cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Striatal dopamine uptake and swim performance of the aged rat.

Abstract The striatum and olfactory tubercle of 30-month-old F344 rats contain significantly (21–24%) less dopamine compared with young adult (8-month) animals. However, rats of the two age groups show identical K m and V max values for the kinetics of [ 3 H]dopamine uptake into striatal homogenates; uptake into the olfactory tubercle also appeared unaffected in old age. The preservation of dopamine uptake despite reductions in content of the transmitter suggests that the forebrain dopaminergic nerve terminals are intact, but that reduced dopamine synthesis and/or enhanced degradation may occur in the existing terminals. Administration to senescent animals of the dopamine uptake blockers nomifensine or bupropion (but not the norepinephrine uptake blocker desmethylimipramine) improved their swim performance to levels comparable with young adult animals. The findings suggest that amine reuptake may limit the synaptic effectiveness of dopamine released in the aged striatum.
Effect of a systemic virus infection on chloroplast function and structure

Abstract The effect of virus infection on chloroplasts was investigated with squash plants systemically infected with squash mosaic virus. Infected leaves showed (i) a shift in products from sugars to amino acids and organic acids; (ii) an increase in cytoplasmic ribosomes and proteins of the enzyme fraction; and (iii) fewer chloroplasts. By contrast, chloroplasts isolated from healthy and virus-infected leaves showed no difference with regard to: (i) products of photosynthetic 14CO2 assimilation; (ii) sensitivity of photosynthetic 14CO2 assimilation to the inhibitors antimycin A and 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU); (iii) rate of cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation; (iv) ultracentrifugation profile; (v) activity of the enzymes ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, and malate dehydrogenase; and (vi) chloroplast ultrastructure. It was concluded that squash mosaic virus infection influences reactions of leaf cytoplasm but has no direct effect on photosynthetic activity or ultrastructure of chloroplasts.
Acoustic gauge monitoring of fluid inventory in a microgravity vortex separator

The careful monitoring of fluid inventory being essential to the successful operation of two-phase vortex separation, the applicability of an ultrasonic acoustic gauge to monitor and maintain this inventory was demonstrated. Once validated, the hydrodynamic limits for steady vortex operation were determined. Data were collected using NASA's reduced gravity aircraft, the 4'' diameter two-phase vortex separator designed and built by Texas A&M University and an ultrasonic transducer and thickness gauge from Panametrics, Inc. Pearson linear regression was used to determine the correlation of the expected fluid film thickness with the indicated thickness by the gauge. The feasibility and reliability of the acoustic sensor as an operating volume monitor for the phase separator were affirmed by both the analytical and experimental results, both affirming the accuracy of thickness measurements by the gauge for this application. Operational limits were statistically determined such that the film thickness should be kept between 1.956 cm and an upper limit of 3.175 cm. The applicability of acoustic measurements to monitoring separator inventory was supported by both analytical modelling and the resulting experiment. An acoustic sensing system in conjunction with control software ensured that the varying liquid volume in the separator remained within determined hydrodynamic limits during operation.
Ion/Molecule Reactions To Chemically Deconvolute the Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra of Synthetic Polymers

A new approach has been developed to analyze synthetic polymers via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Ion/molecule reactions, a unique feature of trapping instruments such as quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometers, can be used to chemically deconvolute the molecular mass distribution of polymers from the charge-state distribution generated by electrospray ionization. The reaction involves stripping charge from multiply charged oligomers to reduce the number of charge states. This reduces or eliminates the overlapping of oligomers from adjacent charge states. 15-Crown-5 was used to strip alkali cations (Na+) from several narrow polydisperse poly(ethylene glycol) standards. The charge-state distribution of each oligomer is reduced to primarily one charge state. Individual oligomers can be resolved, and the average molecular mass and polydispersities can be calculated for the polymers examined here. In most cases, the measured number-average molecular mass values are within 10% of the manufacturers'...
DFC-algorithms for Suszko logic and one-to-one Gentzen type formalizations

We use here the notions and results from algebraic theory of programs in order to give a new proof of the decidability theorem for Suszko logic SCI (Theorem 3).
Biomechanics of the Rhombic Transposition Flap

ObjectiveTo develop a computational model of cutaneous wound closures comparing variations of the rhombic transposition flap.Study DesignA nonlinear hyperelastic finite element model of human skin was developed and used to assess flap biomechanics in simulated rhombic flap wound closures as flap geometric parameters were varied.SettingIn silico.MethodsThe simulation incorporated variables of transposition angle, flap width, and tissue undermining. A 2-dimensional second-order Yeoh hyperelastic model was fit to published experimental skin data. Resultant stress and strain fields as well as local surface changes were evaluated.ResultsFor the rhombus defect, closure stress and strain were minimized for the transposition flap with a distal flap angle of 30° by recruiting skin from opposing sides of the defect. Alteration of defect dimensions showed that peak stress and principal strain were minimized with a square defect. Likelihood of a standing cutaneous deformity was driven by the magnitude of angle closur...
Some extensions of the Iachan congruence index

