cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A statistical model estimating the number of African-American physicians in the United States

Using mark-recaptured methodology and network sampling procedures, a statistical model was developed to estimate the number of African-American physicians in the United States. A sample (stratified by geographic region, medical specialty and an age surrogate) was selected from the National Medical Association's Masterfile of Black Physicians (NMAMBP). Respondents were asked to list the names of five black physicians who resided or practiced in their immediate geographic area. Data also were collected about citizenry as well as other demographic and professional information. The NMAMBP was used mathematically as a "marked" group that could then be "recaptured," allowing mark-recapture methodology to be used as the nucleus of the statistical estimation procedure. The results revealed that in 1991, the total number of US African-American physicians (black US citizens) was estimated to be 16,282 with a conservative standard error of 764 and an approximate 95% confidence interval, yielding a range of 14,754 to 17,810 physicians. This estimate is from 17% to about 32% lower than the 21,538 black doctors reported by the 1990 Bureau of the Census and has important implications for attempts to reform the health-care system and policies designed to produce more African-American physicians.
Pediatric Transplantation Needs and Potential Donors

Interest in pediatric organ donation and organ retrieval has been focused in part because of a perception that there are not enough pediatric organs for needy pediatric recipients. This chapter discusses the number of patients waiting for various organs and the number of pediatric donors available. It will be shown that there are more individuals of all ages waiting for organs than there are organs available. This is currently easily demonstrable for patients waiting for kidney transplants. It also appears true for other organ transplants. The problem is particularly severe for pediatric patients, and it is going to get worse.
The Dark-Plate Method of Relief Portrayal

The dark-plate method of relief portrayal was developed to provide in a one-color press run the maximum tonal range from highlight to shadow for application of relief shading to the nautical charts of the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office. This tonal range is achieved by scraping away or intensifying with wax crayon a grey coating printed lithographically on translucent vinyl plastic. The method is described as being effective and economical, and especially suited for relief portrayal of areas presenting problems in relief shading by other methods.
Pseudo-Node Attack on the Smart Grid

As there has been an evolution of electronic devices, Power Grids are no exception. This paper explores how to use Raspberry Pi’s (RPi) to operate a grid set up with a graphic interface and a sensing mechanism. Such a set up will prove useful for the many people who are looking for a framework to design their own Smart Grids using open source packages along with conveniently accessible and affordable devices. Moreover, test of a unique variation of a cyber-attack that floods a network and would prevent a Smart Grid from operating normally by drastically reducing performance. However, unlike other flooding attacks, this flooding attack would carry out its process internal to the network, which makes this type of an attack far more difficult to detect since it deviates from a traditional flooding attack, which occurs external to systems.
Young People (not) in the Labour Market in Rich Countries during the Great Recession

The global financial crisis of 2007/2008 spilled over into the real economy reducing demand for labour and increasing unemployment. Young people were hit hard, with record numbers of 15-24-year-olds out of work and many of them not in education, employment or training (NEET). More than five years since the outbreak of the financial crisis, the economic recovery remains weak and uneven. The study documents a substantial worsening in the youth labour market situation during the Great Recession across the EU and/or OECD, particularly in countries that suffered greater falls in economic output per capita.
The Mexican War: frontier expansion and selective incursion

Mexico’s defeat in the war that (in the U.S.) takes the country’s name resulted as much from the strategic context created by unrealized nation-building that followed independence as it did from American tactical supremacy. Three centuries of Spanish empire did not translate into national military excellence due to the decades of revolutionary upheaval that followed the sudden decapitation occasioned by Napoleon’s ouster of the monarchy in Madrid. That the occupation which followed major combat provided salutary lessons learned in dealing with guerrillas rather than a Vietnam-like litany of quagmire eventuated from the conscious designs of military leadership steeped in the same Napoleonic dynamic that had produced our opponent. The United States wisely chose to leave issues of state-building and governance to the Mexicans themselves, while annexing the sparsely populated northern remnant of Spanish empire.
Masked Speech Recognition in School-Age Children

Children who are typically developing often struggle to hear and understand speech in the presence of competing background sounds, particularly when the background sounds are also speech. For example, in many cases, young school-age children require an additional 5- to 10-dB signal-to-noise ratio relative to adults to achieve the same word or sentence recognition performance in the presence of two streams of competing speech. Moreover, adult-like performance is not observed until adolescence. Despite ample converging evidence that children are more susceptible to auditory masking than adults, the field lacks a comprehensive model that accounts for the development of masked speech recognition. This review provides a synthesis of the literature on the typical development of masked speech recognition. Age-related changes in the ability to recognize phonemes, words, or sentences in the presence of competing background sounds will be discussed by considering (1) how masking sounds influence the sensory encoding of target speech; (2) differences in the time course of development for speech-in-noise versus speech-in-speech recognition; and (3) the central auditory and cognitive processes required to separate and attend to target speech when multiple people are speaking at the same time.
General Systems Theory and Counterplan Competition.

