cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suppression Bias at the Journal of Occupational end Environmental Medicine

When the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine rejected an article on corporate suppression of science on the grounds that the topic "was not a high priority" for journal readers, the author bought advertising space in JOEM to present his findings. The JOEM editor regretted he had not seen the ad to prevent its publication, and subsequently allowed the corporate-sponsored authors of a criticized study to respond to the advertisement. The editor then refused to allow the ad's author to respond in turn, suppressing scientific information with the apparent intent of protecting the interests and profits of the corporate sponsor. A reputable journal has a responsibility to eschew corporate interests and work to uncover science hidden by interests that do not prioritize the pursuit of truth. JOEM needs to re-examine its priorities.
A matched-asymptotic model for acoustic propagation in an ocean with a rough surface

The method of matched asymptotics is used to derive a model for three-dimensional acoustic propagation in an ocean with a rough surface. The model is a generalization of a similar model for problems involving smooth surfaces. The inner solution valid near the source consists of the field in a homogeneous half space. The outer solution valid far from the source is the solution of the parabolic equation with a homogeneous boundary condition at the ocean surface. Roughness in the inner region can substantially affect the farfield if the Rayleigh criterion is met for propagation angles on the order of fifteen degrees as the Lloyd's mirror signature is distorted.
Optical A/D Converters And Application To Digital Multiplication By Analog Convolution

The need for high performance A/D converters, the advantages of optics, and current approaches to A/D conversion are reviewed. A novel method is proposed that uses comparators, optical logic, and a table look-up to provide optical digital output from an optical analog input. The advantage of the new method is the ability to produce any digital code, optical input/output, and longer word lengths at high speed. Implementations of the optical logic are proposed that use 1-D SLM devices under development. The optical A/D could make digital multiplication by analog convolution competitive with electronic systems.
Supply chain management and the Internet

Supply chain management (SCM) encompasses all activities associated with a firm moving its composite flow of information, materials and services from the raw materials stage through production and on to the end customer. This includes sourcing and procurement, production scheduling, order processing, inventory management, transportation, manufacturing, warehousing, customer service and the information systems used to monitor these activities. The sudden increase in electronic commerce and the Internet have resulted in new opportunities to improve the performance of the supply chain. Potential internet‐based opportunities and problems related to SCM will be discussed.
Gli Alleati e la Resistenza italiana, by Tommaso Piffer

Gli Alleati e la Resistenza italiana, by Tommaso Piffer, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2010, 366 pp., €28.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-88-15-13335-9 Having debuted with an interesting biography of Alfredo Pizzoni...
Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) Lobectomy for Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy remains controversial because surgeons have been concerned about the safety of the procedure and the adequacy of the cancer operation when it is performed for lung cancer. This review of a 4.5-year experience with 212 VATS lobectomies for primary lung cancer was undertaken to address these issues. All operations involved a standard anatomic dissection and lymph node sampling or dissection. The mean length of stay was 4.6 days. There were no serious problems of intraoperative bleeding. There was one death owing to mesenteric venous infarct. The 4.5-year survival for stage I lung cancer was 76%. The data suggest that a complete cancer operation for primary lung cancer can be safely performed with VATS, with survival that is comparable with operations performed with a thoracotomy.
Distance teaching at Uppsala

This is not a research paper about distance learning or teaching, but rather a chronicle of the author's two-month visit to a department in another country where she taught a course similar to CS2 as a distance learning course. Hence, the title.
Fundamental Aspects of Norbornene-Maleic Anhydride Co- and Terpolymers for 193nm Lithography

Radical co- and terpolymerizations of norbornene (NB) derivatives and maleic anhydride (MA) were in situ monitored in dioxane-d8 at elevated temperatures by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The 5-substitution on norbornene reduces the polymerization rate. The endo and exo isomers of t-butyl norbornene-5-carboxylate are incorporated in the polymer at the same rate. In terpolymerization involving methacrylic monomers (t-butyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid), the third homopolymerizable monomer is much more rapidly incorporated in the polymer, with the ratio of NB to MA in the polymer significantly deviating from 1/1. This observation indicates that the commonly believed chain transfer (CT) mechanism is unfounded. In contrast, acrylic acid and t-butyl acrylate are more uniformly incorporated in the terpolymer. Another evidence against the CT polymerization was obtained by applying the mercury method to analyze the monomer reactivit es using gas chromatography. UV absorption of MA-NB polymers at 193nm tends to be fairly high, which is a compounded effect of modest intrinsic absorption of the anhydride structure itself and a significant contribution from the polymer end group. The anhydride ring can undergo hydrolysis during development when the matrix is polar enough to allow aqueous base penetration, which could enhance the development contrast but the anhydride hydrolysis could lower the storage stability.
Spectra of Scalar-Flux and Stress Fluctuations in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Abstract In a turbulent flow, the instantaneous turbulent flux and stress fluctuate in time and space. In large-eddy simulations (LES), the subgrid-scale (SGS) flux and stress are also time and space dependent, and their fluctuations are important in the modeling of SGS turbulence. In the present work, spectra of turbulent scalar-flux (temperature-flux) and stress fluctuations in the atmospheric surface layer are studied both by experiment and analysis. LES data show that horizontal two-dimensional (fourth-order) spectrum of temperature-flux and stress fluctuations peak at a scale comparable to the height from the surface z. The quasi-normal assumption is used to predict the variance and model the spectra of temperature-flux and stress fluctuations. The calculated one-dimensional spectra are in good agreement with experimental results. Under convective conditions, the temperature-flux and stress spectra both have a κ−5/3 dependence in the inertial range. The normalized stress spectrum is very close to the...
Kinetics assisted design of catalysts

