cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free diffusion measured by biological assay in multilayered cells: II. Diffusion coefficient of foot-and-mouth disease virus determined by infectivity

Abstract A multilayered glass diffusion cell was used to measure the diffusion coefficient of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type A, strain 119, propagated in bovine kidney tissue culture. Diffusion was followed by infectivity changes rather than by optical methods. The cell was arranged either for free diffusion in an essentially double-infinite system or for restricted diffusion in a closed system separable into five layers. Infectivity of each fraction was measured by plaque assay to determine the concentration of virus in each layer after diffusion. The influence of the assay error was reduced by using fractions at a distance from the initial boundary where the concentration was several orders of magnitude less than the starting material. All data were weighted to adjust for errors of assay and the location of the layer in the cell. The weighted mean diffusion coefficient D , expressed in 10−7 sq cm/sec at 4°C, was determined for the various replicate experiments. In nine replicate runs in the double-infinite cell, with a diffusion time of 94 hr and an assay error as high as ±90%, D was 1.02. In a similar series of 10 runs in the five-layer cell, with a diffusion time of 66 hr and an assay error of about ±100%, D was 1.01. The weighted mean value of D for this total of 19 runs, representing 76 individual values, was 1.020 ± .067. This corresponds to a particle diameter for FMDV of 22.7 ± 1.5 mμ which compares favorably with the electron microscope value of 23 ± 2 mμ.
New applications of simulated annealing in X-ray crystallography and solution NMR

The recent computational developments discussed in this review will become available on the internet (http://atb.csb.yale.edu) in the near future. We thank Temple Burling, Michael Nilges and Gregory Warren for critical reading of the manuscript. LMR is an HHMI predoctoral fellow. This work was funded in part by grants from the National Science Foundation to ATB (BIR 9514819 and ASC 93-181159).
Uncertainty, information‐seeking, and liking during initial interaction

This study examined interlocutors’ uncertainty, information‐seeking, and liking for each other during initial interaction. Strangers met with each other for 2, 4, or 6 minutes. Subsequent to each conversation, participants’ uncertainty (global and specific) and liking for their partner were assessed. The final two minutes of each conversation were transcribed and coded in order to generate measures of question‐asking and self‐disclosure. Analysis of these data showed that (1) uncertainty decayed across interaction segments, (2) uncertainty reduction was associated with decreased use of question‐asking but with increased levels of disclosure, and (3) uncertainty and social attraction were inversely correlated. Implications of these findings for the usefulness and development of uncertainty reduction theory are discussed.
T-cell activation in the intestinal mucosa

The vast majority of peripheral T cells exist as resting lymphocytes until a signal for activation has been received. In response to antigen, this activation involves ligation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) and signal transmission through the CD3 complex, which then initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to the expression of genes used in T-cell activation. T-cell activation also requires soluble mediators in the form of cytokines and chemokines that regulate the process in both positive and negative ways, and costimulatory signals received in conjunction with TCR/CD3 signaling are important in the activation of T cells. Unlike T cells in other peripheral immune compartments, small and large intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) bear some but not all properties of activated T cells, suggesting that they constitute a large population of 'partially activated' effector cells. Thus, regulation of the IEL activation process must be held in tight check, yet it must be ready to respond to foreign antigen rapidly and effectively. We discuss how costimulatory molecules may hold the key to controlling IEL activation through a multiphase process beginning with cells that have already entered into the early stage of activation.
Trivalent titanium in tetragonal symmetry in MgO and CaO

Abstract Observation of 47,49Ti hyperfine structure in a tetragonal EPR spectrum in magnesium oxide has established conclusively that the impurity involved is titanium. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters are g∥ = 1.95304 ± 0.00010, g⊥ = 1.89878 ± 0.00010, |47,49A∥| = (26.8 ± 0.2) × 10−4 cm−1 and |47,49A ⊥ ⋎ = (10.0 ± 0.5) × 10 −4 cm −1 . These indicate that the titanium is trivalent and is situated in a field of predominantly octahedral symmetry, with a smaller tetragonal component. The spectrum is ascribed to the structure Ti+  O  []. Here deviations from the normal lattice charge are shown; the brackets represent a magnesium vacancy. The parameters for the corresponding center in calcium oxide are found to be g∥ = 1.9427 ± 0.0001, g⊥ = 1.9380 ± 0.0001, |47,49A∥| = (27.4 ± 0.1) × 10−4 cm−1 and |47.49A.⊥| = (9.9 ±1.5) × 10−4 cm−1. Two further tetragonal centers are reported for CaO. The parameters are g∥(A) = 1.9425 ± 0.0001, g⊥(A) = 1.9365 ± 0.0001 and g∥(B) = 1.9424 ± 0.0001, g⊥(B) = 1.9359 ± 0.0001. It is tentatively suggested that these centers have the form Ti+  O  []  O  M, where M is a diamagnetic ion with positive charge greater than two.
Impact of Reconstruction and Reoperation on Long-Term Patient-Reported Satisfaction After Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy

Background Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) is increasingly chosen by breast cancer patients and may be related to increased use of immediate reconstruction. This study examines long-term patient satisfaction with CPM and reconstruction in a historical cohort.
Universal personal communications in the new telecommunications world order: Access to wireline networks

Abstract Growing demand for wireless telecommunication services raises questions about the terms and conditions for interconnection with incumbent wireline carrier facilities. What has been a minor adjunct to wireline facilities may evolve into an infrastructure capable of providing near ubiquitous telecommunications, with significant traffic volume that never traverses wireline facilities. This article explores the potential for wireless networks to establish parity of access and a correspondent relationship with incumbent wireline carriers. Such an examination anticipates that local exchange carriers will lose bottleneck control as proliferating networks and service options make telecommunications a more porous and less hierarchical process.
Electronic Performance Monitoring, Job Design and Psychological Stress:

This study helps establish how electronic performance monitoring may influence employee physical strain levels through job design. It identifies job design variables which differ between monitored and non-monitored employees in the telecommunications industry (using discriminant function analysis). These variables' relationships to psychological stress outcomes were examined using multiple regression analysis. A group of 704 employees in three job categories (telephone operator {n=228}, customer service representative {n=230}, and clerk {n=246}) responded to a questionnaire survey mailed to their residence. Four hundred thirty-four of the respondents were monitored and 264 were not. The results indicated that the monitored employees had significantly higher levels of reported psychological stress than the non-monitored employees. The discriminant function analysis of job design variables showed that a variety of job design factors discriminated between monitored and non-monitored employees. High levels of...
The Interactions of Gravity Waves with Mesocyclones: Preliminary Observations and Theory

Abstract Apparent interactions between ducted gravity waves and preexisting mesocyclones are investigated. Preliminary analyses of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) observations from several cases reveal that the intersection of fine lines, whose propagation speed is consistent with that of gravity waves, and existing mesocyclones leads to an increase in the rotational velocity of the mesocyclone. Utilizing simplified ducted wave kinematics and the vorticity equation, changes in vorticity associated with convergence–divergence and perturbation wind shear within the gravity wave are examined. Convergence ahead of wave ridges may be significant, causing mesocyclone intensification through vorticity stretching. It will also be shown that a wave may significantly change the vertical wind shear and streamwise vorticity in storm inflow. A simple one-dimensional model is presented, which shows that vorticity decreases temporarily ahead of the wave ridge, then increases rapidly behind the ridge as...
A methodology for supporting system architects during preliminary design

Abstract By and large, software engineering has concerned itself with relatively well structured problems, focusing on the detailed design and coding phases of the development cycle. However, there is substantial need today for improved understanding of those phases of the development cycle that are inherently fuzzy or lacking in structure. Pre-eminent among these fuzzy problem areas is the determination of a system's initial functional requirements and their decomposition into a set of design sub-problems that will serve as the basis for detailed design. This paper presents a new methodology for aiding a system architect in carrying out these activities. Some experience with this methodology is also reported.
Diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and proposed studies in animal models.

Purpose: We reviewed the current state of knowledge about urinary tract infection in patients with diabetes from the clinical and basic science perspectives. We identified key knowledge gaps and areas for further research.Materials and Methods: We performed a focused literature search on certain topics, including clinical studies related to etiology and pathophysiology of urinary tract infection in patients with diabetes, urinary tract infection studies in animal models of diabetes and basic science studies of the molecular mechanisms of urinary tract infection.Results: Individuals with diabetes are at higher risk for urinary tract infection. Increased susceptibility in patients with diabetes is positively associated with increased duration and severity of diabetes. Clinical epidemiological data identifying mechanisms of increased urinary tract infection susceptibility in patients with diabetes are generally lacking and indicate only that urinary tract infections in women with and without diabetes are qua...
Source-Solutions and Asymptotic Behavior in Conservation Laws.

Abstract We study the uniqueness of the solutions to the scalar conservation law u t + ϑ ( u ) x = 0 when the initial datum is a finite measure. The case of a Dirac mass is particularly emphasized: it is shown how it provides a description of the asymptotic behavior of the solutions initiated by an arbitrary integrable function. This behavior is proved to depend on one parameter in the case when ϑ is odd while it depends on two when ϑ is convex.
Dual-function RNA regulators in bacteria

