cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative Ion In-Source Decay Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Sequencing Acidic Peptides

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in-source decay was studied in the negative ion mode on deprotonated peptides to determine its usefulness for obtaining extensive sequence information for acidic peptides. Eight biological acidic peptides, ranging in size from 11 to 33 residues, were studied by negative ion mode ISD (nISD). The matrices 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-aminobenzamide, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, 5-amino-1-naphthol, 3-aminoquinoline, and 9-aminoacridine were used with each peptide. Optimal fragmentation was produced with 1,5-diaminonphthalene (DAN), and extensive sequence informative fragmentation was observed for every peptide except hirudin(54-65). Cleavage at the N-Cα bond of the peptide backbone, producing c' and z' ions, was dominant for all peptides. Cleavage of the N-Cα bond N-terminal to proline residues was not observed. The formation of c and z ions is also found in electron transfer dissociation (ETD), electron capture dissociation (ECD), and positive ion mode ISD, which are considered to be radical-driven techniques. Oxidized insulin chain A, which has four highly acidic oxidized cysteine residues, had less extensive fragmentation. This peptide also exhibited the only charged localized fragmentation, with more pronounced product ion formation adjacent to the highly acidic residues. In addition, spectra were obtained by positive ion mode ISD for each protonated peptide; more sequence informative fragmentation was observed via nISD for all peptides. Three of the peptides studied had no product ion formation in ISD, but extensive sequence informative fragmentation was found in their nISD spectra. The results of this study indicate that nISD can be used to readily obtain sequence information for acidic peptides.
Highly uniform arrays of epitaxial Ge quantum dots with interdot spacing of 50 nm

Periodic, highly uniform arrays of dome-like Ge quantum dots (QDs) with 50 nm interdot pitch have been achieved on Si (001). The Si surface was patterned using ultra-low-dose focused ion beam and defect-selective etching, resulting in a continuously height-modulated, “egg-carton” morphology. The directed self-assembly process is robust, occurring across a range of ion doses, growth temperatures, and deposition rates. By selectively etching off the Ge dots to reveal the underlying Si surface just prior to Ge growth, we showed that Ge QDs preferentially formed on crowns (regions of negative curvature) rather than pits (regions of positive curvature) as is mostly seen in the literature. The width of the QD size distribution mimics that of the underlying substrate pattern, indicative of a complete lack of coarsening during the Ge growth, despite the small length scales, and extensive mass transport leading to QD formation.
Scleral lenses: a literature review.

Objective:To present a comprehensive review of current and historical literature on scleral lenses.Methods:A comprehensive search of several databases from each database's earliest inception to May 23, 2014 was conducted by an experienced librarian with input from the author to locate articles relat
Periodic Breathing in an Infant with Hydrocephalus

Figure 1. A portion of a polysomnogram recorded in a neonate with congenital hydrocephalus and resultant periodic breathing shows frequent, short periods of central apnea, as demonstrated by the cessation of oronasal air flow and the absence of a wave form on the tracing for end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), in association with the absence of chest- and abdominal-wall motion (arrows). Inspiration is represented by an upward deflection in the air-flow and chest- and abdominal-wall signals. There is a six-second delay in the recording of end-tidal PCO2. Oronasal air flow was measured with a . . .
301 INHERITED DELETION OF THE 17P TELOMERE: A CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT FINDING OR FAMILIAL VARIANT?

Cryptic chromosome rearrangements have been detected in developmentally delayed and/or dysmorphic individuals with normal karyotypes using conventional cytogenetic techniques. We report on a 10-month-old boy with bilateral cleft lip, cleft palate, strabismus, moderate bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, unilateral cryptorchidism, reduced growth, delayed development, and dysmorphic features, including upslanting palpebral fissures, bilateral epicanthic folds, a broad nasal bridge, fifth finger clinodactyly, and hypoplastic fifth fingernails. High-resolution G-banded chromosome analysis showed a 46,XY karyotype. However, FISH analysis with subtelomeric probes revealed a deletion of the 17p telomere without evidence of additional chromosome imbalance. Subtelomeric probe analysis in the parents showed a 17p telomere deletion in his phenotypically normal mother. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis on the patient and his mother is pending. Telomere deletions have been described in phenotypically normal individuals, emphasizing the importance of differentiating pathogenic telomeric imbalance from benign familial variants or copy number variants in the population. In particular, paternally inherited deletions of the 17p telomere up to 600 kb in size have been described in individuals with no identifiable phenotype (Martin et al. J Med Genet 2002;39:734). The variability between the patient9s and his mother9s phenotype may result from unmasking of a recessive allele(s), modifier genes, environmental influences, or a difference in the size of their respective deletions. Our case provides additional evidence that the distal 17p13 telomeric region may represent an area of the genome in which reduced gene dosage can still be associated with a normal phenotype.
Expression of NF-κB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serums IL-8, TNF-α in children with henoch schonlein purpura

