cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Collision of Courts, Politics, and the Media

Federal court confirmations in the United States have become openly political affairs, with partisans lining up to support their preferred candidates. Matters in the states are not much different, with once sleepy judicial elections changing into ever more contentious political slugfests, replete with single-issue interest groups and negative campaign advertising. Once on the bench, judges at every level find themselves dogged by charges of politically motivated decisionmaking. In Bench Press, a first-of-its-kind collection of essays, figures from the academy, the bench, and the press reflect on the state of the American judiciary. Using the results of a specially commissioned public opinion poll as a starting point, the contributors examine the complex mix of legal principle, political maneuvering, and press coverage that swirl around judicial selection and judicial decisionmaking today. Essays examine the rise of explicitly political state judicial elections; the merits of judicial appointments; the rhetoric of federal judicial confirmation hearings; the quality of legal reporting; the portrayal of courts on the Internet; the inevitable tensions between judges and journalists; and the importance of regulating judicial appearances. The Two Faces of Judicial Power is the introduction to Bench Press. It assesses popular conceptions of the courts and provides an overview of essays in the volume.
Less than We Might: Meditations on Life in Prison without Parole

Today, death penalty opponents mostly claim life without parole (LWOP) as their genuinely popular substitute punishment for the worst of the worst. These abolitionists embrace LWOP as cheaper, equally just, and equally effective - a punishment that eliminates the state’s exercise of an inhumane power to kill helpless human beings who pose no immediate threat. Furthermore, they insist, LWOP allows the criminal justice system to reverse sentencing mistakes. Some even characterize it as a punishment worse than death. Thousands of hours in several states, interviewing and observing more than a hundred convicted killers, along with dozens of correctional officers who confine them - from wardens down to line officers - have taught me, however, that LWOP does not substitute for, and suggest that LWOP should not supplement, the death penalty. In those states that reject the death penalty, LWOP may seem the only appropriate punishment for the worst crimes and criminals. However, although conflicted and unsure, on balance I argue here that as presently conceived and practiced, life without parole - more and more the punishment against which all else is measured - ultimately has no place in any criminal justice system worth its name. The current climate regarding punishment, reflected in the mission statements and professional practices of Departments of Corrections, buttressed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Graham, only contributes to the failure of LWOP as a substitute or supplement to death. A different concept and practice of punishment - call it permanent punitive segregation (PPS) - could supply a morally acceptable substitute to many retributive death penalty supporters while satisfying those abolitionists who recognize that the worst of the worst of the worst do deserve to be punished severely - and forever.
Reserves Reporting in the United States Coal Industry and Implications for American Coal Supply

The United States coal supply is important to energy planning and policy-making. Current data on the magnitude of geologically, environmentally, economically, socially, and legally accessible coal reserves are of insufficient quality to guide policy-making and public and private decisions, though data are often presented for use in policy and energy analysis. Coal reporting standards tend to favor a more liberal, more vague reserves estimate than do standards for oil and natural gas. Particularly in the face of impending carbon restrictions, differential reporting standards can imply a competitive advantage for coal that may not exist. This can lead to difficult-to-reverse misallocation of capital investment. Updated reporting methodologies, clarification of definitions, and more explicit consideration of non-geological and nontechnical challenges to coal recovery are central to the legislated mission of US government bodies like the Energy Information Administration, United States Geological Survey, Securities and Exchange Commission, and Bureau of Land Management to protect and steward the public interest. Better coal reserves data can increase the quality of public and private decisions related to energy and environment in the United States.
To Understand Myopic Alleviation by Conducting Finite Element Structural Analysis of a Cornea With an Intrastromal Corneal Ring Implant

Myopia or shortsightedness is a visual impairment condition that is affecting more than 32 million Americans according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, and this number is expected to increase even further with the increasing life expectancy in the United States. Myopia occurs when light rays entering the cornea are focused in front of the retina due to: high corneal curvature, short axial length of the eye, or high optical power of the natural lens. These reasons suggest that light refracting elements play a pivotal role in determining visual acuity. The cornea is the principal refractive element in the eye contributing almost 75 percent of ocular refractive power and if the shape of the cornea can be changed to increase or decrease the focal length of the converging light rays it could present a possible solution to improving myopia. The presented research focuses on the effects of intrastromal corneal ring (ICR) implantation on the shape of the cornea by developing a computationally efficient 3D axisymmetric finite element (FE) model of the cornea utilizing hyperelastic material properties. The results of the developed corneal FE model with a 360° ICR implant are analyzed and discussed. The FE model results provide confidence in the ability of the ICR implants to reduce myopia. The attained FE model results not only agree qualitatively with published clinical data but also provide a valuable insight into the surgery.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Supercritical combustion of liquid oxygen (LOX) and methane stabilized by a splitter plate

