cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the existence of hazard-free multi-level logic

This paper introduces a new method which, given an arbitrary Boolean function and specified set of (function hazard-free) input transitions, determines if any hazard free multilevel logic implementation exists. The algorithm is based on iterative decomposition, using disjunction and inversion. Earlier approaches by Nowick and Dill (1995) and Theobald and Nowick (1998) have been proposed to determine if a hazard free two-level logic implementation exists. However, it is well-known that the effects of multi-level transformations are quite complex: since they can both decrease and increase logic hazards in a given circuit. In this paper, a method is proposed to solve the hazard free multi-level existence problem. The method is proven to be both sound and complete for a large class of multi-level implementations. A novel contribution is to show that, if any hazard free multi-level solution exists, then a hazard free solution always exists using only 3 logic levels, in a 3-level NAND or OR-AND-OR structure. Moreover, in this case, it is shown there always exists a unique canonical hazard free 3-level implementation.
An empirical security study of the native code in the JDK

It is well known that the use of native methods in Java defeats Java's guarantees of safety and security, which is why the default policy of Java applets, for example, does not allow loading non-local native code. However, there is already a large amount of trusted native C/C++ code that comprises a significant portion of the Java Development Kit (JDK). We have carried out an empirical security study on a portion of the native code in Sun's JDK 1.6. By applying static analysis tools and manual inspection, we have identified in this security-critical code previously undiscovered bugs. Based on our study, we describe a taxonomy to classify bugs. Our taxonomy provides guidance to construction of automated and accurate bug-finding tools. We also suggest systematic remedies that can mediate the threats posed by the native code.
The formation of the kamacite phase in metallic meteorites

To predict the concentration gradients in meteoritic kamacite, the newly determined Fe-Ni phase diagram of Goldstein and Ogilvie was applied and a diffusion analysis was developed. The results of the diffusion analysis show that for cooling rates of about 2×10−6 deg/yr the kamacite phase cannot remain in equilibrium at low cooling temperatures and a Ni depletion in the kamacite near the α-γ interface occurs below 450°C. Certain other features of the kamacite phase are predicted: (1) an increasing Ni concentration from the center of the kamacite phase toward the α-γ interface in coarse and medium octahedrites, (2) a variation in the average Ni content of the average kamacite bandwidths with the over-all Ni content of the meteorite, and (3) a similar average composition of kamacite plates of the same width regardless of the over-all Ni content of the parent meteorite. These predictions have been confirmed by electron probe measurements of several metallic meteorites. This study shows that the composition of the kamacite phase in meteorites can be predicted from cooling rates of parent bodies which form at low pressure.
An attribute grammar based framework for machine-dependent computational optimization of media processing algorithms

Media processing algorithms are typically computationally intensive, and in complexity constrained environments, finding the most computationally efficient algorithm is critical. In this paper, we present an attribute grammar based framework which captures the computational complexity of an algorithm in a machine-dependent manner. Using this formalism, a media processing algorithm can be optimally and automatically tuned to a particular machine by a problem specific optimizer. Moreover, the tradeoff between performance and execution time on a specific machine can be controlled and thus exploited to optimize overall performance. To illustrate the viability of our approach, we applied it to the variable-length code (VLC) decoding problem and show that the optimal VLC decoding algorithm can be found using the framework. Tradeoff between coding efficiency and decoding speed of Huffman code can be exploited by employing length-limited code.
Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration in children after cardiac surgery

Objective: Acute renal failure (ARF) is still a frequent complication following extensive cardiac surgery. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality preferences to treat critically ill children have shifted from peritoneal dialysis to continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), although the experience with the latter is still highly limited in the infants. Methods: We describe our results with continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in 25 children (15 males, 10 females) who underwent CRRT from 2001 to 2006 and were retrospectively reviewed. Results: We performed continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVHDF) using PRISMA (Hospal). The mean age at the onset of CRRTwas 26 months (ranging from 7 days to 11.2 years) and the mean body weight was 14 kg. The mean duration of RRTwas 67 h (8—243 h) with ultrafiltration rate 4.9 ml/(h kg); the mean filter ‘lifetime’ was 31.5 h. Anticoagulation was achieved with non-fractioned heparin infusion (21/25 cases) and enoxaparin(2/16). The mean creatinineconcentrations at the beginning,24, 48 and 72 h were as follows: 171, 100, 65 and 88 mmol/l.Of these 25 treated children, 19 died inthe postoperative period(8 duringCVVHDF).The mortalityrate for theentire groupwas76%. The main causeof death was cardiac failure and sepsis with multiorgan dysfunction (MODS). The main complication during CRRTwas bleeding, transient hypothermia, thrombocytopenia and filter clotting which occurred in about one-third of the patients. Conclusions: We conclude that CVVHDF may be an alternative method of renal support for critically ill children after cardiac surgery in experienced centers, but a significant number of specific complications should be taken into account. # 2007 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Load sharing and shortest-path routing in transparently interconnected local area networks

