cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The changing assessments of John Snow's and William Farr's cholera studies.

This article describes the epidemiological studies of cholera by two major British investigators of the mid-nineteenth century, John Snow and William Farr, and it asks why the assessments of their results by contemporaries was the reverse of our assessment today. In the 1840s and 1850s Farr’s work was considered definitive, while Snow’s was regarded as ingenious but flawed. Although Snow’s conclusions ran contrary to the expectations of his contemporaries, the major reservations about his cholera studies concerned his bold use of analogy, his thoroughgoing reductionism, and his willingness to ignore what seemed to be contrary evidence. Farr’s electic use of current theories, his reliance on multiple causation, and his discovery of a mathematical law to describe the outbreak in London in 1849 was much more convincing to his contemporaries. A major change in thinking about disease causation was needed before Snow’s work could be widely accepted. William Farr’s later studies contributed to that acceptance.
The contribution of self-deceptive enhancement to display rules in the United States and Japan

Socially desirable responding was tested as a mediator of American and Japanese college student differences in display rules. Americans endorsed the expression of anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, and surprise more than the Japanese. Americans also exhibited more self-deceptive enhancement than the Japanese, and self-deceptive enhancement partially mediated country differences on the endorsement of anger, disgust, happiness, and surprise, but not contempt and fear. These findings highlight the role of self-deceptive enhancement in contributing to expressive display rules and support the point of view that socially desirable responding is a reflection of one's personality and culture rather than a statistical nuisance.
Hematological responses to thermal acclimation in a cold water squaliform (Heterodontus francisci girard)

The hematological modifications occurring as a result of acclimation to increased temperature in the cold water horn shark,Heterodontus francisci, were evaluated. Sharks were maintained under constant conditions except for temperature (15°C and 25°C) in a closed marine system. The total red blood cell (RBC) number decreased in the 25°C sharks. In contrast, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) significantly increased at 25°C compared to the control animals. RBC size was increased at 25°C, but the surface area/mm3 whole blood was reduced. Folic acid levels were not different between the groups. Vitamin B12 levels decreased and testosterone increased at 25°C. Blood pH, number of erythroblasts, number of white blood cells (WBC) and WBC differential analyses were essentially unchanged at the two temperatures, except that the relative neutrophil number was increased. The major hematological changes occur in the erythrocytes and appear to be sequential in nature with an initial loss of RBC followed by increased hemoglobin synthesis and increased RBC size, but lack of recovery of RBC numbers.
A new improved-performance decoding technique for Asymmetrically-Clipped Optical-OFDM

In this work, an improved receiving technique for Optical Wireless Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection (OW IM-DD) communication system, with Asymmetrically-Clipped Optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) modulations, is proposed. The (socalled in the literature) “clipping noise”, which carries 50% of the transmitted signal power is customarily discarded. Instead we show that the clipping noise carries information related to the original unclipped signal. Hence it is used in the proposed receiver scheme to generate an improved estimator for the transmitted signal. It is shown both theoretically and numerically, that the new approach improves the receiver performance of the system by up to 3dB without a change to the modulated signal.
Osteoblast Response to Ovariectomy Is Enhanced in Intrinsically High Aerobic-Capacity Rats

The role of exercise in promoting bone health is typically attributed to increased mechanical loading, which induces functional adaptation. Recent evidence suggests that habitual aerobic exercise has influence at the cellular level as well. The effect of aerobic capacity on osteoblast-lineage cell differentiation and function as well as skeletal phenotype is unknown. Using a rat model of high-capacity and low-capacity runners (HCRs and LCRs, respectively), in which an intrinsic functional genomic difference in aerobic capacity exists between nontrained animals, this study evaluated the effects of aerobic capacity on measures of bone mass and strength as well as osteoblast activity following ovariectomy. The ovariectomized rat emulates the clinical features of the estrogen-depleted human skeleton and represents a valuable model for studying short-term upregulation of osteoblast activity. We hypothesized that intrinsically high aerobic capacity would augment osteoblast response, which would mitigate the deleterious effects of hormone withdrawal. Femora and tibiae were assessed by micro-computed tomography, mechanical testing, and dynamic histomorphometry. HCRs had enhanced femoral tissue mineral density and estimated elastic modulus relative to LCRs. At 4 weeks postovariectomy, HCRs demonstrated a more robust osteoblast response. Markers of bone formation were upregulated to a greater extent in HCRs than LCRs, suggesting a role for aerobic capacity in governing osteoblast activity. Results from this and future studies will help to identify the influence of cellular aerobic metabolism on bone health, which may lead to new strategies for targeting diseases of the skeleton.
One-dimensional behavior in a model of the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction

Abstract The route to chaos from the thermodynamic steady state in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction, as yet uncharacterized, is found in the four-variable reversible Oregonator model to be well described by a smooth one-dimensional map with a single extremum.
The Fund Agreement in the Courts: II

