cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Drives Successful Technology Planning

ABSTRACT Providing computers and in‐servicing staff is not enough to get teachers and students using technology for teaching and learning. Schools of teacher education can prepare teachers better by helping college and university education faculty model technology use throughout the teacher credentialing curriculum. Another approach is to help teachers construct a model for identifying and developing factors that will support their own technology initiatives. The literature on technology integration reveals eight success factors for schools attempting to help teachers adopt technology in their classrooms. This article examines those success factors and looks at strategies for implementing them.
Cell-cell interactions and bronchoconstrictor eicosanoid reduction with inhaled carbon monoxide and resolvin D1

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-mediated acute lung injury from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critical care medicine. Here, we report that inhaled low-dose carbon monoxide (CO) and intravenous resolvin D1 (RvD1) in mice each reduced PMN-mediated acute lung injury from I/R. Inhaled CO (125-250 ppm) and RvD1 (250-500 ng) each reduced PMN lung infiltration and gave additive lung protection. In mouse whole blood, CO and RvD1 attenuated PMN-platelet aggregates, reducing leukotrienes (LTs) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) in I/R lungs. With human whole blood, CO (125-250 ppm) decreased PMN-platelet aggregates, expression of adhesion molecules, and cysteinyl LTs, as well as TxB2. RvD1 (1-100 nM) also dose dependently reduced platelet activating factor-stimulated PMN-platelet aggregates in human whole blood. In nonhuman primate (baboon) lung infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, inhaled CO reduced urinary cysteinyl LTs. These results demonstrate lung protection by low-dose inhaled CO as well as RvD1 that each reduced PMN-mediated acute tissue injury, PMN-platelet interactions, and production of both cysteinyl LTs and TxB2. Together they suggest a potential therapeutic role of low-dose inhaled CO in organ protection, as demonstrated using mouse I/R-initiated lung injury, baboon infections, and human whole blood.
Analyzing depression coping strategies of patients with epilepsy: A preliminary study

Abstract Purpose To determine whether individuals with epilepsy who are depressed have different coping reactions, such as increased use of disengagement-type coping reactions, compared to those who are not. Methods We surveyed 200 patients with epilepsy and obtained demographic and clinical information. We used the Neurological Institute Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NIDDI-E) to determine those patients who had a major depression (NIDDI-E score >15) and administered the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-10 Inventory (QOLIE-10), Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire-Specific, Sheehan Disability Scale, a screening question for health literacy ("How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?"), and the Brief Coping with Problems Experienced (Brief-COPE). Using univariate analysis, we determined those demographic and clinical variables that were associated with depression. We also determined the coping reactions more frequently utilized by individuals with depression, and using multivariate analysis, determined whether those coping reactions retained statistical significance. We performed subgroup analysis of depressed epilepsy patients to determine whether coping reactions they preferentially utilized were associated with seizure frequency and quality of life. Results Seventy-one patients had a major depression while 128 did not. On univariate analysis, not driving, not working, higher seizure frequency, experiencing convulsions, poorer quality of life, and higher disability scores were significantly associated with major depression. These individuals used denial more often as a coping reaction. On multiple linear regression, the association between the use of denial and being depressed retained statistical significance. The mean denial coping scores were higher among depressed patients with more frequent seizures. However, this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion Individuals with epilepsy who have a major depression utilize denial more often as a coping reaction. Realizing this is of value to caregivers as they help patients deal with their stressful situation. This also provides additional impetus to more effectively and aggressively treatment depression in the epilepsy population.
Racial/ethnic differences in mental health service use among adolescents with major depression.

Objective Little is known about racial/ethnic differences in the receipt of treatment for major depression in adolescents. This study examined differences in mental health service use in non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic, and Asian adolescents who experienced an episode of major depression. Method Five years of data (2004-2008) were pooled from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to derive a nationally representative sample of 7,704 adolescents (12-17 years old) diagnosed with major depression in the past year. Racial/ethnic differences were estimated with weighted probit regressions across several measurements of mental health service use controlling for demographics and health status. Additional models assessed whether family income and health insurance status accounted for these differences. Results The adjusted percentages of blacks (32%), Hispanics (31%), and Asians (19%) who received any treatment for major depression were significantly lower than those of non-Hispanic whites (40%; p p Conclusion Results indicated low rates of mental health treatment for major depression in all adolescents. Improving access to mental health care for adolescents will also require attention to racial/ethnic subgroups at highest risk for nonreceipt of services.
A Serviceable Scale for Earthquake Intensity

In the leading European scientific weekly (Nature, Feb. 22, 1930, p. 292) we read that “the Riviera Earthquake (Feb. 23, 1887) was not one of great strength for only 640 persons were killed, while the area disturbed contained 219,000 square miles.”
Rapid calculation of electrostatic Green's functions in layered dielectrics

