cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Law and the Third World : Reshaping Justice

1. Reshaping Justice: International Law and the Third World: An Introduction Richard Falk, Balakrishnan Rajagopal and Jacqueline Stevens 2. What may the 'Third World' Expect from International Law? Upendra Baxi 3. International Law and the Future Richard Falk 4. The Evolution of International Law: Colonial and Postcolonial Realities Antony Anghie 5. Recreating the State Jacqueline Stevens 6. Counter-hegemonic International Law: Rethinking Human Rights and Development as a Third World Strategy Balakrishnan Rajagopal 7. Why should Muslims Abandon Jihad?: Human Rights and the Future of International Law Abdullahi Ahmed An-na'im 8. Poverty, Agency and Resistance in the Future of International Law: An African Perspective Obiora Chinedu Okafor 9. Between Civilisation and Barbarism: Creole Interventions in International Law Liliana Obregon 10. 'I Heard it All Before' Egyptian Tales of Law and Development Amr Shalakany 11. The Civilised Self and the Barbaric Other: Imperial Delusions of Order and the Challenges of Human Security Ikechi Mgbeoji 12. Political Asylum and Torture: A Comparative Analysis Wadie E. Said 13. International Environmental Law, Water and the Future Hilal Elver 14. Resistance in the Age of Empire: Occupied Discourse Pending Investigation Vasuki Nesiah 15. Exiled to a Liminal Legal Zone: Are we all Palestinians now? Laurie King-Irani 16. Building Women into Peace: The International Legal Framework Christine Chinkin and Hilary Charlesworth 17. Third World Approaches to International Economic Governance James Thuo Gathii
Presence of the protein-glycosaminoglycan-protein covalent cross-link in the inter-alpha-inhibitor-related proteinase inhibitor heavy chain 2/bikunin.

HC2/bikunin is a human plasma proteinase inhibitor composed of two polypeptide chains that resist dissociation under reducing conditions in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This observation suggests that a nondisulfide cross-link is responsible for the association of these two polypeptide chains. In this study, we have utilized a variety of techniques to investigate the structural basis for this observation. We show that the cross-link between the two protein chains is sensitive to chondroitin sulfate-degrading enzymes and to 50 mM NaOH, properties shared by the protein-glycosaminoglycan-protein cross-link found in the related pre-alpha-inhibitor (Enghild, J. J., Salvesen, G., Hefta, S., Thogersen, I. B., Rutherfurd, S., and Pizzo, S. V. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 747-751). Biochemical and mass spectrometric analysis of the peptides containing the cross-link indicate that it is mediated by a chondroitin-4-sulfate chain that originates from a typical O-glycosidic link to Ser10 of bikunin. The COOH-terminal Asp648 residue of heavy chain 2 is esterified via the alpha-carbon to C-6 of an internal N-acetylgalactosamine of the chondroitin-4-sulfate chain. This suggests that the protein-glycosaminoglycan-protein cross-link that assembles the chains of pre-alpha-inhibitor is identical to that which assembles HC2/bikunin, and is probably a characteristic of the bikunin proteins.
Chapter 13 Commodity futures and options

Abstract Organized exchanges have evolved methods for enforcing contracts, which allow the contracts themselves to be traded at low cost. Theorists have modeled futures contracts as tools for risk management, despite an extensive empirical literature that does not support predictions about bias in prices or speculators' behavior. Another perspective models commercial firms as using futures contracts to arbitrage, to minimize transaction costs, to substitute temporarily for merchandising contracts. Because commercial firms tie their processing and storage decisions to the constellation of futures prices, futures prices have major allocative effects, even if their forecasting power is inevitably poor.
Sergey Glazyev and the revival of Soviet economics

A veteran Western observer and authority on Russia's political economy examines the recent debate on economic growth in Russia. Focusing on Sergey Glazyev, a prominent statist and nationalist favored by President Vladimir Putin, who reemerged at the top of the public debate, the author discusses the essence of his ideas (state capitalism, Eurasian integration, and expansionary fiscal and monetary policy). He proceeds to analyze the critical response of liberals, citing inter alia objections to loose fiscal and monetary policies. Russia's liberal economists favor broader international integration, whereas Putin is clearly in favor of state capitalism and Eurasian integration. This study ends with an up-to-date politico-economic assessment titled “Where is Putin going?”
Muramyl Dipeptide Induces Th17 Polarization through Activation of Endothelial Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) express the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod) receptor 2, which recognizes the bacterial derivate muramyl dipeptide (MDP). MDP stimulation of these cells enhances their IL-6 production and may thus contribute to the immune and inflammatory activities in the skin. However, whether ECs are capable of influencing the development of T cell priming and its polarization remains unknown. We report that in vitro the murine bEnd.3 EC line induces, following MDP stimulation, a Th17 polarization at the expense of Th1 and Th2 polarization in the setting of Langerhans cell (LC) Ag presentation to responsive T cells as assessed by IL-17, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-4 production. Interestingly, IL-22 production, which has been associated with Th17 priming, was not influenced by MDP-treated bEnd.3 cells, illustrating differential regulation of this cytokine from IL-17. Additional analysis confirmed a significantly increased percentage of IL-17(+)CD4(+) T cells by flow cytometry and an increased mRNA level of the specific Th17 transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt in cocultures of LCs and responsive T cells in the presence of activated bEnd.3 cells. Experiments using the RNA interference technique to knockdown IL-6 in bEnd.3 cells confirmed that IL-6 produced by bEnd.3 cells stimulated by MDP is at least partially involved in Th17 polarization. Our data suggest that activated ECs are capable of influencing LC Ag processing and presentation to T cells and induce a Th17 polarization. These results are important for the understanding of Th17-related disorders of the skin such as psoriasis.
The Metrics Induced by the Kullback Number

