cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualitative, causal reasoning about device behavior

The methods of causal ordering provide an operational means to determine the causal relations among the variables in a model of the equilibrium behavior of a device. The author extends the method to dynamic models as well as mixed models of equilibrium and dynamic equations. He defines self-containment for dynamic and mixed structures and describes causal ordering in such structures. For correct application of the method of causal ordering, the equations comprising the model of a device must be such that each of them comes from an understanding of a conceptually distinct mechanism. To ensure that an equation model satisfies this requirement, an explicit representation of the understanding of mechanisms underlying an equation model was developed. Equations are generated automatically from this representation. An example involving the mixed model of an evaporator is used to illustrate the proposed approach. >
Multiplex: unifying conventional and speculative thread-level parallelism on a chip multiprocessor

Recent proposals for Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) advocate speculative, or implicit, threading in which the hardware employs prediction to peel off instruction sequences (i.e., implicit threads) from the sequential execution stream and speculatively executes them in parallel on multiple processor cores. These proposals augment a conventional multiprocessor, which employs explicit threading, with the ability to handle implicit threads. Current proposals focus on only implicitly-threaded code sections. This paper identifies, for the first time, the issues in combining explicit and implicit threading. We present the Multiplex architecture to combine the two threading models. Multiplex exploits the similarities between implicit and explicit threading, and provides a unified support for the two threading models without additional hardware. Multiplex groups a subset of protocol states in an implicitly-threaded CMP to provide a write-invalidate protocol for explicit threads.Using a fully-integrated compiler infrastructure for automatic generation of Multiplex code, this paper presents a detailed performance analysis for entire benchmarks, instead of just implicitly-threaded sections, as done in previous papers. We show that neither threading models alone performs consistently better than the other across the benchmarks. A CMP with four dual-issue CPUs achieves a speedup of 1.48 and 2.17 over one dual-issue CPU, using implicit-only and explicit-only threading, respectively. Multiplex matches or outperforms the better of the two threading models for every benchmark, and a four-CPU Multiplex achieves a speedup of 2.63. Our detailed analysis indicates that the dominant overheads in an implicitly-threaded CMP are speculation state overflow due to limited L1 cache capacity, and load imbalance and data dependences in fine-grain threads.
Bioaerosol Concentrations in the Quad Cities 1 Year after the 1993 Mississippi River Floods

Bioaerosol measurements were made in 45 Quad Cities, Illinois houses following the 1993 floods of the Mississippi and Rock Rivers. Least squares log transformed means for fungal concentrations (in cfu m–3) were 1,449 in basements, 1,174 in living rooms, 1,234 in kitchens, 1,464 in first floor bedrooms, 1,197 in second floor bedrooms, and 2,590 outside. Mean least squares log transformed bacterial concentrations were 887 cfu m–3 in basements, 878 cfu m–3 in living rooms and 697 cfu m–3 outdoors. Levels of fungi and bacteria were not notably elevated in the basements or other rooms of the formerly flooded houses. Levels of fungi and bacteria indoors were significantly less in houses with dehumidifiers and in homes with natural gas odors. Air-conditioning during warm periods significantly reduced airborne concentrations of fungi.
Use of City-Archival Data to Inform Dimensional Structure of Neighborhoods

A growing body of research has explored the impact of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent health and well-being. Most previous research has used the US Census variables as the measures of neighborhood ecology, although informative census data are not designed to represent the sociological and structural features that characterize neighborhoods. Alternatively, this study explored the use of large-city administrative data and geographical information systems to develop more uniquely informative empirical dimensions of neighborhood context. Exploratory and confirmatory structural analyses of geographically referenced administrative data aggregated to the census-block group identified three latent dimensions: social stress, structural decline, and neighborhood crime. Resultant dimensions were compared through canonical regression to those derived from US Census data. The relative explanatory capacity of the city-archival and census dimensions was assessed through multilevel linear modeling to predict standardized reading and mathematics achievement of 31,742 fifth- and 28,922 eight-grade children. Results indicated that the city-archival dimensions uniquely augmented predictions, and the combination of city and census dimensions explained significantly more neighborhood effects on achievement than did either source of neighborhood information independently.
P-SH Conversions in Layered Media with Hexagonally Symmetric Anisotropy: A CookBook