AN ARTICLE on the jurisprudence of various member countries in which the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, or domestic legislation connected with the Agreement, had been relied on as having some bearing on the issues before the courts was published in an earlier issue of this journal.1 That story is carried forward in the present article, which examines a later group of cases, discussed under the headings (1) Privileges and Immunities, (2) Unenforceability of Certain Exchange Contracts, and (3) Capital Controls. In a concluding section, two Canadian cases dealing with gold subsidies are noted. Although they do not involve any direct contact with the Fund Agreement, there is an interesting parallel between them and the Fund's practice on gold subsidies.
Variation of contact angle and structure with molecular length and surface density in adsorbed films of fatty acids

Abstract Films of fatty acids from 12 to 22 carbons were prepared by adsorption on glass microscope slides from cetane solutions. Variations in density were achieved (1) by using a range of concentrations with a fixed short time of immersion and (2) by subsequent immersion in cetane of the most dense films. Electron diffraction patterns showed an increasing average tilt of the molecules relative to the surface normal with decreasing length of the molecules but no apparent change in tilt with variations in surface density. The contact angles exhibited by drops of cetane on the films decreased markedly from a maximum of 43–44° when the density of the adsorbed molecules on the surface was decreased, but were independent of the variations in tilt and length of the molecules.
Frequency analysis of the circumzenithal arc: Evidence for the oscillation of ice-crystal plates in the upper atmosphere

The results of a quantitative treatment of the visibility of the circumzenithal arc as a function of solar elevation are compared with records of the arc’s occurrence in France and the Netherlands, 1894–1931. Both calculated and observed frequency distributions peak at a solar elevation of 22° (minimum deviation), and the width of the observed frequency distribution can be closely matched with the assumption that plate ice crystals in quiet air undergo oscillations of around 1° from equilibrium. This result agrees with other estimates based on studies of the subsun and parhelic circle. The circumzenithal arc is shown to be vertically polarized, with Ivert/Ihor ≈ 1.4 in the solar vertical near minimum deviation.
What Explains the Industrial Revolution in East Asia? Evidence From the Factor Markets

This paper presents dual estimates of total factor productivity growth (TFPG) for East Asian countries. While the dual estimates of TFPG for Korea and Hong Kong are similar to the primal estimates, they exceed the primal estimates by 1 percent a year for Taiwan and by more than 2 percent for Singapore. The reason for the large discrepancy for Singapore is because the return to capital has remained constant, despite the high rate of capital accumulation indicated by Singapore's national accounts. This discrepancy is not explained by financial market controls, capital income taxes, risk premium changes, and public investment subsidies. (JEL O11, O16, O47, O53)
Discussion of the Paper ‘Late Pan‐African Magmatism and Crustal Development in Northeastern Egypt’

Commentaire de l'article de Abdel-Rahman A.F.M. et Doig R. (1987)―J. Geol. Soc., London, 144, 577-586
Effects of Core Type, Placement, and Width on the Estimated Interstrand Coupling Properties of QXF-Type Nb 3 Sn Rutherford Cables

The coupling magnetization of a Rutherford cable is inversely proportional to an effective interstrand contact resistance R eff , a function of the crossing-strand resistance R c , and the adjacent strand resistance Ra. In cored cables, R eff continuously varies with W, the core width expressed as percent interstrand cover. For a series of un-heat-treated stabrite-coated NbTi LHC-inner cables with stainless-steel (SS, insulating) cores, R eff (W) decreased smoothly as W decreased from 100%, whereas for a set of research-wound SS-cored Nb 3 Sn cables, R eff plummeted abruptly and remained low over most of the range. The difference is due to the controlling influence of R c - 2.5 μΩ for the stabrite/NbTi and 0.26 μΩ for Nb 3 Sn. The experimental behavior was replicated in the R eff (W )'s calculated by the program CUDI, which (using the basic parameters of the QXF cable) went on to show in terms of decreasing W that: 1) in QXF-type Nb 3 Sn cables (R c = 0.26 μΩ), Reff dropped even more suddenly when the SS core, instead of being centered, was offset to one edge of the cable; 2) R eff decreased more gradually in cables with higher R c 's; and 3) a suitable R eff for a Nb 3 Sn cable can be achieved by inserting a suitably resistive core rather than an insulating (SS) one.
A standing-wave facility for low-frequency impedance/absorption measurement

Abstract A facility for normal-incidence acoustic impedance and absorption co-efficient measurement in the frequency range 20–85 Hz has been developed at the US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories. The system consists of an enclosed waveguide operating in the fundamental mode, with an array of microphones and data processing electronics for determining the complex reflection coefficient of a surface two meters square.
Strategic decision making for multiple-generation product lines using dynamic state variable models: The cannibalization case

Multiple-generation product lines require carefully planned strategies. Under a multiple-generation product development strategy, companies introduce a line of products to the market instead of introducing a single product to better utilize technology assets and resources in an elongated time span. For such product development and launch scenarios, cannibalization can occur, however. That is, multiple product generations compete in the same market and partition the company's market shares. In the paper, we propose a new framework to predict the sales and introduction timing for every product generation in a multiple-generation product line while considering cannibalization. We demonstrate a case study implementing the proposed framework on Apple Inc.'s iPhone product line. The results show that the forecast performance of the model matches the realized data. Moreover, because the proposed framework is not computationally prohibitive, it can be used widely.
Activity of Human Blood Leukocytes against Toxoplasma gondii

