cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decorin is processed by three isoforms of bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP1)

The secreted small proteoglycan, decorin, modulates collagen fibril formation as well as the bioactivity of various members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily. Indeed, recombinant prodecorin has been used in several gene therapy experiments to inhibit unwanted fibrosis in model diseases of the kidney, heart, and other tissues although the status of the propeptide within the target tissues is unknown. Currently the protease that removes the highly conserved propeptide from decorin is unproven. Using a variety of approaches, we show that three isoforms of the Tolloid-related bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP1) can effectively remove the propeptide from human prodecorin resulting in the well-established mature proteoglycan. Classic BMP1, the full-length gene transcript mTLD (BMP1–3), and BMP1–5 (isoform lacking the CUB3 domain thought to be important for efficient type I collagen C-propeptidase activity) all removed the analogous propeptides from both recombinant human prodecorin and murine probiglycan. Furthermore, the timed removal of the propeptide was found to not be necessary for the addition of decorin’s single glycosaminoglycan chain. Decorin therefore joins the growing list of matrix and bioactive molecules processed/activated by the BMP1/Tolloid family. Since the third member of the Class I small leucine-rich proteooglycan (SLRP) superfamily, asporin, also contains a similar cleavage motif at the appropriate location, we propose that the removal of these propeptides by members of the BMP1 family is an additional characteristic of Class I SLRP.
Four- and eight-piece Halbach array analysis and geometry optimisation for maglev

A systematic analysis approach is presented for four- and eight-piece Halbach arrays' magnetic field and the geometric optimisation for magnetic levitation (Maglev) applications, which utilise the non-ideal array's magnetic field harmonics. The field analysis results obtained using scalar potential and Fourier series methods are confirmed with FEM results. The geometric optimisation is based on the maximisation of the ratio of the square of flux to a unit area magnet weight. The results of the systematic analysis of magnetic field and the geometric optimisation for practical Halbach arrays can be used as a technical framework for further Maglev system designs.
Chronic Estrogen Treatment Promotes a Functional Uncoupling of the D2 Dopamine Receptor in Rat Anterior Pituitary Gland

The effect of chronic estrogen treatment on the anterior pituitary D2 dopamine receptor was studied by treating rats with diethylstilbestrol (DES) over a 6-week period. DES treatment resulted in an increase in anterior pituitary weight and PRL content and serum PRL levels compared to those in sham-treated controls. The status of the anterior pituitary D2 dopamine receptor was evaluated using both radioligand binding and adenylate cyclase assays. [125I]N-(p-aminophenethyl)spiroperidol [( 125I]NAPS), a derivative of the D2-selective antagonist spiperone, was used to quantitate D2 receptors. Saturation analysis of [125I]NAPS binding indicated that DES treatment had no effect on the affinity or maximum binding capacity of the radioligand for the D2 receptor. Competition analysis with unlabeled D2 antagonists for [125I]NAPS binding also indicated that DES treatment did not affect antagonist interactions with the receptor. In contrast, the interactions of agonists with the D2 receptors from DES-treated rats were modified, as assessed through [125I]NAPS competition analysis. Using control tissue, agonist competition curves revealed both high and low affinity agonist binding states of the receptor. In the presence of guanine nucleotides, the high affinity agonist binding state is abolished, reflecting coupling of the receptor with a guanine nucleotide regulatory (G) protein. In DES-treated tissue, agonist competition curves indicated the presence of only low affinity agonist binding, with minimal effects of guanine nucleotides, suggesting uncoupling of receptor-G-protein interactions. The functionality of the D2 receptor was further assessed by examining dopaminergic inhibition of vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Although DES treatment resulted in a reduction of vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated enzyme activity itself, the ability of dopaminergic agonists to inhibit this activity was reduced by about 50%. These results suggest that estrogen is capable of attenuating the functional coupling of the D2 receptor with its biochemical effector system in the anterior pituitary gland.
A single-switch LCL-resonant isolated DC-DC converter

Isolated converters are desirable in the DC-DC power conversion applications where isolation and/or a large voltage step-up gain is needed. Traditional isolated DC-DC converters either utilize many switches to achieve high efficiency or use few switches which result in low efficiency. This paper proposes a new single-switch isolated DC-DC converter with a LCL-resonant circuit. The proposed isolated DC-DC converter has the advantages of not only using the least number of (i.e., one) switch, but also achieving zero-current switching (ZCS) and zero-voltage switching (ZVS) when the switch is turned on and off, respectively. Experimental results are provided to validate the theoretical analysis and simulation. The proposed converter has achieved the maximum efficiency of 93.5%, which is higher than the corresponding hard-switching converter with a similar topology.
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI : I. SEPARATION OF A SEROLOGICAL GROUP—TYPE I.

