cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of activity conditioned in random CS/US training on performance in autoshaping

Random presentations of keylights and food retarded acquisition and suppressed asymptotic rates of keypecking in autoshaping. Sequences of 10 sessions of random training alternated with 10 sessions of autoshaping resulted in poor performance (in terms of both the acquisition and asymptotic indices) relative to a group that received sequences of CS-only (rather than random) training alternating with autoshaping. When the birds that previously were trained with the random sequence were exposed to CS-alone extinction, retardation of acquisition was alleviated but the asymptotic suppression was not (Experiment 1). Pigeons with a history of autoshaping without prior random training showed no asymptotic suppression when exposed to the random procedure. These birds, when switched between two-session sequences of random training alternating with two-session sequences of autoshaping, were able to (1) surpass pigeons that received CS-only rather than random treatment in terms of asymptotic levels of responding in autoshaping, and (2) showed improvement in extinction performance with repeated random/autoshaping sequences (Experiment 2). Detailed observations of pigeons in random training showed that stereotypic activity behaviors were acquired, and these generally persisted in autoshaping; the degree of change in these behaviors was related to asymptotic rates of keypecking in autoshaping (Experiment 3). The same kinds of behaviors were observed when pigeons initially were autoshaped, and these persisted in subsequent random and fixed-interval 10-sec training. We suggest that the suppression effect is reflected in activity, conditioned in random training, which persists in autoshaping (especially if the activity is compatible with the kinds of behaviors elicited by the autoshaping contingency itself), and that the effect may be a deficit due to performance factors rather than to associative learning.
Electron Spin Resonance of Oriented RĊHSR′ Sulfide Radicals

Single crystals of the di‐n‐hexyl sulfide—urea and diethyl sulfide—urea inclusion compounds were x irradiated at 77°K and the long‐lived free radicals produced were investigated by electron spin resonance. The free radicals observed in both crystals were of the type RĊHSR′. The value for the spin density on the carbon atom is 0.74±0.07. The unpaired spin distribution is discussed in terms of simple molecular‐orbital models.
Calcium Regulates Transcriptional Repression of Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 by Histone Deacetylase 4

The myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) consists of a family of transcription factors that play important roles in a number of physiological processes from muscle cell differentiation to neuronal survival and T cell apoptosis. MEF2 has been reported to be associated with several distinct repressors including Cabin1(cain), MEF2-interacting transcriptional repressor (MITR), and HDAC4. It has been previously shown that Cabin1 is associated with MEF2 in a calcium-sensitive manner; activated calmodulin binds to Cabin1 and releases it from MEF2. However, it was not known whether the binding of HDAC4 and MITR to MEF2 is also regulated by calcium. We report that HDAC4 and MITR contain calmodulin-binding domains that overlap with their MEF2-binding domains. Binding of calmodulin to HDAC4 leads to its dissociation from MEF2, relieving MEF2 from the transcriptional repression by HDAC4. Together, HDAC4, MITR, and Cabin1 constitute a family of calcium-sensitive transcriptional repressors of MEF2.
Evidence-based Guidelines for Neonatal Resuscitation

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the six new guidelines recommendations for neonatal resuscitation. 2. Explain the classes of the new recommendations. Neonatal resuscitation is comprised of a complex series of evaluations of the newborn, decisions on the intervention required, and actions to carry out resuscitation procedures. As attention to the condition of the newborn became more focused in the 1950s and 1960s, well-designed clinical research investigated certain fundamental aspects of care in the delivery room (eg, Apgar scoring and understanding of acute volume expansion after hemorrhage or cord accident). However, much of the sequence of neonatal resuscitation varied substantially between centers and even among individuals within a center. With the advent of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) in 1987, a measure of standardization entered the routines of care. The algorithm and procedures within the NRP represented the consensus of expert opinion, based on knowledge of the available resuscitation literature. A mechanism for periodic scientific updates was linked to the Guidelines Conference of the Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee of the American Heart Association (AHA-ECC). With the 2000 Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, the process of neonatal resuscitation has taken a major step toward evidence-based recommendations. Questions submitted to evidence evaluation (Table 1⇓ ) generally represented problematic steps in resuscitation or areas of intense scientific research. Questions were identified through both the Neonatal Resuscitation Steering Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Pediatric Subcommittee, AHA-ECC. Literature review was directed by at least one expert from the United States and one from outside the United States, representing the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. This approach assured better incorporation of the nonEnglish scientific literature and varied viewpoints. As part of the process of classifying the evidence by level (Table 2⇓ ) and measuring …
MEDICATION USE DURING PREGNANCY FOR NEUROLOGIC CONDITIONS

