cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation in Clutch Size and Ovum Size of the Snubnose Darter, Etheostoma simoterum (Cope), from Two Populations in Tennessee

Abstract I studied variation in clutch size and ovum size of the snubnose darter Etheostoma simoterum from three sites in Bluewater Creek in southern Tennessee which I compared to published data for a population from Brush Creek in northern Tennessee. Females 29–44 mm standard length (SL) from Bluewater Creek (n = 54) produced 25–96 (x = 63) eggs per clutch. SL-adjusted clutch sizes varied among the localities within Bluewater Creek with the largest mean clutch size being 1.14 times greater than the smallest. Mean diameter of unovulated ripe eggs in individual females ranged from 1.15–1.34 mm (x = 1.24 mm diam) and mean egg mass ranged from 251–380 (x = 312) μg. Both metrics showed significant correlations with SL. Females from Brush Creek produced significantly larger SL-adjusted clutches than females from Bluewater Creek, but egg diameters did not differ significantly between populations. Comparison of the two populations shows interesting geographic variation in clutch size that may result from raci...
Genetic Screen Reveals the Role of Purine Metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus Persistence to Rifampicin

Chronic infections with Staphylococcus aureus such as septicemia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and biofilm infections are difficult to treat because of persisters. Despite many efforts in understanding bacterial persistence, the mechanisms of persister formation in S. aureus remain elusive. Here, we performed a genome-wide screen of a transposon mutant library to study the molecular mechanisms involved in persistence of community-acquired S. aureus. Screening of the library for mutants defective in persistence or tolerance to rifampicin revealed many genes involved in metabolic pathways that are important for antibiotic persistence. In particular, the identified mutants belonged to metabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, vitamin and purine biosynthesis. Five mutants played a role in purine biosynthesis and two mutants, purB, an adenylosuccinate lyase, and purM, a phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase, were selected for further confirmation. Mutants purB and purM showed defective persistence compared to the parental strain USA300 in multiple stress conditions including various antibiotics, low pH, and heat stress. The defect in persistence was restored by complementation with the wildtype purB and purM gene in the respective mutants. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of persistence in S. aureus and provide novel therapeutic targets for developing more effective treatment for persistent infections due to S. aureus.
Review of Sex and World Peace

Shockingly high death tolls and lost human capacity show us that the greatest security dilemma today is “the systematic insecurity of women—half of the world’s population” (4). The four authors of ...
Encouraging Consumer Use of Hospital Quality Information: Both Cognitive and Emotional Appeals Contribute

BackgroundThis qualitative study explores consumers’ knowledge, perceptions, and reported propensity to use hospital quality information and proposes a communication strategy aimed at supporting the use of a prototypical decision-support tool for choosing a hospital.MethodsEight focus groups (total n = 77) in geographically diverse sites were conducted with Medicare beneficiaries and people aging into the Medicare Program. Each group discussed a series of issues including overall hospital quality awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to hospital choice-making in general, attitudes and perceptions related to the CAHPS Hospital Survey (HCAHPS) information and potential uses specifically, and discussion related to communication messages and themes that might encourage consumer action around such decision-support tools. ResultsParticipants generally believed that hospitals differed in quality, but typically based their impressions on personal experiences and reports of family/friends. There was little awareness of the availability of evidence-based hospital quality information or of the various organizations that promoted such information. Most initially believed that such information, even if available, would not be useful to them personally. Few believed that they had the time or the ability to make an informed choice and many felt constrained by geography or health plan coverage. Differences between hospitals on clinical measures were not seen as immediately useful to these participants. However, differences between hospitals in measures of consumer experiences (reflected in sample HCAHPS reports) were seen as relevant once skepticism about hospitals’ ability to “game” their results was allayed. Still, participants often had difficulty distinguishing between their generally strong confidence in their own physician and the quality of the hospital and its professional staff; most reported that the doctor’s opinion would override HCAHPS findings. Participants reinforced the need to highlight the objectivity of the information to build credibility and trust, but also noted that emotional features, such as reducing anxiety and peace of mind resulting from making a good choice were also important. Many participants also noted that the tool, because of its widespread use, could contribute to overall improvement of hospital and health care quality. ConclusionsA message framework that includes both cognitive and emotional appeals with a clear behavioral call to action can be useful to organizations interested in enhancing consumer engagement in public reporting of hospital quality.
Gender differences in laboratory stress response among prescription opioid-dependent individuals

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e118–e201 e199 Conclusions: Heavy drinking is common among primary care patients who screen positive for drug use. One or more HDD was significantly associated with fewer days use of DOMC, and a higher odds of dependence and use of >1 drug at follow-up. The apparent negative association between HDD and days use of DOMC could be explained by the use of >1 drug, or by alcohol use as a replacement. These findings suggest that assessing for heavy drinking among drug users identified by screening in primary care may yield clinically useful information. Financial support: Secondary analysis of ASPIRE trial data, funded by NIDA 1 R01 DA025068 with support from SAMHSA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.455 Sex differences in depressive-like effects of kappa opioid receptor activation in rats Jazmine Mays, Dan Puttick, Shayla Russell, Elena Chartoff Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,
The American College and the Culture of Aspiration, 1915–1940

(1987). The American College and the Culture of Aspiration, 1915–1940. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 592-594.
Analysis and discussion of IP information clue by measuring children's finger or venous blood with SYSMEX XS-800i hematology analyzer

Objective To study the difference and clinical value of IP information presented by SYSMEX XS-800i hematology analyzer,measuring children's finger and venous blood samples.Methods Samples of children's finger and venous blood were detected by SYSMEX XS-800i hematology analyzer.Samples with IP information were comparatively analyzed by combining microscope assay.Results The IP information appearance rate of finger blood samples was significant higher than venous blood sample,being 80% and 24% respectively,when all samples were tested by SYSMEX XS-800i hematology analyzer.The coincidence of samples,with IP information clue on both venous blood and finger blood,to microscope assay reached 83.3%.Compared with microscope assay,the coincidence of samples without IP information clue on both venous blood and finger blood was 100%.Conclusion Compared with venous blood sample,the presenting rate of IP information in finger blood samples is significantly higher.Compared with the results of microscope assay,there are some certain disagreements of finger blood samples.The difference could be caused by many factors,influencing the collection of samples,but does not have remarkable clinical significance.It is convenient and available for children patients to analyze blood cells by collecting finger blood in accordance with standard.But,the venous blood sample is the most reliable for a satisfactory analysis of blood cells.Blood samples should be analyzed,combining with clinical manifestations,and be detected by using smear microscopy assay,when the device present abnormal cells information during the detection.
Expetimental study on toxicity of made cordyceps mycelia

Objective:To study the security of the made cordyceps mycelia.Methods:Acute toxicity test of mice,Ames test,micronucleus test of bone marrow PCE cell in mice,sperm shape abnormality test of mice,thirty days feeding study.Results:The made cordyceps mycelia was a substance with no toxicity according to the acute toxicity.The results of genetic toxicity test were all negative,including Ames test,micronucleus test and sperm shape abnormality test.The results of thirty days feeding study was also negative.Conclusion:The made cordyceps mycelia is a substance with no toxicity and has no genetic toxicity and subacute toxicity in this test.
Aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Most unruptured intracranial aneurysms that produce neuro-ophthalmologic signs arise from the junction of the internal carotid and posterior communicating arteries. These aneurysms typically compress the third nerve in the subarachnoid space. Compression of cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus is less common, resulting in single or multiple and often painful ocular motor nerve pareses. Unruptured aneurysms of the proximal and distal segments of the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery can compress the anterior visual pathways and cause visual loss. Ocular symptoms and signs may be the presenting manifestations of intracranial aneurysms. Prompt recognition of an aneurysm prior to rupture can prevent devastating intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, visual complications are a not infrequent source of morbidity in those patients surviving acute intracranial bleeding. Recent advances in noninvasive neuroimaging and endovascular therapies facilitate early diagnosis and treatment and therefore may limit such complications.
Morphologically Determined Excitonic Properties of Porphyrin Aggregates in Alcohols with Variable Acidity

Self-assembled, excitonically coupled aggregates of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TSPP) in acidified alcohols were studied by absorption, resonance light scattering (RLS), and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy along with scanning probe microscopy. In ethanol, the major absorption bands of aggregates in 0.5 mM HCl (sample E1) were narrower, with smaller total RLS intensity, compared to those of aggregates in 50 mM HCl (sample E2). RR scattering cross sections were smaller, and depolarization ratio dispersion greater, for E2 than E1. Two distinct types of aggregates at differing acidity in 1-propanol, analogous to the ethanolic samples, but only one type in methanol, were also identified. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images for E1 showed small, single layered structures (∼5–20 nm diameter, ∼1.5–2 nm thickness). Variable morphologies for E2 included double-layered, elongated structures consistent with collapsed nanotubes (∼25 nm width, ∼3.5–4 nm thickness, ∼100–200 nm length) and single m...
Nebraska Red: a phosphinate-based near-infrared fluorophore scaffold for chemical biology applications

A series of novel phosphinate-based dyes displaying near-infrared fluorescence (NIR) are reported. These dyes exhibit remarkable photostability and brightness. The phosphinate functionality is leveraged as an additional reactive handle in order to tune cell permeability as well as provide a proof-of-principle for a self-reporting small molecule delivery vehicle.
CO adsorption on Pd(111) at 0.5ML: A first principles study

Abstract It is well-known experimentally that at ½ monolayer (ML) coverage CO forms a c(4 × 2) phase on Pd(111). There is, however, a debate about whether this adsorption is at the bridge or at the hollow (FCC and HCP) sites, or at a combination of these two types of sites. Using density functional theory based calculations to evaluate the structural and vibrational properties of the c(4×2) overlayer of CO on Pd(111), with all possible highly symmetric adsorption sites, we conclude that the CO molecules prefer to adsorb either only on the hollow (FCC or HCP) sites or only at sites which are located in-between the bridge and the FCC sites and that there is no stable overlayer structure in which the molecule binds only at the bridge sites or combination of bridge and hollow sites.
Diabetes as an increasingly common comorbidity among patient hospitalizations for tuberculosis in the USA

Objective Diabetes is a risk factor for active tuberculosis (TB). The purpose of this paper was to estimate the risk of hospitalization for TB with and without a secondary diagnosis of diabetes in groups with different ethnic backgrounds. Research design and methods We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2011, identifying all patients with a primary diagnosis of TB and/or a secondary diagnosis of diabetes (type 1 or type 2) or HIV. Next, we performed logistic regression to investigate the association of diabetes status, HIV status, and race (and the interaction of diabetes and race) with the risk of hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of TB. We also included a time covariate, to determine whether potential risk factors changed during the study period. Results Controlling for HIV status, diabetes did not increase the odds of TB in white and black patients. However, in Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander patients, diabetes increased the odds of TB by a factor of 1.7 (95% CI 1.51 to 1.83). Asian/Pacific Islanders who had diabetes but not HIV experienced 26.4 (95% CI 23.1 to 30.1) times the odds of TB relative to the white males without diabetes or HIV. In addition, the percent of TB cases that belong to these high-risk groups (Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic diabetics) has more than doubled from 4.6% in 1998 to 9.6% in 2011. Conclusions In specific demographic groups, diabetes was a strong risk factor for hospital admissions for TB.
A bipartite graph matching framework for finding correspondences between structural elements in two proteins

A protein molecule consists one or more chains of amino acid sequences that fold into a complex three-dimensional structure. A protein's functions are often determined by its 3D structure, and so comparing the similarity of 3D structures between proteins is an important problem. To accomplish such comparison, one must align two proteins properly with rotation and translation in 3D space. Finding the correspondences between structural elements in the two proteins is the key step in many protein structure alignment algorithms. We introduce a new graph theoretic framework based on bipartite graph matching for finding sufficiently good correspondences. It is capable of providing both sequence-dependent and sequence-independent correspondences. It is a general framework for pair-wise matching of atoms, amino acids residues or secondary structure elements.
Temperature Dependent Pair-Wise Amino Acid Structural Propensity in ccβ and Implications for α to β Secondary Structural Conversion

Numerous proteins undergo an alpha-helix to beta-sheet conversion, which can then lead to the formation of toxic amyloid fibrils. The resulting fibrous protein aggregation is associated with the pathology of many debilitating illnesses and neurodegenerative disorders, such as type II diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Many factors determine the preference that an amino acid has to assume an α-helix versus β-strand secondary structure. The large size of these proteins presents difficulties in investigating the molecular details of the dynamics of the structural transformation. We investigate the small, engineered protein ccβ that undergoes similar structural transformations. We use Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics computer simulations to study the amino acids that make up the system. Based upon the importance of amino acid pairs, we examine the propensities for the various pairs of amino acids in ccβ to form specific secondary structures as a function of temperature. We find that there is an interplay between the inherent secondary structure preferences of amino acids with various molecular forces necessary to stabilize the helical trimer. Three specific pairs of amino acids in the ccβ primary sequence are especially important in the temperature-dependent structural conversion, and these pairs are located at positions along the sequence that facilitate the formation of the coiled-coil trimer. We show these effects vary with temperature, leading to the temperature dependent conversion of ccβ from helical to beta conformation.
Brachial blood flow under relative levels of blood flow restriction is decreased in a nonlinear fashion.

Introduction Blood flow restriction (BFR), the application of external pressure to occlude venous return and restrict arterial inflow, has been shown to increase muscular size and strength when combined with low-load resistance exercise. BFR in the research setting uses a wide range of pressures, applying a pressure based upon an individual's systolic pressure or a percentage of occlusion pressure; not a directly determined reduction in blood flow. The relationship between relative pressure and blood flow has not been established. Purpose To measure blood flow in the arm under relative levels of BFR. Methods Forty-five people (18-40 years old) participated. Arterial occlusion pressure in the right arm was measured using a 5-cm pneumatic cuff. Blood flow in the brachial artery was measured at rest and at pressures between 10% and 90% of occlusion using ultrasound. Results Blood flow decreased in a nonlinear, stepped fashion. Blood flow decreased at 10% of occlusion and remained constant until decreasing again at 40%, where it remained until 90% of occlusion. Conclusion The decrease in brachial blood flow is not proportional to the applied relative pressure. The prescription of blood flow restriction should take into account the stimulus provided at each relative level of blood flow.
Microwave Ablation of Lung Tumors Near the Heart: A Retrospective Review of Short-Term Procedural Safety in Ten Patients.

To evaluate the rate of short-term complications associated with microwave ablation of lung tumors located near the heart. This HIPAA-compliant study was performed with a waiver for informed consent. Patients who underwent microwave ablation of lung tumors located 10 mm or less from the heart were identified by retrospective chart review. Both primary and metastatic tumors were included. Only tumors directly adjacent to one of the four cardiac chambers were included. All patients were treated in a single session using CT guidance with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. Rates of new-onset arrhythmia and myocardial infarction (MI) within 90 days of the procedure were quantified, and evidence of cardiac or pericardiac injury was assessed for using post-ablation contrast-enhanced chest CT, electrocardiography (EKG), and—when available—echocardiography. Complications were graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) system. Ten patients (four males, six females; mean age 73.1 ± 9.5 years) met all inclusion criteria. Mean tumor distance from the heart was 3 mm (range, 0–6 mm). New-onset arrhythmia was not observed during or following any of the microwave ablation treatments, and there were no documented 90-day MI events. CTCAE Grade 1 complications were observed by CT in eight patients, most commonly mild focal pericardial thickening. EKG and echocardiography were normal in all patients. No major complications (CTCAE Grade 3 or greater) were observed. Microwave ablation of lung tumors located 10 mm or less from the heart appears to have low associated short-term morbidity and may be appropriate in selected patients.
Solar Energy System for Water Distillation

Some newly designed and developed product systems are introduced in this chapter. It includes the green (sustainable) energy system for water distillation, wind power system, automated and high-speed machinery system, solar panel tracking system, robotic system, biomedical and surgical system, energy-saving cooling system, magnetic sealing system, and high-speed product packaging system. All these new product systems have been designed and developed through computer-aided modeling and simulation. The design methodology has been described for these new product systems to detail the design procedure and assist readers in their future academic endeavor.
Mainsprings of Resurgence

As the cognitive-cultural economy has steadily concentrated in large cities across the globe, so the foundations of urban competitive advantage have also shifted radically. In particular, the creative and innovative potentials of the urban environment have been enhanced by major changes in the nature of production processes, the varieties of human capital available, and the turn toward aggressive brand-based niche marketing.
H.265/HEVC encoder optimization with parallel-efficient algorithm and QP-based early termination

The rich choice of hierarchical partitioning modes within the coding tree unit (CTU) in the high efficiency video coding (HEVC/H.265) standard is the main reason for its higher coding efficiency, as well as its high computational complexity. The single most timing consuming process in H.265/HEVC is motion estimation (ME). In this paper, to accelerate the ME process, we propose an efficient parallel algorithm by exploiting inter-pixel similarity. The result shows with less than 1% bitrate increases ME can be accelerated by up to 5.7 times. To further enhance the encoder performance, we propose a novel strategy that employs quantization parameter as the indicator to early-terminate the coding. Overall encoding time is improved by up to 3.5 times, with a less than 6% increase in the bitrate.
Power system decomposition for practical implementation of bulk-grid voltage control methods

Power system algorithms such as AC optimal power flow and coordinated volt/var control of the bulk power system are computationally intensive and become difficult to solve in operational time frames. The computational time required to run these algorithms increases exponentially as the size of the power system increases. The solution time for multiple subsystems is less than that for solving the entire system simultaneously, and the local nature of the voltage problem lends itself to such decomposition. This paper describes an algorithm that can be used to perform power system decomposition from the point of view of the voltage control problem. Our approach takes advantage of the dominant localized effect of voltage control and is based on clustering buses according to the electrical distances between them. One of the contributions of the paper is to use multidimensional scaling to compute «-dimensional Euclidean coordinates for each bus based on electrical distance to perform algorithms like K-means clustering. A simple coordinated reactive power control of photovoltaic inverters for voltage regulation is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed decomposition algorithm and its components. The proposed decomposition method is demonstrated on the IEEE 118-bus system.
Fan-out wafer level chip scale package testing

This paper introduces test solutions for Integrated Fan Out Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging (InFO WLCSP) which has the promising of being a very cost effective solution to achieve “More than Moore's law” for mobile devices — more so than 3D integrated circuits (3DIC). InFO WLCSP has its own unique test challenges and it is important to have high-quality screen methodology for severe defects and potential reliablity failures. In this paper we propose novel solutions that leads to fast and reliable tests for InFO WLCSP packages. We will show results on some industrial cases to validate our claims.
A one-dimensional stochastic model of turbulence within and above plant canopies

Abstract The suitability of Kerstein's One-Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) model in the representation of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flows within and above plant canopies is investigated. The ODT model was adapted to represent a filtered version of flow and scalar fields, equipped with a Smagorinsky-like sub-grid scale model, a wall model, and a parameterization of the canopy effects on the flow. In the filtered ODT, the entire vertical extension of the ABL is modeled and the “resolved” vertical turbulent transport is represented by stochastic eddies that effectively mix fluid parcels across a path length, representing non-local turbulent fluxes that are a critical feature of the canopy roughness sublayer. Simulations for different canopies and stability conditions are performed and vertical profiles of turbulence and scalar statistics are compared with observational and large-eddy simulation data. This new filtered version of the ODT model yields grid-independent results. Model performance for plant canopies is consistent with previous results from ODT for all cases tested without any case-specific parameter adjustment, generating reasonable agreement in profiles of mean velocity, temperature and water vapor mixing ratio, as well as vertical fluxes of momentum and sensible and latent heat, despite the underestimation of all velocity variances. Non-local transport is intrinsic to the formulation of ODT, which represents a significant advantage compared to other reduced-model approaches employed for canopy flows.
Targeting the Transferrin Receptor to Overcome Resistance to Anti-Cancer Agents

The transferrin receptor (TfR) plays an important role in iron uptake and delivery [1]. The primary role of the TfR is to internalize iron through the binding of its natural ligand, the transferrin (Tf) protein that carries iron through the circulation. Iron is necessary for various cell processes such as respiration, metabolism, DNA synthesis and the proper functioning of various heme and nonheme proteins that require iron as a cofactor [1]. In addition, the TfR seems to be important for other processes such as cell growth and proliferation [1]. The TfR, a 180-kDa homodimeric glycoprotein, is a type II transmembrane receptor that has three important domains for its function (Fig. 2.1). It is composed of a C-terminal domain, also known as the ectodomain, a transmembrane region, and an N-terminal domain that is on the cytosolic side of the membrane. The ectodomain is important for binding to Tf for the internalization of iron. Two TfR genes have been identified, TfR1 and TfR2. Furthermore, the TfR2 gene produces two transcripts, α and β, that are produced by alternative splicing. TfR2α shows similarity with TfR1 in that they exhibit a 45% similarity and 66% homology in their ectodomain. However, the cytoplasmic domains of the two proteins demonstrate no similarity [1]. The TfR2β transcript lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains and its function remains unknown. TfR1 and TfR2α differ in cell surface expression and gene regulation. The TfR1 is ubiquitously expressed on normal cells at low levels. Increased TfR1 expression is observed on cells with a high proliferation rate, including cancer cells. TfR2 expression is limited to hepatocytes and enterocytes in the small intestine [1]. TfR2 expression has been found in some human cell lines such as B and myeloid cell lines as well as some cell lines derived from solid tumors [1]. TfR1 is post-transcriptionally regulated directly by intracellular iron levels as compared with TfR2 that is not. TfR2 is thought to be primarily regulated by the cell cycle and iron-bound Tf [1]. Thus both receptors differ considerably in expression and regulation indicating different roles in iron delivery. In addition, TfR1 has a 25-fold greater affinity for Tf relative to TfR2, indicating the main role of TfR1 in iron homeostasis [1]. Tf is an 80 kDa monomeric glycoprotein composed of two lobes; an N and C lobe that are separated by a short spacer sequence (reviewed in [1]). Each lobe is capable of binding one iron molecule. The number of iron molecules bound to Tf has an important effect on the affinity of Tf for the TfR. At physiological conditions, holo Tf or diferric Tf (two iron) has the greatest affinity followed by monoferric (one iron), while apo-Tf (no iron) has the lowest affinity for the receptor [1]. Thus, iron uptake by the cell is mediated mostly through the Chapter 2 Targeting the Transferrin Receptor to Overcome Resistance to Anti-Cancer Agents
Unraveling the Administrative State: Mechanism Choice, Key Actors, and Regulatory Tools

This Article blends theory and a close look at real-world practices to examine five critical and interrelated aspects of how regulatory design influences the pursuit of regulatory goals. First, it explores the use of three foundational legal mechanisms of the administrative state – rulemaking, enforcement adjudication, and permitting (sometimes referred to as licensing). Second, it evaluates the roles that different actors play in the implementation of regulatory programs. Third, it identifies available governance tools that may be available for use by different regulatory actors in the exercise of available legal mechanisms. Fourth, the Article considers the goals an agency is supposed to achieve. In the setting we study (environmental regulation), tools and outcomes or goals may be conflated because of the challenges of evaluating ultimate goals and their relation to agency strategies. And, finally, the Article explores the possible salience of key features of agency enabling statutes that may influence or guide agency behavior. Our thesis is that regulatory effectiveness, and indeed agency legitimacy more generally, is influenced by the interactions of legal mechanisms, actors, tools, goals, and statutory authorization and constraints. Policymakers designing regulatory programs should take into account all five elements and how choices concerning each is likely to affect the capacity of the others to impact regulatory success or failure. This Article and a related piece provide a case study of the efforts of one agency, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), to use the three foundational administrative law mechanisms identified above to enhance its enforcement and compliance promotion efforts through a novel approach it called Next Generation Compliance (Next Gen). The heart of this initiative involves increased use by an array of public and private actors of tools that include advanced monitoring technologies, enhanced transparency, improved communications technology (particularly electronic reporting), other innovative enforcement strategies (such as third-party monitoring), and “better” (easier to understand and comply with) regulations. Our case study examines how EPA has used its foundational administrative law mechanisms to increase use of these tools, with the ultimate goal of improving compliance with regulatory requirements. We explore the advantages and disadvantages of reliance on each mechanism in a novel effort to consider the interactions of legal mechanism choice by evaluating the roles of different regulatory stakeholders and the choice of available governance tools. The two articles begin to fill significant gaps in the compliance literature concerning the extent to which legal mechanisms, the actors capable of implementing them, governance tools and objectives such as improved monitoring and enhanced transparency, and nuances in statutory approaches may influence agency behavior and outcomes.
Is Voting Rights Law Now at War with Itself?: Safe Election Districts Versus Coalitional Districts in the 2000s

In the 1990s, the combination of social-scientific evidence of racially-polarized voting patterns and the legal compulsion of the Voting Rights Act required the construction of "safe" minority-election districts in much of the United States. This article explores whether changes in voting-rights law during the 1990s, and changes in what emerging social-science evidence now shows about the extent of racially polarized voting today, will require or permit changes in the "safe" districting approach in the redistricting of the 2000 decade. In particular, the article asks whether "coalitional" districts, in which minority voters are less than a controlling majority but can realistically, through interracial political coalitions, elect minority candidates, are now legally required, or permitted, where law and facts instead required "safe" majority-minority districts in the 1990s. As part of this analysis, the article argues that in the 2000 round, the constitutional constraints on race-conscious districting that in the 1990s applied to constrain the geographic shapes of districts are likely to be extended to the population concentrations of minority voters. Acceptable "safe" districts of the 1990s are now, in light of current social-science evidence, likely unconstitutionally to overconcentrate minority voters. The article also suggests that the complexity of applying voting-rights law in the 2000s will follow from the tension courts will face between the attractiveness of easy to administer, bright-line formal rules, and the realities of empirically complex questions of what is necessary, excessive, or insufficient to ensure meeting the Voting Rights Act requirement that minority voters have an equal opportunity to elect candidates of their choice.
Responding to the Reaction: The Draftsman's View

When the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice undertook to update the 1968 Merger Guidelines,' two goals were set: first, to bring the Guidelines into line with subsequent developments in antitrust law and economics; and second, to reduce the uncertainty surrounding the evaluation of mergers and acquisitions by the Department. At the time the revised Guidelines were issued in June 1982, the Department felt that it had met those goals. Today, after extensive public scrutiny and debate and after using the Guidelines to review a number of proposed mergers, the Department, or at least the head of the Antitrust Division, remains convinced that the Guidelines meet these objectives. As evidenced by this Symposium, however, there are some-although apparently a minority-who remain skeptical of, if not hostile to, the Guidelines. Most, if not all, of the criticisms were foreseen at the time the Guidelines were released. One's evaluation of those criticisms depends primarily on the philosophical and economic assumptions with which one approaches the Guidelines. To those who view with approval the current trend in antitrust jurisprudence toward a focus on economic efficiency and consumer welfare, many of the criticisms of the Guidelines are unlikely to be persuasive. A number of the other criticisms reflect the debates among economists on relatively minor points, such as the extent to which the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is superior to concentration ratios as a measure of concentration.2 Still other
Trigeminal (Gasserian) Ganglion, Maxillary Nerve, and Mandibular Nerve Blocks

The Gasserian (trigeminal) ganglion lies within Meckel’s cavity in the middle cranial fossa close to the petrous bone. It is surrounded medially by the cavernous sinus, superiorly by the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, and posteriorly by the brain stem. Gasserian ganglion has three divisions with a characteristic somatotopic arrangement, in that the ophthalmic division (V1) is the most craniomedial and the mandibular division (V3) is the most caudolateral. The maxillary branch (V2) lies in between. The ophthalmic nerve exits through the superior orbital fissure, the maxillary nerve through the foramen rotundum, and the mandibular nerve through the foramen ovale.
Proposed classification of pseudomyxoma peritonei: influence of signet ring cells on survival.

The nomenclature and classification of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is confusing and controversial. Numerous classification systems have been proposed, none of which are easily reproducible or a us...
Engineered niches model the onset of metastasis

A humanized biomaterial microenvironment that mimics the pre-metastatic niche captures disseminated tumour cells and recapitulates metastatic progression after implantation in xenografted mice.
Spatial Video Health Risk Mapping in Informal Settlements: Correcting GPS Error

Informal settlements pose a continuing health concern. While spatial methodologies have proven to be valuable tools to support health interventions, several factors limit their widespread use in these challenging environments. One such technology, spatial video, has been used for fine-scale contextualized mapping. In this paper, we address one of the limitations of the technique: the global positioning system (GPS) coordinate error. More specifically, we show how spatial video coordinate streams can be corrected and synced back to the original video to facilitate risk mapping. Past spatial video collections for the Mathare informal settlement of Kenya are used as an illustration as these data had been previously discarded because of excessive GPS error. This paper will describe the bespoke software that makes these corrections possible, and then will go on to investigate patterns in the coordinate error.
Latent earning capacity and the race marriage gap

One of the most persistent socioeconomic phenomena in the process of family formation is the relatively low rate of marriage by black men and women. The enduring conventional wisdom has been that l...
Spine stereotactic radiosurgery as a promising modality in patients with metastatic hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma.

e13551Background: While stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), a form of high-dose rate radiation therapy, is often used in the local management of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ...
Nanobiomaterial Advances in Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering

Myocardial infarction (MI) is projected to increase globally in the coming decades. The long-term outlook for patients with ischemic heart injury undergoing current treatment modalities is bleak, due to the lack of regenerative capacity of native heart tissue. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have developed numerous strategies to repair or replace injured myocardium. One of the most promising strategies to date is the attempt to engineer tissues and cells at the nanoscale by utilizing nanobiomaterials to mimic the native nanoscale structure of the heart. Nanobiomaterials have proliferated enormously in the past few decades and have great potential for creating biomimetic systems that can replace or repair injured myocardium. Tissue engineering scaffolds with precisely controlled nanotopography, electrically conductive nanomaterials with the potential for mimicking conductive pathways in the heart, and numerous nanocarriers for targeted cardiac drug delivery have now been achieved. In this chapter we review the rationale for engineering biological tissues at the nanoscale as well as recent applications in nanofabrication and nanomedicine for cardiac regeneration.
Analysis of lunar samples: Implications for planet formation and evolution

The analysis of lunar samples returned to Earth by the Apollo and Luna missions changed our view of the processes involved in planet formation. The data obtained on lunar samples brought to light the importance during planet growth of highly energetic collisions that lead to global-scale melting. This violent birth determines the initial structure and long-term evolution of planets. Once past its formative era, the lunar surface has served as a recorder of more than 4 billion years of interaction with the space environment. The chronologic record of lunar cratering determined from the returned samples underpins age estimates for planetary surfaces throughout the inner Solar System and provides evidence of the dynamic nature of the Solar System during the planet-forming era.
How the U.S.-Mexico border influences adolescent substance use: Youth participatory action research using photovoice.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study is to use Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) methods and Photovoice to identify the perceived environmental factors that influence substance use among adolescents living at the U.S.-Mexico border. Methods One academic and a local youth health coalition engaged in Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) using Photovoice and qualitative methods to examine the perceived factors influencing adolescent substance use in their border community. Results Identified novel risk factors for adolescent substance use on the border included the normalization of drug trafficking, normalization of substance use, and cross-border access to substances. Novel protective factors included living in a close-knit binational community and having strong binational family and social support systems. The findings also illustrate a nexus of 'factors' wherein risk and protective elements overlap. Conclusion This study contributes to the broader literature on international border health and how living in a border space influences adolescent substance use. The examination of influential border-bound factors provides a more complete understanding of the experiences of youth living on the U.S.-Mexico border, and informs the field of the importance of considering the border experience for future prevention and risk reduction efforts with border adolescents.
Idealisation in semantics: truth-conditional semantics for radical contextualists

In this paper, I shall provide a novel response to the argument from context-sensitivity against truth-conditional semantics. It is often argued that the contextual influences on truth-conditions o...
Spectrum Sharing for UAV Communications: Spatial Spectrum Sensing and Open Issues

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are attracting increasing attention for applications such as video streaming, surveillance, and delivery using reliable line-of-sight (LOS) links. Nevertheless, due to the large radio-frequency (RF) transmission footprint from a UAV transmitted to ground nodes, UAV communications may significantly deteriorate the performance of cochannel ground communication links. With the lack of a dedicated spectrum, researchers need to design efficient spectrum-sharing policies for UAV communications to enhance spectral efficiency (SE) and control interference-to-ground communications. One technique for spectrum sharing is spatial spectrum sensing (SSS), which enables devices to sense spatial spectrum opportunities and reuse them aggressively and efficiently by controlling the SSS radius. The goal of this article is to introduce the fundamentals, challenges, and applications of SSS for UAV spectrum access and discuss open research problems for realizing UAV spectrum sharing, including dynamic spectrum access for swarm UAV networks, artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled UAV spectrum access, blockchain-based UAV spectrum access, multichannel access for UAVs, and the integration of UAVs into cellular networks.
Tribal family healing court: A culturally sensitive approach to child welfare in tribal communities

Tribal Family Healing Court is a new concept that provides an alternative way to address dependency cases in the tribal child welfare system. This article serves as a conceptual proposal and provid...
On the He 3 — He 4 Equilibrium below the λ -Point

Previous experiments attempting to establish the distribution of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ between the liquid and vapor phases of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$, in the region below the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point, are discussed. It is pointed out that, because of the non-classical behavior of liquid helium II, customary methods of analysis fail. New measurements, using an entirely different kind of technique, are reported, and the results compared with prior determinations.
Ramos v. Louisiana on Unanimous Juries

There is no question that the Sixth Amendment recognizes the right to “an impartial jury,” and little doubt that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates this right against state governments. But does a jury need to be unanimous in order to convict? Louisiana believes that 10 out of 12 is sufficient for a conviction. Evangelisto Ramos—who was convicted by a nonunanimous jury of the stabbing death of Trenice Fedison in New Orleans—disagrees. In addition to the ramifications for criminal prosecution, the Ramos case places the role of precedent at the forefront to the Court’s deliberations.
Transformation of Liquid Digestate from the Solid-Separated Biogas Digestion Reactor Effluent into a Solid NH4HCO3 Fertilizer: Sustainable Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment

The growing interest in biogas production to obtain renewable electricity has led to the increasing availability of liquid digestate byproducts containing major nutrients, such as nitrogen, and the...
Pediatric tri-tube valved conduits made from fibroblast-produced extracellular matrix evaluated over 52 weeks in growing lambs

There is a need for replacement heart valves that can grow with children. We fabricated tubes of fibroblast-derived collagenous matrix that have been shown to regenerate and grow as a pulmonary artery replacement in lambs and implemented a design for a valved conduit consisting of three tubes sewn together. Seven lambs were implanted with tri-tube valved conduits in sequential cohorts and compared to bioprosthetic conduits. Valves implanted into the pulmonary artery of two lambs of the first cohort of four animals functioned with mild regurgitation and systolic pressure drops <10 mmHg up to 52 weeks after implantation, during which the valve diameter increased from 19 mm to a physiologically normal ~25 mm. In a second cohort, the valve design was modified to include an additional tube, creating a sleeve around the tri-tube valve to counteract faster root growth relative to the leaflets. Two valves exhibited trivial-to-mild regurgitation at 52 weeks with similar diameter increases to ~25 mm and systolic pressure drops of <5 mmHg, whereas the third valve showed similar findings until moderate regurgitation was observed at 52 weeks, correlating to hyperincrease in the valve diameter. In all explanted valves, the leaflets contained interstitial cells and an endothelium progressing from the base of the leaflets and remained thin and pliable with sparse, punctate microcalcifications. The tri-tube valves demonstrated reduced calcification and improved hemodynamic function compared to clinically used pediatric bioprosthetic valves tested in the same model. This tri-tube valved conduit has potential for long-term valve growth in children.
The influence of beef quality characteristics on the internalization and thermal susceptibility of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in blade-tenderized beef steaks

Abstract The risk of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) survival in blade-tenderized beef is a concern for beef processors. This study evaluated the internalization and post-cooking survival of individual STEC serogroups (O157:H7, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) in blade-tenderized beef steaks with different quality traits. Strip loins representing four combinations of USDA Quality Grade (Choice or Select) and pH category (High pH or Normal pH) were inoculated (106 log CFU/cm2 attachment) with individual STEC serogroups before storage (14 days), blade tenderization, and cooking (50, 60, 71, or 85 °C). Serogroup populations on raw steak surfaces and internal cores were determined. Rapid-based methods were used to detect the internal presence of STEC in cooked steaks. Internalization and post-cooking survival varied among STECs. All serogroups, except O45 and O121, were detected in the internal cores of steaks cooked to 50 °C, while O103, O111, and O145 STEC were detected in steaks cooked to 50, 60, and 71 °C.