cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trust As an Entry Barrier: Evidence from FinTech Adoption

This paper studies the role of trust in incumbent lenders (banks) as an entry barrier to emerging FinTech lenders in the credit markets. The empirical setting exploits the outburst of the Wells Fargo scandal as a negative shock to the trust in banks. Using a difference-in-differences framework, I find that increased exposure to the Wells Fargo scandal leads to an increase in the probability of borrowers using FinTech as mortgage originators. Utilizing political affiliation to proxy for the magnitude of trust erosion in banks in a triple-differences specification, I find that, conditional on the same exposure to the scandal, a county experiencing more trust erosion has a larger increase in FinTech share relative to a county experiencing less trust erosion. Treatment effect heterogeneity estimation from generic machine learning inference suggests that trust is less critical in FinTech adoption for the African American borrowers.
Teaching Academic Skills to People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability

This chapter provides an overview of educational needs of students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in academic subject areas and research-based instructional strategies to address their needs in educational settings. A review of recent academic intervention research is provided with a focus on variations in participant characteristics (e.g., age, diagnosis, functional ability) across academic subject domains (e.g., literacy, mathematics, science). Based on results of the synthesized literature, the chapter offers practical recommendations for educators to select appropriate academic goals and effective instructional strategies for students with IDD to support them to achieve meaningful academic outcomes in educational settings.
Patterns of Whole Exome Sequencing in Resected Cholangiocarcinoma.

Background: With minimally effective chemotherapy options, cholangiocarcinoma patients have 5 year survival rate of 10%. Tumor genetic profiling (TGP) can identify mutations susceptible to targeted therapies. We sought to describe the use of TGP and frequency of actionable results in resected cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: A retrospective review of patients undergoing curative intent resection at a comprehensive cancer center (2010–2020). Clinicopathologic and partial or whole exome sequencing data were reviewed. Results: 114 patients (mean age 65 ± 11 years, 45% female) underwent resection of cholangiocarcinoma (46% poorly differentiated, 54% intrahepatic, 36% node positive, 75% margin negative). Additionally, 32% of patients underwent TGP, yielding a mean of 3.1 actionable mutations per patient (range 0–14). Mutations aligned with a median of one drug per patient (range 0–11). Common mutations included TP53 (33%), KRAS (31%), IDH1/2 (14%), FGFR (14%), and BRAF (8%). Targeted therapies were administered in only 4% of patients (23% of eligible sequenced patients). After a median 22 months, 23% had recurrence and 29% were deceased. Discussion: TGP for cholangiocarcinoma has increased over the last decade with targeted therapies identified in most sequenced tumors, impacting treatment in a quarter of eligible patients. Precision medicine will play a central role in the future care of cholangiocarcinoma.
Comparison of Microemboli Formation Between Irrigated Catheter Tip Architecture Using a Microemboli Monitoring System.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of ablation with high and low power settings using either a flexible tip or straight SF tip irrigated catheter in the left ve...
Distributed Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Whole-building HVAC Control

It is estimated that about 40%-50% of total electricity consumption in commercial buildings can be attributed to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Minimizing the energy cost while considering the thermal comfort of the occupants is very challenging due to unknown and complex relationships between various HVAC controls and thermal dynamics inside a building. To this end, we present a multi-agent, distributed deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework based on Energy Plus simulation environment for optimizing HVAC in commercial buildings. This framework learns the complex thermal dynamics in the building and takes advantage of the differential effect of cooling and heating systems in the building to reduce energy costs, while maintaining the thermal comfort of the occupants. With adaptive penalty, the RL algorithm can be prioritized for energy savings or maintaining thermal comfort. Using DRL, we achieve more than 75\% savings in energy consumption. The distributed DRL framework can be scaled to multiple GPUs and CPUs of heterogeneous types.
System youth: a subgroup of substance-abusing homeless adolescents.

Abstract Purpose: While many youths residing at homeless shelters will return home, many are placed in group or foster homes. Few researchers have examined the experiences of adolescents with a history of these out-of-home placements. This study examined shelter residents and compared the experiences of system and non-system youth. Methods: Information regarding youths' family functioning, substance use, depression and related problem behaviors was obtained from substance abusing system ( n =62) and non-system ( n =82) adolescents staying at local runaway shelters. Results: System males engaged in significantly more delinquent behaviors than did non-system males and system females. Alcohol and drug problem consequences were positively associated with longevity in the system, while having ever attempted suicide was negatively associated with system longevity. System youth reported: 1) taking more prescribed psychotropic medications 2) experiencing more sexual abuse, and 3) less parental overprotection, as compared to non-system youth. Gender differences were found in which females reported more conflictual problem solving interactions with their parents than did males, as well as more comorbid diagnoses. Implications: Although longitudinal research is needed, findings argue that without intervention efforts targeted at identified problem behaviors, youth are at risk to continue their system involvement into adulthood.
Extracting multilingual topics from unaligned comparable corpora

