cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social capital and the reproduction of economic inequality in polarized societies

This paper explores the idea that the distribution of wealth across social groups fundamentally affects the evolution of economic inequality. By providing microfoundations suitable for this exploration, this paper hopes to enhance our understanding of when social forces contribute to the reproduction of economic inequality. In tackling this issue, this paper offers contributions in two domains. First, it models social capital as a real capital asset with direct use and collateral values. Second, it extends the concepts of identity, alienation and polarization originally advanced by Esteban and Ray (Esteban, J.M. and Ray, D.: On the measurement of polarization, Econometrica 62(4) (1994), 819–851). This generalization permits us to consider the multiple characteristics that shape social identity, inclusion and exclusion. It also underwrites a higher-order measure of socio-economic polarization that permits us to explore the hypothesis that economic inequality is most pernicious and persistent when it is socially embedded. Holding constant the initial levels of economic polarization and wealth inequality, we show that higher socio-economic polarization increases subsequent income and wealth inequality. Far from being a distributionally neutral panacea for missing markets, social capital in this model may itself generate exclusion and deepen existing economic cleavages.
Surface reconstruction of platinum and gold and the embedded-atom model.

We investigate the surface reconstructions of various faces of gold and platinum theoretically with a number of embedded-atom potentials. The potentials examined include conventional models plus a sequence of models where the shape of the embedding function has been varied for electron densities typical of the surface. We find that whereas all models predict virtually equivalent bulk properties, only potentials with a sufficient curvature in the embedding function predict the experimentally observed buckled quasihexagonal reconstruction for the (100) faces. Furthermore, the models that predict this reconstruction also give surface energies in close agreement with experiment, unlike most of the conventional models. Almost all embedded-atom potentials considered predict the observed missing-row structure for the (110) faces, and some the observed missing-row structure for the (311) face of platinum. We take the best combination of Au and Pt potentials and calculate the structure of a Pt(100) substrate in the presence of Au adatoms. In good agreement with experiment, the quasihexagonal reconstruction is lost for coverage greater than 0.4 monolayers.
Spectra of Unsteady Wind Models of Gamma-Ray Bursts

We calculate the spectra expected from internal shocks in unsteady relativistic wind models of gamma-ray bursts, suitable for events of arbitrary duration and light curve. The spectral energy distribution of the burst is calculated over photon energies spanning from eV to TeV, for a range of event durations and variability timescales. The relative strength of the emission at different wavelengths can provide valuable information on the particle acceleration, radiation mechanisms, and the possible types of models.
Nonlinear IV Unit Root Tests in Panels with Cross-Sectional Dependency

Abstract We propose a unit root test for panels with cross-sectional dependency. We allow general dependency structure among the innovations that generate data for each of the cross-sectional units. Each unit may have different sample size, and therefore unbalanced panels are also permitted in our framework. Yet, the test is asymptotically normal, and does not require any tabulation of the critical values. Our test is based on nonlinear IV estimation of the usual augmented Dickey–Fuller type regression for each cross-sectional unit, using as instruments nonlinear transformations of the lagged levels. The actual test statistic is simply defined as a standardized sum of individual IV t-ratios. We show in the paper that such a standardized sum of individual IV t-ratios has limit normal distribution as long as the panels have large individual time series observations and are asymptotically balanced in a very weak sense. We may have the number of cross-sectional units arbitrarily small or large. In particular, the usual sequential asymptotics, upon which most of the available asymptotic theories for panel unit root models heavily rely, are not required. Finite sample performance of our test is examined via a set of simulations, and compared with those of other commonly used panel unit root tests. Our test generally performs better than the existing tests in terms of both finite sample sizes and powers. We apply our nonlinear IV method to test for the purchasing power parity hypothesis in panels.
Diagnostic Methods in Combustion MHD Flows

Methods for the determination of the important properties of combustion MHD channel flows are reviewed, with emphasis on spatially resolved measurements interior to the flow that have actually been applied to combustion MHD systems, or that have reasonable promise of being so applied. The principal parameters whose measurement is discussed include the average velocity and turbulence intensity, the temperature, the electrical conductivity and electron concentration, and, for pulverized fuel, the slag particle concentration and size distribution. Various techniques are illustrated by measurements performed at the High Temperature Gas-dynamics Laboratory, Stanford. The merits of various methods, including both material probes and nonintrusive techniques, are assessed with respect to accuracy, spatial resolution, temporal resolution and relative ease of application. 117 references.
Low-frequency AC transmission for offshore wind power

This paper presents a low-frequency ac (LFAC) transmission system for offshore wind power. The LFAC system is interfaced with the main power grid with a cycloconverter. The wind power plant collection system is dc based, and connects to the LFAC transmission line with a 12-pulse thyristor converter. A method to design the system's components and controls is set forth. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the system's performance.
Attitude control of a flexible, spinning, toroidal manned space station.