This paper introduces a new method for the development of closed-form spatial Green's functions for electrostatic problems involving layered dielectrics. The new method utilizes a finite-difference approximation of the spectral domain form of the Green's function to overcome the tedious numerical integration of the Fourier-Bessel inverse transform that is required to generate the Green's function in the space domain. Through a special representation of the finite-difference form of the spectral Green's function, the Fourier-Bessel transforms can be obtained in closed form in terms of modified Bessel functions of zeroth order. Numerical examples from the calculation of the capacitance matrix of multi-conductor systems in layered dielectrics are used to demonstrate the validity of the generated closed-form Green's functions and their computer implementation.
Co-Tracking Using Semi-Supervised Support Vector Machines

This paper treats tracking as a foreground/background classification problem and proposes an online semi- supervised learning framework. Initialized with a small number of labeled samples, semi-supervised learning treats each new sample as unlabeled data. Classification of new data and updating of the classifier are achieved simultaneously in a co-training framework. The object is represented using independent features and an online support vector machine (SVM) is built for each feature. The predictions from different features are fused by combining the confidence map from each classifier using a classifier weighting method which creates a final classifier that performs better than any classifier based on a single feature. The semi-supervised learning approach then uses the output of the combined confidence map to generate new samples and update the SVMs online. With this approach, the tracker gains increasing knowledge of the object and background and continually improves itself over time. Compared to other discriminative trackers, the online semi-supervised learning approach improves each individual classifier using the information from other features, thus leading to a more robust tracker. Experiments show that this framework performs better than state-of-the-art tracking algorithms on challenging sequences.
Simulated Increase of Hurricane Intensities in a CO2-Warmed Climate

Hurricanes can inflict catastrophic property damage and loss of human life. Thus, it is important to determine how the character of these powerful storms could change in response to greenhouse gas–induced global warming. The impact of climate warming on hurricane intensities was investigated with a regional, high-resolution, hurricane prediction model. In a case study, 51 western Pacific storm cases under present-day climate conditions were compared with 51 storm cases under high-CO2 conditions. More idealized experiments were also performed. The large-scale initial conditions were derived from a global climate model. For a sea surface temperature warming of about 2.2°C, the simulations yielded hurricanes that were more intense by 3 to 7 meters per second (5 to 12 percent) for wind speed and 7 to 20 millibars for central surface pressure.
Respiration, Hyperventilation, and Mental Disorders

Most clinicians still cannot get over their doubts that hyperventilation causes organic and psychological symptoms, because they still tend erroneously to regard it as simply breathing too fast. The traditional view of HV as a symptom of hysteria is alive and well. But chronic HV, chronic respiratory alkalosis, is a physiological disorder of the acid-base balance of the blood taken seriously by the medical physiologists Krapf, Beeler, Hertner, and Hulter (1991), who first published confidence limits for expected changes in blood plasma bicarbonate concentration, and pH, as recently as 1991, in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Pattern transfer of directed self-assembly (DSA) patterns for CMOS device applications

A study on the optimization of etch transfer processes using 200-mm-scale production type plasma etch tools for circuit relevant pat- terning in the sub-30-nm pitch regime using directed self-assembly (DSA) line-space patterning is presented. This work focuses on etch stack selection and process tuning, such as plasma power, chuck tem- perature, and end point strategy, to improve critical dimension control, pattern fidelity, and process window. Results from DSA patterning of gate structures featuring a high-k dielectric, a metal nitride and poly Si gate electrode, and a SiN capping layer are also presented. These results further establish the viability of DSA pattern generation as a potential method for Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit patterning beyond the 10-nm node. © 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) (DOI: 10.1117/1.JMM.12.4 .041305)
Acid catalyzed intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions in lithium perchlorate-diethyl ether: Acid promoted migration of terminal dienes prior to [4+2] cycloaddition in conformationally restricted substrates

Abstract Use of 10 mol% camphorsulfonic acid in 5.0 M lithium perchlorate-diethyl ether to promote intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of conformationally restricted substrates, wherein the substrates possess a terminal diene unit, gives rise to tandem diene migration - [4+2] cycloaddition.
Transient, Oscillatory and Steady Characteristics of Dean Vortex Pairs in a Curved Rectangular Channel

