cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transports and budgets of volume, heat, and salt from a global eddy-resolving ocean model

The results from an integration of a global ocean circulation model have been condensed into an analysis of the volume, heat, and salt transports among the major ocean basins. Transports are also broken down between the model's Ekman, thermocline, and deep layers. Overall, the model does well. Horizontal exchanges of mass, heat, and salt between ocean basins have reasonable values; and the volume of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) transport is in general agreement with what limited observations exist. On a global basis the zonally integrated meridional heat transport is poleward at all latitudes except for the latitude band 30°S to 45°S. This anomalous transport is most likely a signature of the model's inability to form Antarctic Intermediate (AAIW) and Antarctic bottom water (AABW) properly. Eddy heat transport is strong at the equator where its convergence heats the equatorial Pacific about twice as much as it heats the equatorial Atlantic. The greater heating in the Pacific suggests that mesoscale eddies may be a vital mechanism for warming and maintaining an upwelling portion of the global conveyor-belt circulation. The model's fresh water transport compares well with observations. However, in the Atlantic there is an excessive southward transport of fresh water due to the absence of the Mediterranean outflow and weak northward flow of AAIW. Eddies in the mid-latitudes act to redistribute heat and salt down the mean gradients. Residual fluxes calculated from a sum of the computed advective (including eddies), forced, and stored fluxes of heat and salt represent transport mostly due to vertical sub-grid scale mixing processes. Perhaps the model's greatest weakness is the lack of strong AAIW and AABW circulation cells. Accurate thermohaline forcing in the North Atlantic (based on numerous hydrographic observations) helps the model adequately produce NADW. In contrast, the southern ocean is an area of sparse observation. Better thermohaline observations in this area may be needed if models such as this are to produce the deep convection that will achieve more accurate simulations of the global 3-dimensional circulation.
Assessment of MetOp-A Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer AVHRR short-wave infrared channel measurements using Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer IASI observations and line-by-line radiative transfer model simulations

MetOp-A satellite-based hyper-spectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer IASI observations are used to evaluate the accuracy of the broadband short-wave infrared SWIR atmospheric window channel channel 3B centred at 3.74 μm of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer AVHRR carried on the same platform. To complement the partial spectral coverage of IASI, line-by-line radiative transfer model LBLRTM-simulated IASI spectra are used. The comparisons result in significant negative AVHRR minus IASI bias in radiance ∼–0.04 mW m–2 sr–1 cm–1 with scene temperature dependency in which the absolute value of the bias linearly increases with increasing temperature. It is demonstrated that the negative bias and the scene temperature dependency of the bias are the results of significant absorption in the portion of AVHRR spectral band not seen by IASI, leading to the conclusion that MetOp-A AVHRR channel 3B is not purely an ‘atmospheric window’ channel.
Ensemble Modeling of the 23 July 2012 Coronal Mass Ejection

On 23 July 2012 a significant and rapid coronal mass ejection (CME) was detected in situ by the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) A. This CME was unusual due to its extremely brief Sun-to-1 AU transit time of less than 21 h and its exceptionally high impact speed of 2246 km/s. If this CME had been Earth directed, it would have produced a significant geomagnetic storm with potentially serious consequences. To protect our ground- and space-based assets, there is a clear need to accurately forecast the arrival times of such events using realistic input parameters and models run in near real time. Using Wang-Sheely-Arge (WSA)-Enlil, the operational model currently employed at the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center, we investigate the sensitivity of the 23 July CME event to model input parameters. Variations in the initial CME speed, angular width, and direction, as well as the ambient solar wind background, are investigated using an ensemble approach to study the effect on the predicted arrival time of the CME at STEREO A. Factors involved in the fast transit time of this large CME are discussed, and potential improvements to modeling such events with the WSA-Enlil model are presented.
Reviving Preevaluative Research An Illustration from the Arts

The concept of "pre-evaluative research" is examined in the context of a museum exhibition evaluation. Preevaluation research was recommended by some of the earliest writers in the evaluation field as a way of facilitating a formal, "ultimate, "of summative evaluation. It is viewed as distinct from, and complementary to, an evaluability assessment. The exhibit preevaluative study indicates that instrumentation and imple mentation issues are likely to benefit from such activities, but that design and analysis may still suffer.
Understanding the Diverging Trajectories of the United States and Western Europe: A Neo-Polanyian Analysis

This article proposes a neo-Polanyian theoretical framework for understanding the dynamics within contemporary market societies. It uses this framework to analyze the divergence between the United States and other developed societies that has become more pronounced in the first years of the twenty-first century. The argument emphasizes the shifting political alliances of the business community in the United States and suggests that from 1994 onward, business lost power in the right-wing coalition to its religious Right allies. The growing power of a religious-based social movement is a critical ingredient in the unilateralist turn in the Bush Administration’s foreign policy.
Comorbidity and Psychological Science: Does One Size Fit All?

