cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial methylation of methyl α-d-mannopyranoside. Preparation and distribution of mono-, di-, and tri-methyl ethers of d-mannose

Abstract The partial methylation of methyl α- d -mannopyranoside produced a mixture of methyl ethers that was fractionated by extraction with chloroform, followed by t.l.c. on a column of hydrocellulose. Ethers that are difficult to separate by this procedure was converted into their O -trityl or O -isopropylidene derivatives, or one component was removed by oxidation with periodate to aid the isolation of pure material. By combinations of these procedures, it has been possible to isolate the 2,3,4,6-tetra-, 3,4,6-, 2,4,6-, 2,3,6-, and 2,3,4-tri-; 2,6-, 3,6-, and 3,4-di-; and 2-, 3-, and 6-methyl ethers of d -mannose. The partial methylation of methyl α- d -mannopyranoside by the procedures of either Haworth, Kuhn, or Hakomori gave the same methyl ethers but the degree of substitution at each position differed markedly. Methyl sulfate and sodium hydroxide gave a relative substitution in the order 6-OH>2-OH>3-OH>4-OH, whereas methyl iodide and silver oxide in N,N -dimethylformamide gave the order 2-OH>3-OH>4-OH>/6-OH and methyl iodide and methylsulfinyl carbanion in methyl sulfoxide gave 2-OH>6-OH>4-OH>/3-OH. The reactions were carried out with limiting amounts of methylating reagents and were not time controlled.
A model-dependent approach to correlate accelerated with real-time release from biodegradable microspheres.

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of applying accelerated in vitro release testing to correlate or predict long-term in vitro release of leuprolide poly(lactideco-glycolide) microspheres. Peptide release was studied using a dialysis technique at 37°C and at elevated temperatures (50°C–60°C) in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 and 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 4.0. The data were analyzed using a modification, of the Weibull equation. Peptide release was temperature dependent and complete within 30 days at 37°C and 3 to 5 days at the elevated temperatures. In vitro release profiles at the elevated temperatures correlated well with release at 37°C. The shapes of the release profiles at all temperatures were similar. Using the modified Weibull equation, an increase in temperature was characterized by an increase in the model parameter, α, a scaling factor for the apparent rate constant. Complete release at 37°C was shortened from ∼30 days to 5 days at 50°C, 3.5 days at 55°C, 2.25 days at 60°C in PBS pH 7.4, and 3 days at 50°C in acetate buffer pH 4.0. Values for the model parameter β indicated that the shape of the release profiles at 55°C in PBS pH 7.4 (2.740) and 50°C in 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 4.0 (2.711) were similar to that at 37°C (2.577). The Ea for hydration and erosion were determined to be 42.3 and 19.4 kcal/mol, respectively. Polymer degradation was also temperature dependent and had an Ea of 31.6 kcal/mol. Short-term in vitro release studies offer the possibility of correlation with long-term release, thereby reducing the time and expense associated with longterm studies. Accelerated release methodology could be useful in the prediction of long-term release from extended release microsphere dosage forms and may serve as a quality control tool for the release of clinical or commercial batches.
Naval architecture education and the computer

Abstract All practicing naval architects are well aware of the benefits of modern computers in carrying out lengthy routine calculations. What is less often appreciated, however, is that computers now make possible the use of more sophisticated, or more precise, analytical techniques. The purpose of this paper is to show how students of naval architecture are encouraged to use computer at the Naval Academy which strongly supports computer-aided education. There is no attempt in the course on computer application to spell out canned programs. The aim, rather, is to explain the various aspects of the naval architecture calculations and leave it to the individual user to build his own programs to suit his own particular needs. The logic, the precision and the high speed efficiency of the modern computer, when introduced in undergraduate education, can free our profession, not only of the burden of routine work, but of the conservatism of ship design process of the past.
Invasive filamentous fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients after recovery from neutropenia: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic characteristics.

Invasive filamentous fungal infection (IFFI) is an important cause of mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We reviewed 22 consecutive cases of IFFI in allogeneic HSCT recipients at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. IFFI was diagnosed after neutrophil recovery in 21 patients (95%). All had received corticosteroids within 1 month prior to IFFI diagnosis. Fourteen (64%) presented with dyspnea, and only 7 (32%) were febrile. Aspergillus species were isolated in 18 (82%) cases. Thirty day mortality after IFFI diagnosis was associated with a higher mean daily dose of corticosteroids (P = 0.02) and receiving OKT3 (P = 0.01) within 1 month prior to IFFI diagnosis and serum creatinine >2 mg/dl at the time of diagnosis (P = 0.004). Histopathologic material from biopsy or autopsy was available in 15 patients (68%). In 8 (53%), the predominant lung histopathology was an acellular coagulative necrosis and hyphal angioinvasion was observed in some of these cases. These findings have generally been observed in neutropenic patients but not in non-neutropenic HSCT recipients. The predominance of coagulative necrosis in our series may reflect the high doses of corticosteroids used to treat graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which may have disabled leukocyte trafficking and hyphal killing.
Multi-quantum-wells to reveal the band offsets at semiconductor interfaces

