cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Source of the Anomalous Cathodic Peak During ASV with In Situ Mercury Film Formation in Chloride Solutions

In situ mercury film depositions at a glassy carbon electrode at various concentrations of sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid were performed. In the chloride concentration range of 0.001 to 0.5 M, an anomalous cathodic peak is observed during the anodic scan when performing square wave voltammetry. This phenomenon has previously been attributed to the formation of mercury(I) chloride (calomel) on the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that electrochemically generated calomel, which forms due to the oxidation of the mercury film in solutions with greater than 0.00 1 M Cl ˇ , is reversible and is reduced to elemental mercury during cathodic polarization of the electrode. It is proposed that the cathodic peak is a result of the calomel which forms after Hg(O) is oxidized to Hg(I) by Hg(II) ions and subsequent reaction of Hg(I) with chloride ions. This insoluble nonelectrochemically generated calomel is formed under open circuit conditions and, not being reduced during the cathodic polarization, is reduced at more anodic potentials. The most stable and reproducible responses of this system for ASV of Cd 2a and Pb 2a is obtained when the mercury is removed from the electrode surface by electrochemical oxidation at the end of each anodic scan.
LARGE TIME BEHAVIOR OF SOLUTIONS TO NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC MODEL WITH FADING MEMORY

Abstract We study the Cauchy problem of a one-dimensional nonlinear viscoelastic model with fading memory. By introducing appropriate new variables we convert the integro-partial differential equations into a hyperbolic system of balance laws. When it is a perturbation of a constant state, the solution is shown time asymptotically approaching to predetermined diffusion waves. Pointwise estimates on the convergence details are obtained.
The image of loss: Jalal Toufic's filmic Beirut

Jalal Toufic's cinematic and literary pieces form a unique corpus within contemporary Arab filmmaking. His esthetic vision—built around a sublime understanding of image as loss—not only connects with the current ruins of the Lebanon he films, but also resonates with the classical tradition of the nasib in Arabic poetry.
Issues in targeted observing

This paper summarizes successes and limitations of targeted observing field programmes starting from the Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment in 1997 through recent programmes targeting winter storms and tropical cyclones. These field programmes have produced average reductions in short-range forecast errors of about 10 per cent over regional verification areas, and maximum forecast error reductions as large as 50 per cent in certain cases. The majority of targeting cases investigated so far involve sets of dropsondes and other observation data that provide partial coverage of target areas. The primary scientific challenges for targeting include the refinement of objective methods that can identify optimal times and locations for targeted observations, as well as identify the specific types of satellite and in situ measurements that are required for the improvement of numerical weather forecasts. The most advanced targeting procedures, at present, include: the ensemble transform Kalman Filter, Hessian singular vectors, and observation-space targeting using the adjoint of a variational data assimilation procedure. Targeted observing remains an active research topic in numerical weather prediction, with plans for continued refinement of objective targeting procedures, and field tests of new satellite and in situ observing systems. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
RECENT ADVANCES IN SPUTTER DEPOSITION

Abstract This paper has two objectives. One is to review some of the essential features of the sputtering process. The second is to discuss several recent developments relating to the use of reactive sputtering for the deposition of oxide and semiconductor compounds and to the use of controlled substrate ion bombardment for the purpose of modifying coating properties. The particular topics include: (i) a magnetic field configuration that facilitates controlled substrate ion bombardment in planar magnetron sources; (ii) the use of baffelled targets and substrate ion bombardment for improving composition control during the reactive sputter deposition of metal oxides; (iii) the use of substrate temperature to assist in controlling the stoichiometry of semiconducting CuInSe2 coatings deposited by reactive cosputtering; and (iv) the use of ion bombardment to neutralize surface reactions and permit metastable single crystal compound semiconductors to be deposited.
Deception in Psychological Research When is its Use Justified

Deception has been attacked repeatedly as ethically unacceptable and morally reprehensible. However, research has revealed that subjects who have participated in deception experiments versus nondeception experiments enjoyed the experience more, received more educational benefit from it, and did not mind being deceived or having their privacy invaded. Such evidence suggests that deception, although unethical from a moral point of view, is not considered to be aversive, undesirable, or an unacceptable methodology from the research participant's point of view. The repeated assumption of the unacceptability of deception seems to be due to the fact that deception has been evaluated only from the viewpoint of moral philosophizing. This has led to the repeated conclusion that deception is reprehensible and seems to have created a perceptual set to view deception immediately as aversive. However, the perception of the unethical nature of deception seems to be minimal in studies that investigate innocuous public b...
Computing visual correspondence: incorporating the probability of a false match

