cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Organum Vasculosum Laminae Terminalis and Water Balance in Dogs

Circumventricular organs (CVO) are unique regions of the brain which lack the blood-brain barrier. Thus, neurons, or their processes, located within CVO’s are in relatively free communication with blood. This anatomical peculiarity and other evidence which suggests the forebrain contains osmoreceptive elements, have made the subfornical organ (SFO) and the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), prime candidates as receptor areas for the regulation of water balance.
An assessment of risk factors for early death among a sample of previously incarcerated youth

Most previous research regarding early death prior to, or during, young adulthood among previously detained delinquent youth has focused predominantly on males or on their cause of death. This study extends previous research by evaluating potential factors that are associated with early death in a random sample (N = 999) of formerly detained youthful offenders in New York stratified by gender (50% female). Existing case records were referenced with the National Death Index to determine if the formerly detained youth were deceased by the time they would have reached age 28. Regression analyses were run to determine if any of 16 sociodemographic, offense history, weapons/gang involvement, mental health, substance use, child maltreatment, child welfare, or family environmental risk factors measured in their childhood or adolescence were associated with early death. Two additional regression analyses were run to determine if those risk factors differentially impacted early death for males vs. females. Of the variables measured, however, only gender was significantly related to early death - compared to females, males were 2.3 times more likely to have prematurely died. Additionally, in the model run separately for females, being an African-American female was protective against early death. These findings are compared to findings from the existing literature. Language: en
Evaluation of heat propagation through poultry in a reduced computational-cost model of contact cooking

Summary During thermal food preparation, it is essential for the product to reach safe temperature thresholds. Yet, excessive cooking is time-consuming and decreases desirable qualities. In this work, we developed, and experimentally verified, a computationally minimum mathematical model to predict one-dimensional temperature distribution through contact cooking of poultry. This model was based on discretising the heat equation with temperature and time varying thermophysical properties of the major constituents: water, proteins and lipids. The relative amounts of these constituents are available from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for different poultry samples. Our results yielded an average modelling experimental temperature error of 3.15 °C. For contact cooking of a 1-cm thick sample, the minimum time to reach the temperature threshold in a chicken breast was 368 s compared to 98.9 s when flipped at an optimised time. These techniques can be implemented into a microprocessor-based thermal monitoring system to non-invasively predict temperature distribution in processed meat and poultry.
Acoustic multi-stopband metamaterial plates design for broadband elastic wave absorption and vibration suppression

Abstract This paper presents the modeling technique, working mechanism and design guidelines for acoustic multi-stopband metamaterial plates for broadband elastic wave absorption and vibration suppression. The metamaterial plate is designed by integrating two-degree of freedom (DOF) mass–spring subsystems with an isotropic plate to act as vibration absorbers. For an infinite metamaterial plate without damping, a working unit is modeled using the extended Hamilton׳s principle, and two stopbands are observed through dispersion analysis on the averaged three-DOF model. For a finite metamaterial plate with boundary conditions and damping, shear-deformable conforming plate elements are used to model the whole plate, and stopbands are investigated by frequency response analysis and transient analysis. Influences of absorbers׳ resonant frequencies and damping ratios, plate׳s boundary conditions and dimensions, and effective plate-absorber vibration modes are thoroughly investigated. Results show that the metamaterial plate is essentially based on the concept of conventional vibration absorbers. The local resonance of the two-DOF subsystems generates two stopbands, and the inertial forces generated by the resonant vibrations of absorbers straighten the plate and attenuate/stop wave propagation. Each stopband׳s bandwidth can be increased by increasing the absorber mass and/or reducing the average mass of isotropic plate in each working unit. Moreover, while a low damping ratio for the primary absorber can guarantee absorbers׳ quick response to transient excitations, a high damping ratio for the secondary absorber can combine the two stopbands into a wide one. In the end, a sensitivity analysis on absorber resonant frequencies is conducted and relatively large sensitivity is found at the two stopband regions.
Sex-Role Acquisition: In Search of the Elephant.

Social learning and cognitive-developmental theories of sex-role acquisition have yet to receive clear and unequivocal research support. While it is apparent that sex-typing of interests and behaviors does occur in early childhood, we are at a loss to explain the mechanisms involved. A model of sex roles as rules is presented, which attempts to analyze the acquisition of sex roles as similar to the process of pattern recognition in vision and speech. Social learning theory can help to account for how the child acquires the distinctive features of sex-role patterns, while cognitive-developmental theory points to the categories that are essential in this process.
“The satan” in Light of the Creation Theology of Job

Abstract The figure who instigates God to afflict Job, “the satan,” vanishes entirely after the prologue of the book of Job. But his role in the prologue is mirrored by Job’s friends in the poetry section of the book. We argue that the presentation of “the satan” in the prologue is entirely consistent with the theology of creation proffered in the poetry section of the book of Job. The possible implication of this finding for the fate of Satan is spelled out.
Gastric electrical stimulation for children with intractable nausea and gastroparesis.

