cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food Safety, Genetically Engineered Foods and Perception

The World Health Organization reports that annually up to 30% of individuals in developed countries – 2 billion people – acquire illnesses from the food and water they consume , all of which have nothing to do with genetic engineering. Regardless of production technique, people are entitled to information about the food they consume. Genetically engineered (GE) foods are widely shunned and not labeled at retail, yet are widely used. Advocates for microbial food safety largely continue with a blame-the-consumer mentality which no longer works. Almost 20 years of public debate has grappled with labeling of GE foods, yet there has been no mention of labeling foods for dangerous pathogens such as Salmonella in eggs or Escherichia coli O157:H7 in spinach. Basic risk communication can advance an honest discussion of GE foods and microbial food safety.
Confrontation in academe : The Nairobi faculty strike

L'A. analyse le deroulement de la greve des etudiants et des enseignants de l'Universite de Nairobi au Kenya en 1993. La greve de l'Universite de Nairobi avait pour origine la reconnaissance d'un syndicat d'enseignants : le University Academic Staff Union. La theorie de la privation permet d'etablir un lien entre situation de blocage politique et developpement du mecontentement. L'A. souligne la dimension tribale de ce conflit social ; il estime que les conflits tribaux sont apparus au cours de la periode coloniale
Hyperfractionated accelerated reirradiation for rectal cancer: An analysis of outcomes and toxicity ☆

Abstract Background and purpose To evaluate outcomes and toxicity in patients treated with hyperfractionated pelvic reirradiation for recurrent rectal cancer. Materials and methods 102 patients with recurrent rectal adenocarcinoma were treated with pelvic reirradiation with a hyperfractionated accelerated approach, consisting of 1.5Gy twice daily fractions to a total dose of 30–45Gy (median 39Gy), with the most common total dose 39Gy ( n =90, 88%). The median dose of prior pelvic radiation therapy (RT) was 50.4Gy (range: 25–63Gy). Results The median follow-up was 40months for living patients (range, 3–150months). The 3-year freedom from local progression (FFLP) rate was 40% and the 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was 39%. Treatment with surgery was significantly associated with improved FFLP and OS, with 3-year FFLP rate of 49% vs. 30% ( P =0.013), and 3-year OS rate of 62% vs. 20% ( P P =0.001). Conclusions This large, retrospective, single-institution study shows that hyperfractionated accelerated reirradiation was well tolerated. The rate of FFLP was promising, given that the study comprised heavily pre-treated patients with recurrences. Rates of FFLP and OS were particularly impressive in patients who underwent both reirradiation and surgery.
A systematic review of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: Epidemiology in the WHO-defined African Region.

Abstract Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), burns result in the loss of approximately 18 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and more than 250,000 deaths each year, more than 90% of which are in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The epidemiology of these injuries, especially in the WHO-defined African Region, has yet to be adequately defined. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature regarding the epidemiology of thermal, chemical, and electrical burns in the WHO-defined African Region. All articles indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Global Health, and the Cochrane Library databases as of October 2015 were included. Results The search resulted in 12,568 potential abstracts. Through multiple rounds of screening using criteria determined a priori , 81 manuscripts with hospital-based epidemiology as well as eleven manuscripts that included population-based epidemiology were identified. Although the studies varied in methodology, several trends were noted: young children appear to be at most risk; most individuals were burned at home; and hot liquids and flame are the most common aetiologies. Discussion While more population-based research is essential to identifying specific risk factors for targeted prevention strategies, our review identifies consistent trends for initial efforts at eliminating these often devastating and avoidable injuries.
Early Life Stress, Mood, and Anxiety Disorders:

Early life stress has been shown to exert profound short- and long-term effects on human physiology both in the central nervous system and peripherally. Early life stress has demonstrated clear ass...
Autonomous Decentralized Privacy-Enabled Data Preparation Architecture for Multicenter Clinical Observational Research

Tailoring treatment and clinical decision making to a person's unique characteristics is the next milestone for healthcare informatics, but for it to be accomplished, big data analytics for identifying risk factors and other hidden patterns among patients become paramount. In future these analytics will take the form of multicenter observational research, for which data preparation is vital. Specifically, quality data must be obtained in a timely manner while protecting the privacy of patients in the health records shared among researchers. Furthermore, the coordination and cooperation of a fluctuating number of medical data sources containing these records for clinical data distribution is an additional requirement in multicenter studies. Thus, we propose an autonomous decentralized, privacy-enabled data preparation architecture and novel SEDTM algorithm to meet these requirements, censuring sensitive information via filtration, and extracting relevant clinical data with a fully automated approach. Our evaluation demonstrates a 40% - 60% increase in the retrieval of quality patient data, compared to traditional semantic similarity, for our proposed SEDTM algorithm.
Ritratti di donne bellissime: Giovanna d’Aragona nel De pulchro di Agostino Nifo:

