cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
China and Asian regionalism: Challenge and policy choice

Regionalism has become an interesting phenomenon in Asian international relations. Driven by fast growing trade and investment, Asian countries have developed variegated patterns of economic co‐operation and a complex level of interdependence among themselves. Although the growing Asian regionalism is very much an economics‐driven process, it has profound impacts on regional political organization. This analysis examines Beijing's changing attitudes toward Asian regionalism and its policy choice in the regional economic integration. It is argued that the integration of the Chinese economy into the regional structure is promoted by the government as well as driven by market dynamics. Although Beijing has let the Chinese economy develop into the regional ‘flying geese’ structure, the best policy choice for China, as many Chinese scholars have argued, would be a three‐circle strategy of integrating into the world economy and a strategy of ‘market for technology’ in regional economic co‐operation. This analys...
Relaxation spectra of rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase and tetraiodofluorescein

Abstract The interaction of rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase and 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein has been studied spectrophotometrically and in the temperature-jump apparatus. The perturbation of the dye absorption spectrum after binding to the enzyme has been used to determine that the enzyme has approximately six equivalent high affinity sites for the dye, with an intrinsic dissociation constant of 13 μM. High concentrations of NAD+ or NADH decrease but do not eliminate dye binding, suggesting that two of these sites are not associated with the active sites. Temperature-jump studies show the presence of two relaxation processes in solutions of dye and enzyme, one of which is eliminated by high concentrations of NADH or NAD+, while the other persists in the presence of the coenzymes. The faster process, which is subject to NADH inhibition, indicates that the lactate dehydrogenase-dye complex isomerizes after dye binding.
Formation of para-substituted triphenylboroxines: a computational study.

Density functional theory (B3LYP//6-311+G*) calculations including Poisson−Boltzmann (PB) implicit solvent were applied to study the relative stability of triphenylboroxine (PhBO)3 with respect to its phenylboronic acid monomers. In solution, formation of (PhBO)3 is thermodynamically unfavorable; however, addition of an amine base results in the formation of stable 1:1 adducts of (PhBO)3 and amine. Formation of 1:2 adducts is energetically unfavorable. We find that adduct formation is more exothermic than cleavage of the boroxine ring back to its monomers. π-Electron-withdrawing groups in the para-position of the phenyl ring destabilize the boroxine ring with respect to its monomers. However, para-substituents that are net electron-withdrawing are found to stabilize formation of the 1:1 adduct.
Double resonance in gaseous lasers - Linewidth dependence

The dependence of the saturation parameter of a double-resonance laser upon atomic linewidths for small RF perturbations was deduced incorrectly from general equations given in [1]. The correct expression for the saturation parameter is derived. Experimental observations are in agreement with the theory.
Sample variance measurement of mixing

Abstract Relationships between the statistical properties of a mixture, the variance in concentration among a number of samples taken from the mixture, and the size and geometry of the samples are considered, using a continuum model. Sample variance is shown to depend on an integral of the product of the mixture correlation function and a function depending only on the sample shape. Analytical and numerical methods for evaluating the sample shape function are presented, as well as a simple, general approximation valid for small distances. Some familiar results relating sample variance to sample size are shown to be special cases of the more general result. Theoretical aspects of mixture correlograms are also considered. An argument is made for assigning correolgram shapes on a physical basis, and some examples are given. All mixtures in which molecular diffusion is negligible are shown to have a correlogram whose initial slope is determined by the interfacial area per unit volume. The complete correlogram for a mixture with randomly arranged clumps is derived, and a model correlogram for layered mixtures with no long-range order is proposed. The theory is compared to experimental results to show that it correctly describes real mixtures.
Preparation of trimethylsilyl ethers of 3-azetidinols. Scope and limitations

Preparation of the trimethylsilyl ethers of 1-alkyl-3-azetidinols from non-hindered primary amines and epichlorohydrin by conversion of the intermediate 1-(alkylamino)-3-chloro-2-propanols to their trimethylsilyl ethers by either N-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide or by 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole followed by ring closure in acetonitrile is described. This sequence of reactions fails for aromatic amines, but appears to be general for all primary aliphatic amines, although the condensation of hindered amines with epichlorohydrin occurs slowly. Several novel azetidinols, in which the N-alkyl substituent itself contains a second heterocyclic system, are reported. In addition, the pKA's of several m. and p-substituted 1-benzylazetidinols correlates well with the Hammett equation.
Evolution of extracellular enzyme activities during manure composting

