cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Everyday memory strategies for medication adherence.

Abstract The need to manage chronic diseases and multiple medications increases for many older adults. Older adults are aware of memory declines and incorporate compensatory techniques. Everyday memory strategies used to support medication adherence were investigated. A survey distributed to 2000 households in the Atlanta metropolitan area yielded a 19.9% response rate including 354 older adults, aged 60–80 years. Older adults reported forgetting to take their medications, more so as their activity deviated from normal routines, such as unexpected activities. The majority of older adults endorsed at least two compensatory strategies, which they perceived to be more helpful in normal routines. Compensatory strategies were associated with higher education, more medications, having concern, and self-efficacy to take medications. As memory changes, older adults rely on multiple cues, and perceive reliance on multiple cues to be helpful. These data have implications for the design and successful implementation of medication reminder systems and interventions.
Characterizing gonadal and adrenal activity by fecal steroid analyses in pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis)

In 2001, the sudden collapse of the Columbia Basin population of pygmy rabbits prompted the initiation of a captive breeding program to facilitate reintroduction, but reproductive success in captivity has not met expectations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the reproductive and adrenal endocrinology of this endangered rabbit species so that appropriate management strategies could be developed to monitor animal welfare and increase reproduction. Fecal samples were collected from 27 female pygmy rabbits over three breeding and non-breeding seasons. HPLC analyses verified the presence of progesterone in the excreta of pygmy rabbits, but the majority of progestagen metabolites were unidentified polar compounds. By contrast, >70% of glucocorticoid immunoactivity was associated with cortisol. Longitudinal fecal hormone profiles during pregnancy were characterized by a large spike in progestagens shortly after mating, a gradual increase in progestagen and glucocorticoid concentrations throughout gestation and a return of hormones to baseline soon after birth (Day 24). The spike in progestagens 1 day after mating was a significant discovery for this species and appears to provide a reliable means of determining if a successful mating has occurred. Seasonal analyses of hormone excretion found that progestagen baselines did not vary between the breeding and non-breeding seasons, but, as expected, were highest during the breeding season in association with pregnancy. Across seasons, the lowest concentrations of glucocorticoids were associated with the highest rates of offspring production and survival, suggesting a possible link between heightened adrenal activity and lowered reproductive fitness in pygmy rabbits.
Proper choice of the error function in modeling spectroellipsometric data.

The modeling procedure for analyzing the rotating analyzer spectroellipsometric data using the linear regression analysis technique is examined. The best set of optical parameters which should be employed in the modeling procedure is searched out with the help of variance–covariance matrices and the correlation properties of optical parameters. It was found that α and β, which are the Fourier coefficients of sinusoidal components of the intensity, constitute the best set for such an analysis for the case of single-crystal silicon and gold film evaporated on glass substrate. Also suitable expressions of α and β in terms of the ellipsometric parameters Δ and ψ have been derived to enable a linear regression analysis using α and β.
Preface: The Future is Now: Common Problems, Common Threads

The papers in this special issue provide concrete examples of what using archaeology to do history backward might look like. No doubt there will be subsequent attempts that will build on these efforts with improved results. As a group the papers are varied in their focus and in some instances time frame, but what they share is a common concern for the future. The uncertainties and anxieties surrounding the future are clearly evident in the case studies presented by the various authors. They reflect the authors’ deep concern that the future of our existence is imperiled by policies and ideologies couched in rhetoric that is all too familiar. That familiarity stems from the common problems and common threads that bind the papers as efforts to transcend the boundaries of past, present and future, as well as other boundaries such as society and nature. Wurst and Ridarsky set the stage for the papers that follow by examining the rhetoric of the New Deal by first governor, then President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt and his advisors confronted the problems of the Great Depression through a variety of programs that involved a massive infusion of government funds. In areas such as upstate New York, efforts to aid the plight of rural farmers involved the government purchasing unproductive farms. The formula used to classify which farms would be deemed unproductive is consistent with the Neoliberal axioms of our own time. Rather than using government funds to help farmers who wanted to remain farmers, Wurst and Ridarsky found that those who really benefited the most were successful commercial farmers. These policies were justified by a progressive rhetoric similar to that being invoked today as a model for how to tackle our own challenges. The formula used in New York for determining marginality stands in sharp contrast to a different reality revealed by a combination of archaeology and historical research. As Wurst and Ridarsky demonstrate quite convincingly, many farm families who were deemed Int J Histor Archaeol (2014) 18:205–209 DOI 10.1007/s10761-014-0252-7
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: reemerging central nervous system pathogen.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a human zoonosis caused by a rodent-borne arenavirus, has been associated with both postnatal and intrauterine human disease. Infection in man is acquired after inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with virus found in the urine, feces, and saliva of infected mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs. Congenital LCMV infection is a significant, often unrecognized cause of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, microcephaly or macrocephaly, and mental retardation. Acquired LCMV infection, asymptomatic in approximately one third of individuals, is productive of central nervous system manifestations in one half of the remaining cases. Aseptic meningitis or meningoencephalitis are the predominant syndromes, although transverse myelitis, a Guillain-Barre-type syndrome, as well as transient and permanent acquired hydrocephalus have also been reported. Fatalities are rare. We report a patient with meningoencephalitis attributable to LCMV and discuss the spectrum of central nervous system disease, newer diagnostic modalities, and preventive strategies. lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, zoonosis, hydrocephalus, arenavirus.
Antischistosomal action of tubercidin administered after absorption into red cells.