Reflectivity synthetic seismograms demonstrate that the type, layering and orientation of 1-D anisotropy influences strongly the coda of teleseismic P waves at periods T > 1 sec, particularly P-SH converted waves. We assume the simplest form of anisotropy described by an elastic tensor with a symmetry axis ŵ of arbitrary orientation. The resulting phase velocities vary as cos 2ξ with respect to that axis. Using three families of simple crustal models, we compare the effects of an anisotropic surface layer with reverberations caused by both “thick” and “thin” layers of anisotropy at depth. If anisotropy in the surface layer is significant, the polarization of direct P can be distorted to generate a transverse component, followed by Ps and a prominent shear reverberation converted from direct P at the free surface. If the anisotropic layer is buried, the first, and often the most prominent, arrival on the transverse component is the P-to-SH conversion at its upper surface. If the anisotropic layer is sufficiently thin, P-to-SH conversions from its boundaries interfere to form a derivative pulse shape on the transverse component, which could be mistaken as the signature of shear-wave splitting. If ŵ is horizontal, compressional (P) and shear (S) anisotropy both produce similar waveform perturbations with four-lobed azimuthal patterns, suggesting that a weighted stack of P coda from different back-azimuths would improve signal-to-noise. For ŵ tilted between the horizontal and vertical, however, the effects of P- and S-anisotropy differ greatly. The influence of P-anisotropy on P-to-S conversion is greatest for a symmetry axis tilted at 45° to the vertical, where its azimuthal pattern has two lobes, rather than four. Combinations of P- and S-anisotropy typically lead to a composite azimuthal dependence in the P-coda reverberations.
Effective collision diameters and correlation of some thermodynamic properties of solutions

Volumetric data on gas mixtures and vapor-phase data for gas-liquid equilibria have been correlated within the framework of the theory of corresponding states. An expression based on the London potential for dispersion forces was used to compute characteristic temperatures for various binary systems, and a correlation was developed relating these temperatures to the polarizabilities, ionization potentials, and critical volumes of the pure components. The correlation shows how the molecular shape of a liquid affects its vapor-phase solubility. With the help of this correlation it is possible to make very good predictions of such gas-liquid equilibria as are required in high-pressure distillation, absorption, and petroleum hydrofining operations.
Japanese manufacturing performance criteria

Abstract The success of the Japanese in the global economy has elicited much interest from both practitioners and academicians. Popular theories suggest that the Japanese do not suffer from the short-term financial focus that plagues many U.S. manufacturers but tend to view decisions based on their long-term consequences. As a result, authors have suggested that the criteria used to assess employee performance in Japan tend to reflect this view. This paper reports the results from eight plants in Japan of five Japanese companies regarding the criteria used to assess employee performance. The types of criteria used at various levels in the management hierarchy as well as the specific criteria used are discussed. Previous studies reported that top level managers were most concerned with non-financial criteria while lower level managers were evaluated by physical type measurements. The results from this study partly contradict these findings in that top-level Japanese managers reported profitability as their...
Incidence of Dementia in Long-term Hormone Users

Results from epidemiologic studies of postmenopausal hormone use and dementia have been conflicting. Investigators from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study reported that the incidence of dementia in women aged >/=65 years assigned to hormone use was increased. Here the authors report results from a prospective cohort study of 2,906 dementia-free women (1,519 hormone users and 1,387 hormone nonusers) aged > or =75 years who were recruited from a Southern California health plan in 1999 and followed through 2003. Cognitive status was assessed annually using the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status-modified, supplemented by the Telephone Dementia Questionnaire and medical record review. The mean self-reported age at initiation of hormone use was 48.3 years for users of estrogen alone (n = 1,072) and 54.9 years for users of estrogen plus progestin (n = 447); self-reported mean durations of hormone use were 30.5 years and 23.2 years, respectively. There were 283 incident dementia cases identified during follow-up. After adjustment for age, education, and medical history, hazard ratios for incident dementia were 1.34 (95% confidence interval: 0.95, 1.89) in estrogen/progestin users and 1.23 (95% confidence interval: 0.94, 1.59) in estrogen users. These findings do not provide support for an effect of estrogen or estrogen/progestin use in preventing dementia.
Performance and power analysis of computer systems

This tutorial will present an overview of techniques for architectural-level performance and power analysis of computer systems. It starts with a discussion of metrics for both performance and power, followed by an overview of some widely used benchmarks including SPEC, Mediabench, and MiBench. It then illustrates the use of these benchmarks with some published performance results. After this initial overview, the tutorial will focus on a discussion of architectural simulators to measure performance and power.Architectural simulators model systems on a (clock) cycle-by-cycle basis. Their operation will be illustrated with two popular examples: SimpleScalar and M5. Besides performance analysis, these simulators can be extended to include power estimation. Full simulations of complete applications can be extremely time consuming. The tutorial will explain how sampling techniques can be used to reduce simulation time. Finally, it will conclude with a discussion on the accuracy that can be expected from architectural simulators.
Hierarchical power management in disruption tolerant networks with traffic-aware optimization

