cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(±)-trans-2-(Phenylsulfonyl)-3-phenyloxaziridine

(±)-trans-2-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-phenyloxaziridine intermediate: N-Benzylidenebenzenesulfonamide. product: (±)-trans-2-(Phenylsulfonyl)-3-phenyloxaziridine. product: R = Ph, Ar = 3NO2Ph product: R = Ph, Ar = 4NO2Ph product: R = Me, Ar = Ph product: R = PhCH2, Ar = Ph Keywords: addition, to CO; annulation, heterocyclic-[3]; oxidation, CN oxaziridine; benzene; 2-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-phenyloxaziridine, decomposition; dean-stark water separator
A Rare Case of Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Bilateral Psoas Abscess From an Unknown Source.

We present a case of a 31-year-old Filipino man with vertebral osteomyelitis and bilateral psoas abscesses. Vertebral osteomyelitis is a rare infection of the bone and bone marrow that affects the vertebral column. The patient’s initial presentation included a 1-week history of cough, fatigue, diarrhea, fevers, and a 40-pound weight loss. An extensive workup including a computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated bilateral psoas abscesses with subcutaneous air tracking into the right flank. Blood cultures revealed Escherichia coli , Streptococcus anginosus , and Bacteroides . However, with an unclear primary source of infection, the most likely causative factor we believed to be due to immobility. J Med Cases. 2020;11(11):345-347 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3565
A mixed-methods exploration of faith, spirituality, and health program interest among older African Americans with HIV.

Persons living with HIV (PLWH) are living into old age with more complex care needs that non-PLWH. Promoting quality of life should include advance care planning (ACP) education, particularly among African Americans. We explored faith/spirituality-related correlates of interest in a future quality of life program among African American PLWH. Data were from the AFFIRM study. Participants were recruited from an HIV clinic and completed surveys, interviews, and focus groups. Quantitative analyses included Logistic regression. Qualitative data were coded using grounded theory. Nearly half of participants had less than a high school education (47.9%), and roughly 90% had heard of at least one ACP-related topic (86.6%; N = 315). Qualitative themes related to quality of life and faith/spirituality were: (1) Coping with life challenges; (2) Motivation to improve health for loved ones; and (3) Support programs for people with HIV (N = 39). Satisfaction with religion/spirituality was associated with greater interest in a future program (p < .05); discussing ACP before getting sick was associated with less interest (p < .05). Prioritizing skill-building and grounding in spirituality with input from faith leaders can reduce ACP inequities and improve health outcomes among African Americans.
Pubertal Timing During Early Adolescence: Advanced Pubertal Onset in Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social communication and poor adaptation to change; thus, the onset of puberty may be a pivotal transition. This cross-sectional study measured pubertal timing to examine hypothesized differences for sex (female vs. male) and group (ASD vs. typical development [TD]). Participants included 239 children (137 ASD, 102 TD) between 10 and 13 years. The ASD group included 35 females and 102 males; the TDs included 44 females and 58 males. Pubertal onset measured by genital or pubic stage was investigated with linear regression using main effects of sex and age-by-sex interactions in TD and ASD groups and main effects of diagnosis and diagnosis-by-age interactions in males and females, controlling for body mass index, socioeconomic status, and race. In TD, examination of main effects for genital (penis/breast) stage showed no difference for male and female children (t = 1.33, P = 0.187, rdf = 92); however, there were significant differences in ASD (t = 2.70, P = 0.008, rdf = 121). For diagnosis modeled separately by sex, there was significantly earlier pubertal development in females with ASD (t = 1.97, P = 0.053, rdf = 70, but not males (t = 1.329, P = 0.186, rdf = 143). In addition, analysis of menses revealed females with ASD had significantly earlier onset than TD (t = -2.56, P = 0.018, rdf = 21). Examination of pubic stage revealed expected sex differences for TD (t = 2,674, P = 0.009, rdf = 91) and ASD (t = 3.482, P = 0.001, rdf = 121). Females with ASD evidence advanced pubertal onset relative to ASD males and TD females. Findings underscore the need for enhanced understanding of pubertal development in ASD, as differences may have significant psychological, social, physiological, and developmental consequences. LAY SUMMARY: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulty with social communication and respond poorly to change, which may include the onset and course of puberty. The study measured the timing of puberty in 239 children (137 ASD and 102 typical development [TD]) between 10 and 13 years based on pubertal stage of genital (breast/penis) and pubic hair development. Females with ASD evidence advanced pubertal onset relative to ASD males and TD females. Findings underscore the need for an enhanced understanding of pubertal development in ASD.
Liquidity Commonality Beyond Best Price and its Aspects

We investigate the commonality of liquidity and its dimensions beyond best price using Tokyo Stock Exchange daily trading data. We found that there is a uniform co-movement of liquidity beyond best price measured by string orders. The liquidity beyond Best Bid Offer (BBO) is ubiquitously invariant across trading days, while remarkably variant across stocks. The variations of depth and duration needed for the common movement of liquidity, however also for the first time, are found substantially large across trading days. Additionally, we show that liquidity beyond BBO is positively related to volume, while inversely related to duration of string orders.
A Dynamic Context Model of Interactive Behavior

