cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digestive and reproductive systems of Eriborus molestae Uchida (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae)

Abstract The digestive tract and internal reproductive systems of adult Eriborus molestae Uchida are described. The foregut consists of a short pharynx, a long narrow oesophagus extending into the abdomen beyond the petiole, an expandable, thin-walled crop, and proventriculus. The midgut is simple and surrounded by circular muscles. The hindgut has 3 divisions: ileum, colon, and a rectum with 2 regions. The 24–32 malpighian tubules lie free in the abdominal cavity. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, lateral oviducts, a common oviduct, spermatheca, vagina, and 2 accessory glands. There are 14 polytrophic ovarioles per ovary. The distal end of the lateral oviduct is enlarged into an elongate calyx for the storage of 30 or more sausage-shaped ova. Dufour's gland and a poison gland consisting of a poison sac and free filaments are present. The male reproductive system is simple and typical of parasitic Hymenoptera, consisting of a pair of fused testes, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, a common ejaculatory duct, and 1 accessory gland.
Glyoxalase I phenotype as a potential risk factor for prostate carcinoma.

Objectives. To elicit a possible link between glyoxalase I (Gly-I), a detoxifying enzyme, and the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa), we investigated Gly-I phenotypic expression in the prostatic tissue and red blood cells (RBCs) from patients with PCa. Methods. Eighty-seven clinical specimens, including 42 PCa tissue samples, 20 RBC samples, and 25 matched pair (prostate and RBC) samples from patients at prostatectomy were examined. The Gly-I phenotypes in these specimens were assessed by nondenaturing starch-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results. Of the 87 patients, 63 (72.4%) were white, 15 (17.2%) were black, and 9 (10.4%) were another ethnicity (eg, Hispanic, Asian, Indian). Three Gly-I phenotypes were detected in these specimens as fast, intermediate, and slow-moving bands on the gel. The fast phenotype was the most common form found in the white (34 [54%] of 63) and black (8 [53.3%] of 15) patients, but the third ethnic group was too small for proper analysis. To validate this finding, the data from the white patients were compared with the Gly-I phenotypic frequencies in U.S. populations. The data analysis confirmed that a higher incidence (54%) of the fast type in our white patients was statistically significant (P <0.0001) compared with its phenotypic frequency of 30.6% in the general U.S. white population. Conclusions. The significantly high frequency (P <0.0001) of the fast Gly-I phenotype was detected among patients with PCa, suggesting it is a potential risk factor for PCa. Whether its increased incidence in whites reflects the lack of sample numbers for other ethnic groups needs additional investigation.
Surgical "placebo" controls.

ObjectiveTo set ethical guidelines on the use of surgical placebo controls in the design of surgical trials.Background DataEthical concerns recently arose from surgical trials where subjects in the control arm underwent surgical procedures that had the appearance of a therapeutic intervention, but d
Stereo analysis of single crystal electron diffraction data

In the analysis of single crystal electron diffraction data, full advantage of information on sample geometry can be taken if one first determines sample coordinates for a crystallographic basis triplet. Using this strategy, a unified approach is possible for (i) computer indexing of diffraction spots, (ii) testing of diffraction data for consistency with known structures, (iii) measuring the lattice parameters of an unknown crystal, (iv) determining the crystallographic orientation of micrograph features, and (v) calculating goniometer coordinates to access a desired crystallographic orientation. The approach, which can be implemented with only modest microprocessor support, increases the usefulness of diffraction “patterns” with only one diffraction spot. It therefore extends the versality of a single-tilt goniometer stage, and allows the above tasks to be performed on smaller crystals and more beam-sensitive samples than could otherwise be considered.
Theoretical characterization of structures and vibrational frequencies for intermediates and transition states in the reaction of NH2 with NO

Abstract Features of the potential energy surface for the reaction of NH 2 with NO have been characterized at the complete active space self-consistent field level of theory with a correlation-consistent polarized valence double-zeta basis set. The same large active space, sufficient to describe all of the key reaction channels, was used throughout. In this way a consistent set of structural parameters and a consistent set of harmonic vibrational frequencies for use in statistical RRKM treatment were obtained. The overall energetics were investigated further by performing single-point large-scale configuration interaction calculations using polarized valence triple-zeta and augmented polarized double-zeta basis sets.
Measurements of hydrogen evolution from pure iron between 77 and 800 K

On montre que l'hydrogene libre ou faiblement piege peut etre distingue de l'hydrogene a l'etat moleculaire par une technique qui utilise un changement de pression dans le systeme a ultravide pendant le chauffage isochrone de 77 a 800 K
Are mental health services losing out in the US under managed care

Managed care in its various forms has become a dominating force in US healthcare. For people who have long term serious mental illnesses, this trend has had undesirable consequences. In the US, states that have adopted managed-care systems such as New Mexico, Tennessee and Texas have been harder hit than states that have not chosen managed care. Funds available for services have been reduced, hospital bed days have been shortened, formularies have been limited and number of treatment sessions reduced. A basic problem is that for-profit managed care is more interested in profits than in quality of services.
Characteristics of load ratio control circuits

