cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of antihypertensive use in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in patients receiving alteplase.

Abstract Background Treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with intravenous alteplase within 4.5 h of symptom onset is associated with neurologic improvement. High baseline blood pressure (BP) and BP variability during the first 24 h of AIS is associated with increased early adverse events and death. The purpose of this study is to characterize the incidence of poor neurologic outcome in patients treated with alteplase for AIS who received antihypertensive medications prior to and within the first 24 h following alteplase administration compared with patients who did not. Methods This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort of patients >18 years diagnosed with AIS from January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2015 who received one or more antihypertensive medication in the first 24 h of AIS in patients receiving alteplase compared to controls. The primary endpoint was poor neurologic outcome at 90 days, according to modified Rankin Scale ≥3. Univariate analysis was conducted using Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine independent predictors of poor outcome. Results Of the 587 patients evaluated, 351 (59.7%) were included, of which 127 (36.2%) received antihypertensive(s). More patients in the antihypertensive treatment group had a history of hypertension (88.2% vs. 69.6%, p Conclusion Antihypertensive treatment in the first 24 h of AIS was associated with poor neurologic outcomes at 90 days. However, after controlling for other clinical factors in a multivariable logistic regression, this association was no longer observed.
Effect of Implementation of HEART Chest Pain Protocol on Emergency Department Disposition, Testing and Cost

Background: Symptoms concerning for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) such as chest pain and dyspnea are some of the most common reasons for presenting to an emergency department (ED). The HEART score (history, electrocardiogram, age, risk factors and troponin) was developed and has been externally validated in an emergency setting to determine which patients with chest pain are at increased risk for poor outcomes. Our hospital adopted a HEART score-based protocol in late 2015 to facilitate the management and disposition of these patients. In this study we aimed to analyze the effects of the adoption of this protocol. Prior studies have included only patients with chest pain. We included both patients with chest pain and patients with only atypical symptoms.Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of two cohorts. We identified ED charts from six-month periods prior to and after adoption of our HEART score-based protocol. Patients in whom an electrocardiogram and troponin were ordered were eligible for inclusion. We analyzed data for patients with typical symptoms (chest pain) and atypical symptoms both together and separately.Results: We identified 1546 charts in the pre-adoption cohort and 1623 in the post-adoption cohort that met criteria. We analyzed the first 900 charts in each group. Discharges from the ED increased (odds ratio [OR[1.56, P<.001), and admissions for cardiac workup decreased (OR 0.46, P <.001). ED length of stay was 17 minutes shorter (P = .01). Stress testing decreased (OR 0.47, P<.001). We estimate a cost savings for our hospital system of over $4.5 million annually. There was no significant difference in inpatient length of stay or catheterization rate. When analyzing typical and atypical patients separately, these results held true.Conclusion: After adoption of a HEART score-based protocol, discharges from the ED increased with a corresponding decrease in admissions for cardiac evaluations as well as cost. These effects were similar in patients presenting without chest pain but with presentations concerning for ACS.
CHAPTER 25 Diagnostic Instruments in Autistic Spectrum Disorders

The past 30 years has been an active period for the development of diagnostic instruments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), addressing a need in both research and clinical arenas. This chapter provides an overview of the design and selection of diagnostic instruments as well as a discussion of issues pertaining to the measurement of core ASD features. In addition, a brief historical review of some of the first instruments used to diagnose ASD is provided, followed by short descriptions of instruments currently used to diagnose ASD. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the use of instruments for specific purposes such as measuring change. Keywords: autism; autism spectrum; diagnosis; instruments; measures
Undifferentiated Prostate Cancer and the Neuroendocrine Phenotype

A subset of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer can develop aggressive variants in later stages of the disease and is associated with resistance to hormonal therapies. Metastatic biopsies in this setting often display loss of androgen receptor (AR) expression and/or de-differentiated or neuroendocrine features. Transformation to neuroendocrine prostate cancer is often clinically suspected in patients that develop progressive disease, especially visceral metastases, despite a normal or modestly elevated PSA and/or elevated serum markers of neuroendocrine differentiation. Platinum-based chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, however, survival remains poor. More targeted approaches are being developed based on an emerging understanding of this aggressive form of prostate cancer.
Coincidence imaging using a standard dual head gamma camera

