cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of erythropoietin and iron status on brain myelination in the newborn rat

Erythropoietin (Epo) drives iron (Fe) utilization for erythropoiesis, but the potentially resultant tissue iron deficiency (ID) can also impede brain development. Conversely, Epo binds to Epo receptors (EpoR) on immature brain oligodendrocytes and neurons, promoting growth and differentiation. The objective of the study was to examine the interaction between Epo and Fe on myelination in brain development during daily Epo treatment. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats from postnatal day (P) P4-P12 modeled premature newborns. Dam-fed Fe-sufficient (IS) or postnatal ID groups were given daily subcutaneous sham or erythropoietic Epo injections (425 U. kg-1. d-1 ), ± oral Fe (6 mg. kg-1. d-1 ). Tissues and blood were collected and studied at P12. Epo in the ID groups, in the absence of oral Fe, stimulated microcytic ID anemia along with raising inflammatory markers. Both the microcytic anemia and inflammation improved in the ID + Epo + Fe group. Fe treatment positively impacted erythropoiesis and body Fe (µg/g) in all groups. Relative brain Fe (µg/g rat) was improved in the IS + Epo + Fe group. Brain Fe was not worsened in +Epo groups. Brain weight and brain Fe were related to plasma Epo levels. Amount of myelination was impacted by feeding type, but was not inhibited by Epo. Expression of a protein in myelin, mylein basic protein, was greater in all +Fe groups than -Fe groups. With therapeutic Epo, available body Fe was prioritized for erythropoiesis instead of brain, but Epo did not worsen brain Fe and potentially Epo improved myelination and maturation in the brain.
Visual Hallucinations and Paranoid Delusions

Visual well-formed hallucinations, fluctuations in the level of cognition, and alertness and extrapyramidal signs are core features of dementia with Lewy bodies. Some patients realize that what they are seeing or hearing are just hallucinations and learn to accept them. Others, however experience these hallucinations as quite real and cannot be dissuaded from the firm belief that they are. In fact, efforts to dissuade them often serve only to confirm the often associated paranoid delusions and this may lead to a catastrophic ending. Hence, it is best not to contradict the patient. Instead, attempts should be made to distract the patient and change the focus of her or his attention. In this case scenario, we present a 68-year-old man who has been diagnosed with dementia with Lewy bodies. He lives with his daughter. He has visual hallucinations and paranoid delusions that worsen at night: He thinks there are people outside the house plotting to kill him. We discuss what went wrong in the patient/caregiver interaction and how the catastrophic ending could have been avoided or averted.
Activation of αSMA expressing perivascular cells during reactionary dentinogenesis.

Aim To examine the contribution of perivascular cells expressing αSMA to reactionary dentinogenesis. Methodology An inducible, Cre-loxP in vivo fate-mapping approach was used to examine the contribution of the descendants of cells expressing the αSMA-CreERT2 transgene to reactionary dentinogenesis in mice molars. Reactionary dentinogenesis was induced by experimental mild injury to dentine without pulp exposure. The Student's t test was used to determine statistical significance at *P ≤ 0.05. Results The lineage tracing experiments revealed that mild injury to dentine first led to activation of αSMA-tdTomato+ cells in the entire pulp chamber. The percentage of areas occupied by αSMA-tdTomato+ in injured (7.5 ± 0.7%) teeth were significantly higher than in teeth without injury (2 ± 0.5%). After their activation, αSMA-tdTomato+ cells migrated towards the site of injury, gave rise to pulp cells and a few odontoblasts that became integrated into the existing odontoblast layer expressing Col2.3-GFP and Dspp. Conclusion Mild insult to dentine activated perivascular αSMA-tdTomato+ cells giving rise to pulp cells as well as a few odontoblasts that were integrated into the pre-existing odontoblast layer.
Taking positive steps.

In antiquity the Oracle at Delphi urged each to "know thyself." Socrates followed with the observation that "The unexamined life is not worth living." Aristotle called for a balance in creating the "good life" centering on the "golden mean." In the second century A.D. Marcus Aurelius, emperor of the Roman empire (the closest the western world may have ever come to a philosopher king), reminded himself in his Meditations that, "We are troubled not by the things of the world but, rather, by our perception of those things." Much more recently philosopher William James stated something similar by suggesting that the most important discovery in psychology of his day is that by changing the interior states of our minds, we can change the exterior dimensions of our lives. And, of course, Norman Vincent Peale influenced millions through The Power of Positive Thinking. Comments Reprinted from The Physician Executive, Volume 30, Issue 6, December 2004, pages 6-9. This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/41
Non-randomized phase II study to assess the efficacy of pembrolizumab (Pem) plus radiotherapy (RT) or ablation in mismatch repair proficient (pMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients.

