cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Closed-Form Elliptic Integral Solution of Initially-Straight and Initially-Curved Small-Length Flexural Pivots

Compliant mechanisms gain some or all of their mobility from the deflection of their flexible members. The pseudo-rigid-body model (PRBM) concept allows compliant mechanisms to be modeled using existing knowledge of rigid-body mechanisms, thereby, simplifying the design process. A pseudo-rigid-body model represents a compliant segment with two or more rigid-body segments, connected by pin joints or characteristic pivots. A compliant segment that is small in length, compared to the relatively rigid segments between which it is affixed, is termed a small-length flexural pivot (SLFP). This paper presents closed-form deflection solutions using the elliptic integral method for initially-straight and initially-curved SLFPs. The assumptions made in modeling the small-length flexural pivots in a PRBM are validated by means of the elliptic integral solutions.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Pediatric penetrating head and neck trauma

Penetrating head and neck trauma in children causes uncommon and potentially life-threatening injuries. We reviewed the charts of 21 patients who sustained penetrating injuries to the face or upper neck. Seventeen males and 4 females, aged 32 weeks' gestation to 19 years (mean = 10.2 years) comprised the study population. There were 15 gun-shot wounds, 1 shotgun injury, and 5 stab wounds. Significant problems included 7 vascular injuries, 6 central nervous system injuries, 5 ocular injuries, 3 airway compromises, 2 facial nerve injuries, 1 cervical esophageal penetration, and 2 cases of pneumothorax. Three deaths occurred, but the majority of the patients survived and sustained minimal permanent disability. Included in this review is a unique case of an intrauterine gunshot wound to the face at approximately 32 weeks' gestation. The treatment protocol, differences from adult patients, and management highlights are reviewed.
The Study of Bureaucracy in Urban Education: Bill Boyd on the Organizational Dynamics of Large-City School Systems

William Lowe Boyd's extraordinarily wide scope of intellectual interests is well represented in a rich mix of publications and presentations during his career. His work ranges from analyses of choi...
Misuse of Stimulant Medication Among College Students: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-analysis

The misuse of stimulant medication among college students is a prevalent and growing problem. The purpose of this review and meta-analysis is to summarize the current research on rates and demographic and psychosocial correlates of stimulant medication misuse among college students, to provide methodological guidance and other ideas for future research, and to provide some preliminary suggestions for preventing and reducing misuse on college campuses. Random-effects meta-analysis found that the rate of stimulant medication misuse among college students was estimated at 17 % (95 % CI [0.13, 0.23], p < .001) and identified several psychological variables that differentiated misusers and nonusers, including symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, problems associated with alcohol use, and marijuana use. A qualitative review of the literature also revealed that Greek organization membership, academic performance, and other substance use were associated with misuse. Students are misusing primarily for academic reasons, and the most common source for obtaining stimulant medication is peers with prescriptions. Interpretation of findings is complicated by the lack of a standard misuse definition as well as validated tools for measuring stimulant misuse. The relation between stimulant medication misuse and extra curricular participation, academic outcomes, depression, and eating disorders requires further investigation, as do the reasons why students divert or misuse and whether policies on college campuses contribute to the high rates of misuse among students. Future research should also work to develop and implement effective prevention strategies for reducing the diversion and misuse of stimulant medication on college campuses.
Intercalation and Deintercalation Processes for Ammoniated 1T-TaS2

Abstract The intercalation and deintercalation processes for nearly stoichiometric 1T-TaS 2 have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and mass spectrometry. The maximum ammonia stoichiometry that has been prepared for a 4-month reaction time is (NH + 4 ) 0.06 (NH 3 ) 0.07 (1T-TaS 2 ) 0.06− . The reaction mechanism can be accounted for within a redox-rearrangement model in which part of the NH 3 is oxidized to NH + 4 upon intercalation, with the NH + 4 decomposing at the host-layer edges to liberate NH 3 and H 2 upon deintercalation. All intercalation compounds prepared could be deintercalated at relatively low temperatures. The intercalates retained some 1T-TaS 2 host material, which may be associated with the rather low concentration of intercalant combined with intercalation reaction fronts that only partially penetrate the host in a nucleation and growth process. This study indicates that ammoniated 1T-TaS 2 is a unique redox-rearrangement intercalation system.
Testing the utility of a 24-hour semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for estimating fat intake in a free living population

