cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative radiation therapy and iododeoxyuridine for large retroperitoneal sarcomas

Abstract Purpose: Local failure is frequent after conventional therapy for patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas. A Phase I/II multimodality approach was used, combinig iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) and radiation therapy, followed by attempted surgical resection, with the goal of improving local control. Methods and Materials: Patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas were treated with three to five consecutive cycles of treatment. Each 14-day cycle consisted of a continuous intravenous infusion of IdUrd on days 1–5m twice a day radiation therapy (1.25 Gy/fraction) on days 8–12, and a break on day 13 and 14. Surgical resection was attempted after three or five cycles. Patients resected after three cycles received an additional two cycles of treatment with radiation directed to the tumor bed. IdUrd dose was escalated in Phase I fashion (1000 mg/m 2 /day, 1333 mg/m 2 /day, and 1600 mg/m 2 /day). The mediam potential follow-up was 31 months. Results: Sixteen patients (13 with high grade tumors) were treated. The median maximum tumor size was 17 cm. Resection margins were negative in four patients, microscopically positive in four patients, and grossly positive in three patients. Five patients were not resected. The only grade 4 acute toxicity observed was vomiting which occured in three patients upper abdominal radiation. Postsurgical and long-term complications were rare. Median survival overall and for resected patients were 18 and 32 months, respectively. Local control was observed in three out of four patients with negative margins (9, 40+, and 52+ months), two out of four patients with microscopically positive margins (4 and 22 months), and one out of three patients with grossly positive margins (46+ months). The overall freedom from local progression was 45% at 24 months. Conclusions: Retroperitoneal sarcomas can be resected after preoperative radiation therapy and IdUrd, with encouraging local control in patients resected with negative or microscopically positive margins. The recommended dose using this drug and radiation schedule appears to be 1600 mg/m 2 /day, which will form the basis for a Phase II trial.
N‐Acetylcysteine Treatment Protects Against VEGF‐Receptor Blockade‐Related Emphysema

Administration of the VEGF receptor blocker SU5416 to rats causes alveolar septal cell apoptosis and emphysema; both can be prevented by a superoxide dismutase mimetic. Here we show that SU5416 induces the expression of heme oxygenase‐1 in the lung tissue and that administration of antioxidant N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine protects alveolar septal cells against apoptosis, as demonstrated by caspase‐3 lung immunohistochemistry, and against emphysema.
Spectrochemical determination of magnesium, chromium, nickel, copper and zinc in human plasma.

Abstract Procedures are presented for the collection and digestion of human plasma for the spectrochemical determination of Mg, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn. Data on the precision of the method are given. Values found for the five metals are compared with those given in the literature. The procedure for digesting plasma can be applied also to red cells and whole blood.
Student statistics programs for the Macintosh

This paper reviews 15 statistics programs for the Macintosh. All are intended for student use, often in conjunction with a statistics course, and are available for under $100. Of the general-purpose programs, Data Desk and StatView offer the most appealing combination of features, Macintosh interface, and student-accessible manual. Minitab is also recommended, especially in situations where some students will be using Macs and others using PCs. In addition to the analysis-only programs, two other applications present interesting combinations of statistics and other features. DataSim offers outstanding data generation and experiment simulation along with very complete, and psychology-oriented, statistical analysis. HyperStat combines an entire statistics textbook in hypertext format with a complete data analysis package. Finally, for special situations where simple statistics are all that are required, InStat is recommended because of its tutorial features and very simple interface.
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections of the Newborn

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are fortunately quite rare in the neonatal population. Nevertheless, due to their life-threatening nature and the tremendous damage that surviving infants can incur, neonatal HSV is actually considered in a differential diagnosis relatively commonly. The availability of safe and effective antiviral therapy for the management of neonatal HSV also can accelerate a clinician's decision to consider HSV as the cause of a neonate's disease presentation, and then to obtain appropriate diagnostic studies and empirically institute antiviral treatment. Decisions on whether to continue antiviral therapy for a full course are predicated on the appropriate interpretation of these diagnostic studies as they subsequently are reported to the treating physician. For HSV-infected neonates, the duration of parenteral acyclovir therapy ranges from 14 to 21 days, depending on the extent of disease. Use of subsequent oral suppressive antiviral therapy is under investigation in randomized controlled trials, and at this time cannot be routinely recommended. This article will summarize the current state of neonatal HSV disease presentation, diagnosis, and management.
Comparison of 2 monoclonal antibodies for immunohistochemical detection of BRAF V600E mutation in malignant melanoma, pulmonary carcinoma, gastrointestinal carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, and gliomas