A new transparent bridging scheme, called the source dependent spanning tree (SDS), is presented in which bridges observe broadcast packets from active hosts to create the shortest path trees for these hosts dynamically. Issues related to packet forwarding in the presence of multiple trees are identified and algorithms for addressing these issues are presented. Some important properties of SDS, such as correctness, are described, and it is compared with previously proposed schemes. Under standard traffic assumptions, it is shown that SDS can achieve load sharing and shortest-path routing without incurring excessive storage and communication overheads. >
Determinants of ozone fluxes and metrics for ozone risk assessment in plants

Tropospheric ozone concentration is increasing and represents a threat to single plants and whole ecosystems. The deleterious ozone effects mainly occur when (i) ozone concentration in the air builds up; (ii) the pollutant enters the leaf through stomatal uptake, and (iii) ozone-produced reactive oxygen species are not efficiently scavenged by leaf antioxidants and then oxidize leaf tissues. The sensitivity of plants to ozone is species-specific, and a correct risk assessment should be based on a metric that correctly takes into account the ambient concentration of ozone, the physiological control on stomatal apertures, and the efficiency of leaf antioxidant system. Current methodologies have been analysed to evaluate ozone risk assessment, and, by phasing-in and phasing out sources and sinks of ozone, elements of improvements for the current metrics have been suggested.
Moments Determine the Tail of a Distribution (But Not Much Else)

Abstract How much information does a finite collection of moments carry about the underlying distribution? We revive an old bound, give a new, simple formula for its calculation, and demonstrate that although very little can be said about the central part of the distribution, the tail is much more sharply defined.
The making of a memory mechanism.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) is a kind of synaptic plasticity that many contem- porary neuroscientists believe is a component in mechanisms of memory. This essay describes the discovery of LTP and the development of the LTP research program. The story begins in the 1950's with the discovery of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus (a medial temporal lobe structure now associated with memory), and it ends in 1973 with the publication of three papers sketching the future course of the LTP research program. The making of LTP was a protracted affair. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity was initially encountered as an experimental tool, then reported as a curiosity, and finally included in the ontic store of the neurosciences. Early researchers were not investigating the hippocampus in search of a memory mechanism; rather, they saw the hippocampus as a useful experimental model or as a structure implicated in the etiology of epilepsy. The link between hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning or memory was a separate conceptual achievement. That link was formulated in at least three different ways at different times: reductively (claiming that plasticity is identical to learning), analogically (claiming that plasticity is an example or model of learning), and mechanistically (claiming that plasticity is a component in learning or memory mechanisms). The hypothesized link with learning or memory, coupled with developments in experimental techniques and preparations, shaped how researchers understood LTP itself. By 1973, the mechanistic formulation of the link between LTP and memory provided an abstract framework around which findings from multiple perspectives could be integrated into a multifield research program.
Development of a Grid-based Statistical Potential for Protein Structure Prediction

A key component in protein structure prediction is the development of potentials that can discriminate native or near native structures from the wrong ones. Most previously developed statistical potentials are based on the preferred distances between any pair of residues. Here we explore the possible angle dependence between pairs of residues in addition to their distance dependence. For simplicity, we used a grid based partition of the space and analyzed relative geometric propensity between protein residue pairs. One thousand and nine non-redundant protein structures are studied in this paper. We have attached a local coordinate system to each amino acid, and spatial distributions of its nearby residues are investigated. Within the same distance range, there are clear differences in various grids. We have further developed a grid-based statistical potential, which incorporates both the distance dependence and angle dependence using a quasi-chemical approximation. The potential is tested against 32 decoy sets, and in 25 cases the native structure has the best score. This performance is comparable and in two cases better than best performance from previously developed distance-dependent statistical potentials on residue and atom level
Transplantation of rat metanephroi into mice

To determine whether transplanted metanephroi grow and differentiate after implantation into the omentum in hosts of a different species, we implanted metanephroi from embryonic day 15 (E15) rat em...
Managing for ecosystem services in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests using a novel simulation-to-optimization methodology

