cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of interface potentials in quantum wells

Abstract Recently established quantitative measuremetns of electrical field profiling in semiconductor devices by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to study Al 0.2 Ga 0.8 AsGaAsIn 0.2 Ga 0.8 As interfaces. Secondary electron imaging, namely dark voltage contrast (DVC), was taken from a 200 A In 0.2 Ga 0.8 As layer and its interfaces with adjacent regions. The measurements of electrical field profile are constituted of digital imaging of a quantum well structure with no bias and imaging of the same structure with electrical bias. The final frame, being a subtraction of two images, was calibrated due to applied biases. This method allows elimination of most surfaces features and visualization of the shape of a potential barrier in a quantum structure. Our measurements reveal that an interface potential does not follow the classical box-like shape. Measurements of the main potential steps in a biased quantum well were supported by the results of light and electron beam scanning of the same structure.
Adrenergic Reinnervation of the Cat Ovary Transplanted to the Anterior Chamber of the Eye

Adrenergic fibers from the iris enter and reinnervate segments of ovarian autografts transplanted to the anterior chamber of the cat eye. The distribution of adrenergic fibers is similar to that found in the intact ovary. Therefore, ovarian transplants are not to be considered as isolated from sympathetic innervation. Endocrinology 86: 921, 1970)
Liquidus Temperatures in the System FeO—Fe2O3—TiO2

Liquidus temperatures in the system FeO–Fe2O3–TiO2 have been estimated from data in the literature supplemented with experimental determinations of the liquidus temperature for about fifty different compositions within the system using the quenching method.
Counting Chicks Before They Hatch Female Cowbirds Can Time Readiness of a Host Nest for Parasitism

Here we show that demands associated with brood parasitism have favored sophisticated cognitive abilities in female brown-headed cowbirds. We discovered that cowbirds can use the rate at which eggs are added to a nest across days to assess the readiness of the nest for incubation, which would allow them to synchronize laying with the host and avoid nests where incubation has most likely commenced. In three experiments, cowbirds investigated and laid eggs in artificial nests that differed in the number of eggs they contained. Across days, we added eggs to nests at different rates to simulate differences in the timing of reproduction of the hosts. Cowbirds avoided a nest if the number of eggs that had been added was less than the number of days that had elapsed. The ability of females to remember egg number and compare changes in egg number across days allows them to select nests most suitable for parasitism.
Optical sensing of pH and pCO2 using phase-modulation fluorimetry and resonance energy transfer

Abstract We have developed optical sensors for pH and/or pCO 2 based on phase shift and modulation measurements of time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer. pH-insensitive donors and pH-sensitive acceptors were encased in CO 2 -permeable silicon membranes. The extent of energy transfer depends on the pH-dependent absorption spectra of the acceptor. The measurements were made insensitive to inner-filter effects of the total intensity by using the phase-modulation method to determine the donor decay times. The general applicability of this method was demonstrated using three donor-acceptor pairs, all of which can be excited with an inexpensive green 543-nm He-Ne laser.
Effects of excising the apical ectodermal ridge on the development of the marginal vasculature of the wing bud in the chick embryo

The limb bud of the chick embryo depends for its outgrowth on an interaction between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which rims the apex of the bud, and the subjacent limb bud mesoderm. This report describes the results of experiments that were designed to test whether a relationship exists between the AER and the origin of the distinctive marginal veins, which drain the early arterial supply and capillary bed of the wing bud. All of the AER or localized portions of it were excised from wing buds of embryos at stages 17–23. Effects of the operation on the vascular pattern were analyzed in specimens whose blood vessels were injected with India ink at appropriate postoperative intervals. Excision of all or part of the AER at stages prior to the formation of the marginal vein results in complete or partial failure of the marginal veins to form, depending on the extent of ridge deletion. Once the marginal vein is formed proximally, however, it persists proximally even after the AER is removed, but distally it fails to form. Limb bud mesoderm, encased in backskin ectoderm and grafted to a host embryo, fails to form a marginal vein, indicating that nonridge ectoderm will not substitute for the AER in promoting normal vascularization. Isolated limb buds grafted to the chorioallantoic membrane with their normal ectodermal covering show normal vasculogenesis, indicating that the vascular pattern of the limb is intrinsically determined. These results indicate that the AER is required for the establishment of the marginal veins and the formation of a characteristic vascular pattern in the limb.
UNITY IN DIVERSITY