The treatment of neurologicdisease in the pregnant and postpartum patient is a challenge. Several disease entities not particularly familiar to neurologists can occur; there are few rigorous clinical trials to guide therapy; the physiologic changes of pregnancy and the puerperium often alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs; and the effects of therapeutic maneuvers on the fetus or newborn must always be considered. Caring for the pregnant or postpartum patient is also often a challenge because of the anxieties associated with an illness occurring in an otherwise young, often previously healthy mother-to-be.
THE REAL REASONS FOR CHINA'S GROWTH

Gradualism Reconsidered: Enough years have passed since China's economic reforms began for analysts to be able to weigh up the causes and effects of China's slowly evolving, high-growth period of economic transition. Here, two senior economists ? Wing-Thye Woo and Thomas Rawski ? take very different approaches in what, implicitly, becomes a debate. These interesting, contrary perspectives were first presented at a symposium in Yokohama, organized by Prof. Katsuji Nakagane of the University of Tokyo. The China Journal owes thanks to Prof. Nakagane for initiating this forum.
Study of the d + 6Li system with the resonating-group method

Abstract The d + 6 Li system is studied with the resonating-group method in the single-channel approximation. The result shows that, by adjusting only a single parameter in the imaginary potential, the calculation can yield a fit to experimental scattering data which is at least as good as that obtained with the usual optical model. The odd-even characteristic, arising from core-exchange effects, is also examined and found to be rather weak in this system. The reason for this is that the nucleon-number difference of the interacting nuclei is not very small and the blocking effect, resulting from the presence of two nucleons in the non-closed 1p shell of 6 Li, is likely to be quite significant.
Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia Patients With Comorbid Substance Abuse

Substance abuse worsens the course of schizophrenia and significantly impairs the relationship between the patient and the health care team. Recent advances in laboratory studies of substance abuse and the pharmacology of schizophrenia open up new possibilities for pharmacotherapy of substance abuse in schizophrenia patients. D1 dopaminergic receptor agonists may directly block the drive for stimulant use. D2 dopaminergic receptor antagonists may indirectly block the drive for stimulant and nicotine use, while opioid antagonists appear to reduce the drive to use alcohol. New generations of neuroleptics with serotonin (5-HT2) receptor antagonism and/or 5-HT1A agonist activity may reduce substance abuse in schizophrenia patients who self-medicate negative symptoms or neuroleptic side effects. Pharmacotherapy efficacy may be enhanced by adding contingency management, social skills training, and other manualized programs. Tables are provided of potentially useful medications. Preliminary results are presented of cocaine-abusing schizophrenia patient treated with desipramine and traditional neuroleptics.
Adaptation of Haemophilus influenzae to acquired and innate humoral immunity based on phase variation of lipopolysaccharide

Phase variation in colony morphology has been associated with the pathogenesis of infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae. This study shows that differences in colony opacity in non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) strain H233 involve phase changes in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and depend on the expression of licl and lic2, which contain translational switches based on intragenic tandem repeats of 5'-CAAT-3'. Genetic analysis showed that opaque organisms have an out-of-frame number of repeats in both licl, required for the expression of phosphorylcholine (ChoP), and lic2, a putative galactosyl transferase that adds the terminal galactose on Galalpha1-4Gal. Defined variants in these loci were used to examine the contribution of individual LPS structures to resistance to serum bactericidal activity mediated by antibody and C-reactive protein (CRP). The addition of ChoP by licl was the only factor in serum killing involving CRP and complement. The terminal galactose moiety, in contrast, conferred resistance to killing by naturally acquired antibody and complement present in human serum. As Galalpha1-4Gal is also found on human glycolipids, it appears that decoration of the cell surface with this host-like antigen blocks antibody-mediated serum bactericidal activity. Genetic analysis of NTHi within the human respiratory tract demonstrated that Galalpha1-4Gal may not be expressed during carriage but may be advantageous for the organism in inflammatory states such as pneumonia.
Optical experiments on thermophoretically augmented submicron particle deposition from 'dusty' high temperature gas flows

A real-time laser reflectivity method and Pt ribbon targets are used to obtain experimental data on the initial deposition rate of MgO(s) particles of approximately 700 nm diameter from otherwise clean combustion products as a function of target temperature (about 950-1450 K) and mainstream gas temperature (about 1500-1600 K). These preliminary data are used to demonstrate the dominant role of thermophoresis (particle drift down a temperature gradient) and to assess the utility of recently developed theoretical methods for predicting and correlating the temperature dependence of thermophoretically augmented convective-diffusion 'dust' deposition rates from flowing hot gases.
The shape memory effect in crosslinked polymers: effects of polymer chemistry and network architecture