Forest managers are faced with the difficulty of promoting multiple ecosystem services (ES) with an incomplete understanding of the complex ways these ES interact. We developed a quantitative model to help managers better understand the effect of different management options on eight ES over time. These ES were (1) Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) habitat, (2) the harvest of merchantable timber, (3) the harvest of woody biomass for potential conversion to bioenergy, (4) northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) habitat, (5) scenic beauty, (6) fire hazard reduction, (7) carbon storage, and (8) restoration of pre-European settlement forest structure represented through larger quadratic mean diameters (QMD). We integrated production functions for these eight ES with a forest growth-and-yield model to simulate the effects of three management actions over a 45-year period in northern Arizona, USA. We scaled ES values based on their observed maximum and minimum values as a means to compare achievement levels between ES. These scaled ES values were input into a goal-programming model to identify the optimal management regimes given a corresponding set of five different management objectives. The combination of simulation modeling with goal-programming is a novel approach for evaluating ES responses to management and for optimizing ES attainment objectives. To illustrate the value of this novel approach, we designed management objectives to reflect the likely goals a forest manager may choose for each ES in this region. ES goals were distinguished at the forest- and stand-level spatial extents. Results demonstrate the flexibility of the ES optimization model to plan for a variety of situations and preferences. For instance, two ES management goals viewed as conflicting are the protection of Mexican Spotted Owl habitat and the reduction of fire hazard risk. One ES optimization scenario (Scenario 5) produces a plan that reduces area considered as having a high fire hazard from 56% to 7% of the study area in 2015 without any reduction in owl habitat quality throughout the time horizon. We recommend that our methodology be applied and developed further by those in both the research and applied fields of ecosystem sciences.
Intuitions and Their Objects

As we noted in Chapter One, in the Transcendental Deduction Kant attempts to prove that the categories apply to all the objects of our possible experience — to all objects that we do or can know. He attempts also to demonstrate that the categories cannot be shown or known to apply to any other objects.1 The basic strand of his argument runs as follows. Kant assumes that we know some arbitrarily selected object — of course through some arbitrary given sensible intuition. From this assumption together with various points about us, the knower, he infers that this object is necessarily subject to the categories. As we see in detail in later chapters, he does so by appealing to the way in which we can think in the first-person of our experiences as ours. Because we can think of all our experiences in that way, the arbitrary given intuition in question must be so generated in our mind that its object is necessarily subject to the categories. Because this object is an arbitrarily selected one (as is the intuition in question), Kant generalizes and concludes that all the objects that we do or can know through sensible intuitions are necessarily subject to the categories. And because the objects that we can know are simply the objects that we can know through our sensible intuitions, he thus holds that the categories apply to all the objects of our possible experience. He goes on to infer that we cannot know or show the categories to apply to any other sort of object.
Production of haploids in Brassica spp. via microspore culture

Haploids can occur naturally at low frequencies or be produced via culture of anthers, isolated microspores, unfertilized ovules, chromosome elimination with wide crosses, or pollination with irradiated pollen. The method chosen depends on the species to be studied. The development of embryos from microspores or anthers is termed androgenesis. This technique can be applied to many species and will be discussed further in this chapter.
Linkage between Leadership and Reading: A Theoretical Review

This paper deals with reading and effective leadership. It highlights the fact that every reader is a potential leader. Effective leadership is therefore hinged on acquiring essential reading skills. The paper concludes by recommending ways individuals can enhance their reading skills and leadership skills are enhanced accordingly.
Bismuth(III) Trifluoromethanesulfonate Catalyzed Ring-Opening Reaction of Mono Epoxy Oleochemicals To Form Keto and Diketo Derivatives

Using a catalytic system, methyl oleate is transformed into long-chain keto and diketo derivatives via an epoxide route. Methyl 9(10)-oxooctadecanoate and methyl 9,10-dioxooctadecanoate were made by a ring-opening reaction of epoxidized methyl oleate using bismuth(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (bismuth triflate) catalyst. Lower reaction temperatures favor the ketone, whereas higher temperatures are required to produce the diketone. The second synthesis also requires the use of dimethylsulfoxide to serve as an oxygen atom donor and that reagent also is needed to keep the catalyst in its active form. The ketone was also evaluated as a lubricity additive in soybean oil, where it was found that it had a minimal effect in reducing wear and did not improve oxidative stability. This drawback, while not good in lubricant formulations, is desirable in many applications such as paint and linoleum production. Also, the structure of the ketone could make it a desirable dielectric fluid, where the water sequestering ...
Inflammatory Mechanisms after Ischemia and Stroke

Inflammation has been implicated as a secondary injury mechanism following ischemia and stroke. A variety of experimental models, including thromboembolic stroke, focal and global ischemia, have been used to evaluate the importance of inflammation. The vasculature endothelium promotes inflammation through the upregulation of adhesion molecules such as ICAM, E-selectin, and P-selectin that bind to circulating leukocytes and facilitate their migration into the CNS. Once in the CNS, the production of cytotoxic molecules may facilitate cell death. The macrophage and microglial response to injury may either be beneficial by scavenging necrotic debris or detrimental by facilitating cell death in neurons that would otherwise recover. While many studies have tested these hypotheses, the importance of inflammation in these models is inconclusive. This review summarizes data regarding the role of the vasculature, leukocytes, blood-brain barrier, macrophages, and microglia after experimental and clinical stroke.
Postwar Pluralism, Brown v. Board of Education, and the Origins of Multicultural Education