La nota individua la fonte, fino ad ora sconosciuta, di un capitolo del De pulchro di Agostino Nifo (c.1469–c.1546) nell’Officina di Ravisio Testore. E un catalogo di “donne bellissime” che ha una funzione esemplificativa della tesi principale del trattato filosofico sul bello.
A BMPy Road for Venous Development

Detailed molecular pathways for the specific growth of arteries and lymphatic vessels have been identified, but the mechanisms controlling venous vessel growth have been obscure. Tischfield and colleagues (2017) shed new light on this problem by identifying a role for BMP signaling in development of the cerebral venous system.
Fast and Effective Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Separation of d-Amino-Acid-Containing Peptides.

Despite often minute concentrations in vivo, d-amino acid containing peptides (DAACPs) are crucial to many life processes. Standard proteomics protocols fail to detect them as d/l substitutions do not affect the peptide parent and fragment masses. The differences in fragment yields are often limited, obstructing the investigations of important but low abundance epimers in isomeric mixtures. Separation of d/l-peptides using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was impeded by small collision cross section differences (commonly ∼1%). Here, broad baseline separation of DAACPs with up to ∼30 residues employing trapped IMS with resolving power up to ∼340, followed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry is demonstrated. The d/l-pairs coeluting in one charge state were resolved in another, and epimers merged as protonated species were resolved upon metalation, effectively turning the charge state and cationization mode into extra separation dimensions. Linear quantification down to 0.25% proved the utility of high resolu...
Regression to the mean and Judy Benjamin

Van Fraassen’s Judy Benjamin problem asks how one ought to update one’s credence in A upon receiving evidence of the sort “A may or may not obtain, but B is k times likelier than C”, where $$\{A,B,C\}$$ is a partition. Van Fraassen’s solution, in the limiting case $$k\rightarrow \infty $$, recommends a posterior converging to $$P(A|A\cup B)$$ (where P is one’s prior probability function). Grove and Halpern, and more recently Douven and Romeijn, have argued that one ought to leave credence in A unchanged, i.e. fixed at P(A). We argue that while the former approach is superior, it brings about a reflection violation due in part to neglect of a “regression to the mean” phenomenon, whereby when C is eliminated by random evidence that leaves A and B alive, the ratio P(A) : P(B) ought to drift in the direction of 1 : 1.
A sensitivity analysis on parameters that affect a multi-step material decomposition for spectral CT

When using a photon counting detector (PCD) for material decomposition problems, a major issue is the low-count rate per energy bin which may lead to high image-noise with compromised contrast and accuracy. We recently proposed a multi-step algorithmic method of material decomposition for spectral CT, where the problem is formulated as a series of simpler and dose efficient decompositions rather than solved simultaneously. While the method offers higher flexibility in the choice of energy bins for each material type, there are several aspects that should be optimized for effective utility of these methods. A simple domain of four materials: water, calcium, iodine and gold was explored for testing these. The results showed an improvement in accuracy with low-noise over the single-step method where the materials were decomposed simultaneously. This paper presents a comparison of contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and retrieval accuracy in both single-step and multi-step methods under varying acquisition and reconstruction parameters such as Wiener filter kernel size, pixel binning, signal size and energy bin overlap.
Increasing User Attention with a Comic-based Policy

End user license agreements, terms of service agreements and privacy policies all suffer from many of the same problems: people rarely read them and yet still agree to whatever is contained within them. There are many usability challenges with these policies: they are often lengthy, with jargon filled language that is difficult to quickly comprehend. However, these notices are the primary tool for users to understand the privacy implications of their digital activities and make informed decisions on which websites and software they use. Prior research has explored alternative designs for such notices, using more visual and structured interfaces for conveying information. We expand upon these results by exploring a comic-based interface, examining whether it can engage users to pay more attention to a terms of service agreement. Our results indicate that the comic version did hold user attention for longer than text-based alternatives, encouraging deeper investigation into comic-based interfaces.
Gender as a Factor in School-Based Mental Health Service Delivery

There is a large research base indicating numerous gender differences in prevalence rates of psychopathology, the expression of psychopathology, and the etiology of psychopathology across different...
Performance based seismic design

One of the major developments in seismic design over the past 10 years has been increased emphasis on limit states design, now generally termed Performance Based Engineering. Three techniques - the capacity spectrum approach, the N2 method and direct displacement-based design have now matured to the stage where seismic assessment of existing structures, or design of new structures can he carried out to ensure that particular deformation-based criteria are met The paper will outline and compare the three methods, and discuss them in the context of traditional force-based seismic design and earlier design approaches which contained some elements of performance based design. Factors defining different performance states will be discussed, including the need, not yet achieved, to include residual displacement as a key performance limit. Some emphasis will be placed on soil-related problems, and the incorporation of soil/structure interaction into performance-based design. It will be shown that this is relatively straightforward and results in consistent design solutions not readily available with force-based designs using force-reduction factors.
FOOD AND FEASTING, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS

The study of food is a perspective, an approach, a constellation of questions about the past, and thus a way of approaching the archaeological past. It is not that food does not inspire intellectual thought; it does. Food makes researchers think broadly and deeply about social life. Food production, preparation, storage, serving, and consumption play a part in the creation and recreation of cultures, nations, groups, families, individuals, genders, and personal identities. Food is also material, allowing us access to many aspects of past human society. While we require food, we impose categories upon our food ingredients, making some potential food items unacceptable for consumption and others acceptable, based on a range of emotional, historical, social, economic, and political decisions. The study of food is an important approach to our study of the past.
Axl1p gene product (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of Axllp gene product (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae generates progeny by the process of budding. The AXLl gene was initially identified in a genetic screen as being required for the maintenance of the axial (AXL) budding pattern that is characteristic of haploid yeast. In the absence of the AXLl gene product (Axllp), haploid yeast undergo a bipolar budding pattern that is typical of diploid yeast. In addition to having a role in axial budding, Axllp is required for the production of the a-factor mating pheromone by MATa haploid cells. Genetic and metabolic labeling studies support a proteolytic role for Axllp in the production of the a-factor mating pheromone. The bioactive mature pheromone is a famesylated and carboxylmethylated dodecapeptide that derives from a precursor after extensive post-translational modification. At the C-terminus of the precursor, a canonical CaaX motif is present that directs an ordered series of post-translational modifications. The basis for the classification of Axllp as a protease relies mostly on genetic and metabolic labeling studies.
Who Knows More About Politics? A Dual Explanation for the Gender Gap:

Numerous studies have documented a gender gap in political knowledge. Men score higher than women on quiz-style survey questions testing knowledge of national-level electoral politics and the “rule...
A non-destructive method for measuring the absorption coefficient of a Yb-doped fiber

A non-destructive method for measuring the absorption coefficient of the doped optical fiber is presented that is based on tuning the pump wavelength and measuring the spontaneous emission at two different locations along the fiber.
OLDER ADULTS’ TECHNICAL SUPPORT NEEDS FOR HOME VIDEO TELEHEALTH VISITS

With newly approved (2017) Medicare reimbursement for video telehealth (VT) visits into the home, there is the opportunity to increase the reach of clinical services to populations for whom travel to a medical center is challenging. Older adults and their caregivers are prime targets for video telehealth due to mobility challenges and other barriers to accessing care. Video telehealth offers a potentially convenient visit format option, however, technology use has been reported to be lower with older adults. We sought to determine if older adults’ relatively lower rates of technology adoption translate into increased technical support needs during Home Video Telehealth (HomeVT). We have offered medical dementia management visits via HomeVT since 2013. We have tracked both who was operating the technology in the home and what technical issues arose for each HomeVT encounter. We determined the frequency of technical difficulties requiring involvement of a telehealth technician as a function of family caregiver relationship. In 49% of the >200 HomeVT visits, the person operating the technology was the person with dementia’s (PWD) spouse, with the other 51% being the PWD’s adult child. While 35% of all HomeVT visits required the assistance of a telehealth technician (THT), the older caregivers (PWD’s spouses) required significantly more THT assistance than the younger (PWD’s adult children) caregivers (p<0.005). Older adults are able to participate in HomeVT visits but require significantly more technical support than younger users do. Availability of real-time technical support is critical for HomeVT program success, particularly when serving older adult users.
The Effect of a Student-Designed Data Collection Project on Attitudes Toward Statistics

Students often enter an introductory statistics class with less than positive attitudes about the subject. They tend to believe statistics is difficult and irrelevant to their lives. Observational evidence from previous studies suggests including projects in a statistics course may enhance students' attitudes toward statistics. This study examines the relationship between inclusion of a student-designed data collection project in an introductory statistics course and 6 components comprising students' attitudes toward statistics. The sample consisted of 42 college students enrolled in an introductory statistics course. Comparisons of those who completed the student-designed data collection project (n = 24) and those who did not complete the project (n = 18) suggest that inclusion of a project may not significantly impact students' attitudes toward statistics. However, these findings must be viewed as only a preliminary step in the study of the effect of projects on attitudes toward statistics.
Effect of scan pattern on complete-arch scans with 4 digital scanners.

Abstract Statement of problem Complete-arch digital scans are becoming popular as digital dentistry is adopted for expanded clinical situations such as complete-arch prostheses, removable prostheses, extensive implant-supported treatment, and orthodontic aligners. Whether the scan pattern technique affects the trueness and precision of complete-arch scans and whether differences in accuracy exist among different scanners remain unclear. Furthermore, each manufacturer recommends a different scan pattern, but evidence of the superiority of the manufacturer’s recommended pattern is lacking. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether the scan pattern affects the trueness, precision, and speed of complete-arch digital scans performed by using 4 different digital scanning systems. Material and methods A custom model used as the reference standard was fabricated with teeth having the same refractive index as dentin and enamel to simulate the natural dentition. The scan of the custom typodont was obtained by using an ATOS III Triple Scan 3D optical scanner. This study evaluated the CEREC Omnicam, Planmeca Emerald, Align iTero Element, and 3Shape TRIOS 3. Experimental scans were obtained from each of the 4 different digital scanning systems by using 4 unique scan patterns by experienced clinicians. Four experimental scans were acquired from each of the scanners by using 4 distinct scan patterns for a total of 16 scans for each scanner. Scan patterns 1 to 4 were based on the operator manuals for each different scanner. The scan time was recorded for each scan. All experimental scans were converted to standard tessellation language (STL) format, and a comprehensive metrology program, Geomagic Control X, was used to compare the reference standard scan with the experimental scans. Results For trueness, the scanner (P Conclusions Scan pattern affected trueness and precision for some scanners, but not for others. Differences exist in the complete-arch scan speed, trueness, and precision of individual scanners. Scan pattern can play an important role in the success of digital scanning.
An End in Sight: Shorter Duration of Parenteral Antibiotics in Neonates.

* Abbreviations: GBS — : Group B Streptococcus UTI — : urinary tract infection Prescribing the appropriate duration of antibiotic therapy is at the top of mind for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, hospital systems, and individual providers alike because it has a resounding impact on antimicrobial resistance.1 In this month’s issue of Pediatrics , Desai et al2 have taken on the duration of parenteral antibiotics for infants ≤60 days old with bacteremic urinary tract infection (UTI). This is a critical piece of a complicated puzzle that not only includes minimum duration of parenteral antibiotic treatment but also involves bioavailability of antimicrobial agents in infants and total treatment duration, which includes parenteral and oral antibiotic therapy. They have written a methodologically sound multicenter study and propose that a short course of parenteral antibiotics is no less effective than a long course in infants ≤60 days old with bacteremic UTIs. This study uniquely affords granularity with respect to the patient population, including a physician’s documented clinical assessment providing information such as temperature, ill appearance, or presence of a known genitourinary condition, which allowed for ascertainment of critical clinical information that influenced management decisions. Ultimately, … Address correspondence to Hillary L. Copp, MD, MS, Department of Pediatric Urology, University of California, San Francisco, Mission Hall Global Health Sciences Building, 550 16th St, 6th Floor, Box 1695, San Francisco, CA 94143. E-mail: hillary.copp{at}ucsf.edu
The hunt for RNA polymerase II elongation factors: a historical perspective.

The discovery of the three eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases paved the way for serious biochemical investigations of eukaryotic transcription and the identification of eukaryotic transcription factors. Here we describe this adventure from our vantage point, with a focus on the hunt for factors that regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. This personal Perspective by Joan and Ron Conaway describes the biochemical identification and characterization of three key transcription elongation factors, TFIIS, Elongin and ELL, and summarizes how the delineation of their functions has informed the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that control elongation by RNA polymerase II.
How synesthesia may lead to enhanced memory

Abstract In grapheme-color synesthesia, synesthetes reliably and automatically experience specific colors when viewing black-and-white graphemes. In this chapter, we review the impact of synesthesia on memory. Over 50 years of research has demonstrated that synesthetes have better long-term memory than nonsynesthetes. However, little is known about how synesthesia impacts earlier stages of memory. We explored whether the synesthetic advantage in long-term memory arises from advantages at earlier memory stages by testing the impact of grapheme-color synesthesia on three different stages of memory. We find a consistent synesthetic memory advantage and that this difference is greatest when people are asked to remember larger numbers of items. We argue that these advantages in early memory processing stages may be important for understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of long-term memory enhancement in synesthesia. Finally, we frame these findings in a novel recoding theory of synesthetic memory, which extends the classic dual-coding theory of memory.
Spatio-temporal dynamics of neocortical presynaptic terminal development using multi-photon imaging of the corpus callosum in vivo.

Within the developing central nervous system, the dynamics of synapse formation and elimination are insufficiently understood. It is ideal to study these processes in vivo, where neurons form synapses within appropriate behavioral and anatomical contexts. In vivo analysis is particularly important for long-range connections, since their development cannot be adequately studied in vitro. The corpus callosum (CC) represents a clinically-relevant long-range connection since several neurodevelopmental diseases involve CC defects. Here, we present a novel strategy for in vivo longitudinal and rapid time-lapse imaging of CC presynaptic terminal development. In postnatal mice, the time-course of CC presynaptic terminal formation and elimination was highly variable between axons or groups of axons. Young presynaptic terminals were remarkably dynamic – moving, dividing to generate more boutons, and merging to consolidate small terminals into large boutons. As synaptic networks matured, presynaptic mobility decreased. These rapid dynamics may be important for establishing initial synaptic contacts with postsynaptic partners, refining connectivity patterns or modifying synapse strength during development. Ultimately, this in vivo imaging approach will facilitate investigation of synapse development in other long-range connections and neurodevelopmental disease models.
Developmental antecedents of adolescent optimism in rural midwestern U.S. Latinx youth

AIMS Decades of scientific research have found optimism to have wide-ranging effects on individuals' health and well-being. Researchers have largely examined optimism in adults, but have begun addressing the benefits of optimism in adolescents. Challenges and stressors in adolescence can threaten youths' subjective well-being; therefore, identifying factors that contribute to the growth of optimism could have important health implications. However, researchers have more often examined the effect of optimism on youth outcomes rather than factors that might positively or negatively contribute to the development of optimism. METHODS We assessed how salient developmental tasks (resilience, ethnic pride, and school attachment), family stress, and depressive problems individually contribute to Latinx youths' optimism at two time points (N = 123, 58.8% female, M age = 11.54 years). RESULTS We found support for associations between both resilience and school attachment and optimism, but findings were weaker across time and with stressors included in the model. Depressive problems also appeared to weaken optimism across time. CONCLUSION Given the established links between optimism and health, it will be important for researchers to continue to identify factors that contribute to the development of youth optimism, and assess whether they could be used in interventions to foster optimism.
Diagnosing spells: Machines or humans?

In the current era of technological advances in medicine, public interest seems focused on advances in laboratory testing, imaging, and surgical instrumentation. Modern-day expectations in the diagnostic part of medicine appear to demand answers which are instant, specific, and without ambiguity. This is consistent with the idea of developing the science of medicine. However, many still consider obtaining a diagnosis through a careful and thoughtful history as an example of the art of medicine.
Neurotoxicity of organophosphate nerve agents

Abstract Organophosphate nerve agents of the G-series (tabun, GA; sarin, GB; cyclosarin, GF, and soman, GD) and V-series (VX, RVX, Novichok, etc.) were developed prior to, during and after World War II. These are all toxic ester derivatives of phosphonic acid containing a cyanide (GA), fluoride (GD or GF), or sulfur (VX) substituent and are commonly termed “nerve” agents as a consequence of their anticholinesterase properties as well as their effects on both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerve agents produce toxicity primarily in the CNS and skeletal muscles by cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms involving various neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other molecules. Various biomarkers of exposure, effects and susceptibility to nerve agents have been identified. Treatment of OP poisoning rests with specific antidotes (atropine sulfate and oximes). Since no single oxime is effective against all nerve agents, a specific oxime can be indicated only against a particular nerve agent(s). Various decontaminating products are available, which are found to be very effective in removing or minimizing nerve agents' residue, thereby avoiding further exposure to victims and emergency responders.
Living Museums in the Sea:The Past, Present and Future of Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation

The living museums in the sea (LMS) is a conservation model that promotes the study and protection of submerged cultural resources while encouraging ecological resiliency, public outreach and sustainable tourism. In collaboration with local, national and international stakeholders, Indiana University established the first network of LMS sites in the southeastern Dominican Republic in 2011 – including Captain Kidd’s 1699 CE Quedagh Merchant , and is currently working to establish a second network of sites in Punta Cana . This article discusses the challenges and successes associated with management of these marine protected areas, photogrammetric monitoring techniques and ongoing interdisciplinary research.
Technical note: A prototype transparent-middle-layer data management and analysis infrastructure for cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating

Abstract. Geologic dating methods for the most part do not directly measure ages. Instead, interpreting a geochemical observation as a geologically useful parameter – an age or a rate – requires an interpretive middle layer of calculations and supporting data sets. Both of these are the subject of active research and evolve rapidly, so any synoptic analysis requires complete, repeated recalculation of ages from a growing data set of raw observations, using a constantly improving calculation method. Many important applications of geochronology involve regional or global analyses of large and growing data sets, so this characteristic is an obstacle to progress in these applications. This paper describes the ICE-D database project, a prototype computational infrastructure for dealing with this obstacle in one geochronological application – cosmogenic-nuclide exposure-dating – that aims to enable visualization or analysis of large, diverse data sets by making middle-layer calculations dynamic and transparent to the user. An important aspect of this infrastructure is that it is designed as a forward-looking research tool rather than a backward-looking archive: only observational data (which do not become obsolete) are stored, and derived data (which become obsolete as soon as the middle-layer calculations are improved) are not stored, but instead calculated dynamically at the time data are needed by an analysis application. This minimizes lock-in effects associated with archiving derived results subject to rapid obsolescence, and allows assimilation of both new observational data and improvements to middle-layer calculations without creating additional overhead at the level of the analysis application.
Kinetics of CDK4/6 inhibition determine different temporal locations of the restriction point

Mitogenic and stress signaling pathways regulate CDK4/6 activity to control entry into the cell cycle until cells pass the restriction point, after which cells irreversibly commit to the cell cycle. Previous studies have proposed that positive feedback between CDK2 and Rb, and double-negative feedback between APC/CCdh1 and Emi1 cause irreversible Rb hyperphosphorylation and APC/CCdh1 inactivation, respectively, to trigger the restriction point. Here, we propose that CDK2-Rb feedback is the primary signaling network that regulates the restriction point with respect to both mitogenic and stress signaling. We show that CDK4/6 activity is sufficient to initiate Rb hyperphosphorylation and E2F activation, and then high CDK2 activity maintains Rb hyperphosphorylation, triggering the transition into CDK4/6-independent cell-cycle entry. While mitogen removal results in the slow inactivation of CDK4/6, induction of stress rapidly suppresses CDK4/6 activity and can reverse cell-cycle entry even after APC/CCdh1 inactivation. An increase in CDK2 activity triggers CDK2-Rb feedback without involvement of other mechanisms in S phase, indicating that activity-based substrate specificity for CDK2 is the key determinant in initiating CDK2-Rb feedback. Our finding that mitogenic and stress signaling induce different temporal locations of the restriction point reveals how cells utilize a safety mechanism to differentially regulate cell-cycle entry depending on extracellular environment.
Biological Embedding of Chronic Stress Across Two Generations Within Marginalized Communities

Significant racial health disparities in infant mortality, preterm birth, and infant neurodevelopment exist in the United States. These disparities highlight a critical public health problem: Children of color are at a developmental disadvantage before birth. In this article, we describe how pregnant women from marginalized communities are disproportionately more likely to experience chronic stress in the form of discrimination, historical trauma, and acculturation. We integrate these understudied forms of chronic stress into allostatic load and prenatal programming models to describe how they can affect the health of two generations: the pregnant woman and her child. We describe psychophysiological ramifications of this early-life stress in infants of color. The prenatal programming field has largely ignored the experiences of women of color, and we highlight the need for researchers to include, or focus exclusively on, diverse samples in their research to reduce disparities that are evident at birth.
Use of Multiple Linear Regression Techniques to Predict Energy Storage Systems' Total Capital Costs and Life Cycle Costs

In the United States, legislative and regulatory requirements are the primary drivers for the use of grid-level energy storage. In some cases, state-level legislative mandates called Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPSs) necessitate the use of storage to support renewable generation (e.g., solar, wind energy). At the federal level, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has issued final Orders that stipulate fair and equitable competition rules for regional interstate transmission markets. In both instances, it is the investor-owned utility (IOU) entities that are financially responsible to either satisfy the state and FERC Orders or face noncompliance fines or tariffs. Unfortunately, utility investors do not have a reliable tool to assist in understanding the front-end installation costs or whole life cycle costs for electrical storage systems that service the electric grid. This paper proposes the use of multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques using R-Script to predict the total capital cost (TCC) and life cycle cost (LCC) of real-world energy storage systems (ESSs) derived from manufactures' design specifications and intrinsic characteristics of lead-acid, lithium-ion, sodium sulfur; and vanadium and Ainc-based Aow Aatteries.
Improving blood cells classification in peripheral blood smears using enhanced incremental training

Abstract Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS) analysis is a vital routine test carried out by medical specialists to assess some health aspects of individuals. The automation of blood analysis has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years, as it will not only save time, money and reduce errors, but also protect and save lives of front-line workers, especially during pandemics. In this work, deep neural networks are trained on a synthetic blood smears dataset to classify fifteen different white blood cell and platelet subtypes and morphological abnormalities. For classifying platelets, a hybrid approach of deep learning and image processing techniques is proposed. This approach improved the platelet classification accuracy and macro-average precision from 82.6% to 98.6% and 76.6%–97.6% respectively. Moreover, for white blood cell classification, a novel scheme for training deep networks is proposed, namely, Enhanced Incremental Training, that automatically recognises and handles classes that confuse and negatively affect neural network predictions. To handle the confusable classes, we also propose a procedure called “training revert”. Application of the proposed method has improved the classification accuracy and macro-average precision from 61.5% to 95% and 76.6%–94.27% respectively.
Evaluation of a Psychiatry Clerkship: Factors in Success

In contrast with the rather poor image of psychiatric education in most medical schools, at the University of Texas Medical School in Houston, students consistently rated the psychiatry clerkship more positively than the combined average of all required clerkships within each of three different rota- tions on each item of a standardized questionnaire. A multivariate analysis of variance identified particular characteristics of the psychiatric instructional environment which stood out significantly. In addition to organization of the clerkship, high quality teaching and a positive clinical experience, dedicated and concerned faculty who show genuine interest in the student’s professional development have a significant positive influence on the student’s experience in the psychiatry clerkship.
Challenges for the SASSI-4 and InDUC-2R: Positive Impression Management in Offenders with Substance Use Histories

In the field of substance use (SU) assessment, most measures are face-valid and thus warrant serious concerns over their vulnerability to positive impression management (PIM) in non-disclosing examinees. To address PIM, two specialized measures with validity indicators based on detection strategies were empirically evaluated: (a) the Adult Substance Use Subtle Screening Inventory-4 (SASSI-4) and (b) the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences-2R (InDUC-2R). The current study tested their effectiveness at distinguishing partial SU denial (i.e., acknowledging use but disavowing negative effects) from more general social desirability. The sample of 104 offenders were recruited from a court-mandated substance use treatment program. Relevant sections of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders, Clinical Version (SCID-5-CV) served as the external diagnostic criterion. Regarding the key results, both the SASSI-4 and InDUC-2R were particularly vulnerable to PIM. In terms of detection, the SASSI-4 DEF scale was generally encouraging for PIM but could not distinguish between the two types of PIM. As a distinct advantage, the Control scale on the InDUC-2R proved moderately effective at specifically identifying partial SU denial. To improve the SASSI-4 PIM classifications, a new strategy-based indicator, response style ratio, was initially validated. These findings are discussed within the context of clinical and forensic consultations.
Abstract 1365: Virtual healthy control matching for renal impairment studies: A case study with glasdegib

Background: Clinical development of drugs often requires many pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in healthy volunteers that are conducted prior to renal or hepatic impairment studies. The present analysis evaluated the feasibility of using PK data from healthy participants in other clinical studies as ‘virtual9 matched healthy controls for a study of glasdegib PK in participants with moderate to severe renal impairment. Methods: Data from 83 subjects treated with a single oral dose of 100 mg glasdegib in four healthy volunteer studies was used. Virtual healthy controls were selected by renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >90mL/min) and matched by age (± 20 yr) and body weight (± 15 kg) to the renal impairment participants from the glasdegib renal impairment study. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare log transformed PK parameters for each renal impairment group to the normal or virtual-normal renal function groups. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons between groups were performed using Tukey9s method. Results: A total of 9 healthy matched control subjects were included in the ‘virtual9 normal renal function group. Adjusted geometric mean ratios and 90% CI for comparisons between renal impairment groups and normal or ‘virtual9 normal renal function groups produced similar results (Table 1). Conclusions: Using data from healthy volunteers in earlier clinical studies to create a ‘virtual9 matched normal renal function group for a renal impairment study in glasdegib produced similar results to the prospectively enrolled normal renal function group. Use of virtually matched healthy controls may be a viable option to leverage already available data efficiently and minimize exposure of healthy participants to oncology drugs. Citation Format: Brian Reilly, Naveed Shaik, Swan Lin. Virtual healthy control matching for renal impairment studies: A case study with glasdegib [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1365.
The blood pressure control and arteriosclerotic cardiovascular risk among Chinese community hypertensive patients.

The present study aimed to describe the blood pressure (BP) control rate and 10-years arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk estimation among community hypertensive patients. A total of 196,803 subjects were enrolled. The control rates calculated as the intensive (SBP < 130 mmHg and DBP < 80 mmHg) and standard (SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg) threshold. Multivariable logistic analysis was employed to assess the associations between cardiovascular factors and BP control. Sensitivity, specificity and Youden's index were used to identify the ability of high risk of ASCVD estimation by different thresholds. The control rate was 16.34% and 50.25% by the intensive and standard threshold, respectively. Besides regular medication, the risk factors for BP control included older age, male, unhealthy lifestyle, obesity, dyslipidemia and abnormal FPG. 25.08% of subjects had high risk of 10-years ASCVD estimation. The sensitivity, specificity and Youden's index of intensive threshold was 84.37%, 16.15% and 0.51%, and were significantly different from 50.55%, 50.42% and 0.98% of the standard threshold, respectively. Half of community hypertensive patients did not control BP, and nearly a quarter have high risk of 10-years ASCVD risk estimation. The intensive threshold resulted in a one-third reduction in the control rate compared to the standard threshold. No matter which threshold was used, a single BP control status seemed not a suitable indicator for identification of high risk of 10-years ASCVD risk estimation.
Projecting the impacts of end of century climate extremes on the hydrology in California

Abstract. In California, it is essential to understand the evolution of water resources in response to a changing climate to sustain its economy and agriculture and build resilient communities. Although extreme conditions have characterized the historical hydroclimate of California, climate change will likely intensify hydroclimatic extremes by the End of Century (EoC). However, few studies have investigated the impacts of EoC extremes on watershed hydrology. We use cutting-edge global climate and integrated hydrologic models to simulate EoC extremes and their effects on the water-energy balance. We assess the impacts of projected driest, median, and wettest water years under a Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 on the hydrodynamics of the Cosumnes river basin. High temperatures (> 2.5 °C) and precipitation (> 38 %) will characterize the EoC extreme water years compared to their historical counterparts. Also, precipitation, mostly in the form of rain, is projected to fall earlier. This change reduces snowpack by more than 90 %, increases peak surface water and groundwater storages up to 75 % and 23 %, respectively, and makes these peak storages occur earlier in the year. Because EoC temperatures and soil moisture are high, both potential and actual evapotranspiration (ET) increase. The latter, along with the lack of snowmelt in the warm EoC, cause surface water and groundwater storages to significantly decrease in summer, with groundwater showing the highest rates of decrease. Besides, the changes in the precipitation phase lead the lower-order streams to dry out in EoC summer whereas the mainstream experiences an increase in storage.
The Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds in Higher Plants: X. PROPERTIES OF THE CINNAMIC ACID 4-HYDROXYLASE OF PEA SEEDLINGS AND SOME ASPECTS OF ITS METABOLIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROL

Abstract The cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase of pea seedlings is a microsomal mixed function oxidase which requires molecular oxygen, NADPH, and 2-mercaptoethanol for activity. Optimal activity occurs at pH 7.5. NADH will not substitute for NADPH. Glutathione, ascorbic acid, cysteine, and dithiothreitol will not replace mercaptoethanol. The latter compound is required in millimolar concentrations for optimal activity but does not serve as an external reductant for the hydroxylation reaction. The Km for cinnamic acid is about 0.02 mm. The enzyme does not catalyze the hydroxylation of either phenylalanine or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid. The product exerts a strong regulatory effect on activity; inhibition commences at about 0.03 mm and increases sharply to a maximum at 0.10 mm, at which more than 90% inhibition may occur. Inhibition is noncompetitive and shows cooperativity with increasing product concentration. The reaction is inhibited by carbon monoxide, and the inhibition is reversed by light. Azide is inhibitory, but cyanide has little effect. The activity of the hydroxylase in etiolated seedlings is increased 5-fold by a brief irradiation about 12 hours before harvest and assay. The enzyme in green seedlings is restricted to young, developing tissues. Activity is highest in the apical bud, declines sharply with the onset of maturity, and is not detected in mature leaves.
Carbon-Halogen Bond Cleavage III. STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HALIDOHYDROLASES

Abstract Extracts of a pseudomonad isolated from soil have two halidohydrolases, one induced by chloroacetate, the other by dichloroacetate. Both enzymes have been partially purified and each catalyzes a variety of dehalogenations which conform to the general equation l-RCHXCOO- + OH- → d-RCHOHCOO- + X- where X = Cl or I. Like haloacetate halidohydrolase, these enzymes have a pH optimum of 9.0 to 9.4 and utilize the hydroxyl group from water to replace the halogen in the substrate. The inversion of the configuration which occurs during the dehalogenation of optically active substrates gives additional insight into the mechanism of this type of reaction.
Data reduction: discretization of numerical attributes

Discretization is the process of converting a numerical attribute into a symbolic attribute by partitioning the attribute domain. This chapter presents the taxonomy of currently developed discretization systems. Discretization techniques based on equal interval frequency, equal interval width, minimum class entropy, minimum description length, and clustering are briefly described. In addition, other methods of discretization are also outlined.
Uncovering project screening heuristics with cognitive task analysis: How do gatekeepers decide which technologies to promote?

Creening decisions in the early stages of product and technology development strongly rely on gatekeepers' intuition or “gut-feel”. This paper opens the black box of heuristic project screening by investigating the screening behavior of experienced gatekeepers through two approaches to cognitive task analysis: critical decision method and process tracing. Results show that project screening heuristics are fast, based on a small number of criteria, focused on “good enough” solutions, and adaptive. However, in comparison to “fast and frugal” heuristics, managerial screening heuristics are complex and entail several distinct screening steps. The paper provides a formal model of the heuristic screening process.