Abstract This article extends an index introduced in Iachan (1984) to measure agreement or congruence between a pair of three-letter codes. Three-letter codes are used in Holland's vocational theory to characterize occupations, work environments, job preferences, college majors, personality types, etc. The congruence index is extended to cover two situations: (a) when ties occur in the three-letter codes and (b) when only two top letters are recorded and/or used. This article suggests methodologies for breaking ties and for measuring agreement between two-letter codes. In addition, a computer algorithm for computing the index is included in an appendix.
Transitional Tectonics and Late Cenozoic Structure of the Continental Margin off Northernmost California

The continental margin north of the Cape Mendocino triple junction is a region of tectonic transition between structures related to underthrusting on the continental slope and those related to right-lateral strike-slip along the coast. Underthrusting of late Cenozoic rocks of the continental slope by the Gorda lithospheric plate is seen by the presence of magnetic anomaly 3, age 5 m.y., beneath the slope. Folds and faults mapped by reflection profiling on the continental slope are parallel to it, and the faults have dip separations predominantly with west side down. These structures are best explained as resulting from oblique underthrusting, with structural trends controlled by the slope direction. Northwest-trending faults occur along the coast and reported earthquake mechanism solutions show right-lateral first motions. These faults and related folds affect Mesozoic rocks and parallel the San Andreas fault system which lies to the south, most probably sharing its origin—that of shear interaction between the Pacific and North American lithospheric plates.
Anatomy of the promenade: The politics of bourgeois sociability in nineteenth‐century New York∗

Bourgeois New Yorkers of the Victorian era loved to promenade. Throughout most of the nineteenth century, they made seeing and being seen, in public and in motion, a core rite of sociability made it, in fact, a test of inclusion within the metropolitan gentry. Consider this sketch, by the popular mid-century journalist George Foster, of Broadway on Sunday 'at the grand promenade hour' of six o'clock:
Tubulin messenger RNA: in situ hybridization reveals bilateral increases in hypoglossal and facial nuclei following nerve transection

We have examined the levels of mRNA coding for tubulin in cranial nerve motor nuclei following axotomy using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Following division of their peripheral axons, the neurons in the facial and hypoglossal nuclei show increased levels of tubulin mRNA both ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion. Tubulin in situ hybridization histochemistry provides a sensitive technique to monitor dynamics of neuronal regrowth or sprouting in the peripheral and possibly the central nervous system.
Generalized radiative transfer equation for multilevel clouds

Surface and aircraft observations show that many cloud types tend to appear simultaneously at the same location but at different altitudes. Furthermore, clouds may be continuous or broken at a given cloud level within a sensor's field of view (FOV). Therefore, it is desirable that a general radiative transfer equation (RTE) can describe all the possible cloudy atmospheres for remote sensing applications. In this paper an M-level cloudy RTE is formulated. Specific diagrams and equations for up to four-level cloud systems are illustrated.
Extending the stationary quantum mechanics of being to a nonstationary quantum theory of becoming and decaying

Abstract It is shown that the foundations of quantum mechanics allow, besides the conventional mathematical theory in the Hilbert space, another mathematical idealization which uses the Gel'fand triplet or Rigged Hilbert Space (RHS). The mathematics of the RHS is introduced, and the similarities and distinctions of the von Neumann formulation and the RHS formulations are discussed. It is shown that in the RHS, one can obtain a more encompassing quantum theory with intrinsic (microphysical) irreversibility, for which the conventional von Neumann quantum mechanics is the restriction to the physics of stationary states and reversible time evolution.
An iterative statistical approach to the identification of protein phosphorylation motifs from large-scale data sets

With the recent exponential increase in protein phosphorylation sites identified by mass spectrometry, a unique opportunity has arisen to understand the motifs surrounding such sites. Here we present an algorithm designed to extract motifs from large data sets of naturally occurring phosphorylation sites. The methodology relies on the intrinsic alignment of phospho-residues and the extraction of motifs through iterative comparison to a dynamic statistical background. Results show the identification of dozens of novel and known phosphorylation motifs from recently published serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation studies. When applied to a linguistic data set to test the versatility of the approach, the algorithm successfully extracted hundreds of language motifs. This method, in addition to shedding light on the consensus sequences of identified and as yet unidentified kinases and modular protein domains, may also eventually be used as a tool to determine potential phosphorylation sites in proteins of interest.
Hepatic bacillary angiomatosis in a patient with AIDS

