cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of hyperoxia in the pathogenesis of experimental BPD

Supplemental oxygen is often used as a life-saving therapy in the treatment of preterm infants. However, its protracted use can lead to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and more recently, has been associated with adversely affecting the general health of children and adolescents who were born preterm. Efforts to understand how exposure to excess oxygen can disrupt lung development have historically focused on the interplay between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms. However, there has been a growing appreciation for how changes in gene–environment interactions occurring during critically important periods of organ development can profoundly affect human health and disease later in life. Here, we review the concept that oxygen is an environmental stressor that may play an important role at birth to control normal lung development via its interactions with genes and cells. Understanding how changes in the oxygen environment have the potential to alter the developmental programing of the lung, such that it now proceeds along a different developmental trajectory, could lead to novel therapies in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases, such as BPD.
Dehiscence of Mitral Annuloplasty Ring

A 58-year-old man came to the emergency department with chest pain and progressive shortness of air of &12 hours’ duration. The patient was in his usual state of health until 3 days before the present admission, at which time he noted intermittent angina, progressive fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and orthopnea. He had undergone 3-vessel CABG 11 years earlier and the placement of a mitral annuloplasty ring 18 months previously because of severe …
Photometric Redshift Using the Far-infrared Spectral Energy Distribution

A method for using the submillimeter band to determine photometric redshifts of luminous, high-z, dusty galaxies is presented. It is based on the observation that local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) show an average spectral energy distribution (SED) that has a remarkably small dispersion for wavelengths λ > 50 μm. The shape of the long-wavelength part is independent of whether the local ULIRG possesses an active galactic nucleus or not. A local template is derived from a sample of ULIRG data presented by Klaas et al. in 2001. Using this template and the internal dispersion in its shape, it is shown that observations at two fixed submillimeter wavelengths, e.g., 450 and 850 μm, can be used to determine the photometric redshift of galaxies in the redshift range 1 < z < 5. The uncertainty in the redshift arising from the template SED amounts to Δz/z ~ 0.3, with an improvement at the higher redshift range. Implications for using this method together with the large instantaneous bandwidth of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) for deriving spectroscopic redshifts using CO emission is discussed.
Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Success in Smoking Cessation

The purpose of this study was to compare psychological, biophysical, and socioeconomic variables as predictors of success in smoking cessation adherence among adults who have participated in a smoking cessation program. The purposive sample (N = 75) was selected from participants of 10 smoking cessation programs in Texas who were measured for self-esteem and self-efficacy at the beginning of their program using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Stanton's revised Self-Efficacy for Smoking Cessation Questionnaire. Subjects self-reported their smoking/nonsmoking status and use/nonuse of the nicotine patch at the end of their program via postcards and at 3 months later through a phone interview with the researcher. Using discriminant analysis, the psychological variables correctly classified 75% of the subjects at the 3-month follow-up as smoking or nonsmoking (based on their preprogram scores of self-esteem and self-efficacy). With this sample, the biophysical and socioeconomic variables were insignificant in their ability to predict smoking cessation adherence.
Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole-poly(styrene sulfonate) composite coatings on carbon fibers

Polypyrrole-polystyrene sulfonate composite coatings have been formed on carbon fibers by an aqueous electrochemical process. The effects of process parameters such as applied current density, monomer concentration, electrolyte concentration, and the reaction time, on the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole onto carbon fibers were investigated. The rate of formation of the coatings increased with the current density and pyrrole concentration. It was, however, independent of electrolyte concentration, especially for polystyrene sulfonate concentration [PsSNa] of 0.05-0.25 M. At higher electrolyte concentration [PsSNa] ≥ 0.30 M, the rate of coatings formation increased with electrolyte concentration. The order of the rate of polymerization with respect to the electrolyte concentration was shown to be 0 and 1.0 at low and high electrolyte concentration, respectively. The polymerization potential, Ep, increased with the current density and decreased with pyrrole concentration. SEM micrographs showed that the morphology of coatings varied with the electrolyte concentration. At low electrolyte concentration, the coatings were rough and granular; however, at higher electrolyte concentration the coatings were smooth and uniform. The doping of polypyrrole films by polystyrene sulfonate ion was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy.
Optimal new-product pricing in regulated industries

Intertemporal pricing issues faced by regulated monopolists in market settings characterized by high rates of innovation have received little attention in the regulatory economics literature. Most analyses of regulatory pricing have focused on monopolies characterized by a stable multiple-good product set. In a regulated industry characterized by technological change in the form of new products and services (such as telecommunications), optimal pricing decisions may also reflect intertemporal market and production factors. In this paper, two such intertemporal factors are modeled: “learning curve” effects on the firm's cost function, and customer “demonstration” effects on the demand side of the market. Inclusion of these factors leads to an intertemporal pricing rule that may conflict with the standard regulatory practice whereby each product or service must recoup its own resource costs period by period. Our results suggest that this regulatory practice can result in efficiency losses, since it results in a rate of technological diffusion that is too low.
Retrofitting Fat Metabolism