A dynamic context model of interactive behavior was developed to explain results from two experiments that tested the effects of interaction costs on encoding strategies, cognitive representations, and response selection processes in a decision-making and a judgment task. The model assumes that the dynamic context defined by the mixes of internal and external representations and processes are sensitive to the interaction cost imposed by the task environment. The model predicts that changes in the dynamic context may lead to systematic biases in cognitive representations and processes that eventually influence decision-making and judgment outcomes. Consistent with the predictions by the model, results from the experiments showed that as interaction costs increased, encoding strategies and cognitive representations shifted from perception-based to memory-based. Memory-based comparisons of the stimuli enhanced the similarity and dominance effects, and led to stronger systematic biases in response outcomes in a choice task. However, in a judgment task, memory-based representations enhanced only the dominance effects. Results suggested that systematic response biases in the dominance context were caused by biases in the cognitive representations of the stimuli, but response biases in the similarity context were caused by biases in the comparison process induced by the choice task. Results suggest that changes in interaction costs not only change whether information was assessed from the external world or from memory but also introduce systematic biases in the cognitive representation of the information, which act as biased inputs to the subsequent decision-making and judgment processes. Results are consistent with the idea of interactive cognition, which proposes that representations and processes are contingent on the dynamic context defined by the information flow between the external task environment and internal cognition.
Negotiating lesbian worlds: the festival communities.

SUMMARY As temporary but annually re-occurring communities, women's music festivals became a profound symbol of late twentieth century lesbian culture. These summer “Wombstocks” made available the best of lesbian music and comedy in presumably safe settings for sexual display, political networking, and Goddess-centered spirituality. Yet such lesbian utopias were never without conflict. They served as sounding boards for every issue simmering in the lesbian community: racism, classism, lesbian mothers of boy children, S/M, and, most recently, the exclusion of transgender women from woman-only space. The twenty-plus festivals produced from 1974 to the present day each tackled political conflict, production values, and audience/camper services very differently. What was consistent among all festival communities and staff crews was the presentation of lesbian WORK, and the appreciative vibe from those attendingmany of whom declared that the feeling of freedom from one festival week each summer fueled their en...
Ammonium sulfate crystallization in Andersen cascade impactor samples

Abstract Meteorologists are accustomed to the atmospheric phase changes of water. It is observed that phase changes ending with crystallization and crystal growth of (NH4)2SO4 take place in Andersen Samplers used to collect size-stratified samples of airborne particles. It is not at this point clear whether preformed (NH4)2SO4 crystals of small size are involved, although this is likely, but the cascade impaction processes evidently play a role in generating large (NH4)2SO4 crystals on the last few stages of these samplers.
Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments

Until the late 1960s, there was little public concern about environmental pollution. It was a matter of experience that pollutants (sewage, industrial wastes) were produced and rejected into what seemed to be the vast expanse of nature—air, rivers, and seas—wherein, somehow, they vanished. Peaks of discontent remain registered,† but, by and large, environmental concerns had no place on political platforms.
The formation of hydrogen peroxide in the reaction of oxyhemoglobin with methemoglobin-forming agents.

Abstract 1. 1. Comparisons were made among the reactions of phenylhydrazine, hydrazine, phenylhydroxylamine, and hydroxylamine with oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin, especially with regard to the production of H2O2 or equivalent free radicals, methemoglobin production and reduction, and verdoglobin formation. 2. 2. Phenylhydrazine and phenylhydroxylamine were found to react with oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin at a much faster rate than hydrazine or hydroxylamine. 3. 3. H2O2 or free radicals were produced rapidly by all the reducing agents mentioned, except hydrazine, when reacting with oxyhemoglobin, but the latter reacted too slowly to give a measurable amount of H2O2 or free radicals. 4. 4. Phenylhydroxylamine produced no measurable verdoglobin, although evidence is presented for free-radical production in this case. 5. 5. Possible mechanisms for verdoglobin production are discussed in light of the failure of phenylhydroxylamine to produce the green pigment.
Kinetic and dynamic interaction study of zolpidem with ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole.

Background Azole antifungal agents may impair hepatic clearance of drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450-3A isoforms. The imidazopyridine hypnotic agent zolpidem is metabolized in humans in part by P450-3A, as well as by a number of other cytochromes. Potential interactions of zolpidem with 3 commonly prescribed azole derivatives were evaluated in a controlled clinical study. Methods In a randomized, double-blind, 5-way, crossover, clinical pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study, 12 volunteers received (A) zolpidem placebo plus azole placebo, (B) 5 mg zolpidem plus azole placebo (C) zolpidem plus ketoconazole, (D) zolpidem plus itraconazole, and (E) zolpidem plus fluconazole. Results Mean apparent oral clearance of zolpidem when given with placebo was 422 mL/min, and elimination half-life was 1.9 hours. Clearance was significantly reduced to 250 mL/min when zolpidem was given with ketoconazole, and half-life was prolonged to 2.4 hours. Coadministration of zolpidem with itraconazole or fluconazole also reduced clearance (320 and 338 mL/min), but differences compared to the zolpidem plus placebo treatment did not reach significance. Zolpidem-induced benzodiazepine agonist effects (increased electrocardiographic beta activity, digit-symbol substitution test impairment, and delayed recall) during the first 4 hours after dosage were enhanced by ketoconazole but not by itraconazole or fluconazole. Conclusion Coadministration of zolpidem with ketoconazole impairs zolpidem clearance and enhances its benzodiazepine-like agonist pharmacodynamic effects. Itraconazole and fluconazole had a small influence on zolpidem kinetics and dynamics. The findings are consistent with in vitro studies of differentially impaired zolpidem metabolism by azole derivatives. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1998) 64, 661–671; doi:
FEVER AND RELEASE OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN IN LEUKOPENIC RABBITS.