When Dean numbers are high enough, the flow in a curved channel is unstable to centrifugal instabilities, and secondary flows develop which eventually form into pairs of counter-rotating vortices. This flow is referred to as Dean vortex flow, and the accompanying pairs of streamwiseoriented vortices are referred to as Dean vortices. The present paper describes some transient, oscillatory, and steady characteristics of Dean vortex pairs in a curved rectangular channel with 40 to 1 aspect ratio and an inner to outer radius ratio of 0.979. In particular, attention is focussed on secondary instabilities observed in the form of oscillatory motions called twisting and undulating, and in the form of transient events consisting of splitting and merging of vortex pairs. Splitting and merging events are described from visualizations of flow in spanwise/radial planes at Dean numbers of 75 and 100 in the form of two distinctly different types of splitting events, and four distinctly different types of merging events. Even though these transient events produce fairly large amplitudes of unsteadiness, the Dean vortex pairs have preferred positions across the span of the channel about which the motion occurs. These preferred positions are evident from time-averaged distributions of streamwise velocity, which show a variety of steady vortex pair characteristics.
Household debt and housing bubbles: a Minskian approach to boom-bust cycles

This paper examines macroeconomic dynamics of household debt and housing prices in a two-class economy. Drawing on Minsky’s insights into financial instability and cycles, our framework combines household debt dynamics with behavioral asset price dynamics in a Keynesian macro model. We show that endogenous boom-bust cycles can emerge through the interaction between household debt and housing price dynamics. In this model, a long period of housing bubbles is characterized by increases in the profit share and the workers’ indebtedness for most of the time. The long waves are combined with a Kaldorian model of short-run business cycles.
When Is a Book a Treatment

Over the course of the past 50 years a wide variety of methods have been proposed for dealing with problem drinking. Until recently, social ostracism and legal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment were far and away the most likely results of public identification as an inebriate. Within the realm of therapeutic interventions a broad array of alternative approaches have appeared, including aversion therapies, drug treatments, surgical procedures, Alcoholics Anonymous and group therapies, hypnosis and psychotherapy, halfway houses and family therapies (Miller & Hester, 1980). The one goal that these approaches all have in common has been to produce total and permanent abstention from alcohol.
Effects of oxygen coverage, catalyst size, and core composition on Pt-alloy core–shell nanoparticles for oxygen reduction reaction

This study focuses on the analysis of Pt-based alloy nanoparticles as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology. The Pt-skin trimetallic core–shell systems of Ptshell–(Re–Ni)core and Ptshell–(Fe–Cn–Fe–Ni)core (n = 12, 24, 36, 42 and 50) are evaluated based on reactivity and stability criteria via density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The oxygen adsorption energy, d-band center, and evolution of the system under PEMFC operating temperature are used as indicators of reactivity, whereas the stability in acid medium is evaluated by the segregation of subsurface catalyst atoms and by the trends of the Pt-skin surface to be dissolved in acid medium. For the Ptshell–(Re–Ni)core system, the reactivity is found to be better than that of pure Pt as shown by the weaker oxygen adsorption strength on the alloy surface and the downshift of the d-band center as well as by the reconstruction of the Pt-skin (100) facets to a more reactive (111) facet observed only on the alloy nanoparticle under both vacuum and oxidative environments. For the alloy stability, the results suggest that the larger nanoparticle (1.5 nm) is more stable than the smaller one (1.3 nm) against segregation of Re shell atoms to the surface, while the segregation of the Ni core to the Re shell for both systems is negligible. Similar trends regarding nanoparticle size are found based on Pt-skin surface dissolution analysis. Other core–shell Pt144–(Fe110–Cn–Ni6)core nanoparticles investigated are composed of a carbide-containing inner layer introduced as a core-anchoring material to avoid segregation of inner metal atoms to the surface. DFT analysis is conducted to determine the optimum composition of the carbide layer that may improve the nanoparticle stability. According to the DFT results, the core-anchoring carbide composition required to enhance both reactivity and stability of the system is between Fe2.6C1.0 and Fe3.1C1.0 as these formulae provide optimal oxygen adsorption strength and prevent segregation of the non-noble atoms. However, the system of a larger size is more favorable to control Pt surface dissolution.
Abstract 4529: Prognostic implications of TSPO in human colorectal cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Translocator protein (TSPO), previously referred to as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is an 18kDa outer mitochondrial membrane protein involved in a number of cellular processes including steroid synthesis, cholesterol metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis. Elevated TSPO expression has been linked with disease progression, diminished survival, and aggressiveness in a number of cancers. Studies conducted in our laboratory have demonstrated that positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with TSPO targeted probes can be used to non-invasively quantify TSPO levels in tumors. These imaging studies suggest that TSPO ligand PET may be a valuable clinical cancer imaging biomarker. In the current studies, TSPO expression in human colon cancer and paired liver metastases was evaluated using tissue microarrays. These arrays were constructed using 99 primary colon cancers and 95 matched primary colon cancers and liver metastases from Vanderbilt patients with known clinical outcomes. Among these, we found that nearly 2/3 of the colon cancers were positive for TSPO expression (64%). Similar to previous studies in other organ sites, elevated TSPO expression was significantly associated with higher tumor grade in the Vanderbilt cohort of CRC patients. Among patients with grade 2 or grade 3 tumors, an individual with elevated TSPO expression was 3 times more likely to have a grade 3 tumor than a grade 2 tumor. In comparing matched primary colon cancers and associated liver metastases, we found a strong concordance between TSPO levels and localization across matched specimens. No correlation was observed between TSPO expression and Ki67 or pEGFR levels suggesting the potentially unique information provided by the measurement of TSPO levels. In conclusion, clinically relevant prognostic information can be obtained by the measurement of TSPO expression in colorectal cancer. Thus, TSPO targeted PET may be a promising-non invasive biomarker in this setting. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4529. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4529
The Importance of Asymptotic Analysis in Applied Mathematics