Serological study of a large number of strains of indifferent streptococci has revealed the existence of a large homogeneous group to which the designation Type I has been applied. It is recognized that members of Type I are not necessarily identical, and that further division into subtypes may be feasible. All strains of Type I ferment inulin and salicin. The remaining strains are referred to as belonging to Group X. They are distinguished only by their failure to react strongly with Type I serum. While at present this group must be regarded as quite heterogeneous, further work may reveal the presence of other as yet undefined types now included within its limits. The organisms of this group vary in their fermentative reactions with both inulin and salicin.
Testing goodness of fit for the distribution of errors in regression models

SUMMARY Asymptotic results are given for the problem of testing goodness of fit for any specified distribution of errors in multiple regression models. In particular, the results apply to the case of testing for normality in standard regression and experimental design models. For a very wide class of goodness of fit statistics, in particular those which depend only on the empirical distribution of the residuals, it is shown that the limiting distributions under the null hypothesis are precisely the same in regression models as in ordinary location-scale models.
Cardiac pathology in experimental brucellosis

Abstract Cardiac pathology in 37 guinea pigs was studied at intervals of from 39 to 383 days after a single inoculation with either Brucella suis or Brucella abortus -strain 19. Although definite microscopic cardiac lesions were present in 15, or 46.8 per cent, of the group infected with Brucella suis , they tended to resemble the so-called nonspecific lesions observed after injection with dead streptococci, foreign proteins, dysentery bacilli, serum, and a number of other substances. No lesions completely identical to Aschoff bodies were observed. The experimental evidence indicates that Brucella infection causes microscopic lesions in the heart of the guinea pig, and that the heart is not as resistant to the infection as was inferred from gross examination.
Rhizoxin synthetic studies. 1. Synthesis of the right hand [C(1) to C(9)]portion via a “pinwheel” approach

Abstract A concise synthetic approach to the C(1) - C(9) fragment of the antitumor macrolide rhizoxin via a three-fold pseudosymmetric intermediate is described. The preparation (from readily available γ-butyrolactone) includes both an asymmetric allylation and an asymmetric aldol addition. The pseudosymmetry proved useful in the realization of the target ( 4 ).
Tally languages and complexity classes

The following statements are shown to be equivalent: (i) Every language accepted by a nondeterministic Turing machine which operates within time bound 2 cn for some c > 0 is also accepted by a deterministic Turing machine which operates within time bound 2 dn for some d > 0. (ii) Every tally language which is accepted by a nondeterministic polynomial time-bounded Turing machine is also accepted by a deterministic polynomial time bounded Turing machine. (iii) Every tally language which is accepted by a nondeterministic Turing machine which operates in real time is also accepted by a deterministic polynomial time bounded Turing machine. Other results concerning time‐space tradeoffs are presented. The results extend those in Book, 1972 , Book, 1974 , and Savitch (1973) . The proofs use the technique presented in Savitch (1973) .
Variable manufacturing characteristics of the P-15 phosphor: A warning

In the last few years, our laboratory has been pursuing a research program with computer-controlled oscilloscopes as the display device (see, for example, Uttal, 1971). This instrumentation system feeds all its computational output into a microscopic layer of phosphorescent material on the face of the cathode ray tube (CRT) in the oscilloscope. We had specifically chosen the P-15 phosphor for our studies because of its very brief persistence. According to the manufacturer, the light output from this phosphor decays to less than 1/10 of 1% of the original brightness in about 50 microsec. Ultrabrief persistences of this sort were chosen so that any interaction between sequential signals would be a function of the much longer persistence of the visual system within the head of the S rather than the persistence of the phosphor's output light from the oscilloscope. Up until the last few months, we had been using Tektronix Type 561A . oscilloscopes (one in the rack-mounting configuration and one in the ordinary cabinet configuration) as the display unit in our experiments. Over a period of 6 years, we have run a large number of experiments which have led to a reasonably good standardization of the results which could be expected to be obtained under certain standard conditions. During the last year or so, the instruments which had served us so faithfully have begun to falter. Controls have become noisy, CRTs have become worn, and most seriously, stability in brightness and position has become increasingly difficult to maintain. We have also become increasingly aware of the heat problem generated by these vacuum tube oscilloscopes as additional equipment has been added to our laboratory. We therefore decided to update our display units by ordering and installing transistorized Tektronix Type 602 oscilloscopes, which are more specifically designed for point-plotting procedures. Th~se instruments were ordered with the same P-15 phosphor we had so successfully been using for so long. Upon arrival, it became immediately apparent that the results with the two oscilloscopes were not the same. We found, for example, that identical conditions led to differences as great as 12% in correct recognition of a dotted pattern embedded in bursts of dotted random noise when the same experiments were carried out on the old (higher scores) and new (lower scores) oscilloscopes. Repeated trials of the same condition on the old oscilloscope, or on the new one, however, resulted in reliability within a couple of percentage points. We have explored a number of technical possibilities which might have explained the difference between the
Refutations by Matings

Occurrences of literals in the initial clauses of a refutation by resolution (with each clause-occurrence used only once) are mated iff their descendants are resolved with each other. This leads to an abstract notion of a mating as a relation between: occurrences of literals in a set of clause-occurrences. The existence of many refutations with the same mating leads to wasteful redundancy in the search for a refutation, so it is natural to focus on the essential problem of finding appropriate matings.
Second Law Analysis of Mixed Convection in a Laminar, Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow through a Vertical Channel

