cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuronal characterization, compartmental distribution, and activity- dependent regulation of glutamate immunoreactivity in adult monkey striate cortex

Monospecific antibodies to glutamate were used to characterize the organization of excitatory neurons and the plasticity of glutamate expression in the macaque striate cortex. Somata and processes immunoreactive for glutamate were densely and unevenly distributed in layers II-III, IVA, IVC. In tangential sections through layers II and III, patches of intense glutamate immunostaining were observed and were found to coincide with regions of the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-rich puffs. By contrast, clusters of intense immunostaining were surrounded by the lightly immunostained but intensely CO-stained lattice in layer IVA. Similarly, in layer IVC, focal aggregates of intense glutamate immunoreactivity were interspersed among regions of light immunostaining but intense CO staining. Glutamate immunoreactivity was also intense in layer VI but was much lighter in layers I, IVB, and V. Throughout the striate cortex, neurons resembling pyramidal cells and spiny stellate cells and processes that included dendrites and axons were immunostained. None of the glutamate-positive neurons was GABA immunoreactive. Following monocular deprivation of adult monkeys by intravitreal injections of TTX into one eye, glutamate immunoreactivity in layers IVC was distributed in alternating intensely and lightly stained stripes. The stripes of reduced immunostaining, which contained an abnormally low concentration of glutamate neurons and pale neuropil, corresponded to columns dominated by the TTX-injected eye. Similar stripes of alternating intense and light immunoreactivity were seen in layers II-III, where they corresponded to rows of puffs at the centers of intact-eye and deprived-eye columns, respectively. These findings demonstrate that glutamate-immunoreactive neurons and terminals in monkey striate cortex are densely concentrated in layers receiving direct geniculocortical innervation. In addition, the glutamate neurons and terminals form discrete units, which in layers II and III coincide precisely with regions receiving geniculocortical terminations but in layers IVA are segregated from these terminations. The findings also indicate that glutamate immunoreactivity is regulated by visually driven activity, and suggest that monocular deprivation in adulthood leads to a reduction in the major excitatory neurotransmitter in visual cortex as well as previously indicated reductions in GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter.
On the Streets, Under Arrest: Policing Homelessness in the 21st Century

Since the earliest days of the discipline, sociologists have viewed homelessness as a premier index of inequality and poverty more generally. Sociologists have increasingly turned to the regulation and policing of homelessness as a lens for analyzing how a given society understands and interacts with those who exist at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Against this intellectual backdrop, this article traces recent developments in the policing of homelessness, as well as the corresponding academic attempts to make sense of this empirical phenomenon. Doing so demonstrates that a vast majority of analyses have focused narrowly on the punitive and exclusionary functions of policing and, as a result, have tended to overlook issues surrounding differentiated functions, organizational dynamics, spatial contingencies, and questions of agency. This article complicates existing approaches and thereby lays the foundation for a more accurate and nuanced rendering of the policing of homelessness.
The Patterned Organization Of Thick And Thin Microfilaments In The Contracting Pseudopod Of Difflugia

SUMMARY The lobopodial pseudopods of the shelled amoeba Difflugia undergo a rapid active contraction and length shortening which results in movement of the organism, or rapid pseudopod retraction. In polarized light, the p3eudopod shows high birefringence before and during this normal contraction, suggesting a high degree of linear organization, and a complex pattern of changes. Immediately conventional fixation begins, pseudopods retract rapidly, and show changes in birefringence. When longitudinal sections are viewed in the electron microscope, such fixed, contracting pseudopods are seen to contain thick (14—16 nm) and thin (5—8 nm) microfilaments. Montages demonstrate that these microfilaments are found in close parallel association with each other, and lie parallel and peripheral to the longitudinal axis of the pseudopod, which is the axis of contraction. This distribution suggests that the patterned microfilaments could be involved in the shortening process and that they could account for the birefringence seen in the contracting pseudopod. Rapid alignment, or assembly, is also suggested.
Petfood Applications of Inulin and Oligofructose

Published data on intestinal microbiota of dogs and cats are limited but suggest the presence of a complex and diverse colonic bacterial population (34 genera including 129 species) the majority of which are anaerobes. During the colonic fermentation of endogenous and undigested amino acids, several putrefactive compounds (i.e., ammonia, aliphatic amines, indoles, phenols and volatile sulfur-containing compounds) are produced and are responsible for the malodor of dog and cat feces. These fecal odor components also have been implicated as causes of colorectal cancer; therefore, dietary manipulation of gut microbiota towards a potentially more remedial community (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) is gaining more attention. The health benefits derived from dietary supplementation of prebiotics (e.g., oligofructose and inulin) have been documented in humans. However, little is known of a potentially similar role in companion animals. Feeding another prebiotic (i.e., lactosucrose) to dogs or cats is reported to increase the numbers of bifidobacteria and decrease the numbers of pathogens and the concentration of fecal odor components. In our laboratory, oligofructose supplementation numerically decreased the concentrations of ammonia and amines and increased the numbers of bifidobacteria in dog feces.
Computers and National Security

The digital computer was spawned by World War II. Military requirements have continued to pace computer development. Computer technology and weapon system sophistication have marched in tandem. Neither has dominated, but current weapon systems, operations, and management are impossible without the computer. Almost 90 percent of the Government's current stock of 5000 plus computers are devoted to defense and space activities, reversing the civilian use pattern of at least ten times that number of machines.
Management of ductal carcinoma in situ.

