cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Structures and Patterns of Case Method Talk: What Our Students Taught Us

Abstract The authors explore case method instruction as it occurred in a graduate literacy course. Data were collected using audiotapes of case discussions, students' written reflections, interviews, questionnaires, and field notes. The interaction of a set of discussion structures (e.g., Humor, Consultation, Negotiation, Summarization) enabled the teachers to think about and to interpret the incidents in the cases. The case discussions seemed to scaffold efforts at instructional change by providing a context for reflection on issues of practice before having to confront one's own practice. The authors reflect upon their role as a participant who helps to identify, clarify, and inquire into issues in a case.
On the localization of certain mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes in rat liver nuclei

Abstract 1. 1. Nuclear fractions were prepared from rat liver homogenates by means of aqueous procedures utilizing 0–25 M sucrose solutions, 2.2–2.3 M sucrose solutions, or 0.25 M sucrose solutions containing Triton X-100. 2. 2. The activities of the following enzymes were determined in each of these nuclear preparations: glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, nicotinamide adenine dinudeotidase, succinate-cytochrome c reductase, 5'-nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, glutamate-pynivate transaminase, hexokinase, NADH oxidase, and lactamase. 3. 3. Nuclei puofied by treatment with Triton X-100 contained relatively firmly bound glutamate dehydrogenase, 5'-nucleotidase, nicotinamide adenine dinudeotidase, and glutamine synthetase at specific activities 3-6-fold that of the original homogenate. 4. 4. This purification as judged by recovery of DNA and enzyme activity was conditioned by the species and concentration of divalent cation present in the homogenizing medium. 5. 5. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Unified Monte Carlo: Evaluation, Uncertainty Quantification and Propagation of the Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum

The unified Monte Carlo (UMC) method is used for the quantification of uncertainties associated with the evaluation of the prompt fission neutron spectrum (PFNS) for the n(0.5 MeV)+239 Pu fission reaction and compared to the Kalman filter. Ultimately, the UMC and Kalman filter approaches lead to very similar evaluated PFNS while UMC is also capable of capturing the nonlinearities present in the Los Alamos (LA) model used to calculate the PFNS. Next, the unified Monte Carlo + total Monte Carlo (UMC+TMC) method is implemented to propagate uncertainties from the prior LA model parameters through the Flattop critical assemblies. Due to the fact that cross-experiment correlations are neglected in the present evaluation work, the UMC+TMC method predicts uncertainties in the integral quantities smaller by an order of magnitude or more compared to direct sampling from the posterior LA model parameters. Last, the UMC method is proposed for use as an evaluation tool that can be used with the new prompt fission Monte Carlo Hauser-Feshbach codes that are currently under development.
Stacking Weak-Lensing Signals of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Clusters to Constrain Cluster Physics

We show how to place constraints on cluster physics by stacking the weak-lensing signals from multiple clusters found through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. For a survey that covers about 200 deg2 in both SZ and weak-lensing observations, the slope and amplitude of the mass versus SZ luminosity (LSZ) scaling relation can be measured with few percent error for clusters at z ~ 0.5. This can be used to constrain cluster physics, such as the nature of feedback. For example, we can distinguish a preheated model from a model with a decreased accretion pressure at more than 5 σ. The power to discriminate among different nongravitational processes in the intracluster medium becomes even stronger if we use the central Compton parameter, y0, which could allow one to distinguish among models with preheating, supernova feedback, and active galactic nucleus feedback at more than 5 σ. Furthermore, by measuring these relations as a function of redshift, it would be possible to directly observe, e.g., the evolution of hot gas in clusters. With this approach, the mass-LSZ relation can be calibrated and its uncertainties can be quantified, leading to a more robust determination of cosmological parameters from cluster surveys. The mass-LSZ relation calibrated in this way from a small area of the sky can be used to determine masses of SZ clusters from very large SZ-only surveys and is nicely complementary to other techniques proposed in the literature.
Zinc deficiency in a premature infant fed exclusively human milk.

The most notable changes of severe zinc deficiency are diarrhea, growth failure, delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, dermatitis, anorexia, mood changes, and frequent infections.1While severe zinc deficiency is rare in infancy, milder forms of zinc deficiency may be more common.2Because breast milk seems to enhance zinc absorption, it is often referred to as the most appropriate formula for prevention of zinc deficiency in infants.3However, a recent report of symptomatic zinc deficiency in a breast-fed premature infant would seem to question this concept.4Herein we report the development of zinc deficiency in another breast-fed premature infant and discuss possible factors that contributed to its occurrence. Report of a Case.—The patient was the second child born of a 27-year-old woman. The pregnancy was uncomplicated until the 26th week, when premature onset of labor resulted in delivery of the 710-g infant. The neonatal course was complicated
STEVEN STACK'S ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF NATIONAL SUICIDE RATES '

