cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peer Micronorms in the Assessment of Young Children: Methodological Review and Examples

Results from norm-referenced instruments have been the standard for making important decisions in the lives of young children. However, serious concerns have surrounded the use of discrepancy scores to determine developmental delays and their utility for goal setting and intervention development. In response to these concerns, a number of assessment models have proposed the use of local or classroom norms for goal development, instructional design, progress monitoring, and eligibility determination. We outline the rationale, critical dimensions, and techniques for using peer micronorms and discuss technical adequacy considerations. Case examples of the use of peer micronorms with preschool children, supplemented with hypothetical data, are used to illustrate the technique.
Lysine as a prophylactic agent in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis

The amino acid lysine is an agent that has been proposed for treating the clinical symptoms of recurrent herpes simplex labialis. This study examined the efficacy of long-term prophylactic lysine supplementation. Twenty-six volunteers with a history of frequently recurring herpetic lesions completed a 12-month double-blind crossovers study. The experimental group received daily oral supplements of 1,000 mg 1-lysine. Serum samples were analyzed at scheduled intervals. In most instances, members of the lysine group reported significantly fewer lesions than the control group. Similarly, those who were taken off lysine supplementation generally showed a significant increase in lesion frequency. Quantitative hematologic measurements revealed the most clinically useful relationship. Data from this sample population indicated that when a person's serum lysine concentration exceeded 165 nmol/ml there was a corresponding significant decrease in recurrence rate. Conversely, the frequency rate increased significantly as concentration levels fell below 165 nmol/ml. These results suggest that prophylactic lysine may be useful in managing selected cases of recurrent herpes simplex labialis if serum lysine levels can be maintained at adequate concentrations.
The prevalence of homelessness among injection drug users with and without HIV infection

Cross-sectional investigations of homelessness have many potential biases. Data from 2,452 individuals enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study of Baltimore, Maryland, residents recruited in 1988–1989 with a history of injection drug use were analyzed to identify the extent and determinants of homelessness. Proportions having ever experienced homelessness were compared across subgroups of injection drug users (IDUs) who were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative, HIV positive, and HIV seroconverting. Logistic regression identified independent predictors of homelessness. In the cohort, 1,144 (46.7%) participants experienced homelessness during the course of the study. There were differences in prevalence of homelessness by serostatus: 42.4% (n=621) of participants who remained HIV negative were ever homeless, while 50.6% (n=346) of HIV-infected individuals and 58.9% (n=178) of those who seroconverted during the study were ever homeless (P<.001). Participants who consistently denied active injection drug use during follow-up were unlikely to experience homelessness (19%). Independent predictors of homelessness were male sex, HIV seroprevalence, and HIV seroconversion. Following participants over time captures more experiences of homelessness than cross-sectional studies and more accurately identifies risk characteristics. Our data suggest that homelessness is a significant problem among IDUs, especially those with HIV/AIDS.
Mediating public disputes

S o many of the decisions that shape our lives are made by government, yet the basic components of our democracy-the legislative, administrative, and judicial machinery-are increasingly ineffective in producing decisions that most of us agree are fair, efficient, and enforceable. The legislative process is too primitive to take account of the scientific and technical intricacies of various public policy choices, too easily manipulated by party members, and not especially well suited to reconciling (as opposed to papering over) conflicting values. The administrative processes of government are susceptible to manipulation by those in power, often without any attention to the merits of competing claims. Administrative processes are also more and more time-consuming and typically sealed off from the scrutiny of all but a few professional lobbyists. The inability of the judiciary to cope effectively with the current flood of cases is well documented. A great many unresolved legislative and administrative conflicts end up in court. We call upon judges and juries to confront complex issues for which they are woefully ill equipped. The courts can do no more than pick winners and losers; they rarely, if ever, reconcile the legitimate claims of parties with conflicting interests. So it is not surprising that disputes are not resolved. They are settled temporarily, only to appear again in another guise. The basic resource allocation and policy-making machinery of our representative democracy is overworked, insufficient to the demands placed upon it, and sorely in need of shoring up." In light of these difficulties, various experiments underway in the United States, aimed at supplementing our legislative, administrative, and judicial processes, deserve serious attention. Their goal is to increase the fairness, efficiency, and stability of decisions made in the public sector. These experiments, conducted at the local, state, and national levels, have several common features. They seek to confront fundamental conflicts and to resolve them. They seek to engage stakeholders (not just their elected representatives or hired advocates) in collaborative problem-solving. And while they in no way abrogate the formal decision-making authority of elected and appointed officials, they seek to generate consen-
Radar mapping of surface soil moisture

Intended as an overview aimed at potential users of remotely sensed spatial distributions and temporal variations of soil moisture, this paper begins with an introductory section on the fundamentals of radar imaging and associated attributes.
Statistical prediction of fracture parameters of concrete and implications for choice of testing standard