SCHISTOSOMES seem to depend primarily if not exclusively on the anabolism of preformed purines for their total purine nucleotide requirements (ref. 1 and our own unpublished observations). Among various purine analogues we tested against Schistosoma mansoni in vitro, tubercidin (7-deazaadeno-sine)2 was the most active, causing early separation of paired adults, alterations of the muscular activity pattern, and inhibition of egg laying in the medium when present in a concentration as low as 10−7 M. When administered to S. mansoni-infested mice either intraperitoneally or orally, tubercidin in effective dose regimens invariably caused 20–30% mortality. In an attempt to increase the margin of safety of this potentially useful antischistosomal agent, we considered the following facts in planning a new strategy of treatment. Schistosomes feed on blood cells, beginning about 2 weeks after cercarial penetration of the host3. Tubercidin is rapidly absorbed into red cells in vitro and is sequestered intracellularly in a phosphorylated form4. From 0.2–0.4 mg of tubercidin/ml. of whole blood can be so sequestered, and the longevity of tubercidin-containing red cells is unaffected4. We have investigated whether host red cells could deliver tubercidin to haematophagous forms of schistosomes, thereby increasing the selective toxicity of this antibiotic.
The infrared spectra of rare earth carbonates

Abstract Infrared data for normal rare earth carbonate hydrates Ln2(CO3)3 ·nH2O(n = 8 from La to Nd; 3 > n > 2 from Sm to Tm) Jand hydroxycarbonates Ln2(CO3)x(OH)2(3−x) · nH2O (x near 2.0 and n near 0.5) are presented and discussed. The normal hydrated carbonates have an infrared spectrum similar to that of carbonate-complexes, and the CO3 group appears to be strongly coordinated to the rare earth atoms. The spectrum of CO3 in the hydroxycarbonates corresponds te that of a hydrogen bonded CO3 group.
Ferroelectric (Pb,Sr)TiO3 epitaxial thin films on (001) MgO for room temperature high-frequency tunable microwave elements

Ferroelectric Pb0.35Sr0.65TiO3 (PSTO) thin films were grown on (001) MgO by using pulsed laser deposition. Microstructure studies from x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy indicate that the as-grown PSTO films have excellent single crystal quality and good epitaxial behavior with their c-axis oriented perpendicular to the plane of the films. The interface relationships between the PSTO films and MgO were determined to be [100]PSTO∕∕[100]MgO and (001)PSTO∕∕(001)MgO. The high frequency dielectric property measurements (up to 20 GHz) reveal that the as-grown films have a high dielectric constant value above 1420 and very large dielectric tunability above 34% at room temperature. These results suggest that the as-grown PSTO thin films on MgO are a good candidate for developing room-temperature high-frequency tunable microwave elements.
Synergism of the toxicity of physostigmine and neostigmine by lithium or by a reserpine-like agent (Ro4-1284).

Abstract A single sublethal i.p. dose of lithium chloride (300 mg/kg or 7.1 meq/kg) followed 12 h later by an otherwise sublethal s.c. dose of physostigmine sulfate (1.0 mg/kg) resulted in 90% mortality among male rats following a pronounced cholinergic syndrome, including convulsions. This confirms a previous report of a lethal synergism of physostigmine after subacute dosing with lithium. Mortality could be completely prevented by 1.0 mg/kg of atropine sulfate given 3- min before physostigmine, but was incompletely, if at all, reduced by selective peripheral cholinergic blockers, methylatropine bromide (0.5, 1.5 mg/kg) or glycopyrrolate (1 mg/kg). This suggested a predominantly central site for the toxic interaction. However, a similar synergism of lethality caused by neostigmine methylsulfate (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) after treatment with lithium, which could be eliminated by methylatropine or glycopyrrolate, indicates that lithium may also produce lethal synergism of a cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor that does not act centrally. Ro4-1284, an agent that has reserpine-like actions, was tested in combination with physostigmine or neostigmine; it showed synergism of toxicity nearly the same as in the case of lithium plus the cholinergic agents. These findings support the hypothesis that lithium causes the toxic synergism via a reduction of adrenergic activity, leading to an imbalance between adrenergic and cholinergic influences and a consequent failure to tolerate the effects of the ChE inhibitors. A potential hazard for the clinical use of physostigmine and neostigmine, concurrently with lithium or reserpine-like agents, it suggested.
On the two points of views of plastically deformed asperity contacts with friction loading