BRAF mutation is seen in a variety of human neoplasms including cutaneous malignant melanoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and others. Currently, there are 2 commercially available monoclonal antibodies for the detection of BRAF V600E mutation; however, a full and practical comparison of their performance in various tumor types on an automated staining platform has not been done. We investigated their sensitivity and specificity in detecting the BRAF V600E mutation in a series of 152 tumors including 31 malignant melanomas, 25 lung carcinomas, 32 gastrointestinal carcinomas, 23 thyroid carcinomas, 35 gliomas, and 6 other malignancies. In this series, the concordance rate between immunohistochemistry (IHC) and mutational analyses was 97% (148/152) for VE1 and 88% (131/149) for anti-B-Raf. The sensitivity and specificity were 98% (60/61) and 97% (88/91) for monoclonal VE1 and 95% (58/61) and 83% (73/88) for anti-B-Raf, respectively. There were 4 cases with discordant IHC and mutational results for monoclonal VE1 in contrast to 18 cases for anti-B-Raf. Our studies showed that IHC with monoclonal VE1 has a better performance compared with anti-B-Raf in an automated staining platform and confirmed that clone VE1 provides excellent sensitivity and specificity for detecting the BRAF V600E mutation in a variety of tumor types in a clinical setting.
DDT residues on sweet corn ear tips and silks after treatment with dust, spray, or granular formulations

An insecticide (DDT) in the form of spray, dust, or granules was applied to sweet corn at the 1- and 5-day silk stage by means of conventional equipment and techniques. Applications were made at the level recommended (2 lb DDT/acre) for controlling the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). Samples of the silks and ear tips were taken at several intervals for 8 days and the insecticide residues were analyzed by gas chromatography. Higher residues were obtained with granules than with dust while those from the spray were lowest. Variations in the quantities of DDT deposited by dust and granular treatments, however, were about twice that of the spray.
Effects of acibenzolar-S-methyl on the suppression of Fusarium wilt of cyclamen

Abstract Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM; Actigard 50 WP®, Syngenta Inc.) was evaluated for its ability to suppress Fusarium wilt of cyclamen in the greenhouse. The effect of applying increasing rates of ASM to cyclamen seedlings grown in potting mix infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis resulted in a negative relationship between estimates of disease progress values (area-under-the-disease-progress-curve, AUDPC) and ASM rate. Disease symptoms were still evident in most plants, but some ASM-treated plants remained asymptomatic for the entire period. Dry mass of plants grown in infested potting mix were proportionally increased as ASM concentrations increased. In the absence of the pathogen, however, increasing rates of ASM resulted in linear reductions in dry mass. Flower number and quality were not affected by ASM rate. When seedlings were sprayed with 50 μg a.i. ASM ml−1 and then grown in potting mix infested with increasing densities of F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, disease progress was significantly less than untreated seedlings, but there was variation among repetitions of the experiment. Dry mass was similarly greater than untreated seedlings. The major benefit of ASM was that it delayed the onset of wilt symptoms in most plants for up to 3 weeks and kept a few plants completely asymptomatic. Although applications resulted in no visible phytotoxicity on the leaves, the decline in dry mass may suggest some level of inhibition due to ASM. ASM may still be a useful component of an integrated disease management program for Fusarium wilt of cyclamen.
Further studies on the stellar orientation of nocturnally migrating birds

The discussion of the previously published experiments on the star-orientation of Lesser Whitethroats, Blackcaps, and Garden Warblers confirms the findings, that these nocturnal migrants, possessing an internal clock, rely on a spherical grid of two celestial coordinates. It still has to be analysed if these birds would refer to the azimuth and altitude of their stellar orientation pattern with the natural or an artificial horizon as the primitive circle. They also could make use of the second spherical grid with hour angle and declination, and the celestial equator as the circle of reference. There is no indication that the birds would rely on a star-compass alone. The system of orientation with two stellar coordinates is sufficient for nocturnal homing after displacements, as they were simulated in planetarium experiments. Some general remarks were made regarding migration orientation and homing abilities of displaced birds. In relation to this celestial orientation and the setting of the internal clock a possible establishment of a newly expanded species in a new geographical area is briefly discussed.
Flânerie and the globalizing city

In this paper we review the history and current revival of flânerie, assessing it as a lens for understanding and representing cities undergoing globalization. We will examine a strong connection of artist–flâneuristic and sociological practices in 21st-century transnational terms that nevertheless recall the heroic flânerie of the 19th century. We will emphasize a more Baudelairean cast to contemporary flânerie as a practice of subjective mediation that establishes an ever-expanding, sensory connectivity among individuals in the streets, producing in the process vibrant documents of cities in transformation. We discuss the decisive impact of the flâneuse on the global stage. Finally, we will look at today's interurban circuits—for example, the global art biennial/art fair circuit—along which treads a new kind of flâneur/flâneuse—the global nomad.
Investigations on the chemistry of heparin. II. Presence of a uronidic linkage with carbon-6 of glucosamine.