Recent efforts in Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) have shown that mobility can be a powerful means for delivering messages in highly-challenged environments. DTNs are wireless mobile networks that are particularly useful in sparse environments where the density of nodes is insufficient to support direct end-to-end communication. Unfortunately, many mobility scenarios depend on untethered devices with limited energy supplies. Without careful management depleted energy supplies will degrade network connectivity and counteract the robustness gained by mobility. A primary concern is the energy consumed by wireless communication, and in particular the energy consumed in searching for other nodes to communicate with. In this architecture, energy can be conserved by using the low-power radio to discover communication opportunities with other nodes and waking the high-power radio to undertake the data transmission. We develop a generalized power management framework for controlling the wakeup intervals of the two radios. In addition, we show how to incorporate knowledge of the traffic load, and we devise approximation algorithms to control the sleep/wake-up cycling to provide maximum energy conservation while discovering enough communication opportunities to handle that load. We evaluate our schemes through simulation and compare them against single radio architectures, and against algorithms that do not incorporate information about the load. Our results show that the generalized power management mechanism achieves better energy efficiency in discovering communication opportunities than mechanisms relying on only one radio. Also, when traffic load can be predicted, our approximation algorithm could reduce energy consumption from 73% to 93% compared with the case without power management. Finally, our results show that the statistical information about traffic load and network connectivity allows us to devise an efficient algorithm even for the one-radio architecture, so energy can be saved almost equivalently to the two radio architecture.
Axial-Gap Effects on the Propagation of Unsteady Flow in Cascades

This paper investigates the effects of stator-to-rotor axial gap on the two-dimensional propagation of pressure disturbances due to potential-flow interaction and viscous-wake interaction from upstream blade rows in axial-turbine-blade rotor cascades. Results are obtained by modeling the effects of the upstream stator viscous wake and potential-flow field on the downstream rotor flow field and computing the unsteady flow fields in the rotor frame. The amplitudes of the two types of interaction for typical turbines are based on a review of available experimental and computational data. The potential-flow field is modeled as a sinusoidal pressure disturbance of amplitude 4% of the local pressure across the stator trailing edges that decays downstream. The velocity wake is modeled as a Gaussian velocity defect of varying amplitude and width, depending on the axial gap between the blade rows. The wake amplitudes and widths are based on conservation of loss of incoming momentum to the rotor due to the wake. The axial gap between rotor and stator is varied to show how the two interactions propagating in different directions reinforce or counteract each other at different axial gaps. The corresponding forces on rotor blades are computed for typical values of reduced frequency.
Towards a trait-based quantification of species niche

Aims Although the niche concept is of prime importance in ecology, the quantification of plant species’ niches remains difficult. Here we propose that plant functional traits, as determinants of species performance, may be useful tools for quantifying species niche parameters over environmental gradients. Important findings Under this framework, the mean trait values of a species determine its niche position along gradients, and intraspecific trait variability determines its niche breadth. This trait-based approach can provide an operational assessment of niche for a potentially large number of species, making it possible to understand and predict species niche shifts under environmental changes. We further advocate a promising method that recently appeared in the literature, which partitions trait diversity into among- and within-community components as a way to quantify the species niche in units of traits instead of environmental parameters. This approach allows the switch of the focus from ecological niches to trait niches, facilitating the examination of species coexistence along undefined environmental gradients. Altogether, the trait-based approach provides a promising toolkit for quantifying the species ecological niche and for understanding the evolution of species niche and traits.
Bayesian Inference from Non-Ignorable Network Sampling Designs

Consider a population where subjects are susceptible to a disease (e.g. AIDS). The objective is to perform inferences on a population quantity (like the incidence of HIV on a high-risk subpopulation, e.g. intra-venous drug abusers) via sampling mechanisms based on a social network (link-tracing designs, respondent-driven sampling). We phrase this problem in terms of the framework proposed by Rubin for making inferences on a population quantity and, within this context, prove that respondent-driven sampling is non-ignorable. By non-ignorable it is meant that the uncertainty of the sampling mechanism must be modeled in the likelihood in order to get valid inferences. We develop a general framework for making Bayesian inference on the population quantity that: models the uncertainty in the underlying social network, incorporates dependence among the individual responses according to the network, and deals with the non-ignorability of the sampling design. The proposed framework is general in the sense that it allows a wide range of different specifications for the components of the model we just mentioned. Our model is compared with state of the art methods in simulation studies and it is applied to real data.
Gravure Printing of Graphene for Large‐area Flexible Electronics

