cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interaction of spacecraft high voltage power systems with the space plasma environment

The interaction of high voltage systems immersed in a space plasma environment can cause power loss and damage to insulators and metal surfaces. Work in this area is reviewed and recent results presented.
Frozen cells as nuclear source in the L.E. cell phenomenon.

Summary1) Cold (minus 50°C) injury applied to leukocytes in the presence of the L.E. cell factor results in production of a large amount of L.E. material. This material usually exerts chemotaxis and, in the presence of fresh phagocytes at 37°C, allows the formation of great numbers of typical L.E. cells. In the absence of the L.E. cell factor, no L.E. material nor L.E. cells are formed. 2) The large mass of this unique material which can thus be produced now lends itself to analytic methods and experimental procedures not previously applied.
The UN Regional Economic Commissions and Integration in the Underdeveloped Regions

It is the purpose of this article to examine the role which the three regional economic commissions of the United Nations serving the developing world play, whether consciously or unconsciously, in promoting integration within the regions which they serve. The emphasis is upon economic integration, not because it is more important than political union or federation or because it is a necessary antecedent to political integration. No attempt is made here to establish the thesis that the relationship between economic and political integration is that of a continuum. Any contribution which the UN regional economic commissions make to regional or sub-regional integration will almost certainly be in the economic area, given their terms of reference, the nature of their work programs, and the environmental conditions in which they operate. Economic integration resulting from ideas and initiatives originating in the regional commissions may contribute to the evolution of political union.
The Nurse Practitioner and Policy in End-of-Life Care

The focus of this column is the interface between policy and end-of-life care, particularly as provided by advanced nurse practitioners. The complexities of end-of-life along with barriers in practice can diminish quality of life for patients and their families. Changes in policy are needed to enable nurse practitioners their full scope of practice in a way that benefits patients and families at end-of-life. Three areas particularly relevant to policy for nursing practitioners and end-of-life care are addressed: scope of practice, reimbursement, and prescribing practices. Other recommendations for policy and end-of-life care are discussed.
Toward the Synthesis of Antascomicin B. Synthesis of a Model of the C22-C34 Fragment via Ireland-Claisen and Allylic Diazene Rearrangements

Abstract The C22–C34 fragment of antascomicin B lacking the C31 and C32 hydroxyl groups has been prepared in 11 steps from commercially available 2-hydroxy-cyclohexanone. An Ireland–Claisen rearrangement was employed to install the C26 and C27 stereocenters. Our recently reported diastereoselective acyclic 1,3-reductive transposition was used to establish the remote C23 stereocenter. Directed hydrogenation was employed to set the C29 stereocenter. The model compound contains five of the stereocenters and all of the carbons of the corresponding fragment of antascomicin B.
Glucose utilization and the PI3-K pathway: mechanisms for cell survival in preimplantation embryos

The maintenance of optimal glucose utilization during the preimplantation period is critical for embryo survival. A decrease in glucose transport during preimplantation development has been linked to the early steps of programmed cell death in these embryos. Decreased glucose transport is not thought to be simply a consequence of cell death, rather it is thought to be a trigger that can initiate the apoptotic cascade. Extensive apoptosis during the preimplantation period may manifest later in pregnancy as a malformation-- or miscarriage, if cell loss is excessive. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) is a known regulator of a number of physiologic responses including cellular proliferation, growth, and survival as well as glucose metabolism. Studies performed in other cell systems have demonstrated that the PI3-K pathway plays a critical role in maintaining glucose transport and metabolism. This review will present the current evidence that suggests that PI3-K is vital for preimplantation embryo survival and development. In addition, data demonstrating that PI3-K activity is important for glucose metabolism during this early developmental period will be discussed.
Slopes Analysis of Frac & Pack Bottomhole Treating Pressures

A simple means has been developed to analyze frac & pack bottomhole treating pressures which gives insight to the fracture evolution and end-of-job proppant distribution. The method requires minimal input, is relatively model independent (as far as fracture propagation is concerned) and can be used in real time. This is not history matching, but rather an analysis or screening tool. In developing the tool, we intentionally imposed several design parameters: the method should require minimum user input beyond the real treatment data, it should be relatively independent of any fracture propagation model and it should not be a history matching procedure. In accordance with the basic requirement of model independence, the slopes analysis method is a screening tool based on simple equations and a well-defined (reconstructible) algorithm. Based on its simplicity, the tool lends itself well to real time use as well. The key element of frac & pack treatments is the tip screen-out, a period of injection during which the fracture is inflated and the fracture extent remains relatively constant. The fracture may often extend in subsequent periods of regular fixed-area width growth with possible “jumps” and/or other irregular areal extension periods between them. The slope of the increasing pressure curve during a “regular” period may be interpreted to obtain the “packing radius” of the fracture, characteristic for the given period. The progression of packing radiuses can be combined with information on the proppant injection history to give final proppant distribution. Treating Pressure Slopes Analysis During tip screen-out, the fracture width is inflated while the area of the fracture faces remains theoretically constant. This phenomenon should manifest itself by a marked increase in the treating pressure. In practice, the increasing pressure intervals (“regular intervals”) may be interrupted by anomalous pressure decrease because fracture extension can still occur from time to time. Based on this rationale, the frac & pack treatment is considered as a series of regular arrested extension/width growth intervals interrupted by irregular fracture area extension intervals.
Comparison of Aura MLS Water Vapor Measurements with GFS and NAM Analyses in the Upper Troposphere–Lower Stratosphere

