cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Characterization of Cu Underpotential Deposition on Au(111) and Organothiol-Self-Assembled-Monolayer-Modified Au(111) Electrodes from Sulfate Supporting Electrolyte

Cu K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used for the in situ structural characterization of Cu monolayers prepared on both bare Au(111) and butanethiol self-assembled monolayer (BT-SAM)-modified Au(111) electrodes by underpotential deposition (UPD) from a sulfate supporting electrolyte. In conjunction with electrochemical measurements, the XAS studies enable assignment of the evolution in interfacial structure of both systems as a function of the applied electrochemical potential. The measurements of Cu adlayer formation on unmodified Au(111) from sulfate supporting electrolyte, an extensively studied and model UPD system, allow a reevaluation of XAS as an alternative or complementary technique to more established methods for the structural investigation of the electrified interface, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface X-ray scattering (SXS). The experiments reported in this paper indicate that recent technological advances enable XAS studies of UPD monolayers to be conducted on a t...
Minimal interval defined on 7q in uterine leiomyoma.

Abstract Uterine leiomyomata are benign, smooth-muscle tumors. The tumors are very common, affecting ∼10–15 million women in the United States annually. Uterine leiomyomata are often asymptomatic, but may cause symptoms that range in severity from mild abdominal discomfort to uterine prolapse. Several different chromosomal aberrations have been found in the tumor tissue. Because of the common occurrence of this tumor and the potential severity of associated sequelae, research delineating the different molecular subtypes is needed. Deletions on the long arm of chromosome 7 are believed to be the most common genetic anomaly in uterine leiomyoma. The size of the deletion varies, which makes it difficult to identify the genes that, upon deletion, contribute to tumor growth. The smallest previously defined interval was >12,000 kb. We have narrowed a minimal region to an interval of
Synovial Fat Necrosis Associated with Ischemic Pancreatic Disease

A 59-year-old man with ischemic pancreatic disease, polyarthritis, and cutaneous nodules has shown histopathologic findings indicative of disseminated fat necrosis in a percutaneous biopsy specimen from the right knee. The histopathologic findings in the synovium included necrotic fat cells, distorted fat cells and adjacent lymphocytes, lipid laden histiocytes, and giant cells. In prior histopathologic studies of the joint involvement associated with this disorder, fat cell necrosis has been found only in the periarticular tissues, and the synovium has appeared normal or showed nonspecific inflammation. However, the present study shows that the synovial membrane may also be the site of fat necrosis and an associated inflammatory reaction; thus patients with this disorder may manifest arthritis in addition to periarthritis.
A range-nuclear-interaction absorber for rejecting muons at EPICS

Abstract A range-nuclear-interaction absorber for rejecting muons in the focal plane of the EPICS spectrometer is described. This absorber rejects 95% of the muons in the focal plane, while rejecting fewer than 4% of the pions.
The structure of the Aegilops tauschii genepool and the evolution of hexaploid wheat

Polymorphism in the lengths of restriction fragments at 53 single-copy loci, the rRNA locus Nor3, and the high-molecular-weight glutenin locus Glu1 was investigated in the D genome of hexaploid Triticum aestivum and that of Aegilops tauschii, the source of the T. aestivum D genome. The distribution of genetic variation in Ae. tauschii suggests gene flow between Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata and ssp. tauschii in Iran but less in Transcaucasia. The “strangulata” genepool is wider than it appears on the basis of morphology and includes ssp. strangulata in Transcaucasia and southeastern (SE) Caspian Iran and ssp. tauschii in north-central Iran and southwestern (SW) Caspian Iran. In the latter region, Ae. tauschii morphological varieties ‘meyeri’ and ‘typica’ are equidistant to ssp. strangulata in Transcaucasia, and both belong to the “strangulata” genepool. A model of the evolution of Ae. tauschii is presented. On the geographic region basis, the D genomes of all investigated forms of T. aestivum are most closely related to the “strangulata” genepool in Transcaucasia, Armenia in particular, and SW Caspian Iran. It is suggested that the principal area of the origin of T. aestivum is Armenia, but the SW coastal area of the Caspian Sea and a corridor between the two areas may have played a role as well. Little genetic differentiation was found among the D genomes of all investigated free-threshing and hulled forms of T. aestivum, and all appear to share a single D-genome genepool, in spite of the fact that several Ae. tauschii parents were involved in the evolution of T. aestivum.
Large deviations on empirical service for erasure channels with memory

This article examines the performance of a digital communication link from a large deviations perspective. The underlying physical environment is modeled as an erasure channel with memory. Information is shielded from symbol erasures using error-correcting codes with finite block-lengths. At the onset of the communication process, the transmit buffer is assumed to contain a certain number of data bits; these bits are partitioned into segments and subsequently transmitted as coded packets. Acknowledgments of successful transmissions are obtained through periodic, reliable feedback. Performance criteria are derived based on the average service rate and the first-passage time to an empty queue. The optimization problem is posed in an asymptotic setting and large deviation principles are obtained for these two quantities. The proposed analysis framework provides a methodology tailored to code rate and block-length selection for delay-sensitive applications. This study leads to pertinent guidelines on how to choose system parameters for communication over correlated channels. Examples obtained through a numerical study are included to further illustrate the value of the techniques introduced in this paper.
Synthetic Cannabinoids: Use and Predictors in a Community Sample of Young Adults.