Coincidence electronics and a data acquisition system were developed to explore coincidence detection using a conventional dual head gamma camera. A high impedance pick-off circuit provides position and energy signals without interfering with normal camera operation. The signals are pulse-clipped to reduce pileup effects. Thin lead-tin-copper filters are used to reduce the flux of low energy photons to the detectors. The data are stored in list mode format. The measured coincidence timing resolution for the system is 9 nsec FWHM (450 kcps/detector) and the energy resolution is 11% (650 kcps/detector). The system sensitivity is 46 kcps//spl mu/Ci/cc for a 20 cm diameter (18 cm length) cylindrical phantom centered in the field of view. A scatter fraction of 31% was measured using the 20 cm cylindrical phantom. The sensitivity and scatter fraction measurements were made using a 450-575 keV energy window, 63.0 cm detector spacing, and 1 mm thick lead filters. The maximum recommended singles rate (full spectrum) for coincidence imaging is /spl sim/800 kcps per detector. The 3D reprojection algorithm has been implemented. Example images of the 3D Hoffman brain phantom and patient tumor images are shown.
Open Source Software Developer and Project Networks

This paper outlines complex network concepts and how social networks are built from Open Source Software (OSS) data. We present an initial study of the social networks of three different OSS forges, BerliOS Developer, GNU Savannah, and SourceForge. Much research has been done on snapshot or conflated views of these networks, especially SourceForge, due to the size of the SourceForge community. The degree distribution, connectedness, centrality, and scale-free nature of SourceForge has been presented for the network at particular points in time. However, very little research has been done on how the network grows, how connections were made, especially during its infancy, and how these metrics evolve over time.
The Mountain Pine Beetle in Western North America

The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is generally considered the most destructive of all Western forest insects.46 Periodic outbreaks may devastate entire forests, comprising millions of hectares. Between 1979 and 1983, more than 79 million trees were killed by this insect in the United States alone.57 Total North American losses to the mountain pine beetle are estimated at above 2 billion board-feet per year.86,87 In addition to the severe timber losses, mountain pine beetle outbreaks may affect watershed quality, wildlife composition, and recreational value.57 The accumulation of dead wood is a major fuel source for subsequent wildfires.5
Gestalt of the Grid

6 Gestalt of the Grid 56.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1.2 Enabling Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.2 Deﬁnitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.3 Multi-faceted Grid Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.3.1 N-Tier Grid Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.3.2 Role-Based Grid Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.3.3 Service-Based Grid Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.3.4 Grid Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.4 Grid Management Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.4.1 Managing Grid Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.4.2 Managing Grid Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.4.3 Managing Grid Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.4.4 Managing Grid Execution and Resources . . . . . . . . . 196.4.5 Managing Grid Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.4.6 Managing Grid Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.5 Grid Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216.5.1 Grid Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216.5.1.1 Global Grid Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.5.1.2 Production Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.5.1.2.1 DOE Science Grid . . . . . . . . . . . 226.5.1.2.2 TeraGrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236.5.1.2.3 NASA Information Power Grid . . . . 236.5.1.2.4 EuroGrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.5.1.2.5 Data Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.5.1.2.6 Asia-Paciﬁc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Real-time heuristic search: first results

Existing heuristic search algorithms are not applicable to real-time applications because they cannot commit to a move before an entire solution is found. We present a special case of minimax lookahead search to handle this problem, and an analog of alpha-beta pruning that significantly improves the efficiency of the algorithm. In addition, we present a new algorithm, called R.ea1-Time-A *, for searching when actions must actually be executed, as opposed to merely simulated. Finally, we examine the nature of the tradeoff between computation and execution cost.
Comparision between LPSAT and SMT for RTL verification

The complexity of the circuits today are making it impossible to verify those using traditional CNF-based and BDD-based SAT algorithms. They take unacceptably long run times. Circuits are so complex that bit blasting them is infeasible. A better solution to this problem is to solve SAT at word level. LP solvers and SMT solvers are more efficient to tackle such high complexity at word level. The world today has moved to SMT solvers in verification of world level RTL. Our study aims at the comparison between LP solvers and SMT solvers in verification of RTL. This comparison is made on the basis of complexity, number of iterations and run time. SMT is found to complete verification check in less number of iterations and time. It also has less code complexity and is easy to understand.
Geodesy by Radio Interferometry

By the use of radio-interferometric observations of extragalactic radio sources it is possible to determine all three components of an interferometer “baseline” vector, which extends from one radio antenna to another, with respect to an inertial coordinate system. Uncertainties of only a few millimeters have now been achieved with this technique in determinations of a short (~1 km) baseline vector. Centimeter-level uncertainties are expected to be achieved in intercontinental baseline measurements through the application of recently developed passive microwave remote sensing techniques to the calibration of atmospheric propagation delay variations. Baseline vector determinations may be made with these uncertainties with the use of some portable antennas as small as 3 meters diameter, if ~100-MHz-bandwidth tape recording systems, which are now being built, are used to record the received signals.
Queen's oncologist gives $3.8 million to alma mater