THE INFLUENCE of saturation phenomena in series reactors on the circuit performance of load ratio control equipment has been made the subject of the present study. It has been found that unless care is exercised in the design of these reactors, gross distortion may be introduced into the circuit, resulting in obtaining across the reactor voltage peaks which may endanger the insulation, and greatly increase the rupturing duty of the circuit breakers.
Spoken dialogue interfaces

This introductory tutorial overviews recent advancement and current efforts in the integration of speech processing with other components of spoken-dialogue systems. It examines important results in designing, constructing, and evaluating complete conversational systems that integrate speech recognition and synthesis with other enabling technologies. Among the disciplines contributing material for the course are, therefore, speech recognition and synthesis, but also natural language processing, user-interface design, machine translation, planning and plan recognition, gesture analysis, computational discourse, and usability evaluation. The full-day course is comprised of four sessions including an introduction to the state of the art, review of existing spoken interface systems, the integration of speech processing with other interaction modalities, and a closing session on evaluation methods, tools for developing spoken dialogue systems, and other issues affecting the spoken interface community.
Study of atomic structure and electronic structure of an AA′3B4O12 double-perovskite CaCu3Ir4O12 using STEM imaging and EELS techniques

A newly discovered 1:3 A-site-ordered AA'3B4O12 perovskite oxide CaCu3Ir4O12 which has unusual electrical and magnetic properties was investigated using STEM imaging and EELS techniques in a probe corrected microscope. The target sample was compared with the other two iso-structural oxides of CaCu3Ru4O12 and CaCu3Ti4O12 with dissimilar physical properties. It has been found by STEM HAADF imaging that Ca and Cu on A and A' sites are ordered as expected. Oxygen atoms are imaged with STEM ABF imaging. The fine structures of the Cu L2,3 core loss and O-K edges show that the electronic structure of CaCu3Ir4O12 is very close to that of CaCu3Ru4O12, but different from CaCu3Ti4O12. The O-K near edge fine structures show extensive hybridization of Ir 5d and O 2p band. Cu L2,3 peaks indicate Cu in CaCu3Ir4O12 has 2+ valence, though Cu(2+) electrons mainly localized, they might have strong interactions with Ir(4+) 5d electrons through Ir-O-Cu, similar to the strong coupling of Ru with Cu in CaCu3Ru4O12.
Controlled, targeted, intracellular expression of ribozymes: progress and problems

Significant progress has been made in the development of ribozymes for a wide variety of intracellular applications, including human gene therapy. Further advances are likely to come from innovative strategies to improve the delivery, expression, co-localization, targeting specificity and substrate turnover of ribozymes. In order to stimulate problem solving in these areas, this article discusses examples of recent successes in intracellular ribozyme applications, and identifies some of the obstacles that remain. In addition, some testable, but as yet untried, ideas for overcoming several of these obstacles are presented.
Late miocene—earliest pliocene glaciation in southern Argentina: implications for global ice-sheet history

Abstract In South America at latitude 47°S, till was deposited sometime between 7 m.y. and 4.6 m.y. ago, at a time when the local climate was colder than today's. During this same interval glaciers extended to sea level in southeast Alaska, and widespread cooling of the ocean surface in middle latitudes, worldwide marine regression and change in the oxygen isotopic composition of ocean water occurred. From the last three events, major late Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet has been inferred, on the assumption that the history of North Atlantic ice rafting precludes the existence of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets until 3 m.y. ago. This is disputed, first because precipitation in Antarctica would probably have decreased at temperatures below today's, second because the Antarctic Ice Sheet cannot expand appreciably until buildup of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets has lowered sea level, third because virtually no late Miocene sediments are present at the Labrador Sea DSDP sites that are critical to the reconstruction of North Atlantic ice rafting history, and fourth because the scale of late Miocene glaciation in Alaska is at least permissive for simultaneous buildup of ice at similar latitudes further east. If global ice sheet volume at the end of the Miocene was greater than it is today, by an amount that would have lowered sea level by several tens of meters, the excess ice did not accumulate in Antarctica, but in the Northern Hemisphere, chiefly in North America away from the Atlantic coast.
Performance of Solid Particle Receivers With or Without the Protection of an Aerowindow