Water vapor mixing ratios in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) version 2.2 instrument have been compared with Global Forecast System (GFS) analyses at five levels within the 300‐100-hPa layer and North American Mesoscale (NAM) model analyses at six levels within the 300‐50-hPa layer over the two years of 2005 and 2006 at four analysis times (e.g., 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC). Probability density functions of the vapor mixing ratios suggest that both analyses are often moister than Aura MLS values, but NAM model analyses agree somewhat better with Aura MLS measurements than GFS model analyses over the same North American domain at the five common levels. Examining five subsets of the global GFS domain, the GFS model analysis is moister than Aura MLS estimates everywhere but at 150 and 100 hPa in all regions outside of the tropics. NAM model analysis water vapor mixing ratios exceeded the Aura MLS values at all levels from 250 to 150 hPa in all four seasons of both years and some seasons at 100 and 50 hPa. Moist biases in winter and spring of both years were similar at all levels, but these moist biases in summer and fall were smaller in 2005 than in 2006 at all levels. These differences may be due to the change in the NAM from using the Eta Model to using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) in June 2006.
Statins induce lethal effects in acute myeloblastic lymphoma cells within 72 hours

HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors (statins) induce apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in vitro; however, the concentrations associated with cell death in AML cells are higher than those clinically tolerated during prolonged therapy. We therefore wished to determine whether short exposures to lovastatin might induce cell death in AML cells at clinically attainable concentrations. The time and concentration dependence of HL60 and U937 cells was determined and showed that cell death was delayed. IC50 values and IC90 values determined on day 6 suggested that the sensitivity of AML cells to statins may occur at lower concentrations than previously reported. After 72 h, mevalonate did not rescue AML cells from cytotoxic concentrations of statins, suggesting that, although cell death was delayed, lovastatin induced lethal effects within 72 h. In conjunction with previously reported Phase I studies, the data presented here suggest that the high-dose, short course statins may be useful for the treatment of patients with AML.
Radiation characterization of a Monolithic nuclear event detector

A monolithic dose-rate nuclear event detector (NED) has been evaluated as a function of radiation pulse width. The dose-rate trip level of the NED was evaluated in 'near' minimum and maximum sensitivity configurations for pulse widths from 20 to 250 ns and at dose rates from 10/sup 6/ to 10/sup 9/ rads(Si)/s. The trip level varied up to a factor of approximately 16 with pulse width. At each pulse width the trip level can be varied intentionally by adding external resistors. Neutron irradiations caused an increase in the trip level, while electron irradiations, up to a total-dose of 50 krads(Si), had no measurable effect. This adjustable dose-rate-level detector should prove valuable to designers of radiation-hardened systems. >
Identification of CTX-M β-lactamases among Escherichia coli from the community in New York City ☆

We have identified CTX-M group 1 β-lactamases in 87% of community-acquired Escherichia coli isolates that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases, with the majority harboring CTX-M-15 and representing the ST131 clonal group. Seventy percent of CTX-M-bearing isolates were from urine specimens; a large proportion was nonsusceptible to levofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and β-lactam antimicrobials. Many patients were relatively youthful (41% ≤65 years old; youngest, age 32). Patients with symptomatic bacteriuria received drugs to which the organisms were susceptible, and most had favorable outcomes. Timely recognition of such isolates could help physicians choose more appropriate antibacterial therapy.
Design review of buildings

The objective of this paper is to provide the reader with a documentation of the history of the development, including the language, of the provisions in the United States Building Codes for the design review of buildings in earthquake country. This paper also presents personal comments by the author about the development and intent of the provisions. The paper also presents suggestions for future improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the side component of the transit integrated collision warning system

This paper describes the development activities leading up to field testing of the transit integrated collision warning system, with special attention to the side component. Two buses, one each in California and Pennsylvania, have been outfitted with sensors, cameras, computers, and driver-vehicle interfaces in order to detect threats and generate appropriate warnings. The overall project goals, integrated concept, side component features, and future plans are documented here.
“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” Prophage Late Genes May Limit Host Range and Culturability