This article shows how the fracture energy of concrete, as well as other fracture parameters such as the effective length of the fracture process zone, critical crack-tip opening displacement and the fracture toughness, can be approximately predicted from the standard compression strength, maximum aggregate size, water‐cement ratio, and aggregate type (river or crushed). A database, consisting of 238 test data, is extracted from the literature and tabulated, and approximate mean prediction formulae calibrated by this very large data set are developed. A distinction is made between (a) the fracture energy, Gf, corresponding to the area under the initial tangent of the softening stress‐separation curve of cohesive crack model, which governs the maximum loads of structures and is obtained by the size effect method (SEM) or related methods (Jenq‐Shah two-parameter method and Karihaloo’s effective crack model, ECM) and (b) the fracture energy, GF, corresponding to the area under the complete stress‐separation curve, which governs large postpeak deflections of structures and is obtained by the work-of-fracture method (WFM) proposed for concrete by Hillerborg. The coefficients of variation of the errors in the prediction formulae compared to the test data are calculated; they are 17.8% for Gf and 29.9% for GF, the latter being 1.67 times higher than the former. Although the errors of the prediction formulae taking into account the differences among different concretes doubtless contribute significantly to the high values of these coefficients of variation, there is no reason for a bias of the statistics in favor of Gf or GF. Thus, the statistics indicate that the fracture energy based on the measurements in the maximum load region is much less uncertain than that based on the measurement of the tail of the postpeak load‐deflection curve. While both Gf and GF are needed for accurate structural analysis, it follows that if the testing standard should measure, for the sake of simplicity, only one of these two fracture energies, then Gf is preferable. D 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
SU‐FF‐T‐291: Measurement of the Mechanical Isocenter of a Proton Gantry

Purpose: To investigate a method to analyze the position and accuracy of the gantry mechanical isocenter in a proton gantry. The outcome measurements can be incorporated into a couch correction algorithm to compensate for gantry imperfections. Materials and Methods: A 2‐inch steel sphere is fastened to the patient couch, close to the mechanical isocenter of a proton gantry. An assembly of 3 mutually perpendicular dial gauges touching the surface of the steel sphere and 5 clinometers is attached to the proton snout. The 210 ton Hitachi proton gantry, installed at the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center in Houston, Texas, is rotated with speeds of 1 revolution and 0.5 revolutions per minute in clockwise and counterclockwise directions. Simutaneously dial gauge data and clinometer data are recorded on a personal computer using software designed for the purpose of this project. The mechanical isocenter and its uncertainty are obtained by analyzing the trajectory of the dial gauge tips as a function of gantry angle. Results: Our measurement results show the isocenter of the Hitachi proton gantry having an uncertainty sphere within 0.8 mm, and with little hysteresis effect (0.03 mm) when the gantry makes a full rotation. Conclusion: Our method successively demonstrated the ability to accurately determine the mechanical isocenter and its uncertainty.
Selectively reduced glycerol in skin of aquaporin-3-deficient mice may account for impaired skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier recovery.

Deletion of the epidermal water/glycerol transporter aquaporin-3 (AQP3) in mice reduced superficial skin conductance by ∼2-fold (Ma, T., Hara, M., Sougrat, R., Verbavatz, J. M., and Verkman, A. S. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17147–17153), suggesting defective stratum corneum (SC) hydration. Here, we demonstrate significant impairment of skin hydration, elasticity, barrier recovery, and wound healing in AQP3 null mice in a hairless (SKH1) genetic background and investigate the cause of the functional defects by analysis of SC morphology and composition. Utilizing a novel 3H2O distribution method, SC water content was reduced by ∼50% in AQP3 null mice. Skin elasticity measured by cutometry was significantly reduced in AQP3 null mice with ∼50% reductions in elasticity parameters Uf, Ue, and Ur. Although basal skin barrier function was not impaired, AQP3 deletion produced an ∼2-fold delay in recovery of barrier function as measured by transepidermal water loss after tape stripping. Another biosynthetic skin function, wound healing, was also ∼2-fold delayed by AQP3 deletion. By electron microscopy AQP3 deletion did not affect the structure of the unperturbed SC. The SC content of ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and small solutes (urea, lactic acid, glucose) was not affected by AQP3 deletion nor was the absolute amount or profile of lipids and free amino acids. However, AQP3 deletion produced significant reductions in glycerol content in SC and epidermis (in nmol/μg protein: 5.5 ± 0.4 versus 2.3 ± 0.7 in SC; 0.037 ± 0.007versus 0.022 ± 0.005 in epidermis) but not in dermis or blood. These results establish hydration, mechanical, and biosynthetic defects in skin of AQP3-deficient mice. The selective reduction in epidermal and SC glycerol content in AQP3 null mice may account for these defects, providing the first functional evidence for physiologically important glycerol transport by an aquaporin.
B-Spectrin and the Mechanical Control of the Sense of Touch

