cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of Pantothenic Acid and Inositol by Chlorella vulgaris and C. pyrenoidosa

Two unicellular green algae, Chlorella vulgaris and C. pyrenoidosa , were compared with respect to pantothenic acid and inositol content at different times during a 3-week culture cycle. Pantothenic acid was found in the cells and in the external medium at all times: the concentration in the cells (mmg./mg. dry weight) decreased sharply toward the end of the first week and then less abruptly through most of the remaining 2 weeks. However, due to increase in the cell mass, the absolute yield (mmcg./ml. harvested culture) increased. The concentration in the external medium, after a relatively small decline during the first week, rose substantially and at the end of the culture period far exceeded that in the cells. Inositol content of the cells increased slowly throughout the culture period. No extracellular inositol was detected at any time. C. pyrenoidosa excels C. vulgaris as a source of both compounds.
High-dose therapy with autologous stem cell rescue for pediatric sarcomas

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The principal pediatric sarcomas are Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma. While the prognosis for these diseases is generally favorable, it is possible to identify groups of patients with each diagnosis whose prognosis remains unacceptably poor. Based on the chemotherapy sensitivity of these tumors, many investigators have suggested that consolidation with high dose chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy followed by stem cell rescue could improve the prognosis for these high risk patients. This review evaluates the results of high dose therapy with stem cell reconstitution used to consolidate treatment of high risk patients with sarcomas. RECENT FINDINGS The majority of the trials which have been conducted to assess this hypothesis have treated relatively small numbers of patients. They do not use consistent definitions of high risk. They have used different regimens for cytoreduction. They have used a variety of sources for stem cells. In many series, the consolidation therapy is applied only to patients who have achieved a significant response to prior therapy and the results have then been compared to a cohort of patients with similar presenting features, not all of whom responded to initial therapy. SUMMARY The published results do not demonstrate an unequivocal benefit for consolidation with high-dose therapy. Future trials of high-dose therapy must define rigorous eligibility criteria, must have an appropriate, preferably randomized, control group, and must be designed with sufficient power to evaluate the hypothesis.
In Vitro Evaluation of Seven Cationic Detergents as Antiplaque Agents

The bactericidal efficacy of seven cationic detergents was studied in vitro against intact performed plaques of representative strains of four oral dental plaque-forming microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus , and Actinomyces naeslundii . Both absolute (plaque bactericidal index) and relative (chlorhexidine coefficient) indexes of antiplaque activity were established. Only cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was more efficacious than the reference agent, the bisbiguanide chlorhexidine, for the apparently more potent tooth-adherent cariogenic and periodontopathic elements, respectively, of the in vivo plaque microflora, S. mutans and A. viscosus .
The Stratification System - A Design Emvironment for Random Access

Content of a movie is produced in two different types of design environments. The first is the design environment of shooting where a camera is used to capture what is happening at a particular place and time. The second is the design environment of editing where the rushes are interpreted relative to a movie maker's intent. Annotation of the video stream allows the movie maker to make decisions based on specific content of video and in the best case enables a machine to help in that process.
The impact of early mental health services on the trajectory of externalizing behavioral problems in a sample of high-risk pre-adolescent children ☆

Abstract Although access to mental health services is frequently studied as an issue of health disparity, little is known about the long-term impact of such services on children. The current study examined the relationship between early mental health services (before the age of 4 years old) on the trajectory of externalizing behavioral problems between ages 4 and 10 years old in a sample of 245 low-income urban children. Early mental health services were associated with very high levels of externalizing behavioral problems at baseline (age 4) and with more rapid decline in such behavioral problems between ages 4 and 10. This effect held after controlling for child gender and caregiver use of psychological aggression. As currently administered, early mental health services appear to be associated with early problem behaviors and with improvement in these behaviors over time. Future research and policy efforts should focus on improving both access to mental health services and the quality and utility of these services for children.
Low sodium intake enhances sensitivity of 11-deoxycortisol and deoxycorticosterone to ACTH in ACTH-suppressed normal subjects.

Abstract Continued administration of ACTH to patients with hypopituitarism produced normal increases in steroids dependent on microsomal cytochrome P 450 21 and P 450 17 α but reduced responses of steroids dependent on mitochondrial cytochrome P 450 11 β –18 . To explore possible mechanisms and to determine whether this dissociation occurs with short-term ACTH suppression, we have examined the steroid responses to ACTH after 1 h in 12 normal subjects after equilibration on sodium intakes of 124 mmol/d [normal sodium diet (NSD)], 22 mmol/d [low sodium diet (LSD)], and 240 mmol/d [high sodium diet (HSD)] before and during continued ACTH suppression with dexamethasone (DEX). Two distinct patterns of steroid responses were observed. Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) responses were initially reduced during LSD-DEX but eventually returned to the NSD-control (NSD-CONT) values; in contrast 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone and corticosterone remained suppressed. 11-Deoxycortisol and 21-deoxycortisol showed patterns similar to DOC, with a return to normal ACTH responses on LSD-DEX. Basal cortisol levels were reduced and the ACTH response was unchanged by LSD. HSD-DEX reduced basal levels of all steroids as well as their ACTH responses. LSD and/or increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system have a significant impact on 17α- and 21-hydroxylation functions in the zona fasciculata to maintain a normal ACTH response of microsomally dependent steroids under these conditions. In contrast, on HSD-DEX with the renin-angiotensin system suppressed, there is generalized impairment of steroid responses to ACTH.
A cone beam SPECT reconstruction algorithm with a displaced center of rotation

A filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm is derived based on Feldkamp’s FBP algorithm for a cone beam geometry that has a displaced center of rotation. In cone beam single photon emission computed tomography (CB‐SPECT) the center of rotation displacement can degrade the reconstructed images. The center of rotation displacement of interest is mechanical shift, which is the displacement of the midplane of the cone beam collimator off the rotation center. Mechanical shift is characterized by two orthogonal components: the shift of the midplane of the cone beam collimator along the direction of the axis of rotation, and the distance between the midline of the cone beam collimator and the axis of rotation. This new algorithm corrects mechanical shift directly by incorporating mechanical shift into the algorithm. This new algorithm is evaluated using both Monte Carlo simulated data and experimentally acquired data. The results demonstrate that this algorithm is able to correct for blurring and the ‘‘doughnut’’ type artifacts caused by system mechanical shift and improve the image resolution.
Rethinking Exposure to Emerging Markets: Is It Time to Dive Back In?

Emerging markets have lately been the subject of many alarming stories, which are filled with warnings of potentially magnified risks and severe liquidity problems for those who remain invested in such markets. Using a database of 68 emerging-market funds and statistical tools commonly used by the market, this study thoroughly analyzes their performance from various angles. We determine that although investors who had exposure to emerging markets have indeed suffered large losses, the situation doesn’t nearly warrant the current negative hype surrounding emerging markets. Not all asset classes have been affected to the same extent, and although high risks, including liquidity problems, still apply when entering these markets, there are also internal sources of growth and very favorable correlations with developed markets. While some observers continue to call for further pullbacks, this study finds that, on the contrary, favorable current valuations mean that now is the time to increase exposure to emerging markets.
Using a "codelet" program execution model for exascale machines: position paper

As computing has moved relentlessly through giga-, tera-, and peta-scale systems, exa-scale (a million trillion operations/sec.) computing is currently under active research. DARPA has recently sponsored the "UHPC" [1] --- ubiquitous high-performance computing --- program, encouraging partnership with academia and industry to explore such systems. Among the requirements are the development of novel techniques in "self-awareness"in support of performance, energy-efficiency, and resiliency.Trends in processor and system architecture, driven by power and complexity, point us toward very high-core-count designs and extreme software parallelism to solve exascaleclass problems. Our research is exploring a fine-grain, event-driven model in support of adaptive operation of these machines. We are developing a Codelet Program Execution Model which breaks applications into codelets (small bits of functionality) and dependencies (control and data) between these objects. It then uses this decomposition to accomplish advanced scheduling, to accommodate code and data motion within the system, and to permit flexible exploitation of parallelism in support of goals for performance and power.
Desensitization of α7 Nicotinic Receptor Is Governed by Coupling Strength Relative to Gate Tightness

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its membrane receptor opens an integral ion conducting pore. However, prolonged exposure to the neurotransmitter drives the receptor to a refractory state termed desensitization, which plays an important role in shaping synaptic transmission. Despite intensive research in the past, the structural mechanism of desensitization is still elusive. Using mutagenesis and voltage clamp in an oocyte expression system, we provide several lines of evidence supporting a novel hypothesis that uncoupling between binding and gating machinery is the underlying mechanism for α7 nicotinic receptor (nAChR) desensitization. First, the decrease in gate tightness was highly correlated to the reduced desensitization. Second, nonfunctional mutants in three important coupling loops (loop 2, loop 7, and the M2-M3 linker) could be rescued by a gating mutant. Furthermore, the decrease in coupling strength in these rescued coupling loop mutants reversed the gating effect on desensitization. Finally, coupling between M1 and hinge region of the M2-M3 linker also influenced the receptor desensitization. Thus, the uncoupling between N-terminal domain and transmembrane domain, governed by the balance of coupling strength and gate tightness, underlies the mechanism of desensitization for the α7 nAChR.
High Performance Low Cost Implementation of FPGA-Based Fractional-Order Operators

