cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systems model of rural development

Abstract This paper presents a systems model that views rural development as the outcome of interactions between various rural system components - pattern of asset distribution, organizations and institutions and incentive structure in the region and the external relations to the outside world. It uses the model to interpret the rural development experience in Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Indonesia and Nigeria, identifying the links between the asset-organizational-incentive-relational mix in these countries and their respective developmental styles and achievements. Finally, the model's potential use for generation of coherent developmental interventions consistent with and supportive of desired developmental objective is illustrated.
Does the Communications Decency Act Foster Indecency

A convergence of forces and judicial decisions is narrowing the broad safe harbor of immunity that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act has provided during the Internet's growth. This immunity protected online computer services from almost all liability for content posted by third parties. But some influential federal judges argue that such broad immunity turns the Communications Decency Act into a communications indecency act. The trend of narrowing Section 230 is reinforced by instances of Internet abuse that have grabbed headlines and escaped legal consequences—cyberbullying of teens, the humiliation of women, racially discriminatory housing postings, ubiquitous pornography and Web sites that solicit unchecked gossip. The debate about the scope of Section 230 involves a clash among important values of free expression, tolerance, civility, privacy and equality. This article argues that Section 230's broad safe harbor is consistent with the constitutional architecture of free expression.
A measure of cognitive dissonance as a predictor of smoking treatment outcome.

In an effort to determine which pre-treatment variables could serve as predictors of success in a smoking-treatment program, 213 adult volunteer smokers were assessed for a wide range of factors. A specially devised instrument, a measure of Effective Cognitive Dissonance, proved to be the variable most closely associated with end-of-treatment smoking rates.
Excluded Volume Theory of Rigid Plates in Solution Using Continuous Orientation Distributions

A new analytical theory has been developed for the thermodynamics of dilute-to-moderately concentrated solutions of rigid plates of arbitrary dimensions. The approach presented differs from most current theories by allowing for a continuous distribution of plate orientations rather than a small set of discrete orientations. With a few simple approximations, the theory is made tractable enough to allow for the straightforward determination of the thermodynamic properties. The results of the theory, which contains no adjustable parameters, are in good agreement with the results of Monte Carlo simulations of spatially sparse distributions of plates created by random sequential addition. An example set of the free energy of mixing curves and a phase diagram are also presented, and the prospects for future development of the theory are briefly discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2366–2377, 2000
Reactive plume model: Effect of stack exit conditions on gas phase precursors and sulfate formation

Abstract A simple form of a carbon-bond smog mechanism has been introduced into a complete set of plume conservation equations. The conservation expressions for mass, momentum, energy and component species have been solved numerically for typical source and neutral or adiabatic ambient conditions to simulate the homogeneous gas phase chemistry for approximately two hours of travel time downwind from the stack exit. The influence of stack exit conditions including the ratios of momentum-to-buoyancy length l m / l b , source-to-ambient velocity R and mixing-to-reaction time τ are demonstrated. It was found that homogeneous processes in the plume near-field do not significantly contribute to the overall conversion of SO 2 to SO 2− 4 . In the far-field maximum sulfate formation rates of 2.3% h −1 were predicted for clear summer noon hours, consistent with plume measurements. Variation of stack exit conditions were found to have little effect on the maximum SO 2 conversion rate or the peak OH radical concentration where local HC/NO x ratios between 16 and 22 were predicted. Parameter changes resulting in greater ambient entrainment rates, however, were found to shift the development of the radical pool closer to the source and to significantly increase the total molar flux of plume sulfate.
Functional connectivity in task-negative network of the Deaf: effects of sign language experience

Prior studies investigating cortical processing in Deaf signers suggest that life-long experience with sign language and/or auditory deprivation may alter the brain’s anatomical structure and the function of brain regions typically recruited for auditory processing (Emmorey et al., 2010; Penicaud et al., 2013 inter alia). We report the first investigation of the task-negative network in Deaf signers and its functional connectivity—the temporal correlations among spatially remote neurophysiological events. We show that Deaf signers manifest increased functional connectivity between posterior cingulate/precuneus and left medial temporal gyrus (MTG), but also inferior parietal lobe and medial temporal gyrus in the right hemisphere- areas that have been found to show functional recruitment specifically during sign language processing. These findings suggest that the organization of the brain at the level of inter-network connectivity is likely affected by experience with processing visual language, although sensory deprivation could be another source of the difference. We hypothesize that connectivity alterations in the task negative network reflect predictive/automatized processing of the visual signal.
A content analysis of biogeomorphology within geomorphology textbooks

