cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context for Writing in Engineering Curriculum

An integrated approach to teaching technical writing requires a unified faculty commitment to improving student writing, student motivation, appropriate writing assignments, strong evaluation standards, and productive instruction techniques. Effective technical writing has certain distinguishing qualities: a clearly defined audience and purpose, careful organization and development of ideas, and a concise and accurate style. Students can best develop these qualities when writing assignments and instruction are presented in the realistic context of engineering problem solving. The writers advocate the collaborative development of student writing by both English and engineering faculties. In an effective collaborative program, all engineering instructors stress the importance of writing in engineering practice and in their evaluation of student writing assignments, while using effective teaching strategies like peer and self review of writing drafts, one‐to‐one conferencing, and portfolio evaluation.
Central opioid receptor subtype antagonists differentially alter sucrose and deprivation-induced water intake in rats.

Abstract The present study compared the effectiveness of centrally-administered opioid receptor subtype antagonists to inhibit intake of either a 10% sucrose solution under ad libitum conditions, or water following 24 h of water deprivation. Full dose-response functions were evaluated over a 1 h period for the following antagonists: naltrexone (general: 1–50 μg), nor-binaltorphamine (Nor-BNI, κ: 1–20 μg), β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA, μ: 1–20 μg), naltrindole (δ2: 1–20 μg), [ d -Ala2, Leu5, Cys6]-enkephalin (DALCE δ1: 10–40 μg) and naloxonazine (μ1: 10–50 μg). Naltrexone significantly and dose-dependntly inhibited both sucrose intake (64–67%) and deprivation-induced water intake (53–67%). Nor-BNI significantly and dose-dependently inhibited sucrose intake (53–55%), but failed to significantly affect (28%) deprivation-induced water intake. β-FNA significantly and dose-dependently inhibited both sucrose intake (31–34%) and deprivation-induced water intake (36–50%). Naltrindole failed to significantly alter either sucrose intake (24%) or deprivation-induced water intake (16%). Whereas DALCE significantly, but transiently (15–20 min) inhibited sucrose intake (28%), it failed to significantly alter deprivation-induced water intake (14%). Naloxonazine significantly, but transiently (5–10 min) stimulated sucrose intake at low doses (26%), but non-significantly reduced sucrose intake at higher doses (20%). Naloxonazine failed to significantly alter deprivation-induced water intake (16% reduction). These data indicate that whereas the κ and μ2 binding sites participate in the opioid modulation of sucrose intake, the μ2 binding site participates in the opioid modulation of deprivation-induced water intake.
Medication Usage and the Risk of Neoplasia in Patients With Barrett's Esophagus

Background & Aims Experimental evidence indicates that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)/aspirin, and statins can protect patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) from developing neoplasias. However, only limited data are available on chemoprevention in patients with BE. Methods A retrospective observational study was performed using data from patients with documented BE. Prescription information was collected from pharmacy records. Cox regression analyses were performed to examine the association between prescriptions for PPIs, NSAIDs/aspirin, or statins and the risk of developing esophageal dysplasia or adenocarcinoma during follow-up (from 1982 to 2005). Results We examined 344 patients diagnosed with BE (mean age 61 years, 90.4% Caucasian, 94.2% male). After BE diagnosis, 67.2% of the patients were prescribed PPIs for a mean duration of 5.1 years; 49.1% were prescribed NSAIDs for a mean duration of 3.6 years, and 25.3% were prescribed statins for a mean duration of 2.8 years. During 2620 patient-years, high grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma developed in 33 patients. PPI treatment after BE diagnosis was associated with a reduced risk of high grade dysplasia or cancer; this association persisted after adjustment for gender, age, and the length of BE. NSAID and/or aspirin therapy were associated with a nonsignificant trend toward lower incidence of high grade dysplasia or esophageal cancer. Conclusions PPI therapy reduces the risk of neoplasms in patients with BE. NSAIDs/aspirin appear to reduce cancer risk whereas statin use is not significantly associated with the risk of neoplasia in patients with BE.
Resistance to cypermethrin in first generation adult bollworm and tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations collected as larvae on wild geranium, and in the second and third larval generations.