The results of eight studies by Steven Stack on national suicide rates were replicated using a data set for 1980; however, a multivariate data analysis indicated that the many associations found by Stack reduced to one major correlate of national suicide rates--females' participation in the labor force. Language: en
Infertility secondary to valproate

Abstract Valproic acid (VPA) is generally thought to be more benign in terms of fertility effects in patients with epilepsy than carbamazepine (CBZ) or phenytoin (PHT) due to its lack of liver-enzyme-inducing properties. We report a patient treated with VPA for partial seizures, previously fertile on CBZ. When conception failed while taking VPA, semen analysis revealed a decreased number of sperm, reduced motility, and altered morphology. Endocrinologic studies and evaluation of the patient's wife were all normal. Successful pregnancy was achieved and abnormal sperm indices reverted to normal when VPA was discontinued and CBZ reinstituted. It is probable that a direct gonadal or sperm membrane effect of VPA is the responsible mechanism for this rare phenomenon.
Molecular cloning, differential expression, and functional characterization of a family of class I ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) genes in cotton (Gossypium).

Abstract Two cDNAs and their corresponding genes ( GhUBC1 and GhUBC2 ) encoding ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) have been cloned and characterized from allotetraploid cotton Gossypium hirsutum ((AD) 1 genome). Three additional E2 genes ( GaUBC1 , GtUBC2 , and GrUBC2 ) have also been identified from diploid cottons Gossypium arboreum (A 2 genome), Gossypium thurberi (D 1 genome), and Gossypium raimondii (D 5 genome), respectively. The derived amino acid sequences of the five closely related cotton E2s are 77–79% identical to yeast ScUBC4 and ScUBC5. The GhUBC1/2 gene family is composed of two members, and genomic origin analysis indicates that GhUBC1 and 2 are individually present in the A and D subgenomes of G. hirsutum . The transcript levels of GhUBC1/2 increased significantly in leaves and flowers at senescence, suggesting that GhUBC1/2 may play a role in the degradation of target proteins that function in the delay of the senescence program. Correlated with high auxin content and auxin-associated effects, GhUBC1/2 are also highly expressed in the youngest leaves, the apical part of lateral roots, and elongating fibers. Genetic complementation experiments revealed that GhUBC1 and 2 can substitute for the function of ScUBC4 and 5 required for the selective degradation of abnormal and short-lived proteins in a yeast ubc4ubc5 double mutant.
Direct Observation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Geosorbents at the Subparticle Scale

We use the new analytical technique of microprobe two-step laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectrometry (μL2MS) to identify and characterize trace hydrophobic organic compounds found as contaminants on geosorbents. Specifically, we examine one laboratory-prepared sample and three aged field samples for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The resolution of the present μL2MS instrument is a circular spot size 40 μm in diameter, with the potential to be much less. We report PAH distributions across individual particles as well as from particle to particle. Our data show lateral variations in the extent of sorption at the subparticle scale, which indicates that sorption phenomena are heterogeneous at subparticle dimensions.
Power-conserving transformations: physical interpretations and applications using bond graphs

Abstract In the description of physical systems, most of the transformations of variables turn out to be power conserving. In addition, the characteristics of many ideal devices such as electrical transformers, gears, levers, and linkages may be represented as power-conserving transformations. This paper discusses such transformations both in terms of equations and bond graph elements, and discusses applications in vibrations, electrical machine theory, and analytical mechanics. The type of transformation required in mechanics elucidates a fundamental difference between electric circuits and mechanical systems. The physical interpretation of the transformations leads to nontraditional system formulations including the use of co-energy expressions for ideal devices which, although conservative, store no energy.
HEAT TRANSFER WITH A MOVING BOUNDARY- APPLICATION TO FLUIDIZED-BED COATING

Abstract This study presents a theoretical relationship between coating thickness on an object immersed in a fluidized bed of coating material and the physical properties of the system. The theory of fluidized bed coating was developed using the heat-balance integral in solving the problem of heat-conduction with a moving boundary as applied for the coating film. In developing the theory, the temperature profile within the coating film was represented by a second-degree polynomial. The theoretical solution was compared with experimental data given in the literature. The agreement is good. On the average, the theory predicts coating thicknesses that are higher than the experimental ones by about 10 per cent. This deviation is attributed mainly to the assumption of constant object and coating film temperature made in the theory. The heat-transfer coefficient is a major factor in the fluidized bed coating process. Coating data reported in the literature do not generally give the heat-transfer coefficient in the fluidized bed. A graphical method for estimating the heat-transfer coefficient was developed for experiments where final thickness data are reported.
BACTERIAL RESPONSES TO TEMPERATURE DURING AERATION OF PIG SLURRY

