cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Emerging Role of Flavonoid‐Rich Cocoa and Chocolate in Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Cocoa and chocolate have recently been found to be rich plant-derived sources of antioxidant flavonoids with beneficial cardiovascular properties. These favorable physiological effects include: antioxidant activity, vasodilation and blood pressure reduction, inhibition of platelet activity, and decreased inflammation. Increasing evidence from experimental and clinical studies using cocoa-derived products and chocolate suggest an important role for these high-flavanol-containing foods in heart and vascular protection.
Incidence and predictors for the need for fasciotomy after extremity trauma: A 10-year review in a mature level I trauma centre

Abstract Background Compartment syndrome is a devastating complication after trauma to the extremities. Prompt fasciotomy is essential for avoiding disability and limb loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and predictors for the need for fasciotomy after extremity trauma. Methods All trauma patients sustaining extremity injuries admitted to the LAC+USC Medical Centre during a 10-year period ending in December 2007 were identified. Demographics, clinical data, blood requirements and outcomes were abstracted. Patients who required an extremity fasciotomy were compared with those who did not. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of the need for fasciotomy. Results During the study period, 288 (2.8%) of a total of 10,315 patients who sustained extremity trauma required a fasciotomy. Despite a stable ISS and extremity AIS over the study period, fasciotomy rates decreased significantly from 3.2% in 1998 to 2.5% in 2002 to 0.7% in 2007 ( p The need for fasciotomy varied widely by mechanism of injury (from 0.9% after motor vehicle accident to 8.6% in GSWs, p p p p =0.006). Patients requiring fasciotomy received significantly more units of PRBCs (8.2±13.9 vs. 1.8±5.1, p p =0.031 and lower: 28.5% vs. 11.8%, p p =0.005, and knee: 31.2% vs. 6.5%, p p p p Conclusion After extremity trauma, approximately 1% of patients will require a fasciotomy. The need for fasciotomy varied widely by injury mechanism and type reaching 42% in patients who sustained a combined arterial and venous injury. The above risk factors were identified as independent predictors for the need for fasciotomy.
Automated anatomical labeling of MRI brain data using spatial atlas warping in a finite-element framework

Identification of anatomical structures in magnetic resonance (MR) images of the human brain is achieved either by manual delineation of by applying coordinate system transformations to map the brain to a pre-labeled atlas. Manual segmentation of 3D MR data is a tedious task made additionally difficult by limitations in visualization. Affine transforms, like the Talairach stereotaxic space, perform a linear scaling of the brain based on manually selected landmarks. This often results in unsatisfactory accuracy for structures further away from the selected landmarks, particularly in pathological cases. It is also based on the trivializing assumption that the brain can be represented as a linearly scalable structure. In the effort to achieve a more accurate and consistent labeling, an algorithm has been designed for the automated alignment of a pre-labeled 3D brain atlas with a sample MRI volume. Alignment is achieved by elastically warping a finite element model of the atlas. The deformation is driven by a set of displacement constraints on the surface of individual brain structures. Solving this model results in a 3D displacement field for the entire atlas brain that aligns the segmented brain structure while extrapolating the deformation field to neighboring structures. The use of finite element modeling assures that this extrapolation occurs in a physically meaningful manner. The algorithm's performance was tested by matching the atlas image to warped versions of itself and to an individual sample brain. The amount of structural overlap achieved by a linear Talairach transform is also given for comparison. Elastic warping showed better performance compared to an affine transform alone or the Talairach method. Overlap increases with subsequent iterations with improvement directly related to the amount of model deformation.
Forage Intake, Ruminal Dry Matter Disappearance, and Ruminal Blood Volatile Fatty Acids for Steers in 18 and 32°C Temperatures

Abstract Six steers with rumen cannulas and exteriorized carotid arteries were fed chopped alfalfa, orchardgrass, or tall fescue hay in ambient temperatures (18 and 32°C) using a Factorial arrangement of forage and temperature with repeated measurements. Arterial blood, venous blood, and nimen fluid were sampled for VFA at 0, 2, 4, and 7h after forage was offered. Rate of digestion of plant cell wall was determined by in vitro methods. Rate of ingesta and paniculate passage was determined by 144 Ce marker. Volatile fatty acid concentrations in blood plasma and rumen fluid were not related to forage voluntary intake. Voluntary forage intake was related to calculated ruminal disappearance of cell wall (r 2 of .94). Elevated ambient temperature, 32°C, depressed voluntary forage intake but did not increase ruminal or blood VFA concentrations.
Effect of Arrangement of L-Lactide and D-Lactide in Poly[(L-lactide)-co-(D-lactide)] on its Resistance to Hydrolysis Studied by Molecular Modeling

