cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary zinc supplementation on broiler performance and nitrogen loss from manure

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of ZnSO4 or ZnO supplementation of broiler diets on growth performance and loss of uric acid N and total N from manure. A total of 240, 1-d-old broiler males were used for this experiment. Each dietary treatment was replicated 3 times with 10 birds per replicate. Chicks were fed a control diet for the first 6 d and then treatment diets for the next 12 d. There were 8 dietary treatments: the control, CuSO4-20, ZnSO4-500, ZnSO4-1,000, ZnSO4-1,500, ZnO-500, ZnO-1,000, and ZnO-1,500 containing 0, 0, 500, 1,000, 1,500 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 and 500, 1,000, and 1,500 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnO, respectively. A 300-g sample of the broiler manure from each treatment was incubated in a pan for 3 wk at room temperature. After incubation, samples were collected for the measurement of total N and uric acid N. Weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of chicks fed the diets supplemented with 1,500 ppm Zn as ZnSO4 were significantly lower than those of the other treatments, whereas the ZnO treatments had no negative effects on growth performance. After the 21-d incubation, the uric acid-N levels of manure from chicks fed the ZnO-1,000 treatment were significantly higher than those of manure from chicks fed the ZnSO4-500. The manure from chicks fed the Zn-supplemented diets had significantly less total N loss compared with that from chicks fed the control. The manure from chicks fed ZnO-1,500 had significantly less total N loss than that from chicks fed the other treatment diets. This study indicated that the Zn treatments significantly reduced nitrogen loss in poultry manure, and ZnO could be a better Zn source to prevent nitrogen loss to the atmosphere without any detrimental effect on growth performance.
Differential induction of cytosolic eposide hydrolase, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and glutathione S-transferase activities

Abstract Three major enzyme systems have been shown to metabolize epozidized xenobiotics in vertebrate tissues, and this study demonstrates that these enzyme systems can be differentially induced. The cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity was routinely monitored with trans -β-ethylstyrene oxide, the microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity with benzo( a )pyrene, 4,5-oxide, and the glutathione S -transferase activity with 2,4-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. Commonly used inducers of microsomal mixed-function oxidase, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and cytosolic glutathione S -transferase activities failed to cause significant induction of the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase while leading to the expected induction of the other epoxide metabolizing enzymes. The compounds tested by ip injection into male Swiss-Webster mice included phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, Arochlor 1254, trans - and cis -stilbene oxides, pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, chalcone, and 4-bromochalcone. To determine if there were strain, sex, or species differences, the enzymes were monitored in male C57BL/6 mice, female Swiss-Webster mice, and male Sprague-Dawley rats following ip injection of phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, and/or pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile. The time dependence of enzyme induction was followed in Sprague-Dawley rats following trans -stilbene oxide administration. Male Swiss-Webster mice were additionally exposed to dietary α-naphthoflavone and 2(3)- tert -butyl-4-hydroxyanisole while male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-methylphenol. In no case was significant induction of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity observed. Dietary di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and clofibrate proved to be potent inducers of the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase in male Swiss-Webster mice while probucol (a nonperoxisome proliferating hypolipidemic drug) failed to cause significant induction. Data from isoelectric focusing experiments and other data are consistent with the epoxide hydrolase activities induced by 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and clofibrate being due to the same protein that is present in control animals. The lack of induction of the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase by a variety of compounds which were selected to demonstrate induction of other xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, may indicate that the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase has a constitutive role whereas its induction by clofibrate could be related to some of the pharmacological and/or carcinogenic actions of this drug.
The Lissajous transformation IV. Delaunay and Lissajous variables

Relations are established between the Delaunay variables defined over a phase space E in four dimensions and the Lissajous variables defined over a four-dimensional phase space F when the latter is mapped onto E by a parabolic canonical transformation.
Der Kreislauf in großen Höhen1

Zusammenfassung Der Einflus groser Hohen auf den Kreislauf in Ruhe und bei Muskelarbeit wurde untersucht. Wahrend eines Aufenthaltes in grosen Hohen wird in der Regel vorubergehend eine kompensatorische Anderung des Kreislaufes stattfinden, das Herzminutenvolumen wird vergrosert sein, nach einigen Tagen werden aber wieder in Ruhe wie bei der Arbeit die gleichen Minutenvolumen wie in Seehohe gefunden. Die zahlreichen Arbeitsversuche berechtigen zu der Anschauung, das in grosen Hohen der begrenzende Faktor fur die maximale O2-Aufnahme fur Vpn. mit gesunden Herzen nicht der Kreislauf, sondern der Atmungsapparat ist. Das Versuchsmaterial dieser Abhandlung entstammt: »The International High Altitude Expedition to Chile«, 1935. Die Expedition wurde unterstutzt vom Fatigue Laboratory und Milton Fund, Harvard; Duke University; die Universitat von Kopenhagen; Carlsberg-und Rask-Orsted Fond, Kopenhagen; King's College, Cambridge University; the Corn Industries Research Foundation; Columbia University; the National Research Council, the Royal Society, London; the Josiah Macy Foundation and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, und von zahlreichen Institutionen in Chile.
Setting the research agenda for chromium risk assessment.