ABSTRACT “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” is an uncultured alphaproteobacterium that systemically colonizes its insect host both inter- and intracellularly and also causes a severe, crop-destroying disease of citrus called huanglongbing, or citrus “greening.” In planta, “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” is also systemic but phloem limited. “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” strain UF506 carries two predicted prophages, SC1 and SC2. Bacteriophage particles have been observed in experimentally “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-infected periwinkle but not in any other host. Comparative gene expression analysis of predicted SC1 late genes showed a much higher level of late gene expression, including holin transcripts (SC1_gp110), in “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-infected periwinkle relative to “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-infected citrus. To functionally characterize predicted holin and endolysin activity, SC1_gp110 and two predicted endolysins, one within SC1 (SC1_gp035) and another well outside the predicted prophage region (CLIBASIA_04790), were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Both SC1 genes inhibited bacterial growth consistent with holin and endolysin function. The holin (SC1_gp110) promoter region was fused with a uidA reporter on pUFR071, a wide bacterial host range (repW) replicon, and used to transform Liberibacter crescens strain BT-1 by electroporation. BT-1 is the only liberibacter strain cultured to date and was used as a proxy for “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus.” pUFR071 was >95% stable without selection in BT-1 for over 20 generations. The reporter construct exhibited strong constitutive glucuronidase (GUS) activity in culture-grown BT-1 cells. However, GUS reporter activity in BT-1 was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by crude aqueous extracts from psyllids. Taken together with plant expression data, these observations indicate that “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” prophage activation may limit “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” host range and culturability.
Group differences in fantasies; head injuries, psychoneurotics, and brain diseases.

(1946). Group Differences in Fantasies: Head Injuries, Psychoneurotics, and Brain Diseases. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 327-346.
Propagation of Dendritic Cell Progenitors from Normal Mouse Liver Using Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor and Their Maturational Development in the Presence of Type-1 Collagen

Within 1 wk of liquid culture in granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), normal B10 BR (H-2k I-E+) mouse liver nonparenchymal cells (NPC) formed loosely adherent myeloid cell clusters that have been shown to contain dendritic cell (DC) progenitors in similar studies of mouse blood or bone marrow. Mononuclear cell progeny released from these clusters at and beyond 4 d exhibited distinct dendritic morphology and were actively phagocytic. After 6-10 d of culture, these cells strongly expressed CD45, CD11b, heat stable antigen, and CD44. However, the intensity of expression of the DC-restricted markers NLDC 145, 33D1, and N418, and the macrophage marker F4/80, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and Fc gamma RII was low to moderate, whereas the cells were negative for CD3, CD45RA, and NK1.1. Splenocytes prepared in the same way also had a similar range and intensity of expression of these immunophenotypic markers. Unlike the splenic DC, however, most of the GM-CSF-propagated putative liver DC harvested at 6-10 d expressed only a low level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (I-Ek), and they failed to induce primary allogeneic responses in naive T cells, even when propagated additionally in GM-CSF and tumor necrosis alpha and/or interferon gamma-supplemented medium. However, when 7-d cultured GM-CSF-stimulated liver cells were maintained additionally for three or more days on type-1 collagen-coated plates in the continued presence of GM-CSF, they exhibited characteristics of mature DC: MHC class II expression was markedly upregulated, mixed leukocyte reaction stimulatory activity was increased, and phagocytic function was decreased. Similar observations were made when Ia+ cells were depleted from the GM-CSF-propagated cells before exposure to collagen. Further evidence that the GM-CSF-stimulated class IIdim or class II-depleted hepatic NPC were immature DC was obtained by injecting them into allogeneic B10 (H-2b I-E-) recipients. They "homed" to T cell-dependent areas of lymph nodes and spleen where they strongly expressed donor MHC class II antigen 1-5 d later. These observations provide insight into the regulation of DC maturation, and are congruent with the possibility that the migration of immature DC from normal liver and perhaps other organ allografts may help explain their inherent tolerogenicity.
The TRPM7 channel is inactivated by PIP(2) hydrolysis.

TRPM7 (ChaK1, TRP-PLIK, LTRPC7) is a ubiquitous, calcium-permeant ion channel that is unique in being both an ion channel and a serine/threonine kinase. The kinase domain of TRPM7 directly associates with the C2 domain of phospholipase C (PLC). Here, we show that in native cardiac cells and heterologous expression systems, Gαq-linked receptors or tyrosine kinase receptors that activate PLC potently inhibit channel activity. Numerous experimental approaches demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), the substrate of PLC, is a key regulator of TRPM7. We conclude that receptor-mediated activation of PLC results in the hydrolysis of localized PIP2, leading to inactivation of the TRPM7 channel.
Assessing the “Statistical Accuracy” of the National Incident-Based Reporting System Hate Crime Data