Within the universe of the gaussian distributions: How far away is the N(μ,σ2) from the standard N(0,1)? Clearly, the concept of distance between elements of a statistical manifold is central to the theory of inference. It is broadly accepted that the meaningful distances should not depend on the coordinate systems used to label elements in the sample space and in the parameter space. We show in this paper that the Kullback number (entropy) induces a large class (possibly all of them) of invariant metrics on the statistical manifold.
His-stories: Young, non-residential, African American fathers participating in a responsible fatherhood program: A hermeneutic inquiry

Childs, Suni Gregory. Ph.D., Iowa State University, May 2012. His-stories: Young, nonresidential, African American fathers participating in a responsible fatherhood program: A hermeneutic inquiry. Major Professors: Robert H. Bosselman and Steve B. Garasky. In America, 26 percent of all children live within a single parent household that is headed by a female. Of that number, two-thirds of African American children are now born into singlemother households. The purpose of this Phenomenological (Hermeneutic) study was to conduct in-depth hermeneutical interviews with a selected group of young African American fathers, who have or are currently participating in one of two Responsible Fatherhood Programs within the western New York area. They were: 1. *Great Starts (Only For Fathers Program) and, 2. *Positive, Outcomes, for Parents, who are Self-Sufficient, or P.O.P.S.. The P.O.P.S. program receives funding from the targeted area’s Department of Social Services and Great Starts receives funding from New York State Office of Children and Family Services. The goal of this research was to conduct a chronology of their life-world experiences which included exploring, their “past”, “present”, and “future” life-changing circumstances as a result of participating within a Responsible Fatherhood Program. This was achieved by using individual interviews to uncover common lived-world experiences of these young African American fathers’ lives, as it related to their future life-circumstances, post-program, and in their own voice. Results uncovered five common “lived-world ”experiences or themes: (a) Fatherlessness: Mama Knows Best; (b) My Babymama: Inter-parental conflict; (c) Making It: Self-Efficacy; (d) Help Wanted: underemployment/ unemployment; and, (e) Wanting To Be a Good Father: The provider/role model.
Effect of bilateral adrenalectomy on gastric acid and pepsin secretion from gastric fistulas and Heidenhain pouches in dogs.

Summary The effect on gastric secretion of bilateral adrenalectomy was studied in dogs with a vagally innervated gastric fistula and a vagally denervated Heidenhain pouch. Before adrenalectomy, maximal acid output from the gastric fistula was the same with stimulation by histamine or gastrin; bilateral adrenalectomy reduced maximal acid output to both of these stimulants by about 50%. Before adrenalectomy, maximal acid output from the Heidenhain pouch with stimulation by gastrin was about 50% of the value observed with histamine; bilateral adrenalectomy reduced the response to histamine by about 50% but did not change the response to gastrin, so that the maximal responses to these two stimulants were then about equal. Pepsin output from the gastric fistula in response to histamine or gastrin was not significantly altered by adrenalectomy. Hydrocortisone restored acid secretion to normal. In response to large doses of histamine, adrenalectomized animals collapsed. This collapse was due to severe hypotension.
Comparison of electrical conductivity calculation methods for natural waters

The capability of eleven methods to calculate the electrical conductivity of a wide range of natural waters from their chemical composition was investigated. A brief summary of each method is presented including equations to calculate the conductivities of individual ions, the ions incorporated, and the method's limitations. The ability of each method to reliably predict the conductivity depends on the ions included, effective accounting of ion pairing, and the accuracy of the equation used to estimate the ionic conductivities. The performances of the methods were evaluated by calculating the conductivity of 33 environmentally important electrolyte solutions, 41 U.S. Geological Survey standard reference water samples, and 1593 natural water samples. The natural waters tested include acid mine waters, geothermal waters, seawater, dilute mountain waters, and river water impacted by municipal waste water. The three most recent conductivity methods predict the conductivity of natural waters better than other methods. Two of the recent methods can be used to reliably calculate the conductivity for samples with pH values greater than about 3 and temperatures between 0 and 40°C. One method is applicable to a variety of natural water types with a range of pH from 1 to 10, temperature from 0 to 95°C, and ionic strength up to 1 m.
Temporal effects on steer performance and nutritive values for eastern gamagrass grazed continuously for different durations.