ABSTRACTBackground: Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a class of drugs of abuse with deleterious consequences. Despite governmental regulations related to distribution and sale, SC variants are still available online. More research is needed to determine SC use prevalence and factors associated with SC use, especially among young adults. Methods: One thousand eighty individuals, 18–25 years old, were surveyed, between January 2012 and July 2013, during recruitment for a randomized controlled trial investigating health behaviors in young adults. Advertisements were placed online and in community locations seeking individuals “who had recently used marijuana or alcohol.” Respondents were queried about their use of alcohol and drugs, including SCs, in the last month. Results: Participants averaged 21.4 years old and were 53.4% male. Nearly 59% were non-Hispanic white, 15% were African American, 15% were Hispanic, and 11% identified as other. Approximately 9% reported SC use in the last month, a level higher t...
Is Organizational Justice the New Industrial Relations? A Debate on Individual Versus Collective Underpinnings of Justice

AbstractThis study is based on a debate about the nature of two intellectualdomains, industrial relations (IR) and organizational behavior (OB). RayHogler (Colorado State University) argues that the distinguishing featureof IR is its collectivist approach to work and organizations. As OB cameto dominate the academic landscape, the research landscape shifted to amicroanalytical focus. In consequence, business schools have failed toengage with the social problem of inequality of wealth. Early ﬁgures inAmerican economic development, such as John D. Rockefeller, Jr.,offered a more expansive vision of ﬁrms and labor than the current intel-lectual climate driven by an agency theory of management aimed at short-term proﬁt. In his response, Stephen Gilliland (University of Arizona)asserts that the individualistic orientation of organizational justice pro-vides a much more strategic and aligned approach to employee–employerrelations. Unions provide a broad brush approach grounded in adversar-ial relationships and unfairness. By satisfying individual interests of fairtreatment, leading through organizational justice provides beneﬁts foremployees, organizations, and their stakeholders. Fair treatment ofemployees has a ripple effect that impacts customer treatment and satis-faction. Whether the organization’s strategy is based on value, customerservice, or innovation, organizational justice can be aligned with strategicgoals for the beneﬁt of all.The theme for the 73rd annual meeting of the Academy of Management held in Orlando, Florida, was“Capitalism in Question.” Broadly, the conference theme challenged historical notions of capitalismregarding market competition among proﬁt-driven ﬁrms, wage employment within these ﬁrms, andlimited government over them. New to the academy meetings at the 2013 conference were plenarysessions—one sponsored by each division. For its plenary session, the Conﬂict Management Divisionsponsored a debate on organizational justice as it pertains to the conference theme. The debate dialoguewas transcribed, and an edited version of the discussion and the intellectual contribution from thetranscription is presented in this manuscript.
Reproductive studies of Brahman cattle IV. Luteinizing hormone levels in ovariectomized Brahman, Brahman × Hereford and Hereford cows following a 20 mg dose of Estradiol-17β

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) levels were quantitated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in six mature, long-term ovariectomized cows each of Brahman (B), Brahman × Hereford (B×H) and Hereford (H) breeding following an in-tramuscular injection of 20 mg of Estradiol-17β (E) suspended in corn oil. After E administration all cows were bled via coccygeal venipuncture every two hours from 0–8 hours post-injection, every hour from 9–24 hours post-injection, concluding with bleedings every two hours from 26–36 hours post-injection. An LH surge was observed in 56B cows, 66 B×H cows and 66H cows. Basal LH levels (mean of first eight data points of each breed type) did not differ (P>.10) between B (3.5 ng/ml), B×H (2.4 ng/ml) and H (2.4 ng/ml). Elapsed time from E injection to peak LH value varied significantly (P<.05) between B, B×H and H, respectively (27.8 hrs, 23.8 hrs, 22.2 hrs). Peak LH values also varied between breed (B, 20.2 ng/ml; B×H, 36.0 ng/ml; H, 113.2 ng/ml: P<.005). The area under the LH curve differed significantly between B, B×H and H (P<.05), however, the duration of the LH surge was not different between breeds; B (13.2 hrs), B×H (16.2 hrs) and H (15.3 hrs). Overall significant period effects (P<.05), breed effects (P<.10) and period × breed interactions (P<.05) were found. In summary, B are less reactive to a 20 mg dose of E than are B×H or H using the following criteria: time to peak LH value, peak LH value and area under the LH curve. These data strongly indicate inherent differences between breeds regarding estrogen feedback mechanisms at the hypophysial-hypothalamic axis.
A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Woodrow Wilson

