cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunomodulators in Lymphoma

Lymphomas are highly heterogeneous tumors and different histologies are characterized by significant differences in biology. Despite the structural and molecular differences between lymphoma types, it is well recognized that the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the lymphoma survival and growth. Over the past few years, understanding of this notion has brought immunotherapy to the forefront of lymphoma treatment by targeting the tumor microenvironment in order to produce an effective anti-tumor response. Thus, the area of lymphoma therapy has changed dramatically within the past few years with the use of checkpoint inhibitors and more recently CAR T-cells. Remarkable results have been reported in some lymphoma types but responses vary significantly between different histologies. Future approaches will focus on combination strategies that will attack lymphoma cells in addition to activating immune responses. These strategies include combinations of different checkpoint blocking antibodies, combinations of checkpoint blocking antibodies with agonistic antibodies, immunomodulatory agents, small molecule inhibitors or CAR T-cells, and armored CAR T-cells. A number of clinical trials testing such combinations are currently under way. In this review, we discuss strategies to modulate the immune response in lymphoma. We specifically address the obstacles to effective activation of the immune system against malignant B-cells and review the current approaches that try to overcome these barriers.
Breast Cancer Rehabilitation

Treatment for breast cancer can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and/or endocrine therapy. Each of these therapies have their own complications. Breast surgery and reconstruction can result in postmastectomy pain syndrome. Hormone therapy can result in Aromatase-inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS). Lymphedema from axillary node dissection and/or radiation can occur, with compression being the mainstay of treatment. Lastly, cancer-related fatigue is the most common complaint among cancer survivors and, while poorly understood, is almost certainly multifactorial in nature. Supervised aerobic exercise has the highest level of evidence in combating this pervasive and debilitating complication.
Computational Analysis of Phosphoproteomics Data in Multi-Omics Cancer Studies

Multiple types of molecular data for the same set of clinical samples are increasingly available and may be analyzed jointly in an integrative analysis to maximize comprehensive biological insight. This analysis is important as separate analyses of individual omics data types usually do not fully explain disease phenotypes. An increasing number of studies have now been focusing on multi-omics data integration, yet not many studies have included phosphoproteomics data, an important layer for understanding signaling pathways. Multi-omics integration methods with phosphoproteomics data are reviewed in the context of cancer research as well as multi-omics methods papers that would be promising to apply to phosphoproteomics data. Analysis of individual data types is still the major approach even in large cohort proteogenomics studies. Hence, a section is dedicated on possible integrative methods for multi-omics and phosphoproteomics data. In summary, this review provides the readers with both currently used integrative methods previously applied to phosphoproteomics and multi-omics data integration and other algorithms for multi-omics data integration promising for future application to phosphoproteomics data.
Water quality sampling methods may bias evaluations of watershed management practices.

Abstract Accurate measurement of the discharge of total suspended solids (TSS) from watersheds is complicated by the extreme temporal variability of suspended solid concentrations during periods of high stream flow. Consequently, TSS loads estimated from data collected at different temporal frequencies may differ in accuracy and precision. Moreover, there remains a need for optimal sampling methods which yield the highest possible accuracy for the least effort. We investigated the effect of sampling frequency on estimations of TSS loads and retention within a restored stream in Maryland, USA. We found that coarser temporal sampling methods can lead to erroneous conclusions of restoration efficacy with poor accuracy and precision in estimates of sediment retention. Additionally, we synthesized 28 years of continuous turbidity-based TSS data from Europe and North America to assess the effect of sampling frequency. Our synthesis suggests that flow-paced composite sampling may be the most accurate and precise sampling method. This method is also economical, requiring analysis of only one sample per week. Thus, the flow-paced method may be a potential solution to economize and standardize water quality monitoring.
Reclassifying a Whole Dewey Section: Public Worship (264)

Challenges and solutions when turning a collection begun in 1906 into something fit for the 21st century.
Towards deep learning detection of lung nodules using micro-CT

We are developing imaging methods for the preclinical arm of a co-clinical trial investigating synergy between immunotherapy and radiotherapy. We perform in vivo micro-CT of mouse lungs to detect lung metastasis after treatment. This work explores deep learning (DL) as a fast and accurate approach to lung nodule segmentation. We examine the performance of DL lung tumor detection using realistically simulated nodules inserted into temporally-resolved real micro-CT datasets. Our simulations suggest that DL is a promising approach for fast, accurate segmentation of lung nodules in mice.
Do high-deductible health plans affect price paid for childbirth?