Objective To investigate the changes of NF-κβ in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and serum levels of IL-8, TNF-α,and probe their clinical significance in children with Henoch Schonlein purpura. Methods Forty children with HSP admitted to our hospital in January 2013 to August 2013 and 20 healthy children enrolled in this study,served as case group and control group,respectively. The activation of NF-κβ in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells(PBMC) and the serum levels of IL-8,TNF-α were detected by ELISA. Results(1)The activation of PBMC NF-κβ in case group was significantly higher than that of normal control group(P0.05),and the NF-κβ activity in no renal damage HSP group was significantly higher than that of the HSPN group(P0.05);(2)The serum levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in case group was significantly higher than that of normal control group(P0.05),and the serum levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in no renal damage HSP group were significantly higher than the HSPN group(P0.05);(3)The activation of NF-κβ was positively correlated to the serum levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in no renal damage HSP group and HSPN group,respectively(P0.05). Conclusion NF-κβ,IL-8 and TNF-α were involved in the pathogenesis of Henoch Schonlein purpura.
Tyramine-Induced Brain Injury in Phenelzine-Treated Dogs: An Animal Model for Cerebral Edema

We have recently demonstrated that p-tyramine (p-TA) induced behavioral side-effects and precipitated coma in chronically treated dogs with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) phenelzine (PEH) (Faraj et al, 1983). The objective of the present investigation was to determine whether p-TA-induced neurotoxicity in PEH-treated dogs is a reflection of the development of brain edema and whether the edema is associated with increased permeability into the brain from peripheral circulation of diffusion-limited substances. We chose to examine the influence of p-TA in dogs before and after treatment with PEH on the first-pass brain image of technetium-99m-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Tc-99m-DTPA). Furthermore, kinetics of brain Tc-99m-DTPA were correlated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure measurements and determination of CSF concentrations of catecholamines.
Enteral nutrition administration in a surgical intensive care unit: Achieving goals with better strategies

Enteral nutrition administration in a surgical intensive care unit: Achieving goals with better strategies
The Consumer Logic of Anti-Government Antagonism

Theories of American opposition to government usually rely on theoretical or historical explana-tions that assume implausibly high levels of political knowledge among citizens or lack precise causal mechanisms. This paper investigates a parsimonious causal alternative. The Consumer Logic of Anti-Government Antagonism holds that citizens evaluate government in the same way they evaluate everyday consumer transactions. Anti-government attitudes emerge when citizens perceive that government costs outweigh government benefits--when they receive low "transaction utility," or are getting a raw deal (Thaler, 1985 and 1999). In a survey experiment, I expose subjects in treatment to personalized estimates of the costs and/or the benefi ts that government provides and/or extracts. I find that strong Republicans, who otherwise believe government is wasting virtually all of their tax money, come to hold views approximating the median voter's when they are shown a "taxpayer receipt," detailing where their money went. Additionally, a "natural experiment" study of Hurricane Sandy survivors off ers statistical evidence to support the idea that perceived disparities in costs and benefits greatly diminishes trust in government spending. Together, the survey experiment and the natural experiment lend broad support to the theory.
Strategies of Free-Form Web Curation: Processes of Creative Engagement with Prior Work

We synthesize principles across art, design, writing, and psychology to articulate strategies of free-form web curation, for stimulating students' creative engagement with prior work, in performance of ideation tasks. We manifest the strategies in an interactive system and pedagogy. Free-form web curation is a form of new media--designed to enable users to conceptualize and create new contexts--in which they discover, interpret, and represent relationships, by composing readymade and self-made content elements. The strategies are Collect, Assemble, Shift Perspective, Sketch, Write, and Exhibit. We conducted a field study involving 1247 students over 4 semesters. We connect visual, quantitative, and experiential data to show how students engage with prior work through the free-form web curation strategies, system, and pedagogy. We develop implications for design of web curation systems and education. We coalesce a theory of free-form web curation, based on the strategies, emphasizing the roles of space and context.
Religious intellectual humility, attitude change, and closeness following religious disagreement

