cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Turbulent Flow in a Spiral-Groove Configuration

Pressure and velocity data are reported for measurements in a large-scale experimental apparatus, designed to act as a model of a spiral-groove configuration operating at turbulent Reynolds numbers, and using air as a working fluid. The results predict that inertial effects at the steps in film thickness will exert a dominant influence on flows in machine elements made in geometric similitude to the model. Negative gage pressures were indicated in the thin-film regions, and these would be expected to lead at times to film breakup in elements using a liquid as the working fluid. Furthermore, negative stiffness under displacement of the journal was indicated for some operating conditions. The results, taken together, indicate the role of inertial effects, and dangerous operating conditions as to film breakup and loss of load support.
Quantization of higher-derivative field theories

Abstract A free-scalar field satisfying a wave equation with any number of time derivatives is expanded in terms of creation and annihilation operators that are quantized by replacing the classical Poisson brackets of Ostrogradski by the commutator. Regardless of the coefficients in the wave equation, various algebraic identities make it possible to explicitly carry out the quantization, construct the Hamiltonian, and evaluate the propagator. There are always states of negative norm. A wave equation whose highest time derivative is order 2N can have N single-particle states with positive, real energy. Of these, the number of negative-norm states will be N/2 if N is even and (N−1)/2 if N is odd.
Positional Cloning Identifies Zebrafish one-eyed pinhead as a Permissive EGF-Related Ligand Required during Gastrulation

The zebrafish one-eyed pinhead (oep) mutation disrupts embryonic development, resulting in cyclopia and defects in endoderm, prechordal plate, and ventral neuroectoderm formation. We report the molecular isolation of oep using a positional cloning approach. The oep gene encodes a novel EGF-related protein with similarity to the EGF-CFC proteins cripto, cryptic, and FRL-1. Wild-type oep protein contains a functional signal sequence and is membrane-associated. Following ubiquitous maternal and zygotic expression, highest levels of oep mRNA are found in the gastrula margin and in axial structures and forebrain. Widespread misexpression of both membrane-attached and secreted forms of oep rescues prechordal plate and forebrain development in mutant embryos but does not lead to the ectopic induction of these cell types in wild-type fish. These results establish an essential but permissive role for an EGF-related ligand during vertebrate gastrulation.
Spatial and temporal expression of the retinoic acid receptor in the regenerating amphibian limb.

Spatial and temporal expression of the retinoic acid receptor in the regenerating amphibian limb
Computers, Scientism, and Cyborg Subjectivity in Postsocialist China

Abstract The rapid development of Chinese computer and internet industries, the immense growth in the consumption of information technologies, and the increased symbolic and practical uses of computers for both work and leisure show that Chinese subjectivity is changing to incorporate computer technology as part of how people define themselves. Based on fieldwork conducted in a rural Guangdong village from 19931999 and in urban Shanghai from 19982001, this paper will examine how scientism, an idealization of science that reifies and universalizes scientific precepts into cultural dogma, has increased traditional sources of stratification such as urban versus rural and littoral versus hinterland. With its ambivalent attitude towards new information technologies, the Chinese state has been central in shaping how computers and the internet have penetrated national borders, thus demonstrating how science and technology are subjective forms of knowledge that naturalize the particular cultural and political per...
Water in Nominally Anhydrous Crustal Minerals: Speciation, Concentration, and Geologic Significance

### Importance of nominally anhydrous minerals in the crust Why should we be interested in trace hydrous species in nominally anhydrous minerals in the Earth’s crust? After all, hydrous minerals dominate the pedosphere and are abundant to fairly common trace minerals in many metamorphic and igneous crustal rocks. On the other hand, the most abundant minerals in the crust—feldspars, quartz, pyroxenes, and garnet—are all nominally anhydrous. They are present even in systems with low total volatiles or fluid contents, or environments with low water activities where hydrous minerals are unstable. These nominally anhydrous minerals provide an opportunity to expand the extent of our knowledge of fluid composition and water activity, as well as the influence of water on physical properties and geochemical signatures of rocks. One advantage to investigations of the crustal component of the lithosphere is that many parts of the crust (especially the continental crust) are available for direct study in outcrops at the surface of the Earth. This allows the nominally anhydrous mineral and its hydrous species to be placed into the context of the hand sample, the outcrop, and even the regional geology. ### Scope and goals of this chapter It would be unrealistic to try to cover every water-bearing mineral in the Earth’s crust in this chapter. I have limited my discussion to minerals that do not require hydrous species to complete their stoichiometry, and those for which research has been completed on natural crustal samples. These minerals are: quartz, the feldspars, nepheline, pyroxenes, garnets (except pyrope), kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite, rutile, cassiterite, zircon, titanite, cordierite, and beryl. This selection of minerals restricts the discussion primarily to the continental crust below about 3 km depth. Some references to eclogitic and mantle-wedge minerals are included for completeness. This is a fairly new field of study, and as such, the goal of this chapter is to give an overview of the work that has …
Spatial structure in diffusion-limited two-particle reactions