In this paper, a system is considered for controlling the direction of the spin axis of a nonrigid, toroidal manned space station. After selection of a control system suitable for a rigid vehicle, the basic objective is to find locations within the space station for control actuators (forces or moments) and attitude sensors to ensure stability of the space station and to minimize the excitation of vibration by the control system. For a linear control system, expanding the system's characteristic equation about the normalized flexural modal poles yields general relationships that must be satisfied in locating sensors and actuators to stabilize flexible motions. Applying these relations to the spinning space station makes it possible to observe the influence of actuators and sensors on station stability so that suitable locations can be selected for them.
Moving moduli, Calabi-Yau phase transitions and massless BPS configurations in type II superstrings

Abstract In this paper we discuss compactifications of type II superstrings where the moduli of the internal Calabi-Yau space vary over four-dimensional space time. The corresponding solutions of four-dimensional N =2 supergravity are given by charged, extremal BPS black hole configurations with non-constant scalar field values. In particular we investigate the behaviour of our solutions near those points in the Calabi-Yau moduli space where some internal cycles collapse and topology change (flop transitions, conifold transitions) can take place. The singular loci in the internal space are related to special points in the uncompactified space. The phase transition can happen either at spatial infinity (for positive charges) or on spheres (with at least one negative charge). The corresponding BPS configuration has zero ADM mass and can be regarded as a domain wall that separates topologically different vacua of the theory.
Mathematics and democracy: Designing better voting and fair-division procedures

This essay is adapted, with permission, from Steven J. Brams, Mathematics and Democracy: Designing Better Voting and Fair-Division Procedures (Princeton University Press, 2008). The book offers a detailed development of the ideas discussed herein.
Thermodynamic studies of donor binding to heterogeneous catalysts

The thermodynamic data for the adsorption of pyridine, N-methylimidazole, and dimethylcyanamide from cyclohexane onto palladium oxide crystallites supported on carbon (5% w/w) were obtained by calorimetric and adsorption studies. The data indicated that there are at least two acceptor sites on the palladium oxide surface. Both the calorimetric and adsorption experiments give the same saturation adsorption capacity for site 1. Its magnitude suggests that the adsorbed pyridine is normal to the surface plane of palladium oxide, indicating that the adsorption process involves a Lewis acid-base type of interaction. In the low-coverage region, the adsorption quotients of base onto palladium oxide are considerably larger than those of carbon, indicating a preferential adsorption of base onto the palladium oxide surface.
Evolution of Titan׳s major atmospheric gases and cooling since accretion

Abstract This paper discusses two possible pathways of loss of the two main gases from Titan׳s post-accretional atmosphere, methane (CH 4 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ), by the mechanisms of thermal escape and emission from the interior coupled with thermal escape. The results give the decline of initial atmospheric gas masses to their present-day levels of 0.1 bar CH 4 and 1.4 bar N 2 (or equivalent 1.7 bar NH 3 , as a precursor of N 2 ). From the published data on planetary and Titan׳s accretion rates, the accretion temperature was estimated as T ac =355 to 300 K. In the first 0.5–0.6 Myr after accretion, Titan׳s surface cools to 150 K and it takes about 5 Myr to cool to near its present temperature of 94 K. The present-day internal composition corresponds to the accreted Titan made of two solids, antigorite and brucite, that account for 59.5 wt%, and an outer shell of an aqueous solution of NH 3 +(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 accounting for 40.0 wt%, and methane for a much smaller fraction of 0.6 wt%. In thermal escape of CH 4 and NH 3 , based on the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of gas-molecule velocities, the initial gas mass N 0 in the atmosphere is lost by a first-order flux, N t = N 0 exp(− kt ), where t is time (yr) and k (yr −1 ) is a rate parameter that depends on temperature, gas molecular mass, atmosphere thickness, and Titan׳s escape velocity. The computed initial T ac =355 K is too high and the two gases would be lost from the primordial atmosphere in several hundred years. However, emissions of CH 4 and NH 3 from the interior, at reasonable rates that do not deplete the Titan gas inventory and function for periods of different length of time in combination with thermal escape, may result in stable CH 4 and NH 3 atmospheric masses, as they are at the present. The periods of emissions of different magnitudes of CH 4 range from 6×10 4 to 6×10 5 yr, and those of NH 3 are 55,000–75,000 yr. At the lower T ac =300 K, thermal escape of gases alone allows their atmospheric masses to decrease from the primordial to the present-day levels in 50,000–70,000 years, when Titan׳s temperature has decreased to 245–255 K. Below this temperature, the NH 3 atmospheric mass is comparable to the present-day N 2 mass. Thermal escape does not contradict the existence of the photolytic sink of CH 4 in the cooled Titan atmosphere. The thermal escape mechanism does not require arbitrary assumptions about the timing of the start and duration of the gas emissions from the interior.
Recent changes to the Gulf Stream causing widespread gas hydrate destabilization