Gravure printing of graphene is demonstrated for the rapid production of conductive patterns on flexible substrates. Development of suitable inks and printing parameters enables the fabrication of patterns with a resolution down to 30 μm. A mild annealing step yields conductive lines with high reliability and uniformity, providing an efficient method for the integration of graphene into large-area printed and flexible electronics.
Dieter Lohmar, Phanomenologie der schwachen Phantasie. Untersuchungen der Psychologie, Cognitive Science, Neurologie und Phanomenologie zur Funktion der Phantasie in der Wahrnehmung

[t]he thesis of this book is that phantasmatic self-affection is one of the fundamental conditions of possibility of human perception, thought and cognition. Self-affection means the capacity of the human mind to draw at times into all sensuous-fields (sight, touch, smell, taste, hearing, sensations of pleasure and pain, sensations of being-in-motion, of movement and of position, kinesthesia) something like sensations. However, these self-produced sensations, which Husserl called ‘‘Phantasmata,’’ appear to us almost as if they came from our senses (p. 1).
A numerical method for determining a coefficient in an elliptic equation

Abstract A numerical method for determining a scalar coefficient in a two-dimensional divergence form elliptic equation is investigated. The method is based on the minimization of a convex functional, and the reconstructed coefficient is a piecewise linear and continuous function on a triangulation of the two-dimensional domain. Stability and convergence results are given and numerical examples are considered.
Sovereign debt, structural adjustment, and conditionality

Abstract The lack of a proper enforcement mechanism for sovereign debt generates a commitment failure. As a result, a sovereign may seek to improve its position in debt renegotiations and thus evade its debt obligations by reducing exports. Conditionality seeks to provide a solution to the incentive problem by addressing the commitment failure. Formalizing this argument, we show that conditionality helps the repayment of sovereign debt. In certain circumstances, it can eliminate debt overhang, especially when it is coupled with concessionary lending of sufficient magnitude. It is, however, unable to restore first best. When it is anticipated by lenders, conditionality may get international financial institutions and sovereign debtors into a trap where the debt overhang persist, debt rescheduling takes place periodically, and conditionality continues indefinitely.
LYSOSOMAL ACID HYDROLASES IN MICE INFECTED WITH BCG

Experiments are reported dealing with the increase of lysosomal acid hydrolases induced by BCG infection. Acid hydrolases were determined quantitatively in peritoneal MP, liver homogenate, and plasma of normal and BCG-infected mice. A significant increase of acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, and cathepsin was found in MP and liver homogenate of BCG-infected mice. In plasma also a significant increase of acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase was noticed. The results of the determination of the enzymes in centrifugally separated subcellular fractions of liver homogenate indicated clearly that the acid hydrolases associated mainly with the "large granular" fraction, which consists of mitochondria, lysosomes, and microsomes and that infection with BCG caused significant increase of the enzymes specifically in this fraction. Differences in the pattern of location among centrifugally separated fraction of liver homogenate were observed between acid phosphatase and the other two acid hydrolases. MP cultured in vitro doubled their acid phosphatases content within 24 hours, whereas β-glucuronidase rather decreased in the same cells.
Terpene and Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons in the Essential Oil from Fresh Celery

SUMMARY: The terpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in celery essential oil that was recovered by two different methods were separated from the oxygen containing materials by column chromatography and analyzed by temperature-programmed gas chromatography. The essential oils were prepared from celery puree by a batch distillation procedure, and by vaporization in a Votator Turba-Film evaporator and rectification of the vapors in a packed distillation column. The terpenes α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, γ-terpinene and cymene; and the sesquiterpenes β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, α- and β-humulene and β-selinene were identified as constituents of the essential oils. The qualitative and quantitative relationships of the hydrocarbons between the two different oils were established and discussed.
A machine learning approach for locating acoustic emission

This paper reports on the feasibility of locating microcracks using multiple-sensor measurements of the acoustic emissions (AEs) generated by crack inception and propagation. Microcrack localization has obvious application in non-destructive structural health monitoring. Experimental data was obtained by inducing the cracks in rock specimens during a surface instability test, which simulates failure near a free surface such as a tunnel wall. Results are presented on the pair-wise event correlation of the AE waveforms, and these characteristics are used for hierarchical clustering of AEs. By averaging the AE events within each cluster, "super" AEs with higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) are obtained and used in the second step of the analysis for calculating the time of arrival information for localization. Several feature extraction methods, including wavelet packets, autoregressive (AR) parameters, and discrete Fourier transform coefficients, were employed and compared to identify crucial patterns related to Pwaves in time and frequency domains. By using the extracted features, an SVM classifier fused with probabilistic output is used to recognize the P-wave arrivals in the presence of noise. Results show that the approach has the capability of identifying the location of AE in noisy environments.
Differential Trading Patterns of Institutional Investors Surrounding the Release of Management Forecasts of Annual Earnings

