cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cryopreservation of lipid bilayers by LEA proteins from Artemia franciscana and trehalose.

The capacity of Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins and trehalose to protect liposomes against freezing-induced damage was examined by measuring the leakage of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF). Liposomes were prepared to simulate the lipid compositions of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), and inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Two recombinant LEA proteins belonging to Group 3 (AfrLEA2 and AfrLEA3m) were expressed and purified from embryos of Artemia franciscana. Only OMM-like liposomes were significantly protected by AfrLEA2 and AfrLEA3m against freeze-thaw damage; at the highest protein:lipid mass ratio tested, leakage of CF was 56.3% of control with AfrLEA3m and 29.3% with AfrLEA2. By comparison, trehalose provided protection to all compositional types. The greatest stabilization during freezing occurred when trehalose was present on both sides of the bilayer. When mitochondria isolated from rat liver were freeze-thawed in trehalose solution, the OMM remained intact based on the absence of increased oxygen consumption when cytochrome c was added during oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Respiratory control ratios (OXPHOS/LEAK) were depressed by only 30% after freeze-thawing in trehalose compared to non-frozen controls, which indicated some retention of OXPHOS capacity by the IMM. Trehalose then was loaded into the matrix (0.24 μmol/mg mitochondrial protein) by transient opening of the permeability transition pore, a procedure optimized for retention of OMM integrity. Surprisingly, respiratory control ratios were not improved after freeze-thawing with external plus matrix trehalose, when compared to external trehalose alone. This result could perhaps be explained by insufficient accumulation of matrix trehalose.
Intracranial Pressures in Conscious Sheep During 72 Hours of Hypoxia

High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) may occur within several days after a rapid ascent to altitude; it is believed to contribute to the neurological manifestations of acute mountain sickness such as headache, vomiting, and ataxia (Hamilton et al. 1986). Despite centuries of symptoms and studies, the actual mechanisms that produce high altitude cerebral edema are unclear although hypoxia, not hypobaria, appears to be the precipitating factor.
Abstract 3590: A Neil1 DNA glycosylase germline variant induces genomic instability and cellular transformation

NEIL1 DNA glycosylase is a bifunctional enzyme that recognizes oxidized pyrimidines and formamidopyrimidines, and appears to remove damage in advance of the replication fork. The rs5745906 SNP of the NEIL1 gene has a minor allele frequency of 1% and is a G to A base substitution that encodes the G83D NEIL1 protein. Interestingly, this mutation is also present in cholangiocarcinomas. Unlike WT NEIL1, the G83D variant is not able to recognize oxidized bases efficiently due to a shift in the void filling residues that stabilize the DNA duplex once a damaged base has been extruded into the glycosylase substrate binding pocket. The goal of our study was to determine if the G83D NEIL1 variant exhibits a cancer-related phenotype in cells. We found that unlike wild-type (WT) NEIL1, expression of G83D in MCF10A immortal human breast epithelial cells induces genomic instability and cellular transformation. Expression of G83D but not WT NEIL1, in MCF10A cells leads to replication fork stalling and slow replication fork velocity. Our results suggest that G83D is unable to remove oxidative DNA damage at the replication fork, resulting in genomic instability and cellular transformation. Our results are consistent with the idea that individuals who harbor the G83D NEIL1 variant are at increased risk for cancer. Citation Format: Joann B. Sweasy, Heather Galick, Scott Kathe, Susan Wallace. A Neil1 DNA glycosylase germline variant induces genomic instability and cellular transformation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3590.
Good Governance for Sustained Growth and Development

The importance of governance and institutions for economic growth and development has been debated for many years. Even today the international community is ambivalent about it, less due to the weight of evidence than for geopolitical reasons.
Dealing with Factors

Factors are variables in R, which take on a limited number of different values; such variables are often referred to as categorical variables. One of the most important uses of factors is in statistical modeling; since categorical variables enter into statistical models such as lm and glm differently than continuous variables, storing data as factors insures that the modeling functions will treat such data correctly.
Nonlocal electrodynamics of rotating systems

The nonlocal electrodynamics of uniformly rotating systems is presented and its predictions are discussed. In this case, due to paucity of adequate experimental data, the nonlocal theory cannot be directly confronted with observation at present. The approach adopted here is therefore based on the correspondence principle: the nonrelativistic quantum physics of electrons in circular ``orbits'' is studied. The helicity dependence of the photoeffect from the circular states of atomic hydrogen is explored as well as the resonant absorption of a photon by an electron in a circular ``orbit'' about a uniform magnetic field. Qualitative agreement of the predictions of the classical nonlocal electrodynamics with quantum-mechanical results is demonstrated in the correspondence regime.
Propagation-Based Temporal Network Summarization