Molecular modeling is used to explain how the resistance of poly[(L-lactide)-co-(D-lactide)] to hydrolysis is affected by the percentages of L- and D-lactide and their arrangements in blocks or random arrangements in the polymer. Previous studies on improving the hydrolysis resistance of PLA have involved forming either poly(L-lactide)/poly(D-lactide) (PLLA/PDLA) polyblends or copolymers of L- and D-lactide. In this study, molecular modeling was used to study the hydrolysis resistance of PLA containing various arrangements of L- and D-lactide in the polymers. PLA copolymers are found to have less resistance to hydrolysis than a PLLA/PDLA polyblend having the same percentages of Land D-lactide because a polyblend can form more stereocomplexes, which is the most stable structure PLA can form.
Controlled trials with four per cent cromolyn spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis

Summary Thirty-two patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to weed pollen were treated beginning prior to the weed pollen season of 1974 with either 4% cromolyn sodium or placebo nasal spray. The patients were followed on treatment with symptom diary cards and bi-weekly physician examinations for a period of 10 weeks. Radioallergosorbent (RAST) titres for the major weeds in the Denver area (ragweed, Russian thistle, and sage) were determined before the weed pollen season, and one and three months after the weed pollen season. There was no significant difference in symptom scores between the 4% cromolyn sodium- and placebo-treated groups, nor objective evidence on bi-weekly examinations by a physician to suggest differences in the two groups. Significant differences in favor of the 4% cromolyn-treated group were noted in the amount of antihistamines taken for symptomatic relief during the weed pollenating season, suggesting some protective effect of the drug. The clinical significance of this finding is not clear. Selecting patients with high baseline RAST titres for one or more of the major weeds did not alter the results of the study. In a second double-blind study twenty-two patients reporting to the allergy clinic with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis due to weeds were randomly assigned to receive 4% cromolyn sodium or placebo nasal spray and followed through the weed pollen season. There was no difference between the two groups in either symptom scores or use of antihistamines for asymptomatic relief.
Local-oscillator-induced noise in GaAs Schottky mixer diodes

Increased noise temperature induced by local-oscillator power has been measured in Schottky-diode millimetre-wave mixers at 250 MHz and 4.75 GHz. Electric-field calculations indicate a portion of this noise is due to intervalley scattering in the undepleted epitaxial layer directly adjacent to the Schottky-diode anode. A noise-temperature equation is presented, which accounts for both shot and thermal noise, where the thermal portion includes the intervalley scaltering component.
Comparison of semi-empirical potential functions for silicon and germanium.

We report the results of investigations into the behavior of the crystalline and liquid phases of silicon and germanium as they are modeled by the Tersoff and modified-embedded-atom-method (MEAM) potentials. The structure of the solid-liquid interface produced by each potential is determined, as are the melting points corresponding to each potential model. The equilibrium properties of both crystalline and liquid silicon and germanium as modeled by the Tersoff and MEAM potentials are then presented. The Tersoff potential is found to overestimate greatly the melting point of both silicon and germanium, while the MEAM underestimates the melting point of silicon by approximately 15%. The MEAM does not yield a stable liquid phase of germanium. Both potential models produce a (100) solid-liquid interface for both semiconductors that is rough, while the (111) interface is found to be atomically smooth. The Tersoff potential yields an amorphous phase for both silicon and germanium, but efforts to produce an amorphous MEAM phase were unsuccessful. Rapid solidification of MEAM silicon produced unphysical regrowth velocities.
Concentration of cholecystokinin in cerebrospinal fluid is decreased in psychosis: relationship to symptoms and drug response.

Abstract Beinfeld, Margery C. and David L. Garver: Concentration of Cholecystokinin in Cerebrospinal Fluid is Decreased in Psychosis: Relationship to Symptoms and Drug Response. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1991, 15 (5) : 601–609. 1. 1. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide which is co-localized within some mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine neurons. 2. 2. CCK resembles an antipsychotic drug in some pharmacological and behavioral tests. 3. 3. Levels of CCK in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are reduced in eleven drug-free schizophrenics in comparison with six controls. 4. 4. Schizophrenic males have lower CSF CCK levels than females. 5. 5. Rapidity of antipsychotic response to haloperidol appeared to be inversely related to drug-free baseline CSF CCK levels.
Indazole derivatives as novel bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists.

Abstract A new class of indazole-derived bradykinin B1 antagonists and their structure–activity relationships (SAR) is reported. A number of compounds were found to have low-nanomolar affinity for the human B1 receptor and possess acceptable P-gp and pharmacokinetics properties.
Reversal of the left-to-right shunt in acute ventricular septal defect with a balloon-tipped catheter in the main pulmonary artery.

Abstract Antero-apical interventricular septal defects with a Q p Q s of 1.44 1 were created in dogs. Inflation of a balloon at the tip of a catheter in the main pulmonary artery raised effective pulmonary vascular resistance, thereby reducing flow through the VSD, without increasing aortic or left atrial pressure. Coronary blood flow increased in the right ventricle with establishment of the VSD and the pulmonary artery manipulations while the left ventricular coronary dynamics remained unchanged, implying that the brunt of the increased work with pulmonary artery banding is borne by the right ventricle.
The brainstem origin of monoaminergic projections to the spinal cord of the North American opossum: a study using fluorescent tracers and fluorescence histochemistry.

