cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using determinancy of games to eliminate quantifiers

To have recognized the fundamental role that quantifiers play, is one of Frege’s contributions to mathematics. Elimination of quantifiers, however, was not invented by logicians. In fact, it is easily the most important thing that happens in any mathematical proof. Investigation would probably reveal a direct relation between the usefulness of a theorem, and its ability to simplify quantifications. (The same goes for notions, e.g., continuous everywhere versus uniformly continuous). In particular, (what some call) infinity lemmas, or (what others call) combinatorial lemmas, turn out to be simple instructions for replacing bad combinations (∀∃) by more manageable ones (∃∀). Here is a list of examples: (1) Axiom of choice: $$\left( {\forall x} \right)\left( {\exists y} \right)Rxy. \equiv .\left( {\exists f} \right)\left( {\forall x} \right)Rxfx$$ (1) (2) Infinity lemma (compactness): $$\left( {\forall x} \right)\left( {{}_\exists \overline {Zx} } \right)\left( {\forall t} \right){}^xM\left( {\overline X t,\overline Z t} \right). \equiv \left( {{}_\exists Z} \right)\left( {\forall t} \right)M\left( {\overline X t,\overline Z t} \right)$$ (1) (3) Ramsey’s lemma: $${\left( {{}_\forall Z} \right)^{\inf }}\left( {{}_{\exists y}} \right){\left( {{}_{\exists x}} \right)^y}\left[ {Z{x_A}Z{y_A}\overline R xy} \right]. \supset .{\left( {{}_\exists Z} \right)^{\inf }}\left( {\forall y} \right){\left( {\forall x} \right)^y}\left[ {Z{x_A}Zy \supset Rxy} \right]$$ (1) Why, in the course of a proof, is the right side ∃∀ more desirable? Having arrived at (∃x)(∀y)Sxy, I will simply say “let b be one of these x, and so (∀y)Sby”. Such and “existentiation” permanently eliminates a quantifier.
In Vitro Fertilization & Embryo Transfer: Fertile Areas for Litigation

This article discusses the various legal issues that were anticipated after the first successful birth from an in vitro fertilization conception, in 1978.
Life with CO or CO2 and H2 as a source of carbon and energy.

An account is presented of the recent discovery of a pathway of growth by bacteria in which CO or CO2 and H2 are sources of carbon and energy. The Calvin cycle and subsequently other cycles were discovered in the 1950s, and in each the initial reaction of CO2 involved adding CO2 to an organic compound formed during the cyclic pathway (for example, CO2 and ribulose diphosphate). Studies were initiated in the 1950s with the thermophylic anaerobic organism Clostridium thermoaceticum, which Barker and Kamen had found fixed CO2 in both carbons of acetate during fermentation of glucose. The pathway of acetyl-CoA biosynthesis differs from all others in that two CO2 are combined with coenzyme A (CoASH) forming acetyl CoA, which then serves as the source of carbon for growth. This mechanism is designated the acetyl CoA pathway and some have called it the Wood pathway. A unique feature is the role of the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), which catalyzes the conversion of CoASH, CO, and a methyl group to ...
Telemedicine in the Home for Veterans with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (P5.082)

Objective: To empower veterans with ALS to greater awareness of available benefits and evidence-based options for managing their illness. Background: Military veterans are more likely to contract ALS than non-veterans. As a result, veterans are entitled to 100% service connected disability for ALS. Not all veterans are aware of this. Only 288/557 of the veterans in our integrated service network (VISN) with ALS/MND currently have service connected disability benefits. There remains no cure for ALS but there are evidence-based interventions that prolong or enhance quality of life. These are typically administered through neurologists in urban multi-disciplinary ALS clinics. There are few of these clinics nationwide, none at veterans affairs medical centers (VAMCs) in our VISN. Zip codes of 557 veterans with ALS/MND in our VISN show that many live in rural areas, and are thus geographically unlikely to attend non-VAMC ALS clinics in far away urban areas. Indeed, only 65 of these veterans have had an encounter with any neurologist in the past 6 months. Based upon these observations there is a need to connect veterans with ALS/MND in our VISN to VAMC neurologists with ALS expertise. Design/Methods: We opened a VAMC telemedicine clinic that connects veterans with an ALS expert (RB). Veterans in their homes use their computer, webcam and secure Jabber connection to conference call with the expert at the Durham VAMC. A template guides information exchange based upon known VAMC ALS benefits and AAN ALS Performance Measures. Results: Enrolled veterans have had improved ALS care, including discontinuing riluzole with tracheostomy, treatment of pseudobulbar affect, spasticity, cramps, depression, anxiety and leg swelling, and repair of a broken power wheelchair and speech-generating device. They have also been able to hear hopeful ALS research updates. Conclusions: Telemedicine can empower veterans with ALS to a greater awareness of available benefits and evidence based care options. Disclosure: Dr. Bedlack has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc., Athena Diagnostics, Eli Lilly & Company, UCB Pharma, Guidepoint, Avanir Pharmaceuticals, and the ALS Association.
Van Hove singularities and spectral smearing in high-temperature superconducting H 3 S