A sys tematic numerical analysis has been conducted to explore supercritical mixing and combustion dynamics of liquid oxygen and methane separated by a splitter plate. The unified theoretical/numerical frameworks for the treatment of general fluid thermodynamics have been extended to accommodate turbulence/flame interactions. Different turbulent combustion models have been implemented. The applicability of those models is carefully assessed by comparing the chemical time to the characteristic turbulence time scales. The results indicate that the flamelet assumption is valid and the combustion process is mixing dominant throughout the entire flowfield under the present simulation conditions. The direct -losure approach over-predicts the reaction rate and gives rise to a thickened flame. The flow dynamics and combustion process in the vicinity of the splitter plate are quantified. Simulations of bot h the flamelet model and direct-closure approach confirm that the flame is stabilized by the wake recirculation zone with hot product right behind the splitter plate.
Epidemiological Analysis on 2 Cases Infected with Highly Pathogenic Human Avain Influenza in ShenZhen

Objective To analyze 2 cases infected with highly pathogenic human avain influenza inShenzhen, and to provide scientific evidence for human avain Influenza control and prevention. Methods Epidemic data collection and analysis. Results Two patients were no exposed to the dead or illed fowl,and the evidence of human- to- human transmission was not found. Conclusions The exposure history of the patient was not clear. The surveillance and technical reserves should be sterengthened,and the risk factors should be surveyed in future.
Research on Welding Residual Stresses in Thin Wall Cylinder

This paper introduced an experimental research on welding residual stresses of thin wall cylinder. The result of the research proved the cylinder's ring weld exists residual compressive stresses, and these form transverse compressive stress distribution along the lengthways direction of the weld. At the same time, this paper discussed and appraised the dependability and the test accuracy of the electrical logging method in determining the residual stresses of the pressure vessel.
Virus fuels NK cell killing of leukemia.

In this issue of Blood, Samudio et al found that inactivated herpes simplex virus (HSV) particles provide a potent adjuvant capacity to enhance natural killer (NK) cells’ killing of leukemic cells, an effect driven by Toll-like receptor (TLR)–mediated activation of glycolysis in the NK cells.
Frontline Store Manager’s Entrepreneurial Orientation for Merchandising and Service Role Performance: Scale Development and Validation

At the frontlines, retail store managers serve a unique boundary spanning role of creating value by blending merchandising and service practices that lead to superior customer experiences and strong financial outcomes (Brady and Cronin 2001; Voss and Voss 2000; Mulhern 1997). As Lusch and Serpkenci (1990, p. 98) noted there is, “a strong positive relationship between the [role behaviors] of managers and the financial outcomes for the retail unit.” Historically, store managers have primarily focused their role on merchandising performance as the critical component for retail store success (Mulhern 1997; Allenby and Lenk 1995), while in the last decade the importance of service role performance has been established for building customer loyalty and financial outcomes of the store (Homburg et al. 2002; Rajala and Westerlund 2012; Jasmand et al. 2012).
The IEC Method Applied to a Medium-Thin Magnetic Lens Spectrometer†

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the internal-external conversion (IEC) method applied to a medium-thin magnetic lens spectrometer. The application of the internal-external conversion method of determining conversion coefficients and gamma-ray intensities has been limited to double-focusing spectrometers. Photoelectron angular distributions are known only for the double-focusing spectrometers and the distributions are necessary to calculate the factor f, which corrects for the anisotropic distribution of the photoelectrons. A program was started to extend the calculations to lens-type spectrometers so that the IEC method could be widely used. This chapter extends the tests and verifies the general applicability of the IEC method in lens spectrometers. The internal conversion spectrum and the external conversion spectrum are measured. The chapter shows that for different types of lens spectrometers conversion coefficients can be measured with an accuracy of better than 10%.
Immediate Effects of the Vocal Function Exercises Semi-Occluded Mouth Posture on Glottal Airflow Parameters: A Preliminary Study.

Summary Objectives The study aimed to quantify immediate alterations in the airflow glottogram between the Vocal Function Exercises semi-occluded mouth posture (/ol/ with lip buzz) and the sustained vowel /o/ in individuals with normal voices, and to determine if noted changes were in agreement with established semi-occluded vocal tract aerodynamic theory. Based on semi-occluded vocal tract aerodynamic theory, we hypothesized the following immediate changes in the flow glottogram during the /ol-buzz/ condition: a greater open quotient, a greater skewing quotient, a greater maximum flow declination rate, increased average airflow, decreased peak airflow, and increased minimum airflow. Methods A cohort of eight men with normal voices produced the sustained vowel /o/ and the Vocal Function Exercises semi-occluded mouth posture (/ol-buzz/). Flow glottograms for both conditions were obtained from the inverse-filtered oral airflow signal via a circumferentially vented pneumotachograph mask. Results Data revealed that open quotient and minimum airflow rates increased significantly between conditions. All other measures trended in the directions predicted by aerodynamic theory, but were not statistically significant. Conclusions The Vocal Function Exercises semi-occluded mouth posture appeared to provide an effective vocal tract semi-occlusion that immediately altered the flow glottogram in accordance with predictions made by computer-modeled aerodynamic theory.
Obituary: Dr Dimitri Tassiopoulos.