The temperature effect on total anaerobic and aerobic bacterial growth in pig slurry was studied using low level batch aeration treatments. Five bioreactors were built using Plexiglas tubes to perform five temperature treatments (5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C). An airflow rate of 0.129 L/min/L manure was used to aerate manure contained in all reactors. Data showed that temperature had a profound impact on the aerobic counts in pig slurry during the aeration process. When the temperature increased from 15 °C to 25 °C, the average oxidation–reduction potential decreased from +40 mV to −60 mV, accompanied by a 75% reduction of aerobic bacteria in the manure. At 25 °C, the anaerobic counts were consistently higher than aerobic counts for most of days. A quadratic relationship was observed between the aerobic counts and the oxidation–reduction potential with a correlation coefficient of 0.8374. To reduce odor generation potential, the oxidation–reduction potential in the manure should be maintained at +...
Machines That Walk

This paper explores the notion that the control of dynamically stable legged systems that locomote in 3-space can be decomposed into a planar part and an extra-planar part. The planar part generates the large leg and body motions that raise and lower the legs to achieve stepping, that propel the system forward, and that maintain balance. The planar part of the control system deals only with 2D dynamics. The extra-planar part of the locomotion control system suppresses motion in those degrees of freedom that would cause deviation from the plane of motion. These degrees of freedom include roll of the body, yaw of the body, and translation perpendicular to the intended direction of travel.
CLASSIFYING SOFTWARE MODULES INTO THREE RISK GROUPS

Building on our earlier work in detecting high risk software modules in object-oriented systems, we extend the two group discriminant classification model to three risk groups. First, we give an overview of the discriminant modeling methodology. Using traditional and object-oriented software product measures collected from a commercial system, we develop two discriminant fault models. One model incorporates only traditional measures while the other model includes both traditional and object-oriented measures. The independent variables of both models are principal components derived from the observed software measures. The models are used to classify the modules comprising the system into three groups: high, medium, and low risk. Quality of fit and classification performance of both models are reported. We show that for this case study, the addition of the object-oriented measures enhances the model by reducing the overall misclassification rate and significantly reducing the misclassifications in the medium group. Last of all, we tender a cost based method to determine under what condition a three group model is superior to the simpler two group model. Our results suggest that additional case studies are needed to help develop a clearer picture of three group discriminant models and the utility of object-oriented software measures in general.
Family Income at the Bottom and at the Top: Income Sources and Family Characteristics.

Abstract Attention has recently been focused on wealth as a source of long-term economic security and on wealth ownership as a crucial aspect of the racial economic divisions in the United States. This literature, however has been concerned primarily with the wealth gap between poor and middle-class families, and between the white and black middle class. In this paper, we investigate the incomes of families at the top and bottom of the family income distribution. We examine the sources of income and the demographic characteristics of these high-income and low-income families using family level data from the 1988 to 2003 Current Population Surveys. We find that, at the bottom of the distribution, transfer income is the major income source; in particular, income from social security, supplemental security, and public assistance. At the top, employment income is the largest component of family income. Non-white, female, and non-married householders are disproportionately located at the bottom of the family income distribution. These families consist of both young and old adults, with high-school educations or less, in low-level service occupations. Many are disabled, many are retired. Householders at the top of the income distribution are typically male, white, and married. Householders and spouses at the top are typically middle-age, with college educations, employed in professional service and managerial occupations. We find that wealth is not an important source of income for families at the highest percentiles. The highest income families during this period in the U.S. were not a “property elite”: their income is mostly from employment. We speculate, however, that they will join the “property elite” later in the life-course as they retire and receive income from their investments.
Transport of 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine by Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract The transport of 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (MAHMP) by Salmonella typhimurium was studied using synthetic [methyl-3H3]MAHMP. It was found that an active transport system existed for MAHMP, having Km of 0.07 μM and Vmax 45 nmol·min−1·(g dry wt. cells)−1, that required glucose as a source of energy and was pH and temperature dependent. Uptake was inhibited by cyanide, azide, N-ethylmaleimide, 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Uptake was also weakly inhibited by oxythiamine, but not by thiamine, 2-methyl-4-amino-5-aminomethylpyrimidine, or 4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine, indicating that the transport system is specific for MAHMP.
Better BMT for Hurler syndrome--on the level?

