cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3 A NOVEL SOURCE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN THE MITOCHONDRIA.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in diverse human diseases, including diabetes and atherosclerosis, as well as in aging. The bulk of oxidative pathways are harbored in the mitochondria, where various redox carriers leak electrons to oxygen to form superoxide anion. In phagocytic cells, however, gp91phox-based NAD(P)H oxidase has long been recognized as a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). More recently, several isoforms of gp91phox, called Nox proteins, have been cloned and identified in somatic cells. Nox4 was cloned from the kidney, and we have recently shown that it is a major source of ROS in renal cells and kidney tissue of diabetic animals. We generated specific rabbit polyclonal Nox4 antibodies and found that Nox4 localizes to mitochondria. Several approaches were used to confirm Nox4 localization. (1) Immunoblot analysis in cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) as well as renal cortex revealed that Nox4 was present in crude mitochondrial fractions, in mitochondria-enriched heavy fractions and in purified mitochondria. (2) Independent confirmation of Nox4 localization to the mitochondria was analyzed by immunogold electron microscopy. (3) Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was also used to localize Nox4 in MCs and nonrenal cells, such as aortic endothelial or vascular smooth muscle cells. Our observation was confirmed using the mitochondrial localization prediction program MitoProt, where the probability score for Nox4 obtained was identical to mitochondrial protein human cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV. Functionally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nox4 reduces NADPH oxidase activity in pure mitochondria and blocks glucose-induced mitochondrial superoxide generation. Our data provide the first evidence that a functional Nox4 is present and regulated in mitochondria, indicating the existence of a novel source of ROS in this organelle. Collectively, our findings offer a possible explanation for the data of the literature reporting that both mitochondria and Nox-containing oxidases are sources of ROS. The present demonstration that Nox4 resides in mitochondria and plays a key role in disease-induced oxidative stress may reconcile the mitochondrial and the NAD(P)H oxidase hypotheses.
Outbreak Factors of Influenza A/H1N1 in Military Training Base for College Students

[Objective]To analyze the outbreak factors of Influenza A/H1N1in military training base for college students and the countermeasures,to achieve the purpose of control outbreak of influenza A/H1N1.[Methods]On-site survey data and epidemic control results were analyzed epidemiologically.[Results]During September 5th～18th,2009,totally 43 cases of Influenza A/H1N1 were reported in this military training base,the attack rate was 1.30%,the incident was defined as outbreak of Influenza A/H1N1.[Conclusion]Prompt isolation of infection source,strict management of close contacts and accurate epidemic information are key measures for rapid control of outbreak of influenza A/H1N1.
Electrochemistry of single nanobubbles. Estimating the critical size of bubble-forming nuclei for gas-evolving electrode reactions

In this article, we address the fundamental question: “What is the critical size of a single cluster of gas molecules that grows and becomes a stable (or continuously growing) gas bubble during gas evolving reactions?” Electrochemical reactions that produce dissolved gas molecules are ubiquitous in electrochemical technologies, e.g., water electrolysis, photoelectrochemistry, chlorine production, corrosion, and often lead to the formation of gaseous bubbles. Herein, we demonstrate that electrochemical measurements of the dissolved gas concentration, at the instant prior to nucleation of an individual nanobubble of H2, N2, or O2 at a Pt nanodisk electrode, can be analyzed using classical thermodynamic relationships (Henry's law and the Young–Laplace equation – including non-ideal corrections) to provide an estimate of the size of the gas bubble nucleus that grows into a stable bubble. We further demonstrate that this critical nucleus size is independent of the radius of the Pt nanodisk employed (<100 nm radius), and weakly dependent on the nature of the gas. For example, the measured critical surface concentration of H2 of ∼0.23 M at the instant of bubble formation corresponds to a critical H2 nucleus that has a radius of ∼3.6 nm, an internal pressure of ∼350 atm, and contains ∼1700 H2 molecules. The data are consistent with stochastic fluctuations in the density of dissolved gas, at or near the Pt/solution interface, controlling the rate of bubble nucleation. We discuss the growth of the nucleus as a diffusion-limited process and how that process is affected by proximity to an electrode producing ∼1011 gas molecules per second. Our study demonstrates the advantages of studying a single-entity, i.e., an individual nanobubble, in understanding and quantifying complex physicochemical phenomena.
Coronary artery reoperation

