cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unit study of exteroceptive inputs to claustrocortex in awake, sitting, squirrel monkey

Abstract This exploratory study is concerned with the question of exteroceptive inputs to the cortex of the insula overlying the claustrum (claustrocortex of Brockhaus). Experiments were performed on awake, sitting squirrel monkeys with a chronically fixed stereotaxic device for exploring the brain with microelectrodes while testing unit responses to gustatory, somatic, auditory, and photic stimulation. Observations were made on more than 1800 units located in the claustrocortex, the frontal and temporal opercula, the claustrum and elsewhere. In the claustrocortex approximately one-fifth of 500 units responded to some form of sensory stimulation. Differences in the location of units responding, respectively, to somatic, auditory, and gustatory stimulation were found to be statistically significant. Units responding to gustatory stimulation were found in the rostral part of the claustrocortex and the adjacent cortex of the frontal operculum. Because of problems of control in the awake, sitting animal, it could not be conclusively proved that the responses were due to activation of taste receptors. Other units in the same cortical areas were activated by mechanical stimulation of the oral cavity. About 9% of units in the claustrocortex were specifically activated by somatic stimulation, with latencies ranging from 30 to 300 msec. Only 3 units appeared to be solely responsive to blunt and sharp pressure; the remainder could also be activated by tactile stimulation. Receptive fields were usually large and bilateral. More than 10% of units in the claustrocortex responded to auditory stimulation. Two main types of units could be identified on the basis of latencies, response rates, and duration of discharge. For one type, latencies were as short as 7 msec. A few units were found which responded to tones within a narrow range of frequencies. One unit in the frontal operculum responded only to the vocalization of another monkey. Only two units of the claustrocortex responded to photic stimulation. A new type of unit was encountered which was activated by approaching objects. Such ‘approach-type’ units were found in the claustrocortex and frontal operculum. The results are discussed in the light of existing knowledge about the insula.
Interactive video dance games for healthy older adults.

Background Physical activity promotes health in older adults but participation rates are low. Interactive video dance games can increase activity in young persons but have not been designed for use with older adults. The purpose of this research was to evaluate healthy older adults’ interest and participation in a dance game adapted for an older user.
A dual geometry—topology constraint approach for determination of pseudo-swept shapes as applied to hexahedral mesh generation

The current paper presents a pseudo-sweep algorithm to determine whether a given volume constitutes an approximately swept shape for the purpose of hexahedral finite element mesh generation. The pseudo-swept shape determination approach consists of three steps. Step 1: Determining the source surface, target surface, and lateral surface of a given solid object B. Two requirements: topological and geometric requirements, are used to determine these three surfaces. Step 2: Creating a submappable lateral surface. A submappable surface is one that allows the sweeping of a two dimensional quadrilateral mesh from the source surface to target surface. Step 3: Modifying the topology of the source surface. If the topologies of the source and target surfaces are different, an approach called Topology Mapping is applied. The Topology Mapping approach maps the target surface to the source surface so that sweeping of quadrilateral mesh from the source surface to the target surface is possible. Once the above three steps are applied, a hexahedral mesh is generated by sweeping a quadrilateral mesh from the source surface, along the lateral surface, to the target surface.
Preparation and mechanical properties of electrically conductive polypyrrole-poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) composites

Abstract Electrically conductive polymer composite materials that possess good electrical and mechanical properties are prepared in two steps: first, a concentrated emulsion is generated by dispersing with stirring a toluene solution of pyrrole and a host polymer (poly(ethylene- co -vinyl acetate) or polyethylene) in a small amount of an aqueous solution of a surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate); secondly, the oxidative polymerization of the monomer is carried out by introducing with stirring an aqueous solution of an oxidant (FeCl 3 ). After polymerization, flexible and stretchable conductive films can be obtained by hot-pressing the obtained composite powders. The conductivity of the composite exhibits a percolation threshold in the range 5–20 wt.% and reaches values as high as 5–7 S/cm. The mechanical properties of the composite films are determined by measuring the tensile strength as a function of elongation for various proportions of the conductive polymer in the composite and contents of vinyl acetate in the host polymer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs indicate that the hot-pressed materials possess a fluid-like morphology.
Shear transformation to produce a new phase of polymeric sulfur nitride (SN)x

The solid‐state synthesis of a new phase of (SN)x is reported. X‐ray diffraction results show that mechanical shear induces a transformation of the known, monoclinic phase (space group P21/c) to a phase of orthorhombic symmetry(probable space group P212121). The unit cell parameters of the shear‐induced phase of (SN)x are a=6.251, b=4.429, and c=4.807 A. Since the approximate chain repeat dimension (b) and the chain symmetry (21) are the same before and after the transformation, the chain geometries for the two phases of (SN)x are predicted to be quite similar, if not identical. However, important differences are expected for interchain interactions that have been previously shown to be essential in understanding various properties of the monoclinic phase of (SN)x. Both phases of (SN)x are shown to be stable with respect to thermally‐induced interconversion for temperatures up to 175°C. Molecular packing calculations are used to predict structural aspects of the shear‐induced phase and the relationship be...
Cost‐utility assessment: Planning with local decisionmakers in developing countries

