cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enterprise information security architecture a review of frameworks, methodology, and case studies

The use of enterprise architecture frameworks has become more common in the past five years within corporations as well as higher education. Only in the past two years has enterprise information security architecture been introduced as a subset of enterprise architecture aligning IT security with business strategy. This paper will review industry accepted enterprise information security architecture frameworks and methodology, its features, and how security is integrated within the features. As a case study, this paper will identify Oakland University's current security architecture, compare it to industry standards and best practices, and make recommendations to develop an ideal-world framework.
Nuclear waste forms for actinides

The disposition of actinides, most recently 239Pu from dismantled nuclear weapons, requires effective containment of waste generated by the nuclear fuel cycle. Because actinides (e.g., 239Pu and 237Np) are long-lived, they have a major impact on risk assessments of geologic repositories. Thus, demonstrable, long-term chemical and mechanical durability are essential properties of waste forms for the immobilization of actinides. Mineralogic and geologic studies provide excellent candidate phases for immobilization and a unique database that cannot be duplicated by a purely materials science approach. The "mineralogic approach" is illustrated by a discussion of zircon as a phase for the immobilization of excess weapons plutonium.
Deletion of the essential gene 24 from the bacteriophage T4 genome

Abstract We deleted the essential gene 24 from the genome of bacteriophage T4. The Δ24 phage is a conditional lethal mutant that can grow only when the host strain supplies the product of gene 24 in trans, or when the phage acquires a functional gene 24 by some type of recombination event. Thus, gene 24 can be used as a selectable marker, for example permitting transposition into the T4 genome and analyses of plasmid-phage recombination [Woodworth and Kreuzer, Mol. Microbiol. 6 (1992) 1289–1296; H.W.E. and K.N.K., manuscript submitted]. We also found that the promoter region of gene 24 allows a low level of autonomous plasmid replication in T4-infected cells, raising the possibility of a previously unrecognized mode of T4 replication initiation.
Dynamic analysis of axially-loaded footings in time domain

ABSTRACT An effective method of carrying out a time-domain finite element analysis of footings subjected to dynamic axial load is presented. Infinite elements are used to model radiation effect in the horizontal direction. This allows the vertical boundary to be placed as close to the footing as desired. The restrictions are that the domain outside the radiation boundary must be horizontally layered and behave linearly during the loading. Shape functions for the infinite elements are obtained from frequency-domain analytical mode shapes, but in such a way that they are valid in time domain. The soil deposit is assumed to rest on a fixed horizontal plane. In the study reported herein, the entire domain is assumed to be isotropic and linear visco-elastic. The validity of the method is verified by comparing the results with those obtained by the standard finite element method with a vertical boundary placed sufficiently far from the footing.
Child Maltreatment in United States: An Examination of Child Reports and Substantiation Rates

Child maltreatment represents a serious threat to children's rights and is a grave problem in the US and around the world. It is the second leading cause of death for children in the US. Each year, hundreds of thousands of reports are made to child protective services across the US. A fraction of these reports are made by the alleged victims of child maltreatment. While research into maltreatment reporting has generally focused on adult reporters, research on reports made by children themselves has been largely ignored. Data from a national child maltreatment reporting system were analyzed to first describe and then compare reports of maltreatment made by the alleged child victim to other adult reporters. Results indicated that a minority of self-reports are substantiated by child protective services and that the type of maltreatment most often reported by the alleged child victim differed significantly from other adult reporters. Differences related to the gender, race and ethnicity of the child reporter were also found.
Effectiveness and Safety of Balloon Dilation of Native Aortic Coarctation in Premature Neonates Weighing ≤2,500 Grams

Six neonates weighing ≤2,500 g with native coarctation of the aorta underwent balloon dilation. Of the 6 neonates, 4 were female and 2 were male, with a mean age of 14 days (range 9 to 20) and a mean weight of 1,900 g (range 790 to 2,500). The procedure was acutely successful in all 6 patients; the peak gradient decreased from 38 ± 19 mm Hg to 11 ± 3 mm Hg. The diameter increased from 1.5 ± 0.6 mm to 3.6 ± 0.7 mm. Of the 6 patients, 3 had required no additional intervention at a mean of 42 months after the initial dilation, and 3 had developed restenosis a mean of 2.4 months after the initial dilation and underwent successful redilation. Of the latter 3 patients, 2 developed restenosis and underwent surgical repair 37 and 68 days after the second dilation, and 1 of these patients developed recoarctation after surgery that was treated successfully with balloon dilation 54 days after the end-to-end repair. In conclusion, premature neonates weighing ≤2,500 g with coarctation of the aorta appear to respond acutely to balloon dilation. Some patients will have a successful long-term result after a single balloon dilation procedure. However, restenosis is common and tends to develop rapidly.
Central imidazoline and angiotensin II receptors in cardiovascular responses to chronic cold exposure in rats