Coronary artery reoperation has been performed in 51 patients (4%) including 5 second reoperations among 1,245 CABGs during past 9 years. There were 40 males and 11 females with a mean age of 58 year old ranging from 19 to 75 year old. Extent of coronary artery disease were; single vessel disease in 2 patients, double vessel disease in 18 patients, triple vessel disease in 22 patients and left main disease in 9 patients. Preoperative ejection fraction ranged from 0.24 to 0.69 (mean 0.48) and 21 patients (41%) showed unstable angina. Interval between primary CABG and reoperation ranged from 1 month to 20 years with a mean of 6 years. There were two groups which had early reoperation at the mean of 6 months (14 patients) and late reoperation at the mean of 9 years (37 patients) after primary CABG. Causes of reoperation varied from graft failure (29 patients), progression of native CAD (2 patients), both of them (19 patients), and incomplete revascularization (1 patient). There were 32 patients who had patent old graft at the time of reoperation. Re-entry approaches used were midsternal in 41 patients and left thoracotomy in 10 patients. The ITA, GEA, IEA and SV grafts were used in 30, 38, 5 and 28 patients, respectively. There were 4 patients who underwent CABG without cardiopulmonary bypass. The mean number of bypass was 2.1 and the mean duration of aortic crossclamp and cardiopulmonary bypass were 63 minutes and 114 minutes, respectively. As a result, there were 4 early and 1 late death. Postoperative angiography revealed that patency rate of ITA, GEA, IEA and SV grafts were 100% (22/22), 97% (30/31), 75% (3/4) and 87% (20/23), respectively. In conclusion, risk of coronary artery reoperation is still high and use of arterial graft is important to obtain high patency rate and low reoperation rate.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Vessel Density in Healthy, Glaucoma Suspect, and Glaucoma Eyes.

Author(s): Yarmohammadi, Adeleh; Zangwill, Linda M; Diniz-Filho, Alberto; Suh, Min Hee; Manalastas, Patricia Isabel; Fatehee, Naeem; Yousefi, Siamak; Belghith, Akram; Saunders, Luke J; Medeiros, Felipe A; Huang, David; Weinreb, Robert N | Abstract: PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) retinal vasculature measurements in healthy, glaucoma suspect, and glaucoma patients.MethodsTwo hundred sixty-one eyes of 164 healthy, glaucoma suspect, and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) participants from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study with good quality OCT-A images were included. Retinal vasculature information was summarized as a vessel density map and as vessel density (%), which is the proportion of flowing vessel area over the total area evaluated. Two vessel density measurements extracted from the RNFL were analyzed: (1) circumpapillary vessel density (cpVD) measured in a 750-μm-wide elliptical annulus around the disc and (2) whole image vessel density (wiVD) measured over the entire image. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) were used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy.ResultsAge-adjusted mean vessel density was significantly lower in OAG eyes compared with glaucoma suspects and healthy eyes. (cpVD: 55.1 ± 7%, 60.3 ± 5%, and 64.2 ± 3%, respectively; P l 0.001; and wiVD: 46.2 ± 6%, 51.3 ± 5%, and 56.6 ± 3%, respectively; P l 0.001). For differentiating between glaucoma and healthy eyes, the age-adjusted AUROC was highest for wiVD (0.94), followed by RNFL thickness (0.92) and cpVD (0.83). The AUROCs for differentiating between healthy and glaucoma suspect eyes were highest for wiVD (0.70), followed by cpVD (0.65) and RNFL thickness (0.65).ConclusionsOptical coherence tomography angiography vessel density had similar diagnostic accuracy to RNFL thickness measurements for differentiating between healthy and glaucoma eyes. These results suggest that OCT-A measurements reflect damage to tissues relevant to the pathophysiology of OAG.
TLP evaluation of ESD protection capability of graphene micro-ribbons for ICs

Transmission line pulse (TLP) measurements were carried out to study electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection capability of monolayer and bilayer graphene micro-ribbons (GR) as IC interconnects. For 100 ns pulse duration (td) and 10 ns pulse rise time (tr), the second breakdown TLP test current density limit reaches around 3.34 × 108 A/cm2 for monolayer GRs and 2.27 × 108 A/cm2 for bilayer GRs, which are both superior to that of Cu wires, commonly used as interconnects for CMOS ICs. This study of large number of sample splits provide design guidelines for on-chip ESD protection circuits using graphene interconnects for future ICs.
High School Teachers’ Openness to Adopting New Practices: The Role of Personal Resources and Organizational Climate

Although evidence-based practices for students’ social, emotional, and behavioral health are readily available, their adoption and quality implementation in schools are of increasing concern. Teachers are vital to implementation; yet, there is limited research on teachers’ openness to adopting new practices, which may be essential to successful program adoption and implementation. The current study explored how perceptions of principal support, teacher affiliation, teacher efficacy, and burnout relate to teachers’ openness to new practices. Data came from 2133 teachers across 51 high schools. Structural equation modeling assessed how organizational climate (i.e., principal support and teacher affiliation) related to teachers’ openness directly and indirectly via teacher resources (i.e., efficacy and burnout). Teachers with more favorable perceptions of both principal support and teacher affiliation reported greater efficacy, and, in turn, more openness; however, burnout was not significantly associated with openness. Post hoc analyses indicated that among teachers with high levels of burnout, only principal support related to greater efficacy, and in turn, higher openness. Implications for promoting teachers’ openness to new program adoption are discussed.
Dietary exposures for the safety assessment of seven emulsifiers commonly added to foods in the United States and implications for safety.

