cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroanatomy of the Extended Circadian Rhythm System

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), site of the primary clock in the circadian rhythm system, has three major afferent connections. The most important consists of a retinohypothalamic projection through which photic information, received by classical rod/cone photoreceptors and intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells, gains access to the clock. This information influences phase and period of circadian rhythms. The two other robust afferent projections are the median raphe serotonergic pathway and the geniculohypothalamic (GHT), NPY-containing pathway from the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). Beyond this simple framework, the number of anatomical routes that could theoretically be involved in rhythm regulation is enormous, with the SCN projecting to 15 regions and being directly innervated by about 35. If multisynaptic afferents to the SCN are included, the number expands to approximately brain 85 areas providing input to the SCN. The IGL, a known contributor to circadian rhythm regulation, has a still greater level of complexity. This nucleus connects abundantly throughout the brain (to approximately 100 regions) by pathways that are largely bilateral and reciprocal. Few of these sites have been evaluated for their contributions to circadian rhythm regulation, although most have a theoretical possibility of doing so via the GHT. The anatomy of IGL connections suggests that one of its functions may be regulation of eye movements during sleep. Together, neural circuits of the SCN and IGL are complex and interconnected. As yet, few have been tested with respect to their involvement in rhythm regulation.
Computationally efficient linear prediction from past samples of a band-limited signal and its derivative

Formulas for linear prediction of a band-limited signal are developed, where the signal may be either deterministic or wide-sense stationary. The prediction formulas are based on finite differences modified by two or more parameters, and finite differences allow the formulas to be easily adapted to changes in order of the prediction. It is shown that a formula to predict the next signal value from a set of past, equally spaced values is a formula that can be extended to provide prediction at points even beyond that. In addition, the formula is extended to a difference scheme involving an arbitrary number of parameters as well as to a formula that includes samples of the derivative of the signal. This approach differs from that of solving the normal (or Yule-Walker) equations, but it has the advantage that the (suboptimal) prediction coefficients are independent of the particular signal spectrum or autocorrelation function. >
Proteome Scale Characterization of Human S-Acylated Proteins in Lipid Raft-enriched and Non-raft Membranes

Protein S-acylation (palmitoylation), a reversible post-translational modification, is critically involved in regulating protein subcellular localization, activity, stability, and multimeric complex assembly. However, proteome scale characterization of S-acylation has lagged far behind that of phosphorylation, and global analysis of the localization of S-acylated proteins within different membrane domains has not been reported. Here we describe a novel proteomics approach, designated palmitoyl protein identification and site characterization (PalmPISC), for proteome scale enrichment and characterization of S-acylated proteins extracted from lipid raft-enriched and non-raft membranes. In combination with label-free spectral counting quantitation, PalmPISC led to the identification of 67 known and 331 novel candidate S-acylated proteins as well as the localization of 25 known and 143 novel candidate S-acylation sites. Palmitoyl acyltransferases DHHC5, DHHC6, and DHHC8 appear to be S-acylated on three cysteine residues within a novel CCX7–13C(S/T) motif downstream of a conserved Asp-His-His-Cys cysteine-rich domain, which may be a potential mechanism for regulating acyltransferase specificity and/or activity. S-Acylation may tether cytoplasmic acyl-protein thioesterase-1 to membranes, thus facilitating its interaction with and deacylation of membrane-associated S-acylated proteins. Our findings also suggest that certain ribosomal proteins may be targeted to lipid rafts via S-acylation, possibly to facilitate regulation of ribosomal protein activity and/or dynamic synthesis of lipid raft proteins in situ. In addition, bioinformatics analysis suggested that S-acylated proteins are highly enriched within core complexes of caveolae and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, both cholesterol-rich membrane structures. The PalmPISC approach and the large scale human S-acylated protein data set are expected to provide powerful tools to facilitate our understanding of the functions and mechanisms of protein S-acylation.
Exponential stabilization of hyperbolic systems with nonlinear, unbounded perturbations—riccati operator approach

Abstract differential equations with nonlinear unstructured perturbations represented by unbounded nonlinear operators are considered. It is shown that such system can be uniformly locally stabilized by the feedback operator (also unbounded) which is constructed via the solution of an appropriate Riccati Equation. Abstract results are applied to the model of a Kirchhoff plate with nonlinear unstruc¬tured boundary perturbations. In this case, it is proved that the energy of the solutions with boundary (moment) feedback based on Riccati operator decays uniformly (locally) to zero
Structure and dynamics of few-nucleon systems