This article considers how well the existing sociological literature on immigrant integration and assimilation responds to public fears over multiculturalism. The current backlash against multiculturalism rests on both its perceived negative effects for immigrants' socioeconomic integration and its failure to encourage civic and political cohesion. I offer a brief review of multiculturalism as political theory and public policy, demonstrating that multiculturalism addresses questions of citizenship and political incorporation, not socioeconomic integration. We have growing evidence that multiculturalism does not hurt immigrant citizenship or political integration, and might facilitate such processes. We know much less about the relationship between multiculturalism and socioeconomic outcomes. I discuss how sociologists have developed useful models of immigrants' socioeconomic assimilation but have paid scant attention to civic or political outcomes. They also have not adequately addressed the relationship between socioeconomic and political integration. We can, nonetheless, extrapolate from existing scholarship, and I outline two models of political integration that seem to emerge from the sociology of U.S. immigration: one of individual-level political assimilation, another of group-based political incorporation. I conclude by offering a number of hypotheses about the importance of “groupedness” for politics and the relationship between political action, multiculturalism, and socioeconomic integration.
Model reference iterative learning control

This paper introduces a new formulation of the iterative learning control (ILC): in this version, the states of a plant can be steered to follow the states of a reference model that does not necessarily have the same structure as the plant. In order to achieve such an objective, the designed ILC includes a stabilization term and an iteratively updated term, as a new control input. As long as the system parameters satisfy the plant-model matching conditions, the reference model can be followed successfully. Stability of the tracking-error is proven, and an application example to a circuit system is presented to illustrate the proposed model reference iterative learning control (MRILC).
A core curriculum for clinical fellowship training in pathology informatics.

Background: In 2007, our healthcare system established a clinical fellowship program in Pathology Informatics. In 2010 a core didactic course was implemented to supplement the fellowship research and operational rotations. In 2011, the course was enhanced by a formal, structured core curriculum and reading list. We present and discuss our rationale and development process for the Core Curriculum and the role it plays in our Pathology Informatics Fellowship Training Program. Materials and Methods: The Core Curriculum for Pathology Informatics was developed, and is maintained, through the combined efforts of our Pathology Informatics Fellows and Faculty. The curriculum was created with a three-tiered structure, consisting of divisions, topics, and subtopics. Primary (required) and suggested readings were selected for each subtopic in the curriculum and incorporated into a curated reading list, which is reviewed and maintained on a regular basis. Results: Our Core Curriculum is composed of four major divisions, 22 topics, and 92 subtopics that cover the wide breadth of Pathology Informatics. The four major divisions include: (1) Information Fundamentals, (2) Information Systems, (3) Workflow and Process, and (4) Governance and Management. A detailed, comprehensive reading list for the curriculum is presented in the Appendix to the manuscript and contains 570 total readings (current as of March 2012). Discussion: The adoption of a formal, core curriculum in a Pathology Informatics fellowship has significant impacts on both fellowship training and the general field of Pathology Informatics itself. For a fellowship, a core curriculum defines a basic, common scope of knowledge that the fellowship expects all of its graduates will know, while at the same time enhancing and broadening the traditional fellowship experience of research and operational rotations. For the field of Pathology Informatics itself, a core curriculum defines to the outside world, including departments, companies, and health systems considering hiring a pathology informatician, the core knowledge set expected of a person trained in the field and, more fundamentally, it helps to define the scope of the field within Pathology and healthcare in general.
The voodoo doll task: Introducing and validating a novel method for studying aggressive inclinations.

Aggression pervades modern life. To understand the root causes of aggression, researchers have developed several methods to assess aggressive inclinations. The current article introduces a new behavioral method-the voodoo doll task (VDT)-that offers a reliable and valid trait and state measure of aggressive inclinations across settings and relationship contexts. Drawing on theory and research on the law of similarity and magical beliefs (Rozin, Millman, & Nemeroff [1986], Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 703-712), we propose that people transfer characteristics of a person onto a voodoo doll representing that person. As a result, causing harm to a voodoo doll by stabbing it with pins may have important psychological similarities to causing actual harm to the person the voodoo doll represents. Nine methodologically diverse studies (total N = 1,376) showed that the VDT had strong reliability, construct validity, and convergent validity. Discussion centers on the importance of magical beliefs in understanding the causes of aggressive inclinations. Aggr. Behav. 9999:XX-XX, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Expansion of Hexose Transporter Genes Was Associated with the Evolution of Aerobic Fermentation in Yeasts

The genetic basis of organisms’ adaptation to different environments is a central issue of molecular evolution. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its relatives predominantly ferment glucose into ethanol even in the presence of oxygen. This was suggested to be an adaptation to glucose-rich habitats, but the underlying genetic basis of the evolution of aerobic fermentation remains unclear. In S. cerevisiae, the first step of glucose metabolism is transporting glucose across the plasma membrane, which is carried out by hexose transporter proteins. Although several studies have recognized that the rate of glucose uptake can affect how glucose is metabolized, the role of HXT genes in the evolution of aerobic fermentation has not been fully explored. In this study, we identified all members of the HXT gene family in 23 fully sequenced fungal genomes, reconstructed their evolutionary history to pinpoint gene gain and loss events, and evaluated their adaptive significance in the evolution of aerobic fermentation. We found that the HXT genes have been extensively amplified in the two fungal lineages that have independently evolved aerobic fermentation. In contrast, reduction of the number of HXT genes has occurred in aerobic respiratory species. Our study reveals a strong positive correlation between the copy number of HXT genes and the strength of aerobic fermentation, suggesting that HXT gene expansion has facilitated the evolution of aerobic fermentation.
Chaotic zero dynamics in kinematically redundant robots