ABSTRACTDietary exposure assessment using food-consumption data and ingredient-use level is essential for assessing the safety of food ingredients. Dietary exposure estimates are compared with safe intake levels, such as the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The ADI is estimated by applying a safety factor to an experimentally determined no-observed-adverse-effect level of a test substance. Two food ingredients classified as emulsifiers, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polysorbate 80 (P80), received attention recently due to their putative adverse effects on gut microbiota. Because no published dietary exposure estimates for commonly used emulsifiers exist for the US population, the current investigation focused on the estimation of dietary exposure to seven emulsifiers: CMC, P80, lecithin, mono- and diglycerides (MDGs), stearoyl lactylates, sucrose esters, and polyglycerol polyricinoleate. Using maximum-use levels obtained from publicly available sources, dietary exposures to these emulsifiers were estimat...
Doping Processes for MEMS

Doping processes are utilized to modify electrical properties of semiconductors by making mobile charge carriers available in the material. Doping processes are used in MEMS devices for creating electrically conductive layers for power distribution, heaters, transducers, and other structures. Doped layers are also widely used for controlling specialty etch processes by modification of surface electrochemistry. Typical MEMS doping applications, standard processes for doping MEMS materials, and diagnostic techniques are reviewed.
Invasive Adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s Mucosa

This chapter illustrates the seemingly endless array of cell types and growth patterns that occur in Barrett’s adenocarcinomas. Actually, a similar array exists for stomach carcinomas. In contrast, colorectal carcinomas tend to be more uniform, but even in the colon there is considerable heterogeneity.
Maritime Trade and Societal Transitions in the Western Indonesian Archipelago: Samudra-Pasai at the Dawn of the European Age (c. 1200-1500)

This study is the substantial update to a journal article published in 1981, focal on the first northeast Sumatra fourteenth- and fifteenthcentury Islamic Sultanate Samudra-Pasai port-of-trade. In doing so the study represents the significant transitions in Indian Ocean history that were substantially influenced by Michael Pearson’s scholarship. Samudra-Pasai was a notable eastern Indian Ocean fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Straits of Melaka international maritime stopover that competed against the west-central Malay Peninsula-based Melaka emporium for regional commercial prominence prior to Portuguese seizure of Melaka in 1511. Past histories are based on the several surviving contemporary maritime sojourner accounts, Chinese dynastic records, and the local sixteenth-century Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai dynastic chronicle. Recent anthropological surveys of the Sumatra upstream pair with new archaeological recoveries, which include dated Arabic script inscribed dynastic tombstones, to mandate a re-evaluation of upstream downstream networking that was the basis of Samudra- Pasai’s over two-century sovereignty. This study moves beyond initially innovative 1970s conceptions of early Straits of Melaka upstreamdownstream networking in its incorporation of Michael Pearson’s adaptive characterizations of Indian Ocean port-of-trade coastline littorals, and introduces the importance of newly focal offshore communities as these are now prominent in the most recent Indian Ocean scholarship.
AGN torus threaded by large scale magnetic field

Large scale magnetic eld can be easily dragged from galactic scales towards AGN alongwith accreting gas. There, it can contribute to both the formation of AGN "torus" and help to remove angular momentum from the gas which fuels AGN accretion disk. Howeverthe dynamics of such gas is also strongly inuenced by the radiative feedback from theinner accretion disk. Here we present results from the three-dimensional simulations ofpc-scale accretion which is exposed to intense X-ray heating.
Multidisciplinary Prerounding Meeting as a Continuous Quality Improvement Tool: Leveraging to Reduce Continuous Benzodiazepine Use at an Academic Medical Center:

Background:Evidence-based medicine often has many barriers to overcome prior to implementation in practice, hence the importance of continuous quality improvement. We report on a brief (≤10 minutes...
Level and Downhill Walking to Assess Implant Functionality in Bicruciate- and Posterior Cruciate-Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The goal of this study is to set up a functional motion analysis test to examine effects of the anterior cruciate ligament in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients by comparing knee kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation patterns during level and downhill walking for patients with posterior cruciate–retaining (PCR) and bicruciate-retaining (BiCR) TKAs. Methods Motion and electromyography (EMG) data were collected for 12 subjects (4/8 male/female, 64 ± 11 years, 31.3 ± 7.3 body mass index, 6/6 right/left) with BiCR TKAs and 15 subjects (6/9 male/female, 67 ± 7 years, 30.5 ± 5.1 body mass index, 4/11 right/left) with PCR TKAs during level and downhill walking using the point cluster marker set and surface electrodes placed on the vastus medialis obliquus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus muscles. Results Level walking exhibited no significant differences in knee kinematics, kinetics, or EMG patterns. During downhill walking, BiCR subjects had significantly lower peak muscle activity in the vastus medialis obliquus and rectus femoris (P = .045 and .018, respectively), a trending higher peak knee flexion moment (2.0 ± 0.6% BW*HT vs 1.5 ± 0.6% BW*HT, P = .076), and significantly more knee flexion at heel strike (5.1° ± 4.7° vs 1.8° ± 2.8°, P = .044) compared with PCR subjects. Conclusion Anterior cruciate ligament retention led to altered muscle recruitment during downhill walking in BiCR subjects compared with PCR subjects; thus, BiCR TKAs may offer some neuromuscular benefits for stabilizing the knee joint. In conclusion, level and downhill walking knee kinematics and kinetics combined with corresponding quadriceps and hamstrings EMG signals begin to build an overall picture of implant functionality.
Reconfigurable Processors — The Road to Flexible Power-Aware Computing