First generation (G1) larvae of the overwintered (parent) population of bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and of the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.), were collected in wild geranium, Geranium dissectum L. and G. carolinianum L., and then reared on artifical diet. These first generation (G1) adults were tested with a vial bioassay for resistance to cypermethrin. Survival, at the 10 p. g per vial rate, of the (G1) adult male and female bollworm was 2.9 and 5.6% and of the (G1) tobacco budworm-26 and 41.5%, respectively. First generation (G1) male and female tobacco bud worm moths that survived the 10 p.g per vial rate were mated, and the resulting second generation (G2) larvae were divided into two groups. One group was tested as third instars for resistance in a cotton terminal bud bioassay. The second group was reared to the adult stage, mated, and the resulting third generation (G3) larvae were treated as third instars with topical application of cypermethrin. In the cotton terminal bud bioassay, 65% of the (G2) larvae tested survived an application of Cymbush (cypermethrin) at its highest recommended field rate (0.09 kg [AI]/ha). LD50’s and LD50’s obtained from the topical treatment of (G3) larvae with cypermethrin were intermediate to those reported by others for tobacco budworm larvae collected from fields with control problems in the Mississippidelta. These data indicate that if the (G1) adult and (G2) larval populations in cotton in June were treated with pyrethroids, control problems would be more likely to occur later in the growing season.
An analysis of residual stress formation in whisker-reinforced AlSiC composites

Abstract The effects of fiber spacing, volume fraction and aspect ratio on the residual stresses in metal-matrix composites are analyzed numerically. The composite is modeled as a periodic array of cylindrical cells, each consisting of the matrix alloy with a whisker embedded in the ceter. Account is taken of thermoelasticity both in the fiber and in the matrix and of temperature-dependent plasticity in the aluminum matrix. A general formulation, valid for finite strains and rotations, is discussed. Quenching is simulated by imposing a temperature history obtained from a macroscopic solution of the heat equation for a cylindrical bar to the surface of a cell. The resulting residual stress fields are calculated. The results show that the side-to-side spacing of fibers is the most important microstructural parameter affecting the distribution of residual stress and plastic deformation in the matrix. The overall level of plastic deformation in the matrix, measured by the volume average of effective plastic strain, depends primarily on fiber volume fraction. The fiber aspect ratio has little effect, apparently because the residual fields become essentially independent of axial position a short distance from the fiber corner.
Evaluation of the efficiency of streamflow data collection strategies for alluvial rivers

Abstract Streamflow discharge is usually determined indirectly from measurements of the river stage at gaging stations and through the use of stage-discharge relationships (rating curves). However, in alluvial streams, stage-discharge relationships change continually and, sometimes, quite markedly. Such changes may be caused by major floods, seasonal variations, or long-term secular trends associated with changes in the river channel. Consequently, reliable estimates of discharge using rating curves are not possible unless frequent direct measurements of discharge are made. Such measurements involve appreciable costs, and it is important to evaluate their contribution in increasing the accuracy of estimation of quantities of interest such as mean daily, monthly or annual flow. A methodology for the evaluation of the efficiency of data-collection strategies for alluvial rivers is developed and applied to stations on the Missouri River, U.S.A. A flexible and expedient model describing the variability of discharges and shifts in the stage-discharge relationship is developed. Procedures for the estimation of parameters and the validation of the model using actual data are presented. The calibrated and validated model is then employed in simulations to evaluate the effect of sampling strategies (such as frequency and accuracy of discharge measurements) on the accuracy of estimated mean daily, monthly and annual flow. Curves relating the cost of sampling to the achieved accuracy can be generated, and the optimization of sampling strategies given accuracy or budget objectives or constraints can be achieved.
The role of reductants in the tyrosine hydroxylase reaction.

Abstract The role of several reducing systems in the tyrosine hydroxylase reaction has been studied. A significant dependence upon the reducing systems beyond that required to regenerate the oxidized cofactor has been observed. 2-Mercaptoethanol, NADPH, and ascorbate are each effective at reducing the cofactor, but their abilities to stimulate tyrosine hydroxylase vary over a threefold range. NADPH is a suitable reductant for the tyrosine hydroxylase reaction, even in the absence of pteridine reductase. A reducing system containing ascorbate, ferrous ion, and catalase gives unusually high enzyme activity and low blanks. This ascorbate system, in addition to being useful for in vitro enzyme assays, may serve as a model for the in vivo reaction. Ascorbate may play an important role in the hydroxylation of tyrosine in catecholaminergic tissues. This study demonstrates that an efficient reductant for the tyrosine hydroxylase reaction must, in addition to reducing the pterin cofactor, also interact effectively with the enzyme itself.
Flexible and robust multimodal interfaces for universal access

Multimodal interfaces are inherently flexible, which is a key feature that makes them suitable for both universal access and next-generation mobile computing. Recent studies also have demonstrated that multimodal architectures can improve the performance stability and overall robustness of the recognition-based component technologies they incorporate (e.g., speech, vision, pen input). This paper reviews data from two recent studies in which a multimodal architecture suppressed errors and stabilized system performance for accented speakers and during mobile use. It concludes with a discussion of key issues in the design of future multimodal interfaces for diverse user groups.
Thermodynamic cycle-perturbation study of the binding of trifluoroacetyl dipeptide anilide inhibitors with porcine pancreatic elastase