A cancer researcher at Queen's University has given the school a huge boost. Dr. Elizabeth Eisenhauer, director of the Investigational New Drug Program at the Queen's-based National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) Clinical Trials Group, is donating $2.5 million for a new research chair and a further $1.3 million toward a new Cancer Research Institute on the Queen's campus. The Edith Eisenhauer Chair in Clinical Cancer Research is named after Eisenhauer's mother, who died of breast cancer in 1970. “My mother showed me the importance of contributing and making a difference,” says her daughter. The holder of the new chair will also serve as director of the NCIC Clinical Trials Group, while the new institute will house under one roof the 3 NCIC units: the Clinical Trials Group, the Queen's Cancer Research Laboratories and the Radiation Oncology Research Unit. Together, these 3 groups receive more than $15 million a year in research funding. “We'd been talking for some time about coming together,” says Eisenhauer. “This will give us some desperately needed new space. My donation is an opportunity to increase the scope of cancer research and recognize the unique mix of expertise that we have at Queen's.” Queen's does not discuss the source of gifts beyond identifying the donor, but Eisenhauer's donation is widely acknowledged to be a dividend from the university's protection of the intellectual property rights of its researchers.
Running non-Gaussianities in Dirac-Born-Infeld inflation

We study the non-Gaussianity in the simplest infrared model of the Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) inflation. We show that the non-Gaussianity in such a model is compatible with the current observational bound and is within the sensitivity of future experiments. We also discuss the scale dependence of the non-Gaussianity. In DBI inflation, such a feature can be used as a probe to the properties of the background geometry of the extra dimensions or internal space.
Atomistic simulation of fracture in TiAl

Atomistic simulations of fracture in L10 TiAl were carried out using embedded atom method (EAM) interatomic potentials and molecular statics. We studied the behavior of semi-infinite cracks under mode I loading in different orientations of the crack front and plane. For the $$\left[ {0\bar 11} \right]\left( {111} \right)$$ orientation, we observed dislocation emission involving the formation of superlattice intrinsic stacking fault (SISF). For the [001](110) orientation, we observed the emission of ordinary 1/2[110] edge dislocations that were highly mobile and had a compact core. We found that cracks with [001](100) orientation cleaved near the Griffith value of loading in a purely brittle manner. Similar behavior was observed for cracks with $$\left[ {01\bar 1} \right]\left( {100} \right)$$ orientation.
Regulation of myosin accumulation by muscle activity in cell culture

Tetrodotoxin (TTX), at concentrations that do not interfere with normal myogenesis or with myosin synthesis, causes failure of cultured muscle fibres to accumulate myosin heavy chain peptides. This effect is now shown to be reversible. On removal of TTX, muscle fibres begin to reaccumulate myosin heavy chains and it appears that the myosin heavy chains display a 230% increase in stability when cells are shifted from TTX to a normal medium without TTX. Total protein stability or turnover is not affected by TTX. The ability of TTX to induce failure of accumulation of myosin heavy-chain in cultured muscle fibres does not extend to cultured chick fibroblasts. TTX also does not perturb normal uptake of [3H]leucine during a 1 h pulse and the leucine-specific activity within TTX-treated cells is essentially equivalent to that within normal cells. Finally, limited proteolysis of myosin heavy chain isolated from TTX-treated and normal muscle fibres and display of cleavage products on SDS-polyacrylamide gels does not reveal any significant difference between the two myosins. We conclude that failure of TTX muscle to accumulate myosin heavy chain is not related to impaired synthesis, to changes in myosin heavy-chain primary structure, or to overall changes in muscle fibre proteolytic activity. We speculate that the increase in degradation and resulting failure to accumulate myosin heavy chain in TTX cells is related to an inability of TTX-related muscle fibres to assemble newly synthesized fibrillar proteins into structures such as filaments or fibrils. Failure of assembly would lead to increased exposure to base-line levels of muscle proteolysis and to the observed lack of accumulation of myosin heavy chain.
Antibacterial activity of THAM Trisphenylguanide against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

This study investigated the potential antibacterial activity of three series of compounds synthesized from 12 linear and branched polyamines with 2–8 amino groups, which were substituted to produce the corresponding guanides, biguanides, or phenylguanides, against Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity was measured for each compound by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration against the bacteria, and the toxicity towards mammalian cells was determined. The most effective compound, THAM trisphenylguanide, was studied in time-to-kill and cytoplasmic leakage assays against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, USA300) in comparison to chlorhexidine. Preliminary toxicity and MRSA challenge studies in mice were also conducted on this compound. THAM trisphenylguanide showed significant antibacterial activity (MIC ~1 mg/L) and selectivity against MRSA relative to all the other bacteria examined. In time-to-kill assays it showed increased antimicrobial activity against MRSA versus chlorhexidine. It induced leakage of cytoplasmic content at concentrations that did not reduce cell viability, suggesting the mechanism of action may involve membrane disruption. Using an intraperitoneal mouse model of invasive MRSA disease, THAM trisphenylguanide reduced bacterial burden locally and in deeper tissues. This study has identified a novel guanide compound with selective microbicidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including a methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strain.
Location based indexing scheme for DAYS