Abstract The retrograde transport of fluorescent markers has been combined with the glyoxylic acid and Falck-Hillarp techniques to identify the origin of monoamine axons within the spinal cord of the North American opossum. Catecholamine axons arise from neurons located within the ventrolateral medulla, dorsal to the superior olivary complex, within the dorsolateral and rostrolateral pons and within the periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Such neurons are most numerous within the dorsolateral pons where they are found dorsal and lateral to the motor trigeminal nucleus, within the nucleus locus coeruleus pars alpha and adjacent reticular formation as well as within the ventral part of the nucleus locus coeruleus. Neurons containing the fluorescent marker and catecholamines were interspersed with others containing only the injected marker with the possible exception of the nucleus locus coeruleus. Spinal axons of the indoleamine type arise from neurons within the nuclei pallidus, obscurus and magnus raphae, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis, the nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis and the nucleus dorsalis raphae. The latter nucleus only innervates rostral cervical levels. Most of the above areas also contain many non-indoleamine neurons which were labelled by the injected marker. This was particularly true of the nucleus magnus raphae and the adjacent nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis after injections of fluorescent markers into the superficial dorsal horn.
The effects of molar tooth involvement in mandibular angle fractures treated with rigid fixation

Objective: To determine whether the presence of a tooth in the line of mandibular angle fracture increases the incidence of complications and whether removing these teeth has an effect on complicat...
Who Leads and Who Lags? A Comparison of Cheating Attitudes and Behaviors Among Leadership and Business Students

Academic dishonesty and cheating has become endemic, and has also been studied in great depth by researchers. The authors examine the differences between undergraduate business students (n = 136) and leadership students (n = 89) in terms of their attitudes toward academic dishonesty as well as their cheating behaviors. They found that business students overall had much more lax attitudes toward cheating than did leadership students, and they also found that business students seemingly appear to cheat more than do leadership students. The authors finally provide some suggestions and implications of their findings.
The use test for contact hypersensitivity.

A graded Use Test was employed in 12 persons sensitive to isoeugenol, a fragrance chemical. Five gave positive tests, but this did not correlate well with their level of sensitivity as determined by conventional patch testing. Since none had cosmetic dermatitis the importance of a Use Test is diminished and its value in evaluating new cosmetic preparations is questioned.
Perinatal toxicology of mirex administered in the diet: I. viability, growth, cataractogenicity and tissue levels

Abstract Mirex was administered at a concentration of 25 ppm in the diet to pregnant rats. Animals were allowed to give birth and the pups were cross-fostered. Prenatal exposure to mirex resulted in decreased postnatal viability. Growth was decreased in litters exposed postnatally. Postnatal exposure to the pesticide also resulted in a high incidence of cataracts and/or outlined lenses. Mirex crossed the placenta and significant quantities of the chemical were found in newborns. Following postnatal administration of mirex, tissue levels were found to rise through day 21 (weaning) and thereafter to slowly decline. Tissue levels (ppm) were generally found to be in the order of fat > liver > kidney > brain > eyes.
Antiferromagnetic resonance in manganous chloride

Abstract The molecular fields and linewidths of antiferromagnetic manganous chloride were measured by magnetic resonance techniques as a function of temperature, frequency, and orientation. Demagnetization effects were observed. The “10/3 effect” was observed for the paramagnetic state. An effect similar to this was observed in the antiferromagnetic state.
Soft X-ray spectroscopy with sub-electron readnoise charge-coupled devices

Abstract We demonstrate use of a charge-coupled device (CCD) with sub-electron readnoise performance as a non-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The exceptionally low readnoise (0.9 electrons rms) was achieved by applying a floating gate output amplifier with 16 readouts per pixel. The soft X-ray quantum efficiency was enhanced over other front-side illuminated devices by using a novel thin-poly gate structure. The combination of sub-electron noise and good soft X-ray quantum efficiency have enabled us to detect photons in the EUV energy range (E
The Lack of Pseudohomophone Priming Effects with Short Durations in Reading and Naming

The priming effect of pseudohomophones was assessed in reading and naming tasks. In two experiments using the fast priming paradigm in reading, there were no pseudohomophone priming effects when the prime duration was 32, 44, or 56 ms from the beginning of a fixation. In a third experiment, using a naming task with isolated words, there were also no pseudohomophone priming effects with prime durations of 32, 44, and 56 ms, but there was with a 200-ms prime duration. The results suggest that pseudohomophone priming doesn't occur at an early stage of reading (in the first 60 ms from the beginning of fixation), but occurs at a later stage (within the first 200 ms).
Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize

Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize. Norman Hammond (editor). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. xxi + 260 pp. $90.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–521–38422–2.
The effects of exposure to LN2 temperatures and 2.5 suns solar radiation on 30-cm ion thruster performance

