cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Informal Logical Fallacy Identification with a Cognitive Tutor

In this age of fake news and alternative facts, the need for a citizenry capable of critical thinking has never been greater. While teaching critical thinking skills in the classroom remains an enduring challenge, research on an ill-defined domain like critical thinking in the educational technology space is even more scarce. We propose a difficulty factors assessment (DFA) to explore two factors that may make learning to identify fallacies more difficult: type of instruction and belief bias. This study will allow us to make two key contributions. First, we will better understand the relationship between sense-making and induction when learning to identify informal fallacies. Second, we will contribute to the limited work examining the impact of belief bias on informal (rather than formal) reasoning. The results of this DFA will also be used to improve the next iteration of our fallacy tutor, which may ultimately contribute to a computational model of informal fallacies.
A mechanistic assessment of seasonal microhabitat selection by drift-feeding rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a Southwestern headwater stream

The positioning of fishes within a riverscape is dependent on the proximity of complementary habitats. In this study, foraging and non-foraging habitat were quantified monthly over an entire year for a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population in an isolated, headwater stream in southcentral New Mexico. The stream follows a seasonal thermal and hydrologic pattern typical for a Southwestern stream and was deemed suitable for re-introduction of the native and close relative, Rio Grande cutthroat trout (O. clarkii virginalis). However, uncertainty associated with limited habitat needed to be resolved if repatriation of the native fish was to be successful. Habitat was evaluated using resource selection functions with a mechanistic drift-foraging model to explain trout distributions. Macroinvertebrate drift was strongly season- and temperature-dependent (lower in winter and spring, higher in summer and fall). Models identified stream depth as the most limiting factor for habitat selection across seasons and size-classes. Additionally, positions closer to cover were selected during the winter by smaller size-classes (0, 1, 2), while net energy intake was important during the spring for most size-classes (0, 1, 2, 3). Drift-foraging models identified that 81% of observed trout selected positions that could meet maintenance levels throughout the year. Moreover, 40% of selected habitats could sustain maximum growth. Stream positions occupied by rainbow trout were more energetically profitable than random sites regardless of season or size-class. Larger size-classes (3, 4+) were energetically more limited throughout the year than were smaller size-classes. This research suggests that habitat in the form of deep pools is of paramount importance for rainbow trout or native cutthroat trout.
Distributed split-path routing strategy for multi-hop mesh networks

The concept of mesh networks brings many challenges to the research community when designing such system. In this paper, we propose a new routing model to account for the link utilization between nodes, as well as the remaining energy left in each node. The framework, called Distributed Split-path, is implemented on top of the Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR) protocol. We demonstrate the improvement our proposed scheme offers to the longevity of the network while maintaining similar performance as the original OLSR protocol. We devise a performance indicator to show in which cases our approach benefits the network system designer, depending on the priorities of the network application. Simulation results show that by allowing a trade-off in the performance, the new model outperforms current protocol.
Futures of Space

It has become almost a ritual to have the last chapter of any book or the last chapter of any essay to be about the future of whatever the topic has been. It seems that is the case here as well. But careful consideration was given to having this chapter be the first – to encourage us look at everything that is and has been part of space ideas and activities through the lens of the “futures.” Clearly the futures of space activities is what really matter. What is past is prologue. We need to know our past not only so we may honor and learn from the people who have labored before us – “remembering that once it was all that was humanly possible” – but also to help us understand why we feel the way we do – and don’t – feel about the opportunities and challenges yet to come.
Construction of the Neovagina

Creation of a neovagina is usually necessary in the following cases: congenital absence of the vagina, gender assignment surgery, vaginal contracture and stenosis, and reconstruction following neoplastic resective surgery or radiotherapy. While there is no standard procedure for neovaginal reconstructive surgery, there exist many surgical and nonsurgical techniques that are often used to create the vagina. These techniques include vaginal dilation methods, the McIndoe vaginoplasty procedure with the use of split-thickness skin grafts, modified McIndoe procedures using full-thickness skin and mucosal grafts, transpositional skin graft techniques, laparoscopic techniques including the Davydov and Vecchietti operations, myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous pedicled flap surgeries, and intestinal flap surgeries. The ideal reconstructive method should provide a patent vaginal canal of adequate length, width, and texture that will allow for sexual intercourse, provide a cosmetically appealing appearance with minimal morbidity of both the recipient and donor surgical sites, and have a low incidence of overall complications. Construction of the neovagina can be very complex and challenging. Each method of repair has its advantages and disadvantages, which should be carefully weighed with the desired treatment goals as well as the surgeon’s experience with various surgical techniques.
Interactive Effects of Multiple Mycotoxin Contamination of Swine Diets

