cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heathcock‐Inspired Strategies for the Synthesis of Fawcettimine‐Type Lycopodium Alkaloids

The fawcettimine-type Lycopodium alkaloids have garnered significant attention from synthetic organic chemists since the isolation of fawcettimine in 1959. Despite being targets of interest for over 50 years, most of the strategies employed in the syntheses of fawcettimine congeners have built upon Inubushi and Heathcock's original work, realized in 1979 and 1986, respectively. This elegant strategy has been explored and expanded upon in the intervening years since the original publications, in what we now call the Heathcock-inspired strategy. While other disconnections have been disclosed, this strategy remains one of the most efficient. In this Concept article, we focus on exploring a number of recent Heathcock-inspired syntheses of fawcettimine-type Lycopodium alkaloids. We also briefly discuss alternative, novel disconnections.
Nearly Fatal Case of Whipple's Disease in a Patient Mistakenly on Anti-TNF Therapy

Whipple's disease is a rare cause of chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain that may be confused with inflammatory bowel disease. We report a Whipple's case misdiagnosed as Crohn's disease in which treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy led to nearly fatal progression. Lymph node tissue obtained during laparotomy for suspected bowel necrosis stained dramatically with periodic acid–Schiff (PAS), and electron microscopy showed a bacterium consistent with Trophyrema whipplei. The patient made a remarkable recovery complicated only by cholestatic hepatitis, which was likely a treatment-associated inflammatory response. This case serves as a reminder that all granulomatous infections should be considered prior to initiation of anti-TNF therapies.
Free radical induced macrocyclizations

Abstract Examples of free radical induced macrocyclizations of bisstyrene ketals to form 22-membered rings are given. The rate constant for macrocyclization has been determined to be kC = 5.2 × 103 s−1 (60°C).
Distance metric learning and support vector machines for classification of mass spectrometry proteomics data

Mass spectrometry has become a widely used measurement in proteomics research. High dimensionality of features and small dataset are two major limitations hindering the accuracy of classification in mass spectrum data analysis; consequently, to obtain good results, the issues of feature extraction and feature selection are especially important. The quality of the feature set determines the reliability of the prediction of disease status. A well-known approach is to detect peak values and then apply support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVMRFE) to choose feature sets for classification. In this paper, we apply a distance metric learning to classify proteomics mass spectrometry data. Experimental results show that distance metric learning can successfully be applied to the classification of proteomics data and the results are comparable to or better than, the best results by applying SVM to the feature sets chosen with the use of SVMRFE. We also perform feature reduction using manifold learning and experimental results indicate its promising potential in this application.
Organic Apple Production in Washington State: An Input-Output Analysis

This paper provides an input–output (I/O)-based economic impact analysis for organic apple production in Washington State. The intent is to compare the economic ‘ripple’ effect of organic production with conventional production. The analysis is presented in two scenarios: first we compare the economic impact of organic versus conventional apple production for a final demand increase of US$1 million as measured in sales. In the second analysis, the economic impacts of organic and conventional apple production are compared in terms of a given unit of land (405 ha of production). Both state-wide output (sales) and employment (jobs) impacts are estimated under each scenario. Results are presented in terms of direct, indirect, and induced economic impact. Organic apple production was more labor intensive than conventional production. While the organic apple sector used less intermediate inputs per unit of output than conventional production, it also produced higher returns to labor and capital. As a result, the indirect economic effect was lower for the organic sector than the conventional sector, but the induced economic effect was higher for organic. Given the organic price premium, the economic impact (direct, indirect and induced) was larger for organic apple production than conventional apple production.
LOWER BOUND FOR CONVEX HULL AREA AND UNIVERSAL COVER PROBLEMS

We provide a technique to obtain a lower bound for the area of the convex hull of a set of points and a rectangle in the plane, and then apply the resulting estimates to improve the lower bound for the convex case of Moser's Worm problem. Specifically, we show that any convex universal cover for unit arcs has an area of at least 0.232239. We also apply our approach to the universal cover problem for closed unit curves.
A Digital System for Position Determination

A prime requirement in improving the nation's air traffic control system is the provision of frequent, accurate, and identified position information on all aircraft in the system. This presentation will describe a system which satisfies these requirements for all aircraft aloft on a single pair of radio frequency channels without intra-system interference. Flight tests of the radio communication portions of the system have been successfully completed.
Space- and Time-Efficient Implementation of the Java Object Model