Whether thermokinetic data obtained on model large single crystals at low surface coverage can be used successfully to calculate yields on real catalysts at high surface coverage is a question that is considered in the conjecture presented in this note.
Long-Term Follow-Up of a Clinical Replication of the Peniston Protocol for Chemical Dependency

ABSTRACT Introduction. This study is a long-term follow-up of an early replication of the Peniston EEG biofeedback (EEG-BFB) Protocol for chemical dependency (Peniston & Kulkosky, 1989, 1990). Method. This clinical trial included 16 chemically dependent adult participants treated with the Peniston Protocol in a university outpatient clinic between 1993 and 1995. Ten participants were probationers classified as high risk for rearrest. Treatment effects were assessed using pre/posttreatment measures (Beck Depression Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2) and long-term follow-up of abstinence and rearrest rates. Probationer rearrest rates were compared to an equivalent probation sample (n = 24) that did not receive EEG-BFB. Results. Initial Beck Depression Inventory scores indicated mild/moderate depression but were significantly reduced posttreatment to within normal limits. Substantial differences were noted posttreatment on 7 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 clinical scales...
Application of machine vision to traffic monitoring and control

Research efforts have been made or are in progress on the application of machine vision to traffic monitoring and control. Of all the proposed systems, the wide-area detection system (WADS) appears to be the most reliable. However, limited field tests indicate that some malfunctions exist. Among these are false vehicle detection caused by sudden changes in road illumination and also by shadows or glare on the road produced by automobiles in adjacent lanes. After a brief review of WADS characteristics and problems, algorithm improvements to alleviate these problems are proposed. It is shown that the WADS vehicle detection algorithm becomes more reliable if the vehicle detection threshold includes a term depending on actual road intensity. Finally, an algorithm that would permit vehicle tracking for distances up to 120 m using available charge-coupled-device (CCD) cameras is proposed. >
[14C]leucine incorporation into brain ribosomes.

1. The highest amount of rRNA with the highest specific activity in [14C]leucine incorporation was found in ribosomal fractions isolated from rat brain in 10−3 M MgCl2. 2. The optimal requirements of the ribosomal amino acid incorporating system for Mg2+, K+ or NH4+, amino acid mixture, labeled amino acid and soluble fraction have been determined. 3. An apparent deficiency had been found in transferase I activity from the supernatant fraction of rat brain. 4. Polyribosomal patterns of rat brain, obtained by sucrose density gradient fractionation, show some disaggregation of the polysomes to monosomes and disomes during an incubation in a [14C]leucine incorporating system in which all of the polyribosome fractions were labeled.
Hepatic resection for noncolorectal nonneuroendocrine metastases

The experience with hepatic resection for metastatic lesions, exclusive of colorectal and neuroendocrine tumors, is anecdotal. The reduction in operative mortality leads to a reconsideration of the subject. A review of the literature suggests a selective approach. These is little improvement to be anticipated for resection of metastases from tumors of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, or pancreas. Resection of metastases from primary renal cell carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, and adrenocortical carcinoma is indicated. There is little to recommend resection of metastases from gynecologic or breast primary carcinomas. Resection as palliation is to be considered for all lesions, particularly bulky metastases from ocular melanomas.
Voltage-gated sodium channels as primary targets of diverse lipid-soluble neurotoxins