(1966). The Importance of Asymptotic Analysis in Applied Mathematics. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 7-14.
Ruthenium(II)-Cored Polythiophene Dendrimers

We report the synthesis and characterization of ruthenium(II)-cored polythiophene dendrimers. Four new redox-active ruthenium(II) pyridine oligothiophene dendritic complexes that fluoresce in the near-infrared region have been synthesized, and their absorption spectra, fluorescence properties, and redox behavior have been investigated. The dendritic ligands phen3T and phen7T containing 1,10-phenanthroline as chelating sites and two oligothiophene dendrons (3T6COMe and 7T6COMe) have been synthesized and employed. The metal–polythiophene dendrimers investigated here are [Ru(bpy)2(phen3T)]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(phen7T)]2+, [Ru(phen3T)3]2+, and [Ru(phen7T)3]2+. Upon addition of acid, the charge transfer absorption bands of free dendritic ligands are significantly red-shifted and the fluorescence is greatly quenched. The Ru(II) polythiophene dendrimers exhibit very strong metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption and enhanced absorption in the UV region and can be regarded as better light-harvesting species. Th...
Analysis of epidemic situation of animal plague in mountainous plague natural foci in Xinjiang from 2000 to 2009

Objective To summarize and analyze epidemic situation of animal plague in mountainous plague natural foci in Xinjiang in recent 10 years, and to research and predict prevalent tendency in future. Methods Surveillance data of animal plague by monitoring units in mountainous plague natural foci in Xinjiang from 2000 to 2009 were collected and analyzed. Results Mountainous plague natural foci in Xinjiang remained the original 4 types, involving 18 counties (cities) with area of 167 000 km2. During the period, there was a new plague focus in Wenquan County with the area of 4 000 km2. Biochemical characteristics of principal host, vector and pathogen were as same as those in the western part of Northern Tianshan, belonging to component of Northern Tianshan plague foci of Marmota baibacian-Citellus undulatus. In the 10 years, there were totally 357 strains of Yersinia pestis isolated from 43 counties (cities) in the 4 mountainous plague natural foci, with animal plague prevalence in 4.8 counties-times on average annually. 67 counties-times were detected for 647 serum samples of host animals of the positive, and there were 7.4 counties-times with plague prevalence in animal. Meanwhile, amount of host animals and vectors in the foci kept a high density with stable population structure. Plague in animals showed time continuity. There were 4.3 counties-times with isolation of Y. pestis on average annually, accounted for 89.6%of the total of the 4 foci. The isolated strains occupied 98.6% of the total. Annually, positive sera were detected in 5.3 counties-times on average, holding 71.6% of the total positive counties of the 4 types on average annually, with positive sera accounting for 86.8%. Plague in animals displayed stability and continuity and violent prevalence. Indices of hosts and vectors in southern Tianshan Mountain, Pamirs and Kunlun Mountain were obviously less than those in Northern Tianshan Mountain. Rate of fleas infection and flea index were only 42.5%, 48.8%, 33.2% and 1.9, 2.5, 1.2. The counties-times isolated Y. pestis from these 3 foci were 0.2, 0.1 and 0.1, respectively, accounted for 4.7%, 2.3% and 2.3% of the whole Xinjiang, while the isolated strains occupied 0.56%, 0.28% and 0.56%, separately. The counties-times detected for positive sera of host animals on average annually in these 3 foci were 0.6, 0.2 and 0.2, with positive rate of sera of 0.62%, 0.3% and 0.66%, respectively.
Abstract IA13: Engineered T cells for cancer therapy