Aims: The objectives of this work were to determine the extracellular enzyme profiles during composting, relate the activities of these enzymes to the changes in microbial population and compare the enzyme profiles between two manures. Methods and Results: API ZYMTM assay was used to monitor the activities of 19 extracellular enzymes during poultry and pig manure composting. Results showed an overall increase in diversity and relative abundance of enzymes present. The relative abundance and activities of enzymes were higher in poultry manure than in pig manure. Among the 19 enzymes tested, esterase, valine amino-peptidase and α-galactosidase were the most abundant enzymes in poultry manure, whereas it was N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase for the pig manure. A number of these enzymes correlated with change in numbers of different microbial groups during composting. Conclusions: The composting process represented a combined activity of a wide succession of environments, as one enzyme/microbial group overlapped the other and each emerged gradually due to the continual change in temperature and progressive breakdown of complex compounds to simpler ones. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results presented here show the applicability of the API ZYMTM test not only in monitoring the quantitative and qualitative fluctuation of the available substrate during composting, but also in revealing differences in composts and compost maturity.
Information Literacy Successes Compared : Online vs. Face to Face

ABSTRACT This paper compares the results of a comprehensive exam taken by undergraduates enrolled in face-to-face and online sections of a three–credit course in information literacy. Authors discuss choosing, adapting, and implementing the comprehensive exam. Questions are mapped to the ACRL Competency Standards for Information Literacy for Higher Education to assess the effectiveness of the course. Preliminary results indicate that online students performed slightly better than their face-to-face counterparts.
Ion channels: Structural basis for function and disease

Ion channels are ubiquitous proteins that mediate nervous and muscular function, rapid transmembrane signaling events, and ionic and fluid balance. The cloning of genes encoding ion channels has led to major strides in understanding the mechanistic basis for their function. These advances have shed light on the role of ion channels in normal physiology, clarified the molecular basis for an expanding number of diseases, and offered new direction to the development of rational therapeutic interventions.
The role of Gauss curvature in a membrane phase separation problem

Abstract Consider a two-phase lipid vesicle. Below the transition temperature, the phases separate into non-connecting domains that coarsen into larger areas. The free energy of phase properties determines the length of the boundaries separating the regions. The two phases correspond to different lipid compositions, and in cells, this fluctuation in composition is a dynamic process vital to its function. We prove that a small patch of the minority lipids forms at a point of the membrane where the Gauss curvature attains a maximum. This patch has a round shape approximately and its boundary has a constant geodesic curvature. The proof consists of three steps. The construction of a family of good approximate solutions, an improvement of the approximate solutions so that their geodesic curvature is a constant modulo translation, and the identification of an exact solution from the family of the improved approximate solutions. Our theoretical results are supported by vesicle experiments.
A possible mechanism for diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced memory loss in rats

Abstract Passive avoidance retention and cortical [H 3 ]-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding were examined in rats that were chronically treated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an irreversible acetylcholinersterase inhibitor. Retention of a passive avoidance response in DFP-treated rats was significantly lower when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Passive-avoidance retention decreased from 93% in control animals to 68% in DFP-treated rats. QNB binding studies revealed the density of muscarinic receptors in cortical homogenates was significantly reduced from 0.95±0.04 pmole/mg protein in controls to 0.72±0.04 pmole/mg protein in DFP-treated rats. Scatchard analysis of QNB binding curves did not reveal a decrease in affinity of muscarinic receptors for QNB. Based on data that DFP causes a reduction in cholinergic receptors, this study supports the hypothesis that central cholinergic receptors are associated with mechanisms involved in memory storage.
Adjunctive use of dental implants in mandibular reconstruction with a free fibular graft.

Nine years before she attended our department a 63-year-old woman had a left hemimandibulectomy and reconstruction with a free fibular graft. She was rehabilitated with an implant-retained lower denture. A second primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was identified around the implant in the symphyseal region (Fig. 1), which necessitated a mandibular resection and a right neck dissection. Preoperatively a nickel—silver connecting bar was fabricated to link the two remaining proximal implants. The bar was contoured to follow the alveolar crest closely. During the operation after intercanine resection of the mandible the connecting bar was attached to the implants, thereby maintaining the preoperative position of the proximal mandibular fragments. The harvested fibular graft was then secured with a combination of 2mm miniFigure 1 Second primary SCC adjacent to middle implant.
Optimization of cathode catalyst layer for direct methanol fuel cells Part II: Computational modeling and design

The cathode catalyst layer in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) features a large thickness and mass transport loss due to higher Pt loading, and therefore must be carefully designed to increase the performance. In this work, the effects of Nafion loading, porosity distribution, and macro-pores on electrochemical characteristics of a DMFC cathode CL have been studied with a macro-homogeneous model, to theoretically interpret the related experimental results. Transport properties in the cathode catalyst layers are correlated to both the composition and microstructure. The optimized ionomer weight fraction (22%) is found to be much smaller than that in H2 polymer electrolyte fuel cells, as a result of an optimum balance of proton transport and oxygen diffusion. Different porosity distributions in the cathode CLs are investigated and a stepwise distribution is found to give the best performance and oxygen concentration profile. Influence of pore defects in the CLs is discussed and the location of macro-pores is found to play a dual role in affecting both oxygen transport and proton conduction, hence the performance. The reaction zone is extended toward the membrane side and the proton conduction is facilitated when the macro-pores are near the gas diffusion layer.
RECOVERY OF CA2+ POOLS AND GROWTH IN CA2+ POOL-DEPLETED CELLS IS MEDIATED BY SPECIFIC EPOXYEICOSATRIENOIC ACIDS DERIVED FROM ARACHIDONIC ACID