We analyze the limiting behavior of the densities ρ A (t) and ρ B (t) and the random spatial structure ξ(t) = (ξ A (t), (ξ B (t)) for the diffusion controlled chemical reaction A + B → inert with equal initial densities. There is a change in behavior from d ≤ 4, where ρ A (t) = ρ B (t) ≈ c d /t d/4 , to d ≥ 4, where ρ A (t) = ρ B (t) ≈ c d /t as t → ∞. There is a corresponding change in the spatial structure. In d 4, both particle types are, after large times, present locally in concentrations not depending on type or location. In d = 4, both particle types are present locally but with random concentrations, and the process tends to a limit.
INDIVIDUAL RECOGNITION OF NESTLING DISTRESS SCREAMS BY EUROPEAN STARLINGS (STURNUS VULGARIS)

Individual recognition of nestling distress screams by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) was assessed by comparing the responses of free-living parents to playbacks of screams recorded from their own young or from neighbouring chicks. Individual variation in the acoustic structure of distress screams was analysed to assess whether they were likely to afford an acoustic basis for individual recognition. Parents hearing screams of their own young were significantly more likely to make diving attacks on the speaker than parents hearing the screams of neighbouring chicks. Thus nestling screams appear to function as individually indentifiable calls for aid. Multivariate analysis of variance employing 9 acoustic parameters of nestling screams revealed significant differences among groups of screams recorded from different chicks, suggesting that screams could afford a suitable basis for individual recognition. Post-hoc F-tests suggest that the period and extent of rapid frequently modulations would provide the best cues to the identity of the caller.
Is there a Persian Gulf War syndrome? Evidence from a large population-based survey of veterans and nondeployed controls.

Abstract PURPOSE: Concerns have been raised about whether veterans of the Gulf War have a medical illness of uncertain etiology. We surveyed veterans to look for evidence of an illness that was unique to those deployed to the Persian Gulf and was not seen in comparable military controls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A population-based sample of veterans (n = 1,896 from 889 units) deployed to the Persian Gulf and other Gulf War–era controls (n = 1799 from 893 units) who did not serve in the Gulf were surveyed in 1995–1996. Seventy-six percent of eligible subjects, including 91% of located subjects, answered questions about commonly reported and potentially important symptoms. We used factor analysis, a statistical technique that can identify patterns of related responses, on a random subset of the deployed veterans to identify latent patterns of symptoms. The results from this derivation sample were compared with those obtained from a separate validation sample of deployed veterans, as well as the nondeployed controls, to determine whether the results were replicable and unique. RESULTS: One half (50%) of the deployed veterans and 14% of the nondeployed controls reported health problems that they attributed to military service during 1990–1991. Compared with the nondeployed controls, the deployed veterans had significantly greater prevalences of 123 of 137 (90%) symptoms; none was significantly lower. Factor analysis identified three replicable symptom factors (or patterns) in the deployed veterans (convergent correlations ≥0.85). However, these patterns were also highly replicable in the nondeployed controls (convergent correlations of 0.95 to 0.98). The three factors also accounted for similar proportions of the common variance among the deployed veterans (35%) and nondeployed controls (30%). CONCLUSIONS: The increased prevalence of nearly every symptom assessed from all bodily organ systems among the Gulf War veterans is difficult to explain pathophysiologically as a single condition. Identification of the same patterns of symptoms among the deployed veterans and nondeployed controls suggests that the health complaints of Gulf War veterans are similar to those of the general military population and are not consistent with the existence of a unique Gulf War syndrome.
SIX NEW SPECIES OF MICRATHENA (ARANEAE, ARGIOPIDAE) FROM SOUTH AMERICA WITH NOTES ON KNOWN SPECIES

Six new species of Micrathena are described and figured. These are all selected from unassorted collections loaned by the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) and Oxford University Museum. The types will be deposited in the appropriate institutions. In order to further our understanding of the genus additional notes and figures on sixteen species, previously known but inadequately described, are given.
Therapeutic selective nerve root block in the nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic cervical spondylotic radicular pain: a retrospective analysis with independent clinical review.