OBJECTIVE To test whether out-of-pocket costs and negotiated hospital prices for childbirth change after enrollment in high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) and whether price effects differ in markets with more hospitals. DATA SOURCES Administrative medical claims data from 2010 to 2014 from three large commercial insurers with plans in all U.S. states provided by the Health Care Cost Institute (HCCI). STUDY DESIGN I identify employer groups that switched from non-HDHPs in 1 year to HDHPs in a subsequent year. I estimate enrollees' change in out-of-pocket costs and negotiated hospital prices for childbirth after HDHP switch, relative to a comparison group of employers that do not switch plans. I use a triple-difference design to estimate price changes for enrollees in markets with more hospital choices. Finally, I re-estimate models with hospital-fixed effects. DATA COLLECTION From the HCCI sample, childbearing women enrolled in an employer-sponsored plan with at least 10 people. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Switching to an HDHP increases out-of-pocket cost $227 (p < 0.001; comparison group base $790) and has no meaningful effect on hospital-negotiated prices (-$26, p = 0.756; comparison group base $5821). HDHP switch is associated with a marginally statistically significant price increase in markets with three or fewer hospitals ($343, p = 0.096; comparison group base $5806) and, relative to those markets, with a price decrease in markets with more than three hospitals (-$512; p = 0.028). Predicted prices decrease from $5702 to $5551 after HDHP switch in markets with more than three hospitals due primarily to lower prices conditional on using the same hospital. CONCLUSIONS Prices for childbirth in markets with more hospitals decrease after HDHP switch due to lower hospital prices for HDHPs relative to prices at those same hospitals for non-HDHPs. These results reinforce previous findings that HDHPs do not promote price shopping but suggest negotiated prices may be lower for HDHP enrollees.
Patient Satisfaction Following Minimally Invasive and Open Surgeries for Adult Spinal Deformity.

Background Patient satisfaction has become an important variable in assessing outcomes after spine surgery. Although minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques have become popular owing to reduced perioperative complications compared with open deformity surgery, whether patient-reported postoperative satisfaction differ between the 2 surgical approaches is unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize postoperative patient-reported outcomes (PRO) in patients who underwent open surgery or MIS for adult spinal deformity (ASD). Methods PRO scores were prospectively collected for patients undergoing deformity correction surgery between 2016 and 2018. Inclusion criteria were age >18 years, ASD, and completed PRO surveys. Patient demographic, clinical, and radiographic data and PRO survey responses were analyzed. A post hoc analysis comparing patients who were satisfied with their outcome and those who were unsatisfied was performed. Results Forty patients who underwent operative management of ASD (19 in the open surgery group and 21 in the MIS group) met the criteria for inclusion in this study. Patients in the MIS group reported higher mental health and self-image scores at 6 months; however, at the 12-month follow-up, both the open surgery and MIS groups reported minimal clinically important differences in back pain, leg pain, and functional status. Patient satisfaction scores did not differ based on surgical approach or intraoperative complications. Conclusions PRO after open surgery and after MIS for ASD reflected successful outcomes with significant improvements in PRO survey scores but with subtle differences in the postoperative recovery process. The MIS group reported faster recovery with earlier improvement in self-image and mental health scores, which may stem from correction of smaller deformities. At the 12-month follow-up, postoperative satisfaction was high for the majority of patients in both groups.
Five-Step Guide to Central Venous Catheter Placement with 3D Anatomic References

Radiologists play a critical role in ascertaining correct catheter placement by using anatomic landmarks that guide correct catheter insertion and identifying radiographic features that raise suspi...
WLA4ND: a Wearable Dataset of Learning Activities for Young Adults with Neurodiversity to Provide Support in Education

Data-driven assistive wearable technologies are promising to support young adults with neurodiversity in inclusive education. Existing datasets focus on wearable sensor data of various activities from neurotypical people. However, no dataset exists including learning-related activity data from individuals with neurodiversity. The contributions of this paper include (1) WLA4ND, a dataset of learning activities performed by eight young adults with neurodiversity collected from smartwatch sensors. The activities are common learning tasks, including reading, writing, typing, answering follow-up questions, and off-task. (2) Evaluation of classification on WLA4ND with five activity recognition models, including conventional and deep learning methods. The Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) model achieved a balanced accuracy of 92.2% for user-dependent evaluations, while Federated Multi-Task Hierarchical Attention Model (FATHOM) achieved 91.8% for user-independent evaluations. This evaluation demonstrates that existing activity recognition technologies can be applied to neurodiverse populations. Also, WLA4ND can be used by researchers as a complement for activity recognition, automatic labeling, and next-generation assistive wearable applications.
A Training Program for Clients considering the Use of Bioptic Telescopes for Driving

Article outlines a training program for visually impaired adults who are qualified to drive a car while wearing bioptic telescopes. The program is divided into four parts: (1) initial supervised tr...
The Dialectics of Engineering

