cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transparent, conductive polymer blend coatings from latex-based dispersions

Abstract Flexible, transparent and conductive polymer blend coatings were prepared from aqueous dispersions of poly(3,4-ethylenedixoythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) [PEDOT/PSS] gel particles (∼80 nm) and latex (∼300 nm). The stable dispersions were deposited as wet coatings onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates and dried at 80 °C. Microstructure studies using tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) indicate that a network-like microstructure formed during drying at 0.03 volume fraction PEDOT/PSS loading. In this network-like structure, the PEDOT/PSS phase was forced into the boundary regions between latex. In addition, migration of the PEDOT/PSS particles towards coating surface is likely during drying of the aqueous dispersions. The addition of a small amount of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in dispersions altered the distribution of the PEDOT/PSS phase. As PEDOT/PSS concentration increases to 0.15 volume fraction, the coating surface is dominated by the PEDOT/PSS phase. The effect of DMSO on microstructure becomes less apparent as PEDOT/PSS concentration increases. The conductivity of the polymer blend coatings increases in a percolation-like fashion with a threshold of ∼0.02 volume fraction PEDOT/PSS. The addition of DMSO in dispersions enhanced the coating conductivity beyond the threshold by more than two orders of magnitude. The highest conductivity, ∼3 S/cm, occurs at 0.20 volume fraction PEDOT/PSS concentration. The polymer blend coatings have good transparency with only a weak dependence of transparency on wavelength due to the small refractive index difference between filler and matrix.
Up-or-out policies when a worker imitates another☆

A worker's productivity may increase if he imitates another worker he believes had performed well. The benefits of imitation can lead a firm to adopt up-or-out rules, and to pay senior workers more than junior workers, though observed differences in productivity are small.
Using More of Your Existing Knowledge to Make Better Strategic Decisions.

We contend that managers make better decisions when they are better able to tap into their vast storehouses of knowledge than their peers can. More specifically, we contend that accessing their tacit knowledge has the most noticeable and positive impact on their decision quality. Furthermore, techniques for better accessing knowledge can be learned. Here, we suggest the use of several techniques for managers to use in improving their ability to access their knowledge in the context of making strategic decisions. The avenues of access will aid managers in applying their knowledge in a conscious and proactive manner that may have heretofore been overlooked. The practical application of our suggestions involves strategic decisions by organisational leaders in both the individual as well as the top management team environment.
Simulations of the supernova-dominated interstellar medium in disk galaxies

A three-dimensional simulation of the evolution of an SNR-dominated ISM from an initially homogeneous, uniform substrate is presented. Systems with only bremsstrahlung cooling are compared with those cooled by radiation from metals. This distinction translates into a size difference in the resulting SNRs, and thus in the ability of isolated SNRs to affect the evolution of the galactic ecosystem. At a given SN rate, correlating the SNe decreases the global evolution of the galaxy if the SNRs individually can affect the system. It is shown that, when the density of the ISM varies widely, the N(R) test can give the reverse of standard expectations. It is shown that strong SNRs can impede interstellar tunnel production because of their ability to transport material and fill a previously evacuated volume, and that cloud size affects the final picture of the system.
Asymptotic normality of the kernel estimate under dependence conditions: application to hazard rate

Abstract Let X1,X2,…,Xn be p-dimensional random vectors coming from a strictly stationary sequence satisfying any one of the four standard modes of mixing, and let f be the probability density function of the X's with respect to Lebesque measure. The hazard rate at x is defined to be r(x) = ƒ(x) F (x) , where F (x) = P(X>x) , and the inequality is to be understood co-ordinate-wise; r(x) is defined for x in R p for which F (x)>0 . In a previous paper, the quantity r(x) was estimated by r n (x) , constructed in terms of the usual kernel estimate of ƒ(x), ƒ n (x) , and the natural estimate of F (x), F n (x) ; also, strong consistency was established, both pointwise and uniform over certain sets. One of the purposes of the present paper is to establish asymptotic normality of a suitably normalized version of r n (x) as n tends to infinity. The proof of this result hinges on the asymptotic normality of suitable normalized versions of ƒ n (x) and F n (x) . The former is established herein, under any one of the four standard kinds of mixing; the latter is presented elsewhere. The asymptotic behavior of the variance and of the covariance of ƒ n (x) is also studied.
Reintegrating disadvantaged communities into the fabric of urban life: The role of community development

Abstract This article analyzes the extent to which systematic spatial variations in opportunities in metropolitan areas provide a persuasive rationale for three current strategies for stimulating the development of urban communities: enterprise zone programs, community development financial institutions, and community development corporations. It examines whether the strategies are appropriately designed to respond to serious deficiencies in opportunities in distressed inner cities and reviews available evidence about their efficacy in addressing those deficiencies. A review of the literature reveals that poor inner‐city neighborhoods, particularly communities of color, have unequal access to opportunities in numerous areas, including employment, credit and financial services, housing, neighborhood shopping, and social networks and services that provide access to information and resources. The limited best‐case evidence indicates that the three strategies vary greatly in their ability to address these ine...
Locally Optimized Crossover for the Traveling Umpire Problem

