cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of nylon pouches to prevent cellular attachment to implanted materials

Abstract A nylon pouch system has been developed to permit the In vivo exposure of implantable materials to tissue fluids without complications arising from cellular attachment or from the bacterial attack. SEM observations have indicated that the pouches were effective in reducing the ingress of bacteria as well as reducing and in some cases eliminating, cell infiltration through their mesh structure. Over a 7 d implantation period, the exterior surfaces of the nylon pouches were heavily infested with microorganisms but there was minimal growth of bacteria within the pouches. Non-infected pouches that were implanted for up to 25 wk showed heavy deposits of cellular matter on the external surfaces of the pouches and minimal deposits within the pouches.
On best behavior: cadherins drive slow muscle to their limits.

Abstract In the developing zebrafish somite, slow muscle cells traverse the myotome in a highly coordinated, but poorly understood medial to lateral migration. Now it has been discovered that combinations of cadherin surface proteins play a critical role in this mesodermal cell migration.
Possible role of cation divacancy in anion diffusion in silver halides

Abstract In a recent paper, Bucher [J. Phys. Chem. Solids 54, 1475 (1993)] has argued that halide tracer diffusion proceeds by means of cation divacancies, in AgBr at medium temperatures, and in AgCl at all temperatures of measurement. This note points out that, in addition to some unanswered questions about Bucher's proposed mechanism, the experimental data which he quotes actually contradict the model, rather than supporting it as claimed.
Dermoid cysts and their complications as manifested by computed cranial tomography

Abstract Rupture of a dermoid cyst intracranially is well demonstrated by cranial computed tomography. This complication was previously thought to have very grave consequences. Two cases are presented with rupture of cyst contents into the ventricle and subarachnoid space. One patient had a history of “aseptic meningitis”. Both patients had hydrocephalus. Both patients did well after surgery.
Novel 3-D Structures in Polymer Films by Coupling External and Internal Fields

A route to produce novel three-dimensional structures in thin films is demonstrated. Such structures are most difficult to produce in a simple manner without the use of multiple fabrication steps. Here, we show the generation of 3-D cage-type structures using a combination of electrohydrodynamic instabilities and dewetting in a polymer/polymer/air trilayer. Removal of one of the components by use of a selective solvent or by degradation of one of the components reveals the formation of a three-dimensional structure, where one polymer is encased in the other. Thus, by coupling an external field with a surface field inherent to the polymers, a novel fabrication strategy is shown that has clear applications in microfluidics and microelectromechanical systems with extensions to patterned surfaces and structured fluids, like block copolymers.
A review of the main parameters influencing long-term performance and durability of PEM fuel cells

This paper presents an overview of issues affecting the life and the long-term performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells based on a survey of existing literature. We hope that this brief overview provides the engineers and researchers in the field with a perspective of the important issues that should be addressed to extend the life of next-generation fuel cells. Causes and fundamental mechanisms of cell degradation and their influence on long-term performance of fuel cells are discussed. Current research shows that main causes of short life and performance degradation are poor water management, fuel and oxidant starvation, corrosion and chemical reactions of cell components. Poor water management can cause dehydration or flooding, operation under dehydrated condition could damage the membrane whereas flooding facilitates corrosion of the electrodes, the catalyst layers, the gas diffusion media and the membrane. Corrosion products and impurities from outside can poison the cell. Thermal management is particularly important when the fuel cell is operated at sub-zero and elevated temperatures and is key at cold start-ups as well as when subjected to freezing conditions.
Proteins encoded by the long terminal repeat region of mouse mammary tumor virus: identification by hybrid-selected translation.

The long terminal repeat (LTR) region of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is known to contain an open reading frame of sufficient length to code for a protein of 36,000 Mr. The coding capacity of the 39 sequences of MMTV genomic RNA has been demonstrated by in vitro translation studies, which have reported the synthesis of four related proteins: p36, p24, p21, and p18. These proteins are overlapping translation products of the same open reading frame, with the smaller ones initiating at internal methionine codons. From the predicted amino acid sequence of the LTR protein, we have selected a region likely to be antigenic, obtained a synthetic peptide of that region, and raised antiserum to the peptide. The antipeptide serum specifically immunoprecipitated all four proteins from in vitro translated genomic 39 MMTV RNA, plus an additional one of 32,000 Mr. Published sequence data of MMRV LTRs show an internal AUG codon at a position which could initiate a protein of 32,000 Mr. The three smaller in vitro translation products (p24, p21, and p18) were consistently synthesized in much greater amounts than the p36 or p32 protein. The relative amount of each in vitro synthesized protein from genomic MMTV RNA could be predicted and was in good agreement with the postulated effect of flanking nucleotides on the efficiency of the respective AUG initiation codon. Polyadenylated RNAs, isolated from various mouse tissues, were selected by hybridization to plasmid DNA containing MMTV LTR sequences immobilized on nitrocellulose. In vitro translation of hybrid-selected mRNAs isolated from BALB/c mouse lactating mammary glands and carcinogen-induced mammary tumors, followed by immunoprecipitation with antipeptide serum, revealed that only one polypeptide was synthesized by the MMTV LTR-specific mRNA, the 36,000 Mr species. Images
Effect of insulin on the insulin-like growth factor system in children with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