Abstract The comparative resistance of the glycosidic linkages of heparin to acid hydrolysis is probably the major source of difficulty in the determination of its structure by graded hydrolysis experiments. Thus the conditions required to effect appreciable reaction also cause extensive degradation of the uronic acid. A previous paper from this laboratory described the conversion of heparin to a desulfated N-acetylated derivative containing nitrogen, sulfur and acetyl in a molar ratio of 1:0.5:1 (Danishefsky et al., 1960). It was also shown that the acid hydrolysis of this product proceeds at a significantly higher rate than heparin itself. A subsequent study was, therefore, carried out on the desulfated acetamido heparin. This report describes the isolation of a disaccharide from the hydrolyzate and presents evidence as to some of its structural characteristics.
Electrochemical and ESR studies of [Fe(terpy)2]2+ and [Ru(terpy)2]2+ and their reduction products

Abstract The cyclic voltammetry of [Fe(terpy)2]2+ and [Ru(terpy)2]2+ and the frozen solution ESR spectra of the one-, two- and three-electron reduction products for both are reported. A total of four redox steps are resolved for both complexes. The first two are reversible one-electron processes, the third is a quasi-reversible one-electron process and the fourth step apparently involves an ECE mechanism. Only the one- and two-electron reduction products are chemically stable on a long time scale. However, the ESR spectra for all products can be described by an S=1/2 spin Hamiltonian. These results are interpreted to imply that the redox orbitals are single chelate ring types.
Methane Sorption in Nanoporous Metal−Organic Frameworks and First-Order Phase Transition of Confined Methane

Nanoporous metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for methane sorption and storage. Using neutron powder diffraction, we have directly determined the methane sorption sites in two prototypical MOF materials: zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8, Zn6(N2C4H5)12) and metal−organic framework-5 (MOF-5, Zn4O13(C8H4)3). The primary methane adsorption sites are associated with the organic linkers in ZIF-8 and the metal oxide clusters in MOF-5. Methane molecules on these primary sites possess well-defined orientations, implying relatively strong binding with the framework. With higher methane loading, extra methane molecules populate the secondary sites and are confined in the framework. The confined methanes are orientationally disordered and stabilized by the intermolecular interactions. Below 100 K a maximum of ∼18 and ∼24 methane molecules per formula unit can be stored in ZIF-8 and MOF-5, corresponding to ∼20 and ∼50 wt % storage capacities, respectively. An unusual reversible methane-indu...
Research on Classroom and School Effectiveness and Its Implications for Improving Big City Schools.

Research on effective teaching has produced useful knowledge regarding instructional techniques dealing with classroom management, teacher-centered direct or explicit instruction, student time-on-task, questioning, and cognitive instruction for low-achieving students. Research on effective schools has produced useful knowledge regarding the characteristics or correlates of schools that are unusually successful in enhancing student achievement. Projects that utilize these research findings in working to improve teacher and school effectiveness have been and are being conducted in many big cities. While encouraging results have been registered in some locations, achievement is still unacceptably low in many cities. Efforts in the future should draw systematically on research dealing with effective classrooms and effective schools.
The Fugitive Slave Act in Emerson's Boston

No event of the antebellum period transformed the sectional conflict into a community crisis more directly than the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Designed to overcome the reluctance of some northern jurisdictions to recognize slaveholders' claims on alleged runaways, the summary process provided federal assistance for slave catchers and checked potential instruments of local subversion by dispensing with juries, inducing enforcement officers to act vigorously, and providing protection against potential rescues. The legislation forced African Americans in the free states to decide whether to flee from their homes or risk kidnapping, and it prompted some northerners to unite in defense of their neighbors through forcible resistance to the law.
Cognitive Biases in Depression and Eating Disorders

This study examined the link between cognitive biases (i.e., attention biases and implicit associations) and symptoms of depression and eating disorders and whether the content of these biases is disorder-specific. These hypotheses were examined with a sample of 202 undergraduate women. Cognitive biases were measured via computer-based tasks (i.e., the probe detection task and the Implicit Association Test) and symptom levels were measured via interview and self-report. Partially supporting the main hypothesis, symptoms of depression and eating disorders were significantly correlated with disorder-specific implicit associations but not attentional biases. Partially supporting the specificity hypothesis, there was evidence for stronger associations between symptoms of eating disorders and eating specific implicit associations.
WE‐E‐201C‐06: The Next Generation Solid State X‐Ray Image Intensifier (SSXII)