The rise of multiculturalism in American society has rarely, if ever, been linked to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Many scholars believe that the Court viewed its opinion as the beginning of the end of ethnoracial divisions. In his call for a postethnic America, the historian David A. Hollinger goes a step further and argues that those who struggled against segregation "had little incentive to embrace the pluralist emphasis on the autonomy or durability of ethno-racial groups." As the multicultural movement blossomed in the early 1990s, the liberal historian John Higham joined Nathan Glazer and other racial neoconservatives (who opposed social engineering to bring minorities into the mainstream) in pointing an accusatory finger at the black power movement and white guilt as the parents of multiculturalism. Most recently, Elisabeth Lasch-Quinn has extended this line of interpretation, claiming that therapeutic race experts, fueled by black power's identity politics, hijacked the civil rights movement and forged an excessive multiculturalism. To such critics, multiculturalism, like black power, smacks of separatism, overwrought group consciousness, the suffocation of individualism, and the decline of class politics.1 That interpretation stems largely from a misreading of multiculturalism as ethnocentric. When the word multiculturalism came into vogue, critics of the movement saw no distinction between Afrocentrism and ethnocentrism, on the one hand, and multiculturalism, on the other. Controversies over public school curricula in New York City in the early 1990s clarified the distinction. In 1990 the historian of education Diane Ravitch, opposing Afrocentrism in the public schools, distinguished it from pluralism but treated both as brands of multiculturalism. Yet she noted that Afrocentrism does not embrace a common culture. That distinction should have led
76nt RNAs are transported axonally into regenerating axons and growth cones. What are they doing there

Successful nerve regeneration requires not only that neurons reconstruct new axons distal to the site of injury, but also those growing axons must navigate through the neuropil to make appropriate synaptic connections with target cells. While this is an imposing task for the thousands of axons that may occupy a regenerating nerve in the peripheral nervous system or a tract in the central nervous system, the billions of neurons in the developing brain must accomplish similar tasks making connections that number in the trillions. How do neurons do this?
Reuse technology of freedom characteristic design of geometric model

Characteristic technology is the hotspot at all times for the study on the fields of computer aided design and manufacturing.Due to the complexity and the uncertainty of itself,thus let the description and operation of the freedom characteristics become quite difficult.From the angle of knowledge reuse the designing method of model based on freedom characteristics was established.Utilizing the signal processing techniques——multi-dimensioned characteristics of wavelet,let the airspace expression of model be transformed into the frequency field description.The picking-up and reuse on freedom characteristics of model were achieved by means of wavelet filter set.The transformation of model from airspace to frequency field will not only enhancing the modeling efficiency of freedom curved surfaces but also be of convenience for the modification and debugging of model.
The analysis of marital interaction in cross-sectional twin data.

The effects on twin data of social interaction between spouses is examined. When social interaction leads to an increase in marital resemblance (eg through reciprocal imitation), the variance of married individuals is increased, compared to the variance of unmarried individuals. Furthermore, the expected correlations between concordant married twin pairs will be lower than the expected correlations between concordant unmarried twin pairs, with the discordant twin correlations being intermediate in value. It is therefore possible, in principle, to detect the effects of marital interaction without using either longitudinal data or data on spouse pairs. However, to be detectable in twin data, marital interaction must be strong, or must exhibit marked asymmetry of effects between males and females. Genotype × environment interaction can also produce heterogeneity of correlation between concordant married, discordant, and concordant unmarried twin pairs, when genetic and environmental effects interact with marital status. However, this will usually produce increased estimates of the genetic component of variance in unmarried twins, whereas marital interaction produces increased genetic variance in married twins.
An Anosov Translation

Publisher Summary An Anosov splitting for a diffeomorphism consists of a complete Riemannian metric on a continuous invariant splitting and a constant. The chapter discusses a class of Anosov diffeomorphisms of noncompact manifolds which display characteristics—empty nonwandering set and nondiscrete centralizer, for example, not found in Anosov diffeomorphisms of compact manifolds.
Urothelium as a Pain Organ

The urinary bladder urothelium has been previously cast in a supporting role, acting as a passive barrier to ions/solutes as well as providing protection to the underlying tissues. Recently these cells have been emerging as key elements in the detection and transmission of both physiological and nociceptive stimuli in the bladder. There is mounting evidence that the urothelium is involved in sensory mechanisms (i.e., ability to express a number of sensor molecules or respond to thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli) and can release chemical mediators. Localization of afferent nerves next to the urothelium suggests that these cells may be targets for transmitters released from bladder nerves or that chemicals released by urothelial cells may alter afferent nerve excitability. While traditional therapies for urinary bladder pain have primarily focused on neuronal targets, recent findings suggest that targeting urothelial sensor molecules and/or release mechanisms could be an alternative for the development of pharmacological agents for the treatment of bladder dysfunction.
The Avian Embryo: A Model for Descriptive and Experimental Embryology