Dimitri managed SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS exceptionally well and ensured its swift transition to Scholar One. He did so with great enthusiasm and passion right up to him being...
Assessing the Burden of Treatment

Current healthcare systems and guidelines are not designed to adapt to care for the large and growing number of patients with complex care needs and those with multimorbidity. Minimally disruptive medicine (MDM) is an approach to providing care for complex patients that advances patients' goals in health and life while minimizing the burden of treatment. Measures of treatment burden assess the impact of healthcare workload on patient function and well-being. At least two of these measures are now available for use with patients living with chronic conditions. Here, we describe these measures and how they can be useful for clinicians, researchers, managers, and policymakers. Their work to improve the care of high-cost, high-use, complex patients using innovative patient-centered models such as MDM should be supported by periodic large-scale assessments of treatment burden.
The influence of supplemental feed on growth and bone development of nursing foals.

Thirty foals of mixed breeding, from two consecutive years, were used in two 120-d experiments to evaluate the effects of supplemental feeding (creep feed) on growth in nursing foals. At 10 d postpartum, foals were randomly assigned either to a creep-fed group (CF) or an unsupplemented group (NCF). Initial measurements of body weight (BW), height at the withers (WH), third metatarsal length (MtIII) and third metacarpal length (McIII) were made at 10 d of age and at 30-d intervals thereafter. Medial and lateral cortical peak values for radiographic bone density, cortical width and cortical area at the midpoint of the third metacarpal were used to assess bone quality. Creep feed containing National Research Council (NRC, 1978) recommended levels for all nutrients was offered at 1.5% of BW per day. When compared with unsupplemented foals, supplemented foals had greater gains in BW (P less than .05), in WH (P less than .10) and in MtIII (P less than .05). Mean gains during the trial in BW, WH, MtIII and McIII for the CF foals were 133.3 kg, 22.8 cm, 2.1 cm and 1.9 cm and for the NCF foals were 117.6 kg, 21.2 cm, 1.5 cm and 1.9 cm, respectively. The mean value for the lateral cortical peak was slightly lower (P less than .10) for the CF foals. No differences (P greater than .10) were observed for the medial cortical peak, cortical width or cortical area of the third metacarpal. The results of this study indicate that a creep feeding program that supplies NRC-recommended nutrient levels can increase the rate of skeletal growth with little decrease in quality of bone.
Cost of not arbitrarily splitting in routing

This paper studies routing performance loss due to traffic split ratio granularity constraints. For any given fineness of traffic splitting capability, we provide upper bounds on the loss of performance. Based on tight convex relaxation, we further develop an efficient approximation algorithm to compute a good routing solution that satisfies given constraints on traffic splitting. The results can be useful for network operators to trade-off between attainable performance and implementation overhead. Some of the mathematical techniques developed here can be of independent interest for studying other similar nonconvex optimization problems.
Is Hedging Good or Bad for Bank Holding Companies (BHCs)

We perform a comprehensive analysis of the US banking system during 2007-2013 period by incorporating specific hedging and trading variables, as well as performance measures. We discover that even though hedging might reduce profitability and firm value, it might also minimize tail risks by a reduction in asset volatility. This effect depends on the type of hedging and size of the firm. We also find that speculation in FX markets and equity markets had an impact on performance. Our findings are unique and important for regulators, financial industry, investors, and academia.
Structural studies of N-2-(6-picolyl)-N'-tolylthioureas

Reaction of 2-amino-6-picoline with 2-, 3-, and 4-tolyl isothiocyanates produces the three N-2-(6-picolyl)-N′-tolylthioureas, 6PicTu2T, 6PicTu3T, and 6PicTu4T. 6PicTu2T is mono-clinic, space group P21/n with a = 8.1700(3) A, b = 25.5840(6) A, c = 12.6840(5) A, β = 98.8750(16)°, and V = 2619.5(2) A3 with Z = 8, for d calc = 1.305 g/cm3. 6PicTu3T is monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 23.879(3) A, b = 6.744(3) A, c = 17.116(10) A, β = 99.26(4)°, and V = 2720(3) A3 with Z = 8, for d calc = 1.257 g/cm3. 6PicTu4T is triclinic, space group P-1 with a = 8.829(6) A, b = 8.8950(15) A, c = 10.495(3) A, α = 68.63(3)°, β = 72.19(4)°, γ = 63.06(4)°, and V = 681.2(5) A3 with Z = 2, for d calc = 1.255 g/cm3. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the thione sulfur and the NH hydrogen and the planarity of the thiourea are affected by the position of substitution on the aryl ring. 1H NMR studies in CDCl3 show the NH′ hydrogen resonance considerably downfield from other signals in the spectrum of each thiourea. The enthalpies of fusion of the present thioureas reflect the extent of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and are compared to other heterocyclic thioureas.
Short-term global horizontal irradiance forecasting based on sky imaging and pattern recognition

