cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling diffusion-induced stress in nanowire electrode structures

There is an intense, worldwide effort to develop durable lithium ion batteries with high energy and power densities for a wide range of applications, including electric and hybrid electric vehicles. One of the critical challenges in advancing lithium ion battery technologies is fracture and decrepitation of the electrodes as a result of lithium diffusion during charging and discharging operations. When lithium is inserted in either the positive or negative electrode, a large volume change on the order of a few to several hundred percent, can occur. Diffusion-induced stresses (DISs) can therefore cause the nucleation and growth of cracks, leading to mechanical degradation of the active electrode materials. Our work is aimed at developing a mathematical model relating surface energy with diffusion-induced stresses in nanowire electrodes. With decreasing size of the electrode, the ratio of surface area to volume increases. Thus, surface energy and surface stress can play an important role in mitigating DISs in nanostructured electrodes. In this work, we establish relationships between the surface energy, surface stress, and the magnitude of DISs in nanowires. We find that DISs, especially the tensile stresses, can decrease significantly due to the surface effects. Our model also establishes a relationship between stress and the nanowire radius. We show that, with decreasing size, the electrode material will be less prone to mechanical degradation, leading to an increase in the life of lithium ion batteries, provided other phenomena are unaffected by increased surface area (e.g., chemical degradation reactions). Also we show that, in the case of nanostructures, surface strain energy is significant in magnitude comparing with bulk strain energy. A mathematical tool to calculate total strain energy is developed that can be used to compare strain energy with the fracture energy of that material in electrode system.
An evaluation of the efficacy of radium isotopes as tracers of submarine groundwater discharge to southern Rhode Island's coastal ponds

Abstract Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) represents a significant flux of water and chemical constituents to coastal regions. Because 226Ra and 228Ra are highly concentrated in groundwater relative to surface water, and their signal is well-integrated throughout coastal surface waters, these isotopes have been increasingly utilized to quantify SGD over the past several decades. In this study, a combined radium and salt balance is used to yield estimates of fresh and saline SGD to four of Rhode Island's coastal ponds (Winnapaug, Quonochontaug, Ninigret, and Point Judith Ponds). Fresh SGD rates determined for each pond range between 0 and 17 L m− 2 d− 1. These values largely fall in line with previous estimates made using hydrologic models. The uncertainty of saline SGD estimates for each pond is high; minimum and maximum saline SGD estimates differ by as much as three orders of magnitude. These results echo the discrepancy between two previous radium-based studies from this location. The variability of dissolved radium in the Rhode Island coastal aquifer plays a large role in the uncertainty of these saline SGD estimates. Groundwater dissolved radium activity is dependent upon many different factors, including groundwater salinity and redox conditions, sediment thorium and radium activities, and the amount of time to which the sediment has been exposed to saline groundwater. Due to the heterogeneous nature of glacial outwash sediments, none of these parameters are likely consistent throughout the aquifer in this location. Groundwater 226Ra and 228Ra activities in the coastal ponds vary significantly both laterally and with sediment depth. For example, groundwater samples collected in Ninigret Pond separated by a vertical distance of only 5 cm differ by as much as 3 × 103 dpm 100 L− 1 for both 226Ra and 228Ra. The results from this study indicate that a single groundwater sample or suite of samples may not accurately reflect the average radium activity of the groundwater actually discharging into each pond. Targeted sampling in areas where SGD is qualitatively observed can potentially remedy this problem.
KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL RIMLESS WHEEL WITH INDEPENDENTLY ACTUATED SPOKES

One of the major limitations of mobile robots for unstructured environments is their lack of general mobility. Wheeled, treaded, and legged robots each have their advantages and disadvantages, but they all lack the flexibility to be able to cope with a wide range of terrain. The actuated spoke wheel concept is presented in this paper as an alternative locomotive method that allows multiple modes of motion, which give it the ability to stride quickly using one contact point per wheel, walk with static stability with two contact points per wheel, or assume a stable stance using three contact points per wheel. This paper presents the preliminary kinematic analyses of the actuated spoke wheel with no-slip constraints at the ground contacts for a robot using a two actuated spoke wheel configuration. Straight-line motion and considerations for turning are discussed for the one- and two-point contact schemes followed by recommendations for future study.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Sequential path independence and social choice