AbstractThis article discusses two very different points of views of the behaviour of plastically deformed asperity contacts with friction loading. A fundamental mechanics study is carried out using the concept of contact hydrostatic pressure. The study reveals various features of the two view-points. Some literature results are subsequently analysed. The analysis suggests that the friction force may significantly reduce the contact hydrostatic pressure thereby reducing asperity load capacity along with other consequences in the tribo-systems. This article may increase the understanding of the behaviour of asperity microcontacts and may be useful for future modelling of frictional contact of rough surfaces.
Leadership Style and Team Processes in Self-Managed Teams:

Team leadership merits continued attention because leaders have an impact on how the team develops and performs. In this article, team processes are explored within self-managed teams that develop ...
A comparative analysis of the evolution of a taxonomy for best practices: a case for ‘knowledge efficiency’

Taxonomies play an increasingly important role in knowledge management of business best practices, providing a basis by which to index, find and communicate knowledge. However, knowledge continues to evolve over time. As a result, taxonomies must also continue to evolve as organizations innovate and change. Reportedly, firms customize best-practice taxonomies to meet their unique organization needs. Accordingly, we might expect organizations to generate dissimilar best-practice taxonomies. However, taxonomies must also reflect the state of knowledge in the area being categorized, and thus are likely to be similar in many ways in different organizations. The purpose of this paper is to study how taxonomies change in different organizations and how they stay the same. In order to explain the parallels in organizational taxonomies, the notion of ‘knowledge artefact efficiency’ (or knowledge efficiency) is suggested to capture the concept that new knowledge is rapidly adopted by many organizations in their knowledge management systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Second Environmental Science: Human-Environment Interactions

Concerned scientists recently signed a World Scientists Warning to Humanity that advocates policies necessary to change a collision course with the natural world that human activities are engendering. The document calls for an end to population growth and poverty and it predicts conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. A second environmental science is needed that focuses on human-environment interactions by analyzing: 1) forces behind those human activities that are major contributors to environmental degradation 2) how environmental degradation affects human well-being and 3) the most effective interventions for changing environmentally destructive activities. The US releases almost 30 times as much carbon dioxide per capita as India; 1 years natural population increase in the US (1.3 million) adds about twice as much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as 1 years natural increase in India (18 million). Basic as well as applied research is proceeding on human-environment interaction with significant progress made in understanding how people perceive environmental risks; how we manage common-property resources such as fisheries grasslands and the atmosphere; what brought about anthropogenic environmental changes in the past; public concern about the environment; and the economic forces affecting natural resource availability. The scientific study of human-environmental interactions can advance human knowledge correct misconceptions and inform vital policy decisions. The National Research Councils recommendations for global change research are appropriate for other areas of human-environmental science. Such a program could attack the intertwined problems of training careers institution and community building and the development of a basic human-environmental science and could induce universities to become actively involved.
Biochemical studies of otosclerosis. Phosphohydrolase activity in stapedial footplates.

Pyrophosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and para-nitrophenylphosphate were used as substrates to determine phosphohydrolase activity on intact stapedial footplates from patients with and without otosclerosis. All phosphodydrolase activities were increased in otosclerosis, but the extent of the increase was different for each substrate. While the variation in the increase in activities in otosclerosis suggests three separate enzymes, the common properties of resistance to solubilization and similar stabilities as well as competitive inhibition between the substrates indicate a single catalytic protein with multiple phosphohydrolase activities. It appears that a qualitativc change in the alkaline phosphatase may be associated with otosclerosis. The altered enzyme could be the primary factor in the etiology of otosclerosis. More likely, the organic or inorganic pyrophosphatase activities of the increased enzyme may be significant in the accretion of otosclerotic bone during progression of the disease.
Behavioural and biochemical effects of l-dopa in psychiatric patients

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the behavioral and biochemical effects of l -dopa in psychiatric patients. Administration of the dopamine precursor, l -dopa to Parkinsonian patients has frequently precipitated psychotic reactions of various types. Patients who consented to participate were maintained on matched placebo for 5–10 days before l -dopa was administered. The first patient showed hypersexuality and compulsive masturbation without other signs suggestive of hypomania such as euphoria or hyperactivity. The second showed no objective behavioral effects and tolerated dosages of 10 g l -dopa day. Two other patients showed a combination of nausea, diaphoresis, a sense of dysphoric stimulation and anxiety. One of these developed ideas of reference. The remaining patient, who had no history of psychosis or psychiatric signs suggestive of schizophrenia, developed a paranoid schizophreniform psychosis. The precipitation of a schizophreniform psychosis by administration of l -dopa in a patient documented to be non-schizophrenic prior to receiving the drug also supports the hypothesized relationship between psychosis and central dopaminergic activity.
The response of an established line of rat liver cells to thyroid hormone.

