cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of Live from Dead Spermatozoa in Cock Semen

Abstract THE laboratory evaluation of semen quality often involves the determination of the percentage of the spermatozoa which are dead. Opal blue and eosin (Lasley, 1944; Emik and Sidwell, 1947; Warren et al., 1952), erythrosin (Warren et al., 1952), nigrosin and eosin (Cooper and Rowell, 1958; Chatterjee et al., 1967), bromphenol blue and nigrosin (Kamar, 1959; Chatterjee et al., 1967), congo red and nigrosin (Chatterjee et al., 1967), and aniline blue and eosin (Shaffer and Almquist, 1948) stains have been employed to differentiate live and dead spermatozoa. Results have been variable and the techniques are not well adapted for the rapid evaluation of large numbers of samples. A detailed review of these and related techniques has been given by Salisbury and Van Demark (1961). In preliminary studies with various stains and staining techniques, trypan blue wet mounts appeared to give good results in live-dead spermatozoa differentiation. The technique was simple, fast,…
Obstructive Uropathy Due to an Incarcerated Ureteroinguinal Hernia

Ureteroinguinal hernia with or without ureteral incarceration resulting in obstructive uropathy is an especially uncommon case. Ureteroinguinal hernia should be included in the differential diagnosis when a hernia is detected on physical exam or found on imaging concurrent with new or unexplained hydronephrosis. The present case illustrates the importance of recognizing this condition. This patient, with a history of renal transplant, was asymptomatic other than a reducible inguinal hernia on exam and an elevated creatinine on lab work. Nephrostomy tube placement, an important temporizing measure to relieve obstruction, and subsequent ureteral reconstruction with inguinal hernia repair was successful in preserving the patient’s transplant kidney function. The management described may be helpful in guiding future surgical approaches to similar scenarios. World J Nephrol Urol. 2015;4(3):237-239 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/wjnu218w
Can rarefaction be used to estimate song repertoire size in birds

Song repertoire size is the number of distinct syllables, phrases, or song types produced by an individual or population. Repertoire size estimation is particularly difficult for species that produce highly variable songs and those that produce many song types. Estimating repertoire size is important for ecological and evolutionary studies of speciation, studies of sexual selection, as well as studies of how species may adapt their songs to various acoustic environments. There are several methods to estimate repertoire size, however prior studies discovered that all but a full numerical count of song types might have substantial inaccuracies associated with them. We evaluated a somewhat novel approach to estimate repertoire size—rarefaction; a technique ecologists use to measure species diversity on individual and population levels. Using the syllables within American robins' Turdus migratorius repertoire, we compared the most commonly used techniques of estimating repertoires to the results of a rarefaction analysis. American robins have elaborate and unique songs with few syllables shared between individuals, and there is no evidence that robins mimic their neighbors. Thus, they are an ideal system in which to compare techniques. We found that the rarefaction tech- nique results resembled that of the numerical count, and were better than two alternative methods (behavioral accumulation curves, and capture-recapture) to estimate syllable repertoire size. Future estimates of repertoire size, particularly in vocally complex spe- cies, may benefit from using rarefaction techniques when numerical counts are unable to be performed (Current Zoology 57 (3): 300-306, 2011).
RECREATlON AND RESTRICTIONS: COMMUNITY SKATEBOARD PARKS IN THE UNITED STATES

Communities in the United States have provided limited recreational areas specifically for teenagers. The recent construction of skateboard parks is an exception. Although these facilities provide recreational opponunities for some skateboarders, they are usually accompanied by restrictions such as confining skateboarding to defined bounds, requiring protective clothing, and enacting restrictive skateboard ordinances. This case study examines community skateboard parks in three California communities. This examination reveals three main themes associated with these public facilities - motivation, design and management, and use. Community motivations include wanting both to provide teens with a place to go and to prohibit skateboarding in other areas. Skateboarders want a place to skateboard, but do not want to be restricted to one place. Considerations in design and management include location selection, liability and safety concerns, and design style. Use of these facilities is limited to those teens spe...
The Tactics and Ethics of Persuasion

The action orientation to applying the knowledge from academic studies of communication and persuasion is more fully described in Influencing attitudes and changing behavior, Rev. ed. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley, 1970, co-authored with Ebbe B. Ebbesen.
Laser absorption, power transfer, and radiation symmetry during the first shock of inertial confinement fusion gas-filled hohlraum experiments

Temporally resolved measurements of the hohlraum radiation flux asymmetry incident onto a bismuth coated surrogate capsule have been made over the first two nanoseconds of ignition relevant laser pulses. Specifically, we study the P2 asymmetry of the incoming flux as a function of cone fraction, defined as the inner-to-total laser beam power ratio, for a variety of hohlraums with different scales and gas fills. This work was performed to understand the relevance of recent experiments, conducted in new reduced-scale neopentane gas filled hohlraums, to full scale helium filled ignition targets. Experimental measurements, matched by 3D view factor calculations, are used to infer differences in symmetry, relative beam absorption, and cross beam energy transfer (CBET), employing an analytic model. Despite differences in hohlraum dimensions and gas fill, as well as in laser beam pointing and power, we find that laser absorption, CBET, and the cone fraction, at which a symmetric flux is achieved, are similar to within 25% between experiments conducted in the reduced and full scale hohlraums. This work demonstrates a close surrogacy in the dynamics during the first shock between reduced-scale and full scale implosion experiments and is an important step in enabling the increased rate of study for physics associated with inertial confinement fusion.
Congenital Cardiac Anatomy and Operative Correction

There are numerous congenital defects that may present with human hearts, and many typically require surgical intervention. The primary goal of this chapter is to briefly define such abnormalities and introduce the reader to the various classification schemes that have been used to describe their relative anatomical and functional features. The chapter will also highlight the more common surgical procedures utilized to treat congenital cardiac lesions.
Uveal melanoma radiation. 125I brachytherapy versus helium ion irradiation.

Abstract The optimum radiation therapy for uveal melanoma is uncertain. Both helium ion irradiation and 125 I brachytherapy have been used to treat this neoplasm. This investigation analyzed the control and complication rates of uveal melanomas treated with helium ions or 125 I plaques. In both a retrospective and a prospective dynamically balanced study, the control rates appeared to be similar. There were more posterior segment complications after 125 I plaques and more anterior segment complications, including neovascular glaucoma, after helium ion irradiation. The follow-up period is too short to draw definitive conclusions on the radiation complications. Overall, approximately 89% of eyes were retained and less than 4% of treated eyes were removed because of failure to control the tumor.
Anharmonic resonant Raman modes in Mg 0.2 Zn 0.8 O

High-order optical phonon modes in wurtzite ZnO and MgZnO nanocrystals were investigated using resonant Raman spectroscopy. The Raman modes in ZnO showed agreement with a harmonic model, consistent with prior work. MgZnO, in contrast, exhibited a large degree of anharmonic behavior. The strength of the anharmonicity increases upon application of hydrostatic pressure. These results suggest a harmonic-to-anharmonic phase transition, which could be related to the anisotropy ($c$/$a$ ratio) of the crystal structure.
LESIONS PRODUCED IN RABBITS BY LACTOBACILLUS CULTURES

During the process of immunizing rabbits for agglutinins with viable strains of aciduric rods of dental origin (Howitt and Fleming),1 it was noticed that the repeated injection of these living cultures having a lowgrade virulence, produced a mucopurulent fluid within the joints. It was thought of interest, therefore, to report the details of these observations together with those of later experiments carried out with a variety of different Lactobacillus strains of both dental and intestinal origin.
Fast, low-energy switching in GaAs photonic crystal cavities

We study free carrier dynamics in gallium arsenide (GaAs) photonic crystal cavities with resonances near the material band edge. We show that low estimated switching energy of 3 femtojoules can be achieved for 45% transmission contrast. We also present an architecture for larger photonic circuits comprising of large arrays of these cavities.
Production of Anemia in Swine Fed Purified Diets and Sul-fasuxidine.∗

SummaryPigs maintained on a diet in which purified casein was substituted for crude casein and to which 2 per cent sulfasuxidine was added developed anemia which responded partially to purified liver extract and completely to pteroylglutamic acid. This anemia resembles that which has been produced in pigs given a folic acid antagonist.Pigs maintained on a diet containing crude casein and to which 2 per cent sulfasuxidine was added developed less pronounced anemia which disappeared spontaneously.
Pulmonary sequestration presenting as congestive heart failure.

A case of pulmonary sequestration presenting as congestive heart failure is reported. Review of the literature concerning cardiovascular complications of pulmonary sequestration has revealed this to be the second reported case presenting in congestive heart failure without associated cardiac anomalies. Awareness of this unusual presentation is encouraged and early treatment is recommended.
AIDS in primary care: a report from the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network.

Background Despite the importance of the epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), little is known about the incidence and prevalence of AIDS in the patient population of primary care physicians. This study was designed as an initial step in evaluating the impact of this disease on primary care practices. Methods We conducted a survey to characterize the AIDS cases in the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network (ASPN). ASPN is a practice-based primary care research network. In 1987 it was composed of 65 practices and 193 clinicians serving approximately 270,000 patients in the United States and Canada. Clinicians representing each practice were asked to report the number of AIDS patients that their practice cared for between January 1982 and December 1987. They were further asked to characterize relevant data for these patients. Results Thirty-nine prevalent cases of AIDS were reported in ASPN from January 1982 through December 1987. Seventy-nine percent of the patients were male, 15 to 44 years of age; three patients (7.6%) were female; and all cases had at least one risk factor for AIDS. An expected number of cases for the 194,973 patients of 47 practices was calculated using age-sex register data and nationally based rates from 1986. The projected number, 13, corresponded with the number of AIDS cases, 11 and 15, reported from ASPN practices in 1986 and 1987, respectively. Conclusions This survey suggests that AIDS is at least as prevalent in the primary care practices in ASPN as predicted using national estimates, and may, in fact, be more prevalent. Primary care clinicians need to be prepared to assume a major role in addressing the AIDS epidemic.
Growing in Your Current Role: Reaching the Next Rung on the Ladder

This chapter focuses on growing and progressing in your current role while simultaneously looking towards the next steps of professional achievement. Whether that next step will be another position internal or external to the institution, or new duties or responsibilities, there is need to obtain balance and achieve success. It is commonly said that “success breeds success.” Hence, there is a patient persistence that you must seek at each stage of your career. In order to avoid overload but assume new challenges, you have to carefully balance current responsibilities with new opportunities that cross your path.
An Overview of World Peanut Markets

Abstract The peanut is one of the five most important oilseeds produced in the world. However, its ranking has decreased from third to either fourth or fifth as a result of the increasing importance of sunflower seed and rapeseed. Peanut production occurs on six continents. The peanut-producing countries may be grouped geographically into three major regions with subregions: the Americas (Northern, Southern, and Latin); Africa (Eastern, Southern, Western); and Asia (Eastern, South Eastern, South Western). World peanut production in 2010–2013 (4-year mean) averaged 39,526,000 MT, 136% more than the 1970s average production of 16,719,000 MT. Production is a function of area harvested and yield. Although global area harvested has increased, technology-driven gains in yield (from 0.9 MT/Ha in the 1970s to 1.6 MT/Ha for 2010–2013) have been the major factor for increased oilseed peanut productivity. About two-thirds of annual peanut production comes from Eastern Asia and West Africa. Peanut-consuming countries include the same groupings plus Europe (Eastern, European Union-28, Western) and Oceania. The bulk of oilseed peanut consumption occurs in the regions of origin. Data for oilseed peanut production, crush, consumption, and trade are reported for geographic regions as well as individual countries. These statistics provide insight to interesting trends in the market situation for peanuts and peanut products over four decades (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s) plus recent years, 2010–2013.
Mouse Behavioral Models for Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) involve impaired development of social interaction and communication, as well as restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. ASD has high heritability and certain chromosomal regions and at risk genes are associated with the conditions. Experiments with inbred and outbred rodent models of ASD have revealed procedures that can partially or fully rescue the phenotype; metabotropic GluR5 antagonists appear especially promising in certain models. We summarize behavioral approaches for analyzing mouse models for ASD and review studies in Shank3 mice as a specific example. As SHANK3 variants are identified as a risk factor for autism, mouse lines have been developed with deletions in exons 4–9, exons 13–16, and exon 21 that display, to varying degrees, ASD-like behaviors. Future research with Shank3 lines and other genetic models should help determine the mechanistic basis for both core symptomatologies and divergent behavioral profiles in ASD.
Topological Relationships Between Maps

The study of topological relationships between objects in space has received much attention from a variety of research disciplines including robotics, geography, cartography, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer vision, image databases, spatial database systems, and geographical information systems (GIS).
A wireless sensor network simulation framework for structural health monitoring in smart cities

Structural health monitoring in automatic fashion is one of the key challenges of smart cities. Deployment of wireless sensor network (WSN) is considered as a possible solution. WSN are networks that monitor various parameters such as temperature, pressure, vibration, stress, and humidity. They find a wide range of applications in environmental monitoring, industrial monitoring, and structural monitoring. In this research, a WSN simulation framework is developed so that it could be integrated with a hardware prototype to monitor the structural health of bridges, monuments, and skyscrapers. The simulation framework is developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The data integrity of the simulation framework is analyzed using cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and transmission error rate calculator.
Mechanics and nonlinear control: making underwater vehicles ride and glide

Abstract Methods from geometric mechanics and dynamical systems theory make use of structure in mechanical systems to provide insight into system behavior. Tools have been developed that exploit symmetry in Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems for stability and bifurcation analysis. Recent work has focused on integrating such tools into mechanical control system design methods such that mechanical structure is used to advantage. In this paper, techniques are described that apply geometric mechanics and dynamical systems theory for stabilization and motion control of mechanical systems. The techniques are presented in the context of controlling underwater vehicle maneuvers. The underwater vehicle control system serves as a practical application, a rich source of challenging nonlinear control problems and an inspiration for mechanicsbased control solutions.
Women in Forestry in India

For projects to secede, it is essential to document women?s relationship to forests -- in the context of their roles in different farming and food supply systems, domestic tasks, and income-earning activities. Such documentation would reveal ways to generate employment and income women. The minor forest product economy, for example, which is dominated by women, has never been the focus of government policy or a specific component of social forestry projects. Social forestry projects tend to be oriented to cash crops, which mostly benefit men. The fuelwood and fodder crisis has focused on problems of domestic subsistence; planners have been blinded to women's equally important role in the nondomestic forest economy. Forest-based activities are often poor women?s main?sometimes only?source income, particularly where women have no property rights in land. Women who have property rights only in livestock also depend on fodder, a product of forests and common property resources. Forests also provide food, medicines, and other products useful to poor people, especially in times of famine. The urban poor bear the brunt of the fuelwood crisis, especially as fuel prices rise. But the headloading of wood (collecting wood for sale) by rural women partly reflects their lack of jobs and income. Headloaders meet a crucial energy need but also contribute to the degradation of forests. This degradation can be reversed only by increasing biomass production and generating more jobs and income for women. Social forestry programs must be broadened to include women, watershed management, the management of common property resources, and such related enterprises as animal husbandry. Women can and do carry out most forestry tasks, even such arduous ones as pit digging watering, and soil work. Women involved in small-scale forest based industries -- such as bidi-rolling (indigenous leaf cigarettes) and basket-making -- must be helped to improve their skills and to learn to manage the entire process from collection to processing and sale. Rights to forest produce must be more clearly delineated. Women have successfully organized groups, reclaimed degraded land, plated forests on it, and managed forests jointly. Rights in degraded land allotted for afforestation can most easily be enforced and protected by organized women. The most important help nongovernment organizations can provide is to strengthen existing women's organizations and help build new ones. Collective organizations seem best adapted to exploit such development facilities as credit, extension advice, and access to new technology, raw materials sols in bulk, and the purchase and maintenance of labor-saving devices.
Using Cognitive Grammar, Natural Phonology, and Item Response Theory to Explain ESL Subjects’ Control of the [D] and [Z] Morphemes

Our purpose in this paper is to apply selected notions from cognitive grammar, natural phonology, and item response theory in order to give better insight on ESL subjects’ processing of the D and Z morphemes in English.
Field Application of 238U/235U Measurements To Detect Reoxidation and Mobilization of U(IV)

Biostimulation to induce reduction of soluble U(VI) to relatively immobile U(IV) is an effective strategy for decreasing aqueous U(VI) concentrations in contaminated groundwater systems. If oxidation of U(IV) occurs following the biostimulation phase, U(VI) concentrations increase, challenging the long-term effectiveness of this technique. However, detecting U(IV) oxidation through dissolved U concentrations alone can prove difficult in locations with few groundwater wells to track the addition of U to a mass of groundwater. We propose the 238U/235U ratio of aqueous U as an independent, reliable tracer of U(IV) remobilization via oxidation or mobilization of colloids. Reduction of U(VI) produces 238U-enriched U(IV), whereas remobilization of solid U(IV) should not induce isotopic fractionation. The incorporation of remobilized U(IV) with a high 238U/235U ratio into the aqueous U(VI) pool produces an increase in 238U/235U of aqueous U(VI). During several injections of nitrate to induce U(IV) oxidation, 238...
A modified rat model of hindlimb ischemia for augmentation and functional measurement of arteriogenesis.

Arteriogenesis (collateral artery development) is an adaptive pathway critical for salvage of tissue in the setting of arterial occlusion. Rodent models of arteriogenesis typically involve an experimental occlusion (ligation) of a hindlimb artery and then rely on indirect measures such as laser Doppler perfusion imaging to assess blood flow recovery. Unfortunately, the more commonly utilized measures of distal tissue perfusion at rest are unable to account for hemodynamic and vasoactive variables and thus provide an incomplete assessment of collateral network capacity. We provide a detailed description of modifications to the commonly used model of femoral artery ligation. These serve to alter and then directly assess collateral network’s hemodynamic capacity. By incorporating an arteriovenous fistula distal to the arterial ligation, arterial growth is maximized. Hindlimb perfusion may be isolated to measure minimum resistance of flow around the arterial occlusion, which provides a direct measure of collateral network capacity. Our results reinforce that arteriogenesis is driven by hemodynamic variables, and it can be reliably augmented and measured in absolute terms. Using these modifications to a widely used model, functional arteriogenesis may be more directly studied.
Irradiation and prolonged storage of red cells are associated with increased adverse events.

BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is associated with the most transfusion-related adverse events (AE). Recent clinical studies showed no significant difference in transfusion-associated mortality between fresh and older RBCs. However, the impact of storage duration as well as irradiation on nonfatal yet much more common complications has not been fully investigated. MATERIALS/METHODS In this retrospective study of RBC transfusion-associated AEs, a total of 188,562 units of leucocyte-reduced RBCs were transfused in approximately 5·5 years. After excluding washed, deglycerolized, autologous or directed RBCs and RBCs transfused during a massive transfusion protocol, 149,052 units were analysed. Attributes of RBCs including storage time, collection method, CMV serological status and gamma irradiation, as well as the recipient's gender, were analysed. A total of 358 RBC transfusion AEs were categorized into allergic and non-allergic reactions and analysed. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses showed that irradiated RBCs were associated with a significantly increased frequency of non-allergic reactions (OR (95% CI): 1·89 (1·52, 2·35); P < 0·001). There was a significant association between the frequency of non-allergic reactions and the storage time of irradiated RBCs (OR (95% CI): 1·024 (1·001, 1·048); P = 0·042). In contrast, there was no association between the frequency of allergic reactions and the storage time of irradiated RBCs or between the age of non-irradiated RBCs and the frequency of non-allergic reactions. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged storage of irradiated RBCs was associated with a significant increase in non-allergic transfusion reactions. Overall, the irradiated RBCs appeared to cause more non-allergic reactions compared with non-irradiated RBCs.
Targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in kidney and urologic disease.

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Three PPAR isoforms, designated PPAR-alpha, beta/delta and -gamma, have been identified and were initially investigated in the tissues along urinary tract because of their known role in regulating lipid-activated gene transcription, lipid metabolism, inflammation and cell proliferation and differentiation. Gene distribution studies suggested that 3 PPAR isoforms are differentially expressed in the kidney. PPAR-alpha is predominantly expressed in renal proximal tubules and medullary thick ascending limbs. PPAR-gamma is mainly localized in renal medullary collecting duct with lower expression in renal glomeruli and renal microvasculature. Unlike PPAR-alpha and -gamma, PPAR-beta/delta is ubiquitously expressed in every segment along the nephron. In ureter and urinary bladder, all PPAR isoforms are mainly localized in urothelium of ureter and bladder. The emerging data have suggested physiological and pathophysiological roles of PPARs in tissues along urinary tract. PPAR-alpha plays a major role in triggering fatty acid utilization and the adaptive response to dietary lipids in the kidney. PPAR-beta/delta contributes to cell survival of renal interstitial cell in medullary hyperosmality. PPAR-gamma is involved in regulating renal hemodynamic and water and sodium transport. Furthermore, it also participates in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathy, antidiabetic thiazolidinedione-related water and sodium retention and renal, bladder and prostate carcinomas. PPARs may serve as potential therapeutic targets for certain diseases along urinary tract including glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy and kidney, prostate and bladder tumors.
Tutor Modeling Versus Student Modeling

The current paradigm in student modeling has continued to show the power of its simplifying assumption of knowledge as a binary and monotonically increasing construct, the value of which directly causes the outcome of student answers to questions. Recent efforts have focused on optimizing the prediction accuracy of responses to questions using student models. Incorporating individual student parameter interactions has been an interpretable and principled approach which has improved the performance of this task, as demonstrated by its application in the 2010 KDD Cup challenge on Educational Data. Performance prediction, however, can have limited practical utility. The greatest utility of such student models can be their ability to model the tutor and the attributes of the tutor which are causing learning. Harnessing the same simplifying assumption of learning used in student modeling, we can turn this model on its head to effectively tease out the tutor attributes causing learning and begin to optimize the tutor model to benefit the student model.
A Model for Evaluating Hunting and Contraception as Feral Hog Population Control Methods

Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species known to feed on small animals, eggs, roots, and herbaceous material. In addition to being a nuisance on managed lands such as Fort Benning, GA, uncontrolled populations of feral swine destroy habitat and elevate the risk of disease for threatened and endangered species that cohabitate the land. This chapter explores the relative effectiveness of controlling feral swine populations with hunting, contraception, and a combination of the two. To study the issue, the authors used NetLogo (http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/) to develop an agent-based simulation model that incorporates digital maps of the subject population’s habitat at Fort Benning. Simulation results supported the hypothesis that the combination of lethal control and oral contraceptive delivery will provide better control of the Fort Benning feral swine population than will either technique alone. Additionally, the model provides a framework for understanding how feral swine interact with the landscape and helps land managers to predict the impacts of proposed control techniques.
A Two-Tiered Theory of Consolidation and Separation of Powers

Not only did the New Deal expand the permissible areas of governmental activity, it also transformed the structure of the Federal Government. President Roosevelt's innovations centralized within large bureaucracies power that previously had been dispersed among the three governmental branches. This consolidation of power fits uneasily into the constitutional framework established by the Founders. This Note explores the jurisprudential implications of the New Deal watershed and elaborates a post-New Deal theory of allocation of governmental power. Part I begins with a discussion of the Federalist theory of separation of powers.1 For the Federalists, two conditions ensured an effective separation. First, governmental branches must be institutionally independent; each must be free from control by the others. Second, the branches must be functionally specialized; each must wield a distinct component of governmental power, so that the assent of all three is required for government action. Until the New Deal, the Supreme Court incorporated this theory into its jurisprudence through the nondelegation doctrine, which limited the discretionary authority of administrative agencies. The Court displaced this limitation in the late 1930's and early 1940's with a series of decisions approving massive delegations of authority to the executive branch. Contemporary separation of powers analysts dispute the meaning of the Court's repudiation of the nondelegation doctrine. Separation of powers "purists" insist on maintaining strict boundaries among the legislative, executive, and judicial functions, while "partialists" emphasize the balance of power among institutionally independent branches. Part II presents an alternative, two-tiered theory. According to this theory, the nondelegation doctrine's demise was accompanied by the birth of a "consolidation principle" requiring concentration of the government's operational power within administrative agencies. Such consolidation must
Attitudes Toward Penile Transplantation Among Urologists and Health Professionals.

Abstract Introduction Penile transplantation, in its infancy, has the potential to reestablish functional outcomes for men with penile loss and disfigurement. However, significant bioethical considerations are pertinent, and systematic discussions are necessary to safely progress implementation. Aim To determine the attitude of health practitioners toward the penile transplant and identify the key aspects of concern pertinent to the operation and clinical care. Methods Health care professionals from the United States responded to either email invitation, web link, or social media post on Facebook to complete a questionnaire investigating perceptions and attitudes toward penile transplantation. Main Outcome Measures Respondents' attitude toward penile transplantation, their own perceived important functions of the penis, and concerns about performing a penile transplantation. Respondents' previous exposure to visceral transplants, to penile disfigurement, and information about penile transplants were used as independent factors in analysis. Results Among 412 health care professionals who responded to the questionnaire, 95.9% were in favor of visceral organ transplant, but only 64.3% were in favor of penile transplantation. The results showed that 61.3% of respondents first learned about the penile transplant from mass media, whereas only 37.5% had been exposed through a scientific journal, formal lecture, or a professional colleague. Younger health professionals and those exposed through professional forums surrounding penile transplantation were more likely to be in favor of the procedure (P Conclusion Penile transplantation is accepted by most health professionals surveyed. Younger respondents and those informed through professional outlets are more favorable toward penile transplantation. Anticipated limitations include the risk of immunosuppression, lack of available donors, and the effect on healthcare utilization. Najari B, Flannigan R, Hobgood J, et al. Attitudes Toward Penile Transplantation Among Urologists and Health Professionals. Sex Med 2018;6:316–323.
A lncRNA-like Role for LINE1s in Development

Transposable elements (TEs) have profoundly affected the evolution of transcriptional and chromatin profiles in mammalian genomes. In a recent paper, Percharde et al. (2018) identify a lncRNA-like function for LINE1 transposable elements in regulating gene expression to facilitate embryonic stem cell self-renewal and preimplantation development.
The impact of a limited time perspective on information distortion

Abstract The present research examines how a limited time perspective influences the processing of new information during choice making. Specifically, we examine how perceptions of a limited future promote the distortion of new information in favor of one’s prior beliefs. Across five studies, we provide evidence of a link between more-limited time perspectives and higher information distortion, and we illuminate the proposed process: the adoption of a cognitive consistency goal when the time perspective is limited. Overall, the current work identifies a new driver of distortion—the amount of time individuals believe remains in the future. Furthermore, it contributes a novel source of biased information processing that is motivational in nature rather than the result of a lack of cognitive resources: the mere belief regarding how much time remains in the future influences information processing goals and, subsequently, how decision-makers process new information.
The Interface Between Rare Genetic Variation, Psychosis, and Trauma

The child psychiatrist is frequently called upon to determine if psychotic-like phenomena in a child or developmentally disabled individual are part of normal development or part of a more concerning disorder. While it is true that phenomena such as imaginary friends may be part of normal development, some neurodevelopmental disorders include psychotic phenomenology and must be promptly identified. Certain underlying genetic disorders carry childhood-onset psychosis as hallmark symptoms. This is the case of a young woman with two genetic conditions as well as a complex history of trauma and disrupted attachment. Her difficult psychosocial circumstances resulted in misdiagnosis of her psychotic disorder which delayed appropriate treatment.
Gaussian Process Regression and Classification under Mathematical Constraints with Learning Guarantees.

We introduce constrained Gaussian process (CGP), a Gaussian process model for random functions that allows easy placement of mathematical constrains (e.g., non-negativity, monotonicity, etc) on its sample functions. CGP comes with closed-form probability density function (PDF), and has the attractive feature that its posterior distributions for regression and classification are again CGPs with closed-form expressions. Furthermore, we show that CGP inherents the optimal theoretical properties of the Gaussian process, e.g. rates of posterior contraction, due to the fact that CGP is an Gaussian process with a more efficient model space.
Correlation between diffusion tensor imaging parameters of the distal femoral physis and adjacent metaphysis, and subsequent adolescent growth

Diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) depicts the movement of water through columns of cartilage and newly formed bone and provides information about velocity of growth and growth potential. To determine the correlation between DTI tractography parameters of the distal femoral physis and metaphysis and the height change after DTI in pubertal and post-pubertal children. We retrospectively analyzed DTI images of the knee in 47 children with a mean age of 14.1 years in a 2-year period. In sagittal echoplanar DTI studies, regions of interest were placed in the femoral physis. Tractography was performed using a fractional anisotropy threshold of 0.15 and a maximum turning angle of 40°. The sample was divided to assess short-term and long-term growth after DTI. Short-term growth (n=25) was the height change between height at MRI and 1 year later. Long-term growth (n=36) was the height gain between height at MRI and at the growth plateau. For the short-term group, subjects with larger tract volume (R2=0.40) and longer track lengths (R2=0.38) had larger height gains (P<0.01). For the long-term group, subjects with larger tract volume (R2=0.43) and longer track lengths (R2=0.32) had a larger height gain at the growth plateau (P<0.01). Intra- and inter-observer variability were good–excellent. Follow-up data of growth 1 year after DTI evaluation and at skeletal maturity confirms that DTI parameters are associated with the amount of post-imaging growth.
Bringing Scientific Rigor to Survey Design in Health Care Research

The use of surveys in health care research has become increasingly popular. Often seen as an inexpensive, quick, and simple way to address a research question, surveys are especially attractive to researchers in training or during early career stages when research funding is limited and the time to complete a research project is limited. Yet, when used as research instruments, surveys should be developed with the same scientific rigor as other measurement instruments used to collect data in health care research. Traditional research methodologies are known for rigorous protocols, including exact specifications for reproducibility and often the presence of control groups to allow for comparisons between cohorts. Concepts such as reliability and validity are not only relevant for measurement instruments of “hard” data, such as thermometers or mass spectrometers, but also for measurement instruments of “soft” data, such as surveys. Researchers using surveys need to ensure that each question will result in a valid and reliable measure of what the question was intended to measure. Demonstrating the validity and reliability of survey questions requires great effort, and although a thorough psychometric validation is not always warranted, every survey should undergo a methodologically reproducible process through development, selection of potential respondents, testing, and administration so that survey results are reproducible and generalizable. Despite numerous reference books,1–4 guidelines, and best practices on survey design,5–9 surveys are often constructed, administered, and submitted for publication without previous consultation of these references and their recommendations. In this article, we highlight key concepts for survey development, focusing on the critical elements of designing and implementing a survey to yield meaningful and publishable results. ### To Survey or Not to Survey? That Is the Question Understanding when to use a survey is the first …
Optic nerve ultrasonography has 94% sensitivity and 87% specificity for diagnosing increased intracranial pressure.

Source Citation Koziarz A, Sne N, Kegel F, et al. Bedside optic nerve ultrasonography for diagnosing increased intracranial pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171...
A Hybrid Precipitation Index Inspired by the SPI, PDSI, and MCDI. Part I: Development of the Index

AbstractThe filtering properties of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Model Calibrated Drought Index (MCDI) are investigated to determine ...
Depression and Buprenorphine Treatment in Patients with Non-cancer Pain and Prescription Opioid Dependence without Comorbid Substance Use Disorders.

Abstract Background Depression occurs in 40% of patients with prescription opioid dependence (POD). Existing studies of the association between depression and buprenorphine (BUP) treatment for POD are inconsistent and often include patients with comorbid substance use disorders (SUD). We estimated the association between depression and BUP use in patients with pain and POD and free of comorbid SUD. Methods Optum® de-identified Electronic Health Record dataset from 2010 to 2018 was used to identify 5,529 patients with chronic pain, with and without depression, receiving prescription opioids and free of substance use disorder diagnoses for one year before POD diagnoses. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazard models and negative binomial regression models were computed to estimate the association between depression and time to BUP start, number of BUP prescriptions in the year after BUP start and time to >30 day BUP gap. Results Patients’ mean age was 52.4 (SD±15.3) years, 62% were female and 84% were white and 4.9% (n=270) started BUP. Depression was not associated with BUP initiation.. Among BUP starters, depression vs. no depression, was significantly associated with receiving 29% fewer BUP prescriptions (RR=0.71; 95%CI: 0.51-0.98) and an increased risk for > 30 day gap (HR=1.76; 95%CI:1.01-3.09). Limitations Missing data prevented measuring BUP dose. Conclusions Depression is likely associated with earlier BUP treatment dropout. Depression related medication non-adherence or possible worsening of depression following BUP taper could explain results. Research is needed to determine if depression severity is associated with BUP dose trajectories and multi-year BUP retention..
Online Distributed Edge Caching for Mobile Data Offloading in 5G Networks

Edge caching is an effective approach to improve the quality of service for mobile users and therefore a critical component for 5G networks. Despite the importance, it is not clear how to determine which contents to cache and how to the serve requests in 5G networks to minimize the total operational cost in a distributed and online manner, especially when some mobile users can be served by multiple small base stations. In this paper, we formulate an optimization problem to jointly decide the caching policy and the routing decision. There are two challenges: the need for distributed control and the lack of future information. We therefore develop an online distributed algorithm with provable performance guarantees in terms of convergence and competitive ratio compared to the offline optimal solution. Numerical simulations based on real-world traces highlight the significant performance improvement compared to existing baselines.
Incidence and predictors of type 1 diabetes among younger adults aged 20-45 years: The diabetes in young adults (DiYA) study.

Abstract Aims To estimate incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to develop a T1D prediction model among young adults. Methods Adults 20–45 years newly-diagnosed with diabetes in 2017 were identified within Kaiser Permanente’s healthcare systems in California and invited for diabetes autoantibody (DAA) testing. Multiple imputation was conducted to assign missing DAA status. The primary outcome for incidence rates (IR) and the prediction model was T1D defined by ≥1 positive DAA. Results Among 2,347,989 persons at risk, 7862 developed diabetes, 2063 had DAA measured, and 166 (8.0%) had ≥1 positive DAA. T1D IR (95% CI) per 100,000 person-years was 15.2 (10.2–20.1) for ages 20–29 and 38.2 (28.6–47.8) for ages 30–44 years. The age-standardized IRs were 32.5 (22.2–42.8) for men and 27.2 (21.0–34.5) for women. The age/sex-standardized IRs were 30.1 (23.5–36.8) overall; 41.4 (25.3–57.5) for Hispanics, 37.0 (11.6–62.4) for Blacks, 21.4 (14.3–28.6) for non-Hispanic Whites, and 19.4 (8.5–30.2) for Asians. Predictors of T1D among cases included female sex, younger age, lower BMI, insulin use and having T1D based on diagnostic codes. Conclusions T1D may account for up to 8% of incident diabetes cases among young adults. Follow-up is needed to establish the clinical course of patients with one DAA at diagnosis.
SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Positivity and Antibody Prevalence among Asymptomatic Hospital-Based Health Care Workers

Abstract Background The level of asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 could be substantial and among health care workers (HCWs) a source of continuing transmission of the virus to patients and co-workers. Objectives Measure the period prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among a random sample of asymptomatic health system hospital-based health care workers (HCWs) 6½ -15½ weeks after 4/5/2020, the peak of the first surge of COVID-19 admissions. Results Of 524 eligible and consented participants from four metropolitan hospitals, nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from 439 (83.8 %) and blood from 374 (71.4 %). Using PCR nucleic acid-based amplification (NAAT) methods, the period prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 0.23 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.01 %–1.28 %; 1/439) from 5/21/20−7/16/20. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies from June 17-July 24, 2020 was 2.41 % (95 % CI 1.27 %–4.51 %; 9/374). Those who were reactive were younger (median age 36 versus 44 years; p = 0.050), and those with self-reported Hispanic/Latino ethnicity had a higher seroprevalence (2/12 = 16.7 % versus 7/352 = 2.0 %; p = 0.051). There were no significant differences by sex, race, residence, hospital, unit or job type. The one employee who was found to be PCR test positive in this study was also reactive for IgG antibodies, tested 27 days later. Conclusions The period prevalence of PCR positivity to SARS-CoV-2 and IgG seroprevalence was unexpectedly low in asymptomatic HCWs after a peak in COVID-19 admissions and the establishment of state and institutional infection control policies, suggesting that routine screening tests while community prevalence is relatively low would produce a minimal yield.
Detachable Penises and Holes in Knowledge: Reading Exeter Riddles 44 and 62 Alongside Le Fevre de Creil [The Blacksmith of Creil] and Jean Bodel’s Le Sohait des Vez [The Dream of Cocks]

In this essay, I read two suggestive Exeter Riddles, 44 (“Key/Phallus”) and 62 (“Borer/Poker/Phallus”), which are connected though their use of the figure of a detached penis, in order to counter c...