To further characterize the mechanism of impaired growth in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, we examined the serum components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in 11 children with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and followed the effect of insulinization on the IGF system longitudinally 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after starting insulin treatment. Before insulin therapy, serum IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and GH-binding protein (GHBP) levels were significantly decreased, whereas IGFBP-1 and cortisol were significantly increased in diabetic children compared to those in an age-, sex-, and stage of puberty-matched control group. Random serum GH concentrations did not differ significantly. The alterations in the IGF system reversed with insulin therapy in a sequential manner. IGFBP-1 fell rapidly and was comparable to control values within 24 h after insulin treatment. IGF-I rose 1 week after treatment, reaching levels comparable to those in controls and continued to rise through 1 month of treatment. IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and GHBP showed a slower pattern of change, with their levels reaching control values only 1 month after the start of insulin treatment. Improvement in glycemic control, as determined by a change in hemoglobin-A1c, correlated positively with improvement in IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, GHBP, and weight gain after 1 month of insulin therapy. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in the IGF system in the insulinopenic state are similar to those during nutritional deprivation and may serve to minimize IGF's anabolic actions. The decreases in IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 may in part be due to a decrease in the GHBP/receptor. However, the observation that an increase in serum IGF-I was observed earlier than an increase in GHBP and without a significant change in serum GH suggests a direct stimulatory effect of insulin on liver IGF-I production or reversal by insulin of some postreceptor defect in GH action independent of GHBP.
Starvation promotes concerted modulation of appetitive olfactory behavior via parallel neuromodulatory circuits

The internal state of an organism influences its perception of attractive or aversive stimuli and thus promotes adaptive behaviors that increase its likelihood of survival. The mechanisms underlying these perceptual shifts are critical to our understanding of how neural circuits support animal cognition and behavior. Starved flies exhibit enhanced sensitivity to attractive odors and reduced sensitivity to aversive odors. Here, we show that a functional remodeling of the olfactory map is mediated by two parallel neuromodulatory systems that act in opposing directions on olfactory attraction and aversion at the level of the first synapse. Short neuropeptide F sensitizes an antennal lobe glomerulus wired for attraction, while tachykinin (DTK) suppresses activity of a glomerulus wired for aversion. Thus we show parallel neuromodulatory systems functionally reconfigure early olfactory processing to optimize detection of nutrients at the risk of ignoring potentially toxic food resources.
Exploring Molecular Oxygen Pathways in Hansenula polymorpha Copper-containing Amine Oxidase

The accessibility of large substrates to buried enzymatic active sites is dependent upon the utilization of proteinaceous channels. The necessity of these channels in the case of small substrates is questionable because diffusion through the protein matrix is often assumed. Copper amine oxidases contain a buried protein-derived quinone cofactor and a mononuclear copper center that catalyze the conversion of two substrates, primary amines and molecular oxygen, to aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The nature of molecular oxygen migration to the active site in the enzyme from Hansenula polymorpha is explored using a combination of kinetic, x-ray crystallographic, and computational approaches. A crystal structure of H. polymorpha amine oxidase in complex with xenon gas, which serves as an experimental probe for molecular oxygen binding sites, reveals buried regions of the enzyme suitable for transient molecular oxygen occupation. Calculated O(2) free energy maps using copper amine oxidase crystal structures in the absence of xenon correspond well with later experimentally observed xenon sites in these systems, and allow the visualization of O(2) migration routes of differing probabilities within the protein matrix. Site-directed mutagenesis designed to block individual routes has little effect on overall k(cat)/K(m) (O(2)), supporting multiple dynamic pathways for molecular oxygen to reach the active site.
On the current delivery limit of semiconducting carbon nanotubes

The current carrying capacity of single-walled semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is studied by self-consistent quantum simulations using the non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism with the self-consistent Born approximation. The simulation shows that the current carrying capacity depends on the bias regime and is drastically different from that of metallic tubes. For long CNTs (with a length much longer than zone boundary and optical phonon scattering mean free path), the current saturates around 20 μA in the forward bias regime with unipolar transport due to phonon scattering. In ambipolar transport regime, the current delivery limit is still about 20 μA due to recombination of electron and hole currents. In contrast, for short semiconducting CNTs, the current delivery capacity can be above 25 μA in the unipolar transport regime and further double in the ambipolar transport regime. In reverse bias regime, the current of a long CNT can exceed 20 μA due to the second subband conduction and increased electron injection from the drain. The simulation provides a coherent explanation to the dependence of current delivery limit on bias regime and channel length, which is consistent with recent experiments.
Dive Depth and Diet of the Black-vented Shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas)