Previous reports on the ability of Toxoplasma gondii to multiply within human mononuclear phagocytes have supported the concept that the phagocytes may protect Toxoplasma from antibody and act as a transport mechanism for dissemination of the organism throughout the body. However, after phagocytosis of viable Toxoplasma, greater than 80% of freshly isolated human peripheral blood monocytes and 50% of polymorphonuclear leukocytes rapidly destroyed these intracellular organisms. Virtually no replication of Toxoplasma occurred within these cells, as determined by microscopic examination and by uptake of [3H]uracil. These results suggested that circulating phagocytes from humans restrict rather than facilitate the initial dissemination of Toxoplasma.
Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in hemophiliac subjects treated with factor concentrate

Abstract Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity was measured using the Multitest CMI in a group of 97 patients with hemophilia who were enrolled in the New England Area Comprehensive Clinic. The Multitest CMI is a multipuncture system that dispenses seven test antigens including tetanus, diphtheria, Streptococcus, Proteus, tuberculin, Candida, and Trichophyton, and a glycerine-saline control solution. A reaction was considered positive if there was induration of at least 2 mm. If the results of one or more skin tests were positive, the patient was considered to have a positive reaction. Of the 83 patients with severe or moderate hemophilia A, 51 percent had negative reactions. No study control subject and only one patient with hemophilia B had a negative reaction. The 42 patients with hemophilia A who showed no reaction used a significantly greater amount of factor VIII concentrate than did those with hemophilia A who responded positively (1,960 units/kg per year versus 1,360 units/kg per year; p
The use of construct variation and diffraction data analysis in the crystallization of the TRAF domain of human tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6

Obtaining soluble proteins and diffraction-quality crystals often represents the bottleneck in macromolecular crystallography. Here, it is shown that construct variation can be an efficient strategy in expressing soluble proteins from bacteria and that clues from poor crystals may be used to improve crystal packing and to optimize crystal quality.
Development of gel staining techniques for detecting the secretion of procathepsin D (52-kDa protein) in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.

Abstract 17β-Estradiol stimulates the secretion of the 34- and 52-kDa protein (i.e., cathepsin D and procathepsin D, respectively) from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) inhibits this estrogen-stimulated response. A comparison of the effects of 17β-estradiol, TCDD, and their combinations on the secretion of these two proteins was determined using four different assay procedures, namely autoradiographic analysis of the 35 S-labeled proteins (from [ 35 S]methionine) separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), densitometric analysis of the silver- and double-stained proteins separated by PAGE, and radioimmunoassay of the proteins using commercially available antibodies to the 52-kDa protein. The results showed that the autoradiographic, staining, and radioimmunoassay procedures gave comparable results with only a few minor differences in the relative amounts of the 52-kDa detected in the various treatment groups. In the medium obtained from 17β-estradiol-treated cells that was serially diluted, there was an excellent linear correlation for the relative concentrations of the 52-kDa protein using the double-staining/densitometric procedure and the radioimmunoassay. These results indicate that the double- or silver-staining method may be a useful and rapid method for screening new compounds as antiestrogens in MCF-7 cells.
Cardiovascular Responses of Cows Given Electrical Current During Milking

Abstract Six Holstein cows in late lactation were used to determine effects of 4-mA square wave alternating current on mammary gland blood flow rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. Current to the lumbar-sacral region of the cows' back was applied 10s prior to udder massage and throughout milking. Heart rate was measured from systolic pulses (beats/min) off strip chart recordings. Blood pressure determinations were made from carotid arterial cannulae. A single rise in blood flow rate occurred during milkings without current. Mammary blood flow increased (30% with respect to rest) without 40s of milking. Heart rate and blood pressure did not change significantly. An abrupt increase in mammary blood flow rate, heart rate, and blood pressure was seen immediately upon current application prior to milking. Mammary blood flow rate increased 50%, heart rate 25 beats/min, and blood pressure 33mm Hg. The response latency was approximately 60s. A second rise in mammary blood flow (31%) was milking induced, occurring within 42s of milking machine attachment. Milk yield was not influenced by current. Our data suggest that 4-mA of alternating current, applied prior to and throughout milking, causes an immediate elevation in mammary blood flow rate, heart rate, and blood pressure of cows. Cardiovascular responses are short-lived. Current given throughout milking does not influence normal physiological changes in mammary blood flow during milking.
The Surgical Treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Evolution of Improved Methods for Identification and Interruption of the Kent Bundle

Fifty patients have been operated upon for the tachyarrhythmias associated with Kent bundles. The indications for operation were supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in 23 and life-threatening tachyarrhythmia in 27. Among the unusual variants noted were multiple Kent bundles that conducted only retrograde in 3. Forty-nine patients underwent attempted interruption of the bundle of Kent followed by His bundle division in 6. One had elective division of the bundle of His. The surgical problems occurred in 13 patients with posterior septal Kent bundles. A new approach is outlined for this group. Division of the Kent bundle was successful in 31 patients, but 2 deaths occurred from cardiomyopathy. Seven patients had successful control of SVT by His bundle interruption. One patient with postoperative retrograde conduction has the SVT controlled with drugs. Eight have postoperative delta waves, but their SVT is controlled with drugs. There were 3 failures.
Revision of anastomotic stenosis after pancreatic head resection for chronic pancreatitis: is it futile?

