cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rails Built of the Ancestors’ Bones: The Bioarchaeology of the Overseas Chinese Experience

Between 1865 and 1869, thousands of Chinese immigrants came to the United States to construct the transcontinental railroad. Their impact went beyond labor and helped to develop the social and economic landscape of the country through their ingenuity. Archaeological analyses are especially important for understanding the Chinese in historical America because of the lack of written records. Bioarchaeology can contribute by providing a glimpse into the lives of these resourceful and diverse laborers who toiled to contribute to the development of the railways in the 19th century. The reanalysis of the remains of 13 Chinese men recovered from a cemetery in Carlin, Nevada, reveals that most individuals exhibited widespread musculoskeletal development suggesting frequent, repeated bodily strain. Additionally, all 13 individuals exhibited skeletal trauma or pathologies. The men recovered from Carlin reveal the extent to which Chinese railroad workers endured exploitative oppression and racism, while simultaneously embodying resilience.
Effect of storage at 4 and 10c on the growth of listeria monocytogenes in and on queso fresco

ABSTRACT A five-strain rifampicin-resistant Listeria monocytogenes cocktail (ca. 3.0 log10 cfu/g) was introduced as a postpasteurization contaminant in queso fresco (QF) that was manufactured using a commercial procedure. L. monocytogenes was either inoculated into (IN) the curds before forming the cheese block or onto (ON) slices (52–66 g), individually vacuum-packed and stored at 4 and 10C. Growth was monitored for up to 35 days. Gompertz analyses showed small differences in lag time because of temperature, but growth rate and generation time were faster at 10C than at 4C. After 20 days for both the IN and the ON treatments, the maximum population density was 7.80 ± 0.17, regardless of the storage temperature. These results indicate that QF manufacture must be conducted using Good Manufacturing Practices and under hygienic conditions, and that the use of antimicrobials and/or postprocessing interventions is necessary to prevent the presence and growth of L. monocytogenes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Queso fresco (QF) is a popular, rennet-set, Hispanic-style fresh cheese made from pasteurized milk known for its crumbly texture and nonmelting properties. However, its high moisture content, near neutral pH and moderate salt content provide the ideal conditions for growth of various spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, notably Listeria monocytogenes. Past studies have examined the growth of L. monocytogenes on QF but were typically conducted using retail cheese of unknown manufacturing, handling and storage procedures. In this study, the growth of L. monocytogenes was monitored in and on QF made according to a commercial procedure used in the U.S.A. These data and a primary model that was created from the data can be used as the basis for food safety assessments and process and formulation improvements, or to monitor the effectiveness of antimicrobials and process interventions in preventing the presence and growth of L. monocytogenes associated with QF.
Multiport Modeling of Multibody Systems: An Approach to Computer Aided Design of Multibody Controls

How to create mutlibody systems' models that are suitable for the design of their controls? Some multibody programs approach the design of controls by adding FORTRAN subroutines. The approach of some other programs is to derive the state space description and write it in a disc file that can be used by specialized control systems design programs. Both approaches limit the interactive process necessary for the efficient design of control systems. This paper describes a structured multiport approach to the computer-aided modeling of multibody systems. The proposed approach produces models of multibody systems that are suitable for the interactive design and evaluation of control strategies.
Tryptophan Synthetase from Bacillus subtilis PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE β2 COMPONENT

Abstract The tryptophan synthetase β2 component of Bacillus subtilis has been purified to homogeneity using conventional techniques carried out in the presence of buffers containing 15% glycerol (v/v). Ultracentrifugal analysis of holo-β2 component indicates that it has a molecular weight of 82,000. The β chain molecular weight was estimated to be 41,000 by ultracentrifugal analysis in the presence of 5 m guanidine hydrochloride plus thiols and by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The β chain molecular weight was also determined by Sephadex G-100 chromatography to be 41,800 using relatively mild conditions to dissociate the β2 subunit, namely 0.1 m potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, containing 30% glycerol (v/v) and 0.01 m glutamine. The purified β2 subunit retains a requirement for glycerol to maintain full activity. Furthermore, contrary to earlier reports using partially purified enzyme, the β2 subunit requires the tryptophan synthetase α subunit to attain maximal activity. The B. subtilis β2 subunit appears unique among the bacterial enzymes purified thus far for its low specific activity in the reaction involving the conversion of indole plus l-serine to l-tryptophan. It is however possible for the α subunits from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida to complement the β2 subunit of B. subtilis in this latter reaction and produce a level of activity equal to 30% of the homologous complementation. The B. subtilis β2 component also shares antigenic determinants with the E. coli and P. putida β2 components as well as with the tryptophan synthetase of the eucaryote, Neurospora crassa.
Transport of d-Arabinose-5-Phosphate and d-Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate by the Hexose Phosphate Transport System of Salmonella typhimurium