Accurate short-term forecasting is crucial for solar integration in the power grid. In this paper, a classification forecasting framework based on pattern recognition is developed for 1-hour-ahead global horizontal irradiance (GHI) forecasting. Three sets of models in the forecasting framework are trained by the data partitioned from the preprocessing analysis. The first two sets of models forecast GHI for the first four daylight hours of each day. Then the GHI values in the remaining hours are forecasted by an optimal machine learning model determined based on a weather pattern classification model in the third model set. The weather pattern is determined by a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The developed framework is validated by the GHI and sky imaging data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Results show that the developed short-term forecasting framework outperforms the persistence benchmark by 16% in terms of the normalized mean absolute error and 25% in terms of the normalized root mean square error.
Correspondence-guided synchronous parsing of parallel corpora

We present an efficient dynamic programming algorithm for synchronous parsing of sentence pairs from a parallel corpus with a given word alignment. Unless there is a large proportion of words without a correspondence in the other language, the worstcase complexity is significantly reduced over standard synchronous parsing. The theoretical complexity results are corroborated by a quantitative experimental evaluation.
Transient [3,3] Cope rearrangement of 3,3-dicyano-1,5-dienes: computational analysis and 2-step synthesis of arylcycloheptanes

A simple and modular route to arylcycloheptene scaffolds is reported. The two-step route from Knoevenagel adducts and allylic electrophiles is made possible through the design of a Cope rearrangement that utilizes a "traceless" activating group to promote an otherwise thermodynamically unfavorable transformation. Experimentally, the [3,3] rearrangement occurrs transiently at room temperature with a computed barrier of 19.5 kcal mol-1, which ultimately allows for three-component bis-allylation. Ring-closing metathesis delivers the arylcycloheptane and removes the activating group. This report describes the design and optimization of the methodology, scope and mechanistic studies, and computational analysis.
A Review of the More Electric Aircraft Power Electronics

In the More Electric Aircraft (MEA) most of the hydraulic and mechanical components are replaced with electrical ones which results in a more reliable and lighter aircraft. In addition, it leads to a significant fuel saving and lower environmental impact as well as better maintainability and passenger accommodation. Studies in the field of electrification of the aircraft can be classified as the aircraft propulsion system, power generation system, power distribution system, power electronics system, actuation systems, power flow and energy management, power quality and stability issues. This paper is a review on the power electronics systems in both AC and DC power distribution architectures in more electric aircrafts.
GENDER, AGING, AND QUALITY OF LIFE

One of the most striking demographic aspects of aging in developed nations is the sex difference in longevity and in age-related disease. Understanding the determinants of this phenomenon might powerfully illuminate basic aspects of aging processes and provide for the design of rational interventions.
Mentoring Characteristics and Functions Important to Men and Women within Intercollegiate Athletic Administration

Female athletic administrators were asked about the role of mentoring in their careers as women while male athletic administrators were asked about the role of mentoring in their careers as men working in intercollegiate athletic administration. The researchers gathered and compared information on mentor characteristics as well as career and psychosocial benefits of having a mentor. Participants were 518 female and 778 male athletic administrators working at NCAA Division I, II, and IIII, NAIA, NCCAA, and NJCAA schools. A three-step content-analytic procedure was used to analyze the qualitative data. Men identified being trustworthy, supportive, respected, and a good listener while women identified being supportive, hardworking, and knowledgeable as the most important mentor characteristics. Men most frequently named coaching and challenging assignments as career benefits from mentors while women named exposure/visability and coaching. Both men and women most frequently identified counseling and role modeling as psychosocial benefits from mentors.
MECHANISMS BY WHICH MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES MAY INFLUENCE APOPTOSIS