Abstract This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the Traveling Umpire Problem, which is a recently introduced sports scheduling problem that is based on the most important features of the real Major League Baseball umpire scheduling problem. In our GA, contrary to the traditional way of randomly obtaining new solutions from parent solutions, we obtain partially optimized solutions with a Locally Optimized Crossover operator. This operator also presents a link between the evolutionary mechanism on a population of solutions and the local search on a single solution. We present improved results over other methods on benchmark instances.
Assortative Mating in a Polymorphic Salamander

Reproductive isolation due to divergent selection is thought to be one of the mechanisms that promote speciation in sympatry. A key element of reproductive isolation is assortative mating. We examined a polymorphic population of Eastern Red-backed Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) for evidence of reproductive isolation through assortative mating. Our study population was made up of two common color morphs, striped and unstriped. In the field, we turned over natural cover objects to find male–female pairs of P. cinereus during peak mating season. We recorded sex, color morphology, and snout–vent length of 112 pairs of salamanders. Estimates of sexual isolation indicated weak assortative pairing in the field with more same-color pairs than expected by chance. Striped females paired with striped males were significantly larger in size than those paired with unstriped males. Intermorph pairs were observed and such pairings, if successful, would interfere with the potential for divergence. Laboratory experiment...
Use of cytosar in pediatric acute myelocytic leukemia and leukemic meningitis.

For children with acute myelocytic leukemia, 5-day courses of Cytosar in combination with cyclophosphamide (with or without vincristine sulfate and prednisone) has shown excellent, age related results in relapse patients. The regimen known as Mini-COAP has been incorporated into front-line studies. Cytosar given intrathecally in combination with methotrexate has produced superior results in treating meningeal disease in the African presentation of Bur-kitt disease. This “synchronizing” technique has been incorporated into a high Cytoxan-high methotrexate regimen with coordinated intrathecal therapy with good results. Triple (Cytosar, methotrexate, and hydrocortisone) intrathecal prophylaxis is now demonstrated to have equivalent effectiveness to conventional CNS prophylaxis employing radiotherapy 2400 R and 5 doses of intrathecal methotrexate.
A Relational Representation of an Abstract Type System

Programming languages have traditionally had more data types than database systems. The flexibility of abstract types could make a database system more useful in supporting application development. Abstract types allow users to think about and manipulate data in terms and structures that they are familiar with. This paper proposes that databases have a type system interface and describes a representation of a type system in terms of relations. The type system model supports a variety of programming language constructs, such as user-defined parameterized data types and user-defined generic operations. The efficiency of the type system is compared to the access time of the database system.
Evaluating similarity measures for hyperspectral classification of tree species at Ordway-Swisher Biological Station

In this manuscript, we investigate which similarity measure discriminates the most between reflectance spectra of two sets of labeled hyperspectral pixels. We find preliminary evidence that shared nearest neighbor, a secondary similarity measure unknown to hyperspectral community, relatively helps the separability of a primary similarity measure such as radial basis function.
Novel distribution of sodium-dependent [3H]naloxone binding sites in rat brain

Abstract Sodium is known to increase opioid antagonist binding (1). Although the alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) inhibits normal [3H]naloxone binding, it has no effect on sodium-dependent [3H]naloxone binding (2). These studies were performed to determine whether NEM would also selectively reveal sodium-dependent [3H]naloxone binding sites in tissue sections and whether sodium-dependent sites have the same anatomical distribution as normal [3H]naloxone binding sites. Displacement binding assays showed that sodium-dependent [3H]naloxone binding sites were low affinity mu sites uncoupled from G proteins. Autoradiographic studies showed that the anatomical distribution of sodium-dependent [3H]naloxone binding was distinct from that of normal [3H]naloxone binding, with the highest levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral hypothalamus, lateral amygdala, median raphe nucleus and parabrachial nucleus.
Simple sequence repeats in the national longitudinal study of adolescent health: an ethnically diverse resource for genetic analysis of health and behavior

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are one of the earliest available forms of genetic variation available for analysis and have been utilized in studies of neurological, behavioral, and health phenotypes. Although findings from these studies have been suggestive, their interpretation has been complicated by a variety of factors including, among others, limited power due to small sample sizes. The current report details the availability, diversity, and allele and genotype frequencies of six commonly examined SSRs in the ethnically diverse, population-based National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. A total of 106,743 genotypes were generated across 15,140 participants that included four microsatellites and two di-nucleotide repeats in three dopamine genes (DAT1, DRD4, DRD5), the serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase A. Allele and genotype frequencies showed a complex pattern and differed significantly between populations. For both di-nucleotide repeats we observed a greater allelic diversity than previously reported. The availability of these six SSRs in a large, ethnically diverse sample with extensive environmental measures assessed longitudinally offers a unique resource for researchers interested in health and behavior.
Low-temperature recovery of irradiation defects in n-type germanium