Abstract Validation of a new dietary assessment instrument requires direct measures of food consumption which can best be achieved in a controlled environment. Although direct observation is the "gold standard" for validation, it does not provide an indication of how well the dietary assessment method performs in a free-living population. A previous study established the validity of a 24-hour semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) by comparing actual fat intake values obtained by plate waste measures to fat intake values estimated by the SFFQ. This study tests the utility of the SFFQ in a free-living population by comparing estimated fat intake values obtained by randomly administered 24-hour recalls and the SFFQ. The overall mean fat intake estimated by the SFFQ was not significantly different from the overall mean fat intake estimated by 24-hour recalls. However, for female subjects, fat intake estimated by 24-hour recalls was significantly lower than estimates using the SFFQ. Repeated measures of dietary intake using the SFFQ and 24-hour recalls provide estimates of fat intake in the free-living population which are not significantly different. However, the SFFQ is faster and less expensive to administer to large groups of people since it does not require a trained interviwer.
Neural correlates of stimulus-response and response-outcome associations in dorsolateral versus dorsomedial striatum

Considerable evidence suggests that there is functional heterogeneity in the control of behavior by the dorsal striatum. Dorsomedial striatum may support goal-directed behavior by representing associations between responses and outcomes (R-O associations). The dorsolateral striatum, in contrast, may support motor habits by encoding associations between stimuli and responses (S-R associations). To test whether neural correlates in striatum in fact conform to this pattern, we recorded single-units in dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum of rats performing a task in which R-O contingencies were manipulated independently of S-R contingencies. Among response-selective neurons in both regions, activity was significantly modulated by the initial stimulus, providing evidence of S-R encoding. Similarly, response selectivity was significantly modulated by the associated outcome in both regions, providing evidence of R-O encoding. In both regions, this outcome-modulation did not seem to reflect the relative value of the expected outcome, but rather its specific identity. Finally, in both regions we found correlates of the available action-outcome contingencies reflected in the baseline activity of many neurons. These results suggest that differences in information content in these two regions may not determine the differential roles they play in controlling behavior, demonstrated in previous studies.
Can continuity of care be improved? Results from a randomized pilot study.

Context.—Although continuity of care is an important component of primary care, few mechanisms for improving it have been studied. Objective.—To determine if automated reminders to providers and patient schedulers can improve continuity of care in a practice. Design.—Prospective randomized controlled trial. Setting and Population.—Four hundred and nine patients in the lowest tertile of continuity of care in a university-affiliated clinic with a computerized information system were randomized to 1 of 4 groups: 1) control (no reminder), 2) provider alert, 3) scheduler alert, or 4) provider and scheduler alert. Main Outcome Measures.—Continuity of care as measured by a previously described dispersion index that ranges from 0 to 1. Results.—Initial continuity of care was .134 (standard deviation, .07). In a linear regression model, 9 months after implementation of the system, both the provider-prompt group (.027 [.006, .05]) and the provider and scheduler group (.024 [.001, .054]) were associated with increased continuity compared with the control group Conclusions.—Prompting providers for patients with poor continuity of care may improve it.
Rubella Virus Induces Apoptosis in Culture Cells

The replication of rubella virus (RUB) in Vero cells, an adherent cell line, results in apoptotic death of infected cells as detected by chromatin fragmentation assays. In infected cultures, virtually all of the cells that had become detached (a hallmark feature of RUB-induced cytopathology) were apoptotic; they were predominantly dead as shown by propidium iodide and trypan blue exclusion tests. In contrast, the majority of the cells in the infected monolayers that remained adherent were alive and contained intact chromatin. Thus simple counting of detached cells in the medium is a convenient way of measuring the extent of RUB-induced apoptosis. RUB-induced cytopathology was inhibited by z-VAD-fmk, an inhibitor of caspases that are involved in the execution stages of apoptosis, confirming the induction of apoptosis by RUB. The lack of apoptotic adherent cells (maximally 1% at any time point through 6 days postinfection) indicates that the induction of apoptosis is asynchronous since cells become uniformly virus antigen-positive by day 2 postinfection. To elucidate whether this asynchronicity and the ability of RUB to persistently infect Vero cells were due to a suppression of apoptosis, we examined whether RUB can suppress chemically induced apoptosis. Staurosporine (ST) was found to be an efficient inducer of apoptosis in Vero cells. ST treatment of RUB-infected and RUB persistently infected cells resulted in a much higher proportion of detached cells, higher even than in Vero cells treated with ST alone. This indicates that RUB does not suppress ST-induced apoptosis and, rather, that ST and RUB acted cumulatively in inducing apoptosis, possibly indicating that they use different induction pathways.
Emerging therapies for migraine.

