cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact conditions in fretting

Abstract The influence of displacement amplitude, normal load and frequency of oscillation on the contact conditions in fretting have been explored by analysis of dynamic tangential force measurements. The fretting characteristics of two materials, a low carbon steel (AISI 1018) and an austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304), were investigated using a crossed-cylinder testing geometry. It was found that three regimes of fretting can be distinguished with increasing displacement amplitude. The two low amplitude regimes are characterized by a condition of partial stick at the interface, the difference between the two regimes being as to whether the bulk displacement in the stick region is accommodated by predominantly elastic or plastic shear. In contrast, in the third, high amplitude, regime gross slip takes place over the whole contact area. In this paper the physical significance of the critical amplitudes that define the two fretting regime transitions is discussed. In particular, results on the relationships between the two critical amplitudes and the applied normal load and frequency of oscillation are given.
Preparation and Characterization of Monodisperse Fe Nanoparticles

Fe nanoparticles prepared by iron carbonyl decomposition using different methods are compared structurally, chemically, and magnetically. The specific magnetization of the particles was determined from the magnetic moment, the particle size observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the total iron concentration found from calibrated X-ray fluorescence. The volume fraction of oxide is reported for particles of different sizes and for particles made by slightly different techniques.
The relation of physiological changes to subjective symptoms in postmenopausal women with and without hot flushes.

This study was designed to fully correlate the temporal relationship between augmented digital perfusion, (vasodilatation) and hot flushes, peripheral temperature, plasma luteinizing hormone, (LH) epinephrine and norepinephrine. Plasma samples were measured every 3 min for 2–4 h, in 5 symptomatic women before and after estrogen replacement and in 3 asymptomatic post-menopausal women. In all 5 symptomatic women the augmented digital perfusion occurred at a mean (±SEM) of 1.5±0.2 min before the initiation of the flush, at least 3 min before the initial rise in temperature and 9 min before the LH rise. There was a significant (P < 0.05) rise in epinephrine but not norepinephrine at 3 and 6 min after the initiation of augmented digital perfusion. Although subjective improvement occurred in all 3 women receiving estrogen, all measured parameters disappeared in only 1 subject and the 2 others continued having augmented digital perfusion, flushes, and temperature vasomotor changes although the related LH increase was absent. Surprisingly, asymptomatic women who never received estrogens also demonstrated similar augmented digital perfusion and temperature changes, but failed to show the LH related rise, as observed in women with short-term estrogen treatment. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that augmented digital perfusion consistently precedes the hot flush, the rise in temperature and plasma LH in symptomatic post-menopausal women. The increase in epinephrine may be a homeostatic mechanism to compensate for the peripheral vasodilatation. The finding that augmented digital perfusion and temperature changes also occur in asymptomatic post-menopausal women indicates that objective changes are more specific and reliable indicators of vasomotor instability than the subjective sensation of hot flushes.
Damage detection using neural networks: an initial experimental study on debonded beams

Frequency response data obtained from a pieoelec tric actuator/sensor pair bonded to a composite/aluminum beam structure with a debond between the interface is used to train an ar tificial neural network by backpropagation to identify the severity and presence of a delamination. The PZT actuator/sensor pair is so arranged that the damage site lies between the actuator and sensor. The damage consists of an artificially created de-bonding between an aluminum beam and a bonded composite patch. The experi mentally obtained transfer function data in the form of a magnitude and phase, over a specified frequency range, is obtained from a sig nal analyzer. The training process consists of training the network with several fully bonded specimens and several debonded speci mens with various sized damage. The effectiveness of several different configurations of the network applied to this problem is investigated. The neural network after training on a limited number of training data is able to identify the damaged s...
New developments in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.

Approximately 20%–30% of metastatic breast cancers show increased expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase. Two HER2-specific therapies are currently approved for clinical treatment of patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against HER2 and is approved for first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Lapatinib is a small molecule dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 tyrosine kinases, and is approved for trastuzumab-refractory disease. Although trastuzumab is a highly effective therapy for patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer, a significant number of patients in the initial clinical trials of trastuzumab monotherapy showed resistance to trastuzumab-based therapy. Further, among those who did respond, the initial trials indicated that the median time to progression was less than 1 year. Similarly, lapatinib is effective in a subset of trastuzumab-refractory cases, but the majority of patients display resistance. This review discusses the multiple molecular mechanisms of resistance that have been proposed in the literature. In addition, novel agents that are being tested for efficacy against HER2-positive breast cancer, including the antibodies pertuzumab and trastuzumab-DM1 and the immunotoxin affitoxin, are reviewed. The introduction of trastuzumab has revolutionized the clinical care of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and has resulted in dramatic reductions in recurrences of early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer. The development and implementation of gene- and protein-based assays that measure potential molecular predictors of trastuzumab resistance will allow individualization of HER2-targeted therapeutic approaches, and may ultimately improve treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.
Damage control surgery