Abstract Slipman CW, Lipetz JS, Jackson HB, Rogers DP, Vresilovic EJ. Therapeutic selective nerve root block in the nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic cervical spondylotic radicular pain: a retrospective analysis with independent clinical review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:741-6. Objective: To investigate the outcomes resulting from the use of fluoroscopically guided therapeutic selective nerve root block (SNRB) in the nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic cervical spondylotic radicular pain. Study Design: Retrospective study with independent clinical review. Participants: Twenty subjects (10 men, 10 women) with mean age 56.6 years. Methods: Each patient met specific physical examination, radiographic, and electrodiagnostic criteria to confirm a level of cervical involvement. Those patients whose root level remained indeterminate were required to demonstrate a positive response to a fluoroscopically guided diagnostic SNRB prior to the initiation of treatment. Therapeutic injections were administered in conjunction with physical therapy. Data collection and analysis were performed by an independent clinical reviewer. Main Outcome Measures: Pain score, work status, medication usage, and patient satisfaction. Results: Twenty patients with an average symptom duration of 5.8 months were included. An average of 2.2 therapeutic injections was administered. Follow-up data collection transpired at an average of 21.2 months following discharge from treatment. A significant reduction ( p =.001) in pain score was observed at the time of follow-up. Medication usage was also significantly improved ( p =.005) at the time of follow-up. An overall good or excellent result was observed in 60%. Thirty percent of patients required surgery. Younger patients were more likely ( p =.0047) to report the highest patient satisfaction rating following treatment. Conclusions: This study suggests that fluoroscopically guided therapeutic SNRB is a clinically effective intervention in the treatment of atraumatic cervical spondylotic radicular pain. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Oxidation of glucose by mouse peritoneal macrophages: a comparison of suspensions and monolayers.

Macrophages, when maintained in vitro, take up glucose from the medium and oxidize it to CO2. The rate of oxidation of glucose varies considerably, depending on the physical state of the cell preparation. Cells in suspension oxidize glucose at a level six-fold that of cells in monolayers. The differences cannot be attributed to change in the rates of transport of glucose. On the other hand, an increse in intracellular glycogen (about three-fold) and free glucose plus glucose-6-P (many-fold) was found in the cells prepared as monolayers. During subsequent incubation with glucose-14C, this could be the cause of an isotope dilution effect and could explain the lower production of 14CO2 by the adherent cells. Since oxidation of glucose-1-14C to 14CO2 is used by many investigators to indicate the functional state of macrophages, we suggest close attention be paid to the system used, i.e., monolayers vs. suspensions.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Computer Graphics in Education

This special issue of IEEE CG&A focuses on computer graphics in education. The guest editors present articles featuring innovative ways in which people are teaching computer graphics and ways in which people are using graphics to teach other topics. There is no doubt that the cross-disciplinary application of graphics to teach other topics is one of the things that makes the field so special. Few other areas within computer science are so capable of having such far-reaching effects.
A general test of the hypothesis that transformation-induced faulting cannot occur in the lower mantle

Abstract Transformation-induced faulting, which has been proposed as a mechanism for deep-focus (>300 km) earthquakes, requires a thermal runaway associated with an exothermic chemical reaction. This shearing instability has been demonstrated for several polymorphic phase transformations including the olivine → wadsleyite and olivine → ringwoodite reactions. However, it has not been experimentally tested whether a strongly exothermic decomposition reaction can also lead to this instability, as would be the case if olivine were to be carried metastably into the lower mantle and break down to magnesium silicate perovskite + magnesiowustite. Here we report experiments designed to test this possibility using the proxy reaction albite → jadeite + coesite, a highly exothermic reaction with a large ΔV. We find no mechanical or microstructural evidence for transformation-induced faulting during this reaction. Applying these results to the reaction olivine (ol) → perovskite (pv) + mw potentially occurring in subducting oceanic lithosphere at the top of the lower mantle suggests that this breakdown reaction cannot trigger earthquakes. Thus, transformation-induced faulting as a mechanism of deep earthquakes is consistent with the abrupt cessation of earthquakes at the base of the mantle transition zone, but only if subduction zones are colder than currently proposed. We discuss other reasons for termination of earthquakes at ∼700 km and find them also difficult to reconcile with experimental evidence or natural observations.
Influence of carbide formation on the strength of carbon fibres on which silicon and titanium have been deposited

Silicon or titanium was deposited on the filaments of carbon fibres by chemical vapour depositions and the reactions between the deposited silicon or titanium and the carbon fibres were investigated below 1300° C. Between the silicon and the carbon fibres, β-SiC layers formed at rates of 1.5 to 3 nm in 3 h at 1300° C. These rates were 10−4 times that of the TiC formation by the reaction of titanium with carbon fibre. Furthermore, the effect of the reaction on fibre strength was investigated. By reaction with silicon, the carbon fibre at a carbonized stage decreased in strength at the beginning of the reaction, but afterwards it recovered to the original level. The carbon fibre at a graphitized stage maintained its original strength after heat treatment for several hours at 1300° C. With the TiC-coated carbon fibres, the carbon fibres decreased in strength following the relation σm ∝ d−1/2, where d is the thickness of the TiC layer.
The accuracy of prognostic judgments of elderly long-term care patients