Abstract Depletion of Ca2+ pools using the irreversible Ca2+ pump blocker, thapsigargin, induces DDT1MF-2 smooth muscle cells to enter a stable nonproliferative state. Reversal of this state can be mediated by high (20%) serum treatment, which induces new Ca2+ pump protein, return of Ca2+ pools, and reentry of cells into the cell cycle; the effect of serum can be mimicked by the essential fatty acids (EFA), arachidonic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids (Graber, M.N., Alfonso, A., and Gill, D.L., (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 883–888). The possible requirement for EFA metabolism in inducing recovery of Ca2+ pool-depleted growth-arrested cells was investigated. Neither cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase inhibitors had any effect on arachidonic acid-induced growth recovery of thapsigargin-treated cells. In contrast, the cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase inhibitors, SKF525A and metyrapone, substantially reduced arachidonic acid-induced recovery of growth while having minimal effects on control cell growth. Both epoxygenase inhibitors completely prevented the arachidonic acid-induced recovery of bradykinin-releasable Ca2+-pumping pools, whereas cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors had no effect. The effectiveness of the four cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid on recovery of Ca2+ pools were compared; 8,9- and 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) at 1.5 μm were completely effective in recovering agonist-sensitive Ca2+pools, whereas the 5,6- and 14,15-EETs were without effect. SKF525A did not block the action of 8,9- or 11,12-EET indicating further P-450 metabolism was not required. Hydration of the active EET molecules prevented Ca2+ pool recovery since the dihydroxy-derivatives of both 8,9- and 11,12-EET were ineffective. The specificity of effectiveness among EET molecules for subsequent resumption of growth of thapsigargin-treated cells was the same as for Ca2+ pool recovery. Significantly, the P-450 inhibitors, SKF525A and metyrapone, both prevented the action of 20% serum in inducing recovery of thapsigargin-treated cells, whereas cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors were ineffective, indicating that EFAs are the active component within serum that is responsible for recovery of Ca2+ pool-depleted cells. The specific action of EETs in mediating recovery of Ca2+ pools and growth of thapsigargin-treated cells represents not only a novel action of epoxygenase products from EFAs, but also a potentially significant new signaling pathway that may effect translational control and regulate transition from a stationary to proliferative growth state.
A New Chiral at Metal Catalyst for Enantioselective Diels−Alder Reactions: Observation of Isomeric Intermediates

The chiral at metal complex [CyRuCl(R)-QUINAP]SbF6, 1, was prepared from (CyRuCl2)2, (R)-QUINAP, and AgSbF6. Characterization by 1H, 31P{1H}, and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy indicated a 5:1 mixture of diastereomers was present; single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the major diastereomer possessed the (RRu, RQUINAP) absolute configuration. The dicationic complex, which was prepared in situ when 1 was treated with 0.9 equiv of AgSbF6, catalyzed the Diels−Alder reaction of CpH and methacrolein in 99% ee at −24 °C.
Beamstrahlung monitors at SLC

Some properties of beamstrahlung are discussed, and plans to observe the effect at SLC by the use of Cherenkov counters are illustrated.
Maintaining genetic integrity in aging: a zero sum game.

Aging of somatic cells can be defined as the gradual loss of the information embedded in the global and local properties of complex macromolecular networks. This loss of information may reflect the dynamic interplay between stochastic factors, such as the accumulation of unrepaired somatic damage, and gene-encoded programmatic responses. This would ultimately result in loss of function, impaired response to environmental challenge, and a progressively increased incidence of disease. Here the authors present the case for aging as a continuous battle between maintaining genomic integrity and ensuring sufficient cell functional mass. Focusing on aging of the liver in rodents, evidence is presented that normal aging is associated with a gradual accumulation of random alterations in the DNA of the genome as a consequence of imperfect DNA repair and a decrease in the rate of DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis is the cell's genome maintenance mechanism of last resort and an imbalance towards apoptosis can c...
Radioautography of the optic tectum of the goldfish after intraocular injection of ( 3 H)proline.