The fully developed mixed convection of non-Newtonian laminar flow through a vertical channel is investigated. The boundary conditions of uniform and unequal temperature prescribed at the channel walls are considered. The velocity and temperature fields are obtained by analytically solving the momentum and energy balance equations. The velocity and temperature distributions are used to calculate the entropy generation number (𝑁𝑆), the irreversibility ratio (Φ), and the Bejan number (Be) for several values of the viscous dissipation parameter (BrΩ−1), the viscosity index (𝑛), and the appropriate dimensionless coordinates. The results show us the regions of high entropy generation.
Addressing the moral agency of culturally specific care perspectives

Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT), as a culturally sensitive framework, realises the totality of caring in context. Few, if any, investigations into caring have articulated CHAT as a feasible mode of inquiry for inserting the cultural perspectives of both the researcher and the researched. This article elucidates CHAT as an intelligible and fruitful alternative to unearthing the moral agency of a culturally specific care outlook. Cultural Historical Activity Theory, as an epistemological orientation, brought into relief the complexities associated with agency, culture and morality as they pertain to one African American educator. A data example delineates this educator’s moral agency as deliberate, unconscious intentions and actions shaped by powerful determinants such as race and racism. Her goal-directed moral actions gave way to activities that motivated a particular care theory and approach grounded in Black Cultural Ethos.
THE IRISH SCHOOL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1720–1750

This paper develops the ideas of Anglo-Irish economists on the economic development of Ireland between 1720 and 1750. The survey not only casts light on the conceptualization of economic development prior to Adam Smith, but also, since a significant number of the Anglo-Irish economists were clergymen, relates to the contemporary debates on the role of religion in economic development. Copyright 1988 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Spontaneous perforation of the esophagus.

Abstract The case records of 24 patients with "spontaneous" perforation of the esophagus were reviewed. The spontaneity of perforation is questioned because of the presence of alcoholism, peptic ulcer disease, or hypertension in 20 of these patients. A correct initial diagnosis was made in only 8 patients. Diagnosis was especially difficult in those without a history of vomiting. Of the 9 patients who did not undergo operation, 1 survived. Of the 15 who had repair of the esophagus, closure with a gastric fundic patch, or chest drainage, 7 lived. Postoperative esophageal leak or early death occurred in 2 of the 6 patients who had Thai gastric fundic patches, 4 of the 5 treated by chest drainage, and all 4 who had direct esophageal repair. A surviving patient who was managed nonoperatively for an intraperitoneal spontaneous perforation of the esophagus is reported.
Effect of Pd nanoparticle size on the catalytic hydrogenation of allyl alcohol.

We report a particle size dependence for the rate of hydrogenation of allyl alcohol using 1.3−1.9 nm Pd dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticle (DEN) catalysts. For particles with diameters of <1.5 nm and containing <147 Pd atoms, the modulation in catalytic activity is due to the electronic properties of the particle. For the larger particles, 1.5−1.9 nm in diameter and containing an average of 147−250 Pd atoms, the size effect is a result of geometrical constraints. Specifically, the hydrogenation reaction is shown to occur preferentially on the face atoms of the larger nanoparticles.
Friction and impact surfaces: are they lead-based paint hazards?

Professionals who identify residential lead-based paint hazards and develop lead hazard control plans are instructed to assess painted friction and impact surfaces in homes as potentially active sources of dust lead, a known exposure vector for young children. However, empirical tests of the importance of these surfaces had not been conducted. Using data collected as part of a 1998 three-community study of the Housing and Urban Development Lead Risk Assessment protocols, this article explores how much rubbing or binding on friction and impact surfaces on windows and doors influence dust lead levels on windowsills and floors, while taking into account paint condition on these surfaces and other sources of lead. The analyses included windowsill dust wipe samples from 611 rooms in 182 homes and 782 floor dust wipe samples collected in 209 rooms from 104 homes. The study found that when the paint on windows is intact but the window is rubbing or binding, the dust lead levels on the windowsills are significant...
Sensory, Physical and Chemical Properties of Canned Peaches

The interrelationships among organoleptic, rheological, and chemical properties of canned peaches were studied. The rheological properties were determined by relaxation and Boussinesq die loading methods with the assumption that the Hertz theory was valid under experimental conditions. The results indicated that these methods could be used to monitor the textural properties of canned peaches. Chemical analysis showed that the total titratable acidity was significantly correlated to the hardness and graininess, while alcohol insoluble solids had a significant correlation with graininess. Acid detergent fibers showed a negative correlation with the mouthfeel.
Reliability Object Model Tree (ROM-Tree): A system design-for-reliability method