Modern networks are very large in size and also evolve with time. As their sizes grow, the complexity of performing network analysis grows as well. Getting a smaller representation of a temporal network with similar properties will help in various data mining tasks. In this paper, we study the novel problem of getting a smaller diffusion-equivalent representation of a set of time-evolving networks. We first formulate a well-founded and general temporal-network condensation problem based on the so-called system-matrix of the network. We then propose NetCondense , a scalable and effective algorithm which solves this problem using careful transformations in sub-quadratic running time, and linear space complexities. Our extensive experiments show that we can reduce the size of large real temporal networks (from multiple domains such as social, co-authorship, and email) significantly without much loss of information. We also show the wide-applicability of NetCondense by leveraging it for several tasks: for example, we use it to understand, explore, and visualize the original datasets and to also speed-up algorithms for the influence-maximization and event detection problems on temporal networks.
Tactical generator monitoring system

When a reliable grid connection is unavailable, the military uses diesel generators as the primary source of electrical energy in tactical operating centers. While the generators run most efficiently at 70–100% of rated capacity, a recent study showed them to often be running at 10–20% of rated capacity. Suboptimal operation decreases fuel efficiency, increases emissions, and increases maintenance requirements due to wet stacking. The problem is created by a lack of training on proper load sizing techniques by operators and minimal information on power demand profiles. Due to the tactical implications of these posts, the demand profile poses a unique set of difficulties. To solve the problem, a tactical generator monitoring system has been developed to assist on the generator sizing requirements based on ISO 8528 regarding optimal diesel generator operation. The prototype developed consists of voltage and current transducers, a microprocessor, nonvolatile memory for logging data, and an interactive LCD readout. The LCD displays realtime readings of voltage, current, and power, basic load profile analysis, and the recommended generator size for the given application. Based on the recommended size, the operator can increase/decrease load as possible or use a more appropriately sized generator with no additional information on power demand or training on load sizing techniques. More detailed information is logged in nonvolatile memory for offline analysis.
Stem cells and hepatocarcinogenesis

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the general cellular biology of the hepatic stem cell compartment, and the possible involvement of these cells in hepatocarcinogenesis. The adult organism contains many kinds of stem cells that exist at the different stages of differentiation and have very different capacities for generating multilineage progeny. The capacity for self-maintenance is a fundamental and common trait of all stem cells. A cell population that has an extensive self-maintaining capacity is the only definition that applies to all stem cells. It is proposed that the liver system be viewed as composed of two stem cell systems: the unipotential hepatocytic and the multipotential nonparenchymal epithelial (ductular) systems. Although the participation of the nonparenchymal epithelial (ductular) system in the development of liver tumors is still not fully defined, strong evidence now exists indicating that both these systems can and do provide progenitor cells for the neoplastic process in the liver. The central issue in better understanding the involvement of the nonparenchymal epithelial (ductular) cells in the carcinogenic process is the characterization of the mechanisms that regulate both the proliferation of these cells after carcinogenic as well as noncarcinogenic insults and the factors that govern the lineage commitment processes in this stem cell system.
Genetic suppression of tumor formation.

Publisher Summary Genomic changes of all kinds, ranging from base substitutions, deletions, duplications, amplifications, and rearrangements, are characteristic of malignant cells. With respect to genetic suppression of tumor formation, genomic changes can play a crucial role in eliminating or silencing suppressor genes during tumorigenesis. The chapter provides one avenue for the loss of suppression that states that the loss of specific chromosomes from cell hybrids result in the re-emergence of tumor-forming ability that is initially suppressed. Another avenue—namely, the same process of chromosome re-arrangement that generates oncogene activity is also considered as a source of suppressor loss. In this context, cancer can be viewed as a disease of the genome in which chromosome instability lies at the heart of the process, generating the genotypic and phenotypic changes that typify the malignant disease. To assess the potential of tumor suppressor genes and gene products, it is often useful to re-examine the record of past studies as well as consider the application of novel molecular approaches.
Use of Contour Method for Welding Residual Stress Assessment

Abstract This paper presents a method to measure and calculate residual stress in A36 steel after submerged arc welding. Finite element method is used to simulate the welding process; results are compared with experimental data. After depositing beads on rectangular blocks, wire electrical discharge machining was used to section a steel block and welding bead in three orthogonal directions. The deformed surfaces due to releasing of residual stresses were measured using a precise 3D optical technique. The surface topography was used as boundary conditions in finite element to calculate the resulting residual stresses. The residual stress profiles from experiments and simulation were about 10% in agreement.
Dose optimization of moxifloxacin and linezolid against tuberculosis using mathematical modeling and simulation