Abstract The sensitivity of the optical interband transition energies with respect to the band offsets is investigated theoretically for various potential profiles that can be simulated by thin layers of semiconductors. Guided by simple physical arguments we point out which potential profiles are favorable to reveal accurate values for the band offsets. A many-band envelope-function model is used to confirm our predictions quantitatively for GaAs/Ga1−xAlxAs multi-quantum-wells.
Rational design and synthesis of highly active pincer-iridium catalysts for alkane dehydrogenation

“PCP”-pincer-ligated iridium complexes have been found to be highly effective catalysts for the dehydrogenation of alkanes. We report a computational and experimental study of the effect on catalyt...
Uncertainties of Estimates of Inertia–Gravity Energy in the Atmosphere. Part II: Large-Scale Equatorial Waves

Abstract This paper analyzes the spectra and spatiotemporal features of the large-scale inertia-gravity (IG) circulations in four analysis systems in the tropics. Of special interest is the Kelvin wave (KW), which represents between 7% and 25% of the total IG wave (zonal wavenumber k ≠ 0) energy. The mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) mode comprises between 4% and 15% of the IG wave energy. At the longest scales, the KW spectra are fitted by a law while the MRG energy spectrum appears flat. At shorter scales both modes follow a −3 law. Energy spectra of the total IG wave motion at long zonal scales (zonal wavenumber smaller than 7) have slopes close to −1. The average circulation associated with KW is characterized by reverse flows in the upper and lower troposphere consistent with the ideas behind simple tropical models. The inverse projection is used to quantify the role of Kelvin and MRG waves in current analysis systems in the upper troposphere over the Indian Ocean. At these levels, easterlies between 10°S a...
Stalin's plans for World War Two told by a high Comintern source

In mid-June I94I Hitler told propaganda minister Goebbels that the Red Army troops facing the Wehrmacht from the east were in an attack position, not deeply dug into defensive placements.' Key new evidence containing Stalin's expectations of the course the war would take in Europe, expectations which likely underlay those odd military placements, is described below. His planning for the war, based on those expectations, is surely one of the central aspects of its history, yet only bits of new evidence from the recently opened (some only selectively) former East Bloc archives have so far been reported on the subject.2. In late February I94I, Walter Ulbricht, the real leader of the exiled German Communist Party (KPD), and later chairman of the state council of the [East] German Democratic Republic (neither position could have been his had he not been confirmed for the posts, or perhaps chosen for them, by Comrade Stalin) lectured to the German party exiles in the somewhat spartan hostel, the utterly misnamed Hotel Lux, that housed the better situated among the international Stalinist faithful of the Comintern in Moscow. Ulbricht had recently spoken at a meeting of the presidium of the Communist Internationale, where Stalin was the most prominent member. There
A screening strategy for population studies in systemic lupus erythematosus

A survey design which uses two tests in series greatly increases the efficiency of screening. We conducted a study to ascertain the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a screening questionnaire for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. A series design in which this questionnaire is used, followed by an antinuclear antibody test, increased the predictive value of a positive screening result by 5 to 10-fold, depending on estimates of disease prevalence. An empirical study of the series design identified two new cases of SLE and indicated that the use of a questionnaire based on accepted criteria is theoretically sound and practical. This approach should prove useful for population surveys of SLE to avoid the sampling and detection biases of previous epidemiologic studies.
Voriconazole pharmacokinetics and photosensitivity in children with cystic fibrosis

Abstract Background A high incidence of adverse skin reactions following long-term oral administration of voriconazole in children with cystic fibrosis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). The aim was to study the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in these patients and to determine a possible association between drug levels and adverse effects. Methods Multiple venous blood samples were collected for HPLC determination of voriconazole concentrations and routine blood tests. Adverse events were recorded. Results No significant correlation was found between incidence of photosensitivity and voriconazole serum levels in 6 of 8 children with ABPA. 80% of patients had trough voriconazole concentrations Conclusions Long-term voriconazole therapy and greater sun exposure in Greece appear to play a major role in the occurrence of photosensitivity. Steady-state plasma drug concentrations were found to be highly variable and below the recommended therapeutic range in most patients, without any apparent negative influence on outcome.
Patterns of Reconciliation Among Captive Gelada Baboons (Theropithecus gelada) : A Brief Report

