cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Edge Version of Harmonic Index and Harmonic Polynomial of Rooted Product Graphs

In this paper we computed explicit formulas for the edge version of harmonic index and harmonic polynomial of some classes of rooted product of graphs and i -th vertex rooted product of graphs.
Developments with investigating descriptors for antimicrobial AApeptides and their derivatives.

Introduction: The development of multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria resulting from prolonged treatment with conventional antibiotics has necessitated the need for continuous research for bette...
Climate Modeling Over the Mediterranean Region: An Overview

Saharan dust generation, transport and deposition over the Mediterranean depends on the prevailing atmospheric circulations and climatic conditions over the region. Different sets of models can be used to simulate these circulations and their possible response to changes in climatic forcings (e.g. greenhouse gas concentration): General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RegCMs). GCMs provide numerical representations of the global atmosphere and are the primary tools today available for climate simulation. However, for an area such as the Mediterranean Basin, characterized by complex topographical and coastline features, their resolution (typically a few hundred km) is too coarse to capture the details of regional circulations. A finer model resolution (a few tens of km) can be obtained using RegCMs driven by initial and lateral boundary conditions either from analyses of observations or from GCM output. Alternatively, climate simulation on finer scales can be achieved through the use of variable resolution global models. This paper presents a brief review of the performance of GCMs over the Mediterranean Basin and of the application of RegCMs and variable resolution models to study climatic conditions over the region. The implications concerning the use of GCMs and RegCMs to study the effects of African dust across the Mediterranean are discussed.
Integration of the Euler—Lagrange Equation

Let us suppose that the hypotheses of Theorem 2.3 are met so that the Euler-Lagrange equation (2.22) is of the form (2.23). Let us recall these hypotheses: (i) f(·) is twice continuously differentiable (of class C 2); (ii) f rr [t, x*(t), ẋ*(t)]≠0 for all t ∈[t 0, t 1]; (iii) ẋ*(t) is defined for all t ∈[t 0, t 1].
Market Discipline and the Banking Industry

The presumption in most discussions of the Basel pillars is that in practice each will prove to reinforce the others. This chapter evaluates this official presumption. It provides a basic overview of the Basel guidelines regarding market discipline and related conceptual issues. It reviews alternative suggestions for contributing to improved bank safety and soundness via enhanced market discipline, including proposals mandating the issuance of subordinated debts. It discusses recent research that encompasses analysis of market discipline within a basic banking model and applies this model to an analysis of the relationship between bank market structure and market discipline. The chapter then considers what the literature tells us about the extent to which markets actually discipline banks and about interactions between market discipline and supervisory discipline applied by government regulators. The chapter concludes by evaluating the market discipline pillar in relation to the Basel capital-standards and supervisory-process pillars.
Early Initiation of Tocilizumab in Clinically Isolated Aortitis

Clinically isolated aortitis can arise from infectious or inflammatory etiologies. Glucocorticoids are the first-line therapy for inflammatory causes of aortitis such as large-vessel vasculitis. However, prolonged steroids use is associated with numerous side effects. We present a case of a 60-year-old woman with clinically isolated aortitis who received early treatment with tocilizumab to avoid prolonged steroid use.
Objecting to experiments that compare two unobjectionable policies or treatments

Randomized experiments have enormous potential to improve human welfare in many domains, including healthcare, education, finance, and public policy. However, such "A/B tests" are often criticized on ethical grounds even as similar, untested interventions are implemented without objection. We find robust evidence across 16 studies of 5,873 participants from three diverse populations spanning nine domains-from healthcare to autonomous vehicle design to poverty reduction-that people frequently rate A/B tests designed to establish the comparative effectiveness of two policies or treatments as inappropriate even when universally implementing either A or B, untested, is seen as appropriate. This "A/B effect" is as strong among those with higher educational attainment and science literacy and among relevant professionals. It persists even when there is no reason to prefer A to B and even when recipients are treated unequally and randomly in all conditions (A, B, and A/B). Several remaining explanations for the effect-a belief that consent is required to impose a policy on half of a population but not on the entire population; an aversion to controlled but not to uncontrolled experiments; and a proxy form of the illusion of knowledge (according to which randomized evaluations are unnecessary because experts already do or should know "what works")-appear to contribute to the effect, but none dominates or fully accounts for it. We conclude that rigorously evaluating policies or treatments via pragmatic randomized trials may provoke greater objection than simply implementing those same policies or treatments untested.
Influence of Ni, Co, Fe, and Na additions on methane production in Sphagnum-dominated Northern American peatlands

