cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring mathematics identity: an intervention of early childhood preservice teachers

ABSTRACTEarly childhood and elementary preservice teachers often fear mathematics, find it irrelevant, have mathematics anxiety, hold negative self-perceptions, and have low mathematics achievement...
From “A Foot in the Kitchen” to “A Foot in the Door”: the PEC das Domésticas in Brazil and its Opportunities and Challenges

This work evaluates the PEC das Domesticas of 2013 and the history leading up to its passage. The paper examines the political discourse surrounding the constitutional amendment (PEC), both within Brasilia and in the national dialogue. The passage of the PEC is contextualized using a review of relevant academic literature on the topic of domestic work, its history, and its socioeconomic importance in Brazil, combined with a cursory political history of Brazil. It identifies key actors (namely Benedita da Silva) and institutional supporters (the International Labor Organization) in the advocacy and discourse surrounding the PEC, which illustrates the PEC’s importance as symbolic politics that characterized a critical juncture in Brazil’s economy and national imaginary. Lastly, the work evaluates the passage of the PEC in terms of its actual enforcement in the current economic context and of its relation to prior milestones and ambitions of the domestic worker’s movement.
IoT-Enabled Living Digital Twin Modeling

A digital twin is the virtual replica of a physical system. Digital twins are useful because they provide models and data for design, production, operation, diagnostics, and prognostics of machines and products. Traditionally, building a digital twin requires many built-in sensors to monitor various physical phenomena associated with cyber-physical systems such as vibration, energy consumption, etc. However, many legacy manufacturing systems do not have multi-physics sensors built-in by default. Moreover, it might not be feasible to intrusively place sensors in these systems after they are manufactured. To bring the advantages of digitalization to legacy manufacturing systems, in this chapter, we present an Internet-of-Things (IoT) based methodology to build digital twins using an indirect medium such as side-channels, which can localize anomalous faults and infer the quality of the products being manufactured while keeping itself up-to-date. We achieve this by exploring and utilizing the side-channels (emissions such as acoustics, power, magnetic, etc.) of the system that unintentionally reveal the cyber and physical state of the system.
Assessing adolescent tobacco use in a substance use treatment program with self-report and biological measures.

Abstract Tobacco use in adolescents can alter their lifetime health outcomes. Despite the importance of early identification and treatment, adolescent tobacco use, including that of electronic vapor products (e.g., e-cigarettes), is often missed. In a state-funded substance use treatment program, we added biological measures, including urinary cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide to self-report measures to assess recent and lifetime tobacco use. We conducted a retrospective review of the de-identified charts to examine the feasibility of screening for self-report and biological measures of tobacco use. Self-report, urinary cotinine, and exhaled carbon monoxide samples were obtained at every visit, including intake and follow-up. There were 52 adolescents with a total of 400 clinic visits to the program. Of those 400 visits, 258 included self-reported tobacco use and 142 included a denial of using any form of tobacco. However, of those 142 visits with a negative self-report of tobacco, 31 tested positive for cotinine and 6 had positive exhaled carbon monoxide. Although 111 of the 142 had negative cotinine, 5 had positive carbon monoxide, but all of those self-reported recent cannabis use. Despite using a sensitive measure of self-report of tobacco use, almost 22% of visits had a discordant self-report with a biological measure that indicated tobacco use. Considering the lifelong impact of adolescent tobacco use, clinicians should consider augmenting self-report with biological measures of tobacco use. Identification of tobacco use in adolescents with substance use can assist clinicians in providing education about tobacco use, such as electronic vapor products, and individualizing treatments.
The Design and Regular Use of Integrated Problems within a General Chemistry II Course

In an effort to increase student comprehension and retention of basic chemistry concepts within a college level general chemistry course, a series of activities were created. These activities are r...
Fertility Technology Research and the Use of Human Beings as Property

In January 2020, an article in the Journal of Human Reproduction exploring whether human embryos could be obtained via uterine lavage and to compare their quality to embryos created via in vitro fe...
Do hepatic artery infusion pumps cause recurrent pleural effusions

Hepatic artery infusion pump chemotherapy (HAIPC) for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is a new technique in the treatment of CRLM, whose side effects are not well studied. Case Report: This paper aims to understand the side effect profile of HAIPC as it relates to recurrent pleural effusions. This is a case report of a 48-year-old male with CRLM being treated with HAIPC, who presents with recurrent pleural effusions found to be benign/transudative after right-side video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Discussion: This study suggests that HAIPC causes recurrent sympathetic pleural effusions as a side effect of the perihepatic inflammation of the localized chemotherapy treatment. Furthermore, we question if sympathetic pleural effusions are a prelude to hepatic toxicity from HAIPC. Lastly, this paper aims to guide the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions in the cancer patient being treated with HAIPC.
Current issues in venous thromboembolism.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most prevalent acute cardiovascular syndrome, behind myocardial infarction and stroke, and is associated with a significant disease burden [1]. Approximate...
Dorsal Pedal Arterial Lines

