cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Measures of Function and Disability Important in Low Back Care

Currently, disablement due to low back syndrome (LBS) inflicts an extremely high cost to society, with yearly direct and indirect costs estimated in the billions of dollars. Patients with LBS often present a challenge for physical therapists trained in the evaluation of the physical nature of LBS. The psychosocial nature of a patient's complaint and the use of measures obtained from evaluation to guide patient management sometimes require interaction in a multidisciplinary environment. In this article, LBS will be discussed within the frameworks of Nagi's disablement pathway and an illness model described by Waddell. Both models suggest that to adequately treat LBS requires evaluation of the impairment, functional limitations, and disability using tools with adequate measurement characteristics. This article will focus on impairments and patient self-reports of quality of life and will discuss the relationship between impairments, functional limitations, and disability in LBS. Standardized quality of life measures are easily administered in everyday clinical settings and capture the patient's perceptions of the functional limitations and disability seen with LBS. Common self-reports are reviewed, and potential barriers to their use are discussed. Lacking an identifiable disease process in the majority of cases of LBS leaves most clinicians to deal with the impairments, functional limitations, and resultant disability. Physical therapists should, therefore, measure and gauge changes in all of these dimensions. To accomplish this, physical therapists must be willing to evaluate the dimensions of functional limitations and disabilities using tools that allow adherence to the same measurement standards (eg, reliability and validity) as those used to evaluate physical impairments.
Did Georgian Voters Desire Military Escalation in 2008? Experiments & Observations

In a foreign policy crisis between a strong and weak state, do citizens of the weaker party punish or reward a leader that escalates the crisis? Strong evidence suggests that there were electoral incentives for Georgian escalation in its August 2008 war with Russia. This paper combines data from survey experiments, conducted on Georgian voters just weeks prior to the August 2008 war, with open-ended survey response questions from a survey fielded just weeks after the war. Respondents evaluated their leader’s crisis behavior in the aftermath of a real war differently than the evidence from pre-war survey experiments would have suggested. The divergence in findings is demonstrated by providing evidence of three empirical phenomena: a “Rally ’Round The Flag” effect, a “Fog Of War” effect, and systematic differences in evaluations of leader performance depending on respondents’ proximity to actual violence.
Population of 0+ states in Te-126 by decay of I-126 and gamma softness in even-even Te nuclei

The unique, first-forbidden ..beta.. decay of /sup 126/I with J/sup ..pi../ = 2/sup -/ to the known 0/sup +/ level at 1873 keV in /sup 126/Te has been observed for the first time. The associated logf/sub 1/t value is 10.1. This value is consistent with the decay of other isomers of iodine with J/sup ..pi../ of 2/sup -/. In contrast to previous work, no evidence is found for other 0/sup +/ levels in /sup 126/Te below 2 MeV. A decay scheme for the ..beta../sup -/ and ..beta../sup +//EC decay of /sup 126/I is presented. The level properties of the even-even Te nuclei are discussed within the framework of a nuclear potential having softness in the ..gamma.. direction.
The Materiality of Human Capital to Corporate Financial Performance

Institutional investors have become increasingly interested in analyzing long-term investment risks and rewards posed by environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors. A growing body of data and analytical tools has been developed to assist in the task, but the focus has largely been on environmental and governance matters. This paper helps fill in the gap on social factors, specifically those involving how companies manage workplace relationships, a topic often referred to broadly as human capital or human resource (HR) management. We examine both a wide range of HR policies and separately those that relate directly to employee training.Our survey of the literature on human capital found 92 empirical studies that examined the relationship between HR polices and financial outcomes such as return on equity, return on investment and profit margins. We conclude that there is sufficient evidence of human capital materiality to financial performance to warrant inclusion in standard investment analysis. However, we also find that doing so remains a challenge for a number of reasons. These range from the fact that companies do not provide investors with comparable data to a lack of consensus over which combinations of policies have the most impact on financial outcomes.
The Post-2015 Development Agenda: Keeping Our Focus on the Worst Off

Non-communicable diseases now account for the majority of the global burden of disease and an international campaign has emerged to raise their priority on the post-2015 development agenda. We argue, to the contrary, that there remain strong reasons to prioritize maternal and child health. Policy-makers ought to assign highest priority to the health conditions that afflict the worst off. In virtue of how little healthy life they have had, children who die young are among the globally worst off. Moreover, many interventions to deal with the conditions that cause mortality in the young are low-cost and provide great benefits to their recipients. Consistent with the original Millennium Development Goals, the international community should continue to prioritize reductions in communicable diseases, neonatal conditions, and maternal health despite the shifts in the global burden of disease.
Microbiology: Pneumococci: A Rapid Two-Disk Screening Method