Purpose: We report on new advancements with a solid state x‐ray image intensifier (SSXII) to expand the field‐of‐view (FOV) and improve detector performance. Method and Materials: The SSXII is a new high‐resolution, high‐sensitivity radiographic and fluoroscopic imager based on electron‐multiplying CCDs (EMCCDs), which views a CsI:Tl phosphor through a fiber optic taper (FOT). The SSXII has demonstrated the capabilities to significantly improve upon the inherent limitations of current state‐of‐the‐art x‐ray image intensifiers and dynamic flat panel detectors(FPD), with superior performance in terms of MTF, instrumentation noise, and DQE. To expand the FOV, a modular array has been constructed. The EMCCD camera electronics have been designed to enable a 2 × 2 abuttable array configuration. The 27 mm center‐to‐center distance enables use of 3.4:1 magnification ratio FOTs, thereby providing a FOV of 5.44 × 5.44 cm (an increase in area of 290% over the initial single module prototype). Larger arrays can be constructed. Performance of this next generation SSXII was extrapolated based on measured MTFs and transmission efficiencies of the individual components that comprise the detector.Results: Calculations indicate an averaged improvement in the MTF of a factor of 1.2 across the higher spatial‐frequency range (5 to 10 cycles/mm). X‐ray sensitivities are expected to increase by 40% due to a reduction in the FOT magnification ratio (from 4:1 to 3.4:1). The instrumentation noise equivalent exposure (INEE) was calculated to decrease from 0.2 to 0.03 μR, which is two orders of magnitude lower than present FPDs. The DQE was determined to improve by an averaged factor of 2.2 from 5 to 10 cycles/mm. Conclusions: With an expanded FOV, the SSXII is a promising candidate to replace existing state‐of‐the‐art detectors, providing improved resolution, lower instrumentation noise, and better signal‐to‐noise ratio performance. (Support: NIH Grant RO1EB008425)
Linked-cluster expansion for the graph-vertex coloration problem

Abstract The logarithm of the chromatic polynomial is expanded in terms of the number of weak embeddings of star subgraphs of successively higher numbers of vertices. This expansion is used to estimate the number of colorations per vertex for a number of two- and three-dimensional space lattices. Finally, the expansion is further simplified in terms of the number of strong embeddings of a subset of the star subgraphs of successively higher numbers of vertices.
Constrained Three-Dimensional Component Layout Using Simulated Annealing

This research introduces a computational algorithm that uses simulated annealing to optimize three-dimensional component layouts. General component layout problems are characterized by three objectives: achieving high packing density, fitting components into a given container and satisfying spatial constraints on components. This paper focuses on the extension of a simulated annealing packing algorithm to a general layout algorithm through the implementation of a language of spatial constraints that are characteristic of layout problems. These constraints allow the designer to specify desired component proximities or to restrict translation or rotation of components based on a global origin or set of coordinate axes, or relative to other component locations or orientations. The layout of components from a cordless power drill illustrates the algorithm.
Gender related differences in predictors of vascular complications: role of vessel size and BMI

Women undergoing cardiac catheterization have an increased risk of vascular complications (VC) compared to men. Whether this is due to gender differences in common femoral artery (CFA) anatomy remains unknown. Therefore, we examined angiographic features of CFA to identify differences in predictors of VC between the genders. A case control study design enrolled 59 (30 women and 29 men) consecutive patients with VC and 59 age, gender and procedure matched controls from 2004 to 2009. VC were defined as hematoma >6 cm, any access site related bleeding requiring transfusion or injury requiring mechanical intervention. Quantitative angiography was performed on all femoral angiograms. Univariate and multivariate regression was performed to define clinical and angiographic predictors of VC. Among all patients, cases had significantly lower BMI than controls (28.4 ± 7.7 vs. 32.0 ± 6.7, p ≤ 0.01) and were more than twice likely to have CFA reference vessel diameter <5.5 mm (p = 0.04). This finding was entirely driven by the inverse relationship between BMI, CFA and VC among women. On multivariate analysis, BMI was a potent predictor of VC (OR 0.94; 95 % CI 0.89–0.99; p = 0.04). When comparing men and women, BMI and CFA size were predictors of VC among women only. Among men, site of arteriotomy and diabetes mellitus predicted risk of VC. Smaller BMI correlates with smaller CFA diameter and both are predictive of increased risk of VC. This may explain the female predisposition to VC. Risk stratification for bleeding and VC should address these gender specific findings.
Nitrogen NMR spectroscopy: Application to some substituted pyrroles

A series of 15N labeled 2-acylpyrroles was prepared and the nitrogen and proton n.m.r. spectra obtained. 15N chemical shifts for these compounds are reported for the first time. No correlation between the nitrogen chemical shift and any Hammett substituent constant could be found. No variation in J(15NH) was observed for any compound with changes in solvent, temperature or concentration, ruling out any observable tautomeric equilibria for these systems. An increase in J(15NH) with the addition of electron withdrawing groups indicates increasing polarization of the NH bond and acidity of these molecules. Two and three bond 15N couplings are also reported.
Blood Pressure—The Better Biomarker: Delay in Clinical Application

“The truly great advances in our understanding of nature originated in a way almost diametrically opposed to induction. The intuitive grasp of the essentials of a large complex of facts leads the scientist to the postulation of a hypothetical law or laws. From these laws, he derives his conclusion.”—Albert Einstein, “Induction and Deduction in Physics,” Berliner Tageblatt, December 25, 1919, CPAE 7:28.
A Numerical Study of Squeeze Film Dampers