An experimental test program was developed to demonstrate all 30 cm Hg-ion bombardment thruster functions over the thermal environment of several proposed missions. A 30 cm thruster with grids dished 1.25 cm and instrumented with 31 thermocouples, was placed in a vacuum tank equipped with minus 196 C walls. Cold storage of a thruster was simulated and temperatures as low as minus 100 C were attained on the thruster. The thruster started successfully from these cold conditions. The thruster operating at both half and full beam power was exposed to 2.5 suns on axis solar simulation. Various thruster thermal configurations, used to simulate multiple thruster operation, were tested at the above conditions. The results of these tests are reported herein.
Physiologically guided approach to characterizing respiratory motion

Purpose: To characterize radiation therapy patient breathing patterns based on measured external surrogate information. Methods: Breathing surrogate data were collected during 4DCT from a cohort of 50 patients including 28 patients with lung cancer and 22 patients without lung cancer. A spirometer and an abdominal pneumatic bellows were used as the surrogates. The relationship between these measurements was assumed to be linear within a small phase difference. The signals were correlated and drift corrected using a previously published method to convert the signal into tidal volume. The airflow was calculated with a first order time derivative of the tidal volume using a window centered on the point of interest and with a window length equal to the CT gantry rotation period. The airflow was compared against the tidal volume to create ellipsoidal patterns that were binned into 25 ml × 25 ml/s bins to determine the relative amount of time spent in each bin. To calculate the variability of the maximum inhalation tidal volume within a free-breathing scan timeframe, a metric based on percentile volume ratios was defined. The free breathing variability metric (κ) was defined as the ratio between extreme inhalation tidal volumes (defined as >93 tidal volume percentile of the measured tidal volume) and normal inhalation tidal volume (defined as >80 tidal volume percentile of the measured tidal volume). Results: There were three observed types of volume-flow curves, labeled Types 1, 2, and 3. Type 1 patients spent a greater duration of time during exhalation withκ = 1.37 ± 0.11. Type 2 patients had equal time duration spent during inhalation and exhalation with κ = 1.28 ± 0.09. The differences between the mean peak exhalation to peak inhalation tidal volume, breathing period, and the 85th tidal volume percentile for Type 1 and Type 2 patients were statistically significant at the 2% significance level. The difference between κ and the 98th tidal volume percentile for Type 1 and Type 2 patients was found to be statistically significant at the 1% significance level. Three patients did not display a breathing stability curve that could be classified as Type 1 or Type 2 due to chaotic breathing patterns. These patients were classified as Type 3 patients. Conclusions: Based on an observed volume-flow curve pattern, the cohort of 50 patients was divided into three categories called Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. There were statistically significant differences in breathing characteristics between Type 1 and Type 2 patients. The use of volume-flow curves to classify patients has been demonstrated as a physiological characterization metric that has the potential to optimize gating windows in radiation therapy.
Calculation of stage‐discharge relations for gravel bedded channels

[1] A method for calculating stage-discharge relations (rating curves) in gravel bedded streams is presented and applied to five reaches at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gaging stations. The approach, which builds on the work of Kean and Smith (2005), uses a fluid-mechanically based model to convert measurements of stage into flow and boundary shear stress fields as appropriate for determining water discharge. The model does not use site-specific empirical roughness coefficients, such as the Manning coefficient, but rather determines channel roughness from field measurements of the channel geometry and the dominant physical and biological roughness elements in the modeled reach. The approach is fully compatible with current USGS-style river gaging procedures and can be used in conjunction with or instead of the standard empirical gaging methods. When used in parallel, the theoretical rating curves produced by the model are in good agreement with direct measurements of discharge made by the USGS. The results of our analyses indicate that the theoretical rating curve approach has the potential to substantially reduce the number of measurement visits, and therefore costs, required to develop rating curves for gaging stations. Owing to this lower cost, it is well suited for regional hydrologic studies in which rainfall distributions are measured in space and time and are compared with measured discharges on the links of the river network. In addition, our method is ideally suited for sites, such as remote locations, where it is difficult or impossible to define a complete rating curve using conventional methods alone.
Weak sharp minima revisited, part II: application to linear regularity and error bounds

The notion of weak sharp minima is an important tool in the analysis of the perturbation behavior of certain classes of optimization problems as well as in the convergence analysis of algorithms designed to solve these problems. It has been studied extensively by several authors. This paper is the second of a series on this subject where the basic results on weak sharp minima in Part I are applied to a number of important problems in convex programming. In Part II we study applications to the linear regularity and bounded linear regularity of a finite collection of convex sets as well as global error bounds in convex programming. We obtain both new results and reproduce several existing results from a fresh perspective.
Spatiotemporal path planning in strong, dynamic, uncertain currents

This work addresses mission planning for autonomous underwater gliders based on predictions of an uncertain, time-varying current field. Glider submersibles are highly sensitive to prevailing currents so mission planners must account for ocean tides and eddies. Previous work in variable-current path planning assumes that current predictions are perfect, but in practice these forecasts may be inaccurate. Here we evaluate plan fragility using empirical tests on historical ocean forecasts for which followup data is available. We present methods for glider path planning and control in a time-varying current field. A case study scenario in the Southern California Bight uses current predictions drawn from the Regional Ocean Monitoring System (ROMS).
Extreme programming compared with Microsoft-style iterative development

