cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The luminosity function of dwarf galaxies in four spiral-rich clusters

We measure luminosity functions in the cores of four spiral-rich, poor clusters of galaxies at median redshift $z = 0.016$. In the red magnitude range -14 < M_R < -10, our data imply that the luminosity functions phi(L) \propto L^{alpha} are steep, -1.8 < alpha < -1.6, in the central 200-300 kpc of Abell 262 and of the NGC 507 Group. Abell 194 also shows signs of a steep luminosity function, alpha < -1.6, in this magnitude range. In Pegasus, the dwarf galaxy density is too low to let us constrain alpha. The NGC 507 Group and Abell 194 have been interpreted as clusters that are forming today, based on morphology and velocity structure. The high spiral galaxy fraction in Abell 262 relative to clusters like Virgo and Coma also suggests that it is young. We therefore suggest that steep luminosity functions in the range -14 < M_R < -10 may be a universal feature of young clusters and possibly of the field. If this is true, then the observed paucity of gas-rich galaxies in such environments suggests that we are finding galaxies similar to the low-surface-brightness, dark-matter-dominated dwarf spheroidal galaxies seen locally and in Virgo. This interpration is also consistent with the distribution of colors and sizes of the faint galaxies in Abell 262. If we are indeed detecting dwarf spheroidal galaxies and if they are as numerous relative to bright galaxies in the field as they are in the young clusters observed here, then the contribution of their halos to the cosmological mass density is Omega_{dSph halo} \approx 0.01. This is much smaller than values of Omega derived from dynamical measurements.
On the lagrangian formulation of spinning fluids in Riemann-Cartan spacetime

Abstract We consider the problems of obtaining a well-defined, explicit, lagrangian formulation in curved spacetime for perfect fluids with spin density.
Onset and course of alcoholism over 25 years in middle class men

Background: Patterns of drinking and alcohol problems change with age. However, few studies use multiple data points and detailed history spanning early adulthood to middle age. This study reports such data from 373 men in the San Diego Prospective Study. Methods: Data were generated at baseline (T1) at ∼age 20, and through face-to-face followup interviews ∼every 5 years in >90% of these eligible Caucasian and relatively higher educated men. Subjects were placed into 4 groups regarding their course: 62.5% with no alcohol use disorder (AUD); 17.2% with AUD onset 5 years before the 25-year followup. Results: On a univariate level, low level of response (LR) to alcohol, family history of AUDs, and higher Novelty Seeking at ∼age 20 predicted AUDs with onset before age 30 (mean age ∼ 25), but among these only LR predicted later onset (mean age 38) as well. Additional predictors of AUDs included demography (lower education), and greater involvement with alcohol, drugs, and nicotine prior to T1. Sustained remission from AUDs among alcoholics was predicted by lower T1 and T10 drinking frequencies, and being separated or divorced at T10, along with a trend for higher Reward Dependence. Conclusion: These data indicate that information available in ages of the late teens to early twenties can help predict the future onset and course of AUDs, and underscore the importance of longitudinal studies in substance use disorders.
Chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of mercuric chloride in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to various concentrations of mercuric chloride in water to determine its acute and chronic (including reproduction) toxicity and to measure bioaccimulalion. Mean LC50 values of HgCl2 for juvenile fatheads were 168, 112, 84, and 74 μg Hg/l at 4, 5, 6, and 7 days, respectively. Following 41 wk of exposure to 0.26 to 3.69 μg/l, females were significantly smaller than controls at all concentrations except 0.50 μg/l and males showed reduced growth at 3.69 μg/l. Over half of the fish at 2.01 and 3.69 μg/l were severely stunted and scoliosis was prevalent among these stunted fish. No spawning occurred at and above 1.02 μg/l and the number of spawning pairs was reduced at 0.26 and 0.50 μg/l resulting in total egg production of 46 and 54%, respectively, of control. Thirty-day growth of second-generation larvae (from transferred control embryos at and above 1.02 μg/l) was significantly reduced at all mercury concentrations tested. No effects on hatchability or larval survival were detected. Chronically-exposed fish accumulated mean whole body total mercury residues of 1.36 to 18,80 μg/g of tissue (wet weight) from 0.26 to 3.69 μg/l, respectively. Uptake appeared proportional to water concentration; bioconcentration factors varied between 4380 and 5680. The influence of diet on mercury toxicity and bioaccumulation was studied during two 60-day larval fathead exposures. Overall recuccd growth and possibly enhanced toxic effects occurred in larvae on the dry trout starter diet compared to larvae fed on Artemia. Mercury uptake appeared influenced by the severity of toxic effects.
Structural, spectral and thermal studies of N-2-(4,6-lutidyl)-N′-chlorophenylthioureas

