cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Signaling Model of Repeated Elections

I develop a two period model of elections in which voters’ first period actions affect candidates’ estimates of voter preferences and thus affect second period electoral and policy outcomes. I find an equilibrium in which centrist voters abstain in the first election, despite facing zero costs of voting and having a strict preference between the alternatives before them. The reason centrists abstain is to signal their preferences to future candidates and thereby promote future policy moderation.
Trabecular and cortical bone as risk factors for orthodontic relapse

Introduction: Dental relapse of the mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatment is a common problem, and few risk factors have been identified. The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate whether the amount or the structure of mandibular bone affects the potential for postorthodontic mandibular incisor relapse. Methods: The subject sample was selected from the postretention database at the University of Washington. Subjects were chosen based on the availability of lateral cephalograms and mandibular periapical radiographs taken approximately 10 years postretention (T3). The mandibular incisor irregularity index (II) was measured on the T3 casts. Two groups were identified: subjects with the II greater than 6 mm (relapse or case) and those with the II less than 3.5 mm (stable or control). Once the case/control status was determined, the II was measured on models taken at the initial orthodontic examination (T1) and at the end of treatment (T2). Sixty relapse and 263 stable subjects were identified. Mandibular cortical thickness measured on both panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs was used to assess the amount of mandibular bone, and fractal analysis was used to analyze the trabecular bone structure around the mandibular incisors on the periapical radiographs. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between dental relapse and significant bone parameters. The models were adjusted for potentially confounding variables (initial II, sex, age, and postretention time). Results: The relapse subjects had a larger mean II at T1 and a longer postretention time than the stable subjects. The mean cephalometric mandibular cortical thickness was significantly smaller in the relapse group than in the stable group at T1, T2, and T3. There were no statistically significant differences in the trabecular structure of bone, as measured with fractal analyses, between the relapse and stable groups. Conclusions: These results indicate that patients with thinner mandibular cortices are at increased risk for dental relapse.
Monitoring and evaluation of self-healing in concrete using diffuse ultrasound

The progression of self-healing of cracked concrete is monitored in situ by diffuse ultrasound, in a novel application of this technique. The diffuse ultrasonic measurements are conducted on uncracked, tensile through-thickness cracked, and flexure partial-thickness cracked concrete specimens. Specimens made from three different mix designs are unbonded post-tensioned with a precompression force of 6.2 MPa that allows for the generation of cracks with widths less than 200 μm that should exhibit self-healing and are then exposed to a simulated marine environment. To estimate the extent of crack healing over time, two diffuse ultrasonic parameters are measured: an effective diffusivity and an arrival time of maximum energy (ATME). In addition, microscopic measurements of crack width on the specimen surface are taken over a 4 month exposure time period. Initial cracking causes an increase in the ATME and a significant decrease in diffusivity as compared to those of the reference, uncracked control specimens. With the progress of self-healing, the ATME of both tensile and flexure cracked specimens decreases, while the diffusivity increases and recovers the initial values found in the uncracked control specimens. These changes in the ATME and diffusivity suggest autogenous healing of the cracks. Comparisons of experimental results for these two parameters show that the diffusivity predicts self-healing trends in a more effective way than the ATME. A simple model is used to evaluate healing rates in different concrete mixes. The healing rates determined for the three mix designs are consistent with the results of independent observations. Finally, it is concluded that the present diffuse ultrasonic method is capable of monitoring and evaluating the self-healing of concrete.
1-Methylguanine and 7-methylguanine increase cell agglutinability.

1-Methylguanine and 7-methylguanine, both metabolic products of tRNA degradation, are known to induce transformation of Chinese hamster fibroblasts in culture. The effects of these compounds on the cell membrane have been studied by the method of Concanavalin A-mediated hemadsorption. 1-Methylguanine or 7-methylguanine induced a 50% increase of Con A-mediated hemadsorption within 20 hours of exposure of the cells to the agent at a concentration of 10-5 M. This alteration was reversed within 13 days when the cells were grown in the control medium. Prolonged treatment with 1-methylguanine or 7-methylguanine resulted in changes which were only slowly reversed during growth of the cells in the control medium. The effect of the methylated purines on the cell membrane could be completely inhibited by simultaneous addition of dibutyryl-cAMP at a concentration of 10-5 M. The possible mechanism of cell membrane alteration by methylated purines and its relevance to transformation in vitro are discussed.
Chopin and the aesthetic of the sketch: a new prelude in Eb minor?

How, in Chopin's Paris of the 183os and 1840s, might we measure the relationship between the aesthetic categories of 'sketch' and 'work'? The meaning and importance of a sketch-and more broadly the process of composition-in relationship to a finished work was a charged topic among creative figures at the time. Their aesthetic positions provide an instructive framework for the interpretation of a remarkable sketch that Chopin drafted around the time he was completing the Preludes, op.28, in Majorca. This, like only one other extant sketch of a composition that Chopin did not finish and publish, preserves the skeletal remains-or the embryonic beginnings-of a 'complete' piece, with a beginning, middle and end.' Notationally ambiguous, the sketch will here for the first time be published both in transcription and in realization. Will the result thereby yield a hitherto unknown work by Chopin? What kind of sense are we to make of the E6 minor sketch? Debates about the aesthetic merits of sketches
Seasonal and spatial dynamics of Centropages typicus and C. hamatus in the western North Atlantic

Abstract Centropages typicus and Centropages hamatus are two of the most abundant copepods on the continental shelf in the mid-Atlantic region of the western North Atlantic. Their range extends from the Scotian Shelf ( C. typicus ) and the Grand Banks ( C . hamatus ) in the north to Cape Hatteras in the south. South of Cape Hatteras they have only been observed in inshore waters of North and South Carolina and not offshore on the continental shelf or in coastal waters of eastern Florida. However, C. hamatus has been observed in western Florida. Abundances of both species are greatest in inshore regions in the mid-Atlantic Bight with C. hamatus tending to have a more coastal distribution. In this region seasonal variability is low with high abundances from late fall through mid-summer. In the north year-round presence of both species is confined to inshore areas and offshore banks such as Georges Bank, and Browns Bank, Emerald Bank and Western Bank on the Scotian Shelf. In this northern region there is a pronounced seasonal cycle in abundance with high abundances during late summer and fall. Periods of high reproductive rates are closely linked to blooms of large phytoplankton and food availability rather than temperature appears to be controlling population abundances.
Depression in Primary Care: Encouragement and Caution for the Business Case

Depression is one of the most common and disabling conditions on the planet and despite the availability of efficacious drugs and psychotherapy there is little evidence that the burden of depression is decreasing.1,2 Because nearly all patients with depression who seek medical care for depression are seen in primary care, this clinical setting has been the target of intense clinical research to improve recognition and treatment.3 Unfortunately, treatment for depression in primary care is, and always has been, characterized by the provision of psychoactive drugs and unstructured counseling for nonspecific emotional symptoms.4 Under use of prescription medications by primary care physicians appears to be an unlikely explanation for the continued burden of depression. The United States now spends more than $12 billion annually on approximately 190 million prescriptions for antidepressant medications.5 Most of these drugs are prescribed by primary care physicians and patterns of prescriptions do not comply with a model that suggests a specific drug for a specific psychiatric illness.6,7 How do we resolve the paradox that antidepressant drugs work and we frequently prescribed them in primary care but patients do not seem to get better?
Lessons Learned from Testing a Children's Educational Game through Web Deployment

Beanstalk is an educational game that teaches balance-fulcrum principles, targeting children ages 5-11. Four versions of the game were deployed on the web through the educational portal Learning.com. Two of the versions incorporate non-player characters that offer opportunities for socio-emotional learning (SEL). Two of the versions include a scientific process of "predict-observe-hypothesize-explain" (POHE), which in effect is in-game testing. This paper reports on a first look into the game logs collected from child players via the portal, allowing for a 2x2 SEL crossed with POHE analysis. Lessons learned from testing variants of an educational game are shared, as well as conclusions drawn from the logs. Surprisingly, the version with both SEL and POHE caused children to stop playing the game sooner. The POHE performance was weakest for the players in the SEL treatment. Rather than help with the science educational goals, SEL may have diminished the experience.
Physical and chemical interactions between nitric oxide and nitroxides

Abstract The physical and chemical interactions of nitric oxide ( . NO) with stable nitroxides have been studied in both aqueous and membrane environments. The ESR spectrum of 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5,-tetramethyl-3-pyrroline-1-yloxy (CTPO) was observed to broaden upon exposure to . NO. This effect can be explained by invoking Heisenberg spin exchange as has been previously reported for molecular oxygen. No loss of total spin was observed negating the possibility of a chemical reaction between . NO and CTPO. The extent of signal broadening was proportional to the concentration of . NO and can thus be used to monitor . NO concentration. We have used this method to observe the partitioning of . NO into model membranes. We also report the use of multiquantum ESR to detect directly the effects of . NO on the membrane bound spin label 12-doxylstearic acid. This methodology may prove useful for detecting . NO in both aqueous and lipid environments and for examining the physical properties of . NO within biological membranes.
Anagrelide is effective in treating patients with hydroxyurea-resistant thrombocytosis in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