The process of assessing the public health risk of exposure to particular environmental contaminants is complicated and full of assumptions and uncertainties (1,2). However, the problems of assessing risks for chromium exposure are unusually complex (3,4). The problems posed by current investigations of chromiumcontaminated soil in northern New Jersey (5), in part, provided the impetus for a conference on a research agenda for chromium contamination and risk assessment.
Images of periodic linear groups

Let G be a periodic subgroup of GL (n,K ) for some field K and let N be a normal subgroup of G. It is not, in general, true that G / N has a faithful K-linear representation. The following will show that if G is periodic and does not contain any non-trivial normal unipotent subgroups then G / N has a faithful K-linear representation. In addition, we show that, in this case, the degree of the representation is bounded by a function of n.
MR characterization of post-irradiation soft tissue edema

Objective. Radiation therapy is often used to treat bone und soft tissue neoplasms, and commonly results in soft tissue edema in the radiation field. However, the time course, distribution and degree of this edema have not been well characterized. Our study was carried out to better define these features of the edema seen following neutron and photon radiation therapy. Design and patients. Two hundred and twenty-six patients underwent radiation therapy as part of combined modality management for musculoskeletal sarcomas between 1985 and 1993. Of these, 15 had surgical resection of their neoplasm, had no clinical evidence of recurrent disease, and had adequate MR follow-up that allowed sequential assessment of soft tissue following irradiation. Ten patients received photons with an average dose of 52.8 Gy. Five patients received neutrons with an average dose of 17.3 nGy. Sequential MR follow-up was available in these patients for an average of 22.8 months following radiation therapy. On each of the serial MR imaging studies, subcutaneous fat, muscle, and the intramuscular septa/fascial planes were graded subjectively as to size and signal intensity. Results. In general, soft tissue signal intensity in the radiation field initially increased over time, peaking at about 6 months for neutron-treated patients and at about 12–18 months for photon-treated patients. Signal intensity then decreased slowly over time. However, at the end of the follow-up period, signal intensity remained elevated for most patients in both groups. Signal intensity in a particular tissue was greater and tended to persist longer on STIR sequences than on T2-weighted sequences. Survival analysis of signal intensity demonstrated much longer edema survival times for neutron-treated patients than for photon-treated patients. Signal intensity increase in the intramuscular septa persisted for much longer than for fat or muscle. A mild increase in size was noted in the subcutaneous fat and intramuscular septa. Muscle, on the other hand, showed a decrease in size following treatment. This was mild for the photon-treated group and more marked for the neutron-treated group. Conclusions. There is a relatively wide variation in the duration and degree of post-irradiation edema in soft tissues. This edema seems to persist longer in the intramuscular septa than in fat or muscle. Although the duration of follow-up was limited, our study suggests that this edema resolves in roughly half the photon-treated patients within 2–3 years post-treatment and in less than 20% of neutron-treated patients by 3–4 years post-treatment. Muscle atrophy was seen in both photon- and neutron-treated patients, but was more severe in the neutron-treated group.
Practice-based learning and improvement: a two-year experience with the reporting of morbidity and mortality cases by general surgery residents.

Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competency of practice-based learning and improvement can be assessed with surgical Morbidity and Mortality Conference (MMC). We aim to describe the MMC reporting patterns of general surgery residents, describe the adverse event rate for patients and compare that with existing published rates, and describe the nature of our institutional adverse events. We hypothesize that reporting patterns and incidence rates will remain constant over time. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, archived MMC case lists were evaluated from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010. The reporting patterns of the residents, the adverse event ratios, and the specific categories of adverse events were described over the academic years. χ 2 and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare across academic years, using an α = 0.05. Results There were 85 surgical MMC case lists evaluated. Services achieved a reporting rate above 80% (p 0.05). Out of 11,368 patients evaluated from complete MMC submissions, 289 patients had an adverse event reported (2.5%). This was lower than published reporting rates for patient adverse event rates (p 0.05). Over 2 years, 522 adverse events were reported for 461 patients. A majority of adverse events were from death (24.1%), hematologic and/or vascular events (16.7%), and gastrointestinal system events (16.1%). Conclusions Surgery resident MMC reporting patterns and adverse event rates are generally stable over time. This study shows which adverse event cases are important for chief residents to report.
Complex proteinopathy with accumulations of prion protein, hyperphosphorylated tau, α-synuclein and ubiquitin in experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy of monkeys.