Abstract N-2-(4,6-lutidyl)-N′-2-chlorophenylthiourea, 4,6LutTu2ClPh, triclinic, P-1, a=7.512(1), b=7.695(2), c=12.870(3) A, α=82.50(2), β=77.07(2), γ=83.50(2)°, V=716.2(3) A3 and Z=2; N-2-(4,6-lutidyl)-N′-3-chlorophenylthiourea, 4,6LutTu3ClPh, monoclinic, C2/c, a=25.162(3), b=7.220(4), c=16.272(2) A, β=94.71(1)°, V=2946.0(2) A3 and Z=8 and N-2-(4,6-lutidyl)-N′-4-chlorophenylthiourea, 4,6LutTu4ClPh, monoclinic, C2/c, a=33.1254(15), b=4.3025(1), c=20.3298(9) A, β=107.070(10)°, V=2769.80(19) A3 and Z=8. The strength and nature of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between N′H and the pyridine nitrogen and intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the thione sulfur and the NH hydrogen are affected by the position of the chloro substituent on the phenyl ring. N′H is bifurcated in 4,6LutTu2Cl interacting with the chlorine (and the pyridine nitrogen), and the aromatic hydrogens interact weakly with sulfur and chlorine in neighboring molecules in these thioureas. The enthalpies of fusion and melting points are in the order 4,6-LutTu4Cl≫4,6LutTu2Cl>4,6LutTu3Cl. 1H NMR studies in CDCl3 show the N′H hydrogen resonance considerably downfield from other resonances in the spectrum for each thiourea.
Building Community-Based Alliances Between GLBTQQA Youth and Adults in Rural Settings

SUMMARY This article discusses the need for community-based, gay-straight, youth-adult alliances in rural settings and provides a beginning framework for how to create this type of organization. It describes an emerging local community-based alliance of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, and youth and adult allies. Unlike school-based gay-straight alliances, this group, known as Prism, is open to youth from several schools in a college town and nearby rural communities.
Saddlepoint Approximations to the Moments of Multitype Age-Dependent Branching Processes, with Applications

This article proposes saddlepoint approximations to the expectation and variance-covariance function of multitype age-dependent branching processes. The proposed approximations are found accurate, easy to implement, and much faster to compute than by simulating the process. Multiple applications are presented, including the analyses of clonal data on the generation of oligodendrocytes from their immediate progenitor cells, and on the proliferation of Hela cells. New estimators are also constructed to analyze clonal data. The proposed methods are finally used to approximate the distribution of the generation, which has recently found several applications in cell biology.
Arrest of mammary tumor growth invivo by L-arginine: Stimulation of NAD-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase

Abstract In vivo growth of hormone-dependent rat mammary tumors was arrested by daily injections of L-arginine (L-arginine·HCl 50 mg/200g rat s.c.). Arginine + N6,O2′-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (DBcAMP) acted synergistically to enhance the growth inhibitory effect. Growth arrest by arginine was accompanied by a sharp increase in cellular cAMP content, which was preceded by parallel increases in NAD-dependent ADP-ribosylation of the membrane proteins and NAD-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase. The ADP-ribosylation of the membrane proteins required GTP and was catalyzed similarly by the 105,000 × g supernatant fraction of the tumor and by cholera toxin. These results suggest a specific role for arginine in the cAMP-mediated inhibition of mammary tumors.
The influence of ethical climate and ethical conflict on role stress in the sales force

Several leading models of ethical decision making include factors contributing to an organization’s ethical climate as significant determinants affecting ethical choice. The relationship of ethical climate to ethical conflict and role conflict is examined in a salesperson context. Results suggest that salespersons’ perceptions of a positive ethical climate are negatively associated with their perceived ethical conflict with sales managers. Implications and directions for future research are provided.
Plasmalemmal vacuolar-type H+-ATPase in cancer biology.

Vacuolar-type H+-adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) is one of the most fundamental enzymes in nature. V-ATPases are responsible for the regulation of proton concentration in the intracellular acidic compartments. It has similar structure with the mitochondrial F0F1-ATP synthase (F-ATPase).† The V-ATPases are composed of multiple subunits and have various physiological functions, including membrane and organelle protein sorting, neurotransmitter uptake, cellular degradative processes, and cytosolic pH regulation. The V-ATPases have been involved in multidrug resistance. Recently, plasma membrane V-ATPases have been involved in regulation of extracellular acidity, essential for cellular invasiveness and proliferation in tumor metastasis. The current knowledge regarding the structure and function of V-ATPase and its role in cancer biology is discussed.
Prenatal ultrasound detection of isolated neural tube defects: is cytogenetic evaluation warranted?