d-Arabinose-5-phosphate and d-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate were found to be substrates, although not inducers, of the hexose phosphate transport system of Salmonella typhimurium. Transport of these two sugar phosphates by wild-type strains required preinduction of the hexose phosphate transport system. A mutant of S. typhimurium constitutive for this system also transported d-arabinose-5-phosphate and d-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate in a constitutive fashion. Glucose-6-phosphate was a potent competitor of the transport of both d-arabinose-5-phosphate and d-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate. The K(m) values for transport of d-glucose-6-phosphate, d-arabinose-5-phosphate, and d-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate were 0.13, 0.32 and 1.61 mM, respectively. The apparent V(max) values for transport of d-glucose-6-phosphate, d-arabinose-5-phosphate, and d-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate were 6.3, 13.2 and 3.0 nmol per min per 5 x 10(8) bacteria, respectively. d-Ribulose-5-phosphate and d-xylulose-5-phosphate did not inhibit transport of the above substrates, whereas d-ribose-5-phosphate was a weak inhibitor of d-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate transport.
dsRNA sensors and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in host defense and autoimmunity

The innate immune system detects viruses through molecular sensors that trigger the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines. As viruses vary tremendously in size, structure, genomic composition, and tissue tropism, multiple sensors are required to detect their presence in various cell types and tissues. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the diversity, specificity, and signaling pathways downstream of viral sensors and ask whether two distinct sensors that recognize the same viral component are complementary, compensatory, or simply redundant. We also discuss why viral sensors are differentially distributed in distinct cell types and whether a particular cell type dominates the IFN-I response during viral infection. Finally, we review evidence suggesting that inappropriate signaling through viral sensors may induce autoimmunity. The picture emerging from these studies is that disparate viral sensors in different cell types form a dynamic and integrated molecular network that can be exploited for improving vaccination and therapeutic strategies for infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Neurological dysfunction and childhood behavioral pathology.

The relationship between neurological dysfunction and childhood behavioral pathology was examined in the case material of a 19-year child psychiatry consultation practice involving 1,400 patients, 838 boys and 562 girls, ranging in age from 13 weeks to 19 years at the time of initial consultation. Eighty-eight neurologically damaged children, 60 boys and 28 girls, and matched controls were compared for presenting complaints, psychiatric diagnoses, and the special group of symptoms commonly thought to be associated with brain damage: hyperactivity, short attention span, distractibility, mood oscillation, high impulsivity and perseveration. Perseveration was the sole symptom statistically more characteristic of the neurologically damaged children. Clustering of 3 or more of the special symptoms was significantly related to neurological damage; other than perseveration the presence of 1 or 2 of the special symptoms failed to distinguish the groups, while absence of all special symptoms characterized the neurologically intact controls. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Photodissociation of methane on platinum

Abstract An overview of an embedding method for treating molecule-surface interactions is presented and an application to the photodissociation of methane physisorbed on platinum is discussed. Electronic structures are described by an ab initio formalism that permits an accurate determination of reaction energetics and adsorbate structure. Results are reported for a methane molecule interacting with a Pt ring model of the surface. Configuration interaction theory is used to sort out states resulting from electron attachment to methane from lower energy states that correspond to metal excitations. A mechanism is proposed for the photodissociation process.
Spatial distribution of the gypsy moth [Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae] and some of its parasitoids within a forest environment

Aspects of the microhabitat distributions of the gypsy moth,Porthetria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), and some of its parasitoids were investigated in the field by means of sticky panels and gypsy moth egg masses exposed at different heights in trees, by egg masses exposed within forested and cleared areas, and by gypsy moth pupal collections from different heights in trees.Ooencyrtus kuwanai (Howard)(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Apanteles melanoscelusRatzeburg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and gypsy moths were caught most frequently on stickly panels placed in upper portions of trees. In contrast,Apanteles laevicepsAshmead, a parasitoid of cutworms, was most often caught near the forest floor.O. kuwanai attacked equally egg masses exposed at different heights in trees, but parasitized those in a clearing less often than those within the forest prosper.Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) emerged mostly from pupae collected near the tops of trees and not at all from those collected below 5 m. The results are discussed as they relate to field sampling procedures, behavioral activities of gypsy moth and parasitoid adults, and integrated control possibilities for the gypsy moth.
Cardiomyopathy and the Use of Implanted Cardio‐Defibrillators in Children