The variety of results of crystallographic studies of the serine proteases complexed with isocoumarin inhibitors presents a challenging problem to modeling methods and molecular energetics. Therefore, the thermodynamic cycle-perturbation technique has been used to study a model system of elastase and two peptidic inhibitors. Using the program AMBER, the technique correctly predicts changes of the binding constants for the trifluoroacetyl dipeptide inhibitors in comparison with available experimental (kinetic and crystallographic) data. However, the absolute values obtained are shown to be sensitive to the specific electrostatic interaction potential parameters used in the simulations. The reader and user are cautioned that thermodynamic cycle-perturbation results may be too optimistic by underestimating the accuracy of free energy values. This is especially a matter of concern for those cases where a direct comparison with experimental values is not possible, viz., (1) the stimulation of binding of novel compounds, (2) structurally uncertain binding sites, or (3) structurally different binding modes. With our best 4-31G* ESP (electrostatic potential) charges we were able to reproduce experimentally determined free energy differences (delta delta A) with an accuracy of about 1.5 kcal/mol. Dynamically induced structural changes in the binding site of elastase, and particularly changes in hydrogen-bond patterns of the binding site, are also reported.
Diet and Mandibular Morphology in African Apes

Investigations seeking to understand the relationship between mandibular form, function, and dietary behavior have focused on the mandibular corpus and symphysis. African apes vary along a gradient of folivory/frugivory, yet few studies have evaluated the morphology of the mandibular corpus and symphysis in these taxa, and the investigations have yielded mixed results. Specifically, studies using external metrics have identified differences in mandibular proportions that analysis of cortical bone distribution has not substantiated. I contribute to the ongoing debate on the relationship between jaw form and dietary behavior by comparing mandibular corporal and symphyseal shapes in African apes. Importantly, and in contrast to previous studies of African ape internal geometry, I include the Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), the ape most specialized toward a folivorous diet. I test the hypotheses that 1) Gorilla beringei beringei always has significantly more robust mandibular corpora and symphyses, relative to mandibular length, than all other African apes and 2) all gorillas have significantly more robust mandibular corpora and symphyses, relative to mandibular length, than Pan. Results demonstrate that the folivorous mountain gorillas consistently exhibit a relatively wider mandibular symphysis and corpus than all other African apes. Furthermore, all gorillas consistently exhibit relatively more robust mandibular corporal and symphyseal dimensions than Pan. The results indicate that among African apes, mountain gorillas are better able to counter lateral transverse bending (wishboning) loads at the symphysis and torsional loads at the corpus. All gorillas are likewise better able to resist wishboning and vertical bending at the symphysis, and sagittal bending and torsion at the corpus, than Pan, findings that are consistent with masticating relatively tougher foods, repetitive loading of the jaws, or both. I offer possible explanations for the lack of concordance in results between studies that have analyzed the biomechanical properties of African ape mandibles and others that have relied on external metrics. More comprehensive study of the internal geometry of the mandible is needed to resolve whether African apes differ morphologically in ways predicted by dietary variation.
Morphology and intracellular localization of a bacilliform latent virus in sweet clover

In two species of symptomless sweet clover (Melilotis alba Desr. and M. officinalis (L.) Lam.), bacilliform particles were observed. The viral nature of these particles was established through transmission by tissue union and by morphological characteristics; thereupon, they were designated as Melilotis latent virus (MLV). Bacilliform particles occurred as single units or monomers 300–350 mμ long and as dimers 600-300 mμ long. In addition, bullet-shaped particles 230–300 mμ long were prevalent in negatively stained preparations. These latter particles may originate from breakage of dimers into units of equal length. All particles were ca. 80 mμ in diameter and consisted of an outer coat 70 A thick, an inner tubular component 600 A wide with a 100 A wide axial core. The wall of the inner component was 100–120 A thick and contained transverse striations with a 45–50 A periodicity. Most virions occurred within the perinuclear space. The inner component of the virion was observed within the nucleus. Mature virions, containing both the inner component and outer coat, were present within the perinuclear space, and the outer coat was frequently continuous with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. It thus seems likely that the complete virion was assembled as the inner component was extruded from the nucleus into the perinuclear space through the process of synhymenosis. Mature virions also occurred in the cytoplasm within membrane-bound vesicles, possibly arising from delamination of the nuclear envelope.
Power estimation for the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz method1

Rationale and objectives The authors describe how to perform power and sample size computations for the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz method for analyzing multireader receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies when data from a pilot study or from a previous study similar to the planned study are available. Materials and methods Power and sample size computations are described in a step-by-step procedure. Results To illustrate the power computation method we treat 2 studies that did not show a significant difference between modalities as pilot studies for planning future studies. For the future studies we plan to compare the modalities with respect to the mean of the treatment-reader area under the curve (AUC) estimates. We show how to estimate the reader and case sample sizes for each future study to have 80% power to detect a specified difference in modality AUCs. Conclusions Application of the power and sample size computation procedure for the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz method is straightforward. For a given effect size there will be several different reader and case sample size combinations that yield the desired power. It is important that the pilot study or previous study used for the computations be comparable to the planned study with respect to the modalities, reader expertise, case selection, and ratio of normal to abnormal cases.
Smoking is bad for lungs, right?

“A 27-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis died of cancer after she was given the donor lungs of a smoker. [Father] said he believes his daughter would not have agreed to the transplant had she known the middle-aged donor was a heavy smoker.”—BBC News, December 2012 Steady surgical improvements over the last two decades have led to an ambitious expansion of clinical lung transplantation in the United States. Within the last 5 years, 4 USA centers have performed over 100 lung transplants in 1 year, something that had never happened in the previous 25 years. With such expansion has come the inevitable risk taking with donors and recipients. Although the use of donors with long ischemic time, poor oxygenation, contusion or signs of pneumonia may concern the public, there is something about cigarette smoking that seems to draw special attention. Certainly, years of public health warnings about the hazards of tobacco use, fear of lung cancer, and the elimination of public smoking has created an environment where utilization of smoker donors for lung transplant seems shocking. And yet most transplant surgeons and pulmonologists begrudgingly accept the idea that lungs from a donor who has smoked 41 pack of cigarettes per day for 420 years is probably still better than dying with emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis. And they would be mostly correct. In this issue of JHLT, Taghavi et al reviews the USA experience with using heavy smoker (HSD) lungs in a modern cohort of single lung transplant recipients. From 2005 to 2010, more than 3,000 single lung transplants were performed with approximately 500 of these patients getting lungs from donors with a smoking history of 420 pack-years. The authors examine a variety of parameters and, with solid statistical modeling, conclude there are essentially minor differences in outcomes, including intermediate-term death and reported pulmonary function. Their focus on single lung transplantation is unclear but presumably addresses a bias toward avoiding marginal organs for single lung recipients. The report’s real merit lies in illuminating two important ideas. The first is that the lung transplant community continues to make the peri-operative period less lethal. Despite the increasing patient acuity, early post-operative outcomes are improving. Also, despite using organs from heavy smokers, the early and intermediate outcomes are
IL-13 Induces YY1 through the AKT Pathway in Lung Fibroblasts

A key feature of lung fibrosis is the accumulation of myofibroblasts. Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a pro-fibrotic mediator that directly and indirectly influences the activation of myofibroblasts. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) promotes the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and can be regulated by IL-13. However, IL-13’s downstream signaling pathways are not completely understood. We previously reported that the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is upregulated in fibroblasts treated with TGF-β and in the lungs of mice and patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, YY1 directly regulates collagen and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in fibroblasts. However, it is not known if IL-13 regulates fibroblast activation through YY1 expression. We hypothesize that IL-13 up-regulates YY1 expression through regulation of AKT activation, leading to fibroblast activation. In this study we found that YY1 was upregulated by IL-13 in lung fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner, resulting in increased α-SMA. Conversely, knockdown of YY1 blocked IL-13-induced α-SMA expression in fibroblasts. Furthermore, AKT phosphorylation was increased in fibroblasts treated with IL-13, and AKT overexpression upregulated YY1, whereas blockade of AKT phosphorylation suppressed the induction of YY1 by IL-13 in vitro. In vivo YY1 was upregulated in fibrotic lungs from CC10-IL-13 transgenic mice compared to that from wild-type littermates, which was associated with increased AKT phosphorylation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that IL-13 is a potent stimulator and activator of fibroblasts, at least in part, through AKT-mediated YY1 activation.
Bernard Mandeville as moralist and materialist

SummaryToday remembered primarily as an eighteenth-century predecessor of laissez-faire economics, Bernard Mandeville's notorious Fable of the Bees marks the intersection of two modes of thought. On the one hand, Mandeville was a ‘moralist’ heir to the French Augustinianism of the previous century, viewing sociability as a mere mask for vanity and pride. On the other, he was a ‘materialist’ forerunner of economics, concerned to demonstrate the universality of human appetites for corporeal pleasures. The tension between these two modes of thought results in ambivalences and contradictions—concerning the relative power of norms and interests, the relationship between motives and behaviours, and the historical variability of human cultures—that run throughout the Fable. Both traditions, with their attendant difficulties, have a long afterlife in the later history of the social sciences; understanding their origins in Mandeville's thought can help us get a firmer grip on problems that still trouble us today.
A simple derivation of Lloyd's classical result for the optimum scalar quantizer (Corresp.)