Abstract Introduction There is an urgent need for new anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs and optimization of current TB treatment. Moxifloxacin and linezolid are valuable options for the treatment of drug-resistant TB; however, it is crucial to find a dose at which these drugs not only show high efficacy but also suppress the development of further drug resistance. Methods Activity of moxifloxacin and linezolid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was studied in the hollow-fiber infection model system in log-phase growth under neutral pH and slow growth in an acidic environment. Doses that achieved maximum bacterial kill while suppressing the emergence of drug resistance were determined. Through Monte Carlo simulations the quantitative output of this in vitro study was bridged to the human patient population to inform optimal dosage regimens while accounting for clinical minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions. Results and Discussion Moxifloxacin activity was significantly decreased in an acidified environment. The loss of activity was compensated by accumulation of the drug in TB lung lesions; therefore, moderate efficacy can be expected. Moxifloxacin 800 mg/day is the dose that most likely leads to resistance suppression while exerting maximum bacterial kill. Linezolid demonstrated very good activity even at a reduced pH. Linezolid 900 mg once-daily (QD) is likely to achieve a maximum killing effect and prevent the emergence of drug resistance; 600 mg QD in a robust drug regimen may have similar potential.
On the unchanging shape of thermoluminescence peaks in preheated feldspars: Implications for temperature sensing and thermochronometry

Abstract Significant advances have been made during the past 10 years in our understanding of the nature of thermoluminescence (TL) signals from feldspars. Modeling insights into the luminescence mechanism have been obtained based on quantum tunneling, and this has led to the development of new analytical equations for quantifying the luminescence signals. In addition, Monte Carlo studies have helped researchers understand the effect of random distributions of charges and of energy distributions on the TL signals. From an experimental point of view, there has been renewed interest in using these signals for particle temperature sensing in the microseconds-to-seconds time scale, and in thermochronometry applications involving a much larger geological time scale (103–105 yr). One of the fundamental issues in these field applications is the difficulty of calibrating the TL signals from feldspars as a function of the preheating temperature and of the preheating time. This paper presents new analytical expressions describing the changes in the TL glow curves in feldspar samples, when they are heated at different temperatures and for different preheat times. The behavior of the TL glow curves is described and some universal characteristics of TL glow curves are pointed out, which can be useful in analyzing regenerative TL signals. Good agreement is found between the analytical equations and experimental data for several geological feldspar samples. The insights obtained from the new equations and the model can help in understanding how feldspar TL signals record recent or geologic thermal signatures in temperature sensing and thermochronometry applications.
The gender difference in wages and the returns to schooling over the great recession in the U.S.

Abstract This paper examines the effects of the Great Recession on the gender difference in hourly wage and the rate of return to schooling in the United States. Using data from American Community Survey 2000–2015, we find that the male-female difference in hourly wage declined during and after the recession. The Great Recession decreased earnings for both men and women, especially for those with more education. We also find there is a significant gender difference in the effects of the Great Recession on the returns to schooling. The Great Recession increased the rate of return to schooling for both men and women, and the female-male difference in the returns to schooling decreased by 0.4 percentage points in the post-recession period. The change of the gender difference in the returns to schooling can be explained by the wage structure change for men and women over the recession.
The molecular landscape of the University of Michigan laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell line panel

Background Laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs) have a high risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. Patient-derived cancer cell lines remain important preclinical models for advancement of new therapeutic strategies, and comprehensive characterization of these models is vital in the precision medicine era. Methods We performed exome and transcriptome sequencing as well as copy number analysis of a panel of LSCC-derived cell lines that were established at the University of Michigan and are used in laboratories worldwide. Results We observed a complex array of alterations consistent with those reported in The Cancer Genome Atlas head and neck squamous cell carcinoma project, including aberrations in PIK3CA, EGFR, CDKN2A, TP53, and NOTCH family and FAT1 genes. A detailed analysis of FAT family genes and associated pathways showed disruptions to these genes in most cell lines. Conclusions The molecular profiles we have generated indicate that as a whole, this panel recapitulates the molecular diversity observed in patients and will serve as useful guides in selecting cell lines for preclinical modeling.
Nosing around α-synuclein

Neurons from the olfactory mucosa in combination with a highly sensitive amplification assay may offer a monitoring paradigm for α-synucleinopathies.
Practical Application of Assessment Principles in the Development of an Innovative Clinical Performance Evaluation in the Entrustable Professional Activity Era.