Topic models have been studied extensively in the context of monolingual corpora. Though there are some attempts to mine topical structure from cross-lingual corpora, they require clues about document alignments. In this paper we present a generative model called JointLDA which uses a bilingual dictionary to mine multilingual topics from an unaligned corpus. Experiments conducted on different data sets confirm our conjecture that jointly modeling the cross-lingual corpora offers several advantages compared to individual monolingual models. Since the JointLDA model merges related topics in different languages into a single multilingual topic: a) it can fit the data with relatively fewer topics. b) it has the ability to predict related words from a language different than that of the given document. In fact it has better predictive power compared to the bag-of-word based translation model leaving the possibility for JointLDA to be preferred over bag-of-word model for Cross-Lingual IR applications. We also found that the monolingual models learnt while optimizing the cross-lingual copora are more effective than the corresponding LDA models.
CD8αβ T Cells Are Not Essential to the Pathogenesis of Arthritis or Colitis in HLA-B27 Transgenic Rats

The class I MHC allele HLA-B27 is highly associated with the human spondyloarthropathies, but the basis for this association remains poorly understood. Transgenic rats with high expression of HLA-B27 develop a multisystem inflammatory disease that includes arthritis and colitis. To investigate whether CD8alphabeta T cells are needed in this disease, we depleted these cells in B27 transgenic rats before the onset of disease by adult thymectomy plus short-term anti-CD8alpha mAb treatment. This treatment induced profound, sustained depletion of CD8alphabeta T cells, but failed to suppress either colitis or arthritis. To address the role of CD8alpha(+)beta(-) cells, we studied four additional groups of B27 transgenic rats treated with: 1) continuous anti-CD8alpha mAb, 2) continuous isotype-matched control mAb, 3) the thymectomy/pulse anti-CD8alpha regimen, or 4) no treatment. Arthritis occurred in approximately 40% of each group, but was most significantly reduced in severity in the anti-CD8alpha-treated group. In addition to CD8alphabeta T cells, two sizeable CD8alpha(+)beta(-) non-T cell populations were also reduced by the anti-CD8alpha treatment: 1) NK cells, and 2) a CD4(+)CD8(+)CD11b/c(+)CD161a(+)CD172a(+) monocyte population that became expanded in diseased B27 transgenic rats. These data indicate that HLA-B27-retricted CD8(+) T cells are unlikely to serve as effector cells in the transgenic rat model of HLA-B27-associated disease, in opposition to a commonly invoked hypothesis concerning the role of B27 in the spondyloarthropathies. The data also suggest that one or more populations of CD8alpha(+)beta(-) non-T cells may play a role in the arthritis that occurs in these rats.
Soliton-effect pulse compression of supercontinuum in photonic nanowires

Photonic nanowires exhibit broad regions of anomalous group-velocity dispersion and large effective nonlinearities allowing for efficient pulse self-compression. Experimentally, we demonstrate self-compression of 30-fs pulses to 2.93 fs (1.1 optical cycles). Simulations predict compression to single-cycle durations.
The Eighth‐Century Revolution

Through most of the 20th century classicists saw the 8th century BC as a period of major changes, which they characterized as “revolutionary,” but in the 1990s critics proposed more gradualist interpretations. In this paper I argue that while 30 years of fieldwork and new analyses inevitably require us to modify the framework established by Snodgrass in the 1970s (a profound social and economic depression in the Aegean c. 1100-800 BC; major population growth in the 8th century; social and cultural transformations that established the parameters of classical society), it nevertheless remains the most convincing interpretation of the evidence, and that the idea of an 8th-century revolution remains useful.
Narrative structure in virtual collaborative environments

The ability to conceptualize the world in narrative form is one of the central characteristics of human intelligence. We are unique, both in our ability to form narratives, and in the degree with which we require them to organize our knowledge of the world. Artificial Intelligence has recognized the importance of narrative structure since its earliest days [1]. More recent work has demonstrated the role of narrative structure in the formation of scientific theories [2, 3], in machine learning [9], in shaping human-computer interaction [4], and in our understanding of virtual worlds [5].Narrative also plays an essential role in forming and sustaining communities. Shared narratives articulate the common goals and assumptions of a community, and define the space of choice and action for cooperative activity. Ever since people began carving stories of the hunt on cave walls, shared narratives have played a central role in defining the terms of community membership, in articulating a community's shared goals and values, and in setting the patterns according to which people behave and interact in a social context.In Computers as Theatre, Brenda Laurel demonstrates the similarities between human-computer interaction and the structure of improvisational theatre [4]. In both contexts, people determine their own actions, but do so within a framework of assumptions and possible actions. These frameworks are largely narrative in structure: they have a beginning, a set of actions in the middle, and an end when the goals of the interaction are achieved (or failure occurs). In improvisational theatre, actors improvise within the basic framework of a genre, be it comedy, mystery, farce, etc. Their improvisations usually follow the basic plot arc of the genre. Where they diverge from the genre's structure, audiences perceive the alteration as a counterpoint to their expectations: the genre's narrative structure still exerts its influence. Similarly, users of interactive software improvise their work within the structure of goals, actions and information afforded by the software interface.In describing her work on co-operative role-playing in a multi-user virtual environment, Raybourn [6] has remarked on the ease and enthusiasm with which users assume roles in a larger story context, and spontaneously play to the larger, stated goals and assumptions of the simulation. Turkle [7] confirms this insight and argues that personality itself becomes plastic and context dependent in MOOs and other virtual environments.
Soy isoflavones and virus infections.