Defect concentrations introduced into lightly doped $n$-type germanium by 1.0-MeV electrons at 7 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K have been monitored by measuring the hot carrier conductivity at 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K during a 0.66-\ensuremath{\mu}sec pulsed electric field of 100 V/cm and 1-sec duty cycle. Approximately 85% of the damage produced at 7 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K recovers in a thermal-annealing stage at 65 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Isochronal- and pulse-isothermal-annealing experiments, performed simultaneously on pairs of samples doped with approximately equal concentrations of different group-V impurities, show that the 65 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K annealing rate is dependent on the type of impurity. Radiation annealing was also studied by irradiating pairs of samples, damaged previously at 1.0 MeV, with low-energy electrons which produce little additional damage. The defects, which thermally anneal at 65 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, radiation anneal at 7 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with an annealing rate which is dependent on the type of group-V impurity dopant. This experiment suggests that one of the defects involved in these annealing processes is free to migrate over large distances near liquid-helium temperature. A model for the 65 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K stage is proposed in which the annealing is initiated by the breakup of an interstitial group-V impurity complex which was formed during 1.0-MeV irradiation. The interstitial is treated as a freely migrating particle which, when freed from the complex, can either migrate to a vacancy or be retrapped at an unoccupied impurity depending upon the relative charge states of these defects. From this model, it is possible to calculate the annealing rate of the 65 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K stage, the 7 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K-radiation-annealing rate, and the optical-annealing rates for optically stimulated annealing of the 65 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K defects at 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K during excitation with less-than-band-gap filtered light and at 30 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K during excitation with monochromatic light of energy greater than the band gap. This model also predicts an interstitial migration energy of 0.005 eV as well as a temperature-dependent radiation-annealing rate in the 5-15 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K temperature range in good agreement with recent data obtained by Hyatt and Koehler.
Blebbistatin, a Novel Inhibitor of Myosin II ATPase Activity, Increases Aqueous Humor Outflow Facility in Perfused Enucleated Porcine Eyes

PURPOSE To investigate the specific role of myosin II, a critical biochemical determinant of cellular contraction, in modulation of aqueous humor outflow facility through the trabecular meshwork (TM) pathway. METHODS Expression of the nonmuscle myosin II heavy chains (IIA, IIB, and IIC) in human TM and ciliary body (CB) cells was determined by RT-PCR analyses. The effects of inhibition of myosin II on cell morphology, actomyosin organization, and cell adhesions were evaluated in porcine TM and CB cells treated with blebbistatin, a cell-permeable, specific inhibitor of myosin II adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Changes in aqueous humor outflow facility were determined in enucleated porcine eyes by using a constant-pressure Grant perfusion model system. Ultrastructural integrity of the outflow pathway in drug-perfused eyes was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Expression of nonmuscle myosin IIA and IIB was confirmed in both human TM and CB cells. Confluent cultures of primary porcine TM and CB cells treated with blebbistatin in the presence of serum revealed dose (10-200 microM)-dependent changes in cell morphology, decreases in actin stress fiber content and in focal adhesions and adherens junctions. These changes were found to be reversible within 24 hours of drug withdrawal from the cell culture media. Blebbistatin did not affect the status of myosin light chain phosphorylation in TM cells. Perfusion of enucleated porcine eyes for 5 hours with 100 and 200 microM blebbistatin produced a significant increase (P < 0.01, n = 7) in aqueous outflow facility (53% and 64%, respectively) from the baseline facility, compared with a 21% facility increase in sham control specimens. The integrity of the inner wall of aqueous plexi in drug-perfused porcine eyes was found to be intact, and TM cell morphology appeared to be similar to that noted in sham-treated eyes. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that selective inhibition of myosin II in the aqueous humor outflow pathway leads to increased aqueous outflow facility, suggesting a critical role for myosin II in the regulation of aqueous humor outflow facility. This study also suggests myosin II as a potential therapeutic target for lowering intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma.
Status Inconsistency and Participation in Social Movements: a Rejoinder to Bland and Wallis' Comments