Voltage-gated Na(+) channels are heteromeric membrane glycoproteins responsible for the generation of action potentials. A number of diverse lipid-soluble neurotoxins, such as batrachotoxin, veratridine, aconitine, grayanotoxins, pyrethroid insecticides, brevetoxins and ciguatoxin, target voltage-gated Na(+) channels for their primary actions. These toxins promote Na(+) channel opening, induce depolarization of the resting membrane potential, and thus drastically affect the excitability of nerve, muscle and cardiac tissues. Poisoning by these lipid-soluble neurotoxins causes hyperexcitability of excitable tissues, followed by convulsions, paralysis and death in animals. How these lipid-soluble neurotoxins alter Na(+) channel gating mechanistically remains unknown. Recent mapping of receptor sites within the Na(+) channel protein for these neurotoxins using site-directed mutagenesis has provided important clues on this subject. Paradoxically, the receptor site for batrachotoxin and veratridine on the voltage-gated Na(+) channel alpha-subunit appears to be adjacent to or overlap with that for therapeutic drugs such as local anaesthetics (LAs), antidepressants and anticonvulsants. This article reviews the physiological actions of lipid-soluble neurotoxins on voltage-gated Na(+) channels, their receptor sites on the S6 segments of the Na(+) channel alpha-subunit and a possible linkage between their receptors and the gating function of Na(+) channels.
Electrochemical State-Based Sinusoidal Ripple Current Charging Control

This paper presents a sinusoidal ripple current charging algorithm based on embedded impedance measurements. Existing battery charging strategies typically do not take into account the electrochemical properties of batteries, because these factors are difficult to obtain during charging operation. Factors of concern include lithium plating, growth of a solid electrolyte interphase, limited exchange current, and slow diffusion rates. It is beneficial to utilize these parameters during charging operation, because the charging current can adapt to the time-varying characteristics of a battery. Consequently, battery life cycle, charging speed, and charging efficiency all improve. In this paper, rigorous analysis of electrochemical characteristics is performed and a method for minimization of variations of charge transfer impedance is explained based on a sinusoidal ripple current charging algorithm. To obtain the optimal ripple current frequency, ac impedance analysis based on the dq transformation method is proposed. As a result, this method improved charging efficiency and reduced lithium plating by activation polarization. Simulation and experimental results using a 14.6-V LiFeMgPO4 battery are used to validate and demonstrate the performance of the proposed control scheme. Based on the proposed control scheme, the charging time and efficiency of the Li-ion battery are improved by 5.1% and 5.6%, respectively.
Critical ultrasonic behavior near the normal-incommensurate phase transition in NaNO2.

The acoustic velocity and attenuation of the ${c}_{22}$ longitudinal wave have been measured as a function of frequency (10\char21{}74 MHz) and temperature (165\char21{}180 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) in single-crystal sodium nitrite. Critical behavior in the high-temperature disordered (normal) phase near the normal-incom- mensurate phase transition can be well described in terms of a phenomenological dynamic-scaling theory. The static sound velocity exhibits a temperature dependence like that expected for the heat capacity. The velocity dispersion and the attenuation are well described with a critical relaxation time \ensuremath{\tau}=(1.55\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$)${t}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, where t=(T-${T}_{c}$)/${T}_{c}$. The velocity and attenuation exhibit the expected scaling behavior, and their ratio satisfies the Kramers-Kronig relation.
Bottom-up Assembly of Molecular Wagons on a Surface

The bottom-up assembly of molecular building blocks, carrying specific functions, is a promising strategy for the construction of nanomachines. In this study we show how molecules with a mechanical function, i.e., being equipped with wheels, can be connected in a controlled way directly on a surface. By choosing suitable building blocks, assembled dimers and wagon trains can be formed, whereas the length of the chains can be limited by using a heterogeneous mixture of molecules. By using low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, the chemical nature of the intermolecular connection is determined as a metal-ligand bond, which is stable enough to maintain the wagon train structure at room temperature. The intermolecular bonds can be controllably changed from trans to cis configurations thereby achieving bond angles of almost 90°.
The susceptible period for deprivation-induced myopia in tree shrew

To examine the susceptible period for deprivation-induced myopia, six groups of tree shrew pups (Tupaia glis belangeri) were monocularly deprived for 12 days with an opaque occluder starting 7, 15, 21, 33, 48, or 63 days after natural eyelid opening. Compared to the untreated fellow control eye, significant myopia and vitreous chamber elongation were produced by the deprivation in all six groups. The effect was greater in the middle three groups in comparison with the youngest and the two oldest groups and the amount of induced myopia and axial elongation was not proportional to the normal rate of axial growth. The peak period of susceptibility was between approximately 15 and 45 days after eye opening during the juvenile, slow-elongation phase of ocular development when the eye is within 7% of its adult axial length. Significant myopia and axial elongation were also induced in adult animals by 70 days of monocular deprivation. To examine recovery from deprivation-induced myopia, the occluder was removed at the end of the 12 day deprivation period. After an additional 48 days of binocular visual experience, no significant myopia was present in the previously deprived eyes in any experimental group. During the recovery period, the elongation rate of the previously deprived eyes was reduced in comparison with the control eyes while normal corneal flattening and lens development continued, thus reducing the myopia. No difference in corneal curvature, relative to the untreated control eyes, was found after deprivation or after the recovery period. Data are presented which suggests that changes in the thickness of the choroid may occur in this mammal during deprivation and recovery that are in the same direction, but of smaller magnitude, than those reported in the chicken. The results of this study provide evidence that visually guided emmetropization occurs in this mammalian species during a period of ocular development analogous to the juvenile period in humans.
Master curve captures the effect of domain morphology on ethanol pervaporation through block copolymer membranes