Although Sphagnum (moss)-dominated, northern peatlandecosystems harbor methane (CH4)-producing microorganisms(methanogens) and are a significant source of atmosphericCH4, rates of CH4 production vary widely amongdifferent systems. Very little work has been done to examine whetherconcentrations of cations and metal elements may account for thevariability. We examined rates of CH4 production in peat fromfive geographically and functionally disparateSphagnum-dominated peatlands by incubating peat samples invitro with and without additions of trace metals (Fe, Ni, Co) andbase cations (Ca, Li, Na). In peat from the most mineral poor sites, theaddition of metals and Na enhanced CH4 production beyond thatobserved in controls. The same treatments in mineral rich sites yieldedno effect or an inhibition of CH4 production. None of thetreatments affected anaerobic respiration, measured as CO2production, in the in vitro incubations of peat, except addedcitrate, suggesting that methanogens, and not the entire anaerobiccommunity, can be limited by the availability of metal elements andcations.
Teaching Psychodynamic Psychiatry During Medical School and Residency: Specific Skills and Beyond

Some years ago, during a workshop that focused on the integration of psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic treatment, a young woman patient was presented who had problems with both severe manic-depressive illness and borderline personality disorder. She was extremely sensitive to medications, but even during times of stability of her manic-depressive illness, management was difficult. Following a presentation of a videotaped psychotherapy hour of a resident and the patient, a residency director in the audience raised his hand and said, “I don't know why you showed this videotape. This woman has manic-depressive illness and needs medication, and that's that.” Although this may seem a caricature of the emphasis on biological psychiatry in the last several decades, the question was asked by an experienced residency director who had been in his position for many years. Too many clinicians believe that good psychopharmacology practice requires only knowledge of dosages, side effects, drug interactions, and indications for the medication. To me, however, the essence of good psychopharmacologic management is how one responds when a patient comes into the office and says, “Dr. Tasman, you know that medication you prescribed. Well, I'm not going to take it any more.” Dealing with issues of resistance and treatment compliance, even in a busy medication clinic, an emergency room, or an inpatient unit, requires psychotherapeutic skill and knowledge.
CTT Package in R

ABSTRACTClassical approach to test theory has been the foundation for educational and psychological measurement for over 90 years. This approach concerns with measurement error and hence test relia...
HIV Testing and Risks of Sexual Behavior among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men in Ningbo, China

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is confirmed as a preventive strategy for HIV control. However, the testing rate and risk behaviors of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) remain unclear. We aimed to examine factors associated with HIV testing and high-risk behaviors among HIV-negative MSM. From July 2016 to June 2017, participants were recruited by snowball sampling from WeChat groups, bars, and other venues. HIV testing was performed to exclude HIV-positive MSM. Face-to-face questionnaires regarding HIV testing and high-risk behaviors were conducted; 988 MSM were included, and 57.1% of participants underwent HIV testing in the past year. The proportion of high-risk behaviors was 49.9%. Factors associated with HIV testing were bisexual orientation, substance use to adjust psychiatric disorders, and receiving acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) interventions. Being married, bisexual orientation, and receiving AIDS interventions were risk factors for high-risk sexual behaviors, while college or higher degree was a protective factor. We determined that HIV transmission factors are widespread, and the rate of HIV testing is relatively low. Attention should be given to marital status, using substances to adjust psychiatric disorders, or bisexual HIV-negative MSM, and AIDS interventions should be strengthened to promote HIV testing and reduce high-risk behaviors.
Effect of potassium infusion on serum levels in children during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis

Purpose: Profound total body potassium deficits occur in children admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). However, amount required to maintain normal serum concentration during treatment of DKA is largely unknown. At our institution 40 mEq/L and 60 mEq/L is administered during treatment of DKA, based on initial serum potassium. We aimed to determine the effect of these infusions on potassium levels in children during treatment of DKA. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted, after …
Thinking ahead: gallbladder intussusception following transperitoneal percutaneous cholecystostomy tube placement

Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is a common minimally invasive, image-guided procedure performed primarily on high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis for gallbladder decompression. Herein, we present a case of a patient undergoing PC placement using a transperitoneal approach. On subsequent upsizing attempts, the gallbladder fundus was found to invaginate during advancement of replacement drains, causing gallbladder intussusception. The use of a balloon and locked pigtail catheter were required to reposition the gallbladder to proper position. The patient’s planned percutaneous cholecystoscopy was delayed by 4 weeks until intended upsizing could be performed. This case demonstrates the advantage of achieving transhepatic gallbladder access to support tract formation and limit procedural complications.
Successive Subspace Learning: An Overview.