3539Background: Pem alone is not active in pMMR mCRC. RT or tumor ablation alone does not result in objective systemic benefit. However, these local modalities can induce systemic immunity (abscopa...
High-Resolution Optical Frequency Synthesis Using an Integrated Electro-Optical Phase-Locked Loop

Optical frequency synthesizers have widespread applications in optical communication, sensing, and ranging systems. These synthesizers typically consist of an electro-optical phase-locked loop (EOPLL) that phase locks a widely tunable laser (TL) to the teeth of a highly stable optical frequency comb. In this paper, a partially integrated optical frequency synthesizer is reported, where a stable and low-noise frequency comb is used as the optical reference. In the proposed architecture, frequency synthesis is done in two phases. In a coarse tuning phase, a widely tunable distributed Bragg reflector laser is continuously tuned by adjusting its mirrors and phase section currents. While the laser is being tuned, an indexing system detects and counts the number of passing comb teeth. Coarse tuning is concluded when the TL reaches the target comb tooth. Following the coarse tuning phase, a heterodyne integrated EOPLL phase locks the TL to the selected comb tooth. Under the phase lock condition, fine frequency tuning is performed by adjusting the frequency of an RF local oscillator. The proposed synthesizer has the capability of synthesizing optical frequencies over a 5-THz range with a coarse tuning speed of 0.5 THz/s and coarse and fine tuning resolutions of 20 MHz and less than 1 Hz, respectively.
Diagnostic status and age at diagnosis of hypertension on adherence to lifestyle recommendations.

Regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and moderate alcohol consumption are important lifestyle behaviors that can be modified when managing hypertension. This study examined the associations of diagnostic status and age at hypertension diagnosis with lifestyle behaviors among individuals with hypertension. Data came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2012 (N = 5231). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of adopting lifestyle behaviors. A diagnosis of hypertension was associated with an individual being a past smoker (RR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.52). There was an association between duration since diagnosis and being a past smoker (RR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.01, 1.02; P = 0.004). Excessive drinking was inversely associated with duration since diagnosis (RR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.94, 0.96; P < 0.001). Older age at diagnosis was associated with the risk of being a past smoker (RR = 1.03; 95% CI 1.02, 1.04; P-value<0.001) and negatively associated with excessive drinking (RR = 0.96; 95% CI 0.95, 0.97; P < 0.001). Individuals who exercised, even though less than the recommended time, were more likely to have younger age at diagnosis (RR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.97, 0.99; P < 0.001) and shorter duration since diagnosis (RR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 0.99; P < 0.001) compared to individuals with who did not engage in physical activity. Individuals with diagnosed hypertension were more likely to quit smoking, and those with younger age at diagnosis or shorter duration tended to exercise regularly. Regular visits to doctors should focus on hypertension control and health behavior modifications.
Exoplaneten – eine Spurensuche

Die Anzahl der Planeten auserhalb unseres Sonnensystems steigt stetig; inzwischen kennen wir mehr als 900 davon. Weitere 3000 Objekte gelten als Planetenkandidaten. Doch wie lassen sie sich charakterisieren, auch wenn wir sie bisher nur indirekt beobachten konnen? Es sind ihre Atmospharen, die dem Sternenlicht spezifische Signaturen aufpragen (aus Sterne und Weltraum 9/2013).
ComputeDRAM: In-Memory Compute Using Off-the-Shelf DRAMs

In-memory computing has long been promised as a solution to the "Memory Wall" problem. Recent work has proposed using chargesharing on the bit-lines of a memory in order to compute in-place and with massive parallelism, all without having to move data across the memory bus. Unfortunately, prior work has required modification to RAM designs (e.g. adding multiple row decoders) in order to open multiple rows simultaneously. So far, the competitive and low-margin nature of the DRAM industry has made commercial DRAM manufacturers resist adding any additional logic into DRAM. This paper addresses the need for in-memory computation with little to no change to DRAM designs. It is the first work to demonstrate in-memory computation with off-the-shelf, unmodified, commercial, DRAM. This is accomplished by violating the nominal timing specification and activating multiple rows in rapid succession, which happens to leave multiple rows open simultaneously, thereby enabling bit-line charge sharing. We use a constraint-violating command sequence to implement and demonstrate row copy, logical OR, and logical AND in unmodified, commodity, DRAM. Subsequently, we employ these primitives to develop an architecture for arbitrary, massively-parallel, computation. Utilizing a customized DRAM controller in an FPGA and commodity DRAM modules, we characterize this opportunity in hardware for all major DRAM vendors. This work stands as a proof of concept that in-memory computation is possible with unmodified DRAM modules and that there exists a financially feasible way for DRAM manufacturers to support in-memory compute.
Genetic basis for the cooperative bioactivation of plant lignans by Eggerthella lenta and other human gut bacteria

Plant-derived lignans, consumed daily by most individuals, are thought to protect against cancer and other diseases1; however, their bioactivity requires gut bacterial conversion to enterolignans2. Here, we dissect a four-species bacterial consortium sufficient for all five reactions in this pathway. A single enzyme (benzyl ether reductase, encoded by the gene ber) was sufficient for the first two biotransformations, variable between strains of Eggerthella lenta, critical for enterolignan production in gnotobiotic mice and unique to Coriobacteriia. Transcriptional profiling (RNA sequencing) independently identified ber and genomic loci upregulated by each of the remaining substrates. Despite their low abundance in gut microbiomes and restricted phylogenetic range, all of the identified genes were detectable in the distal gut microbiomes of most individuals living in northern California. Together, these results emphasize the importance of considering strain-level variations and bacterial co-occurrence to gain a mechanistic understanding of the bioactivation of plant secondary metabolites by the human gut microbiome.
Awake, Endoscopic Revision Surgery for Lumbar Pseudarthrosis After Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Technical Notes.