Educators have been challenged to create assessments that are competency-based and grounded in accepted standards such as the entrustable professional activities (EPAs). The clinical performance evaluation (CPE) is a commonly utilized assessment modality, which allows multiple evaluators to provide feedback on a learner’s performance in the clinical workplace. In this paper, we describe the relevant principles that served as a guide as we developed a new CPE for medical students that fully incorporate EPAs. This may help ease the transition for other institutions looking to introduce a new student CPE.
A mechanistic erosion model for cosmogenic nuclide inheritance in single-clast exposure ages

Abstract Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCNs), produced by the bombardment of Earth's surface by cosmic rays, are widely used for age-dating and pacing surface processes. Sediments carry an inherited TCN concentration, useful for quantifying erosion and transport rates, but that must be subtracted when age-dating sedimentary landforms, such as alluvial fans. Here we present a mechanistic model of inheritance based on the contributions of episodic erosion by landsliding and steady, background erosion due to soil formation. The balance of these processes, revealed by the distribution of inheritance recorded by a population of individual surface clasts, affects rates of soil generation and the cycling of material through the Earth's critical zone – the surficial layer upon which all terrestrial life depends. We test our inheritance model on alluvial fan TCN datasets drawn from a global compilation of active-fault slip-rate studies. Inheritance-corrected landform ages are systematically younger than published ages. Our results reveal a consistent signature of spatiotemporal clustering of landslides, important for quantifying hazard and for understanding the coupling of physical and chemical erosion. Application of our inheritance model provides a rigorous approach to correcting landform ages for inheritance and reveals information on landslide frequency, with broad implications for hazard and land use.
Use of Antihyperglycemic Medications in U.S. Adults: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

OBJECTIVE 1) To examine trends in the use of diabetes medications and 2) to determine whether physicians individualize diabetes treatment as recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of 2003–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. We included people ≥18 years who had ever been told they had diabetes, had an HbA1c >6.4%, or had a fasting plasma glucose >125 mg/dL. Pregnant women and patients aged RESULTS The final sample included 6,323 patients. The proportion taking any medication increased from 58% in 2003–2004 to 67% in 2015–2016 (P CONCLUSIONS Following ADA recommendations, the use of metformin increased, but physicians generally did not individualize treatment according to patients’ characteristics. Substantial opportunities exist to improve pharmacologic management of diabetes.
Reading prosody unpacked: A longitudinal investigation of its dimensionality and relation with word reading and listening comprehension for children in primary grades

We investigated the dimensionality of various indicators of reading prosody, and the relations of word reading and listening comprehension to the identified dimension(s) of reading prosody, using longitudinal data from Grades 1 to 3. A total of 371 English-speaking children were assessed on oral text reading, word reading, and listening comprehension in the fall and spring of each year (i.e., 6 waves of data). From oral text reading, reading prosody was evaluated on pause structures (pause duration, pause frequency) and pitch (intonation contour, F₀ change) using spectrographic analysis, and on expressiveness, smoothness, phrasing, and pacing using the Multi-Dimensional Fluency Scale (MFS). A bifactor structure described the data best across the 6 waves, composed of (a) a ratings and pause general factor, which captured common variance among MFS, pause frequency, and pause duration; (b) ratings (MFS) and pause specific factors, which captured variance over and above the ratings and pause general factor; and (c) a separate pitch factor, which captured variance in intonation contour and F0 change. Word reading and listening comprehension were related to the identified dimensions of reading prosody, but when they were in a model together, word reading, not listening comprehension, was uniquely related to reading prosody across the six waves. These results indicate that reading prosody is multidimensional and that a pitch factor is a dissociable skill from the general ratings and pause prosody. Furthermore, word reading is the primary driver for the development of various dimensions of reading prosody, at least for children in primary grades. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Desirable Difficulty and Attitudes toward Research among Psychology Undergraduates

Many educators agree that firsthand research experience benefits undergraduate psychology students in many ways (Landrum and Nelsen 2002). For supervisors it is natural to focus on the research ski...
In Party We Trust? Voter Support for Party-Backed Candidates in Primary Elections

When parties decide, do voters listen? We argue that the answer depends on voters’ trust in the institutions of American politics. Using both a conjoint experiment and a traditional survey experiment with subjects voting in hypothetical congressional primary elections, we find that respondents from both parties are more likely to support a candidate when that candidate is endorsed by a member of the party or when the candidate has previously served in elected office. However, these findings are conditional on trust and partisanship. For Democrats, we find that support for party-backed candidates erodes among low-trust respondents. Low-trust Democrats are particularly resistant to candidates endorsed by traditional party elites such as Speaker Pelosi, President Obama, and the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and are less likely to support experienced candidates. While low-trust Republicans are more skeptical of endorsements from traditional party actors like Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, the most salient attribute for Republicans is an endorsement from President Trump, which significantly boosted support in both studies independent of trust. Our findings support party-centric theories of primaries but suggest that voter distrust in the political system threatens parties’ control over their nominations.
Following science on social media: The effects of humor and source likability:

Science communicators have been encouraged to use humor in their online engagement efforts. Yet, humor's effectiveness for engaging people with science remains an open question. We report the results of an experiment designed to elicit varied levels of mirth in respondents, which was positively associated with perceived likability of the communicator and motivation to follow more science on social media. Furthermore, mirth and perceived likability serially mediated the effect of the experimental manipulation on motivation and factual science knowledge served as a moderator. This indicates that, while humor might be an effective means of reaching audiences, downstream effects are likely to vary depending on individuals' knowledge.
Documentation of Obesity on the Problem List and Referral Rates Among Children and Adults with Obesity

Purpose/Background: Obesity is a serious public health concern that is overwhelming primary care doctors. The 15 minute office visit model leaves little time for counseling in regards to nutrition and physical activity, and many providers may not have enough expertise in nutrition and exercise to confidently counsel their patients. Studies have shown that simply documenting obesity on the problem list promotes action about obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of obesity documentation on the problem list and referrals to obesity medicine …
Frontline clinician concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative inquiry

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has strained healthcare systems worldwide, placing a high psychological burden on frontline clinicians. There is an urgent need to better understand their stressors and determine if stressors differ by clinical role. The present study assessed the concerns among frontline clinicians across a large healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic to inform the development of tailored supportive services. Methods: From March – June 2020, frontline clinicians across the Mass General Brigham healthcare system were invited to register for an adapted mind-body resiliency group program. Clinicians completed pre- and post-program assessments asking them to report their COVID-19-related concerns. Qualitative data were analyzed in aggregate and by clinical role using content analysis to identify overarching domains. Results: Frontline clinicians’ concerns fall within seven domains: concerns for self, patients, family members, staff, existential concerns, systems-level concerns, and job-level concerns. Concerns for self and existential concerns were most commonly reported across clinical roles. Long-term care clinicians were highly concerned about patients’ wellbeing while rehabilitation therapists were highly concerned about their family members’ health. Across groups, nurse practitioners and physician assistants more often reported job-level concerns. Concerns for staff and systems level concerns were less frequently reported across clinical roles. Conclusions: Frontline clinicians share common pandemic-related concerns, but nuances exist among the concerns most frequently reported across clinical roles. Interventions that offer stress management and resiliency training may be helpful for addressing pandemic-related concerns overall. Future research should determine if tailored support services by clinical role may be warranted.
Core and Whole-Body Vibration Exercise Improve Military Foot March Performance in Novice Trainees: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present study was to investigate core exercise training and whole-body vibration (WBV) as a training method to improve performance and recovery from an 8-km military foot march in novice trainees. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 3 × 5 repeated measures randomized control trial was used to evaluate the effects of core exercise training and WBV on performance and recovery from an 8-km foot march. Thirty-nine participants were randomized into three groups: core exercise (Ex), WBV with core exercise (WBVEx), and control. Each participant completed two 8-km foot marches (FM1 and FM2) with a 35 pound rucksack, separated by 4 weeks. Participants in the Ex and WBVEx groups completed 3 weeks of core exercise training, three times per week in between FM1 and FM2. Performance time, creatine kinase (CK), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. The Auburn University Institutional Review Board approved all aspects of this study (protocol number: 19-211 MR 1907). RESULTS Performance time (P < .001) and CK (P = .005) were significantly improved during FM2 as compared to FM1. The Ex (d = -0.295) and WBVEx (d = -0.645) treatments had a large effect on performance time. CK (P < .001) and IL-6 (P < .001) were significantly elevated at the completion of the foot march regardless of group. Only CK remained elevated for 2 days (P < .001) following the foot march. CONCLUSIONS Core exercise training with or without WBV improved 8-km foot march performance time by 5-6 minutes. The improvements are likely because of an increase in trunk stability. Additionally, this study showed that completing two identical foot marches a month apart increases performance and improves recovery.
Salvage Following Transoral Laser Microsurgery for Early Glottic Cancer in National Veteran Database.

OBJECTIVES Transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) is commonly utilized for early glottic cancer and offers favorable oncologic and functional outcomes. However, the survival implications of salvage therapy for recurrent or persistent disease have not been definitively characterized. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, national database cohort study. METHODS Data were extracted from Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI) concerning the TLM-based management of T1-T2 glottic squamous cell carcinoma patients between 2000 and 2017. Patients were characterized as either requiring TLM-only, or in cases of persistent or recurrent local disease, TLM plus change in treatment modality (radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, or open surgery). Predictors of overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and salvage-free survival were evaluated via Cox and Fine-Gray models. RESULTS About 553 patients (70.9% T1a, 13.4% T1b, 15.7% T2) were included, with a median follow-up time of 74.5 months. The need for non-TLM salvage increased along with more advanced disease (11.7% T1a, 29.7% T1b, 32.2% T2). Compared to patients with T1a disease, those with T1b and T2 tumors initially treated with TLM had a significantly higher probability of receiving non-TLM salvage (T1b: HR 2.70, 95% CI: 1.61-4.54; T2: HR 3.02, 95% CI: 1.88-4.84). In a multivariable model, receipt of non-TLM salvage was not a significant predictor of either OS (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.62-1.33, P = .624) or CSS (HR 1.21 95% CI 0.51-2.86, P = .667). CONCLUSION The majority of patients with early glottic cancer that are managed with TLM do not require additional salvage therapy. When non-TLM salvage was required, there was no decrement in OS or CSS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:2766-2772, 2021.
Assessing the state of the art in longitudinal L2 pronunciation research: Trends and future directions

Abstract Longitudinal research methods often call to mind studies of various lengths. However, longitudinal research involves complex decisions related to study length, number of sessions, and session spacing, and these longitudinal choices must be coordinated with other aspects of research methodology. In this synthesis, I analyze 39 longitudinal L2 pronunciation studies that were published between 2006 and 2021 and did not include a pronunciation-specific intervention. I examine longitudinal design choices in light of participant sample characteristics such as age and context of learning, and measurement framework characteristics, which include choices related to target structures and tasks. Among other findings, results point to a lack of longer-term, multiwave studies dealing with pronunciation development. I offer suggestions for future work that can enhance the scope of L2 pronunciation research as well as recommendations for conducting and reporting longitudinal research.
Hierarchy of Sources of International Law: Different Approaches to the Issue of Its Existence

The article illustrates the fundamental aspects of sources of international law, discussing the Article 38(1) of the Statute of International Court of Justice in a sense whether there is a hierarchy or not. Considering different opinions of scholars, the article gives examples proving the non- existence of a hierarchy and explains why treaties and customs are more used rather than other sources by the Court.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of enrollment into ARDS and sepsis trials published between 2009 and 2019 in major journals.

BACKGROUND Enrollment problems are common among randomized controlled trials conducted in the ICU. However, little is known about actual trial enrollment rates and influential factors. We set out to determine the overall enrollment rate in recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), or sepsis, and which factors influenced enrollment rate. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by searching Pubmed using predefined terms for ARDS/ALI and sepsis to identify individually RCTs published among the seven highest impact general medicine and seven highest impact critical care journals between 2009 and 2019. Cluster randomized trials were excluded. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers using an electronic database management system. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of the eligible trials for the primary outcome of enrollment rate by time and site. RESULTS Out of 457 articles identified, 94 trials met inclusion criteria. Trials most commonly evaluated pharmaceutical interventions (53%), were non-industry funded (78%), and required prospective informed consent (81%). The overall mean enrollment rate was 0.83 (95% confidence interval: 0.57-1.21) participants per month per site. Enrollment in ARDS/ALI and sepsis trials were 0.48 (95% CI 0.32-0.70) and 0.98 (95% CI 0.62-1.56) respectively. The enrollment rate was significantly higher for single-center trials (4.86; 95% CI 2.49-9.51) than multicenter trials (0.52; 95% CI 0.41-0.66). Of the 36 trials that enrolled < 95% of the target sample size, 8 (22%) reported slow enrollment as the reason. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, recent ARDS/ALI and sepsis clinical trials had an overall enrollment rate of less than 1 participant per site per month. Novel approaches to improve critical care trial enrollment efficiency are needed to facilitate the translation of best evidence into practice.
Evolution of late stage differentiates in the Palisades Sill, New York and New Jersey

Abstract The Palisades Sill at Upper Nyack, NY contains evolved rocks that crystallized as ferrodiabase and ferrogranophyre and occupy 50% to 60% of the local thickness. 143 Nd/ 144 Nd isotope values for rocks representing Palisades diversity range between 0.512320 and 0.512331, and indicate a homogeneous source for the Palisades and little or no contamination from shallow crustal sediments. Petrographic analysis of ferrodiabase suggests that strong iron enrichment was the result of prolonged quiescence in cycles of magmatic input. Ferrogranophyres in the updip northern Palisades at Upper Nyack are members of a suite of cogenetic rocks with similar composition to ‘sandwich horizon’ rocks of the southern Palisades at Fort Lee, NJ, but display distinct mineralogical and textural features. Differences in textural and mineralogical features are attributed to a) updip (lateral) migration of residual liquid as the sill propagated closer to the surface; b) deformation caused by tectonic shifts; and c) crystallization in the presence of deuteric hydrothermal fluids resulting in varying degrees of alteration. A model connecting multiple magmatic pulses, compaction and mobilization of residual liquid by compositional convection, closed-system differentiation, synchronous with tapping of the sill for extrusion of coeval basaltic subaerial flows is presented. The persistence of a low-temperature mushy layer, represented by ferrogranophyres, supports the possibility of a long-lived conduit subject to reopening after periods of quiescence in magmatic input, leading to the extrusion of the multiple flows of the Orange Mountain Basalt and perhaps even subsequent Preakness Basalt flows, depending on solidification conditions. A sub-Newark Basin network of sills subjected to similar protracted input of pulses as hypothesized for the Palisades was likely responsible for 600 ka of magmatic activity required to emplace a third set of Watchung flood basalts, the Hook Mountain Basalt.
Modulation of Immune Function as a Consequence of Copper Deprivation