Animals that live in groups are frequently exposed to conflict situations and must in some way maintain group cohesion. One mechanism that appears to restore social relationships after they have been disrupted by conflict isreconciliation. This study investigated reconciliatory behavior in the gelada baboon,Theropithecus gelada. The subjects were 11 adult geladas, housed in a large outdoor enclosure at the Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Park, New York. Five-minute focal animal samples following spontaneous aggression were compared with 5-min matched-control samples. The results of this study were: (1) geladas reunited in a friendly way after aggression; (2) former opponents were attracted to one another rather than dispersed from one another after a conflict; (3) most post-conflict reunions occurred within the first 2 min of the post-conflict period; and (4) geladas do not have any specific types of behavior associated with post-conflict reunions as do chimpanzees and macaques. The results of this study support the hypothesis that gelada baboons reconcile after aggression.
Near-Wall Model for Boundary Layer Turbulence

The evolution of an intermittently created isolated three-dimensional turbulent eddy near a wall is followed in space and time on the assumption that its structure evolves on three separate time scales, a shear interaction one, a viscous one, and a nonlinear one. The large-time limit of the solution for the shear interaction stage shows many of the observed features of the near-wall turbulence structure such as the formation of shear layers, of streaks, and of streamwise vortices. It also provides initial conditions for the viscous and nonlinear stages showing viscous decay of convected structures and the possibility of a singularity in the nonlinear development. The eddy model is also used to construct a new model for the turbulent shear stress showing strong similarity to Prandtl’s mixing-length model.
Kinetic Characterization of a Monomeric Unconventional Myosin V Construct

Abstract An expressed, monomeric murine myosin V construct composed of the motor domain and two calmodulin-binding IQ motifs (MD(2IQ)) was used to assess the regulatory and kinetic properties of this unconventional myosin. In EGTA, the actin-activated ATPase activity of MD(2IQ) was 7.4 ± 1.6 s−1 with aK app of ∼1 μm (37 °C), and the velocity of actin movement was ∼0.3 μm/s (30 °C). Calcium inhibited both of these activities, but the addition of calmodulin restored the values to ∼70% of control, indicating that calmodulin dissociation caused inhibition. In contrast to myosin II, MD(2IQ) is highly associated with actin at physiological ionic strength in the presence of ATP, but the motor is in a weakly bound conformation based on the pyrene-actin signal. The rate of dissociation of acto-MD(2IQ) by ATP is fast (>850 s−1), and ATP hydrolysis occurs at ∼200 s−1. The affinity of acto-MD(2IQ) for ADP is somewhat higher than that of smooth S1, and ADP dissociates more slowly. Actin does not cause a large increase in the rate of ADP release, nor does the presence of ADP appreciably alter the affinity of MD(2IQ) for actin. These kinetic data suggest that monomeric myosin V is not processive.
K-near optimal solutions to improve data association in multiframe processing

The problem of data association remains central in multitarget, multisensor, and multiplatform tracking. Lagrangian relaxation methods have been shown to yield near optimal answers in real-time. The necessity of improvement in the quality of these solutions warrants a continuing interest in these methods. A partial branch-and-bound technique along with adequate branching and ordering rules are developed. Lagrangian relaxation is used as a branching method and as a method to calculate the lower bound for subproblems. The result shows that the branch-and-bound framework greatly improves the solutions in less time than relaxation alone.
Identification of myocardial reperfusion with echo planar magnetic resonance imaging. Discrimination between occlusive and reperfused infarctions.

BACKGROUNDThe current treatment of many cases of acute myocardial infarction involves the use of thrombolytic agents. Evaluation of this therapy requires determination of the success of reperfusion and assessment of the presence and extent of infarction in the reperfused territory. The present study was designed to simulate in rat models several possible outcomes of reperfusion therapy: (1) successful reperfusion and absence of myocardial infarction, (2) successful reperfusion and presence of myocardial infarction, and (3) unsuccessful reperfusion. The usefulness of contrast-enhanced fast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in defining the success of reperfusion was investigated. The dynamic effects were examined of low and high doses of gadolinium-BOPTA/dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA/dimeg) on myocardial signal using MR inversion recovery echo planar imaging (IR-EPI) and gradient recalled echo planar imaging (GR-EPI), respectively.METHODS AND RESULTSRats were subjected to one of the following regimens: reperfused rev...
SU‐GG‐T‐179: Analysis of Electron Cutout Factor Measurements