Data dissemination through wireless channels for broadcasting information to consumers is becoming quite common. Many dissemination schemes have been proposed but most of them push data to wireless channels for general consumption. Push based broadcast [1] is essentially asymmetric, i.e., the volume of data being higher from the server to the users than from the users back to the server. Push based scheme requires some indexing which indicates when the data will be broadcast and its position in the broadcast. Access latency and tuning time are the two main parameters which may be used to evaluate an indexing scheme. Two of the important indexing schemes proposed earlier were tree based and the exponential indexing schemes. None of these schemes were able to address the requirements of location dependent data (LDD) which is highly desirable feature of data dissemination. In this paper, we discuss the broadcast of LDD in our project DAta in Your Space (DAYS), and propose a scheme for indexing LDD. We argue that this scheme, when applied to LDD, significantly improves performance in terms of tuning time over the above mentioned schemes. We prove our argument with the help of simulation results.
Electrochemical sensing based on printable temporary transfer tattoos

The realization of epidermal chemical sensing requires a fabrication methodology compatible with the non-planarity and irregularities of the human anatomy. This communication describes the development of printed temporary transfer tattoo (T3) electrochemical sensors for physiological and security monitoring of chemical constituents leading to the demonstration of ‘electronic skin’.
Effort changes around a marine reserve: The case of the California Rockfish Conservation Area

Abstract This article is an analysis of observed changes in the level of fishing effort and the spatial distribution of fishing effort following implementation of a marine reserve off the California coast. The Rockfish Conservation Area (RCA) closes the area between depth contour based boundaries to commercial trawl fishing. In this analysis, commercial fishing vessels are grouped based on their level of fishing effort within the closed area prior to the closure in order to compare changes in effort levels between groups. The results suggest that the RCA may have had a small effect on the level of fishing effort in the California groundfish trawl fishery. Spatial distribution of fishing effort before and after implementation of the marine reserve is also compared. Some concentration of effort occurred along parts of the closed area boundaries. This pattern suggests the “fishing the line” behavior noted in the marine reserve literature, but other possible explanations exist including the effects of coincident changes in other regulations and changing bioeconomic conditions.
Dissipative interface waves and the transient response of a three dimensional sliding interface with Coulomb friction

Abstract We investigate the linearized response of two elastic half-spaces sliding past one another with constant Coulomb friction to small three-dimensional perturbations. Starting with the assumption that friction always opposes slip velocity, we derive a set of linearized boundary conditions relating perturbations of shear traction to slip velocity. Friction introduces an effective viscosity transverse to the direction of the original sliding, but offers no additional resistance to slip aligned with the original sliding direction. The amplitude of transverse slip depends on a nondimensional parameter η = c s τ 0 / μ v 0 , where τ 0 is the initial shear stress, 2 v 0 is the initial slip velocity, μ is the shear modulus, and c s is the shear wave speed. As η → 0 , the transverse shear traction becomes negligible, and we find an azimuthally symmetric Rayleigh wave trapped along the interface. As η → ∞ , the inplane and antiplane wavesystems frictionally couple into an interface wave with a velocity that is directionally dependent, increasing from the Rayleigh speed in the direction of initial sliding up to the shear wave speed in the transverse direction. Except in these frictional limits and the specialization to two-dimensional inplane geometry, the interface waves are dissipative. In addition to forward and backward propagating interface waves, we find that for η > 1 , a third solution to the dispersion relation appears, corresponding to a damped standing wave mode. For large-amplitude perturbations, the interface becomes isotropically dissipative. The behavior resembles the frictionless response in the extremely strong perturbation limit, except that the waves are damped. We extend the linearized analysis by presenting analytical solutions for the transient response of the medium to both line and point sources on the interface. The resulting self-similar slip pulses consist of the interface waves and head waves, and help explain the transmission of forces across fracture surfaces. Furthermore, we suggest that the η → ∞ limit describes the sliding interface behind the crack edge for shear fracture problems in which the absolute level of sliding friction is much larger than any interfacial stress changes.
Hydride fuel behavior in LWRs

Abstract The U–Zr hydride U 0.31 ZrH 1.6 offers a number of advantages over oxide fuel for light-water reactors. Fission-gas release appears to be very small (release fraction ∼10 −4 ) up to 600 °C, which is close to the maximum fuel temperature. Initial irradiation-induced swelling can be as large as 5% for temperatures exceeding 650 °C. Hydrogen redistributes due to the non-uniform temperature in the fuel from the as-fabricated H/Zr of 1.6 to one that is higher at the pellet periphery than at the centerline. Radial redistribution produces ‘hydrogen’ stresses in the pellet which add to the usual thermal stresses. In a helium-bonded fuel rod, the total stresses are less than the fracture stress; in a liquid-metal-bonded fuel rod, the fracture stress is exceeded in the central portion of the pellet, but the surface remains in compression. Axial redistribution moves substantial quantities of hydrogen from the middle portion of the fuel stack to the ends. The neutronic effect of this displacement of the moderator is unknown.
Alveolar bone upper growth in furcation area using a combined orthodontic-regenerative therapy: a case report.