Abstract The response of an established line of non-transformed adult rat liver epithelial cells (ARL 15) to thyroid hormone (T 3 ) (3,5,3′-triiodothyronine) was characterized. Exposure of confluent monolayers to 1·10 −8 M T 3 for 3 days increased O 2 consumption ( Q O 2 ) between 14–58%, ouabain-sensitive Rb + uptake 26%, (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity 32%, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity 103% and cytochrome oxidase activity 208%. The ARL 15 cells, maintained in continuous culture, therefore, exhibit the hallmarks of an authentic physiological response to thyroid hormone.
Oxymyohemerythrin: discriminating between O2 release and autoxidation

Myohemerythrin (Mhr) is a non-heme iron O2 carrier (with two irons in the active site) that is typically found in the retractor muscle of marine 'peanut' worms. OxyMhr may either release O2, or undergo an autoxidation reaction in which hydrogen peroxide is released and diferric metMhr is produced. The autoxidation reaction can also be promoted by the addition of certain anions to Mhr solutions. This work, using recombinant Themiste zostericola Mhrs, contrasts the results of environmental effects on these reactions. For the O2 release reaction, deltaVdouble dagger(21.5 degrees C) = +28+/-3 cm3 mol(-1), deltaHdouble dagger(1 atm) = +22+/-1 kcal mol(-1), and deltaSdouble dagger(1 atm) = +28+/-4 eu. The autoxidation reaction (pH 8.0, 21.5 degrees C, 1 atm) displays different kinetic parameters: deltaVdouble dagger = -8+/-2 cm3 mol(-1), deltaHdouble dagger = +24.1+/-0.7 kcal mol(-1), and deltaSdouble dagger = +1+/-1 eu. Autoxidation in the presence of sodium azide is orders of magnitude faster than solvolytic autoxidation. The deltaVdouble dagger parameters for azide anation and azide-assisted autoxidation reaction are +15+/-2 and +59+/-2 cm3 mol(-1), respectively, indicating that the rate-limiting steps for the Mhr autoxidation and anation reactions (including O2 uptake) are not associated with ligand binding to the Fe2 center. The L103V and L103N oxyMhr mutants autoxidize approximately 10(3)-10(5) times faster than the wild-type protein, emphasizing the importance of leucine-103, which may function as a protein 'gate' in stabilizing bound dioxygen.
Production of total potentially soluble organic C, N, and P across an ecosystem chronosequence: root versus leaf litter.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays several important roles in forest ecosystem development, undergoing chemical, physical and/or biological reactions that affect ecosystem nutrient retention. Very few studies have focused on gross rates of DOM production, and we know of no study that has directly measured DOM production from root litter. Our objectives were to quantify major sources of total potentially water-soluble organic matter (DOMtps) production, with an emphasis on production from root litter, to quantify and compare total potentially soluble organic C, N, and P (DOCtps, DONtps, and DOPtps) production, and to quantify changes in their production during forest primary succession and ecosystem development at the Mt. Shasta Mudflows ecosystem chronosequence. To do so, we exhaustively extracted freshly senesced root and leaf and other aboveground litter for DOCtps, DONtps, and DOPtps by vegetation category, and we calculated DOMtps production (g m−2 y−1) at the ecosystem level using data for annual production of fine root and aboveground litter. DOM production from throughfall was calculated by measuring throughfall volume and concentration over 2 years. Results showed that DOMtps production from root litter was a very important source of DOMtps in the Mount Shasta mudflow ecosystems, in some cases comparable to production from leaf litter for DONtps and larger than production from leaf litter for DOPtps. Total DOCtps and DONtps production from all sources increased early in succession from the 77- to the 255-year-old ecosystem. However, total DOPtps production across the ecosystem chronosequence showed a unique pattern. Generally, the relative importance of root litter for total fine detrital DOCtps and DONtps production increased significantly during ecosystem development. Furthermore, DOCtps and DONtps production were predominantly driven by changes in biomass production during ecosystem development, whereas changes in litter solubility due to changes in species composition had a smaller effect. We suggest that DOMtps production from root litter may be an important source of organic matter for the accumulation of SOM during forest ecosystem development.
Selected area Fourier transform infrared studies of surface reaction dynamics. III: Spatial coverage and temperature patterns during self-sustained oscillations of CO oxidation on Pd/SiO2

Abstract Surface dynamics of self-sustained oscillations during CO oxidation on a 2 wt% Pd SiO 2 catalyst have been studied using Selected Area Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy along with temperature measurements from an array of four sensitive surface thermocouples. These experiments demonstrate that self-sustained oscillations involve spatially propagating regions of nonuniform coverage and surface temperature. The results elucidate how the multipeak structure of the oscillations arises from inhomogeneous patterns in surface reaction rate controlled by localized CO inhibition.
Constraints on the tau neutrino mass and mixing from precise measurements of tau decay rates