The importance of small RNA (sRNA) regulators has been recognized across all domains of life. In bacteria, sRNAs typically control the expression of virulence and stress response genes via antisense base pairing with mRNA targets. Originally dubbed “non-coding RNAs,” a number of bacterial antisense sRNAs have been found to encode functional proteins. Although very few of these dual-function sRNAs have been characterized, they have been found in both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Among the few known examples, the functions and mechanisms of regulation by dual-function sRNAs are variable. Some dual-function sRNAs depend on the RNA chaperone Hfq for base pairing-dependent regulation (riboregulation); this feature appears so far exclusive to gram-negative bacterial sRNAs. Other variations can be found in the spatial organization of the coding region with respect to the riboregulation determinants. How the functions of encoded proteins relate to riboregulation is for the most part not understood. However, in one case it appears that there is physiological redundancy between protein and riboregulation functions. This mini-review focuses on the two best-studied bacterial dual-function sRNAs: RNAIII from Staphylococcus aureus and SgrS from Escherichia coli and includes a discussion of what is known about the structure, function and physiological roles of these sRNAs as well as what questions remain outstanding.
Plasticity of Burst Firing Induced by Synergistic Activation of Metabotropic Glutamate and Acetylcholine Receptors

Subiculum, the primary efferent pathway of hippocampus, participates in memory for spatial tasks, relapse to drug abuse, and temporal lobe seizures. Subicular pyramidal neurons exhibit low-threshold burst firing driven by a spike afterdepolarization. Here we report that burst firing can be regulated by stimulation of afferent projections to subiculum. Unlike synaptic plasticity, burst plasticity did not require synaptic depolarization, activation of AMPA or NMDA receptors, or action potential firing. Rather, enhancement of burst firing required synergistic activation of group I, subtype 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR). When either of these receptors was blocked, a suppression of bursting was revealed, which in turn was blocked by antagonists of group I, subtype 5 mGluRs. These results indicate that the output of subiculum can be strongly and bidirectionally regulated by activation of glutamatergic inputs within the hippocampus and cholinergic afferents from the medial septum.
Detection of alternative stable states in marine communities

During the last 20 years there have been several attempts to test the theory of alternative stable states using marine systems. The results have been mixed, and there have been conflicting interpretations of the outcomes. In an attempt to resolve some of the problems, the theory and evidence for alternative stable states are reviewed. There are several different views of what is meant by alternative stable states, and so the key elements of the theory of alternative stable states are set in the context of marine systems. Appropriate experimental designs for detecting alternative states are discussed, and recent experimental studies in coral reefs, rocky intertidal systems, soft-sediment beds, and subtidal systems are briefly reviewed. Suggestions for improving experimental designs are proposed and unresolved issues are highlighted.
Surface self-diffusion on Si from the evolution of periodic atomic step arrays

Abstract The development, during annealing, of periodic atomic step arrays associated with etched grating structures on Si(001) has been monitored by optical methods and by STM. The grating amplitudes decay exponentially with time in the temperature range from 800 to 1100°C with characteristic decay constants that scale approximately as the inverse fourth power of the grating period; this indicates the dominance of surface diffusion as the mass transport mechanism. The activation energy for Si surface self diffusion is found to be ~2.3 eV. Various detailed atomic mechanisms of diffusion are possible; comparing with other relevant data and calculations, our experimental value is consistent with an adatom transfer process. The details of the atomic step morphologies as determined by STM for these grating structures are described. The interactions of the atomic steps during decay are related to the curvature dependent driving forces for mass transfer.
An ascending serotonergic pain modulation pathway from the dorsal raphe nucleus to the parafascicularis nucleus of the thalamus

(1) Three types of spontaneously active neurons were found in the parafascicularis (PF) nucleus of the thalamus of the rat: slow firing units (0.5–10 spikes/s), bursting units (2–5 spikes/burst in 10–20 ms, one burst every 1–2 s) and fast firing units (15–40 spikes/s). A similar population of neurons was found in the PF of rats treated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), a serotonin neurotoxin. (2) Noxious tail pinch (TP) caused 68% of the PF neurons to increase their firing rates to 242% of their initial baseline activity, while non-noxious touch stimulation failed to induce a response. In the 5,7-DHT-treated rats, TP caused 85% of the neurons in the PF to increase their firing rates to 581% of their initial baseline activity and 22% of the neurons increased their firing in response to touching the tail. Both the number of cells responding (P < 0.05) and the percentage increase (P < 0.001) were statistically greater in serotonin-depleted rats than in controls. This indicates that serotonin (5-HT) has a tonic inhibitory influence on responses to both noxious and non-noxious sensory stimuli. (3) In control rats, electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) decreased the firing rates of PF neurons. In contrast, the same DR stimulation induced an increase in PF firing rates during stimulation in serotonin-depleted rats and this increase in firing rates remained several seconds after cessation of stimulation. This indicates that the DR may use at least two different neurotransmitters in its projections to forebrain structures. (4) In control rats, the TP stimulation induced an increase in firing rates of PF neurons while DR stimulation attenuated the excitation induced by TP stimulation. In serotonin-depleted rats, DR stimulation and TP both caused an increase in firing rates. This effect was not additive indicating that there may be a serotonergic projection from the DR to the PF which modifies responses to somatosensory stimuli. (5) The inhibitory effects elicited by electrical stimulation were limited to the immediate area of the DR. Stimulation of the adjacent reticular formation 1 mm lateral to the DR produced the opposite effect, an increase in firing rate often accompanied by driven spike activity in the PF.
Gross anatomy of hindlimb skeletal muscles of theGalago senegalensis