Many somatosensory neurons have evolved specialized molecular sensors that convert mechanical stress into behavioral responses. The genetics, development and physiology of the touch receptor neurons (TRNs) in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes are especially well characterized and this animal has the particular advantage that the TRNs can be studied both in living animals and dissociated in culture. Like other somatosensory neurons, the TRNs use ion channels to convert mechanical stress into electrical signals and, ultimately, into appropriate behaviors. Whereas the protein partners that form these channels have been known for some time, the nature of the molecular machine important for efficient force transmission from skin to touch receptor neurite is essentially unknown.Using a combination of approaches, we will show that sensation of mechanical forces depends on a continuous, pre-strained spectrin cytoskeleton inside neurons. We observed that mutations in the tetramerization domain of C. elegans β-spectrin (UNC-70), an actin-membrane crosslinker, lead to defective neuron morphologies under compressive stresses in moving animals. We performed AFM force spectroscopy experiments on isolated neurons, laser axotomy and FRET imaging to measure forces across single cells and molecules. Our data indicate that spectrin is held under constitutive tension in living animals, which contributes to an elevated pre-stress in TRNs. Based on these results and data obtained from optogenetic and mechanical stimulation on β-spectrin mutants, we suggest that β-spectrin-dependent pre-tension is required for efficient responses to external mechanical stimuli.
Using LADAR to characterize the 3-D shape of aggregates: Preliminary results

Previous publications have shown how a combination of X-ray computed tomography and spherical harmonic series could be used to characterize the 3-D shape of rocks used for aggregates in concrete. The X-ray computed tomography was used to obtain the raw 3-D numerical data for the coordinates of the aggregate surface. In this paper, we demonstrate how laser detection and ranging (LADAR) numerical data can replace X-ray computed tomography data and be used in conjunction with spherical harmonic series analysis to analyze the 3-D shape of aggregates.
Behavioral testing for TBI: Present and future perspectives

In a TBI population, cognitive changes are often the most salient features after traumatic brain injury of any severity, and they typically contribute more to a persisting disability than do physical impairments. These changes may include negative impacts on attention, memory, processing speed, and multiple other aspects of cognition and language. Current behavioral test methods are based on interpreting accuracy with tasks to measure these different cognitive processes. Numerous studies have been published documenting the effects of brain injury on these areas from a behavioral perspective, but interest in reaction time measures and electrophysiological impact is relatively new. Interestingly, accuracy has been found to be a less sensitive measure of ability than other methods [1],[2]. More recent research has indicated that reaction time (RT) is a more effective measure for speed of information processing, especially in brain injury patients [3]. The current study addressed accuracy and reaction time on a semantic processing task in populations both with and without TBI. The group with a TBI was found to be significantly less accurate and slower than the group without TBI. This current research indicates that future directions for TBI assessment may lie with more objective measures that address both cognitive processing speed and electrophysiological correlates of behavioral data.
SU‐E‐I‐99: Extending the Micro‐Angiographic Fluoroscope (MAF) Exposure Dynamic Range Using Variable Electronic Gain

Purpose: To extend the exposure dynamic range of the MAF using its variable gain so that objects with a wide range of differences in attenuation can be visualized. Methods: A phantom with low, medium, and high attenuating regions was constructed by placing two low‐contrast vascular stents and a dense steel screw as test objects on a three‐step‐wedge assembly of aluminum and copper plates. The phantom was imaged with a standard FPD which has a fixed dynamic range and with the high‐resolution MAF at two different gain settings of its light image intensifier with constant x‐ray technique parameters.Results: The stents and screw‐threads could not be visualized in all three step regions in the FPD image. For the MAF, although we could visualize the stents and screw in the low‐attenuating step at low MAF gain, we could not see well the part of the image in the high‐ attenuating region. By increasing the gain 14 times, however, we were easily able to visualize the objects in the high‐attenuating region although part of the image in the low‐attenuating region was then saturated. In the high‐ attenuating region, the signal‐to‐noise ratio and contrast‐to‐noise ratio for the screw increased from 3.5 to 4.1 and from 6.3 to 7.1, respectively, as the gain was increased. Normalized pixel values for line profiles in the image of a stent in the high‐attenuating region at low gain closely follows the same profile in the high‐gain image, however, with substantially more noise fluctuations due to increased contribution of instrumentation noise. Conclusions: Although not possible for the FPD, different gains can be used for the MAF to visualize an object's details and improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio under conditions of large differences in background attenuation without changing the x‐ray technique parameters.
Antigenic and molecular characterization of hantavirus isolates from China

