cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholine release in diaphragm of rats with chronic experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis

Recent evidence indicates that in chronic experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and in human myasthenia gravis, the defect of neuromuscular transmission results from immune-mediated destruction of postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction, with a reduction in the density of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors and decreased sensitivity to ACh released by nerve impulses. In the present study, the amount of ACh released by nerve impulse in rats with chronic EAMG and control rats of the same age, weight, and sex was compared. Phrenic nerve–hemidiaphragm preparations were stimulated in vitro, and the amount of ACh released was meansured by bioassay. Despite a marked reduction in the amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials in chronic EAMG, ACh output at rest and during stimulation was not different from that of control rats. These data support the concept that the defect of neuromuscular transmission is due to a reduction of postsynaptic sensitivity to ACh.
Metal-induced states on the GaAs(110) surface probed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Abstract We have used the technique of angle-resolved photoemission with a synchrotron radiation source to probe the electronic states of the metal-semiconductor overlayer systems of K, Cs, and Bi deposited on the GaAs(110) surface. In all cases, we observe changes in the electronic states of the clean surface along with the detection of new metal-induced features.
Plane Anisotropic Thermoelasticity

Formulation du probleme en termes des 3 paires de valeurs propres des constantes d'elasticite et de la paire de valeurs propres des constantes de conduction thermique. Application a une fissure dans un milieu infini
Increased Antibiotic Resistance in Respiratory Tract Pathogens: PROTEKT US—An Update

Three major North American surveillance programs have tracked antimicrobial resistance patterns among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other common respiratory tract pathogens. The Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network shows the progressive increase in resistance among pneumococcal S. pneumoniae to penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. The data from the Tracking Resistance in the United States Today study also show a steady rise in pneumococcal resistance among common antibiotics as well as an increase in multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae. The US component of the Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin study has detected increasing resistance to many antimicrobial agents among common respiratory isolates, with marked geographic variations in resistance patterns. The patterns of resistance detected by these major surveillance programs are a warning signal regarding the continued emergence of resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens.
Regional decreases of cortical choline acetyltransferase after lesions of the septal area and in the area of nucleus basalis magnocellularis.

Choline acetyltransferase and [3H]choline uptake have been measured in neocortical regions and hippocampus one week after lesions which destroyed the septum bilaterally, and after unilateral lesions in the area of nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Lesions of the septal area, which severely decreased choline acetyltransferase in hippocampus, only moderately decreased choline acetyltransferase in a posterior cortical region and had no effect in frontal and parietal regions. In contrast, lesions which included nucleus basalis magnocellularis decreased choline acetyltransferase markedly in frontal and parietal regions and had less of an effect in the posterior cortical regions. Lesion-induced decreases of [3H]choline uptake paralleled those of choline acetyltransferase. Lesions which included nucleus basalis magnocellularis had no effect on choline acetyltransferase in hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, midbrain or pons-medulla. These results suggest the existence of topographically distinct cholinergic inputs to neocortex. In agreement with previous studies, cholinergic projections from the peripallidal region of nucleus basalis magnocellularis are predominantly to frontal and parietal neocortex. In contrast to previous suggestions, cholinergic projections to neocortex from the septal area are limited to the posterior regions of neocortex.
The chemical basis of the color dimorphism of an aphid,Macrosiphum liriodendri (monell), and a locust,Amblycorypha sp. Novel carotenoids

Der Unterschied in der Farbung von rosa und grunen Varianten der BlattlausMacrosiphum liriodendri beruht auf Unterschieden der Carotinoid-Fraktionen. Einige dieser Carotinoide gehoren zu Typen, die bisher nur in Mikroorganismen angetroffen worden sind, was Verschiedenheit in Art oder biosynthetischer Aktivitat von Mikrosymbionten als Ursache des Pigmentierungs-Dimorphismus vermuten lasst. Die Farbung der seltenen rosa Variante der HeuschreckeAmblycorypha scheint durch einen Carotinoid-Protein-Komplex bedingt zu sein.
Mac OS X tips and tricks in a lab environment

As technology has progressed, the use of Macintosh computers in campus computing labs has changed from independent workstations with no network access to fully networked members of the local domain. However, integrating the newest Mac operating systems into a Windows-based Active Directory environment has presented many new opportunities (otherwise known as challenges) to customize the operating system to meet the needs of thousands of students per week. This presentation will attempt to demonstrate in brief the various techniques used to customize the OS X operating systems to integrate with the Windows-based Active Directory. Specifically, this will include logout scripts, between-user maintenance procedures, inactivity logouts, printer restrictions, desktop and dock customizations, and other user environment modifications.
Assessment to improve student learning

Effective institutional decision making about budgets, programs, and facilities must be built on the strong foundation of meaningful evaluation.
Understanding the structure of the turbulent mixing layer in hydrodynamic instabilities