Proteins aggregate in several slowly progressive neurodegenerative diseases called ‘proteinopathies’. Studies with cell cultures and transgenic mice overexpressing mutated proteins suggested that aggregates of one protein induced misfolding and aggregation of other proteins as well – a possible common mechanism for some neurodegenerative diseases. However, most proteinopathies are ‘sporadic’, without gene mutation or overexpression. Thus, proteinopathies in WT animals genetically close to humans might be informative. Squirrel monkeys infected with the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent developed an encephalopathy resembling variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease with accumulations not only of abnormal prion protein (PrPTSE), but also three other proteins: hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), α-synuclein and ubiquitin; β-amyloid protein (Aβ) did not accumulate. Severity of brain lesions correlated with spongiform degeneration. No amyloid was detected. These results suggested that PrPTSE enhanced formation of p-tau and aggregation of α-synuclein and ubiquitin, but not Aβ, providing a new experimental model for neurodegenerative diseases associated with complex proteinopathies.
Distribution of sac pressure in an experimental aneurysm model after endovascular repair: The effect of endoleak types I and II

Purpose To study in an experimental aneurysm model the differential distribution of strain/pressure (S/P) on the aneurysm wall before and after endograft exclusion and in the presence of individual type I and type II endoleaks. Methods Two tapered elliptical Gore-Tex patches were sutured to an anterior and posterior longitudinal arteriotomy of an 8-mm Gore-Tex tube graft, thus creating a fusiform aneurysm. Two S/P transducers were placed at the proximal sac adjacent to the proximal neck, 2 at the site of the widest sac diameter, and 2 at the sac adjacent to the distal neck. The aneurysm, which was connected to a pulsatile pump system, was excluded using a 10-mm endograft. Type I and type II endoleaks were created and tested individually. S/P measurements were obtained at systemic systolic pressures (BP) of 80, 110, and 150 mmHg. Thrombosis of the sac contents was induced by injection of thrombin and calcium in the sac. Angiography was used to verify presence or absence of flow in the sac. Results Aneurysm exclusion resulted in significant S/P reductions at all 3 BP levels versus prior to exclusion (p 0.05 for all 3 BP levels). In the presence of a proximal type I endoleak, S/P distribution was not uniform, and S/P at the proximal neck was close to S/P prior to exclusion (p>0.05 no graft versus type I endoleak for all 3 BP levels). This was also true in the presence of thrombus. With a type II endoleak, S/P was more evenly distributed and was not significantly elevated compared to the pressure without an endoleak (p>0.05, graft versus type II endoleak for all 3 BP levels). Thrombus had no effect on intrasac S/P with a type II endoleak. Intrasac S/P was significantly higher in the presence of a type I endoleak compared to a type II endoleak when BP=150 mmHg (p=0.008). Conclusions Endovascular exclusion of an aneurysm results in uniform S/P reduction in the aneurysm sac. Type I endoleak, but not type II endoleak, results in significantly higher S/P in an area of the sac adjacent to the proximal neck. Thrombus does not result in significantly different S/P distribution in the aneurysm sac.
A neuromechanical simulation of insect walking and transition to turning of the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis

A neuromechanical simulation of the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis was developed to explore changes in locomotion when the animal transitions from walking straight to turning. The simulation was based upon the biological data taken from three sources. Neural circuitry was adapted from the extensive literature primarily obtained from the studies of neural connections within thoracic ganglia of stick insect and adapted to cockroach. The 3D joint kinematic data on straight, forward walking for cockroach were taken from a paper that describes these movements in all joints simultaneously as the cockroach walked on an oiled-plate tether (Bender et al. in PloS one 5(10):1---15, 2010b). Joint kinematics for turning were only available for some leg joints (Mu and Ritzmann in J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 191(11):1037---54, 2005) and thus had to be obtained using the methods that were applied for straight walking by Bender et al. (PloS one 5(10):1---15, 2010b). Once walking, inside turning, and outside turning were characterized, phase and amplitude changes for each joint of each leg were quantified. Apparent reflex reversals and joint activity changes were used to modify sensory coupling pathways between the CPG at each joint of the simulation. Oiled-plate experiments in simulation produced tarsus trajectories in stance similar to those seen in the animal. Simulations including forces that would be experienced if the insect was walking freely (i.e., weight support and friction) again produced similar results. These data were not considered during the design of the simulation, suggesting that the simulation captures some key underlying the principles of walking, turning, and transitioning in the cockroach. In addition, since the nervous system was modeled with realistic neuron models, biologically plausible reflex reversals are simulated, motivating future neurobiological research.
An approach to evaluate incentive policies for energy development