Objective We sought to evaluate the feasibility for awake, endoscopic treatment of lumbar pseudarthrosis after a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). Methods A 71-year-old male with severe cardiac disease, determined to be high risk for general anesthesia, presented with mechanical back pain and a L3-4 pseudarthrosis and L3 pedicle screw loosening after a L3-5 TLIF. An awake, transforaminal endoscopic redo diskectomy and TLIF procedure were performed by removing residual disk material adjacent to the previous “PEEK” (polyetheretherketone) interbody spacer and placing allograft, bone morphogenetic protein, and an expandable titanium interbody device adjacent to the PEEK cage. Results At 1-year follow-up, preoperative visual analog scale for back pain and Oswestry disability index improved from 7 and 38% to 1 and 2%. The 1-year follow-up radiograph showed stable interbody placement and no further screw loosening. Conclusions A minimally invasive, awake procedure is presented for the treatment of pseudarthrosis after TLIF.
Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections

Well-adapted pathogens have evolved to survive the many challenges of a robust immune response. Defending against all host antimicrobials simultaneously would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, so many co-evolved organisms utilize immunomodulatory tools to subvert, distract, and/or evade the host immune response. Bordetella spp. present many examples of the diversity of immunomodulators and an exceptional experimental system in which to study them. Recent advances in this experimental system suggest strategies for interventions that tweak immunity to disrupt bacterial immunomodulation, engaging more effective host immunity to better prevent and treat infections. Here we review advances in the understanding of respiratory pathogens, with special focus on Bordetella spp., and prospects for the use of immune-stimulatory interventions in the prevention and treatment of infection.
A constructivist approach to promoting spiritual competence in counselor trainees: a pilot study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a two-and-half hour constructivist-oriented training session upon the spirituality and religious competency of 15 master’s level counselin...
Season-long effectiveness of stocker-calf treatment at turnout with eprinomectin extended-release injection or a combination of injectable doramectin and oral albendazole

On May 22, 2013, 128 stocker calves enrolled in an internal parasite control study were treated according to structured allocations and placed directly onto treatment-specific, randomly allocated, similar pastures (4 animals/2 acres (0.8 hectare) pasture). Treatment groups were saline injection (8 pastures); 0.09 mg/lb (0.2 mg/kg) BW doramectin injection concomitantly with 4.54 mg/lb (10 mg/kg) BW albendazole oral suspension (12 pastures); and 0.45 mg/lb (1 mg/kg) BW eprinomectin extended-release injection (12 pastures). Over the 119-day grazing period, average daily gains n SE were 1.21n0.07, 1.46n0.04, and 1.52n0.04 lb (0.55n0.03, 0.66n0.02, and 0.69n0.02 kg)/day for the saline, combination, and extended-release groups, respectively; calves in the combination and extended-release groups outgained the control group (P<0.05). In comparison to the saline-treated group, there were statistically significant (P<0.05) reductions of strongyle fecal egg counts at 14, 30, and 58 days post-treatment (combination group) and at 14 and 30 days post-treatment (extended-release group). No significant differences in adult Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum populations between treatment groups were seen at necropsy. The combination treatment group had fewer O. ostertagi early fourth-stage larvae than did controls (P<0.05). Based on results of this study, a single treatment of heavily infected and challenged stocker calves in the spring in Arkansas with either extended-release eprinomectin or doramectin+albendazole was not sufficient for adequate parasitic nematode control.
Empowering School Staff to Implement Effective School Mental Health Services

In this article, we follow up on recommendations from the Council for Children With Behavioral Disorders (CCBD) for providing school mental health (SMH) services by offering additional implementati...
Communication with and Motivation of Producers

The most important thing in working with the producers we serve is understanding that all producers are not alike and that all "canned formulas" for working with those producers work only to the extent that they connect our personalities with those of the producers. What works with one producer may not work well with another and what works for one veterinarian may not work well for another. We all have clients that we have a tremendous rapport with and other clients that we have just never been able to connect with.
Acoustofluidic technology for cell biophysics

Abstract In this chapter, the development of acoustofluidics as well as state-of-the-art acoustofluidic devices for cell mechanical characterization is presented. The idea of acoustofluidics, the integration of acoustics and fluids, dates to two centuries ago. The development of this technique started around the 1990s with early applications based on three versatile working principles: acoustic radiation force, acoustic streaming, and acoustic sensing. The advancement of microfabrication by the end of the 20th century further spurred the development of acoustofluidics into a well-established microfluidic discipline, with SAW most commonly integrated. The versatility and biocompatibility of modern acoustofluidics provide a powerful tool for cell mechanical characterization.
Deep-learning-enabled Bayesian inference of fuel magnetization in magnetized liner inertial fusion