Children and adults with Cardiomyopathy and ventricular dysrhythmias have a uniformly poor prognosis, despite medical therapy. The use of automatic implantable cardio-defibrillators in adult patients with medically resistant ventricular dysrhythmias has resulted in a positive impact on survival. Because of its size and former Jack of programmability, the device has been used rarely in children. Four patients with Cardiomyopathy, in whom refractory ventricular dysrhythmias were managed with automatic implantable cardio-defibrillators, are presented. Two of these children are the youngest and smallest known in whom the device has been used; one of them received the first programmable model. The use of the automatic implantable cardio-defibrillator may enhance survival in selected young patients.
Vertical AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors with 106 V breakdown

Abstract A high voltage GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) with an open-base collector breakdown voltage of 106 V and an open-emitter breakdown voltage of 134 V has been demonstrated. A vertical structure with a doped GaAs substrate, a 9.0 μm thick collector doped to 2.0×1015 cm−3, and a backside collector contact were used to achieve this breakdown. The same breakdown voltage results were measured for HBTs with very different emitter areas and geometries, and are consistent with bulk breakdown in GaAs. Devices with 4×40 μ m2 emitters show DC current gain of 38 at 6000 A/cm2. The device rf performance was limited due to extrinsic pad capacitance to the substrate, with ft and fmax values of 1.16 and 3.0 GHz, respectively. However, intrinsic ft of approximately 16 GHz can be achieved through the use of thicker dielectric insulation.
Income Inequality in Health at All Ages: A Comparison of the United States and England

Objectives. I systematically examined income gradients in health in the United States and England across the life span (ages birth to 80 years), separately for females and males, for a number of health conditions.Methods. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the United States (n = 36 360) and the Health Survey for England (n = 55 783), I calculated weighted prevalence rates and risk ratios by income level for the following health risk factors or conditions: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high cholesterol ratio, heart attack or angina, stroke, and asthma.Results. In the United States and England, the income gradients in health are very similar across age, gender, and numerous health conditions, and are robust to adjustments for race/ethnicity, health behaviors, body mass index, and health insurance.Conclusions. Health disparities by income are pervasive in England as well as in the United States, despite better overall health, ...
The Uptake of C14 from Carboxyl-Labeled Sodium Acetate by Digitalis purpurea L.*

Radioactivity measurements of Digitalis plants following hydroponic feedings of C14 carboxyl-labeled sodium acetate indicate that root tissues accumulate carbon in significant amounts (about 10 per cent) in a twelve-hour period but that C14 accumulating in the leaves in the same period is proportionally very low and does not exceed about 1.8 per cent in a ten-day growth period. Data are also presented to indicate residual and respired carbon from the same isotopic source.
Interactive segmentation with Intelligent Scissors

Abstract We present a new, interactive tool called Intelligent Scissors which we use for image segmentation. Fully automated segmentation is an unsolved problem, while manual tracing is inaccurate and laboriously unacceptable. However, Intelligent Scissors allow objects within digital images to be extracted quickly and accurately using simple gesture motions with a mouse. When the gestured mouse position comes in proximity to an object edge, a live-wire boundary “snaps” to, and wraps around the object of interest. Live-wire boundary detection formulates boundary detection as an optimal path search in a weighted graph. Optimal graph searching provides mathematically piece-wise optimal boundaries while greatly reducing sensitivity to local noise or other intervening structures. Robustness is further enhanced with on-the-fly training which causes the boundary to adhere to the specific type of edge currently being followed, rather than simply the strongest edge in the neighborhood. Boundary cooling automatically freezes unchanging segments and automates input of additional seed points. Cooling also allows the user to be much more free with the gesture path, thereby increasing the efficiency and finesse with which boundaries can be extracted.
A Family Systems‐Based Model of Organizational Intervention

Employee assistance professionals are expected to be proficient at intervening in organizations and creating meaningful behavioral change in interpersonal functioning. Because of their training in family systems theories and concepts, marriage and family therapists (MFTs) are well suited to serve organizations as "systems consultants." Unfortunately, the authors were unable to identify any family systems-based models for organizational intervention that have been empirically tested and supported. In this article, the authors present a family systems-based model of intervention that they developed while working in an employee assistance program (EAP). They also present research that was used to refine the model and to provide initial support for its effectiveness.
Immobilized enzymes as chromatographic phases for HPLC: the chromatography of free and derivatized amino acids on immobilized trypsin

A new HPLC stationary phase was synthesized by the covalent immobilization of the enzyme trypsin (TRYP) on silica. The hydrolytic activity of the immobilized enzyme was 72% of the activity of an equivalent molar amount of free TRYP. The initial chromatographic studies indicate that this phase can be used for chiral separations of enantiomeric O- and N,O-derivatized amino acids which are natural substrates on TRYP and that the stereochemical resolutions are a result of the activity of the enzyme.
Microbial Oxidation of Mixtures of Methylmercaptan and Hydrogen Sulfide