While many object-oriented languages impose space overhead of only one word per object to support features like virtual method dispatch, Java's richer functionality has led to implementations that require two or three header words per object. This space overhead increases memory usage and attendant garbage collection costs, reduces cache locality, and constrains programmers who might naturally solve a problem by using large numbers of small objects.In this paper, we show that with careful engineering, a high-performance virtual machine can instantiate most Java objects with only a single-word object header. The single header word provides fast access to the virtual method table, allowing for quick method invocation. The implementation represents other per-object data (lock state, hash code, and garbage collection flags) using heuristic compression techniques. The heuristic retains two-word headers, containing thin lock state, only for objects that have synchronized methods.We describe the implementation of various object models in the IBM Jikes Research Virtual Machine, by introducing a pluggable object model abstraction into the virtual machine implementation. We compare an object model with a two-word header with three different object models with single-word headers. Experimental results show that the object header compression techniques give a mean space savings of 7%, with savings of up to 21%. Compared to the two-word headers, the compressed space-encodings result in application speedups ranging from -1.5% to +2.2%. Performance on synthetic micro-benchmarks ranges from +23% due to benefits from reduced object size, to -12% on a stress test of virtual method invocation.
Lateral and longitudinal mode discrimination in index-guided circular ring semiconductor lasers

We present the first analysis of the mode structure and thresholds of index-guided ring lasers, and on longitudinal mode discrimination of X-junction-coupled ring lasers. Submilliampere thresholds can be achieved with single-lateral-mode ring lasers having small refractive index steps. In addition, strong longitudinal mode discrimination can be obtained with ring lasers of different cavity lengths coupled via an X junction. >
Applications for energy recovering free electron lasers

The availability of high-power, high-brilliance sources of tunable photons from energy-recovered Free Electron Lasers is opening up whole new fields of application of accelerators in industry. This will review some of the ideas that are already being put into production, and some of the newer ideas that are still under development.
Perspective on Fluorocarbon Chemistry

Fluorocarbons, organic molecules with carbon skeletons and fluorine "skins", differ fundamentally from their hydrocarbon counterparts in interesting and useful ways. A selection of the myriad applications fluorocarbons and their derivatives have found in modern life is described and related to molecular properties. Salient aspects of the nature and reactivity of fluorocarbon compounds are highlighted by comparison with their more familiar hydrocarbon analogues.
Media Mergers and Media Bias with Rational Consumers

We present an economic model of media bias and media mergers. Media owners have political motives as well as profit motives, and can influence public opinion by withholding information that is pejorative to their political agenda ‐ provided that their agenda is not too far from the political mainstream. This is true even with rational consumers who understand the media owners’ biases, because the public do not know how much information the news organizations have and so do not know when news is being withheld. In line with conventional wisdom, this problem can be undone by competition; but competition can be defeated in equilibrium by media mergers that enhance profits at the expense of the public interest. We thus derive a motive for media merger policy that is completely distinct from the motives behind conventional antitrust. While media bias may reduce the profit incentives to merge, media markets nonetheless err to being insuciently competitive, and the consequences of
Exploiting Linear Structure Within Convolutional Networks for Efficient Evaluation

We present techniques for speeding up the test-time evaluation of large convolutional networks, designed for object recognition tasks. These models deliver impressive accuracy, but each image evaluation requires millions of floating point operations, making their deployment on smartphones and Internet-scale clusters problematic. The computation is dominated by the convolution operations in the lower layers of the model. We exploit the redundancy present within the convolutional filters to derive approximations that significantly reduce the required computation. Using large state-of-the-art models, we demonstrate speedups of convolutional layers on both CPU and GPU by a factor of 2 x, while keeping the accuracy within 1% of the original model.
High dynamic range scanning technique

Measuring objects with a high variation range of surface reflectivity is challenging for any optical method: This paper addresses a high dynamic range scanning technique that can measure this type of object. It takes advantage of one merit of a phase-shifting algorithm: pixel-by-pixel phase retrieval. For each measurement, a sequence of fringe images with different exposures are taken: the brightest ones have good fringe quality in the darkest areas while the darkest ones have good fringe quality in the brightest areas. They are arranged from brighter to darker (i.e., from higher exposure to lower exposure). The final fringe images, used for phase retrieval, are produced pixel-by-pixel by choosing the brightest but unsaturated corresponding pixel from one exposure. A phase-shifting algorithm is employed to compute the phase, which can be further converted to coordinates. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed technique can successfully measure objects with high dynamic range of surface reflectivity variation.
SLC polarized beam source electron optics design

A description is presented of the design of the beam-line from the polarized electron gun to the linac injector in the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). The polarized electron source is a GaAs photocathode, requiring 10/sup -11/-torr-range pressure for adequate quantum efficiency and longevity. The photocathode is illuminated by 3-ns-long laser pulses. The quality of the optics for the 160-kV beam is crucial since electron-stimulated gas desorption from beam loss in excess of 0.1% of the 20-nC pulses may poison the photocathode. The authors' design for the transport line consists of a differential pumping region isolated by a pair of valves. >
M-partitions: optimal partitions of weight for one scale pan