The authors attempt to integrate two areas in robotics that are maturing rapidly: the control of kinematically redundant rigid robots and feedback linearization. Kinematically redundant robots have several advantages over nonredundant robot arms. The extra degrees of freedom are used to reach around or between obstacles. Unlike nonredundant rigid link robots that do not exhibit zero dynamics, the self motions of kinematically redundant robots can be used for torque optimization or avoiding obstacles. It is shown that induced self motions can be chaotic. The main contribution is to demonstrate chaos in cases of feedback linearization when the decoupling matrix is nonsquare and there are less outputs than inputs. >
Molecular Scale Imaging with a Multilayer Superlens

It has been experimentally demonstrated that a single layer of silver functions as a “superlens” [Fang et al, Science 308, 534 (2005)], providing image resolution much better than the diffraction limit. Resolution as high as 60 nanometer (λ/6) half-pitch was achieved. In this paper, we explore the possibility of further refining the image resolution using a “multilayer superlens” design. With optimized design of silver-alumina multilayer superlens, our numerical simulations show a feasibility of resolving 15nm features, about 1/26th of the illumination wavelength. We present preliminary experimental results targeted towards achieving the molecular scale imaging resolution. The development of potential low-loss and high resolution superlens opens the door to exciting applications in nanoscale optical metrology and nanomanufacturing.
The Need for Cohesion and American Isolates

something about the "opportunity map" of the community. In a sense, this way of analyzing opportunities is an attempt to separate what Wharton calls "subjective perception" and "objective reality" (Wharton 1971:156). This kind of commitment is based on the axiom that as expert as peasant businessmen might be, an outside observer, armed with concepts from accounting and economics, might be able to obtain a different, even better, picture of the "opportunity map" than people in the culture. If this commitment makes me an "embedded eticist," so be it (as opposed to an "embedded emicist" [Pelto 1970:84-86 ]). While I have some reservations about certain aspects of Kunkel's analysis, I agree with most of what he has to say. In any case, he has made a very serious attempt to push forward one aspect of anthropological theory. His comments on the role of risk and psychological factors in social and economic change are of particular interest.
The impulsive motion of a liquid resulting from a particle collision

When two particles collide in a liquid, the impulsive acceleration due to the rebound produces a pressure pulse that is transmitted through the fluid. Detailed measurements were made of the pressure pulse and the motion of the particles by generating controlled collisions with an immersed dual pendulum. The experiments were performed for a range of impact velocities, angles of incidence, and distances between the wall and the pairs of particles. The radiated fluid pressure was measured using a high-frequency-response pressure transducer, and the motion of the particles was recorded using a high-speed digital camera. The magnitude of the impulse pressure was found to scale with the particle velocity, the particle diameter and the density of the fluid. Additionally, a model is proposed to predict the impulse field in the fluid based on the impulse pressure theory. The model agrees well with the experimental measurements.
Retroreflecting optical modulator using an MEMS deformable micromirror array

A modulating corner-cube reflector with one microelectromechanical-system (MEMS) mirror that deforms from a flat into a hexagonal array of concave reflective microlenses to disperse the retroreflected wavefront is demonstrated. It is shown that such retromodulators can operate under a wide range of wavelength and angle illumination using Huygens-Fresnel propagation analysis, and this analysis is verified using devices fabricated by surface micromachining. A gold-coated silicon-nitride membrane suspended over 1-mm-diameter circular cavities had a resonant frequency of 160 kHz and 0.55-/spl mu/m maximum deformation with 79 V applied. While this deflection was only 2/3 of the design value of 0.8 /spl mu/m, we measured an up to 7:1 modulation contrast ratio from a prototype retromodulator, which achieved 100-kHz modulation over a 100-nm optical bandwidth, a 35/spl deg/ range of incident angles, and temperatures ranging from 20 to 100/spl deg/C.
Application of Diamond-Like Nanocomposite Tribological Coatings on LIGA Microsystem Parts

The major focus of this study was to examine the feasibility of applying diamond-like nanocomposite (DLN) coatings on the sidewalls of Ni alloy parts fabricated using lithographie, galvanoformung and abformung (LIGA: a German acronym that means lithography, electroforming, and molding) for friction and wear control. Planar test coupons were employed to understand the friction mechanisms in regimes relevant to LIGA microsytems. Friction tests were conducted on planar test coupons as well as between LIGA-fabricated test structures in planar-sidewall and sidewall-sidewall configurations. Measurements were made in dry nitrogen and air with 50% relative humidity by enclosing the friction tester in an environmental chamber. In contrast to bare metal-metal contacts, minimal wear was exhibited for the DLN-coated LIGA NiMn alloy parts and test coupons. The low friction behavior of DLN was attributed to its ability to transfer to the rubbing counterface providing low interfacial shear at the sliding contact. The coating coverage and chemistry on the sidewalls and the substrate-coating interface integrity were examined by transmission electron microscopy, Automated eXpert Spectral Image Analysis, and electron backscatter diffraction on cross sections prepared by focused ion beam microscopy. The role of novel characterization techniques to evaluate the surface coatings for LIGA microsystems technology is highlighted.
The School Assessment for Environmental Typology (SAfETy): An Observational Measure of the School Environment

