cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OPENING THE EYE OF LOVE

This essay examines James Purdy's 1975 ethical and allegorical religious novel, In A Shallow Grave, from the viewpoint of negative theology. Purdy's tendency toward negation of the conventional actual-world correspondences of mimetic realism has contributed to the misreading and undervaluing of his visionary ethical fiction. But when Purdy's allegorical-realist texts are approached from the enabling metaphysical and spiritual perspective of the via negativa, as explored in this essay through the writing of Pseudo-Dionysius and Pope Benedict XVI, the fiction's mimetic contrariness may be revealed as the vehicle of ethical instruction and metaphysical revelation. The gist of the novel's ethical instruction concerns the primacy of love in human nature and relations, and the novel's metaphysical revelation is the vision of being's ultimate harmony that is gradually revealed to the eye of love through the insistent negation of our conventional egoistic assumptions regarding self and world.
Bacterial Interactions with Mineral Cations and Anions: Good Ions and Bad

Bacterial cells interact with the cations and anions formed by the elements of the Periodic Table. For essentially each and every cation and anion found, there are specific bacterial systems—and this applies, in general, for trace elements and toxic mineral ions as well as for the more abundant types.
A Rehabilitation Program for Brain-Injured Adults

It has been estimated that one person in 200 will require medical care for a head injury each year, and that each day about 1% of the work force is disabled because of head injury (Peterson, 1975, pp. 1093–1108). A majority of these injuries occurs in people under 40 years of age, and many brain-injured patients survive 30 to 40 years beyond the initial trauma (Jennett, 1975, pp. 3–21). These factors are responsible for the increasing numbers of those suffering late effects of traumatic brain injury.
The Constitutional Ideas of Michel Debré

The institutions of the Fifth Republic are so closely associated with the ideas and style of Charles de Gaulle that the contribution of others is often overlooked. Yet the strictly constitutional innovations of the 1958 regime were largely the work of the General’s advisors, none of whom had greater influence than Michel Debre. Recognition of this came with Debre’s nomination as Minister of Justice in June 1958 and his assignment to the job of drafting the new constitution. To this task he brought over ten years of intense and detailed criticism of existing French political institutions. His activity in the wartime underground, his counsel as a member of de Gaulle’s post-Liberation staff, his leadership role in the Gaullist movement, and his speeches in the parliament of the Fourth Republic were all stages in the refinement of his constitutional ideas. But above all, Debre based his work as a “founding father” upon a fully developed model of French government that had its origins in his prewar reflections and that was matured during long debates with his Resistance comrades.
A joint system for person tracking and face detection

Visual detection and tracking of humans in complex scenes is a challenging problem with a wide range of applications, for example surveillance and human-computer interaction. In many such applications, time-synchronous views from multiple calibrated cameras are available, and both frame-view and space-level human location information is desired. In such scenarios, efficiently combining the strengths of face detection and person tracking is a viable approach that can provide both levels of information required and improve robustness. In this paper, we propose a novel vision system that detects and tracks human faces automatically, using input from multiple calibrated cameras. The method uses an Adaboost algorithm variant combined with mean shift tracking applied on single camera views for face detection and tracking, and fuses the results on multiple camera views to check for consistency and obtain the three-dimensional head estimate. We apply the proposed system to a lecture scenario in a smart room, on a corpus collected as part of the CHIL European Union integrated project. We report results on both frame-level face detection and three-dimensional head tracking. For the latter, the proposed algorithm achieves similar results with the IBM “PeopleVision” system.
Review of Spacecraft Cryogenic Coolers

Nomenclature A = surface area, m2 B = external magnetic  ux density, T CB = speci c heat capacity for constant B, J ¢ kgi1 ¢Ki1 I = current, A L = magnet inductance,H L3 = latent heat of evaporation of He, J ¢moli1 M = magnetic moment, J ¢Ti1 P3 = vapor pressure above He  uid Q = cooling power, W Q leak = parasitic heat leak, W R = gas constant, 8.31 J ¢Ki1 ¢moli1 S = entropy, J ¢Ki1 T = temperature,K TC = compression temperature,K TE = expansion temperature,K X3 = He concentration X4 = 4He concentration " = emissivity 3⁄4 = Stefan–Boltzmann constant, 5.7£ 10i8 W ¢mi2 Ki4
Large-scale simulation of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics is playing an important role in the development of new technologies, ranging from the design of hypersonic aircraft to the analysis of groundwater flows for environmental studies. The numerical simulation of fluid motion has traditionally demanded the utmost in high performance computing technology coupled with research initiatives to develop more efficient and robust algorithms. Recent research has demonstrated that computer architectures based on a massively parallel ensemble of processors offer an alternative approach to achieving supercomputer performance on realistic scientific and engineering applications. In the present research, we describe a Navier-Stokes solver, capable of simulating three-dimensional, time-dependent fluid flow on a massively parallel multiple instruction multiple data computer. Solutions are presented for a three-dimensional extension of the classical Rayleigh problem for natural convection. In addition, we present the solution of three-dimensional Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities on 8,400,000 grid cells using 1024 processors of Sandia's nCUBE/2.
The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning electron microscope study and key to the adults.