We have derived constraints on the {tau} neutrino mass and fourth generation mixing from an analysis of the partial widths of {tau} lepton decays, in particular, {tau}{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}e{sup {minus}}{bar {nu}}{sub e}{nu}{sub {tau}}, {tau}{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}{mu}{sup {minus}}{bar {nu}}{sub {mu}}{nu}{sub {tau}}, {tau}{r_arrow}{pi}{sup {minus}}{nu}{sub {tau}}, and {tau}{r_arrow}K{sup {minus}}{nu}{sub {tau}}. We present predictions for the {tau} decay widths, allowing for a nonzero {tau} neutrino mass m{sub {nu}{sub {tau}}} and for mixing with a neutrino of mass m{sub {nu}{sub L}}{gt}M{sub Z}/2, which is parametrized using a Cabibbo-like mixing angle {theta}{sub L}. By comparison of these theoretical predictions with the experimental measurements, we obtain the following bounds at the 90{percent} confidence level: m{sub {nu}{sub {tau}}}{lt}42 MeV and sin{sup 2}{theta}{sub L}{lt}0.014. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Effect of corrective rearfoot orthotic devices on ground reaction forces during ambulation.

Objective To determine the quantitative effects of a corrective rearfoot orthotic device on the vertical, anteroposterior, and mediolateral ground reaction forces (GRFs) during ambulation. Design We conducted a prospective, randomized, single-blinded study of 25 subjects during ambulation with and without a rearfoot orthotic device. Material and Methods Thirteen men and 12 women were enrolled in the study; the inclusion criteria included asymptomatic pes planus (5 to 10 degrees of calcaneal eversion). Each subject walked across a standard force plate in 10 trials with and 10 trials without an orthotic device. The force plate was used to quantify the effect of a semirigid functional rearfoot orthotic device on GRFs and the center of pressure versus a standard shoe with no device. The observer was blinded, trials were completed in random order, and the paired t test was used for statistical analysis. Results No evidence suggested the presence of a significant difference in mediolateral GRFs and in the center of pressure exerted at 10%, 20%, 50%, and 80% of stance phase with and without the orthotic device. Significant reductions were noted in vertical GRFs per newton of body weight exerted at 10% ( P = 0.0009) and 20% % ( P = 0.0383) of stance phase and in anteroposterior GRFs exerted at 10% ( P = 0.0009) and 50% ( P = 0.0033) of stance phase when ambulation was compared with and without the orthotic device. Conclusion These results indicate that a rearfoot orthotic device reduces vertical and anteroposterior GRFs in the early stages of the stance phase during the gait cycle. We found no evidence to suggest a significant difference at any of the percent stance phases when comparisons were made of mediolateral GRFs exerted with and without the orthotic device. These data are contrary to current hypotheses about use of orthotic devices, and further studies would be helpful to reproduce these findings and to determine whether these changes are related to clinical improvement in symptomatic pes planus.
Multidrug-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells contain deficient intracellular calcium pools.

Emergence of resistance to antineoplastic drugs poses a major impediment to the successful treatment of breast cancer. We previously reported that human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells selected for resistance against doxoru-bicin (MCF-7/DOX cells) expressed high levels of tissue-type transglutaminase (tTGase), a calcium-dependent protein cross-linking enzyme that plays a role in apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which MCF-7/DOX cells survive and proliferate despite high levels of tTGase expression. Our results demonstrate that the MCF-7/DOX cells contain deficient intracellular calcium pools, which may explain their ability to survive and tolerate the high levels of tTGase expression. Treatment with thapsigargin failed to induce any significant killing of MCF-7/DOX cells. Similar treatment of the drug-sensitive MCF-7 wild-type (MCF-7/WT) cells, however, induced significant apoptosis. Treatment with the ionophore A23187, on the other hand, killed a large percentage of both the MCF-7/DOX and the MCF-7/WT cells. We also established a revertant cell line, MCF-7/RT, from MCF-7/DOX cells to rule out the involvement of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in these phenomena. Unlike the MCF-7/DOX cells, the MCF-7/RT cells showed no detectable P-gp expression; the MCF-7/RT cells, however, continued to express high levels of tTGase. Moreover, like MCF-7/DOX cells, the MCF-7/RT cells were highly resistant to thapsigargin-induced apoptosis but were sensitive to the ionophore A23187-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that the resistance of MCF7/DOX cells to thapsigargin is linked to their defective intracellular Ca2+ stores, a notion that was directly confirmed by single-cell spectrofluorometric analysis.
Oxidation of ATJ graphite by low concentrations of water vapor and carbon dioxide in helium