Abstract Designing complex systems that satisfy reliability requirements is a challenge because of complex assembly structures and logical connections, numerous components and associated failure modes, limited reliability data or prediction models, and multi-disciplinary considerations. To overcome these difficulties and to design reliable systems in a systematic way, we have developed a system design-for-reliability (SDfR) method, called Reliability Object Model Tree (ROM-Tree). The developed ROM-Tree consists of: (1) a new reliability analysis structure, (2) reliability metrics, and (3) reliability activities. ROM-Tree is demonstrated through a case study in electronic system designs. Results show that the ROM-Tree method is useful in supporting SDfR in a unified way.
The Relationship of Average Scores of Seniors in 172 Southern California High Schools on a Statewide Standardized Achievement Test to Percentages of Families Receiving Federal aid and to Percentages of Limited-English-Proficient Speakers:

In this study of 172 high schools, the relationship of the two demographic variables identified as (a) the percentage of families receiving federal aid (FAFDC) and (b) the percentage of students classified as limited-English-proficient (LEP) to two subsets of a standardized achievement test in English and mathematics administered statewide was investigated. Correlational data were obtained, and two multiple regression analyses were performed in which the two demographic variables constituted predictor variables of each of two criterion variables (average scores on either the English subtest or the mathematics subtest). Findings suggested that when the high school served as the unit of analysis, the FAFDC variable was a highly valid predictor of average achievement on both English and mathematics subtests.
Correlation of ovarian abnormalities in young golden hamsters with ovarian estrogens and progesterone.

A correlation between ovarian steroids and ovarian abnormalities is demonstrated. The decrease in levels of ovarian estrogen and progesterone is correlated, one week later, with an increase in polyovular follicles and then in multinucleate ova. The time sequence of the onset of ovarian abnormalities, as correlated with levels of estrogens and progesterone are an indication of the possibility of hormonal control of the ovarian abnormalities.
On the extraordinary hall effect in some ferromagnetic heusler alloys

Abstract We report measurements of the field and temperature dependences of the Hall and transverse magnetoresistance effects in Cu 2 MnAl and Ni 2 MnSn made over the approximate range 4–280K in fields up to 47 × 10 5 Am −1 . The results are interpreted qualitatively in terms of conduction by s/p electrons that are scattered by the spin system and by a resonant s-d-s mechanism at the Mn ions. Emphasis is placed on the manifestations of spin-orbit coupling during this resonant scattering.
Probing protein folding using site-specifically encoded unnatural amino acids as FRET donors with tryptophan.

The experimental study of protein folding is enhanced by the use of nonintrusive probes that are sensitive to local conformational changes in the protein structure. Here, we report the selection of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair for the cotranslational, site-specific incorporation of two unnatural amino acids that can function as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donors with Trp to probe the disruption of the hydrophobic core upon protein unfolding. l-4-Cyanophenylalanine (pCNPhe) and 4-ethynylphenylalanine (pENPhe) were incorporated into the hydrophobic core of the 171-residue protein, T4 lysozyme. The FRET donor ability of pCNPhe and pENPhe is evident by the overlap of the emission spectra of pCNPhe and pENPhe with the absorbance spectrum of Trp. The incorporation of both unnatural amino acids in place of a phenylalanine in the hydrophobic core of T4 lysozyme was well tolerated by the protein, due in part to the small size of the cyano and ethynyl groups. The hydrophobic nature of th...
Species resolution in Triceratops: cladistic and morphometric approaches

ABSTRACT Sixteen species of Triceratops have been proposed since the genus was erected by O. C. Marsh in 1889. Five of these species are here considered technically invalid and a sixth is reassigned to Diceratops. Based on both cladistic analysis and morphometric shape analysis, all available skulls of the ten remaining “species” of Triceratops are placed in one of two species: T. horridus and T. prorsus, invalidating eight of the original ten species. These two species overlap in geographic and stratigraphic ranges. Because specimens of T. horridus greatly outnumber those of T. prorsus, these morphotypes may represent distinct taxa rather than a single sexually dimorphic species.
Physiological and Behavioral Predictors of Amenorrhea in Normal-Weight Adolescents With Eating Disorders

Results: Average age was 16,1 years-old, from 13 to 20. 56,2% were nulliparous and 43,8% had a child. One third of the patients use combined monthly injectable contraceptives before the insertion, 26,7% combined oral contraceptives, 21% were in lactational amenorrhea, and 13,3% didn't use any contraception at all. Regarding bleeding patterns, 30% keep having regular bleeding and 67,6% (71) of the adolescents didn't. Of these 71 patients, 41% were in amenorrhea. Spotting was present in 28 patients (26,7%), 17 of them required further treatment with COCs. Of the adverse reactions observed we describe weight gain (7), severe vulvar dermatitis because of the need to use pads for spotting (1), pain and pruritus in the insertion zone persistent in time(5), and one ovarian cyst (20cc). 12 (11,4%) patients ask for the removal of the rod, 7 because of the adverse reactions and 5 for desire of pregnancy. Conclusions: Implanon is a safe contraceptive method with a high acceptability among adolescents. Sometimes they are uninformed of all their options or fear their adverse reactions such as weight gain, acne, etc. and we can see that there are not that common and the great majority of patients tolerate very well this method. Discontinuation rate is low, but to achieve this, proper counseling must be done. Implanon is a very good choice for adolescents, especially for those that want to avoid a second pregnancy, or the ones that cannot have access to regular supply of contraceptives or simply want some confidentiality. Further studies must be done in this age group, including the effects on the bone mass.
Stretching of the Back Improves Gait, Mechanical Sensitivity and Connective Tissue Inflammation in a Rodent Model