Patients with multiply relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have a limited survival. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells targeting CD19 may overcome the limitation of low complete response rates with conventional therapies with the potential to induce sustained remissions in patients with refractory B-cell malignancies. We previously reported preliminary results on three patients with refractory CLL. Here we report the mature results from our initial trial using CAR modified T cells to treat 14 patients with relapsed and refractory CLL (1). Autologous T cells transduced with a CD19-directed CAR (CTL019) lentiviral vector were infused into patients with relapsed/refractory CLL at doses of 0.14–11 ×108 CTL019 cells (median 1.6 x 108 cells). Patients were monitored for toxicity, response, expansion and persistence of circulating CTL019 T cells. The overall response rate in these heavily pretreated CLL patients was 8/14 (57%), with 4 complete remissions (CR), and 4 partial remissions (PR). The in vivo expansion of the CAR T cells correlated with clinical responses, and CAR T cells have persisted and remain functional beyond 4 years in the first two patients achieving CR; no patient in CR has relapsed. All responding patients have developed B cell aplasia and experienced cytokine release syndrome, coincident with T cell proliferation. Minimal residual disease is not detectable in patients who achieved CR, suggesting that disease eradication may be possible in some patients with advanced CLL. In separate studies we have asked whether the same CD19 CAR may have activity in tumors that do not express CD19. A patient with refractory multiple myeloma was treated with CTL019 cells, a cellular therapy consisting of autologous T cells transduced with an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor, following myeloablative chemotherapy (melphalan 140 mg/m2) and autologous stem cell transplantation (2). Four years earlier, autologous transplantation with a higher melphalan dose (200 mg/m2) had induced only a partial, transient response. Autologous transplantation followed by CTL019 cells led to a complete response with no evidence of progression and no measurable serum or urine monoclonal protein at last evaluation, 12 months after treatment. This response was achieved despite absence of CD19 expression in 99.95% of this patient9s neoplastic plasma cells. References: 1. Porter DL, et al. Science Transl Med, 2015 (in press) 2. Garfall A, et al. N Engl J Med, 2015 (in press) Citation Format: Carl June. Engineered T cells for cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA13.
11-Dehydrocorticosterone, a glucocorticoid metabolite, inhibits aldosterone action in toad bladder.

The enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-OHSD) metabolizes glucocorticoid hormones and diminishes their ability to induce sodium transport. In these studies, we determined the location of this enzyme in toad bladder and assessed the biological role for its 11-dehydro end product. Employing a polyclonal antibody directed toward 11 beta-OHSD and immunofluorescence techniques, we located the enzyme in the epithelial cell layer of the toad bladder. Although corticosterone (10(-7) M) can partially suppress aldosterone (10(-7) M)-stimulated short-circuit current (SCC), a clear excess of corticosterone (10(-6) M) did not inhibit the aldosterone-induced induced (10(-8) M) rise in SCC (n = 6). The 11-dehydro product of corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone (compound A) added to the serosal bath suppressed aldosterone (10(-8) M) peak SCC (360 min) in a dose-dependent fashion reaching 46 +/- 5% of control values at 10(-5) M (n = 6; P less than 0.001). Compound A (10(-5) M) in the mucosal bath also...
Using Velocity, Acceleration, and Jerk to Manage Agile Schedule Risk

Stable velocity is paramount for agile planning and builds trust with stakeholders. What metric represents agile stability? Agile processes establish the principle the schedule is fixed and scope changes. Agile velocity is well defined. Velocity is how much technical scope a team of people can produce over a period of time. It ties the technical scope to the schedule. This research continues to develop the concept that a stable velocity is an important factor in the change management process and risk management process. Specifically, stable velocity can help prevent a chaotic relationship with the customer. If the velocity is stable from sprint to sprint, it means planning and the execution is well aligned. This research uses past data from software agile development projects to investigate whether a metric for change in technical scope provides a leading indicator for schedule risk. Specifically, this paper studies agile velocity and proposes two physics concepts derived from velocity, as new agile metrics: agile acceleration and agile jerk. This paper identifies agile acceleration as a trigger for change and agile jerk as an indicator for stability of a release. The process to incorporate the metrics into agile risk management is provided. This research is relevant to persons who participate and manage Agile development projects. This research can be used to understand potential schedule risk/opportunity associated with unfinished work returning to the product backlog for later planning.
Amputation Following Hand Escharotomy in Patients with Burn Injury.

Burns of the hand are a common occurrence. It is estimated that hands are involved in more than 80% of all severe burns.1 A study conducted by the US Army Institute of Surgical Research found that 88.6% of 568 patients with burn injury accrued in a 2-year period had burns of the upper extremity.2 This high rate is often attributed to a protective reflex where patients shield their faces with their hands. Burn and scald injuries lead the way in workplace injuries that result in missing an average of 5 days per year per burn from work.3 Burns of the hand can have disastrous outcomes if aggressive intervention is not initiated early. Even small burns to the hand can result in disfigurement and loss of function. Hand burns are more difficult to conceal than those to the extremities and trunk. Loss of the ability to perform activities of daily living is life altering, and preservation of activities of daily living has a large impact. Sheridan and associates4 stratified 1047 patients who had acutely burned hands. They demonstrated that 90% of patients had their activities of daily living restored with proper management of burns to the extensor mechanism, joint capsule, or bone. Good outcomes depend on the care rendered during initial burn management. We feel that recognizing the need for escharotomy is the most overlooked. Prior studies have shown that 21% of digits develop necrosis and require amputation without escharotomy in hand burn injuries.2 With prompt intervention, 97% of patients with superficial injuries and 81% with deep dermal injuries can have normal hand function.4
Assessment and Diagnosis of Trauma in the High Cervical Spine Using Dissection, Radiography, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

Cervical spine trauma, particularly that occurring at the craniocervical junction (CCJ), is the cause of a significant number of deaths each year. Although some forms of injury within the high cerv...
Validation of telephone-based behavioral assessments in aging services clients.