The management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is one of the most controversial topics in the treatment of breast cancer. With the introduction and utilization of screening mammography, clinically occult or microscopic DCIS has become the most frequent presentation of this disease. Recent advances in the characterization of DCIS according to histologic subgroupings, size and extent of disease, and nuclear grade have provided important information regarding the natural history of this heterogeneous group of lesions. Critical issues such as multicentricity, occult invasion, and potential for local recurrence and axillary metastases have been addressed in recent series. Prospective, single institution trials and data from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-B17) protocol have demonstrated that in many patients with mammographically detected DCIS, mastectomy may be over-treatment. Treatment issues for DCIS now focus on the clinical selection process to identify patients best suited for wide local excision alone vs. wide local excision and breast irradiation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Curved two-stream turbulent mixing layers revisited

Abstract Two experimental studies of mildly curved ( δ ω / R ≈ 5% ) two-stream mixing layers, using different fluids and covering a wide range of Reynolds numbers, are analyzed. One study was performed in a low-speed water channel at Stanford University, utilizing flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry. In this case, the Reynolds number was low (Reδω ≈ 7400), the initial boundary layers were laminar, and the velocity ratio was 0.5. The other investigation was performed in the NASA Ames Mixing Layer Wind Tunnel, in which the three-dimensional structure and streamwise evolution of curved mixing layers at high Reynolds numbers (Reδω ≈ 5.7 × 104) were studied, using hot-wire anemometry. Mixing layers with velocity ratios of 0.5 and 0.6, and both laminar and turbulent initial boundary layers, were subjected to stabilizing and destabilizing longitudinal curvature (in the Taylor-Gortler sense). In stable and unstable mixing layers originating from laminar boundary layers, well-organized spatially stationary streamwise vorticity was generated, which produced significant spanwise variations in the mean velocity and Reynolds stress distributions. With the initial boundary layers on the splitter plate turbulent, spatially stationary, streamwise vorticity was not generated in either the stable or the unstable mixing layer. Linear growth was achieved for both initial conditions, but the rate of growth for the unstable case was higher than that of the stable case. Correspondingly, the far-field, spanwise-averaged peak Reynolds stresses were significantly higher for the destabilized cases compared with the stabilized cases, which exhibited levels comparable to, or slightly lower than, those for the straight case. Universal scaling of the streamwise evolution of the vorticity thickness and Reynolds stresses, using the velocity difference parameter, λ, and the momentum thickness of the high-speed boundary layer, θ1, was reasonably successful in grouping the straight, stable, and unstable mixing-layer results over the diverse range of conditions.
Children's Use of Sample Size and Diversity Information within Basic-Level Categories.

Category-based induction involves making decisions about some member(s) of a category based on information concerning other category members. Recent studies indicate that although adults make use of information concerning sample size (larger samples are a stronger basis of inference than smaller samples) and sample diversity (more diverse samples are better than more homogeneous samples) when making category-based inductive judgments, children do not do so until age 8 or 9 and even then to only a limited degree. This research however, was conducted at the superordinate level of categorization, and it is unclear if general difficulty with this category level may have masked children's ability to use size and diversity, or if these results represent a more entrenched conceptual difficulty in using this information. We therefore conducted three studies that investigate both 8- and 9-year-olds' and adults' ability to use sample size and diversity within basic level categories. Our results indicate that children's difficulty with this information is independent of category level, and may be based on preferences for other strategies concerning category membership and perceptual similarity.
Effect of dietary amino acids on hepatic drug metabolism in the rat.

