cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free speech and civil discourse: producing expats, locals, and migrants in the UAE English‐language blogosphere

This article examines the production of belonging and exclusion on a popular English-language blog in the United Arab Emirates. The UAE, and particularly the emirate of Dubai, has a large majority foreign resident population, which has little to no access to official citizenship. However, I argue that foreign residents narrate and perform belonging on various scales, including through the production of on-line ‘publics’. As I explore in this article, the differences between citizens and non-citizens are not simply imported into on-line spaces, but on-line spaces and the interactions within them are constitutive of differentiated resident identities. In particular, I explore how the UAE English-language blogosphere is a space for state criticism, assertions of belonging, and interactions by and between groups of people that are not readily available in the rigidly divided social and geographical spaces of Dubai. The ability for citizens and non-citizens to interact in these on-line forums makes the UAE blogosphere a space where assumptions about differences between citizens, expatriates, and migrants that circulate in off-line discourses and technologies of governance are both negotiated and rehearsed by group members and administrators.
Efficient user interest estimation in fisheye views

We present a new technique for efficiently computing Degree-of-Interest distributions to inform the visualization of graph-structured data. The technique is independent of the interest distribution used and enables fluid interaction with very large data sets (over 100,000 nodes).
Ultrasonic in-situ measurement of the marine microlayer

In-situ measurement techniques for the characterization of the marine microlayer have been developed. The approach is based on integrating ultrasonic measurements with a well-accepted microlayer sampler. The sampler is a rotating glass drum that collects the thin water film covering its surface. The film thickness varies in the range of 50-200 mu m for a drum rotation speed of 20 RPM. By attaching ultrasonic transducers on the inner surface of the drum, the thickness and viscosity of the film are measured. The viscosity of the liquid film over the drum is deduced from a measurement of the damping coefficient of the multiple echoes in the wall of the drum. The thickness of the film is related to the surface tension and viscosity of the liquid and to the rotation speed of the drum. Thus, the surface tension of the film is calculated. >
Two Roads Diverge: Weight Loss Interventions and Circulating Amino Acids

In this issue of Science Translational Medicine, Laferrere and colleagues describe a metabolite profiling approach to investigate changes in the circulating metabolome after equivalent weight loss spurred by either gastric bypass surgery (GBP) or dietary intervention. The results reveal that GBP enhances branched chain amino acid metabolism by mechanisms separate from weight loss. These observations raise the possibility that changes in circulating amino acids play a role in the correction of glycemic control observed shortly after GBP.
Proteomic Analysis in the Neurosciences

Proteomics is a field of study directed toward providing a comprehensive view of the characteristics and activity of every cellular protein. Rapid innovations in the core technologies required to characterize proteins on a global scale are poised to bring about a comprehensive understanding of how dynamic changes in protein expression, post-translational modification, and function affect complex signaling and regulatory networks. These advances have significant implications for understanding the multitude of pathways that govern behavior and cognition and the response of the nervous system to injury and disease.
The Stratigraphic Record of Atmospheric Loading of Metals at the Ombrotrophic Big Heath Bog, MT. Desert Island, Maine, U.S.A.

Ombrotrophic peat bogs receive all of their nutrients and a variety of non-essential substances from the atmosphere. Sources of inputs include marine aerosols, soil dust, products of air pollution, and normal atmospheric gases. Inputs may be deposited initially at or below the surface of the bog. Metals may be immobilized by adsorption, by incorporation into plant tissue, or by precipitation. Metals may be mobilized and migrate due to biological decay of organic matter, biological recycling, and changing chemical conditions below the living surface.
Dynamics of virtual electrode-induced scroll-wave reentry in a 3D bidomain model.

Functional reentry in the heart can be caused by a wave front of excitation rotating around its edge. Previous simulations on the basis of monodomain cable equations predicted the existence of self...
SENSORY NEUROPATHY IN NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS THE SAN LUIS VALLEY DIABETES STUDY

A screening neurologic examination capable of detecting distal symmetric (sensory) neuropathy in a large population-based study of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in San Luis Valley, Colorado, in 1984-1986 is described and validated. The examination, completed in 279 diabetics and 577 controls, had 90% agreement with a standard neurologic examination completed on a subsample of 38 patients. Independent validation of neuropathy status was obtained with the Optacon tactile (vibration) stimulator. Mean, age-adjusted vibration threshold was significantly greater in those with neuropathy than in those without. The subtests of the examination most sensitive in detecting neuropathy were a combination of a positive history of neuropathy symptoms and decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes in both ankles. Age-adjusted prevalence of neuropathy in controls, those with impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetics was 3.9%, 11.2%, and 25.8%, respectively. Prevalence odds ratios were 3.5 and 10.6 for the presence of neuropathy in persons with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, respectively, compared with persons with normal glucose tolerance. Neuropathy was significantly associated with age, duration of diabetes, male sex, and glycemic control, but not with Anglo/Hispanic status.
Improvement of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale cognitive score associated with olanzapine treatment of acute mania.