The Gulf Stream is an ocean current that modulates climate in the Northern Hemisphere by transporting warm waters from the Gulf of Mexico into the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. A changing Gulf Stream has the potential to thaw and convert hundreds of gigatonnes of frozen methane hydrate trapped below the sea floor into methane gas, increasing the risk of slope failure and methane release. How the Gulf Stream changes with time and what effect these changes have on methane hydrate stability is unclear. Here, using seismic data combined with thermal models, we show that recent changes in intermediate-depth ocean temperature associated with the Gulf Stream are rapidly destabilizing methane hydrate along a broad swathe of the North American margin. The area of active hydrate destabilization covers at least 10,000 square kilometres of the United States eastern margin, and occurs in a region prone to kilometre-scale slope failures. Previous hypothetical studies postulated that an increase of five degrees Celsius in intermediate-depth ocean temperatures could release enough methane to explain extreme global warming events like the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and trigger widespread ocean acidification. Our analysis suggests that changes in Gulf Stream flow or temperature within the past 5,000 years or so are warming the western North Atlantic margin by up to eight degrees Celsius and are now triggering the destabilization of 2.5 gigatonnes of methane hydrate (about 0.2 per cent of that required to cause the PETM). This destabilization extends along hundreds of kilometres of the margin and may continue for centuries. It is unlikely that the western North Atlantic margin is the only area experiencing changing ocean currents; our estimate of 2.5 gigatonnes of destabilizing methane hydrate may therefore represent only a fraction of the methane hydrate currently destabilizing globally. The transport from ocean to atmosphere of any methane released--and thus its impact on climate--remains uncertain.
Ligand-Enabled Methylene C(sp3)–H Bond Activation with a Pd(II) Catalyst

Pd(II) insertion into β-methylene C(sp3)–H bonds was enabled by a mutually repulsive and electron-rich quinoline ligand. Ligand tuning led to the development of a method that allows for installation of an aryl group on a range of acyclic and cyclic amides containing β-methylene C(sp3)–H bonds.
Mechanics of fretting fatigue crack formation

Abstract Fretting is a contact damage process arising from surface microslip associated with small-scale oscillatory motion of clamped structural members. The fretting damage process is a synergistic competition among wear, corrosive and fatigue phenomena driven by both the microslip at the contact surface and cyclic fretting contact stresses. Fretting fatigue is one mechanism of the formation of cracks in many common structural members, often leading to multi-site damage in riveted lap joint assemblies in aging aircraft. Thus a criterion for prediction of fretting fatigue crack nucleation is needed. A detailed analysis of the microslip distribution at the contact surface and the subsurface stress field is required for such a prediction. Relevant closed-form solutions for the 2-D elastic stress fields are adapted for reduced loading configurations modeled in a recently constructed fretting fatigue experiment that applies loads relevant to aircraft lap joints. The resulting stress field is combined with a multiaxial fatigue theory that combines strain-life ideas with a maximum normal stress to predict both the initiation site and life of fretting cracks. In particular, the theory predicts formation at the trailing edge of contact—not the location of the maximum shear stress traditionally associated with crack formation in contact fatigue. The fretting fatigue crack nucleation theory is validated through comparison with data in the literature. Once validated, the model is used to investigate the effects of coefficient of friction, load intensity and fatigue properties on life. It is shown that increases in coefficient of friction and surface microslip sharply reduce the number of cycles required to nucleate cracks. Application of the fretting fatigue crack nucleation model to actual loading configurations in common structural members such as riveted lap joints can lead to a tool for evaluating fatigue life of those members.
Lithium carbonate enhancement of the calcination of calcium carbonate: proposed extended-shell model

Abstract Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) has been tested as a possible catalyst to enhance the calcination of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) using a Lindberg furnace and a differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TGA) system. The Li 2 CO 3 was mixed with CaCO 3 (calcite) in weight ratios ranging from 1:500 to 1:20 and the mixtures were studied at constant temperatures of 800 and 700 °C in a Lindberg furnace and using a DTA-TGA analyzer. The results of the calcination rates (wt.% h −1 ) both from the Lindberg furnace and from the DTA-TGA analyzer have shown that the (Li 2 CO 3 ) -CaCO 3 mixture of about 1:200 has the highest calcination rate. In order to explain the data, a physical model is proposed. This extended-shell model has been tested with 5% magnesium chloride-calcium carbonate (MgCl 2 -CaCO 3 ) and 5% calcium chloride-calcium carbonate (CaCl 2 -CaCO 3 ) samples.
The Crab-like Supernova Remnant G21.5–0.9 at Millimeter Wavelengths