A solid particle solar receiver (SPSR) is a direct absorption central receiver that uses solid particles enclosed in a cavity to absorb concentrated solar radiation. However, the existing open aperture lowers the overall efficiency by convection heat transfer. Aerowindows have the potential of increasing the efficiency of an SPSR by reducing convective losses from an open receiver aperture and eliminate reflection, convection and reradiation losses from a comparable glass window. Aerodynamic windows consist of a transparent gas stream, which is injected from an air jet, across the receiver aperture to isolate its interior from the surrounding atmosphere. Even though, the wind conditions may still have important effect on the performance of SPSRs. In the present paper, the wind effect on the performance of an SPSR is investigated numerically. The mass, momentum and energy exchange between the solid particle and air flow are simulated by the two-way coupling Euler-Lagrange method in the realizable k-e turbulence 3D model. The independence of the calculating domain is studied in order to select a proper domain for the numerical simulation. Solar ray tracing method is employed in calculating the solar radiation energy. The numerical investigation of the performance of the SPSR is focusing on optimizing the prototype design and finding out the best working condition for the SPSR. In order to investigate the influences of the wind speed and wind blowing direction on the performance of the receiver, different wind conditions of and different air jet injection conditions are simulated numerically. The cavity thermal efficiencies are calculated and the optimal injection conditions are analyzed for different wind conditions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A wearable motion tracker

This paper presents the development and testing of a wearable, multi-modality, motion capture platform. This platform can be used in a range of applications including virtual and augmented reality, biomechanics, sign language translation, gait analysis and graphics in movies and video games. Our platform includes inertial and ultrasonic motion sensing modalities. The combination of these modalities is expected to improve the overall accuracy of the captured motion data. An electronic board for this has been designed, fabricated and programmed. The board measures 3.2 cm x 4.8 cm and includes a low-power microcontroller, a radio unit, a three-axis accelerometer, a two-axis gyroscope, an ultrasonic transmitter and an ultrasonic receiver. Results using the inertial and ultrasonic sensors to estimate position are presented.
Physical Anthropology in Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research

ore and more, physical anthropologists are focusing their research on biomedical phenomena in collaborative projects with physicians and other health professionals, frequently in clinical settings (Wienker 1984). Data from the Guide to Departments of Anthropology (American Anthropological Association 1984, 1988) illustrate that an increasing proportion of physical anthropologists in the United States are employed either fullor part-time in schools of medicine, nursing, and public health (Table 1). While the percentage of all physical anthropologists in American institutions listed in the Guide for 1988/89 increased only moderately (11.3%) during the previous four years, those employed part-time, jointly, or full-time in biomedical academic units increased approximately 23%. This represents a proportionate growth of over 200%. Indeed, today at least one in eight physical anthropologists in American colleges and universities has some kind of formal affiliation with a biomedically oriented academic unit. How many additional physical anthropologists are employed in nonacademic biomedical settings is unknown.
The hypnotic effect of propofol in the medial preoptic area of the rat

Recent introduction of the intravenous anesthetic propofol as an ICU sedative has allowed a deeply sedated state to be maintained for extended periods in the ICU without delays in emergence. Although such sedation has been advocated to promote physiologic sleep, little evidence exists to support such a strategy. To explore propofol's effect on sleep regulation, we administered propofol directly into the medial preoptic area (MPA) of the rat, an anatomic site where administration of other sedatives (triazolam and phenobarbital) also induce sleep. We performed three two-hour sleep studies in the daytime with the lights on following the administration of propofol (8 ng or 40 ng) or vehicle (intralipid). The higher dose of propofol significantly reduced sleep latency and increased nonREM and total sleep times when compared to vehicle. REM sleep times, intermittent waking times and number of transitions were not altered. Mean nonREM sleep bout length was increased significantly at the higher dose. These findings suggest that propofol may enhance sleep by acting at a hypothalamic site.
STUDENT VOCABULARIES OF MOTIVE: ACCOUNTS FOR ABSENCE

An analysis of actual accounts produced by students who missed class illustrates how they were intended to explain inappropriate behavior. In justifications, which took the form of appeal to loyalties, students accepted responsibility for the absence but emphasized that such action was positive in some other context. Excuses, rather than justifications, predominated. Most students admitted to the negative aspect of the act but attempted to lessen their individual responsibility through the use of five major themes, which included reference to biological factors, control by another person, oversleeping, other coursework, and accidents. The reality of the act of nonattendance was aligned and negotiated within the framework of university culture. Examples, in the words of the students, provide some understanding of their perceptions of their own behavior and self-presentation.
Mission to the Trojan asteroids: Lessons learned during a JPL Planetary Science Summer School mission design exercise

Abstract The 2013 Planetary Science Decadal Survey identified a detailed investigation of the Trojan asteroids occupying Jupiter's L4 and L5 Lagrange points as a priority for future NASA missions. Observing these asteroids and measuring their physical characteristics and composition would aid in identification of their source and provide answers about their likely impact history and evolution, thus yielding information about the makeup and dynamics of the early Solar System. We present a conceptual design for a mission to the Jovian Trojan asteroids: the Trojan ASteroid Tour, Exploration, and Rendezvous (TASTER) mission, that is consistent with the NASA New Frontiers candidate mission recommended by the Decadal Survey and the final result of the 2011 NASA-JPL Planetary Science Summer School. Our proposed mission includes visits to two Trojans in the L4 population: a 500 km altitude fly-by of 1999 XS143, followed by a rendezvous with and detailed observations of 911 Agamemnon at orbital altitudes of 1000–100 km over a 12 month nominal science data capture period. Our proposed instrument payload – wide- and narrow-angle cameras, a visual and infrared mapping spectrometer, and a neutron/gamma ray spectrometer – would provide unprecedented high-resolution, regional-to-global datasets for the target bodies, yielding fundamental information about the early history and evolution of the Solar System. Although our mission design was completed as part of an academic exercise, this study serves as a useful starting point for future Trojan mission design studies. In particular, we identify and discuss key issues that can make large differences in the complex trade-offs required when designing a mission to the Trojan asteroids.
Equity Analysis and Farm Family Consumption

