cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sub 2W low power IA Processor for Mobile Internet Devices in 45nm Hi-K metal gate CMOS

This paper describes a low power Intelreg Architecture (IA) processor specifically designed for mobile internet devices (MID). The design consists of an in-order pipeline capable of issuing 2 instructions per cycle supporting 2 threads, 32 KB instruction and 24 KB data L1 caches, independent integer and floating point execution units, a 512 KB L2 cache and a 533 MT/s dual-mode (GTL and CMOS) front-side-bus (FSB). The design contains 47 million transistors in a die size under 25 mm2 manufactured in a 9-metal 45 nm CMOS process. Thermal design power (TDP) consumption is measured at 2 W, 1.0 V, 90degC using a synthetic power-virus test at a frequency of 1.86 GHz.
Secondary intraocular lens implantation: Complication rates, visual acuity, and refractive outcomes.

Purpose To compare complication rates, visual acuity, and refractive outcomes of secondary intraocular lens (IOLs) implantation. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods All secondary IOLs placed by the anterior segment service were reviewed. Preoperative data, operative reports, and data from each subsequent postoperative visit were evaluated. Patients were divided into 5 groups based on the final IOL position: (1) sulcus with optic capture, (2) sulcus without optic capture, (3) anterior chamber (AC), (4) iris-fixated, and (5) transscleral-sutured. Complication rates, visual acuity, and refractive outcomes were compared for each group. Results The sulcus with and without optic capture groups had the lowest complication rates and best visual acuity outcomes. There was no difference in final corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) between the transscleral-sutured IOL, iris-fixated IOL, and AC IOL groups, although the AC IOL group had the lowest rates of early postoperative complications and a significant improvement in vision. The transscleral-sutured IOL group had the highest complication rates, and 25% of patients in the iris-fixated IOL group lost 2 or more lines of CDVA. Conclusions When a secondary IOL cannot be placed within the capsular bag, sulcus with optic capture is the best alternative, followed by sulcus without optic capture. There was no difference in visual acuity outcomes between transscleral-sutured IOLs, iris-fixated IOLs, and AC IOLs. Anterior chamber IOLs resulted in fewer early complications.
The thermodynamics of imperfections in AgBr

Abstract Analysis of experimental data available in the literature leads to an evaluation of the enthalpies and entropies of formation of native atomic and electronic imperfections. Estimates are made for the free enthalpy of formation of neutral and charged Schottky defects, which show that bromine vacancies are always a minority species.
The Properties of Thyroglobulin: VIII. THE IODINATION OF THYROGLOBULIN

It has been shown that when thyroglobulin is iodinated, a marked intensification occurs in its absorption spectrum in the region of 300 to 3fXl rnp in alkaline solution (1). It is also well known that the absorption peaks of iodinated tyrosine and thyronine derivatives occur in this spectral zone (2). A procedure based on these factors has been developed which permits the simultaneous determination of the concentrations of the tyrosine, monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine and thyroxine residues in thyroglobulin by measuring the increase in absorbancy that occurs between pH 5 and 12.35 at four wave lengths. The necessity of hydrolyzing the protein and isolating the amino acids is thereby obviated. The spectral analysis is accomplished rapidly on a small amount of protein with routine instrumentation. The problem at hand is to measure simultaneously, by photometric means, the concentration of tyrosine, monoand diiodotyrosine, and thyroxine in native (and iodinated) thyroglobulin preparations. The spectra of these four amino acids overlap appreciably and occur against a background of tryptophan absorption, which is also present in thyroglobulin. The two principal factors that permit a spectroscopic approach to this problem are (a) the marked increase that occurs in the dissociation constant of the phenolic hydroxyl group each time an iodine atom is substituted into the benzene ring and (b) the shift toward longer wave lengths and the intensification in absorption that occur with iodination. The spectra of tyrosine, monoand diiodotyrosine, and thyroxine show absorption at increasingly longer wave lengths, respectively, when compared in either their ionized or un-ionized forms. Pertinent spectral and pK data appear in Table I. The analytical method has been used to study the sequence of tyrosine iodination and iodotyrosine coupling when thyroglobulin is iodinated in vitro. The effect of the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of the protein on this process has been investigated also by iodinating (a) the products of the proteolytic digestion of thyroglobulin and (a) thyroglobulin in 8 M urea.
Forced Degradation and Its Relation to Real Time Drug Product Stability

Forced degradation (stress testing) studies are fundamental to the developing stability-indicating analytical methods as part of the overall analytical control strategy. Stress testing studies conducted on both the drug substance and product are useful for gaining an understanding of the degradation chemistry of a drug. The degradation products observed in such studies are “potential” degradation products that may or may not be formed under relevant storage conditions, but these products reveal the degradation pathways available to the drug and facilitate the development of stability-indicating analytical methods. These methods can then used to monitor drug stability during long-term stability studies to determine which products actually form under room temperature and accelerated stability conditions. In this presentation, the foundational aspects of forced degradation studies and their relationship Quality by Design principles will be presented along with critical aspects predicting the “real time” drug stability and degradation profiles will be discussed.
Introduction to Metabolism