Abstract Isoflavones and their related flavonoid compounds exert antiviral properties in vitro and in vivo against a wide range of viruses. Genistein is, by far, the most studied soy isoflavone in this regard, and it has been shown to inhibit the infectivity of enveloped or nonenveloped viruses, as well as single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or DNA viruses. At concentrations ranging from physiological to supraphysiological (3.7–370 μM), flavonoids, including genistein, have been shown to reduce the infectivity of a variety of viruses affecting humans and animals, including adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and rotavirus. Although the biological properties of the flavonoids are well studied, the mechanisms of action underlying their antiviral properties have not been fully elucidated. Current results suggest a combination of effects on both the virus and the host cell. Isoflavones have been reported to affect virus binding, entry, replication, viral protein translation and formation of certain virus envelope glycoprotein complexes. Isoflavones also affect a variety of host cell signaling processes, including induction of gene transcription factors and secretion of cytokines. The efficacy of isoflavones and related flavonoids in virus infectivity in in vitro bioassays is dependent on the dose, frequency of administration and combination of isoflavones used. Despite promising in vitro results, there is lack of data confirming the in vivo efficacy of soy isoflavones. Thus, investigations using appropriate in vivo virus infectivity models to examine pharmacological and especially physiological doses of flavonoids are warranted.
Infectious Canine Hepatitis in a Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)

A free-ranging adult male gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) with moderate diarrhea and thick ocular mucus discharge was examined postmortem. Microscopically, the fox had intranuclear inclusion bodies within hepatocytes. Canine adenovirus-1 was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of clinical infectious canine hepatitis in a gray fox.
Identification of cutting force coefficients for the linear and nonlinear force models in end milling process using average forces and optimization technique methods

In this paper, the linear and nonlinear mathematical force models are presented for an end-milling process. The nonlinear force model is compared with the updated linear force model. The mechanistic identification of the cutting force coefficients for the linear and nonlinear force models of the end milling process is presented with experimental validation. The cutting force coefficients are determined for an end-milling process using two methods, the average force method and the optimization technique method. The average force method uses equations given by Altintas and Budak [1, 2, 3] for calculating the cutting coefficients of the linear force model. However, the equations for the nonlinear model are derived and used in this paper. The second method uses the optimization technique for identifying the cutting coefficients in the milling process by forming objective functions using the optimization technique to minimize the error between the experimental and the analytical forces. Moreover, this method produced a good force model that approximates the experimental force results, which compared with the average force method for both models.
School psychologist assessment practices in the evaluation of students referred for social/behavioral/emotional problems

The current study examined the assessment strategies school psychologists used in their everyday assessment routine in the evaluation of students referred for social/behavioral/emotional problems. A stratified, random, national sample of 1,000 members of the National Association of School Psychologists were sent surveys; 667 completed surveys were returned, and 648 were included in the current study (64.8%). Findings indicated that, although measures of intelligence, achievement, and perceptual-motor skills continue to remain a part of the assessment process, structured interviews, direct observation, and behavior rating scales and checklists also are frequently used methods of assessment. In addition, the majority of experienced practitioners indicated that their use of behavioral assessment had increased and that it was valuable in linking assessment to intervention. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 551–561, 2004.
Country risk and financial integration—A case study of South Africa

Abstract This paper examines the importance of economic factors in a time-varying beta model of country risk before and after the occurrence of financial integration for South Africa's stock market. We examine how fundamental economic factors impact the variation of South Africa's country risk over the period 1993–2008. We find that exchange rates and gold prices are significant economic variables that induce significant volatility in South Africa's beta during the pre-financial integration period through June 1998. Post-financial integration, South Africa's beta rises and fundamental economic factors cease to be significant in determining its variation, a result consistent with an integrated financial market.
Ratiometric Bioluminescence-Based Zinc Biosensor with Nanomolar Sensitivity