Publisher Summary This chapter explains why the chick embryo is such an excellent model to study embryology/developmental biology. For a number of reasons, the avian embryo has served as an excellent model system for well over the past 100 years. The application of modern cell biological marking and molecular techniques have further extended the usefulness of the avian embryo greatly. Several studies have been published that provide detailed methodologies/descriptions for maximizing the use of avian embryos as model systems. Some argue that although the avian embryo is an excellent model for embryology/developmental biology, it is not a perfect model. Development of genetic procedures in avian embryos, including the promising ways of altering gene expression on an embryo-by-embryo basis in a temporally and spatially restricted manner, provides further promise that the avian embryo will be a favored experimental model for well into the 21st century.
Modeling of Motion of the Domain Walls in Ferromagnetic Materials (A Survey)

We analyze basic approaches to the mathematical modeling of motion of the domain walls in ferromagnetics under the influence of external magnetic fields. According to the results of synthesis of the literature data, we present an equation for the displacement of a domain wall with regard for the Brownian distribution of the field. We also describe the available mathematical models constructed on the basis of the dependences of the thickness of domain walls on mechanical stresses, which enable us to determine the maximum displacements of a domain wall and estimate the amplitude of magnetoelastic acoustic emission.
Age validation of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the eastern Pacific Ocean

The blue shark (Prionace glauca) is subjected to high levels of fishery catch and by-catch worldwide; thus, knowledge of their productivity and population status is vital, yet basic assumptions of band-pair deposition rates in vertebrae used for age and growth models are being made without direct validation studies in the Pacific Ocean. As such, the purpose of the present study was to validate vertebral band-deposition rates of blue sharks tagged and recaptured in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Vertebrae of 26 blue sharks marked with oxytetracycline (OTC) were obtained from tag–recapture activities to determine timing of centrum growth-band deposition. Results from band counts distal to the OTC mark on each vertebra indicated that a single band pair (1 translucent and 1 opaque) is formed per year for blue sharks ranging from 1 to 8 years of age. Length–frequency modal analysis was also used to obtain growth estimates from a dataset spanning 26 years of research and commercial catch data. Results provide support for annual band-pair deposition in blue shark vertebrae and will aid in future blue shark age and growth studies in the Pacific Ocean.
Characterization of the growth and lipid content of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri

Chaetoceros muelleri (Schutt) was cultured on a thermal gradient plate, subjected to two media types with a range of specific conductances, and evaluated for growth and neutral lipid accumulation. Growth was measured directly by daily changes in cell numbers and indirectly by changes in optical density at 750 nm. C. muelleri exhibited a growth rate of at least two doublings day-1 over broad temperature (20 to 35 °C) and conductance ranges (10 to over 60 mS cm-1) and the optimum growth rate approached 4.0 doublings day-1 at 30 °C and a conductance of 25 mS cm-1. Intracellular neutral lipid storage was evaluated with fluorometry and epifluorescent microscopy using the fluorochrome Nile Red. Gravimetric analysis revealed a total lipid content in nitrogen-depleted cultures of C. muelleri of over 400 mg L-1, five to seven times that observed in nitrogen-replete cultures. Based on its high growth rate, tolerance to a broad range of temperatures and specific conductances, and large quantity of intracellular lipid, C. muelleri may have potential for exploitation as a renewable precursor to liquid fuels or as a lipid source.
X-ray induced chemical reaction revealed by in-situ X-ray diffraction and scanning X-ray microscopy in 15 nm resolution(Conference Presentation)

The detection sensitivity of synchrotron-based X-ray techniques has been largely improved due to the ever increasing source brightness, which have significantly advanced ex-situ and in-situ research for energy materials, such as lithium-ion batteries. However, the strong beam-matter interaction arisen from the high beam flux can significantly modify the material structure. The parasitic beam-induced effect inevitably interferes with the intrinsic material property, which brings difficulties in interpreting experimental results, and therefore requires comprehensive evaluation. Here we present a quantitative in-situ study of the beam-effect on one electrode material Ag2VO2PO4 using four different X-ray probes with different radiation dose rate. The material system we reported exhibits interesting and reversible radiation-induced thermal and chemical reactions, which was further evaluated under electron microscopy to illustrate the underlying mechanism. The work we presented here will provide a guideline in using synchrotron X-rays to distinguish the materials’ intrinsic behavior from extrinsic structure changed induced by X-rays, especially in the case of in-situ and operando study where the materials are under external field of either temperature or electric field.
Lessons Learned From an Online Study with Dual-smoker Couples.