Refinery spent-sulfidic caustic, containing only inorganic sulfides, has previously been shown to be amenable to biotreatment with Thiobacillus denitrificans strain F with complete oxidation of sulfides to sulfate. However, many spent caustics contain mercaptans that cannot be metabolized by this strict autotroph. An aerobic enrichment culture was developed from mixed Thiobacilli and activated sludge that was capable of simultaneous oxidation of inorganic sulfide and mercaptans using hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methylmercaptan (MeSH) gas feeds used to simulate the inorganic and organic sulfur of a spent-sulfidic caustic. The enrichment culture was also capable of biotreatment of an actual mercaptan-containing, spent-sulfidic caustic but at lower rates than predicted by operation on MeSH and H2S fed to the culture in the gas phase, indicating that the caustic contained other inhibitory components.
Supporting software evolution through model-driven program transformation

Model-Driven Software Development (MDSD) techniques are being adopted with more frequency in the engineering of computer based systems, especially in the area of distributed real-time embedded (DRE) systems. This brief summary presents two research objectives for supporting software evolution in MDSD. First, the concept of model-driven program transformation is introduced to support evolution of large legacy software systems. The second research objective that is presented involves the application of a mature program transformation engine to automate model interpreter evolution in the presence of meta-model schema changes.
Augmentation ureterocystoplasty could be performed more frequently.

Purpose: Megaureter represents the ideal tissue for bladder augmentation but to date ureterocystoplasty has been used only in select cases. We demonstrate that ureterocystoplasty can be used more frequently by dividing the megaureter and using its distal part for bladder augmentation and proximal part for reimplantation into the bladder. This technique can be performed as a 1 or 2-stage procedure.Materials and Methods: From November 1995 to October 1998 ureterocystoplasty was performed in 16 patients 3 to 12 years old (mean age 6.6). In 9 cases with impaired renal function loop cutaneous ureterostomy had been previously done to preserve and improve renal function. In the remaining 7 cases bladder augmentation and simultaneous ureteroneocystostomy were performed without cutaneous ureterostomy. Ureterocystoplasty was done extraperitoneally. This distal part of megaureter was used for bladder augmentation and the proximal part was implanted into the bladder using extravesical detrusor tunneling ureteroneocys...
Constraints, Catalysts and Coevolution in Cultural Neuroscience: Reply to Commentaries

In 1906, Ramon y Cajal described the brain as “a world consisting of a number of unexplored continents and great stretches of unknown territory” (Santiago, 1920). Nearly a century later, human neur...
PRICES IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FRAMEWORK: A CASE FOR COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS*

There are serious questions about the social costs and benefits of extending the role of prices in the national accounts. The costs may be greater, and the benefits smaller, than is commonly supposed. Many important uses of price (and other) data do not require that these data be organized within an elaborate—or even any—framework of national accounts. Also, the basic price (and other) data are still too often very scanty and rough. Would it not be better to devote available resources to improving these data rather than trying to force them, prematurely, into an elaborated set of national accounts?
Induction of Specific Immunotherapy with Hymenoptera Venoms Using Ultrarush Regimen in Children: Safety and Tolerance

Background & Objective. Ultrarush induction for specific venom immunotherapy has been shown to be reliable and efficacious in adults. In this study its safety and tolerance in children was evaluated. Methods. Retrospective analysis of 102 ultrarush desensitizations carried out between 1997 and 2005 in 94 children, aged 4 to 15 years. Diagnosis and selection for immunotherapy were according to recommendations of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Systemic adverse reactions (SARs) were described using the classification of H. L. Mueller. Results. All patients reached the cumulative dose of 111.1 μg hymenoptera venom within 210 minutes. Six patients (6%) had allergic reactions grade I; 2 patients (2%) grade II and 5 patients (5%) grade III. Three patients (3%) showed unclassified reactions. SARs did not occur in the 15 patients aged 4 to 8 years and they were significantly more frequent in girls (29%) compared with boys (12%) (P = 0.034, multivariant analysis) and in bee venom extract treated patients (20%) compared to those treated with wasp venom extract (8%) (OR 0.33, 95% Cl 0.07-1.25). Conclusion. Initiation of specific immunotherapy by ultrarush regimen is safe and well tolerated in children and should be considered for treating children with allergy to hymenoptera venom.
Phase I-II study: triciribine (tricyclic nucleoside phosphate) for metastatic breast cancer.