Energy considerations are at the heart of important paradigm shifts in next-generation designs, especially in systems-on-a-chip era. With multimedia and communication functions becomingmore and more prominent, coming up with low-power solutions for these signal-processing applications is a clear must. Harvard-style architectures, as used in traditional signal processors, incur a significant overhead in power dissipation. It is therefore worthwhile to explore novel and different architectures and to quantify their impact on energy efficiency. Recently, reconfigurable programmable engines have received a lot of attention. In this chapter, the opportunity for substantial power reduction by using hybrid reconfigurable processors will be explored. With the aid of an extensive example, it will be demonstrated that power reductions of orders of magnitude are attainable.
Seminal parameters of ejaculates collected from oligospermic and normospermic patients via masturbation and at intercourse with the use of a Silastic * seminal fluid collection device

Seminal fluid parameters of ejaculates collected via intercourse with the use of a new Silastic seminal fluid collection device (SCD; HDC Corporation, Mountain View, CA) and via masturbation were compared. Thirty couples participated in this study. All males produced two specimens within 8 days with exactly 4 days of sexual abstinence each time. Thirteen patients were classified as oligospermic and the remaining 17 as normospermic on the basis of sperm numbers per milliliter. Each male patient subjectively rated (scale, 0 to 10) his sexual stimulation elicited during production of specimens with the use of the two methods. Specimens were evaluated and compared. Significant increases (P
Electronic Structure and Chemical Reactions in Solution

A review is given of a recent theoretical approach to the issue of the title. Novel aspects of the theory include incorporation of nonequilibrium solvation, attention to time scales of the solvent electronic polarization and construction of reaction paths and free energetics. The theory is illustrated with examples of an SN2 nucleophilic displacement, SNI ionization, and an ion-radical recombination reaction.
2-OR: A CASE OF MIXED UMBILICAL CORD/ RECIPIENT CHIMERISM IN BUCCAL CELLS, FOLLOWED BY COMPETITION BETWEEN CORD AND A SECOND HAPLOIDENTICAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT

Aim Many leukemia patients referred to St. Jude for HSCT have been previously transplanted. Buccal samples may be a mixture of donor and recipient-derived cells and this may complicate HLA typing. In addition, due to HLA disparity between various types of donors, there may be competition for engraftment of subsequent transplants. Methods HLA Typing SSP. HLA Typing SSO. HLA Typing SBT. HLA Antibody ID. Results The patient is a female with infant ALL, who received a 6/6 matched unrelated cord blood transplant. Following relapse, she was referred to St. Jude for haploidentical HSCT and NK therapy. HLA typing of the patient’s buccal sample was in agreement with family studies and with referred typing at all loci, with the exception of DPB1. DPB1 typing by SSO, SBT and SSP were inconclusive. Manual analysis of SSP suggested that multiple alleles were present in this sample, two of which were not present in either parent. Indeed, FISH analysis using XY probes showed that 96.5% of blood cells were of donor origin. The patient received a haploidentical transplant and NK infusion from her mother, and exhibited early engraftment. However, the patient’s chimerism began to show a decrease in donor 2 (mother) and a reappearance of donor 1 (cord), beginning at day 41 post-transplant. She was given 3 donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) from her mother but continued to lose the graft. Tests of the patient’s serum for anti-class I and class II HLA antibodies were negative. The patient was given a stem cell boost from her mother, but continues to exhibit mixed donor chimerism. Conclusions The DPB1 alleles complicating HLA typing of the buccal sample likely represent those derived from the previous cord donor. Although the cord unit was well-matched with the patient, it is unlikely that donor and recipient also shared both DPB1 alleles. Finally, although the patient did not have detectable antibodies to HLA, the competition between the cord donor and haploidentical donor may reflect a T cell-mediated response.
Authoring HTML Documents

The World Wide Web is presently the most popular medium for Internet publishing. What is unique about WWW when other information systems such as Gopher have been available for a longer period of time? Why should Internet authors write documents for the World Wide Web?
Ultrasonic Inspectability Models for Jet Engine Forgings

Ultrasonic inspections of axially symmetric forgings, such as those used in the manufacture of jet engine rotating components, are typically performed on so-called “sonic shapes” which have relatively simple geometries. Formation of these sonic shapes typically requires an additional machining step, so significant cost savings can result if the inspections can be reliably performed on forgings whose shapes more closely resemble those of the final machined components. However, compound curvatures of the component surface will cause complicated focusing of the ultrasonic beam within the part which will change the inspection sensitivity to flaws of interest. Analytical models of ultrasonic inspection in complex shaped parts can be used to predict the new sensitivity.
Robotic Inguinal Hernia

Inguinal hernia surgery has evolved substantially in recent years. Although the open, tension-free mesh repair still reigns as standard of care and is the predominant method for inguinal hernia repair worldwide, there has been massive shift in surgical approach toward minimally invasive techniques. The robotic transabdominal preperitoneal repair marks the latest in surgical evolution to approach this common pathology. The introduction of the robotic surgical platform has sparked new interest and enthusiasm from the general surgical community surrounding hernia repair in general and particularly in inguinal hernia surgery.
Acute systemic inflammation reduces both carotid and aortic wave reflection in healthy adults.