Successive Subspace Learning (SSL) offers a light-weight unsupervised feature learning method based on inherent statistical properties of data units (e.g. image pixels and points in point cloud sets). It has shown promising results, especially on small datasets. In this paper, we intuitively explain this method, provide an overview of its development, and point out some open questions and challenges for future research.
ON THE CRITERION AND THEORY OF OPTIMIZATION IN HEATING PROCESS OF MATERIALS

From the thermodynamical analysis, the criterion of optimization in heating process of materials with minimum energy consumption, so called optimal heating process criterion, has been established. Based upon the criterion together with the linear quadratic control theory, a new general method for optimization in heating process was developed. This method is believed to be quite available to solve the heat supply problems not only in distribution along furnace length but also in time-variation.
Gentle method for removing metal and restoring function after scanning electron microscopy

An etching process is demonstrated for removing noble metal from microstructures to restore their original function after being characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using neither aggressive acids nor high temperatures, the etching method gently removes gold/palladium alloys from complex three-dimensional microstructures, preserving their structural form. To explore the efficacy of the etching process, polymeric photonic crystals and monolithic microstructures were fabricated, metal coated, etched, and then structurally and optically characterized. Metal coating substantially diminishes the optical functional and transmission of the microstructures. SEM imaging performed throughout a series of metal sputtering, etching, and resputtering shows that the etching process does not significantly alter the form of a microstructure. Measurements of optical transmission using a scanned-optical-fiber system confirm that the etchant removes the metal and restores the optical properties of the microstructures.
Post-stress glucose consumption facilitates hormesis and resilience to severe stress.

Oral ingestion of a glucose solution following severe stress is a simple and effective way of preventing several of the negative sequelae of stress in rats. Similar resilience is obtained through h...
Beyond COVID-19 deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

COVID-19 has disrupted society and health care systems, creating a fertile environment for deaths beyond the virus. The year 2020 will prove to be the most deadly year on record in the United States. Direct deaths due to COVID-19 have been well documented and reported. Older people (those over 65) have been hardest hit, with over 80% of the COVID-19 deaths in this age group. What has been less clear is the impact on those under 65 years old, particularly those under 44 years old. This study considers both COVID-19 deaths and non-COVID-19 deaths during a 39 weeks period beginning 1 March in both 2020 and averaged over the five years from 2015 to 2019. Across 22 age and gender cohorts, death risks are compared using odds ratios. The results indicate that younger people (those under 15 years old) have experienced the same or a reduction in death risk between 2020 and the average from 2015 to 2019, suggesting that societal changes were protective for some of them. With all COVID-19 deaths removed from the 2020 death counts, 15-64 year olds experienced increased death risk between 2020 and the 2015 to 2019 average. For example, 15-44 year old males experienced a significant increase in their death risk, even though the absolute number of COVID-19 deaths for this cohort is small. The key take away from this study is that COVID-19 resulted in a large number of additional deaths in 2020 compared to the average from 2015 to 2019, both directly from the virus and indirectly due to societal responses to the virus.
Body Image Concerns and Associated Impairment Among Adults Seeking Body Contouring Following Bariatric Surgery.

Background The current study examined a range of body image concerns and associated distress and impairment in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery and are seeking subsequent body contouring surgery following bariatric surgery. Objectives Individuals seeking body contouring were hypothesized to endorse a broad pattern of body image concerns and that overall body image concern would be associated with greater impairment and disability. Methods Participants were 56 adults seeking body contouring surgery after bariatric surgery. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire designed for the present study to assess body image concerns specific to patients who have undergone bariatric surgery and a battery of established measures of disability, impairment, and eating-disorder psychopathology. Results The most commonly endorsed concerns were related to loose skin (body dissatisfaction, feeling embarrassed in public, and skin rashes) whereas the least endorsed items included concerns related to scars from bariatric surgery (body dissatisfaction, avoidance of social situations, and difficulty concentrating). Participants endorsed a broad pattern of frequent distress and impairment related to physical body image changes post-bariatric surgery. Greater body image concerns were associated significantly with higher levels of disability, work-related impairment, and eating-disorder psychopathology. Conclusions Patients seeking body contouring surgery reported a range of body image concerns with significant associated distress, disability, and impairment related to physical changes post-bariatric surgery. The present findings underscore that while bariatric surgery is effective for reducing weight and metabolic disturbances, additional interventions for addressing body image concerns that are frequently distressing and impairing may be needed.
Clinical Education for this Millennium: The Third Wave

This article focuses on the continuing transformation of legal education and the role of clinical legal education in training competent, ethical practitioners. Part I examines the primary challenges that clinicians confronted in the past: to create a clinical legal education teaching methodology and to establish viable, enduring clinical programs in law schools throughout the country. Part II discusses a variety of different models for integrating clinical methodology either throughout the curriculum or as a core feature of the curriculum. Part III analyzes a variety of the most pressing challenges and opportunities for clinical legal education and the larger enterprise of legal education in the twenty-first century. Finally, Part IV describes a vision for clinical legal education in its “third wave”: the changes that can and should take place, and how this third wave of clinical legal education can contribute to improving the future of legal education, the competence of law graduates, and the quality of legal representation for clients.
Energy management for an 8000HP hybrid hydraulic mining shovel