Background: This case report demonstrates orthodontic and regenerative combined therapy in a 49- year-old male whose right maxillary premolar furcation had a bony defect with poor biologic width resulting from extensive subgingival caries. In these advanced interdisciplinary cases, crown lengthening with periodontal surgery alone does not solve the complex clinical problems. We believe that a combined orthodontic and periodontal regenerative combination therapy offers the best option for achieving a predictable outcome. Methods: First, regenerative therapy by open debridement with a bioabsorbable synthetic bone graft, bioabsorbable membrane, and minocycline root conditioning was carried out. Eight weeks after initial surgery, orthodontic extrusion was initiated. Results: Radiographs and reentry documentation suggest that the furcation defect associated with poor biologic width was successfully treated. Conclusion: This case report demonstrates that orthodontic-regenerative combined therapy can resolve com...
Investigating the neural basis for fMRI-based functional connectivity in a blocked design: application to interregional correlations and psycho-physiological interactions

This paper investigates how well different kinds of fMRI functional connectivity analysis reflect the underlying interregional neural interactions. This is hard to evaluate using real experimental data where such relationships are unknown. Rather, we use a biologically realistic neural model to simulate both neuronal activities and multiregional fMRI data from a blocked design. Because we know how every element in the model is related to every other element, we can compare functional connectivity measurements across different spatial and temporal scales. We focus on (1) psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) analysis, which is a simple brain connectivity method that characterizes the activity in one brain region by the interaction between another region's activity and a psychological factor, and (2) interregional correlation analysis. We investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of PPI using simulated neural activities and fMRI signals generated by a large-scale neural model that performs a visual delayed match-to-sample task. Simulated fMRI data are generated by convolving integrated synaptic activities (ISAs) with a hemodynamic response function. The simulation was done under three task conditions: high-attention, low-attention and a control task ('passive viewing'). We investigated how biological and scanning parameters affect PPI and compared these with functional connectivity measures obtained using correlation analysis. We performed correlational and PPI analyses with three types of time-series data: ISA, fMRI and deconvolved fMRI (which yields estimated neural signals) obtained using a deconvolution algorithm. The simulated ISA can be considered as the 'gold standard' because it represents the underlying neural activity. Our main findings show (1) that evaluating the change in an interregional functional connection using the difference in regression coefficients (as is essentially done in the PPI method) produces results that better reflect the underlying changes in neural interrelationships than does evaluating the functional connectivity difference as a change in correlation coefficient; (2) that using fMRI and deconvolved fMRI data led to similar conclusions in the PPI-based functional connectivity results, and these generally agreed with the nature of the underlying neural interactions; and (3) the functional connectivity correlation measures often led to different conclusions regarding significance for different scanning and hemodynamic parameters, but the significances of the PPI regression parameters were relatively robust. These results highlight the way in which neural modeling can be used to help validate the inferences one can make about functional connectivity based on fMRI data.
John Hughlings‐Jackson's Writings on the Auditory Aura and Localization of the Auditory Cortex

Summary: Purpose: To relate John Hughlings-Jackson's findings of the auditory aura to his ideas about the “dreamy state,” and localization of primary auditory cortex. Methods: We reviewed Hughlings-Jackson's writings on the auditory aura and his integration of the auditory aura into his description of the “dreamy state.” To integrate Hughlings-Jackson's postulations about the auditory aura and David Ferrier's localization of primary auditory cortex, we also reviewed Ferrier's localization of auditory cortex in animals. Results: Hughlings-Jackson described three cases of the auditory aura, which he integrated with his concept of the “dreamy state” (now known as mesial temporal epilepsy). In doing so, he described the current concept of elementary and complex auditory auras. Hughlings-Jackson also associated the auditory aura with seizures that began in the “auditory centre of Ferrier.” Whereas Ferrier showed respect and admiration for Hughlings-Jackson's work as a whole, he did not integrate Hughlings-Jackson's ideas of localization of the auditory epileptic aura with his work in localizing the primary auditory cortex in animals. Conclusions: Hughlings-Jackson outlined the modern concept of elementary and complex auditory auras and correctly correlated it with primary auditory cortex. The history of Hughlings-Jackson's auditory aura reflects the history of his ideas of epilepsy as a whole, which closely parallel our modern concepts of focal epilepsy.
Law enforcement and political change in post-civil war Nigeria