Background The Behavioral Health Laboratory (BHL), a telephone-based mental health assessment, is a cost-effective approach that can improve mental illness identification and management. The individual BHL instruments, which were originally designed to be administered in-person, have not yet been validated with an in-person BHL assessment. This study therefore aims to characterize the concordance between the BHL data gathered by telephone and in-person interviews. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with English-speaking aging services network (ASN) clients aged 60 years and older in Monroe County, NY who were randomized to a BHL interview either in-person (n = 55) or by telephone (n = 53). Results There was strong evidence of equivalence between telephone and in-person interviews for depressive disorders, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, drug misuse, psychosis, PTSD, mental illness symptom severity, and five of the six questions assessing suicidality. There was marginal equivalence in PHQ-9 total scores and one of the six questions assessing suicidal ideation, and no evidence of equivalence between interview modalities for assessing cognitive impairment. Conclusions With a few exceptions, the BHL gathered nearly equivalent information via telephone as compared to in-person interviews. This suggests that the BHL may be a cost-effective approach appropriate for dissemination in a wide variety of settings including the ASN. Dissemination of the BHL has the potential to strengthen the linkages between primary care, mental healthcare, and social service providers and improve identification and management of those with late-life mental illness.
Stochastic shortest path network interdiction with a case study of Arizona-Mexico border

Abstract One of the key challenges in securing the U.S.-Mexico border is the smuggling of illicit goods and humans between Ports-of-Entry (POEs). A confluence of factors advantageous to traffickers including inconsistent levels of fencing, favorable terrain, and expansive knowledge of specific pathways have contributed to the establishment of preferred routes of illicit transit, yet little is known about the strategic interaction between adversaries and defenders between the POEs. To address this challenge, this paper studies a stochastic shortest-path network interdiction problem where the attacker (drug smugglers, illegal immigrants, or terrorists) attempts to minimize the expected shortest traveling time between the source and the destination, while the defender attempts to maximize the attacker’s expected shortest traveling time by allocating sensors to the arcs to detect the attacker with a limited budget. Using a probabilistic detection likelihood, we formulate bi-level max-min mixed-integer problems on a multi-modal licit and illicit transportation network along the Arizona–Mexico border considering single source and single destination, and multiple sources and multiple destinations, respectively. We find that (a) the expected shortest traveling time will increase as the budget/detection probability increase; (b) the expected shortest time by walking is more than 3 times long than by driving; (c) the multiple sources and multiple destinations model which allows the attacker to choose a random source-destination pair leads to a shorter time than the single source and single destination model. A graphical user interface (GUI) is developed to assist decision making and demonstrate the results.
The Spirit of Transfer and Personality: Motivation, Meaning, and Emotion

This chapter demonstrates how significant and general transfer is primarily the consequence of personality and other dispositional characteristics such as attitude, motivation, and feeling. The spirit of transfer refers to a personality attribute; more importantly it is a learner's state of being, and not just a set of situational learning strategies or instructional implants. The transfer spirit is a psychological, emotional, and motivational disposition toward deep learning. A spirit for transfer infuses information with meaning as it transforms information into transferable knowledge. Recently, researchers are rethinking the historical neglect of the role of emotion in learning and are viewing motivation as a kind of energizing or drive module. Among other variables, personality characteristics influence the encoding process. It is the personal meaning that information holds for one that affects the way he or she encodes, retrieves, and relates information. Personal meaning somehow facilitates transfer by "tagging" information as either relevant or nonrelevant to current and new situations. Like meaning, feelings influence the way the information is encoded, retrieved, related, and transferred.
Changes in mortality of Yellowstone's grizzly bears