The thermal shape memory effect in polymeric materials refers to the ability of a sample to retain a deformed shape when cooled below T g , and then recover its initial shape when subsequently heated. Although these properties are thought to be related to temperature-dependent changes in network structure and polymer chain mobility, a consistent picture of the molecular mechanisms which determine shape memory behavior does not exist. This, along with large differences in the shape memory cycling response for different materials, has made model development and specific property optimization difficult. In this work we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the thermal shape memory effect to inform micro-macro relationships and systematically identify the salient features leading to desirable shape behavior. We consider a simulation test set including chains with increasing levels of the microscopic restrictions on chain motion (the freely-jointed, freely-rotating, and rotational isomeric state chain models), each simulated with both the NPT and NVT ensembles. It is found that the NPT ensemble with attractive interactions between monomers enabled is the most appropriate for simulating the temperature-dependent mechanical behavior of a polymer using coarse-grained MD. Of the different models, the freely-jointed chain system shows the most desirable shape memory characteristics; this behavior is attributed to the ability of the particles in this system to pack closely together in an energetically favorable configuration. A comparison with experimental data demonstrates that the coarse-grained simulations display all of the relevant trends in mechanical behavior during constant strain shape memory cycling. We conclude that atomistic detail is not needed to represent a shape memory polymer, and that multi-scale modeling techniques may build on the mechanisms embodied in the simple coarse-grained model.
Elevation changes near the San Gabriel Fault, Southern California

Analysis of repeated leveling observations in the vicinity of the San Gabriel Fault in Southern California indicate subsidence immediately south of the Fault relative to points to the north, south and east. These observations were previously interpreted as reflecting tectonic motions associated with either the 'Palmdale Bulge' or with preseismic effects of the San Fernando earthquake. Relative subsidence between 1953 and 1964 reaches approximately 9 cm and extends over a distance of more than 20 km. Subsidence occurs directly above the Saugus aquifer and shows a temporal correlation with the history of water level decline within the aquifer. The degree of subsidence of individual benchmarks is roughly proportional to the product of aquifer thickness and water level decline at the location of the benchmarks. Thses observations strongly suggest that movements of the surface near the San Gabriel Fault, previously inferred to be of tectonic origin, actually result from near surface sediment compaction within the Saugus basin.
Estimated Generalized Least Squares for a Heteroscedastic Regression Model

Summary This paper considers the general linear regression model yc = X1β+ut under the heteroscedastic structure E(ut) = 0, E(u2) =σ2- (Xtβ)2, E(ut us) = 0, taes, t, s= 1, T. It is shown that any estimated GLS estimator for β is asymptotically equivalent to the GLS estimator under some regularity conditions. A three-step GLS estimator, which calls upon the assumption E(ut2) =s2(X,β)2 for the estimation of the disturbance covariance matrix, is considered.
Ligand-exchange chromatography of alkaloids.

Abstract Alkaloids are separated by liquid chromatography on resins having functional carboxyl groups combined with copper(II) ions. The eluent is aqueous alcohol containing ammonia. Some resins retain alkaloids much better than others. Alkaloids studied included morphine, codeine, strychnine, atropine, papaverine, narcotine, cocaine, quinine, cinchonine and methadone.
A hybrid reality environment and its application to the study of earthquake engineering

Visualization can provide the much needed computer-assisted design and analysis environment to foster problem-based learning, while Virtual Reality (VR) can provide the environment for hands-on manipulation, stimulating interactive learning in engineering and the sciences. In this paper, an interactive 2D and 3D (hybrid) environment is described, which facilitates collaborative learning and research and utilizes techniques in visualization and VR, therefore enhancing the interpretation of physical problems within these fields. The environment described, termed VizClass, incorporates a specially designed lecture room and laboratory integrating both 2-D and 3-D spatial activities by coupling a series of interactive projection display boards (touch-sensitive whiteboards) and a semi-immersive 3D wall display. The environment is particularly appealing for studying critical, complex engineering problems, for example, where time-varying feature modifications and coupling between multiple modes of movement are occurring. This paper describes the hardware architecture designed for this new hybrid environment as well as an initial application within the environment to the study of a real case history building subjected to a variety of earthquakes. The example simulation uses field measured seismic data sources, and illustrations of simple visual paradigms to provide an enhanced understanding of the physical model, the damage accumulated by the model, and the association between the measured and observed data. A detailed evaluation survey was also conducted to determine the merits of the presented environment and the techniques implemented. Results substantiate the plausibility of using these techniques for more general, everyday users. Over 70% of the survey participants believed that the techniques implemented were valuable for engineers.
Electro-optic polymer microring resonators made by photobleaching

Photobleaching was used for the fabrication of electro-optic polymer microrings resonators. All the device parameters were theoretically optimized. The photobleaching mask was made using e-beam lithography. UV exposure through the mask defined the pattern in the polymer by an irreversible change of the material properties and decrease of the refractive index. Waveguide coupled microring resonators have shown 15 dB resonance contrast and low total insertion loss of 9 dB, most of which was mainly due to fiber coupling in and out of the chip.
Assessment of particle size distributions in workers' aerosol exposures

A full description of the regional dosimetry of inhaled workplace aerosols requires information about the particle aerodynamic size distributions of inhaled aerosols for appropriate health-related species. Therefore, since the late 1970s, interest has risen in how to assess workers' aerosol exposures in terms of particle fractions which may be inhaled and penetrate down to different parts of the human respiratory tract. The personal inhalable dust spectrometer (PIDS) was proposed as a versatile sampling instrument for assessing workers' exposures along these lines. Raw data from this cascade impactor-based instrument are obtained initially in terms of discrete particulate masses collected on the individual impactor stages. Recovery of the desired particle size distribution is difficult because the mathematical inversion problem is ‘ill-posed’(i.e., there are many possible solutions that would be consistent with the observed masses). However, a routine has been developed that involves considerations of the detailed deposition characteristics of the impactor stages, measurement errors and a priori assumptions about the shape of the expected particle size distribution (e.g., log-normal). These differ from other such routines in that account is taken not only of aerosol deposited at the impactor stages but also that collected inside the entry system. Hence the final result covers the whole inhalable range, for particles up to and exceeding 100 µm in aerodynamic diameter. The PIDS has recently been used in studies in several industries to examine inhalable particle size distributions for individual exposed workers. This paper considers the results of such studies, and discusses how they may be used to provide information not only about the inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions identified in the latest particle size-selective sampling criteria (upon which it is expected that future aerosol standards will be based), but also other health-related fractions that may be defined numerically (including, for example, alveolar deposition fractions for workers with different breathing patterns relevant to the type of work undertaken).
A model of hysteresis with two inputs

We formulate and analyze a new model of vector hysteresis for the case of two-input signals. We prove the essential mathematical properties of this model and we present the solutions to two identification problems connected with our model.
Empirical Evidence on the Functional Relationship Between Audit Planning and Total Audit Effort

In this study we examine the relation between the extent of audit planning and total audit effort. While it is well recognized in the literature that the effectiveness and efficiency of an audit is dependent upon audit planning, no empirical evidence has been presented that demonstrates whether audit planning in fact leads to a more effective or efficient audit. A modified version of the basic audit pricing model used throughout the literature introduced by Simunic (1980) is used to examine the relationship between an independent variable measuring the extent of audit planning and a dependent variable measuring total audit effort, expressed in hours. We provide evidence that audit planning reduces total audit effort and is subject to diminishing returns. This outcome appears to support the contention with respect to the extent of the tradeoff between audit planning and audit verification hours when audit effectiveness is taken into consideration.
Continuously valued logic

Motivated by the recognized inadequacy of conventional logic for the representationand manipulation of variables in areas related to artificial intelligence, this paper addresses itself to the investigation of the formal systems obtained by extending well-known connectives to continuous arguments. The studied systems, called ''soft algebras,'' are generalizations of Boolean algebras in that they satisfy all the axioms of the latter ones except the laws of complementarity, i.e., x+=1 and x=0. It is shown that every soft algebra is a bounded, distributive and symmetric lattice. A specific soft algebra, the family of all functions of n variables in the closed interval [0, 1], is analyzed in great detail. This particularlalgebra is a formal unification of many recent results concerning ''fuzzy'' logic. It is shown that every ''soft'' function can be canonically represented by a pair of normal expressions, i.e., each soft function is representable by a double array of tables (a generalization of the truth-table representation of Boolean functions). Also, a synthesis and two-level minimization procedure, which is a generalization of the Quine-McCluskey method, is given.
THE POWER OF RELIGIOUS NATURALISM IN KARL PETERS'S DANCING WITH THE SACRED

. This essay is an appreciative engagement with Karl Peters's Dancing with the Sacred (2002). Peters achieves a naturalistic theology of great power. Two themes are covered here. The first is how Peters gives ontological footing for a naturalistic conception of God conceived as the process of creativity in nature. Peters achieves this by conceiving creativity in terms of Darwinian random variation and natural selection combined with the notion of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. He gives ontological reference for a conception of God similar to Henry Nelson Wieman's idea of creative transformation. The second theme is how Peters succeeds in translating this nonpersonal conception of God into a powerful view of naturalistic religion that can shape a religious form of life. The key is that Peters's God can be understood as present in experience. Peters provides naturalistic interpretations of grace and the cruciform structure of creativity; the latter addresses the problem of evil in a nuanced fashion. I conclude with three critical comments about Peters's environmental ethics, his use of the notion of mystery, and his failure to have a robust conception of human fault or sin.
The effect of water temperature and synoptic winds on the development of surface flows over narrow, elongated water bodies

Simulations of the thermally induced breeze involved with a relatively narrow, elongated water body is presented in conjunction with evaluations of sensible heat fluxes in a stable marine atmospheric surface layer. The effect of the water surface temperature and of the large-scale synoptic winds on the development of surface flows over the water is examined. As implied by the sensible heat flux patterns, the simulation results reveal the following trends: (1) when the synoptic flow is absent or light, the induced surface breeze is not affected noticeably by a reduction of the water surface temperature; and (2) for stronger synoptic flow, the resultant surface flow may be significantly affected by the water surface temperature.
Order with Law: Social Capital, Civil Litigation, and Economic Development

I use records on commercial litigation in New South Wales to assess the role of norms and social capital during economic development. The data indicate that total disputes fell over time, whereas the rate of out of court settlements increased. Litigation rates were initially higher in frontier areas that arguably needed to adapt institutions to new circumstances because norms and standards were as yet undeveloped. The fraction of settled cases was significantly lower in frontier areas and areas without market access. Patterns related to jury trials, plaintiff recovery rates, and attorney representation are also assessed. The results are consistent with the theory that cooperative solutions emerge as areas gain access to markets, and suggest that order and law are complementary inputs into the process of economic development.
The well-being of children in food-insecure households: results from The Eastern Caribbean Child Vulnerability Study 2005.

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between food insecurity and child well-being indicators.DesignCross-sectional survey conducted in 2344 households with children. The main exposure measure was food insecurity status, which was categorized as food secure or food insecure based on two or more food insecurity questions answered in the affirmative. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to model the association between food insecurity status and selected child well-being indicators.SettingBarbados, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines (hereafter St. Vincent), three Eastern Caribbean countries, 2005.SubjectsA random sample of households with children was identified by the governments of Barbados, St. Lucia and St. Vincent. In-home interviews were conducted by social workers.ResultsOne-third (33 %) of households were categorized as food insecure. Food-insecure households were more likely to include a chronically ill parent (OR = 2·48; 95 % CI 1·76, 3·49), a recently divorced parent (OR = 1·92; 95 % CI 1·21, 3·05), a child requiring multiple visits to a health-care provider for a disability (OR = 3·98; 95 % CI 1·20, 13·19) or injury (OR = 1·78; 95 % CI 1·12, 2·83), a child with a learning disability (OR = 2·08; 95 % CI 1·16, 3·74) or a child with a physical disability (OR = 2·54; 95 % CI 1·22, 5·32) after adjustment for poverty and other demographic variables.ConclusionsThe results indicate that food-insecure households were more likely to be burdened by child disability (learning and physical), family system disruption (recent divorce and chronic illness) and child health-care needs (for disability and injury) than food-secure households. The implementation of programmes and policies to minimize food insecurity in the Eastern Caribbean may be warranted.
On the fundamental tradeoff between watermark detection performance and robustness against sensitivity analysis attacks

Despite their popularity, spread spectrum techniques have been proven to be vulnerable to sensitivity analysis attacks. Moreover, the number of detection operations needed by the attacker to estimate the watermark is generally linear in the size of the signal available to him. This holds not only for a simple correlation detector, but also for a wide class of detectors. Therefore there is a vital need for more secure detection methods. In this paper, we propose a randomized detection method that increases the robustness of spread spectrum embedding schemes. However, this is achieved at the expense of detection performance. For this purpose, we provide a framework to study the tradeoff between these two factors using classical detection-theoretic tools: large deviation analysis and Chernoff bounds. To gain more insight into the practical value of this framework, we apply it to image signals, for which "good" statistical models are available.
Partial purification and characterization of tryptophan N-malonyltransferase from tomato leaves

Abstract An enzyme preparation that catalyses the malonyl-CoA-dependent malonylation of both d - and l -Trp to form the corresponding N-malonyltryptophan (MTrp) was partially purified over 500-fold from tomato leaves. The ratio of the two enzyme activities using d - or l -Trp as the substrate remained roughly constant during the purification steps, indicating that the same enzyme is likely to be responsible for both reactions. While the enzyme utilizes some d - and l -amino acids as its substrates or inhibitors, the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate did not serve as a substrate or an inhibitor. The molecular weight was estimated by gel filtration to be 48 kDa. The Km values for l - and d -Trp were 1.9 and 1.0 mM, respectively. The Km values for malonyl-CoA were 1.3 and 0.5 mM, respectively, when l - and d -Trp were employed as the substrates. The enzyme kinetics suggest a ‘ping-pong’ mechanism.
Sustainable use of wildlife: The view from archaeozoology

Summary The concept of “sustainable use” is a polemic, especially when referring to wildlife and other “natural resources.” Claims vary from persistent overuse to traditional practices of sustaining the resource base. Arguments for either side routinely draw from contemporary situations, relying on relatively short time periods. But, if the notion “sustainable” is to be consequential, the period under consideration must be meaningful – claims that trends over a few years or even decades are representative of long-term phenomena are questionable, for they depend on numerous untested, if not untestable, assumptions. Research in anthropology, biology, biological conservation, ecology, policy, restoration ecology, social development, and wildlife management is routinely constrained to relatively short time periods, and such results are of limited value for evaluating sustainable use. Archaeozoology provides unique tools for investigating trends in human-resource relations over periods of centuries and millennia; it is one of the few disciplines explicitly dedicated to the study of material evidence over significant time periods that bears directly on the question of sustainable use. Hence, objective, scientific evaluation of sustainable use must contemplate archaeozoological evidence. Yet, archaeozoology often does not provide definitive answers: it is wrought with fundamental problems in sampling, data gathering, analysis, and interpretation (e.g., varying screen sizes; meta-sampling procedures; comparisons across diverse spatial, temporal, and environmental continua; etc.). Typically data must be evaluated through inference, rather than through direct observations and experiments. Moreover, environmental variation (e.g., climate change, sea level change, tectonic movement, etc.), as well as changes in societies, confounds the interpretation of long-term human–environmental trends. But, those challenges are not unique to archaeozoology, for biological and ecological phenomena are no less subject to multiple sources of environmental and social variation. The difference is that archaeologists are patently cognizant of these sources of variability, and they openly debate them when interpreting data, while in other disciplines these sources of change are routinely ignored. Nonetheless, despite the unique relevance of their work, few archaeozoologists have ventured outside their discipline to engage natural scientists and policy makers in issues of biological conservation and wildlife biology, and particularly the root questions of sustainable use. In addition to considering data and hypotheses regarding long-term prehistoric human–wildlife interactions, it is essential to view this information within broader perspectives, linked to other disciplines as well as to contemporary social and policy issues. Because sustainable use is mandated in international instruments and national policies, the notion has relevance in arenas far beyond academia, where archaeozoologists must be integrated into interdisciplinary teams.
Testing Scenario Implementation with Behavior Contracts

This paper presents behavior contracts as a new assertion mechanism and a tool that uses such contracts to support the testing of Object-Oriented (OO) systems. A behavior contract models how the scenarios for performing a designated task are expected to be implemented. Based on this contract, our tool can automatically monitor the program execution for checking important properties related to these scenarios. This capability can help testers to determine whether the scenarios have been implemented correctly. Our tool can also collect test coverage information w.r.t. the scenarios modeled by a behavior contract. Such information can be used to direct the testing efforts towards the less-covered scenarios, and to determine whether the implementation of these scenarios has been adequately tested. Therefore, using this tool should improve both the efficiency and effectiveness of testing OO systems.
Dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by weekly paclitaxel with trastuzumab and lapatinib in HER2/neu-overexpressed/amplified breast cancer is not feasible because of excessive diarrhea.

Purpose Dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by paclitaxel and trastuzumab (PT) is feasible. Lapatinib is effective in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –positive metastatic breast cancer. We conducted a pilot study of dose-dense AC followed by PT plus lapatinib (PTL) followed by trastuzumab plus lapatinib (TL). Patients and Methods Patients with stages I to III, HER2-positive breast cancer and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥ 50% were enrolled. Treatment consisted of AC (60 mg/m2 and 600 mg/m2) for 4 cycles every 2 weeks (with pegfilgrastim 6 mg on day 2) followed by paclitaxel (80 mg/m2) for 12 doses weekly plus trastuzumab and lapatinib. Trastuzumab (4 mg/kg loading dose, then 2 mg/kg weekly during paclitaxel then 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks after paclitaxel) and lapatinib (1,000 mg daily) were given for 1 year. The primary end points were feasibility defined as ≥ 80% patients completing the PTL phase without a dose delay/reduction and a cardi...
Applicability of LET to single events in microelectronic structures

Linear energy transfer (LET) is often used as a single parameter to determine the energy deposited in a microelectronic structure by a single event. The accuracy of this assumption is examined for ranges of ion energies and volumes of silicon appropriate for modern microelectronics. It is shown to be accurate only under very restricted conditions. Significant differences arise because (1) LET is related to energy lost by the ion, not energy deposited in the volume; and (2) LET is an average value and does not account for statistical variations in energy deposition. Criteria are suggested for determining when factors other than LET should be considered, and new analytical approaches are presented to account for them. One implication of these results is that improvements can be made in space upset rate predictions by incorporating the new methods into currently used codes such as CREME and CRUP. >
Multicell CDMA network design