In the past decade countries and donor agencies have endorsed health policies which (1) give a very broad definition of health, (2) see the pursuit of health as part of the development process, and (3) emphasize the local community's and local decision-maker's participation in the planning of health projects. Despite these broad principles, health delivery systems in developing countries have access to a very limited set of resources. Health planners are faced with the dilemma of creating cost-effective programmes while recognizing the need to take into account the broad definition of health and the importance of local participation in planning. This dilemma has led to a division between those planners who put greater emphasis on the use of cost analysis techniques in which the decision-making process rests more with professional planners (often outside consultants) vs those who emphasize greater local control of the decision-making process. The purpose of this paper is to present a study in which two alternative approaches to cost utility analysis were used. Consideration was given both to the actual cost analysis strategy and to the integration of the cost variable into the total decision-making process. Finally, major emphasis was placed on including local decision-makers in the planning process and providing them with feasible and understandable decision-making tools.
Median frequency and coherence measures of atrial and ventricular fibrillation

Fibrillatory rhythms are poorly characterized by traditional time-domain measures, such as rate. The authors describe two measures not commonly applied in intracardiac signal processing; the median frequency (MF) in the 2 to 9 Hz region of the power spectrum, and the magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) function. These two measures are formally defined. The MF is a robust measure of drug-induced changes in atrial fibrillation, and the MSC is a measure of the degree of organization of atrial and ventricular cardiac rhythms. >
The relation between the discard and regularity conditions for choice probabilities

Abstract A set of choice probabilities satisfies the regularity condition if the probability of choosing and alternative from any set is at least as great as the probability of choosing it from any of its supersets. It satisfies strict regularity if the probability of choice from each set is strictly greater than the probability of choice from each of its proper supersets. It satisfies the discard condition if there exists a set of discard probabilities such that the probability of choosing an alternative from a set equals the weighted sum of the probabilities of choosing it from the sets generated by discarding single elements from the given set. The weighting factors correspond to the discard probabilities. It is shown that regularity implies the discard condition and that strict regularity implies that the set of discard probabilities is unique. An explicit form for this solution is found, and it is shown to take a particularly simple form when the choice axiom is assumed to hold on the choice probabilities. Theorems are also established about uniqueness of the solution when only regularity is assumed.
Aging on the Old Frontier and the New A Behavior Setting Approach to the Declining Small Towns of the Midwest

Roger Barker identified three life-shaping characteristics of the American Frontier and its settings—being unfinished (lacking many physical-social structures), being undermanned, and being imbued with uncertainty, with conditions that were poorly understood or unknown to the residents. Today, dramatic changes in the social and economic landscape of the rural Midwest that threaten the survival of many small communities and their behavior settings have created circumstances not unlike those of the 1800s, except that many of the pioneers are elderly. This research uses an experiential field approach to explore the applicability and impacts of Barker’s frontier conditions to the behavior settings that comprise three small Kansas communities today and the historical context from which they have evolved. The implications for the future of these communities and their residents, as well as the potential for intervention within existing behavior settings, are discussed.
A pancreatic endocrine tumor arising within a serous cystadenoma of the pancreas

We report a pancreatic endocrine tumor arising within an otherwise benign pancreatic serous cystadenoma in a 47-year-old woman with a history of lupus treated by steroids. She presented 10 years before resection with epigastric pain and intermittent jaundice. Histologic and immunohistochemical studies showed that the solid endocrine component was composed of small, uniform cells with stippled nuclei, which were chromogranin A positive. The surrounding cystic component was lined by periodic acid Schiff's-positive, diastase-digestible cells containing glycogen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a serous cystadenoma of the pancreas that contains a well defined pancreatic endocrine tumor reported in the English literature.
Effect of Ag/Ag2O additions on the resistive behavior of preformed YBa2Cu3O7−δ compacts in the low temperature sintering regime

Abstract Contacts between the individual ceramic particles dictate the resistive behavior of bulk, polycrystalline, preformed YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ compacts in the low temperature sintering regime. Ag/Ag 2 O additions to performed 123 are investigated, with an aim to lower the sintering temperature required to achieve macroscopic zero resistivity in particulate cermet superconductors. The addition of Ag/Ag 2 O results in enhanced resistive properties due to improved interparticle contacts. The thermal decomposition of Ag 2 O in the presence of 123 is unaltered, as shown by DTA and TGA analysis. Hence, the presence of Ag 2 O at temperatures higher than its normal decomposition temperature appears unlikely. For sintering temperatures below 600°C, internal oxidation due to dissociation of Ag 2 O may serve as an efficient mechanism for oxygenating the 123 phase. However, for sintering temperatures close to 800°C, Ag additions are as effective as Ag 2 O additions and the benefit of oxygen donation by Ag 2 O appears to be small. The addition of Ag/Ag 2 O and the use of high compaction pressures, reduce the minimum sintering temperature to attain macroscopic zero resistivity from 900–950°C to ∼ 800°C.
Discovery of a Primitive Damped Lyα Absorber near an X-Ray-bright Galaxy Group in the Virgo Cluster*