Records of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) deaths are currently used by managers to indicate trends in actual grizzly bear mortality and to judge the effectiveness of management. Two assumptions underlie these current uses: first, that recorded mortality is an unbiased indicator of actual mortality, and second, that changes in mortality after implementation of management strategies are sufficient grounds to infer the effects of management. I examined the defensibility of these 2 assumptions relative to alternate explanations, circumstantial evidence, and the potential costs of error. The potentially complex relation between actual and recorded mortality, as currently tallied and used, was reason to expect that the association between these 2 values would be weak. This expectation was supported by the prevalence (60-76%) of radio-marked bears among recorded deaths, the variation in apparent likelihood of documentation among causes of death, and variation in the prevalence of different causes over time. For these reasons, recorded mortality is likely to be an unreliable indicator of actual mortality. Use of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) seeds by grizzly bears had a major effect on annual variation in recorded mortality. Low numbers of recorded deaths, 1984-92, were attributable to relatively frequent large whitebark pine seed crops. There was little or no residual trend potentially ascribed to management intervention during 1976-92. Management intervention was probably responsible for observed changes in recorded causes of death and stabilized recorded mortality over the period covered by this analysis.
Gis and Social Vulnerability Analysis

Vulnerability to natural hazards is spatially variable, and these variations are not necessarily in direct proportion to physical risk. Other variables come into play, including those related to the nature of the hazard, in this case flash floods, and those related to socio-economic and land use variables, and all of these might be influenced by political decision-making. These data can be incorporated as separate data layers in a Geographic Information System, thus facilitating analysis of spatial patterns as well as providing the basis for determining measures of vulnerability; a number of methods have been developed. These methods take into account probability of occurrence, indices of the spatial extent, and characteristics of the community at risk. Community is sometimes defined by spatial boundaries and other times by characteristics such as age or mobility, and the proportion or absolute number of people and amount of property at risk. Despite these advances, little work has been done to evaluate methods of defining and depicting social vulnerability. This is addressed by testing three methods in a case study community.
Visual Inputs and Information Processing in Sensory Cortex: An in vivo Developmental Study

The cerebral cortex of mammals can be subdivided into many different areas based on differences in internal structure, functional properties, and behavioral role. We are interested in the way these differences come about developmentally, and in how they are represented in terms of the actual cortical neural networks. One intriguing possibility is that the identity of a cortical area is determined by the type of input that it receives during its early development. To address this question, we have utilized a preparation in which we can change the modality of the input that a cortical area receives, before the stage in the animal’s life when that area has established its final identity. Specifically, we have induced visual inputs to innervate the auditory pathway, and subsequently examined the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral consequences of this rewiring of the auditory cortex.
The Impact of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Disaster Policies and Development

This chapter examines the relationship between disasters and development in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which killed about 316,000 people and destroyed myriads of buildings and infrastructure. The chapter begins with a background on Haiti and the Haiti earthquake and takes a look at the vulnerabilities of Haiti to disaster in general, and the response of the international community to the earthquake. This chapter then discusses the challenges facing Haiti’s emergency management system and the opportunities at the disposal of the Government of Haiti to revamp the emergency management system. In addition, this chapter discusses the relationship between disasters and development and examines key differences between Haiti and the United States with respect to disasters and development. Finally, this chapter concludes by suggesting some recommendations for reducing Haiti’s vulnerability and increasing Haiti’s resilience to future disasters.
Cat Scratch Disease: A Therapeutic Dilemma

Cat scratch disease, a relatively common infectious disease, is caused by a small gram-negative pleomorphic bacillus that has been cultured recently. Cat scratch disease is usually a benign, self-limiting disease characterized by tender, regional (rarely generalized), chronic (3 weeks or longer) lymphadenopathy, and is frequently preceded by a primary skin lesion following cat scratches or contact with a cat. Persistence of the lymphadenopathy for several months in a generally healthy patient with gradual spontaneous resolution of the enlarged node is the natural course of cat scratch disease.
[OA135] Current pediatric radiation doses from a computed tomography (CT) dose registry

Purpose To summarize data on radiation doses collected from pediatric ( 15 years) CT examinations that can contribute to improving existing reference levels. Methods As part of a US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Patient Centered Outcomes Resaerch Institute (PCORI) funded study, we created a CT radiation dose registry that includes pediatric ( 15 years) scans from 139 facilities in calendar year 2017. We describe, for separate anatomic regions, median (”target”) and 75th percentile (”benchmark”) values of CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) for US and European institutions separately. We further stratified pediatric doses by age group into 10 levels. Results Results include 17168 CT scans of the head (65%), chest (11%) abdomen (22%) and chest-abdomen-pelvis (CAP) (2%) performed in children across Europe and the US. In European pediatric scans, the target and benchmark CTDIvol values (in mGy) were: head (21.02 and 33.07), chest (1.51 and 2.30), abdomen (3.06 and 4.42). In US pediatric scans, the benchmark CTDIvol values were: head (22.79 and 30.29), chest (2.48 and 4.61), abdomen (4.63 and 6.19). In European pediatric scans, the target and benchmark DLP values (in mGy-cm) were: head (431.70 and 565.70), chest (38.29 and 63.96), abdomen (114.06 and 162.63). In US pediatric scans, the benchmark DLP values were: head (388.00 and 568.20), chest (64.90 and 144.07), abdomen (191.60 and 296.10). With the exception of head scans, European doses appear to be much lower than US doses. Similar usage of multi-phase scanning in Europe (13%) and the US (12%) does not explain the large differences in DLP. For benchmark chest scans in the US, the dose ranged by age from 2.0 to 6.7 mGy; for Europe 1.7 to 4.6. Similar variations occur in other anatomic regions. Conclusions Dose metrics from a large sample, multi-institution, multi-national registry can contribute to the creation of representative pediatric benchmarks that can be used for dose optimization and inter-institution comparisons. Pediatric doses are generally lower among European institutions compared to US institutions. For both US and European pediatric scans, we generally found a doubling of dose by age within each anatomical region.
Positive Mental Attitude Associated with Lower 35-Year Mortality: The Leisure World Cohort Study

