cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and support of the 1.7-m f/5 secondary mirror for the MMT conversion

The f/5 focus of the converted Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) has been designed for optical fiber spectroscopy over a 1 degree(s) diameter field as well as superlative imaging over a 0.5 degree(s) diameter field. The secondary mirror required for this purpose is nearly as large as one of the existing MMT primary mirrors (1.7 m). To attain the specified performance of the telescope support structure, this secondary must be made quite light (approximately 300 kg), without excessively compromising its stiffness. Our design calls for removing excess weight by machining hexagonal cells into a near zero-expansion materials such as ULE or Zerodur. The completed blank will be approximately 20 cm thick at the center, tapering to approximately 13 cm at the edge. The support of a secondary of this size must be considered as part of the blank design. We describe two possible axial support techniques: a vacuum support or a multiple actuator support similar to that adopted for the primary mirror of the converted MMT. Tangent flexures at the edge of the blank appear to be the most attractive radial support option.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generalizability of Clinical Trial Results for Major Depression to Community Samples: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Objective: Although emerging data indicate that sample composition may influence the effectiveness of mental health interventions, the extent to which subjects in clinical trials represent affected community samples remains unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the proportion of community-dwelling adults with major depressive episode (MDE) who would meet eligibility criteria for a traditional efficacy trial in patients with MDE. Method: We applied a standard set of exclusion criteria used in clinical trials in patients with MDE to the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey for Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), the largest psychiatric epidemiologic study in the United States to date (N = 43,093). Because individuals who seek treatment for a disorder may systematically differ from those who do not, we applied the criteria first to all individuals with a current diagnosis of MDE (N = 3119) (diagnosed according to DSM-IV) and then to the subsample of individuals who sought treatment (N = 1359). Results: Among the full sample of individuals with MDE, 75.8% were excluded by one or more study eligibility criteria. Approximately two thirds (66.9%) of the subsample of those who sought treatment were excluded. The percentage of subjects excluded by individual study criteria ranged from 2.4% to 47.4% in the overall sample and 0% to 38.4% in the treatment-seeking sample. For both groups, the presence of comorbid, nondepressive, non-substance use Axis I disorders and the duration of the depressive episode excluded the largest percentage of individuals. Conclusion: The design of traditional clinical trials tends to exclude a majority of individuals with MDE. Selection of exclusion criteria may have a powerful influence on the generalizability of study results. Clinical trials should explain the rationale for their exclusion criteria and estimate the impact of eligibility criteria on the generalizability of trial results.
Determination of isocitrate lyase activity in polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract Isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1), the first enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle, catalyzes the aldol cleavage of threo- d s(+)-isocitric acid to succinic and glyoxylic acids. The enzyme plays a key role in the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and has been found to be essential both in microbial growth on C2-compounds and in gluconeogenesis in germinating fatty seedlings (1–4). Studies concerning the distribution of the enzyme, the occurrence of isoenzymes, and its adaptive formation during the development of alternate metabolic pathways have been severely hampered by the lack of a method for detecting catalytic activity on polyacrylamide gels following electrophoresis. In this report, a method is described which permits the localization of enzyme activity, directly, in polyacrylamide gels. The procedure is based upon the reaction of glyoxylic acid with a modified Schiff reagent to form a highly colored complex which is stable and quite specific under the experimental conditions described and does not readily diffuse in the gels.
Unsteady flame spread over solid fuels in microgravity

Abstract For flame spreading over solid fuels at microgravity in a quiescent environment, experimental, and computational, results show that the spread rate following ignition is steady because the leading edge of the flame itself establishes the flow field into which it spreads. Spreading into an opposing forced flow is inherently unsteady because of the changing character of the boundary-layer flow with location. The development of an unsteady flame spread model is presented and applied to thermally thick polymethylmethacrylate. The unsteady model is constructed such that interfacial phenomena, e.g., fuel surface reradiation, are accounted for as volumetric source terms in differential, conservation equations, so that the solid and gas fields may be treated simultaneously without iteration between phases. Care must be taken such that communication between the solid and gas at the interface is computed accurately. For forced flows with velocity much larger than the spread rate, radiative processes are unimportant, but for the lower flow rates, comparable to the spread rate, the opposite is true. Solutions for a quiescent environment are difficult to obtain. Conduction scales become large, and conduction heat transfer from the flame to the solid is reduced. Because of this, quiescent environment solutions could not be obtained without at least an approximate treatment of gas-phase, flame radiation.
Program evaluation of physical therapy as an early intervention and related service in special education.

Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to develop a database method for documenting achievement of Individualized Education Plan/Individualized Family Service Plan objectives in a practical and cost-effective manner that could be easily replicated in other school systems. Method This study was conducted in a public school district in a Midwest metropolitan area in which 18 pediatric physical therapists provided services. A database method for documenting achievement of Individualized Education Plan/Individualized Family Service Plan objectives was used. The objectives of 566 children receiving physical therapy services were extracted from the records. A total of 2228 objectives were obtained for analysis. Results Ninety-one percent of the objectives were scored as met or progress made. Factors associated with achievement of objectives included the amount and type of service provided, program features, and attributes of the objective. Conclusion A program evaluation methodology for physical therapy services in the educational setting is documented for others to replicate.
Template for Reporting Results of Biomarker Testing of Specimens From Patients With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

The College of American Pathologists offers these templates to assist pathologists in providing clinically useful and relevant information when reporting results of biomarker testing. The College regards the reporting elements in the templates as important elements of the biomarker test report, but the manner in which these elements are reported is at the discretion of each specific pathologist, taking into account clinician preferences, institutional policies, and individual practice. The College developed these templates as educational tools to assist pathologists in the useful reporting of relevant information. It did not issue them for use in litigation, reimbursement, or other contexts. Nevertheless, the College recognizes that the templates might be used by hospitals, attorneys, payers, and others. The College cautions that use of the templates other than for their intended educational purpose may involve additional considerations that are beyond the scope of this document.
A single spectral mode wide stripe laser with very narrow linewidth

We present results on a single spectral mode wide stripe semiconductor laser with an integrated surface etched distributed Bragg reflector operating at 975 nm with very narrow linewidth. Linewidths as low as 220 kHz have been obtained from a 40 μm wide stripe laser. For 980 nm devices reporting a linewidth of sub-1 MHz, the power of 0.5 W (linewidth of 350 kHz) is the highest obtained at this wavelength.
Relationships between distributions of chord lengths and distributions of bubble sizes including their statistical parameters

The performance of fluidized beds is strongly influenced by bubble behavior. Among various hydrodynamic properties, bubble size distributions are of prime concern, but in practice, bubble size is not readily measured. When a probe is used to determine bubble size, it intersects a bubble with a chord length other than the largest vertical dimension. The relationships between the size distribution of bubbles in the bed, the size distribution of bubbles touching the probe and the distribution of chord lengths must be resolved for correct interpretation of probe signals. A method for translating statistical parameters, namely mean and standard deviation of chord lengths to mean and standard deviation of bubble sizes, and an approach to infer the size distribution of bubbles touching the probe and the size distribution of bubbles in the bed system by using the distribution of chord lengths measured by a probe in closed form are proposed for the first time.
Investigating acquisition of discourse markers through a developmental learner corpus

Abstract Despite the importance of discourse markers for pragmatically effective communication, surprisingly little research has been conducted on the acquisition of these markers by immigrant second language learners. The present paper approaches this understudied research area by using a developmental learner corpus ( Belz and Vyatkina, 2005 , Belz and Vyatkina, 2008 ) to examine discourse marker use by one naturalistic adult language learner for one year. Results show very different patterns of use and development among three focal discourse markers. You know was heavily overused by the participant although its occurrences declined by 50% over the year; like increased from almost zero uses at the beginning of the year to over 2300 occurrences per 100,000 words by mid-year, then dropped by 50% by the study's end; well was not used at all as a discourse marker. Possible reasons for these patterns are discussed, including the participant's need for pragmatic coping devices as a naturalistic language learner, or the more nuanced functions of well compared to like and you know. Overall, the paper aims to show the usefulness of developmental learner corpora as a tool for studies of pragmatic acquisition, as well as the importance of considering naturalistic learners in our picture of second language pragmatics.
Graphic Data Compressor for Plotting Instruments

A relatively simple programmable controller is described suitable for graphic data compression while at the same time providing a human operator with a means for steering and drawing within the stereo model formed in certain photogrammetric instruments. Lines joining coordinate points, circles, circular and parabolic arcs, and symbols in any orientation require only up to a few bytes of information for their execution. Symbols are preprogrammed into the controller from a telephone-type keyboard.
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF6 DNA binding protein forms long DNA-free helical protein filaments

The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF6 has a 41% sequence identity with Balf2 protein of Epstein-Barr virus and 23% with ICP8 protein of Herpes Simplex type I. Balf2 and ICP8 are multi-functional DNA binding proteins with roles central to viral DNA replication and recombination. In this study, we cloned the KSHV ORF6 gene, expressed the full length ORF6 protein in insect cells and purified it to homogeneity. Gel filtration revealed the protein to be present in a broad spectrum of sizes ranging from monomers to high molecular weight oligomers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using negative staining under conditions favoring monomers and small oligomers revealed fields of globular particles measuring 11nm in diameter consistent with the size of a protein monomer. Incubation of ORF6 protein at room temperature for extended periods of time resulted in the bulk of the protein forming very long helical filaments. Measurements from negative staining revealed that the filaments were up to 2600nm in length, with a width of 13.7nm and a long gentle helical periodicity of 42.9nm along the filament axis. Using rapid freezing and freeze-drying, it was possible to show that the filaments consist of two protein chains wrapped around each other. The possibility that these protein filaments generate a scaffold upon which viral DNA replication, recombination, and encapsidation occur in the infected cell nucleus is discussed.
SIRT3 Mediates Multi-Tissue Coupling for Metabolic Fuel Switching