Acute inflammation increases the risk of cardiac and cerebrovascular events, possibly related to alterations in the hemodynamic load. Wave reflection at the aorta and carotid provides insight into downstream vascular changes and hemodynamic load at the heart and brain. Acute inflammation has been suggested to reduce wave reflection via downstream vasodilation; however, this is not firmly established and has only been investigated at the aorta. We sought to explore the effect of acute inflammation on aortic and carotid hemodynamics in healthy, young adults. Pressure waveforms were collected via radial and carotid applanation tonometry in 23 adults (26 ± 4 years) before and 24 h after a typhoid vaccination. Waveforms were calibrated to brachial mean and diastolic pressure, and waveform separation analyses (WSA) were performed, yielding augmentation index, reflection index, time to reflection (Tr), forward (Pf) and reflected (Pb) wave magnitude, and pulse wave velocity. Arterial diameters and carotid stiffness were measured via ultrasonography. Acute inflammation reduced wave reflection at 24 h in both the aorta and carotid (P 0.05). Arterial stiffness did not change; however, brachial and carotid artery diameters increased. Acute inflammation reduces wave reflection in the aorta and carotid artery in young adults, potentially due to downstream/peripheral vasodilation. Reduced aortic wave reflection did not disturb the cardiac workload; however, reductions in carotid wave reflection may render the brain vulnerable to pulsatile hemodynamics. These findings may have implications for cardiac and cerebrovascular risk during acute inflammation.
HealtheDataLab – a cloud computing solution for data science and advanced analytics in healthcare with application to predicting multi-center pediatric readmissions

There is a shortage of medical informatics and data science platforms using cloud computing on electronic medical record (EMR) data, and with computing capacity for analyzing big data. We implemented, described, and applied a cloud computing solution utilizing the fast health interoperability resources (FHIR) standardization and state-of-the-art parallel distributed computing platform for advanced analytics. We utilized the architecture of the modern predictive analytics platform called Cerner® HealtheDataLab and described the suite of cloud computing services and Apache Projects that it relies on. We validated the platform by replicating and improving on a previous single pediatric institution study/model on readmission and developing a multi-center model of all-cause readmission for pediatric-age patients using the Cerner® Health Facts Deidentified Database (now updated and referred to as the Cerner Real World Data). We retrieved a subset of 1.4 million pediatric encounters consisting of 48 hospitals’ data on pediatric encounters in the database based on a priori inclusion criteria. We built and analyzed corresponding random forest and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network models using HealtheDataLab. Using the HealtheDataLab platform, we developed a random forest model and multi-layer perceptron model with AUC of 0.8446 (0.8444, 0.8447) and 0.8451 (0.8449, 0.8453) respectively. We showed the distribution in model performance across hospitals and identified a set of novel variables under previous resource utilization and generic medications that may be used to improve existing readmission models. Our results suggest that high performance, elastic cloud computing infrastructures such as the platform presented here can be used for the development of highly predictive models on EMR data in a secure and robust environment. This in turn can lead to new clinical insights/discoveries.
"Gratidão," Gratitude: Brazilian Immigrant Parents' Perspectives on Their Children's Bilingual Education.

This article explores Brazilian immigrant parents’ perspectives about a newly established Two-Way Immersion (TWI) program in their community. The analysis of parental answers to a family engagement...
A 920MHz 16-FSK Receiver Achieving a Sensitivity of −103dBm at 0.6mW Via an Integrated N-Path Filter Bank

This paper presents the first low-power IC implementation of a 16-FSK receiver towards enabling energy-efficient wide area networking. The receiver specifically exploits the inherent 5.1dB E b /N 0 advantage of 16-FSK over BFSK to improve sensitivity over prior-art, all while minimizing power via a bank of 16 integrated N-path filters for 16-FSK tone selection. Implemented in 65nm chip, the receiver achieves a sensitivity of −103dBm at a data rate of 100kbps, all at a power consumption of 0.6mW.
The Politics of Scarcity and Barriers to Effective Anti-Hunger Advocacy in Philadelphia

Philadelphia is the poorest, large city in the United States, with approximately 26% of the population living below the poverty line. Consequently, the city also has some of the highest rates of fo...
Abstract 16182: Prognostic Value of Peak Oxygen Uptake Trajectories for Mortality Risk in Patients With Heart Failure

Introduction: Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), as determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), is informative of cardiovascular fitness and heart failure (HF) disease progression. Due to the...
Diagnosis of Two Chronic Disease: A Review