In this issue of Blood , Boelens et al report transplantation outcomes for the largest cohort assembled to date of patients with Hurler syndrome, demonstrating key associations with survival and outlining approaches that result in higher levels of α-l-iduronidase, the enzyme missing in this
Chang's Conjecture and the Non-Stationary Ideal

In The Axiom of Determinacy, Forcing Axioms and the Nonstationary Ideal [W1], Woodin constructs the partial order ℙ max , which in the presence of large cardinals yields a forcing extension of L (ℝ) where ZFC holds and the non-stationary ideal on ω 1 (hereafter denoted NS ω 1 ) is ω 2 -saturated. The basic analysis of ℙ max forcing over L (ℝ) can be carried out assuming only the Axiom of Determinacy (AD). In the central result of this paper, we show that if one increases slightly the strength of the determinacy assumptions, then Chang's Conjecture —the assertion that every finitary algebra on ω 2 has a subalgebra of order type ω 1 —holds in this extension as well. Specifically, we obtain: Corollary 4.6. Assume AD + V = L (ℝ, μ ) + μ is a normal, fine measure on . Chang's Conjecture holds in any ℙ max - generic extension of L (ℝ). This technique for obtaining Chang's Conjecture is fairly general. We [Se] have adapted it to obtain Chang's Conjecture in the model presented by Steel and Van Wesep [SVW] and Woodin [Wl] has adapted it to his ℚ max forcing notion. In each of these models, as in the ℙ max extension, one forces over L (ℝ) assuming AD to obtain ZFC and NS ω 1 is ω 2 -saturated. By unpublished results of Woodin, the assumption for Corollary 4.6 is equiconsistent with the existence of ω 2 many Woodin cardinals, and hence strictly stronger than AD L (ℝ) . One would like to reduce this assumption to AD L (ℝ) . Curiously, this reduction is not possible in the arguments for ℚ max or the Steel and Van Wesep model, and the following argument of Woodin suggests why it may not be possible for ℙ max either.
A nonlinear computer model applicable to low-beta plasma interchange modes in two dimensions☆

Abstract A two-dimensional, two-fluid, nonlinear computer model that is applicable to low-beta plasma interchange modes is described. Two, oppositely charged, interpenetrating fluids are followed in their two-dimensional motions perpendicular to a strong magnetic field with guiding center drift velocities by a finite-difference integration of the equations of continuity. The model is very similar to models in incompressible hydrodynamics. Primary among these similarities are the procedures and problems of spatial finite-differencing; these aspects are discussed only briefly. The new features brought in by the plasma characteristics have caused problems in computational stability of the method of time finite-differencing; the analysis and solution of these problems are discussed extensively. In particular, the frequently used leapfrog scheme is found to be unconditionally unstable due to growing computational modes and other schemes, along with model changes to a “one-fluid” model in certain regimes, are found to be necessary for stability. Of more general interest to other nonlinear fluid models that deal with the integration of equations of the form ∂u ∂t = F(u, t) is the derivation of composite schemes that retain some of the desirable qualities of several single schemes.
The Stability of Cellulose: A Statistical Perspective from a Coarse-Grained Model of Hydrogen-Bond Networks

A critical roadblock to the production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass is the efficient degradation of crystalline microfibrils of cellulose to glucose. A microscopic understanding of how different physical conditions affect the overall stability of the crystalline structure of microfibrils could facilitate the design of more effective protocols for their degradation. One of the essential physical interactions that stabilizes microfibrils is a network of hydrogen (H) bonds: both intrachain H-bonds between neighboring monomers of a single cellulose polymer chain and interchain H-bonds between adjacent chains. We construct a statistical mechanical model of cellulose assembly at the resolution of explicit hydrogen-bond networks. Using the transfer matrix method, the partition function and the subsequent statistical properties are evaluated. With the help of this lattice-based model, we capture the plasticity of the H-bond network in cellulose due to frustration and redundancy in the placement of H-bonds. This plasticity is responsible for the stability of cellulose over a wide range of temperatures. Stable intrachain and interchain H-bonds are identified as a function of temperature that could possibly be manipulated toward rational destruction of crystalline cellulose.
Microwave Collision Diameters II. Theory and Correlation with Molecular Quadrupole Moments

Observed microwave collision diameters are interpreted as arising exclusively from transitions induced during the collision. Collision diameters greater than kinetic theory values arise from dipole-dipole or dipole-quadrupole interactions. The former case affords a quantitative test of the theory. In the latter case measurements of collision diameters yield quadrupole moment measurements which are correlated with molecular structure.
Effects of vocal loudness on nasalance measures

The effects of vocal loudness on measures of nasalance was evaluated. Subjects were 30 young adult females with no history of communication disorder who spoke two stimulus passages at three levels of vocal loudness. One passage contained no nasal consonants (Zoo Passage) and the other contained about 35% nasal consonants (Nasal Sentences). The results indicate that there was no significant difference in nasalance measures across the three levels of vocal loudness for either passage. However, when the nasalance measures for the three conditions of vocal loudness were ranked from low to high for each subject, there was an interesting tendency for a subject's lowest nasalance score to occur in the loudest vocal condition on the Nasal Sentences but not for the non-nasal speech material of the Zoo Passage. The implications of these findings with regard to velopharyngeal function are discussed.
Performance of selection combining diversity in Weibull fading with cochannel interference

We evaluate the performance of selection combining (SC) diversity in cellular systems where binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) is employed and the desired signal as well as the cochannel interferers (CCIs) is subject to Weibull fading. A characteristic function- (CF-) based approach is followed to evaluate the performance in terms of the outage probability. Two selection criteria are adopted at the diversity receiver: maximum desired signal power and maximum output signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). We study the effect of the fading parameters of the desired and interfering signals, the number of diversity branches, as well as the number of interferers on the performance. Numerical results are presented and the validity of our expressions is verified via Monte Carlo simulations.
SPIKES: A Framework for Breaking Bad News to Patients With Cancer

SPIKES is an acronym for presenting distressing information in an organized manner to patients and families. The SPIKES protocol provides a step-wise framework for difficult discussions such as when cancer recurs or when palliative or hospice care is indicated. Each letter represents a phase in the six-step sequence. S stands for setting, P for perception, I for invitation or information, K for knowledge, E for empathy, and S for summarize or strategize. Breaking bad news is a complex communication task, but following the SPIKES protocol can help ease the distress felt by the patient who is receiving the news and the healthcare professional who is breaking the news. Key components of the SPIKES strategy include demonstrating empathy, acknowledging and validating the patient's feelings, exploring the patient's understanding and acceptance of the bad news, and providing information about possible interventions. Having a plan of action provides structure for this difficult discussion and helps support all involved.
Allocating Jobs under a Minimum Wage: Queues vs. Lotteries

In this paper we provide a simple diagrammatic technique for incorporating variable labour supply into the specific factors model We then use the framework to analyze the positive and normative effects of a minimum wage both with a broadly based employment lottery (on-the-job search) and with an employment queue (the Harris-Todaro case). We discover that with a given minimum wage replacing the queue with a lottery may be welfare reducing.
Sex steroid levels in the testes, ovaries, and pyloric caeca during gametogenesis in the sea star Asterias vulgaris

The concentrations of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol were determined via radioimmunoassay in testes, ovaries, and pyloric caeca of the sea star Asterias vulgaris during one complete and two partial gametogenic cycles. These compounds were found in all tissues examined and were present in quantities similar to those reported previously in other echinoderms and in vertebrates. Testes and ovaries exhibited annual growth cycles during which testicular and ovarian mass increased up to 100-fold as gametes were produced and stored until spawning. Pyloric caecal mass varied during the annual reproductive season; however, no seasonal trends were apparent. In the testes, sex steroid levels were highest at the onset of spermatogenesis. Transient increases in the levels of estradiol coincided with spermatogonial mitotic proliferation. Transient increases in the levels of testosterone and progesterone in the testes coincided with spermatogenic column formation and with spermiogenesis, respectively. In the ovaries, estradiol and testosterone levels were highest at the onset of oogenesis while progesterone levels did not change significantly throughout the annual gametogenic cycle. Male and female pyloric caeca exhibited similar seasonal variations in levels of sex steroids as compared with the gonads. It is hypothesized that transient increases in the levels of sex steroids during gametogenesis may serve as endogenous modulators of reproduction.
Clinical and echocardiographic correlates of mortality in medically treated patients with severe isolated aortic stenosis and normal left ventricular ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND Many symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are denied surgery and have a grim prognosis with medical management. METHODS AND RESULTS Between 2003 and 2012, among 550 patients with severe isolated AS and preserved LVEF on transthoracic echocardiography, 241 did not undergo aortic valve replacement (mean age, 83.2±7.6 years; 54% female; aortic valve area index, 0.40±0.13cm(2)/m(2); mean LVEF, 64.8±7.6%) and 67% presented with cardiac symptoms. At a mean follow-up of 25.5±25.1 months, 134 patients (56%) had died. Survival at 1, 5 and 9.5 years was 71%, 28% at 12%, respectively. Median survival was 36.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27.2-42.4 months). In unadjusted analyses, age, heart failure, hypertension, renal insufficiency, left atrial size, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), relative wall thickness and LV mass/LV end diastolic volume ratio were associated with mortality. On multivariate analysis adjusted for all significant univariate predictors, age ≥78 years, history of hypertension, left atrial diameter ≥40mm and PASP ≥42mmHg gave a joint area under the curve of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.73-0.86) for mortality. CONCLUSIONS In medically treated patients with severe isolated AS and preserved LVEF, older age, history of hypertension, and echo-Doppler variables reflecting LV diastolic dysfunction are independent predictors of death.
Electronic structures of the Y Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x surface and its modification by sputtering and adatoms of Ti and Cu

We present x-ray and inverse photoemission results for fractured surfaces of Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.9}$ before and after surface modification by Ar ion bombardment and the deposition of adatoms of Ti and Cu. Representative results are compared for samples prepared in three different ways. Two of the sample types exhibit substantial emission from grain-boundary phases because of both intergranular and transgranular fracture; they produce results that are very similar to those presented thus far in the literature. A third type was nearly free of contamination and clearly showed spectral features characteristic of the superconductor. Comparison of these nearly contamination-free valence-band results to those for clean ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ shows remarkably similar x-ray photoemission spectroscopy densities of states, with subtle differences near the Fermi level and at 3 eV. Inverse photoemission results show the top of the Cu-O hybrid orbitals to be 2 eV above ${E}_{F}$ and the empty states of Y and Ba at higher energy. Comparison with one-electron densities of states shows reasonable agreement, but there are large differences within the set of calculated results, and it is unclear from the valence bands alone how to account for final-state $\mathrm{Cu} d\ensuremath{-}d$ Coulomb correlation effects (satellite features show these effects very clearly). Argon sputtering for both types of samples shows destruction of the superconductor, with differences that can be related to sample surface quality. The deposition of adatoms of Ti and Cu results in reaction associated with oxygen withdrawal from the near-surface region. Studies of the $\mathrm{Cu} {2p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ line shape show that the deposition of as little as \ensuremath{\sim}1 monolayer equivalent of Ti or Cu reduces the formal ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ emission within the probed volume (30-50 \AA{} deep). Core-level analysis shows that this chemical reduction of Cu is accompanied by crystal-structure modifications as well. Studies of Cu adatom interactions reveal the progression from ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ to ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{1+}$ and, ultimately, to Cu metal as the overlayer thickens $\mathrm{Cu} {2p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ binding energy 932.5 eV for Cu metal, 933.1 eV for ${\mathrm{Ci}}^{1+}$, and 932.8 eV for the superconductor). Valence-band results during interface formation show the disappearance of emission near the Fermi level, consistent with the loss of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$-O covalent bonds of the superconductor.
Characterization of avian thymic hormone and chicken parvalbumin 3 target cells.

Avian thymic hormone (ATH) is a β-parvalbumin produced by epithelial cells in the thymic cortex and in the eyes of chickens. Chicken parvalbumin 3 (CPV3) is a homologous protein produced in the thymus and in hair cells of the chicken ear. ATH circulates in the blood on a five-day cycle and stimulates cell-mediated immunity when administered to young chickens. We report the identification of target cells for ATH and CPV3 and the immunophenotype of target cells for ATH. Newly hatched chicks were injected intracoelomically with ATH and killed 5, 10, 15 or 20 min later. Naive chickens also were killed at 1, 7 and 14 days of age. Various tissues were examined by EM for the presence of either ATH or CPV3 using colloidal gold labeling. Gold particles were initially present on plasma membranes of lymphocytes in T cell areas of spleen and cecal tonsils from the chicks injected with ATH, internalized within 10 min, and accumulated in nuclei by 20 min. Immunofluorescence staining also identified the presence of ATH in T cell areas of spleen and cecal tonsils. Target cells labeled for ATH were immunophenotyped by double labeling. They were positive for CD3, CD8 and the lymphocyte receptor TCR-1, a phenotype characteristic of cytotoxic γδ T cells. Some of the target cells in the spleen were TCR-3 positive. Targeting of lymphocytes by CPV3 indicated that it may also be an immunomodulating hormone.
I am not a scientist, I am a number.

We suspect many of our readers will be familiar with the cult TV show The Prisoner, in which actor Patrick McGoohan had his identity taken away by unknown assailants for unknown reasons, and his pleas of “I am not a number, I am a person” (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29JewlGsYxs&feature=related) were greeted with variants of “whatever you say, number six.” We would suggest that, as scientists, we are in a situation where the opposite will soon be true, at least for the purposes of scientific scholarship. Scientists will want to be assigned a number, or at least a unique identifier. Why? Imagine a time when you and your complete scholarly output—papers, grant applications, blog posts, etc.—could be identified online and in perpetuity and returned in a variety of easy-to-digest ways. While ego comes into it as a driver to make this happen, measuring scientific career advancement is something that lacks good metrics in a digital world. Unless one has a truly unique name, applying such a metric is not possible now. Even with a unique name, what is the guarantee that all of our scholarly output will be captured by one source of that information? In the end, we as individuals are the only ones who reliably track our scholarly output. This situation is beginning to change, and, as we shall see, new metrics have the promise of much more than simply returning references to our collective life's work as currently described by research papers, research proceedings, books, and book chapters. Although even a complete and current resume generated on demand would be a big step, if it could be returned in a variety of formats for a variety of purposes. These complete resumes are something many of us spend endless hours generating. The idea of having our scholarly output properly characterized is not out of reach, since the articles we write are already identified uniquely by a Digital Object Identifier (DOI; discussed further below). A book or journal is identified by an ISBN, and citations are identified by PubMed identifiers, and so on. The ideas discussed here simply take this identification process for individual publications and citations to the point of providing unique descriptors for each author and to uniquely identify all of each author's scholarly work.
The Nutrient and Anthropometric Status of Physically Active and Inactive Older Adults

Abstract Objective To assess nutrient intake, anthropometrics, and biochemical indicators in physically active and inactive older adults. Design A cross-sectional sample of older adults who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94, was divided into two groups based on activity level. Participants/Setting A national sample of men (n = 1876) and women (n = 2009) 65 years of age and older who reported diet and exercise information and were medically examined. Main Outcome Measures Association of activity level with nutrients, anthropometrics, and biochemistries. Analysis Means were calculated for each of the variables observed by activity category. T tests were used to determine if the differences in the means were statistically significant at P Results Older adults reported intakes of food energy, calcium, magnesium, and zinc below recommendation. Nutrient intakes and anthropometrics for active and inactive women were similar; those for active and inactive men differed significantly for many nutrients and for anthropometrics associated with activity Conclusions and Implications Inadequate intakes of food energy and micronutrients are of concern because of the metabolic stresses associated with activity. Future research is needed to determine the impact of increased physical activity on nutrient needs and body composition in the elderly.
Combined single cell AFM manipulation and TIRFM for probing the molecular stability of multilayer fibrinogen matrices

Adsorption of fibrinogen on various surfaces produces a nanoscale multilayer matrix, which strongly reduces the adhesion of platelets and leukocytes with implications for hemostasis and blood compatibility of biomaterials. The nonadhesive properties of fibrinogen matrices are based on their extensibility, ensuing the inability to transduce strong mechanical forces via cellular integrins and resulting in weak intracellular signaling. In addition, reduced cell adhesion may arise from the weaker associations between fibrinogen molecules in the superficial layers of the matrix. Such reduced stability would allow integrins to pull fibrinogen molecules out of the matrix with comparable or smaller forces than required to break integrin-fibrinogen bonds. To examine this possibility, we developed a method based on the combination of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, single cell manipulation with an atomic force microscope and microcontact printing to study the transfer of fibrinogen molecules out of a matrix onto cells. We calculated the average fluorescence intensities per pixel for wild-type HEK 293 (HEK WT) and HEK 293 cells expressing leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (HEK Mac-1) before and after contact with multilayered matrices of fluorescently labeled fibrinogen. For contact times of 500 s, HEK Mac-1 cells show a median increase of 57% of the fluorescence intensity compared to 6% for HEK WT cells. The results suggest that the integrin Mac-1-fibrinogen interactions are stronger than the intermolecular fibrinogen interactions in the superficial layer of the matrix. The low mechanical stability of the multilayer fibrinogen surface may contribute to the reduced cell adhesive properties of fibrinogen-coated substrates. We anticipate that the described method can be applied to various cell types to examine their integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrices with a variable protein composition.
Family planning in a Chinese-American population.

Among 26 American-born women of Chinese ancestry, 43 Chinese immigrant women who had lived in San Francisco longer than 5 years, and 199 who had immigrated within the last 5 years, fewer than 39% practiced contraception. Oral contraception was used by significantly more of the American-born than of the other two cateogories of women. Condom of foam was relied upon by sizeable percentages of each immigrant group. Eleven percent of each immigrant group, and 13.3% of the American-born women were sterilized. The only users of an intrauterine device were 3.7% of the immigrants who had lived in the United States longer than 5 years.
Obesity and the risk of prostate cancer (United States).

The role of obesity in prostate cancer etiology remains controversial. A recent report suggested that obese men younger than age 60 may have a lower risk of developing prostate cancer than men the same age who are not obese. The current study used a nested, matched case–control study design and data collected in the General Practice Research Database between January 1991 and December 2001 to assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and the risk of incident prostate cancer. Seven hundred and thirty cases of prostate cancer with adequate information on BMI were identified and matched to 2740 controls on age, sex, general practice, and index date. Obese men (BMI ≥ 30.0 kilograms [kg]/square of height in meters [m2]) were at lower risk of developing prostate cancer (AOR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.09) compared to normal weight men (BMI=23.0–24.9 kg/m2), and the data best fit an inverse quadratic model for the relation between BMI and the risk of prostate cancer. This study provides modest support for a protective association between obesity and the risk of incident prostate cancer.
Matrix permanent inequalities for approximating joint assignment matrices in tracking systems

