cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung Regeneration: The Stem Cell Approach

The lung consists of three anatomically distinct regions: trachea, bronchioles, and alveoli. The lung cells are composed of at least 40 different cell types, including lung stem/progenitor cells and differentiated cells. Recent evidence suggests that putative human lung stem cells have been identified. Furthermore, using pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and/or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), it has been demonstrated recently that directed differentiation of ESCs/iPSCs into various lung cells would be, in part, possible through stepwise protocols mimicking embryogenesis. The advances in stem cell approach will open a door of lung regeneration and contribute to future success of lung transplantation medicine, in cooperation with bioengineering approach for 3D structure.
Petrology of Plio-Pleistocene Basaltic Rocks from the Central Rio Grande Rift (New Mexico, USA) and their Relation to Rift Structure

Plio-Pleistocene basaltic rocks from the central Rio Grande rift include lavas of both the alkali olivine-and tholeiitic series erupted approximately contemporaneously. The volcanic centers with the greatest diversity of parental compositions and the greatest total range of compositions occur in a complicated transverse structural zone at the offset between the Espanola and Albuquerque-Belen basins of the rift. The diversity in compositions derives in part from the fact that parental magmas originate at varied depths and in part from fractional crystallization and possibly crustal contamination as magmas move toward the surface. This correlation with structural setting suggests that the transverse shear zone taps partial melts from the mantle diapir beneath the rift at depths greater than along adjacent segments of the rift.
Getting Software from Cyberspace to the Palm of Your Hand: Downloading and Installing Software on Your Palm OS or Pocket PC Handheld

retail outlet, and taken the plunge to buy your first handheld computer. Trust me, you won’t be disappointed. The fun is just about to begin! In this chapter we detail the process of downloading and installing all the great medical software from the Internet that is described in Section II. I personally struggled with downloading and installing software for 2 weeks until a generous fellow handheld user explained the process to me. It really isn’t that hard, so long as you stick to the basics of file management on your PC or Mac computer and follow these simple step-by-step instructions. One of the great things you will learn about handheld software is that it usually comes as a very small file (normally less than 1MB). Even better, most of the software programmers must have learned a thing or two from drug reps, because many programs are free, and even the commercial versions usually have a free 30-day demo. Thus, you can stock your handheld with excellent medical software at no cost, and you can trial just about any other software available through the Internet. On the other hand, as with the information from drug reps, there is sometimes a catch with the free software. Creating high-quality software, keeping it up-to-date, and responding to the needs of users is a full-time job, so don’t hesitate to part with a little green to support your local computer programmer! Getting all these great medical resources from cyberspace into the palm of your hand really involves three simple steps. First, you have to identify the software you want, which we cover in detail in the next section of the book. Second, you have to download and sometimes “uncompress” the software package. Finally, you have to install it to your Palm OS or Pocket PC handheld computer. 3
C-29: The Pan-Smithsonian cryo-initiative-freezing for the future

Among the largest non-human biobanking efforts, the Smithsonian Institution curates and manages frozen biomaterials, including samples of DNA, somatic cells, tissues, blood products, germplasm (sperm and eggs), embryos, as well as other animal, plant, and soil products. Today, this biological collection comprises at least 1 million samples from more than 18,000 species. In addition to being large, it also is a fast growing scientific collection. The value of the systematic and organized biorepository extends far beyond ensuring evidence of the world’s unique animal and plant species is protected. Interestingly, many samples in the Smithsonian frozen collection are unique treasures such as ancient DNA or frozen sperm cells from rare and endangered species. Biobanking efforts are fully integrated to conservation efforts (preservation and restoration of black-footed ferret populations for instance) and support a vast array of projects and disciplines. Given the importance of the Smithsonian frozen collections and growing need to preserve them using the best methods available, a multi-step initiative – the Pan-Smithsonian Cryo-Initiative – was created with the goal to preserve, inventory, and enable easy access to the cryo-specimens. As observed in other institutions worldwide, immediate actions are necessary to bring cataloging, management, equipment, and staffing requirements to an appropriate level across the different units. The highest priorities includes standardizing database, barcoding of each individual sample, organizing freezers and liquid nitrogen tanks to optimize their storage capacity, and recording location metadata in a database (location in laboratory freezers, sample type, date and locality of collection, collector, voucher information, link to relevant documentation, DNA sequences, Geographical Information System references). This includes a basic understanding of how laboratories and departments are managing their frozen collections, the current status of each unit, and improvements for archival use and long-term storage.
Exploring Physician Attitudes Regarding Electronic Documentation of E-cigarette Use: A Qualitative Study

Background:In this article, we present qualitative work designed to explore physicians’ attitudes toward and knowledge of electronic cigarettes (or Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems—ENDS), parti...
Epstein-Barr virus DNA is abundant and monoclonal in the Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease: association with mixed cellularity subtype and Hispanic American ethnicity.