Abstract (1) Chronic exposure to cold (5°C) induced hypertension in rats within one week. (2) Chronic central administration of an I1 imidazoline receptor agonist, rilmenidine, prevented the development of cold-induced hypertension (CIH). (3) Plasma renin activity and urine norepinephrine output were significantly decreased by central administration of rilmenidine during cold acclimation. (4) Pressor response to central injection of angiotensin II (AII) was inhibited by rilmenidine. (5) Thus, activation of central I1 receptors could prevent the development of CIH and this may be related to inhibition of pressor effect of central AII. This finding reveals possible relationship between central I1 and AII receptors in cardiovascular responses to chronic cold exposure.
Evolution of disturbances in stagnation point flow

Abstract : The evolution of three-dimensional disturbances in an incompressible three-dimensional stagnation-point flow in an inviscid fluid is investigated. Since it is not possible to apply classical normal mode analysis to the disturbance equations for the fully three-dimensional stagnation-point flow to obtain solutions, an initial-value problem is solved instead. The evolution of the disturbances provide the necessary information to determine stability and indeed the complete transient as well. It is found that when considering the disturbance energy, the planar stagnation-point flow, which is independent of one of the transverse coordinates, represents a neutrally stable flow whereas the fully three-dimensional flow is either stable or unstable, depending on whether the flow is away from or towards the stagnation point in the transverse direction that is neglected in the planar stagnation point. Stagnation flow, Dynamics, Stability.
Personality characteristics of users of smokeless tobacco compared with cigarette smokers and non-users of tobacco products

This study compares the personality characteristics of men who use smokeless tobacco (ST) products with smokers and non-users. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI), and the Anger Expression (AX) Scale were given to a heterogeneous sample of 755 men residing in Florida and Texas, consisting of 275 ST-Users, 272 smokers, and 208 non-users. Participants were screened to ensure adequate reading ability, and were tested individually at convenience stores, gun and boat shows, barbecue and truck-stop restaurants, and a county fair. ST-Users and smokers had significantly higher mean EPQ Psychoticism and STPI Trait Anger scores than non-users. Smokers also had significantly higher EPQ Neuroticism and Anger-In scores, and were lower in trait curiosity than non-users; the scores of the ST-Users on these measures fell between those of the smokers and non-users, and did not differ significantly from either group. Although no differences in Extraversion were found between ST-Users, smokers and non-users, Occasional ST-Users had significantly higher E scores than Regular Users of smokeless tobacco products.
Clinical and Laboratory Correlates of Excessive and Persistent Blood Glucose Elevation During Cardiac Surgery in Nondiabetic Patients : A Retrospective Study

Background: Hyperglycemia during cardiac surgery in nondiabetic patients is a common finding associated with increased morbidity and mortality, but its predictors have not been studied to date. Methods: To identify clinical and laboratory correlates of excessive and persistent blood glucose (BG) elevation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in nondiabetic patients, the authors reviewed 195 medical records. After exclusion of patients with preoperative BG >120 mg/dL and with missing preoperative BG data, 163 cases were included in the final analysis. Patients with BG ≥200 mg/dL during CPB and remaining ≥200 mg/dL either during or after CPB or at the first postoperative measurement formed the study group (n = 35). One case had insufficient data to determine group assignment and was not used in comparison. The remaining patients formed the control group (n = 127). Results: BG was ≥200 mg/dL at least once perioperatively in 114 of 163 (70%) patients. It occurred during CPB in 100 of 163 (61%) cases and persisted beyond CPB in 35 of 162 (22%) cases. Univariate analysis revealed a significant difference between groups in preoperative use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (51% v 29%, p = 0.02), total dose of phenylephrine during CPB (14.1 mg ± 10.6 mg v 10.3 ± 9.6 mg, p = 0.003) and pre-CPB BG (123 ± 22 mg/dL v 113 ± 18 mg/dL, p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, ACE inhibitors and pre-CPB BG remained statistically significant. Conclusions: Nondiabetic patients with excessive and persistent BG elevation during cardiac surgery are more likely to take ACE inhibitors preoperatively, show relatively high pre-CPB BG, and possibly require higher doses of vasoconstrictors during CPB.
The measurement of Friendship‐based Love in intimate relationships