Abstract Biogeomorphology, defined as the two-way interaction between geomorphology and ecology, is a relatively recent subfield in disciplines such as geography, hydrology, and geomorphology, among others. However, the ecologic processes that influence geomorphic processes and vice versa have been addressed to varying extents for decades in geomorphology textbooks. This paper aims to analyze the presence and role of biogeomorphology in geomorphology textbooks from 1939 to 2007. The history of ecologic–geomorphic interactions is important for the understanding of how biogeomorphology has developed and its current position within geography. Geomorphology textbooks were assessed for material on ecologic components. A temporal analysis was completed by reviewing textbooks that span 68 years. International textbooks were included in the research in order to assess how they may compare to American textbooks. Results indicated that geomorphology textbooks have addressed biogeomorphology over time, but the amount varied and was minimal overall. Some of the most common topics included coral reefs and the role of vegetation and burrowing animals in erosion processes. The amount of material devoted to ecologic components in geomorphology ranged from brief mention of organisms to an entire chapter covering the various ecologic actions and their influences on geomorphology. The findings of this assessment will provide a contextualized view of the role of biogeomorphology within geomorphology and lend a better understanding to the history and current position of biogeomorphology.
Prediction of Enterococcal Imipenem Susceptibility Using Ampicillin or Penicillin MICs: More Evidence for a Class Concept

Recently Weinstein ([12][1]) presented evidence that the susceptibility of enterococci to the carbapenem imipenem could be predicted using the MICs of either ampicillin or penicillin. The current susceptibility testing interpretive tables ([9][2], [10][3]) of the National Committee for Clinical
Cannibalism and Intraguild Predation of Eggs within a Diverse Predator Assemblage

Greater biodiversity among aphid predators sometimes leads to greater predator reproductive success. This could occur if cannibalism of predator eggs is consistently stronger than intraguild predation, such that diversity dilutes cannibalism risk when total predator densities remain constant across diversity levels. We compared the frequency of cannibalism versus intraguild predation by adult predators of four species [the lady beetles Coccinella septempunctata L. and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, and the predatory bugs Geocoris bullatus (Say) and Nabis alternatus Parshley] on the eggs of three predator species (all of these predators but Nabis). For both coccinellid species, egg predation averaged across all intraguild predators was less frequent than cannibalism. In contrast, Geocoris eggs were generally more likely to be consumed by intraguild predators than by conspecifics. Closer inspection of the data revealed that Geocoris consistently consumed fewer eggs than the other species, regardless of egg species. Indeed, for lady beetle eggs it was relatively infrequent egg predation by Geocoris that brought down the average across all heterospecific predators, masking the fact that adults of the two lady beetles were no more likely to act as egg cannibals than as intraguild predators. Nabis ate eggs of the two beetles at approximately equal rates, but rarely ate Geocoris eggs. Female predators generally consumed more eggs than did males, but this did not alter any of the patterns described above. Altogether, our results suggest that species-specific differences in egg predation rates determined the relative intensity of egg intraguild-predation versus cannibalism, rather than any more general trend for egg cannibalism to always exceed intraguild predation.
Studies of Decay Schemes in the Osmium-Iridium Region. II. Decay of 12-Day Ir 190

Spectra of the gamma rays and internal conversion electrons emitted in the decay of 12-day Ir/sup 190/ were studied in detail. Internal conversion spectra were obtained with the aid of double-focusing and intermediate-image BETA spectrometers and a permanent-magnet spectrograph. Gamma spectra were obtained by means of photoelectric conversion, employing a double-focusing spectrometer, and by scintillation techniques. These measurements of the energies and relative intensities of gamma rays and internal conversion electrons give internal conversion coefficients for a number of transitions. These data, coupled with coincidence studies of gamma rays, support the level scheme reported by Nielsen et al. for Os/sup 190/ and establish new, oddparity levels at 1384, 1568, and 1876 kev. An upper limit of 2 x 10/sup -5/ is set on positron branching in the decay of Ir/sup 190/. Relative electron capture transition probabilities for the decay of Ir/sup 190/ to Os/sup 190/ and ratios of reduced transition probabilities for electromagnetic transitions from a number of levels of Os/sup 190/ follow from these results. They are compared with the predictions of the strong-coupling model and the asymmetric rotor model. The half life of Ir/sup 190/ was found to be 12.3 plus or minus 0.4 days. Even-A iridium-osmium totalmore » disintegration energies were found to rise substantially above the values predicted by semiempirical mass formulas; this suggested a possible effect of the change in the nuclear deformation in this region. (auth)« less
Polyorchidism and testicular torsion.

Abstract Presented is a case of a young man with polyorchidism and traumatic testicular torsion.
On Estimating Hail Frequency and Hailfall Area

Abstract Probabilistic and statistical concepts are used to examine how the number of hail observing sites within a region affects the accuracy of estimates of 1) the mean point frequency of hail within the region, 2) the overall regional frequency of hail, and 3) the area covered by individual hailfalls. A practically useful relationship ν = Nā/A is first derived to connect the mean point frequency ν of hail within a region to the regional hail frequency N, to the mean area ā of the individual hailfalls and to the area A of the region. The error in estimating the mean frequency ν is found to increase as n−1/2, where n is the number of sites placed within a region. If within a region there are proportionally more large hailstorms or if most of the area covered by hail is commonly due to a few large hailstorms, then fewer sites will be needed to estimate the mean point hail frequency. Of the 16 hailfalls detected by the 660 km2 1976 National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE) network of 603 hailpad sites, ...
Density and Temperature Dependences of Hydration Free Energy of Na+ and Cl- at Supercritical Conditions Predicted by ab Initio/Classical Free Energy Perturbation