Purpose: To compare electron cutout factor (COF) measured with various dosimeters for different cone sizes. Method and Materials: The COFs for various electron fields were measured on a Varian‐2300EX linear accelerator at 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV. A thimble ion chamber, plane parallel chamber, thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs), EDR film, X Omat‐V (XV) film, GafChromic film and Thomson‐Nielsen mosfets were used to measure COFs. Each detector was placed along the beam's central axis at 100 cm from the source. Measurements were made in solid water at dmax for 6×6, 10×10 and 20×∼20 cone sizes with circular cutouts. The thimble chamber was used as the standard to compare COF measurements. The raw measurements made with the two chambers and the diodes were used to determine the COFs. Films were analyzed with RIT software and TLDs were read the next day to determine COFs. Results: Measurements for the 10×10 and 20×20 cone sizes agreed within 3.5% between all the dosimeters and the thimble chamber. Measurements made for the 6×6 cone and cutout were more than 3.5% from those made with the thimble chamber. There was better agreement for COF measurements between the mosfets,TLDs, EDR film and XV film. Conclusion: This study takes a look at the various dosimeters available at the clinic that can be used for determining electron cutout factors. For most cutout sizes, ionization chambers,mosfets,TLDs, EDR, XV and GafChromic film can be used to measure the COFs for all electron energies. For small field sizes, the use of TLDs,mosfets, and film can give more accurate COFs.
Anomalous Water in the Vapour Phase

I WISH to comment on the part of the communication1 by Derjaguin and Churaev that concerns conclusions about the composition of the vapour phase of water. In the absence of definite evidence to the contrary, I make the assumption that water vapour in equilibrium at a given temperature and pressure always has the same composition. The communication by Derjaguin and Churaev contains the statement that “the first observation shows that molecules of water II exist in the vapour phase”. I submit that a conclusion about what is present in the vapour phase can only be made reliably by observations of that phase. The authors provide no such evidence and so I believe that their conclusions must be considered suspect. They have a right to question the negative evidence given by mass spectrometer observations as these might have failed to show the presence of a weakly bonded complex because of possible dissociation by the electron impact necessary to ionize the sample. Their own evidence in favour of the existence of a complex in the vapour phase is, however, not convincing because it arises wholly by inference from observations on a liquid.
Achieving stringent CR is essential before reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in AML.

Achieving stringent CR is essential before reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in AML
Traditional High Holy Day melodies of the Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam

(1981). Traditional High Holy Day melodies of the Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam. Journal of Musicological Research: Vol. 3, No. 3-4, pp. 223-257.
Micellar and surface behavior of sodium deoxycholate characterized by surface tension and ellipsometric methods

Abstract Sodium deoxycholate was used as a model compound to test a mass-action model of micelle formation developed in conjunction with a surface tension method for estimating micellar properties including aggregation number, micellar association constants, and the molecular area of the surfactant anion. The model simultaneously combines the Gibbs adsorption equation, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and a mass balance equation to yield the micellar properties from surface tension versus concentration data. The data are fit to the model across the whole range of concentrations studied (10−6 to 10−1 M). Ellipsometric measurements of the thickness of the surface layer of deoxycholate anions at the air—water interface were used to confirm that only a monolayer formed. The micelle properties were measured in a base electrolyte solution of 0.01 M NaOH and sodium chloride concentrations up to 0.50 M. The micelle aggregation number ranges from N = 12.4in0.01 MNaOH toN = 42 in 0.01 M NaOH and 0.50 M NaCl. The surface concentration at the CMC and beyond is Λm = 2.0 ± 0.19 × 10−10 molelcm2. The average area occupied by a deoxycholate anion at the air-water interface is 84A˚2 measured by ellipsometry or calculated from Λm. The average deoxycholate film thickness measured by ellipsometry was 6.3A˚in good agreement with the dimensions of the deoxycholate ion. The critical micelle concentrations determined from the surface tension data are reported and vary from 0.0064 M in 0.01 M NaOH to 0.0009 M in 0.1 M NaOH and 0.50 M NaCl.
Transportation stress affects performance of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch

Abstract Transportation of yearling coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) from their hatchery by trucking caused a marked physiological stress response, as judged by elevations in concentrations of circulating cortisol. Survivorship, as determined by recoveries of adults at sea and at the hatchery, was reduced in fish not given adequate time to recover from this transportation stress before they were released into their migratory stream. Elevated concentrations of plasma cortisol indicated reduced relative fitness of the stressed fish, as evidenced by the lower survival rates to adulthood for fish liberated while their circulating cortisol titers were still high.
A split-domain algorithm for time-dependent multi-electron wave functions

A computational technique for studying the time-development of two-electron systems is presented, with particular attention given to photoionization or photodetachment of two-electron, one-dimensional model atoms. The technique is based on a partitioning of the spatial wave function into inner and outer parts. The electron-electron interaction is fully accounted for in the inner part, but neglected in the outer part, where the electrons are typically far apart. The time development of the inner part is calculated using a full numerical grid, but the time-development of the outer part is accomplished using canonical basis states. The use of canonical basis states allows the study of atom-laser dynamics for much longer laser pulse durations and lower laser frequencies than would be possible using standard grid techniques.
Performance of self-taught documents: exploiting co-relevance structure in a document collection