AbstractThis study explored the role of intellectual humility (IH) in promoting attitude change and relationship closeness in the context of religious disagreement. Participants (N = 174) completed a preliminary survey that assessed their attitude on several contentious religious issues (e.g. gay marriage, abortion). Participants who disagreed about a contentious religious issue were then paired and engaged in a 10-min discussion. After the discussion, participants completed a series of questionnaires. The greatest degree of attitude change was seen in pairs with mutually high levels of IH, in which the participant self-reported high levels of IH and also perceived the discussion partner to have high levels of IH. Higher perceptions of the IH levels of the discussion partner predicted higher levels of closeness and trust. We discuss limitations, areas for future research, and practical implications.
Involvement of Immune Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuroinflammation and demyelination that results in axon loss. Multiple sclerosis has been shown to be the result of an autoimmune response caused by a mixture of genetic and environmental factors. Dendritic cells are prominent antigen-presenting cells that interact with various molecules to regulate the immune system. The dysfunction of various features of immune regulation, including interleukins (ILs), CD4+ T cells, and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS1), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. T cells, particularly through the malfunction of B7-costimulatory pathways, have been shown to affect the progression of the disease. SOCS1 is important in regulating the function of T cells through its interactions with other nearby genes, especially CLEC16A, with abnormal decreases in SOCS1 expression leading to the exhibition of MS symptoms. The activation of IL-23 receptors on CD4+ T cells is pivotal to their differentiation...
Ozone Decomposition on Kaolinite as a Function of Monoterpene Exposure and Relative Humidity

Atmospheric processing of mineral aerosol by trace gases results in the formation of surface-adsorbed products that have the capacity to alter the chemical and physical properties of these airborne particulates. To investigate one potential impact of aerosol processing by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), we investigated the heterogeneous decomposition of ozone on pure and monoterpene-processed kaolinite. We used a laminar flow reactor to measure O3 reactive uptake coefficients on kaolinite-coated tubes as a function of relative humidity, O3 concentration, and pre-exposure to gaseous limonene and α-pinene. At 26% RH, kaolinite has a near equivalent of a monolayer of adsorbed water, and the ozone steady-state uptake coefficient was γav = 2.9 × 10–9 assuming the BET surface area. Pre-exposing kaolinite to limonene and α-pinene increased O3 uptake coefficients by nearly 2 orders of magnitude to 2.1 × 10–7 and 2.5 × 10–7, respectively. At all humidities studied (10–50% RH), O3 uptake was at least 1...
Avoiding self-deception in the study of academic accounting: A commentary about and beyond Endenich and Trapp’s article

Abstract The differences shown in the Endenich and Trapp article help us formalize the cartography of publishing opportunities in accounting. In this commentary, I offer some ways that the paper could have offered more insight. I also propose a broader agenda for the sociological study of the social organization of academic accounting. For this purpose, elements of elite reproduction, the rhetoric of quality and the politics of journal production are proposed as core elements.
Intermittent, extended access to preferred food leads to escalated food reinforcement and cyclic whole-body metabolism in rats: Sex differences and individual vulnerability.

Abstract Compulsive binge eating is a hallmark of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa and is implicated in some obesity cases. Eating disorders are sexually dimorphic, with females more often affected than males. Animal models of binge-like eating based on intermittent access to palatable food exist; but, little is known regarding sex differences or individual vulnerability in these models with respect to the reinforcing efficacy of food, the development of compulsive- and binge-like eating, or associated changes in whole-body metabolism or body composition. Adolescent male ( n = 24) and female ( n = 32) Wistar rats were maintained on chow or a preferred, high-sucrose, chocolate-flavored diet in continuous or intermittent, extended access conditions. Body weight and composition, intake, fixed- and progressive-ratio operant self-administration, and whole body energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratios were measured across an 11-week study period. Subgroup analyses were conducted to differentiate compulsive-like “high responder” intermittent access rats that escalated to extreme progressive-ratio self-administration performance vs. more resistant “low responders.” Female rats had greater reinforcing efficacy of food than males in all diet conditions and were more often classified as “high responders”. In both sexes, rats with intermittent access showed cycling of fuel substrate utilization and whole-body energy expenditure. Further, “high-responding” intermittent access female rats had especially elevated respiratory exchange ratios, indicating a fat-sparing phenotype. Future studies are needed to better understand the molecular and neurobiological basis of the sex and individual differences we have observed in rats and their translational impact for humans with compulsive, binge eating disorders.
A study and implementation of business-to-business e-commerce with the OBI standard

Internet based e-commerce has flourished in the business-to-consumer world. The lack of well-accepted standards is hindering the success in providing business-to-business e-commerce solutions. Open Buying on the Internet, or OBI, standard is one of the recent efforts in bringing business-to-business e-commerce into corporate purchasing. OBI is a common standard, based on the existing industry standards, that guides trading partners in implementing interoperable purchasing systems on the Internet. In this paper, we present a field study project on how companies may use OBI. We also survey the additional desirable services expected from managers who may use OBI-based e-commerce systems. We then describe a prototype implementation to enable the OBI capability in the IBM Net.Commerce merchant server software. With our implementation, existing merchant servers can be easily augmented to adopt the OBI standard for business-to-business e-commerce.
Towards Reverse Disability Simulation in a Virtual Environment

Disability Simulation (DS) is an approach used to modify attitudes regarding people with disabilities (PwD). DS places people without disabilities (PwoD) in situations that are designed for the users to experience a disability. The focus of my PhD dissertation is to transform the concept of disability simulation into reverse disability simulation (RDS) in a virtual reality (VR) environment. In a RDS people with disabilities perform tasks that are made easier in the virtual environment compared to the real world. In a sense, RDS is the “ability” simulation for people with disability. Despite the fact that DS is being used to raise awareness, it also endured some criticism for not being effective. Our first and second study put the criticism into the test, and found out that DS, in fact, can be used as a tools to teach PwoD about facts regarding disability. This result encouraged us to think deeper and invent ideas how to use same concept of DS for PwD. In my third user study, we hypothesized that putting Pw D in a RDS will increase confidence and enable efficient task completion. To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted a within-subjects experiment in which participants performed a virtual “kicking a ball” task in two different conditions: a normal condition without RDS (i.e., same difficulty as in the real world) and an easy condition with RDS (i.e., physically easier than the real world but visually the same). The results from our study suggest that RDS increased participants' confidence. The outcome of our finding has the potential to be used in VR rehabilitation for PwD.
Starch: Granule, Amylose-Amylopectin, Feed Preparation, and Recovery by the Fowl's Gastrointestinal Tract

SUMMARY Starch exists as glucose polymers of amylose and amylopectin. Amylose involves 10–30 glucose units having α-1,4-linkages enabling self-association into a helix. Amylopectin is assembled from a large number of helices interconnected by α-1,6-branching to dominate each granule. Granules have amorphous branching alternate with layers of crystallized helices. Crystallization involves helices laterally held together with either intermediary water (A) or is direct H-bonded (B) to resist digestion. Granule digestion by α-amylase depends on attachment along the helix length with release of maltose and maltotriose which includes α-limit dextrins from amylopectin. Amyloplasts progressively assemble each granule with sequential cell filling from aleurone to core during endosperm maturation. Incomplete development reduces endosperm starch content and energy value while losses from germination are less influential. High temperature drying of moist grain creates resistant granules due to annealing and partial loss of bound water from A- to form H-bonding and B-crystals. Further annealing and additional resistance occurs with high temperature pelleting. Extrusion extends annealing together with granule gelatinization which frees polymers enabling retrogradion into resistant crystallites of amylose while amylopectin remains amorphous and digestible. Pellet stability reduces feed loss and work of prehension. Gastric digestion improves granule exposure. Pancreatic α-amylase erodes granules within the small intestine with products transferring to the unstirred water layer where microvilli enzymes generate glucose for absorption. Resistance delays granule erosion with potential continuance and fermentation in the large intestine that reduces NE then AME if excreted. Starch resistance influences location of digestion by the gastrointestinal tract and product use.
(Re)Thinking and (Re)Imagining Social(ing) With a More-Than-Human Ontology Given the Limits of (Re)(Con)Straining Language:

The aim of this manuscript is to (re)think and (re)imagine social as we work with(in) a more-than-human ontology so something(s) different can be thought/done. Language is limiting, (re)(con)straining, and yet we are still bound to it especially in academic publishing. However, I hope to at least open the conversation about social in a move toward overturning the normalized ways we have conceptualized and used the term. I propose socialing, which animates the lively relations of human, nonhuman, and more-than-humans producing socials. The article ends by discussing how and why it matters that researchers (re)conceptualize the notion of social.
Association of Global DNA Methylation to Titanium and Peri-Implantitis: A Case-Control Study.

Introduction:Epigenetic changes are associated with various inflammatory diseases and are influenced by environmental factors. Recent data support an association between titanium dissolution produc...
Written Exposure Therapy: The Case for Latinos:

Despite the substantial impact of trauma and subsequent posttraumatic stress in the Latino population, Latinos often underutilize services to address symptoms. Furthermore, research is still lackin...
The Hydrogen Ionization Front-Stellar Photosphere Interaction and the Period-Color Relations of Variable Stars

Recent evidence has emerged that the Cepheid PL relation in the LMC is nonlinear in the sense that the existing data are more consistent with two lines of differing slope with a break at a period of 10 days. We review the statistical evidence for this, the implications for the extra-galactic distance scale and CMB independent estimations of Hubble's constant and briefly outline one possible physical mechanism which could cause this nonlinearity.
Ongoing Disparities in Prediagnosis Preexposure Prophylaxis Use Among Persons Recently Diagnosed With HIV in New York City, 2015–2017

Objectives. To quantify sociodemographic disparities in prediagnosis preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use in persons recently diagnosed with HIV in New York City and assigned for partner services.Met...
A Complete Pipeline for Isolating and Sequencing MicroRNAs, and Analyzing Them Using Open Source Tools

Half of all human transcripts are thought to be regulated by microRNAs. Therefore, quantifying microRNA expression can reveal underlying mechanisms in disease states and provide therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Here, we detail how to accurately quantify microRNAs. Briefly, this method describes isolating microRNAs, ligating them to adaptors suitable for high-throughput sequencing, amplifying the final products, and preparing a sample library. Then, we explain how to align the obtained sequencing reads to microRNA hairpins, and quantify, normalize, and calculate their differential expression. Versatile and robust, this combined experimental workflow and bioinformatic analysis enables users to begin with tissue extraction and finish with microRNA quantification.
Nanostructured silicon substrates of nanopore morphology for buffer-layer free nanoheteroepitaxial growth of InP films

To reduce the cost of III–V solar cells, a buffer-layer free method of depositing high-quality III–V thin films onto low-cost silicon nanostructured substrates is proposed that is enabled by stress relaxation due to the nanopore morphology of the silicon substrate. As a proof-of-concept test of the proposed method, the nanoheteroepitaxial deposition of high quality InP thin film is examined. By comparing the deposition of InP (under conditions optimized for InP deposition onto InP substrates) onto nanostructured Si(100) substrates with nanopore and nanopillar morphologies, the morphology of nanopores is found to be preferred for the nanoheteroepitaxial deposition of InP films.
Undetectable equals untransmittable (U = U): implications for preconception counseling for human immunodeficiency virus serodiscordant couples.

Although limited by society guidelines from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the past, many human immunodeficiency virus serodiscordant American couples who desired future childbearing were referred to reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialists for in vitro fertilization. The access to and cost of assisted reproductive technology created a significant barrier to reproductive care in this patient population. New evidence-based guidelines by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, however, endorse condomless intercourse timed to ovulation for human immunodeficiency virus serodiscordant couples with undetectable viral loads on antiretroviral therapy. In parallel, the Prevention Access Campaign’s undetectable equals untransmittable initiative advocates increasing awareness of the favorable prognosis of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus to remove the associated stigma of the disease and promote the safety of condomless intercourse in the setting of undetectable viral loads. With these new guidelines, human immunodeficiency virus serodiscordant couples may not require an automatic referral to the reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist. Rather, providers of preconception care could recommend timed intercourse for these couples after confirmation of an undetectable viral load and discussion with the interdisciplinary team of health care professionals caring for persons living with human immunodeficiency virus.
Balto-Slavic Languages

The term Balto-Slavic encompasses the languages of the closely related Baltic and Slavic branches of the Indo-European language family. The Slavic languages, traditionally divided into East, West, and South Slavic, are well-represented over much of Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia. Of the once more numerous and widespread Baltic languages, only two have survived to the present, Latvian and Lithuanian, which together form East Baltic. West Baltic is represented by Old Prussian, which died out in the early 18th century; it is known from word lists, place names, and catechism translations.
A Cointegration Analysis of Economic Growth and CO_2 Emissions: A Case Study of Malaysia

The paper aims to establish a long-run and the Granger causal relationship between economic growth, emissions, international trade, energy consumption, and population density in Malaysia. The study will use annual data from 1970 to 2014. A unique cointegrating relationship between our variables was identified. The study employed the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model to examine the Environmental Kuznets Curve . Our empirical results analysis showed a long-run relationship between per capita emissions and our explanatory variables . To investigate the Granger causal relationship between , the Vector Error Correction Model was employed and our results, associated the absence of Granger causality between emissions and economic growth in the short-run while revealing a uni-directional Granger causality movement from economic growth to emissions in the long-run. Hence, an increase in will lead to a rise in emissions in Malaysia.
The All-Buryat Congress for the Spiritual Rebirth and Consolidation of the Nation: Siberian politics in the final year of the USSR:

This article examines the All-Buryat Congress for the Spiritual Rebirth and Consolidation of the Nation that was held in the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in February 1991. The congre...
Busuu: A Social Network Application to Learn Languages

With a high-quality, user-friendly interface that is both easy to navigate and aesthetically pleasing, Busuu delivers, but the reason to choose Busuu over others would be to purchase the premium version for the social networking aspects. Even as a native speaker of English, I was able to learn about dialectal differences. Interactions with native speakers of the target language is both interesting and motivating. This is one of the better apps on the market, but at $9.99 when paid per month, it might be a bit expensive for the casual language learner.
Pressure-Sensing Gastric Calibration Tube for Minimizing Sleeve Volume Variation in Sleeve Gastrectomy Compared with Current Standard Technique

The sleeve gastrectomy technique is dependent on the size of the bougie and the surgeon's technical skills. Standardization of the sleeve gastrectomy technique may potentially minimize the volume inconsistency and improve outcomes. A volume and pressure-sensitive gastric calibration tube may create a standard sleeve size and minimize interoperator variation. The objective of preliminary testing was to establish the variability of sleeve gastrectomy size in gastric explants, and to compare that with the variability of sleeve gastrectomy size when performed with a volume and pressure-sensitive gastric calibration tube. Three operators performed six sleeve gastrectomies each on commercially processed porcine gastric explants, half with a 40 Fr bougie, and a half with a pressure-sensing and volume-controllable gastric calibration tube prototype. The resulting sleeves were evaluated using standard statistical methods. The pressure-sensitive gastric calibration tube demonstrated superior consistency to a standard 40 Fr bougie by common measures of variation. However, further investigation is warranted to characterize the significance of this difference.
The effects of temperature and relative humidity on trichloroethylene sorption capacities of building materials under conditions relevant to vapor intrusion

In this research, the sorption capacities of trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors were investigated at ppbv concentrations on building materials in the temperature range from 283.15 K to 303.15 K and at relative humidity levels of 50% and 85%. These are conditions that are relevant to vapor intrusion investigations. Such interactions of TCE with different materials at different temperatures/ relative humidity have been studied to a very limited extent, and not yet at all at the extremely low concentration ranges in vapor intrusion scenarios. The sorption capacities of the building materials decrease as temperature increases. The isotherms are for the most part linear, indicating that the adsorption process takes place in the Henry's Law regime, except for cinderblock. The isosteric heats of adsorption have been calculated. The sorption capacities of glass wool and nylon carpet increased slightly when the relative humidity increased from 0% to 85% whereas the sorption capacities of printer paper, drywall, and cinderblock decreased significantly at elevated humidity levels. The influence of humidity is complicated since under certain conditions it may enhance sorption or inhibit sorption. The sorption capacities of the studied materials are in a range indicating the possibility of these processes should not be overlooked during vapor intrusion investigations.
Ecometric estimation of present and past climate of North America using crown heights of rodents and lagomorphs

Abstract Studies of large herbivorous mammal (ungulate) communities have revealed an association between increased tooth crown height (hypsodonty) and a shift to more arid environments over the Cenozoic. Ecometric analyses have also been used to examine the relationship between current climate conditions and crown height of these communities, and very successfully used to estimate past precipitation. Small herbivorous mammals (rodents and lagomorphs) have been shown to similarly adapt to changing habitats over the Cenozoic, but did so millions of years earlier than larger mammals. Here, we have utilized ecometric methods to examine the relationships between rodent and lagomorph crown height and diversity with current climate conditions, finding strong correlations of community structure parameters with climate, particularly mean annual temperature, maximum temperature of the warmest month, and minimum temperature of the coldest month. We applied the resultant regression equations to well-sampled fossil localities from North America, spanning over 37 million years, allowing estimation of climate conditions in deep time. As expected, estimates show a general pattern of decrease in both precipitation and temperature across North America from 37 Ma to the present. Overall, these findings provide a new broadly-applicable proxy for estimation of Cenozoic climate conditions at a local scale.
Mental health strategies to support families of children with autism: Lessons learned from a psychologist and parent for non-mental health professionals

Abstract For clinicians working with individuals with autism, significant interactions occur with family members over many years. Stressors of having a child with autism and families' need for psychological support are well-documented (e.g., Hayes and Watson, 2013) though not typically offered within the child's treatment. Many multidisciplinary professionals in the autism field receive little formal training in mental health interventions and managing interpersonal tensions that inevitably occur. Here, I offer (1) three therapeutic concepts to hold in mind and (2) 10 specific mental health strategies, guided by evidence-based principles, to implement with families. Clinical vignettes illustrate how these supports can be applied. The aim of this article is for interprofessional providers to become more comfortable providing essential psychological supports to family members of the children and adults they serve.
Emerald Ash Borer in the Ash (Fraxinus spp.)-Dominated Tidal Swamps of the Lower Patuxent River, Maryland

The tidal swamps of the near coastal rivers dominated by ash species (Fraxinus spp.) on the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States are a globally rare and diverse habitat and, with the invasion of Agrilus planipennis (Emerald Ash Borer [EAB]), are under threat of alteration due to EAB-caused ash mortality. Little to no information exists on the effects that EAB infestation has had on these tidal swamps; therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the current state of overstory health, regeneration, and herbaceous plant community at an ash-dominated tidal swamp on the lower Patuxent River, MD. It was found that, in comparison to adjacent stands of ash in the bottomland hardwood forest, the tidal swamp had a significantly larger proportion of its stand basal area infested or killed by EAB. On the other hand, the degree of regeneration of ash stems was far greater in the tidal swamp in terms of seedlings, basal shoots, and young trees. Finally, the herbaceous plant communities were determined to be distinct to their respective habitat types and would likely have different responses to the loss of ash. I concluded that the observed effects of EAB infestation were not the same between the habitat types and that the tidal swamp should be considered separately in management plans for EAB in the Mid-Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay regions.
Studies in Austral Bryaceae (Bryopsida) II. New Combinations in Rosulabryum J.R. Spence from Madagascar and South America

New combinations in the genus Rosulabryum J.R. Spence are made for 11 species of Bryum Hedw. from South America and Madagascar: Rosulabryum albomarginatum (Cardot ex Ther.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum appressum (Ren. & Cardot) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum atenense (R.S. Williams) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum aubertii (Schwagr.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum coloratum (Mull. Hal.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum duplicatum (Broth.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum erythrocaulon (Schwagr.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum longidens (Ther.), J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum mattogrossense (Broth.) J.R. Spence, Rosulabryum puconense (Herzog & Ther.) J.R. Spence, and Rosulabryum spininervium (Broth.) J.R. Spence. The invalid combination Rosulabryum truncorum (Brid.) Ochyra is corrected.
Fixed field phase shifters for a multipass recirculating superconducting proton linac

The multi-pass recirculating proton linac can significantly improve the usage efficiency of rf superconducting cavities by accelerating the proton beam through the same cavity multiple times. However, in order to achieve acceleration for different energy proton beams, longitudinal phase synchronous conditions among these beams have to be satisfied. In this paper, we propose a fixed field phase shifter system based on two superconducting bending magnets with an optimized field distribution to meet the synchronous conditions. Such a phase shifter provides both longitudinal phase delay and transverse focusing of multiple energy beams. Self-consistent macroparticle simulations including space-charge effects through the system show that the proton beam emittances can be well preserved after the phase shifter for multiple energy beams.
Against Copyright Customization

Copyright law gives copyright owners tremendous power over their users, but some of them want even more. Copyright law’s restrictions on the copying, distribution, adaptation, public performance, and public display of a work are broad, applicable to all stages within the stream of commerce and possession, and places liability on some third parties for merely assisting, benefiting, or encouraging an infringing activity. However, like any property-law based regime, those restrictions have limitations. The same law that gives copyright owners the power to restrict their users in multiple ways also has built-in boundaries, which means that not every action in connection to a copyrighted good is prohibited by copyright law. Enters contract law. Some copyright owners, software companies in particular, try to use copyright license agreements to expand the rights provided by copyright law and customize them to their needs. They write standard form contracts that give them rights that are not provided for by copyright law, and nevertheless claim that the breach of those privately-made arrangements triggers liability under copyright law. In that way, they turn copyright law from a system of strict rules, created by Congress, that balances between the interests of copyright owners and users to one that they can shape as they see fit for their needs. Courts have struggled and mostly failed in preventing copyright owners from using licenses in that way. The Article explains that the leading approach for policing such licenses was shaped in 2010 by two Ninth Circuit decisions: Vernor v. Autodesk and MDY v. Blizzard. This framework, however, missed the mark. The Article shows how both opinions are misguided as a matter of law and harmful as a matter of policy. They, unfortunately, give too much power to large software companies and too little freedom to consumers. Moreover, a survey of the 44 cases that applied MDY’s test in the last decade reveals that courts could not come up with clear criteria or an effective test to limit that power. Other developments in recent years, including new decisions of the Supreme Court and the Second Circuit, further weakened the Vernor-MDY framework. Those recent developments, as well as the increased centrality of digital distribution channels, make this the perfect time to reevaluate and abandon the currently prevalent framework. The Article shows that core notions of commercial law offer a superior approach to police those licenses in a way that is consistent with copyright policy. Indeed, if the core principles of contract and property law are correctly applied, the balance between copyright law and contract law can be maintained. With it, copyright liability is restored to the scope intended by Congress, and its expansion through customization is successfully restricted.
Self-Orientalization in the East Asian Medical Community