The superconducting phase of hydrogen sulfide at ${T}_{c}=200$ K observed by Drozdov and collaborators at pressures around 200 GPa is simple bcc $Im\overline{3}m {\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}$ from a combination of theoretical and experimental confirmation. The various ``extremes'' that are involved---high pressure implying extreme reduction of volume, extremely high H phonon energy scale around 1400 K, extremely high temperature for a superconductor---necessitates a close look at new issues raised by these characteristics in relation to high ${T}_{c}$ itself. First principles methods are applied to analyze the ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}$ electronic structure, beginning with the effect of sulfur and then focusing on the origin and implications of the two van Hove singularities (vHs) providing an impressive peak in the density of states near the Fermi energy. Implications arising from strong coupling Migdal-Eliashberg theory are studied. It becomes evident that electron spectral density smearing due to virtual phonon emission and absorption must be accounted for in a correct understanding of this unusual material and to obtain accurate theoretical predictions. Means for increasing ${T}_{c}$ in ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}$-like materials are noted.
Socratic Method for the Right Reasons and in the Right Way: Lessons from Teaching Legal Analysis Beyond the American Law School

Socratic method is associated with law school teaching by which students are asked questions in class that require them to analyze cases and derive legal principles. Despite the method’s potential benefits, students usually do not view it as supportive and enriching but rather as a kind of survival ritual. As a pedagogical approach for use in any field, teacher-led dialog can encourage learning that deepens and broadens knowledge and develops analytical and decision-making abilities. The observations in this article stem from the author’s experience with students who had never before been taught with a Socratic method and initially resisted it, but who responded eagerly when its benefits were made clear to them. The courses in which the method was employed include an undergraduate political science course, a graduate introduction to law course, and courses in Polish law schools. These observations illuminate the nature of an effective Socratic method that addresses criticisms of variations often encounter...
Orthologs and paralogs - we need to get it right

A response to Homologuephobia, by Gregory A Petsko, Genome Biology 2001 2:comment1002.1-1002.2, to An apology for orthologs - or brave new memes by Eugene V Koonin, Genome Biology 2001, 2:comment1005.1-1005.2, and to Can sequence determine function? by John A Gerlt and Patricia C Babbitt, Genome Biology 2000, 1:reviews0005.1-0005.10.
Association of urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and phthalate metabolites with risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective investigation in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII cohorts.

Background: Prospective evidence regarding associations for exposures to bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is lacking.Objective: We prospectively examined urinary concentr...
Periodicity and chaos in a one-dimensional dynamical model of earthquakes.

We study the homogeneous one-dimensional dynamic Burridge-Knopoff stick-slip model for an earthquake fault with periodic boundary conditions. The dissipation is tuned such that the system is asymptotic to elasticity at all wavelengths. For an inhomogeneous distribution of prestress, after an initial transient that displays a power-law distribution of fracture sizes for cases of weak dissipation, the earthquake sequences settle into a periodic state of through-going ruptures; the power-law distributions are attributable to persistence effects. The transition time from the precursory chaotic regime to the periodic state generally increases with an increasing ratio of transverse to longitudinal spring constants, but nonmonotonically so in individual simulations. These results argue in favor of the importance of a mechanism for generating localization to suppress through-going events, if these models are to be used in earthquake simulations.
A real-time killing assay to follow viral epitope presentation to CD8 T cells

The ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to clear virus-infected cells requires the presentation of viral peptides intracellularly processed and displayed by major histocompatibility complex class I. Assays to measure CTL-mediated killing often use peptides exogenously added onto target cells--which does not account for epitope processing--or follow killing of infected cells at a single time point. In this study we established a real-time fluorogenic cytotoxic assay that measures the release of the Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase by dying target cells every 5 min after addition of CTL. It has comparable sensitivity to (51)chromium-based killing assay with the additional advantage of incorporating the kinetics of epitope presentation. We showed that HIV infection of immortalized or primary CD4 T cells leads to asynchronous killing by two CTL clones specific for epitopes located in different proteins. Real-time monitoring of killing of virus-infected cells will enable identification of immune responses efficiently preventing virus dissemination.
Temperature as a factor affecting development of Monoecocestus (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in oribatid mites☆

Abstract 1. 1. Complete development of cysticercoids of Monoecocestus americanus and M. variabilis takes place between 15 and 25 °C inclusive, the times required being 81, 52, and 45 days at 15, 20, and 25 °C respectively. Only partial development occurs at 5 and 10 °C. 2. 2. Temperatures of 0 and −5 °C are not harmful to either the mites or the tapeworm larvae, but exposure to −30 °C results in the death of both. 3. 3. There is an inverse relationship between temperature and the size of the cysticercoid, and it is suggested that here is an example of a cestode following Bergmann's rule. 4. 4. In moderate multiple infections (i.e., with six cystieercoids or less), the size of the largest cysticercoid per infection does not appear to be markedly reduced on the average.
Reconstruction of Precipitation in Northeastern Nevada Using Tree Rings, 1600–1982