OBJECTIVE In this paper we present lessons learned from an online study assessing couples' health behaviors. METHODS We conducted an online cross-sectional study to assess health behaviors of dual-smoker couples. Participants were recruited via passive and targeted methods. Data were collected from 77 (pre-safeguard) and 197 (post-safeguard) participants. Safeguards included: (1) changing the incentive from prepaid card to raffle; (2) allowing only one IP address per response; (3) masking eligibility; (4) adding multiple questions to ensure consistency in responses; and (5) emphasizing data surveillance. We computed descriptive statistics using SAS 9.4 to compare enrollment rates and validity of data between the pre- and post-safeguard participants. RESULTS Although 77 entries were collected within 24 hours (presafeguards), 5 responses were ineligible and excluded. Among the remaining 72 entries, 68.1 were fraudulent as either multiple data entries (24.5) and/or conflict in responses to similar survey items (83.7). Once safeguards were administered (post-safeguards), data collection took longer to obtain 297 participants, which included 27 ineligibles. Among the 270 eligible participants, 35.9 were fraudulent due to conflicting responses to similar survey items. CONCLUSION Online data collection via surveys should use safeguards to capture valid data. Many safeguards exist, which researchers should consider when designing online survey projects.
Leaf thickness to predict plant water status

Plant-based techniques to measure crop water status offer advantages over soil-based methods. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between leaf thickness measurements, as a promising plant-based technique, with leaf relative water content (RWC) and assess the model across different species and leaf positions. The relationship between RWC and relative thickness (RT) was determined on corn (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and fava bean (Vicia faba L.). RWC was calculated as measured leaf water content/leaf water content at full turgor, and RT as measured leaf thickness/leaf thickness at full turgor. Two leaves from the top, middle, and bottom of five plants of each species were collected at 60 days of age. Leaf samples brought to full turgor were left to dehydrate in a lab. Leaf thickness was measured using a magnetic field sensor and water content using weight loss. The RWC-RT relationship showed a distinct breakpoint, which we hypothesise coincides with the turgor loss point. Linear piecewise modelling was used to regress RWC versus RT, resulted in models explaining 86–97% of the variations. The precision was improved by including leaf position on the plant in the model. The piecewise model parameters were related to salt tolerance of the species, which is also an indicator of drought resistance. Generally, the species with greater drought and salinity tolerance had a larger RT at the breakpoint.
Kant and Hegel: Organicism and Language Theory

When Noam Chomsky brought the terms “deep structure” and “surface structure” into the playground of literary criticism, not everyone welcomed the new game of Cartesian Linguistics (1966). Especially antagonistic were those who saw a distortion, indeed a falsification, of the historical record in Chomsky’s account of the advent and perpetuation of a “Cartesian” theory of language. Ernst Koerner labled the endeavour a “Whig history” contrived only to legitimize Chomsky’s own position, and Andre Joly set forth a well-documented case against Chomsky’s “erreur memorable.” Hans Aarsleff not only declared that “Chomsky’s version of the history of linguistics is fundamentally false,” he also called attention to “carelessness, omission, and (unfortunately) plain ignorance.”1 Chomsky created difficulty for himself by abstracting from Descartes a particular set of notions about the nature of language, then proceeding to identify recurrences of this abstracted set, under the lable of Cartesian, to a variety of subsequent studies on language. As an example of the absurdity of this procedure. Aarsleff cites Chomsky’s inclusion of Du Marsais, who was “both strongly anti-Cartesian and emphatically pro-Lockean.”2
Acceleration insensitive hemispherical shell resonators using pop-up rings

This work introduces DICE (Deep Isotropic Chemical Etching) process for fabrication of highly symmetric 3D Hemispherical Shell Resonators (HSR) based on HNA etching of silicon using a pop-up ring mask. The proposed method is used to fabricate 650 nm thick SiO 2 hemispherical shell with a diameter of 180 μm, demonstrating a 3D symmetry of 99%. The quality factor (Q) of the wine glass n=2 mode is measured as 31542 at 100 kHz with a frequency mismatch of 512 Hz (Δf/f r =0.5%) between the two n=2 degenerate modes. COMSOL simulations show that a symmetric shell resonator has simultaneous shock insensitivity to in-plane and out-of-plane acceleration.
An automatic random walk based method for 3D segmentation of the heart in cardiac computed tomography images

Cardiac Computed Tomography (CT) is an important imaging modality for diagnosing cardiovascular disease. Heart segmentation from CT scans is a prerequisite for clinical interpretation, providing critical information for quantitative analysis of the heart and coronary structures. This paper presents a fully automated algorithm for heart segmentation based on the random walk model and automated initial seeds detection. The performance of the method is evaluated on a cardiac CT dataset of 58 subjects using manual segmentation as a reference standard. We show the results of our method are similar to the reference standard and are comparable to the results from a commercial product. We also demonstrate our automated method can reliably segment other tissue structures in cardiac CT images.
Perceived Direction of Rotary Motion