Considerable evidence has been presented regarding the complex relationships between nutrition, metabolism, responses to inflammation,1,2 susceptibility to neoplasia, and immunocompetence.3 These relationships, coupled with the potential effects of copper bioavailability on the outcome of toxicology studies,4 led us to evaluate the effects of diet and copper deprivation on immunocompetence.
Drying and Cooling Stored Crops

Drying and cooling harvested crops is customarily treated with other subjects, such as crop processing, but certain aspects of this topic are so intimately related to environmental control for the preservation of crops in storage that it is not only appropriate but essential to include it here.
Rule-Based Mechanisms of Learning for Intelligent Adaptive Flight Control

This paper investigates how certain aspects of human learning can be used to characterize learning in intelligent adaptive control systems. Reflexive and declarative memory and learning are described. It is shown that model-based systems-theoretic adaptive control methods exhibit attributes of reflexive learning, whereas the problem-solving capabilities of knowledge-based systems of artificial intelligence are naturally suited for implementing declarative learnig. Issues related to learning in knowledge-based control systems are addressed, with particular attention given to rule-based systems. A mechanism for real-time rule-based knowledge acquisition is suggested, and utilization of this mechanism within the context of failure diagnosis for fault-tolerant flight control is demonstrated.
Legionella pneumophila Subversion of Host Vesicular Transport by SidC Effector Proteins

Tethering proteins play a key role in vesicular transport, ensuring that cargo arrives at a specific destination. The bacterial effector protein SidC and its paralog SdcA have been described as tethering factors encoded by the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Here, we demonstrate that SidC proteins are important for early events unique to maturation of vacuoles containing Legionella and discover monoubiquitination of Rab1 as a new SidC-dependent activity. The crystal structure of the SidC N-terminus revealed a novel fold that is important for function and could be involved in Legionella adaptations to evolutionarily divergent host cells it encounters in natural environments.
Reflections on Film Studies

_Reinventing Film Studies_ Edited by Christine Gledhill and Linda Williams London: Arnold Publishers, 2000 ISBN 0-340-67723-6 464 pp.
NOISE ABSORPTION OF AUTOMOTIVE SEATS

In this study seat covers made from textiles, leather and vinyl were evaluated for noise absorption. The textiles included woven velours, pile knits and flat wovens. The noise absorption of the covers and the corresponding seat assemblies was tested by the reverberation room method per ASTM C423. The effect of different foams was also tested. For the leather and vinyl covers, the effect of perforation was evaluated. Test results showed distinctive differences between textiles and leather/vinyl with cloth seats having superior noise absorption. Even among the textiles, there are significant differences. Core foam densities affect the characteristics as well.For pile fabrics (woven velours and pile knits), the size of the pile fibre does not affect the acoustic characteristics of the seat. Also, no significant difference was observed between a bonded seat and a conventional (cut and sew) seat. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 492369.
Estrogen-binding proteins in the human postmenopausal uterus.

Abstract Two intracellular high-affinity, low-capacity estrogen-binding proteins, which have the characteristics of receptors, with equilibrium dissociation constants of 10 −10 M and 10 −9 M, have been observed in the human uterus. The higher-affinity protein (10 −10 M) appears to play the main role in activating end-organ response to estrogen stimulation. The role of the lower-affinity protein (10 −9 M) is uncertain. In a human postmenopausal uterine system without estrogen stimulation, Scatchard analysis of uterine cytosol partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and incubated at 4° C for 18 hours revealed only the higher-affinity receptor component (10 −10 M). In a postmenopausal uterine system with estrogen priming (and in the premenopausal uterus) both the high- and low-affinity components were observed. Competition studies indicated that the receptors were specific for estradiol. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
Progesterone and estradiol in the saliva and plasma during the menstrual cycle

Abstract Plasma and salivary progesterone and estradiol were measured throughout nine menstrual cycles and before and after intramuscular injection of progesterone in four women. Mean ± standard error of the mean (SE) salivary progesterone increased significantly from 238.7 ± 14.3 pg/ml in the proliferative phase to 475.3 ± 39.8 pg/ml in the secretory phase (p
A high-throughput kinome screen reveals serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 as a therapeutic target for NF2-deficient meningiomas

Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial adult tumor. All Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2)-associated meningiomas and ~60% of sporadic meningiomas show loss of NF2 tumor suppressor protein. There are no effective medical therapies for progressive and recurrent meningiomas. Our previous work demonstrated aberrant activation of mTORC1 signaling that led to ongoing clinical trials with rapamycin analogs for NF2 and sporadic meningioma patients. Here we performed a high-throughput kinome screen to identify kinases responsible for mTORC1 pathway activation in NF2-deficient meningioma cells. Among the emerging top candidates were the mTORC2-specific target serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). In NF2-deficient meningioma cells, inhibition of SGK1 rescues mTORC1 activation, and SGK1 activation is sensitive to dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor AZD2014, but not to rapamycin. PAK1 inhibition also leads to attenuated mTORC1 but not mTORC2 signaling, suggesting that mTORC2/SGK1 and Rac1/PAK1 pathways are independently responsible for mTORC1 activation in NF2-deficient meningiomas. Using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, we generated isogenic human arachnoidal cell lines (ACs), the origin cell type for meningiomas, expressing or lacking NF2. NF2-null CRISPR ACs recapitulate the signaling of NF2-deficient meningioma cells. Interestingly, we observe increased SGK1 transcription and protein expression in NF2-CRISPR ACs and in primary NF2-negative meningioma lines. Moreover, we demonstrate that the dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor, AZD2014 is superior to rapamycin and PAK inhibitor FRAX597 in blocking proliferation of meningioma cells. Importantly, AZD2014 is currently in use in several clinical trials of cancer. Therefore, we believe that AZD2014 may provide therapeutic advantage over rapalogs for recurrent and progressive meningiomas.
Cloning, sequence, and expression of mouse protoporphyrinogen oxidase.

Abstract Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) is the penultimate enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the six-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin. A dominantly inherited genetic deficiency in this enzyme results in the disease variegate porphyria. We now report the cloning, sequence, and expression of mouse protoporphyrinogen oxidase. The cDNA for mouse protoporphyrinogen oxidase was obtained by complementation ofEscherichia coliSASX38, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-deficient strain, with a mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cell expression library. The sequence of this cDNA along with 5′ untranslated sequence obtained by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends of MEL cell mRNA is 1814 bp in length and contains an open reading frame of 1431 bp. This encodes a protein of 477 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 50,870. The protein as expressed inE. coliis sensitive to inhibition by the diphenyl ether herbicide acifluorfen. Northern blot analyses of RNA from uninduced and induced MEL cells as well as mouse hepatoma cells all show two major mRNA species of 1.8 and 3.6 kb.
Interaction effects in topological superconducting wires supporting Majorana fermions

Among the broad spectrum of systems predicted to exhibit topological superconductivity and Majorana fermions, one-dimensional wires with strong spin-orbit coupling provide one of the most promising experimental candidates. Here we investigate the fate of the topological superconducting phase in such wires when repulsive interactions are present. Using a combination of density matrix renormalization group, bosonization, and Hartree--Fock techniques, we demonstrate that while interactions degrade the bulk gap---consistent with recent results of Gangadharaiah et al.---they also greatly expand the parameter range over which the topological phase arises. In particular, we show that with interactions this phase can be accessed over a broader chemical potential window, thereby leading to greater immunity against disorder-induced chemical potential fluctuations in the wire. We also suggest that in certain wires strong interactions may allow Majorana fermions to be generated without requiring a magnetic field.
Digestion of a mouse λ1 chain with staphylococcal protease yields a large V-region fragment accessible to direct amino acid sequence analysis☆

Digestion of the MOPC 104E mouse λ1 chain with staphylococcal protease under conditions reported to restrict proteolytic cleavage to glutamic acid residues has generated a large fragment of the V-region which is accessible to automated amino-acid sequence analysis. The forty residues of amino-acid sequence obtained were consistent with the published sequence (Kabat et al., 1976) with the exception that cleavage carboxyterminal to position 7 suggests that this residue is glutamic acid, rather than glutamtne as published. Since the positions of glutamic acid in murine λ1 and λ2 chains are highly conserved, it is likely that the method described will be applicable to most, if not all, λ1 chains and possibly λ2 chains as well.
Cardiovascular disease with diabetes or the metabolic syndrome: should statins or fibrates be first line lipid therapy?

Purpose of reviewSubgroups with diabetes or with features of the metabolic syndrome have been increasingly highlighted in large clinical endpoint trials with lipid therapy. This review will focus on the results of trials with statins or fibrates and examine the strength of the evidence for major car