Abstract September–August annual precipitation in northeastern Nevada has been reconstructed for 1600–1982 using a single independent variable, an average of the White Horse Summit and Connors Pass tree-ring indices. The regression equation explains 71% of the variance in divisional precipitation from 1932–82. Precipitation in the reconstruction, 1600–1982, ranged from a lower limit of about 6.00 in. in 1934 to an upper limit of at 1east 15.92 in. in 1839. However, 1983, which is not included in the reconstruction because the trees were cored in the summer of 1983 prior to the end of the growing season, was the wettest year from 1600–1984, with 18.03 in. The driest ten-year period in the reconstruction was 1652–61 and the wettest was 1905–14. However, 1975–84 was the wettest ten year period if the years 1983 and 1984 are included. When averaged over 30 years, the 1901–30 period was the wettest in at least the last 400 years. Cross-spectral analysis suggests the reconstructed precipitation series is highly...
Genetic Structure in a Heterocyanic Population of Trillium sessile (Liliaceae)

Species of Trillium in the subgenus Phyllantherum are either polymorphic for flower color, or monomorphic for flower color and related to a polymorphic species. This leads to the suggestion that polymorphic species may be the progenitors for monomorphic ones. For this to be true, it must be demonstrated that genetic divergence among flower morphs can occur within polymorphic populations. Genetic structure was assessed in a population of T. sessile that contains a polymorphism for flower color. A survey of 11 enzyme systems using starch gel electrophoresis revealed three polymorphic loci: 6PGD-1, AAT-1 and AAT-2. Analysis of large and small scale spatial structure, stage classes, and flower color classes revealed significant genetic divergence in all instances. Spatial structure in the population is likely a result of genetic neighborhoods which can maintain populational variation via random genetic drift. Genetic divergence of the yellow flower color morph was probably initiated through genetic drift since the morph occurs in low frequencies. The results imply that the initial genetic divergence of species in the subgenus can arise within polymorphic populations.
Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic results of the Senning procedure for transposition of the great arteries

Of 24 patients, aged 6 days to 24 months, undergoing the Senning procedure for transposition of the great arteries, 2 patients died perioperatively (8% operative mortality): 1 patient, a neonate, from sepsis and 1 patient, born prematurely and with multiple anomalies, from congestive heart failure. One patient died late postoperatively from noncardiac causes. The 21 survivors are clinically well, and in 20 complete hemodynamic and electrophysiologic data were obtained by cardiac catheterization a mean of 13 months after repair. All patients have normal systemic arterial oxygen saturation. Left ventricular function and pulmonary artery pressures are normal in all. None had pulmonary venous obstruction. Narrowing at the junction of the superior vena cava and systemic venous atrium with mean pressure differences of 5 mm Hg or more was found in 4 of the 20 patients, but was clinically manifest in only 1 patient. No abnormality of atrioventricular conduction was seen in response to programmed electrical stimulation. Sinus node dysfunction was present in 6 patients, with abnormalities of both automaticity and sinoatrial conduction. Among these 6 patients were the 5 who were younger than 5 months at operation. The Senning procedure generally results in excellent hemodynamic and electrophysiologic status in patients who undergo operation after the newborn period. Identification of sinus node dysfunction, seen in patients in whom the procedure is performed in the first few months of life, is of concern and identifies a need for close follow-up of sinus node function in this cohort of patients.
Synthesis of a pyridyl disulfide end-functionalized glycopolymer for conjugation to biomolecules and patterning on gold surfaces.

A pyridyl disulfide end-functionalized polymer with N-acetyl-d-glucosamine pendant side-chains was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The glycopolymer was prepared from a pyridyl disulfide initiator catalyzed by a Cu(I)/Cu(II)/2,2′-bipyridine system in a mixture of methanol and water at 30 °C. The final polymer had a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 13.0 kDa determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and a narrow polydispersity index (1.12) determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The pyridyl disulfide end-group was then utilized to conjugate the glycopolymer to a double-stranded short interfering RNA (siRNA). Characterization of the glycopolymer-siRNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed 97% conjugation. The activated disulfide polymer was also patterned on gold via microcontact printing. The pyridyl disulfide allowed for ready immobilization of the glycopolymer into 200 μm sized features on the surface.
Speed and voltage selection for GALS systems based on voltage/frequency islands

Due to increasing clock speeds and shrinking technologies, distributing a single global clock signal throughout a chip is becoming a difficult and challenging proposition. In this paper, we address the problem of energy optimal local speed and voltage selection in frequency/voltage island based systems under given performance constraints. Our results show that static voltage and speed assignment can achieve up to 42% savings in total energy for various media and signal processing applications, while application specific dynamic approaches provide up to 44% energy savings in the case of MPEG-2 encoder application, when compared to a single clocked system architecture.
Oxygen flux as an indicator of physiological stress in aquatic organisms: a real-time biomonitoring system of water quality

The detection of harmful chemicals and biological agents in real time is a critical need for protecting water quality. We studied the real-time effects of five environmental contaminants with differing modes of action (atrazine, pentachlorophenol, cadmium chloride, malathion, and potassium cyanide) on respiratory oxygen consumption in 2-day post-fertilization fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) eggs. Our objective was to assess the sensitivity of fathead minnow eggs using the self-referencing micro-optrode technique to detect instantaneous changes in oxygen consumption after brief exposures to low concentrations of contaminants. Oxygen consumption data indicated that the technique is indeed sensitive enough to reliably detect physiological alterations induced by all contaminants. After 2 h of exposure, we identified significant increases in oxygen consumption upon exposure to pentachlorophenol (100 and 1000 μg/L), cadmium chloride (0.0002 and 0.002 μg/L), and atrazine (150 μg/L). In contrast, we observed a significant decrease in oxygen flux after exposures to potassium cyanide (5.2, 22, and 44 μg/L) and atrazine (1500 μg/L). No effects were detected after exposures to malathion (200 and 340 μg/L). We have also tested the sensitivity of Daphnia magna embryos as another animal model for real-time environmental biomonitoring. Our results are so far encouraging and support further development of this technology as a physiologically coupled biomonitoring tool for the detection of environmental toxicants.
Bioelectricity and epimorphic regeneration.

All cells have electric potentials across their membranes, but is there really compelling evidence to think that such potentials are used as instructional cues in developmental biology? Numerous reports indicate that, in fact, steady, weak bioelectric fields are observed throughout biology and function during diverse biological processes, including development. Bioelectric fields, generated upon amputation, are also likely to play a key role during vertebrate regeneration by providing the instructive cues needed to direct migrating cells to form a wound epithelium, a structure unique to regenerating animals. However, mechanistic insight is still sorely lacking in the field. What are the genes required for bioelectric-dependent cell migration during regeneration? The power of genetics combined with the use of zebrafish offers the best opportunity for unbiased identification of the molecular players in bioelectricity. BioEssays 29:1133–1137, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are dark fringe locations devoid of energy of superposed fields

This paper speculates on the origin of dark energy & and dark matter as the potential energy of the cosmic medium as different forms of stresses in equilibrium. We are hypothesizing that EM waves and all particles are some form of undulations of different kinds of fields when the various stressed states of the cosmic medium are displaced from their equilibrium states. We have come to such conclusions as we have attempted to impose causality on the superposition effects we observe when EM beams or particles beams are superposed on detectors. We assume that detectors must experience all the incident beams on them simultaneously to be able to report the superposition effects; the fields themselves do not produce the energy re-distribution that we register as fringes. For light waves, this assumption is almost obvious because light or laser beams pass through each other without modifying each other. Yet, unlike bulk-matter waves, like those on water, we cannot "see" the fringes of light waves unless we insert detecting molecules within the volume of superposition. So, what undulates and how are the fringes are formed? We postulate that right kind of detectors with the right QM rules must do the summing of the influences brought on them by all the superposed fields simultaneously. We call this approach Reality Ontology (RO). We illustrate the concept with optical interference and diffraction experiments. Then we extend the "RO" concept to particle "interference" by hypothesizing that the relevant phases of the particles are due to some physical internal periodic undulations rather than de Broglie's "Pilot Waves".
Irreversible assembly of membrane fusion machines

A large kinetic barrier prevents spontaneous disassembly of SNARE complexes, complicating thermodynamic measurements and resulting in hysteresis. Nonetheless, this kinetic barrier is probably crucial for SNARE function.
Intercalation and delamination of layered carbides and carbonitrides

Intercalation and delamination of two-dimensional solids in many cases is a requisite step for exploiting their unique properties. Herein we report on the intercalation of two-dimensional Ti3C2, Ti3CN and TiNbC-so called MXenes. Intercalation of hydrazine, and its co-intercalation with N,N-dimethylformamide, resulted in increases of the c-lattice parameters of surface functionalized f-Ti3C2, from 19.5 to 25.48 and 26.8 A, respectively. Urea is also intercalated into f-Ti3C2. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that a hydrazine monolayer intercalates between f-Ti3C2 layers. Hydrazine is also intercalated into f-Ti3CN and f-TiNbC. When dimethyl sulphoxide is intercalated into f-Ti3C2, followed by sonication in water, the f-Ti3C2 is delaminated forming a stable colloidal solution that is in turn filtered to produce MXene 'paper'. The latter shows excellent Li-ion capacity at extremely high charging rates.
Cell-type specific transcriptomic profiling to dissect mechanisms of differential dendritogenesis

Abstract The establishment, maintenance and modulation of cell-type specific neural architectures are critically important to the formation of functional neural networks. At the neuroanatomical level, differential patterns of dendritic arborization directly impact neural function and connectivity, however the molecular mechanisms underlying the specification of distinct dendrite morphologies remain incompletely understood. To address this question, we analyzed global gene expression from purified populations of wild-type class I and class IV Drosophila melanogaster dendritic arborization (da) sensory neurons compared to wild-type whole larval RNA using oligo DNA microarray expression profiling. Herein we present detailed experimental methods and bioinformatic analyses to correspond with our data reported in the Gene Expression Omnibus under accession number GSE46154 . We further provide R code to facilitate data accession, perform quality controls, and conduct bioinformatic analyses relevant to this dataset. Our cell-type specific gene expression datasets provide a valuable resource for guiding further investigations designed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying differential patterns of neuronal patterning.
Genetic basis of susceptibility to melanoma

The search for candidate genes involved in the genesis of common cancers has traditionally been hampered by ambiguities in the process of determining by reliable, clinical criteria which persons harbor the genetic lesion that confers malignant susceptibility. In the case of cutaneous melanoma, the existence of genetic susceptibility has long been evident from its tendency to cluster in families, but it has been unclear until recently whether the genetic basis of familial melanoma derives from the concerted interaction of multiple genes or from a major locus with properties of a tumor suppressor gene. The original strategy used to circumvent difficulties in identifying those who harbor the genetic defect exploited a proposed melanoma precursor lesion, the dysplastic nevus, as the phenotypic marker from which the presence of the melanoma-associated genotype was inferred. That strategy in genetic linkage studies provided the first indication of a major gene for melanoma and assigned the locus to the short arm of chromosome 1. In part because the criteria for the dysplastic nevus have been neither well-defined nor generally agreed upon, multiple independent attempts to confirm the assignment of a gene to that location have failed. The probable map position of a major gene became clear when the most frequently deleted region of the human genome in melanoma tumors was localized to chromosome 9p, The significance of this assignment was established when genetic linkage studies of multiple melanoma kindreds subsequently evaluated the correlated inheritance between melanoma gene carriers, as assigned by a history of melanoma, and molecular markers for DNA polymorphisms near the 9p candidate region; this analysis provided strong statistical evidence of linkage to a melanoma susceptibility locus. Once this candidate tumor suppressor gene) as well as other relevant suppressor loci that may exist is actually cloned and characterized, rapid advances can be expected in our understanding of the pathophysiologic basis for development of melanoma. This will provide opportunities for exploring the mechanisms underlying defects in the gene and the molecular consequences of its loss of function. It will then be possible to identify precisely those persons with a genetic risk for melanoma; as a result, surveillance efforts can be more appropriately focused than has heretofore been possible.
Perineal descent and levator ani hernia: A dynamic magnetic resonance imaging study

Patients with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse often have multifocal pelvic floor defects that are not always evident of physical examination. In this study, dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of symptomatic patients with pelvic floor prolapse demonstrated unsuspected levator ani hernia. This study was designed to identify any specific symptoms and/or physical findings associated with these hernias. Eighty consecutive patients with pelvic organ prolapse, fecal and/or urinary incontinence, or chronic constipation received standardized questionnaires, physical examination, and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare symptoms and examination findings between patients with or without levator ani hernia. Twelve patients (15 percent) were found to have unilateral (n = 8) or bilateral (n = 4) levator ani hernias on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. No one specific symptom was directly associated with the presence of a levator ani hernia. Furthermore, levator ani hernias were not found more frequently in patients with previous pelvic floor surgery. Perineal descent on physical examination was associated with the finding of a levator ani hernia in nine patients (P = 0.02). Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward a lower incidence of levator ani hernia in females using estrogen replacement therapy (P = 0.06). Patients with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse and perineal descent on physical examination may have a levator ani hernia. Although the significance of levator ani hernia needs to be determined, the recurrence rate after the surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse remains unacceptably high, and ongoing investigation of all associated abnormalities is warranted.
Positive outcomes with negative pressure therapy over primarily closed large abdominal wall reconstruction reduces surgical site infection rates.