Few-nucleon physics is a field rich with high-quality experimental data and possibilities for accurate calculations of strongly correlated quantum systems. In this article the authors discuss the traditional model of the nucleus as a system of interacting nucleons and outline many recent experimental results and theoretical developments in the field of few-nucleon physics. The authors describe nuclear structure and spectra, clustering and correlations, elastic and inelastic electromagnetic form factors, low-energy electroweak reactions, and nuclear scattering and response in the quasielastic regime. Through a review of the rich body of experimental data and a variety of theoretical developments, a coherent description of the nuclear strong- and electroweak-interaction properties emerges. In this article, the authors attempt to provide some insight into the practice and possibilities in few-nucleon physics today.
Ocular manifestations of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

• To our knowledge, this article describes the first ocular histopathologic condition of a Smith-Lemli-Opitz proband, despite almost 60 clinical histories that exist in the literature. The sole retinal abnormality in this 1-month-old infant with congenital bilateral cataracts is the extensive dropout of peripheral ganglion axons with incipient optic nerve demyelination. Unusual amorphous cytoplasmic masses that are continuous with photoreceptor discs are prominent aspects of the peripheral subretinal space. The morphological data imply that the localized mitochondrial disintegration is restricted to the corneal endothelium and retinal pigment epithelium and is an important element in the etiology. All children who fail to thrive with vomiting, are mentally deficient, have anteverted nostrils, broad maxillary alveolar ridges, syndactyly of the second and third toes, and ambiguous genitalia should be carefully screened for incipient corneal endothelial changes, mild cataracts, and peripheral retinal changes.
Retention of configuration and regiochemistry in allylic alkylations via the memory effect

The results of a systematic variation of achiral monodentate ligands used for the Pd-catalyzed alkylation of crotyl and 3-buten-2-yl acetates and carbonates are presented. A significant degree of retention of regiochemistry and stereochemistry was observed for these substrates, especially for nonracemic 3-buten-2-yl ethyl carbonate with PCyxPh3-x and carbene ligands.
Reactions of siliranes with elemental sulfur and with t-butyl mercaptan. Preparation of the 2,3-dithia-1-silacyclopentane ring system

Abstract The reaction of 1,1-dimethyl- trans -2,3,-bis(2′,2′-dimethylcyclopropylidene)-1-silirane with S 8 gives a mixture of four isomeric products derived from incorporation of one sulfur atom and a cyclopropylcarbinyl-to-butenyl type rearrangement. This silirane reacts with t-butyl mercaptan to give a product of mercaptan addition in which a cyclopropylcarbinyl-to-butenyl rearrangement also has occurred. Hexamethylsilirane reacts with S 8 to give 1,1,4,4,5,5-hexamethyl-2,3-dithia-1-silacyclopentane in high yield. These reactions are discussed in terms of free radical mechanisms.
Formation of STAT1-STAT2 heterodimers and their role in the activation of IRF-1 gene transcription by interferon-α

An upstream inverted repeat (IR) element mediates transcriptional activation of the interferon response factor-1 gene (IRF-1) by interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-γ. IFN-α and IFN-γ fail to induce IRF-1 in cells that lack signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and STAT1 homodimers bind to IR elements in extracts of IFN-α-treated cells. We now report that STAT2 also plays an important role in the IFN-α-mediated transcriptional activation of the IRF-1 gene. A new factor, most likely a STAT1-STAT2 heterodimer, was detected with an IR probe in extracts of IFN-α-treated cells. STAT1 and STAT2 are already known to combine with p48, a DNA-binding protein, to form IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), which binds to IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs) distinct from the IR of the IRF-1 gene. In extracts of U2A cells, which lack p48, STAT1-STAT2 heterodimers were still formed, indicating that they do not contain p48. We manipulated the intracellular levels of STAT1-STAT2 heterodimers and STAT1 homodimers to examine their roles in the induction of IRF-1 by IFN-α. Although both dimers can induce IRF-1 transcription, the heterodimers are more potent and thus may be the major activators in vivo. Deletion analysis reveals that the C-terminal domain of STAT2 is important for transcriptional activation mediated by both STAT1-STAT2 heterodimers and ISGF3.
Role of crystal-amorphous interaction in phase equilibria of crystal-amorphous polymer blends.

A self-consistent theory has been developed for determination of phase diagrams of a crystalline polymer solution. Although the original Flory diluent theory captures the liquidus line, the theory is incapable of accounting for the solidus line due to the inherent assumption of complete immiscibility of solvent in the solid crystal. The present theory considers all possible interactions involving amorphous−amorphous and crystal−amorphous interactions. The self-consistent solutions predict various phase diagrams involving liquid−liquid, pure solid, and liquid−solid coexistence regions bound by liquidus and solidus lines. In the limit of complete insolubility of solvent in neat solid crystal, the original Flory diluent theory is recovered.
Preparation of sulfated zirconia catalysts with improved control of sulfur content