SUMMARYObjective: This study analyzed the effect of olanzapine on a psychopathology-based scale assessing abnormal thought processes and examined the relationship between improvement on this scale and mania and depression improvement in acutely manic patients.Methods: The study sample (N = 254) was pooled from two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Disturbance in thought processes was measured by the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale cognitive component (PANSS-Cognitive) score. Mood severity was measured by the Young-Mania Rating Scale (Y-MRS) and Hamilton Depression Inventory (HAM-D). Last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) changes from baseline to endpoint (Week 3) were presented for patients who had at least one post-baseline assessment.Results: Olanzapine-treated patients experienced modest but significant improvement in PANSS-Cognitive score (olanzapine: –4.25 n = 124; placebo: –1.69 n = 120, p < 01), regardless of age, gender, mania subtype (pure, mixed), course (rapid o...
The Development of the Auditory System from Conception to Term

Author Disclosure Dr Lasky has disclosed that this review was supported in part by NICHD R01 HD042639-01A2. Ms Williams did not disclose any relationships relevant to this article. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Explain when the fetus begins to respond to sound. 2. Describe the type of sounds to which fetuses and extremely preterm newborns initially respond. 3. Explain why the fetus is exposed to low-frequency sounds. 4. Describe the role of the fetal cochlea and the outer and middle ears in response to sound. 5. Compare and contrast the response to sounds in the fetus of the same postmenstrual age and preterm newborns. For the first half of pregnancy, the fetus is unresponsive to sound. By term, basic auditory capabilities are relatively mature. We review in this article the anatomic and functional developments during that remarkable interval between those two landmarks, which also is a time of increased risk for otologic insult. (1) We also comment on the environmental milieu during this critical period of development in normally developing fetuses and in preterm newborns. ### Definitions Sound is vibratory energy transmitted by propagating compressions and expansions of a stationary medium. The frequency of a sound (perceived as pitch) is defined by the number of compressions and expansions (cycles) per second or hertz (Hz). Human hearing ranges from 20 to 20,000 Hz, with greatest sensitivity at 1 to 4 kHz. The density and elasticity of the medium determine sound transmission through that medium. For example, the speed of sound in water (and amniotic fluid) is more than four times the speed of sound in air. Acoustic impedance is the complex ratio of the pressure induced by the sound source to the volume velocity of the vibrating medium. The impedance mismatch at boundaries between different media determines how much sound energy is transmitted …
Simulating Astrophysical Jets in Laboratory Experiments

Pulsed-power technology and appropriate boundary conditions have been used to create simulations of magnetically driven astrophysical jets in a laboratory experiment. The experiments are quite reproducible and involve a distinct sequence. Eight initial flux tubes, corresponding to eight gas injection locations, merge to form the jet, which lengthens, collimates, and eventually kinks. A model developed to explain the collimation process predicts that collimation is intimately related to convection and pile-up of frozen-in toroidal flux convected with the jet. The pile-up occurs when there is an axial non-uniformity in the jet velocity so that in the frame of the jet there appears to be a converging flow of plasma carrying frozen-in toroidal magnetic flux. The pile-up of convected flux at this “stagnation region” amplifies the toroidal magnetic field and increases the pinch force, thereby collimating the jet.
Current concepts in chronic venous ulceration

Abstract Objectives: despite numerous reports on the distribution of reflux in patients with venous ulceration, there is no consensus on the contribution of each venous system. This study was performed to evaluate the distribution of reflux in this group of patients. Methods: a literature search from 1980 to 1998 was performed. Because duplex scanning is the best method for detecting venous reflux, we only included reports that used this diagnostic modality. All studies with less than 30 ulcerated limbs were excluded. Since most reports did not give detailed data on perforator veins, reflux in these veins was combined with the superficial and deep veins. Documented episodes of superficial or deep vein thrombosis were noted. Results: thirteen studies that included 1249 ulcerated limbs fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean age of patients was 59 years (95% CI: 54–63, range: 14–93). Reflux was detected in 1153 (92%) of limbs. Reflux confined to the superficial veins alone was seen in 45% of limbs, in the deep veins alone in 12% and in both the superficial and deep veins in 43% of limbs. The overall involvement of the superficial veins was 88% and of the deep veins 56% (p
Translation of Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy to a Web-based Intervention

Couple therapy-across a number of different theoretical approaches-has been shown to be an effective treatment for a variety of individual and relationship difficulties. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that the effects of several approaches last at least 2-5 years after the end of treatment. However, couple therapy has a critical limitation: most distressed couples--including those who eventually divorce--do not seek couple therapy. Thus, although we recognize there are notable advances in the treatment approaches described in this special section, we argue that traditional approaches to couple therapy need to be supplemented by alternative interventions before we can make a profound, population-level impact on relationship distress and divorce. To this end, we translated Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy into a self-help, web-based program-www.OurRelationship.com. Through a combination of tailored feedback, filmed examples, and interactive education, the online program first helps couples identify a core problem in their relationship. The program then assists partners in coming to a new and more accurate understanding of the problem they jointly identified and subsequently brings them together in a structured conversation to share their new understandings with each other. Finally, based on this shared conceptualization, the program supports couples in making concrete changes in their relationship. In this article, we discuss the rationale for the program, describe the core components of the website, and illustrate these components with a case example. Relative advantages and disadvantages compared with traditional couple therapy are presented.
Hardware/software cooperation in the iAPX-432

The Intel iAPX-432 is an object-based microcomputer system with a unified approach to the design and use of its architecture, operating system, and primary programming language. The concrete architecture of the 432 incorporates hardware support for data abstraction, small protection domains, and language-oriented run-time environments. It also uses its object-orientation to provide hardware support for dynamic heap storage management, interprocess communication, and processor dispatching.We begin with an overview of the 432 architecture so readers unfamiliar with its basic concepts will be able to follow the succeeding discussion without the need to consult the references. Following that, we introduce the various forms of hardware/software cooperation and the criteria by which a function or service is selected for migration. This is followed by several of the more interesting examples of hardware/software cooperation in the 432. A comparison of cooperation in the 432 with several contemporary machines and discussions of development issues, past and future, complete the paper.
Transparent Queries: investigation users' mental models of search engines

Typically, commercial Web search engines provide very little feedback to the user concerning how a particular query is processed and interpreted. Specifically, they apply key query transformations without the users knowledge. Although these transformations have a pronounced effect on query results, users have very few resources for recognizing their existence and understanding their practical importance. We conducted a user study to gain a better understanding of users knowledge of and reactions to the operation of several query transformations that web search engines automatically employ. Additionally, we developed and evaluated Transparent Queries, a software system designed to provide users with lightweight feedback about opaque query transformations. The results of the study suggest that users do indeed have difficulties understanding the operation of query transformations without additional assistance. Finally, although transparency is helpful and valuable, interfaces that allow direct control of query transformations might ultimately be more helpful for end-users.
Diabetes mellitus in an urbanized, isolated Polynesian population. The Funafuti survey.

An epidemiologic study of diabetes in the urbanized Polynesian population of Funafuti has established a prevalence of 8 per cent in subjects aged 10 years and over. Of these, only 0.9 per cent were known diabetics, and the remainder were diagnosed on the basis of a plasma glucose level of at least 160 mg/lOO ml. two hours after a 75 gm. glucose load. A further 5.9 per cent had borderline diabetes as judged by a two-hour postload plasma glucose of 140-159 mg./ 100 ml. In those aged 20 years and over, the prevalence of diabetes was 10.1 per cent, similar to that reported in other accuHurated Polynesian groups. The prevalence of both borderline diabetes and frank diabetes was twice as high in the females as in males. This difference appeared to be related to the greater degree of obesity in the females, but the prevalence was not related to parity. The increase in frequency of diabetes among these islanders coincides with a change of traditional island life style to that of urbanized Western populations. The results suggest that there may be 10 times the actual number of known diabetics in some Pacific populations.
Biomass burning and pollution aerosol over North America: Organic components and their influence on spectral optical properties and humidification response

[1] Thermal analysis of aerosol size distributions provided size resolved volatility up to temperatures of 400C during extensive flights over North America (NA) for the INTEX/ICARTT experiment in summer 2004. Biomass burning and pollution plumes identified from trace gas measurements were evaluated for their aerosol physiochemical and optical signatures. Measurements of soluble ionic mass and refractory black carbon (BC) mass, inferred from light absorption, were combined with volatility to identify organic carbon at 400C (VolatileOC) and the residual or refractory organic carbon, RefractoryOC. This approach characterized distinct constituent mass fractions present in biomass burning and pollution plumes every 5–10 min. Biomass burning, pollution and dust aerosol could be stratified by their combined spectral scattering and absorption properties. The ‘‘nonplume’’ regional aerosol exhibited properties dominated by pollution characteristics near the surface and biomass burning aloft. VolatileOC included most water-soluble organic carbon. RefractoryOC dominated enhanced shortwave absorption in plumes from Alaskan and Canadian forest fires. The mass absorption efficiency of this RefractoryOC was about 0.63 m 2 g � 1 at 470 nm and 0.09 m 2 g � 1 at 530 nm. Concurrent measurements of the humidity dependence of scattering, g, revealed the OC component to be only weakly hygroscopic resulting in a general decrease in g with increasing OC mass fractions. Under ambient humidity conditions, the systematic relations between physiochemical properties and g lead to a well-constrained dependency on the absorption per unit dry mass for these plume types that may be used to challenge remotely sensed and modeled optical properties.
Selecting indicators for the quality of cardiac care at the health system level in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries

Background. Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are major causes of morbidity and death in adults in the world. Major differences have been reported in the management strategies and the outcome of CV diseases within and between countries. To better understand and address these differences, there is a need for quantitative information on patient management, outcome, and prognosis. Objective. This article describes the development of a set of quality indicators for cardiac care and summarizes work undertaken by the Cardiac Care Panel of the OECD Health Care Quality Indicators Project. Methods. A list of 61 potential indicators was identified through a literature search, review of national measurement systems, and nomination from countries participating in the project. The Cardiac Care Panel then used a modified Delphi process developed originally by RAND to select indicators. Panel members individually rated each indicator on a scale of 1–9 for scientific soundness and importance. All indicators receiving scores of 7 or more for both importance and soundness were included in the final set. Results. Seventeen cardiac indicators were selected for the final set of indicators from the following areas: acute coronary syndromes, cardiac interventions, secondary prevention, and congestive heart failure. Conclusions. The final set of 17 indicators selected by the Cardiac Care Panel constitutes a comprehensive set of measures for the most relevant domains of CV care. Nevertheless, gaps remain in the area of primary prevention and in particular in areas with rapidly changing technology and improving treatment options.
The Concept of Political Culture

Although historians have frequently employed political culture in their writings, they often seem unaware of the long-standing controversy that has engaged social scientists regarding its theoretical grounding, its methods, and its substantive findings. Moreover, cultural historians who have pioneered new ways of looking at symbolic and expressive forms of power have tended to slight the more traditional dimensions of power—such as persisting elite hegemony and control of material resources—that ought not be excluded from the concept's domain. Historians would do well to attend more fully to the implications of political culture, especially its inherently comparative logic.
Microhydraulic Actuation Using Biological Ion Transporters Reconstituted on Artificial BLM

Plants and animals have the natural ability to exhibit force through controlled pressurization of cellular compartments. The mechanism through which force is generated is powered by biological fuels. The process involves moving ions against an established concentration gradient expending free energy from bio-fuels like Adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP), kinesin etc., Materials exhibiting deformation using biological processes are called Nastic materials. The functional component in mass transfer across the cell boundary is the ion transporter embedded in cell membranes. The ion transporters which are complex protein molecules, move ions and water molecules for an applied chemical or electrical stimulus. The bio-inspired microhydraulic actuator uses the same functional component in plant cells reconstituted on a planar bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) formed from purified lipids. The protein transporters pump ions and fluid into an enclosed cavity to cause deformation. The controlled fluid transport through AtSUT4(proton-sucrose co-transporter extracted from Arabidopsis thaliana) reconstituted on a 1-Palmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-[Phospho-L-Serine] (Sodium Salt) (POPS), 1-Palmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycero- 3-Phosphoethanolamine (POPE) BLM on porous lead silicate glass plate driven by a proton gradient demonstrated the ability to move fluid across the membrane. This article discusses a prototype microhydraulic actuator that increases in thickness for an applied pH and sucrose concentration gradient.
Amiodarone and Desethylamiodarone Toxicity in Isolated Hepatocytes in Culture

Amiodarone, a class III antiarrhythmic drug, has been found to be effective in the management of patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Recent reports describe the presence of myelinoid inclusion bodies following amiodarone therapy in liver, myocardium, white blood cells, lung, cornea, skin, and lymph nodes; their relationship to toxicity is unclear. The exact role of desethylamiodarone, the major metabolite, of amiodarone in systemic toxicity of the parent drug is not known. Concentration-response relationships for amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were investigated by adding 1-50 micrograms/ml of the compounds of dimethyl sulfoxide (controls) to hepatocytes isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured in Leibovitz L-15 medium. Using lactate dehydrogenase release into the medium to quantitate cell death, both drugs were found to cause cell death in a concentration-dependent manner within 24 hr of incubation; this data showed desethylamiodarone to be significantly more toxic than amiodarone. In experiments with 50-micrograms/ml concentrations of amiodarone or desethylamiodarone, we found desethylamiodarone to produce a significantly greater release of lactate dehydrogenase as compared with amiodarone within 2-4 hr. Electron microscopic studies indicated the presence of myelinoid inclusion bodies at early culture stages followed by progressive swelling of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticula, disruption of membranes, aggregation of subcellular structures, and ultimately cell death. Ultrastructural changes occurred sooner in the hepatocytes treated with desethylamiodarone than with amiodarone. These data demonstrate that (i) desethylamiodarone is more toxic than amiodarone; (ii) acute toxicity of desethylamiodarone and amiodarone can be quantitated by lactate dehydrogenase release; (iii) both desethylamiodarone and amiodarone can induce myelinoid inclusion bodies in cultured hepatocytes; and (iv) toxicity is characterized by progressive subcellular changes leading to cell death.
A novel resistance management strategy for horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Dispersal by horn flies, Haematoma irritans (L.), may have a significant impact on management of insecticide resistance. Recent discovery of extensive movement of horn flies between cattle herds separated by 0.05, 0.8, and 1.7 km is used as a basis for consideration of a new resistance management strategy for this pest. Use of a mosaic in which insecticides are applied in different sectors of a grid pattern may delay resistance in highly mobile insects with relatively specific host/habitat requirements. The mechanism by which resistance is managed is similar to action of insecticide mixtures if there is extensive movement between treated sectors within a generation. Resistance is delayed by a process analogous to insecticide rotations if movement between treated sectors occurs between generations. Current evidence indicates that newly emerged horn flies are primarily responsible for dispersal so that a mosaic would function principally as a rotation of insecticides. The practicality and data base required to employ mosaics successfully are compared with the strategies of mixtures and rotations.
Observation of neutral current charm production in nu_mu Fe scattering at the Fermilab Tevatron

We report on the first observation of open charm production in neutral current deep inelastic neutrino scattering as seen in the NuTeV detector at Fermilab. The production rate is shown to be consistent with a pure gluon-Z0 boson production model, and the observed level of charm production is used to determine the effective charm mass.
Degradation of methyl parathion to p-nitrophenol on cotton and lettuce leaves and its effects on plant growth

Field and greenhouse experiments were done to determine the extent of methyl parathion degradation to p -nitrophenol on and in leaves of cotton and head lettuce and the biological response of lettuce seedlings to these chemicals. The amount of p -nitrophenol on and in cotton leaves 5 d after a single application of methyl parathion reached a maximum of 2.12 ppm. The results were less conclusive on lettuce, presumably because of a single overhead irrigation early in the experiment and intermittent rainfall that occurred throughout the remainder of the experiment. In the same experiment, however, dry weights of whole lettuce plants treated three times with either methyl parathion or p -nitrophenol were reduced significantly 50.9 and 32.1%, respectively, compared with untreated controls. In contrast, the solvent with emulsifier that were used to formulate methyl parathion reduced dry weight <4%. Similar reductions occurred in lettuce seedlings that were grown in the greenhouse and were treated four times with either p -nitrophenol and the formulating agents (40.9%) or p -nitrophenol and water (50.0%).
Effects of continuous and step-up ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation protocols on feeding performance and carcass characteristics of finishing steers1

ABSTRACT The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of continuous (CNT) and step-up (STP) ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) supplementation protocols during the last 42 d of the finishing period on feeding performance and carcass characteristics of market steers. Thirty-six Angus-Simmental cross steers (510 ± 4.99 kg initial BW) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 isocaloric, isonitrogenous treatments containing 0 (CON) or 200 (CNT) mg of RH from d 0 to 42 or daily supplementation of 100 mg of RH from d 0 to 21, no RH from d 21 to 28, and daily supplementation of 300 mg of RH from d 28 to 42 (STP). Steers were fed for ad libitum intake, BW were measured at 14-d intervals, and final BW were measured on d 41 and 42 before slaughter to monitor feedlot performance. Carcass characteristics were collected following a 24-h chill. There were no differences across treatments for initial BW or DMI throughout the feeding period (P ≥ 0.26). Likewise, ADG did not differ (P ≥ 0.20), and there were no changes in total BW gain (P = 0.52) or G:F (P = 0.36) due to dietary treatment. The lack of performance differences was reflected in several carcass measurements often affected by BW gain with no differences across treatments for HCW (P = 0.31), DP (P = 0.80), 12th-rib fat thickness (P = 0.35), LM area (P = 0.19), percentage of KPH (P = 0.97), and YG (P = 0.38). However, CON had greater marbling scores (P = 0.04) than did CNT, with STP being intermediate to both treatments. This last effect likely contributed to the trend in QG differences (P = 0.08) between CON and CNT, with STP again being intermediate. Feeding performance was not altered because of RH supplementation at either a constant level or a step-up protocol over a period of 42 d. Carcass quality was not improved and continuous RH administration had a negative effect on marbling and potentially final QG of beef steers.
MODEL OF INTERFERENCE TESTING WELL OF THE HEAVY OIL RECOVERY WITH HEAT LOSS

Steam flooding is an important recovery of heavy oil reservoir. An analytical model of interference in thermal oil recovery for two region composite reservoir with heat loss was presented, and the solution of the problem in Laplace Space was discussed, thus the type-curves which were used to perform a sensibility analysis were obtained. It provided the reliable data for the heavy oil recovery.
Effect of Fecal Contamination and Cross-Contamination on Numbers of Coliform, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Salmonella on Immersion-Chilled Broiler Carcasses†