The classical result of Lloyd for the optimum scalar quantizer in the asymptotic case of fine quantization is derived from first principles. The derivation is offered as a simple alternative to Lloyd's original and elegant piece of analysis, and the result is used to derive the optimum compander. We then show why a compander that presents uniformly distributed random variables to the quantizer is not a good idea.
Flow and Species Transport Control in Grooved Micro-Channels

We demonstrate flow control concepts in a grooved micro-channel using selectively patterned, electroosmotically active surfaces and locally applied electric fields. This framework enables formation of rather complex flow patterns in simple micro-geometries. Ability to vary the electric field magnitude and its polarity also manifests time-dependent flow alterations, which results in flow and species transport control abilities. The results obtained in a single micro-groove constitute the proof of concept for flow and species transport control in an integrated serial micro-fluidic process, where multiple species can be trapped and released in prescribed amounts in a micro-channel with multiple grooves. The groove size determines volume of the entrapped species. In addition, each groove can simultaneously contain one or two species at the same time. The proposed flow and species transport control scheme allows control over the interspecies diffusion and mixing time and length scales by simply adjusting the electric field direction and its magnitude. We envision utilization of flow and species transport in a grooved micro channel, where combinatorial chemistry experiments can be performed using multiple grooves, where each groove can be addressed (filled, emptied or mixed) independently.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Characterization of mechanical properties of multiwalled nanotube polymer composites

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are dispersed in polycarbonate matrices using a novel solution mixing technique and dynamic load tests are performed to characterize the storage and loss modulus. Tests are also performed with pristine polycarbonate (no carbon fillers), to compare the response of the two materials. The test results indicate that as the strain amplitude is increased, the storage modulus decreases in conjunction with an increase in the loss modulus. This suggests that at large strain levels the adhesion between the nanotubes and polymer is not strong enough to prevent interfacial slip, resulting in frictional sliding at the tube-polymer interfaces. This debonding at the filler-matrix interface is responsible for the observed decrease in storage modulus and increase in loss modulus. The nanotube-polymer sliding energy dissipation mechanism shows potential to reliably and efficiently deliver high levels of structural damping to polymer structures.
The Improvement of Linseed Oil Meal for Chick Feeding by the Addition of Synthetic Vitamins

Abstract In the course of experiments testing the effect of certain feedstuffs in alleviating the toxicity of linseed oil meal for chicks (Kratzer, 1946, 1947; McGinnis and Polis, 1946; MacGregor and McGinnis, 1947), it was found that a butyl fermentation product and dried brewers yeast were beneficial. Further trials indicated that a mixture of synthetic vitamins was also effective in improving the growth of chicks fed a ration containing 30 percent linseed oil meal. S.C. White Leghorn chicks were used in these experiments according to the methods previously described (Kratzer, 1946). There were 11, 9 and 10 chicks per group respectively in the 3 trials. The basal ration contained ground wheat 25, ground barley 16, crude casein 5.0, dried whey 10.0, alfalfa meal 10.0, steamed bone meal 1.0, ground limestone 2.0, iodized salt 1.0, manganese sulfate 0.0125 and fish oil (3000 A, 400 D) 0.125 gm. The supplements fed and the . . .
LOCALIZATION AND EXPRESSION OF THE alpha1A-1, alpha1B AND alpha1D-ADRENOCEPTORS IN HYPERPLASTIC AND NON-HYPERPLASTIC HUMAN PROSTATE

AbstractPurpose: To determine the expression and localization of the alpha1A-1, alpha1B and alpha1D-adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes in hyperplastic and non-hyperplastic human prostate tissue.Materials and Methods: The expression of the alpha1-AR subtypes was examined at the mRNA level by quantitative solution hybridization, and at the protein level by immunohistochemistry using subtype selective antibodies.Results: While the overall level of alpha1-AR mRNA was not significantly different between hyperplastic and non-hyperplastic tissue, there were significant differences in the ratio of the alpha1-AR subtypes expressed in the two tissue types. The most significant finding from these studies was the reduced expression of the alpha1b-AR mRNA in both glandular and stromal hyperplasia. By immunohistochemistry, the alpha1A-1-AR was detected in the stroma and not in the glandular epithelium. The alpha1B-AR was localized predominantly in the epithelium and was weakly present in the stroma. Lower levels of the alpha1B...
Familial multiple blue nevi

Abstract The blue nevus most commonly presents as a solitary blue nodule. Four histologic variants of blue nevus have been described. Rarely, multiple blue nevi blue nevi may occur in a single person. Only 1 case of familial multiple blue nevi has been described.(J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:322-5.)
Deformable Face Fitting with Soft Correspondence Constraints

Despite significant progress in deformable model fitting over the last decade, the problem of efficient and accurate person-independent face fitting remains a challenging problem. In this work, a reformulation of the generative fitting objective is presented, where only soft correspondences between the model and the image are enforced. This has the dual effect of improving robustness to unseen faces as well as affording fitting time which scales linearly with the model's complexity. This approach is compared with three state-of-the-art fitting methods on the problem of person independent face fitting, where it is shown to closely approach the accuracy of the currently best performing method while affording significant computational savings.
A deformation tensor model of Brownian suspensions of orientable particles—the nonlinear dynamics of closure models