Background. Although emerging research has suggested that “positive psychological well-being” is associated with better health outcomes, studies of long-term health and mortality in the elderly are limited. This study assessed the relationship of mental attitude and mortality in older adults followed up for 35 years. Methods. In the 1980s, the Leisure World Cohort Study recruited residents of a California retirement community to a prospective cohort study of health promotion and disease prevention. Participants completed a postal survey including seven positively worded items from the Zung self-rating depression scale. Age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted (for lifestyle behaviors and disease conditions) hazard ratios (HRs) for death were calculated using Cox regression for 8682 women and 4992 men (median age at entry, 74 years). During follow-up (1981–2016), 13,405 participants died (median age at death, 88 years). Results. In both women and men, HRs for death were significantly related to mental attitude with increasing risk with decreasing positive responses for total attitude and the seven individual items. The multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for death for individuals in the lowest vs. highest quarter of total attitude was 1.24 (1.16, 1.32) for women and 1.30 (1.19, 1.41) for men. Some attenuation in the observed associations occurred after adjustment for potential confounders and after elimination of the first five years of follow-up. Conclusions. Our study suggests that persons with negative attitude have an increased risk of death even after many years of follow-up. Research into strategies to improve mental outlook may help improve the quantity as well as the quality of life.
Spatially Resolved Chemical Analysis of Geobacter sulfurreducens Cell Surface.

Geobacter sulfurreducens is of interest for the highest efficiency of power generation and extremely long extracellular electron transfer (EET) between the bacterium and electrodes. Despite more than 15 years of intensive molecular biological research, there is still no clear answer which molecules are responsible for these processes. In the present work, we look at the problem from another (atomic) perspective and identify the location and shape of the compounds that are known to be conductive, particularly those containing Fe atoms. By using highly sophisticated energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy combined with high-angle annular dark-field transmission electron microscopy enabling detection, identification, and localization of chemical compounds on the surface at nearly atomic spatial resolution, we analyze Fe spatial distribution within the G. sulfurreducens community. We discover the presence of small Fe-containing particles on the surface of the bacterium cells. The size of the particles (diameter ...
Joule Thomson Cryocoolers and Cryoablation

Joule Thomson (JT) cryocoolers are finding increased use in the medical application of cryoablation. A high-pressure gas, flowing through the recuperator and orifice of a Joule Thomson cycle produces cooling at the inside tip of a catheter, and an ice ball consequently forms in the surrounding tissue where the catheter tip is located. In one of the most common applications, the catheter tip is positioned at the site of cancerous tissue and when activated, the cooled catheter tip and associated ice ball destroy the cancerous tissue. Upon warming back to normal temperature, the dead cells are then absorbed by the body. The details and advantages of using a cryoablation system based on a two-stage mixed-gas JT cycle are presented. However, a variety of commercial products for cryoablation are available, varying significantly in their technical approach. Multiple product examples presently in use within the USA are described both in terms of their specific JT cycle and working fluid, as well as the associated hardware configurations. High success rates and the associated advantages of this medical procedure such as no-pain and no-scarring combine to suggest a very promising future for cryoablation.
Ground-State Cooling and High-Fidelity Quantum Transduction via Parametrically Driven Bad-Cavity Optomechanics

Optomechanical couplings involve both beam splitter and two-mode-squeezing types of interactions. While the former underlies the utility of many applications, the latter creates unwanted excitations and is usually detrimental. In this Letter, we propose a simple but powerful method based on cavity parametric driving to suppress the unwanted excitation that does not require working with a deeply sideband-resolved cavity. Our approach is based on a simple observation: as both the optomechanical two-mode-squeezing interaction and the cavity parametric drive induce squeezing transformations of the relevant photonic bath modes, they can be made to cancel one another. We illustrate how our method can cool a mechanical oscillator below the quantum backaction limit, and significantly suppress the output noise of a sideband-unresolved optomechanical transducer.