A scanning electron microscope study of adults of the genus Ixodes found in the United States is presented. Keys are given to the females of 35 species and males of 30 species. Host and distributional data are included for all currently recognized species. Depositories, where known, for all type material are given, together with the original literature citations for descriptions of male, female, nymph, and larva. Lectotypes are selected for Ixodes kingi, I. marxi, and I. rugosus .
Infantile hepatic dysfunction improved by elimination of cows’ milk formulas

We present three infants who showed hypertransaminasemia without extrahepatic symptoms, which improved by eliminating cows' milk formulas. The levels of milk protein-specific lymphocyte proliferation were elevated in all three patients. These cases indicate the importance of food allergy in the diagnosis of infantile hepatic dysfunction.
On Becoming Human: Jean Vanier, Carl Rogers and James Alison on Disabilities, Acceptance, and a Noncompetitive Theological Anthropology

Over the past century, theologians and ethicists have expressed unease with the growing problem of competition in human relationships. While most agree that competition dissolves relationships of fidelity and trust between people, many have argued on the basis of the political mythology of social contract theory that competition is a natural, albeit sad, fact of being human. This article examines and aligns three responses to the problem of competition in human relationships from Jean Vanier, Carl Rogers, and James Alison. In contrast to the view that human beings are naturally competitive, Vanier, Rogers, and Alison have each reinterpreted human being as depending on the cultivation of noncompetitive relationships that require interdependence in vulnerability, acceptance of others, and a vision of fully human life compatible with and modeled in the experience of disability. Vanier and Rogers developed their anthropologies in relation to the L’Arche communities and psychotherapy respectively, and did not ...
Improving water desalination by hydraulically coupling an osmotic microbial fuel cell with a microbial desalination cell

Abstract A system consisting of two membrane-based bioelectrochemical reactors was developed to treat artificial wastewater and desalinate saline water. In this system, an osmotic microbial fuel cell (OsMFC) containing a forward-osmosis (FO) membrane was hydraulically coupled with a microbial desalination cell (MDC) that had ion exchange membranes. The coupled system significantly improved desalination efficiency through both dilution (in the OsMFC) and salt removal (in the MDC), and achieved more organic removal than an individual MDC. It was found that the high-power operation mode was more suitable for the OsMFC than the open-circuit mode and the high-current mode, because of good desalination performance (95.9% conductivity reduction in the coupled system) and energy production (0.160 kWh/m3 treated saline water). When the active layer of the FO membrane was facing the feed solution, more water flux was obtained than the reversal membrane orientation. The coupled system achieved high reduction of conductivity (>85%) from the salt solution containing 10–50 g NaCl/L. The acidified water was more advantageous as a catholyte for the MDC because of the superior desalination performance. These results have collectively demonstrated the feasibility of a membrane-based bioelectrochemical system for simultaneous wastewater treatment and saline water desalination.
Effects of slow wave sleep on ventilatory compensation to inspiratory elastic loading

We determined the effects of slow wave sleep on ventilatory compensation to inspiratory elastic loads (18 cm H2O/L). Multiple loading trials of variable duration were applied in three healthy adult humans in wakefulness and during NREM sleep. During wakefulness, ventilatory response over 5 loaded breaths were highly variable. Tidal volume (VT), mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), and minute ventilation (VE) were preserved or increased in 2 of the 3 subjects in whom mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) was augmented in the immediate (second breath) response to the load. In the third subject who showed no change in P0.1, VE was not preserved during loading. During NREM sleep, the loading response was highly consistent in all trials and in all 3 subjects. P0.1 on the second loaded breath was not increased; thus VE, VT and VT/TI were reduced over five loaded breaths. This absence of immediate load compensation during NREM sleep was similar during normoxia, hyperoxia, and hypercapnia. During sustained loading in NREM sleep VE and VT returned toward control levels coincident with an increase in end tidal CO2. We conclude that augmentation of inspiratory neural drive sufficient for immediate compensation to elastic loads requires wakefulness. Compensatory responses to loading do not occur during NREM sleep until inspiratory effort is augmented by chemical stimuli.
Developmental disorders of language, learning and cognition

by Charles Hume and Margaret J. Snowling, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, £27.99, £18.83 (Kindle), ISBN 978-0-631-20612-5 Given the international reputation and research history of the two authors o...
Laser Alignment Signal Simulation for Analysis of Al Layers

Laser alignment systems are widely used in optical lithography for LSI production. They, especially the dark field type, have high signal-to-noise sensitivity to step height or grating line alignment marks, because of a sharp and high intensity spot owing to coherency of laser beam. The coherency often distorts alignment signals according to a little change of interference condition caused by variation of alignment marks. This phenomenon causes overlay accuracy to Al layers to deteriorate. This is because that the Al layers sometimes have a cracked or granulated rough surface and asymmetrical alignment marks which produce noise and deformed signals. In order to analyze and optimize these effects, a computer program has been developed. Laser Step Alignment (LSA) is used as a model system. With this program, it is possible to calculate the alignment signal from 3-dimensional alignment mark and resist profiles. Then, the overlay errors are analyzed from the simulated signals at various detection levels. In one optimized case, when a concave mark is used, the lower detection level should be selected to minimize the influence of Al asymmetrical coverage. This case corresponds to many experimental results.
Identification of pentachlorobenzonitrile residues in field crops.

We recently received several carrot extracts from another FDA district laboratory for identification of a material present in each of the extracts which had a GLC retention time inconsistent with that of any known pesticide. The material, which was eluted from Florisil with 15% ether in petroleum ether (AOAC, par. 29.015, 1975) exhibited both electron capture and microcoulometric responses (LASKI and LEONE, 1976). This paper reports structural elucidation, GLC characteristics and recovery data for the material.
Serendipitous preparation of fac-(aceto-nitrile-κN)tri-chlorido-[(1,2,5,6-η)-cyclo-octa-1,5-diene]iridium(III).

A reaction between [(COD)IrCl]2 (COD is cyclo­octa-1,5-diene), HCl and indene failed to provide the hoped for chlorido­indenyliridium dimer, but instead produced the title compound, [IrCl3(CH3CN)(C8H12)], which is an octa­hedral complex of iridium(III) with a chelating cyclo­octa-1,5-diene ligand, three chloride ligands in a fac arrangement, and one aceto­nitrile ligand. Attempts to devise a rational synthesis for the title compound were unsuccessful.
International joint ventures and the U.S. auto industry

In 1983 General Motors Inc. and Toyota Inc. formed a joint venture, the New United Motor Manufacturing Inc., to assemble autos in the United States. For Toyota, the venture was a first attempt to locate production in America. General Motors viewed the venture as a means of learning how to produce low-cost, high quality, small vehicles. Facing an onslaught of anti-union Japanese firms, the United Auto Workers had to demonstrate that unions would not be an impediment to Japanese production in the United States. By 1986 the venture was termed a success. This paper considers the welfare effects of international joint ventures among competing manufacturers, as applied to the U.S. auto industry.
Equation of state of copolymer melts: The poly(vinyl acetate)–polyethylene pair

The pressure—volume—temperature properties of a series of copolymers ranging in content from 18 to 40 wt % of vinyl acetate, and up to a maximum pressure of 1800 kg/cm2 are studied. The results for the melt state can be satisfactorily fitted by the scaled equation of state, developed previously and applied to single-component systems and to mixtures. The dependence of the scaling parameters for the copolymers on composition deviates from that expected for a mixture, where volumes at elevated pressures can be predicted without further recourse to experiment. These differences are discussed in terms of the sequential structure of the copolymer chain and its series of interfaces between the two species.
“MGMT for pt mgmt”: Is Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Testing Ready for Patient Management?

This Commentary reports on a robust quantitative assay for the interpretation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation assays that should facilitate the comparison and implementation of such assays across laboratories.
Altering the insertional specificity of a Drosophila transposable element.

Abstract Vectors derived from the Drosophila P element transposon are widely used to make transgenic Drosophila. Insertion of most P-element-derived vectors is nonrandom, but they exhibit a broad specificity of target sites. During experiments to identify cis-acting regulatory elements of the Drosophila segmentation gene engrailed, we identified a fragment of engrailed DNA that, when included within a P-element vector, strikingly alters the specificity of target sites. P-element vectors that contain this fragment of engrailed regulatory DNA insert at a high frequency near genes expressed in stripes.
Concordant decreases of thyroxine and thyroxine binding protein concentrations during sepsis.

The principal thyroxine (T 4 ) binding proteins were measured in 8 septic patients and 8 controls to determine the extent to which a decrease in their concentration contributes to the decrease in serum T 4 in sepsis. T 4 binding globulin (TBG) evaluated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and radial immunodiffusion (RID) was 61% and 66%, respectively, of the normal mean value in sera from septic patients. Decreases of albumin and transthyretin (TTR) to 55% and 29%, respectively, of the normal mean concentration contributed to the loss of T 4 binding power in these sera. Total serum binding of T 4 , calculated from the normal contribution of each protein to T 4 binding and the reduction of its concentration in septic patients, was 55% of that in the normal controls. This decrease in the estimated protein binding of T 4 was proportional to the decrease of serum T 4 from a mean of 8.4 μg/dL in the normal controls to 4.7 μg/dl (56% of the control) in the septic patients. Because TBG binds most of the serum T 4 , the decrease in the TBG concentration was the major factor in the decrease of total T 4 binding power. Since the concentration of the major T 4 binding proteins decreased sufficiently to account for the decrease in serum T 4 , it is unnecessary to postulate the effects of additional factors such as binding inhibitors or modification of T 4 binding protein affinity.
Parenteral nutrition increases susceptibility of ileum to invasion by E coli.