Highlighting the similarities---although they might be superficial in some cases---in software development practices.
P1-S2.26 Drug and sexual HIV risk among injection drug users - a latent class analysis

Background Injection drug users (IDUs) are at increased risk of HIV infection because they are more likely to engage in high risk injection behaviours (eg, needle sharing) as well as in high risk sexual behaviours (eg, exchange sex). This analysis examines factors associated with HIV risk using a latent class approach. Methods Our study includes 523 eligible injection drug users, recruited into the 2009 National HIV Behavioural Surveillance project. Using maximum likelihood we calculated the posterior probability of being in an HIV risk class from nine drug and sexual behaviours. We simultaneously fitted a multinomial regression model to identify socio-demographic factors associated with HIV risk class. Results We identified 3 HIV risk classes—high (42%), moderate (25%) and low risk (33%). Compared to the high HIV risk class, homeless IDUs had lower odds to be in the moderate (OR=0.16, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.70) and in low risk HIV class (OR=0.28, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.52). Moreover, IDUs who were arrested in the past 12 month had also lower odds to be in low risk class (OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.86) compared to high HIV risk class. Conclusions Our results show that the majority of our IDUs were engaged in high HIV risk behaviours. Though temporality cannot be established due to the cross-sectional study design our findings indicate that homelessness and history of incarceration are associated with HIV risk. Interventions targeting system-level change may help to reduce the burden of HIV among the injection drug user population.
Streamlining the Research and Development Pipeline by Coupling of Information Technology and Biology

Facing serious challenges, the industry is looking for ways to shorten the drug discovery cycle without taking additional risks. Techniques such as high throughput screening, genomics, and proteomics generate enormous amounts of data. However, they impose an even bigger challenge to process that flood of information without delaying the drug development process. If both context-based models and data-driven methods are used for the knowledge discovery process then these new scientific techniques could be utilized in a much more structured way. By definition, these technologies require close cooperation between information technology experts and research scientists, enabling more creative project management. This will lead directly to a scenario in which leads, targets, and drug candidates are selected with much higher quality.
Letter exchange documents 50 years of progress in oceanography

During World War II the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) became involved in the oceanographic training of officers. This, combined with a rekindling of interest in the Pacific Ocean during and after the war, catapulted SIO in the late 1940s to a position of prominence in oceanographic education. The leader of the institution, both administratively and academically, was Harald Sverdrup (Figure 1). When he became director in 1936, only five graduate students were enrolled.
Lipogenesis in isolated adipose tissue of the domestic chick (Gallus domesticus)

Abstract 1. 1. Isolated adipose tissue of the domestic chick (Gallus domesticus) has a low lipogenic capacity. 2. 2. This tissue utilizes more acetate and pyruvate than glucose for fatty acid synthesis. 3. 3. In the presence of unlabelled glucose, insulin did not stimulate the incorporation of acetate-1-C14 or pyruvate-2-C14 into fatty acids, but stimulated the incorporation of glucose-U-C14 into glyceride-glycerol. 4. 4. The activity of the pentose cycle dehydrogenase enzymes is low in both chick liver and adipose tissue homogenates. 5. 5. Malic enzyme activity is high in chick liver homogenates and may be a primary source of reducing equivalents for lipid synthesis in this organ.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's “The Yellow Wallpaper”: Rhetorical Subversion in Feminist Literature

(1991). Charlotte Perkins Gilman's “The Yellow Wallpaper”: Rhetorical Subversion in Feminist Literature. Women's Studies in Communication: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 58-72.
Pan-HSV-2 IgG Antibody in Vaccinated Mice and Guinea Pigs Correlates with Protection against Herpes Simplex Virus 2

We lack a correlate of immunity to herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) that may be used to differentiate whether a HSV-2 vaccine elicits robust or anemic protection against genital herpes. This gap in knowledge is often attributed to a failure to measure the correct component of the adaptive immune response to HSV-2. However, efforts to identify a correlate of immunity have focused on subunit vaccines that contain less than 3% of HSV-2's 40,000-amino-acid proteome. We were interested to determine if a correlate of immunity might be more readily identified if 1. animals were immunized with a polyvalent immunogen such as a live virus and/or 2. the magnitude of the vaccine-induced immune response was gauged in terms of the IgG antibody response to all of HSV-2's antigens (pan-HSV-2 IgG). Pre-challenge pan-HSV-2 IgG levels and protection against HSV-2 were compared in mice and/or guinea pigs immunized with a gD-2 subunit vaccine, wild-type HSV-2, or one of several attenuated HSV-2 ICP0− viruses (0Δ254, 0Δ810, 0ΔRING, or 0ΔNLS). These six HSV-2 immunogens elicited a wide range of pan-HSV-2 IgG levels spanning an ~500-fold range. For 5 of the 6 immunogens tested, pre-challenge levels of pan-HSV-2 IgG quantitatively correlated with reductions in HSV-2 challenge virus shedding and increased survival frequency following HSV-2 challenge. Collectively, the results suggest that pan-HSV-2 IgG levels may provide a simple and useful screening tool for evaluating the potential of a HSV-2 vaccine candidate to elicit protection against HSV-2 genital herpes.
Alzheimer memory training: Positive results replicated:

In December, 1992, Clinical Gerontologist published the results of my dissertation research single subject experiments in which two early Alzheimer patients (Folstein MMSE scores of 23) were assisted to relearn two sets of forgotten biographical information by means of informational narratives and interactive quizzes presented via audio cassette recorder1I Subsequent articles in this journal have discussed my memory training work in the context of a multi-modal treatment program,2 and presented findings from a research study that compared quizzing to repetition as a means of reteaching forgotten information.3 Since none of the previously published articles referred to memory training in their titles, it is conceivable that researchers and practitioners might not find these articles in routine literature searches.This article brings together in one place a summary of my memory training work with the 14 Alzheimer's patients and one undiagnosed amnestic patient with whom I have used the tape-recorded interve...
System Health Modeling for Improved Cloud Resource Provisioning

Today's cloud systems comprise a large number of resources that are used for provisioning resource requests of multiple tenants. Each resource has its own set of configurable parameters that determine its overall health, viz., whether it would continue to function as designed. Any overloading of a resource in order to meet multiple tenancy requirements results in the system becoming "unhealthy", and therefore increasingly unfit to function normally. Typically, resources in a cloud environment are monitored using management tools such as IBM Systems Director and VMWare vSphere. While these tools do provide administrators with extensive information on the configurable parameters of monitored resources, they fail to provide a unified view on how "healthy" a resource is, especially when it is to be considered for provisioning a tenancy requirement. Such a lacuna usually forces systems administrators to make suboptimal guesses regarding the suitability of using the resource in question. To that end, in this paper, we discuss this crucial research issue and present our ongoing work on developing a provisioning health model for a resource, viz., its ability to meet a tenancy requirement taking into account its configurable parameters and current & past load conditions. We illustrate our model throughout our paper with a realistic running example, and discuss how our model could be developed and tested on reallife cloud environments.
An application from partial sums of e z to a problem in several complex variables

Abstract Let B n r ={z ϵ C n :¦z¦ , where ¦·¦ is the Euclidean norm, and for X ⊂ C n, let H X denote the closed convex hull of X in C n. In 1990, Graham showed that if f is a normalized holomorphic map from Bn1 into C n, and if f is either an open map or a polynomial map, then there is a sharp, uniform constant a, a given by ae1+a=1, such that H f(Bn1) ⊃ Bna. Graham posed the question to find, for normalized polynomial maps f of degree m, the best constant am so that H f(Bn1) ⊃ Bnam. We answer this question and obtain, for each m, the sharp constant a m =a+ a ln m 2(1+a)m + a ln { 2π (1+a)/a} (1+a)m + 1 m , m→ ∞ We also note that this solution extends an old result of Polya and Szegő.
Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenesis—Oxidative Stress as a Possible Mode of Action and Future Research Needs for More Biologically Based Risk Assessment

Exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) induces cancer in human lungs, urinary bladder, skin, kidney, and liver, with the majority of deaths from lung and bladder cancer. To date, cancer risk assessments for iAs have not relied on mechanistic data, as we have lacked sufficient understanding of arsenic's pharmacokinetics and mode(s) of carcinogenic action (MOA). Furthermore, while there are vast amounts of toxicological data on iAs, relatively little of it has been collected using experimental designs that efficiently support development of biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models and subsequently risk assessment. This review outlines an efficient approach to the development of a BBDR model for iAs that would reduce uncertainties in its cancer risk assessment. This BBDR-based approach is illustrated by using oxidative stress as the carcinogenic MOA for iAs but would be generically applicable to other MOAs. Six major research needs that will facilitate BBDR model development for arsenic-induced cancer are (1) MOA research, which is needed to reduce the uncertainty in risk assessment; (2) development and integration of the pharmacodynamic component (MOA) of the BBDR model; (3) dose-response and extrapolation model selection; (4) the determination of internal human speciated arsenical concentrations to improve physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models; (5) animal models of arsenic carcinogenesis; and (6) the determination of the low dose human relationship for death from cancer, particularly in lungs and urinary bladder. The major parts of the BBDR model are arsenic exposure, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, reactive species, antioxidant defenses, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, growth factors, transcription factors, DNA damage, chromosome damage, cell proliferation, mutation accumulation, and cancer. The BBDR model will need to be developed concurrently with data collection so that model uncertainties can be identified and addressed through an iterative process of targeted additional research.
On implementing motion-based Region of Interest detection on multi-core CELL