Apoptotic cell death plays a critical role in controlling cell number and tissue morphology in embryonic and adult organisms. Recently, there have been significant advances in the understanding of apoptosis at the cellular level. The cloning of diverse genes such as Fas and TNF α ligands/receptors, bcl-2, and ICE family members has lead to an increased knowledge of the signal transduction pathways used by cells to monitor and respond to their environment by inducing apoptosis. Components of the extracellular matrix play an important role in this process. Basement membrane and extracellular matrix contain information critical to the identity of the cell and the context in which it responds to external signals. Disruption of the matrix by the matrix-degrading metalloproteinases can therefore dramatically alter the response of cells to apoptotic signals. It is also interesting to consider that the proteolytic activity of metalloproteinases toward matrix components or other potential substrates provide alternative mechanisms by which degradative enzymes could actively influence apoptotic pathways. This review will discuss two systems in which metalloproteinases have been shown to be involved in apoptotic pathways and discuss potential mechanisms for this effect.
Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b-Decommissioned Fetal Enhancers are Linked to Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic mark that dictates cell fate and response to stimuli. The timing and establishment of methylation logic during kidney development remains unknown. DNA methyltransferase 3a and 3b are the enzymes capable of establishing de novo methylation. METHODS We generated mice with genetic deletion of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b in nephron progenitor cells (Six2CreDnmt3a/3b) and kidney tubule cells (KspCreDnmt3a/3b). We characterized KspCreDnmt3a/3b mice at baseline and after injury. Unbiased omics profiling, such as whole genome bisulfite sequencing, reduced representation bisulfite sequencing and RNA sequencing were performed on whole-kidney samples and isolated renal tubule cells. RESULTS KspCreDnmt3a/3b mice showed no obvious morphologic and functional alterations at baseline. Knockout animals exhibited increased resistance to cisplatin-induced kidney injury, but not to folic acid-induced fibrosis. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing indicated that Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b play an important role in methylation of gene regulatory regions that act as fetal-specific enhancers in the developing kidney but are decommissioned in the mature kidney. Loss of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b resulted in failure to silence developmental genes. We also found that fetal-enhancer regions methylated by Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b were enriched for kidney disease genetic risk loci. Methylation patterns of kidneys from patients with CKD showed defects similar to those in mice with Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b deletion. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a potential locus-specific convergence of genetic, epigenetic, and developmental elements in kidney disease development.
School safety agents’ identification of adolescent bullying

Abstract The literature on law enforcement to enhance school safety, specifically bullying prevention, continues to grow. However, there is scant information on the use of New York City Police Department (NYPD) school safety agents (SSAs) who are peace offers, similar to a police officer, but not equipped with a firearm. This study uses 882 survey responses from another type of law enforcement officer, SSAs, to explore factors that influence perceptions of their role in bullying prevention and decision-making when presented with instances of bullying. Multivariate logistic analyses indicate that SSAs in assigned to New York City public schools who identify instances of bullying are more likely to intervene. The results also highlight areas to enhance a schools’ anti-bullying efforts with the inclusion of police officers.
Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms.

Background Rapid spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and concern for viral transmission by ambulatory patients with minimal to no symptoms underline the importance of identifying early or subclinical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Two such candidate symptoms include anecdotally reported loss of smell and taste. Understanding the timing and association of smell/taste loss in COVID-19 may help facilitate screening and early isolation of cases. Methods A single-institution, cross-sectional study evaluating patient-reported symptoms with a focus on smell and taste was conducted using an internet-based platform on adult subjects who underwent testing for COVID-19. Logistic regression was employed to identify symptoms associated with COVID-19 positivity. Results A total of 1480 patients with influenza-like symptoms underwent COVID-19 testing between March 3, 2020, and March 29, 2020. Our study captured 59 of 102 (58%) COVID-19-positive patients and 203 of 1378 (15%) COVID-19-negative patients. Smell and taste loss were reported in 68% (40/59) and 71% (42/59) of COVID-19-positive subjects, respectively, compared to 16% (33/203) and 17% (35/203) of COVID-19-negative patients (p Conclusion In ambulatory individuals with influenza-like symptoms, chemosensory dysfunction was strongly associated with COVID-19 infection and should be considered when screening symptoms. Most will recover chemosensory function within weeks, paralleling resolution of other disease-related symptoms.
Topographic heterogeneity lengthens the duration of pollinator resources.

The availability of sufficient and diverse resources across time is important for maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we examine the potential for variation in environmental conditions across topographic gradients to extend floral resource timing. Flowering time on a landscape may vary across topography due to differences in abiotic factors, species turnover, or genotypic differences. However, the extent to which this variation in phenology affects overall flowering duration on a landscape, and the components of diversity that influence flowering duration, are unexplored. We investigate whether differences in flowering time due to topography yield an overall extension in duration of flowering resources in a northern California grassland. We recorded flowering time of pollinator resource species across four successive spring growing seasons (2015-2018) on paired north and south aspects. Flowering time differences were evaluated both at the community level and within species present on both paired aspects. The role of plasticity was examined in an experimental case study using genotypes of Lasthenia gracilis. We found that aspect is a strong determinant of phenology, with earlier flowering on warmer south-facing slopes. Aspect differences resulted in complementarity in timing of flowering resources across sites, as aspects that started flowering earlier also ended earlier. Complementarity between north and south aspects served to extend the flowering time of pollinator resources by an average of 4-8 days (8%-15%), depending on the year. This extension can be attributed to both within-species responses to aspect differences and species turnover. Flowering of L. gracilis genotypes was distinct across aspects, demonstrating that plasticity can drive the extension of flowering duration. Our findings indicate that heterogeneous topography can extend overall flowering time of pollinator resources, which may support pollinator biodiversity. Extension was most pronounced at the community level, which incorporates species turnover as well as plastic and genotypic differences within species.
Fetal Surgery in the era of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A single institution review.