The radial artery is the most commonly used site for arterial lines, but sometimes the upper extremities are unavailable due to positioning or trauma. Rather than move to the femoral artery which would mean puncturing a much larger vessel, the provider may consider placing a dorsalis pedis arterial line in the foot instead. Dorsalis pedis arterial lines may be challenging to place. While the vessel is relatively superficial and often easy to palpate, it may be so superficial and at such an angle that it is hard to thread a guidewire or catheter. Dorsalis pedis arterial lines are an important procedure to learn. This chapter reviews how to identify, access, and cannulate the dorsal pedal artery using anatomic landmarks and palpation.
Discovering Maximal Potentially Useful Association Rules Based on Probability Logic

Apriori-like algorithms are widely used for mining support-based association rules. In such applications, the underlying assumption is that rules of frequent itemsets are useful or interesting to the users. However, in many applications, infrequent events may be of interest or frequency of events may have no relationship to their interestingness to the user. Apriori-like algorithms do not present efficient methods for discovering interesting infrequent itemsets. In this paper, We present a new model of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) based on probability logic and develop a new notion of Maximal Potentially Use Ful (MaxPUF) patterns, leading to a new class of association rules called maximal potentially useful (MaxPUF) association rules, which is a set of high-confidence rules that are most informational and potentially useful. MaxPUF association rules are defined independent of support constraint, and therefore are suitable for applications in which both frequent and infrequent itemsets maybe of interest. We develop an efficient algorithm to discover MaxPUF association rules. The efficiency and effectiveness of our approach is validated by experimemts based on weather data collected at the Clay Center, Nebraska, USA from 1959 to 1999.
Brain pH and Alzheimer’s pathology

192 Objectives To examine the role that brain pH plays as a mechanistic link underlying the development of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) by characterizing the cerebral microenvironment with imaging measures sensitive to pH and cellular metabolism (e.g., glucose, lactate) across the spectrum of cognitive function and amyloid burden. Methods Participants, across the spectrum of cognitive function from healthy control to mild AD, underwent [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging for characterization of glucose metabolism, [11C]PIB (PIB) for assessment of amyloid burden and T1-weighted, T2-weighted, T1rho (spin lattice relaxation in the rotating frame) MR imaging for structural and pH-related measures. Recent work by Magnotta, et al. evaluated the use of T1rho MRI to examine brain pH (higher T1rho=lower pH=more acidic). Cognitive status was determined by neuropsychological testing. Results Participants (N=10, 6F,4M, age 55-90 yrs, 4 HC, 4 eMCI, 1 lMCI, 1 AD) were studied. Globally, the T1rho signal was negatively correlated with the FDG-based measure of glucose metabolism (r=-0.69, p=0.03 uncorrected), positively correlated with the amyloid burden (cortical retention ratio) (r=0.79, p Conclusions In older participants, higher T1rho signals (pH sensitive measure) in the brain were associated with lower glucose metabolism, higher amyloid burden and poorer cognitive performance. Research Support Biological Sciences Funding Program (BSFP), Office of Vice President for Research, University of Iowa
Effects of thermal annealing on Ga/sub 0.3/In/sub 0.7/N/sub x/As/sub 1-x/ QDs grown on GaAs [001]

Effects of thermal annealing on Ga/sub 0.3/In/sub 0.7/N/sub x/As/sub 1-x/ quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs [001] have been investigated. The improvement of the optical properties of Ga/sub 0.3/In/sub 0.7/N/sub x/As/sub 1-x/ QDs is observed as a result of rapid thermal annealing or in situ annealing. In general, increasing annealing time or temperature improves the photoluminescence (PL) intensity but results in a blue shift of the peak due to interdiffusion of Ga and In. However, when the annealing time is short and annealing temperature is low enough to prevent the interdiffusion, the PL intensity can be increased without a blue shift of the peak. The improvement of the PL intensity of Ga/sub 0.3/In/sub 0.7/N/sub x/As/sub 1-x/ QDs is much more than that of GaInAs QDs, because the N-containing sample has many more non-radiative recombination centers such as point defects, which can be reduced by thermal annealing.
A Case of BK Nephropathy without Detectable Viremia or Viruria.