Abstract The amount of sulfate ion ultimately present in a sulfated zirconia catalyst can be controlled by impregnating the solid with the desired quantity of sulfuric acid in water, evaporating the solvent, and calcining the residue. The surface area is directly related to the amount of sulfur (sulfate) incorporated into the catalyst. Compared to the usual method, consisting of ‘percolation’ of zirconium oxide with sulfuric acid, or immersion of the oxide into a large excess of acid followed by filtration or decanting, the modified procedure leads to a material of similar surface area and of similar catalytic activity for the isomerization of methylcyclopentane to cyclohexane at 65°C. The controlled impregnation technique allows variation of the sulfur content without a change in the calcination temperature. In addition, no waste sulfuric acid is generated in the modified process.
On the theory of stress-assisted diffusion, II

Similarity and general steady-state solutions of a recently developed strees-assisted diffusion theory are derived. General transient solutions are obtained analytically for certain classes of stress distributions. For general stress distributions a perturbation method is employed to produce transient solutions. Under appropriate conditions the derived solutions are reduced to previous formulae that have unsystematically appeared in the literature. Examples of interesting crack problems involving stress singularities as well as the elimination of singularities are considered. An equilibrium solution is utilized together with a straightforward physical argument to produce rationally two empirical formulae previously proposed in the literature to model embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking phenomena. This solution is further used to model embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking data more successfully than previous attempts. An appendix on certain preliminary elastodiffusive fracture criteria is given.
Stumpbody Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner) (=Tilapia aurea) and tail‐less S. niloticus (L.) (=T. niloticd): two vertebral anomalies and their effects on body length

. Two gross phenotypic anomalies in tilapia are described: Stumpbody Sarotherodon aureus (=Tilapia aurea) and tail-less S. niloticus (= T, nilotica). Vertebral anomalies associated with each disorder are described. A body length: vertebra length ratio is developed to assess the effects that vertebral anomalies have on body lengths. The Stumpbody phenotype is a non-heritable, congenital defect.
Mappings between Euclidean spaces that are one-to-one over the image of a dense subset

Examples are constructed that include, for n > m > 2, proper surjective maps f: Rn -* Rm that are one to one over the image of a dense subset D C Rn; i.e., the restriction of f yields a homeomorphism from f-If(D) onto f (D). A routine Baire Category argument establishes that, for any acompact subset F C Rn which f maps onto Rm, Int(F) #& 0 and, hence,
Conflicting Objectives in Regulating the Automobile

Federal regulation of automobile safety, emissions, and fuel economy is contradictory. Safety equipment and emissions control reduce fuel economy; reducing the size of automobiles is estimated to increase fatalities by 1400 a year and significantly increase serious injuries. These secondary impacts of regulation roughly double the estimated costs of achieving the individual goals. In formulating regulations, these contradictions must be taken into account, along with the effects on the price of the vehicle and its attractiveness to buyers.
Training Communication Partners: The New Challenge for Communication Disorders Professionals Supporting Persons with Severe Disabilities

If individuals who have severe disabilities are to hold meaningful jobs in the community, take part in leisure events and activities with the general public, and live as independently as possible, ...
Melting and Shedding of Graupel and Hail. Part III: Investigation of the Role of Shed Drops as Hail Embryos in the 1 August CCOPE Severe Storm

Abstract The 1 August severe storm during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) has been analyzed making use of T-28 aircraft data, CP-2 radar data, and a particle trajectory model in conjunction with a time-averaged Doppler-derived wind field. This analysis reveals that water drops are shed from wet hailstones in this storm, and that some of them are shed in favorable locations to grow back into hailstones. A particular region of the storm is identified as the most likely source region for shed drops, and particle trajectory calculations show that hailstones grown from this region fall out in locations consistent with the reflectivity structure of the storm. Some trajectories are shown to fall back through this same region while at the same time shedding, providing new hail embryos.
Experimental study on the effects of temperature cycling on coarsening of plagioclase and olivine in an alkali basalt

We conducted experiments on an alkali basalt at 1-atmosphere in order to investigate the effects of temperature cycling on crystal coarsening. Experiments at 1,150 °C near the Ni–NiO buffer indicate that coarsening of plagioclase and olivine crystals is greatly accentuated by temperature cycling. For a given experiment duration, crystal number density decreases with temperature cycle amplitude and average crystal size increases with increasing amplitude. We observed little correlation between cycle period and crystal number density or average crystal size. We suggest that dissolution and size-proportional crystal growth during repeated heating and cooling decrease crystal number density and increase average crystal size. These experiments indicate that the texture of silicate minerals can be modified by temperature cycling and that phenocrysts may develop quicker in silicate magmas when the magma temperature is cycled.
An efficient MR phosphorous spectroscopic localization technique for studying ischemic heart.