Eastern gamagrass ( Tripsacum dactyloides [L.] L.) has potential as a grazed forage, but options in its grazing management need to be evaluated. A 3-yr grazing study was conducted to determine temporal effects on steer performance and nutritive values for eastern gamagrass that was continuously stocked for various durations. Pastures were stocked at different rates and grazed to targeted forage height of 30 to 38 cm to impose treatments of 1) long duration of continuous stocking with a light stocking rate (3.0 steers/ha) 2) intermediate duration of grazing with an intermediate stocking rate (4.9 steers/ha) or 3) short duration of grazing with a heavy stocking rate (SDHS; 7.4 steers/ha). Crude protein percentage and in vitro organic matter digestibility of leaf blade and sheath showed nonlinear declines (P .10) among DCS or years. There was a quadratic ( P < .05) relationship between cumulative live weight gain (kg/ha) and DOP, but there also was an interaction ( P <.001) between DCS and DOP on the linear term. Cumulative live weight gains (kg/ha) for SDHS showed the steepest increases as DOP increased. High live weight gain per unit of land area can be achieved with eastern gamagrass, if grazed with high stocking rates to a targeted pasture height of 30 to 38 cm.
Sonographic features of benign thyroid nodules: interobserver reliability and overlap with malignancy.

Objective. To prospectively determine the sonographic findings of nodular hyperplasia of the thyroid, to compare these with reported findings associated with malignancy, and to assess interobserver reliability. Methods. Seventy thyroid nodules were scanned, and then biopsies of the nodules were performed under sonographic guidance with fine-needle cytologic analysis; in all cases images were reviewed by 2 experienced radiologists without knowledge of clinical outcome. Findings reported associated with malignancy were specifically assessed. Interobserver agreement between the expert and secondary readers for each finding was calculated by the κ or weighted κ statistic and the Fisher exact test of independence. Results. There were 68 benign and 2 malignant nodules in a population of 63 female and 7 male patients. The mean benign nodule size was 2.9 cm; 60% were solid; 54% were hypoechoic; 59% were microlobulated or macrolobulated; 47% had central vascularity; 24% contained calcifications; and 82% were elliptical in shape. There was very good interobserver reliability for the presence of calcium (κ = 0.91) and good agreement for the presence and location of vascularity (κ = 0.75) and the amount of cystic components (κ = 0.62; all P < .01). Conclusions. Sixty-nine percent of benign nodules had at least 1 finding reported previously as associated with malignancy. The interobserver reliability of the sonographic findings was good to very good for 3 of the 5 findings assessed. Key words: interobserver reliability; thyroid nodules; thyroid sonography.
Fuzzy rule based load frequency control in compliance with NERC's standards

In this paper, a set of fuzzy logic rules is designed to manipulate load frequency controllers of generating units providing regulation and load following services. The fuzzy based load frequency controllers take smart actions that (1) assure compliance with NERC's control performance standards, CPS1 and CPS2, and (2) also reduce wear and tear of generating units' equipment. A test system with multiple generation and distribution companies that takes into account regulation and load following services is used to illustrate the proposed methodologies.
Multiply separated position design for cycloidal motion

Abstract The first part of the paper introduces the concept of constraint due to a wheel rolling on a line and a line rolling on a wheel. Circular motion coefficients are given to allow linkage design for up to 5 multiply separated positions. The form of the cubic circle point curve is given with the necessary curvature transform. The second part of the paper treats the motion where the cubic degenerates to a circle and a line due to symmetrical motion. A similar result occurs in the fixed plane. Elementary equations result for the cubics under these conditions. In addition, the curve can be drawn with high accuracy by simple graphical techniques.
Post-ischemic neurologic recovery and cerebral blood flow using a compression model of complete “bloodless” cerebral ischemia in dogs

Complete "bloodless" cerebral ischemia was produced in 14 dogs by increasing intracranial pressure above systolic blood pressure (compression ischemia) for 10 min after the onset of an isoelectric EEG. Six dogs were observed for 48 h post-ischemia to assess neurologic recovery, and in 6 other dogs, acute post-ischemic cerebral blood flow was determined for 2 h. In 2 additional dogs, pre-ischemic and intra-ischemic cerebral blood volume (CBV) was measured using 111In-labeled red blood cells. Compression ischemia resulted in 2 of 6 dogs that were normal at 48 h post-ischemia, 3 dogs had moderate cerebral injury, and 1 dog died. These results were similar to results from previous studies in our laboratory in which complete "stagnant" cerebral ischemia of a comparable duration was produced in dogs using aortic and caval cross-clamping. Restoration of cerebral perfusion pressure following compression ischemia was accompanied by an initial phase of cerebral hyperemia followed by a delayed period of hypoperfusion similar to that observed following stagnant ischemia. The CBV studies in 2 dogs revealed that compression ischemia decreased CBV to 12% and 14% of pre-ischemic control values, respectively. The authors conclude, contrary to previous reports, that compression ischemia, although producing near bloodless ischemia, does not improve the brain's tolerance to ischemia.
Application of the CCD camera in medical imaging