Mycotoxin contamination in grains and feedstuffs is a serious agricultural and public health problem. Mycotoxins are causative agents in numerous disease syndromes in swine (Hesseltine, 1979). Over 200 mycotoxins have been identified but relatively few have been confirmed in mycotoxicoses (Tuite, 1979). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is produced by the fungal genus Aspergillus. has been studied the most extensively. Species of the genus Fusarium that produce zearalenone (ZE) and trichothecene toxins (T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol) are common in many plant materials. At the present time, even a cursory examination of the scientific literature leads to the conclusion that mycotoxins from these two genera are responsible for most of the adverse effects on swine production. Subacute exposure of swine to these toxins adversely affects health, growth, and reproduction (Hintz et al., 1967; Christensen et al., 1972; Chang et al., 1979), all of which are important determinants of profitability.
Effect of power plant chlorination on estuarine productivity

Power plants chlorinate their cooling waters to prevent biological fouling of condenser tube walls. We studied the effects of chlorine on in situ net primary production in the discharge waters of a power plant at Crystal River, Florida. Primary production values decreased an average of 57% due to plant passage and chlorination. In the absence of chlorine, the average decrease was 13%.
Textural analyses of classical rapakivi granites: Texture formation through coarsening, size-selective replacement, and stirring

Abstract The well-known rapakivi texture has been extensively studied through a geochemical lens. Presented here is a detailed textural analysis of two classical rapakivi granites from the Proterozoic: The Wiborg Batholith, Finland and the Wolf River Batholith, USA. Crystal size distributions (CSDs) of mantled and unmantled ovoid populations indicate that protracted textural coarsening was important prior to mantling. An analysis of mantle thicknesses, coupled with a model replicating slices through mantled feldspars, indicates that mantling occurred in a semi-selective manner: mantle thickness on smaller K-feldspar ovoids range from 0 to 100% of the ovoid, and the variability of mantling decreases with increasing size. Selective mantling could be accomplished within a replacement front operating over a thermal gradient, whereby melting augments the ovoid population and generates the mantles, but with partial overlap of these two processes. CSDs of mantled and unmantled feldspars are exceptionally similar between randomly selected samples; suggesting stirring post-mantling and prior to emplacement was an efficient process. Results indicate that classical rapakivi granites are texturally complex and cannot be generated through a single, down temperature process. It is suggested that coarsening of ovoids, followed by mantling and homogenization, may be efficiently generated in the sub-caldera setting, where there are repeated pulses of mantle-derived magmas, or high-temperature anatectic melts acting as an intermediary for mantle heat.
Plant species and soil type influence rhizosphere bacterial composition and seedling establishment on serpentine soils

Root-associated microbial communities influence plant phenotype, growth and local abundance, yet the factors that structure these microbial communities are still poorly understood. California landscapes contain serpentine soils, which are nutrient-poor and high in heavy metals, and distinct from neighboring soils. Here, we surveyed the rhizoplane of serpentine-indifferent plants species growing on serpentine and non-serpentine soils to determine the relative influence of plant identity and soil chemistry on rhizoplane microbial community structure using 16S rRNA metabarcoding. Additionally, we experimentally examined if locally adapted microorganisms enhance plant growth in serpentine soil. Plant species, soil chemistry, and the interaction between them were important in structuring rhizoplane bacterial communities in both the field and experimental soils. In the experiment, rhizoplane microbial community source influenced seedling survival, but plant growth phenotypes measured were largely invariant to microbial community with a few exceptions. Results from the field sampling suggest that plant species associate with specific microbial communities even across chemically distinct soils, and that microbial communities can differentially influence seedling survival on harsh serpentine soils.
Spectrum Valuation: implications for sharing and secondary markets

How much is electromagnetic spectrum worth? Appropriate metrics and methodologies for valuing spectrum help policymakers, network operators, service providers, and end-users in planning wireless-related investment and in ensuring that spectrum resources are used efficiently. Secondary markets have often served to provide publicly observable, market-based valuation metrics, but in the case of spectrum, these are under-developed and segmented, limiting the availability and comparability of market transactions as indicators of spectrum value. Furthermore, the continued growth in wireless services and networks of all types and further advances in wireless technologies enabling more dynamic and granular spectrum sharing are transforming the supply and demand conditions for RF spectrum. Today, the most common metric for valuing spectrum resources is $/MHz-POP, derived from dividing the value of a spectrum transaction by the total population in the coverage area of the license times the bandwidth (in MHz). Traditionally, spectrum value has been observed in spectrum auctions, M&A transactions involving the transfer of spectrum usage rights, or from infrequent secondary market activity. This was a viable approach when the fungibility of spectrum resources was limited by technical, market, and regulatory factors that constrained the commodification of highly differentiated spectrum resources and limited the potential for dynamically reallocating, substituting and transferring spectrum rights via markets. With increased opportunities for spectrum sharing, the transition to 5G, smaller cell architectures, and the emergence of IoT, new spectrum usage patterns are arising and enabling more granular, multi-dimensional, virtualized spectrum management (in terms of frequency, location, time, etc.). In a world of increasing spectrum sharing, dynamic spectrum access, and commercial applications of higher frequencies for wireless service, $/MHz-POP may be an increasingly noisy indicator of spectrum value. In this paper, we consider how changing technology, markets and policy are enabling the commoditization of spectrum resources and explore what that implies for traditional spectrum value metrics that are used to project auction proceeds and value spectrum transactions.
Long-term care Legionella prevention and control strategies: experiences of nursing homes in Florida and Georgia.