Bland and Wallis attend to our paper, "Status inconsistency and participation in social movements: an application of Goodman's hierarchical modeling," and we appreciate their interest. Yet their comments in several ways either miss the point of the paper, or misinterpret our statements. Consequently, we offer a rejoinder. Bland and Wallis' comments began with observations concerning the "status inconsistency" method represented in our article, and moved to a broader criticism of the notion of status defense. Thus in much of their critique they address issues beyond the Sociological Quarterly article-issues represented in Zurcher and Kirkpatrick's book, Citizens for Decency: Anti-Pornography Crusades as Status Protest (1976). We prefer to structure our rejoinder by beginning with the broader theoretical concerns, and then moving to the specific "numerical" and "inferential" points. Bland and Wallis assert that there are substantial problems with the "Wilson and Zurcher model" for the "escalation of social movement mobilization in connection with pornography." In the article, we make no claims to offering a "model," but only a status inconsistency analysis of participants in two anti-pornography crusades. Zurcher and Kirkpatrick (1976) do offer a model, or more correctly an overall framework, for the analysis of the crusades. That framework combines the perspectives of Smelser's value-added stages of collective behavior (1962), Gusfield's status protest notion (1963), Turner's work on determinants of social movement strategy (1970), Gamson's research on political efficacy and political trust (1968, 1969), Zald and Ash's studies of the characteristics of social movement organizations (1966), assorted studies of the location of social movement organizations in multi-organizational fields, and the influence of various demographic and ecological factors upon the generation of social movements. Over 80 variables are represented in that analytical scheme. Status defense is only one, albeit a central and important one. Bland and Wallis state, "Examination of the most detailed account of the original study (Zurcher and Kirkpatrick, 1976) reveals that no data on experienced status discontent were gathered." In essence they create a "straw man" by isolating status defense from its place in the overall framework employed by Zurcher and Kirkpatrick. More importantly, Bland and Wallis are wrong in their criticism that no data on experienced status discontent were presented in Citizens for Decency. Two-thirds of the 400-page book present, in rather exhaustive detail, natural histories of the crusades based upon the crusaders' speeches, interview responses, memos, letters, and organizational documents. The crusaders are cited concerning what they themselves label as the "opposi-
The occurrence of pristane and phytane in man and animals

Abstract 1. 1. The concentration of the branched-chain hydrocarbons, pristane and phytane, was determined in a number of human and animal tissues by quantitative thin-layer and gas chromatography. 2. 2. In human serum and liver, pristane was found at concentrations of 2–9 μg/g, and of 52 μg/g in a single sample of human skin. The amounts of phytane were significantly lower and represented 1–35% of those in pristane in the various tissue samples analyzed. 3. 3. Rat liver and a number of bovine tissue samples contained similar concentrations of pristane and phytane to that found in human organs. 4. 4. Pristane was found in livers from a number of shark species at a concentration of 2–5 μg/g and, in contrast to the mammalian tissues, phytane was present at similar concentrations to those of pristane. 5. 5. The possible sources of these and other hydrocarbons found in animals are briefly discussed.
On theory in operations management

Abstract The field of operations management has been criticized for the inadequacy of its theory. We suggest that this criticism may be too harsh, and further, that many building blocks of theory are prevalent in the body of existing research. This paper has two goals. The first is to suggest that careful organization of our thinking can lead to useful, productive theories in operations management that demonstrate all the hallmarks of the familiar theories of natural science. We discuss the nature of scientific inquiry in general terms, and examine the implications for what should be expected from theory in operations management. Our second goal is to illustrate through examples how such theories and their related laws might be developed. Two theories are proposed: the Theory of Swift, Even Flow, and the Theory of Performance Frontiers. The Theory of Swift, Even Flow addresses the phenomenon of cross-factory productivity differences. The Theory of Performance Frontiers addresses the multiple dimensions of factory performance and seeks to unify prior statements regarding cumulative capabilities and trade-offs. Implications drawn from the theories are discussed and concluding remarks suggest the advantages of future theory development and test.
Mapping The Earth From Space In The 1980's

Satellite programs of the 1980's such as Landsat-5, Shuttle/Spacelab and SPOT will produce a variety of image data recorded by film cameras, electro-optical sensors and synthetic aperture radars which can be used for mapping tasks. Efforts will focus on producing topographic, thematic and image maps at scales of 1:25,000 to 1:100,000. Studies to date indicate that spatial resolution and geometric fidelity are the most important factors controlling the completeness of detail and accuracy to which terrain coordinates can be derived. As most satellite systems do not currently provide both spacecraft position and attitude data to sufficient accuracies for cartographic purposes, terrain coordinates must be derived from image measurements referenced to ground control. Of the satellite systems currently planned for operation during the next two years, the Large Format Camera and Metric Camera employed on board the Shuttle will provide photographs with resolution and geometric characteristics compatible with map products at 1:50,000 scale. SPOT, which will produce both 10m panchromatic and 20m multispectral data in stereo formats, will provide digital data of the Earth suitable for cartographic applications.
The role of ileal contents in the spontaneous regression of rectal adenomas.