Abstract A new model is developed for the evolution of the orientation distribution within a flowing Brownian suspension of orientable particles, e.g. fibers, disks, rods, etc. Rather than solving the full Fokker-Planck equation for the orientation distribution function for the suspended phase, and in place of the usual approach of developing a moment closure model, a new approach is taken in which an evolution equation is developed for an approximate, simplified deformation of the orientable particles associated with a material point. The evolution equation for the remaining degrees of freedom in the assumed class of deformations is developed from the Fokker-Planck equation; it is as quick to integrate as direct moment tensor evolution equations. Because the deformation is restricted to a special class, one can show a priori that the model always gives physically sensible results, even in complicated flows of practical interest. The nonlinear dynamics of the model in unsteady, three-dimensional flows is considered. It is shown that the model predicts bounded deformations in all flows. The model has a unique global attractor in any steady, three-dimensional flow, provided the rotary Brownian diffusivity is non-zero. In contrast, commonly used moment closure approximations can only be shown to have a unique global attractor when the rotary Brownian diffusivity is large enough (i.e. when the flow is weak enough). This may be the explanation of why a supurious (multiple) attractor was recently observed at high Peclet number in uniform shear flow of a dilute suspension modeled using the first composite closure of Hinch and Leal, by Chaubal, Leal and Fredrickson (J. Rheol., 39(1) (1995) 73–103).
On Original Sin

This article sets out a constructive account of original sin that attempts to take seriously the Christian tradition (particularly, the Reformed tradition), and that avoids the serious theological drawback of the doctrine of original guilt. I dub this account the moderate Reformed doctrine of original sin. I also argue that an adequate understanding of original sin must be open-textured enough to accommodate some version of the story of evolutionary human development. Although I do not offer an account of how original sin is consistent with evolutionary human development, the doctrine set out here is commensurate with several live options on this controversial theological topic, which I take to be a strength, rather than a weakness, of the view.
Spaced Practice and the Maturation Hypothesis

(1937). Spaced Practice and the Maturation Hypothesis. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 245-259.
Crosslinked, Glassy Styrenic Surfactants Stabilize Quantum Dots Against Environmental Extremes.

Semiconductor, quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles (including CdSe/ZnS, CdTe/ZnS, and CdSe) were encapsulated within crosslinked shells of amphiphilic polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) block copolymer. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that each particle was surrounded by a uniform layer of copolymer, and that the average diameter of the resulting QD-core micelles was between 25 and 50 nm, depending on the conditions of particle assembly. Overall, we found that aqueous suspensions of these QDs were substantially more stable to heat and pH than particles with other surface preparations; we argue that the enhanced stability is due to the uniform, hydrophobic coating of polystyrene around each particle and the reinforcement of this layer by shell-crosslinking. The biocompatibility of these particles was investigated by microinjection of particle suspension into live zebrafish embryos. The particles permanently stained the fish vasculature, but did not interfere with the normal development of the fish. We propose that QDs encapsulated in crosslinked block-copolymer shells allow QDs to be used in biological or biotechnological protocols requiring harsh reaction conditions.
Hepatocellular adenomas in a large community population, 2000 to 2010: reclassification per current World Health Organization classification and results of long-term follow-up.

Summary The data used for the World Health Organization classification of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) is largely based on cases from tertiary level centers in Europe. This study examines the distribution of HCA subtypes in a large community population and determines the impact of immunohistochemistry (IHC) on reclassification, diagnosis, and management. All cases diagnosed as HCA in a large community hospital network from 2000 to 2010 were reviewed. The following immunohistochemical stains were evaluated in cases where paraffin-embedded tissue was available (n = 35): β -catenin, glutamine synthetase, serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, liver fatty acid binding protein. Twenty-eight of 35 cases were confirmed to be HCA, 5 cases were reclassified as well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, and 2 cases were reclassified as focal nodular hyperplasia. The HCA cases were further subclassified into hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 α inactivated (29%), inflammatory (32%), inflammatory with β -catenin activation (3%), noninflammatory β -catenin activated (0%), and unclassified (36%). Long-term follow-up was available on 33 of 35 cases, and there were no cases of recurrence or distant metastasis. IHC can provide a definite HCA subtype in two-thirds of cases. HCA subtypes in this large community-based population differed from the prior large French studies, in that there were a greater proportion of unclassified adenomas and a virtual absence of β -catenin–activated adenomas. It is likely that most β -catenin–activated hepatocellular tumors show morphologic and reticulin staining abnormalities indicative of well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. IHC for glutamine synthetase and serum amyloid A can identify cases with β -catenin activation and aid in the distinction of inflammatory adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia.
The Imperialism of Categories: Situating Knowledge in a Globalizing World

