates from 1950 to 1993, with considerable diminution since the 1960s. The leading semantic fields represented are, in order, politics, business, geology, food, health, and zoology. Only 42 are partial or loan translations; the others are loanwords, including a few abbreviations and other shortenings. There are 12 reborrowings, some of wh...