Hardware implementation of fractional-order differentiators and integrators requires careful consideration of issues of system quality, hardware cost, and speed. This paper proposes using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to implement fractional-order systems, and demonstrates the advantages that FPGAs provide. As an illustration, the fundamental operators to a real power is approximated via the binomial expansion of the backward difference. The resulting high-order FIR filter is implemented in a pipelined multiplierless architecture on a low-cost Spartan-3 FPGA. Unlike common digital implementations in which all filter coefficients have the same word length, this approach exploits variable word length for each coefficient. Our system requires twenty percent less hardware than a system of comparable quality generated by Xilinx’s System Generator on its most area-efficient multiplierless setting. The work shows an effective way to implement a high quality, high throughput approximation to a fractional-order system, while maintaining less cost than traditional FPGA-based designs.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A mathematical model for HIV treatment with time-varying antiretroviral therapy

In treating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, strict adherence to drug therapy is crucial for maintaining a low viral load, but the high dosages required for this often have toxic side effects which make perfect adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) unsustainable. Even in the presence of drug therapy, ongoing viral replication can lead to the emergence of drug resistance. In this paper, we investigate the effect of immune effectors in modelling HIV pathogenesis during ART, showing a higher rebound for healthy T-cell concentration than drug therapy alone. A periodic model of bang-bang type and a pharmacokinetic model are employed to estimate the drug efficacies. We numerically investigate how time-varying drug efficacy due to drug dosing regimen and/or suboptimal adherence affects the antiviral response and how it affects the emergence of drug resistance. Moreover, we qualitatively characterize successful drugs or drug combination scenarios.
Simulation of extreme loads on the proximal femur for implant fixation assessment

Total joint replacement patients today are younger, heavier, and more active than total joint replacement patients 40 yrs ago. Consequently, patient expectations and prosthesis requirements have increased and there is a need to re-evaluate preclinical testing methods. We present the design rationale for a novel load simulator for the proximal femur, capable of applying a more aggressive load profile than previous simulators. This simulator was used to measure three-dimensional micromotion of a cemented total hip replacement femoral stem under simulated physiological loading. We assessed the influence of a separate abductor muscle force, a higher joint reaction force, and a more accurate implant stability measurement system included in the new simulator and compared the results to the lower, single joint reaction force included in a previously published simulator. Per-cycle motion at both cement interfaces and stem and cement mantle migration obtained from both simulators using the same femoral stem design, are compared. Although the new simulator applied higher loads, per-cycle motions were lower than previously reported. In both studies, regardless of the presence or lack of a separate muscle force, the greatest motions were in the medial-lateral direction (new: 27 +/- 4 mum, old: 67 +/- 21 mum). The findings indicate that magnitude and direction of peak joint reaction force and inclusion of a separate muscle force have a significant effect on femoral stem stability measurements. We recommend that future femoral stem stability studies consider using load simulation techniques and a direct motion measurement system comparable to the one presented in this study.
Control Design of an Automotive Urea SCR Catalyst

The leading aftertreatment technologies for NOx removal from the exhaust gas of lean burn engines, Diesels in particular, are urea based Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Lean NOx Traps (LNT) and Active Lean NOx Catalysts (ALNC). It is generally believed that the SCR technique has the potential of providing the best NOx conversion efficiency relative to the other techniques. Nonetheless, it is crucial that the high conversion efficiencies be achieved with a minimum slippage of unreacted ammonia as tail pipe emissions. This necessitates a precise control over the urea injection process. The complex behavior of the catalyst substrate with respect to adsorption and desorption of ammonia in conjunction with a lack of “stored ammonia” sensing capabilities makes the control problem challenging. In this paper we present a model-based control design approach using a lumped parameter model of an SCR system that includes the essential dynamics of the plant. The model includes the adsorption, desorption and surface coverage dynamics, along with the NOx reduction and ammonia oxidation dynamics based on the relevant chemical reaction rates.© 2002 ASME
The State-of-the-Art in Coastal Ocean Modelling: A Numerical Model of Coastal Upwelling off Peru-Including Mixed Layer Dynamics

This is a study of three-dimensional, time dependent upwelling off Peru. The model is the most complete study of ocean coastal circulation ever done. It is an excellent example of our actual capability to simulate ocean circulation and variables on a timescale of days to weeks.
Milk production response to supplementation with encapsulated methionine per Os or casein per abomasum.

Abstract An encapsulated methionine product containing kaolin, tristearin and DL-methionine, formulated to protect the amino acid from rumen degradation, was fed to provide 45, 15, or 5g per day of methionine to eight lactating dairy cows averaging 26kg milk per day. The cows were at least six weeks postpartum and were fed concentrate according to production and urea supplemented corn silage ad libitum. The total ration contained 15 to 16% crude protein on a dry matter basis. The cows were divided into two groups of equal production in a switchback experiment. No statistically significant effects on production due to methionine feeding were noted for any treatment. Though not determined at 45g per day, plasma methionine (P In a second experiment, either casein or control solutions were administered 24 hours per day by way of abomasal fistulae to three cows averaging 31kg milk per day. The same basal ration and switchback design were used. With the casein treatment, each cow received an average of 800g per day sodium caseinate plus 24g per day methionine. Glucose-urea (isocaloric, isonitrogenous with the casein solution) or saline solutions were infused as controls. Significant effects noted with casein infusion were a 6.2% increase (P
Bench-to-bedside review: Future novel diagnostics for sepsis - a systems biology approach

The early, accurate diagnosis and risk stratification of sepsis remains an important challenge in the critically ill. Since traditional biomarker strategies have not yielded a gold standard marker for sepsis, focus is shifting towards novel strategies that improve assessment capabilities. The combination of technological advancements and information generated through the human genome project positions systems biology at the forefront of biomarker discovery. While previously available, developments in the technologies focusing on DNA, gene expression, gene regulatory mechanisms, protein and metabolite discovery have made these tools more feasible to implement and less costly, and they have taken on an enhanced capacity such that they are ripe for utilization as tools to advance our knowledge and clinical research. Medicine is in a genome-level era that can leverage the assessment of thousands of molecular signals beyond simply measuring selected circulating proteins. Genomics is the study of the entire complement of genetic material of an individual. Epigenetics is the regulation of gene activity by reversible modifications of the DNA. Transcriptomics is the quantification of the relative levels of messenger RNA for a large number of genes in specific cells or tissues to measure differences in the expression levels of different genes, and the utilization of patterns of differential gene expression to characterize different biological states of a tissue. Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins. Metabolomics is the study of the small molecule profiles that are the terminal downstream products of the genome and consists of the total complement of all low-molecular-weight molecules that cellular processes leave behind. Taken together, these individual fields of study may be linked during a systems biology approach. There remains a valuable opportunity to deploy these technologies further in human research. The techniques described in this paper not only have the potential to increase the spectrum of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in sepsis, but they may also enable the discovery of new disease pathways. This may in turn lead us to improved therapeutic targets. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview and basic framework for clinicians and clinical researchers to better understand the 'omics technologies' to enhance further use of these valuable tools.
Personally-seeded discussions to scaffold online argumentation

Personally-seeded discussions support learning and collaboration through an activity structure that elicits, shares, and contrasts students' own ideas to engage them in the discourse of science argumentation and inquiry. The context for this study is an online thermal equilibrium inquiry lab for eighth grade students. The students use a special interface to build principles to describe the data they collect in the lab portion of the project. These principles become the seed comments for the online discussion. The software sorts the students into discussion groups with students who have built different principles so that each discussion group represents multiple perspectives. Students then follow a set of guidelines to critique each other's principles. This paper explores the efficacy of this approach in supporting argumentation structure using a coding scheme developed by Osborne, Erduran, and Simon (2002). The Toulmin-based hierarchy rates arguments according to level of structural sophistication in terms of first order elements including Claims, Grounds, and Rebuttals.
Does global stoichiometric theory apply to bryophytes? Tests across an elevation × soil age ecosystem matrix on Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Summary 1. General hypotheses have related nutrient stoichiometry to physiology and structure for tracheophytes across global resource gradients. These hypotheses have not been tested on bryophytes despite their importance in numerous ecosystem processes. 2. Twelve bryophyte species were sampled across an elevation · soil age matrix representing a dramatic range of climates on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. 3. We tested six major hypotheses for the relationship of tissue nutrients to environment and morphology, and for differences in composition between bryophytes and tracheophytes. 4. Results supported stoichiometric theory. Mass-based nutrient concentrations increased with soil nutrient availability; area-based nutrient concentrations increased with irradiance as mediated by bryophyte canopy mass per area; N and P followed the general scaling shown previously for tracheophytes; and P increased and N:P decreased with elevation consistent with increasing cold tolerance. 5. Synthesis. These findings extend the generality of stoichiometric theory, pointing to convergent physiological responses across distantly related lineages, operating across local and global resource gradients.
Hepatitis C Virus Induced miR200c Down Modulates FAP-1, a Negative Regulator of Src Signaling and Promotes Hepatic Fibrosis

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induced liver disease is the leading indication for liver transplantation (LTx). Reinfection and accelerated development of fibrosis is a universal phenomenon following LTx. The molecular events that lead to fibrosis following HCV infection still remains poorly defined. In this study, we determined microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiles in livers from chronic HCV patients and normals using microarrays. Using Genego software and pathway finder we performed an interactive analysis to identify target genes that are modulated by miRNAs. 22 miRNAs were up regulated (>2 fold) and 35 miRNAs were down regulated (>2fold) compared to controls. Liver from HCV patients demonstrated increased expression of 306 genes (>3 fold) and reduced expression of 133 genes (>3 fold). Combinatorial analysis of the networks modulated by the miRNAs identified regulation of the phospholipase C pathway (miR200c, miR20b, and miR31through cellular proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (cSrc)), response to growth factors and hormones (miR141, miR107 and miR200c through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases, and regulation of cellular proliferation (miR20b, miR10b, and miR141 through cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1 p21). Real time PCR (RT-PCR) validation of the miRNA in HCV infected livers demonstrated a 3.3 ±0.9 fold increase in miR200c. In vitro transfection of fibroblasts with miR200c resulted in a 2.2 fold reduction in expression of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 or FAS associated phosphatase 1 (FAP-1) and 2.3 fold increase in expression of cSrc. miR200c transfection resulted in significant increases in expression of collagen and fibroblast growth factor (2.8 and 3.4 fold, p<0.05). Therefore, we propose that HCV induced increased expression of miR200c can down modulate the expression of FAP1, a critical regulator of Src and MAP kinase pathway that play an important role in the production of fibrogenic growth factors and development of fibrosis.
Stem Cell Side Population Analysis and Sorting Using DyeCycle Violet

Hoechst side population (SP) analysis has proven to be a valuable technique for identifying and sorting stem and early progenitor cells in a variety of tissues and species. In this method, the DNA binding dye Hoechst 33342 is loaded into the cell population of interest; stem cells preferentially exclude this dye, and these low-fluorescence cells can be detected by flow cytometry. However, Hoechst SP analysis usually requires a flow cytometer equipped with an ultraviolet laser source for optimal performance. Unfortunately, ultraviolet lasers are expensive and are not common fixtures on flow cytometers. Violet laser diodes emitting in the 395- to 410-nm range are less expensive and have become much more common on flow cytometers, but do not provide optimal excitation of Hoechst 33342. DyeCycle Violet is a cell-permeable DNA binding dye with a chemical structure similar to Hoechst 33342, but with a longer excitation maximum. DyeCycle Violet can be substituted for Hoechst 33342 when performing side population analysis on a cytometer with a violet laser source. The procedure for DyeCycle Violet labeling for side population is described, as well as the limitations particular to this dye.
An Exploratory Role Analysis Of Opinion Leaders, Adopters, And Communicative Adopters With A Dynamically Continuous Innovation

Since Venkatraman’s (1989) research on communicative adopters, little attention has been directed toward this segment of consumers who are often very important actors in the adoption process. This research is designed to examine whether Venkatraman's (1989) communicative adopter concept is applicable to dynamically continuous innovations, in this case, Graphic User Interface (GUI) computer software. The communicative adopter group was found to be significantly different than all other groups on all constructs except homophily. Consistent with Venkatraman's (1989) research, the communicative adopter segment can be called "Change Agents." Each of the three segments, opinion leaders, adopters, and communicative adopters, is important to marketers of new GUI computer software, but this research suggests that the best prospects in terms of marketing efforts are the communicative adopters. The results extend research in this area and provide support for theory development. Issues with respect to managerial implications, such as market segmentation strategies, are also discussed.
Evidence-Based Pathology: A Stable Set of Principles for a Rapidly Evolving Specialty

Modern technologies and ever more incisive methods of tissue analysis are providing increasing accuracy, resolution, and effectiveness to modern diagnostic sciences. We are immersed in a rapidly evolving world where disruptive technologies come at such speed, and information is generated in such abundance that evidence-based pathology (EBM) becomes an essential philosophical and practical factor of stability. It behooves all of us in pathology to establish evidence-based pathology as the linkage of technological innovation and research to the resolution of patient illness and problems in the delivery of care.
The pursestring technique for endoscopic revision of gastric bypass.

A significant proportion of patients regain weight after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Endoscopic revision of dilated gastrojejunal anastomosis, called transoral outlet reduction (TORe), has proven effective and allows patients to avoid reoperation. Traditionally, TORe has been performed with an interrupted stitching technique with placement of stitches across the anastomosis. In this video, we demonstrate the pursestring and double pursestring techniques for TORe.
Effect of Gas Phase Hydrogen-Dilution on the Nucleation, Growth, and Interfaces of a-Si1-xCx:H

The microstructural evolution of a-Si 1-x C x :H with an optical gap of 1.95 eV, prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), has been studied versus gas phase H2- dilution by real time spectroscopic ellipsometry. As the H 2 /(CH 4 +SiH 4 ) flow ratio is increased to 24, the monolayer-scale features of the growth process suggest an enhancement in precursor diffusion on substrate and film surfaces. Such features include a reduction in nucleation density, extensive surface smoothening during coalescence, and an increase the structural stability and density of the final film. We suggest a causal connection between these characteristics, and the photoelectronic properties of the film, which also improve with H 2 -dilution. Potentially detrimental effects of H 2 dilution when a-Si 1-x C x :H is deposited on TCO’s, including metal contamination at interfaces with Sn0 2 and H-diffusion into ZnO, are also characterized.
The Kiowa Drawings of Gotebo (1847-1927): A Self-Portrait of Cultural and Religious Transition

AbstractTen color drawings made by Gotebo, a Kiowa, around 1914 chronicle several of the major cultural and religious experiences and transitions in his life from the pre-reservation period into the early twentieth century. Focusing on the period between circa 1865 to the 1890s, the drawings illustrate his experiences as a warrior, his first two marriages, and his religious participation in the Sun Dance, Peyotism, and Christianity. Because so much Plains Indian ledger art that has been published relates to warfare, hunting, and related pre-reservation aspects, these subjects are often taken to represent the full range of that art form. The majority of published Kiowa drawings have focused primarily on those by a few of the prisoners at Ft. Marion, Silverhorn, and the Kiowa Five. The drawings of individuals like Gotebo, a contemporary of the Kiowa who were sent to Fort Marion, are important because they provide a glimpse into other aspects of Kiowa life during the tumultuous changes experienced during the...
Can brain-imaging studies provide a 'mood stabilizer signature?'.

Brain-imaging investigations have attempted to characterize the neurobiological basis of bipolar disorder. Preliminary studies have also focused on in vivo brain correlates of treatment response with antidepressants, mood stabilizers and other psychotropic medications. A MEDLINE® literature search was conducted dating back to 1966. Selected in vivo brain-imaging studies that examined neurobiological correlates of treatment response in mood disorder patients were identified. Discrete anatomical abnormalities in subregions of the prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe and cerebellum have been identified in bipolar patients. Functional imaging studies suggested abnormalities in particular brain circuits encompassing these same brain regions and the striatum. However, functional imaging correlates of treatment response with lithium or other mood stabilizers have not yet been characterized. Neurochemical studies suggested a reduction in N-acetyl aspartate levels in prefrontal cortex and abnormalities in membrane phospholipids in frontal and temporal lobes. Preliminary findings suggest that lithium may increase the gray matter content and N-acetyl aspartate levels in various cortical regions, which could reflect its putative neurotrophic effects. Few in vivo receptor-imaging studies have examined brain correlates of treatment response in bipolar patients. The available studies suggest anatomical, neurochemical and functional brain abnormalities in bipolar patients. However, in vivo brain correlates of treatment response with mood stabilizers in bipolar patients have not yet been well characterized.
Factors Associated with Increased Specialty Care Access in an Urban Area: The Roles of Local Workforce Capacity and Practice Location

This article explores how a specialty type's local workforce capacity and a specialty practice's location relate to the likelihood of denying care to children covered by Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) while accepting private insurance. Data on discriminatory denials of care to children with public insurance came from an audit study involving 273 practices across seven medical specialties serving children in Cook County, Illinois. These data were linked to physician workforce data and neighborhood poverty data to test for associations with discriminatory denials of public insurance, after adjusting for control variables. In a large metropolitan county, discriminatory denials of specialty care access for publicly insured children were attenuated for specialty types with greater local workforce capacity (odds ratio [OR]: 0.74, 95 percent; confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-0.98) and for practices located in higher-poverty neighborhoods (OR: 0.95, 95 percent; CI: 0.93-0.98). Although limited as a single-site study, our findings support the widespread consensus that payment rates are the strongest driver of decisions to serve patients enrolled in public insurance programs. At a time when state and federal budgets are under strain, ensuring access equity for children covered by Medicaid and CHIP may require policies focused on economic levers tailored based on practice location.
Developing Patterns of Urban Decentralization

This movement has been made possible by a number of technological developments, in cluding, in addition to the automobile and surfaced highways, rural electrification, the septic tank, electrically propelled motors, and bottled fuel gas. Within the past decade rising inco-nes for the business and independent professionals and for or ganized workers have apparently made it possible for many families to acquire attractive homes in outlying rural areas. Others, less favored financially, have presumably moved to increase their incomes and security by engaging in part-time farming.
Distal tubular acidification in the remnant kidney.

The present studies examined the effect of three-fourths nephrectomy on the rate of acidification, i.e., total CO2 (tCO2) absorption (JtCO2) in the superficial distal tubule of the rat. Total glomerular filtration rate following three-fourths nephrectomy was 1.29 +/- 0.06 vs. 3.29 +/- 0.08 ml/min in sham controls, P less than 0.001. Systemic acid-base parameters were the same in both groups, but urine pH was lower in nephrectomized rats. In vivo microperfusion with identical isohydric solutions revealed that the JtCO2, fluid absorption (Jv), lumen-negative transepithelial potential difference (VT) were all significantly greater in the distal tubule of remnant kidneys. As the relative increase in Jv exceeded JtCO2, the perfusate tCO2 concentration increased markedly in remnant kidney distal tubules from 30.3 +/- 0.59 to 39.9 +/- 1.73 mM. To determine if the increase in tCO2 concentration accounted for the difference in JtCO2, a second control group was studied using a perfusate tCO2 concentration of 39.6 +/- 0.79 mM. Distal tubular JtCO2, Jv, and VT were significantly less in this control group than in the remnant kidney group. In separate studies, 10(-4) M amiloride was added to the perfusate used in remnant kidneys and controls studied with the elevated perfusate tCO2 concentration. The addition of 10(-4) M amiloride to the perfusate reduced VT and JtCO2. At identical values for VT, JtCO2 was higher in the distal tubule of remnant kidneys than in controls. We conclude the following. 1) The rate of acidification is increased in the distal tubule of remnant kidneys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Application of network analysis to identify interactive systems of eating disorder psychopathology

Background Traditional approaches for the classification of eating disorders (EDs) attribute symptoms to an underlying, latent disease entity. The network approach is an alternative model in which mental disorders are represented as networks of interacting, self-reinforcing symptoms. This project was the first to use network analysis to identify interconnected systems of ED symptoms. Method Adult participants (n = 143; 77.6% women) with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) ED were recruited from the community to take part in a larger ongoing longitudinal study. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-I) was used to establish diagnoses. An undirected network of ED symptoms was created using items from the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI) and the R package qgraph. Results Body checking emerged as the strongest and most important single symptom in the entire network by having the shortest average distance to other symptoms in the network, and by being the most frequent symptom on the path between any two other symptoms. Feeling the need to exercise every day and two symptoms assessing dietary restraint/restricting emerged as ‘key players’, such that their removal from the network resulted in maximal fracturing of the network into smaller components. Conclusions Although cognitive–behavioral therapy for EDs focuses on reducing body checking to promote recovery, our data indicate that amplified efforts to address body checking may produce stronger (and more enduring) effects. Finally, results of the ‘key players analysis’ suggested that targeting interventions at these key nodes might prevent or slow the cascade of symptoms through the ‘network’ of ED psychopathology.
Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem

In this, our final chapter, we shift our center of interest first to the foundations of mathematics. In Section 8.1, we shall give a brief historical review of the formalist approach to the foundations of mathematics and see how Godel’s incompleteness theorem invalidated much of the Formalist program. In Section 8.2, we shall discuss some general properties of recursive logics, yielding a proof of Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem. We shall also follow Myhill’s surprising result that we can effectively remove this incompleteness, although never totally but only a part at a time. To deepen our understanding of Godel’s work, we present a proof of his Completeness Theorem in Section 8.3, and show the way in which completeness and incompleteness coexist. Section 8.4 studies speed-up theorems: showing that adding an axiom to a logic may not only enable the proofs of new theorems, but also dramatic shortening of proofs that were already available. Finally, in Section 8.5, we return to the main theme of this book by discussing the philosophical controversy centering around the implications of Godel’s theorem for the question: Are brains essentially superior to machines?
Genetic and physical maps of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetic and physical maps for the 16 chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are presented. The genetic map is the result of 40 years of genetic analysis. The physical map was produced from the results of an international systematic sequencing effort. The data for the maps are accessible electronically from the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD: http://genome-www.stanford.edu/Saccharomyces/).
Haploinsufficiency of NADPH Oxidase Subunit Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor 2 Is Sufficient to Accelerate Full-Blown Lupus in NZM 2328 Mice.

Objective. We have previously established that NCF2 (Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2) is a lupus predisposing gene and identified lupus patients with point mutations that are predicted to cause reduced NADPH oxidase activity. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between reduced leukocyte NADPH oxidase activity and immune dysregulation associated with SLE. Methods. We generated NCF2-null mice, in which NADPH oxidase activity is absent, on the non-autoimmune C57BL/6 background and on the NZM.2328 background, a polygenic model where mice spontaneously develop lupus. Clinical disease, serology, and immunopathology were evaluated. Results. NCF2-null mice on the C57BL/6 background were susceptible to Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia characteristic of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), but did not develop systemic lupus disease. In contrast, NCF2-null and even NCF2–haploinsufficient mice on the NZM.2328 background developed accelerated full-blown lupus with significantly accelerated lupus kidney disease, and characterized by a more rapid development of hyperactive B cell and T cell immune compartments, increased expression of type-1 interferon-response genes, and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which were observed even in the absence of NDPH oxidase activity. Conclusion. Just as human CGD patients lacking NADPH oxidase rarely develop SLE, NCF2-null mice on a non-autoimmune background were susceptible to CGD-like opportunistic infection but did not develop lupus. In contrast, on a lupus-prone background, even haploinsufficiency of NCF2 accelerated development of full-blown lupus disease. This establishes an interaction between reduced oxidase activity and other lupus-predisposing genes, paralleling human SLE-associated variants predicted to have only reduced NADPH oxidase activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Essential Elements of Collaboration: Understanding How Chemistry Graduate Students Experience Collaboration through International Research Visits

This study explores how graduate students learn to participate in collaborative international science research. As part of an NSF-funded program, 21 graduate students participated in extended research visits to China, completing surveys before and after traveling, and participating in semistructured interviews upon returning to the U.S. These survey and interview data were qualitatively analyzed to determine how graduate student participants defined collaboration and how they positioned their own research experience in an international context. Data were coded using emergent thematic analysis via a first pass open-coding to generate a comprehensive list of descriptive codes for collaboration and then a synthesis of these codes through discussions guided by theories of situated learning in communities of practice. Findings suggest that all graduate students emphasized the importance of effective communication in collaboration. Graduate students also described collaboration as including at least one of the ...
Verbal Interaction in Social Play: Mixed-Age Preschool Dyads

Children spend an enormous amount of time interacting with each other. During social interaction, at least two states of engagement may be observed: social play and social nonplay. This article examines some of the features of social play in mixed-age dyads composed of 3and-5-year old Black children. Social play is defined here as a suspension of literalness of "reality" in which the successive, nonliteral behaviors of one partner are contingent on the nonliteral behaviors of the
Chapter 9 Accounting for Cross-Country Income Differences

Abstract Why are some countries so much richer than others? Development Accounting is a first-pass attempt at organizing the answer around two proximate determinants: factors of production and efficiency. It answers the question “how much of the cross-country income variance can be attributed to differences in (physical and human) capital, and how much to differences in the efficiency with which capital is used?” Hence, it does for the cross-section what growth accounting does in the time series. The current consensus is that efficiency is at least as important as capital in explaining income differences. I survey the data and the basic methods that lead to this consensus, and explore several extensions. I argue that some of these extensions may lead to a reconsideration of the evidence.
Structural classification and properties of ketoacyl synthases and biotin-dependent carboxylases

Ketoacyl synthases (KSs) catalyze condensing reactions combining acyl-CoA or acylacyl carrier protein (ACP) with malonyl-CoA to form 3-ketoacyl-CoA, or with malonyl-ACP to form 3-ketoacyl-ACP. In each case the resulting acyl chain is two carbon atoms longer than before, and CO2 and either CoA or ACP are formed. KSs also join other activated molecules in the polyketide synthesis cycle. Our classification of K by their primary and tertiary structures instead of by their substrates and the reactions that they catalyze enhances insights into this enzyme group. KSs fall into five families separated by their characteristic primary structures, each having members with the same catalytic residues, mechanisms, and tertiary structures. KS1 members, overwhelmingly named 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III or its variants, are produced predominantly by bacteria. Members of KS2 are mainly produced by plants, and they are usually long-chain fatty acid elongases/condensing enzymes and 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. KS3, a very large family, is composed of bacterial and eukaryotic 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthases I and II, often found in multidomain fatty acid and polyketide synthases. Most of the chalcone synthases, stilbene synthases, and naringenin-chalcone synthases in KS4 are from eukaryota. KS5 members are all from eukaryota, most are produced by animals, and they are mainly fatty acid elongases. All families except KS3 are split into subfamilies whose members have statistically significant differences in their primary structures. KS1 through KS4 appear to be part of the same clan. KS sequences, tertiary structures, and family classifications are available on the continuously updated ThYme (Thioester-active Enzyme) database.
Genetics of Host Resistance to Retroviruses and Cancer

As with all infectious diseases, susceptibility to infection by oncogenic retroviruses is influenced by host genes. Insights into retroviral infection, both at the cellular and organismal level, have been determined through classical genetic studies, genetic manipulation of cell-culture systems, and the use of genetically modified animals. Host genes can regulate virtually every step in the retrovirus infection pathway—from virus entry to intrinsic cellular responses to infection, to the host immune response to infected cells. Identification of many of the genes and mechanisms that control retroviral infection has occurred through the study of two organisms: chickens and mice, by naturally occurring pathogens, specifically; from avian sarcoma/leukosis virus (ASLV) and from murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), respectively. Although much has been learned about the in vivo retroviral life cycle and the control of infection, surprisingly few genes that control retroviral oncogenesis beyond the stage of infection have been identified through the use of genetics.