Although academic debate on policy questions widely accepts counterplans, the theory evaluating the critical issue of competition has regressed to microscopic comparisons between the plan and count...
Risk neutral reformulation approach to risk averse stochastic programming

Abstract The aim of this paper is to show that in some cases risk averse multistage stochastic programming problems can be reformulated in a form of risk neutral setting. This is achieved by a change of the reference probability measure making “bad” (extreme) scenarios more frequent. As a numerical example we demonstrate advantages of such change-of-measure approach applied to the Brazilian Interconnected Power System operation planning problem.
A comparison of ferumoxytol with gadolinium as contrast agents for the diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging of osteomyelitis.

Abstract Background Ferumoxytol, an FDA-approved superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) preparation used for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, is also known to be taken up by macrophages in areas of infection or inflammation, where it produces negative contrast changes on T2-weighted MR images. Purpose We sought to compare Ferumoxytol-induced MRI contrast changes with those observed using standard-of-care Gadolinium in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of osteomyelitis. Subjects Out of eighteen enrolled patients, 15 had MR imaging with both ferumoxytol and gadolinium. Based on clinical and/or pathologic criteria, 7 patients were diagnosed with osteomyelitis, 5 patients had osteomyelitis ruled out, and in 3 patients a definitive diagnosis could not be made. Field strength 1.5 Tesla. Sequences Used included STIR, T1-weighted and T2-weighted spin echo. Assessment The mean contrast changes upon ferumoxytol and gadolinium administration were measured from lesion regions of interest and compared with control regions. Statistical tests Student's t-test, propagation of errors. Data are reported as means ± S.E. Results The mean contrast changes, ΔC, associated with a diagnosis of osteomyelitis were found to be ΔCFe = −2.7 ± 0.7 when Ferumoxytol and T2w imaging sequences were used and ΔCGd = +3.1 ± 1.1 (P Data conclusion We conclude that in terms of its MRI diagnostic accuracy for osteomyelitis Ferumoxytol-contrasted MRI is a promising approach for diagnosing osteomyelitis that merits further study.
Local Citizenship in a Global Age

Although it is usually assumed that only the federal government can confer citizenship, localities often give residents who are noncitizens at the federal level the benefits of local citizenship: access to medical care, education, housing, security, labor and consumer markets, and even voting rights. In this work, Kenneth A. Stahl demonstrates that while the existence of these 'noncitizen citizens' has helped to reconcile competing commitments within liberal democracy to equality and community, the advance of globalization and the rise of nationalist political leaders like Donald Trump has caused local and federal citizenship to clash. For nationalists, localities' flexible approach to citizenship is a Trojan horse undermining state sovereignty from within, while liberals see local citizenship as the antidote to a reactionary ethnic nationalism. This book should be read by anyone who wants to understand why citizenship has become one of the most important issues in national politics today.
Use and Costs of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Non-Ulcerated T1b Melanoma: Analysis of a Population-Based Registry.

The utility of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for non-ulcerated T1b melanoma is debated and associated costs are poorly characterized. Prior work using institutional registries may overestimate the incidence of nodal positivity in this population. The aim of this study was to estimate the use of SLNB, positivity prevalence, and procedural costs in patients with non-ulcerated T1b melanoma using a population-based registry. We identified patients with clinically node-negative, non-ulcerated melanoma 0.8–1.0 mm thick (T1b according to the 8th edition standard of the American Joint Committee on Cancer) in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 2010 to 2016. The prevalence of SLNB procedures and positive sentinel nodes were calculated. Factors associated with SLNB and sentinel node positivity were assessed using logistic regression. Medicare reimbursement costs and patient out-of-pocket expenses for SLNB and wide local excision (WLE) versus WLE alone were estimated. Among 7245 included patients, 3835(53%) underwent SLNB, 156 (4.1%, 95% confidence interval 3.5–4.7) of whom had a positive SLNB. Younger age, >1 mitosis per mm2, female sex, and truncal tumor location were associated with higher odds of positivity. The estimated SLNB cost to identify one patient with stage III disease was $71,700 (range $54,648–$83,172). Out-of-pocket expenses for a Medicare patient were estimated to be $652 for a WLE and SLNB and $79 for a WLE alone. In this population-based study, only 4% of selected non-ulcerated T1b patients had a positive SLNB, which is lower than prior reports. At the population level, SLNB is associated with high costs per prognostic information gained.
Salvage autologous stem cell transplantation in daratumumab refractory multiple myeloma (MM).

e20031Background: The advent of novel therapies has significantly improved outcomes in MM, yet most patients will eventually relapse. Patients progressing on CD38-targeting monoclonal antibodies, p...
Pulmonary Pressure: Advanced

Echocardiography can be utilized to assess pulmonary pressures. Pulmonary pressures are an important part of the hemodynamic assessment and carry significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. Most commonly, peak TR velocity is used to estimate pulmonary artery systolic pressure. While this measurement is commonly available and easily obtained, it provides only an estimate of the pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and not mean PA pressure. Mean PA pressure is the parameter used by the WHO to define presence and severity of pulmonary hypertension and carries important diagnostic and prognostic significance. In addition, evaluating pulmonary vascular resistance is critical for the proper classification of pulmonary hypertension and treatment considerations. Echocardiographic techniques are available to further assess pulmonary pressures including pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Like with any other echo obtained measurement, attention to quality and accuracy of the interrogated flow and the obtained spectral signal is of paramount importance in order to assure the accuracy of the obtained data.
Systematic Review of Racial, Socioeconomic, and Insurance Status Disparities in Neurosurgical Care for Intracranial Tumors.