This paper examines some of the combinatorial issues associated with the batch data association problem arising in tracking and correlation applications. A procedure is developed that addresses a large class of data association problems involving the calculation of permanents of submatrices of the original association matrix. This procedure yields what is termed the Joint Assignment Matrix (JAM), which can be used to optimally rank associations for hypothesis selection. Because the computational cost of the permanent scales exponentially with the size of the matrix, improved algorithms are developed both for calculating the exact JAM and for generating approximations to it. Empirical results suggest that at least one of the approximations is suitable for real-time hypothesis generation in large scale tracking and correlation applications. Novel theoretical results include an improved upper bound on the calculation of the JAM and new upper bound inequalities for the permanent of general nonnegative matrices. One of these inequalities is an improvement over the best previously known inequality.
GSK-3β Inhibition Enhances Sorafenib-induced Apoptosis in Melanoma Cell Lines

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) can participate in the induction of apoptosis or, alternatively, provide a survival signal that minimizes cellular injury. We previously demonstrated that the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib induces apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. In this report, we show that sorafenib activates GSK-3β in multiple subcellular compartments and that this activation undermines the lethality of the drug. Pharmacologic inhibition and/or down-modulation of the kinase enhances sorafenib-induced apoptosis as determined by propidium iodide staining and by assessing the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor and Smac/DIABLO. Conversely, the forced expression of a constitutively active form of the enzyme (GSK-3βS9A) protects the cells from the apoptotic effects of the drug. This protective effect is associated with a marked increase in basal levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and survivin and a diminution in the degree to which these anti-apoptotic proteins are down-modulated by sorafenib exposure. Sorafenib down-modulates the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Noxa in cells with high constitutive GSK-3β activity. Pharmacologic inhibition of GSK-3β prevents the disappearance of Noxa induced by sorafenib and enhances the down-modulation of Mcl-1. Down-modulation of Noxa largely eliminates the enhancing effect of GSK-3 inhibition on sorafenib-induced apoptosis. These data provide a strong rationale for the use of GSK-3β inhibitors as adjuncts to sorafenib treatment and suggest that preservation of Noxa may contribute to their efficacy.
Developing Skype-Based Reference Services

Internet voice and video calling have demonstrated a dramatic rise in quality in the past several years and have quickly become communication technologies with a disruptive impact on society. Librarians, who regularly adopt such technologies in outreach and public services, should evaluate Web-calling programs as potential sources of innovative reference programming. This article describes the development of Skype video and Internet telephony pilot reference services at the Ohio University Libraries and considers the utility of Skype and VoIP in a library setting.
Contrasting Departure Service of Commuter Railroad Trains: An Informal Look

Summary.-50 convenience observations over the course of a year suggest that the quality of passenger service provided by a commuter railroad differs among its branches. Reasons as to why this may be so and for disadvantaged riders' reluctance to seek redress are offered. Listening to the remarks of some of the more vocal commuters as they await the arrival of their evening trains to home, ir appears there is some prevailing belief that the service provided passengers differs between lines of the same radroad. To explore whether there is some support for this notion, observations were made on the same nights of the departure patterns of two different trains leaving about 15 minutes apart from the same track, but serving two different branches. Using a convenience sample, 50 viewings were conducted on weekday evenings, over a 12-1110. period in 1990-91, at a railroad terminal located in a large city in the northeast. Occurrence of the following five quality of service markers was noted: train ready to receive passengers at least 5 minutes before departure time, train leaving the station no later than 5 minutes after scheduled departure time, train short of the usual number of cars, standees in one or more cars, and train cancellation. Both trains, one designated "a" for the purpose of this inquiry and the other "b," had the same fare schedule, used the same type of equipment, and appeared to have, when not running short, the same number of assigned cars. Train "b" had the later scheduled departure time. The results of the query are shown in the tabulation below. Recognizing the limitations of the methodology, the problem with replication of the study, and the singularity of the contrast, he results seem to suggest some support for the notion that there are service differences. Whether this holds true over the long run, is limited to the pairing observation or is simply a chance occurrence, cannot be determined from this inquiry. However, it might be fair to say that passengers of Train "b" may well be justified in feeling that the departure service being provided them is inferior when contrasted with that afforded to the riders of Train "a," Lending credence to the concept of service differences between lines is a report that the head of a large transit authority, when ordering cuts in the number of trains as well as the number of cars on each train, directed that they be made on lines "where we do not have significant community or political opposition" (1). A contrast in the demographics of the population served by the two lines-occupation, income, and political party preference for instance-might be helpful in suggesting the presence here of some such relationship. But, while explanation might be of interest to Train "b" passengers, perhaps of more interest would be comparable service. As a start, the railroad might simply move back the scheduled departure time of Train "b" so that it more closely approximates the actual time that the train leaves the station.