Fuel magnetization in magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) experiments improves charged burn product confinement, reducing requirements on fuel areal density and pressure to achieve self-heating. By elongating the path length of 1.01 MeV tritons produced in a pure deuterium fusion plasma, magnetization enhances the probability for deuterium–tritium reactions producing 11.8−17.1 MeV neutrons. Nuclear diagnostics thus enable a sensitive probe of magnetization. Characterization of magnetization, including uncertainty quantification, is crucial for understanding the physics governing target performance in MIF platforms, such as magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) experiments conducted at Sandia National Laboratories, Z-facility. We demonstrate a deep-learned surrogate of a physics-based model of nuclear measurements. A single model evaluation is reduced from O(10–100) CPU hours on a high-performance computing cluster down to O(10) ms on a laptop. This enables a Bayesian inference of magnetization, rigorously accounting for uncertainties from surrogate modeling and noisy nuclear measurements. The approach is validated by testing on synthetic data and comparing with a previous study. We analyze a series of MagLIF experiments systematically varying preheat, resulting in the first ever systematic experimental study of magnetic confinement properties of the fuel plasma as a function of fundamental inputs on any neutron-producing MIF platform. We demonstrate that magnetization decreases from BR∼0.5 to BR∼0.2 MG cm as laser preheat energy deposited increases from Epreheat∼460 J to Epreheat∼1.4 kJ. This trend is consistent with 2D LASNEX simulations showing Nernst advection of the magnetic field out of the hot fuel and diffusion into the target liner.
Patterns of Care in Patients With Isolated Nodal Recurrence After Definitive Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Purpose/Objective(s) Patients treated with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have high rates of local control but may be at increased risk of nodal recurrence compared to those who undergo surgical resection with more invasive nodal evaluation. The optimal treatment for patients with isolated nodal recurrence (INR) is unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of INR after SABR for early-stage NSCLC and describe patterns of care and treatment outcomes for patients that experience INR. Materials/Methods This retrospective cohort study included 342 patients with stage T1-3N0 NSCLC treated with definitive SABR. We evaluated the estimated rate of INR using the cumulative incidence function with death as a competing risk and compared baseline factors among patients who did or did not experience INR. Among patients that experienced INR, we describe patterns of treatment and outcomes including overall (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) from the time of nodal failure using the Kaplan-Meier method. OS and PFS outcomes were compared between treatment groups using the log-rank test. Results Of the 342 patients treated with SABR from 2003-2018, 34 developed INR and 19 developed any nodal recurrence. Patients were treated with definitive SABR for T1 (62.6%, n = 214), T2 (25.4%, n = 87) and T3 (12.0%, n = 41) NSCLC with a median BED10 of 87.5. The 3- and 5-year cumulative incidence of INR was 9.3 (95% CI 6.1 – 12.4) and 10.1 (6.8 –13.4) %, respectively. Pathologic nodal staging prior to SBRT was 9.1 and 13.3 % (P = 0.68) for patients who did or did not experience INR, respectively. The median number of involved nodes at the time of recurrence was one with a maximum of four. Among the 30 patients with a known treatment course after INR, patients were treated with RT alone (26.7 %, n = 8), chemotherapy and RT (CRT) (43.3 %, n = 13), chemotherapy alone (13.3%, n = 4) or observation (16.7%, n = 5). RT regimens included standard fractionation (38.0%, n = 8), hypofractionation (52.4%, n = 11) or SABR (9.5%, n = 2). The estimated two-year OS and PFS for patients experiencing INR were 48.0 (32.6 - 70.7) % and 27.6 (14.7 – 52.8) %, respectively. Treatment with CRT was associated with improved OS (2 year est: 91.7 vs 16.7 %, P Conclusion INR occurred in approximately 10% of patients treated for early-stage NSCLC with SABR. Treatment paradigms for post-SABR INR varied significantly at our institution and included combined chemotherapy and radiation, chemotherapy alone, SABR and hypofractionated RT. The highest rates of survival in patients with post-SABR INR were observed in those treated with combined chemotherapy and radiation.
Chapter 17: The neuropil and GAP-43/B-50 in normally aging and Alzheimer's disease human brain