Abstract Objective To cope with the changing health care services in the era of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We share the institutional framework for the management of anomalous fetuses requiring fetal intervention at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. To assess the success of our program during this time, we compare intraoperative outcomes of fetal interventions performed during the pandemic with the previous year. Patients We implemented our testing protocol on patients undergoing fetal intervention at our institution between March 1, and May 15, 2020, and we compared it with same period a year before. A total of 17 pregnant patients with anomalous fetuses who met criteria for fetal intervention were included: 8 from 2019 and 9 from 2020. Methods Our testing protocol was designed based on our institutional perinatal guidelines, surgical requirements from the infection prevention and control (IPAC) committee, and input from our fetal surgery team, with focus on urgency of procedure and maternal SARS-CoV-2 screening status. We compared the indications, types of procedures, maternal age, gestational age at procedure, type of anesthesia used, and duration of procedure for cases performed at our institution between March 1, 2020, and May 15, 2020, and for the same period in 2019. Results There were no statistically significant differences among the number of cases, indications, types of procedures, maternal age, gestational age, types of anesthesia, and duration of procedures (P values were all >.05) between the pre–SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2019 and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020. Conclusions Adoption of new institutional protocols during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with appropriate screening and case selection, allows provision of necessary fetal intervention with maximal benefit to mother, fetus, and health care provider.
A multistage recursive approach in time- and frequency-domain for thermal analysis of thermochromic glazing and thermostatic control systems in buildings

Abstract The frequency-domain analysis is an effective approach to analyze the steady-periodic heat transfer in buildings. Auxiliary load in buildings can be calculated using the indoor temperature in a frequency-domain analysis. However, both auxiliary load and indoor temperature are usually unknown in building analysis, which makes computing the indoor temperature and auxiliary load with the presence of heating and cooling setpoints are challenging in a frequency-domain analysis. A similar problem applies to the calculation of the auxiliary loads of buildings with dynamic materials, such as thermochromic materials. This paper proposes and implements a recursive approach in time- and frequency-domain to calculate the indoor temperature in an office space with dual setpoint and thermochromic glazing systems with different critical transition temperatures and tinted-to-clear transmissivity ratios. This method allows for capturing the free-floating fluctuations of the indoor temperature within the deadband as well as determining the points-in-time when the indoor temperature equals heating or cooling setpoint temperatures. A multistage procedure is defined to account for the varying window transmittance. The proposed method accounts for the time-dependent response of a thermostat and thermochromic glazing within a finite number of adjustments without requiring to carry out time-domain temperature or load calculations. Results revealed reductions in the annual cooling energy use and increases in the annual heating energy consumption using thermochromic glazing systems with the total annual energy savings of up to 1.22 kWh/m2-yr for the τ-ratio of 0.65, 3.50 kWh/m2-yr for the τ-ratio of 0.30, and 5.22 kWh/m2-yr for the hypothetical case with zero τ-ratio.
SAT0027 Hip joint involvement in psoriatic arthritis (psar)

Background Long term studies of the spondyloarthropathies have identified early hip joint involvement as a marker for severe disease and disability. Psoriatic spondylitis (PsSp) results in hip arthroplasty more frequently than primary ankylosing spondylitis. It is not clear whether the risk for hip involvement exists only for PsSp or other variants of PsAr. Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of hip joint involvement cohort of PsAr patients. To determine whether gender, type of psoriasis, PsAr peripheral joint pattern, age of onset of disease, presence of spondylitis are associated with the risk of hip joint involvement. To determine the frequency of hip arthroplasty in these patients. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 417 patients with PsAr treated at a single tertiary academic centre over a 15 year period. Patient characteristics and outcome were abstracted by chart review. Radiographs of patients with hip joint disease were reviewed. Results 27 PsAr patients (6.5%) were diagnosed with hip joint involvement. 60% had biltaeral involvement. Gender, type of psoriasis, nail involvement, pattern of peripheral psoriatic arthritis, DIP joint involvement, or clinical enthesitis were not associated with hip joint disease. Sacroiliitis or spondylitis were strongly associated with hip disease (p Conclusion Hip joint involvement in psoriatic arthritis is strongly associated with early onset psoriatic arthritis and the presence of psoriatic spondylitis. A high risk of premature THA exists. Better strategies for early diagnosis and medical intervention are needed.
Young Hispanic fathers during COVID-19: Balancing parenthood, finding strength, and maintaining hope.