PETERSON, B. J., AND B. FRY. 1987. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annul Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:293–320. ROSA, C. D., R. ROSA, E. RODRIGUES, AND M. BACILA. 1993. Blood constituents and electrophoretic patterns in antarctic birds: Penguins and skuas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 104A:117–123. SARTORI, D. R. S., R. H. MIGLIORINI, J. A. S. VEIGA, J. L. MOURA, I. C. KETTELHUT, AND C. LINDER. 1995. Metabolic adaptations induced by longterm fasting in quails. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 111A:487–493. SKADHAUGE, E. 1983. Formation and composition of urine. Pages 108–135 in Physiology and biochemistry of the domestic fowl, vol. 4. (B. M. Freeman, Ed.). Academic Press, London. STEVENS, L. 1996. Avian biochemistry and molecular biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. SWICK, R. W. 1982. Growth and protein turnover in animals. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 16:117–126. THOMPSON, D. R., AND R. W. FURNESS. 1995. Stableisotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in feathers indicate seasonal dietary shifts in Northern Fulmars. Auk 112:493–498. TIESZEN, L. L., T. W. BOUTTON, K. G. TESDAHL, AND N. A. SLADE. 1983. Fractionation and turnover of stable carbon isotopes in animal tissues: Implications for 13C analysis of diet. Oecologia 57: 32–37. WOLF, S. H., R.W. SCHREIBER, L. KAHANA, AND J. J. TORRES. 1985. Seasonal, sexual and age-related variation in the blood composition of the Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 82A:837–846.
Indications for platelet aggregation inhibitors after venous stents

Iliofemoral venous obstruction may arise from either primary compressive lesions or may be secondary to an episode of deep venous thrombosis. Regardless of aetiology, these lesions, either alone or in association with more distal reflux, may be responsible for lower extremity pain, swelling, and ulceration. Conventional surgical procedures for the treatment of iliofemoral venous obstruction have largely been supplanted by endovascular approaches relying on the deployment of venous stents. Large series have reported good technical and clinical results from venous stenting, particularly for primary lesions. However, early stent occlusions and late re-stenosis do occur. Although most of these appear related to technical factors, there is likely a role for pharmacological adjuncts in maintaining stent patency. The use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents is largely based on the underlying pathophysiology and extrapolation from arterial interventions, which likely are significantly different with respect to their pathophysiology and natural history. Although lacking substantial evidence demonstrating efficacy, the use of adjunctive antiplatelet agents in stents placed for primary lesions and consideration of anticoagulation for high-risk post-thrombotic lesions appears to be reasonable.
Serum lactate and base deficit as predictors of mortality and morbidity.

Abstract Objectives To determine whether lactate levels and base deficits in critically ill surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients correlate and whether either measure is a significant indicator of mortality and morbidity. Methods A review was made of 137 SICU patients who had serial lactate and blood gas measurements. Patients were stratified by absolute lactate and base deficit values as well as time to lactate clearance. Results Initial and 24-hour lactate level was significantly elevated in nonsurvivors versus survivors ( P = 0.002). Initial base deficit was not significantly different; 24-hour base deficit did achieve statistical significance ( P = 0.02). Subgroup analysis among trauma patients (n = 36) and major abdominal surgery (n = 101) confirmed the significant correlation between lactate levels and survival. There was poor correlation between initial and 24-hour lactate and base deficit among all patients ( r = −0.3 and −0.5). Mortality if lactate normalized within 24 hours was 10%, compared with 24% for >48 hours and 67% if lactate failed to normalize. Physical status at discharge was related to initial lactate ( P = 0.05), as well as to lactate clearance time ( P = 0.01). Conclusions Elevated initial and 24-hour lactate levels are significantly correlated with mortality and appear to be superior to corresponding base deficit levels. Lactate clearance time may be used to predict mortality and is associated with outcome at discharge. Initial base deficit is a poor predictor of mortality and did not correlate with lactate levels except in trauma nonsurvivors. In addition to being used as an endpoint for resuscitation, lactate may be predictive of certain morbidities and patient outcome at discharge.
Medical malpractice predictors and risk factors for ophthalmologists performing LASIK and PRK surgery.