Abstract Background Because survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer is limited, it is difficult to assess longterm pancreaticojejunal anastomotic patency. However, in patients with benign disease, pancreaticojejunal anastomotic stenosis may become problematic. What happens when pancreaticojejunal anastomosis revision is undertaken? Methods Patients undergoing pancreatic anastomotic revision after pancreatic head resection for benign disease between 1997 and 2007 at the Medical University of South Carolina were identified. A retrospective chart review and analysis were undertaken with the approval of the Institutional Review Board for the Evaluation of Human Subjects. Longterm follow-up was obtained by patient survey at a clinic visit or by telephone. Results During the study period, 237 patients underwent pancreatic head resection. Of these, 27 patients (17 women; median age 42 years) underwent revision of pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. Six patients (22%) had a pancreatic leak or abscess at the time of the index pancreatic head resection. The indication for revision of anastomosis was intractable pain. All patients underwent preoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), which indicated anastomotic stricture in 18 patients (63%). Nine other patients underwent exploration based on clinical suspicion caused by recurrent pancreatitis and stenosis was confirmed at the time of surgery. Six patients (22%) had perioperative complications after revision. The median length of stay was 12 days. There were no perioperative deaths; however, late mortality occurred in four patients (15%). Six of 23 survivors (26%) at the time of follow-up (median 56 months) reported longterm pain relief. Conclusions Stricture of the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis after pancreatic head resection presents with recurrent pancreatitis and pancreatic pain. MRCP has good specificity in the diagnosis of anastomotic obstruction, but lacks sensitivity. Pancreaticojejunal revision is safe, but rarely effective, as a means of pain relief in patients with the pain syndrome associated with chronic pancreatitis.
Multiobjective robust design using physical programming

This paper develops a flexible Physical Programming (PP) based Robust Design Optimization (RDO) method. RDO yields a system that performs with minimal variability in the face of input variations or uncertainties. RDO methods generally seek to minimize the variation of an Aggregate Objective Function (AOF), thereby also minimizing the effect of input variations on the physical system --- it is hoped. RDO seeks to maintain design feasibility under input variations. The optimization outcome depends on (i) the acceptable level of variation in performance, and (ii) the level of input variations. For RDO to be flexible, it is desirable to allow designers to express preference with respect to specific design metric values, and variation levels thereof. Similarly, RDO would ideally allow the designer either to prescribe parameter tolerance levels, or to maximize their allowable levels to minimize manufacturing cost. This paper's approach possesses the above desirable features, and provides numerical examples. This paper also discusses the benefits of formulating RDO in terms of physically meaningful design performance degradation levels, rather than in terms of the variation of an AOF.
Infrared Cooling in Cloudy Atmospheres: Precision of Grid Point Selection for Numerical Models

Abstract The infrared layer temperature change in a cloudy atmosphere normally shows warming at the base of the cloud and intense cooling at the top of the cloud. In a model that uses broad-band radiative transfer to calculate atmospheric temperature changes, errors on the order of 6.0 K day−1 can occur at the top of a cloud if only selected grid points are used. Calculations using grid points at discrete intervals produce a smoothing effect over the entire cooling profile and increase errors. Two case studies were used to demonstrate these problems.
Epistaxis and Hemostatic Devices

Epistaxis is a common medical problem that rarely requires surgical intervention. However, when medical or surgical intervention is required, epistaxis can sometimes be difficult to control. Knowledge of nasopharyngeal anatomy is absolutely essential to the proper management of epistaxis. This article begins with a discussion of the essential anatomy of the region and the basic epidemiology of epistaxis, followed by a review of initial treatment as well as devices and procedures specifically designed for the control of epistaxis. Advances and new devices for the control of epistaxis are described.
Effects of nursery pre-conditioning on Panicum hemitomon and Sagittaria lancifolia used for wetland restoration.