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is caused by certain viruses in the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae, and is a major public health problem in China. By using molecular and serological tests, we characterized 15 hantaviruses isolated either from patients with HFRS or from rodents captured in endemic areas of China. By cross plaque-reduction neutralization tests performed with rabbit immune sera, we identified two serologically distinct groups of viruses, comprised of those related to Hantaan virus, and those related to Seoul virus. To study the genetic relationships among these viruses, we amplified a 330 base pair region of the medium (M) genome segment of each isolate by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared the nucleotide sequences to those of other, well-characterized hantaviruses. In addition, we PCR-amplified and analyzed the entire coding region of the small (S) genome segment of each isolate by restriction enzyme digestion with a battery of enzymes. The results of our genetic analyses of both the M and S segments of these isolates confirmed our serological data, indicating that Hantaan and Seoul viruses co-circulate in endemic disease regions of China. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on multiple alignment of the partial M segment sequences. The resulting dendrogram distinguished three genetic subtypes of Hantaan viruses and one type of Seoul virus.
Adhesion activity in fibronectin's alternatively spliced domain EDa (EIIIA): complementarity to plasma fibronectin functions.

Abstract The EDa (EIIIA) domain is one of two alternatively spliced type III homology repeats in fibronectins which differentiate cellular (cFN) from plasma isoforms (pFN). A bacteria-expressed recombinant polypeptide encoding the EDa type III repeat promotes adhesion of some cell types and its activity is synergistic with neighboring repeats III11 and III12. We show in this study that co-coating substrata with the EDa-only polypeptide and a suboptimal concentration of pFN leads to increased attachment and extensive spreading of v-src-transformed 3T3 cells relative to that found on substrata of suboptimal pFN or EDa polypeptide alone. This complementarity of activities requires as little as 1 μg/ml EDa polypeptide in the adsorbing mixture and displays sequence specificity for only EDa (recombinant polypeptides of neighboring repeats III11, or III12 were without effect). Furthermore, stress fibers and focal contacts are inducible on the EDa:pFN mixture, suggesting that the EDa sequence and its receptor participate in signal transduction. The codistribution of phosphotyrosine proteins, including pp125FAK, along with vinculin and talin into focal contacts supports this hypothesis. Therefore, an alternatively spliced domain EDa which is expressed in various proportions in cells and tissues may have special functions related to adhesion processes by complementing the functions of pFN circulating in blood.
Dominator Versus Partnership Cultures: A Potential Framework for Family Counseling

Literature concerning two cultural models as potential frameworks for family counseling is reviewedfrom a Theory perspective.
On-orbit management of contaminants within the HST widefield planetary camera and their effect on instrument performance

The Wide Field Planetary Camera (WF/PC) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope contains contaminants which condense on the windows in front of each CCD detector. These contaminants are UV opaque and increase with time to the extent that after several months they block 50% of the flux at 300 nm. Also, when the contaminants are warmed above -40 degree(s)C and then returned to the normal CCD operating temperature of -87 degree(s)C, particles form and severely degrade the image quality. The windows may be temporarily cleaned by raising their temperature to 0 degree(s)C. However, this results in a change in the structure of the flat field due to the partial removal of the UV flood which was applied after launch to suppress Quantum Efficiency Hysteresis in the CCDs. Repeated decontaminations will reintroduce the QEH and necessitate another time consuming UV flood and recalibration of the instrument. After 22 months of on-orbit operation, the contaminants could no longer be fully removed by the decontamination procedure. This paper describes the current state of the contaminants, what has been deduced concerning their properties and sources, the results of our efforts to remove them, and some lessons for future space-based instruments using cryogenic UV sensitive detectors.
Modelling the Swahili past: the archaeology of Mikindani in southern coastal Tanzania

The Swahili of the East African coast formed one of the most studied and best known societies of Sub-Saharan African antiquity. The most popular model of Swahili society recognises their roots among Iron Age African communities but views them as largely facing outwards — away from the rest of Africa – and defines them primarily through their activities in the Indian Ocean sphere, especially their participation in inter-regional commerce and the integration of Middle Eastern Islamic culture into their lives. Building from the insights of projects studying connections between the coast and hinterland, this paper uses new evidence from the region around the town of Mikindani in southern Tanzania to show that some coastal communities in the Swahili world instead concentrated on interior connections and did not follow cosmopolitan Islamic sociocultural norms. Indeed, patterns in the Mikindani region departed from Swahili norms across a variety of measures during the early second millennium AD and suggest that ...
Comparison of hemodynamic and stress testing variables in patients undergoing regadenoson stress myocardial perfusion imaging to regadenoson with adjunctive low-level exercise myocardial perfusion imaging