Summary and ConclusionsSpontaneous regression of adenomatous polyps of the rectum occurred in a patient with familial polyposis of the colon following ileoproctostomy alone, and with the defunctionalized unremoved portion of the colon remaining for a period of ten months.On the basis of these observ
Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome in a Patient Presenting With Familial Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome is a recently discovered autosomal-dominant disease caused by a mutation in the folliculin gene. We report a patient with familial spontaneous pneumothorax who was found to have BHD syndrome. Patients with a personal and family history of pneumothoraces and computed tomographic (CT) findings of multiple pulmonary cysts should alert the thoracic surgeon to this syndrome; additional evaluation and testing may be warranted.
Laboratory Evaluation of Novaluron for Toxicity to Nymphal Instars of Field-Collected Southern Green Stink Bug on Cotton

The efficacy of novaluron (Diamond™ 0.83 EC) on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., against nymphs of different instars of field-collected southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), was investigated in a spray chamber using two nozzles, 650033 and 8002E. The nozzles delivered rates of 18.7 and 46.7 L/ha, respectively, of total water-based spray. Novaluron was applied at 0.0218, 0.0436 and 0.0654 kg active ingredient (AI) rates per ha. The 8002E nozzle produced significantly larger droplets, increased droplet density and increased spray coverage compared to the 650033 nozzle. Regardless of dosage and spray rate, the age of nymphal instars significantly influenced mortality. Mortality of small nymphs (2nd instars) was significantly greater than that of either 3rd- or 4th-instar nymphs. When novaluron was applied at 0.0654 and 0.0872 kg AI per ha with or without crop oil concentrate, the deposit from the 8002E nozzle significantly increased mortality of 3rd-instar nymphs; however, neither dosage nor addition...
Psychiatric nursing: coming of age at NIMH.

Psychiatric nursing has long been regarded by NIMH as one of the four core mental health professions, but only through the implementation of the report of the NIMH task force on nursing did psychiatric nurses begin to be regarded as important players in achieving the institute's research mission.
The use of glucocorticosteroids to lessen the inflammatory sequelae following third molar surgery

Acceptance of the use of glucocorticosteroids in dentistry to control post-surgical inflammation has been impaired by concerns over side effects, adrenal suppression, and efficacy. The pattern of administration generally used is characterized as short-term, high-dose or pulse therapy , which has not been associated with significant side effects or adrenal suppression beyond 10 days. The selection of an appropriate glucocorticosteroid with minimal mineralocorticoid activity and extended biological activity is desirable. Oral and parenteral dosing are possible, and the latter can be administered as acetates (repository) or esters. The efficacy of glucocorticosteroids in reducing pain, swelling, and trismus after third molar surgery is difficult to ascertain because of methodological inconsistencies between investigations. In general, studies that used low dosing schedules have failed to produce dramatic and prolonged results. High-dosing intravenous (IV) studies have demonstrated significant short-term improvements, but the effects were not sustained. Combining IV administration with multiple oral dosing or a single intramuscular (IM) dose may be required to extend short-term improvement. High-dosing IM studies have shown significant and sustained anti-inflammatory effects with a single dose administered either pre- or post-operatively.
THE POLITICS OF ENMITY: DECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW NEOCONSERVATISM

Em Espectros de Marx, Derrida dedica sua atencao ao impulso “espectral”em Marx e encontra tempo ainda para censurar o teorico neoconservador Francis Fukuyama por suas tendencias “messiânicas”. O episodio ajuda a evidenciar o carater problematico da relacao de Derrida com conviccoes politicas concorrentes. Desde a redacao de Espectros, a French Theory, por meio de sua infl uencia sobre os discursos a respeito de identidade e poscolonialismo, vem contribuindo para aumentar a polarizacao do espectro politico da America. Tendo por ponto de partida a nocao de “messiansmo” como em Derrida, este artigo analisa trabalhos recentes de tendencia neoconservadora. Devido a tendencia dos intelectuais academicos de se esquivar de uma clara posicao individual, os intelectuais conservadores abandonaram o dialogo com a esquerda e voltaram sua atencao a Europa. Suas polemicas mais recentes ou bem se afastam do historicismo messiânico de Fukuyama, que consideram como o reduto de uma esquerda endemicamente “fascista”, ou reabilitam o messianismo sob o diagnostico de uma “doenca” europeia. Esse diagnostico permite que tais autores encontrem um inimigo tangivel na cultura politica relativamente tradicional da Europa. Ao mesmo tempo, eles projetam o “relativismo moral” do pensamento americano academico de carater desconstrucionsista por sobre o establishment politico do continente. Palavras-chave : Desconstrucao. Politica. Neoconservadorismo. Messianismo. Historicismo.
Double-stranded RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus and its satellite contain an unpaired terminal guanosine: implications for replication.