Abstract The federal energy agencies are continuously seeking new energy resources to make the U.S. self-sufficient in its energy requirements. Geopressured resources have been identified for quite some time as possible candidates. However, the fundamental barriers to commercializing this source of energy are the excessive capital investments necessary and high uncertainty. This study proposes a methodology for exploring the use of economic incentives as instruments to stimulate the growth of geopressured resource development in the United States. It also identifies how incentive policy options are related to the fundamental barriers against a U.S. geopressured gas capability. The study models the geopressured development project as a Monte Carlo simulation. The geopressured system model simulates the production from a known geopressured resource. The profitability of the geopressured resource development project under alternate incentive policy options is evaluated as to their impact on two base case scenarios of potential investors in such development projects. The evaluations concern the policy impacts on improving project economics and risks. Results indicate that economic incentive policies are effective tools for improving the profitability of geopressured resource development projects. Each incentive serves different purposes with regard to inherent economics, project risks, marketplace uncertainties, and developers' access to capital. The effectiveness of the incentive policies depends on the developer's attitudes and attributes.
Characterization of coal-liquefaction products by molecular-weight profiles produced by field-ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Field-ionization mass spectrometry, which produces fragmentation-free mass spectra, is being applied to the analysis of coal-liquefaction products. Using a new highly efficient and sturdy field-ionization source, samples of various coal-liquefaction products have been successfully analysed and their molecular-weight profiles determined by the integrating multiscan technique. The range of applications of this novel analytical technique to research and development of coal-liquefaction processes is discussed.
Molecular phylogenetics of Amorpha (Fabaceae): an evaluation of monophyly, species relationships, and polyploid origins.

Abstract Amorpha L. (false indigos and lead plants) is a North American legume genus of 16 species of shrubs, which is most diverse in the southeastern United States and distinctive due to the reduction of the corolla to a single petal. Most species have limited distributions, but the tetraploid A. fruticosa species complex is widely distributed and its range overlaps those of all of the other species. Morphological variation in the genus is characterized by gradation of characters among species and it has been the subject of repeated taxonomic study due to the difficulty in delimiting species, especially among A. fruticosa and allies. This study presents the first phylogenetic and network analyses for evaluation of relationships amongst Amorpha species based on three non-coding plastome regions (trnD-trnT, trnH-psbA, petN-psbM) and two low-copy nuclear genes (CNGC5, minD). Plastid DNA analyses supported a monophyletic Amorpha with Parryella filifolia and Errazurizia rotundata as successive sister lineages; however, nuclear gene analyses supported the nesting of these two species and thus a paraphyletic Amorpha. Relationships among species of Amorpha were best resolved in the plastid DNA phylogeny and in most cases were concordant with expectations based on morphology. Relationships based on the nuclear gene phylogenies were less clear due to lack of informative variation (CNGC5) or conflict in the data set (minD). The origins of A. fruticosa were unclear, but the plastid phylogeny revealed that this species shares the same or similar plastid haplotype as other species in a geographic region. Putative recombination of diploid species’ alleles was evident in the minD-like network. Phenotypic plasticity in combination with gene flow into this species from different diploids, or even tetraploids, across its range may account for the incredible morphological diversity of the A. fruticosa species complex. Putative progenitors for two other suspected allotetraploid species, A. confusa and A. crenulata, were identified as A. fruticosa and A. herbacea.
Effect of improved absorption on development of jejunoileal bypass-induced liver dysfunction in rats

Jejunoileal bypasses were performed in rats to determine the effect of improved absorption on the development of liver dysfunction occurring after this procedure. Several parameters of liver function were measured in rats 7 weeks after both the standard 85% small-bowel bypass and an 80% bypass in which an extra 5 cm of intact bowel was retained. Animals having undergone 80% bypass had a lesser degree of lowering of serum protein and triglyceride levels, hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity than did the animals undergoing 85% bypass. Abnormalities found in 85% bypass animals were only partially reproduced by reducing food intake in another group of 80% bypassed animals. These findings emphasize the importance of nutritional factors in the etiology of bypass-induced liver disease and militate against toxin production in the defunctionalized bowel as the sole cause of liver dysfunction following bypass.
Identification of residual blood proteins in ticks by mass spectrometry proteomics.

Mass spectrometry–based proteomics of individual ticks demonstrated persistence of mammalian host blood components, including α- and β-globin chains, histones, and mitochondrial enzymes, in Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum ticks for months after molting. Residual host proteins may identify sources of infection for ticks.
Vote buying in a stylized setting

As we noted in the introduction, we do not propose to discuss possible implications for the real world of democratic politics that may be drawn from the highly stylized models of vote buying that we have analyzed in this paper. To the extent that economic, legal, or moral thresholds prevent the emergence of the purchase and sale of votes among persons who initially possess property rights in the collective franchise, our whole analysis is simply inapplicable. If, however, such thresholds serve only to inhibit but not to prevent totally the emergence of such markets, there should be some value in an analysis that embodies the zero transactions costs assumption.
Investigation on the effects of beta and gamma irradiation on conducting polymers for sensor applications