The ab initio/classical free energy perturbation (ABC−FEP) method proposed previously by Wood et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110, 1329] combines the free energy calculated from a classical simulation of an approximate model with the free energy of perturbing the approximate solute−solvent interactions to ab initio interaction energies. This method was used to calculate the hydration free energies of Na+ and Cl- at a variety of high-temperature state points (973 K with 0.0101, 0.0935, 0.2796 g/cm3 and 723 K with 0.0098, 0.0897, 0.5113 g/cm3). The classical simulations were done with an approximate model, previously derived by fitting ab initio results at 973 K and 0.535 g/cm3. These were followed by perturbation to a QM/MM model in which the interactions of Na+ with H2O and Cl- with H2O are calculated by an ab initio method, while the interactions of H2O with H2O are calculated by the fluctuating charge TIP4P−FQ model. The pairwise ion−water interaction energies are obtained at the MP2/6-311++G(3df,3pd) leve...
Critical behavior of the one-dimensional S = 1 XY model with single-ion anisotropy

We study the quantum critical behavior of the one-dimensional, $S=1$ $\mathrm{XY}$ model in the presence of a single-ion anisotropy. Using a path-integral approach, we obtain, at $T=0$ and for a positive anisotropy constant, a classical free-energy functional that allows discussion of the critical properties. The rescaling of frequencies is governed by the critical exponent $z=1$. Renormalization-group arguments reveal that at criticality the system belongs to the same universality class as the isotropic $2\ensuremath{-}d$ $\mathrm{XY}$ model.
Simplified quantum error detection and correction for superconducting qubits

We analyze simple quantum error detection and quantum error correction protocols relevant to current experiments with superconducting qubits. We show that for qubits with energy relaxation the repetitive $N$-qubit codes cannot be used for quantum error correction, but can be used for quantum error detection. In the latter case it is sufficient to use only two qubits for the encoding. In the analysis we demonstrate a useful technique of unraveling the qubit energy relaxation into ``relaxation'' and ``no relaxation'' scenarios. Also, we propose and numerically analyze several two-qubit algorithms for quantum error detection and correction, which can be readily realized at the present-day level of the phase qubit technology.
The significance of panic in general medicine.

Panic disorder, as a useful diagnostic concept, has progressed well beyond the practice of psychiatry into the realm of general medicine. This worthwhile development boasts practical and heuristic implications. As a practical matter, it means that previously misunderstood patients, who often were dismissed as simply overly emotional, may now find specific useful treatment. The challenge to the clinician/scientist is to be able to evaluate several major possibilities; panic disorder may cause, exacerbate, initiate, and perhaps even prevent general medical illness. On the other hand, some general medical illnesses may cause, exacerbate, initiate, and perhaps even prevent panic disorder. Also, comorbid panic disorder and a general medical illness may be a manifestation of a deeper underlying causal process of which they are superficial manifestations. It is also possible that, by studying patterns of comorbidity, we may find what seems almost certain to be true, that panic disorder is causally heterogeneous. Of particular interest would be investigating whether patterns of disease provocation of panic disorder can help us understand panic pathophysiology. Just what physiological dysfunctions make the "spontaneous" panic more probable? Our initial interest in panic disorder came with the observation that imipramine blocked spontaneous panic in patients in whom long-term intensive psychotherapy had failed and in whom chlorpromazine had actually exacerbated the symptoms. When it was discovered that lactate infusions would actually precipitate panic in patients prone to panic, but not normals or patients with other anxiety disorders, under controlled double-blind circumstances, an instant argument was started. Was the lactate doing anything biochemically or physiologically specific, or was it simply a stress that reminded the patient of past panics and therefore throwing them into a panic? This contention was investigated by Ferris Pitts who demonstrated that the infusion of EDTA, a powerful calcium-chelating substance, which actually threw the patients into tetany, nonetheless did not produce a panic attack. This specificity
Taking Coase Seriously: Neil Komesar on Law's Limits

Neil Komesar is one of the few legal scholars who has taken seriously Ronald Coase's call for comparative institutional analyses to comprehend and resolve problems of social cost. In his 1994 book, Imperfect Alternatives, Komesar explained why there is no first-best set of legal and economic institutions and organizations for avoiding or resolving social conflicts, elaborated a framework for analyzing institutional choice, and applied that framework to issues in tort law and constitutional law, including the scope of judicial review. In his new book, Law's Limits, Komesar further develops two principal features of the framework from Imperfect Alternatives: the "two-force model" of politics, with majoritarian and minoritarian biases as twin sources of political malfunction, and the premise of cross-institutional complexity, according to which increasing numbers and complexity similarly hamper all alternative institutional arrangements, greatly complicating institutional-choice decisions. Komesar applies his model in Law's Limits to current social conflicts between private property owners and public land-use planners. Some of his institutional-policy conclusions might well startle his fellow law and economics scholars.
Long-Term Effects of Labeling a Rape Experience