This paper examines differences in the trading patterns of institutions. Investee firms with different levels and types of institutions are also examined. A method is developed to categorize institutions as active or inactive. Changes in the level of information, changes in the CAR response, changes in the type of earnings surprise and changes in trading volume are examined to detect differences across institutional types. Significant differences in CAR responses are observed between active and inactive traders, even after controlling for information surprises. In addition, the type of earnings surprise, good news versus bad news, results in differences in trading patterns across different types of institutional investors. Differences in trading volume and the timing of trading volumes are documented, as well. Active institutions tend to hold prior to good news disclosures, but no such evidence is reported for bad news disclosures. Inactive institutions do not exchange shares at same time or in the same manner as active institutions. This suggests the acquisition of private information by active institutions, but not by inactive institutions.
Direct Preparation of Amides from Amine Hydrochloride Salts and Orthoesters: A Synthetic and Mechanistic Perspective

AbstractThe conversion of a wide range of primary and secondary aliphatic and a few arylamine hydrochloride salts to their corresponding acetamides with trimethyl orthoacetate is described. Mechanistic studies using NMR and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques indicate these reactions proceed via an O-methylimidate intermediate that undergoes in situ demethylation by chloride, affording the corresponding acetamides. Synthetically, this reaction represents a practical, high-yielding protocol with a simple workup for the rapid conversion of amine hydrochloride salts to acetamides.
Is Conflict of Laws Becoming Passe? An Historical Response

Now that virtually all the nations of the world have come together in a world economy and an emerging world society, and universal bodies of law are gradually being created to help support that economy and society, the question has arisen whether the scope of both conflict-of-laws and comparative law will now gradually be substantially reduced. A response to that question raises the further question, what is the basic purpose of conflict-of-laws? Is it to preserve the autonomy of diverse legal systems or is it to help to harmonize them? A historical answer to that question is presented in this short essay. It appears that conflict-of-laws doctrines emerged in the West in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries drawn not, as is usually said, from Roman law but rather from the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, and that their basic purpose was not primarily to support the reciprocal application of the diverse bodies of law but rather to harmonize the laws of diverse jurisdictions that co-existed in the West. The fact that different results would be reached by the application of one or another body of laws was subordinated to the fact that all the different bodies of law had a common purpose, namely, to achieve justice. Thus conflicts rules were not originally, and should not now be, applied primarily in order to preserve the autonomy of competing laws but primarily in order to achieve common goals of justice.
Plasmonic Gold Nanorods for Depth-Resolved Viscosity in Polarization-Sensitive OCT

We demonstrate depth-resolved viscosity via polarized scattering from ensembles of tumbling plasmon-resonant gold nanorods (GNRs) monitored with polarization-sensitive OCT. This has potential for in vivo microrheology imaging of fluids such as mucus.
Unfinished Conquest: Residual Sovereignty and the Legal Foundations of the British Empire in India:

In this commentary I propose that European empires of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were largely unable to produce a consistent and self-contained theory of legal sovereignty. Considering...
Fecundity Reduction During Collapse of a Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Outbreak in Northeast Oregon

Fecundity of tussock moth populations varied among plots after the 1st yr (1972) of conspicuous tree defoliation and declined sharply after a 2nd yr (1973) of defoliation. Degree of defoliation in the 1st yr had no significant effect on egg production, although fewest eggs per mass were produced in the most severely defoliated areas. Severe tree defoliation in the 1st yr significantly affected quality of the filial generation. Field populations that had not already collapsed naturally had a 30% drop in fecundity after the 2nd yr of defoliation. The conclusion is that fecundity was influenced by many factors, food-related and otherwise, in the outbreak. Tree defoliation had its greatest effect at exceptionally high population densities when the favored current needles were destroyed early in the summer, placing surviving larvae under a food stress for much of their development.
Student Perceptions of Justification in Two Disparate Domains: Education and Biology.

This study investigated the perceptions of epistemic justification of student in two disparate domains of study to determine if any similarities and differences in their methods of justification exist. Two samples of students, or a total of 513 undergraduates from educational psychology (n=193) and biology (n=320) courses, completed a domain-general instrument that measured student views of pedagogical practices designed to enhance epistemic justification. A 3-factor solution best fit the data for both samples, but there were similarities and differences in the factors identified for the two samples. Students in both samples conceptualized the importance of collecting data or observable evidence to aid in making links between concepts as well as recognized the importance of both internal and external justification practices. One important distinction between the two samples is that those in the education sample distinguished between verifying core concepts and verifying connections using observable evidence, but the biology sample did not. Results suggest there are differences between the methods of justification conceptualized by students from the two different domains. Suggestions for future research are forwarded.
About Ruan Da-cheng:A Play Writer in the Ming Dynasty of China(III)

