cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arrested Development: How This We Believe Utilizes Colorblind Narratives and Racialization to Socially Construct Early Adolescent Development

Early adolescents go through developmental changes which are also mediated through social and structural forces that reproduce stratifying hierarchies around race, class, gender, and sexuality. Despite the intersection of early adolescent development with social and institutional forces, critical concepts such as race are often omitted in general discourses of middle level education. It is important that the leading body for middle level education, the Association for Middle Level Education (AMLE) and their doctrinal text, This We Believe, explicitly address the nexus of race, early adolescent development, and schooling. In this article, we draw upon critical race theory as a conceptual framework and critical race discourse analysis as methodology to examine how This We Believe negotiates the social construction of early adolescent development as rooted in whiteness in addition to the racialized realities of middle level education for students of color. Findings indicate This We Believe utilizes colorblindness alongside racialization discourses to create majoritarian narratives of middle level education and early adolescent development. In conclusion, we offer three alternative philosophical statements to This We Believe critical educators can adopt that are attentive to the intersection of race, adolescent development, and middle level education.
The Impact of Frailty on Patients Undergoing Liver Resection for Colorectal Liver Metastasis.

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of frailty on short-term outcomes after hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). Patients were identified using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP). Patients were divided into 3 categories using the 5-item Modified Frailty Index (mFI). There were 5230 patients included. 52%, 35%, and 13% had mFI scores of 0, 1, and ≥ 2 respectively. Patients with a ≥ 2 mFI score were more likely to experience minor complication (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06–1.69), major complication (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.15–2.12), readmission (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.12–2.14), unfavorable discharge (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.62–3.80), 30-day mortality (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.02–8.95), prolonged length of stay (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.18–1.83), and bile leak (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.02–2.24). Frailty is associated with increased post-operative complications. The 5-item mFI can guide risk stratification, optimization, and counseling.
Microaggressions and Health Outcomes among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Bisexual Women

This study assessed the relationship between microaggressions and health outcomes among bisexual women. Participants came from the Women’s Daily Experiences Study, a mixed method study of bisexual ...
Guidelines and Policies on Genetic Testing in Children and Families

Rapid advances in genomic-based sciences are facilitating the collection of a burgeoning amount of knowledge about the role that genomic factors play in human disease. The resulting body of knowledge provides hope for more effective treatments and eventually the prevention of diseases and disorders affecting children, adults, and families (Feero, Guttmacher, & Collins, 2008; Guttmacher & Collins, 2005). However, this knowledge and technology could be used inappropriately, resulting in harm to the medical, psychological, and social well-being of those pursuing testing (Hudson, Javitt, Burke, & Byers, 2007; Robertson, 2003). The rapidly increasing breadth and availability of genomic tests are leading to heightened concerns about their application in clinical settings, public health, and outside of the health-care setting, through direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing (Hudson et al., 2007; Javitt, Stanley, & Hudson, 2004).
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy: The Complexity of a Simple Syndrome

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various aspects of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). The cardinal symptoms of JME are very brief bilateral arrhythmic jerks, affecting mainly shoulders and arms. The jerks may occur singly or in clusters at irregular intervals, and they may vary in frequency and intensity. The generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients with JME have some distinctive features initiated by more or less frequent jerks. With a prevalence of 7% to 9% in an unselected patient population comprising children, juveniles, and adults, JME is one of the most common types of epilepsy and, with 20% to 25%, certainly a very common form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. The jerks, and correspondingly, the major seizures manifest themselves predominantly on waking and usually after a lack of sleep. The characteristic electroencephalogram of jerks in JME is bilaterally symmetrical, frontocentrally accentuated polyspike-waves. A burst of spikes suddenly occurs simultaneously with the jerks and is followed by slow waves of varying frequency and amplitude. It is suggested that a susceptibility gene in the region of the human leukocyte antigen locus on the short arm of chromosome 6 contributes to the expression of JME and associated idiopathic generalized epilepsy phenotypes.
Introduction to Control Theory And Its Application to Computing Systems

Feedback control is central to managing computing systems and data networks. Unfortunately, computing practitioners typically approach the design of feedback control in an ad hoc manner. Control theory provides a systematic approach to designing feedback loops that are stable in that they avoid wild oscillations, accurate in that they achieve objectives such as target response times for service level management, and settle quickly to their steady state values. This paper provides an introduction to control theory for computing practitioners with an emphasis on applications in the areas of database systems, real-time systems, virtualized servers, and power management.
Epidemiologic features of trophoblastic disease.

