cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy expenditure of deskwork when sitting, standing or alternating positions

Background Recent guidelines recommend accruing 2-4h of standing or light activity during the working day. Use of sit-stand desks could achieve this goal, but whether standing can meaningfully increase energy expenditure (EE) is unclear. Aims To study EE, heart rate, feelings and productivity during deskwork while sitting, standing or alternating positions. Methods We measured EE by indirect calorimetry in working adults over three randomly ordered 60-min conditions while performing deskwork: continuous sitting (SIT), 30min of each standing and sitting (STAND-SIT) and continuous standing (STAND). We also assessed heart rate, productivity and self-reported energy, fatigue and pain. Linear mixed models compared minute-by-minute EE and heart rate across conditions. Non-parametric tests compared remaining outcomes across conditions. Results The study group comprised 18 working adults. Compared with SIT, STAND-SIT engendered an additional 5.5±12.4 kcal/h (7.8% increase) and STAND engendered an additional 8.2±15.9 kcal/h (11.5% increase) (both P < 0.001). Alternating positions to achieve the recommended 4h/day of standing could result in an additional 56.9 kcal/day for an 88.9kg man and 48.3 kcal/day for a 75.5kg woman. STAND-SIT and STAND also increased heart rate over SIT by 7.5±6.8 and 13.7±8.8 bpm, respectively (both P < 0.001). We observed no meaningful differences in feelings or productivity. Conclusions Desk-based workers could increase EE without added discomfort by using a sit-stand desk. These findings inform future research on sit-stand desks as a part of workplace interventions to increase EE and potentially improve health.
Activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in Caenorhabditis elegans

Aim: Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) phenethyl ester (CAPE), the major constituent of propolis, is able to increase the survival of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans after infection with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Results: CAPE increases the expression of several antimicrobial proteins involved in the immune response to C. albicans. Structural derivatives of CAPE were synthesized to identify structure–activity relationships and decrease metabolic liability, ultimately leading to a compound that has similar efficacy, but increased in vivo stability. The CED-10(Rac-1)/PAK1 pathway was essential for immunomodulation by CAPE and was a critical component involved in the immune response to fungal pathogens. Conclusion: Caenorhabditis elegans is an efficient heterologous host to evaluate immunomodulatory compounds and identify components of the pathway(s) involved in the mode of action of compounds.
A Third signal from Conditioned DCs dictates microbial effector choice

Alan Sher describes a 2002 paper by Martien Kapsenberg and Pawel Kalinski that provided evidence for the conditioning of DCs by microbial compounds to promote TH1 or TH2 cell responses.
Daily and season-long fantasy sports participation and gambling-related problems among a sample of college students at three universities

Traditionally, fantasy sports have been played in season-long leagues, but recently daily fantasy sports (DFS) have emerged, allowing participants to play fantasy contests over shorter periods of t...
In the Interstice: Lorraine O'Grady's Interruptive Performances and the Circuits of (Feminist) Reproduction

Hortense Spillers’s exploration of “the interstice” as a gap or absence within iconographic and discursive practices illuminates an aesthetics of the interstice that binds together the performance artist Lorraine O’Grady’s formal and conceptual orientation towards otherwise divergent practices of institutional critique, photographic installation, and public performance. Within the context of O’Grady’s artwork, the interstice is reconfigured as a generative site of possibility where a radical aesthetics of black social reproduction is constantly taking shape.
Controlled microenvironments to evaluate chemotactic properties of cultured Müller glia.

Abstract Emerging therapies have begun to evaluate the abilities of Muller glial cells (MGCs) to protect and/or regenerate neurons following retina injury. The migration of donor cells is central to many reparative strategies, where cells must achieve appropriate positioning to facilitate localized repair. Although chemical cues have been implicated in the MGC migratory responses of numerous retinopathies, MGC-based therapies have yet to explore the extent to which external biochemical stimuli can direct MGC behavior. The current study uses a microfluidics-based assay to evaluate the migration of cultured rMC-1 cells (as model MGC) in response to quantitatively-controlled microenvironments of signaling factors implicated in retinal regeneration: basic Fibroblast Growth factor (bFGF or FGF2); Fibroblast Growth factor 8 (FGF8); Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF); and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). Findings indicate that rMC-1 cells exhibited minimal motility in response to FGF2, FGF8 and VEGF, but highly-directional migration in response to EGF. Further, the responses were blocked by inhibitors of EGF-R and of the MAPK signaling pathway. Significantly, microfluidics data demonstrate that changes in the EGF gradient (i.e. change in EGF concentration over distance) resulted in the directional chemotactic migration of the cells. By contrast, small increases in EGF concentration, alone, resulted in non-directional cell motility, or chemokinesis. This microfluidics-enhanced approach, incorporating the ability both to modulate and asses the responses of motile donor cells to a range of potential chemotactic stimuli, can be applied to potential donor cell populations obtained directly from human specimens, and readily expanded to incorporate drug-eluting biomaterials and combinations of desired ligands.
Angiotensin Receptors and Renal Function

Angiotensin II (ANG II) is an important and potent regulator of renal function. With the discovery of specific types of angiotensin receptors and the availability of specific receptor antagonists, a body of information is evolving to describe the specific function of these important receptors. Along with insights in the physiological actions of ANG II on these receptors, variability in the type and localization of ANG II receptors within the renal system has been described. In addition, a maturational difference in the type of receptors exists in the development of the kidney.
MODELLING SOCIAL ANIMAL AGGREGATIONS

It is hard to find animals in nature that do not aggregate for one reason or another. The details of such aggregations are important because they influence numerous fundamental processes like mate-finding, prey-detection, predator avoidance, and disease transmission. Yet, despite the near universality of aggregation and its profound consequences, biologists have only recently begun to probe its underlying mechanisms. In this chapter we review theoretical approaches to animal aggregation, concentrating on aggregations which are caused by social interactions. We emphasize methods and limitations, and suggest what we think are the most promising avenues for future research. For an earlier review article on dynamical aspects of animal grouping consult Okubo (1986).
Genetic Control Signals in DNA

All organisms control the expression of the genetic information stored in their DNA. The DNA in every cell of every organism contains a vast number of genes. The gene products can carry out an equally vast number of biological and biochemical functions. Utilization of this potential must be coordinated and energetically efficient so that any organism can survive the selective pressures of its environment and reproduce in numbers sufficient to avoid extinction. Overall genetic regulation has two primary objectives: first, to allow for biologically favorable adaptive responses to changes in environment, and second, to coordinate an effectively irreversible program of development leading to reproduction. Control signals, encoded in an organism’s DNA, are primary elements of this genetic regulation.
Chitin Synthetases 1 and 2 from Yeast, Two Isoenzymes with Different Functions

Chitin, a linear polymer of β(1–4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine, is a major structural component of the cell wall and septum in many fungi. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, its localization is restricted to a specific area, a circumstance that facilitates studies of its function. Although some of the yeast chitin is found in the cell wall, most of it is in the bud scars that remain on the surface of the mother cell after the daughter cell has separated. That distribution can be traced back to the deposition of chitin during the cell cycle (Cabib et al., 1982): a ring of chitin appears at the neck between mother and daughter cell in the early stages of budding (Fig. 1); later, at cytokinesis, as the plasma membrane invaginates, more chitin is laid down to form a disc, the primary septum, that closes the channel between the two cells. This is followed by the laying down of secondary septa between which the chitinous primary septum becomes sandwiched (Fig. 1). Finally, the two cells separate along the line of the primary septum, with most of the chitin remaining in the bud scar on the mother cell (Fig. 1).
Neoclerodanes as atypical opioid receptor ligands.

The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A is the major active component of the hallucinogenic mint plant Salvia divinorum Epling and Jativa (Lamiaceae). Since the finding that salvinorin A exerts its potent psychotropic actions through the activation of opioid receptors, the site of action of morphine and related analogues, there has been much interest in elucidating the underlying mechanisms behind its effects. These effects are particularly remarkable because (1) salvinorin A is the first reported non-nitrogenous opioid receptor agonist and (2) its effects are not mediated through the previously investigated targets of psychotomimetics. This Perspective outlines our research program, illustrating a new direction to the development of tools to further elucidate the biological mechanisms of drug tolerance and dependence. The information gained from these efforts is expected to facilitate the design of novel agents to treat pain, drug abuse, and other central nervous system disorders.
Implementing Software Metrics at a Telecommunications Company - A Case Study

This case study explores a metrics program to track the development of a new version of a telecommunications companys voicemail product. The study addresses the adoption of the program, its components, structure, and implementation, and its impact on product quality and timeliness. The study also discusses the aftermath of the program and its place in the larger organizational culture.
Investigation of electrochemical kinetics for La(III)/La reaction in molten LiClKCl eutectic salt using potentiometric polarization

Abstract Although the activity coefficients and diffusion coefficients of LaCl3 in molten LiCl KCl salt have been extensively studied, the data on the electrochemical properties of La(III)/La reaction in the melt are very scarce. Among the few measurements, up to five orders of magnitude discrepancies for the reaction rate constant k 0 have been reported. In the present study, potentiodynamic polarization measurements at different LaCl3 concentrations (1–6 wt%) and temperatures (723–823 K) are conducted to obtain accurate values of the exchange current density i 0 and charge transfer coefficient α . The data are analyzed using non-simplified electrode kinetic equations through the optimization fitting procedures, and conventional Tafel and linear polarization (LP) methods. The concentration dependence of i 0 obtained from the optimization fitting method is examined, showing agreement with the theoretical correlation i 0 = n F k 0 c ( 1 − α ) . The corresponding values of k 0 are 1.76–3.22 × 10−5 cm s−1 in 723–823 K.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction Between TiO2 and SrCO3

The kinetics of the reaction between strontium carbonate and titanium dioxide were studied in the temperature range 800° to 975°K in order to test the validity of existing solid-state reaction models and to determine the effect of deviations from stoichiometry on solid-state reactions. Anatase, rutile, and nonstoichiometric rutile were isothermally reacted with strontium carbonate, and reaction rate data were obtained using thermogravimetric analysis. The kinetics of reaction between strontium carbonate and stoichiometric anatase were found to be described by the Ginstling-Brounshtein equation. The activation energy for this reaction is 66.6 kcal/mole and the frequency factor is 4.5 × 109 min-1. The kinetics of the reaction between strontium carbonate and both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric rutile were found to be described by a nuclei growth rate equation based on the transport-controlled growth of spheroids of any shape (plates, spheres, etc.) from a constant number of nuclei in a matrix of composition different from that of the product. The activation energy for the reaction between strontium carbonate and stoichiometric rutile is 97.8 kcal/more and the frequency factor is 3.2 × 1015 min-1. The fact that the solid-state reaction model applicable to the reaction between strontium carbonate and titania is dependent on the structure of titania is explained by considering the process of epitaxial growth. Defects were introduced into the rutile lattice by heating under vacuum and in a carbon monoxide atmosphere. As the O : Ti ratio of rutile decreased from 2.00 to 1.97, a decrease in the activation energy and frequency factor was observed. Both methods of defect preparation resulted in an equivalent effect on the kinetics of the reaction.
Adaptive Kalman Filter for Detectable Linear Time-Invariant Systems

A novel covariance matching technique is proposed for estimating the states and unknown entries of the process and measurement noise covariance matrices for additive white Gaussian noise elements i...
FISCAL NEUTRALISM AND ACTIVISM TOWARD ECONOMIC GROWTH

This chapter discusses fiscal neutralism and activism toward economic growth. One of the folkloric propositions about the predominantly capitalistic economy is that its consumers are sovereign over its rate of growth; at least they are sovereign over the volume of private investment, notably the rate of tangible private capital accumulation, on which the growth rate heavily depends. The subscribers to this proposition include many political conservatives who are pleased to think that consumers acting individually in the free marketplace, not the government, choose the investment rate. The subscribers include many socialists who believe that capitalism is inferior to socialism precisely because capitalist governments cannot control the aggregate investment rate. They include some liberals whose arguments for new public policies to boost the growth rate implicitly assume that the market or the government cannot already err on the side of excessive investment. The fundamental error of this proposition, viewed from the standpoint of contemporary fiscal and monetary theory, arises from its neglect of the role played by government taxation.
Independent tubulin binding and polymerization by the proline-rich region of Tau is regulated by Tau's N-terminal domain

Tau is an intrinsically disordered, microtubule-associated protein that has a role in regulating microtubule dynamics. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms of Tau-mediated microtubule polymerization are poorly understood. Here we used single-molecule fluorescence to investigate the role of Tau's N-terminal domain (NTD) and proline-rich region (PRR) in regulating interactions of Tau with soluble tubulin. We assayed both full-length Tau isoforms and truncated variants for their ability to bind soluble tubulin and stimulate microtubule polymerization. We found that Tau's PRR is an independent tubulin-binding domain that has tubulin polymerization capacity. In contrast to the relatively weak interactions with tubulin mediated by sites distributed throughout Tau's microtubule-binding region (MTBR), resulting in heterogeneous Tau: tubulin complexes, the PRR bound tubulin tightly and stoichiometrically. Moreover, we demonstrate that interactions between the PRR and MTBR are reduced by the NTD through a conserved conformational ensemble. On the basis of these results, we propose that Tau's PRR can serve as a core tubulin-binding domain, whereas the MTBR enhances polymerization capacity by increasing the local tubulin concentration. Moreover, the NTD appears to negatively regulate tubulin-binding interactions of both of these domains. The findings of our study draw attention to a central role of the PRR in Tau function and provide mechanistic insight into Tau-mediated polymerization of tubulin.
Role of 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in guiding transcatheter mitral valve replacement.

Background Transcatheter mitral valve replacement technologies have been developed to treat a wide range of mitral valve pathologies including primary and secondary mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, in addition to degenerative bioprosthetic valves and failed annuloplasty rings. Objective Transesophageal echocardiography, particularly with use of 3-dimensional imaging is key in successfully guiding these interventions. In this review, we highlight the key role of 3D transesophageal echocardiography in guiding TMVR, including valve-in-native valve, valve-in-prosthetic valve, valve-in-prosthetic ring, and valve-in-mitral annular calcification interventions.
Four Categories of Academic Libraries: A Cluster Analysis Based on Collections, Expenditures, and Circulation per Student Data

The purpose of this study is to determine whether hidden categories of academic libraries exist based on collections, circulations, and expenditures per student. This study utilizes k-means cluster...
Profiling cellular heterogeneity in asthma with single cell multiparameter CyTOF

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that afflicts over 30 million individuals in the United States and over 300 million individuals worldwide. The inflammatory response in the airways is often characterized by the analysis of sputum, which contains multiple types of cells including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and rare bronchial epithelial cells. Subtyping patients using microscopy of the sputum has identified both neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrates in airway inflammation. However, with the extensive heterogeneity among these cell types, a higher resolution understanding of the inflammatory cell types present in the sputum is needed to dissect the heterogeneity of disease. Improved recognition of the distinct phenotypes and sources of inflammation in asthmatic granulocytes may identify relevant pathways for clinical management or investigation of novel therapeutic mediators. Here, we employed mass cytometry or cytometry by time-of-flight to quantify frequency and define functional status of sputum derived airway cells in asthmatic patients and healthy controls. This in-depth single cell analysis method identified multiple distinct subtypes of airway immune cells, especially in neutrophils. Significance was discovered by statistical analysis as well as a data-driven unbiased clustering approach. Our multidimensional assessment method identifies differences in cellular function and supports identification of cellular status that may contribute to diverse clinical responses. This technical advance is relevant for studies of pathogenesis and may provide meaningful insights to advance our knowledge of asthmatic inflammation.
A Human Study of Comprehension and Code Summarization

Software developers spend a great deal of time reading and understanding code that is poorly-documented, written by other developers, or developed using differing styles. During the past decade, researchers have investigated techniques for automatically documenting code to improve comprehensibility. In particular, recent advances in deep learning have led to sophisticated summary generation techniques that convert functions or methods to simple English strings that succinctly describe that code's behavior. However, automatic summarization techniques are assessed using internal metrics such as BLEU scores, which measure natural language properties in translational models, or ROUGE scores, which measure overlap with human-written text. Unfortunately, these metrics do not necessarily capture how machine-generated code summaries actually affect human comprehension or developer productivity. We conducted a human study involving both university students and professional developers (n = 45). Participants reviewed Java methods and summaries and answered established program comprehension questions. In addition, participants completed coding tasks given summaries as specifications. Critically, the experiment controlled the source of the summaries: for a given method, some participants were shown human-written text and some were shown machine-generated text. We found that participants performed significantly better (p = 0.029) using human-written summaries versus machine-generated summaries. However, we found no evidence to support that participants perceive human- and machine-generated summaries to have different qualities. In addition, participants' performance showed no correlation with the BLEU and ROUGE scores often used to assess the quality of machine-generated summaries. These results suggest a need for revised metrics to assess and guide automatic summarization techniques.
Correction to: Editorial Transitions for Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

In the editorial originally published online, all journal editors were listed as authors of the editorial affiliated with University of Wisconsin-Stout.
Exploring dynamic process of regional shrinkage in Ohio: A Bayesian perspective on population shifts at small-area levels

Abstract Recently shrinkage phenomenon in urban areas has gained broader attention to scholars, policymakers, and practitioners. There has been considerable effort devoted to unveiling various facets of shrinkage within the literature. From a different perspective, this study explicitly concentrates on the influence of the latent effects including space, time, and spatiotemporal interaction on dynamic shrinkage process based upon neighborhood-level (census tract) population shifts in Ohio for the period 1970–2010. To explore those random influences, we hypothesize that the shrinkage of population in census tracts over previous decades is in close association with growth/decline of neighboring tracts (spatial and temporal dependencies). The study adopts a full Bayesian hierarchical analytic framework that specifically utilizes the Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) and Penalized Complexity (PC) priors in order to account for the latent effects on dynamic process. For 635 census tracts in Cleveland-Elyria Metropolitan Statistical Area, Ohio in the U.S., we have found that when the size of initial population of a tract increases, it is more likely to observe population decline on average. Similarly, the relative share of African American population, unemployment rate, and poverty rate has shown a negative correlation with population growth. Our model reveals that there exists a significant influence of the random (latent) effects: a spatial correlation from adjacent tracts, a non-linear temporal dependence, and a spatiotemporal interaction complementing the random fluctuation. Moreover, we present areas of higher risks that are census tracts with higher probabilities (close to 1) of losing 10% or more of their relative population. We believe that the findings of our study allow us to support informed decision making for devising policies of shrinking regions.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor–Associated Multifocal Serous Retinal Detachments: A Case Report:

Purpose:This report aims to describe a case of bilateral, multifocal neurosensory retinal detachments that developed during erdafitinib therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma.Methods:A case re...
ZoPE: A Fast Optimizer for ReLU Networks with Low-Dimensional Inputs.

Deep neural networks often lack the safety and robustness guarantees needed to be deployed in safety critical systems. Formal verification techniques can be used to prove input-output safety properties of networks, but when properties are difficult to specify, we rely on the solution to various optimization problems. In this work, we present an algorithm called ZoPE that solves optimization problems over the output of feedforward ReLU networks with low-dimensional inputs. The algorithm eagerly splits the input space, bounding the objective using zonotope propagation at each step, and improves computational efficiency compared to existing mixed integer programming approaches. We demonstrate how to formulate and solve three types of optimization problems: (i) minimization of any convex function over the output space, (ii) minimization of a convex function over the output of two networks in series with an adversarial perturbation in the layer between them, and (iii) maximization of the difference in output between two networks. Using ZoPE, we observe a $25\times$ speedup on property 1 of the ACAS Xu neural network verification benchmark and an $85\times$ speedup on a set of linear optimization problems. We demonstrate the versatility of the optimizer in analyzing networks by projecting onto the range of a generative adversarial network and visualizing the differences between a compressed and uncompressed network.
Radiologically Placed Peritoneovenous Shunt is an Acceptable Treatment Alternative for Refractory Ascites Due to End-Stage Liver Disease.

PURPOSE To compare patients treated with large-volume paracentesis (LVP), transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), and peritoneovenous shunt (PVS) for ascites. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study of 192 patients treated with LVP (94), TIPS (75), or PVS (23) was performed. Records were reviewed for patient characteristics and outcomes. The patients' age differed (LVP, 59.5 years; TIPS, 58.8 years; and PVS, 65.6 years; P = .003). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was the most common etiology in the PVS cohort (11/23, 47%), and hepatitis C in the TIPS (27/75, 36%), and LVP cohorts (43/94, 46%) (P = .032). The model for end-stage liver disease score was significantly different (LVP, 14; TIPS, 13; and PVS, 8; P = .035). Hepatocellular carcinoma was higher in the PVS cohort (6/23 patients, 25%) than in the TIPS (4/75, 5%), and LVP (12/94, 12%) cohorts (P = .03). RESULTS Emergency department visits and hospital readmissions were the highest in the LVP cohort (40%, ≥2 readmissions, P < .001). Patients required fewer LVPs after TIPS (1.5 to 0.14, P < .001) or PVS (2.1 to 0.5, P = .019). In an unadjusted Cox model, patients in the TIPS cohort were found to have a 58% reduction in the risk of death compared with patients in the LVP cohort (P = .003). Transplant-free survival (PVS, 44 days; TIPS, 155 days; and LVP, 213 days) differed (log rank = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The survival in the PVS and TIPS cohorts was similar, with less healthcare utilization than the LVP cohort. PVS is a satisfactory alternative to LVP.
Norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities in the United States, 2009-2018: a decade of surveillance.

BACKGROUND In the US, norovirus is the leading cause of healthcare-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks. To inform prevention efforts, we describe the epidemiology of norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). METHODS CDC collects epidemiologic and laboratory data on norovirus outbreaks from U.S. health departments through the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) and CaliciNet. Reports from both systems were merged, and norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes, assisted living, and other LTCFs occurring in 2009-2018 were analyzed. Data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the National Center for Health Statistics were used to estimate state LTCF counts. RESULTS During 2009-2018, 50 states, Washington D.C., and Puerto Rico reported 13,092 norovirus outbreaks and 416,284 outbreak-associated cases in LTCFs. Participation in NORS and CaliciNet increased from 2009-2014 and median reporting of LTCF norovirus outbreaks stabilized at 4.1 outbreaks per 100 LTCFs (IQR: 1.0-7.1) annually since 2014. Most outbreaks were spread via person-to-person transmission (90.4%) and 75% occurred during December-March. Genogroup was reported for 7,292 outbreaks with 862 (11.8%) positive for GI and 6,370 (87.3%) for GII. Among 4,425 GII outbreaks with typing data, 3,618 (81.8%) were GII.4. LTCF residents had higher attack rates than staff (median 29.0% versus 10.9%; p<0.001). For every 1,000 cases, there were 21.6 hospitalizations and 2.3 deaths. CONCLUSIONS LTCFs have a high burden of norovirus outbreaks. Most LTCF norovirus outbreaks occurred during winter months and were spread person-to-person. Outbreak surveillance can inform development of interventions for this vulnerable population, such as vaccines targeting GII.4 norovirus strains.
Fast Na diffusion and anharmonic phonon dynamics in superionic Na3PS4

The design of new solid electrolytes (SEs) hinges on identifying and tuning relevant descriptors. Phonons describe the atomic dynamics in crystalline materials and provide a basis to encode possible minimum energy pathways for ion migration, but anharmonic effects can be large in SEs. Identifying and controlling the pertinent phonon modes coupled most strongly with ionic conductivity, and assessing the role of anharmonicity, could therefore pave the way for discovering and designing new SEs via phonon engineering. Here, we investigate phonons in Na3PS4 and their coupling to fast Na diffusion, using a combination of neutron scattering, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and extended molecular dynamics based on machine-learned potentials. We identify that anharmonic soft-modes at the Brillouin zone boundary of the anharmonically stabilized cubic phase constitute key phonon modes that control the Na diffusion process in Na3PS4. We demonstrate how these strongly anharmonic phonon modes enable Na-ions to hop along the minimum energy pathways. Further, the quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements, supplemented with ab initio and machine-learned molecular dynamics simulations, probe the Na diffusivity and diffusion mechanism. These results offer detailed microscopic insights into the dynamic mechanism of fast Na diffusion and provide an avenue to search for further Na solid electrolytes.
Active optical mapping for high-speed and hyperspectral imaging

We introduce active optical mapping for multidimensional photography. An active optical mapper, high-resolution spatial light modulator, map the incident light datacube voxels onto sensor pixels in an arbitrary and programmed manner, thereby maximizing the measurement flexibility. We demonstrate our approach in hyperspectral and high-speed imaging.
Women in Medical School and Academia

“A medical school in the United States is an inhospitable world for a woman.”1 This quote from 1968 raises the following types of questions. If medical school is so inhospitable, why have so many women chosen this option, particularly in recent years? What happens to the women who venture forth? Is discrimination so overwhelming? The number of women entering medical school rose dramatically in the 1970s to the first year entry percentage of 31.7% for 1982–83 (Association of American Medical Colleges communication), although the acceptance rate has not varied much from that of men for most of this century,2 suggesting that part of the lower numbers for women has been because of the lower numbers applying. If women got accepted at the same rate as men, why were not more applying?
Opioid Antagonist Naltrexone Disrupts Feedback Interaction between μ and δ Opioid Receptors in Splenocytes to Prevent Alcohol Inhibition of NK Cell Function

Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, has been used in clinical trials to treat alcoholism. As the opioid peptides β-endorphin and enkephalin increase splenic NK cell function in laboratory animals, it is anticipated that naltrexone treatment will cause immunosuppression. However, we report in this study that chronic naltrexone administration in laboratory rats increases the cytolytic activity of NK cells. It also prevents alcohol’s suppressive effect on these cells. We identified that, in the splenocytes, δ opioid receptor expression is tightly controlled by negative feedback regulation of μ opioid receptors. Naltrexone disrupts this feedback control by reducing μ opioid receptor function, thereby up-regulating δ opioid receptor binding, which results in an enhanced NK cell cytolytic response to δ opioid receptor ligands. We conclude that naltrexone, which has been shown to be a promising agent for the clinical management of alcoholism, may have potential use in the treatment of immune deficiency in alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients.
Multiple interactions of a DNA-binding protein in vivo. II. Effects of host mutations on DNA replication of phage T4 gene 32 mutants.

It has been shown by other investigators (Huberman et al., 1971; Alberts et al., 1975) that T4 gene 32 protein specifically interacts with T4 DNA polymerase and stimulates its polymerizing activity in vitro. We have asked which steps in DNA metabolism require this specific interaction in vivo. We have carried out investigations to find out in which steps host functions might substitute for a mutationally altered gene 32 protein and whether T4 or Escherichia coli DNA polymerases are required under these conditions in initiation of DNA replication, in recombination and/or in DNA elongation. Our results show that several host functions (e.g. dnaC, dnaG) probably acting in a complex, can substitute for gene 32 protein in the first round of T4 DNA replication (=primary replication). This replication requires functional T4 DNA polymerase and does not depend on E. coli polymerase III. On the other hand, specific interaction of 32 protein and T4 DNA polymerase is important in initiation of DNA replication and in recombination. E. coli DNA polymerase I can partially substitute for the latter function of the gene 32-T4 DNA polymerase complex. We conclude from this and previous results that gene 32 protein, in addition to binding to DNA, interacts with T4 DNA polymerase, ligase and recombination nucleases and facilitates the co-ordinated action of these enzymes during recombination. Interactions of gene 32 protein with other proteins during DNA elongation must be different from interactions seen in recombination and initiation of DNA replication.
Quantitation of the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid by a simple charring method.

Abstract The thin-layer chromatographic technique of Marsh and Weinstein was employed for the determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid samples. The method involves scraping of the spots of interest into test tubes, charring with concentrated sulfuric acid under well-controlled conditions, and determination of the absorbance at 375 mμ.
Distributions, Statistical: Special and Continuous

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 6, pp. 3787–3793, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd., with an updated Bibliography section supplied by the Editor.
An Interior Penalty Method for the Generalized Method of Moments

The generalized method of moments (GMM) is a technique to discretize integral equations that permits integration of different types of basis functions as well as different geometric descriptions using a partition of unity framework. While accuracy and efficacy of the method have been demonstrated, the integration quadratures required to compute the inner products are often high, as they have to respect spatial variation of the integrand. To overcome this problem, we introduce an interior penalty function method within the GMM framework. The penalty formulation yields solutions that are smooth and accurate both in surface currents and fields with significantly lower numerical quadrature orders than would be required for the uncompensated operator. To demonstrate and analyze the method, we conduct an analytical and numerical investigation of the properties of the penalty method applied to the 2-D $\text{TE}^z$ electric field integral equation (EFIE) operator.
A laser-produced plasma sustained by a radiofrequency source

Summary form only given. The creation of a high-density plasma in a high pressure environment is studied. The plasma is generated by photoionization of the organic seed molecule tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TMAE) and is sustained by RF coupling through the use of an antenna. The coupled power is a function of antenna configuration, plasma density, working gas and applied magnetic field. Previous studies have utilized these antennas to couple power to the plasma through the inductive mode of operation. The inductive source operates by coupling power to the plasma through collisional ohmic heating of the wave energy. Helicon antennas have been shown to be very efficient sources in the low pressure argon regime with densities of the order of 4/spl times/10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/ with only 600 W of power in a 5 cm radius tube. The VUV laser in this experiment has created plasmas of order 10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/. The high density gives a high condition which allows higher radiation resistance of the antenna and more power to couple the plasmas. The use of different working gasses is explored and the results are compared and interpreted. The computer codes, ANTENNA2 and MAXEB are used to optimize the experiment and interpret results. The radiation resistance is measured using a network analyzer, and compared to code results. The plasma parameters are measured by Langmuir probes and optical emission spectra.
‘No matter how, Jogendranath had to be defeated’: The Scheduled Castes Federation and the making of partition in Bengal, 1945–1947:

This article offers an explanation for the defeat of Jogendranath Mandal and the Scheduled Castes Federation in the context of partition-era Bengal. Departing from analyses of Scheduled Caste integ...
Joseph Hudnut and the unlikely beginnings of post-modern urbanism at the Harvard Bauhaus

Between 1937 and 1952, from his post at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius successfully promoted a modernist urbanism based on the principles of CIAM (the Congres Internationaux d‘Architecture Moderne). With the help of his Harvard students and colleagues, especially Martin Wagner (Berlin's city planning director during the Weimar Republic), Gropius’ approach to urban design played a key part in shaping the post-war American landscape. In an unlikely twist, Joseph Hudnut, dean of the Graduate School of Design, who had brought Gropius there, became a fierce opponent of Gropius' plans for the modern city. Though he lost the battle he fought with Gropius for the direction of city planning, Hudnut did plant the seeds of a new post-modern urbanism that took root two decades later.
Association of cyclin D1 and E1 expression with disease progression and biomarkers in patients with nonmuscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder.

Abstract Purpose To determine the association of cyclin D1 and E1 expression with bladder cancer presence, clinical and molecular characteristics, and disease progression in patients with nonmuscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for cyclin D1, cyclin E1, p53, p21, p27, pRB, KI-67, and survivin was performed on a tissue microarray containing specimens from 9 normal controls and 74 patients with Ta, Tis, and/or T1 urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cyclin D1 and E1 immunoreactivity were considered low when samples showed less than 10% and 30% nuclear reactivity, respectively. Results Normal bladder urothelium from all 9 control patients showed uniformly intense expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1. Cyclin D1 and E1 expression were low in 23 of 74 (31.1%) and 27 of 74 (36.5%) specimens. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that low expression of cyclin E1 was significantly associated with an increased probability of tumor recurrence and progression in univariate, but not multivariate analysis. Cyclin D1 immunoreactivity was not associated with any pathologic characteristics or clinical outcomes. Low cyclin E1 expression was significantly associated with altered expression of p53, pRB, KI-67, and survivin. Conclusions Tissue expression of cyclin D1 or E1 seems not to add independent prognostic value to standard features in patients with nonmuscle -invasive urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder.
Fabric development in brittle-to-ductile shear zones

Brittle-to-ductile shear zones from two separate geological settings are shown to have nucleated on zones of predominantly brittle deformation. The shear zones are not simply foliated cataclasites, since they contain abundant evidence of dynamic recrystallization of constituent minerals. A small quartz diorite lens in the Borrego Springs shear zone, southern California, contains centimeter-scale cataclasite zones that exhibit a gradual transition into foliated rock. Alteration of magnesiohornblende to actinolite, feldspar to white mica plus quartz, and biotite to chlorite, produced elongate minerals that define the foliation. During the later stages of deformation, intracrystalline slip and dynamic recrystallization of quartz and feldspar were important deformation mechanisms.
The development of an organotransition metal synthesis of quinones

Abstract A new and very general synthesis of quinones is described from conception to the current state of maturity. The chemistry relies on a convergent joining of a transition metal complex and an alkyne to provide benzoquinones (from maleoylmetal complexes) and naphthoquinones (from phthaloylmetal complexes). Significant aspects of this chemistry are its generality (terminal, internal, electron rich, and electron deficient alkynes react), its mildness (reactions can be run between room temperature and 80°) and its functional group compatibility (aldehydes, ketones, esters, nitriles, olefins, halides acetals, ketals, etc. survive).
THE EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATION DUE TO LUCK: AN EXTENSION

Gibrat's Law of Proportionate Effect is reconsidered by assuming a process of stochastic growth and decline of firms in an industry. With the assistance of computer simulations it is shown that such a process leads to an even more skewed size distribution of firms than a random process of growth only.
Some aspects of lead in plant nutrition

Accretion of lead by abscised barley roots from a lead nitrate solution was metabolically obtained, complemented by a fraction acquired physico-chemically. Added calcium supply did not significantly modify lead accretion. A ten-fold increase in supply concentration produced approximately a two-fold increase in lead accretion. During growth of bean, barley, and tomato plants in solution cultures, a substantial part of the lead supplied became associated with the roots; correspondingly little was present in the tops. A very large fraction of the lead associated with the roots of barley was readily extracted by various solvents, probably resident on the root surface or from free spaces therein; the remainder of the lead acquired may have been that sorbed within the root cells. A possible relationship of lead to phosphate accretion was not evident. There was no apparent effect of applied lead on the sorption of the other elements supplied. Plant dry weights, their top to root ratios and dry-weight percentages were constant under various lead supply concentrations in solution. Where lead supplies were advertently withheld, lead contents in plants were 5 to 25 times that which could have been expected under the solution culture conditions in a greenhouse with carbon filtered ambient air supply. Restriction of advertent lead supply caused no limitation of growth. If lead is essential to growth of these plant species, the critical concentration will probably be less than 2 to 6 ng atoms/g dry weight in plant tops.
The influence of optical aberrations on the magnitude of the Poggendorff illusion

The amount of blurring of the retinal image can be reduced by proper selection of an artificial pupil and a chromatic filter. Reduction of the amount of blurring due to optical aberrations by viewing through a 1-mm artificial pupil and an interference filter in the eye, results in a concomitant reduction in the magnitude of the Poggendorff illusion. The magnitude of the reduction is smaller, however, than would be expected if the illusion was predominantly determined by blur due to optical aberration.
Systematic Error Associated with Apparatus 2 of the USP Dissolution Test III: Limitations of Calibrators and the USP Suitability Test

The calibrator tablets now used in the USP suitability test do not reveal common sources of systematic error associated with Apparatus 2. When the apparatus was operated under conditions near or beyond USP tolerances, changes in the results of the USP calibrators were slight, whereas those of several samples of commercial prednisone tablets were significant. Thus, the USP calibrators and requirements do not guarantee suitability of the equipment for general dissolution testing of drug products.
Effect of diabetes and hypertension on obesity-related mortality

Background Obesity is increasing and, along with it, greater mortality resulting from the overweight condition. Weight-reduction surgery is recommended for many obese patients based on a perceived risk of greater obesity-related mortality. However, many of the studies cited to justify this have aggregated patient groups together, making it difficult to apply their findings to individual patients. Methods The combined National Health Interview Survey database from the years 1986-1994 that has been linked to the National Death Index was analyzed. Patients were stratified for their body mass index (BMI) category, the presence or absence of diabetes and hypertension, gender, and race. The contribution of hypertension and diabetes to mortality was determined by Cox proportional hazards modeling. The absolute magnitude that the effect gender, race, BMI, hypertension, and diabetes had on mortality was determined by examination of stratified age-adjusted death rates. Results We analyzed 662,443 records from individuals interviewed between 1986 and 1994. Of these, 49,391 had died in the follow-up period (mean follow-up, 7.2 years; range, 1-14 years). Cox proportional hazards modeling—adjusting for age, race, and gender—revealed that hypertension (hazard ratio = 1.35 [95% CI 1.34-1.35], P P P Conclusion Because weight-loss surgery successfully cures hypertension or diabetes in most obese patients, it should be considered for obese patients having these diseases. Based on the greatly elevated mortality associated with diabetes, surgery may be justified for obese diabetic patients with BMIs lower than the currently accepted criteria. In contrast, for the morbidly obese without diabetes or hypertension, mortality is only slightly increased from obesity alone. In terms of mortality, the benefits of weight reduction resulting from weight-loss surgery are less clear if there is no coexistent diabetes or hypertension.
Youth at Risk for Truancy Detour Into a Faith-Based Education Program: Their Perceptions of the Program and its Impact:

Many minority adolescents in the United States today are at a high risk for truancy, dropout, and academic under-achievement. Truancy is related to a host of preceding and subsequent risks such as delinquency and limited vocational outcomes. Using participatory research methods, this federally funded, 10-month study assessed youths' perceptions of a publicly funded, faith-based, alternative education program with 73 minority youth participants who were at risk for truancy. The study assessed whether change occurred in peer dynamics, youths' use of time, and educational aspirations. The program was found to have a positive impact on peer dynamics and the use of both school hours and free time. The program supported or did not hamper educational aspiration. Implications about the impact of alternative education programs for at-risk youth and the faith-based nature of the program are discussed.