Dialectics of engineering are here defined as tensions pulling the engineering enterprise in opposite directions simultaneously, or ways in which engineering seems to be at odds with itself or with our perceptions of it. We offer several examples of such dialectics in the belief that they represent some of the key issues upon which any deeper understanding of engineering hinges. The introduction highlights an initial dialectic of scope that is encountered when it comes to studying the activity of engineering – that the closer it is scrutinized, the less well-defined engineering seems to become. The following section features dialectics concerned with engineering’s identity. These include the enigma of engineering’s simultaneous ubiquity and obscurity in society, the question of engineering’s status as a distinct profession, and the tensions between the technical and organizational roles of engineers. Next, dialectics of engineering’s purpose are highlighted, including a comparison of engineering ideals with practical realities, and an outline of engineering’s equivocal contribution to societal understanding of technology. Finally, a dialectic of method is presented which contrasts the inward-focused nature of engineering methods with the outward-focused nature of engineering’s purposes.
Detecting exposure to environmental organic toxins in individual cells: towards development of a micro-fabricated device

We are developing a new method for quickly screen for the human exposure potential to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines (OCs). The development involves two key elements: identifying suitable signals that represent intracellular changes that are specific to PAH and OC exposure, and constructing a device to guide the biological cell growth so that signals from individual cells are consistent and reproducible. We are completing the identification of suitable signals by using synchrotron radiation-based (SR) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectromicroscopy in the mid-infrared region (4000-400 cm -1 ). We have observed distinct changes in the IR spectra after treatment of human cells in culture medium with PAHs and OCs. The potential use of this method for detecting exposure to PAHs and OCs has been tested and compared to a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay that quantifies increased expression of the CYP1A1 gene in response to exposure to PAHs or OCs.
Physician–Patient Interaction and Gender Differences

Given the significance of physician–patient interactions for health and illness, it is important to determine the factors that affect the quality of communication between physicians and their patients. Gender is one of the strongest predictors of various communication patterns, with women patients and women physicians consistently reporting higher levels of communication that are thought to be desirable. But the effect of sex differences on patient satisfaction is more tenuous, perhaps due to differential expectations of female and male physicians regardless of their actual behavior. However, there is evidence that patient satisfaction increases when the doctor is a woman and, in turn, this increases the likelihood of adherence to physician recommended medical regimens. Thus, physician–patient interactions are a strong determinant of health and illness, and patients could benefit from increased training and education of physicians that focus on improving the quality of these interactions. Keywords: physician–patient interaction; gender; health communication
Simultaneous solution to dark matter and flavor problems of supersymmetry.

Neutralino dark matter is well motivated, but also suffers from two shortcomings: it requires gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking, which generically violates flavor constraints, and its thermal relic density $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ is typically too large. We propose a simple solution to both problems: neutralinos freeze-out with $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\sim}10--100$, but then decay to $\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ gravitinos, which are simultaneously light enough to satisfy flavor constraints and heavy enough to be all of dark matter. This scenario is naturally realized in high-scale gauge-mediation models, ameliorates small scale structure problems, and implies that ``cosmologically excluded'' models may, in fact, be cosmologically preferred.
Walters' Congestion Theory

The purpose of this paper is to explain the traffic congestion theory of A. A. Walters (1961). The recent paper by Choi (2013) provides an interpretation of the theory that is no consistent with the Walters presentation. This paper provides an empirical example that demonstrates the validity of the Walters presentation and discusses implications for congestion tolls.
Entre Médiation et Médiatisation, Dynamiques Identitaires en Jeu Dans les Dispositifs d’Autopublication sur Internet (Between Mediation and Mediatisation: Identity Dynamics at Play in Online Self-Publishing (Self-Broadcasting) Systems)

Based on research conducted in Belgium for ten years on the identity dynamics within online self-publishing, self-broadcasting systems, this paper examines the extent to which the ongoing age of self-publishing follows a twofold logic of Self-Mediation and Self-Mediatization. After proposing a specific definition of the latter two concepts, the concept of “extimacy” will be implemented to shed light on the dynamics of Self-Mediation and Self-Mediatisation.
Neural networks and quality control when the process dynamics are unknown

In a complex production process the underlying structure of the process is often unknown to the operations managers. Hence, identification of the source of variations and variation reduction are difficult and time consuming tasks. Under the assumption that the process design is capable of producing the product with the target value, this paper employs the adaptive control approach proposed by Spall and Cristion (1992) in reducing deviation of output value around its target value. The goal is to examine the performance of the above control approach for a production process whose underlying structure is unknown and may change during the production process. The study assumes that: operations managers first employ statistical monitoring steps to identify the operating factors that have significant effect on the output value. Then they employ the above adaptive control to readjust the level of those factors to reduce the deviation of output. The controller of the adaptive control approach is a feedforward neural network (NN). The approach uses simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation to estimate the weights of the neural network. The NN controller does not need knowledge of the underlying dynamics of the system and does not require that one build a model for the dynamics. Further, it accounts for the process noise. The findings of the simulation study provide encouraging news for practitioners. >
Diffusion Theory in the New Media Environment: Toward an Integrated Technology Adoption Model