Friendship-based Love (FBL) in intimate relationships may be defined as a comfortable, affectionate, trusting love for a likable partner, based on a deep sense of friendship and involving companionship and the enjoyment of common activities, mutual interests, and shared laughter. Theoretical derivation of the FBL concept is described, along with two versions of a new scale for its measurement. Two studies of the characteristics of Friendship-based Love with middle-aged married adults (N = 622) and dating young adults (N = 201) indicated that this type of love characterized the intimate relationships of both samples and was significantly and positively related to relationship satisfaction and to a variety of relationship characteristics. Discriminating comparisons of the FBL scale (both versions) with a revised measure of erotic love, with a revised measure of ludic or game-playing love with a variety of partners, and with Passionate Love also were conducted. Both versions of the Friendship-based Love scale showed substantial convergent and discriminant validity on the basis of correlational evidence (Studies 1 and 2), on multitrait-monomethod validity criteria (Study l), and via the method of contrasted groups (Studies 1 and 2).
“Scissors and Silks,” “Flowers and Trees,” and “Geraniums Ruined by the War”: Virginia Woolf’s Ecological Critique of Science in Mrs. Dalloway

To study life we must consider three things: first, the orderly sequence of external nature; second, the living organism and the changes which take place in it; and third, that continuous adjustmen...
Childhood trauma and hostility as an adult: relevance to suicidal behavior

The objective of this study is to look for a relationship between childhood trauma and hostility as an adult. Toward this end, 294 recently abstinent cocaine or opiate dependent patients were asked to complete two questionnaires: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). It was found that there were significant correlations between the HDHQ total hostility score and scores on the CTQ for childhood emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. Thus, these results suggest the possibility that childhood trauma may be a determinant of the personality dimension of hostility as an adult.
Quality and expert system technology

Evaluating the quality of a computer system is not easy, partly because the concept of quality is subjective. Most people would agree it means the system does not abnormally terminate, is user-friendly, and does the job we expect it to do. It is quite possible to find an expert system that fits the first two criteria, but finding one that satisfies user expectations is more difficult.
Observations and predictions of fluid velocities in the surf and swash zones

[1] Surfzone and swashzone water level fluctuations and cross-shore fluid velocities observed at seven cross-shore locations for 139 51-min periods on a low-sloped, fine-grained sandy beach are shown to be modeled well by the depth-averaged, nonlinear shallow water equations. The model, initialized with observations about 150 m from the shoreline in 300 cm water depth, accurately predicts the observed decrease in sea swell wave heights and orbital velocities with decreasing water depth across the surf zone and the observed maxima in infragravity orbital velocities and offshore-directed mean flows near the outer edge of the swash zone. In the surf zone both the observed and predicted velocity fluctuations are dominated by sawtoothed-shaped, pitched forward (asymmetrical) sea swell waves. In the swash zone, infragravity waves contribute substantially to the total velocity variance and asymmetry. Shoreward of the outer swash zone, observed and predicted total and infragravity velocity asymmetry decrease onshore, changing sign from positive to negative in the upper swash.
Uncontrolled growth of human populations, geological background, and future prospects

The geological history of the Earth is replete with examples of animals proliferating to numbers that exceeded the ability of their environments to provide support. Enormous numbers and widespread distributions of many animals sometimes have been followed by drastic reductions in numbers of individuals and even by complete extinction of species. Humans of many nations are following the same trend of population growth beyond the ability of resources to insure adequate food, clothing, shelter, safety, and transport and beyond the ability of Earth to accommodate the wastes. Human population is now 5.4 billion, with a present doubling time estimated at about 35 years. Is this uncontrolled proliferation also to be followed by severe reduction or even extinction? If not, how may human population be stabilized or reduced to a level commensurate with resources and waste disposal—more effective contraceptives, increased abortion, high taxes on procreation? An approach more effective than religion or political control may be through better education (increased percentage literacy) that is known to correlate with lower birth rates and increased national income per capita in the about 167 nations of the world. If leadership cannot soon rise to face this situation, human inhabitation of the Earth may become much more complicated in the not distant future.
Multiple sclerosis impairs ability to detect abrupt appearance of a subliminal stimulus.

Abstract Objectives: The study was designed to find evidence that brain electrical activity associated with processing the abrupt appearance or disappearance of a sensory stimulus differed in the presence and absence of the neuropathological changes that are characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: A subliminal stimulus (electrical field) was applied, and the onset and offset responses from patients with MS were compared with the responses of study participants in two age- and gender-matched control groups, using a novel type of non-linear dynamical analysis that had been developed in earlier studies. Results: An onset response occurred in 27% of the patients with MS, compared with 85% in the control groups. Among the three patients who exhibited onset-induced changes in brain electrical activity, the average latency of the effect was less and the magnitude of the change was greater than the corresponding values in the control group. Discussion: Non-linear analysis of electroencephalograms reco...
Structural studies on the succinylated bovine serum albumin.