Psychologists need a thorough understanding of comorbidity involving physical health, substance use, and other mental health problems for clinical research, practice, and training. Comorbidity affects case management from treatment entry through follow-up, touching the work of psychologists in all related settings and at varying levels of training. Conceptualizations of comorbidity, however, are heterogeneous and may vary by training and employment experiences and settings. As such, there is a need to examine the concept of comorbidity more methodically. This article argues that current knowledge and developing language challenges a one-size-fits-all approach to comorbidity. The article outlines and discusses relevant considerations for research, treatment, and training regarding comorbidity.
Design And Implementation of A Novel Average Current Mode PFC Controller IC

This paper analyzed quasi-steady state principles of PFC (Power Factor Correction) pre-regulator. An integrated circuit chip was design based on quasi-steady state control strategy. It features built-in average current mode control. The whole PFC design is very compact by using this chip. Very good THD performance is achieved.
Does 3-Methyleneoxindole Possess Auxin Activity?

Extensive xylem differentiation was induced in expiants of lettuce pith parenchyma cultured for 7 d on Murashige and Skoog's medium containing exogenous auxin and cytokinin. Xylo genesis was not observed by employing various concentrations of 3-methyleneoxindole (MOI) as the source of exogenous auxin. Samples of MOI from two research laboratories were tested in these studies. Tracheary elements were formed in profuse numbers in expiants transferred to an IAA-kinetin medium after having been cultured for 7 d on an MOI-kinetin medium. Media containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were inhibitory to xylogenesis whether the auxin employed was IAA or NAA; thus the response was considered not to arise from the chelation of manganous ions involved in the enzymatic oxidation of IAA. Xylogenesis was either unaffected or inhibited by the addition of chlorogenic acid to the medium.
Interactive time-dependent particle tracing using tetrahedral decomposition

Streak lines and particle traces are effective visualization techniques for studying unsteady fluid flows. For real time applications, accuracy is often sacrificed to achieve interactive frame rates. Physical space particle tracing algorithms produce the most accurate results although they are usually too expensive for interactive applications. An efficient physical space algorithm is presented which was developed for interactive investigation and visualization of large, unsteady, aeronautical simulations. Performance has been increased by applying tetrahedral decomposition to speed up point location and velocity interpolation in curvilinear grids. Preliminary results from batch computations showed that this approach was up to six times faster than the most common algorithm which uses the Newton-Raphson method and trilinear interpolation. Results presented show that the tetrahedral approach also permits interactive computation and visualization of unsteady particle traces. Statistics are given for frame rates and computation times on single and multiprocessors. The benefits of interactive feature detection in unsteady flows are also demonstrated.
The ASSP sound reinforcement systems

Three needs have been inadequately met at ASSP Conventions. 1) Lecture sound reinforcement, 2) Playback of demonstration tapes, and 3) Audio demonstrations. The choice of microphones, amplifiers, tape recorders and speakers is justified. Provision for shiping this equipment is illustrated.
Sideburn hairline reconstruction by flap techniques. A Review

BACKGROUND. A variety of flap techniques are utilized to accomplish aesthetic reconstruction of the sideburn hairline. OBJECTIVE. This communication is intended to review such techniques, and to discuss their applicability to this location. METHOD. Selected cases from the author will be presented using both a discussion and a photographic format. RESULTS. Reconstitution of a cosmetically acceptable sideburn hairline will be apparent in all cases. CONCLUSION. Proper selection from a variety of flap techniques allows reconstruction of aesthetically pleasing hairlines in the sideburn area. Dermatol Surg 1995 ;21 :771-775.
COMBATING LONELINESS AMONG PERSONS WITH SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS: SOCIAL NETWORK INTERVENTIONS' CHARACTERISTICS, EFFECTIVENESS, AND APPLICABILITY

More than half of people with severe mental illness are lonely, the subjective state associated with social isolation and lack of desired relationships. Their loneliness is related to impaired abil...
Genetic Markers in Breast Tumors with Hereditary Predisposition

Over the past two decades, we have come to an understanding of cancer as a genetic disorder caused by the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic changes, which include point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, viral insertions, and genomic amplifications and deletions (1,2). Gene amplifications, point mutations, viral insertions, and chromosomal rearrangements are dominant genetic damages that primarily target oncogenes whose gain of function (overexpression) leads to dysregulation of cell growth and transformation. Recessive point mutations and deletions mainly cause loss of function in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) that control cell-cycle progression and DNA repair mechanisms (2).
Differential Analysis on Deep Web Data Sources

The growing use of Internet in everyday life has been creating new challenges and opportunities to use data mining techniques. A relatively new trend in the Internet is the deep web. As a large number of deep web data sources tend to provide similar data, an important problem is to perform offline analysis to understand the differences in data available from different sources. This paper introduces data mining methods to extract a high-level summary of the differences in data provided by different deep web data sources. We consider pattern of values with respect to the same entity and we formulate a new data mining problem, which we refer to as differential rule mining. We have developed an algorithm for mining such rules. Our method includes a pruning method to summarize the identified differential rules. For efficiency, a hash-table is used to accelerate the pruning process. We show the effectiveness, efficiency, and utility of our methods by analyzing data across four travel-related web-sites.
Therapy of Candida Infections: Susceptibility Testing, Resistance, and Therapeutic Options

OBJECTIVE:Review the epidemiology of fungal infections, approved susceptibility testing methods, the scope of antifungal resistance, and advances in the treatment of fungal infections.DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE databases (from 1966 to March 1998) were searched for literature pertaining to the epidemiology and management of fungal infections.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Articles were selected to assist in providing the reader an understanding of the epidemiology and management of fungal infections.DATA SYNTHESIS:Fungi have emerged as an important class of pathogens. Even though fungi rank as the fourth most commonly encountered nosocomial bloodstream pathogen, and are associated with the highest mortality of commonly encountered pathogens, only within the past year have methods for conducting and guidelines for interpreting in vitro susceptibility tests been approved. Under the guidance of these standards, we have begun to understand important issues regarding fungi such as the scope and mechanisms of ant...
Black Immigrants in the United States and the "Cultural Narratives" of Ethnicity

This article argues that social science representations of post-1965 Black immigrants in the United States employ the concept of “ethnicity” in ways that reinforce the racialist myth of Black (American) cultural inferiority. Specifically, the discursive use of Black immigrant “ethnic” and “cultural distinctiveness,” while admittedly reflecting an important recognition of the heterogeneity of the United States Black populations, is in fact predicated upon a repackaged “culture of poverty” discourse that serves to reaffirm the overarching racial order. In a discussion of the theoretical and historical development of the concept, I show how the current discourse of “ethnic distinctiveness” perpetuates a form of racism under a theory that denies the relevance of race while it continuously recodes the biological notions of race as “culture.” Thus, Black immigrant distinctiveness, when presented through the prism of the cultural narratives of ethnicity, allows for the perpetuation of a “cultural racism” that adversely affects all Blacks in this country. I therefore call for a rejection of ethnicity theory as it is currently conceptualized and suggest the need to ground theories of Black distinctiveness within analyses of power relations and ongoing practices of racial subjugation.
Hyperthermia thermometry evaluation: criteria and guidelines.

Abstract Results of the evaluation of thermometry devices used during hyperthermia treatments at 14 different clinics in the USA are presented. Measurements were made by the Hyperthermia Physics Center (HPC, a National hyperthermia quality assurance program under NC1 contract No. NO1-CM-37512) according to a protocol. Our sample included thermocouples, fiberoptic thermometers, and high lead resistance thermistors. We found that only some but not all of the thermometers of each kind performed within the ±0.2°C acceptability criteria of accuracy. The precision, stability, and response times achieved with each type of thermometer are presented. A summary of perturbuations and artifacts typical for each system is presented together with suggested precautions to avoid themd uring clinical usage. We conclude that although the technology used with each thermometer system is capable of producing a temperature accuracy of 0.2°C, this accuracy is clinically achievable only with a concerted effort and a constant alertness on the part of the investigator. Based on the combined experience of this survey, the clinical investigators we visited, and published reports, we present certain guidelines and procedures that can help to reduce the inaccuracies and improve the reliability of temperature data obtained in clinical hyperthermia trials.
M-wave of the toad electroretinogram.

1. In the retina, two distinct, light-evoked releases of K+ have been described. One takes place in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and is termed the "distal K+ increase." The other takes place in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and is termed the "proximal K+ increase." Although the distal K+ increase generates the electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave, the contribution of the much larger proximal K+ increase to the ERG is less well understood. In this paper we detail our investigation of the proximal K+ increase and its contribution to the ERG. We describe an ERG component, the M-wave, which had not heretofore been observed in the diffuse-flash, vitreal ERG. 2. We studied the proximal K+ increase and the ERG M-wave in the isolated retina preparation of the toad, Bufo marinus. We used K(+)-sensitive microelectrodes, as well as conventional intra- and extracellular microelectrodes, to record K+ changes, the local (or intraretinal) ERG, the vitreal ERG, and Muller cell responses. 3. As in earlier studies of the amphibian and cat M-wave, we readily observed an M-wave in the intraretinal, or local, ERG (LERG). The M-wave we studied had characteristics similar to those of M-waves that were previously described. Specifically, we found that the M-wave was generated by a Muller cell response to the proximal K+ increase and that both the proximal K+ increase and the LERG M-wave were spatially tuned. 4. We used the aspartate receptor agonist, N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMA), to reveal that an M-wave is present in the vitreal ERG. Researchers who previously investigated the M-wave were unable to identify an M-wave in the vitreal ERG. We found that the toad ERG M-wave was a small, positive potential that was partially obscured by the much larger b-wave and slow PIII components. 5. We observed that picrotoxin (PTX) had an excitatory effect on inner retina, as evidenced by an enhanced proximal K+ increase and an enhanced M-wave. This result indicates that it is likely that GABAergic inhibition in inner retina plays an important role in retinal processing in the toad. 6. At threshold, we found that the ERG consisted mainly of an M-wave, indicating that the amphibian threshold ERG is driven by proximal retina. This result is analogous to previous observations of the threshold ERG in cat. However, in cat, the M-wave and threshold response have been described as distinct ERG components.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Oxidative Stress, Epigenetics, and Cancer Stem Cells in Arsenic Carcinogenesis and Prevention