The effect of dietary amino acids on hepatic drug metabolism 1 Each value (Mean ± SE) represents six experiments, each with 2 rats whose livers were pooled for the enzyme assay. EM and AN metabolism was determined using 9000 x g liver supernatants. Cytochrome c reductase was assayed using microsomes. 2 The amino acids (a.a.) used are given in the text. This group was pair-fed to the unsupplemented gluten group on an individual basis. 3 By Studentt-test. S is significant while NS is not significant. 4 In μmole/10 min. 5 In nmole/10 min. 6 In mole/15 min. 7 In μmole cytochrome c reduced/min. 8 In nmole cytochrome s reduced/min.
ImagePlus high performance transaction system

The need for a cost-effective method for handling, processing, storing, and retrieving transaction documents combined with the availability of hardware and software technologies capable of satisfying this need are the basis for the High Performance Transaction System discussed in this paper. The particular transactions that are the subject of this paper are bank checks, the volumes surpassing 50 billion per year and continuing to grow. Other transactions might be the handling of such documents as bill remittances, tax documents, mail-order forms, census forms, and many other similar applications. This paper discusses the system design, hardware and software architectures, and performance of the ImagePlus™ High Performance Transaction System.
Osteonecrosis in childhood ALL

Kawedia et al report a 71% incidence of osteonecrosis (ON) in a cohort of children and young adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients who underwent routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening at various time points on study. 1 A majority of cases were asymptomatic. Older age, increased treatment intensity, low serum albumen, elevated lipid levels, and decreased dexamethasone clearance were risk factors associated with an increased incidence of osteonecrosis.
Optofluidic ring resonator dye lasers

Abstract We overview the recent progress on optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR) dye lasers developed in our research group. The fluidics and laser cavity design can be divided into three categories: capillary optofluidic ring resonator (COFRR), integrated cylindrical optofluidic ring resonator (ICOFRR), and coupled optofluidic ring resonator (CpOFRR). The COFRR dye laser is based on a micro-sized glass capillary with a wall thickness of a few micrometers. The capillary circular cross-section forms the ring resonator and supports the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) that interact evanescently with the gain medium in the core. The laser cavity structure is versatile to adapt to the gain medium of any refractive index. Owing to the high Q-factor (>10 9 ), the lasing threshold of 25 nJ/mm 2 is achieved. Besides directly pump the dye molecules, lasing through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the donor and acceptor dye molecules is also studied in COFRR laser. The energy transfer process can be further controlled by designed DNA scaffold labeled with donor/acceptor molecules. The ICOFRR dye laser is ba sed on a cylindrical ring resonator fused onto the inner surface of a thick walled glass capillary. The struct ure has robust mechanical stre ngth to sustain rapid gain medium circulation. The CpOFRR utilizes a cylindrical ring resonator fused on the inner surface of the COFRR capillary. Since the capillary wall is thin, the individual WGMs of th e cylindrical ring resonator and the COFRR couples strongly and forms Vernier effect, which provides a wa y to generate a single mode dye laser. Keywords: optofluidic ring resonator; FRET; microfluidic dye lasers.
High-temperature transient surface heating experiments on carbon in Be-seeded deuterium plasmas

Abstract A beryllium-seeded deuterium plasma and transient surface heating system is used in PISCES-B to investigate mixed-material erosion and redeposition properties of ITER relevant divertor materials. This heating can be used to investigate the effects of thermal cycling in plasma facing components expected during ELMs in ITER-like devices. An experimental investigation of the effects of thermal cycling on Be films on graphite has been conducted. It has been shown previously that Be film growth on C can form carbide layers that reduce the chemical erosion of C during deuterium ion bombardment. Results from heat cycling on the chemical erosion and on deuterium retention in C targets up to 1200 °C have shown an enhancement in layer formation. In this report, the temperature range was extended to above 2100 °C, the expected dissociation temperature of Be 2 C. It has been found that even heat pulses up 0.1 s long to temperatures above this dissociation temperature, Be 2 C layer formation is enhanced by the thermal cycling. This work was supported by Grant DE-FG02-07ER-54913 from the US DoE.
Determining forbidden (L = 1) weak interaction strength using hadronic reactions

Abstract Forbidden (L = 1) weak interactions are important in many areas of astrophysics, especially those involving neutrinos. Unfortunately, direct determination of their strength is difficult and appears likely to remain so; indirect approaches must be employed. Hadronic charge exchange reactions have proven to be a reliable surrogate for determining allowed (L = 0) strength, but little has been done to validate their use for L = 1 strength. We describe here a first attempt to do so that yields promise for the hadronic technique. We also discuss the issues one must consider to obtain reliable results from hadronic reactions.
Sensor Fault Detection via Multiscale Analysis and Dynamic PCA

In this paper, a new approach to sensor validation in real time is described that is based on (1) representation of the sensor signal by wavelets, (2) decomposition of the signal for different freq...
Television instruction and the attainment of objectives for a ninth grade physical science course

Action research programs at the state level merit special mention. North Carolina has had one stressing the methodology and content of physical science.
Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus An Emerging Problem in the Athletic Population