Abstract The impact of law enforcement on political change may be observed in three sets of attitudes by groups and individuals: national consciousness, that is the acceptance of the nation as a meaningful identity symbol; class consciousness, that is identification with a class against other classes; and legitimacy, that is the acceptance of the state as a rightful source of commands. A discussion of general theories of law enforcement and their impact on these attitudes, and of politics and the police in post-civil war Nigeria leads to the conclusion that the police, by the manner in which they enforce the laws, do have an effect on legitimacy orientations, though a weak one. Law enforcement agencies do not contribute significantly to the creation of social and political changes but reflect changes that arise and are fought out in other spheres of societal life.
Investigation of a Privileged Polymorphic Motif: a Dimeric ROY Derivative.

Bis(5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrilyl)acetylene, a derivative of the highly polymorphic compound 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile (ROY) that possesses two chromophores electronically coupled through a triple bond, was found to be trimorphic. Structural data for two of these forms indicate that symmetry is maintained in one structure and broken in the other leading to spontaneous differentiation of the methyl-thiophenecarbonitrile units. This study contributes to the mounting evidence that ROY and its derivatives are particularly prone to polymorphism.
Microfinance and competition for external funding

Abstract In this paper we examine a one-period model in which poverty minimizing microfinance lenders must raise external funding from a profit maximizing investor. Assuming that the lenders vary in their operating costs, we find that competition between lenders for external funds can lead to higher aggregate poverty reduction.
Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Dayside Observations

Initial observations by the Pioneer Venus mangnetometer in the sunlit ionosphere reveal a dynamic ionosphere, very responsive to external solar-wind conditions. The localtions of the bow shock and ionosphere are variable. The strength of the magnetic field just olutside the ionopause is in approximate pressure balance with the thermal plasma of the ionosphere and changes markedly from day, to day in response to changes in solar wind pressure. The field strength in the ionosphere is also variable from day to day. The field is often weak, at most a few gammas, but reaching many tens of gammas for periods of the order of seconds. These field enchantments are interpreted as due to the passage of spacecraft through flux ropes consisting of bundles of twisted field lines surrounded by the ionospheric plasma. The helicity of the flux varies through the flux tube, with lows pitch angles on the inside and very lage angles in the low-field outer edges of the ropes. These ropes may have external or internal sources. Consistent with previous results, the average position of the bow shock is much closer to the planet than would be expected if the solar wnd were completely deflected by the planet. In total, these observations indicate that the solar wind plays a significant role in the physics of the Venus ionosphere.
Philosophy and Empire: On Socrates and Alcibiades in Plato's Symposium

When Socrates was accused in 399 BC of corrupting the young, the harm that his one-time associate Alcibiades did to Athens provided fuel for the charges against him. By setting the Symposium in 416 BC, just one year before Alcibiades led Athens on the disastrous Sicilian expedition, Plato revisits the charge that Socrates corrupts the young. In particular, does Socrates' freedom from the accepted opinions of his city and the “universalism” of the truth he pursues find political expression in imperialistic ambitions such as Alcibiades'? Exploring the role of Alcibiades in the Symposium, including his “praise” of Socrates, I argue that Socratic philosophy properly understood is a “middle” state (e.g., between ignorance and wisdom), and as such cannot represent an escape from one's particular political community into imperialistic politics. Moreover, as a middle state it is characterized by reciprocity, and as such offers a model for political life different from Alcibiades' imperialism.
Error diffusion with delayed decision

A new halftoning algorithm is proposed that incorporates the concept of delayed decision in error diffusion. This algorithm is similar to a recently proposed tree coding halftoner in that both examine at each pixel location a neighborhood of future (with respect to the scanning direction) pixels before deciding the value of the current output pixel. Because of the feedback in the error diffusion process, one can reduce the size of the 'look ahead' window compared to a typical tree-coding halftoner, resulting in a relatively low complexity. It is shown that this algorithm improves the quality of halftone images compared to those generated by traditional error diffusion.
Co-oping: A short-term option with long-term payoffs: A “co-op” exhibits self-confidence, experience, and a perspective other students don't have. There are benefits for academia and industry too

More and more colleges and corporations are taking part in a growing option of higher education known as cooperative education, or the coop program. The co-op concept, which was started in 1906 at the University of Cincinnati by Professor Herman Schneider, is based on the idea that students should be able to get practical experience to supplement their course work. Ann Keeling, assistant dean/associate professor in the division of professional practices at the University of Cincinnati, says that Schneider's proposal to the university was well received, as it has been at over 1000 colleges since. “If you look around,” says Penn State co-op advisor William J. Ross in agreement, “you will find that there are relatively few schools that don't have some of their students in this kind of a program.”
Decreased total carbonic anhydrase esterase activity and decreased levels of carbonic anhydrase 1 isozyme in erythrocytes of type II diabetic patients