The concept of hybrid architecture is penetrating the heavy industry machines including Hydraulic Mining Shovels (HMS). Achieving increased machine efficiency, productivity, and performance, reduced emissions, and prolonged lifetime are the main goals in developing hybrid shovel structures. This paper presents the energy management concept for an HMS, which uses high power density energy storage system to supplement the existing diesel-powered generators. A 2.25 MW ultracapacitor system is applied to improve the sluggish dynamic response of the diesel engine during sudden load changes and to limit the engine power requirements by maintaining an optimal engine speed. In addition to the engine dynamic improvement, the ultracapacitor system supports the engine during peak power demand allowing for a smaller engine size for the machine, which results in higher fuel savings and less exhaust emissions. Detailed control schemes for the converters and system are described and modeling and experimental results are also provided to verify the analyses.
Effect of aggregation methods on individual modes in reduced order power system models

The extraordinary size and complexity of modern power systems results in an intense computational burden in transient stability studies. Use of reduced-order power system models could reduce the amount of the computations required by those studies. Such reduced-order models are called dynamic equivalents and can be derived by coherency-based techniques. A coherency-based equivalent is derived by first identifying the coherent groups, and second, aggregating all the generators belonging to the same coherent group. Two well-known aggregation procedures, the inertial averaging and the singular perturbations, are evaluated with respect to how accurately they preserve each dominant mode of the unreduced-order model in the equivalent system. An analysis proves that both aggregation methods exhibit an overstiffening phenomenon in which the dominant modes are increased in frequency. However, the effects are less pronounced when the equivalent model is obtained by the singular perturbation aggregation method. >
Hydrogen and helium pressure broadening of water transitions in the 380– region

Abstract We present results of recent experiments on the pressure broadening of pure rotational transitions of H216O water in the 380– 600 cm −1 range by hydrogen and helium. The hydrogen coefficients vary between 0.033 and 0.076 cm −1 / atm (average: 0.056 cm −1 / atm ) while the helium coefficients vary between 0.006 and 0.017 cm −1 / atm (average: 0.013 cm −1 / atm ) . While this average hydrogen-broadening coefficient matches the average nitrogen-broadening coefficient we observed in this region earlier, the range over which they vary is narrower for hydrogen than for nitrogen. We find that previously published complex Robert–Bonamy formalism calculations of the hydrogen coefficients are broadly consistent with these results, and that, to some extent, our experimental results can be predicted from HITRAN air widths.
A pilot Internet-based behavioral weight loss intervention with or without commercially available portion-controlled foods.

Objective: To evaluate the short-term impact of portion-controlled food provision in combination with an Internet behavioral weight loss program on weight, blood cholesterol, and blood glucose levels. Design and Methods: Fifty participants, mean age 46 ± 10.7 years and mean body mass index 35.1 ± 3.8 kg/m2, were randomized to one of two study groups, an Internet behavioral weight loss program (Internet-alone; n = 25) or an Internet behavioral weight loss program plus a commercially available portion-controlled diet (Internet + PCD; n = 25) for 12 weeks. Results: An intent-to-treat analysis found that the mean weight change in the Internet + PCD group was −5.7 ± 5.6 kg and in the Internet-alone group (n = 25) was −4.1 ± 4.0 kg (P = 0.26). Participants in the Internet + PCD group achieved significantly greater improvements in blood glucose (−2.6 ± 5.7 vs. 1.4 ± 11.0 mg/dl; P = 0.05) and LDL cholesterol (−8.2 ± 18.0 vs. −0.6 ± 21.0 mg/dl; P = 0.04), compared with Internet-alone group. Conclusions: These data suggest that there may be short-term clinical benefit in using a PCD in conjunction with a behavioral Internet-based weight loss program to enhance weight loss and improve health indicators.
Efficiency in Bulgaria's schools : a nonparametric study