SIRT3 is a member of the Sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent deacylases and plays a critical role in metabolic regulation. Organism-wide SIRT3 loss manifests in metabolic alterations; however, the coordinating role of SIRT3 among metabolically distinct tissues is unknown. Using multi-tissue quantitative proteomics comparing fasted wild-type mice to mice lacking SIRT3, innovative bioinformatic analysis, and biochemical validation, we provide a comprehensive view of mitochondrial acetylation and SIRT3 function. We find SIRT3 regulates the acetyl-proteome in core mitochondrial processes common to brain, heart, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle, but differentially regulates metabolic pathways in fuel-producing and fuel-utilizing tissues. We propose an additional maintenance function for SIRT3 in liver and kidney where SIRT3 expression is elevated to reduce the acetate load on mitochondrial proteins. We provide evidence that SIRT3 impacts ketone body utilization in the brain and reveal a pivotal role for SIRT3 in the coordination between tissues required for metabolic homeostasis.
Black/white IQ differences: Does age make the difference?

Data are presented on racial differences from the norms of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, the recent renorming of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, the Stanford-Binet IV, and Raven's Progressive Matrices. The premise of the present article is that, while the one standard deviation IQ difference between Black and White adults has remained constant, IQ differences between Black and White children are declining. These data are discussed in the context of previous studies on possible racial bias of IQ tests, as well as marked changes in educational and economic opportunities that have occurred in the United States in the decades since Jensen's (1969) article.
Increased Infectivity of HIV Type 1 Particles Bound to Cell Surface and Solid-Phase ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 through Acquired Adhesion Molecules LFA-1 and VLA-4

HIV-1 incorporates a variety of host membrane proteins during budding. We have previously shown that adhesion molecules are acquired by the virus in their activated or functional states. Our studies and those of others indicate that adhesion molecules can have profound effects on virus infectivity and its resistance to neutralization by antiviral antibodies. In this study we have examined the effect on infectivity of immobilization or margination of HIV-1 through acquired integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4 onto nonsusceptible cells and solid-phase adhesion ligands (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, respectively). LFA-1- and VLA-4-mediated HIV-1 binding was supported by ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 immunoglobulin Fc chimeras, respectively. Integrin-mediated HIV-1 binding was also supported by 293 cells transfected with ICAM-1. In both cases the specificity of binding was confirmed with the appropriate blocking monoclonal antibodies or soluble adhesion ligands. We used a sensitive single-cycle infection assay based on a cell line expressing an LTR-luciferase cDNA construct to compare the infectivity of bound virus with that of free virus. Our results show that the binding of HIV-1 to nonsusceptible cells or immobilized adhesion ligands through acquired integrins can increase its infectivity by as much as two orders of magnitude. These results have implications for in vivo dissemination and transmission of HIV-1 and may also explain the high level of virus replication seen in solid lymphoid organs.
The one-person household in Latin America: a brief note.

PIP: Drawing from World Fertility Survey and UN Demographic Yearbook data, this short paper considers the prevalence and composition of 1-person households in selected countries of the world, with particular attention to Latin America and the United States. In descending order of prevalence, 1-person households are most prevalent in Western culture group countries, Southern and Eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. The proportion of these households is in fact growing in both the U.S. and Europe, and is associated with a growing proportion of elderly in the population, and a growing tendency among young adults to leave their parents' homes before marriage. Accordingly, most 1-person households are comprised of those young and never-married, and old and formerly-married. Debate remains over whether this trend is primarily influenced by growing affluence or changing ideas. This pattern contrasts sharply with that observed in Latin America. There, a majority of elderly live in extended households, most youths reside at parents' home until marriage, and many middle-age adults live alone. This latter phenomenon may result from comparatively higher levels of marital disruption and migration. A larger proportion of 1-person householders are therefore outside of the 2 aforementioned majority groups observed in the U.S. In closing, the paper again observes the difference between the 2 patterns, yet fails to speculate upon whether the Latin American pattern will grow to resemble that found in the U.S. and Europe.
Orchestra Interaction: Some Features of Communication and Authority in an Artistic Organization

Combining theoretical and empirical materials, this paper outlines why definitions of the situation are an important vehicle for analyzing the conditions under which communications are viewed as authoritative by subordinates in complex work organizations. It investigates an exemplary process of collective action—making orchestra music—as a means of understanding the development as well as the demise of consensually validated expertise. Evaluations of conductors as focal participants arise from musicians' conceptions of appropriate work roles and what they construe as information and knowledge which allow them to engage in lines of concerted action. Finally, the results are discussed with regard to their implications for the study of organizational dynamics generally.
The effect of cancer on semen quality after cryopreservation of sperm.

The results of cryopreservation of sperm from cancer patients were retrospectively reviewed in an effort to better understand the relationship between semen quality and the presence of different kinds of cancer. The semen analysis results for 146 patients referred to our infertility center for sperm banking over a 2-year period were examined. These patients were divided into three groups according to their diagnosis: group I, prevasectomy controls; group II, patients with lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease; and group III, patients with testicular cancer, e.g., seminoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, or teratocarcinoma. The seminal parameters assessed included sperm count and prefreeze and postthaw motility and velocity. For these parameters, significant decrease from control values (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.01) was seen in groups II and III. The specimens from group I patients retained good motility and velocity after thawing. Our results indicate that semen quality is adversely affected by the presence of cancer in the body.
Modeling Water Resources: Have We Got it Right?

Aquatic scientists generally recognize that controlled experiments are required to establish cause-effect relationships (e.g., Havens and Aumen, 2000), and understanding ecological processes is key to accurately predicting complex ecosystem responses. However, resource managers may have at their disposal only a limited amount of observational data when faced with management decisions. Hence, there may be a tendency to use simple empirical models for decision making. An example of eutrophication management in lakes illustrates a pitfall of this approach when used independently of other scientific information.
Novel heterometallic Fe-Ru2-Fe arrays via "complex of complexes" approach.

Four tetranuclear heterometallic compounds, [(Tp)Fe(CN)3]2[Ru2(DMBA)4] (1), [(MeTp)Fe(CN)3]2[Ru2(DMBA)4] (2), [(iBuTp)Fe(CN)3]2[Ru2(DMBA)4] (3), and [(PhTp)Fe(CN)3]2[Ru2(DMBA)4] (4) [DMBA = N,N′-dimethylbenzamidinate, Tp = (hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate, MeTp = (methyltris(pyrazolyl)borate, iBuTp = (2-methylpropyltris(pyrazolyl)borate, and PhTp = (tris(pyrazolyl)phenylborate)] were prepared from the combination of Ru2(DMBA)4(NO3)2 and an appropriate [(RTp)Fe(CN)3]−. Molecular structures of compounds 1−4 were established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and all feature a linear Fe−C≡N−Ru−Ru−N≡C−Fe array. The magnetic study revealed that the temperature dependence of χMT is mostly attributed to the zero-field splitting of the Ru2 center, indicating the absence of strong spin coupling among three metallic centers. The electronic independence was further confirmed by the vis−NIR spectroscopic studies. Also described are the voltammetric properties of these compounds.
Densification of aluminum nitride-based ceramic materials synthesized by combustion of aluminum in air

Aluminum nitride based materials were synthesized by combustion of aluminum powder in air. When aluminum nitride powder is used as a diluent, mostly aluminum nitride product with small amount of alumina was obtained. For reactant mixtures consisting of 33 wt% of aluminum and 67 w% of alumina, materials with a high content of aluminum oxynitride (AION) were formed. Synthesized aluminum nitride based powders with and without in-situ added sintering aids were characterized and tested for their sintering ability. Densification characteristics of combustion synthesized powders by pressureless sintering in nitrogen atmosphere are also reported.
The orl rat is more responsive to methacholine challenge than wild type.

Abstract Background This study presents an animal model of native airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). AHR is a fundamental aspect of asthma and reflects an abnormal response characterized by airway narrowing following exposure to a wide variety of non-immunological stimuli. Undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common male congenital anomalies . The orl rat is a Long Evans substrain with inherited UDT. Since boys born with congenital UDT are more likely to manifest asthma symptoms, the main aim of this study was to investigate the alternative hypothesis that orl rats have greater AHR to a methacholine aerosol challenge than wild type rats . Methods Long Evans wild type (n = 9) and orl (n = 13) rats were anesthetized, tracheostomized, and mechanically ventilated at 4 weeks of age. Escalating concentrations of inhaled methacholine were delivered. The methacholine potency and efficacy in the strains were measured. Respiratory resistance was the primary endpoint. After the final methacholine aerosol challenge, the short-acting β2 -adrenoceptor agonist albuterol was administered as an aerosol and lung/diaphragm tissues were assayed for interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Histological and histomorphometrical analyses were performed. Results The methacholine concentration–response curve in the orl group indicated increased sensitivity, hyperreactivity, and exaggerated maximal response in comparison with the wild type group, indicating that orl rats had abnormally greater AHR responses to methacholine. Histological findings in orl rats showed the presence of eosinophils , unlike wild type rats. β 2-Adrenoceptor agonist intervention resulted in up-regulation of IL-4 diaphragmatic levels and down-regulation of IL-4 and IL-6 in the lungs of orl rats. Conclusion orl rats had greater AHR than wild type rats during methacholine challenge, with higher IL-4 levels in diaphragmatic tissue homogenates. Positive immunostaining for IL-4 was detected in lung and diaphragmatic tissue in both strains. This model offers advantages over other pre-clinical murine models for studying potential mechanistic links between cryptorchidism and asthma. This animal model may be useful for further testing of compounds/therapeutics options for treating AHR.
Flow injection amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide by oxidation at an iridium oxide electrode.