*The author expresses appreciation to Earl W. Kehrberg, John E. Kadlec, Edward E. Carson and Ludwig M. Eisgruber, as well as to Robert J. Dades, John A. Ginzel, Thomas L. Small, and many others for their counsel in the development of the paper of which this is the abstract. the present. Four retailed earnings ratios are developed to assist the user in comparing growth on the same farm in different years and on different farms in the same year. Consumption or "family living expense" is determined as the residual of earnings minus retailed earnings. Information from annual balance sheets and income tax forms is used as the basic data for determining earning and retailed earnings. It is suggested that the analysis provides a disciplined, consistent system of accounting for the total farm family unit. It can apply to both business and personal interests. The language of the system can help the farmer to better understand his financial growth, and it can improve communications between farmers, their lenders, and their other counselors.
Micro-price trading in an order-driven market

Limit order book simulations based on “zero-intelligence” or “entropy-maximizing” agents address two difficult issues in financial economics. First, the models address the significance of trading mechanisms by explicitly accounting for the logic of those mechanisms. Second, they avoid the difficulty of modeling human decision-making by generating orders stochastically. This paper reports on a computational experiment in which a strategic agent trading on endogenous market signals is embedded in an otherwise stochastic order book simulation. Under certain parameterizations of the model the agent is profitable despite the fact that the agent only employs market orders.
Rehabilitation outcomes of stroke patients with and without diabetes.

Abstract Objective To investigate the relation of diabetes comorbidity and the rehabilitation outcomes of patients with stroke. Design Secondary data analysis. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Participants Patients with stroke (N=35,243) who received inpatient rehabilitation in 2004 through 2008. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures FIM, length of stay, and discharge destination. Results Mean age ± SD of the sample was 71.0±13.2 years. The percent of the sample of Medicare beneficiaries was 53.8%, whereas 46.2% had other sources of funding. Of the patients in the sample, 34.5% had a comorbidity of diabetes, with 17.2% classified as tier-eligible and 82.8% as nontier eligible. Findings included that patients in this sample with diabetes were admitted for rehabilitation services at a younger age than those without diabetes and support previous studies in which tier-eligible diabetes comorbidities moderated by patient age were found to be significant predictors of stroke rehabilitation outcomes. Furthermore, similar findings remained regardless of payer source. Conclusions This study provides additional evidence that diabetes as a comorbidity is significantly related to stroke rehabilitation outcome, but the relation is moderated by patient age.
Correlation of membrane glucocorticoid receptor levels with glucocorticoid-induced apoptotic competence using mutant leukemic and lymphoma cells lines.

We have studied the presence and functional implications of membrane glucocorticoid receptor (mGR) in several wild type (WT) and mutant mouse lymphoid cell lines (nuclear transfer decrease, NT(-); nuclear transfer increase, NT(i); and receptorless, R(-)). Direct fluorescent antibody staining revealed large aggregates of mGR-specific fluorescing antigens in the plasma membrane of the WT and mGR-enriched (mGR(++)) S-49 cells. While R(-) cells totally lacked mGR, this receptor level was low in NT(-) and NT(i) groups. FACS analysis corroborated these results, showing a approximately 4-10-fold difference between the highest mGR levels (mGR(++)) and the R(-) and NT(i) cells. Membrane extracts were analyzed for mGR by immunoblotting. Multiple receptor forms, ranging in M(r) from 94,000 to > 200,000, were observed in the WT cells, while only smaller peptides (85,000-94,000) were found in NT(-) cells. No detectable immunoreactive bands were identified in either membrane or cytosol immunoprecipitates of NT(i) and R(-) cell groups. Within 48 h post dexamethasone exposure > 98% of WT and mGR(++) S-49 cells underwent apoptosis, compared to 0-30% in the mutant cells, albeit the total receptor number is two to three times higher in NT(i) compared to WT. These results suggest a better correlation between the quantity and quality of mGRs (rather than total cellular GRs) and the ability of glucocorticoids (GCs) to lyse lymphoid cells.
Early child care and education: Lessons from the french

Recent developments in welfare reform legislation and specifically, the drive to move welfare recipients off public assistance and into the workforce, have focused attention on child care programs for children 0–6 years old. Description is provided of the comprehensive French system (itscreches andecoles maternelles), and the training required of their caregivers and teachers. Comparisons are drawn with U.S. efforts in this area and implications are discussed in terms of how to improve our early child care and education programs and break the cycle of poverty. Specific policy recommendations include implementing preschool programs for all 4–6 year olds and increasing the availability of quality child care programs for children 0–3 years.
Technical development: a modified pigtail catheter for transbrachial aortography.