One hundred twenty-five cases of Hodgkin's disease from the United States (79), Mexico City (31), and Costa Rica (15) were analyzed for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by in situ hybridization to EBER1 transcripts. EBV was more frequently detected in the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells of mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease (37 of 48 [77%]) compared with the nodular sclerosis subtype (19 of 71 [27%], P < .001). The presence of EBV was also associated with Hispanic ethnicity (P < .001). In a multivariate analysis, patient age, gender, and geographic location were less predictive of EBV positivity than were mixed cellularity histology (odds ratio = 8.3) and Hispanic ethnicity (odds ratio = 4.3). Southern blot analysis of EBV terminal repeat fragments using the Xho1a probe showed that the viral DNA was monoclonal in 17 of 17 cases having EBER1-positive RS cells. By comparison, EBV DNA was not detected by Southern analysis in 20 cases lacking EBER1 in RS cells, even when occasional background lymphocytes expressed EBER1. Because clonal viral DNA was so readily detected in EBER1-positive cases, the EBV genome is probably amplified at least 50-fold in the infected RS cells. Monoclonality of EBV DNA implies that the RS cells were infected before malignant transformation.
Delivery systems for biomedical applications: Basic introduction, research frontiers and clinical translations

Abstract Delivery systems based on different materials are designed and fabricated for delivering various biological cargos and are of great significance in biomedical applications. The development and clinical translations of these delivery systems or devices is one of the most important topics in biomedical research. In this chapter, the basic introduction, research frontiers, and clinical translations of delivery systems will be introduced. Firstly, delivery systems based on different biomaterials with varied scales will be reviewed, and the loading strategy of the biological cargos in these systems as well as the release mechanism of the cargos from the devices will be introduced. Recent research frontiers and interests in enhancing the controllability of the delivery systems such as rate control, time control, target control, and programmable control will be highlighted. Lastly, the efforts of clinically translating these delivery systems to practical applications will also be discussed.
Racism and "Place" in American Catholic Experience: Resources for Reconciliation in Asian American Communities

Racism occurs in place. It is any place where human beings dwell such as a certain location, a house, or even a church. Racism is a lived experience that exposes the tragedy of hate and fear of the other. It pushes people into uncomfortable places. Asian Americans have built enclaves across the United States in order to maintain their cultural identity and help in resettlement. These ethnic enclaves have become, however, a way to silence and sideline Asians from the racial debates that has traditionally pitted blacks and whites for centuries. Asians have "assimilated" well into the dominant white culture but have not been completely accepted instead they continue to experience discrimination and prejudices. Even in the Church, Asian American Catholics struggle for recognition of their contribution and participation. The process of reconciliation that Robert J. Schreiter has elaborated provides an opportunity for Asian American Catholics to engage in the racial conversation while improving the Church's place in healing racism.
Negative Effects of a High-Fat Diet on Intestinal Permeability: A Review

The intestinal tract is the largest barrier between a person and the environment. In this role, the intestinal tract is responsible not only for absorbing essential dietary nutrients, but also for protecting the host from a variety of ingested toxins and microbes. The intestinal barrier system is composed of a mucus layer, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), tight junctions (TJs), immune cells, and a gut microbiota, which are all susceptible to external factors such as dietary fats. When components of this barrier system are disrupted, intestinal permeability to luminal contents increases, which is implicated in intestinal pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and celiac disease. Currently, there is mounting evidence that consumption of excess dietary fats can enhance intestinal permeability differentially. For example, dietary fat modulates the expression and distribution of TJs, stimulates a shift to barrier-disrupting hydrophobic bile acids, and even induces IEC oxidative stress and apoptosis. In addition, a high-fat diet (HFD) enhances intestinal permeability directly by stimulating proinflammatory signaling cascades and indirectly via increasing barrier-disrupting cytokines [TNFα, interleukin (IL) 1B, IL6, and interferon γ (IFNγ)] and decreasing barrier-forming cytokines (IL10, IL17, and IL22). Finally, an HFD negatively modulates the intestinal mucus composition and enriches the gut microflora with barrier-disrupting species. Although further research is necessary to understand the precise role HFDs play in intestinal permeability, current data suggest a stronger link between diet and intestinal disease than was first thought to exist. Therefore, this review seeks to highlight the various ways an HFD disrupts the gut barrier system and its many implications in human health.
Retrospective Consecration Beyond the Mainstream: The Creation of a Progressive Rock Canon:

Based on a sample of 28,360 albums identified by an online community devoted to progressive rock, this article examines factors that shape the retrospective consecration of music that operates beyo...
Explaining REIT Returns