We report a case of bacillary angiomatosis involving the liver in addition to multiple cutaneous sites in a patient with AIDS. Abdominal CT demonstrated multiple, small low-attenuation lesions throughout the hepatic parenchyma. Consideration of this entity in the proper clinical setting is essential since it is a readily treatable infection.
Theory of electromagnetic transmission structures part I: Relativistic foundation and network formalisms

A new theorem on a class of four-dimensional skew-symmetric tensors is demonstrated. Coupled with the relativistic covariant form of Maxwell's equations, this theorem consolidates the classifications of guided waves by combining the three types--TE, TM, TEM--under a uniform condition applied to the generating four-potential (A, i φ/c) which is Lorentz invariant. Each type corresponds to a potential of which a pair of the four components vanishes in a particular frame. Through appropriate normalization conditions, the resulting time-domain equations for the field amplitudes are readily reduced to modified telegraphist equations, which in turn lead to distributed network representations for each of the three types. The ambiguity of distributed network formalisms in general is elucidated and the concept of network parameter densities such as traditionally employed in TEM transmission line theory is questioned.
Simultaneous determination of blood flow in cortical bone, marrow, and muscle in canine hind leg by femoral artery catheterization.

The purpose of this study was to develop a repeatable non-destructive method for measurement of bone blood flow in the tibia of the dog. Flow was measured by the residue function technique utilizing [125I]iodoantipyrine (IAP). The percentages of IAP in bone (both cortex and marrow) and in muscle were relatively constant during the 15-minute washout period. From 16 washout curves obtained by femoral artery catheterization, mean (±SE) blood flow (in ml/ml tissue per min) was 0.0159±0.0010 for cortical bone, 0.067±0.004 for adipose marrow, and 0.0816±0.0051 for muscle.
A Shear-Lag Model for Nanotube Reinforced Piezoelectric Polymeric Composites Subjected to Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Loadings

Understanding the stress transfer between nanotube reinforcements and surrounding matrix is an important factor in determining the overall mechanical properties of nanotube-reinforced composites. An efficient load transfer from the polymer matrix to the nanotube through interface is required to take the advantage of very high Young’s modulus and strength of carbon nanotubes in the composites. On the other hand, considerable energy dissipation can be obtained by interfacial slippage in the interface of nanotube and matrix which is beneficial in term of structural damping. In order to obtain a composite structure with tunable properties ranges from stiffer structure to better damper, we propose a semi-active control approach. In this method, applied electrical loading to piezoelectric polymeric matrix such as Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) reinforced with nanomaterials results in radial displacement of piezoelectric polymer corresponding to the direction and magnitude of electrical load. This leads to control of restriction effect of nanotube on the polymer segments, and consequently results in tunable interfacial adhesion between piezoelectric polymer and nanomaterials with faster response time. According to the concept of semi-active control, a shear lag model is obtained for a nanotube reinforced piezoelectric polymer under electro-thermo-mechanical loadings. As the adhesion in carbon nanotube (CNT) composite is universally present in the form of van der Waals interaction, and is the focus of this study, the shear stress and the axial displacement of nanotube and matrix in the interface zone can not be equal. This makes mathematical modeling of interface region more difficult. To solve this complexity, we propose to obtain the relative axial displacement between nanotube and polymer in the interface according to the Lennard-Jones potential function. Results indicate that as the electrical load increases, the relative displacement between nanotube and polymer increases which mean the possibility for slippage increases. Furthermore, results indicate that stiffer structures have more potential to show more switch stiffness capability.© 2007 ASME
Current estimates of HIV prevalence and incidence: sources and data.

Abstract The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is in reality only the most severe manifestation of an aggregate of overlying and interacting smaller epidemics. Distribution of these epidemics in the population remains extremely variegated and localized, making assessment of HIV prevalence and incidence extremely difficult. Data from a wide range of population surveys does give an indication of the number of persons infected. A working estimate, based on mathematical modeling and expert consensus, is that 1–1.5 million persons in the United States are currently infected.
An electrospun scaffold integrating nucleic acid delivery for treatment of full-thickness wounds

Abstract We developed a multi-functional construct capable of controlled delivery of bioactive substances that can improve wound repair by supporting the intrinsic ability of the skin to heal. We synthesized electrospun scaffolds—composed of a blend of the degradable polymers poly( l -lactide) (PLA) or polycaprolactone (PCL)—that produce highly efficient non-viral in vivo gene delivery to cells in the wound bed, provide a protective barrier during early wound healing, and support cell migration and growth. This multi-functional material was tested for its influence on wound healing: scaffolds were loaded with plasmids encoding keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and applied to full-thickness wounds in mice. Compared to scaffolds with control plasmids, animals receiving the KGF plasmid-loaded scaffold produced significant enhancements in wound healing, which was quantified by improvements in the rate of wound re-epithelialization, keratinocyte proliferation, and granulation response. Further, we quantified the expression level of endogenous and plasmid-derived KGF in wound samples: qRT-PCR on wound sections revealed a correlation between the levels of plasmid-derived protein expression and histological analysis of wound healing, revealing an inverse relationship between the expression level of exogenous KGF and the size of the unhealed epithelial layer in wounds. Our findings suggest that engineered nanofiber PLA/PCL scaffolds are capable of highly efficient controlled DNA delivery and are promising materials for treatment of cutaneous wounds.
Multiplexed microneedle-based biosensor array for characterization of metabolic acidosis.

Abstract The development of a microneedle-based biosensor array for multiplexed in situ detection of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis, tumor microenvironment, and other variations in tissue chemistry is described. Simultaneous and selective amperometric detection of pH, glucose, and lactate over a range of physiologically relevant concentrations in complex media is demonstrated. Furthermore, materials modified with a cell-resistant (Lipidure®) coating were shown to inhibit macrophage adhesion; no signs of coating delamination were noted over a 48-h period.
Replacement of estrogen by methoxychlor in the artificially-induced decidual cell response in the rat

The pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) exhibits estrogenic activity although it is not a steroid. Therefore its mode of action may differ from that of estrogen. Here we evaluated the ability of MXC to replace estrogen in the ovariectomized, hormone-treated decidual cell response (DCR) model. Following priming with estrone, ovariectomized rats were treated with estrone plus progesterone, progesterone alone, or progesterone plus various dosage levels of MXC. Within a narrow dose range, MXC can replace estrone and, in combination with progesterone, produce a maximal DCR. In the same manner as that seen with progesterone plus estrone, progesterone plus MXC produced no effect different from progesterone alone at low to intermediate dosages and an inhibition of decidual growth at high doses. The data support the hypothesis that MXC exhibits classical mechanisms of estrogenic activity.
Jonathan Lear, Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation

(2008). Jonathan Lear, Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation. Political Theology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 215-217.
Keratin 8 and 18 hyperphosphorylation is a marker of progression of human liver disease

Keratin 8 and 18 (K8/18) phosphorylation plays a significant and site-specific role in regulating keratin filament organization, association with binding proteins, and modulation of cell cycle progression. Keratin hyperphosphorylation correlates with exposure to a variety of stresses in cultured cells and in mouse models of liver, pancreatic, and gallbladder injury, and it is found in association with mouse and human Mallory bodies. We asked whether K8/18 phosphorylation correlates with human liver disease progression by analyzing liver explants and biopsies of patients with chronic noncirrhotic hepatitis C virus (HCV) or cirrhosis. We also examined the effect of HCV therapy with interleukin-10 on keratin phosphorylation. Using site-specific antiphosphokeratin antibodies we found keratin hyperphosphorylation on most K8/18 sites in all cirrhotic liver explants tested and in most liver biopsies from patients with chronic HCV infection. Immunofluorescence staining of precirrhotic HCV livers showed focal keratin hyperphosphorylation and limited reorganization of keratin filament networks. In cirrhotic livers, keratin hyperphosphorylation occurred preferentially in hepatic nodule cells adjacent to bridging fibrosis and associated with increased stress kinase activation and apoptosis. Histological and serological improvement after interleukin-10 therapy was accompanied by normalization of keratin hyperphosphorylation on some sites in 7 of 10 patients. In conclusion, site-specific keratin phosphorylation in liver disease is a progression marker when increased and a likely regression marker when decreased.
Clinical trials in HIV-associated cognitive impairment: Cognitive and functional outcomes

Cognitive and functional outcomes are of primary interest in the design of efficacy trials in HIV-associated cognitive impairment. In a longitudinal cohort study, weak associations were found between measures of cognitive performance and commonly used measures of daily functioning (mostly self-report measures) in HIV-infected individuals. Modifications of current functional scales or new functional instruments are needed to assess the clinical relevance of cognitive changes in clinical trials of HIV-associated cognitive impairment.
BAKING PROPERTIES OF PLASMA PROTEIN ISOLATE

0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% of commercial bread flour (14.3% protein on a d.w.b.) were replaced with bovine plasma protein isolate (96% protein on a d.w.b.) in a short-time dough bread making system. Loaf volume of the bread made with 2–6% PPI, was significantly higher than the control bread (100% wheat flour). Increasing levels of PPI darkened the crust and crumb colors and made the texture coarse and open. 2% of PPI produced bread with acceptable flavor and could increase the bread protein and lysine by 15% and 75% respectively compared to the control bread. 0, 10, 20 and 30% of commercial egg white solids were replaced with PPI in an angel food cake formula. Increasing levels of PPI lowered the foaming capacity, increased the specific gravity of the foam and decreased the volume of angel food cake. However, 30% PPI (70% egg whites) produced angel food cakes with acceptable flavor which were preferred to cakes containing 100% egg white. The foaming properties of PPI were affected by slight variations in its processing conditions because with certain batches of PPI, substitution levels of more than 30% gave acceptable angel food cakes. The functionality of PPI might be improved by more precise processing conditions.
Parison Inflation in Extrusion Blow Molding: A Theoretical Analysis for Identifying Critical Process Parameters

Abstract An analysis for describing parison (cylindrical) inflation behavior in the extrusion blow molding process is presented. A general growth equation is developed starting from the basic conservation principles. Assuming the polymer melt constituting the parison to behave as a purely viscous Generalized Newtonian Fluid, the effect of different process and material parameters on the inflation process is investigated. From the numerical results, it is inferred that the growth behavior for inelastic liquid exhibits a general tendency of approaching exponential (constant stretch rate) growth as elapsed time progresses. Besides, the initial parison dimensions are determined to play a very significant role in governing the inflation process. Moreover, the inertial contribution owing to fluid motion is found to exert an appreciable influence on the growth dynamics, and hence cannot be neglected without introducing severe approximations in the analytical development.
An efficient mapping of fuzzy ART onto a neural architecture

It is possible to eliminate the reset/resonance cycle of many of the ART algorithms without modifying their learning or classification rules. The enabling principle is to check the vigilance criterion before comparing the choice functions, rather than vice versa. This re-ordering of operations reduces the computational complexity. It leads to a simpler neural architecture that is better suited to parallel implementation and facilitates understanding the algorithm.
Integrating an adaptive region-based appearance model with a landmark-free statistical shape model: application to prostate MRI segmentation

In this paper we present a system for segmenting medical images using statistical shape models (SSM's) which is landmark free, fully 3D, and accurate. To overcome the limitations associated with previous 3D landmark-based SSM's, our system creates a levelset-based SSM which uses the minimum distance from each voxel in the image to the object's surface to define a shape. Subsequently, an advanced statistical appearance model (SAM) is generated to model the object of interest. This SAM is based on a series of statistical texture features calculated from each image, modeled by a Gaussian Mixture Model. In order to segment the object of interest on a new image, a Bayesian classifier is first employed to pre-classify the image voxels as belonging to the foreground object of interest or the background. The result of the Bayesian classifier is then employed for optimally fitting the SSM so there is maximum agreement between the SAM and the SSM. The SAM is then able to adaptively learn the statistics of the textures of the foreground and background voxels on the new image. The fitting of the SSM, and the adaptive updating of the SAM is repeated until convergence. We have tested our system on 36 T2-w, 3.0 Tesla, in vivo, endorectal prostate images. The results showed that our system achieves a Dice similarity coefficient of .84±.04, with a median Dice value of .86, which is comparable (and in most cases superior) to other state of the art prostate segmentation systems. Further, unlike most other state of the art prostate segmentation schemes, our scheme is fully automated requiring no user intervention.
Selected lipid monolayers on aqueous-glycerol and aqueous-urea substrates.

Abstract A comparison is made of the relative effects of glycerol and urea on a variety of selected lipid monolayers on aqueous substrates, through both surface pressure and surface potential changes. While both additives were found to relax or further expand most partially expanded films as well as to lower their surface potential, urea was found to produce the greatest expansion while glycerol produced the largest lowering in the surface potential. The results are interpreted in terms of both hydrocarbon chain-substrate and dipole-dipole interactions and show that the latter alone canot provide a satisfactory explanation. It is observed that the physical state of the film prior to addition of urea or glycerol is of prime importance and that films at, or close to, the liquid expanded-liquid condensed phase transition are particularly sensitive to change in substrate composition. The implications of these findings to other aqueous lipid aggregates and the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition, as well as to cell membrane structure, are pointed out.
Effects of array organization on same-different judgments

Two experiments investigated the role of array organization in the simultaneous matching task. Multielement arrays of letters were arranged in either “good” or “poor” configurations and subjects were asked to determine whether all the letters were the same or if at least one was different. Correct “different” responses were slower when the letters were presented in good configurations than in poor configurations. Correct “same” responses, however, were not affected by the organizational quality (goodness) of the array. This effect of pattern goodness on matching performance was not affected by the confusability of the letters being compared, the relative eccentricity (spread) of the configuration, or the ratio of different letters present on different trials. The results suggest an encoding stage locus for the effect of pattern goodness and provide evidence supporting a two-process model of same-different judgments.
Organic compounds in meteorites—III. Distribution and identification of aliphatic hydrocarbons produced by open flow Fischer-Tropsch processes

Abiotic synthesis of meteoritic aliphatic hydrocarbons produced by open flow Fischer- Tropsch processes for hydrogen and Co interactions
The somatic component of schizophrenia: a dissociation of the goals of visual attention and bifoveal fixation?

Abstract The presence of disorders of eye movements is today regarded as ‘the strongest candidate for a genetically transmitted biological trait marker of schizophrenic disorders' (1). The present study is based on the experience, rather than the behaviour, of one patient in a search for a method of objectifying his visual problems. This method was found to be a simple test, which demonstrates a disturbance of fixation: while one eye accommodated on the figure without vergence, the other, vergent, eye fused with the image of the related background. The disorder had been misdiagnosed as ‘exophoria' in conventional ophthalmological examinations, because prevailing ophthalmological theory accepts only one mode of vision; according to the most recent researches, however, it is necessary to distinguish two complementary modes of vision – one for panorama and one for detail – which differ in their coordination of vergence and accommodation. This new bimodal theory of vision – presented here for the first time – made it possible to understand the cause of the disorder as a substitution of sighting for fixation , due either to a disinhibition of panorama vision during fixation vision, or to an interchange of ipsilateral temporal and contralateral nasal projections from the retina, both associated with a fixation disparity. After correction of the patient's fixation disparity according to an unusual method, the dissociation of the visual goals was remedied and the mental disturbances of the patient vanished.
Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America

While there is a vast and rich literature on the benefits and services provided by the welfare state, few scholars have investigated how these programs are financed. The tax side of the budget equation is crucial for the ability of welfare states to exist and expand; without a stable and growing source of revenues, the welfare state can neither meet its existing obligations nor increase its responsibilities. The mode of finance can be particularly important, as some taxes are more visible or contested, and thus more difficult to raise. For example, because there are limits to how much revenue can be raised with progressive income taxes, many industrialized countries finance large social programs through contributory finance, that is, payroll taxes. Levied over a broad swath of the population, these taxes generate a large amount of revenue, yet are politically acceptable because people see them as payments that entitle them to benefits in return.
Age-grouped differences in adverse drug events from psychotropic medication.

Abstract Objective: This review aims to detail specific psychotropic medication treatment differences in adverse drug events (ADEs) between children, adolescents, and adults. Method: A thorough data-based search of ADEs was made, augmented by findings from approved and updated U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug labels, controlled clinical trial reports, and from FDA information on ADEs at scheduled public hearings. Results: Children were found to generally exhibit more ADEs to psychotropic medication than adolescents and adults. These ADEs primarily include altered growth velocity, rash, vomiting, dystonia, tics, affect lability, activation, metabolic blood test abnormalities, sedation, sialorrhea, and electrocardiogram irregularities. Conclusion: Children have more biological vulnerabilities than older individuals, which could account for their greater rate of ADEs to psychotropic medication treatment.
Natriuretic hormones, endogenous ouabain, and related sodium transport inhibitors.

The work of deWardener and colleagues stimulated longstanding interest in natriuretic hormones (NH). In addition to the atrial peptides (APs), the circulation contains unidentified physiologically-relevant NHs. One NH is controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) and likely secreted by the pituitary. Its circulating activity is modulated by salt intake and the prevailing sodium concentration of the blood and intracerebroventricular fluid, and contributes to postprandial and dehydration natriuresis. The other NH, mobilized by atrial stretch, promotes natriuresis by increasing the production of intrarenal dopamine and/or nitric oxide. Both NHs have short (<35 minutes) circulating half lives, depress renotubular sodium transport, and neither requires the renal nerves. The search for NHs led to endogenous cardiotonic steroids (CTS) including ouabain-, digoxin-, and bufadienolide-like materials. These CTS, given acutely in high nanomole to micromole amounts into the general or renal circulations, inhibit sodium pumps and are natriuretic. Among these CTS, only bufalin is cleared sufficiently rapidly to qualify for an NH-like role. Ouabain-like CTS are cleared slowly, and when given chronically in low daily nanomole amounts, promote sodium retention, augment arterial myogenic tone, reduce renal blood flow and glomerular filtration, suppress nitric oxide in the renal vasa recta, and increase sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure. Moreover, lowering total body sodium raises circulating endogenous ouabain. Thus, ouabain-like CTS have physiological actions that, like aldosterone, support renal sodium retention and blood pressure. In conclusion, the mammalian circulation contains two non-AP NHs. Identification of the CNS NH should be a priority.
Destruction of Virus Hemagglutination Inhibitor of Egg-White by Newcastle Disease Virus.∗

SummaryStudies were made on the presence and mucinase activity of Newcastle disease virus and of the stability of this enzyme function to formalin. (1) All strains of Newcastle disease virus studied possessed mucinase activity although the rates at which they inactivated egg-white inhibitor differed greatly. (2) The rate at which egg-white inhibitor was inactivated was dependent on enzyme (virus) concentration. The concentration of egg-white inhibitor also affected the rate of its inactivation. (3) The rate of inactivation by Newcastle disease strains of virus could be correlated only with one known property—its rate of elution from red blood cells. (4) Newcastle disease virus mucinase was fairly stable to formalin.
258 THE VALIDITY OF ACTIVE AVOIDANCE OPERANT LEARNING RETENTION TESTING IN DETECTING ASPHYCTIC (ASPHX) EFFECTS IN RAT SUCKLINGS (RS)

Difficulty has been noted in learning (maze performance, etc.) in adult rats who have had neonatal asphyxia. Growth & develop, changes have also been cited. This study planned to detect learning problems in asphx RS by an active avoidance operant test. 25 sex-specific asphx RS (subjected to 4 days of asphyxia at 24 hrs. apart) & 30 controls were studied. All were then trained to avoid a .6m Amp foot pad shock in a V-trough chamber with light stimulus. The # of trials needed to avoid being shocked 9 out of 10 times was then calculated & compared. Retention testing was done at 24 hr. & 1 wk. post training. Results: 1) no signif. diff. was noted between the mean # of trials of all asphx & controls (N=55). 2) females needed fewer trials up to 21 days of life (13.9±4.7) compared to males (16.1±4.0) P<.1, a NS diff. 3) on A retention test, there was NS diff. between asphx, controls & naive controls. Passive avoidance or other models need to be explored as valid instruments for asphx NB rats.
Design and use of tweakable devices for future logic implementation

Summary form only given. In this era of low power, much of device engineering has focused on constructing devices which offer as good a power-delay tradeoff as possible. However, one should not forget the typical use models of these devices by designers at higher levels of abstraction: namely circuit and physical design. Power optimization tools leverage varying timing requirements of different parts of the design to reduce power by selectively inserting slower devices. The final power-reduction depends on the number and kind of device "variations" available. As a result, we argue that few "good" devices implementable controllably are better than one "great" device for digital logic implementation.
A legacy of violence in nonorganic failure to thrive

It is often postulated that a mother's past experiences influence her ability to function as a parent. If those past experiences involve her as a victim of abuse, what lies ahead for her offspring? We studied 59 mothers of children referred for nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) to the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and compared their abuse history with a group of 131 mothers of children with normal growth. The mothers of NOFTT children were younger but of the same socioeconomic groups as the comparison mothers. Mothers of NOFTT children had a significantly higher history of abuse when compared to the comparison group p < 0.001. A surprising 80% of mothers of NOFTT children reported they were victims of abuse. We alert clinicians to the likelihood that mothers of children with NOFTT may be victims of abuse and that successful treatment of the child depends upon treatment of the mother-child dyad.
Transformation of characteristic functionals through imaging systems

We describe how to transfer the characteristic functional of an object model through a noisy, discrete imaging system to arrive at the characteristic function of the images. Our method can also incorporate linear post-processing of the images.
Relationships of choice: can friendships or fictive kinships explain the race paradox in mental health?

Abstract African Americans typically exhibit similar or better mental health outcomes than whites, an unexpected pattern given their disproportionate exposure to psychosocial stressors. The “race paradox in mental health” has been attributed to presumed stronger social ties among blacks but there is scarce empirical research in this regard. Using data from the 2001–2003 National Survey of American Life (N = 4086), I test whether more abundant and higher quality friendships and fictive kin relationships among African Americans (if they exist) account for the race paradox in mental health. I find few race differences in the quantity and quality of friendships and fictive kinships and these differences did not explain the race paradox in mental health. Future research should investigate other potential resilience mechanisms among African Americans to explain their relatively positive mental health outcomes.
Strategies to Improve the World Food Programme's Revenue Mobilisation and Procurement Practices

Currently, a vast majority of WFP food procurement is executed through spot markets, which exposes it to substantial commodity and transport price risk as well as significant delays in delivery. The WFP also has limited flexibility owing to unpredictable revenue mobilisation, partly driven by restricted donor contributions. However, a significant portion of its operations are fairly predictable – both in terms of countries and delivery volumes. There are several types of derivatives contracts available at commodities exchanges that can facilitate strategic hedging. Greater commitments of untied cash donations from the US and other major donors can give the WFP significant operational flexibility to execute prudent financial management operations without damaging local food markets.
An ERCC1 splicing variant involving the 5'-UTR of the mRNA may have a transcriptional modulatory function.

Human ovarian cancer cells and tissues were examined for the presence or absence of a 42-bp splicing variant of ERCC1 gene, and for a possible functional role of this 42-bp sequence. This specific sequence exists in exon I, the 5′-UTR of the gene. Loss of this 42-bp sequence was associated with increased ERCC1 mRNA expression, in an assessment of 121 ovarian cancer specimens (p2<10−6). In cells in tissue culture, the absence of the 42-bp segment was associated with a twofold increased ability to drive transcription in a Luciferase reporter system. Protein can be demonstrated in ovarian cancer cells based on EMSA analysis. Computer analysis shows that this 42-bp sequence contains several binding sites, including a core-binding domain for protein RFX1, transcriptional repressor. These preliminary results lay the groundwork in determination of potential roles for a negative regulatory element in NER repair pathway.
Grain-oriented high-Tc superconductors and their applications

Ninety six percent grain-orientation was achieved in YBa2Cu3O(7-x) ceramics using the hot-forging technique. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the c-axis is oriented parallel to the direction of pressing while the a and b axes are in the plane perpendicular to the pressing direction. Optical and electron microscopy fully support the X-ray results. Highly grain-oriented samples show a sharp Tc at 92 K and in some samples, Jc was found to be close to 10,000 A/sq cm.
Theory synthesis for self-neglect: a health and social phenomenon.

Background Self-neglect, best known for its prominent place in the elder mistreatment framework, is a phenomenon associated with a variety of health and social conditions. However, a second, less worrisome group of older adults with chronic disease exhibits similar patterns of nonadherence and inadequate self-care practices and has the potential for progression. Objectives The purpose of this theory-validating research was to describe characteristics and behaviors of self-neglect in adults (aged 55 years and older) who reside in the community. This research described characteristics and behaviors of self-neglect in early stages of this phenomenon and described the influence of several variables of significance in the clinical evolution and course of self-neglect in identified cases. Methods A descriptive, exploratory mixed-method design was employed for a comprehensive analysis of the research questions. A convenience sample of seven healthcare providers identified a purposive sample of 20 patient participants. Demographic information, geriatric assessments, and structured interview data were analyzed using content analysis and descriptive statistics. Results Characteristics and behaviors of self-neglect, before significant deterioration, are described in intentional (n = 9) and nonintentional (n = 11) self-neglect study participants. Fourteen themes emerged and were grouped into five categories. Coping problems appeared to affect operable self-care agency of each self-neglect study participant. Discussion The results validate a framework for self-neglect research and practice and indicate a need to consider coping abilities of all patients exhibiting self-neglect.
Feedback-based flow control of B-ISDN/ATM networks

We consider a system comprising of a single bottleneck switch/node that is fed by N independent Markov-modulated fluid sources. There is a fixed propagation delay incurred by the traffic between these sources and the switch. We assume that the switch sends periodic feedback in the form of a single congestion indicator bit. This feedback also incurs a fixed propagation delay in reaching the sources. Upon reaching the sources (or the access controllers associated with the sources), this congestion indicator bit is used to choose between two rates for the excess traffic, high or low, possibly depending on the state of that source. The switch employs a threshold mechanism based on its buffer level to discard excess traffic. We show that the stationary distribution of this system satisfies a set of first-order linear differential equations along with a set of split boundary conditions. We obtain an explicit solution to these using spectral decomposition. To this end we investigate the related eigenvalue problem. Based on these results we investigate the role of delayed feedback vis-a-vis various time-constants and traffic parameters associated with the system. In particular, we identify conditions under which the feedback scheme offers significant improvement over the open-loop scheme. >
Incorporating Climate Science in Applications of the U.S. Endangered Species Act for Aquatic Species

Aquatic species are threatened by climate change but have received comparatively less attention thanterrestrial species.Wegleanedkey strategiesforscientistsandmanagers seekingtoaddressclimatechange in aquatic conservation planning from the literature and existing knowledge. We address 3 categories of conservation effort that rely on scientific analysis and have particular application under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA): assessment of overall risk to a species; long-term recovery planning; and evaluation of effects of specific actions or perturbations. Fewer data are available for aquatic species to support these analyses, and climate effects on aquatic systems are poorly characterized. Thus, we recommend scientists conducting analyses supporting ESA decisions develop a conceptual model that links climate, habitat, ecosystem, and species response to changing conditions and use this model to organize analyses and future research. We recommend that current climate conditions are not appropriate for projections used in ESA analyses and that long-term projections of climate-change effects provide temporal context as a species-wide assessment provides spatial context. In these projections, climate change should not be discounted solely because the magnitude of projected change at a particular time is uncertain when directionality of climate change is clear. Identifying likely future habitat at the species scale will indicate key refuges and potential range shifts. However, the risks and benefits associated with errors in modeling future habitat are not equivalent. The ESA offers mechanisms for increasing the overall resilience and resistance of species to climate changes, including establishing recovery goals requiring increased genetic and phenotypic diversity, specifying critical habitat in areas not currently occupied but likely to become important, and using adaptive management.