Radioautography of the optic tectum of the goldfish, performed after injection of [3H]proline into the contralateral eye, effectively resolves several distinct layers of retinal synapses. Silver grains are found unilaterally over nerve tracts containing efferent fibers from the tectum, a result that suggests intercellular migration of labeled molecules. The low background and high specific grain density obtained with [3H]proline radioautography indicate the usefulness of this technique for the elucidation of neuroanatomical connections in the visual system.
Interactions of Low Molecular Weight Adsorbates on Lactose

Abstract Lactose may serve as a carrier of food flavor, but little is known about its interactions with adsorbates. The adsorptive capacity and binding mechanism of stable anhydrous a-lactose have been investigated in low molecular weight adsorbates. Alcohols adsorb in the highest concentrations, followed by esters and ketones, while aromatic hydrocarbons with n-aliphatic side chains adsorb in the least concentrations. Data are presented for the amounts of substances adsorbed and desorbed over 10 mo. Mixtures involving two, four, and eight components exhibit varying amounts of adsorption and desorption over 10 mo. First order kinetic plots for the compounds in the eight component mixture revealed that there were discontinuous rates of desorption throughout the 10 mo. We suggest there may be at least three distinct mechanisms to account for this variance in the desorption process. Alcohols are adsorbed preferentially over aromatic hydrocarbons when both are in a mixture or when the alcohol is equilibrated with the lactose first. Aromatic hydrocarbons may adsorb on lactose if equilibration with the hydrocarbons is before that with the alcohol. These studies suggest that two active sites are located on the lactose molecule, and their spatial relationship is discussed. Experimental evidence indicates there is a finite limit as to amount of adsorbate sorbed under the conditions employed.
Treatment strategies for infective endocarditis.

Importance of the field: Despite significant advances in medical, surgical, and critical care interventions, infective endocarditis (IE) remains a disease associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Estimates from the American Heart Association place the incidence of IE in the US at 10,000 – 15,000 new cases each year. This may be due to the changing epidemiology of IE, including increasing antimicrobial resistance, increasing heart surgeries, prosthetic valve implantation, and widespread use of intravenous drugs. Furthermore, a new form of the disease, healthcare-associated IE, which is associated with new therapeutic modalities such as intravenous catheters, hyperalimentation lines, pacemakers, and dialysis shunts, has emerged.Areas covered in this review: We present the latest therapeutic and preventive strategies for IE caused by a variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens. The general methods employed included an extensive literature search, confined to the last 10 years, using key words su...
ADHD Knowledge, Perceptions, and Information Sources: Perspectives From a Community Sample of Adolescents and Their Parents

Abstract Purpose The chronic illness model advocates for psychoeducation within a collaborative care model to enhance outcomes. To inform psychoeducational approaches for ADHD, this study describes parent and adolescent knowledge, perceptions, and information sources and explores how these vary by sociodemographic characteristics, ADHD risk, and past child mental health service use. Methods Parents and adolescents were assessed 7.7 years after initial school district screening for ADHD risk. The study sample included 374 adolescents (56% high and 44% low ADHD risk) aged, on average, 15.4 (standard deviation=1.8) years, and 36% were African American. Survey questions assessed ADHD knowledge, perceptions, and cues to action and elicited used and preferred information sources. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine potential independent predictors of ADHD knowledge. McNemar tests compared information source utilization against preference. Results Despite relatively high self-rated ADHD familiarity, misperceptions among parents and adolescents were common, including a sugar etiology (25% and 27%, respectively) and medication overuse (85% and 67%, respectively). African American respondents expressed less ADHD awareness and greater belief in sugar etiology than Caucasians. Parents used a wide range of ADHD information sources, whereas adolescents relied on social network members and teachers/school. However, parents and adolescents expressed similar strong preferences for the Internet (49% and 51%, respectively) and doctor (40% and 27%, respectively) as ADHD information sources. Conclusions Culturally appropriate psychoeducational strategies are needed that combine doctor-provided ADHD information with reputable Internet sources. Despite time limitations during patient visits, both parents and teens place high priority on receiving information from their doctor.
Charge transport in mixed CdSe and CdTe colloidal nanocrystal films

We report the influence of trap states on charge transport through films of mixed CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) between lateral electrodes, through layered films of CdTe and CdSe NCs in a layered geometry, and through films of CdTe/CdSe nanobarbells in a layered geometry. We find that an electron trapping state on the surface of the CdTe NCs dominates the conduction in all devices studied. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal activation studies implicate unpassivated or oxidized Te as the electron-trapping site.
Uterine luminal prostaglandin F in cycling mares

Prostaglandin F was measured by radioimmunoassay in uterine flushings of cycling mares on days 4, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 post-ovulation. Prostaglandin F was significantly (P less than .05) affected by day of the estrous cycle and reached maximal levels on day 14. Least squares means for days 4, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 were: .66, .81, 4.77, 14.31, 5.48, 3.68 and 2.97 ng/ml, respectively.
Creating and maintaining coherency in loosely coupled systems