SummaryIn normal rabbits given endotoxin, the degree of pyrexia and release of EP are proportional to the dose of endotoxin injected, until very high dosages are reached, at which point hypothermia occurs and the animals die. In leukopenic rabbits the hypo-thermic and lethal effects are evident at much lower dosage. These animals produce no endogenous pyrogen. At the lowest doses tested leukopenic animals had as much fever as normals but did not release EP.
High strain rate response of aluminum 6092/B4C composites

Abstract Aluminum 6092/B 4 C p (boron carbide) metal-matrix composites (MMC) fabricated by two different powder consolidation routes, extrusion and sintering/hot isostatic-pressing (HIPing), were made and tested over a wide range of strain rates (10 −4 to 10 4 s −1 ). The strength of these MMCs increases with increasing volume fraction of particulate reinforcement. Strain hardening is observed to increase with increasing volume fraction of reinforcement at lower strains ( 5 μm) considered. Finally, the Li–Ramesh model captures the observed high-rate behavior exhibited by these powder-consolidated composites.
Fusions of the lac and trp regions of escherichia coli: covalently fused messenger RNA.

Abstract A bacterial strain is described in which the structural genes of the lac operon have been fused by deletion to the trp operon. It is shown that in this strain lac messenger RNA synthesis is controlled by the trp regulatory gene. DNA-RNA hybridization studies show that a fraction of the lac messenger RNA is covalently linked to the trp messenger RNA. These results demonstrate that at least a fraction of the RNA polymerase molecules which initiate in the trp operon continue transcribing into the lac genes.
Welfare reform: unanticipated but inevitable consequences for health insurance coverage for the poor.

Whether by design or by unintended consequence, the new welfare reform law will have a major impact on the nature and extent of Medicaid coverage for children, women, disabled persons, and the elderly. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 was signed into law on August 22, 1996. This column explores the linkage between welfare and Medicaid and the inevitable consequences for Medicaid of changing the structure and operation of the underlying welfare programs on which it rests. The new welfare law ends the 61-y federal guarantee of cash assistance for children in poor families and cuts $54 billion from social welfare programs, including child nutrition and food stamps, for other poor and near-poor families. The new welfare reform law also scales back public benefits to noncitizens. While these welfare reforms were intended by the drafters of the legislation, changes brought about by the law may go well beyond those that have been anticipated. These unanticipated effects result from the complex relationship between Medicaid and welfare. Medicaid is the major source of public financing for health insurance and long-term care for low-income persons. In 1994, 34.2 million persons (1 in 10 Americans) were covered by Medicaid. Historically, Medicaid was designed to pay for the health care of recipients of federal cash assistance. To a large extent this continues to be true today. In 1993,60% of the individuals who received Medicaid also received cash assistance. Poor families with children have received income support through a meanstested entitlement, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. The new law replaces AFDC with a cash welfare block grant, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) . In 1993, AFDC provided cash assistance to nearly 5 million families, including 9.8 million children. Previously, families who received AFDC were automatically eligible for Medicaid. Because the new TANF block grant eliminates the entitlement to assistance for any parent or child, the new law could have resulted in a significant loss of Medicaid coverage among former AFDC recipients. To prevent this result, the new law contains specific provisions requiring states to provide Medicaid to any individual who meets the state’s July 16, 1996, AFDC eligibility rules. While it may appear that the new welfare reform law makes few changes to the Medicaid program, we anticipate that the new welfare law will have major direct and indirect effects on Medicaid eligibility and enrollment for perhaps millions of women, children, disabled persons, and the elderly. There are three core aspects to Medicaid’s relationship with welfare, each of which is essential in assessing the effects of the new welfare reform law on the Medicaid program: eligibility, operations, and administration. Traditionally,
Raman spectroscopy of non-penetrating peripheral nerve damage in swine: a tool for spectral pathology of nerves

Over 30% of combat injuries involve peripheral nerve injury compared to only 3% in civilian trauma. In fact, nerve dysfunction is the second leading cause of long-term disability in injured service members and is present in 37% of upper limb injuries with disability. Identification and assessment of non-penetrating nerve injury in trauma patients could improve outcome and aid in therapeutic monitoring. We report the use of Raman spectroscopy as a noninvasive, non-destructive method for detection of nerve degeneration in intact nerves due to non-penetrating trauma. Nerve trauma was induced via compression and ischemia/reperfusion injury using a combat relevant swine tourniquet model (>3 hours ischemia). Control animals did not undergo compression/ischemia. Seven days post-operatively, sciatic and femoral nerves were harvested and fixed in formalin. Raman spectra of intact, peripheral nerves were collected using a fiber-optic probe with 3 mm diameter spot size and 785 nm excitation. Data was preprocessed, including fluorescence background subtraction, and Raman spectroscopic metrics were determined using custom peak fitting MATLAB® scripts. The abilities of bivariate and multivariate analysis methods to predict tissue state based on Raman spectroscopic metrics are compared. Injured nerves exhibited changes in Raman metrics indicative of 45% decreased myelin content and structural damage (p<<0.01). Axonal and myelin degeneration, cell death and digestion, and inflammation of nerve tissue samples were confirmed via histology. This study demonstrates the non-invasive ability of Raman spectroscopy to detect nerve degeneration associated with non-penetrating injury, relevant to neurapraxic and axonotmetic injuries; future experiments will further explore the clinical utility of Raman spectroscopy to recognize neural injury.
Solid-phase radioimmunoassay and chemiluminoimmunoassay for somatostatin in unextracted rat plasma.

Abstract Measurement of somatostatin (SS) in small microliter volumes of rat plasma obtained from the hypophysial portal circulation would be aided by a sensitive and robust technique not dependent on extraction. We have developed radioimmunoassay (RIA) and chemiluminoimmunoassay (CIA) for SS in unextracted rat plasma from a previously described solid-phase method in human plasma. Plasma SS was captured by primary antibody bound to second antibody coated polystyrene bead. After incubation the bead was washed and [125I]Tyr1-SS added. Following overnight incubation and washing, the bead was counted. The sensitivity for 50 μl plasma was 11 pg/ml. Parallel displacement with abdominal portal and hypophysial portal plasma was demonstrated. For direct CIA, SS was labeled with acridinium and purified using 2 sequential gradient elutions on reversed-phase HPLC. Labeled SS performed satisfactorily in solution CIA, but did not bind well in solid-phase CIA. Hence, an indirect CIA using biotinylated SS and quantitation by acridinium labeled streptavidin was established with equivalent performance to solid-phase RIA. In summary, we have developed and validated sensitive and robust solid-phase RIA and indirect CIA for SS in unextracted rat plasma. This solid-phase method could serve as a universal system for the measurement of other neuropeptides in rat plasma.
Kierkegaard and The Logic of Insanity

Feigned madness can be a valuable asset. King David once used it to escape from the Philistines (I Sam. 21), and a twentieth century king, Pirandello's Henry IV pulled much the same trick on a modern philistine culture. Thrown from his horse and struck on the head while on his way to a masquerade party dressed as the Henry of Canossa's chill repentance, he had for twenty years insanely identified himself with the eleventh century monarch. At least this is what his family and the court they provided for his humour thought. As the play opens they are unaware that he has returned to sanity, but has continued to play Henry IV for the last eight of the twenty years, preferring the mad world in which he had lived to the sane world to which he would have to return.
Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Radiumforschung.

Ein von Auer v. Welsbach aus UranerzruckstAnden von St. Joachimsthal isoliertes Thorium-Ionium-Rohoxalat, das nach spektroskopischer Untersuchung neben Thorium noch erhebliche Mengen verschiedener seltener Erden enthielt, in dessen Spektrum jedoch keine neuen Linien zu erkennen waren, die dem Ionium zugeschrieben werden konnten, wurde durch Kombination der Jodatmethode von R. I. Meyer mit der Oxalatmethode von B. Brauner gereinigt. Das so erhaltene reine Thor-IoniumprAparat war spektroskopisch und chemisch vollkommen identisch mit den reinsten Fraktionen von gewohnlichem Thorium, die fur die Atomgewichtsbestimmung dieses Elementes verwendet worden waren. Sein Atomgewicht wurde durch Analyse des Bromids bestimmt nach Methoden, die fur gewohnliches Thorium ausgearbeitet orden waren. Das erhaltene Thor-Ioniumbromid leuchtet im Dunkeln intensiv blauviolett und unterscheidet sich dadurch sowie durch seine stArkere α-AktivitAt von gewohnlichem Thoriumbromid. Sechs Bestimmungen des Atomgewichtes, ausgefuhrt nach zwei unabhAngigen Methoden, gaben die folgenden Resultate: 10·22647g Thor-Ioniumbromid verbrauchten zur AusfAllung des Halogens 8·00642g Silber und gaben 13·93765g Silberbromid, woraus sich das Atomgewicht Th-Io=231·51 ±0·0135 berechnet. Das untersuchte Thor-IoniumprAparat besitzt demnach das AtomgewichtTh-Io=231·51, wenn Ag=107·88 und Br=79·916 angenommen werden. Die Differenz zwischen diesem Atomgewichtswert und dem des gewohnlichen Thoriums aus Monazit, Th=232·12, betrAgt somit 0·61 Einheiten. Aus diesen beiden Atomgewichtszahlen berechnet sich der Ioniumgehalt des untersuchten Thor-IoniumprAparates zu zirka 30%.
Breast cancer surveillance using gridded population units, Connecticut, 1992 to 1995.

Abstract PURPOSE: To assess geographic variation in invasive breast cancer across Connecticut using gridded population areas to enumerate cases and the population at-risk. METHODS: The state's land mass was divided into 5168, 1-by-1 square mile areas and the population of women, 20+ years of age, within each location was estimated by areal interpolation of the 1990 US Census Block Group STF-3A data file. Using information on breast cancer incidence, 1992 to 1995, from the Connecticut Tumor Registry, latitude-longitude coordinates for place of residence at the time of breast cancer diagnosis were determined for 8530 records and assigned to appropriate grid locations. A spatial scan statistic was used to detect variation in incidence and test the significance of observed differences across the state. Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIRs) described the proportional change in the age-adjusted breast cancer incidence rate across gridded locations. RESULTS: The statewide age-adjusted invasive cancer incidence rate was 163.6/100,000 women/year. The spatial scan statistic identified three locations around Connecticut with significantly low incidence rates and four places where rates were significantly high. The most probable place of low incidence was rural Northeastern Connecticut where risk of disease, relative to elsewhere around the state, was 0.73 ( p = 0.001). The most probable location of elevated incidence was a suburban location in Southwestern Connecticut with a relative risk of 2.02 ( p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Visual representation of disease incidence and underlying populations at-risk according to gridded units provides a useful tool for assessing small area variation in disease patterns.
Novel inactivating mutations of transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor gene in head-and-neck cancer metastases.

Carcinoma cell lines are frequently refractory to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta)-mediated cell cycle arrest. Whether and how TGF beta signaling is disrupted in the majority of human tumors, however, remains unclear. To investigate whether TGF beta signaling might be disrupted by inactivation of the key signaling molecule, the TGF beta type I (T beta R-I) receptor, and whether or not T beta R-I inactivation is associated with late stage disease, we conducted a comprehensive structural analysis of the T beta R-I gene in fine-needle aspirates of 23 head-&-neck cancer metastases. We encountered 4 different mutations of T beta R-I, 3 of which have not been previously identified. In 1 case, we found a somatic intragenic 4-bp deletion predicting for a truncation of the receptor protein. This is the first example of a true loss-of-function mutation of T beta R-I in a human epithelial neoplasm. In 2 other cases, we identified missense mutations located between the juxtamembrane- and serine-threonine kinase domains. One of these resulted in an alanine-to-threonine substitution (A230T), which disrupts receptor signaling activity by causing rapid protein degradation within the endoplasmatic reticulum. This represents a novel mechanism of inactivation of a TGF beta signaling intermediate. Finally, we identified a serine-to-tyrosine substitution at codon 387 (S387Y) in a metastasis but not in the corresponding primary tumor. We had previously shown this S387Y mutant to be predominantly associated with breast cancer metastases and to have a diminished ability to mediate TGF beta-dependent signaling. In aggregate, these findings provide further support for the hypothesis that inactivation of the TGF beta signaling pathway occurs in a significant subset of human cancers.
An unusual norbornadiene coupling product: synthesis, characterization, and structure of the ruthenocene (C5Me5)Ru(η5-C5H4C9H11)

Abstract Treatment of (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 Ru 2 Cl 4 with excess norbornadiene (NBD) in refluxing ethanol yields the substituted ruthenocene complex (C 5 Me 5 )Ru(η 5 -C 5 H 4 C 9 H 11 ), which possesses a cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring bearing a tricyclo[4.2.1.0 2,5 ]-non-7-en-3-yl substituent. This compound has been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The substituted Cp ring is formed by coupling of two NBD units, C–C bond cleavage, migration of one hydrogen atom from one carbon atom to another, and loss of a hydrogen atom (presumably as HCl). Crystal data: monoclinic, space group P 2 1 / n , with a =10.0285(5), b =9.1801(5), c =21.249(1) A, β =95.327(1)°, V =1947.9(2) A 3 , Z =4, wR 2 =0.0580 for 4611 data and 291 parameters.
Ethnic Protest and Social Planning: A Look at Basque Language Revival

In the last 25 years the cultural landscape of Europe has been undergoing radical reconstruction. At the same time that the possibility of a federated Europe seems closer than ever, the mobilization of ethnic minorities has brought about an increasing visibility and acknowledgment of internal cultural diversity. At issue for regional minorities is not simply political and economic autonomy. They, as much as anyone else, perceive the illusory nature of autonomy in today's world of global politics and multinational corporations. What is perhaps all too often underexamined is the battle that minorities are waging for cultural sovereigntycontrol over the mechanisms of cultural reproduction. In many instances, though not all, language has been at the center of these battles for cultural rights. This is especially true in the Spanish Basque Country' where the sense of urgency accompanying language revival is very pronounced. In 1963, shortly before they began their campaign of armed struggle against the state, the radical Basque nationalist organization, E.T.A. (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, "Basqueland and Freedom"), declared that "the day that Basque ceases to be a spoken language, the Basque nation will have died, and in a few years, the descendants of today's Basques will be simply Spanish or French" (Jauregui 1981:160). In somewhat less dramatic terms, the first official political program of the newly formed, autonomous Basque government proclaimed in 1980 that the recuperation of Basque was necessary to avoid cultural extinction, and therefore of primary importance to the Basque political agenda. While Basques remain bitterly divided over most political issues, there is an overwhelming consensus that the preservation of their language, spoken by about 30% of the population, is absolutely essential for the continuity of their identity as Basques. Linguistic minorities in Spain, and in many other parts of Europe, have made substantial gains in their attempts to protect their languages. After the death of Franco in 1975, the national languages of Galicians, Basques, and Catalans were declared co-official with Spanish.2 Nevertheless, activists have continued to protest, arguing that official recognition is not enough: they demand language planning, by which they mean the deliberate regulation and promotion of minority language use through legislation, educational programs, and media campaigns. Ethnographic research3 and recent opinion surveys4 show overwhelming support
Parasomnias including the restless legs syndrome.

Parasomnias are undesirable motor, verbal, or experiential phenomena that occur during the sleep period. They may be conveniently categorized as primary parasomnias (disorders of the sleep states per se), or secondary parasomnias (disorders of other organ systems that manifest themselves during sleep). The primary sleep parasomnias can be classified according to the sleep state of origin (rapid eye movement [REM]), non-rapid eye movement [NREM], or miscellaneous (those not respecting sleep state). Secondary sleep parasomnias can be further classified by the organ system involved. 110 Integral to the understanding of parasomnias is the concept of state-dependent reorganization of the central nervous system (CNS). Until relatively recently, it was believed that sleep was a unitary phenomenon and simply represented the passive absence of wakefulness (W); a time of relative brain inactivity. In the 1930s, it was discovered that the brain is active during sleep. In 1953, it was discovered that sleep is actually a bimodal process—REM and NREM—indicating that, humans, as most mammals, spend their lives in three completely different states of being: W, REM sleep, and NREM sleep. Each of those states has its unique neuroanatomic, neurophysiologic, neurochemical, and neuropharmacologic correlates. 10 , 78 , 193 , 206 There is compelling evidence that there is extensive reorganization of CNS activity during sleep. Almost all portions of the nervous system are active across all three states of being—but active in a different mode. Multiple state-determining variables are recruited to occur in concert, resulting in the declaration of a given state. Parasomnias are clinical phenomena, which, by-and-large, are related to the changes in brain organization across states, and are particularly apt to occur during the transition periods from one state to another. 191 Given the large number of neural networks, neurotransmitters, and other state-determining substances that must be recruited synchronously, and given the frequent transitions among the three states of being, it is surprising that parasomnias do not occur more frequently than they do. The concept of state dissociation in animals and humans has been reviewed extensively. 112 , 113 Figure 1 portrays a simplified conceptualization of the overlapping nature of the various parasomnias. Table 1 lists the various primary and secondary parasomnias.
The role of the venture business culture in the renewal of Japanese industry

Abstract Facing the most severe economic downturn of the postwar period, Japan is now rethinking its economic and management system. Large companies are in the process of management restructuring and many of them are launching new management programs in order to encourage entrepreneurship internally. Existing small and medium sized firms are also trying to develop new businesses practices making them more independent from the larger concerns. At the same time, a growing number of Japanese people are considering forming their own companies. Many obstacles of different natures remain and would-be entrepreneurs will need a much improved environment to succeed in the years to come. Nevertheless, the momentum is getting stronger by the day and a venture-type business culture may become a key factor in the renewal of the Japanese economy to put it back on a sustainable growth path.
Validation of intelligence and mechanical aptitude tests in selecting employees for manufacturing jobs

One hundred ninety-three manufacturing employees who produce electro-mechanical components participated in a concurrent criterion-related validity study. The employees were administered three tests: The Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test (Form S); The Flanagan Aptitude Classification Test-Mechanics; and the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness (Form A). Job performance was measured by a supervisor rating of fifteen job dimensions, assessed at two points in time separated by 60 days. Correlational and multiple regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between test scores and job performance ratings. The results revealed that the Bennett Mechanical Comprehension test was the best single predictor of job performance (uncorrectedr =.38), and the incremental gain in predictability from additional tests was not significant. The results were discussed in the context of the changing nature of manufacturing jobs and the inadequacy of conventional mechanical aptitude tests to be sensitive to these changes.
Growing Legumes with ‘Coastal’ Bermudagrass in the Lower Coastal Plain

Adding legumes to perennial pastures can increase forage quality and decrease costs of N fertilizer. This research was conducted to determine the productivity of seven legumes grown with Coastal' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) fertilized at nine rates for 3 yr on a Lynchburg sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aeric Paleaquults) in the lower Coastal Plain of Georgia. A randomized block design with split plots and six replications was chosen for the test. Forage species were hole plots and fertilizer treatments were subplots. The legumes grown without N were Oregon common Ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.); Louisiana common white clover (T. repens L.); Dixie' crimson clover (T. incarnatum L.); subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.); annual white sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.); and bid trefoil (Hairy' and Smooth') (Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr.) (...)
The epidemiology and prevention of child pedestrian injury

Of pedestrian injuries that occur every year, approximately 50,000, including 1300 fatalities, are experienced by children between the ages of 1 and 14 years. Despite the importance of the problem, the pedestrian safety issue is often neglected in reports on vehicular injuries. Children between the ages of five and nine years, boys, and children in lower socioeconomic class are at higher risk of pedestrian injury than other children. Childhood pedestrian injuries take place predominantly in residential locations close to home and frequently occur while the child is at play. The risk of pedestrian injury to children is higher than that of other age groups when adjusted for traffic exposure, and a variety of developmental limitations may account for this fact. In spite of these limitations, children undertake collision avoidance maneuvers far more often than drivers do. Accident analyses have identified 15 different accident types, each reflecting a unique combination of human and environmental factors. Among children, the most frequently observed accident type is the midblock dart-out. Programs to modify pedestrian behavior, driver behavior, and vehicle design have met with modest success. In the United States, the cultural and political environments have not been favorable to the injury prevention effort. Urban designers and traffic engineers in Europe have undertaken a variety of modifications of the physical environment, and some of these have been successful in preventing pedestrian injuries to children.
Neuromuscular block by circulating D-tubocurarine residue following uptake and distribution.

Serum concentration of d-tubocurarine decreases rapidly after intravenous injection because of uptake and distribution. The circulating residue of an ED 50 dose
Plasticizers from Plastic Devices: Extraction, Metabolism, and Accumulation by Biological Systems

Phthalate ester plasticizers were found to be extracted by blood from plastic tubing and from plastic bags used for blood storage. One such plasticizer was metabolized by the isolated perfused rat liver while another was found to be accumulated in the liver unchanged. In addition, this latter plasticizer was identified in samples of human tissue taken from patients who had received transfusions of blood stored in plastic bags. The biological implications of these observations are considered.
Urethral meatal stenosis in female children simulating bladder-neck obstruction.

In some instances, distal urethral stenosis in female children may be associated withthe roentgenologic appearance of a prominent, collarlike vesical neck, as a reflection of generalized detrusor hypertrophy. This ring has often been confused with bladder-neck obstruction. Clinical response to urethral dilatation and subsequent regression of abnormal roentgenologic findings confirms the importance of distal urethral stenosis as a cause of bladder-neck hypertrophy.
An Alternative Approach to Urban Economic Development Exploring the Dimensions and Prospects of a Self-Reliance Strategy

Urban political economy scholarship demonstrates the economic dependence of cities. Cities have responded by pursuing urban economic development strategies. Such strategies often do not successfully address this dependency problem, however. In contrast, an alternative strategy for decreasing a city's economic dependence by increasing its economic self-reliance is offered. A model of this alternative approach—a self-reliance strategy for urban economic development—is first sketched. Then its feasibility is assessed through a case study. A discussion of the empirical analysis and the future prospects of this alternative strategy is presented in the final section.
Numerical simulation of dropwise condensation

Abstract A numerical simulation of dropwise condensation heat transfer was performed. The simulation accounts for growth, coalescence, and renucleation of drops ranging in size from the smallest nucleating drops to departing drops. The calculations were performed with an active site density as high as 109 sites/cm2, Heat transfer to the drop was determined by considering the effects of curvature of the drop surface, interfacial mass transfer between the liquid and vapor phases, and conduction through the drop. The effects of non-condensibles in the vapor and non-uniform conduction in the condensing surface material were omitted. The heat transfer coefficient was found as a function of the active site density, the saturation temperature, the departing drop size, and the vapor to surface temperature difference. The results agree well with available experimental results.
MAGNETOCONDUCTIVITY AND HALL EFFECTS IN LA0.67CA0.33MNO3

The observed H2 and |H| dependence of the magnetoresistance above and below TC, respectively, may be explained by general time‐reversal symmetry considerations. We further find empirically that the saturation observed in the magnetoresistance is best fit by a simple resistor in series with a magnetoconductor: ρ(H)=ρ∞+1/(σ0+γ|H|) for T TC. This provides a functional form to analyze and predict the magnetoresistance over a wide range of fields. This suggests that the underlying mechanism of ‘‘colossal magnetoresistance ’’ may be magnetoconductive, not magnetoresistive. The magnetoresistance and Hall effects on an annealed epitaxial thin films of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 were measured at 0.9 TC and 1.1 TC. At low fields, anisotropic magnetoresistance plays a dominant role. The high field Hall effect shows holelike carriers above and below TC. The apparent change in sign at low fields is likely due to the anomalous Hall effect.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in DBA/2 mice harboring L5178Y cells in a tumor-dormant state

Previous experiments have demonstrated a temporal relationship between the decline of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in the peritoneal cavity of DBA/2 mice harboring L5178Y cells in a tumor-dormant state and the appearance of ascitic tumors. Some tumor-dormant mice remain clinically normal for many weeks after the decline of CTL activity, and this activity can be rapidly restimulated by an IP inoculation of irradiated L5178Y cells. We report here that the peritoneal cells from many tumor-dormant mice can be stimulated to cytolytic activity in vitro when cultured for 4 days either with or without the addition of irradiated L5178Y cells. Peritoneal cell populations which cannot be stimulated in vitro can suppress the generation of CTL in those populations which can be stimulated. The tumor-dormant state may terminate when suppressor cells in the peritoneal cavity of tumor-dormant mice inhibit the generation of CTL activity and permit tumor cells to produce an ascitic tumor.
Development of specific antisera and a radioimmunoassay procedure for the gonadotropin-releasing hormone associated peptide (GAP) of the LHRH prohormone.

Abstract Recently, the structure of the cDNAs encoding the human and rat LHRH prohormones were determined and the corresponding peptide sequences deduced. In addition to LHRH, both cDNAs encoded a 56 amino acid sequence which has been designated gonadotropin-releasing hormone associated peptide (GAP). In order to initiate studies on the LHRH prohormone, three antisera (MC-1, MC-2 and MC-3) were generated using the human GAP (hGAP) 25–53 fragment as immunogen and a corresponding radioimmunoassay procedure was developed. The binding of 125 I-labeled hGAP 1–56 to all three antisera was displaced completely by unlabeled hGAP 1–56. Acid extracts of rat median eminence produced displacement curves that were parallel to the hGAP 1–56 curve. Conversely, extracts of rat cortex and a number of brain and pituitary peptides, including LHRH and LHRH analogs, did not affect tracer binding. Several fragments of the human and rat GAP (rGAP) sequences (hGAP 25–53, hGAP 27–40 and rGAP 20–43) produced tracer displacement curves that were non-parallel with the hGAP 1–56 curve and/or gave only incomplete tracer displacement when all three antisera were tested. This suggests that the antisera contain multiple antibody populations directed toward several different antigenic determinants within the mid portion of the hGAP and rGAP sequences. The rGAP fragments, rGAP 1–11 and rGAP 39–53, failed to displace the tracer, further supporting that the antigenic sites occur within the mid portion of the rGAP sequence. Co-existence of radioimmunoassayable LHRH and GAP-like immunoreactivity (using MC-2 antiserum) was demonstrated in extracts of brain regions containing LHRH cell bodies, fibres and termini (preoptic area, hypothalamus, and median eminence). Radioimmunoassays employing these antisera, in conjunction with radioimmunoassays for LHRH, will be useful for studies of LHRH-prohormone localization, synthesis and processing under various physiologic and pathologic conditions.
A new Monte Carlo approach to diffusion in constricted porous geometries

Abstract A method for simulating trajectories of particles undergoing Brownian motion in constricted domains is introduced. This method does not rely on discretization of the domain, and the computed trajectories are statistically equivalent to the trajectories of real Brownian particles. The stepsize is optimized over a continuum, making the method very efficient. The method is applied to study diffusion retardation in constricted, two-dimensional domains that represent idealized porous media. The effects of pore geometric parameters such as number of outlets per pore ( n T ), throat width ( w ), and throat length ( z ) are investigated. A retardation factor ( R p ) is defined as the ratio of the average time required for a Brownian particle to pass through a constricted pore, to the average time required for a similar particle to pass through an unconstricted pore of equal length. For the class of pores studied, the empirical relation R p ∼ [ w / W ] − β / n T , where W is the central pore body diameter, provides a reasonable fit to the simulation results. The exponent β increases with z/W .
Initial Post Approval Performance of the Heartware LVAD as Bridge to Transplantation: An Analysis of the UNOS Database

Conclusion: This study is the first application of sophisticated machine learning algorithms to a comprehensive, large LVAD patient database. BN models have the ability to handle uncertainty and missing data allowing for high predictive accuracy and the ability to represent the complex causal relationships of multiple pre-operative variables on clinical outcomes. Their potential to develop a reliable risk stratification tool for use in clinical decision making on LVAD patients encourages further investigation.
Flow regimes in a shallow rotating cylindrical annulus with temperature gradients imposed on the horizontal boundaries

Experimental flow regime diagrams are determined for a new rotating cylindrical annulus configuration which permits a measure of control over the internal vertical temperature gradient. The new annulus has radial temperature gradients imposed on plane horizontal thermally conducting endwalls (with the cylindrical sidewalls as insulators) and is considered to be more relevant to atmospheric dynamics studies than the classical cylindrical annulus. Observations have revealed that, in addition to the axisymmetric flow and nonaxisymmetric baroclinic wave flow which occur in the classical annulus, two additional nonaxisymmetric flow types occur in the new annulus: boundary-layer thermal convection and deep thermal convection. Flow regime diagrams for three different values of the imposed vertical temperature difference are presented, and explanations for the flow transitions are offered. The new annulus provides scientific backup for the proposed Atmospheric General Circulation Experiment for Spacelab. The apparatus diagram is included.