The effect of prechill fecal contamination on numbers of bacteria on immersion-chilled carcasses was tested in each of three replicate trials. For each trial, 16 eviscerated broiler carcasses were split into 32 halves and assigned to one of two groups. Cecal contents (0.1 g inoculated with Campylobacter and nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella) were applied to each of eight halves in one group (direct contamination) that were placed into one paddle chiller (contaminated), whereas the other paired halves were placed into another chiller (control). From the second group of eight split birds, one of each paired half was placed in the contaminated chiller (to determine cross-contamination) and the other half was placed in the control chiller. Postchill carcass halves were sampled by a 1-min rinse in sterile water, which was collected and cultured. Bacterial counts were reported as log CFU per milliliter of rinsate. There were no significant statistical differences (paired t test, P < 0.05) from direct contamination for coliforms (mean 3.0 log CFU) and Escherichia coli (mean 2.7 log CFU), although Campylobacter numbers significantly increased from control values because of direct contamination (1.5 versus 2.1 log CFU), and the incidence increased from 79 to 100%. There was no significant effect of cross-contamination on coliform (mean 2.9 log CFU) or E. coli (mean 2.6 log CFU) numbers. Nevertheless, Campylobacter levels were significantly higher after exposure to cross-contamination (1.6 versus 2.0 log CFU), and the incidence of this bacterium increased from 75 to 100%. Salmonella-positive halves increased from 0 to 42% postchill because of direct contamination and from 0 to 25% as a result of cross-contamination after chilling. Water samples and surface swabs taken postchill from the contaminated chiller were higher for Campylobacter than those taken from the control chiller. Immersion chilling equilibrated bacterial numbers between contaminated and control halves subjected to either direct contamination or cross-contamination for coliforms and E. coli. Campylobacter numbers, Campylobacter incidence, and Salmonella incidence increased because of both direct contamination and cross-contamination in the chiller. Postchill E. coli numbers did not indicate which carcass halves were contaminated with feces before chilling.
A Shout Instead of a Whisper: Let's Get the Graphics Right.

To the Editor: In July of 2013, Mark Siobal and colleagues wrote a paper on volumetric capnography in Respiratory Care.[1][1] In a subsequent letter to the Editor,[2][2] I pointed out an error in their Figure 8. In that figure, the quantity VDalv is represented as the shaded areas between the
Benefits of a STEAM Collaboration in Newark, New Jersey: Volcano Simulation through a Glass-Making Experience

ABSTRACT A simulated physical model of volcanic processes using a glass art studio greatly enhanced enthusiasm and learning among urban, middle- to high-school aged, largely underrepresented minority students in Newark, New Jersey. The collaboration of a geoscience department with a glass art studio to create a science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics (STEAM) educational experience increased strong interest in learning about volcanoes by 40.7% and learning of volcanic concepts by up to 92% across four major topic areas. In particular, using hands-on, interactive experiences, activities effectively informed and enthused students about the heat of a volcano and lava, lava flows and the dangers they pose, forms of falling volcanic bombs, volatiles in lava, and interaction of lava with water. Teachers found that students remained highly motivated by the experience even after their return to school. The Glass Volcano Experience has the potential to constitute a critical incident in encouraging s...
The case against physical punishment

We review the literature on parental physical punishment of children, laying out foundations of a case against physical punishment as a form of discipline. We consider the research on physical punishment finding that physical punishment is associated with a number of undesirable outcomes for children and adolescents. We pay special attention to questions of: parent effects versus child effects; whether parental use of physical punishment is moderated by family, neighborhood, or cultural context, and whether physical punishment can be considered to be part of a continuum of family violence. We close with recommendations for positive parenting policies and practices.
Addiction consultation services - Linking hospitalized patients to outpatient addiction treatment.

Abstract Background Approximately 15% of hospitalized patients have an active substance use disorder (SUD). Starting treatment for SUD, including medications, during acute hospitalizations can engage patients in addiction care. In July 2015, the Boston Medical Center Addiction Consult Service (ACS), began providing inpatient diagnostic, management, and discharge linkage consultations. We describe this implementation. Methods The ACS staff recorded SUDs diagnoses and medication recommendations and tracked follow-up data for affiliated outpatient office-based addiction clinics and methadone maintenance programs. We assessed the number of consults, SUDs diagnoses, medications recommended and initiated, and outpatient addiction clinic follow-up. Results Over 26weeks, the BMC ACS completed 337 consults: 78% had an opioid use disorder (UD), 37% an alcohol UD, 28% a cocaine UD, 9% a benzodiazepine UD, 3% a cannabinoid (including K2) UD, and Conclusions A new inpatient addiction consultation service diagnosed and treated hospitalized patients with substance use disorders and linked them to outpatient addiction treatment care. Initiating addiction medications, particularly opioid agonists, was feasible in the inpatient setting. Optimal linkage and retention of hospitalized patients to post-discharge addiction care warrants further innovation and program development.
Response to Tetanus and Pneumococcal Vaccination Following Administration of Ixekizumab in Healthy Participants