A study was conducted to examine nursery protocols for production of planting stocks used in wetland mitigation projects. Two commercial soil mixtures were tested along with waterlogging, fertilization, and combination treatments. Two marsh species, Panicum hemitomon and Sagittaria lancifolia, were subjected to a two-phase study. During Phase I, watering and fertilization treatments were applied in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two soils, two watering regimes, and two fertilizer treatments. In Phase II, all plants were subjected to continuous waterlogging (no fertilizer). Soil redox potential was measured, along with plant gas exchange and growth responses. Our data do not support the hypothesis that flood “pre-conditioning” alone can significantly improve plant growth under subsequent flooding. However, fertilization alone or in combination with flooding appeared to enhance shoot and root production in both species during the subsequent flooding. In contrast, flooding alone produced Panicum plants that appeared to remain somewhat susceptible to subsequent flooding as compared to fertilized plants. Sagittaria plants subjected to fertilizer treatment alone did not produce significantly greater total dry weights compared to their controls. Our data indicate that the growth of planting stocks for wetland mitigation can be improved by fertilization in the nursery. Key words: fertilizer, flooding, nursery production, wetland mitigation.
A 2.5–12.5Gbps interpolator-based clock and data recovery circuit for FPGA

This paper presents a programmable half-rate clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for plesiochronous serial I/O links. The CDR is implemented in TSMC 28nm high-k metal-gate CMOS technology and covers a continuous range of data rates from 2.5Gb/s to 12.5Gb/s. The higher data rate is achieved by demultiplexing and decimating the sampled data in order for the subsequent circuit to operate at a much lower speed. The CDR is able to track maximum frequency deviation of ±286.78 ppm between the incoming data and the local reference clock at 12.5Gb/s. The CDR occupies a chip area of 18700um2 and consumes 30.30mW of power at 12.5Gb/s.
ARE SHRUBLAND BIRDS EDGE SPECIALISTS

In studies of forest fragmentation, birds of scrubby, early-successional habitats are considered edge specialists. Because these birds are assumed to thrive in fragmented, edge-dominated areas, their landscape ecology has received little attention from ecologists. With populations of shrubland birds declining throughout the eastern United States, the question of whether or not these birds really prefer edge habitats has important conservation implications. We used a meta-analysis to test how edges affect the abundance of shrubland birds in early-successional habitats. We analyzed data for 17 species from seven studies that compared the abundances of birds in the interiors and edges of regenerating clearcuts surrounded by mature forest. The meta-analysis clearly showed that shrubland birds avoid edges. All 17 species tested had higher abundances in patch centers than along edges, and edge effects were significant for 8 of 17 species. The key implication of this result is that small or irregular patches, dominated by edge, are unlikely to provide suitable habitat for shrubland birds. Thus, management for these declining species should involve providing large patches and minimizing edges. These findings demonstrate the importance of testing widely accepted ecological classifications and the need to view landscape ecology from the perspective of non-forest wildlife.
Changes of Crystal Structure in Antiferromagnetic Compounds

A RECENT communication by Selma Greenwald and J. S. Smart1 has directed attention to the significance of the structural deformations observed by us in monoxides of the transition elements2 in relation to their antiferromagnetic behaviour. It is particularly noteworthy that the temperatures at which departure from the high-symmetry face-centred cubic structure cell is first manifest are almost exactly the antiferromagnetic Curie temperatures. It would appear that deformations of the simpler arrangements existing above these Curie temperatures are a natural consequence of the setting of adjacent magnetic atoms in anti-parallel spin orientations below these temperatures. Neutron diffraction work on manganous oxide by Shull3 has shown that the magnetic cell has a lattice constant double that of the elementary structure cell; but it remains for X-rays to demonstrate the change in shape consequent upon the preferential arrangement of the metal atoms.
Community development and primary health care: Their conceptual similarities 1

In an effort to meet the material and social needs of developing countries following the 2nd world war 2 types of programs developed. Community development (CD) the 1st to appear is a rural across-the-board developmental approach stressing agriculture health education and communication. The other is primary health care (PHC) which is designed to cope with the basic health needs of developing countries and set in the context of integrated socioeconomic development. CD and PHC are examined with the purpose of showing that PHC could profit from the experience of the older CD movement. CD and PHC are similar in concept philosophy and goals and it would be expected that PHC planners would be interested in the CD experience. This however is not often the case. The CD experience has not been an unqualified success due to misconceptions characterized in many CD programs and bureaucratic difficulties. Yet PHC should utilize both the positive and negative experience of CD in planning and operation of PHC programs.
Generalized maximum likelihood estimators for ranked means