Purpose There is a significant morbidity associated with abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) with a need for overall improvement during the post-operative management. Scientific literature has proven the use of negative pressure therapy (NPT) in wound healing for orthopedic and cardiac surgery with limited data present on its role in AWR. The goal of this study was to examine whether primary wound events were different between patients who had primary closure with NPT versus patients who only had primary closure after AWR.
Magnetotail total pressure and lobe magnetic field at onsets of sawtooth events and their relation to the solar wind

[1] Sawtooth events in the Earth's magnetosphere are global, large-amplitude oscillations of energetic plasma particle fluxes at geosynchronous orbit and represent periodic magnetospheric substorms with a typical period of ∼3 hours. Sawtooth events generally occur during magnetic storms, when the magnetosphere is continuously driven by southward interplanetary magnetic field and high-speed solar wind stream. However, it has not been well understood how the magnetotail parameters (the total pressure, the lobe magnetic field, and the tail lobe total magnetic flux) at the onset of sawtooth events are related to the solar wind driver. In this study, we conduct a statistical analysis of the magnetotail parameters measured by the Geotail satellite during sawtooth events over 1998–2006. At the onset of sawtooth events (storm-time substorms), the magnetotail total pressure and the lobe magnetic field increase with the solar wind pressure and merging electric field, and the total magnetic flux in the tail lobe increases with the merging electric field. Empirical formulas of the relationship of the magnetotail parameters at the sawtooth onset and the solar wind are derived for the first time. We have made a superposed epoch analysis. The magnetotail total pressure and lobe magnetic field take 52 min for gradual buildup and then 26 min for rapid increase before the sawtooth onset, and they decrease for 77 min after the onset. We have also compared our results with previous studies on quiet time tail behavior and isolated substorms. The magnetotail total pressure at the sawtooth onset is about three times that of the quiet time magnetotail, and the lobe magnetic field at the sawtooth onset is 8–10 nT higher than the quiet time value. The results imply that the sawtooth onset occurs when the magnetotail reaches a critical state and that the critical state depends on the solar wind parameters. Our findings provide new insights into the storm-time magnetospheric dynamics and important guidance for model simulations.
Review of Recent Developments in Superstring Theory

After proposing a procedure for classifying string theories, we describe the various local symmetries that can occur on the world sheet with special emphasis on Kac–Moody algebras in superconformal theories. The construction of multiloop amplitudes is briefly reviewed. Then the constraint of modular invariance is analyzed for models in which the internal degrees of freedom are described by fermions. Next we consider the construction of consistent classical solutions. A few examples are presented for both the heterotic and type II superstring theories. A brief description of some recent work in string field theory and other approaches to a nonperturbative formulation of string theory is presented.
Galactic microlensing as a method of detecting massive compact halo objects

The dark matter of the Galaxy may well consist of Jupiters, brown dwarfs, or the remnants of an early generation of stars. In 1986, Paczynski suggested that a population of such objects could be detected by watching for microlensing of stars in the LMC. Using a more realistic model of the halo density and velocity structure this paper recalculates the microlensing optical depth, the microlensing event rate, and the average duration of an event, correcting an error, but finding rough agreement with Paczynski's estimates. Also calculated is the distribution of microlensing events as a function of their duration and amplitude, finding that photometric measurements more frequent than the average event duration are needed to detect a substantial fraction of the events. 24 refs.
Differentiation by western blotting of immune responses of cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 or infected experimentally or naturally with virulent Brucella abortus.

Abstract Brucella abortus stain 19 salt-extractable proteins fractionated by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation were used in a western blotting method to detect bovine immunoglobulin G antibodies to B. abortus . Sera from infected cattle and from cattle vaccinated with strain 19 and subsequently exposed to virulent B. abortus to a common group of antigens ranging in molecular weights from 31 000 to 45 000 daltons. Immunoglobulin G antibodies in sera from the latter group in addition also bound to antigens with molecular weights of 66 000 to 71 000 daltons. Some sera from cattle vaccinated when sexually mature reacted similar to those from infected cattle, while immunoglobulin G antibodies in sera from Brucella -free cattle and vaccinated calves did not bind to either group of antigens. In general, fractionation of the proteins by ammonium sulfate precipitation offered no advantage for detecting differences between groups of sera. Ammonium sulfate fraction 0 to 35% reacted with a larger number of sera from a naturally infected group than fraction 0 to 70%. Both fractions reacted equally well with sera from the other groups of cattle, while fractions 35 to 70% and 70 to 100% reacted poorly in this technique. The attractive feature of the blot is that sera from calfhood-vaccinated cattle did not react.
Proline Production by Propionibacterium shermanii P59

Abstract Propionibacterium shermanii P59 produced free proline in large amounts from peptide-containing media. Enzymatic casein hydrolysates were better substrates than meat hydrolysates. Some proline was produced by proteolysis of casein, but the production rate was slower than by peptidase action on casein hydrolysates. Proline biosynthesis from arginine probably was more important than from glutamic acid, and biosynthesis was probably less significant than peptide hydrolysis in producing free proline. Intracellular proline was small compared with free proline produced in the media. Release of proline from peptides coincided with the release of cell proteins and enzymes into the medium.
A subtractive PCR-based cDNA library made from fetal thymic stromal cells

We describe our initial approach to clone and characterize genes expressed preferentially in thymic stromal cells, in an attempt to generate molecular reagents to study the role of these cells in thymopoiesis and thymic function. Thymic stromal cells were prepared from fetal thymic organ cultures by treating them with 2-deoxyguanosine and depleting the remaining hematopoietic cells with anti-CD45 antibody. A cDNA library was then prepared after subtraction and amplification by PCR. The cloned inserts were sequenced and compared for homology with known genes in the data base. Unidentified cDNAs were then examined for expression in normal and SCID thymus and in a set of SV40-transformed thymic epithelial cell lines, by Northern blotting and a dot blot assay. In this report we describe the development of the library and present a general description of the genes identified from the initial 249 cDNAs sequenced. Among these, a relatively high percentage (55%) do not show any homology to previously identified genes. Several genes with a limited expression pattern were selected for further study.
Measurement of spray boiling refrigerant coefficients in an integral-fin tube bundle segment simulating a full bundle

Abstract Outside (refrigerant) boiling coefficients for a combination of spray and drip boiling for a low pressure refrigerant have been obtained from overall heat transfer coefficients in a 1024 fins per meter tube bundle segment. The tubes were heated by water on the inside; liquid refrigerant was sprayed and/or dripped on the outside. Also, refrigerant vapor was supplied at the bottom of the bundle segment. This configuration simulates an actual flooded evaporator under spray boiling conditions. The dripping corresponds to liquid film falling from upper rows while the inlet vapor is equivalent to the vaporized refrigerant rising from lower tubes; the refrigerant vapor can influence heat transfer performance by the combined effects of gas convection and liquid shear on the tubes. For a nominal heat flux of 23,975 W/m2, a bundle average outside heat transfer coefficient of 8522 W/m2 °C, based on nominal tube outer diameter, was found at an average bundle vapor mass flux equal to 12.4 kg/s m2. The distributor plate below the bundle enhanced the heat transfer, especially at lower vapor mass fluxes, by providing a level of liquid hold-up just below the bottom tube row.
The Power of EU Collective Action: The Impact of EU Data Privacy Regulation on US Business Practice

Contemporary critiques of globalisation processes often focus on the potential levelling of regulatory standards and the export by the United States of neoliberal norms of deregulation and market facilitation. This paper, in contrast, examines the extra‐jurisdictional impact of EU regulatory policy on the behaviour of foreign private parties, even in powerful states such as the United States. Shaffer finds that the threat of curtailing access to the EU’s large market provides the EU with leverage. By acting collectively, EU Member States can magnify the impact of European policy on US business practice and enhance EU Member State clout in the negotiation of de jure and de facto foreign standards. The site of analysis is the current dispute between the United States and the European Union over the provision of ‘adequate’ data privacy protection in accordance with the EU Directive on data privacy. The paper explores the many ways in which the Directive affects US practice through changing the stakes of US players – including regulators, businesses, privacy advocates, lawyers and privacy service providers – and thereby shifting the playing field in the United States on which competing interest groups clash. In examining the interaction of EU law, US practice and international trade rules, the author finds that WTO law, rather than constraining the Directive’s extra‐jurisdictional impact, provides the EU with a shield against US retaliatory threats, thereby facilitating a trading up of data privacy standards. The paper concludes by examining the conditions under which cross‐border exchange can lead to a leveraging up of social protections: the desire for firms to expand their markets, Member States’ collective bargaining power buttressed by market clout, the nature of luxury goods, the externalities of foreign under‐regulation legitimising EU intervention, and the constraints of supranational trade rules.
Exocrine chemistry of beneficial insects: Male-specific secretions from predatory stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Males of some predaceous pentatomids possess patches of setae on the abdominal sternum overlying epidermal exocrine glands. 2. 2. Mineus strigipes males secrete predominantly 6,10,13-trimethyltetradecanol, and Oplomus dichrous males secrete this alcohol and the corresponding isovalerate ester. 3. 3. Males transfer secretion from the sternal gland setae to setae on their tibiae and tarsae. 4. 4. The possibility that these male-specific secretions are employed as pheromones is considered and potential uses of synthetic mimics for these secretions are discussed.
Duration of Fever and Rate of Physician Contact Prior To Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meninigitis Among Children 3 To 36 Months of Age: Opportunity for Early Intervention? • 371

BACKGROUND: Patients 3 to 36 months of age with bacteremia are at risk of developing acute bacterial meningitis(ABM). The opportunity to intervene is determined by the time from onset of fever to development of meningitis and the presence or absence of prior physician contact.
An Analysis of the Activity of Two Disease Associated Mutations of the Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Type-1