Abstract The incidence of trophoblastic disease has been studied among 184,441 deliveries in the State of Rhode Island during a 10 year period (1956–1965) and in an additional 313,852 pregnancies in three large hospitals over a longer period (1930–1965). In the two series, 344 cases of hydatidiform mole and 14 of choriocarcinoma were identified. The incidence of hydatidiform mole in the combined series was 1 in 1,450 deliveries and of choriocarcinoma 1 in 40,000 deliveries. Hydatidiform mole was more common in women over the age of 40, and particularly those over 45. Somewhat higher rates were found in Negro and in Jewish women and in women whose previous pregnancy ended in abortion. No association was found with paternal age, birth order, interval since preceding pregnancy, or socioeconomic status. Following the first molar pregnancy, the same women were delivered of 272 pregnancies in the same hospitals; 8 of these were also molar pregnancies. The rate of recurrence was 40 times as high as the rate in the general population. The high rate of this group of diseases in the Far East remains their outstanding epidemiologic feature.
Pulmonary Biomarkers of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or BPD, is a chronic pulmonary disorder of premature infants, commonly defined as having an oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. It is an important source o...
On Secure Communications Over a Wiretap Channel With Fixed-Rate Transmission: Protocol Design and Queueing Analysis

In this letter, we consider a wiretap channel when a source node maintains two buffers (queues) to store its data and secret key packets. We propose two medium-access protocols. In the first proposed protocol, we assume that the legitimate source and its destination share random secret key packets when the main channel is better than either the channel between the eavesdropper and the source or the channel between the eavesdropper and the destination. These key packets are stored in a separate key queue at the source and its destination, and they are utilized to secure data packets whenever channel conditions favor eavesdropper channels over the main communication channel. In the second proposed protocol, the source employs a random-access scheme based on the link and queue states. Our numerical results demonstrate the gains of our proposed protocols in terms of the mean service rate of the data queue and the average queueing delay of the data packets.
Thinking and Reasoning: A Reader's Guide

“Cogito, ergo sum,” the French philosopher Rene Descartes famously declared, “I think, therefore I am.” Every normal human adult shares a sense that the ability to think, to reason, is a part of their fundamental identity. A person may be struck blind or deaf, yet we still recognize his or her core cognitive capacities as intact. Even loss of language, the gift often claimed as the sine qua non of homo sapiens, does not take away a person’s essential humanness. Unlike language ability, which is essentially unique to our species, the rudimentary ability to think and reason is apparent in nonhuman primates (see Call & Tomasello, Chap. 25); and yet it is thinking, not language, that lies closest to the core of our individual identity. A person who loses language but can still make intelligent decisions, as demonstrated by actions, is viewed as mentally intact. In contrast, the kinds of brain damage that rob an individual of the capacity to think and reason are considered the harshest blows that can be struck against a sense of personhood. Cogito, ergo sum. What Is Thinking?
The Disappearance of the Social in American Social Psychology: Durkheim and Social Facts

Emile Durkheim, often considered the founder of the academic discipline of sociology, is famous for his treatment of social groups or collectives as emergent supraindividual entities. Indeed, among social scientists and philosophers, Durkheim is treated as a paradigm “holist,” competing with Plato, Marx, and Hegel for this doubtful honor. Durkheim is famous for having maintained that social groups or collectives are distinct from mere aggregations of individuals and their individual psychologies: “The whole does not equal the sum of its parts; it is something different, whose properties differ from those displayed by the parts from which it is formed” (1895/1982a, p. 128). Durkheim is also famous for having maintained, apparently dogmatically, that social phenomena can only be explained socially and not psychologically: “Every time a psychological explanation is offered for a social phenomenon, we may rest assured the explanation is false” (1895/1982a, p. 129). Durkheim's holistic account of social phenomena is opposed by many in the social sciences and philosophy who consider themselves “individualists” or “methodological individualists” (Lukes, 1968). Max Weber, another of the founding fathers of sociology, was one of the earliest to formulate the individualist position in sociology, in apparent opposition to Durkheim. Weber (1922/1978) maintained that references to social groups or collectives are nothing more than references to the potential or actual “social actions” of individual persons, social actions being defined as intentional behaviors “oriented” toward other persons: When reference is made in a sociological context to a state, a nation, a corporation, a family, or an army corps, or to similar collectivities, what is meant is only a certain kind of actual or possible social actions of individual persons. (p. 14)
The Beginnings of Australian Radio Astronomy

The early stages of Australian radio astronomy, especially the first decade after World War II, are described in detail. These include the transition of the CSIRO Radiophysics Laboratory, under the leadership of Joseph Pawsey and Taffy Bowen, from a wartime laboratory in 1945 to, by 1950, the largest and one of the two most important radio astronomy groups in the world (with the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University). The initial solar investigations are described, including discovery of the hot corona and development of the sea-cliff interferometer. During this same period painstaking ‘radio star’ observations by John Bolton and colleagues led to the first suggested optical identifications of Taurus-A (the Crab Nebula), Centaurus-A (NGC 5128), and Virgo-A (M87).
The Dimensions of Life Stress and the Specificity of Disorder

Stress and related concepts have long been associated with ideas about the genesis of mental and physical disorders. The concepts linking stress to disorder, however, have typically been very general in nature. The theme of the present paper is that such nonspecific principles may obscure more specific relations between relatively distinct forms of life stress and particular types of disorder outcome. The historical progression of ideas on this topic is traced and the assumptions behind specificity and nonspecificity models of disorder are outlined. The implications of these developments are next illustrated in regard to current conceptual and operational shortcomings. Recent research that has overcome these limitations and suggests the viability and importance of more specific linkages between particular forms of stress and disorders is selectively reviewed. Finally, the paper concludes with some speculative comments on the problems facing investigators interested in translating stress concepts into operational procedures.
INTRACELLULAR ELECTROLYTE RESPONSE TO CHANGED OSMOLALITY: AN ELECTRON MICROPROBE (EP) INVESTIGATION

It has been the practice to postulate the existence of idiogenic and inactivated cell osmoles to account for cellular response to altered serum osmolality. These changes have been investigated by a direct determination of intracellular sodium and potassium with EP. Analyses were performed on 8μ frozen sections of rat gastrocnemious prepared by freeze drying. The instrument was calibrated with gelatin standards. Changes in plasma osmolality were produced by IV infusion of 5% glucose and 72% sucrose solutions in anesthetized rats. Serum osmolality was measured by freezing point depression. The prior view that organic osmoles account for the discrepant cellular response to hypertonic dehydration is difficult to accept because the idiogenic osmoles approach 25% of total cellular osmoles. An alternate hypothesis has been developed that some of the ions and water in the cell are inhibited from participating in chemical potentials. A model of the cell can be derived from the relationship of extracellular osmoles and intracellular Na + K by simple mathematical expressions. These indicate that 53% of cell water and 44% of cell cation do not respond to changes in extracellular osmolality. Work supported by: David Underwood Trust, NCR 44-003-053 and Fellowship from PAHO.
A Progress Report on Undergraduate Software Engineering Education

Abstract : The current status of undergraduate software engineering education in United States universities is summarized, including descriptions of programs at eleven schools. Possible scenarios for the further evolution of undergraduate software engineering programs are described, based on observations of the evolution of computer science and computer engineering programs. Recent and ongoing activities of the Computer Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) regarding the establishment of the profession of software engineering are described, including the expected implications for undergraduate software engineering education.
Consumer Acceptance of Fruit-Flavored Yogurt Drinks

Abstract Results of a survey by intercept in a large mall indicated marketing opportunity for fruit flavored yogurt drinks. Six popular fruit flavors were formulated into the yogurt beverages. Difference and preference tests were conducted to select the most popular flavor type, flavor intensity, and sweetener type and percent. The two top flavors were presented to a minimum of 30 conumers in each of five age groups. Results indicated that the beverages were “liked” on a line-hedonic scale with a range of 1 to 24 (24 for like extremely).
Reply from M. Pigliucci and J. Kaplan

The goal of our article was precisely the one stated by Getty, to show that constraints and selection are not a dichotomy. However, Getty wants to subsume everything under the heading of selection, even talking about selective constraints (an oxymoron). We would rather think of selection and constraints (both coming in a variety of flavors) as continuously interacting agents of evolutionary change. Therefore, we do not see selection as unconstrained – on the contrary. From this point of view, of course we agree with Getty that ‘one person’s constraints may be another’s design problem’ and that selection ‘is a consequence of constraints’. What else could it be?We find his criticisms of our idea of natural selection as favoring the ‘barely tolerable’ quite surprising, and exactly along the lines of that neo-Panglossianism that we would like people to stay clear of. First, satisficing1xThe role of satisficing in foraging theory. Ward, D. Oikos. 1992; 63: 312–317CrossrefSee all References1 is an ecological concept under active discussion, not a strange idea as maintained by Getty. Second, the idea that selection is not an optimizing machine (and cannot be, because of constraints) is actually gaining momentum in the recent literature2xNatural selection, or the non-survival of the non-fit. den Boer, P.J. Acta Biotheoretica. 1999; 47: 83–97Crossref | Scopus (8)See all References2.We agree that constraints shape fitness surfaces, but our exact goal was to arrive at a better understanding of how this happens, what constraints are and how they yield evolutionary trajectories by interacting with selection (and with stochastic forces, the third player in the evolutionary game). In that sense, how could we ‘only recognize explicit constraints, external to the fitness surface’? If they are external to the fitness surface they do not exist as constraints and therefore they (whatever they are) are not of interest to evolutionary biologists.Getty says that ‘the challenge is not to bridge a vast chasm between constraints and selection, but rather to understand the constraints that create and shape selection’. Our point exactly. Historically, the chasm has been between different views of evolutionary forces endorsed and promulgated by different groups of researchers. Once we realize that we are all talking about the many sides of the same multidimensional polyhedron we will be able to move away from semantics and into conceptually more fertile areas of discussion.
DOES TRIPLE THERAPY WITH CILOSTAZOL REDUCE THE RISK OF RESTENOSIS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION? INSIGHTS FROM A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS

Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, inhibits platelet aggregation via effects on cAMP and reduces neointimal hyperplasia, which is implicated in stent restenosis. However, the efficacy and safety of cilostazol in triple antiplatelet therapy (TAT) compared with conventional dual antiplatelet
Scientific roots of dualism in neuroscience

Although the dualistic concept is unpopular among neuroscientists involved in experimental studies of the brain, neurophysiological literature is full of covert dualistic statements on the possibility of understanding neural mechanisms of human consciousness. Particularly, the covert dualistic attitude is exhibited in the unwillingness to discuss neural mechanisms of consciousness, leaving the problem of consciousness to psychologists and philosophers. This covert dualism seems to be rooted in the main paradigm of neuroscience that suggests that cognitive functions, such as language production and comprehension, face recognition, declarative memory, emotions, etc., are performed by neural networks consisting of simple elements. I argue that neural networks of any complexity consisting of neurons whose function is limited to the generation of electrical potentials and the transmission of signals to other neurons are hardly capable of producing human mental activity, including consciousness. Based on results obtained in physiological, morphological, clinical, and genetic studies of cognitive functions (mainly linguistic ones), I advocate the hypothesis that the performance of cognitive functions is based on complex cooperative activity of "complex" neurons that are carriers of "elementary cognition." The uniqueness of human cognitive functions, which has a genetic basis, is determined by the specificity of genes expressed by these "complex" neurons. The main goal of the review is to show that the identification of the genes implicated in cognitive functions and the understanding of a functional role of their products is a possible way to overcome covert dualism in neuroscience.
Performance analysis of a peer-to-peer I/O architecture in video server environments

In the personal computing (PC) and workstation environments, more and more I/O adapters are becoming complete functional subsystems that are intelligent enough to handle I/O operations on their own without much intervention from the host processor. The IBM Subsystem Control Block (SCB) architecture has been defined to enhance the potential of these intelligent adapters by defining services and conventions that deliver command information and data to and from the adapters. The SCB architecture has two operating modes. The Locate Mode represents the conventional, interrupt-driven I/O protocol used in many current personal computers. The Move Mode embodies an advanced, peer-to-peer I/O protocol proposed for the next generation of personal computers. In this paper, we would like to discuss and present a performance analysis of the SCB architecture in typical video server environments. In particular, we study a video server capable of providing support for simultaneous MPEG-1 video streams to multiple clients on a 16-Mbps token-ring network. We also consider the performance impact of a hypothetical 100-Mbps token-ring technology on the video server performance.
Process measures: a leadership tool for management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to encourage the use of ongoing process-based measurement methods, specifically, control charts, as a process measurement tool to guide leadership improvement efforts. The work of Deming will be highlighted while providing a review of measurement methods. Design/methodology/approach – Organizational leadership requires inspiring people and creating an environment so everyone can contribute toward the success of the organization. To accomplish this, a leader needs appropriate, real-time information about how to adjust the current situation. Rather than waiting for something to go wrong and then attempting to fix the situation or tamper with the process, management should use process measures to guide improvement efforts. Findings – Real-time process measures guide improvement efforts by the workers and management because it enables them to pay attention to the process while simultaneously performing it. Traditional improvement methods often lead to worse results becau...
Collaborative publication and research in computer science

Study of collaboration in research and publication is examined as a means for understanding the sociological aspects of R&D and to aid in policy formulation and R&D management. Despite some limitations, nonreactive bibliometric methods are more effective than the survey method for estimating the degree of collaboration in R&D. The mean number of authors per paper and the ratio of multiple-author papers to the total number of papers published in a discipline can be used as unobtrusive indicators of the degree of collaboration in research and publication. Within computer science, there seems to be a higher degree of collaborative R&D in hardware and applications areas than in the software area. The mean number of authors per paper across all the subfields of computer science is about 1.7. The average size of collaborative R&D teams is about 2.7 persons. Computer science as a discipline is closer to mathematics than to biochemistry or chemical engineering, both of which are highly collaborative fields.
Fewer complications result from a video-assisted approach to anatomic resection of clinical stage I lung cancer.

Objectives Anatomic resection is currently the standard of care for clinical stage I lung cancer, yet clinicians increasingly pursue nonsurgical, ablative therapies to avoid the morbidity of thoracotomy. The video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) approach is a minimally invasive alternative to thoracotomy yet the effect of VATS on the morbidity of patients undergoing lung cancer resection is not fully characterized. We evaluated complications following anatomic resection of clinical stage I lung cancer by VATS and thoracotomy to clarify the effect of the minimally invasive approach. Methods The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database was queried for lobectomies and segmentectomies performed between 2001 and 2010 for clinical stage I primary cancer. Results A total of 11,531 (7137 open and 4394 VATS) patients with clinical stage I primary lung cancers underwent resection. Propensity scoring was used to match cases into 2745 well-balanced pairs. Overall complications were significantly more likely in the thoracotomy group (36%) than in the VATS cohort (30%; P P = .13). Conclusions Anatomic resection of early stage lung cancer is performed with a low mortality rate, according to data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Perioperative complications are significantly less likely to occur when patients with stage I lung cancers undergo resection using the VATS approach. Further study is warranted to determine long-term effects of these differences in perioperative outcomes.
Evidence-Based Recommendations for Information and Care Planning in Cancer Care

The practice of oncology is characterized by challenging communication tasks that make it difficult to ensure optimal physician-patient information sharing and care planning. Discussions of diagnosis, prognosis, and patient goals are essential processes that inform decisions. However, data suggest that there are deficiencies in this area. We conducted a systematic review to identify the evidence supporting high-quality clinical practices for information and care planning in the context of cancer care as part of the RAND Cancer Quality-Assessing Symptoms, Side Effects, and Indicators of Supportive Treatment Project. Domains of information and care planning that are important for high-quality cancer care include integration of palliation into cancer care, advance care planning, sentinel events as markers for the need to readdress a patient's goals of care, and continuity of care planning. The standards presented here for information and care planning in cancer care should be incorporated into care pathways and should become the expectation rather than the exception.
Embrittlement of CrMo steels after low fluence irradiation in HFIR

Abstract Subsize Charpy impact specimens of 9Cr1MoVNb (modified 9Cr1Mo) and 12Cr1MoVW (Sandvik HT9) steels and 12Cr1MoVW with 2% Ni (12Cr1MoVW2Ni) were irradiated in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at 300 and 400°C to damage levels up to 2.5 dpa. The objective was to study the effect of the simultaneous formation of displacement damage and transmutation helium on impact toughness. Displacement damage was produced by fast neutrons, and helium was formed by the reaction of 58Ni with thermal neutrons in the mixed-neutron spectrum of HFIR. Despite the low fluence relative to previous irradiations of these steels, significant increases in the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) occurred. The 12Cr1MoVW2Ni steel irradiated at 400°C had the largest increase in DBTT and displayed indications of intergranular fracture. A mechanism is proposed to explain how helium can affect the fracture behavior of this latter steel in the present tests, and how it affected all three steels in previous experiments, where the steels were irradiated to higher fluences.
Mechanistic Modeling of Polymer Degradation: A Comprehensive Study of Polystyrene

The degradation of polystyrene was modeled at the mechanistic level by developing differential equations describing the evolution of the moments of structurally distinct polymer species. This work extends our previous modeling work1 by incorporating chain-length-dependent rate parameters, tracking branched species more explicitly, using rate parameters primarily from the literature, and comparing the model results to extensive experimental data on the degradation of polymers of different molecular weights and at different temperatures. Unique polymer groups were devised that allowed the necessary polymeric features for capturing the degradation chemistry to be tracked, while maintaining a manageable model size. The conversion among the species was described using typical free radical reaction types, including hydrogen abstraction, midchain β-scission, end-chain β-scission, 1,5-hydrogen transfer, 1,3-hydrogen transfer, radical addition, bond fission, radical recombination, and disproportionation. The model...
Tracking non-traditional populations in longitudinal studies☆

Abstract As health services research focuses on prevention and drug treatment programs for special populations, maintaining panel samples at adequate levels over time becomes more important. Differential panel mortality poses a serious threat to the internal validity of experimental designs and the external validity of study conclusions. Minimizing respondent attrition demands systematic attention to two problems: location of subjects at each wave and sustaining respondent cooperation over the life of the research. Major obstacles to collecting longitudinal data on non-traditional populations include the inapplicability of most community-based and governmental records, inexperience with tracking those without stable addresses, and cost. This paper describes and evaluates methods used to track a panel of 670 homeless substance abusers over 3, 6, and 12 month intervals. Results suggest that a broad brush tracking strategy with emphases on telephone, mail and field tracking served to minimize panel mortality and its accompanying methodological problems.
Coupled Cluster Theory Determination of the Heats of Formation of Combustion-Related Compounds: CO, HCO, CO2, HCO2, HOCO, HC(O)OH, and HC(O)OOH