Purpose: To identify physician predictors in laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery that correlate with a higher risk for malpractice liability claims and lawsuits. Methodology: A retrospective, longitudinal, cohort study comparing physician characteristics of 100 consecutive Ophthalmic Mutual Insurance Company (OMIC) LASIK and PRK claims and suits to demographic and practice pattern data for all active refractive surgeons insured by OMIC between 1996 and 2002. Background information and data were obtained from OMIC underwriting applications, a physician practice pattern survey, and claims file records. Using an outcome of whether or not a physician had a prior history of a claim or suit, logistic regression analyses were used separately for each predictor as well as controlling for refractive surgery volume. Results: Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the most important predictor of filing a claim was surgical volume, with those performing more surgery having a greater risk of incurring a claim (odds ratio [OR], 31.4 for >1,000/year versus 0 to 20/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9 ‐125; P = .0001). Having one or more prior claims was the only other predictor examined that remained statistically significant after controlling for patient volume (OR, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.5 ‐ 16.4; P = .0001). Physician gender, advertising, preoperative time spent with patient, and comanagement appeared to be strong predictors in multivariate analyses when surgical volume was greater than 100 cases per year. Conclusion: The chances of incurring a malpractice claim or suit for PRK or LASIK correlates significantly with higher surgical volume and a history of a prior claim or suit. Additional risk factors that increase in importance with higher surgical volume include gender, advertising, preoperative time spent with patient, and comanagement with optometrists. These findings may be used in the future to help improve the quality of care for patients undergoing refractive surgery and provide data for underwriting criteria and risk management protocols to proactively manage and reduce the risk of claims and lawsuits against refractive surgeons. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2003;101:233-268
DNA Packaging in dsDNA Bacteriophages

1) Energetics and mechanism of ATP-driven DNA translocation into the prohead; 2) Structure of packaged phage DNA; 3) Terminase and headful cutting of DNA in packaging; 4) Interactions ofd DNA packaging with other DNA processes in vivo; 5) DNA structural requirements for packaging; 6) In vitro packaging in recombinant DNA
A Network Model for Providing Culturally Competent Services for Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence

The Massachusetts Department of Public Health implemented the Collaborative for Abuse Prevention in Racial and Ethnic Communities (CARE) project in two Latino communities, in the city of Chelsea and in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. One goal of CARE was to build collaborative networks of service providers to provide culturally competent services. Networks of existing community-based agencies that provide a variety of different services regarding violence against women were established in both locales. This article describes the CARE model, network formation, initial attempts to build collaboration and cultural competence, outreach and education activities, and organizational-level changes resulting from the establishment of the networks. The challenges, successes, and lessons learned in implementing this network model are also discussed.
Random lattices and a conjectured 0 - 1 law about their polynomial time computable properties

We formulate a conjecture about random n-dimensional lattices with a suitable distribution. The conjecture says that every polynomial time computable property of a random lattice holds with a probability either close to 0 or close to 1. Accepting the conjecture we get a large class of hard lattice problems. We describe an analogy between our conjecture and a set theoretical axiom, which cannot be proved in ZFC. This axiom says that there exists a nontrivial /spl sigma/-additive 0 - 1 measure defined on the set of all subsets of some set S.
Comparison of Noniterative Factor Analysis Spectral Resolution Algorithms

The effects of fundamental and ancillary algorithm differences on the performance of three noniterative factor analysis spectral resolution algorithms on noisy and overlapped bilinear matrix-formatted spectral data are evaluated and compared. The evaluation consists of the analysis of simulated fluorescence excitation-emission matrices in which the spectral overlap, noise type, and level were systematically varied. The results indicate that the conventions used to exclude low-intensity, high-noise rows and columns from consideration as component spectra estimates and to choose the first estimates of the component spectra have significant impact on resolution algorithm performance. The results of the application of the algorithms to ideal data are nearly identical; however, there are several distinctions in the performance of the algorithms on noisy data. Verifiable estimates of the component spectra were resolved from data matrices degraded by white and Poisson noise that have signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios above 10 by all three algorithms regardless of the noise level and the degree of spectral overlap. The impact of pink noise was uniformly deleterious at S/N below 15.
Models of Muscle Pain: Carrageenan Model and Acidic Saline Model

Carrageenan or acidic saline injected unilaterally into the gastrocnemius muscle or triceps muscle produces a robust and long-lasting hyperalgesia in rats and mice, which is reversible with systemic administration of opioid or anti-inflammatory drugs. This unit describes detailed protocols for inducing and measuring hyperalgesia, and provides information on validation of these models. These models are useful for assessing new compounds for their analgesic activity in muscular pain. Keywords: Muscle; Hyperalgesia; Carrageenan; Acidic saline; Rats; Mice
Identifying failure to thrive in the long term care setting.