To obtain the spatially resolved (31)P spectroscopic image from myocardium during an acute myocardium ischemia at a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in a very limited time window, we have exploited the spatial variation of the radiofrequency (RF) field produced by a single loop transmit/receive (TR) RF coil along its axis for spatial discrimination. By incrementally lengthening the duration of a square RF excitation pulse, the positional information can be systematically encoded as harmonics of various orders in MR signal. In the in vivo open-chest animal experiment, this RF coil was surgically sutured onto the epicardial surface of the left ventricular (LV) wall over the region perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery. Using only 17 encoding steps, we have obtained one-dimensional (31)P spectroscopic images from both a multiple-layer phosphor phantom and an in vivo LV myocardium. In the animal study, the cardiac gating is used with respiratory synchronization. The MR data were only collected during the end diastole phase of the cardiac cycle (cardiac and respiratory synchronized) with an effective sequence repetition time (TR) of 6 seconds (to ensure the complete relaxation of the phosphorous magnetization). The total acquisition time for a complete experiment is about 10 minutes. Prior to the CSI reconstruction process, the raw data matrix was zero-filled in the spatial dimension. The spatially resolved metabolite map exhibited all the metabolite peaks including creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate. At the layer of endocardium, two peaks corresponding to 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, which is contained in the erythrocytes, were clearly seen in the LV wall. Also, the method allows compensation in both volume and coil sensitivity variations for the resulting spectra. All results have demonstrated that it is an efficient nuclear magnetic resonance method capable of obtaining high-quality (31)P spectroscopic images with both excellent spatial localization and SNR in the research of cardiac ischemia. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:892-898.
Action planning and predictive coding when speaking

Across the animal kingdom, sensations resulting from an animal's own actions are processed differently from sensations resulting from external sources, with self-generated sensations being suppressed. A forward model has been proposed to explain this process across sensorimotor domains. During vocalization, reduced processing of one's own speech is believed to result from a comparison of speech sounds to corollary discharges of intended speech production generated from efference copies of commands to speak. Until now, anatomical and functional evidence validating this model in humans has been indirect. Using EEG with anatomical MRI to facilitate source localization, we demonstrate that inferior frontal gyrus activity during the 300ms before speaking was associated with suppressed processing of speech sounds in auditory cortex around 100ms after speech onset (N1). These findings indicate that an efference copy from speech areas in prefrontal cortex is transmitted to auditory cortex, where it is used to suppress processing of anticipated speech sounds. About 100ms after N1, a subsequent auditory cortical component (P2) was not suppressed during talking. The combined N1 and P2 effects suggest that although sensory processing is suppressed as reflected in N1, perceptual gaps may be filled as reflected in the lack of P2 suppression, explaining the discrepancy between sensory suppression and preserved sensory experiences. These findings, coupled with the coherence between relevant brain regions before and during speech, provide new mechanistic understanding of the complex interactions between action planning and sensory processing that provide for differentiated tagging and monitoring of one's own speech, processes disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Organoboron compounds as sources of silaethylene intermediates

Abstract Possible generation of 1-silaethylene intermediates by base-catalyzed β-elimination reactions of (Me3SiOSiMe2CH2)3B and (C6H5Me2SiOSiMe2CH2)3B is discussed.
Income Distribution and "Economic Justice"

The public debate on tax reform, studies of the consequences of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, and the criticism by the Roman Catholic bishops at their 1984 conference have focused attention once again on the “fairness” of income distribution in the United States This article surveys the arguments for and against income redistribution against the background of the latest empirical and theoretical findings.
Difference equations in statistical mechanics. II. Solid-on-solid models in two dimensions

A review and some new results are presented for the solid-on-solid models of wetting in two dimensions (i.e., line interfaces) with an emphasis on the difference equations arising in the transfer matrix calculations for these models. Methods for solving the appropriate difference equations exactly or approximately are surveyed, including specific results for short-range, long-range power-law, and applied field-like (binding) external potentials.
Docking protein SNT1 is a critical mediator of fibroblast growth factor signaling during Xenopus embryonic development.

The docking protein SNT1/FRS2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2) is implicated in the transmission of extracellular signals from several growth factor receptors to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascade, but its biological function during development is not well characterized. Here, we show that the Xenopus homolog of mammalian SNT1/FRS-2 (XSNT1) plays a critical role in the appropriate formation of mesoderm-derived tissue during embryogenesis. XSNT1 has an expression pattern that is quite similar to the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) during Xenopus development. Ectopic expression of XSNT1 markedly enhanced the embryonic defects induced by an activated FGF receptor, and increased the MAP kinase activity as well as the expression of a mesodermal marker in response to FGF receptor signaling. A loss-of-function study using antisense XSNT1 morpholino oligonucleotides (XSNT-AS) shows severe malformation of trunk and posterior structures. Moreover, XSNT-AS disrupts muscle and notochord formation, and inhibits FGFR-induced MAP kinase activation. In ectodermal explants, XSNT-AS blocks FGFR-mediated induction of mesoderm and the accompanying elongation movements. Our results indicate that XSNT1 is a critical mediator of FGF signaling and is required for early Xenopus development. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Soft X-ray diffraction microscopy of a frozen hydrated yeast cell.