Damage control is a staged approach to severely injured patients predicated on treatment priorities. Initially, life-threatening injuries are addressed expediently, and procedures are truncated. Normal physiology is restored in the ICU, and patients subsequently are returned to the operating room for definitive management. This strategy breaks the bloody vicious cycle and results in improved outcomes. Novel technologies like CAVR and rFVIIa contribute to the effectiveness of damage control.
Anomalous temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of carbon-poly(methyl methacrylate) composites

Composites of carbon powder and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were formed by a low-temperature slurry method and their electrical conductivities measured from 80 to 300 K. These materials exhibit a percolation threshold at approximately 8 vol%, with room temperature conductivities below 0.1 S/cm for carbon concentrations at or above 25 vol%. Temperature-dependent conductivities are described well by a thermally activated tunneling model that includes a change in the tunneling barrier height, area, and/or width above 100 K. Since a similar temperature dependence is observed for composites of other conducting materials in PMMA, we believe this effect is due to a change in the polymer at about 100 K, possibly to the effect of polymer chain reorientation due to methyl group rotation on the polymer backbone. This is the first time such behavior has been reported for conducting composites.
The role of dendritic cell precursors in tumour vasculogenesis

In this review, we discuss the recent identification in vivo of a population of CD11c+ cells exhibiting simultaneous expression of both endothelial and dendritic cell markers, termed vascular leukocytes (VLCs). VLCs are highly represented in human ovarian carcinomas and, depending on the milieu, can assemble into functional blood vessels or act as antigen-presenting cells. The identification of dendritic cell precursors as bipotent cells has important implications for the physiopathology and therapy of tumours. VLCs emerge as a novel therapeutic target against tumour vascularisation.
Growth and metabolism of Typha species in relation to cutting treatments

Abstract Container and field experiments, in which Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L. were cut either above or below the water level, were conducted to determine the physiological basis for reports that the latter treatment was more effective as a control measure. In containers, measurements of oxygen concentrations within the aerenchyma of the rhizome both with an oxygen electrode and by gas chromatography showed that oxygen could diffuse very readily to plant parts growing in an anoxic environment if there was a small amount of leaf or cut plant stem growing above the water level. When all shoots were cut below water, the oxygen in submersed plant parts was rapidly consumed and anaerobic respiration resulted in the production of ethanol. Lactate or elevated malate levels were not found. The below-water biomass decayed rapidly under these conditions and the plants had a much lower regenerative ability than plants cut above water where oxygen continued to reach the roots and rhizomes. In the field, three cuts during the growing season below water were sufficient to kill nearly all the underwater biomass; similar cuts above water reduced the total biomass compared with uncut plants, but much of the underwater biomass remained healthy and able to regenerate.
Photodarkening in amorphous arsenic chalcogenides: Microscopic mechanisms and compositional trends

Abstract The microscopic origin of photodarkening, the reversible light-induced shift in the optical absorption edge in chalcogenide glasses, is studied by use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy. For the stoichiometric compound As 2 S 3 , a change in intermediate-range order correlations and a slight (0.5%) increase in the concentration of homopolar As-As bonds with photodarkening are identified. For nonstoichiometric compounds of the type As x S 1− x , the results are presented together with a review of other recent experimental studies on arsenic sulfide glasses and the equivalent selenide system ( As x Se 1− x ). Despite significant differences between the sulfide and the selenide glasses, photodarkening increases for As rich compositions with x >;0.4 in both cases, pointing to the crucial role of homopolar As-As bonds in the process. The photodarkening effect in As-rich selenide glasses reveals additional annealing and bleaching aspects not observed in the stoichiometric compound
Resolution of p-cresol methylhydroxylase into catalytically active subunits and reconstitution of the flavocytochrome.

Cells of Pseudomonasputida (NCIB 9869) grown on 3,5-xylenol contain a flavocytochrome which convertsp-cresol intop-hydroxybenzaldehyde [ I ,2]. The isolated enzyme requires an added electron acceptor, such as phenazine methosulfate, for the reaction, which proceeds by 2 dehydrogenations and a hydration step, catalyzed by a single protein. It consists of 2 subunits of equal Mr (57 000) [ 1,2], one which contains a c-type cytochrome, the other 8cY-O-tyrosyl FAD in covalent linkage (2-41. We have now succeeded in separating the flavoprotein and heme protein subunits by isoelectric focusing. The separated flavoprotein retained 2% of the catalytic activity of the holoenzyme toward p-cresol. Reconstitution of the holoenzyme was achieved by titrating the flavoprotein subunit with the cytochrome. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of the reversible resolution of a flavocytochrome into its component subunits.
Analysis of three-dimensional grids: cubes and cubic coefficients

It is widely believed that third-order coefficients cannot be estimated from eight or nine data in cubical array. Equations that are exact on first, second, and third powers of trilinear data can be used for the purpose. The estimates are compared to the values obtained by Taylor expansions of typical generating functions. First-order coefficients are obtained from higher-order terms by the method of least squares. On monotonic data, they are often closer to the true values than main-effect approximations. The accuracy of the coefficients may be sufficient to interest experimentalists.
Internalization of C60 fullerenes into cancer cells with accumulation in the nucleus via the nuclear pore complex.

A highly water-soluble, non-ionic, and non-cytotoxic fullerene malonodiserinolamide-derivatized fullerene C60 (C60-ser) is under investigation as a potential nanovector to deliver biologic and cancer drugs across biological barriers. Using laser-scanning confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we find that PF-633 fluorophore conjugated C60-ser nanoparticles (C60-serPF) are internalized within living cancer cells in association with serum proteins through multiple energy-dependent pathways, and escape endocytotic vesicles to eventually localize and accumulate in the nucleus of the cells through the nuclear pore complex. Furthermore, in a mouse model of liver cancer, the C60-serPF conjugate is detected in most tissues, permeating through the altered vasculature of the tumor and the tightly-regulated blood brain barrier while evading the reticulo-endothelial system.
4-Chloro-2′,3′-dimethoxybiphenyl

Mol­ecules of the title compound, C14H13Cl1O2, crystallize as centrosymmetric dimers, connected by inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 40.05 (6)°.
The Effects of Racial Conflict on Organizational Performance: A Search for Theory

This article addresses the effect of racial conflict on organizational performance as an issue that needs theoretical support in the foundational theories of human resource development (HRD). While the field of HRD recognizes theories from multiple disciplines, the field lacks a theoretical framework to inform leadership in managing racial conflict. In this article literature across multiple disciplines was reviewed to identify research and theory that links racial conflict, racial groups, organizational groups, and performance outcomes. The findings indicate Critical Race Theory (Bell, 1993; Delgado, 1995; Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995) and Embedded Group Theory (Alderfer & Smith, 1982) provide useful frameworks for addressing inter-group conflict by offering counter discourse through storytelling. This article also suggests a conceptual framework for HRD to begin theory-building research of its own.
Amperometric internal enzyme gas-sensing probe for hydrogen peroxide

Abstract A novel sensor for the selective detection of hydrogen peroxide is described. This sensor is based on the internal enzyme concept configured in a gas-sensing arrangement. Hydrogen peroxide diffuses across a microporous PTFE membrane and enters the internal solution. The entering hydrogen peroxide is then electrochemically reduced by a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed reaction with ferrocyanide as a mediator and the corresponding cathodic current is monitored. This sensing arrangement provides excellent selectivity over ionic species in solution that cannot penetrate the gas-permeable barrier. Critical design parameters include the pH and concentrations of electrolyte, HRP and ferrocyanide in the internal solution as well as the porosity and thickness of the gas-permeable membrane. The response properties are strongly influenced by temperature; where as, they are relatively insensitive to sample pH. The dynamic range for this sensor can be controlled by adjusting the composition of the internal solution, the physical properties of the membrane, and the temperature. The detection limit is μM for sensors with an internal solution composed of 0.5 M potassium chloride, 0.05 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, 3 U ml −1 HRP and 0.5 mM ferrocyanide and a 0.45 μm microporous PTFE membrane. Sensors possess response times of 30 s and recovery times less than a minute.
Judging the Severity of Sexually Harassing Events

Research has not investigated how multiple incidents of sexually harassing events impact individuals' stress levels. This research investigated how both victims and uninvolved observers perceive multiple instances of sexual harassment. We used C. E. Seta and Seta's (1992) averaging/summation model as a theoretical basis for making predictions and, consistent with this model, the mean stress rating for participants who thought about a mildly sexually harassing event in addition to a highly sexually harassing one was lower than the mean stress rating for those who thought about a single highly harassing event—an averaging effect. In Experiment 2, conceptually identical results were obtained for observers. We also obtained evidence for summation. Implications of these results for stress and legal cases were discussed.
Investigation of the Local Structure of Graphene Oxide

A study of the local structure of graphene oxide is presented. Graphene oxide is understood to be partially oxidized graphene. Absorption peaks corresponding to interlayer states suggest the presence of pristine graphitic nanoislands in graphene oxide. Site-projected partial density of states of carbon atoms bonded to oxygen atoms suggests that the broadening of the peak due to interlayer states in the carbon K-edge spectrum of graphene oxide is predominantly due to formation of epoxide linkages. Density functional theory suggests that multilayers of graphene oxide are linked by peroxide-like linkages.
Erratum for "Characterization of Splitting Behavior of Bamboo Culms" by Derek Mitch, Kent A. Harries, and Bhavna Sharma

Derek Mitch; Kent A. Harries; and Bhavna Sharma Undergraduate Researcher, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. E-mail: kharries@pitt.edu Doctoral Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
Multi-axis micromirror for optical coherence tomography