The carcinogenic role of arsenic has been extensively studied for more than half century. How arsenic causes human cancer, however, remains to be fully elucidated. In this brief review, we focus our attentions on the most recent discoveries by us and others on the capabilities of arsenic in inducing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and the generation of the cancer stem cells. We believe that these new understandings on the mechanisms of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis will shed light on the prevention and treatment of human cancers resulted from environmental or occupational arsenic exposure. Furthermore, these latest findings on arsenic-induced cellular responses will also have an important impact on the investigation of the carcinogenic effects of other environmental or occupational carcinogens or hazards.
Molecular Mapping of Antigenic and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Recognition Determinants on the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecule Kb Using In Vitro Mutant Cell Lines

MHC class I molecule plays a crucial role in the cell-mediated immune response by functioning as the recognition element for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) to discriminate self-antigens from foreign (nonself) antigens (1). Based on the previous extensive studies using a series of spontaneous in vivo mouse mutants expressing altered class I Kb molecules with multiple clustered amino acid substitutions, we had postulated that CTL interacts with the “recognition regions” formed by amino acid residues in the polypeptide stretches from residues 70 to 90 in the α1 domain and from 150 to 180 in the α2 domain (2). In the present study, using allogeneic anti-Kb CTL clones, Kb-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and a series of mutant cell lines expressing Kb molecules with single point mutations, we have identified some of the amino acid residues on the two polypeptide stretches that are important for the recognition of the Kb molecule by CTL and MAbs (3). While the MAbs recognized specific regions in either the α1 or α2 domain of the molecule, CTL appeared to simultaneously interact with specific amino acid residues on the recognition regions of the two domains.
Sexual Assault Supportive Attitudes: Rape Myth Acceptance and Token Resistance in Greek and Non-Greek College Students From Two University Samples in the United States:

Colleges are rape-prone cultures with high rates of sexual victimization. Fraternities' and sororities' relationships with sexual assault are consistent themes in literature focusing on sexual violence among college students. Previous research suggests that fraternity men are more likely to endorse rape-supportive attitudes compared with non-Greek men or sorority women. The present study examines rape-supportive attitudes as well as rape and sexual assault victimization in college students with a focus on gender and Greek-life (i.e., involvement in fraternities or sororities) status variables. College students ( N = 1,002) completed a survey including the Token Resistance to Sex Scale (TRSS), Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale-Short Form (IRMA-S), and items related to past experiences of nonconsensual sex. Two regression models tested predictors of token resistance and rape myth acceptance. Chi-square analyses tested between-group differences of experiencing rape and sexual assault. Gender ( p < .001), Greek status ( p < .001), and race/ethnicity ( p < .001) were predictors for TRSS scores. For IRMA scores, gender ( p < .001), Greek status ( p < .001), and race/ethnicity variables ( p < .001) were also significant. Interaction terms revealed that Greek men had higher token resistance and rape myth acceptance than any other group. Chi-square analyses indicate women more frequently report experiences of rape (χ2 = 25.57, df = 1, p < .001) and sexual assault (χ2 = 31.75, df = 1, p < .001). Men report high rates (40.8%) of experiencing sexual assault "because refusing was useless." No differences of victimization rates were found between Greeks and non-Greeks. Gender and sexual scripting theory can help explain gender differences in attitudes and experiences. Greater endorsement of rape myth acceptance and token resistance by Greeks, who influence college party culture, could be contributing to a culture conducive to rape. Findings demonstrate a continued need for interventions focused on shifting sociocultural dynamics (e.g., traditional roles and sexual scripting) on college campuses.
DOING WELL BY DOING GOOD: PURSUING COMMERCIAL SUCCESS BY INTERNALIZING SOCIAL GOOD IN SUBSISTENCE MARKETS.

Using qualitative research and case studies, we argue that firms should internalize social good in order to succeed in subsistence markets. We develop micro and macro level rationale to show that c...
Time Made Strange: Preaching In Ordinary Time

The Sundays in Ordinary Time represent a challenge for the biblical preacher. Powerful forces at work delude God’s people into thinking that we ought to be at home in the world’s time. Yet, by the grace of God, we are given the time to enjoy proclaiming the truth of God with us in our time. Faithful preaching in Ordinary Time maintains the eschatological sense that our time has been permanently disrupted and commandeered by the risen Christ. In the Sundays of Ordinary Time, biblical preachers are privileged to proclaim that surprising, wondrous intrusions by a living God have become the new “ordinary.”
Driving sudden current and voltage in expanding and compressing plasma.

A magnetized plasma preseeded with an initially undamped Langmuir wave is shown to transition suddenly to a collisionless damping regime upon expansion of the plasma perpendicular to the background magnetic field. The resulting anisotropic fast-particle distribution then leads to an electrical current and dc voltage induction. The current drive efficiency of this effect in nonstationary plasmas is shown to depend on the rate of expansion of the plasma, the time-varying collisionality, and the plasma $L/R$ time. Subsequent recompression of the plasma enhances this current drive effect by reducing further the collision rate of the current-carrying electrons.
Studies on Sensitization. IV. Antitoxin Immunity Contrasted with Tissue Hypersensitiveness

In connection with our studies of tissue hypersensitiveness following repeated injections of protein in rabbits, it seemed of interest to obtain a picture of antitoxin immunity in the same animal that is sensitized to some protein. A quantitative method for measuring skin immunity to diphtheria toxin, based on the Schick test, and for measuring the amount of antitoxin present in the serum of the immune animal, following intracutaneous injections of toxoid has been described.1 Briefly, the least quantity of diphtheria toxin, in a 0.1 cc. volume, that is capable of producing an erythematous response following an intracutaneous injection in a normal rabbit is determined. This quantity usually ranges from 0.000003 MLD to 0.0000003 MLD. A given amount, such as 0.5 cc. of toxoid is then injected intracutaneously in fractional doses of 0.25 cc. in the same rabbit. After about 3 weeks, it will be found that the least quantity of diphtheria toxin that will produce erythema following intracutaneous injections of 0....
Salary Inequity in Social Work A Review of the Knowledge and Call to Action

Fifty years after the Equal Pay Act of 1963, research continues to find disparities between the salaries of men and women across disciplines. This study examines empirical evidence about salary and gender within the social work profession from the 1960s to present day. All available articles with empirical data regarding salary and gender during the time period were included in this systematic review. Salary disparities were found between men and women in the vast majority of studies. The authors classify contributing factors into three categories (a) characteristics of the employing organizations, (b) characteristics of the position held, and (c) characteristics of the individual, and include a discussion of factors relevant to social workers in academic positions. The researchers recommend legislative policy changes, best practices in organizational policy, and proactive education within social work programs. Social workers have the opportunity to effect change in this area by promoting social justice w...
Interpolation of nevanlinna-pick type on the boundary of the bidisc

A necessary and sufficient condition is described for the existence of a function ϕ which is holomorphic and bounded by 1 in a neighborhood of the closed bidisc (D2)-, and which maps n specified points in part D2, the topological boundary of D2, to n specified points in D. Such an interpolating function exisits if and only it a bounded holomorphic interpolating function exists if and only it a bounded holomorphic interpolating function exists separaately on D2 and on each analytic disc in ∂D2. The proof uses a limit of Agler's matirx condition for interpolating interior points of D2.
The role of the shear mach number in earthquake source dynamics

The effect of the rupture velocity upon the spatial and temporal dependence of earthquake source functions is investigated. To this end a model is suggested in which the fault zone is realized as a flexible membrane under the action of a moving force with additional stiffness forces provided by the surrounding medium. The motion of each particle of the membrane is impeded by a displacement-dependent friction and radiation damping. The particle motion along the fault is found to obey an inhomogeneous Klein-Gordon equation whose solutions are derived in closed form. In the time domain, the solutions yield a particle-motion function that has frequently been derived by analysis of earthquake seismograms. The physical parameters in the theoretical source function are found to depend strongly on the Mach number, as already predicted by the theoretical directivity function. The theory excludes the possibility of supersonic rupture and asserts a transonic rupture for major shallow earthquakes and subsonic rupture for seismic events with low and intermediate magnitudes. It predicts new functional relations between the initial particle velocity at the fault's tip, D˙ , the Mach number, M = ν/ β , the rise time τ, the stress drop σ∞ and the fault length L .
Immunity in Context: Science and Society in Dialogue

Without disputing the richness of the original incarnation of the immune self – conceived in segregated terms and defended by immunity – this useful heuristic is undergoing transformation. A relational or dialectical orientation has supplemented this incarnation of selfhood from an exclusive focus on the defensive scenario to one that now accommodates more expansive ecological intercourse, one in which active tolerance allows for cooperative exchanges within both the internal and external environments. This revision that emphasizes communal relationships finds support in the social matrix. Just as the autonomous immune self found its own conceptual coordinates in modernist notions of personal identity, changing cultural values, revised notions of personal identity, and the vast growth of ecological awareness resonate with shifts in theorizing about immunity. Such correspondence highlights the ready movement of potent metaphors between the laboratory and its supporting culture.
What we see when we look at medical images

Discussions of medical imaging technologies often leave the connection between imaging, visualization, and vision ambiguous, which fails to explain the visual and technological nature of the images. I argue that this is because the standard way that account of image interpretation are constructed gets the explanatory order wrong; rather than looking to image use to explain interpretation, image use should be explained by image interpretation. An account of imaging that takes visual interpretation as primary has more explanatory power and provides new tools for analysis and critique of medical imaging.
Utilization and preferred metabolic pathway of ketone bodies for lipid synthesis by isolated rat hepatoma cells

Morris hepatoma 7777 cells freshly isolated from highly malignant tumors grown in the hindlimb of buffalo rats actively convert ketone bodies to cholesterol and fatty acids. On the basis of results obtained with (-)-hydroxycitrate, an inhibitor of the ATP citrate lyase enzyme, the metabolic pathway for acetoacetate conversion to lipids is exclusively cytoplasmic, whereas that for 3-hydroxybutyrate involves both extra- and intramitochondrial compartments. Subcellular distribution studies indicated accumulation and compartmentation of 3-hydroxybutyryl CoA primarily in the cytoplasm of hepatoma cells incubated with either ketone body. In contrast, the compartmentation of acetoacetyl CoA is dependent on whether the substrate is acetoacetate or 3-hydroxybutyrate. With acetoacetate, the acetoacetyl CoA is entirely cytoplasmic, whereas with 3-hydroxybutyrate, it is equally divided between the intra- and extramitochondrial compartments. The results are discussed in terms of the known and proposed metabolic pathways for lipid synthesis from ketone bodies, particularly that from 3-hydroxybutyrate.
Systematic Review of Liposomal Bupivacaine (Exparel) for Postoperative Analgesia.

Background:Management of postoperative pain often requires multimodal approaches. Suboptimal dosages of current therapies can leave patients experiencing periods of insufficient analgesia, often requiring rescue therapy. With absence of a validated and standardized approach to pain management, furth
Tosh.0, Convergence Comedy, and the ‘Post-PC’ TV Trickster

This chapter examines how the cable show Tosh.0 succeeds by updating the familiar clip show format for the convergence media era, catering to the tastes and social anxieties of that key demographic: males ages 18–34. Despite the innovative ways in which host and comedian Daniel Tosh capitalizes on convergence media practices, he fits the familiar cultural role of the trickster who makes a game of violating social prohibitions. While ostensibly spending most of its time showcasing video clips featuring humiliating or disgusting content, it is shown how Tosh’s humor typically derives from anxiety about cultural change and the loss of privilege in the face of ‘political correctness’. Tosh.0 is an example of ‘post-PC’ humor that works to dismiss rather than meaningfully engage identity politics.
Exposure to School and Residential Diversity: A New Test of Perpetuation Theory

Perpetuation theorists have recently hypothesized intergenerational consequences associated with participation in racially/ethnically diverse environments; however, few studies have considered possible intergenerational implications when offering empirical tests of perpetuation theory. By linking longitudinal administrative, geographic, and census data from students who attended Jefferson County Public Schools—one of the most racially/ethnically desegregated school districts in the USA—we specifically test whether early exposure to racial/ethnic diversity in neighborhoods and in high schools is associated with students living in more racially/ethnically diverse neighborhoods later in life. Using multilevel models, we find that early exposure to diversity in both neighborhoods and schools is significantly related to neighborhood diversity in both early and mid-adulthood and for both black and white students. However, the strength of these relationships diminished over time.
1769c Acute occupational pesticide poisoning in illinois 2010–2015: data linkage of hospital discharge and poison control center databases

Introduction Pesticides have a wide application in agriculture, landscaping, pest control services and others, to control pests, weeds, and other organisms that pose a threat to agricultural production and the health of the public. Acute occupational pesticide poisoning is a persisting challenge to these workers, many of whom are vulnerable and suffer adverse health consequences negatively impacting their ability to work. Surveillance is critical to identifying cases, sites, and mechanisms to target interventions. Methods Cases of acute occupational pesticide poisoning were identified and linked across the Illinois hospital discharge and the poison control center databases from 2010–2015 on the variables; exposure agent, date of admission, age, gender, variable and zip code of residence. Data was analyzed by SAS (v.9.3; Cary, NC). Results 358 cases of acute occupational pesticide poisoning were identified; 50 cases were overlapping. The majority of cases were from structural, rather than agricultural uses. Most exposures were due to toxic effects of ‘unspecified pesticides’ such as herbicides, fungicides (60%) and gases, fumes or vapors (36%) per the ICD-9 diagnoses codes. The main route of exposure was by inhalation (40.2%). Males and female exposures were 65% and 33% respectively. Most workers were aged between 20–30 years. Discussion 66 cases per year is low compared to other agricultural states. Use of multiple data sources in the absence of a robust reporting system can be informative and guide interventions. It is essential that acute occupational pesticide poisoning is adequately captured to estimate its burden and guide interventions for prevention and control. Healthcare providers and data registers must be encouraged to document the work-relatedness since workers can then access workers’ compensation insurance and preventive efforts can be better targeted. Data linkage provides a useful method for estimating the incidence, and enhancing the surveillance of acute pesticide poisonings among workers.
T560: a murine lymphoma with receptors for IgA

Tumor 560 is an Ig−, Ia+, B220+ lymphoma that originated in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of a (BI0 X B10.H2a H-4bpWts)F1 hybrid mouse. One line of it (T560.1) bears IgA receptors on only a low percentage of its cells, while a second (T560.2), has a high percentage of IgA receptor-positive cells. These receptors differ, however, from those previously described on T cells in having a high affinity not only for IgA but also for IgM. Thus, in some aspects of its binding activity, the T560 receptor resembles the poly-Ig receptor which binds to both IgM and IgA and transports them across epithelial cells. The poly-Ig receptor is, however, normally restricted to glandular epithelial cells and hepatocytes and absent from lymphoid cells. Yet another kind of IgA receptor is present on the surface of cells contained in unseparated Peyer’s patch (PP) cell populations; it differs from that of both T560 and T cell hybridomas in being highly inhibitable by IgG3 and poorly inhibitable by IgM. T560.2 presents antigen to antigen-reactive T cells and secretes IL-1- and IL-6-like activities.
Abstract 1076: Impact of Blood Pressure Control on All Cause Mortality in a Clinical Practice Setting

Introduction : Hypertension treatment and control results in improvement in health outcomes. However the expected benefits from antihypertensive treatment have not been elucidated in the primary care setting. Methods : In the late 1990s, the Washington DC VAMC employed a battery of recommendations to improve blood pressure (BP) control. In 42,346 patients with multiple BP measurements, systolic and diastolic BPs were averaged for each day of a mean period of 98 months of follow up and accordingly they were allocated to one of 3 groups: Always Controlled (n=8,144, 19.2%): BP controlled for all days of follow up, Partially Controlled (n=19,337, 45.7%): BP elevated up to 50% of days (28.2%±13.7) of follow up, and Not Controlled (n=14,865, 35.1%): BP elevated >50% of days (74.5%±14.8) of follow up. Results : During the follow up period 6,293 (14.9%) died. Of those 816 patients (10%) died in the Always Controlled group, 2,988 (15.5%) in the partially controlled group and 2,489 (16.7%) patients died in the Not Controlled group(p Conclusions : High rates of BP control can be achieved in the usual clinical practice setting, Sustained BP control resulted in the greatest reduction in mortality risk, Partial BP control also provided mortality reduction.
Photobiosynthesis in Lizards: Opportunity, Ability and Behavioral Regulation

Since Cowles and Bogert’s [1] classic study on thermoregulation, numerous studies have established the importance of basking behavior as a means of thermoregulation of many reptiles [2,3,4]. However, the sun provides not only heat produced by long-wave infrared radiation but also biologically important radiation at the other end of the spectrum, specifically ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation (290-320 nm). These wavelengths penetrate the skin of vertebrates and promote photobiosynthesis of previtamin D, from provitamin D3 [5,6], which is then isomerized to vitamin D3 by a temperature-dependant process. Despite its potentially important role, basking behavior has never been seriously considered an important means of UV photoregulation for vitamin D photobiosynthesis in reptiles.
A semiautomatic device for feeding liquid milk-replacer diets to infant pigs.

~~ ABSTRACT We describe the design and use of a animals at regular intervals over 24 h; alternatively, device that enables the semiautomatic feeding of by using the time-windows feature of the fraction various quantities of liquid, milk-replacer diet. The collector, up to 11 different volumes can be dispensed apparatus consists of a programmable fraction collec- to 11 animals. We present results of a preliminary tor (with attachments for preparative work) driven by trial in which we used the equipment to feed 11 pigs, a high-flow peristaltic pump. To reduce bacterial weaned at 1 d of age, for 11 d. Daily maintenance and growth and lipid oxidation of the liquid diet, we kept programming of two systems, including diet prepara- the milk-replacer in an ice bath and bubbled a slow tion and pig weight measurements, were accomplished stream of nitrogen through it at all times. The liquid in approximately 90 min. The feeder is simple to diet was kept in suspension by continuous recircula- program and enables the feed intake of the pigs to be tion and agitation. The device can be used to dispense adjusted accurately for individual BW on a daily basis. prespecified amounts of either the same volume of The pigs had no diarrhea and grew well on the rations feed, or a different volume to each of two groups of allocated to them.
Congenital Neurosurgical Problems

Congenital neurosurgical problems are by definition, present at birth, although they may not become symptomatic, or be detected until sometime later. Pediatric neurosurgeons deal with a variety of congenital problems, including spina bifida, tethered cord, Chiari malformations, hydrocephalus, arachnoid cysts, and craniosynostosis, often in conjunction with other specialists. Close follow up of these patients is essential, and may be required throughout the patient’s lifetime. In the past, it was thought that children with congenital neurological issues would inevitably decline, and die. Through the work of a number of dedicated pediatric neurosurgeons, this idea has been refuted, and the present view is that decline is not the natural history of these patients, and any clinical deterioration should be investigated, and potentially may be treated.
Antioxidant and pro-oxidant mechanisms of (+) catechin in microsomal CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of catechin on cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-dependent oxidative stress. Microsomes co-expressing human CYP2E1 with NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5 were incubated with NADPH and DTPA at pH 7.0. Superoxide anion generation was specifically detected by spin-trapping with DEPMPO. Generation of the DEPMPO-OOH adduct was not observed in the absence of CYP2E1 and in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catechin, while catalase was ineffective. Reactive oxygen species generation was detected with 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CPH) by the EPR-detection of its oxidation product, 3-carboxy-proxyl radical (CP●). CP● generation was not observed in the absence of CYP2E1 and in the presence of SOD, while catalase was ineffective. In contrast, catechin increased CPH oxidation, an effect that was not observed in the absence of CYP2E1 or in the presence of SOD (but not catalase), and was not associated with an increase in oxygen consumption. Catechin also increased the non-specific oxidation of the probes CPH and hydroethidine by the superoxide anion-generating system xanthine plus xanthine oxidase. Catechin oxidized CPH in the presence of horseradish peroxidase plus hydrogen peroxide, a catechin radical-generating system. In conclusion, catechin exhibits both antioxidant (superoxide-scavenging) and pro-oxidant effects under CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress.
Routine Screening for Primary Hyperaldosteronism in Hypertensive Patients: Yes or No?

Primary hyperaldosteronism is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and endocrine-related hypertension and is characterized by autonomous, inappropriately elevated serum aldosterone, arising from either an aldosterone producing adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. In comparison to matched patients with primary (essential) hypertension, patients with both subtypes of primary hyperaldosteronism have increased odds of stroke, non-fatal heart attack and atrial fibrillation. Moreover, patients with primary hyperaldosteronism have worse psychosocial and quality of life scores when compared to patients with primary hypertension. Although treatment guidelines for primary hyperaldosteronism vary, diagnosis is usually focused on identifying serum hyperaldosteronism and subsequently by differentiating between unilateral and bilateral disease with imaging (CT or MRI) and/or adrenal-venous sampling. Most patients with aldosterone producing adenoma can be managed successfully with laparoscopic adrenalectomy, not only by curing their hypertension, but also by reversing cardiovascular and renal complications. Moreover, primary hyperaldosteronism patients diagnosed with bilateral-adrenal hyperplasia can likewise have improvement in hypertension and downstream cardiovascular outcomes with appropriate mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist treatment.
Identifying a sufficient core group for trachoma transmission.

Author(s): Lietman, Thomas M; Deiner, Michael S; Oldenburg, Catherine E; Nash, Scott D; Keenan, Jeremy D; Porco, Travis C | Abstract: BackgroundIn many infectious diseases, a core group of individuals plays a disproportionate role in transmission. If these individuals were effectively prevented from transmitting infection, for example with a perfect vaccine, then the disease would disappear in the remainder of the community. No vaccine has yet proven effective against the ocular strains of chlamydia that cause trachoma. However, repeated treatment with oral azithromycin may be able to prevent individuals from effectively transmitting trachoma.Methodology/principal findingsHere we assess several methods for identifying a core group for trachoma, assuming varying degrees of knowledge about the transmission process. We determine the minimal core group from a completely specified model, fitted to results from a large Ethiopian trial. We compare this benchmark to a core group that could actually be identified from information available to trachoma programs. For example, determined from the rate of return of infection in a community after mass treatments, or from the equilibrium prevalence of infection.Conclusions/significanceSufficient groups are relatively easy for programs to identify, but will likely be larger than the theoretical minimum.
PREDICTORS OF MAJOR ADVERSE EVENTS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

Despite improvements in post-operative outcomes, patients with cirrhotic liver disease undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) continue to experience major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Use of routine stress testing and coronary angiography is common prior to OLT, however, the utility of
The impact of conflict among political actors on implementing South Korea’s new teacher evaluation policy: A case study with implications for education policymaking

Abstract This paper provides a review of the condition of South Korea’s new teacher evaluation system, focusing on the conflict among political actors (i.e., government, political parties, teachers, teacher unions, and the media) involved in the development and implementation of the new policy. Furthermore, based on a review of data from MEST reports on teacher evaluations, this paper argues that the new policy has failed to meet its intended goals for both teachers and students. Although most schools have encountered difficulties in implementing the policy successfully, a few schools developed new approaches for successfully adapting the policy at the local level, as evidenced by document analysis of three case studies. This paper applies McLaughlin’s (1990) and Thorn and Harris’s (2013) theoretical perspectives that the success of educational policy in individual schools depends on mutual adaptation with essential input from local actors (e.g., teachers) rather than uniform implementation enforced by federal policy.