Migraine is a common disabling brain disorder that—considering its clinical and economic impact—is understudied and in need of additional management options. In this Review, Peter Goadsby outlines new pharmaceutical and device-based approaches to migraine treatment by describing their potential mechanisms of action and the clinical data that are currently available.
Electrocardiographic artifact induced by an electrical stimulator implanted for management of neurogenic bladder

Serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) obtained in a 79-year-old woman revealed consistently sharp regular high-voltage spikes, which were superimposed on her ECG curve, and which were caused by an implanted pelvic electrical stimulator used for the management of a neurogenic bladder, with symptoms of urinary urgency and incontinence.
MIPS: a service-based aid for intelligence analysis

The Management of Information Processing Services (MIPS) project has two main objectives; the notification to analysts of the arrival of relevant new information and the automatic processing of the new information. Within these objectives a number of significant challenges were addressed. To achieve the first objective, the team had to demonstrate the capability for specific analysts to be “tipped-off” in real-time that textual reports and sensor-data have been received that are relevant to their analytical tasks, including the possibility that such reports have been made available by other nations. In the case of the second objective, the team had to demonstrate the capability for the infrastructure to automatically initiate processing of input data as it arrives, consistent with satisfying the analytical goals of teams of analysts, in as an efficient a manner as possible (including the case where data is made available by more than one nation). Using the Information Fabric middleware developed as part of the International Technology Alliance (ITA) research program, the team created a service based information processing infrastructure to achieve the objectives and challenges set by the customer. The infrastructure allows existing software to be wrapped as a service and/or specially written services to be integrated with each other as well as with other ITA technologies such as the Controlled English (CE) Store or the Gaian Database. This paper will identify the difficulties in designing and implementing the MIPS infrastructure together with describing its architecture and illustrating its use with a worked example use case.
Educating science teachers for the sociocultural diversity of urban schools

This interpretive study of the preparation of science teachers for urban high schools explored the extent to which learning to teach was facilitated by the methods courses, cooperating teachers and university supervisors. Because the methods course was minimally effective in addressing the needs of teaching low track students from conditions of poverty the methods instructor, Tobin, decided to be a teacher-researcher with such students. He joined Smith, a student teacher and Seiler, a doctoral student, in an investigation that examined learning to teach in a graduate teacher preparation program. In an endeavour to gain a first hand grasp on the challenges of teaching African American students placed in a low track program of study the three authors of this paper co-taught science in an urban high school. The paper incorporates rich perspectives gained from the teacher-researchers and theoretical frameworks associated with resistance, habitus and learning to teach by co-teaching. The paper advocates co-teaching as an essential component of teacher education programs.
Brain of the black blowfly, Phormia regina Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Abstract The objective of this work is to describe the structural associations and the courses of major nerve tracts in Phormia regina . Where possible, comparisons are made of similar structures in other insects. The prominent components of the Phormia brain are the: accessory protocerebral lobes, antennal glomeruli, corpora pedunculata, central complex, olfactorio globularis, optic lobes, protocerebral lobe and bridge, and the suboesophageal area. Large commissures are the: anterior accessory commissure, anterior optic tract, central commissure, dorsal posterior commissure of the protocerebrum, and the commissure of fine fibers for antennal glomeruli. The major tracts and association centers in Phormia are similar to those in other insects studied. Differences, where observed, have been described. A previously unnamed nerve fiber originating in the chiasmic region of the optic lobe and entering the ellipsoid body is also noted.
Activation of Neu (ErbB-2) Mediated by Disulfide Bond-Induced Dimerization Reveals a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Dimer Interface

Receptor dimerization is a crucial intermediate step in activation of signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). However, dimerization of the RTK Neu (also designated ErbB-2, HER-2, and p185(neu)), while necessary, is not sufficient for signaling. Earlier work in our laboratory had shown that introduction of an ectopic cysteine into the Neu juxtamembrane domain induces Neu dimerization but not signaling. Since Neu signaling does require dimerization, we hypothesized that there are additional constraints that govern signaling ability. With the importance of the interreceptor cross-phosphorylation reaction, a likely constraint was the relative geometry of receptors within the dimer. We have tested this possibility by constructing a consecutive series of cysteine substitutions in the Neu juxtamembrane domain in order to force dimerization along a series of interreceptor faces. Within the group that dimerized constitutively, a subset had transforming activity. The substitutions in this subset all mapped to the same face of a predicted alpha helix, the most likely conformation for the intramembrane domain. Furthermore, this face of interaction aligns with the projected Neu* V664E substitution and with a predicted amphipathic interface in the Neu juxtamembrane domain. We propose that these results identify an RTK dimer interface and that dimerization of this RTK induces an extended contact between juxtamembrane and intramembrane alpha helices.
Predictors of Competence among Offspring of Depressed Mothers

From a prospective study of 185 offspring of depressed mothers, 51 children were identified in sixth grade as being high competent, which was defined as high functioning and without psychopathology. During the next 2 years, 18 of these high competent children developed problems. Compared to these 18 decreased competent children, the 33 continuously competent children reported at Time 1 significantly more commitment to achievement, more positive coping, better family relationships, and greater social support. In addition, the decreased competence group reported experiencing more hassles during junior high school. Both commitment to achievement and better family relationships moderated the relation between school hassles and competence. That is, among adolescents experiencing higher levels of hassles during junior high school, greater commitment to achievement and better family relationships were associated with higher competence.
Performance of 600-V n-channel IGBTs at low temperatures

The static and dynamic performance of 600-V, n-channel, vertical insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) at temperatures as low as 77 K has been measured and analyzed. The IGBTs demonstrate a better performance in turn-off times and maximum gate controllable current, at the expense of a slightly higher forward drop. It is shown that inherent in the IGBT is a parasitic thyristor that must be suppressed to retain gate-control operation. At 300 K, the dynamic latching current or maximum gate controllable current of the n-IGBT was 3.3 A, but it was current limiting at 5.4 A at both 195 and 77 K. Hence, by simply lowering the operating temperature, one can achieve the desirable current-limiting feature rather than encounter the often destructive latching behavior. >
Deposition of Radioactive Iodine in Teeth of Persons Treated for Disease of the Thyroid Gland

The early work of Bartelstone showed the interesting possibility of using human teeth from patients treated for thyroid disease with radioactive iodine for experimental purposes. When these patients require extractions, they can be scheduled at varying periods after the administration of the radioactive iodine. The group working at the University of Illinois has extended Bartelstone’s observations to periods as short as five hours and as long as 19 days. It is startling to learn that a substance can permeate completely the teeth of human beings within five hours, even though the patient only swallows a glass of water containing the radioactive iodine. The further fact that this iodine is retained for periods as long as two weeks, which is the limit possible for this particular radioisotope, is in itself of startling significance since, under laboratory conditions, the same iodine can be washed out of the teeth readily in changes of distilled water over the same period of time. The work of the group at the University of Illinois indicates vast possibilities for the extension of knowledge regarding the behavior of the tooth in its environment.
Thyroid hormone and cerebellar development.

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a key role in mammalian brain development. The developing brain is sensitive to both TH deficiency and excess. Brain development in the absence of TH results in motor skill deficiencies and reduced intellectual development. These functional abnormalities can be attributed to maldevelopment of specific cell types and regions of the brain including the cerebellum. TH functions at the molecular level by regulating gene transcription. Therefore, understanding how TH regulates cerebellar development requires identification of TH-regulated gene targets and the cells expressing these genes. Additionally, the process of TH-dependent regulation of gene expression is tightly controlled by mechanisms including regulation of TH transport, TH metabolism, toxicologic inhibition of TH signaling, and control of the nuclear TH response apparatus. This review will describe the functional, cellular, and molecular effects of TH deficit inthe developing cerebellum and emphasize the most recent findings regarding TH action in this important brain region.
18F-FLT PET Evaluation of Radiation Response

Over the past 2 decades, the limitations of anatomic imaging in assessing the response to photon radiation therapy have led many to explore the use of PET. In the setting of rectal cancer, for which neoadjuvant chemoradiation before surgery is the standard of care for many patients, several trials
A Longitudinal Study of the Educational and Career Trajectories of Female Participants of an Urban Informal Science Education Program

The purpose of this longitudinal case study is to describe the educational trajectories of a sample of 152 young women from urban, low-income, single-parent families who participated in the Women in Natural Sciences (WINS) program during high school. Utilizing data drawn from program records, surveys, and interviews, this study also attempts to determine how the program affected the participants' educational and career choices to provide insight into the role informal science education programs play in increasing the participation of women and minorities in science, math, engineering, and technology (SMET)-related fields. Findings revealed 109 participants (93.16%) enrolled in a college program following high school completion. Careers in medical or health-related fields followed by careers in SMET emerged as the highest ranking career paths with 24 students (23.76%) and 21 students (20.79%), respectively, employed in or pursuing careers in these areas. The majority of participants perceived having staff to talk to, the job skills learned, and having the museum as a safe place to go as having influenced their educational and career decisions. These findings reflect the need for continued support of informal science education programs for urban girls and at-risk youth. 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 835-860, 2004 Percentages remain low despite efforts over the past several decades to achieve more equitable numbers of women and minorities in the science, math, engineering, and technology (SMET) careers. The discrepancy in SMET careers has been attributed to numerous issues relating to education, psychology, and society. It is impossible to identify one single cause since all issues affecting women's choices whether to participate in SMET careers are complex and interrelated. It is likely that a combination of factors is still deterring young women from choosing a profession that involves science.
Potentiation by salicylate and salicyl alcohol of cadmium toxicity and accumulation in Escherichia coli.