Arrow's general impossibility theorem shows that every Paretian social choice function which satisfies independence of irrelevant alternatives and the Axiom of Sequential Path Independence is necessarily dictatorial. It is shown that the existence of a dictator can be established without invoking full path independence. We propose an axiom of weak path independence of a sequential choice procedure. This axiom turns out to be independent of the factor that is critical in obtaining dictatorship or oligarchy results in the choice theoretic framework.
The impact of managing moderately injured pediatric trauma patients without immediate surgeon presence.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of "minor resuscitation" trauma patients managed without the immediate presence of a surgeon. Methods In 2003, our hospital replaced surgeons with pediatric emergency medicine physicians for level 2 (minor resuscitation) trauma alerts, whereas the level 1 (major resuscitation) alerts remained surgeon directed. We compared patients treated in the 3 years before (period 1) and after (period 2) this change. Patient records were analyzed for discharges, alert upgrades, Injury Severity Score (ISS), time to destination, and mortality. Results There were 918 admissions and 93 discharges in period 1 compared with 815 admissions and 652 discharges in period 2. In period 1, 3% were upgraded to level 1 status compared with 9% in period 2 ( P 15) patients were greater in period 2 ( P Conclusion Pediatric emergency medicine physicians discharged more patients than the surgeons, but also upgraded more to level 1 status. Level 2 trauma patients can be safely managed without immediate surgeon presence.
Death in China: market reforms and health.

Has China's remarkable reduction in income poverty since 1980 been accompanied by comparable progress in health? The author's findings are fourfold. First, province-level rates of improvement in life expectancy (LE) were higher in the 1990s than in the 1970s and 1980s, and were lowest in the 1980s. Second, even in the 1990s, when the province-level rates of improvement in LE were highest, they were lower than for many countries with similar initial LE level (although higher than the average for all such countries). Third, China's LE improvement between 1980 and 2000 was achieved much more quickly by almost all other countries considered, and in particular by most lower-middle-income countries that had similar LE improvements; similar conclusions are drawn from an analysis of China's LE improvements relative to two other sets of comparator countries—selected presently rich countries and high-growth East Asian countries. Finally, even those Chinese provinces that performed best over the period experienced r...
Epidemiology of Venereal Urethritis: Comparison of Gonorrhea and Nongonococcal Urethritis

Gonorrhea (GU) and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), the commonest sexually transmitted diseases in men, are endemic at high levels in most regions of the world, despite effective methods of diagnosis and treatment. NGU is a milder disease with a longer incubation period and longer duration of symptoms before treatment. Although Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum appear to account for a majority of NGU cases, the cause of approximately 20% of cases remains unknown. NGU is about twice as common as GU in Western countries, and on the basis of national statistics from Great Britain, its incidence has been thought to be increasing more rapidly. However, data from individual clinics suggest that incidence of both diseases has remained stable over the past decade. The increased incidence of NGU in Great Britain over the past decade probably results from increased recognition or reporting. Marked socioeconomic and racial differences in both relative incidence of and susceptibility to NGU and GU have been found repeatedly but are unexplained. Men appear to transmit GU to women more efficiently than vice versa. Neisseria gonorrhoeae appears to be more infectious than C. trachomatis for both men and women, but interpretation of differences in susceptibility and transmission is hindered by ignorance of natural and acquired immunity to these agents. Of the several important time intervals in chains of transmission of venereal urethritis, only incubation periods and iatrotropic intervals for GU and NGU and the posttreatment period of infectivity for GU are known.
Comments on "A neurofunctional theory of visual consciousness".

Jesse Prinz (this issue) offers an interesting theory of visual experience. Though admittedly incomplete, the theory is already a valuable contribution and may well lead to a reasonably complete, and correct, account. This commentary assesses only the more narrow aims of Prinz's paper: his attempt to support the theory with an impressive amount of empirical evidence and his attempt to use the theory against other philosophical positions on experience. While some aspects of his theory are supported by the evidence, other aspects are quite optional additions. Unfortunately, the only tensions with the other philosophical positions arise from these optional additions, not from the empirical evidence.
Semiconductor quantum dot resonant tunnelling spectroscopy

Recently, 3-dimensionally laterally-confined semiconductor quantum wells (“quantum dots”) have been realized. These structures are analogous to semiconductor atoms, with energy level separation of order 25 meV, and tunable by the confining potentials. A systematic study reveals a (radius)-1 dependence on the energy separation. The spectra corresponds to resonant tunneling from laterally-confined emitter contact subbands through the discrete 3-dimensionally confined quantum dot states. Momentum non-conservation is observed in these structures.
Vitreous and Aqueous Penetration of Orally Administered Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination in Humans.