Objective: To determine the value of cytogenetic evaluation in fetuses with isolated neural tube defects diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound. Methods: Fifty-five thousand two hundred sixty obstetric ultrasounds performed for various indications at the Indiana University Prenatal Diagnostic Center from July 1988 to March 1994 were reviewed using a computerized data base. Excluding all cases of anencephaly, fetuses with isolated neural tube defects were identified. Maternal demographic data, pregnancy outcomes, level of defect, and fetal karyotype when available were obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ 2 test, when appropriate. P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Seventy-seven medical record charts of women with prenatally diagnosed isolated fetal neural tube defects were reviewed. Nineteen pregnancies were terminated, 42 pregnancies were delivered, and 16 pregnancies were lost to follow-up. Karyotypes were available in 43 of the 77 cases (55.8%). The theoretical risk of chromosomal anomalies in this sample population based solely on maternal age was 0.3%. Of the 43 documented karyotypes, seven chromosomal anomalies were discovered (16.3%). The difference was statistically significant ( P = .012). Detected chromosomal anomalies included two trisomy 18, two triploid 69,XXX, one triploid 69,XXY, one balanced Robertsonian translocation t(13q14q), and one inversion in the q arm of the X chromosome. Conclusion: The prevalence of karyotypic abnormalities is significantly increased in fetuses with isolated neural tube defects; therefore, prompt antenatal genetic evaluation should be considered in such cases.
Support of mean arterial pressure during tepid cardiopulmonary bypass: effects of phenylephrine and pump flow on systemic oxygen supply and demand.

Abstract Objective: To examine the effects of phenylephrine infusion and increases in pump flow on systemic oxygen supply and demand when they are used to support mean arterial pressure (MAP) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Design: Prospective, unblinded study. Setting: The animal cardiopulmonary laboratory at the Mayo Foundation (Rochester, MN). Participants: Twelve pigs. Interventions: Twelve pigs had systemic oxygen delivery (DO2) and consumption (V02) measured before CPB and then underwent CPB at 35°C. During CPB, measurements of DO2 and V02 were obtained at an MAP of approximately 50 mmHg and a pump flow of 2.2 L/min/m2. Thereafter, MAP was elevated to 70 mmHg either by increases in pump flow or by a phenylephrine infusion, and the balance between systemic oxygen supply and demand was reassessed. Measurements and Main Results: Before CPB, DO2 was 375 ± 83 mL/min/m2 and decreased with the onset of CPB mainly because of the effects of hemodilution. During CPB, with a pump flow of 2.2 L/min/m2 and an MAP of 53 mmHg, DO2 was 218 ± 40 mL/min/m2. Increasing perfusion pressure to an MAP of 72 mmHg with phenylephrine and maintaining pump flow constant (2.2 L/min/m2) did not change DO2 (222 ± 37 mL/min/m2), and the oxygen extraction ratio (OER) was increased relative to pre-CPB levels. In contrast, increasing MAP to 71 mmHg by increasing pump flow to 3.2 L/min/m2 resulted in a significantly greater DO2, and the OER normalized to the pre-CPB value. Conclusions: During CPB with conventional flow rates, DO2 is decreased. Supporting MAP with increases in pump flow better maintains DO2 than the administration of an a-agonist.
Lithium toxicity and myxedema coma in an elderly woman

The development of hypothyroidism as a side effect of lithium therapy is a well recognized phenomenon. However, the presentation of myxedema coma after lithium intoxication has not been previously documented. In this case lithium toxicity may have exacerbated preexisting hypothyroidism to the point of respiratory arrest. Based on this case, we recommend periodic monitoring of thyroid function in an effort to detect preexisting hypothyroidism or lithium-induced hypothyroidism.
A comparison of outflow boundary conditions for the multidomain staggered-grid spectral method

This article investigates four outflow boundary conditions (BCs) for use with the multidomain spectral method (D. A. Kopriva, J. Comput. Phys. , vol. 244, pp. 142-158, 1998). The objective is to find low-reflective, stable BCs suitable for use in direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent flows in complex geometries. This investigation is focused on outflow BCs, which are critical in DNS. The methods were tested on a two-dimensional Poissueille flow, a vortex propagating through an outflow boundary, and a transitional flow over a rectangular cylinder. The best results were found by specifying the exit pressure and using a linear Riemann solver to compute the velocity and density. Temporal damping in the subdomains bordering the outflow boundary improved the results in specific cases.
Willis R. Whitney, General Electric and the Origins of U.S. Industrial Research

The article reviews the book “Willis R. Whitney, General Electric and the Origins of U.S. Industrial Research,” by George Wise.
Supramolecular design in biopolymers and biomimetic polymers for advanced mechanical properties

This mini review uses two examples to illustrate the importance of supramolecular chemistry in natural and biomimetic polymers for advanced mechanical properties. In the first example, dragline silk, one of the strongest and toughest natural fibers, uses intermolecular weak forces to self-assemble into nanocomposites composed of β-sheet nanocrystals imbedded in an amorphous matrix. In the second example, a load-bearing protein, the sarcomere muscle protein titin, uses intramolecular weak forces to fold into repetitive modules for combined strength, toughness, and elasticity. Both examples show vividly that many natural polymers can combine important mechanical properties through programming supramolecular weak interactions into covalently formed biopolymers. This mini review attempts to summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the exceptional mechanical properties for each natural polymer. Following that, the efforts from others and the author's own laboratory on developing synthetic polymers to mimic these natural counterparts are discussed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Complex moduli of viscoelastic composites—II. Fiber reinforced materials

Abstract A correspondence principle which was established in a previous paper, is applied to derive expressions for effective complex moduli of fiber reinforced materials on the basis of expressions for effective elastic moduli of fiber reinforced materials.
Physiology of maternal separation in a bonnet macaque infant.