The use of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ethylene hydrocuprein hydrochloride (optochin) disks on the primary quadrant of specimens obtained from the lower respiratory tract inoculated on sheep blood agar was found to be a useful screening method for early Pneumococcus detection . Of 1,000 specimens tested, 35 were Pneumococcus positive, with 14 of these being detected by the two-disk method—a 40% detection efficiency. This method works best with confluent pneumococcal growth in the primary inoculation quadrant. In patients in whom pneumonia is suspected, this method is rapid and results in early Pneumococcus detection within 18 hours .
Winter Foraging Ecology of Mixed Insectivorous Bird Flocks in Oak Woodland in Southern Arizona

birds during winter in north temperate regions is widely recognized (see Morse 1970 for references). However, there have been few attempts to quantify the interspecific relationships of members of foraging flocks. Most previous studies considered foraging behavior of members of the same genus during the breeding season (see Sturman 1968 for references), although Gibb (1954, 1960) discussed the foraging ecology of several species throughout the year, and Morse (1967a, b) studied the foraging ecology of unrelated species in summer and winter, respectively. Notably, Morse (1970) presented extensive data on foraging and interactions of mixed winter flock members in eastern North America.
Some Inverse Problems in the Calculus of Variations

(1913). Some Inverse Problems in the Calculus of Variations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 117-123.
Amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the mucoprotein matrix in various calculi.

SummaryThe amino acid and carbohydrate components of the organic matrix of stones from the submaxillary gland and from the urinary tract have been studied by paper chromatographic, microbiological and spectrophotometric technics. The chromatographic amino acid pattern was indistinguishable and deoxypentose, hexosamine, and 5 other sugars were present in all of these matrices. The carbohydrate composition was similar in all stones with the exception of uric acid calculi, in which glucose appears to be absent.
Application of reduced osmolarity oral rehydration salts solution on acute diarrhoea in children

Objective To promote and apply an improved formula for oral rehydration salts(ORS) to prevent or treat diarrhoea dehydration recommended by WHO and UNICEF.Methods The osmolarity of ORS solution is decreased by decreasing the concentration of glucose and NaCl.Results To improve the efficacy and to avoid possible adverse effects of hypertoniaty on the ORS regimen for children with acute noncholera diarrhoea.Conclusion Reduced osmolarity ORS should become routine practice in managing diarrhoeal disease.
Fire Dangers of Petroleum Industry and Its Fire Prevention and Control

The most materials of oil industry are explosive,combustible,poisonous and corrosive substances,which are easy to form the explosive mixture.The most of equipments are high-temperature,high-pressure and airtight ones and there are too much holes and grooves in the building.The processes are continuous and complex,the operation is extremely strict,the accident is easy to cause chain reaction.The above-mentioned characteristics determine the fire and explosive dangerous nature inherent in the petroleum industry.For this reason,must operate strictly according to the operating rules and regulations,take the appropriate measures of fire prevention and control,do the best to avoid the fire and explosive accidents.
Elementos De Derecho Y Regulación Económica (Essentials of Law and Economic Regulation)

Spanish Abstract: Este es un muy breve libro de texto que introduce una explicacion basica sobre la relacion entre derecho y economia. En Chile, el estudio de la economia de las facultades de derecho se inicio a mediados del siglo 20 utilizando la denominacion "Derecho Economico". El texto supone que la expresion "Derecho Economico" no se actualiza y no esta relacionado con el estado actual de la tecnica en el Derecho y Economia, Regulacion y Derecho de la competencia. El texto, orientado principalmente a los estudiantes de las facultades de Derecho, analiza varias zonas de interseccion entre la Ley y Microeconomia, se centro en las bases, los temas principales y los resultados del proceso regulatorio.English Abstract: This is a very brief textbook that introduces a basic explanation about the relationship between Law and Economics. In Chile, the study of Economics for Law Schools began in the middle of 20th century using the denomination “Economic Law”. The text assumes that the expression “ Economic Law” is not updated and is not related to the current state of the art on law and Economics, Regulation and Antitrust law. The text, primarily oriented to students of Law Schools, analyzes several areas of intersection between Law and Microeconomics, focused on the foundations, the main topics and the outcomes of the regulatory process.
Lactobacilli Bacteriocins: Promising Natural Therapeutic Agents

Lactobacilli elaborate and secrete a variety of products used for their own specific protection; among these products are bacteriocins. Lactobacilli bacteriocins are peptides synthesized by ribosomes that possess strong antimicrobial activity. Consequently, these peptides epitomize an important defense mechanism against pathogenic bacteria. Multiple and diverse bacteriocins have been discovered and have been extensively studied. This short review will discuss the potential use of bacteriocins as antimicrobials, adjuvants to antibiotics, spermicides, and as antineoplastic agents for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV). Journal of Nature and Science (JNSCI), 2(1):e170, 2016
Regulating Synthesis of Cytochromes