Abstract The rates of reaction of a spherical specimen (1 in. diameter) of ATJ graphite with low partial pressures of carbon dioxide and water vapor were determined in flowing helium at a total pressure of 1 atm. The rates were obtained from continuously recorded weight changes and from intermittent analyses of the effluent gases. The effects of temperature, flow rate, partial pressure of oxidant, and burnoff were examined. Activation energies of ~50 kcal/mole were observed for the H2O-graphite system in the temperature range of 775–925°C at 110 and 460 vpm (parts per million by volume). Values of ~60 kcal/mole were found for the CO2-graphite system in the same temperature range using CO2 concentrations of 550 and 1000 vpm. The apparent order of the two systems was found to be between 0.6 and 0.7 at 875°C in the concentration ranges of 50–1000 vpm of CO2 and 30–760 vpm of H2O. Strong and about equal retardation of the H2O-graphite reaction was noted upon the addition of either H2 or CO. The CO2-graphite reaction also was found to be strongly retarded by either CO or H2. Differences in the results obtained for ATJ graphite from those found previously for Speer Moderator-2 graphite are noted.
RECENT RANGE EXPANSIONS OF PERISTENUS DIGONEUTIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE), AND HIGH TEMPERATURES LIMITING ITS GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN NORTH AMERICA

Abstract Peristenus digoneutis was discovered in one new state (Maine) and in 15 new counties in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont during 1997–1999. These new records increased the number of counties where this parasite has been found by 42%, to a total of 51 counties in eight states. No permanent establishments of P. digoneutis have been found south of New York City, which suggests that high summer temperatures are limiting its spread southward. A good agreement was found between the parasite's southernmost establishment locations and a maximum summer temperature/duration of 30°C (86°F) for 14 to 30 days. This temperature limit suggests that P. digoneutis can disperse westward both north and south of Lake Erie, across southern Ontario and northern Ohio, to Michigan and Wisconsin. Establishment south of New York City (latitude 40.5°N) is unlikely, except possibly along the higher/cooler elevations of the Appalachian Mountains.
Repression in the child's conception of the world: A phenomenological reading of Piaget

Abstract The present article undertakes a psychological reading of The Child's Conception of the World as a cultural artifact in which genetic psychology's naturalistic and positivistic assumptions reflect an Enlightenment model of science, and Piaget figures as an agent of technological rationality. A phenomenological analysis of the text reveals how Piaget's research engages in an active repression of specific dimensions of childhood experience. Young children's ‘adualistic’ conceptions of thought, self and language are deemed ‘confused’, and thereby discounted, by virtue of the fact such children do not ‘correctly’ dichotomize experience in accord with the cultural norm of mechanistic rationality. Piaget's numerous associations of the child's ‘primitive’ views and the (childish) thought of the pre‐Socratics are briefly explored.
Calculation of steady-state viscoelastic flow through axisymmetric contractions with the EEME formulation

Abstract The EEME/finite-element method is used to compute steady flows of fluids with constitutive behavior described by the Modified Upper Convected Maxwell Model of Apelian and a modified form of the dumbbell model of Chilcott and Rallison through abrupt, axisymmetric contractions. Both constitutive models predict constant viscosity and shear thinning first normal stress coefficient, but differ qualitatively in the behavior of the elongational viscosity. Asymptotic analysis for both models predicts that the solution has Newtonian-like spatial structure near the reentrant corner and integrable stresses and velocity gradients there. With the Newtonian-like asymptotics, the stress field can be approximated by conventional Lagrangian finite elements and computed by the streamline upwind Petrov Galerkin (SUPG) method. The finite element calculations are stable and convergent: higher values of Deborah number are reached with increasing mesh refinement. Moreover, the predicted asymptotic structure of the stress and velocity fields is recovered near the corner in the calculations. Calculations with both constitutive equations show the stretching of the Newtonian corner vortex toward the reentrant corner and its growth upstream with increasing Deborah number for 4:1 and 8:1 contraction ratios. The characteristics of the computed vortex are in semi-quantitative agreement with experiments for Boger fluids for which the flow is axisymmetric and steady.
Interactive effects of stress and aging on structural plasticity in the prefrontal cortex

Neuronal networks in the prefrontal cortex mediate the highest levels of cognitive processing and decision making, and the capacity to perform these functions is among the cognitive features most vulnerable to aging. Despite much research, the neurobiological basis of age-related compromised prefrontal function remains elusive. Many investigators have hypothesized that exposure to stress may accelerate cognitive aging, though few studies have directly tested this hypothesis and even fewer have investigated a neuronal basis for such effects. It is known that in young animals, stress causes morphological remodeling of prefrontal pyramidal neurons that is reversible. The present studies sought to determine whether age influences the reversibility of stress-induced morphological plasticity in rat prefrontal neurons. We hypothesized that neocortical structural resilience is compromised in normal aging. To directly test this hypothesis we used a well characterized chronic restraint stress paradigm, with an additional group allowed to recover from the stress paradigm, in 3-, 12-, and 20-month-old male rats. In young animals, stress induced reductions of apical dendritic length and branch number, which were reversed with recovery; in contrast, middle-aged and aged rats failed to show reversible morphological remodeling when subjected to the same stress and recovery paradigm. The data presented here provide evidence that aging is accompanied by selective impairments in long-term neocortical morphological plasticity.
Interprofessional Collaboration Enables Integration of Basic Science Content into Clinical Education