Patient: Male, 49 Final Diagnosis: BK nephropathy without detectable viremia or viruria Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Kidney biopsy Specialty: Nephrology Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: BK nephropathy is an evolving challenge among kidney transplant recipients. Diagnosis of BK nephropathy depends on the presence of BK viral inclusions on renal biopsy. Most cases of BK nephropathy are preceded by BK viremia or viruria. Case Report: We report a case of BK nephropathy found on protocol renal transplant biopsy without associated BK viremia or viruria. Conclusions: BK nephropathy may occur even in the absence of BK viremia or viruria. Protocol biopsy is a useful tool to detect these cases.
3-D reconstruction and visualization of a rat brain

The department of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Rhode Island is in the process of conducting experiments on the effect of lead poisoning on neural development, using rats as specimen. The degree of neural development can be deduced by observation of images of histological slices of the brain (after the animal has been killed). The objective of this project is to compute 3D reconstruction of a rat's brain from a stack of images of histological slices of that brain, and to allow the researchers to visualize that brain under different viewpoints.
Reduced-Order Adaptive Controllers for Fluid Flows Using POD

This article presents a reduced-order adaptive controller design for fluid flows. Frequently, reduced-order models are derived from low-order bases computed by applying proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) on an a priori ensemble of data of the Navier–Stokes model. This reduced-order model is then used to derive a reduced-order controller. The approach discussed here differ from these approaches. It uses an adaptive procedure that improves the reduced-order model by successively updating the ensemble of data. The idea is to begin with an ensemble to form a reduced-order control problem. The resulting control is then applied back to the Navier–Stokes model to generate a new ensemble. This new ensemble then replaces the previous ensemble to derive a new reduced-order model. This iteration is repeated until convergence is achieved. The adaptive reduced-order controllers effectiveness in flow control applications is shown on a recirculation control problem in channel flow using blowing (actuation) on the boundary. Optimal placement for actuators is explored. Numerical implementations and results are provided illustrating the various issues discussed.
Symmetric double quantum well dynamics in a parallel magnetic field

We obtain an exact closed form analytic solution for the Green's function describing the dynamics of electrons in a symmetric narrow double quantum well system in a parallel magnetic field. The Landau quantized electrons are in skipping states of motion between the walls of the individual quantum wells with in-plane translation parallel to the well walls and tunneling between the wells, coupled with the zero-field lowest subband energy states of the double well system.
p-Gerbes and Extended Objects in String Theory

p-Gerbes are a generalization of bundles that have (p+2)-form field strengths. We develop their properties and use them to show that every theory of p-gerbes can be reinterpreted as a gauge theory containing p-dimensional extended objects. In particular, we show that every closed (p + 2)-form with integer cohomology is the field strength for a gerbe, and that every p-gerbe is equivalent to a bundle with connection on the space of p-dimensional submanifolds of the original space. We also show that p-gerbes are equivalent to sheaves of (p −1)gerbes, and use this to define a K-theory of gerbes. This K-theory classifies the charges of (p+ 1)-form connections in the same way that bundle K-theory classifies 1-form connections.
Advanced graphics processor

This paper describes cockpit display processor research and development being conducted at the Wright Laboratory. The objective is a compact, high performance, cockpit avionic display generator. The resulting system will generate 1.5 million triangles per second and manipulate high resolution video. The design is based on a pipeline of custom VLSI geometry processors and smart memory. The application of this advanced system is to enhance the situational awareness of pilots flying tactical fighters. However, the WL graphics processor design will be available to the tri-services and NASA. >
Avoiding Absurdity? A New Canon in Regulatory law (with notes on interpretive theory)

Courts have recently developed a new principle of interpretation: Administrative agencies are not bound by the literal language of regulatory statutes, if they are attempting to ensure against absurd or patently unreasonable outcomes. This principle is an effort to allow agencies to overcome the occasionally pathological rigidity of regulatory statutes, at least when those statutes must be applied in circumstances that Congress could not possibly anticipate. The new principle deserves widespread approval. After all, courts have long refused to interpret statutes literally in cases of absurdity. While it is possible to question the extent to which courts should feel free to inquire into the absurdity of an application of a statutory text, agencies have strong advantages over courts, because they are in a better position to know whether literalism, or departures from literalism, will improve the regulatory system. These points are connected with a more general one: Theories of interpretation should focus less on abstractions about democracy and legitimacy, and more on institutional capacities and concrete consequences. An appreciation of this suggestion fits well with courts' emerging enthusiasm for allowing agencies to interpret statutes more flexibly than courts do.
THE EXPERIMENTAL USES OF THE SULFONAMIDES AND OTHER DRUGS IN ACUTE PURULENT ARTHRITIS

In view of what is known to date of the action of the sulfonamide drugs, the inhibiting effect of purulent material, and of the bacteriostatic rather than the bactericidal properties against staphylococcus, the authors believe they are justified in drawing the following conclusions: 1. In cases of marked infection, the sulfonamide drugs and other therapeutic agents cannot alone be expected to control the infection. 2. Surgical procedures are as necessary today as before. The drugs are extremely valuable as adjuncts, but the authors can find no good evidence to support any contention that they can be expected to control bone and joint infections.
Enhancement of Low-Cycle Fatigue Performance From Tailored Microstructures Enabled by Electron Beam Melting Additive Manufacturing Technology

Electron beam melting (EBM) additive manufacturing (AM) technology has allowed the layerwise fabrication of parts from metal powder precursor materials that are selectively melted using an electron beam. An advantage of EBM technology over conventional manufacturing processes has been the capability to change processing variables (e.g., beam current, beam speed, and beam focus) throughout part fabrication, enabling the processing of a wide variety of materials. In this research, additional scans were implemented in an attempt to promote grain coarsening through the added thermal energy. It is hypothesized that the additional energy caused coarsening of Ti-6Al-4V microstructure that has been shown to increase mechanical properties of as-fabricated parts as well as improve surface characteristics (e.g., reduced porosity). Fatigue testing was performed on an L-bracket using a loading configuration designed to cause failure at the corner (i.e., intersection of the two members) of the bracket. Results showed 22% fatigue life improvement from L-brackets with as-fabricated conditions to L-brackets with a graded microstructure resulting from the selective addition of thermal energy in the expected failure region. Three L-brackets were fabricated and exposed to a triple melt cycle (compared to the standard single melt cycle) during fabrication, machined to specific dimensions, and tested. Results for fatigue performance were within ∼1% of wrought L-brackets. The work from this research shows that new design procedures can be implemented for AM technologies that involve evaluation of stress concentration sites using finite element analysis and implementation of scanning strategies during fabrication that help improve performance by spatially adjusting thermal energy at potential failure sites or high stress regions.
Demographics and prevalence of positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test in renal transplant candidates.

BACKGROUND Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening prior to solid organ transplantation is standard of care. QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test is the preferred diagnostic test for renal transplant candidates (RTC). QFT-GIT reversions and the potential delay of living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) because of QFT-GIT positivity have not been examined previously in RTC. METHODS We evaluated the prevalence of positive QFT-GIT in RTC from January 1 through December 31, 2011. In addition, we examined the demographic and renal disease data differences between QFT-GIT-positive and -negative patients, changes in QFT-GIT results, and positive QFT-GIT results reverting to negative. Lastly, we evaluated if QFT-GIT-positive patients were less likely to undergo LDKT within 6 months of QFT-GIT testing. RESULTS In total, 722 RTC were analyzed, 16% of whom had positive QFT-GIT. The QFT-GIT-positive patients were more likely to be older and foreign-born, P < 0.0001. Haitians had the highest prevalence. Of the 119 QFT-GIT-positive patients, 25% had low/intermediate-positive results and were more likely to revert to negative, compared with patients with high-positive QFT-GIT results (50% vs. 0%, P = 0.01). A trend was seen toward fewer QFT-GIT-positive patients undergoing LDKT, compared with QFT-GIT-negative patients (0% vs. 3%, P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS Our high prevalence was likely a result of the high number of foreign-born RTC. Half of our small subset of low/intermediate-positive QFT-GIT patients reverted to negative. QFT-GIT-positive patients were more likely to have their LDKT delayed.
Simultaneity in the Scientific Enterprise

Abstract In this article, we explore the concept of simultaneity in the scientific enterprise, defined herein as the near-coincident discovery of significant advances in the development of our scientific understanding of the world. We do this by examining two case studies of such coincident or near-coincident discoveries: the development of the so-called Lorentz transformation by H.A. Lorentz (1904) and A. Einstein (1905); and the Aharonov-Bohm effect discovered independently in chronological order by Franz(1939), Ehrenberg and Siday (1949) and Aharonov and Bohm (1959). It is now generally acknowledged that the Lorentz transformations were independently developed by both Lorentz and Einstein as they worked on different approaches to solve a similar problem – i.e., the preservation of the form of Maxwell’s equations in coordinate systems moving relative to one another, while the relationship between the Ehrenberg-Siday and Aharonov-Bohm works is still controversial. In our view, these independent discoveries allow some speculation about the nature of human discovery and understanding of scientific truths as they progress through time. Key words: Gauge field theory; Quantum electrodynamics; Aharonov-Bohm effect; Sociology of knowledge; Multiple scientific discoveries
(±)-cis-2-Methyl-4-oxo­cyclo­hexane­carboxyl­ic acid: catemeric hydrogen bonding in a δ-keto acid derived from Hagemann's ester

The title compound, C(8)H(12)O(3), crystallizes as acid-to-ketone hydrogen-bonding catemers, in which hydrogen bonds progress from the carboxyl group of each molecule to the ketone group of a translationally related neighbor [O.O = 2.738 (3) A and O-H.O = 153 (4) degrees ]. Four separate hydrogen-bonding chains proceed through the cell in centrosymmetrically related pairs along axes lying in the ab plane. Three intermolecular C-H.O close contacts exist involving both carboxyl O atoms. Factors contributing to the choice of hydrogen-bonding mode are discussed.
Radiative recombination from GaAs directly excited by electron beams