Squeeze film dampers (SFDs) are used in the high speed turbomachinery industry as a means to reduce vibration amplitude, provide damping, and improve dynamic stability of the rotor bearing system. Past numerical studies analyzing SFDs, have been computationally expensive and time consuming. The present study investigates the feasibility of applying a steady state solver to obtain computational efficiency while ensuring that the parameters of interest are captured. This is done via the application of the Moving Reference Frame (MRF) solver in ANSYS® Fluent. A steady state solver in an absolute frame of reference was used to produce whirling motion of the rotor. The results are validated by comparison to the experimental data of Delgado [1]. The numerical model shows good agreement with these results.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Lehrer/Wagner consensual probabilities do not adequately summarize the available information

In their recent book, Keith Lehrer and Carl Wagner propose a simple method for combining divergent opinions on some issue and creating what they call the "consensus" (Lehrer and Wagner, 1981). The Lehrer/Wagner method takes differing individual opinions for inputs and yields the rational consensus of the group as output. They back up their method with two arguments. First they claim that their method produces a good summary of all the information held by members of the group on the issue at hand. The summary is a good one because it reflects the reasonable compromise of opinions on the subject. Thus, their second argument is that their method produces the rational compromise or consensus of the group. I believe both of these arguments fail. The method they propose does not adequately summarize the information which a group of people has, and, it is not irrational to pursue other methods for reaching a consensus or even to continue to disagree. In this paper, I do not directly address the rationality claim. What I show here is that Lehrer and Wagner's method for summarizing information is inadequate to its task. Furthermore, if Lehrer and Wagner persist in seeking the rational way to agree, their methods will be doomed to fail in adequately summarizing the available information. I show that it is the need to find rational agreement amongst sincere disagreement that causes Lehrer and Wagner's method to fail in summarizing the information.
The impact of experiential exercises on communication and relational skills in a suicide prevention gatekeeper-training program for college resident advisors

Abstract Objective: In an effort to identify students at risk for suicide, many colleges are implementing suicide prevention training for campus gatekeepers. This study evaluated the efficacy of a 3-hour, experiential-based gatekeeper training that included an emphasis on enhancing communication skills and relational connection in addition to the didactic foci of standard gatekeeper training. Participants: Sixty-five college student resident advisors (RAs) were trained with Campus Connect. Methods: The training was dismantled to examine the specific contribution of experiential exercises on training outcomes. Results: Compared to didactic training alone, following participation in experiential exercises RAs’ training outcome scores exhibited additional improvement on the Suicide Intervention Response Inventory–2 and a 14-item self-report measure of self-efficacy for specific suicide- and crisis-related knowledge and skills. Conclusions: In gatekeeper training, experiential exercises emphasizing awareness ...
Connectivity of Finite Wireless Networks with Random Communication Range Nodes

One of the most important topological characteristics of a network is its connectivity. This work analyzes the connectivity of one-dimensional wireless networks considering finite number of randomly deployed nodes with random communication ranges. In particular, it focuses on the probability of being able to convey a message from the source to the sink given certain number of nodes. The method to address the problem is by mapping it to the problem of covering a circle with arcs of random sizes. This paper provides an analytical solution when the communication ranges of the nodes are distributed uniformly over the field of interest. In addition, and of practical relevance, it shows how the random communication radii model can represent certain kind of randomness in the communication channel. Specifically there is a comparison between our model and the log-normal shadowing statistical model. Stochastic simulations validate the derived formula as well as its approximation to the standard shadowing model. In agreement to previous results for wireless networks, this work verifies that the requirements on the number of nodes to have a connected network may be relaxed when the nodes have random communication radii.
Recent Comparative Approaches to Imperial History and Settler Colonialism

Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century: Projects, Practices, Legacies Colonial Lives Across the British Empire: Imperial Careering in the Long Nineteenth Century Annie Coombes (ed.),, (Manche...
Short Term Storm Surge Forecasting

Abstract This paper discusses storm surge water levels along with exploratory data analysis, development of event magnitudes for characteristic surge return periods, and sort term forecasting potential of surge water levels using localized linear techniques. The area considered is a location in the New York-Long Island (N.Y.-L.I.) area. The short term local linear forecasting of storm surge water level is found to be meaningful for time periods on the order of 1–2 hours using only water level information without additional meteorological information. Characteristics of the historically large surge events for both Northeasters and Hurricanes are also discussed in the paper along with potential of local linear forecasting to provide useful information for various types of large water level events. The limited forecasting study is a first step in a planned broader assessment of forecasting future storm water levels for emergency management knowledge and planning.
Implementing a Reliable Digital Object Archive

An Archival Repository reliably stores digital objects for long periods of time (decades or centuries). The archival nature of the system requires new techniques for storing, indexing, and replicating digital objects. In this paper we discuss the specialized indexing needs of a write-once archive. We also present a reliability algorithm for effectively replicating sets of related objects. We describe a data import utility for archival repositories. Finally, we discuss and evaluate a prototype repository we have built, the Stanford Archival Vault (SAV).
Structural chemistry of the Magnéli phases TinO2n−1, 4 ≤ n ≤ 9: II. Refinements and structural discussion

Abstract The structures of the title compounds 6 ≤ n ≤ 9 were refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction intensities. The pattern of edge- and corner-sharing between TiO 6 octahedra permits description of the structures by means of strongly bonded (101) layers containing two directions of chains: a [ 1 01] chain with rutile-like chain segments and a [010] chain in the shear-plane region. These layers are joined by corner-sharing only. The structures can also be described as the alternate stacking of a fixed-geometry shear-region slab four octahedra thick and a rutile-like slab ( n − 4) octahedra thick in which edge-sharing occurs only inside the pseudorutile chain segments. The family is remarkably homogeneous with similar ionic valences and similar distortions of the TiO and TiTi distances for corresponding atoms in different members. As noted before for cell parameters, Ti 4 O 7 is slightly different from the others probably due to the absence of a rutile-like slab. No even-odd alternance was noted.
The Crystal Structure of Human Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase, Tdp1

Abstract Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond between a tyrosine residue and a DNA 3′ phosphate. The enzyme appears to be responsible for repairing the unique protein-DNA linkage that occurs when eukaryotic topoisomerase I becomes stalled on the DNA in the cell. The 1.69 A crystal structure reveals that human Tdp1 is a monomer composed of two similar domains that are related by a pseudo-2-fold axis of symmetry. Each domain contributes conserved histidine, lysine, and asparagine residues to form a single active site. The structure of Tdp1 confirms that the protein has many similarities to the members of the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily and indicates a similar catalytic mechanism. The structure also suggests how the unusual protein-DNA substrate binds and provides insights about the nature of the substrate in vivo.
Active transportation and cardiovascular disease risk factors in U.S. adults

Background Evidence of associations between active transportation (walking and bicycling for transportation) and health outcomes is limited. Better understanding of this relationship would inform efforts to increase physical activity by promoting active transportation. Purpose This study examined associations between active transportation and cardiovascular disease risk factors in U.S. adults. Methods Using the 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), adults (N=9933) were classified by level of active transportation. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses controlled for sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, and minutes/week of non-active transportation physical activity. Analyses were conducted in 2011. Results Overall, 76% reported no active transportation. Compared with no active transportation, mean BMI was lower among individuals with low (−0.9, 95% CI= −1.4, −0.5) and high (−1.2, 95% CI= −1.7, −0.8) levels of active transportation. Mean waist circumference was lower in the low (−2.2 cm, 95% CI= −3.2, −1.2) and high (−3.1 cm, 95% CI= −4.3, −1.9) active transportation groups. The odds of hypertension were 24% lower (AOR=0.76, 95% CI=0.61, 0.94) and 31% lower (AOR=0.69, 95% CI=0.58, 0.83) among individuals with low and high levels of active transportation, respectively, compared with no active transportation. High active transportation was associated with 31% lower odds of diabetes (AOR=0.69, 95% CI=0.54, 0.88). Active transportation was not associated with high-density lipoprotein level. Conclusions Active transportation was associated with more-favorable cardiovascular risk factor profiles, providing additional justification for infrastructure and policies that permit and encourage active transportation.
Assessment of groundwater discharges into West Neck Bay, New York, via natural tracers

A field experiment to compare methods of assessing submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) was held on Shelter Island, NY, in May 2002. We evaluated the use of radon, radium isotopes, and methane to assess SGD rates and dynamics from a glacial aquifer in the coastal zone. Fluxes of radon across the sediment-water interface were calculated from changes in measured surface water inventories following evaluation and correction for tidal effects, atmospheric evasion, and mixing with offshore waters. These fluxes were then converted to SGD rates using the measured radon concentration in the groundwater. We used the short-lived radium isotopes to calculate a horizontal mixing coefficient to assess radon loss by mixing between nearshore and offshore waters. We also made an independent calculation of SGD using the Raderived mixing coefficient and the long-lived 226 Ra concentration gradient in the bay. Seepage rates were calculated to range between 0 and 34 cm day � 1 using the radon measurements and 15 cm day � 1 as indicated by the radium isotopes. The radiotracer results were consistent and comparable to SGD rates measured directly with vented benthic chambers (seepage meters) deployed during this experiment. These meters indicated rates between 2 and 200 cm day � 1 depending on their location. Both the calculated radon fluxes and rates measured directly by the automated seepage meters revealed a clear reproducible pattern of higher fluxes during low tides. Considering that the two techniques are completely independent, the agreement in the SGD dynamics is significant. Methane concentration in groundwater was very low (� 30 nM) and not suitable as SGD tracer at this study site. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
High Voltage Engineering Education in the People's Republic of China