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (InsP3R1) is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. InsP3R1 functions to release Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) upon stimulation by inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate (InsP3). Recently, perturbations in the InsP3R1 receptor have been linked to a human neurodegenerative disorders. The slow, progressive neurological disease, Spinocerebellar Ataxia type15 (SCA15), is inherited through an autosomal dominant gene and causes degeneration of the cerebellum. A missense mutation P1059L in the regulatory and coupling domain of the receptor (P1073L in mice) has been suggested by linkage analysis to result in SCA15 in humans. A further mutation, Itpr1Δ18/Δ18, causes the deletion of 6 amino acids in InsP3R-1 and results in an ataxic phenotype in mice. We have created stable cell lines expressing corresponding mutations in the rodent InsP3R1 gene in DT40-3KO cells, an unambiguously InsP3R null background. Immunoblotting confirmed expression of the mutant channels at comparable levels to wild-type. In both "on-nuclear" single channel patch clamp experiments and Ca2+ imaging both mutated InsP3R1 receptors are functional Ca2+ channels. A comparison of the activity of the mutated receptors with wild type InsP3R1 will be presented.
Discriminating mild parkinsonism: Methods for epidemiological research

Methods for the efficient and accurate detection of parkinsonism are essential for epidemiological studies. We sought to determine whether parkinsonism could be detected by a neurologist from a videotaped assessment and whether neurobehavioral methods (motor, cognitive, and sensory) discriminated between patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and controls. Fifteen patients with mild PD (Hoehn and Yahr I-III) were compared to 15 age-, sex-, and education- matched controls. Each participant underwent a videotaped neurological examination (based on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, UPDRS), administered by a trained technician, and reviewed by a neurologist, as well as a series of neurobehavioral tests. The neurologist identified PD patients with 86% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Among the neurobehavioral tests, finger tapping, combined with one or more among olfaction, visual contrast sensitivity, or Paired Associates Learning, correctly classified 90%, or more, of subjects. Individual psychological tests did not discriminate reliably between groups. We conclude that videotaped assessments of parkinsonism or objective tests of motor and sensory function can accurately detect patients with PD. Both approaches have potential for identifying PD cases, but the latter may be more efficient for screening.
Monitoring experimental swine dysentery : rectal swab blood test and Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae detection

In two experiments, ten postweaning piglets were inoculated intragastrically with cultures of Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae strain B204 and were individually monitored for swine dysentery. Eight control animals received sterile culture medium. Between the day of inoculation and 35 days later, rectal swab samples were assayed for fecal blood by means of a commercial test kit and for S. hyodysenteriae cells by direct (phase contrast) microscopy and selective culture methods. Optimal detection of S. hyodysenteriae required both microscopy and culturing. Of 41 rectal swab samples positive for fecal blood, 38 (93%) were positive by direct microscopy, by selective culture, or by both techniques. Of 118 samples negative for fecal blood, 115 (97%) were negative by direct microscopy, by selective culture, or by both techniques. Swab samples from control swine were negative for fecal blood. The fecal blood test was a convenient and reliable method for objectively monitoring individual animals with experimental swine dysentery. The occult blood test used in these studies might be generally useful for veterinary surgeons to monitor and diagnose swine intestinal disorders in which fecal blood is produced.
Complications of intravenous hyperalimentation in newborns and infants

Abstract New systems and methods of patient management, such as total intravenous feeding, give rise to their own unique complications as they are used extensively. The advantages of the method must be weighed against the hazards of the complications, and either be discarded or accepted in light of the overall benefit to the patient. Although the benefits of intravenous hyperalimentation in infants as introduced in the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 1,2 far outweigh the dangers of the method, there are problems with hyperalimentation which this paper will discuss. Hyperalimentation has been used in 18 patients over a 20-month period for a total of 391 patient days of treatment (Table 1). (This excludes the patient initially reported in March of 1968 who has now been on hyperalimentation for 20 months.) The duration of hyperalimentation ranged from 3 to 91 days (average 22 days). A complication of this technic is defined as an event or circumstance which caused the catheter to be removed before 14 days of therapy, or an event which was related to the IV catheter and which threatened the continuation of hyperalimentation in a patient to whom it was vitally important (Table 2).
Ligand polarization contributions to lanthanide 4f → 4f magnetic dipole transition moments and rotatory strengths

Radiation-induced (dynamic) polarizations of electronic charge distributions on ligands may contribute to both the electric- and magnetic-dipole moments of 4f → 4f transitions in lanthanide complexes. These ligand-polarization effects on magnetic-dipole transition moments are examined in the present study, and their possible influence on the rotatory strengths of 4f → 4f transitions in chiral lanthanide systems is given special attention. The ligand-polarization mechanism for magnetic-dipole transition moments is not likely to contribute significantly to the total dipole strengths of 4f → 4f transitions in noncentrosymmetric lanthanide systems. However, this mechanism may contribute significantly (or detectably) to the rotatory strengths of certain 4f → 4f transitions in chiral lanthanide systems. The relative importance of these contributions will be greatest for transitions with predominantly |ΔJ| ≥ 2 character and with relatively large U λ(λ = 2, 4, and 6) matrix elements.