The current study introduces a method to assess hate crime classification error in a state Incident-Based Reporting System. The study identifies and quantifies the “statistical accuracy” of aggregate hate crime data and provides insight from frontline officers about thought processes involved with classifying bias offenses. Random samples of records from two city and two county agencies provided data for the study. A systematic review of official case narratives determined hate crime classification error using state and federal definitions. A focus group sought to inquire about officers’ handling of hate crimes. Undercounting of hate crimes in official data was evident. When error rates were extrapolated, National Incident-Based Reporting System Group A hate crimes were undercounted by 67%. Officers’ responses validated complications involved with classifying hate crimes, particularly, incidents motivated “in part” by bias. Classification errors in reporting hate crimes have an impact on the statistical a...
Mammalian Hepatic Lectin

A rabbit hepatic protein that specifically binds asialoglycoproteins is also a lectin that agglutinates untreated human and rabbit erythrocytes and neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes from rat, mouse, and guinea pig. Both binding of asialoglycoproteins and agglutination of erythrocytes appear to involve reaction on the same active sites of the hepatic protein.
The Ontogeny of Lexical Networks Toddlers Encode the Relationships Among Referents When Learning Novel Words

Although the semantic relationships among words have long been acknowledged as a crucial component of adult lexical knowledge, the ontogeny of lexical networks remains largely unstudied. To determine whether learners encode relationships among novel words, we trained 2-year-olds on four novel words that referred to four novel objects, which were grouped into two visually similar pairs. Participants then listened to repetitions of word pairs (in the absence of visual referents) that referred to objects that were either similar or dissimilar to each other. Toddlers listened significantly longer to word pairs referring to similar objects, which suggests that their representations of the novel words included knowledge about the similarity of the referents. A second experiment confirmed that toddlers can learn all four distinct words from the training regime, which suggests that the results from Experiment 1 reflected the successful encoding of referents. Together, these results show that toddlers encode the similarities among referents from their earliest exposures to new words.
Cancer screening delivery in persistent poverty rural counties.

Background: Rural populations are diagnosed with cancer at different rate and stages than nonrural populations, and race/ethnicity as well as the area-level income exacerbates the differences. The purpose of this analysis was to explore cancer screening rates across persistent poverty rural counties, with emphasis on nonwhite populations. Methods: The 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System was used, combined with data from the Area Resource File (analytic n = 309 937 unweighted, 196 344 347 weighted). Unadjusted analysis estimated screening rates for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer. Multivariate analysis estimated the odds of screening, controlling for individual and county-level effects.Results: Rural residents, particularly those in persistent poverty counties, were less likely to be screened than urban residents. More African Americans in persistent poverty rural counties reported not having mammography screening (18.3%) compared to 15.9% of urban African Americans. Hispanics had low s...
LABORATORY AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF COTTON CONTAINING CRY1AC, CRY1F, AND BOTH CRY1AC AND CRY1F (WIDESTRIKE®) AGAINST BEET ARMYWORM AND FALL ARMYWORM LARVAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

Abstract The efficacy of transgenic cotton genotypes containing Cry1Ac, Cry1F, and Cry1Ac stacked with Cry1F (WideStrike®, Dow Agrosciences, Indianapolis, IN) were investigated during 2001-2003 against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (=BAW), and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (=FAW), in laboratory bioassays and small experimental field plots. In all experiments, cotton containing Cry1F was more toxic to BAW and FAW larvae compared to cotton containing only Cry1Ac. In the majority of experiments, the addition of Cry1Ac to the Cry1F genotype had no increased effect on efficacy and certain biological parameters against BAW and FAW larvae compared to cotton containing only Cry1F. Furthermore, the presence or absence of an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effect between Cry1Ac and Cry1F was not observed in these field and laboratory experiments.
Control of Cracking in Concrete Gravity Dams

Fundamental cause of temperature cracking in concrete gravity dams is restraint which accompanies temperature changes; evolution of crack control measures; role of cement factor, cement replacement material, concrete placing temperature, lift thickness, rate of placement, and insulation; current US Army Corps of Engineers practices and results.
SPS3 Evidence Supports Intensive Blood Pressure Control.