Detailed understanding of the regulation of cytochrome synthesis is an area that remains substantially undefined. Evidence to date suggests that the synthesis of cytochromes involves complex coordination of heme biosynthesis with expression of cytochrome apoproteins. Heme biosynthesis in turn is coordinated with the import of iron, as the presence of a coordinated iron in the heme tetrapyrrole is a key feature that allows heme to undertake redox reactions, redox sensing, and to carry diatomic gases such as O2, CO or NO. Some cytochrome oxidases also contain copper centers that are involved in shuttling electrons to and from heme groups. Since excess of iron and/or copper is toxic to cells, the proper import of these metals is also a significant consideration for the synthesis of some respiratory cytochromes. This review will cover both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanisms that affect the synthesis of heme, the expression of cytochrome apoproteins and homeostasis of iron and copper in photosynthetic organisms.
Strong selection at the level of codon usage bias: evidence against the Li-Bulmer model

Codon usage bias (CUB), where certain codons are used more frequently than expected by chance, is a ubiquitous phenomenon and occurs across the tree of life. The dominant paradigm is that the proportion of preferred codons is set by weak selection. While experimental changes in codon usage have at times shown large phenotypic effects in contrast to this paradigm, genome-wide population genetic estimates have supported the weak selection model. Here we use deep genomic sequencing of two Drosophila melanogaster populations to measure selection on synonymous sites in a way that allowed us to estimate the prevalence of both weak and strong selection. We find that selection in favor of preferred codons ranges from weak (|N e s| ~ 1) to strong (|N e s| > 10). While previous studies indicated that selection at synonymous sites could be strong, this is the first study to detect and quantify strong selection specifically at the level of CUB. We suggest that the level of CUB in the genome is determined by the proportion of synonymous sites under no, weak, and strong selection. This model challenges the standard Li-Bulmer model and explains some of the longest-standing puzzles in the field.
Evaluation of a Neuromechanical Walking Control Model Using Disturbance Experiments.

Neuromechanical simulations have been used to study the spinal control of human locomotion which involves complex mechanical dynamics. So far, most neuromechanical simulation studies have focused on demonstrating the capability of a proposed control model in generating normal walking. As many of these models with competing control hypotheses can generate human-like normal walking behaviors, a more in-depth evaluation is required. Here we conduct the more in-depth evaluation on a spinal-reflex-based control model using five representative gait disturbances, ranging from electrical stimulation to mechanical perturbation at individual leg joints and at the whole body. The immediate changes in muscle activations of the model are compared to those of humans across different gait phases and disturbance magnitudes. Remarkably similar response trends for the majority of investigated muscles and experimental conditions reinforce the plausibility of the reflex circuits of the model. However, the model's responses lack in amplitude for two experiments with whole body disturbances suggesting that in these cases the proposed reflex circuits need to be amplified by additional control structures such as location-specific cutaneous reflexes. A model that captures these selective amplifications would be able to explain both steady and reactive spinal control of human locomotion. Neuromechanical simulations that investigate hypothesized control models are complementary to gait experiments in better understanding the control of human locomotion.
Science to Practice: Does FDG Differentiate Morphologically Unstable from Stable Atherosclerotic Plaque?

Through a rigorous experimental approach, the authors concluded that fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET could not phenotypically distinguish between the underlying classic (M1) polarized versus alternatively (M2) polarized macrophage load in the atherosclerotic plaques.
Pell’s Equation and the Unity of Mathematics

The Englishman, John Pell (1611–1685), after whom the Pell equation is named, had essentially nothing to do with it. His name got attached to it due to his correspondence on the subject with Euler (1707–1783). This equation has been known since time immemorial. There is something behind the fact that the Pell equation has been studied all over the world for thousands of years. According to Andre Weil, a leading mathematician of the twentieth century, “a cat may not know how to define a rat, but when it smells one, it knows how to find it.” Almost a millennium and a half ago, well before the advent of modern symbolic mathematics, Brahmagupta might never have heard of an “infinite cyclic group,” but while studying the Pell equation, he knew he was dealing with one.
Robotic Hepatic Resections: Segmentectomy, Lobectomy, Parenchymal Sparing

Robotic assistance offers several advantages for certain surgical procedures. Its use has been and is being investigated for its application in liver resection. This chapter describes how we use robotic assistance for hepatic resection.
Evaluating the PD-1 Axis and Immune Effector Cell Infiltration in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose Programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors are approved for the treatment of patients with recurrent and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Ongoing and planned randomized phase 3 trials are testing the benefit of combining PD-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors with chemoradiation for patients with locoregionally confined SCCHN. Few studies have investigated relationships among potential predictive pathologic biomarkers such as PD-L1, PD-L2, and PD-1 in this population and associations between these markers and clinical characteristics. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed records and pathology from 81 patients with locoregional oropharynx SCCHN treated with curative intent. Samples were analyzed for PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1, CD8, and CD56 expression using immunohistochemistry. Human papilloma virus (HPV) status was determined by p16-immunohistochemistry and confirmed by in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction−based HPV typing. Correlations between HPV status, clinical features, and recurrence status with immune markers in both tumor and tumor-associated stroma were determined. Hazard ratios were estimated via Cox proportional hazards model. Results Tumor PD-L1 expression was inversely associated with age (P = .01) and the highest levels of expression (>30% of tumor cells) were observed in HPV-associated tumors. There was a correlation between tumor and stromal PD-L1 expression (P = Conclusions In patients with untreated oropharyngeal SCCHN, HPV-associated tumors displayed the highest levels of PD-L1 expression and PD-1+ and CD8+ immune cells. Locally recurrent tumors had lower levels of PD-L1, PD-1, and CD-8 positivity. Whereas almost all SCCHN tumors had CD56+ infiltrating natural killer cells, most tumors didn’t have PD-L2 expression. These associations may help predict which patients may benefit most from immunotherapeutic approaches.
Lateral Tape Motion and Control Systems Design in Tape Storage