The records about the death of Ruan Da-cheng in history are various: died on his way to Fujian where the troops of Qing Dynasty wanted to occupy,or committed suicide for fear of punishment,or killed by the troops of Qing Dynasty or died from the ghost of the wronged,and so on,but the first two records,recorded in the Ming History about Ruan Da-cheng,seem more plausible.It is deduced from this paper that Ruan Da-cheng died at Xianxia mount when the Qing troops marched their way to Fujian on August18,1646 from many materials of the official historical records,scholars′ notes and files of imperial palace,etc.,so the other records are not believable.The plays were written by Ruan Da-cheng with new topics,conforming to no conventional patterns,drawing no materials from the conservative classics and folk vulgar books,and shows verse dramas often through the personal experiences or relatives or friends.The paper has given some brief explanations of the original stories of some complete and incomplete plays according to the connected historical records in addition to the historical facts.
System Control, Strategic Analysis and Development Trend of Agricultural Product Safety Based on Food Supply Chain

Agricultural product(food) safety risks can arise at any points in food supply chain from farm to mouth.Recently,many studies have focused on food safety control.Many standards and control systems such as HACCP,GVP,GAP,GMP and traceability system have been established and conducted in different countries.However,food safety control and risk assessments in different food sectors throughout the entire supply chain are less systematically studied.Therefore,an integrated and quantified food safety control system or model needs to be established in the future.
When will on-orbit servicing be part of the space enterprise?

Abstract The space industry is currently at a significant inflection point. Over the past decades, many spacecraft at geosynchronous orbit have continued a trend towards increasingly massive and longer-lasting satellites, and while they do represent some of the most exquisite, highest-performing satellites ever launched, some experts now feel that such trends are unsustainable and are beginning to place increasing strain on the underlying industry. To support current and future spacecraft, on-orbit servicing (OOS) infrastructures have been proposed, which would provide services such as repair, rescue, refueling, and upgrading of customer spacecraft in order to alleviate the identified space industry trends. In this paper, system dynamics modeling is used to assess various scenarios for OOS incorporation into the overall space industry, by evaluating its long-term effects on the design, cost, and underlying experience of a reference geosynchronous constellation. This system dynamics model is based heavily in behavioral economics’ Prospect Theory, with such concepts as anchoring and loss aversion factoring heavily into the overall simulation of the space industry. The primary conclusion of this analysis was that relatively low costs and substantial incorporation of servicing capabilities into customer architectures are likely to be necessary to ensure long-term sustainability of such a project. Finally, several policy implications for an OOS infrastructure are outlined.
To the Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World by Vincent Mosco

Vincent Mosco begins and ends To The Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World by exploring metaphors about clouds and applying them to cloud computing. These metaphors offer a way into understanding the history of cloud computing: where it came from, why it began, how its evolved, and the ways it works in our everyday lives. He draws on literature, including a book entitled The Cloud of Unknowing by a medieval English monk (pg. 13). As I write this, I switch over to my streaming music service momentarily and discover it playing a song of the same name, this time by a contemporary artist, James Blackshaw. Given that I’d heard of neither the song nor artist until this very moment, this makes me a bit suspicious about how closely I’m being watched by my music player. Was it reading my email? Did it discover my notes, uploaded to the cloud on Evernote? Does it know this book was shipped to me? It’s almost difficult to believe it is complete coincidence. And yet this is one of the promises of the cloud and big data - a world where what we want (even when we didn’t know we wanted it) is at our finger tips exactly when we want it.
Linking Personality Traits with Well-Being: The Influence of Primary Social Roles

Despite considerable research on personality and well-being, it has overlooked several important constructs. This study tested the associations of the Big Five personality traits with a large array of well-being variables, and it also tested the associations within three primary social roles: student, parent, and employee. Participants completed online surveys that assessed the participants’ Big Five personality traits and well-being (Study 1 sampled 507 college students and Study 2 sampled 227 North Americans in middle adulthood). The results showed that neuroticism was the strongest predictor for most of the well-being variables. The results also showed that the second strongest predictor of well-being was conscientiousness among students (Study 1) and among employees (Study 2), whereas agreeableness was the second strongest predictor of well-being among parents (Study 2). Implications for the Five Factor Model of personality and Person-Environment Fit theory are discussed.
Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance Facilitates Femoral Arterial Access and Reduces Vascular Complications: FAUST (Femoral Arterial Access With Ultrasound Trial)

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the procedural and clinical outcomes of femoral arterial access with ultrasound (US) guidance with standard fluoroscopic guidance. Background Real-time US guidance reduces time to access, number of attempts, and complications in central venous access but has not been adequately assessed in femoral artery cannulation. Methods Patients (n = 1,004) undergoing retrograde femoral arterial access were randomized 1:1 to either fluoroscopic or US guidance. The primary end point was successful common femoral artery (CFA) cannulation by femoral angiography. Secondary end points included time to sheath insertion, number of forward needle advancements, first pass success, accidental venipunctures, and vascular access complications at 30 days. Results Compared with fluoroscopic guidance, US guidance produced no difference in CFA cannulation rates (86.4% vs. 83.3%, p = 0.17), except in the subgroup of patients with CFA bifurcations occurring over the femoral head (82.6% vs. 69.8%, p Conclusions In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, routine real-time US guidance improved CFA cannulation only in patients with high CFA bifurcations but reduced the number of attempts, time to access, risk of venipunctures, and vascular complications in femoral arterial access. (Femoral Arterial Access With Ultrasound Trial [FAUST]; NCT00667381 )
Anatomy of the chiral magnetic effect in and out of equilibrium

We identify a new contribution to the chiral magnetic conductivity at finite frequencies—the magnetization current. This allows us to quantitatively reproduce the known field-theoretic time-dependent (AC) chiral magnetic response in terms of kinetic theory. We evaluate the corresponding AC chiral magnetic conductivity in two-flavor QCD plasma at weak coupling. The magnetization current results from the spin response of chiral quasiparticles to magnetic field, and is thus proportional to the quasiparticle’s g-factor. In condensed matter systems, where the chiral quasiparticles are emergent and the g-factor can significantly differ from 2, this opens up the possibility of tuning the AC chiral magnetic response.
Corrections to “Interconnect Design and Benchmarking for Charge-Based Beyond-CMOS Device Proposals”

In the above-named paper [ibid., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 508–511, Apr. 2016], a typo was found in equation 3. The corrected equation is provided.
Reduction in Nonfatal Injury Crashes After Implementation of Anti-Icing Technology

Several published papers and studies have shown that adverse weather conditions contribute to motor vehicle crashes and have an overall negative effect on highway safety. No publications were found to demonstrate the positive effects of winter maintenance anti-icing policies on safety for an entire network, such as a state highway system. Following a decision in the 2005–2006 season, the Connecticut Department of Transportation (DOT) converted from deicing to anti-icing policies. In this paper, aggregated motor vehicle crashes with nonfatal injuries are analyzed graphically to determine if winter weather safety was affected by the Connecticut DOT’s switch from deicing with a sand–salt mix to anti-icing procedures that included switching to salt only. A survey of the states surrounding Connecticut provided evidence that the Connecticut DOT had applied winter deicing chemical types and quantities in a similar manner to its neighboring states. This Connecticut study concluded that crashes with nonfatal injur...
Gaussian Process Regression for Virtual Metrology of Microchip Quality and the Resulting Selective Sampling Scheme

Manufacturing of integrated circuits involves many sequential processes executed to nanoscale tolerances, and the yield depends on the often-unmeasured quality of intermediate steps. Taking physical quality measurements in this high-throughput industry can be expensive and time-consuming. Instead, we seek to predict product quality characteristics using readily available sensor readings of the tool environment during processing of each wafer and employ Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) paradigm to realize this Virtual Metrology (VM) concept. Convergence of the GPR based VM estimation of product quality is hastened through an active sampling scheme, whereby the predictive uncertainty of the GPR model informs which wafer’s quality to measure next in order to obtain maximal additional information for the VM model. We evaluate these methods using a large dataset collected from a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, with relevant tool sensor readings and the corresponding physical measurements of mean film thicknesses for 32,000 wafers. By selecting which wafers to physically measure for VM model updates, the GPR based VM method achieves ~10% greater accuracy on average than the partial least squares based method.
Evaluation of cryobiopsy in pleuroscopic procedures

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the size, artefact, diagnostic utility and complications of cryobiopsy versus traditional forceps biopsies in pleuroscopic procedures. Methods: Patients undergoing semi-rigid pleuroscopy were enrolled since Jan 2016. Pleural biopsies were obtained in each case using both cryobiopsy and forceps biopsy. The maximum dimension, presence of deep tissue (defined by the presence of fat or skeletal muscle) in tissue fragment and tissue aggregates, tissue artefact, biopsy procedure duration and complications were compared between the two techniques. Results were analysed using Student’s t-tests for nominal variables with unequal variance and Chi-square tests for categorical variables. Results: A total of 10 patients have so far been analyzed, providing 33 specimens obtained with cryobiopsy and 42 specimens with forceps biopsy. Cryobiopsy specimens (8.52 ± 5.56 mm) were significantly larger than those from forceps biopsy (5.86 ± 4.75 mm) (p=0.03). There was significantly more deep tissue obtained via cryobiopsy (5.96 ± 4.03 mm) than with forceps biopsy (1.65 ± 1.03 mm) (p=0.01). There was a significantly less crush artefact percentage with cryobiopsy (3.18% ± 3.02%) when compared with forceps biopsy (6.63% ± 10.45%) (p=0.045). Cryobiopsy provided additional diagnostic information in 1 case of mesothelioma (p=0.3). There were no major procedure–related complications with either technique. Conclusion: Cryobiopsy demonstrated greater yield in histopathology as determined by the maximum dimension and dimension of deep tissue with a reduced percentage of crush artefact. This procedure provided extra diagnostic information in one case. Cryobiopsy was safe with a low complication rate.
The Case for Markets in Citizenship

A number of countries sell citizenship rights to foreign buyers. Gary Becker makes an economic case for the state's sale of citizenship; more recently, Javier Hidalgo has offered a moral defence. However, the private sale of citizenship on a market remains largely unexplored and undefended. This article argues that under certain conditions states ought to permit their citizens to swap citizenship rights with foreigners in exchange for payment. I begin by offering two defeasible reasons to legalize citizenship markets: they would enable mutually beneficial exchange and increase the labour market opportunities of the global poor. I consider a number of counterarguments and conclude that none are dispositive, leaving the case for citizenship markets undefeated.
Fear of Isolation and Perceived Affordances: The Spiral of Silence on Social Networking Sites Regarding Police Discrimination

The spiral of silence (SoS) framework elaborates the factors that determine whether individuals are willing to express their opinions in public. Although previous scholarship has examined differenc...
A CMOS inductorless MedRadio OOK transceiver with a 42 μW event-driven supply-modulated RX and a 14% efficiency TX for medical implants

An inductorless MedRadio (413∼419 MHz) OOK transceiver for an implantable brain-machine interface (BMI) in 180 nm CMOS is presented. An event-driven supply modulation (EDSM) technique is introduced in the receiver to lower the power consumption to 42/92 μW at 1/10 kbps, achieving −79/−74 dBm sensitivity (at 0.1% BER). The transmitter employs a current-starved ring oscillator with an automatic frequency calibration loop, achieving 14% efficiency for random OOK data at −4 dBm output power. Wireless connection, benchtop, multi-user coexistence, and in-vitro phantom test results are demonstrated.
CHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

This symposium marks the end of a decade of fruitful research related to the chemistry of the glycoprotein hormones. Ten years ago their similarities in subunit structures had just begun to be appreciated; six years ago their primary structures were delineated. The question that confronts investigators now looking toward the next decade in this field is how to extend this new knowledge of the chemistry of these molecules along avenues of either basic science or of clinical application.
Multiple Antibodies from the Same Species

Using 1° antibodies made in the different species is the easiest way to localize multiple proteins ( Chapter 11). However, it is not possible to get all 1° antibodies needed from a different species. This is especially true because there are so many mouse monoclonal antibodies available. Eventually, an experiment will need two mouse 1° antibodies or two rabbit 1° antibodies.
Hearing Disability Prevalence and Risk Factors in Two Recent National Surveys.

Introduction Hearing loss is a worldwide societal and public health concern. Globally, disabling hearing loss affects 538 million adults (men, 12.2%; women, 9.8%). This study examined the prevalence and risk factors associated with deafness or serious difficulty hearing in two nationally representative surveys. Methods Data were analyzed in 2017 from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the 2014 National Health Interview Survey. The BRFSS collected data through telephone interviews. The 2014 National Health Interview Survey collected face-to-face household interview data that included a hearing health supplement in the Sample Adult Core. Both surveys asked adults aged ≥18 years the disability question on deafness or serious difficulty hearing as defined by the American Community Survey. Weighted prevalence, prevalence ratios, and 95% CIs were calculated. Logistic regression was used to adjust for sociodemographic and geographic characteristics. Results Prevalence of deafness or serious difficulty hearing was 5.8% (BRFSS) and 6.0% (National Health Interview Survey); males had a 60% higher prevalence than females. The prevalence was significantly associated with increasing age, lower educational level and income, and was higher among non-Hispanic whites than among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics. Deafness or serious difficulty hearing was strongly associated with increasing degree of self-reported trouble hearing in the National Health Interview Survey. The BRFSS state-specific prevalence varied from 3.8% to 13.3%, with higher prevalence in the most public health–challenged states according to America’s Health Rankings. Conclusions The prevalence of deafness or serious difficulty hearing was approximately 6% in the National Health Interview Survey and BRFSS, but increased considerably for older, less advantaged individuals and in more public health–challenged states.