We report the first image of an intact, frozen hydrated eukaryotic cell using x-ray diffraction microscopy, or coherent x-ray diffraction imaging. By plunge freezing the specimen in liquid ethane and maintaining it below −170 °C, artifacts due to dehydration, ice crystallization, and radiation damage are greatly reduced. In this example, coherent diffraction data using 520 eV x rays were recorded and reconstructed to reveal a budding yeast cell at a resolution better than 25 nm. This demonstration represents an important step towards high resolution imaging of cells in their natural, hydrated state, without limitations imposed by x-ray optics.
An unusual incident of adoption in a wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) population at Gombe National Park.

Allomothering and adoption are well documented across primate species. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of such behavior according to the costs and benefits to the caregiver, mother, and infant. Permanent adoptions and allomothering have been observed in chimpanzees, but they typically involve the infants' siblings or nulliparous females. Here, I report a unique incident of adoption where an infant was adopted by its grandmother without the death of its mother. I conclude by considering how the adoption may have benefited the grandmother, mother, and infant. Am. J. Primatol. 70:995–998, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detection of Misbehavior in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

The problem of cooperative spectrum sensing in the presence of multiple classes of honest and misbehaving cognitive radios (CRs) is investigated. The CRs transmit their binary decisions regarding the state of the channel to a fusion center (FC) which must classify the CRs and determine whether the channel is vacant of the primary user. We present a novel approach based on the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm in order to detect the presence of the primary user, to classify the cognitive radios, and to compute their detection and false alarm probabilities. In contrast to reputation-based classifiers (RBCs), our approach can classify the radios into more than two classes of honest and malicious CRs. Numerical results show significant improvements over RBC. In particular, with only a few decisions from the CRs, the proposed algorithm can quickly and efficiently classify the CRs whereas RBC fails in many cases even for networks with a large number of honest CRs.
The effect of birth weight discordance on twin neonatal mortality.

Abstract Objective To estimate the association between birth weight discordance and neonatal mortality controlling for the effects of fetal growth, and to understand the differences in the incidence of mortality between larger and smaller infants. Methods This analysis is based on the National Center for Health Statistics matched multiple birth data set file containing all twin births in the United States from 1995 through 1997. Birth weight discordance was grouped into four levels (15–19%, 20–24%, 25–29%, and 30% or more). Generalized estimating equations were used to obtain adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to estimate the mortality risk associated with discordance after adjusting for fetal growth. Results Mortality was 11 times higher among highly discordant smaller twins (30% or more) compared with nondiscordant smaller twins (43.4 and 3.8 per 1000, respectively). Risk estimates ranged from 1.08 (95% confidence interval 0.85, 1.38) among 15–19% discordant twins to 2.05 (95% confidence interval 1.66, 2.51) among 30% or more discordant twins. Larger twins had similar risk estimates. After accounting for the association between fetal growth and discordance, mortality risk was substantially higher among smaller and larger twins who were highly discordant (30% or more). In addition, there was little difference in the magnitude of risk estimates between highly discordant smaller and larger twins. Conclusion After controlling for fetal growth, smaller and larger twins affected by higher levels of birth weight discordance (25% or more) remain at disproportionate risk for neonatal mortality when compared with other smaller or larger twins. Additionally, smaller twins do not have an elevated risk compared with larger twins after adjusting for their different fetal growth distributions.
Adolescent Patient and Nurse Referrals for Pastoral Care: A Comparison of Psychiatric vs. Medical‐Surgical Populations

PROBLEM: Referrals for pastoral care can expedite interventions that focus on the spiritual needs of hospitalized adolescents. METHODS: An uncontrolled, retrospective review of referrals (N = 73) to pastoral care for adolescents ages 10 to 22 in a pediatric hospital over an 18-month period. FINDINGS: A majority of the patients (65%) was referred from the psychiatric unit. Psychiatric patients made more self-referrals, whereas PICU nurses made more nurse-generated referrals for pastoral care. CONCLUSIONS: Spiritual care of patients in a pediatric hospital is an important component of care. Since the importance of spiritual care is well documented, referrals for spiritual issues and care are essential interventions that should not be overlooked. A better understanding of the referrals can aid in early recognition of factors that may prompt nurses to advocate for spiritual care of the patient.
Electron-impact excitation of molecular nitrogen. I. Excitation of the C Π u 3 , E Σ g + 3 , and a ″ Σ g + 1 states

Differential cross sections (DCSs) are presented for electron-impact excitation of the $C\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$, $E\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$, and ${a}^{\ensuremath{''}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ states in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ from the $X\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}({v}^{\ensuremath{''}}=0)$ ground-state level. The DCSs were obtained from measurements of energy-loss spectra in the region of 10.75 to $12.75\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ measured at incident energies of 13, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 50, and $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, and for scattering angles ranging from 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 130\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The results are compared with existing measurements.
Perception of eye scans with the Müller-Lyer stimuli: evidence for filter theory.

Ginsburg's filter theory successfully accounts for the perceptual distortions perceived in a wide range of illusions and bistable phenomena. Essentially, the theory proposes that illusory distortions are the natural consequence of low-pass spatial filtering (based upon the human modulation transfer function) of the physical stimulus. With regard to the Muller-Lyer illusion, predictions based upon filter theory and human scan-path data are in accord. However, data linking filter theory's predictions regarding perceptual experiences associated with the illusion to the eye-scan results have been missing. In the present experiment subjects provided subjective estimations of their own eye scans while viewing each of the following stimuli: the fins-out member of the Muller-Lyer illusion, the fins-in member of the Muller-Lyer illusion, and a finless horizontal line (variations of each stimulus consisted of one, two, and three line segments). The analysis of these data supported three predictions that were derived from filter theory. Potential problems facing filter theory are also addressed.
Abstract 2049: Preclinical profile of AMG900 in combination with HDACIs in prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes maintain the structural conformation of chromatin. Inhibition of HDACs induces G1 arrest and differentiation. Previous microarray analysis demonstrated downregulation of the aurora kinase-pathway in prostate cancer cell lines treated with HDAC-inhibitors (HDACIs) vorinostat and valproic acid (VPA). Hence we sought to combine these HDACIs with AMG900, a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor, to assess potential additive or synergistic effects, hypothesizing that low-dose combinations will have a proapoptotic effect comparable to a higher dose of AMG900 as a single agent. Methods: We used MTS assays, clonogenic assays, beta-galactosidase staining and western blot analyses to investigate differences in proliferation and molecular markers with combinations of AMG900 and HDACIs compared to AMG900 alone. Results: In vitro treatment of a panel of prostate cancer cell lines with low-dose combinations of AMG900 with HDACIs revealed enhanced antiproliferative responses compared to single agent use. Short term MTS assays only demonstrated moderate synergism in DU-145 and LNCaP cells co-treated with VPA and synergism in PC3 cells co-treated with vorinostat, based on the Chou-Talalay-method (CalcuSyn). However, all cell lines demonstrated significant decreased long term survival when combining low-dose AMG900 (1nM) with HDACIs. In DU-145 and PC3 cells lines, the low-dose AMG900 (1nM) combinations demonstrated equivalent clonogenic survival to high dose AMG900 treatment (5nM), either alone or in combination with HDACIs. We noted morphologic changes in treated cell lines and explored senescence with beta-galactosidase staining. DU-145 and PC3 cells, when treated with a combination of AMG900 and HDACIs, demonstrated a significant increase in beta-galactosidase positive cells, suggesting cell senescence (10-20% in single agent vs 50% in low-dose combinations). We also explored the mechanisms associated with decreased clonogenic survival at low doses and found a significant increase in cleaved PARP in DU-145 cells with both combinations, and with Vorinostat in LNCaP cells, but not PC3 cells which have a baseline level of ongoing apoptosis. In addition, western blot analysis showed significant differences in ACH3, pH3 and Cyclin B1 in combination treatment compared to single agent use. Conclusions: A combination of low-dose AMG900 with HDACIs in prostate cancer cell lines demonstrates synergy and efficacy equivalent to high doses of AMG900 alone, confirming our hypothesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2049. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2049
Experimental searches for strange quark matter produced in high energy heavy ion collisions

Abstract This paper summarizes the current status of relativistic heavy ion experiments that have or will search for strange quark matter in the products of the heavy ion collisions.
A fast algorithm for direction of arrival estimation in multipath environments

A new spectral direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm is proposed that can rapidly estimate the DOA of non-coherent as well as coherent incident signals. As such the algorithm is effective for DOA estimation in multi-path environments. The proposed method constructs a data model based on a Hermitian Toeplitz matrix whose rank is related to the DOA of incoming signals and is not affected if the incoming sources are highly correlated. The data is rearranged in such a way that extends the dimensionality of the noise space. Consequently, the signal and noise spaces can be estimated more accurately. The proposed method has several advantages over the well-known classical subspace algorithms such as MUSIC and ESPRIT, as well as the Matrix Pencil (MP) method. In particular, the proposed method is suitable for real-time applications since it does not require multiple snapshots in order to estimate the DOA's. Moreover, no forward/backward spatial smoothing of the covariance matrix is needed, resulting in reduced computational complexity. Finally, the proposed method can estimate the DOA of coherent sources. The simulation results verify that the proposed method outperforms the MUSIC, ESPRIT and Matrix Pencil algorithms.
Surgical reconstruction in cryptophthalmos