Medical fluoroscopy is a set of radiological procedures used in medical imaging for functional and dynamic studies of digestive system. Major components in the imaging chain include image intensifier that converts x-ray information into an intensity pattern on its output screen and a CCTV camera that converts the output screen intensity pattern into video information to be displayed on a TV monitor. To properly respond to such a wide dynamic range on a real-time basis, such as fluoroscopy procedure, are very challenging. Also, similar to all other medical imaging studies, detail resolution is of great importance. Without proper contrast, spatial resolution is compromised. The many inherent advantages of CCD make it a suitable choice for dynamic studies. Recently, CCD camera are introduced as the camera of choice for medical fluoroscopy imaging system. The objective of our project was to investigate a newly installed CCD fluoroscopy system in areas of contrast resolution, details, and radiation dose.
Geospatial overlay computation on the GPU

General purpose computing on graphics processing units provides a relatively low cost mechanism to achieve high computational throughput on desktop computers. However, the architecture of GPUs is fundamentally different than CPUs; thus, traditional algorithms cannot simply be run on a GPU. In this paper, we develop algorithms for the line segment intersection problem and the arrangement problem for GPU architectures.
Liver Glycogen Response to Adrenal Cortical Extract of Diabetic and No451-n-Diabetic Rats.

SummaryLiver glycogen of alloxan-diabetic rats was 8 times as great as in normal rats. Both groups were fasted 24 hours. The liver glycogen response to adrenal cortical extract of diabetic rats was found not to be significantly different from the response of nondiabetic rats. Both groups were adrenalectomized and fasted 32 hours.
Social determinants of neighborhood attachment

The research assesses the relative contribution of social participation and satisfaction with the neighborhood to attachment to the local community or neighborhood. It analyzes the importance of two different sources of community affect on residents’ attachment to their neighborhood. Previous research has focused on subjective social indicators as measures of neighborhood quality, and the establishment of social bonds and interaction as the basis of attachment to the local area of residence. The evidence we present, using multiple regression techniques, shows that both models are important for the assessment of neighborhood attachment. This research indicates that satisfaction with the neighborhood (environmentally and safety‐wise) and local social ties are important predictors of neighborhood attachment. The personal characteristics of race and home ownership are also found to be significant indicators of neighborhood attachment.
Comment on the Clauser chart method for determining the friction velocity

A known difficulty with using the Clauser chart method to determine the friction velocity in wall bounded flows is that it assumes, a priori, a logarithmic law for the mean velocity profile. Using both experimental and DNS data in the literature, this note explicitly shows how friction velocities obtained using the Clauser chart method can potentially mask subtle Reynolds-number-dependent behavior.
Can the Perclose suture-mediated closure system be used safely in patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic angiography to treat chronic lower extremity ischemia?

Abstract Purpose Mechanical closure devices for arterial hemostasis after angiography, such as the Perclose suture-mediated closure system, are designed to decrease time to ambulation and improve patient comfort. Although these devices are safe and efficacious, to date there has been little reported about use of the Perclose device in a cohort consisting exclusively of patients with lower extremity peripheral vascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of routine use of the Perclose system in patients with documented peripheral vascular disease undergoing angiography to treat chronic lower extremity ischemia. Methods The Perclose device was placed for arterial closure after femoral artery access in 500 consecutive patients with documented peripheral vascular disease (ankle-brachial index, Results Of the 500 arteries, 54% were accessed for diagnostic angiography and 46% for intervention. Perclose device placement was successful in 475 attempts (95%). Overall major complication rate was 1.4% (7 of 500 arteries). Complications included one death from retroperitoneal hemorrhage; three episodes of limb ischemia, two requiring operation and one requiring lytic therapy; two pseudoaneurysms; and one hematoma, which prolonged hospitalization. The hematoma was the only complication in the 25 patients with failed Perclose device placement. There were no infections requiring admission or operation. Conclusion The Perclose suture-mediated closure device is efficacious and can be used safely in selected patients with documented peripheral vascular disease. Complications associated with this device tend to be more severe than those historically reported for manual compression. Substantial experience with use of this device is required to achieve excellent results in patients with difficult anatomy.
Role of the "bearing down" reflex on oviposition in the chicken.

White Leghorn hens with hard-shelled eggs in the uterus were curarized and then injected with vasopressin, which causes contraction of uterus and vagina. Birds receiving only vasopressin served as controls. The control birds laid within 3 to 5 minutes after injection of vasopressin. In the curarized birds receiving vasopressin, the time of oviposition was about 7 minutes. These data indicate that abdominal muscles and press facilitate oviposition but do not play an important role in it.
Target classification using curvature scale spaces

In this paper, we present a study of target recognition based on curvature measures. The goal of this work is to examine identification algorithms based on contour and surface curvature estimations. F. Costa and R. M. Cesar have developed fractal and curvature analysis methods for the contours in 2D images. In particular, they have introduced the notion of the curvegram of a contour. This provides a visual representation of how the curvature changes with scale. We propose an extension to target recognition based on curvature descriptors but involving the whole target set not just the boundary.
Randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention targeting symptoms and physical activity in multiple sclerosis.