Abstract Two conductive polymers were evaluated to be the active materials in a sensor device for the detection of beta radiation. This was accomplished by characterizing the changes in conductivity of electrically conducting polymer films caused by exposure to tritium gas for varying lengths of time. The behavior of these materials when exposed to gamma radiation was also studied to gain further insight into the mechanism of conductivity degradation by ionizing radiation. Two types of conductive polymer, polyaniline (PANi) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), were chosen as candidate materials for their widespread commercial use. The change of surface resistance (conductivity) of PANi and PEDOT films when exposed to gamma radiation in both air and deuterium environments was evaluated as well as tritium exposures in 104 and 105 Pa gas. Raman and absorbance spectra of gamma irradiated samples were obtained to determine the mechanism of conductivity degradation in both polymers. Post-irradiation gas analysis of the samples contained in deuterium revealed very little (or no) hydrogen in the containment vessel, indicating that hydrogen–deuterium isotopic exchange was not responsible for the decrease in surface conductivity due to gamma exposure. The effects of irradiation-induced oxidation were also studied for both conductive polymers during gamma irradiation. It was concluded that chain scission via free radical formation and chain cross-linking are most likely the two dominant mechanisms for conductivity change and not de-protonation of the polymer.
THE ISOELECTRIC POINT OF A STANDARD GELATIN PREPARATION1

Two samples of a standard gelatin were studied, both prepared according to published specifications and washed free from diffusible electrolytes. The isoelectric point of this material was determined in four ways. 1. The pH values of solutions of gelatin in water approached the limit 4.86 +/- 0.01 as the concentration of gelatin was increased. 2. The pH values of acetate buffers were unchanged by the addition of gelatin only at pH 4.85 +/- 0.01. This gives the isoionic point of Sorensen, which is the isoelectric point with respect only to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. 3. Gels of this gelatin made up in dilute HCl or NaOH, or in dilute acetate buffers, exhibited maximum turbidity at pH 4.85 +/- 0.03. 4. Very dilute suspensions of collodion particles in 0.1 per cent gelatin solutions made up in acetate buffers showed zero velocity in cataphoresis experiments only at pH 4.80 +/- 0.01. No evidence was found for the assumption that gelatin has two isoelectric points at widely separated pH values. It is concluded that the isoelectric point of this standard gelatin is not far from pH 4.85.
Flash memories: successes and challenges

Flash memory grew from a simple concept in the early 1980s to a technology that generated close to $23 billion in worldwide revenue in 2007, and this represents one of the many success stories in the semiconductor industry. This success was made possible by the continuous innovation of the industry along many different fronts. In this paper, the history, the basic science, and the successes of fash memories are briefly presented. Flash memories have followed the Moore's Law scaling trend for which finer line widths, achieved by improved lithographic resolution, enable more memory bits to be produced for the same silicon area, reducing cost per bit. When looking toward the future, significant challenges exist to the continued scaling of flash memories. In this paper, I discuss possible areas that need development in order to overcome some of the size-scaling challenges. Innovations are expected to continue in the industry, and flash memories will continue to follow the historical trend in cost reduction of semiconductor memories through the rest of this decade.
An assessment of the sources and uses of gulag forced labour 1929–56

(1981). An assessment of the sources and uses of gulag forced labour 1929–56. Soviet Studies: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 51-87.
Impact of point defects on electronic structure in Y2Ti2O7

With many technologies and applications downscaling to nanometer dimensions, the influence of single point defects on electronic structure has shown an increasingly profound impact on optical and electrical properties, and advancing fundamental understanding is critical to defect engineering and control of materials properties. In the present study, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are carried out to study the effects of Ti point defects on the electronic structure of Y2Ti2O7. In the literature, it has been demonstrated that conventional DFT tends to produce delocalized holes and electrons in defective oxide materials due to insufficient cancellation of the self-interaction energy and underestimation of the band gap, which results in an incorrect description of the electronic structure of the system. In an effort to better understand the accuracy of DFT in describing the behavior of Y2Ti2O7 with point defects, the calculated results obtained from DFT and DFT+U methods are compared, including the geometrical distortion, the localization of the defect states and the position of the defect levels in the band gap. Using DFT, distorted geometries around the Ti vacancy and interstitial are found, along with localized oxygen holes and Ti electrons, both of which compare well with the DFT+U results, suggesting that the conventional DFT can be used to describe the localization of the Ti defects in Y2Ti2O7. One major difference in the DFT and DFT+U calculations is the energy position of the defect levels, for which DFT+U results in the states positioned deep in the band gap. Since the DFT+U method suffers from the dependence of the results on the empirical parameter U and no experimental results on the energy position of the defect states are available to tune this U value, care must be taken in applying DFT+U to electronic structure calculations of Y2Ti2O7 with point defects. Based on the DFT method, the most preferred charge state is determined by the formation energies for charged point defects. Moving the Fermi level across the band gap has slight effects on the charge state, and the Ti vacancy and interstitial are found to be in −4 and +4 charge states, respectively.
What's Cooking? A Brief Update

Extensive world press coverage attended the speech by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on September 21, 2010 announcing the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. The Alliance, which is coordinated through theUnitedNations Foundation (UNF), is a unique and innovative combination of founding partner organizations that signed up to the goal of providing 100 million clean cookstoves by 2020. Its objective is to reduce the significant health and other impacts of current use of household biomass fuels in the world's poorest households. As of the launch, someUS$60million had been committed to the Alliance of the $250 million goal. Those that contributed at least $250,000 are indicated below by an asterisk (*) as founding funders. About 90% of the commitment came in the form of applied research funding fromUS government agencies, most prominently the National Institutes of Health*, Department of Energy*, Environmental Protection Agency*, the Department of State*, and Centers of Disease Control*. A number of UN agencies were founding partners, including WHO, UN-Energy, UNEP, WFP, UNIDO, and UNHCR; as well as the bilateral aid agencies of Germany*, Norway* and the US*. Two European technical assistance groups, GTZ* (Germany) and SNV* (Netherlands) also participated, alongwith the charitable foundations of two major companies–Shell Oil* and Morgan Stanley*–and of course UNF* itself. One of the half dozen national cookstove programs currently active was also a founding partner, that of Peru. In addition, the Alliance is inviting additional interested governments, as well as implementing organizations in the public, private, and non-profit sectors to become (non-founding) partners (http://cleancookstoves. org/the-alliance/partnership-opportunities/).
Catalytic activity and EPR signals of DPNH dehydrogenase in relation to the acquisition and loss of piericidin sensitivity and of coupling site 1

Abstract The events accompanying the development of piericidin sensitivity and of energy coupling site 1 during the transition of Candida utilis cells from the log phase to the late stationary phase of growth have been investigated. There is a large increase in DPNH dehydrogenase (DPNHD) activity, and major increases in the EPR signals of iron-sulfur centers 1, 2, and 3 of the enzyme, as measured at 13°K. The increase in DPNHD activity, however, does not reflect the increased development of the same enzyme as is present in the log phase, for the enzyme being synthesized in the stationary phase is different from that present in the log phase, as judged by juglone reductase and DPNH oxidase activities, which declined during the transition, and by stability, kinetics, and in the type of EPR signal present, which are different in the log and stationary phases. On catabolite repression of stationary phase cells the converse occurs: the specific activities of juglone reductase and DPNH oxidase rise, DPNHD activity and EPR signals corresponding to centers 1 and 2 disappear. This process of catabolite repression by ethanol is prevented by cycloheximide.
A New Antigen, Yka (York), and its Relationship to Csa (Cost)

The antigen Yk-a is detected in 92 and 98% of the American Caucasian and Negro populations, respectively. In population studies with anti-Yk-a and anti-Cs-a, association was demonstrated between the two antigens; however, in two of three informative families Yk-a and Cs-a segregated independently. The possibility that these antigens have a relationship with leucocyte antigens is discussed.
Covalent attachment of an Arg-Gly-Asp sequece peptide to derivatizable polyacrylamide surfaces: Support of fibroblast adhesion and long-term growth☆

A synthetic nonapeptide (Tyr-Ala-Val-Thr-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser), which includes the adhesive Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, was covalently immobilized on chemically well-defined polyacrylamide gel surfaces utilizing N-succinimidyl active esters. The amount of peptide immobilized varied linearly with the concentration added to the gels. Immobilization was ∼80% efficient (based on peptide added), resulting in up to 17.5 nmol peptide/cm2 gel surface. Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells adhered readily to peptide-derivatized surfaces, even in the absence of serum. Furthermore, surfaces derivatized with 2 nmol peptide/cm2 gel supported long-term fibroblast growth at a rate and to an extent comparable to that on tissue culture plastic. Surfaces derivatized with a control nonapeptide having no RGD sequence were nonsupportive of cell attachment or growth. The immobilization technology used to derivatize the gel surfaces with adhesive nonapeptide can be modified to allow coderivatization with proteins, glycoproteins, glycosides, or other amine-containing compounds to test their effects on long-term cell behaviors.
Preclinical assessment of simultaneous targeting of epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1) and ErbB2 as a strategy for cholangiocarcinoma therapy

Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1) and/or ErbB2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma, suggesting that combined ErbB1/ErbB2 targeting might serve as a target-based therapeutic strategy for this highly lethal cancer. To test this strategy, we investigated targeting with the ErbB1 inhibitor tryphostin AG1517 and the ErbB2 inhibitor tryphostin AG879, in combination and alone, as well as with the dual ErbB1/ErbB2 inhibitor lapatinib, to assess the effectiveness of simultaneous targeting of ErbB1 and ErbB2 signaling over single inhibitor treatments in suppressing cholangiocarcinoma cell growth in vitro and the therapeutic efficacy of lapatinib in vivo. Our in vitro studies were carried out using rat (BDEneu and C611B) and human (HuCCT1 and TFK1) cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. The efficacy of lapatinib to significantly suppress liver tumor growth was tested in an orthotopic, syngeneic rat model of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression. Our results demonstrated that simultaneous targeting of ErbB1 and ErbB2 signaling was significantly more effective in suppressing the in vitro growth of both rat and human cholangiocarcinoma cells than individual receptor targeting. Lapatinib was an even more potent inhibitor of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and inducer of apoptosis than either tryphostin when tested in vitro against these respective cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, regardless of differences in their levels of ErbB1 or ErbB2 protein expression and/or mechanism of activation. Lapatinib treatment also produced a significant suppression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma growth when administered early to rats, but was without effect in inhibiting liver tumor growth in rats with more advanced tumors. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that simultaneous targeting of ErbB1 and ErbB2 could be a potentially selective strategy for cholangiocarcinoma therapy, but is likely to be ineffective by itself against advanced cancer. (HEPATOLOGY 2010)
Flexible ISFET Biosensor Using IGZO Metal Oxide TFTs and an ITO Sensing Layer

This letter presents the fabrication details and measured performance of a prototype flexible extended-gate ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) biosensor, manufactured using a metal oxide indium-gallium-zinc oxide thin film transistor and an indium-tin oxide sensing layer on a 125- μm thick flexible plastic substrate. ISFET drain current was shown to respond correctly to the pH buffer concentration with repeatable pH sensitivity observed over multiple cycles. These results demonstrate the initial viability of directly extending flexible plastic substrate organic light emitting diode display technology to the production of low-cost, plastic ISFET biosensors.
The ASA survey of graduate programs: Some problems with unproblematic responses

The most remarkable finding of the American Sociological Association’s first survey of graduate departments in sociology was the striking similarity among programs in terms of course requirements, the number of credits, thesis requirements, and other formal procedures that lead to the M.A. and Ph.D. Moreover, when asked to identify problems with their graduate programs, respondents were much more likely to mention the quality of students and the shrinking of budgets than the content or organization of their programs. The authors suggest that the apparent absence of problems may in itself be a matter of concern for the discipline.
SU-FF-T-416: The Use of ModuMLC® in Combination with IG-IMRT for Treating a Very Small Eye Tumor

Introduction:IMRT employing a conventional MLC (1 cm leaf width at isocenter) for small eye tumors may be suboptimal because of its relatively large leaf width compared to the tumor size. The combination of moduleaf (MMLC, 0.25 cm leaf width at isocenter), head immobilization and IG‐IMRT may offer a better alternative. In this study, two IMRT plans are generated for the treatment of a small eye tumor using a conventional MLC (MLC82, 1 cm leaf width), and MMLC with IGRT.Method and materials: A young patient with choroidal hemangioma was treated with a Primatom‐based IG‐IMRT technique. The size of the tumor was delineated to be 4 cm3. A total of 12 Gy in 8 fractions was prescribed to the CTV, and the dose allowed to the right lens (0.12 cm3) was constraint to ⩽ 5 Gy. Treatment planning was carried out on the KonRad inverse planning software. Two plans were generated for a five‐field setup. One was optimized for dose delivery with the MLC82, while the other is optimized for the MMLC. The patient was setup in the treatment couch immobilized with the customized mask and a bite block. Image guidance was performed with a CT‐on‐rail system. Dosimetric measurements were carried out to verify the accuracy of dose delivery for the MMLC plan. Results: The plan for the MLC82 achieves a minimum dose of 7.53 Gy to the PTV and the maximum dose to the right lens is 8.2 Gy. With MMLC, the minimum dose is 12.3 Gy to the PTV while the maximum dose to the right lens is 5.15 Gy. Dosimetric measurement for the MMLC plan yielded good agreement with calculation. Conclusion: The use of IGRT, MMLC and customized mask improves the overall dose delivery accuracy and appears to be a superior choice for treatment of small tumors.
Human lifting simulation using a multi-objective optimization approach

This paper presents a multiobjective optimization (MOO) approach to predicting dynamic lifting for a three-dimensional, highly redundant digital human model with 55 degrees of freedom. The optimization problem is formulated to optimize two objective functions simultaneously—dynamic effort and stability—subject to basic physical and kinematical constraints. The predictive dynamics approach is used to solve for the joint angles, torque profiles, and ground reaction forces. The weighted sum approach of MOO is used to aggregate the two objective functions, and the Pareto optimal set for the problem is generated by systematically varying the weighting parameters for the objective functions. Experimental data are used to validate the final simulation. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the effect of the weighting parameters for the two objective functions on the predicted box-lifting strategies. The results show that the proposed MOO approach improves the simulation results compared to the single objective optimization formulation. Also, the formulation is less sensitive to the weighting coefficient for the stability criterion.
Pulmonary homograft repair of a mycotic aortic aneurysm in an infant

Thoracic aortic aneurysms are rare in children and even more unusual in infants. The vast majority are mycotic. Frequently, those with mycotic thoracic aortic aneurysm do not survive and the diagnosis is made at autopsy. We present the case of an asymptomatic infant found to have a mycotic thoracic aortic aneurysm. The clinical course, diagnosis, and surgical repair of the aneurysm with pulmonary homograft are discussed.
The osteodystrophy of congenital erythropoietic porphyria