N this volume the authors have produced the first completely satisfactory account of the strange relationship between the two figures mentioned in the title, and of their part in history. But in so doing they have accomplished more than that. The book is, quite appropriately, much more about Wilson than about House, and the authors have given us the first interpretation of the character of that already legendary president which impresses one as having depth, coherence, and consistency. To say this is to announce that the authors have attempted a psychoanalytic study of the personality structure of Woodrow Wilson. For no other kind of approach can suffice to make his behavior quite believable, let alone explicable. It is impossible to discuss his motivation within a frame of reference that makes simply the normal allowances for the effects of personal ambition, interest, and vanity. Wilson was intensely neurotic-though the authors refrain from using this or like terms throughout the book-and to get into the dynamics of his actions inevitably requires recourse to concepts and insights that have developed out of the discoveries of Sigmund Freud. Others, including such biographers of Wilson as Ray Stannard Baker and William Allen White, have called attention to the special necessity in the case of this driven man to discover and present his inner life. White, for example (as quoted by the present authors), wrote that one who followed the Wilson story felt ". . . like clamoring wildly . . . for someone to come and release the festering rage in our hero's underconsciousness, by a whacking blow, spiritual, or even physical, to give his soul relief and to restore wholesome circulation to his moral blood" (p. xvi). Those who knew Wilson personally testified after his death to the consuming inner conflict that forced him in effect to destroy those things to which he had himself given life, including
An adaptive multi-grid chemistry (AMC) model for efficient simulation of HCCI and DI engine combustion

There is a need to reduce the computational expense of practical multidimensional combustion simulations. Simulation of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine processes requires consideration of detailed chemistry in order to capture the ignition and combustion characteristics. Even with relatively coarse numerical meshes and reduced chemistry mechanisms, calculation times are still unacceptably long. For the simulation of Direct Injection (DI) engines, fine meshes are needed to achieve the resolution required by the spray and mixing models, and they are computationally expensive even with reduced chemistry. In addition, the increasing application of CFD for engine design optimization is pushing the demand to reduce computational time. In current design optimizations, depending on the size of the parametric space, hundreds of individual simulations are needed. This work presents an efficient Adaptive Multi-grid Chemistry (AMC) model that can be used in engine CFD codes for simulations of HC...
Surgery of the Thoracic Aorta

Thoracic aortic surgery has evolved from a high-risk, high-morbidity procedure to a safe procedure with predictable results. The frontiers left are adequate spinal cord protection and a less invasive approach to these procedures.
The structure of aqueous solutions of some dihydrogen orthophosphates by laser Raman spectroscopy

Powdered crystals and pure, aqueous solutions of ammonium, sodium, and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphates in concentrations ranging from 0.01M to supersaturated were investigated at 30°C using la ...
Shareholding relationships in the Euro Area banking market: A network perspective

Abstract In this paper we analyze the topological properties of the network of the Euro Area banking market network, with the primary aim of assessing the importance of a bank in the financial system with respect to ownership and control of other credit institutions. The network displays power law distributions in both binary and weighted degree metrics indicating a robust yet fragile structure and a direct link between an increase of control diversification and a rise in the market power. Therefore while in good time the network is seemingly robust, in bad times many banks can simultaneously go into distress. This behavior paves the way for Central bank’s actions. In particular we investigate whether the Single Supervisory Mechanism introduced by the European Central Banks and based on banks’ total asset is a good proxy to quantify their systemic importance. Results indicate that not all the financial institutions with high valued total assets are systemically important but only few of them. Moreover the network structure reveals that control is highly concentrated, with few important shareholders approximately controlling a separate subset of banks.
The use of nafion dryer tubes for moisture removal in flow injection chemical vapor generation atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract A significant problem with flow injection chemical vapor generation atomic absorption spectrometry is a loss of sensitivity and blockage of transfer lines due to excessive moisture transported to the atom cell or lodged in the transfer line. A Nafion dryer tube was used to remove moisture from the wet carrier gas stream. The hygroscopic Nafion membrane removed water at 1.7 mg/min at an efficiency of 95 ± 4% when SnCl2 was used as the reductant. When 0.4% (m/v) borohydride was used as the reductant, 2.3 mg/min of water was removed at an efficiency of 91 ± 3%. No measurable change in precision was observed and a 5% reduction in peak height sensitivity (vs. PTFE) was seen for mercury when using the Nafion transfer line. At 60°C the Nafion dryer removed 4.9 mg/min of water vapor at an efficiency of 93 ± 3%. The loss of mercury vapor through the Nafion membrane was no more than 0.04%. Only a 3% reduction in peak height sensitivity was observed for the determination of arsenic and selenium. Detection limits for mercury, calculated from calibration data, were 77 ppt, 20 ppt and 150 ppt for the PTFE tube, the model MD-250 dryer and the model MD-125 dryer, respectively.
Developmental modulation of blood-brain barrier and choroid plexus GLUT1 glucose transporter messenger ribonucleic acid and immunoreactive protein in rabbits