Abstract We report on the effect of changing nanoscale morphology on pervaporation of ethanol/water mixtures through block copolymer membranes. Experiments were conducted using polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SBS) copolymers with polybutadiene (PB) as the ethanol transporting block, using an 8 wt% ethanol/water mixture as the feed. The volume fraction of the transporting PB microphase, ϕPB, was varied from 0.63 to 0.93, and the overall molecular weight of the copolymer, Mn, was varied from 34 to 207 kg mol−1. The normalized ethanol permeability through the membrane, PE/ϕPB, and the ethanol selectivity, αEW, increase with increasing Mn. In the case of ϕPB = 0.73 and 0.80 systems (cylindrical morphologies), PE/ϕPB and αEW appear to reach a plateau in the high Mn limit. Master curves are obtained when all of the permeation data are plotted in the PE/ϕPB and PW/ϕPB versus αEW format. The performance of the SBS membrane with Mn = 207 kg mol−1 and ϕPB = 0.80 is tested using a fermentation broth mixture.
Vibrationally resolved structure in O 2 + dissociation induced by intense ultrashort laser pulses

Laser-induced dissociation of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$ is studied in the strong-field limit using two independent methods, namely a crossed laser--ion-beam coincidence 3D momentum imaging method and a supersonic gas jet velocity map imaging technique (790 and 395 nm, 8--40 fs, $~$10${}^{15}$ W/cm${}^{2}$). The measured kinetic energy release spectra from dissociation of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$ and dissociative ionization of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ reveal vibrational structure which persists over a wide range of laser intensities. The vibrational structure is similar for ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$ produced incoherently in an ion source and coherently by laser pulses. By evaluation of the potential energy curves, we assign the spectral energy peaks to dissociation of the $v=10$--15 vibrational states of the metastable $a {}^{4}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}$ state via the dissociation pathway $|a {}^{4}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}$$\ensuremath{\rangle}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}|f {}^{4}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{g}\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\omega}$$\ensuremath{\rangle}$---a mechanism equivalent to bond softening in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$.
Predicting rare events in temporal domains

Temporal data mining aims at finding patterns in historical data. Our work proposes an approach to extract temporal patterns from data to predict the occurrence of target events, such as computer attacks on host networks, or fraudulent transactions in financial institutions. Our problem formulation exhibits two major challenges: 1) we assume events being characterized by categorical features and displaying uneven inter-arrival times; such an assumption falls outside the scope of classical time-series analysis, 2) we assume target events are highly infrequent; predictive techniques must deal with the class-imbalance problem. We propose an efficient algorithm that tackles the challenges above by transforming the event prediction problem into a search for all frequent eventsets preceding target events. The class imbalance problem is overcome by a search for patterns on the minority class exclusively; the discrimination power of patterns is then validated against other classes. Patterns are then combined into a rule-based model for prediction. Our experimental analysis indicates the types of event sequences where target events can be accurately predicted.
REXTOR: A System for Generating Relations from Natural Language

This paper argues that a finite-state language model with a ternary expression representation is currently the most practical and suitable bridge between natural language processing and information retrieval. Despite the theoretical computational inadequacies of finite-state grammars, they are very cost effective (in time and space requirements) and adequate for practical purposes. The ternary expressions that we use are not only linguistically-motivated, but also amenable to rapid large-scale indexing. REXTOR (Relations EXtracTOR) is an implementation of this model; in one uniform framework, the system provides two separate grammars for extracting arbitrary patterns of text and building ternary expressions from them. These content representational structures serve as the input to our ternary expressions indexer. This approach to natural language information retrieval promises to significantly raise the performance of current systems.
The distribution of nerves in human primary teeth.

Human primary teeth in the stages of late root formation, root completion and root resorption were impregnated with silver to allow study of the distribution of nerves in the pulp. Neural trunks composed of many individual, myelinated nerve fibers enter the apical foramen of primary teeth and pass in a coronal direction, often in close association with blood vessels. Neural trunks in the crowns of the teeth divide into smaller branches, which divide further into myelinated nerve fibers, which become interwoven to form the parietal layer (plexus of Raschkow). An occasional unmyelinated fiber leaves this zone and passes into the odontoblastic layer of cells where it appears to terminate with no specialized ending apparent. No nerves were seen to enter the predentin or dentin. As primary teeth begin to undergo root resorption, degenerative changes such as thickenings, varicosities and fragmentation appear in the nerves. The quantity of neural tissue also decreases. The greater the amount of resorption, the greater are the degenerative changes. In teeth in which the roots are almost completely resorbed, only a small number of nerves remain. The pattern of distribution of nerves in primary teeth is observed to be similar to that of permanent teeth. The density of the innervation of the primary teeth, however, is not found to be as great as that of permanent teeth.
CIL: Intermediate Language and Tools for Analysis and Transformation of C Programs