This chapter presents the basis for a model of the perception of rotary motion. The misperception of rotary motion does not involve a conflict between veridical and nonveridical sources of information or the switching from a veridical to a nonveridical source. Instead, the same sources of information and the same processing rules that result in veridical direction judgments for some forms under some viewing conditions are held to result in nonveridical judgments for other forms under other conditions. These sources are related to dynamic changes in the projection of the rotating form rather than to the perception of static characteristics of the form. It seems unlikely that direction judgments are based on the perceptions of the static properties of a form that is shown undergoing a continuous transformation. On the contrary, dynamic changes have been shown to be considerably more effective than static properties in determining slant judgments. The chapter discusses the application of process models to the study of depth perception. These are, in essence, models that attempt to be explicit about the sources of information subject's use in judgments and the rules that are applied to information from these sources. The model , like process models in a number of other fields of human behavior, relies on heuristic processing rules.
The Game of War: The Liberating Action of Games in a Context of Political Polarization

This chapter deals with the impact that a process of political polarization can have on children who live in such a situation. The subject is here approached through the perspective of liberation psychology. Hence, I sought to raise a form of consciousness that would alert the children about the effects of political polarity, allowing them to maintain a peaceful and rational position, even in a context of violence.
Rolltrusion: Double-Orientation of Polymers Using a Single Step Process

The properties of commercial polymers (plastics) have been considerably improved by rolltrusion. In this process the polymer is deformed stepwise or continuously between rollers* where it drawn simultaneously. A variety of workpiece shapes may be used and the sample size is only limited by the practical dimensions of the roller and wind-up assembly used. Quality materials of high modulus and strength, high transparency, good creep resistance and toughness have been produced in a single step operation without using fillers. The finished product is non-spherulitic. Real draw ratios of X60 are found for some plastics that are comprised of anisotropic crystallites of measurable dimensions from small angle X-ray scattering. These crystallites are highly oriented in a connecting “amorphous” matrix whose orientation is determined by the processing conditions. Wide angle X-ray measurements have shown that the crystallites are frequently disposed with a low index crystallographic plane coinciding with the roll plane of the plastic. Some molecular weight dependence of this roll plane has been noted especially for polyethylene.
Archaeology and the Challenges of Capitalist Farm Tenancy in America

Historical archaeologists today give the study of plantations a prominent place in their field. Within recent years, plantation archaeology has had a growing presence at several well-established archaeological conferences, and archaeologists are beginning to write more about the subject for a wider audience (see, for example, Ferguson 1992). Archaeologists have shed much-needed light on plantation life, with a great deal of focus on the slave quarters (for overviews, see Orser 1990,1994a; Singleton 1991).
Characterizing Peer Review Comments and Revision from a Writing-to-Learn Assignment Focused on Lewis Structures

Lewis structures are fundamental to learning chemistry, yet many students struggle to develop a complex understanding of its meaning and uses. Writing-to-Learn supports students in developing a deeper conceptual understanding of the topic, making it an ideal pedagogy to apply to student learning of Lewis structures. One difficulty often associated with classroom writing is the capacity of instructors to provide feedback to each student on their written work; however, this practical constraint can be mitigated through incorporating peer review. Peer review and revision are known to support conceptual learning and yet are underutilized in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) classrooms. Additionally, peer review is an authentic, common, and necessary practice in chemistry research, which warrants its incorporation early on in chemistry courses. A major concern regarding the use of peer review-based feedback is the ability of students to provide concept-based feedback that is both correct and de...
Immunologic response to high-dose influenza vaccination in patients with primary central nervous system malignancy (PCNSM).

e20669 Background: Cancer patients have a 4-times greater rate of influenza-associated hospitalization and death. Previously, we reported reduced immunogenicity to the standard (SD) influenza vacci...
Anion/Naphthalenediimide Interactions in a Pd(II)-Based Tetrameric Metallocycle

A tetrameric metallocycle [Pd(dppp)(DPNDI)]4·8TfO consisting of four dppp-capped Pd(II) corners (dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphonium)propane) and four linear π-acidic N,N′-di(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naph...
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a young adult collegiate athlete (P1.7-009)