Traditional medical practices have yielded to modern Western Allopathic Medicine in much of the world. However, Traditional East Asian Medicine (aka Traditional Chinese Medicine) which includes Acupuncture, Asian Herbalism, Asian Bodywork, and Meditative Breathing Practices (Taijiquan / Qigong) has grown in popularity around the world. In the United States, Traditional East Asian Medicine has entered mainstream culture, becoming licensed as a type of healthcare service. The development of this type of medicine in the United States began in the late nineteenth century with Asian immigration, but in the latter part of the twentieth century grew from a localized ethnic enclave based cultural practice into a larger social phenomenon reactive to socio cultural dynamics in the medical industrial complex. However, intrinsic in this rise and integration with majority culture has been the inculcation of Orientalized attitudinal poles that rely on stereotypical, trivialized, and racist interpretations of the very traditions that they seem to embrace. This paper examines the aspect of this Orientalizing process in the East Asian Medical community in the United States among immigrants, second generation, and non-Asian students and practitioners.
Community engagement in the development and implementation of a rural road safety campaign: Steps and lessons learned

Abstract Introduction Rural crashes result in fatality rates twice as high as urban, after accounting for vehicle miles traveled, and those involving farm vehicles tend to be the most severe. Farm vehicle crash interventions have focused on the farm equipment (e.g., lighting and marking) or the farm vehicle operator (e.g., training), despite crashes being most frequently caused by other vehicle driver actions. Community-based campaigns focused on rural drivers have potential to influence driver behavior. The objective of this study was to describe the role, formation, and lessons learned from a community advisory board (CAB) in the development and dissemination of a community-based rural roadway safety campaign. Methods The CAB provided campaign input through quarterly meetings and email. The campaign had three main CAB and crash data-informed messages: 1) Slow Down, 2) Leave More Space, and 3) Avoid Passing. The CAB led campaign activities to publicize the message, distribute swag, and organize event logistics. To evaluate CAB effectiveness and inform future community engagement efforts, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured telephone interviews with CAB members in July 2020. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and codes were categorized into five main themes. Results Overall, CAB membership was described as an overwhelmingly positive experience in terms of the CAB structure, culture fostered among the group, responsibilities, and time commitment. Board members reported successful campaign implementation, gave positive feedback regarding the research team's engagement efforts, and provided valuable recommendations for future campaigns (e.g., adding social media components, expansion of CAB age and industry diversity, and increasing group bonding activities). Conclusions Results from this study demonstrate the instrumental role and logistics involved in engagement of community advisors for the development and implementation of a rural roadway safety campaign. Steps and lessons from this study can be applied to other community-level injury and violence prevention topics, with a particular focus on rural communities.
Protein synthesis by membrane-bound polyribosomes.

The involvement of membranes in protein synthesis is indicated by theoretical considerations and a wide variety of experimental findings. Complex metabolic pathways such as are utilized for oxidative phosphorylation and macromolecular biosynthesis require the integration in time and location of many cofactors, enzymes, and the products of enzyme reactions which are used as substrates for sequential enzymes in the series. These considerations have been appreciated for many years in the field of oxidative, phosphorylation. Protein synthesis, which requires the same kind of complex interaction of many essential components, could be thought to depend only on random collisions of soluble reactants and catalysts with a free suspension of polyribosomes. To be productive, however, these collisions cannot be just those resulting from mutual contact, but must be of the kind, in which for example, the anticodon of the correct aminoacyl tRNA is brought into the required alignment with the next codon of mRNA to be translated.
The Association of Nurse‐to‐Patient Ratio with Mortality and Preventable Complications Following Aortic Valve Replacement

Objective To examine hospital resources associated with patient outcomes for aortic valve replacement (AVR), including inpatient adverse events and mortality. Study Design We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to identify AVR procedures from 1998 to 2010 and the American Hospital Association Annual Survey to augment hospital characteristics. Primary outcomes included mortality and the development of adverse events, identified using standardized patient safety indicators (PSI). Patient and hospital characteristics associated with PSI development were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results An estimated 410,157 AVRs at 5009 hospitals were performed in the US between 1998 and 2010. The number of procedures grew annually by 4.72% (p = 0.0003) in high volume hospitals, 4.48% in medium volume hospitals (p < 0.0001), and 2.03% in low volume hospitals (p = 0.154). Mortality was highest in low volume hospitals, 4.70%, decreased from 4.14% to 3.73% in medium and high volume hospitals, respectively (p = 0.0002). Rates of PSIs did not vary significantly across volume terciles (p = 0.254). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed low volume hospitals had increased risk of mortality as compared with high volume hospitals (odds ratio [OR]: 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 2.00), while hospital volume was not associated with adverse events. PSI development was associated with small hospitals as compared with large (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.28) and inversely associated with higher nurse-to-patient ratio (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90 to 0.99). Conclusions The volume-outcomes relationship was associated with mortality outcomes but not postoperative complications. We identified structural differences in hospital size, nurses-to-patient ratio, and nursing skill level indicative of high quality outcomes. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12284 (J Card Surg 2014;29:141–148)