In this paper we study the behavior of an information retrieval system in which index terms are assigned at random to both documents and requests. The random indexing is then modified by means of a feedback mechanism derived from a normal probability model and applied to both the request and document representations. Of interest is the convergence properties of the representation vectors. After few feedback iterations, it is found that well defined clusters form that accurately represent the corelevance structure among the documents—in effect the feedback mechanism has permitted the documents to index themselves. This approach offers an interesting way to extend the dimensionality of the indexing vocabulary. Both this application and a theoretical analysis of the impact of extending the indexing vocabulary are discussed.
Overlapping and Additive Effects of Neurotrophins and CNTF on Cultured Human Spinal Cord Neurons

Abstract Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been shown both in vitro and in vivo to support the survival and differentiation of developing chick or rat motoneurons. To explore the potential use of these and other neurotrophic factors as therapeutic agents in human motoneuron diseases, we have examined the effects of the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) and the cytokines CNTF and cholinergic differentiation factor/leukemia inhibitory factor (CDF/LIF) and combinations of these factors on fetal human spinal cord neurons grown for 7-10 days in monolayer cultures. The level of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was determined in cultures grown in the presence of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5, CNTF, or CDF/LIF or with combinations of these factors. With the exception of NGF, each of these factors alone increased ChAT activity by two- to threefold above control levels; combinations of NT-3 and CNTF were greater than either alone. As a single factor NT-4/5 produced the greatest increase in ChAT activity, but was not additive with any other neurotrophin or CNTF. A combination of the three factors CNTF, BDNF, and NT-3 or the four factors CNTF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 increased ChAT levels by four-fold, an effect greater than any individual factor. The finding that combinations of these factors show some additive effects toward human spinal cord cholinergic neurons in culture has prompted the testing of such combinations in animal models of motoneuron disease.
The role of sodium carbonate and oxides supported on lanthanide oxides in the oxidative dimerization of methane

The addition of Na2CO3 to three representative lanthanide oxides, La2O3, CeO2, and Yb2O3, has a marked effect on the catalytic properties of these materials for the oxidative dimerization of methane. The effect is most dramatic for CeO2, which, upon addition of Na2CO3, is transformed from a total oxidation catalyst to one which is reasonably selective for the conversion of CH4 to C2H4 and C2H6. Results obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ion scattering spectroscopy show that a sodium carbonate /sodium oxide phase largely covers the lanthanide oxide surface, thus the catalytic properties are those of the sodium phase, rather than those of the lanthanide oxide. Indeed, the specific activities of the Na+/LnxOy catalysts and of pure Na2CO3 were the same within a factor of 2.5, with Na+/Yb2O3 at the high end of the range. The specific activities of pure lanthanide oxides were considerably greater than those of the modified catalysts. Although Na2CO3 is the principal compound present on the surface of the Na+/LnxOy catalysts, it is probable that Na2O2 is responsible for the activation of CH4.
How it all began: the rise of listing requirements on the London, Berlin, Paris, and New York stock exchanges

Abstract The issue of accounting standards for foreign securities listed on a stock exchange arose gradually over the period 1825–1914 among the leading exchanges in the first global financial market—London, New York, Paris, and Berlin. Comparing their listing requirements on the eve of World War I, we find that the London and New York exchanges were most detailed, reflecting their common-law legal environments and their status as self-regulating organizations. The evolution of listing requirements in London and New York therefore influenced the development of accounting standards in those countries. By contrast, Paris and Berlin relied on validation of a security by political authorities. One result of these differences in legal and political environments was that American railroads issued the only securities to be listed on each of the four exchanges.
Paradigmatic shifts for exascale supercomputing

As the next generation of supercomputers reaches the exascale, the dominant design parameter governing performance will shift from hardware to software. Intelligent usage of memory access, vectorization, and intranode threading will become critical to the performance of scientific applications and numerical calculations on exascale supercomputers. Although challenges remain in effectively programming the heterogeneous devices likely to be utilized in future supercomputers, new languages and tools are providing a pathway for application developers to tackle this new frontier. These languages include open programming standards such as OpenCL and OpenACC, as well as widely-adopted languages such as CUDA; also of importance are high-quality libraries such as CUDPP and Thrust. This article surveys a purposely diverse set of proof-of-concept applications developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. We find that the capability level of the accelerator computing hardware and languages has moved beyond the regular grid finite difference calculations and molecular dynamics codes. More advanced applications requiring dynamic memory allocation, such as cell-based adaptive mesh refinement, can now be addressed--and with more effort even unstructured mesh codes can be moved to the GPU.
Anal gland secretion codes for family membership in the beaver