We report phase II trial results of the use of oral anagrelide hydrochloride for treating 38 patients with hydroxyurea (HU)-resistant thrombocytosis accompanying chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Anagrelide's efficacy was well established during a phase II study of more than 400 patients with one of the four myeloproliferative disorders: essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia, idiopathic myelofibrosis, and CML. In the last subgroup, there were 114 CML patients with significant thrombocytosis treated with anagrelide. Out of these patients, 38 had symptoms of thrombosis or hemorrhage and had thrombocytosis resistant to HU. They were then treated with anagrelide at an initial dose of 2.0 mg/day, followed by modifications based upon response and toxicity. In all, 71% of these patients responded with platelet reductions of more than 50% in a median time of approximately 4 weeks. The response rate was not influenced by age, gender, or prior thrombosis or hemorrhage. Importantly, the response rate to anagrelide in patients refractory to prior HU was essentially the same as that of the other 76 CML patients. Treatment with anagrelide was well tolerated and without undue toxicity. Reduction of excessive platelet counts by anagrelide sometimes occurring in CML may lead to the prevention of thrombohemorrhagic complications occurring in this clinical setting and is relevant even in those patients in whom imatinib mesylate is primary therapy.
Equalizing regional cost differences in the distribution of state education aid

State education aid plans do not ensure attainment of horizontal equality defined as equal real purchasing power across regional districts. Adjustment is proposed primarily for demand factors with supply factors completely ignored. This paper focuses on the feasibility of adopting a real resource standard, specifically (1) how to define and quantify differences in real purchasing power, (2) how to incorporate these regional differences into a state aid plan, and (3) what to expect as the necessary aid adjustment. The measure of real resource inequality is limited here to regional differences in the supply price of teacher services in Wisconsin. The transformation of an education aid formula to incorporate these differences does, however, generalize to all general education aid programs. The adjustment of state the to account for regional differences in supply prices would lead to greater state aid for suburban and intermediate-size units relative to aid adjustment for urban and rural units. The aid adjustment for selected districts in Wisconsin is presented.
Mode of delivery and infant respiratory morbidity among infants born to HIV-1-infected women.

Over the past 20 years, there has been tremendous progress in the reduction of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in the United States and other countries. This decrease in mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 is temporally related to an increase in the use of antiretrovirals (for prophylaxis or for treatment) during pregnancy and in delivery by cesarean before labor and before ruptured membranes (elective cesarean delivery). The European mode of delivery trial randomized HIV-1-infected women to delivery at 38 weeks to avoid the onset of labor and successfully halved the risk of mother-to-child transmission.1 Based on the results of this trial and of an individual patient data meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies in North America and Europe,2 both the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the U.S. Public Health Service have issued guidelines indicating that elective cesarean delivery is recommended for HIV-1-infected pregnant women with peripheral blood viral loads greater than 1,000 copies/mL irrespective of antiretroviral regimen.3,4 From 1994 to 2000, cesarean delivery rates increased among HIV-1- infected women in the United States from 20% to 50%.5 Data from the European Collaborative Study suggest there may be some benefit of elective cesarean delivery even in pregnancies in which the viral load is undetectable (200 copies/mL or lower, depending on clinical assay).6 Elective cesarean delivery is likely to remain an important tool in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in the United States and elsewhere. Cesarean delivery is associated with higher rates of maternal morbidity, delivery cost, occupational risk to the operative team, and neonatal morbidity.7-15 Neonates delivered by elective cesarean long have been recognized to be at increased risk for respiratory morbidity.16-21 The risk of respiratory morbidity with elective cesarean delivery is directly correlated with gestational age, with neonates delivered at 39 weeks or greater having rates that more closely approximate the rate with vaginal delivery.20 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that elective cesarean delivery be performed at 39 completed weeks of gestation or later to avoid iatrogenic prematurity3 but recommends that cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 be performed at 38 completed weeks to avoid the onset of labor and rupture of membranes.3 Our objective was to estimate risk of infant respiratory morbidity associated with cesarean delivery before labor and ruptured membranes among HIV-1-infected women.
The Dentition of the Alaskan Fur Seal

The dentitional characteristics of mammals have long been considered to be of the greatest phylogenetic significance. Not only have dental patterns been important in differentiating between species and genera but also in determining the relationships of orders. Perhaps even more important in this last regard has been the mode of development and growth of the teeth. The fact that mammalian teeth are heterodont is used as an important criterion in defining the class; and even the origin of this great systematic group has been determined primarily by the fact that mammals, like synapsid reptiles, have a thecodont dentition. It is evident, then, that drastic differences in dental patterns between one member and another of the same order of mammals must be explained if the ordinal designations involved are to survive close scrutiny. Certainly the dentition of fissipeds differs drastically from that of the pinnipeds. Any attempt to establish the relationships of these two groups must take these differences into account, and any attempt to include both categories within the limits of a single order must explain the inordinate degree of variability in a normally stable character. The following description and discussion of the dentition in the fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus , attempts to clarify the position of the Pinnipedia as well as the dentitional characteristics which they possess. Fur seal specimens for this study consisted of three subadults and two pups, embalmed or preserved in formalin. Forty female and nine male skulls were used which, in both sexes, ranged in age from newborn to 18-year-old adults. For comparative purposes, skulls of three Zalophus , one Otaria , and two Eumetopias were borrowed from the Chicago Natural History Museum. The right upper canine teeth of fifteen additional animals of known sex and age were available for sectioning. Sections were cut on …
Health-related quality of life in ovarian cancer patients and its impact on clinical management