Traditional design rules for cellular networks are not directly applicable to code division multiple access (CDMA) networks where intercell interference is not mitigated by cell placement and careful frequency planning. For transmission quality requirements, a minimum signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) must be achieved. The base-station location, its pilot-signal power (which determines the size of the cell), and the transmission power of the mobiles all affect the received SIR. In addition, because of the need for power control in CDMA networks, large cells can cause a lot of interference to adjacent small cells, posing another constraint to design. In order to maximize the network capacity associated with a design, we develop a methodology to calculate the sensitivity of capacity to base-station location, pilot-signal power, and transmission power of each mobile. To alleviate the problem caused by different cell sizes, we introduce the power compensation factor, by which the nominal power of the mobiles in every cell is adjusted. We then use the calculated sensitivities in an iterative algorithm to determine the optimal locations of the base stations, pilot-signal powers, and power compensation factors in order to maximize the capacity. We show examples of how networks using these design techniques provide higher capacity than those designed using traditional techniques.
Evaluation of the Ensemble Transform Analysis Perturbation Scheme at NRL

Abstract The ensemble transform (ET) scheme changes forecast perturbations into analysis perturbations whose amplitudes and directions are consistent with a user-provided estimate of analysis error covariance. A practical demonstration of the ET scheme was undertaken using Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System (NAVDAS) analysis error variance estimates and the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. It was found that the ET scheme produced forecast ensembles that were comparable to or better in a variety of measures than those produced by the Fleet Numerical and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) bred-growing modes (BGM) scheme. Also, the demonstration showed that the introduction of stochastic perturbations into the ET forecast ensembles led to a substantial improvement in the agreement between the ET and NAVDAS analysis error variances. This finding is strong evidence that even a small-sized ET ensemble ...
Self-reported pain and physical signs for musculoskeletal disorders in the upper body region among Los Angeles garment workers.

Reports of pain and physical exam findings for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are two common outcome measures independently used to assess work-related MSDs in the scientific literature. How these measures correlate with each other, however, is largely unknown. We recruited 520 sewing machine operators to describe the correlation between subjective self- reported pain and physical findings of MSDs in three upper body regions including the neck/shoulder, elbow/forearm, and hand/wrist. Self-reports of pain and physical findings resulted in different and partly non-overlapping classifications of subjects as MSD cases in our study. Both outcome measures were found to be consistently associated with 'having a medical history of MSDs', 'perceived physical exertion', 'perceived job insecurity' (neck/shoulder), being of older age (arm/forearm), and female gender (arm/forearm and hand/wrist); however, we observed inconsistency for the measures for a number of other job related factors such as 'operating a single machine' and 'number of work hours per week'. Because to date no agreed upon "gold standard" for diagnosing MSDs exists, our findings suggest that research results can be very different when using self-reported measures versus physical exam findings. Also, in order to evaluate the success of an intervention, screening, or surveillance program for work related MSDs, it is important to define clearly which outcome measure best to employ.
On Replacing Peer Review with Legal Challenge in Scientific Research: An Opinion

and also met with several Minntech executives. During this period, the authors ex- plained their analytical methods and results to Minntech, provided statistical output to Minntech, and considered Minntech’s disagreements with the research. As part of a prepublication review pro- cess, a draft version of the study manuscript
How Pigeons Became Rats: The Cultural-Spatial Logic of Problem Animals

How do animals become problems? Drawing on interactionist theories of social problems and cultural geography, I argue that the construction of animals as problems relies upon cultural understandings of nature/culture relationships, which in turn entail “imaginative geographies.” Specifically, modernity posits a firm boundary between nature and culture. Animals have their place, but are experienced as “out of place”—and often problematic—when they are perceived to transgress spaces designated for human habitation. Relying on New York Times articles from 1851 to 2006, and articles from 51 other newspapers from 1980 to 2006, this article focuses on the process by which pigeons as a species were problematized. I contend that pigeons have come to represent the antithesis of the ideal metropolis, which is orderly and sanitized, with nature subdued and compartmentalized. While typified as a health issue, the pigeon's primary “offense” is that it “pollutes” habitats dedicated for human use. The catch phrase “rats with wings” neatly summarizes society's evaluations of, and anxieties about, this bird. This metaphor reflects a framing of pigeons by claims-makers that renders them out of place in the cityscape. This study expands social problems theorizing to more thoroughly account for animals and the role of space.
MAKING DELINQUENT FRIENDS: ADULT SUPERVISION AND CHILDREN'S AFFILIATIONS