In February 1957 Lloyd Rudolph and I set forth into the “heat and dust” villages of Thanjavur district, South India, with 10 Indian graduate students from Madras Christian College. Our objective was to conduct a survey on political consciousness. Six hundred urban and rural Tamils scattered across three districts constituted the random sample we had selected from the first electoral rolls of recently freed India. V. O. Key, that witty and groundbreaking doyen of electoral behavior analysis, had enticed us into survey research. Upon our return, the Michigan Survey Research Center provided a methodologically intense summer.Susanne Rudolph is the William Benton Distinguished Service Professor Emerita of Political Science at the University of Chicago and past president of the American Political Science Association (srudolph@midway.uchicago.edu). She studies comparative politics with special interest in the political economy and political sociology of South Asia, state formation, Max Weber, and the politics of category and culture. An earlier version of this address was presented at the annual meeting of the association on September 2, 2004.
Adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pilin-deficient mutants to mucin

Attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to epithelial cells or tracheobronchial mucin is mediated by surface adhesins. Pili, composed of monomeric pilin subunits, make up one such class of adhesins. The formation of pili and flagella in P. aeruginosa is under the control of the alternative sigma factor rpoN. Isogenic mutant strains with insertionally inactivated rpoN genes were constructed with strains PAK, 1244, and CF613 and were tested for their ability to adhere to respiratory mucin. All rpoN mutants showed significant reduction of adherence to mucin relative to that of their wild-type parents. In contrast, the adherence of pilin structural gene mutants was similar to the adherence of wild types. These results provide suggestive evidence that P. aeruginosa also binds to mucin via adhesins that are distinct from pilin and are still under the genetic control of rpoN. Unlike the laboratory strain PAK, the clinical strains 1244 and CF613 are capable of agglutinating erythrocytes. The rpoN mutation had a minimal effect on the interaction of bacteria with erythrocytes, indicating that the transcription of a gene(s) specifying the agglutination phenomenon does not utilize rpoN. These findings collectively indicate the existence of several classes of adhesins on the surface of P. aeruginosa that may play an important role in colonization of the human respiratory tract.
Fertility Awareness-Based Methods: Another Option for Family Planning

Modern fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs) of family planning have been offered as alternative methods of family planning. Billings Ovulation Method, the Creighton Model, and the Symptothermal Method are the more widely used FABMs and can be more narrowly defined as natural family planning. The first 2 methods are based on the examination of cervical secretions to assess fertility. The Symptothermal Method combines characteristics of cervical secretions, basal body temperature, and historical cycle data to determine fertility. FABMs also include the more recently developed Standard Days Method and TwoDays Method. All are distinct from the more traditional rhythm and basal body temperature methods alone. Although these older methods are not highly effective, modern FABMs have typical-use unintended pregnancy rates of 1% to 3% in both industrialized and nonindustrialized nations. Studies suggest that in the United States physician knowledge of FABMs is frequently incomplete. We review the available evidence about the effectiveness for preventing unintended pregnancy, prognostic social demographics of users of the methods, and social outcomes related to FABMs, all of which suggest that family physicians can offer modern FABMs as effective means of family planning. We also provide suggestions about useful educational and instructional resources for family physicians and their patients.
Multi-directional anisotropy from diffusion orientation distribution functions.

PURPOSE To evaluate a model-independent, multi-directional anisotropy (MDA) metric that is analytically and experimentally equivalent to fractional anisotropy (FA) in single-direction diffusivity, but potentially superior to FA in its sensitivity to the underlying anisotropy of multi-directional diffusivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS An expression for MDA was defined from the orientation distribution function (ODF) and its analytical relation to FA was derived. Simulations of single and crossed double-fibers were performed using a compressed-sensing-accelerated diffusion-spectrum-imaging (CS-DSI) scheme. In vivo brain imaging using CS-DSI was performed on eight healthy subjects. MDA was compared with FA and with another ODF-based metric known as generalized FA (GFA). RESULTS In simulated single-direction fibers, MDA was shown to be equivalent to FA (from FA = 0.2 to 0.8). In crossed fibers, MDA provided superior differentiation of the underlying anisotropy as compared to FA and GFA. In vivo analysis shows that the MDA was superior to both FA (P = 0.015) and GFA (P = 0.021) in terms of its relative accuracy in crossed fiber regions. CONCLUSION MDA provides a potentially superior measure of fiber anisotropy relative to conventional FA or GFA, and may be used to improve the assessment of disease in regions with multi-directional brain fibers.
Carbon nanotubes as interconnects: Emerging technology and potential reliability issues

The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to replace or complement Cu-based IC interconnects is under wide-spread investigation. CNTs have low resistivities and can be configured to have low capacitive coupling, and are also chemically stable so that diffusion barriers are not needed. They can also carry very high current densities without damage. Properties and processing of CNTs for IC interconnects are reviewed and emerging technologies and possible reliability issues are discussed.
Variations in Surface Air Temperature Observations in the Arctic, 1979-97.