Publisher Summary Morphological studies of dendritic extent in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have suggested the hypotheses that normally aging neurons are able to mount plastic, compensatory responses to the death of their neighbors. In AD, dendritic extent has been found to not increase with increasing age, even in regions where there is normally an age-related increase in dendritic extent, suggesting the hypothesis that one of the neurobiological deficits of AD is reduced neuronal plasticity. This chapter examines GAP-43/B50/F1 message levels as a potential marker of neuronal plasticity. Prevalence of this message as a function of normal aging also shows regional differences, with area 9 showing a decrease in GAP message level in normal aging, whereas data obtained from area 11 suggest no significant change of message level per cell in normal aging. Any decreases in GAP-43 message level found in AD brain may be accounted for on the basis of excess neuron loss in AD. However, preliminary data suggest that there may be defective posttranslational processing of GAP-43 in AD.
FACTORIAL VALIDITY AND INVARIANCE OF THE CENTER FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES DEPRESSION (CES-D) SCALE IN A SAMPLE OF BLACK AND WHITE ADOLESCENT GIRLS

Meaningful comparison of depression symptoms requires that the measurement instrument has equivalent measurement properties among racial and ethnic groups. We tested the factorial validity and invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale among Black (n5610) and White (n5452) adolescent girls in the 12th grade. The invariance analyses were conducted by using LISREL 8.70 with maximum likelihood estimation and Satorra-Bentler scaled chisquare statistics and standard errors. The hypothesized second-order model (first-order factors: depressed affect, somatic and retarded activity, interpersonal, and positive affect; second-order factor: depression) demonstrated good overall fit in both groups. Comparison of nested models supported the between-group invariance of the overall factor structure, firstand second-order factor loadings, first-order factor variances, and the second-order factor variance. Item uniquenesses were not invariant. Our results support the hypothesis that a meaningful comparison of composite CES-D scores can be made between Black and White girls in the 12th grade.
Transient boiling of liquefied cryogens on a water surface: II. Light hydrocarbon mixtures

Abstract Mixtures of light hydrocarbons characteristic of liquefied natural gas were boiled on a water surface and the rate of vaporization measured. Heat fluxes were significantly higher than measured for pure liquid methane even when mole fractions ethane, propane, or n -butane were under 0·01. As with pure methane, the rate of vaporization increased during the course of an experiment unless a continuous, thick ice layer formed. Initial liquid water temperatures ranged from 6 to 60°C and spills of LNG from 0·21 to 0·83 g/cm 2 were made. For mixtures of methane and heavier hydrocarbons, where the mole percent of the latter components was greater than 2 per cent, the water surface temperature rapidly dropped to the cryogen temperature, but little change in temperature was noted a few mm below the surface. No significant vapor superheat was noted. Ice formed readily at the interface and the increase in heat flux was explained by postulating a shift from film to nucleate boiling. The boiling mixtures often foamed and photographs taken at the interface revealed that very small vapor bubbles formed early in a run.
HABP2 is a Novel Regulator of Hyaluronan-Mediated Human Lung Cancer Progression.

Background: Lung cancer is a devastating disease with limited treatment options. Many lung cancers have changes in their microenvironment including upregulation of the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA), which we have previously demonstrated can regulate the activity of the extracellular serine protease, Hyaluronan Binding Protein 2 (HABP2). This study examined the functional role of HABP2 on HA-mediated human lung cancer dynamics. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on lung cancer patient samples using anti-HABP2 antibody. Stable control, shRNA and HABP2 overexpressing human lung adenocarcinoma cells were evaluated using immunoblot analysis, migration, extravasation and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) activation assays with or without high molecular weight HA (HMW-HA) or low molecular weight HA (LMW-HA). In human lung cancer xenograft models, primary tumor growth rates and lung metastasis were analyzed using consecutive tumor volume measurements and nestin immunoreactivity in nude mouse lungs. Results: We provide evidence that HABP2 is an important regulator of lung cancer progression. HABP2 expression was increased in several subtypes of patient non-small cell lung cancer samples. Further, HABP2 overexpression increased LMW-HA-induced uPA activation, migration and extravasation in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. In vivo, overexpression of HABP2 in human lung adenocarcinoma cells increased primary tumor growth rates in nude mice by ~2 fold and lung metastasis by ~10 fold compared to vector control cells (n=5 per condition). Conclusions: Our data suggests a possible direct effect of HABP2 on uPA activation and lung cancer progression. Our observations suggest that exploration of HABP2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma merits further study both as a diagnostic and therapeutic option.
Online Research Methodology

ABSTRACTThe Internet’s potential for quantitative data collection has been debated by researchers for many years. For advertising academics and practitioners, the Internet allows for the assessment of consumer opinions and attitudes toward a range of topics. However, the accessibility of online populations and the generalizability of data collected online are uncertain. The author discusses a range of online techniques and what we still need to learn about such techniques in order to harness the potential of the Internet for quantitative research.The author wishes to acknowledge the insights provided by Mariea Hoy, Angela Mak, and Tad O’Dell during the preparation of this manuscript.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia: The Lack of Specificity of Fibrin Thrombi in Intestinal Infarction