Background:Over the past several years, there have been more than 100 confirmed cases in US healthcare facilities of Legionnaires’ disease, a severe and potentially fatal pneumonia caused by the Le...
Reducing Mind-Wandering During Vicarious Learning from an Intelligent Tutoring System

Mind-wandering is a ubiquitous phenomenon that is negatively related to learning. The purpose of the current study is to examine mind-wandering during vicarious learning, where participants observed another student engage in a learning session with an intelligent tutoring system (ITS). Participants (N = 118) watched a prerecorded learning session with GuruTutor, a dialogue-based ITS for biology. The response accuracy of the student interacting with the tutor (i.e., the firsthand student) was manipulated across three conditions: Correct (100% accurate responses), Incorrect (0% accurate), and Mixed (50% accurate). Results indicated that Firsthand Student Expertise influenced the frequency of mind-wandering in the participants who engaged vicariously (secondhand students), such that viewing a moderately-skilled firsthand learner (Mixed correctness) reduced the rate of mind-wandering (M = 25.4%) compared to the Correct (M = 33.9%) and Incorrect conditions (M = 35.6%). Firsthand Student Expertise did not impact learning, and we also found no evidence of an indirect effect of Firsthand Student Expertise on learning through mind-wandering (Firsthand Student Expertise → Mind-wandering → Learning). Our findings provide evidence that mind-wandering is a frequent experience during online vicarious learning and offer initial suggestions for the design of vicarious learning experiences that aim to maintain learners’ attentional focus.
E-cigarette use frequency by smoking status among youth in the United States, 2014-2019

Abstract Aims To report annual 2014-2019 youth estimates of past 30-day e-cigarette use frequency by smoking status in the United States (US). Design Weighted prevalence estimates of student’s e-cigarette use using the 2014-2019 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS). For each year, t-tests for significance were used to compare estimates with those from the preceding year; t-tests were not performed on data for 2019 due to the change in survey format from paper to electronic. Setting The NYTS is an annual school-based cross-sectional survey of US middle school (MS) and high school (HS) students. Participants 117,472 students. Measurements Self-report of past 30 day e-cigarette use based on students’ smoking status. Smoking status is assessed by asking if students have ever tried smoking, “even one or two puffs”, with never smokers responding “no”. Former smokers respond “yes” but have not smoked at all in the past 30 days. Current smokers used cigarettes at least once in the past 30 days. Frequent e-cigarette use is defined as use on ≥20 days in the past month. Findings Past 30-day and frequent e-cigarette use increased among never, former, and current smoker youth from 2014-2019. In 2019, a greater proportion of current smokers used e-cigarettes frequently (HS = 46.1%, 95% CI: 39.1, 53.2; MS = 27.4%, 95% CI: 21.1, 33.6) compared to former smokers (HS = 23.2%, 95% CI: 18.1, 28.2; MS = 10.9%, 95% CI: 6.1, 15.7) and never smokers (HS = 3.7%, 95% CI: 3.0, 4.3; MS = 0.7%, 95% CI: 0.4, 0.9). From 2018 to 2019, the total number of youth using e-cigarettes frequently who were never smokers (2018: 180,000; 2019: 490,000) or former smokers (2018: 260,000; 2019: 640,000) surpassed that of current smokers (2018: 420,000; 2019: 460,000). Conclusions The proportion and number of never smoker youth using e-cigarettes frequently increased greatly since 2014.
Application of the hard and soft, acids and bases (HSAB) theory as a method to predict cumulative neurotoxicity

Xenobiotic electrophiles can form covalent adducts that may impair protein function, damage DNA, and may lead a range of adverse effects. Cumulative neurotoxicity is one adverse effect that has been linked to covalent protein binding as a Molecular Initiating Event (MIE). This paper describes a mechanistic in silico chemical screening approach for neurotoxicity based on Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) theory. We evaluated the applicability of HSAB-based electrophilicity screening protocol for neurotoxicity on 19 positive and 19 negative reference chemicals. These reference chemicals were identified from the literature, using available information on mechanisms of neurotoxicity whenever possible. In silico screening was based on structural alerts for protein binding motifs and electrophilicity index in the range of known neurotoxicants. The approach demonstrated both a high positive prediction rate (82-90 %) and specificity (90 %). The overall sensitivity was relatively lower (47 %). However, when predicting the toxicity of chemicals known or suspected of acting via non-specific adduct formation mechanism, the HSAB approach identified 7/8 (sensitivity 88 %) of positive control chemicals correctly. Consequently, the HSAB-based screening is a promising approach of identifying possible neurotoxins with adduct formation molecular initiating events. While the approach must be expanded over time to capture a wider range of MIEs involved in neurotoxicity, the mechanistic nature of the screen allows users to flag chemicals for possible adduct formation MIEs. Thus, the HSAB based toxicity screening is a promising strategy for toxicity assessment and chemical prioritization in neurotoxicology and other health endpoints that involve adduct formation.
Defining Outcomes Following Distal Radius Fractures: Correlation of Function, Pain, and Hand Therapy Utilization

Background Distal radius fractures (DRF) is one of the most common fractures in clinical practice. Our objective was to study the role of early hand therapy and its impact on pain and return to daily activities. Methods The charts of patients with DRFs seen between January 2016 and November 2017 in the Hand Center of Mayo Clinic Florida were reviewed retrospectively. Forty-nine patients with DRFs who met inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. The variables collected included: age, gender, side of the fracture, surgery vs non-surgery, time to start hand therapy, number of visits, shortened disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (QuickDASH) initial and discharge scores, and visual analog scale (VAS) initial and discharge. Results The patients' mean age was 67.90 years, (standard deviation (SD) 14.54), 38 (77.6%) were female, 28 (57.1%) had a right DRF, 21 (42.9%) had a left DRF, 38 (77.6%) had no surgery, 11 (22.4%) had surgery. The mean time from fracture to therapy is 32.41, (SD 24.13) days, and the mean total number of visits is 6.20 (SD 3.49). We noticed a statistically significant difference between the initial QuickDASH (59.27, SD 16.93) compared to the discharge QuickDASH (24.08, SD 12.77) (P-value <.001); and initial VAS (3.57, SD 1.71) with a discharge VAS (1.33, SD 0.97) (P-value <.001). Conclusion This retrospective study found a statistically significant reduction in the QuickDASH and VAS scores after six hand therapy visits. The results suggest that early rehabilitation interventions lead to improvements in pain and return to daily activity following DRF.
Statistics of the NiCoCr medium-entropy alloy: Novel aspects of an old puzzle

We study the K-state phenomenon in the NiCoCr medium-entropy alloy using first-principles techniques jointly with the efficient Wang–Landau Monte Carlo and simulated annealing algorithms. Our theoretical results successfully explain the existence of the peak around 940 K in the experimental specific heat curve that characterizes the K-state phenomenon and give a fine picture of its atomic origin. The peak is caused by the maximum change of the local configurations characterized by the short-range-order (SRO) parameters at that temperature. The maximum change in SRO parameters is dominated by the nearest-neighbor interactions of atoms but substantially tuned by the many-body interactions. One surprising aspect revealed by the reciprocal-space SRO parameters is that the Ni–Co pair distribution is not random even above the ordering transition temperature, dramatically different from Ni–Cr and Co–Cr, indicating the system cannot be treated as a pseudo binary alloy. This prototypical example shows the complicated nature of multicomponent alloys, different from binary alloys. Our methods can be directly used to study the important K-state phenomenon observed in a number of other composition-concentrated alloys regardless of their number of components.
Functional analysis of human beta defensin-1 in prostate cancer

2682 Defensins are small 3-4 kDa peptides clustered on the short arm of chromosome 8 (segment 8p22-8p23) that have been shown to have antimicrobial activities. It has been demonstrated that there are chromosomal deletions in the 8pter-p23 regions in a variety of cancers including prostatic carcinoma. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between deletions in 8pter-p23 region and poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Furthermore, it has been postulated that there may be three separate potential tumor suppressor genes located in the 8pter-8p23 region. However, no specific gene has been identified and nothing is known about their function in prostate cancer. Human β-defensin-1 (hBD-1) is located at chromosome position 8p23.2. We have recently demonstrated that there is cancer-specific loss of hBD-1in malignant prostatic clinical samples, while high levels of expression are maintained in benign regions. Overall, 82% of prostate cancers exhibit either complete loss of hBD-1 protein expression or only minimal expression, while the adjacent benign epithelium retained expression in all cases. We report here the further characterization of hBD-1. In vitro functional analysis demonstrates that hBD-1 has cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cells. These studies further suggest that hBD-1 may have tumor suppressive activities in cancer.
Artificial intelligence-enabled event adjudication: estimating delayed cardiovascular effects of respiratory viruses

Abstract Healthcare systems ideally should be able to draw lessons from historical data, including whether common exposures are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, structured clinical data, such as encounter diagnostic codes in electronic health records, suffer from multiple limitations and biases, limiting effective learning. We hypothesized that a machine learning approach to automate ascertainment of clinical events and disease history from medical notes would improve upon using structured data and enable the estimation of real-world risks. We sought to test this approach to address a timely goal: estimating the delayed risk of adverse cardiovascular events (i.e. after the index infection) in patients infected with respiratory viruses. Using 4,151 cardiologist-labeled notes as gold standard, we trained a series of neural network models to automate event adjudication for heart failure hospitalization, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and coronary revascularization and to identify past medical history for heart failure. Though performance varied by task, in nearly all cases, our models surpassed the use of structured data in terms of sensitivity for a given specificity level and enabled principled evaluation of classification thresholds, which is typically impossible to do with diagnostic codes. Deploying our models on more than 17 million notes for 267,596 patients across an extensive integrated delivery network, we found that patients infected with respiratory syncytial virus had a 23% increased risk of delayed heart failure hospitalization over a subsequent 4-year period compared with propensity-score matched patients who had the same test but with negative results (p = 0.003, log-rank). In contrast, we found no such increased risk in patients with a positive influenza viral test compared with a negative test (rate ratio 0.98, p = 0.71). We conclude that convolutional neural network-based models enable accurate clinical labeling at scale, thereby unlocking timely insights from unstructured clinical data.
Particle energy partitioning and transverse diffusion during rarefied travel on an experimental hillslope

Abstract. Rarefied particle motions on rough hillslope surfaces are controlled by the balance between gravitational heating of particles due to conversion of potential to kinetic energy and frictional cooling of the particles due to collisions with the surface. Here we elaborate on how particle energy is partitioned between kinetic, rotational, and frictional forms during downslope travel using measurements of particle travel distances on a laboratory-scale hillslope, supplemented with high-speed imaging of drop–impact–rebound experiments. The drop–impact–rebound experiments indicate that particle shape has a dominant role in energy conversion during impact with a surface. Relative to spherical and natural rounded particles, angular particles give greater variability in rebound behavior, resulting in more effective conversion of translational to rotational energy. The effects of particle shape on energy conversion are especially pronounced on a sloping sand-roughened surface. Angular particles travel shorter distances downslope than rounded particles, though travel distance data for both groups are well fit by generalized Pareto distributions. Moreover, particle–surface collisions during downslope motion lead to a transverse random-walk behavior and transverse particle diffusion. Transverse spreading increases with surface slope as there is more available energy to be partitioned into the downslope or transverse directions during collision due to increased gravitational heating. Rounded particles exhibit greater transverse diffusion than angular particles, as less energy is lost during collision with the surface. Because the experimental surface is relatively smooth, this random-walk behavior represents a top-down control on the randomization of particle trajectories due to particle shape, which is in contrast to a bottom-up control on randomization of particle trajectories associated with motions over rough surfaces. Importantly, transverse particle diffusion during downslope motion may contribute to a cross-slope particle flux and likely contributes to topographic smoothing of irregular hillslope surfaces such as scree slopes.
A close association of freedom from pain, migraine-related functional disability, and other outcomes: Results of a post hoc analysis of randomized lasmiditan studies SAMURAI and SPARTAN

While pain freedom at 2 h is a key primary outcome for current trials for acute treatment of migraine, the relationship between the degree of head pain and other efficacy measures at 2 h has rarely been explored. Following lasmiditan treatment of a migraine attack with moderate or severe head pain, we contrast those who achieve pain freedom with those who achieve mild pain but not pain freedom 2 h post dosing. Patient-level data were pooled across studies and treatment arms from two Phase 3 trials comparing lasmiditan and placebo, SAMURAI and SPARTAN. This post hoc analysis assessed freedom from the most bothersome symptom (MBS), freedom from migraine-related functional disability (disability), and improved patient global impression of change (PGIC) in patients who achieved 2 h pain freedom compared to those who experienced 2 h mild pain. Mild pain differs from pain relief which is defined as either mild pain or pain freedom. Patients who achieved 2 h pain freedom (N = 913), in comparison with those with 2 h mild pain (N = 864), were significantly more likely to experience MBS freedom (91.9% vs. 44.9%), disability freedom (87.1% and 13.4%), and improved PGIC (86.5% and 31.5%) (p < 0.001 for all combinations). In addition, more patients who were pain free experienced both 2 h MBS freedom and 2 h functional disability freedom (83.6%) compared to those with mild pain (10.8%; p < 0.001). The proportion of patients with pain freedom who did not achieve either MBS or disability freedom (4.6%) was lower than in patients with mild pain (52.4%). Lastly, 55.2% of patients experienced mild pain before disability freedom compared to 72.1% who experienced pain freedom and disability freedom at the same time. This study demonstrated that, at 2 h post treatment, patients who were pain free were more likely to achieve other outcomes including freedom from their MBS, freedom from migraine-related functional disability, and improved PGIC compared to those with mild pain, confirming that 2 h pain freedom is more robustly associated with other clinical outcomes than the 2 h mild pain endpoint. SAMURAI ( NCT02439320 ); SPARTAN ( NCT02605174 ).
Addressing sexual concerns of female breast cancer survivors and partners: a qualitative study of survivors, partners, and oncology providers about Internet intervention preferences