This article explores the venerable diffusion of innovations model and how changing technologies impact its applications and generalizations viewed as “products” of the model. We've examined some of the concepts involved, including characteristics of innovations, stages in the process, and characteristics of adopters. Then we attempted to develop a more complex understanding of the diffusion process by integrating theoretical frameworks from information sciences and uses and gratifications theory in developing a model for adopting technologies themselves.
Markovian decision control for traffic signal systems

Setting signals at intersections to minimize the queue length and vehicle delay time is a key goal in traffic management. In this paper, a new control strategy for a signalized traffic intersection is developed by applying Markovian decision control theory. Statistical analysis of simulation results with different arrival rates indicate the excellent potential of this approach.
Mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum blocked in expression of all members of the developmentally regulated discoidin multigene family.

Abstract Mutant strains of D. discoideum are described that can complete morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation but which express vastly reduced levels of the galactose-binding lectins discoidin I and II (less than 1% and 1%–2% respectively) compared to the wild-type control. Mutant cells proceeding through development lack lectin activity, lectin protein, and specific lectin mRNA. In contrast, the genes encoding these proteins are present in their wild-type configurations in the genome. Since these proteins are encoded by four to five discrete genes, the mutations in these strains are most likely in genes involved in the regulation of the expression of members of this multigene family. The results also indicate that the discoidin lectins may not be required for fruiting body construction in this organism. Finally, coupled with the recent ability to transform D. discoideum, these mutants open the way to identification and isolation of regulatory genes and their products.
Evaluating economic impacts of corporate real estate activities

Purpose – Input‐output modeling can accurately forecast the benefits associated with corporate real estate projects. This paper aims to address the economic and employment impact analysis practices used in input‐output modeling and identifies resources for corporate real estate executives when working with community groups and public officials. By understanding this topic, corporate real estate executives can more effectively demonstrate the value of corporate activities to a community. An impact analysis case study is presented that includes an example of economic impact report content. Input‐output modeling is an effective analytical tool for corporate real estate site selection, facilities expansion, and other community relations projects. This study addresses the major issues in corporate/community relationships and focuses on the corporate need to demonstrate project contributions to community economic vitality. As political, special interest, and public views about business expansion and development...
Influence of fine structure on the torsional fatigue behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers

Three experimental poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers have been spun and then drawn at three different temperatures(70°C, 90°C, and 110°C) in such a way that the drawn fibers possess different orientations and crystallinities but retain the same diameters. Wide angle X-ray diffraction and birefringence measurements have been used to characterize orientation and crystallinities of the fibers. The influence of fine structure on the torsional fatigue behavior of the melt spun and drawn PET fibers has been studied by subjecting them to 1.7 Hz torsional cyclic deformation at various amplitudes. Fracture morphology was found to be strongly influenced by the degree of orientation and crystallinity. Highly oriented and crystalline structures tended to separate into a highly fibrillated structure. Fibers of low draw ratio exhibited initial deterioration of the surface structure with the generation of transverse cracks (perpendicular to the fiber axis). Subsequent torsional loading of the structure generated an increase in longitudinal cracks which finally resulted in the catastrophic failure of the fiber. The extent of fibrillation was found to be a function of draw ratio (orientation) and crystallinity. The amplitude of torsional strain was also found to have an effect on the intensity of fibrillation and the number of cycles to fiber failure.
Annual review of advances in lung cancer clinical research: A report for the year 2009

The use of positron emission tomography compared with conventional staging increases the detection of extrathoracic metastases and reduces the number futile thoracotomies in patients being evaluated for surgical resection. Long-term follow-up of one of the two adjuvant chemotherapy trials revealed a continued overall survival (OS) benefit to adjuvant chemotherapy. In locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, a phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy alone and with surgical resection revealed no statistically significant difference in OS between the treatment arms. In advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer, a phase III trial compared gefitinib with carboplatin and paclitaxel in a clinically enriched patient population for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK) mutations; among patients with an EGFR TK mutation, patients in gefitinib arm compared with carboplatin and paclitaxel arm experienced a statistically significant superior response rate and progression-free survival, and among patients without EGFR TK mutation patients in the gefitinib arm compared with carboplatin and paclitaxel experienced a statistically significant inferior response rate and progression-free survival. A phase III trial of platinum-based therapy with and without cetuximab in the first-line setting revealed improved OS in the cetuximab arm. A phase III trial of maintenance pemetrexed compared with placebo in patients who had not progressed after initial platinum-based therapy revealed an improvement in OS of patients in the pemetrexed arm with nonsquamous histology. In limited-stage small cell lung cancer, a phase III trial compared standard and high-dose prophylactic cranial irradiation and revealed no significant difference in the rate of brain metastases between the two treatment arms.
Women's Narrative Accounts of Recent Abusive Episodes