Introduction The impact of impact of race, socioeconomic status, insurance status, and other social metrics on the outcomes of patients with intracranial tumors has been reported in several studies. However, these findings have not been comprehensively summarized. Methods We conducted a PRISMA systematic review for all published articles between 1990-2020 which analyzed intracranial tumor disparities including: race, socioeconomic status (SES), insurance status, and safety-net hospital status. Outcomes measured include access, standards of care, receipt of surgery, extent of resection (EOR), mortality, complications, length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, readmission rate and hospital charges. Results Fifty-five studies were included. Disparities in mortality were reported in 27 studies (47%), showing minority status and lower SES associated with poorer survival outcomes in 14 studies (52%). Twenty-seven studies demonstrated African American (AA) patients had worse outcomes across all included metrics including mortality, rates of surgical intervention, EOR, LOS, discharge disposition, and complication rates. Thirty studies showed that privately insured patients and patients with higher SES had better outcomes, including: lower mortality, complication, and readmission rates. Six studies showed that worse outcomes were associated with treatment at safety-net and/or low volume hospitals. The influence of Medicare or Medicaid status, or inequities affecting other minorities were less clearly delineated. Ten studies (18%) were negative for evidence of disparities. Conclusion Significant disparities exist among patients with intracranial tumors, particularly affecting patients of AA race and lower SES. efforts at the hospital, state, and national level must be undertaken to identify root-causes of these issues.
Archaeobotany at old mobile

Although still in its initial phases, archaeobotanical research at Old Mobile has much to contribute toward our understanding of cultural dynamics on the Gulf Coast frontier. Results so far obtained suggest that staple crops were both imported and locally produced and included species native to the Old World (such as fava beans) as well as the New World (e.g., maize and common beans). Archaeobotanical assemblages from different structures at Old Mobile reveal variability in conditions affecting preservation, but may also reflect socioeconomic status and ethnicity of the occupants. The hypothesis that Indian women sharing households with European men acted as agents of “dietary acculturation” deserves further consideration.
MASTering the immune response: mast cells in autoimmunity.

Abstract Mast cells are established participants in allergic disease and in protection against extracellular parasites. Recently, it has become apparent that mast cells exert many profound effects on a variety of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Using mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-kitW/kitWv (W/Wv) mice, we have demonstrated that mast cells are critical for severe disease in a murine model of multiple sclerosis, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Reconstitution of the mast cell population in the periphery, but not the CNS, restores EAE severity. Mast cells exert their effects at both the inductive and effector phases of disease. EAE is mediated by autoreactive T cells that enter the CNS and initiate inflammatory responses, leading to demyelination within the spinal cord and brain. Although there are no intrinsic defects in W/Wv-derived T cells, both CD4+ and CD8+ autoreactive T cell responses are attenuated during early disease in W/Wv mice. Thus mast cells are essential for the optimal priming of autoreactive T cells. The entry of encephalitogenic T cells into the CNS is compromised in these mice as well. The effects on early T cell responses are due, in part, to the reduced percentage of activated dendritic cells in the lymph nodes of W/Wv mice after disease induction compared with wild-type mice. The finding that mast cells can alter T cell responses in EAE has much broader implications for understanding the impact of these cells on all T cell-mediated responses.
Diversity of multidrug resistance in mammalian cells

Mammalian cells displaying the multidrug resistance (mdr) phenotype are refractory to the toxic effects of a group of unrelated natural product drugs, many of which are used for cancer chemotherapy. The pattern of cross-resistance can be extremely variable among independently selected cell lines, even though such cells are often exposed to only a single drug. The overexpression of P-glycoprotein (pgp), a 150-180-kDa drug efflux pump, has been shown to confer mdr to otherwise drug-sensitive cells; however, the variable nature of cross-resistance indicates that normal pgps alone are unlikely to account for all of the observed cross-resistance phenotypes. In this report, we examined possible factors contributing to cross-resistance diversity in mammalian cells. We show that drug-resistant Chinese hamster lung cells selected during relatively short periods of drug exposure in vitro (less than 6-8 weeks) routinely overexpressed endogenous pgps and predominantly showed a cross-resistance pattern that was similar to that conferred by the introduction and overexpression of the hamster wild-type pgp1 cDNA alone. Longer drug exposure periods at higher drug concentrations, however, led to the selection of cell lines with altered cross-resistance properties. Like the short term clones, these cell lines all overexpressed endogenous pgp. In one case, the altered phenotype was shown to be caused by the acquisition of point mutations within codons 338 and 339 of the pgp1 gene, leading to two adjacent amino acid substitutions within the encoded pgp. Although the basis for the remaining altered phenotypes remains unknown, these results indicate that additional genetic alterations beyond those responsible for the initial acquisition of mdr emerge in the face of increased selective pressure, thus further modifying or complementing the cross-resistance phenotype initially conferred by wild-type pgp.
Visual Social Network Analysis: Effective Approach to Model Complex Human Social, Behaviour & Culture

