cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Rubenstein and Inadomi

To the Editor: We appreciate the thoughtful comments by Drs Rubenstein and Inadomi (1) regarding our study (2) of diagnoses of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett's esophagus, and endoscopy and outcome from esophageal adenocarcinoma. We interpreted our principal findings of earlier stage at diagnosis and improved median survival as consistent with the beneficial effects of early detection of Barrett's esophagus. As correctly pointed out by Drs Rubenstein and Inadomi, the findings could also be due in part to lead-time or length-time bias.
Euler solutions for blunt bodies using triangular meshes - Artificial viscosity forms and numerical boundary conditions

A finite volume method is used to calculate compressible inviscid flows over blunt bodies using, in general, unstructured grids. Artificial viscosity forms are derived based on a simplified least squares procedure. The extra second order terms are consistent with the governing equations, hence a systematic treatment of the numerical boundary conditions can be easily implemented. A special treatment of blunt bodies may be required. The discrete equations are linearized and the resulting system is solved by a relaxation method. Preliminary results indicate that the effect of the numerical dissipation is minimal. For subsonic flows over smooth bodies, the solution is practically vorticity-free and the total pressure loss is of the same order as the truncation error. Finally, some extensions of the present method are briefly discussed.
Characterization of sites of tyrosine sulfation in proteins and criteria for predicting their occurrence.

Summary A wide variety of secretory proteins have recently been found to undergo post-translational sulfation of specific tyrosine residues. Here, amino acid sequences surrounding known sulfation sites in proteins are analyzed in order to identify factors which determine the specificity of sulfation. Several distinctive features of sulfation sites are identified, including: 1) abundance of acidic amino acid residues, 2) lack of basic residues, 3) low hydropathy, 4) absence of neighboring cysteine residues, 5) lack of extended secondary structure. Rules are proposed for predicting likely sites of sulfation based on the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Amorphous structure and electrical performance of low-temperature annealed amorphous indium zinc oxide transparent thin film transistors

Abstract The effect of low-temperature (200 °C) annealing on the threshold voltage, carrier density, and interface defect density of amorphous indium zinc oxide (a-IZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) is reported. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis show that the amorphous structure is retained after 1 h at 200 °C. The TFTs fabricated from as-deposited IZO operate in the depletion mode with on–off ratio of > 106, sub-threshold slope (S) of ~ 1.5 V/decade, field effect mobility (μFE) of 18 ± 1.6 cm2/Vs, and threshold voltage (VTh) of − 3 ± 0.7 V. Low-temperature annealing at 200 °C in air improves the on-current, decreases the sub-threshold slope (1.56 vs. 1.18 V/decade), and increases the field effect mobility (μFE) from 18.2 to 23.3 cm2/Vs but also results in a VTh shift of − 15 ± 1.1 V. The carrier density in the channel of the as-deposited (4.3 × 1016 /cm3) and annealed at 200 °C (8.1 × 1017 /cm3) devices were estimated from test-TFT structures using the transmission line measurement methods to find channel resistivity at zero gate voltage and the TFT structures to estimate carrier mobility.
Effects of Public Opinion on Policy

The responsiveness of government policies to citizens' preferences is a central concern of various normative and empirical theories of democracy. Examining public opinion and policy data for the United States from 1935 to 1979, we find considerable congruence between changes in preferences and in policies, especially for large, stable opinion changes on salient issues. We present evidence that pubic opinion is often a proximate cause of policy, affecting policy more than policy influences opinion. One should be cautious, however, about concluding that democratic responsiveness pervades American politics.
Low‐Temperature Phase of Tetraethylammonium Bromide

The title compound, C8H20N+.Br−, exhibits a trigonal structure. Pairs of alkyl chains form all-trans sequences through the N atom.
SOFIA: The next generation airborne observatory

The United States and German Space Agencies (NASA and DARA) are collaborating in plans for SOFIA — The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. It is a 2.5 meter telescope to be installed in a Boeing 747 aircraft and operated at altitudes from 41,000 to 45,000 feet. It will permit routine measurement of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere at lower altitudes, and observation of astronomical objects and transient events from anywhere in the world. The concept is based on 20 years of experience with NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), which SOFIA would replace. SOFIA will complement the capabilities of other future space missions, and will enable scientists to make observations which would otherwise be made from space.
Developing an Integrated Product and Price Management Course

Pricing has become one of the most important aspects of marketing management. Marketing educators have not responded to the need for more extensive instruction in pricing. This article suggests ways in which pricing can be incorporated into the curriculum. An integrated product and price management course is proposed.
Effects of adrenalectomy and spironolactone on urinary metabolites of aldosterone in rats.

The quantities and temporal sequences of appearance of aldosterone metabolites in the urine of adrenalectomized rats, and adrenalectomized rats treated with spironolactone, were compared following subcutaneous administration of a physiological dosage (0.05 μg) of [1,2,-3H]aldosterone. Large amounts of radiometabolites were rapidly excreted during 0–1 and 1–3 h and only small quantities by 3–4 h in urine of both groups of rats. The majority of the urinary radiometabolites (70–85%) were identified by Sephadex DEAP-LH-20 chromatography as neutral metabolites of aldosterone (NMA), together with lesser quantities of acidic, sulfate, and glucuronide conjugates. Further characterization by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that 90% of the NMA excreted by adrenalectomized rats were polar metabolites which could be separated into at least 15 peaks eluting in regions of increasing polarity (designated A, B, C, and D). Only small quantities of unaltered [3H]aldosterone and no ring-A-reduced metabolites were excreted by the adrenalectomized rats. Spironolactone treatment caused large changes in the excretion of acidic and sulfate derivatives of aldosterone, as well as discrete alterations in the HPLC patterns of the polar NMA (particularly those metabolites in regions A. and B). Such discrete changes in these metabolic pathways which occur at the same time as the hormonal actions of aldosterone in the kidney may provide further insight into understanding the biological role of aldosterone metabolism.
Thermoregulation in mice exhibits genetic variability early in senescence

Aging leads to a loss of thermoregulation that can be readily monitored in laboratory mice. However, it is unclear from previous studies—we provide a tabular summary of 15 articles—whether significant loss occurs by midlife (∼15 months of age). In this study, we examined 34 females from 22 LSXSS strains starting at 4 and 8 months of age (17 mice per age group). We used transponders inserted just under the loose skin of the pelt and calibrated against rectal body temperature to measure temperatures quickly without restraint. We found that the mean body temperatures measured 5 months later (9 and 13 months of age) had dropped significantly below normal in both groups: 0.6oC lower in the younger cohort and 1.0oC lower in the older cohort. These drops were not associated with weight loss or signs of pathology. Notably, the loss of thermoregulation between 8 and 13 months of age also exhibited genetic variation that was highly significant (P = 0.004). Such variation is potentially a powerful tool for determining the cause of thermoregulatory loss with age and whether this loss predicts senescence changes later in life, including the force of mortality.
3D high resolution photoacoustic imaging based on pure optical photoacoustic microscopy with microring resonator

ABSTRACT For three-dimensional imaging of optical absorbance, the existing technology of photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has quite poor axial resolution, the tens of microns to hundreds of microns. This is despite the fact that PAM has recently achieved lateral resolutions on the order of a micron or submicron, comparable to that of optical microscopy. In this paper, a pure optical photoacoustic microscopy (POPAM) with optical rastering of a focused excitation beam and optically sensing of the photoacoustic signal using a microring resonator was developed with the super broad bandwidth of the system more than 350MHz. With unprecedented broad bandwidth of POPAM, 3.8µ m axial resolution was achieved without deconvolution processing. Sectioning imaging ability along axial direction presenting 3D morphologic features was shown based on imaging printed phantom. The impact of this approach will be similar to how confocal optical microscopy revolutionized the conventional optical microscopy by enabling the axial sectioning capability. Tissue imaging comparing POPAM and conventional PAM based on needle hydrophone demonstrated that though such broad bandwidth compromised the sensitivity of POPAM 4.35 times than that of conventional PAM, the noise equivalent detectable pressure (NEDP) was estimated as 74Pa, still able to get the tissue imaging. Keywords: Photoacoustic microscopy, Pure optical photoacoustic microscopy, Sectioning imaging
Finite element analysis of curved thin-walled laminated channel structures

Abstract The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical procedure for dynamic characterization of thin-walled rounded channel beams made from laminated composites. To develop the analytical procedure, the thin wall beam theory for isotropic materials was extended for the laminated case. It is shown that the physical properties needed for modeling are the weighted average of the laminae properties. The corners of the c-channel beam are rounded for minimizing stress concentration and for ease of manufacturing. The cross-sectional properties of the rounded shape are calculated and reported. Once the beam model for the laminated composite beam is developed, it is used to set up dynamic equations for vibration analysis with combined bending and torsion. The variational formulation and the finite element procedure augmented by appropriate shape functions and boundary conditions leads us to the frequency equation which can be solved for system dynamics. Numerical examples are presented to validate the theory and the computer program. The results show that the theory is accurate and efficient. The program developed here can be used as the tool for the design of laminated channel beam structures of complex geometry.
Theoretical and experimental study of efficient control of vibrations in a clamped square plate

In this paper, we sought to develop an efficient controller for vibration reduction in a fully clamped plate. We investigated two control methodologies (positive velocity feedback and H∞ control) and two types of actuators (an inertial actuator and a distributed strain actuator). These were used to develop four control architectures. Both theoretical and experimental studies were undertaken with varying results. The best theoretical results were obtained when H∞ control was used in conjunction with a distributed strain actuator. Experimentally, the H∞ controller using the distributed strain actuator outperformed the others.
Corporate long-range planning groups—Some different approaches

Abstract This paper investigates several atypical roles of formal long-range planning groups and some reasons for their appearance. The study is based on three separate surveys covering 115 companies in eight industries located in both England and the United States. The authors first identify functions based on their own research and the literature which appear to make up a typical planning group role. Twenty-four of the 115 planning groups surveyed very considerable as well as sytematically from the norm. They are classified into three major categories described as (1) capital budgeting groups, (2) project development groups, and (3) think tank groups.
Cross‐cultural equivalence of price perceptions across American, Chinese, and Japanese consumers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply Lichtenstein et al.'s price perception model to American, Chinese and Japanese cultures, to test the measurement equivalence across three cultures, and to compare the price perception constructs across three cultures using equivalent instruments.Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire is used to collect information on more than 500 student respondents from America, China, and Japan.Findings – Utilizing structural equation modeling, a 21‐item version of Lichtenstein et al.'s scale is created that has good fit across the three cultures. In progressively constraining tests, good model fit is found when constraining or partially constraining the factor loadings, error correlations, factor variances, and correlations between factors to be equal across three cultures tested. In addition, after creating price perception subscales, no significant differences emerge between Chinese, Japanese, and US consumers on value consciousness or price/quality schemas. Sig...
Sensitivity of Jump Avoidance Condition of Piecewise Linear Vibration Isolator to Dynamical Parameters

An adapted averaging method is employed to obtain an implicit function for frequency response of a bilinear vibration isolator system under steady state. This function is examined for jump-avoidance and a condition is derived which when met ensures that the undesirable phenomenon of ‘Jump’ does not occur and the system response is functional and unique. The jump avoidance and sensitivity of the condition are examined and investigated as the dynamic parameters vary. The results of this investigation can be directly employed in design of effective piecewise linear vibration isolators. A linear vibration system is defined as one in which the quantities of mass (or inertia), stiffness, and damping are linear in behavior and do not vary with time [1]. Although mathematical models employing a linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients portray a simple and manageable system for analytical scrutiny, in most cases they are an incomplete representation simplified for the sake of study. Most real physical vibration systems are more accurately depicted by non-linear governing equations, in which the non-linearity may stem from structural constraints causing a change in stiffness and damping characteristics, or from inherent non-linear behavior of internal springs and dampers. This paper focuses on a general form of such a non-linear system. This study of piecewise-linear systems will allow hazardous system behavior over operating frequency ranges to be gauged and controlled in order to avoid premature fatigue damage, and prolong the life of the system.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Zooming in on AMPA receptor regulation by CaMKII

Insights into the molecular mechanism of synaptic plasticity suggest that AMPA receptor phosphorylation by CaMKII accelerates channel opening and that TARPs preserve this regulation despite the presence of a GluA2 subunit.
Class vs. Citizenship: Keywords in German Gender History

There is perhaps no more fitting way to honor Vernon Lidtke than to demonstrate, in the form of this essay, that the questions he posed to his students years ago continue to provide a grid for contemplating and analyzing historical subjects, both familiar and new. One such question involved the impact of one concept's transformation upon another: would class persist as a crucial historical category once it had confronted the differences of gender? This question preoccupied me in previous work and I return to it here, taking stock of that which has changed since I first contemplated this question, in the fields of both German and European gender history. Another question that remains an object of debate is the longer-term trajectory of the history of women and gender: how might we define the point at which its work of subversion or revision is complete? What directions might this field take once “mainstream” histories have successfully incorporated its findings? This essay aims to compare the ways in which the keywords class, citizenship, and welfare state have been redefined, expanded, or circumscribed through the turn to culture, language, and gender. This comparative exercise allows me to expand Vernon's original questions to include citizenship, the critical concept in my more recent scholarship, and to review the potentials and promises of main-streaming across the so-called Atlantic divide.
Nontumor integral dose variation in conventional radiotherapy treatment planning.

Treatment planning involves selecting delivery parameters that distribute the dose to nontumor tissue in such a way as to minimize the risk of complications. This work studied the relationship between nontumor integral dose (NTID), the fractional energy deposited in nontumor tissue, and a variety of delivery parameters for three clinical cases: nasopharynx, pancreas, and prostate. Integral dose for an organ of uniform density is simply the product of the organ density, volume, and mean dose. For each case, conventional plans were generated with 2, 4, 8, 12 and 36 equally spaced beams. All plans were normalized to the same tumor mean dose (<3%), which is equivalent to the same tumor integral dose. For the pancreas and prostate cases, the patients were assumed to be uniform density. For the nasopharynx case, bones and air cavities were outlined and each assigned a uniform non-unit density. With four or more beams and clinical margin values, the variation in NTID was <1% as a function of number of beams. With eight or more beams, the variation was <0.2%. Reducing the beam margin decreased the NTID because less normal tissue was irradiated. However, the effect of the number of beams on NTID was independent of margin size. Higher energy beams reduced the NTID, as expected, and the effect was independent of the number of beams. With four or more beams, variation in beam direction changed NTID by less than 1.5%. Changing beam weights changed NTID by <2% for plans with four to eight beams. For the body sites studied, the majority of energy was deposited in nontumor tissue, ranging from 72% in the nasopharynx case to 97% for the prostate case. The NTID decreased with increasing tumor size for similar anatomic sizes and increased with increasing size of anatomical region for similar tumor size. Finally, the effect of heterogeneity-corrected doses on the NTID was found to be <3% for the nasopharynx case. These data support the hypothesis that the NTID is approximately independent of beam orientation or relative weighting when many beams are used. Optimization, therefore, can only find the best distribution of dose; it cannot reduce the energy imparted. NTID may be useful in establishing an upper bound on the quality of plan that can be achieved by optimization.
BMP compliance monitoring programs in the Eastern United States

An important aspect of a best management practices (BMP) program is providing credible information on the extent to which BMPs are being applied within the state. This paper, summarizing the responses of a survey to states about their BMP monitoring program, indicates nearly three of four states in the eastern U.S. have monitoring programs to determine if voluntary or mandatory forest practices are being applied. BMP compliance monitoring programs vary extensively among states in such areas as: the agency(s) responsible for undertaking the monitoring, the types of practices monitored, reasons for establishing the monitoring program, and the frequency and costs of compliance monitoring implementation. The survey found that information from compliance monitoring is used to modify forest practice rules or guidelines, redirect education and training programs, and inform policy makers and the general public of forest practice application rates. Major issues associated with implementing compliance monitoring programs as indicated by the survey include: specifying the types of information to be gathered, selecting harvest sites, accessing private property, determining monitoring responsibility, and reporting and using the information collected.
GROUND WATER SIMULATION USING A ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW MODEL

: In projects involving ground water problems, dependence on the mathematical modeling of the ground water flow phenomena is inescapable. At present, two dimensional flow models, which require tremendous amounts of computer time and storage, are generally used. When such bulky models are used for planning purposes, the two requirements (computer time and storage) can severely limit the number of alternatives that can be considered. A simple quantity and quality simulation model is developed here which requires considerably less computer time and storage and gives reasonably accurate results. The model was applied to simulate a ground water basin in San Luis Rey River in Southern California. The results were compared with those obtained by a USGS model. It was found that the simple model gave results which were consistentaly within five percent of the USGS model results, while the requirements on computer time and storage were drastically reduced.
Numerical evaluation and correction method for multi-sensor probe measurement techniques in two-phase bubbly flow

Accurate measurement of local time-averaged two-phase flow parameters (void fraction, bubble velocity and interfacial area concentration) is important for the evaluation of two-phase flow models as well as for the development of closure relations used in the two-fluid model. In this study, a numerical simulation of the measurement of these parameters using a multi-sensor probe is performed for bubbly flow. The bubble velocity measurement being over-estimated, a probe design criterion is given to reduce the measurement error. The interfacial area concentration measurement is found under-estimated because of the inaccurate missing bubbles recovering method. Based on the simulations, a new correction method independent of the probe geometry and the bubbly flow conditions is suggested.
Assessing Feasibility of Electric Buses in Small and Medium-Sized Communities

ABSTRACT With the increasing awareness of greenhouse gas emissions, transportation with alternative fuel, especially vehicle electrification has attracted attention from more and more researchers, planners and practitioners. However, the feasibility of using electric vehicles for public transit is hard to assess as electric buses vary significantly in terms of costs and performance. Implementation of electric buses in small and medium communities is even more complex, as such communities are often more sensitive to transportation service due to factors such as tighter budget constraints, higher standards for noise and air quality control, and stronger needs for the sense of community. A comprehensive assessment framework is needed to evaluate feasibility of electric bus implementation in small and medium communities. The study establishes such an evaluation framework and selects assessment criteria based on comprehensive literature review and data from multiple sources including research reports, manufact...
Demonstration of enhanced DQE with a dual MCP configuration

X-ray framing cameras based on proximity-focused micro-channel plates (MCP) have been playing an important role as diagnostics of inertial confinement fusion experiments [1]. Most of the current x-ray framing cameras consist of a single MCP, a phosphor, and a recording device (e.g. CCD or photographic films). This configuration is successful for imaging x-rays with energies below 20 keV, but detective quantum efficiency (DQE) above 20 keV is severely reduced due to the large gain differential between the top and the bottom of the plate for these volumetrically absorbed photons [2]. Recently developed diagnostic techniques at LLNL require recording backlit images of extremely dense imploded plasmas using hard x-rays, and demand the detector to be sensitive to photons with energies higher than 40 keV [3]. To increase the sensitivity in the high-energy region, we propose to use a combination of two MCPs. The first MCP is operated in low gain and works as a thick photocathode, and the second MCP works as a high gain electron multiplier [4,5]. We assembled a proof-of-principle test module by using this dual MCP configuration and demonstrated 4.5% DQE at 60 keV x-rays.
Gossiping protocols for hybrid grid resource scheduling

Grid resource providers can use gossiping to disseminate their available resource state to remote regions of the grid to attract application load. Pairwise gossiping protocols exchange information about limited subsets of other resources between pairs of potentially remote participants. In epidemic gossiping protocols, the provider disseminates information to multiple neighbors, who in turn forward it to their neighbors, and so on. One important metric for these protocols is their coverage, which characterizes how many and which resources receive the information. Coverage characteristics of epidemic protocols are non-uniform, concentrated within the vicinity of a disseminating node; they can exhibit bi-modal behavior where information either reaches distant nodes or dies out quickly. Pairwise gossiping protocols, on the other hand, provide a more uniform coverage, but it can take longer for the dissemination to reach desired uniformity. In this paper, we study performance characteristics of three gossiping protocols: (1) epidemic gossiping, (2) pairwise gossiping, and (3) adaptive information dissemination (which is based on a form of epidemic gossiping). We report experimental results based on our simulation framework that compare the three protocols in terms of packet overhead and query satisfaction rates. We show that pairwise gossiping protocols work best when resource distribution on the grid is uniform, and that they can be configured to perform well in support of grid scheduling. We also verify this behavior under typical node failures of real-world production grids.
Chemotherapy as predictor of compliance

Patient compliance with the increasingly complex adjuvant therapy protocols has always been of concern, particularly in the head and neck cancer population. The Head and Neck Intergroup recently concluded a phase III prospective randomized trial testing the addition of three courses of cisplatinum containing combination chemotherapy to standard treatment defined as surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for advanced stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma. The chemotherapy was administered following the surgery prior to the postoperative radiotherapy. Variation from protocol is ranked retrospectively as minor acceptable, major acceptable, and major unacceptable. The incidence of major unacceptable variation from the protocol for radiotherapy immediately following the surgery was 15% vs. 19% in the population that completed all three courses of the chemotherapy (P < 0.10). However, for those patients that completed less than the three courses of chemotherapy, the incidence of major unacceptable variation in radiotherapy was 33% (P < 0.001). This observation was controlled for site, stage, performance status, age, sex, surgical margins and experience of participating institution. We conclude that compliance with a multicourse adjuvant chemotherapy regimen is predictive of subsequent compliance to radiotherapy in the head and neck cancer population.
A quantitative determination for the detection of immunoglobulin (IgG) on the surface of platelets.

Abstract A sensitive method for the quantitation of IgG on platelets had not been demonstrated until 1975, when Dixon, Rosse, and Ebbert described a quantitative antiglobulin consumption test useful in detecting platelet associated IgG (N Engl J Med 292:230, 1975). A modification of that technique has rendered the assay reproducible and removed the need for daily repetition of a standard IgG titration curve for quantitation. This modification utilizes 1-ethyl-3-3(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide HCl (ECDI) (Sigma, E-7750), in place of chromic chloride, as a coupling agent for attaching IgG (Miles 64–145) to sheep cells (SRC), used as indicator cells. The ECDI consistently couples IgG to SRC and does not subject the SRC to sporadic spontaneous lysis, as does chromic chloride. This modification permits the detection of IgG on platelets (Direct Test), or in sera (Indirect Test) by incubation of a washed platelet pool with sera in vitro, and testing as in the Direct Test. Normal values of 0.01–1.56 and 0.14–1.6 femtograms (F) per platelet have been obtained for the Direct and Indirect Tests, respectively. In six cases of suspected ITP, values ranged 12.0–221.0 F and 2.9–37.6 F for the Direct and Indirect Tests, respectively. In conclusion, in disease states or other abnormal situations, quantities of IgG can be detected that are not usually present on the platelets of normal subjects.
Nonlinear integrodifferential equations and a priori bounds on periodic solutions

This paper studies the existence of aperiodic solution of a nonlinear integrodifferential system of the form\(x'(t) = Dx(t) + f\left( {x(t)} \right) + \int\limits_{ - \infty }^t {k(t,s)g\left( {x(s)} \right)ds + p(t)} ,\), for each continuous periodic function p and under suitable assumptions on f, k and g. A topological transversality method is employed to obtain the existence of periodic solutions. This method relies ona priori bounds on periodic solutions. Several examples are provided where a variant of Liapunov's direct method is employed to obtaina priori bounds on periodic solutions.
Vorticity Dynamics in Isobarically Closed Porous Channels Part II: Space-Reductive Perturbations

In extending previous work thispaper continues to addresstheacoustico-vortical coupling insidea porouschanneloftheclosed-opentype.Thecompanionpaper (Majdalani,J.,“ VorticityDynamicsinIsobaricallyClosedPorous Channels Part I: Standard Perturbations,” Journal of Propulsion and Power , Vol. 17, No. 2 ) applies conventional perturbationprinciples toderivethetemporalvorticity from thelinearizedvorticity transportequation.Two alternative efforts will be invested here to obtain the temporal velocity from the linearized momentum equation. These effortsreston applying Wentzel,Kramers, and Brillouin (WKB)and multiple-scaleexpansions.Themultiple-scale approach includes the innovative idea of introducing a virtually arbitrary scale that can be left unspecie ed during the derivation process. At the conclusion of the asymptotic analysis, this unknown variable is determined. The algebraiccomplexity oftheresulting variablejustie esthereverseengineering methodology adoptedinitsderivation. Its complexity stems from itsintrinsicfunction ofsingly representing a triple-deck structureofinner,intermediate, and outerlength scales. This spatial scale reduction allows a conventional two-variablemultiple-scale expansion to be successful. The emerging one-term formulation is conveniently short and accurate. Its simplicity enables us to obtain closed-form expressions for the velocity modulus and depth of penetration. Numerical verie cations reveal that the error associated with this space-reductive perturbation solution is smaller than its precursors, namely, the standard perturbation solution ofPaper Iand the WKB solution furnished here. Mostparticularly, theasymptotic equations are found to agree very well with independently acquired computational data. The latter are obtained from a two-dimensional Navier ‐Stokes solver that handles the nonlinear conservation equations.
Instructional Environments in Secondary Vocational Education Programs: Implications for LD Adolescents

As increasing numbers of students with learning disabilities and other mild handicaps enroll in secondary vocational education, it becomes imperative for LD teachers to be knowledgeable about the c...
Estimating Proportions in Petrographic Mixing Equations by Least-Squares Approximation

Petrogenetic hypotheses involving fractional crystallization, assimilation, or mixing of magmas may be expressed and tested as problems in leastsquares approximation. The calculation uses all of the data and yields a unique solution for each model, thus avoiding the ambiguity inherent in graphical or trial-and-error procedures. The compositional change in the 1960 lavas of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, is used to illustrate the method of calculation.
A New Species in the Lomatium foeniculaceum (Apiaceae) Clade Revealed Through Combined Morphometric and Phylogenetic Analyses

Abstract A high degree of morphological variability exists within Lomatium (biscuitroots, Apiaceae). This variability has led to conflicting opinions regarding relationships of white-flowered Lomatium specimens from southern Idaho and Oregon allied to L. nevadense and L. foeniculaceum. An initial morphological study, using morphometric analysis and phenetic classification techniques, suggested that these anomalous specimens, generally referred to as L. ravenii, were more closely related to L. foeniculaceum than to L. nevadense. Phylogenetic analyses using the rps16 intron, ITS, and rpl32-trnLUAG placed five populations of the anomalous individuals within a clade including L. ravenii and the three varieties of L. foeniculaceum from our region. However, two populations collected from Succor Creek in southeastern Oregon clustered independently of L. ravenii, suggesting a new cryptic species. Subsequent morphological analyses revealed differences in morphology between L. ravenii and the Succor Creek populatio...
Cutoff Frequencies of Perturbed Circular Waveguides and Polygonal Waveguides

—The near circular cylindrical waveguides are studied by perturbation theory. Analytic expressions of the fundamental frequencies of both TM and TE waves are found. Results for the cutoff frequencies are presented for the wavy waveguides and the regular polygonal waveguides.
MEASUREMENT OF GENETIC STRUCTURE WITHIN POPULATIONS USING MORAN'S SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION STATISTICS

Abstract Spatial structure of genetic variation within populations, an important interacting influence on evolutionary and ecological processes, can be analyzed in detail by using spatial autocorrelation statistics. This paper characterizes the statistical properties of spatial autocorrelation statistics in this context and develops estimators of gene dispersal based on data on standing patterns of genetic variation. Large numbers of Monte Carlo simulations and a wide variety of sampling strategies are utilized. The results show that spatial autocorrelation statistics are highly predictable and informative. Thus, strong hypothesis tests for neutral theory can be formulated. Most strikingly, robust estimators of gene dispersal can be obtained with practical sample sizes. Details about optimal sampling strategies are also described.
Cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised guinea pigs: a model for testing antiviral agents in vivo.

Abstract An experimental model for testing antiviral agents against severe cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompromised hosts was developed. The model consisted of cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment of CMV-infected guinea pigs to simulate CMV infection in immunodeficient individuals. Of the 3 Cy regimens tested, a single 300 mg/kg dose administered one day after virus inoculation resulted in the most severe CMV infection considering mortality rates, mean day of death and loss of body weight. Evaluation of responses to both T and B cell mitogens suggested that the severe and lethal CMV infection resulted from the combined immunosuppressive effect of Cy and CMV. The nucleoside analog [9-(1-3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine (DHPG) was used to assess the usefulness of the CMV-infected immunocompromised host model. DHPG (100 mg/kg/day for 8 days) prevented death but did not reduce virus infectivity titers in blood of Cytreated, CMV-infected guinea pigs. This model of CMV infection in immunocompromised guinea pig is a relevant and convenient experimental tool for the assessment of candidate anti-CMV agents under well-defined experimental conditions, such as appropriate CMV inoculum and Cy regimen.
Methodologic problems in clonogenic assays of spontaneous human tumors.

Colony formation in soft agar was used to investigate growth properties and drug sensitivity in 102 tumor specimens from 91 patients. Sufficient colony growth for sensitivity testing with various drugs was obtained in 36 of 67 specimens (54%) with adequate cell yield and pathologically documented malignancy. Room temperature (20–24° C) is superior to both 4° C and 37° C for 12–36 h storage and transport of malignant effusions. By contrast, fine mincing in sterile saline or balanced salt solution, and refrigerated storage (4° C) appear optimal in experiments with three solid tumors. The use of buffered NH4Cl to lyse red blood cells markedly reduced plating efficiencies, and also reduced the percentage of tumors in which drug sensitivities could be tested from 64% to 38%. Several combinations of potential growth factors and culture media have been tested. Insulin enhanced plating efficiency (PE) in all six adenocarcinomas tested. Drug sensitivity of tumors was not affected by varying plating efficiency up to five-fold in two tumors. In eleven cases tumor cells were exposed to combinations of two or more drugs, and results assessed for evidence of drug interactions. In almost all cases, these two-drug combinations produced additive cell killing rather than either antagonistic or greater-than-additive effects.
Yield of Cooked Edible Portion of Turkey According to Sex, Age, Fatness, and Breast Type

Abstract THIS paper is the third of a series reported by Alexander et al. (1948) and Alexander and Schopmeyer (1949) on the yield of cooked edible portion, particularly muscle, obtained from poultry and various meats. It contains data on yield of cooked muscle (total white and dark, excluding neck and giblets) and skin with adhering fat for turkeys of different varieties, sexes, ages, fatness and breast type, together with data on cooking time, and cooking shrinkage. Cooking methods included roasting, oven braising, simmering, and steaming with and without pressure. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The literature was surveyed for information relating composition of uncooked and cooked turkeys to variety, sex, age, and grade. Harshaw and Rector (1940) published data on the physical composition of uncooked crossbred small-type turkeys of both sexes at 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 weeks of age. They concluded that between 28 and 32 weeks the gain in weight . . .
Effects of wilting on the subsequent intake of water by plants.

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Role of Differential Expression of Streptococcal Arginine Deiminase in Inhibition of fimA Expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis

Streptococcus cristatus ArcA inhibits production of a major adhesin, FimA, in Porphyromonas gingivalis, a primary periodontal pathogen. In this study, we demonstrate the differential expression of arcA in two streptococcal species. The expression level of arcA in streptococci appears to be controlled by both cis and trans elements.
LDR 2 LDR: University faculty communicating practice through theory

An act of leadership is always an act of practical theory. We lead because we hold visions of the world as it ought to be, because of the not yet, because of the potential that we see in ideas and people. Yet, there still exists a perceived binary between leadership theory (in the strong sense) and leadership practice, a binary that divides organizations, classrooms, and the differing bodies of leadership literature. In this Symposium, Duncan Waite and his colleagues discuss the barriers they have faced in bringing theory to the educational leadership classroom, as well as the promise they feel theory holds for more productive, equitable, and humane schooling organizations.
Pharmacists’ attitudes toward ACLS provider training program

Pharmacists are playing an increasingly important role in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). One study showed that the presence of a pharmacist on a CPR team resulted in approximately 18 fewer deaths per year than in institutions where a pharmacist was not involved.[1][1] Pharmacists’
THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF RACE AND POVERTY ON COUNTY INCARCERATION RATES

ABSTRACT Virtually all research on the effect of socio-economic variables on incarceration controls for either violent crime or Index crimes. As a result, these studies fail to control for the effect of the “war on drugs.” Further, previous research fails to adequately investigate the indirect effects of race and poverty through crime. Utilizing 1990 cross-sectional data from all 67 counties in Pennsylvania, this study examines the direct and indirect effects of socio-economic variables on the rate at which individuals are incarcerated in both county jails and state prisons. The models estimated here separately control for four measures of crime: index crime; violent crime; index and drug crime; and violent and drug crime. The direct effect of percent nonwhite was a significant predictor of incarceration rates in only two of the eight equations examined In the case of percent nonwhite, these results are most likely attributed to the high level of multicollinearity. The indirect effect of percent nonwhite ...
Fate and transport of organic nitrogen in minimally disturbed montane streams of Colorado, USA

In two montane watersheds that receive minimal deposition of atmospheric nitrogen, 15–71% of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was bioavailable in stream water over a 2-year period. Discharge-weighted concentrations of bulk DON were between 102 and 135 μg/l, and the C:N ratio differed substantially between humic and non-humic fractions of DON. Approximately 70% of DON export occurred during snowmelt, and 40% of that DON was biologically available to microbes in stream sediments. Concentrations of bioavailable DON in stream water were 2–16 times greater than dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) during the growing season, and bioavailable DON was depleted within 2–14 days during experimental incubations. Uptake of DON was influenced by the concentration of inorganic N in stream water, the concentration of non-humic DON in stream water, and the C:N ratio of the non-humic fraction of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Uptake of DON declined logarithmically as the concentration of inorganic N in stream water increased. Experimental additions of inorganic N also caused a decline in uptake of DON and net production of DON when the C:N ratio of non-humic DOM was high. This study indicates that the relative and absolute amount of bioavailable DON can vary greatly within and across years due to interactions between the availability of inorganic nutrients and composition of DOM. DOM has the potential to be used biotically at a high rate in nitrogen-poor streams, and it may be generated by heterotrophic microbes when DIN and labile DOM with low relative nitrogen content become abundant.
Mojokerto revisited: evidence for an intermediate pattern of brain growth in Homo erectus.

Abstract Brain development in Homo erectus is a subject of great interest, and the infant calvaria from Mojokerto, Indonesia, has featured prominently in these debates. Some researchers have suggested that the pattern of brain development in H. erectus resembled that of non-human apes, while others argue for a more human-like growth pattern. In this study, we retested hypotheses regarding brain ontogeny in H. erectus using new methods (resampling), and data from additional H. erectus crania. Our results reveal that humans achieve 62% (±10%) and chimpanzees 80% (±9%) of their adult endocranial volume by 0.5–1.5 years of age. Using brain mass data, humans achieve on average 65% and chimpanzees 81% of adult size by 0.5–1.5 years. When compared with adult H. erectus crania ( n = 9) from Indonesian sites greater than 1.2 million years old, Mojokerto had reached ∼70% of its adult cranial capacity. Mojokerto thus falls almost directly between the average growth in humans and chimpanzees, and well within the range of both. We therefore suggest that brain development in H. erectus cannot be dichotomized as either ape-like or human-like; it was H. erectus -like. These data indicate that H. erectus may have had a unique developmental pattern that should be considered as an important step along the continuum of brain ontogeny between apes and humans.