Abstract Either an iridium electrode that was anodically pretreated or a glassy carbon electrode that was coated with a film that contained iridium oxide promoted the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. With flow injection methodology, linear calibration curves were obtained over the 2 × 10−5 −3.6 × 10−8M range with 0.1M KOH as the carrier. With solutions of pH ⩾ 11, oxidation occurred at applied potentials of near 0.0 V vs. SCE, which is much lower than potentials needed at bare Pt or glassy carbon. The low overpotential suggests applications to systems where oxidation of other species limits the use of bare electrodes. Cyclic voltammetric studies show that HO2− is the electroactive species and that catalysis rather than mediation promotes the charge transfer. Dissolved oxygen does not interfere with the measurement.
Performance of Markov Chain–Monte Carlo Approaches for Mapping Genes in Oligogenic Models with an Unknown Number of Loci

Markov chain–Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques for multipoint mapping of quantitative trait loci have been developed on nuclear-family and extended-pedigree data. These methods are based on repeated sampling—peeling and gene dropping of genotype vectors and random sampling of each of the model parameters from their full conditional distributions, given phenotypes, markers, and other model parameters. We further refine such approaches by improving the efficiency of the marker haplotype-updating algorithm and by adopting a new proposal for adding loci. Incorporating these refinements, we have performed an extensive simulation study on simulated nuclear-family data, varying the number of trait loci, family size, displacement, and other segregation parameters. Our simulation studies show that our MCMC algorithm identifies the locations of the true trait loci and estimates their segregation parameters well—provided that the total number of sibship pairs in the pedigree data is reasonably large, heritability of each individual trait locus is not too low, and the loci are not too close together. Our MCMC algorithm was shown to be significantly more efficient than LOKI (Heath 1997 ) in our simulation study using nuclear-family data.
Thermal resonance under frequency excitations

The resonance phenomenon of thermal waves is studied in this work. Under the excitation of a body heat source oscillating at a certain frequency, both the temperature and the heat flux waves are found excitable to resonance. The physical conditions necessary for this unusual behavior to occur are obtained in terms of the resonance amplitude and the modal frequency. It has been shown that thermal resonance is a high-mode phenomenon. Only the wave modes with a modal frequency exceeding a critical value of 0.6436f, with f being the critical frequency of the solid medium, may present resonance. This unique behavior is attributed to the partition of the over- and underdamped waves oscillating in time. The critical mode numbers governing (1) the transition from an over- to an underdamped modes, and (2) the occurrence of thermal resonance phenomenon, are derived analytically. A length parameter, the relaxation distance extended from the concept of relaxation time, is found to dominate these critical mode numbers. Last, the thermal wave speed is related to the resonance frequency, which provides an alternative approach to determining the thermal wave speed in solids.
An equilibrium—interface model for solid decomposition

Abstract A model is proposed to predict the transient reaction temperature and extent of reaction for a solid decomposition in terms of physical transport coefficients and thermodynamic data, allowing also for the effect of changing particle size arising from possible density differences between reactant and product. Numerical calculations based on the derived model detail the influences of the transport coefficients, the heat of reaction, and the change of particle size. The results show many of the characteristics of thermal decompositions reported in the literature, including sigmoidal conversion-time behavior, pseudo-steady-state temperature plateaus, and self cooling. Earlier models are shown to be subsumed as important special cases. Because it requires only themodynamic and physical transport data, the model is entirely independent of any empirical fits to kinetic data; it is most applicable to high temperature, endothermic systems that produce product layers restricting heat and mass transfer.
Removal of aqueous-phase polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons using aspen wood fibers

Abstract Roadway runoff derived polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) impact the quality of surface and ground water. Inexpensive aspen wood fibers have been investigated as a means to remove dissolved PAH under laboratory conditions. Our isotherm experiments demonstrated that the uptake of naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, and pyrene required up to 12.5 days to reach equilibrium. Aspen wood–water sorption coefficients, K ww , were linearly correlated to octanol–water partition coefficients and the molecular weight of the studied PAH compounds. The correlation between K ww and molecular weight was the most significant. Column experiments were carried out to study the sorption and desorption of fluorene, anthracene, and pyrene under dynamic conditions. The results indicate linear sorption, but non-linear desorption behavior. The degree of desorption was inversely correlated to a compound’s hydrophobicity. Flow interruption experiments showed that sorption and desorption was rate limited. A mass balance of the sorption and desorption tests indicated that sorptive uptake exceeded desorptive release over a given number of pore volumes. Further, absolute mass-removal efficiency increased with the molecular weight and hydrophobicity of the PAH compound. Batch and column studies demonstrated that aspen wood has the potential to become an effective remedial agent for PAH in stormwater runoff or other PAH contaminated waters.
Tropomyosin Paracrystals Formed by Divalent Cations

Rabbit tropomyosin exhibits a polymorphism dependent on divalent cations and pH. Above a critical divalent cation concentration fibers with a period of about 400 angstroms are formed. Below this concentration, and near the isoelectric point, lattices are formed. Implications for the morphology and function of striated and smooth muscle are discussed.
Molluscan Community Recovery Following Partial Tidal Restoration of a New England Estuary, U.S.A.