When a heavy fluid is placed above a light fluid, tiny vertical perturbations in the interface create a characteristic structure of rising bubbles and falling spikes known as Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities have received much attention over the past half-century because of their importance in understanding many natural and man-made phenomena, ranging from the rate of formation of heavy elements in supernovae to the design of capsules for Inertial Confinement Fusion. We present a new approach to analyze Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in which we extract a hierarchical segmentation of the mixing envelope surface to identify bubbles and analyze analogous segmentations of fields on the original interface plane. We compute meaningful statistical information that reveals the evolution of topological features and corroborates the observations made by scientists.
DOUBLE SCATTERING OF ELECTRONS WITH A DIPOLE MOMENT

The double scattering of electrons with a small intrinsic electric dipole moment is investigated theoretically for the case where magnetic and electric fields are present in the space between the two targets. It is shown by using density matrix techniques that the plane of polarization of the electron beam, after the first scattering, would be rotated by the magnetic and electric fields just as predicted by regarding the electrons as classical spinning tops with magnetic moments and classical electric dipoles precessing about the directions of the magnetic and electric fields, respectively.
Effects of Height, Physique and Cranial Hair on Job-Related Attributes:

For a scenario describing a slender male 160 male students indicated more favorable ratings as more assertive, better supervisor, and more acceptable to others.
The effects of workload history on dual task performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of workload history (specifically sudden workload shifts) on performance. A sample of 204 undergraduates was randomly assigned to either a sudden decrease or increase in workload condition. Participants simultaneously performed a memory search task (i.e., primary task) and an auditory vigilance task (i.e., distracter task), while percent correct was recorded. Separate Repeated Measures ANOVA’s revealed a significant treatment effect for the Medium to Low (F(l, 110) = 274.6, p < .01) and Low to Medium (F(l,92) = 148.3, p < .01) conditions. Results supported previous research suggesting that either a sudden decrease (Medium to Low) or increase (Low to Medium) in workload could be detrimental to performance (Cox-Fuenzalida, 2000). More importantly, this study extends the detrimental effects of workload history to a dual task environment.
Nonlinear response of composite systems containing spheres of arbitrary response

We develop a microscopic multipolar theory for the nonlinear response of composite systems containing coated spheres with a core of arbitrary nonlinear response, in the quasi-static limit. This theory applies to all range of applied fields, producing both the weak- and the strong-field nonlinearities as particular limits. The nonlinear response is found to be quite sensitive to the distribution of the spheres. For a power-law nonlinear response of uniform spheres, we find very striking and unexpected results at intermediate fields between the weak and the strong nonlinear regimes: multiple solutions occur in certain frequency ranges. This reveals a new complexity and richness in the nonlinear response of composite systems.
Synthetic lethality of Chk1 inhibition combined with p53 and/or p21 loss during a DNA damage response in normal and tumor cells

Cell cycle checkpoints ensure genome integrity and are frequently compromised in human cancers. A therapeutic strategy being explored takes advantage of checkpoint defects in p53-deficient tumors in order to sensitize them to DNA-damaging agents by eliminating Chk1-mediated checkpoint responses. Using mouse models, we demonstrated that p21 is a key determinant of how cells respond to the combination of DNA damage and Chk1 inhibition (combination therapy) in normal cells as well as in tumors. Loss of p21 sensitized normal cells to the combination therapy much more than did p53 loss and the enhanced lethality was partially blocked by CDK inhibition. In addition, basal pools of p21 (p53 independent) provided p53 null cells with protection from the combination therapy. Our results uncover a novel p53-independent function for p21 in protecting cells from the lethal effects of DNA damage followed by Chk1 inhibition. As p21 levels are low in a significant fraction of colorectal tumors, they are predicted to be particularly sensitive to the combination therapy. Results reported in this study support this prediction.
Macroscopic lattice dynamics

Abstract Fully nonlinear modulation equations are presented that govern the slow evolution of single-phase harmonic wavetrains under a large family of spatially discrete nonintegrable flows, among which is the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation (DNLS). These modulation equations are a pair of partial differential equations in conservation form that are hyperbolic for some data and elliptic for other data. In some cases these equations are capable of dynamically changing type from hyperbolic to elliptic, a phenomenon that has been associated with the modulational instability of the underlying wavetrain. By putting the modulation equations in Riemann invariant form, one can select initial data that avoid this dynamic change of type. Numerical experiments demonstrating the theoretical results are presented.
In Suspect Terrain: Mary Wollstonecraft confronts mother nature in letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark

(1996). In Suspect Terrain: Mary Wollstonecraft confronts mother nature in letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Women's Studies: Vol. 25, Women and Nature, pp. 483-505.
Estimation of prediction error for multivariate calibration

When arrays of non-selective sensors or overlapping spectra are used for chemical analysis, multivariate calibration must be used to relate the instrument responses to individual analytes. Using a set of carefully selected calibration samples, a multivariate mathematical model is constructed for one or more analytes. If this step is successful, the model can be used to predict the concentrations of these analytes in prospective samples. Previously, the equations required to estimate the errors in the predicted concentrations, and from these the confidence intervals, were not available because the three sources of error (measured responses from calibration data, concentrations of the analytes in the calibration set and measured responses from the unknown sample) propagated in a non-linear manner not amenable to statistical analysis. A new theory for error propagation is developed. The theory developed herein does not require estimates of the actual three sources of errors mentioned above and therefore is easy to implement. Data from near-infrared reflectance spectrometry of wheat samples were used to test the equations derived from the theory. Complete agreement between the true prediction errors and those estimated from the theory is demonstrated.
A Unified Theory For The WORM Sensitivity Function