The transport of glucose across the brain capillary endothelium, which makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, is developmentally up-regulated in the postnatal period, as the brain switches from combustion of circulating ketone bodies to glucose. The principle transporter mediating the uptake of circulating glucose across the BBB is the GLUT1 isoform. To further define molecular mechanisms underlying developmental modulation of the BBB GLUT1 transporter, the amounts of brain microvessel GLUT1 mRNA and immunoreactive protein were quantitated. In addition, an immunocytochemical analysis of GLUT1 expression at the choroid plexus in developing brain was performed, since this transporter isoform is selectively expressed at the choroid plexus epithelium basolateral membrane. Quantitative Western blotting employing purified human erythrocyte glucose transporter as an assay standard showed that the concentration of immunoreactive GLUT1 protein in 70-day-old rabbit brain microvessels (111 +/- 3 pmol/mg protein) was not significantly different from the concentration of D-glucose-displaceable cytochalasin-B-binding sites (102 +/- 25 pmol/mg protein). Thus, GLUT1 is the principle isoform mediating glucose transport across the developing BBB. Quantitative Western blotting was performed on microvessels isolated from brains of rabbits on postnatal days 1, 14, 28, and 70. The concentrations of immunoreactive microvessel GLUT1 at these four stages of development were 13 +/- 2, 4 +/- 1, 49 +/- 2, and 111 +/- 3 pmol/mg protein, respectively. Capillary depletion analysis showed that essentially all of brain GLUT1 mRNA arises from the microvascular fraction, and Northern analysis of 10 micrograms poly(A)+ RNA from brains of rabbits 1, 14, 28, and 70 days postnatally showed a preferential stabilization of the GLUT1 mRNA compared to mRNA for two cytoskeletal proteins, actin and tubulin. Immunocytochemical analysis of immunoreactive GLUT1 in choroid plexus epithelia showed the following developmental modulation of the transporter protein: 1 day 70 days. The concentration of immunoreactive GLUT1 at the basolateral membrane of choroid plexus epithelium at 28 days was much greater than the immunostaining of rabbit brain microvessels at the corresponding age. In conclusion, these studies show that immunoreactive GLUT1 protein initially undergoes down-regulation between birth and 14 days and then undergoes marked up-regulation between 14 and 70 days. Conversely, the concentration of GLUT1 mRNA is virtually unchanged in brain of rabbits at 70 vs. 14 days postnatally. These combined data suggest that a principle mechanism underlying the developmental regulation of GLUT1 at the BBB may be posttranscriptional.
Effect of Intravenous Amino Acids on Protein Metabolism of Preterm Infants during the First Three Days of Life

Twenty-three preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (mean birth weight 1.07 kg, SD 0.24 kg) were randomly assigned to receive glucose alone or glucose with amino acids (1.5 g.kg-1.d-1) i.v. beginning on the 1st d of life. Blood ammonia and serum urea, CO2 content, sodium, potassium, chloride, and ionized calcium concentrations were normal and did not differ between treatment groups. Nitrogen balance was significantly greater in the group that received amino acids [88 (SD 54) versus -135 (SD 45) mg.kg-1.d-1]. In 12 infants (seven, glucose-only; five, glucose and amino acids), leucine kinetic studies were also performed on the 3rd d of life. These 12 infants received a 4-h primed constant infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine. Blood and breath were collected and analyzed for [1-13C]ketoisocaproate and 13CO2, respectively. Leucine turnover and oxidation were calculated. Both leucine turnover and oxidation were significantly higher in the group receiving amino acids than in the glucose-only group [241 (SD 38) versus 164 (SD 25) mumol.kg-1.h-1 and 71 (SD 22) versus 40 (SD 17) mumol.kg-1.h-1, respectively]. In addition, the calculated rate of protein synthesis was higher in the group receiving amino acids [6.9 (SD 1.1) versus 5.0 (SD 1.2) g.kg-1.d-1]. These data indicate that the i.v. administration of amino acids (1.5 g.kg-1.d-1) to ill preterm infants beginning on the 1st d of life improves whole-body protein balance as a result of increased protein synthesis.
A discussion of the paper “Effect of drying on cement-based materials pore structure as identified by mercury porosimetry—a comparative study between oven-, vacuum-, and freeze-drying” by C. Gallé☆

In this brief article, the author comments on research undertaken by C. Galle (2001) on the use of diffusive and convective transport properties to study cement-based materials' durability. The original research used mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), achieved through four drying methods ( oven-drying at 60 deg C. and 105 deg C., vacuum-drying, and freeze-drying-sublimation) to study porosity and pore structure. Results confirmed that oven-drying generates important damages for the materials microstructure in the capillary porosity domain and confirmed the applicability of the freeze-drying technique. In this commentary, Diamond outlines reasons why he believes that the conclusions found in the Galle study are fundamentally misleading. Diamond notes that the basic problem lies with the MIP experiment itself and describes his concerns. Diamond concludes that the MIP pore size distributions, obtained with whatever drying treatment, badly reflect the real sizes of pores in the system and vastly underestimate them. Failure to remove all of the water from the specimens prior to subjecting them to mercury intrusion simply makes the effect worse, making an inappropriate measure of pore size distribution even more inappropriate.
Thin, circular, two-dimensional position sensitive Si detectors for trajectory determination☆