Metabolism is defined as “1. The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. 2. The processing of a specific substance within the living body.” This definition simplifies a process that occurs at the cellular level in every living being and is the driving process of our existence. The consumption of energy is the basis of life; an innate and evolutionarily honed drive to maintain homeostasis and fulfill the needs for energy and cellular function. Derangements in metabolism are present with every disease process and may even be the cause. The quest to understand the exchange of energy at the cellular level and to develop novel techniques to manipulate, restore, or control this exchange is as old as medicine itself. The goal of this chapter is to review the history of our understanding of metabolic processes, to discuss normal cellular metabolism in a healthy subject, and to identify ways in which metabolism is altered in injury and illness.
The Regional Impacts of the Asian Crisis on Governance

In this study, we examine the regional impacts of the 1997 Asian Crisis on Governance. We use World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (i.e. WGI) which includes six dimensions of governance. These six dimensions are “Voice and Accountability”, “Political Stability and Absence of Violence”, “Government Effectiveness”, “Regulatory Quality”, “Rule of Law”, and “Control of Corruption”. The seven regions that we examine are North America, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and Caribbean, East Asia and Pacific, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Middle East and North Africa. Our findings show that, due to the crisis, while the overall rankings of Latin America and Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa improved, the overall rankings of Europe and Central Asia, East Asia and Pacific, South Asia, and Middle East and North Africa declined. There was no change in the ranking of North America due to the crisis. Both pre- and post-crisis, North America has the highest ranking in all six measures of governance.
Implementing IT Security for Small Businesses within Limited Resources

The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive budget conscious security plan for smaller enterprises that lack of security guidelines. We believe this paper will assist users to write an individualized security plan. We have also provided the top ten tools that are either free or affordable to get some sort semblance of security implemented.
Dysregulated activation of fetal liver programme in acute liver failure

Objective Uncertainty about acute liver failure (ALF) pathogenesis limits therapy. We postulate that ALF results from excessive reactivation of a fetal liver programme that is induced in hepatocytes when acutely injured livers regenerate. To evaluate this hypothesis, we focused on two molecules with known oncofetal properties in the liver, Yes-associated protein-1 (YAP1) and Insulin-like growth factor-2 RNA-binding protein-3 (IGF2BP3). Design We compared normal liver with explanted livers of patients with ALF to determine if YAP1 and IGF2BP3 were induced; assessed whether these factors are upregulated when murine livers regenerate; determined if YAP1 and IGF2BP3 cooperate to activate the fetal programme in adult hepatocytes; and identified upstream signals that control these factors and thereby hepatocyte maturity during recovery from liver injury. Results Livers of patients with ALF were massively enriched with hepatocytes expressing IGF2BP3, YAP1 and other fetal markers. Less extensive, transient accumulation of similar fetal-like cells that were proliferative and capable of anchorage-independent growth occurred in mouse livers that were regenerating after acute injury. Fetal reprogramming of hepatocytes was YAP1-dependent and involved YAP1-driven reciprocal modulation of let7 microRNAs and IGF2BP3, factors that negatively regulate each other to control fate decisions in fetal cells. Directly manipulating IGF2BP3 expression controlled the fetal-like phenotype regardless of YAP1 activity, proving that IGF2BP3 is the proximal mediator of this YAP1-directed fate. Conclusion After acute liver injury, hepatocytes are reprogrammed to fetal-like cells by a YAP1-dependent mechanism that differentially regulates let7 and IGF2BP3, identifying novel therapeutic targets for ALF.
Electromechanical properties of flash sintered BNT-based piezoelectric ceramic

Abstract Lead-free, (BiNa0.88K0.08Li0.04)0.5Ti0.995 Mn0.015 O3 piezoceramic has been successfully densified by a novel electrical current applied technique known as flash sintering (FS) at 880 °C. The effect of alternating and direct current, current density limit and holding time on the densification, crystal structure, electromechanical and electrical properties have been investigated. The optimum flash condition was obtained with a 1 KHz alternating current, 100 V·cm−1 initial electric field and preset maximum current limit of 1.5 A·cm-2. The flash sintered specimen is characterized with finer grain size (10–15 μm), slightly higher electromechanical properties and higher symmetry butterfly shape strain hysteresis loop compared to conventional sintering. Under both sintering conditions uniform distribution of elements and pure rhombohedral structure were observed. Flash sintering also results in lower resistivity and more significant grain boundaries contributions in the conduction mechanism.
Inter-annual variability of shelf water volume on the northeastern Canadian and United States continental shelf, 1973–2013