A bonnet monkey infant (M. radiata) was monitored both physiologically and behaviorally during a separation experiment in which both its mother and other conspecifiecs were removed from its social group leaving the bonnet infant with three adult pigtailed females. The separated infant exhibited the characteristic slouched posture of depression and physiological changes including decreases in the heart rate and body temperature, increases in cardiac arrhythmias, and alterations in sleep patterns, as has been previously described in separated pigtailed infants. Persistent decreases in heart rate and body temperature were noted following reunion with the mother, possibly reflecting a disturbance in the mother-infant relationship secondary to the mother's having come into estrus during the period of separation. This study indicates that the physiological correlates of maternal separation previously described in pigtailed infants are not species specific.
Hydrodynamic stability of viscoelastic fluids: Importance of fluid model, overstability, and form of disturbance

A linearized stability analysis has been applied to a fluid flowing in a gravity field between horizontal planes in Couette flow under conditions such that the temperature of the bottom plane exceeds that of the top. It is shown that, under conditions likely to be encountered with polymer solutions, oscillatory instabilities will not be controlling. Criteria are offered for ascertaining when an analysis based upon a second-order fluid model may be expected to yield physically meaningful results. It is also shown that, for the fluid model considered, critical conditions for stability are not changed when disturbances which vary in the flow direction are substituted for those which are a function of the coordinate transverse to the flow.
A lack of effect from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the vagus nerve stimulator (VNS)

Abstract Objective The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) are unknown. Understanding these effects is important before exposing individuals with an implanted VNS to TMS, as could occur in epilepsy or depression TMS research. To explore this issue, the TMS-induced current in VNS leads and whether TMS has an effect on the VNS pulse generator was assessed. Methods Ex vivo measurement of current in VNS leads during single-pulse TMS and pulse generator function before, during, and after single-pulse TMS was assessed. Results At the highest intensity and with the TMS coil held ∼5 mm from the VNS wires, a 200 nA, 1.0 ms current was induced by TMS. This translates to an induced charge density of 3.3 nC/cm 2 /phase. The function of the pulse generator was unaffected by single-pulse TMS, even when its case was directly stimulated by the coil. Conclusions TMS-induced current in VNS electrodes was not only well outside of the range known to be injurious to peripheral nerve, but also below the activation threshold of nerve fibers. Significance Using single-pulse TMS in individuals with VNS should not result in nerve stimulation or damage. Furthermore, single-pulse TMS does not affect the VNS pulse generator's function.
Adaptation in the isolated rat retina.

THE isolated retina is a useful preparation for studying many aspects of visual sensitivity. Photochemical changes following exposure to light may be studied directly, and concomitant electrical events may be monitored with gross and micro-electrodes. The photopigment is also not appreciably regenerated during an experiment, and loss of sensitivity following light exposure shows a clear relationship to visual pigment concentration.
Influenza and Cardiovascular Disease A New Opportunity for Prevention and the Need for Further Studies

In the United States, 12 400 000 people live with a history of heart attack, angina pectoris, or both. Of this population, an estimated 1 100 000 will suffer a new or recurrent coronary attack this year.1 According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease (CVD) will be the leading cause of death worldwide by 2020.2 Infectious agents have been implicated in the etiology of atherosclerosis and its complications since the early 1900s.3 Clinicians have long noticed that ≈30% of myocardial infarctions (MIs) are preceded by an upper respiratory infection.4,5 Agents implicated in atherosclerosis include cytomegalovirus (CMV), Chlamydia pneumoniae , Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), Helicobacter pylori , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Porphyromonas gingivalis , and Enterovirus.6–13 Antibiotic therapy for C. pneumoniae in CVD patients has been tried with transient or no benefit to date.14,15 Ongoing studies may give a definitive answer by late 2003.16 Here, we review recent studies suggesting influenza may play a role in atherogenesis or atherothrombosis. In 2000, we reported a case-control study in patients with known coronary artery disease; influenza vaccination was associated with a 67% reduction (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.82, P =0.017) in risk of MI in the subsequent influenza season.17 In a simultaneous population-based case-control study, Siscovick et al18 found that after adjusting for demographic, clinical, and behavioral risk factors, influenza vaccination was associated with a 49% reduction (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.79) in risk of out-of-hospital primary cardiac arrest. Another case-control study reported a 50% risk reduction (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.94, P =0.033) in stroke risk in subjects vaccinated during the year of the study and a 48% (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.81, P =0.009) risk reduction in those vaccinated …
Intracavity mode locked laser magnetometer