An analysis of succinylated bovine serum albumin showed that all of the 62 α-amino groups of lysine residues, 13 hydroxyamino acid residues and 12 tyrosin residues were succinylated, but the succinylated tyrosines were later deacylated. Structural properties of the modified protein have been studied with circular dichroism and sedimentation velocity. At neutral pH (pH 7.60) and in a salt-free aqueous solution the modified protein is in an expanded form and its helical content is only 30% of that of unmodified protein. The increase of ionic strength restores the original conformation of the protein, whereas the increase of pH further disorganizes the structure of the protein. The results suggest that the electrostatic force alone is responsible for the compact structure of the protein molecule. The same mechanism is believed to underlie the effect of H3O+ and the effect of succinylation of side chain groups on the conformation of bovine serum albumin.
The five-year predictive validity of each of the seven DSM-IV items for alcohol dependence among alcoholics.

Background Information about the prognostic implications of a DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence is important to both clinicians and researchers. In this regard, only limited data are available on the performance of specific diagnostic items. Methods This study reports data gathered with a structured, validated interview with 642 alcohol-dependent men and women from the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). The goals were to evaluate the ability of each of the DSM-IV dependence items to predict the occurrence over the next 5 years of a broad pattern of 27 alcohol-related problems. For comparison, similar data are reported regarding the performance of abuse criteria for 516 additional subjects. Results The results revealed that dependence item 3 (use of alcohol in larger amounts) was the only criterion that did not relate significantly to outcome, and indicated that the dependence criteria related relatively similarly to different types of outcomes among alcoholics. No specific combination of diagnostic items stood out in predicting outcome but, rather, the span of items generally performed well. Conclusions These data support the potential usefulness of the DSM-IV dependence criteria.
Descent rates of suspension fingers

Abstract The phenomenon of suspension fingers, governed by the same mechanism as salt fingers, is studied experimentally. Warm suspensions of taconote tailings and clay in distilled water are put over colder distilled water. The velocities of the ensuing fingers are measured and the associated downward flux of sediment is calculated. The descent rate of fingers and the flux of sediments increase with larger suspension concentration in the warm upper layer. Typical values for the flux of sediments are 10 −7 to 10 −5 g cm −2 sec −1 for a range of upper-layer concentrations of 0·04% to 0·37%. This phenomenon may be important to the distribution of nearshore sediments resulting from rivers emptying into lakes and oceans.
Interferon induction by heat-inactivated Semliki Forest virus.

SummaryInactivated Semliki Forest virus, although unable to replicate, was capable of inducing interferon production in chick embryo cell cultures. The amount of interferon induced with inactivated virus was greater than that induced by the same amount of live virus. Viral specific RNA synthesis could not be detected in cells exposed to inactivated virus. It was concluded that synthesis of viral RNA was not necessary for the induction of interferon by this virus.
From Model Minority to Economic Threat: Media Portrayals of Major League Baseball Pitchers Hideo Nomo and Hideki Irabu

This article examines American media portrayals of two Japanese pitchers now playing American major league baseball: Hideo Nomo and Hideki Irabu. Data gathered for this article were drawn from the sports sections of the Los Angeles Times, the New York Times, and Sports Illustrated. Evidence suggests that journalistic portrayals of Asian athletes have perpetuated stereotypes in regard to both Asian Americans and Asian nationals. Specifically, this article argues that portrayals of Nomo and Irabu have reified stereotypes of Asian Americans and Asian nationals as model minorities and economic threats. The author suggests that a greater cultural awareness and sensitivity be taken when writing sports articles that cover athletes from various ethnic and national backgrounds.
The detection by oscillographic methods of winding failures during impulse tests on transformers

Although the impulse voltage testing of transformers has long been recognized as a necessity, to ensure satisfactory design, there has hitherto been no entirely satisfactory method for detecting the occurrence, during such tests, of insulation failures?particularly of the type which impulse tests are especially liable to produce; namely between sections or between turns of the winding. Attention is drawn to a new fault-detection technique recently proposed in the U.S.A., and a summary is given of published information on this subject from various American and European sources. Details are presented of some exploratory experimental work done by the authors, with a view to ascertaining the usefulness of the new technique, and a brief outline is given of the theoretical principles on which it depends. This is followed by a review of the authors' experiences in the practical application of the new methods to the routine impulse testing of 3-phase power transformers over a period of about 2 years. The various practical difficulties encountered are discussed, and means by which they may be avoided are indicated. Tentative test circuits for various types of 3-phase transformers are proposed. It is concluded that the technique described permits the condition of the transformer after impulse tests to be established with confidence. In the authors' opinion the results obtained merit the introduction of the new technique as a standard procedure in the impulse testing of transformers.
Life Cycle of Midlatitude Deep Convective Systems in a Lagrangian Framework

Deep Convective Systems (DCSs) consist of intense convective cores (CC), large stratiform rain (SR) regions, and extensive non-precipitating anvil clouds (AC). This study focuses on the evolution of these three components and the factors that affect convective AC production. An automated satellite tracking method is used in conjunction with a recently developed multi-sensor hybrid classification to analyze the evolution of DCS structure in a Lagrangian framework over the central United States. Composite analysis from 4221 tracked DCSs during two warm seasons (May-August, 2010-2011) shows that maximum system size correlates with lifetime, and longer-lived DCSs have more extensive SR and AC. Maximum SR and AC area lag behind peak convective intensity and the lag increases linearly from approximately 1-hour for short-lived systems to more than 3-hours for long-lived ones. The increased lag, which depends on the convective environment, suggests that changes in the overall diabatic heating structure associated with the transition from CC to SR and AC could prolong the system lifetime by sustaining stratiform cloud development. Longer-lasting systems are associated with up to 60% higher mid-tropospheric relative humidity and up to 40% stronger middle to upper tropospheric wind shear. Regression analysis shows that the areal coverage of thick AC is strongly correlated with the size of CC, updraft strength, and SR area. Ambient upper tropospheric wind speed and wind shear also play an important role for convective AC production where for systems with large AC (radius greater than 120-km) they are 24% and 20% higher, respectively, than those with small AC (radius=20 km).
S(he) loves me, s(he) loves me not: Predictors of relational information‐seeking in courtship and beyond

This study extends Baxter and Wilmot's (1984) work on the secret tests couples use to acquire information about the state of their relationships. No gender differences were found in levels of testing or in the use of specific tests in our sample of 226 romantically‐involved individuals, who reported on 1025 instances of testing. The effects of commitment, perceptions of partner's commitment, courtship progress, and jealousy on testing were also examined. Overall amount of testing was inversely correlated with courtship progress, suggesting that such tests characterize the earliest stages of courtship, and positively correlated with jealousy. In addition, females who perceived that their partners were less committed to their relationships were slightly more likely to engage in relational information‐seeking. Reliance upon specific tests was associated with several of the relationship measures. For instance, Endurance tests were best predicted by perceptions of high partner commitment; Separation tests were...
Water Complexation as a Means of Stabilizing the Metastable HO3 Radical

The metastable intermediate HO3 is found to be stabilized by formation of a complex with water. We have calculated the geometry and energy of the HO3−H2O complex, which is 6.5 kcal mol-1 lower in energy than isolated HO3 and H2O.
High-resolution seismic stratigraphy and its sedimentological interpretation on the Amazon continental shelf

Seismic profiles (3.5 kHz) from over 6000 km of shiptrack and piston cores from 26 stations were examined to evaluate the seismic-stratigraphic framework of the Amazon sub- aqueous delta. Acoustic reflectors in the seismic profiles were related to sedimentological and acoustic properties in piston-core sediment. Grain size in cores from the Amazon shelf correlates well with seismic velocity and saturated bulk density, and thus with changes in acoustic impedance. Acoustic reflectors on the Amazon shelf generally correspond to coarser layers in the seabed. The observed acoustic reflectors can be attributed to both depositional and erosional processes. Depositional reflectors, which correspond to stratal surfaces, reveal typical stratification of the subaqueous delta. In a seaward direction, topset strata ( 1:1500) and converge abruptly (-1.5 m/5 km); and bottomset strata (>70 m water depth) dip gently ( 2 m thickness) and coarse (5.1 phi, mean grain size) as compared to dcpositional reflectors. This erosional reflector overlies two seismic sequences of top-truncated foreset reflectors. North of the river mouth, an acoustically transpar- ent layer, covering 1.5 xl04km 2 and representing 100-200 years of sediment accumulation, overlies truncated relict mud <1000 years old. The presence of truncated strata and erosional reflectors illustrates the spatial and temporal variability of sedimentary conditions on the Amazon shelf, and the difficulty of extrapolating modern (i.e. surficial) sedimentation patterns into the past.
Correlates of remission in primary care patients treated for minor depression.

Abstract As minor depression is perhaps the most common form of mood disorder seen in primary care, we sought to explore the effects of both pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions for primary care patients with this condition. Three hundred and eighteen primary care patients meeting criteria for minor depression (defined as endorsing 3 or 4 of the nine DSM-IV symptoms of major depression, at least one of which was either depressed mood or anhedonia, for a period of at least four weeks, and scoring ≥10 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) from 4 diverse geographic sites were enrolled in a randomized controlled 11 week trial of paroxetine, problem-solving therapy or placebo. Patients who attended at least 4 treatment sessions and who received a Hamilton score by an independent rater at either 6 or 11 weeks were used in the analysis (77% of enrolled patients). A score of ≤ 6 on the Hamilton was defined as a positive response to treatment. Fifty four percent of patients met our criteria for remission (HRS-D ≤ 6) by week 11, with no difference among treatments. Patients who were women, younger, of European descent, homemakers or retired persons (as opposed to unemployed) and who had lower baseline severity of depression were more likely to remit across all treatment conditions. Although explicitly addressed in the data analysis, differences in outcomes across the four sites of the investigations limit our confidence in the generalizabilty of our findings. In addition, patients with lower levels of educational attainment had a higher dropout rate, suggesting further caution about the generalizability of the findings. Defining remission in this categorical way, we found no differences among the interventions studied, but did find that outcome was related to demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. While it is difficult to know why female patients were more likely to remit, this may be a function of the association in our subject populations between male gender and the likelihood (≈ .46) of being a patient in the VA system. The remaining variables associated with higher probability of remission appear to reflect social advantage and lower severity or complexity of illness.
Design and management of continental wildlife reserves: Lessons from the everglades

Abstract Evidence from the attempt to preserve wading birds in Everglades National Park suggests that application of biogeographic theory to design and management of continental wildlife reserves requires considerations additional to those previously proposed. Shape and areal extent alone are inadequate criteria for reserve design. Unlike islands, continental reserves are not necessarily self-contained ecosystems driven by endogenous processes. The isolation of a continental reserve may lead to a phenomenon of ecosystem degeneration, the extent and rapidity of which depends on the ecological condition of adjacent habitat. Management strategies to preserve maximum species richness are seldom totally acceptable and often inherently unattainable. Conflicts between species management and ecosystem management illustrate the need for instituting an array of management strategies on a regional basis for preservation of both endangered species and ecosystems.
A microvascular anastomotic device: Part II. A Histologic Study In Arteries And Veins

This study analyzes the histology associated with the polyethylene ring-pin device. The device was placed in 20 rabbit femoral arteries and 20 femoral veins. Specimens were harvested at 24-hour and 3-week postoperative intervals and were analyzed using light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Generally, the reparative process in the arteries and veins was similar. In 24-hour artery and vein specimens, the endothelial cells were absent, the media tapered within the device, but smooth muscle cells (SMC) remained partially viable. In 3-week specimens, the device junction was well healed and reendothelialized. Subintimal hyperplasia was present, the internal elastic lamina was not reconstituted, and the SMCs were partially viable. Small vascular channels formed at the device junction, and small venous valves were noted near the device. Macrophages lined the margins of the device. The early reparative process proceeds favorably, by histologic criteria, after vessel repair with the polyethylene ring-pin device.
Tradeoff Between Aggregate Efficiency and Interregional Equity: A Static Analysis

I. Introduction, 658. — II. General methodology, 659. — III. Transformation analysis with fixed coefficient production functions, 663. — IV. Numerical examples with Cobb-Douglas production functions, 666. — V. Conclusions, 673. — Appendix, 674.
A comparison of sperm morphologies, transfer and sperm mass storage between two species of crab, Ovalipes ocellatus and Libinia emarginata

Summary The sperm of Libinia emarginata and Ovalipes ocellatus are characteristic of brachyurans in possessing a large acrosomal complex surrounding the nucleus and its several radiating arms. The radial arms in O. ocellatus do not contain microtubules as do those of Libinia. The spermatophores in both species are spheroidal. In Libinia, they are surrounded by seminal fluids which appear flocculent while in Ovalipes the seminal fluids are globular. The spermatophores surrounded by seminal fluids are transferred at the time of copulation to the seminal receptacle in the female. On the morning following mating, the sperm of Libinia are distributed throughout the interior of the seminal receptacle. In Ovalipes, the sperm are aggregated into discrete masses surrounded by walls apparently formed from fusion of the seminal fluids and spermatophore walls. These differences apparently reflect differences in timing of oviposition and thus fertilization of the eggs following mating.
Pidgin Origins Reconsidered

This article critically reexamines Naro's (1978) account of the origin of Pidgin Portuguese in the 15th century. His claim that the pidgin originated in Portugal and was created by the Portuguese themselves is shown to rest on a number of serious errors, oversights, and misinterpretations with respect both to the historical background and to the Portuguese literary texts of the period which depict the speech of Africans and other foreigners as well as the speech of Portuguese to them. Naro's explanation of the process of pidginization, the so-called "factorization principle," is also reexamined and an attempt is made to look at all factors which might have played a role.
Jobs and the Future of the US Economy: Possibilities and Limits

This paper reviews the presentations and discussions had at the conference on “Jobs And The Future of the US Economy: Possibilities and Limits” held at Howard University shortly after the late 2000’s financial crisis. The paper begins with the historical context in which the conference was placed and reviews the various points made by topic. The paper concludes with an outline of potential alternative eventualities facing the economy were the US not to adopt the policies presented.
Cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem

A radiative-convective equilibrium model is developed and applied to study cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem. The basic hypothesis is that in the warmer and moister CO2-rich atmosphere, cloud liquid water content will generally be larger than at present, so that cloud optical thickness will be larger too. For clouds other than thin cirrus, the result is to increase the albedo more than to increase the greenhouse effect. Thus the sign of the feedback is negative: cloud optical properties alter in such a way as to reduce the surface and tropospheric warming caused by the addition of CO2. This negative feedback can be substantial. When observational estimates of the temperature dependence of cloud liquid water content are employed in the model, the surface temperature change due to doubling CO2 is reduced by about one half.
The reaction of hydroperoxy-propyl radicals with molecular oxygen

The addition of hydroperoxy-alkyl radicals to molecular oxygen is an important process leading tochain branching at conditions related to autoignition and engine knock, as well as in the low-temperature oxidation of paraffins. Rate constants and product channels for the reaction of hydroperoxy-propyl radicals with O2 are estimated using thermodynamic properties, bimolecular quantum Kassel analysis, and transition state theory. Thermochemistry of the relevant molecules and radicals is estimated using group additivity and bond dissociation groups for radicals. Results show that the rates of the hydroperoxy-propyl radical addition to O2 are near their high-pressure limits for pressures of 1 atm and above. The main products at 0.1–15 atm are stabilization, reverse reaction to hydroperoxy-propyl + O2, and alkyl-carbonyl-hydroperoxide + OH. Dissociation rates and product channels of the stabilized adducts are estimated using unimolecular quantum Kassel analysis because stabilization is the most important hydroperoxy-propyl radical + O2 product channel. At low temperatures, below about 700 K, the stabilized peroxy adducts react primarily to alkyl-carbonyl-hydroperoxide + OH, products that lead to chain branching. At higher temperatures, above about 700K, the stabilized peroxy adducts react primarily to hydroperoxy-propyl radical + O2, initial reactants, which inhibits the overall oxidation. The switch in decomposition product channels, from low to high temperature, correlates well with the experimentally observed negative temperature coefficient behavior for propane oxidation. Rate expressions for reaction of each of the three hydroperoxy-alkyl isomers with O2 and for dissociation of the stabilized adducts are calculated for a series of pressures over a temperature range of 300–2100 K. Accurate rate expressions for alkylperoxy and hydroperoxy-alkyl reactions are essential to predict the negative temperature coefficient behavior for alkanes.
SCALING PROPERTIES OF A PERCOLATION MODEL WITH LONG-RANGE CORRELATIONS

We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of a percolation model with long-range correlations in two and three dimensions. The correlations are generated by a fractional Brownian motion. The nature of the percolation transition in this model is discussed. The percolation thresholds and the critical exponents of the model are calculated. The exponents are found to be mostly nonuniversal and dependent on a parameter that characterizes the nature of the correlations. Some possible applications of the model are discussed in detail, including flow in field-scale porous media (withmegascopic disorder) with a given permeability distribution, and estimating their effective permeability, and transport and dispersion in geological formations and explaining the anomalous and nonuniversal behavior of the dispersivity that has been observed in many field-scale experiments, in terms of the nonuniversal properties of our model. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Comparison of the Muller and PMWCHT surface integral formulations for the locally corrected Nystrom method

Two surface integral formulations, the Muller and PMCHWT methods, are compared for the computation of the electromagnetic scattering by composite dielectric objects via the locally corrected Nystrom (LCN) method. The Muller formulation leads to a second-kind integral equation, whereas the PMCHWT formulation leads to a first-kind integral equation with a hypersingular kernel. For the high-order LCN solution of these integral formulations, it is shown that the Muller formulation leads to faster convergence rates and smaller condition numbers, and is more efficient for the same level of accuracy for moderate to low contrast materials. For high contrast materials, while the PMCHWT simulation converges at a slower rate, it can still realize the desired precision with fewer unknowns than a Muller formulation.
Hybridity and genre in transnational Latin American cinemas

ABSTRACTBy examining some of the functions of what we may call transnational genre films in the Latin American context, this work attempts both to contribute to and extend the study of media counter-flows. To this end, I refer to the notion of hybridity in the transnational cinema environment to then examine the structuring of genre films in two specific national contexts: Argentina and Mexico. I argue for Latin American genre films as unstable contact zones of a wide variety of national, regional and transnational determinants, and in which hybridity may serve as a strategy to inscribe local agency in transactions of differential economic and cultural power.
1515 SUSTAINED IMPROVEMENT IN GROWTH VELOCITY (GV) & BONE HISTOLOGY (BH) WITH 250HD 3 (250) THERAPY (RX) IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF)

1515 SUSTAINED IMPROVEMENT IN GROWTH VELOCITY (GV) & BONE HISTOLOGY (BH) WITH 250HD 3 (250) THERAPY (RX) IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF)
New ionization method for analysis on atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometers requiring only vacuum and matrix assistance.