A high flow right angled 5 gauge polyethylene pigtail catheter was used in 24 patients for aorto-femoral angiography via the transbrachial approach. Its small size and right angled configuration allow casy, rapid introduction of the catheter into the abdominal aorta.
The Closure of Monadic NP

It is a well-known result of Fagin that the complexity class NP coincides with the class of problems expressible in existential second-order logic (?11), which allows sentences consisting of a string of existential second-order quantifiers followed by a first-order formula. Monadic NP is the class of problems expressible in monadic ?11, i.e., ?11 with the restriction that the second-order quantifiers are all unary and hence range only over sets (as opposed to ranging over, say, binary relations). For example, the property of a graph being 3-colorable belongs to monadic NP, because 3-colorability can be expressed by saying that there exists three sets of vertices such that each vertex is in exactly one of the sets and no two vertices in the same set are connected by an edge. Unfortunately, monadic NP is not a robust class, in that it is not closed under first-order quantification. We define closed monadic NP to be the closure of monadic NP under first-order quantification and existential unary second-order quantification. Thus, closed monadic NP differs from monadic NP in that we allow the possibility of arbitrary interleavings of first-order quantifiers among the existential unary second-order quantifiers. We show that closed monadic NP is a natural, rich, and robust subclass of NP. As evidence for its richness, we show that not only is it a proper extension of monadic NP, but that it contains properties not in various other extensions of monadic NP. In particular, we show that closed monadic NP contains an undirected graph property not in the closure of monadic NP under first-order quantification and Boolean operations. Our lower-bound proofs require a number of new game-theoretic techniques.
Adatom dipole moments on metals and their interactions

Abstract An expression is derived for the dipole moment μ, associated with an arbitrary adatom on an arbitrary metal surface, in terms of the differential work done in moving the adatom from the interior of the metal to its actual position in the presence and absence, respectively, of small, asymptotically uniform electric field on the exterior of the metal. With the aid of this expression it is shown that the non-oscillatory part of the interaction energy of two dipoles μ A and μ B , situated on the surface and separated by a large distance v , is given by U AB = 2 μ A μ B v −3 . This exceeds by a factor of 2 the interaction energy of two dipoles in the same relative configuration but in a vacuum.
Kinetics of precipitation of surfactants. I. Anionic surfactants with calcium and with cationic surfactants

Isoperibol calorimetry was used to measure the rates of precipitation for aqueous solutions of several anionic surfactants with calcium and of anionic and cationic surfactants. A monomer concentration-dependent supersaturation ratio was used to describe the relative rates of precipitation for the surfactant systems studied. This supersaturation ratio allows for the relative rates of precipitation of any surfactant solution to be compared whether micelles are present in solution or not. In general, as the supersaturation ratio increases, the rate of precipitation decreases and the induction time decreases, bot above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The rate of precipitation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with dodecyl pyridinium chloride is much slower than the rate of precipitation of the anionic surfactants with calcium for similar supersaturation ratios. The rate of precipitation of SDS with calcium is slightly faster than the rate of precipitation of sodium octyl benzene sulfonate for similar supersaturation ratios. Studies of precipitate crystals, conducted using image analysis, showed that size and shape dependent on the initial supersaturation, the precipitating surfactant molecule, and the extent of aging (until an equilibrium size and shape was reached). Also, differences in the appearance of crystals formed from solutions above and below the CMC were observed. These were most likely due to the difference in supersaturation of these solutions. The crystals formed due to precipitation of SDS with calcium at a concentration above the CMC formed flat trapezoidal, rhombic and hexagonal shapes. These aged into clusters by 1 wk. For a solution that was precipitated at concentrations beginning below the CMC, the crystals began as elongated and rhombic flat plates and aged into trapezoidal, rhombic, and needle-like structures.
Redesigning the Preparation of All Teachers within the Framework of an Integrated Program Model.

Abstract It is incumbent on universities to reflect current research on effective teacher preparation and respond to the changing needs of the 21st century. These needs include the knowledge and skills to instruct diverse students; an increasing emphasis on standards and an integrated curriculum model; and the call for all educators to work together to improve the performance of students. In the spring of 2006, University of Utah set out to restructure its teacher programs. The design phase of this restructuring was completed in 2008, and the first cohort of teacher candidates has entered the program.
ANALYTIC MODFET MODELS BEYOND THE TRIANGULAR WELL APPROXIMATION

Abstract A new approach to modeling normal interface modulation doped field-effect transistors (MODFETs) is presented in which the 2-D electron gas density is integrated along the channel instead of the channel potential. With this approach we are able to implement a highly accurate polynomial description of the Fermi potential in the channel as a function of free electron density for arbitrary acceptor densities in GaAs channel. A substantial increase in the near threshold device current results. A carrier density dependent low field mobility is also incorporated into the model. These modifications are expected to result in an improved ability to estimate device characteristics from extrinsic material and device parameters.
Interaction of Model Peptides with Water and Lithium Bromide