Intracavity Phase Interferometry is applied to the detection of magnetic fields. A magnetic field induced change in index is converted into a beat frequency between two optical pulse trains. Because the detected frequency is not dependent on the pulse train intensities, a signal to noise improvement over standard amplitude measurements (for instance Faraday rotation) of at least a factor 1000 is achieved. The method applies to any magnetic detection method where the magnetic field can be converted into a change in refractive index.
Electrochemical modification of tumor growth in mice

We evaluated the effect of direct electrical current on large tumors in mice. Lewis lung carcinoma greater than 1 cm in the shortest dimension was treated percutaneously with 20 mA for 15 min. Separate groups were given one or more than one (two or three) percutaneous electrical treatments (PET). A third group was given sham electrical treatment, and a fourth group had surgical excision of the tumor. Animals in both PET groups survived longer and had smaller primary tumors at death compared with the sham group. PET did not alter the systemic course of the disease, judged by lung and spleen weights and by histological observation of the extent of metastatic burden in the lung. Surgery resulted in long-term survival of 17% and an increase in average survival time compared with both PET and sham treatment. PET produced rapid and polarity-dependent alterations in physiological solutions in vitro, and it is likely that similar electrochemical processes mediated the observed reduction in tumor growth. PET is potentially useful as an adjuvant modality because it reduces local tumor mass but does not alter the extent of metastasis.
Minor histocompatibility antigen DBY elicits a coordinated B and T cell response after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

We examined the immune response to DBY, a model H-Y minor histocompatibility antigen (mHA) in a male patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant from a human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical female sibling. Patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells were screened for reactivity against a panel of 93 peptides representing the entire amino acid sequence of DBY. This epitope screen revealed a high frequency CD4+ T cell response to a single DBY peptide that persisted from 8 to 21 mo after transplant. A CD4+ T cell clone displaying the same reactivity was established from posttransplant patient cells and used to characterize the T cell epitope as a 19-mer peptide starting at position 30 in the DBY sequence and restricted by HLA-DRB1*1501. Remarkably, the corresponding X homologue peptide was also recognized by donor T cells. Moreover, the T cell clone responded equally to mature HLA-DRB1*1501 male and female dendritic cells, indicating that both DBY and DBX peptides were endogenously processed. After transplant, the patient also developed antibodies that were specific for recombinant DBY protein and did not react with DBX. This antibody response was mapped to two DBY peptides beginning at positions 118 and 536. Corresponding DBX peptides were not recognized. These studies provide the first demonstration of a coordinated B and T cell immune response to an H-Y antigen after allogeneic transplant. The specificity for recipient male cells was mediated by the B cell response and not by donor T cells. This dual DBX/DBY antigen is the first mHA to be identified in the context of chronic GVHD.
Evolving improved transforms for reconstruction of quantized ultrasound images

State-of-the-art lossy compression schemes for medical imagery utilize the 9/7 wavelet. Recent research has established a methodology for using evolutionary computation (EC) to evolve wavelet and scaling numbers describing novel reconstruction transforms that outperform the 9/7 under lossy conditions. This paper describes an investigation into whether evolved transforms could automatically compensate for the detrimental effects of quantization for ultrasound (US) images. Results for 16:1, 32:1, and 64:1 quantization consistently demonstrate superior performance of evolved transforms in comparison to the 9/7 wavelet; in general, this advantage increases in proportion to the selected quantization level.
Networks-on-chip in emerging interconnect paradigms: Advantages and challenges

Communication plays a crucial role in the design and performance of multi-core systems-on-chip (SoCs). Networks-on-chip (NoCs) have been proposed as a promising solution to simplify and optimize SoC design. However, it is expected that improving traditional communication technologies and interconnect organizationswill not be sufficient to satisfy the demand for energy-efficient and high-performance interconnect fabrics, which continues to grow with each new process generation. Multiple options have been envisioned as compelling alternatives to the existing planar metal/dielectric communication structures. In this paper we outline the opportunities and challenges associated with three emerging interconnect paradigms: three-dimensional (3-D) integration, nanophotonic communication, and wireless interconnects.
On the uniqueness and ordering of steady states of predator-prey systems

This paper discusses the relationship between the uniqueness and the ordering of strictly positive solutions of elliptic predator-prey interacting systems. If (ū, v) and (u#, v#) are two such solutions with ū ≧ u# or v ≧ v#, then ū ≡= u#, v ≡v#. When the positive solutions are numerically close to the extreme case, the solution is unique.
Modeling the free radical solution and bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate

This paper reviews our current understanding of the kinetics and mechanisms of free-radical chain polymerization of methyl methacrylate. A mathematical model previously proposed to describe the bulk polymerization of MMA is here extended to cover solution polymerization. This extended model is validated by comparing its predictions with experimental data over a range of conversions and product molecular weights.
Ecophysiological traits of terrestrial and aquatic carnivorous plants: are the costs and benefits the same?