High voltage engineering is one of the electrical engineering specialties. The paper reviews university level high voltage engineering educational, research, and international exchange activities in the People's Republic of China. The introduction discusses the rapid development of the electric power industry in China during the last few decades and justifies the need for high voltage engineering education. Lists of fundamental-, specialty-, and elective courses in a typical high voltage engineering curriculum are given. Features of the graduate program, research areas and topics, and pertinent information on laboratory equipment are also outlined.
Biochemistry and pharmacology of renal arachidonic acid metabolism

Arachidonic acid is metabolized to prostaglandin, lipoxygenase products, and products of the microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes of the kidney. The distribution of the metabolizing enzymes and their regulation and pharmacologic manipulation are reviewed. The mechanisms of release of arachidonic acid from membrane lipids through a surface-mediated receptor mechanism are also discussed. The localization of the various enzymes and product formation may have profound effects on glomerular filtration, renal blood flow, and electrolyte excretion. Therefore, an understanding of the potential sites of inhibition of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is important in assessing their effects on renal function.
Cookies and Web browser design: toward realizing informed consent online

We first provide criteria for assessing informed consent online. Then we examine how cookie technology and Web browser designs have responded to concerns about informed consent. Specifically, we document relevant design changes in Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer over a 5-year period, starting in 1995. Our retrospective analyses leads us to conclude that while cookie technology has improved over time regarding informed consent, some startling problems remain. We specify six of these problems and offer design remedies. This work fits within the emerging field of Value-Sensitive Design.
IFE chamber technology testing program in NIF and chamber development test plan

Issues concerning chamber technology testing program in NIF involving: criteria for evaluation/prioritization of experiments, engineering scaling requirements for test article design and material selection and R&D plan prior to NIF testing were addressed in this paper. In order to maximize the benefits of testing program in NIF, the testing in NIF should provide the experimental data relevant to DEMO design choice or to DEMO design predictive capability by utilizing engineering scaling test article designs. Test plans were developed for 2 promising chamber design concepts. Early testing in non-fusion/non-ignition prior to testing in ignition facility serves a critical role in chamber R&D test plans in order to reduce the risks and costs of the more complex experiments in NIF.
The added value of virtual reality technology and force feedback for surgical training simulators

Laparoscopic surgery requires more specialized training of the surgeons than traditional open surgery. The Virtual Basic Laparoscopic Surgical Trainer (VBLaST) is being developed as a virtual version of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Skills (FLS) trainer. This study assessed the current haptic and virtual reality (VR) technology of a virtual peg transfer task of the VBLaST, based on the subjective preference of surgeons and their objective task performance measures. Twenty-one sur- gical residents, fellows and attendings performed a peg-transfer task in the FLS and the VBLaST. Each subject performed 10 trials on each simulator. Results showed that subjects performed significantly better on the FLS than on the VBLaST. Subjects showed a significant learning effect on both simulators, but with an accelerated improvement on the VBLaST. Even so, 81% of the subjects preferred the FLS over the VBLaST for surgical training which could be attributed to the novelty of the VR tech- nology and existing deficiencies of the haptic interface. Despite the subjective preference for the physical simulator, the per- formance results indicate an added value of VR and haptics in surgical training, which is expected to be demonstrated in more surgically relevant tasks such as suturing and knot-tying.
Extending Croquet Spaces with Vector Fields, Vehicles, and Virtual Presence

The Croquet system is a toolkit for constructing collaborative multi-user virtual environments incorporating time-synchronization and advanced 3D visualization and simulations. To investigate how a Croquet environment might be used in education to explore physical phenomenon, we are developing metaphors for visualizing and making audible space-varying forces (vector fields). These vector fields can interact with objects, and this allows us to construct simulations of systems such as charged particles in fields or sailboats interacting with wind. A natural extension of the vector field/object interaction is to allow for objects that act as vehicles so that users may ride them. By providing a vehicle capability to objects, we have both an intuitive metaphor for changing the user's spatial navigational interfaces, and allow users to experience the path of an object through a field. This vehicle metaphor also points toward an interface for guided tours of spaces. Guided tours imply voice and text chat to enable user discussion and collaboration. Not everyone is present in a given Croquet space at all times - this motivates our work to provide bridges between the Croquet in-world experience and legacy text-chat/voice communications systems. These legacy chat systems can also provide information about who is currently present and active in a given Croquet space to those outside the space and so help address user-rendezvous problems. While chat is important, if Croquet is seen as nothing more than chat in the form of a 3D avatar fancy-dress party, we will not achieve our goals of transforming educational content via multi-user simulations and advanced visualization. It is the synergies inherent in combining virtual presence, vehicles, vector fields that allows for rich collaborative construction and exploration of spaces and physical simulations (such as charged particles in fields or sailboats) with user-led guided tours of these spaces
Parental Relationships, Autonomy, and Identity Processes of High School Students