Interest in identifying the most appropriate targets for systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering to reduce cardiovascular events in persons with hypertension has been piqued by the widely publicized results of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT).1,2 SPRINT found overwhelming benefit (25% reduction in the primary composite outcome of myocardial infarction [MI], acute coronary syndrome not resulting in MI, stroke, acute decompensated heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes) and 27% reduction in all-cause mortality among participants randomly assigned to a SBP target of <120 mm Hg (intensive treatment) in comparison with <140 mm Hg (standard treatment). In contrast, serious adverse events, including acute kidney injury or acute renal failure that contributed to hospitalizations or emergency department visits were significantly more common in the intensive treatment group (4.4% versus 2.6%, hazard ratio, 1.71; P <0.001). Among those who did not have chronic kidney disease (CKD) at baseline, incident CKD, defined as a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥30% to a level of <60 mL·min–1·1.73 m–2 occurred more frequently in the intensive treatment group (1.21%/y versus 0.35%/y). Among those with CKD at baseline, few reached the primary renal end point of decrease in eGFR ≥50% or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Incident albuminuria, another measure of kidney damage, did not differ between treatment groups. The investigators concluded that available data provide no evidence of substantial permanent kidney injury associated with the lower SBP goal in SPRINT, but that the possibility of such adverse outcomes cannot be excluded and that longer follow-up data that include more clinical outcomes and analyses of rates of fall in eGFR are needed to address this important issue. Article see p 584 A recent post hoc analysis of the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) trial in this …
Genetics of plasmodial compatibility and heterokaryosis in Didymium iridis.

“Phenotypic” identicalness for certain compatibility loci appears to determine whether or not 2 Didymium iridis plasmodia will fuse when brought into contact. Based on almost 5,000 fusion tests, it...
Appalachian Values:: Implications for Occupational Therapists

Appalachia is a distinct geographic region within the United States and natives of this region live within a separate subculture. Initially, inhabitants of this region shared the values of many other early American settlers. However, in time the relative isolation of this region produced a dichotomy between the way of life in and increasingly technological American society and that found within the slower changing region of Appalachia. Thus, values of Appalachian people today reflect these continued differences. Occupational therapists treating patients from Appalachia need to understand the values of this subsulture in order to assess their patients accurately and to provide culturally appropriate treatment. This paper presents an overview of Appalachian values, with implications for occupational therapy.
Comprehensive Hematopoietic Stem Cell Isolation Methods

The use of flow cytometry has been critical in establishing methods to isolate and characterize hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progenitors. For more than 30 years, researchers have been uncovering novel markers that when used in combination significantly enhance the purification of HSCs from murine and human bone marrow. The complex interface between HSCs, the lymphohematopoietic system, and their niches, has made identification of HSC markers critical to understanding their biological nature, more so than other adult stem cell populations. Here we review the phenotypic markers and strategies used to purify HSCs, the appropriateness of using these markers for comparisons of HSC function at different stages of ontogeny, and their utility in defining the lineage bias in the HSC compartment.
Supramolecular Ladders: Self-Assembly Fintium to Adfintium

We provide a review that describes the design and formation of supramolecular ladders in the solid state. Supramolecular ladders have been reported in the context of both metal−organic and purely organic single- and multiple-component solids. Supramolecular ladders are based on self-assembly processes propagated both finitely and infinitely. We focus on the properties that such ladders provide solids, as well as applications in the context of predictable dimensional design.
Absolute Spatially-And Temporally-Resolved Optical Emission Measurements of RF Glow Discharges in Argon

Spatially- and temporally-resolved measurements of optical emission intensities are presented from rf discharges in argon over a wide range of pressures (6.7 to 133 Pa) and applied rf voltages (75 to 200 V). Results of measurements of emission intensities are presented for both an atomic transition (Ar I, 750.4 nm) and an ionic transition (Ar II, 434.8 nm). The absolute scale of these optical emissions has been determined by comparison with the optical emission from a calibrated standard lamp. All measurements were made in a well-defined rf reactor. They provide detailed characterization of local time-resolved plasma conditions suitable for the comparison with results from other experiments and theoretical models. These measurements represent a new level of detail in diagnostic measurements of rf plasmas, and provide insight into the electron transport properties of rf discharges.
Total Joint Prosthetic Arthroplasty of the Great Toe—A 12-Year Experience

This report describes the use of a double-stemmed flexible hinge silicone elastomer implant for use as a total joint replacement for the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe. Experience with this prosthesis has been since 1971 with 103 prostheses implanted in 71 patients with a minimum follow-up of 12 months and an average follow-up of 7.4 years. Of the 71 patients, 40 had osteoarthritis with 64 joints replaced, 22 had rheumatoid arthritis with 29 joints replaced, four patients were revised from a failed excisional hemiarthroplasty, three patients with four joints involved were revised from a failed silicone implant hemiarthroplasty, and two patients had a surgically arthrodesed metatarsophalangeal joint taken down and revised to a total joint arthroplasty. Of the total number of patients involved, eight were men, 63 were women, and the average age per joint was 56 years. The results were graded as excellent, good, fair, and poor on two bases: relief of pain and the cosmetic result. Overall results were good. On the basis of these results over a 12-year period, it was concluded that there is a place for total joint prosthetic replacement in the surgical reconstruction of the painful, destroyed metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe.
The Responsibility of Supervisor and Supervision Methods in the Laboratory Management System

According to the related standard and the practical work situation, the article elaborated supervisor's responsibility, professional quality and the content and function of supervision in CDC laboratory management system, and summarized the feasible ways and means in supervision work. The supervisor played the role in the management system that linked the preceding with the following, which was the important link for ensuring the normal operation of the management system and the guarantee for effective operation of entire detection process.
Different pathways of cell killing by gossypol enantiomers.

Gossypol, a polyphenolic, aldehyde-containing constituent of cottonseed, produced partial responses (>50% reduction in tumor size) in some patients with advanced cancer and suppressed sperm as an a...
Structural chemistry of actinide polyoxometalates

Publisher Summary In addition to the intrinsic chemical interest that involves novel structures and stabilization of unusual actinide oxidation states, the study of actinide polyoxometalates (POMs) is spurred by their potential applications in radionuclide separations and nuclear waste disposal and storage. In both of these areas, POMs offer advantages, but at the present state of knowledge they also have limitations. As sequestrants and as transfer agents, the stability of POM structures toward ionizing radiation is generally greater than that of organic sequestrants but equilibrium constants generally are less favorable. In some cases, there are also kinetic limitations. In terms of storage, the thermal conversion of actinide POMs to the corresponding tungsten bronzes offers a potentially attractive route. However, the long-term stability of the bronzes under storage conditions has yet to be demonstrated, and there may be an economic or practical barrier.
Robust authentication of public access points using digital certificates: a novel approach

This paper present a novel Certificate-based authentication of public access points (APs). The presented approach is the first to consider authentication of public APs. It is also the first work to consider using digital Certificates for public AP authentication. Normally, when a user wants to access internet in public hot-spots like airports, coffee shops, library, etc., there is often lack of information for the user to make an informed decision on which AP to connect. Consequently, an adversary can easily place a rogue AP in a public hotspot luring users to connect to his AP. Unfortunately, most people focus their attention to the signal strength of the AP and the service fee, and very little attention to the security of the AP. This makes the job of the adversary significantly easier. The adversary can simply place a rogue AP with a look alike name (SSID) that is free to users. With the proposed Certificate-based authentication of APs, the user can readily see available certified APs in range and choose to connect to the one they prefer based on any parameter of choice --- signal strength, service provider, fees, etc. Finally, we have shown that an adversary can neither generate fake Certificates nor steal the Certificate from a certified AP and cause significant damage. We have also addressed defense against most common threats to public APs such as --- replay attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and fabrication attacks. The proposed solution is very robust in validating the authenticity of public APs and isolating rogue APs.
Burden of Pneumococcal Disease in Cancer Patients: A 20 Year Single Center Study at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and mortality rates in cancer patients (pts) are higher than in the general population. Since the introduction of routine childhood immunization with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PREVNAR) in 2000, the overall rate of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) decreased in adults in the US. The impact of PREVNAR on rates of IPD in cancer pts is not well studied. Methods: Retrospective review of pts treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1991-2012. Unique patient visits per year were obtained from the hospital database. Prevalence was calculated as number of cases per 1000 patient-visits per year. Pts with positive culture(s) for S. pneumoniae were identified from microbiology records. Serotype data is available through 2001. IPD was defined as a positive S. pneumoniae culture from a sterile site such as blood, CSF, or pleural fluid culture. Pneumococcal pneumonia was defined as a positive S. pneumoniae culture from thelower respiratory tract or a positive upper respiratory culture with either radiographic evidence for pneumonia and/or ICD-9 code "pneumococcal pneumonia" or "pneumonia" associated with the positive culture for S. pneumoniae. Colonization was defined as positive culture for S. pneumoniae without IPD or pneumonia. We compared prevalence between "early" (prior to PREVNAR, 1992-2001) and "late" (2002-2012) periods, in those with diagnoses of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, and between ages ≤21 and >21 years. Pneumococcal vaccination rates were calculated as the number of patients who received any pneumococcal vaccine divided by the number of patient-visits per year. Results: The mean number of patient-visits per year was 46,394 and 96,954, for the early and late period, respectively. Of 1,033 patients with ≥1 culture positive for S. pneumoniae during the study, 329 (32%) had IPD, 394 (38%) had pneumococcal pneumonia and 310 (30%) had colonization. S. pneumoniae type 6 accounted for 39 (22%) isolates where serotype data was available. The annual prevalence of IPD, pneumonia and colonization gradually declined over the course of the study (Figure 1). Compared to the early period, the prevalence of IPD, pneumonia and colonization were lower in the late period (Table 1). The highest prevalence of IPD was observed in pts ≤21 years of age (2.8 and 1.3 for early and late periods, respectively). The prevalence of IPD in pts with hematologic malignancies was 5-fold higher than pts with solid tumors in the early period (1.8 vs 0.39 respectively; P Conclusions: 1) Over a 20 year period we observed a decline in the prevalence of IPD, pneumococcal pneumonia and colonization in cancer patients at a tertiary cancer center in NYC. 2) The prevalence of IPD, pneumococcal pneumonia and colonization was significantly lower (P Disclosures Kaltsas:Pfizer: Research Funding.
Building and Maintaining the Therapeutic Relationship

The role of the therapist is best defined by what we are not: parents, friends, or exploiters. Beyond that, our role is to maximize empathy to help heal painful feelings and let go of EDPs that block access to those feelings that need to heal. Boundaries establish limits that let us know what would take us out of our proper role. The frame is the set of policies and habits that create a consistent background to support the therapeutic interaction. The ideal relationship is very attentive and not intrusive or critical. Breaks are inevitable, as are emotional reactions on both sides that must be managed. The partnership should be a positive experience, and getting feedback from the patient ensures that it is. Gaps in important characteristics such as religion and sexual orientation, if not matched, require that the therapist’s efforts at understanding be accepted by the patient. Eventually goals are reached or costs outweigh further benefits and therapy comes to an end. This is an opportunity to explore feelings that otherwise are likely to remain hidden.
Imaging the Male Breast

In this article, we review the clinical and imaging features of a variety of benign and malignant processes of the male breast, with focus on more common entities and those with specific imaging characteristics that may improve diagnostic accuracy. We emphasize utilization of appropriate imaging modalities according to the age-based protocols provided by the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria in the evaluation of the symptomatic male breast (Mainiero et al., J Am Coll Radiol 12:678–682, 2015). Based on review of the current literature, we discuss the risk factors, clinical and imaging features, and treatment of male breast cancer, focusing on any gender differences.
Epistemic, Ontic, Axiologic, and Praxic Constructs in Knowledge Organization Research

The work of knowledge organization requires a particular set of tools. For instance we need standards of content description like Anglo-American Cataloging Rules Edition 2, Resource Description and Access (RDA), Cataloging Cultural Objects, and Describing Archives: A Content Standard. When we intellectualize the process of knowledge organization – that is when we do basic theoretical research in knowledge organization we need another set of tools. For this latter exercise we need constructs. Constructs are ideas with many conceptual elements, largely considered subjective. They allow us to be inventive as well as allow us to see a particular point of view in knowledge organization. For example, Patrick Wilson’s ideas of exploitative control and descriptive control, or S. R. Ranganathan’s fundamental categories are constructs. They allow us to identify functional requirements or operationalizations of functional requirements, or at least come close to them for our systems and schemes. They also allow us to carry out meaningful evaluation. What is even more interesting, from a research point of view, is that constructs once offered to the community can be contested and reinterpreted and this has an affect on how we view knowledge organization systems and processes. Fundamental categories are again a good example in that some members of the Classification Research Group (CRG) argued against Ranganathan’s point of view. The CRG posited more fundamental categories than Ranganathan’s five, Personality, Matter, Energy, Space, and Time (Ranganathan, 1967). The CRG needed significantly more fundamental categories for their work.1 And these are just two voices in this space we can also consider the fundamental categories of Johannes Kaiser (1911), Shera and Egan, Barbara Kyle (Vickery, 1960), and Eric de Grolier (1962). We can also reference contemporary work that continues comparison and analysis of fundamental categories (e.g., Dousa, 2011). In all these cases we are discussing a construct. The fundamental category is not discovered; it is constructed by a classificationist. This is done because it is useful in engaging in the act of classification. And while we are accustomed to using constructs or debating their merit in one knowledge organization activity or another, we have not analyzed their structure, nor have we created a typology. In an effort to probe the epistemological dimension of knowledge organization, we think it would be a fruitful exercise to do this. This is because we might benefit from clarity around not only our terminology, but the manner in which we talk about our terminology. We are all creative workers examining what is available to us, but doing so through particular lenses (constructs) identifying particular constructs. And by knowing these and being able to refer to these we would consider a core competency for knowledge organization researchers.
Distributed Programming with NetsBlox is a Snap! (Abstract Only)