In Eastern European countries in large social sectors such as education, inefficiency and technical deficiencies are the legacy of the old command economy. The authors examine the technical efficiency of classroom use (defined as the number of classes per classroom in one transitional economy -- Bulgaria. They examine the concept of efficiency in 199 urban and rural municipalities, using data envelopment analysis to generate efficiency scores. Those scores -- discussed in terms of frequency and regional distribution -- are then regressed on several socioeconomic variables. The researchers find significant relationships between the efficiency scores, on the one hand, and, on the other, the proportion of students in the population under age 20 (demand indicator), the number of teachers (variable input), the percentage of the municipal budget spent on education, and the degree of urbanization. Efficiency in the use of classrooms (in terms of classes) varies considerably among municipalities, and the efficiency is highest in the capital city of Sofia. To the extent that some variation in efficiency reflects demand or demographic factos, there is little that policy can do to change the pattern. But some changes in municipal policy could increase the efficiency of classroom use without jeopardizing the fundamental learning objective. In some rural areas, for example, where there are few students and classroom utilization is low, it may be possible to consolidate several grades into multigrade classes and reduce the size of the teaching (and nonteaching) staff, while maintaining the quality of learning and maximizing the use of such fixed inputs as classrooms. To the extent that it is possible to use such classrooms more efficiently, savings could be generated in the municipalities that need them most: in demographically sparse, poor municipalities with a weak economic base. Those savings could then be reallocated to other educational essentials, such as equipment and materials.
Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated from circulating mononuclear cells in human peripheral blood and shown to be incorporated into foci of neovascularization, consistent with postnatal vasculogenesis1. We determined whether endogenous stimuli (tissue ischemia) and exogenous cytokine therapy (granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF) mobilize EPCs and thereby contribute to neovascularization of ischemic tissues. The development of regional ischemia in both mice and rabbits increased the frequency of circulating EPCs. In mice, the effect of ischemia-induced EPC mobilization was demonstrated by enhanced ocular neovascularization after cornea micropocket surgery in mice with hindlimb ischemia compared with that in non-ischemic control mice. In rabbits with hindlimb ischemia, circulating EPCs were further augmented after pretreatment with GM-CSF, with a corresponding improvement in hindlimb neovascularization. There was direct evidence that EPCs that contributed to enhanced corneal neovascularization were specifically mobilized from the bone marrow in response to ischemia and GM-CSF in mice transplanted with bone marrow from transgenic donors expressing β-galactosidase transcriptionally regulated by the endothelial cell-specific Tie-2 promoter. These findings indicate that circulating EPCs are mobilized endogenously in response to tissue ischemia or exogenously by cytokine therapy and thereby augment neovascularization of ischemic tissues.
A two-component monooxygenase catalyzes both the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol and the oxidative release of nitrite from 4-nitrocatechol in Bacillus sphaericus JS905

Bacteria that metabolize p-nitrophenol (PNP) oxidize the substrate to 3-ketoadipic acid via either hydroquinone or 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (THB); however, initial steps in the pathway for PNP biodegradation via THB are unclear. The product of initial hydroxylation of PNP could be either 4-nitrocatechol or 4-nitroresorcinol. Here we describe the complete pathway for aerobic PNP degradation by Bacillus sphaericus JS905 that was isolated by selective enrichment from an agricultural soil in India. Washed cells of PNP-grown JS905 released nitrite in stoichiometric amounts from PNP and 4-nitrocatechol. Experiments with extracts obtained from PNP-grown cells revealed that the initial reaction is a hydroxylation of PNP to yield 4-nitrocatechol. 4-Nitrocatechol is subsequently oxidized to THB with the concomitant removal of the nitro group as nitrite. The enzyme that catalyzed the two sequential monooxygenations of PNP was partially purified and separated into two components by anion-exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Both components were required for NADH-dependent oxidative release of nitrite from PNP or 4-nitrocatechol. One of the components was identified as a reductase based on its ability to catalyze the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and nitroblue tetrazolium. Nitrite release from either PNP or 4-nitrocatechol was inhibited by the flavoprotein inhibitor methimazole. Our results indicate that the two monooxygenations of PNP to THB are catalyzed by a single two-component enzyme system comprising a flavoprotein reductase and an oxygenase.
The effect of salinity and temperature on survival and metamorphosis of megalops of the blue crabCallinectes sapidus

1. Megalops of the blue crab,Callinectes sapidusRathbun, reared from hatching through all zoeal stages at 25° C, 30 p. p. m., were maintained in 23 combinations of salinity and temperature until metamorphosis to determine the effect of salinity and temperature and the combined effect of salinity and temperature on survival and rate of development.
Interaction of Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein with Viral Sense RNA and Suppression of Its Translation