KNOWLEDGE of the interactions between peptide groups and water or denaturing agents is of major importance in understanding proteins. Klotz and Franzen1 showed recently by infra-red studies that aqueous N-methylacetamide (NMA) forms few inter-peptide hydrogen bonds except at concentrations approaching 12 M. Hydrogen bonds between water and NMA are formed more readily. Harrington and Schellman2 proposed that the increased viscosity of proteins in strong lithium bromide solutions is the result of more extensive bonding and more helical coiling than in water, in contrast to the widely held idea that hydrogen bonds are broken in lithium bromide solution. We present viscometric data relating to the interaction of water solutions of lithium bromide with NMA, dimethylacetamide (DMA), acetone, and polysarcosine. The results show that increased viscosities occur in systems where interpeptide hydrogen bonds cannot form.
Evaluation of a Large‐Mesh Panel to Reduce the Flatfish Bycatch in the Small‐Mesh Bottom Trawls Used in the New England Silver Hake Fishery

Abstract Fishermen must use small-mesh bottom trawls to capture certain species of fish that cannot be retained by standard groundfish mesh sizes. These fisheries are subject to bycatch limits when such trawls are used in areas where regulated species reside. Bycatch of regulated flatfish in the small-mesh bottom trawl fishery for silver hake Merluccius bilinearis in the northwestern Atlantic is a concern of management because silver hakes are captured in areas where juvenile regulated flatfish are common. An evaluation of flatfish and silver hake behaviors using low-light underwater cameras suggested that the two species could be separated within the mouth of a bottom trawl. Using the alternate tow method, four different large-mesh panels positioned in the lower belly of the trawl were separately evaluated. One of them proved to be effective in reducing flatfish bycatch while not reducing the catch of silver hakes; a large-mesh panel constructed of 40.6-cm (16-in) stretched mesh that was diamond shaped u...
Late-Glacial to Early Holocene Climate Changes from a Central Appalachian Pollen and Macrofossil Record

A Late-glacial to early Holocene record of pollen, plant macrofossils and charcoal, based on two cores, is presented for Browns Pond in the central Appalachians of Virginia. An AMS radiocarbon chronology defines the timing of moist and cold excursions, superimposed upon the overall warming trend from 14,200 to 7,500 C-14 yr B.P. This site shows cold, moist conditions from approximately 14,200 to 12,700 C-14 yr B.P., with warming at 12,730, 11,280 and 10,050 C-14 yr B.P. A decrease in deciduous broad-leaved tree taxa and Pinus strobus (haploxylon) pollen, simultaneous with a re-expansion of Abies denotes a brief, cold reversal from 12,260 to 12,200 C-14 yr B.P. A second cold reversal, inferred from increases in montane conifers, is centered at 7,500 C-14 yr B.P. The cold reversals at Browns Pond may be synchronous with climate change in Greenland, and northwestern Europe. Warming at 11,280 C-14 yr B.P. shows the complexity of regional climate responses during the Younger Dryas chronozone.
Effects of smoking abstinence and alcohol consumption on smoking-related outcome expectancies in heavy smokers and tobacco chippers

Smoking cessation interventions often target expectancies about the consequences of smoking. Yet little is known about the way smoking-related expectancies vary across different contexts. Two internal contexts that are often linked with smoking relapse are states associated with smoking abstinence and alcohol consumption. This report presents a secondary analysis of data from two experiments designed to examine the influence of smoking abstinence, and smoking abstinence combined with alcohol consumption, on smoking-related outcome expectancies among heavy smokers and tobacco chippers (smokers who had consistently smoked no more than 5 cigarettes/day for at least 2 years). Across both experiments, smoking abstinence and alcohol consumption increased expectancies of positive reinforcement from smoking. In addition, alcohol consumption increased negative reinforcement expectancies among tobacco chippers, such that the expectancies became more similar to those of heavy smokers as tobacco chippers' level of subjective alcohol intoxication increased. Findings suggest that these altered states influence the way smokers evaluate the consequences of smoking, and provide insight into the link between smoking abstinence, alcohol consumption, and smoking behavior.
Neuroimaging correlates of everyday action in dementia

The everyday, functional impairments associated with dementia remain poorly understood from a neuropsychological perspective. This study investigated relations between brain structure volumes and two measures of everyday action—caregiver questionnaire and direct assessment—in 57 participants with dementia. Results showed that caregiver ratings reflecting more functional impairment were strongly associated with smaller volumes of deep white matter. Direct assessment of everyday task performance in a subsample revealed relations between unique neurological substrates and discrete everyday action error types. Findings emphasize differences in functional assessment methods and highlight the role of white matter in functional deficits in dementia.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis C infection.

Extrahepatic immunologic abnormalities have been shown to occur in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Induction of autoimmune hemolytic anemia has been reported, either during or after interferon treatment of HCV infection. I report a 48-year-old patient with HCV infection who developed Coombs-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the absence of treatment with interferon, with a review of the available literature. Other potential etiologies of autoimmune hemolytic anemia were ruled out. Prednisone therapy was instituted because of the severity of the fall in the hemoglobin. There was resolution of the hemolytic anemia and the prednisone was tapered gradually. No deterioration of the underlying HCV liver disease was evident even though an increase in HCV viremia was noted. Coombs-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia can occur as an extrahepatic immunologic abnormality in treatment-naive patients with chronic HCV infection.
Enforcement costs, optimal sanctions, and the choice between ex-post liability and ex-ante regulation

Abstract This paper studies an integrated government choice of enforcement, liability design, and regulatory policy in a model of unilateral accidents, the risk of which can be reduced when firms exercise “care.” The analysis imparts new motives to two observed features of government policy. First, the direct ex-ante regulation of care can be more efficient than imposing ex-post liability for harm even when the government’s cost of monitoring care (as required under ex-ante regulation) is significantly higher than the cost of monitoring accidents (as needed under ex-post liability). Second, in both ex-ante and ex-post regulatory regimes, optimal care-contingent sanctions take a familiar “negligence” form, completely exempting non-negligent firms from liability.
Immigrants, Guest Workers, and Policy Issues: Perspectives on Mexican Transnationalism

The New Press, 2007. Bibliography, index, 223 pp.; hardcover $25.95. David Griffith, American Guestworkers: Jamaicans and Mexicans in the U.S. Labor Market. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006. Maps, bibliography, index, 234 pp.; hardcover $55, paperback $30. Susan Pozo, ed., Immigrants and Their International Money Flows. Kalamazoo: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2007. Figures, index, 157 pp.; hardcover $40, paperback $15. Lynn Stephen, Transborder Lives: Indigenous Oaxacans in Mexico, California, and Oregon. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. Photographs, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index, 375 pp.; paperback $23.95.
RFID solution to manufacturing process

This document details the process that the University of Arizona RFID senior design team undertook to produce a time tracking system for moisture sensitive devices being used by Universal Avionics. Given a budget of $2,000, the team was able to design and implement a system that automated parts tracking and largely eliminated employee time and involvement in the process.
Young teenagers and older sexual partners: correlates and consequences for males and females.

Limited nationally representative information exists on the characteristics of teenagers who had first sex at an early age with an older partner. Gender-specific analyses were conducted of 2002 National Survey of Family Growth data from 1838 females and 1426 males aged 18--24. Multivariate analyses examined the associations between family and individual characteristics and having a first sexual experience before age 16 with an older partner and between age and partners age difference at first sex and contraceptive use and having or fathering a child as a teenager. Sex at a young age with an older partner was associated with not living with a biological parent at age 14 and Hispanic ethnicity for females and males early menarche and religious attendance for females and black race for males. Among females and males first sex by age 16 was negatively associated with contraceptive use at first sex (odds ratios 0.7 for each) and positively associated with a teenage birth (1.6 and 2.9 respectively); having an older first partner was associated with poor reproductive health outcomes among females. Among females the combination of young age and an older partner at first sex was positively associated with having a teenage birth. Among males sex before age 16 with an older partner was associated with more than twice the odds of fathering a child as a teenager compared with the odds among those who had first sex at age 16--17. Interventions should target specific teenage populations including males to dissuade them from having sex at a young age and with older partners. Also prevention efforts should target potential older teenage partners and adult partners of young teenagers. (authors)
Oxidants induce transcriptional activation of manganese superoxide dismutase in glomerular cells

Oxidants induce transcriptional activation of manganese superoxide dismutase in glomerular cells. Cultured rat glomerular mesangial and epithelial cells and bovine glomerular endothelial cells were exposed to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Mesangial cells treated with 10 to 100 µM H 2 O 2 for 24 hours showed a two- to ninefold increase in Mn-SOD mRNA expression associated with significantly (P 2 O 2 100 µM treated and untreated cells, respectively). In contrast, expression of Cu-Zn SOD and β-actin mRNA was not affected by H 2 O 2 . Induction of Mn-SOD mRNA by H 2 O 2 was inhibited by actinomycin-D (4 µM) treatment. Glomerular endothelial cells also showed an increase in Mn-SOD mRNA expression following 100 µM H 2 O 2 treatment, as did glomerular epithelial cells following treatment with 500 and 1000 µM H 2 O 2 but not with 100 µM. Transcriptional activity of the Mn-SOD gene was assessed with a fusion reporter gene consisting of a luciferase gene (pGL2P) and a 1.2 kb fragment from the rat Mn-SOD genomic DNA (-806 to +408 bp of the transcription initiation site, -806:+408). The construct was transfected into rat glomerular mesangial and epithelial cells. Mesangial and epithelial cells transfected with pGL2P (-806:+408) and treated with H 2 O 2 (100 µM and 1 mM for mesangial and epithelial cells, respectively) demonstrated some threefold increase in luciferase activity, whereas cells transfected with pGL2P lacking the Mn-SOD fragment did not show changes in luciferase activity following H 2 O 2 treatment. Other oxidants, namely α- and β-naphthoflavone (50 µM to mesangial cells) and puromycin aminonucleoside (25 to 50 µg/ml to epithelial cells), also induced transcriptional activation (2- to 5-fold increase) in these cells. Thus, Mn-SOD levels in glomerular cells are enhanced when they are exposed to oxidant stress, and this up-regulation involves transcriptional activation. Further, the Mn-SOD gene contains enhancer element(s) which respond to diverse oxidant stress. The inducibility by oxidants of local Mn-SOD demonstrates that glomerular SOD may play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of glomerular injuries in which the balance between oxidants and antioxidants is critical.
The effects of attractive and repulsive interactions on three-dimensional reaction-limited aggregation