Historic human-imposed tidal flow restrictions at many New England estuaries have resulted in dramatic alteration of estuarine community structure and function. East Harbor, a 291-ha coastal lagoon and salt marsh in Truro, Massachusetts, was artificially isolated from Cape Cod Bay in 1868. After the isolation, salinity decreased to near freshwater levels, and estuarine fish and invertebrate populations declined precipitously. Partial tidal flow was restored to East Harbor in 2002; since then, East Harbor has experienced substantial increases in salinity, and native fauna has begun to return to the system. The objective of this study was to obtain information on marine molluscan populations recolonizing East Harbor. Using a combination of benthic cores and direct searching, we surveyed 50 plots throughout the estuary in July and August 2005. We detected 16 molluscan species in East Harbor as a whole; the four most abundant species were Mya arenaria, Littorina spp., Mytilus edulis, and Mercenaria mercenaria. We found significant differences in species richness and abundance of these species among three regions of East Harbor that varied markedly in salinity and distance to Cape Cod Bay; diversity and abundance were both highest in Moon Pond, which has a direct connection with sources of seawater and marine biota, and lowest in the northwest cove, which receives high freshwater discharge. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of Cape Cod National Seashore’s preliminary tidal restoration efforts while underscoring the continued need for full tidal restoration at East Harbor and other tide-restricted estuaries.
A Molecular Circuit Composed of CPEB-1 and c-Jun Controls Growth Hormone-Mediated Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Hippocampus

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1 (CPEB-1) resides at postsynaptic sites in hippocampal neurons in which it controls polyadenylation-induced translation. CPEB-1 knock-out (KO) mice display defects in some forms of synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memories. To identify CPEB-1-regulated mRNAs, we used proteomics to compare polypeptides in wild-type (WT) and CPEB-1 KO hippocampus. Growth hormone (GH) was reduced in the KO hippocampus, as were the GH signaling molecules phospho-JAK2 and phospho-STAT3. GH mRNA and pre-mRNA were reduced in the KO hippocampus, suggesting that CPEB-1 controls GH transcription. The transcription factor c-Jun, which binds the GH promoter, was also reduced in the KO hippocampus, as was its ability to coimmunoprecipitate chromatin containing the GH promoter. CPEB-1 binds c-Jun 3′ untranslated region CPEs in vitro and coimmunoprecipitates c-Jun RNA in vivo. GH induces long-term potentiation (LTP) when applied to hippocampal slices from WT and CPEB-1 KO mice, but the magnitude of LTP induced by GH in KO mice is reduced. Pretreatment with GH did not reverse the LTP deficit observed in KO mice after theta-burst stimulation (TBS). Cordycepin, an inhibitor of polyadenylation, disrupted LTP induced by either GH application or TBS. Finally, GH application to hippocampal slices induced JAK2 phosphorylation in WT but not KO animals. These results indicate that CPEB-1 control of c-Jun mRNA translation regulates GH gene expression and resulting downstream signaling events (e.g., synaptic plasticity) in the mouse hippocampus.
Nickel-63 in Columbia River sediments below the Hanford Reservation

Nickel-63 (t12 = 100 y) has been measured in Columbia River sediments below the Hanford Reservation. The present-day inventory between the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers and the Columbia River mouth is estimated at near 4·6 TBq (∼ 125 Ci). Nickel-59 has not been detected but, if present, the inventory of this long-lived radionuclide (t12 = 7·5 × 104 y) is probably less than 1% that of 63Ni.
Relative dating of Late Quaternary deposits using cluster and discriminant analysis, Audubon Cirque, Mt. Audubon, Colorado Front Range

Holocene and Late Quaternary talus, lobate rock glaciers, and moraines within Audubon Cirque, Colorado Front Range, were assigned reltive ages using the following age-dependent criteria: fresh-weathered ratio, pitting, weathering rind development, angularity, and surface, oxidation of boulders, together with lichen cover and largest lichen diameter. Principal Component scores, yielding four major groups of deposits (relative age units C, R, E and V, from youngest to oldest). Tentative correlation with other Colorado Late Quaternary sequences suggests that unit C is of Gannett Peak age (100–300 years B. P.), unit R of Audubon age (950–1850 years B. P.) unit E of Early Neoglacial age (3000–5000 years B. P.), and unit V of Late Pinedale age (about 10,000 Years B. P.). Correlation is problematic due to differences in operationsl definitions of relative dating parametrs between workers, and because climatic and lithologic variations between areas may confound the date.
Value of the tuberculin patch test in case finding