Ixekizumab (IXE) is an interleukin (IL)-17A antagonist approved for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The objective of this study was to determine if the immune response to tetanus and pneumococcal vaccines in healthy subjects administered IXE was noninferior to control. In a randomized, open-label, parallel-group study, adult subjects received vaccinations alone (N = 42, control) or in combination with 160 mg IXE subcutaneously 2 weeks prior to vaccination and 80 mg IXE on the day of vaccination (N = 41, IXE). Response to tetanus vaccination was defined as anti-tetanus antibodies ≥ 1.0 IU and a ≥ 1.5-fold increase if baseline was ≤ 1.0 IU or a ≥ 2.5-fold increase if baseline was > 1.0 IU. Response to pneumococcal vaccination was defined as a ≥ 2-fold increase from baseline in anti-pneumococcal antibodies against > 50% of the 23 serotypes. The primary outcomes were the percentages of patients with a response to the tetanus and pneumococcal vaccines 4 weeks after vaccination. A noninferiority analysis of IXE to control using a 40% margin was evaluated for the primary outcomes. Safety and pharmacokinetics were also assessed. IXE (38 completers) was noninferior to control (41 completers) based on the difference in the proportion of responders to tetanus [1.4%; 90% confidence interval (CI) − 16.6 to 19.2] and pneumococcal (− 0.8%; 90% CI − 12.9 to 11.0) vaccines. Twenty subjects (14 IXE, six control) reported 43 mild treatment-emergent adverse events. IXE does not suppress the humoral immune response to non-live vaccines and was well tolerated in healthy subjects. ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT02543918.
Financial Exploitation of the Elderly: An Overview of Regulatory Action

Financial exploitation of the elderly is a significant problem. In 2011, it was estimated that seniors lost on average, $2.9 billion as a result of financial abuse. By the year 2050, it is estimated that 83.7 million people will be aged 65 or older, double what it was in 2012. As a larger portion of the population becomes “elderly,” greater numbers are also suffering from cognitive impairment. Additionally, as people age, there is a decline in financial literacy. This article examines the work done by securities regulators, the SEC, NASAA, and FINRA, to address the issues connected with financial exploitation of the elderly. The article discusses FINRA guidance to firms with respect to best practices for identifying and addressing financial exploitation of the elderly. It also provides an overview of the recently adopted NASAA Model Act to Protect Vulnerable Adults from Financial Exploitation, as well as FINRA Rules 2165 and 4512, which provide firms with tools to address suspected financial exploitation of seniors faster and more effectively.
Lessons for Muscle Energetics from 31P NMR Spectroscopy

The basic paradigm of muscle energetics has two aspects: (1) there is a net decrease in chemical potential energy content during muscular activity, the net reaction being the splitting of PCr; and (2) there is a recovery period after mechanical relaxation in which oxidative metabolism uses substrate to regenerate the initial pre-contraction steady-state levels of high-energy phosphate compounds, and so restores the initial chemical potential. At least under certain experimental conditions, it is possible to separate completely the processes occurring in the contraction phase (e.g., PCr splitting) from those occurring in the recovery phase (e.g., oxygen consumption above the basal rate).
Psychological Support for the Breast Cancer Patient

A woman confronted by the diagnosis of breast cancer faces the challenges of a life-threatening illness. The seriousness of the diagnosis, the nature of treatment, and the natural history of illness defines the challenge to coping. Each woman looks to her physician first for clarification of the medical treatment. Since treatment often requires breast surgery, a combination of chemotherapy and radiation, and antiestrogen treatment that hastens menopause, the psychological effects are different for premenopausal women married with children, women concerned about their physical attractiveness or who want to preserve fertility, and women concerned about the effect on their partners. The diagnosis has one meaning for a woman with a family history of breast cancer who suffered in her adolescence as her mother died of breast cancer, and another if she is married to a man who lost his mother to breast cancer.
A literature review on end-of-life care among Korean Americans.

Background: The increasing population of Korean Americans in the US makes it mandatory to develop and provide culturally competent end-of-life (EOL) care for this population. Aims: To synthesize pr...
Recent Advances in Endothelial Colony Forming Cells Toward Their Use in Clinical Translation.

The term “Endothelial progenitor cell” (EPC) has been used to describe multiple cell populations that express endothelial surface makers and promote vascularisation. However, the only population that has all the characteristics of a real “EPC” is the Endothelial Colony Forming Cells (ECFC). ECFC possess clonal proliferative potential, display endothelial and not myeloid cell surface markers, and exhibit pronounced postnatal vascularisation ability in vivo. ECFC have been used to investigate endothelial molecular dysfunction in several diseases, as they give access to endothelial cells from patients in a non-invasive way. ECFC also represent a promising tool for revascularization of damaged tissue. Here we review the translational applications of ECFC research. We discuss studies which have used ECFC to investigate molecular endothelial abnormalities in several diseases and review the evidence supporting the use of ECFC for autologous cell therapy, gene therapy and tissue regeneration. Finally, we discuss ways to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ECFC in clinical applications, as well as the challenges that must be overcome to use ECFC in clinical trials for regenerative approaches.
Information transmission and voting

I analyze an individual’s incentive to disclose hard evidence in the context of committee voting. A committee consists of three members: one left-leaning, one right-leaning, and the third ex ante unbiased. They decide on whether to pursue a left or right policy by majority rule. One of them has private information about the merits of the policies and can privately send verifiable messages to the others. If the informed member is unbiased, he withholds information to neutralize the other two’s votes when preferences are sufficiently diverse. If the informed member is biased, then the others can better infer his information, knowing that any information favoring his agenda will be shared. In the latter case, because more information is effectively shared, higher social welfare results.
Voice actors imitating child speech: A study using 3D ultrasound

Voice actors are an interesting population for linguistic study because their profession requires them to perform complex vocal tract manipulations in order to portray specific social identities and convey socially indexed linguistic information. Previous investigations have looked at how voice actors manipulate laryngeal setting and voice quality to portray specific character types in animation (Teshigawara and Murano, 2004; Starr, 2015), but investigations of articulatory manipulations employed by voice actors are rare. This study uses three-dimensional ultrasound, formant, and F0 analyses to compare the strategies that one amateur and one professional voice actor use in order to imitate child speech. Preliminary analysis shows that the amateur actor relies on manipulation of articulatory setting by implementing hyoid bone raising, gesture fronting, and tongue grooving in order to sound like a child. The professional actor relies more on manipulation of laryngeal structures and prosody. Despite these differences in approach, the two actors still achieve similar child-like percepts. This study will describe the differences in strategy implemented by each actor as well as the within-subject variation across each actor’s adult and imitated child voices.
Life Skill Development and Financial Impact Associated With a Youth Livestock Sales Program

The Sale of Junior Champions is a premier livestock auction and youth scholarship program held at Dixie Nationals as a part of Mississippi’s junior livestock program. The sale is open to 4-H and FFA members who qualified their livestock at the annual Dixie National Junior Round-Up. While youth livestock sales programs are commonly found at state and county fairs throughout the United States, demographic information and information concerning financial and life skill impacts of the program on participants is limited. Therefore, a survey instrument for the 2018 sale was designed to determine how the event has impacted the financial burden of continued education and life skill development of youth participants. Paper and electronic surveys were distributed during and after the event. Responses (n = 176) reflected a diverse group of participants including 4-H/FFA members (22%), parents of youth (22%), volunteers (21%), Extension employees/FFA advisors (22%), sale buyers/sponsors (12%), and others (2%). Most participants (45%) were older (40-60 years old). Almost half of the respondents (43%) had attended the sale 6 or more times, while 10% were first-time attendees. A driving force for attendance appeared to be the scholarships as 33% received or had a youth receiving a scholarship. Program participation promoted improvement in all life skills measured. Future educational goals in youths were reported to be positively impacted by sale participation (p < 0.001). Understanding of sale participant demographics and financial and life skill impacts will assist in program justification, future program growth, and identifying groups where participation can be strengthened.
Physicians' Response to Patients' Quality-of-Life Goals.

Purpose: Patients are able to participate in quality-of-life (QOL) discussions, but clinicians struggle to incorporate this information into encounters and shared decision making. We designed a study to determine if a clinician-initiated prompt could make patient visits more goal directed. Methods: Patients were given a previsit questionnaire that included QOL questions. Physicians in the control were given no further prompting. The intervention physicians were prompted to ask a QOL question: what things are you unable to do because of your health problems today? A 2-pronged design was used: 1 prepost group where 3 physicians participated in 5 control and 5 intervention encounters (n = 30) and a randomized group in which 11 physicians and their patients were randomly assigned to control or intervention groups (n = 30). Video recordings of the encounters were reviewed to determine if QOL goals were mentioned and if they were utilized in decision making. Results: Fifty-seven (95%) of the 60 patients provided written answers to at least 1 of the QOL questions on the intake form. QOL goals were mentioned during intervention encounters more often than in control groups. QOL information was used in shared decision making in only 4 of the 30 (13%) intervention encounters. Conclusions: Physicians were able to engage in QOL discussions with their patients, but did not translate that information to medical decision making. More research is needed to understand why clinicians opt not to use QOL information and how to make communication more goal directed.