The significance and frequency of fibrin thrombi (FT), the pathological hallmark of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), in ischemic intestine were analyzed in a retrospective study of the infarcted bowel of patients with occlusive mesenteric ischemia (OMI) and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI). Representative intestinal sections were studied from 10 patients with NOMI of the small and/or large bowel and 12 patients, with OMI of varied etiology. Three patients with inflammatory bowel disease and 1 patient with DIC and bowel necrosis were also studied. Routine hematoxylin and eosin stains for fibrin were prepared for each specimen. The number of IT was quantitated. FT were identified in each of the 10 cases of NOMI; however in only 2 were they prominent. FT were identified in 6 of the 12 cases of OMI and in 4 of these 6 they were a prominent feature. Rare FT were present in the cases of inflammatory bowel disease and did not correlate with the inflammatory process. No IT were present in the intestinal sections of the DlC case. FT are a nonspecific feature of necrosis and can be identified in both occlusive and nonocclusive ischemic bowel disease. Their presence in the intestine of NOMI therefore cannot be used to implicate DIC as the primary cause of this entity.
SiP integration of intelligent, adaptive, self-sustaining power management solutions for portable applications

Power management is an essential component of any electrical system, and nowadays a limiting factor in the miniaturization of portable electronic devices. Not only are the battery and power components difficult to integrate but their performance requirements in mobile environments are more stringent. And although point-of-load (PoL) regulation techniques and monolithic controllers are industry standards today, more integration is indispensable. To address these issues, system-in-package (SiP) self-renewable energy source and storage devices are proposed alongside an array of circuit techniques designed to circumvent the shortcomings of such a miniaturized environment, like smart load-sharing schemes, customizable and self-adaptive PoL regulators, active inductor and capacitor multipliers, and robust self-calibrating and self-stabilizing dc-dc converters. On their own, each seeks to push the limits of integration while maintaining and many times improving performance. As a whole, they promise the birth of a new generation of ICs.
Acquisition performance of blind sequence detectors using per-survivor processing

The acquisition capabilities of binary sequence detection algorithms based on per-survivor processing (PSP) is demonstrated via numerical results. The limits of these capabilities are motivated based on analytical results and verified via computer simulations. It is demonstrated that the acquisition of PSP-based data detection algorithms is very rapid and can be improved even further by carefully initialization.
The role of Hox genes in the specification of neural crest

slit families. Hypothyroid mice appear to have fewer afferent and efferent fibers extending to inner and outer sensory hair cells and fewer synapses with these cells. Moreover, thyroid hormone regulates cochlear expression of genes encoding putative axon guidance cues. The severity of hearing loss is dependent upon the genetic background strain and can be completely rescued by a locus on chromosome 2. Discovery of the identity of such a protective factor could lead to developing treatments that would enhance axonal outgrowth necessary for regenerative therapy in common age-related or environmentally-induced hearing loss, and for the rare cases of congenital hypothyroidism-induced deafness that are not responsive to thyroid hormone supplementation. (March of Dimes)
A Solution for Boundary Problems in Isentropic Coordinate Models

Abstract A numerical model is designed to integrate the primitive equations in two dimensions to evaluate a new vertical coordinate scheme for hydrostatic flow. Because potential temperature is nearly conserved for large-scale atmospheric flow, potential temperature is utilized as the vertical coordinate in the layer bounded by the lower troposphere and the top of the model atmosphere which is near the middle stratosphere. The vertical coordinate scheme circumvents some of the problems that have appeared in previous isentropic coordinate models by utilizing a variable depth layer near the earth's surface in which a function of pressure is the vertical coordinate. For this reason, no coordinate surface intersects the surface of the earth and complicated topographic features can easily he constructed. In addition, adiabatic and superadiabatic lapse rates can develop near the surface of the earth because the vertical coordinate in this region is a quasi-horizontal function of pressure. Two experiments are pe...
On the diffusion of biological populations

Abstract This paper develops a model for the spatial diffusion of biological populations. Arguments are given in support of a degenerate, non-linear partial differential equation for the population density. Because of this degeneracy, a population which is initially confined to a bounded region spreads out at a finite speed, and may even remain confined for all time. A transformation is given which reduces our equation to an equation which arises in the theory of porous media. Using this transformation we are able to carry over to our theory theorems of existence and uniqueness for the one-dimensional initial-value problem as well as the solution for an initial point source.
Computer-assisted instruction as an integral part of a first-semester French curriculum

While on a trip to Italy, one of the authors, Theodore Braun, noted his frustration in trying to tell a hotel clerk that the hot water was dripping. Since the clerk spoke no English, it was necessary to communicate in Italian, and although Braun had had several years of Italian in college and knew the grammar of the language reasonably well, it became immediately apparent to him that what he really needed was command of a large vocabulary. This set him to thinking about the way he and his colleagues at Delaware and many other colleges and universities were teaching French. A new French curriculum, built on the notion that communication starts with vocabulary, seemed to be called for. Such a curriculum was subsequently developed during a fellowship at the Center for Advanced Study. Since the unit of instruction was to be the word, its central premise is that computers, which excel at keeping track of large numbers of small things, would provide a good medium for student drill within such a curriculum. In the vocabulary-based beginning language course that has evolved here, emphasis is on learning a large number of words in varied contexts, and on using them. There is no formal instruction in grammar and syntax: these are not taught as ends in themselves but rather are modeled by the instructor. The students use only those structures their experience proves to be necessary. The following statement by H. V. George summarizes some of the reasoning on which the new curriculum is based:
Delineation of ligand binding and receptor signaling activities of purified P2Y receptors reconstituted with heterotrimeric G proteins