The gross anatomy of the hindlimb of theGalago senegalenesis (Lesser Bushbaby) has been described. This description should be of particular value to comparative anatomists, anthropologists, kinesiologists and muscular physiologists who have an interest in nonhuman primates. Determination of the hindlimb skeletal and muscular systems may be of special relevance to those biologists interested in the biomechanics of muscular activity due to its natural mode of saltatory locomotion. The Lesser Bushbaby shows many morphological features common to theTarsius, another animal with a highly specialized jumping ability. Since the morphology of the tarsier has previously been described, structural features common to the Bushbaby and tarsier, but unique in relation to other animals with a more steady and slower gait could be more meaningful.
New insights into F-pilus structure, dynamics, and function

F-pili are thin, flexible filaments elaborated by F(+) cells of Escherichia coli. They belong to the class of Gram-negative pili that function in horizontal gene transfer. F-pili are initially required to establish contacts between DNA donor and recipient cells. Beyond that, F-pilus function, and that of other conjugative pili, has remained obscure and controversial. The idea that F-pili are dynamic structures was proposed 40 years ago. Initially, F-pili were thought to remain extended until another cell bound to the filament tip, whereupon the filament retracted to bring the contacted cell to the donor cell surface. Thereafter, secure surface-surface contacts would allow efficient DNA transfer. A later variant of this hypothesis was that F-pili are inherently dynamic, elongating and retracting even in the absence of exogenous signals. A very different hypothesis, also proposed first about 40 years ago, was that F-pili are conduits, presumably passive, for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. In this hypothesis, DNA transfer is not obligatorily coupled to F-pilus retraction. Here, we review recent data obtained by integrating long-established facts about the biology of F-pili with modern tools of fluorescence and electron microscopy. These data suggest that one function for F-pili is to search a large volume around donor cells in liquid culture for the presence of other cells. However, this may not be the only function. We show that F-pilin is also required at a second, largely undefined step occurring after cells have been brought into direct contact by F-pilus retraction.
The eIF1A C-terminal domain promotes initiation complex assembly, scanning and AUG selection in vivo

Translation initiation factor 1A stimulates 40S‐binding of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)/GTP/Met‐tRNA i Met ternary complex (TC) and promotes scanning in vitro . eIF1A contains an OB‐fold present in bacterial IF1 plus N‐ and C‐terminal extensions. Truncating the C‐terminus (Δ C ) or mutating OB‐fold residues ( 66–70 ) of eIF1A reduced general translation in vivo but increased GCN4 translation (Gcd − phenotype) in a manner suppressed by overexpressing TC. Consistent with this, both mutations diminished 40S‐bound TC, eIF5 and eIF3 in vivo , and Δ C impaired TC recruitment in vitro . The assembly defects of the OB‐fold mutation can be attributed to reduced 40S‐binding of eIF1A, whereas Δ C impairs eIF1A function on the ribosome. A substitution in the C‐terminal helix ( 98 – 101 ) also reduced 43S assembly in vivo . Rather than producing a Gcd − phenotype, however, 98 – 101 impairs GCN4 derepression in a manner consistent with defective scanning by reinitiating ribosomes. Indeed, 98 – 101 allows formation of aberrant 48S complexes in vitro and increases utilization of non‐AUG codons in vivo . Thus, the OB‐fold is crucial for ribosome‐binding and the C‐terminal domain of eIF1A has eukaryotic‐specific functions in TC recruitment and scanning.
Effects of beam-plasma instabilities on neutralized propagation of intense ion beams in background plasma

Abstract The streaming of an intense ion beam relative to background plasma can cause the development of fast electrostatic collective instabilities. The plasma waves produced by the two-stream instability modify the ion beam current neutralization and produce non-linear average forces which can lead to defocusing of the ion beam. Recently, a theoretical model describing the average de-focusing forces acting on the beam ions has been developed, and the scalings of the forces with beam-plasma parameters have been identified (Startsev et al. in press [1] ). These scalings can be used in the development of realistic ion beam compression scenarios in present and next-generation ion-beam-driven high energy density physics and heavy ion fusion experiments. In this paper the results of particle-in-cell simulations of ion beam propagation through neutralizing background plasma for NDCX-II parameters are presented. The simulation results show that the two-stream instability can play a significant role in the ion beam dynamics. The effects of velocity tilt on the development of the instability and ion beam compressibility for typical NDCX-II parameters are also simulated. It is shown that the two-stream instability may be an important factor in limiting the maximum longitudinal compression of the ion beam.
Receiver considerations for free space clock distribution systems