Abstract Thin (∼ 50 mu;m) two-dimensional position sensitive Si detectors have been developed for spacefliht which have circular sensitive areas of ∼ 2.5 cm2. Gold and aluminum strips are evaporated onto the front and back surfaces, respectively, of an n-type silicon wafer, and are then connected to external resistor networks. The position response characteristics of a detector with 86 strips on each side are demonstrated using a pulsed light source. Measurements with both light pulses and 56Fe nuclei show that a position resolution of ∼ 150 μm fwhm is achieved for ∼ 60 MeV energy deposits. The trajectory determination capability for heavy ions of a pair of these detectors depends upon accurate mechanical alignment. Their long-term stability, excellent thermal-vacuum characteristics, and precise position indication for heavy ions make these detectors well suited as the trajectory determining elements in a telescope designed for isotopic studies of low energy heavy cosmic rays.
Modeling the Cost and Minimum Sustainable Price of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Manufacturing in the United States

We extend our cost model [1] to assess minimum sustainable prices of c-Si wafer, cell, and module manufacturing in the United States. We investigate the cost and price structures of current mc-Si technology and consider the introduction of line-of-sight innovations currently on the industry roadmap, as well as advanced technologies currently at an earlier stage of development. We benchmark the capability of these concepts to reach the U.S. Department of Energy SunShot module price target, and perform a sensitivity analysis to determine high-impact research domains that have the greatest impact on price. This exercise highlights advanced c-Si manufacturing concepts with significant cost reduction potential, and provides insight into strategies that could greatly reduce module prices in a financially sustainable manner.
Dietary fat and breast cancer: Case—control and cohort studies☆

An increased risk of breast cancer in relation to a high-fat diet has been reported in several case-control studies and one cohort study conducted in different parts of the world. Most of these studies provide data on the consumption of food groups high in animal fats, e.g., meats and dairy products. Studies reporting on the amount of fat constituents consumed, adjusted or unadjusted for total caloric intake, more frequently have shown no positive association. The latter studies are not all limited to countries such as the United States with an overall high dietary fat intake; one was reported from Japan where the traditional low-fat diet is giving way to more Western-style foods, resulting in greater dietary heterogeneity for the population. The hypothesis that dietary fat causes breast cancer has been seriously weakened by the recent negative reports from two U.S. cohort studies, employing well-recognized dietary assessment strategies and multivariable analytic methods. Still, the possibility exists that specific fat constituents either naturally present or produced during the food preparation process, or fats in the presence (or absence) of other foodstuffs could alter breast cancer risk. Different kinds of studies providing information on the biochemistry and biology of fats consumed by humans would help to give focus to future epidemiological studies.
Navaho Phonology and Hoijer’s Analysis

Linguists who are interested in American Indian languages owe a debt of gratitude to Hoijer for organizing and presenting Sapir’s copious Navaho material, with his own additions.1 The presentation is carefully done, with useful arrangements of the information on allophones, phonemic clusters, and morphophonemics. Considerable attention is paid to the phonetic values of the positional variants, and to individual peculiarities of distribution among the phonemes. On pp. 15–7, for example, Hoijer gives a very neat treatment of the x, h, xw, hw phonemes. He lists 10 sets of environments in which various allophones or freely varying pairs of allophones are heard, and then shows by a simple chart that they can all be grouped into the four phonemes mentioned above.2
Salvage intraperitoneal therapy of small-volume residual ovarian cancer: impact of pretreatment finding of peritoneal carcinomatosis on the surgical complete response rate.

Second-line intraperitoneal (i.p.) therapy has been demonstrated to result in surgically defined complete responses (S-CR) in 25%-40% of patients with small-volume residual ovarian cancer (microscopic disease or largest tumor mass less than 1 cm in diameter). To evaluate the influence of the surgical finding of diffuse peritoneal carcinomatosis on the S-CR rate to salvage i.p. therapy in this patient population, we retrospectively reviewed the operative reports of 70 patients with small-volume residual ovarian cancer treated on one of three phase-2 second-line i.p. trials at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Of the 11 patients with diffuse carcinomatosis, none achieved a S-CR compared to a S-CR rate of 37% (22/59) in patients without this surgical finding (chi 2 = 6.0; P less than 0.025). However, of the 7 patients with diffuse carcinomatosis treated on a cisplatin-based i.p. program, the only 2 who had previously responded to systemic platinum also experienced a response (partial) to the i.p. cisplatin regimen. In conclusion, while the surgical finding of diffuse peritoneal carcinomatosis indicates a poor prognosis in patients with small-volume residual ovarian cancer for response to i.p. chemotherapy, patients in this clinical setting with prior evidence of platinum sensitivity may experience some benefit from an i.p. cisplatin-based treatment strategy.
Examining the Culture of Poverty: Promising Practices