Abstract In this paper we describe for the first time the design, fabrication and initial characterization results of a novel gimbal-less, thermally actuated micromirror developed for optical coherence tomography (OCT) application. We report large deflection angle of up to 30° that has been achieved at low input power of less than 17mW and voltage of less than 1V. Moreover, this device has a potential of integration with GaAs/Si substrate due to moderate temperatures developed during its operation-less than 100°C increase with respect to ambient at angular deflection of 30°.
Semantic Interpretation and the Upper-Level Ontology of WordNet

This paper deals with the ontology for natural language understanding. In particular, the paper focuses on the WordNet noun ontology, proposes some additions, changes and reorganizations, and explains the rationale supporting them. These changes have been pointed out by a semantic interpreter driven by over 3000 verb predicates that use WordNet noun ontology and WordNet verb classes. The selectional restrictions in the semantic roles of the predicates are WordNet ontological categories. The main criterion for changing an ontological category has been failing to interpret some sentences. A detailed analysis of the proposed changes is presented. 1
Synthesis of an Extremely Crowded Naphthalene via a Stable Norbornadienone

Computational studies at the HF/3-21G and B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels suggest that 5,6,8-tri(tert-butyl)-1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene (2) is perhaps the most crowded naphthalene derivative that will show normal stability; more highly congested naphthalenes will prefer to exist as the corresponding Dewar isomers. Initial attempts to prepare 2 by reacting 3,4,5,6-tetraphenylbenzyne with 2,3,5-tri(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienone at 83 °C gave instead a stable norbornadienone, 1,2,4-tri(tert-butyl)-5,6,7,8-tetraphenyl-9-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene (3), which was characterized by X-ray crystallography. The experimental and calculated (HF/3-21G) activation energies (Ea) for the decarbonylation of 3 were quite high: 39 and 46 kcal/mol, respectively, a manifestation of the substantially increased strain in the transition state as the tert-butyl groups are forced together. The naphthalene 2 was obtained in good yield by heating 3 in refluxing toluene, and its X-ray structure showed exceptional distortions fro...
PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS AT 19.8 BEV

Elastic and inelastic 19.8 GeV/c proton-proton collisions in nuclear emulsion are examined using an external proton beam of the CERN Proton Synchrotron. Multiple scattering, blob density, range and angle measurements give the momentum spectra and angular distributions of secondary protons and pions. The partial cross-sections corresponding to inelastic interactions having two, four, six, eight, ten and twelve charged secondaries are found to be, respectively, (16.3±8.4) mb, (11.5 ± 6.0) mb, (4.3 ± 2.5) mb, (1.9 ± 1.3) mb, (0.5 ± 0.5) mb and (0.5±0.5)mb. The elastic cross-section is estimated to be (4.3±2.5) mb. The mean charged meson multiplicity for inelastic events is 3.7±0.5 and the average degree of inelasticity is 0.35±0.09. Strong forward and backward peaking is observed in the center-of-mass system for both secondary charged pions and protons. Distributions of energy, momentum and transverse momentum for identified charged secondaries are presented and compared with the results of work at other energies and with the results of a statistical theory of proton-proton collisions.
Ultrasound focal lesion detectability phantoms

Two phantoms for assessing the performance of ultrasound scanners regarding detectability of small focal lesions are described. The spherical simulated lesions in the phantoms have diameters of 2.4, 3.0, and 4.0 mm and backscatter coefficients which are 16, 9, and 6 dB below that of the surrounding tissue-mimicking material, the latter simulating normal tissue such as liver. Random positioning and relatively large numbers of lesions deal with the statistical problem related to mistaking a normal textural fluctuation, characteristic of ultrasound images of parenchymal tissue, to be a small lesion. All lesions have ultrasonic properties that are the same as those of the surrounding material except for the backscatter coefficient; therefore, artifacts resulting from attenuation, reverberation, and/or refraction are absent, and detectability of deeper lesions is not influenced by the presence of more proximal ones. A method is outlined for using the phantoms to determine bounding proximal and distal depths of resolution, or detectability, of focal lesions of a given object contrast and size. Tests for observer dependence involving five subjects resulted in standard deviations in the distal and proximal depths of less than 0.5 cm. A repeat of the observer dependence tests 18 months later showed little change in the results. In addition, results obtained by two experienced observers are also given for a variety of specific scanners, scanning heads, and scanning parameters.
Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska

A discontinuous pumiceous sand, a few centimeters to tens of centimeters thick, is located up to 15 m above mean high tide within Holocene peat along the northern Bristol Bay coastline of Alaska. The bed consists of fine-to-coarse, poorly to moderately well-sorted, pumice-bearing sand near the top of a 2-m-thick peat sequence. The sand bed contains rip-up clasts of peat and tephra and is unique in the peat sequence. Major element compositions of juvenile glass from the deposit and radiocarbon dating of enclosing peat support correlation of the pumiceous sand with the caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano. The distribution of the sand and its sedimentary characteristics are consistent with emplacement by tsunami. The pumiceous sand most likely represents redeposition by tsunami of climactic fallout tephra and beach sand during the approximately 3.5 ka Aniakchak caldera-forming eruption on the Alaska Peninsula. We propose that a tsunami was generated by the sudden entrance of a rapidly moving, voluminous pyroclastic flow from Aniakchak into Bristol Bay. A seismic trigger for the tsunami is unlikely, because tectonic structures suitable for tsunami generation are present only south of the Alaska Peninsula. The pumiceous sand in coastal peat of northern Bristol Bay is the first documented geologic evidence of a tsunami initiated by a volcanic eruption in Alaska.
Mobility enhancement and temperature dependence in top-gated single-layer MoS2

The deposition of a high-$\ensuremath{\kappa}$ oxide overlayer is known to significantly enhance the room-temperature electron mobility in single-layer MoS${}_{2}$ (SLM) but not in single-layer graphene. We give a quantitative account of how this mobility enhancement is due to the nondegeneracy of the two-dimensional electron gas system in SLM at accessible temperatures. Using our charged impurity scattering model [Ong and Fischetti, Phys. Rev. B 86, 121409 (2012)] and temperature-dependent polarizability, we calculate the charged impurity-limited mobility (${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{imp}}$) in SLM with and without a high-$\ensuremath{\kappa}$ (HfO${}_{2}$) top-gate oxide at different electron densities and temperatures. We find that the mobility enhancement is larger at low electron densities and high temperatures because of finite-temperature screening, thus explaining the enhancement of the mobility observed at room temperature. ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{imp}}$ is shown to decrease significantly with increasing temperature, suggesting that the strong temperature dependence of measured mobilities should not be interpreted as being solely due to inelastic scattering with phonons. We also reproduce the recently seen experimental trend in which the temperature scaling exponent ($\ensuremath{\gamma}$) of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{imp}}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ is smaller in top-gated SLM than in bare SLM. Finally, we show that $\ensuremath{\sim}37%$ mobility enhancement can be achieved by reducing the HfO${}_{2}$ thickness from 20 to 2 nm.
Differences in PGE2 Production between Primary Human Monocytes and Differentiated Macrophages: Role of IL-1β and TRIF/IRF3

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is induced in vivo by bacterial products including TLR agonists. To determine whether PGE2 is induced directly or via IL-1β, human monocytes and macrophages were cultured with LPS or with Pam3CSK4 in presence of caspase-1 inhibitor, ZVAD, or IL-1R antagonist, Kineret. TLR agonists induced PGE2 in macrophages exclusively via IL-1β-independent mechanisms. In contrast, ZVAD and Kineret reduced PGE2 production in LPS-treated (but not in Pam3CSK4-treated) monocytes, by 30–60%. Recombinant human IL-1β augmented COX-2 and mPGES-1 mRNA and PGE2 production in LPS-pretreated monocytes but not in un-primed or Pam3CSK4-primed monocytes. This difference was explained by the finding that LPS but not Pam3CSK4 induced phosphorylation of IRF3 in monocytes suggesting activation of the TRIF signaling pathway. Knocking down TRIF, TRAM, or IRF3 genes by siRNA inhibited IL-1β-induced COX-2 and mPGES-1 mRNA. Blocking of TLR4 endocytosis during LPS priming prevented the increase in PGE2 production by exogenous IL-1β. Our data showed that TLR2 agonists induce PGE2 in monocytes independently from IL-1β. In the case of TLR4, IL-1β augments PGE2 production in LPS-primed monocytes (but not in macrophages) through a mechanism that requires TLR4 internalization and activation of the TRIF/IRF3 pathway. These findings suggest a key role for blood monocytes in the rapid onset of fever in animals and humans exposed to bacterial products and some novel adjuvants.
Effects of Surface and Bulk Polaritons on the Radiative Properties of a Multilayer Structure With a Left-Handed Medium

The abrupt change in radiative properties caused by surface polariton resonance holds promise of chemical and biological sensors. The present work investigates the impact of surface and bulk polaritons on radiative properties, especially the reflectance, of a multilayer structure with a left-handed material (LHM). The analysis of the criteria for polaritons at an LHM layer between two different dielectric media provides a regime map that can be used to determine the existence of surface and bulk polaritons. Radiative properties are calculated in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) arrangement, revealing parameters that significantly affect the polariton phenomena. As the LHM layer becomes thicker, surface polaritons at two interfaces of the LHM layer are de-coupled with each other, and more bulk polaritons may be excited. At a certain angle of incidence, a surface polariton exists at just one boundary of the LHM layer, causing a considerable portion of incident radiation to penetrate through the layered structure. This work proposes the application of an LHM as a coupler of polariton phenomena regardless of polarization.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Microprobe monazite geochronology: putting absolute time into microstructural analysis

Abstract High-resolution compositional mapping and dating of monazite on the electron microprobe is a powerful addition to microstructural analysis and an increasingly important tool for tectonic analysis. Microprobe monazite geochronology can be an efficient reconnaissance tool for evaluating metamorphic and deformational age domains, but more importantly, its in-situ nature and high spatial resolution offer an entirely new level of structurally and texturally specific geochronologic data that can be used to put absolute time constraints on P–T–D paths, constrain the rates of metamorphic and deformational processes, and provide new links between metamorphism and deformation. Microprobe geochronology is particularly applicable to three persistent microstructural/microtextural problem areas: (1) constraining the chronology of metamorphic assemblages; (2) constraining the timing of deformational fabrics; and (3) interpreting other geochronological results. Although some monazite generations can be directly tied to metamorphism or deformation, at present, the most common constraints rely on monazite inclusion relations in porphyroblasts that, in turn, can be tied to the deformation and/or metamorphic history. Microprobe mapping and dating allow geochronology to be incorporated into the routine microstructural analytical process, resulting in a new level of integration of time (t) into P–T–D histories.
Suicide prevention and youth: recommendations for public policy

States that suicidal behaviour among youth has increased significantly over the past several decades and is now the third leading cause of death for 15‐24 year olds. Addresses public policy issues and the current state research aimed at reducing the incidence of suicide in this age group. Suggests that schools and their systems should do a great deal more to prevent youth suicide and that schools are the logical place to implement effective suicide prevention programmes.
Air-coupled acoustic imaging with zero-group-velocity Lamb modes

A Lamb wave resonance has been found that allows unusually efficient transmission of airborne sound waves through plates. This occurs at the zero-group-velocity point at the frequency minimum of the first-order symmetric (S1) Lamb mode. At this frequency, plane waves with a range of incident angles can couple between the air and the Lamb mode in the solid plate, dominating the spectrum of transmitted focused sound beams by 10 dB or more. We use this frequency for C-scan imaging, and demonstrate the detection of both a 3.2-mm-diameter buried flaw and a subwavelength thickness changes of .005λ (1%).
Uncertainties of natural mortality estimates for eastern Bering Sea snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio

Abstract Instantaneous natural mortality ( M ) estimates are very uncertain for eastern Bering Sea snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio . An M of 0.3 per year has commonly been used for the mature population, whereas a sole published study concluded that M is larger than 1.06 per year for morphometrically mature males. In this study, catch-survey models were constructed using trawl survey data from 1989 to 2000 to estimate M for the eastern Bering Sea snow crab stock under different assumptions of moulting probability of morphometrically mature males, handling mortality rate of bycatch and survey catchability. Male abundance was categorized by size (80–99, 100–119 and >119 mm carapace width), shell condition (newshell and oldshell) and morphometrically mature status. Mature female abundance was grouped by shell condition. M estimates for males vary greatly, ranging from 0 to 0.97 per year, depending on model assumptions. Moulting probability of morphometrically mature males and survey catchability for large males (>99 mm) are the two most sensitive factors. Allowing morphometrically mature males to moult resulted in a significantly better data fit than a zero moulting probability assumption, and assuming a low survey catchability for large males resulted in a high estimate of M for mature males. The F statistic test indicated that the most parsimonious model for males was the scenario of a constant M of 0.35 per year without the terminal moult assumption. Because of no retained catch, very low bycatch and no moulting after maturity, M estimates for mature females were not so sensitive to model assumptions. The M for mature females was estimated as 0.52 per year for crab south of 61.2°N latitude and 0.56 per year for all crab.
Can HF heating generate ESF bubbles

The injection of powerful HF waves into the ionosphere can lead to strong electron heating followed by a pressure perturbation which can locally reduce the plasma density. In the postsunset equatorial ionosphere, density perturbations can provide the seed to generate equatorial spread F (ESF) bubbles. In this paper, a modified version of the SAMI3/ESF ionosphere code is used to model the density depletions created by HF heating and to determine if ESF bubbles can be artificially generated. It is found that HF heating primarily redistributes plasma along the geomagnetic field and does not significantly perturb the flux tube integrated conductivities. Thus, HF heating does not appear to be a viable method to seed or generate ESF bubbles.
Pulmonary thromboembolectomy of donor lungs prior to lung transplantation

Successful bilateral single-lung transplantation was performed after pulmonary thromboembolectomy of the donor lungs. The donor lungs were not thought to contain large amounts of pulmonary thromboemboli because they satisfied all the donor selection criteria. This case reinforces the need of not only meticulous inspection of the donor lungs prior to implantation but also the productive use of available donor organs.
Optical design and imaging performance testing of a 9.6-mm diameter femtosecond laser microsurgery probe

We present the optical design of a 9.6-mm diameter fiber-coupled probe for combined femtosecond laser microsurgery and nonlinear optical imaging. Towards enabling clinical use, we successfully reduced the dimensions of our earlier 18-mm microsurgery probe by half, while improving optical performance. We use analytical and computational models to optimize the miniaturized lens system for off-axis scanning aberrations. The optimization reveals that the optical system can be aberration-corrected using simple aspheric relay lenses to achieve diffraction-limited imaging resolution over a large field of view. Before moving forward with custom lenses, we have constructed the 9.6-mm probe using off-the-shelf spherical relay lenses and a 0.55 NA aspheric objective lens. In addition to reducing the diameter by nearly 50% and the total volume by 5 times, we also demonstrate improved lateral and axial resolutions of 1.27 µm and 13.5 µm, respectively, compared to 1.64 µm and 16.4 µm in our previous work. Using this probe, we can successfully image various tissue samples, such as rat tail tendon that required 2-3 × lower laser power than the current state-of-the-art. With further development, image-guided, femtosecond laser microsurgical probes such as this one can enable physicians to achieve the highest level of surgical precision anywhere inside the body.
Cholesterol knowledge and practices among patients compared with physician management in a university primary care setting

Abstract Lowering elevated serum cholesterol has been shown to reduce the risk of symptomatic coronary heart disease. The National Institutes of Health and National Cholesterol Education Program recommend that all adults obtain a cholesterol screening and state that desirable adult levels are 200 mg/dl) and counseled 17%. Results indicate a good level of knowledge and interest in cholesterol as a health risk even in this group of patients with the multiple problems associated with low socioeconomic status. Knowledge of personal risk status, however, was poor. Physicians need to improve documentation, counseling, and monitoring of patients with elevated cholesterol levels. Long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate efficacy.
Control of sound radiation from shape memory alloy hybrid composite panels by adaptive alternate resonance tuning

When adjacent sound-transmitting panels in a structure are tuned to resonate above and below a particular frequency such that they oscillate and radiate sound with equal source strength and opposite phase, incident sound is readily attenuated by the structure at and near the frequency to which the panels are tuned. This concept is known as alternate resonance tuning (ART). A simply-supported shape memory alloy (SMA) hybrid composite panel can be locallly stiffened by selectively activating embedded SMA fibers to achieve ART adaptively, thereby enabling the panel to attenuate sound over several activation-dependent freqnency ranges. This paper presents an analytical demonstration of the concept of adaptive ART by localized activation of SMA hybrid composite panels, and identifies some physical trends and characteristics which influence its capabilities.
Endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ: an analysis of cellular features.

Cytologists increasingly encounter atypical endocervical cells, because of the increasing incidence of endocervical adenocarcinoma and the use of improved endocervical sampling devices. These atypical endocervical cells can cause diagnostic problems, especially in recognizing adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and distinguishing it from a variety of nonneoplastic changes. We analyzed 33 cervical smears from 22 patients with confirmed AIS and compared these to 19 cervical smears from 17 patients having atypical endocervical cells of undetermined significance and negative follow-up, including at least one tissue biopsy per case, to further investigate the cytologic features of AIS. The AIS smears typically had crowded three-dimensional cellular aggregates, with markedly hyperchromatic nuclei having altered polarity. Frequently, a minor component of AIS formed strips of distinctly columnar cells or sheets. Individual AIS cells occurred in 22 (67%) smears, but these were usually inconspicuous. The AIS smears also had increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios (100%), enlarged nuclei (94%), feathering (88%), rosettes (85%), nucleoli (76%), apoptosis (73%), mitoses (64%), multiple nucleoli (18%), and ciliated atypical cells (3%). Cytologic features occurring significantly (P ≤ 0.001) more often in AIS cases were a predominance of three-dimensional crowded aggregates (79% vs. 32%), altered nuclear polarity in most groups (88% vs. 16%), marked hyperchromasia (91% vs. 16%), apoptosis (73% vs. 26%), an increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (100% vs. 63%), feathering (88% vs. 26%), and individual atypical cells (67% vs. 16%). In summary, we identified a number of architectural and cellular features that occurred significantly more often in AIS cases than in cases having atypical endocervical cells of undetermined significance and negative follow-up. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1997;17:326–332. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intraspinal stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase I safety trial, technical note, and lumbar safety outcomes.