A high speed clock distribution network using free space optical interconnects with substrate mode holograms and high speed transmitter/receiver modules is described. An electrically compatible system with signal jitter less than 70/50 ps at 622/840 MHz is demonstrated. To improve the power consumption of receivers, a low noise receiver applying a resonant front end circuit is designed. The receiver performance is presented and the corresponding system issues are discussed.
Object tracking in IR image sequences

In this paper, we present a technique for object tracking in image sequences, which makes use of an active contour framework that moves vertices of a polygon. In this approach, upon capturing boundaries of an object by a polygon from the first few frames of the image sequence, both the spatial segmentation and motion segmentation of a polygonal object can be achieved quickly by involving only the vertex locations and the adjacent edges in the computations. We carry out velocity field estimation at an active polygon vertex using the optical flow constraint on its two adjacent edges. A spatial segmentation phase follows to further refine object’s vertex locations estimated by the optical flow. The advantage of our region-based active polygons over continuous active contours in object tracking in video applications is highlighted by its provision of a compact representation of object features, particularly for simply connected target shapes, hence will be essential for their tracking. Application of the method to target tracking in IR image sequences is illustrated.
Soil endemism and its relation to soil formation theory

Abstract In this paper the concept of soil endemism is elucidated. Endemic soils are restricted to a particular geographic area based on a unique combination of soil-forming factors that may operate from the landscape to the eco-region scale. To validate that soils are endemic, soil bodies occurring on different continents but having a similar combination of soil-forming factors were compared using National Soil Survey Characterization Data. A key finding is that similar soil families occur within a given climate class (Koppen–Trewartha system) and vegetation type (Bailey's eco-region division), reinforcing the former concept of “zonal” soils. In a second test, soil series were compared within a soil family from randomly selected benchmark soil series using the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) Database and evaluated in terms of the soil-forming factors contributing to endemism. This analysis showed that soil endemism is locally influenced by parent material (e.g., volcanic ash, clay, secondary silica) and topography (e.g., closed basins), i.e., “intrazonal” soils. Soils lacking a well-developed profile because of youth of parent material or peculiar conditions of parent material or relief (“azonal” soils) do not show endemism. Therefore, zonal and intrazonal soils generally are endemic, and azonal soils tend to be non-endemic. The concept of endemism is important for detecting rare, unique, or endangered soils.
ROUTINE MASS-THICKNESS AND NONUNIFORMITY DETERMINATIONS OF THIN FILMS

Abstract A routine technique to rapidly determine the thickness and uniformity of thin plastic films and of thin plastic films coated with beryllium was developed. The thicknesses of Formvar films (approximately 20 to 100 μg/cm 2 ) and beryllium coated films (approximately 20 to 70 μg/cm 2 ) were determined using alpha particle attenuation techniques. Film thicknesses were determined by both alpha counting and destructive weighting. The difference between the two techniques was within the experimental error of 7.5%.
Sensitivity of UMTS FDD system capacity and coverage to model parameters

The techniques used for the design and optimisation of WCDMA systems are significantly different from those used in GSM/IS136 systems. It is difficult to consider any part of a WCDMA system in isolation-changes to a part of the system will ripple through the radio network, and may cause changes over a larger area than is the case with GSM/IS136 systems. This high degree of interactivity, together with the limited applicability of analytical techniques (especially for downlink RF performance estimation), makes simulation an essential ingredient in WCDMA system planning. This paper addresses the issue of the sensitivity of the final system capacity to simulation input parameter values. Sensitivity results are presented here for 37-site cell layouts on a regular grid. A Monte Carlo simulation model is described, and the relationship with the physical radio link performance highlighted. The sensitivity of the ultimate capacity and range figures to the values of various propagation and radio link performance parameters is presented, with some surprising conclusions.
Spray-painting and chronic airways obstruction

Background The aim was to investigate the respiratory response of HDI-based paint aerosol within the context of the protection afforded by current exposure guidelines. Methods A cross-sectional study of 240 painters spraying polyurethane enamels was undertaken at four aircraft maintenance plants. Questionnaire and spirometric data were related to gravimetric measures of cumulative total and respirable paint aerosol (TPA and RPA) and estimated isocyanate in total and respirable aerosols (TIA and RIA). Results Average cumulative exposures in mg/m3-years ± SD were 159.0 ± 115.2 TPA, 19.1 ± 13.8 RPA, 15.8 ± 11.5 TIA, and 1.9 ± 1.4 RIA. After adjusting for smoking and asthma symptoms, higher exposures were associated with statistically significant reduction in expiratory flowrates. Significant smoking-related reductions were also observed, without exposure interactions. Conclusions These results suggest important respiratory effects from exposures to spray paint aerosols at levels generally in compliance with existing standards for otherwise unregulated particulates and for the isocyanate component of the paint. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:104–111, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Riza Shah and the disintegration of Bakhtiyari power in Iran, 1921–1934