This study explores battered women's narratives of their most recent violent episode. Narratives include both relational partners' messages surrounding the violent act(s) as reported by the battered women. Schonbach's (1990) taxonomy of account giving and receiving was used as the analytic framework for examining these narratives. The most striking communicative features of the analysis are that (1) prior to the violent act(s), men's most prominent messages consisted of negative personality comments whereas women used refusals; and (2) after the initial violence, men became more violent and women used more excuses.
Evidence of a Novel Event during Neuronal Death: Development of Competence-to-Die in Response to Cytoplasmic Cytochrome c

Abstract Sympathetic neurons undergoing programmed cell death after nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation are shown to exhibit a protein synthesis–dependent, BAX-dependent loss of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. However, cytoplasmic microinjection of cytochrome c was insufficient to induce cell death in NGF-maintained sympathetic neurons. In contrast, microinjection of cytochrome c rapidly induced a caspase-dependent death in NGF-deprived, Bax -deficient or NGF-deprived, cycloheximide-treated neurons. Cells needed to be deprived of NGF for 15–20 hr before they acquired competence to die with injection of cytochrome c. These data suggest that NGF deprivation induced the translocation of cytochrome c and another event, which we term as competence-to-die, that was independent of macromolecular synthesis and BAX function. Both these processes were required for neurons to undergo apoptosis.
Special education disproportionality in the United States, Germany, Kenya, and India

Disproportionality in special education includes the underrepresentation and overrepresentation of children by gender, economic status, race, ethnicity, language, and culture. This article reviews literature on disproportionality in the United States, Germany, Kenya, and India. Societal views of disability, classism, racism, and inequitable assessment are among the factors that contribute to disproportionality. Preventative medicine, equitable access to resources, ethical and effective assessment procedures, and educational practices that are gender equitable and culturally responsive may reduce the problem of disproportionality.
OIKOS: Convergence in business ethics

The current focus on corporate culture in managerial theory, on character development in business ethics, and on the work—family relationship in family studies calls for an integrating concept to help us explore the relationship of work, family, and fundamental values. The ancient Greek concept of the oikos offers a basic framework for understanding the ensemble of emotional commitments and faith values underlying ethical action in organizational life. Examination of the interrelationships among the arenas of work, family and faith directs us to the importance of ecclesiologies, faith concepts, and family forms for business ethics.
NEPS operations on cordial graphs

Abstract By using the structure of the adjacency matrix of a cordial graph, we characterize cordial graphs, then investigate sufficient conditions for NEPS graphs built from cordial graphs to be cordial. A sub-class of cordial graphs, symmetric balanced cordial graphs, is introduced.
Journey Toward Self-Determination: Voices of Students With Disabilities Who Participated in a Secondary Transition Program on a Community College Campus

Four students with disabilities enrolled in a secondary transition program located at a community college were interviewed to learn more about their transition experiences. One of the issues they touched on was self-determination. This study is a part of the larger qualitative narrative effort but with a specific focus on exploring participants’ perceptions regarding their journey toward self-determination. Field and Hoffman’s model of self-determination (i.e., know yourself, value yourself, plan, act and experience outcomes, and learn) guided the data re-examination. Themes found in students’ stories were (a) personal factors associated with the construct of self-determination, (b) environments and experiences that foster self-determination, and (c) the individualized education program meeting as a significant tool for supporting students’ building of skills leading to self-determination. The journey toward self-determination for the four narrators was formative and complex and highlights the need to pro...
Modulation of chromatin position and gene expression by HDAC4 interaction with nucleoporins

Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) can modulate chromatin architecture and transcriptional activity, thereby participating in the regulation of cellular responses such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. However, the target genes of class IIa HDACs that control inducible cardiac growth and the broader mechanisms whereby these deacetylases modulate locus-specific gene expression within chromatin remain a mystery. Here, we used genome-wide promoter occupancy analysis, expression profiling, and primary cell validation to identify direct class IIa HDAC4 targets in cardiomyocytes. Simultaneously, we identified nucleoporin155 (Nup155) as an HDAC4-interacting protein. Mechanistically, we show that HDAC4 modulated the association of identified target genes with nucleoporins through interaction with Nup155. Moreover, a truncated mutant of Nup155 that cannot bind HDAC4 suppressed HDAC4-induced gene expression patterns and chromatin–nucleoporin association, suggesting that Nup155-mediated localization was required for HDAC4’s effect on gene expression. We thus propose a novel mechanism of action for HDAC4, suggesting it can function to dynamically regulate gene expression through changes in chromatin–nucleoporin association.
Trading places: mRNA transfer between cells