The toxicity of Cd{sub 2+} in Escherichia coli K-12 was potentiated by salicylate and several related compounds. The efficiency of plating on Luria broth plates was reduced by more than 10(5)-fold when 10 mM salicylate and 200 microM CdCl{sub 2} were present simultaneously but was unaffected when either compound was present by itself. Synergistic effects were found at pH 7.4 with certain other weak acids (acetyl salicylate (aspirin), benzoate, and cinnamate) and with a nonacidic salicylate analog, salicyl alcohol, but not with acetate or p-hydroxy benzoate. Thus, the synergism with Cd{sub 2+} is determined by the structure of the compounds and not merely by their acidity. The kinetics of {sup 109}Cd{sub 2+} uptake by cells grown and assayed in broth indicated the presence of two uptake systems with Kms of 1 and 52 microM Cd{sub 2+} and Vmaxs of 0.059 and 1.5 mumol of Cd{sub 2+} per min per g of cells, respectively. The kinetics of uptake for cells grown and assayed with 20 mM salicyl alcohol showed 2.5-fold increases in the Vmaxs of both systems but no change in the Kms. Salicylate-grown cells also exhibited increased rates of {sup 109}Cd{sub 2+} uptake by both systems. Thus, enhanced uptake ofmore » Cd{sub 2+} may be responsible for the potentiation of Cd{sub 2+} toxicity by salicylate and salicyl alcohol.« less
Design of a co-culture system using collagen microthreads to facilitate neovascularization

Several co-culture systems incorporating fibroblasts and endothelial cells have been used to characterize cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions critical for angiogenesis. However, these models do not provide a means for translation to clinical application. Here, we develop an approach that may facilitate in vivo neovascularization utilizing the advantages of both proangiogenic co-culture and collagen microthreads. This system could also serve as an in vitro tool to study angiogenic mechanisms. Self-assembled collagen microthreads populated with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were extruded using a novel method. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were then seeded on the surface of the HDF-populated collagen microthreads. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the presence of both cell types after 24 hours of co-culture and phalloidin staining was used to visualize cell morphology. These results demonstrate that co-cultures can be established using a collagen microthread platform, which may ultimately allow concurrent delivery of two therapeutic cell types.
Generation of functional fluorescent BK channels by random insertion of GFP variants.

The yellow and cyan variants of green fluorescent protein (GFP) constitute an excellent pair for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and can be used to study conformational rearrangements of proteins. Our aim was to develop a library of fluorescent large conductance voltage- and Ca2+-gated channels (BK or slo channels) for future use in FRET studies. We report the results of a random insertion of YFP and CFP into multiple sites of the α subunit of the hslo channel using a Tn5 transposon-based technique. 55 unique fluorescent fusion proteins were obtained and tested for cell surface expression and channel function. 19 constructs are expressed at the plasma membrane and show voltage and Ca2+-dependent currents. In 16 of them the voltage and Ca2+ dependence is very similar to the wild-type channel. Two insertions in the Ca2+ bowl and one in the RCK2 domain showed a strong shift in the G-V curve. The remaining 36 constructs were retained intracellularly; a solubility assay suggests that these proteins are not forming intracellular aggregates. The “success rate” of 19 out of 55 hslo insertion constructs compares very favorably with other studies of random GFP fusions.
Diffusion tensor imaging of the brainstem in children with achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is a skeletal dysplasia and is the most common form of disproportionate short stature in children. It has been found to be caused by two recurrent mutations in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 (FGFR3) in over 95% of affected individuals.1 FGFR3 has multiple functions, including regulating linear bone growth, and its mutations consequently have a detrimental effect on longitudinal growth.1 It is also important in craniofacial development and, therefore, mutations in this gene cause abnormal cartilage formations and premature fusion of synchondroses. The diminished growth of the skull base leads to narrowing of the craniocervical junction (CCJ) and foramen magnum, which can lead to cervicomedullary compression. Cervicomedullary compression, seen in 35% of patients, is the most serious neurological complication.2 It may result in cervical cord compression and manifest as spasticity and hyperreflexia. Finally, the family of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) has been shown to play a role in the normal development and differentiation of oligodendrocytes and is potentially involved in abnormal white matter myelination in mice.3 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that allows in vivo evaluation of the microstructure and integrity of white matter tracts.4,5 The sensitivity of DTI is high enough to detect white matter abnormalities and it is, therefore, a suitable technique to study white matter changes that may result in secondary to chronic cervicomedullary compression in achondroplasia.6,7 The aims of this study were to compare, using DTI of the brainstem, the microstructural integrity of the white matter in children with achondroplasia and age-matched participants and to correlate the severity of CCJ narrowing and neurological findings with DTI scalars. We also aimed to assess the potential role of FGFR3 on white matter microstructure. We hypothesized that white matter integrity would be altered in children with achondroplasia and that there would be a negative correlation between fractional anisotropy values and the degree of CCJ narrowing as well as neurological impairment. We also hypothesized that the mutant FGFR3 gene could cause abnormal white matter myelination in children with achondroplasia.
Effects of Intergroup Dialogue: Public School Teachers and Sexual Orientation Prejudice