Purpose To determine the penetration of orally administered trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfamethoxazole (SMX) into the aqueous and vitreous cavity of noninflamed human eyes. Methods Nine adult patients undergoing cataract surgery and 10 adult patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy were given 3 doses of oral TMP-SMX every 12 hours before the surgery. Aqueous and blood samples were collected from patients undergoing cataract surgery; vitreous and blood samples were collected from patients undergoing vitrectomy. The levels of TMP and SMX were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and were compared with the mean minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of potential ocular pathogens. Results TMP-SMX was present in all samples. Among eyes undergoing cataract surgery, the mean concentrations of TMP in aqueous and blood were 0.341 ± 0.141 μg/mL (mean ± SD) and 1.501 ± 0.433 μg/mL and of SMX were 5.259 ± 0.929 μg/mL and 11.835 ± 2.100 μg/mL, respectively. Among eyes undergoing vitrectomy, the mean concentrations of TMP in vitreous and blood were 1.864 ± 0.807 μg/mL and 4.591 ± 2.979 μg/mL and of SMX were 5.910 ± 2.705 μg/mL and 39.289 ± 15.469 μg/mL, respectively. MIC levels were achieved against many bacterial pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions TMP-SMX penetrates both the aqueous and vitreous cavities when given orally. The components reach therapeutic inhibitory concentrations in the ocular cavity against many potential pathogens.
Numerical Simulation of Thermo-Electro-Magnetic Performances in Supersonic Channel Flow

A compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model composed of MHD Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations and magnetic induction equations is proposed in the present study for analyzing the magnetohydrodynamic characteristics in MHD generator and MHD accelerator channels of Magneto-Plasma-Chemical propulsion system [10∼12]. A splitting algorithm based on an alternative iteration is also developed for solving the two sets of equations [9]. As a test case, a supersonic MHD flow in a square duct was simulated. The numerical results are compared with the results computed by solving the classical N-S equations for the perfect gas flow, together with the results computed utilizing the degenerate MHD N-S equations for the same channel flow with constant applied magnetic field. The thermo-electro-magnetic performances of the test cases with constant and variable applied fields are then discussed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Use of 13C/12C to trace dissolved and particulate organic matter utilization by populations of an aquatic invertebrate.

The 13C/12C of limnephilid caddisfly larvae (Clistoronia magnifica) grown in the presence of red alder leaf particulate organic matter (POM) and alder leaf leachate was found to be identical to the 13C/12C of larvae grown on alder POM, but with isotopically contrasting grass leachate substituted for the above alder leachate. The isotopic similarity between these insects and the alder POM common in both treatments indicates that grass leachate was not a source of insect carbon. In contrast to these results, the 13C/12C of larvae grown on grass POM and leachate was markedly different from the 13C/12C of larvae raised on grass POM and alder leachate. The relative 13C depletion found in larvae from the latter treatment could be accounted for only if a significant amount of carbon derived from alder leachate had been incorporated into insect biomass. Significant differences in yield of insect biomass among the above treatments also were found.
Loss of Bacterial Motility under Pressure

BACTERIAL motility is thought to be ecologically important, especially in environments containing inadequate nutrients. Many bacteria have highly specialised tactic systems that allow them to detect physical or chemical gradients and to swim either to or away from the source. Motility and chemotaxis seem to be important also in bacterial film formation on surfaces and in marine fouling1.
Error-related brain activity in extraverts: Evidence for altered response monitoring in social context

Abstract While the personality trait of extraversion has been linked to enhanced reward sensitivity and its putative neural correlates, little is known about whether extraverts’ neural circuits are particularly sensitive to social rewards, given their preference for social engagement and social interactions. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), this study examined the relationship between the variation on the extraversion spectrum and a feedback-related ERP component (the error-related negativity or ERN) known to be sensitive to the value placed on errors and reward. Participants completed a forced-choice task, in which either rewarding or punitive feedback regarding their performance was provided, through either social (facial expressions) or non-social (verbal written) mode. The ERNs elicited by error trials in the social – but not in non-social – blocks were found to be associated with the extent of one's extraversion. However, the directionality of the effect was in contrast with the original prediction: namely, extraverts exhibited smaller ERNs than introverts during social blocks, whereas all participants produced similar ERNs in the non-social, verbal feedback condition. This finding suggests that extraverts exhibit diminished engagement in response monitoring – or find errors to be less salient – in the context of social feedback, perhaps because they find social contexts more predictable and thus more pleasant and less anxiety provoking.
Treatment with alpha interferon associated with the development of paraneoplastic pemphigus

The use of interferon (INF) is usually considered safe, the major side-effect being a flu-like syndrome. However, with its ability to alter immune responsiveness, INF has been associated with the induction of autoimmune diseases. We report a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia who developed a generalized blistering eruption after treatment with systemic INF-alpha 2A (INF) for multiple skin cancers. The patient's skin showed histological features, immunofluorescence findings, and immunoprecipitation diagnostic of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Despite aggressive treatment the patient died. In our patient, the use of INF was temporally related to the development of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Although interferon has been shown to induce other autoimmune diseases, to our knowledge this is only the second report of a patient treated with an interferon who subsequently developed a fatal autoimmune blistering disorder. Paraneoplastic pemphigus is a recently described autoimmune bullous disorder with a poor prognosis. The mechanism by which INF triggered the paraneoplastic pemphigus is not known.
Jean de Lanessan and the French Positivist School of Criminal Reform, 1880-1914

By utilizing the professional career of one individual, Jean de Lanessan, this paper discusses some aspects of positivism and criminal legislation in France between 1880 and World War I. Lanessan w...
Outpatient laparoscopic pyeloplasty.