Abstract Introduction and Rationale Geriatric failure to thrive (GFTT) is commonly encountered in the long term care (LTC) setting. This syndrome of unexplained functional decline can be approached in a methodical manner. The updated Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0, now implemented in almost all skilled nursing facilities, includes pertinent clinical information that could be used to identify residents who manifest GFTT. A screening tool using data from the MDS 3.0 could be used by LTC providers to evaluate LTC residents. Methods A literature review was completed to identify articles focused on (1) GFTT in the LTC setting and (2) tools to identify GFTT. Common components of GFTT were matched with items collected as part of the MDS 3.0 with a goal to determine its utility as a screening tool to identify GFTT in the LTC setting. Outcomes and Discussion The MDS 3.0 includes assessment of numerous components commonly observed in patients with GFTT. By using clinically validated tools, the MDS 3.0 may assist in the recognition of LTC residents with or at risk for GFTT. Once GFTT is recognized, the LTC interdisciplinary team can then identify potentially reversible causes, set goals of care, and develop a comprehensive care plan that may include diagnostic measures, curative interventions, and/or palliative measures individualized to the resident.
Communication of the Coronary Sinus with the Left Atrium

A communication of the coronary sinus with the left atrium in the absence of other congenital cardiac anomalies is an uncommon finding. Three cases are recorded, one of which is contributed by the author.
II—L. A. Paul: Categorical Priority and Categorical Collapse

I explore some of the ways that assumptions about the nature of substance shape metaphysical debates about the structure of Reality. Assumptions about the priority of substance play a role in an argument for monism, are embedded in certain pluralist metaphysical treatments of laws of nature, and are central to discussions of substantivalism and relationalism. I will then argue that we should reject such assumptions and collapse the categorical distinction between substance and property.
SWASE for Plane Failure

The SWASE (Sliding Wedge Analysis of Sidehill Embankments) computer program can be used to determine the factor of safety of a slope when some planes of weakness exist within the slope. These failure planes may exist at the bottom of an embankment or at any other locations. However, the maximum number of failure planes is limited to three because the program can only handle three blocks. If there are more than three planes, they must be approximated by three planes in order to use this program. If no planes of weakness exist, the cylindrical failure surface will be more critical and the REAME computer program, as presented in Chap. 9, should be used instead. Otherwise, both programs should be used to determine which is more critical.
Neutron and X-Ray Porosimetry

This Chapter considers principles of the neutron- and x-ray scattering-based porosimetry, which exploits contrast variation and contrast matching method. The coherent scattering from porous solids arises largely from the contrast between the empty and filled pores. A porous medium is exposed to a solvent vapor having the same neutron scattering length density or electron density as the matrix skeleton. The smallest pores are filled with a condensed liquid already at low relative pressure, followed by filling of progressively larger pores. Thus, measured as a function of the relative pressure, SAS probes sub-populations of pores of increasing average size, which is calculated using the Kelvin equation. Illustrative examples are given of how SAS can be used for structural characterization of various types of porous materials including low-dielectric constant polymer films, porous silicas, carbonaceous materials, and Nafion membranes.
Models for Reliable Supply Chain Network Design

Recent examples of disruptions in the news suggest a strong geographical dimension to supply chain disruptions, and to their effects. For example: The west-coast port lockout in 2002 strangled U.S. retailers’ supply lines while east-coast ports were essentially unaffected (Greenhouse 2002) The foot-and-mouth disease scare in the U.K. in 2001 caused the U.S. to ban imports of British meat (Marquis and McNeil 2001). The suspension of the license of the Chiron plant in Liverpool, England reduced the U.S. supply of the influenza vaccine by nearly 50% during the 2004/5 flu season (Pollack 2004). In the U.S. Gulf Coast region in 2005, Hurricane Katrina idled facilities situated at all levels of the supply chain, including production (e.g., coffee; Barrionuevo and Deutsch 2005), processing (oil refining; Mouawad 2005), warehousing (lumber storage; Reuters 2005), transit (banana imports; Barrionuevo and Deutsch 2005), and retail (groceries and home-repair; Fox 2005, Leonard 2005). These facilities were located in or near New Orleans but were integral parts of global supply chains. These examples highlight the need for supply chain design models that account for the spatial nature of both supply chains and their operation.
Transient A/F characteristics for cold operation of a 1.6 liter engine with sequential fuel injection

An investigation of transient A/F characteristics was conducted using a 1.6 liter engine equipped with a Sequential Electronic Fuel Injection (SEFI) system. The engine was tested on a dynamometer facility capable of providing environmental temperatures as low as 10˚F. A test procedure was developed to determine the effects of steady state A/F, engine speed, size of throttle ramp, injection timing, and hardware changes, on the transient A/F characteristics while the engine warmed up
A Research Note on Machine Politics as a Model for Change in a Philippine Province