This paper describes a model by which basic science educators can develop their topics for a clinical audience. The development of the “Anatomy in Aging” presentation by anatomists for a Geriatrician audience represents a mutually beneficial, replicable model for interprofessional education and collaboration.
The Efficacy of Adherence Interventions for Chronically Ill Children: A Meta-Analytic Review

Objectives To provide quantitative information about the overall effectiveness of adherence interventions to improve adherence and health outcomes for children with chronic illnesses. To evaluate statistically the potential moderators. Methods A meta-analysis was performed on 71 adherence intervention studies. Results Weighted-mean effect size (ES) across all the adherence outcomes for group design studies was in the medium range (mean d ¼ 0.58) and for single-subject design studies was in the large range (mean d ¼ 1.44). The weighted mean ES across all health outcome measures for studies using group designs was in the medium range (mean d ¼ 0.40) and for studies using single-subject designs was in the large range (mean d ¼ 0.74). Conclusions Adherence interventions for children with chronic illnesses effectively increase adherence and result in some positive health benefits. Intervention and methodological variables had significant impact on ESs. High levels of heterogeneity characterized the data.
Experimental Stage Separation Tool Development in NASA Langley's Aerothermodynamics Laboratory

As part of the research effort at NASA in support of the stage separation and ascent aerothermodynamics research program, proximity testing of a generic bimese wing-body configuration was conducted in NASA Langley’s Aerothermodynamics Laboratory in the 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel. The objective of this work is the development of experimental tools and testing methodologies to apply to hypersonic stage separation problems for future multi-stage launch vehicle systems. Aerodynamic force and moment proximity data were generated at a nominal Mach number of 6 over a small range of angles of attack. The generic bimese configuration was tested in a belly-to-belly and back-to-belly orientation at 86 relative proximity locations. Over 800 aerodynamic proximity data points were taken to serve as a database for code validation. Longitudinal aerodynamic data generated in this test program show very good agreement with viscous computational predictions. Thus a framework has been established to study separation problems in the hypersonic regime using coordinated experimental and computational tools.
Wide bandgap compound semiconductors for superior high-voltage unipolar power devices

This paper presents a critical evaluation of the performance capabilities of various wide bandgap semiconductors for high power and high frequency unipolar electronic devices. Seven different figures of merit have been analyzed. Theoretical calculations show that besides diamond and SiC, compounds like AlN, GaN, InN, and ZnO, and the intermetallics (Ga/sub x/In/sub 1-x/N, Al/sub x/In/sub 1-x/N, Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/N, and (AlN)/sub x/(SiC)/sub 1-x/) offer several orders of magnitude improvement in the on-resistance and in the potential for successful operation at higher temperatures. >
Promoting evidence-based and measurement-based care.

Imagine that major auto manufacturers have announced a quality breakthrough. Going forward, they will produce each model of car by using a standard set of parts assembled in the same order. And before selling any vehicle, they will test to be sure it can both start and stop. As auto consumers, we might not celebrate this breakthrough. Instead we might ask, “What has taken you so long?” The learning collaborative program described by Vannoy and colleagues in this issue deserves celebration. Primary care and mental health clinics serving disadvantaged patients can successfully implement integrated care programs for mood disorders, including evidence-based care protocols and systematic outcome assessment. However, evidence-based depression care guidelines have existed for 20 years, and standard depression outcome measures have existed for 40. So consumers might ask, “What has taken you so long?” Unfortunately, spreading evidence-based and measurement-based mental health care is not as straightforward as improving auto manufacturing. Some providers fear that evidence-based care means “cookbook medicine,” precluding personalization for individuals. In addition, organized mental health outcome measurement raises concerns about privacy of sensitive information. Neither of these concerns, however, actually argues against evidence-based or measurement-based care. The supposed conflict between evidence-based mental health care and personalized care is rooted in misunderstanding; the two are completely compatible. If we hope to choose the best treatment for any individual, we require two things. First, we need better evidence regarding how individual characteristics (such as symptom patterns and genetic variation) predict response to specific treatments. Our evidence must extend beyond average effectiveness to consider individual differences. Second, we need accurate measurement of how individuals differ in pre-treatment characteristics and in response to specific treatments. Better evidence and better measurement are therefore essential to personalizing care. Conflict between personalized care and evidence-based care arises only if we are personalizing care to meet the needs of providers. That is, unfortunately, sometimes the case. Privacy concerns regarding measurement-based care are also sometimes misplaced. Consumers’ privacy concerns focus more on sensitive personal details than on standard outcome questionnaires. In contrast, providers’ privacy concerns often reflect a wish to avoid scrutiny regarding quality or safety. Consumers’ privacy deserves protection; unsafe or ineffective care has no right to privacy. None of these comments are intended to dispute the importance of the collaborative efforts that Vannoy and colleagues describe. Instead they are intended as an apologetic answer to the question, “What has taken you so long?” We can celebrate the success of these learning collaboratives and also hope for a day when such success is no longer a newsworthy breakthrough.
Reactions involving selenium metal as an electrophile: Scope and limitations of the enolate‐selenolate transformation