Triciribine is a purine analogue which inhibits DNA and protein synthesis. We performed two studies to define its activity against metastatic breast cancer. The first study was a phase II study in 14 patients with metastatic breast cancer who had received two or fewer chemotherapy treatments. The treatment schedule was triciribine 20 mg/m2 per day by 24-h infusion (CI) daily for 5 days every 6 weeks as recommended by a previous open phase I trial. When neither response nor toxicity was seen in the phase II trial, we assumed the starting dose was too low for this group of patients with good performance status and repeated the phase I trial in patients with metastatic breast cancer with good performance status. The starting dose was 35 mg/m2 per day using the same 5-day CI schedule, and starting doses were increased in subsequent cohorts of three patients in increments of 5 mg/m2 until toxicity occurred. In the initial (phase II) study, one patient had stable disease for 18 weeks (three courses), the remainder progressed. There were no significant toxic effects. In the subsequent phase I study, ten patients were treated until the study was closed The maximum dose was 40 mg/m2. Two patients died, one each at the 35 and 40 mg/m2 levels, respectively, 3 months and 6 weeks after their last course, one without interveing disease progression. Both had severe hypertriglyceridemia (18- and 21-fold elevation) and severe fatigue. At postmortem examination, one had congestive cardiomyopathy, and the other had severe pancreatitis and hypothyroidism. One patient had severe exacerbation of psoriasis which made her bedridden for more than 30 days. Four patients had hyperglycemia. Plasma pharmacology studies showed erratic drug levels, presumably related to enterohepatic circulation. Postmortem pharmacology studies showed residual drug present as long as 12 weeks after the last dose. We conclude that triciribine is ineffective at all doses tested and at doses of ≥35 mg/m2 has unacceptable toxic effects.
Frequency Response of Vibration Isolators With Saturating Spring Elements

An investigation using averaging method is carried out to obtain the frequency response of a class of vibration isolators with saturation spring. The saturation characteristics are modeled using a hyperbolic-tangent function. The hyperbolic-tangent saturation function is compared with other popular saturation functions, using piecewise nonlinear approximation. A parameteric study indicates that piecewise linear approximation of saturating functions provide results that are close enough to the results of hyperbolic tangent approximation. A sensitivity analysis of frequency response of the system is also investigated based on the piecewise linear approximation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Use of a New Reproductive Index to Evaluate Relationship Between Habitat Quality and Breeding Success

-A new method of measuring reproductive success is proposed that uses a composite of breeding-behavior observations (for behaviors that reflect different stages in the reproductive cycle) as an index of fitness. This reproductive index does not rely on discovery of nests, but is comprehensive in that it includes information on all monitored territories. The reproductive index was applied to three co-occurring grassland emberizine sparrows, two of which required special care because of their regional rarity. Ranks derived from this reproductive index were used to distinguish territories of birds of known high success (i.e. those that fledged young in at least one brood) from territories of birds with known low success (unpaired males), and were compared with findings for "spot-mapped" territories. Principal-components analyses of habitat measurements for these territory types revealed a similar pattern for all three species: spot-mapped territories overlapped broadly with nonterritory (unoccupied) plots, whereas high-success territories formed a discrete, isolated cluster within the spot-map matrix. Univariate analyses revealed that high-success territories were described by 15 vegetation features that differed (P < 0.01) from nonterritory values, whereas in spot-mapped territories only 8 vegetation measures differed and in lowsuccess territories only 2 differed. The ability to distinguish high-success territories allowed us to identify a greater number of habitat features that were correlated with reproductive success. If we had relied on the spot-mapping method, we would have been unable to identify many of these important habitat features. Yet, the ability to make such discriminations is likely to be critical in the management of threatened species. Received 5 March 1991, accepted 7 April 1992. THE DIFFICULTY of being able to gather detailed reproductive information about a bird 3Present address: Conservation Department, Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, Massachusetts 01773, USA. 4 Present address: Department of Natural Resources, Field of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. population or community in a time-efficient manner has frequently limited avian-community research (e.g. Wiens 1973). Techniques for quantifying avian reproductive activity usually fall into two general categories. The simplest method, territory mapping, allows the researcher to define the location of individual male territories for a species or group of co-occurring species (Kendeigh 1944, International Bird Cen-
Reinforced heat-processed acrylic resin provisional restorations

A technique has been described for the fabrication of strong, esthetic, and periodontally considerable provisional restorations. The technique involves cast nonprecious metal frameworks and heat-processed acrylic resin.
Mapping Genetic Factors Associated with Winter Hardiness, Fall Growth, and Freezing Injury in Autotetraploid Alfalfa