The role played by nonspecialized connective tissues in chronic non-specific low back pain is not well understood. In a recent ultrasound study, human subjects with chronic low back pain had altered connective tissue structure compared to human subjects without low back pain, suggesting the presence of inflammation and/or fibrosis in the low back pain subjects. Mechanical input in the form of static tissue stretch has been shown in vitro and in vivo to have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. To better understand the pathophysiology of lumbar nonspecialized connective tissue as well as potential mechanisms underlying therapeutic effects of tissue stretch, we developed a carrageenan-induced inflammation model in the low back of a rodent. Induction of inflammation in the lumbar connective tissues resulted in altered gait, increased mechanical sensitivity of the tissues of the low back, and local macrophage infiltration. Mechanical input was then applied to this model as in vivo tissue stretch for 10 minutes twice a day for 12 days. In vivo tissue stretch mitigated the inflammation-induced changes leading to restored stride length and intrastep distance, decreased mechanical sensitivity of the back and reduced macrophage expression in the nonspecialized connective tissues of the low back. This study highlights the need for further investigation into the contribution of connective tissue to low back pain and the need for a better understanding of how interventions involving mechanical stretch could provide maximal therapeutic benefit. This tissue stretch research is relevant to body-based treatments such as yoga or massage, and to some stretch techniques used with physical therapy.
Object models in multiscale intrinsic coordinates via m-reps

Abstract Object descriptions used for 3D segmentation by deformable models and for statistical characterization of 3D object classes benefit from having intrinsic correspondences over deformation of the objects or multiple instances in the same object class. These correspondences apply over a variety of spatial scale levels and consequently lead to efficient segmentation and probability distributions of geometry that are trainable with an achievable number of training instances. This paper describes a figural coordinate system provided by m-reps models and shows how such coordinates not only provide the required positional correspondences, but also are intuitive and provide orientational and metric correspondences. Examples are given for the segmentation of kidneys from CT and for the statistical characterization of schizophrenia and control classes of cerebral ventricles and of hippocampus pairs.
New Silicon‐Containing Polyquinolines: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electroluminescence

This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and electroluminescent device application of three new silicon-containing polyquinolines: poly(2,2'-(bis(p-phenyl)-diphenylsilane)-6,6'-bis(4-phenyl quinoline)), poly(2,2'-(bis(p-phenyl)octylmethylsilane)-6,6'-bis(4-phenyl quinoline)), and poly(2,2'-(bis(p-phenyl)diphenylsilane)-6,6'-bis(4-hexylquinoline)). The polymers with alkyl side chains were soluble in organic solvents. The new polymers showed robust thermal properties with glass transitions of 161-339 °C. Cyclic voltammetry of the polymers revealed quasi-reversible reductions with onsets of -1.55 to -1.71 V (vs SCE) and corresponding electron affinities of 2.69-2.85 eV. Organic light-emitting devices using new polyquinolines as emissive materials showed blue (CIE coordinates =0.21, 0.20) or blue-green (0.23, 0.36) electroluminescence with a moderate brightness (140 cd m -2 ) and efficiency (0.04%). The results demonstrate that silicon-containing polyquinolines are promising n-type wide band-gap semiconductors for organic electronics.
Phases and magnetic properties of the devitrified metallic glasses Co66Cr14B20 and Fe43Cr25Ni20B12

Abstract Devitrification of amorphous melt-spun ribbons with compositions of Co66Cr14B20 and Fe43Cr25Ni20B12 was investigated as a method of making fine dispersions of magnetic phases within a non-magnetic matrix. Such a process may ultimately be applied to amorphous films to produce solid-state dispersions of particles that possess magnetic properties suitable for magnetic recording purposes. The ribbons were isochronally annealed so as the cause a large number of magnetic particles to precipitate out of a glassy matrix. The Co-based ribbons devitrified to form a series of Cr-borides and cubic (CoCr)23B6. The coercivity and saturation magnetization varied systematically with heat-treatment temperature, both reaching their maximum values of 530 Oe and approximately 300 G for TA = 610 °C. The Fe-based ribbons first devitrified to form ferromagnetic α-iron which transformed to paramagnetic Ni-rich Austenite upon annealing at higher temperatures. The annealed Fe-based ribbons displayed a maximum specific magnetization of approximately 400 G and a maximum coercivity of 424 Oe. However, these two properties are not maximized at the same temperature.
Theory of surface effect in photoassisted field emission