Suppose that observations from populations 7~ 1 . . . . , n k (k>2) are normally distributed with unknown means #1 . . . . . #k (respectively) and a common known variance a 2. Let #~ll<.-.<#~k~ denote the ranked means. Several ranking and selection procedures take n independent observations from each population, denote the sample mean of the n observations from 7~i by )(i ( i= 1 . . . . , k), and utilize the ranked sample means Xm__< ...--< J(Lkr (See [2] for details.) We assume throughout that both the numerical values of #1,---, #k and the pairings of the #m . . . . , #Ekl with the populations nl . . . . . nk are completely unknown and consider problems of estimation of#v ~ (1 < iN k) based on the statistics provided by the single-stage rule stated above, and utilizing recent work of Weiss and Wolfowitz. Generalized maximum likelihood estimators (GMLE's), introduced by Weiss and Wolfowitz [6], provide (where available) asymptotically efficient estimators, whereas this is not always true for MLE's even if the latter can be found. As noted in [1], for the case of estimating #m . . . . . #~kl, what is meant by "the M L E " is not clear. One possibility, the IMLE, is difficult to compute and may or may not possess desirable properties. Most classical MLE theory assumes i.i.d, observations and is therefore not applicable in our case, since the IMLE is in this case the MLE based on non-i.i.d, observations: the ranked data. The theory of Weiss and Wolfowitz [6] allows for more general situations, although most of their applications are to i.i.d. "non-regular" cases. (Corrections to Weiss and Wolfowitz [6] are contained in Weiss and Wolfowitz [7], in Weiss and Wolfowitz [9], and below. An additional example is given in Weiss and Wolfowitz [8].) We first summarize the results of Weiss and Wolfowitz [6] for the case k-2.
Possible regulatory interactions between compartmentalized glycolytic systems during initiation of glycolylsis in ascites tumor cells

Abstract Changes were measured in the rates of respiration and in the levels of glycolytic intermediates during the first 5 min after addition of 1.6 mM glucose to a suspension (5%, v/v) of respiring Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells incubated in an isotonic 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine buffer (pH 7.4) at 38 °C. The rates of accumulation of lactate and glycolytic intermediates were used to calculate the in vitro velocities of glycolytic enzymes. The initial velocities of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), fructose-6-phosphate kinase (EC 2.7.1.11) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) in μmoles glucose equivalents/ ml cells per min were 14, 11 and 4, respectively. The velocities of the two kinases fell sharply to less than 5 between 5 and 10 s, while the velocity of the dehydrogenase declined gradually over the first minute. The initial burst of activity in the kinases, which lasted for about 8 s, was associated with a rapid accumulation of phosphate ester and a negative net ATP generation by glycolysis. The accumulation of phosphate ester is almost exactly matched by the generation of ATP by the “tail end” of glycolysis (triose- P to lactate) in this period. After this time (10–25 s) the rate of oxidative phosphorylation calculated as six times the rate of O 2 consumption, is nearly identical to the combined rate of ATP utilization by hexokinase and fructose-6-phosphate kinase. As observed previously, oxamate (42 mM) blocked lactate dehydrogenase but did not depress the rate of phosphate ester accumulation. These various observations and correlations can be interpreted in terms of a dual glycolytic system. The accumulation of phosphate ester during the first 8 s is attributed to the operation of a partial glycolytic system, System B, which includes only the first three or four enzymes of glycolysis, and which draws upon an ATP pool (Pool I) previously employed in assorted cytoplasmic phosphorylations. The ADP generated by System B is rephosphorylated by and regulates the rate of a complete glycolytic system A, which converts glucose to lactate with little intermediate accumulation. The tail end of System A generates a new pool of ATP (Pool II) and controls the rate of glucose input through its head end, which is supplied by ATP being produced by oxidative phosphorylation. This scheme of interlocking controls is transient and alters after 8 s, when System B slows to a stop.
Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite‐based chlorophyll concentration

We assembled a dataset of 14C-based productivity measurements to understand the critical variables required for accurate assessment of daily depth-integrated phytoplankton carbon fixation (PP(PPeu)u) from measurements of sea surface pigment concentrations (Csat)(Csat). From this dataset, we developed a light-dependent, depth-resolved model for carbon fixation (VGPM) that partitions environmental factors affecting primary production into those that influence the relative vertical distribution of primary production (Pz)z) and those that control the optimal assimilation efficiency of the productivity profile (P(PBopt). The VGPM accounted for 79% of the observed variability in Pz and 86% of the variability in PPeu by using measured values of PBopt. Our results indicate that the accuracy of productivity algorithms in estimating PPeu is dependent primarily upon the ability to accurately represent variability in Pbopt. We developed a temperature-dependent Pbopt model that was used in conjunction with monthly climatological images of Csat sea surface temperature, and cloud-corrected estimates of surface irradiance to calculate a global annual phytoplankton carbon fixation (PPannu) rate of 43.5 Pg C yr‒1. The geographical distribution of PPannu was distinctly different than results from previous models. Our results illustrate the importance of focusing Pbopt model development on temporal and spatial, rather than the vertical, variability.
A Hybrid Diagnosis Approach for QoS Management in Service-Oriented Architecture

Service flow in SOA systems need to detect quality of service (QoS) problems and to guarantee end-to-end performance. In previous work, we have proposed two faulty service identification methods: a dependency matrix based diagnosis and a Bayesian network based diagnosis. In this paper, we present a hybrid diagnosis to achieve high diagnosis accuracy and low diagnosis cost. The hybrid diagnosis reduces the problem size by applying dependency matrix based diagnosis result in Bayesian network and excluding services that are not critical to the end-to-end QoS from the diagnosis. Our experimental results show that the accuracy of the hybrid diagnosis is similar to the Bayesian network diagnosis yet reduces more than 90% of the diagnosis time.
The abyssal fish Antimora rostrata (Günther)

Abstract 1. 1. Antimora rostrata is a wide-ranging codlike fish (family Moridae) inhabiting abyssal depths throughout most of the world's oceans. It is abundant in certain areas but supports no commercial fisheries. 2. 2. Little is known of its life history although it can be assumed that A. rostrata is benthopelagic in habit, feeding on free-living macrofauna that live on or just above bottom. It may also root in the bottom by using its spadelike snout. 3. 3. There is evidence that the fish forms aggregations segregated at larger sizes by sex. Females predominate in catches; large males are uncommon.
Preservation of renal function in the modern staged repair of classic bladder exstrophy.