Cells use receptor-ligand interactions and endocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine mechanisms to transmit signals to one another. Deregibus and colleagues now report that information transfer between cells also occurs through horizontal transfer of mRNA-rich microvesicles (MVs). MVs are membrane blebs
A criterion for completeness of the set of scattering amplitudes

Abstract Let D⊂ R 3 be a bounded domain with a smooth boundary Γ. Let A (θ′, θ, k ) be the scattering amplitude corresponding to the plane wave scattered by the reflecting obstacle D. We prove a necessary and sufficient condition for the set of functions { A (θ′, θ, k )} ∨θϵs 2 to be complete in L 2 (S 2 ) is that k 2 is not an eigenvalue of the Dirichlet laplacian in D such that the corresponding eigenfunction is of the form ∝ s 2 h (θ) exp (-i k θ· x )dθ. Here S 2 is the unit sphere in R 3 , k 62>0 is an arbitrar y fixed number, and h ϵL 2 (S 2 ).
Genome-wide identification of H-NS-controlled, temperature-regulated genes in Escherichia coli K-12.

DNA microarrays demonstrate that H-NS controls 69% of the temperature regulated genes in Escherichia coli K-12. H-NS is shown to be a common regulator of multiple iron and other nutrient acquisition systems preferentially expressed at 37°C and of general stress response, biofilm formation, and cold shock genes highly expressed at 23°C.
Stochastic finite element with material uncertainties: Implementation in a general purpose simulation program

This paper presents a stochastic finite element (SFE) within a general purpose finite element analysis program ABAQUS to simulate the probabilistic structural response of stochastic materials. Discretization and quantification of random fields associated with material uncertainties are accomplished through Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion in order to simulate the stochastic response of structures under material uncertainties. Although SFE is one of the most widely accepted approaches, its integrations into general-purpose finite element software are rare in literatures due to difficulties in its intrusive formulation and managing two different meshes for discretizing the physical and random field domains subjected to different meshing criteria. Therefore, issues on the separation of RF mesh from FE mesh have been addressed along with its efficient implementations. The proposed method can significantly reduce dimensionality of the stochastic domain and efficiently predict probability density functions of the structural response under material uncertainties through Monte Carlo simulations combined with the Latin hypercube sampling technique.
Detachment-Influenced Transport of an Adhesion-Deficient Bacterial Strain within Water-Reactive Porous Media

Bacteria and carboxylate-modified microsphere transport experiments were performed in glass bead packed columns in order to examine the distribution of retained colloids on the sediment. Solution pH was allowed to vary from 6.0 to 9.4 across the length of the column (20 cm) in order to examine potential effects of solution chemistry on the retained profiles. Both the microspheres and the bacteria showed retained profiles that deviated strongly from log-linear behavior expected from a spatially invariant colloid deposition rate coefficient. Deviation for the microspheres was in the form of steeper-than-expected decreases in retained concentrations with distance from source. Deviation for the bacteria was in the form of maximum retained concentrations that were located down-gradient from the column inlet. Subsidiary experiments with varying elution times showed that detachment during elution moved the peak of mass of retained bacteria down-gradient of the column inlet; however, the disproportional translation of the peak of mass relative to elution time indicated that processes operating during injection produced the initial down-gradient translation of peak concentrations of retained cells.
Multiple-pass trajectories for an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle

This paper investigates the use of multiple-pass trajectories for aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles (AOTV) as a means of reducing the severe aeroheating environment and the extreme sensitivity to off-nominal trajectory and atmospheric conditions. One-, two-, and three-pass trajectories were calculated for AOTV's with ballistic coefficients ranging from 5 to 150 psf. Compared to the single-pass case, the maximum heat rate was reduced by 30 percent for two passes and 45 percent for three passes, while the maximum acceleration was reduced by 40 percent and 55 percent, respectively. The sensitivity of the trajectories to variations in atmospheric and orbital parameters was not significantly reduced.
In search of medicine's moral glue.