The influence of the surface on the photoassisted field emission from a metal is studied theoretically for two simple models of the solid. First, we consider the model of a half-space square well for the metal, and solve exactly for the current density after ignoring the Schottky effect. Next, we take into account the effect of the image charge, and calculate the current density in the WKB approximation. Numerical results based on the calculations are compared with the recent experimental data on photoassisted field emission from tungsten. Areas of agreement and discrepancy between the theory and experiment are pointed out and discussed.
Assessing Student Learning Outcomes and Validation of the “Self-Assessment for Health Educators” in an Undergraduate Health Education Program

Abstract The purposes of this investigation were (1) to assess perceived competence of entry-level health educators, as measured by the Self-Assessment for Health Educators; and (2) to provide reliability and validity information for this assessment instrument. Over a 2-year period, professional school and community health education majors (N=64) completed self-report assessments of competencies at three times during their senior year. Pretest assessments were completed prior to the didactic educational methods fall semester. Posttest assessments were completed at the conclusion of this semester. Follow-up assessments were completed at the conclusion of the semester of practicum experience, student teaching, or community internship. Because a pretest, posttest, follow-up design was used, the analyses were two sets of paired-comparisons t-tests. It was found that there was a consistent pattern of statistically significant increases in perceived competency. Across all scales there were significant increases...
Studying Receptor−Ligand Interactions Using Encoded Amino Acid Scanning†

A novel technique is described that allows the synthesis, functional analysis, and quantitative readout of defined arrays of polypeptide analogues in aqueous solution. Key to this approach is the use of a simple encoding−decoding system in which a unique Fmoc-amino acid tag is covalently attached to the C terminus of each member of a molecular array through a selectively cleavable bond. These tags can be cleanly removed from the molecules they encode, allowing single-step characterization and quantification of the entire mixture by HPLC. The utility of this technique is illustrated through the preparation of an array of proline-rich sequences based on the exchange factor C3G, one of the natural ligands of the N-terminal SH3 domain from the proto-oncogene, c-Crk. The array was designed to systematically modify those residues within the C3G peptide ligand thought to make key interactions with the c-Crk SH3 domain. Using competition binding experiments, it was possible to determine the relative ED50 values f...
The convergence of magnetospheric energy flux in the polar atmosphere

Abstract The upper atmosphere is strongly influenced by the convergence of energy, mass, and momentum flux from coupled but distant regions. In the polar regions, these sources include not only wave fluxes from the lower atmosphere and vacuum ultraviolet fluxes from the sun, but also fluxes of electromagnetic and kinetic energy of magnetospheric origin. Magnetospheric fluxes can constitute the dominant energy fluxes received by the polar atmosphere above 80 km . The way that the upper atmosphere responds to these sources depends on the upper atmospheric state, the type of energy source impacting the upper atmosphere, and the source's spatial and temporal scale. Furthermore, the upper atmosphere and ionosphere are electrodynamically and intertially coupled to the magnetospheric energy sources, such that the source type, its magnitude, and its structure can be altered by the condition and response of the polar upper atmosphere. It is the intention of this paper to elaborate on this complex interplay between the magnetosphere and the polar regions, with an emphasis on the polar aeronomic behavior and its influence on the magnetospheric sources.
SU-E-J-126: CT Simulation Uncertainties in Patients with Metallic Implants: Impact on 3D Conformal and IMPT Proton Therapy

Purpose: To correct for errors due to metallic implants in CT‐based patient simulation imaging. To quantify the impact of these imaging errors on treatment planning for 3D conformal and intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Methods: Several methods were developed to correct for imaging errors in treatment plans for patients with metallic implants. CT metal artifact reduction methods were applied, the implant sizes were verified using CT‐based radiographs instead of reconstructed images, and implant‐specific CT to proton stopping‐power conversion curves were designed using an extended CT number range. 3D conformal proton therapy plans for chordoma patients with various implants were studied in retrospect. IMPT plans were designed in addition based on the original clinical prescriptions. After applying the corrections, all dose distributions were recalculated and compared to the original plans. Results: High‐density implants such as platinum coiling introduced significant errors in both 3D conformal proton therapy and IMPT. Proton range shifts > 1 cm were observed due to errors in the originally estimated size and material of the implant. CT artifacts resulted in range shifts of ∼ 5 mm. Treatment planning for patients with titanium implants was mainly affected by CT artifacts. Range shifts in the IMPT plans were again on the order of 5 mm. The impact of titanium on 3D conformal therapy was limited. Conclusions: Metallic implants result in uncertainty in CT simulation imaging for proton therapy planning and may compromise the accuracy and precision of treatment. The impact depends on the implant material and the proton delivery method. IMPT is more sensitive to these issues as compared to 3D conformal proton therapy. Implants with higher density also result in larger errors. Novel CT reconstruction and segmentation methods provide a significant reduction of errors.
A unique serine-rich repeat protein (Srr-2) and novel surface antigen (ε) associated with a virulent lineage of serotype III Streptococcus agalactiae