Abstract Health care professionals' ability to make accurate prognostic judgments for long-term care patients was tested in a study employing quarterly assessments and prognoses for more than 700 patients. Prognoses were made for patients to ‘improve’, ‘decline’, or ‘remain the same’, in physical functioning ability for the next 90 days, after which reassessments took place. Despite substantial information on their patients, these teams of physicians, nurses, physical therapists, and social workers were not very accurate in making prognoses. They were right only about half the time. In general, they tended to be too optimistic. The study has profound implications for policy makers considering reimbursement on the basis of performance related to patient outcome goals. The goals are not likely to have much validity. Health care professionals may also be disturbed by the poor rate of correct guesses about patients' future courses of recovery.
Possibility of self-similar pulse evolution in a Ti:sapphire laser

A theoretical investigation of the possibility of achieving self-similar pulse propagation in a solid-state laser is presented. Limited group-velocity dispersion hinders true self-similar pulse evolution, but an intermediate regime that exhibits some of the characteristic features (and offers some of the benefits) of self-similar propagation can be reached. This regime of operation offers the potential to increase the pulse energy by at least an order of magnitude compared to energies obtained in the usual operation of Kerr-lens mode-locked lasers with anomalous dispersion. Ti:sapphire lasers that generate pulse energies as high as one microjoule and peak powers of ~100 MW should be possible based on this mode of operation.
Variable-density spiral 3D tailored RF pulses.

A variable-density spiral method is presented for reducing three-dimensional tailored radiofrequency pulse duration. Pulse length reductions of 21-32% are possible, with only a small error in the desired excitation profile. The method is demonstrated using simulations, phantom experiments, and T(2)*-weighted images of brain regions with susceptibility-induced intravoxel dephasing. Four 19.7-ms shots were needed to excite a 5-mm-thick slice with reduced susceptibility artifacts in the sinus region at 3T.
Re-interpreting detrended fluctuation analyses of stride-to-stride variability in human walking

Detrended fluctuation analyses (DFA) have been widely used to quantify stride-to-stride temporal correlations in human walking. However, significant questions remain about how to properly interpret these statistical properties physiologically. Here, we propose a simpler and more parsimonious interpretation than previously suggested. Seventeen young healthy adults walked on a motorized treadmill at each of 5 speeds. Time series of consecutive stride lengths (SL) and stride times (ST) were recorded. Time series of stride speeds were computed as SS = SL/ST. SL and ST exhibited strong statistical persistence (α ≫ 0.5). However, SS consistently exhibited slightly anti-persistent (α < 0.5) dynamics. We created three surrogate data sets to directly test specific hypotheses about possible control processes that might have generated these time series. Subjects did not choose consecutive SL and ST according to either independently uncorrelated or statistically independent auto-regressive moving-average (ARMA) processes. However, cross-correlated surrogates, which preserved both the auto-correlation and cross-correlation properties of the original SL and ST time series successfully replicated the means, standard deviations, and (within computational limits) DFA α exponents of all relevant gait variables. These results suggested that subjects controlled their movements according to a two-dimensional ARMA process that specifically sought to minimize stride-to-stride variations in walking speed (SS). This interpretation fully agrees with experimental findings and also with the basic definitions of statistical persistence and anti-persistence. Our findings emphasize the necessity of interpreting DFA α exponents within the context of the control processes involved and the inherent biomechanical and neuro-motor redundancies available.
Implementation of differential response: A racial equity analysis

Differential response is a growing approach in child welfare that allows for a more flexible response to keep children safe by better engaging families. This study examined the implementation of Minnesota's approach called Family Assessment response, and explored the impact on racial equity outcomes in the state's child welfare system. Using logistic regression to analyze administrative child welfare data for all screened-in cases between 2003 and 2010 (n=122,095), this study explored whether race was a predictor in the following decision points: (1) pathway assignment to either Family Assessment (FA) response or a traditional investigation (TI); and (2) switching pathway assignment from FA to TI. Findings of the analysis indicated that when controlling for poverty and other risk factors, African American, Native American and Multiracial children were less likely to be assigned to FA compared to Caucasian children for some, but not all years in the study timeframe; while Hispanic children were more likely to be assigned to FA compared to non-Hispanic children for several years in the study timeframe. Disparities around pathway switch from family assessment to traditional investigation completely diminished over time. The results of this study highlight the importance of applying a racial equity lens in examining new policies and practices to ensure equitable implementation for all children and families. The findings also emphasize the need for better understanding of the unique experiences of Native American and Multiracial children and families, who have been under-represented in the research on racial disparities in child welfare.
Natural Resource Management and Economywide Policies in Costa Rica: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Modeling Approach