ABSTRACT Spurred by preservice teachers' perceptions that diversity issues such as poverty would not affect their teaching, professors in 1 southeastern U.S. elementary teacher–preparation program took action, which resulted in this examination of the culture of poverty and the identification of strategies to best serve children living in poverty. The authors explored the effect of poverty in the role of schools, families, and teachers. In this article, they identify key strategies that focus on providing a strong support system for children living in poverty. The authors make recommendations on how teacher-preparation programs could infuse the teaching of these strategies into programs.
Diffusion of innovation in two-sided markets

We consider the diffusion of innovation in two-sided markets where both sides choose between an incumbent technology and an innovation. Each player chooses whether to adopt the innovation or not, and repeatedly learns how many players on the other side of the market adopted the innovation and revises her decision accordingly. Using large-system analysis, we characterize the dynamics of the market, and show a phase transition result: If the initial proportion of adoptors on both sides are sufficiently large, then the innovation will spread to the entire market; otherwise, no one will adopt the innovation. Assuming the innovator can select the proportion of initial adoptors on both sides of the market by advertisements, we study the following three economic problems that are of interest to the innovator: 1) minimizing the advertisement cost while allowing the innovation to spread, 2) minimizing the total cost of advertising and technology improvement while allowing the innovation to spread, and 3) maximizing the total revenue less advertisement cost, where the innovator derives revenue per unit time from each player adopting the innovation. Our analysis provides insight into the types of advertising strategies that can lead to the successful adoption of an innovation.
Heavy metal music and reckless behavior among adolescents

Adolescents who liked heavy metal music were compared to those who did not on a variety of outcome variables, particularly focusing on reckless behavior. Boys who liked heavy metal music reported a higher rate of a wide range of reckless behavior, including driving behavior, sexual behavior, and drug use. They were also less satisfied with their family relationships. Girls who liked heavy metal music were more reckless in the areas of shoplifting, vandalism, sexual behavior, and drug use, and reported lower self-esteem. Both boys and girls who liked heavy metal music were higher in sensation seeking and more self-assured with regard to sexuality and dating. In regression analyses, the relation between reckless behavior and liking heavy metal music was sustained for five out of twelve variables concerning reckless behavior, including three of four among girls, when sensation seeking and family relationships were entered into the equation before liking or not liking heavy metal music.
Network techniques in mechanical vibration analysis of servomechanism complex loads

Abstract This paper presents an improved method of analysing the vibratory modes of lumped-parameter mechanical structures in terms of their network configurations. The introduction deals briefly with the early electrical analogy and its dual. This is followed by a discussion on the setting down of mechanical networks. A description is then given of a rapid method of analysis which provides a systematic approach to the determination of any transfer function. The method has been developed with a view to providing a ready means of assessing the effects of complex linear mechanical loads in servomechanisms.
Doxacurium and mivacurium do not trigger malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine.

Abstract The role of succinylcholine in the precipitation of malignant hyperthermia (MH) necessitates the testing of new neuromuscular relaxants for their ability to trigger MH in MH-susceptible swine before general human use. We tested doxacurium and mivacurium, two new nondepolarizing bis-benzylisoquinolinium neuromuscular relaxants, at ED95 and at four times ED95 doses in swine previously documented to be MH-susceptible. In none of the 16 animals was MH triggered after administration of these relaxants, whereas all animals developed fatal MH after administration of halothane or halothane plus succinylcholine. Muscle biopsy specimens taken before administration of the relaxant confirmed that all animals had increased sensitivity to halothane, caffeine, or both. Thus, we conclude that doxacurium and mivacurium are not triggering agents of malignant hyperthermia in MH-susceptible swine.
Opposing mechanisms involving RNA and lipids regulate HIV-1 Gag membrane binding through the highly basic region of the matrix domain

Membrane binding of Gag, a crucial step in HIV-1 assembly, is facilitated by bipartite signals within the matrix (MA) domain: N-terminal myristoyl moiety and the highly basic region (HBR). We and others have shown that Gag interacts with a plasma-membrane-specific acidic phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], via the HBR, and that this interaction is important for efficient membrane binding and plasma membrane targeting of Gag. Generally, in protein–PI(4,5)P2 interactions, basic residues promote the interaction as docking sites for the acidic headgroup of the lipid. In this study, toward better understanding of the Gag–PI(4,5)P2 interaction, we sought to determine the roles played by all of the basic residues in the HBR. We identified three basic residues promoting PI(4,5)P2-dependent Gag-membrane binding. Unexpectedly, two other HBR residues, Lys25 and Lys26, suppress membrane binding in the absence of PI(4,5)P2 and prevent promiscuous intracellular localization of Gag. This inhibition of nonspecific membrane binding is likely through suppression of myristate-dependent hydrophobic interaction because mutating Lys25 and Lys26 enhances binding of Gag with neutral-charged liposomes. These residues were reported to bind RNA. Importantly, we found that RNA also negatively regulates Gag membrane binding. In the absence but not presence of PI(4,5)P2, RNA bound to MA HBR abolishes Gag-liposome binding. Altogether, these data indicate that the HBR is unique among basic phosphoinositide-binding domains, because it integrates three regulatory components, PI(4,5)P2, myristate, and RNA, to ensure plasma membrane specificity for particle assembly.
Nonparametric discovery of activity patterns from video collections

