cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Action Research: A Developmental Model of Professional Socialization

This article proposes a developmental model to socialize teachers at all levels (preservice, novice, and experienced) and in all positions (general education, special education, elementary school, middle school, and high school) in the methodology of action research. A process for advancing professional understanding is theorized to include the phases of acquisition, fluency, and generalization. Within each phase, a confluence of skills, abilities, attitudes, and contexts are addressed to highlight critical considerations that facilitate the systematic acculturation of teachers to this potentially compelling research approach.
Supramolecular polymers containing terpyridine-metal complexes in the side chain

The synthesis of supramolecular polymers containing metal complexes in the side chain is described. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to synthesize the macromolecular backbone, and the metal complex was attached via postpolymerization chemistry. Homopolymers containing [Ru(terpy)2]2+ in the side chain were prepared in which the complex contained either a long hydrophobic C16 alkyl group or only hydrogen at the 4‘-position. The homopolymers containing the long C16 alkyl groups showed lyotropic liquid crystalline (LC) behavior in chloroform solutions from room temperature to 60 °C and self-assembled in the bulk to form hexagonal arrays of cylinders. In addition, this alkyl side chain was observed to crystallize in the solid state. Homopolymers without the C16 alkyl group showed no lyotropic LC or any crystallization behavior. The material design emphasizes the relationship between the molecular structure and supramolecular organization of these polymers. It demonstrates that terpy complex...
Singlet-triplet spin blockade and charge sensing in a few-electron double quantum dot

Singlet-triplet spin blockade in a few-electron lateral double quantum dot is investigated using simultaneous transport and charge-sensing measurements. Transport from the (1,1) to the (0,2) electron occupancy states is strongly suppressed relative to the opposite bias [(0,2)--(1,1)]. At large bias, spin blockade ceases as the (0,2) triplet state enters the transport window, giving a direct measure of exchange splitting of the (0,2) state as a function of magnetic field. A simple model for current and steady-state charge distribution in spin-blockade conditions is developed and found to be in excellent agreement with experiment. Three other transitions [(1,1)--(2,0), (1,3)--(2,2), and (1,3)--(0,4)] exhibit spin blockade while other nearby transitions and opposite bias configurations do not, consistent with simple even-odd shell filling.
Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Oligosaccharide

Es wird eine Ubersicht uber die Struktur der wichtigsten Di- und hoheren Oligo-saccharide gegeben. Ferner werden die alteren und neueren Methoden der Synthesen dieser Stoffe behandelt11 .
The effect of HIV infection on overdose mortality

The objectives were to quantify the association of HIV infection with overdose mortality and explore the potential mechanisms. Design: A prospective cohort study. A total of 1927 actively injecting drug users who were HIV-seronegative at baseline of whom 308 later HIV-seroconverted were followed semi-annually for death from 1988 to 2001. Survival analyses using marginal structural and standard Cox models were used to evaluate the effect of HIV infection on the risk of overdose mortality. Overdose death rates were higher in HIV-seropositive than HIV-seronegative drug users: 13.9 and 5.6 per 1000 person-years respectively (P < 0.01). The hazard ratio (HR) was 2.54 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47 4.38] for the marginal structural model and 2.06 (95% CI 1.25 3.38) for the standard Cox model both adjusted for demographics drug injection characteristics alcohol abuse substance abuse treatment and sexual orientation. Adjusting for possible time-varying mediators (i.e. drug use medical conditions and healthcare access) in extended marginal structural models reduced the effect of HIV on overdose mortality by 30% (HR 1.82 95% CI 1.01 3.30). Abnormal liver function was associated with a higher risk of overdose mortality (HR 2.00 95% CI 1.05 3.84); adjustment for this further reduced the effect of HIV on overdose mortality. HIV infection was associated with a higher risk of overdose mortality. Drug use behavior systematic disease and liver damage associated with HIV infection appeared to account for a substantial portion of this association. The data suggest a group to target with interventions to reduce overdose mortality rates. (authors)
Regiochemistry of Diels−Alder Reactions of Diverse β-Functionalized Alkynyliodonium Salts with Unsymmetrical Dienes

The reaction of alkynyliodonium salts with unsymmetrically substituted dienes at room temperature in acetonitrile results in iodonium-substituted cyclohexadienes via Diels−Alder cycloaddition. A number of dienes were tested, and the regioselectivity of the reaction was investigated. The X-ray crystal structure for 1-(trimethylacetyl)-2-(phenyl[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy]iodo)-6-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene (3) is reported.
OSNAP! Introducing the Open Semantic Network Analysis Platform

Graph visualization continues to be a major challenge in the field of information visualization, meanwhile gaining im- portance due to the power of graph-based formulations across a wide variety of domains from knowledge representation to network flow, bioinformatics, and software optimization. We present the Open Semantic Network Analysis Platform (OSNAP), an open-source visualization framework designed for the flexible composition of 2D and 3D graph layouts. Analysts can filter and map a graph's attributes and structural properties to a variety of geometric forms including shape, color, and 3D position. Using the Provider Model software engineering pattern, developers can extend the framework with additional mappings and layout algorithms. We demonstrate the framework's flexibility by applying it to two separate domain ontologies and finally outline a research agenda to improve the value of semantic network visualization for human insight and analysis.
Some solvable stochastic control problems in noncompact symmetric spaces of rank one