Abstract Understanding the variability of waters confined to the northeastern United States and Canadian continental shelf is essential in determining factors that influence hydrographic patterns and structure, changes in fisheries stocks and planktonic assemblages, and the impact of Arctic warming. Shelf waters (SHW) located between Newfoundland and Cape Hatteras are characterized by lower salinity (
A Dispersed Autonomy Architecture for Information-Gathering Drone Swarms

Teams of cooperating unmanned aircraft can perform spatial-temporal sampling of complex phenomena at scales not achievable by single platform sensor systems. In highly-dynamic environments, like severe storms, the sensing platforms must adapt in response to the evolving phenomena. Because onboard computation is limited, a dispersed computing architecture enables inclusion of high-performance models and computationally expensive algorithms in the decision-making loop. This paper presents the design and implementation of components of a dispersed autonomy architecture for information-gathering drones. Components of this architecture are described and demonstrated for several field campaigns, including the sampling of severe supercell thunderstorms by loosely coordinated UAS teams in order to study tornado formation.
Coping with the Practice of Medicine: Religion, Spirituality, and Other Personal Strategies

With the increasing demands on the practice of medicine, this qualitative study asked residents and their faculty (n = 44) to reflect on how they cope with their work. They provided written reflections to questions about successful and disappointing patient experiences, as well as describing their personal, religious, or spiritual practices. Key themes included connecting with family and friends, learning from their mistakes, using cognitive behavioral tools, and engaging with their spirituality and religiosity. One third specifically mentioned they used prayer and/or meditation. We contextualized selected quotes with their level of spiritual well-being, religiosity, and burnout.
MORPHOMETRICS OF JUVENILE WHITE SHRIMP IN SANTOS (SP, BRAZIL) - AN ATLANTIC STRESSED ESTUARY

Shrimps are one of the world’s most valuable fishing resources, with the Penaeidae family having the greatest economic importance. In the southwest Atlantic the white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti plays an important socioeconomic role for small-scale fisheries, and juveniles are targeted as live bait for recreational fisheries. This study was carried out monthly along two periods (May/2009‑January/2010 and March/2011-March/2015) at Santos estuary and aimed to investigate the relationship between morphometric and sex of the early development stages of Litopenaeus schmitti. A total of 6,978 individuals were caught and measured, with no differences (p >0.1) between sexes shown regarding total length or weight. Differences between males and females were found for Total length (TL) x Carapace length (CL) and TL x Total weight (TW) and negative allometries (b<3) were found for all relationships. The results indicate that morphometric differences among sexes seem to be more associated with total length, suggesting that TL could be a more appropriate body measurement to compare specimens of L. schmitti, at least when the analysis includes juveniles. The presence of L. schmitti specimens all year long inside the estuary reinforces the idea of a continuous reproductive cycle with peak periods. Both information comes to fulfill part of the lack of knowledge regarding this species estuarine phases.
Bilevel Optimization for Differentially Private Optimization in Energy Systems

This paper studies how to apply differential privacy to constrained optimization problems whose inputs are sensitive. This task raises significant challenges since random perturbations of the input data often render the constrained optimization problem infeasible or change significantly the nature of its optimal solutions. To address this difficulty, this paper proposes a bilevel optimization model that can be used as a post-processing step: It redistributes the noise introduced by a differentially private mechanism optimally while restoring feasibility and near-optimality. The paper shows that, under a natural assumption, this bilevel model can be solved efficiently for real-life large-scale nonlinear nonconvex optimization problems with sensitive customer data. The experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the privacy-preserving mechanism and showcases significant benefits compared to standard approaches.
The Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order in the perioperative setting: practical considerations.

Purpose of review Addressing patients' Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) status in the perioperative setting is important for shared patient decision-making. Although the inherently resuscitative nature of anesthesia and surgery may pose an ethical quandary for clinicians tasked with caring for the patient, anesthesiologist-led efforts need to evaluate all aspects of the DNR order and operative procedures. Recent findings Approximately 15% of patients undergoing surgical procedures have a preexisting DNR order (Margolis et al., 1995) [1]. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) do not support automatic reversal of the DNR order in the perioperative setting. Citing patient self-determination and autonomy, these societies advocate for a thoughtful discussion where a patient or legal designee may make an informed decision regarding resuscitation in the perioperative setting. Although studies have suggested increased perioperative mortality among patients with a preexisting DNR order, this data remains largely inconclusive. Summary Efforts must be made to address the DNR order in the perioperative setting. The fundamental tenets of medical ethics, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and patient autonomy can help to guide this oftentimes challenging discussion.
Selling Enhanced Attempts