The challenge of defining, and then possibly modifying the doctor-patient relationship (DPR) requires answers to two basic questions: 1) What has been lost as a result of the growing dominance of t...
Screening people with disturbed sleep for depression

Disturbed sleep may be associated with a multitude of environmental, medical, and psychological conditions. Since sleep disturbances are leading manifestations of major depression, a common potentially fatal disorder, persons with disturbed sleep must be screened for depression. Different forms of disturbed sleep are associated with specific subtypes of depression. Those with evidence of depression must then be referred for prompt treatment to abort serious adverse outcomes, including suicide.
TH‐F‐105‐02: Molecular Dynamics Simulation of DNA Damage Induction by Ionizing Radiation

Purpose: To present a multi‐scale simulation of early stage of DNA damage by the indirect action of hydroxyl (OH) free‐radicals generated by electrons and protons in a real‐time animation and to present a comparison of the ratio of the total DNA double strand breaks induced by proton and electron tracks. Methods: The computational method comprises of interfacing Geant4‐DNA Monte Carlo (MC) with ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD). A clustering method was employed to map the coordinates of OH‐radicals extracted from the ionization track‐structures simulated in 1 cm3 of continuous water onto 1019 of 2.6*2.6*6 nm3 simulation voxels (SV) filled with DNA and water molecules. The MD simulation sampled out of a large population of SVs provides the time evolution and chemical reactions and the energy‐landscape accounted for ensemble of DNAs surrounded by OH and water molecules. Such computational approach allows first principle enumeration of the DNA‐lesions induced by ionizing radiation. Results: We present cascade of chemical reactions between OH‐radicals and DNA induced by beam of electrons and protons. As a Result of ionization of water molecules in the surrounding environment MD simulation reveals broken bonds and identify chemical pathways for carbonyl‐and hydroxyl‐hole formation in the sugar‐moiety rings, nucleotide‐nucleotide hydrogen bond disruption, and nucleotide structural damage. We trace the dynamics of OH and demonstrate the interaction among them and DNA. We find 5% and 20% of the electron and proton track, respectively, populate SVs with at least one pair of ions, capable of forming DSBs. Taking into account the realistic ion distributions, we find that the ratio of the total DNA double strand breaks induced by a single proton and electron track is approximately 4. Conclusion: The first‐generation of hybrid MD‐MC method developed recently in our group allows comparison between the DNA damage induced by beams of electrons and protons.
Plural Governance in Industrial Purchasing

Abstract This article examines the phenomenon of plural governance, a firm’s simultaneous use of market contracting and vertical integration for the same basic transaction. The author studies two particular aspects of plural governance, namely the conditions that motivate firms to deploy plural governance and the manner in which one governance form influences the other when the two coexist in a joint structure. Drawing on agency theory and information economics, the author develops a set of research hypotheses and tests them empirically in the context of industrial purchasing decisions. The results suggest that the plural governance phenomenon can be understood from the perspective of solving information asymmetry problems between buyers and suppliers. The author discusses the implications of a “make and buy” approach to extant theory of interfirm governance, relationship management, and marketing strategy in business-to-business settings.
A review: dietary and endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and risk of childhood brain tumors.

Maternal dietary exposure to N-nitroso compounds (NOC) or to their precursors during pregnancy has been associated with risk of childhood brain tumors. Cured meat is one source of exposure to dietary NOC and their precursors. Most epidemiological studies that have examined the role of maternal consumption of cured meats during pregnancy have found a significant positive association between maternal intake of cured meat and the risk of childhood brain tumor (CBT). NOC consist of two main groups, N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosamides. The carcinogenicity profiles of NOC suggest that N-nitrosamides rather than N-nitrosamines are the compounds that may be associated with CBT and that they should be investigated more closely in epidemiological studies. We present a review of the chemical and carcinogenic properties of NOC in connection with the findings of case–control studies. This approach may be helpful in determining the essential information that must be collected in future epidemiological studies on CBT.
BLOOD VISCOSITY II. EFFECT OF INCREASED VENOUS PRESSURE.

A rise in venous pressure caused by application of a loose binder to the arm results in a marked increase in the viscosity of the whole blood which is primarily due to a concentration of the blood in the capillaries. This concentration is shown by an increase in the viscosity and total nitrogen of the plasma, an increase in the relative volume of the red blood cells, and an increase in the relative percentage of hemoglobin. Change in the viscosity of whole blood following venous stasis apparently bears no demonstrable relation to the carbon dioxide or oxygen content.
A bifurcation theorem for potential operators

Abstract A sufficient condition for bifurcation of real solutions of G(λ, u) = 0 (where G: R × D → E, D ⊂ E) is given in terms of the crossing number of the eigenvalue perturbation of the linearization along the trivial solutions (λ, 0). This number describes how many eigenvalues leave the negative real axis wen the parameter λ varies from negative to positive values. Whereas in general only an odd crossing number entails bifurcation, for potential operators in a Hilbert space E a nonzero crossing number is sufficient for bifurcation. The proof uses a Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction and Conley's index theory.
A rapid boundary perturbation algorithm for scattering by families of rough surfaces

In this paper we describe a novel algorithm for the computation of scattering returns by families of rough surfaces. This algorithm makes explicit use of the fact that some scattering profiles of engineering interest (e.g., traveling ocean waves) come in branches parameterized analytically by a bifurcation quantity. Our approach delivers recursions which not only can be implemented to yield a rapid, robust and high-order numerical scheme, but also give a new proof of analyticity of scattering quantities with respect to the bifurcation parameter of the surface family. The real advantage of this new approach is that it computes, in one step, the scattered field for all possible members of the family of surfaces. By contrast, other state-of-the-art schemes must restart when the returns from a new surface are desired, so that the cost of our new approach is greatly advantaged when the number of samples of the family reaches even modest values. Numerical results which verify the accuracy of our approach and demonstrate their utility in computing grating efficiencies scattered by traveling surface ocean waves are presented.
The Narmada River Project: Toward a feminist model of women in development

A number of competing models of women in development have been vying for the allegiance of feminist scholars concerned with gender equity in the Third World. This article compares the merits of the liberal integration model, the marginalization model, the capitalist exploitation model, and the socialist feminist model in assessing the probable consequences of a mega-development project for women. Using the Sardar Sarovar Project on the Narmada River in India as a case study, the essay contrasts the outcomes projected by each model in order to explore the play of gender in Third World societies and in development policies. In addition, applying these competing models to an on-going development project illuminates limitations in each model which must be overcome if the goal of a feminist model of women in development is to minimize the harm done to women by development and to empower women of the Third World.
Evidence of dispersion in an artificial water-saturated sand sediment

A laboratory experiment was conducted to measure the speed of sound in an artificial water-saturated granular sediment composed of cleaned and sorted medium-grained sand and degassed distilled water. The experiment was conducted within a range of frequencies where dispersion is predicted by a number of existing models. Between 2 and 4kHz, the sound speed was inferred from measurements of the resonance frequencies of a thin-walled cylindrical container filled with the material. An elastic waveguide model was used to account for the effect of the finite impedance of the walls, although this effect was found to be small. From 20 to 300kHz, the sound speed was obtained directly from time-of-flight measurements within the sediment. Dispersion in close agreement with the Williams effective density fluid model [K. L. Williams, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 2276–2281 (2001)] was observed.
Dynamic Response of Epon 828/T-403 Under Multiaxial Loading at Various Temperatures

The mechanical response and failure behavior of Epon 828/T-403 epoxy were experimentally obtained over a strain rate range of 1.7 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} to 4.7 {times} 10{sup 3} s{sup {minus}1} and a temperature range of {minus}190 to 100 C. Compressive loads were applied in both uniaxial and multiaxial manners. A modified split Hopkinson pressure bar was employed to perform dynamic experiments, whereas an Materials Test System (MTS810) was used to conduct experiments under quasi-static loading conditions to establish the trends in strain-rate sensitivity. Multiaxial compression was achieved by installing snug-fit steel sleeves on the lateral surfaces of the cylindrical polymer specimens. The effects of temperature were studied by heating/cooling specimens to desired temperatures before mechanical loads were applied. The experimental results show that the yield strength of the polymer increases with increasing strain rate until adiabatic heating offsets the strain rate hardening. Lateral confinement significantly increases the axial yield strength. Increasing temperature reduces both yield strength and Young`s modulus.
Metabolic Acidosis and Protein Catabolism: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Metabolic acidosis increases protein degradation resulting in muscle wasting and a negative nitrogen balance. The branched-chain amino acids serve as useful markers of these changes and their catabolism is increased in acidosis, particularly for the spontaneous acidosis associated with renal failure. As a result, the neutral nitrogen balance is compromised and malnutrition results. Glucocorticoids mediate these changes through the recently discovered ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Therapy necessitates correction of the underlying acidosis either through adjustment of the alkalinity of the dialysate for the patient on dialysis or through dietary protein restriction and sodium bicarbonate supplements for the predialysis patient.
Direct suppression of cultured spleen cell responses by chlordane and the basis for differential effects on in vivo and in vitro immunocompetence.

Immunosuppression by gamma‐chlordane was examined by the direct addition of chlordane to cultured spleen cells from untreated B6C3F1 mice. Both cell‐mediated and humoral immune responses were markedly suppressed upon in vitro exposure. The mixed lymphocyte response and the proliferative response to both B‐ and T‐cell mitogens were significantly suppressed at micromolar concentrations of chlordane. The antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was suppressed 90% at 10 μM chlordane. The kinetics of the SRBC response were not altered by chlordane. Addition of chlordane to the antibody cultures on various days indicated an effect at the early stages of the response. Previous studies with chlordane failed to demonstrate immunosuppression following in vivo exposure. The possibility that chlordane was metabolized in vivo to a less immunosuppressive form was studied by examining the effect of the major metabolite, oxychlordane, on the in vitro antibody response and by incubating splenocytes with chlordane an...