Regadenoson (REG), a selective adenosine A2a receptor agonist, is becoming the preferred pharmacologic agent for stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Hemodynamic and stress variables, immediate safety and use of aminophylline when using REG combined with low-level exercise (REG WALK MPI) compared with REG MPI, have not been well studied and formed the basis of our study. Retrospective evaluation of patients who underwent REG MPI (n = 887) was compared to patients undergoing REG WALK MPI (n = 485) from January to November 2009. Patient demographics, hemodynamic parameters, REG MPI data, side effects, immediate major clinical events, and use of aminophylline were evaluated. Patients in REG WALK MPI group tended to be younger, male and obese compared to patients in REG MPI group. REG WALK MPI patients had higher stress heart rate (103 ± 20.5 vs 84 ± 19 bpm, P = .001), higher heart rate reserve (36.3 ± 19 vs 14.7 ± 15.5 bpm, P < .001), and greater systolic blood pressure rise (4.8 ± 21.3 vs −8.9 ± 19.8 mm Hg, P < .001), compared to REG MPI patients. No major adverse events were reported immediately after REG WALK MPI. There were no differences in drug-related side effects in between the two groups; however, the use of aminophylline was lower in REG WALK MPI Group (5.6% vs 11.4%, P = .001). REG WALK MPI gives more favorable hemodynamic response with lesser use of aminophylline and no increase in adverse events when compared with REG MPI.
Relations between stratigraphy, geomorphology and soils in Coastal Plain areas of Southeastern U.S.A.

Abstract The Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States is composed of unconsolidated fluvial, marine, and eolian deposits that range in age from Pleistocene to Cretaceous. The stratigraphy, or the characteristics and sequence of these sediments, provides the basic framework on which the soils of the region developed. There are both regional and local correlations between suites of soils and the outcrops of specific formations or sedimentary units. Soil texture characteristics are controlled in part by the nature of the sedimentary unit and mineralogical character is conditioned by the mineralogy of the original sediment. The Coastal Plain in North Carolina is a sequence of gentle seaward sloping depositional plains that are separated by regionally traceable scarps. The oldest plains are the highest and the scarps mark major or minor differences in ages of the adjacent plains. Plains with similar stratigraphic and topographic features can be grouped into the upper, middle, and lower physiographic units. The age sequence is (?) Miocene — Pliocene in the upper, Pliocene — ? Pleistocene in the middle and Pleistocene in the lower Coastal Plain. To a limited extent, soil differences are related to these geomorphic surfaces. Because of the great age of some of these surfaces and the similar composition of the sediments, especially in the upper and middle Coastal Plain, the same soil or group of soils can occur on more than one surface. However, there are distinct and measureable decreases in such soil features as solum thickness, depth to water table, depth to and thickness of plinthite, and percentage of gibbsite from older (uuper) to younger (middle) surfaces. In addition, there are changes in the mineralogy of the original sediment that are related to geomorphic surfaces. There is a shift from a siliceous-kaolinitic mineralogy in the upper and middle Coastal Plain to a mixed-montmorillonitic mineralogy in the lower Coastal Plain. Weathering and soil formation at a locality depend on the internal environment of the soil, which in turn is controlled largely by the moisture regime. In the Coastal Plain, the moisture regime is related to the dissection of the surface, sediment texture, and the position of a site on a surface. Distinct sequences of soils are related to these factors.
Green function method for ferromagnetic superlattice

Abstract The expression of Green function for different layers in a ferromagnetic superlattice is derived by the recurrence relations technique. The elementary unit cell of the superlattice under consideration consists of alternating layers of two simple-cubic Heisenberg ferromagnets. The results are illustrated numerically for a particular choice of parameters.
Radiation induced precursor flow field ahead of a Jovian entry body

The change in flow properties ahead of the bow shock of a Jovian entry body, resulting from absorption of radiation from the shock layer, is investigated. Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the free stream gases, causing dissociation, ionization, and an increase in enthalpy of flow ahead of the shock wave. As a result of increased fluid enthalpy, the entire flow field in the precursor region is perturbed. The variation in flow properties is determined by employing the small perturbation technique of classical aerodynamics as well as the thin layer approximation for the preheating zone. By employing physically realistic models of radiative transfer, solutions are obtained for velocity, pressure, density, temperature, and enthalpy variations. The results indicate that the precursor flow effects, in general, are greater at higher altitudes. Just ahead of the shock, however, the effects are larger at lower altitudes. Pre-heating of the gas significantly increases the static pressure and temperature ahead of the shock for velocities exceeding 36 km/sec.
Roles of Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 in Metabolic Activation of Dibenzo[a, l]Pyrene by Microsomes from the Human Mammary Carcinoma Cell Line MCF-7

Abstract Incubation of DB[a, l]P with microsomes from TCDD-treated MCF-7 cells produced mainly (-) anti DB[a, l]P-11,12-diol 13,14-epoxide-dAdo adducts. Addition of antibodies against CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 inhibited the formation of DNA adducts up to 88% and 51%, respectively. The level of P450 1B1 protein was dramatically elevated, but P450 1A1 protein is not detectable by blottings in MCF-7 cells treated with 5 μM or 8 μM DB[a, l]P. MCF-7 cells treated with TCDD or B[a]P contained elevated P450 1A1 and P450 1B1. The current results demonstrate that both P450 1A1 and P450 1B1 are involved in metabolic activation of DB[a, l]P in MCF-7 cells treated with TCDD and suggest that P450 1B1 may be the major DB[a, l]P activating enzyme in MCF-7 cells treated with DB[a, l]P.
Issue Salience and Party Choice