We present a new ultraviolet echelle spectrum of PG 1216+069, obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope, that reveals damped Lyabsorption, as well as O i ,C ii ,S iii, and Fe iiabsorption lines, at zabs ¼ 0:00632 near the NGC 4261 galaxy group in the periphery of the Virgo Cluster. Theabsorbershowsnoevidenceofhighlyionizedgas,whichplacesconstraintson''warm-hot''missingbaryonsin the X-ray-bright NGC 4261 group. The well-developed damping wings of the Lyline tightly constrain the H i columndensity;wefindlogN(Hi) ¼ 19:32 � 0:03.ThemetallicityofthissubdampedLyabsorber(sub-DLA) is remarkably low, ½O=H �¼� 1:60 þ0:09 � 0:11 , comparable to many analogous high-redshift systems, and the iron abun- dance indicates that this absorber contains little or no dust. Nitrogen is underabundant: we detect neither N i nor N ii, and we show that the absence of nitrogen is not due to ionization effects but rather indicates that ½N=O �� � 0:28 (3 � ). Despite the proximity of the sight line to the NGC 4261 group, there are no bright galaxies with small impact parameters at the absorption redshift: the nearest known galaxy is a sub-L* galaxy with a projected distance of � ¼ 86 h � 1 75 kpc, while the closest L *g alaxy is NGC 4260, at� ¼ 246 h � 1 75 kpc. The low metallicity and ni- trogen underabundance indicate that this low-z sub-DLA is a relatively primitive gas cloud. We consider the na- ture and origin of the sub-DLA, and we discuss several possibilities. The properties of the sub-DLA are similar to those of the interstellar media in blue compact dwarf galaxies and are also reminiscent of Milky Way high-velocity clouds. The sub-DLA could also be related to a dwarf spheroidal galaxy, if the absorption arises in gas ejected or stripped from such an object. Finally, the object could simply be a small dark matter halo, self-enriched by a small amount of internal star formation but mostly undisturbed since its initial formation. In this case, the small halo would likely be an ancient building block of galaxy formation that formed before the epoch of reionization. Subject headingg cosmology: observations — galaxies: abundances — intergalactic medium — quasars: absorption lines — quasars: individual (PG 1216+069)
Metabolism of progesterone by rat testicular homogenates. I. Isolation and identification of metabolites.

Homogenates of rat testicular tissue have been incubated with progesterone- 4-14C and certain of the metabolites have been identified. When small ratios of substrate to tissue were used, there was usually a large conversion to testosterone-14C (30–35%). Much smaller amounts of Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione and 17-hydroxy-Δ4-pregnene-3,20-dione were found. Labeled 16α-hydroxy-δ4-pregnene-3, 20-dione and 17,20α-dihydroxy-Δ4-pregnen-3- one were produced in small yields. Substantial conversions (8–40%) to 5α-androstane-3α,17β- diol were found. These results indicate that testosterone is the principal androgen produced in rat testicular homogenates, and that, at least in vitro, the rat testis further metabolizes significant amounts of testosterone by reduction in ring A. (Endocrinology 78: 460, 1966)
A two-year study in intensive rehabilitation of 50 chronically ill indigent medical outpatients.

Abstract Data concerning the rehabilitation of fifty chronically ill indigent medical outpatients are presented. The methods emphasized in the selection, evaluation, and care of these patients are enumerated. The keystone of this approach in rehabilitation is the determination of the residual functional capacity of each chronically ill individual. The development of an adequate understanding of this capacity by the patient, his family, and social agencies working with him permitted reasonable goals to be set for each patient in terms of remunerative employment. This rehabilitation study, accomplished through the efforts of two physicians working intensively with the patients over a prolonged period of time, demonstrates that the physician can do much in assisting his patient toward rehabilitation if he works intensively with the patient for a longer period of time than that required only for diagnosis and immediate therapy. Further, this study points up that rehabilitation can be done by the physician alone, without the intervention of a team of many paramedical specialists who may inavertently be working in an uncoordinated manner and actually to the detriment of the patient's success if there is a lack of communication among them. Fifteen of these fifty patients were able to return full-time competitive employment and seventeen additional patients were able to return to part-time employment and thereby reduce, partially, their dependence upon welfare. A comparison of these earnings in one year of the patients rehabilitated and the proportionate decrease in welfare assistance payments, with the total cost for the intensive work with each patient shows that such intensive rehabilitation efforts are a sound investment. The removal of fifteen patients and their families from any dependency upon public welfare assistance and the maintenance of this freedom from dependency over a subsequent two-year time has resulted in considerable savings in the taxpayers, both directly and indirectly.
Antecedents of Goal Commitment: An Empirical Examination of Personal and Situational Factors1

The purpose of this study was to provide a partial test of the Hollenbeck and Klein (1987) model of goal commitment. Four variables from that model (reward structure, social influence, type-A behavior, and self-esteem) were examined as to their relationships with the expectancy and attractiveness of goal attainment and goal commitment. The results, based on 88 college students performing an anagram task, were generally supportive. Significant person by situation interactions were also observed.
Coproduction of Law Enforcement Services Benefits and Implications

Implications of law enforcement coproduction are investigated in this article. It is asserted that coproduction of law enforcement services will not be neutral in terms of neighborhood impact. A ze...
Individual Instruction and Group Instruction: A Case Study

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to explore differences in teaching during individual instruction as compared to group instruction. Several qualitative and quantitative aspects of teacher verbal behavior were examined. Data were obtained by analyzing transcripts of five individual and four group mathematics lessons taught by the same teacher. Significant differences were found in relation to amount of teacher verbal behavior displayed, types of thought required by teacher solicitations, and types of logical operations required by teacher solicitations. During individual instruction there was more teacher talk, less use of higher thought level solicitations, and less use of a variety of logical operation solicitations than during group instruction.
Electrochemical reduction of some α-haloacetanilides

La reduction d'α-haloacetanilides sur une electrode de mercure est etudiee afin de determiner si la molecule peut etre reduite en aniline avec la coupure de la liaison C−N
Risk: Diversification and Performance Precursors for Stocks

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the assessment of risk associated with an investment portfolio of stocks. We consider two issues concerning risk: the overall diversification level of the investment portfolio of stocks and stocks that behave unusually when compared to similar stocks in the portfolio. A model is constructed for the dynamic covariance structure in the stock returns which allows us to measure the current diversification level of the investment portfolio. Once we are able to estimate this dynamic covariance structure, we are able to detect these unusually behaving stocks.
Neuropeptide Y induces torpor-like hypothermia in Siberian hamsters.

Abstract Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of neuropeptide Y (NPY) are known to decrease body temperature ( T b ) of laboratory rats by 1–3 °C. Several NPY pathways in the brain terminate in hypothalamic structures involved in energy balance and thermoregulation. Laboratory rats are homeothermic, maintaining T b within a narrow range. We examined the effect of ICV injected NPY on T b in the heterothermic Siberian hamster ( Phodopus sungorus ), a species that naturally undergoes daily torpor in which T b decreases by as much as 15–20 °C. Minimum effective dose was determined in preliminary testing then various doses of NPY were tested in cold-acclimated Siberian hamsters while food was withheld. NPY markedly reduced T b in the heterothermic Siberian hamster. In addition, the reduction in T b in 63% of the observations was sufficient to reach the criterion for daily torpor ( T b T b . The mild hypothermia seen in homeothermic laboratory rats after NPY injected ICV is exaggerated, often greatly, in the heterothermic Siberian hamster. NPY treatment may be activating hypothalamic systems that normally integrate endogenous torpor-producing signals and initiate torpor.
Vertical Motion in the Gulf Stream Near 68°W

Abstract The authors compute and compare vertical motions from three different data sources within a 300-km square domain centered in the Gulf Stream near 38°N, 68°W, and show that vertical motions inferred from all three independent data sources and different analysis methods give similar results. The time derivatives of RAFOS float pressures on isopycnal surfaces are used to determine directly observed vertical motion wRAF. Second, vertical motions are inferred from the heat equation using measured temperature changes and the backing and veering of currents observed by a stack of current meters to produce wcm. Third, vertical motions are calculated from the quasigeostrophic vorticity equation using geostrophic streamfunctions from inverted echo sounder measurements to produce wIES. wCM agrees well with WRAF from all floats that pass within 10 km of a current meter mooring. Daily fields of wCM show very good coherence with time series of wCM for periods longer than 16 d, but noise domination for periods ...
The discrimination of winter wheat using a growth-state signature

Abstract In this paper, we describe a multitemporal classification procedure for crops in Landsat scenes. The method involves the creation of crop signatures which characterize multispectral observations as functions of phenological growth states. In this approach, crop spectral reflectance is modeled explicitly as a function of maturity rather than a function of date. This means that instead of stacking spectral vectors of one observation on another, as is usually done for multitemporal data, we establish for each possible crop category a correspondence of time to growth state which minimizes the difference between the given multispectral multitemporal vector and the category mean vector indexed by growth state. The results of applying it to winter wheat show that the method is capable of discrimination with about the same degree of accuracy as more traditional multitemporal classifiers. It shows some potential to label degree of maturity of the crop without crop condition information in the training set.
Outness and Identity in Context: Negotiating Sexual Disclosure in LGBT Campaigns

With Tammy Baldwin’s historic election to the US Senate, the future of LGBT politics appears increasingly optimistic; however, despite electoral progress, feminist and political science research on LGBT campaigns retains antiquated conceptions of outness. My article studies the impact of identity and outness on LGBT campaigns from a non-binary, multi-dimensional perspective. Beyond mere sexual disclosure itself, I find that where, when, and how a candidate reveals her/his sexual orientation bears predominant impact on LGBT campaigns. Through a holistic framework, I present innovative questions and perspective for researchers studying the effects of LGBT identity and outness in US electoral politics.
Registration of 'Florida-07' peanut.

'Florida-07' (Reg. No. CV-104, PI 652938) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar was developed by the University of Florida, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, North Florida Research and Education Center near Marianna, FL. It was approved for release in 2006. Florida-07 has larger-than-average runner market-type seeds and pods. The growth habit of Florida-07 is prostrate, typical of runner-type peanut cultivars. Under irrigation in Florida, it matures about 140 d after planting, which places it in the category of medium-late relative maturity. Release of Florida-07 was made on the basis of its excellent pod yield potential, competitive kernel grade (percentage total sound mature kernels), high-oleic fatty acid oil chemistry, and resistance to spotted wilt (caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus) and white mold (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.).
Postoperative prostate-specific antigen as a prognostic indicator in patients with margin-positive prostate cancer, undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy

Abstract Objectives To identify a population of patients within the group with positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy who would benefit in terms of improved local control of disease by the administration of adju- vant radiation therapy to the prostate bed. Methods Postoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values were evaluated in 45 patients with margin-pos- itive (MP) disease who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy within 6 months of surgery. All patients were clini- cally T1 -2 MO, and pNO. A cutoff of 0.5 ng/mL or less was used as the level below which PSA was considered undetectable. The mean follow-up time from date of radiation was 33 months. Results In 30 of 45 (67%) patients, PSA levels did drop to undetectable levels postoperatively. In 15 of 45 (33%) patients postoperative PSA levels did not drop to undetectable levels. In the group with detectable post- operative PSA, 12 of 15 (80%) failed adjuvant radiotherapy as determined by a progressive increase in PSA levels in a mean time of 0.95 years (range, 4 months to 2.02 years; median, 0.92 years). When postoperative PSA reached undetectable levels, only 10 of 30 (33%) failed treatment, with a mean time to failure of 2.1 years (range, 4 months to 7.8 years; median, 3.31 years). Conclusions The data would suggest that patients who are MP, but attain an undetectable PSA level post-operatively accompanied by a progressive delayed increase in PSA, probably represent a group with local disease recurrence in the prostate fossa, whereas patients whose PSA levels are detectable postoperatively may represent a group with microscopic metastatic disease or a combination of local recurrence and distant disease or large volume local persistent disease. It is in the group of patients in whom the postoperative PSA decreased to undetectable levels that adjuvant radiotherapy may be effective in controlling local progression of prostate cancer through improved local control, as indicated by a durable decrease in PSA values to undetectable levels in roughly two thirds of these patients. Longer follow-up of these patients will be required to determine whether this improved local control will translate into improved survival.
Characterization of solid particle erosion resistance of ductile metals based on their properties

This paper presents experimental results pertaining to spherical glass bead and angular crushed glass particle impingement. A concept of energy absorption to explain the failure of material is proposed and is correlated with the erosion characteristics of several pure metals. Analyses of extensive erosion data indicate that the properties - surface energy, specific melting energy, strain energy, melting point, bulk modulus, hardness, atomic volume - and the product of the parameters - linear coefficient of thermal expansion x bulk modulus x temperature rise required for melting, and ultimate resilience x hardness - exhibit the best correlations. The properties of surface energy and atomic volume are suggested for the first time for correlation purposes and are found to correlate well with erosion rates at different angles of impingement. It further appears that both energy and thermal properties contribute to the total erosion.
Distribution of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol in the mouse

1. The distribution of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-(14)C in the pregnant and nonpregnant mouse is very similar. High concentrations of radiolabel can be seen in the maternal liver, spleen, lungs, brown fat, adrenal glands, mammary glands, yolk sac placenta and corpora lutea. In the pregnant mouse Delta(9)-THC crosses the placenta and enters the foetuses in very low concentrations, with no apparent selective intrafoetal radiolabel accumulation sites. Autoradiograms showing the distribution of (14)C-cannabinoid 2 h after dosing are presented.2. A small amount of maternal liver and foetal tissue was removed from the mice, used for autoradiography and extracted with ethyl acetate. Most of the radiolabel in these tissues was solvent extractable and was separated by thin layer chromatography into two fractions, THC and metabolites.3. It appears that most of the cannabinoid is present in a free rather than conjugated form.
Mechanical behavior and hardening characteristics of a superplastic Ti-6AI-4V alloy

The deformation behavior of a superplastic Ti-6A1-4V alloy at 927°C has been characterized by means of constant strain-rate tensile tests up to large plastic strain. Significant hardening has been recorded in the course of deformation. Microstructural studies on deformed samples indicate the occurrence of simultaneous strain-rate induced grain growth, which explains nearly all of the hardening. A small amount of hardening may also be expected from grain elongation or grain clustering effects. As a result of concurrent grain growth, the strain-rate sensitivity is found to decrease with strain, thus indicating that stress-strain rate behavior determined initially may not be applicable after large amounts of plastic strain. The stressJstrain-rate data obtained from step strain-rate test for a variety of grain sizes, together with the grain growth kinetics plots, provide a means for developing a constitutive description for this material at large strains.
Experimental protein malnutrition in primates: Cytochemical studies on the cerebellum of the squirrel monkey,Saimiri Sciureus

The cerebellum of healthy and malnourished squirrel monkeys was studied histopathologically and cytochemically for a number of important enzymes such as phosphatases (acid and alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, thiamine pyrophosphatase), esterases (simple esterase and acetylcholinesterase), dehydrogenases (succinate, malate and isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), monoamine oxidase and phosphorylase. The Purkinje cells, stellate and basket cells were found to be more sensitive to protein malnutrition compared to the other types of cells in the cerebellum. An increase in the number of ‘dark cells’ with large amounts of ribonucleoprotein complex in the Purkinje cell layer of the extremely malnourished animals sacrificed after 15 weeks on a low protein diet may be significant and may reflect either an abnormal metabolic process or an interruption in the axonal transport of RNA complex. This may also be directly related to a significant reduction in the level of oxidative enzymes, especially those of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, these being the main source of energy stored in ATP. At the same time the level of lysosomal enzymes, which are responsible for the catalysis of the different degradation reactions, is greatly increased and indicates cellular catabolism. The present investigations point to the probability that the neurons adapt to the changed environment by beginning to utilize structural proteins for their basic metabolism.
Analytical Profile of Organo-nitrogen Compounds in Gulf Coast Refined Fuels by GC/MS

This study examines the composition of two samples of crude fuels originating from the Gulf Coastal areas of the United States. Both nitrogen-containing basic compounds as well as non-basic hydrocarbon compounds were evaluated for presence and relative amount in these two samples. The extractions of the basic nitrogenous compounds were achieved with weak acid extractions. The basic nitrogenous compounds, due to emulsification, formed two distinct fractions. The nitrogenous based-compounds were comprised of pyridines, quinolines, tetrahydroquinolines, indoles, and carbazoles to varying amounts. The hydrocarbon content in each of the two fuels analyzed was found to contain mostly naphthols.
Sex role egalitarianism and marital violence

This study explores the link between sex role egalitarianism and marital violence using a sample of men enrolled in either substance abuse treatment programs (N=71) or in anger management programs (N=44). It was found that men in both treatment programs had very similar levels of egalitarianism and violence in their relationships. Using the combined sample, it was found that having attitudes approving of marital violence and using “severe” violence accounted for a significant portion of the variance in sex role egalitarianism, whereas use of “minor” violence did not account for significant variance in egalitarianism. These results suggest that sex role egalitarianism may be a meaningful indicator for spouse abuse.
Narrating in protective order interviews: A source of interactional trouble

This study examines the types of interactional trouble that arise from narrative variation in institutional interviews. Specifically, we examine protective order interviews in which Latina women tell of domestic violence to paralegal interviewers charged with the duty of helping them obtain a protective order. Victims' narratives are shown to take different shapes, and paralegals respond to them in different pragmalinguistic ways, depending on how they diverge from institutional needs. The factors found most heavily to influence narrative outcomes are contextual ones, related to participant social roles, the type of communicative activity interlocutors perceive themselves to be engaged in, and their interactional goals. An additional finding is that when expectations of what constitutes appropriate speech behavior differ, the interlocutor holding greater institutional power will try to constrain the speech of the other, despite the fact that both appear to share an extralinguistic goal, in this case obtaining a protective order.
Invertebrates can tell us something about senescence.

Senescence is a ubiquitous phenomenon, i.e., all vertebrates and invertebrates will ultimately manifest it. Any attempt to answer the question of adaptive significance of the aging process must take into account the universality of and change in the DNA molecule that governs, integrates, regulates and ensures the vitality of all organisms. With invertebrates and from the comparative viewpoint, there are examples of: 1) rapid senescence and sudden death; 2) gradual senescence with definite life span; 3) negligible senescence; 4) genetic influence on life span, mortality rates, and age- related diseases. Although these characteristics are ascribed to invertebrates and vertebrates, this need not force upon invertebrates the organization, structure and eventual features of vertebrate senescence. “Invertebrate gerontologists” can thus, freely delve into certain unique aspects of what may be the more primitive mechanisms of aging in invertebrates. In contrast, using the opposite strategy that is still problematic, i.e., linking invertebrate and vertebrate aging, seems to give us an approach to universality that might eventually reveal more readily obvious and homologous kinship. (Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 6: 5- 23, 1994)
Making the Cut: Using Status-Based Countertactics to Block Social Movement Implementation and Microinstitutional Change in Surgery

Much of the change that social movements try to accomplish requires changing practices inside organizations, yet reform implementation is difficult to achieve. This comparative case study of two hospitals demonstrates that implementing reform inside organizations may require internal reformers not only to mobilize with one another but also to stand up to internal defenders' countertactics in everyday encounters. Because reformer alliances across identity lines often require reformers with different statuses to collaborate with one another, defenders can divide reformer coalitions by linking reform practices to a status characteristic associated with lower-status reformers, denigrating higher-status reformers by associating them with these practices, and reintegrating higher-status reformers into the defender group. When status threat inside an organization is high to begin with, higher-status reformers are likely to be concerned about loss of privilege in the face of defenders' status-based countertactics and, in response, distance themselves from reform practices and align themselves with defenders to protect their identity and its rewards. This can undermine the multi-identity reformer coalition and cause change to fail. These findings regarding status-based countertactics contribute to our understanding of social movement implementation and microinstitutional change.
High-reflectivity Al-Pt nanostructured Ohmic contact to p-GaN

The effect of nanoscale Pt islands on the electrical characteristics of contacts to p-type gallium nitride (GaN) has been investigated to explore the feasibility for the flip-chip configuration light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using an Al-based reflector. An as-deposited Al contact to p-GaN with a net hole concentration of 3times1017cm-3 was rectifying. However, an Al contact with nanoscale Pt islands at the interface exhibited ohmic behavior. A specific contact resistivity of 2.1times10-3Omegamiddotcm2 and a reflectance of 84% at 460 nm were measured for the Al contact with nanoscale Pt islands. Current-voltage temperature measurements revealed a Schottky barrier height reduction from 0.80 eV for the Al contact to 0.58 eV for the Al contact with nanoscale Pt islands. The barrier height reduction may be attributed to electric field enhancement and the enhanced tunneling due to the presence of the nanoscale Pt islands. This will offer an additional silver-free option for the p-type ohmic contact in flip-chip configuration LEDs. Theory suggests that the ohmic contact characteristics may be improved further with smaller Pt islands that will enhance tunneling across the interface with the GaN and in the vicinity of the Pt-Al interface
Should College Algebra be a Prerequisite for Taking Psychology Statistics

In order to consider whether a course in college algebra should be a prerequisite for taking psychology statistics, we recorded students' grades in elementary psychology statistics and in college algebra at a 4-year university. Students who earned credit in algebra prior to enrolling in statistics for the first time had a significantly higher mean statistics grade than those without algebra. However, prior credit in algebra did not significantly add to the prediction of statistics grades, after we controlled for GPA, sex, and year in college.
Efficient Water Use in Dryland Cropping Systems in the Great Plains

Successful dryland crop production in the semiarid Great Plains of North America must make efficient use of precipitation that is often limited and erratic in spatial and temporal distribution. The purpose of this paper is to review research on water use efficiency and precipitation use efficiency (PUE) as affected by cropping system and management in the Great Plains. Water use efficiency and PUE increase with residue management practices that increase precipitation storage efficiency, soil surface alterations that reduce runoff, cropping sequences that minimize fallow periods, and use of appropriate management practices for the selected crop. Precipitation use efficiency on a mass-produced basis is highest for systems producing forage (14.5 kg ha - 1 mm - 1 ) and lowest for rotations with a high frequency of oilseed crops (4.2 kg ha - 1 mm - 1 ) or continuous small-grain production in the southern plains (2.8 kg ha - 1 mm - 1 ). Precipitation use efficiency when calculated on a price-received basis ranges from $1.20 ha - 1 mm - 1 (for an opportunity-cropped system with 4 of 5 yr in forage production in the southern plains) to $0.30 ha - 1 mm - 1 {for a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow system in the southern plains}. Throughout the Great Plains region, PUE decreases with more southern latitudes for rotations of similar makeup of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and forages. Forage systems in the southern Great Plains appear to be highly efficient when PUE is computed on a price-received basis. In general across the Great Plains, increasing intensity of cropping increases PUE on both a mass-produced basis and on a price-received basis.
Future Issues in Information Systems Security

Given the incessant proliferation of information system networks into everyday life and the fact that by definition, a network’s resources are shared among its users, network security will continue to play a dominant role. Conceivably, the future will witness networks that encompass very large geographical distances, support enormous increases in the numbers of users, nodes, and links, and offer highly sophisticated services, all of which will impose a greater demand on security.
A Case of Evans Syndrome: A Clinical Condition With Under-Recognized Thrombotic Risk

Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by the presence of Direct Antiglobulin test (DAT) positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and/or immune neutropenia. The risk of thrombosis has been well established in retrospective studies for ITP and AIHA; however, the risk of thrombosis in ES has been limited to case reports and individual case series. Whether the risk of thrombosis in ITP and AIHA is additive has not been well established, but preliminary observation suggests the rate of thrombosis is higher than the rate observed in ITP or AIHA individually. Furthermore, ES appears to be an underappreciated diagnosis. Anemia in the presence of ITP is often considered to be secondary to acute blood loss and a proper workup for hemolysis is often missed. Appropriate risk stratification of these patients is hindered by this lack of workup and many patients are unfortunately not treated appropriately and/or not offered appropriate prophylaxis for their level of thrombotic risk. The purpose of this case report is to not only increase the level of awareness among clinicians to initiate an appropriate diagnostic workup in patients presenting with anemia in the setting of ITP, but also to a heightened thrombotic risk warranting an appropriate thromboprophylaxis. This case also adds to the body of evidence that a “second- hit” phenomenon is often a precipitating cause for a thrombotic event. J Hematol. 2015;4(3):205-209 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jh222w
Queen reproductive state modulates pheromone production and queen-worker interactions in honeybees

The mandibular glands of queen honeybees produce a pheromone that modulates many aspects of worker honeybee physiology and behavior and is critical for colony social organization. The exact chemical blend produced by the queen differs between virgin and mated, laying queens. Here, we investigate the role of mating and reproductive state on queen pheromone production and worker responses. Virgin queens, naturally mated queens, and queens instrumentally inseminated with either semen or saline were collected 2 days after mating or insemination. Naturally mated queens had the most activated ovaries and the most distinct chemical profile in their mandibular glands. Instrumentally inseminated queens were intermediate between virgins and naturally mated queens for both ovary activation and chemical profiles. There were no significant differences between semen- and saline-inseminated queens. Workers were preferentially attracted to the mandibular gland extracts from queens with significantly more activated ovaries. These studies suggest that the queen pheromone blend is modulated by the reproductive status of the queens, and workers can detect these subtle differences and are more responsive to queens with higher reproductive potential. Furthermore, it appears as if insemination substance does not strongly affect physiological characteristics of honeybee queens 2 days after insemination, suggesting that the insemination process or volume is responsible for stimulating these early postmating changes in honeybee queens.
Role of RpoS in Fine-Tuning the Synthesis of Vi Capsular Polysaccharide in Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi

Regulation of the synthesis of Vi polysaccharide, a major virulence determinant in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, is under the control of two regulatory systems, ompR-envZ and rscB-rscC, which respond to changes in osmolarity. Some serotype Typhi strains exhibit overexpression of Vi polysaccharide, which masks clinical detection of lipopolysaccharide O antigen. This variation in Vi polysaccharide and O antigen display (VW variation) has been observed since the initial studies of serotype Typhi. In this study, we report that rpoS plays a role in this increased expression in Vi polysaccharide. We constructed a variety of isogenic serotype Typhi mutants that differed in their expression levels of RpoS and examined the role of the rpoS product in synthesis of Vi polysaccharide under different osmolarity conditions. Vi polysaccharide synthesis was also examined in serotype Typhi mutants in which the native promoter of the rpoS was replaced by an araCP(BAD) cassette, so that the expression of rpoS was arabinose dependent. The RpoS(-) strains showed increased syntheses of Vi polysaccharide, which at low and medium osmolarities masked O antigen detection. In contrast, RpoS(+) strains showed lower syntheses of Vi polysaccharide, and an increased detection of O antigen was observed. During exponential growth, when rpoS is unstable or present at low levels, serotype Typhi RpoS(+) strains overexpress the Vi polysaccharide at levels comparable to those for RpoS(-) strains. Our results show that RpoS is another regulator of Vi polysaccharide synthesis and contributes to VW variation in serotype Typhi, which has implications for the development of recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines in humans.
Learning 5000 Relational Extractors

Many researchers are trying to use information extraction (IE) to create large-scale knowledge bases from natural language text on the Web. However, the primary approach (supervised learning of relation-specific extractors) requires manually-labeled training data for each relation and doesn't scale to the thousands of relations encoded in Web text. This paper presents LUCHS, a self-supervised, relation-specific IE system which learns 5025 relations --- more than an order of magnitude greater than any previous approach --- with an average F1 score of 61%. Crucial to LUCHS's performance is an automated system for dynamic lexicon learning, which allows it to learn accurately from heuristically-generated training data, which is often noisy and sparse.