Although having delinquent friends is one of the strongest known correlates of delinquent behavior, criminologists have been curiously silent as to why some adolescents acquire delinquent friends and others do not. Analysis of data from the national Survey of Parents and Children reveals a strong association between forms of direct and indirect parental supervision and the kinds of friends that adolescents make. Parents who closely monitor their children's affiliations exhibit a variety of traits typical of involved or conscientious parents. Indirect supervision also appears to mediate the effect of attachment to parents, one of the few established correlates of delinquent friendships. These and other findings illustrate the critical role that parent-child relations play in the process of making delinquent friends.
CXCR3 AND CCR5 ARE BOTH REQUIRED FOR T CELL MEDIATED PROTECTION AGAINST C. TRACHOMATIS INFECTION IN THE MURINE GENITAL MUCOSA

Chemokine receptors direct T lymphocytes to the site of an infection by following coordinated chemokine gradients, which allow their recruitment to specific tissues. Although identification of receptors needed for homing to some mucosal sites, such as skin and gut, have been elucidated, the receptors that direct lymphocytes to the genital mucosa remain relatively uncharacterized. In this study we identify that the chemokine receptors CXCR3 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3) and CCR5 (chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5) are pivotal for T-lymphocyte access to the genital tract during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Chlamydia-specific CD4(+) transgenic T cells that lack CXCR3 or CCR5 do not accumulate in the genital mucosa following infection. Loss of either CXCR3 or CCR5 impairs the protective capacity of Chlamydia-specific T cells, whereas T cells lacking both receptors are completely nonprotective. These results show that CXCR3 and CCR5 are the predominant chemokine receptors that act cooperatively to promote homing to the genital mucosa during Chlamydia infection.
A speculative transmission scheme for scheduling-latency reduction

Low latency is a critical requirement in some switching applications, specifically in parallel computer interconnection networks. The minimum latency in switches with centralized scheduling comprises two components, namely, the control-path latency and the data-path latency, which in a practical high-capacity, distributed switch implementation can be far greater than the cell duration. We introduce a speculative transmission scheme to significantly reduce the average control-path latency by allowing cells to proceed without waiting for a grant, under certain conditions. It operates in conjunction with any centralized matching algorithm to achieve a high maximum utilization and incorporates a reliable delivery mechanism to deal with failed speculations. The speculative transmission scheme is employed in a non-blocking N ×N R input-queued crossbar switch with R receivers per output. The control-path latency can be almost entirely eliminated for loads up to 50%. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Racemic 4-(4-tert-butyl­phen­yl)-2,6-dimethyl­cyclo­hex-3-enecarboxylic acid

The chirality of the title compound, C19H26O2, is solely generated by the presence of the double bond in the cyclo­hexene ring. This compound was synthesized to study the inter­action of the two enanti­omers in the solid state. The resultant racemate is made up of carboxylic acid RS dimers. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds produce centrosymmetric R22(8) rings which dimerize the two chiral enanti­omers through their carboxyl groups.
Darlington synthesis revisited

An approach to Darlington's synthesis is described which is based entirely on a single Foster reactance (LPR) function. The procedure stems from the remarkable result that any section producing an arbitrary transmission zero within its class (Brune, type C, type D, reciprocal, or nonreciprocal), can be extracted from any prescribed LPR function, leaving an LPR remainder of reduced degree. The nonreciprocal sections play a prominent role in the discussion.
Activation of the alternative complement pathway accompanies disease flares in systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy.

Objective. To assess the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during pregnancy and to distinguish it from preeclampsia. Methods. We prospectively measured the complement activation products Ba, Bb, SC5b—9, and C4d, as well as the conventional complement determinants C3, C4, and CH50, during pregnancy in 14 patients with SLE and 10 women with preeclampsia. Results. Four of the 14 SLE patients were considered to have disease flares, 3 occurring in the second trimester and 1 postpartum. In these patients, significant abnormalities of Ba, Bb, SC5b—9, and CH50 were noted. In contrast, measures of C4d did not distinguish between pregnant patients who had flares and those whose SLE remained stable. Although decreased values of C3 were rarely seen in the patients with stable disease, normal values of C3 during lupus pregnancy were not reliably associated with stable disease. Three of 10 non-SLE patients with preeclampsia had elevated levels of Ba; however, in each case, the CH50 level was close to or within the normal range. This was in sharp contrast to the findings observed in the 4 patients with active SLE, in whom high levels of plasma Ba were always associated with low CH50 values. Moreover, the ratio of CH50 to Ba was significantly lower in the patients with lupus flares than in the non-SLE patients with preeclampsia. Conclusion. While a decline in the CH50 level alone could otherwise be attributed to decreased synthesis of complement components, these data demonstrate that ongoing activation of the alternative complement pathway can accompany disease flares in pregnant women with SLE.