A number of leading studies of voting behavior in recent years have concluded that specific issues are not a salient element in the electoral decision. These studies have indicated not only that voters are unfamiliar with most issues, but also that the electorate is generally unable to detect differences between Republican and Democratic positions on issues. Using the same Survey Research Center interviews upon which these previous findings were based, this article modifies these previous evaluations. This study concentrates on data from the 1964 election —a campaign that was notable not for the issues it raised, but rather for the public's strong reactions to the candidates. The findings in this article show that, even in 1964, most people were concerned with a number of specific issues and that these issue concerns had a very measurable effect on voting choice. Furthermore, large proportions of people were able accurately to perceive the differences between the parties on those issues that were salient to them. The major reason these findings are so different from previous results is that new measures and a different approach were used—particularly open-ended interview material that for the first time allowed the researcher to discover the issues that were salient to the voter.
High pressure DAC studies on undoped La2CuO4

Abstract Undoped La 2 CuO 4 oxide ceramic single crystal and polycrystalline materials were studied up to 25.0 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC) apparatus. La 2 CuO 4 undergoes a phase transformation from an orthorhombic to a tetragonal structure at about 3.4 GPa, and this result is different from the data previously published by others. Compression of this material is only 9% at 25.0 GPa.
Surgical treatment of the Müllerian duct remnants

Abstract Background: Persistent Mullerian duct tissue in male individuals may result in an enlarged prostatic utricle (utricular cysts and utricle) or a Mullerian duct cysts, either distinctively or synonymously. In intersex patients Mullerian duct remnants (MDR) are an usual occurrence. Surgical excision is the definitive treatment of symptomatic remnants, as well as during the reconstruction of intersexual genitalia. Many approaches have been described. The authors review their experience in intersex patients. Methods: From 1986 to 1999, the authors treated 111 patients with intersex disorders. The records of 47 patients raised as boys with MDR were reviewed. Based on the symptoms and the size of the remnants, in 32 patients the structures were removed. In 13 patients extirpation was done by perineal approach, in 9 by transperitoneal approach, and in the remaining 9 patients the combined abdominal and perineal approach were undertaken. In one patient the large prostatic utricle was extirpated by a posterior sagittal pararectal approach. Perineal approach was mainly used in younger asymptomatic children, with the prostatic utricle disclosed incidentally during genitography because of intersex disorders. Operation was performed only in cases in which the prostatic utricle was observed by cystoscopy or identified by Fogarty balloon catheter introduction into the prostatic utricle. In older patients these structures were discovered frequently after failed urethroplasty, or after symptoms of urinary infection, urinary retention, or epididymitis. We elected to use the transperitoneal approach based on the extension of these structures into the pelvis. The average age of patients at the time of surgery was 8.6 years, with a range of 1 to 30 years. Results: There were no rectal or bladder injuries during surgery. An older patient had temporary impotence after abdomino-perineal extirpation. The lack of ejaculation, seen in 5 patients, was related to frequent intra-utricular termination of the vas deferens. Posterior sagittal pararectal approach certainly enabled complete exposure and exact visualization of all structures, with considerably decreased bleeding. If gonadal biopsy or gonadectomy were necessary, the transperitoneal approach could not be avoided. Conclusions: Surgical treatment of MDR in intersex patients varies according to the size of the utricle, and a double approach is often necessary. A high degree of success may be achieved with minimal morbidity. J Pediatr Surg 36:870-876. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Face the nation : Race, immigration, and the rise of nativism in late twentieth century America

This article examines the rise of nativism directed at Asian and Latino immigrants to the United States in contemporary American society. By focusing on the Los Angeles riots and other evidence of the rise of anti-immigrant feelings among the population, this study reveals that a racial nativism has arisen which intertwines a new American racism with traditional hostility towards new immigrants in a variety of ways. Both recent scholarship on race and John Higham's classic work on nativism are utilized to provide a conceptual framework for understanding our multiracial contemporary setting. Tellingly, this new racial nativism emerges from both sides of the political spectrum, and is evident in attempts to keep discussions of race focused on solely white/black national construction. Finally, the study explores how immigrants themselves have responded to these attacks by increasing naturalization rates and political activity, forming a newfound ambivalent Americanism
The anomalous dip in total reaction cross sections in the nickel region

Abstract A dip in elemental reaction cross sections for protons, deuterons, and alpha particles has been observed previously in the vicinity of nickel. The present measurements on separated isotopes in the nickel region for 14.5 MeV protons reveal that the dip is associated with the relatively low average value of N for nickel.
Comparison of SA Measurement Techniques in a Human-Robot Team Task