Purpose: Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has been performed in adults as a treatment of refractory nausea and vomiting in patients who have failed medical treatment, but has not been used in children. Methods: Nine patients with chronic nausea and vomiting with a mean age of 14 years were evaluated for temporary GES. All 9 patients subsequently underwent placement of a temporary followed by permanent GES device. Symptoms were recorded at baseline, after temporary GES, and then after permanent GES using a Likert scale for gastroparesis. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired Student's t test. Results: At baseline, all patients were symptomatic and most had delayed solid gastric emptying. As a group, there was a significant improvement in combined symptoms score (P = .04), nausea (P = .039), and vomiting (P = .0016). Gastric emptying and electrogastrogram values did not change significantly. Follow-up ranged from 8 to 42 months, with 7 of the 9 patients reporting sustained improvement in symptoms and improved quality of life. Conclusions: Gastric electrical stimulation can be successfully applied to adolescents with intractable nausea and gastroparesis symptoms who fail medical therapy. There is a significant improvement in symptoms over a prolonged period ,and there are no adverse effects of the GES. Long-term efficacy of this therapy in children needs to be established.
Ancient homology underlies adaptive mimetic diversity across butterflies

Convergent evolution provides a rare, natural experiment with which to test the predictability of adaptation at the molecular level. Little is known about the molecular basis of convergence over macro-evolutionary timescales. Here we use a combination of positional cloning, population genomic resequencing, association mapping and developmental data to demonstrate that positionally orthologous nucleotide variants in the upstream region of the same gene, WntA, are responsible for parallel mimetic variation in two butterfly lineages that diverged >65 million years ago. Furthermore, characterization of spatial patterns of WntA expression during development suggests that alternative regulatory mechanisms underlie wing pattern variation in each system. Taken together, our results reveal a strikingly predictable molecular basis for phenotypic convergence over deep evolutionary time.
Optical layer multicast: rationale, building blocks, and challenges

Optical layer multicast refers to the support of point-to-multipoint connections directly at the physical layer by employing passive devices capable of splitting the power of an input signal among several outputs. Optical multicast technology enables a broad set of applications and opens new directions to network design. We examine the underlying principles and essential components for a practical optical multicast service. We also present a set of key research challenges along with a survey of the literature.
Proof Checking Technology for Satisfiability Modulo Theories

A common proof format for solvers for Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) is proposed, based on the Edinburgh Logical Framework (LF). Two problems arise: checking very large proofs, and keeping proofs compact in the presence of complex side conditions on rules. Incremental checking combines parsing and proof checking in a single step, to avoid building in-memory representations of proof subterms. LF with Side Conditions (LFSC) extends LF to allow side conditions to be expressed using a simple first-order functional programming language. Experimental data with an implementation show very good proof checking times and memory usage on benchmarks including the important example of resolution inferences.
Pulling Back the Curtain: Relearning the History of the Philosophy of Education 1

Women have played an undeniable part in shaping the history of philosophy and philosophy of education for at least 1,000 years. Yet, current anthologies, encyclopedias, and textbooks in the field rarely recognize large numbers of women's works as consequential to our understanding of the development of educational topics and debates. This article, using the work of Herrad of Hohenbourg (1100s), Julian of Norwich (1342-c.1429), Christine de Pisan (c.1364-c.1430), and Mary Astell (1666-1731) traces women's early philosophical arguments concerning their own nature and the purposes of education. The author argue that having access to this tradition will help to remediate false perceptions of women's thought and serve as an empowering legacy for all teachers and students.
Reliability optimization of communication networks using simulated annealing

Abstract Two concepts of communication network reliability are considered. The first one, the ‘s-t’ reliability, is relevant for communication between a source station and a terminal station as in the case of a two way telephone communication. The second one, the overall reliability, is a measure of simultaneous connectedness among all stations in the network. An algorthm is presented which selects the optimal set of links that maximizes the overall reliability of the network subject to a cost restriction, given the allowable node-link incidences, the link costs and the link reliabilities. The algorithm employs a variaton of the simulated annealing approach coupled with a hierarchical strategy to achieve the gobal optimum. For complex networks, the present algorithm is advantageous over the traditional heuristic procedures. The solutions of two representative example network optimization problems are presented to illustrate the present algorithm. The potential utilization of parallel computing strategies in the present algorithm is also identified.
Depression and the Social Dimensions of the Full-Time Housewife Role

This article examines the determinants of depression among a sample of 528 married, white housewives residing in the southeastern U.S. The multiple regression analysis reveals that low total family income, dissatisfaction with family life and the housewife role, and few extra-familial social contacts are significantly associated with depression. A major finding is that the impact of social contacts in reducing depression is conditioned by the housewife's age and by children's residence in the home. Younger women and those with no children living at home benefit more from extra-familial social contacts than do older women and those who have children at home. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of the social changes of the 1970s and early 1980s on the determinants of housewives' psychological well-being.
Discriminative Effects of Testosterone on Hypothalamic Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Levels and Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Castrated Male Rats: Analyses of Dose and Duration Characteristics*

