cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergent Validity of Preschool Children's Television Viewing Measures among Low-Income Latino Families: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Background: Television viewing is an important modifiable risk factor for childhood obesity. However, valid methods for measuring children's TV viewing are sparse and few studies have included Latinos, a population disproportionately affected by obesity. The goal of this study was to test the reliability and convergent validity of four TV viewing measures among low-income Latino preschool children in the United States. Methods: Latino children (n=96) ages 3–5 years old were recruited from four Head Start centers in Houston, Texas (January, 2009, to June, 2010). TV viewing was measured concurrently over 7 days by four methods: (1) TV diaries (parent reported), (2) sedentary time (accelerometry), (3) TV Allowance (an electronic TV power meter), and (4) Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) on personal digital assistants (parent reported). This 7-day procedure was repeated 3–4 weeks later. Test–retest reliability was determined by intraclass correlations (ICC). Spearman correlations (due to nonnorma...
Refined Stratified Sampling for efficient Monte Carlo based uncertainty quantification

Abstract A general adaptive approach rooted in stratified sampling (SS) is proposed for sample-based uncertainty quantification (UQ). To motivate its use in this context the space-filling, orthogonality, and projective properties of SS are compared with simple random sampling and Latin hypercube sampling (LHS). SS is demonstrated to provide attractive properties for certain classes of problems. The proposed approach, Refined Stratified Sampling (RSS), capitalizes on these properties through an adaptive process that adds samples sequentially by dividing the existing subspaces of a stratified design. RSS is proven to reduce variance compared to traditional stratified sample extension methods while providing comparable or enhanced variance reduction when compared to sample size extension methods for LHS – which do not afford the same degree of flexibility to facilitate a truly adaptive UQ process. An initial investigation of optimal stratification is presented and motivates the potential for major advances in variance reduction through optimally designed RSS. Potential paths for extension of the method to high dimension are discussed. Two examples are provided. The first involves UQ for a low dimensional function where convergence is evaluated analytically. The second presents a study to asses the response variability of a floating structure to an underwater shock.
Tactical Balancing: High Court Decision Making on Politically Crucial Cases

This article advances a new account of judicial behavior: the thesis of tactical balancing. Building on existing models of judicial decision making, the thesis posits that high court justices balance a discrete set of considerations—justices' ideologies, their institutional interests, the potential consequences of their rulings, public opinion, elected leaders' preferences, and law—as they decide important cases. Variation in a high court's balancing of those considerations as it decides different cases leads it to alternate between challenging and endorsing the exercise of government power. The way in which high courts carry out this “tactical balancing” reflects their broader strategy for prioritizing the different roles they can play in a polity, and thus has significant implications for the rule of law and regime stability in developing democracies. The thesis is illustrated through a detailed analysis of the Brazilian high court's rulings on cases concerning crucial economic policies (1985–2004).
Physical and genetic map of a Rhizobium meliloti nodulation gene region and nucleotide sequence of nodC

Infection of alfalfa by the soil bacterium Rhizobium meliloti proceeds by deformation of root hairs and bacterial invasion of host tissue by way of an infection thread. We studied an 8.7-kilobase (kb) segment of the R. meliloti megaplasmid, which contains genes required for infection. Site-directed Tn5 mutagenesis was used to examine this fragment for nodulation genes. A total of 81 R. meliloti strains with mapped Tn5 insertions in the 8.7-kb fragment were evaluated for nodulation phenotype on alfalfa plants; 39 of the insertions defined a 3.5-kb segment containing nodulation functions. Of these 39 mutants, 37 were completely nodulation deficient (Nod-), and 2 at the extreme nif-distal end were leaky Nod-. Complementation analysis was performed by inoculating plants with strains carrying a genomic Tn5 at one location and a plasmid-borne Tn5 at another location in the 3.5-kb nodulation segment. Mutations near the right border of the fragment behaved as two distinct complementation groups. The segment in which these mutations are located was analyzed by DNA sequencing. Several open reading frames were found in this region, but the one most likely to function is 1,206 bases long, reading from left to right (nif distal to proximal) and spanning both mutation groups. The genetic behavior of this segment may be due either to the gene product having two functional domains or to a recombinational hot spot between the apparent complementation groups.
New Frontiers for Computer Ethics: Artificial Intelligence

This chapter discusses the new frontiers of ethics in the new artificial intelligent (AI) technologies and how these new frontiers are affecting the traditional ethical and social values. Our discussion is based on the premise that artificial intelligence technologies create possibilities to understand and extend human knowledge to create intelligent agents perhaps with a human–value base, intended to help solve human problems. However, as we strive to extend human knowledge, are we transgressing against the law of God, as it is deeply rooted in the minds and hearts of many who still believe that the human quest for knowledge must eventually lead to disaster? Although this belief has not been affected by current philosophical and scientific advances, it has instead produced the Frankenstein monster syndrome of fear of new advances in intelligence, particularly machine intelligence. It is this fear that has been the source of controversy in the field of artificial intelligence and has the potential to hinder its development.
A Computer-Simulated Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Bacterial Small-Subunit rRNA Genes: Efficacy of Selected Tetrameric Restriction Enzymes for Studies of Microbial Diversity in Nature