An M-partition of a positive integer m is a partition with as few parts as possible such that any positive integer less than m has a partition made up of parts taken from that partition of m. This is equivalent to partitioning a weight m so as to be able to weigh any integer weight l
Choosing a Career in Athletic Training: Exploring the Perceptions of Potential Recruits

Abstract Context: The success of any academic program, including athletic training, depends upon attracting and keeping quality students. Therefore, understanding potential recruits' perceptions of...
Liquidity and Asset Prices

We review the theories on how liquidity affects the required returns of capital assets and the empirical studies that test these theories. The theory predicts that both the level of liquidity and liquidity risk are priced, and empirical studies find the effects of liquidity on asset prices to be statistically significant and economically important, controlling for traditional risk measures and asset characteristics. Liquidity-based asset pricing empirically helps explain (1) the cross-section of stock returns, (2) how a reduction in stock liquidity result in a reduction in stock prices and an increase in expected stock returns, (3) the yield differential between on- and off-the-run Treasuries, (4) the yield spreads on corporate bonds, (5) the returns on hedge funds, (6) the valuation of closed-end funds, and (7) the low price of certain hard-to-trade securities relative to more liquid counterparts with identical cash flows, such as restricted stocks or illiquid derivatives. Liquidity can thus play a role in resolving a number of asset pricing puzzles such as the small-firm effect, the equity premium puzzle, and the risk-free rate puzzle.
Incorporation of (α-P-Borano)-2′,3′-dideoxycytidine 5′-Triphosphate into DNA by Drug-Resistant MMLV Reverse Transcriptase and Taq DNA Polymerase

Abstract The Rp-stereoisomer of 5′-(α-P-borano)triphosphates of 2′-deoxycytidine (Rp-dCTPαB) and 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (Rp-ddCTPαB) were synthesized. Their steady-state kinetics of incorporation by ddNTP-resistant enzymes, e.g., MMLV reverse transcriptase (RT) and Taq DNA polymerase, were investigated and compared with incorporation of dCTP and ddCTP. The α-boranophosphate substitution in ddCTP results in a 28-fold increase in efficiency of incorporation of the Rp-ddCTPαB isomer by MMLV RT, yet has minimal effect on the efficiency of incorporation by Taq DNA polymerase.
Bismuth Compounds in Organic Synthesis. Deprotection of Ketoximes Using Bismuth Bromide-Bismuth Triflate

Abstract Ketoximes undergo deprotection in CH 3 CN/acetone/H 2 O (3:6:1) in the presence of 20–40 mol% BiBr 3 /5 mol% Bi(OTf) 3 . Bismuth(III) salts are relatively non-toxic, insensitive to air and inexpensive. These features coupled with the use of a relatively non-toxic solvent system make this method an attractive alternative to existing routes for deprotection of ketoximes.
A framework for comparing uncertain inference systems to probability

Several different uncertain inference systems (UISs) have been developed for representing uncertainty in rule-based expert systems. Some of these, such as Mycin's Certainty Factors, Prospector, and Bayes' Networks were designed as approximations to probability, and others, such as Fuzzy Set Theory and Dempster-Shafer Belief Functions were not. How different are these UISs in practice, and does it matter which you use? When combining and propagating uncertain information, each UIS must, at least by implication, make certain assumptions about correlations not explicily specified. The maximum entropy principle with minimum cross-entropy updating, provides a way of making assumptions about the missing specification that minimizes the additional information assumed, and thus offers a standard against which the other UISs can be compared. We describe a framework for the experimental comparison of the performance of different UISs, and provide some illustrative results.
OPTIMAL PORTFOLIOS OF CORPORATE BONDS AND HOLD TO MATURITY STRATEGIES

In this paper, we initiate a research on optimal bond portfolios, that are held to their maturity. We solve the problem analytically for log utility investor in the case of one risky corporate asset. We compare the behavior of these portfolios to equally weighted and portfolios with randomly selected weights. We apply simulation based on Vasicek’s copula approach to derive optimal weights for a corresponding problem involving more than one corporate bond. Further we discover that these portfolios outperform naive investment in constant maturity (CCM) bond indices with a similar maturity horizon. We explain possible application of our findings to boost asset liability management (ALM) strategies for pensions and insurance companies.
An analysis on optimal rates of BDB encoders for RLL and MTR systems