In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Liao and colleagues have applied a novel synthetic approach to fight obesity in animals by engineering the plant glyoxylate shunt in vivo (Dean et al., 2009). The idea of introducing an entirely foreign metabolic pathway opens up opportunities for understanding metabolism and creating novel potential therapeutic approaches.
The effect of alkane tail length of CiE8 surfactants on transport to the silicone oil–water interface

Abstract Detailed surfactant transport studies have typically been restricted to the air–water interface. This is mainly due to the lack of experimental devices and techniques available to study liquid–liquid interfaces. As a result, there is a lack of relevant data and understanding of surfactant behavior in microfluidic studies and emulsion applications. Using a novel shape fitting algorithm for a pendant drop capable of handling fluids of similar densities, i.e. low Bond numbers, we measure the dynamic surface tension as a function of bulk surfactant concentration at the silicone oil–water interface for a homologous series of C i E 8 nonionic surfactants. We show that the isotherms governing equilibrium at the oil–water and air–water interfaces are very different. Using a scaling analysis comparing two governing mass transport timescales, we demonstrate that there exists a transition from diffusion-limited to kinetic-limited dynamics at the silicone oil–water interface. Adsorption rate constants are determined from a one parameter nonlinear fit to dynamic surface tension data. These results demonstrate that the dynamics of interfacial transport are highly dependent on the immiscible fluids that form the interface.
The use of benchmark dose methodology with acute inhalation lethality data.

Abstract Benchmark dose methodology has been proposed as a refinement to the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) methods currently used for health risk assessments. We compared log-normal probit and quantal Weibull benchmark concentration (BMC) estimates using 1, 5, and 10% response incidences with inhalation toxicity NOAELs and LOAELs from 120 acute lethality data sets. These studies yielded relatively steep dose–response slopes, which in turn influenced the suitability of selecting response incidences. The mean magnitude of difference between the 95% lower confidence limits (LCLs) for 1, 5, or 10% BMCs and corresponding NOAELs was less than twofold using the probit model and less than fourfold using the Weibull model. BMC estimates at the 10% response exceeded the observed LOAEL in some cases. Maximum likelihood estimates for doses with 1, 5, or 10% responses frequently exceeded LOAELs. The probit model repeatedly gave a better fit for the data compared with the Weibull model, resulting in improved goodness of fit tests and reduced 95% confidence intervals. The 95% LCL appears to be necessary at the 1, 5, or 10% response levels in order to safely estimate a concentration below that resulting in a LOAEL.
Combined Heart-Kidney Transplantation: A Review of Recipient Selection and Patient Outcomes

Elevated serum creatinine is a common finding among patients awaiting heart transplantation because of reduced renal perfusion in the setting of severe heart failure as well as overlapping risk factors for chronic kidney disease and heart disease. Patients with significant renal dysfunction preoperatively have worse outcomes with heart transplantation alone compared with those with normal renal function or those with renal dysfunction who undergo combined heart-kidney transplantation. Optimizing organ distribution and patient outcomes after cardiac transplantation requires appropriate recipient selection, including deciding which patients will benefit from combined heart-kidney transplantation. This review focuses on the evaluation of patients with chronic kidney disease awaiting heart transplantation and the outcomes of combined heart-kidney transplantation.
Implied ICA: Factor Extraction and Multi-Asset Derivative Pricing

In this article, we present a multi-factor stochastic volatility framework for pricing European options based on independent component analysis. We fit this model to empirical data on exchange-traded options in order to create a consistent pricing and hedging mechanism for multi-asset derivatives. Our model then prices ETF options.
Differential vasoconstrictions induced by angiotensin II: role of AT1 and AT2 receptors in isolated C57BL/6J mouse blood vessels

Genetically altered mice are increasingly used as experimental models. However, ANG II responses in mouse blood vessels have not been well defined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine...
A comparative study of an exponential adaptive perturb and observe algorithm and ripple correlation control for real-time optimization

This paper proposes an exponential adaptive perturb and observe algorithm (EAPO) for real-time optimization of dynamic systems. Other adaptive methods are reviewed, and the mathematical formulation of the proposed EAPO is presented. Convergence and stability are discussed. Design requirements for applying EAPO are also addressed in an example for impedance matching. The proposed EAPO is compared to two prior realtime optimization techniques: conventional perturb and observe algorithm (P&O), and ripple correlation control (RCC). The method is shown to track the optimum with lower amplitude oscillations than P&O in the context of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic array. It is also compared to RCC in several applications including MPPT, impedance matching, and loss minimization of a separately-excited dc machine. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed EAPO achieves maximum power transfer with less than 4% error. Over all, the steady-state error and tracking response of the proposed EAPO are shown to be similar to RCC.
Mutational analysis of GLUT1 (SLC2A1) in Glut-1 deficiency syndrome.