The advent and adoption of internet-based social networking has significantly altered our daily lives. The educational community has taken notice of the positive aspects of social networking such as creation of blogs and to support groups of system designers going through the same challenges and difficulties. This paper introduces a social networking framework for collaborative education, design and modeling of the next generation of smarter products and services. Human behaviour modeling in social networking application aims to ensure that human considerations for learners and designers have a prominent place in the integrated design and development of sustainable, smarter products throughout the total system lifecycle. Social networks blend self-directed learning and prescribed, existing information. The self-directed element creates interest within a learner and the ability to access existing information facilitates its transfer, and eventual retention of knowledge acquired.
Structural basis for recognition of AU-rich element RNA by the HuD protein.

Hu proteins bind to adenosine-uridine (AU)-rich elements (AREs) in the 3′ untranslated regions of many short-lived mRNAs, thereby stabilizing them. Here we report the crystal structures of the first two RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains of the HuD protein in complex with an 11-nucleotide fragment of a class I ARE (the c-fos ARE; to 1.8 A), and with an 11-nucleotide fragment of a class II ARE (the tumor necrosis factor α ARE; to 2.3 A). These structures reveal a consensus RNA recognition sequence that suggests a preference for pyrimidine-rich sequences and a requirement for a central uracil residue in the clustered AUUUA repeats found in class II AREs. Comparison to structures of other RRM domain–nucleic acid complexes reveals two base recognition pockets in all the structures that interact with bases using residues in conserved ribonucleoprotein motifs and at the C-terminal ends of RRM domains. Different conformations of nucleic acid can be bound by RRM domains by using different combinations of base recognition pockets and multiple RRM domains.
Response in performance of the GAC-fluidized bed reactor process for BTX removal to perturbation in oxygen and nutrient supply

Abstract The removal of benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) from contaminated groundwater is one of the largest and most pressing environmental problems of our time. There is an immediate need for new, cost-effective treatment techniques. One process option, the coupling of the high-rate biological fluidized bed process (FBR) with granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption by using the GAC as the biological support surface (GAC-FBR system), is a promising technology just starting to see full-scale application. There are a number of questions concerning the GAC-FBR system's response to adverse environmental conditions that need to be addressed before this technology is to be fully embraced and unconditionally advocated. This research addresses the response of the GAC-FBR system to periods of interruption in oxygen and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) supply. Data obtained using a laboratory-scale GAC-FBR, operated at various steady-state organic (and hydraulic) loading conditions and during perturbations such as interruptions in oxygen and nutrient supply, are summarized. Greater than 99% BTX removal was achieved at an organic loading rate of 6.7 kg COD/m3-day and an empty bed hydraulic retention time of 3 min. Interruption of nutrient supply for 24 h did not significantly impact system performance. A nutrient pulse feeding mode of 30 min on/30 min off was successfully used without affecting system performance. Bioregeneration of BTX adsorbed onto the GAC carrier during periods of interruption in oxygen supply was observed after oxygen was resupplied to the system. Compared with adsorption, GAC bioregeneration was a somewhat slower process. To remove the same amount of BTX adsorbed on the GAC during a period of oxygen deprivation via bioregeneration required a regeneration period approximately three times longer.
Involvement of Ras-regulated myosin light chain phosphorylation in the captopril effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Background Early treatment with captopril prevents the development of hypertension by inhibiting the generation of angiotensin II and smooth muscle contraction. Although smooth muscle contraction is regulated by myosin light chain phosphorylation (MLC-P), the role of MLC-P in captopril effects in hypertension has not been described. Therefore, we treated spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with captopril and investigated the effects of this agent on downstream signaling. Methods Male SHR (n = 12) were treated with captopril (3.7 mmol/L in drinking water) beginning in utero and continuing up to 12 weeks of age. Age- and sex-matched untreated SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as controls. Rats were split into three subgroups and were sacrificed at 12, 18, or 24 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure, left ventricular weight, and body weight were measured. Mesenteric arteries were removed for histologic and biochemical studies. Results At 12 weeks, captopril significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (from 198 ± 10 to 125 ± 16 mm Hg), reduced left ventricular weight-to–body weight ratios (from 2.94 ± 0.06 to 2.17 ± 0.08 mg/g), and prevented vascular remodeling in mesenteric arteries in SHR. Ras expression, extracellular receptor kinase phosphorylation (ERK-P), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression, and MLC-P were all significantly increased in mesenteric arteries in untreated SHR compared with WKY rats. Early captopril treatment in SHR significantly inhibited Ras and MLCK expression at all ages and decreased ERK-P and MLC-P at 12 and 18 weeks in mesenteric arteries. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the antihypertensive effects of captopril are correlated with inhibition of Ras-regulated ERK activation, MLCK expression, and MLC-P.
Toluidine blue dye-binding method for measurement of genomic dna extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes

Abstract Background: The toluidine blue DNA assay has characteristics that suggest its suitability for concentration determinations of genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. These include visible wavelength readings, rapid analytical time, useful sensitivity, and low reagent costs. We validated this assay for genomic DNA and devised a simple method to identify extracts that exceed the linear range of the assay. Methods and Results: DNA was prepared from 109 blood samples by a salt extraction method. The toluidine blue assay was linear for DNA concentrations from 0 to 500 ng/muL. By performing bichromatic absorption readings at 570 and 628 nm, extracts with DNA concentrations exceeding the linear range could be identified up to at least 1300 ng/muL. Analytical precision and accuracy studies gave acceptable results. There was excellent agreement between DNA concentrations determined by the toluidine blue assay and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. RNA was confirmed to be significant positive interferent. The detection limit of genomic DNA was determined to be 15 ng/muL. Conclusions: The toluidine blue DNA assay is suitable for measuring DNA concentrations in extracts obtained from peripheral blood. This assay appears to be suitable for automation as a visible spectrophotometric DNA method. (Mol Diagn 1996 Dec;1(4):329-334)
An examination of the effects of the criterion functional on optimal fire-support policies

Abstract : This paper examines the dependence of the structure of optimal time- sequential fire support policies on the quantification of military objectives by considering four specific problems, each corresponding to a different quantification of objectives (i.e. criterion functional). The authors consider the optimal time-sequential allocation of supporting fires during the 'approach to contact' of friendly infantry against enemy defensive positions. The combat dynamics are modelled by deterministic Lanchester-type equations of warfare, and the optimal fire-support policy for each one-sided combat optimization problem is developed via optimal control theory. The problems are all nonconvex, and local optima are a particular difficulty in one of them. For the same dynamics, the splitting of supporting fires between two enemy forces in an optimal policy (i.e. the optimality of singular subarcs) is shown to depend only on whether the terminal payoff reflects the objective of attaining an 'overall' military advantage or a 'local' one. Additionally, switching times for changes in the ranking of target priorities are shown to be different when the decision criterion is the difference and the ratio of the military worths of total infantry survivors and also the difference and the ratio of the military worths of the combatants' total infantry losses.
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal–Organic Framework-74 Containing 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Different Metals

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) containing more than two kinds of metal ions mixed in one secondary building unit are rare because the synthesis often yields mixed MOF phases rather than a pure pha...
Resistance to Natural Killer Cytolysis and Neutral Glycolipid Composition of Cultured Human Glioma and Fetal Brain Cells

Natural killer cells (NK) demonstrate cytotoxicity against a wide range of cultured cells without prior sensitization, and the sensitivity of many target cells to NK attack is altered by exposure to interferon. The structures on the target cells conferring sensitivity or resistance to NK are not known, but glycolipids are suggested to be related to NK susceptibility. To determine possible relationships between target cell glycolipids and NK cytolysis, the effects of human beta-interferon (IFN) on the neutral glycolipid composition and sensitivity to NK cytolysis of cultured cells from four human gliomas and two fetal brains were analyzed. Compared to MOLT-4 and Raji cells all six neural cell lines were quite resistant to NK, and IFN slightly increased this resistance. IFN also caused increases in the amounts of non-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside, ceramide trihexoside, asialo-GM1, asialo-GM2 and globoside. Increased molar proportions of ceramide tri- and tetra-saccharides occurred in the two glioma lines which had the greatest increases in NK resistance following IFN exposure. It is concluded that neutral glycolipids may play a role in the mechanisms responsible for resistance of some glioma cells to NK cytolysis.
Loss of integrated viral DNA sequences in polyoma-transformed cells is associated with an active viral A function

Rat cells transformed by polyoma virus contain, in addition to integrated viral DNA, a small number of nonintegrated viral DNA molecules. The free viral DNA originates from the integrated form through a spontaneous induction of viral DNA replication in a minority of the cell population. Its presence is under the control of the viral A locus. To determine whether the induction of free viral DNA replication was accompanied by a loss of integrated viral DNA molecules in a phenomenon similar to the "curing" of lysogenic bacteria, we selected for revertants arising in the transformed rat populations and determined whether these cells had lost integrated viral genomes. We further investigated whether the viral A function was necessary for "curing" by determining the frequency of cured cells in populations of rat cells transformed by the ts-a mutant of polyoma virus following propagation at the permissive or nonpermissive temperature. A large proportion of the revertants isolated were negative or weakly positive when assayed by immunofluorescence for polyoma T antigen and were unable to produce infectious virus upon fusion with permissive mouse cells. The T antigen-negative, virus rescue-negative clones can be retransformed by superinfection and appear to have lost a considerable proportion of integrated viral DNA sequences. Restriction enzyme analysis of the integrated viral DNA sequences shows that the parental transformed lines contain tandem repeats of integrated viral molecules, and that this tandem arrangement is generally lost in the cured derivatives. While cells transformed by wild-type virus undergo "curing" with about the same frequency at 33 degrees or 39 degrees C, cells transformed by the ts-a mutant contain a much higher frequency of cured cells after propagation at 33 degrees than at 39 degrees C. Our results indicate that in polyoma-transformed rat cells, loss of integrated viral DNA can occur at a rather high rate, producing (at least in some cases) cells which have reverted partially or completely to a normal phenotype. Loss of integrated viral DNA is never total and appears to involve an excision event. The polyoma A function (large T antigen) is necessary for such excision to occur. In the absence of a functional A gene product, the association of the viral DNA with the host DNA appears to be very stable.
TRENDS IN POORLY DIFFERENTIATED PROSTATE CANCER 1973 to 1994: OBSERVATIONS FROM THE SURVEILLANCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND END RESULTS DATABASE

AbstractPurpose: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, we evaluated the changing demographics of poorly differentiated prostate cancer since early detection measures, such as serum prostate specific antigen screening, were introduced into clinical practice in the United States.Materials and Methods: Trends between 1973 and 1994 in the proportion, stage and treatment of poorly differentiated tumors (International Classification of Diseases [ICD]-O code 3, Gleason score 8, 9, 10) were assessed, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify independent correlates of disease specific survival.Results: The number of ICD-O grade 3 tumors increased during the study period, although these comprised a decreased proportion of all diagnosed cases (24.4% of 29,588 in 1980 to 1984 versus 21.4% of 81,932 in 1990 to 1994, chi-square p <0.001). ICD-O grade 3 tumors were less often metastatic in 1990 to 1994 compared to 1980 to 1984 (17.4% versus 33.1%, chi-square p <0.0001...
School—University Partnerships: What Do We Know and Why Do They Matter?

School-university partnerships are a fundamental link to strengthen teacher education reform. The formation of new partnerships in which academic faculty and in-service teachers assume expanded roles holds promise as a primary avenue toward developing content and contextual expertise of preservice music teachers and strengthening pre-K-12 students' learning. In this extensive review of literature, the authors discuss problems and possibilities of such collaborations in both general education and music education contexts. They propose a research agenda focusing on (a) the developmental nature of the collaboration process, (b) the quality of the process, (c) the outcomes of the process, and (d) the perspectives of all parties involved to examine the role of school—university partnerships in music teacher education.
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Introduction: The last decade has witnesd immense progress in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) combining rituximab and fludarabine with cyclophosphamide (FCR) in the frontline setting has clearly been shown to improve outcomes in patients with CLL. Building on the success achieved with rituximab, other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being investigated. Novel bioengineering techniques have helped in the development of anti-CD20 mAbs. One antibody, ofatumumab, was recently approved for the treatment of refractory CLL. A type II anti-CD20 mAb, GA-101 (obinutuzumab), is currently in clinical trials. This short review focuses on ongoing clinical trials of anti-CD20 mAbs in CLL. Areas covered: Literature search was performed using PubMed (www.clinicaltrials.gov (till August 2012)), and recent American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), American Society of Hematology (ASH), European Hematology association (EHA), International workshop on CLL (iwCLL) abst...
Comparative analysis of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells isolated from abdominal and breast tissue.

Background: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC) may have a potential dual role in soft tissue augmentation by suppressing inflammation and promoting regeneration. Due to these properties, there is increasing interest in their potential use in autologous fat grafting, particularly to the breast. Objectives: The authors isolate and compare ADSC derived from abdominal and breast tissues with a hypothesis that different adipose tissue sources may demonstrate different functional characteristics affecting outcomes in autologous cell transplantation in reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. Methods: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from abdominal and breast tissues were isolated and compared in terms of surface marker expression, differentiation capabilities, and both fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and receptor expression. Immunophenotype of macrophages was also investigated using cell surface markers following a 7-day co-culture period with ADSC. Results: Results showed similar cell surface phenotype and multilineage differentiation capabilities of ADSC derived from abdominal and breast tissues. Variations of FGF expression were demonstrated on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, with a significantly higher expression of FGF2 seen in breast ADSC. Following the 7-day co-culture period, increased expression of the anti-inflammatory surface marker CD206 was identified, with decreased CD16 and human leukocyte antigen–DR on macrophages co-cultured with ADSC compared with controls. Conclusions: The data indicate similarities between ADSC derived from abdominal and breast tissues. Significant differences were seen, however, in the expression of FGF2, which is important in angiogenesis and wound healing. The results support the utility of ADSC in cell-based therapies such as autologous fat grafting.
The microbiology of ligature-induced periodontitis in the cynomolgus monkey