Objective To compare the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in bladder exstrophy patients with published normative GFR estimates.
Decomposing the contribution of smaller shocks to the stabilization of GDP

Abstract Two variance decompositions are employed to identify those factors that account for the enhanced stability of GDP since 1984. Smaller direct shocks to GDP account for most of the stabilization and inventory investment and residential fixed investment exhibit the greatest stabilization.
Inflammatory changes associated with circadian variation in pulmonary function in subjects with mild asthma.

Summary Background Nocturnal enhancement of airway inflammation has been demonstrated in patients with asthma who have a significant drop in pulmonary function at night. Objective To investigate the circadian changes in airway inflammation and their relationship with variations in pulmonary function in subjects with mild atopic asthma. Methods Twelve asthma subjects were admitted to the hospital for two separate 24-h visits. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed at 04:00 hours during one visit, and at 16:00 hours during another visit. BAL cells were analysed for lymphocyte phenotype and the capacity to secrete cytokines following ex vivo stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Results The numbers of BAL lymphocytes and the percentage of CD4+ T cells were higher at 04:00 hours compared with 16:00 hours. At 04:00 hours, the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was inversely correlated with BAL lymphocytes and CD4+ cells. PHA-induced generation of IL-5 by BAL cells correlated with BAL eosinophils and CD4+ cells. Moreover, there was a linear relationship between the relative change (16:00–04:00 hours) in IL-5 and circadian variation in FEV1. Conclusions These data suggest that the circadian variation in lung function in asthma is associated with increased airway CD4+ lymphocyte numbers and their capacity to generate IL-5. Furthermore, in mild asthma, these circadian changes appear to fall into a continuous range, suggesting that day/night variations in airway inflammation and lung function occur on a continuum, rather than as an all-or-none phenomenon.
Investigating the compatibility of econometric forecasts and subjective expectations: A suggested framework

Abstract The precise nature of expectations formation plays a pivotal role in economics. However, economists have generally relied on econometric forecasts as proxies for the underlying expectations process without adequate verification. This study suggests that Brunswik's Lens Model can be meaningfully utilized to analyze the correspondence between econometric forecasts and subjective expectations. The normative and descriptive aspects of expectations formation can be distinguished. More importantly, the similarity between ex ante subjective expectations and ex post realizations can be analytically broken down into specific components representing knowledge, response consistency and task uncertainty. The proposed model is estimated with Livingston's price survey data. The results indicate that lower achievement is attributable not to lower knowledge or response consistency but rather to relatively greater unpredictability in the statistical environment.
Low Temperature in Situ Cleaning of Si(100) Surfaces and Transmission Electron Microscopy of Subsequent Growth of Epitaxial Germanium

A low temperature process for cleaning Si(100) surfaces has been developed. It involves a combination of a modified hot RCA wet chemistry treatment and an in situ hydrogen treatment for the removal of oxides and carbonaceous material from the Si surface. While this treatment is successful in producing reflection high energy electron diffraction patterns which show 1/2-order reconstruction lines, subsequent Ge heteroepitaxial growth at 300°C contains a high density of microtwins. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that most of the microtwins do not propagate to the wafer surface. Furthermore, the Ge/Si interface is not abrupt, and there are regions that do not appear crystalline. This suggests that some contamination is still present on the Si(100) surface after thein situ hydrogen treatments.
Coding for Random-Access Memories

A new decoding technique is presented for correcting errors due to bit-oriented hardware failures in parallel, random-access memories. It is shown that the resulting decoder compares favorably, both in complexity and in decoding delay, with currently implemented bit-switching techniques used for the same purpose.
High Quality Single-Crystal Laterally Graded SiGe on Insulator by Rapid Melt Growth

We grew SiGe on insulator (SGOI) by the rapid melt growth (RMG) technique. The RMG method combines Si-seeded, defect-necked melt growth with liquid encapsulation by self-aligned silicon dioxide microcrucibles. We obtained high quality, single-crystal, and (100)-oriented laterally graded SGOI structures with this simple and robust process, demonstrating that RMG can be applied to alloys with large miscibility gaps. Our process opens the possibility of building Si-compatible devices that require a smooth lateral variation in bandgap or lattice constant.
Spectrophotometric investigation of U(VI) chloride complexation in the NaCl/NaClO{sub 4} system