Abstract Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare disorder of heme biosynthesis that results in the production of large quantities of photoactive porphyrins. The clinical syndrome is dominated by extreme photosensitivity with mutilation of light exposed extremities and hemolytic anemia. Bone disease has been occasionally noted, but is not well characterised. We describe a man with CEP who developed bone pain and spinal crush fractures at the age of 22. Skeletal radiographs revealed features typical of other severe hemolytic anemias, but in addition there was loss of the terminal phalanges of the hand as a result of photomutilation. Spinal bone density (assessed by DPA) was reduced and at the hip bone density was at the lower limit of normal. The metacarpal cortical bone density was 2.9 standard deviations below normal. Biochemical and histological studies showed accelerated bone turnover. Although the serum 250H vitamin D concentration was very low (because of light avoidance) there was no evidence that the bone disease was a consequence of this. Treatment for one year with clodronate and a high transfusion regime was associated with small reductions in serum alkaline phosphatase and urine hydroxyproline excretion, but there was no improvement in bone mineral density. We conclude that CEP has a distinctive osteodystrophy comprising osteolysis of light-exposed extremities and a high turnover type of osteoporosis. Privational vitamin D deficiency may also occur. The effect upon bone of the new therapies for CEP should be considered.
Comparative Molecular Dynamics Studies of Wild-Type and Oxidized Forms of Full-Length Alzheimer Amyloid β-Peptides Aβ(1−40) and Aβ(1−42)

In this study, all-atom 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations are performed on the full-length amyloid beta (Aβ) monomers (WT-Aβ(1−40) and WT-Aβ(1−42)) and their oxidized forms (Met35(O)-Aβ(1−40) and Met35(O)-Aβ(1−42)) in aqueous solution. The effects of the oxidation state of Met35 and the presence of dipeptide (Ile41-Ala42) on the secondary structures of the three distinct regions (the central hydrophobic core region 17−21 (LVFFA), the loop 23−28 (DVGSNK), and the second hydrophobic domain 29−35 (GAIIGLM)) of all monomers have been analyzed in detail, and results are compared with the available experimental information. Our simulations indicate that the WT-Aβ(1−40) monomer adopts an overall β-hairpin-like structure, which is promoted by the turn region (24−27). This turn region is stabilized through salt-bridge formation between the Asp23 and Lys28 residues. In contrast, the overall structure of the oxidized (Met35(O)-Aβ(1−40)) monomer can be divided into three well-defined bend regions separated by coil...
Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Guilt Following Ingroup Aggression

Three studies investigated the role of intergroup satisfaction in intergroup conflict. After reading about real acts of aggression committed by an ingroup, participants reported how those actions made them feel and how much they would support similar aggression in the future. In all three studies, experiencing intergroup satisfaction increased support for similar aggression, whereas experiencing intergroup guilt decreased support for similar aggression. Study 2 showed that ingroup identification increased justification appraisals, which increased satisfaction and decreased guilt, and thus increased support for future aggression. Study 3 provided an experimental test of the model: when justification appraisals were manipulated, emotion and support for further aggression changed accordingly. These findings demonstrate conditions under which intergroup satisfaction can facilitate and sustain intergroup conflict.
The Transition to Adulthood in Aging Societies

Population aging and the delay in family formation that are occurring in industrialized countries are intimately related. Young adults are spending more of their early twenties attending school and focusing on employment, and they are postponing marriage and childbearing until their late twenties and early thirties. In sum, they are having fewer children later in life, and in doing so, they contribute to the aging of the population. Some argue that population aging results in lower public and private investments in children and greater public expenditures on the elderly. In this article, the author reviews evidence for this argument and concludes that population aging does not necessarily result in lesser investment in children and youth. Instead, our new demographic condition demands a renegotiation of the public intergenerational contract between age groups.
An Analysis of Mesoscale Transport Phenomena during the Evening Transition Period near Sacramento, California.

Abstract An analytical study of transport phenomena during the evening transition period in the vicinity of Sacramento, California is presented. The study is based on a network of double-theodolite wind stations, aircraft soundings and micrometeorological measurements made in the city. The transition period could be described in terms of three stability regimes: 1) moderately unstable (h/L = −4.19), 2) moderately stable (h/L = 1.06) and, later in the evening 3) very stable (h/L = 295). During the analysis period, the boundary layer depth first increased in the late afternoon unstable period, reaching a maximum depth of about 1 km, then dropped discontinuously to about 200 m in the early evening (moderately stable period). During the remainder of the evening, the boundary-layer depth increased steadily, extending to over 700 m after midnight. Comparison of aircraft soundings made up- and downwind of the city of Sacramento indicated that the city had the effect of increasing the boundary layer depth by an a...