Sexual side effects after breast cancer treatment are common and distressing to both survivors and their intimate partners, yet few receive interventions to address cancer-related sexual concerns. To direct intervention development, this qualitative study assessed the perceptions of female breast cancer survivors, intimate partners of breast cancer survivors, and breast cancer oncology providers about how an Internet intervention for couples may address breast cancer-related sexual concerns. Survivors (N = 20) responded to online open-ended surveys. Partners (N = 12) and providers (N = 8) completed individual semi-structured interviews. Data were inductively coded using thematic content analysis. Three primary intervention content areas were identified by the key stakeholder groups: (1) information about and strategies to manage physical and psychological effects of cancer treatment on sexual health, (2) relationship and communication support, and (3) addressing bodily changes and self-image after treatment. Survivors and partners tended to express interest in some individualized intervention private from their partner, although they also emphasized the importance of opening communication about sexual concerns within the couple. Survivors and partners expressed interest in an intervention that addresses changing needs across the cancer trajectory, available from the time of diagnosis and through survivorship. Internet intervention for couples to address cancer-related sexual concerns, particularly one that provides basic education about treatment side effects and that evolves with couples’ changing needs across the cancer trajectory, was perceived as a valuable addition to breast cancer care by survivors, partners, and providers.
The Normative Elements of Our Social Discourse and the Environmental Issues to Be Confronted

The essential elements of our reasoned environmental social discourse are moral. By their nature, they pose the practical and ideal norms that society pursues and also uses to judge its actual environmental decisions and attainments. Clarity as to the composition of these ideal elements of discourse—such as whether it’s inclusive, whether it’s fully informed, whether it’s logical and uncorrupted by conflicts of interest—facilitates progress in matters of environmental preservation and restoration. Our age, however, demonstrates an obfuscation of these moral elements, an unsureness as to whether our discourse has been “fair and reasoned.” This obfuscation inhibits environmental progress. This chapter introduces a series of six questions examined in this book. These questions give direction to our exploration of environmental discourse and our associated efforts at preservation and restoration. This book argues that our environmental advocacy organizations play a crucial role in facilitating “fair and reasoned environmental discourse and resulting decisions.” This is the argument initially introduced by this chapter.
宇宙時代におけるロボティックスの役割 人間生理・心理との関係

Even though the market size is still small at this moment, applied fields of robots are gradually spreading from the manufacturing industry to the others in recent years. One can now easily expect that applications of robots will expand into the first and the third industrial fields as one of the important components to support our society in the 21st century. There also raises strong anticipations in Japan that robots for the personal use will coexist with humans and provide supports such as the assistance for the housework, care of the aged and the physically handicapped, since Japan is one the fastest aging societies in the world. Consequently, humanoid robots and/or animaloid robots have been treated as subjects of robotics researches in Japan such as a research tool for human/animal science, an entertainment/mental-commit robot or an assistant/agent for humans in the human living environment. Over the last couple of years, some manufactures including famous global companies started to develop prototypes or even to sell mass production robots for the purposes mentioned above, such as SONY, TMSUK, ZMP, TOYOTA, HONDA, Mitsubishi Heavy, etc. Most of those robots have some lifelikeness in their appearances and behaviors. On the other hand, Waseda University, where we belong to, has been one of the leading research sites on humanoid robot research since the late Prof. Ichiro Kato and his colleagues started the WABOT (WAseda roBOT) Projects and developed the historical humanoid robots that are WABOT-1 and WABOT-2 done in the early 70s and 80s respectively. One of the most important aspects of our research philosophy is as follows: By constructing anthropomorphic/humanoid robots that function and behave like a human, we are attempting to develop a design method of a humanoid robot having human friendliness to coexist with humans naturally and symbiotically, as well as to scientifically build not only the physical model of a human but also the mental model of it from the engineering view point. Based upon the philosophy mentioned above, we have been doing researches on humanoid robots, such as the Biped Walking Robots, Emotion Expression Robots, Mastication Robots, Flute Player Robots, Speech Production Robots, etc. We believe that our research philosophy and methodology on humanoid robot design will be applicable to space robot design and also will give important knowledge and views to space sciences.
Application of a novel antimicrobial coating on roast beef for inactivation and inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes during storage

