cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No effects of bull exposure on expression of estrous behavior in high-producing dairy cows

Abstract Bull exposure has been shown to hasten the onset of estrous cyclicity in postpartum beef cows, but has not been examined in high-producing, postpartum dairy cows. This investigation examines the effects of bull presence on postpartum reproductive behavior in dairy cattle. Forty-five multiparous dairy cattle (9764±140 kg milk/lactation) were randomly allocated into three groups at the time of calving. Treatments consisted of no bull exposure (NBE), twice daily exposure (2×dBE), and continuous exposure (CBE). Estrus detection was carried out for all groups for a period of 1/2 h 2× daily following milking. Blood samples were collected every other day from day 10 postpartum until the time of the first artificial insemination (AI) service or until day 100 postpartum, whichever occurred first. Systemic progesterone concentrations were used to determine ovulation occurring without associated estrous behavior. Intensity of estrous behavior was scored on a scale of 0 to 4, where 0 indicated no estrous behavior associated with ovulation and 4 indicated primary signs of estrus for at least two consecutive observation periods. Bull exposure had no effect on time to first behavioral estrus ( P =0.31), behavior score at first ovulation ( P =0.62), or score at first behavioral estrus ( P =0.82). Energy status was similar in all treatment groups ( P =0.59). Bull exposure did not affect long-term reproductive outcome in these dairy cattle.
Functional central limit theorems and their associated large deviation principles for products of random matrices

This paper establishes a functional central limit theorem for a product of random matrices. The sequence of matrices form a stationary process which is a φ-mixing. The individual matrices in the product become closer and closer to the identity matrix with longer and longer products. In addition, these perturbations from the identity matrix have mean zero. A large deviation principle for the limit process is proved.
Reproduction in mice: liver enlargement in mice during pregnancy and lactation

The mechanism of liver enlargement during pregnancy was investigated in the C57BL/6J strain of mice. The C57BL/6J female exhibited a two-fold increase in liver mass during pregnancy. After the completion of lactation the size of the liver was reduced. Liver growth was accomplished with no increase in hepatocyte number and without an increase in total liver DNA content. During the early stages of liver expansion in pregnant females, DNA synthesis could be turned on by partial hepatectomy. However, during the last few days of gestation DNA synthesis and liver growth in response to partial hepatectomy were inhibited. During lactation this inhibition of growth was maintained, but inhibition of DNA synthesis was partially lifted. DNA synthesis and liver growth in response to partial hepatectomy were normal after the termination of lactation. Because of the limited scope of this investigation the full implications of these findings are not yet certain.
Ariel in a High-Volume Environment: How CISTI Has Integrated Ariel into Its Document Delivery Business

SUMMARY CISTI, the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, is one of the world's largest document delivery suppliers, and was among the first to be fully automated. The revolutionary Intel-liDoc system, developed during the years 1993 to 1995, provided for end-to-end automation of the document delivery process, which has enabled CISTI to improve its service and accommodate growth. From the beginning Ariel was, and remains, an integral part of IntelliDoc. This article describes how Ariel has been integrated into IntelliDoc and into CIS-TI's services, showing the benefits to CISTI and to its clients.
Characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes β-NAD+ Glycohydrolase RE-EVALUATION OF ENZYMATIC PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOGENESIS

The Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes injects a β-NAD+ glycohydrolase (SPN) into the cytosol of an infected host cell using the cytolysin-mediated translocation pathway. In this compartment, SPN accelerates the death of the host cell by an unknown mechanism that may involve its β-NAD+-dependent enzyme activities. SPN has been reported to possess the unique characteristic of not only catalyzing hydrolysis of β-NAD+, but also carrying out ADP-ribosyl cyclase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities, making SPN the only β-NAD+ glycohydrolase that can catalyze all of these reactions. With the long term goal of understanding how these activities may contribute to pathogenesis, we have further characterized the enzymatic activity of SPN using highly purified recombinant protein. Kinetic studies of the multiple activities of SPN revealed that SPN possessed only β-NAD+ hydrolytic activity and lacked detectable ADP-ribosyl cyclase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. Similarly, SPN was unable to catalyze cyclic ADPR hydrolysis, and could not catalyze methanolysis or transglycosidation. Kinetic analysis of product inhibition by recombinant SPN demonstrated an ordered uni-bi mechanism, with ADP-ribose being released as a second product. SPN was unaffected by product inhibition using nicotinamide, suggesting that this moiety contributes little to the binding energy of the substrate. Upon transformation, SPN was toxic to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas a glycohydrolase-inactive SPN allowed for viability. Taken together, these data suggest that SPN functions exclusively as a strict β-NAD+ glycohydrolase during pathogenesis.
Systematics Agenda 2000: an historical perspective