Group B streptococci (GBS) are pathogens of both neonates and adults, with serotype III strains in particular being associated with invasive disease and meningitis. In this study, a novel GBS surface antigen, e, was found to be co-expressed with the previously reported δ antigen on an identical subset of serotype III GBS. Expression of δ/e on the surface of serotype III GBS was shown to distinguish the restriction digest pattern (RDP) III-3 and multilocus sequence typing (ST)-17 lineage. e-Specific antibodies were reactive with a unique, high-molecular-mass, serine-rich repeat protein (Srr-2) found exclusively in RDP III-3 strains. The gene encoding Srr-2 was located within a putative accessory secretory locus that included secY2 and secA2 homologues and had a genetic organization similar to that of the secY2/A2 locus of staphylococci. In contrast, serotype III δ/e-negative strains and strains representative of serotypes Ia, Ib, Ic and II shared a common Srr-encoding gene, srr-1, and an organization of the secY2/A2 locus similar to that of previously reported serotype Ic, δ/e-negative serotype III and serotype V GBS strains. Representative serotype III δ/e-positive strains had LD90 values 3–4 logs less than those of serotype III δ/e-negative strains in a neonatal mouse model of infection. These results indicate that the RDP III-3/ST-17 lineage expresses Srr-2 and is highly virulent in an in vivo model of neonatal sepsis.
Levels of 187 Au: A detailed study of shape coexistence in an odd-mass nucleus

The decays of ${}^{187}$Hg (2.2 min; ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$=13/2${}^{+})$ and ${}^{187}$Hg (2.4 min; ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$=3/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ have been studied with mass-separated sources at the UNISOR facility. Multiscaled spectra of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays, x rays, and conversion electrons, as well as $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}t$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{xt}$, $e\ensuremath{\gamma}t$, and $\mathrm{ext}$ coincidences were obtained. Decay schemes have been constructed incorporating $g$99$%$ of the decay intensities assigned to the high-spin and low-spin decays. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray gated conversion-electron spectra permitted determination of 367 conversion coefficients. A variety of coexisting band structures are established in ${}^{187}$Au. Some of these have near-identical analogs in the heavier odd-mass Au isotopes. The remaining bands reveal new degrees of freedom at low excitation energy in ${}^{187}$Au. Nine electric monopole $(E$0) transitions are observed to deexcite members of these new bands. The work represents an undertaking to achieve a benchmark in complete spectroscopy following radioactive decay. The most notable band structure in ${}^{187}$Au has two bands with identical spins, nearly identical relative energies, and electric monopole transitions connecting the favored members. These bands can be understood as $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{9/2}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}{f}_{7/2}$ intruder configurations coupled to coexisting prolate or near-prolate $(\ensuremath{\gamma}$ $l~$ 20$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{})$ cores having diabatic configurations that differ only in the number of protons occupying the $N$=5 intruder configurations.
Site-specific inhibition of photophosphorylation in isolated spinach chloroplasts by HgCL2. II. Evidence for three sites of energy conservation associated with non-cyclic electron transport.

Abstract Energy transfer inhibition by HgCl2 has been demonstrated to be selective for certain System I partial reactions. On the basis of different HgCl2 effects on the System I reactions, reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol → methylviologen, diaminodurene → methylviologen and N-phenazine methosulfate cyclic, two sites of energy conservation associated with System I are proposed. Furthermore, these sites are in parallel with each other, in series with the site closely associated with Photosystem II and are shared between non-cyclic and cyclic electron transport.
Dynamics of high-frequency lasers

For the first time, the rising low frequency relative intensity noise characteristic of semiconductor lasers is explained. Using a multi-mode rate equation analysis, it is shown that the magnitude and shape of the low frequency relative intensity noise is strongly dependent on the values of the differential carrier lifetime at threshold and other laser's parameters. It is further shown that a single mode laser will also exhibit enhanced low-frequency noise unless the side-mode suppression ratio is very high. The rate of spontaneous emission into the guided modes, the nonlinear gain coefficient and the carrier lifetime at lasing threshold are measured using an optical modulation technique. These results are used for understanding the noise and modulation properties of diode lasers.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A model for testing the efficiency of material selection using life data

An extension is made to a previously proposed reliability-based procedure for characterizing the duration of load properties of wood. This extension provides a methodology for testing if two disjoint nominal populations of wood specified by modulus of elasticity have significantly different time to failure distributions at a given applied stress. This extension has practical application in the assignment of grades to structural lumber and in determining the dependence of time to failure on grade, species, and size.
Evidence that thrombopoietin (TPO) is capable of supporting human mast cells