This paper describes the C Intermediate Language: a high-level representation along with a set of tools that permit easy analysis and source-to-source transformation of C programs.Compared to C, CIL has fewer constructs. It breaks down certain complicated constructs of C into simpler ones, and thus it works at a lower level than abstract-syntax trees. But CIL is also more high-level than typical intermediate languages (e.g., three-address code) designed for compilation. As a result, what we have is a representation that makes it easy to analyze and manipulate C programs, and emit them in a form that resembles the original source. Moreover, it comes with a front-end that translates to CIL not only ANSI C programs but also those using Microsoft C or GNU C extensions.We describe the structure of CIL with a focus on how it disambiguates those features of C that we found to be most confusing for program analysis and transformation. We also describe a whole-program merger based on structural type equality, allowing a complete project to be viewed as a single compilation unit. As a representative application of CIL, we show a transformation aimed at making code immune to stack-smashing attacks. We are currently using CIL as part of a system that analyzes and instruments C programs with run-time checks to ensure type safety. CIL has served us very well in this project, and we believe it can usefully be applied in other situations as well.
Comparison of Class 1 and Class 2 frequency domain matrix and vector estimation filters with adaptive FIR filters

Class 1 and 2 frequency domain block matrix and vector estimation filters are compared with adaptive FIR (finite impulse response) filters based on gradient search algorithms, including Newton, steepest descent, and LMS (least mean square). It is shown that the algorithm of the Class 1 filter considered has the same form as the Wiener-Hopf equation. It is found that the Class 2 estimation filter has the form of an adaptive FIR filter based on Newton's method. Simulations show that utilizing smoothing techniques can further improve the performance and efficiency of the Class 2 estimation filter. >
An In Vivo Lapine Model for Impact-Induced Injury and Osteoarthritic Degeneration of Articular Cartilage

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we applied a spring-loaded impactor to deliver traumatic forces to articular cartilage in vivo. Based on our recent finding that a 0.28-J impact induces maximal catabolic response in adult bovine articular cartilage in vitro using this device, we hypothesize that this impact will induce the formation of a focal osteoarthritic defect in vivo. DESIGN: The femoral condyle of New Zealand White rabbits was exposed and one of the following procedures performed: 0.28 J impact, anterior cruciate ligament transection, articular surface grooving, or no joint or cartilage destruction (control). After 24 hours, 4 weeks, or 12 weeks (n = 3 for each time point), wounds were localized with India ink, and tissue samples were collected and characterized histomorphometrically with Safranin O/Fast green staining and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining for cell vitality. RESULTS: The spring-loaded device delivered reproducible impacts with the following characteristics: impact area of 1.39 ± 0.11 mm(2), calculated load of 326 ± 47.3 MPa, time-to-peak of 0.32 ± 0.03 ms, and an estimated maximal displacement of 25.1% ± 4.5% at the tip apex. The impact resulted in immediate cartilage fissuring and cell loss in the surface and intermediate zones, and it induced the formation of a focal lesion at 12 weeks. The degeneration was defined and appeared more slowly than after anterior cruciate ligament transection, and more pronounced and characteristic than after grooving. CONCLUSION: A single traumatic 0.28 J impact delivered with this spring-loaded impactor induces focal cartilage degeneration characteristic of osteoarthritis.
The Intel and Microsoft Settlements

This article briefly compares and contrasts the recent U.S. Federal Trade Commission's antitrust settlement with Intel, and the antitrust cases brought against Microsoft. The article praises the FTC's settlement with Intel, and predicts that history will judge it very favorably compared to the settlement by the U.S. Department of Justice of its antitrust case against Microsoft.
Design of artery models used to visualize flow patterns

Biomedical engineering students can gain insight from laboratory experiments that demonstrate blood flow patterns. This need will be addressed by designing and constructing in vitro artery models from a polyurethane elastomer that will represent normal, stenotic, and bifurcated arteries. These models will be used in a flow system containing a blood analog consisting of glycerol and distilled water. Flow through the models will be generated via a constant head tank that will be supplied by a peristaltic pump. In order to ensure dimensional similitude between arteries of interest and the arterial models, fluid flow will be controlled to maintain Reynolds numbers in the range of 100 to 500. A dye will be injected into the system in order to visualize the flow streamlines, which may show flow separation in the stenotic artery model and zones of recirculation in the bifurcated artery model. Validation tests will be performed by running flow visualization experiments similar to those that will be used by undergraduate biomedical engineering students. The successful completion of this system will provide biomedical engineering students with a supplemental visual learning tool.
Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness: Assessment with Whole-Lesion Histogram Analysis of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient

When apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) parameters are determined from whole-lesion histogram analysis, the 10th percentile ADC correlates better with the Gleason score and enables more accurate differentiation of prostate cancer lesions with a Gleason score of 6 from those with a Gleason score of at least 7 than do other ADC parameters commonly used in the literature.
Diversity and multiplexing: a fundamental tradeoff in multiple-antenna channels

Multiple antennas can be used for increasing the amount of diversity or the number of degrees of freedom in wireless communication systems. We propose the point of view that both types of gains can be simultaneously obtained for a given multiple-antenna channel, but there is a fundamental tradeoff between how much of each any coding scheme can get. For the richly scattered Rayleigh-fading channel, we give a simple characterization of the optimal tradeoff curve and use it to evaluate the performance of existing multiple antenna schemes.
Studying mammalian development with optical coherence tomography

The mouse provides an excellent model for studying mammalian development and disease because of the resemblance to humans, potential for genetic manipulation, and rapid generation time. However, mammalian embryos develop in utero, which limits the ability to observe development with high-resolution. In this study, we adopted Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) for live visualization of mouse embryos during different stages of the development. We demonstrate capability of OCT as a novel methodology for live imaging of mouse embryos both in culture and through the uterine wall.
Mix and measure fluorescence screening for selective quadruplex binders

The human genome contains thousands of regions, including that of the telomere, that have the potential to form quadruplex structures. Many of these regions are potential targets for therapeutic intervention. There are many different folding patterns for quadruplex DNAs and the loops exhibit much more variation than do the quartets. The successful targeting of a particular quadruplex structure requires distinguishing that structure from all of the other quadruplex structures that may be present. A mix and measure fluorescent screening method has been developed, that utilizes multiple reporter molecules that bind to different features of quadruplex DNA. The reporter molecules are used in combination with DNAs that have a variety of quadruplex structures. The screening is based on observing the increase or decrease in the fluorescence of the reporter molecules. The selectivity of a set of test molecules has been determined by this approach.
UML-Based Integration Testing for Component-Based Software

Component-based software engineering is increasingly being adopted for software development. Currently, components delivered by component providers only include specifications of the interfaces. This imposes significant difficulties on adequate testing of an integrated component-based system. Without source code, many testing techniques will not be applicable. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has been widely adopted in component-based software development processes. Many of its useful tools, such as interaction diagrams, statechart diagrams, and component diagrams, characterize the behavior of components in various aspects, and thus can be used to help test componentbased systems. In this paper, we first analyze different test elements that are critical to test component-based software, then we propose a group of UML-based test adequacy criteria that can be used to test componentbased software.
Factors affecting the emergence and prevalence of vector borne infections (VBI) and the role of vertical transmission (VT).

Vector-borne infections (VBI) are very common around the globe and they account for many devastating diseases. They are not found exclusively in the third world or tropical regions but spread to every corner of the planet. The factors driving these infections are many and interact in very complex ways. This review attempts to put into perspective the external—climate change and demographics, as well as the internal factors that drive these infections with particular attention to the role that verticle transmission (VT) plays in the prevalence and emergence of these infections. VT has been widely demonstrated, its role in the maintenance of disease in nature has been suggested, but whether this role has a positive or negative effect seems to vary from species to species. The incorporation of this mechanism of transmission into the classic cycle of infection/maintenance of disease seems to explain important aspects of the epidemiology of VBI.
Dynamics of Myosin-V Processivity

Myosin-V is an actin-associated processive molecular motor. Single molecule experiments revealed that myosin-V walks in a stepwise fashion with occasional backward steps. By combining the mechanical structure of the motor with the ATP hydrolysis kinetics, we construct a dynamical model that accounts for the stepwise processivity. The molecular properties of the protein chains connecting the myosin heads are important. A simple elastic model demonstrates that the stress transmitted from the leading head to the trailing head leads to net forward motion. The step-sizes are non-uniform. We also predict there are several substeps. The translational speed and step-size distributions are computed for several different conditions. The computed force-versus-velocity curve shows that under an external load, myosin-V slows down. However, the sizes of the steps remain the same.
The Role of Inferior Parietal and Inferior Frontal Cortex in Working Memory

Verbal working memory involves two major components: a phonological store that holds auditory-verbal information very briefly and an articulatory rehearsal process that allows that information to be refreshed and thus held longer in short-term memory (A. Baddeley, 1996, 2000; A. Baddeley & G. Hitch, 1974). In the current study, the authors tested two groups of patients who were chosen on the basis of their relatively focal lesions in the inferior parietal (IP) cortex or inferior frontal (IF) cortex. Patients were tested on a series of tasks that have been previously shown to tap phonological storage (span, auditory rhyming, and repetition) and articulatory rehearsal (visual rhyming and a 2-back task). As predicted, IP patients were disproportionately impaired on the span, rhyming, and repetition tasks and thus demonstrated a phonological storage deficit. IF patients, however, did not show impairment on these storage tasks but did exhibit impairment on the visual rhyming task, which requires articulatory rehearsal. These findings lend further support to the working memory model and provide evidence of the roles of IP and IF cortex in separable working memory processes.
What it takes to validate behavioral toxicology tests: A belated commentary on the collaborative behavioral teratology study

“Design Considerations in Screening for Behavioral Teratogens: Results of the Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study” (CBTS) was an important conference whose proceedings were published in entirety inNeurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology (7:532–822; 1985). The proceedings advocate that mandatory “behavioral teratology” testing be made part of regulations governing approval of new drugs and chemicals. This conclusion is unjustified either by the CBTS proceedings or by the present status of “behavioral teratology.” First, there is little basis for accepting the validity of testing in developmental psychopharmacology, since so few agents acknowledged to lack the presumed toxic effects are explicitly identified and systematically tested. Second, findings from the CBTS itself can be construed as having indicated poor reliability: Amphetamine, the only drug examined in the CBTS, was selected for study expressly because of prior positive data, yet the study found it to be inactive. Third, the presumed “sensitivity” of behavioral measures is shown to be irrelevant. Fourth, and perhaps most important, the CBTS does not consider the public health risks of mandating nonvalid procedures within regulations. Drugs that are crucial both in therapy and as scientific tools may not have been developed had regulations now advocated been in place at the time of their development.
Renal Consequences of Long-Term, Low-Dose Intentional Ingestion of Ethylene Glycol

Acute renal failure can result from a wide variety of causes. When the cause of acute renal failure is unclear, the history, physical examination, and laboratory findings are crucial to help establish the cause. However, the cause of acute renal failure may remain unclear even after gathering this information. In this report, we describe a case of acute chronic renal failure in which the cause of acute renal failure was not determined until a kidney biopsy was performed, which revealed calcium oxalate crystals in the renal parenchyma, a finding pathognomonic for ethylene glycol ingestion.
ACQUIRING CORE MEANINGS OF WORDS, REPRESENTED AS JACKENDOFF-STYLE CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES, FROM CORRELATED STREAMS OF LINGUISTIC AND NON-LINGUISTIC INPUT

This paper describes an operational system which can acquire the core meanings of words without any prior knowledge of either the category or meaning of any words it encounters. The system is given as input, a description of sequences of scenes along with sentences which describe the [EVENTS] taking place as those scenes unfold, and produces as output, a lexicon consisting of the category and meaning of each word in the input, that allows the sentences to describe the [EVENTS]. It is argued, that each of the three main components of the system, the parser, the linker and the inference component, make only linguistically and cognitively plausible assumptions about the innate knowledge needed to support tractable learning. The paper discusses the theory underlying the system, the representations and algorithms used in the implementation, the semantic constraints which support the heuristics necessary to achieve tractable learning, the limitations of the current theory and the implications of this work for language acquisition research.
Compressive sampling with a successive approximation ADC architecture

This paper proposes a compressive sampling scheme based on random temporal sampling using a successive approximation register (SAR) ADC architecture. Variable wordlength data samples at random sampling times would be produced by the SAR converter, so a modified reconstruction algorithm is proposed to recover signals that are sparse or compressible in a known basis. The modified reconstruction algorithm addresses the variable wordlength resolution issue of SAR ADC samples introduced by the random sampling scheme. We demonstrate that the proposed sampling and reconstruction scheme performs significantly better compared with uniform sampling on the same SAR ADC architecture.
Global analysis of viral infection in an archaeal model system

The origin and evolutionary relationship of viruses is poorly understood. This makes archaeal virus-host of particular interest because the hosts generally root near the base of phylogenetic trees, while some of the viruses have clear structural similarities to those that infect prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Despite the advantageous position for use in evolutionary studies, little is known about archaeal viruses or how they interact with their hosts, compared to viruses of bacteria and eukaryotes. In addition, many archaeal viruses have been isolated from extreme environments and present a unique opportunity for elucidating factors that are important for existence at the extremes.. In this article we focus on virus-host interactions using a proteomics approach to study Sulfolobus Turreted Icosahedral Virus (STIV) infection of Sulfolobus solfataricus P2. Using cultures grown from the ATCC cell stock, a single cycle of STIV infection was sampled 6 times over a 72 hr period. More than 700 proteins were identified throughout the course of the experiments. Seventy one host proteins were found to change by nearly two-fold (p<0.05) with 40 becoming more abundant and 31 less abundant. The modulated proteins represent 30 different cell pathways and 14 COG groups. 2D gel analysis showed that changes in post translational modifications were a common feature of the affected proteins. The results from these studies showed that the prokaryotic antiviral adaptive immune system CRISPR associated proteins (CAS proteins) were regulated in response to the virus infection. It was found that regulated proteins come from mRNAs with a shorter than average half-life. In addition, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) profiling on 2D gels showed caspase, hydrolase and tyrosine phosphatase enzyme activity labeling at the protein isoform level. Together, this data provides a more detailed global view of archaeal cellular responses to viral infection, demonstrates the power of qua
Statistical Treatment of Peak Gusts on Cladding

Design methods based on a statistical approach to the prediction of dynamic effects of wind on frameworks of tall building are steadily gaining acceptance. Similar concepts can be applied to wind loads on cladding, although there are important differences such as exposure, size, and dynamic properties of the elements considered. Wind pressures and suctions at several points on a tall building recorded during strong winds are used to study the problem of predicting peak gust loads on windows and cladding elements. The statistical approach to the prediction of peak gusts, based on random process theory, is investigated. Measured peak pressures are compared to values calculated by a simple wind gust factor method and by a more detailed gust effect factor method. It is concluded that the gust effect factor method is preferable because it promotes a better understanding of peak pressures, but further field data and experimentation are needed before entirely satisfactory design estimates can be made.
Anisotropic Reactive Ion Etching of Aluminum Using Cl2, BCl3, and CH 4 Gases

A technique for anisotropically etching fine line patterns in aluminum films using the gas combination Cl{sub 2}:BCl{sub 3}:CH{sub 4} is explored. The process is designed to avoid the use of CCl{sub 4} and CHCl{sub 3}, both of which are known to be strong carcinogens. The etch is characterized by making use of statistically designed experiments to optimize the etch rate, selectivity, and anisotropy of the etch. The etching mechanism is explored by the use of Auger electron spectroscopy to study polymer sidewall deposits, caused by the use of CH{sub 4} and an organic mask, which prohibit undercutting. Using this etch, the authors have demonstrated the anisotropic etching of fine line features in Al films with minimum lines and spaces of 500 and 300 nm, respectively.
Kinship Support and Academic Efficacy Among College Students: A Cross-Sectional Examination

The study examined whether relationships with extended kin were related to higher levels of mental health and academic functioning among college students. Specifically, the study tested whether perceived emotional support from extended (non-nuclear) family was related to self-esteem, psychological distress, and academic efficacy and dedication above and beyond relationships with one’s primary caregivers, and whether these associations varied by class year in college. The sample consisted of 530 students (average age = 20.82), at a public, four-year university. The results revealed that freshmen and seniors who reported high levels of positive relationships with their extended kin also reported higher levels of academic-efficacy and dedication, as well as lower levels of psychological distress. However, the relation between kin emotional support and these outcomes were not significant for sophomores and juniors. There was also a significant association between kinship support and self-esteem for participants in all four class levels. The study underscores the need to examine extended social support systems among college students, above and beyond those maintained with primary caregivers, as well as the dynamic nature of family support during young adulthood.
Prominent Eustachian Valve in Newborns: A Report of Four Cases

The Eustachian valve (EV) is an embryological remnant of the inferior vena cava that during fetal life helps divert oxygenated blood from the IVC toward the foramen ovale to escape the pulmonary circulation. This remnant usually regresses after birth and is considered a benign finding in the majority of cases. However, EV can lead to complications in the neonatal period or later in life. In this short case series, we present four newborn infants with prominent EV who were symptomatic after birth and required admission to the neonatal intensive care unit.
Erdheim chester disease presenting as bone pain with a lytic lesion: Case history and review of the literature

Erdheim Chester Disease (ECD) is characterized by organ infiltration by CD68 positive and CD1a negative non-LangerhansHistiocytes. The presentation of ECD can vary from bone pain due to bone infiltration to multi-systemic forms involving thecardiovascular system. The prognosis of ECD is poor; however, with increased understanding of the pathogenesis, this has led tothe evolution of new therapeutic strategies. Because of the increased need for understanding this disease we present a case of a man, who presented to us with bone painand radiographs showing a lytic lesion in his left femur. Upon further investigation with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging andtechnetium 99 m bone scan we chose to undergo an open biopsy, which led to the definitive diagnosis. We outline the currenttreatment regimen and its evolution as our understanding of the pathogenesis of ECD has increased.
Modification of a Technique for Support of Thin, Flexible Tissues for Microscopic Examination: Application to Turkey Air Sac Membranes

SUMMARY. Modifications to the ring-stabilization technique for collection of avian air sac membranes were developed to allow dehydration and paraffin embedding of samples to be done by an automated system and to simplify processing for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The modified collection method utilized a pair of rings that were snapped together across an intervening membrane sample. The tissue and ring ensemble was embedded as a unit. Paraffin-embedded tissues were collected with aluminum rings, whereas samples for TEM were collected with rings made of polymerized embedding medium. Tissue sections of excellent quality were obtained with the method. The technique is shown to be applicable to immunohistochemical studies.