Objective: NA Background: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare, immune-mediated demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting 0.64 per 100,000 people per year. This case report presents a 19 year-old male collegiate athlete who presented with paraplegia, diminished vibration and pinprick, diplopia, hyperreflexia and urinary retention following an upper respiratory infection one week prior to presentation. MRI of the brain and spinal cord showed T2 FLAIR hyperintensities in the pons, left middle cerebral peduncle, left insula, and right posterior frontal lobe. Extensive T2 FLAIR changes were noted in the cervical and thoracic cord. A punctuate area of enhancement at C5/C6 was also noted. CSF studies showed 340 white blood cells, 10 red blood cells, 78 protein and 57 glucose. Notably, serum Mycoplasma antibodies were positive, but were not detected in the CSF. Neuromyelitis optica aquaporin-4 antibodies and multiple sclerosis panel were negative. The patient was treated with doxycycline for 14 days and intravenous methylprednisolone alternating with plasmapheresis, followed by an oral prednisone taper. He did require brief intubation, but after a prolonged rehabilitation course, he was able to return to playing collegiate sports with minimal residual neurologic deficits. Design/Methods: NA Results: NA Conclusions: CNS complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae occur in less than 0.1% of infections and can be severe, as demonstrated by this case. The exact pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae CNS infections is not well understood, but is thought to be secondary to direct infection with cytokines causing neuronal tissue damage, indirect autoimmunity, vasculitis, thrombosis, or a combination of these. This case was felt to represent ADEM given the distribution of lesions on MRI, response to therapy, and overall improvement of lesions with no new lesions on follow up imaging. A component of direct infection contributing to the severity of his presentation cannot be fully ruled out. Disclosure: Dr. Kyrtsos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Seese has nothing to disclose. Dr. Waters has nothing to disclose.
Clostridial Collagenase for the Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Results of Four Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background Despite major treatment advances, diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) remain a frequent and debilitating complication of diabetes mellitus and a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Objective This study evaluates and compares clinical effectiveness of clostridial collagenase ointment (CCO) with standard care (SC) in patients with DFUs, with the goal to define best clinical criteria under which to use CCO in the DFU population. Materials and methods This is a pooled data analysis of 4 randomized controlled trials that compared clinical effectiveness of CCO to SC. A total of 174 adult patients with 1 target DFU each who underwent treatment with CCO (n = 88) or SC (n = 86) for 4 or 6 weeks were evaluated. Assessments included wound area reduction, wound bed status, and time to closure. Results Statistically significant mean percentage change in wound area from baseline was numerically greater for CCO than SC at the end of study (EOS) following 6 or 8 weeks of treatment; these values were -56% and -10%, respectively, in the subgroup of plantar surface ulcers (P = .05) and wounds assessed as "low necrosis" (≤ 25% necrotic) at baseline (-64% vs. -20%). When rapidly healing ulcers were excluded from the analysis, the difference in ulcer area reduction was even greater for CCO compared with SC at EOS (-53% vs. -7%; P = .05). Conclusions Active CCO therapy was associated with a nonstatistically greater reduction in wound size than any of the passive or mechanical SC modalities at end of treatment. This was statistically significant when used in conjunction with sharp debridement and for slow healing ulcers, larger sized wounds, or plantar surface wounds.
Dietary Regulation of Memory T Cells

Memory T cells are a fundamental component of immunological memory, providing rapid and potent host protection against secondary challenges. As such, memory T cells are key targets in the design of vaccination strategies and cancer immunotherapies, making it critical to understand the factors and mechanisms that regulate their biology. Diet is an environmental feature that impacts virtually all aspects of host physiology. However, the influence of specific dietary regiments and nutritional components on the immune system is only just starting to be uncovered. This article will review literature regarding the impact of diet and nutrition on memory T cell development, maintenance and function. It was recently shown that caloric restriction without undernutrition enhances memory T cell function, while diets high in fiber are also beneficial. However, memory T cell responses are dysfunctional in extreme nutritional states, such as undernutrition and diet-induced obesity. Therefore, diet and host nutritional status are major regulators of memory T cell biology and host fitness. To define the dietary balance required to promote optimal memory T cell responses could allow for the implementation of rational diet-based therapies that prevent or treat disease. Furthermore, that certain dietary regiments can enhance memory T cell function indicates the possibility of harnessing the underlying mechanisms in the design of novel vaccination strategies and cancer immunotherapies.
COAST-ES: Herramienta integral de tamizaje para adultos mayores

El tamizaje (cribado) del riesgo nutricional es un primer paso para identificar rapidamente a las personas que pueden estar desnutridas o en riesgo de desnutricion. Una herramienta de tamizaje de deteccion de desnutricion debe ser facil de usar, rapida de administrar y valida para poder identificar correctamente a las personas en riesgo de desnutricion. La Herramienta Integral de Tamizaje de Adultos Mayores (COAST, por sus siglas en ingles) es una herramienta vaida y practica para determinar si los adultos mayores que viven en la comunidad estan en riesgo de desnutricion. This is the Spanish translation of FSHN20-37/FS393, COAST: A Comprehensive Older-Adult Screening Tool. Written by Karima Alabasi, Nancy J. Gal, and Wendy J. Dahl, translated by Daniela Rivero Mendoza, and published by the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs396