cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermittency in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Corrected scaled-factorial-moments are calculated for the multiplicity distributions of shower particles in different phase spaces. An intermittency power-law is observed in the central collisions of32S and16O at 200A GeV,16O at 60A GeV and28Si at 14.5A GeV in nuclear emulsion.
A Recommended Resource for Linux-Based Companies

A review of "The Linux Enterprise Cluster" by Karl Kopper. The author gathers almost all of the information necessary to build and administer a high-availability cluster based on Linux and its related free software. Two main ideas are emphasized in the text: First, a high-availability cluster is one that should act like a single unified computing resources. Second, the author explains that is is possible to make a cluster out of commodity hardware.
Multiple sclerosis: Re-expression of a developmental pathway that restricts oligodendrocyte maturation

During mammalian central nervous system (CNS) development, contact-mediated activation of Notch1 receptors on oligodendrocyte precursors by the ligand Jagged1 induces Hes5, which inhibits maturation of these cells. Here we tested whether the Notch pathway is re-expressed in the adult CNS in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease in which remyelination is typically limited. We found that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a cytokine upregulated in MS, specifically re-induced Jagged1 in primary cultures of human astrocytes. Within and around active MS plaques lacking remyelination, Jagged1 was expressed at high levels by hypertrophic astrocytes, whereas Notch1 and Hes5 localized to cells with an immature oligodendrocyte phenotype, and TGF-β1 was associated with perivascular extracellular matrix in the same areas. In contrast, there was negligible Jagged1 expression in remyelinated lesions. Experiments in vitro showed that Jagged1 signaling inhibited process outgrowth from primary human oligodendrocytes. These data are the first to implicate the Notch pathway in the limited remyelination in MS. Thus, Notch may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention in this disease.
Release and degradation of neurotensin during perfusion of rat small intestine with lipid

The levels of neurotensin (NT) and its metabolite, the N-terminal octapeptide (NT1-8), identified by HPLC and measured by RIA, were increased in the hepatic-portal circulation of the anesthetized rat during perfusion of the small intestine with a lipid solution, while levels of both peptides remained unchanged in the general circulation. There was no significant arteriovenous difference for NT or NT1-8 during saline perfusion of the small intestine. Plasma collected from the superior mesenteric vein during the infusion of [3H]NT into the superior mesenteric artery showed major peaks of radioactivity with the retention times of NT1-8 and NT1-11 on HPLC. Only 12% of the radioactivity recovered from plasma was intact NT. These studies demonstrate that chromatographically identified NT and its metabolite, NT1-8, are elevated in the portal circulation but not systemic circulation during lipid perfusion and that the small intestine may be both the site of release and metabolism of NT.
Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle

Ten years of calving records were exam- ined from Bos taurus crossbred cows (mean of 182 cows/ yr) to quantify the effects of environmental conditions during the breeding season on pregnancy rate. Esti- mated breeding dates were determined by subtracting 283 d from the calving date. Relationships were deter- mined between the proportion of cows bred during the periods from the beginning of the breeding season until d 21, 42, and 60 of the breeding season and the corres- ponding environmental variables. Weather data were compiled from a weather station located approximately 20 km from the research site. Average daily tempera- ture and relative humidity were used to calculate daily temperature-humidity index (THI). Daily averages for each environmental variable were averaged for each period. Minimum temperature (MNTP) and THI for the first 21 and 42 d of the breeding season were negatively associated (P < 0.001) with pregnancy rate. For the 0- to 21-d, 0- to 42-d, and 0- to 60-d breeding periods, respective r 2 for average temperatures were 0.32, 0.37, and 0.11, whereas r 2 for MNTP were 0.45, 0.40, and 0.10 and r 2 for THI were 0.38, 0.41, and 0.11, respectively, for the same breeding periods. The negative associations of temperature and THI with pregnancy rate are most pronounced during the first 21 d of the breeding season, with a −3.79 and −2.06% change in pregnancy rate for each unit of change in MNTP and THI, respectively. A combination of environmental variables increased the R 2 to 0.67. In this analysis, windspeed was found to be positively associated with pregnancy rate in all equa- tions and increased the R 2 in all breeding periods. Opti- mum MNTP for the 0- to 21-d, 0- to 42-d, and 0- to 60- d breeding periods was 12.6, 13.5, and 14.9°C, respec- tively. For the 0- to 60-d breeding period, optimum THI was 68.0, whereas the THI threshold, the calculated level at which cattle will adapt, was found to be 72.9. Reductions in pregnancy rate are likely when the aver- age MNTP and THI equal or exceed 16.7°C and 72.9, respectively, and for Bos taurus beef cows that are pas- ture bred during a 60-d spring-summer period.
Asynchronous and packetized transmission in optical CDMA distributed sensor network

We demonstrate asynchronous, packetized data transmission from distributed commercial sensors in an optical CDMA network. Error-free transmission is obtained and the near-far problem is reduced using all-optical signal processing with a nonlinear optical loop-mirror.
Autoignition temperatures for coal particles dispersed in air

Abstract The apparent discrepancies in the data for the ignition temperature of coal particles measured within extended isothermal sources can be resolved, in part, by considering the marked difference in the mixture test volumes used by the various investigators. Data obtained with systems whose mixture test volumes are too small compared to their isothermal source volumes are not considered here because they are too strongly ‘overdriven’ to be of practical use. The consequences of ignition events in such overdriven systems are of trivial significance for the system as a whole. Data are presented and analysed for the autoignition temperatures of dispersed carbonaceous dusts in a 1.21 furnace whose test volume and source volume are comparable, and in which an ignition event leads to a dust explosion involving drastic changes in the composition, temperature and pressure of both the test volume and the source volume. In the limit of fine particle sizes, the minimum autoignition temperatures for carbonaceous dust clouds in air vary from as low as 400 °C for the totally volatilizable polyethylene to as high as 925 °C for a non-volatile graphite, with coal values at intermediate temperatures depending on the coal's rank or yield of combustible volatiles. On the basis of the available data presented for the coals, for the oil shale dusts and for artificial mixtures of polyethylene and graphite, it is concluded that the pyrolysis and devolatilization process is generally rate controlling.
In situ etch rate measurements of thin film combinatorial libraries

Abstract We demonstrate the use of optical reflection mapping as an in situ characterization tool to evaluate the corrosion rate of compositionally graded thin film combinatorial libraries coated with a commercial glass etching paste. A multi-channel fiber-optically coupled CCD-array-based spectrometer was used to collect a series of reflectance maps from 300 to 1000 nm versus time. The thin film interference oscillations in the measured reflection spectra have been fitted to determine the film thickness as a function of time and thereby the etch rate. Application of this technique to an In–Mo–O composition spread library is presented as an example.
International media coverage of the Firestone tyre recall

The tendency for communication researchers in the area of crisis management to limit data collection and analysis by national borders consequently limits practitioner understanding of the dynamics of crisis planning and response. The Firestone/Ford tyre recall crisis of 2000‐2001 presents an opportunity to mine data on a massive, global scale in an effort to better understand and explain media and public response at that level. The author analyses media reports gleaned from around the world to suggest ways to incorporate potentially determining factors into crisis planning and response matrices. Those factors include media structure and function, as well as cultural syndromes.
The Harmonic Analysis of Electron Orbits

Harmonic analysis of penetrating electron orbits in the Bohr atom has been effected on the assumption that the outer segments of such orbits may be considered as parts of Keplerian ellipses and that the penetrating part of the orbit, which is traversed in a time short compared with the period of the Keplerian motion, may be represented arbitrarily as a continuation of the exterior motion. If the Fourier series is written in the form $x+iy=\ensuremath{\Sigma}(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty} \mathrm{to} +\ensuremath{\infty}){C}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}{e}^{2\ensuremath{\pi}i(\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\omega}+\ensuremath{\sigma})t}$, the formula for the amplitudes is ${C}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=(\frac{a}{2\ensuremath{\pi}})\sqrt{{sin}^{2}(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\ensuremath{\omega}})+{(cos(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\ensuremath{\omega}})\ensuremath{-}1)}^{2}} \ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{\ensuremath{'}}{}(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty} \mathrm{to} +\ensuremath{\infty}){b}_{m}{J}_{m}(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\epsilon})\mathrm{with} {b}_{m}=\frac{(1+{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2})(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}m)+{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{{(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}m)}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}m)}{{(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}m)}^{4}\ensuremath{-}4}\ensuremath{-}\frac{(\frac{3}{2})\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}m}$ where $a=\mathrm{major}\mathrm{axis}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{outer}\mathrm{segment}$; $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}=\mathrm{ratio}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{frequency}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{precession}\mathrm{to}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{frequency}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{Keplerian}\mathrm{motion}=2\ensuremath{\pi} \mathrm{times}\mathrm{angular}\mathrm{separation}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{outer}\mathrm{segments}$; $\ensuremath{\rho}=\ensuremath{\tau}+\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}$; $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the eccentricity of outer segment; ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\sqrt{1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}}$ The $J'\mathrm{s}$ are Bessel functions of the first kind. Tables are given of the values of ${C}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=.3,.6,.866,1$ and $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}=0,\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{4},1$. The error involved in the method may be large for high order harmonics or small values of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. In the case of some orbits of sodium (${3}_{1}$, ${3}_{2}$, ${4}_{2}$, and ${5}_{2}$) the calculated values of the main coefficients agree fairly well with values obtained by Thomas from spectroscopic data by the method of Fues. Applications of this analysis to intensity relations in spectra will be made in a later paper.
Hemin Interactions and Alterations of the Subcellular Localization of Prion Protein

Hemin (iron protoporphyrin IX) is a crucial component of many physiological processes acting either as a prosthetic group or as an intracellular messenger. Some unnatural, synthetic porphyrins have potent anti-scrapie activity and can interact with normal prion protein (PrPC). These observations raised the possibility that hemin, as a natural porphyrin, is a physiological ligand for PrPC. Accordingly, we evaluated PrPC interactions with hemin. When hemin (3-10 microM) was added to the medium of cultured cells, clusters of PrPC formed on the cell surface, and the detergent solubility of PrPC decreased. The addition of hemin also induced PrPC internalization and turnover. The ability of hemin to bind directly to PrPC was demonstrated by hemin-agarose affinity chromatography and UV-visible spectroscopy. Multiple hemin molecules bound primarily to the N-terminal third of PrPC, with reduced binding to PrPC lacking residues 34-94. These hemin-PrPC interactions suggest that PrPC may participate in hemin homeostasis, sensing, and/or uptake and that hemin might affect PrPC functions.
‘Wearing three or four handkerchiefs around his collar, and elsewhere about him’: Slaves' Constructions of Masculinity and Ethnicity in French Colonial New Orleans

Drawing on slave testimony from criminal trials, this article suggests that slaves in French Colonial Louisiana articulated a nuanced relationship to material goods premised less on a static vision of West African culture, than on variable notions of gender and ethnicity. Here, articles of dress could be used by slaves to distinguish among themselves, as revealed in the 1766 investigation against one runaway marginalised in spite of his self-conscious sartorial identification as a slave and as an ‘African’. This paper thus offers an example of slaves engineering social control within black spaces by manipulating the legal apparatus of the white hegemony. Sartorial performances of ethnicity and masculinity were key to this process.
Real illusion or illusory illusion: The method of Faux Illusions for verifying new illusions

Abstract Here the problem of the verification of new illusions is addressed. Subtle perceptual illusory experiences can be hard to recognize, meaning that it can be difficult or impossible for an introspecting psychologist to convey a new illusion or verify that other people experience a new illusion without polluting other people's experience by introducing biasing expectations through the very act of describing what the illusory experience might be like. The proposed solution is to offer subjects an array of descriptions of faux illusions that are known to be unexperienceable, along with the new illusion, in order to determine whether naive subjects are uniquely more likely to report an illusory experience for the hypothetical new illusion than for the faux illusions.
Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Cervical Spine

Rheumatoid arthritis causes synovitis in the cervical spine and injures skeletal structures at any level. Subluxations occur with pain and spinal cord dysfunction. Subluxations are common; neurological problems are less so, but death from subluxations is not common. However, once myelopathy is established, the natural history is poor. Advances in radiologic imaging through computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging greatly assist anatomic assessment. Neurologic deterioration and pain are indications for surgery. Preoperative skeletal traction is often required to align the spine, and fusion techniques are used for stabilization.
Electrochemical Behavior of Non-Equilibrium Coatings by Electric Arc Spraying

In this present work, non-equilibrium coatings (like glassy state but not amorphous texture) were prepared by electric arc spraying using Zn-Al-Mg-RE-Si powder core spun alloy, and the effect of Mg content on corrosion resistance of coatings and the electrochemical properties of alloy coatings in corrosion process were investigated by CASS test, weight-loss test, XRD, SEM, polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that: The corrosion process of non-equilibrium coatings in CASS test includes corrosion inhibition stage and substrate corrosion stage; There appears much micro-crystallite and exists grain refinement in corrosion process; Before CASS test, the corrosion potential of non-equilibrium coatings shuffles when Mg content increases; Before CASS test and after CASS test at 120h and 216h, the corrosion current density approaches the minimum value and the corrosion rate is slowest when Mg content is 2%. Before CASS test, there appears the feature of Warburg impedance, but there did not appear the feature of Warburg impedance after CASS test at 120h and 216h. When Mg content is 2%, the charge-transfer resistance of coating is obviously higher than the coatings with other Mg content. Finally, an optimization composition of non-equilibrium coating—Zn-Al-2Mg-RE-Si coating is obtained by synthesis comparing.
Effect of antihypertensive therapy on the kidney in patients with diabetes: a meta-regression analysis

Objective: To assess the relative effect of different antihypertensive agents on proteinuria and renal function in patients with diabetes. Data Sources: We used MEDLINE and bibliographies in recent...
Exchange Contribution of the π-π J=0, T=0 Antibound State

It is shown that the exchange of the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ $J=0$, $T=0$ antibound state in the crossed channel for $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}N$ scattering gives a contribution similar to that due to the exchange of a scalar particle but with opposite sign of the residue. In the direct channel, this antibound state gives a large $T=0$ $s$-wave $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering length, as suggested by Atkinson to explain the ABC phenomenon. The contribution of the antibound state to the physical amplitude is evaluated using dispersion relations involving the physical sheet and the second Riemann sheet.
Ametek's CdTe solar module development program

Abstract Ametek AML has set up a mini-module line within the research laboratory. Its purpose is to develop procedures which are suitable for manufacturing polycrystalline thin film solar modules based on our CdS/ CdTe/ZnTe solar cells. Current procedures and equipment are reviewed and results to date are presented. The article includes discussion of cost and safety issues and points out some of the factors which make this a very attractive option for setting up a small scale, 500 kW year −1 manufacturing facility.
Liposomes as vehicles for transferring low molecular weight compounds into periwinkle protoplasts.

Summary The uptake of liposomal contents into Catharanthus roseus protoplasts has been quantitated. Hi.phest uptake was obtained from positively charged vesicles (1.09% of vesicle contents per 10 7 protoplasts) in the presence of 10% w/v polyethylene glycol 4000. Significant uptake was also observed from negatively charged vesicles (0.1% of vesicle contents per 10 7 protoplasts) in the presence of 25% polyethylene glycol 1540. The uptake of vesicle contents from negatively charged liposomes was confirmed by light microscopy after treatment of the protoplasts with liposomes loaded with the fluorescent dye 6-carboxyfluorescein. About 10% of the treated protoplasts exhibited intracellular fluorescence. No uptake from neutral liposomes was detected.
Comparative Rhetoric, Egyptology, and the Case of Akhenaten

The field of Egyptology has been intrigued by an ancient Egyptian pharaoh named Akhenaten, from the fourteenth century BCE, who attempted large-scale ideological, religious, political, and rhetorical changes—only to be erased from history until the nineteenth century. His project was known only indirectly through tomb texts, texts on boundary stelae, as well as through visuals, architecture, and other material objects. The examination here conducts a preliminary archaeological rhetorical study, as proposed by Richard Enos, of the scholarly treatments of Akhenaten's projects, focusing on major Egyptologists from Victorian and Edwardian England, the Gilded and Progressive eras in America, the Weimar Republic and National Socialist eras in Germany, and the Third Republic in France. Through examination of the cultural contexts and the scholarly texts, the study finds the scholarship of these major Egyptologists to be heavily influenced by their particular cultural settings, agendas, and frameworks.
Cardiac sarcoidosis masquerading as a metastatic tumor: The role of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography

We present an unusual case of biopsy-proven myocardial sarcoidosis in which the transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic findings suggested metastatic tumor involvement of the myocardium and pericardium. The pathologic, clinical, and echocardiographic features of cardiac sarcoidosis are reviewed, with emphasis on the role of echocardiography.
Hierarchical reinforcement learning with movement primitives

Temporal abstraction and task decomposition drastically reduce the search space for planning and control, and are fundamental to making complex tasks amenable to learning. In the context of reinforcement learning, temporal abstractions are studied within the paradigm of hierarchical reinforcement learning.
Application of WRF/Chem over North America under the AQMEII Phase 2 – Part 2: Evaluation of 2010 application and responses of air quality and meteorology–chemistry interactions to changes in emissions and meteorology from 2006 to 2010

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) simulation with the 2005 Carbon Bond (CB05) gas-phase mechanism coupled to the Modal for Aerosol Dynamics for Europe (MADE) and the volatility basis set approach for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are conducted over a domain in North America for 2006 and 2010 as part of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) Phase 2 project. Following the Part 1 paper that focuses on the evaluation of the 2006 simulations, this Part 2 paper focuses on a comparison of model performance in 2006 and 2010 as well as analysis of the responses of air quality and meteorology–chemistry interactions to changes in emissions and meteorology from 2006 to 2010. In general, emissions for gaseous and aerosol species decrease from 2006 to 2010, leading to a reduction in gaseous and aerosol concentrations and associated changes in radiation and cloud variables due to various feedback mechanisms. WRF/Chem is able to reproduce most observations and the observed variation trends from 2006 to 2010, despite its slightly worse performance than WRF that is likely due to inaccurate chemistry feedbacks resulting from less accurate emissions and chemical boundary conditions (BCONs) in 2010. Compared to 2006, the performance for most meteorological variables in 2010 gives lower normalized mean biases but higher normalized mean errors and lower correlation coefficients. The model also shows poorer performance for most chemical variables in 2010. This could be attributed to underestimations in emissions of some species, such as primary organic aerosol in some areas of the US in 2010, and inaccurate chemical BCONs and meteorological predictions. The inclusion of chemical feedbacks in WRF/Chem reduces biases in meteorological predictions in 2010; however, it increases errors and weakens correlations comparing to WRF simulations. Sensitivity simulations show that the net changes in meteorological variables from 2006 to 2010 are mostly influenced by changes in meteorology and those of ozone and fine particulate matter are influenced to a large extent by emissions and/or chemical BCONs and to a lesser extent by changes in meteorology. Using a different set of emissions and/or chemical BCONs helps improve the performance of individual variables, although it does not improve the degree of agreement with observed interannual trends. These results indicate a need to further improve the accuracy and consistency of emissions and chemical BCONs, the representations of SOA and chemistry–meteorology feedbacks in the online-coupled models.
The role of imagined interactions in describing spontaneous second language acquisition: Revisiting a cognitive language skill acquisition model

Studies in second language acquisition have focused on cognitive processes second language learners use in structured second language learning environments. However, in nonstructured learning settings, second language learners can develop their own learning strategies opportunistically as they process everyday encounters in the form of imagined interactions. As second language learners imagine themselves in real conversations with native speakers, they may acquire the necessary propositional and procedural information essential to the development of a second language system. The functions and characteristics of imagined interactions in authentic second language environments are examined in the context of a cognitive skill stage model of language acquisition. Potential applications in terms of theory, practice, and research are discussed.
Origin of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation in a Chaotic Universe

If the early universe possessed the maximum degree of irregularity compatible with its present large-scale uniformity and isotropy, dissipation of energy at redshifts $z\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{4}$ would have generated a thermal microwave background with present temperature \ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Primary-care interventions for the population at risk for amputation.

The care of patients at risk for amputation includes the identification of at-risk patients, appropriate follow-up and treatment, and the anticipation of possible complications. Education and long-term follow-up are vital for management of the patient at risk for amputation. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(1): 2-5, 2001)
Stability of multi-time step partitioned transient analysis for first-order systems of equation

Abstract A mixed time integration procedure which allows different time steps and different integrators in different subdomains of the mesh is presented. For the case of first-order finite element systems, a stability analysis is given in terms of an energy bound. The accuracy and stability are also examined by three numerical examples.
The relationship between the extraglandular production of estrone and the occurrence of endometrial neoplasia.

Abstract In a series of studies involving the determination of the mechanism(s) of estrogen production in women with endometrial neoplasia, it has been ascertained that the estrogenic hormonal milieu of endometrial adenocarcinoma is the near-exclusive production at extraglandular site(s) of the estrogen product hormone, estrone from the aromatization of plasma androstenedione. Further, the results of these studies indicate that those metabolic aberrations which give rise to the capability for increased extraglandular estrone production are precisely the same as those constitutional stigmata and/or ovarian abnormalities that are known to be associated with an increased incidence of endometrial neoplasia. Increased estrone production at extraglandular site(s) occurs as a consequence of one of two events; i.e., increased availability of the plasma precursor, androstenedione, or increased extent of conversion of the plasma precursor, androstenedione, to its product hormone, estrone at extraglandular site(s). Thus, a hypothesis has emerged which relates the estrogenic hormonal milieu of near-exclusive estrone production to the occurrence of endometrial neoplasia and suggests that those constitutional stigmata which are associated with an increased occurrence of endometrial neoplasia are identical with those that give rise to metabolic mechanism(s) for increasing extraglandular estrone production.
Impaired mitochondrial dynamics and function in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), the most frequent movement disorder, is caused by the progressive loss of the dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the associated deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the striatum. Most cases of PD occur sporadically with unknown cause, but mutations in several genes have been linked to genetic forms of PD (α-synuclein, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK1, and LRRK2). These genes have provided exciting new avenues to study PD pathogenesis and the mechanisms underlying the selective dopaminergic neuron death in PD. Epidemiological studies in humans, as well as molecular studies in toxin-induced and genetic animal models of PD show that mitochondrial dysfunction is a defect occurring early in the pathogenesis of both sporadic and familial PD. Mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion, migration) is important for neurotransmission, synaptic maintenance and neuronal survival. Recent studies have shown that PINK1 and Parkin play crucial roles in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and function. Mutations in DJ-1 and Parkin render animals more susceptible to oxidative stress and mitochondrial toxins implicated in sporadic PD, lending support to the hypothesis that some PD cases may be caused by gene–environmental factor interactions. A small proportion of α-synuclein is imported into mitochondria, where it accumulates in the brains of PD patients and may impair respiratory complex I activity. Accumulation of clonal, somatic mitochondrial DNA deletions has been observed in the substantia nigra during aging and in PD, suggesting that mitochondrial DNA mutations in some instances may pre-dispose to dopamine neuron death by impairing respiration. Besides compromising cellular energy production, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the generation of oxidative stress, and dysfunctional mitochondria more readily mediate the induction of apoptosis, especially in the face of cellular stress. Collectively, the studies examined and summarized here reveal an important causal role for mitochondrial dysfunction in PD pathogenesis, and suggest that drugs and genetic approaches with the ability to modulate mitochondrial dynamics, function and biogenesis may have important clinical applications in the future treatment of PD.
Clinical Use of the Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener for Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Case Illustrations.

The Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener is a multidimensional, computerized screening tool designed to assess attention and global aspects of executive functioning in children at risk for attention disorders. The screener consists of a semi-structured diagnostic interview, brief parent and teacher rating scales, 3 computer-based measures of executive functioning, and a nomographic report analysis. Results from parent and teacher rating scales and computer tests are incrementally combined to produce a posttest probability (likelihood ratio) for the target disorder (i.e., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). The screener's methodology and psychometric properties are presented as well as 2 clinical cases to illustrate its clinical utility.
Getting started in tiling microarray analysis.

The availability of sequenced eukaryotic genomes and commercial oligonucleotide tiling microarrays has enabled many genomics applications. Different from expression microarrays, tiling microarrays have probes that cover the entire genome or contigs of the genome in an unbiased fashion. Currently three commercial sources provide tiling microarrays with different probe lengths and spacing, and array design characteristics. Affymetrix tiles 6 million 25-mer probes per array, which offers the lowest price per probe and the highest resolution (chromosomal distance between neighboring probe centers). Its arrays use one-color assays, so individual samples are hybridized to different arrays. NimbleGen can tile 385,000 50- to 75-mer probes, and Agilent can tile 244,000 60-mer probes per array. The latter two platforms, with longer oligonucleotide probes and two-color assays for which treatment and control samples are differentially labeled and put on the same array for competitive hybridization, have slightly better sensitivity. They are also flexible for custom array design, especially Agilent's multiplex arrays, which allow multiple samples to hybridize on different subareas of the same array. These tiling arrays offer diverse genomic applications, each with its own data analysis challenges.
Resource Mapping at Tidal Energy Sites

Station keeping, a vessel-based spatial surveying method for resolving details of the hydrokinetic resource, is presented in the context of the general methodology and also for the specific case of a survey conducted in northern Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, WA, in June 2011. The acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements collected during the June 2011 survey were part of a broader effort to characterize the resource at this location before tidal turbine installation. Autonomous bottom-lander (bottom-mounted) ADCP measurements are used to evaluate the accuracy with which data collected from this vessel-based survey reflect stationary measurements and also to analyze the potential for cycle-to-cycle variations in the conclusions drawn. Results indicate good agreement between shipboard and bottom-mounted observations in capturing spatial resource differences. Repeated surveys over several tidal cycles are required to obtain results consistent with long-term observations. Station-keeping surveys help to optimize bottom-mounted ADCP deployments that are then used to estimate turbine power generation potential and make final siting decisions.
Validating Evolving Simulations in COERCE

We seek to increase user confidence in simulations as they are adapted to meet new requirements. Our approach includes formal representation of uncertainty, lightweight validation, and novel techniques for exploring emergent behavior. Uncertainty representation, using formalisms such as Dempster-Shafer theory, can capture designer insight about uncertainty, enabling formal analysis and improving communication with decision and policy makers. Lightweight validation employs targeted program analysis and automated regression testing to maintain user confidence as adaptations occur. Emergent behavior validation exploits the semi-automatic adaptation capability of COERCE to make exploration of such behavior efficient and productive. We describe our research on these three technologies and their impact on validating dynamically evolving simulations.
MR Neurography Findings of Soleal Sling Entrapment

OBJECTIVE. The ever-increasing use of higher field strength (3 T) scanners and novel pulse sequences with improved spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio have rendered MR neurography (MRN) a valuable technique in the assessment of peripheral neuropathies. The aim of this study is to illustrate the imaging findings of high-resolution MRN in patients who suffer from tibial nerve entrapment due to a soleal fibromuscular sling and to correlate the imaging findings with intraoperative and clinical examination results.CONCLUSION. This article depicts the surgically confirmed imaging findings of high-resolution MRN in tibial nerve entrapment by the soleal sling.
An improved English to Chinese translation of technical text

The English to Chinese automatic translators cannot always satisfy the requirement of users especially in technical fields. Through research, the main reason is wrong translation of technical terminologies. The researchers summarized common mistakes of technical translation. Then developed an IE (Industrial Electronics) dictionary that is a professional technical dictionary correcting the wrong translations by google translator. With the python platform, researchers can automatically replaces incorrect translation by google translator to get improved translations. Finally, we develop web pages to show translation results that can help Chinese engineers read industrial electronic papers and this approach can be also used in other technical areas.
Nucleosome Disruption by DNA Ligase III-XRCC1 Promotes Efficient Base Excision Repair

Each day, approximately 20,000 oxidative lesions form in the DNA of every nucleated human cell. The base excision repair (BER) enzymes that repair these lesions must function in a chromatin milieu. We have determined that the DNA glycosylase hNTH1, apurinic endonuclease (APE), and DNA polymerase β (Pol β), which catalyze the first three steps in BER, are able to process their substrates in both 601- and 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-based nucleosomes. hNTH1 formed a discrete ternary complex that was displaced by the addition of APE, suggesting an orderly handoff of substrates from one enzyme to the next. In contrast, DNA ligase IIIα-XRCC1, which completes BER, was appreciably active only at concentrations that led to nucleosome disruption. Ligase IIIα-XRCC1 was also able to bind and disrupt nucleosomes containing a single base gap and, because of this property, enhanced both its own activity and that of Pol β on nucleosome substrates. Collectively, these findings provide insights into rate-limiting steps that govern BER in chromatin and reveal a unique role for ligase IIIα-XRCC1 in enhancing the efficiency of the final two steps in the BER of lesions in nucleosomes.
icuARM-II: improving the reliability of personalized risk prediction in pediatric intensive care units

Clinicians in intensive care units (ICUs) rely on standardized scores as risk prediction models to predict a patient's vulnerability to life-threatening events. Current scales calculate scores from a fixed set of conditions collected within a specific time window. However, modern monitoring technologies generate complex, temporal, and multimodal patient data that conventional prediction scales cannot fully utilize. Thus, a more sophisticated model is needed to tailor individual characteristics and incorporate multiple temporal modalities for a personalized risk prediction. Furthermore, most scales focus on adult patients. To address this need, we propose a new ICU risk prediction system, called icuARM-II, using a large-scaled pediatric ICU database from Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. This novel database contains clinical data collected in 5,739 ICU visits from 4,975 patients. We propose a temporal association rule mining framework giving a potential to predict risks based on all available conditions without being restricted by a fixed observation window. We also develop a new metric that rigidly assesses the reliability of all generated association rules. In addition, icuARM-II features an interactive user interface. Using icuARM-II, our results showed a use case of short-term mortality prediction using lab testing results, which demonstrated a potential for reliable ICU risk prediction using personalized clinical data in a previously neglected population.
Automatic verification of sequential control systems using temporal logic

Clarke et al. (1986) have developed a model-based verification method and have applied it to validation of VLSI circuits. We have used the method to test automatically the safety and operability of discrete chemical process control systems. The technique involves: (1) a “system model” describing the process and its software; (2) “assertions” in temporal logic expressing user-supplied questions about the system behavior with respect to safety and operability; and (3) a “model checker” that determines if the system model satisfies each of the assertions and provides a counterexample to locate the error if one exists. Temporal logic is used for reasoning about occurrence of events over time. To reveal discrete event errors, we have applied the verification method to a simple combustion system and an alarm acknowledge system.
Reply to Baumard and Liénard: Mechanistic accounts need to specify why reputation systems yield cooperative outcomes on observed scales

Baumard and Lienard's letter (1) is based on a misreading of our article (2) and unfamiliarity with the modern literature on the evolution of cooperation.
Bioengineered polymeric substrata to probe cell behavior during vascular remodeling

Restenosis is a major problem that occurs in a large number of surgical procedures for the treatment of occlusive arterial disease (e.g bypass, stents, and angioplasty). Restenosis occurs as a consequence of vascular injury caused by the surgical procedure and results in undesirable vascular remodeling during which (1) smooth muscle cells switch from a contractile, quiescent phenotype to a proliferative, migratory phenotype, and (2) fibroblasts exert increased tractional forces. These phenomena are the result of distinct compositional and structural changes in the surrounding extracellular environment. Collectively, these processes lead to narrowing of the vessel. It has been shown that cell behavior is dependent on the structural, mechanical, and chemical properties of the substrate. We therefore utilize tools from polymer and surface science, bioinformatics, molecular biology, and microtechnology to engineer substrata in order to systematically study the effects of substrate compliance and adhesivity on cell traction and motility. To date, we have found direct correlations between cell shape, traction, and motility with the adhesive properties of the substrate.
Slotting Allowances and Price-Cost Margins: A Note

It has become common practice for retail grocers to charge grocery manufacturers a slotting allowance for placing products on the retail shelf. Manufacturers view the allowance as anti-competitive. Retailers view it as compensation for the risks associated with stocking new products. The largely theoretical literature on the subject is consistent with both views. This article proposes an empirical model to test the effect of slotting allowances on performance, and discusses if and how the model can be tied to the qualitative predictions of existing theoretical literature. [JEL classification: L100, L140, L420] © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrating Care for Persons, Not Only Diseases

Integrated care is geared toward enhancing usual care and decision-making for common combinations of medical and mental health conditions, including the behavioral health and behavioral change aspects. Yet even with comprehensive and well-integrated care for health conditions and well-coordinated teamwork in place, some patients do not engage or respond to care in the way clinicians would like or predict. This troubles patients and clinicians alike and may be chalked up informally to things like medical complexity (multiple co-existing conditions), mental health conditions (that complicate care), or simply the case being considered complex or difficult. It also raises the question of how to address person-specific factors that interfere with care of whatever conditions the patient may have, and invites behavioral health clinicians in medical settings to look beyond care of conditions to the care of persons, and to look beyond disease-specific care management protocols to master generic practices of care management across whatever conditions the person may have. This person-centered emphasis is intrinsic to the concept of the “patient-centered medical home” which has burst into animated discussion and demonstration among providers, health plans, government plans, employer purchasers, and professional associations across public and private entities. This represents an opportunity for collaborative care clinicians to help shape the national state of the art in medical home and includes a range of person-oriented (rather than disease-oriented) practices for care management, including working systematically with complex patients and difficult patient–clinician relationships.
Cooperative Security for Network Coding File Distribution

Peer-to-peer content distribution networks can suffer from malicious participants that corrupt content. Current systems verify blocks with traditional cryptographic signatures and hashes. However, these techniques do not apply well to more elegant schemes that use network coding techniques for efficient content distribution. Architectures that use network coding are prone to jamming attacks where the introduction of a few corrupted blocks can quickly result in a large number of bad blocks propagating through the system. Identifying such bogus blocks is difficult and requires the use of homomorphic hashing functions, which are computationally expensive. This paper presents a practical security scheme for network coding that reduces the cost of verifying blocks on-the-fly while efficiently preventing the propagation of malicious blocks. In our scheme, users not only cooperate to distribute the content, but (well-behaved) users also cooperate to protect themselves against malicious users by informing affected nodes when a malicious block is found. We analyze and study such cooperative security scheme and introduce elegant techniques to prevent DoS attacks. We show that the loss in the efficiency caused by the attackers is limited to the effort the attackers put to corrupt the communication, which is a natural lower bound in the damage of the system. We also show experimentally that checking as low as 1-5% of the received blocks is enough to guarantee low corruption rates.
Non-steady state carbonate recycling and implications for the evolution of atmospheric PCO2

Most treatments of the Phanerozoic evolution of the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere (PCO2) assume a steady state closed system. Release of CO2 by mantle degassing and by biogenic precipitation of carbonates and their metamorphism in subduction zones balances the consumption by continental aluminosilicate weathering. Small perturbations in this balance bring about changes in PCO2, but given the small size of the atmospheric CO2 reservoir relative to the rate of fixation by weathering, mechanisms that maintain this apparently precarious balance dominate current thinking. At present, the Atlantic and Indian oceans are major depocenters of CaCO3, but subduction of ocean floor and the deposits on it is minimal in these basins. The locus of metamorphic regeneration of CO2 is restricted to the trenches off Central America. This is due to global asymmetries in the age of crust being subducted, in the distribution of oceanic carbonate productivity, and in the carbonate compensation depth, coupled with the poor preservation of old carbonate sediments. There is no causal relationship between the metamorphic release and weathering uptake of CO2 and subsequent deposition of carbonate on timescales shorter than a complete cycle of opening and closure of a basin. We hypothesize that the low present-day PCO2 is maintained by a time lag between: (1) mantle outgassing and metamorphic regeneration related to orogenic events in the geologic past, and (2) consumption driven by recent mountain building in the Tethyan zone and in the Western Americas. If this is true, then at the present ‘kinetic minimum’ both the terrestrial biosphere and the weathering rates are CO2 limited. Atmospheric PCO2 levels are controlled by weathering reactions only at this limit. In epochs of tectonic stability, outgassed CO2 can accumulate in the atmosphere to very high concentrations with no obvious limit. Thus, as in the past, the current ice age will persist for tens of millions of years, possibly until the closure of the Atlantic recycles the first deep carbonate depocenter since the destruction of the Tethys. A greater understanding of all these processes is required for the geochemical evolution of the Earth surface environment to be simulated.