In this exploratory study, we investigated total erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) estrase activity as well as CA I isozyme concentration in patients with diabetes mellitus type II (DM) and healthy individuals of Howard University Hospital community. Total estrase activity of CA was measured spectrophotometrically using p-nitrophenol acetate before and after inhibition with acetazolamide. CA I isozyme was measured by radial immunodiffusion using monoclonal antibody (CA I) in agarose plates. The study involved 20 consented participants; 10 normal (N) and 10 (DM), 21 to 84 years of age. The study was approved by the Howard University Institution Review Board. The CA activity was measured following lysis of cells as U/min/mL and CA I concentration as mg/l. We observed CA activity as 46.3±4(N) and 25±2.1 (DM) whereas CA I concentration as 1896±125 (N) and 1104 ±63 (DM). We speculate that the change in the CA activity may of fundamental importance in the regulation of intracellular; pHi for the basic control of metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Further, we propose that CA activity is a good candidate for a biomarker of diabetes mellitus for the early detection of insulin resistance because the CA activity variation was proportional to the severity of the diabetes.
A multivariate test of homogeneity of regression weights for correlated data

Abstract : An analytic procedure is presented for testing the homogenity of unstandardized regression weight vectors in the condition that the regression weight vectors are correlated. The basic design involves repeated measurements on a dependent variable and a set of independent variables in each of S time periods of situations. Use of the test is illustrated in a study of cross-situational consistency versus cross-situational specificity of the correlates of perceived leader behavior. (Author)
Cerebral Symptoms in Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula: A Result of Paradoxical Emboli (?)

Two cases of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas with hemiparesis and other neurologic findings, possibly from paradoxical embolization, are described. Many theories have been put forward to explain the pathophysiology of the frequently present neurologic manifestations. We regard paradoxical embolization through the fistula as the most important factor in the pathogenesis of the neurologic deficit. Due to the potential hazard of paradoxical cerebral embolization and possible subsequent brain abscess formation, surgical resection of all pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas wherever feasible is recommended.
Balò's concentric sclerosis: MRI

We report a case of Balo's concentric sclerosis. In the past, the diagnosis was usually made post mortem. In this case, we found that CT demonstrated only low-density lesions, but not their concentric pattern. However, MRI showed a striking feature, reminiscent of histopathology of Balo's concentric sclerosis, and played an important role in antemortem diagnosis of this rare demyelinating disease.
Exenatide in Combination Therapy: Small Study, Big Market, and Many Unanswered Questions

From industry-sponsored research, Zinman and colleagues report that treatment with exenatide for up to 16 weeks improved glucose control and moderately reduced weight in patients with type 2 diabet...
Cholesterol Content and Sensory Analysis of Ground Beef as Influenced by Fat Level, Heating, and Storage

Twelve treatment combinations including three fat levels, two internal endpoint temperatures, and two storage periods for ground beef patties were studied. Quality and sensory attributes as well as cholesterol content were evaluated. As fat level increased in raw patties, cholesterol content, drip and total cook loss, fat and cholesterol content of cook drip increased whereas red color intensity and evaporative losses decreased. Cholesterol content, evaporative and total losses, and beef-flavor intensity increased with higher internal endpoint temperature. Red color intensity of raw patties and cholesterol content of raw and cooked patties decreased with storage. No differences in cholesterol content could be attributed to fat content of raw product; therefore, choosing low fat ground beef to lower cholesterol may not be justified.
T. S. Eliot on a CD-ROM: A Narrative of the Production of a CD.

The authors developed a CD-ROM for use in the classroom, the computer lab, the library, or the personal computers of students and faculty. The subject of the CD is an interart study of music, art, and literature, specifically T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. the authors trace their process of formulating the idea and conceptualizing the project. They also detail the initial stages of the project, including the time-intensive efforts of getting permissions for the materials. For the technology portion, they describe how the components were digitized, integrated, and tested. Finally, they discuss how they manufactured and marketed the product, closing with some evaluative comments.
Definitions as theories of word meaning

Dictionary definitions are often used in education and in computerized databases for processing natural language, but their accuracy as models of word meaning has not been carefully evaluated. An experiment involving fourth graders and adults measured the efficacy of dictionary definitions in marking distinctions in sense and found them to be very poor for children, but fairly helpful for adults. A second experiment compared dictionary definitions to definitions written by college students who had sorted sets of sentence citations, and found both moderately effective in teaching word use. Good definitions were produced less often for high-frequency words than for low-frequency words, given equivalent numbers of citations, suggesting that sentences using high-frequency words are less informative overall. Also, the more citations available to the definition writer, the better the definition was in teaching word use, suggesting that information about word meaning is cumulative and describable.
Functional characterization of genetic variants of human FMO3 associated with trimethylaminuria