Although the incidence of ovarian cancer is less than that of other female cancers, the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease course is high. Because treatment involves radical surgery and intense courses of chemotherapy, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is often compromised. Most patients recur post-first-line therapy and undergo multiple rounds of chemotherapy. Thus, HRQOL is further disrupted. As the ongoing search for optimal therapies in both the first-line and recurrent setting continues, much attention is paid towards clinical trial design and implementation. Over the last decade, patient-reported outcomes and HRQOL measurement have become an integral part of these trials. HRQOL data are valued in examining the extent of treatment benefit and therefore can aid in decision-making during active treatment and palliative care. HRQOL and patient-reported outcome measurement is also useful in determining symptom prevalence, severity and management. This article highlights the state of...
Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infection mortality rate and length of hospitalization.

Acinetobacter infections have increased and gained attention because of the organism’s prolonged environmental survival and propensity to develop antimicrobial drug resistance. The effect of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter infection on clinical outcomes has not been reported. A retrospective, matched cohort investigation was performed at 2 Baltimore hospitals to examine outcomes of patients with MDR Acinetobacter infection compared with patients with susceptible Acinetobacter infections and patients without Acinetobacter infections. Multivariable analysis controlling for severity of illness and underlying disease identified an independent association between patients with MDR Acinetobacter infection (n = 96) and increased hospital and intensive care unit length of stay compared with 91 patients with susceptible Acinetobacter infection (odds ratio [OR] 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–5.2 and OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0–4.3] respectively) and 89 uninfected patients (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.4 and OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.5–11.6] respectively). Increased hospitalization associated with MDR Acinetobacter infection emphasizes the need for infection control strategies to prevent crosstransmission in healthcare settings.
Microtia chondrocytes as a donor source for tissue-engineered cartilage.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Current surgical techniques for the correction of microtia are challenging. Research in the field of tissue engineering is providing insight into chondrocyte behavior for a possible future treatment of microtia. The authors wished to evaluate the biological potential of chondrocytes isolated from microtia cartilage as compared with normal auricular cartilage as a source of tissue-engineered cartilage. Study Design: A comparative research design to study the potential of microtia cartilage chondrocytes with normal auricular chondrocytes as a source of tissue-engineered cartilage. Methods: Cartilage specimens from 12 pediatric patients (six normal auricular specimens and six auricular specimens with microtia) were obtained. The chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro; chondrocyte number was increased by passaging. Each type of cell was implanted in nude mice to generate tissue-engineered cartilage. Eight weeks after implantation the specimens were dissected and removed. Results were compared between the normal auricular and microtia specimens in regard to cell number expansion in vitro and generation of tissue-engineered cartilage in vivo. Results: An initial mean cell number of 150,000 cells in each group (normal and microtia) increased to an average cell number of 120 million cells/mL in the normal and 130 million cells in the microtia subgroups, respectively, at the end of the second passage. Histologically, both types of chondrocytes generated normal elastic cartilage. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the potential of cells isolated from microtia cartilage to generate tissue-engineered cartilage. Microtia cartilage represents an important additional donor source for the possible generation of a human tissue-engineered auricle.
Local density fluctuations, hyperuniformity, and order metrics

Questions concerning the properties and quantification of density fluctuations in point patterns continue to provide many theoretical challenges. The purpose of this paper is to characterize certain fundamental aspects of local density fluctuations associated with general point patterns in any space dimension $d.$ Our specific objectives are to study the variance in the number of points contained within a regularly shaped window $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ of arbitrary size, and to further illuminate our understanding of hyperuniform systems, i.e., point patterns that do not possess infinite-wavelength fluctuations. For large windows, hyperuniform systems are characterized by a local variance that grows only as the surface area (rather than the volume) of the window. We derive two formulations for the number variance: (i) an ensemble-average formulation, which is valid for statistically homogeneous systems, and (ii) a volume-average formulation, applicable to a single realization of a general point pattern in the large-system limit. The ensemble-average formulation (which includes both real-space and Fourier representations) enables us to show that a homogeneous point pattern in a hyperuniform state is at a ``critical point'' of a type with appropriate scaling laws and critical exponents, but one in which the direct correlation function (rather than the pair correlation function) is long ranged. We also prove that the non-negativity of the local number variance does not add a new realizability condition on the pair correlation. The volume-average formulation is superior for certain computational purposes, including optimization studies in which it is desired to find the particular point pattern with an extremal or targeted value of the variance. We prove that the simple periodic linear array yields the global minimum value of the average variance among all infinite one-dimensional hyperuniform patterns. We also evaluate the variance for common infinite periodic lattices as well as certain nonperiodic point patterns in one, two, and three dimensions for spherical windows, enabling us to rank-order the spatial patterns. Our results suggest that the local variance may serve as a useful order metric for general point patterns. Contrary to the conjecture that the lattices associated with the densest packing of congruent spheres have the smallest variance regardless of the space dimension, we show that for $d=3,$ the body-centered cubic lattice has a smaller variance than the face-centered cubic lattice. Finally, for certain hyperuniform disordered point patterns, we evaluate the direct correlation function, structure factor, and associated critical exponents exactly.
The free surface on a liquid filling a trench heated from its side

In this paper we compute the motion and the shape of the free surface on a liquid in a trench heated from its side. The analysis is based on Joseph's Lagrangian theory of domain perturbations, which is developed in general and through simple examples, chosen so as to make the comparison of the Lagrangian method with Stokes's Eulerian theory very clear. The perturbation problems are resolved analytically by application of biorthogonality conditions to a powerful set of biharmonic eigenfunctions.
A Metasynthesis of Qualitative Breastfeeding Studies

To date, exclusive breastfeeding rates worldwide remain modest despite multiple breastfeeding initiatives. Much breastfeeding research has been conducted, but to facilitate greater understanding, cumulative knowledge development is required. The author used Noblit and Hare's (1988) method to synthesize 15 qualitative breastfeeding studies. Synthesized studies revealed that breastfeeding is an "engrossing, personal journey," which is very physical and requires maternal commitment, adaptation, and support from multiple sources. Breastfeeding was also shown to have significant personal impact on mothers and to require time for resolution on discontinuing. These findings suggest that health care practitioners can provide the most meaningful breastfeeding support by acknowledging each mother's individual breastfeeding capacity, goals, comfort level with her own body, support network, tolerance of breastfeeding difficulties, and willingness to make the life adaptations that breastfeeding requires. An individually tailored breastfeeding plan is suggested to facilitate both a satisfactory maternal breastfeeding experience and to maximize breastfeeding exclusivity and duration.
Evaluation of Noninvasive Genetic Sampling Methods for Felid and Canid Populations

Noninvasive sampling methods provide a means for studying species such as large mammalian carnivores that are difficult to survey using traditional techniques. Focusing on bobcat (Lynx rufus), we compared the effectiveness of noninvasive hair and scat genetic sampling in terms of field sample collection, species identification, and individual identification. We describe a novel hair-snare design and sampling protocol that successfully sampled 4 sympatric carnivore species, bobcat, mountain lion (Felis concolor), coyote (Canis latrans), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), in 3 habitat blocks in coastal southern California, USA. Scat surveys were also successful at sampling bobcats and other carnivores in the area. Hair and scat sampling methods had similar species identification success (81% and 87%, respectively) using mitochondrial DNA amplification and restriction enzyme digestion patterns. Therefore, for studies focused on the distribution and activity of a suite of carnivore species, we recommend a combination of noninvasive methodologies, for example, targeting hair and scat surveys toward species and sites where they are most effective. Because of a higher success rate for scat (85%) than for hair samples (10%) when using 4 microsatellite loci and a multiple-tubes approach to verify individual genotypes, we suggest scat sampling is a better choice for studies that require individual identification of bobcats.
Estimating cointegrating vectors using near unit root variables

This paper argues that the predominant method of estimating equilibrium relationships in macroeconometric models, namely the VECM system of Johansen, is severely flawed if the underlying variables are distributed as near unit root processes. Researchers may apply cointegration techniques to these processes, as the power of rejecting near unit roots using standard unit root tests is extremely low. Using Monte Carlo analysis, problematic behaviour of cointegration analysis is found in detecting the true underlying form of the connection between the near unit root processes. Furthermore the connecting vector is imprecisely estimated, resulting in problematic inference for error correction models.
Past Legacies, Future Projects: Asian Migration and the Role of the University under Globalization

Asian migration to the United States is an important frame through which to understand the myriad effects of the globalized economy; in turn, that migration must be viewed in the context of the Uni...
Wideband waveform distortion and compensation techniques

Range sidelobes sources, waveform modulation, and compensation techniques are summarized, with emphasis on implementation issues associated with large time-bandwidth product waveforms. Previous efforts have addressed specific wideband phased-array-radar design issues for linear frequency modulation and biphase coded waveforms. The authors extend these efforts to include system error characterization requirements and predistortion/postprocessing compensation technique tradeoffs. Hardware errors are modeled in terms of the corresponding error modulation superimposed on the desired radar waveforms. Deterministic and nondeterministic hardware error imposed by frequency-dependent interchannel gain/phase-delay variation and additive noise effects is examined. Performance measures are examined for specific waveform classes. The interaction between antenna pattern and error modulation is described along with the associated system-level impacts. It is shown that deterministic error components can be suppressed via compensation techniques. >
Learning Disability Prevalence and Adult Education Program Characteristics

This study identifies adult education program characteristics associated with learning disability (LD) prevalence through statistical analyses of data from a single U.S. state (Kansas). Data indicate that several variables at the adult education (AE) program level are linked to LD prevalence, including disability incidence, educational background of learners, and learner age. In addition, after participation in AE services, learner outcomes associated with LD prevalence are adult basic and secondary learning gains, GED outcomes, and entering employment. Learner skill level on entering the AE program, learner outcomes of retaining employment, and program characteristics related to staffing and funding did not consistently associate with LD prevalence. These results have implications for AE program staff and policy makers and suggest a need for further research of individual characteristics of adult learners with LD.
STUDIES ON THE BIOASSAY OF HORMONES—THE COMPARATIVE OVIDUCT RESPONSE OF VARIOUS BREEDS OF CHICKS TO STILBESTROL

In previous communications we have reported the use of the chick oviduct for the quantitative assay of such estrogens as stilbestrol, estrone, estradiol, estradiol benzoate and methoxy bisdehydro doisynolic acid (MDDA) (Dorfman, 1947A). This method was also employed to study the relative potencies of estrone, estradiol, estradiol benzoate, MDDA, and stilbestrol (Dorfman, 1947B). The question arises as to the relative sensitivity of various breeds of chicks to oviduct stimulation by estrogens. It was also of interest to determine the relative variation among individuals of the various breeds to the view of finding the most accurate conditions for the bioassay of estrogens. animals, methods, and material Four breeds of chicks, White Leghorns, White Rocks, Rhode Island Reds and a Sex Linked Cross (Plymouth Rock and New Hampshire Red) were obtained from Kerr Chickeries in Frenchtown, N. J. The procedure consisted of dissolving the stilbestrol,1 the estrogen chosen for all of these studies, in corn oil so that...
All My Holy Mountain: Imaginations of Appalachia in Christian Responses to Mountaintop Removal Mining

Mountaintop removal coal mining (MTR), which has profound environmental and social effects on the Appalachian Mountain region, represents an urgent ethical issue for Christians. At the foundation of the debate over this practice is a struggle over the meaning of a geographic region. I use the work of Christian philosopher H. Richard Niebuhr as a framework for a Christian ethical response to MTR that attends to this struggle over meaning. He argues that human actions are shaped by our interpretations or imaginations of issues and their contexts and that God-centered or theocentric imaginations respond to all issues as reflecting God’s purposes. In applying this approach to MTR, I address imaginations of power and powerlessness, of insiders and outsiders, and of destruction and reclamation. With each pair of terms, I discuss briefly MTR’s influence on religious responses to MTR, and I describe what I take to be a basic theocentric perspective: an understanding of power that seeks it in unlikely places, a conception of identity that relativizes boundaries between insiders and outsiders and expands the morally relevant wholes under consideration and a notion of reclamation for God that attends to the details of extraction and reclamation in light of the mountains’ ultimate source and that includes symbolic acts intended to mark the mountains as God’s. I provide examples of each imagination taken from activists and communities directly involved in the debate around MTR in Appalachia.
Computing budget allocation for ordinal optimization: a heuristics-based sequential procedure

We propose several heuristics for marginal computing budget allocation in the context of the simulation-based design of discrete event dynamic systems by ordinal optimization. Building upon these heuristics, we introduce a sequential procedure for solving the computing budget allocation problem for ordinal optimization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the sequential procedure by numerical examples.
Money, Gold, and Income in the United States, 1921–32

I. Description of method of compilation of an annual series of money, 77.— II. Reliability of various banking series as indexes of change in the money supply, 87.— III. Money supply amenable to Federal Reserve control, 88.— IV. Time deposits, 89.— V. Money, incomes and income velocities, 91.— VI. Money and gold, 92.
On-surface radiation condition for multiple scattering of waves

The formulation of the on-surface radiation condition (OSRC) is extended to handle wave scattering problems in the presence of multiple obstacles. The new multiple-OSRC simultaneously accounts for the outgoing behavior of the wave fields, as well as, the multiple wave reflections between the obstacles. Like boundary integral equations (BIE), this method leads to a reduction in dimensionality (from volume to surface) of the discretization region. However, as opposed to BIE, the proposed technique leads to boundary integral equations with smooth kernels. Hence, these Fredholm integral equations can be handled accurately and robustly with standard numerical approaches without the need to remove singularities. Moreover, under weak scattering conditions, this approach renders a convergent iterative method which bypasses the need to solve single scattering problems at each iteration. Inherited from the original OSRC, the proposed multiple-OSRC is generally a crude approximate method. If accuracy is not satisfactory, this approach may serve as a good initial guess or as an inexpensive pre-conditioner for Krylov iterative solutions of BIE.
Novel drug release profiles from micellar solutions of PLA-PEO-PLA triblock copolymers.

Abstract We have achieved nearly zero order sustained release behavior for periods up to 10–20 days for two hydrophobic drugs, sulindac and tetracaine, from 5 wt.% micellar solutions of poly(lactide)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(lactide) (PLA–PEO–PLA) triblock copolymer. The effect of PLA block length and crystallinity on the drug release profiles was studied. A series of polymers with constant PEO molecular weight of 8900 Da and PLA molecular weight varying in the range of 4100–6500 Da were examined. Drug release was found to be much faster for polymers with crystalline PLA blocks as compared to those with amorphous PLA blocks. The drug release rate also depends significantly on the length of the PLA block. Sustained release of sulindac was observed up to 20 days, and for tetracaine up to 10 days. By comparison, release of these drugs without polymeric carriers occurs over 4–6 h. This result, along with a proposed mechanism for drug release, suggests that polymer–drug interactions significantly impact release profiles, causing slow and sustained release of the drug.
Programmed intermittent epidural boluses for maintenance of labor analgesia: an impact study.

Abstract Introduction The aim of this impact study was to compare the analgesic efficacy and side effect profile of programmed intermittent epidural boluses (PIEB)+patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) to continuous epidural infusion (CEI)+PCEA for maintenance labor analgesia after the introduction of PIEB at our institution. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis after replacing the background CEI with PIEB for our labor PCEA. Pre-change pump settings were CEI 12mL/h with PCEA (12mL bolus, lockout 15min); PIEB settings were a 9mL bolus every 45min with PCEA (10mL bolus, lockout 10min). We compared medical records of all women receiving epidural or combined spinal-epidural labor analgesia for vaginal delivery for two months before PIEB implementation to a two-month period of PIEB utilization following a five-month introductory familiarization period. The primary outcome was the proportion of women requiring rescue clinician boluses. Results Fewer patients in the PIEB group required rescue clinician boluses compared to the CEI group (12% vs. 19%, P =0.012). Time to first rescue bolus request and total bolus dose were not different. Peak (median [IQR]) pain scores were 2[0–5] with CEI and 0[0–4] with PIEB. There was no difference in instrumental delivery rates. Conclusions Using PIEB compared to CEI as the background maintenance epidural analgesia method in conjunction with PCEA reduced the number of women requiring clinician rescue boluses while providing comparable labor analgesia. The findings of this clinical care impact study confirm the results of randomized controlled studies and suggest PIEB may be a preferable technique to CEI for the maintenance of labor analgesia.
A Tear in the Eye of the Law: Mitigating Factors and the Progression Toward a Disease Theory of Criminal Justice

Using arguments from philosophy, science, and the law, this Article considers the justifications for our current system of punishment through a unique and in-depth examination of mitigating factors in capital cases. Because the Supreme Court requires states to allow broad consideration of mitigating circumstances in capital cases, such factors have not been developed in a systematic way. Therefore, this Article first identifies and categorizes the capital case mitigating factors used across the United States, and then the Article examines the legal and moral justifications for the consideration of mitigation. The Article explains how one category of mitigating factors support a "disease theory" of crime. In analyzing the role of mitigation, the Article considers: utilitarian and retributive punishment theories; Judge David Bazelon's "rotten social background" defense; scientific theories about the causes of criminal behavior; and philosophical concepts of free will and determinism. The Article considers the implications of disease theory and mitigating factors for the criminal justice system, concluding that the development of the law of mitigating factors is at the forefront of the development of new understandings of criminal responsibility. Just as this Article categorizes the mitigating factors used in capital cases, a previous article by Professor Kirchmeier categorized the aggravating factors used in the United States.
Teaching L2 Spanish Sociopragmatics Through Concepts: A Classroom-Based Study.

