cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple mixing layer model predicting solute flow to drainage lines under preferential flow

Abstract Concern about the environmental effects of agricultural chemicals through preferential flow has risen in recent years. A simple model is presented describing the processes involved in preferential transport of both soil-adsorbed and non-adsorbed solutes. The model assumes that water and solutes are mixed into an upper soil layer. The water and solutes then flow through macropores to the groundwater. Analysis of the solute breakthrough curves in subsurface drainage effluent makes it possible to calculate the depth of the mixing layer or the adsorption desorption partition coefficient. Data from a drainage experiment with chloride, 2,4-D and atrazine were used to test the model. The study was performed on a no-till and a conventionally tilled plot. The model and experimental results indicate that only a fraction of the field area participates in transport to the macropores. Differences between breakthrough curves from the conventionally tilled and no-till plots are explained well by the mixing of solutes and water in the upper layer. This simple, physically based model can help us to understand and estimate the environmental threats of herbicides shortly after application.
The Biosynthesis of Thiol- and Thioether-containing Cofactors and Secondary Metabolites Catalyzed by Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Enzymes

Sulfur atoms are present as thiol and thioether functional groups in amino acids, coenzymes, cofactors, and various products of secondary metabolic pathways. The biosynthetic pathways for several sulfur-containing biomolecules require the substitution of sulfur for hydrogen at unreactive aliphatic or electron-rich aromatic carbon atoms. Examples discussed in this review include biotin, lipoic acid, methylthioether modifications found in some nucleic acids and proteins, and thioether cross-links found in peptide natural products. Radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzymes use an iron-sulfur cluster to catalyze the reduction of SAM to methionine and a highly reactive 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical; this radical can abstract hydrogen atoms at unreactive positions, facilitating the introduction of a variety of functional groups. Radical SAM enzymes that catalyze sulfur insertion reactions contain a second iron-sulfur cluster that facilitates the chemistry, either by donating the cluster's endogenous sulfide or by binding and activating exogenous sulfide or sulfur-containing substrates. The use of radical chemistry involving iron-sulfur clusters is an efficient anaerobic route to the generation of carbon-sulfur bonds in cofactors, secondary metabolites, and other natural products.
Infrared intensity enhancement of the cn stretch of HCN by coadsorbed co on the cu(100) surface

Reflection absorption infrared spectra reveal a strong enhancement in the intensity of the CN stretch in a mixed ordered overlayer of HCN and CO on the Cu(100) surface. Various combinations of HCN and CO isotopomers show that the intensity enhancement decreases with increasing frequency difference between nu(CN) and nu(CO). The intensity of the 2092 cm(-1) band of H12C14N is enhanced by a factor of 155+/-20 through coupling to the 2077 cm(-1) band of 12C16O. A simple two-state coupling model explains the isotopomer dependence of the degree of enhancement.
Irreversibility lines and morphologies of BiPbSrCaCuO silver sheathed wires

Abstract The irreversibility lines of BiPbSrCaCuO silver sheathed tapes were measured at temperatures from 33 K to 110 K. It was determined that the irreversibility magnetic field, H irr (81 K) did not change with the sweep rate of magnetic field from 0.16 to 0.8 T/min. It was found that the irreversibility line was improved to higher magnetic field and temperature with the increase of J co . This suggests that the irreversibility line has a strong relationship to the morphology of BiPbSrCaCuO.
A preliminary analysis of a comet coma sample-return mission

It is pointed out that the exploration and characterization of comets can play a fundamental role in solar system science. Comets are probably primitive products of processes which occurred in the preplanetary solar nebula. The impending return of Halley's comet in 1986 provides an opportunity for a study of comets, and five spacecraft will be launched to intercept Halley. These spacecraft include two sent by the USSR, two by Japan, and one by the European Space Agency (ESA). NASA has recommended two programs for the exploration and characterization of comets. The first mission considered would be a rendezvous with a short-period comet, while the second mission would provide for the return to earth of a sample of the volatile and nonvolatile constituents of the coma of a comet. Developments related to these plans are discussed.
Dupin's cyclide and the cyclide patch

Abstract To retrieve models from a database for recognizing objects in stereo, a new formulation of Dupin's cyclide patches provides a succinct representation of surface shape. The parameters can be extracted from the Weingarten map and its derivatives at a point where a contour meets an extremal boundary.
Development of a polymeric piezoelectric C-block actuator using hybrid optimization technique

A new class of polymeric piezoelectric bimorph actuators, called C-blocks because of their curved shape, has been developed to overcome limitations of conventional bimorph and stack piezoelectric configurations. Design tradeoffs are investigated in the current research using various performance criteria such as maximum deflection, force, and strain energy. The set of design variables to optimize the C-block actuators, which can be used alone or can be combined in series and/or parallel, includes both continuous and discrete parameters. Therefore, a hybrid optimization technique is developed to address the nonlinear mixed continuous/discrete optimization problem. The results of the optimization procedure indicate useful trends toward microscale actuator development for the most efficient implementation of these actuators.
Simulations of Binding Free Energy of Targeted Nanocarriers to Cell Surfaces: the Effects of Antigen Flexural Rigidity, Glycocalyx Resistance, and Shear Flow

We develop an equilibrium mesoscale model to study the binding free energy of functionalized nanocarriers (NC) to cell surfaces, which plays a central role in targeted drug delivery. Our model is parametrized to mimic interactions between intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on cell surface and anti-ICAM (antibody) on NCs and accounts for ICAM-1 diffusion and flexure, bond stiffness, effect of glycocalyx, and shear flow; parameters are chosen from several independent literature experiments. Using umbrella sampling in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulations, we compute the potential of mean force (PMF) as a function of distance between the NC and the cell surface. Our results show that the PMF landscape is rugged along the distance of the NC from the cell surface with multiple equilibrium points separated by free energy barriers of comparable magnitudes. Calculations reveal: (1) a significant effect of the antigen flexural rigidity, namely with decreasing flexural rigidity, even though the multivalency of binding increases, we record decrease in the binding free energy due to increasing entropic penalty; (2) The presence of glycocalyx does not alter multivalency, but significantly reduces the binding free energy; (3) Hydrodynamic shear stress plays a central role in mediating the binding conformations and alters the PMF landscape. Our results provide quantitative assessments of the effects of tunable/controllable properties on the binding of NCs to cell surfaces. Our model provides a rational and unique approach to bridge single molecule and biophysical measurements at the molecular scale with microscopy and flow experiments at the micro and macroscales. This integrative step will enhance optimization of delivery vehicles for use in targeted therapeutics.This work is supported by NIH through Grant 1R01EB006818.
Nonuniversal critical dynamics in Monte Carlo simulations

A new approach to Monte Carlo simulations is presented, giving a highly efficient method of simulation for large systems near criticality. The algorithm violates dynamic universality at second-order phase transitions, producing unusually small values of the dynamical critical exponent.
An improved equilibrium-kinetics speciation algorithm for redox reactions in variably saturated subsurface flow systems

Reactive chemical transport occurs in a variety of geochemical environments, and over a broad range of space and time scales. Efficiency of the chemical speciation and water–rock–gas interaction calculations is important for modeling field-scale multidimensional reactive transport problems. An improved efficient model, REACT, for simulating water–rock–gas interaction under equilibrium and kinetic conditions, has been developed. In this model, equilibrium and kinetic reactions are solved simultaneously by Newton–Raphson iteration. The REACT speciation model was coupled with the multidimensional nonisothermal multiphase flow and mass transport code TOUGH2, resulting in the general purpose reactive chemical transport simulator TOUGHREACT. An application to supergene copper enrichment of a typical copper protore that includes the sulfide minerals pyrite (FeS2) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is presented. The efficiency and convergence of the present model is demonstrated from this numerically difficult application that involves very large variations in the concentrations of oxygen, and sulfide and sulfate species. TOUGHREACT provides a detailed description of water–rock–gas interactions during fully transient, multiphase, nonisothermal flow and transport in hydrologically and geochemically heterogeneous media. The code is helpful for assessment of acid mine drainage remediation, geothermal convection, waste disposal, contaminant transport and water quality.
Doering et al. reply.

A reply to the comment on bistability driven by weakly colored gaussian noise is presented.The fokker-planck boundary layer and mean first-passage times are evaluated.It is agreed that there is a difference between the two first-passage times, and that alternative may be more appropriate for quantitative comparison with the low lying spectrum of the Fokker-Planck operator. (AIP)
Strain-engineered semiconductor heterostructures for novel optoelectronic devices

In this paper we show that strain is a useful effect and in addition to improving the performance of existing devices it may be used with greater functionality to demonstrate novel optoelectronic devices. We give as examples two such devices that we have conceived and demonstrated, one each in the two respective areas of strain, lattice-mismatch induced and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch induced. The higher performance and functionality in these devices demonstrate that strain engineered heterostructures are a very promising area for device research and development.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization and etching of sputter-deposited absorber films for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) masks

Fabrication of masks for EUVL requires the formation and patterning of both repair buffer and EUV absorber layers on top of a molybdenum/silicon multi-layer substrate. Films used for buffer and absorber should have low stress, good uniformity and good etch selectivity to underlying layers. Low stress chromium and tantalum nitride absorber film deposition processes have been developed and characterized on fused silica substrates at the MCoC. Sputtered silicon oxide was used as the buffer layer for work reported in this paper. This paper describes the results of EUVL mask processing at the MCoC, including deposition and etch capabilities of these films. Properties of the low stress chromium and tantalum nitride materials will be discussed, including stoichiometry, stress, uniformity and density. The chromium and tantalum nitride films have been integrated into a mask patterning process with a silicon oxide buffer layer. Etch bias and etch profiles from the two absorber films along with etch selectivities to the underlying silicon oxide layer will be presented. Image size results for both types of absorber layers will be presented, including the improvement in etch bias using the low stress chromium Complete EUVL masks with 160 nm feature sizes have been fabricated with these processes and micrographs of nested lines and elbows will be presented.
Modelling discretionary travel in the presence of imperfect data

Abstract The use of mathematical models in transportation and regional planning is limited by the need to obtain reasonably accurate, complete data sets. In particular complete spatial coverage is required for the usual discrete origin-destination models. Because of the time and cost constraints of obtaining such data, those charged with decision making responsibilities may choose to do without information that could be provided by quantitative models. This paper presents a procedure for estimating origin-constrained flows in situations where complete data collection is difficult or impossible. To this end an abstract model of origin-constrained travel is formulated. The required urban fields are constructed using interpolation and/or approximation techniques applied to available data. The tractability of the general model is demonstrated in the case of estimating the energy consumed in travel to existing or proposed facilities. The ability of the model to function with incomplete data was tested by using it to predict travel to the major retail centers located in the Albany-Schenectady-Troy Metropolitan Area.
Metaanalysis in wound healing.

edical researchers use tensile strength testing as one M of the methods to determine wound healing characteristics of an incision [l]. All surgical disciplines accept this technique and report it regularly in the journals [24]. The usual test method involves cutting strips containing the anastomosis and then pulling it apart. The force applied is known as the stress on the anastomosis. When the suture line breaks, the recorded stress is reported as the ultimate strength or tensile strength of the anastomosis. See also page 80.
PROBLEM STRUCTURE HEURISTICS AND SCALING BEHAVIOR FOR GENETIC ALGORITHMS

Recent empirical and theoretical studies have shown that simple parameters characterizing the structure of many constraint satisfaction problems also predict the cost to solve them, on average. We apply these observations as a heuristic to improve the performance of genetic algorithms for some constraint satisfaction problems. In particular, we use a simple cost measure to evaluate the likely solution difficulty of the different unsolved subproblems appearing in the population. This is used to determine which individuals contribute to subsequent generations and improves upon the traditional direct use of the underlying cost function. As a specific test case, we used the GENESIS genetic algorithm to search for the optimum of a class of random Walsh polynomials and identified the improvement due to this new heuristic. We describe how this improvement depends on the population size and accuracy of the underlying theory. Finally, we discuss extensions to other types of machine learning and problem solving systems.
Outcomes of Coronary Arterial Perforations During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Bivalirudin Anticoagulation

Coronary perforation (CP) is a rare but catastrophic event that may be influenced by the procedural anticoagulation regimen. This study compared the consequences of CP in patients who underwent anticoagulation with bivalirudin (BIV; a nonreversible direct thrombin inhibitor with a shorter 1/2-life than heparin) to those in patients who underwent anticoagulation with heparin (HEP) at time of CP. Patients with CP were identified from 33,613 procedures available in our institutional angioplasty registry. The outcome of this group was compared based on anticoagulation regimen (BIV vs HEP). The primary end point for this analysis was the composite of in-hospital death, cardiac tamponade, or emergency cardiac surgery. Overall a cohort of 69 patients (0.2%) with CP was identified. BIV was the intraprocedural anticoagulant in 41 patients, whereas HEP was used in 28. Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups except for a higher frequency of systemic hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in the BIV group. Procedural characteristics were also similar including lesion complexity and perforation severity. Nearly 1/2 of CPs in each group was managed with prolonged balloon inflation alone. Protamine was used in 46% of HEP-treated patients. Covered stents tended to be used more frequently in the BIV group (p = 0.061). The primary composite end point was similar between groups (odds ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 4.29, p = 0.53). However, there was a lower rate of cardiac surgery requirement in BIV-treated patients (p = 0.037). In conclusion, our study suggests that choice of procedural anticoagulant agent does not influence outcome when CP occurs. Therefore, use of BIV should not be discouraged in patients undergoing high-risk intervention for perforations.
Integrating Biology into the General Chemistry Laboratory: Fluorometric Analysis of Chlorophyll a

A laboratory experiment that introduces fluorometry of chlorophyll a at the general chemistry level is described. The use of thin-layer chromatography to isolate chlorophyll a from spirulina and leaf matter enables quantification of small amounts of chlorophyll a via fluorometry. Student results were reasonably comparable to those found in the literature. This experiment uses relatively low volumes of organic solvents and an inexpensive fluorescence spectrometer (such as a Vernier SpectroVis Plus). The method could also be adapted for inquiry-based laboratories comparing chlorophyll a levels in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria.
SOME SOURCES OF AIR IN CLAY COLUMNS1

Absorbed gases are of considerable importance as sources of air in clay column. A few measurements are reported, and inferences drawn thereon.
Concepts for image management and communication system for space vehicle health management

On a space vehicle, the Crew Health Care System will handle minor accidents or illnesses immediately, thereby eliminating the necessity of early mission termination or emergency rescue. For practical reasons, only trained personnel with limited medical experience can be available on space vehicles to render preliminary health care. There is the need to communicate with medical experts at different locations on Earth. Interplanetary Image Management and Communication System (IIMACS) will be a bridge between worlds and deliver medical images acquired in space to physicians at different medical centers on Earth. This paper discusses the implementation of IIMACS by extending the Global Picture Archiving and Communication System (GPACS) being developed to interconnect medical centers on Earth. Furthermore, this paper will explore system requirements of IIMACS and different user scenarios. Our conclusion is that IIMACS is feasible using the maturing technology base of GPACS.
Pancreatic carcinoma with duct, endocrine, and acinar differentiation. A histologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural study

An unusual case of pancreatic carcinoma with components of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and islet cell tumor is reported. Histologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural evidence of ductal, endocrine, and exocrine (acinar) differentiation is presented. The implications with regard to endocrine cell differentiation and the histogenesis of pancreatic neoplasms are discussed.
Dietary Flavonoid and Cancer Prevention: Evidence and Potential Mechanism

Dietary flavonoids represent a family of polyphenol compounds found in common food items derived from plants. Depending on structural features, flavonoids can be further subdivided into flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavanes, and flavanols. The biological activities of flavonoids are structure dependent and epidemiological studies support their role in human cancer prevention. Several flavonoids inhibit cancer development in animal models of chemical and UV carcinogenesis. However, at high dose some flavonoids themselves may also increase cancer incidence. Although flavonoids have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro, the ability of flavonoids to limit cancer progression is limited in animal studies. A potential application is the possible synergisticaction of flavonoids with chemotherapy agents. Molecularly, flavonoids have antioxidant properties and can further enhance the antioxidant protein activities in cells and in animals. Isoflavones and some other flavonoids have weak affinity for the estrogen receptor. Neonatal exposure of animals to isoflavonoids affects the development of reproductive organs, an observation that opens the possibility of using isoflavonoids in the prevention of cancers of the reproductive system. Some growth-inhibiting flavonoids also bind to the low-affinity type II estrogen binding sites, but the biochemical identity of type II sites is unknown.
On the Baire Number of the Stone Space of P(ω)/fin

We prove that it is consistent with the axioms of ZFC, relative to the consistency of ZFC itself, that the Baire number of the Stone representation space of the Boolean algebra [Pscr ](ω)/fin equals the distributivity number of [Pscr ](ω)/fin. This answers a question of Balcar, Pelant and Simon in [ 1 ].
Chimera: from bane to blessing

Comment on Westerhuis et al, page [2215][1] New data suggest that a mild preparative regimen of antibodies that block CD40 ligand and deplete host NK cells may make allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants safe, establish long-term immunologic tolerance, and broaden the applicability of cord
Expression of a new mutation (Axd) causing axial defects in mice correlates with maternal phenotype and age

A new autosomal mutation, Axd (axial defects), is described. Axd segregates in a simple Mendelian fashion, and it is dominant with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The phenotype of Axd heterozygotes ranges from a variety of tail anomalies to visibly normal tails. Approximately 12% of neonates from curly-tail (CT) F1 (Axd/+) x F1 (Axd/+) matings exhibit open neural tube defects (NTD) in the lumbosacral region and 16% have curly tails. Mean litter sizes and resorption rates comparable to wild type indicate that homozygosity for Axd is not obligately lethal. Genetic background plays a major role in Axd expression. Strains such as BALB/cByJ allow the highest penetrance of the mutation in single dose (46%), whereas, in CF-1 mice Axd is recessive. The tail phenotype of heterozygous Axd/+ dams, in part reflective of their genetic background, correlates with the incidence of NTD in F2 offspring: CT mothers produce significantly more neonates with frank NTD than normal tail mothers. At the one embryonic period examined for this study (D13/D14 post-coitus), an 85% higher incidence of total axial defects is observed than among the F2 at birth. Unchanging litter size and the relative increase in phenotypically normal offspring by birth suggest that Axd acts by delaying posterior neural tube closure. One of the most significant findings in this study is that maternal age influences the survival of Axd embryos in utero. Axd/+ dams older than 8 months yield fewer mean implants, higher resorption rates, and fewer viable embryos with axial defects than do Axd/+ dams younger than 8 months. Axd is not allelic to nor linked to the Sp (splotch) gene which also affects neurulation.
Melt segregation in the lower crust: How have experiments helped us?

The rheological and chemical behaviour of the lower crust during anatexis has been a major focus of geological investigations for many years. Modern studies of crustal evolution require significant knowledge, not only of the potential source regions for granites, but also of the transport paths and emplacement mechanisms operating during granite genesis. We have gained significant insights into the segregation and transport of granitoid melts from the results of experimental studies on rock behaviour during partial melting. Experiments performed on crustal rock cores under both hydrostatic conditions and during deformation have led, in part, to two conclusions. (1) The interfacial energy controlling melt distribution is anisotropic and, as a result, the textures deviate significantly from those predicted for ideal systems—planar solid-melt interfaces are developed in addition to triple junction melt pockets. The ideal dihedral angle model for melt distribution cannot be used as a constraint to predict melt migration in the lower crust. (2) The ‘critical melt fraction’ model, which requires viscous, granitic melt to remain in the source until melt fractions reach >25 vol%, is not a reliable model for melt segregation. The most recent experimental results on crustal rock cores which have helped advance our understanding of melt segregation processes have shown that melt segregation is controlled by several variables, including the depth of melting, the type of reaction and the volume change associated with that reaction. Larger scale processes such as tectonic environment determine the rate at which the lower crust heats and deforms, thus the tectonic setting controls the melt fraction at which segregation takes place, in addition to the pressure and temperature of the potential melting reactions. Melt migration therefore can occur at a variety of different melt fractions depending on the tectonic environment; these results have significant implications for the predicted geochemistry of the magmas themselves.
Hyperactive children and the efficacy of psychoactive drugs as a treatment intervention.

Characteristics of hyperactive children, including speculation in regard to etiology, are reviewed. Drug effects studies and drug treatment of hyperactive behavior are examined, and unresolved issues are discussed. Conclusions indicate that individual differences in hyperative children should form the basis for treatment planning, rather than simply treating groups of children under the rubric "hyperactivity."
Panicked peasants, pompous prelates and passing gas: A brief survey of tax revolts in the middle ages

Abstract This study seeks to outline and analyze a number of revolts involving taxation in the Middle Ages, including, among others, the Peasants' Revolt of 1525, the 1380/81 revolts, the financial revolts of Edward I and Philip IV against the Papacy and the uprising against Parthenius under the Merovingian Franks.
Promoting patient autonomy: Looking back

The pinnacle of the physician's clinical skills is his ability to develop the autonomy of his patients in the management of their health affairs. To do this requires the forging of a relationship in which patients' attitudes toward their health and illness are products of the doctor-patient relationship rather than unilateral behavior by either one. Modern medicine is beset with problems that make it difficult for physicians to develop and exercise the skills that lead to patient autonomy. An erosion of public confidence in physicians is being caused by several mojar forces that include: (1) the power of science over life; (2) medical technology's dehumanizing effect; (3) legalization of medical ethics; and (4) industrialization and commercialization of medical care. To restore the kind of confidence that makes the physician an effective proponent of his patient's autonomy will require a major emphasis upon all aspects of medical ethics in the medical curriculum and in medical practice. Clinical investigation of this subject is highly appropriate. Clinical faculties should be developed in greater numbers who are authorities in the humanities as well as in science. Our medical schools need also to develop and to utilize models of health care in which relations with patients are personalized, continuous, and comprehensive so that ethical ideals such as patient autonomy can be demonstrated by precept and example, and can also be researched.
PERINEAL OUTCOMES AND NURSE-MIDWIFERY MANAGEMENT

This article describes the association among perineal outcomes, selected risk factors, and alternative intrapartum approaches used by nurse-midwives. This nonrandomized concurrent (cohort) study analyzed all spontaneous vaginal births (N = 1211) attended by nurse-midwives at a university hospital over a 2-year period. Univariate analysis was used to calculate relative risks for the associations between two perineal outcomes and selected variables. Study results indicated that parity, ethnicity, birth weight, and use of two techniques (hot compresses and lubrication) were associated with lacerations. The same factors that increase the risk of perineal lacerations also made the performance of an episiotomy more likely; however, for episiotomy, an inverse relationship with perineal hot compresses was noted, and perineal lubrication had no effect. Lack of perineal support was associated with a 66% rise in the risk of episiotomy. Use of birthing positions other than lithotomy significantly reduced the likelihood of episiotomy. The authors concluded that selected care measures to protect the perineum may reduce maternal morbidity and simplify intrapartum care. The risks and benefits of alternative strategies commonly used by nurse-midwives while caring for diverse populations during birth should be further evaluated in large multiethnic populations.
Inequality and economic and political change: a comparative perspective

This paper describes the evolution of inequality in the world economy since 1963 and describes the relationship between inequality, development, political regimes and the functional distribution of income. The movement of inequality within-countries since 1971 exhibits a strong common pattern across countries, suggesting that changes in the between-sector terms of trade and world interest rates exerted a powerful influence; thus, commodity prices and the global effects of monetary policy appear critical to changing inequality worldwide. We also find that political regimes matter: egalitarian regime types exhibit lower measures of inequality, after controlling for economic variables, region and changes over time.
Lakes and rivers as microcosms, version 2.0

Limnology has been greatly influenced by The Lake as a Microcosm (Forbes, 1887), which described a holistic focus on the internal machinations of singular, island-like aquatic ecosystems. I consider three persistent influences of The Lake as a Microcosm : as an organizing paradigm for the teaching of limnology relative to its practice; the idea that inland waters are like islands, and the replicability of types of inland waters. Based on inspection of recent peer-reviewed literature and 32 limnology texts, we teach limnology according to Forbes but do not practice it in that holistic context. Instead, we practice limnology as aquatic ecology. Based on novel analyses of species-area relationships for 275 inland waters and 392 islands, inland waters are more like continental habitat patches than islands; the island metaphor is poetic but not accurate. Based on a quantitative review of beta diversity (40 data sets representing 10,576 inland waters and 26 data sets representing 1529 terrestrial sites), aquatic systems are no more replicable than are terrestrial systems; a typological approach to limnology is no more justified than it is in terrestrial systems. I conclude that a former distinction between limnology and aquatic ecology no longer applies, and that we should define limnology as the ecology of inland waters. Also, we should not consider lakes and rivers as islands that represent other systems of the same type, but should consider them as open, interactive habitat patches that vary according to their geology and biogeography. I suggest modern limnology operates according to 3 paradigms, which combine to form 3 broad limnological disciplines and establish a basis for a plural, interactive view of lakes and rivers as microcosms. This model of modern limnology may help better connect it to ecology and biogeography and help limnology be even more relevant to science and society.
Modulation instability for a relaxational Kerr medium

We investigated on the influence of a temporally dispersive Kerr effect on the modulation instability and the propagation of solitary wave pulse. The modulation instability gain is derived and compared with numerical calculations. The role of nonlinear response time on reshaping the solitary pulse is examined.
Geology of the Sagamore Canyon–Slaughterhouse Spring area, New York Mountains, California

More than 2,000 m of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks are present in the Sagamore Canyon–Slaughterhouse Spring area, New York Mountains, California. Although recrystallized to marble, the rocks can be subdivided into formations typical of platform units east of the Cordilleran geosyncline. These formations range from the Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone, which rests unconformably on Precambrian crystalline rocks, to the Upper Mississippian–Pennsylvanian–Permian(?) Bird Spring Formation. A calc-silicate and quartzite unit unconformably overlies the Bird Spring and is tentatively correlated with the Triassic Moenkopi Formation. Mesozoic siliceous metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks unconformably overlie the Moenkopi(?). Precambrian crystalline rocks, Paleozoic marble, and Mesozoic(?) calc-silicate rocks and quartzite are thrust eastward over Mesozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The allochthon is structurally complex; it consists of structures belonging to at least 10 deformational events. Correlation of these deformational events with better-dated events in the Clark Mountains suggests that both early and late Mesozoic folding, thrusting, and high-angle faulting affected the allochthonous rocks. All folds and thrust faults are intruded by a Late Cretaceous pluton (K-Ar dated at 71.7 ± 0.8 m.y. B.P). Regionally, allochthonous rocks of the New York Mountains probably are in the easternmost thrust plate of the Cordilleran fold and thrust belt, which is in a position analogous to that of the Keystone thrust plate farther north. The thrust plate contains Precambrian crystalline rocks and platform Paleozoic rocks and includes structures of probably both early and late Mesozoic age. These relationships demonstrate the complete crosscutting of the Paleozoic geosyncline by Mesozoic structures. The high-angle Slaughterhouse fault juxtaposes autochthonous Precambrian crystalline rocks and deformed and intruded Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. Structural relations in adjacent areas suggest that this fault can be traced more than 45 km, but no rocks can be matched across it. We speculate that the fault has strike-slip displacement and may represent a Mesozoic strike-slip fault associated with Mesozoic subduction and arc magmatism.
Automatic computer recognition and analysis of dental x-ray film

For the past two years work has been in progress at the State University of New York at Stony Brook to develop a hybrid system linking a small digital computer to a programmable flying-spot scanner. This scanner was designed and built to accomplish the task of automatically analyzing x-ray films giving a panoramic view of the teeth, jaw and visually proximate structures, and producing dental diagnostic data as output.
Implementation of the first asteroid landing

Spacecraft have successfully landed on the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and have penetrated the atmosphere of Jupiter. On 2001 February 12, the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Shoemaker spacecraft landed on the surface of the asteroid (433) Eros after a year of observations in orbit about the asteroid. NEAR Shoemaker was not designed to land on an asteroid, complicating the design of operations needed to accomplish this feat. However, the NEAR Shoemaker team wanted to attempt a landing after the year of orbital operations that consumed most of the remaining spacecraft fuel, operations funding, and planned Deep Space Network tracking. This would be a fitting end to the mission, and it would be possible to obtain images at much greater resolution during the descent than could be obtained from orbit. The operations were more successful than the NEAR Shoemaker team had hoped, obtaining 70 high-resolution images during the descent and two weeks of gamma-ray spectrometer data from the surface after the successful soft landing.
The Kallias Decree, Thucydides, and the Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War

It has become necessary to enter any discussion of the date of the Kallias decrees, IG i3.52, armed with apologies and justifications merely for bringing up the matter again; such is the result not so much of the quantity of articles and chapters written on the subject as of the belief that the orthodox date, 434/3, has been proved, despite reliance on circumstantial evidence and some forceful objections levied against it.1 Indeed, that the case is considered closed can find no better reflection than the assignment of the date 434/3 in IG i3 without even a question mark.
Approaches to Uncertainty in Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology

Uncertainty in assessment of individual exposure levels leads to bias, often, but not always, toward the null in estimates of health effects, and to underestimation of the variability of the estimates, leading to anticonservative p-values. In the absence of data on the uncertainty in individual exposure estimates, sensitivity analysis, also known as uncertainty analysis and bias analysis, is available. Hypothesized values of key parameters of the model relating the observed exposure to the true exposure are used to assess the resulting amount of bias in point and interval estimates. In general, the relative risk estimates can vary from zero to infinity as the hypothesized values of key parameters of the measurement error model vary. Thus, we recommend that exposure validation data be used to empirically adjust point and interval estimates of health effects for measurement error. The remainder of this review gives an overview of available methods for doing so. Just as we routinely adjust for confounding, we can and should routinely adjust for measurement error.
On Gromov's positive scalar curvature conjecture for duality groups

We prove the inequality for the macroscopic dimension of the universal covers of almost spin n-manifolds M with positive scalar curvature whose fundamental group π1(M) is a virtual duality group that satisfies the coarse Baum–Connes conjecture.
Recent use of oral contraceptives and the risk of multiple sclerosis.

Background:Exogenous estrogens affect the onset and clinical course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Oral contraceptives, a frequent source of exogenous estrogens in humans, could have a role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To examine whether recent oral contraceptive use and pregnancy history are associated with the risk of MS. Design and Setting: A case-control study nested in the General Practice Research Database. This database contains prospective health information (drug prescriptions andclinicaldiagnoses)onmorethan3millionBritonswho are enrolled with selected general practitioners. Participants:One hundred six female incident cases of
Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta. Prevalence and role as an independent predictor of cerebrovascular events in cardiac patients.

The cause of cerebral and peripheral embolism remains undetermined in a significant number of patients. An atherosclerotic thoracic aorta has thus far been considered to be an uncommon one.To define the potential role of the ascending thoracic aorta as an embolic source, intraoperative ultrasonic aortic imaging was performed in 1200 of 1334 consecutive patients aged 50 years and older who were undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients were divided into two groups according to the results of the ultrasound study in terms of presence or absence of atherosclerotic disease. The prevalence of previous neurological events in the two groups was characterized and compared.Ascending aortic atherosclerosis was present in 231 (19.3%) of the patients studied. Patients in this category were older (P < .0001). A higher percentage of them were smokers (P < .0001) compared with patients with less severe disease. Coronary artery disease was more extensive (P = .012), and a higher percentage of these patients had a history of p...
Serotonergic functioning correlates with positive and negative affect in psychiatrically healthy males

A large animal literature implicates serotonin (5-HT) in the modulation of positive and negative affective behavior. In contrast, data from human studies almost exclusively emphasize 5-HT modulation of negative emotional processing. However, no previous studies have directly assessed the relation between 5-HT functioning and positive (PA) and negative (NA) affect. The present investigation tested whether individual differences in 5-HT functioning correlate with PA and NA ratings in a group of healthy subjects. Thirty-one psychiatrically healthy males completed separate assessments of affect and 5-HT functioning. Affect was examined with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule rated three times a day for two work-weeks. 5-HT functioning was indexed by the maximum prolactin response to d,l-fenfluramine. The prolactin response to d,l-fenfluramine demonstrated a significant inverse correlation with mean ratings of both PA (r=−0.49; p<0.005) and NA (r=−0.42; p<0.05). These data provide evidence that 5-HT exerts an inhibitory influence over both PA and NA in humans, such that individual differences in 5-HT functioning inversely correlate with ratings of affect.
A simple, unified phase noise model for injection-locked oscillators

This paper presents a simple, unified phase noise model for injection-locked oscillators (ILO). We show that an ILO is identical to a type-I first-order PLL in its noise behavior within the lock range. The model predicts the phase noise of injection-locked oscillators (ILO), injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFD), and injection-locked frequency multipliers (ILFM) as a function of the injection source phase noise and the oscillator phase noise. Measurement results from a discrete 57MHz Colpitts ILO, an integrated 6.5GHz ILFD, and an integrated 24GHz ILFM are presented to validate the theoretical predictions.
Performance evaluation for a loosely coupled parallel processing environment

The advantages and limitations of distributed shared memory (DSM) in a loosely coupled parallel processing environment are examined. The method of examination is to evaluate the performance of parallel algorithms. The approach was to adapt sequential applications for a simulated parallel processing environment and at some future time be able to use the applications in the target DSM environment where actual parallelism is possible. In order to examine the issues used in parallel performance evaluation, timings and pertinent information were recorded. The information was assimilated and evaluated through the use of metrics. The results are used to evaluate the performance of the applications which are to be used in the loosely coupled parallel processing environment. >
When Words Collide Online: How Writing Style and Video Intensity Affect Cognitive Processing of Online News

This experiment explored how the writing style of online news, defined as inverted pyramid versus narrative, affects the cognitive processing of accompanying video clips. Forty seven participants read 4 online news stories and viewed the accompanying video clips. Results suggested that reading inverted pyramid stories may require allocation of more cognitive resources to encoding a related video clip. Recognition for story details was more accurate for stories in narrative than inverted pyramid style. Results are discussed in terms of a distinction between cognitive processing involved in “getting there” versus “being there” during exposure to online news.
Methodological considerations for mutagen exposure in C. elegans

Maintenance of the genome requires the continual repair of DNA lesions. Exposure of nematodes to DNA damage-inducing agents is a powerful method to rapidly ascribe a role for specific genes in DNA repair and to define epistatic relationships to other repair genes which allows for the construction of repair pathways. Despite the extensive use of these agents, however, differences in dosing, timing, and handling makes it difficult to compare results across laboratories. We provide herein a consideration of the parameters that influence the results of these exposures and detailed protocols for the exposure to mutagenic inducing agents.
STORAGE STABILITY OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED SUCKER (Catostomidae) FLESH

Mechanically deboned flesh was obtained from suckers (Catostomus commersoni and Catostomus catostomus) harvested from Lakes Michigan and Huron during different seasons of the year. Freshly processed minced flesh was treated with the antioxidants, Tenox A®, Tenox II®, Tenox PC® and FreezCard®. After storage at – 18°C for 1–12 months, samples were analyzed for 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) as an indicator of lipid oxidation. FreezGard was the only antioxidant effective in controlling lipid oxidation. Breaded, precooked and raw patties were treated with FreezGard, a seasoned binder or an edible film. Patties were stored at −18°C for periods up to 10 months. FreezGard was most effective in limiting oxidation (TBA) and resulted in improved flavor and firmness of cooked patties.
Using Digital Cameras for Text Input on Mobile Devices

This paper presents novel text input methods for mobile devices. In particular, it shows how users can capture text from books, newspapers, and other objects by using the digital cameras that are integrated into an increasing number of smartphones. The idea is to select text from a live video stream generated by these digital cameras. Different interaction patterns are discussed that allow users to select text: (1) automatic detection of the word closest to a fixed position on the mobile device's screen, (2) delayed movement of the text selection to improve the precision of the selection procedure, and (3) using the stylus to select words and word groups. The proposed interaction patterns are evaluated based on the results of a user study, and their application is shown in an example scenario. The presented research has practical relevance because it can improve the usability of mobile applications such as online searching
Genotoxicity of retroviral hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy.

Introduction: Retroviral vectors have been developed for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy and have successfully cured X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID), adrenoleukodystrophy, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. However, in HSC gene therapy clinical trials, genotoxicity mediated by integrated vector proviruses has led to clonal expansion, and in some cases frank leukemia. Numerous studies have been performed to understand the molecular basis of vector-mediated genotoxicity with the aim of developing safer vectors and safer gene therapy protocols. These genotoxicity studies are critical to advancing HSC gene therapy. Areas covered: This review provides an introduction to the mechanisms of retroviral vector genotoxicity. It also covers advances over the last 20 years in designing safer gene therapy vectors, and in integration site analysis in clinical trials and large animal models. Mechanisms of retroviral-mediated genotoxicity, and the risk f...
Chlorido(η4-1,5-cyclo­octa­diene)[(penta­fluoro­eth­yl)diphenyl­phosphane]iridium(I)

The title structure,[IrCl(C8H12)(C14H10F5P)], reveals that (C2F5)PPh2 (penta­fluoro­ethyl­diphenyl­phosphane or pfepp) disrupts the iridium dimer [(cod)IrCl]2 (cod = cyclo­octa-1,5-diene) by rupturing the bridging chloride ligands and binding in the open coordination site to form (cod)Ir(pfepp)Cl with the IrI atom in a distorted square-planar coordination environment. The structure deviates very little from the IrI–triphenyl­phosphine analog, although a significantly (∼20σ) shorter Ir—P bond is noted for the title compound.