Impaired conversion of trimethylamine to trimethylamine N-oxide by human flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is strongly associated with primary trimethylaminuria, also known as ‘fish-odor’ syndrome. Numerous non-synonymous mutations in FMO3 have been identified in patients suffering from this metabolic disorder (e.g., N61S, M66I, P153L, and R492W), but the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the functional deficit attributed to these alleles has not been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of these disease-associated genetic variants on FMO3 holoenzyme formation and on steady-state kinetic parameters for metabolism of several substrates, including trimethylamine. For comparative purposes, several common allelic variants not associated with primary trimethylaminuria (i.e., E158K, V257M, E308G, and the E158K/E308G haplotype) were also analyzed. When recombinantly expressed in insect cells, only the M66I and R492W mutants failed to incorporate/retain the FAD cofactor. Of the remaining mutant proteins P153L and N61S displayed substantially reduced (<10%) catalytic efficiencies for trimethylamine N-oxygenation relative to the wild-type enzyme. For N61S, reduced catalytic efficiency was solely a consequence of an increased Km, whereas for P153L, both Km and kcat were altered. Similar results were obtained when benzydamine N-oxygenation was monitored. A homology model for FMO3 was constructed based on the crystal structure for yeast FMO which places the N61 residue alone, of the mutants analyzed here, in close proximity to the FAD catalytic center. These data demonstrate that primary trimethylaminuria is multifactorial in origin in that enzyme dysfunction can result from kinetic incompetencies as well as impaired assembly of holoprotein.
Hormonal control of diglyceride metabolism during vitellogenesis in the cockroach, Eublaberus posticus

Abstract During a vitellogenic cycle in the ovoviviparous cockroach Eublaberus posticus, more than 100 mg of lipid is transported from the fat body to the developing oocytes. Lipid is very likely transported in the form of diglyceride (DGL), because 1-14C-glycerol injected into the haemocoel is preferentially incorporated by the fat body into DGL, and labelled DGL rapidly appears in the oocytes as well. Two main lines of evidence suggest that lipid transport is under the control of juvenile (gonadotropic) hormone: (1) DGL accumulates in unusual quantities in both ovaries and fat body following allatectomy, although vitellogenesis is superficially brought to a halt within one day of surgery, (2) fat body dissected from allatectomized cockroaches synthesizes only 25% as much 14C-DGL from labelled precursors as does tissue from controls.
Deletion of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Provides Cardioprotection in Mice With 2-Kidney, 1-Clip Hypertension

Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and target organ damage. We hypothesized that induction of iNOS contributes to left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy...
A Pilot Project to Increase Parent Comfort Communicating with their Children about Sexual Health

Risky sexual behaviors among U.S. adolescents have resulted in epidemic rates of sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and unintended pregnancy. This article describes a community-developed pilot program for parents in a large South Florida county aimed at increasing parent comfort in discussing sexuality with their children to improve adolescent sexual health. Program development, implementation, and evaluation of the “Beyond the Birds and the Bees: Communicating about Sexuality” are described. Results of pre- and post-test comparisons show improvements in participants’ comfort level and perceived positive outcomes of discussing sexuality. Other Florida counties are considering implementing this successful community-driven initiative.
Data mining: manufacturing and service applications

In this paper basic concepts of machine learning and data mining are introduced. Machine learning algorithms extract knowledge from diverse data bases that can be used to build decision-making systems. For example, based on the operational engineering data, equipment faults can be detected, the number of items to be ordered can be predicted, optimal control parameters can be determined. A framework for organizing and applying knowledge for decision-making in manufacturing and service applications is presented. The framework uses decision-making constructs such decision tables, decision maps, and atlases. It offers a new data-driven paradigm of importance to modern manufacturing and service organisations. Examples of data mining applications in industrial, medical, and pharmaceutical domains are presented. It is envisioned that the data-driven framework presented in the paper will enhance these applications.
OSU and LSU: easy to spell but did they belong? Using the method of paired comparisons to evaluate the BCS rankings and the NCAA football championship game 2007–08

This article employs the Bradley–Terry method of paired comparisons, previously used by Beard and Caudill (2007), to examine the 2007 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football season. We find that the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) did get it right: Ohio State University (OSU) number one and Louisiana State University (LSU) number two. Our method also indicates that LSU played a much more difficult schedule than OSU and that the Southeastern Conference (SEC) is the strongest conference in the US.