We describe a method for computing visual correspondence which employs a formal model of the probability of a false match. This model estimates the chance that the best match for each point could have occurred at random. The model is effective at identifying points in one image for which there is no corresponding point in the other image, as occurs at depth boundaries in stereo and at motion boundaries in optical flow. More generally, the model can be used to identify points where the best match is of poor quality, as occurs in regions of uniform texture. We describe the similarity measure used in the method and present the formal model of a false match. We also show examples of using the method to compute stereo disparity. >
Experiences teaching MapReduce in the cloud

We describe our experiences teaching MapReduce in a large undergraduate lecture course using public cloud services. Using the cloud, every student could carry out scalability benchmarking assignments on realistic hardware, which would have been impossible otherwise. Over two semesters, over 500 students took our course. We believe this is the first large-scale demonstration that it is feasible to use pay-as-you-go billing in the Cloud for a large undergraduate course. Modest instructor effort was sufficient to prevent students from overspending. Average per-pupil expenses in the Cloud were under $45, less than half our available grant funding. Students were excited by the assignment: 90% said they thought it should be retained in future course offerings.
Thyroid function screening in newly admitted psychiatric inpatients.

AbstractThyroid function tests (T.4, T3RU, free thyroxine index) were performed upon admission in 269 acute psychiatric patients during a 2-year period. Thyroid disease was detected in 3% and euthyroid abnormalities in 9.3%. T4 and free thyroxine index were significantly lower in depressed patients than those with mania or schizophrenia. The rate of abnormal thyroid tests was lower in this study than in previously reported surveys of psychiatric admissions. Laboratory techniques or differences in population may be responsible for the difference. The differences in thyroid function test values between psychiatric diagnoses are relatively new findings, and appear worthy of investigation.
A Perspective on Livestock–Wolf Interactions on Western Rangelands

T he reintroduction of wolves into their historical ranges in the North American Rocky Mountains and areas of the southwestern United States is possibly one of the most ambitious ecosystem- restoration efforts of the recent past. This initiative has been controversial and has stimulated considerable debate among concerned stakeholders about the feasibility of harmoniz- ing multiple land-use demands when preservation of a large predator becomes a central management goal. In many areas, ranching has taken center stage of this debate as ranchers and land managers seek to develop sustainable ways to manage livestock on landscapes with wolves.
Thermally Induced Surface Deformations of Polypropylene Monofilaments

A coupling of two experimental stress analysis techniques, grid analysis and brittle coating analysis, has been used to study surface deformations of rectangular cross-section polypropylene monofilaments held at fixed length during heating and subsequent cooling. The brittle coating used was a very thin film of aluminum deposited by vacuum evaporation. A masking technique was used to deposit the coating on the fiber surface as a series of aluminum stripes. Small surface strains were revealed by cracking and buckling of the aluminum coating while large strains were identified by macroscopic distortion of the aluminum stripes. The filaments investigated included drawn specimens as well as "as spun" fiber. After heating to 166°C, frozen surface strains in the undrawn filament were relieved, resulting in longitudinal buckling deformations of the aluminum coating. In the drawn filaments, also heated to 166°C, relief of frozen strains resulted in macroscopic bowing of the stripes as well as longitudinal bucklin...
“My Brain Database Doesn’t See Skin Color”: Color-Blind Racism in the Technology Industry and in Theorizing the Web

In this article, I examine three interconnected notions about color-blind racism and the Internet. The first is the fantasy that the Internet as a technology is color-blind with regard to race; the...
Nuclear Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor is a Functional Molecular Target in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subclass of breast cancers (i.e., estrogen receptor–negative, progesterone receptor–negative, and HER2-negative) that have poor prognosis and very few identified molecular targets. Strikingly, a high percentage of TNBCs overexpresses the EGF receptor (EGFR), yet EGFR inhibition has yielded little clinical benefit. Over the last decade, advances in EGFR biology have established that EGFR functions in two distinct signaling pathways: (i) classical membrane-bound signaling and (ii) nuclear signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated that nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) can enhance resistance to anti-EGFR therapies and is correlated with poor overall survival in breast cancer. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that nEGFR may promote intrinsic resistance to cetuximab in TNBC. To examine this question, a battery of TNBC cell lines and human tumors were screened and found to express nEGFR. Knockdown of EGFR expression demonstrated that TNBC cell lines retained dependency on EGFR for proliferation, yet all cell lines were resistant to cetuximab. Furthermore, Src Family Kinases (SFKs) influenced nEGFR translocation in TNBC cell lines and in vivo tumor models, where inhibition of SFK activity led to potent reductions in nEGFR expression. Inhibition of nEGFR translocation led to a subsequent accumulation of EGFR on the plasma membrane, which greatly enhanced sensitivity of TNBC cells to cetuximab. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting both the nEGFR signaling pathway, through the inhibition of its nuclear transport, and the classical EGFR signaling pathway with cetuximab may be a viable approach for the treatment of patients with TNBC. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(5); 1356–68. ©2014 AACR .
Information Assurance for Airborne Networks

Because Airborne Networks (AN) range farther faster than their surface counterparts and because they use omni-directional antennas to provide communications visibility in all directions, they are potentially less robust and more susceptible to enemy attacks. Developing Information Assurance (IA) approaches for AN must start with a good understanding of the mission and how the dynamics and communications characteristics impact availability, confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation. As the communications systems transition from legacy, mission specific structures to an integrated, networked architecture, more data can be disseminated more quickly, but the potential for attack over the network also increases. Thus, we must develop an IA architecture that incorporates new technology and leverages the available connectivity to mitigate potential attacks. We will present some initial architecture and implementation approaches along with a plan for trade studies that arrive at the best benefit to cost tradeoff.
Mining the oceans: development of global resources

Mining the oceans offers unprecedented opportunities for new development of global resources. Exploration in the deep oceans has largely been limited to searching for exotic animal and plant life and, thus far, the only extensive mining in the oceans has been for oil and gas, both in prospecting and production. Undersea mining for industrial minerals is still in an early phase. Obstacles involve regulations imposed by the UN International Seabed Authority and unfavorable historical metal prices. If regulatory obstacles can be overcome, future undersea mining for a long list of minerals appears likely. The United States should insist that restrictive deep-sea extraction requirements be repealed or relaxed. Failing that, the United States should explore forming smaller international alliances or even acting unilaterally.
Photo-sensitivity of large area physical vapor deposited mono and bilayer MoS2

We present photosensitivity in large area physical vapour deposited mono and bi-layer MoS2 films. Photo-voltaic effect was observed in single layer MoS2 without any apparent rectifying junctions, making device fabrication straightforward. For bi-layers, no such effect was present, suggesting strong size effect in light-matter interaction. The photo-voltaic effect was observed to highly direction dependent in the film plane, which suggests that the oblique deposition configuration plays a key role in developing the rectifying potential gradient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of any large area and transfer free MoS2 photo device with performance comparable to their exfoliated counterparts.
Missional discipleship: Discerning spiritual-formation practices and goals within the missional movement:

The missional church movement has emerged as a voice calling for a return to the church’s inherent missionary nature and identity. As a part of that call, “discipleship” has been identified as the ...
Gamma‐, photo‐, and thermally‐initiated oxidation of linear low density polyethylene: A quantitative comparison of oxidation products

It was found that all types of initiation gave very similar products but in varying quantities. In photooxidation, hydroperoxide was clearly shown to approach a photostationary concentration either from below for fresh film or from above for samples that had been pre-oxidized by γ-irradiation, prior to UV exposure. Carboxylic acid groups, the main backbone scission product, dominated in photooxidations, possibly as the result of the further oxidation of sec-hydroperoxide sites.
But Sometimes You're Not Part of the Story: Oral Histories and Ways of Remembering and Telling

Social science inquiry has increasingly focused on the intricate relations between biography and history. In educational inquiry, this focus has led to an explosion of interest in the personal narrative as an articulation of individual and collective experience with the social, political, and cultural worlds of education. This interest in the personal narrative has in turn given prominence to work in oral history as a research strategy. The growing intuitive appeal of personal narratives, however, has led to a certain methodological complacency. What does it mean to collect and analyze personal narratives? How do narrators voice their narratives and narrate their voice? What role do interviewers play in the unfolding of these narratives ? What do these questions mean in the context of oral histories, which are narratives where the interviewer-narrator dynamic is also mediated by the nature of memory? This paper examines what the author learned about oral histories from the narratives the author could–and ...
On the Matrix Realization of the Theory of Biquaternions

This paper describes a matrix algebra realization of Clifford’s theory of biquaternions. By examining 4 × 4 skew-symmetric matrices, the paper shows the connection between infinitesimal screws in elliptic three-space and vector quaternions. By studying the matrix exponential of the skew-symmetric matrices, the paper also shows how finite screws in elliptic three-space lead to matrix realization of quaternions. Finally, it is shown that line transformations in elliptic three-space lead to double quaternions and that a dual quaternion is a limiting case of a double quaternion.
Index Coding With Coded Side-Information

This letter investigates a new class of index coding problems. One sender broadcasts packets to multiple users, each desiring a subset, by exploiting prior knowledge of linear combinations of packets. We refer to this class of problems as index coding with coded side-information. Our aim is to characterize the minimum index code length that the sender needs to transmit to simultaneously satisfy all user requests. We show that the optimal binary vector index code length is equal to the minimum rank (minrank) of a matrix whose elements consist of the sets of desired packet indices and side-information encoding matrices. This is the natural extension of matrix minrank in the presence of coded side information. Using the derived expression, we propose a greedy randomized algorithm to minimize the rank of the derived matrix.
USE OF EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED INCIDENCE OF SECOND PRIMARY HEAD AND NECK CANCER: A SEER DATABASE ANALYSIS

Purpose Patients with head and neck cancer have a significant risk of developing a second primary cancer of the head and neck. We hypothesized that treatment with external beam radiotherapy (RT) might reduce this risk, because RT can eradicate occult foci of second head and neck cancer (HNCA). Methods and Materials The data of patients with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Historic Stage A localized squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, larynx, and pharynx were queried using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. For patients treated with or without RT, the incidence of second HNCA was determined and compared using the log–rank method. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed for each site, evaluating the influence of covariates on the risk of second HNCA. Results Between 1973 and 1997, 27,985 patients were entered with localized HNCA. Of these patients, 44% had received RT and 56% had not. The 15-year incidence of second HNCA was 7.7% with RT vs. 10.5% without RT (hazard ratio 0.71, p p p p p = 0.04) tumors. For oral cavity primaries, RT was associated with an increased risk of second HNCA in patients treated before 1988 ( p p = 0.91). Conclusion For localized HNCA, RT is associated with a reduced incidence of second HNCA. These observations are consistent with the eradication of microscopic foci of second HNCA with external beam RT.
Laser Spectroscopy of Trapped Atomic Ions

Recent developments in laser spectroscopy of atomic ions stored in electromagnetic traps are reviewed with emphasis on techniques that appear to hold the greatest promise of attaining extremely high resolution. Among these techniques are laser cooling and the use of single, isolated ions as experimental samples. Doppler shifts and other perturbing influences can be largely eliminated. Atomic resonances with line widths of a few parts in 10(11) have been observed at frequencies ranging from the radio frequency to the ultraviolet. Experimental accuracies of one part in 10(18) appear to be attainable.
A scalable color mapping algorithm for image display

Color scalability is of importance in several multimedia and image database applications. Several color mapping algorithms have been reported in the literature. However, they are not efficient for color scalability. The authors propose am adaptive cube algorithm for scalable color mapping. This algorithm is flexible and adapts to a variety of graphic display capabilities (8, 12, 16, 24 bits, etc..,) and is well suited for interactive applications.
Corneal thickness and axial length.

Purpose A thin central cornea has been reported to be a risk factor for developing primary open-angle glaucoma among ocular hypertensive eyes. A thin scleral bed of lamina cribrosa seen in deeply excavated optic nerves in glaucomatous eyes is a quintessential finding in advanced glaucomatous eyes. Association between thin cornea and weak sclera contributing to vulnerability of lamina cribrosa has been postulated. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is an association between corneal thickness and axial length of human eyes in a clinical setting. Design This is an observational, retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods The ocular parameters of 1,084 consecutive eyes with both corneal thickness and axial length measurements were analyzed and compared by age, gender, and race. Results In the total patient study group, there was no statistically significant association between central corneal thickness and axial length. Subgroup analysis by age, gender, and race also failed to show an association. Conclusions Central corneal thickness and axial length are independent occurrences. Thin corneas are not associated with longer eyes.
Delivery of Exogenous Protein Antigens to Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Cytosol

A fragment of anthrax lethal factor possesses the interesting function of delivering recombinant protein antigens through the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway. This region of the lethal factor lacks the domain associated with anthrax cytotoxicity and functions independently of its binary partner, protective antigen. Experiments that used inhibitors at different steps of the MHC class I pathway supported this hypothesis. Application of this discovery to current T cell assays allows for the measurement of cytotoxic T lymphocyte function without resorting to live vectors and provides a useful new tool to design and test T cell-dependent vaccines.
Will Mourning Dove Crippling Rates Increase With Nontoxic-Shot Regulations?

Increasing concerns about the exposure of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) to spent lead shot may lead to a review of lead-shot restrictions. Policy reviews regarding current restrictions likely will involve debates about whether nontoxic-shot requirements will result in increased crippling loss of mourning doves. We evaluated waterfowl crippling rates in the United States prior to, during, and after implementation of nontoxic-shot regulations for waterfowl hunting. We use this information to make inferences about mourning dove crippling rates if nontoxic-shot regulations are enacted. We found differences in moving average crippling rates among the 3 treatment periods for ducks (F = 23.232, P < 0.001, n = 49). Prenontoxic-shot-period crippling rates were lower than 5-year phase-in period crippling rates (P = 0.043) but higher (P < 0.001) than nontoxic-shot-period crippling rates. Similarly, we observed differences in moving average crippling rates among the 3 treatment periods for geese (F = 9.385, P < 0.001, n = 49). Prenontoxic-shot- and 5-year-phase-in-period crippling rates were both greater than (P < 0.001) nontoxic-shot-period crippling rates but did not differ from one another (P = 0.299). Regardless of why the observed increases occurred in reported waterfowl crippling rates during the phase-in period, we believe the decline that followed full implementation of the nontoxic-shot regulation is of ultimate importance when considering the impacts of lead shot restrictions for mourning doves. We argue that long-term mourning dove crippling rates might not increase as evidenced from historical waterfowl data.
PMMA–PBA from Emulsion from PMMA–MMA–n-Pentane Systems

This section describes the FRRPP-based emulsion method used to generate PMMA radicals in the first-stage semi-batch reactor system.
Group decision making in computer-mediated communication as networked communication: Understanding the technology and implications

Networked communication is proliferating our world. The fact that global information communication technologies (ICTs) are becoming increasingly available is facilitating human computer interaction, which permeates the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in various organizations, groups, and interpersonal contexts. As a result, the issue facing today�s organizations is not whether to use global information technologies (GITs) in networked communication, but rather how to use them for effective functioning and as efficient coordination tool; especially how to incorporate GITs into the decision-making process. Consequently, this chapter examines the issues in designing CMC into group interactions and decision-making processes.
Disparities in collaborative patient-provider communication about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination.

Background. Healthcare providers may vary their communications with different patients, which could give rise to differences in vaccination coverage. We examined demographic disparities in parental...
Observation of Poynting’s Vector Reversal in a Cavity with Net Gain

We report the first observation of Poynting’s vector reversal in an active optical cavity, which results in a counter-intuitive drop in the transmission and reflection when the total gain exceeds the lasing threshold.
Rie Passivation Layer Removal by Remote H-Plasma and H2/SiH4 Plasma Processing

Remote H-plasma and H2/SiH4 plasma processes were studied as potential dry cleaning processes following reactive ion etching (RIE). The processes were compared to a process of UV/ozone followed by an HF dip. The native oxide from Si(100) substrates was removed with an RIE etch of CHF3/Ar. The RIE process produced ∼150A of a continuous fluorocarbon (CFx) passivation layer on the Si surface. For the post-RIE-cleaning three approaches were studied and compared including (1) uv-ozone exposure followed by an HF dip, (2) remote H-plasma exposure, and (3) remote H2/SiH4 plasma exposure. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to investigate the surface chemical composition, and AFM was used to measure changes in surface roughness. All three processes showed substantial removal of the passivation layer. The CF× polymer was completely removed in less than 1 min for samples exposed to a 100W remote H-plasma at 15mTorr and 450°C. With the addition of ∼0.1% of SiH4, the remote H2/SiH4 plasma also showed increased removal of residual oxygen contamination. The surface roughness of the plasma processed surfaces increased slightly.
Maternal growth factors as mediators of embryonic and neonatal growth

Polypeptide growth factors are a heterogeneous group of proteins functionally implicated in the control of normal cellular growth and differentiation [ I ] . A s a class, peptide growth factors share several characteristics in common with other peptide hormones [ 21. Thcse include: ( i ) the necessary interaction with cdrresponding cell-surface receptors as a first step in biological action; ( i i ) the association in biological fluids with specific carrier or binding proteins and (iii) the ability to influence target cells distant from (endocrine effects) or locally to (paracrine or autocrine effects) their sites of synthesis. T h e major unifying characteristic of peptide growth factors is their ability to either stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation o r to alter specific aspects of the differentiation state ( i t . gene expression) of a target cell [ 1, 21. Peptide growth factors are often synthesized in multiple organs and in non-endocrine tissues. Recent studies have described the association of peptide growth factors and their receptors with altered cellular growth states such as transformation and neoplasia 13, 41. In particular, abnormal expression (overproduction or altered structure) of such proteins can significantly perturb the regulatory pathways controlling growth. It follows that peptide growth factors constitute a key class of mediators involved in normal cellular growth, tissue morphogenesis and organogenesis [ 1,2] . Over the last several years our laboratories have characterized porcine uterine luminal fluids (ULFs) and mammary gland secretions with respect to their growth-promoting properties in virro and polypeptide growth factor content [ S , 6). These studies are of interest for several reasons. Both of these biological fluids are complex secretory products of maternal glandular epithelia whose composition is precisely regulated to subserve the physiological and nutritional demands of the early embryo (conceptus) or neonate (71. Both secretions are growth promoting in vivo and in vitro, ULFs for conceptuses 16, 71, and mammary secretions for neonatal gut and other tissues 15, 8). Characterization of the resident growth-promoting activities in these secretions might therefore serve to identify novel growth factors of maternal origin that mediate embryonic and newborn tissue
The Scene of the Creation of History Teaching

The history of the creation of teaching situation must be adapted to local conditions,individualized.First,a variety of ways to create problem situations;Second,clever use of various media is historical context;third is to use extra-curricular activities,creation of scenarios.
Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome, 2002.

Background The close association of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) suggests that they share a common physiologic antecedent, postulated to be tissue resistance to insulin. Insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of risk factors recognized as the metabolic syndrome. Objective To describe the epidemiology of the insulin resistance syndrome, also known as the metabolic syndrome. Methods Overall obesity, central obesity, dyslipidemia characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hyperglycemia, and hypertension are common traits that, when they occur together, constitute the metabolic syndrome. The World Health Organization and the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III have proposed working definitions for the syndrome based on these traits. Cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiologic studies provide an emerging picture of the prevalence and outcomes of the syndrome. Results National survey data suggest the metabolic syndrome is very common, affecting about 24% of US adults who are 20 to 70 years of age and older. The syndrome is more common in older people and in Mexican Americans. People with the syndrome are about twice as likely to develop CVD and over 4 times as likely to develop type 2 diabetes compared with subjects who do not have metabolic syndrome. While this syndrome may have a genetic basis, environmental factors are important modifiable risk factors for the condition. Conclusions The metabolic syndrome is very common and will become even more common as populations age and become more obese. Treatment for component traits is known to reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes and CVD; whether risk is reduced by treatment of the syndrome, specifically, remains uncertain. Primary care physicians must recognize that the co-occurrence of risk factors for type 2 diabetes and CVD represents an extremely adverse metabolic state warranting aggressive risk factor intervention.
The Rhine, the Spas, and Beyond; in War and Peace

For ‘folk tales and legends, romantic landscapes and Gothic castles’, the Rhineland was unequalled in quality and quantity, but there was also the attraction of the various spas and health-resorts which lined the river’s banks, and contributed in no small way to its popularity as a destination for British travellers.1 J. A. R. Pimlott asserted that it was ‘in large measure due to the English that … German mineral springs [were] transformed into cosmopolitan resorts’, and the vogue for ‘hydropathy’ which was exported from the spas of the Rhineland attracted large numbers of British seekers after health and wellbeing.2
Liquid Sloshing Dynamics: Fluid field equations and modal analysis in rigid containers

Introduction The theory of liquid sloshing dynamics in partially filled containers is based on developing the fluid field equations, estimating the fluid free-surface motion, and the resulting hydrodynamic forces and moments. Explicit solutions are possible only for a few special cases such as upright cylindrical and rectangular containers. The boundary value problem is usually solved for modal analysis and for the dynamic response characteristics to external excitations. The modal analysis of a liquid free-surface motion in a partially filled container estimates the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes. The knowledge of the natural frequencies is essential in the design process of liquid tanks and in implementing active control systems in space vehicles. The natural frequencies of the free liquid surface appear in the combined boundary condition (kinematic and dynamic) rather than in the fluid continuity (Laplace's) equation. For an open surface, which does not completely enclose the field, the boundary conditions usually specify the value of the field at every point on the boundary surface or the normal gradient to the container surface, or both. The boundary conditions may be classified into three classes (Morse and Fesbach, 1953): the Dirichlet boundary conditions , which fix the value of the field on the surface; the Neumann boundary conditions , which fix the value of the normal gradient on the surface; and the Cauchy conditions , which fix both value of the field and normal gradient on the surface. Each class is appropriate for different types of equations and different boundary surfaces.
Autistic Identity Development and Postsecondary Education

As the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) becomes more prevalent in society and an autistic culture develops and moves forward, colleges and universities are in the position of supporting students with similar differences but opposing views about how to address those differences. The autism acceptance movement emphasizes the need for change by educational institutions and society at large, while the medical model perspective seeks to understand cause and believes autistic people need treatment and even need to be cured of autism. This article uses a disability identity development model to explore the potential impact of autism acceptance and medical model perspectives at different stages of development. Postsecondary program elements that emphasize neurodiversity, understanding strengths, and the building of academic strategies for success that support students who are in the process of identity development are recommended.
Public Reporting of Hospital-Specific Breastfeeding Measures: A Qualitative Study of Hospital Staff and Administrators

Background:Establishing breastfeeding in the first days of an infant’s life is important for longer term success in breastfeeding. In 2009, New York State (NYS) was the second state to require mate...
Toward a global historical archaeology: An example from Brazil

Schuyler has recently argued that historical archaeologists can make their greatest contribution to knowledge by preparing “historic ethnographies,” detailed studies of specific communities. Even though Schuyler’s view has merit, no study of the modern world—including historical archaeology—can be truly complete without considering the many connections that were normally maintained by inhabitants of historical sites. Historical archaeology must be a global, broadly conceived field that looks beyond the site to the wider world. The runaway slave community of Palmares in Brazil illustrates this position.
Genomics-Driven Drug Discovery Process

Industrialization of the drug discovery process has helped the academic scientist immensely in navigating the modern day drug discovery arena. With a focus on the patient and the science, the pharmaceutical industry, and with significant help from academia, industrialization is the driver of the discovery of innovative new drugs and improvements to the older drugs that are already on the market. Systematic genome-wide, bioinformatics-based, disease-centered, systems biology approaches are required to identify novel and unexplored therapeutic targets. A process is presented for the seamless use of bioinformatics, chemical biology, proteomics, structural biology, and medicinal chemistry–based systems biology approaches along with high-throughput cell-free and cell-based assays to identify novel, druggable protein targets and novel “drug-like” chemical probes. These approaches follow two drug discovery paradigms: physiology-based and target-based, with forward- and reverse-chemical genomic studies. This chapter outlines fundamental strategies involved in implementing these disciplines using ovarian cancer as a template. An array of mechanistic-based confirmatory (on-target) assays and counter-screens (off-target or selectivity) are discussed to select, confirm, and validate the screen hits. Iterative chemoinformatic-, protein structure-guided, and medicinal chemistry-based (targeted synthesis and strategic expansion through acquisition) optimization strategies are suggested to identify high-quality drug leads. The expected goal of the chapter is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis for the disease phenotypes, and outline effective strategies to identify truly novel, unexplored, and druggable, therapeutically validated targets with detailed pharmacology and highly promising, drug-like chemical probe/lead series per target with an efficacy assessment in small animal models.
20x-Real time modeling and simulation of more electric aircraft thermally integrated electrical power systems

More electric aircraft (MEA) include higher power ratings and more power electronics than conventional aircraft. With electrification comes increased multi-physical interaction between power systems, especially in electrical and thermal domains. It is desirable to develop an accurate and fast systemlevel model that captures the dynamics of multiple energy domains over the course of candidate mission profiles, for the purpose of trade-off studies, prototyping, and controller development. This paper presents comprehensive electrical power component models that are capable of being assembled into full electrical system models. Steady-state and dynamic behaviors of electrical components including electric machines, power converters, batteries, transformers, and loads are captured by averaged switching modeling and dq0 reference frame techniques, without sacrificing computational speed. An integrated thermal model within electrical components uses power loss calculations to model temperature variations and identify system hot spots. Monte Carlo simulation trials on a five-hour realistic mission establish the capability of the electrical system models while demonstrating a 50× real-time simulation speed for a standalone electric subsystem and 20× for a coupled electrical, thermal, and engine MEA model.
Electric load shape benchmarking for small- and medium-sized commercial buildings

Abstract Small- and medium-sized commercial buildings owners and utility managers often look for opportunities for energy cost savings through energy efficiency and energy waste minimization. However, they currently lack easy access to low-cost tools that help interpret the massive amount of data needed to improve understanding of their energy use behaviors. Benchmarking is one of the techniques used in energy audits to identify which buildings are priorities for an energy analysis. Traditional energy performance indicators, such as the energy use intensity (annual energy per unit of floor area), consider only the total annual energy consumption, lacking consideration of the fluctuation of energy use behavior over time, which reveals the time of use information and represents distinct energy use behaviors during different time spans. To fill the gap, this study developed a general statistical method using 24-h electric load shape benchmarking to compare a building or business/tenant space against peers. Specifically, the study developed new forms of benchmarking metrics and data analysis methods to infer the energy performance of a building based on its load shape. We first performed a data experiment with collected smart meter data using over 2000 small- and medium-sized businesses in California. We then conducted a cluster analysis of the source data, and determined and interpreted the load shape features and parameters with peer group analysis. Finally, we implemented the load shape benchmarking feature in an open-access web-based toolkit (the Commercial Building Energy Saver) to provide straightforward and practical recommendations to users. The analysis techniques were generic and flexible for future datasets of other building types and in other utility territories.
Review of the Literature and Lineage of Chivalric Ideals

Attwood examines literature from various points of view on the history of chivalry and its legacy into the twenty-first century. Chivalry is examined as a case study for implications in social studies education, especially as it relates to envisioning history as a dynamic dialogue; part of Attwood’s theory of the archeophisomorph.
4.01 – Introduction to the Geochemistry of Estuaries and Coasts

Each of the chapters in this volume addresses the natural and/or anthropogenic origin and pathway of important geochemical species and compounds in the estuarine environment. To do this, case examples are used where appropriate, spanning many contrasting climatic zones. The analytical tools and numerical models to assess measurement and predict behavior are described. Ultimately, the goal of understanding the geochemistry of estuaries and coasts is to manage our human activities in a better manner. Therefore, establishing critical limits of concentration and prediction of effect on the biological populations and human exposure become a major requirement. This chapter provides both a chapter-by-chapter abridged summary of the current state of knowledge and a pointer to future directions and objectives of the science of estuarine geochemistry.
Improvements in pesticide drift reduction technology (DRT) call for improving liability provisions to offer incentives for adoption

Abstract Background The widespread use of pesticides has contributed to increased crop productivity accompanied by problems of releasing toxic substances into the environment. One of the concerns is the release of pesticide spray drift that is carried to off-target properties causing injuries. Objectives In 2016, the EPA released a generic verification protocol for pesticide drift reduction technology (DRT). With this protocol, applicators of pesticides can select verified products and equipment with the assurance that the technology will reduce the risk of spray drift damages, but there are inadequate incentives for its adoption. Discussion Drift reduction technology can only reduce injuries to people, flora, and fauna if it is adopted by applicators. To address incentives for adoption, an analysis of liability provisions governing spray drift damages suggests that the jurisprudence governing liability might need updating to capture technological benefits. Two proposed legislative provisions are offered that would incorporate DRT into negligence law. Conclusion Through the amendment of negligence law, liability provisions for pesticide spray drift damages can offer encouragement for applicators to adopt DRT.
Trace organic contaminant (TOrC) mixtures in Minnesota littoral zones: Effects of on-site wastewater treatment system (OWTS) proximity and biological impact.

Abstract On-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) are an international wastewater management strategy for rural and semi-rural communities without access to centralized sewage treatment. These systems are a suspected source of trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) that may be responsible for endocrine disrupting effects to resident fish species in Minnesota Lakes. This study assessed localized porewater concentrations of TOrCs in near-shore environments across five Minnesota Lakes. Sampling sites were designated as either likely (HOME) or unlikely (REF) to receive OWTS discharges based on their proximity to shoreline households. Sampling sites also served as sunfish spawning habitats concurrently studied for biological impacts to resident adult males. Two-group hypothesis tests demonstrated significantly (p = .02) higher total TOrC concentrations in HOME (Mean = 841 ng/L) versus REF (Mean = 222 ng/L) sites. HOME sites also contained a wider suite of TOrC detections relative to REF sites. The distance to the nearest household (most proximal distance; MPD) negatively correlated (r = −0.62) with total TOrC concentrations. However, 2,4-D and DEET were major contributors to these total concentrations, suggesting that anthropogenic influence from households may not be exclusively attributed to OWTS discharges. Further, TOrC presence and elevated nitrogen concentrations in REF site porewater suggest additional, non-household TOrC discharges to these lakes. Significantly higher blood concentrations of vitellogenin (p = .03) and 11-ketotestosterone (p = .01) were observed in adult male sunfish captured from HOME versus REF sites. Comparisons between chemical and biological data indicate enhanced bioactive effects of co-contaminants. The findings from this study demonstrate multiple diffuse transport pathways contribute to the presence of biologically active TOrC mixtures in Minnesota Lakes, and mitigation efforts should consider minimizing residential inputs of chemicals associated with both outdoor and OWTS activity.
Fluorescence Detection of Bone Microcracks Using Monophosphonated Carbon Dots

Phosphonated compounds, in particular, bisanalogs are widely applied in clinical settings for the treatment of severe bone turnovers and recently as imaging probes when conjugated with organic fluorophores. Herein, we introduce a bone seeking luminescent probe that shows a high binding affinity toward bone minerals based on monophosphonated carbon dots (CDs). Spheroidal CDs tethered with PEG monophosphates are synthesized in a one-pot hydrothermal method and are physicochemically characterized, where the retention of phosphonates is confirmed by 13P NMR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Interestingly, the high abundance of multiple monodentate phosphonates exhibited strong binding to hydroxyapatite, the main bone mineral constituent. The remarkable optophysical properties of monophosphonated CDs were confirmed in an ex vivo model of the bovine cortical bone where the imaging feasibility of microcracks, which are calcium-rich regions, was demonstrated. The in vivo studies specified the potential application of monophosphonated CDs for imaging when injected intramuscularly. The biodigestible nature and cytocompatibility of the probe presented here obviate the demand for a secondary fluorophore, while offering a nanoscale strategy for bone targeting and can eventually be employed for potential bone therapy in the future.