The publication of Systematics Agenda 2000 in February, 1994 represented an historic event in the collaboration of the systematic biology community designed to set a research agenda for a twenty five year period across the areas of basic and applied systematics. How the community came to take the initiative to produce such a consensus is outlined. Of special interest is the emergence of the Systematics Agenda 2000 initiative from a North American perspective to a truly global enterprise.
Self-Organization and Explanatory Pluralism: Avoiding the Snares of Reductionism in Developmental Science

Over the last 20 years, the concept of self-organization has played a central role in efforts to establish a relational metatheoretical approach to the study of development. Yet the notion of self-organization that predominates in scientific discussions today has undergone a conceptual narrowing relative to the broader use and interpretation of self-organization that characterized the biologically-oriented systems thinking of Weiss and von Bertalanffy and was grounded in Kant's teleological account of organisms as natural ends or purposes. In this article, the author discusses how our conceptual use of self-organization in developmental science has changed under the influence of nonlinear dynamical systems theory and how these changes could actually foster rather than discourage new forms of reductionism in our thinking about development.
Oro-facial dyskinesia and the sub-commissural part of the globus pallidus in the cat: role of acetylcholine and its interaction with GABA

The possible role of cholinergic mechanisms in the sub-commissural part of the globus pallidus (scGP) in the induction of oro-facial dyskinesia (OFD) was studied in cats. Local injections of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the scGP elicited tongue protrusions in a dose dependent way (100–1000 ng/0.5 μl). The effect elicited by 1000 ng carbachol was selectively antagonized by the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (10 μg/0.5 μl); this dose of scopolamine was ineffective when injected alone. The tongue protrusions resulted from both normal and abnormal movements: whereas normal movements simply consisted of protruding the flat tongue, abnormal movements implied a variety of movements, especially curling upwards the lateral side(s) or tip of the tongue inside or outside the oral cavity. The abnormal carbachol-induced tongue protrusions formed part of a syndrome marked by dyskinetic movements of the muscles of the eye, ear and cheek, and were identical to those seen previously after local injections of picrotoxin (250–500 ng). Intra-pallidal injections of the abovementioned dose of scopolamine had no effect on the tongue protrusions induced by local injections of 375 ng picrotoxin. However, local injections of 100 ng muscimol, which was previously found to attenuate significantly the effect of 375 ng picrotoxin and which was ineffective when injected alone, significantly attenuated the tongue protrusions induced by local injections of 1000 ng carbachol. These data suggest that the cholinergic effects are mediated via a GABAergic mechanism, but not vice versa. The results are discussed in view of GABAergic and anticholinergic therapies used in oro-facial dyskinesia.
Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanotubes from Colloidal Particles Modified with a Co(III)−Cysteinato Precursor

The fabrication of cobalt oxide nanotubes (length 3−4 μm, width 200−400 nm) was achieved by a colloidal templating approach. In this approach, a Co(III)−cysteinato complex [Co(en)2(S-cys)]2+2(BF4-) was employed as the precursor of cobalt oxide. The infiltration behavior of the precursor into polyelectrolyte multilayers was studied with a quartz crystal microbalance which showed that the amount of the precursor incorporated increased with the number of polyelectrolyte (PE) layers. After incorporation of the precursor into PE multilayers precoated onto submicron-sized polystyrene latex particles via the layer-by-layer deposition, the resulting composite colloidal particles became threaded in a pearl necklace-like structure. Upon calcination at an elevated temperature, cobalt oxide nanotubes were observed by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy. High-resolution TEM, electron diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction showed that these nanotubes we...
Interdecadal Variation in U.S. Pacific Coast Precipitation over the Past Four Decades.

Abstract The interdecadal variation of precipitation along the U.S. Pacific coast over the past 45 winters (1950–94) was examined with station observations. An interdecadal decreasing (minor increasing) trend appeared north (south) of 36°N. This interdecadal trend in precipitation is related to the development of an anomalous dipole structure (a major anomalous high centered over the Pacific coast at British Columbia and a minor anomalous low centered over northern Baja California) throughout the past several decades. The correlation coefficient patterns between the Pacific coast precipitation and upper-air geopotential heights, and the difference charts of upper-air geopotential heights between the first (1950–59) and last (1985–94) 10 winters revealed that the interdecadal variation of the western U.S. circulation is a part of that in the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation. In turn, the interdecadal variation of the Pacific coast precipitation is a consequence of the interdecadal variation of th...
DYNAMIC FUSE MODEL FOR ELECTROMIGRATION FAILURE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE METAL FILMS

We introduce a dynamic fuse model for the damage done to a current-carrying polycrystalline metal film by electromigration. For all initial densities of defects p, the mean failure time 〈${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{f}}$〉 is, to an excellent approximation, proportional to the average length of the shortest path across the film in a certain metric. 〈${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{f}}$〉 tends to zero as (${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$-p${)}^{4/3}$ as the percolation threshold p=${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is approached.
Angiogenesis Induced by Electrical Stimulation Is Mediated by Angiotensin II and VEGF