Abstract The salient features of radiative recombination near the band edge in GaAs are determined by electron beam excitation of donor and acceptor doped crystals ranging in impurity content from 10 16 to 10 20 /cm 3 . The results indicate a strong influence of impurities and allow a consistent interpretation of recombination mechanism over the whole impurity range. At optimum doping (2 × 10 18 to 10 19 /cm 3 ) p-type GaAs at 77°K should exhibit laser action under high intensity electron bombardment.
A Multiscale Approach to Blast Neurotrauma Modeling: Part I – Development of Novel Test Devices for in vivo and in vitro Blast Injury Models

The loading conditions used in some current in vivo and in vitro blast-induced neurotrauma models may not be representative of real-world blast conditions. To address these limitations, we developed a compressed-gas driven shock tube with different driven lengths that can generate Friedlander-type blasts. The shock tube can generate overpressures up to 650 kPa with durations between 0.3 and 1.1 ms using compressed helium driver gas, and peak overpressures up to 450 kPa with durations between 0.6 and 3 ms using compressed nitrogen. This device is used for short duration blast overpressure loading for small animal in vivo injury models, and contrasts the more frequently used long duration/high impulse blast overpressures in the literature. We also developed a new apparatus that is used with the shock tube to recreate the in vivo intracranial overpressure response for loading in vitro culture preparations. The receiver device surrounds the culture with materials of similar impedance to facilitate the propagation of a single overpressure pulse through the tissue. This method prevents pressure waves reflecting off the tissue that can cause unrealistic deformation and injury. The receiver performance was characterized using the longest helium-driven shock tube, and produced in-fluid overpressures up to 1500 kPa at the location where a culture would be placed. This response was well correlated with the overpressure conditions from the shock tube (R2 = 0.97). Finite element models of the shock tube and receiver were developed and validated to better elucidate the mechanics of this methodology. A demonstration exposing a culture to the loading conditions created by this system suggest tissue strains less than 5% for all pressure levels simulated, which was well below functional deficit thresholds for strain rates less than 50 s-1. This novel system is not limited to a specific type of culture model and can be modified to reproduce more complex pressure pulses.
Early age at first childbirth associated with advanced tumor grade in breast cancer.

Abstract Background : Many studies have investigated risk factors for developing breast cancer, but few have explored whether these risk factors are associated with the aggressiveness of the tumor. This case–case study examined the relationship between risk factors for breast cancer and the histological grade of the tumor at diagnosis, an important indicator of breast cancer aggressiveness. Methods : We interviewed 215 breast cancer patients and obtained information on their demographics, reproductive history and hormone use. Grade of tumor was obtained from a review of the patients' pathological reports. The relationships between tumor aggressiveness (classified by tumor grade) and risk factors of interest were analyzed using multi-variable logistic regression. Maximum likelihood estimates of the odds ratio were obtained and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results : In multivariable analyses we found that when comparing women who had their first child before age 20 with those who had their first child age 20 and older, women who had their first child before age 20 had approximately a 3.2 increased odds of having a higher-grade tumor (OR=3.20; 95% CI=1.20, 8.49). Long-term use of oral contraceptives, measured in years of oral contraceptive use, was also positively associated with a higher-grade tumor (OR=1.12; 95% CI=1.03–1.23). In addition we found that younger age at diagnosis was a strong predictor of a higher-grade tumor, with a 4% increased odds of having a higher-grade tumor for each year younger (OR=0.96; 95% CI=0.93–0.995). Conclusions : Early age at first birth, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and younger age at diagnosis were associated with advanced tumor grade.
Melanoma: Accuracy of clinical diagnosis

Clinical diagnosis of melanoma can be difficult. A review of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of melanoma, over a 12 month period, was undertaken at the Skin and Cancer Foundation Australia. The overall accuracy rate was 65.6% with seborrhoeic keratosis, melanocytic naevi and basal cell carcinoma the most common clinical misdiagnoses given to melanoma. Specialist doctors with more than 10 years experience had a higher rate of correct diagnosis than trainee doctors with 0-5 years experience.
Nonlinear Response of Highly Flexible Structures to Air Blast Loads: Application Shelters

The dynamic response of flexible membrane structures to blast loads is described, with application toward shelter systems. Shelters such as the Tent Extendable Modular Personnel tents fall into the category of highly flexible membrane structures due to their large deformation behavior. Material testing was conducted to determine the material properties of the liner and the canvas material. A finite element model for the shelter structure was developed, and the dynamic response to blast loading conditions was obtained. Transient analysis was performed based on an implicit approach in which the time integration was done using the Newmark method, and the Newton-Raphson method was used for the nonlinear analysis. Dynamic responses consisting of displacement time histories and dynamic stresses were computed for the membrane model. A parametric study was performed, and design recommendations are presented.
Quantum theory of spin waves in finite samples