In most recording channels, modulation codes are employed to transform user data to sequences that satisfy some desirable constraint. Run-length-limited (RLL(d,k)) and maximum transition run (MTR(j,k)) systems are examples of constraints that improve timing and detection performance. A modulation encoder typically takes the form of a finite-state machine. Alternatively, a look-ahead encoder can be used instead of a finite-state encoder to reduce complexity. Its encoding process involves a delay called look-ahead. If the input labeling of a look-ahead encoder allows block decodability, the encoder is called a bounded-delay-encodable block-decodable (BDB) encoder. These classes of encoders can be viewed as generalizations of the well-known deterministic and block-decodable encoders. Other related classes are finite-anticipation and sliding-block decodable encoders. In this paper, we clarify the relationship among these encoders. We also discuss the characterization of look-ahead and BDB encoders using the concept of path-classes. To minimize encoder complexity, look-ahead is desired to be small. We show that for nonreturn to zero inverted (NRZI) versions of RLL|,(0,k),RLL(1,k), and RLL(d,infin), a BDB encoder does not yield a higher rate than an optimal block-decodable encoder. However, for RLL(d,k) such that dges4 and d+2lesk<infin, we present a BDB encoder with look-ahead one that has a higher rate than any block-decodable encoder. For MTR, we prove that no BDB encoder is asymptotically better than an optimal BDB encoder with look-ahead one
Automatic Translation of Fortran to JVM Bytecode

This paper reports on the design of a Fortran-to-Java translator whose target language is the instruction set of the Java Virtual Machine. The goal of the translator is to generate Java implementations of legacy Fortran numerical codes in a consistent and reliable fashion. The benefits of directly generating bytecode are twofold. First, compared with generating Java source code, it provides a much more straightforward and efficient mechanism for translating Fortran GOTO statements. Second, it provides a framework for pursuing various compiler optimizations, which could be beneficial not only to our project, but to the Java community as a whole. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonparametric Estimation of State‐Price Densities Implicit in Financial Asset Prices

Implicit in the prices of traded financial assets are Arrow–Debreu prices or, with continuous states, the state-price density (SPD). We construct a nonparametric estimator for the SPD implicit in option prices and we derive its asymptotic sampling theory. This estimator provides an arbitrage-free method of pricing new, complex, or illiquid securities while capturing those features of the data that are most relevant from an asset-pricing perspective, for example, negative skewness and excess kurtosis for asset returns, and volatility “smiles” for option prices. We perform Monte Carlo experiments and extract the SPD from actual S&P 500 option prices.
A 50-MHz Logarithmic Amplifier for Use in Lidar Measurements

A high-speed logarithmic amplifier that has been successfully used to improve the dynamic range of a scanning lidar is described. The amplifier incorporates built-in baseline correction and calibration circuits, allowing for real-time offset and temperature corrections. Using a commercial 12-bit analog-to-digital converter, the equivalent linear input signal can be recovered to an accuracy of ′0.5%, while maintaining a dynamic range of more than four decades.
The Impact of Summer Learning Loss on Measures of School Performance

State and federal accountability policies are predicated on the ability to estimate valid and reliable measures of school impacts on student learning. The typical spring-to-spring testing window po...
Evaluating Structural Equation Models for Categorical Outcomes: A New Test Statistic and a Practical Challenge of Interpretation

This research is concerned with two topics in assessing model fit for categorical data analysis. The first topic involves the application of a limited-information overall test, introduced in the item response theory literature, to structural equation modeling (SEM) of categorical outcome variables. Most popular SEM test statistics assess how well the model reproduces estimated polychoric correlations. In contrast, limited-information test statistics assess how well the underlying categorical data are reproduced. Here, the recently introduced C2 statistic of Cai and Monroe (2014) is applied. The second topic concerns how the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) fit index can be affected by the number of categories in the outcome variable. This relationship creates challenges for interpreting RMSEA. While the two topics initially appear unrelated, they may conveniently be studied in tandem since RMSEA is based on an overall test statistic, such as C2. The results are illustrated with an empirical application to data from a large-scale educational survey.
Transitions into practice: First patient care experiences of baccalaureate nursing students

An essential component of the learning process for nursing and other disciplines in health professions education is the structuring of successful clinical experiences for beginning students. The purpose of this research study was to explore and describe first patient care experiences of baccalaureate nursing students in order to better understand student perspectives and perceptions. Data were collected from three cohorts of baccalaureate nursing in two university settings in the first semester following completion of first patient care experiences. A basic, exploratory qualitative approach with overtones of grounded theory was used for data collection and analysis. Three clear themes emerged from the data analysis. Participants experienced emotional responses of Anticipation, including fear, nervousness, and anxiety. The clinical experiences allowed Processing ∼ Working Through, which was impacted by actions of instructors, nurses and patients. Participants developed Awareness as a result of their experiences.
Ex Tridenti Mercatus? Sea-power and maritime trade in the age of globalization

This paper tests an implication of the hypothesis that hegemons provide increased global stability and thus promote international commerce. Specifically, we measure the influence of naval power projections on global trade during the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, a time of relative peace and robust commercial activity. We use archival data on the navies of Britain, France, the United States and Germany, capturing longitudinal measures of ship deployment, tonnage, and ship personnel. First we develop an empirical naval arms race model, and demonstrate that the navies of Britain and France in particular responded rigorously to each other. We then use our estimates of naval power projected around the world by Britain and France to measure their effects on bilateral trade in a panel-data gravity model. Results indicate that while navies had some positive impact on their own nation's trade, other nations' trade suffered. Our results show that rather than bolster globalization, the first global arms race damaged commercial interests and lowered trade potential around the world.
Individual interviews with African-American women regarding condom use: a pilot study.