Achieving a milestone often requires numerous attempts: a student takes and retakes an exam or a video-game player takes numerous attempts to complete a challenging puzzle. Attempters may be willing to pay for enhancements that increase their chances. A testing agency may bundle an initial attempt with an option to retake the exam. Players may be induced to purchase a "booster" (e.g., extra time or moves). Typically, if the milestone is passed in the next attempt without relying on the enhancement, it is wasted. In some cases, it can be purchased later at a higher price. This paper asks the question of how to optimally deploy and price enhancements. Selling enhanced attempts is a novel form of advance selling, a classical topic in operations management, marketing, and information systems. We contrast our results with findings in the classical literature in advance selling, uncovering nuances not present in standard settings. We model the selling of enhanced attempts as an a stochastic extensive form game, which we study analytically and numerically. We show how the distribution of skill among agents (i.e., their inherent ability to pass the milestone), and the inherent randomness of the milestone, influence enhancement selling strategies. For instance, we show that if the proportion of highly skilled agents is either sufficiently large or sufficiently small, firms should adopt pure advance selling strategies with no "spot" market. Our results yield implications for games companies, including the suggestion that they should only offer advance purchases of enhancements in games with a sufficiently high level of randomness, and if they are committed to offering both advance and spot purchases, might earn additional revenue by reducing the overall randomness in their design.
Unilateral Vocal Cord Paresis During Sleep Endoscopy.

Abnormalities of vocal cord motion in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who undergo drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) are not frequently described. A 17-year-old female with a history of asthma, reflux, and bipolar disorder had a history of poor sleep. Polysomnography (PSG) showed apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 13.9/hr, obstructive AHI 10.3/hr, and oxygen saturation nadir 87%. Physical exam showed BMI 34 and 3+ tonsils. She underwent DISE with propofol infusion, which showed partial obstruction at the palatine and lingual tonsil levels, a posteriorly displaced epiglottis along with immobility of the left vocal cord. Tonsillectomy was performed as planned. At her post-op visit, laryngoscopy showed normal vocal cord motion bilaterally. Post-operative PSG was improved.
Factors of fear of crime among Korean citizens: The mediating effect of confidence in the police

Abstract Fear can deteriorate communities and erode the quality of life of residents. Some fear of crime literature argues that the police can be a tool for addressing residents' fear. However, the exact mechanism through which the police affect fear remains unknown. Using data from the 2013 Korean Crime Victim Survey, we examine the potential role that confidence in the police can play in explaining residents' fear of crime. Our findings suggest that confidence in the police mediates the relationship between some traditional indicators (i.e., informal social control) of fear. However, the persistent effects of other variables (i.e., gender) remain after accounting for confidence in the police. We discuss the implications of these findings for theory, future research, and public policy.
The placental transfer of acetylsalicyclic acid in near-term ewes

Abstract The placental transfer of acetylsalicylic acid was studied in five near-term ewes and fetuses. The total clearance (C tot ) of acetylsalicylic acid from the fetal compartment was determined by bolus injection of 14 C-acetylsalicylic acid into the fetal compartment. C tot = C p + C f where C p is the placental clearance and C f is the fetal tissue clearance. 14 C-acetylsalicylic acid was then infused into the ewe. Fetal (F) and maternal (M) steady-state concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid were measured. During steady-state conditions, the influx of acetylsalicylic acid into the fetal compartment will equal the efflux, or C p × (M-F) = C f × F. Combining these two equations yields the following description of placental clearance: C p = C tot × F/M. Using this equation, we calculated C p = 0.57 ± 0.12 ml/min · kg and C f = 1.93 ± 0.22 ml/min · kg. Maternal and fetal placental flows were also measured using radioactively labeled microspheres. From these flows, a 99% degree of diffusion limitation was determined for the placental transfer of acetylsalicylic acid.
Magnetism and Magnetic Measurement, Introduction

Magnetism and magnetic materials have a long and illustrious history from antiquity to the present. Devices and technologies based on magnetism, from loadstone in the ancient, to the spin-valve GMR read-heads in our computers now, to the new memories (e.g., STT-MRAM) in the future, may be the longest running technology in human endeavor. A fundamental understanding of magnetism requires quantum mechanics and special relativity that have been advanced in the 20th century. In this Chapter, we describe the origin of the atomic magnetic moments, their mutual interaction that leads to magnetism, the generation of magnetic field, and the exploitation of magnetic materials for technological applications. Keywords: magnetism; magnetic measurements; paramagnetism; dimagnetism; antiferromagnetism; ferromagnetism
Use of horseradish peroxidase to identify hindbrain sites that influence gastric motility in the cat

To identify hindbrain sites that influence gastric motility, we administered multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase into the anterior surface of the antrum near the lesser curvature in 3 cats, and used light microscopy to identify horseradish peroxidase-positive neurons in the hindbrain. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found evenly distributed on both sides in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Labeling extended from 2.5 mm rostral to 2.0 mm caudal to the obex. Labeled neurons were not localized to a specific region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus: no labeling was observed in the nucleus ambiguus or in the nuclei of the solitary tract. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the area with the greatest number of labeled cell bodies was performed in 4 cats while monitoring antral motility, arterial pressure, and heart rate. Stimulation elicited pronounced antral contractions but no changes in arterial pressure or heart rate. These data demonstrate that the retrograde neuronal tracing technique permits localization of central nervous system sites that specifically influence gastric function.
The New Man and the Sea: Climate Change Perceptions and Sustainable Seafood Preferences of Florida Reef Anglers

Florida Reef stakeholders have downplayed the role of anthropogenic climate change while recognizing the reef system’s degradation. With an emphasis on recreational anglers, a survey using contingent valuation methods investigated stakeholders’ attitudes about the Florida Reef, climate change, and willingness to pay for sustainable and local seafood. Angst expressed about acidification and other climate change effects represents a recent shift of opinion. Supermajorities were willing to pay premiums for sustainably harvested and especially local seafood. Regression analysis revealed trust in seafood labels, travel to coral reefs, political orientation, place of birth, and motorboat use as strong, direct predictors of shopping behavior, age and environmental concerns as moderately influential, and income and education as surprisingly poor predictors. Distrust of authority may motivate some stakeholders, but new attitudes about climate change and the high desirability of local seafood offer potential for renewed regional engagement and market-based incentives for sustainability.
Inductive effects on molecular ionization potentials—VI: Alkenes☆

Abstract The experimental ionization potentials, E I of fourteen alkenes have been correlated with the sum of the inductive substituent constants, Σσ I ,, of the corresponding alkyl substituents attached to the CC group of the alkene, and a good correlation obtained. Models of alkenes were treated by the simple HMO method using the heteroatom model for the alkyl groups. A good correlation between the experimental ionization potentials, E I of the alkenes and the corresponding energies of their highest occupied π-molecular orbitais was found.
Characterization of the Edge Crack Torsion (Ect) Test for Mode III Fracture Toughness Measurement of Laminated Composites

The edge crack torsion (ECT) test is designed to initiate mode III delamination growth in composite laminates. An ECT specimen is a rectangular laminate, containing an edge delamination at the laminate mid-plane. Torsion load is applied to the specimens, resulting in relative transverse shear sliding of the delaminated faces. The test data reduction schemes are intended to yield initiation values of critical mode III strain energy release rate, G(sub IIIc), that are constant with delamination length. The test has undergone several design changes during its development. The objective of this paper was to determine the suitability of the current ECT test design as a mode III fracture test. To this end, ECT tests were conducted on specimens manufactured from IM7/8552 and specimens made from S2/8552 tape laminates. Several specimens, each with different delamination lengths are tested. Detailed, three-dimensional finite element analyses of the specimens were performed. The analysis results were used to calculate the distribution of mode I, mode II, and mode III strain energy release rate along the delamination front. The results indicated that mode III-dominated delamination growth would be initiated from the specimen center. However, in specimens of both material types, the measured values of G(sub IIIc) exhibited significant dependence on delamination length. Furthermore, there was a large amount of scatter in the data. Load-displacement response of the specimens exhibited significant deviation from linearity before specimen failure. X-radiographs of a sample of specimens revealed that damage was initiated in the specimens prior to failure. Further inspection of the failure surfaces is required to identify the damage and determine that mode III delamination is initiated in the specimens.
Knots in the family tree: evolutionary relationships and functions of knox homeobox genes

Knotted-like homeobox (knox) genes constitute a gene family in plants. Class I knox genes are expressed in shoot apical meristems, and (with notable exceptions) not in lateral organ primordia. Class II genes have more diverse expression patterns. Loss and gain of function mutations indicate that knox genes are important regulators of meristem function. Gene duplication has contributed to the evolution of families of homeodomain proteins in metazoans. We believe that similar mechanisms have contributed to the diversity of knox gene function in plants. Knox genes may have contributed to the evolution of compound leaves in tomato and could be involved in the evolution of morphological traits in other species. Alterations in cis-regulatory regions in some knox genes correlate with novel patterns of gene expression and distinctive morphologies. Preliminary data from the analysis of class I knox gene expression illustrates the evolution of complex patterns of knox expression is likely to have occurred through loss and gain of domains of gene expression.
Scars of Nation: Surgical Penetration and the Ecuadorian State

In Ecuador, middle-class women, and increasingly more working-class women, eagerly pay to be scarred. Cesarean sections carried out in private clinics leave a lateral scar— the mark of women not subject to the indignities of devalued public medical services. It is not citizenship per se that these women are after with their scars, since in Ecuador, citizenship, especially in the medical realm, is denigrated. Instead, the scar is a sign of a woman’s ability to remain distinct from the governed masses who need to make citizenship claims for social services on state institutions. Scars and the bodies that carry them enact a racialized relationship to the nation. Browner bodies can withstand vaginal birth within the disciplines of public maternity care. When women pay for
A practitioners guide for assessing collaboration systems

The paper provides guidelines for assessing the effectiveness of collaboration systems in an operational business environment. Specific guidelines are provided for the collection of metrics in terms of what types of data to collect, why each type of metric is important, and how and when to collect metrics. While the article focuses on assessing collaboration systems as applied to the intelligence community, the measurement concepts presented can be applied to the assessment of a wide range of systems.
High accuracy computation of fluid-structure interaction in transonic cascades

A coupling strategy for simulating fluid-structure interaction phenomena is formulated and applied to the prediction of flutter in transonic cascades. The flow is governed by the Euler equations and discretized using a finite volume flux-splitting scheme. The structure is modeled using an isoparametric finite element formulation. The coupling strategy successfully reconciles these two formulations at the fluid-structure interface by enforcing both kinematic and kinetic boundary conditions. In particular, the conservation laws applicable to the combined fluid-structure system are preserved across the interface. Since the primary mechanism driving aeroelastic phenomena involves energy exchange occurring at the interface, this highly accurate coupling mechanism is believed to improve the predictive capability of the scheme. The coupled equations are advanced simultaneously in time using an implicit time integration method. Results obtained using the coupling method are presented for cascade geometries operating in transonic flow.
Design and performance analysis of a self-regulating melt pressure valve

Net shape manufacturing of plastic products through injection molding, extrusion, and other polymer processing methods has been limited by a lack of observability and controllability of the state of the polymer melt. A self-regulating valve is developed and validated that regulates the output melt pressure in proportion to an input control force. The valve relies on a valve pin that adjusts the juncture loss to balance the control force with the force exerted by the melt pressure on an exposed surface of the valve pin. Since the valve pin position is adjusted in accordance to natural laws, an open loop system design is feasible without need of any instrumentation or control system for closed loop feedback control. The design is analyzed using a three-dimensional flow analysis that utilizes independent shear and elongational viscosities for the polymer melt. Pressure drops and shear stresses through the valve are analyzed to estimate the steady state error in the output pressure when the valve pin is controlled in an open loop mode (i.e. without melt pressure feedback). Guidelines for the valve design are provided to achieve a reasonable trade-off between flow and structural requirements. Finally, experimental validation indicates an excellent level of response and consistency given the simplicity of the design. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:549–557, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ontogenesis of osmotic regulation in the striped mullet, Mugil cephalus L.

The osmoregulatory capabilities of juvenile striped mullet, Mugil cephalus L., of three size-groups (20–29, 30–39 and 40–9 mm s.l.) were compared in a series of six salinities ranging from fresh water to full sea water. The two smaller size-groups were able to tolerate instantaneous transfer from the brackish water in which captured, to all salinities but fresh water, while the 40–69 mm group were tolerant of instantaneous transfer to all experimental salinities. At high environmental salinities, the osmotic regulatory capabilities improved with growth in size to an apparently definitive condition in fish of 40–69 mm s.l. The smallest of these individuals were estimated to be about 7.5 months old. The osmotic regulatory capability in waters of low salinity had reached a definitive state with the development of tolerance to such salinities. The ontogenetic pattern for Mugil cephalus is virtually identical to that of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.
Performance evaluation of DPS coordination strategies modelled in pi-calculus

Distributed problem solving (DPS) is the subfield of multi-agent systems concerned with using systems of agents to solve large-scale, distributed problems like data interpretation in sensor networks. Coordination of agent actions is a key issue in DPS. There are not yet methods that can automatically produce effective coordination strategies for most real-world applications. We envision a tool that would support human engineering by allowing a strategy to be modelled at various levels of abstraction, with incomplete specification of the inter- and intra-agent order of actions. The tool would be able to analyse various properties of such strategies, determine the best possible time performance, and derive ordering constraints to guarantee best performance. This paper reports on research to develop key elements for such a tool, including using pi-calculus as a formal framework for defining DPS coordination strategies, and techniques for evaluating the time performance of such strategies defined with pi-calculus.
EFFECTS OF FASTING ON THE GROWTH PLATE : SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL MECHANISMS

Inadequate caloric intake inhibits longitudinal bone growth. This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms responsible for this suppression of growth plate function, focusing on the roles of systemic and local insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Five week-old male rabbits were fasted for 48 h. Fasting significantly decreased proximal tibial growth velocity and growth plate width (both proliferative and hypertrophic zones). During the fast, systemic IGF-1 production was down-regulated. Serum IGF-1 levels and hepatic IGF-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels decreased despite increased GH levels. Serum levels of GH binding protein (a circulating fragment of the GH receptor) and hepatic GH receptor mRNA levels were not significantly changed. In contrast, the local, growth plate IGF-1 system appeared to be up-regulated. Growth plate GH receptor mRNA and IGF-1 mRNA levels were both increased during fasting. We conclude that, in the rabbit, fasting induces a rapid depletion of growth plate chondrocytes and in...
A simple technique for sampling the uterine cavity of the baboon

Abstract The uterine environment within which the primate conceptus develops is poorly understood. This study was undertaken a) to develop a technique by which the uterine lumen could be sampled simply and efficiently and b) to analyze the proteins present in these uterine flushings throughout the menstrual cycle. The instrument described in this communication consists primarily of a double lumen cannula which permits one to inject and aspirate the flushing medium simultaneously. Volume recoveries usually exceeded 75% and the concentration of protein did not change significantly throughout the menstrual cycle. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the uterine flushings revealed the presence of one polypeptide (Mr ≅ 66,000; pI ≅ 5.7–6.0) that was not observed in serum and was presumed to be of uterine origin. The technique described here provides a rapid method by which baboon uterine secretions can be frequently collected in the lightly sedated animal.
An Inversion Theorem-Based Kernel Density Estimator for a Weighted Average and Difference of Weighted Averages with Applications

In this article, we develop a new and novel kernel density estimator for a sum of weighted averages from a single population based on utilizing the well defined kernel density estimator in conjunction with classic inversion theory. This idea is further developed for a kernel density estimator for the difference of weighed averages from two independent populations. The resulting estimator is “bootstrap-like” in terms of its properties with respect to the derivation of approximate confidence intervals via a “plug-in” approach. This new approach is distinct from the bootstrap methodology in that it is analytically and computationally feasible to provide an exact estimate of the distribution function through direct calculation. Thus, our approach eliminates the error due to Monte Carlo resampling that arises within the context of simulation based approaches that are oftentimes necessary in order to derive bootstrap-based confidence intervals for statistics involving weighted averages of i.i.d. random variable...
Emotional modulation of autonomic responses to painful trigeminal stimulation

Dysregulation of supraspinal pain modulation may contribute to chronic pain, including head/face pain. Our laboratory has shown that emotional picture-viewing reliably modulates subjective and physiological pain responses to noxious extracranial (sural nerve) stimulation, suggesting this is a valid method of studying supraspinal modulation. However, to study head/face pain, it is important to determine whether responses evoked by trigeminal stimulation are also modulated. In the present study (34 healthy participants), emotionally-charged pictures (unpleasant, neutral, pleasant) were presented during which painful trigeminal stimulations were delivered during and in between pictures. Autonomic responses to each shock (pain-evoked HR acceleration, pain-evoked skin conductance response [SCR]) were recorded. Consistent with research on extracranial pain, autonomic responses were larger during unpleasant pictures and smaller during pleasant pictures, with linear trends explaining 23% of the variance in pain-evoked HR and 35% of the variance in pain-evoked SCR (ps<.05). Implications for studying cranial pain are discussed.
Social Learning Theory of Aggression.

“The massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts…, It is the principled resort to aggression that is of greatest social concern but most ignored in psychological theorizing and research.”
Motion of cylindrically-symmetrical relativistic shock waves

Some observed astrophysical phenomena such as the blast of a supernova (cf. Zeldovich and Novikov, 1966; Blandfordet al., 1977; Shapiro, 1979) suggest the necessity of study of the motion of shock waves in a relativistic fluid flow in the presence of a magnetic field. This paper deals with the motion of special relativistic shock wave which propagates from the center line outwardly after an explosion with the assumption that the magnetic field which has an axial component only. Similarity solutions which depend on the parameter ξ=r/t are constructed. Two special cases are then studied in detail. In the first case, there is an ultra-relativistic fluid in front of the shock and in the second case, there is a cold fluid in front of the shock.
Phase transitions in cold and warm dense matter

Abstract We consider the phase transitions, in dense matter, from nuclei to bubbles and from bubbles to uniform matter. A simplified version of the compressible liquid-drop model allows us to discuss analytically the densities at which the free energies of the different phases are equal, and the density discontinuities of the phases in equilibrium. A reasonable agreement with detailed numerical calculations is obtained only if the compressibility of the matter inside nuclei, and particularly outside bubbles, is taken into account. The dependence of the bubbles-uniform matter transition on the various elements of the Coulomb energy is discussed in detail: the transition is actually a first-order one, but it becomes of second order if the lattice Coulomb energy is turned off. The insight into the effect on the transition of the ratio of surface-plus-Coulomb energy to compression modulus allows us to understand the dependence of the transition densities on temperature and on the microscopic model employed.
Parametric study of relay seismic capacity

Abstract An evaluation of the existing relay test data base at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has indicated that the seismic capacity of a relay may depend on various parameters related to the design or the input motion. In order to investigate the effect of these parameters on the seismic fragility level, BNL has conducted a relay test program. Establishing the correlation between the single frequency fragility test input and the corresponding multifrequency response spectrum (TRS) is also an objective of this test program. The testing has been performed at Wyle Laboratories. This paper discusses the methodology used for testing and presents a brief summary of important test results.
Bond-Mediated Electron Tunneling in Ruthenium-Modified High-Potential Iron−Sulfur Protein

High-potential iron−sulfur proteins (HiPIPs) are found in photosynthetic purple nonsulfur bacteria. The three-dimensional structure of Chromatium vinosum HiPIP features two short segments of α-helix, three strands of antiparallel β-pleated sheet, and a small helix near the N-terminus. The cubane [Fe_4S_4] cluster is attached covalently to the polypeptide matrix through Fe−S^γ bonds to cysteines 43, 46, 63, and 77. The side chains of Tyr19, Phe48, Trp60, Phe66, Trp76, Trp80, and other nonpolar residues encapsulate the cluster in a hydrophobic cavity that is inaccessible to solvent. Tyr19, which contacts the [Fe_4S_4] core, has been suggested to play a particularly important structural role. In both oxidation states, the cysteinyl and core inorganic sulfur atoms are involved in H-bonding interactions with peptide NH protons.
Incoherent Pair Tunneling as a Probe of the Cuprate Pseudogap

We argue that incoherent pair tunneling in a cuprate superconductor junction with an optimally doped superconducting and an underdoped normal lead can be used to detect the presence of pairing correlations in the pseudogap phase of the underdoped lead. We estimate that the junction characteristics most suitable for studying the pair tunneling current are close to recently manufactured cuprate tunneling devices.
Action potentials produce a long-term enhancement of M-current in frog sympathetic ganglion

Abstract M-current is a voltage-gated K + current that can be turned off by the muscarinic action of acetylcholine. We examined the effects of postsynaptic action potential firing on the level of M-current in B-cells of the bullfrog sympathetic ganglion. High frequency stimulation of action potentials induced an approximately two-fold increase in the level of the M-current that could last up to 35 min. The ‘enhanced’ M-current was similar to the ‘resting’ one in its time-dependence, voltage-dependence and sensitivity to neurotransmitters. Experiments were undertaken to examine the functional consequences of the enhanced M-current. Following high frequency stimulation the number of spikes evoked by depolarizing current was reduced. In addition, the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) evoked by maximal input became subthreshold, thereby blocking information flow through the ganglion cell. These results indicate that the enhancement of M-current by spikes provides a negative feedback mechanism for the control of excitability. It has been reported that postsynaptic stimulation of ganglion cells also produces a long-term increase in the nicotinic EPSP, but we were unable to confirm this observation.
Harmonic analysis on tori

We consider measurable subsets Ω∋{ofR}n with 0<m(Ω)<∞, and we assume that Ω has a spectral set Λ. (In the special case when Ω is also assumed open, Λ may be obtained as the joint spectrum of a family of commuting self-adjoint operators {H k: 1≤k≤n} in L 2 (Ω) such that each H k is an extension of i(∂/∂x k) on C c ∞(Ω), k=1, ..., n.) It is known that Ω is a fundamental domain for a lattice if Λ is itself a lattice. In this paper, we consider a class of examples where Λ is not assumed to be a lattice. Instead Λ is assumed to have a certain inhomogeneous form, and we prove a necessary and sufficient condition for Ω to be a fundamental domain for some lattice in {ofR}n. We are thus able to decide the question, ‘fundamental domain or not’, by considering only properties of the spectrum Λ. Our criterion is obtained as a corollary to a theorem concerning partitions of sets Ω which have a spectrum of inhomogeneous form.
Clinical Implementation of Electron Energy Changes of Varian Linear Accelerators

Modern dual photon energy linear accelerators often come with a few megavoltage electron beams. The megavoltage electron beam has limited range and relative sharp distal falloff in its depth dose curve compared to that of megavoltage photon beam. Its radiation dose is often delivered appositionally to cover the target volume to its distal 90% depth dose (d90), while avoiding the normal--sometimes critical--structure immediately distal to the target. Varian linear accelerators currently offer selected electron beams of 4, 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV electron beam energies. However, intermediate electron energy is often needed for optimal dose distribution. In this study we investigated electron beam characteristics and implemented two intermediate 7 and 11 MeV electron beams on Varian linear accelerators. Comprehensive tests and measurements indicated the new electron beams met all dosimetry parameter criteria and operational safety standards. Between the two new electron beams and the existing electron beams we were able to provide a choice of electron beams of 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16 and 20 MeV electron energies, which had d90 depth between 1.5 cm and 6.0 cm (from 1.5 cm to 4.0 cm in 0.5 cm increments) to meet our clinical needs.
Scale-Varying Representations For Object Recognition

Spherical harmonics are introduced as a modeling tool. Their properties suggest that they are a representation well suited to object recognition. We explain how models are instantiated from inputted data sets and introduce a natural coordinate frame in which to build these models. We address the question of whether an object should be represented as a single model or be described rather as a collection of parts. As regards the latter, we define our understanding of what, in effect, constitutes a part. Finally we discuss the application of this representation to the tasks of object recognition and to scene rendering.