Abstract Terminal sequences of the double-stranded (ds) forms of RNAs 3 and 4 and the satellite RNA (CARNA 5) of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) have been determined. The ds forms of both CARNA 5 and RNA 3 contain an unpaired guanosine (G) at the 3′ end of the minus (−) strand, a feature also present in the replicative forms (RFs) of several animal alphaviruses. The unpaired G present in the CMV-related ds RNAs suggests that these molecules represent RFs and that viral and satellite RNAs share common replicative machinery. The 3′ terminus of the (−) strand of ds RNA 4 is heterogeneous, with and without the added G. The existence of these two ds RNA 4 molecules suggests that replication of the subgenomic RNA 4 proceeds through a mechanism different from that of the genomic RNAs. The plus (+) strands of the ds forms of RNAs 3 and 4 and CARNA 5 are uncapped at the 5′ termini and all end with a 3′-terminal cytosine (C. The 3′-terminal adenosine (A) present on most single-stranded (ss), encapsidated, CMV RNAs 3 and 4 is therefore added post-transcriptionally, and a possible control function for such a 3′ terminus is discussed. The lack of an added 3′-terminal A on ss, encapsidated, CARNA 5 could result in its high replicative efficiency through escape from such a control.
A RGB-driver for LED display panels

Red-Green-Blue (RGB) light-emitting diodes display panels are finding widespread use due to recent advances in the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and their driver technology. This paper investigates a digital microcontroller based RGB-driver for application in display panels. The RGB-driver uses three different voltage sources from switch-mode power converters (SMPCs) as each RGB color requires different drive voltages. The proposed driver selects the minimum drain voltage of the MOSFETs of the current controllers for each color and uses this voltage to control the duty cycle of the SMPCs, and thus, maintains the minimum output voltages required to keep the MOSFETs in the current controllers in regulation. With a 5-V supply voltage, the efficiencies of the RGB LEDs are 91.5%, 95.7%, and 95.7%, respectively. Even though the driver was experimentally verified in a 3×3 RGB pixels, the concept can be extended to a larger display matrix.
Hierarchical indexing of ocean survey video by mean shift clustering and MDL principle

Our contribution is proposing a novel framework for building a hierarchical index for videos. First, a set of key frames for the finest level of the hierarchy is computed by mean-shift clustering. Second, clusters are successively merged based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle, to form the upper levels of the hierarchy in a fine-to-coarse sequence. The advantage is providing the user with the flexibility of browsing the video at arbitrary levels of detail. For performance evaluation, we show the indexing results on two test videos, which are very close to the ground truth. In addition, we demonstrate a hierarchical browsing environment on a ocean survey video, which makes it more efficient for users to browse a long video in order to find interesting information based on the hierarchical index.
Multidestination Pleasure Travel Patterns: Empirical Evidence from the American Travel Survey

This study explores multidestination travel patterns within the context of domestic travel in the United States based on the 1995 American Travel Survey household data. The results of a series of analyses show that a relatively high proportion of pleasure travel in the United States includes visits to multiple destinations; further analyses identify various patterns of multidestination travel. The findings indicate that destination marketing organizations need to identify specific destinations that can be strategically bundled to improve their marketing efforts.
Genetically encoded pH-indicators reveal activity-dependent cytosolic acidification of Drosophila motor nerve termini in vivo

All biochemical processes, including those underlying synaptic function and plasticity, are pH sensitive. Cytosolic pH (pH(cyto)) shifts are known to accompany nerve activity in situ, but technological limitations have prevented characterization of such shifts in vivo. Genetically encoded pH-indicators (GEpHIs) allow for tissue-specific in vivo measurement of pH. We expressed three different GEpHIs in the cytosol of Drosophila larval motor neurons and observed substantial presynaptic acidification in nerve termini during nerve stimulation in situ. SuperEcliptic pHluorin was the most useful GEpHI for studying pH(cyto) shifts in this model system. We determined the resting pH of the nerve terminal cytosol to be 7.30 ± 0.02, and observed a decrease of 0.16 ± 0.01 pH units when the axon was stimulated at 40 Hz for 4 s. Realkalinization occurred upon cessation of stimulation with a time course of 20.54 ± 1.05 s (τ). The chemical pH-indicator 2,7-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein corroborated these changes in pH(cyto). Bicarbonate-derived buffering did not contribute to buffering of acid loads from short (≤ 4 s) trains of action potentials but did buffer slow (~60 s) acid loads. The magnitude of cytosolic acid transients correlated with cytosolic Ca(2+) increase upon stimulation, and partial inhibition of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase, a Ca(2+)/H(+) exchanger, attenuated pH(cyto) shifts. Repeated stimulus trains mimicking motor patterns generated greater cytosolic acidification (~0.30 pH units). Imaging through the cuticle of intact larvae revealed spontaneous pH(cyto) shifts in presynaptic termini in vivo, similar to those seen in situ during fictive locomotion, indicating that presynaptic pH(cyto) shifts cannot be dismissed as artifacts of ex vivo preparations.
Inferential queueing and speculative push for reducing critical communication latencies

Communication latencies within critical sections constitute a major bottleneck in some classes of emerging parallel workloads. In this paper, we argue for the use of Inferentially Queued Locks (IQLs) [31], not just for efficient synchronization but also for reducing communication latencies, and we propose a novel mechanism, Speculative Push (SP), aimed at reducing these communication latencies. With IQLs, the processor infers the existence, and limits, of a critical section from the use of synchronization instructions and joins a queue of lock requestors. The SP mechanism extracts information about program structure by observing IQLs. SP allows the cache controller, responding to a request for a cache line that likely includes a lock variable, to predict the data sets the requestor will modify within the associated critical section. The controller then pushes these lines from its own cache to the target cache, as well as writing them to memory. Overlapping the protected data transfer with that of the lock can substantially reduce the communication latencies within critical sections. By pushing data in exclusive state, the mechanism can collapse a read-modify-write sequences within a critical section into a single local cache access. The write-back to memory allows the receiving cache to ignore the push. Neither mechanism requires any programmer or compiler support nor any instruction set changes. Our experiments demonstrate that IQLs and SP can improve performance of applications employing frequent synchronization.
Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission

Metasurfaces are planar structures that locally modify the polarization, phase and amplitude of light in reflection or transmission, thus enabling lithographically patterned flat optical components with functionalities controlled by design. Transmissive metasurfaces are especially important, as most optical systems used in practice operate in transmission. Several types of transmissive metasurface have been realized, but with either low transmission efficiencies or limited control over polarization and phase. Here, we show a metasurface platform based on high-contrast dielectric elliptical nanoposts that provides complete control of polarization and phase with subwavelength spatial resolution and an experimentally measured efficiency ranging from 72% to 97%, depending on the exact design. Such complete control enables the realization of most free-space transmissive optical elements such as lenses, phase plates, wave plates, polarizers, beamsplitters, as well as polarization-switchable phase holograms and arbitrary vector beam generators using the same metamaterial platform.
Treatment Guidelines for the Pharmacological Management of Pain in Older Persons

Background. Chronic or persistent pain is a common problem in older adults and is often associated with significant physical disability and psychosocial problems. The potential benefits, risks, and costs of pharmacotherapy as a mainstay in the treatment of moderate to severe pain in this population must be well-understood and weighed accordingly. Recent treatment guidelines have been introduced that can guide decision making to optimize pain-related treatment outcomes in older individuals Objectives and Results. This review article describes and summarizes key evidence-based recommendations that were derived by a committee convened by the American Geriatrics Society in order to provide guidance to optimize pharmacotherapy in the management of persistent pain in older individuals. Conclusions. It is postulated that ongoing education of clinicians who treat older patients with persistent moderate to severe pain will lead to improved outcomes in this vulnerable population.
ERK AND P38 MAPK-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES: A FAMILY OF PROTEIN KINASES WITH DIVERSE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

Conserved signaling pathways that activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in relaying extracellular stimulations to intracellular responses. The MAPKs coordinately regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival, which are functions also known to be mediated by members of a growing family of MAPK-activated protein kinases (MKs; formerly known as MAPKAP kinases). The MKs are related serine/threonine kinases that respond to mitogenic and stress stimuli through proline-directed phosphorylation and activation of the kinase domain by extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and p38 MAPKs. There are currently 11 vertebrate MKs in five subfamilies based on primary sequence homology: the ribosomal S6 kinases, the mitogen- and stress-activated kinases, the MAPK-interacting kinases, MAPK-activated protein kinases 2 and 3, and MK5. In the last 5 years, several MK substrates have been identified, which has helped tremendously to identify the biological role of the members of this family. Together with data from the study of MK-knockout mice, the identities of the MK substrates indicate that they play important roles in diverse biological processes, including mRNA translation, cell proliferation and survival, and the nuclear genomic response to mitogens and cellular stresses. In this article, we review the existing data on the MKs and discuss their physiological functions based on recent discoveries.
Prevention in Neglected Subpopulations: Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection

Worldwide, >1000 children are newly infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) each day; the majority of these children are in sub-Saharan Africa. The primary mode of HIV acquisition is through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. In well-resourced health care systems, like those in the United States, universal HIV testing for pregnant women, provision of antiretroviral therapy (when needed for maternal health) or prophylaxis, elective cesarean delivery, and avoidance of breastfeeding has reduced MTCT of HIV infection to 1%-2%. However, in resource-limited countries, the perinatal epidemic continues generally unabated. Clinical trials have identified simple, less expensive, effective antiretroviral prophylaxis regimens that can be implemented in resource-limited settings. However, implementation has been slow, and postnatal transmission of HIV through breastfeeding remains a significant challenge. This article will review the research on prevention of MTCT of HIV infection in resource-limited countries and the challenges to expansion of the benefits of preventive interventions for MTCT throughout the world.
Profinite Completions and Canonical Extensions of Heyting Algebras