The primary objective of service-oriented architecture (SOA) is to use information technology to address the key goals of business today: innovation, agility, and market value. Agility in SOA is achieved by use of the principles of encapsulation, modularity, and loose coupling, which facilitates a cleaner separation of concerns. While loose coupling enables customers to rapidly reuse services in new applications, strong coherency must be maintained to achieve the primary business objectives of the application. When applications are composed of loosely coupled services that are independent (owned by different parts of the organization, based on disparate technology assumptions, and evolving on independent schedules and with diverse priorities) the coherency of the composite application can be undermined. In this paper, we examine how coherency can be created and maintained in loosely coupled applications. We examine, in this context, various techniques and design approaches, such as service management, the use of service buses, the role of industry models and semantic ontologies, and governance, to achieve and maintain coherency of composite applications using SOA.
Repeatability in computer-aided diagnosis: application to breast cancer diagnosis on sonography.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the concept of repeatability in a case-based performance evaluation of two classifiers commonly used in computer-aided diagnosis in the task of distinguishing benign from malignant lesions. Methods: The authors performed .632 + bootstrap analyses using a data set of 1251 sonographic lesions of which 212 were malignant. Several analyses were performed investigating the impact of sample size and number of bootstrap iterations. The classifiers investigated were a Bayesian neural net (BNN) with five hidden units and linear discriminant analysis(LDA). Both used the same four input lesion features. While the authors did evaluate classifier performance using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the main focus was to investigate case-based performance based on the classifier output for individual cases, i.e., the classifier outputs for each test case measured over the bootstrap iterations. In this case-based analysis, the authors examined the classifier output variability and linked it to the concept of repeatability. Repeatability was assessed on the level of individual cases, overall for all cases in the data set, and regarding its dependence on the case-based classifier output. The impact of repeatability was studied when aiming to operate at a constant sensitivity or specificity and when aiming to operate at a constant threshold value for the classifier output. Results: The BNN slightly outperformed the LDA with an area under the ROC curve of 0.88 versus 0.85 ( p 0.05 ) . In the repeatability analysis on an individual case basis, it was evident that different cases posed different degrees of difficulty to each classifier as measured by the by-case output variability. When considering the entire data set, however, the overall repeatability of the BNN classifier was lower than for the LDA classifier, i.e., the by-case variability for the BNN was higher. The dependence of the by-case variability on the average by-case classifier output was markedly different for the classifiers. The BNN achieved the lowest variability (best repeatability) when operating at high sensitivity ( > 90 % ) and low specificity ( 66 % ) , while the LDA achieved this at moderate sensitivity ( ∼ 74 % ) and specificity ( ∼ 84 % ) . When operating at constant 90% sensitivity or constant 90% specificity, the width of the 95% confidence intervals for the corresponding classifier output was considerable for both classifiers and increased for smaller sample sizes. When operating at a constant threshold value for the classifier output, the width of the 95% confidence intervals for the corresponding sensitivity and specificity ranged from 9 percentage points (pp) to 30 pp. Conclusions: The repeatability of the classifier output can have a substantial effect on the obtained sensitivity and specificity. Knowledge of classifier repeatability, in addition to overall performance level, is important for successful translation and implementation of computer-aided diagnosis in clinical decision making.
A module-based service model for mass customization: service family design

Service science research seeks to improve the productivity and quality of service offerings by creating new innovations, facilitating business management, and applying practical applications. Recent trends seek to apply and extend principles from product family design and mass customization into new service development. Product family design is a cost-effective way to achieve mass customization by allowing highly differentiated products to be developed from a common platform while targeting individual products to distinct market segments. This article extends concepts from module-based product families to create a method for service design. The objective in this research is to develop a method for designing customized families of services using game theory to model situations involving dynamic market environments. A module-based service model is proposed to facilitate customized service design and represent the relationships between functions and processes in a service. A module selection problem for plat...
Three dimensional beam elements synthesis applications with stress constraints, nonlinear size-stiffness relationships and various size-inertia powers

Abstract The paper considers the applications of three dimensional beam elements synthesis with stress constraints, nonlinear size-stiffness relationships and various size-inertia powers. First, all dimensions of the cross section are assumed to be changed by the same proportion upon redesign with in-plane and bending actions presented in the elements stiffness matrices. Next British standard sections' size-inertia relations are considered with bending action only in the element stiffness matrices, the present computer results are found to be in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature.
Geology and Slope Stability of Point Delgata, California: ABSTRACT

Two bedrock complexes crop out at Point Delgata in northern California: a Franciscan melange complex composed of sedimentary rocks, pillow basalts, and glaucophane schist; and the Franciscan coastal belt complex composed mainly of interbedded shales and sandstones. Two Quaternary formations largely cover these bedrock complexes. The major geologic structure is the northwest-trending San Andreas fault, which cuts Point Delgata and forms the contact between the two Franciscan bedrock complexes. This active fault has extensively deformed the Quaternary deposits. The Franciscan coastal complex has numerous folds with axes sub-parallel to the trace of the fault. Over 50 recent slope failures have occurred within the mapped area. Rotational slumps and debris flows within soil horizons are most common. The predominantly sandy soils of the area were found to have an average angle of internal friction of 31.4°, and cohesion strength of 7.0 kg/m2. Under static condition, slopes greater than 40° are basically unstable, but, during a major earthquake, condition slopes greater than 20° would likely be unstable. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1684------------
On the comparison of calculated energy-transfer probabilities with experiment