African-American women between 25 and 34 years of age are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. Current prevention techniques including education have not had a significant influence on decreasing the rates of HIV and increasing safer sexual practices among some African-American women. This pilot study is one step towards increasing the understanding of this serious problem and developing effective interventions to stem the tide of HIV infection in African-American women. A grounded theory approach was used to address the process that unmarried heterosexual African-American women used to negotiate condom use with their sexual partner. Major concepts connections between the categories and theoretical codes are identified in this study and can be used to predict speculate explain and understand the reported behavior of African-American women in negotiating condom use with their sexual partner.
Looking for Gamma-ray Emission from TeV Binary Candidates with HAWC

The Milky Way contains hundreds of binary systems which are known to emit in radio and Xrays, but only a handful of binaries have been observed to produce very high-energy gamma rays. In addition, the emission mechanisms which produce the gamma rays in the few known sources are not well understood. To improve the statistics of binary sources in the TeV band, the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma-ray Observatory, or HAWC, has begun to carry out a simultaneous survey of TeV binary candidates in the Northern Hemisphere between 100 GeV and 100 TeV. HAWC is a surface array that records air showers from cosmic rays and gamma rays with a high uptime and wide field of view, making it well-suited to observe time-dependent emission from objects such as TeV binaries. We describe the sensitivity of HAWC to periodic emission from Galactic sources of gamma rays and present data from the first year of observations with the partially constructed observatory.
Cores of many-player games; nonemptiness and equal treatment

This paper provides sufficient conditions to ensure nonemptiness of approximate cores of many-player games and symmetry of approximate core payoffs (the equal treatment property). The conditions are: (a) essential superadditivity—an option open to a group of players is to partition into smaller groups and realize the worths of these groups and (b) small group effectiveness (SGE)—almost all gains to collective activities can be realized by cooperation only within members of some partition of players into relatively small groups. Another condition, small group negligibility (SGN), is introduced and shown to be equivalent to SGE. SGN dictates that small groups of players cannot have significant effects on average (i.e., per capita) payoffs of large populations; thus, SGN is a analogue, for games with a finite player set, of the condition built into models with a continuum of player that sets of measure zero can be ignored. SGE implies per capita boundedness (PCB), that the supremum of average or per capita payoffs is uniformly bounded above. Further characterization of SGE in terms of its relationship to PCB is provided. It is known that if SGE does not hold, then approximate cores of many-player games may be empty. Examples are developed to show that if SGE does not hold and if there are players of “scarce types” (in other works, players with scarce attributes) then even if there is only a finite number of types of players and approximate cores are non-empty, symmetry may be lost; moreover, even players of abundant types may be treated asymmetrically by the core.
The effects of mergers with dynamic capacity accumulation

Abstract The U.S. antitrust law enforcement agencies often base their assessment of mergers on a model with asymmetric costs. However, in many near-homogeneous product industries there is evidence that cost differences are minor and capacity differences seem a more reasonable explanation of firm heterogeneity. Based on simulations from a dynamic model of capacity accumulation, I find that mergers are welfare-reducing and that their long-run effects are worse than their short-run effects. If instead the simulated data is fit to an asymmetric costs model, the long-run welfare-reducing effects of mergers will be systematically underestimated, which can give rise to misguided antitrust policies.
Elevating Norm Over Substance: Self-Monitoring as a Predictor of Decision Criteria and Decision Time among Independent Voters

The 2008 U.S. presidential election was the first race since 1928 in which there was no executive incumbent running. We used this opportunity to test the hypothesis that self-monitoring would predict how and when voters, particularly independents who may be less likely to use political party affiliation as their primary criteria, decide which candidate to support. Results showed that high self-monitors rated information that was indicative of social consensus as more important to their decisions than did low self-monitors, especially if the information source reflected the opinion of an identifiable individual, not simply aggregate data. As predicted, high self-monitors also took longer to decide which candidate to support than did low-self monitors. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
A Post-2015 Monitoring and Accountability Framework

This paper proposes a bottom-up, multi-layered and multi-stakeholder framework for the accountability of the post-2015 agenda. It would be built upon national follow-up processes supported by the UN country teams, and complemented by consultations (and possibly peer reviews) at the regional level, and a global accountability exercised by the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF), with support from the ECOSOC system, UN organizations and other relevant international organizations. It would also be accompanied by parallel accountability mechanisms for civil society and the private sector as key partners in the achievement of the post-2015 development agenda.
Hysteresis, Price Acceptance, and Reference Prices

