cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of fathers of high-risk newborns and fathers of healthy newborns

Eighteen fathers of healthy newborns were matched and compared with 18 fathers of newborns with health problems at birth to determine if there is a relationship between the newborn’s health status and paternal perceptions, behaviors, and adjustment to fatherhood. A series of questionnaires were administered during the newborn’s hospitalization and at 1 and 3 months after discharge. Fathers of newborns with health problems performed significantly more infant care @ < 0.005) behaviors and were found to have higher adjustment to parenthood scores @I < 0.0381) 1 month after discharge than fathers of healthy newborns. No differences were found between the two groups 3 months after discharge. Copyright o 1991 by W.B. Saunders Company
Anomalous t - c - g coupling: The connection between single top quark production and top quark decay

Continuing earlier work, we examine the constraint on an anomalous t-c-g coupling from top quark decay. We find that from current CDF measurements of the branching ratio t{r_arrow}Wb, the minimum scale at which new physics can strongly modify the t-c-g coupling is {Lambda}{sub tcg} {ge} about 950 GeV. At the upgraded Fermilab Tevatron, single top quark production can constrain {Lambda}{sub tcg} {ge} 4.5 TeV. The connection between t-c production and the decay t{r_arrow}cg is examined, showing how constraints on one lead to a constraint on the other. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Control of DNA replication initiation by recruitment of an essential initiation protein to the membrane of Bacillus subtilis

Summary The Bacillus subtilis proteins DnaD and DnaB are essential for replication initiation and are conserved in low G+C content Gram-positive bacteria. Previous work indicated that DnaD and DnaB are involved in helicase loading during the process of restarting stalled replication forks. We have investigated the roles of DnaD and DnaB in replication initiation at oriC in vivo . Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we found that DnaD and DnaB functions are needed to load the replicative helicase at oriC . To investigate further the functions of DnaD and DnaB in replication initiation, we isolated and characterized suppressors of the temperature sensitivity of dnaD and dnaB mutant cells. In both cases, we isolated the identical missense mutation in dnaB , dnaBS371P . Using yeast two-hybrid analysis, we found that dnaBS371P uncovers a previously undetected physical interaction between DnaD and DnaB. We also found that DnaBS371P constitutively recruits DnaD to the membrane fraction of cells, where DnaB and oriC are enriched. Phenotypes of cells expressing DnaBS371P are consistent with aberrant replication control. We hypothesize that B. subtilis regulates replication initiation by regulating a physical interaction between two proteins essential for helicase loading at chromosomal origins.
Pathogenesis of a lethal mixed infection in mice with two nonneuroinvasive herpes simplex virus strains.

Abstract We previously reported that simultaneous inoculation of mice on abraded rear footpads with two nonneuroinvasive viruses (herpes simplex virus type 1 ANG and KOS) resulted in the deaths of 62% of the animals (R. T. Javier, F. Sedarati, and J. G. Stevens, Science 234:746-748, 1986). In the current study, to better understand the events responsible for the pathogenesis of this virus mixture, we investigated replicative capacity and spread of the virus mixture within specific tissues. We found that, compared with neuroinvasiveness of ANG or KOS alone, neuroinvasiveness of the virus mixture related to significantly increased amounts of the virus within spinal cords and brains of the mice. This finding indicates that ANG and KOS have defects in their capacities to spread and replicate within spinal cords. We also examined whether the increased neuroinvasiveness of the virus mixture related to complementation between viruses in tissues of the nervous system, generation and selection of neuroinvasive recombinants, or both. It was found that, although neuroinvasive recombinant viruses could be detected in the spinal cords of the infected animals, most of the viruses (both recombinants and nonrecombinants) isolated from all tissues tested were nonneuroinvasive (i.e., no mice died as a result of footpad infection with high doses of such plaque-purified isolates). As a result of these findings, we propose that the virulence of the virus mixture is a consequence of the complementation as well as the generation and selection of neuroinvasive recombinants in spinal cords of these mice.
Unity and Diversity in Science

The idea of the unity of science is the historically very important idea of total rationality and objectivity.
Sensor-fusion-based approach for feature extraction in intelligent transportation system applications

The ability to extract useful and robust features from sensor data of vehicles in moving traffic is highly dependent on a number of factors. For imaging sensors that produce a two- dimensional representation of an observed scene such as a visible light camera, the principal factors influencing the quality of the acquired data include the ambient lighting and weather conditions as well the physical characteristics of the vehicles whose images are captured. Considerable variability in the ambient lighting conditions in combination with material characteristics may cause radically different appearances for various surfaces of a vehicle when viewed in the visible wavelengths. Infrared sensors, on the other hand, produce images that are far less sensitive to variations in ambient lighting conditions, but may not provide sufficient information that can be used to discriminate among vehicles. Combining information from these sensors provides the basis for exploiting the relative strengths of each sensor domain while attenuating the weaknesses that exist in single systems. This paper presents a basic framework for combining information from multiple sensor systems by describing methodologies for geometrically transforming between image spaces and extracting features using a multi-dimensional approach that exploits information gathered at different wavelengths. The potential use of point sensors (such as acoustic and microwave detectors) in combination with imaging sensors is also discussed.
Surface Chemistry of Rh-Mo/γ-Al2O3: An Analysis of Surface Acidity

Abstract This study highlights the nature of the interactions between the transition metals in the Rh-Mo/γ-Al2O3 system and the underlying alumina surface. The investigation was carried out in the context of exploring the retrograde dehydration to dimethyl ether of primary alcohols produced at active metal sites during CO hydrogenation. Both native γ-Al2O3 and Rh-Mo/γ-Al2O3 samples were doped with KNO3 in an attempt to create an alkaline-metal oxide layer on the support surface which would screen alcohols from underlying Lewis acidity. The samples were characterized by microreactor-based methanol dehydration studies, analysis of infrared spectra of adsorbed pyridine, and ammonia saturation and temperature-programmed desorption. As expected, the dehydration activity of the samples was strongly correlated to their potassium loading and, hence, their Lewis acidity. More intriguing, however, are the insights gained in this analysis concerning the nature of the interactions between Mo, Rh, and the Lewis acid sites on the alumina surface. Our results are consistent with the principle, suggested in the Mo/γ-Al2O3 literature, that our Mo(CO)6 precursor interacts primarily with nonacidic hydroxyl groups on the dehydrated alumina surface. Furthermore, we provide strong evidence for the diminution of acidity brought on by the adsorption of Rh on Lewis acid sites of Mo/γ-Al2O3.
Provenance of Late Quaternary ice-proximal sediments in the North Atlantic: Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic evidence

In order to assess the isotopic characteristics of siliciclastic sediments delivered by the Laurentide, Greenland, Iceland and Fennoscandian ice sheets to the North Atlantic, the Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions were determined for twenty-six samples of Late Quaternary, fine-grained ( −15) IRD comprising H3 and H6, and that was deposited before and after lower ϵNd IRD in other Heinrich events, could have been delivered to the North Atlantic from the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, as previous workers concluded, but our data reveal that southeastern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is a viable alternative source for the higher ϵNd IRD.
Conversion of coal tar to soot during coal pyrolysis in a post-flame environment

Coal pyrolysis experiments were performed in the postflame region of a CH 4 /H 2 /air flat-flame burner operating under fuel-rich conditions, where the temperature and gas compositions were similar to those in the near-burner region of a large-scale coal-fired furnace. Volatiles released from the coal particles formed a cloud of soot particles at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. The soot particles in the cloud were collected at different residence times using a water-cooled, nitrogen-quenched suction probe. Test variables included the reaction temperature and coal type. Soot yields in terms of weight percentage of dry ash-free coal were measured based on bulk soot collection experiments. The measured soot yields were related to coal rank, reaction temperature, and residence time. Size changes of soot particles due to soot agglomeration were also observed. The information obtained about coal-derived soot is useful in predictions of radiative heat transfer and pollutant formations in the near-burner region of pulverized coal-fired furnaces.
Can clinical pharmacy services have a positive impact on drug-related problems and health outcomes in community-based older adults?

Abstract Background: Although pharmacotherapy can be beneficial in the elderly, it can also lead to drug-related problems (DRPs), including untreated indications, drug use without an indication, improper drug selection, subtherapeutic dosage, overdosage, medication error, medication nonadherence, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, adverse drug withdrawal events, and therapeutic failure. Objective: The goal of this article was to review evidence from randomized controlled studies to determine whether DRPs and the related health outcomes can be modified by providing clinical pharmacy services for the elderly in community-based settings. Methods: Randomized controlled studies that assessed DRPs and health outcomes in persons aged ≥65 years after pharmacist interventions were identified through searches of MEDLINE (1970-March 2003), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (through March 2003), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1966-March 2003). The search combined the terms clinical pharmacists, aged, outcomes, and randomized controlled trial . A manual search of the reference lists of identified articles and the authors' own materials was also conducted. Results: This literature review included 14 randomized controlled studies: 5 involved interventions in the home health setting, 3 were instituted at hospital discharge with home follow-up, 3 were clinic based, 1 was conducted in the community pharmacy setting, and 2 were conducted in long-term care facilities. These studies provided considerable evidence that clinical pharmacy interventions reduced the occurrence of DRPs in the elderly but showed limited evidence that such interventions reduced morbidity, mortality, or health care costs. Conclusions: Future large multicenter studies are necessary to test the cost-effectiveness of clinical pharmacy services for the community-based elderly and the impact of these services on such health outcomes as use of health services, timed functional-status measures, and adverse drug reactions.
Elementary teachers’ values and expectancies: reflections on professional experiences

This study investigated aspects of elementary teachers’ motivations to engage in science professional development and their views of science teaching. Participants (n = 20) attended a professional development program within a major university in the United States, but failed to complete it for various reasons. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Overall, study results showed that teachers had different views about the science professional development engagement, they responded in different ways to the structure and format of the program, and they had different teaching goals for their science teaching that matched or did not with the goal of the science professional development program. A good number of teachers found the science professional development experiences less valuable (especially certain elements of them) because of their mismatch between the professional development standards/expectations and teachers’ lack of science content knowledge. Implications for future profe...
Back to the future: education for systems-level biologists

We describe a graduate course in quantitative biology that is based on original path-breaking papers in diverse areas of biology; each of these papers depends on quantitative reasoning and theory as well as experiment. Close reading and discussion of these papers allows students with backgrounds in physics, computational sciences or biology to learn essential ideas and to communicate in the languages of disciplines other than their own.
Transposition of breakpoint cluster region (3′ bcr) in CML cells with variant Philadelphia translocations

Abstract A probe derived from the 3′ end of the CML breakpoint cluster region ( bcr ) was localized in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) cases with complex Philadelphia translocations, [t(8;9;22)(q13;q34;q11) and t(12;9;22)(p11;q34;q11)], and with "masked" Ph chromosomes, [t(9;5;22)(q34;q31;q11) and t(9;22)(q22;q34)], by a chromosomal in situ hybridization technique. In some cases, the 3′ bcr rearrangements in the DNA were examined with Southern blot analysis. In each case, a significant accumulation of grains hybridized to the 3′ bcr probe was observed at chromosomal segments derived from the long arm of a chromosome #22. In some cases, the accumulation of grains was detected on both translocated segments derived from the 22q and terminal portions of Ph chromosomes; Southern blot analysis revealed that breakage in chromosome #22 occurred within DNA sequences of the 3′ bcr probe involved in the Ph translocations. In a CML cell line, K562, no accumulation of grains hybridized to the 3′ bcr probe was detected, except at 22q11 of the normal chromosomes #22; Southern blot analysis of this cell line revealed that the 3′ bcr sequences were missing. Thus, the data presented here suggest a complexity in the formation of "masked" Ph chromosomes.
Vasa vasorum hypoperfusion is responsible for medial hypoxia and anatomic remodeling in the newborn lamb ductus arteriosus.

Postnatal constriction of the full-term ductus arteriosus produces hypoxia of the muscle media. This is associated with anatomic remodeling (including smooth muscle death) that prevents subsequent reopening. We used late-gestation fetal and neonatal lambs to determine which factors are responsible for the postnatal hypoxia. Hypoxia [measured by 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide technique] and cell death (measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling technique) were observed in regions of the constricted ductus wall within 4 h after delivery. Although there was a decrease in ductus luminal flow during the first 6 h after delivery (measured by Doppler transducer), the amount of oxygen delivered to the ductus lumen (3070 ± 1880 μmol O2 · min−1 · g−1) far exceeded the amount of oxygen consumed by the constricted ductus (0.052 ± 0.021 μmol O2 · min−1 · g−1, measured in vitro). Postnatal constriction increased the effective oxygen diffusion distance across the ductus wall to >3× the limit that can be tolerated for normal tissue homeostasis. This was owing to both an increase in the thickness of the ductus (fetus, 1.12 ± 0.20 mm; newborn, 1.60 ± 0.17 mm;p < 0.01) and a marked reduction in vasa vasorum flow (fetus, 0.99 ± 0.44 mL · min−1 · g−1; newborn, 0.21 ± 0.08 mL · min−1 · g−1;p < 0.01). These findings suggest that hypoxic cell death in the full-term ductus is caused primarily by changes in vasa vasorum flow and muscle media thickness and can occur before luminal flow has been eliminated. We speculate that in contrast with the full-term ductus, the preterm ductus is much less likely to develop the degree of hypoxia needed for vessel remodeling inasmuch as it only is capable of increasing its oxygen diffusion distance to 1.3× the maximally tolerated limit.
Change of the mode of failure by interface friction and width-to-height ratio of coal specimens

Abstract Bumps in coal mines have been recognized as a major hazard for many years. These sudden and violent failures around mine openings have compromised safety, ventilation and access to mine workings. Previous studies showed that the violence of coal specimen failure depends on both the interface friction and width-to-height (W/H) ratio of coal specimen. The mode of failure for a uniaxially loaded coal specimen or a coal pillar is a combination of both shear failure along the interface and compressive failure in the coal. The shear failure along the interface triggered the compressive failure in coal. The compressive failure of a coal specimen or a coal pillar can be controlled by changing its W/H ratio. As the W/H ratio increases, the ultimate strength increases. Hence, with a proper combination of interface friction and the W/H ratio of pillar or coal specimen, the mode of failure will change from sudden violent failure which is brittle failure to non-violent failure which is ductile failure. The main objective of this paper is to determine at what W/H ratio and interface friction the mode of failure changes from violent to non-violent. In this research, coal specimens of W/H ratio ranging from 1 to 10 were uniaxially tested under two interface frictions of 0.1 and 0.25, and the results are presented and discussed.
Topologically ordered phases of smectics confined in anisotropic random media: smectic Bragg glasses

We report the existence of two new topologically ordered glass phases of smectics in strained aerogel. In contrast to the case of unstrained aerogel, we find compelling theoretical arguments that a smectic in uniaxially stretched aerogel exhibits, for homeotropic nematic-aerogel alignment, a `smectic Bragg glass' in the universality class of the `XY Bragg glass'. On the other hand, a uniaxial compression, with homeotropic alignment, leads to an entirely novel type of anisotropic smectic elastic glass phase that we call the `m = 1 Bragg glass'. This latter phase exhibits anomalous elasticity, characterized by exponents that we calculate to high precision. We present a phase diagram for the system in the aerogel density-strain parameter space, which should be accessible experimentally. We also make numerous other scaling predictions for experimentally observable quantities.
Correction of a murine model of von Willebrand disease by gene transfer

von Willebrand disease (VWD), the most common inherited bleeding disorder in the U.S. population, is caused by defects in the expression and processing of von Willebrand factor (VWF), a blood glycoprotein required for normal hemostasis that mediates the adhesion of platelets to sites of vascular damage by binding to specific platelet glycoproteins and to constituents of exposed connective tissue. To assess whether VWF deficiency can be corrected by gene transfer, a plasmid expressing the intact 8.4-kb murine VWF coding sequence, directed by the cyto-megalovirus immediate/early promoter/enhancer, was delivered through hydrodynamic tail vein injection into VWF knockout mice (VWF–/–) that exhibit defects in hemostasis, including highly prolonged bleeding time and spontaneous bleeding events, closely mimicking severe human VWD. VWF antigen levels in plasma from animals receiving VWF cDNA, but not control animals, revealed normalized levels of circulating VWF that persisted for at least 1 week after injection. Western blot analysis of plasma from animals receiving VWF cDNA, but not control animals, revealed high molecular–weight multimers with patterns similar to those observed in wild-type mice. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on RNA isolated from the livers of animals receiving VWF cDNA, but not control animals, demonstrated that VWF was expressed in the liver, and immunohistochemical analysis of the livers of treated VWF–/– mice revealed VWF-specific staining throughout the liver parenchyma but not in endothelial cells. Plasma from treated VWF–/– mice, but not control VWF–/– mice, supported the hypothesis that murine platelets aggregate in the presence of botrocetin. Although levels of circulating factor VIII in untreated VWF–/– mice were less than 10% those in wild-type mice, levels of factor VIII in VWF–/– animals treated with VWF cDNA, but not in control animals, were normalized to values in wild-type mice, indicating the restoration of factor VIII carrier function for VWF in treated mice that persisted for at least 1 week at higher doses of VWF cDNA. Most important, bleeding time was normalized by 48 hours after the delivery of VWF cDNA, but not by the control plasmid. These data suggest that with the use of gene transfer of VWF cDNA, VWF protein can be expressed, processed, and secreted in a physiologically active form; thus, it may be possible to correct VWD using gene transfer.
The existence of multiple conformational forms in anhydrochymotrypsin.

Abstract The conversion of the serine-195 in α-chymotrypsin to dehydroalanine results in two conformational substates that differ in their extinction coefficients at 240nm. The active site methionine-192 in the substate with lower absorption at 240nm is alkylated by α-bromo-4-nitroacetophenone at a rate of 7.0×10 −4 sec −1 , similar to that found for α-chymotrypsin; the substate with higher absorption at 240nm reacts 14 times slower. These two substates are not separated by an affinity resin containing lima bean trypsin inhibitor. These data infer that the serine-195 plays a role in the stabilization of the active site conformation in α-chymotrypsin.
Answering the Questions on LVT

This article rebuts the arguments against land value taxation expressed by Oliver Marc Hartwich in the December 2006 ‘Economic Viewpoints’. This rebuttal argues that taxing land as a surplus is both feasible and consistent with modern economic concepts such as marginal productivity. Entrepreneurship is enhanced rather than hampered by eliminating taxes on wages and enterprise and shifting public revenue to the economic rent of land.
Minimization of multiple-output exclusive-OR switching functions

A method to minimize Reed-Muller polynomials in mixed polarity for multiple-output functions is presented. The multiple outputs are first minimized as single-output functions. Each of the multiple outputs is further minimized according to a predetermined order, one at a time. Minimization of an output is carried out by trying to make the best use of existing product terms in previously minimized outputs. The minimization algorithm is implemented by a computer program.
Computer‐aided 3‐D reconstruction and measurement of the facial canal and facial nerve. I. cross‐sectional area and diameter: Preliminary report

Using a computer-aided three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction method, measurements were made at eight representative sites of diameters and the cross-sectional area of the facial canal, facial nerve, and the space between the canal and nerve. Materials used were serial histology sections of seven normal human temporal bones obtained from individuals of different ages. Two areas of decreased cross-sectional area of the facial canal were found: the proximal part of the labyrinthine portion and the middle part of the tympanic portion. These narrowings in the canal appeared to be correlated with decreased superior-inferior diameter of the facial canal in those portions, especially in adult temporal bones, and also with decreased cross-sectional area, both of the nerve and of the space between the canal and the nerve, in these portions. The developmental etiology of these narrowings is speculated on, and their possible relationship to Bell's palsy is discussed.
Riparian Ground‐Water Flow Patterns Using Flownet Analysis: Evapotranspiration‐Induced Upwelling and Implications for N Removal1

Abstract: Ground-water flow paths constrain the extent of nitrogen (N) sinks in deep, stratified soils of riparian wetlands. We examined ground-water flow paths at four forested riparian wetlands in deep, low gradient, stratified deposits subjected to Southern New England’s temperate, humid climate. Mid-day piezometric heads were recorded during the high water table period in April/May and again in late November at one site. Coupling field data with a two-dimensional steady-state ground-water flow model, flow paths and fluxes were derived to 3 m depths. April/May evapotranspiration (ET) dominated total outflux (44-100%) while flux to the stream was <10% of total outflux. ET exerted upward ground-water flux through shallow carbon-rich soils, increasing opportunities for N transformations and diverting flow from the stream. Dormant season results showed a marked increase in flux to the stream (27% of the total flux). Riparian sites with deep water tables (naturally or because of increased urbanization or other hydrologic modifications) or shallow root zones may not generate ground-water upwelling to meet evaporative demand, thereby increasing the risk of N movement to streams. As water managers balance issues of water quality with water quantity, they will be faced with decisions regarding riparian management. Further work towards refining our understanding of ET mediation of N and water flux at the catchment scale will serve to inform these decisions.
Cocaine self-administration in monkeys: Effects on the acquisition and performance of response sequences

A three-component multiple schedule of intravenous cocaine self-administration (0.01-0.3 mg/kg), repeated acquisition and performance was used to examine the effects of self-administered cocaine on learning in rhesus monkeys. A 0.03 mg/kg infusion of cocaine maintained reliable self-administration without markedly decreasing overall response rate or increasing the percentage of errors in the acquisition and performance components in which food was presented. When saline was substituted for 0.03 mg/kg of cocaine, there was little or no effect on responding in the acquisition or performance components while the number of infusions and response rate in the self-administration component decreased. These effects occurred to a greater extent under a FR 90 schedule (Experiment 2) as compared to a FR 30 schedule (Experiment 1) of cocaine self administration. Substitution of higher infusion doses of cocaine also decreased response rate and the number of infusions in the self-administration components, and substantially decreased responding in the acquisition components; decreases in overall accuracy of responding were evident when responding in this schedule component occurred. Taken together, these data indicate that learning is generally more sensitive than performance to the disruptive effects of self-administered cocaine.
Geochemical processes controlling trace elemental mobility in coalbed natural gas (CBNG) disposal ponds in the Powder River Basin, WY

Abstract A concern with CBNG produced water disposal ponds is the potential migration of trace elements into the underlying shallow aquifers. Objectives of this research were to 1) examine the chemistry of CBNG produced water in outfalls and corresponding disposal ponds and 2) determine possible leaching of trace elements from the disposal pond sediments into shallow aquifers. The CBNG outfall water, disposal pond water, and sediment samples were collected from the Powder River Basin (PRB), WY during the summer months of 2006 to 2009. Water samples were analyzed for pH, major cations, anions, and trace elements. Geochemical analysis was performed using MINTEQA2 model to determine speciation, complexation, and mineral precipitation and dissolution processes to determine the mobility of trace elements in CBNG disposal ponds. Two types of SAR calculations were made: 1) practical SAR (SARp) was calculated based on Na+, Ca2 +, and Mg2 + concentrations and 2) true SAR (SARt) was calculated based on MINTEQA2 calculated activity of Na+, Ca2 +, and Mg2 +. Sediment samples were analyzed for trace elements using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) to predict potential mobility of trace elements into the shallow aquifer. Research results suggest the pH of the CBNG produced water outfalls increases substantially in corresponding disposal ponds due to degassing of CO2 (carbon dioxide) from the disposal ponds. Observed high SAR values in CBNG disposal ponds compared to outfalls were attributed to increase in Na+ and decrease in Ca2 + concentrations. The decrease in Ca2 + concentration is attributed to the precipitation of calcite. Trace element concentrations such as As (arsenic), Cr (chromium), and Cu (copper) appear to increase in disposal ponds. Barium (Ba) and Mn (manganese) concentrations in the disposal ponds decreased substantially by precipitating as carbonate minerals into the sediments. Results of this study suggest that very minimum or no leaching of trace elements could occur from disposal pond sediments. However, further research is required to understand the role of SAR and sediment mineralogy in leaching of trace elements from CBNG disposal pond in the PRB, WY.
Physical Interaction between the MADS Box of Serum Response Factor and the TEA/ATTS DNA-binding Domain of Transcription Enhancer Factor-1

Abstract Serum response factor is a MADS box transcription factor that binds to consensus sequences CC(A/T)6GG found in the promoter region of several serum-inducible and muscle-specific genes. In skeletal myocytes serum response factor (SRF) has been shown to heterodimerize with the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix family of factors, related to MyoD, for control of muscle gene regulation. Here we report that SRF binds to another myogenic factor, TEF-1, that has been implicated in the regulation of a variety of cardiac muscle genes. By using different biochemical assays such as affinity precipitation of protein, GST-pulldown assay, and coimmunoprecipitation of proteins, we show that SRF binds to TEF-1 both in in vitro and in vivoassay conditions. A strong interaction of SRF with TEF-1 was seen even when one protein was denatured and immobilized on nitrocellulose membrane, indicating a direct and stable interaction between SRF and TEF-1, which occurs without a cofactor. This interaction is mediated through the C-terminal subdomain of MADS box of SRF encompassing amino acids 204–244 and the putative 2nd and 3rd α-helix/β-sheet configuration of the TEA/ATTS DNA-binding domain of TEF-1. In the transient transfection assay, a positive cooperative effect of SRF and TEF-1 was observed when DNA-binding sites for both factors, serum response element and M-CAT respectively, were intact; mutation of either site abolished their synergistic effect. Similarly, an SRF mutant, SRFpm-1, defective in DNA binding failed to collaborate with TEF-1 for gene regulation, indicating that the synergistic trans-activation function of SRF and TEF-1 occurs via their binding to cognate DNA-binding sites. Our results demonstrate a novel association between SRF and TEF-1 for cardiac muscle gene regulation and disclose a general mechanism by which these two super families of factors are likely to control diversified biological functions.
Chemical manipulation of high-T(C) ferromagnetism in ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductors.

We report the use of targeted $p$- and $n$-type chemical perturbations to manipulate high-${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ ferromagnetism in ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}\ensuremath{\mathbin:}\mathrm{ZnO}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}\ensuremath{\mathbin:}\mathrm{ZnO}$ in predictable and reproducible ways. We demonstrate a clear correlation between nitrogen and high-${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ ferromagnetism for ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}\ensuremath{\mathbin:}\mathrm{ZnO}$ and an inverse correlation for ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}\ensuremath{\mathbin:}\mathrm{ZnO}$, both as predicted by recent theoretical models. These chemical perturbations reveal rich possibilities for exerting external control over high-${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ spin ordering in diluted magnetic semiconductors.
Some probabilistic and empirical aspects of chebyshev estimation and identification

Because the actual shape of a model's response may be more important than the value of an index such as the integral squared error, a probabilistic and empirical study has been made of parameter and state estimates that minimize the maximum error between plant and model outputs. Preliminary results indicate that minimax estimation compares favorably with estimations based upon a minimum squared error criterion. It is further shown that if the measurement noise is characterized by a distribution function which is continuous, symmetric and differentiable, then the estimate of the measurement will be unbiased.
Scaling of hollow cathode magnetrons for ionized metal physical vapor deposition

Ionized metal physical vapor deposition is being increasingly used to deposit diffusion barriers and Cu seed layers into high aspect ratio trenches for microelectronics fabrication. Hollow cathode magnetrons (HCMs) represent a technology capable of depositing metal over large areas at pressures of a few millitorrs. The fundamental mechanisms of these devices are not well understood and so their optimization is difficult. In this article, results from a two-dimensional computational investigation of HCMs are discussed to illuminate scaling issues. The hybrid model incorporates algorithms whereby transport coefficients for use in fluid equations are derived using a kinetic simulation. The goal is to enable the fluid algorithms in the model to be able to more accurately represent low pressure operation. The consequences of power, pressure, and magnitude and orientation of applied magnetic fields were investigated. The authors found that the magnetic field configuration significantly affects the magnitude and distribution of fluxes incident on the substrate. A study of the Cu seed layer deposition process, carried out using a feature scale model, correlates changes in plasma properties with conformal deposition into trenches.
Photo-conversion of two epimers (20R and 20S) of pregna-5,7- diene-3β,17α,20-triol and their bioactivity in melanoma cells

Pregna-5,7-dienes and their hydroxylated derivatives can be formed in vivo when there is a deficiency in 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) Δ-reductase function, e.g., Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS). Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces photoconversion of 7-DHC to vitamin D3, lumisterol3 and tachysterol3. Two epimers (20R and 20S) of pregna-5,7-diene-3β,17α,20-triol (4R and 4S, respectively) were synthesized and their UVB photo-conversion products identified as corresponding 9,10-secosteroids with vitamin D-like and tachysterol-like structures, and 5,7-dienes with inverted configuration at C-9 and C-10 (lumisterol-like). The number and character of the products and the dynamics of the process were dependent on the UVB dose. At high UVB doses, the formation of multiple oxidized derivatives of the primary products, and the formation of 5,7,9(11)-triene, were observed. The production of vitamin D-like, tachysterol-like and lumisterol-like derivatives was also observed in human skin treated with 4R and 4S, and subjected to UV irradiation, as shown by RP-HPLC. Newly synthesized compounds inhibited melanoma growth in dose dependent manner, and some of them showed equal or higher potency than 1,25(OH)2D3. In summary, we have characterized for the first time the products of UV induced conversion of pregna-5,7-diene-3β,17α,20-triols and documented that the newly synthesized compounds have antiproliferative properties against melanoma cells.
Capitalist Development, the Labor Process, and the Law1

This article critiques and extends Michael Burawoy’s perspective on the political apparatuses of production by arguing that he fails to take into account the embeddedness of labor control within legal institutions. Through a synthesis with new institutionalism and sociolegal studies the author argues that production regimes using unfree labor are favorable for capitalist labor subordination given their particular historical embeddedness in legal institutions, the other alternatives available for exploitation and capitalists’ social embeddedness in local institutions. This is demonstrated through an analysis of how capitalists in the Victorian English pottery industry used law as a foundation for the construction of a factory regime based in unfree labor.
7.5–13.5 Micron spectra of Ceres and Vesta

Abstract 7.5–13.5 ωm spectra (Δλ/λ = 0.015−0.02) of the asteroids Ceres and Vesta are presented. The observations are consistent with a model in which each element of the surface of the asteroid radiates as a grey body in equilibrium with the insolation.
Time-Resolved Thermal And Acoustic Pulse-Echo Measurements In Condensed Matter

An optical transient reflectance technique has been developed to characterize both the thermal and elastic properties of thin film materials. By using picosecond duration laser pulses, films on the order of 100 nm thick can be studied. Measurements of the thermal diffusivity, interfacial thermal impedance and acoustic velocity in thin, supported metal films are discussed.
Relative Entropy Based Method for Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis in Engineering Design

In this paper, a new Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis (PSA) approach based on the concept of relative entropy is proposed for design under uncertainty. The relative entropy based method evaluates the impact of a random variable on a design performance by measuring the divergence between two probability density functions of the performance response, obtained before and after the variation reduction of the random variable. The method can be applied both over the whole distribution of a performance response [called global response probabilistic sensitivity analysis (GRPSA)] and in any interested partial range of a response distribution [called regional response probabilistic sensitivity analysis (RRPSA)]. Such flexibility of our approach facilitates its use under various scenarios of design under uncertainty, for instance in robust design, reliability-based design, and utility optimization. The proposed method is applicable to both the prior-design stage for variable screening when a design solution is yet identified and the post-design stage for uncertainty reduction after an optimal design has been determined. The saddlepoint approximation approach is introduced for improving the computational efficiency of applying our proposed method. The proposed method is illustrated and verified by numerical examples and industrial design cases.
The origin of nuclear receptor proteins: a single precursor distinct from other transcription factors.

Nuclear receptor proteins regulate transcription under the influence of hormones or other small ligands. These proteins bind to specific DNA sequences, termed hormone response elements (HREs), that reside close to hormone-responsive genes (reviewed in Ref. 1). This signal transduction process involves three discernible domains in the nuclear receptor proteins (reviewed in Refs. 2, 3)-the N-terminus, the central DNA-binding domain comprised of two zinc finger motifs, and the Cterminal ligand-binding domain; only the N-terminus is not well conserved. In general, virtually nothing is known about the origin of transcriptional regulatory factors. With respect to the nuclear receptor proteins in particular, two evolutionary histories have bean proposed. The first assumes independent origins for the different domains. By this view, ligand-binding segments with functions in bioenergetics and intermediary metabolism became fused to a DNAbinding motif to produce transcription factors, and the cell acquired the ability to respond at the transcriptional level to fluctuations in its physiological state (1). The second model implicates a single, multi-domain precursor that initially mediated a simple signal transduction mechanism (perhaps similar to that employed by the modem thyroid receptors) and subsequently acquired
Temporal spatio-velocity transform and its application to tracking and interaction

This paper describes the temporal spatio-velocity (TSV) transform for extracting pixel velocities from binary image sequences. The TSV transform is derived from the Hough transform over windowed spatio-temporal images. We present the methodology of the transform and its implementation in an iterative computational form. The intensity at each pixel in the TSV image represents a measure of the likelihood of occurrence of a pixel with instantaneous velocity in the current position. Binarization of the TSV image extracts blobs based on the similarity of velocity and position. The TSV transform provides an efficient way to remove noise by focusing on stable velocities, and constructs noise-free blobs. We apply the transform to tracking human figures in a sidewalk environment and extend its use to an interaction recognition system. The system performs background subtraction to separate the foreground image from the background, extracts standing human objects and generates a one-dimensional binary image sequence. The TSV transform takes the one-dimensional image sequence and yields the TSV images. Thresholding of the TSV image generates the human blobs. We obtain the human trajectories by associating the segmented blobs over time using blob features. We analyze the motion-state transitions of human interactions, which we consider to be combinations of ten simple interaction units (SIUs). Our system recognizes the 10 SIUs by analyzing the shape of the human trajectory. We illustrate the TSV transform and its application to real images for human segmentation, tracking and interaction classification.
Distributed broadcast channel access

Abstract This paper presents a general approach to sharing a broadcast channel among multiple processors. There are two components to the problem of sharing a single resource: (1) How to specify the usage pattern of the resource; and (2) How to restrict access to the resource so that the specified usage pattern can be realized. One way to solve both of these problems is solved by embodying the desired usage pattern in priority update algorithms which assign unique priorities to all the users. The secobd problem then becomes that of determining the competing user who has the highest priority when the resource is free. Solutions are proposed which promise the combined advantages of ethernet (short message delay) and ringnet (high throughput).
Crossing the qualitative-quantitative chasm I: Hybrid geographies, the spatial turn, and volunteered geographic information (VGI)

This report, the first of three, reviews methods and methodological approaches, qualitative and quantitative. In an effort to look beyond the qualitative-quantitative divide, two geographers with different methodological background and expertise write together. This first report reviews works under the broader context of hybrid geographies, the spatial turn, and the recent explosive growth of volunteered geographic information (VGI). The works reviewed seek to combine methodological approaches in creative ways, or to create other hybrid research methods, all to address the challenging problems of our times – problems that often demand synergy in methodology, holism in ontology, plurarism/open-mindedness in epistemology, and embracing diversity.
Three departures from maximizing behavior and their Keynesian features: a simple exposition

This exposition addresses three reasonable departures from fully maximizing behavior that exhibit important Keynesian features. These departures involve inertial, imitative, and error-conscious behaviors. A simple general frame-work is used to model the three departures in an otherwise fully optimizing model. This makes transparent the differences in the underlying mechanisms and the sources of the Keynesian results.
A Survey of Skin Disorders Seen in Pediatrie General and Dermatology Clinics

: One-week surveys of office visits to a general pediatrie clinic were carried out at monthly intervals over a six-month period. Skin complaints accounted for 24% of the primary and secondary reasons for initiating clinic visits. Six categories of dermatologie conditions accounted for 81.5% of the pediatrie clinic visits, with skin infections comprising 38.5%. A survey of new referrals to a pediatrie dermatology clinic over a similar seasonal span revealed that the same six categories made up 51.8% of diagnoses. The surveys indicate that skin disorders are common reasons for pediatric office visits and suggest some areas that should be emphasized in the training of physicians in dermatologic diagnosis and management.
A content analysis of music videos.

The music video, as shown on Music Television (MTV), is a contemporary hybrid of rock music and film imagery. This study analyzed a sample of 62 MTV music videos in 23 content categories. Of the content categories studied, frequent occurrences were found in visual abstraction, sex, dance, violence, and crime. MTV sexual and violent content is characterized by innuendo and sug‐gestiveness, perhaps reflecting MTV's: adolescent audience appeal.
Relationship between protein O-linked glycosylation and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle following calorie restriction or exposure to O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Protein O-linked glycosylation is regulated in vivo by the concentration of hexosamine substrates. Calorie restriction (60% of ad libitum intake) for 20 days causes decreased UDP-N-acetylhexosamine levels and increased insulin-mediated glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle. Conversely, prolonged incubation (19 h) of muscle with O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenyl-carbamate (PUGNAc; an inhibitor of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) is characterized by increased O-linked glycosylation and insulin resistance. We aimed to determine the calorie restriction effect on O-linked glycosylation and characterize the temporal relationship between PUGNAc-induced O-linked glycosylation and insulin resistance. HYPOTHESIS: A calorie restriction protocol characterized by decreased muscle hexosamine levels will result in a global reduction in O-linked glycosylated proteins in muscle, and PUGNAc-induced insulin resistance will coincide with increased O-linked glycosylation. METHODS: Plantaris muscle and liver from rats (ad libitum or calorie restricted) were analysed for O-linked glycosylation using two antibodies against different O-linked N-acetylglucosamine epitopes. Also, rat epitrochlearis muscles were incubated for 8.5 h +/- 100 mum PUGNAc prior to measurement of [(3)H]-3-O-methylglucose transport and O-linked glycosylation. RESULTS: Calorie restriction did not alter protein O-linked glycosylated levels in muscle or liver. Incubation with PUGNAc for 8.5 h resulted in increased in O-linked glycosylation but unaltered basal or insulin-stimulated glucose transport. CONCLUSIONS: The delay between O-linked glycosylation and insulin resistance in muscle incubated with PUGNAc suggests an indirect, relatively slow mechanism for insulin resistance. The effect of calorie restriction on insulin action in muscle is unlikely to be the direct result of a global change in protein O-linked glycosylation.
Cost sharing in health insurance--a reexamination.

Concern that the terms of some health insurance policies encourage overuse of medical care has led to the argument that an important element of cost containment is cost consciousness on the consume...