Winter hardiness is a complex trait and one of the most important adaptations for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in northern climates. In the absence of winter hardiness data, alfalfa breeders predict the potential of genotypes with component traits related to winter hardiness. This research was undertaken to identify and compare some of the genontic regions that control winter injury (WI) and two component traits, fall growth (FG) and freezing injury (F1). Two plants, B17 and P13, representing the extremes for each trait were crossed, and a Fl plant was backerossed to each parent to create two populations of 101 individuals each. Each population was scored for 82 single dose restriction fragment loci, and 17 or 19 two-allele loci and evaluated for FG, FI, and Wl in 2 yr of replicated field trials. Trait measures over the 2 yr were significantly correlated (r 0.71, r = 0.42, and r = 0.76 for FG, FI, and WI, respectively). Significant correlations also existed between WI and FG (r = 0.50 and 0.56) and FI (r 0.34 and 0.58) for each year. One to six single dose restriction fragment were significant factors in multiple regression models that explained 6.3 to 52.2% of the phenotypic variation for each trait in each year and the average of 2 yr. More of the phenotypic variation was explained in the backcross to B17 (the winter hardy, fall dormant parent) than in the backeross to P13 (the winter sensitive, non-fall dormant parent) and for FG than for FI and WI. Partial dominance was detected for P13 alleles at most loci associated with FG and for B17 al loci associated with FI. Additive gene action predominated for loci associated with WI. Severe winter kill and the association of FG with plant vigor may have masked identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the P13 backeross. In the B17 backeross, genomic regions that contain QTL affecting FG, FI, and Wl were identified on linkage groups 5 and 8, but QTL affecting only FG and FI were identified on linkage groups I and 3. These data indicate that there is a genetic basis for the use of predictor traits in the absence of winter hardiness data. However, they also suggest that genetic components of fall dormancy and winter hardiness can be manipulated independently, and they reveal regions that may be useful for marker-assisted selection with this material.
Studies on the active site of human leukocytic pyrogen

Leukocytic pyrogen, a polypeptide produced by phagocytic mononuclear cells, is thought to be the endogenous mediator of fever. In addition to its effects on thermoregulation, leukocytic pyrogen has been shown to induce synthesis of acute-phase proteins, increase lymphocyte blastogenesis to mitogens, and cause release of neutrophil-specific granule contents. Despite its important role in biologic responses, little is known concerning the structure-function relationship of the molecule. In the present studies several protein-modifying conditions were used in order to examine specific amino acid participation at the active site. Because the state of purity of leukocytic pyrogen may be critical during certain reaction conditions, highly purified preparations were used. Experiments suggest that the active site requires the gamma-carboxyl group of glutamic acid and that blocking arginine reduces both the pyrogenic and neutrophil releasing properties of the molecule. Other studies demonstrate that the pyrogenicity of human leukocytic pyrogen is not due to serine esterase or carboxypeptidase B activity and that the 15,000-dalton molecule may be a glycoprotein. These experiments provide further evidence that the lymphocyte-activating and neutrophil-granule-releasing properties of human leukocytic pyrogen require the same active site which produces fever.
American Slaves in Victorian England: Abolitionist Politics in Popular Literature and Culture

Introduction: communicating 'a correct knowledge of American slavery': J. B. Estlin and the 'breeder' in Frederick Douglass's Narrative 1. 'Exhibiting Uncle Tom in some shape or other': the commercialisation and reception of Uncle Tom's Cabin in England 2. Abolition as a 'step to reform in our kingdom': Chartism, 'white slaves', and a new 'Uncle Tom' in England 3. 'Repetitious accounts so piteous and so harrowing': the ideological work of American slave narratives in England 4. 'Negrophilism' and nationalism: the spectacle of the African-American abolitionist Epilogue: 'How cautious and calculating?': English audiences and the impostor Reuben Nixon.
Multiple risk factor intervention and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Diabetic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) demonstrate accelerated progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The impact of multiple risk factor intervention on disease progress...
Comparison of skin surface fluorescence and fluorescein tissue concentration with the dermatofluorometer

Recently sodium fluorescein has been used to determine viability of tissue and assess blood flow. No study, however, has documented the correlation of surface fluorescence as measured by the dermatofluorometer with the actual distribution of fluorescein in tissue. Abdominal skin flaps were raised on Sprague-Dawley rats. Following intravenous injection of sodium fluorescein, skin surface fluorescence was measured and compared with tissue fluorescein concentration. This study confirms that skin surface fluorescence correlates well with actual fluorescein distribution in tissue. Furthermore, the study clearly illustrates the statistically significant variation of surface fluorescence as a function of distance from the vascular pedicle.
Mixed Lubrication of Strip Rolling

An analytical model for strip rolling operating in the mixed regime is developed. The model combines analysis for the influence of bulk plastic deformation on the effective hardness of the strip asperities with an approach to allow for the influence of roughness on lubricant flow. An approximate correction for thermal effects is also included. The predictions of the model are compared with experimental measurements of film thickness and slip. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the STLE/ASME Tribology Conference in New Orleans, Louisiana, October 24–27, 1993
Effects of extreme heat stress on retention in the white rat