Abstract It is shown that current theories of vibrational energy transfer are consistent with a direct relation between the 1 → 0 transition probabaility and the relaxation time even when this probability exceedss unity. The modification of this probability suggested by Rapp and Kassal is inappropriate for the calculation of relaxation times.
A Synthesis of P‐Aminophenylalanine

A new synthesis of p‐aminophenylalanine from p‐nitrophenylpyruvic acid is described. Unsuccessful attempts at nitrosation of p‐nitrobenzylmalonic ester and p‐nitrobenzyl‐acetoacetic ester are recorded.
Regulation of IgG responses by helper and suppressor T cells activated by pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides

Abstract Type 2 antigens are usually unable to prime the helper T cells (T H ) required for secondary IgG antibody responses. However, previous results from this laboratory indicated that low doses of the type 2 antigen polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) could activate T cells which provided help to PVP-primed B cells for the production of PVP-specific IgG antibody. Therefore, it was of interest to determine if other type 2 antigens may also be able to activate T H . Low doses of S19 or S3 (subimmunogenic for a primary IgM response) activated T H capable of providing help to S19- or S3-CRBC-primed B cells for a secondary IgG response. Higher doses of these antigens (optimally immunogenic for a primary IgM response) activated suppressor T cells (T S ). Removal of these T S prior to transfer of T cells to recipient mice resulted in expression of T H function. Therefore, the preferential activation of T H versus T S was dependent on the dose of antigen used for priming. t h activated by low doses of S19 expressed Thy 1 and L3T4 and were antigen specific. In contrast to the ability of low doses of PVP to prime B cells for secondary IgG responses, low doses of S3 and S19 did not prime capsular polysaccharide-specific IgG memory B cells. High doses of S3 were able to prime B cells if T s precursors were first removed by treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide (Cy), whereas high doses of S19 did not prime B cells for secondary IgG responses in either Cy-treated or control mice. These results are discussed in relation to the general observations that type 2 antigens may not activate antigen-specific T H .
X-ray diffraction and29Si NMR study of polymerized and infiltrated lithium silicate gels

Abstract X-ray diffraction and 29 Si NMR were used to monitor structural changes in lithium silicate gels following heat treatments at temperatures from 200 to 850 °C. The gels were prepared in two ways: polymerized gels were prepared by hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) with a methanol-water-LiNO 3 or LiOH solution and infiltrated gels were prepared by soaking colloidal silica gels in methanolic LiOH or aqueous LiNO 3 solution. All of the gels have approximately 15 mol% Li 2 O. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the polymerized gel with LiNO 3 as a precursor had the highest crystallization temperature (∼ 800 °C), while the infiltrated gel with LiOH as a precursor had the lowest crystallization temperature (∼ 200 °C). It was also found that Li 2 SiO 3 formed preferentially at lower temperatures while Li 2 Si 2 O 5 crystallized at higher temperatures. The change of local structure in heat treated samples was probed by 29 Si NMR. The sequence of formation of various non-bridging silicate and silanol groups is consistent with the results from X-ray diffraction.
Voltage Breakdown in a 420 MHz RFQ Structure

Designs for Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerators of reasonable length require operation with surface fields above the threshold of Kilpatrick's Sparking Criterion. A cavity was designed using SUPERFISH to test the validity of this criterion and to determine operating limits for the Los Alamos Proof-of-Principle (POP) RFQ. The testing was done near 420 MHz, with varying qualities of surface finish on the electrodes. The experimental set-up and procedure are described, as are the data and results. A method of calibrating the test is presented.
Binary alloy surface compositions from bulk alloy thermodynamic data

Abstract The surface composition of binary alloys is determined by minimizing alloy surface free energy with respect to atom exchange between the surface and the bulk. The theory is developed using a pairwise bound model of the solid with a broken bond surface. Parametric predictions for the atom fraction in the first four atomic layers for ideal and regular alloy solutions are presented. The predictions are based on pure element vaporization enthalpies and alloy solution activity coefficients. The surface atom fraction is different from the bulk atom fraction for all bulk compositions. The alloy element with the lower heat of vaporization is enriched with respect to its bulk atom fraction. The effects of chemisorption of a foreign species and alloy particle size on surface composition are also quantified. The theory is in good agreement with existing data on nickel-copper surface compositions.
A preclinical animal model to assess the effect of pre-existing immunity on AAV-mediated gene transfer.