Identifi cation of tradeoff s among physiological and morphological traits and their use in cost – benefi t models and ecological or evolutionary optimization arguments have been hallmarks of ecological analysis for at least 50 years. Carnivorous plants are model systems for studying a wide range of ecophysiological and ecological processes and the application of a cost – benefi t model for the evolution of carnivory by plants has provided many novel insights into trait-based cost – benefi t models. Central to the cost – benefi t model for the evolution of botanical carnivory is the relationship between nutrients and photosynthesis; of primary interest is how carnivorous plants effi ciently obtain scarce nutrients that are supplied primarily in organic form as prey, digest and mineralize them so that they can be readily used, and allocate them to immediate versus future needs. Most carnivorous plants are terrestrial – they are rooted in sandy or peaty wetland soils – and most studies of cost – benefi t tradeoff s in carnivorous plants are based on terrestrial carnivorous plants. However approximately 10% of carnivorous plants are unrooted aquatic plants. Here we ask whether the cost – benefi t model applies equally well to aquatic carnivorous plants and what general insights into tradeoff models are gained by this comparison. Nutrient limitation is more pronounced in terrestrial carnivorous plants, which also have much lower growth rates and much higher ratios of dark respiration to photosynthetic rates than aquatic carnivorous plants. Phylogenetic constraints on ecophysiological tradeoff s among carnivorous plants remain unexplored. Despite diff erences in detail, the general cost – benefi t framework continues to be of great utility in understanding the evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants. We provide a research agenda that if implemented would further our understanding of ecophysiological tradeoff s in carnivorous plants and also would provide broader insights into similarities and diff erences between aquatic and terrestrial plants of all types.
Cost-efficient non-blocking WDM network ppgrade

We investigate methods for periodic capacity upgrades (namely Network Engineering) to handle traffic growth in optical WDM mesh networks. Significant cost savings can be achieved by upgrading capacity of appropriate links at appropriate times.
A combined IR-microwave spaceborne cloud profiler

Studies of the energy budget of the Earth require information on cloud height and thickness. Spaceborne vertical-looking radars are being proposed to measure these parameters, but the power required to measure thinner clouds is relatively high, even at 94 GHz. The authors propose a combination of a low-power microwave radar and a laser radar (lidar) to measure most of the needed cloud profiles. They present an SNR study for such a system, along with candidate system parameters. The laser radar (operating at 10.6-/spl mu/ wavelength) is effective in the case of thin clouds, such as cirrus clouds, while the microwave system handles denser and thicker clouds. A relatively low-power combination should be able to estimate effectively the cloud top and base. >
Analog and Mixed-Signal Innovation: The Process-Circuit-System-Application Interaction

Innovation in analog and mixed-signal electronics becomes increasingly more important to the continued growth of the IC industry. Technologists working in the analog and mixed-signal arena certainly share, with their digital counterparts, the overarching goal of reducing power and cost-per-function in each IC generation. But they must also operate under physical constraints that, until recently, have been secondary in the digital world. From the advent of the first analog IC, analog designers have exploited the potential of the process technology to develop circuits that minimize the impact of variation in process parameters on product performance. The bandgap reference is just one example. More generally, trim, calibration, and circuit techniques such as charge-redistribution, enabled economic production of amplifiers and data converters with 12-bits (or better) precision on "8-bit" processes. In addition, while process scaling has enabled the development of a wide variety of products, from cell-phones to advanced medical-imaging systems, the success of these products depends in large measure on their ease of use, and seamless connection to wireless and wired networks. Analog and mixed-signal subsystems, including display drivers, and WLAN and cellular radios, support these critical interfaces. The downward scaling of supply voltage in deep-submicron CMOS (now at 1V), may limit dynamic range, forcing some analog functions to be implemented on other processes, but it has also enabled new circuit architectures that gain back dynamic range. The creative combination of process, design, and system architecture in providing robust solutions for demanding applications, will prove to be even more crucial in the future. Such solutions will be essential in meeting the challenges posed by the physical realities of deep-submicron design in achieving gigahertz speeds, minimizing power- consumption, and integrating multiple functions in smaller packages.
Constant-factor approximation algorithms for identifying dynamic communities

We propose two approximation algorithms for identifying communities in dynamic social networks. Communities are intuitively characterized as "unusually densely knit" subsets of a social network. This notion becomes more problematic if the social interactions change over time. Aggregating social networks over time can radically misrepresent the existing and changing community structure. Recently, we have proposed an optimization-based framework for modeling dynamic community structure. Also, we have proposed an algorithm for finding such structure based on maximum weight bipartite matching. In this paper, we analyze its performance guarantee for a special case where all actors can be observed at all times. In such instances, we show that the algorithm is a small constant factor approximation of the optimum. We use a similar idea to design an approximation algorithm for the general case where some individuals are possibly unobserved at times, and to show that the approximation factor increases twofold but remains a constant regardless of the input size. This is the first algorithm for inferring communities in dynamic networks with a provable approximation guarantee. We demonstrate the general algorithm on real data sets. The results confirm the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm in identifying dynamic communities.
Localizing Multiple Jamming Attackers in Wireless Networks