Summary The value of the tuberculin patch test in case finding has been studied in three groups of children, totalling 2,000 cases. Among 847 children admitted to the Mount Sinai Hospital, there was only one case with clinical, roentgenographic, or bacteriologic findings indicating a tuberculous infection which failed to show a positive reaction to the patch test. This exception was a child with miliary tuberculosis in whom the Mantoux test with 1.0 mg. of old tuberculin was also negative. Among 540 children in the Sea View Hospital, 535 had active tuberculous lesions, and 529 of the latter were positive to the patch test. Of the six cases who failed to react to the patch test, four were known to be negative anergic and also to show negative reactions to the Mantoux test with high tuberculin concentrations. Only two cases were really missed by the patch test; one of them was a child with anergy who reacted only to the Mantoux test with second strength purified protein derivative. A mass examination of 613 high school students was carried out by the New York Health Department with the Mantoux test, the patch test, and x-ray examinations. No significant lesions were missed if patients failed to react positively to either the patch or Mantoux test. Among 2,000 children with 763 positive reactors to tuberculin, three cases with active tuberculosis were missed by the patch test, one of which was missed also by the Mantoux test with 1.0 mg. of old tuberculin. Two of the failures cannot reasonably be ascribed to an insufficiency of the patch test but rather to the biologic character of the tuberculous condition, miliary tuberculosis and positive anergy, respectively. From this survey, the tuberculin patch test appears to be sufficiently reliable for case finding. A survey of the literature on the patch test is given, including several personal communications. Ten different investigators made comparative studies in 4,285 cases and found, 1,114 positive reactors to the patch test as compared with 1,119 positive reactors to the Mantoux text. These results agreed with those reported by the author. In a total of 6,104 cases, 1,819 were positive to the patch test, and 1,833 to the Mantoux test including the use of higher tuberculin concentrations. The average difference was 0.77 per cent in favor of the Mantoux test. There was 100 per cent agreement between the number of positive reactors to the patch test and positive reactors to the Mantoux test with 0.1 mg. old tuberculin or first strength purified protein derivative. In contrast to this favorable evaluation of the patch test, Peck and Wegman found 28.3 and 70.5 per cent discrepancy, respectively, when the Mantoux test using first and second strength purified protein derivative was compared with the patch test. The reasons for these findings are not known. The possible errors are enumerated. In order to avoid too strong reactions to the patch test in cases of active tuberculosis, a preliminary patch test can be carried out which is applied for only six to twenty-four, instead of forty-eight hours.
The use of failure analysis as a preventative quality tool

The materials and processes used to fabricate electronic components have significant effects on their ul-timate reliability. By examining a small number of samples, high risk types of materials and poor work-manship can be flagged, either excluding them from production use,or using them to drive corrective actions. The tools of failure analysis are well suited to this approach, even though the sample components have technically not failed at all. Both nondestructive and destructive types of analysis can be used. By focusing on comparative device analysis between available suppliers, it is possible to find the best in class components for use in high- reliability applications such as automotive electronic modules.
Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Introduced Gastropods in Southern Florida

Abstract: Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is a zoonotic, parasitic nematode that uses the rat as a definitive host and gastropods as intermediate hosts. It is prevalent in parts of Asia, the Pacific islands, and the Caribbean. In the United States, A. cantonensis is established in Hawaii and in recent years has been reported in Alabama, California, Louisiana, and Florida, where it has been found in the reintroduced Lissachatina fulica (also known as Achatina fulica), the giant African snail that was once eradicated from the state. Since 2004, A. cantonensis has been identified as the causative agent for 2 non-human primate deaths in Florida, one attributed to ingestion of the snail Zachrysia provisoria. Our study further supports the presence of A. cantonensis in Z. provisoria in Florida and identifies 2 additional introduced terrestrial snails, Bradybaena similaris and Alcadia striata, that serve as intermediate hosts for A. cantonensis, as well as evidence of rat infection, in southern F...
Multiresolutional feedforward/feedback loops

It is maintained that hierarchies of task decomposition such as planner-navigator-pilot controllers in autonomous vehicles, pyramidal connectionist schemes, and their hybrids are just different reincarnations of the principles of multiresolutional control. An attempt is made to demonstrate how this unity emerges in an intelligent controller for autonomous mobile robots as a system of multiresolutional feedforward-feedback control loops. >
A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Decode-and-Forward Cooperation in Rayleigh Fading Channels