In recent years, we and other workers have developed fluorescence-based sensors and biosensors for Zn2+ and other free metal ions in solution, which have proven valuable as tools for the study of the biology of metal ions. Using the sensors in some applications such as in vivo molecular imaging has been challenging, owing to the difficulty of exciting fluorophores deep in tissues which scatter and absorb exciting light effectively. One approach used by investigators to minimize this problem is the use of bioluminescent labels for in vivo imaging, which perforce require no exciting light. We have employed a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer approach with our carbonic anhydrase-based zinc biosensor to produce a ratiometric bioluminescence-based zinc biosensor.
Spin correlations in paramagnetic superconductors

Abstract Anomalous behavior observed in the dependence of the superconducting transition temperature of Th1-xErx on Er concentration is related to the onset of spin-spin correlations among the Er impurities.
A novel framework for facility location evaluation

Is a given location appropriate to set a facility, and if it is, how will this facility perform? This is denoted as the facility location problem, which has attracted interests of academic researchers and industrial practitioners. This problem is traditionally considered in spatial analysis and forecasting literature. However, existing methods can hardly handle the problem well because of the fragmented information and insufficient training data. In this paper, we present a novel framework which combines spatial analysis and forecasting analysis for facility location. Firstly, a classifier is built on spatial information to evaluate locations' environmental patterns. For each pattern, a predictor is then constructed to predict facility performance. Besides, we also propose a data aggregation method to pre-process raw spatial data, and a semi-supervised learning method to expand insufficient training data. Experimental results of a case study demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework on supporting real-world facility location decisions.
Intra-abdominal Esophageal Duplication Cysts: A Review

Esophageal duplication cysts (EDCs) are well described within the literature, normally occurring within the mediastinum. Intra-abdominal EDCs are rare and typically occur near the intra-abdominal esophagus. Herein, we describe two cases of intra-abdominal EDCs: a 60-year-old man who was incidentally found to have a retro-duodenal cystic mass and a 50-year-old woman with a cystic lesion near the body and tail of her pancreas causing left flank pain. Both patients underwent enucleation of their respective masses. Pathology revealed ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with scattered mucus-secreting cells and two smooth muscle layers in the cyst wall of both patients, consistent with EDCs. Although intra-abdominal EDCs have been reported in the literature, our two cases and a review of the literature indicate that these lesions are not always adherent to or even near the intra-abdominal esophagus.
Dysphoria and memory for emotional material: A diffusion-model analysis

Depression-related differences in memory for emotional material are well established, but recognition memory and lexical decision tasks often fail to produce consistent results. The null results from these tasks could be due to inadequacies in traditional analyses rather than the absence of effects. In particular, analyses of accuracy or mean reaction times rely on only a fraction of the behavioural data and are sensitive to individual differences in response biases. The diffusion model addresses these limitations by incorporating all of the behavioural data and separating out response biases. We applied the diffusion model to data from lexical decision and recognition memory tasks and showed consistent effects, specifically a positive emotional bias in non-dysphoric subjects and even-handedness in dysphoric subjects. This pattern was not apparent with comparisons of reaction times or accuracy, consistent with previous null findings. These results suggest a relationship between dysphoria and the internal representation of emotional information.
A wave-packet calculation of the effect of reactant rotation and alignment on product branching in the O(1D)+HCl→ClO+H, OH+Cl reactions

We report results of wave-packet calculations of the reaction probabilities for the O(1D)+HCl(v=0,j,K)→ClO+H, OH+Cl, reactions, using a recent ab initio potential energy surface [K. A. Peterson, S. Skokov, and J. M. Bowman, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 2445 (1999)]. We find a striking effect of the initial rotation and alignment of HCl on the product branching ratio.
Dissociation constants for carbonic acid determined from field measurements

A number of workers have recently shown that the thermodynamic constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater of Mehrbach et al. are more reliable than measurements made on artificial seawater. These studies have largely been confined to looking at the internal consistency of measurements of total alkalinity (TA), total inorganic carbon dioxide (TCO2) and the fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2). In this paper, we have examined the field measurements of pH, fCO2, TCO2 and TA on surface and deep waters from the Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Pacific oceans to determine the pK1, pK2 and pK2−pK1. These calculations are possible due to the high precision and accuracy of the field measurements. The values of pK2 and pK2−pK1 over a wide range of temperatures (−1.6–38°C) are in good agreement (within ±0.005) with the results of Mehrbach et al. The measured values of pK1 at 4°C and 20°C are in reasonable agreement (within ±0.01) with all the constants determined in laboratory studies. These results indicate, as suggested by internal consistency tests, that the directly measured values of pK1+pK2 of Mehrbach et al. on real seawater are more reliable than the values determined for artificial seawater. It also indicates that the large differences of pK2−pK1 (0.05 at 20°C) in real and artificial seawater determined by different investigators are mainly due to differences in pK2. These differences may be related to the interactions of boric acid with the carbonate ion. The values of pK2−pK1 determined from the laboratory measurements of Lee et al. and Lueker et al. at low fCO2 agree with the field-derived data to ±0.016 from 5°C to 25°C. The values of pK2−pK1 decrease as the fCO2 or TCO2 increases. This effect is largely related to changes in the pK2 as a function of fCO2 or TCO2. The values of fCO2 calculated from an input of TA and TCO2, which require reliable values of pK2−pK1, also vary with fCO2. The field data at 20°C has been used to determine the effect of changes of TCO2 on pK2 giving an empirical relationship: which is valid at TCO2>2050 μmol kg−1. This assumes that the other dissociation constants such as KB for boric acid are not affected by changes in TCO2. The slope is in reasonable agreement with the laboratory studies of Lee et al. and Lueker et al. (−1.2×10−4 to −1.9×10−4). This equation eliminates the dependence of the calculated fCO2 on the level of fCO2 or TCO2 in ocean waters (σ=29.7 μatm in fCO2). An input of pH and TCO2 yields values of fCO2 and TA that are in good agreement with the measured values (±22.3 μatm in fCO2 and ±4.3 μmol kg−1 in TA). The cause of the decrease in pK2 at high fCO2 is presently unknown. The observed inconsistencies between the measured and computed fCO2 values may be accounted for by adding the effect of organic acid (∼8 μmol kg−1) to the interpretation of the TA. Further studies are needed to elucidate the chemical reactions responsible for this effect.
Predictors of recovery of left ventricular dysfunction after ablation of frequent ventricular premature depolarizations

Background Frequent ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) can cause reversible left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. However, not all patients normalize their LV function after VPD elimination. Objective To evaluate predictors of recovery of LV function following the elimination of frequent VPDs. Methods We identified patients with ≥10% VPDs/24 h and an LV ejection fraction of Results One hundred fourteen patients with ≥10% VPDs were identified; 66 had preserved and 48 had impaired LV function. Over a median follow-up of 10.6 months, 24 of 48 were classified as reversible and 13 of 48 as irreversible and 11 of 44 were excluded. There was a gradient of VPD QRS duration between the control, reversible, and irreversible groups (mean VPD QRS 135, 158, and 173 ms, respectively; P Conclusion In patients with LV dysfunction and frequent VPDs, we identified VPD QRS duration as the only independent predictor for the recovery of LV function after ablation. This suggests that VPD QRS duration may be a marker for the severity of underlying substrate abnormality.
The matched-lag filter: Detecting broadband multipath signals with auto- and cross-correlation functions

Signal detection is considered for uncertain noise variance and a broadband source of unknown waveform and emission time. The signal travels to the receivers along paths with unknown delays. Using a new “matched-lag filter,” the presence or absence of the signal is estimated from the auto- and cross-correlation functions of the receptions. Like a matched filter, correlation functions provide the first stage of gain in signal-to-noise ratio because the paths are assumed to be partially coherent. The second stage achieves additional gain by searching only over physically possible arrangements of signals in the auto- and cross-correlation functions while excluding forbidden arrangements. These stages enable the matched-lag filter to behave like a matched filter within a matched filter. In an ideal case, simulations of the matched-lag filter yield probabilities of detection that are, with one and two receivers, 4.1 and 366 times, respectively, that obtained from the conventional energy detector at a false-alarm probability of 0.001. The matched-lag filter has applications to wireless communications and the detection of acoustic signals from animals, vehicles, ships, and nuclear blasts. The matched-lag filter more completely describes signal structure than stochastic detection and communication theories whose specified auto-correlation function does not prohibit forbidden arrangements.
Deposition–Precipitation and Stabilization of a Silica-Supported Au Catalyst by Surface Modification with Carbon Nitride

A silica support is modified by carbon nitride in order to allow for the deposition–precipitation of Au, which is normally unfavorable. The resulting catalyst is highly stable even after the removal of the carbon nitride layer at high temperature and shows good catalytic activity for the oxidation of CO in air.
Spatially resolved saturated absorption spectroscopy in flames

This Letter describes the extension of saturated absorption spectroscopy to spatially resolved (point) absorption measurements for diagnostic applications. The technique modifies the standard configuration of Doppler-free saturation spectroscopy by using crossed, rather than counterpropagating, saturating and probe beams. The method is demonstrated in a study of the distribution of atomic sodium aspirated from a salt solution into an atmospheric-pressure hydrogen–air flame. Similar adaptations of other two-beam Doppler-free spectroscopic methods can be used to provide spatially resolved measurement techniques.
CULTURE‐CHANGE AND EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN MELANESIA: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL

Perhaps it is academically improper to base a conceptual model upon personal conviction. This article develops a conceptual terminology for the interaction between educational administration and the dynamics of culture‐change in the Third World, Melanesian context of the 1970's. It is also the product of a growing conviction that educational administration sees itself, far too often, as an area of knowledge, western‐based, but yet capable of application to non‐western and Third World countries. Some western educational administrators, both scholars and practitioners, seem guilty of a latter‐day cultural imposition reminiscent of the middle‐class. Christian imposition of earlier colonial education systems. The alternative philosophy is that educational administration should be promoted and evaluated not according to “absolute” criteria but according to its appropriateness or inappropriateness for a particular, different and dynamic cultural context. In what follows this philosophy of cultural relativism is tested by arguing the hypothesis that traditionalist educational policy is inappropriate for Melanesian schools whereas local educational policy is appropriate.
Inflammatory and redox status of ponies with a history of pasture-associated laminitis

Abstract Inflammatory and redox signals could render lamellar tissue susceptible to damage and contribute to higher risk for laminitis in obese or insulin resistant ponies just as these factors contribute to health risks in humans with metabolic syndrome. This study evaluated circulating markers of inflammatory and redox status in ponies that had a history of recurrent bouts of pasture-associated laminitis (PL, n = 42) or had never developed clinical laminitis (NL, n = 34) under the current management conditions. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between PL and NL ponies for markers of antioxidant function (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) or increased oxidative pressure (malondialdehyde, apoptosis, 3-nitrotyrosine). Inflammatory status, as indicated by fibrinogen concentration, was also not different between pony groups (P = 0.84). However, PL ponies had higher (P
Yield model for productivity optimization of VLSI memory chips with redundancy and partially good product

A model with mixed Poisson statistics has been developed for calculating the yield for memory chips with redundant lines and for partially good product. The mixing process requires two parameters which are readily obtained from product data. The product is described in the model by critical areas which depend on the circuit's sensitivity to defects, and they can be determined in a systematic way. The process is represented in the model by defect densities and gross yield losses. These are measured with defect monitors independently of product type. This paper shows how the yield for any product can be calculated given the critical areas, defect density, and mixing parameter. Future yields are forecast by using expected improvements in defect densities. Examples show good agreement between actual and calculated yields.
EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE JOSEPHSON FREQUENCY-VOLTAGE RELATION

The Josephson frequency-voltage relation in superconduction's $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{2eV}{h}$ has been tested by measuring frequency-voltage ratios in Josephson junctions using three different Josephson-effect phenomena: (1) microwave emission from evaporated-film tunnel junctions, (2) microwave-induced quantum voltages in evaporated-film tunnel junctions, and (3) microwave-induced current steps in the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ characteristics of evaporated-film tunnel junctions and of "weak-link" point-contact junctions. The use of the "harmonic effects" associated with each phenomenon to increase the accuracy of measurement, and the factors limiting the accuracy in each case, are discussed. The measured frequency-voltage ratios for the three methods were the same to within their respective experimental errors. The highest accuracy was obtained using microwave-induced current steps. The measured frequency-voltage ratio in this case was equal to the currently accepted value of $\frac{2e}{h}$ to within an experimental accuracy of 0.006% (60 ppm). The frequency-voltage ratio was also found to be independent of the type of junction used, temperature, magnetic field, harmonic number, voltage polarity, microwave power, and frequency to within the 10-ppm precision of the measurements.
Approximate dynamic programming: solving the curses of dimensionality

By Warren B. Powell, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, Hoboken, NJ, J. Wiley & Sons, 2007, 488 pp., US$83.60 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-470-17155-4 Dynamic programming introduced by Bellman ...
Relationship of restraint use, patient injury, and assaults on EMS personnel.

Objective. We hypothesized that the assaults on EMS personnel by patients requiring restraints can be correlated with demographic information, patient condition, andother scene information such as presence the of law enforcement. Methods. The study was a one-year cross-sectional study of paramedic restraint use andassault on EMS personnel in an urban area. A data collection form was completed by EMS for each patient placed in restraints. Study outcome variable was “Assault on EMS personnel.” Predictor variables included demographic andEMS call information, patient condition, law-enforcement related variables, andthe paramedic's perception of the need for chemical restraints. To compare predictor andoutcome variables, a multivariable model with odds ratios and95% confidence intervals was used. Results. The study included 271 restrained patients over a 12-month period from April 2002 to April 2003. Seventy-seven (28%) cases were positive for assaults on EMS personnel. Multivariable analysis including 8 vari...
1032. rAAV Mediated Knock-Down of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Substantia Nigra Using a pol II Transcribed siRNA

The use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become increasingly popular in recent years for gene knockdown both in vivo and in vitro. To date, a majority of expression systems are utilizing a RNA pol III promoter. The pol III promoter, although supporting high levels of siRNA expression, cannot be easily regulated nor engineered to confer tissue specificity. In this study we utilize recombinant adeno associated virus (rAAV) to express siRNA targeting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a protein involved in the production of dopamine, using an expression cassette containing the chicken beta-actin (CBA) pol II promoter. The siRNA hairpin sequence is flanked both upstream and downstream by self-cleaving ribozymes that serve to liberate the transcript. Downstream of the cassette is an IRES-GFP to serve as control for transduction and siRNA expression. The virus was injected unilaterally in the substantia nigra of adult rats and immunohistochemical evaluation indicate that transduced cells express significantly reduced levels of TH, whereas non-transduced cells have normal TH levels. However, to date we have not observed significant amphetamine-induced asymmetrical behavior.
Characterization of mouse orofacial pain and the effects of lesioning TRPV1-expressing neurons on operant behavior.

Background Rodent models of orofacial pain typically use methods adapted from manipulations to hind paw; however, limitations of these models include animal restraint and subjective assessments of behavior by the experimenter. In contrast to these methods, assessment of operant responses to painful stimuli has been shown to overcome these limitations and expand the breadth of interpretation of the behavioral responses. In the current study, we used an operant model based on a reward-conflict paradigm to assess nociceptive responses in three strains of mice (SKH1-Hrhr, C57BL/6J, TRPV1 knockout). We previously validated this operant model in rats and hypothesized in this study that wild-type mice would demonstrate a similar thermal stimulus-dependent response and similar operant pain behaviors. Additionally, we evaluated the effects on operant behaviors of mice manipulated genetically (e.g., TRPV1 k.o.) or pharmacologically with resiniferatoxin (RTX), a lesioning agent for TRPV1-expressing neurons. During the reward-conflict task, mice accessed a sweetened milk reward solution by voluntarily position their face against a neutral or heated thermode (37–55°C).
Ovarian imaging by magnetic resonance in obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome : a pilot study

Objective To determine whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can serve as a useful investigational tool in the assessment of the polycystic ovary as compared with transabdominal ultrasound (US) for obese adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design Prospective observational study. Setting Tertiary university hospital. Patient(s) Eleven obese adolescents with PCOS. Intervention(s) Pelvic MR and US imaging and blood sampling. Main Outcome Measure(s) Total ovarian volume and follicle count; mean follicle count per longitudinal cross-section; stromal area; biochemical correlations with measured ovarian parameters. Result(s) With MR, the mean (±SE) total follicle count (21.9 ± 1.3) was significantly greater than that observed with US (5.5 ± 1.7) and significantly correlated with total ovarian volume. Two-dimensional cross-sectional analysis of the ovary by MR revealed a significantly greater mean follicle count (12.1 ± 0.8) compared with the results obtained by US (3.0 ± 0.5). The stromal area (173.3 ± 25.1 mm2) was approximately 35% of the total ovarian surface area. No correlations were observed between biochemical indices and measured ovarian parameters. Conclusion(s) In contrast to US, MR provides vastly greater delineation of the structural components of the ovary in obese girls with PCOS and thus can serve as an excellent investigational technique to assess the morphological transformation of the adolescent ovary.
Intramural Colonic Splenosis: A Rare Case of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

A 41-year-old man had left upper quadrant abdominal pain, constipation, and melena. About 6 years previously, he received a single gunshot wound to the abdomen, which required partial gastrectomy and small bowel resection. He subsequently developed bleeding gastric varices for which he underwent a splenectomy 2 years before the current admission. A CT scan identified a 6.5 × 2.5 cm left upper quadrant mass. Upper endoscopy was unremarkable, but on colonoscopy, a 3-cm polypoid mass partially obstructed the descending colon. A left hemicolectomy was performed with a primary colonic anastomosis and incidental appendectomy. The mass involved the muscularis of the colon and caused ulceration of the mucosa was ectopic hyperplasic splenic tissue, indicating intramural colonic splenosis. We hypothesize that after the patient's splenectomy, a colonic focus of heterotrophic spleen became hyperplastic and led to a clinically apparent lesion.
L-Leucine, an isoleucine antagonist in the rat.

Abstract An excess of dietary l -leucine has been shown to retard the growth of rats fed low-protein diets or diets deficient in isoleucine. The addition of isoleucine to such diets overcame, to a large extent, the growth-retarding action of an excess of l -leucine. These observations suggest that an excess of dietary l -leucine can act as an antimetabolite of isoleucine in the rat and can thereby increase the requirement of the rat for isoleucine.
Sequence requirements for localization and packaging of Ty3 retroelement RNA

Retroviruses and retrotransposons package genomic RNA into virus-like particles (VLPs) in a poorly understood process. Expression of the budding yeast retrotransposon Ty3 results in the formation of cytoplasmic Ty3 VLP assembly foci comprised of Ty3 RNA and proteins, and cellular factors associated with RNA processing body (PB) components, which modulate translation and effect nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). A series of Ty3 RNA variants were tested to understand the effects of read-through translation via programmed frameshifting on RNA localization and packaging into VLPs, and to identify the roles of coding and non-coding sequences in those processes. These experiments showed that a low level of read-through translation of the downstream open reading frame (as opposed to no translation or translation without frameshifting) is important for localization of full-length Ty3 RNA to foci. Ty3 RNA variants associated with PB components via independent determinants in the native Ty3 untranslated regions (UTRs) and in GAG3-POL3 sequences flanked by UTRs adapted from non-Ty3 transcripts. However, despite localization, RNAs containing GAG3-POL3 but lacking Ty3 UTRs were not packaged efficiently. Surprisingly, sequences within Ty3 UTRs, which bind the initiator tRNAMet proposed to provide the dimerization interface, were not required for packaging of full-length Ty3 RNA into VLPs. In summary, our results demonstrate that Gag3 is sufficient and required for localization and packaging of RNAs containing Ty3 UTRs and support a role for POL3 sequences, translation of which is attenuated by programmed frameshifting, in both localization and packaging of the Ty3 full-length gRNA.
Passage retrieval for incorporating global evidence in sequence labeling

Many forms of linguistic analysis, such as part of speech tagging, named entity recognition, and other sequence labeling tasks are performed on short spans of text and assume statistical dependence within a window of only a few tokens. We propose using passage retrieval to induce non-local dependencies in structured classification that generalizes earlier work in context aggregation for named-entity recognition. We introduce a new method for feature expansion inspired by psuedo-relevance feedback (PRF). Our results on the CoNLL 2003 task show that features from cross-document feature expansion improves NER effectiveness over previous aggregation models. Utilizing all the tokens in a sentence for query context consistently perform best on both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations. Tagging models incorporating feature expansion outperform the leading NER system when evaluated on out of domain data, a collection of publicly available scanned books on the topic of historic Deerfield, MA. Finally, the results show that retrieval based feature expansion using an external collection of unlabeled text can result in further effectiveness improvements.
Cystic changes in hepatic and peritoneal metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with Gleevec.

Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Gleevec or STI-571) must be considered the treatment of choice for metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The purpose of this article is to address and illustrate a long-term follow-up of computed tomographic (CT) radiologic findings in patients with metastases from GIST after Gleevec treatment.
Isolation and characterization of interferon-producing reticuloendothelial cells from mouse epidermis

A homogeneous population of trypsin-resistant epidermal cells has been isolated from newborn ICR mice. These cells are characterized by adherence, receptors for Fc-IgG, ATPase activity, phagocytosis of latex particles and opsonized sheep erythrocytes, and secretion of lysozyme and interferon. The production of interferon by these cells suggests that they may be important in protection against viral infections of the skin as well as in regulation of immune responses. The ultrastructure of these trypsin-resistant epidermal cells shows striking similarity to that of reticuloendothelial cells.
De Bow’s Revolution: The Memory of the American Revolution in the Politics of the Sectional Crisis, 1850–1861

In January 1861 editor James D.B. De Bow advocated the secession of southern states from the union as he proclaimed to his readers that white Southerners “are mainly the descendants of those who fought the battles of the Revolution, and who understand and appreciate the nature and inestimable value of the liberty which it brought.” While editors on both sides of the Sectional Crisis over slavery in the 1850s and 60s claimed to be “custodians of the legacy of 1776” as they used the American Revolution symbolically in their rhetoric. By focusing on De Bow’s Review, a widely read and influential journal during this fight, we can gain a better understanding of the specific terms by which Southerners were encouraged to think of themselves not as rebels but as guardians of “the true American character.”
Kraepelin's 'lost biological psychiatry'? Autointoxication, organotherapy and surgery for dementia praecox.

Kraepelin believed that a chronic metabolic autointoxication, perhaps arising from the sex glands, eventually caused chemical damage to the brain and led to the symptoms of dementia praecox. The evolution of Kraepelin's autointoxication theory of dementia praecox is traced through the 5th to 8th (1895 to 1913) editions of his textbook, Psychiatrie. The historical context of autointoxication theory in medicine is explored in depth to enable the understanding of Kraepelin's aetiological assumption and his application of a rational treatment based on it — organotherapy. A brief account of the North American reception of Kraepelin's concept of dementia praecox, its autotoxic basis, and the preferred American style of rational treatment — surgery — concludes the discussion.
Numerical and Analytical Modeling of Laser Deposition With Preheating

Laser deposition allows quick fabrication of fully-dense metallic components directly from CAD solid models. This work uses both numerical and analytical approaches to model the laser deposition process including actual deposition and preheating. The numerical approach is used to simulate the coupled, interactive transport phenomena during actual deposition. The numerical simulation involves laser material interaction, free surface evolution, and melt-pool dynamics. The analytical approach is used to model heat transfer during preheating. The combination of these two approaches can increase computational efficiency with most of the phenomena associated with laser deposition modeled. The simulation is applied to Ti-6Al-4V and simulation results are compared with experimental results.Copyright © 2007 by ASME