Disease in India is growing day by day, in which chronic diseases are life-threatening and life harming diseases. This may affect the body adversely and diagnosis of these can help in detecting the disease. The two growing chronic diseases are diabetes and cancer. Diagnosis of these diseases is very important so that appropriate medication and treatment would be possible for it and on time. The aim of this paper is to study recent techniques used for the diagnosis of chronic disorder and to give an idea of this domain to the researcher. This report gives complete information about different techniques used for the diagnosis of the disease.
Papaya ripeness and post-harvest storage conditions affect growth, survival and death kinetics of Salmonella and spoilage organisms

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of papaya ripeness level (0, 25, 50, 75 and/or 100 %) and post-harvest storage conditions (i.e., Temperature: 4, 12 and 21 °C, and RH: 55 and 90 %) on the survival kinetics of Salmonella spp., and spoilage organisms. In addition, the effect of test conditions on the physico-chemical properties of fresh-cut papayas was also determined. Maradol papayas of different commercial ripeness levels were cut into 3 cm2 cubes either with or without a peel. The samples were spot inoculated with 25 μL of nalidixic acid adopted Salmonella spp (4-strain) to achieve 4–5 log CFU g−1. The inoculated samples and uninoculated controls were stored in an environmental chamber for up to 14 d. Papaya ripeness level in combination with storage temperature and RH have shown to affect Salmonella survival on both fresh-cut papaya and papaya peel. Increasing the fruit ripeness level from 0 to 100 %, storage temperature from 4 to 21 °C and RH from 55 to 90 % increased the log survival. Samples at low ripeness levels showed slower growth of yeast and molds compared to samples at higher ripeness levels. Ripeness levels also showed an effect on the total soluble solids content of fresh-cut papaya during the storage. Based on these findings, papaya ripeness level in combination with post-harvest storage conditions need to be considered to maximize the microbiological safety while maintaining the quality.
Reduction-oxidation state and protein degradation in skeletal muscle of fasted and refed rats

Redox state and protein degradation were measured in isolated muscles of fasted (up to 10 d) and refed (up to 4 d) 7- to 14-wk-old rats. Protein degradation in the extensor digitorum longus muscle, but not in the soleus muscle, was greater in the fasted rats than in weight-matched muscle from fed rats. The NAD couple was more oxidized in incubated and fresh extensor digitorum longus muscles and in some incubated soleus muscles of fasted rats than in weight-matched muscle from fed rats. In the extensor digitorum longus muscle of refed or prolonged fasted rats, protein degradation was slower and the NAD couple was more reduced than in the fed state. Therefore, oxidation of the NAD couple was associated with increased muscle breakdown during fasting, whereas reduction of the NAD couple was associated with muscle conservation and deposition.
A 187MHz subthreshold-supply robust FIR filter with charge-recovery logic

A 187MHz FIR filter with a single subthreshold DC supply is designed using a charge-recovery logic family. Fabricated in a 0.13µm CMOS process with V th,nmos = 0.40V, the FIR operates in the 80MHz–187MHz range with DC supply in the 0.30V–0.36V range, respectively. Resonating at 100MHz, it consumes 21.27pJ per cycle and achieves 23.7nW/Tap/MHz/InBit/CoeffBit.
Best practices in direct nutrition education for low-income audiences: program design and delivery (625.2)

The project objective was to identify best practices in nutrition education for low-income audiences. Best practices are evidence-based elements or strategies that have shown effectiveness in achieving outcomes. Utilizing best practices increases stakeholder confidence that programs will be effective in helping low-income participants make positive nutrition-related behavior changes. A seven-member expert panel identified best practices criteria via telephone and electronic correspondence; the criteria were confirmed via literature review. Eight criteria were identified as characteristics of effective nutrition education programs within the following areas: a strong theoretical basis, research-based content, emphasis on goal setting, and audience-appropriate languages, activities, recipes, and reading level. Five criteria were identified for program delivery: the use of experiential learning and enhancement items, accommodation of learning styles, inclusion of contacts of appropriate frequency and duratio...
Dissection of Oxidative Stress Tolerance Using Transgenic Plants.

Environmental stress is the major limiting factor in plant productivity. Much of the injury to plants caused by stress exposure is associated with oxidative damage at the cellular level. Widespread losses of forests and crops due to ozone pollution provide a highly visible example of oxidative stress (see Tingey et al., 1993, for a review), but less obvious losses caused by oxidative damage associated with periods of cold or drought also take their toll in the accumulation of incremental setbacks during a growing season. The role of ROIs in plant stress damage is indicated by the increased production of ROIs and the increased oxidative damage in tissues during stress. In plants, the highly energetic reactions of photosynthesis and an abundant oxygen supply make the chloroplast a particularly rich source of ROIs. High light intensity can lead to excess reduction of PSI so that CO2 fixation cannot keep pace and NADP+ pools are reduced. Under these conditions, 02 can compete for electrons from PSI, leading to the generation of ROIs through the Mehler reaction. When CO2 fixation is limited by environmental conditions such as cold temperatures or low CO2 availability (closed stomata), excess PSI reduction and increased ROI production can occur even at moderate light intensities. Efficient removal of ROIs from chloroplasts is critical, since H202 concentrations as low as 10 ptM can inhibit photosynthesis by 50% (Kaiser, 1979). Although the toxicity of *?2and H202 themselves is relatively low, their metal-dependent conversion to the highly toxic -OH via the Haber-Weiss reaction is thought to be responsible for the majority of the biological damage associated with these molecules. Antioxidant systems of plant chloroplasts include enzymes such as SOD and APX, and nonenzymatic components such as ascorbic acid and glutathione. The proposed ROI scavenging pathway of chloroplasts is shown in Figure 1 (Asada, 1994). Superoxide radicals are produced by the reduction of molecular oxygen at PSI via the Mehler reaction. This ?2- is rapidly dismuted to H202 by SOD that is associated with the thylakoid. The H202 produced is
Incidence of suicidal ideation and behavior in the United States, 1994.

Completed suicides reflect only a portion of the impact of suicidal behavior; sublethal behaviors cause morbidity and can signal treatable problems such as depression. There is no national quantification of nonlethal suicidal behaviors. The present study used a random-digit-dialed telephone survey to estimate the 12-month incidence of suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts among U.S. adults. Of 5,238 respondents, 5.6% (representing about 10.5 million persons) reported suicidal ideation, 2.7% (about 2.7 million) made a specific suicide plan, and 0.7% (about 700,000) made a suicide attempt (estimate = 1.1 million attempts). Hence, suicidal behaviors are not uncommon and occur along a continuum ranging from ideation to completed suicides. Preventing nonlethal precursor behaviors may prevent deaths.
Agentic and Communal Social Motives

Locke discusses that motives to approach communion (e.g., form partnerships), avoid communion (e.g., limit obligations), approach agency (e.g., enhance status), and avoid agency (e.g., sidestep conflicts) are universals because each has reliably – under certain circumstances – proven adaptive throughout our evolutionary history. Guided by upward, connective, downward, and contrastive social comparisons, people selectively invest in social goals that promise to be fulfilling (e.g., befriending likeminded others) and divest from goals that threaten to be frustrating (e.g., attacking stronger rivals). Individuals who can harness agency toward communal ends tend to experience better psychological, physical, and social outcomes; however, individuals differ in their inclinations towards agentic and communal motives due to factors such as life history (e.g., unpredictable rearing environments), life stage (e.g., parenthood), gender, and general sensitivities to costs/rewards. Variations in social motives across persons and situations are partly mediated by variations in oxytocin (which tends to amplify communal motives to protect and nurture close others and social bonds) and testosterone (which tends to amplify agentic motives to vigorously defend and enhance social rank).
Separation of proteins by high-speed pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract Two chromatographic systems for separation of proteins by high-speed pressure liquid chromatography are described. Molecular size exclusion chromatography was achieved by the use of porous silica deactivated by Carbowax-20M to prevent protein adsorption. Protein separations were successful provided the salt concentration in the eluting buffer was relatively high. The second system described is adsorption chromatography of proteins on deactivated Porasil. This technique involves elution of the proteins from the gel by means of a salt and pH gradient. In both systems the total time required for the chromatography is less than 1 hr.
Resource modeling moves into the courtroom

In this paper I discuss the use of a population dynamics model to predict the future population size of colonial seabirds after damages from a loss due to oiling. Although simple, the model was developed in a litigation context by a retained ‘team of experts’ and presented some challenges both in communication of results and concept to environmental lawyers and in the interpretation of results in terms of the legal issues at hand. Use of models like these involve an adversarial relationship between scientists and modelers on each side of the case. Success in these cases arises not so much from scientific credibility or credentials of the scientists as from their ability to interpret their idiom in both intuitive and common sense fashion. Given the litiginous nature of environmental issues in our country and abroad, we are likely to be more involved in such issues in the future. I conclude with suggestions on how we might effectively approach problem resolution in this context.
Volunteer tourism: popular humanitarianism in neoliberal times

Volunteer tourism: Popular humanitarianism in neoliberal times provides an in-depth look at the cross-cultural trajectory of volunteer tourism and international development. Mostafanezhad identifie...
Deep UV photoresists I. Meldrum's diazo sensitizer

The design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new resist formulation tailored for use in the deep UV (254 nm) is described. The resist is based on use of 2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-5-diazo-1,3-dioxolane (5- diazo-Meldrum's acid) and derivatives thereof as a sensitizer for cresol formaldehyde novolac resin. The new class of sensitizers provides an intense bleachable absorbance at 254 nm and couples sensitivity with plasma etch resistance. The resist exhibits remarkable dissolution kinetics which provide for high resolution imaging devoid of standing wave phenomena. A series of experiments designed to provide understanding of the dissolution kinetics are described.
Role of Endomyocardial Biopsy for Children Presenting With Acute Systolic Heart Failure

Myocarditis, an inflammatory disease of the heart, frequently results from viral infections, postviral immune-mediated responses, or both. It is a common cause of acute-onset systolic heart failure in children. Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of myocarditis. However, EMB is not performed for most myocarditis cases involving children in the United States. Clinical scenarios in which EMB results added unique prognostic data and guidance to therapy have been defined recently. This review outlines the role of EMB in the diagnosis and management of myocarditis for children presenting with acute-onset systolic heart failure.
Density, crystallinity, and heptane insolubility in isotactic polypropylene

Measurements of the density of a large number of experimental isotactic polypropylenes have shown that the specific volume is linearly related to per cent crystallinity as determined from x-ray data. The density is also linearly related to the absorbance of certain absorption bands in the infrared spectrum of isotactic polypropylene. The infrared data allow a determination of the density of the amorphous polymer which is in good agreement with literature values and with a value determined from the x-ray data by extrapolation to zero crystallinity. It is found that there is a rough, approximately linear correlation between crystallinity (by density) of unextracted polypropylene and the per cent insoluble residue remaining after extraction with boiling n-heptane or after successive extraction with other solvents and heptane. In all instances, the amount of residue exceeds the crystalline content. The crystallinity-insolubility relationship is influenced by molecular weight (as judged by intrinsic viscosity). An increase in crystallinity at constant [η] corresponds to an increase in insolubility; at constant crystallinity, a larger [η] corresponds to greater insolubility. In terms of density, the unextracted polymer may not be regarded as simply a mixture of two well-defined components, since the density of insoluble residue increases with the density of the whole polymer.
The effect of temperature on experimental and natural chemical weathering rates of granitoid rocks

The effects of climatic temperature variations (5–35°C) on chemical weathering are investigated both experimentally using flow-through columns containing fresh and weathered granitoid rocks and for natural granitoid weathering in watersheds based on annual solute discharge. Although experimental Na and Si effluent concentrations are significantly higher in the fresh relative to the weathered granitoids, the proportional increases in concentration with increasing temperature are similar. Si and Na exhibit comparable average apparent activation energies (Ea) of 56 and 61 kJ/mol, respectively, which are similar to those reported for experimental feldspar dissolution measured over larger temperature ranges. A coupled temperature–precipitation model, using an expanded database for solute discharge fluxes from a global distribution of 86 granitoid watersheds, produces an apparent activation energy for Si (51 kJ/mol), which is also comparable to those derived from the experimental study. This correlation reinforces evidence that temperature does significantly impact natural silicate weathering rates. Effluent K concentrations in the column study are elevated with respect to other cations compared to watershed discharge due to the rapid oxidation/dissolution of biotite. K concentrations are less sensitive to temperature, resulting in a lower average Ea value (27 kJ/mol) indicative of K loss from lower energy interlayer sites in biotite. At lower temperatures, initial cation release from biotite is significantly faster than cation release from plagioclase. This agrees with reported higher K/Na ratios in cold glacial watersheds relative to warmer temperate environments. Increased release of less radiogenic Sr from plagioclase relative to biotite at increasing temperature produces corresponding decreases in 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the column effluents. A simple mixing calculation using effluent K/Na ratios, Sr concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr ratios for biotite and plagioclase approximates stoichiometric cation ratios from biotite/plagioclase dissolution at warmer temperatures (35°C), but progressively overestimates the relative proportion of biotite with decreasing temperature. Ca, Mg, and Sr concentrations closely correlate, exhibit no consistent trends with temperature, and are controlled by trace amounts of calcite or exchange within weathered biotite. The inability of the watershed model to differentiate a climate signal for such species correlates with the lower temperature dependence observed in the experimental studies.
Effects of Temperature-Dependent Viscosity Variations and Boundary Conditions on Fully Developed Laminar Forced Convection in a Semicircular Duct

Fully developed laminar flows in a semicircular duct with temperature-dependent viscosity variations in the flow cross section are analyzed, where the viscosity-temperature behavior is described by the Arrhenius model. Both the T and H1 boundary conditions are considered, as they represent the most fundamental heating/cooling conditions encountered in practical compact heat exchanger applications. Numerical solutions for the flow velocity and the temperature fields have been obtained by finite difference technique. The friction factor and Nusselt number results display a strong dependence on the viscosity ratio (μ w /μ b ), and this is correlated using the classical power-law relationship. However, results indicate that the power-raw exponents are significantly different from traditional values for circular tube
The effect of heat treatment on nanoparticle size and ORR activity for carbon-supported Pd–Co alloy electrocatalysts

Abstract Carbon-supported Pd–Co alloy electrocatalysts were synthesized and characterized for the purpose of the fuel cell cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). An impregnation method was employed for the synthesis, in which sodium borohydride was used as a reducing agent. The synthesized catalysts were characterized in terms of structural morphology and catalytic activity by XRD, XPS and electrochemical measurements. Surface cyclic voltammetry was used to confirm the formation of the Pd–Co alloy. In order to improve activity and stability, the catalysts were heat-treated in the temperature range of 300 °C to 700 °C. The optimal heat-treatment temperature was found to be 300 °C, where the average particle size of 8.9 nm, and the highest ORR catalytic activity, were obtained. The catalyzed ORR kinetics were also studied using the rotating disk electrode (RDE) method. The kinetic parameters were then obtained. Electrocatalytic ORR activity was also examined in an acidic solution containing methanol. The results showed that the synthesized Pd–Co/C catalyst has methanol tolerant capabilities.