Abstract Computer simulations have been used to investigate the effects of attractive and repulsive interactions on reaction-limited cluster-cluster aggregation. In these simulations, power law interactions between the centers of all the particles in an aggregating pair of clusters were assumed. The simulation results are consistent with the idea that short range (r−6) interactions do not change the asymptotic fractal dimensionality, but that long range (r−2) interactions lead to substantial changes. However, long range attractive and repulsive interactions can have an important effect on local (short length scale) structure. The effects of attractive and repulsive interactions on aggregation kinetics were also explored.
Heart failure in women

Heart failure (HF) is increasing in incidence globally, and approximately half of all HF patients are women. When women and men with HF are compared, there are significant differences in disease etiology, expression, outcomes, and perhaps, response to therapy. Hypertension rather than coronary artery disease is a more important etiology of HF in women, and HF with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFPEF) is more common in women. Regardless of its etiology, women have better survival and less sudden cardiac death, but poorer quality of life with equivalent degrees of left ventricular dysfunction. Animal studies of myocardial response to stressors resulting in heart failure corroborate sex differences in ventricular remodeling, cellular morphology, and function. Despite the fact that women make up nearly 50 % of HF patients, their inclusion in randomized clinical trials has remained at about 20 %, with no trials including women as a prespecified subgroup for statistical analysis. Thus, the evidence base for treatment of HF in women is not robustly supported by sex-specific data.
Variational estimates of the ground state energy of the exterior surface polaron

Abstract Variational estimates of the ground state energy and effective mass of the exterior surface polaron as functions of the surface polaron coupling constant are presented. Among the special cases considered is one which reduces to previously determined intermediate and strong coupling results but which continuously connects these results.
Stereoselective nucleophilic substitution of oxazepam and racemization in acidic methanol and ethanol.

Enantiomeric and racemic oxazepam (OX), 3-O-methyloxazepam (MeOX), and 3-O-ethyloxazepam (EtOX) were used to study racemization, heteronucleophilic, and homonucleophilic substitution reactions in anhydrous acidic methanol and ethanol. Kinetics of racemization and nucleophilic substitution reactions in nondeuterated and deuterated solvents were determined by circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), reversed-phase HPLC, and mass spectrometry. Several reactions occurred when (S)-OX, for example, was dissolved in acidic methanol: (1) (S)-OX itself underwent spontaneous racemization, (2) the 3-hydroxyl group of (S)-OX was stereoselectively substituted by the methoxy group of methanol to form MeOX enriched in (S)-MeOX, (3) the 3-methoxy group of (S)-MeOX was stereoselectively substituted by the methoxy group of methanol to form MeOX enriched in (S)-MeOX, and (4) the 3-methoxy group of (R)-MeOX was stereoselectively substituted by the methoxy group of methanol to form MeOX enriched in (R)-MeOX. Repetitive reactions 3 and 4 eventually resulted in a racemic MeOX. Similar reactions occurred for an enantiomeric OX in acidic ethanol. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
The application of an isotopic ratio technique to a study of the atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the plume from an oil-fired power plant☆

Abstract The rate of oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in the plume of an oil fired plant has been studied by sampling with a single engine aircraft. A mechanism is postulated whereby the sulfur dioxide is in equilibrium with water on particulates and subsequently catalytically oxidized to sulfate. Vanadium particulates, originating from the oil, are proposed to serve as a catalyst. A pseudo second order mechanism depending on sulfur dioxide and particulate concentrations is indicated by the data. No dependency on relative humidity was observed. The rate of reaction is 1 ppm −1 h −1 . A new technique employing isotopic ratio measurements was employed in conjunction with simultaneous concentration measurements of sulfur dioxide and sulfate. The method is based on measuring the isotopic ratio of the 32 S: 34 S naturally occurring in the fuel sulfur. Changes were experienced in these ratios due to chemical reactions in the atmosphere. These changes were measured and interpreted as to an implied reaction.