To clarify the binding properties of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein and its viral RNA for the encapsidation, morphogenesis, and replication of HCV, the specific interaction of HCV core protein with its genomic RNA synthesized in vitro was examined in an in vivo system. The positive-sense RNA from the 5′ end to nucleotide (nt) 2327, which covers the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) and a part of the coding region of HCV structural proteins, interacted with HCV core protein, while no interaction was observed in the same region of negative-sense RNA and in other regions of viral and antiviral sense RNAs. The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) exists around the 5′UTR of HCV; therefore, the interaction of the core protein with this region of HCV RNA suggests that there is some effect on its cap-independent translation. Cells expressing HCV core protein were transfected with reporter RNAs consisting of nt 1 to 709 of HCV RNA (the 5′UTR of HCV and about two-thirds of the core protein coding regions) followed by a firefly luciferase gene (HCV07Luc RNA). The translation of HCV07Luc RNA was suppressed in cells expressing the core protein, whereas no significant suppression was observed in the case of a reporter RNA possessing the IRES of encephalomyocarditis virus followed by a firefly luciferase. This suppression by the core protein occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of the E1 envelope protein of HCV or β-galactosidase did not suppress the translation of both HCV and EMCV reporter RNAs. We then examined the regions that are important for suppression of translation by the core protein and found that the region from nt 1 to 344 was enough to exert this suppression. These results suggest that the HCV core protein interacts with viral genomic RNA at a specific region to form nucleocapsids and regulates the expression of HCV by interacting with the 5′UTR.
Recent Nova experimental results

The Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Program and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has made substantial progress in understanding the details of the radiation drive and the dynamics of capsules imploded by the Nova laser. A detailed understanding, validated by Nova experiments of the crucial physics for implosions is necessary before a new facility is started. A National Academy of Science Review Committee on ICF has recently endorsed a 12 point technical contract for the Nova program. Recent experiments have achieved a substantial number of these goals. A decrease in the level of plasma instabilities has been demonstrated by the use of phase plates. Neutron measurements have been used to demonstrate high densities in well understood implosions. A detailed understanding of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability at the ablation front of x-ray driven planar foil targets with large hydrodynamic growth factors has been proven. X-ray spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate a high fuel density and an improvement in the compression ratio of targets when a shaped pulse is used to keep a pusher on a low rho-r trajectory.
Implicit Bias and First Name Stereotypes: What are the Implications for Online Instruction?

The online classroom is perceived as being a non-threatening, unbiased, safe environment due to the lack of visual cues that normally trigger hidden attitudes and biases. However, it is possible that stereotypical student names often trigger implicit bias in instructors leading to group expectations that can often manifest in a variety of ways including lack of attention or negative evaluations. In this study, we explored the relationship of underlying attitudes and biases of online instructors with respect to racially or ethnically identifiable student first names using the Brief Implicit Attitudes Test (BIAT) instrument specifically designed for this purpose. Participants included 147 online instructors with at least a Master’s degree in their given field of expertise. Using an experimental research design, we found that to a small degree, implicit bias does exist with respect to stereotypical student names. This study also found that instructors consciously believed themselves to be warm and accepting of stereotypical names. In other words, what instructors say they feel and what they really feel are distinctly different?
Splicing factor hnRNPH drives an oncogenic splicing switch in gliomas

In tumours, aberrant splicing generates variants that contribute to multiple aspects of tumour establishment, progression and maintenance. We show that in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) specimens, death‐domain adaptor protein Insuloma‐Glucagonoma protein 20 (IG20) is consistently aberrantly spliced to generate an antagonist, anti‐apoptotic isoform (MAP‐kinase activating death domain protein, MADD), which effectively redirects TNF‐α/TRAIL‐induced death signalling to promote survival and proliferation instead of triggering apoptosis. Splicing factor hnRNPH, which is upregulated in gliomas, controls this splicing event and similarly mediates switching to a ligand‐independent, constitutively active Recepteur d′Origine Nantais (RON) tyrosine kinase receptor variant that promotes migration and invasion. The increased cell death and the reduced invasiveness caused by hnRNPH ablation can be rescued by the targeted downregulation of IG20/MADD exon 16‐ or RON exon 11‐containing variants, respectively, using isoform‐specific knockdown or splicing redirection approaches. Thus, hnRNPH activity appears to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of malignant gliomas as the centre of a splicing oncogenic switch, which might reflect reactivation of stem cell patterns and mediates multiple key aspects of aggressive tumour behaviour, including evasion from apoptosis and invasiveness.
Normal B cells express 51p1-encoded Ig heavy chains that are distinct from those expressed by chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells.

51p1 is an allele of V H 1-69 that frequently is expressed by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells with little or no somatic mutation. The rearranged 51p1 genes expressed by CLL B cells have a distinctive use of D segments D3-3/DXP4 and D3-10/DXP′1, a favored use of J H 6, and a longer third complementarity-determining region than the rearranged Ig genes used by CLL B cells that express V H 1 genes other than V H 1-69. We examined the 51p1 -encoded Ig expressed by blood B cells of healthy donors. In contrast to the infrequent use of J H 4 by 51p1 -expressing CLL (e.g., 4%), 36% of the rearranged 51p1 sequences from normal blood B cells used J H 4. Furthermore, the D segment use of the rearranged 51p1 sequences from normal blood B cells was not restricted, but reflected the D segment use of nonselected IgH of normal B cells. Finally, the mean length of the third complementarity-determining region for the 51p1 genes of normal blood B cells was 14.6 ± 4.3 (SD) codons. This is significantly shorter than that noted for 51p1 -expressing CLL B cells (18.8 ± 3.2; p n = 51). This study demonstrates that the 51p1 -encoded IgH expressed in CLL are not representative of the 51p1 -encoded IgH expressed by normal blood B cells, indicating that CLL B cells express IgH that are distinctive from those found in the normal adult blood B cell repertoire.
Pura Vida with a Purpose: Energizing Engagement with Human Rights through Service-Learning

This paper examines the effects of an international service-learning course with a strong human rights component. Human rights have social justice as an essential component and advancing both are considered core competencies in social work. International education in colleges and universities has gained in popularity as has service-learning. Research has been carried out in both these areas. However, less research has been done on the combination of the two. In this paper a course is described during which students spent three weeks in Costa Rica, the land of Pura Vida, learning about its human rights efforts, its language, getting to know its people, and providing service to some of its citizens. An analysis of student surveys and journals revealed a strengthened belief on the part of the participants that they are competent to have an impact on the world as well as having a responsibility to do so.
Analysis of the enhancer element that controls expression of sevenless in the developing Drosophila eye.

Abstract The sevenless gene encodes a protein-tyrosine kinase receptor expressed in a complex pattern during the development of the Drosophila melanogaster eye. We have previously shown that this pattern is regulated transcriptionally by an enhancer located in the body of the sevenless gene. Here we extend our analysis of the sevenless enhancer, defining a 475-base-pair fragment that contains elements necessary for the correct qualitative and quantitative expression of the sevenless gene. Within this fragment are sequence elements conserved in the sevenless gene of a distantly related Drosophila species and protected from DNase I digestion by nuclear extracts isolated from adult heads and imaginal discs. Partial deletions of the 475-base-pair fragment result in preferential loss of expression in different subsets of cells. These results suggest that the normal pattern of expression is generated by the combined action of separate cell-specific regulatory elements.
Correlative 90 kyr northeast Asia–northwest Pacific climate records

Specific regional and hemispheric responses to past variations in solar radiation demonstrate the complex interconnections that exist between components (land/sea/atmosphere) of the climate system1,2. Few empirical palaeoclimatic studies are available from northeastern Asia, a region essential for the construction of composite models of global climate change and critical to analyses of northwestern North American climate. Among these, Quaternary climatic data from Japan are restricted largely to pollen sequences 8°C) and humid (>1,200 mm), whereas SSTs are cold (10.4–14.3 °C) in summer and warm (>1.5 °C) in winter.
Radiation damping in a gravitational field

Abstract The validity of the principle of equivalence is examined from the point of view of a charged mass point moving in an externally given gravitational field. The procedure is a covariant generalization of Dirac's work on the classical radiating electron. Just as Dirac's calculation was kept Lorentz invariant throughout, so the present calculation is maintained generally covariant throughout. With the aid of bi-tensors, which are nonlocal generalizations of ordinary local tensors, the manifest general covariance of each step is achieved in an elegant and useful way. The Green's functions for the scalar and vector wave equations in a curved manifold are obtained and applied to the derivation of the covariant Lienard-Wiechert potentials. The computation of energy-momentum balance across a world tube of infinitesimal radius surrounding the particle world-line then leads to the ponderomotive equations including radiation damping. Because of the nonlocal electromagnetic field which a charged particle carries with itself, its use as a device to distinguish locally between gravitational and inertial fields is really not allowable. One should be prepared to find an explicit occurrence of the Riemann tensor in the ponderomotive equations, leading to the result that acceleration by a “true” gravitational field can produce bremsstrahlung, thereby causing a reactive force in addition to the force of inertia. It is remarkable, however, that such an explicit occurrence does not happen. The particle tries its best to satisfy the equivalenc principle in spite of its charge. It is only prevented from doing so (i.e., from following a geodetic path) because of the fact that, contrary to the case of flat space-time, the electromagnetic Green's function in a curved spacetime does not generally vanish inside the light cone, but gives rise to a “tail” on any initially sharp pulse of radiation. The ponderomotive equations have exactly the same form as Dirac found for the flat-space-time case except for the addition of an integral over the entire past history of the particle, representing the effect of the “tail.”
EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH PROBLEMS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Abstract Earthquake problems associated with the construction of nuclear power plants require a more extensive and a more precise knowledge of earthquake characteristics and the dynamic behavior of structures than has been considered necessary for ordinary buildings. Economic considerations indicate the desirability of additional research on the problems of earthquakes and nuclear reactors. The nature of these earthquake-resistant design problems is discussed and programs of research are recommended.
Matrix representation of models for the analysis of variance and covariance.

Beginning students of analysis of variance frequently find that the explanations concerning numbers of degrees of freedom are rather more mystical than explanatory, and that the dependencies and independencies among parameters and linear restraints are not systematically covered or explicitly presented. It is the purpose of this paper to set forth the simple matrix representation of these models in a way which has been found useful for teaching purposes, and may be found of some value in the setting up of mathematical models for experimental designs calling for the analysis of variance or the analysis of covariance. The system I shall portray is a more or less natural outgrowth of suggestions made by Dr. R. C. Bose, with whom I have discussed some of the features very slightly. I am also indebted to Professor Frederick Mosteller for assistance with the mechanics of some of the models. Any deficiencies which the system may have are not to be laid to the doors of these gentlemen, however, as they have not had any opportunity to go over the material at any length. I should say also that there is no new contribution to theory involved. And I cannot assert that there is any new contribution of any other sort, because I have not corresponded with enough people on the subject to be sure that the whole system does not already exist in some publication or another. And I have not found the time to make any exhaustive search of the literature. All I can say is that I haven't seen the method presented anywhere. I have been told that Professor Henry Mann of the Ohio State University uses some such system in his teaching. This information came through Mr. David Bakan of Ohio State, and unfortunately my request for a copy of Professor Mann's materials y~elded the reply that he had no copy of his work at hand to sen4 me. In order to simplify the presentation I shall use throughout the variance ratio test, employing Snedecor's F in all cases, instead of going to the trouble of converting to natural logarithms for the Fish-
Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Habitat Use by Rainwater Killifish (Lucania parva) in the St. Johns River Estuary, Florida

I examined the relative importance of beds of tapegrass (Vallisneria americana) and adjacent unvegetated habitats to juvenile and adult (6-35 mm standard length) rainwater killifish (Lucania parva) over a large spatial scale within the St. Johns River estuary, Florida. Abundance of rainwater killifish did not differ between oligohaline and tidal freshwater portions of the estuary and this species was relatively rare at opposite ends of the St. Johns River estuary. The presence of rainwater killifish at a given site was determined in part by large-scale variation in environmental factors such as habitat complexity and salinity. When present at a site, rainwater killifish were found almost exclusively in structurally complex beds of tapegrass. Behavioral observations in the laboratory indicated that rainwater killifish pre- ferred vegetated over unvegetated habitats in the absence of both potential prey and predators and that use of vegetated habitats increased further upon addition of predatory largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). A laboratory predation experiment indicated that survival of rainwater killifish exposed to largemouth bass was significantly higher in vegetation than over open sand. Strong preferences for structurally complex vegetation likely reflect an evolved or learned behav- ioral response to risk of predation and help explain habitat use of rainwater killifish in the St. Johns River estuary.
Long-Term Outcomes in Valve Replacement Surgery for Infective Endocarditis

Background Infective endocarditis is associated with a high rate of long-term mortality. Patients with a history of intravenous drug use (IVDU) are at increased risk for infective endocarditis. However, few studies have reported results of surgical treatment on this population. We present 19.5 years of experience with surgically treated patients with infective endocarditis. Methods A retrospective study of all cardiac surgeries with a diagnosis of infective endocarditis at a single institution from 1986 to 2005 was performed. Logistic stepwise regression with an end point of operative mortality was done. Variables were age, gender, race, history of drug use, previous valve surgery, and previous valve replacement. Perioperative and outcome variables were compared between IVDU and non-IVDU populations. Results The IVDU population required surgery at a younger age (39 ± 9 years versus 54 ± 15 years; p p = 0.78). Kaplan-Meier estimator showed that survival at 10 and 15 years was 66% and 54% for IVDU and 56% and 42% for non-IVDU (number at risk, 19, 11, and 61, 28, respectively; p = 0.137). Reoperation for recurrent infective endocarditis was necessary in 9 (17%) of 52 of the IVDU group versus 14 (5%) of 270 of the non-IVDU group ( p = 0.03). Conclusions Patients with a history of IVDU required reoperation for recurrent infective endocarditis at a significantly higher rate than the non-IVDU patients. Long-term survival was similar between the younger IVDU population and the older non-IVDU population. Anticipated life span is one of many factors when considering prosthetic valve choice in this population.
The cauchy problem for a shallow water type equation

We prove existence and uniqueness of local and global solutions of the periodic Cauchy problem for a higher order shallow water type equation under low regularity initial data. Using Fourier analysis we first prove local estimates in appropriate spaces and then use a contraction mapping argument and a conserved norm to get global existence.