Cryptophthalmos is the congenital absence of the eyelid with skin passing continuously from the forehead onto the cheek over a malformed eye. The deformity can be classified into three types: complete, incomplete and abortive. We present the cases of two siblings, each with incomplete cryptophthalmos involving one eye. We report a three-stage reconstructive procedure in which a conchal cartilage 'sandwich' graft was first placed between the skin flap and the globe, mucous membrane subsequently grafted onto the inner surface of the cartilage graft, and lid level adjusted as the third stage.
Normal heartbeat series are nonchaotic, nonlinear, and multifractal: New evidence from semiparametric and parametric tests

We present new evidence that normal heartbeat series are nonchaotic, nonlinear, and multifractal. In addition to considering the largest Lyapunov exponent and the correlation dimension, the results of the parametric and semiparametric estimation of the long memory parameter (long-range dependence) unambiguously reveal that the underlying process is nonstationary, multifractal, and has strong nonlinearity.
A Course in the Psychology of Video and Educational Games

The purpose of this course is to study and evaluate video games while increasing students' computer literacy. Students read about and appraised numerous psychological principles used in arcade and educational video games, and they applied their analysis to computer games that they programmed. Video games are a worthy subject of psychological study.
Work, Womanpower, and World War II

During World War II, women entered the American work force in record numbers. A labor shortage developed as men left their jobs for military service, and womanpower became essential in the rapidly expanding defense industries. Women undertook jobs that previously had been considered men’s work. Rosie the Riverter became a symbol of American womanhood as women worked in aircraft factories, shipyards, and steel mills. World War II had possibilities for drastically changing the position of women in American society. However, scholars have questioned the extent to which World War II fulfilled its potential because after the war’s end large numbers of women returned to the home and to traditional women’s jobs. In this article, Armstrong presents a core collection of resources, which examine the impact of employment during World War II on the status of women in America.
MULTISCALE MODELING OF AIR FLOW IN SALT LAKE CITY AND THE SURROUNDING REGION

A general overview is given of a modeling effort to simulate the fate and transport of a tracer within the downtown core of Salt Lake City and beyond into the Salt Lake Basin. The problem crosses three significant scales where different physics are predominant: atmospheric mesoscale, city scale, and building scale. Three different computational fluid dynamics models were used, each with strengths at particular spatial and temporal scales. We show preliminary results and discuss what we believe to be the relevant phenomenon one must model as one crosses from atmospheric scale to engineering scale flow problems. We also describe our model validation efforts, including wind-tunnel and tow-tank experiments and a recently completed urban field experiment.
Correlates of maternal involvement in on-site and off-site day care centers

This study used an ecological framework to examine correlates of maternal involvement in on-site and off-site day care centers serving infants. Maternal involvement was defined as the amount of time mothers spend in the center, participation in caregiving in the center, and frequency and diversity of maternal communications with caregivers. On-site mothers who reported higher levels of separation anxiety from children spent significantly more time in the center. Child age was negatively related to the amount of time spent in the program among on-site mothers.
Insulin-induced receptor loss reduces responsiveness of chick heart cells to insulin.

In aggregates of heart cells cultured from 7- and 14-day-old chick embryos, exposure to insulin caused a decrease in subsequent [125I]insulin binding capacity by decreasing the number of cell surface receptors. The receptor loss was dependent on time, temperature, and concentration of insulin during exposure. Reduction in binding was maximal after 2.0 h of exposure and ranged from 7.8–45.7% after exposure to from 10–10,000 ng/ml. Insulin analogs produced receptor loss in proportion to their ability to occupy receptors.When cells were exposed to [125I]insulin for 2 h and subsequently washed in buffer, a portion of the specifically bound insulin failed to dissociate. Trypsin treatment also failed to remove the ligand. Sepharose 6B chromatography showed that nondissociable radioactivity was comprised of macromolecular insulin, free insulin, and degraded insulin. The macromolecular component had a Stokes radius of 80 A and a size of 340,000 daltons by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The nondissoci-able ra...
Effects of pirmenol HCl on electrophysiologic properties of cardiac Purkinje fibers.

Abstract We studied the effects of pirmenol hydrochloride (CL 845), (cis-(±)- α -[3-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]- α -phenyl-2- Pyridinemethanol monohydrochloride, on the electrophysiologic properties of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers having normal (fast response) action potentials. CI 845 ⩾ 1 × 10 −6 M depressed both maximum upstroke velocity of phase 0 and automaticity. CI 845 ⩾ 1 × 10 −5 M significantly decreased action potential amplitude and duration measured at 50% repolarization and prolonged action potential duration measured at full repolarization. In addition, this concentration depressed membrane responsiveness and prolonged the effective refractory period and conduction time. All changes were reversible following superfusion with drug-free Tyrode solution. Increasing extracellular potassium ([K[su+] 0 ) from 4 mM to 6 mM did not potentiate the CI 845-induced changes. CI 845 1 × 10 −5 M decreased automaticity of slow response action potentials studied in a Na + -free solution but had no effect on the action potential characteristics of these spontaneously dischargin fibers. In blood superfusion studies, plasma levels of 0.1–3.0 μg/ml CI 845 affected the action potential characteristics in a manner similar to concentrations ranging from 1 × 10 −6 to 1 × 10 −5 M CI 845 in Tyrode solution. At plasma levels ⩾ 1.1 μg/mg, CI 845 induced a significant prolongation of the electrocardiogrpahic PR interval. These studies indicate that CI 845 has effects on the action potential and ECG similar but not identical to those of ‘local anesthetic’ antiarrhythmic agents.
Electricity restructuring in Bulgaria