Abstract The antilisterial efficacy of novel coating solutions made with organic acids, lauric arginate ester, and chitosan was evaluated in a three-stage study on inoculated roast beef for the first time. Ready-to-eat roast beef was specially ordered from the manufacturer. The meat surface was inoculated with five-strain Listeria monocytogenes cocktail inoculums at two different levels, ~ 3 and 6 Log CFU/cm2 and treated with the stock solution (HAMS), the 1:5 diluted solution (MAMS), and the 1:10 diluted solution (LAMS) (stage 1). During the 20 min contact time, the antimicrobial coatings reduced the Listeria populations by approximately 0.9–0.3 Log CFU/cm2. The higher the concentrations of the antimicrobial solution, the better the antilisterial effects were. The treated inoculated beef samples were then stored at 4 °C for 30 days. During storage, Listeria growth inhibition effects were seen. While no growth was seen from the HAMS-treated samples, a 1.6 Log CFU/cm2 increase was seen for MAMS-treated samples, a 4.6 Log CFU/cm2 increase was seen for LAMS-treated samples, and a 5.7 Log CFU/cm2 increase was seen for NoAMS-treated samples on Day 30 (~ 3 Log CFU/cm2 inoculation level). In the second stage, the impact of the roast beef storage time on solution's antilisterial effect was evaluated. Results showed that the effect of the antimicrobial solution was dependent on both the initial inoculation levels and storage times. In stage 3, the effect of the antimicrobial solution on roast beef quality was studied with both instrument measurement and sensory evaluation. Minor changes in color, pH, and water activity were found. However, only limited sensory differences were seen between the treated and untreated samples. When panels were able to accurately find color differences between samples, they preferred the treated samples. The findings of this research proved the antilisterial efficacy of the novel antimicrobial solution and showed its potential for being used as a roast beef cut surface coating to control Listeria contamination and for color protection.
Preventing Early Adolescent Substance Use: A Family-Centered Strategy for the Public Middle School

The Adolescent Transitions Program (ATP) promotes student adjustment and reduces risk within a public school setting, focusing primarily on parenting practices using a tiered, multilevel prevention strategy. A description is given of the program, levels of engagement, and intervention effects. Within each school, multiethnic students (N = 672) and their families were randomly assigned at the individual level to a control condition or the ATP intervention. Analyses focus on the longitudinal effects of the ATP intervention on self-reported substance use through middle school and the 1st year of high school (Grades 6, 7, 8, and 9). Levels of engagement in the selected and indicated interventions were somewhat less than expected. Despite relatively low levels of engagement, the intervention reduced initiation of substance use in both at-risk and typically developing students. These findings are discussed with respect to lessons learned about parent engagement, optimizing strategies for schoolwide implementation, and the promise of embedding family interventions within the public school ecology.
The optimality of James’s distortion theorems

A renorming of `1, explored here in detail, shows that the copies of `1 produced in the proof of the Kadec-Pe lczynski theorem inside nonreflexive subspaces of L1[0, 1] cannot be produced inside general nonreflexive spaces that contain copies of `1. Put differently, James’s distortion theorem producing oneplus-epsilon-isomorphic copies of `1 inside any isomorphic copy of `1 is, in a certain sense, optimal. A similar renorming of c0 shows that James’s distortion theorem for c0 is likewise optimal. James’s distortion theorems for `1, the space of absolutely summable sequences of scalars, and c0, the space of null sequences of scalars, are well-known [J]. The former states that, whenever a Banach space contains a subspace isomorphic to `1, the Banach space contains subspaces that are almost isometric to `1. Several of the authors of this article, individually and in concert, have tried to use this feature of `1 to determine if all (equivalent) renormings of `1 fail to have the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings (the FPP); i.e. if, in any renorming of `1, there exist a nonempty, closed, bounded and convex subset C and a nonexpansive self-map T of C without a fixed point. The basis of these attempts was to use the fact that `1 in its usual norm fails to have the fixed point property and, since each renorming of `1 contains subspaces almost isometric to `1, a perturbation of the usual example would hopefully produce a nonexpansive self-map of a nonempty, closed, bounded, convex set in any renorming of `1. Similar attempts in c0 were also made. What appeared to be needed in these attempts were strengthened versions of James’s distortion theorems. To be specific, James’s theorem for `1 states that if a Banach space X with norm ‖ · ‖ contains an isomorphic copy of `1, then, for each > 0, there exists a sequence (xk) in the unit sphere of X such that (1− ) ∑∞ k=1 |tk| ≤ ‖ ∑∞ k=1 tkxk‖ ≤ ∑∞ k=1 |tk| for all (tk) ∈ `1. The proof of the theorem shows even more than the statement indicates. The sequence (xk) may be chosen to have the additional property that, if ( n) is a sequence of positive numbers decreasing to 0, then for each n, (1 − n) ∑∞ k=n |tk| ≤ ‖ ∑∞ k=n tkxk‖ ≤ ∑∞ k=n |tk| , for all (tk) ∈ `1. That is, for each δ > 0, by ignoring a finite number of terms at the beginning of the sequence (xk), one obtains copies of `1 which are (1 + δ)-isomorphic to `1. This Received by the editors May 8, 1995 and, in revised form, July 7, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46B03, 46B20.
/sup 108,106Pd/(p, t) reactions and the core-coupling model

The $^{108,106}\mathrm{Pd}(p, t)^{106,104}\mathrm{Pd}$ reactions were studied at 30 MeV proton energies using a quadrupole-dipole-dipole-dipole spectrograph together with a 60 cm wire proportional counter backed by a plastic scintillator. Closely spaced multiplets of states in $^{104}\mathrm{Pd}$ of special interest were investigated at 5 keV energy resolution with a 5 cm solid state position sensitive detector. The ($p, t$) strength for population of levels in the even Pd isotopes is found to be close to the corresponding summed strength previously found for population of the core-coupled multiplets in the silver isotopes, a result in accord with a prediction of the weak coupling model.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{106,108}\mathrm{Pd}(p, t)$, ${E}_{p}=30$ MeV, measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ and level energies, DWBA analysis, deduced $L$,${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$. Enriched targets, 13 keV resolution, 5 keV for some multiplets.
Psychological Approaches to Credibility Assessment Online