Objective:Physiological angiogenesis in skeletal muscle is an adaptive response to physical training and electrical stimulation. This study investigated the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in regulating both angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression induced by electrical stimulation. Methods:The right tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated for 8 hours per day for 7 days. The contralateral muscles served as controls. Two days before the surgery and throughout the stimulation protocol, the rats received either lisinopril or losartan in their drinking water. Rats without any drug treatment were used as control. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed to identify the source and quantify the VEGF protein expression in these muscles. The relationship between angiogenesis and VEGF expression was explored using a VEGF-neutralizing antibody. Results:Chronic electrical stimulation of the skel...
Pathwise Solutions of the 2-D Stochastic Primitive Equations

In this work we consider a stochastic version of the Primitive Equations (PEs) of the ocean and the atmosphere and establish the existence and uniqueness of pathwise, strong solutions. The analysis employs novel techniques in contrast to previous works (Ewald et al. in Anal. Appl. (Singap.) 5(2):183–198, 2007; Glatt-Holtz and Ziane in Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B 10(4):801–822, 2008) in order to handle a general class of nonlinear noise structures and to allow for physically relevant boundary conditions. The proof relies on Cauchy estimates, stopping time arguments and anisotropic estimates.
Child Sexual Abuse: A School Leadership Issue

Child Sexual Abuse is a growing epidemic. In the United States, 1 in 6 boys and 1 in 4 girls will be sexually abused before reaching adulthood. From a legal standpoint, inappropriate sexual relations between a faculty/staff member and a student are a growing national concern. In 1991, the Supreme Court heard the Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1991) case, and determined the school was in violation of Title IX. What the courts did not determine was the relationship of this case to child sexual abuse. Stopping these relationships from occurring at school is a School Leadership Issue.
Steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for micro-fuel cells. Pre-reforming of model jet fuels over supported metal catalysts

Abstract The present work deals with pre-reforming of logistic hydrocarbon fuel (jet fuel) as a part of an integrated approach to developing an on-board fuel reformer for use in a micro-solid-oxide fuel cell system. The purpose of doing pre-reforming is to ensure carbon-free reformulation of JP-8 jet fuel into hydrogen and carbon monoxide for use in a micro-solid-oxide fuel cell. Several model jet fuels have been tested for the pre-reforming at low temperature (450–550 °C) in a lab-scale reforming reactor. Proper temperature control and pre-mixing of feed fuels and steam have been found to be important for the prevention of coke formation prior to pre-reforming. Both noble metal and base-metal catalysts have been prepared and tested. As compared with an Al2O3-supported Ni catalyst, supported Rh catalysts show not only high activity but also high resistance to deactivation due to carbon formation. Removal of residual Cl− from Rh/CeO2–Al2O3 improves the metal dispersion and the pre-reforming activity. The reformates from the current pre-reformer contain mainly CH4, CO, H2, in which CH4 can be further converted to H2 and CO by subsequent main-reforming.
Lobular Breast Carcinoma Metastatic to the Vulva: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract Background. Six previous reports have documented a vulvar metastasis from breast cancer; one has noted involvement of the Bartholin's gland. Case. A 53-year-old woman presented with an enlarging vulvar mass. Evaluation also identified a breast lesion. Surgical excision confirmed an invasive lobular breast carcinoma with a distant metastatic focus on the vulva. Conclusion. This is the first report in the English literature to document a vulvar metastasis from an invasive lobular carcinoma and the second to identify involvement of the Bartholin's gland. Careful gynecologic surveillance is needed in women with breast cancer.
Photosynthetic quantum efficiencies of phytoplankton from perennially ice covered Antarctic lakes

A recently introduced approach far estimating the photosynthetic quantum efficiency (φ) of a freshwater or marine phytoplankton community has been applied for the first time to high latitude polar ecosystems, namely four lakes of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Values for φ at various depths ranged from 0.0022–0.1560 when calculated using a recommended mean extinction coefficient for phytoplankton (i.e. kc= 0.016). By contrast, φ ranged from 0.0037–0.0760 when calculated using an empirically estimated value for kc of 0.0328. If the recommended kc= 0.016 more closely approaches an accurate estimate, then the φ valves indicate that the phytoplankton convert light to organic carbon more efficiently than elsewhere. However, if the empirically derived kc= 0.0328 more closely approaches an accurate estimate, then the φ values indicate the phytoplankton trap light more efficiently than elsewhere. Although we have not resolved whether light conversion (φ) or light trapping are more efficient, the results show that the phytoplankton of these Antarctic lakes are well adapted to performing photosynthesis under extremely low light conditions.
The role of attributions in consumer perceptions of retail advertisements promoting price discounts

This study examines whether information in an advertisement promoting a price discount is capable of affecting attributions made about the price reduction and whether these attributions, in turn, affect consumer perceptions and evaluations of the sale. Findings show that price image of the retail advertiser had a strong effect on attributions pertaining to the merchant and a marginal effect on product attributions. The attribution variables, in turn, explained significant amounts of variance in criterion variables measuring consumer perceptions of value, attitude toward the ad, and shopping intentions, beyond the variance explained by the store and discount claim variables manipulated in the study. These results suggest the importance of the role of attributions made by consumers when exposed to ads promoting discounts.
A possible mechanism responsible for the melanocyte distribution of the perineal pigment spot of the mouse

The perineal pigment spot of the C57 Black mouse was examined macro- and microscopically in animals ranging in age from 14 days post-fertilization to 28 days post-parturition. Dendritic pigment-containing cells first become evident in the dermis of the area on the sixteenth day post-fertilization. Throughout later stages of development, these pigmented cells continue to be restricted to the dermis of this area. Since the dopa treatment reveals the presence of a melanin synthesizing system within these cells, they are true melanocytes which have become restricted to this layer of the integument. Histological examination reveals a population of melanocytes in the epidermis and/or hair follicles also. These are rarely found over the center of the area but are seen in increasing numbers laterally from the ventral midline. In contrast, dermal melanocytes are heavily concentrated near the ventral midline but decrease in numbers laterally. There are, therefore, two opposing but complementary gradients of melanocytes in the integument of the pigment spot. This suggests the possibility that a precocious differentiation of the basement membrane in this area during embryonic development inhibits the passage of melanoblasts into the epidermis thereby causing them to be restricted to the dermis.
Digital simulation and spectral density analysis of low-frequency power oscillations for array processor-based applications

Abstract Three methods are presented for the identification of low-frequency power oscillations for use with an array processor connected to a power plant's computer: (1) by an eigenvalue analysis of a system's linearized differential equations, characteristic frequencies are computed; (2) through a detailed simulation, the dynamic response of system states is calculated; and (3) by spectral density analysis, the distribution of power at different frequencies is computed. These methods are useful for fast determination of a generator's region of permissible loading. The results of simulation studies of a one-machine, infinite-bus system are presented.
Pathology and significance of fatal inflammatory bacteraemia in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thünberg

. Inflammatory bacteraemia was found in 27–31% of Pacific oysters in two bays over 2 years in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Mantle discolouration and raised yellow to green nodules are associated with the disease in 52% and 85% of the observed cases, respectively. The disease is caused by systemically distributed, branching. Gram-positive, acid-fast bacteria suggestive of an actinomycete. Clusters of the bacteria elicit a marked inflammatory response. Glycogenic degeneration of host vesicular cells occurs in the advanced infections and results in the formation of the characteristic nodules comprised of lipid filled cells. The disease is, thus, significant to the health of individual oysters and also appears to be an important factor in the historically observed phenomenon of summer mortality in certain areas of Puget Sound.
Planning for power: frame production in an environmental conflict over the siting of a high-voltage transmission line

This study examines the frame production and framing activities of different actors in the environmental conflict over building 63 miles of new high-voltage transmission lines. Frame production is examined through interviews, analysis of documents, media articles, and personal observations. We use a content analysis of the news media articles leading up to a key decision point in the case to illustrate the endpoint of the frame production process. We employ the media standing metric developed by Gamson (2005) to measure the prominence of the frames in the media and the associated standing of the frames’ sponsors. We situate our framing analysis in the context of social and economic power, paying particular attention to the framing activities and resources of the sponsors in the frame production process starting several years before the permit application in the case study was filed. The findings contribute to the understanding of the importance of early framing and economic and political power in winning framing contests.
The effect of global climate change on the regions of tropical convection in CSM1

The impact of enhanced carbon dioxide concentrations on deep tropical convection (DTC) is explored using the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Climate System Model (CSM I ) model. A 134-year simulation in which CO 2 concentrations increase 1 % year -1 is analyzed. With approximately present-day CO 2 concentrations (367 ppmv) the CSM1 simulation captures the observed relationship between outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and sea-surface temperature (SST) in the tropics. The temperature threshold for deep convection in the model is approximately 24.75° C. As CO 2 concentrations increase, the simulated threshold temperature for tropical convection progressively increases to ∼25.55° C and 26.55° C at 2xCO 2 (year 80) and 3.4xCO 2 (year 133). The fully coupled climate model response to increased CO 2 concentrations implies that the expansion of the 26°C isotherm, the present-day observed threshold, will not yield an expansion of the regions of DTC.
Bighorn Sheep Response to Road-Related Disturbances in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) use of Sheep Lakes mineral site, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA, has decreased since 1996. Officials were concerned that human disturbance may have been contributing to this decline in use. We evaluated effects of vehicular traffic and other road-related disturbance on bighorn use of Sheep Lakes in the summers of 2002 and 2003. We found that the time and number of attempts required by bighorn to reach Sheep Lakes was positively related to the number of vehicles and people present at Sheep Lakes. Further, the number of bighorn individuals and groups attempting to visit Sheep Lakes were negatively affected by disturbance associated with the site. The number of vehicles recorded the hour before bighorn tried to access Sheep Lakes best predicted an animal's failure to cross Fall River Road and reach Sheep Lakes. We conclude that human and road-related disturbance at Sheep Lakes negatively affected bighorn use of the mineral site. Because Sheep Lakes may be important for bighorn sheep, especially for lamb production and survival, the negative influence of disturbance may compromise health and productivity of the Mummy Range bighorn sheep.
Contact resistivity temperature dependence of iron-plated lead telluride☆

Abstract Efficient design of thermoelectric devices has resulted in definite contact resistance criteria. These criteria, however, are based on room temperature data. This paper reports measurements of the contact resistance (up to 800°K) of iron-plated lead telluride. Two idealized theoretical models are prepared to explain this temperature dependence. The results agree that the temperature exponent is approximately 2·5. For typical thermoelectric materials this indicates that the temperature dependence of the contact resistance is essentially the same as that of bulk mobility.
Text analysis and basic concept structures

Abstract Information specialists frequently are called upon to analyze unfamiliar subjects. With the growth in volume and topic, specialists will require techniques to deal with textual material rapidly and effectively. This paper describes a method of text analysis designed to facilitate extraction of terms related to a single characteristic or concept. The term extraction is performed by completing the sentence: “The characteristic of interest is described by (—descriptive term—).” Using this method, the analyst can extract attributes of the basic characteristic and terms representing related characteristics. With these two classes of terms, the analyst can build a basic concept structure describing the subject matter. Prior knowledge of the subject is not required. The method is illustrated using pathological descriptions of female genital cancers.
Broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides by rational combinatorial design and high-throughput screening: the importance of interfacial activity.

We recently described ten peptides selected from a 16,384-member combinatorial library based on their ability to permeabilize synthetic lipid vesicles in vitro (Rathinakumar R and Wimley WC, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 9849-9858). These peptides did not share a common sequence motif, length or net charge; nonetheless they shared a mechanism of action that is similar to the natural membrane permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides (AMP). To characterize the selected peptides and to compare the activity of AMPs in vivo and in vitro we report on the biological activity of the same selected peptides in bacteria, fungi, and mammalian cells. Each of the peptides has sterilizing activity against all classes of microbes tested, at 2-8 μM peptide, with only slight hemolytic or cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Similar to many natural AMPs, bacteria are killed within a few minutes of peptide addition and the lethal step in vivo is membrane permeabilization. Single D-amino acid substitutions eliminated or diminished the secondary structure of the peptides and yet they retained activity against some microbes. Thus, secondary structure and biological activity are not coupled, consistent with the hypothesis that AMPs do not form pores of well defined structure in membranes, but rather destabilize membranes by partitioning into membrane interfaces and disturbing the organization of the lipids, a property that we have called “interfacial activity”. The observation that broad-spectrum activity, but not all antimicrobial activity, is lost by small changes to the peptides suggests that the in vitro screen is specifically selecting for the rare peptides that have broad-spectrum activity. We put forth the hypothesis that methods focusing on screening peptide libraries in vitro for members with the appropriate interfacial activity can enable the design, selection and discovery of novel, potent and broad-spectrum membrane-active antibiotics.
Development and pilot testing of a reflective learning guide for medical education

Background: Reflection is increasingly incorporated into all levels of medical education but little is known about best practices for teaching and learning reflection.Aims: To develop a literature-based reflective learning guide for medical education and conduct a pilot study to determine whether (1) guide use enhances medical students’ reflective writing skills and (2) reflective scores correlate with participant demographics and satisfaction.Methods: Guide development consisted of literature review, needs assessment, single institution survey, and educational leader consensus. The pilot cohort study compared professionalism reflections written with and without the guide by third-year medical students on their core obstetrics and gynecology rotation. Reflections were scored using a previously validated rubric. A demographics and satisfaction survey examined effects of gender and satisfaction, as well as qualitative analysis of optional written comments. Analyses used independent t-tests and Pearson's cor...
Detection of brain metastasis at diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the lung

As a part of the initial evaluation of previously untreated patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung, radionuclide and/or computerized tomographic (CT) scanning of the brain was performed. Evidence of metastatic brain disease was documented in 10 (9%) patients (9 by CT and 1 by radionuclide scanning). CT was abnormal in 2 patients who had no evidence of brain metastasis by radionuclide scan. The detection of brain metastasis resulted in upstaging of 6 neurologically asymptomatic patients who had no other extrathoracic disease. Evaluation of the brain with CT is recommended as part of the initial staging of patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung.
Penetration mechanics of textile structures: Influence of non-linear viscoelastic relaxation

A numerical simulation of ballistic impact and penetration on woven textile panels is described which can easily incorporate a wide variety of realistic constitutive and fracture models. The use of this model in assessing Viscoelastic relaxation effects is illustrated, and is further extended to include non-linear Viscoelastic effects. Since a variety of non-linear models is presently available and there is insufficient evidence to indicate the superiority of any single one in this instance, the Eyring non-linear model was chosen arbitrarily to indicate the ease with which these models may be implemented into the numerical treatment. The results obtained using the non-linear model are compared with comparable computer experiments using linear elastic and linear Viscoelastic models.
Unwiring the transcriptional heat circuit

Mature adipocytes are postmitotic (1), and therefore development of adipocytes requires the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells into mature adipocytes. The identity of adipose precursor cells and the molecular mechanisms that control their proliferation and differentiation are only partially understood. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized for energy expenditure through a process mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) that uncouples respiration from ATP synthesis and generates heat (2). Current knowledge defines two types of thermogenic adipocytes based on their distinct origins, anatomical locations, and differential abilities to respond to stimuli. The classical brown adipocytes mainly develop during embryonic stage, form a discrete depot, and exert a high level of basal thermogenic capacity. The other type of brown fat-like cells, called beige or brite adipocytes, are dispersed in white adipose tissue (WAT) and are recruited and induced in response to certain stimuli. Although beige adipocytes also generate heat by UCP1-mediated proton leak, they arise from a myogenic factor 5-negative (Myf5−) developmental lineage distinct from brown adipocytes, which develop from Myf5+ progenitors (Fig. 1) (3, 4). Aside from the adrenergic pathways that activate thermogenesis in both brown and beige adipocytes, whether there exists a common factor that marks and specifies the fate of these thermo-competent cells remains unknown. In PNAS, Wang et al. (5) identify early B-cell factor 2 (Ebf2) as a marker that specifies the brown and beige adipocyte lineage from muscle, dermal, and white adipocyte lineages and provide new insight into transcriptional targets of Ebf2 that may play a role in activating the thermogenic gene program.
The nephrotic syndrome, lipids, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease

The hyperlipidemia associated with the nephrotic syndrome is well characterized. There is, however, a paucity of data in humans on the risk factors for atherosclerotic heart disease and the role of hyperlipidemia on the risk of progression of renal disease in this population. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated a large uniform population of patients (mean creatinine, 1.78 mg/dL; mean 24-hour proteinuria, 7.1 g) with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome for the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease. One hundred patients with either focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (n = 56) or membranous nephropathy (n = 44) were assessed for the following cardiovascular risk factors: male sex or postmenopausal female, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking history, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Sixty-six percent of the patients were either male or postmenopausal females; 35% were smokers. Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy were present in 53% and 13% of patients, respectively. Eighty-seven percent, 53%, and 25% of patients had a total cholesterol of more than 200 mg/dL, more than 300 mg/dL, and more than 400 mg/dL, respectively. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was greater than 130 mg/dl and greater than 160 mg/dL in 77.2% and 64.9% of patients, respectively. Virtually all patients (99%) had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease; over two thirds (68%) had two risk factors and over one quarter (26%) had three risk factors. In comparing the group that progressed to renal failure with the groups that did not, the initial mean serum cholesterol was lower in the group that progressed (292 mg/dL v 388 mg/dL, P v 1.64 mg/dL, P
Inter-specific variation in anti-predator behavior in sympatric species of kangaroo rat

Kangaroo rats, Dipodomys, occupy desert habitats with little cover and thus are under high predation risk from diverse predators. The behavior used to assess predation risk or to escape capture is unknown. We therefore compared anti-predator behavior of two sympatric species of kangaroo rat of different sizes, D. merriami and D. spectabilis. We first examined whether kangaroo rats use olfaction as a first line of defense against snake predation and tested the rats for their responses to scent extracted from two species of snake that live sympatrically with the kangaroo rats, the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus) and the gopher snake (Pitophis melanoleucus). We also tested for species differences in anti-predator behavior through 15-min interactions between the kangaroo rats and free-moving gopher snakes. We found that D. spectabilis actively approached the scent of both rattlesnakes and gopher snakes more than controls of vegetable oil and evaporated solvent (Fig. 1). In contrast, D. merriami did not differentiate snake odors from controls in the experimental arena, but they sniffed the sand where a free-moving snake had passed more than D. spectabilis. Both species successfully avoided predation in encounters with live snakes. Although total numbers of approaches and withdrawals were similar (Fig. 2), D. spectabilis spent significantly more time within striking distance of the snake than D. merriami. D. spectabilis approached the head of the snake in 93% of its approaches and often engaged in nose to snout contact with the snake. If the snake struck, D. spectabilis jumped directly backward to avoid a strike and footdrummed at a safe distance. In contrast, D. merriami oriented to the snake more than D. spectabilis, but approached the head in only 41% of the approaches and rarely engaged in nose-to-snout contact. The snakes struck, hissed and decreased predatory approaches with D. spectabilis but not with D. merriami (Fig. 3). These results show that kangaroo rats can behaviorally influence the risk of being preyed on by snakes. The two species differ, however, in how they react to snakes. The larger D. spectabilis confronts snakes while the smaller D. merriami monitors snakes from a safe distance and avoids them.
Lexical entrainment and success in student engineering groups

Lexical entrainment is a measure of how the words that speakers use in a conversation become more similar over time. In this paper, we propose a measure of lexical entrainment for multi-party speaking situations. We apply this score to a corpus of student engineering groups using high-frequency words and project words, and investigate the relationship between lexical entrainment and group success on a class project. Our initial findings show that, using the entrainment score with project-related words, there is a significant difference between the lexical entrainment of high performing groups, which tended to increase with time, and the entrainment for low performing groups, which tended to decrease with time.
ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENTS IN DILUTE ALLOYS OF SILVER

BS>The directional correlation of the gamma rays emitted in the decay of Cd/sup 111/ was measured with the cadmium embedded in the cubic silver lattice in order to observe the electric field gradients produced by various solute atoms. The alloys atudied contain small concentnations of Cd, In, Sn, Sb, or Ge. The results are compared to various theories of screening and are found to be in agreement with a cos (2kr + Phi)/r/sup 3/ fail off of shielding charge, where k is the wave number at the Fermi surface. (auth)
Effect of fat quality on sausage processing, texture, and sensory characteristics.

Abstract Fresh pork sausage was manufactured to determine the effects of animal diet (unsaturated or control) and inclusion of corn oil during processing (0% and 14% fat replacement). Bologna was manufactured to investigate only diet effects. Processing, textural, sensory, visual, and storage characteristics were evaluated. Processing yield was improved 2.9 percentage units in fresh sausage but reduced 1.8 units in bologna in unsaturated compared with control diets. Break strength of fresh sausage was reduced 0.6 kg by oil inclusion. Both unsaturated fat and including oil during processing resulted in softer texture of fresh sausage, while increased unsaturation in bologna resulted in firmer or unchanged textural properties. Fresh sausage with oil was lighter colored (5.3 L* units increased) with more fat smearing. In fresh sausage, lipid oxidation remained below 1 mg/kg MDA during 12 weeks frozen storage. Overall, changes in fat quality minimally affected sausage quality, likely providing acceptable products to consumers.
5 mW, Gbit/s silicon on sapphire CMOS optical receiver

A low power, Gbit/s optical receiver for inter-chip communication is described. The receiver is fabricated in 0.5 /spl mu/m silicon on sapphire CMOS. Results of operation with power consumption of 5 mW are presented.
Phrase Structure and Directionality in Irish.

In recent years the study of phrase structure has largely become a search for principles, parameters and other mechanisms to replace phrase-structure rules of the traditional sort. For capturing word order, one of the most common devices is the directionality parameter, especially the one which specifies a language as head-final or head-initial. It has also been proposed that languages may be specified for the direction of government (Stowell, 1981), or direction of Case- and theta-role assignment (Koopman, 1983; Travis, 1984). Often, such proposals focus only on the lowest (X′) level of phrase structure, that is to say the ordering of complements with relation to a head, but there have also been suggestions for directionality of specifiers or adjuncts (as in Ernst, 1989; Georgopoulos, 1991).
Sleep Physiology, Abnormal States, and Therapeutic Interventions

Sleep is essential. Unfortunately, a significant portion of the population experiences altered sleep states that often result in a multitude of health-related issues. The regulation of sleep and sleep-wake cycles is an area of intense research, and many options for treatment are available. The following review summarizes the current understanding of normal and abnormal sleep-related conditions and the available treatment options. All clinicians managing patients must recommend appropriate therapeutic interventions for abnormal sleep states. Clinicians' solid understanding of sleep physiology, abnormal sleep states, and treatments will greatly benefit patients regardless of their disease process.
Individual Differences in Sour and Salt Sensitivity: Detection and Quality Recognition Thresholds for Citric Acid and Sodium Chloride

Taste sensitivity is assessed with various techniques, including absolute detection and quality recognition. For any stimulus, one might expect individual differences in sensitivity to be reflected in all measures, but they are often surprisingly independent. Here, we focus on sensitivity to sour and salty taste, in part because processing of these qualities is poorly understood relative to other tastes. In Study 1, we measured retest reliability for detection (modified, forced-choice staircase method) and recognition (modified Harris–Kalmus procedure) for both citric acid (CA) and sodium chloride (NaCl). Despite good retest reliability, individual differences in detection and recognition were weakly correlated, suggesting that detection and recognition of sour and salty stimuli may reflect different physiological processes. In Study 2, a subset of subjects returned to contribute full detection (psychometric) functions for CA and NaCl. Thresholds estimated from full detection functions correlated with both staircase and recognition thresholds, suggesting that both tasks may reflect absolute sensitivity to some extent. However, the ranges of individual differences were systematically compressed for staircase thresholds relative to those from full detection functions. Thus, individual differences in sensitivity appear to interact with different test methodologies in lawful ways. More work will be required to understand how different taste phenotypes relate to one another.
Temperature control of diffusion/CVD furnaces using robust multivariable loop-shaping techniques

Describes the application of modern tools from robust control theory to the design of high-performance multivariable temperature controllers for diffusion furnaces. The process is modeled from input-output data, collected in an identification experiment at the desired operating conditions. An important component of the identification is the computation of uncertainty bounds describing the confidence limits of the model, in a manner consistent with robust control theory. The identification results are then used to design an H-infinity controller with a cascade, hierarchical structure. The gain-scheduling of several linear controllers is also investigated in an effort to achieve good performance in a wide range of operating conditions. Experimental results demonstrate the success of the approach.
Long-Haul Analog Photonics

A paper on long-haul analog photonics is presented using theory and experimental results. Various analog fiber-optic modulation formats are reviewed, including intensity modulation with direct detection, phase modulation with interferometric demodulation, and suppressed-carried techniques. Modulation linearization methods are reviewed. The limitations of and requirements for photodiode detectors are described.
Shock dynamics in non-uniform media

The theory of shock dynamics in two dimensions is reformulated to treat shock propagation in a non-uniform medium. The analysis yields a system of hyperbolic equations with source terms representing the generation of disturbances on the shock wave as it propagates into the fluid non-uniformities. The theory is applied to problems involving the refraction of a plane shock wave at a free plane gaseous interface. The ‘slow–fast’ interface is investigated in detail, while the ‘fast–slow’ interface is treated only briefly. Intrinsic to the theory is a relationship analogous to Snell's law of refraction at an interface. The theory predicts both regular and irregular (Mach) refraction, and a criterion is developed for the transition from one to the other. Quantitative results for several different shock strengths, angles of incidence and sound-speed ratios are presented. An analogy between shock refraction and the motion of a force field in unsteady one-dimensional gasdynamics is pointed out. Also discussed is the limiting case for a shock front to be continuous at the interface. Comparison of results is made with existing experimental data, with transition calculations based on three-shock theory, and with the simple case of normal interaction.
First‐Summer Survival, Eggs to Juveniles, of Smallmouth Bass in Nebish Lake, Wisconsin

Abstract Fecundity, total egg potential, and survival from egg to fall juvenile for smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui in Nebish Lake, Wisconsin, were determined during 1979–1981. Most female smallmouth bass first matured at age III (72.5%), and all were mature by age IV. Estimated egg potential for smallmouth bass in Nebish Lake was 1,649,000 in 1979; 2,989,000 in 1980; and 1,002,000 in 1981. Survival from potential egg deposition to fall young of year was 0.3% in 1979, 0.1% in 1980, and 0.5% in 1981. Received June 27, 1983 Accepted March 19, 1984
Encapsulation of parallelism in the Volcano query processing system

Volcano is a new dataflow query processing system we have developed for database systems research and education. The uniform interface between operators makes Volcano extensible by new operators. All operators are designed and coded as if they were meant for a single-process system only. When attempting to parallelize Volcano, we had to choose between two models of parallelization, called here the bracket and operator models. We describe the reasons for not choosing the bracket model, introduce the novel operator model, and provide details of Volcano's exchange operator that parallelizes all other operators. It allows intra-operator parallelism on partitioned datasets and both vertical and horizontal inter-operator parallelism. The exchange operator encapsulates all parallelism issues and therefore makes implementation of parallel database algorithms significantly easier and more robust. Included in this encapsulation is the translation between demand-driven dataflow within processes and data-driven dataflow between processes. Since the interface between Volcano operators is similar to the one used in “real,” commercial systems, the techniques described here can be used to parallelize other query processing engines.
Toward Practical Laminar Flow Control- Remaining Challenges

Different laminar flow control strategies are reviewed for the various instability mechanisms and their applications over the different flight regimes are discussed. Success stories are told and unresolved problems are discussed. Over the years, the crossflow instability has been the primary challenge for laminar flow control. Favorable pressure gradients used to stabilize streamwise instabilities destabilize crossflow. Alternatives to weak boundary-layer suction are discussed.