Objectives This study examined how the effects of the COVID-19 crisis has impacted young Hispanic fathers. Design/sample Using qualitative description, in-depth interviews were conducted among Hispanic fathers between the ages of 18 and 24 years, from community-based fatherhood program. The interviews of seven young Hispanic fathers were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results The participants' initial and ongoing fears about COVID-19 resulted from not having adequate information about the severity of the disease and how easily one can contract and transmit it to others. They also expressed concerns about the threat of the pandemic on their family's well-being, finances, and employment status. Providing for their families was their main priority, with some continuing to work, despite the risks of becoming infected with COVID-19. Despite their many hardships, fathers found strength in their families and remained hopeful in overcoming the challenges during the pandemic. Conclusions The pandemic has presented difficulties and loss for many. Nurses in the community are well positioned to serve young Hispanic fathers to ensure their needs are met. A family-centered approach is ideal for young fathers to provide them equal opportunity to be actively involved in promoting health for themselves and their families during the pandemic.
The impossibility of gendered justice through surrogacy bans

This concluding article, building from observations of the industry from 2008 onwards, examines the practices of commercial and altruistic surrogacy in India. Commercial surrogacy is built on atomi...
A Behavioral Lifestyle Intervention to Improve Frailty in Overweight or Obese Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study

Older adults with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) are more likely to be frail, which increases the risk for disability and mortality. To determine the feasibility of a behavioral lifestyle intervention, enhanced with mobile health technology for self-monitoring of diet and activity, to improve frailty in overweight/obese older adults (≥65 years) diagnosed with T2D. Single arm, 6-month study of a behavioral lifestyle intervention in 20 overweight/obese (BMI>25) older adults (≥ 65 years) with self-reported T2D diagnosis who owned a smartphone. A Fitbit tracker was provided to all participants for self-monitoring of diet and physical activity. Our primary outcome of feasibility was measured by session attendance, adherence to Fitbit usage to self-monitor diet and physical activity, and study retention. Secondary outcomes included the preliminary efficacy of the intervention on frailty, physical function, quality of life, and T2D-related outcomes. Eighteen participants completed the study. The mean age was 71.5 (SD ± 5.3) years, 56% were female, and half were Hispanic. At baseline, 13 (72%) were pre-frail, 4 (22%) were frail, and 1 (6%) were non-frail. At follow-up, frailty scores improved significantly from 1.61 ± 1.15 to 0.94 ± 0.94 (p=0.01) and bodyweight improved from 205.66 ± 45.52 lbs. to 198.33 ± 43.6 lbs. (p=<0.001). This study provides evidence for the feasibility of a behavioral lifestyle intervention in overweight/obese older adults with T2D and preliminary results support its potential efficacy in improving frailty score.
Children’s Financial Dependence on Mothers: Propensity and Duration:

Over 40 percent of American children rely primarily on their mothers’ earnings for financial support in cross-sectional surveys. Yet these data understate mothers’ role as their family’s primary ea...
Thinking, Problem Solving and Creativity

As intelligent beings learn and remember, they integrate their experiences to form new thoughts, new solutions to problems, and new creations. This chapter deals with these integrative functions—thinking, problem solving and creativity—as they relate to age. Often these integrative functions are difficult to differentiate from the abilities upon which they are dependent. For example, an inability to provide a unique solution to a problem may be more a matter of failing to have acquired and retained the prerequisite information than of inadequate skill in reasoning out a new situation. In spite of the difficulty in differentiating among the various aspects of cognitive functioning, it is necessary, or at least convenient, for the behavioral gerontologist to do so. It is important to identify different areas of strengths and weaknesses as they may undergo change with advancing age. Without such identification further conceptual analyses and new efforts to improve cognitive functioning of the aged would be disorganized affairs.
p53 restoration in liver carcinomas induces cellular senescence and tumor clearance through an innate immune response

4913 Although cancer arises from a combination of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, the extent to which tumor suppressor gene loss is required for the maintenance of established tumors is poorly understood. p53 is an important tumor suppressor, whose mutation produces defects in cell cycle checkpoints, senescence, and apoptosis, and promote angiogenesis and genomic instability1-3. To determine the consequences of p53 reactivation in vivo, we used RNA interference to conditionally regulate endogenous p53 expression in a mosaic mouse model of liver carcinoma. We show that even brief reactivation of endogenous p53 in p53-deficient tumors can produce complete tumor regressions. The primary response to p53 was not apoptosis, but instead involved the induction of a cellular senescence program that was associated with differentiation and the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. This program, while producing only cell cycle arrest in vitro, also triggered an innate immune response that targeted the tumor cells in vivo, thereby contributing to tumor clearance. Our study indicates that p53 loss is required for the maintenance of aggressive carcinomas, and establishes how a cellular senescence program can act together with the innate immune system to potently limit tumor growth.
Economic analysis of opportunities to accelerate Alzheimer's disease research and development