The purpose of this research note was to determine whether Philippine politics could be characterized as fitting a “machine politics model” (James Scott, “Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Development, APSR, 63 [December, 1969], 1142–1158). A province was selected which matched the criteria cited in Scott's model, and provincial political leaders and subleaders were asked to evaluate important considerations they used in deciding whom to support for public office.Scott proposed that in electoral political systems, support moves from a dependence on deference to a dependence on particularistic rewards, and finally to dependence on ideology. Part of the study tested the three-phase model using factor analysis on ten variables generally thought to be crucial in Philippine politics. The factor analysis revealed six factors, three which matched Scott's three phases plus: the chance of winning, the use of threats, and party loyalty. Although Scott's three-phase model was rejected as inadequate, at the descriptive level the general attributes of machine politics (particularly as Philippine politics has moved from a reliance on deference and personal loyalty to a dependence on material reward) could be used to characterize Philippine politics.
Ongoing threats to information protection

The threat landscape facing the use of information systems is constantly changing. This short summary of a recent survey of the threats to information protection provides a concise summary of the perceptions of number of current practitioners and how the organizations with which they are associated perceive this evolving threat environment.
Metallopolymers Containing Excess Metal–Ligand Complex for Improved Mechanical Properties

This work incorporates ML complexes as unbound entities that interact with ML complexes bound to the backbone of the polymer. The π–π interactions and Coulombic forces between bound and unbound ML complexes hold the ML-rich phase together and result in improved mechanical properties over polymers containing only the bound ML complexes. The ML-rich phase formed ordered, cylindrical domains. The storage modulus, surface elastic modulus, and high temperature stability of these metallopolymers increased with increasing concentration of ML complex in the polymer while an optimal concentration and morphology are necessary to improve the strength and creep resistance of the polymer. Ultimately, the successful addition and patterning of unbound ML complexes as a hard phase in a polymer matrix provides an important template for the design of a new type of supramolecular nanocomposite.
Semantic Size and Contextual Congruency Effects During Reading: Evidence From Eye Movements

Recent lexical decision studies have produced conflicting evidence about whether an object's semantic size influences word recognition. The present study examined this variable in online reading. Target words representing small and large objects were embedded in sentence contexts that were either neutral, congruent, or incongruent with respect to object size, and participants' eye movements were monitored. We found that although semantic size alone did not influence early word processing, the congruency of the object's size with the preceding context did have an effect. Rereading durations and total times were longer for targets in incongruent contexts, but this occurred regardless of a target's semantic size. We suggest that semantic size may not affect early word recognition processes but that size information is activated upon reading a word and subsequently integrated and validated against readers' knowledge and the context. These findings can be accommodated within the RI-Val view of comprehension.
Synthesizing Uncorrelated Drive Files for MIMO Transmissibility Measurements on Road Simulators

Traditionally, road simulators have been used for durability and NVH testing of automobiles which involve estimation of simulated road inputs. The responses (ride files) are measured during actual road testing at a number of locations over different terrains which lead to the generation of the simulated road inputs by utilizing an iterative process. The process generally involves an inverse calculation so that the response measured in the actual road test of the vehicle for a given type of terrain can be replicated very closely by estimating the inputs to the four axes of the road simulator. The numerical estimation procedure of the inputs is based upon the characteristics and limitations of the specific four axis road simulator being used but it does not constrain these inputs (drive files) to the individual hydraulic actuators to be uncorrelated. The drive files to the four axis road simulators more often than not are significantly correlated which is a big hindrance to MIMO transmissibility measurements. Thus synthesis of uncorrelated drive files using the estimated correlated drive files by the way of a MATLAB® based interface is the focus of this research. The analysis shows that the auto power spectra is equivalent for the synthesized uncorrelated drive files compared to the original correlated drive files. These results are further corroborated by the experimental results obtained from the measurements done on the MTS four axis road simulator at UC-SDRL. These same methods should also be useful in estimating FRFs from drive files if the input forces can be measured.
APPLICATION OF TENSILE LIGAMENT INSTABILITY MODEL OF CRACK PROPAGATION TO UKOSRP DATA ON BS4360 GRADE 50D STEEL

ABSTRACT Extensive data on corrosion fatigue crack propagation of a structural steel has been collected by Scott and Sylvester as part of the UK Offshore Steels Research Program. The set in which stress ratio and impressed electrochemical potential were varied is analysed with respect to the TLIM model. To this end, tensile and tension-compression tests were run on specimens machined from expended fatigue specimens. The program for processing the tensile data was modified to plot the parametric curves of strain-limited surface attack at the crack tip directly, rather than the constituent curves separately. Results show a nice correspondence of model curves to data trends. Excessive cathodic “protection” is seen as increasing the Stage I, strain-limited surface attack, with little effect on other stages. A threshold incursion at high stress ratios, seen in all data sets, is associated with a miniscule residual surface attack. Its reality, and correct bounding by the model, is further indicated by NRL data on A-36 structural steel. This incursion has a large effect on the endurance limit in fatigue, as illustrated by numerically integrating the TLIM propagation paths to obtain S-N curves.
MOOC Dropout Prediction: Lessons Learned from Making Pipelines Interpretable