Abstract Background Parenteral nutrition (PN), with the lack of enteral feeding, compromises mucosal immune function and increases the risk of infections. We developed an ex vivo intestinal segment culture (EVISC) model to study the ex vivo effects of PN on susceptibility of the ileum to invasion by extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) and on ileal secretion of antimicrobial secretory phospholipase A 2 (sPLA 2 ) in response to the pathogen. Materials and methods Study 1: Using mouse ( n = 7) ileal tissue, we examined the effects of ileal region (proximal versus distal) and varying ExPEC inoculum concentrations on ex vivo susceptibility to ExPEC invasion and sPLA 2 secretion. Study 2: Ten mice were randomized to oral chow or intravenous PN feeding for 5 d ( n = 5/group). Using the EVISC model, we compared the susceptibility of ileal tissue to invasion by ExPEC and sPLA 2 secretion in response to the pathogen. Results Study 1: The proximal ileum was more susceptible to invasion ( P 2 ( P = 0.0002) than the distal ileum. Study 2: Ileal tissue from PN-fed animals was more susceptible (approximately 4-fold, P = 0.018) to invasion than those from chow-fed animals. Ileal tissue from PN-fed animals secreted less sPLA 2 ( P Conclusions The data illustrate EVISC as a reproducible model for studying host–pathogen interactions and the effects of diet on susceptibility to infections. Specifically, the findings support our hypothesis that PN with the lack of enteral feeding decreases mucosal responsiveness to pathogen exposure and provides a plausible mechanism by which PN is associated with increased risk of infectious complication.
Freud, Jung, and Hall the king-maker : the historic expedition to America (1909), with G. Stanley Hall as host and William James as guest

* The Visit: An exposition and idiodynamic analysis of the interrelated contributions of Freud, Jung, Hall, and James * The Letters: The complete correspondence of Freud and Hall is reproduced for the first time and historically annotated * The Lectures: A new translation is presented from the original German edition of the five lectures Freud delivered at Clark on the origin and development of psychoanalysis * A Synoptic Chronicle of events rounds out the volume
Iterative Evaluation of a Web-Based Health Information Resource

This article presents the research process and methods used to evaluate and improve a web-based health information resource, called "Community Connect to Research," intended for the public. The research process was iterative and involved collaboration with many partners. Two formal evaluations were conducted in 2009 and 2010 using key informant interviews, usability interviews, focus groups, an online survey, and readability and suitability assessment tools. These methods provided users' perspectives on the overall design, content, and literacy demands of the website as well as valuable feedback on their interaction with the website. The authors subsequently redesigned Community Connect to Research, making significant improvements on the basis of what they learned from the evaluation. The second evaluation revealed that the redesign addressed many issues found in the first evaluation and identified additional areas of possible improvement. Overall, both evaluations suggested that participants believed that the website was useful and valuable, indicating that Community Connect to Research is a health information resource that provides patients and families with accessible, relevant, and high-quality information. Regular formal evaluation is an essential tool for effective ongoing enhancement of health information resources meant for the public.
Smoothing the energy consumption: Peak demand reduction in smart grid

Assume that a set of Demand Response Switch (DRS) devices are deployed in smart meters for autonomous demand side management within one house. The DRS devices are able to sense and control the activity of each appliance. We propose a set of appliance scheduling algorithms to 1) minimize the peak power consumption under a fixed delay requirement, and 2) minimize the delay under a fixed peak demand constraint. For both problems, we first prove that they are NP-Hard. Then we propose a set of approximation algorithms with constant approximation ratios. We conduct extensive simulations using both real-life appliance energy consumption data trace and synthetic data to evaluate the performance of our algorithms. Extensive evaluations verify that the schedules obtained by our methods significantly reduce the peak demand or delay compared with naive greedy algorithm or randomized algorithm.
Master-equation model of a single-quantum-dot microsphere laser

We present a theoretical model for the electrically pumped single-quantum-dot microsphere laser. We solve the master equation of the system and analyze the steady state and dynamical properties of the optical field, such as output power, photon number fluctuation, and linewidth, for realistic experimental parameters. The laser threshold power is several orders of magnitude lower than is currently possible with semiconductor microlasers. A semiclassical approximation for the output power and laser linewidth is derived and compared to the exact solution. Electrical pumping together with Coulomb blockade effect allows for the realization of regular pumping in the system. We discuss the possibility for the generation of heralded single photons and of sub-Poissonian laser light. @S1050-2947~99!05506-7#
Elucidation of amyloid beta-protein oligomerization mechanisms: discrete molecular dynamics study

Oligomers of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) play a central role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Of the two predominant Abeta alloforms, Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42), Abeta(1-42) is more strongly implicated in the disease. We elucidated the structural characteristics of oligomers of Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) and their Arctic mutants, [E22G]Abeta(1-40) and [E22G]Abeta(1-42). We simulated oligomer formation using discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) with a four-bead protein model, backbone hydrogen bonding, and residue-specific interactions due to effective hydropathy and charge. For all four peptides under study, we derived the characteristic oligomer size distributions that were in agreement with prior experimental findings. Unlike Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42) had a high propensity to form paranuclei (pentameric or hexameric) structures that could self-associate into higher-order oligomers. Neither of the Arctic mutants formed higher-order oligomers, but [E22G]Abeta(1-40) formed paranuclei with a similar propensity to that of Abeta(1-42). Whereas the best agreement with the experimental data was obtained when the charged residues were modeled as solely hydrophilic, further assembly from spherical oligomers into elongated protofibrils was induced by nonzero electrostatic interactions among the charged residues. Structural analysis revealed that the C-terminal region played a dominant role in Abeta(1-42) oligomer formation whereas Abeta(1-40) oligomerization was primarily driven by intermolecular interactions among the central hydrophobic regions. The N-terminal region A2-F4 played a prominent role in Abeta(1-40) oligomerization but did not contribute to the oligomerization of Abeta(1-42) or the Arctic mutants. The oligomer structure of both Arctic peptides resembled Abeta(1-42) more than Abeta(1-40), consistent with their potentially more toxic nature.
Singularities of hyperbolic PDEs in two complex variables

Symmetric Poisson processes (SPP) arise as analytic solutions of a hyperbolic partial differential equation in C2 and expand as series of symmetric products of ultraspherical polynomials. A pair of locally valid reciprocal integral equations is constructed that associates each SPP with a unique analytic function of a single complex variable. The singularities of the SPP are determined from the known singularities of the associate by analytically continuing the transform pair via the envelope method. Thus, a classical theorem of Nehari, concerning the singularities of solutions of an ODE that expand as Legendre series, is extended.
Scattering of 0. 8 GeV protons from /sup 14/N

Angular distributions are reported for 0.8 GeV proton elastic and inelastic scattering from /sup 14/N. The data are analyzed with the optical model using a spherical Woods-Saxon potential and the distorted wave Born approximation with collective form factors.
The role of positive alcohol expectancies in underage binge drinking among college students.

AbstractObjective: This study explored associations between positive alcohol expectancies, and demographics, as well as academic status and binge drinking among underage college students. Participants: A sample of 1,553 underage college students at 3 public universities and 1 college in the Southeast who completed the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey in the Spring 2013 semester. Methods: A series of bivariate analyses and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between demographic and academic status variables as well as positive alcohol expectancies with self-reported binge drinking. Positive alcohol expectancies were examined in multivariable models via 2 factors derived from principal component analyses. Results: Students who endorsed higher agreement of these 2 emergent factors (sociability, sexuality) were more likely to report an occurrence of binge drinking in the past 2 weeks. Conclusions: Study results document associations between positive alcohol expectancies and binge drinking...
Pharmacology of interferons I. Pharmacologic distinctions between human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons.

Abstract Human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons were inoculated into rabbits and mice by various routes to determine their survival in circulation and their distributions in body tissues. Human leukocyte interferon inoculated intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously was found to enter the circulation efficiently and was widely distributed in the tissues for several hours. However, human fibroblast interferon entered the blood inefficiently; human fibroblast interferon was only transiently detectable in the circulation and at significantly lower levels than the leukocyte interferon and could never be detected in any of the solid tissues. When these interferons were incubated with various body fluids from mice, rabbits or humans, both interferons had similar stabilities in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid, while fibroblast interferon was less stable than leukocyte interferon in urine. A marked distinction was found between the stabilities of the two human interferons in muscle tissue: human leukocyte interferon was completely stable in tissue homogenates prepared from mouse, rabbit or human muscles, whereas fibroblast interferon was rapidly inactivated by such suspensions. Human fibroblast interferon was also rapidly destroyed by a cell-free extract prepared from either human, mouse or rabbit muscle tissues. These data demonstrate that human leukocyte interferon has pharmacologically advantageous properties which allow it to enter efficiently into the circulation following intramuscular injection and to distribute to the body tissues, whereas human fibroblast interferon is unable to do so because the latter is inactivated by the tissues at the site of inoculation. Thus, for therapeutic exploitation, human fibroblast interferon may be limited to topical administration only, whereas human leukocyte interferon would be much preferred for systemic use.
Potential salinity limitations on nitrogen fixation in sediments from Mono Lake, California

Mono Lake is a hypersaline alkaline lake in the high altitude Great Basin desert of eastern California. Algal productivity of the lake is nitrogen-limited, and a contributing source is derived from benthic nitrogen fixation. Lake level and salinity have fluctuated with natural climatic variations but have also been affected by the diversion of tributary streams. This research examines the influence of varied salinity and lake level on the potential for benthic nitrogen fixation in Mono Lake. A sediment-surface microbial mat community was exposed directly, and in acclimated cultures, to a range of Mono Lake salinities under anaerobic incubations and the activity of nitrogenase assayed by acetylene reduction. Activity was stimulated in light, but also occurred in darkness. Over an experimental salinity range from 50 to 150 g L-1 TDS, nitrogenase activity was reduced by 90 per crnt, with the activity persisting at the highest salinity being attributable to dark fixation alone. Between a salinity of 50 g L-1, occurring in Mono Lake over 50 years ago, and 100 g L-1, nitrogenase activity was reduced by nearly half. Changes in the area of the littoral zone at varied lake levels also affect the total amount of potential benthic nitrogen fixation in the lake. An accounting of yearly inputs of nitrogen to Mono Lake suggests N2-fixation could contribute as much as 76–81 percent of the total. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation rates by increased salinity could limit the long-term nutrient supply and benthic primary productivity of this ecosystem.
The Jrpm system for dynamically parallelizing sequential Java programs

As instruction-level parallelism with a single thread of control approaches its performance limits, designers must find other architectural improvements to speed up program execution. The Java runtime parallelizing machine (JRPM) system takes advantage of recent developments to enable a new approach to automatic parallelization. JRPM can exploit thread-level parallelism with minimal programmer effort.
Classification of Range Surface Type Using Optically Generated Derivative Estimates

We describe a technique to classify surface types from range data using local derivative estimates. We propose an optical architecture using acousto-optic devices to efficiently compute these derivatives. The derivative estimates are combined into curvature functions which are scale-, translation-, and rotation-invariant, and the surface types are determined from these curvature features. Results are presented for the classification of test range surfaces.
A Comparison of Two Methods for Estimating Food Groups According to the Food Guide Pyramid

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe two methods used to estimate Food Guide Pyramid servings Nutrition researchers are increasingly using the Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) as a standard to evaluate dietary intake data. Various methods have been described for evaluating FGP servings but little information is available on the comparability of methods within the same group of individuals. Therefore, we estimated the FGP servings in a single group of women (n = 156) using both a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and three 24-hour dietary recalls. Women (age >60 years) were recruited from a medical center clinic in rural Pennsylvania. FFQ data were collected by telephone using Health History and Habits Questionnaire Diet Analysis System software (National Cancer Institute). Following the FFQ interviews, three 24-hour diet recalls were collected by telephone on randomly assigned days using the Nutrition Data System (Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota). FFQ data were categorized into food groups by converting frequency of consumption to daily intakes using a medium serving as the standard for FGP servings. Recall data were categorized into FGP servings by editing nutrient and food summary data generated within NDS; foods listed as ingredients were aggregated into whole foods and assigned to FGP servings with the appropriate serving sizes. The mean number of FGP servings from each of six groups: breads, vegetables, fruits, dairy, meats, and fats, oils and sweets were calculated from both methods. Paired t-tests were used to assess differences between methods. The difference between methods were statistically significant for all food groups (p
Effect of repeated flushing and a prostaglandin analogue on the estrous cycle of pony mares.

An experiment was conducted to test the effect of repeated transcervical (non-surgical) uterine flushing and a prostaglandin analogue (PG) on the estrous cycle of pony mares. Uteri in group A were trancervically flushed for embryos 7 to 9 days post ovulation. In addition, group B mares were given 5 ml of PG by intramuscular injection on the day of flushing. Group C served as controls and were not flushed or given PG but were allowed to cycle normally. All mares (except controls) were bred A.I. every other day during estrus. There was no effect on embryo recovery rate from repeated flushing or PG administration. The number of days in estrus was greater for groups A and B than for group C (P 0.05).
Vibronic spectroscopy of simple peptides: resonance Raman studies of solvation effects

The resonance Raman spectrum of the simple peptide N-methylacetamide (NMA) is very different in the vapor phase than when dissolved in aqueous solution. The major difference is that the amide I mode, primarily involving C equals O stretching, is very strong in the vapor phase spectrum but this mode is essentially nonexistent in the aqueous solution spectrum. Since resonance Raman scattering for compounds of this type reflects the geometry change associated with electronic excitation, this spectral difference suggests that there is a large effect of solvation on the geometry of the excited electronic state. The present work describes the developemnt of quantatitive ab initio quantum chemical procedures for calculating resonance Raman spectra with application to NMA both isolated and in solution. A simple cluster model involving hydrogen bonding of water molecules to NMA provides the major effect of aqueous solvation on resonance Raman spectra.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Microdomain Ordering in Laterally Confined Block Copolymer Thin Films

We examine the effects of small-scale, hexagonal, lateral confinement on microdomain ordering in diblock copolymer thin films using self-consistent field theory simulations. Specifically, we examine a hexagonal confinement well with side length L approximately equal to five cylindrical microdomain lattice spacings. The commensurability constraints of the small-scale, lateral confinement, coupled with surface-induced effects allow the confining well to have a significant effect on the perfection of microdomain order. We identify commensurability windows in L that depend on the segment−wall interaction and the “temperature” annealing rate (modeled as a Flory χ ∼ 1/T annealing rate). The effect of added majority-block homopolymer is also explored.
A highly articulated robotic surgical system for minimally invasive surgery.

Purpose We developed a novel, highly articulated robotic surgical system (CardioARM) to enable minimally invasive intrapericardial therapeutic delivery through a subxiphoid approach. We performed preliminary proof of concept studies in a porcine preparation by performing epicardial ablation. Description CardioARM is a robotic surgical system having an articulated design to provide unlimited but controllable flexibility. The CardioARM consists of serially connected, rigid cyclindrical links housing flexible working ports through which catheter-based tools for therapy and imaging can be advanced. The CardioARM is controlled by a computer-driven, user interface, which is operated outside the operative field. Evaluation In six experimental subjects, the CardioARM was introduced percutaneously through a subxiphoid access. A commercial 5-French radiofrequency ablation catheter was introduced through the working port, which was then used to guide deployment. In all subjects, regional ("linear") left atrial ablation was successfully achieved without complications. Conclusions Based on these preliminary studies, we believe that the CardioARM promises to enable deployment of a number of epicardium-based therapies. Improvements in imaging techniques will likely facilitate increasingly complex procedures.
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the site preferences of Gd3+ and Eu2+ in polycrystalline silicate and aluminate minerals

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements were made on Gd3+ and Eu2+ ions in polycrystalline samples to determine the nature of the sites occupied by those ions in mineral structures. Both Gd3+ and Eu2+ ions were incorporated at Ca2+ structural sites in β-Ca2SiO4, pseudo-CaSiO3, CaMgSiO4, CaMgSi2O6, hex-CaAl2Si2O8, CaAl2O4, and Ca3Al2O6. For tri-CaAl2Si2O8, Eu2+ was incorporated at a Ca2+ site and Gd3+ was incorporated at a site where the crystalline electric field was disordered. That difference in behavior may contribute to the anomalous behavior of Eu in plagioclase feldspar. Both Gd3+ and Eu2+ were incorporated as aggregates or clusters of those ions in Mg2SiO4 and clino-MgSiO3.
DISSOCIATION PRESSURES AND PARTIAL THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR AMERICIUM OXIDES.

A thermogravimetric isopiestic technique was used to measure the oxygen dissociation pressures over substoichiometric americium dioxides. The temperature and pressure range investigated was 866 to 1172°C and from one to below 10−6 atm O2, respectively. The nonstoichiometric compositions encountered under these conditions covered the interval 1·80 < O/Am < 2·00. The relative partial molar enthalpy and entropy of solution of oxygen in AmO2−x, calculated from the experimental dissociation pressures, were found to be a function of composition, but independent of temperature in the region studied. A sharp change in slope on both the ΔH(O2) and ΔS(O2) vs. composition plots occurred at about AmO1·98.
On obtaining invariant prior distributions

Abstract This paper considers a generalization of the connection between Jeffreys prior and the Kullback-Leibler divergence as a procedure for generating a wide class of invariant priors of which Jeffreys prior is only one. By viewing Jeffreys' approach as a special case of a more general procedure, we can see that the choice of Jeffreys prior entails both parametrization invariance and sample space invariance. This general procedure also provides a link between distributional discrepancy measures and Haar measure.
Fractography of fatigue fractures in carburized steel

Abstract Carburized specimens of AISI 4027 steel were tested in repeated bending at stress levels ranging from high-stress, low-cycle to low-stress, high-cycle, and the corresponding stress-life curve was determined. Considerable scanning electron microscopy was performed on fracture surfaces of failed specimens. Results indicate that a fatigue crack nucleates at the external surface of the carburized case, and propagates inward until it becomes large enough to cause rapid failure in bending. The crack surface appearance changes according to the growth rate of the crack and the hardness of the matrix material. A low-stress crack growth through the carburized case seemed to result in the well-established intergranular separation behavior. However, growth under high stress levels was rapid, causing a mixture of transgranular-intergranular fracture to result, the transgranular mode being more pronounced. The tough core, on the other hand, exhibited a more ductile mode of failure. The predominant mode consisted of microvoids, dimples of non-uniform size, and tear ridges with only occasional flat, quasicleavage step facets. Under no conditions did fatigue striations become apparent on either case or core material.
Enhancing a safe water intervention with student-created visual aids to promote handwashing behavior in Kenyan primary schools.