The existence of price thresholds in grocery retailing is well-documented. Most authors explain the existence of price thresholds using Assimilation-Contrast Theory, Adaptation Level Theory, or Prospect Theory. However, each of these theories is untenable if consumers are believed to behave rationally. We offer a theoretical explanation grounded in Real Options Theory (ROT) and economic hysteresis. We test the ROT hypothesis against three plausible alternatives using a maximum likelihood friction model that we augment for unobserved heterogeneity. Our findings support the ROT hypothesis, and suggest that the existence of price thresholds in aggregate data are driven by a common recognition of real option values, which do not disappear with the inclusion of consumer heterogeneity.
Party Promises, Voter Understanding, and Mandate Responsiveness in East European Politics

The literature on reform policy fulfillment after the collapse of Communism identifies mandate responsiveness as the weakest aspect of the quality of democracy in Eastern Europe. We build on this research and specify both direct and interaction effects of party promises and voter understanding on policy outcomes. On the empirical level, we develop a measure of citizen comprehension of party positions to analyze this component of the mandate model, previously omitted in much of the scholarship on the topic. Our findings suggest that elements of mandate responsiveness are emerging in the post-communist countries, and that they are present in some policy areas but not in others. The effect of campaign pledges on policy outcomes is contingent on voter awareness of what politicians promise. This knowledge is improved by the distinctiveness in party programs regarding democratization and marketization. Related Articles Lipsmeyer, Christine S. 2009. “Post-Communist Mandates.” Politics & Policy 37 (4): 715-734. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00195.x/abstract Kim, Myunghee. 2007. “Citizens’ Confidence in Government, Parliament and Political Parties.” Politics & Policy 35 (3): 496-521. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00070.x/abstract Whitefield, Stephen, and Robert Rohrschneider. 2009. “Representational Constituency: Stability and Change in Political Cleavages in Central and Eastern Europe.” Politics & Policy 37 (4): 667-690. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00193.x/abstract Related Media http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2015/10/27/what-does-law-and-justices-election-victory-in-poland-mean-for-europe/ http://nottspolitics.org/2015/03/09/promises-promises-in-the-croatian-presidential-elections/ http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/10/22/the-once-stable-czech-party-system-is-at-risk-of-unravelling-in-this-weeks-parliamentary-elections/ La literatura sobre el cumplimiento de politicas de reforma luego del colapso del comunismo identifica a la capacidad de respuesta de respuesta gubernamental como el aspecto mas debil de la democracia en Europa del Este. Desarrollamos esta linea de investigacion estableciendo los efectos directos e indirectos de las promesas de campana y la compresion del electorado de las politicas resultantes de estos compromisos.A nivel empirico, desarrollamos una escala de comprension de la inclinacion politica de un partido por parte del electorado para analizar este componente en el modelo de respuesta gubernamental, un factor previamente omitido en la investigacion de este tema. Nuestros resultados sugieren que ciertos elementos de respuesta gubernamental estan surgiendo en paises post comunistas, y que estos estan presentes en ciertas politicas pero ausentes en otras. El efecto de las promesas de camapana en la politica resultante depende de la compresion del electorado de las promesas politicas. La comprension de las promesas de campana es mejorada por la distincion de los programas de democratizacion y mercadotecnia de cada partido.
Lifting economic sanctions on Iran : global effects and strategic responses

This paper uses a global general equilibrium simulation model to quantify the effects of lifting economic sanctions on Iran with and without strategic responses. Iran benefits the most, with average per capita welfare gains ranging from close to 3 percent, in the case when Iran's crude oil exports to the European Union recover to half their pre-embargo level, to 6.5 percent, in the best case of complete recovery of oil exports to the European Union, successful domestic reforms that enable a strong supply response, and increased market access for Iranian exports in developed markets. Iran could achieve benefits close to the upper range if Gulf Cooperation Council oil exporters limit their crude oil exports to support the oil price. If they do nothing, however, the price of oil will decline by 13 percent in the case of complete recovery of oil exports to the European Union, leaving net oil importers better off and net oil exporters worse off.
Sterile neutrino fits to short baseline data

Abstract Neutrino oscillation models involving extra mass eigenstates beyond the standard three ( 3 + N ) are fit to global short baseline experimental data. We find that 3 + 1 has a best fit of Δ m 41 2 = 1.75 eV 2 with a Δ χ null - min 2 (dof) of 52.34 (3). The 3 + 2 fit has a Δ χ null - min 2 (dof) of 56.99 (7). For the first time, we show Bayesian credible intervals for a 3 + 1 model. These are found to be in agreement with frequentist intervals. The results of these new fits favor a higher Δ m 2 value than previous studies, which may have an impact on future sterile neutrino searches such as the Fermilab SBN program.
Water-efficient irrigation technology adoption in Punjab

We examine key features of the adoption of water-efficient irrigation technologies in the Punjab region in India. Results show that the government would have to incur significant costs to induce adoption of water-saving practices. However, the cost-effectiveness of water-saving policies is enhanced if farmers anticipate the long-term benefits to water table. In combination these results suggest a low cost-effectiveness of policies supporting efficient irrigation systems.
Dynamic Adjustment of Demand for Distiller's Grain: Implications for Feed and Livestock Markets

This paper evaluates the dynamic adjustment of the demand for distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS) to a growth in the mandated volume of ethanol. The estimation results of the dynamic linear logit model suggest the sluggish adjustment of the demand for feed grains. In addition, the estimates of the own-price elasticities indicate that corn demand is inelastic in the short and long run, which suggests that livestock producers can face high feed cost in response to high corn prices. At the same time, the estimated cross-price elasticities reveal the potential value of DDGS as a substitute for corn. Finally, the simulation results show that the ethanol mandate can significantly reduce corn demand but raise DDGS demand, suggesting that the demand for DDGS will continue to increase in proportion to a growth in the blending requirements of ethanol.
LATERAL ENTRY INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING OF ADOLESCENT FEMORAL FRACTURES

A femoral fracture in an adolescent is a significant injury. It is generally agreed that operative fixation is the treatment of choice and rigid intramedullary nailing is a surgical treatment option. We present on experience of treating adolescent femoral fractures using a lateral entry intramedullary nail. We reviewed 15 femoral fractures in 13 children who we treated in our unit between 2011 and 2014. Two patients had bilateral fractures (non-simultaneous). Data collected included patient demographics, mechanism of injury, type of fracture, associated injuries, size of nail, time to unite and complications. The mean age of the patients at time of surgery was 12 years (range 10–15). There were 7 male and 6 female. 10 fractures were caused by a fall whilst 5 were due to road traffic collisions (RTC). 8 fractures involved the middle third, 2 of theses were open fractures and were caused by a RTC. The remaining 7 involved the proximal third of the femur. The mean time to radiological union was 3.4 months (range 2.5–5) in 14 fractures. One patient had a delayed union that required bone grafting and united fully at 7.5 months post injury. The only other complications were a broken proximal locking screw in one patient and an undisplaced femoral neck fracture in another patient. These complications did not compromise the outcome. No patients had infection or developed avascular necroses at the latest follow up. Intramedullary nailing of adolescent femoral fractures using the lateral entry point is safe and effective
Long-Range Antiferromagnetic Ordering in B-Site Ordered Double Perovskite Ca2ScOsO6

A new Os-based B-site ordered double perovskite with the chemical composition of Ca2ScOsO6 was successfully synthesized. The crystal structure of the title compound was determined by employing the powder X-ray diffraction method and was found to crystallize in the monoclinic P21/n space group with the cell constants of a = 5.4716(1) A, b = 5.6165(1) A, c = 7.8168 (1) A, and β = 89.889 (2)°. The temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility data suggest that this novel S = 3/2 compound undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at ∼69 K. Fitting the high-temperature susceptibility data (100–300 K) to Currie–Weisse behavior showed C = 1.734 emu·K/mol (μeff = 3.72 bohr magnetons) and θ = −341 K, which is indicative of dominant antiferromagnetic interactions. Temperature-dependent specific heat measurements exhibit a λ shape anomaly at 69 K, which is consistent with a long-range ordering of the spins. Because of a triangular arrangement of antiferromagnetically ordered magnetic ions, the system exhibits some d...
An Equilibrium Framework for Players with Misspecified Models

We introduce an equilibrium framework that relaxes the standard assumption that people have a correctly-specified view of their environment. Players repeatedly play a simultaneous-move game where they potentially face both strategic and payoff uncertainty. Each player has a potentially misspecified view of the environment and uses Bayes' rule to update her views based on the (possibly partial) feedback obtained at the end of each period. We show that steady-state behavior of this multi-player decision and learning problem is captured by a generalized notion of equilibrium: a strategy profile such that each player optimizes given certain beliefs and where these beliefs put probability one on those subjective distributions over consequences that are closest in terms of relative entropy to the correct, equilibrium distribution. Standard solution concepts such as Nash equilibrium and self-confirming equilibrium constitute special cases where players learn with correctly-specified models. The framework provides a systematic approach to modeling players with misspecified views and also unifies a specific bounded rationality literature where mistakes are driven by misspecications.
Superposition Coding Is Almost Always Optimal for the Poisson Broadcast Channel