The option of a nuclear waste disposal in deep salt formations such as Gorleben in Germany, and the WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) in southeastern New Mexico, US has generated, over the last ten years, interests in thermodynamic data of radioactive trace elements in concentrated electrolyte solutions. Furthermore, post closure radioactive release scenarios from geologic salt formation, such as the WIPP include hydrologic transport of radionuclides through a chloride saturated aquifer. Consequently, the understanding of actinide solution chemistry in brines is essential for modeling requiring accurate knowledge of the interaction between AnO{sub 2}{sup 2+} and chloride ions. The goal is to develop models capable of predicting their behavior in natural multicomponent brines of high concentration. Complexation constants of two U(VI) chloride species, UO{sub 2}Cl{sup +} and UO{sub 2}Cl{sub 2}{sup 0}, have been intensively studied for about 40 years using different methods. However, large uncertainties reflect the general difficulty in determining accurate stability constants of weak complexes. In order to model the behavior of U(VI) in brines, the authors studied the formation of its chloride complexes by UV-Vis spectroscopy as a function of the NaCl concentration at 25 C.
ECM stiffness paves the way for tumor cells

In the mammary gland, the stiffness of extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen is thought to influence tumor progression and clinical outcome. A new mechanism orchestrated by a microRNA circuit is shown to mediate the physical effects of the microenvironment on tumor cell progression. The findings may explain how increased breast matrix stiffness is associated with poor survival and could help identify women with aggressive breast cancer (pages 360–367).
A comparative evaluation of random and site-specific immobilization techniques for the preparation of antibody-based chiral stationary phases.

In this study, one random and four site-directed conjugation strategies were applied to immobilize an mAb, which stereoselectively binds to L-amino acids, onto silica particles. The resulting chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were used for enantiomer separation of the model-analyte D,L-phenylalanine and further examined in frontal affinity chromatography. Although random immobilization of the antibody onto di-scuccinimidyl carbonate-activated silica resulted in a CSP that enabled baseline separation of the enantiomers of D,L-phenylalanine, the amount of available binding sites was considerably lower compared to the CSPs prepared by site-directed strategies. Immobilization of antibody via its carbohydrate chains, either directly via hydrazone bonds between the support and the protein or indirectly via binding carbohydrate-biotinylated antibody to streptavidin-derivatized silica, resulted in medium column efficiencies. Higher amounts of available active sites were obtained by immobilizing the antibody indirectly through the "crystallizable fragment (Fc)" receptor protein A/G. The best results with regard to amount of available binding sites and column efficiency were obtained by first biotinylating the antibody specifically at its C-termini using carboxypeptidase Y and immobilizing the biotinylated antibody on streptavidin-derivatized silica.
Moral Credentialing and the Rationalization of Misconduct

Recent studies lead to the paradoxical conclusion that the act of affirming one's egalitarian or pro-social values and virtues might subsequently facilitate prejudiced or self-serving behavior, an effect previously referred to as "moral credentialing." The present study extends this paradox to the domain of academic misconduct and investigates the hypothesis that such an effect might be limited by the extent to which misbehavior is rationalizable. Using a paradigm designed to investigate deliberative and rationalized forms of cheating (von Hippel, Lakin, & Shakarchi, 2005), we found that when participants had credentialed themselves (versus a non-close acquaintance) via a set of hypothetical moral dilemmas, they were more likely to cheat on a subsequent math task, but only if cheating was highly rationalizable. When cheating was difficult to rationalize, moral credentialing had almost no impact on cheating.
Apolipoprotein epsilon4 status is associated with behavioral symptoms in nursing home residents with dementia.

BACKGROUND While the relationship of apolipoprotein E (APOE) to behavioral symptoms of dementia (BSD) has been studied in community-dwelling persons with AD, it has received limited attention within the nursing home (NH) population. The aim of this study was to examine the association between APOE genotype and BSD in NH residents using direct observation. METHODS Thirty-six participants, aged 71-102 years, were compared using a non-randomized two-group design with continuous measures. APOE genotype was obtained by buccal swab. BSD, including restlessness, escape restraint, tapping and banging, searching and wandering, pacing and walking, and vocalization, were measured using the Modified Agitated Behavior Rating Scale. Participants were observed every 20 minutes for 12 hours per day for five days. Each participant's mean behavior scores were compared according to the presence or absence of the APOE epsilon4 allele. RESULTS Resident characteristics included a mean MMSE of 10.44 indicating moderate to severe dementia and a mean of 3.44 medical co-morbidities. Fifty-six percent of the participants had one epsilon4 allele. A significant difference was found between APOE epsilon4+/4- and mean behavioral scores (F(1,31)) = 4.40, p = 0.04). Restlessness was significantly inversely correlated with MMSE (r = -0.367, p = 0.03), but not APOE genotype. There was no significant correlation between proxy reporting and direct observation (r = 0.257, p = 0.13). CONCLUSION Findings indicate that the presence of the APOE epsilon4+ genotype increases the risk for BSD in NH residents with dementia. Direct observation proved a more accurate estimate of BSD than proxy report.