School safety is of great concern for prevention researchers, school officials, parents, and students, yet there are a dearth of assessments that have operationalized school safety from an organizational framework using objective tools and measures. Such a tool would be important for deriving unbiased assessments of the school environment, which in turn could be used as an evaluative tool for school violence prevention efforts. The current paper presents a framework for conceptualizing school safety consistent with Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) model and social disorganization theory, both of which highlight the importance of context as a driver for adolescents’ risk for involvement in substance use and violence. This paper describes the development of a novel observational measure, called the School Assessment for Environmental Typology (SAfETy), which applies CPTED and social disorganizational frameworks to schools to measure eight indicators of school physical and social environment (i.e., disorder, trash, graffiti/vandalism, appearance, illumination, surveillance, ownership, and positive behavioral expectations). Drawing upon data from 58 high schools, we provide preliminary data regarding the validity and reliability of the SAfETy and describe patterns of the school safety indicators. Findings demonstrate the reliability and validity of the SAfETy and are discussed with regard to the prevention of violence in schools.
On one-dimensional quantum cellular automata

Since Richard Feynman introduced the notion of quantum computation in 1982, various models of "quantum computers" have been proposed (R. Feynman, 1992). These models include quantum Turing machines and quantum circuits. We define another quantum computational model, one dimensional quantum cellular automata, and demonstrate that any quantum Turing machine can be efficiently simulated by a one dimensional quantum cellular automaton with constant slowdown. This can be accomplished by consideration of a restricted class of one dimensional quantum cellular automata called one dimensional partitioned quantum cellular automata. We also show that any one dimensional partitioned quantum cellular automaton can be simulated by a quantum Turing machine with linear slowdown, but the problem of efficiently simulating an arbitrary one dimensional quantum cellular automaton with a quantum Turing machine is left open. From this discussion, some interesting facts concerning these models are easily deduced.
Workspace Boundaries of Free-floating Open and Closed Chain Planar Manipulators

It is well known that workspace of fixed-base manipulators is dependent on the geometry of its links. This paper presents studies on the workspace of free-floating manipulators. A unique property of free-floating manipulators is that the workspace is not only a function of links’ geometry but is also dependent on the mass distribution. This paper addresses the question of how to find the workspace and boundaries of free-floating open and closed-chain planar manipulators. Further, the effect of mass distribution on the workspace of the manipulator is studied and guidelines for design of the manipulator are suggested.
Formal Verification of 802.11i using Strand Space Formalism

Despite an appealing desire to shift from wired to wireless domain and substantial deployment of wireless applications, wireless security is still a stumbling block. As a remedy, IEEE has designed a new protocol, 802.11i, for wireless local area networks addressing security issues. Formal analysis is important to ensure that protocols work properly without having to resort to tedious testing and debugging which can only show the presence of errors, never their absence. We analyze the protocol model for 802.11i in a formal setting. We translate the 802.11i protocol into Strand Space Model for protocol verification. We prove the authentication property of the resulting model using the Strand Space formalism. The intruder is imbued with powerful capabilities and repercussion to possible attacks are evaluated. Our analysis proves that authentication is not compromised in the presented model.
Flow-sensitive type qualifiers

We present a system for extending standard type systems with flow-sensitive type qualifiers. Users annotate their programs with type qualifiers, and inference checks that the annotations are correct. In our system only the type qualifiers are modeled flow-sensitively---the underlying standard types are unchanged, which allows us to obtain an efficient constraint-based inference algorithm that integrates flow-insensitive alias analysis, effect inference, and ideas from linear type systems to support strong updates. We demonstrate the usefulness of flow-sensitive type qualifiers by finding a number of new locking bugs in the Linux kernel.
Clinical and Molecular Features of POLG-Related Mitochondrial Disease

The inability to replicate mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) by the mitochondrial DNA polymerase (pol γ) leads to a subset of mitochondrial diseases. Many mutations in POLG, the gene that encodes pol γ, have been associated with mitochondrial diseases such as myocerebrohepatopathy spectrum (MCHS) disorders, Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome, myoclonic epilepsy myopathy sensory ataxia (MEMSA), ataxia neuropathy spectrum (ANS), and progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO). This chapter explores five important topics in POLG-related disease: (1) clinical symptoms that identify and distinguish POLG-related diseases, (2) molecular characterization of defects in polymerase activity by POLG disease variants, (3) the importance of holoenzyme formation in disease presentation, (4) the role of pol γ exonuclease activity and mutagenesis in disease and aging, and (5) novel approaches to therapy and avoidance of toxicity based on primary research in pol γ replication.
Compression Heating of Selected Fatty Food Materials during High‐pressure Processing

: Compression heating of selected fatty and model food materials during high-pressure processing was studied using a specially designed experimental system. Commercially available soybean oil, olive oil, beef fat, chicken fat, and salmon fish were studied at different pressures (150 to 600 MPa) and at different initial temperatures (25 to 70 °C). At an initial temperature of 25 °C, fats and oils showed higher compression heating values (up to 8.7 °C per 100 MPa) compared to 2 to 3 °C per 100 MPa for water. Though the compression heating of water depends on its initial temperature, oils have little or no effect of initial temperature.
Clonidine in the prepyriform cortex blocked anorectic response to amino acid imbalance

Ingestion of imbalanced amino acid diets (IMB) has been associated with a decrease in norepinephrine (NE) concentration in the prepyriform cortex (PPC), an area essential for the anorectic response to IMB. Decreased NE could result from activity-induced release (and subsequent metabolism) of the transmitter. If activity of the NE system is important in the rat's anorectic response to IMB, reduced NE activity should result in increased IMB intake. Therefore, the feeding response to IMB was measured after injecting clonidine (Clon) into the PPC to inhibit NE release. At 3 and 6 h after Clon (1.0 and 1.5 micrograms/rat) injections, IMB intake was increased from 69 (the usual response to IMB in untreated animals) to > 100% of control intake. Effective injection sites did not include the gustatory neocortex, an area important for conditioned taste aversions. Thus activation of the NE system in the PPC may be associated with the initial reduced intake of IMB, suggesting that NE activity in the PPC has a role in the neural mechanisms that subserve recognition of amino acid deficiency.
Three‐Dimensional Stability and Bifurcation of Capillary and Gravity Waves on Deep Water

The stability to three-dimensional disturbances of finite-amplitude capillary waves on deep water is studied. Two families of steady finite-amplitude three-dimensional capillary waves, which result from the bifurcation associated with stationary disturbances, are calculated. Earlier work on three-dimensional gravity waves is extended, and a new family of solutions if found.
Abstract P046: Hsp20 Promotes Cardiac Autophagy via Interaction with Beclin-1

Hsp20 has been shown to prevent stress-triggered cardiac injury. However, it remains obscure whether Hsp20-elicited cardioprotection is associated with the activation of autophagy. We first assessed cardiac autophagy in a transgenic (TG) mouse model with 10-fold overexpression of Hsp20 by immunoblotting. Levels of two autophagy markers (LC3II and Beclin1) were increased by 1.6- and 2.2-fold, respectively, in Hsp20-hearts, compared to WTs. To examine whether Hsp20 activates autophagic flux in the heart, mice were i.p. injected with chloroquine (CQ, 50mg/kg), an inhibitor for autophagosome-lysosome fusion, for 4h. Cadaverine dye-binding analysis showed that autophagy levels were increased by 1.5-fold in CQ-treated Hsp20-hearts compared to saline controls. To examine whether increased autophagy levels contribute to Hsp20-induced cardioprotection, 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an inhibitor for autophgy) was i.p . injected into TG mice (30mg/kg). One hour later, hearts were subjected to global no-flow ischemia/reperfusion (I/R: 45min/1h), and showed that contractile function (+dP/dt) was recovered by 93α 5 % in saline-treated Hsp20-hearts, comparable to 74 α 6 % recovery in 3-MA-treated TGs (n=6, p<0.05), indicating that the activation of autophagy by Hsp20 is beneficial for hearts upon I/R. To exclude in vivo compensatory effects, Hsp20 was delivered into isolated adult cardiomyocytes by adenoviral vector. Western-blotting analysis indicated that acute expression of Hsp20 increased the levels of LC3II and Beclin1 by ∼2-fold, compared to GFP control. Accordingly, overexpression of Hsp20 augmented myocyte survival upon addition of H2O2, as related to GFP-control. Furthermore, co-infection with AdBeclin1-siRNA attenuated the protective effects of Hsp20 in myocytes upon H2O2 stress. Excitingly, Hsp20 was found to localize at the LC3-labeled autophagosome. Indeed, co-immunoprecipitation results showed an interaction of Hsp20 with Beclin-1 in the heart. Moreover, a competitive ELISA assay revealed that Hsp20 dose-dependently suppressed the interaction of Beclin1/Bcl-2, a known complex negatively regulating autophagy. In summary, Hsp20 activates cardiac autophagic flux via interaction with Beclin1, thereby confering cadioprotection.
The Quasioptical Gyrotron, a High-Power, Tunable Source of Millimeter-Wave Radiation

This talk will summarize the present state of the art of the quasioptical gyrotron (QOG), an alternative gyrotron configuration which has been under development primarily in the U.S. and Switzerland for heating fusion plasmas in tokamaks and other high-power millimeter-wave applications. The QOG features an open-mirror Fabry-Perot resonator instead of the conventional waveguide cavity used in conventional gyrotrons. This gives the QOG the potential for wide tunability, advantages for high-power operation, and facilitates the use of a depressed collector for spent electron beam energy recovery. An experimental QOG has been tuned from 85 to 130 GHz by varying the applied magnetic field. QOGs have produced peak powers up to 600 kW for 13 μs pulses and 100 kW for 10 ms pulses. Electronic efficiencies up to 22% have been achieved at 85 GHz, and operation with a depressed collector yielded an overall efficiency of 30%. The design of a multi-kW CW QOG tunable from 80 to 120 GHz is discussed.
Parental behavior in the African yellow-winged bat (Lavia frons)

The parental behavior of five monogamous pairs of African yellow-winged bats ( Lavia frons ) was observed in Kenya. Each female bore a single young, which clung to its mother continuously until about one week before it first flew and foraged. Newly volant young foraged with their parents and soon developed foraging performance that closely resembled that of their parents. Young were weaned about 20 days after becoming volant. Until at least 50 days after its first flight, each young shared its parents' territory, synchronized its grooming and foraging periods with those of its parents, and periodically huddled against its mother when roosting. Recurring but unpredictable periods of low insect density have seemingly selected for an extended period of parent-young association, during which the young become skilled opportunistic foragers.
Rôle of Thyroid in Cyclopropane-Adrenalin Tachycardia.∗

SummaryFollowing thyroidectomy the duration of cyclopropane-adrenalin tachycardia was decreased in the dog. In the hyperthyroid state the period of tachycardia was longer than in the control.
Wrong-way-round ionization of sulfonamides and tetracyclines enables simultaneous analysis with free and conjugated estrogens by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

The increasing demand to monitor multiple classes of analytes has been mirrored by increased analytical cost and decreased throughput. For instance, the analyses of estrogens and antibiotics by liq...
Characterization of the Electric Double Layer Formation Dynamics of a Metal/Ionic Liquid/Metal Structure

Although ionic liquids (ILs) have been used extensively in recent years as a high-capacitance “dielectric” in electric double layer transistors, the dynamics of the double layer formation have remained relatively unexplored. Better understanding of the dynamics and relaxation processes involved in electric double layer formation will guide device optimization, particularly with regard to switching speed. In this paper, we explore the dynamical characteristics of an IL in a metal/ionic liquid/metal (M/IL/M) capacitor. In particular, we examine a Au/IL/Au structure where the IL is 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate. The experiments consist of frequency-dependent impedance measurements and time-dependent current vs voltage measurements for applied linear voltage ramps and abrupt voltage steps. The parameters of an equivalent circuit model are determined by fits to the impedance vs frequency data and subsequently verified by calculating the current vs voltage characteristic...
Abstract 2619: Novel biomarkers and molecular alterations for breast cancer initiation and susceptibility

Background: Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify molecular mechanisms responsible for cancer initiation and progression. To date, there have been attempts to identify biomarkers that can predict progression of pre-malignant lesions (i.e. DCIS) to invasive carcinoma. Our study aims to identify earliest markers of breast cancer initiation. Methods: We evaluated local (breast tissue) and systemic (serum/plasma) molecular alterations associated with breast cancer susceptibility using the unique resources available at the Komen Normal Tissue Bank at IUSCC. Human specimens (serum/plasma and breast tissue) donated by women before their cancer was clinically detectable were used to identify circulating biomarkers that are associated with breast cancer risk. Specimens from age-matched controls were used for comparison. Sera/plasma were analyzed for circulating miRNAs and telomeric level in the cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA). We employed next generation sequencing to obtain transcriptome in the “normal” breast of women who eventually developed breast cancer and age-matched control normal breast. Results/Discussion: Serum/plasma of women who developed breast cancer showed variation in circulating miRNAs as well as telomeric cfDNA levels as compared to the healthy control group. Among 385 microRNAs detected in circulation, 10 miRNAs were present at different levels in the susceptible group. In addition, susceptible group displayed reduced levels of plasma telomeric cfDNA and telomere shortening in breast epithelium. Transcriptome analysis of microdissected breast epithelium and stroma revealed molecular alterations in the “normal” breast tissue associated with cancer development. Pathway analyses of these differentially expressed genes are underway to determine the mechanisms associated with breast cancer initiation. Conclusion/Impact: Functional analysis of biomarkers identified in this study may help in cancer risk assessment and improvement of preventive therapy. Citation Format: Natascia Marino, Mariah L. Johnson, Hiromi Tanaka, Xi Wu, Theresa Mathieson, Jill E. Henry, Mircea Ivan, Yunlong Liu, Connie Rufenbarger, Anna Maria V. Storniolo. Novel biomarkers and molecular alterations for breast cancer initiation and susceptibility. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2619.
An Estimate for the Degree Bound of a Matrix of Polynomials

We present a constructive method for finding a right inverse matrix of a matrix of polynomials that satisfies the corona condition. The right inverse matrix is also a matrix of polynomials and our method gives an upper bound for the degree of its entries. This is a generalization of the authors’ previous result that offers a degree bound for the polynomials that arise as a result of the Nullstellensatz.
Unruly Empiricisms and Linguistic Sovereignty in Thomas Jefferson's Indian Vocabulary Project

From 1790 to 1810, Thomas Jefferson inaugurated a massive effort to collect and preserve native languages. Compiling as many languages as he could, Jefferson worked to solve the question of Indian origins. More interesting for its failures than for what it achieved, the Indian Vocabulary archive displays telling instances of cross-cultural mistranslation as indigenous words spill beyond Jefferson's rules of orthography and beyond the word list itself in formal defiance of Jefferson's goal of recording the ancient and pure sounds of “primitive” America. This essay argues that the vocabulary lists reveal forms of linguistic sovereignty whereby the indigenous speakers interviewed for the project refused to have their languages condemned to the atavistic detritus of American antiquity.
Control and coordination of frequency responsive residential water heaters

Demand-side frequency control can complement traditional generator controls to maintain the stability of large electric systems in the face of rising uncertainty and variability associated with renewable energy resources. This paper presents a hierarchical frequency-based load control strategy that uses a supervisor to flexibly adjust control gains that a population of end-use loads respond to in a decentralized manner to help meet the NERC BAL-003-1 frequency response standard at both the area level and interconnection level. The load model is calibrated and used to model populations of frequency-responsive water heaters in a PowerWorld simulation of the U.S. Western Interconnection (WECC). The proposed design is implemented and demonstrated on physical water heaters in a laboratory setting. A significant fraction of the required frequency response in the WECC could be supplied by electric water heaters alone at penetration levels of less than 15%, while contributing to NERC requirements at the interconnection and area levels.
The Spatial Diffusion of Racial and Ethnic Diversity Across U.S. Counties

Although increasing racial and ethnic diversity is a demographic trend with society-wide implications, it has advanced farther in some parts of the United States than others. Our research seeks to understand this unevenness at the local level. Drawing on 1980–2010 census data, we use an innovative spatial analytic approach to examine the spread or diffusion of diversity across counties in the 48 contiguous states. Three perspectives—locational persistence, spatial assimilation, and institutional hub—offer different expectations about the nature of the diffusion process. The perspectives are evaluated by mapping changes in the magnitude and structure of diversity and by tracing county transitions between types of diversity clusters. We document considerable stability in diversity patterns over a 30-year period, consistent with the logic of locational persistence. But support is also found for the spatial assimilation and institutional hub models in the form of cluster-type transitions that reflect contagious diffusion and hierarchical diffusion, respectively.
Abstract A34: Mammary-specific, doxycycline-regulated transposon mobilization for identifying driver genes in mouse models of breast cancer

Transposon-mediated mutagenesis offers a powerful tool for discovering genetic changes that contribute to cancer pathogenesis. Tissue-specific transposon mobilization has been exploited widely to identify candidate cancer genes in a variety of tissues, including intestine, pancreas, and liver. These models typically use tissue-specific expression of the Cre recombinase to activate a latent transposase allele, which in turn mobilizes a mutagenic transposon. Notably, transposase expression cannot be halted once activated in these models, potentially leading to unwanted transposition events that either delete driver insertions or create additional passenger insertions. As an alternative strategy, we generated transgenic mice harboring the SB11 transposase under the control of tet operator sequences. Tet-O-SB11 founder lines were characterized that permit a range of transgene expression levels when crossed to mice carrying a mammary-specific transactivator, MMTV-rtTA. We show that efficient mobilization of the T2/Onc transposon in mammary tissue requires high-level SB11 expression, which strictly depends on doxycycline administration in our models. Furthermore, efficient T2/Onc mobilization enabled by high-level SB11 expression strongly cooperated with Wnt1 transgene expression to drive mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. Preliminary analysis of transposon integration sites in these mammary tumors confirms that transposon-mediated mutations serve as pathogenic driver events. Temporal regulation of transposase-mediated mutagenesis may offer a flexible tool for discovering driver events operative at various stages of tumor progression. Citation Format: Shelley A. Gestl, Edward J. Gunther. Mammary-specific, doxycycline-regulated transposon mobilization for identifying driver genes in mouse models of breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: The Translational Impact of Model Organisms in Cancer; Nov 5-8, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A34.
Review of coronary subclavian steal syndrome

The clinical benefits of using the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to bypass the left anterior descending artery are well established making it the most frequently used conduit for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Coronary subclavian steal syndrome (CSSS) occurs during left arm exertion when (1) the LIMA is used during bypass surgery and (2) there is a high grade (≥75%) left subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion proximal to the ostia of the LIMA resulting in "stealing" of the myocardial blood supply via retrograde flow up the LIMA graft to maintain left upper extremity perfusion. Although CSSS was once thought to be a rare phenomenon, its prevalence has been underestimated and is becoming increasingly recognized as a serious threat to the success of CABG. Current guidelines are lacking on recommendations for screening of subclavian artery stenosis (SAS) pre- and post-CABG. We hope to provide an algorithm for SAS screening to prevent CSSS in internal mammary artery bypass recipients and review treatment options in the percutaneous era.
Abstract IA15: Novel approaches for targeting MYC

The MYC family (c-, L-, and N-MYC) is one of the most important groups of proteins in human cancer. More than 50% of all malignancies overexpress at least one MYC family member, and estimates suggest that upwards of 100,000 Americans die from cancer every year as a result of inappropriate MYC expression or activity. Preclinical mouse models have demonstrated that perturbing MYC function in preexisting cancers promotes frank tumor regression, establishing MYC proteins as bonafide and high-value targets for discovery of broadly effective anti-cancer therapies. Despite the potential of MYC inhibitors to impact cancer therapy, efforts to discover MYC inhibitors are stymied by numerous factors, including an absence of MYC interaction partners with characteristics that make them amenable to drug discovery efforts. The best understood MYC interaction partner, MAX, is required for MYC to assemble a competent DNA-binding module and would theoretically be a superb target for anti-MYC therapies. The MYC–MAX interaction, however, encompasses more that 1800 A2 of buried protein surface, making it difficult to effectively disrupt by a small molecule with drug-like properties. Breaking the stalemate in drugging MYC requires a fresh perspective on how MYC functions and where the vulnerabilities in its molecular mechanisms of action lie. Structure-function studies have delineated a potent activation domain at the amino-terminus of MYC and a DNA-binding domain at the carboxy-terminus, but the central portion between these domains has not been studied in detail. To rectify this deficit, we recently initiated screens to identify proteins that bind to the central portion of MYC, with the idea that these proteins would reveal new aspects of MYC regulation or function; some of which may expose new ways to target MYC activity. One novel MYC-interaction partner to emerge from this screen was WDR5. WDR5 is a chromatin-associated protein that co-binds with MYC at a majority of its target genes. MYC binds weakly to WDR5 by engaging a structured hydrophobic cleft on one side of the WDR5 protein. Mutations in MYC that disrupt interaction with WDR5 block the ability of MYC to bind chromatin and disable its tumorigenic properties in mice, demonstrating that WDR5 is a critical co-factor for MYC. These studies led to a revised model for target gene recognition by MYC in which WDR5 facilitates the recruitment of MYC/MAX complexes to chromatin, and revealed that the MYC–WDR5 interface is a tractable surface for small molecule inhibition. In collaboration with the laboratory of Dr. Stephen Fesik we seek to discover and validate drug-like molecules that disrupt the MYC–WDR5 interaction and explore their utility in cell and animal-based models of cancer. Citation Format: William Tansey. Novel approaches for targeting MYC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA15.
PAD4 Deficiency Leads to Decreased Organ Dysfunction and Improved Survival in a Dual Insult Model of Hemorrhagic Shock and Sepsis.

Indirect acute respiratory distress syndrome (iARDS) is caused by a nonpulmonary inflammatory process resulting from insults such as nonpulmonary sepsis. Neutrophils are thought to play a significant role in mediating ARDS, with the development of iARDS being characterized by dysregulation and recruitment of activated neutrophils into the lung. Recently, a novel mechanism of microbial killing by neutrophils was identified through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are composed of large webs of decondensed chromatin released from activated neutrophils into the extracellular space; they are regulated by the enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) through mediation of chromatin decondensation via citrullination of target histones. Components of NETs have been implicated in ARDS. However, it is unknown whether there is any pathological significance of NET formation in ARDS caused indirectly by nonpulmonary insult. We subjected PAD4-/- mice and wild-type mice to a "two-hit" model of hypovolemic shock (fixed-pressure hemorrhage [Hem]) followed by septic cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) insult (Hem/CLP). Mice were hemorrhaged and resuscitated; 24 h after Hem, mice were then subjected to CLP. Overall, PAD4 deletion led to an improved survival as compared with wild-type mice. PAD4-/- mice displayed a marked decrease in neutrophil influx into the lung, as well decreased presence of proinflammatory mediators. PAD4-/- mice were also able to maintain baseline kidney function after Hem/CLP. These data taken together suggest PAD4-mediated NET formation contributes to the mortality associated with shock/sepsis and may play a role in the pathobiology of end organ injury in response to combined hemorrhage plus sepsis.