We investigated how information about family membership is coded by the individually specific anal gland secretion (AGS) in the beaver, Castor canadensis. Because beavers live in strict family units and relatives share more features in the AGS profile than non-relatives, family members share more AGS features than non-family members. Therefore, family recognition seems to be a natural consequence of the more specific kin recognition. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed two possibilities in coding for family membership using the multi-component AGS: either two (female) to three (male) AGS compounds or many compounds were used, but we were not able to determine which possibility is more likely. Compounds were not equally important in coding family membership information, and the interactions among compounds were complex. We attempted to reconstruct a lineage tree for the relationship among different families using two–three or many compounds. We found there was no significant difference for trees constructed by using few or many compounds in either males or females. However, the trees derived from male compounds and female compounds lacked good congruence.
A P4VT (Power Performance Process Parasitic Voltage Temperature) Aware Dual-VTh Nano-CMOS VCO

We present the design flow for a P4VT (Power-Performance-Process-Parasitic-Voltage-Temperature) aware voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). Through simulations, we have shown that parasitics, process, voltage and temperature have a drastic effect on the performance (center frequency) of the VCO. A design optimization of the VCO, along with dual-threshold power minimization has been performed in the presence of worst-case variations. The end product of the proposed methodology is a P4VT-optimal dual-threshold 90nm VCO layout. We have achieved 16.4% power (including leakage) minimization with 10% degradation in center frequency compared to the target frequency, in the presence of worst-case variations.
Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms using polymerizable vancomycin derivatives.

Background Biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices is a ubiquitous problem causing considerable patient morbidity and mortality. In orthopaedic surgery, this problem is exacerbated by the large number and variety of material types that are implanted. Metallic hardware in conjunction with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is commonly used.
Organized out-of-school activities and peer relationships: theoretical perspectives and previous research

The goal of this volume is to show how organized activities provide an ideal setting for developing a deeper understanding of peer relations, as well as offering a context for a more positive study of peers. The chapters in this volume focus on youth 10 to 18 years of age. In this introductory chapter we first describe the reasons why organized activities, like sports, arts, and school clubs, are ideal settings to examine peer processes. Next, we describe the theoretical and empirical research related to two questions: (1) how do peers influence organized activity participation and (2) how does organized activity participation influence peer relations. We organize this review around three themes outlined in the broader peer relations literature: (1) peer groups, (2) peer relationships, and (3) peer interactions.
Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales

The size of local and regional earthquakes in the former Soviet Union (USSR) has been given by the energy class ( K -class) system since the late 1950s. K -class was originally developed as a rapid and simple means of estimating the radiated energy ( E ) from an earthquake and was defined as K = log10 E (in joules). The nature, origin, and methodology of this system are poorly known to Western seismologists studying Soviet and Russian seismological data, and yet are of great interest and importance to those conducting detailed research on the seismicity of the former USSR. Since its inception, K -class has been the primary means of quantifying the size of small events in the former USSR and continues to be used for that purpose today. In most of this region, scientists employed the method of Rautian (1960), using the maximum horizontal (for the S wave) and vertical (for the P wave) amplitudes, which became the standard for local and regional networks in the early 1960s. In this paper, we describe the origins and basic principles of the energy class system, as well as the methodology generally used today by the regional networks (figure 1) of the states of the former USSR. Shortly after World War II, between 1946 and 1949, three large earthquakes occurred in Soviet Central Asia and triggered an intense study of seismicity. After the magnitude 7.4 Khait earthquake of 10 July 1949, the Geophysical Institute (now the Institute of Physics of the Earth) of the USSR dispatched an expedition to Garm, Tajikistan (figure 1), to deploy a temporary network around the epicentral region. This Complex Seismological Expedition (CSE), which included the senior authors of this paper (Khalturin and Rautian) at its inception, became permanent in 1954. The study of regional seismicity was not well-developed …
Technology offers solutions to the current power crisis

The rolling blackouts and soaring prices now besetting California's electric system are only the first and most visible signs of deeper problems affecting the US grid. Among them are neglect of the nation's electrical infrastructure, poorly structured electricity markets, and a lack of incentives for new investment. Ultimately, most of these problems spring from a lack of understanding of the power system's unique nature and technical complexity, resulting in a hodgepodge of policies that ignores both technological and economic reality. Fortunately, a variety of new technologies are available to help resolve these fundamental issues in a cost effective, expeditious manner. The most effective short-term step that can be taken to ease the California crisis and help prevent its spread is to improve load management. Electricity customers need to be given incentives to conserve energy when it would do the most good from a power market standpoint. Other technologies can be applied on the supply side in the medium-to-long term including fossil plant upgrades and application of FACTS devices.
Tipping the scales: obese children and child safety seats.