White rats subjected to “extreme” heat stress showed no decrement in retention of a previously learned visual discrimination task despite a seven day decrement in running, speed, and at least a 24 hr. decrement in open field activity. It was concluded that although the Ss were adversely affected by the heat stress, no loss of memory occurred.
Disease modifying strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease targeted at modulating levels of the β-amyloid peptide

AD (Alzheimer9s disease) is characterized neuropathologically by the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and profound grey matter loss. The ‘amyloid’ hypothesis postulates that the toxic Aβ (amyloid β) peptide, enzymatically derived from the proteolytic processing of a larger protein called APP (amyloid precursor protein), is one of the principal causative factors of neuronal cell death in the brains of AD patients. As such, methods for lowering Aβ levels in the brain are of significant interest with regard to identifying novel disease modifying therapies for the treatment of AD. In this review, we will review a variety of approaches and mechanisms capable of modulating levels of Aβ.
Renal Pedicle Torsion after Simultaneous Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation

Abstract Background: Simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation has become a recognized therapy for type I diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. In the vast majority of these procedures, both grafts are placed intraperitoneally, which reduces posttransplant morbidity. Recently, in some of our recipients, we noted renal dysfunction related to complications of the renal pedicle. Our objectives in this study were to identify the cause of this renal dysfunction and to prevent its occurrence in future recipients. Study Design: We undertook a retrospective chart review of simultaneous kidney-pancreas recipients who experienced renal dysfunction related to renal pedicle complications. Results: We found four recipients with renal dysfunction related to renal pedicle torsion, diagnosed by serial ultrasound scans and kidney graft biopsies. Early diagnosis allowed salvage of three kidney grafts, but one was lost after late diagnosis. Conclusions: A high level of suspicion is needed to diagnose renal pedicle torsion. If simultaneous kidney-pancreas recipients have recurrent renal dysfunction, and rejection has been excluded, serial ultrasound scans with color flow Doppler examinations are needed. Once the diagnosis is made, a nephropexy to the anterior abdominal wall is indicated to prevent further torsion and save the kidney graft. We recommend prophylactic nephropexy of left renal grafts if the renal pedicle is ≥5 cm long and if there is a 2 cm or more discrepancy between the length of the artery and the vein.
Acquired and natural memory T cells join forces at the mucosal front line

The intestine is fundamental for the uptake of fluids and nutrients, but it also provides a main entrance for pathogens. This unique challenge has imposed an important evolutionary drive for distinctive specialization of the mucosal defence mechanisms. A hallmark of the modern immune system is its ability to generate antigen-specific memory T cells, which can provide immediate, potent and long-lasting protection. The high demand for effective protection, which is also compatable with vital functions of the intestine, has ensured that unique subsets of memory T cells have evolved at the mucosal front line. This review discusses the various mucosal T-cell subsets, and the new insights we have gained in understanding their specific differentiation and unique functions.
P-71: The effects of extended duty hours on ambulatory blood pressures in internal medicine, pediatric, and med-peds residents

Abstract P-71 Key Words: Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitor, Medicine and Pediatric Residents, Duty Hours
Mapping cultural friction in cross-border collaboration

This paper reviews distinctive attempts to bridge the gap between economic modeling and cultural studies and focus on the advanced tools to measure cultural friction/distance between and among countries. We further suggest that empirical studies such as 62-nations' Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE), contribute to mapping cultural friction and permit predictions in cross-border economic collaboration. The paper displays examples of cultural mapping for the United States and for Russia.
Role of ovarian hormones in the pathogenesis of impaired detrusor contractility: evidence in ovariectomized rodents.

Purpose: Although detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractility is a common urodynamic finding in elderly subjects, to our knowledge its pathogenesis remains unknown. Biopsy studies indicate that subjects with detrusor hyperactivity and impaired contractility have ultrastructural evidence of dysjunction and degeneration patterns in isolated detrusor hyperactivity and impaired contractility, respectively. Based on the known cellular effects of estrogen we postulated that declines in ovarian hormone production may contribute to the pathogenesis of detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractility.Materials and Methods: Mature 13 to 14-month-old female Fisher 344 rats were studied 4 months after bilateral ovariectomy or sham surgery. Detrusor structure was evaluated by electron microscopy and contractility was evaluated by muscle strip studies.Results: After bilateral ovariectomy detrusor smooth muscle decreased by 25% with a 12% decrease in the number of nucleated muscle profiles and degenerative chan...
BODY WORLDS as education and humanism.

Burns (2007) does a nice job of pointing to the range of issues most commonly raised about Gunther von Hagens's BODY WORLDS. The discussion of dignity raises many questions, and Burns takes care to...
Angioedema With Acquired Deficiency of the C Inhibitor: A Constellation of Syndromes

Patients with angioedema are often referred to an allergist to rule out an allergic cause. In most of these cases, no allergic cause is identified, and the cases are labeled "idiopathic." Occasionally, a deficiency of the inhibitor of the first component of complement (C1INH) is discovered, which may be either hereditary or acquired. In comparison with the hereditary variant, the acquired deficiency of C1INH is extremely rare, approximately 40 cases having been reported to date. Measurement of the C1q subunit is the key to the differential diagnosis between hereditary and acquired deficiencies of C1INH--it is normal in the former and decreased in the latter. The acquired deficiency of C1INH is usually found in association with benign or malignant B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, and the angioedema responds to therapy with androgens. A subset of six patients with acquired C1INH deficiency has been reported recently; they had anti-C1INH autoantibodies, no evidence of an underlying disease, a benign course, and variable responses to therapy. Two new cases of angioedema in patients with acquired C1INH deficiency are described in this report. One patient had no evidence of an underlying disease 11 years after the onset of angioedema. The other case was associated with a B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder that became evident 9 months after C1INH deficiency was diagnosed, and androgen therapy stopped the attacks of angioedema. In this second case, the functional activity of C1INH mirrored the clinical response to therapy.
A Social Connection Approach to Corporate Responsibility: The Case of the Fast-Food Industry and Obesity

Corporate responsibility for consumption-related issues has been on the business ethics agenda for several decades. However, some recent consumption-related issues, such as obesity, differ qualitatively from the traditional product liability cases. This study proposes an alternative responsibility concept, referred to as the social connection corporate responsibility (CR). A detailed conceptualization of the social connection CR is presented and subsequently contrasted with the liability approach to CR. Then, a social connection logic to the case of obesity is applied, followed by an examination of how fast-food chains are socially connected to obesity and of what kind of responsibilities such a social connection implies.
Open-source mobile water quality testing platform

The developing world remains plagued by lack of access to safe drinking water. Although many low-cost methods have been developed to treat contaminated water, low-cost methods for water-quality testing are necessary to determine if these appropriate technologies are needed, effective, and reliable. This paper provides a methodology for the design, development, and technical validation of a low-cost, open-source (OS) water testing platform. A case study is presented where the platform is developed to provide both the colorimetry for biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand and nephelometry to measure turbidity using method ISO 7027. This approach resulted in equipment that is as accurate, but costs between 7.5 and 15 times less than current commercially available tools. It is concluded that OS hardware development is a promising solution for the equipment necessary to perform water quality measurements in both developed and developing regions.
Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Analysis of Microscale Field Emission and Ionization of Atmospheric Air

Ionic winds are formed when air ions are drawn through the atmosphere by applied electric and/or magnetic fields. The ions collide with neutral air molecules, exchanging momentum, causing the neutral molecules to move. Continued collisions and momentum exchanges generate a net flow called an ionic wind [1]. Ionic winds formed near flat plates can produce local boundary layer distortion in the presence of a bulk flow. This concept has been studied experimentally at the macroscale as a method for drag reduction [2] and has been suggested at the microscale for convective cooling enhancement [3]. Specifically, microfabricated ion wind engines can be integrated onto electronic chips to provide additional local cooling at "hot-spot" locations. In our previous work, continuum modeling of the ionic wind phenomena showed an approximately 50% increase in the local heat transfer coefficient at the location of the ion wind engine [3]. However, in that work, ionization physics were not modeled, rather assumptions for ion current and concentrations were used as a basis for modeling ion transport. At the microscale, ionization occurs when field-emitted electrons from closely spaced electrodes collide with neutral air molecules, stripping away electrons and forming molecular ions. Geometric enhancement of the electrodes using nanostructured materials enables low ionization voltages conducive to microelectronic devices. Understanding the microscale ionization process is necessary to accurately predict the ensuing ionic wind and cooling. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) is used in the present work to predict field emission between two planar electrodes and the consequent ionization of the interstitial air.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
On estimating the variance of the sample mean in random models based on conditional specification

In a one-way random model, the variance of the sample mean is estimated by the between-group mean squares divided by the total number of observations. If there is no group differences, it is advantageous to pool the within-group mean squares with the between-group mean squares. When it is uncertain whether the groups are different, a preliminary test may be used. A preliminary test estimator of the variance is given and its bias and mean square error are derived. Recommendation of the level of the preliminary test is given.
The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective.

The primary purpose of this article was to offer a methodological critique in support of arguments that racial categories should be replaced as explanatory constructs in psychological research and theory. To accomplish this goal, the authors (a) summarized arguments for why racial categories should be replaced; (b) used principles of the scientific method to show that racial categories lack conceptual meaning; (c) identified common errors in researchers' measurement, statistical analyses, and interpretation of racial categories as independent variables; and (d) used hierarchical regression analysis to illustrate a strategy for replacing racial categories in research designs with conceptual variables. Implications for changing the study of race in psychology are discussed.