Participants of contact sports are at risk for outbreaks of skin and soft tissue infection. Causes of reported outbreaks include Staphylococcus aureus, herpes simplex virus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and several fungi. Although once thought of solely as a nosocomial pathogen, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as an emerging problem in the community, particularly in the athletic population. Despite a recent increase in reported outbreaks of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infection in athletic teams, many sports medicine physicians are unfamiliar with the epidemiology of this pathogen. It is spread via person-to-person contact and is harbored within the anterior nares and on the skin of carriers. Outbreaks of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infection are not treated by traditional β-lactam antibiotics, and they can be difficult to eradicate. Such infections have been associated with significant...
Anxiety disorders in a specialty teaching clinic

AbstractChart review was conducted for 88 consecutive patients who were treated in an outpatient anxiety disorders specialty clinic. Treatment in the clinic was provided by psychiatry residents and consisted of an integrated pharmacological-behavioral exposure approach. We present pretreatment and outcome data on the whole sample, as well as comparative analysis among diagnostic categories. Findings were that comorbidity of depression and substance abuse was 27% and 3%, respectively. Positive family history in first degree relatives for anxiety disorders was 22%, 18% for depression, and 25% for substance abuse. Moderate to marked improvement was achieved in 72% of the patients. These findings are compatible with those previously reported from controlled research studies. Further, we found that treatment with antidepressants predicted global improvement outcome in panic disorder and OCD groups. We suggest that the combined pharmacological and behavioral exposure modality is very effective, easily conveyed ...
Thermal Decomposition of Brucite: II, Kinetics of Decomposition in Vacuum

Polycrystalline samples, thin single crystals, and—325 mesh powders of brucite decomposed according to a first-order rate equation consistent with a random nucleation process in beds of micron-sized particles formed by disruption during the very early stages of the process and consistent with electron and optical microscope observations. Kinetic data for the decomposition of thick single crystals were more complex but could be fitted to an interface-model equation which predicts that decomposition will be controlled by the movement of an interface reaction along the basal plane. Physical disruption of these crystals was confined initially to the outer edges of the crystals and proceeded along the basal plane in the form of a contracting disk. Since the decomposition occurs in cracked material and not at a strict interface, the fit of the data to the interface model may be fortuitous.
The Effect of Homologous Rabbit Antiserum on the Growth of Leishmania tarentolae—a Fine Structure Study

SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of Leishmania tarentolae growing in the presence of homologous rabbit antiserum was investigated. Immediately after agglutination of the promastigotes, a dense band between pellicles of adjacent cells could be seen, and a surface coat was rendered visible. The cells did not fuse. At dilutions of antiserum from 1:100–1:1200 the promastigotes continued to grow, forming large masses. By 5 days these consisted of individual cells adhering to one another. In cross-section, any 2 cells were separated by 2 membranes with associated subpellicular fibrils and a dense band between the 2 membranes. The term syncytium generally refers to a multinucleate cell originating by fusion of several cells and has been used to mean a multinucleate cell arising from nuclear division unaccompanied by cytokinesis. Therefore, it is unlikely that the masses formed in the presence of homologous antiserum are syncytia.
Music and American Culture

Scholars in American cultural history, ethnic studies, folklore, and musicology have increasingly placed music in its social and cultural context. This article surveys recent scholarship on popular music, country music and classical music, with an interest in determining how race and ethnicity, gender, and class have influenced the performance and production of music. This interdisciplinary research has illuminated issues as diverse as ethnic and regional identity, the degree of agency among artists, and Cold War politics. Despite some shortcomings in its application, such research continues to offer scholars much material regarding the many connections between music and American culture.
A 4.6GHz 162Mb SRAM design in 22nm tri-gate CMOS technology with integrated active V MIN -enhancing assist circuitry

Future product applications demand increasing performance with reduced power consumption, which motivates the pursuit of high-performance at reduced operating voltages. Random and systematic device variations pose significant challenges to SRAM V MIN and low-voltage performance as technology scaling follows Moore's law to the 22nm node. A high-performance, voltage-scalable 162Mb SRAM array is developed in a 22nm tri-gate bulk technology featuring 3rd-generation high-k metal-gate transistors and 5th-generation strained silicon. Tri-gate technology reduces short-channel effects (SCE) and improves subthreshold slope to provide 37% improved device performance at 0.7V. Continuous device width sizing in planar technology is replaced by combining parallel silicon fins to multiply drive current. Process-circuit co-optimization of transient voltage collapse write assist (TVC-WA) and wordline underdrive read assist (WLUD-RA) features address process variation and fin quantization at 22nm and enable a 175mV reduction in the supply voltage required for 2GHz SRAM operation. Figure 13.1.1 shows an SEM top-down view of a 0.092μm2 high-density 6T SRAM bitcell (HDC) and a 0.108μm2 low-voltage 6T SRAM cell (LVC) after gate and diffusion processing. Computational OPC/RET techniques extend the capabilities of 193nm immersion lithography to allow a 1.85× increase in array density relative to 32nm designs [1].
Charged impurity drift and dispersion in discrete media