The development of disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) faces a number of barriers. Among these are the lack of surrogate biomarkers, the exceptional size and duration of clinical trials, difficulties in identifying appropriate populations for clinical trials, and the limitations of monotherapies in addressing such a complex multifactorial disease. This study sets out to first estimate the consequent impact on the expected cost of developing disease-modifying treatments for AD and then to estimate the potential benefits of bringing together industry, academic, and government stakeholders to co-invest in, for example, developing better biomarkers and cognitive assessment tools, building out advanced registries and clinical trial-readiness cohorts, and establishing clinical trial platforms to investigate combinations of candidate drugs and biomarkers from the portfolios of multiple companies. Estimates based on interviews with experts on AD research and development suggest that the cost of one new drug is now $5.7 billion (95% confidence interval (CI) $3.7-9.5 billion) and could be reduced to $2.0 billion (95% CI $1.5-2.9 billion). The associated acceleration in the arrival of disease-modifying treatments could reduce the number of case years of dementia by 7.0 million (95% CI 4.4-9.4 million) in the United States from 2025 through 2040.
Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Endovascular aneurysm repair represents one of the most important technical advances in the management of aortic diseases during the last 20 years. It has allowed treatment of life-threatening problems in patients who were otherwise ineligible for conventional open repair. However, the favorable results of this therapy are dependent on careful case planning, technical expertise, and well-constructed devices. Ongoing improvements in technology and collective experience of operators will allow more challenging anatomies to be safely treated with durable results. In this context, conventional surgical therapy should be considered a complementary (vs. competitive) therapy.
Resolution of Myocardial Myosin Light Chains by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of canine myocardial light chains of myosin has demonstrated the existence of a single polypeptide species corresponding to the lighter component, C2. However, contrary to previous observations, we found that the heavier polypeptide, C1, although homogeneous by one-dimensional electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing dodecyl sulfate, is resolved into four components by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis at pH 8.7 and 4.5. Of these four components two, named C1c and C1d, present in roughly equal amounts, comprise approximately 95% of the total C1 fraction, while the remaining 5% of the C1 material consists of two components, named C1a and C1b. The possible significance of this apparent heterogeneity of light chain polypeptides is discussed.
Near‐bed turbulence dissipation measurements in the inner surf and swash zone

[1] Near-bed turbulence dissipation rates were quantified in the swash zone and inner surf zone of a dissipative beach. The vertical structure and temporal evolution of the dissipation rate were calculated using the structure function applied to profiles of the vertical velocity collected by three profiling acoustic Doppler velocimeters. Dissipation rates between 6⋅10−5 m2/s3 and 8⋅10−3 m2/s3 were observed. Turbulence dissipation rates increased with diminishing water depth but showed no significant correlation to offshore wave height. Temporal phasing of strong turbulence dissipation events agreed well with image-based observations of pixel intensity associated with wave breaking. Bore-generated turbulence decayed rapidly following bore arrival and followed a decay rate similar to grid turbulence. The turbulence dissipation was dominated by (advected) bore-generated turbulence during the uprush and initial stages of the backwash, and by bed-generated turbulence during the later stages of the backwash. A scaling analysis shows that near the bed, sediment-induced density stratification effects may have been an order of magnitude larger than turbulence dissipation.
CT Perfusion (CTP)

Acute stroke is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide: it is the third leading cause of death in the United States (responsible for approximately 1 in 15 deaths in 2001) and affects approximately 700,000 individuals within the United States annually [1]. The ability to treat patients in the acute setting with thrombolytics has created a pressing need for improved detection and evaluation of acute stroke, with a premium placed on rapid acquisition and generation of data that are practically useful in the clinical setting. Recanalization methods for acute ischemic stroke remain limited to a restricted time window, since intravenous (IV) and intra-arterial (IA) thrombolysis carry hemorrhagic risk that increases with time-postictus [2–4]. Clinical exam and unenhanced CT, the existing imaging standard for acute stroke, are limited in their ability to identify individuals likely to benefit from successful recanalization [3, 5–11].
Retrotransposon vectors for gene delivery in plants

Background Retrotransposons are abundant components of plant genomes, and although some plant retrotransposons have been used as insertional mutagens, these mobile genetic elements have not been widely exploited for plant genome manipulation. In vertebrates and yeast, retrotransposons and retroviruses are routinely altered to carry additional genes that are copied into complementary (c)DNA through reverse transcription. Integration of cDNA results in gene delivery; recombination of cDNA with homologous chromosomal sequences can create targeted gene modifications. Plant retrotransposon-based vectors, therefore, may provide new opportunities for plant genome engineering.
All-fiber in-line Sagnac interferometer current sensor

Stabilized and near shot noise limited operation of the all-fiber in-line Sagnac interferometer current sensor is demonstrated. We employed a 1.3 micrometers LED as the light source and used a depolarized scheme to suppress polarization and modulator errors.