The statistics of surface air temperature observations obtained from buoys, manned drifting stations, and meteorological land stations in the Arctic during 1979‐97 are analyzed. Although the basic statistics agree with what has been published in various climatologies, the seasonal correlation length scales between the observations are shorter than the annual correlation length scales, especially during summer when the inhomogeneity between the ice-covered ocean and the land is most apparent. During autumn, winter, and spring, the monthly mean correlation length scales are approximately constant at about 1000 km; during summer, the length scales are much shorter, that is, as low as 300 km. These revised scales are particularly important in the optimal interpolation of data on surface air temperature (SAT) and are used in the analysis of an improved SAT dataset called International Arctic Buoy Programme/Polar Exchange at the Sea Surface (IABP/POLES). Compared to observations from land stations and the Russian North Pole drift stations, the IABP/POLES dataset has higher correlations and lower rms errors than previous SAT fields and provides better temperature estimates, especially during summer in the marginal ice zones. In addition, the revised correlation length scales allow data taken at interior land stations to be included in the optimal interpretation analysis without introducing land biases to grid points over the ocean. The new analysis provides 12-h fields of air temperatures on a 100-km rectangular grid for all land and ocean areas of the Arctic region for the years 1979‐97. The IABP/POLES dataset is then used to study spatial and temporal variations in SAT. This dataset shows that on average melt begins in the marginal seas by the first week of June and advances rapidly over the Arctic Ocean, reaching the pole by 19 June, 2 weeks later. Freeze begins at the pole on 16 August, and the freeze isotherm advances more slowly than the melt isotherm. Freeze returns to the marginal seas a month later than at the pole, on 21 September. Near the North Pole, the melt season length is about 58 days, while near the margin, the melt season is about 100 days. A trend of 118C (decade)21 is found during winter in the eastern Arctic Ocean, but a trend of 218C (decade)21 is found in the western Arctic Ocean. During spring, almost the entire Arctic shows significant warming trends. In the eastern Arctic Ocean this warming is as much as 28C (decade)21. The spring warming is associated with a trend toward a lengthening of the melt season in the eastern Arctic. The western Arctic, however, shows a slight shortening of the melt season. These changes in surface air temperature over the Arctic Ocean are related to the Arctic Oscillation, which accounts for more than half of the surface air temperature trends over Alaska, Eurasia, and the eastern Arctic Ocean but less than half in the western Arctic Ocean.
Away With SWOT Analysis: Use Defensive/Offensive Evaluation Instead

SWOT analysis, which delves into a business' strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, is used widely in firms and classrooms to distill fragmentary facts and figures into concise depictions of the strategic landscape. Yet despite its popularity and longevity, the SWOT approach to situation assessment often is ineffective. This article begins with a brief critique of the SWOT framework and typical SWOT analysis guidelines. Thereafter, Defensive/Offensive Evaluation (DOE) is advanced as an effective alternative to SWOT analysis. Because DOE is more theory-driven, it poses keener questions and promises more illuminating answers.
Production of Aldosterone in Isolated Rat Blood Vessels

Abstract Angiotensin I (Ang I), Ang II, angiotensinogen, and renin are formed locally in the vasculature. We undertook this study to determine whether the rat mesenteric artery produces aldosterone...
Automatic Synchronization of Functional Electrical Stimulation and Robotic Assisted Treadmill Training

This work presents a means to automatically synchronize two promising gait training technologies to address gait deficits in stroke survivors: functional electrical stimulation using intramuscular electrodes (FES-IM) and the Lokomat robotic gait orthosis. A system of hardware and software was developed to achieve the automatic synchronization. A series of bench tests were performed to verify the feasibility and reliability of automatic synchronization. The bench tests showed that automatic synchronization of FES-IM to the Lokomat gait cycle was feasible and reliable. Automatic synchronization was more consistent than manually triggered stimulation (10-fold smaller standard deviation of latency), and produced no early or missed stimulations across 634 strides. Automatic synchronization had greater accuracy than manually triggered stimulation, producing stimulation timed to an accuracy of 2.5% of one gait cycle duration (heel strike to heel strike ).
Triglyceride Metabolism in the Neonate

Lipid infusion is an integral part of neonatal parenteral nutrition. In its absence, essential fatty acid deficiency can result as early as 3 days after birth. Triglyceride values are followed to monitor lipid tolerance. Acceptable values range between 150 and 200 mg/dL (1.7 and 2.3 mmol/L). This case of hypertriglyceridemia resulting from rapid lipid infusion in an extremely low-birthweight infant demonstrates a rapid decrease in the triglyceride concentration with no intervention. None of the common adverse effects of hypertriglyceridemia were noted. The case also highlights the importance of correctly positioning and regularly evaluating infusion pump tubing to assure the correct rate of lipid infusion.