As networked information and communication technologies have enabled nearly instant access, from virtually anywhere, to almost inconceivably large information repositories, people have come to rely upon web-based information resources in a wide variety of ways. For example, even as early as 2006, nearly half of users in the United States said that the Internet played a crucial or important role in at least one major decision in their lives, such as attaining additional career training, helping themselves or someone else with a major illness or medical condition, or making a major investment or financial decision (Horrigan & Rainie, 2006). Yet, the credibility of information obtained online can be problematic, which raises concerns about how people obtain, interpret, and evaluate this information.
Associations between pressure-pain threshold, symptoms, and radiographic knee and hip osteoarthritis.

Objective To determine the association between generalized evoked pressure pain sensitivity with distal pressure-pain threshold (PPT) and the presence, severity, or number of involved knee/hip joints with radiographic osteoarthritis (rOA) or related symptoms.
Sublimation thermodynamics of UO2 − x

Abstract The uranium activity has been measured between 1667 and 2175 K, and between U (l) + UO 2 − x and UO2.0 using a mass spectrometer to study the behavior of UO(g). Equations are presented which allow the pressure of the vapor species to be calculated as a function of temperature and composition. The composition variation of activity agrees well with the average of the results from previous activity measurements, but the variation in the measured enthalpy of vaporization is in direct conflict.
Precision Spectroscopy and Laser Frequency Control Using FM Sideband Optical Heterodyne Techniques

In fundamental physical experiments using laser servolocking techniques,1 in passive ring laser gyro experiments, and in precision atomic/molecular spectroscopic measurements as well, the two overriding experimental concerns are maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio and obtaining highly symmetrical resonance profiles to facilitate precise line splitting. In this paper we discuss the technique of FM sideband optical heterodyne spectroscopy,2,3 which appears to be the experimentally optimum method for obtaining such high precision resonance profiles of maximal signal/noise ratio. We discuss the process in simple physical terms relative to stabilization of a laser to a resonant optical cavity, before turning to sub-Doppler resonance spectroscopy obtained by applying the sideband techniques to cw dye lasers and color center lasers. The final topic concerns our study of optical transients resulting from laser phase changes, studied with the optical heterodyne technique.
Infectious Diseases and Public Health

In 1940, when I graduated from Harvard Medical School, Dr Kenneth Blackfan was head of pediatrics at the Children's Hospital in Boston. In addition to me, he selected four house officers from my class, the other members being Ed Pratt, Larry Kingsland, and Fred Robbins. We were his last appointees as he died in 1941. Life as a house officer was very different in those days. Our first year was spent in the laboratory in preparation for work on the wards the next year. If unmarried, we lived in the hospital and usually worked 7 days a week. I spent 6 months in bacteriology and 6 months in pathology. On Pearl Harbor day in 1941, I was on a post in pathology when the news came over the radio. By 1940 we had developed cultural techniques for most of the major pathogenic bacteria. However, our therapeutic and prophylactic resources were meager. Sulfonamide derivatives were becoming available, but penicillin did not become available until about 1944. Few immunizations were available. Only smallpox and pertussis vaccines and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were given routinely. In contrast to our knowledge of the bacterial pathogens our knowledge of the so-called viral diseases was very limited at that time. Although poliomyelitis virus had been isolated and studied in monkeys, the etiologic viruses of such common entities as varicella, measles, rubella, and mumps had not been isolated. However, Larry Kingsland …
The Nature of the Delocalized Cations in Azulenic Bacteriorhodopsin Analogs

Abstract Depending on the size and shape of their azulenic chromophores, azulenic bacteriorhodopsin (bR) pigment analogs can exist as either an initial pigment P1, a more red-shifted final pigment P2 or an equilibrium mixture of both. The absorption spectra of red-shifted bR analogs exhibit characteristic narrow-band shapes similar to charge fully delocalized cyanine-like dyes. Therefore, all such red-shifted pigments are believed to be highly delocalized, bond-equalized carbocations. We have determined structural requirements that facilitate their formation. To describe fully the red-shift potentials of these retinal analogs, we have introduced a new parameter—percent red-shift (PRS). A large PRS value not only reflects the extent of red-shift, but is also suggestive of extensive delocalization of the positive charge. Relevance of these findings in consideration of the possibility of forming stable O-intermediates is presented. The postulated resonance hybrid-like structures for different cations of the ...
An Elementary Proof of Lyapunov's Theorem

(2005). An Elementary Proof of Lyapunov's Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 112, No. 7, pp. 651-653.