P2Y receptors are G protein coupled receptors that respond to extracellular nucleotides to promote a multitude of signaling events. Our laboratory has purified several P2Y receptors with the goal of providing molecular insight into their: (1) ligand binding properties, (2) G protein signaling selectivities, and (3) regulation by RGS proteins and other signaling cohorts. The human P2Y1 receptor and the human P2Y12 receptor, both of which are intimately involved in ADP-mediated platelet aggregation, were purified to near homogeneity and studied in detail. After high-level expression from recombinant baculovirus infection of Sf9 insect cells, approximately 50% of the receptors were successfully extracted with digitonin. Purification of nearly homogeneous epitope-tagged P2Y receptor was achieved using metal-affinity chromatography followed by other traditional chromatographic steps. Yields of purified P2Y receptors range from 10 to 100 μg/l of infected cells. Once purified, the receptors were reconstituted in model lipid vesicles along with their cognate G proteins to assess receptor function. Agonist-promoted increases in steady-state GTPase assays demonstrated the functional activity of the reconstituted purified receptor. We have utilized this reconstitution system to assess the action of various nucleotide agonists and antagonists, the relative G protein selectivity, and the influence of other proteins, such as phospholipase C, on P2Y receptor-promoted signaling. Furthermore, we have identified the RGS expression profile of platelets and have begun to assess the action of these RGS proteins in a reconstituted P2Y receptor/G protein platelet model.
High-pressure bulk synthesis of crystalline C(6)N(9)H(3).HCl: a novel c(3)n(4) graphitic derivative.

A novel carbon nitride compound, structurally related to the proposed graphitic phase of C(3)N(4), has been synthesized in a bulk well-crystallized form. The new material, with stoichiometry C(6)N(9)H(4)Cl, was prepared through a solid-state reaction of 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine at 1.0-1.5 GPa and 500-550 degrees C and also through a self-reaction of 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine at similar conditions. X-ray and electron diffraction measurements on the yellowish compound indicate a hexagonal space group (P6(3)/m) with cell parameters of a = 8.4379(10) A and c = 6.4296(2) A. This new compound possesses a two-dimensional C(6)N(9)H(3) framework that is structurally related to the hypothetical P6m2 graphitic phase of C(3)N(4), but with an ordered arrangement of C(3)N(3) voids. The large voids in the graphene sheets are occupied by chloride ions with an equivalent number of nitrogen atoms on the framework protonated for charge balance. The composition of the sample was determined by bulk chemical analysis and confirmed by electron energy loss (EELS) spectroscopy. The chemical and structural model is consistent with bulk density measurements and with the infrared and (13)C NMR spectra. This work represents the first bulk synthesis of a well-characterized and highly crystalline material containing a continuous network of alternating carbon and nitrogen atoms.
Terms of address and Hungarian society

Abstract This essay examines the correlation between language use particularly pronouns and terms of address), social structure and change in Hungarian society. Data gathered from novels and novellas from the turn of the century and post-World War II periods in Hungary are analyzed and the structure underlying the actual usage of the terms of address and the dynamics of the addressing process are discussed. This is then compared with the Hungarian social and political structure in an attempt to establish correlations with the systems of address. The study reveals that changes in linguistic and social structuring — both within and between the respective eras — show a marked covariation.
Chlorophylls in foods

Revue bibliographique sur les techniques d'extraction, les proprietes spectroscopiques et l'analyse chromatographique des chlorophylles des fruits et legumes et sur leur alteration au cours de la senescence et des processus de transformation ou de conservation
SEMILINEAR PARABOLIC EQUATIONS WITH PRESCRIBED ENERGY

In this paper we study the reaction-diffusion equation ut = Au+f(u, k(t)) subject to appropriate initial and boundary conditions, where f(u, k(t)) = u p - k(t) or k(t)u p, with p > 1 and k(t) an unknown function. An additional energy type condition is imposed in order to find the solution pair u(x, t) and k(t). This type of problem is frequently encountered in nuclear reaction processes, where the reaction is known to be very strong, but the total energy is controlled. It is shown that the solution blows up in finite time for the first class of functions f, for some initial data. For the second class of functions f, the solution blows up in finite time if p > n/(n- 2) while it exists globally in time if 1 < p < n/(n- 2), no matter how large the initial value is. Partial generalizations are given for the case where f(u,k(t)) appears in the boundary conditions.
Boundary layer receptivity to free-stream sound on elliptic leading edges of flat plates

The leading edge receptivity to acoustic waves of two-dimensional bodies is investigated using a spatial solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity/stream function form in general curvilinear coordinates. The free-stream is composed of a uniform flow with a superposed periodic velocity fluctuation of small amplitude. The method follows that of Haddad & Corke (1998), in which the solution for the basic flow and linearized perturbation flow are solved separately. The initial motivation for the work comes from past physical experiments for flat plates with elliptic leading edges, which indicated narrow frequency bands of higher neutral-curve Branch I receptivity. We investigated the same conditions in our simulations, as well as on a parabolic leading edge. The results document the importance of the leading edge, junction between the ellipse and flat-plate, and pressure gradient, on the receptivity coefficient at Branch I. These are compared to the past experiments and other numerical simulations. These showed the influence of the elliptic leading-edge/flat-plate joint as an additional site of receptivity which, along with the leading edge, provides a wave-length selection mechanism which favors certain frequencies through linear superposition.
A non-linear model for impinging jets atomization:

The problem considered is predicting the characteristics of the spray produced by atomization of an attenuating liquid sheet formed by the impingement of two liquid jets of equal diameters and momenta. A second-order non-linear perturbation analysis is employed to model the evolution of harmonic instability waves that lead to sheet distortion and fragmentation. The onset of atomization occurs when the uneven surface modulations of the thinning sheet bring its upper and lower interfaces in contact. It is found that the sheet is torn into ligaments at each half wavelength. The instability of the ligaments causes their eventual disintegration into drops. The results indicate that sheet breakup length, time, and resultant drop size decrease as Weber number is increased. A higher Weber number induces a greater sheet breakup thickness. The breakup length, thickness, time, and drop size are diminished at larger impingement angles. The theoretical predictions of the present non-linear model are in good agreement ...
Enantioselective synthesis of (S)-3,7-dimethyl-2-oxo-6-octene-1,3-diol: a Colorado potato beetle pheromone.

Abstract The recent identification of a male-produced aggregation pheromone [( S )-3,7-dimethyl-2-oxo-6-octene-1,3-diol, ( S )-CPB] offers a new tool for Colorado potato beetle (CPB) management. We developed a novel synthetic approach to produce CPB pheromone in seven steps and 46.54% overall yield. Grignard reaction, oxidation, and stereoselective methylation using organometallic reagent are the key steps in the commercially viable total synthesis, generating CPB pheromone in 98.6% enantiomeric purity and gram quantity.
Auteur discourse and the cultural consecration of American films

Abstract This work builds on explanatory theories of cultural consecration that stress institutional agency and its discourse, in particular upon Allen and Lincoln's (2004) study of the 1990s consecration of some American sound films. It contributes new analyses of the role of auteur theory in such consecration by means of novel measures of directorial status grounded in Sarris (1968). Directorial status emerges as consequential for the volume of discourse on a film's director and on consecration itself. Directorial effects are prominent not only for auteurs but for directors regaled for excessive accommodation to the Hollywood system. Findings and theoretical lacunae focus attention in new directions, for example, toward the study of producer status and new dimensions of film discourse.
Response to the Federal Trade Commission's proposed ruling on standards and certification

In December 1978, the Federal Trade Commission issued a notice of intention of rulemaking in regard to the matter of Standards and Certification. In cooperation with the American National Standards Institute, of which ACM is a member, the ACM Standards Committee prepared a response to that notice and submitted it to the Commission in April 1979. The response gives a summary of the ACM Standards Committee position on a standards regulation and affords insights into the process by which procedures evolve in this area. For this reason, the response is reproduced here as a report.
Characteristics of menstrual problems associated with Norplant discontinuation: results of a multinational study

This paper presents a secondary analysis of 3419 Norplant® users from 11 countries throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. The main objective was to identify the menstrual problems associated with a high risk of early discontinuation of Norplant use. Eligible participants were divided into two groups: those who continued use (n = 2667) for the first 3 years and those who discontinued use because of bleeding or pain (n = 752) during the first 3 years of use. Menstrual characteristics of the women were compared between groups using a logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations. Flow duration of more than 7 days, excessive amount of flow, dysmenorrhea and intermenstrual bleeding for more than 7 days were associated with a significant risk of discontinuation. The highest risk was observed in association with flow duration of more than 7 days (adjusted odds ratios of 1.85, 2.01 and 2.20 at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively). The appropriate management of prolonged or excessive bleeding, namely by continuous counseling, is essential for successful Norplant use.
Context and learning in the processing of Information from brief visual displays

Research on visual detection with tachisto scopically presented multiple-element displays has indicated that a nonrandom sample of the elements is processed on any trial. The effect of learning on the sample composition was assessed with a task in which S reported whether matrices of nine letters contained one or two Xs. After a first session involving two-signal displays with signal pairs oriented either horizontally or vertically, two groups of nine Ss saw only one signal-pair orientation, while a comparison group continued to see all display types. The group that switched to all-vertical orientation significantly out-improved and outperformed the comparison group on the vertical two-signal displays, demonstrating that the central processing mechanism may adapt to take advantage of display pattern regularities.