Hepatic adeno-associated virus (AAV)-serotype 2–mediated gene transfer results in sustained transgene expression in experimental animals but not in human subjects. We hypothesized that loss of transgene expression in humans might be caused by immune memory mechanisms that become reactivated upon AAV vector transfer. Here, we tested the effect of immunological memory to AAV capsid on AAV-mediated gene transfer in a mouse model. Upon hepatic transfer of an AAV2 vector expressing human factor IX (hF.IX), mice immunized with adenovirus (Ad) vectors expressing AAV8 capsid before AAV2 transfer developed less circulating hF.IX and showed a gradual loss of hF.IX gene copies in liver cells as compared to control animals. This was not observed in mice immunized with an Ad vectors expressing AAV2 capsid before transfer of rAAV8-hF.IX vectors. The lower hF.IX expression was primarily linked to AAV-binding antibodies that lacked AAV-neutralizing activity in vitro rather than to AAV capsid–specific CD8+ T cells.
The slow component of V̇O2 kinetics in very heavy and fatiguing square-wave exercise

We hypothesized that oxygen consumption (VO2) rises incrementally in very heavy and fatiguing exercise where the slow component gain increases with higher work rates. Eight trained males completed a graded exercise test and bouts of square-wave cycle ergometry at 40% and 60% of the difference between the estimated lactate threshold (LT) and VO2peak (designated 40%D and 60%D). Exhaled gases were collected and analyzed every breath using models that allowed for a linear slow component or a slow component with one or more exponential increments. All subjects were able to complete 30 min at 40%D but not at 60%D. The slow component was generally best fit with two increments at 40%D and two or three increments at 60%D. In further ( , our results question the reliability of determining parameters of multiple slow component increments when repeated bouts are averaged together. This study demonstrates that VO2 can continue to rise incrementally beyond the onset of the slow component in very heavy and fatiguing exercise. These results support the concept of a recurring mechanism underlying the slow component of VO2 kinetics during square-wave exercise and suggest that the dynamics (time of onset, rate of development, magnitude) of this mechanism may vary from day to day.
Helping Substance-involved Young People in Juvenile Justice be Successful: Conceptual and Structural Foundations of the Reclaiming Futures Model

Abstract Reclaiming Futures is an innovative evidence-based model and approach to systems and community change that is designed to enable young people who have substance abuse issues and are in the criminal justice system to become successful. Developed in the context of ten different demonstration communities and amidst numerous economic, geographic, political, cultural, and philosophical diversities, the initiative embraces a six-stage integrated service model that supports coordinated individual response and community-directed engagement with care. This article describes the background, rationale, and context of the change effort itself, as well as the conceptual foundations of the Reclaiming Futures framework. The role of the National Program Office (NPO) and the structures designed to support the shared transformational leadership required to launch, implement, and sustain these practice and policy innovations at the local, state, and national levels are discussed.
White Cutworm: Bionomics and Evaluation of Larval Sampling Schemes in Asparagus

The white cutworm, Euxoa scandens (Riley), was studied in commercial asparagus fields between 1973 and 1975. Monitoring adult flight activity with a blacklight trap revealed that male moths were more attracted to the blacklight than females. Males were found to have a unimodal flight activity pattern, whereas females exhibited a bimodal flight activity pattern. In Michigan the white cutworm was found to be univoltine with seven larval instars. Larval food selection was found to be random with equal probability that the larval food would feed on unharvested spears or the “butt” remnants of a harvested spear. Feeding behavior was one of the pnncipal components of plant damage. Four different larval sampling schemes were evaluated: baited and unbaited pitfall traps, baited barrier plots, and baited open plots. Pitfall traps baited with an apple pomace bait formulation of carbaryl caught significantly greater numbers of white cutworm larvae per day than unbaited traps. Baited barrier plots were found to be best for obtaining population density estimates; however, open baited plots were best for larval detection. The number of cutworm larvae trapped was highly dependent on trap orientation to the asparagus rows.
Mouse Prion Protein (PrP) Segment 100 to 104 Regulates Conversion of PrPC to PrPSc in Prion-Infected Neuroblastoma Cells

Prion diseases are characterized by the replicative propagation of disease-associated forms of prion protein (PrPSc; PrP refers to prion protein). The propagation is believed to proceed via two steps; the initial binding of the normal form of PrP (PrPC) to PrPSc and the subsequent conversion of PrPC to PrPSc. We have explored the two-step model in prion-infected mouse neuroblastoma (ScN2a) cells by focusing on the mouse PrP (MoPrP) segment 92-GGTHNQWNKPSKPKTN-107, which is within a region previously suggested to be part of the binding interface or shown to differ in its accessibility to anti-PrP antibodies between PrPC and PrPSc. Exchanging the MoPrP segment with the corresponding chicken PrP segment (106-GGSYHNQKPWKPPKTN-121) revealed the necessity of MoPrP residues 99 to 104 for the chimeras to achieve the PrPSc state, while segment 95 to 98 was replaceable with the chicken sequence. An alanine substitution at position 100, 102, 103, or 104 of MoPrP gave rise to nonconvertible mutants that associated with MoPrPSc and interfered with the conversion of endogenous MoPrPC. The interference was not evoked by a chimera (designated MCM2) in which MoPrP segment 95 to 104 was changed to the chicken sequence, though MCM2 associated with MoPrPSc. Incubation of the cells with a synthetic peptide composed of MoPrP residues 93 to 107 or alanine-substituted cognates did not inhibit the conversion, whereas an anti-P8 antibody recognizing the above sequence in PrPC reduced the accumulation of PrPSc after 10 days of incubation of the cells. These results suggest the segment 100 to 104 of MoPrPC plays a key role in conversion after binding to MoPrPSc.
Cooperation among Adult Dolphins

A number of instances of apparent solicitude on the part of adult dolphins for their young, either alive or dead, have been reported in the recent literature. These have particularly related to the mother's habit of holding her young at the surface in an apparent effort to aid it in breathing. Instances of such solicitude in captivity have been reported for the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus , by McBride (Nat. Hist., 45: 29, 1940), McBride and Hebb (Jour. Comp. & Physiol. Psych., 41: 115, 1948), and McBride and Kritz-ler (Jour. Mamm., 32: 254, 1951). Examples of this phenomenon in nature have been given by Moore (Amer. Midi. Nat., 49: 136, 1953) for T. truncatus , and by Hubbs (Jour. Mamm., 34: 498, 1953) for the Pacific bottlenose dolphin, T. gilli . As far as we can discover, there has been only one other instance reported in which an adult made an apparently definite effort to protect another adult that was injured. This behavior was described by Hubbs ( loc. cit. ) where he reports a case in which a striped dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens , stayed close by a harpooned companion “frequently forcing its way between the dying beast and the ship and pushing it away.” Two related instances, perhaps showing an even higher level of intelligence, have recently been observed during collecting operations for the new Gulfarium, The Living Sea, at Fort Walton Beach, Florida. The first such instance occurred on October 30, 1954, while the …
A selfish strategy of social insect workers that promotes social cohesion

SOCIAL insect colonies are in many ways analogous to organisms1, because kin-selected workers act selflessly and cohesively to promote the fitness of a few reproductive members2,3. But workers can evolve selfish strategies which create reproductive conflict, reducing the functional integrity of colonies. For example, they can lay unfertilized (male) eggs3–6, compete directly with the queen to lay fertilized (female) eggs7, suppress the reproduction of other workers8,9, choose among several queens10 and generally favour closer over more distant kin11. Conflicts over the sex ratio may be especially pervasive, even in highly eusocial insects. The unusually high relatedness (r = 3/4) of female hymenopteran workers to their full sisters means that workers should prefer more female-biased sex ratios than do queens4. The worker preference for females should be exerted most strongly on colonies where they are most likely to be full sisters, leaving male production to colonies where this advantage least applies4,12–14; this prediction is supported by studies in ants and bees12,15–17. Here we show that when colonies havezmultiple queens born in the same nest, the selfish worker sex-ratio strategy has a paradoxical side-effect which strongly promotes social cohesion. This strategy accounts for the peculiar colony cycle of epiponine wasps, and may be responsible for the maintenance of eusociality in this group.
Modeling parton spin-transfer densities.

We present models for the spin-weighted quark and gluon distribution in a longitudinally polarized proton. The models embody different underlying concepts concerning the application of spin-dependent forces in the nonperturbative or "soft" regime of chromodynamics. The different spin densities are used to investigate a possible long-range experimental program for measuring various hard-scattering processes using polarized protons.
Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase Forms Complexes with α2-Macroglobulin in Serum

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is a standard histochemical marker of differentiated osteoclasts and has been proposed as a serum/plasma marker for osteoclast activity. Enzyme assays have been described that show elevated TRAP enzyme activity in the serum or plasma of patient groups known to have increased bone metabolism. However, the poor stability of the enzyme and potential contribution from nonosteoclastic sources make it problematic to measure in patient samples. Immunoassays developed to measure TRAP in serum and plasma have yielded widely varying TRAP levels in both normal and disease states. It is not clear if this variability is caused by differences in assay calibration, antibody specificity, and/or TRAP instability. In this paper, we report that purified TRAP spiked into serum forms high molecular weight complexes. Complex formation results in greatly decreased TRAP enzyme activity and immunoreactivity. The complexing protein in serum has been identified as alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M). Similar complexes are observed in stored patient samples. In vitro studies with purified components show that TRAP binds to alpha2M primarily through noncovalent ionic interactions. Our results demonstrate that one mechanism of TRAP instability in serum is complex formation with alpha2M and suggest further that current TRAP enzyme and immunoassays may not accurately measure the circulating level of TRAP.
Rotational analysis of nitrogen trifluoride

High resolution spectra (0.004 cm-1) of all of the fundamental bands of nitrogen trifluoride have been obtained. Rotational analysis of these bands has produced better band constants than had previously been reported.
Proton transport paths in lanthanum phosphate electrolytes

Abstract Previously unrecognized amorphous grain boundary films are shown to provide rapid proton conduction paths in polycrystalline lanthanum phosphates. Experiments reveal the amorphous phosphorus-rich grain boundary films to be stable in air at 773 K, with a conductivity upwards of 2.5 × 10 − 3 S/cm at 773 K, many orders of magnitude higher than in the crystalline bulk. The results indicate the possibility of forming stable, high proton-conductivity nanocomposites of RE-phosphate glasses and crystalline ceramics for intermediate temperature (573 K to 773 K) fuel cells.