(2000). Riza Shah and the disintegration of Bakhtiyari power in Iran, 1921–1934. Iranian Studies: Vol. 33, No. 3-4, pp. 349-376.
A unified approach to Evolutionary Computation

The field of Evolutionary Computation has experienced tremendous growth over the past 20 years, resulting in a wide variety of evolutionary algorithms and applications. The result poses an interesting dilemma for many practitioners in the sense that, with such a wide variety of algorithms and approaches, it is often hard to se the relationships between them, assess strengths and weaknesses, and make good choices for new application areas.This tutorial is intended to give an overview of a general EC framework that can help compare and contrast approaches, encourages crossbreeding, and facilitates intelligent design choices. The use of this framework is then illustrated by showing how traditional EAs can be compared and contrasted with it, and how new EAs can be effectively designed using it.Finally, the framework is used to identify some important open issues that need further research.
The fractal structure of rarefied sums of the Thue-Morse sequence

The p-rarefied subsequences of the well-known Thue-Morse sequence are those indexed by arithmetic progressions with difference p. We study the partial sums of such subsequences, for p an odd prime, by introducing fractal-like functions which exhibit strict self-similarity under scaling transformations and which approximate the partial sums within a controllable error, which we calculate explicitly for primes p satisfying a certain eigenvalue condition. The scaling properties of the approximating functions then determine the asymptotic growth of the partial sums; we obtain the growth rate explicitly for primes p such that the multiplicative order of 2 (mod p) is p − 1 or (p − 1)2. We extend our results to a generalization of the Thue-Morse sequence which we define, for any b > 2, in terms of the base b representation of integers.
Relativity: X-ray and Auger transitions of highly charged ions

Abstract The many-electron QED correction is one of the unsolved problems in relativistic atomic structure calculations for many-electron systems. The accuracy of the effective-charged screening approach frequently used in the MCDF model to estimate the many-electron QED corrections is examined. The effects of relativity and configuration interaction are simultaneously important in the treatment of highly-charged ions. These effects can sometimes change the transition rates by orders of magnitude. Numerous irregularities are found in Auger rates and oscillator strengths along the isoelectronic sequence due to the level crossings. The spin-orbit mixing and Breit interaction are responsible for the decay of most of the high-spin metastable autoionizing states.
Trust Management for Defending On-Off Attacks

A trust management scheme can be used to aid an automated decision-making process for an access control policy. Since unintentional temporary errors are possible, the trust management solution must provide a redemption scheme to allow nodes to recover trust. However, if a malicious node tries to disguise its malicious behaviors as unintentional temporary errors, the malicious node may be given more opportunities to attack the system by disturbing the redemption scheme. Existing trust management schemes that employ redemption schemes fail to discriminate between temporary errors and disguised malicious behaviors in which the attacker cleverly behaves well and badly alternatively. In this paper, we present the vulnerabilities of existing redemption schemes, and describe a new trust management and redemption scheme that can discriminate between temporary errors and disguised malicious behaviors with a flexible design. We show the analytical results of the trust management scheme, and demonstrate the advantages of the proposed scheme with simulation conducted in a Wireless Sensor Network.
Emergence of Self-Destructive Phenomena in Children and Adolescents during Fluoxetine Treatment

Self-injurious ideation or behavior appeared de novo or intensified during fluoxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in six patients, age 10 to 17 years old, who were among 42 young patients receiving fluoxetine for obsessive-compulsive disorder at a university clinical research center. These symptoms required the hospitalization of four patients. Before receiving fluoxetine, four patients had major risk factors for self-destructive behavior including depression or prior suicidal ideation or self-injury. Three hypotheses concerning the apparent association between fluoxetine and these self-injurious phenomena are discussed: (1) coincidence; (2) disorganization of vulnerable individuals secondary to drug-induced activation; and (3) a specific serotonergic-mediated effect on the regulation of aggression.
The role of pelvic floor therapies in chronic pelvic pain syndromes

Pain syndromes are managed with multimodal therapy due to a lack of specific pathogenesis for chronic pelvic pain. This report defines urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome and examines pelvic muscular tension with associated myofascial trigger point pain. We describe a proposed alternative treatment approach to promote physiotherapy and cognitive-behavioral modification as the foundation of treatment. Options of invasive needleapplied neurologic manipulation are also recounted.
Heat wave brings an unprecedented red tide to San Francisco Bay

An exceptional red tide in San Francisco Bay was observed on 8 September 2004. The red tide had chlorophyll concentrations approaching 200 mg/m3 (Figure 1) in red/purple surface streaks containing high abundances of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea. Red tides and harmful algal blooms (HABs) are common features of coastal ecosystems, and their growing frequency is a suspected outcome of coastal eutrophication. However, the authors have never observed a dinoflagellate bloom of this scale during 28 years of sampling in the nutrient-rich San Francisco Bay. Phytoplankton biomass along this transect is typically <5mg Chla/m3, and has never exceeded 21 mg Chla/m3 during summer-autumn
The effect of the end controlling guidances of the articulator on cusp inclination.