A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used to trace the effects of government policies on Costa Rican forests in the presence of incomplete markets. The results indicate that correcting the market failure would, as expected, reduce deforestation. More interestingly, in the presence of the market failure, lowering the tax on unskilled labor reduces deforestation because people gain employment in other parts of the economy. Taxation of other produced goods changes the incentives for deforestation. For example, a tax on agricultural products elevates the relative price of capital and shifts resources away from the capital-intensive industrial sector toward the agricultural and forest sectors; as a result, such a tax increases deforestation.
Within-plant distribution of volatile compounds on the leaf surface of Flourensia cernua

Abstract We are using Flourensia cernua as a shrub model to study how terpenes affect livestock herbivory. Two experiments were conducted to examine distribution of volatile chemicals within a plant in an effort to minimize sample variability. In Experiment 1, leaves (current year's growth) were collected from 20 tarbush plants. Two leaders were sampled from each of three positions (outer canopy, subcanopy, and basal) in all four quadrants (based on ordinal direction). In Experiment 2, 10 leaders of current year's growth were removed from another 20 plants. Leaders were collected from the outer canopy of each quadrant and separated into thirds before removing leaves, thereby creating three leaf age categories. Volatile compounds were extracted with ethanol and analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Ninety-four chemicals (including 15 unknowns) were present on the leaf surface of F. cernua. Although 14 and 21 compounds differed (P intermediate > mature). Differences in leaf position were attributed about equally to mono- and sesquiterpenes, whereas leaf age differences were primarily due to sesquiterpenes. Leaf position and age both affect terpene concentration and sampling variability for tarbush. However, little difference was detected between subcanopy and canopy positions. Thus, by avoiding basal sprouts and sampling from the mid-point of current year's growth, sampling variation should be minimal.
A Student Appraisal of the Proposed Guidelines for Operations Research

Foreword by Russell L. Ackoff, University of Pennsylvania A number of my students have had their hackles up ever since the Guidelines appeared. They have been frustrated by their inability to do anything about them. Therefore, when an invitation to contribute to this discussion came to me, I asked them to substitute for me. What they have written is much more provocative and useful than, anything I could have done.
On reporting fold differences.

As we enter an age in which genomics and bioinformatics make possible the discovery of new knowledge about the biological characteristics of an organism, it is critical that we attempt to report newly discovered “significant” phenotypes only when they are actually of significance. With the relative youth of genome-scale gene expression technologies, how to make such distinctions has yet to be better defined. We present a “mask technology” by which to filter out those levels of gene expression that fall within the noise of the experimental techniques being employed. Conversely, our technique can lend validation to significant fold differences in expression level even when the fold value may appear quite small (e.g. 1.3). Given array-organized expression level results from a pair of identical experiments, our ID Mask Tool enables the automated creation of a two-dimensional “region of insignificance” that can then be used with subsequent data analyses. Fundamentally, this should enable researchers to report on findings that are more likely to be in nature truly meaningful. Moreover, this can prevent major investments of time, energy, and biological resources into the pursuit of candidate genes that represent false positives.
Organelle-specific targeting of protein kinase AII (PKAII): Molecular and in situ characterization of murine A kinase anchor proteins that recruit regulatory subunits of PKAII to the cytoplasmic surface of mitochondria

Experiments were designed to test the idea that A kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) tether regulatory subunits (RII) of protein kinase AII (PKAII) isoforms to surfaces of organelles that are bounded by phospholipid bilayers. S-AKAP84, one of three RII-binding proteins encoded by a single-copy murine gene, was studied as a prototypic organelle-associated AKAP. When S-AKAP84 was expressed in HEK293 cells, the anchor protein was targeted to mitochondria and excluded from other cell compartments. The RII tethering site is located in the cytoplasm adjacent to the mitochondrial surface. Endogenous RII subunits are not associated with mitochondria isolated from control cells. Expression of S-AKAP84 in transfected HEK293 cells triggered a redistribution of 15% of total RII to mitochondria. Thus, the tethering region of the organelle-inserted anchor protein is properly oriented and avidly binds RII (PKAII) isoforms in intact cells. Two critical domains in S-AKAP84 were mapped. Residues 1 to 30 govern insertion of the polypeptide into the outer mitochondrial membrane; amino acids 306–325 constitute the RII-binding site. Properties established for S-AKAP84 in vitro and in situ strongly suggest that a physiological function of this protein is to concentrate and immobilize RII (PKAII) isoforms at the cytoplasmic face of a phospholipid bilayer.
Behavioral avoidance of fluoranthene by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

A monitoring system was used to examine the behavioral response of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to plumes of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene. Previously unexposed fish and fish surviving acute exposure to fluoranthene were presented with three different concentrations of fluoranthene. Both groups of fish avoided fluoranthene. Pre-exposure did not enhance or diminish avoidance of fluoranthene. The lowest concentration of fluoranthene which produced an avoidance response was 14.7 mu/l, and the concentration of fluoranthene which did not produce an avoidance response was 8.6 micrograms/l. These results were comparable to the LOEC for survival in 7-day fathead embryo-larval growth and survival tests for fluoranthene. Thus, a fathead minnow could escape from areas highly contaminated with fluoranthene and have a better opportunity to survive, whereas fish would fail to avoid areas where fluoranthene concentrations are below 8.6 micrograms/l and suffer further toxicosis.
Effectiveness of silver in wound care treatment

AbstractBackground: Topical treatments impregnated with silver are being increasingly used in the treatment of acute and chronic wounds; however, the evidence on the effectiveness of silver wound care treatment is in question.Objectives: To systematically review the literature examining the effectiveness of silver in wound care treatment.Methods: Research databases were consulted including the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ProQuest, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for relevant clinical trials from 2000 to 2009. Studies deemed to have met inclusion criteria were scored using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale and those scoring 4/10 or higher were included in this review.Results: Five clinical trials were identified including three randomized control trials including a total of 410 subjects. Methodological quality ranged from 4 to 10 out of 10. All five research studies showed positive effects of the use of silver dressings or topic...
Closing the Care Gap That Welfare Reform Left Behind

This article begins by drawing from an interview with Johnnie Tillmon, a grassroots leader of the National Welfare Rights Organization, to locate welfare reform in the context of cultural anxieties about an eroding racial order and shifting gender roles. It then considers the sorts of state policies and legal entitlements that could resource the care-work that has heretofore been subsidized by low-income women's labor and argues that such innovations are not beyond the reach of a pragmatic postmodernist democracy.
Using a community-based participatory approach to research and programming in Northern Uganda: two researchers’ confessional tales

Sport and physical activity are increasingly being used to promote personal and community development, particularly in developing nations such as Uganda. However, most sport-based research and programming efforts in developing nations have taken an outside-in globalisation approach or a top-down development approach, which may overlook the voices, knowledges and needs of the communities being served. With these concerns in mind, we took a community-based participatory (CBP) approach to our efforts in Uganda. While this approach is optimal for community-engaged research and programming, there are many challenges associated with CBP. During our time in Uganda, we reflected on these challenges in separate reflexivity journals, which are presented in this article in the form of two confessional tales. Through personal, functional and disciplinary reflexivity, we explore the challenges we faced pursuing a CBP approach to research and programming, along with the effective and ineffective strategies we used to t...
Imaging of dopamine D2/3 agonist binding in cocaine dependence: a [11C]NPA positron emission tomography study.

Objective PET studies performed with [11C]raclopride have consistently reported lower binding to D2/3 receptors and lower amphetamine-induced dopamine release in cocaine abusers relative to healthy controls. A limitation of these studies that were performed with D2/3 antagonist radiotracers such as [11C]raclopride is the failure to provide information that is specific to D2/3 receptors configured in a state of high affinity for the agonists (i.e., D2/3 receptors coupled to G- proteins, D2/3 HIGH). As the endogenous agonist dopamine binds with preference to D2/3 HIGH relative to D2/3 LOW receptors (i.e., D2/3 receptors uncoupled to G-proteins) it is critical to understand the in vivo status of D2/3 HIGH receptors in cocaine dependence. Thus, we measured the available fraction of D2/3 HIGH receptors in 10 recently abstinent cocaine abusers (CD) and matched healthy controls (HC) with the D2/3 antagonist and agonist PET radiotracers [11C]raclopride and [11C]NPA
Values leadership: A values philosophy model

Leadership is and has always been the preeminent task in organized human activity. Past leadership theories are faulty in focusing too much on disparate parts of leadership and not on shared values that unite/unify people in organized activity. Past theories conform more to management than leadership needs to define and predict behavior. This paper proposes a new values-based theory and describes its main principles. It identifies values organizational members in the United States have found over the years to be helpful in defining essential organizational relationships.
A note on institutional contributions to the accounting literature

It is generally agreed that an important dimension of a university’s academic quality is the research productivity of its faculty, particularly as measured by their publications in leading scholarly journals. The primary objective of this study is to identify the institutions that have been most productive in publishing research in scholarly accounting journals over a recent period and to measure the degree of concentration of accounting research among these institutions. There have been a number of studies analyzing the publication rates of various accounting faculty (see Bazley & Nicolai, 1975; Andrews & McKenzie. 1978; Windal 198 1). However, none of these studies differentiated between refereed academic journals. which serve as media for disseminating the results of scholarly research, and practitioner-oriented journals and magazines, which tend to be more topical in their orientation. Because the focus of this study is on scholarly research in accounting. we consider only publications in refereed academic journals.
NEW DEVICE TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF BEDSIDE BLOOD GLUCOSE TESTS

A new device to improve the accuracy of blood glucose measurements with glucose-oxidase reagent strips is described. The device ensures that an adequate amount of blood is applied onto the reagent pad when the strip is fully inserted. When the strip is withdrawn, the pad is automatically wiped, and so the reaction can be accurately timed. The device also reduces the risk of blood contamination of other surfaces. Use of a prototype of this device enabled more accurate measurement of blood glucose on general wards.
Axisymmetric static and dynamic buckling of hollow microspheres

Abstract Syntactic foams are particulate composites that are obtained by dispersing thin hollow inclusions in a matrix material. The wide spectrum of applications of these composites in naval and aerospace structures has fostered a multitude of theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of syntactic foams and their constituents. In this work, we study static and dynamic axisymmetric buckling of single hollow spherical particles modeled as non-linear thin shells. Specifically, we compare theoretical predictions obtained by using Donnell, Sanders–Koiter, and Teng–Hong non-linear shell theories. The equations of motion of the particle are obtained from Hamilton׳s principle, and the Galerkin method is used to formulate a tractable non-linear system of coupled ordinary differential equations. An iterative solution procedure based on the modified Newton–Raphson method is developed to estimate the critical static load of the microballoon, and alternative methodologies of reduced complexity are further discussed. For dynamic buckling analysis, a Newmark-type integration scheme is integrated with the modified Newton–Raphson method to evaluate the transient response of the shell. Results are specialized to glass particles, and a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of microballoon wall thickness on the predictions of the selected non-linear shell theories. Comparison with finite element predictions demonstrates that Sanders–Koiter theory provides accurate estimates of the static critical load for a wide set of particle wall thicknesses. On the other hand, Donnell and Teng–Hong theories should be considered valid only for very thin particles, with the latter theory generally providing better agreement with finite element findings due to its more complete kinematics. In this context, we also demonstrate that a full non-linear analysis is required when considering thicker shells, while simplified treatment can be utilized for thin particles. For dynamic buckling, we confirm the accuracy of Sanders–Koiter theory for all the considered particle thicknesses and of Teng–Hong and Donnell theories for very thin particles.
POTENTIATION OF THE T-LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO MITOGENS II. THE CELLULAR SOURCE OF POTENTIATING MEDIATOR(S)

Effective supernatants (SUP), which potentiate mouse T-cell responses to phytohemagglutin (PHA), are obtained from cells of several species (human, rabbit, rat, mouse) and indeed from syngeneic spleen, thymus, or bone marrow cells. Unstimulated cells release some SUP activity but more is produced after stimulation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced very active SUP in all cultures tested. PHA was similarly active on human leukocytes only, whereas concanavalin A (Con A) gave highly efficient SUP only with mouse spleen cells. SUP production is not correlated with a mitotic response of the donor cells and is observed in cultures unable to respond mitotically to the stimulant. Adherent mouse spleen cell populations, consisting largely or entirely of macrophages, produce active SUP, while nonadherent cells do not. Similarly, purification of human peripheral leukocytes on nylon columns, with removal of macrophages and other adherent cells, destroys their ability to produce SUP. The importance of indirect effects in stimulating mitotic responses of T cells is emphasized by the fact that the mitotic response of mouse thymocytes to LPS and its ability to potentiate the response of these cells to PHA disappears with removal of adherent cells from the thymocyte population. Conversely the production of SUP from spleen cells stimulated by Con A requires the presence of T cells.
85 A Treatment for the Complications of Prolonged Artificial Ventilation of Small Infants

All infants in our center with severe respiratory distress syndrome who have required artificial ventilation with 80–100 % O2 for more than 5 days have shown abnormalities in the lungs with characteristic radiologic findings and prolonged hypercarbia following extubation. Microscopic examination of lung sections of 13 infants who died revealed hypertrophic bronchial mucosal glands and necrotic bronchial epithelium blocking some of the fine airways. The known tendency of the small airways of an infant to collapse and the microscopic appearance of the lung suggested that after extubation vigorous pulmonary drainage might be of value. To prevent this complication rapid graded weaning from the ventilator is now attempted and following extubation, postural drainage, chest percussion, vibration, and tracheal suction under direct vision are performed at first hourly, decreasing to daily intervals by the third day.
Predicting ethnicity and gender from iris texture

Previous researchers have reported success in predicting ethnicity and in predicting gender from features of the iris texture. This paper is the first to consider both problems using similar experimental approaches. Contributions of this work include greater accuracy than previous work on predicting ethnicity from iris texture, empirical evidence that suggests that gender prediction is harder than ethnicity prediction, and empirical evidence that ethnicity prediction is more difficult for females than for males.
Diagnostic Comorbidity in hospitalized adolescents with conduct disorder

We compared the diagnostic comorbidity of DSM-III-R axis I and axis II disorders in a sample of hospitalized adolescents with conduct disorder (CD) and a comparison group of hospitalized adolescents without conduct disorder (non-CD). Of 138 consecutively evaluated adolescents, 76 patients met criteria for CD and 62 did not. On axis I, CD was significantly comorbid with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUDs). None of the personality disorders assessed showed differential association with CD. The comorbid relationships found within this sample suggest a strong association between CD, ADHD, and SUD in hospitalized teenagers. This finding underscores the clinical importance of conducting a thorough developmental assessment and, when indicated, of treating ADHD and SUD in conduct-disordered adolescents.
Ion implantation in silicate glasses

Abstract This review examines the effects of ion implantation on the physical properties of silicate glasses, in particular, induced changes in optical properties, volume changes and consequent refractive index changes, and hardness alterations. In addition, the effects of chemical modification, either through direct interactions with the implanted species or through alkali depletion and crystallization, are discussed. The use of metal implants to form colloidal nanosize particles for increasing the non-linear refractive index is emphasized due to the importance for optoelectronic applications.
The choice among alternative exchange-rate regimes

Abstract Some criteria to use in choicing a desirable world exchange-rate system are laid out. Joint consideration of these criteria lead to rejection of polar cases—a completely free float or a strict gold standard. Some form combining aspects of the Bretton Woods and the European Monetary System seems to be the desirable solution at this time. Policy coordination among leading countries is crucial for the success of the system, and warnings are raised against a too rapid rush towards deregulation of the world's financial systems.
A case study in specifying the semantics of a programming language

On and off over the period of about a year I have worked on a semantic specification for the C programming language My objective was to construct a readable and precise specification of C, aimed at compiler writers, maintainers, and language pundits. This paper is a report on the project.
Mountain Weather and Climate, Third Edition

For colleagues with diverse interests in the atmosphere, glaciers, radiation, landforms, water resources, vegetation, human implications, and more, Mountain Weather and Climate can be a valuable source of guidance and literature references. The book is organized into seven chapters: 1, Mountains and their climatological study; 2, Geographical controls of mountain meteorological elements; 3, Circulation systems related to orography; 4, Climatic characteristics of mountains; 5, Regional case studies; 6, Mountain bioclimatology; and 7, Changes in mountain climates. These chapters are supported by l78 diagrams and photographs, 47 tables, and some 2000 literature references. The volume has an appendix of units and energy conversion factors and a subject index, but it lacks an author index.
Developments in the Theory of Farmer Cooperatives: Discussion

Vitaliano believes the development of cooperative theory has lagged the development of comprehensive organizational models of investor-owned corporations. Although existing models are adequate to hypothesize about cooperative price and output levels, he argues they are inadequate for "other important aspects of modern, complex cooperatives." Neoclassical theory of organization now embodies concepts of transaction costs, property rights, and agency relationships, which he believes ought to be extended to a theory of cooperative organization. His arguments for a new comprehensive theory of cooperatives is not convincing. Cooperative organizations and practices have drawn much closer to the general corporate model than twenty or more years ago. They function in the same economy, face the same demand conditions, often obtain operating capital from the same group of lenders, and usually face similar input supply conditions. The previous corporate experiences of many cooperative managers condition them to behave in cooperatives as they once did in the corporate context. Vitaliano argues that claims in general corporations are exercised by common stock, whose value indicates implications for future internal decisions. However, I would argue that in cooperatives, comparative returns or savings serve the same purpose. The unique feature of cooperatives-the decision and control process including the election of directors from the membership; some aspects of member financing of capital; and the methods for allocating costs and returns among members-do warrant theoretical constructs that may be incorporated into existing theories of the firm, including the newer subsets of theory Vitaliano has cited. In reality, the need for a new comprehensive theory seems to depend on how one defines a cooperative.
Yields of Photoprotons from Twenty Elements

Scintillation counters have been applied to the study of the yields of photoprotons from twenty elements. The relative yields increase by a factor of approximately one hundred as $Z$ increases from 4 to 28, and then decrease to a value, at $Z=50$, of about one-tenth that of the maximum at $Z=28$. An upper limit is placed on the yields from several heavy elements. The absolute values are compared with the neutron data of Price and Kerst, and the sum of the two yields is compared with theory.
Nutritional support of critically ill patients

Severe depletion of body protein stores can result from prolonged starvation or from hormonal and cytokine-mediated effects during critical illness. Recent advances in the understanding of cytokine actions have substantially refined the interpretation of the nutritional assessment of critically ill patients. In addition, the design of nutritional programs for hospitalized patients has changed considerably during the past decade. Although nutritional support of critically ill patients will not lead to positive nitrogen balance, nutrition can increase protein synthesis, enhance immune function, and beneficially modify the body's response to an illness.