An assessment of 10 tetrameric restriction enzymes (TREs) was conducted by using a computer-simulated restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for over 100 proximally and distally related bacterial small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences. Screening SSU rDNA clone libraries with TREs has become an effective strategy because of logistic simplicity, commercial availability, and economy. However, the rationale for selecting the type and number of TREs has not been systematically evaluated. Our objective was to identify the optimal combination of TREs for RFLP screening of cloned SSU rRNA genes from undefined bacterial clone libraries. After computer-simulated TRE digestion, the resultant fragments were categorized on the basis of the frequency of different restriction fragment size classes. Three groups of distribution patterns for the TREs were determined and further examined via graphical exploratory data analysis. The RFLP size-frequency distribution data for each group of enzymes were then used to infer phylogenetic relationships via the neighbor-joining method. The resulting bootstrap values and the correct placement of node bifurcations were used as additional criteria to evaluate the efficacy of the selected TREs. These RFLP data were compared with known phylogenetic relationships based on SSU rRNA sequence analysis as defined by the Ribosomal Database Project. A heuristic approach testing random combinations of TREs showed that three or more TRE combinations detected > 99% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within the model data set. OTUs that remained undetected after three TRE treatments had a median sequence similarity of 96.1%. Of the 10 restriction enzymes examined, HhaI, RsaI, and BstUI (group 3) were the most efficacious at detecting and differentiating bacterial SSU rRNA genes on the basis of their ability to correctly classify OTUs. Group 3 TREs are therefore recommended for screening in studies using bacterial SSU rRNA genes as descriptors of in situ microbial diversity.
Diminishing Returns? Prime Minister Koizumi’s Visits to the Yasukuni Shrine in the Context of East Asian Nationalisms

The Yasukuni Shrine is a site of contested nationalist politics in Japan and in neighbouring countries. Within Japan the status of the Shrine exists in a tension between public and private and religious and secular meanings. These tensions are given a specific focus in the context of the visits to the Shrine by Japanese Prime Ministers. The history of such visits is discussed and analysed, with particular attention given to the causes and consequences of the visits by Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro between 2001 and 2006. It is argued that the controversies over the visits in Japan and elsewhere are best understood in the context of ‘revisionist nationalism’ in Japan. The reactions and nationalist problematics of the PRC and Taiwan with regard to the Yasukuni Shrine are then elaborated and analysed.
A Functionally Graded Plane With a Circular Inclusion Under Uniform Antiplane Eigenstrain

The problem of a functionally graded plane with a circular inclu-sion under a uniform antiplane eigenstrain is investigated, wherethe shear modulus varies exponentially along the x direction. Byintroducing a new function which satisﬁes the Helmholtz equation,the general solution to the original problem is derived in terms ofseries expansion. Numerical results are then presented whichdemonstrate clearly that for a functionally graded plane, thestrain and stress ﬁelds inside the circular inclusion under uniformantiplane eigenstrains are intrinsically nonuniform. This phenom-enon differs from the corresponding homogeneous material casewhere both the strain and stress ﬁelds are uniform inside the cir-cular inclusion.
Nucleotide Control of Interdomain Interactions in the Conformational Reaction Cycle of SecA

The SecA adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) mediates extrusion of the amino termini of secreted proteins from the eubacterial cytosol based on cycles of reversible binding to the SecYEG translocon. We have determined the crystal structure of SecA with and without magnesium-adenosine diphosphate bound to the high-affinity ATPase site at 3.0 and 2.7 angstrom resolution, respectively. Candidate sites for preprotein binding are located on a surface containing the SecA epitopes exposed to the periplasm upon binding to SecYEG and are thus positioned to deliver preprotein to SecYEG. Comparisons with structurally related ATPases, including superfamily I and II ATP-dependent helicases, suggest that the interaction geometry of the tandem motor domains in SecA is modulated by nucleotide binding, which is shown by fluorescence anisotropy experiments to reverse an endothermic domain-dissociation reaction hypothesized to gate binding to SecYEG.
Advanced-Practice Nursing -- Good Medicine for Physicians?