Abstract The field-modified drift rate and dispersion of a δ-function distribution of charged impurities in a solid is examined by means of difference equations appropriate for discrete media. Transport is predicted to be affected markedly by the discreteness of the medium in the limit of large electric fields.
A novel approach to operating force evaluation in high strain rate metal-deforming technological processes

Abstract One of the major problems that exist in verifying metal-forming force models is a significant scatter in the measurements of the actual process force(s). This is essentially true for any high-energy rate forming process, which involves high strain, high strain rate and high process temperature. Owing to the fact that any energy propagates in waves, this paper suggests that the interaction of the energy waves might affect the actual process force(s). A novel concept of interaction between the deformation and heat waves has been studied. The metal-cutting process was selected as a test process because it involves a combination of extremely high strain rates, large strains and high temperatures. The experimental results obtained from bar turning tests prove the proposed concept by revealing the existence of reinforcements and interferences as the result of interactions of the heat and deformation waves. The influence of the process parameters on this interaction is also studied.
The role of cotyledon factors in gibberellic acidenhanced elongation of lettuce seedling hypocotyles

Summary The effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and the putative cotyledon factor dihydroconiferyl alcohol (DCA) on the elongation of hypocotyls of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were studied. GA3 promotes elongation of the excised hypocotyl of Arctic, Grand Rapids and Great Lakes cultivars of lettuce, and light has a pronounced influence on elongation of these cultivars since it sensitizes the tissue to GA3. Although excised hypocotyls elongate less than intact seedlings in response to applied GA3, this reduced response is not due to removal of the source of a diffusible cotyledon factor since neither the addition of cotyledons nor DCA-treatment restore growth of excised sections. Experiments with inhibitors of DNA-synthesis indicate that the primary effect of excision of cotyledons and apex is to remove the source of new cells that can elongate in response to GA3. Elongation of the hypocotyl of decotylized seedlings is also influenced by GA3 and light in a manner similar to that observed with excised hypocotyls. DCA-treatment does not affect elongation of decotylized seedlings in the presence or absence of GA3, neither does it affect the elongation of intact seedlings under various conditions of incubation. Our evidence does not implicate DCA or any other cotyledon factor in the control of lettuce hypocotyl elongation by GA3.
The verification of the existence of TiS2

Abstract The intrinsic electronic properties of TiS2 are currently under some debate. It has not been conclusively demonstrated if TiS2 is a semimetal or a degenerate semiconductor. We have thoroughly studied this problem by first characterizing the material composition and then determining the electronic properties. Precision x-ray diffraction, mass density, and chemical analysis have been used to characterize TiS2. Trends in the TixS2 series of nonstoichiometric compounds have been monitored by intercalation, scanning electron microscope, magnetic susceptibility and electron transport measurements. We conclude from the total body of data collected that TiS2 exists as a stoichiometric compound and that its semimetallic properties are intrinsic.
Toward revitalizing the role of physician-scientists in academic medicine

There has been a growing recognition over the past 25 years that it is increasingly difficult for physicians to develop careers as physician-scientists. This commentary reviews the traditional culture of academic medicine, factors that are altering that culture, and several grassroots suggestions for revitalizing academic medicine in our departmental programs. It is based on a presentation, "Basic Scientist or Translational Scientist? Changing Roles of Physician-Scientists in Biomedical Research," delivered in the President's Symposium at the Thirty-First Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology on February 17, 2008.
Effects of prenatal visual stimulation on growth and heart rate in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).

This study examined the effects of prenatal visual stimulation on bobwhite quail embryos' growth and heart rate. No differences in growth rate were found between embryos exposed to visual stimulation during the late prenatal period and control embryos. Embryos exposed to visual stimulation throughout incubation maintained lower heart rates in response to visual stimulation than did naive embryos. In a subsequent experiment, naive embryos that underwent an egg-opening procedure exhibited heart rates that were lower than embryos measured in intact eggshells. Embryos in opened eggs maintained lower heart rates than comparison embryos across time; however, a less invasive egg-opening procedure led to a quicker heart rate recovery than did a more invasive egg-opening procedure. These findings indicate that prenatal heart rate responses may be mediated by multiple features of the organism's developmental context, including intensity and duration of sensory stimulation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psyshobiol 48: 315–324, 2006.
HepatitisImplications for dental care

Patients with hepatitis and liver dysfunction present an array of pathophysiologic alterations for the practitioner to evaluate. An understanding of how treatment may be affected by liver disease is essential before dental treatment is begun.
Oxidative phosphorylation and ATPase activities of human tumor mitochondria

Abstract Studies were carried out with intact mitochondria isolated from human astrocytoma, oat cell carcinoma and melanoma which were propagated in athymic mice. These human tumor mitochondria were capable of coupled oxidative phosphorylation. They also showed significant uncoupler-stimulated ATPase if defatted bovine serum albumin was included in the assay media. However, the uncoupler response curves were different and the magnitude of the ATPase activity was lower than could be obtained with mitochondria of a normal tissue, such as liver. Some of these characteristics were also exhibited by mitochondria from several animal hepatomas and Ehrlich ascites tumor. In the three tumors studied, mitochondria from oat cell carcinoma were more labile, whereas higher respiratory control ratios and greater stimulation of ATPase by uncouplers were obtained with melanoma mitochondria. The mitochondrial ATPase was not the major cellular ATPase in any of the three tumors. This was indicated by a low inhibition of the ATPase activity of tumor cell homogenates by oligomycin. A very large fraction of the cellular ATPase activities was recovered in the microsomal fractions.
Highly active antiretroviral therapies are effective against HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission.

HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission allows for 2–3 orders of magnitude more efficient viral spread than cell-free dissemination. The high local multiplicity of infection (MOI) observed at cell-cell contact sites may lower the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies (ART). Here we test the efficacy of commonly used antiretroviral inhibitors against cell-to-cell and cell-free HIV-1 transmission. We demonstrate that, while some nucleoside-analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) are less effective against HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission, most non-nucleoside-analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), entry inhibitors and protease inhibitors remain highly effective. Moreover, poor NRTIs become highly effective when applied in combinations explaining the effectiveness of ART in clinical settings. Investigating the underlying mechanism, we observe a strict correlation between the ability of individual drugs and combinations of drugs to interfere with HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission, and their effectiveness against high viral MOIs. Our results suggest that the ability to suppress high viral MOI is a feature of effective ART regimens and this parameter should be considered when designing novel antiviral therapies.
Smoking, dietary calcium and vitamin D deficiency in women: a population-based study.

Objective: To determine differences in dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes between female never, former and current smokers. Design: Population-based survey using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Setting: The Bus Sante ´ 2000, epidemiologic observatory of Geneva, Switzerland. Subjects: 2319 women resident in Geneva, Switzerland between 1993 and 1997. Results: Daily calcium intake was 798 mg among current heavy smokers ( 20 cigarettes=day), 882 mg among current moderate smokers (1 ‐ 19 cigarettes=day) and 945 mg among never smokers (Pa 0.0001). There was a difference of almost 50 mg=day in median calcium intake from cheese (Pa 0.04), which corresponded to about one-third of the total difference in calcium intake between heavy smokers and never smokers. Of the current heavy smokers, 21% did not eat yogurt compared to 10% of never smokers (Pa 0.001). Among yogurt eaters, heavy smokers consumed 90 mg=day of calcium from yogurt vs 115 mg=day in never smokers (Pa 0.003). Smokers ate more butter and cream (Pa 0.02) or milk (Pa 0.06) than never smokers, but these were minor sources of calcium. Fish was the main cause of higher intake of vitamin D in never smokers (0.81mg=day) compared with heavy smokers (0.53mg=day) and moderate smokers (0.70mg=day). The diet of ex-smokers after 5 y or more of smoking cessation tended to resemble that of never smokers for calcium (about 900 mg=day) and vitamin D (about 2.55mg=day). Conclusion: Female current smokers have lower dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D than never smokers. Sponsorship: This study was funded by the Swiss National Fund for Scientific Research (grants 32.31.326.91, 32-37986.93 and 32-49847.96). Descriptors: smoking; diet; calcium; woman’s health; vitamin D European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 684‐689
ADRF Differential Cross Polarization Spectroscopy of Synthetic Calcium Phosphates and Bone Mineral

Abstract An adiabatic demagnetization in the rotating frame (ADRF) differential cross polarization (DCP), or inversion recovery cross polarization (IRCP), technique has been developed to study synthetic calcium phosphates and bone mineral. ADRF of the protons followed by a remagnetization of the phosphorus-31 spins results in an equalization of the dipolar and phosphorus Zeeman nuclear spin temperatures. By shifting the phase of the phosphorus RF by 180° during the forward cross polarization it is possible to invert the temperature of this reservoir and initiate reverse cross polarization. Transient Strombotne–Hahn oscillations were observed on inverting the temperature. The presence of these oscillations complicates the determination of a null point on the basis of cross polarization times. It is necessary to shift the phase of the RF only after a Zeeman spin temperature can be defined, and to use an RF field strength that is slightly smaller than the equivalent S-spin local dipolar field in order to produce a zero crossing after the transient oscillations have decayed.
Numerical performance simulation of a wetted wall bioaerosol sampling cyclone

Computational fluid dynamics techniques are used to study the performance of an axial flow bioaerosol sampling cyclone that continuously collects particles onto a flowing liquid film. A special shell-volume concept was developed to study formation and development of the liquid film on the inner wall of the cyclone. For a previous version of the cyclone, simulations demonstrated the presence of a ring of liquid in the region just upstream of the liquid skimmer that was suspected of causing liquid carryover into the exhaust air stream and degradation in aerosol collection efficiency. This ring was eliminated by re-design of the cyclone. For the upgraded version of the cyclone, CFD was used to successfully predict aerosol collection efficiency and cyclone pressure drop. The simulations reveal a complex flow evolution inside the cyclone. Stream-tubes are used to describe a significant narrowing of the width of the airflow as it enters the cyclone and an inward displacement of the flow as it travels in the axi...
The relationships between supplier development, commitment, social capital accumulation and performance improvement

Abstract This study investigates the relationships between U.S. buying firms’ supplier development efforts, commitment, social capital accumulation with key suppliers, and buying firm performance. We identify linkages between supply chain management research on supplier development and organization theory research on social capital to consider how buying firm commitment to a long-term relationship, cognitive capital (goals and values), structural capital (information sharing, supplier evaluation, supplier development), and relational capital (length of relationship, buyer dependency, supplier dependency) are related to buying firm performance improvements (cost improvements, and quality, delivery, flexibility improvements). Analysis of buying firms from the U.S. automotive and electronics industries provides support for the theory that buyer commitment and social capital accumulation with key suppliers can improve buying company performance. Moreover, the findings suggest that the relationships of structural and relational capital vary depending on the type of performance improvement considered.
Data model for extensible support of explicit relationships in design databases

We describe the conceptual model of SORAC, a data modeling system developed at the University of Rhode Island. SORAC supports both semantic objects and relationships, and provides a tool for modeling databases needed for complex design domains. SORAC's set of built-in semantic relationships permits the schema designer to specify enforcement rules that maintain constraints on the object and relationship types. SORAC then automatically generates C++ code to maintain the specified enforcement rules, producing a schema that is compatible with Ontos. This facilitates the task of the schema designer, who no longer has to ensure that all methods on object classes correctly maintain necessary constraints. In addition, explicit specification of enforcement rules permits automated analysis of enforcement propagations. We compare the interpretations of relationships within the semantic and object-oriented models as an introduction to the mixed model that SORAC supports. Next, the set of built-in SORAC relationship types is presented in terms of the enforcement rules permitted on each relationship type. We then use the modeling requirements of an architectural design support system, called ArchObjects, to demonstrate the capabilities of SORAC. The implementation of the current SORAC prototype is also briefly discussed.
High-temperature desulfurization using zinc ferrite: regeneration kinetics and multicycle testing

Commercial use of a metal oxide for the high-temperature desulfurization of coal-derived gas will require that the sorbent undergoes successive sulfidaton and regeneration cycling without suffering a major activity loss. In this paper, the regeneration of sulfided zinc ferrite (ZnS + 2FeS) has been studied in a single-pellet electrobalance reactor at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range of 550-850°C. The regeneration atmosphere consisted of O2, H2O, SO2 and N2 in varying proportions. Regeneration is complicated by the formation of zinc sulfate at lower temperatures and/or high O2 and SO2 concentrations. The zinc sulfate can sunsequently be removed by thermal decomposition in an inert atmosphere or by direct exposure to a reducing atmosphere. Both methods appear equally effective in preparing the sorbent for further sulfidation. At high temperature (850°C) complete regeneration is not possible because of severe structural property changes associated with sintering. Multicycle runs using favorable regeneration temperatures indicate that the sulfidation reactivity increases slightly during the second and sometimes third cycles, and gradually decreases in later cycles. A maximum of eight sulfidation-regeneration cycles were conducted.
X-ray diffraction studies of the crystallinity of bone mineral in newly synthesized and density fractionated bone

The crystallinity of bone mineral at different stages of maturation has been measured by quantitative X-ray diffraction methods. Crystallinity measurements were made on tibial middiaphyses from 17-day embryonic chicks, newlyformed periosteal bone from embryonic chicks, and density-fractionated bone from post-hatch chickens from 5 weeks to 2 years of age. For a given animal age and degree of mineralization, crystallinity increases with animal age, indicating that changes in bone mineral occur even after mineralization is complete or nearly complete.
THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A WORKSHARING SYSTEM FOR EXPERIMENTAL GROUP LIVING1

Failure to share household chores equitably may be a major cause of the high failure rate of experimental group-living arrangements. A behavioral approach to worksharing based on a point system was implemented in one experimental group and its most important components experimentally evaluated. Experiment I showed that awarding credits produced more work than not awarding credits. Experiment II showed that making credits contingent on the outcome of a detailed inspection produced more work than awarding credits noncontingently. Experiment III demonstrated that awarding rent reductions contingent on credit earnings produced more work than awarding rent reductions noncontingently. Other evaluative data suggest that the resulting living arrangement is cheaper, more effective, and more satisfactory to the residents when compared to the most popular alternative living arrangements.
Imaging in early phase childhood cancer trials.

Advances made in the treatment of childhood malignancies during the last four decades have resulted in overall cure rates of approximately 80%, but progress has slowed significantly during the last 10 years, underscoring the need for more effective and less toxic agents. Current research is focused on development of molecularly targeted agents, an era ushered in with the discovery of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Since imatinib’s introduction into the clinic, an increasing number of tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed and entered into clinical trials and practice. Parallel to the initial advances made in molecularly targeted agents has been the development of a spectrum of novel imaging modalities. Future goals for imaging in childhood cancer research thus include (1) patient identification based on target identification or other biologic characteristics of the tumor, (2) assessing pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) effects, and (3) predictive value with an early indication of patient benefit. Development and application of novel imaging modalities for children with cancer can serve to streamline development of molecularly targeted agents.
Synthesis of Shape Amphiphiles Based on Functional Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane End-Capped Poly(l-Lactide) with Diverse Head Surface Chemistry

This paper reports a facile, modular, and efficient approach to the synthesis of shape amphiphiles with a hydrophobic polymer chain as the tail and a polar, compact, functional polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane (POSS) nanoparticle as the headgroup. A poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) chain was grown from monohydroxyl-functionalized heptavinyl POSS (VPOSS−OH) with controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersity by stannous octoate-mediated ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide. To impart tunable polarity and functionality to the headgroup, various functional groups, such as carboxylic acids, hydroxyl groups, and sugars, were attached to the POSS cage in high efficiency by thiol−ene “click” chemistry, which provides a straightforward and effective approach to synthesize shape amphiphiles with diverse head surface chemistry. The polymers have been fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and size exclusion chromatography. These functional POSS can serve as vers...
Constant dendritic coverage by ganglion cells with growth of the goldfish's retina

Abstract This study demonstrates that in the retina of the goldfish a type of ganglion cell, whose dendritic development has been well characterized [ Hitchcock P.F. and Easter S.S. Jr (1986) J. Neurosci . 6, 1037–1050], is distributed across the retina in a nonrandom pattern, and the dendritic fields of this cell type overlap to completely cover, or “tile” the retina. Further, it is shown that the dendritic coverage of the retina by this cell type is established when the retina is small and is maintained as the retina grows.
Absence of Human Papillomavirus E6–E7 Transforming Genes from HPV 16 and 18 in Malignant Ovarian Carcinoma

Ovarian carcinoma is one of the frequent causes of death from malignancies in the United States. A report excited the scientific community when human papillomavirus were identified in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma tissues in 10 of 12 patients. A few studies also identified HPV DNA in ovarian carcinoma tissues. However, several researchers employing polymerase chain reaction techniques and using different oligonucleotide probes did not detect HPV DNA in ovarian carcinoma tissues. The objective was to determine the presence of the E6-E7 genes of HPV types 16 and 18 in archived paraffin-embedded malignant ovarian carcinoma using primers targeting. Archived human malignant ovarian cancer tissues (N = 20 cases) embedded in paraffin blocks were processed, and DNA was extracted and the presence of DNA verified by p53 amplifications. PCR analyses were performed on the extracted DNA together with appropriate controls. The results showed an absence of E6-E7 genes of HPV types 16 and 18 in ovarian carcinoma. However, the presence of other HPV types or gene regions is not ruled out and more studies are needed to resolve the question of HPV involvement in ovarian carcinogenesis.
Magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity of electrotransport purified scandium single crystals from ≈ 1 to 300 k☆

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of electrotransport purified Sc single crystals was measured from 0.7 to 295 K. Both the easy (χ a ) and hard (χ c ) directions were measured using a microcomputer controlled Faraday apparatus. Above 50 K the present results agree with earlier work on a less pure sample, but below 50 K the present results are lower by as much as 4%. In addition the maximum at ≈ 30 K and the minimum at ≈ 6 K are much more pronounced in the purer material, and the susceptibility increases rapidly as the temperature approaches 0 K. Electrical resistivity measurements were made on the same single crystals from 1.6 to 300 K. The resistance ratios were 365 for the a -axis crystal and 274 for the c -axis crystal. At 300 K, ρ a ≈ 2.5 ρ c .
Citizen Participation in the Design and Evaluation of a Park

A survey conducted at the initiation of a parks and recreation department indicated strong satisfaction with a year-old downtown vest-pocket park. The problems noted were few: Traffic flow was the ...