When lithium enolates are allowed to react with selenium metal, selenolate (selenide) ions are formed. Alkylation of these selenolate ions produces the corresponding α-alkylselenenyl carbonyl derivatives. These derivatives can then be converted to their unsaturated counterparts using the same type of protocols that are employed with arylselenenyl derivatives.
Making sense of computer-mediated communication (CMC): conversations as genres, CMC systems as genre ecologies

The author examines mixed synchronous and asynchronous text based conversations that have been carried on in the context of a computer mediated communication (CMC) system called "Babble", which has been in use by a group of nineteen people for nearly two years (1998-2000). The primary goal is to explore principled ways of analyzing and characterizing conversational activity in such systems using genre theory. After discussing genre theory, and some of the issues that come to the fore when applying genre theory to CMC, the paper analyzes five conversations. It argues that the conversations constitute separate genres, and develops the concept of participatory structure to capture some of their differences. Next, the paper examines the CMC system as a whole: it argues that the CMC system may be viewed as an ecology of conversational genres, and discusses three properties-global pull, typical pull, and conversational impetus-which may be used to characterize the behavior of the ecology.
Pattern of clopidogrel exposures reported to Texas poison centers during 1998-2004.

Background. Information on the management of potentially adverse exposures to clopidogrel is limited. Methods. This study examined the distribution of 582 clopidogrel exposures reported to Texas po...
Kinetics of X-ray-induced chromatid aberrations in Vicia faba and studies relating aberration frequencies to the cell cycle

Abstract Lateral root tips of the broadbean, Vicia faba , were irradiated with 37.5, 75, or 150 R of X-rays, after which continuous 2 h colchicine collections of metaphase cells were made for a 2-h period. The metaphase figures obtained at each 2-h interval were scored for chromatid-type aberrations and the frequencies of the aberrations plotted against time after irradiation for each dose employed. The total number of chromatid-type aberrations induced by each dose, for the period of time studied, was calculated and a dose curve calculated for isochromatid deletions and chromatid exchanges. It was found that isochromatid deletions have primarily one-hit kinetics and chromatid exchanges have two-hit kinetics, as expected according to the classical theory of aberration production. Furthermore, the same results were obtained when a mitotically synchronous population of cells was irradiated. In addition, it was found that the frequency of isochromatid deletions induced by a given dose of X-rays remains constant with time after irradiation, indicating an uniformity of stage sensitivity, whereas the frequency of chromatid exchanges is highest in those cells which were presumably in G 2 at the time of irradiation. This apparent increased G 2 sensitivity is interpreted as an increase in the number of sites within which an exchange can occur.
Robust Dosage PCR (RD-PCR) for Highly Accurate Dosage Analysis

Clinical diagnostic and epidemiological assays would benefit from accurate detection of duplications and deletions commonly missed by conventional methods of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of individual exons. Robust dosage-PCR (RD-PCR) is a quantitative PCR method that co-amplifies a target template and an endogenous internal control (an autosomal and an X-chromosomal segment) for detection of these mutations. RD-PCR has the advantage of high accuracy and consistency, rapid assay development, widely available controls, and gene dosage over a wide dynamic range. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 60:9.20.1-9.20.12. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: ratio of yield (ROY); ratio of template (ROT); GC content; gene dosage
A Relaxation Approach to Dynamic Sensor Selection in Large-Scale Wireless Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) require more complex sensor selection strategies than other distributed networks to perform optimal state estimation. In addition to constraints associated with distributed state estimation, wireless sensor networks have limitations on bandwidth, energy consumption, and transmission range. This paper introduces and empirically evaluates a dynamic sensor selection strategy. A discrete-time Kalman filter is used for state estimation. At each time step, a subset of sensors is selected to gather data on the following time step because of power and bandwidth constraints that prohibit using all of the sensors. A standard criterion for selecting this subset of sensors is to maximize the information to be gained by minimizing a function of the next-step error covariance matrix. We propose a relaxation of this non-convex combinatorial optimization problem and demonstrate its applicability to large-scale sensor networks. The proposed dynamic sensor selection strategy is compared empirically to other dynamic and static sensor selection strategies with respect to state estimation performance of a convection-dispersion field arising from the problem of surface-based monitoring of CO2 sequestration sites.
Agonist-specific differences in mechanisms mediating eNOS-dependent pial arteriolar dilation in rats.

Nitric oxide (NO), derived from the endothelial isoform of NO synthase (eNOS), is a vital mediator of cerebral vasodilation. In the present study, we addressed the issue of whether the mechanisms r...