NetsBlox is a new collaborative learning environment extending Snap! with a few carefully selected abstractions that enable students to create distributed applications. In today's interconnected world, it will become increasingly important to have a basic understanding of computer networking and distributed computation yet these topics are rarely covered in K-12 curricula. Conversely, NetsBlox makes distributed programming accessible to beginner programmers using its simple yet powerful visual programming primitives, an intuitive user interface and a sophisticated cloud-based infrastructure. Moreover, the tool enables students to work together on the same project from different computers similarly to how Google Docs operate. This feature enables online collaboration and facilitates new ways to teach and learn programming. By allowing students to create multi-player games, NetsBlox provides increased motivation and is likely to prove engaging to students. By providing access to online public domain data sources, such as weather, earthquake, and air pollution data, in a unified manner, students will be able to create interesting science projects in a number of STEM fields promoting interdisciplinary learning. This technology demonstration will introduce the environment and demonstrate its utility in creating multi-player games, such as Battleship and Tic Tac Toe, as well as highlight two client-server applications that display weather and historical earthquake data, respectively, on top of an interactive Google Maps background. Audience members will be asked to participate in a massively parallel volunteer computing application doing prime factorization of large numbers. The open source public domain NetsBlox environment is accessible at http://netsblox.org.
Trends in Global Biodiversity: Soil Biota and Processes

Soil is home to about one-quarter of all living species on Earth. Soil biodiversity is central to sustaining life on Earth, including human life. These organisms produce food and fiber, filter water, and regulate global carbon and nutrient cycles. People rely on soil organisms and their interactions to support culture and livelihoods; yet human actions threaten soils. As we progress in the Anthropocene, we need soil biodiversity to support the ecosystems on which we depend.
Role of thrombin receptors in ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis

4916 Of all gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer presents the greatest clinical challenge requiring intensive and complex therapies. In ovarian cancer, as in other solid tumors, the metastatic phase of the disease is often the cause of death and the treatment options and prognosis for women with late stage ovarian cancer remain poor. We and others have shown that the class of receptors known as protease-activated receptors (PAR1-4) play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of solid tumors derived from breast, lung, colon and prostate tissues. Interestingly, ovarian cancer cell lines have been shown to have very high levels of PAR1 mRNA expression. The aim of these studies was to determine whether PAR1 or the other PARs play a role in the invasive process of ovarian cancer. We characterized the cell surface and functional expression of the four known PARs in three ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3, OVCAR-4 and IGROV-1) selected from the NCI-60 panel. We found that all the three cell lines had high levels of PAR1 expression on the cell surface by FACS and gave a robust Ca 2+ signal upon addition of a PAR1-specific ligand or thrombin. Cell surface expression of PAR2 was low but OVCAR-4 and SKOV-3 cells gave strong Ca 2+ signals in response to the PAR2 ligand. PAR3 and PAR4 were not expressed or functionally active in the three cell types. We then examined the effect of activation of PAR1 on cell migration of SKOV-3 cells. Both thrombin and the PAR1-specific ligand, TFLLRN, enhanced migration of SKOV-3 cells by 24-37%. PAR2 and PAR4-specific ligands SLIGKV and AYPGKF did not affect migration of SKOV-3 cells. Therefore, our in vitro data suggest that PAR1 plays a proinvasive role in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells. Studies using a nude mice invasion and metastasis model are currently in progress to investigate whether inhibition of PAR1 might affect the progression of SKOV-3 ovarian cancer in vivo.
Rediscovery of the Endangered frog Phrynopus montium (Shreve, 1938) Amphibia, Anura, Craugastoridae) in the cloud forest of central Peru

Phrynopus montium (Shreve, 1938) was described from Cascas, Junin Department, Peru, at an undetermined elevation between 3000 and 4000 m a.s.l. in the Cordillera Central. With the exception of the type specimens used in the original description, no additional sightings of P. montium had been reported for 76 years. Additionally, its coloration in life, microhabitat use, and precise elevational distribution remained unknown. During a field expedition conducted in 2014, two individuals of P. montium were found at an upper cloud forest site in central Peru, 8.7 km south from Hacienda Cascas. Here, I describe the coloration in life, microhabitat use, and elevation of these individuals.
Design and simulation of an integrated PV solar electric system

Over one billion people around the world lack access to grid electricity. Over the last few years, solar panel prices have dropped dramatically leading to more affordable solar electric systems. A typical solar home system comprises one or more solar panels, a charge controller, inverter and a bank of lead acid batteries. However, the weak point in these systems is the battery bank which requires careful maintenance to last a reasonable length of time. An alternative approach is to consider a system in which the battery is integrated with the solar panel and charge controller into a single unit. This paper describes the design, performance simulation and testing of such a unit. The system consisted of a 12.8 V, 26.4 Ah lithium-iron-phosphate battery integrated with a 50 W solar panel and a charge controller. It was sized for 2.5 days of useful battery storage. The load consisted of only DC appliances that took about 10 hours to discharge the battery to a 60% state-of-charge (SOC). A DC electronic load was used to discharge the battery to 60% SOC, a process that was repeated three times. Each process was considered to represent one cycle of the lifetime of the battery strictly in the context of this study. Experimental IV data were collected on the solar panel under different solar insolation conditions and a single equation used to model this data. RC circuits were used to model the charge and discharge of the battery. Details of the modeling and experimental results are presented in this paper.