A game-theoretic analysis of decode and forward cooperative communications is presented for Rayleigh fading channels. The channel is studied as a two-state Markov model and cooperation is modeled as a repeated game in which selfish user terminals seek to maximize their own payoff, a utility function that monotonically increases with signal-to-noise ratio. Nash equilibria are investigated for both convex and concave utility functions. Results show a mutually cooperative Nash Equilibrium can always be obtained when convex utility functions* are used and users care somewhat about future performance. Concave utility functions may not always support a mutually cooperative Nash Equilibrium, especially under adverse channel conditions. Examinations of two widely-applied concave utility functions, however, demonstrate that mutual cooperation is more likely when users place more value on future performance. Additionally, techniques that improve effective channel conditions, e.g., use of multiple transmit antennas, further encourage cooperation.
An international studies approach to the history of mathematics

The history of mathematics can be studied using the vehicle of an international studies programme. The students and teachers enrolled in the programme travel through Great Britain with the instructor as a guide, ‘stalking’ mathematicians and visiting places associated with the history of mathematics. The participants receive a reading list in advance of their study tour. They are required to write essays on their readings and to write a journal describing their experiences in the programme.
Collagen and mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis in mass cultures and clones of chick corneal fibroblasts in vitro.

Abstract Collagen and mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis by cell populations of the chick cornea have been studied in vitro. Stromal fibroblasts from 14-day embryos were grown as mass cultures and clones; corneal epithelium was isolated as intact sheets of cells from embryos of the same age. Cultures were incubated with radioactive precursors of collagen or mucopolysaccharides. Corneal epithelium hydroxylated a portion of the administered proline and therefore appeared to synthesize collagen. Mass cultures of stromal fibroblasts were incubated with the labeled precursors at various times during culture cycles. Low- and highly sulfated chondroitin sulfate, keratosulfate, and collagen, end products of differentiation in the cornea in vivo, were synthesized during both logarithmic and saturation phases of growth. Changes in the rate of sulfate incorporation into individual polysaccharides during the culture cycle did not parallel those of glucosamine incorporation, suggesting a change in the degree of sulfation of the polysaccharides synthesized as the cell density of cultures increased. Analysis of 68 clones of stromal fibroblasts, each double-labeled with proline-3, 4-3H + Na235SO4 or proline-14C (uniformly labeled) + glucosamine-6-3H, showed that in direct proportion to their size 49 of these clones could make all three corneal polysaccharides and collagen. In all but one of the remaining smaller clones, all three polysaccharides were detected. The clonal analysis therefore suggested that each cell of this tissue-specific population of fibroblasts is specialized for the production of more than one end product of differentiation.
Ionic liquid regioisomers: structure effect on the thermal and physical properties

A systematic study was performed on two triazolium ionic liquid isomers which included examination of thermal, physical, and electrochemical properties. It was found that a minor change in structure significantly influences physical and thermal properties of ionic liquids.
Augmented central nitric oxide production inhibits vasopressin release during hemorrhage in acute alcohol-intoxicated rodents

Acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) attenuates the AVP response to hemorrhage, contributing to impaired hemodynamic counter-regulation. This can be restored by central cholinergic stimulation, implicating disrupted signaling regulating AVP release. AVP is released in response to hemorrhage and hyperosmolality. Studies have demonstrated nitric oxide (NO) to play an inhibitory role on AVP release. AAI has been shown to increase NO content in the paraventricular nucleus. We hypothesized that the attenuated AVP response to hemorrhage during AAI is the result of increased central NO inhibition. In addition, we predicted that the increased NO tone during AAI would impair the AVP response to hyperosmolality. Conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-325 g) received a 15-h intragastric infusion of alcohol (2.5 g/kg + 300 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1)) or dextrose prior to a 60-min fixed-pressure hemorrhage (∼40 mmHg) or 5% hypertonic saline infusion (0.05 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)). AAI attenuated the AVP response to hemorrhage, which was associated with increased paraventricular NO content. In contrast, AAI did not impair the AVP response to hyperosmolality. This was accompanied by decreased paraventricular NO content. To confirm the role of NO in the alcohol-induced inhibition of AVP release during hemorrhage, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 250 μg/5 μl), was administered centrally prior to hemorrhage. l-NAME did not further increase AVP levels during hemorrhage in dextrose-treated animals; however, it restored the AVP response during AAI. These results indicate that AAI impairs the AVP response to hemorrhage, while not affecting the response to hyperosmolality. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that the attenuated AVP response to hemorrhage is the result of augmented central NO inhibition.
Attitudes about computing in postsecondary graduates

Computing educators may hope that postsecondary courses both convey content and also give students a new perspective on computing. In the study described in this paper, a sample of students about to graduate with their postsecondary degrees wrote about their relationship with computing and what influenced that relationship. Computing majors wrote expressively about the excitement and breadth of the discipline. Other majors were positive about computing, but the essays indicate that postsecondary education (including introductory computer science courses) did not have a large effect on their attitudes about computing.