Health care reform has engendered many debates. One that has captured the attention of physicians, nurses, and policy makers is the relation, and perhaps the competition, between physicians and advanced-practice nurses. Advanced-practice nurses are registered nurses with specialty training, usually at the master's-degree level, in primary care (i.e., nurse practitioners and nurse-midwives) or acute care of inpatients (i.e., clinical nurse specialists). The practice of nurse practitioners has been evaluated since 1965, when the role was developed by Henry Silver, M.D., and Loretta Ford, R.N. When measures of diagnostic certainty, management competence, or comprehensiveness, quality, and cost are used, virtually every . . .
Theology's central problem

By theology, in this chapter, I mean primarily the theology of the main religious option in our own culture, namely Christianity. Almost all that I say will also in fact apply to Judaism, for the problem I want to describe affects the judaicchristian tradition as a whole. It does not however affect the eastern religions in the same way, and I have neither the space nor the competence to discuss it in its eastern as well as in its western forms.
Accurate fast Hankel matrix solver

We present a simple matrix representation of the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm for solving a Hankel system of linear equations, and we show how pivoting can be added to the algorithm to improve numerical accuracy of the method.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multi-method analysis of transparency in social media practices: Survey, interviews and content analysis

Abstract With the decline of public trust in corporate America, organizations must consider ways to improve their relationships with key publics. One of the best strategies to build trust is through engaging in transparent communication ( Rawlins, 2009 ). The increase in the popularity of social media has brought both challenges and opportunities for organizational transparency. This study used multiple methods to explore whether public relations professionals believe they are using social media to communicate transparently, to investigate how social media can be used to improve transparency along with its benefits and challenges, and to identify how transparency is used in social media campaigns.
Regulation of B lymphocyte development and activation by Bruton's tyrosine kinase.

The generation and maintenance of B lymphocytes is controlled by biochemical signals tramsitted by the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) complex. These signals are transduced by multiple cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) including Lyn, Syk, and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Upon BCR engagement, these PTKs activate downstream effectors, including transcription factors that modulate gene expression. In turn activation of down stream effectors is critical for B cell survival, cell cycle progression, and antibody production. Our studies focus on the role of BTK in these biological responses. We have discovered that BTK is required for activation of the BCR-responsive transcription factor, NF-κB. Furthermore, BTK-dependent activation of NF-κB isessential for reprogramming the expression of genes that control B cell survival and proliferation. The biochemical mechanisms by which BTK regulates signaling components that activate NF-κB, and the identification of BTK-responsive genes are under investigation. Elucidation of these regulatory mechanisms is expected to reveal new therapeutic targets for B cell pathologies involving defects in BTK, including X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).
Learning Conceptual Knowledge in the Engineering Sciences: Overview and Future Research Directions

Learning conceptual knowledge in engineering science is a critical element in the development of competence and expertise in engineering. To date, however, research on conceptual learning in engineering science has been limited. Therefore, this article draws heavily on fundamental research by cognitive psychologists and applied research by science educators to provide a background on fundamental issues in the field and methods for assessing conceptual knowledge. Some of the most common conceptual difficulties from three domains: mechanics, thermal science and direct current electricity, are discussed to provide concrete examples of what students find difficult to learn. The article concludes with a discussion of possible sources of these difficulties, implications for instruction, and suggestions for future research.
A Critique On Recent Concepts of Growth in Balanomorpha (Cirripedia, Thoracica)

Eine neue Arbeit von Davidie (1963) uber die harten Teile der Balanomorpha enthalt eine Aussage uber die "lames epitheliales" oder "interlaminate figures", die unrichtig ist. Da diese Struktur von Wichtigkeit ist, haben wir die Beobachtungen von Davadie uberpruft und geben hier eine andere Erklarung fur den Ursprung der "interlaminate figures" bei Balanus und verwandten Gattungen. Davadie (1963) sieht in den fraglichen Strukturen Einstulpungen ahnlich denen der Gliedertierapodemen, die zu Rippen auf den Wanden fuhren und von denen die "interlaminate figures" Uberbleibsel darstellen. Wir glauben dagegen das der Ursprung dieser "interlaminate figures" mit den zusammengeschlossenen Zahnen der Wachstumsrander der Wande in Zusammenhang zu bringen ist; die "figures" selbst nehmen ihren Ursprung und erhalten ihr Aussehen von der organischen Grundsubstanz und der nachfolgenden Kristallisierung. Unsere Beobachtungen sind mit denen von Costlow (1956) uber das fruhe Wachstum bei Balanus improvisus Darwin vereinbar. Daher kommen die "interlaminate figures" offenbar durch eine Sekretionsschicht des Carapax zustande und nicht durch eine Einstulpung oder Faltung der Epikuticula.
Review of Approaches to Cognitive Style and Implications for Human Information Processing in Command and Decision Situations

The meaning of the term cognitive style and the major experimental approaches are reviewed. A model and measure used in decision-aiding is presented. Methodological problems are discussed.
Autism Spectrum Disorders: Building Social Skills in Group, School, and Community Settings

Adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) face a variety of social difficulties as they interact with same-aged peers and adults in their schools and communities. Few empirically based interventions have been designed to increase social understanding (e.g., understanding gestures and facial expressions), social interaction abilities (e.g., initiating conversation with peers), and social competence (e.g., distinguishing between teasing and joking). This article reviews the most effective strategies for increasing social skills in adolescents with ASD and also gives examples of how to implement these strategies in group, school, and community settings.
Cardiovascular Responses to Diazepam and Midazolam Maleate in the Dog

Previous clinical studies establishing the efficacy of midazolam maleate (RO 21-3981), a new water-soluble benzodiazepine for induction of anesthesia, have not critically evaluated the effects of this agent on the cardiovascular system. The present study compares the cardiovascular effects of midazolam maleate and diazepam in conscious dogs. Systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial and central venous pressures, cardiac output, LVmax dP/dt, heart rate and regional coronary blood flow were measured 3 min following intravenous administration of diazepam (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mg/kg) or midazolam maleate (0.25, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/kg). Midazolam maleate increased heart rate 10--20 per cent with all three doses and decreased mean arterial blood pressure approximately 10--20 per cent at 1.0 and 10 mg/kg. Cardiac output was increased 10--12 per cent with all three doses of midazolam maleate, and LVmax dP/dt was decreased 13--16 per cent at the two higher doses. Diazepam at all three doses did not alter heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure. Diazepam, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, produced significant (17 per cent) decreases in LVmax dP/dt, and 2.5 mg/kg produced a significant (10 per cent) increase in cardiac output. Neither drug in any dosage altered regional coronary blood flow, systemic or coronary vascular resistance, stroke volume, or stroke work. Maximum alterations in cardiovascular variables occurred with doses of midazolam maleate that are 10--15 times the recommended clinical induction dosage. It is concluded that in concentrations necessary for induction of anesthesia midazolam maleate has minimal effects on cardiovascular function.
Exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms during substance use disorder treatment.

Objective This study examined psychiatric symptom exacerbation (or deterioration) among patients treated for substance use disorders. The study examined several questions. What is the prevalence of deterioration during residential treatment? Compared with patients who show improvement in psychiatric symptoms, do those with deterioration of symptoms report poorer functioning during treatment and one year after treatment entry? Do patients who experience deterioration of symptoms one year after treatment entry enter treatment with more problems and poorer coping skills? Is the prevalence of deterioration associated with treatment orientation, and do patients whose psychiatric symptoms deteriorate view the treatment environment more negatively than patients whose symptoms improve? Methods A total of 3,322 male patients were recruited at 15 residential substance abuse treatment programs in the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system between 1992 and 1995. On the basis of changes in psychiatric symptoms during treatment, these patients were categorized as having either deteriorated or improved psychiatric symptoms. Patients whose symptoms deteriorated were compared with a matched group of patients with improved symptoms. Results A total of 426 patients (13 percent) reported a worsening of psychiatric symptoms during treatment. Compared with patients in the improved group (N=426), patients in the deteriorated group reported more psychiatric problems and substance use one year after treatment. Patients in the deteriorated group were more likely to have a psychotic diagnosis, lower self-efficacy, and more reliance on coping by expression of emotions and to view the treatment experience more negatively. Conclusions Thirteen percent of the patients experienced an exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms during residential substance use disorder treatment. Improved monitoring procedures, such as regular assessments for changes in psychiatric symptoms, are needed to routinely obtain information about declines in psychiatric conditions during treatment.
Low Voltage Discharges in Helium

Discharge through helium,.01 to 2.9 mm pressure.\char22{}A hot filament cathode and disk anode were mounted in a glass frame 10 to 12 cm apart, the frame being so arranged that it could be moved magnetically inside a glass tube of diameter about 4 cm, with reference to a fixed exploring electrode. Measurements of potential distribution and of mean energy and concentration of electrons were made at three pressures,.095, 0.5 and 2.9 mm. Although precautions were taken to secure pure He, striations were obtained because of a trace of neon. The results are similar to those obtained by Bramley for ${\mathrm{hydrogen}.}^{1}$ The mean electron energy decreases to a minimum beyond the negative glow, then rises to a maximum beyond the face of the first striation. The electron concentration falls from a maximum in the negative glow to a minimum near the cathode side of the first striation; within the limits of accuracy of the work, it increases in a given region of the discharge with an increase of pressure and is proportional to the current density of the discharge at a given pressure. Calculations of the positive ion concentrations by Langmuir's formula and also by one developed by McCurdy, give results which seem to be equal to the electron concentrations, but as both methods are merely approximations, this result is not very reliable.
Recalling the birth of alcohol science.