The sensitivity function uR of WORM media often is a function of the incident energy (E) and pulsewidth (t), as well as incident power (P), of the write laser. A unified theory is developed to include all variables. It models the sensitivity function as uR (E,P,t) = AR (Y,t) [1 - X at (Y,t)/X], where X is the dominant and Y the secondary variable which determines media performance. uR(Y,t) is the saturation and X at(Y t) is the threshold behavior. The theory is applied to five distinct types of organic,T 'inorganic, and textured WORM media. The results are discussed and recommendations for test planning are made.
Salt, sodium channels, and SGK1.

There are two general classes of Na+-selective ion channels in humans. The first, voltage-gated Na+ channels, are transiently activated in response to modest degrees of membrane depolarization. Activation of these channels leads to a large but transient depolarization of the plasma membrane. In contrast, the second class, epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs), facilitate the bulk transit of Na+ across an epithelial monolayer. These channels are not strictly regulated by membrane voltage, and other mechanisms have been found to modulate their activity. The extent to which an ENaC is open and conducting Na+, a process referred to as open probability, is regulated by a number of factors, including phosphorylation, the presence of anionic phospholipids, and processing of ENaC extracellular domains by specific proteases (1–3). The number of channels present at the plasma membrane is also highly regulated, either by altering rates of channel biosynthesis and delivery to the plasma membrane or by channel retrieval from the plasma membrane (4–6). ENaCs have key roles in the reabsorption of filtered Na+ in the distal nephron of the kidney as well as in the regulation of Na+ content in the extracellular fluids, volume of extracellular fluids, and blood pressure. The hormone aldosterone increases extracellular fluid volume, in large part via activation of ENaCs. Over the past decade, a variety of convergent mechanisms involved in the activation of ENaCs by aldosterone have been described.
Temporal plasticity in the primary auditory cortex induced by operant perceptual learning

Processing of rapidly successive acoustic stimuli can be markedly improved by sensory training. To investigate the cortical mechanisms underlying such temporal plasticity, we trained rats in a 'sound maze' in which navigation using only auditory cues led to a target location paired with food reward. In this task, the repetition rate of noise pulses increased as the distance between the rat and target location decreased. After training in the sound maze, neurons in the primary auditory cortex (A1) showed greater responses to high-rate noise pulses and stronger phase-locking of responses to the stimuli; they also showed shorter post-stimulation suppression and stronger rebound activation. These improved temporal dynamics transferred to trains of pure-tone pips. Control animals that received identical sound stimulation but were given free access to food showed the same results as naive rats. We conclude that this auditory perceptual learning results in improvements in temporal processing, which may be mediated by enhanced cortical response dynamics.
Mayo Adhesive Probability Score: An Accurate Image-based Scoring System to Predict Adherent Perinephric Fat in Partial Nephrectomy

Abstract Background Image-based renal morphometry scoring systems are used to predict the potential difficulty of partial nephrectomy (PN), but they are centered entirely on tumor-specific factors and neglect other patient-specific factors that may complicate the technical aspects of PN. Adherent perinephric fat (APF) is one such factor known to make PN difficult. Objective To develop an accurate image-based nephrometry scoring system to predict the presence of APF encountered during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). Design, setting, and participants We prospectively analyzed 100 consecutive RAPNs performed by one surgeon and defined APF as the need for subcapsular renal dissection to isolate the renal tumor for RAPN. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The scoring algorithm to predict the presence of APF was developed with a multivariable logistic regression model using a forward selection approach with a focus on improvement in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results and limitations Thirty patients (30%; 95% confidence interval, 21–40) had APF. Single-variable analysis noted an increased likelihood of APF in male patients ( p p =0.003), greater posterior perinephric fat thickness ( p p p Mayo Adhesive Probability (MAP) and ranging from 0 to 5, to predict the presence of APF. We observed APF in 6% of patients with a MAP score of 0, 16% with a score of 1, 31% with a score of 2, 73% with a score of 3–4, and 100% of patients with a score of 5. Conclusions MAP score accurately predicts the presence of APF in patients undergoing RAPN. Prospective validation of the MAP score is required. Patient summary The Mayo Adhesive Probability score that we we developed is an accurate system that predicts whether or not adherent perinephric, or "sticky," fat is present around the kidney that would make partial nephrectomy difficult.
Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Associated with Rh Antibody Anti‐f: First Reported Case

A delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) occurring in a 30-year-old Caucasian man is described. His blood groups were B, CDe/cDE (R1R2, f-) K-, S-s+, Fy (a + b-), and Jk (a + b +). Eight days after receiving two units of packed red blood cells, his urine was strongly positive for hemoglobin; serum-free hemoglobin was 125 mg/dl. Serum contained a clearly reactive Rh antibody of anti-f specificity and a weakly reactive anti-Kell. The DHTR was probably caused by an anti-f alloantibody appearing as an anamnestic response to transfusion of seemingly compatible, but f-positive blood.
Optimal convergence of minimum norm approximations inHp

Let 1 0, there exists an integern(?)?0, such that ifn>n(?) andq=p/(p?1), then $$\exp \left\{ { - \left( {5^{\tfrac{1}{2}} \pi + \varepsilon } \right)n^{\tfrac{1}{2}} } \right\} \leqq \sigma _n \leqq \exp \left\{ { - \left( {\frac{\pi }{{(2q)^{\tfrac{1}{2}} }} - \varepsilon } \right)n^{\tfrac{1}{2}} } \right\}.$$ LetH p * (U) denote the family of all functionsf such thatg?H p (U), whereg(z)=f(z)/(1?z 2), and whereH p * (U) is normed by ?f? p * =?g? p ?,?g? p ? being defined as above. Let {T n (f)} n=1 ? be an approximation scheme defined by $$T_n (f)(z) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {f(x_j )\phi _{n,j} (z),f \in H_p^* (U),} $$ where ? n,j is analytic inU, and such that ?T n(f)? p * ?C?f? p * , whereC>0, but independent ofn. Then given any ?>0, there exists an integern(?)?0, such that whenevern>n(?), then $$\begin{gathered} \exp \left\{ { - (5^{\tfrac{1}{2}} \pi + \varepsilon )} \right.n^{\tfrac{1}{2}} \} \leqq \mathop {\inf }\limits_{Tn} \mathop {\sup }\limits_{f \in H_p^* (U),\parallel f\parallel _p^* = 1} \mathop {\sup }\limits_{ - 1< x< 1} |f(x) - T_n (f)(x)| \hfill \\ \leqq \exp \{ - \left. {\left( {\frac{\pi }{{2q^{\tfrac{1}{2}} }} - \varepsilon } \right)n^{\tfrac{1}{2}} } \right\}. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
An update of OTEC baseline design costs

Abstract This paper discusses the relative economics of several OTEC mission concepts. The present and projected costs of alternative energy sources and manufactured products are compared to those for products manufactured by potential OTEC systems. Since the efficiency and relative economic performance of an OTEC system is site specific, a generalization is made regarding site characteristics. Tropical grazing OTEC plant-ships are assumed to operate in relatively benign ocean waters with an average 43.2 °F (24 °C) temperature differential between the surface and 3281 ft (1000 m) depth. Several potential locations in U.S. waters are examined for the grid-connected OTEC concept. The primary competitors for OTEC are baseload and intermediate electric power plants, coal-produced synthetic products, and products made with oil and gas. Certain unusual circumstances lead to specific opportunities for OTEC for island complexes, which are discussed. Other markets are also discussed and the relative potential for OTEC examined. There are technical as well as economic uncertainties regarding OTEC commercialization which have direct impact. In order for OTEC to acquire a substantial share of energy markets, these uncertainties must be resolved. Examination of the potential impacts due to these uncertainties yields the conclusion that OTEC technology must be refined by extensive R&D before any commercialization can take place.
Visible light emission from Si/SiO2 multilayers in planar microcavities

Bright quantum-confined photoluminescence (PL) at visible wavelengths can be obtained from ultrathin-layer Si/SiO2 superlattices. We demonstrate that with the use of an optical resonator the PL peak wavelength and bandwidth can be modified selectively. The strong enhancement and subsequent decrease in the PL intensity in these superlattices with decreasing Si layer thickness has been investigated theoretically. Calculations of the band structure of a Si quantum well separated by crystalline SiO2 barriers using a tight-binding method reveal that the confined conduction and valence bands along the [001] symmetry direction are essentially dispersionless, are strongly nested, and have a direct band-gap character. The enhanced band-edge density of states and the stronger electron–hole interaction across the low-dielectric barriers lead to a competition between several length scales and produce the PL intensity variation with well width observed.
Perceptions of Value: A Story from One Pennsylvania Community

This is the story of how a local community successfully saved a high school librarian position through the coordinated efforts of concerned, well-informed parents, teachers, school librarians, a university librarian, neighbors, friends, and others. Takeaways for academic librarians and others in the Pennsylvania library community are discussed.
Observations on the development of the electrocardiogram