Fifteen children presenting with infantile seizures, acquired microcephaly, and developmental delay were found to have novel heterozygous mutations in the GLUT1 (SLC2A1). We refer to this condition as the Glut-1 Deficiency Syndrome (Glut-1 DS). The encoded protein (Glut-1), which has 12 transmembrane domains, is the major glucose transporter in the mammalian blood-brain barrier. The presence of GLUT1 mutations correlates with reduced cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentrations (hypoglycorrhachia) and reduced erythrocyte glucose transporter activities in the patients. We used Florescence in situ hybridization, PCR, single-stranded DNA conformational polymorphism, and DNA sequencing to identify novel GLUT1 mutations in 15 patients. These abnormalities include one large-scale deletion (hemizygosity), five missense mutations (S66F, R126L, E146K, K256V, R333W), three deletions (266delC, 267A>T; 904delA; 1086delG), three insertions (368-369 insTCCTGCCCACCACGCTCACCACG, 741-742insC, 888-889insG), three splice site mutations (197+1G>A; 1151+1G>T; 857T>G, 858G>A, 858+1del10), and one nonsense mutation (R330X). In addition, six silent mutations were identified in exons 2, 4, 5, 9, and 10. The K256V missense mutation involved the maternally derived allele in the patient and one allele in his mother. A spontaneous R126L missense mutation also was present in the paternally derived allele of the patient. The apparent pathogenicity of these mutations is discussed in relation to the functional domains of Glut-1.
A fuzzy set theory approach to periodical binding decisions

An avenue of approach for applications of fuzzy set theory in the context of journal binding decisions is examined. Results of data analysis on 470 titles illustrate the complexity and limitations of the modeling process. Discriminant analysis and simple membership function approximations based 235 titles are used to construct a model which is then applied to the remaining 235 titles. Findings and implications are discussed.
Technologic Innovations in Neuroendoscopic Surgery

Neuroendoscopic surgery encompasses minimally invasive approaches to the skull base using endoscopic techniques. There are unique technologic challenges with endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery, such as a limited working space, difficulty in visualization and identification of neurovascular structures and removal of tissue, hemostasis, and dural reconstruction. Technologic advances that have enabled this surgery include specialized operating suites, neurophysiologic monitoring, imaging and visualization technologies, dissection instrumentation, hemostatic materials, and reconstructive materials. Advances in each of these areas and the needs and challenges of the future of neuroendoscopic surgery are discussed.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Plasma-Based Turbulent Boundary-Layer Separation Control

A large-eddy simulation (LES) was carried out in order to numerically describe the use of plasma-based actuation for the control of turbulent boundary-layer separation. The configuration consisted of a flat plate section over which the boundary layer developed, followed by a curved convex rearward-facing ramp, corresponding to an experimental arrangement. A single dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD) plasma actuator was then employed to reduce the extent of the separated flow region. Solutions were obtained to the Navier-Stokes equations, that were augmented by source terms used to represent plasma-induced body forces imparted by the actuator on the fluid. A simple phenomenological model provided the electric field generated by the plasma, resulting in the body forces. The numerical method utilized a high-fidelity time-implicit scheme, employing domain decomposition in order to perform calculations on a parallel computing platform. Simulations were first conducted for an isolated actuator in the absence of external flow, which were used to optimize the choice of parameters inherent in the plasma model. Subsequently, actuation was applied to the plate development section without the downstream ramp section. Following these computations, the complete plate/ramp configuration was simulated. In all cases, both continuous and pulsed operation of the actuator was considered. Comparisons are made with available experimental data, and with baseline flows where no control was enforced. The large separated flow region characterizing the baseline flow for the plate/ramp configuration was well captured by the simulation. When continuous control was applied, separation was almost entirely eliminated. Pulsing operation of the actuator using a 40% duty cycle was not as eective, but did result in a considerable reduction of the recirculating zone. The control cases compared reasonably well with experimental measurements. Although deficiencies in the plasma model were apparent in the near-wall region, it appeared to be adequate for use with LES in the exploration of plasma-based control for turbulent wall-bounded flows.
Interactions between corticotropin-releasing factor and the serotonin 1A receptor system on acoustic startle amplitude and prepulse inhibition of the startle response in two rat strains

Both the neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the serotonin 1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor systems have been implicated in anxiety disorders and there is evidence that the two systems interact with each other to affect behavior. Both systems have individually been shown to affect prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response. PPI is a form of sensorimotor gating that is reduced in patients with anxiety disorders including post-traumatic stress and panic disorder. Here, we examined whether the two systems interact or counteract each other to affect acoustic startle amplitude, PPI and habituation of the startle response. In experiment 1, Brown Norway (BN) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were administered ether an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of saline or the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT 10 min prior to receiving an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of either saline or CRF (0.3 μg). In a second experiment, rats were administered either an IP injection of saline or the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, WAY 100,635 10 min prior to receiving an ICV infusion of saline or CRF. Thirty min after the ICV infusion, the startle response and PPI were assessed. As we have previously shown, the dose of CRF used in these experiments reduced PPI in BN rats and had no effect on PPI in WKY rats. Administration of 8-OH-DPAT alone had no effect on PPI in either rat strain when the data from the two strains were examined separately. Administration of 8-OH-DPAT added to the effect of CRF in BN rats, and the combination of 8-OH-DPAT and CRF significantly reduced PPI in WKY rats. CRF alone had no effect on baseline startle amplitude in either rat strain, but CRF enhanced the 8-OH-DPAT-induced increase in startle in both strains. Administration of WAY 100,635 did not affect the CRF-induced change in PPI and there were no interactions between CRF and WAY 100,635 on baseline startle. The results suggest that activation of the 5-HT(1A) receptor can potentiate the effect of CRF on endophenotypes of anxiety disorders in animal models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
From balance sheet to income statement: a study of a transition in accounting thought in the USA, 1926‐1936

Studies the relative focus on the balance sheet and income statement in the Journal of Accountancy and The Accounting Review during the period, 1926‐1936. An index number representing the relative focus for each year for each journal was obtained from a content analysis of a sample of pages from the journals. Four hypotheses derived from accounting literature were tested, none of which can be accepted. In general, the focus on the income statement occurred earlier than expected and the combined time series for both journals was U‐shaped over the period. Offers three explanations for the behaviour of the time series: the hypotheses are based on several sources, each source potentially having a unique time‐series; second, the impact of significant increases in federal income tax rates on the content of accounting literature has been underestimated; and third, authors in the two journals, particularly the Journal of Accountancy, reacted very quickly to perceived problems and opportunities.
TRAINING EXPERIENCES OF INTERNATIONAL DOCTORAL STUDENTS IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY

Recognizing mental health needs of diverse populations, emphasizing cultural diversity, and recruiting ethnic minority students are important foci of current of marriage and family therapy training programs. However, the profession has made little progress in identifying the needs and experiences of its international students and practitioners. This research examines the experiences of doctoral-level international students across the areas of theory, clinical training, supervision, practice, and research. A qualitative methodological approach was used to explore the research questions. Thirteen in-depth interviews were conducted. Findings revealed that most respondents experienced some adjustment problems, want more academic and career support, and need increased recognition for their cultural differences. Recommendations for training international students are included. Over the last few decades, the world has become increasingly interconnected and interdependent in numerous areas, including education, research, technology, and economic development. This globalization is also reflected in institutions of higher education across the United States, which have attracted ever greater numbers of students and scholars from around the world. The number of international students in the US has increased by 15% across every type of higher education institution since 1993 (Institute of International Education, 2000). During the academic year 2001–2002, the number of international students attending colleges and universities in the US increased by 6.4% to a record total of more than 580,000.This research study explores the experiences of international students in accredited marriage and family therapy (MFT) doctoral programs in the US. The project grew out of our identity as international students and now faculty members at different doctoral level Commission of Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education (COAMFTE) programs, as well as our desire to understand the experiences of other MFT international students/professionals in the US. We believe this project highlights the timeliness and importance of understanding their perspectives and making MFT programs more responsive to the needs of this international community within our borders. RESEARCHERS’ BACKGROUND I (MM) was born in India into a middle-class family and grew up in Delhi. My educational experiences in the US had a deep impact on me. As a student, I had to adjust not only to a different system of teaching,
Pedogenic slickensides, indicators of strain and deformation processes in redbed sequences of the Appalachian foreland

Pedogenic slickensides are convex-concave slip surfaces that form during expansion/contraction in expansive clay soils such as Vertisols. In the central Appalachians, they occur near the tops of fining-upward cycles in Paleozoic redbeds such as the Bloomsburg, Catskill, and Mauch Chunk Formations. Pedogenic slickensides are found in association with other pedogenic (or paleosol) features such as clay-skinned peds, in situ calcareous nodules, and root impressions. Repeated movements along these shear planes during pedogenesis produce strongly aligned clay particles adjacent to pedogenic slickensides; as a result, they are preserved as discrete fractures throughout diagenesis, compaction, and superimposed tectonic deformation. During whole-rock deformation, pedogenic slickensides segregate penetratively deformed rocks into independent, foliated packets and serve as discontinuities that are followed by later structural features. Because the original morphology of pedogenic slickensides is known, they can be used as crude strain markers.
Quality Information Systems in Advanced Manufacturing Environments

The role of quality in an enterprise is no longer relegated to the shop floor. It is becoming increasingly important that quality be integrated with all functions internal and external to an enterprise. This broader perspective of quality must consider ..
TRPA1 channels regulate astrocyte resting calcium and inhibitory synapse efficacy through GAT-3

Astrocytes contribute to the formation and function of synapses and are found throughout the brain, where they show intracellular store-mediated Ca(2+) signals. Here, using a membrane-tethered, genetically encoded calcium indicator (Lck-GCaMP3), we report the serendipitous discovery of a new type of Ca(2+) signal in rat hippocampal astrocyte-neuron cocultures. We found that Ca(2+) fluxes mediated by transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) channels gave rise to frequent and highly localized 'spotty' Ca(2+) microdomains near the membrane that contributed appreciably to resting Ca(2+) in astrocytes. Mechanistic evaluations in brain slices showed that decreases in astrocyte resting Ca(2+) concentrations mediated by TRPA1 channels decreased interneuron inhibitory synapse efficacy by reducing GABA transport by GAT-3, thus elevating extracellular GABA. Our data show how a transmembrane Ca(2+) source (TRPA1) targets a transporter (GAT-3) in astrocytes to regulate inhibitory synapses.
Tribological properties of a B2-type Al-Pd-Mn quasicrystal approximant

The tribological properties of a B2-type Al–Pd–Mn quasicrystal approximant were investigated and compared with those of an Al–Pd–Mn icosahedral quasicrystal. The approximant was of the phase, having a crystalline CsCl-type structure and nominal composition Al48Pd42Mn10. Friction coefficients measured in ultrahigh vacuum between a pair of Al48Pd42Mn10 samples having truly clean surfaces were found to be twice as high as those reported for the Al70Pd21Mn9 quasicrystal. When the surfaces were oxidized by exposure to O2 or H2O, the friction coefficients decreased by roughly a factor of two for both materials but the friction coefficient for the approximant remained roughly twice that of the quasicrystal. The rate of oxidation of the approximant was found to be one order of magnitude higher than that of the quasicrystal. This corroborates findings that suggest that quasicrystals exhibit an inherent resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Vickers hardness measurements show that the quasicrystal is roughly three times as hard as the approximant.
Managing the Pharmaceutical Industry—Health System Interface

BACKGROUND:Direct-to-consumer advertising, media, and Internet marketing to physicians and patients, as well as enticing marketing strategies, are used by the pharmaceutical industry to ensure market share growth of new drugs. Our health system adopted a strict vendor policy governing detailing and sampling activities of pharmaceutical representatives, but realized that further analysis of vendor influence in our system was needed.OBJECTIVE:An assessment of tangible benefits, ethical concerns, and financial liabilities and gains was conducted to reassess the need for further vendor restriction.CONCLUSIONS:Based on our findings, several recommendations have been made. Medical practices and health systems are encouraged to establish and enforce explicit vendor policies, measure their effectiveness, partner proactively with representatives to deliver a drug-detailing message consistent with system initiatives, monitor and regulate continuing medical education funding, and implement strategies to ensure appro...
OASiS: A Programming Framework for Service-Oriented Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks consist of small, inexpensive devices which interact with the environment, communicate with each other, and perform distributed computations in order to monitor spatio-temporal phenomena. These devices are ideally suited for a variety of applications including object tracking, environmental monitoring, and homeland security. At present, sensor network technologies do not provide off-the-shelf solutions to users who lack low-level network programming experience. Because of limited resources, ad hoc deployments, and volatile wireless communication links, the development of distributed applications require the combination of both application and system-level logic. Programming frameworks and middleware for traditional distributed computing are not suitable for many of these problems due to the resource constraints and interactions with the physical world. To address these challenges we have developed OASiS, a programming framework that provides abstractions for object-centric, ambient-aware, service-oriented sensor network applications. OASiS uses a well-defined model of computation based on globally asynchronous locally synchronous dataflow, and is complemented by a user-friendly modeling environment. Applications are realized as graphs of modular services and executed in response to the detection of physical phenomena. We have also implemented a suite of middleware services that support OASiS to provide a layer of abstraction shielding the low-level system complexities. A tracking application is used to illustrate the features of OASiS. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and the benefits of a service-oriented programming framework for composing and deploying applications in resource-constrained sensor networks.
Effect of composition of feed model systems on pellet quality: a mixture experimental approach. II

ABSTRACT The quality of pelleted feeds is dependent on several variables among which formulation is recognized as having the heaviest influence. An experiment was conducted to investigate the functional properties of feed ingredient components when these ingredients were blended at different proportions on the physical quality of pelleted feeds as measured by the pellet durability index (PDI). Thirteen treatments consisting of different inclusion levels of corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil were designed and a total of 18 batches manufactured, processed, and tested for PDI. Three-dimensional plots were used to depict the relationships between composition of the formulations and PDI. Results showed only a weak dependence of the response on the starch levels in the formulas and the degree of starch gelatinization. Protein, especially from soybean meal, had a positive effect on PDI, whereas a strong negative effect was observed following fat inclusion in the mixer at levels >6.5%. Empirical equations devise...
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Gold-Coated Iron Core-Shell and Au/Fe/Au Onion-Like Nanoparticles Synthesized using Reverse Micelles

Gold-coated iron core-shell structure and Au/Fe/Au onion-like nanoparticles synthesized using reverse micelles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average nanoparticle size of the core-shell structure is about 8 nm, with about 6 nm diameter core and 2 nm shell. The gold shell structure can be resolved from both high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) image and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS). Even though the gold and iron electron diffraction rings overlap a little bit, they can still be identified due to the slight mismatch of the diffraction rings. The Au/Fe/Au onion-like nanoparticles were also observed. The nanoparticles were formed with about 6 nm diameter gold core, 1 nm iron interlayer and 2 nm gold shell. The shell structure coated on the core appeared unhomogeneous, however, in both cases the iron core and interlayer iron shell stay air-stable.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICALLY ORIENTED POLYPHASE RODS IN RED WILLEMITE FROM FRANKLIN, NEW JERSEY

The color of red willemite (Zn 2 SiO 4 ) from Franklin, New Jersey, has been attributed in the past to inclusions of franklinite. We have examined these inclusions, which are rod-shaped and 5–20 μm in diameter, and found them to contain multiple phases. Polarized-light microscopy shows the rods to be oriented uniformly parallel to the c axis of willemite, and to have hexagonal or pseudohexagonal cross-sections. Phases identified by standardless EDS analysis and electron back-scatter diffraction include franklinite, friedelite, zincian kutnohorite, serpentine and rhodonite, as well as a sparse, unidentified K-bearing phase. Possible explanations for the origin of the rods include exsolution, primary fluid inclusions, and epitactic growth contemporaneous with willemite crystallization. Although rod-like exsolution is known in some geological settings, and an original exsolved phase might have been altered to the present assemblage, some of the elements in that assemblage ( e.g., H, C, Cl, K, and Ca) are incompatible with the willemite structure at any temperature. An origin as fluid inclusions is supported by the shapes of the rods ( i.e. , negative crystals with a hexagonal cross-sections), the presence of phases containing OH, Cl, Ca, K, and CO 3 , and void space visible around solid phases. The tapered shapes of the rods seems inconsistent with epitaxy. We suggest that willemite-generating metasomatic fluids were preserved as inclusions rich in elements incompatible with willemite, and that subsequent conditions led to their crystallization, possibly by reaction with the host. Reaction ceased with complete consumption of the fluid, resulting in relict fluid inclusions that impart color on the macro scale.
Lattice dynamics and structural distortions of CaSiO3 and MgSiO3 perovskites

The phonon spectra, distortion mechanisms, and thermoelastic properties of CaSiO3and MgSiO3 in the cubic perovskite structure are investigated as a function of pressure using a lattice dynamic approach. The bonding forces are derived from a parameter-free rigid-ion electron-gas formulation. At low pressures, CaSiO3 is found to be dynamically stable in the cubic perovskite structure; however, the phonon spectrum exhibits soft modes at the Brillouin zone boundary which ultimately result in a dynamic instability of the lattice near 80 GPa. The computed phonon spectrum of cubic MgSiO3 perovskite exhibits complex frequencies along parts of the zone boundary at all densities investigated. These vibrational instabilities include coupled octahedral rotations which produce the observed distorted structure of MgSiO3 perovskite. The measured bulk modulus of MgSiO3 perovskite compares well with our calculated value for the cubic structure.
Influential Leadership and Media: How a Single Statement Can Affect an Industry

Historically, the most powerful political and organizational leaders have been described as being charismatic. With technology's increasing impact on society, these leaders have widespread access to the masses. Utilizing charismatic leadership and media saliency theories, this study aims to analyze the impact that occurred in the Las Vegas convention industry after the President made specific comments concerning Las Vegas. These comments implied that convention spending in Las Vegas was wasteful, and resulted in the cancellation or relocation of over 400 conventions in one week. This research utilizes monthly, aggregate convention data from January 2002 to March 2014 to evaluate the impact of this comment empirically. Time series regression analysis was conducted to estimate the effect of President Obama's comment, controlling for other factors. The results suggest that President Obama's comments had a significant negative effect on both convention attendance and the number of meetings held. The findings ...
Multiphysics computational analysis of white-etch cracking failure mode in wind turbine gearbox bearings

Wind energy is currently one of the most promising and the fastest-growing installed alternative-energy production technologies. It is anticipated that by 2030, at least 20% of the US energy needs will be provided by this form of energy. The economics of wind energy require that wind turbines (convertors of wind energy into electrical energy) be able to operate for at least 20 years, with only regular maintenance. Unfortunately, many wind turbines require major repairs after only 3–5 years in service, mainly due to the failure of their gear boxes. It is this lack of gear box reliability which is currently compromising wind energy economics. In the present work, a multiphysics computational methodology has been developed and used to analyze the problem of white-etch cracking, one of the key processes responsible for the premature failure of gearbox roller bearings. The multiphysics methodology includes: (a) quantum-mechanical calculations of the hydrogen dissolution and the accompanying grain boundary embr...
The secreted plant N-glycoproteome and associated secretory pathways.

N-Glycosylation is a common form of eukaryotic protein post-translational modification, and one that is particularly prevalent in plant cell wall proteins. Large scale and detailed characterization of N-glycoproteins therefore has considerable potential in better understanding the composition and functions of the cell wall proteome, as well as those proteins that reside in other compartments of the secretory pathway. While there have been numerous studies of mammalian and yeast N-glycoproteins, less is known about the population complexity, biosynthesis, structural variation and trafficking of their plant counterparts. However, technical developments in the analysis of glycoproteins and the structures the glycans that they bear, as well as valuable comparative analyses with non-plant systems, are providing new insights into features that are common among eukaryotes and those that are specific to plants, some of which may reflect the unique nature of the plant cell wall. In this review we present an overview of the current knowledge of plant N-glycoprotein synthesis and trafficking, with particular reference to those that are cell wall localized.
Motion and Disparity Compensated Coding for Multiview Video

We investigate the rate-distortion efficiency of motion and disparity compensated coding for multiview video. Disparity compensation exploits the correlation among the view sequences and motion compensation makes use of the temporal correlation within each view sequence. We define a matrix of pictures with N view sequences, each with K temporally successive pictures. For experimental coding purposes, a scheme based on H.264/AVC is devised. We assess the overall rate-distortion efficiency for matrices of pictures of various dimensions (N, K). Moreover, we discuss the impact of inaccurate disparity compensation within a matrix of pictures. Finally, we propose and discuss a theoretical model for multiview video coding that explains our experimental observations. Performance bounds are presented for high rates.
SHIFTING OF THE CORPORATE INCOME TAX: A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

RECENT empirical studies of corporate earnings tend to support the opinion widely held among businessmen that the corporate income tax is just another cost which must be charged to customers over the long run.' According to this view, continued business success requires that the relationship between sales revenue and cost be adjusted, by whatever means possible, so that investors are adequately rewarded over the long run. Because earnings paid out as income tax cannot reward investors, income tax is regarded as a long-run cost of business.2 In their empirical study, Lerner and Hendriksen found no downward trend in the after-tax rate of return on investment for all profitable manufacturing corporations in the United States during the twenty-five years 1927-52.3 Although tax rates increased significantly over that quarter-century, the average rate of return, after tax, was generally preserved. Similar findings were reported by other writers.4 Of course, this evidence does not prove that the tax burden has been shifted because there is no way of determining what the average rate of return would have been, had there been no tax. But the possibility of shifting is strongly suggested by the failure of
COMPUTER STUDIES OF COAL MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses computer modeling of molecular structures based on computer graphics techniques and force field methods, which have begun to be applied to the area or fuel science, including work on kerogen macromolecules and catalyst systems. These computer modeling techniques, often identified as computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) techniques, are also providing new insights into coal structure and the importance of structural features in conversion processes. In initial CAMD work on bituminous coal, molecular models proposed by Given, Wiser, Solomon, and Shinn were constructed and minimum-energy structures were determined. Based on a more detailed study of the energetics, van der Waals and hydrogen-bonding interactions were both found to be very important in defining the three-dimensional minimum-energy structures. The chapter reviews the structural features of coal when viewed as a molecular solid. It also highlights computer modeling studies of coal structure incorporating both molecular and network characteristics.
An empty Drosophila stem cell niche reactivates the proliferation of ectopic cells

Stem cells are thought to reside in regulatory microenvironments (“niches”) generated by stable stromal neighbors. To investigate the significance of empty niches vacated by stem cell loss, we studied Drosophila ovarioles, which maintain two to three germ-line stem cells in a niche requiring adhesive stromal cap cells and Decapentaplegic signals. After experimentally emptying the germ-line stem cell niche, cap cell activity persists for several weeks. Initially, somatic inner germarium sheath cells enter the empty niche, respond to Dpp, but fail to divide. Subsequently, follicle cell progenitors, including somatic stem cells enter the niche, respond to Dpp, and proliferate as long as cap cells remain. Proliferation requires the normal hedgehog signal of the somatic stem cells as well as proximity to the niche. Thus, empty niches can persist, signal incoming cells, and support ectopic proliferation. Similar events may underlie some disease states.
Interpreting cancer trends.

Abstract: The interpretation of cancer incidence trends is complicated by short-term random variation, artifactual fluctuations introduced by screening, changes in diagnosis or disease classification, completeness of reporting, and by the multiplicity of factors that may affect risk for specific cancer sites. We analyzed trends in 56 different cancer sites and subsites in the U.S. SEER registries in the period 1975–2002 using joinpoint analysis. The increase in cancer incidence for all sites combined that became evident with the inception of the SEER registries in the mid-1970s has abated since the early 1990s. Among the 15 most common cancer sites in men, sites with increasing incidence rates during the most recent time period include melanoma of the skin and cancers of the prostate, kidney and renal pelvis (kidney), and esophagus. Among women, incidence rates are increasing for leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, melanoma, and cancers of the breast, thyroid, urinary bladder, and kidney. Incidence rates for all childhood cancers combined increased 0.6% per year from 1975 to 2002. Cancer mortality rates have decreased in the United States since 1991 in both men and in women; site-specific death rates have decreased in the most recent time period for 12 of the top 15 cancer sites in men and 9 of the top 15 cancer sites in women. Similar trends in cancer incidence and mortality have been reported in other industrialized countries. Possible reasons for these trends are discussed.
Modeling and Reduction of Centrifuging in Magnetorheological (MR) Transmission Clutches for Automotive Applications

Conventional shear mode transmission clutches using magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) can be either disc-shaped or cylindrical. The major drawbacks of these devices include the effect of centrifuging at high rotational speeds and the subsequent sealing problems associated with it. This study develops models aimed at describing centrifuging and mitigates this issue by developing a MR clutch design where the fluid is encapsulated in a highly absorbent polyurethane foam.
Relapse Prevention: An Emerging Technology for Promoting Long-Term Drug Abstinence

This article reviews relapse prevention strategies that can be applied after primary drug treatment. To sustain their own recovery, ex-addicts must learn a program of self-management to cope with drug cravings and social pressures to use drugs, become integrated into a new social network, learn to find pleasure in drug-free activities, and find new ways of responding to emotional stress and physical pain. While additional research is needed to identify the very best methods, there is now sufficient evaluation data to argue that practitioners should incorporate this approach as an integral part of their treatment services.
The role of hidden food allergy/intolerance in chronic disease.

A large body of medical literature has indicated that hidden food allergy is a frequent cause of a wide range of physical and mental conditions. Hidden allergies can be “unmasked” by means of an elimination diet, followed by individual food challenges. Although the concept of hidden food allergy remains controversial, the evidence strongly suggests that identification and avoidance of allergenic foods can relieve a number of common and difficult-to-treat medical problems. (Alt Med Rev 1998;3(2):90-100)
Avoiding Atlantis: Protecting Urban Cultural Heritage from Disaster

Mankind's incredible capacity to predict and track natural disasters far outstrips current policies in place to deal with them. There is an urgent need for practical legal tools and policies that are both effective and fiscally viable. Far too often, legal avenues available to communities recovering from a catastrophic event are clogged with the detritus of myopic planning and stale policies, providing inadequate mechanisms for efficiently expediting actions required to stabilize vulnerable cultural heritage resources. This article identifies three areas that comprise some common programmatic deficiencies encountered in disaster planning and recovery with respect to preserving urban historic resources, and outlines how urban policy makers might enact powerful, positive change: (1) Historic Resource Inventories; (2) Adaptation; (3) Streamlined Legal Review Processes.
A Numerical Study of Flapping Plates Hinged with a Trailing-Edge Flap

In current work, effects of a controllable trailing-edge flap (TEF) on hovering flapping plates at low Reynolds number is computationally investigated. The leading-edge portion of flapping plate is driven by a prescribed kinematics in a horizontal stroke plane. The deflection of TEF follows a sinusoidal function with respect to the leading-edge and forms time-varying aft camber. Key parameters for determining plate kinematics, such as TEF deflection amplitude and phase shift, are studied to explore their effects on aerodynamic performance and flow modulation. This is done through an in-house immersed boundary method based Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) solver. Results from current parametric studies will be used to analyze unsteady force productions due to dynamic TEF in flapping flight.