Abstract Rationale Thrombopoietin (TPO) is an hepatocyte-derived growth factor reported to augment stem cell factor (SCF)-induced human mast cell (HuMC) growth. We therefore explored the ability of TPO alone to support HuMCs. Methods Human CD34+ pluripotent and CD34+/CD117+/CD13+ HuMC progenitor cells were cultured in serum free media (SFM) with rhTPO under conditions developed for culturing megakaryocytes (MKs), and the outgrowth of HuMCs quantitated. We also examined the effect of rhTPO on CD34+ and CD34+/CD117+/CD13+ cells cultured with rhSCF, rhIL-3 and/or rhIL-6 on HuMC development. TPO levels were further assessed in patients with mastocytosis. Results With rhTPO alone, human CD34+ cells at 2 wks differentiated into CD61+/CD41+/CD42a+/CD42b+/CXCR4+ MKs (85-90%) and FcϵRI+/CD117+/CD13+ HuMCs (5-10%). CD34+/CD117+/CD13+ derived SCF-independent HuMCs also expressed CD41+, TPO (c-Mpl) receptors, tryptase and chymase, and were capable of surviving in SFM with rhTPO alone for two wks or longer, when recultured in rhSCF and rhIL-6. HuMC numbers were augmented when 10 ng/ml rhTPO was combined with 10 ng/ml rhSCF. The addition, however, of 50 ng/ml rhTPO did not augment, and in fact, inhibited HuMC growth when rhSCF was combined with rhIL-3 and/or rhIL-6. In patients with mastocytosis, TPO levels did not correlate with disease severity or platelet counts. Conclusions RhTPO, acting presumably through its receptor c-Mpl, will support HuMCs. The effect of TPO on HuMC growth from progenitors in the presence of rhSCF alone, or in combination with rhIL-3 and/or rhIL-6 varies, depending on the relative amount of each growth factor. We found no evidence of a role for TPO in mastocytosis.
Methadone and nicotine self-administration in humans: a behavioral economic analysis.

Rationale Prior research has revealed inconsistencies in the behavioral relations between nicotine and opiates among methadone-maintained patients.
False predictions about the detectability of visual changes: the role of beliefs about attention, memory, and the continuity of attended objects in causing change blindness blindness.

Abstract Recently, a number of experiments have emphasized the degree to which subjects fail to detect large changes in visual scenes. This finding, referred to as “change blindness,” is often considered surprising because many people have the intuition that such changes should be easy to detect. Levin, Momen, Drivdahl, and Simons (2000) documented this intuition by showing that the majority of subjects believe they would notice changes that are actually very rarely detected. Thus subjects exhibit a metacognitive error we refer to as “change blindness blindness.” Here, we test whether CBB is caused by a misestimation of the perceptual experience associated with visual changes and show that it persists even when the pre- and postchange views are separated by long delays. In addition, subjects overestimate their change detection ability both when the relevant changes are illustrated by still pictures, and when they are illustrated using videos showing the changes occurring in real time. We conclude that CBB is a robust phenomenon that cannot be accounted for by failure to understand the specific perceptual experience associated with a change.
A flow-separation spike for hypersonic control of a hemisphere-cylinder

ing of hydrogen lines in plasma," National Research Lab Rept 5455 (March 1962) 4 Unsold, A , ' Continuous spectrum of high-pressure Hg lamp and similar gas discharges," Ann Physik33, 607-616 (1938) 5 Biberman, L M and Norman, G E , "On the calculation of photoionization absorption," Opt i Spektroskopiy 8, 433 (1960); also Opt Spectr (USSR)(English Transl ) 8, 230 (1960) 6 Fay, J A and Kemp, N H , "Theory of stagnation point heat transfer in a partially ionized diatomic gas," Avco-Everett Res Lab Res Rept 144 (April 1963) Fig 1 The test model showing angular measurements
Development of naltrexone supersensitivity during food-maintained responding enhances naltrexone's ability to reduce ethanol-maintained responding.

Background: Similar doses of the opiate antagonist naltrexone (NTX) reduce responding maintained by food and ethanol. In animals responding for food, repeated administration of NTX produces supersensitivity to NTX. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the factors that produce enhanced sensitivity to NTX during food-maintained responding also contribute to NTX's abililty to reduce ethanol-maintained responding. Methods: Rats (n=12) were trained to lever press using food reinforcement. After responding stabilized, the rats were trained to respond for 10% ethanol. Before ethanol sessions, injections of 30 mg/kg NTX were given. Subsequently, weekly cumulative NTX dose–effect curves (1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg), known to produce NTX supersensitivity, were determined during food-maintained responding in half the rats for 8 weeks while the other half of the rats received saline vehicle injections instead. To determine whether NTX supersensitivity would transfer to ethanol self-administration, ethanol-maintained responding was re-established and 30 mg/kg NTX was administered again. Results: Initially, 30 mg/kg NTX had little effect on ethanol-maintained responding. During food-maintained responding, supersensitivity developed in rats receiving weekly cumulative NTX injections. After development of supersensitivity, 30 mg/kg decreased ethanol-maintained responding. Naltrexone's potency to reduce ethanol-maintained responding was unchanged in rats that received only vehicle injections for 8 weeks. Conclusion: The mechanisms that produce NTX supersensitivity during food-maintained responding may play a role in NTX's effect on ethanol consumption. Naltrexone's effect on responding for ethanol was much smaller than that reported in other studies. Further exploration may lead to techniques that maximize NTX's effect on ethanol while minimizing its effect on other behaviors.