Summary The effect of the end controlling guides on cusp inclinations on the working side and on the balancing side were studied, both with and without the influence of a 15 degree lateral condylar guidance. In the protrusive position, cusp inclinations increased toward the steeper of the end controlling guides. The same was true for cusp inclinations on the balancing side during lateral movements. Cusp inclinations on the working side were controlled mainly by the lateral incisal guidance. The degree of cusp inclination on the working side, as compared with the inclination of the lateral incisal guidance, increased or decreased posteriorly depending on the inclination of the condylar pathway on the balancing side. The general effect of a 15 degree lateral condylar guidance on cusp inclinations on the balancing and working sides during lateral movements was a progressive reduction toward the back of the articulator. Variations in the horizontal condylar guidance with a 0 degree lateral incisal guidance caused greater reduction of cusp inclinations with a 15 degree lateral condylar guide on the balancing side. Variations in lateral incisal guide inclinations with a 0 degree horizontal condylar guidance caused greater reductions of the cusp inclinations due to a 15 degree lateral condylar guidance on the working side. The equation 2 for determining cusp inclinations was more accurate when used for the protrusive position than when it was used to determine cusp inclinations on the balancing and working sides. The equation values were least accurate for cusp inclinations on the working side.
Simeon De Witt / Pioneer American Cartographer

Simeon De Witt, a native of New York State, made major contributions to the origins and development of a distinctly American school of mapmaking. During the Revolution, as Assistant Geographer and Geographer on the staff of General George Washington, he prepared maps and surveys for the Continental Army. In 1784 he was appointed Surveyor- General of New York State, a position he filled with competence and distinction for fifty years. During this eventful and expansive half century, De Witt's cartographic contributions included preparing boundary surveys between New York and adjoining States, directing surveys of the "Military Tract," compiling a State map, serving, on commissions for the Erie Canal and for developing a plan for the expansion of New York City, cooperating with David H. Burr in compiling and publishing a map and atlas of New York State, and directing surveys for roads and railroads. When De Witt began his long tenure as Surveyor-General, much of the country west of the Hudson River was a wi...
Downregulation of Gelsolin Correlates with the Progression to Breast Carcinoma

The actin cytoskeleton underlies several normal cellular functions and is deranged during carcinogenesis. Gelsolin, a multifunctional actin-binding protein, is downregulated in several types of tumors and its abnormal expression is one of the most common defects noted in invasive breast carcinoma (ICA). This study utilizes immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of gelsolin in 95 ICA, 59 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 36 benign lesions, including 17 atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH). Cytoplasmic staining was scored as positive, reduced or negative. Gelsolin expression was then correlated with patient’s age, tumor size, histologic grade and lymph node status. All unremarkable breast biopsies, 88% of ADH, 44% of DCIS and 28% of ICA were positive for gelsolin. This represents a significant difference among the groups (p=<0.0001) and the trend towards reduced gelsolin with the progression to ICA is significantly linear (p=<0.0001). For invasive carcinoma, patients older than 44 years were significantly more likely to have decreased expression of gelsolin than patients 44 years old and younger (p=0.007). Bivariate analysis showed no correlation of gelsolin expression with lymph node status (p=0.62), tumor size (p=0.10), histologic grade (p=0.42), estrogen receptor status (p=1.0) or other clinicopathologic parameters. In clinical follow-up, there were 18 breast tumor related deaths within a median follow-up time of 4.2 years. Survival analysis indicated that the level of gelsolin expression may be associated with survival (p=0.06). In summary, the frequency of gelsolin deficiency increases significantly with progression from ADH to DCIS to ICA. Additionally, gelsolin expression may be an independent marker of prognosis.
Coarctation of the abdominal aorta

Four patients with suprarenal coarctation of the abdominal aorta were managed from 1978 to 1993 (mean follow-up 8.75 years). Ages at the time of diagnosis were 2 months, 8 months, 4.5 years, and 15 years, respectively. Three children presented with severe hypertension, two of whom were in congestive heart failure, and the fourth child presented with a cold, ischemic leg. The 8-month-old patient had Williams syndrome (supravalvular aortic and pulmonic stenosis, bilateral renal artery stenosis and celiac artery occlusion, “elfin” facies, and mental retardation) and was treated nonoperatively. After 12 years of follow-up, he was given five medications to control hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure. Three patients with abdominal aortic coarctation were treated operatively and none died. Two patients underwent bypass grafting from the supraceliac aorta to the infrarenal aorta, with bilateral renal artery reconstruction in one. Postoperative arteriograms obtained 1 year or more after operation were normal in both cases. The 2-month-old patient underwent patch aortoplasty, with subsequent reoperation 1.5 years later for recurrent hypertension and heart failure with a bypass graft to the left kidney and removal of an infarcted right kidney. In all three patients, operative repair of the suprarenal aortic coarctation has resulted in long-term control of blood pressure and cardiac and renal function.
The role of prestress and architecture of the cytoskeleton and deformability of cytoskeletal filaments in mechanics of adherent cells: a quantitative analysis.