This study explores the teaching of second language (L2) Spanish sociopragmatics through concept-based pragmatics instruction (van Compernolle, ). The concepts of self-presentation, social distance, and power were the focus of a pedagogical enrichment program in 2 sections of a beginning-level Spanish class at a northeastern U.S. university. The concepts were illustrated by the Spanish second person pronoun system (i.e., tu vs. usted). The analysis centers on preenrichment and postenrichment performances on 3 tasks: (a) a language awareness survey, (b) an appropriateness judgment task, and (c) a written discourse completion task. Results show positive gains in conceptual sociopragmatic knowledge and the ability to apply this knowledge when making pragmalinguistic choices. However, morphosyntactic accuracy in performance appears to lag behind conceptual knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
High Order Accurate Finite-Difference Methods: as seen in OVERFLOW

Conventional nite-di erence methods are the main workhorse of NASA's OVERFLOW code. Recent enhancements in the development, implementation and analysis of simple high-order accurate nite-di erence techniques within OVERFLOW are documented here. Results are presented for simple vortex propagation to demonstrate the salient features of the methods, and more complex three-dimensional rotorcraft ows are used to validate their usefulness in real applications.
MP7: FAMILIES WITH BOTH NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL) AND MYELOMA (MM): ANTICIPATION AND MALE TRANSMISSION

Purpose of Study To determine whether genetic rather than environmental factors may be responsible for the occurrence of these neoplasms in families. Methods Used We interrogated our registry of >700 pedigrees of families (fams) with multiple hematologic malignancies. We identified 31 fams with both NHL and MM in their pedigrees. In 16 pedigrees a parent and child were affected (12 father-child pairs and 4 mother-child pairs). Fifteen affected sib pairs were identified in the 31 fams, 10 same sex pairs and 5 male-female pairs. Six of the 31 pedigrees had only 1 affected pair. More distant relationships were observed in other fams. Summary of Results Male transmission was evident in 25 fams and female transmission was observed in 6. NHL and MM cases had at least 1 unaffected generation (gen) between them in 8 pedigrees, and the diseases occurrred in sequential (13 fams) or the same gen in 10 fams. MM was the diagnosis (dx) in the youngest affected gen in 9 pedigrees, NHL in 13 pedigrees and both occurred in the youngest gen in 9 fams. The median age at dx of 29 NHL patients for whom data were available was 55 yrs (range, 20–99 yrs), and the median age at dx of 26 MM cases was 56 yrs (range, 30–82 yrs). Ten of 26 MM patients were Conclusions We demonstrate anticipation in 15 assessible fams with both NHL and MM, a feature of familial MM that we previoiusly reported (Despande HA, et al : Br J Haematol 1998). More advanced, aggressive disease at dx in the youngest gen is another feature of anticipation, and was observed in 9 of 13 fams in which it could be assessed. Demonstration of anticipation in all 15 evaluable fams suggests a genetic basis for the relationship between these two B-cell disorders. The increase of same sex sib pairs among affected sib pairs implicates a locus on a pseudo-autosomal region of the X chromonsome as potentially responsible for this observation, as we have previously reported for Hodgkin9s lymphoma (Horwitz M, Wiernik PH, Am J Hum Genet 1999). Myeloma and non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma may have common genetic causation; molecular studies of these fams are planned.
463 PHYSICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 AND ADIPONECTIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR INSULIN SENSITIVITY.

Background Obesity is a disease that has reached epidemic proportions; approximately one-third of the adult population in the US is obese. Obesity is a complex multifactorial, chronic disease that is often associated with the prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Investigation into the mechanism of these diseases may elucidate a method for controlling diabetes. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) is the principal carrier of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in serum and is found in most tissue types. Besides modulating IGF actions, IGFBP-3 also has IGF-independent roles. Type 1 alpha collagen is one of the recently identified binding partners of IGFBP-3. Furthermore a recent study suggests that chronic infusion of IGFBP-3 into rodents may induce insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin, an adipocytokine, is another factor that may be involved in insulin sensitivity and contains a collagenous domain. Purpose of Study We hypothesized that IGFBP-3 and adiponectin may physically interact. Methods Used In order to study this interaction, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted using co-immunoprecipitation, radioligand, and dot blot techniques. Summary of Results Results from the in vitro studies using radiolabeled IGFBP-3 and co-immunoprecipitation in serum showed that IGFBP-3 and adiponectin may directly interact. The results from in vivo studies using co-immunoprecipitation of IGFBP-3 and adiponectin in adipocytes showed similar interaction and provide a correlate to the in vitro data. Conclusion We propose that the interface between IGFBP-3 and adiponectin may provide a basis for molecular investigation of obesity in rodent models and humans. This may involve interaction and prevention of adiponectin9s insulin-sensitizing effect. Further study may lead to therapeutics in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.