To examine the interrelations among parental relationships, emotional autonomy, and identity statuses, the authors asked 234 (105 male, 129 female) high school students to complete the Parental Bonding Scale (G. Parker, H. Tupling, & L. B. Brown, 1979), Emotional Autonomy Scale (L. D. Steinberg & S. B. Silverberg, 1986), and Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Scale-II (L. D. Bennion & G. R. Adams, 1986). There continues to be controversy about whether adolescents' identity formation is related to their emotional separation from their parents. According to Eriksonian and neo-Eriksonian theory (J. E. Marcia, 1980, 1984), adolescents who are successful in resolving their identity issues are better able to emotionally individuate from their parents. That is, adolescents have fewer conflicts with parents as they become more independent of them. Results of the present study indicate that adolescent perceptions of mother's caring behavior, but not father's caring behavior, predicted higher foreclosure identity status scores among adolescents. In addition, 2 dimensions of emotional autonomy (i.e., perceiving parents as people and parental deidealization) best predicted the adolescent identity statuses of moratorium and foreclosure. Results also indicate that future research may need to establish a better theoretical conceptualization of the constructs of interest in this study and better measures of emotional autonomy among adolescents.
Law of Malus and Photon-Photon Correlations : A Quasi-Deterministic Analyzer Model

For polarization experiments involving photon counting we introduce a quasi-deterministic eigenstate transition model of the analyzer process. Distributions accumulated one photon at a time, provide a deterministic explanation for the law of Malus. We combine this analyzer model with causal polarization coupling to calculate photon-photon correlations, one photon pair at a time. The calculated correlations exceed the Bell limits and show excellent agreement with the measured correlations of [ A. Aspect, P. Grangier and G. Rogers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 91 (1982)]. We discuss why this model exceeds the Bell type limits.
Comparative Analysis of Salmonella Genomes Identifies a Metabolic Network for Escalating Growth in the Inflamed Gut

TheSalmonella genus comprises a group of pathogens associated with illnesses ranging from gastroenteritis to ty- phoid fever. We performed an in silico analysis of comparatively reannotated Salmonella genomes to identify genomic signa- tures indicative of disease potential. By removing numerous annotation inconsistencies and inaccuracies, the process of reanno- tation identified a network of 469 genes involved in central anaerobic metabolism, which was intact in genomes of gastrointestinal pathogens but degrading in genomes of extraintestinal pathogens. This large network contained pathways that enable gastrointestinal pathogens to utilize inflammation-derived nutrients as well as many of the biochemical reactions used for the enrichment and biochemical discrimination of Salmonellaserovars. Thus, comparative genome analysis identifies a met- abolic network that provides clues about the strategies for nutrient acquisition and utilization that are characteristic of gastroin- testinal pathogens. IMPORTANCE While someSalmonella serovars cause infections that remain localized to the gut, others disseminate throughout the body. Here, we compared Salmonella genomes to identify characteristics that distinguish gastrointestinal from extraintesti- nal pathogens. We identified a large metabolic network that is functional in gastrointestinal pathogens but decaying in extraint- estinal pathogens. While taxonomists have used traits from this network empirically for many decades for the enrichment and biochemical discrimination of Salmonella serovars, ourfindings suggest that it is part of a "business plan" for growth in the in- flamed gastrointestinal tract. By identifying a large metabolic network characteristic of Salmonellaserovars associated with gas- troenteritis, our in silico analysis provides a blueprint for potential strategies to utilize inflammation-derived nutrients and edge out competing gut microbes.
Sensor Saturation Effects on NLTS Measurements

The effects of sensor saturation on measure- ments of nonlinear transition shift(NLTS) are compared for the harmonic elimination and extracted dibit methods. The error in the fifth harmonic method is sensitive to the normalized pulse width and to the amount of saturation; the NLTS measured by this technique underestimates the actual NLTS value, and the reduction can be more than 30% for reasonable values of PWm T and sensor extracted dibit method is relatively insensitive to the amount of saturation, with errors typically less than 5%. Index teims - nonlinear transition shift, saturation, magnetoresistive sensor, extracted dipulse saturation. The NLTS calculated from t I( e €1 echo in the
Interpretation of the NuTeV experiment

The NuTeV neutrino measurement of the Weinberg angle differs by 3 standard deviations from measurements at the Z pole. We review the status of various possibilities to explain this result, including contributions from physics outside the standard model; effects of radiative corrections; nuclear corrections to parton distributions; isospin-violating effects; and effects due to strange quarks.
Prenatal Versus Postnatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Intensive Care Use in Children Hospitalized With Bronchiolitis

Objective Among children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, we examined the associations between in utero exposure to maternal cigarette smoking, postnatal tobacco smoke exposure, and risk of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU).