cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitive and Rapid Identification of Biological Threat Agents

Abstract : The threat of biological warfare and bioterrorism has increased in the last two decades. Classical biological threats that were part of the now-defunct U.S. offensive program (terminated in 1969) included Bacillus anthracis, Botulinum toxin, Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii, Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), Brucella suis(brucellosis), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), rice blast, rye stem rust, and wheat stem rust. Most of these agents can be produced cheaply by aggressors and could have a larger impact on both military and civilian populations that other weapons of mass destruction. In the hands of a terrorist, these agents can cause great psychological harm and social disruption as well. Of the agents that can cause human disease, all except VEE and C. burnetii could be effectively transmitted through contaminated food and water. Classical methods for identifying biological agents that cause human disease have been used for more than 100 years and are well established. These methods rely on agent cultivation, taking between 3 and 30 days, and require experienced personnel working in a well-equipped laboratory. In order to achieve agent identification with a high level of confidence, a combination of state-of-the-art immunological and nucleic acid analyses methods, as well as classical microbiological approaches, are needed to identify unknown biological agents. Methods based on the immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescence assay for antigen detection are among the most sensitive.
Radiotracer and photoemission studies of co chemisorbed on Mo(100)

Abstract Using a combination of photoelectric work function and radiotracer techniques, the adsorption and desorption of carbon monoxide from the (100) single crystal face of molybdenum has been studied. The clean surface work function was found to be 4.67 ± 0.03 eV. Upon adsorption of carbon monoxide the work function increased to a maximum of 5.27 eV. Desorption studies led to the identification of several binding states corresponding to desorption energies of 2.85, 3.05, 3.24, 3.35 and 3.54 eV/mole. A photoelectric work function was associated with each of the states, and the corresponding values were 5.05, 5.05, 5.01, 4.92 and 4.87 eV. The three higher desorption energies are similar to those observed previously on polycrystalline molybdenum and are attributed to adsorption on surface defects.
MoO3 and Sb2O3 effects on bubble formation in silicate glass coatings during sintering

Abstract Small additions (0.25–0.5 mol%) of MoO3 were effective in preventing bubble defects from forming in silicate glass powder coatings during sintering, without changing the glass transition temperature or molten viscosity. Surface tension was reduced to a similar linear degree as predicted by Kucuk's model, by approximately 20 mN/m per mol% MoO3. MoO3 increases the temperature where open porosity is sealed in the coating, allowing gas to escape before bubbles form. Sb2O3, a common fining agent used in industrial glass melts, does not significantly affect surface tension but produced higher bubble size and volume due to reduction above 1050 °C. Bonded OH groups in the glass frit were identified as a source of gas for bubble growth.
Absorption of iron calculated from estimated changes in total body iron.

Letter to the Editor: Absorption of Iron Calculated from Estimated Changes in Total Body Iron
Approaches to Teaching Adult Development within a Life Span Development Course

In teaching life span development courses, instructors must help students understand how general principles guide development in adulthood as well as in childhood. In this article, we describe two exercises that convey the ways in which social biases influence adult development and aging. The first exercise, involving sorting pictures of people of different ages, illustrates the diversity of opinions about how to divide the life span. The second exercise demonstrates how physical and social factors shape individual well-being in old age just as they do in childhood.
Promoting number theory in high schools or birthday problem and number theory

The author introduces the birthday problem in this article. This can amuse willing members of any birthday party. This problem can also be used as the motivational first day lecture in number theory for the gifted students in high schools or in community colleges or in undergraduate classes in colleges.
BEEF PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS FROM SAMPLE FARMS IN NOVA SCOTIA

The beef production function of different enterprises has been estimated for the sample farms in Nova Scotia. The returns to scale and marginal productivity of resources are derived from the production functions. It indicates decreasing returns to scale and the low marginal productivities of grain, labor, and variable costs for all enterprises. Grain and hay are the most important feeds for beef production. Many beef farms in the province produce more roughage than grain. The marginal rate of substitution of hay for grain is diminishing. Beef farmers can produce equal amounts of product with different combinations of the two feeds. The results provide the possibility of finding the least-cost combination of inputs. This study has specified the optimum input levels under different prices of inputs. It will help beef farmers to allocate their resources properly in order to maximize profits. Les fonctions de production de boeuf de differentes entreprises ont ete eslimees a partir de fermes selectionees en Nouvelle-Ecosse. Les economies ďechelle et la productivte marginale des ressources sont derivees des fonctions de production. On retrouve dans toutes les entreprises des economies ďechelle decroissantes et une faille productivity marginale du grain, du travail et des couts variables. Le grain el le foin constituent la plus importanle source ďalimentation dans la production de boeuf. Plusieurs fermes ďelevage de boef produisent plus de fourrage que de grain. Le laux marginal de substitution du foin pour le grain va en diminuant. Les eleveurs de boeuf peuvent produire des quantites egales par des combinaisons differentes de ces deux aliments. Les resultats ptrmettent de determiner la combinaison la moins couteuse pour la consommation des aliments, Cette etude a determine les niveaux optime de consommation selon les differents prix des aliments. Elle aidera les producteurs de boeuf a distribuer adequatement les aliments afin de maximiser les profits.
Were Gram-positive rods the first bacteria?

Abstract At some point in the evolution of life, the domain Bacteria arose from prokaryotic progenitors. The cell that gave rise to the first bacterium has been given the name (among several other names) ‘last universal ancestor (LUA)'. This cell had an extensive, well-developed suite of biochemical strategies that increased its ability to grow. The first bacterium is thought to have acquired a covering, called a sacculus or exoskeleton, that made it stress-resistant. This protected it from rupturing as a result of turgor pressure stress arising from the success of its metabolic abilities. So what were the properties of this cell's wall? Was it Gram-positive or Gram-negative? And was it a coccus or a rod?
Comparative cytogenomics of poultry: mapping of single gene and repeat loci in the Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica )

Well-characterized molecular and cytogenetic maps are yet to be established in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). The aim of the current study was to cytogenetically map and determine linkage of specific genes and gene complexes in Japanese quail through the use of chicken (Gallus gallus) and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) genomic DNA probes and conduct a comparative study among the three genomes. Chicken and turkey clones were used as probes on mitotic metaphase and meiotic pachytene stage chromosomes of the three species for the purpose of high-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The genes and complexes studied included telomerase RNA (TR), telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), 5S rDNA, 18S-5.8S-28S rDNA (i.e., nucleolus organizer region (NOR)), and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The telomeric profile of Japanese quail was investigated through the use of FISH with a TTAGGG-PNA probe. A range of telomeric array sizes were confirmed as found for the other poultry species. Three NOR loci were identified in Japanese quail, and single loci each for TR, TERT, 5S rDNA and the MHC-B. The MHC-B and one NOR locus were linked on a microchromosome in Japanese quail. We confirmed physical linkage of 5S rDNA and the TR gene on an intermediate-sized chromosome in quail, similar to both chicken and turkey. TERT localized to CJA 2 in quail and the orthologous chromosome region in chicken (GGA 2) and in turkey (MGA 3). The cytogenetic profile of Japanese quail was further developed by this study and synteny was identified among the three poultry species.
Numerical examination of an evolving black string horizon

We use the numerical solution describing the evolution of a perturbed black string presented by M. Choptuik, L. Lehner, I. Olabarrieta, R. Petryk, F. Pretorius, and H. Villegas [Phys. Rev. D 68, 044001 (2003)] to elucidate the intrinsic behavior of the horizon. It is found that by the end of the simulation, the affine parameter on the horizon has become very large and the expansion and shear of the horizon in turn very small. This suggests the possibility that the horizon might pinch off in infinite affine parameter.
Bilingual brain training: A neurobiological framework of how bilingual experience improves executive function

Individuals who develop bilingually typically outperform monolinguals on tests of executive functions. This advantage likely reflects enhanced prefrontal function, but the mechanisms that underlie this improvement are still poorly understood. This article describes a theory on the nature of the neural underpinnings of improved executive function in bilinguals. Specifically, we propose that growing up in a bilingual environment trains a gating system in the striatum that flexibly routes information to the prefrontal cortex. This article is divided into three sections. Firstly, literature establishing a three-way connection between bilingualism, executive function, and fronto-striatal loops is summarized. Secondly, a computational model of information processing in the basal ganglia is described, illustrating how the striatal nuclei function to transfer information between cortical regions under prerequisite conditions. Finally, this model is extended to describe how bilingualism may “train the brain,” enab...
JOHN SINGER SARGENT'S FORGOTTEN MURAL CYCLE, THE TRIUMPH OF RELIGION AT THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

(1998). JOHN SINGER SARGENT'S FORGOTTEN MURAL CYCLE, THE TRIUMPH OF RELIGION AT THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Studies in Conservation: Vol. 43, Painting Techniques History, Materials and Studio Practice: Summaries of the Posters at the Dublin Congress, 7-11 September 1998, pp. 25-25.
Experimental and theoretical examination of the formation of sulfuric acid particles

Abstract Previous experimental and theoretical studies of sulfuric acid aerosol formation for the SO2air system in smog chambers are discussed. Shortcomings in both theory and experiments are outlined. The effects of these uncertainties on calculated and measured nucleation rates are illustrated with numerical kinetic aerosol model calculations. From this examination recommendations for future experimental and theoretical nucleation studies are made.
Open ureteroneocystostomy after failed endoscopic injection with three different bulking agents for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.

Abstract Background/Purpose To evaluate the success rate of open ureteroneocystostomy (UNC) after failed endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children and to discuss the reasons for failure under the light of histopathological findings. Methods The clinical data of 371 patients who underwent endoscopic injection for VUR at our institution for the treatment of VUR between January 2008 and January 2014 were reviewed. Patients who were submitted to open ureteral reimplantation following failed endoscopic injection were included in the study. Results Among 371 patients, 34 (49 ureters) were submitted to open UNC (9.1%). There were 22 female and 12 male patients. Three different injection materials were used; dextranomer/hyaluronic acid in 29, carbon-coated beans in 7 and polyacrylate polyalchohol copolymer in 13. Histological study revealed that the injected material was identified in 34 ureters as malpositioned. Control VCUG 6 months after UNC showed complete resolution in 46 of 47 ureters (97.87%). Conclusions Previous endoscopic injection, although causing difficulty in dissection to some degree, does not alter the success rate of UNC. According to the histopathological findings, the cause of failure of injection seems to be attributable to incorrect plane of injection or leakage of the agent after injection.
Entrainment by ligament-controlled effervescent atomizer-produced sprays

Abstract Entrainment of ambient air into sprays produced by a new type of effervescent atomizer is reported. Entrainment data were obtained using a device similar to that described previously. Entrainment data were analyzed using a previous model, together with measured momentum rate data that were also acquired as part of this study. The analysis shows that entrainment by sprays produced using this type of atomizer is predicted to within about 35% by the expression E = m e /x√ρ e M o , where me, is the entrained gas mass flow rate, x is the distance along the spray axis measured from the dispenser exit orifice, ϱe is the density of the entrained air, Mo is the spray momentum rate at the exit orifice, and E is the experimentally determined entrainment number whose value is 0.15 ± 0.056 (2σ).
Influence of pH‐Induced Unfolding and Refolding of Egg Albumen on Its Foaming Properties

: The foaming properties of egg albumen, which had been subjected to low and high pH unfolding followed by refolding, were investigated. The foaming capacity of egg albumen, the stability of the foam, or both, could be improved by an unfolding and refolding regime by choosing proper unfolding and refolding pH values. The foaming capacities of egg albumen were greatly improved when the refolding was at pH 6.5, 7.5, or 8.5, whereas the foaming capacities could be either slightly increased or decreased when the refolding was at pH 4.5 or 5.5 compared with the controls. The foam stability was in almost all cases improved by the unfolding and refolding treatments except for a few cases of unfolding at pH 1.5 or 10.5. The foam stability and liquid drainage were improved most when the unfolding was at pH 12.5. Analysis of total and surface sulfhydryl groups, surface hydrophobicity, and protein analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) provided strong evidence that the partial unfolding of egg albumen proteins as well as the interactions among egg albumen proteins through disulfide and/or hydrophobic groups dictated the improvements in foaming properties. The increase in surface hydrophobicity showed better correlation with the improvement of foaming properties than the change of surface sulfhydryl content did.
Chemical defense, biochemical composition and energy content of three shallow-water Antarctic gastropods

Aqueous extracts of the mantle tissues of the opisthobranchs Austrodoris kerguelensis and Tritoniella belli and the lamellarid gastropod Marseniopsis mollis were cytotoxic to the sperm of the antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, and caused behavioral responses (sustained terminal sensory tube-feet retractions) in five species of antarctic sea stars. Pieces of mantle tissue of all three species were noxious to two species of antarctic fish. Primary body components (mantle, foot, viscera) of the three gastropod species contained high levels (% dry wt) of NaOH-insoluble protein (40–59%), moderate levels of NaOH-soluble protein (7–25%) and lipid (6–18%), and low levels of carbohydrate (< 1%). The energetic composition of the tissues reflected their organic make-up, with most energy (11–17 kJg−1 dry wt) associated with protein. Total energy contents of representative adult individuals were 192,26 and 69 kJ for A. kerguelensis (93 g wet wt), T. belli (22 g wet wt) and M. mollis (114 g wet wt), respectively. Although these sluggish gastropods lack an external shell and are nutrient-and energy-rich and therefore high quality prey, like many of their temperate and tropical counterparts, they appear to be protected by chemicals.
Spectroscopic Temperature Determinations for a Microwave-Induced Helium Plasma Formed in a Laminar Flow Torch

This study represents the first plasma diagnostic investigation of a laminar flow torch configuration for microwave-induced plasma emission spectroscopy. Spatial intensity profiles indicate that this torch design facilitates the formation of a stable plasma discharge which does not reside on the walls of the plasma containment tube. Spectroscopic temperature determinations were based on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Excitation temperatures were found to be several thousand degrees higher than those reported for other low-power He plasmas. Rotational temperature determinations afforded bimodal temperature distributions from the Boltzmann plots, with lower temperature slope regions comparable to values reported by others. Rotational temperatures derived from high-temperature slope regions were several thousand degrees above values obtained in other studies. Temperatures were evaluated as a function of radial position, microwave power, and flow rate.
Angiodysplasia of the stomach and duodenum

Twenty-five angiodysplasias in the stomach and duodenum were identified with endoscopy in 12 patients. The average age of the patients was 70 years. Two patients had aortic stenosis. Six of the patients were treated with electrocoagulation, three of whom required surgery. Angiodysplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract is considered to be more common than previously thought and an important cause of both obscure and overt bleeding.
Immunohistochemical Distribution of RGS7 Protein and Cellular Selectivity in Colocalizing with Gαq Proteins in the Adult Rat Brain

Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins serve as potent GTPase-activating proteins for the heterotrimeric G proteins alphai/o and aq/11. This study describes the immunohistochemical distribution of RGS7 throughout the adult rat brain and its cellular colocalization with Galphaq/11, an important G protein-coupled receptor signal transducer for phospholipase Cbeta-mediated activity. In general, both RGS7 and Galphaq/11 displayed a heterogeneous and overlapping regional distribution. RGS7 immunoreactivity was observed in cortical layers I-VI, being most intense in the neuropil of layer I. In the hippocampal formation, RGS7 immunoreactivity was concentrated in the strata oriens, strata radiatum, mossy fibers, and polymorphic cells, with faint to nondetectable immunolabeling within the dentate gyrus granule cells and CA1-CA3 subfield pyramidal cells. Numerous diencephalic and brainstem nuclei also displayed dense RGS7 immunostaining. Dual immunofluorescence labeling studies with the two protein-specific antibodies indicated a cellular selectivity in the colocalization between RGS7 and Galphaq/11 within many discrete brain regions, such as the superficial cortical layer I, hilus area of the hippocampal formation, and cerebellar Golgi cells. To assess the ability of Galphaq/11-mediated signaling pathways to modulate dynamically RGS expression, primary cortical neuronal cultures were incubated with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, a selective protein kinase C activator. A time-dependent increase in levels of mRNA for RGS7, but not RGS4, was observed. Our results provide novel information on the region- and cell-specific pattern of distribution of RGS7 with the transmembrane signal transducer, Galphaq/11. We also describe a possible RGS7-selective neuronal feedback adaptation on Galphaq/11-mediated pathway function, which may play an important role in signaling specificity in the brain.
NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC [NIRS] ESTIMATIONS OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT [VLBW] INFANTS. † 2275

NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC [NIRS] ESTIMATIONS OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT [VLBW] INFANTS. † 2275
Washing of Marine Coastal Sand in a Batch Reactor: Sorption and Desorption of BTEX

This study addresses the issues related to decontamination of marine beach sand accidentally contaminated by petroleum products. Sorption and desorption of BTEX (i.e., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzen...
Scalable ultrahigh-speed optical transmultiplexer using a time lens

We present a scalable approach to optical time division multiplexing using an all-optical transmultiplexer incorporating a time lens. With simply a single nonlinear device we numerically demonstrate direct conversion from time-division multiplexing (TDM) to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) with an industry standard 100-GHz channel spacing. Data rates at 1.28 Tb/s are realized in simulation. Additionally, various pump shapes are investigated to minimize distortions and reverse operation of the device (WDM to TDM conversion) is shown.
WOMEN'S WORK RECONSIDERED: GENDER AND WAGE DIFFERENTIATION IN LATE MEDIEVAL ENGLAND

Les dernieres decennies, les demographes et historiens ont porte une attention particuliere aux effets de l'epidemie de peste de 1348-1349 sur le statut des femmes anglaises. Une these souvent avancee est que la mortalite due a l'epidemie a rarefie la main-d'oeuvre et permis aux femmes de pretendre a des salaires egaux a ceux des hommes. A l'inverse de cette proposition, l'A. montre dans cet article une continuite de la condition salariale des femmes avant et apres l'epidemie
Instructional Engineering Principles to Frame the Future of Reading Intervention Research and Practice

In this article, I outline thoughts regarding the complexities and possibilities of the next generation of reading intervention for students who do not benefit from typical instructional practices. I ground my recommendations in school-based research and observations conducted primarily in kindergarten through third grade and more recently in Grades 6 through 10. Building on principles and practices that have accrued through experimental research, I discuss the importance of enhancing the impact of reading instruction by reinforcing and articulating connections within and between intervention tiers. Specifically, I focus on the potential of (a) fortified Tier 1 foundations, (b) aligned Tier 1 and Tier 2 interventions, (c) bridged instruction to support critical reading transitions, and (d) flexible, responsive Tier 2/Tier 3 interventions.
Factors associated with pharyngoesophageal stricture in patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Background. The purpose of this study was to elucidate factors associated with pharyngoesophageal stric- tures after treatment for head and neck squamous cell carci- noma (SCC). Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of patients receiving cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy combined with concurrent hyperfractionated radiation therapy for oropha- ryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Results. Strictures developed in 13 of 67 patients (19%). Stric- tures were associated with tumor location (tonsil vs base of tongue; p ¼ .03), neck dissection after completion of therapy (p ¼ .03), and the duration of treatment-induced mucositis (weeks with mucositis grade � 2; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Tox- icity Criteria; p < .001). Age, sex, race, tumor stage, nodal stage, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, human papil- lomavirus (HPV) status, smoking, radiation dose, maximum sever- ity of mucositis, amifostine use, and pretreatment swallow dysfunction were not significantly associated with stricture. In mul- tivariate analysis, only duration of mucositis, after controlling for age, sex, and tumor location, remained highly significant (p < .01).
THE EXCHANGE OF PHOSPHATE BETWEEN ESTUARINE WATER AND SEDIMENTS1

The exchange of phoq3hate between water and sediments of Doboy Sound, Georgia, was studied experimentally with freshly collected core samples and suspensions of surface sediment, using “‘P as a tracer. The exchange consists of a two-step ion exchange between clay minerals and water, plus an exchange between interstitial microorganisms and water. The exchange tends to maintain a concentration of phosphate in the water of one pmole of phosphate/liter. In undisturbed sediments the biological exchange is trivial, but in suspended sediments the biological exchange moves nearly as much phosphate as does the exchange with clay minerals. The rates of exchange and the exchange capacity of the sediments are large enough to be significant ecologically, maintaining phosphate at a level favorable for continued production of plant populations.
Cognitive Processes in Close Relationships: Recent Findings and Implications for Counseling.

Coinciding with the recent growth of professional interest in relationship counseling has been the emergence of important research on the cognitive processes of persons in close relationships. In this article the author reviews selected findings from this literature, which illuminate the attributional, self-evaluation, and self-verification processes of participants in close relationships, and discusses their implications for the counseling of distressed couples.
Beyond The Numbers: Mining The Annual Reports For Hidden Cues Indicative Of Financial Statement Fraud

Unlike previous fraud detection research, a vast majority of which has focused primarily on the use of quantitative financial information to predict fraud, in this study we examine qualitative textual content in annual reports to predict fraud and see whether there are discernible differences in the writing and presentation style between companies that committed fraud and those that did not. We believe that while numeric financial information in the annual reports can hide details of fraud, textual information relating to writing and presentation styles in such reports provides valuable clues pertaining to the existence of fraud. In this study we use the chi-square test to analyse our data and test hypotheses about predictors of fraud that may explain linguistic feature variations in fraudulent and nonfraudulent annual reports. We provide new results on the usefulness of the qualitative content of annual reports in detecting fraud. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Template Sequence near the Initiation Nucleotide Can Modulate Brome Mosaic Virus RNA Accumulation in Plant Protoplasts

Bromoviral templates for plus-strand RNA synthesis are rich in A or U nucleotides in comparison to templates for minus-strand RNA synthesis. Previous studies demonstrated that plus-strand RNA synthesis by the brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA replicase is more efficient if the template contains an A/U-rich template sequence near the initiation site (K. Sivakumaran and C. C. Kao, J. Virol. 73:6415-6423, 1999). These observations led us to examine the effects of nucleotide changes near the template's initiation site on the accumulation of BMV RNA3 genomic minus-strand, genomic plus-strand, and subgenomic RNAs in barley protoplasts transfected with wild-type and mutant BMV transcripts. Mutations in the template for minus-strand synthesis had only modest effects on BMV replication in barley protoplasts. Mutants with changes to the +3, +5, and +7 template nucleotides accumulated minus-strand RNA at levels similar to the the wild-type level. However, mutations at positions adjacent to the initiation cytidylate in the templates for genomic and subgenomic plus-strand RNA synthesis significantly decreased RNA accumulation. For example, changes at the third template nucleotide for plus-strand RNA3 synthesis resulted in RNA accumulation at between 18 and 24% of the wild-type level, and mutations in the third template nucleotide for subgenomic RNA4 resulted in accumulations at between 7 and 14% of the wild-type level. The effects of the mutations generally decreased as the mutations occurred further from the initiation nucleotide. These findings demonstrate that there are different requirements of the template sequence near the initiation nucleotide for BMV RNA accumulation in plant cells.
Learning to label letters by sounds or names: A comparison of England and the United States

Learning about letters is an important foundation for literacy development. Should children be taught to label letters by conventional names, such as /bi/ for b, or by sounds, such as /b/? We queried parents and teachers, finding that those in the United States stress letter names with young children, whereas those in England begin with sounds. Looking at 5- to 7-year-olds in the two countries, we found that U.S. children were better at providing the names of letters than were English children. English children outperformed U.S. children on letter-sound tasks, and differences between children in the two countries declined with age. We further found that children use the first-learned set of labels to inform the learning of the second set. As a result, English and U.S. children made different types of errors in letter-name and letter-sound tasks. The children's invented spellings also differed in ways reflecting the labels they used for letters.
Tracking of polar cap ionospheric patches using data assimilation

[1] Ionospheric F-region patches are 2–10 larger than background electron densities in the polar ionosphere. The EISCAT Svalbard incoherent radar (ESR) observed a sequence of patches between 2000–2200 UT on 12 December 2001. In this paper the source of these structures is investigated using several other data sets, together with a convection-driven trajectory analysis. The data are assimilated into Ionospheric Data Assimilation Three Dimensional (IDA3D). The background model used is the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR TIMEGCM). The trajectory analysis is based on maps of ionospheric convection obtained from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE). In addition to patches, a tongue of ionization (TOI) is investigated. It is shown that patches formed part of the TOI. It is tempting to conclude the TOI and the patches originate at midlatitudes. However, the IDA3D and trajectory analysis suggest that they were transported toward noon from the morning and afternoon sectors near 62° geographic latitude. Thus for this case the TOI and patches did not originate at midlatitudes. This work represents advances in the field of patch research. A new capability to perform an analysis of patch origin and fate, using three-dimensional (3-D) ionospheric assimilation and 2-D trajectory analysis codes, is demonstrated for a sequence of patches observed 12 December 2001. The current resolution of the technique is not able to identify detailed patch formation mechanisms. However, by it can track the plasma back in time to locations and times where patch formation mechanisms operate.
A dimensionality reducing model for distributed filtering

The necessity of filtering noisy data generated by multidimensional processes arises in many diverse settings. The direct application of the Kalman-Bucy results is hindered by dimensionality difficulties inherent in multidimensional problems. This paper shows that for linear steady-state problems significant dimensionality reductions can be accomplished, thus making routine the solution of many interesting problems.
Combined visible-near infrared and multi-band thermal infrared data for discrimination of vegetated and bare surfaces

Land classification data sets that are required for energy flux modeling of landscape scale remotely sensed data are highly reliant upon vegetation indices for estimating fractional vegetation cover. The visible-near infrared band based index, NDVI, was found inadequate in a previous study of rangelands at El Reno, Oklahoma (SGP97). Bare soil and senescent vegetation, surfaces with quite different energy transport properties, could sometimes not be distinguished. A practical, remote sensor based remedy to this problem was developed from multi-band thermal infrared data, which was used to create an image of spectral emissivity contrast. Vegetative cover, whether green or brown, showed low emissivity contrast, while bare soil surfaces showed high emissivity contrast. When emissivity contrast data were combined with NDVI data, harvested winter wheat could be discriminated from plowed fields, which improved two-source model estimates of surface heat flux. This approach will have wider application when multi-spectral thermal infrared data becomes available from the ASTER instrument.
Surface sterilization with high energy ions

Summary form only given. There is a commercial need for the sterilization of food containers in the bottling and packaging industry, and other plastic surfaces that will destroy bacterial spores and other microbes on a short time scale and without chemical agents. We have demonstrated that high-energy (e.g. 50 KeV) ions, extracted from a low-density hydrogen plasma using an ion implantation approach, impart sufficient spore damage to prevent germination. Recently, we have carried out additional studies on variations of a number of parameters, such as the total ion dose, voltage variations, pulse width, ion species and background pressure. The experiments are conducted in a 1 meter long, 8 inch diameter chamber under a modest vacuum. An R.F. plasma is established using a 7 watt, 25 MHz source. The spores are placed on 1-inch diameter solid brass spheres by a biological testing service. The spheres are inserted into the chamber prior to initiation of the plasma, then pulsed with a high voltage pulser to a nominally 50000 volt negative bias, thereby attracting the positive plasma ions to the surface of the brass spheres. Typically, 4000 individual negative pulses are applied over an 8 second period and then the sample is removed and analyzed. The results indicate that spore destruction occurs over a wide range of parameters and is indicative of the potential to destroy spores in one second or less
Unforced Response Simulation by Proper Orthogonal Value Recalculation

The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition is applied to the response of linear and nonlinear beam models to construct a predictive model for the response to various i nitial conditions . A response prediction is expressed as a weighted summation of proper orthogonal modes and corresponding proper orthogonal coordinate histories and a method for calculating the weights of each mode in a new response is presented. This met hod is applied to predict th e responses of linear and nonlinear (jointed) beam models to various initial displacement and velocity profiles . The results obtained are compared with those from respective finite element models for each beam . The predictive mo dels show good agreement with finite element models for both the linear and nonlinear beams .
From Gandhi to Violence: Ahmedabad's 1985 Riots in Historical Perspective

In 1985 riots racked the western Indian city of Ahmedabad, continuing for a period of almost half a year, form February through July, leaving some 275 people dead, thousands injured, tens of thousands homeless, and a loss of property and trade estimated at Rs 2,200 crores (US$1.75 thousand million) (India Today, 13 August 1985, pp. 60 and 119), in ‘the most alarmingly sustained bout of rioting (as opposed to the sort of terrorism Punjab suffered…) since India's independence’ (Manor 1986: 102).
EphA2 receptor mediates increased vascular permeability in lung injury due to viral infection and hypoxia

Ephrin family receptor tyrosine kinases are mediators of angiogenesis that may also regulate endothelial barrier function in the lung. Previous work has demonstrated that stimulation of EphA ephrin receptors causes increased vascular leak in the intact lung and increased permeability in cultured endothelial cells. Whether EphA receptors are involved in the permeability changes associated with lung injury is unknown. We studied this question in young rats exposed to viral respiratory infection combined with exposure to moderate hypoxia, a previously described lung injury model. We found that the EphA2 receptor is expressed in normal lung and that EphA2 expression is markedly upregulated in the lungs of hypoxic infected (HV) rats compared with normal control animals. Immunohistochemistry showed increased EphA2 expression principally in areas of edematous alveolar septae. In HV rats, EphA2 antagonism with either the soluble decoy receptor EphA2/Fc or with monoclonal anti-EphA2 antibody reduced albumin extravasation and histological evidence of edema formation (P<0.01). Vascular leak in HV rats is mediated in large part by increased lung endothelin (ET) levels. In HV rats, ET receptor antagonism with bosentan resulted in reduced EphA2 mRNA and protein expression (P<0.01). Experiments with cultured rat lung microvascular endothelial cells demonstrated that ET increases endothelial EphA2 expression. These results suggest that EphA2 expression is increased in lung injury, contributes to vascular leak in the injured lung, and is regulated in endothelial cells by ET. EphA2 may be a previously unrecognized contributor to the pathophysiology of lung injury.
Pricing Minority Discounts in Closely-Held Corporations

The purpose of this research is to investigate the pricing of minority discounts in small private finns. An option pricing model is developed that allows the specification of the minority discounts. With this model the computation of the minority discount can be computed without having the option actually exist.
An Algorithm for Determining Energy Deposition Profiles in Elemental Slabs by Low ( $≪ 100$ keV) Energy Electrons: An Internal Charging Application

Internal charging/discharging is an important concern for today's spacecraft. An important tool for tracking charge buildup in slabs of material that includes a self-consistent solution of the electric fields in the material is the NUMIT code. To date, one of limitations on use of that code has been determining the effects for particles with energy less than 100 keV. To correct this, a universal algorithm for determining dose profiles in slabs has been developed for low energy (10 keV les Ei les 100 keV) electrons. This work extends the Tabata algorithm, originally developed for Ei > 100 keV electrons, down to 10 keV. Following a brief review of the NUMIT code, the role the Tabata algorithm plays in NUMIT is discussed. As a first step in extending the algorithm, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to obtain the dose-depth profiles for various incident energies. It was found that for a given target, the dose profiles obtained for the different incident energies can be normalized to a single curve by applying the scaling factors for the depth (x-axis) and energy deposition (y-axis). These scaling factors are dependent both on the incident electron energy and on the target material. In the second step, for each target element, the normalized dose profile was fit with a simple equation and the fitting coefficients obtained. The overall fitting procedure and the parameters obtained for the fit are described in this paper.
Management of knee arthropathy in patients with vascular malformations.

Objective: To describe our experience with surgical intervention forsymptomatic intraarticular vascular malformations of the knee inpatients with peripheral vascular malformations including Klippel-Tre´naunay syndrome (KTS).Methods: Eleven patients underwent surgical intervention for symp-tomatic intraarticular vascular malformations of the knee between1987 and 2008. Seven patients had KTS, and 4 patients had venousmalformations. Surgical indications, imaging studies, clinical course,surgical procedures, complications, and follow-up visits were re-viewed and recorded.Results: A total of 11 patients (8 males; 3 females; mean age, 11.7years; range, 2.5Y23 years) underwent 12 surgical procedures. Fivepatients had an amputation, and 6 patients had knee synovectomies.One patient had bilateral knee synovectomies. Surgical indicationsincluded pain, swelling, limited mobility, and/or loss of knee motion.Theaveragetimeoffollow-upwas54months(range,7Y109months).Patient-reported pain scores decreased signiﬁcantly from a mean of2.9 T 1.4 preoperatively to 1.3 T 0.9 postoperatively (P = 0.01).Conclusions: When necessary, surgical intervention for intraartic-ular vascular malformations of the knee (amputation or synovect-omy) may be effective in decreasing pain and improving mobility inpatients with peripheral vascular malformations. It is possible thatearly synovectomy may slowor prevent the rapid destructive arthritisthat occurs in these knees. Surgeons and patients should anticipatecomplications related to bleeding from vascular malformations. Werecommend a multidisciplinary approach to the patient with KTS,particularly when surgical intervention is indicated.Key Words: knee arthropathy, Klippel-Tre´naunay syndrome,synovectomy, amputation, disarticulation, venous malformation(J Pediatr Orthop 2009;29:380Y384)
Power IC with EEPROM programmable switch mode regulators

A power IC is described with an EEPROM programmable trim for precision regulation of two switch-mode regulators and a high accuracy oscillator. In-the-package voltage adjustment to 1% and an oscillator trim of 1.5% are achieved with the internal trim capability. The IC also features an "H" bridge for DC motor control and eight low-side drivers for driving unipolar stepper motors. A modified 44 pin plastic leaded chip carrier gives 30/spl deg/C/W performance.
Varicocele and male infertility: Part II: The pathophysiology of varicoceles in the light of current molecular and genetic information

Varicoceles are a common cause of male infertility, but despite data being obtained from animal models and human studies the pathophysiology remains unclear. Recently, molecular and genetic information has been reported on men with varicoceles which may shed new light onto the causes of decreased semen parameters and poor sperm function. Here, a number of studies are reviewed in an attempt to develop a working hypothesis for the relationship of varicoceles and infertility. New studies on testicular tissue of men with varicoceles have demonstrated increased apoptosis among developing germ cells, which may be the cause of oligospermia. Other studies with semen have shown increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in association with poor sperm motility. Recent studies of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa have demonstrated disruption of the sperm head actin by cadmium, a cation reported to be present in high concentrations among some men with varicoceles. Finally, microdeletions of the alpha-1 subunit of the sperm calcium channels in a proportion of men with varicoceles suggests a genetic defect leading to abnormal acrosomal function. The intent of this review was to explain the pathophysiology of varicoceles, and the findings seem to support a 'co-factor' hypothesis. In order for varicoceles to be associated with infertility, they exist as 'co-factors' along with other molecular/genetic problems.
Acoustic-Wave-Induced Magnetization Switching of Magnetostrictive Nanomagnets from Single-Domain to Nonvolatile Vortex States

We report experimental manipulation of the magnetic states of elliptical cobalt magnetostrictive nanomagnets (with nominal dimensions of ∼340 nm × 270 nm × 12 nm) delineated on bulk 128° Y-cut lithium niobate with acoustic waves (AWs) launched from interdigitated electrodes. Isolated nanomagnets (no dipole interaction with any other nanomagnet) that are initially magnetized with a magnetic field to a single-domain state with the magnetization aligned along the major axis of the ellipse are driven into a vortex state by acoustic waves that modulate the stress anisotropy of these nanomagnets. The nanomagnets remain in the vortex state until they are reset by a strong magnetic field to the initial single-domain state, making the vortex state nonvolatile. This phenomenon is modeled and explained using a micromagnetic framework and could lead to the development of extremely energy efficient magnetization switching methodologies for low-power computing applications.
Consequences of Acreage Limitation and Other Provisions of Federal Reclamation Law: Discussion

These remarks will be directed mainly to issues raised in Martin's paper. There are two reasons for this. First, Martin sent a welldocumented copy in plenty of time to allow for reading and thinking. Second, Martin raises some points on which I feel rather uncomfortable and would like to see further professional attention focused. I would like to begin elaborating on one of the points in Martin's paper in which I believe we are mainly in agreement. Martin is suspicious of Bureau of Reclamation estimates of farm land ownership, arguing that Bureau data is difficult to reconcile with primary data with which he is familiar.1 I have also come to suspect the validity of much of the land ownership information that is available for that reclamation area with which I am somewhat familiar-the Columbia Basin of Washington state. In addition to the obvious incentive of
On the Usefulness of “Value” in the Definition of Creativity

Current definitions of creativity almost universally include value or a close cognate as one of the criteria. This article discusses two problems that arise as the result of the inclusion of value in those definitions. First, there is a conflict between the researchers’ definition of the relevant phenomena and that used in the ordinary language, as well as a conflict between the ordinary understanding of the relevant concepts and the way they are used by researchers. Such conflicts may result in research being ignored or rejected by other researchers and policy makers. Second, the value attributed to some product is the result of a subjective judgment, which is subject to change over generations. Such changes have the consequence of making it impossible to develop a cumulative knowledge base in the study of creativity. In response to those problems, an alternative definition of creative, based on the criteria of intentional novelty, and not including value in any form, is discussed. In addition, positive ...
A Numerical Solution for Viscoelastic Half Planes

The standard singular higher order transcendental functions, appearing in all the fundamental frequency domain response quantities of viscoelastic half planes, are identified and separated from the regular parts utilizing the notion of convolution algebra. The relevant mathematical properties of such logarithmic singularities have been investigated to recommend analytical differentiations and integrations in the space of distributions. Only the regular parts of the physical quantities are operated numerically. The foundation coefficients, both impedances and compliances, for the finite element analysis of soil-structure interaction problems, corresponding to any order of interpolation polynomial can be evaluated numerically using the algorithm developed here. Numerical results for the impedance coefficients and the foundation surface stress profiles associated with the finite element linear displacement field are illustrated as an example.