Dropout prediction in MOOCs is a well-researched problem where we classify which students are likely to persist or drop out of a course. Most research into creating models which can predict outcomes is based on student engagement data. Why these students might be dropping out has only been studied through retroactive exit surveys. This helps identify an important extension area to dropout prediction- how can we interpret dropout predictions at the student and model level? We demonstrate how existing MOOC dropout prediction pipelines can be made interpretable, all while having predictive performance close to existing techniques. We explore each stage of the pipeline as design components in the context of interpretability. Our end result is a layer which longitudinally interprets both predictions and entire classification models of MOOC dropout to provide researchers with in-depth insights of why a student is likely to dropout.
Abstract 18976: Protein Kinase G is a Redox Sensor That Controls Autophagic Flux by Phosphorylating Tuberin

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy requires an imbalance that favors protein synthesis over its degradation, the latter being prominently controlled by autophagy. Both changes are induced by mechanis...
Coupled cavity optomechanical meta-waveguides [Invited]

We explore waveguiding in a one-dimensional array of coupled optomechanical cavities, each supporting a pair of optical and mechanical modes. The dispersion relation of such waveguides is derived for different scenarios as a function of the level of optical, mechanical, and optomechanical coupling rates. The mechanical coupling with light is found to have a profound effect on the dispersion properties, leading to intriguing optical phenomena. In addition, the emergence of an exceptional point in the dispersion diagram is shown to induce a singularity associated with reduced attenuation. The drive power and frequency can largely control the band diagram of such periodic structures, offering a great tool for engineering and reconfiguring the coupled cavity optomechanical meta-waveguide. The peculiar band structure of the system is probed, investigating the linear propagation of short pulses and revealing interesting dynamics such as deceleration and acceleration, secondary pulse emission, and mechanically mediated enhanced light transmission. These concepts pave the way towards a new generation of meta-waveguides and multi-dimensional metamaterials in which strong optomechanical interactions overcome some of the limitations of passive, linear optical metamaterials based exclusively on optical resonances.
Panhandle Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies MLL Genomic Translocation Breakpoint Involving Unknown Partner Gene

We used a new approach called panhandle polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to clone an MLL genomic translocation breakpoint in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia of infancy in which karyotype analysis was technically unsuccessful and did not show the translocation partner. Panhandle PCR amplified known MLL sequence 5' of the breakpoint and 3' sequence from the unknown partner gene from a DNA template with an intrastrand loop schematically shaped like a pan with a handle. The 7-kb panhandle PCR product contained the translocation breakpoint in MLL intron 8. The partner DNA included unique nonrepetitive sequences, Alu and mammalian apparent LTR-retrotransposon (MaLR) repetitive sequences, and a region of homology to expressed sequence tags. MaLR sequences have not been found before near leukemia-associated translocation breakpoints. The nonrepetitive sequences were not homologous to known partner genes of MLL. Screening of somatic cell hybrid and radiation hybrid lines by PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of normal metaphase chromosomes mapped the partner DNA to chromosome band 4q21. Reverse transcriptase-PCR identified an MLL-AF-4 chimeric mRNA, indicating that panhandle PCR identified a fusion of MLL with a previously uncharacterized AF-4 intronic sequence. Panhandle PCR facilitates cloning translocation breakpoints and identifying unknown partner genes.
Abstract A30: Identifying microenvironment-dependent vulnerabilities in multiple myeloma using CRISPRi

Acquired drug resistance is a major clinical problem in a variety of cancer types and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms is insufficient. We lack a complete understanding of the interplay of factors between the tumor and its microenvironment controlling drug sensitivity. Several published studies and our preliminary results show that bone marrow microenvironment reduce the sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to clinically approved proteasome inhibitor, carfilzomib, making it an ideal model system. Here we employ innovative CRISPR-interference (CRISPRi) based functional genomics platform to identify cell-intrinsic and microenvironment-dependent vulnerabilities in multiple myeloma. This platform utilizes a catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) fused to a transcriptional repressor domain to target and silence specific genes using single guide-RNAs (sgRNA). We have engineered the myeloma cells to express components of the CRISPRi system enabling us to perform genome-wide screens to identify factors that modulate sensitivity to carfilzomib. To identify microenvironment-dependent factors that alter carfilzomib sensitivity, we established a co-culture system where the CRISPRi expressing myeloma cells are grown in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells and subject to treatment with carfilzomib. We performed a pilot-screen using a library of sgRNAs targeted towards genes involved in the human proteostasis network and known cancer drug targets. The library expressing CRISPRi-myeloma cells were grown as mono- and co-culture in the presence or absence of carfilzomib. Through this screen we were able to identify several factors knockdown of which had differential effects in mono- and co-culture conditions on the growth of the cells and/or their drug response. Currently we are validating the identified factors using various biochemical assays and available pharmacological tools. This study will pave the way to better understand the crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment and enable rational design of combination therapies to overcome drug resistance. Citation Format: Poornima Ramkumar, Jaime Tawney, Diego Acosta-Alvear, Martin Kampmann. Identifying microenvironment-dependent vulnerabilities in multiple myeloma using CRISPRi [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Opportunities and Challenges of Exploiting Synthetic Lethality in Cancer; Jan 4-7, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2017;16(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A30.
Travel and Movement in the World Outside the Clinic: Gandhi and King