We propose a nonparametric framework based on the beta process for discovering temporal patterns within a heterogenous video collection. Starting from quantized local motion descriptors, we describe the long-range temporal dynamics of each video via transitions between a set of dynamical behaviors. Bayesian nonparametric statistical methods allow the number of such behaviors and the subset exhibited by each video to be learned without supervision. We extend the earlier beta process HMM in two ways: adding data-driven MCMC moves to improve inference on realistic datasets and allowing global sharing of behavior transition parameters. We illustrate discovery of intuitive and useful dynamical structure, at various temporal scales, from videos of simple exercises, recipe preparation, and Olympic sports. Segmentation and retrieval experiments show the benefits of our nonparametric approach.
Multicriteria evaluation of automated filling systems: A case study

Abstract Much has been written about the use of multiattribute decision models to evaluate manufacturing technologies. This article describes an application to a real problem using a recently developed multiattribute decision tool. The case study involves an evaluation of three candidate technologies for filling packaged food containers. A manual baseline filling method is compared with the two technology investment options of automated weigh filling and automated volumetric filling. In food industries, the cost of material overfill is important but is not the only factor that should be considered. A multiattribute decision model is formulated that considers difficult-to-quantify criteria, such as material conversion, information conversion, and strategic activities. For the given decision scenario, when only directly measurable annual cost savings are considered, the weigh filler option is preferred; however, when the additional criteria are considered, volumetric filling is preferred primarily due to its product and equipment flexibility. It is proposed that the methodology described here will enhance the acceptability of applying multiattribute decision making to manufacturing investment problems.
Enhanced photostability of ICG in close proximity to gold colloids.

Photobleaching of fluorophores frequently limits their detectability or observation time. We examined Indocyanine green (ICG) which is widely used in medical testing and is highly unstable. We showed that spatial localization of ICG near metallic gold colloids resulted in increased photostability. This suggests the use of fluorophore–metal conjugates in situations adversely affected by photobleaching.
Effect of microstructure and mechanical properties on the erosion of 18 Ni (250) maraging steel

Abstract Specimens of 18 Ni (250) maraging steel were solution treated and aged at 480, 590 and 650 °C for varying times up to a maximum of 24 h. Solutionannealed specimens were also cold rolled to varying amounts. The erosion behavior of these specimens was studied in a sand-blast type of test rig. The tests were conducted under ambient conditions with 125 μm angular SiC particles impacted with a velocity of 50 m s −1 and at an angle of 30° to the specimen surface. The variation in erosion has been related to the microstructural changes which occur during aging and which involve precipitation, reversion of austenite and precipitate particle growth. It has also been studied with respect to the mechanical properties. It was found that the erosion rate depends on both the hardness and the ductility. The erosion rate varies directly with hardness when the ductility remains constant and it varies inversely with the square of the per cent area reduction when the hardness remains constant. Scanning electron microscopy of the eroded surfaces and debris revealed that erosion was accompanied by a large amount of plastic deformation and that the eroded particles were in the form of small flakes. The flakes were detached because of a combination of cutting, ploughing and crack propagation mechanisms.
Oophorectomy, menopause, estrogen treatment, and cognitive aging: clinical evidence for a window of opportunity

The neuroprotective effects of estrogen have been demonstrated consistently in cellular and animal studies but the evidence in women remains conflicted. We explored the window of opportunity hypothesis in relation to cognitive aging and dementia. In particular, we reviewed existing literature, reanalyzed some of our data, and combined results graphically. Current evidence suggests that estrogen may have beneficial, neutral, or detrimental effects on the brain depending on age at the time of treatment, type of menopause (natural versus medically or surgically induced), or stage of menopause. The comparison of women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy with referent women provided evidence for a sizeable neuroprotective effect of estrogen before age 50 years. Several case-control studies and cohort studies also showed neuroprotective effects in women who received estrogen treatment (ET) in the early postmenopausal stage (most commonly at ages 50–60 years). The majority of women in those observational studies had undergone natural menopause and were treated for the relief of menopausal symptoms. However, recent clinical trials by the Women’s Health Initiative showed that women who initiated ET alone or in combination with a progestin in the late postmenopausal stage (ages 65–79 years) experienced an increased risk of dementia and cognitive decline regardless of the type of menopause. The current conflicting data can be explained by the window of opportunity hypothesis suggesting that the neuroprotective effects of estrogen depend on age at the time of administration, type of menopause, and stage of menopause. Therefore, women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy before the onset of menopause or women who experienced premature or early natural menopause should be considered for hormonal treatment until approximately age 51 years.
Synthesis and Mechanism of Particle- and Flower-Shaped ZnSe Nanocrystals: Green Chemical Approaches toward Green Nanoproducts

A nontoxic, simple, cheap, and reproducible strategy, which meets the standard of green chemistry, is introduced for the synthesis of ZnSe nanoparticles and nanoflowers. The production of these green nanomaterials can be readily scaled up and performed directly at ambient condition without affecting their qualities. The experimental results show that the as-synthesized ZnSe nanoparticles and nanoflowers with a zinc blende structure have a narrow size distribution without resorting to any postsynthetic size-selective procedure. A systematic study of the nanocrystal formation process indicates the following properties. (i) The amount of precursors plays a greater role in the determination of the nanoparticle size than other reaction parameters. Variation of this parameter allows us to tune the nanoparticle size in the high-temperature annealing process. This tunability is interpreted well by the growth kinetics. (ii) The limited ligand protection mechanism cannot be employed to explain the formation of our ...
The Impact of Foreign Trade on the Mexican Economy: Terms of Trade and the Rise of Industry 1880–1923

This article uses both new and published data on Mexico's foreign trade to measure terms of trade and to investigate the relationship between trade and the early growth of domestic industry. This analysis yields five conclusions: (i) Mexican terms of trade declined, largely due to the dramatic fall in the price of silver; (2) the growing diversity of Mexican exports significantly cushioned the short-term impact of silver depreciation; (3) declining terms of trade did not characterise the entire era, but instead were concentrated in two periods: i891-97 and 1912-21; (4) although net barter terms of trade declined, Mexico's capacity to import measured by the income terms of trade improved markedly, and (5) this proved absolutely crucial in financing the concurrent process of incipient import-substituting industrialization. In other words, the Porfiriato witnessed a development process in which trade growth and the spread of domestic manufacturing were highly complementary. Without the former, industrialization would have been severely handicapped.
Stress-corrosion cracking issues related to a water-cooled ITER

Abstract A review of water impurity and temperature effects on stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel is presented. These results demonstrate that stress-corrosion crack growth can occur at ITER relevant temperatures for certain water chemistries and material conditions. A model developed at PNL to calculate the degree of sensitization was used to estimate the potential for sensitization of Type 316 SS and US PCA. This analysis shows that both materials can be severely sensitized but, with proper processing and fabrication, sensitization should be avoidable.
Regulation of bacterial DNA supercoiling: plasmid linking numbers vary with growth temperature

Abstract The level of DNA supercoiling can be altered either by breaking-rejoining reactions that change the DNA linking number or by environmental changes that alter the helical pitch of DNA. In vitro, temperature changes alter helical pitch and, thus, supercoiling. We find that plasmids isolated from bacteria grown at different temperatures exhibit differences in DNA linking numbers. The differences in plasmid linking numbers offset the effect temperature is expected to have on supercoiling. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that fine control of DNA topology in bacterial cells is brought about by changes in linking number to maintain a constant value for supercoiling.
Pericarditis in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Case. A 64-year-old Caucasian woman was brought to the emergency department with severe dysphagia and left chest pain for last 4 days. Initial evaluation revealed elevated ST segment in precordial leads on EKG with elevated cardiac enzymes. Limited echocardiogram showed infra-apical wall hypokinesia. Cardiac angiography was done subsequently which showed nonflow limiting mild coronary artery disease. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was diagnosed and she was treated medically. On the third day of admission, a repeat ECG showed diffuse convex ST-segment elevations in precordial leads, compatible with acute pericarditis pattern of EKG. Decision was made to start colchicine empirically for possible pericarditis. Follow-up EKG in 2 days showed decreased ST-segment elevations in precordial leads. The patient was discharged with colchicine and a follow-up echocardiogram in 4 weeks demonstrated a normal ejection fraction with no evidence of pericarditis. Conclusion. Acute pericarditis can be associated either as a consequence of or as a triggering factor for Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. It is vital for physicians to be aware of pericarditis as a potential complication of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
CHESS ALGORITHMS OF SUPREME COURT DECISION MAKING: A Bioconstitutional Politics Analysis

This paper examines, from a biopolitical perspective, the methodologies by which Supreme Court justices have interpreted the Constitution, assessing their decisional algorithms against models owing an intellectual debt to evolutionary theory. The models themselves are drawn from the chess literature, itself the most viable game theoretic context for “living constitutional” play. A proper appreciation of chess mastery yields the salient conclusion that a functionalist algorithm of data characterization is optimally adaptive for these purposes, usually proving more robust than competing structuralist and heuristic algorithms in resolving complex constitutional issues.
Modifications of magnetohydrodynamics as applied to the solar wind

The effect of including the Braginskii viscous stress tensor in magnetohydrodynamics is remarked upon. It is shown that semiquantitative agreement with a recently observed anisotropy in the turbulent solar wind spectrum can be achieved in this way. The modifications of the dynamical equations are simple enough to permit their inclusion in numerical codes. The effects of large 'ion parallel viscosities' also may be significant for plasmas in quite different regimes than the solar wind.