This paper discusses the current situation for the restructuring of the electricity power sector in Bulgaria. It also outlines the major issues related to the restructuring in EU and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The paper discusses the social and technical problems that the Bulgarian power industry are expected to face during the transition from monopoly to competitive markets. In addition, the paper provides a set of recommendations for the proposed restructuring measures in the Bulgarian power sector.
DNA fingerprinting abnormalities can distinguish ulcerative colitis patients with dysplasia and cancer from those who are dysplasia/cancer-free.

Patients with extensive ulcerative colitis (UC) of longer than 8 years duration are at high risk for the development of colorectal cancer. The cancers in these patients appear to develop in a stepwise manner with progressive histological changes from negative for dysplasia → indefinite for dysplasia → dysplasia → cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the timing and extent of genomic instability in the progression of UC dysplasia and cancer. Using two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA fingerprinting methods, arbitrarily primed PCR and intersimple sequence repeat PCR, we assessed DNA sequence variation in biopsies across the spectrum of cancerous, dysplastic, and nondysplastic mucosa. UC patients with dysplasia/cancer had substantial genomic instability in both their dysplastic and nondysplastic colonic mucosa, whereas instability was not present in the majority of UC patients without dysplasia/cancer. The degree of instability in nondysplastic tissue was similar to that of dysplastic/cancerous mucosa from the same patient, suggesting that this instability was widespread and reached the maximum level early in neoplastic progression. These results suggest that UC patients who develop dysplasia or cancer have an underlying process of genomic instability in their colonic mucosa whereas UC patients who are dysplasia-free do not.
Cyclical schedules for capacitated lot sizing with dynamic demands

Cyclical scheduling, where the time between production periods for each item is constant, offers simplicity and ease of control compared with noncyclical scheduling, where production periods are irregularly spaced. However, when demands are dynamic, flexibility in the spacing of production periods permits noncyclical scheduling to result in lower total costs. This study investigates the additional cost of cyclical scheduling. We focus upon the capacitated lot sizing problem CLSP, which deals with planning production on a single, capacitated machine serving multiple items with dynamic demands. To establish cyclical schedules, a mathematical programming model is developed along with a heuristic solution technique and a Lagrangian-based lower bounding procedure. For problems solved in this study, differences between solution costs and lower bounds average less than 1%. Experiments are performed to evaluate the heuristic technique and to compare cyclical schedules with noncyclical ones. For comparison purposes, a noncyclical heuristic and problem sets from the literature are used. New problems based upon operating data from Ford Motor Company are also generated and solved. In this study, cyclical schedules average 4.4% higher in cost than noncyclical ones. Coefficient of demand variation most seriously influences differences in costs. Other significant factors include capacity utilization, setup time, time between orders, and number of items.
Energetics and Dynamics of the Low-Lying Electronic States of Constrained Polyenes: Implications for Infinite Polyenes

Steady-state and ultrafast transient absorption spectra were obtained for a series of conformationally constrained, isomerically pure polyenes with 5−23 conjugated double bonds (N). These data and fluorescence spectra of the shorter polyenes reveal the N dependence of the energies of six 1 Bu + and two 1 Ag − excited states. The 1 Bu + states converge to a common infinite polyene limit of 15 900 ± 100 cm −1 . The two excited 1 Ag − states, however, exhibit a large (∼9000 cm −1 ) energy difference in the infinite polyene limit, in contrast to the common value previously predicted by theory. EOM-CCSD ab initio and MNDO-PSDCI semiempirical MO theories account for the experimental transition energies and intensities. The complex, multistep dynamics of the 1 1 Bu + → 2 1 Ag − → 1 1 Ag − excited state decay pathways as a function of N are compared with kinetic data from several natural and synthetic carotenoids. Distinctive transient absorption signals in the visible region, previously identified with S* states in carotenoids, also are observed for the longer polyenes. Analysis of the lifetimes of the 2 1 Ag − states, using the energy gap law for nonradiative decay, reveals remarkable similarities in the N dependence of the 2 1 Ag − decay kinetics of the carotenoid and polyene systems. These findings are important for understanding the mechanisms by which carotenoids carry out their roles as light- harvesting molecules and photoprotective agents in biological systems.