In this chapter, we examine the work of “worldly clinicians”—those whose work directly helped change the world and, as a result, helped enhance well-being for a great number. We examine the work and respective movements of two worldly clinicians in particular: Gandhi and King. The task of this chapter is to elucidate some of the key methods and ideas of Gandhi, King, and the social movements of which they were a part, particularly as they relate to the intersections of well-being and the world. For case material, we will look at the early organic campaigns of Gandhi in South Africa and King in Montgomery. Overall, we aim to discover ways these movements helped initiated positive movement in social systems and individual lives.
The ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51 trial and the burden of missing data: (Anti-Xa Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events in Addition to Standard Therapy in Subjects With Acute Coronary Syndrome ACS 2-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 51).

Rivaroxaban is a factor Xa inhibitor that was recently reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration as a potential therapy to reduce the risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Approval of this drug would represent a paradigm shift away from dual antiplatelet therapy toward long-term triple antithrombotic therapy. However, to date, no other experimental anticoagulant agent has demonstrated a favorable risk-benefit profile in this population, in part because of the expected increased risk in major bleeding by combining aspirin, a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, and an anticoagulant. Approvability of rivaroxaban was considered largely on the basis of the ATLAS ACS 2–TIMI 51 (Anti-Xa Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events in Addition to Standard Therapy in Subjects With Acute Coronary Syndrome ACS 2–Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 51) trial, which demonstrated a significant reduction in a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Although the primary efficacy endpoint was met, a substantial amount of missing data was observed. We discuss the impact of missing data in this trial, its implications for informative censoring of safety events (major bleeding), and implications for future cardiovascular outcomes trials.
A Deeper Perspective on Darwin

The Quotable Darwin . Collected and edited by Janet Browne. 2018. Princeton University Press. (ISBN 9780691169354). 348 pp. Hardcover, $24.95. This book is an essential addition to the collection of any person who studies evolution or takes an interest in the history of evolutionary study or Darwin himself. A somewhat small and pleasantly unassuming text, it represents the life of Darwin through his own words, from writings, publications, correspondences, and other sources. Following him …
Gut bacteria signaling to mitochondria in intestinal inflammation and cancer

The gastrointestinal microbiome plays a pivotal role in physiological homeostasis of the intestine as well as in the pathophysiology of diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota signal to the mitochondria of mucosal cells, including epithelial cells and immune cells. Gut microbiota signaling to mitochondria has been shown to alter mitochondrial metabolism, activate immune cells, induce inflammasome signaling, and alter epithelial barrier function. Both dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with chronic intestinal inflammation and CRC. This review discusses mitochondrial metabolism of gut mucosal cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, and known gut microbiota-mediated mitochondrial alterations during IBD and CRC.
Prospective Prediction of First Onset of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescent Girls

Objective Adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a significant risk factor for suicidal behavior and an important clinical marker of psychopathology. NSSI is especially common in adolescent girls. A number of psychosocial correlates of adolescent NSSI have been identified, including problems characterized by disinhibition and negative affectivity. However, it is unknown whether these characteristics prospectively predict first-onset NSSI, limiting our understanding of its etiology and prevention. The current study addresses this gap in the literature. Method Participants in the Adolescent Development of Emotion and Personality Traits (ADEPT) project at Stony Brook University who had not experienced NSSI at baseline (462 girls, mean age = 14.39 years, SD = 0.62 years) completed baseline measures of hypothesized risk factors related to problems with disinhibition and negative affectivity, including adolescent psychopathology, personality and clinical traits, and parental psychopathology. First onset of NSSI was monitored at 9-month intervals by in-person and telephone interviews over the next 36 months. Results There were 42 first onsets of NSSI (9.1%) in the 3 years since baseline. First-onset NSSI was independently predicted by adolescents’ low conscientiousness, high avoidance, and parental substance abuse at baseline. The composite risk index predicting first-onset NSSI demonstrated good accuracy for identifying girls who will start self-injuring (area under the curve = 0.78, sensitivity = 0.85, specificity = 0.57). Conclusion These results highlight the role of disinhibition and avoidance in the development of NSSI. The risk index predicting NSSI onset may help to guide the design and application of novel interventions to prevent this condition in adolescent girls.