We present a BIMA array image of the supernova remnant G21.5-0.9 at 94 GHz with angular resolution 86 × 45. On scales larger than our synthesized beam, our results do not indicate any radial or local variations in the acceleration or synchrotron loss processes for the relativistic particles emitting at radio wavelengths. However, the FWHM size of the radio remnant is significantly greater than that of the X-ray remnant. Either any low-frequency spectral break is distributed across the remnant or, more probably, the break frequency is in fact higher than ~100 GHz.
On the formation of trapped surfaces

In a recent important breakthrough D. Christodoulou has solved a long standing problem of General Relativity of evolutionary formation of trapped surfaces in the Einstein-vacuum space-times. He has identified an open set of regular initial conditions on an outgoing null hypersurface (both finite and at past null infinity) leading to a formation a trapped surface in the corresponding vacuum space-time to the future of the initial outgoing hypersurface and another incoming null hypersurface with the prescribed Minkowskian data. In this paper we give a simpler proof for a finite problem by enlarging the admissible set of initial conditions and, consistent with this, relaxing the corresponding propagation estimates just enough that a trapped surface still forms. We also reduce the number of derivatives needed in the argument from two derivatives of the curvature to just one. More importantly, the proof, which can be easily localized with respect to angular sectors, has the potential for further developments.
Closed Strings in Ramond-Ramond Backgrounds

We write the IIB Green-Schwarz action in certain general classes of curved backgrounds threaded with Ramond-Ramond fluxes. The fixing of the kappa symmetry in the light-cone gauge and the use of supergravity Bianchi identities simplify the task. We find an expression that truncates to quartic order in the spacetime spinors and relays interesting information about the vacuum structure of the worldsheet theory. The results are particularly useful in exploring integrable string dynamics in the context of the holographic duality.
Entry, Descent, and Landing Operations Analysis for the Mars Phoenix Lander

The Mars Phoenix lander was launched August 4, 2007 and remained in cruise for ten months before landing in the northern plains of Mars in May 2008. The one-month Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) operations phase prior to entry consisted of daily analyses, meetings, and decisions necessary to determine if trajectory correction maneuvers and environmental parameter updates to the spacecraft were required. An overview of the Phoenix EDL trajectory simulation and analysis that was performed during the EDL approach and operations phase is described in detail. The evolution of the Monte Carlo statistics and footprint ellipse during the final approach phase is also provided. The EDL operations effort accurately delivered the Phoenix lander to the desired landing region on May 25, 2008.
Entrepreneur opportunity costs and intended venture growth

Abstract This study investigates how entrepreneur opportunity costs influence the intended future size of new ventures. In particular, using a survey of nascent entrepreneurs in the process of starting a venture, this paper examines how intended future sales revenue is influenced by entrepreneur current household income, education, and managerial experience. Consistent with opportunity cost and human capital arguments, it is found that individuals with higher current household income and greater supervisory experience have higher levels of intended firm size in 5 years time. While this study finds that entrepreneur stated preferences for growth also influence intended future sales of the venture, the association between nascent entrepreneur opportunity costs and venture scale is complementary to these stated preferences.
Designing an application oriented terminal

Application oriented Terminals have been around for quite some time and traditionally they have been hard wired. The approach, however, has been changing recently due to the availability of low cost RAM memory and microprocessors. The main reason for the trend is that although the hard wired Terminals cost less, they do not provide or have the flexibility a customer is provided with a programmable Terminal. However, the cost of programming becomes an important consideration and will vary depending upon what data is available with the Terminal to aid the programmer. In designing the Banking Terminal, Honeywell used a combination of the traditional hard wired implementation approach and the complete programmability approach. Honeywell also provided for a COBOL type "FITAL" (Financial Terminal Application Language) user level language for the customer, to aid programming the transaction sequences which allowed the customer to reduce programming cost. The limited programmability approach reduces the amount of programming, while it does not sacrifice flexibility available to the customer to tailor the Terminal transactions to suit his requirements.
TWIXT: A 3D animation system

Abstract This paper describes a visually interactive 3D computer animation system. Animation is controlled by lists of events stored in tracks. Tracks are interpolated by functions that have an arbitrary degree of knowledge about how to control display parameters. The system provides real time wireframe playback so the animator can see what the animation looks like and is both input and output device independent.
A New Probabilistic Approach for Accurate Fatigue Data Analysis of Ceramic Materials

Statistical methods for the design of ceramic components for time-dependent failure modes have been developed that can significantly enhance component reliability, reduce baseline data generation costs, and lead to more accurate estimates of slow crack growth (SCG) parameters. These methods are incorporated into the Honeywell Engines & Systems CERAMIC and ERICA computer codes. Use of the codes facilitates generation of material strength parameters and SCG parameters simultaneously, by pooling fast fracture data from specimens that are of different sizes, or stressed by different loading conditions, with data derived from static fatigue experiments. The codes also include approaches to calculation of confidence bounds for the Weibull and SCG parameters of censored data and for the predicted reliability of ceramic components, This paper presents a summary of this new fatigue data analysis technique and an example demonstrat ing the capabilities of the codes with respect to time-dependent failure modes, This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy/Oak, Ridge National Laboratory (DoE/ ORNL) under Contract No. DE-AC05-84OR21400.
Jackknife instrumental variables estimation