Matrix assisted ionization vacuum (MAIV) is a new ionization method that does not require high voltages, a laser beam, or applied heat and depends only the proper matrix, 3-nitrobenzonitrile (3-NBN), and the vacuum of the mass spectrometer to initiate ionization. Analyte ions of volatile as well as nonvolatile compounds are formed by simply exposing the matrix–analyte to the vacuum of a mass spectrometer. The reduced pressure at the inlet of an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer suffices to produce analyte ions, but unlike the previously reported matrix assisted ionization inlet method, with MAIV, heating the inlet is not necessary. Singly and multiply charged ions are formed similar to electrospray ionization but from a surface. Mass spectrometers in which a heated inlet tube is not available can be used for ionization using the 3-NBN matrix. We demonstrate rapid, high-sensitivity analyses of drugs, peptides, and proteins in the low femtomole range. The potential for high-throughput analys...
ABSORPTION OF NEGATIVE PIONS IN DEUTERIUM: PARITY OF THE PION

The reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2n$ has been observed by detecting the two neutrons in coincidence with slow negative mesons incident on a liquid deuterium target. The observed angular correlation of the two neutrons confirms the identification of the process. The process is therefore not forbidden, and this fact may be used to establish the odd relative parity of the pion and the nucleon.
The Role of Top-down and Bottom-up Processes in Guiding Eye Movements during Visual Search

To investigate how top-down (TD) and bottom-up (BU) information is weighted in the guidance of human search behavior, we manipulated the proportions of BU and TD components in a saliency-based model. The model is biologically plausible and implements an artificial retina and a neuronal population code. The BU component is based on feature-contrast. The TD component is defined by a feature-template match to a stored target representation. We compared the model's behavior at different mixtures of TD and BU components to the eye movement behavior of human observers performing the identical search task. We found that a purely TD model provides a much closer match to human behavior than any mixture model using BU information. Only when biological constraints are removed (e.g., eliminating the retina) did a BU/TD mixture model begin to approximate human behavior.
Qualitative and Mixed Methods Provide Unique Contributions to Outcomes Research

Outcomes research examines the effects of medical care interventions and policies on the health outcomes of individuals and society.1 Investigators conducting outcomes research seek to inform the development of clinical practice guidelines, to evaluate the quality of medical care, and to foster effective interventions to improve the quality of care.2 Outcomes research has traditionally used quantitative sciences to examine the utilization, cost, and clinical effectiveness of medical care through randomized and nonrandomized experimental designs. Quantitative methods are not as well suited to measure other complex aspects of the healthcare delivery system, such as organizational change, clinical leadership in implementing evidence-based guidelines, and patient perceptions of quality of care, which are also critical issues in outcomes research.3–7 These more nuanced aspects of healthcare delivery may be most appropriately examined with qualitative research methods.8–10 Qualitative approaches are becoming more common in clinical medicine and health services research.5,11–15 Federal encouragement of qualitative research is regularly reflected in funding program announcements issued by the National Institutes of Health.16 For more than a decade, federal agencies and foundations such as the National Science Foundation have demonstrated a commitment to supporting qualitative research through funding scientific conferences, workshops, and monographs on this field of inquiry.17–20 Despite this steady growth in qualitative research, outcomes investigators in cardiology have relatively little guidance on when and how best to implement these methods in their investigations. The purpose of the present report is to introduce qualitative methods as providing unique and critical contributions to outcomes research. This report will describe the situations in which qualitative approaches are most helpful; summarize the primary principles and practices in study design, sampling, data collection, and data analysis for qualitative studies; present representative examples of cardiovascular outcomes research that uses qualitative methods; and synthesize current standards for …
Police Interviewing and Interrogation of Juvenile Suspects: A Descriptive Examination of Actual Cases

Although empirical attention to police interrogation has gained traction in recent years, comparatively few studies have examined interrogation of juvenile suspects, and virtually none have examined actual interrogations. Despite a growing literature on youths' interrogation-related capacities, we still know very little about what actually transpires when police question youth. The present study examines electronically recorded police interviews with juveniles to describe the characteristics, processes, and outcomes that occur in actual juvenile interrogations, including interview duration, individuals present, and confessions. Fifty-seven electronic recordings from 17 police departments were analyzed using observational research software. The median juvenile interrogation lasted 46 min, though the range was extensive (6 min to nearly 5 hr). Youth frequently submitted to questioning without a parent or advocate present, and disruptions to the interview process were common. Interrogation outcomes varied and included full confessions, partially incriminating admissions, and denials of guilt. Results from this study provide context for interrogation research using other methods and suggest that youth may frequently consent to interrogation in the absence of important legal protections.
Isotopic and Elemental Evidence For Meteoric Alteration of A Pennsylvanian Phylloid-Algal Mound, Holder Formation, New Mexico, U.S.A.

The wrong Figure 5 was printed with this article. The correct figure follows. Fig. 5 Thin-section photomicrographs of the characteristic lithologies in Yucca Mound (A and B), Leopard …