We have previously reported that in castrated male rats gonadal steroids can raise LHRH levels in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). However, there was an important dissociation between episodic LH release and the MBH LHRH response to 17β-estradiol. In the present study we have examined the effects of varying the dose of testosterone (T) on the MBH LHRH levels, episodic LH release pattern, and pituitary responsiveness to LHRH; in addition we have determined the duration of T exposure required to elicit the MBH LHRH response. Results show that low serum levels of T (413–638 pg/ml) were just as effective as higher concentrations (1337–1776 pg/ml) in raising the MBH LHRH levels at 96 h; the minimum duration of exposure to T was 72 h. However, whereas higher T levels (>1 ng/ml) suppressed LH release coincident with elevated LHRH levels, low T concentrations did not alter LH release contemporaneous with the MBH LHRH elevations. Analysis of the episodic LH secretion pattern disclosed that these low concentrat...
Cytotoxic and cell cycle effects in human neuronal progenitor cells exposed to 1 GeV/n Fe ions

Abstract With space missions of expanding durations, astronauts will be exposed to increasing amounts of high linear energy transfer heavy ion radiation. One of the potential risks for humans traveling beyond the Earth’s magnetic fields is radiation induced central nervous system damage because these post-mitotic cells cannot replenish themselves. Although neuronal progenitor cells offer hope to replace dead or damaged neurons, very little is known about the effects of heavy ion radiation on them. Thus, we utilized a cloned line of human neuronal progenitor (NT2) cells as a model and measured their responses to irradiation with 1 GeV/nucleon 56 Fe 26+ ions. Numerous parameters of radiation toxicity, such as cell detachment, necrosis and apoptosis were induced in both time and dose dependent manners. The highest effect in each case was detected 48 h post-irradiation, and a dose as small as 10 cGy resulted in statistically significant increases in all three of these measurements. In addition, cell cycle analysis revealed that NT2 cells underwent a G2 phase specific cell cycle delay within 6 h after irradiation, and that this response was transient. These results emphasize the importance of determining how human neuronal progenitor cells respond to high linear energy transfer heavy ion radiation.
"Bantu tropical anaemia" in Rhodesia.

Abstract 1. 1) Fifty Africans admitted consecutively to the medical wards each with a haemoglobin of under 50 per cent. were studied. 2. 2) In 38 of these (76 per cent.) no clear cause for the anaemia could be found, and for this type of case we suggest the term “Bantu tropical anaemia.” 3. 3) Not infrequently the onset in Bantu tropical anaemia is fairly acute and the duration of the illness before admission to hospital is sometimes under 6 weeks. 4. 4) The blood picture varies—usually it is hypochromic microcytic, but it may be macrocytic or occasionally it shows features of both. 5. 5) It is suggested that these cases have a common aetiological factor affecting the African in close contact with the African environment.
Determination of the liquidus lines and isotherms of the Hg-Zn-Te system by a modified direct observation method

The modified direct observation method is employed for the determination of the liquidus lines in the (Hg1_xZnx)1_yTey, ternary system. The liquidus temperatures of the ternary samples of various compositions withx from 0.05 to 0.30 andy from 0.5 to 0.9 are measured. The temperature-composition phase diagrams and some liquidus isotherms are established for this system.
J-dependence of the twist parameter in dual unitarity

Abstract It is pointed out that the twist parameter which governs the breaking of exchange degeneracy, Zweig rule violation, exotic exchange, and the relative production of vector and tensor mesons, is J -dependent. A simple model for this dependence reconciles the smallness of exotic exchange with the large ratio of vector to tensor production, and successfully predicts the sign and magnitude of α ϱ (0)−α A 2 (0).
Inter—pixel grating noise in holographic memories

We have experimentally discovered that the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of holograms initially remains constant as the number of holograms stored increases and drops significantly only after a large number of holograms are recorded. This suggests that in a large-scale memory, the limiting noise source is not crosstalk between holograms but holographic noise due to the prolonged exposure of the signal beam. We have carried out experiments to investigate the formation and influence of the inter-pixel grating noise and shown that it is a very important form of holographic noise. We also proposed and demonstrated the use of random-phase modulation in the signal to suppress the inter-pixel grating noise.
Water-Soluble, Core-Modified Porphyrins as Novel, Longer-Wavelength-Absorbing Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. II. Effects of Core Heteroatoms and Meso-Substituents on Biological Activity

Water-soluble, core-modified porphyrins were prepared and evaluated as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The addition of an aromatic aldehyde to 2,5-dilithiothiophene or -selenophene gave diol 3 as a nearly equimolar mixture of meso and d,l diastereomers, which gave a single diastereomer following careful recrystallization. The condensation of pyrrole with a diol 3 using catalytic BF3-etherate gave bispyrrolochalcogenophenes (4). Condensation of a diol 3 with 4 in the presence BF3-etherate gave 21,23-dichalcogenaporphyrins (5). 21-Thiaporphyrins (6) were prepared by condensation of a diol 3 with excess pyrrole and benzaldehyde in the presence of tetrachlorobenzoquinone and catalytic BF3-etherate. Sulfonation of 5 and 6 with concentrated sulfuric acid at 100 °C gave sulfonated derivatives 7−15. Bis-4-methoxy-21,23-dithiaporphyrins 5h and 5l were demethylated with BBr3, and the resulting phenols were alkylated with ethyl bromoacetate. Saponification gave 21,23-dithiaporphyrin dicarboxylate salts 1...
Inheritance of polymorphic markers generated by DNA amplification fingerprinting and their use as genetic markers in soybean.

DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) using a high primer-to-template ratio and single, very short arbitrary primers, was used to generate amplified fragment length polymorphic markers (AFLP) in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The inheritance of AFLPs was studied using a cross between the ancestral Glycine soja PI468.397 and Glycine max (L.) Merr. line nts382, F1 and F2 progeny. The amplification reaction was carried out with soybean genomic DNA and 8 base long oligounucleotide primers. Silver-stained 5% polyacrylamide gels containing 7 M urea detected from 11 to 28 DAF products with primers of varying GC content (ranging from 50 to 100% GC). Depending on their intensity, AFLPs were classified into three classes. DAF profiles were reproducible for different DNA extractions and gels. Forty AFLPs were detected by 26 primers when comparing G. soja and G. max. Most AFLPs were inherited as dominant Mendelian markers in F1 and F2 populations. However, abnormal inheritance occured with about 25% of polymorphisms. One marker was inherited as a maternal marker, presumably originating from organelle DNA while another showed apparent paternal inheritance. To confirm the nuclear origin and utility of dominant Mendelian markers, three DAF polymorphisms were mapped using a F11 mapping population of recombinant inbred lines from soybean cultivars Minsoy × Noir 1. The study showed that DAF-generated polymorphic markers occur frequently and reliably, that they are inherited as Mendelian dominant loci and that they can be used in genome mapping.
Measurement of the Spatial Redistribution of Water in Rabbit Achilles Tendon in Response to Static Tensile Loading

The redistribution of water in response to static tensile loading was investigated in rabbit Achilles tendons in vitro. The distribution of water was measured along a radially oriented line, using a one-dimensional proton-density map created from fits to diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) data. Water movements were measured during application of tensile loads of 5N (N=7) and 10N (N=6). Water distribution along the line was measured before loading and up to 42 min after load application. Static loading with either 5 or 10N loads caused a steady increase in proton density in the outside edge (rim) of the tendon. The 10N load lowered the proton density in the core of the tendon, but did so in a single step that was observed when the load was applied. The 5N load caused no change in proton density in the core region. The immediate redistribution from the core was statistically significant for the 10N load, but not the 5N load application. Statistically significant within-group proton-density increases were observed in the rim after 42 min postload for all tendons irrespective of load condition. The rate of proton-density postload increase at the rim region did not depend upon load. The rate for the 5N load case was 0.010 +/- 0.002 min(-1) and 0.007 +/- 0.002 min(-1) in the 10N case. Thus, while generally consistent with an extrusion model, the data show other features that argue for a more complex model.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor may act in target musculature to regulate developmental synapse elimination.

During development of mammalian skeletal muscles, synaptic contacts from different motoneurons are made on to individual muscle fibers but then are progressively lost until the adult pattern of single
Differential cyanosis in congenital heart disease.

Three cases are described to illustrate various clinical patterns of differential cyanosis.The prerequisite conditions responsible for the various types of differential cyanosis are persistent ductus arteriosus and severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. The hemodynamic pathways and other factors affecting several types of differential cyanosis are discussed.
Sea Surface Currents in the Equatorial Pacific from VHF Radar Backscatter Observations

Abstract We present the analysis of three months of continuous sea-surface current data obtained by a VHF wind profiling radar at Christmas Island in the central equatorial Pacific. These results, which were obtained during the construction phase of the profiler when the antenna had not yet been phased to eliminate sea scatter, show a number of interesting features of the coastal flow, as well as the flow at greater distances from the island. We report here both the average surface current characteristics as well as features of the shorter-term variability. In addition, we discuss the idea that such sea-surface current measurements could be obtained quite easily in the central Pacific, provided that they were made in conjunction with existing and/or proposed profiler sites.
Direct accretions to ground‐water from rainfall

Direct penetration of rainfall to the ground-water has long been recognized as an important source of many ground-water supplies. This subject, with the results of experiments begun in 1833, was discussed in the Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers in 1850 [see 1 of references at end of paper]. The portion of the rainfall which penetrates to the ground-water is the residual item after all other uses of rainfall have been met. It is the part of the rainfall which is absorbed by the soil and not used as plant-transpiration or soil-moisture evaporation. Such deeply penetrating rainfall is equivalent to the permanently absorbed water as defined by Lee [2]. Direct accretions to ground-water from rainfall, as the term is used herein, is limited to such accretions from the area on which the rain falls. Even with small amounts of rainfall there is always some concentration of runoff in low areas from which some deep penetration may occur. This may be an important item in some areas; it is small on flat areas, for small rains or on coarse soils.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE NEOPLASM OF THE RABBIT : SECOND PAPER.