BACKGROUND: No United States-based clinical trials have attempted delivery of biological therapies directly to the spinal cord for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) because of the lack of a meaningful US Food and Drug Administration-authorized cell candidate and a validated delivery approach. OBJECTIVE: To assess safety of delivery of a neural stem cell-based treatment into the upper lumbar segments of the ALS spinal cord in the first US Food and Drug Administration-authorized phase I trial. METHODS: Each microinjection series comprised 5 injections (10 μL/injection) separated by 4 mm. Each injection deposited 100,000 neural stem cells derived from a fetal spinal cord. Twelve patients were treated with either unilateral or bilateral injections. Group A, nonambulatory patients, underwent unilateral (n = 3) or bilateral (n = 3) lumbar microinjections. Groups B and C were ambulatory (n = 3 each) and, respectively, received unilateral or bilateral injections. Patients are followed clinically and radiologically to assess potential toxicity of the procedure. RESULTS: Twelve patients have received a transplant. There was one instance of transient intraoperative somatosensory-evoked potentials depression. In the immediate postoperative period, there was 1 episode of urinary retention requiring Foley catheter reinsertion. By discharge, none had a documented motor function decrement. Two patients required readmission and reoperation for cerebrospinal fluid leak or suprafascial wound dehiscence (n = 1 each). Two deaths occurred at 8 and 13 months postsurgery; neither was related to the surgical transplant. CONCLUSION: Our experience in 12 patients supports the procedural safety of unilateral and bilateral intraspinal lumbar microinjection. Completion of this phase I safety trial is planned by proceeding to cervical and combined cervical + lumbar microinjections in ALS patients.
Early de novo ovarian cancer and cancer developing in benign ovarian lesions

Ovarian carcinoma can arise directly from the ovarian surface epithelium or its intraparenchymal inclusions or from pre-existing benign ovarian lesions such as endometriosis and epithelial tumors.
Structure and function of normal and variant human phosphoglycerate kinase.

Complete amino acid sequence of normal human phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) was determined. The enzyme consists of 417 amino acid residues with acetylserine at the NH2-terminal and isoleucine at the COOH-terminal. The structural abnormality of PGK-II, which is fairly common in Southern Pacific populations, is a single amino acid substitution from threonine in the normal enzyme to asparagine in the variant enzyme at the 352nd position. The substitution induced no change in the enzyme activity, but induced strong binding of the variant enzyme with citrate. The structural abnormality of PGK-Munchen is a single amino acid substitution from aspartic acid in the normal enzyme to asparagine in the variant enzyme at the 267th position. PGK-Munchen is associated with red cell enzyme deficiency (about 20% of normal), and substantial heat instability. Therefore, the negative charge of an aspartyl residue at the 267th position must play a role in maintaining the stability of the enzyme molecule. Possible mechanisms of...
Impacts of microphysical scheme on convective and stratiform characteristics in two high precipitation squall line events

This study investigates the impact of snow, graupel, and hail processes on the simulated squall lines over the Southern Great Plains in the United States. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate two squall line events in May 2007, and the results are validated against radar and surface observations in Oklahoma. Several microphysics schemes are tested in this study, including WRF 5-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM5), WRF 6-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM6), Goddard Three Ice scheme (Goddard 3-ice) with graupel, Goddard Two Ice scheme (Goddard 2-ice), and Goddard 3-ice hail scheme. The simulated surface precipitation is sensitive to the microphysics scheme, and especially to whether graupel or hail category is included. All of the three ice (3-ice) schemes overestimated the total precipitation, within which WSM6 has the highest overestimation. Two ice (2-ice) schemes, missing a graupel/hail category, produced less total precipitation than 3-ice schemes. By applying a radar-based convective/stratiform partitioning algorithm, we find that by including the graupel/hail processes, there is an increase in areal coverage, precipitation intensity, updraft and downdraft intensity in convective region and a reduction of areal coverage and its precipitation intensity in stratiform region. For vertical structures, all the bulk schemes, especially 2-ice schemes, havemore » the highest reflectivity located at upper levels (~8 km), which is unrealistic compared to observations. In addition, this study shows the radar-based convective/stratiform partitioning algorithm can reasonably identify WRF simulated precipitation, wind and microphysics fields in both convective and stratiform regions.« less
A brief review of the problem of lightning initiation and a hypothesis of initial lightning leader formation

[1] A brief review of hypothesized mechanisms of lightning initiation is presented, with the suggestion that these mechanisms provide an incomplete picture of lightning initiation. This is followed by two ideas: (1) a combination of previously hypothesized lightning initiation mechanisms as a means for local intensification of the thundercloud electric field, and (2) a process for the formation of a hot lightning leader channel that is analogous to the space leader phase of the laboratory negative stepped leader. Thundercloud electric field observations have consistently yielded peak values that are an order of magnitude weaker than the dielectric strength of air. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain how lightning can initiate in such weak electric fields, including hydrometeor-initiated positive streamers and cosmic ray-initiated runaway breakdown. The historically favored positive streamer mechanisms are problematic due to requiring electric fields two to three times larger than peak observed fields. The recently favored runaway breakdown mechanisms appear capable of developing in conditions comparable to peak observed fields although it is not clear how these diffuse discharges can lead to creation of a lightning leader. This paper proposes a solution whereby runaway breakdown and hydrometeor-initiated positive streamer systems serve to locally intensify the electric field. Following this local field intensification, it is hypothesized that formation of the initial lightning leader channel is analogous to the formation of a space leader in a laboratory negative stepped leader.