Increasingly intelligent and capable robots may lead to human-robot interaction characterized by close collaboration with robots as team members rather than remotely manipulated tools. In this mode of operation, it is important that robot team members contribute to, rather than limit, the situation awareness (SA) of soldiers. An exploratory study was conducted in which the effects of individual differences and mission factors on three measures of SA were compared. The Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART) was the best metric for capturing elements of SA that were useful in mission performance, although the results suggest that other measures should not be disregarded. Practical implications for the use of SA metrics in human-robot teams are discussed.
Eurocentrism and the Postcolonial Implications of Skin Color Among Latinos

Eurocentrism is a worldview of the academic mainstream. It is grounded in a European perspective that manifests as a tendency to interpret and prioritize the world in Western terms, Western values,...
Patterns of heat response and adaptation on summer pasture: A comparison of heat-sensitive (Angus) and -tolerant (Romosinuano) cattle

Abstract Heat stress in Bos taurus cattle is a problem that affects many regions of the world. Numerous studies have focused on heat stress in feedlots or environmental chambers; but few have looked at undisturbed cattle on pasture. The present study followed two Bos taurus cattle breeds throughout a mid-Missouri summer to determine thermoregulatory responses to fluctuating summer air temperature ( T a ), as well as differences in adaptation to heat. Heat-sensitive Angus steers (ANG; n =22; 480±7.15 kg BW), and heat-tolerant Romosinuano steers (RO; n =11; 352±6 kg BW) were monitored on 12 day from June through August of 2009 in an endophyte free tall fescue pasture. Data were grouped into two, six-day periods representing peak (Period 1) and late (Period 2) summer for determination of adaptation. Respiration rate (RR) was measured via flank counting and telemetric temperature transmitters in the rumen of each animal monitored core temperature ( T rum ). Romosinuano sustained a lower ( P T rum compared to ANG during both periods. Linear relationships for RR and T rum , compared against T a for both Periods were determined. Slopes of RR to T a from Period 1 to Period 2 decreased ( P T rum to T a also decreased ( P T rum /°C T a for ANG; however, RO showed no differences between periods. Although Romosinuano have a lower respiration rate and ruminal temperature than Angus, they share a similar pattern of respiration rate adaptation from early to late summer periods.
The being of the maybe: Husserl on doubting

L'A. etudie la conception phenomenologique du doute chez Husserl qui echappe a la problematique cartesienne du scepticisme dogmatique. L'A. definit le caractere ontologique du doute comme une modalisation de l'etre dans l'actualisation de l'experience, et examine les aspects teleologiques de nos incertitudes
Serial Sources on the Web

The last few years have seen an unprecedented growth of the electronic environment in all areas of librarianship. Recently, the Internet and World Wide Web have been the focus of much of this expansion. Many specialized resources of interest to serials librarians can be found on the Web. This article briefly examines the World Wide Web, and a selected number of resources of interest primarily to serialists.
Attracting Capital: Magnets, Charters, and School Referendum Success.

Does school choice enhance the ability of school districts to raise revenue? School districts use charter and magnet schools to attract and retain students, but does choice improve the odds for school districts seeking increased taxing authority at the polls? If those parents who choose schools are attentive to district policies, then increasing school choice should lead to more support of district spending. This work uses evidence from California, Colorado, Minnesota, and Wisconsin from 2000 to 2005 to suggest that school choice significantly improves a district's chances of winning revenue elections.
An effective smooth transition control strategy using droop based synchronization for parallel inverters

This paper proposes a smooth transition control strategy for voltage source inverters between standalone (SA) and grid connected (GC) modes of operation. In both GC and SA modes of operations, the inverters use the droop control method to regulate the real power flow without the need of external communications between them. One of the distributed energy sources working in the microgrid system is designated as a dispatch unit to facilitate interconnection with utility grid and achieve smooth transition between the modes of operations. In the transition modes the dispatch unit takes extra responsibility and ensures the continuous power delivery to the load. For smooth transition from grid connected to stand alone, the dispatch unit compensates for the grid current instantly after the transition and then gradually it makes the other sources share that current. The dispatch unit also adjust its output power to make the transition from standalone to grid connect as that power affect the frequency through the droop control. The performance of the proposed control technique has been verified with simulation and experimental studies.
Competencies for nursing care of patients with substance related disorders

Enfermeros y parteras, que constituyen el mayor grupo de profesionales de la salud, prestan atencion basica y especializada en todo el mundo. Poseen potencial unico con vistas a intervenciones en casos de uso, abuso y dependencia de drogas. Sin embargo, pocos entre ellos prestan ese tipo de atencion porque, en su educacion basica, faltaron informaciones y ensenanza clinica sobre el uso de drogas, tratamiento de dependencias y salud. Este articulo identifica competencias de enfermeria y sugiere estrategias para su desarrollo. El desarrollo de competencias entre profesionales generales y especializados debe ser basado en evidencias actuales de enfermeria y otras areas cientificas, productos de investigaciones, declaraciones de consenso y directivas. Son descritos ejemplos de intervenciones basadas en evidencias. Para fines de este articulo, el alcohol es identificado como tal, y drogas se refiere a la nicotina, drogas ilicitas y prescritas.
Reduced nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus activation to a pleasant taste is associated with obesity in older adults

Although obesity is recognized as a global health epidemic, insufficient research has been directed to understanding the rising prevalence of obesity in the fastest growing segment of the population, older adults. Late-life obesity has been linked to declines in physical health and cognitive function, with implications not only for the individual, but also for society. We investigated the hypothesis that altered brain responses to food reward is associated with obesity, using fMRI of response to pleasant and aversive taste stimuli in young and older adults performing a hedonic evaluation task. Correlations between higher levels of abdominal fat/body mass index and reduced fMRI activation to sucrose in dopamine-related brain regions (caudate, nucleus accumbens) were large in older adults. Significant associations between a hypofunctioning reward response and obesity suggest the hypothesis that decreased dopamine functioning may be a plausible mechanism for weight gain in older adults.
Fast Computation of Many-Particle Hydrodynamic and Electrostatic Interactions in a Confined Geometry

An $O(N)$ method is presented for calculation of hydrodynamic or electrostatic interactions between $N$ point particles in a confined geometry. This approach splits point forces or sources into a local contribution for which rapidly decaying free-space analytical solutions to the Stokes or Poisson equations are used, and a global contribution whose effect is determined numerically using a fast iterative method. The scheme is applied to Brownian dynamics simulations of flowing confined polymer solutions, and the effects of concentration on hydrodynamically induced migration phenomena are illustrated.
Phonon anomalies and superconductivity in the hcp metals, Tc, Re, and Ru

Abstract The phonon dispersion curves have been measured for the hcp metals, Tc, Re, and Ru in the [001] direction at room temperature. A pronounced phonon anomaly has been observed for the LO mode in Tc and Re which is absent in Ru. A low temperature study of Tc revealed a strong temperature dependence of the anomaly. It is suggested that the magnitude of the phonon anomaly is correlated with the strength of the electron-phonon interaction in these metals.
Enclosure choice and well‐being in giant pandas: is it all about control?

Behavioral and hormonal data were compared for four giant pandas in two management conditions: (1) panda confined to exhibit area and (2) panda given choice to move freely between exhibit and off-exhibit bedroom areas. Pandas displayed fewer signs of behavioral agitation and lower urinary cortisol in the free choice condition. Time active did not differ between the two conditions. These results suggest that simply offering pandas free access to alternative locations can improve behavioral and hormonal variables that may be related to well-being. Zoo Biol 0:1–7, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit: Probable Transmission via Hands of a Health Care Worker

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from nine patients (16.2 isolations/1,000 patient-days) in a surgical intensive care unit during an outbreak in November 1990; this rate of isolation was three times higher than that noted previously on this unit. Three patients were infected with the same strain, as defined by identical serotypes, pyocin types, and contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis patterns of digested genomic DNA. The hands of 80 health care workers were cultured, and a strain of P. aeruginosa identical to that infecting the three patients was isolated from the hands of a nurse providing care to all three. Environmental surfaces, medical devices, and ward stock supplies were cultured; none of these cultures yielded this strain. No clusters of infection with this strain or other strains of P. aeruginosa were observed after compliance with hand-washing and universal precautions was reemphasized. Thus this outbreak was linked to the carriage of P. aeruginosa on the hands of a health care worker. It could not be determined definitively whether this carriage was the source of the cluster or a consequence of it. However, the geographic and temporal clustering of carriage with an outbreak due to a strain of an apparently identical molecular type underlines the importance of routine hand washing between contacts with different patients.
Trans expression of a Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II (HRPII) reveals sorting of soluble proteins in the periphery of the host erythrocyte and disrupts transport to the malarial food vacuole.

The heme polymer hemozoin is produced in the food vacuole (fv) of the parasite after hemoglobin proteolysis and is the target of the drug chloroquine. A candidate heme polymerase, the histidine-rich protein II (HRPII), is proposed to be delivered to the fv by ingestion of the infected-red cell cytoplasm. Here we show that 97% of endogenous Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) HRPII (PfHRPII) is secreted as soluble protein in the periphery of the red cell and avoids endocytosis by the parasite, and 3% remains membrane-bound within the parasite. Transfected cells release 90% of a soluble transgene PfHRPIImyc into the red cell periphery and contain 10% membrane bound within the parasite. Yet these cells show a minor reduction in hemozoin production and IC50 for chloroquine. They also show decreased transport of resident fv enzyme PfPlasmepsin I, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker PfBiP, and parasite-associated HRPII to fvs. Instead, all three proteins accumulate in the ER, although there is no defect in protein export from the parasite. The data suggest that novel mechanisms of sorting (i) soluble antigens like HRPII in the red cell cytoplasm and (ii) fv-bound membrane complexes in the ER regulate parasite digestive processes.