Jamming attacks and unintentional radio interference are one of the most urgent threats harming the dependability of wireless communication and endangering the successful deployment of pervasive applications built on top of wireless networks. Unlike the traditional approaches focusing on developing jamming defense techniques without considering the location of jammers, we take a different viewpoint that the jammers' position should be identified and exploited for building a wide range of defense strategies to alleviate jamming. In this paper, we address the problem of localizing multiple jamming attackers coexisting in wireless networks by leveraging the network topology changes caused by jamming. We systematically analyze the jamming effects and develop a framework that can partition network topology into clusters and can successfully estimate the positions of multiple jammers even when their jamming areas are overlapping. Our experiments on a multi-hop network setup using MicaZ sensor nodes validate the feasibility of real-time collection of network topology changes under jamming and our extensive simulation results demonstrate that our approach is highly effective in localizing multiple attackers with or without the prior knowledge of the order that the jammers are turned on.
The Bible in the Political Rhetoric of the American Founding

The American founders frequently alluded to and quoted from the Bible in their political rhetoric. This fact alone reveals little about how and for what purposes the founding generation used the Bible and, more important, how the Bible influenced the political thought of the founding era. Drawing on some of the most familiar political rhetoric of the founding era, this article examines the founders' diverse uses of the Bible in political discourse, ranging from the strictly literary and cultural to the theological, from the stylistic to the substantive. Recognition of these distinct uses is important insofar as it is misleading to read spiritual meaning into purely political or rhetorical uses of the Bible or vice versa.
Numerical simulation of semicrystalline polymer flowing in an empty tube with solidification

A methodology is set forth for the numerical solution of the transient freezing problem of a viscous power-law fluid flowing in a cold empty tube with a frozen layer forming on the inside tube surface. The fluid considered is the melt of a semicrystalline polymer with temperature dependent viscosity. The solution domain encompasses both the liquid and solid phases. Coordinate transformations are employed to immobilize and to straighten the moving, curved interface. An implicit finite difference method is employed to solve the governing equations. Numerical results are analyzed by examining the effects of the Peclet number, Nahme number, Stefen number, and the power law index on the profiles of the frozen layer. Variations of the thickness of the frozen layer as a function of time and axial coordinate are also presented.
Effects of Tocols and β‐Glucan on Serum Lipid Parameters in Chickens*

Cereal grain diets affect serum lipids by their soluble fibre and tocotrienols. Chickens were fed diets containing an oat bran fraction or waxy hulless barley that were enriched or depleted in β-glucan and/or tocotrienols. Serum cholesterol and triacylglycerides and enzymes of cholesterol metabolism were measured. Weight gains appeared to be lower in birds on oat bran fraction-containing diets and higher in those on barley-containing diets supplemented with β-glucanase. All diets containing oat bran fraction or barley lowered serum total cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol relative to the corn control diet. LDL cholesterol was reduced more by oat bran fraction supplemented with tocotrienols than by either oat bran fraction or tocotrienols alone. LDL cholesterol levels were the same for all barley-based diets. Activities of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase were inversely affected by the diets. Oat bran fraction plus tocotrienols, barley and solvent-extracted barley decreased HMG CoA reductase by 50% and increased cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase by 100%; other diets caused lesser effects. It was concluded that both β-glucan and tocotrienols affected cholesterol levels and metabolism, and the effects were additive or less. Removal of β-glucan from barley diets abolished or diminished effects on enzyme activities but did not alter effects on cholesterol levels, indicating the possibility of another component in barley that affected cholesterol levels.
Memory development in children: Evidence from nonverbal tasks*

Across the age range of 7–13 years, younger and older children showed equivalent immediate retention and equivalent long-term forgetting in picture recognition. But older children were better than younger children in reconstructing from memory an arrangement of six to nine picture cards. These results are interpreted in terms of different developmental patterns for different component processes in memory tasks.
Virological studies on acute respiratory disease in young adults. I. Isolation of ECHO 28.

SummaryFourteen viruses were isolated from 49 volunteers presenting with symptoms of mild acute respiratory disease during a 5-week period. A 28.6% isolation rate was thus obtained. Samples from 74...
Gonadotrophic activity of granules isolated from rat pituitary glands.

SummaryApproximately 60% of the succinoxidase activity of rat pituitary glands were found to be associated with the large granule fraction, and more than 50% of the gonadotrophin of these glands was associated with two granule fractions isolated from sucrose homogenates by differential centrifu-gation. The supernatant fraction from which the granules were removed contained the remaining gonadotrophic activity. The gonadotrophin can be extracted from the isolated granules with isotonic sodium chloride solution.
Breaking a Mother's Heart: Circulating Antiangiogenic Factors and Hypertension During Pregnancy Correlate With Specific Cardiac Dysfunctions.