Two-stage-least-squares (2SLS) estimates are biased towards OLS estimates. This bias grows with the degree of over-identification and can generate highly misleading results. In this paper we propose two simple alternatives to 2SLS and limited-information-maximum-likelihood (LIML) estimators for models with more instruments than endogenous regressors. These estimators can be interpreted as instrumental variables procedures using an instrument that is independent of disturbances even in finite samples. Independence is achieved by using a `leave-one-out' jackknife-type fitted value in place of the usual first-stage equation. The new estimators are first-order equivalent to 2SLS but with finite-sample properties superior to those of 2SLS and similar to LIML when there are many instruments. Moreover, the jackknife estimators appear to be less sensitive than LIML to deviations from the linear reduced form used in classical simultaneous equations models.
WHY ARE THERE NORMAL SLOW ROTATORS AMONG A-TYPE STARS?

I wondered why there are still slowly rotating (V < 120 km s–1) normal A0-A9 field stars when such stars should have become Ap or Am stars by a diffusion mechanism. My first guess was that this was related to an unusually high binary frequency, but the frequency turned out to be normal, as shown in a paper in preparation. Next, I wondered whether all the slow rotators have had enough time to become Ap or Am stars. That process is rapid for Ap(Si), Ap(HgMn), and Am stars, but slow for Ap(SrCrEu) stars. For Ap(SrCrEu) stars, it takes about half of their main-sequence lifetime to show their abnormality. Under the assumption of a constant formation rate of field A stars, about half of the eventual Ap(SrCrEu) will appear as normal slow rotators. That is why there are still normal slow rotators in A0-A3. That is the main conclusion of this study. I discuss recent doubts about the length of time it takes to form an Ap(SrCr) star and found that the doubts are inappropriate. For the A4-F0 stars, I confirm that all the stars in binaries with orbital periods of 2-10 days became Am stars because their rotational velocities have been reduced by tidal interactions below V = 120 km s–1, a requirement for diffusion to act. It is also confirmed that all the normal stars in binaries have orbital periods above ~100 days because the tidal interactions in such binaries are inadequate to bring the rotational velocities below 120 km s–1. However, both Am and normal stars occur in binaries with orbital periods between 10 and 100 days, and at present we do not know why.
Rotordynamic Instability in Centrifugal Compressors—Are All the Excitations Understood?

A published history of rotordynamic instability problems with centrifugal compressors is documented from the literature. Established theory for computerized stability anaylysis is reviewed, and the use of cross-coupled stiffness and damping coefficients to represent destabilizing forces is explained. A derivation of cross-coupled stiffness coefficients for torquewhirl is presented. Experimental measurements made on a simple test rig with a radial-vaned impeller are described, which show that a working fluid can exert destabilizing forces on such an impeller. These forces must be considered, in addition to journal bearing and internal hysteresis excitations, if accurate predictions of rotordynamic instability thresholds are to be made. Several classifications of these forces are hypothesized.Copyright © 1980 by ASME
New tandem catalysis: preparation of cyclic enol ethers through a ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis-olefin isomerization sequence.

Tandem reactions that proceed with a single metal catalyst precursor offer novel opportunities for developing efficient new reaction sequences. In this regard, reaction conditions have been identified that allows for a tandem ring-closing metathesis−olefin isomerization sequence catalyzed by a common ruthenium precursor. Specifically, the tandem process generates cyclic enol ethers from a variety of readily available acyclic dienes in a single reaction vessel using Grubbs' ruthenium alkylidene.
A systems approach to the commercialization of space communications technology: The NASA/JPL Mobile Satellite Program

This paper discusss the systems approach taken by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the commercialization of land-mobile satellite services (LMSS) in the United States. As the lead center for NASA's Mobile Satellite Program, JPL was involved in identifying and addressing many of the key barriers to commercialization of mobile satellite communications, including technical, economic, regulatory and institutional risks, or uncertainties. The systems engineering approach described here was used to mitigate these risks. The result was the development and implementation of the JPL Mobile Satellite Experiment Project. This Project included not only technology development, but also studies to support NASA in the definition of the regulatory, market, and investment environments within which LMSS would evolve and eventually operate, as well as initiatives to mitigate their associated commercialization risks. The end result of these government-led endeavors was the acceleration of the introduction of commercial mobile satellite services, both nationally and internationally.
Antimuscarinics for the treatment of overactive bladder: a review of central nervous system effects.

Antimuscarinic drugs commonly used to treat overactive bladder are often associated with central nervous system (CNS) side effects including cognitive dysfunction, memory impairment, dizziness, fatigue, and headache. New agents show reduced CNS penetrance and better selectivity for the M3 muscarinic receptor. However, changes associated with aging may lead to alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability. Therefore, use of antimuscarinics in the elderly or in patients with Alzheimer’s disease presents a significant challenge. This review highlights muscarinic receptor distribution and function in the CNS, provides a description and incidence of CNS side effects with therapy, offers information specific to currently available agents, and describes the use of antimuscarinics in special populations including children, the elderly, and patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
Tracking Move-Stop-Move Targets with State-Dependent Mode Transition Probabilities

This paper presents a method for tracking ground moving targets with a GMTI radar. To avoid detection by the GMTI radar, targets can deliberately stop for some time before moving again. The GMTI radar does not detect a target when the radial velocity (along the line-of-sight from the sensor) falls below a certain minimum detectable velocity (MDV). We develop a new approach by using state-dependent mode transition probabilities to track move-stop-move targets. Since in a real scenario, the maximum deceleration is always limited, a target cannot switch to the stopped-target model from a high speed. Therefore, with the use of the stopped-target model, the Markov chain of the mode switching has jump probabilities that depend on the target's kinematic state. A mode transition matrix with zero jump probabilities to the stopped-target mode is used when the speed is above a certain "stopping" limit (above which the target cannot stop in one sampling interval, designated as "fast stage") and another transition matrix with non-zero jump probabilities to the stopped-target mode is used when the speed is below this limit (designated as "slow stage"). The stage probabilities are calculated using the kinematic state statistics from the interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator and then used to combine the state-dependent mode transition probabilities (SDP) in the two different transition matrices. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous methods.
Numerical methods for nonreacting and chemically reacting laminar flows - Tests and comparisons

Equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and ideal gas (7 = 1.4) laminar boundary layers and viscous shock layers over a 10°-half-angle hyperboloid, 50 nose-radii long, have been computed by several investigators for three 20,000-fps cases, one at 100,000 ft altitude and two at 250,000 ft. Their predictions of skin-friction and heat-transfer coefficients and displacementthickness distributions over the body, as well as property profiles across the layer at the ends of the body, are compared. The conditions were chosen to test the ability of the numerical methods to predict nonequilibrium viscous-layer flows near and far from chemical equilibrium and the applicability of boundary-layer theory at low-Reynolds-number conditions. Results show that recently developed finite-difference methods can be used to compute finite rate, chemically reacting flows near chemical equilibrium, and iterations of implicit finite-difference solutions are required for accurate results. At 250,000 ft altitude, higher-order boundary-layer theory is not adequate and a fully viscous shock-layer technique must be used. At the higher altitude, stagnation heat transfer is strongly affected by shock slip.
Reaction of Chromium with Mercury Halides: Preparation of Chromium Halide Solvates

Abstract The reaction of chromium with mercury halides in the presence of donor solvents has been studied. Synthetically useful complexes of the type CrX3.nS where X = Cl, Br or I, S = pyridine or tetrahydrofuran and usually n = 3 were isolated.
Modeling GRB 050904: Autopsy of a Massive Stellar Explosion at z = 6.29

GRB 050904, at redshift z = 6.29, was discovered and observed by Swift, and, with a spectroscopic redshift from the Subaru Telescope, is the first gamma-ray burst to be identified from beyond the epoch of reionization. Since the progenitors of long GRBs have been identified as massive stars, this event offers a unique opportunity to investigate star formation environments at this epoch. Apart from its record redshift, the burst is remarkable in two respects: first, it exhibits fast-evolving X-ray and optical flares that peak simultaneously at t ≈ 470 s in the observer's frame and may thus originate in the same emission region; second, its afterglow exhibits an accelerated decay in the near-infrared (NIR) from t ≈ 104 s to t ≈ 3 × 104 s after the burst, coincident with repeated and energetic X-ray flaring activity. We perform a complete analysis of available X-ray, NIR, and radio observations, utilizing afterglow models that incorporate a range of physical effects not previously considered for this or any other GRB afterglow and quantifying our model uncertainties in detail with Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis. We explore the possibility that the early optical and X-ray flare is due to synchrotron and inverse Compton emission from the reverse-shock regions of the outflow. We suggest that the period of accelerated decay in the NIR may be due to suppression of synchrotron radiation by inverse Compton interaction of X-ray flare photons with electrons in the forward shock; a subsequent interval of slow decay would then be due to a progressive decline in this suppression. The range of acceptable models demonstrates that the kinetic energy and circumburst density of GRB 050904 are well above the typical values for low-redshift GRBs.
Orthogonal Pd- and Cu-Based Catalyst Systems for C- and N-Arylation of Oxindoles

In the cross-coupling reactions of unprotected oxindoles with aryl halides, Pd- and Cu-based catalyst systems displayed orthogonal chemoselectivity. A Pd-dialkylbiarylphosphine-based catalyst system chemoselectively arylated oxindole at the 3 position, while arylation occurred exclusively at the nitrogen using a Cu-diamine-based catalyst system. Computational examination of the relevant L1Pd(Ar)(oxindolate) and diamine-Cu(oxindolate) species was performed to gain mechanistic insight into the controlling features of the observed chemoselectivity.
The red eye

A red eye is a cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. Most cases are benign and can be managed by the primary care provider. The key is recognizing cases requiring ophthalmological consultation by differentiating between ciliary and conjunctival injection. Ciliary injection indicates inflammation of the cornea, iris, or ciliary body, whereas conjunctival injection mainly affects the posterior conjunctival blood vessels.
Structure, porosity, and redox in porous manganese oxide octahedral layer and molecular sieve materials

The control of synthesis methods allows the preparation of unique materials such as octahedral layer (OL) and octahedral molecular sieve (OMS) systems. These mixed valent porous materials are excellent semiconductors. Conductivity in porous molecular sieve materials is unusual and leads to more favorable characterization such as less charging in relation to insulating materials like clays and zeolites. Semiconductivity of OL and OMS materials allows potential applications as sensors, redox catalysis, and in fuel cells. This review will focus on the use of composition and redox to control the structure, morphology, porosity, catalytic activity, and conductivity of such materials. A major emphasis in this field has been on the generation of new materials and the mechanism of formation of such systems.
The Galactic transient sky with Swift

Abstract The unique capabilities of Swift that make it ideal for discovery and follow-up of Gamma-Ray bursts also make it the ideal mission for discovery and monitoring of X-ray Transients in the Milky Way and the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The Burst Alert Telescope allows for detection of new transient outbursts, the automated follow-up capabilities of Swift allow for rapid observation and localization of the new transient in X-rays and optical/UV bands, and Swift 's rapid slewing capabilities allow for low-overhead short observations to be obtained, opening up the possibility of regular, sensitive, long term monitoring of transient outbursts that are not possible with other currently operational X-ray missions. In this paper I describe the methods of discovery of X-ray transients utilizing Swift 's BAT and also collaboration with the MAXI telescope. I also detail two examples of X-ray transient science enabled by Swift : Swift discovery and monitoring observations of MAXI J1659-152, a Black Hole candidate Low Mass X-ray Binary in the Galactic Halo, which has the shortest known orbital period of any such system; and Swift monitoring of IGR J00569-7226, an edge on Be/X-ray binary that displayed an outburst in 2013 and 2014, and which monitoring by Swift allowed for detection of dips, eclipses and the determination of the orbital parameters, utilizing a measurement of Doppler shifts in the pulsar period.
Providing complete and integrated information science education

Information is needed by a variety of users for various purposes in private and public enterprises. Colleges and universities help meet this need by conducting research and educating people in information science. The relevant education and research is provided by these institutions through business, computer science, and other programs (including library science, communication, and engineering). Each of these approaches has inherent shortcommings that will prevent them from delivering complete and integrated information science education and research. This paper examines the various approaches, explains the shortcommings, and proposes an alternative approach to resolve the difficulties.
Optimum Design of a Low-Pressure, Double Inflow, Radial Steam Turbine for Open-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

This paper describes the thermo-fluid design concept of a low-pressure, radial inflow steam turbine for the Open-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. The design concept permits the utilization of single-stage and multistage configurations for small and medium power ranges, respectively
Simulation-Based Bug Trace Minimization With BMC-Based Refinement

Finding the cause of a bug can be one of the most time-consuming activities in design verification. This is particularly true in the case of bugs discovered in the context of a random-simulation-based methodology, where bug traces, or counterexamples, may be several hundred thousand cycles long. In this paper, BUg TRAce MINimization (Butramin), which is a bug trace minimizer, is proposed. Butramin considers a bug trace produced by a random simulator or semiformal verification software and produces an equivalent trace of shorter length. Butramin applies a range of minimization techniques, deploying both simulation-based and formal methods, with the objective of producing highly reduced traces that still expose the original bug. Butramin was evaluated on a range of designs, including the publicly available picoJava microprocessor, and bug traces up to one million cycles long. Experiments show that in most cases, Butramin is able to reduce traces to a very small fraction of their initial sizes, in terms of cycle length and signals involved. The minimized traces can greatly facilitate bug analysis and reduce regression runtime
Plasmon localization and local field distribution in metal-dielectric films

An exact and very efficient numerical method for calculating the effective conductivity and local-field distributions in random R-L-C networks is developed. Using this method, the local-field properties of random metal-dielectric films are investigated in a wide spectral range and for a variety of metal concentrations p. It is shown that for metal concentrations close to the percolation threshold (p=p(c)) and frequencies close to the resonance, the local-field intensity is characterized by a non-Gaussian, exponentially broad distribution. For low and high metal concentrations a scaling region is formed that is due to the increasing number of noninteracting dipoles. The local electric fields are studied in terms of characteristic length parameters. The roles of both localized and extended eigenmodes in Kirchhoff's Hamiltonian are investigated.
Nonparametric Estimation of Nonadditive Random Functions

We present estimators for nonparametric functions that are nonadditive in unobservable random terms. The distributions of the unobservable random terms are assumed to be unknown. We show that when a nonadditive, nonparametric function is strictly monotone in an unobservable random term, and it satisfies some other properties that may be implied by economic theory, such as homogeneity of degree one or separability, the function and the distribution of the unobservable random term are identified. We also present convenient normalizations, to use when the properties of the function, other than strict monotonicity in the unobservable random term, are unknown. The estimators for the nonparametric function and for the distribution of the unobservable random term are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. We extend the results to functions that depend on a multivariate random term. The results of a limited simulation study are presented.
Heart-lung interactions

The primary goal of cardiovascular and respiratory systems is to supply adequate amounts of O2 to the tissues to meet their metabolic demand. Since a primary role of critical care resuscitative efforts is to insure the adequacy of O2 delivery in stress states, an understanding of cardio-pulmonary physiology and the effects of disease and therapeutic interventions on cardio-pulmonary status is central to the management of the critically ill patient.
Modeling the Metallicity Distribution of Globular Clusters

Observed metallicities of globular clusters reflect physical conditions in the interstellar medium of their high-redshift host galaxies. Globular cluster systems in most large galaxies display bimodal color and metallicity distributions, which are often interpreted as indicating two distinct modes of cluster formation. The metal-rich and metal-poor clusters have systematically different locations and kinematics in their host galaxies. However, the red and blue clusters have similar internal properties, such as their masses, sizes, and ages. It is therefore interesting to explore whether both metal-rich and metal-poor clusters could form by a common mechanism and still be consistent with the bimodal distribution. We present such a model, which prescribes the formation of globular clusters semi-analytically using galaxy assembly history from cosmological simulations coupled with observed scaling relations for the amount and metallicity of cold gas available for star formation. We assume that massive star clusters form only during mergers of massive gas-rich galaxies and tune the model parameters to reproduce the observed distribution in the Galaxy. A wide, but not the entire, range of model realizations produces metallicity distributions consistent with the data. We find that early mergers of smaller hosts create exclusively blue clusters, whereas subsequent mergers of more massive galaxies create both red and blue clusters. Thus, bimodality arises naturally as the result of a small number of late massive merger events. This conclusion is not significantly affected by the large uncertainties in our knowledge of the stellar mass and cold gas mass in high-redshift galaxies. The fraction of galactic stellar mass locked in globular clusters declines from over 10% at z > 3 to 0.1% at present.
Bicyclic pyrazolidinone antibacterial agents. Synthesis of side chain analogues of carbapenems PS-5 and thienamycin

Abstract Bicyclic pyrazolidinone analogues of carbapenems, bearing either an ethyl or hydroxyethyl side chain at C-7, were prepared via the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition chemistry of pyrazolidinium ylides.
Investigation of Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer Effects Due to Light Guides in a Column Photobioreactor

Proper light penetration is an essential design consideration for effective algae growth in column photobioreactors. This research focuses on the placement of light guides within a photobioreactor (PBR), and the effect they have on heat transfer, mass transfer, bubble and fluid flow patterns, and mixing. Studies have been done on a rectangular column photobioreactor (34.29 cm long × 15.25 cm wide × 34.29 cm tall) with two light panels along the front and back of the PBR. A bubble sparger is placed along the center of the bottom length of the PBR with both height and width of 1.27 cm and a length of 33.02 cm. Different configurations and numbers of light guides (1.27 cm diameter) running horizontally from the front to the back of the PBR are modeled using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software Star-CCM+. It is hypothesized that the addition of light guides will change the flow pattern but not adversely affect the heat or mass transfer of the carbon dioxide bubbles within the PBR. Potential concerns of light guide placement include inhibiting the flow of the carbon dioxide bubbles or creating regions of high temperature, which could potentially kill the algae. Benefits of light guides include increased light penetration and photosynthesis within the PBR. Five different light guide setups are tested with the carbon dioxide bubbles and water modeled as a turbulent multiphase gas-liquid mixture. The near wall standard k-epsilon two layer turbulence model was used, as it takes into account the viscosity influences between the liquid and gaseous phases. Eight different bubble volumetric flow rates are simulated. The bubble flow patterns, temperature distribution, Nusselt number, Reynolds number, and velocity are all analyzed. The results indicate square arrays of light guides give the most desirable velocity distribution, with less area of zero velocity compared to the staggered light guide setup. Temperature distribution is generally even for all configurations of light guides.Copyright © 2013 by ASME