Background:Exercise training is beneficial, but most persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) are sedentary and physically inactive. This has prompted a new focus on the promotion of lifestyle physical activity in MS. We previously designed, tested, and refined a behavioral intervention delivered through the Internet that successfully increased lifestyle physical activity in MS, but have not evaluated the effects on secondary symptomatic and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes.Objective:We conducted a 6-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) that examined the efficacy of an Internet-delivered, behavioral intervention for improving outcomes of fatigue, depression, anxiety, pain, sleep quality, and HRQOL in 82 ambulatory persons with MS. The secondary aim was to replicate previous results regarding change in free-living physical activity.Results:There was a significant and positive effect of the intervention on fatigue severity (p=.001, ηρ2=.15) and its physical impact (p=.008, ηρ2=.09), depression...
Characteristics of Cat Skeletal Muscles Grafted with Intact Nerves or with Anastomosed Nerves

Grafring of 3-g extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of cats may be made with (i) reverence of the nerve with spontaneous reinnervation, termed standard grafts (ii) severence of the nerve with reinnervation facilitated by anastomosis of the nerve, termed nerve-anastomosed grafts; and (iii) preservation of the nerve, termed nerveintact grafts. In previous studies, standard grafts developed a maximum isometric tetanic tension (Pr,) that was 22% of the value for control EDL muscles. We hypothesized that the low values of PO resulted from incomplete reinnervation of muscle fibers. To test this hypothesis, EDL muscles were grafted in cats with nerves intact and with nerves anastomosed. In standard grafts differences were observed in both structure and function at 120 compared with 240 days after grafting. Characteristics of the nerve-intact and nerve-anastomosed grafts did not change significantly between 120 and 240 days and the data were pooled for comparisons with control EDL muscles. Nerve-anastomosed and nerve-intact grafts developed PO values that were 34 and 64% of the control values, respectively. Nerve-intact grafts had a mass and fiber crosssectional area not different from control EDL muscles. Compared with control values, all grafts had fewer fibers, more connective tissue, lower absolute and normalized PO, reduced capillary density, and increased fat&ability. The greater PO of nerve-intact compared with standard and nerve-anastomosed grafts supported our hypothesis that the degree of reinnervation is a factor that limits graft development. The presence of a necrotic core and the low tension development of even the nerve-intact grafts suggested that revascularization is a significant limitation as well. Abbreviations: EDL-extensor digitorum longus, PO-maximum isometric tetanic tension, TPT-time to peak twitch tension, ChAc-choline acetyltransferase, SDH-succinic acid dehydrogenase. ’ Carol Brangwyn assisted with the histochemical incubations and data reduction, and Casey Donovan, Steven Segal, and John Villanacci with the biochemical assays. The study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants NS 17017 and AM 29732.
Psychotherapy supervision in the new millennium: Competency-based, evidence-based, particularized, and energized.

Psychotherapy supervision has increasingly become or is on the fast track to becoming competency-based, evidence-based, particularized, and accountable. In this paper, I explore how that appears to be so by: (1) briefly considering the concepts of “competencies” and “evidence-based practice” as preeminent guides for psychotherapy supervision practice and training; and (2) briefly reviewing the current status, pressing needs, and future possibilities of psychoanalytic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, and integrative psychotherapy supervision. Based on my examination, the following conclusions are proposed: (1) the supervision relationship, individualization, developmental differentiation, and self-reflection (for supervisee and supervisor) appear to be crucial cornerstones for the conceptualization and actuation of supervision process and practice across psychotherapy-based supervision approaches; (2) all indications suggest that three emphases—competency-based supervision, evidence-based practice, and accountability—will continue to substantially influence, affect, and inform psychotherapy supervision practice for its near and distant future; (3) psychotherapy-based supervision approaches will need to be and indeed appear to now be in the process of becoming increasingly particularized in how each of their respective approach-specific competencies are defined and explicated; and (4) psychotherapy supervision has come to be increasingly viewed as an educational process and practice that is best facilitated by: (a) a rich and enriching supervision training environment that vigorously addresses and attempts to meaningfully integrate declarative, procedural, and reflective knowledge bases throughout the supervisory endeavor; and (b) the considered and deliberate utilization of facilitative technology that has the potential to substantially enhance and expand the value of the supervisee’s training/supervision experiences. Some discussion is provided about those four conclusions, and a retrofitted psychotherapy supervision for the new millennium is considered.
Leishmania promastigotes evade interleukin 12 (IL-12) induction by macrophages and stimulate a broad range of cytokines from CD4+ T cells during initiation of infection.

Leishmania major are intramacrophage parasites whose eradication requires the induction of T helper 1 (Th1) effector cells capable of activating macrophages to a microbicidal state. Interleukin 12 (IL-12) has been recently identified as a macrophage-derived cytokine capable of mediating Th1 effector cell development, and of markedly enhancing interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production by T cells and natural killer cells. Infection of macrophages in vitro by promastigotes of L. major caused no induction of IL-12 p40 transcripts, whereas stimulation using heat-killed Listeria or bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced readily detectable IL-12 mRNA. Using a competitor construct to quantitate a number of transcripts, a kinetic analysis of cytokine induction during the first few days of infection by L. major was performed. All strains of mice examined, including susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6, B10.D2, and C3H/HeN, had the appearance of a CD4+ population in the draining lymph nodes that contained transcripts for IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-gamma (and in some cases, IL-10) that peaked 4 d after infection. In resistant mice, the transcripts for IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 were subsequently downregulated, whereas in susceptible BALB/c mice, these transcripts were only slightly decreased, and IL-4 continued to be reexpressed at high levels. IL-12 transcripts were first detected in vivo by 7 d after infection, consistent with induction by intracellular amastigotes. Challenge of macrophages in vitro confirmed that amastigotes, in contrast to promastigotes, induced IL-12 p40 mRNA. Reexamination of the cytokine mRNA at 4 d revealed expression of IL-13 in all strains analyzed, suggesting that IL-2 and IL-13 may mediate the IL-12-independent production of IFN-gamma during the first days after infection. Leishmania have evolved to avoid inducing IL-12 from host macrophages during transmission from the insect vector, and cause a striking induction of mRNAs for IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 in CD4+ T cells. Each of these activities may favor survival of the organism.
Therapeutic Approaches to Skeletal Muscle Repair and Healing

Context:Skeletal muscle is comprised of a highly organized network of cells, neurovascular structures, and connective tissue. Muscle injury is typically followed by a well-orchestrated healing resp...
Connecting Theory and Practice: Women Scientist Role Models in Television Programming

Bern's gender schema theory (Bern 1981, 1983, 1993) provides a useful framework for examining the influence of women scientist role models on girls’ perceptions of science and scientists. The purpose of this paper is (1) to describe how Bern's gender schema theory serves as a framework for guiding future research, (2) to examine the fundamental premises of Bern's gender schema theory as they relate to the processing of information about science and gender roles, and (3) to identify key conditions and criteria from gender schema theory to guide the design of television programs that use role models to reduce gender‐stereotyping of science.
A Behavior-Grounded Approach to Forming Object Categories: Separating Containers From Noncontainers

This paper introduces a framework that allows a robot to form a single behavior-grounded object categorization after it uses multiple exploratory behaviors to interact with objects and multiple sensory modalities to detect the outcomes that each behavior produces. Our robot observed acoustic and visual outcomes from six different exploratory behaviors performed on 20 objects (containers and noncontainers). Its task was to learn 12 different object categorizations (one for each behavior-modality combination), and then to unify these categorizations into a single one. In the end, the object categorization acquired by the robot matched closely the object labels provided by a human. In addition, the robot acquired a visual model of containers and noncontainers based on its unified categorization, which it used to label correctly 29 out of 30 novel objects.
Magnetophotorefractive effects in diluted magnetic semiconductors: Theory and experiment.

Faraday and Voigt magneto-optic effects in undoped ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$Te, a diluted magnetic semiconductor, modify nonlinear beam coupling during photorefractive two-wave mixing. Three magnetophotorefractive geometries using transmission holographic gratings are identified: (1) the longitudinal Faraday geometry; (2) the transverse Faraday geometry; and (3) the Voigt geometry. In the magnetophotorefractive phenomena, magnetic-field-induced circular and linear birefringence alters the polarization and phase of coupled modes propagating in the presence of electro-optic gratings generated by photoinduced space charge. Experimental and theoretical behavior for each of the geometries is presented as functions of incident beam polarization and magnetic-field strength. The magnetic field controls the magnitude and the direction of nonreciprocal energy transfer between the two beams.
Community Members as Recruiters of Human Subjects: Ethical Considerations

Few studies have considered in detail the ethical issues surrounding research in which investigators ask community members to engage in research subject recruitment within their own communities. Peer-driven recruitment (PDR) and its variants are useful for accessing and including certain populations in research, but also have the potential to undermine the ethical and scientific integrity of community-based research. This paper examines the ethical implications of utilizing community members as recruiters of human subjects in the context of PDR, as well as the authors' experience with a variant of PDR in a research project in South Africa. The importance of situating PDR in a comprehensive community engagement process that is responsive to the constraints of science and local needs and interests is emphasized. The paper will have relevance to bioethicists, health researchers, and research regulators concerned about the appropriate use of peer-driven recruitment strategies in health research.
Morphology and timing of secondary sporidial mating in a wheat-bunt fungus Tilletia caries

The morphology and timing of sporidial conjugation in Tilletia caries are described. When lunate secondary sporidia of opposite mating types are paired, conjugation pegs are formed by one or both mating types. Conjugation pegs may develop as hyphal protuberances from sporidia or their germination tubes. Sometimes, germination tubes develop into conjugation pegs. In some matings conjugation pegs from sporidia of one mating type ( + or − ) appear to induce conjugation peg development in their partners after contact. Conjugation pegs meet precisely tip-to-tip before fusion. This often requires, or causes, a pronounced curvature of the pegs. Sporidia (lunate or filiform) of opposite mating types positioned adjacent to each other on agar are pushed apart during conjugation. Conjugation tubes are formed by the fusion of conjugation pegs from sporidia of opposite mating types or by the fusion of a conjugation peg from a sporidium of one mating type with the body or germination tube of another sporidium of opposite mating type. In our experiments, sporidial conjugation was favoured by a pH of 4.5–6. At pH 6, conjugation occurred as readily on water agar as on a nutrient medium. The time required for sporidial conjugation increased as the initial distance between the sporidia in a mating pair was increased.
Histologic Distribution of Staining by a Monoclonal Antibody (ψ-3) in Psoriasis and Occurrence of ψ-3 Antigen in Other Cutaneous Diseases

ψ-3 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 135,000 molecular weight structural component of maturing keratinocytes in psoriasis (the ψ-3 antigen) but fails to bind to any constituent of keratinocytes in normal epidermis. This paper describes the occurrence of the ψ-3 antigen in a variety of dermatopathologic conditions using immunoperoxidase (biotin-avidin-peroxidase) and immunofluorescence methods which show excellent concordance. In 35 of 36 specimens of psoriasis vulgaris, ψ-3 antibody consistently immunolabels the cytoplasm of keratinocytes above the basal layer. At the edges of psoriatic plaques, ψ-3 antibody staining extends for a variable distance into lesion-free epidermis. A similar pattern has been found in a certain number of other conditions described in the paper, including squamous cell carcinoma and condyloma acuminatum, but not Darier's disease basal cell carcinoma, nor lamellar ichthyosis. In all but one condition, the outermost or basal layer of cells is never stained. The only disease in which the lowermost cell layer is stained is a lichen planus-like lesion. The occurrence of ψ-3 antigen cannot be correlated with any histologic feature of psoriasis such as acanthosis, loss of the granular layer, or hyperproliferation. The antigen appears to be a unique keratinocyte constituent which is expressed in certain pathologic conditions and which is not detected by any other histologic or immunophenotyping method. It is a potentially valuable addition to the panel of antibodies available for characterizing epithelial cells.
Introduction to the role of oxygen radicals in myocardial ischemia and infarction.

Abstract There has been considerable interest over the past several years concerning the role of oxygen radicals in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of the following symposium will be to review recent advances in the understanding of oxygen free radical damage to the heart. Included in the symposium are descriptions of the biochemistry of free radicals and evidence of their direct toxic effects on the heart, as well as discussions concerning the effect of oxygen free radical scavengers on myocardial infarct size, the stunned myocardium, and cardiac preservation during energy.
A checkpointing page store for write-once optical disk

A model paging system is described for write-once optical disk. The paging system checkpoints pages on a nonerasable, failure-resistant medium as a side effect of virtual memory operation. Most pages are already checkpointed at any given time. It is practicable to checkpoint the global state periodically by forcing the write-out of pages that have been modified since their last checkpoint, together with the page tables. The proposed checkpointing algorithm was simulated to evaluate the performance of paging and checkpoint to write-once optical disk. There are plausible values for the operating parameters that make the overhead of checkpointing negligible compared to paging. The lifetime of 1-GB write-once optical disk media used for paging and checkpointing can range up to three months under plausible operating conditions. >
Analgesic effect of GT-0198, a structurally novel glycine transporter 2 inhibitor, in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.

This study was conducted to identify the characteristic pharmacological features of GT-0198 that is phenoxymethylbenzamide derivatives. GT-0198 inhibited the function of glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) in human GlyT2-expressing HEK293 cells and did not bind various major transporters or receptors of neurotransmitters in a competitive manner. Thus, GT-0198 is considered to be a comparatively selective GlyT2 inhibitor. Intravenous, oral, and intrathecal injections of GT-0198 decreased the pain-related response in a model of neuropathic pain with partial sciatic nerve ligation. This result suggests that GT-0198 has an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect of GT-0198 was abolished by the intrathecal injection of strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist. Therefore, GT-0198 is considered to exhibit its analgesic effect via the activation of a glycine receptor by glycine following presynaptic GlyT2 inhibition in the spinal cord. In summary, GT-0198 is a structurally novel GlyT2 inhibitor bearing a phenoxymethylbenzamide moiety with in vivo efficacy in behavioral models of neuropathic pain.
The bilayer Ising model and a generalized Husimi tree approximation

Abstract We study a variety of aspects of a bilayer system of Ising spins including accurate estimates of the critical temperature for ferromagnetic interactions, scaling of the critical temperature when the interlayer interaction goes to zero, and approximations of phase diagrams for the case when antiferromagnetic interlayer interactions are present including location of the tricritical point. This is all done using an extension of a method previously developed by the author to study a variety of lattice spin systems and which is a generalization of the Bethe lattice approach.
Computation of Time-Phase Displacements of Binary Linear Sequence Generators

One of the most useful binary linear sequential machines is the maximal length linear sequence generator. These are sometimes known as pseudo-noise generators because of certain statistical characteristics of their output. One of the more tedious problems in the applicaton of these generators has long been the calculation of the time displacement of the vectors constituting the output bit stream. In the past, this has been accomaplished by programming a computer to simulate the generator and counting steps to the wanted output vector. We show in this paper a much simpler solution to the problem which can be accomplished by means of simple hand calculations.
Characterization of microsatellites for parentage studies of white-throated magpie-jays (Calocitta formosa) and brown jays (Cyanocorax morio)

White-throated magpie-jays (Calocitta formosa) and brown jays (Cyanocorax morio) are cooperative breeders that live in complex groups composed of helpers and multiple male and female breeders. Behavioral observations and multilocus DNA fingerprinting have indicated that the social and genetic mating systems of these two species are diverse. Extra-group paternity appears to be common in both species, necessitating the use of single locus genetic methods to efficiently search for fathers. We therefore characterized 19 microsatellite loci for these two species (12 for magpie-jays and seven for brown jays) to aid in parentage studies.
Bioactivation of halogenated hydrocarbons by rabbit pulmonary cells

: I,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (4′-chlororphenyl)ethane (DDD), 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) and trichloroethylene are three halogenated hydrocarbons that selectively bind to pulmonary epithelial cells and that may be pneumotoxic. The susceptibility of pulmonary cells and the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of these compounds were evaluated using enriched subpopulations of isolated rabbit lung cells incubated with DDD, DBE, and trichloroethylene. These chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons were studied to evaluate their ability to induce selective pneumotoxicity by their bioactivation in three cell types, i.e. Clara cells, alveolar type II cells, and alveolar macrophages. Evidence of cytochrome P-450 bioactivation was assessed by utilizing the suicide inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) to ameliorate cytotoxicity. DDD, DBE and trichloroethylene were cytotoxic to Clara cells, type II cells and alveolar macrophages and the order of cell susceptibility to DDD was Clara > type II > macrophages. DBE and trichloroethylene were nonselectivey cytotoxic. ABT reduced the cytotoxic effects of DDD and DBE in Clara cells. These studies indicated that all three compounds were toxic to isolated lung cells and that bioactivation of DDD and DBE in rabbit Clara cells to a cytotoxic intermediate was mediated, at least in part, by cytochrome P-450 oxidation.
Effect of insulin on pyruvate and glucose metabolism of beating mouse heart cells.

Beating myocardial cells from 1 to 5-day old mice maintained in tissue culture can convert [U-14C]glucose, [2-14C]pyruvate and [1-14C]octanoate to carbon dioxide. Single component porcine insulin stimulated only the oxidation of pyruvate without enhancing glycogen or lactic acid formation. The effect of insulin on pyruvate does not require glucose. It is suggested that insulin increases the oxidation of pyruvate by the activation of pyruvic dehydrogenase in these beating heart cells.
Population heteromorphisms of Ag-stained nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in the acrocentric chromosomes of East Indians.

The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of acrocentric chromosomes in 70 normal East Indians were examined by Ag-staining (NSG) and acridine orange reverse banding (RFA) techniques. The Ag-stainability of NORs was variable from one individual to another but characteristics were constant within each individual. The average modal number of Agpositive NORs per individual was eight. A racial difference in the expression of NORs is suggested. to study the heteromorphism of NORs, the NSG technique was found to be more useful than RFA. Furthermore, it is concluded that there is no direct relationship between a heteromorphism of NORs identified by NSG and that identified by the RFA technique. Quantitative data on these differences is provided. In addition NOR-regions are classified into five sizes namely; very large, large, medium, small, and very small using subjectively defined criteria.
Characterization and outcomes of infratentorial malignant glioma: A population-based study using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End-Results database

Abstract Purpose Using a population-based database, we sought to characterize brainstem gliomas and to evaluate the prognosis of various subgroups. Materials and methods Using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER) database we identified patients diagnosed with malignant infratentorial gliomas between 1988 and 2003 who underwent a surgical procedure and/or received radiation therapy (RT). Results A total of 455 patients were identified with a median age at diagnosis of 13years (range 0–87). The overwhelming majority, 95.6%, received RT. Median survival (MS) was 11months. Those not undergoing RT had a MS of 3months. MS varied significantly by age, p p =0.949. Conclusion Brainstem glioma is primarily a childhood malignancy with a generally poor prognosis. A minority of patients has favorable features and can achieve long-term survival.