The cultivable subgingival microflora in the cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis, was monitored during the ligature-induced progression of naturally occurring gingivitis to periodontitis. Clinical and microbiological observations were divided into four stages. Stage I, prior to ligature placement, was characterized clinically by chronic generalized gingivitis and microbiologically by Gram-positive cocci and rods with B. melaninogenicus ss. intermedius the dominant Gram-negative organism. Stage II, 1 to 3 weeks following ligature placement, exhibited slightly greater gingival inflammation but no clinical evidence of attachment loss. The subgingival flora showed a significant increase in motile and surface translocating Gram-negative rods, primarily Capnocytophaga species and Campylobacter sputorum. Stage III, 4 to 7 weeks following ligature placement, revealed increased pocket depth and radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss. This stage was characterized by a Gram-negative anaerobic flora with B. asaccharolyticus as the dominant cultivable organism. Stage IV encompassed the remainder of the experimental period, 8 to 17 weeks, during which time no further change in the clinical parameters occurred and levels of B. asaccharolyticus decreased. The subgingival microflora of ligature induced periodontitis in Macaca fascicularis closely resembled that reported for human periodontal disease and the episodic clinical pattern of attachment loss was associated with levels of Gram-negative anaerobes, primarily B. asaccharolyticus.
Enhancing Support for Student Diversity Through Research

Abstract Based on a longitudinal study of freshman students attending a private college in the northeast section of the Unites States, the paper demonstrates how institutional research can promote an enlightened global perspective by enhancing understanding of international students’ characteristics, values and aspirations. Results revealed that, compared with domestic students, international students had lower verbal aptitude scores; rated themselves higher on spirituality and understanding of others; put more emphasis on gaining a general education; and were more committed to developing a meaningful philosophy of life, helping others and promoting racial understanding. Policy recommendations advocated designing admission strategies to reflect international students’ values; providing language support programmes; and developing programmes for students to learn to appreciate the values and customs of international students’ countries.
Right Ventricular Infarction Associated with Anteroseptal Myocardial Infarction: A Clinicopathologic Study of Nine Cases

The association of right ventricular (RV) infarction with inferoseptal myocardial infarction is well established. However, a question remains about the occurrence of RV infarction in association with anteroseptal myocardial infarction. To determine the frequency and clinical correlates of this entity, we studied autopsied hearts from patients with isolated anteroseptal left ventricular (LV) infarcts. Among 3,249 autopsy specimens, 88 cases were identified. From each, sections were taken from the RV anterior, lateral, and inferior regions at basal, middle, and apical levels. All 1,584 slides were reviewed by blinded assessment. RV and LV infarcts were compared to confirm similarity in age. Patient records and cardiac investigations were reviewed for evidence of RV involvement. Of the 88 hearts with anteroseptal LV infarcts, 9 (10%) had coexistent RV infarction (6, old; 3, new). For these 9, the RV infarction involved 11% to 33% of the RV area, and the left anterior descending coronary artery was the infarct-related artery in each. All 3 patients who had an echocardiographic examination within 4 weeks of anteroseptal LV infarction had RV dysfunction. One patient, studied 15 years after infarction, had a normal right ventricle by echocardiography. In 3 patients with acute myocardial infarction, right heart catheterization during the acute phase revealed increased right-sided diastolic pressures out of proportion to left-sided diastolic pressures (right atrial pressure to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, 60% to 95%). In conclusion, 10% of patients with an isolated anteroseptal LV infarct had evidence of RV free wall infarction. The RV infarction was associated with identifiable hemodynamic and echocardiographic features.
STAR-FORMATION IN THE GEMINI OB1 MOLECULAR CLOUD COMPLEX

We have undertaken a study of the global star formation activity in the Gem OB1 molecular cloud complex using a combination of molecular line, near-infrared, and far-infrared data. The most striking features in the molecular line images are the numerous arc and ring structures which we believe to have been formed by the interactions of expanding HII regions and wind blown bubbles with the ambient molecular gas. The most massive cores in this complex are found within these arcs of gas and most show signs of star formation. We suggest that these cores have been formed by gravitational instabilities in the swept up shells of molecular gas, and that star formation proceeds rapidly after the massive dense cores are formed.
Photo-induced degradation reactions of some alkyl- and aryl-carbonyl derivatives of manganese, molybdenum and tungsten