A family of stochastic control problems for diffusion processes in noncompact symmetric spaces of rank one are described and explicitly solved. The problem is to control Brownian motion in a noncompact symmetric space of rank one by a drift so that it remains close to a fixed point in the space called the origin. The solution is obtained by finding a smooth solution to the Hamilton-Jaobbi or dynamic programming equation for the control problem. All noncompact symmetric spaces of rank one and dimension ≥2 are included and for each of these symmetric spaces a countably infinite family of different, explicitly solvable control problems are given. The cost functional for these control problems are obtained from some spherical functions on these spaces. These spherical functions are monotone increasing functions of the distance of a point from the origin.
Coronavirus Translational Regulation: Leader Affects mRNA Efficiency

Cells infected with the murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), show decreased host protein synthesis concomitant with an increase in viral protein synthesis. We examined the in vitro translation property of the conserved MHV 5'-leader RNA sequence by constructing chimeric mRNAs in which the 72-nt 5'-leader of M protein mRNA (A59 strain) was positioned upstream of the human alpha-globin coding region in a T7 expression vector. Synthetic 5'-capped transcripts of these mRNA constructs were translated in cell-free extracts prepared from uninfected and MHV-infected murine DBT cells. Nonviral mRNAs translated readily in both uninfected and infected cell-free extracts. By contrast, replacement of the human alpha-globin 5'-untranslated region (UR) with the MHV 5'-leader increased translation ca. three- to fourfold in cell-free extracts from MHV-infected cells versus translation in extracts from uninfected cells. Chimeric globin mRNA containing the reverse complementary sequence of the viral leader RNA in the 5'-UR showed no such increase in translation, indicating sequence specificity for the effect. A 13-nt region (-UCUAAUCCAAACA-) immediately proximal to the start codon was found to be important for the increased translation of the MHV leader-containing mRNAs. These data indicate that the apparent down-regulation of host translation is not primarily due to an inhibition of host translation but also involves a significant stimulation of viral translation in cis by a structural feature of the MHV 5'-leader RNA sequence in conjunction with a virus-specified or virus-induced factor.
Review Article: International History and the Democratic Peace

JAMES LEE RAY. Democracy and International Conflict: An Evaluation of the Democratic Peace Proposition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995. Pp. viii, 243. $39.95 (US); THOMAS RISSE-KAPPEN. Co-operation among Democracies: The European Influence on US Foreign Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. Pp. x, 250. $35.00 (US); K. J. HOLSTI. The State, War, and the State of War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv, 254. $59.95 (US); SUSAN PETERSON. Crisis Bargaining and the State: The Domestic Politics of International Conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996. Pp. vii, 208. $42.50 (US); JOHN M. OWEN. Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politics and International Security. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. Pp. 224. $32.50 (US).
Hormone-sensitive magnesium transport in murine S49 lymphoma cells: characterization and specificity for magnesium.

1. The hormone-sensitive transport of Mg(2+) into murine S49 lymphoma cells and its relationship to other divalent cation transport systems have been investigated.2. Mg(2+) influx, measured with (28)Mg(2+), is saturable with an apparent extracellular ion concentration at half-maximal influx (K(in)) for Mg(2+) of 330 muM and a maximal influx rate of 360 p-mole/min.10(7) cells (2.9 n-mole/min.mg cell protein or a flux rate of about 0.12 p-mole/sec.cm(2)). Efflux of Mg(2+) is biphasic with half-times of 55 and 240 min at 37 degrees C and is temperature-sensitive.3. beta-Adrenergic agonists inhibit influx but not efflux of Mg(2+) in S49 cells. Efflux of Mg(2+) is also unaffected by extracellular [Mg(2+)] or [Ca(2+)]. These results imply that the mechanism of the transport system does not involve Mg-Mg exchange.4. Mn(2+) is a non-competitive inhibitor of Mg(2+) influx with an inhibition constant, K(i), of about 200 muM. The weak inhibition exhibited by Ca(2+) (K(i) > 5 mM) is also non-competitive. La(3+) inhibits Mg(2+) transport half-maximally at about 100 muM; Ni(2+), Zn(2+), Co(2+) and Sc(3+) are all less effective than La(3+). The Ca(2+)-channel blockers cis-diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine and the monovalent cations Na(+) and K(+) also have no effect on Mg(2+) influx. However, increasing the extracellular pH stimulates Mg(2+) influx.5. Total cellular Mg(2+) is about 85 n-mole/10(7) cells; however, at apparent isotopic equilibrium with (28)Mg(2+) less than 3% of total cellular Mg(2+) has been exchanged. This indicates that cellular Mg(2+) is highly compartmented and that recently transported Mg(2+) exchanges very slowly with bulk intracellular Mg(2+).6. Ca(2+) influx has a K(in) of 80 muM and is much slower than Mg(2+) influx. V(max) varied in different experiments from 3 to 15 p-mole/min.10(7) cells (25-125 p-mole/min.mg cell protein). Efflux of Ca(2+) is biphasic with half-times of 22 and 200 min and is temperature-sensitive. Hormonal stimulation has no effect on either influx or efflux of Ca(2+). Mg(2+) is a competitive inhibitor of Ca(2+) influx (K(i) = 3 mM).7. Two kinetic components of Mn(2+) influx are present with apparent K(in)s of 4 muM and 100 muM. Maximal influx rates are 5 and 60 p-mole/min.10(7) cells (40 and 480 p-mole/min.mg cell protein), respectively. Influx of Mn(2+) is not altered by beta-adrenergic agonist.8. Uptake of Na(+) or K(+) is unaltered by beta-adrenergic stimulation. These data in the S49 lymphoma cell indicate that (a) Mg(2+) is translocated by a transport system independent of those that transport other divalent cations, (b) hormonal inhibition of divalent ion transport is specific for Mg(2+) and (c) cellular Mg(2+) is highly compartmented.
Microcomputer-Aided Evaluation of Earthquake-Induced Permanent Slope Displacements

Ageotechnical engineering microcomputer program has been developed for the determination of permanent slope displacements resulting from earthquake shaking. The Newmark procedure, in which accelerations in excess of yield accelerations are double integrated to obtain displacements, has been incorporated into the program DISPLMT. Several user options are available for describing the yield acceleration function, including variation with time and variation with displacement. Screen graphics are available which allow the user to observe the down slope movements of the Newmark sliding block as they increase with time during the simulated earthquake. DISPLMT has been used to calculate the permanent movements of an earth dam using acceleration-time histories and soil shear stresses determined from a separate analysis. Modification to the conventional Newmark procedure, by introduction of a “slip layer,” has been made in the analysis of a dam. Permanent slope displacements can be analyzed using the recommended procedure, which involves fairly simple computations that can be performed in a reasonable period of time with the exclusive use of microcomputers.
Competition Between Beam Fanning And Two-Beam Coupling In Barium Titanate

We have examined the time dependence of laser light for propagation parallel and antiparailel to the c-axis of a poled single crystal of barium titanate. A type of symmetric beam fanning was found to be more important in determining the transmission of our "best" crystal than two-beam coupling between the transmitted wave and that reflected from the back face of the crystal. This finding contradicts with previous reports of asymmetric transmission where effects of beam fanning were assumed small. Observation of the fanning motivated the more detailed measurements reported here.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparative response of the heart and coronary vasculature to cathecholamines, aminophylline and papaverine

The direct effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, isoproterenol, aminophylline, dopamine and papaverine on coronary blood flow and oxygen consumption were examined in an isolated heart-lung preparation. Only papaverine and aminophylline significantly increased coronary blood flow, although microsphere studies indicated the increase in flow did not primarily involve the endocardial layer. Fractionation of flow into systolic and diastolic components also suggested that both drugs dilated large epicardial vessels. Correlation analysis indicated that alterations in heart rate and performance indices produced by these agents were not per se accompanied by changes in oxygen consumption and/or coronary flow as commonly supposed. Only cardiac work and ejection velocity were directly correlated with oxygen consumption, probably by direct action of the drug on coronary vascular resistance rather than on ventricular function.
A further study of pulse-to-cycle fraction and critical flicker frequency. A decisive theoretical test.

Various curves relating CFF to log I cross each other when these curves represent different PCF’s (pulse-to-cycle fractions). This was interpreted by Bartley to mean that PCF and conditions of flicker and fusion are not simply related, as has been generally taken for granted. He supposed that, whereas short pulses in a given repetitive cycle would produce flicker and longer pulses would produce fusion, still longer ones would reintroduce flicker, and finally the longest ones would produce fusion. An electronic fusion apparatus producing square waves and varying PCF from 0.02 to 0.98 was used to test this directly. PCF was varied over this range while CFF (and thus cycle length) and intensity were held constant. The supposition was readily confirmed. In addition, data were collected suggesting that the very shortest pulses would produce fusion rather than flicker at some intensity levels.
Muscle membrane preparation restores sensitivity to acetylcholine in cultured chick ciliary ganglion neurons

Ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons grown in culture in culture in the absence of muscle cells rapidly lose sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh), while neurons grown in the presence of muscle or muscle cell membranes maintain sensitivity to ACh for extended periods of time. The present study examined whether exposure to muscle membrane preparation or stimulation of cAMP-dependent processes could restore sensitivity to ACh in cultured neurons which had lost responsiveness to ACh. CG neurons from 11- to 14-day-old chick embryos were grown on collagen substrate in the absence of muscle cells. Sensitivity to ACh was assessed by measuring peak current responses following application of ACh (IACh) to neurons under whole-cell voltage clamp. In control cultures IACh decreased from an average of 837 pA the day of plating to 145 pA following 4 days in culture. Stimulation of cAMP-dependent processes with forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) or 8'Br-cAMP and IBMX had variable effects on IACh. These treatments increased peak IACh in some neurons maintained in culture for less than 48 h. Treatment with these agents decreased peak IACh in cultures which were more than 48 h old. Exposure of neurons, which had lost sensitivity to ACh in culture, to muscle membranes increased IACh 2- to 3-fold over 24 to 48 h. This membrane-induced restoration of sensitivity to ACh was blocked by exposure to the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Stimulation of cAMP-dependent processes in neurons exposed to muscle membrane decreased IACh. In conclusion, these results indicate that some element associated with the membranes of muscle cells has the ability to restore ACh responsiveness to CG neurons which have become insensitive to ACh in culture. The ability to restore ACh responsiveness appears to be dependent on protein synthesis as it is blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Restoration of ACh sensitivity by muscle cell membrane does not appear to be associated with stimulation of cAMP-dependent processes.
Novel refreshable N‐halamine polymeric biocides: Grafting hydantoin‐containing monomers onto high performance fibers by a continuous process

In this study, a continuous “pad-dry-cure” process was developed for the first time to graft a cycloamine monomer, 3-allyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (ADMH), onto several high performance fibers, including Nomex, Kermel, and a PBI/Kevlar blend. The influence of reaction conditions on the grafting copolymerizaiton was studied. It was found that in the presence of a difunctional monomer, poly(ethylene glycol)–diacrylate (PEG–DIA), ADMH could be readily grafted onto these fibers. After exposure to chlorine, the hydantoin structures in the grafted samples could be transformed into N-halamines, which provided powerful, durable, and regenerable antibacterial activities against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The influence of hydrophobic/rigid properties of the fabrics on grafting reactions as well as on their antibacterial activities was discussed, and the importance of full contact was emphasized. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1032–1039, 2003
Effect of inclusion shape on the stiffness of nonlinear two-phase composites

Abstract constitutive relations are established for the axisymmetric deformation of an incompressible power-law matrix containing aligned, rigid spheroidal inclusions. The range of inclusion shapes considered is from thin disks with aspect ratios of 100: 1 to whiskers with aspect ratios of 50: 1. Results are presented for several matrix hardening exponents between n = 1 (linearly elastic) and n = 10. It is found that at a fixed matrix hardening exponent and a fixed volume fraction of inclusions, slender prolate inclusions give rise to a greater increase in stiffness than any other inclusion shape with the same or smaller aspect ratio. It is also found that the stiffening which results from a fixed volume fraction of inclusions is a strong function of matrix nonlinearity; the stiffness of the composite relative to the matrix material is much greater for a highly nonlinear matrix than for a linear matrix.
Pressures Toward Conformity In Group Counseling

An exploration of the applicability of principles of group dynamics to counseling groups. Principles developed out of research on conforming behavior in small groups are used to interpret some of the common phenomena occurring in counseling groups as illustrative of the significance of group dynamics for the counselor and psychotherapist. The need is stressed for greater coordination and communication between the two disciplines- counseling and group dynamics.
Vanishing closure correction in the second-order optical potential

The first-order correction to the closure approximation in the multiple-scattering calculation of the second-order optical potential is shown to vanish under rather general conditions.
Nonexistence of certain planes of order 10 and 12

Abstract It is shown here that no plane of order 12 exists which has a group of elations of order 12. It is also shown that no plane of order 10 exists which has a multiplicative loop that is a group.
American Dreams in Mississippi: Consumers, Poverty, and Culture, 1830-1998

The dreams of abundance, choice, and novelty that have fueled the growth of consumer culture in the United States would seem to have little place in the history of Mississippi--a state long associated with poverty, inequality, and rural life. But as Ted Ownby demonstrates in this innovative study, consumer goods and shopping have played important roles in the development of class, race, and gender relations in Mississippi from the antebellum era to the present. After examining the general and plantation stores of the nineteenth century, a period when shopping habits were stratified according to racial and class hierarchies, Ownby traces the development of new types of stores and buying patterns in the twentieth century, when women and African Americans began to wield new forms of economic power. Using sources as diverse as store ledgers, blues lyrics, and the writings of William Faulkner, Eudora Welty, Richard Wright, and Will Percy, he illuminates the changing relationships among race, rural life, and consumer goods and, in the process, offers a new way to understand the connection between power and culture in the American South. |Shows how consumer goods and shopping have played important roles in the development of class, race, and gender relations in Mississippi from the antebellum era to the present-or from the plantation store to Wal-Mart.
The impact of stochastic resonance electrical stimulation and knee sleeve on impulsive loading and muscle co-contraction during gait in knee osteoarthritis

article Background: Increased impulsive loading and muscle co-contraction during gait have been observed in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Proprioceptive deficits in this population may contribute to these effects. Proprioception has been shown to improve with the combination of stochastic resonance electrical stimulation and a knee sleeve in knee osteoarthritis. Our goal was to determine whether stochastic resonance stimulation combined with a knee sleeve would decrease impulsive loading rates and muscle co-contraction during gait in knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Gait kinetics, kinematics and muscle activity were assessed during walking in subjects with knee osteoarthritis during three different conditions: no stochastic resonance/no sleeve (control), stochastic resonance at 75% threshold/sleeve, and no stochastic resonance/sleeve. Loading rates were calculated from the ground reaction force. Muscle co-contraction was calculated from the ratio of vastus lateralis to lateral hamstring activity. Differences between conditions were assessed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (Pb0.05). Findings: The 75% threshold/sleeve and sleeve only conditions resulted in increased knee flexion at contact and reduced loading rates compared to the control condition (Pb0.05). However, these measures did not significantly differ between the 75% threshold/sleeve and sleeve only conditions. Muscle co-contraction was found to decrease with the 75% threshold/sleeve condition compared to the other conditions. Interpretation: Increased knee flexion and decreased loading rates may be a result of proprioceptive improvements resulting from the sleeve or sleeve/stimulation combination. The stochastic resonance stimulation did not demonstrate an ability to enhance the effects of the sleeve with the exception of
Jupiter’s decisive role in the inner Solar System’s early evolution

The statistics of extrasolar planetary systems indicate that the default mode of planet formation generates planets with orbital periods shorter than 100 days and masses substantially exceeding that of the Earth. When viewed in this context, the Solar System is unusual. Here, we present simulations which show that a popular formation scenario for Jupiter and Saturn, in which Jupiter migrates inward from a > 5 astronomical units (AU) to a ≈ 1.5 AU before reversing direction, can explain the low overall mass of the Solar System’s terrestrial planets, as well as the absence of planets with a < 0.4 AU. Jupiter’s inward migration entrained s ≳ 10−100 km planetesimals into low-order mean motion resonances, shepherding and exciting their orbits. The resulting collisional cascade generated a planetesimal disk that, evolving under gas drag, would have driven any preexisting short-period planets into the Sun. In this scenario, the Solar System’s terrestrial planets formed from gas-starved mass-depleted debris that remained after the primary period of dynamical evolution.
Total parenteral nutrition with and without fat as substrate for growth of rats and transplanted hepatocarcinoma.

Differential effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on host nutrition and growth of cancer are unclear. Growth of adult ACI-N rats bearing transplanted Morris hepatocarcinoma no. 3924A given TPN with or without fat was studied in comparison with Purina Chow-fed, fasting, and semifasting (either amino acid or dextrose alone) rats over 5 days. The isocaloric, isonitrogenous TPN regimens with or without fat maintained body weight and nitrogen balance of cancer-bearing rats equally well. When compared with Chow-fed rats, the volume of the cancer, its weight, doubling time, protein content, and incorporation of thymidine into DNA were similar in rats given TPN either with or without fat. Although the volume of the cancer decreased in fasting and semifasting rats, the nutritional status of the host was also impaired. Administration of TPN to cancer-bearing rats was associated with an abnormal increase in serum lactic acid level, which was not ameliorated by the use of fat to reduce the carbohydrate load. A...
A proposed tabletop atto-second pulse coherent soft X-ray source

We propose a micro-undulator free-electron laser based system powered by an attosecond bunched electron beam generated from a laser-driven particle accelerator as a tabletop source of coherent attosecond deep-UV to soft X-ray pulses.
9.6 A 1.3mW 0.6V WBAN-compatible sub-sampling PSK receiver in 65nm CMOS

The release of the IEEE802.15.6 standard has led to increased interest in low-power technologies for wireless body-area-networks (WBAN). The power dissipation, supply voltage, and IC area are some of the most important criteria for successful WBAN implementations. Analog-intensive heterodyne receivers (RX) have been previously demonstrated, consuming 4 to 5mW of power from a 1-to-1.2V supply while occupying large silicon area, due to the presence of area-intensive analog building blocks such as low-pass filters at the IF [1,2]. Digital-intensive RX architectures can potentially result in sub-1V operation with significant reductions in power consumption and area, but require system and circuit-level innovations to achieve desired sensitivity and linearity. This paper presents a mostly-digital 2.4GHz RX architecture that uses a sub-sampling technique with digital IF/baseband signal processing to enable low-power (1.3mW) and low-voltage (0.6V) operation, resulting in ~3x reduction in power consumption. Early analog-to-digital conversion leads to the IC occupying only 0.35mm2 of active silicon area. While the IC focuses on WBAN demodulation, the presented techniques are applicable to other low-power standards as well.
The action of relaxing factor on actomyosin.

Abstract 1. 1. The actions of the relaxing factor are not dependent on the structural organisation of the myobfibril; it reacts with the most simple contractile system: actomyosin + ATP + ions. 2. 2. The specific interaction of the relaxing factor with the actomyosin-ATP system has been demonstrated by the following reactions: (a) Synaeresis and ATPase are inhibited. (b) The ATP induced synaeresis (contraction) of actomyosin-gel is reversed by the system relaxing factor + ATP. (c) All reactions show a characteristic ATP dependence and sensitivity to Ca ++ . (d) In the presence of the system ATP + relaxing factor actomyosin becomes solubilised at low ionic strength and precipitated in the form of synaeresed gel by small amounts of calcium.
Trace element composition characteristics and acidity of central-Alabama rain

Abstract Elemental concentrations and acidity of central Alabama rain have been studied by the proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method. Seventeen elements (Na, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) have been found to occur in the rain samples. Samples collected during the initial five-month period (January–May, 1985) showed characteristics that are described here. The elemental composition of southerly air flow rains was found to be different from that of northerly air flow rains with the latter containing relatively higher concentrations of S, Ca, Cu and Zn, indicating a more polluted area to the north. Correlation coefficients were calculated for pairs of elements in an attempt to determine possible sources of pollutants. A strong correlation was found between pH and logarithmic sulfur concentration for northern rains but not for southern rains.
DWAM — A WAM model extension for disjunctive logic programming

Answering queries in disjunctive logic programming requires the use of ancestry-resolution. The resulting complication makes it difficult to implement a Prolog-type query answering procedure for disjunctive logic programs. However, SLO-resolution provides a mechanism which is similar to SLD-resolution and hence offers a solution to this problem. The Warren Abstract Machine has been a very effective model for implementing Prolog. In this paper, we extend the WAM model of Prolog and adapt it for DISLOG — a language for disjunctive logic programming. We describe the extensions and additional instructions needed to make WAM viable for modeling and executing DISLOG. The extension is made in such a way that the original architecture is not disturbed and a Prolog program will execute as efficiently as it does in the original WAM.
The influence of Variations in Syntax on Oral Reading Fluency

This study examined the effect of variations in syntactic structure on oral reading. Forty fourth graders and 26 college students read aloud one of two narrative passages. Each passage contained three instances of a target structure (noun + participle) and three instances of a less complex control structure (verb phrase of a subject-verb-object clause). Identical words comprised corresponding target and control structures. Subjects also read aloud individual sentences containing the target and control phrases from the passage they had not read. With respect to the findings for children, significantly more disruptions in oral reading occurred on target structures in the stories than on control structures; in the sentences, there was no difference between target and control structures in the number of disruptions. Also, significantly more disruptions were found on target structures in the stories than in the sentences. For adults, few disruptions occurred regardless of structure or task. Results support the...
Crystal structure of a salt of the pyridinium-pyridine ion by X-ray and neutron diffraction

The crystal structure of [(C5H5N)2H]+[ZnBr3/2Cl3/2(C5H5N)]− has been determined and refined by full-matrix least-squares methods using X-ray (R, on ¦Fo¦, = 0.045 with 2291 reflections) and neutron (¯R, on ¦Fo¦, = 0.035 with 2030 reflections) diffraction data. The crystals of the compound are monoclinic, space groupP21/c witha = 12.728(1),b = 11.600(1),c = 13.354(1) A, β = 107.38(1) °,Z = 4,Dx = 1.68, andDm(flotation) = 1.69 g cm−3. The X-ray and neutron intensities were measured by the counter θ-2θ scan technique with CuKα X-rays (λ = 1.5418 A) and neutrons with λ = 1.109 A, respectively. An intramolecular N--H hydrogen bond holds pairs of pyridine molecules together in the lattice [N ⋯ N, 2.737(3) A]. The hydrogen atom is very asymmetrically disposed with N-H distances of 1.086(7) A and 1.658(6) A. The coordination about the zinc atom is tetrahedral with the nitrogen atom of the pyridine molecule in one tetrahedral position and different mixtures of the two halogen atoms in the other three positions. The important average bond distances from the neutron study are Zn-N [2.073(3) A], Zn-Cl [2.251(2) A], Zn-Br [2.394(3) A], N-C [1.334(5) A], C-C [1.378(5) A], and C-H [1.075(7) A].
The interaction of disiloxane and methoxysilane with phosphorus(III) halides

Although (SiH3)2O does not react with PCl3 or PBr3 at −78°, SiH3OCH3 does react to give the silyl halide and the methyl phosphorodihalidite. Side reactions complicate the PBr3SiH3OCH3 interaction. At 0°, a complex reaction occurs between (SiH3)2O and PBr3 forming SiH3Br and condensation products. The results are discussed in terms of the donor properties of (SiH3)2O and SiH3OCH3 and the amphoteric character of the phosphorus(III) halides.
Panic comorbidity with bipolar disorder: what is the manic–panic connection?

Context: Bipolar/panic comorbidity has been observed in clinical, community and familial samples. As both are episodic disorders of affect regulation, the common pathophysiological mechanism is likely to involve deficits in amygdala-mediated, plasticity-dependent emotional conditioning. Evidence: Neuronal genesis and synaptic remodeling occur in the amygdala; bipolar and panic disorders have both been associated with abnormality in the amygdala and related structures, as well as in molecules that modulate plasticity, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF). These biological elements are involved in behavioral conditioning to threat and reward. Model: Panic attacks resemble the normal acute fear response, but are abnormally dissociated from any relevant threat. Abnormal reward-seeking behavior is central to both manic and depressive syndromes. Appetites can be elevated or depressed; satisfaction of a drive may fail to condition future behavior. These dissociations may be the result of deficits in plasticity-dependent processes of conditioning within different amygdala subregions. Conclusions: This speculative model may be a useful framework with which to connect molecular, cellular, anatomic and behavioral processes in panic and bipolar disorders. The primary clinical implication is that behavioral treatment may be critical to restore function in some bipolar patients who respond only partially to medications.
Spontaneous rupture of the distal colon with evisceration of small intestine through the anus: Report of two cases and review of the literature

Two cases of evisceration of the small intestine through a spontaneous perforation of the distal large bowel are presented, and the literature is reviewed. The condition is associated with a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure and a past history of rectal prolapse. The etiology and management of this problem are discussed.
The effects of antimony oxide on the structure of alkaline-earth alumino borosilicate glasses

Abstract Antimony oxide is added to alkaline-earth alumino borosilicate glasses primarily as a fining agent. Recently, it was observed that the surface of commercial fusion-drawn Sb2O3-fined calcium alumino borosilicate glass shows a significant segregation of Sb2O3 to the surface. Thus, the motivation for the work reported here was to explore the structure of the Sb-oxide enriched surface layer, and more generally, to understand the effects of Sb oxide on the structure of alkaline-earth alumino borosilicate glasses. To mimic the enriched amounts of Sb2O3 found on the surface of the Sb2O3 fined commercial glasses, a series of glasses were produced in which the silicon dioxide to antimony oxide ratio was varied, while the relative concentration of other components was held constant. 29Si, 27Al, and 11B NMR spectra were obtained to probe the effect of increased amounts of Sb2O3 on the structure of the model glasses. The results show that Sb2O3 enters the aluminoborosilicate network, and thereby increases the connectivity of the structure. Relative to the Sb-oxide enriched surface layer on commercial fusion drawn glass, these findings suggest a higher Tg, lower expansion, and more chemically durable surface for such antimony-oxide fined glasses.
Consistent selection of the number of clusters via crossvalidation

In cluster analysis, one of the major challenges is to estimate the number of clusters. Most existing approaches attempt to minimize some distance-based dissimilarity measure within clusters. This article proposes a novel selection criterion that is applicable to all kinds of clustering algorithms, including distance based or non-distance based algorithms. The key idea is to select the number of clusters that minimizes the algorithm's instability, which measures the robustness of any given clustering algorithm against the randomness in sampling. A novel estimation scheme for clustering instability is developed based on crossvalidation. The proposed selection criterion's effectiveness is demonstrated on a variety of numerical experiments, and its asymptotic selection consistency is established when the dataset is properly split.
Large-area oxidation of AlAs layers for dielectric stacks and thick buried oxides

The wet oxidation of AlAs and AlGaAs has been limited to relatively small lateral dimensions and relatively thin layers. Approaches are described to extend the oxide dimensions both horizontally and vertically, creating large-area and thick buried oxides. Two types of large-area structures are examined: dielectric stacks with thin buried oxides and semiconductor-on-insulator structures with thick buried oxides. Low Al-content AlGaAs layers with low oxidation rates are used as the high-index layers in large-area dielectric-stack structures. High Al-content AlGaAs layers with low volume contraction are used to create stable, thick buried oxides with millimeter-scale areas.
Tricuspid Stenosis in Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: Diagnosis by Doppler Echocardiography

Valvular stenosis is an uncommon finding in bacterial endocarditis involving native cardiac valves. Prosthetic valve endocarditis, however, is more commonly associated with obstruction. Bioprosthetic cardiac valves may be particularly prone to this complication. A case of bioprosthetic tricuspid valve endocarditis with stenosis diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography and confirmed by operative findings is presented.
Radionuclide production and partial radiochemical characterization following fast neutron irradiation of mouse spleens

When radiotherapy patients are irradiated with fast neutron beams (energies greater than 20 MeV), positron emitting radionuclides (15O, 13N, 11C) are created in their tissues. Capillary blood flow can be determined in the irradiated tissue by measuring the washout of the 15O. The chemical form of these positron emitting nuclides is important when assumptions about their transport in the development of a blood flow model are being made. In the present work, normal mouse spleen tissue was used as a model system for these studies. The mouse spleen was activated by whole mouse irradiation using the M.D. Anderson Hospital neutron beam produced by 42 MeV protons impinging on a beryllium target. Results of cellular studies and large molecule precipitation measurements (1) show that at least 65% of 15O created in situ in mouse spleen is capable of being transported out of the spleen by the blood supply, (2) suggest that 13N may be 100% biologically mobile, and (3) indicate that 11C appears to be evenly divided between a population associated with small biologically mobile molecules and a population associated with larger, biologically trapped or immobile molecules.
N-Cadherin and Ng-CAM/8D9 are involved serially in the migration of newly generated neurons into the adult songbird brain

Abstract In the adult avian forebrain, neurons continue to be produced in the subependymal zone (SZ), from which they migrate upon radial fibers. To identify ligands regulating this process, we studied N-cadherin and Ng-CAM/8D9 expression in HVC, a neurogenic region of the canary neostriatum. N-cadherin was relatively restricted to the SZ and was expressed by dividing, [3H]thymidine-labeled precursor cells. However, cellular N-cadherin was down-regulated prior to neuronal migration from the SZ. Addition of anti-N-cadherin Fab hastened neuronal migration from adult SZ explants, without influencing neuronal number. Unlike N-cadherin, Ng-CAM/8D9 was expressed by migrating neurons. Anti-8D9 Fab inhibited neuronal migration upon cultured ependymoglia, which did not express Ng-CAM/8139. Thus, the departure of new neurons from the adult SZ may require their suppression of N-cadherin, whereas their subsequent migration and survival may depend upon neuronal expression of Ng-CAM/8D9 and its interaction with a heterophilic radial cell receptor.
Design Principles for Survivable System Architecture

A key challenge confronting system architects is the specification, development, procurement, operation, and maintenance of systems with critical survivability requirements. To address this challenge, a generic framework for analyzing system interactions with natural and synthetic hostile environments is introduced and twelve design principles are proposed for the achievement of survivable system architecture.
Synthesis, characterization, and photoinduced CO-release reactivity of a Pb(II) flavonolate complex: Comparisons to Group 12 analogs

Abstract The synthesis, characterization, and photoinduced CO-release reactivity of [(6-Ph2TPA)Pb(3-Hfl)]ClO4 (1; 6-Ph2TPA = N,N-bis((6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine; 3-Hfl = anion of 3-hydroxyflavone) is reported and compared with Group 12 analogues ([(6-Ph2TPA)M(3-Hfl)]ClO4 (M = Hg(II) (2), Cd(II) (3), Zn(II) (4)). The Pb(II) complex exhibits unique features within this group of complexes in terms of its structural and spectroscopic features involving the coordinated flavonolate ligand. Similar to the Group 12 compounds, irradiation of 1 at 300 nm in an O2-containing environment results in the quantitative release of CO and the formation of a Pb(II) O-benzoylsalicylate (O-bs, depside) complex via a photoinduced dioxygenase-type reaction. Comparison of the quantum yield for the reaction of the Pb(II) flavonolate complex (Φ = 0.21(6)) versus the reactions of the structurally-related Group 12 metal complexes (6-Ph2TPA)M(3-Hfl)]ClO4 (M = Hg(II) (2, Φ = 0.31(2)), Cd(II) (3, Φ = 0.28(2)), Zn(II) (4), Φ = 0. 09(1)) revealed that flavonolate complexes of a heavy metal ion (Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II)) exhibit a higher reaction quantum yield than the Zn(II) derivative. Both Pb(II) and Zn(II) flavonolate complexes were found to be catalysts for the oxidative photoinduced degradation of 3-hydroxyflavone. The combined results of these investigations suggest that metal contaminants typically present in soil, including toxic heavy metal ions, might facilitate the oxidative decomposition of plant-derived flavonols via photoinduced reactions.
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: Requirements for carboxylation of soluble peptide substrates and substrate specificity

Abstract Rat liver microsomes contain a triton X-100 solubilizable vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity that converts specific glutamyl residues of precursor proteins to γ-carboxyglutamyl residues. This activity has been studied utilizing synthetic peptides as substrates for the enzyme. When compared to the carboxylation of the endogenous microsomal precursors, the peptide carboxylase activity is more sensitive to the action of various inhibitors, and requires a higher concentration of vitamin K for maximal activity. The apparent Km for the peptide Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu was found to be 4 mM. Substrate specificity depends on residues adjacent to the carboxylated Glu residues and macromolecular recognition sites.
Genetic influences on cellular reactions to spinal cord injury: activation of macrophages/microglia and astrocytes is delayed in mice carrying a mutation (WldS) that causes delayed Wallerian degeneration.

Reactive changes in macrophages/microglia and astrocytes were evaluated following spinal cord injury in normal mice of the C57BL/6J strain and in mice carrying a mutation (Wlds) which delays the onset of Wallerian degeneration in damaged axons. Crush injuries were produced at the T8 level by using an extradural approach; animals were allowed to survive for 2 days to 12 weeks, and spinal cords were prepared for immunocytochemistry using antibodies against Mac1 and glial fibrillary acidid protein (GFAP). In normal mice, Mac1-positive macrophages accumulated at the injury site by 4 days and immunostaining of these cells peaked at 6–8 days. Cells in the gray matter near the crush site and in the ascending dorsal column also exhibited increased Mac1 staining that was prominent at 1 week and remained high at 2–4 weeks. In mice carrying the Wlds mutation, the accumulation of macrophages at the injury site and the increase in immunostaining of these cells were delayed, as were the increases in immunostaining in the gray matter and dorsal columns. Both normal and mutant mice exhibited pronounced increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining at the edge of the crush site and for some distance both rostral and caudal to the injury; increased immunostaining was also prominent along the ascending dorsal columns. The center of the crush site, which contained connective tissue, remained completely unstained for GFAP. In normal mice, immunostaining for GFAP reached a peak at 1 week postinjury and then declined. In mice carrying the Wlds mutation, increases in GFAP immunostaining did not reach a peak until 2–3 weeks postinjury. These results indicate that activation of macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes is delayed and prolonged in mice carrying the Wlds mutation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polysilicon High-Voltage TFT with Field-Plate-Controlled Offset Region

An improved polysilicon high voltage thin film transistor (HVTFT) structure with field-plate-controlled offset region (FP-HVTFT) is proposed for eliminating the current-pinching phenomena often observed in the conventional offset-gate polysilicon HVTFTs. The new metal field plate serves, in lieu of ion implantation, to control the conductivity of the offset region. By properly biasing the field plate to distribute the drain electric field at both ends of the offset region, high-voltage operation of up to 100 V, suitable for many large-area applications, is achieved. Good turn-on characteristics without current-pinching effects are consistently obtained. Moreover, the new FP-HVTFT also eliminates the lightly-doped-drain implant normally required in conventional offset-gate HVTFTs, resulting in a simpler and more reproducible process flow.