Coupled cluster theory through quasiperturbative, connected triple excitations was used to obtain optimized structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and heats of formation for seven small molecules important to hydrocarbon oxidation. For the three systems possessing reliable experimental heats of formation, the level of agreement between theory and experiment was excellent. To achieve this level of agreement and to simultaneously minimize the theoretical uncertainty, it was necessary to apply large correlation consistent basis sets (through septuple ζ in some cases) followed by a number of small, but nonnegligible, energetic corrections. For CO, ΔHf0(0 K) = −27.0 ± 0.2 (theory) versus −27.20 ± 0.04 kcal/mol (expt). For CO2, ΔHf0(0 K) = −93.7 ± 0.2 (theory) versus −93.97 ± 0.01 kcal/mol (expt). For HC(O)OH (formic acid), ΔHf0(0 K) = −88.9 ± 0.4 (theory) versus −88.7 ± 0.1 kcal/mol (expt). For HCO, the experimental and theoretical values are in near perfect agreement, with ΔHf0(0 K) = 10.4 ± 0.2 (theor...
Endogenous TNFα Lowers Maximum Peak Bone Mass and Inhibits Osteoblastic Smad Activation Through NF‐κB

Endogenous TNFα prevents the attainment of maximum achievable peak bone mass in vivo. In vitro, TNFα suppresses BMP-2– and TGFβ-mediated Smad activation through induction of NF-κB. Consistently, pharmacological suppression of NF-κB augments osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in vitro. Introduction: Osteoporosis is a major health threat. Traditional therapeutic strategies have centered on anti-catabolic drugs that block bone resorption. Recently focus has shifted to anabolic agents that actively rebuild lost bone mass. Future strategies may involve elevating peak bone mass to delay osteoporosis development. Recent in vitro studies show that TNFα represses osteoblast differentiation and mineralization; however, the mechanisms are poorly understood and the impact of basal TNFα concentrations on the acquisition of peak bone mass in vivo is unknown. Materials and Methods: We examined peak BMD, bone volume, and bone turnover makers in mice deficient in TNFα or its receptors. We further examined the effect of TNFα on Smad-induced signaling by TGFβ and BMP-2 in vitro using a Smad responsive reporter. The effect of TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling on Smad signaling and on in vitro osteoblast mineralization was examined using specific NF-κB inhibitors and activators, and effects of TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling on BMP-2–induced Runx2 mRNA were examined using RT-PCR. Results: Mice null for TNFα or its p55 receptor had significantly increased peak bone mass, resulting exclusively from elevated bone formation. In vitro, TNFα potently suppressed Smad signaling induced by TGFβ and BMP-2, downregulated BMP-2–mediated Runx2 expression, and inhibited mineralization of osteoblasts. These effects were mimicked by overexpression of NF-κB and prevented by pharmacological NF-κB suppression. Conclusions: Our data suggest that TNFα and NF-κB antagonists may represent novel anabolic agents for the maximization of peak basal bone mass and/or the amelioration of pathological bone loss.
Development of spin-labeled pargyline analogues as specific inhibitors of human monoamine oxidases A and B.

Three TEMPO-conjugated pargyline analogues (ParSL-1, ParSL-2, and ParSL-3) have been synthesized and their inhibitory properties tested for the two human monoamine oxidase isoforms (hMAOA and hMAOB...
Prevalence of Polydrug Use among Alcoholic Soldiers

A survey was conducted to determine the extent of polydrug abuse among a population of alcoholics hospitalized in a military treatment program. It was discovered that approximately 21% of patients had no drug exposure other than alcohol, and 48% revealed a history of drug use more extensive then experimentation. Results further indicate that polydrug use was greatest among this population during the Vietnam era (1963 to 1972) and again during the year preceding their referral for treatment. Finally, a significant difference in age was found when comparing non-users to users, and when comparing experimental/nonusers to all other users. This age difference places the low and nonuse groups as achieving their eighteenth birthday significantly before the mid-sixties and users afterwards, supporting the notion of a “drug accepting” versus “drug rejecting” generational difference.
Nonlinear stability of a charged electrified viscous liquid sheet under the action of a horizontal electric field

In a recent paper [D. T. Papageorgiou and P. G. Petropoulos, J. Eng. Math. 50, 223 (2004)] we considered the linear stability of a two-dimensional incompressible leaky dielectric viscous liquid sheet surrounded by a hydrodynamically passive conducting medium, when an electric field is applied parallel to the initially flat bounding fluid interfaces. It was established that for order-one Reynolds numbers and when the dielectric permittivity ratio, ep=ein∕eout, and the electric conductivity ratio, σR=σout∕σin, satisfy epσR>1, the flow is linearly stable in the absence of an electric field. When a field is present a band of unstable long waves emerges whose size increases as the field increases (the band remains finite, that is short waves are stable, for large fields). In the present study we consider the nonlinear dynamics in the vicinity of the zero electric field bifurcation. The scalings determined from the linear stability calculations are used to derive canonical strongly nonlinear evolution equations...
Dental pulp citrate during the development of abnormally mineralized dentine