Experiments are reported in which an environment of constant and continuous light with a wave-length of from 3022 to 5790 Angstrom units, supplied by mercury arcs in crown glass, and of constant darkness, have influenced the course and character of a malignant disease of rabbits induced by a transplantable neoplasm. Under the influence of constant light the level of malignancy was lower than in control animals living under ordinary conditions of diffused sunlight. Under the influence of constant darkness the level of malignancy was somewhat lower than in control animals but the effect of this environment was modified by the special character of the disease prevailing at this time. The incidence of bone metastases was unusually high, but it was greatly increased in the rabbits kept in constant darkness. These observations furnish experimental evidence in support of the belief that there is a correlation between the external factor of light and the manifestations of an experimental malignant disease.
Acoustic-Phonetic Contrasts and Intelligibility in the Dysarthria Associated With Mixed Cerebral Palsy

This study evaluated the relationship between specific acoustic features of speech and perceptual judgments of word intelligibility of adults with cerebral palsy-dysarthria. Use of a contrasting wo...
Sensing and actuating functionality of hybrid MEMS combining enhanced chemi-mechanical transduction with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

The present work extends the concept of microcantilever (MC) based transducers to hybrid MEMS that integrate actuation and multiple sensing modes. Theoretical models predict significant limitations for the mechanical energy produced due to molecular interactions of conventional MCs with the environment. In order to overcome these limitations, we focus on cantilever designs and technologies of nanostructured coatings that are more compatible with fluidic MEMS and provide highly efficient molecular-driven actuation as well as additional modes of selectivity. In particular, co-evaporated Au:Ag films were used to prepare nanostructured interfaces that strongly enhance both chemi-mechanical transduction and Raman scattering. Acquisition of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals generated on the cantilevers with nanostructured gold coatings provided highly specific molecular information. Additionally, highly efficient, environmentally-responsive sensor-actuator hybrids were created using MCs made of epoxy based photoresist SU-8 that were modified with hydrogel. Immobilization of colloidal silver particles in the acrylate based hydrogels provides multi-modal functionality for these MCs. Using several alternative technologies, we have created MC transducers that exhibit micrometer scale deflections in response to changes in molecular microenvironment and provide vibrational signatures of constituents in that environment. It is anticipated that these molecular-actuated MC transducers will constitute a novel platform for future biomedical devices.
THE PERIODONTAL VASCULATURE AND ITS RESPONSES TO EXPERIMENTAL PRESSURES.

Periodontal vasculature seems linked to the bone absorption-bone disposition process involved in tooth movement.
A batch fabricated capacitive pressure sensor with an integrated Guyton capsule for interstitial fluid pressure measurement

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication and test of a batch fabricated capacitive pressure sensor with an integrated Guyton capsule for interstitial fluid pressure measurement. The sensor is composed of 12 µm thick single crystalline silicon membrane and a 3 µm gap, hermetically sealed through silicon–glass anodic bonding. A novel batch scale method for creating electrical feed-throughs inside the sealed capacitor chamber is developed. The Guyton capsule consists of an array of 10 µm diameter access holes etched onto a silicon back-plate separated from the silicon sensing membrane by a gap of 5 µm. The presence of the Guyton capsule (i.e. plates with access holes plus the gap separating them from the sensing membrane) allows for the ingress of interstitial fluid inside the 5 µm gap following the implantation, thus, providing an accurate measurement of interstitial fluid pressure. The fabricated sensor is 3 × 2 × 0.42 mm3 in dimensions and has a maximum sensitivity of 10 fF mmHg−1.
Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion and its Metabolites in Cigarette Smokers versus Nonsmokers

Bupropion is an antidepressant agent that is also effective as an aid to quit cigarette smoking. A single 150-mg tablet of sustained-release bupropion hydrochloride was administered to two groups of volunteers, cigarette smokers and nonsmokers, who were matched for race, gender, body frame, age, and weight. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for bupropion, and three major metabolites (hydroxybupropion and the aminoalcohol isomers, threohydrobupropion and erythrohydrobupropion, expressed as a composite total). Mean (+/-SD) values of area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-infinity), maximum concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (tmax), and half-life (t1/2) of bupropion in smokers and nonsmokers, respectively, were 1,164 +/- 220 ng.hr/mL and 1,161 +/- 292 ng.hr/mL; 144 +/- 28 ng/mL and 143 +/- 39 ng/mL; 3.00 +/- 0.50 hours and 2.88 +/- 0.49 hours; and 19 +/- 5 hours and 18 +/- 3 hours. No clinically significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers or between male and female volunteers were observed for the pharmacokinetics of bupropion or its metabolites. The absence of pharmacokinetic differences indicates that dosage adjustments are not necessary when bupropion is prescribed to male and female cigarette smokers.
Growth of grain-oriented tungsten bronze SBN films on Si

Abstract This paper reports preliminary results on the growth of grain-oriented tungsten bronze Ce-doped Sr 1−x Ba x Nb 2 O 6 (SBN) thin films on (100)-oriented Si substrates. Grain orientation was maintained in these films up to 4 μm thickness using high oxygen pressure annealing up to 700°C. The films are smooth and have excellent surface quality. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant indicates the phase transition is near 30°C, with a dielectric constant of 1400 at room temperature. The spontaneous polarization for these films is 1.3 μcoul/cm 2 at room temperature and 6.5 μcoul/cm 2 at −125°C.
Social control of air ventilation in colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera

Abstract Fanning behaviour inside the nest of honey bees is an effective mechanism of ventilation. The following results are reported: (1) With only a single small entrance, the fanning is controlled so as to induce tidal ventilation of the nest as in a typical breathing pattern. (2) Periodic active fanning moves an air current out followed by a passive influx of air. (3) Fanning bees show negative phototaxis. (4) The colonial respiratory activity decreases at night following a pronounced day-night cycle.
Methanol tolerances and the effects of methanol on longevity and oviposition behaviour in Drosophila pachea

. Tests on two laboratory strains of Drosophila pachea (Patterson & Wheeler) showed that adults can tolerate concentrations up to 1% methanol vapour in air. Greater concentrations resulted in markedly decreased longevity. When exposed to low concentrations of methanol (0.25% and 0.5%), adults showed increased longevity, however. The populations showed no variability for the ten enzyme systems that were examined. Females retained mature ovarioles at all concentrations of methanol except 4% and 8%, and showed a preference to oviposit on media containing 0% and 0.5% methanol.
Material perturbations to enhance performance of the Thiele half-width antenna

Microstrip antennas have been shown to radiate when the dominant or fundamental mode is suppressed and the first higher order mode is excited. One such microstrip variation is the Thiele half-width (THW) antenna, which operates from 5.9 - 8.2 GHz in this paper. Increasing the bandwidth over which the THW antenna operates is desired, as is an increase in the leakage constant, /spl alpha/, over this region. A larger /spl alpha/ over the leaky region allows for the antenna to be shorter in length. This work seeks to vary the material and physical properties of the THW antenna, including strip-width variations, modification of the substrate layer and the addition of a superstate, to achieve these results.
Rural Policy in the New Century

This article outlines the evolution of U.S. rural policy and identifies some likely policy gaps if current trends continue. During the 1930s, the New Deal stabilized agricultural prices and provide...
Is low-spin Fe2+ present in Earth's mantle?

Abstract Recently, X-ray spectroscopy indicated that the low-spin (LS) electronic configuration of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions substituting in silicate perovskite of various compositions, and also in magnesiowustite is stable at room temperature above pressures of ∼49 to 120 GPa [J. Badro, G. Fiquet, F. Guyot, J.-P. Rueff, V.V. Struzhkin, G. Vanko, G. Monaco, Iron partitioning in Earth's mantle: toward a deep lower mantle discontinuity, Science 300 (2003), 789–791.; J. Badro, J.-P. Rueff, G. Vanko, G. Monaco, G. Figuet, F. Guyot, Electronic transition in perovskite: possible non-convecting layers in the lower mantle, Science 305 (2004) 383–386.; J. Li, V.V. Struzhkin, H.K. Mao, J. Shu, R.J. Hemley, Y. Fei, B. Mysen, P. Dera, V. Prakapenka, G. Shen, Electronic spin state of iron in lower mantle perovskite, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101 (2004) 14027–14030.; J.M. Jackson, W. Sturhahn, G. Shen, J. Zhao, M.Y. Hu, D. Errandonea, J.D. Bass, Y. Fei, A synchrotron Mossbauer study of (Mg,Fe)SiO 3 perovskite up to 120 GPa, Am. Mineral. 90 (2005) 199–205.; J.F. Lin, V.V. Struzhkin, S.D. Jacobsen, M.Y. Hu, P. Chow, J. Kung, H. Liu, H.K. Mao, R.J. Hemley, Spin transition of iron in magnesiowustite in the Earth's lower mantle, Nature 436 (2005) 377–380.]. Simple thermodynamic relationships combined with crystal field theory provide a minimum Clausius–Clapeyron slope of ∼0.23 to 0.4 GPa/K for the high-spin (HS) to low-spin transition of Fe ions in perovskite, consistent with lower mantle temperatures stabilizing the disordered HS state. This computation of ∂ P / ∂ T utilizes experimentally determined parameters only ( P and T at the transition), and is supported by microstructural analysis of the change in volume and entropy considerations. Similarly, (∂ P / ∂ T ) min ∼0.18 to 0.31 GPa/K for magnesiowustite. High spin Fe 2+ should be stable in silicates throughout Earth's mantle for compositions of Fe / (Mg + Fe) ∼0.1, consistent with disorder prevailing at high temperature, although partial conversion of octahedral Fe 3+ to LS may occur. Similarly, partial conversion of octahedral Fe 2+ in magnesiowustite to the LS is possible for Fe-rich compositions, which transform at relatively low pressures.
Évaluation du potentiel allergène des aliments dérivés de plantes génétiquement modifiées

Resume L'evaluation de la securite des produits alimentaires issus de plantes genetiquement modifiees exige une approche multidisciplinaire melant des donnees biochimiques, nutritionnelles, toxicologiques et immunologiques. Le principe fondamental de cette evaluation repose sur l'equivalence en substance, c'est-a-dire une evaluation comparative. Concernant l'allergie, il est essentiel d'evaluer la proteine nouvellement exprimee ainsi que, lorsque cela est necessaire, les changements potentiels en allergenes endogenes. L'incidence d'allergies alimentaires semble etre en hausse, particulierement dans les pays developpes. Aucun remede n'etant disponible pour les consommateurs sensibles, la gestion de la maladie ne peut se faire que par evitement des substances concernees. De facon semblable, l'evaluation du potentiel allergene se fonde sur une strategie visant a reduire au maximum la probabilite de transferer des allergenes d'une source d'alimentation a une autre. Une stricte application de ses regles d'evaluation doit permettre de limiter au maximum les consequences du genie genetique applique aux plantes sur la frequence et l'occurrence des allergies alimentaires. Les aspects essentiels de l'evaluation du potentiel allergene des aliments derives de plantes genetiquement modifiees sont discutes dans cet article.
Detection of lateral composition modulation in an (InAs)n/(GaAs)n short-period superlattice on InP by magnetoexciton spectroscopy

An experimental signature for detecting spontaneous lateral composition modulation in a (InAs){sub n}/(GaAs){sub n} short period superlattice on a InP substrate based on magnetoexciton spectroscopy is presented. The authors find by aligning the magnetic field in three crystallographic directions, one parallel to and the other two perpendicular to the composition modulation direction, that the magnetoexciton shifts are anisotropic and are a good indicator for the presence of composition modulation.
The Impact of Abstinence Education: What Does the Research Say?.

Abstract There has long been controversy in this country about the implementation of school-based sexuality education. In recent years, however, the controversy has centered on abstinence education. Critics of abstinence education programs seem to have three major concerns relative to abstinence education programming: (1) promotion of religion; (2) provision of inaccurate information; and (3) ineffective programming. The focus of this article is on the charge that abstinence education programs are ineffective in reducing risky sexual behavior among teens. Since the federal government is spending hundreds of millions of dollars on programs that must meet the a-h definition of abstinence education this is an important public policy issue. This article includes a review of published evaluations of abstinence education programs (limited to evaluations that addressed behavioral outcomes), commentary on aspects of Doug Kirby's analysis of the effectiveness of abstinence programs, as well as commentary on Robert...
Excited configurations of local moments

Abstract The susceptibilities of 3d impurities in various metallic solvents are reported. These and other data are interpreted using a simple model in which spin fluctuation in the impurity cell are represented by excited impurity pseudoatom configuration.
A Technique for Selecting Online Advertisements using Mailbox Calendar Invites

This work presents a technique that you can use to serve highly relevant and personalized advertisements to users. The technique performs ad selection based on multiple criteria obtained from the data in a user's electronic mailbox (for example, meeting invites) in real time. The mailbox data is analyzed to identify the goals of a meeting, participants, nature of meetings, contents, and timings of meetings, etc. The derived data is then used to select the advertisement content most appropriate to the meeting originator, meeting participants, meeting schedules, etc. Identified advertisements are then delivered to target users on all available channels, such as web browsers, mailboxes, online games, and media players.
The body's response to deliberate implants : Phagocytic cell responses to large substrata Vs. small particles

Abstract It is important to characterize possible inflammatory responses to small particles, and to separate clearly these effects from responses to larger objects nearby. This research used a chemiluminescent assay, scanning electron micrographs, and energy dispersive X-ray spectra to monitor inflammation-related reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production and morphological alterations of human monocyte-derived macrophages interacting with the walls of apolar and polar polystyrene cuvettes, in the absence and presence of small particles of surface-characterized Teflon™, polyethylene, Co-Cr-Mo alloy, titanium and alumina. The two types of polystyrene substrata represent the “bacterial” (as produced) and “tissue culture” (gas-plasma-treated [GPT]) materials widely used in biological testing and tissue culture. Monocyte-derived macrophage spreading during contact with the higher-surface-energy, more polar substratum suppressed “oxidative bursts” to lower levels than expressed from rounded cells in contact...
Jesus and the Demons: Portraits of the spiritual Seeing in Mark’s Gospel. Origen, Bonaventure and Ignatius as hermeneutic reading key of the Gospel

Abstract: In Mark’s narrative, it is possible to identify three important verbs that signify visual perception: Horaō, Blepō, and Theōreō with their respective nuances. In addition to their lexicographic definitions, they acquire a very unique semantic dimension depending on their subject, object, and narrative context. These syntactic and narrative determinations of the analysis applied to selected texts allow the reader to discover a meta-physical portrait of seeing in Jesus and the demons. This means that their seeing goes beyond the physical limits of the corporeal perception, being able to perceive the supernatural dimension immersed in the circumstantial events. This reading founds its hermeneutic ground in the notion of the soul’ senses developed by Origen which found later on its development in the theological thoughts of Bonaventure, and its practical and spiritual application in Ignatius of Loyola’s spiritual exercise. This hermeneutic key applied to the Markan pericopes through the narrative and semantic approach helps the reader to discover the spiritual dimension of the perception of Jesus and the demons, and their semantic implications in the kerygmatic narrative addressed to the community implied as the receptor of the markan message. Keywords: Horaō, Blepō, Theōreō, to see, to observe, to contemplate, Jesus, Demons, physical, meta-physical. Resumen: En la narrativa del evangelio de Marcos es posible identificar tres verbos fundamentales que significan percepcion visual: Horaō, Blepō y Theōreō. Estos engloban diversos niveles de significacion que necesitan la ayuda del lexico especializado; pero esto no es suficiente para establecer otras dimensiones semanticas que se adquieren dependiendo del sujeto, objeto y contextos en los cuales los vocablos son empleados. El lector puede descubrir a traves del uso del vocabulario y del metodo semantico-narrativo la dimension del «ver» espiritual como uno de los sentidos del alma especialmente caracterizado en el evangelio de Marcos. Este tipo de lectura ya encuentra su fundamento hermeneutico en los escritos de Origenes que tratan sobre los sentidos espirituales del alma que permiten la percepcion de la accion divina escondida en la humanidad contingente. Tal nocion es desarrollada de manera mas sistematica en las reflexiones teologicas de Buenaventura, que luego se manifestaran en manera practica a nivel espiritual en Ignacio de Loyola. Este fundamento hermeneutico puede ser aplicado a los episodios de Marcos, ayudando al lector a percibir que los retratos narrativos del «ver» de Jesus y los demonios adquiere una dimension metafisica, ya que ellos perciben la realidad divina-espiritual escondida en la apariencia circunstancial que escapa a la vision fisica. Palabras clave: Horaō, Blepō, Theōreō, ver, observar, contemplar, Jesus, demonios, fisico, metafisico.
Heading and Speed Errors for x, y Tracking Filters

Heading and speed errors are analytically determined for noneumavering targets at the output of an x, y tracking filter which processes range and bearing measurements from a radar sensor in a track-while-scan (TWS) operation. These errors are shown to depend upon target range and speed, the angle between the radius and velocity vectors, sensor accuracies, and tracking filter parameters. eters. Depending upon the tracking filter implementation, these errors may also be a function of target bearing.
X-ray-diffraction study of sulfur to 32 GPa: Amorphization at 25 GPa.

The orthorhombic form of sulfur (${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$) has been studied in a diamond anvil cell to 32 GPa at room temperature by energy-dispersive x-ray-diffraction techniques using a synchrotron source. An orthorhombic-to-monoclinic phase transition was observed at about 5 GPa. The monoclinic phase could be followed until 24 GPa. Our previous optical results indicated a phase transition around this pressure. The diffraction patterns above 25 GPa showed the characteristics of an amorphous phase. This crystalline-amorphous phase change was found to be reversible with hysteresis upon decreasing pressure. The mechanism of this pressure-induced amorphization of sulfur is proposed. The equation of state was determined to 24 GPa.
Briefly Noted: The Presence of the Past as Alienation: Neo Rauch at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

(2008). Briefly Noted: The Presence of the Past as Alienation: Neo Rauch at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 56-59.
Opossum adrenal medulla: II. Differentiation of the chromaffin cell

The ultrastructure of the opossum adrenal medulla was examined in its postnatal development. Maturation of chromaffin cells and genesis of chromaffin vesicles were of particular interest. The primitive sympathetic cell was seen to contain few organelles with no apparent polarity. Initial pheochro-moblasts contained more organelles with some polarity. Endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex increased as the pheochromoblasts matured, which suggested increased synthetic activity. Structures resembling Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum/lysosome (GERL) systems were seen in the pheochromoblasts. It is suggested that some of the components of the chromaffin vesicle may be processed by the GERL while others come directly through the Golgi complex. It is stressed that the developing pheochromoblast in the opossum presents an interesting model in which to study the genesis of the chromaffin vesicle.
Parasites, diseases, and health status of sympatric populations of sika deer and white-tailed deer in Maryland and Virginia.

In July 1981, investigations on parasites, diseases, and herd health status were conducted on sympatric populations of sika deer (Cervus nippon) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge (Maryland) and Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge (Virginia) on the Delmarva Peninsula. Five adult deer of each species were collected from each location and subjected to thorough necropsy examinations and laboratory tests. White-tailed deer at both locations harbored protozoan, helminth, and arthropod parasites typically associated with this species throughout the southeastern United States. In contrast, sika deer at both locations harbored only light burdens of ticks, chiggers, and sarcocysts. Serologic tests for antibodies to seven infectious disease agents revealed evidence of exposure to bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and parainfluenza3 virus in white-tailed deer, but only BVD virus in sika deer. At both locations the genera...