This experiment was designed to reveal the developing pattern of the ECG occurring in chick embryos during the period between 11 and 22 somites and to relate these findings to the appearance of blood circulation and the ability of the heart to exhibit atrioventricular block under the influence of digitalis. Using a unipolar electrode placed directly upon hearts of a graded series, the first recorded ECG was a simple V wave at 11 somites (sometimes 10) which increased in amplitude and rate through the 16 somite stage. In 16 or 17 somite embryos two deflections appeared on the descending limb of the V wave. In the light of subsequent changes these were recognized as the first indications of the P wave and QRS complex. Within an hour of development (17 to 18 somites) three events coincided, i.e., appearance of the primitive P wave and QRS complex; the beginning of blood circulation as evidenced by flow through extraembryonic capillaries; and the ability of the hearts to show a block at the AV junction. This last occurs despite the fact that an obvious PR interval is not present at 18 somites. However, from the 18 to the 21 to 22 somite stage rapid changes in the pattern of the ECG were recorded. The PR interval emerges; the P wave and QRS complex become incisive and are followed by an obvious T wave. The developmental pattern is the exact duplicate of the changes which can be recorded in reverse, by treating a single 60 hour embryonic heart with eserine (Paff, Boucek and Glander, '66) or apparently any acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (work in progress).
Elevation of von Willebrand factor is independent of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and persists after glucocorticoid treatment in giant cell arteritis.

Von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen levels were measured in 39 patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA), 16 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), 12 patients with Sjogren's syndrome, and 7 with choroiditis, as well as in 20 age- and sex-matched controls. Among GCA patients, 31 (group A) had clinically inactive disease and were taking low-dose glucocorticoids for at least 1 year; their vWF levels were high even in the presence of a normalized erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). When the ESR and vWF were analyzed in another 8 GCA patients (group B) before and after treatment with glucocorticoids, vWF remained elevated even though the ESR returned to normal. Among the highest levels of vWF were those of 3 GCA patients who presented with ocular symptoms and positive temporal artery biopsies, but normal ESR. The presence of elevated vWF was not specific for GCA since elevated levels were also found in patients with PMR, Sjogren's syndrome, and choroiditis. The levels of vWF in GCA were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than in these other conditions associated with myalgias and eye symptoms. Elevation of vWF levels may help in the differential diagnosis of GCA, particularly when the ESR is normal and ocular symptoms are present.
The Flow About a Charged Body Moving in the Lower Ionosphere

Summary The flow about an electrically charged body traveling at high speeds through the lower ionosphere is analyzed. A simple gas model composed of electrons, ions, and neutral particles is used and the hydrodjmamic description given is based on Max­ well's transfer equations for a mixture. The conditions under which local statistical equilibrium can be assumed are discussed, and different approaches to determine the gasdynamic force in the subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic cases are indicated. The reciprocal action of the electric field of the flow on the body is also analyzed, and a formula for the resultant electric force is given. The total force on the body is equal to the sum of the gasdynamic force and the electric force. The negative potential acquired by a plane bod}^ is also calculated. Finally, the lack of validity of Debye's linearization in this case and the solution of the exterior nonlinear problem which characterize the electric potential and the electron dis­ tribution are discussed.
Stabilization of Bilateral Sacroiliac Fracture‐Luxations in Small Animals with a Single Transsacral Screw

Bilateral sacroiliac fracture-luxations in four dogs and four cats weighing 3.5 kg to 30.9 kg were reduced and stabilized with a single 3.5 mm, 4.5 mm, or 6.5 mm transsacral screw. Alignment of the drill bit was visual in six cases and assisted by the use of an aiming device in two cases. Seven animals were reevaluated at months 3 to 6. No significant screw loosening or loss of reduction had occurred. Although no intraoperative complications were encountered with visual drill bit alignment, use of an aiming device for transsacral drilling is strongly recommended.
A Compact UHV Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer for Surface‐Induced Dissociation Studies Using Well‐Characterized Surfaces

Collision of low-energy polyatomic ions with surfaces can be an effective method for ion activation and fragmentation for ion structural analysis. In order for this method to be more widely used, a better understanding of low-energy ion-surface reactions must be obtained. The design and construction of a compact tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer which can be used to investigate low-energy ion-surface reactions on well-characterized surfaces is described. This UHV-compatible instrument is designed to fit entirely on a standard eight-inch UHV flange, and so can be easily mounted on a typical UHV electron spectroscopy system for preparing and characterizing the scattering surface. The operation of this instrument is illustrated by the discussion of two examples: the first, the associative reaction between benzene ions and a hydrocarbon surface to form C7H7+ via a sputtered-ion mechanism; the second, an examination of the effect of organic monolayer structure on the reactivity of the monolayer for protonation of incident benzene ions.
Conjugate Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Tubes with Obstruction

q0 along the interface, thermal conductivity of the e uid, thermal conductivity of the solid, outside wall temperature, e uid inlet temperature, average e uid velocity at the inlet, e uid density and e uid viscosity, respectively. The average dimensionless heat e ux F was determined by integrating Fx along the solid ‐ e uid interface. The computer code was tested for its accuracy by comparing the results with other benchmark solutions. A grid independency test was also conducted. Details of the code validation tests are documented in Amin. 4
Localized Intervertebral Disc Injury Leads to Organ Level Changes in Structure, Cellularity, and Biosynthesis

A literature review and new data are presented to evaluate the influence of intervertebral disc (IVD) injury on biomechanics, cellularity, inflammation, and biosynthesis. Literature and new experimental evidence support the hypothesis that localized injury in the disc can lead to immediate and long-term organ level changes in biomechanics and biology of the IVD. Biomechanical properties defining motion segment bending behaviors sensitive to injuries that affect anulus fibrosus (AF) integrity and nucleus pulposus (NP) pressurization. Axial mechanics and IVD height measurements show sensitivity to puncture and other injuries that reduce NP pressurization. Torsional biomechanics are strongly affected by the extent and location of AF lesions but are less sensitive to reduced NP pressurization. IVD injuries such as puncture and stab incisions may also lead to a cascade of biological changes consistent with degeneration, including loss of cellularity, altered biosynthesis and inflammation. New results on effects of 25G needle injection of saline into a bovine IVD organ culture model demonstrated a loss of cellularity and down-regulation of matrix gene expression, providing a specific example of how a minor injury affects the IVD organ response. We conclude that localized injuries in the IVD can induce an organ level degenerative cascade through biomechanical and biological mechanisms, and their interactions. Attempts at IVD repair should target the dual biomechanical roles of the anulus of maintaining nucleus pressurization and transmitting loads across the vertebrae. Biologically, it remains important to maintain IVD cellularity and biosynthesis rates following injury to prevent downstream degenerative changes.
Pt and Pt/Ni “Needle” Eletrocatalysts on Carbon Nanotubes with High Activity for the ORR

Platinum and platinum/nickel alloy electrocatalysts supported on graphitized (gCNT) or nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (nCNT) are prepared and characterized. Pt deposition onto carbon nanotubes results in Pt 'needle' formations that are 3.5 nm in diameter and {approx}100 nm in length. Subsequent Ni deposition and heat treatment results in PtNi 'needles' with an increased diameter. All Pt and Pt/Ni materials were tested as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The Pt and Pt/Ni catalysts showed excellent performance for the ORR, with the heat treated PtNi/gCNT (1.06 mA/cm{sup 2}) and PtNi/nCNT (0.664 mA/cm{sup 2}) showing the highest activity.
Genotype imputation via matrix completion

Most current genotype imputation methods are model-based and computationally intensive, taking days to impute one chromosome pair on 1000 people. We describe an efficient genotype imputation method based on matrix completion. Our matrix completion method is implemented in MATLAB and tested on real data from HapMap 3, simulated pedigree data, and simulated low-coverage sequencing data derived from the 1000 Genomes Project. Compared with leading imputation programs, the matrix completion algorithm embodied in our program MENDEL-IMPUTE achieves comparable imputation accuracy while reducing run times significantly. Implementation in a lower-level language such as Fortran or C is apt to further improve computational efficiency.
REGULATION OF THE MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES ACROSS TIGHT JUNCTIONS

The intercellular tight junction is the rate-limiting barrier in the paracellular pathway for permeation by ions and larger solutes. A variety of widely used electrical and flux approaches are used in the analyses of solute permeation through this pathway; however, each has limitations in practice. It is now clear that solute permeation across tight junctions is dynamically regulated by intracellular events with a common effector mechanism apparently tied to the cytoskeleton. These pathways, which regulate tight junction solute permeability, are targets that produce epithelial barrier dysfunction in a variety of disease states. However, regulation of solute permeation across the junctional barrier may also represent a potential means to improve bioavailability of orally administered bioactive solutes.
LIFE TABLES OF PHYLLOXERA ON RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE GRAPE ROOTSTOCKS

Grape phylloxera, Viteus vitifolii Shimer, were reared on excised grape roots maintained in petri-dish chambers. Life tables were constructed using 2 susceptible rootstocks, Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon and Muscat of Alexandria, and 2 resistant rootstocks V. rupestris St. George and Ganzin I. Phylloxera on the resistant varieties had lower rates of 1st-instar establishment (24% and 9.5%) than on the susceptible varieties (57% and 36%). Similarly, gross reproductive rates (GRR) and net reproductive rates (Ro) on the resistant varieties were lower than on the susceptible varieties. Mean generation times (T) were variable (19–49 days) and appeared not to be related to rootstock susceptibility. Finite rates of increase (λ) were less than 1.0 on the resistant varieties, and 1.06 and 1.10 on the susceptible varieties. Phylloxera on Cabernet Sauvignon tuberosities had higher GRR, Ro and T-values than on the nodosities. However, λ-values were nearly equal, 1.05 and 1.07 on the tuberosities and nodosities, respectively. RESUME Tables de vie de phylloxera sur varietes de vigne sensibles et resistantes Le Phylloxera de la vigne, Viteus vitifolii Shimer, a ete eleve sur des racines coupees en boite de Petri. Les tables de vie ont ete etablies en utilisant deux varietes sensibles de Vitis vinifera L. (Cabernet — Sauvignon et Muscat d' Alexandrie) et deux varietes resistantes de Vitis rupestris (Saint Georges en Ganzin I). Sur les varietes resistantes, le Phylloxera avait des taux de fixation du premier stade plus faibles (24 et 9.5%) que sur les varietes sensibles (57 et 36%). De la měme facon, les taux bruts (G.R.R.) et nets (Ro) de la reproduction etaient plus bas sur les varietes resistantes que sur les varietes sensibles. La duree moyenne d'une generation (T) etait variable (19 a 49 jours) et ne paraissait pas liee a la sensibilite des varietes. Le taux net d'accroissement (λ) etait inferieur a 1 sur les varietes resistantes, contre 1,06 et 1,10 sur les varietes sensibles. Sur Cabernet — Sauvignon, le Phylloxera avait des valeurs de G.R.R., Ro et T superieures sur les tuberosites que sur les nodosites. Cependant les valeurs de λ etaient a peu pres egales (1,05 et 1,07, respectivement) sur les tuberosites et les nodosites.
Oxidized lipoprotein induces the macrophage ascorbate transporter (SVCT2): protection by intracellular ascorbate against oxidant stress and apoptosis.

Abstract To assess whether ascorbic acid decreases the cytotoxicity of oxidized human low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in cells involved in atherosclerosis, its interaction with oxLDL was studied in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Macrophages took up ascorbate to millimolar intracellular concentrations and retained it with little loss over 18 h in culture. Culture of the macrophages with oxLDL enhanced ascorbate uptake. This was associated with increased expression of the ascorbate transporter (SVCT2), which was prevented by ascorbate and by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Culture of RAW264.7 macrophages with oxLDL increased intracellular dihydrofluorescein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, both of which were decreased by intracellular ascorbate. Ascorbate also protected the cells against oxLDL-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, but it did not affect macrophage accumulation of lipid from oxLDL or oxLDL-induced increases in macrophage cytokine secretion. These results suggest that ascorbate protects macrophages against oxLDL-induced oxidant stress and subsequent apoptotic death without impairing their function.
Effects of Aureomycin on Turkey Sinusitis

(1952). Effects of Aureomycin on Turkey Sinusitis. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 258-259.
Fast magnetization transfer MR imaging

We have implemented a new magnetization transfer (MT) technique, to decrease total imaging time and thus improve efficiency of MT based MRI. By judiciously rescaling different RF pulses, and utilizing maximum transmitter gain, we were able to generate very short and powerful MT pulse(s). MRI and MRA in normal and patients with MS were performed, with and without MT application. Phantom experiments indicated 1-2 kHz offset to be the optimal. MT based MRA demonstrated substantial improvement in conspicuity of small vessels with minimum increase in imaging time. MT based MRI showed 30% improvement in MT contrast as well. Importantly, both peak and average SAR values were within FDA approved safety limits. >
SUBTRACT: a program for the efficient evaluation of substrate parasitics in integrated circuits

Algorithms for the efficient evaluation of substrate parasitics in mixed-signal integrated circuits have been developed and incorporated in an extraction tool for substrate parasitics, SUBTRACT. Using a preprocessed, polynomial- based boundary element method, SUBTRACT enables the parasitic extraction process to be completely technology independent, allowing for fast evaluation. Additionally, techniques to accelerate the iterative solution of the resulting impedance matrix have been developed and employed to further improve the speed advantages that this method offers. The preprocessed boundary element method is more efficient than finite-difference schemes and orders of magnitude faster than general boundary element methods using a direct evaluation of Green's function. Results of employing SUBTRACT to the design and verification of a mixed-signal A/D converter IC are described.
High-Temperature Stability and Enhanced Performance of a-Si:H TFT on Flexible Substrate Due to Improved Interface Quality

We have investigated the effect of anneal time on the performance and temperature-dependent stability of low-temperature-fabricated (180°C) hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs) on flexible substrates. For TFTs annealed for 48 h, the subthreshold slope and off-current were reduced by a factor of ~3 and by two orders of magnitude, respectively, when compared to unannealed TFTs. Furthermore, longer annealed TFTs showed a significant improvement in their stability when compared to unannealed TFTs. The lifetime values for the 48- and 96-h-annealed TFTs improved by a factor of ~3 compared to unannealed TFTs when the threshold voltage shift is extrapolated to 10 V. Stability at high temperatures with better lifetimes for the longer annealed TFTs is due to improvement in the a-Si:H/SiNx interface quality by the reduction of trapped charges inside the insulator. For all the TFTs at a positive gate bias, ΔVt follows a power law dependence with time, indicating state creation. A low β value (0.6 for unannealed TFTs to 0.37 for 96-h-annealed TFTs) indicates a good-quality a-Si:H channel and/or the a-Si:H/insulator interface after longer anneals.
Current advances in sustainable Metalworking Fluids research

Metalworking Fluids (MWFs) have a history of harming the environment and the health of workers, resulting in pressures to re-design them in accordance with sustainable manufacturing principles. In this paper, we review research being performed at the University of Michigan to minimise the life cycle environmental and health impacts of MWFs while simultaneously improving manufacturing performance. We highlight research contributions in the following areas: • formulation design • biological sensors • advanced recycling • the use of supercritical fluids. We conclude that it is possible to design more sustainable metalworking fluid systems either by extending dramatically the in-use lifetime of water-based MWFs or better yet by switching to gas-based Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) systems.
Photoluminescence of sodium-implanted zinc selenide

Abstract Luminescence measurements indicate that Na acceptors implanted into ZnSe become optically active after annealing at 500°C. The spectra show a strong Na dependence for both the R series band and the I Y 1 exciton line. In this work Ne-implanted and unimplanted samples were annealed and measured with the Na-implanted material to isolate defect-induced spectral features. Several new bands resulting from radiation damage are reported, along with annealing properties of the defect bands and Na-related luminescence.
A billing policy for credit customers

Firms frequently bill customers on a fixed-period basis (such as once a month), or on a fixed-amount basis (whenever the outstanding credit balance reaches a particular amount). We examine here a more flexible procedure, the bill-or-carry policy, which uses a simple decision rule and results in lower costs than either the fixed-period or fixed-amount procedures. The logic and properties of the bill-or-carry policy are compared with those of the fixed-period and fixed-amount procedures.
Glacier resurgence at the Atlantic/sub-Boreal transition

Some mountain glaciers in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres advanced in late Atlantic and early sub-Boreal time, between about 5,200 and 4,600 radiocarbon years ago, and several in the Southern Hemisphere reached their greatest post-glacial extents. This suggests that the cool phase was as severe as at the start of the sub-Atlantic (ca. 2,800 radiocarbon years ago), but many botanists believe that the fluctuation was weak. Much botanical evidence indicates that the cool phase was followed by renewed warmth and divided the Hypsithermal Interval into two parts of unequal length.
Fibrinogen regulates the cytotoxicity of mycobacterial trehalose dimycolate but is not required for cell recruitment, cytokine response, or control of mycobacterial infection.

During inflammatory responses and wound healing, the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to fibrin, an insoluble extracellular matrix, long has been assumed to create a scaffold for the migration of leukocytes and fibroblasts. Previous studies concluded that fibrinogen is a necessary cofactor for mycobacterial trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate-induced responses, because trehalose dimycolate-coated beads, to which fibrinogen was adsorbed, were more inflammatory than those to which other plasma proteins were adsorbed. Herein, we investigate roles for fibrin(ogen) in an in vivo model of mycobacterial granuloma formation and in infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. In wild-type mice, the subcutaneous injection of trehalose dimycolate-coated polystyrene microspheres, suspended within Matrigel, elicited a pyogranulomatous response during the course of 12 days. In fibrinogen-deficient mice, neutrophils were recruited but a more suppurative lesion developed, with the marked degradation and disintegration of the matrix. Compared to that in wild-type mice, the early formation of granulation tissue in fibrinogen-deficient mice was edematous, hypocellular, and disorganized. These deficiencies were complemented by the addition of exogenous fibrinogen. The absence of fibrinogen had no effect on cell recruitment or cytokine production in response to trehalose dimycolate, nor was there a difference in lung histopathology or overall bacterial burden in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this model, fibrin(ogen) was not required for cell recruitment, cytokine response, or response to infection, but it promoted granulation tissue formation and suppressed leukocyte necrosis.
Comparative Studies of Glycosaminoglycan Involvement in Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. trachomatis Invasion of Host Cells

The role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the invasion of host cells by Chlamydia pneumoniae strains TW-183 and A-03 was investigated and compared with the role of invasion by C. trachomatis serovars L2 and E. The quantities of epithelial and endothelial cell-surface GAGs, as well as chlamydial elementary body (EB)-surface GAGs, were investigated. When specific enzymes were used to cleave GAGs from host cells or EBs, decreased infection rates were observed with C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis serovar L2 in epithelial cells, but not in endothelial cells. Larger decreases in infection occurred with enzyme-treated EBs in GAG-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. EBs grown in GAG-deficient CHO cells resulted in lower amounts of EB surface GAGs and decreased infectivity of epithelial cells. The results indicate that C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis L2 EB-surface GAGs and host cell-surface GAGs are involved in invasion of bronchial epithelial cells but not of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Higher-energy collision-activated dissociation without a dedicated collision cell

Beam-type collisional activation dissociation (HCD) offers many advantages over resonant excitation collision-activated dissociation, including improved identification of phosphorylated peptides and compatibility with isobaric tag-based quantitation (e.g. tandem mass tag (TMT) and iTRAQ). However, HCD typically requires specially designed and dedicated collision cells. Here we demonstrate that HCD can be performed in the ion injection pathway of a mass spectrometer with a standard atmospheric inlet (iHCD). Testing this method on complex peptide mixtures revealed similar identification rates to collision-activated dissociation (2883 versus 2730 IDs for iHCD/CAD, respectively) and precursor-product-conversion efficiency comparable to that achieved within a dedicated collision cell. Compared with pulsed-q dissociation, a quadrupole ion trap-based method that retains low-mass isobaric tag reporter ions, iHCD yielded isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification reporter ions 10-fold more intense. This method involves no additional hardware and can theoretically be implemented on any mass spectrometer with an atmospheric inlet.