Abstract The calciotraumatic response in the rat incisor allows examination of both alterations in a developing mineralized tissue (dentine) and changes in the components of the adjacent connective tissue (pulp). The histological development of the response in rat incisor dentine produced by injected strontium, fluoride, and parathyroid extract has been described previously. In the present report, the concentration of citrate, an agent suggested as acting locally to regulate mineralization and mediate resorption, was examined in the pulps of the incisors. Doses of strontium (200–400 mg SrCl 2 · 6H 2 O/kg) and fluoride (50 mg NaF/kg) were selected which produced a histologically demonstrable response. The dose of parathyroid extract used (500 units/kg) produced no histologically detectable response in dentine but is well within the range used to induce experimental hyperparathyroidism. Rats were injected subcutaneously with these agents and sacrificed at periodic intervals up to 16 hr after injection. The pulps were removed and analysed for total citrate. An increase could be demonstrated after each agent, but the magnitude and duration of the increases vary with the agents injected. Microradiographs demonstrated both hypo- and hypermineralized layers in the dentine during the citrate increase after fluoride but only a hypomineralized layer after strontium. No change in mineralization was evident after parathyroid extract. The increases in the total pulp citrate concentration were apparently not crucial in producing or controlling the changes in mineralization.
Sensitive detection of temperature behind reflected shock waves using wavelength modulation spectroscopy of CO2 near 2.7 μm

Tunable diode-laser absorption of CO2 near 2.7 μm incorporating wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second-harmonic detection (WMS-2f) is used to provide a new sensor for sensitive and accurate measurement of the temperature behind reflected shock waves in a shock-tube. The temperature is inferred from the ratio of 2f signals for two selected absorption transitions, at 3633.08 and 3645.56 cm−1, belonging to the ν 1+ν 3 combination vibrational band of CO2 near 2.7 μm. The modulation depths of 0.078 and 0.063 cm−1 are optimized for the target conditions of the shock-heated gases (P∼1–2 atm, T∼800–1600 K). The sensor is designed to achieve a high sensitivity to the temperature and a low sensitivity to cold boundary-layer effects and any changes in gas pressure or composition. The fixed-wavelength WMS-2f sensor is tested for temperature and CO2 concentration measurements in a heated static cell (600–1200 K) and in non-reactive shock-tube experiments (900–1700 K) using CO2–Ar mixtures. The relatively large CO2 absorption strength near 2.7 μm and the use of a WMS-2f strategy minimizes noise and enables measurements with lower concentration, higher accuracy, better sensitivity and improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) relative to earlier work, using transitions in the 1.5 and 2.0 μm CO2 combination bands. The standard deviation of the measured temperature histories behind reflected shock waves is less than 0.5%. The temperature sensor is also demonstrated in reactive shock-tube experiments of n-heptane oxidation. Seeding of relatively inert CO2 in the initial fuel-oxidizer mixture is utilized to enable measurements of the pre-ignition temperature profiles. To our knowledge, this work represents the first application of wavelength modulation spectroscopy to this new class of diode lasers near 2.7 μm.
Estrutura, contexto e estratégia na etnografia musical*

Resumo: O artigo discute a questao da dialetica entre teoria e pratica e suas implicacoes na representacao etnografi ca atraves de duas fi guras exponenciais do pensamento contemporâneo: Pierre Bourdieu e Michel de Certeau. O autor ao apontar aos etnografos de musica alguns dos limites da teoria da pratica, apresenta sugestoes para supera-los por via de um relato detalhado de uma performance musical ocorrida durante a Fiesta de la Cruz no distrito rural Aymara de Conima, sul do Peru. Ele cria uma moldura interpretativa sensivel aos varios niveis de signifi cados contextuais deste episodio, do qual tambem participou como musico. Como um passo adiante na representacao etnomusicologica o autor propoe aos etnografos de musica uma acao refl exiva que leve em conta o seu papel ambivalente de serem, ao mesmo tempo, criticos e participantes de sistemas sociais de dominacao. Palavras-chave: etnografi a musical, representacao etnomusicologica, teoria da pratica.
Pc1 wave generation by sudden impulses

Abstract We have studied induction magnetometer data recorded at College, Alaska for the occurrence of ULF emissions associated with sudden impulses (SI). In this study we surveyed three years of data (1977–1979 inclusively) and found that for the 76 SI's reported in IAGA bulletins, 32 were found to be followed by ULF emissions in the College data. While the 76 SI's occurred at all local times those which were associated with ULF emissions at College peaked in occurrence near local noon. We have attempted to interpret these observations in terms of a simple model based upon a Chapman-Ferraro double-dipole model of the magnetosphere. Using this model an estimate of field compressions associated with SI's can be made and from this the increases in the temperature anisotropy and plasma beta may be estimated. This simple model predicts maximum growth rate near noon on high latitude field lines, just inside the magnetopause. Further, inspection of growth rate curves for varying plasma anisotropy and beta leads us to the conclusion that an increase in anisotropy is the primary cause of the ULF emissions observed.
Diffusion and concentration of molecular probes in thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels: effect of the volume phase transition.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), NIPA, thermoresponsive hydrogels with well-defined concentrations of an electroactive probe, 1,1‘-ferrocenedimethanol, Fc(MeOH)2, were prepared. The discontinuous reversible volume phase transition of such gels occurs at 32 ± 1 °C and results in a release of ∼93% of the solution from the polymeric network. Transport of Fc(MeOH)2 in both swollen and collapsed gels was studied using steady-state voltammetry and chronoamperometry at platinum microelectrodes. The diffusion coefficient of Fc(MeOH)2 in collapsed gels was ∼2 orders of magnitude smaller than that in swollen gels. UV/vis spectroscopic studies showed that for 3.0% NIPA gel, the concentration of Fc(MeOH)2 in the collapsed phase was ∼6 times higher than that in released solution and 4.5 times higher than in the original swollen gel.
COMPUTER PRESENTATION OF PATTERN-OF-SUCCESS:A PRIMACY EFFECT VERIFIED

Several studies have examined the effect of pattern of success on perceived level of success using a serial-trial task. In the original study of this issue, subjects were influenced more by their level of success at the end of a series of trials, a recency effect. Subsequent studies have found, instead, a primacy effect. This study replicates the original study in which a recency effect was found and assesses the generalizability of the results with other tasks. Three forms of task were used: (a) analogies items, (b) tachistoscopic pattern perception, and (c) a visual-motor coordination task. The experimental procedures were programmed in BASIC for the Commodore 64 to facilitate further extension and replication. Computer presentation was both efficient and effective. A primacy effect was found for all three tasks.
Helping men make an informed decision about prostate cancer screening: A pilot study of telephone counseling

Abstract Objective Evaluate a computer-assisted telephone counseling (CATC) decision aid for men considering a prostate specific antigen (PSA) test. Methods Eligible men were invited by their primary care providers (PCPs) to participate. Those consenting received an educational booklet followed by CATC. The counselor assessed stage of readiness, reviewed booklet information, corrected knowledge deficits and helped with a values clarification exercise. The materials presented advantages and disadvantages of being screened and did not advocate for testing or for not testing. Outcome measures included changes in stage, decisional conflict, decisional satisfaction, perceived vulnerability and congruence of a PSA testing decision with a pros/cons score. Baseline and final surveys were administered by telephone. Results There was an increase in PSA knowledge ( p p p Conclusions The intervention provides realistic, unbiased and effective decision support for men facing a difficult and confusing decision. Practice implications Our intervention could potentially replace a discussion of PSA testing with the PCP for most men.
Creole in the Public Eye: Written Instances of Creole in Public Spaces in Guadeloupe

Creole is the maternal language of the majority population of Guadeloupe, but French is the language of education, commerce, government and most written communication. Although the vast majority of Guadeloupians are bilingual and educated exclusively in French, Creole is also found in written form in the public domain in advertising, the public service sector, tourism, graffiti and political posters, among others. This article explores the various domains of written Creole usage with an additional focus upon the purposes and/or motives behind its use. It is argued that Creole is used variously to add local colour, to solidify connections with the creolophone community, to reinforce pride in one’s heritage and identity, and to exclude certain parties from political and social discourse.
Heterothermy and cold acclimation in the arctic ground squirrel, Citellus undulatus

Abstract o 1. One limb was exposed to room temperature (22±2°C) while the contralateral limb was cooled to 0±1°C. 2. Noncontrol individuals were acclimated at 5±1°C for periods up to 28 days. 3. Control animals responded to the cooling regimen (25-0°C at 0.5C/min) in a “poikilothermic” manner indicating local cold induced vasoconstriction (CIVC) was released when toepad temperatures reached 28.5±1.9°C. 4. At this point, a transient cold induced vasodilation (CIVD) occurred. 5. After 28 days at 5°C, limb exposure to 0°C resulted in a more gradual decline in toepad temperature. 6. This was indicative of an increased resistence to peripheral heterothermy as mediated by CIVD and initiated at 31.1±1.3°C. 7. Animals maintained outdoors at 2±2°C with ample nest material exhibited responses intermediate to the experimental extremes. 8. CIVC were initiated at 29.8±0.7°C while toepad temperatures declined at a rate intermediate to non-acclimated controls and the 28-day acclimation group. 9. This data suggests the essential adaptative characteristics of peripheral heterothermy in this species.
Thickness of a Europan Ice Shell from Impact Crater Simulations

Several impact craters on Jupiter's satellite Europa exhibit central peaks. On the terrestrial planets, central peaks consist of fractured but competent rock uplifted during cratering. Therefore, the observation of central peaks on Europa indicates that an ice layer must be sufficiently thick that the impact events did not completely penetrate it. We conducted numerical simulations of vapor and melt production during cratering of water ice layers overlying liquid water to estimate the thickness of Europa's icy crust. Because impacts disrupt material well beyond the zone of partial melting, our simulations put a lower limit on ice thickness at the locations and times of impact. We conclude that the ice must be more than 3 to 4 kilometers thick.