Research has found that approximately half of women who report an experience that meets the legal definition of rape do not label it rape. It has been assumed that labeling the experience as rape is necessary and beneficial for recovery; however, conflicting findings have been reported. In the present study, a longitudinal design was utilized to examine the long-term consequences of being a rape victim and of labeling the experience as rape. Assessments were obtained at two time points approximately 10 months apart from females in their first year of college. Participants were classified as nonvictims, victims who labeled the experience as rape, or victims who did not label the experience as rape. Results showed that there were negative effects of being raped, such as more psychological distress and increased alcohol use; however, few differences were found at either assessment based on rape victims' labeling of the experience.
Spectral dynamics of computer-simulated, two-dimensional, few-tube fluidized-bed combustors

Abstract Argonne National Laboratory has developed methods for investigating erosion phenomena in fluid/solids systems by integrating a state-of-the-art, two-phase, two-dimensional, hydrodynamic computer model (FLUFIX, which computes temporal and spatial distributions) with erosion models that correlate the computed hydrodynamic properties with erosion patterns and rates. In this paper, a spectral analysis correlating the porosity, pressure, and velocity of a generic, few-tube, fluidized-bed combustor in time and space is reported. The major frequencies of porosity, pressure, and velocity oscillations are 0.7 4 Hz. Porosity and pressure oscillations traveled in the combustor at speeds of 0.4 l m s−1. Pressure oscillations are well correlated with the lagging porosity oscillations.
Navigating Veronika: how access, knowledge, and attitudes shaped my sister's care.

When a tooth infection turns into a health emergency, a woman helps her sister get the care she needs.
Least squares solutions of bilinear equations

Abstract The problem of finding a least squares solution for a system of bilinear equations is investigated. Sufficient conditions to have a unique minimum are given in the case of random inputs. Three methods, the normalized iterative method, the over-parameterization method and the numerical method are presented for solving the problem along with their convergence properties. Simulation examples are provided.
Relationship between Virion Incidence and Pathological Stage in Virus-induced Leukaemia

SIMILARITIES between leukaemia in mouse and man, together with the unequivocal viral aetiology of the murine disease, have led to the study of murine leukaemia as a model for the human disease. Levine and his associates1 reported a positive correlation between the clinical status of leukaemic patients and the incidence of virus-like particles in their plasma. For future aetiological investigations it seemed necessary to corroborate this finding in a system of known aetiology. Detection of virions by electron microscopy, as well as the isolation of infectious leukaemia virus before development of clinical leukaemia, has been repeatedly demonstrated in mice2. Quantitative work on the relationship between virions and the stage of leukaemogenesis has not, however, been reported.
ROOT CONTRACTION IN FREESIA (IRIDACEAE)

The contractile roots of the horticultural variety Freesia hybrida Bailey (Iridaceae) were determined to contract via a growth/collapse mechanism. Contraction is initiated by a radial growth of middle and outer cortical parenchyma cells which is morphologically evident by an expanded diameter of the root. No concomitant decrease in length of the actively growing cells was observed. Shortening of the root is caused by axial tension produced by the radial growth of cells contiguous with nonexpanded cells distally. Centripetal collapse of expanded cells, coupled with passive shortening of inner cortical parenchyma and stelar tissues, releases axial tension slowly, returning the shortened root to equilibrium. Inner cortical parenchyma cells shorten in an accordion-like manner facilitated by partial dissolution of middle lamellar material. CONTRACTION of roots of monocotyledons can be described as a consequence of cellular growth and collapse. De Vries (1880) studied the effect of the cultivation of detached contractile roots and root tissues in air, water and salt solutions.
Traumatic Injury in the Older Adult from Head to Toe

This review demonstrates essential issues to consider when caring for older trauma patients, including baseline physical status, mental health, comorbidities, and risk factors for sequelae and future injuries. The impact of a traumatic injury on older adults is complex. Issues of normal aging, functional status, chronic health conditions, and response to treatment affect health care and related decisions. Studies that have examined outcomes for older trauma patients to date have been mainly descriptive or confined to a single institution, limiting our ability to generalize. Other studies, using large data sets, have provided some information regarding possible primary prevention strategies, yet have limitations in the individual level detail collected. Nevertheless, this review also demonstrates the dearth of available evidence-based recommendations that provides support to treatment protocols in this complex and diverse patient population. The lack of an evidence base to use in the management of older trauma patients demonstrates the critical need for research in this rapidly growing population. An example of one such area includes the use of pulmonary artery catheters in older trauma patients. Although evidence to date suggests that pulmonary artery catheters are of benefit in the management of patients with physiologic compromise, it is unclear whether using these published cardiac output management recommendations leads to improved outcomes. In light of newly published data suggesting equivocal benefit from use of pulmonary artery catheters, with increased side effects, this controversy is an important area for future research. Critical care nurses, with their emphasis on multidisciplinary, holistic practice, can expand their influence as essential members of the interdisciplinary team caring for older trauma patients by cultivating geriatric specialty knowledge. Older trauma patients would benefit greatly from this type of specialty nursing care during all phases of the recovery trajectory, particularly in terms of adequate symptom management and prevention of sequelae, as well as with timely and appropriate initiation of consultative services. Using the intersection of primary and secondary prevention as the overall guide for practice, critical care nurses and other health care providers who possess an understanding of aging processes and comorbid conditions can significantly improve outcomes for older adults with traumatic injuries.
Critical landscape attributes that influence fish population dynamics in headwater streams

Three landscape attributes are likely to have strong effects on the rate-dependent processes determining fish population dynamics in headwater streams: (1) functional interactions at terrestrial-aquatic ecotones and their influence on temporal and spatial variation in resource supply and predator-prey interactions, (2) large-scale spatial habitat relationships and their effect on resource use and fish movement, and (3) presence of refugia from harsh environmental conditions and their influence on fish survival and emigration/immigration rates. Elucidating how these factors interact over a range of temporal and spatial scales should be a major goal of lotic fish ecologists.
Deep Neural Networks: Another Tool for Multimedia Computing

Editor-in-Chief Yong Rui reflects on deep neural networks (DNNs), which have quickly gained momentum in various pattern recognition and multimedia applications.
Scanning probe microscopy of carbon nanotube electronic devices

Electron transport and dissipation mechanisms in single-walled carbon nanotube electronic devices are intriguing. In the past, electrostatic force microscopy and scanning thermal microscopy methods have been employed to obtain respectively the voltage and temperature profiles in carbon nanotube electronic devices. The measurement results have suggested weak electron-acoustic phonon scattering at low bias and intense optical phonon emission at high bias. However, because the thermal probe was in direct contact with the nanotubes during thermal imaging, the probe could disturb charge transport. Further, it was difficult to quantify the thermal contact between the probe and the nanotube, making it difficult to quantify the actual temperature rise in the device. We have recently overcome these problems by coating the nanotube device with a 5–10 nm thick polystyrene film. The ultra-thin uniform coating can effectively protect the nanotube device during thermal imaging without reducing the signal level. It can potentially allow us to quantify the temperature rise of the nanotube devices by calibrating the thermal probe using a nanometer scale resistance thermometer covered by the same coating. Our recent results reveal diffusive and dissipative charge transport in a possibly double wall carbon nanotube with a semiconducting outer wall. We have also observed uniform heat dissipation in a metallic single-walled carbon nanotube at an applied bias above 0.2 V. Measurements on metallic and semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes of different lengths are currently underway in order to improve our understanding of the transport and dissipation mechanisms in carbon nanotube electronics at low biases.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Extrusion of polymer tubing using a rotating mandrel

A rotating mandrel in a tubing die produces multiaxial orientation in the extruded melt. If the polymer melt is quenched rapidly, some multiaxial orientation is retained in the resultant tubing. Multiaxially oriented tubing exhibits reduced crack propagation and some enhancement of yield and fracture strengths. During the processing of multiaxially oriented tubing, relaxation occurs after the melt leaves the die and gives rise to wall thickening and reduction in the lumen of the tubing; the magnitude of these effects is a function of the rate of mandrel rotation.
Guanylyl cyclases in the tropical land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis: Cloning of soluble (NO-sensitive and -insensitive) and membrane receptor forms.

Abstract cDNAs encoding three guanylyl cyclases (GCs), which catalyze the production cGMP from GTP, were cloned from the blackback land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis : the β subunit of a NO-sensitive soluble GC (Gl-GC-Iβ; 2380 bp; 603 amino acids; 68,435 Da), a membrane receptor GC (Gl-GC-II; 4609 bp; 1349 amino acids; 150,999 Da), and a NO-insensitive soluble GC (Gl-GC-III; 1416 bp; 285 amino acids; 32,487 Da). All three have a highly-conserved catalytic domain located in the C-terminal region and are therefore likely to be enzymatically active. Gl-GCIβ contains heme/NO-binding (HNOB) and HNOB-associated domains characteristic of the catalytic subunit of NO-sensitive GCs. Gl-GC-II encodes a single-pass membrane protein containing ligand-binding (LB), transmembrane (TM), kinase homology (KH), and dimerization domains. Gl-GC-III is similar to Gl-GC-II but lacks the LB, TM, and most of the KH domains. Isoforms of Gl-GC-Iβ and Gl-GC-II appear to be generated by alternative splicing. Two Gl-GC-Iβ isoforms differed in the absence (Δ32N) or presence (Δ0N) of a 32-amino acid sequence at the N-terminus. The truncated form may not bind a heme group, but still would be able to dimerize with the alpha subunit to form a NO-insensitive enzyme. Three Gl-GC-II isoforms varied in length within the N-terminal ligand-binding domain (+ 18, + 9, and + 0 amino acid insertions). As GC-II is the putative receptor for crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), these data suggest that the isoforms differ in binding to CHH and related neuropeptides.
Facilitating Consumer Acceptance of RFID and Related Ubiquitous Technologies

The issue of consumer acceptance in the implementation of RFID and related ubiquitous technologies, driven primarily by privacy concerns, is a complex social problem involving consumers, companies, advocacy groups and government agencies â€“ each of whom has different and often incompatible goals. This research decomposes the problem and explores it from the perspective of one of these stakeholders, that is, a company seeking to implement RFID in order to achieve specific business objectives. The authors establish a theoretical framework, based on social justice theory in business ethics that identifies the factors contributing to consumer and societal resistance to an RFID implementation. Within this framework, they outline the technical and managerial elements of an implementation plan, and relate those elements to the underlying components of social justice theory. The result is a strategy for technology managers that 1) considers the complex mix of consumer, societal and governmental concerns hindering adoption of the technologies, and 2) indicates areas of potential compromise.
Deinstitutionalization in Two States: The Impact of Advocacy, Policy, and other Social Forces on Services for People with Developmental Disabilities

This paper presents a comparative case study of diverse approaches to deinstitutionalization of developmental disabilities residential services in two Midwestern states. During the 1970s and 1980s,...
Damping rates for moving particles in hot QCD.

Using a program of perturbative resummation I compute the damping rates for fields at nonzero spatial momentum to leading order in weak coupling in hot QCD. Sum rules for spectral densities are used to simplify the calculations. For massless fields the damping rate has an apparent logarithmic divergence in the infrared limit, which is cut off by the screening of static magnetic fields ("magnetic mass"). This demonstrates how at high temperature even perturbative quantities are sensitive to nonperturbative phenomena.
Acute toxicity studies with insect attractants

Abstract Eight insect attractants and one inhibitor of a sex attractant were tested for acute oral and aerosol inhalation toxicity in rats, for acute dermal toxicity, eye irritation, and primary skin irritation on rabbits, and for toxicity to rainbow trout and bluegill sunfish. Except for phenethyl propionate + eugenol, 7:3 (acute dermal LD50, 1220 mg/kg), none of the test materials was classified as more than slightly toxic. (Z)-7-Dodecen-1-ol acted as a primary skin irritant, since it caused superficial chemical burns.
Quartz microbalance study of4He and H2 on sodium

A quartz microbalance technique has been used to study the growth of4He and H2 adsorbed on sodium. In contrast to cesium, adsorption of4He and H2 do occur on a sodium surface.
Atypical molecular profile for joint development in the avian costal joint.

Development of synovial joints involves generation of cartilaginous anlagen, formation of interzones between cartilage anlagen, and cavitation of interzones to produce fluid filled cavities. Interzone development is not fully understood, but interzones are thought to develop from skeletogenic cells that are inhibited from further chondrogenic development by a cascade of gene expression including Wnt and Bmp family members. We examined the development of the rarely studied avian costal joint to better understand mechanisms of joint development. The costal joint is found within ribs, is morphologically similar to the metatarsophalangeal joint, and undergoes cavitation in a similar manner. In contrast to other interzones, Wnt14/9a, Gdf5, Chordin, Barx1, and Bapx1 are absent from the costal joint interzone, consistent with the absence of active β-catenin and phosphorylated Smad 1/5/8. However Autotaxin and Noggin are expressed. The molecular profile of the costal joint suggests there are alternative mechanisms of interzone development. Developmental Dynamics 239:2547–2557, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Retinal projections in the goldfish: A study using cobaltous‐lysine

Cobaltous lysine applied to the distal stump of a severed opticnerve was used to study the retinal projections of normal adult goldfish. Both the termination areas of optic axons and the pathways they traveled were established. Contrary to previous descriptions of the goldfish visual system, the optic nerves do not decussate completely at the optic chiasm. Fascicles that entered the ipsilateral optic tract innervated targets in the ipsilateral thalamus and optic tectum. Other optic fibers crossed the posterior commissure from the contralateral side of the brain and also innervated the ipsilateral tectum and thalamus. In addition, optic fibers bilaterally innervated a hypothalamic target in close proximity to the infundibulum that may correspond to the nucleus tuberis lateralis. The contralateral preoptic region contained two discrete areas of innervation, each served by separate fascicles. The ipsilateral preoptic region was similarly innervated, but more sparsely. Fibers that entered the contralateral ventral thalamus originated from three fascicles and terminated in three distinct targets. In contrast, three targets in the contralateral dorsal thalamus were served by one fascicle, and fibers passed from one nucleus to the other two. Innervation of the ipsilateral thalamus was similar to that seen contralaterally. Each main optic tract divided into three tracts, two of which entered the optic tectum, while the other innervated several pretectal areas. Other fibers innervated an accessory optic nucleus located near nucleus glomerulosus. The contralateral tectum contained numerous radially oriented optic fascicles. These fascicles represented optic fibers that left thalamic and pretectal targets to enter the optic tectum from beneath the stratum periventriculare. Optic fibers were also observed in the transverse commissure, tractus rotundus, horizontal commissure, tractus rotundus, horizontal commissure, tectobulbar tract, and fasciculus retroflexus. Therefore, it appears that many of the anomalous projections seen after tectal ablation or after optic nerve crush are not in fact aberrant. Such projections probably reflect the presence of unusually large numbers of optic fibers in tracts that normally contain optic axons, as well as increased innervation of areas that normally receive sparse retinal projections. Filled tectal cells that could represent cells projecting to the retina were not observed in either tectal lobe. The ipsilateral retinal projections could not be attributed to cobaltouslysine being transneuronally transported in readily detectable amounts.
Effects of Repeated Episodes of Generic Clinical Mastitis on Mortality and Culling in Dairy Cows

Bovine clinical mastitis (CM) can be detrimental to a dairy farm's profitability, not only in terms of lost production and treatment costs, but also because of the loss of the cows themselves. Our objective was to estimate the effects of multiple occurrences of generic bovine CM on mortality and culling. We studied 16,145 lactations from 5 large, high-producing dairy herds, with 3,036 first, 758 second, and 288 third CM cases observed in the first 10 mo after calving. Generalized mixed models, with a random herd effect, were used to quantify the effect of CM on mortality and culling. Other control variables included in the models were parity, stage of lactation, and other diseases. Clinical mastitis in the current month significantly increased mortality in all parities. Among primipara, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 5.6 (1.7, 18.0), 23.3 (7.1, 76.2), and 27.8 (3.7, 209.9) for the first, second, and third CM episode, respectively. Among multipara, respective estimates were 9.9 (7.4, 13.2), 12.0 (8.0, 18.0), and 11.5 (6.1, 21.4). Clinical mastitis significantly increased the risk of a cow being culled for a period of at least 2 mo after any CM case. Our findings provide dairy producers with information on mortality and culling associated with CM cases without considering the causative agent, and can also be used for economic analysis of CM management options.
Duplication of bladder and urethra and associated anomalies.

Abstract A case of complete duplication of the bladder and urethra is reported. Each bladder had the ureter of the ipsilateral kidney empty into it. The pertinent literature is reviewed and treatment is discussed.
Effectiveness of Radial-Gain Tailoring in Large-Mode-Area Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers

Analytic expressions are derived for modal discrimination in large-mode-area gain-tailored fibers. While Gaussian-like profiles result in increased modal discrimination, step-gain profiles smaller than the waveguide core offer the highest discrimination.
Bacterial kidney disease: the potential role of soluble protein antigen(s)

Soluble protein antigens, isolated from the supernatants of Renibacterium salmoninarum cultures, have been found to suppress the in vitro antibody reponses of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, lymphocytes and to be associated with decreasing haematocrit values in vivo.
Analysis and improvement of multi-product assembly systems: an application study at a furniture manufacturing plant

In this paper, we introduce an application study of modelling, analysis and continuous improvement of an assembly system at a furniture manufacturing plant using production systems engineering methods. Analytical models have been developed to characterise the assembly system making multiple products, and recursive procedures have been derived to evaluate line production rate. Lot size analysis is carried out, and bottleneck analysis methods are introduced to identify the bottlenecks, whose improvement can lead to the largest improvement in system performance. Such methods provide a quantitative tool for plant engineers and managers to operate and improve assembly line with high productivity, and are also applicable to other large-volume manufacturing systems.
Practical Approach to the Evaluation of Prosthetic Mechanical and Tissue Replacement Heart Valves

Mechanical and bioprosthetic substitute heart valves have dramatically improved life expectancy and quality of life in patients with valvular heart disease. Complications of substitute heart valves are a relatively infrequent occurrence, often due to thrombosis, infection, or structural/mechanical failure. It is important to accurately identify and systematically evaluate prosthetic heart valves when encountered as surgical pathology specimens or in the autopsy setting.
The Luteinizing Hormone Content of Human Pituitaries. I. Variations with Sex and Age

ABSTRACT. The pituitaries of 19 men and 16 women who died unexpectedly were individually assayed for LH concentration, using the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion procedure. Pituitaries from 3 infants and 1 child contained small but definite amounts of LH. The average LH concentration in the pituitaries of the 28 adults studied was 2.86 mg of NIH-LH-Sl per g wet weight. In 10 young adult males, pituitary LH concentrations varied from 0.70 to 2.46 mg of NIH-LH-Sl per g wet weight, and in 7 older males they varied from 0.72 to 3.99 mg. In 5 adult women of premenopausal age. pituitary LH concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 5.14 mg of NIH-LH-Sl per g wet weight, and in 4 women of postmenopausal age they varied from 2.04 to 15.13 mg.
Introduction to a Festschrift for Karl Shell

This special volume of the Journal of Economic Theory honors Karl Shell, the journal’s founding editor, on the occasion of his 65th birthday. The contributions to the volume are from Karl’s students or co-authors. Karl’s generosity and intellect have touched our lives profoundly. His keen sense of what matters most in economic theory has shaped our own research, and has influenced the entire economics profession. Karl’s research contributions to economic theory span a large space. He has written extensively on optimal growth, produced some of the earliest work on the role of inventive activity in driving endogenous growth, and invented (with Dave Cass) the concept of sunspot equilibrium. He has studied the role of money in models of capital accumulation, public finance, and overlapping generations, and he has made important contributions to the theory of index numbers. Karl’s many coauthors (so far) include A. Ando, P. Auerswald, Y. Balasko, J. Bhattacharya, D. Cass, C. Caton, F. Fisher, D. Foley, R. Garratt, C. Ghiglino, A. Goenka, M. Guzman, W. Heller, S. Kauffman, T. Keister, J. Lobo, J. Peck, N. Phelps, C. Qin, M. Sidrauski, B. Smith, S. Spear, J. Stiglitz, and R. Wright. Karl’s students know him to be generous, involved, supportive, and demanding. He has an amazing ability to see where ideas, papers, and literatures fit into the big picture. Karl has supervised or is currently supervising the dissertations of G. Antinolfi, J. Bigelow, L. Bossi, J. Bouhga-Hagbe, L. Conraria, H. Ennis, E. Espino, R. Garratt, G. Gaudet, A. Goenka, M. Haley, R. Harstad, F. Jhabvala, M. Kelly, T. Keister, J. Li, E. Nezu, O. Nishimura, S. Ogura, J. Peck, L. Rivas-Anduray, S. Salant, J. Weymark, and X. Yang. Beyond his research contributions, Karl has had a major impact on the development of economic theory in his long stewardship of this journal. Karl became JET’s founding editor in 1968, and built it into the premier journal it is today. Under Karl’s watch, JET has published such influential work as Robert
Profiling the effects of process changes on residual host cell proteins in biotherapeutics by mass spectrometry.

An advanced liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS) platform was used to identify and quantify residual Escherichia coli host cell proteins (HCPs) in the drug substance (DS) of several peptibodies (Pbs). Significantly different HCP impurity profiles were observed among different biotherapeutic Pbs as well as one Pb purified via multiple processes. The results can be rationally interpreted in terms of differences among the purification processes, and demonstrate the power of this technique to sensitively monitor both the quantity and composition of residual HCPs in DS, where these may represent a safety risk to patients. The breadth of information obtained using MS is compared to traditional multiproduct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) values for total HCP in the same samples and shows that, in this case, the ELISA failed to detect multiple HCPs. The HCP composition of two upstream samples was also analyzed and used to demonstrate that HCPs that carry through purification processes to be detectable in DS are not always among those that are the most abundant upstream. Compared to ELISA, we demonstrate that MS can provide a more comprehensive, and accurate, characterization of DS HCPs, thereby facilitating process development as well as more rationally assessing potential safety risks posed by individual, identified HCPs. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:951–957, 2013
Electropolymerizable 2,2'-Carboranyldithiophenes. Structure-Property Investigations of the Corresponding Conducting Polymer Films by Electrochemistry, UV-Visible Spectroscopy and Conducting Probe Atomic Force Microscopy.

Carborane-functionalized conducting polymer films have been electrogenerated in dichloromethane from the anodic oxidation of ortho- (1), meta- (3) and para-carborane (4) isomers linked to two 2-thienyl units. The corresponding electrochemical response was characterized by a broad reversible redox system corresponding to the p-doping/undoping of the polythiophene backbone, the formal potential of which increased in the order poly(1) < poly(3) < poly(4), from ca. 0.50 to 1.15 V vs Ag/Ag+ 10−2 M. From further UV−visible spectroscopy analysis, the optical band gap was estimated at 1.8, 2.0 and 2.2 eV for poly(1), poly(3) and poly(4), respectively. The more conjugated and electroconductive character of poly(1) is ascribed to a more planar conformation of the conjugated backbone resulting from an intramolecular β−β′ cyclization reaction in the monomer, consequently yielding a fused conjugated polymer. Molecular modeling calculations using the DFT method support this hypothesis. The surface topography and maps o...
Vaporware: a tug of war between market freezing and cannibalisation

Vaporware is a misleading preannouncement strategy. The established view about such a marketing strategy is that it is commonly used by dominant firms. The literature also suggests that firms engage in vaporware in order to deter the entry of potential competitors. This study challenges these conventional wisdoms and shows that the optimality of the vaporware strategy depends on the tradeoff between the market freezing effect and the cannibalisation effect. Specifically, the study finds that vaporware is only optimal for a firm with a sufficiently low market share and for a new product with a sufficiently high quality improvement over the existing product. To eliminate the vaporware incentive, this study proposes a signalling price mechanism. The analysis shows counterintuitively that a lower price signals better product delivery capability.