See related article, pp 1273–1280 It is clear that a past history of preeclampsia in any pregnancy is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease later in that woman’s life.1 However, it is not clear what molecular and physiological changes occurring during preeclampsia cause such long-term problems. Thus, there is a need for increased understanding of the acute damage occurring during pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia or any hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP), so that preventative therapeutics can be developed to protect mothers post-partum. Along these lines, previous research has demonstrated that women with any HDP have subclinical cardiac dysfunction at the end of pregnancy.2,3 In addition, antiangiogenic factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and HDP and their sequelae, but whether these molecules play a role in resulting cardiac dysfunction remains unknown. In the current issue of Hypertension , Shahul et al4 describe a case–control clinical study examining the relationship of global longitudinal strain (GLS), an echocardiographic measure that detects subtle left ventricular dysfunction (and thereby an early measurement of subclinical cardiac dysfunction),5 and circulating antiangiogenic factors in pregnant women with or without various HDPs, including preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension. In the study, the authors document positive correlations between plasma concentrations of antiangiogenic factors …
Optimal Duration of Treatment Regimens for H. pylori Eradication.

When using proton pump inhibitor (PPI) triple therapy, increasing the duration of treatment from seven to 10 days or from 10 to 14 days significantly increases the eradication of H. pylori. When using other treatment regimens, it is unclear whether increasing duration of treatment changes eradication rates.
Findings of Empirical Studies of Nontariff Barriers

This chapter reviews and evaluates findings of previous studies that derived empirical information on the application and incidence of nontariff barriers. Given the basic differences in their methodological approaches, the results of previous ‘inventory’ studies are examined separately from analyses that estimated quantity or price impact measures for nontariff barriers. The review draws upon the theoretical foundation for quantification of NTBs developed in Chapter 2 in order to identify biases and other potential problems in these investigations’ empirical results. In addition, the conclusions of several studies that simulated the trade and other economic effects of a nontariff barrier liberalisation are examined since these analyses have important implications for the Uruguay Round negotiations. Here, several representative analyses that approximated the economic costs of trade intervention measures have been included. Too often, nontariff barriers involve a lack of transparency as far as their costs and economic effects are concerned, and by reviewing several relevant studies their importance can be placed in proper perspective.1
Protonation‐Driven Membrane Insertion of a pH‐Low Insertion Peptide

The pH-low insertion peptide (pHLIP) inserts into membranes and forms a transmembrane (TM) α-helix in response to slight acidity, and has shown great potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. As a lead, pHLIP is challenging to optimize because the mechanism of its pH-dependent membrane interactions is not completely understood. Within pHLIP there are multiple D/E residues which could sense the pH change, the particular role played by each of them in the protonation-driven insertion process is not clear. The precise location of the TM helix within the pHLIP sequence is also unknown. In this work, solid-state NMR spectroscopy is used to address these central questions. Tracing backbone conformations revealed that the TM helix spans from A10 to D33 with a break at T19 to P20. Residue-specific pKa values of D31, D33, D25, and D14 were determined to be 6.5, 6.3, 6.1, and 5.8, respectively, and define the sequence of protonations which lead to insertion. Furthermore, possible intermediate states which disrupt membranes at pH 6.4 were proposed based on tryptophan fluorescence quenching and NMR data.
Speaker Linking and Applications Using Non-Parametric Hashing Methods.

Abstract : Large unstructured audio data sets have become ubiquitous and present a challenge for organization and search. One logical approach for structuring data is to find common speakers and link occurrences across different recordings. Prior approaches to this problem have focused on basic methodology for the linking task. In this paper, we introduce a novel trainable nonparametric hashing method for indexing large speaker recording data sets. This approach leads to tunable computational complexity methods for speaker linking. We focus on a scalable clustering method based on hashingcanopy-clustering. We apply this method to a large corpus of speaker recordings, demonstrate performance tradeoffs, and compare to other hashing methods.
Variant Effect Prediction Analysis Using Resources Available at Gramene Database

The goal of Gramene database ( www.gramene.org ) is to empower the plant research community in conducting comparative genomics studies across model plants and crops by employing a phylogenetic framework and orthology-based projections. Gramene database (release #49) provides resources for comparative plant genomics including well-annotated plant genomes (39 complete reference genomes and six partial genomes), genetic or structural variation data for 14 plant species, pathways for 58 plant species, and gene expression data for 14 species including Arabidopsis, rice, maize, soybean, wheat, etc. (fetched from EBI-EMBL Gene Expression Atlas database). Gramene also facilitates visualization and analysis of user-defined data in the context of species-specific Genome Browsers or pathways. This chapter describes basic navigation for Gramene users and illustrates how they can use the genome section to analyze the gene expression and nucleotide variation data generated in their labs. This includes (1) upload and display of genomic data onto a Genome Browser track, (2) analysis of variation data using online Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) tool for smaller data sets, and (3) the use of the stand-alone Perl scripts and command line protocols for variant effect prediction on larger data sets.