This paper shows that the capacity region of the continuous-time Poisson broadcast channel is achieved via superposition coding for most channel parameter values. Interestingly, the channel in some subset of these parameter values does not belong to any of the existing classes of broadcast channels for which superposition coding is optimal (e.g., degraded, less noisy, and more capable). In particular, we introduce the notion of effectively less noisy broadcast channel and show that it implies less noisy but is not in general implied by more capable. For the rest of the channel parameter values, we show that there is a gap between Marton’s inner bound and the UV outer bound.
Reductive Chlorination and Bromination of Ketones via Trityl Hydrazones

A method is presented for the direct transformation of a ketone to the corresponding reduced alkyl chloride or bromide. The process involves the reaction of a ketone trityl hydrazone with tBuOCl to give a diazene which readily collapses to the α-chlorocarbinyl radical, reduction of which by a hydrogen atom source gives the alkyl chloride product. The use of N-bromosuccinimide provides the corresponding alkyl bromide. This unique transformation provides a reductive halogenation that complements Barton's redox-neutral vinyl halide synthesis.
How Attitudes Toward Product Categories Drive Individual Brand Attitudes and Choice

Three experiments examine the role of attitudes toward the category to which a brand belongs in consumers’ attitudes toward individual brands. The core findings indicate that what consumers think generally about a category affects their evaluations of singular brands belonging to the category. Study 1 demonstrates that both consumers’ attitudes toward a category as well as their relative attitudes toward a brand versus intracategory competitors drive overall attitudes toward individual brands. Study 2 shows that manipulating attitudes toward a product category affects attitudes toward, and purchase intention of, individual brands belonging to that category. Study 3 demonstrates that more versus less favorably evaluated categories are more likely to exhibit brand positivity effects in judgments of singular brands. The results suggest the practical importance of measuring attitudes toward product categories, as well as the utility of marketing interventions aimed at the category level.
Tetralogy of Fallot without Corrective Surgery in a 33 Year-Old ICU Patient

A 33 year old African American female with a history of Tetralogy of Fallot was admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit after intubation at an outside hospital for hypoxemic respiratory failure. She reportedly had 1 week of productive cough, rhinorrhea, and subjective fevers prior to presentation. The patient was extubated within 5 days of transfer, after receiving inhaled nitric oxide and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics for pneumonia. Unfortunately, she suffered acute respiratory failure within one day of extubation. After the patient’s wishes …
Combined Lymphedema and Capillary Malformation of the Lower Extremity.

The field of vascular anomalies is confusing because lesions often look similar, and incorrect terminology commonly is used. Diagnosis of a vascular anomaly is most difficult when a patient has multiple or combined lesions. The purpose of this study was to describe the rare combination of primary lymphedema associated with a capillary malformation of the lower extremity. These patients are typically labeled erroneously with a vascular malformation overgrowth syndrome (eg, Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome and Parkes Weber syndrome). Recognition of lymphedema–capillary malformation is important so that the patient is managed correctly.
Preoperative Pulmonary Evaluation

Postoperative pulmonary complications are an important part of the risk of surgery and prolong the hospital stay by an average of one to two weeks.1 Much of the literature on the assessment of perioperative risk has focused on identifying the now well-defined cardiac risk factors. However, clinically significant postoperative pulmonary complications are as common as postoperative cardiac complications. According to one review, pulmonary complications were at least as common as or more common than cardiac complications in 17 of 25 studies of postoperative complications.2 This article reviews patient- and procedure-related risk factors, clinical evaluation, pulmonary-function testing, and risk-reduction strategies. The . . .
A Tobin tax only on sellers

Abstract A market trading model shows that a Tobin tax affects the portfolio weight of the risky asset and thus the portfolio risk. As risk changes, the demand under a Tobin tax becomes more elastic for buyers and sellers but more inelastic for short sellers. Imposing a Tobin tax lowers market volatility for trading that does not involve a short seller. In addition, it is shown that imposing the tax solely on the seller, in comparison with splitting the tax equally between the buyer and the seller, further reduces market volatility. Simulation results confirm these predictions of the model.
Managing sudden stops

The recent reversal of capital flows to emerging markets has pointed up the continuing relevance of the sudden stop problem. This paper analyzes the sudden stops in capital flows to emerging markets since 1991. It shows that the frequency and duration of sudden stops have remained largely unchanged, but that the relative importance of different factors in their incidence has changed. In particular, global factors appear to have become more important relative to country-specific characteristics and policies. Sudden stops now tend to affect different parts of the world simultaneously rather than bunching regionally. Stronger macroeconomic and financial frameworks have allowed policy makers to respond more flexibly, but these more flexible responses have not guaranteed insulation or mitigated the impact of the phenomenon. These findings suggest that the challenge of understanding and coping with capital-flow volatility is far from fully met.