Abstract The popularity of real estate investment trusts (REITs) as an investment vehicle and the current record-breaking performance of the stock market in the United States have triggered an incr...
Logophoric Centers as Antecedents of NOC PRO: Evidence from Turkish Subject Infinitives

This paper questions the mechanism behind the control structure observed in subject infinitival clauses in Turkish. After comparing the main points of the proposals in the Movement Theory of Control in Boeckx, Hornstein, and Nunes (2010), pragmatics based Non-Obligatory Control analysis in Landau (2013), and the UPro Approach in McFadden and Sundaresan (2016), I conclude with the claim that these are logophoric center sensitive NOC structures.
A sizing-based approach to evaluate hypersonic demonstrators: demonstrator-carrier constraints

The objective of this study is to identify, evaluate, and provide recommendations towards the realisation of near-term hypersonic flight hardware through the consideration of carrier vehicle constraints. The current rush of available funds for hypersonic research cannot cause a program to ignore growth potential for future missions. The prior NB-52 carrier vehicles, famous for the X-15 and X-43A missions, are retired. Next generation hypersonic demonstrator requirements will necessitate a substitution of carrier vehicle capability. Flight vehicle configuration, technology requirements, and recommendations are arrived at by constructing and evaluating a hypersonic technology demonstrator design matrix. This multi-disciplinary parametric sizing investigation of hypersonic vehicle demonstrators focuses on the evaluation of the combined carrier platform, booster, and hypersonic cruiser solution space topography. Promising baseline configurations are evaluated against operational requirements by trading fuel type, endurance cruise time, and payload weight. The multi-disciplinary study results are constrained with carrier payload mass and geometry limitations. The multi-disciplinary results provide physical insights into near-term hypersonic demonstrator payload and cruise time requirements that will stretch the capability of existing carrier aircraft. Any growth in hypersonic research aircraft size or capability will require new carrier vehicle investments.
Belladessus soqtapata, New Species from Peru (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini)

Belladessus soqtapata, new species, is described from Peru from both male and female specimens. This is the third species described in this Neotropical genus, but the first with known male specimens. This is also the first species in the genus known from Peru, with the other species known from Venezuela and Suriname.
EQSIM—A multidisciplinary framework for fault-to-structure earthquake simulations on exascale computers, part II: Regional simulations of building response:

The existing observational database of the regional-scale distribution of strong ground motions and measured building response for major earthquakes continues to be quite sparse. As a result, detai...
Treatment Effects in Longitudinal Two-Method Measurement Planned Missingness Designs: An Application and Tutorial

Planned missing data designs allow researchers to have highly-powered studies by testing only a fraction of the traditional sample size. In two-method measurement planned missingness designs, resea...
CD45 pre-exclusion from the tips of T cell microvilli prior to antigen recognition.

The tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is a major gatekeeper for restraining T cell activation. Its exclusion from the immunological synapse (IS) is crucial for T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction. Here, we use expansion super-resolution microscopy to reveal that CD45 is mostly pre-excluded from the tips of microvilli (MV) on primary T cells prior to antigen encounter. This pre-exclusion is diminished by depleting cholesterol or by engineering the transmembrane domain of CD45 to increase its membrane integration length, but is independent of the CD45 extracellular domain. We further show that brief MV-mediated contacts can induce Ca2+ influx in mouse antigen-specific T cells engaged by antigen-pulsed antigen presenting cells (APC). We propose that the scarcity of CD45 phosphatase activity at the tips of MV enables or facilitates TCR triggering from brief T cell-APC contacts before formation of a stable IS, and that these MV-mediated contacts represent the earliest step in the initiation of a T cell adaptive immune response. CD45 limits T cell activation, so its exclusion from the T cell immunological synapse is thought to occur as a means to enable TCR signalling. Here the authors use a variety of cellular imaging methods to show that CD45 is indeed excluded from the tips of the T cell microvilli and that this occurs prior to contact with antigen, indicating this exclusion is one of the initiating factors for antigen presentation and T cell activation.
Work-in-Progress–—Photogrammetry within Virtual Reality

This work-in-progress paper consists of recreating the University of the Pacific's Technological Innovation and Entrepreneurship Space (TIES) Laboratory by combining photogrammetry and virtual reality (VR). Our objective is to help students get familiar with equipment at the laboratory while not being physically present at the space. The students will be able to immerse themselves in the space either through a web link or through a VR headset. We hope our project becomes a starting point to improve students' educational experience with the use of VR.
Western diet and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Abstract Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a leading cause of morbidity among men in the United States, with increasing prevalence over the past decades. Growing evidence suggests a potential link between nutrition, in particular the “Western-style diet,” and BPH. Diets enriched in refined carbohydrates, red meat, fatty acids, cholesterol, and supplemental vitamins may increase the risk for BPH. However, a higher intake of complex carbohydrates, plant-based proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, and dietary vitamins may provide benefit for BPH patients. Here, we review the current literature in how nutritional elements and dietary patterns of the Western diet may affect the pathogenesis and incidence of BPH.
Emergent intra-pair sex differences and behavioral coordination in pair bonded prairie voles