Abstract Photo-induced degradation of CH 3 Mn(CO) 5 in pentane solution results in the formation of Mn 2 (CO) 10 , methane and carbon monoxide. Both CH 3 D and CH 4 are formed when CH 3 Mn(CO) 5 is photolyzed in C 6 D 6 . Photolysis of C 6 H 5 CH 2 Mn(CO) 5 in pentane solution produces Mn 2 (CO) 10 , toluene and bibenzyl. Analogous photodegradation of C 6 H 5 Mn(CO) 5 in pentane solution yields Mn 2 (CO) 10 , benzene and carbon monoxide, but not biphenyl. The thermally unstable complex C 2 H 5 Mn(CO) 5 was studied by photolyzing it in solution at −40°C. GC analysis indicates that both ethylene and ethane are formed, and that the mole ratio of these products is dependent on the initial concentration of C 2 H 5 Mn(CO) 5 . These results are consistent with a β-hydrogen elimination mechanism for this reaction. Photolysis of CpMo(CO) 3 CH 2 C 6 H 5 in pentane solution produces [CpMo(CO) 3 ] 2 and toluene, whereas photolysis of CpW(CO) 3 CH 2 C 6 H 5 affords [CpW(CO) 3 ] 2 , CpW(CO) 2 (η 3 -benzyl), toluene, and a small amount (2%) of bibenzyl. When CpM(CO) 2 (η 3 -benzyl) (M = Mo, W) complexes are subjected to photolysis under similar conditions, the only identifiable product is toluene. CpW(CO) 3 C 6 H 5 degrades photochemically in pentane solution to form [CpW(CO) 3 ) 2 and benzene, together with a small amount (6%) of biphenyl.
Pedicled omental split skin graft: A novel method for reconstruction of full-thickness abdominal wall defect

Although rare in children, aggressive fibromatosis or desmoid tumors require wide surgical excision for durable relief. The resultant defect poses many challenges for reconstruction. The authors report reconstruction of such a wound using a pedicled omental split skin graft, which resulted from the excision of a locally recurrent desmoid tumor.
Effects of Osmotic Pressure on Water Transport in W1/O/W2 Emulsions

Abstract In a W1/O/W2 double-emulsion globule, when the W1 phase was made of pure water while salt (NaCl) was present only in the W2 phase, water was transported from W1 to W2 at a constant transport rate, −dR/dt. In the case of hydrated-surfactant transport, rates rose linearly with increasing salt concentration in W2 through acceleration of the dehydration process of the hydrated surfactants at the O/W2 interface. When the water was transported through spontaneous emulsification and reverse micellization, the water transport rates were independent of the osmotic pressure over a significant range of salt concentration in W2. When salt was present in both the W1 and W2 phases—though at a higher concentration in W2—water transport stopped when the salt concentrations in W1 and W2 equalized, indicating that only water may transport through the oil phase while salt stays trapped in the W compartments. In visual-contact experiments, where transport was controlled by the hydrated-surfactant mechanism, the water transport rates were initially constant to then decreased asymptotically to zero. This showed that, as salt concentration in W1 increased with time, the controlling process shifted from surfactant dehydration at the O/W2 interface to hydration at the W1/O interface. For the spontaneous emulsification and reverse-micellar mechanisms at visual noncontact, water transport rates remained constant during a given experiment and decreased with increasing initial salt concentration in W1, indicating that the formation process of emulsified water droplets and reverse micelles at the W1/O interface was the rate-controlling step.
Stimulation of pp60c‐src tyrosyl kinase activity in polyoma virus–infected mouse cells is closely associated with polyoma middle tumor antigen synthesis

We have examined the effect of polyoma virus infection of primary mouse embryo cells on the tyrosyl kinase activity associated with the cellular src gene product, pp60c-src. The results of our studies demonstrate that infection of mouse cells with wild-type polyoma virus or viral mutants capable of transforming rodent cells in culture and inducing tumors in animals results in the stimulation of pp60c-src tyrosyl kinase activity. The level of pp60c-src kinase stimulation in infected cells was found to be proportional to both the oncogenic potential of the virus strain used for infection and the characteristic phenotype of rodent cells transformed by the various strains of polyoma virus. Stimulation of pp60c-src kinase activity was not observed in mouse cells infected with transformation-defective strains of polyoma virus. In examining the kinetics of pp60c-src kinase stimulation in mouse cells at various times following wild-type polyoma virus infection, we found that the level of pp60c-src kinase activity correlated directly with the synthesis of polyoma virus-encoded tumor antigens. By comparing wild-type polyoma virus with other viral mutants in these experiments, we conclude that the stimulation of pp60c-src kinase activity in mouse cells following polyoma virus infection is associated with the synthesis of middle tumor antigen.
Giant pleural mesothelioma associated with hypoglycemia and hyperthyroidism

Abstract A case of pleural mesothelioma associated with the unique combination of hypoglycemia and hyperthyroidism in a fifty-six year old woman is presented. Irradiation of the tumor resulted in temporary suppression of hypoglycemia. The neoplasm was excised two years after it was discovered and, thus far, eighteen months postoperatively, there has been no recurrence of the tumor, hypoglycemia, or hyperthyroidism.