Region of Interest (ROI) detection is a well-studied problem in computer vision for applications such as video surveillance and vision-based robotics. ROI detection may be done using background subtraction schemes with change detection and background estimation. When the camera is not static, these schemes will be ineffective and hence there is a need for global motion estimation (GME) to compensate the camera motion. Robust GME algorithms often require high computation power, rendering them unsuitable for real-time, embedded vision applications. In this article, we use a multi-core processor platform - CELL, to meet the computational requirements of the ROI detection system and to explore the feasibility of potential usage of such heterogeneous processor architecture for vision applications. In particular, we analyze the algorithmic components of a typical GME-based ROI detection system and show how to make efficient use of the parallel and vector computation capabilities in the CELL cores for maximizing the gain on speed performance. We have also ported our system on a Sony PS3 system and promising results have been achieved. Based on the study, various design aspects and implementation challenges are discussed which are believed to be useful for future work in porting vision algorithms on multi-core architectures for real-time embedded applications.
Collaborative computing: a new management strategy for increasing productivity and building a better business

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to discuss the evolution of the collaborative computing technology and highlight major benefits of using this technology in small and medium‐sized firms. The trends in collaborative products and services and some of the collaborative computing products generating the most interest will be examined.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of a general review.Findings – This paper concludes that collaborative computing technology or “groupware” is firmly establishing itself as the way forward for successful and sustainable business operations. Collaborative computing programs are becoming a viable option for most small and mid‐sized businesses. They enable a company to increase efficiency, improve productivity, reduce costs, and improve quality by enabling the group to achieve superior decisions and solutions.Originality/value – This paper provides practitioners with examinations of some of the collaborative computing products generating the most interest.
South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China and India in the World Order: Searching for Major-Power Status

South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China. Edited by Lowell Dittmer. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2004. 296p. 28.95 paper.India in the World Order: Searching for Major-Power Status. By Baldev Raj Nayar and T. V. Paul. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 302p. 25.99 paper.The 1998 nuclear tests by India and Pakistan caught the attention of international relations theorists as never before. While the earlier analyses of South Asia came primarily from those working on nonproliferation issues and regional conflict-prevention perspectives, the advent of overt nuclear weapon status of India and Pakistan presented IR scholars with the opportunity to explore a range of hypotheses about new nuclear powers. Was South Asia going to be able to take advantage of its backwardness/late entry into the deterrence game and learn from the considerable research and experience of the two superpowers during the Cold War? Were India and Pakistan as rational as the United States and the Soviet Union (if not more), and could they manage their rivalry without resorting to nuclear exchange? Will their overt nuclear weapons capabilities make India and Pakistan more careful in their responses to each other's provocative moves? Is a rivalry based in political ideology (like the U.S.-USSR one) more susceptible to rational decision making than a rivalry based in religious ideology (supposedly the primary basis of the India-Pakistan dispute)? A related set of questions raised by the tests focused primarily on the reasons/motivations behind Indian nuclear tests and their impact on the nuclear nonproliferation regime.
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Distal Tibiofibular Joint: A Case Report

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a proliferative disorder of the synovium. Monoarticular involvement is the more common process. This article presents a case of PVNS with rare location at the distal tibiofibular joint and discusses the current concepts of diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Die Kinetik des Sauerstoffaustausches zwischen Wasser als Lösungsmittel und dem Diaquo‐dioxalato‐chrom‐(III)‐Anion

Die Geschwindigkeit des Sauerstoffaustausches zwischen dercis-und trans-Form des Diaquo-dioxalato-chrom-(III)-Anions und Wasser als Losungsmittel wurde als Funktion der Temperatur und der Saurekonzentration gemessen. Dazu wurde ein mit 17O angereichertes Komplex-salz hergestellt, das nach Auflosen in Wasser von naturlichem 17O-Gehalt mit dem Losungsmittel Sauerstoff austauschte. Dieser Austausch, an dem sich samtliche Sauerstoffatome des Komplexions beteiligen, wurde anhand der Anderung der Intensitat des 17O Kernresonanzsignals der freien Wassermolekule mit der Zeit verfolgt. Dabei stellte sich heraus, das die beiden Sauerstoffatome der Aquoliganden wesentlich schneller als die acht Sauerstoffatome der Oxalatoliganden austauschen. Die Halbwertszeiten der entsprechenden Reaktionen betragen bei 25°C und einem pH-Wert von 2,4 τw = 49 Stunden und τox = 960 Stunden. Die ermittelten Geschwindigkeiten der Austauschreaktionen ergeben die Moglichkeit, die Zahl der denkbaren Reaktionsmechanismen fur die Isomerisierung des Diaquo-dioxalato-chrom-(III)-Anions und fur die Bildungsreaktion des Trioxalato-chrom-(III)-Anions deutlich einzuengen. The rate of oxygen exchange between the two geometrical isomers of the diaquo-dioxalato-chromium-(III)-anion and the solvent water has been measured as a function of temperature and acid concentration. For this purpose, an 17O-enriched complex salt was prepared, which exchanged oxygen with the solvent after being dissolved in water with a natural abundance of 17O. The exchange reaction, which involves all oxygen atoms of the complex ion, was followed by the change of the intensity of the 17O-nuclear resonance signal with time. Among the oxygen atoms of the complexion the two oxygen atoms of the aquo ligands exchange appreciably faster than the eight oxygens of the oxalate ligands. The half-times of the respective reactions at 25°C and pH = 2.4 amount to τ = 49 hours and τo = 960 hours. The measured rates of oxygen exchanges offer the possibility to reduce the number of conceivable reaction mechanisms for the isomerisation reaction of the diaquo-dioxalato-chromium-(III)-anion and for the formation reaction of the trioxalato-chromium-(III)-anion.
Police Professionalization: Elusive or Illusory?:

Police professionalization has been an earnest but elusive pursuit of leading police administrators. In large part, the elusiveness is a consequence of ambiguity in the concept itself First, there is a lack of clarity, even in general usage, of the designation "professional. " Second, the initially imprecise definitions have been further clouded when modified for application to the police. Furthermore, the specific environments of given police departments limit the potential for development of generalized concepts of police professionalization. Finally, there has been afailure to distinguish between professionalization as achieving professionalism and as obtaining professionalperquisites. In view of these factors, police professionalism must be seen more as an illusory goal than as a flawed programmatic objective.
The Instinctive Mind on Wall Street: Evolution and Investment Decision-Making

This article aims to stimulate inquiry into the role that human evolution plays in the investment decision process. Using insights from the field of evolutionary psychology, the author presents evidence that suggests that herding, overconfidence, loss aversion, and heavy reliance on concrete, personal, and affective information may have evolutionary roots. The investment implications of these behaviors include security price overrreaction, excessive stock trading, higher-than-expected risk premiums, and greater stock price sensitivity to concrete and imaginable events.
Ion-beam implosion of fusion targets

The performance of ion-beam: irradiated fusion targets consisting of a high-density spherical shell containing DT gas has been calculated. Breakeven with 10-MeV protons irradiating 1: 2-mm-diam targets can be produced with a beam current around 10 MA. Results for various target sizes and other beam particles and voltages are also discussed.
Transient fluvial incision and active surface uplift in the Woodlark Rift of eastern Papua New Guinea

The Woodlark Rift of southeastern Papua New Guinea is among the fastest evolving plate boundaries on Earth. Rapid extension led to formation of metamorphic core complexes ahead of the westward-propagating Woodlark basin spreading center, but it is unknown whether all core complexes are still active. We assess the spatial pattern and recent history of rock and surface uplift in the subaerial portion of the Woodlark Rift using stream profile analyses on the D9Entrecasteaux Islands and eastern Papuan Peninsula. Most stream profiles are characterized by prominent convexities, or knickpoints, many of which occur at the heads of inner gorges and likely formed from transient stream erosion in the Quaternary due to an increase in rock uplift rate. The amount of transient incision and rock uplift (∼200–800 m) correlates with channel slopes below knickpoints normalized for drainage area. Recent erosion lags behind rock uplift; hence, the region of study has undergone net surface uplift, elevating a relict landscape upstream of knickpoints by an average of 450 m, and increasing basin relief by an average of 60%. On a local scale, stream slopes, transient incision, and uplifted relict stream channels provide independent quantitative evidence for patterns of active uplift in the D9Entrecasteaux Islands and Papuan Peninsula consistent with available geologic and thermochronologic data. Surface uplift increases from east to west on a regional scale, in a region of active lithospheric extension. Rising topography in thinned crust occurs over low-density asthenosphere, indicating that mantle buoyancy and flow contribute to active surface uplift and landscape evolution in the Woodlark Rift.
Use of silicate sol-gels to trap the R and T quaternary conformational states of pig kidney fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.

Abstract Encapsulation of the homotetrameric pig kidney fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) in tetramethyl orthosilicate sol-gels was used to dramatically reduce the rate of the allosteric transition of the enzyme between the T and R allosteric states. When assayed in the absence of the allosteric inhibitor AMP, the enzyme encapsulated in the T-state exhibited little activity. The enzyme encapsulated in the R-state exhibited a 4-fold lower kcat and Vmax than the enzyme in solution, and the apparent Km for this enzyme was 350-fold higher than the corresponding value for the enzyme in solution. The [Mg2+]0.5 for the encapsulated enzyme was only 0.1 mM, compared to 0.54 mM for the normal enzyme. Magnesium activation, under both sets of conditions, was cooperative with a Hill coefficient of approximately 2. The activity of enzyme encapsulated in the R-state decreased to about 70% of initial activity within 1 min of adding AMP, it then decreased slowly to about 40% of initial activity over the following 7 h. Under the conditions tested, the encapsulated enzyme never became completely inactivated and AMP inhibition was no longer cooperative. For enzyme encapsulated in the T-state, activity was restored over approximately 7 h after removal of the AMP. The biphasic and slow responses to changing AMP levels suggest that encapsulated enzyme can be used to study the effects of local conformational changes distinct from the global quaternary conformational changes by slowing down the ability of the enzyme to carry out global rotations. The response to AMP exhibited by the encapsulated enzyme is consistent with the ability of AMP, at least partially, to directly influence the activity of the active site within each subunit.