The Nyando Integrated Child Health Education (NICHE) project was a collaborative effort by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and local partners to assess the effectiveness of multiple interventions for improving child survival in western Kenya. To increase handwashing in schools, NICHE trained teachers and installed handwashing stations with treated water and soap in 51 primary schools. This cluster-randomized trial evaluated an additional educational strategy (a poster contest themed, “Handwashing with Soap”) to improve handwashing behavior in 23 NICHE primary schools. Pupils were engaged in the poster development. Pupil handwashing behavior was observed unobtrusively at baseline and after four months. Intervention schools displayed a significant increase in the number of handwashing stations and proportion of teacher-supervised stations over the study period. No significant between-group differences of intervention in handwashing frequency, soap availability, or visibility of handwashing stations was...
Roentgen patterns of extravasation of calcium gluconate in the tissues of the neonate.

Calcium gluconate is irritating to soft tissues and can produce tissue necrosis and slough. Radiographs of the part following extravasation initially show only soft tissue swelling. A variable pattern of soft tissue calcification then develops in one to three weeks, and gradually is completely resorbed over several months' time. The cause of the soft tissue calcifications may be quite puzzling, if the incident of calcium gluconate extravasation has been overlooked.
Tangent dirac structures

The lift of a closed 2-form Omega on a manifold Q to a closed 2-form on TQ may be achieved by pulling back the canonical symplectic structure on T*Q by the bundle map Omega : TQ to T*Q. It is also known how to lift a Poisson structure on Q to a Poisson structure on TQ. The author calls these lifted structures 'tangent' structures. The notion of a Dirac structure is reviewed. This is a hybrid of Poisson and pre-symplectic structures, which may be thought of as a (singular) foliation of Q by pre-symplectic leaves. The main result of this paper is a single method which achieves the lift to TQ of either a Poisson or a pre-symplectic structure on Q. Natural involution on TTQ is shown to preserve the lift to TTQ of the lifted structure on TQ. The method is then applied to Dirac structures, with the result that a Dirac structure on Q has a tangent lift to TQ generalizing the lifts of Poisson and pre-symplectic structures.
Precondensed matter - Key to the early solar system

Explicit astrophysical details are developed for the hypothesis that chemical and isotopic anomalies in primitive solar-system samples reflect routine initial chemical conditions within precondensed matter. The central feature of this theory concerns the chemical state of presolar dust, which is regarded as never having been vaporized in the region where the most chemically primitive samples (carbonaceous meteorites) accumulated. It is suggested that the initial chemical state of heavy atoms during meteorite and planetary accumulation was distributed between a refractory-mineral component from high-temperature condensation and a volatile component resulting from cold matter adhering to preexisting grains. Thermal conditions in the solar nebula are considered along with the existence of supernova condensates and other thermal condensates in the interstellar dust. Fractionation into volatile and refractory elements is idealized in terms of four distinct interstellar components, and the fractionated precondensed matter is described.
The emerging paradigm of strategic behavior

Several apparently conflicting empirically tested theories have been advanced as explanations of strategic behavior. This paper suggests that the theories differ because they were based on observations of organizations in different environmental settings. The paper proposes a paradigmic framework which legitimizes and accommodates the respective theories.
Variability in concentrations of selected trace elements in water and sediment of six acidic lakes.

Concentrations of the trace elements aluminum, cadmium, lead, manganese, and zinc were determined in water and sediments of six acidic clear-water lakes (pH 3.6–6.2) in northwestern New Jersey. Levels of aluminum, lead, and zinc in the water column were sharply elevated in the most acidic lakes, with values similar to acidified systems elsewhere. Seasonal fluctuations occurred, with lead displaying peak concentrations in all lakes during the fall sampling period. Analyses of core samples of lake sediment indicated that while lead concentrations exhibited a typical sharp increase in most recent sediments, cadmium and zinc levels in the upper layers were substantially lower than values reported for similar systems elsewhere. As expected, manganese concentrations generally decreased in the upper sediment layers in the acidic lakes, while aluminum varied dramatically between systems.
Principles of Educational Systems Design

A year prior to the NATO workshop described in this book, the first Asilomar Systems Conference was held (in 1989). One of the focuses of that conference was how to bring about systemic change of our current educational system. This paper describes the author’s view of the results of those discussions: a stakeholder approach to educational systems design. It describes 15 activities that appear to enhance the success of system design efforts, and it identifies what appear to be the most important principles or guidelines for successfully carrying out each activity.