We present the formalism for the quantum theory of spin waves in finite samples of arbitrary shape. The sample shape is assumed such that the magnetization per unit volume and the internal demagnetizing field are constant in direction and magnitude everywhere, though this restriction may be lifted. We proceed within the framework of continuum theory, with both dipolar interactions and exchange interactions between the spins included. We derive a prescription for normalizing the spin wave eigenfunctions, and also provide a representation of the operators associated with the transverse components of the magnetization density. Completeness relations, which form the basis of expansion of arbitrary functions in terms of spin wave eigenfunctions, are derived as well. The theory may be employed to describe the interaction of spin wave quanta with external probes and other phenomena where the quantum nature of spin waves enters. We use the formalism to obtain an expression for the spatial and temperature dependence of the magnetization within a ferromagnetic nanosphere, at low temperatures where spin wave theory is applicable. We explore this issue with an explicit calculation.
Reopening Filtration Fistulas with the Argon Laser

I used argon laser photocoagulation to reopen filtration fistulas in four cases in which the fistula had become occluded internally by a pigmented membrane. In each case the fistula had remained patent for an extended period before occlusion (range, several months to 25 years). The argon laser offers several advantages over conventional surgical methods of reopening the fistula. The patients need not be hospitalized and require no sedation or anesthesia, the risk of damaging the lens is minimized, and the treatment can be safely repeated. This technique was not successful when the fistula was occluded by nonpigmented tissue.
Computing and Fabricating Multiplanar Models

We present a method for converting computer 3D models into physical equivalents. More specifically, we address the problem of approximating a 3D textured mesh using a small number of planar polygonal primitives that form a closed surface. This simplified representation allows us to easily manufacture individual components using computer controlled cutters (e.g., laser cutters or CNC machines). These polygonal pieces can be assembled into the final 3D model using internal planar connectors that are manufactured simultaneously. Our shape approximation algorithm iteratively assigns mesh faces to planar segments and slowly deforms these faces towards corresponding segments. This approach ensures that the output for a given closed mesh is still a closed mesh and avoids introducing self-intersections. After this step we also compute the shape of polygonal connectors that internally hold the whole mesh surface. Both the polygonal surface elements and connectors can be manufactured in a single cutting pass. We validate the use of our method by computing and manufacturing a variety of textured polyhedral models.
Scanning photovoltage investigation of silicon- and GaAs-based MOS capacitors

Abstract The scanning photovoltage technique was used to image the semiconductor-oxide interface region of MOS capacitors based on silicon and on GaAs. The technique gives a “photovoltage image” of optically active defects at the interface. Various types of defects and gross imperfections were observed. For the case of the GaAs MOS capacitors we observed on lightly etched samples a high density of gross imperfections resulting from surface damage. Heavier etching was observed to eliminate this damage and the lower defect density can be correlated with improved device performance.
THE NONEQUIVALENCE OF BEHAVIORAL AND MATHEMATICAL EQUIVALENCE

Sidman and his colleagues derived behavioral tests for stimulus equivalence from the axiom in logic and mathematics that defines a relation of equivalence. The analogy has generated abundant research in which match-to-sample methods have been used almost exclusively to study interesting and complex stimulus control phenomena. It has also stimulated considerable discussion regarding interpretation of the analogy and speculation as to its validity and generality. This article reexamines the Sidman stimulus equivalence analogy in the context of a broader consideration of the mathematical axiom than was included in the original presentation of the analogy and some of the data that have accumulated in the interim. We propose that (a) mathematical and behavioral examples of equivalence relations differ substantially, (b) terminology is being used in ways that can lead to erroneous conclusions about the nature of the stimulus control that develops in stimulus equivalence experiments, and (c) complete analyses of equivalence and other types of stimulus-stimulus relations require more than a simple invocation of the analogy. Implications of our analysis for resolving current issues and prompting new research are discussed.
Student Preferences for Teacher and Computer Composition Marking

Abstract This study investigated student preferences for either teacher-written or computer-generated feedback on written compositions. Ninety-seven high school students typed assigned compositions on a word processor. Three skills preselected by the teacher were checked on each composition. Students were randomly assigned to treatments so that, on the first composition, one half were evaluated by the teacher and the other half by a computer grammar checking program. On the second assignment, the teacher/computer groups were switched to the opposite type of feedback. On a third assignment, students chose either teacher or computer feedback. Results showed that, after experiencing both types of feedback, 87% of the students selected teacher evaluation over computer evaluation. The most common reasons for selecting the teacher were the more personalized comments, ease of understanding, feedback, additional areas marked, and the teacher being the ultimate grader. Students reported that they liked using word ...
Hard scattering and jets: from pp collisions in the 1970’s to Au + Au collisions at RHIC

Hard scattering in pp collisions, discovered at the CERN ISR in 1972 by the method of leading particles, proved that the partons of Deeply Inelastic Scattering strongly interacted with each other. Further ISR measurements utilizing inclusive single or pairs of hadrons established that high $p_{\rm T}$ particles are produced from states with two roughly back-to-back jets which are the result of scattering of constituents of the nucleons as described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), which was developed during the course of these measurements. These techniques, which are the only practical method to study hard-scattering and jet phenomena in Au + Au central collisions at RHIC energies, are reviewed, with application to present RHIC measurements.
Scaffolding in socialization

Abstract This article discusses the role that scaffolding plays in child socialization. Although current views suggest that scaffolding may be an uncommon informal learning arrangement in many cultures, comparative data on this topic are sparse. Additionally, even if scaffolding is relatively rare in children's informal learning, it may be important in certain learning situations and thereby play a significant role in child socialization. This article discusses types of cultural knowledge and skills that may involve scaffolded learning. In addition, it describes three temporal dimensions of scaffolding from the vantage point of socialization: scaffolding in specific learning episodes, scaffolding across learning experiences, and scaffolding across generations.
Interactions of clay minerals with organic pollutants

Abstract Clay minerals are attracting attention as sorbents and catalysts in the area of immobilization and detoxification of hazardous substances. The nature of the interactions occurring between organic compounds and clay minerals is reviewed. Factors which enhance the adsorptive properties of clays and conditions which promote chemical transformations of adsorbed organic molecules are discussed.
Interactive Behaviors in Adolescent Conversation Dyads.

Purpose: Verbal and nonverbal conversational behaviors often are the target of intervention for adolescents with social communication disorders. There are, however, few sources of data on the inter...
9Be(d, n)10B reaction and the existence of the 2.86 MeV state in 10B

Abstract A high-precision study was made of the neutron energy spectrum from the 9 Be(d, n) 10 B reaction with a very-low-background, good-resolution, pulsed-beam time-of-flight system. The study of provided no evidence for the existence of an excited state in 10 B at 2.86 MeV for bombarding energies of 1.7 and 1.8 MeV. The results are in agreement with applications of the individual-particle model with intermediate coupling to the nuclear 1p-shell.
Laser treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars

Background Lasers have been used in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids for more than 20 years. Different laser systems have been examined; among them pulsed dye lasers are currently considered the laser of choice in these settings. Objectives The purpose of this study is to review the pertinent literature and provide updated information on different laser therapies available for treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Methods A Medline literature search was performed for relevant publications. Results In this review the results of published studies in the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids are presented. Suggested mechanisms of action are reviewed. A review of the optimal laser parameters to modulate treatment outcome will be discussed. Different lasers are effective in not only the treatment but also the prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids, among them PDL is more promising. Most of the suggested theories are based on the selective photothermolysis in which the light energy emitted from a vascular laser is absorbed by hemoglobin, generating heat and leading to coagulation necrosis, neocollagenesis, collagen fiber heating with dissociation of disulfide bonds and subsequent collagen fiber realignment. Conclusion The optimal laser is currently 585 nm PDL, although the recent results of Q-switched 532 nm frequency-doubled Nd:YAG are promising. Early use of lasers are beneficial, especially in those who are prone to develop these lesions.
Extended surgery and pelvic exenteration for locally advanced rectal cancer. What are the limits

Historically, locally advanced rectal cancers with invasion of tumor into adjacent organs (T4 N1,2 tumors) have been considered poor prognosis cancers treated with palliative intent. However with the advent of multi-modality therapy and improvement in surgical reconstructive techniques, extended resections for rectal tumors are possible with acceptable patient morbidity and excellent oncological outcomes.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled to detection by quantitative real-time PCR to study transcription factor binding to DNA in Caenorhabditis elegans

In order to determine how signaling pathways differentially regulate gene expression, it is necessary to identify the interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and their cognate cis-regulatory DNA elements. Here, we have outlined a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) protocol for use in whole Caenorhabditis elegans extracts. We discuss optimization of the procedure, including growth and harvesting of the worms, formaldehyde fixation, TF immunoprecipitation and analysis of bound sequences through real-time PCR. It takes approximately 10-12 d to obtain the worm culture for ChIP; the ChIP procedure is spaced out over a period of 2.5 d with two overnight incubations.
Pain Is a Social Construction Until It Hurts: Living Theory on My Body

This is a narrative about embodiment, difference, and, most of all, pain. What happens when the body is broken and pain becomes the center of one’s daily life? How does one learn to accept disability? Written at the intersection of arts-based inquiry and autoethnography, I utilize poetry to communicate the transformation of my mind and body after a car accident forced me to reevaluate how I understood embodiment.
Enhancement of Raman Spectra Obtained at Low Signal-to-Noise Ratios: Matched Filtering and Adaptive Peak Detection

Two methods of Raman spectral peak enhancement are described. The matched-filter approach employs an optimal filter to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio at its output. The impulse response of the matched filter is the reversed version of the profile of the spectral peak to be enhanced; therefore, the effectiveness of the matched filter depends on a priori knowledge of the peak's shape. The adaptive peak detector (APD) utilizes a filter having a time-varying impulse response. APD performance is relatively insensitive to peak shape, but is instead contingent on a number of user-specified parameters. Background is provided to acquaint the reader with signal processing terminology, and practical guidelines are given for computationally inexpensive computer implementations of both techniques. Examples are shown which demonstrate the effects of these two enhancement methods on simulated Raman spectra.
Threshold voltage based CMOS voltage reference

The paper describes a CMOS voltage reference design that uses the temperature dependence of NMOS and PMOS threshold voltages to form a temperature-insensitive reference. No diodes or parasitic bipolar transistors are used. The circuit architecture accommodates a wide range of output voltages. A test chip is fabricated using a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process. The prototype achieves a temperature coefficient of 32 ppm//spl deg/C for a temperature range of -10/spl deg/C to 80/spl deg/C and a supply voltage sensitivity of 10 mV/V.
Cloning Headless Frogs and Other Important Matters: Conversation Topics and Network Structure

This article considers which people talk about important matters, what people talk about when they discuss "important matters," and the implications of conversation topic for the interpretation of results arising from the General Social Survey (GSS) network instrument based on the "important matters" name generator. We show that half the people who report not talking about anything have nothing to talk about, whereas the others have no one to talk to. Secondly, we show that people tend to talk about things that many would regard as unimportant, for example, cloning of headless frogs, eating less red meat, and so on. Given this, the connection between characteristics of discussion networks and achievement of instrumental ends — for example, getting a job or enhancing social support — is tenuous. Finally, we show that there is substantial topic-alter dependency. This dependency suggests that many substantive findings reported about, for example, gender differences in network composition might be an artifact of the data-collection instrument. Micro-level topic-alter dependencies reflect macro-level associations between attributes, topics, and roles. Consequently, cross-cultural comparison of GSS network questions is problematic. Solutions for escaping these methodological dilemmas are proposed.
Selecting the Direction of Sound Transmission

Structures that admit flow in only one direction are commonplace—consider one-way streets, insect traps, and the staple of the police procedural story, the one-way mirror. However, creating a device that allows waves to pass in only one direction, termed an isolator, is challenging because of the inherently symmetric physics of wave phenomena. On page [516][1] of this issue, Fleury et al. ( 1 ), taking inspiration from a natural electromagnetic phenomenon, designed and demonstrated an engineered structure that allows one-way transmission of sound waves. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1246957
Peroxides of Sterically Hindered Derivatives of Schlenk Hydrocarbon Diradical

Reaction of oxygen with three sterically hindered derivatives of Schlenk hydrocarbon diradical gives predominantly cyclic peroxides with cross-conjugated π-systems. For mesitylene-based diradical 3, significantly different yields of the cyclic peroxide for the reactions in the solid state vs solution were obtained. In the absence of crystallographic studies for Schlenk hydrocarbon and its derivatives, X-ray crystallography for peroxide 1A-O2 supports the structural assignment for the corresponding diradicals.
Photonics crystal fiber Raman sensors

Hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) employs a guiding mechanism fundamentally different from that in conventional index guiding fibers. In an HCPCF, periodic air channels in a glass matrix act as reflectors to confine light in an empty core. As a result, the interaction between light and glass can be very small. Therefore, HCPCF has been used in applications that require extremely low non-linearity, high breakdown threshold, and zero dispersion. However, their applications in optical sensing, especially in chemical and biological sensing, have only been extensively explored recently. Besides their well-recognized optical properties the hollow cores of the fibers can be easily filled with liquid or gas, providing an ideal sampling mechanism in sensors. Recently, we have demonstrated that by filling up a HCPCF with gas or liquid samples, it is possible to significantly increase the sensitivity of the sensors in either regular Raman or surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications. This is because the confinement of both light and sample inside the hollow core enables direct interaction between the propagating wave and the analyte. In this paper, we report our recent work on using HCPCF as a platform for Raman or SERS in the detection of low concentration greenhouse gas (ambient CO2), biomedically significant molecules (e.g., glucose), and bacteria. We have demonstrated that by filling up a HCPCF with gas or liquid samples, it is possible to significantly increase the sensitivity of the sensors in either regular Raman or SERS applications.