OBJECTIVE: To shed light on the extent to which childhood obesity affects the types of appropriate child safety seats for young children, by providing an estimate of the number of US children whose weight renders them unable to use safely the majority of child safety seat types currently available. METHODS: The types of appropriate child safety seats were assessed by using National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2005 Child Safety Seat Ease of Use Ratings. Estimates of the numbers of children weighing above the maximal weight for those child safety seats were calculated by using the tabulations of growth curves based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2000 data that were assembled by the National Center for Health Statistics and the US Census for the year 2000. RESULTS: A total of 283,305 children 1 to 6 years of age would have a difficult (if not impossible) time finding a safe child safety seat because of their age and weight. The vast majority of these children are 3 years of age and weigh >40 lb (182,661 children). For these children, there are currently only 4 child safety seat types available, each of which costs between $240 and $270. CONCLUSIONS: This study determined that there is limited availability of child safety seat types for the ever-increasing number of obese young children. There are substantial numbers of children who weigh more than the upper weight limit for most currently available child safety seats. While we await reductions in the childhood obesity epidemic, options for maximizing the protection of obese children in automobiles must be identified. Language: en
The effects of local application of ethanol in the n. accumbens on dopamine overflow and clearance

The actions of ethanol on extracellular dopamine levels in the n. accumbens were examined in both anesthetized and unanesthetized rats using either in vivo voltammetry or microdialysis. In the voltammetry studies, ethanol was microinjected directly into the accumbens. For the microdialysis studies, the ethanol was injected systemically. The voltammetry studies failed to find any direct effect of local ethanol on extracellular dopamine levels. However, exposure to high ethanol concentrations directly injected into the n. accumbens showed the rise rate and the return to baseline rate to a n. accumbens KCl-stimulated dopamine release. In the microdialysis studies, increased levels of extracellular dopamine in the n. accumbens were found in unanesthetized rats, similar to those reported in the literature. However, in the anesthetized rats, the extracellular dopamine levels were not increased, even with similar local ethanol levels measured in the dialysate. Taken together, the data suggest that the actions of ethanol to increase extracellular dopamine levels in the n. accumbens are most likely not an effect of ethanol at the level of the accumbens but rather an action which increases neural activity within the mesoaccumbens pathway, perhaps via actions at the ventral tegmental area.
Studies in the Cleomaceae VII: Five New Combinations in Corynandra, an Earlier Name for Arivela

Abstract. In the course of preparing our unpublished synopsis of the New World Cleomaceae, we found it desirable to make a number of changes in classification. Consequently, the genus Corynandra Schrad. ex Spreng., an earlier name for Arivela Raf., is re-established with Corynandra chelidonii (L. f.) Cochrane & Iltis [≡ Cleome chelidonii L. f.], C. felina (L. f.) Cochrane & Iltis [≡ Cleome felina L. f.], C. flava (Banks ex DC.) Cochrane & Iltis [≡ Cleome flava Banks ex DC.], and C. viscosa (L.) Cochrane & Iltis [≡ Cleome viscosa L.]. Also, one infraspecific combination is made, namely Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis (Sundararagh.) Cochrane [≡ Cleome viscosa var. nagarjunakondensis Sundararagh.], and lectotypes are designated herein for Polanisia leschenaultii DC. and P. viscosa DC. var. grandiflora Benth.
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Copper/Niobium Multilayers

Copper/niobium multilayers prepared by sputtering onto Si substrates with layer thicknesses ranging from 11 to 5000 A have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy and nanoindentation. The films are strongly textured with {110} close-packed planes of the bcc Nb parallel to the {111} close-packed planes of the fcc Cu and close-packed directions tending to be parallel as well. For the 11 A layers, the Cu is found to grow pseudomorphically on Nb in the bcc structure. It is thought that, for thicker layers, the bcc Cu loses coherency and transforms martensitically to the fcc phase, thus resulting in the observed Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship. As the layer thickness, d, decreases from 5000 to 500 A, the hardness increases as d -1/2 ; i.e., it follows a Hall-Petch relationship so that hardening is due to grain boundaries and interfaces. The slope is the same as in pure Cu, but there is a large intercept which is ascribed to internal stresses and a large dislocation density. As the layer thickness decreases from 100 to 11 A, the hardness increases as (1/d) in (0.69d), which is a line tension formulation such as would be expected for Orowan dislocation bowing between the layers. Again there is a large intercept which is ascribed to cutting through the Cu/Nb interfaces. The interfacial energy is calculated to be 0.46 J/m 2 .
Structure Learning of Mixed Graphical Models

We consider the problem of learning the structure of a pairwise graphical model over continuous and discrete variables. We present a new pairwise model for graphical models with both continuous and discrete variables that is amenable to structure learning. In previous work, authors have considered structure learning of Gaussian graphical models and structure learning of discrete models. Our approach is a natural generalization of these two lines of work to the mixed case. The penalization scheme is new and follows naturally from a particular parametrization of the model.
Current Perspectives on Temperature Management and Hypothermia in Low Birth Weight Infants

Abstract For more than a century, nurses and physicians have recognized the importance of maintaining the temperature of newborn infants, especially for premature and low birth weight infants. Research has confirmed and elucidated how infants lose heat and what is required to keep them warm. Adverse outcomes associated with hypothermia have been carefully documented. Variations in practice exist and fail to optimize infant outcomes. In this context, the Collaboration for Advancing Pediatric Quality Measures (CAPQuaM) was assigned the task of developing quality measures related to hypothermia and low birth weight infants. This paper integrates a literature review with the CAPQuaM measure development process, and includes original data (qualitative interviews). The authors call for the use of new CAPQuaM measures both to enhance accountability and to improve outcomes for these vulnerable low birth weight infants.
Majority — minority status and perceived ingroup variability revisited

Social identity theory predicts that ingroup members should see their group as more homogeneous when confronted by a large and presumably dominant outgroup. This prediction has been supported in a series of recent studies, all of which purport to show that the usual ingroup—outgroup difference in perceived variability, i.e. outgroup homogeneity, is reversed when the ingroup is in a minority position. In all of these studies, however, the ingroup—outgroup distinction has been confounded with the size of the target group judged. The present study was conducted to overcome this confound. Subjects judged both the ingroup and outgroup, under one of two different orders, and the first group judged varied in size across subjects while the size of the second group was held constant. This permitted comparisons of the perceived variability of the second judged group (be it the ingroup or outgroup) when it followed the judgment of either a larger or equal size first group. Consistent with social identity theory, ingroups were judged as less variable when judged after a large outgroup than after a small one. This was true, however, only on measures of perceived dispersion and not on measures of perceived stereotypicality. On both sorts of measures, however, overall outgroup homogeneity was found, over and above the difference due to the comparison of the ingroup with a large or small outgroup.
Quantum theory of the dispersion of the refractive index near the fundamental absorption edge in compound semiconductors

A calculation of the real part of the refractive index near the fundamental absorption edge is given, which is based on a quantum mechanical calculation of the complex dielectric constant using the quantum density matrix method. An analytical expression is obtained in terms of experimentally known quantities for a given semiconductor and compared with available experimental data. The band structure of the Kane theory, which applies to direct gap III-V and II-VI compounds, is assumed. The expression obtained is a function of the band-gap energy, the effective electron and heavy hole masses at the bandedge, the spin orbit splitting energy, the carrier concentration for n-type or p-type materials, the temperature, and the frequency of the incident radiation. The temperature dependence occurs through the dependence of the bandgap energy and the effective mass on temperature for degenerate n-type or p-type materials, and there is an additional temperature-dependent factor for nondegenerate materials. The expression also involves the value of n at the absorption edge which is not accessible to measurement. However, an equation for n at the absorption edge can be found in terms of experimentally obtainable values of n near the absorption edge and solved to give the desired quantity. This can then be used to predict the refractive index to a high degree of accuracy over the entire frequency spectrum up to the bandedge. Within limits of the above statement regarding n at the absorption edge, there are no adjustable parameters involved, and this constitutes a significant improvement over previous theories of the refractive index of a semiconductor. In particular, the theory predicts the dispersion near the fundamental absorption edge which has been observed experimentally for a number of III-V and II-VI compounds and enables its precise calculations as a function of frequency. This fact is expected to be of considerable importance in technological applications involving integrated optics. Theory is compared with experimental results for a number of III-V and II-VI compounds.
Drug resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans has become a major opportunistic fungal pathogen worldwide. Successful treatment of invasive disease with this fungus has used amphotericin B, flucytosine and various azoles. However, treatment failures continue to occur for a variety of reasons including direct antifungal drug resistance. Issues and mechanisms for antifungal drug resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans are reviewed. Furthermore, approaches and strategies for prevention and treatment of antifungal drug resistance are identified and these include host immune modulation, dose optimization, prophylaxis/empirical regimens, improved drug delivery systems such as lipid preparations of amphotericin B, surgery, combination antifungal treatments and development of new antifungal agents. Copyright 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
Control of rolling contacts in multi-arm manipulation

When multiple arms are used to manipulate a large object, it is beneficial and sometimes necessary to maintain and control contacts between the object and the effector (the contacting surface of an arm) through force closure. Rolling and/or sliding can occur at these contacts, and the system is, in general, characterized by holonomic as well as nonholonomic (including unilateral) constraints. In this paper, the control of planar rolling contacts is investigated. Multi-arm manipulation systems are typically redundant. In the authors' approach, a minimal set of inputs is employed to control the trajectory of the system while the surplus inputs control the contact conditions. The trajectory includes the gross motion of the object as well as the rolling motion at each contact. A nonlinear feedback scheme for simultaneous control of motion as well as contact conditions is presented. A new algorithm which adapts a two-effector grasp with rolling contacts to external loads and the trajectory is developed. Simulations and experimental results are used to illustrate the salient features in control and planning. >