Prejudice and hate crimes against lesbians and gay men are prevalent throughout the United States. Prejudice in public school settings is particularly problematic for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students and LGB parents. Efforts to reduce prejudice for LGB groups have met with limited success. Creating safer and more inclusive school environments is essential. An experimental mixed methods field design tested outcomes of an intergroup dialogue intervention on public school teacher attitudes, feelings, and behaviors toward LGB students and parents. Quantitative results indicate dialogue participation resulted in statistically significant positive changes in attitudes, feelings, and behaviors. Qualitative data analysis confirmed positive changes as a result of dialogue participation.
Predictive factors and models for trauma patient disposition.

Abstract Background Hospital length of stay for trauma patients can be unnecessarily prolonged due to delays in disposition planning. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and other patient variables may help in planning early during hospitalization. Materials and methods The data of 2836 trauma patients were retrospectively analyzed. Analysis of variance and the chi-square test were used to determine univariate predictors of discharge location (i.e., home, nonhome, and rehabilitation), and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors. Clinical decision rules for discharge location were developed for two models: (1) a regular discharge (RD) model to predict discharge location based on demographic and clinical characteristics at the completion of hospital stay and (2) an admission planning discharge (APD) model based on data available shortly after admission. Results The discharge locations differed on age, sex, certain comorbidities, and various hospital and clinical variables. Increased age, female sex, longer intensive care unit and hospital stays, and the comorbidities of neurologic deficiencies, coagulopathy, and diabetes were independent predictors of nonhome discharge in the RD model. For the APD model, increased age, female sex, the comorbidities of neurologic deficiencies, diabetes, coagulopathy, and obesity were independent predictors of nonhome discharge. The RD and APD models correctly predicted the discharge location 87.2% and 82.9% of the time, respectively. Conclusions Demographic and clinical information for trauma patients predicts disposition early in the hospital stay. If the clinical decision rules are validated, discharge steps can be taken earlier in the hospital course, resulting in increased patient satisfaction, timely rehabilitation, and cost savings.
Textural Variation within a Quartz Diorite Pluton (Twelvefoot Falls Pluton), Northeastern Wisconsin

Partial trend surfaces based on coarseness index, a modification of Chayes9 (1955) identity change number, are computed for a quartz diorite pluton in the Precambrian complex of northeastern Wisconsin. E. J. Lyons ( in Bradley and Lyons, 1953), on the basis of standard field and petrographic criteria, has explained the origin of most plutonic rocks in the area in terms of large-scale metasomatism. Later writers have challenged this hypothesis by different interpretations of the same basic data. Similar observations by the present author, as well as trend-surface analysis of mineralogic composition, failed to provide a solution to the controversy. Coarseness-index trend surfaces, however, do require a centrally located control of coarseness within the quartz diorite pluton and indicate that a linear trend component is practically nonexistent for this unit. These findings suggest that the existing metasomatic theory should be abandoned or substantially revised.
Programming Models for Behavioral Monitoring of Distributed Networks

We provide a specification methodology to monitor the system-level compliance to properties deemed as critical for functioning of a distributed information system (DIS). Since information attacks due to external intrusion and/or component failures manifest as deviations from critical behaviors expected of a DIS, violation of a specified critical property can be viewed as symptomatic of information attacks. Users can prescribe critical properties in the form of event predicates, which are boolean conditions on the externally visible interface state distributed among computation nodes and can be detected by distributed algorithms. Any target application can then plugged-in to our generic monitor tool to test for its compliance to critical functionality. With distributed object-oriented programming support (e.g., JAVA), our monitor can reduce the software development costs of a DIS: due to the ease of specification and maintenance.
Serre's Condition Rℓ for Affine Semigroup Rings

In this note we characterize the affine semigroup rings K[S] over an arbitrary field K that satisfy condition Rl of Serre. Our characterization is in terms of the face lattice of the positive cone pos(S) of S. We start by reviewing some basic facts about the faces of pos(S) and consequences for the monomial primes of K[S]. After proving our characterization we turn our attention to the Rees algebras of a special class of monomial ideals in a polynomial ring over a field. In this special case, some of the characterizing criteria are always satisfied. We give examples of non-normal affine semigroup rings that satisfy R2.
Next generation sequencing in clinical medicine: Challenges and lessons for pathology and biomedical informatics

The Human Genome Project (HGP) provided the initial draft of mankind's DNA sequence in 2001. The HGP was produced by 23 collaborating laboratories using Sanger sequencing of mapped regions as well as shotgun sequencing techniques in a process that occupied 13 years at a cost of ~$3 billion. Today, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques represent the next phase in the evolution of DNA sequencing technology at dramatically reduced cost compared to traditional Sanger sequencing. A single laboratory today can sequence the entire human genome in a few days for a few thousand dollars in reagents and staff time. Routine whole exome or even whole genome sequencing of clinical patients is well within the realm of affordability for many academic institutions across the country. This paper reviews current sequencing technology methods and upcoming advancements in sequencing technology as well as challenges associated with data generation, data manipulation and data storage. Implementation of routine NGS data in cancer genomics is discussed along with potential pitfalls in the interpretation of the NGS data. The overarching importance of bioinformatics in the clinical implementation of NGS is emphasized.[7] We also review the issue of physician education which also is an important consideration for the successful implementation of NGS in the clinical workplace. NGS technologies represent a golden opportunity for the next generation of pathologists to be at the leading edge of the personalized medicine approaches coming our way. Often under-emphasized issues of data access and control as well as potential ethical implications of whole genome NGS sequencing are also discussed. Despite some challenges, it's hard not to be optimistic about the future of personalized genome sequencing and its potential impact on patient care and the advancement of knowledge of human biology and disease in the near future.
A visual pattern recognizing computer program based on neurophysiological data

A computer program which is capable of recognizing visual patterns is described. The program simulates lower order hypercomplex cells of the visual system (Hubel & Wiesel, 1965) and uses their hypothetical output to describe and remember visual patterns. The program is similar to a model of human and animal pattern recognition proposed by Sutherland (1968). An auditory pattern recognizing model, also based on simulated individual cells is proposed. Also proposed is a model of a movement detecting recognizer of three-dimensional visual patterns which would achieve size constancy.
WiserAnalyzer: A Passive Monitoring Framework for WLANs

Due to low hardware costs, availability of unlicensed spectrums and support of mobility, WLANs have been widely adopted in home, enterprise, hospital, and campus environments. These networks are used for various purposes including VOIP, data services and inventory management. The QoS in WLANs may be degraded due to a number of reasons such as environment changes, hidden terminals, and asymmetric relationships between wireless nodes and/or malicious usage. These problems are exacerbated by the fact that some chipset vendors do not fully comply with the IEEE 802.11 specifications, and give unfair access opportunities to their wireless devices. This paper introduces WiserAnalyzer, a passive monitoring tool to analyze WLANs for inference of nodal relationships, detection of malicious usage or incompliance to the IEEE 802.11 specification. We also present analysis of user activities based on traces collected from the University of Houston campus WLAN.
Comment on Chester Hartman's “The case for a right to housing”: Housing is a right? Wrong!

Abstract Although currently neither politically nor fiscally feasible, the notion that access to inexpensive, presumably high‐quality housing should be a government‐guaranteed universal right would be a terrible idea even if it were popular and affordable. The proposition fails on three counts. It isn't necessary. It doesn't make economic sense. And, most compelling, were such a policy to be implemented, its putative beneficiaries would not thank us. Even if we should not promulgate “a right to decent, affordable housing,” we want to assure that all Americans have access to decent, affordable housing. Happily, we can count on the private housing market (coupled with rising prosperity) to serve 95 percent of the country's households. Serving the remaining 5 percent requires concerted measures to scale back onerous housing regulations that prevent the private housing sector from meeting the needs of lower‐income and untypical households.
Aquatic Therapy for Children

Aquatic therapy has long been highlighted in the literature as a potentially powerful therapeutic intervention. This review will highlight basic definitions of aquatic therapy, review salient research, and identify specific diagnoses that may benefit from aquatic therapy. Online resources, blogs, and books that occupational therapists may find helpful when considering aquatic therapy interventions for their pediatric clients will be reviewed.
A Case of Gargoylism

Gargoylism, abnormal metabolic disease of acid mucopolysaccharides, was first described by Hunter in 1917. Recently we experienced a case of this disease in 9-years-old boy who was suffering from a limitation in articular movement and delayed growth.Chief clincal findings in our case are followings, 1. Dwarfism, Gargoyle appearance and mulitiple articular rigidity due to maldevelopment of bones and joints2. Slight mental retardation, opaque corneas and hard of hearing3. Slight cardiac hypertrophy, protuberant abdomen, umbilical hernia and hirsutism4. Typical X-ray findings in almost every bones and joints5. Evidence of mucopolysaccharide in the urine
Crystal structures of (Z)-5-[2-(benzo[b]thio­phen-2-yl)-1-(3,5-di­meth­oxy­phen­yl)ethen­yl]-1H-tetra­zole and (Z)-5-[2-(benzo[b]thio­phen-3-yl)-1-(3,4,5-tri­meth­oxy­phen­yl)ethen­yl]-1H-tetra­zole

(Z)-5-[2-(Benzo[b]thio­phen-2-yl)-1-(3,5-di­meth­oxy­phen­yl)ethen­yl]-1H-tetrazole methanol monosolvate, C19H16N4O2S·CH3OH, (I), was prepared by the reaction of (Z)-3-(benzo[b]thio­phen-2-yl)-2-(3,5-di­meth­oxy­phen­yl)acrylo­nitrile with tri­butyl­tin azide via a [3 + 2]cyclo­addition azide condensation reaction. The structurally related compound (Z)-5-[2-(benzo[b]thio­phen-3-yl)-1-(3,4,5-tri­meth­oxy­phen­yl)ethen­yl]-1H-tetra­zole, C20H18N4O3S, (II), was prepared by the reaction of (Z)-3-(benzo[b]thio­phen-3-yl)-2-(3,4,5-tri­meth­oxy­phen­yl)acrylo­nitrile with tri­butyl­tin azide. Crystals of (I) have two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit (Z′ = 2), whereas crystals of (II) have Z′ = 1. The benzo­thio­phene rings in (I) and (II) are almost planar, with r.m.s deviations from the mean plane of 0.0084 and 0.0037 A in (I) and 0.0084 A in (II). The tetra­zole rings of (I) and (II) make dihedral angles with the mean planes of the benzo­thio­phene rings of 88.81 (13) and 88.92 (13)° in (I), and 60.94 (6)° in (II). The di­meth­oxy­phenyl and tri­meth­oxy­phenyl rings make dihedral angles with the benzo­thio­phene rings of 23.91 (8) and 24.99 (8)° in (I) and 84.47 (3)° in (II). In both structures, mol­ecules are linked into hydrogen-bonded chains. In (I), these chains involve both tetra­zole and methanol, and are parallel to the b axis. In (II), mol­ecules are linked into chains parallel to the a axis by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds between adjacent tetra­zole rings.
The Federal Judiciary and Northern School Desegregation: Law, Politics, and Judicial Management

Using a three-tier analysis, this article examines how the interplay of political and legal factors has influenced the development of school desegregation policy in Michigan and Ohio. The author concludes, among other things, that the district courts, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, and the U.S. Supreme Court are sensitive to the influences of politics and legalism, but that the responses of the three kinds of federal courts are different. Recognizing a constitutional imperative to eradicate segregation, district courts have emphasized the participation of elected officials and affected community groups in the remedial process. Because of isolation and low visibility, the Sixth Circuit has tended to pursue a more tenacious policy course than either the district court or the Supreme Court. Meanwhile, the U.S. Supreme Court has generally championed the cause of local officials by attempting to balance the interest of eliminating segregation with that of protecting the integrity of state and local decisionmakers.
Empirical Analysis of the Comprehensive Performance of Industry-academy-research Cooperation in Liaoning Province Based on Entropy Method

The paper reflects the level of industry- academy- research cooperation in the development of Li- aoning Province based on the 3 layers of 22 indexes,and constructs " the comprehensive performance of industry- academy- research cooperation evaluation index system of Liaoning province". Based on the entr- opy method and the Delphi method,the paper evaluates the level of cooperative development of Liaonin- g province in 2011 and 2008. On the basis of analyzing the results of the evaluation,it is pointed out that there are underlying the scale of inputs,lack of enterprise technology institution- building in Liaoning Province industry- academy- research cooperative development process. Finally,based on the empirical res- ults,the paper puts forward suggestions of industry- academy- research cooperation of Liaoning Province in the future.
Brain Neurotrauma: Molecular, Neuropsychological, and Rehabilitation Aspects

Every year, an estimated 1.7 million Americans sustain brain injury. Long-term disabilities impact nearly half of moderate brain injury survivors, and nearly 50,000 of these cases result in death, with an approximate $76.5 billion being spent on direct and indirect medical costs.Over the last decade, the field of neurotrauma has witnessed significant advances, especially at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels. This progress is largely due to the introduction of novel techniques, as well as the development of new animal models of central nervous system (CNS) injury.Written by more than one hundred globally renowned experts in the field of CNS injury, Brain Neurotrauma: Molecular, Neuropsychological, and Rehabilitation Aspects provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma, including biomarker development, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic interventions in brain injury research.