In pair bonding animals, coordinated behavior between partners is required for the pair to accomplish shared goals such as raising young. Despite this, experimental designs rarely assess the behavior of both partners within a bonded pair. Thus, we lack an understanding of the interdependent behavioral dynamics between partners that likely facilitate relationship success. To identify intra-pair behavioral correlates of pair bonding, we used socially monogamous prairie voles, a species in which females and males exhibit both overlapping and distinct pair bond behaviors. We tested both partners using social choice and non-choice tests at short- and long-term pairing timepoints. Females developed a preference for their partner more rapidly than males, with preference driven by different behaviors in each sex. Further, as bonds matured, intra-pair behavioral sex differences and coordinated behavior emerged - females consistently huddled more with their partner than males did, and partner huddle time became correlated between partners. When animals were allowed to freely interact with a partner or a novel in sequential free interaction tests, pairs spent more time interacting together than either animal did with a novel. Pair interaction was correlated with female, but not male, behavior. Via a social operant paradigm, we found that pair-bonded females, but not males, are more motivated to access and huddle with their partner than a novel vole. Together, our data indicate that as pair bonds mature, sex differences and coordinated behavior emerge, and that these intra-pair behavioral changes are likely organized and driven by the female animal.
Measuring College Student Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccinations

This survey explores attitudes of 1,197 currently enrolled college students regarding their comfort taking a COVID-19 vaccine. Results suggest most college students are willing to take a COVID-19 vaccine if their institution requires it to return to campus in subsequent semesters. However, certain students of Color, students with disabilities, and adult students may be less willing to take a COVID-19 vaccine if it were required before or during an on-campus semester. Finally, many college students do not understand that COVID-19 vaccines will be free, possibly affecting these students willingness to vaccinate and their perceptions of safely and affordably returning to campus. Implications for postsecondary policy and leadership are addressed.
Selective attention modulates extrastriate visual regions in humans during visual feature discrimination and recognition

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to identify regions of the human visual system which were selectively modulated by attention during feature discrimination and recognition tasks. In a first experiment, subjects were cued to the shape, colour or speed of visual stimulus arrays during a same-different match-to-sample paradigm. The psychophysical sensitivity for discriminating subtle attribute variations was enhanced by selective attention. Correspondingly, the neural activity (as measured by blood flow changes) in different visual associative regions was enhanced when subjects attended to different attributes of the same stimulus (intraparietal sulcus for speed; collateral sulcus and dorsolateral occipital cortex for colour; collateral sulcus, fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, superior temporal sulcus for shape). These regions appeared to be specialized for processing the selected attribute. Attention to a visual feature, therefore, enhances the psychophysical sensitivity as well as the neural activity of specialized processing regions of the human visual system. In a second experiment the effect of target probability (which biases attentional selection) was studied during visual search tasks involving the recognition of a single-feature (i.e. colour) or a feature-conjunction (i.e. colour x orientation) target. Target probability positively modulated neural activity of extrastriate visual regions, which were related to the single-feature or feature-conjunction processing level. These results suggest that selective attention can influence different processing levels in the visual system, possibly reflecting a facilitatory effect on different visual computations or task components.
First‐Aid Training and Capabilities of the Lay Public: A Potential Alternative Source of Emergency Medical Assistance Following a Natural Disaster

Basic first-aid skills can be useful in treating minor injuries that commonly result from natural disasters in the United States. Yet there has been insufficient research on training and competence in first-aid skills among community residents. This study utilises panel data for 414 adults in Los Angeles, California, who were interviewed within three years of the 1994 Northridge earthquake and re-interviewed in 1999 after the El Nino winter of 1997-98. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results showed that 24 percent of the members of the sample had received first-aid training since their Northridge earthquake interview. First-aid training, particularly recent training, was associated with greater perceived first-aid skills, as well as with increased expected and actual employment of those skills. With the appropriate training and skill retention, lay members of the public can potentially contribute to a post-disaster medical response.
Beyond Presidential Eligibility: The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship

Beyond serving as a criterion for presidential eligibility, the Natural Born Citizen Clause implies the existence of birthright citizenship. Adopting a "constitutional minimum" approach to the Clause, this Article further argues that the birthright citizenship so implied extends to the first generation born abroad to parents who are United States citizens.
Retrieving 2-D Line Drawings by Example

We present a two-phase retrieval process for finding a target query within a set of 2-D line drawings, where the query is itself a line drawing. We also describe a logic-based matching method that uses unification and resolution to compare the semantic networks representing the spatial structure of two 2-D line drawings.
Organometallic polymers, 28 Condensation polymerization of cobalticinium salts

Ionic polyesters of fairly low molecular weights were prepared by melt phase polytransesterification of 1,1′-bis(carbethoxy)cobalticinium hexafluorophosphate (1a) and diols such as 1,10-decanediol and 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)benzene. Attempts to prepare polyamides by melt condensation from alkylene diammonium salts of 1,1′-bis(carboxy)cobalticinium hexafluorophosphate 5a–d resulted in extensive decomposition, and pure polyamides could not be obtained. The polyesters were characterized by analyses, IR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. Ionische Polyester mit ziemlich niedrigen Molekulargewichten wurden dargestellt durch Polyumesterung von 1,1′-Bis(carbathoxy)kobalticiniumhexafluorphosphat (1a) und den Diolen 1,10-Decandiol bzw. 1,4-Bis(hydroxymethyl)benzol in der Schmelze. Versuche Polyamide durch Schmelzkondensation aus Alkylendiammonium-Salzen des 1,1′-Bis(carboxy)kobalticiniumhexafluorphosphats darzustellen, fuhrten zu weitgehender Zersetzung. Die Polyester wurden durch Analysen, IR-Spektroskopie, Gelchromatographie und Differentialkalorimetrie charakterisiert.
Risk-Based Immunization Policies and Tuberculosis Screening Practices for Animal Care and Research Workers in the United States: Survey Results and Recommendations

A national survey was conducted to assess immunization practices and tuberculosis screening methods for animal care and research workers in biomedical settings throughout the United States. Veterinarians (n = 953) were surveyed via a web-based mechanism; completed surveys (n = 308) were analyzed. Results showed that occupational health and safety programs were well-developed, enrolling veterinary, husbandry, and research staff at rates exceeding 90% and involving multiple modalities of health assessments and risk communication for vaccine-preventable diseases. Most (72.7%) institutions did not store serum samples from animal research personnel. More than half of the institutions housed nonhuman primates and maintained tuberculosis screening programs, although screening methods varied. Immunization protocols included various recommended or required vaccines that differed depending on job duties, type of institution, and nature of scientific programs. A single case of an identified vaccine–preventable illness in a laboratory worker was noted. Tetanus toxoid was the predominant vaccine administered (91.7%) to animal care and research workers, followed by hepatitis B (54.8%), influenza (39.9%), and rabies (38.3%). For some immunization protocols, an inconsistent rationale for administration was evident. Indications that animal care and research workers are unprotected from work-related etiologic agents did not emerge from this survey; rather, existing guidelines from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and available biologics seem sufficient to address most needs of the laboratory animal research community. Institutions should commit to performance-based standards in parallel with context-specific risk assessment methods to maintain occupational health and safety programs and practices appropriate to their needs.
Regional blood flow and vascular resistance of the fetus in utero. Action of vasoactive drugs.

T H E studies on the response of the fetus in utero to vasoactive drugs have centered around two main questions. The first question has been concerned with the changes in the fetal circulation when these agents are injected into the mother. Some author? have observed fetal bradycardia and hypotension after the administration of catecholamines to the mother and have attributed these to fetal asphyxia resulting from the uterine ischemia caused by these agents. Adams and associates,2 however, were unable to detect any circulatory alterations in the fetal lamb after the injection of single doses of catecholamines or angiotensin into the ewe. Neither were they able to note any alterations in the ewe when the same agents were injected into the fetus. These authors concluded that these vasoactive drugs either did not cross the placental bar-
A case of extensive fracture bullae: A multidisciplinary approach for acute management.

Fracture bullae occur in 2.9% to 6.6% of acute fractures that require hospitalization.1, 2 The shear forces at the time of injury can lead to separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermal layer with subsequent vascular edema formation.3, 4, 5 However, these dermatologic manifestations associated with fractures are largely underreported in the dermatology and orthopedic surgery literature. Development of posttraumatic fracture bullae are associated with an increased risk of infection and a delay in surgical treatment that can lead to prolonged hospital stays and potentially increased health care spending.1 Skin breakdown at the base of the fracture bullae is particularly prone to infection, which can compromise wound healing and delay surgical repair, thus, prolonging hospital stays.1, 3, 4 Therefore, early recognition and a multidisciplinary approach with both dermatologists and orthopedic surgeons are critical to improve outcomes in these select patients. Despite their prevalence, there is no consensus on the treatment of fracture bullae. We describe an impressive case of diffuse upper extremity fracture bullae after a low-energy fall, along with our management of these lesions in a unique clinical scenario.
Reducing surface area while maintaining implant penetrating profile lowers the brain foreign body response to chronically implanted planar silicon microelectrode arrays.

Abstract A consistent feature of the foreign body response (FBR), irrespective of the type of implant, is persistent inflammation at the biotic–abiotic interface signaled by biomarkers of macrophage/microglial activation. Since macrophage-secreted factors shape the foreign body reaction, implant designs that reduce macrophage activation should improve biocompatibility and, with regard to recording devices, should improve reliability and longevity. At present, it is unclear whether the goal of seamless integration is possible or whether electrode developers can modulate specific aspects of the FBR by intentionally manipulating the constitutive properties of the implant. To explore this area, we studied the chronic brain FBR to planar solid silicon microelectrode arrays and planar lattice arrays with identical penetrating profiles but with reduced surface area in rats after an 8-week indwelling period. Using quantitative immunohistochemistry, we found that presenting less surface area after equivalent iatrogenic injury is accompanied by significantly less persistent macrophage activation, decreased blood brain barrier leakiness, and reduced neuronal cell loss. Our findings show that it is possible for implant developers to modulate specific aspects of the FBR by intentionally manipulating the constitutive properties of the implant. Our results also support the theory that the FBR to implanted electrode arrays, and likely other implants, can be explained by the presence of macrophages at the biotic–abiotic interface, which act as a sustained delivery source of bioactive agents that diffuse into the adjacent tissue and shape various features of the brain FBR. Further, our findings suggest that one method to improve the recording consistency and lifetime of implanted microelectrode arrays is to design implants that reduce the amount of macrophage activation at the biotic–abiotic interface and/or enhance the clearance or impact of their released factors.
Dielectric properties of (Ba,SR)TIO3 thin films for tunable microwave applications

Abstract Epitaxial Ba1−xSrxTiO3 (BST) thin films have been deposited onto (100) MgO and LaAlO3 substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Thick (>1 μm) interdigitated capacitors have been deposited on top of the BST films. The capacitance and dielectric Q (1/tanΔ) of the structure has been measured at microwave frequencies (1–20 GHz) as a function of electric field (0–67 kV/cm) at room temperature. In epitaxial BST films, either high dielectric tuning (4:1) or high dielectric Q (∼100–250) was observed but not both at the same time. Film strain was measured using X-ray diffraction and is closely related to the dielectric properties as limiting the ability to obtain both high tuning and high Q in epitaxial BST thin films. A thin BST buffer layer was used to relieve the strain in the films. In strain-relieved films, both dielectric tuning and dielectric Q were increased after annealing. A theoretical analysis of the strain effect of the films is presented based on Devonshire thermodynamic theory.
Today You Are A Man

Superman on Batman. The weight of them bound together. Sharp smells of yellow and blue ink, cold aluminum shelving, cardboard dust. Flaking spines repeat amazing amazing amazing. Higher up, Will Eisner's thick digests of tenement stories trace his grandparents' bent backs and Yiddish rants in scrolling lines of brown on white. Green Jell-O alien fingers probe some space-blonde's inflated tits. Peter breathes them in, these particles of floating worlds. Today you are a man. He's so hopeless only a spider can save him, and not the one who told Wilbur's farmer to keep kosher. Bedtime stories from before he was the horse in the Purim play, every year. Bending over in the stockroom, he hoists another box of SHAZAMl, his body big but flabby at thirteen. The way he bends over to talk to his father, or rather to listen, one word to Nathan's clever dozen. In a comic book, Nathan would be the red-headed scientist who convinced Congress to build a Mars launch out of rubber bands. He would persuade Steve Trevor to stick around and look pretty though Wonder Woman would never, ever marry him, and by the way, just because she disappears at odd hours and you found star-spangled underwear in the hamper, there's no evidence that she's living a double life. Peter realizes he's too interested in what happens to Steve. He wants to be one of the chosen ones. He works hard and doesn't sit back here all day reading while his boss Jonas smokes another joint at the cash register, his chair tilted back against a wall layered with drawings of dragon fangs and lightning-bolt fists. Laconic, lean Gary Jonas is his father's friend, but he acts like Peter will amount to something. Enough to dress him up as the Jolly Green Giant in the Greenwich Village Halloween parade, with Jonas and his friends as the Fruit of the Loom guys. Peter's parents are open-minded, except his mother, but soon she won't count anymore. Three hundred copies of Popeye. Underneath them the good stuff, the wide-eyed, round-assed elfin girls, which Peter doesn't look at. Bending over in the stockroom.
Measurements of effective thermal conductivity for advanced interconnect structures with various composite low-k dielectrics

Accurate specification of design groundrules for interconnect systems requires knowledge of the thermal behavior of the systems. A key parameter that characterizes the thermal behavior is the thermal conductivity of the inter-level dielectric (ILD). In practical VLSI applications, the metal interconnects are fully embedded in a stacked, composite ILD media, which presents difficult challenges for the accurate determination of thermal conductivity. In this paper, we propose the concept of an "effective thermal conductivity" to model such complicated, composite media, and introduce a simple methodology to accurately measure effective and bulk thermal conductivities of various thin dielectric layers in integrated circuits. We present measured effective conductivities of several composite media, including various Cu/low-k dielectric configurations such as Cu/SiCOH, Cu/SiLK/sup /spl reg//, Cu/fluorinated silicate glass (FSG), and a hybrid stack with Cu lines in SiLK/sup /spl reg// and Cu vias in un-doped silicate glass (USG). Measurements were recorded in the temperature range from 30/spl deg/C to 120/spl deg/C using a unique combination of fully embedded Cu lines as heater/thermometers, wafer-level temperature vs. power (TVP) measurements, and the Harmon-Gill (H-G) quasi-analytical heat conduction model. The thermal conductivities of all the films studied here were observed to increase with rising substrate temperature.
Commentary on the myths of Peyronie’s disease

Peyronie’s disease refers to an acquired curvature, narrowing or shortening of the penis. Prevalence rates of 0.4-20% have been published (1). Development of Peyronie’s disease is likely related to minor injury to the tunica albuginea, septum or intracavernous struts. In some men, the resulting inflammation is trapped between layers of the collagen bundles and becomes progressive. This leads to an inflammatory mass (lump) formation in the early stage. Continuing inflammation produces profibrotic cytokines such as transforming growth factor beta and deposition of large amount of collagen fibers. The inflammation can also produce metalloproteinases that break the elastic fibers. The irregularly compacted collagen fibers and disrupted elastic fibers create an inelastic “plaque,” the “incurable” component of Peyronie’s disease.
Health care reform and meeting the needs for primary care

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANUniversity of California—Los Angeles, School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California, USAWhen the health reform bill passed into law (Health Care and Educ...
Gastrogastric fistula following Roux-en-Y bypass is attributed to both surgical technique and experience.

Abstract Background The stomach can either be divided or undivided in performing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB) for morbid obesity. We evaluated whether surgical technique is the sole contributing factor to the formation of gastrogastric fistula (GGF). Methods A retrospective analysis of 1,036 consecutive patients was evaluated. RGB was performed as open undivided, open divided, and laparoscopic (divided). Incidence of GGF was identified for each technique and its relationship to surgical experience was assessed. Results Overall incidence of GGF was 1.3%. All fistulae occurred in patients who received undivided open RGB. There was a significant difference between the undivided open group and the divided open + laparoscopic groups (2.1% vs 0%, P Conclusions GGF was only identified in undivided RGB. The occurrence decreased with increasing surgical experience. Together, overall surgical technique in addition to gastric division must play a role in fistula formation.
Breast self-examination: self-reported frequency, quality, and associated outcomes.

Background: There is little information on the quality of breast self-examination (BSE) and associated outcomes. Method: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 27,421 women enrolled in a Pacific Northwest health plan. We linked responses regarding BSE quality from a questionnaire to subsequent screening and diagnostic efforts. Results: A total of 75% of the women performed BSE. We rated BSE quality as adequate in 27%. Women who reported higher BSE duration, frequency, and quality were more likely to have diagnostic mammograms. Participants ultimately diagnosed with breast cancer (N = 300) were significantly less likely to report performing BSE. Tumor size and stage were not associated with BSE behavior. Conclusion: A high proportion of women perform BSE, but few do so adequately. We found no evidence for benefit of BSE. It is time to ask whether systematic BSE performance should continue to be encouraged.
Strain-controlled band engineering and self-doping in ultrathin LaNiO 3 films

We report on a systematic study of the temperature-dependent Hall coefficient and thermoelectric power in ultrathin metallic LaNiO${}_{3}$ films that reveal a strain-induced, self-doping carrier transition that is inaccessible in the bulk. As the film strain varies from compressive to tensile at fixed composition and stoichiometry, the evolution of the transport coefficients is strikingly similar to those of bulk hole-doped superconducting cuprates with varying doping level. Density functional calculations reveal that the strain-induced changes in transport properties arise from changes in the low-energy electronic band structure that induce self-doping, a transfer of charge between O $p$ and Ni $d$ states. The results suggest that thin-film epitaxy can serve as a means to vary the charge-carrier concentration in other (negative) charge-transfer gap transition-metal oxides without resorting to chemical substitution.
The United States-Canadian Acid Rain Debate: The Science-Politics Linkage

(1990). The United States-Canadian Acid Rain Debate: The Science-Politics Linkage. American Review of Canadian Studies: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 59-79.
Shear flow effects at the onset of equatorial spread F

[1] Experiments were conducted during the NASA Equatorial Ionospheric Study (EQUIS) II sounding rocket campaign on Kwajalein Atoll to investigate the dynamics and stability of the postsunset equatorial F region ionosphere prior to the onset of equatorial spread F (ESF). Experiments took place on 7 and 15 August 2004, each composed of the launch of an instrumented and two chemical release sounding rockets. The instrumented rockets measured plasma number density, vector electric fields, and other parameters to an apogee of about 450 km. The chemical release rockets yielded lower thermospheric wind profile measurements. The Altair radar was used to monitor coherent and incoherent scatter in UHF and VHF bands. In both experiments, large-scale waves preceded the emergence of ESF depletions and irregularities. We propose that the large-scale waves were produced by a collisional shear instability. A three-dimensional electrodynamic model is constructed that can reproduce the shear flow observed by the rockets. On the basis of the model, we calculate the linear growth rate for the collisional shear instability and show that it can compete with the generalized Rayleigh Taylor instability. A scenario where the former generates the large-scale waves and initiates the latter is discussed.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 participates in vascular endothelial growth factor-induced signaling

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activates endothelial cells, in part, by interacting with the kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) receptor tyrosine kinase. Although progress has been made in the identification of cell-signaling proteins that participate in the VEGF-induced response, questions remain concerning the molecular interactions that allow coupling of receptor activation with an increased cellular response. Evidence is provided in this manuscript that indicates a role for the fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) in VEGF-induced signal transduction. VEGF treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and KDR-transfected porcine aortic endothelial cells leads to the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2. FRS2 is associated constitutively with KDR, and VEGF treatment has no effect on this interaction. VEGF treatment of KDR-expressing cells leads to the recruitment of Nck, p21-activated kinase, Crk, Grb2, and protein kinase C l to FRS2. The ability of FRS2 to recruit cell-signaling proteins to the cell is significant because it provides a mechanism for enhancing the repertoire of VEGF-induced signaling pathways.
Language, Ethnicity and Migration in North-Eastern India

Abstract The peoples of north-eastern India often construct migration stories in an attempt to explain their history and present distribution. These stories assume that language and ethnic (tribal) boundaries coincide, and that they endure through long periods. Ethnic boundaries, however, are widely contested in north-eastern India, and even language boundaries are interpreted in varied ways so as to support particular ethnic and political goals. While people certainly migrate, they rarely do so as coherent tribes, and the present distribution of ethnic groups is better seen as an adjustment to environmental, economic, and political conditions than as the outcome of migrations. In the past, ethnic differences were constructed, and ethnic loyalty invoked, both to justify aggression and to rally defence against aggressors. Ethnicity is still used today, both to assert local differences and in an attempt to forge unity. Ethnic sentiments have contributed to the simmering violence that has punctuated the hist...
Social media: its emerging importance and impact on citizen engagement

This article examines the impact of social media which not only provides citizens alternative avenues to express themselves about government policies but presents new challenges and means for government to provide services to the public. An example is the CovJam online venture presented by Coventry City and IBM that used social media as part of a three-day brainstorming event about the city. Social media have facilitated government programs to carry out surveys and fine-tune services but perhaps the greatest aspect is that of greater public participation. Moving forward, it will be important to address social media across public sectors and establish strategies to leverage its advantages and benefits.
Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions

The field of strategic human resource management (SHRM) has been criticized for lacking a solid theoretical foundation. This article documents that, contrary to this criticism, the SHRM literature ...
Laser Doppler velocimeter measurements to characterize turbulence in a constriction with sharp and rounded inlets

An important ingredient for successfully understanding and predicting turbulent flow behavior is an accurate characterization of the turbulence. While several models are available, it is not clear which turbulence model is appropriate for flow in a constriction geometry. To answer this question, experimental results were obtained using a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) and compared to predictions using three turbulence models in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code for two constrictions. Experimental results indicate that a small amount of rounding at the constriction inlet can have a significant effect on the velocity and turbulent kinetic energy distributions in the throat.
KeyGraph-based chance discovery for exploring the development of e-commerce topics

The purpose of this study is to integrate the method of chance discovery with visualization tools (KeyGraph) for presenting important and latent research topics in the e-commerce (EC) field. This study collects keywords and abstracts from 995 articles in four primary EC journals. To establish the professional terms of EC, this work divides EC development into three periods: the development of the Internet, the growth of information technology, and the extension of commerce applications. For exploring significant and latent EC topics, this study analyzes the differences and similarities between international and Taiwanese sources. Pursuing this approach yields three findings. First, this paper determines that the KeyGraph as a computing process and a visualization tool is an effective method for exploring future research topics. Second, international EC topics have different thematic characteristics at different phases and they are more diverse and extensive than Taiwanese sources. Third, a professional thesaurus is very helpful in identifying EC research topics. All these findings suggest Taiwanese scholars should pay more attention to research issues from international journals when studying EC.