Objectives. To assess the feasibility of ambulatory laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty aims to reproduce the excellent functional outcomes of open pyeloplasty while diminishing procedural morbidity. Methods. Six patients fulfilled specific inclusion criteria for outpatient laparoscopic pyeloplasty: informed consent, body mass index of 40 kg/m 2 or less, primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction, uncomplicated laparoscopic surgery completed by 12:00 PM, and postoperative pain control by oral analgesics. All patients had a double-J ureteral stent placed cystoscopically before laparoscopic access. No drains were placed postoperatively. Results. All 6 patients successfully underwent laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty (3 left, 3 right) using the retroperitoneal (n 5) or transperitoneal (n 1) approach. The average patient age was 22 years. The mean surgical time was 223 minutes (range 165 to 270), the mean blood loss was 82 mL (range 10 to 250), and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 359 minutes (range 226 to 424). Postoperative analgesia comprised a mean of 6 mg morphine sulfate and 32 mg of ketorolac. No complications or readmissions occurred postoperatively. Intravenous urography and Lasix technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine renal scans documented resolution of obstruction. With long-term follow-up (mean 38.4 months), no recurrences have developed. Conclusions. We report our initial series of ambulatory laparoscopic pyeloplasty. In this well-selected patient population, outpatient pyeloplasty was feasible and safe. UROLOGY 66: 41‐44, 2005. © 2005 Elsevier Inc.
Vocational interests after recent spinal cord injury: Comparisons related to sex and race

Abstract Krause JS, Saunders LL, Staten D, Rohe DE. Vocational interests after recent spinal cord injury: comparisons related to sex and race. Objective To compare vocational interests as a function of sex and race among persons with recent spinal cord injury (SCI), because previous research used almost exclusively white men. Limited research from nearly 2 decades ago suggested SCI selectively occurs to men whose vocational interests are consistent with the Realistic theme of the Holland typology, indicative of a preference for activities and occupations requiring physical strength and dexterity. Design The Strong Interest Inventory (SII) was completed an average of 50 days after SCI onset. Setting Data were collected at a specialty hospital and analyzed at a medical university. Participants Adults with traumatic SCI (N=500) were assessed during inpatient rehabilitation. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure The SII, a 317-item measure of vocational interests. Results Although the findings for white men were consistent with elevation of the Realistic theme when compared with the reference group, the interests of women and black participants were substantially different. Women scored highest on Social, Enterprising, and Conventional themes compared with the reference group. Black participants reported significantly higher elevations than whites on 5 themes (all except Realistic), with elevations on the Social, Enterprising, and Conventional themes exceeding standardized norms. The Artistic and Investigative themes were least descriptive of the overall sample. Conclusions Rehabilitation professionals should be aware of likely differences in patterns of vocational interests as a function of race and sex, and use vocational interests as a means of facilitating postinjury adaptation.
The Impact of Mismatch on the Performance of Coded Narrow-Band FM with Limiter/Discriminator Detection

The performance of uncoded narrow-band FM with limiter/discriminator (L/D) detection over the additive white Gaussian noise channel has received widespread attention [1]-[14] over the years both from simulation and analytical standpoints. By comparison, little or nothing has appeared in the literature for the performance of this modulation/demodulation technique when used together with coding/decoding. The purpose of this paper is to partially fill this void by considering the potential gain offered by the combination of convolutionally encoded narrow-band FM with L/D detection and Viterbi decoding. Both hard and soft decision decoding cases will be considered with some rather surprising differences between the performances of the two. In particular, it will be shown that a large departure exists from the 2 dB advantage traditionally associated with soft decision decoding which is explained in terms of the mismatch between the coding channel and the decoding metric peculiar to this modulation/demodulation technique.
Survey of Academic Orientations Scores and Persistence in College Freshmen

This study examined whether six academic orientations as assessed by the Survey of Academic Orientations played a role in the attrition of college freshmen. Using logistic regression, the dichotomo...
Quantitative Observation of Backbone Disorder in Native Elastin

Elastin is a key protein in soft tissue function and pathology. Establishing a structural basis for understanding its reversible elasticity has proven to be difficult. Complementary to structure is the important aspect of flexibility and disorder in elastin. We have used solid-state NMR methods to examine polypeptide and hydrate ordering in both elastic (hydrated) and brittle (dry) elastin fibers and conclude (i) that tightly bound waters are absent in both dry and hydrated elastin and (ii) that the backbone in the hydrated protein is highly disordered with large amplitude motions. The hydrate was studied by 2H and 17O NMR, and the polypeptide by 13C and 2H NMR. Using a two-dimensional 13C MAS method, an upper limit of S
The political culture of jews in tunisia and morocco

The chapter begins with a brief historical overview, giving particular attention to the 1956–1973 period, the years between Tunisian and Moroccan independence and the field research on which the chapter is based. Jewish-Arab relations are one of the topics discussed, and 14 different incidents are described in order to illustrate the diversity and complexity of Jewish-Arab interactions. The factors that encourage Jewish emigration and the reasons that some Jews choose to remain in Tunisia and Morocco are also discussed, and in each case various considerations are identified and the relative importance of each is assessed. Subsequent sections discuss the demography and communal structure of the Jewish communities in Tunisia and Morocco. These sections report that the Tunisian Jewish community has no meaningful political organization and only a minimum of institutional capacity and structural unity. In Morocco, by comparison, Jews are distributed relatively widely throughout the country, the active Jewish population is substantial, and community institutions are active and well structured. Finally, the results of public opinion surveys are presented. Survey questions deal with political efficacy, political trust, and other political orientations. In both Tunisia and Morocco, differences associated with age and education are considered. In Tunisia, there are also comparisons of Jews and a matched sample of Muslims and of Jews in Tunis and Jews in Djerba. One finding is that Jews are comparatively trusting of the government. Many believe the government cares about them, and among those who do not, many believe that Jews benefit at least incidentally from government policies. This general orientation, which regards the government as authoritarian but essentially benevolent, is particularly characteristic of Jews in Tunisia but, as a general description, applies to Morocco as well, especially to the older Moroccan Jews.
Method of lines analysis of coupled microstrip transmission line with a notch

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of a two symmetric conductor microstrip line with a notch in the millimeter wave frequency range. Previous quasi-static based data was reported and an extension of some of these data to higher frequencies is considered here. The numerical technique, method of lines (MoL), is used to compute the effective dielectric constants and the phase velocities of the even and odd modes at higher frequencies up to 100 GHz. The results show that the quasi-static based characteristics are not necessarily valid at higher frequencies.
Performance of Medometer visual tool for measuring medication adherence and comparison with other measures

Abstract Objectives To measure adherence in older adults with the use of a novel visual scale screening tool and to compare this adherence measurement with other adherence measures. Design Noncontrolled prospective intervention trial. Setting Geriatric psychiatry clinic in North Carolina between February 2008 and July 2009. Participants 27 geriatric psychiatry clinic patients were identified as meeting eligibility criteria, and 26 of these participants completed the baseline and 3- and 6-month visits. Intervention Pharmacist-provided medication management program. Main outcome measures A novel visual scale, the Medometer, assessed patient adherence to individual medications and aggregate medication regimen. The Medometer was compared with pharmacist subjective adherence assessment and the four-item Morisky scale. Results Aggregate regimen adherence based on the Morisky scale was 44%, 50%, and 38% at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. Similarly it was 48%, 50%, and 46%, respectively, for the aggregate Medometer measurement. Measured individually by drug, average adherence at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months was 44%, 50%, and 35%, respectively, with the Medometer and 74%, 65%, and 50%, respectively, for the pharmacist's subjective assessment. Less stringent definitions for categorizing adherence identified a higher proportion of patients as adherent, with similar trends across measures. Individual medication and aggregate regimen adherence estimates provided face validity for the Medometer, with moderate agreement with other measures. Conclusion The Medometer is a visual scale that can assess individual medication and overall medication regimen adherence. It performed well in this pilot study, but additional research is needed to assess the reliability and validity of this tool in larger, diverse populations and to test the effectiveness of this tool in guiding pharmacists' efforts to improve medication outcomes.
Leader Cultural Intelligence in Context Testing the Moderating Effects of Team Cultural Diversity on Leader and Team Performance

Despite clear calls from industry to better understand cross-cultural leadership competencies, academic research on leader cultural intelligence (CQ) is remarkably sparse. To date, very few empirical studies have examined the unique contribution of leader CQ to leadership performance outcomes beyond the effects of competing leadership competencies. Data from 99 culturally diverse organizational leaders and 321 of their followers demonstrated that leader CQ predicted follower perceptions of leader performance and team performance in contexts where work teams were characterized by significant ethnic and nationality diversity. Furthermore, leader CQ predicted follower perceptions of leader performance and team performance on culturally diverse work teams beyond the effects of leader emotional intelligence and other leadership competencies. Implications for cultural intelligence theory, future research directions, and management practice are discussed.
Picturing Political Science

What do political scientists study? As part of a larger project, we coded every article in 25 leading journals between 2000 and 2007. We then created a word cloud of the 6,005 titles using www.wordle.net. The 150 most-used words appear in the word cloud. The size of each word is proportional to the number of times the word is mentioned. Draw your own conclusions. Christopher A. Cooper is associate professor, director of the Public Policy Institute, and MPA director at Western Carolina University. His work on state politics, political communication, and political behavior has appeared in Public Administration Review, Political Research Quarterly, Social Science Quarterly, State Politics and Policy Quarterly, and other outlets. Todd A. Collins is assistant professor of political science at Western Carolina University. He has a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Georgia and aJDfrom the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. His research and teaching interests center on judicial politics, public law, and American government. H. Gibbs Knotts is associate prof essor and department head of political science and public affairs at Western Carolina University. His work on public opinion, southern politics, and public policy has appeared in journals including Journal of Politics, Public Administration Review, and Social Science Quarterly. He also co-edited the New Politics of North Carolina (UNC Press, 2008) with Christopher Cooper. doi:io.ioi7/SiO49O9O5O9O9O49O PS • April 2009 365 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.149 on Wed, 19 Oct 2016 04:03:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Book Citations Count

This article quantifies books' impact in terms of citation counts—in published articles and in other published books. The average political science book published by a university press receives about three times the number of citations received by an article indexed in the SSCI. Books' impact varies by subfield, with books published in methodology receiving many more citations on average than books published in other subfields, followed by books in international relations. Overall, books published on American politics are cited least frequently. Results suggest that political scientists should supplement quantitative indicators of article and journal impact (which are based only on citations in peer-reviewed articles) with similar measures that account for the scholarly influence of published books.
Solar dynamic power module design

A design for a solar dynamic (SD) power module that meets all of the performance requirements for operating on orbit as a power source on the Space Station Freedom is presented. Assembly of the module in orbit will incorporate methods and procedures to be developed for other Freedom elements; no special equipment will be needed. The technology base for SD module development and production is shown to exist at both the system and component levels. The reasons are clearly indicated for adding SD power to Freedom; they include tremendous life-cycle cost savings, in conjunction with the advantage of having a hybrid or alternate power source in case some anomaly with PV occurs. >
Growth and development of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): Effect of host age

The tiny parasitoid wasp, Encarsia formosa, has been used successfully to control greenhouse whiteflies (GHWFs) in greenhouses in many countries throughout the world. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in developing methods for artificially rearing this wasp. However, little information is available concerning the regulation of its development including the host-parasitoid interactions that are required for the parasitoid to complete its life cycle. Here we confirm that parasitoid developmental rates differ significantly based upon the host instar parasitized. Development was faster when 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were offered for parasitization than when 1st or 2nd instars were used. Our results show that it is primarily the embryo and the first two parasitoid instars that exhibit prolonged developmental times when 1st and 2nd instar whiteflies are parasitized. Although percent emergence was not affected by host age at the time of parasitization, adult longevity as well as adult emergence pattern varied greatly depending upon the instar parasitized. When 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were selected for oviposition, adult wasps lived significantly longer than when 1st or 2nd instars were used; also, there was a sharp emergence peak on the 2nd day after emergence was first observed (reduced or absent when 1st or 2nd instar GHWFs were parasitized) and the emergence period was reduced from between 8 and 11 days to 5 days. In general, the younger the host instar parasitized, the less synchronous was parasitoid development. Previous reports that E. formosa will not molt to the 2nd instar until the host has reached its 4th instar were not confirmed. When 1st instar host nymphs were parasitized, 2nd instar parasitoids were detected in 3rd instar hosts. Importantly, however, no matter which instar was parasitized, the parasitoid never molted to its last instar until the host had reached Stage 5 of its last instar, a stage in which host pharate adult formation has been initiated. It appears, then, that a condition(s) associated with host pharate adult formation is required for the parasitoid's final larval molt. Results reported here should facilitate the development of in vitro rearing systems for E. formosa.
LIPASES AND CARBOXYLESTERASES: Possible Roles in the Hepatic Metabolism of Retinol

▪ Abstract The formation and hydrolysis of retinyl esters are key processes in the metabolism of the fat-soluble micronutrient vitamin A. Long-chain acyl esters of retinol are the major chemical form of vitamin A (retinoid) stored in the body. Retinyl esters are found in a variety of tissues and cell types, but most of the total body retinoid is accounted for by the retinyl esters stored in the liver. Thus, these esters represent the major endogenous source of retinoid that can be delivered to peripheral tissues for conversion to biologically active forms. This review summarizes current knowledge about the identity, function, and regulation of the hepatic enzymes potentially involved in catalyzing the hydrolysis of retinyl esters. These enzymes include several known and characterized lipases and carboxylesterases. Although there is accumulating evidence that these enzymes function as retinyl ester hydrolases in vitro, it is not clear which play important physiological roles in hepatic retinyl ester metabo...
Attitudinal and Social Influences on Infant-Feeding Preference

Abstract We undertook this investigation to provide information that would serve as the basis for designing an educational program to increase breastfeeding. Guided by the principles of the theory of reasoned action, we developed specific objectives to determine the predictive value of attitude and social influences on 1) mothers' intentions to breastfeed or bottle feed and 2) mothers' actual behavior. We examined the study participants' beliefs underlying such attitudinal and social influences to ascertain whether we could use certain salient beliefs to discriminate among mothers with differing infant-feeding intentions. We also determined the role of demographic factors as predictors of differing feeding intentions. Data were collected on 53 pregnant women participating in a federal food assistance program. Results indicated that mothers' attitudes were more predictive of infant-feeding intention than were social influences. Maternal attitude mediated the effects of demographic factors on intention. With respect to maternal beliefs, mothers planning to breastfeed were significantly more convinced that breastfeeding would provide the best nutrition and closeness with their infants. Education designed to increase breastfeeding should focus upon strengthening beliefs for which an empirical relationship with intention has been established.
Combining I/O operations for multiple array variables in parallel netCDF

Parallel netCDF (PnetCDF) is a popular library used in many scientific applications to store scientific datasets. It provides high-performance parallel I/O while maintaining file-format compatibility with Unidata's netCDF. Array variables comprise the bulk of the data in a netCDF dataset, and for accesses to large regions of single array variables, PnetCDF attains very high performance. However, the current PnetCDF interface only allows access to one array variable per call. If an application instead accesses a large number of small-sized array variables, this interface limitation can cause significant performance degradation, because high end network and storage systems deliver much higher performance with larger request sizes. Moreover, the record variables data is stored interleaved by record, and the contiguity information is lost, so the existing MPI-IO collective I/O optimization can not help. This paper presents a new mechanism for PnetCDF to combine multiple I/O operations for better I/O performance. This mechanism can be used in a new function that takes arguments for reading/writing multiple array variables, allowing application programmers to explicitly access multiple array variables in a single call. It can also be used in the implementation of asynchronous I/O functions, so that the combination is carried out implicitly, without changes to the application. Our performance results demonstrate significant improvement using well-known application benchmarks.
Radon: An Overview of Health Effects

Radon is one of the most comprehensively studied human carcinogens. It is a naturally occurring noble gas, and due to current construction methods, radon concentrations often become enhanced indoors. Radon is the largest single contributor to the natural radiation exposure to the general public. Two of its radioactive decay products, polonium-218 and polonium-214, impart the majority of radiation dose to the lungs, rather than the radon gas itself. In fact, protracted exposure to radon and its decay products is one of the greatest environmental health threats. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in North America and the leading cause of lung cancer for individuals who have never smoked. Overall, radon is also the leading environmental cause of cancer mortality in North America. In vitro studies, controlled studies of radon-exposed animals, a variety of radiobiological analyses, 15 retrospective cohort studies of radon-exposed underground miners, and analyses of 22 pooled residential epidemiologic studies from North America, China, and Europe convincingly demonstrate that radon is a human lung carcinogen even at concentrations commonly encountered in the residential setting. Because of the significant health risks related to residential radon exposure, the World Health Organization (WHO) instituted an international initiative in 2005, the International Radon Project, to reduce indoor radon risks. This article and the following articles on radon provide a general overview of its characteristics, sources, occurrence, and health effects, as well as guidance on both radon measurement and mitigation.
MEASURING NATURAL SELECTION ON PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY.

To understand natural selection we need to integrate its measure across environments. We present a method for measuring phenotypic selection that combines the potential for both environmental variation and phenotypic plasticity. The method uses path analysis and a measure of selection that is analogous to selection on breeding values. For individuals growing in alternative environments, paths are created that represent potential changes in the environment. The probabilities for these changes are then multiplied by the path coefficients to calculate selection coefficients. Selection on plasticity is measured as the difference in selection within each environment. We illustrate these methods using data on selection in an experimental population of Arabidopsis thaliana. Individuals from 36 families were grown in one of four environments, a factorial combination of shaded/open and early/late shading. For final height of the inflorescence, there was positive selection in both the open and shaded environments and negative selection on plasticity of height. For bolting time, there was also positive selection in both environments, but no selection on plasticity. We show how to use this information to examine how selection would change with changes in environmental frequencies and their transition probabilities. These methods can be expanded to encompass continuous traits and continuous environments as well as other complexities of natural selection.
Effect of Electrical Stimulation and Polyphosphate Marination on Drip from Early-Harvested, Individually Quick-Frozen Chicken Breast Fillets

Abstract Individual and combined effects of electrical stimulation and polyphosphate marination on drip and other quality attributes of early-harvested, individually quick-frozen chicken breast fillets were evaluated. Broiler chickens were slaughtered, half conventionally processed and half with electrical stimulation. Fillets were harvested 1 h postmortem and marinated in either NaCl solution or NaCl plus polyphosphate solution. Marinade absorption, pH, drip, cooking loss, and shear values were observed. Electrical stimulation had no direct effect on pH, cooking loss, or shear values, whereas polyphosphate increased pH and decreased cooking loss. Polyphosphate treatment caused fillets from unstimulated carcasses to absorb more marinade and yielded more drip that those from stimulated carcasses. Fillets from stimulated carcasses marinated in NaCl solution without polyphosphate yielded less drip than those from unstimulated carcasses. Polyphosphate reduced drip of fillets from unstimulated carcasses but not of those from stimulated carcasses. Results support previous reports indicating interactions between polyphosphates and processing parameters that can affect ultimate quality of poultry meat products.
A Model to Simulate Control of House Flies with a Pupal Parasite, Spalangia endius

A model was developed that describes the interaction between a pest insect, the house fly, Musca domestica L., and a wasp, Spalangia endius Walker, a parasite of house fly pupae. The model is based on life history studies of both insects in the laboratory and in the field. With this model, densities of both insects can be simulated by computer techniques, and the degree of control of house flies that can be obtained by release of the parasite can be studied. The simulation is based principally upon 4 life history parameters: survival of adult females; survival of immature forms; developmental times for immature forms; and fecundity and egg-laying patterns of adult females. Simulations showed that high level control of house flies can be expected by the sustained release of the parasites, a result in agreement with the results of field tests. The simulations were therefore used to study the effects of varying the rate and pattern of parasite releases on house fly density reduction.
Energy-efficient algorithms for data retrieval from indexed parallel broadcast channels

Abstract Constraints on the energy, bandwidth, and connectivity of mobile devices and wireless communication medium complicate the timely and reliable access to public data. Energy is often the most stringent constraint, necessitating techniques that facilitate operation in energy-saving modes. Broadcasting, typically over parallel channels, has proven to be an effective method for dissemination of public data to mobile devices. However, the employment of parallel channels introduces challenges associated with channel switching and conflicts due to concurrent accesses to multiple data items that ultimately increase energy consumption and response time. The detrimental effects on energy consumption and response time can be alleviated by scheduling the retrieval of data items in an order that reduces the number of passes over the air channels and channel switching between the parallel channels. In this paper, several scheduling algorithms are proposed and analyzed that achieve the aforementioned objectives. To further improve energy consumption and response time, the scope of our scheduling algorithms has been enhanced by replication of popular data items. The proposed scheduling algorithms, both with and without replication, have been simulated, and simulation results are presented and analyzed. These results show that the proposed scheduling algorithms, compared to some heuristic based methods, have greater impact in reducing energy consumption and response time. This reduction is shown to be more pronounced with replication of data items.
A literature review of intimate partner violence among immigrant populations: Engaging the faith community

As the immigrant population grows in the US, the plight of abused immigrant women may present particular challenges to practitioners. Specifically, due to cultural and religious values and other immigrant-specific barriers, abused immigrant women may not seek help from formal resources. This paper discusses the impact of cultural and religious values and other barriers on abused immigrant women's help-seeking behaviors to posit that natural resources in immigrant communities can play important roles in addressing intimate partner violence. An examination of potential roles for the faith community in addressing intimate partner violence in immigrant communities will be followed by suggestions for engaging the faith community in collaborative efforts to address intimate partner violence in immigrant communities. Language: en
What do I tell my patients about drinking water and the risk of bladder cancer

Occupational exposure to arylamines, schistosomiasis, and especially smoking are well-known potential causes of bladder cancer. However, numerous individuals who are diagnosed with this cancer apparently have no known etiology. Increased consumption of a variety of fluids, including water, may significantly reduce the risk of bladder cancer by reducing the overall impact time of potential carcinogens on bladder tissue. However, the quality of drinking water could also have an impact on risk. Health care professionals could play a large role in preventing bladder cancer by providing patients with new data on the impact of water quantity and quality on risk.