We show that the profinite completions and canonical extensions of bounded distributive lattices and of Boolean algebras coincide. We characterize dual spaces of canonical extensions of bounded distributive lattices and Heyting algebras in terms of Nachbin order-compactifications. We give the dual description of the profinite completion $\widehat{H}$ of a Heyting algebra H, and characterize the dual space of $\widehat{H}$ . We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for the profinite completion of H to coincide with its canonical extension, and provide a new criterion for a variety V of Heyting algebras to be finitely generated by showing that V is finitely generated if and only if the profinite completion of every member of V coincides with its canonical extension. From this we obtain a new proof of a well-known theorem that every finitely generated variety of Heyting algebras is canonical.
Optimal linear control subject to sensitivity constraints

The correspondence deals with systems whose sensitivity to parameter variations cannot be ignored when designing their control, and where a compromise between performance and sensitivity is sought. An analytical procedure is given to derive the control (of linear systems) that minimizes a cost functional which includes performance cost and sensitivity cost, the relative weights of these costs being adjustable.
Femoral artery complications after cardiac catheterization: a study of patient profile.

Background Femoral artery complications after cardiac catheterization range from simple events to severe complications requiring invasive techniques or surgery with significant economic costs. This study evaluated early femoral arterial complications from percutaneous arterial access during diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterizations in an era of widespread use of closure devices and intense anticoagulation. Methods Patients undergoing percutaneous cardiac catheterization via the femoral artery between August 2005 and December 2005 were identified using an ICD-9 patient database. Forty-six data points were extracted by retrospective chart review, including demographics, comorbidities, type of anticoagulation, procedural details, and postprocedural complications. Univariable analysis and binary logistic regression were used to determine factors associated with complications. Results Eighty-two of 579 patients (14%) suffered complications. The most common complications were hematomas (51 patients, 10%) and active bleeding (14 patients, 2.4%). Closure devices were used in 470 patients. After multivariable correction, use of preprocedural (odds ratio [OR]=5.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.58-12.3, p Conclusion With increasing numbers of complex coronary endovascular procedures and widespread use of high-dose multidrug antithrombotic therapy, femoral artery injuries will continue to be a significant risk for patients. Postprocedural monitoring with a high level of suspicion and use of vascular closure devices in high-risk patients may decrease the incidence of femoral artery complications. The use of vascular closure devices after low-risk procedures in male patients or those with previous ipsilateral catheterization might not be warranted but needs further study.
The Phenomenon of Dyslexia in One Public School System.

A profile of the typical dyslexic student is presented to help school personnel with screening and identification.
Simulation validation of static and forced motion flow physics of a canard configured TransCruiser

Abstract The basic objective of this work is to validate CFD simulations performed on a transonic cruiser configuration called the TCR. The low speed aerodynamic characteristics of the TCR have previously been investigated at the Russian TsAGI T-103 wind tunnel as part of the European Framework 6 SimSAC project. The experimental results showed that static and dynamic pitch moment curves are very nonlinear. These experimental data are used in this work to validate CFD predictions using the Cobalt flow solver with an overset grid approach. Two types of wind tunnel tests were conducted: static tests for angle-of-attack sweeps at zero degrees sideslip and angle-of-sideslip sweeps at different angles of attack. The dynamic tests include forced sinusoidal oscillations in one of three modes of pitch, yaw, and roll. Both static and dynamic tests were conducted with/without a vertical tail and at different canard deflections. Dynamic tests are small- and large-amplitude motions with frequencies of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 Hz. CFD results were obtained with different turbulence models and using a single mesh or an overset grid approach, and then compared with the experimental data. The effects of the canard downwash flow on the wing aerodynamic performance are also investigated. The comparison between the experimental and CFD simulations show that the results match well. The overset mesh that includes a gap between the canard and fuselage leads to the same predictions as the single mesh that has no gaps. The CFD solutions show that vortices are formed over the canard, fuselage, leading-edge extension (LEX), wing, and the vertical tail (at sideslip angles). Each vortex appears to have a primary vortex accompanied by a smaller counter-rotating secondary vortex. These vortices are influenced by the canard presence and deflection. At high angles of attack, the canard vortex has two favorable effects in terms of increasing the maximum lift and delaying the wing vortex breakdown. In the range of angles of attack between 18° and 24°, the canard vortex core moves upward off the canard surface and the LEX and wing vortices interact and then merge; both effects lead to a sudden change in the slopes of the force and moment curves. Finally, the CFD data show that increasing the canard deflection produces a stronger vortex over the canard, but leads to smaller fuselage and LEX vortices.
Derrida and Mādhyamika Buddhism: From Linguistic Deconstruction to Criticism of Onto-theologies

L'A. mene une comparaison entre deux entreprises de deconstruction, celle de Derrida et celle des Bouddhistes madhyamiques. Il montre la similitude de ces deux pensees, ainsi que leurs differences et le risque qu'elles presentent pour la philosophie