In tape storage systems, lateral tape motion (LTM) of the flexible moving medium is the main limiting factor for increasing the track density on a magnetic tape. A track-follow control system is used to reduce the misalignment between the medium and the recording head by compensating for the lateral tape vibrations and thereby determine the achievable positioning accuracies. In this chapter, improvements in the track-following capabilities of tape storage systems are discussed. Specifically, the characteristics of LTM, the main disturbance in the tape track-follow system, are described. Also evaluated are control system concepts that improve the track-follow performance either by reducing the LTM or by enhancing the track-follow control system.
Correlation of bcl-2 rearrangement with clinical characteristics and outcome in indolent follicular lymphoma.

The t(14;18) translocation, which involves the bcl-2 oncogene, occurs in follicular lymphomas (FL) at two common sites: the major breakpoint region ( MBR ) and the minor cluster region ( mcr ). The biological and clinical significance of these breakpoints is unknown. The bcl-2 breakpoint site was determined in 247 previously untreated patients (49% men; median age 52 years) with indolent FL (155 grade I, 83 grade II, and 8 grade III) to correlate it with pretreatment characteristics, response, and outcome. The bcl-2 breakpoint site was determined by a polymerase chain reaction method of peripheral blood (all cases), bone marrows (149 cases), and fresh lymph node biopsy specimens (68 cases). The breakpoint site occurred at MBR in 175 cases (71%) and at mcr in 27 (11%). In 45 cases (18%), no breakpoint was detected (germline). No significant relationship was found between the rearrangements and the expression of BLC-2 and BAX proteins. Patients’ germline for MBR and mcr tended to present more frequently with stage IV disease and higher β2-microglobulin (β2M) levels, whereas mcr -rearranged patients presented more frequently with early stage and normal β2M. The complete response rate of germline patients was significantly lower than that of MBR and mcr patients. An estimated 3-year failure-free survival (FFS) for mcr , MBR, and germline cases was 95%, 76%, and 57%, respectively ( P < .001). The bcl-2 breakpoint site was independent of serum β2M and lactate dehydrogenase in its correlation with FFS. In conclusion, the bcl-2 rearrangement site is an important prognostic factor in indolent FL, useful to identify patients who may require different treatment.
Disruption of Long-Distance Pheromone Communication in the Oriental Fruit Moth: Camouflaging the Natural Aerial Trails from Females?

The feasibility of disrupting “long-distance”pheromone communication by atmospheric permeation with synthetic pheromone has now been demonstrated in the field for numerous species of Lepidoptera (Roelofs, 1979), including the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Gentry et al., 1975; Rothschild, 1975, 1979; Carde et al., 1977a; Charlton and Carde, 1980). Notwithstanding the substantial progress achieved within the last several years in the application of this technique, the mechanisms by which disruption of communication is effected remain speculative. This paper summarizes, for the Oriental fruit moth, the orientation and mating behaviors of the male as mediated by the female-emitted pheromone and suggests how these reactions may be modified by atmospheric permeation with synthetic disruptant. Understanding these processes requires characterization of the chemical components comprising the natural chemicalcommunication system, description of how the pheromone disperses in a wind field, and definition of the threshold concentrations of pheromone eliciting the natural mating behaviors.
Idarubicin and cytarabine with clofarabine or fludarabine in adults with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: Updated results of a randomized phase II study.

7037Background: The purine nucleoside analogues fludarabine and clofarabine are effective agents in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of co...
RFHUI: An Intuitive and Easy-to-Operate Human-UAV Interaction System for Controlling a UAV in a 3D Space

With the increasing commercial prospect of personal Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), human and UAV interaction has been a compelling and challenging task. In this paper, we present the RFHUI, a human and UAV interaction system based on passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology which provides a remote control function. Three or more Ultra high frequency (UHF) RFID tags are attached on a board to create a hand-held controller. A COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) RFID reader with multiple antennas is deployed to collect the observations of the tags. According to the phase measurement from the RFID reader, we leverage a Bayesian filter based method to localize the position of all tags in a global coordinate. From the estimated position of the attached tags, a 6 DOF (Degrees of Freedom) pose of the controller can be obtained. Therefore, when the user moves the controller, its pose will be precisely tracked in a real-time manner. Then, the flying commands, which are generated from the estimated pose of the controller, are sent to the UAV for navigation. We implemented a prototype of the RFHUI, and the experiment results show that it provides precise poses with 0.045 m error in position and 2.5° error in orientation for the controller. It therefore enables the controller to precisely and intuitively instruct the UAV's navigation in an indoor environment.
EVIDENCE ON THE DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS OF A LAND VALUE TAX ON RESIDENTIAL HOUSEHOLDS

This study examines how replacing a uniform property tax with a land value tax (LVT) would shift the tax burden for single-family residential properties in Tarrant County, Texas, over the period 1997–2006. Results suggest that a LVT would shift the tax burden away from single-family properties and on to other property classes. For the more recent years in the sample, the average tax liability for single-family properties would decrease about 30 percent, regardless of household income, and Suits Indices suggest that, within residential properties, a LVT would be slightly more progressive than a property tax. Horizontal equity problems would be greatest for the lowest-valued properties relative to other properties. This study also examines how a LVT would change property values due to the effects of tax capitalization.
Good riddance, dendrites

Understanding dendrite formation is key to advancing high-energy-density and safe metallic lithium batteries. With the help of cryogenic electron microscopy, heat is now suggested to play a crucial role in stabilizing lithium metal electrodes by suppressing dendrite growth.
„In times of crisis, followers of one true god unite“: Social media and the formation of online religious silos

This paper is based on a research study designed to explore how adolescents, in situations of political polarization, deploy online networks to articulate, negotiate, and enact their political and religious identities. Based on social media ethnography tracing the online engagements of 44 high school students over a period of eighteen months, and supplemented with in-depth interviews conducted in their village communities, this study explores why social media networks emerge as ideological niches frequented by students to enact their participation as members of their respective religious communities. It suggests that in situation of experienced political polarization and discrimination, students use social media affordances to replicate their offline socio-political and religious engagements onto their virtual spaces and in the process reinforce their radical religious identities.
Dancing in the Street: Impacting At-Risk Youths’ Lives through the Arts:

In the United States, youth involvement in delinquent and criminal acts remains persistent and increasingly violent. For at-risk youth, key demographics include poverty and distressed communities. ...
Objective factors affecting the image quality of low-dose cranial CT of infant

Objective To investigate the objective factors that affect the image quality of infant cranial CT using different mAs. Materials and Methods Ninety infants were divided into three groups randomly. The maximum anteroposterior diameter (MAPD) of skull of each infant was measured. Three reference levels, cerebellar, basal ganglia and centrum semiovale levels were selected respectively. Only one level was studied in each group and scanned with 150, 100 and 80 mAs. The subjective quality grade and the objective noise of all images were recorded and analysed statistically. Result The average MAPD of ninety patients was (148.0 ± 17.4)mm. On the cerebellar level, the subjective quality grade was lower than the other two levels, which were 6.3% , 9.4% and 22.9% respectively when mAs were 150, 100 and 80 mAs. Both quality grade of image and objective noise were significantly correlated with MAPD.Conclusion The inherent high noise of cerebellar level and MAPD were the objective factors that affect the image quality of low-dose cranial CT of infant. Key words: Tomography, X-ray computed; Radiation dose; Head; Infant
PD-L1 expression and progression risk of stage III NSCLC patients on durvalumab consolidation.

e21070Background: Durvalumab is an anti-PD-L1 agent used as consolidation for patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following chemoradiation. In the PACIFIC trial similar progr...
Chronic Defects in Intraspinal Mechanisms of Spike Encoding by Spinal Motoneurons Following Chemotherapy

Abstract Chemotherapy-induced sensorimotor disabilities, including gait and balance disorders, as well as physical fatigue often persist for months and sometimes years into disease free survival from cancer. While associated with impaired sensory function, chronic sensorimotor disorders might also depend on chemotherapy-induced defects in other neuron types. In this report, we extend consideration to motoneurons, which, if chronically impaired, would necessarily degrade movement behavior. The present study was undertaken to determine whether motoneurons qualify as candidate contributors to chronic sensorimotor disability independently from sensory impairment. We tested this possibility in vivo from rats 5 weeks following human-scaled treatment with one of the platinum-based compounds, oxaliplatin, widely used in chemotherapy for a variety of cancers. Action potential firing of spinal motoneurons responding to different fixed levels of electrode-current injection was measured in order to assess the neurons' intrinsic capacity for stimulus encoding. The encoding of stimulus duration and intensity corroborated in untreated control rats was severely degraded in oxaliplatin treated rats, in which motoneurons invariably exhibited erratic firing that was unsustained, unpredictable from one stimulus trial to the next, and unresponsive to changes in current strength. Direct measurements of interspike oscillations in membrane voltage combined with computer modeling pointed to aberrations in subthreshold conductances as a plausible contributor to impaired firing behavior. These findings authenticate impaired spike encoding as a candidate contributor to, in the case of motoneurons, deficits in mobility and fatigue. Aberrant firing also becomes a deficit worthy of testing in other CNS neurons as a potential contributor to perceptual and cognitive disorders induced by chemotherapy in patients.
Feasibility and Durability of the Modified Cabrol Coronary Artery Reattachment Technique.

Background This study evaluated the feasibility and durability of the modified Cabrol coronary reattachment technique after aortic root replacement. Methods The study retrospectively reviewed 370 patients who underwent aortic root replacement, during 1991 and 2018, and who were separated into 2 groups: a modified Carol (mCabrol) group (n = 84), consisting of patients with 1 or both coronary ostia reimplanted using a modified Cabrol technique; and a Carrel group (n = 286), consisting of patients with both coronary ostia reimplanted using the Carrel button technique. Results Baseline characteristics were similar in the 2 groups, except the mCabrol group had higher rates of redo sternotomy (74% vs 16%), chronic aortic dissection (58% vs 19%), and infection (14% vs 3%). In the mCabrol group, 60% had both coronary arteries reattached with the technique, and 40% of the procedures were unilateral. Operative mortality was significantly higher in mCabrol group compared with the Carrel group. However, in the stratified analysis for resternotomy, operative mortality between 2 groups were similar (16% vs 13%; P = .786). The survival rate at 5 years and 10 years was 68 ± 6% and 44 ± 6%, respectively, in the mCabrol group and 87 ± 2% and 80 ± 3%, respectively, in the Carrel group (log-rank P Conclusions The modified Cabrol reattachment technique was not predictive of increased mortality and has excellent patency.
Diagnosis of Mycobacterium marinum Infection Based on Seroconversion of QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test.

Mycobacterium marinum is a slow-growing photochromatic acid fast bacilli (AFB). Following exposure of injured skin to fish tanks and other aquatic bodies, it usually causes indolent skin and soft tissue infections. Incubation period differs but it is generally long; hence, diagnosis is often missed leading to delay in treatment. Obtaining proper history along with histopathology and cultures leads to diagnosis. There is evidence of cross-reactivity of M. marinum with QuantiFERON-TB gold test. In patients without risk factors for tuberculosis, recent seroconversion may provide a clue to diagnosis and eliminate differentials. We present a case of M. marinum skin and soft tissue infection diagnosed based on seroconversion of QuantiFERON-TB gold test in an immunocompromised patient. This was confirmed by AFB culture after six weeks.
Spontaneous hemorrhage after external ventricular drain placement in the setting of low factor VII secondary to liver cirrhosis.

Background Alterations in normal coagulation and hemostasis are critical issues that require special attention in the neurosurgical patient. These disorders pose unique challenges in the management of these patients who often have concurrent acute ischemic and hemorrhagic injuries. Although neurosurgical intervention in such cases may be unavoidable and potentially life-saving, these patients should be closely observed after instrumentation. Case description A 57-year-old male with liver cirrhosis secondary to amyloid light-chain amyloidosis was admitted to the intensive care unit for the management of delayed hydrocephalus. An external ventricular drain (EVD) was placed for the treatment and monitoring of hydrocephalus. Five days after EVD placement, a head computed tomography scan revealed a tract hemorrhage. However, on repeated imaging, the size of the hemorrhage continued to increase despite aggressive blood pressure control and several doses of phytonadione. Extensive coagulopathy workup was remarkable for low factor VII levels. In that setting, recombinant activated factor VII was administered to normalize factor VII levels, and the tract hemorrhage stabilized. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of spontaneous hemorrhage after EVD placement in the setting of liver cirrhosis-associated factor VII deficiency. Our case highlights the importance of identifying coagulation disorders in neurosurgical patients at high risk for coagulopathy and closely monitoring them postoperatively.
Rapid, Multi-vehicle and Feed-forward Neural Network based Intrusion Detection System for Controller Area Network Bus

In this paper, an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) in the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus of modern vehicles has been proposed. NESLIDS is an anomaly detection algorithm based on the supervised Deep Neural Network (DNN) architecture that is designed to counter three critical attack categories: Denial-of-service (DoS), fuzzy, and impersonation attacks. Our research scope included modifying DNN parameters, e.g. number of hidden layer neurons, batch size, and activation functions according to how well it maximized detection accuracy and minimized the false positive rate (FPR) for these attacks. Our methodology consisted of collecting CAN Bus data from online and in real-time, injecting attack data after data collection, preprocessing in Python, training the DNN, and testing the model with different datasets. Results show that the proposed IDS effectively detects all attack types for both types of datasets. NESLIDS outperforms existing approaches in terms of accuracy, scalability, and low false alarm rates.
Multiple Exciton Generation Solar Cells: Numerical Approach of Quantum Yield Extraction and its Limiting Efficiencies

Multiple exciton generation solar cells exhibit a low power conversion efficiency owing to nonradiative recombination even if numerous electron and hole pairs are generated per incident photon. This paper elucidates the non-idealities of multiple exciton generation solar cells (MEGSCs) and alternative approaches for realizing photovoltaic (PV) devices similar to MEGSCs. First, we present mathematical approaches for determining the quantum yield (QY) to discuss the non-idealities of MEGSCs by adjusting the delta function. In particular, we employ the Gaussian distribution function to present the occupancy status of carriers at each energy state by Dirac delta function. By adjusting the Gaussian distribution function for each energy state, we obtain the ideal and non-ideal QYs. Through this approach, we discuss the material imperfections of MEGSCs by analyzing the mathematically obtained QYs. By calculating the ratio between the radiative and nonradiative recombination, we can discuss the status of radiative recombination calculate Furthermore, we apply this approach into the detailed balance limit of MEGSC to investigate the practical limit of MEGSC.
Structured illumination microscopy with direct wavefront sensing

With sub-diffraction resolution in three dimensions and good optical sectioning capability, three-dimensional superresolution structured illumination microscopy (3D-SRSIM) can provide eight-fold more information than conventional widefield microscopy. However, the application of SR-SIM is limited to single cells due to optical aberrations in thick tissues. The destructive impacts of aberrations include the decrease in spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the distortion of sample morphology, and, even worse, the failure of SIM reconstruction. There are several adaptive optics (AO) methods to correct the optical aberration, including direct wavefront sensing using a Shack Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS). The SHWFS possesses good wavefront measurement accuracy and high-speed response but works best with an isolated guide-star. Therefore, combining SHWFS with widefield microscopy poses difficulties and remains challenging. To effectively apply the direct wavefront sensing method, we built a reconfigurable microscopy system that can switch to a confocal setup for measuring the wavefront where the fluorescence light emitted from the confocal illumination spot is used as the “guide-star” for wavefront measurements. We experimentally demonstrate that the confocal illumination based direct wavefront sensing AO method can precisely correct the sample induced optical aberrations and help to improve the image quality and fidelity of 3D-SIM imaging in thick samples, exhibiting enormous potential for in vivo biomedical research.
ETHNIC GROUPS AND SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN KELURAHAN KESAWAN MEDAN CITY

Kesawan sub-district is one of the sub-district that has many roles in the history of Medan. Initially, the Kesawan sub-district was a Malay sub-district in 1880, and then since the Dutch colonial era, ethnic Chinese began to enter the Kesawan sub-district along with compensation for the expiration of Chinese employment contracts as workers at deli tobacco plantations owned by the Dutch government. Over time, the Kesawan sub-district was sought by ethnic Chinese as a trading area to develop into Chinatown. Currently, the Kesawan sub-district has various ethnicities scattered in each sub-district area. Ethnic groups consist of groups whose members each identify themselves with the other by creating parameters. Ethnically diverse communities tend to group themselves, creating patterns of settlements. In some studies, it was found that kinship factors can be the determining factor in the formation of settlements closely related to social ties, cultural and religious rules, and economic activities. Based on this fact, it can be said that each ethnic group can influence the location of its residents and the principles it adheres to. Patterns of settlements created from ethnic groups can identify specific identities that are more highlighted so as to have differences with other settlements. The results of the study found that most of the settlement patterns of the Kesawan sub-district are influenced by ethnic Chinese who mostly work in the trade sector, while ethnic Tamils are also seen on the outskirts of the Kesawan sub-district.
Phosphorylation of Y311 on Pkcδ Regulates Protease Activated Receptor 4-Mediated Signaling in Platelets

Abstract Background: Protein kinase C (PKC) is known to regulate various aspects of platelet functions. In platelets, PKCδ is known to both positively and negatively regulate dense granule secretion in response to PAR and GPVI agonists, respectively. Hence, we speculate that the differential regulation of PKCδ in platelets is due to differences in tyrosine phosphorylation of PKCδ. Results: We investigated several phosphorylation sites on PKCδ and found that Y311 is phosphorylated downstream of PAR agonists to a greater extent than GPVI agonists in human and murine platelets when feedback is blocked. Hence, the focus of this study is to characterize the function of PKCδ tyrosine Y311 in platelets. Therefore, we generated PKCδY311F knock-in mice to study the contribution of Y311 on PKCδ to PAR-4-mediated platelet activation. PKCδY311F mice are viable and have no gross abnormalities. Washed platelets from PKCδY311F mice have reduced aggregation and dense granule secretion after stimulation with AYPGKF, a PAR-4 agonist (Fig. 1) indicating its importance in PAR-4 mediated signaling. In an in vivo tail-bleeding assay, PKCδY311 mice have significantly enhanced tail-bleeding times compared to wild-type (WT) littermate controls (Fig. 2). Finally, PKCδY311F mice exhibit longer time to occlusion compared to WT control using a ferric chloride in vivo thrombosis model. This indicates that the phosphorylation of PKCδ Y311 is pro-thrombotic. At the molecular level, PKCδY311 was phosphorylated in Fyn-/- null platelets but not in Lyn-/- platelets by AYPGKF, indicating that Lyn phosphorylates this tyrosine residue. Conclusions: Phosphorylation of PKCδ on Y311 is important for regulation of platelet functional responses initiated by thrombin. Download : Download high-res image (109KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Tuning star architecture to control mechanical properties and impact resistance of polymer thin films

Summary Developing materials resistant to high-rate impacts requires an understanding of the molecular mechanism at play during the spatiotemporal scales of these events. Controlling the response of thin films under impact by manipulating their molecular structure is a key challenge for materials science applications and fundamental understanding of the material behavior under high-rate deformations. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics, we tune the mobility and mechanical properties of star polymer films by varying the number of arms of the star ( 2 ≤ f ≤ 16 ) and their length ( 10 ≤ M ≤ 50 ) . We subject the films to nanoballistic impacts and identify two components of the penetration energy E p , 1 ∗ and E p , 2 ∗ , corresponding to the early-stage compression and late-stage deformation of the film. E p , 1 ∗ correlates with Young’s modulus and the Debye-Waller factor of the films, and E p , 2 ∗ correlates with the toughness of the films. These correlations between dynamics, mechanical properties, and ballistic resistance provide important guidelines to develop new polymer-based, impact-resistant nanomaterials.
Indications for the Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis and Peptic Ulcer Bleeding in Hospitalized Patients.

ABSTRACT Proton pump inhibitors are widely used throughout the world for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders that are related to acid secretion, such as peptic ulcer disease and dyspepsia. Another common indication for proton pump inhibitors is stress ulcer prophylaxis. Proton pump inhibitors have proven efficacy for the treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders, but there is concern that their use may be associated with the development of significant complications, such as fractures, Clostridium difficile infection, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and hypomagnesemia. Proton pump inhibitors are overused in the hospital setting, both for stress ulcer prophylaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding, and then they are often inappropriately continued after discharge from the hospital. This narrative review article outlines the evidence surrounding appropriate proton pump inhibitor use for stress ulcer prophylaxis and peptic ulcer bleeding.
Gene-tree misrooting drives conflicts in phylogenomic coalescent analyses of palaeognath birds.

Abstract Phylogenomic analyses of ancient rapid radiations can produce conflicting results that are driven by differential sampling of taxa and characters as well as the limitations of alternative analytical methods. We re-examine basal relationships of palaeognath birds (ratites and tinamous) using recently published datasets of nucleotide characters from 20,850 loci as well as 4301 retroelement insertions. The original studies attributed conflicting resolutions of rheas in their inferred coalescent and concatenation trees to concatenation failing in the anomaly zone. By contrast, we find that the coalescent-based resolution of rheas is premised upon extensive gene-tree estimation errors. Furthermore, retroelement insertions contain much more conflict than originally reported and multiple insertion loci support the basal position of rheas found in concatenation trees, while none were reported in the original publication. We demonstrate how even remarkable congruence in phylogenomic studies may be driven by long-branch misplacement of a divergent outgroup, highly incongruent gene trees, differential taxon sampling that can result in gene-tree misrooting errors that bias species-tree inference, and gross homology errors. What was previously interpreted as broad, robustly supported corroboration for a single resolution in coalescent analyses may instead indicate a common bias that taints phylogenomic results across multiple genome-scale datasets. The updated retroelement dataset now supports a species tree with branch lengths that suggest an ancient anomaly zone, and both concatenation and coalescent analyses of the huge nucleotide datasets fail to yield coherent, reliable results in this challenging phylogenetic context.
Linguistic Anthropology: Theories of culture

If the premise of linguistic anthropology is that language must be understood as cultural practice, our discussion of the field must include a discussion of the notion of culture. This task is particularly challenging at the moment. Never before has the concept of culture been so harshly scrutinized and attacked from all sides. In recent years, the concept of culture has been criticized as an all-encompassing notion that can reduce sociohistorical complexities to simple characterizations and hide the moral and social contradictions that exist within and across communities. Many social scientists – including some anthropologists – have argued that the notion of culture is so identified with a colonialist agenda of intellectual, military, and political supremacy on the part of western powers toward the rest of the world that it cannot be used without assuming a series of naive and misleading dichotomies such as “us” and “them,” “civilized” and “primitive,” “rational” and “irrational,” “literate” and “illiterate,” and so on. “Culture” is what “others” have, what makes them and keeps them different, separate from us. In the nineteenth century culture was a concept used by Europeans to explain the customs of the people in the territories they came to conquer and populate (in Africa, North and South America, Australia, the Pacific Islands, Asia). Today, culture is used to explain why minorities and marginalized groups do not easily assimilate or merge into the mainstream of society.