Mechanical properties of adherent cells were investigated using methods of engineering mechanics. The cytoskeleton (CSK) was modeled as a filamentous network and key mechanisms and corresponding molecular structures which determine cell elastic behavior were identified. Three models of the CSK were considered: open-cell foam networks, prestressed cable nets, and a tensegrity model as a special case of the latter. For each model, the modulus of elasticity (i.e. an index of resistance to small deformation) was given as a function of mechanical and geometrical properties of CSK filaments whose values were determined from the data in the literature. Quantitative predictions for the elastic modulus were compared with data obtained previously from mechanical tests on adherent cells. The open-cell foam model yielded the elastic modulus (10(3)-10(4)Pa) which was consistent with measurements which apply a large compressive stress to the cell. This suggests that bending of CSK filaments is the key mechanism for resisting large compression. The prestressed cable net and tensegrity model yielded much lower elastic moduli (10(1)-10(2)Pa) which were consistent with values determined from equilibrium measurements at low applied stress. This suggests that CSK prestress and architecture are the primary determinants of the cell elastic response. The tensegrity model revealed the possibility that buckling of microtubules of the CSK also contributed to cell elasticity.
On the starlikeness and convexity of a class of analytic functions

We extend some results concerning the univalence of rational functions recently obtained by Mitrinovi<c. Sufficient conditions for starlikeness and convexity are also obtained.
Relationship of Resting EEG with Anatomical MRI Measures in Individuals at High and Low Risk for Depression

Studies have found abnormalities of resting EEG measures of hemispheric activity in depressive disorders. Similar EEG findings and a prominent thinning of the cortical mantle have been reported for persons at risk for depression. The correspondence between EEG alpha power and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of cortical thickness was examined in a multigenerational study of individuals at risk for depression. Seventy-five participants underwent resting EEG and approximately 5 years later underwent MRI scanning. High-risk participants (n = 37) were biological descendants of probands having major depression and low-risk participants (n = 38) were descendants of individuals without a history of depression. EEG alpha power was interpolated across the surface of a template brain and coregistered with measures of cortical thickness. Voxel-wise correlations of cortical thickness and alpha power were computed while covarying for age and gender. The high-risk group, when compared to the low-risk group, showed greater alpha asymmetry in an eyes-closed condition, with relatively less activity over right parietal cortex. Alpha power correlated inversely with cortical thickness, particularly over the right posterior region, indicating that EEG evidence of reduced cortical activity was associated with increased cortical thinning. This is the first report of widespread correlation of EEG alpha activity with MRI measures of cortical thickness. Although both EEG and MRI measures are associated with risk for depression, we did not detect evidence that cortical thickness mediated the alpha asymmetry findings. Thus, alpha asymmetry, alone or in combination with MRI, may be a marker of vulnerability for a familial form of depression.
Mesothelial Cell Proliferation and Biopersistence of Wollastonite and Crocidolite Asbestos Fibers

The mesothelial lining is a target for the fibrotic and carcinogenic effects of mineral fibers. Fiber geometry, dimensions, chemical composition, surface reactivity, and biopersistence at the target tissue have been proposed to contribute to these toxic endpoints. We established a dose-response relationship between the number of fibers delivered to the parietal peritoneal lining, inflammation, and mesothelial cell proliferation induced by intraperitoneal injection of crocidolite asbestos fibers in mice. Persistence of these inflammatory and proliferative responses depended on persistence of fibers at the target tissue. Intraperitoneal injection of wollastonite fibers induced an early inflammatory and proliferative response that subsided after 21 days. Approximately 50% of wollastonite fibers were recovered by bleach digestion after 21 days and only 2% were recovered after 6 months. In contrast, the number of fibers recovered from tissue digests had not declined 6 months after injection of crocidolite asbestos. These results support the hypothesis that biopersistent fibers cause persistent inflammation and chronic mesothelial cell proliferation.
Capital Controls, Interest Rate Parity, and Exchange Rates: a Theoretical Approach

The purpose of this paper is to analyze, from a theoretical point of view, the impact of capital controls on both the spot and forward exchange rates. While the qualitative impact of these controls on the exchange rates is straightforward, their quantitative impact is shown to depend on several factors including the speed of adjustment of the exchange rates, elasticities of demand for and supply of financial assets, and the extent of capital controls. The paper also analyzes the implications of capital controls for welfare or economic efficiency. [430]
New algorithm for continuous, noninvasive monitoring of hematocrit and plasma volume in humans: hemodialysis

To better diagnose internal bleeding, a new noninvasive algorithm utilizing elastically and inelastically generated light from a NIR laser achieves improved dynamic sensitivity, precision and accuracy in monitoring intravascular plasma volume and Hct