OCTOBER 1998 marks the 60th anniversary of a significant event in the history of alcohol problems in the United States--namely, the launching of a major initiative arguing that science, per se, rather than the political process hould be given charge of this longstanding American social issue. A news conference to that end was copresented by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) permanent secretary, Forest R. Moulton, and New York's Bellevue Hospital psychiatrist, Karl M. Bowman, in the autumn of 1938--an account of which was published in Science (Reports, 1938). A glance at the newly formed Research Council on Problems of Alcohol's membership roster of that time shows that it included some of the day's leading scientific figures: for example, physiologist Walter B. Cannon, biologist Edwin G. Conklin, Bell Labs president Frank B. Jewett, Science Press editor J. McKeen Cattell, astronomer Harlow Shapley, physicist Arthur H. Compton, neurologist Foster Kennedy and economist Wesley C. Mitchell. What accounted for the assembly of such a heavy-hitting scientific batting order on behalf of new scientific "ownership" of the nation' s nettlesome relationship to alcohol? Repeal of Prohibition (December 1933) was not yet 5 years old, and already there were stirrings of a new Dry counterattack. One hotly debated alcohol issue concerned what schoolchildren should be told or taught about alcohol in the nation' s public schools in the new post-repeal era. There was widespread ambivalence about reintroducing the bone-Dry pedagogy that had gained dominance since the 1870s and 1880s largely through the efforts of WCTU advocate Mary L. Hunt. Many states formed educational commissions to reevaluate and reconstitute their alcohol-related pedagogic fare and, not surprisingly, these turned to mainstream contemporary science (as opposed to an earlier tradition of "temperance science") for new content. In Virginia, two pharmacology professors, J.A. Waddell and H. B. Haag, completed ascientific report and were in the process of submitting it to the state legislature in early 1938. When word leaked to the press that their report suggested that moderate alcohol consumption was not harmful to the human organism, the state's network of Dry organizations flooded the legislature with petitions and letters voicing howls of protest. So strong was the public reaction that the state legislature voted to have all 1,000 copies of the new report bumed--unread!--in the furnace of the state capitol building, which decision was duly carried out on April 16, 1938, with the building's fire marshal ooking on. The event was not front-page news in the wider national press, but it helped spark scientific observers to mount the counter-initiative reflected in the Research Council on Problems of Al-
Nuclear powerplants for mobile applications.

Mobile nuclear powerplants for applications other than large ships and submarines will require compact, lightweight reactors with especially stringent impact-safety design. This paper examines the technical and economic feasibility that the broadening role of civilian nuclear power, in general, (land-based nuclear electric generating plants and nuclear ships) can extend to lightweight, safe mobile nuclear powerplants. The paper discusses technical experience, identifies potential sources of technology for advanced concepts, cites the results of economic studies of mobile nuclear powerplants, and surveys future technical capabilities needed by examining the current use and projected needs for vehicles, machines, and habitats that could effectively use mobile nuclear reactor powerplants.
Simple Prediction of Quantum Chromodynamics for Angular Distribution of Dileptons in Hadron Collisions

The quantum-chromodynamic predictions are computed for production of large-transverse-momentum lepton-antilepton pairs from $q\overline{q}$ scattering (which is relevant to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ or $\overline{p}p$ collisions). A simple formula not involving the parton distributions is derived for two of the three coefficients describing the angular distribution.
Determinants of international CPA firm orientation among accounting students

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate attitudes at one stage of the process of educating and orienting students to enter the profession of public accounting. More specifically, the research sought to investigate some of the determinants and trends of the strong preference for entering the larger, international accounting firms among upper-level undergraduate accounting majors at one large state university. Utilising a grounded theory research methodology including observations, interviews, and a research questionnaire, it was found that the socialisation process began well before entry into the profession. The results indicate that large sections of accounting students at the university have accepted the usefulness of international accounting firm experience as a basic underlying assumption in their cultural paradigm of the accounting profession. Student peers were found to be the most dominating force behind this socialisation process, though accounting professors and others provided significant informational input to the process.
Eliminating unconscionability in assessing mandatory clauses by deploying the ‘vantage point of public policy’

Paul Bennett Marrow, of Chappaqua, N.Y., describes why analyzing arbitration clauses with an unconscionability standard doesn't provide useful precedent, and why courts should look to public policy in reviewing contract terms.
Specificity characteristics in the intestinal absorption of model amino acids in domestic fowl.

Abstract 1. 1. The intestinal absorption of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), 2-amino-bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) and 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (cycloleucine) has been studied by an in vitro accumulation method in chicken. 2. 2. These model amino acids enter across the brush border epithelium by mediated processes and are accumulated in the following order: cycloleucine > > racemic b-isomer BCH > AIB. 3. 3. Levorotatory b-BCH has greater affinity for neutral amino acid transport sites than does its enantiomer, but it has lower affinity for leucine-shared sites than does cycloleucine. 4. 4. There is a component of cycloleucine and racemic b-BCH uptake that is shared with leucine but not with alanine. 5. 5. There is a component of AIB uptake that is shared with alanine but not with leucine. 6. 6. The major route of racemic b-BCH and AIB uptake is shared with both alanine and leucine.
Evaluation of Walleye Fry Stocking in Clear Lake, Iowa, by Alternate-Year Planting

Abstract Stocking of 5,000 to 9,500 walleye fry, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), per acre in Clear Lake, Iowa, in the even-numbered years resulted in larger numbers of walleyes in those year classes than in the odd-numbered year classes (1949 to 1957) when no walleye fry were stocked. This conclusion was reached because (1) more walleye fingerlings were collected by seining beach areas in years of stocking than in years of no stocking; (2) age distribution of walleyes collected in experimental gill nets each year, 1947 to 1958, indicated that the even-numbered year classes were more abundant than the odd-numbered year classes; (3) catch of walleyes in even-numbered year classes, computed for an equal amount of experimental gill-netting, outnumbered those in year classes when there was no fry stocking by 3 to 1 during the first 6 years of the life of the fish; and (4) estimates of population by tagging and recovery techniques indicated that the 1950 year class was much greater than the 1949 year c...
Motor Nerve Transfers to Restore Extrinsic Median Nerve Function: Case Report

Active pronation is important for many activities of daily living. Loss of median nerve function including pronation is a rare sequela of humerus fracture. Tendon transfers to restore pronation are reserved for the obstetrical brachial plexus palsy patient. Transfer of expendable motor nerves is a treatment modality that can be used to restore active pronation. Nerve transfers are advantageous in that they do not require prolonged immobilization postoperatively, avoid operating within the zone of injury, reinnervate muscles in their native location prior to degeneration of the motor end plates, and result in minimal donor deficit. We report a case of lost median nerve function after a humerus fracture. Pronation was restored with transfer of the extensor carpi radialis brevis branch of the radial nerve to the pronator teres branch of the median nerve. Anterior interosseous nerve function was restored with transfer of the supinator branch to the anterior interosseous nerve. Clinically evident motor function was seen at 4 months postoperatively and continued to improve for the following 18 months. The patient has 4+/5 pronator teres, 4+/5 flexor pollicis longus, and 4−/5 index finger flexor digitorum profundus function. The transfer of the extensor carpi radialis brevis branch of the radial nerve to the pronator teres and supinator branch of the radial nerve to the anterior interosseous nerve is a novel, previously unreported method to restore extrinsic median nerve function.
“How Come Nobody Told Me?” Fostering Self-Realization Through a High School English Curriculum

Through collaboratively designed qualitative inquiry, we investigated the responses of high school students with learning disabilities to a teacher’s intervention intended to promote self-realization, a fundamental component of self-determination. Activities were embedded within the general English curriculum and delivered in a special education classroom over the course of an academic year. Several themes emerged from analysis of student interviews, student responses to writing prompts and surveys, a teacher journal, and student portfolio pieces. Silence and misconceptions were prevalent in student experiences. However, through the intervention students acquired information that helped them make sense of their school experiences, redefine themselves in positive ways, and take small steps toward greater self-advocacy within their current school setting. The mediating influence of positive adult voices and concerns about social stigma were evident in students’ responses, which prompted us to question teachers’ and families’ responsibilities for engaging young people in dialogue about special education and disability.
Accessibility and attitudinal barriers encountered by Chinese travellers with physical disabilities

The China travel industry is growing rapidly and is expected to grow even more in the next 15 years. Another segment of the population that is increasing is individuals with physical disabilities. China has enacted several laws to enhance the quality of life for individuals with disabilities and to make travel more accessible. Although individuals with physical disabilities travel less than those without disabilities, the potential market is expanding. If travellers with physical disabilities encounter few barriers during their travels, they may travel even more in the future. This study examined four tourism industry sectors in China in terms of the accessibility and attitudinal barriers that participants with physical disabilities encountered. The four sectors were transportation, accommodations, eating–drinking establishments and attractions. Furthermore, comparisons were conducted on the participants' functioning level, income and types of mobility assistive devices they used. Results suggested that participants' functioning level was an appropriate indicator of the amount of barriers they encountered while travelling. Conversely, the amount of barriers encountered by the participants was not predicated by their income or the type of devices they used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isomeric cross-section ratios for (n,2n) reactions at 14.8 MeV

Abstract Isomeric cross-section ratios for ( n , 2 n ) reactions at 14·8 MeV have been measured for the isomeric pairs 44m,g Sc, 85m,g Sr, 88m,g Y, 88m,g Zr, 139m,g Ce and 202m,g Tl. Using the Huizenga-Vandenbosch method, theoretically calculated isomeric ratios have been compared with the measured values to find the probable value of the spin distribution parameter σ.
Contribution of High Frequencies to Speech Recognition in Quiet and Noise in Listeners With Varying Degrees of High-Frequency Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Purpose The contribution of audible high-frequency information to speech-understanding performance in listeners with varying degrees of high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss was examined. Metho...
The isotopic composition of helium in the cosmic radiation above 11 gigavolts

The He-3/He-4 abundance ratio above 11 GV has been measured with a balloon-borne experiment that employs the geomagnetic method of isotope separation near earth's equator. Above a kinetic energy of approximately 6 GeV per nucleon, the He-3/He-4 ratio is measured to be 0.24 + or - 0.05 under the assumption that the helium spectrum at earth is a power law in rigidity of the form R to the -2.65th. The implied interstellar mean escape pathlength of about 15 g per sq cm, with this assumption, is considerably greater than values determined from observations of heavier elements. Propagation models more complex than the standard simple leaky box would be required to simultaneously understand the propagation of both the lighter and heavier components of cosmic rays.
Toward Runtime Power Management of Exascale Networks by on/off Control of Links

Higher radix networks, such as high-dimensional tori and multi-level directly connected networks, are being used for supercomputers as they become larger but need lower diameter. These networks have more resources (e.g. links) in order to provide good performance for a range of applications. We observe that a sizeable fraction of the links in the interconnect are never used or underutilized during execution of common parallel applications. Thus, in order to save power, we propose addition of hardware support for on/off control of links in software and their management using adaptive runtime systems. We study the effectiveness of our approach using real applications (NAMD, MILC), and application benchmarks (NAS Parallel Benchmarks, Jacobi). They are simulated on representative topologies such as 6-D Torus and Dragonfly (e.g. IBM PERCS, Cray Aries). For common applications, our approach can save up to 16% of total machine's power and energy, without any performance penalty.
Renal γ-glutamyl transpeptidases: Influence of glycosylation on the electrophoretic behavior and molecular weights of their subunits

The molecular weights (Mr) of mammalian renal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase light subunits vary from 21 to 25 K; a much broader range is seen for the large subunit (51 to 72 K). However, chemical deglycosylation of these enzymes (rat, human, and bovine) yields subunits each of which exhibits identical Mr (41 and 19 K for the heavy and light subunits, respectively), suggesting strong similarity between the peptide backbones of these glycoproteins. Immunological data also indicate homologies between these enzymes. The difference observed in the Mr of native subunits thus seem to be related to the extent and nature of glycosylation of these proteins.
Topographic and climatic influences on accelerated loess accumulation since the last glacial maximum in the Palouse, Pacific Northwest, USA

Topographic and climatic influences have controlled thick loess accumulation at the southern margin of the Palouse loess in northern Oregon. Juniper and Cold Springs Canyons, located on the upwind flank of the Horse Heaven Hills, are oriented perpendicular to prevailing southwesterly winds. These canyons are topographic traps that separate eolian sand on the upwind side from thick accumulations (nearly 8 m) of latest Pleistocene to Holocene L1 loess on the downwind side. Silt- and sand-rich glacial outburst flood sediment in the Umatilla Basin is the source of eolian sand and loess for the region. Sediment from this basin also contributes to loess accumulations across much of the Columbia Plateau to the northeast. Downwind of Cold Springs Canyon, Mt. St. Helens set S and Glacier Peak tephras bracket 4 m of loess, demonstrating that approximately 2500 g m−2 yr−1 of loess accumulated between about 15,400–13,100 cal yr B.P. Mass accumulation rates decreased to approximately 250 g m−2 yr−1 from 13,100 cal yr B.P. to the present. Tephrochronology suggests that the bulk of near-source Palouse loess accumulated in one punctuated interval in the latest Pleistocene characterized by a dry and windy climate.
DTC genetic testing companies fail transparency prescriptions

In 2007, the American Society of Human Genetics issued recommendations for what the new and largely self-regulating industry offering genetic tests directly to consumers should disclose to potential customers. Websites for every DTC company offering health-related genetic tests as identified by a public policy group were evaluated for compliance with those transparency recommendations. The results showed that only six of the 25 companies studied met even 70% of the standards and that overall, the industry complied with the disclosure standards just 44% of the time. Further, the study revealed that even when companies met the letter of the law, they often failed to disclose to consumers the shortcomings associated with the tests and thus promoted genetic determinism. By failing to meet the spirit of the ASHG transparency recommendations, the DTC genetic testing industry demonstrates disdain toward the ethical principle of informed consent.
Collaborative relevance judgment: a group consensus method for evaluating user search performance

Relevance judgment has traditionally been considered a personal and subjective matter. A user's search and the search result are treated as an isolated event. To consider the collaborative nature of information retrieval (IR) in a group/organization or even societal context, this article proposes a method that measures relevance based on group/peer consensus. The method can be used in IR experiments. In this method, the relevance of a document is decided by group consensus, or more specifically, by the number of users (or experiment participants) who retrieve it for the same search question. The more users who retrieve it, the more relevant the document will be considered. A user's search performance can be measured by a relevance score based on this notion. The article reports the results of an experiment using this method to compare the search performance of different types of users. Related issues with the method and future directions are also discussed.
A perspective on present and future alloy development efforts on austenitic stainless steels for fusion application

Abstract High fluence neutron data on advanced titanium-modified austenitic stainless steels have only recently become available, and experiments on helium effects in these alloys are currently in progress. Helium-enhanced void swelling and grain boundary embrittlement potentially impose the most severe temperature and lifetime limits for fusion first walls. However, controlled precipitation of MC/bubble dispersions can improve the resistance to both swelling and embrittlement of the advanced titanium-modified alloys. Fine stable bubble microstructures also cause dilution of radiation-induced solute segregation (RIS) which affects swelling and possibly other properties as well. Lower fluence data from the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and the Oak Ridge Research Reactor (ORR) suggest that helium does not degrade the properties of fatigue and creep in these alloys under irradiation, but further study is required. Finally, a new class of alloys is being developed for lower induced radioactivity in which manganese replaces nickel while the concentrations of molybdenum, copper, and nitrogen are severely restricted.
Experimental testing and thermal analysis of ball bearings

Abstract The evolution of temperature with time in a deep-groove ball bearing in an oil-bath lubrication system is studied both experimentally and analytically. The test apparatus is a radially-loaded ball bearing instrumented to measure the frictional torque as well as the transient temperature of the outer race, oil and housing. The mathematical model developed provides a comprehensive thermal analysis of the ball bearing with provision for frictional heat generation, heat transfer processes and thermal expansion of bearing components. Experiments are performed for different speeds and loads to validate the model. The predicted temperatures under different loads and speeds are found to be in close agreement with those measured experimentally. Simulations results indicate that higher rotational speed, oil viscosity and housing cooling rate lead to the larger temperature gradient and thermally-induced preload in ball bearings.
Adhesion‐dependent redistribution of MAP kinase and MEK promotes muscarinic receptor‐mediated signaling to the nucleus

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by extracellular signals, and translocate to the nucleus where they modulate transcription. Integrin-mediated cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is required for efficient transmission of MAPK-based signals initiated by growth factors. However, the modulation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by adhesion is less well understood. In the present study, we assessed the impact of cell adhesion on MAPK activation by muscarinic M3 receptors. The muscarinic agonist carbachol more efficiently promoted stress fiber formation and tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion-associated proteins in M3 receptor-expressing cells adherent to fibronectin or collagen type I, as compared to polylysine. Overall MAPK activation was robust in cells adherent to all three substrata. However, total levels of MAPK and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) in the nucleus were significantly greater in cells adherent to ECM proteins for 2.5 h, and levels of activated MAPK and MEK in the nuclei of these cells were higher following carbachol stimulation, relative to levels in cells adherent to polylysine. MEK inhibitors did not prevent adhesion-dependent translocation of MAPK and MEK to the nucleus, and increased nuclear phospho-MEK levels in carbachol-stimulated cells. The results suggest that adhesion of cells to ECM triggers the redistribution of MAPK and MEK to the nucleus, possibly as a result of the cytoskeletal rearrangements that accompany cell spreading. This may represent a mechanism for priming the nucleus with MEK and MAPK, leading to more rapid and pronounced increases in intranuclear phospho-MAPK upon GPCR stimulation.
UNCONDITIONALLY STABLE DIFFUSION-SYNTHETIC ACCELERATION METHODS FOR THE SLAB GEOMETRY DISCRETE ORDINATES EQUATIONS. PART II: NUMERICAL RESULTS.

Diffusion-synthetic acceleration methods that have been proven analytically to be stable for model discrete ordinates problems (for infinite media, with isotropic scattering, constant cross sections, and a uniform spatial mesh) are shown to be experimentally stable for realistic problems (for finite media, with anisotropic scattering, variable cross sections, and a nonuniform spatial mesh). Also, the effect of negative flux fixups on the acceleration methods is discussed.
Large deviations for independent random walks

We consider a system of independent random walks on ℤ. Let ξ n (x) be the number of particles atx at timen, and letL n (x)=ξ0(x)+ ... +ξ n (x) be the total occupation time ofx by timen. In this paper we study the large deviations ofL n (0)−L n (1). The behavior we find is much different from that ofL n (0). We investigate the limiting behavior when the initial configurations has asymptotic density 1 and when ξ0(x) are i.i.d Poisson mean 1, finding that the asymptotics are different in these two cases.
Ca2+-activated membrane ATPase: Selective inhibition by ruthenium red

1. 1. Ca2+-ATPase, (Na+-K+)-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities were determined in isolated red blood cell membranes. 2. 2. The hexavalent dye, ruthenium red, produced concentration-dependent inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase (I50 ≅ 10−5M) without significantly affecting (Na+-K+)-ATPase or Mg2+-ATPase. 3. 3. We suggest that ruthenium red may be a useful tool for selective inhibition of Ca2+ transport and/or Ca2+-ATPase.