cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of in vitro angiogenesis in the endothelial-derived cell line, EA hy926, by ethanol is mediated through PKC and MAPK

We have previously shown that ethanol-induced injury to the gastric mucosa triggers increased expression of the angiogenic factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenesis. To further investigate ethanol-induced angiogenesis, we used an in vitro angiogenesis model which employs the ability of an endothelial-derived cell line (EA hy926) to form tubelike structures resembling capillaries when plated on the matrix material, Matrigel. We report that serum-starved EA hy926 cells, incubated for as little as 5 minutes with ethanol concentrations of 1.0-2.5%, formed tubelike structures reflecting in vitro angiogenesis. Control cells, not incubated with ethanol, did not form tubelike structures. Incubation for 5 minutes with 2.5% ethanol resulted in increased activities of PKC and MAP kinase (ERK2) by 1.6-fold (p < 0.05) and 2.3-fold (P < 0.001), respectively. Furthermore, inhibitors of the MAPK kinase, MEK (PD98059) and PKC (GF 109203X) prevented the induction of in vitro angiogenesis by ethanol.
c (2×2)S/Cr(001) surface and near-surface structure determined using angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure

We report the surface and near-surface structure of c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)S/Cr(001) determined from angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure (ARPEFS). The sulfur 1s photoemission partial cross section was measured in the [001] and [011] emission directions, yielding fine-structure amplitudes up to 50--70 %. Qualitative results were obtained from Fourier transforms of the ARPEFS, revealing geometrical information beyond 10-A\r{} path-length difference from the photoemitter. Structural parameters were determined with greater precision by comparing the Fourier-filtered data to multiple-scattering spherical-wave calculations. The high directional sensitivity of ARPEFS was apparent in the analysis of normal [001] and off-normal [011] emission-direction data. Sulfur adsorbs in the fourfold hollow site 1.17 A\r{} above the first chromium layer, and the first- to second-layer chromium distance contracts to 1.31 A\r{}, 8% less than the 1.44-A\r{} bulk value. Analysis of the near-surface contribution to ARPEFS showed that deeper layers essentially retain the bulk separation.
Self-Regulation Research in Work and I/O Psychology

Les recherches de psychologie industrielle/organisationnelle (I/O) sur les objectifs et l’autoregulation ont prospere durant les trois dernieres decennies. Inities par le travail fecond de Locke, Latham et de leurs collegues qui ont souligne l’influence positive d’objectifs elairs et sollicitants sur les performances, de nombreux courants de recherche sont apparus pour etudier a la fois les determinants et les consequences des objectifs et des processus d’autoregulation sur les conduites et les variables dependantes relatives au travail (voir par exemple Locke, Shaw, Saari, & Latham, 1981; Vancouver, 2000 pour une revue de questions). Vancouver et Day (2005) constatent que si les chercheurs en organisations ont tente d’evaluer la validite externe et criterielle, ils se sont moins interesses a la validite interne et de construction des variables-cles et de concepts tels que les objectifs, la retroaction, la divergence et l’efficacite personnelle. Dans le meme ordre d’idees, Vancouver et Day (2004) concluent que les validations des interventions I/O fondees sur la perspective objectif/autoregulation detectent generalement des effcts positifs, mais que ces travaux sont insuffisants pour determiner les dimensions specifiques du processus objectif/autoregulation qui sont en rapport avec l’amelioration de la performance. Dans ce court article, j’aborde ces problemes concemant la recherche sur les objectifs et l’autoregulation d’un triple point de vue: le progres scientifique, les applications et les buts des investigations I/O. Over the past three decades, industrial/organisational (I/O) research on goals and self-regulation has flourished. Beginning with the seminal work by Locke, Latham, and their colleagues showing the positive influence of difficult and specific goals on task performance, multiple streams of research have emerged to investigate both the determinants and consequences of goals and self-regulation processes on work-related behaviors and outcomes (see, e.g. Locke, Shaw, Saari, & Latham, 1981; Vancouver, 2000, for reviews). In a review of this work, Vancouver and Day (2005) suggest that although organisational researchers have sought evidence for external and criterion-related validity, less attention has been given to the construct and internal validity of key variables and concepts, such as goals, self-efficacy, feedback, discrepancy, and self-efficacy. In a related vein, Vancouver and Day (2005) conclude that although I/O intervention studies based on the goal/self-regulation perspective show generally positive effects, such studies are insufficient for understanding how specific aspects of the goal/self-regulation process relate to enhanced performance. In this short note, I consider these concerns about goal/self-regulation research in I/O psychology from three perspectives: (1) scientific progress, (2) applications, and (3) the goals of I/O research.
Measuring the Extent of Structural Remedy in Section 7 Settlements: Was the US DOJ Successful in the 1990s?

This paper suggests an innovative measure of structural relief obtained in a typical Section 7 settlement. The fraction of competitive overlap subject to divestiture as a condition of the settlement is modeled as a function of merger-specific efficiencies, the proportion of the deal held “hostage” to antitrust review, the merger’s anticompetitive potential, and other factors. The model is applied to data on 86 recent Justice Department cases covering the period 1990–2003 and to the subsample of 1990s cases. All data are collected from publicly available documents only. The government is found to secure larger divestitures when the cost to the acquirer of delaying the settlement is high. The resulting estimates are used to predict several out-of-sample observations.
Underrepresented First-Generation, Low-Income College Students’ Pursuit of a Graduate Education Investigating the Influence of Self-Efficacy, Coping Efficacy, and Family Influence

Access to and success in higher education significantly impact occupational stability and mental wellness in the United States, with higher levels of education contributing to increased employability and wellness. Underrepresented first-generation, low-income (UFGLI) college students face particular challenges in attaining higher levels of education, which poses a problem of inequality in their pursuit of educational and career goals. This study investigated the influence of graduate school self-efficacy, self-efficacy for coping with barriers, and family influence on UFGLI students’ pursuit of graduate school. Only one subconstruct of graduate school self-efficacy (research self-efficacy) and family influences (family values) was found to be predictive of students’ pursuit of graduate school. We discuss these findings and provide recommendations for research and practice.
A pilot assessment of parental practices and attitudes regarding risk disclosure and clinical research involving children in Huntington disease families.

Purpose: To characterize parental practices of informing children of risk for Huntington disease (HD), and to understand the attitudes of parents concerning childhood participation in HD research. Methods: An anonymous Internet survey was accessed by individuals of HD families. The survey probed for data regarding individual risk for HD, as well as when or if children had been informed of the disease. Respondents expressed their attitudes concerning childhood participation in HD clinical research. Results: Two hundred forty-nine individuals responded (∼80% female), and 84% had never participated in an HD clinical trial. Seventy-five percent of respondents were parents; nearly two thirds of them had provided some information about HD to their children. There was overwhelming support for affected, at-risk, and unaffected adults in terms of HD research participation, but there was a statistically significant disparity by gene status, with gene negative and symptomatic gene positive adults being more inclined to participate than at-risk or asymptomatic/gene positive adults. More than 50% of respondents supported childhood participation, but typically in late adolescence (15–18 years). Gene negative and symptomatic adults were statistically more likely to agree with childhood inclusion than at-risk or asymptomatic/gene positive adults. Conclusion: These results serve as pilot data for further investigations to address childhood participation in HD research. In addition, these findings will inform ongoing studies as to appropriate practices to undertake to include minors.
The impact of visiting student electives on surgical Match outcomes

Background: Residency applicants commonly complete visiting student electives (VSEs) hoping to increase their odds of matching at host institutions. Existing evidence on Match outcomes for applicants who complete VSEs is limited. As VSEs involve monetary and opportunity costs to students and administrators, data on their utility are vital for student well-being, preparedness for residency, and, ultimately, success in the Match. We investigated the utilization and impact of VSEs for all applicants. We hypothesized that completion of VSEs would increase the likelihood of matching at a host institution. Materials and methods: A retrospective review was conducted of academic records and National Resident Matching Program outcomes for the graduates of one institution and visiting students to that institution over the course of 7 y. Results: Utilization of VSEs varied significantly among specialties. Across all specialties and in general surgery, applicants were more likely to match into host programs than others. The size of the effect of VSEs on outcomes varied by specialty. Host programs were applicants’ top choice for residency in 48% of cases. Conclusions: Completion of VSEs may give surgical applicants increased control over Match outcomes. Our findings may assist future students in strategic decision making when determining whether and where to use VSEs.
Time-resolved measurements of photo-induced optical absorption and photocurrent in a-As2Se3

Abstract Relaxation of photoinduced optical absorption (PA) and photocurrent (PC) following pulsed excitation is measured as a function of temperature in the range 295 K – 425 K. The decay of PA is well described by bimolecular recombination kinetics with a thermally activated rate coefficient b(T). The magnitude of b(T) yields a lower limit for the mobility of the PA excitation consistent with the hole drift mobility. In addition, first measurements of the time evolution of the PA spectrum are reported. The observed shift of the absorption band towards higher energy with increasing time is interpreted in terms of thermalization within a distribution of localized gap states.
Exclusion of 2-methylbutane (isopentane) during crystallization of structure II gas hydrate in sea-floor sediment, Gulf of Mexico

Structure II gas hydrate is abundant across the central Gulf of Mexico continental slope. Sediment that directly overlies nodular gas hydrate was collected with a piston core at1920 m water depth in the Atwater Valley (AT) 425 area of the lower continental slope. The gas hydrate has C1‐C5 molecular and isotopic properties consistent with structure II gas hydrate that crystallized from relatively unaltered thermogenic vent gas. The gas hydrate contains mainly methane, ethane, propane and butanes, with 2-methylbutane (isopentane ) as a minor component (< 0.2%). Sediment that closely overlies the gas hydrate (within < 1 m) is characterized by an anomalous abundance of 2methylbutane (as much as 9.6%). Because the molecular diameter of 2-methylbutane is too large for structure II gas hydrate, the 2-methylbutane appears to accumulate preferentially in adjacent sediment as a direct consequence of massive gas hydrate crystallization. The 2-methylbutane is interpreted to be a molecular marker of recent or ongoing net accumulation of structure II gas hydrate. Abundant 2-methylbutane in sediment also could be a precursor to the natural occurrence of structure H gas hydrate, and other new gas hydrate structures not yet discovered in the geologic environment. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Self-imaging chirped holographic optical waveguides.

To manipulate light propagation in optical waveguides, we have studied holographic, chirped structures within the waveguide’s core. The holographic structures were embedded along the wave propagation direction and extended throughout the entire guide. Various self-imaging guides have been analyzed and realized to demonstrate the effect of different structures.
Random error reduction in analytic hierarchies: a comparison of holistic and decompositional decision strategies

The principle of ‘divide and conquer’ (DAC) suggests that complex decision problems should be decomposed into smaller, more manageable parts, and that these parts should be logically aggregated to derive an overall value for each alternative. Decompositional procedures have been contrasted with holistic evaluations that require decision makers to simultaneously consider all the relevant attributes of the alternatives under consideration (Fischer, 1977). One area where decompositional procedures have a clear advantage over holistic procedures is in the reduction of random error (Ravinder, 1992; Ravinder and Kleinmuntz, 1991; Kleinmuntz, 1990). Adopting the framework originally developed by Ravinder and colleagues, this paper details the results of a study of the random error variances associated with another popular multi-criteria decision-making technique, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); (Saaty, 1977, 1980), as well as the random error variances of a holistic version of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (Jensen, 1983). In addition, data concerning various psychometric properties (e.g. the convergent validity and temporal stability) and values of AHP inconsistency are reported for both the decompositional and holistic evaluations. The results of the study show that the Ravinder and Kleinmuntz (1991) error-propagation framework extends to the AHP and decompositional AHP judgments are more consistent than their holistic counterparts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The poles and zeros of a linear time-varying system

Abstract For linear time-varying discrete-time and continuous-time systems, a notion of poles and zeros is developed in terms of factorizations of operator polynomials with time-varying coefficients. In the discrete-time case, it is shown that the poles can be computed by solving a nonlinear recursion with time-varying coefficients. In the continuous-time case, the poles can be calculated by solving a nonlinear differential equation with time-varying coefficients. The theory is applied to the study of the zero-input response and asymptotic stability. It is shown that if a time-varying analogue of the Vandermonde matrix is invertible, the zero-input response can be decomposed into a sum of modes associated with the poles. Stability is then studied in terms of the components of the modal decomposition.
Creation and destruction of lower continental crust

Bulk continental crustal composition results from the net mass exchange between crust and mantle. Crustal addition is mainly by the rise of mantle-derived melts into and through the crust at convergent plate margins and (at a lower rate) within plate interiors. Crustal subtraction occurs by subduction of uppermost crust (sediment, continent-derived elements in hydrothermally altered oceanic crust), by subcrustal erosion at convergent margins and by delamination of lowermost crust following densifying gabbro-eclogite phase transformations that result in a crust-mantle density inversion. As the phase transformations only occur at high pressure, tectonic overthickening of the crust (to > 50 km) is required. The lowermost crust at continent-ocean and continent-continent convergent plate margins is more likely to experience these transient overthickening events (compressional orogenies) than is intraplate crust. Correspondingly, the preservation probability of mafic lower crust is greater for intraplate than for plate margin localities. Delamination of mafic lower crust is the main process for removing basic composition rocks from the crust, thereby creating »andesitic« crustal composition. Evidence for lower crustal delamination comes from »geochemically balanced« cross section of compressional belts, and from the high La/Yb ratios, lack of Eu anomalies, and high Sr contents in deep crustallyderived magmas from the base of tectonically over-thickened crust. These crustal magmas are often accompanied by mantle-derived basalts associated with crustal uplift and extension, both related to the coincident delamination of underlying mantle lithosphere.
Alternative formulation of many-body perturbation theory for electron-proton correlation

Abstract We present a formulation of nuclear-electronic many-body perturbation theory for treating electron–proton correlation. Our analysis indicates that removal of the proton–proton Coulomb-exchange operator from the reference Hamiltonian can lead to a significantly lower second-order energy and potentially faster convergence of the perturbation series for many-electron systems with a single quantum nucleus and many classical nuclei. This alternative reference Hamiltonian gives negative virtual nuclear orbital energies that are related to proton ionization potentials. Our applications to the chemical systems [HeHHe]+, [FHF]−, and [ClHCl]− illustrate the substantial decrease in the second-order energy. This formulation is applicable to numerous biologically important hydrogen transfer reactions in which the transferring hydrogen nucleus is treated quantum mechanically.
On the validity of using the TKR sum rule to place zero angle electron impact spectra on an absolute scale

The use of the Thomas—Kuhn—Reiche (TKR) sum rule to place electron impact spectra on an absolute scale is only rigorously correct if the observed intensities can be extrapolated to their first Born zero momentum transfer limit. This note investigates the error involved in using the TKR sum rule at zero scattering angle instead of zero momentum transfer. By considering an expansion of the generalized oscillator strength at zero angle it is shown that the first order correction to the TKR sum rule can be written as (13k2)[|Eo|−(45)Vee] for target systems randomly oriented in space where k2 is the incident electron energy and |Eo| and Vee are the magnitude of the total electronic energy and the electron—electron repulsive energy of the ground state of the target system respectively. Estimates based on Hartree—Fock calculations indicate a 0.27% error in the use of the TKR sum rule for F and 0.79% for Ar at an incident electron energy of 25 keV.
Characterization of energy conservation in primary knock-on atom cascades: Ballistic phase effects on variable time steps

Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation trajectories must in principle conserve energy along the entire path. Processes exist in high-energy primary knock-on atom cascades that can affect the energy conservation, specifically during the ballistic phase where collisions bring atoms into very close proximities during which time important physics may be overlooked. The solution, in general, is to reduce the time step size of the simulation. This work explores the effects of variable time step algorithms and the effects of specifying bounds. The temporal and spatial extents of the ballistic phase can be well characterized by applying coarse-graining methods developed to monitor the kinetic energy dissipation during a high-energy cascade.
Interdiffusion and Kirkendall Effect in Doped BaTiO3–BaZrO3 Perovskites: Effect of Vacancy Supersaturation

Interdiffusion in Sc-doped and Ta-doped BaTiO3-BaZrO3 perovskites was examined, both theoretically and experimentally. Analytical expressions for the lattice velocity, v, and the interdiffusion coefficient,D, were obtained. The v and the D were numerically evaluated as a function of dopant type (trivalent-acceptor or pentavalent-donor) and concentration using literature values of oxygen vacancy diffusivity, DVO, the A-site vacancy diffusivity, DVA, and assumed values for the B-site vacancy diffusivities, DVB and DVB′. Regardless of the chosen values of DVB and DVB′, the calculated D increased with the Ta concentration and decreased with the Sc concentration. The dependence (shape) of the calculated v vs dopant type and concentration, however, was a function of the magnitudes of DVA and DVB. For DVA < (DVB, DVB′) < DVO, the calculated v exhibited a maximum at ∼0.8% acceptor dopant. Diffusion couples in the BaTiO3-BaZrO3 system doped with either Sc (acceptor) or Ta (donor) were annealed in air over a temperature range between 1300° and 1500°C. Extensive Kirkendall porosity was observed in several samples. The measured porosity vs dopant concentration (acceptor/donor) trace was similar to that of calculated v vs dopant concentration (acceptor/donor). However, the measured D vs dopant concentration (acceptor/donor) was not in accord with the calculations. This difference is attributed to a nonequilibrium vacancy supersaturation and the accompanying porosity formation. To obtain further evidence of the deviation from equilibrium, experiments were also conducted on both coarse-grained and fine-grained samples. The coarse-grained samples, which are expected to have fewer vacancy sinks and sources, exhibited greater Kirkendall porosity and greater D values compared to the fine-grained samples, consistent with a greater deviation from equilibrium.
On the Prograde Rotation of Asteroids

Sets of diameter determinations before and after opposition for the asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Vesta, and Fortuna have been studied statistically for indications of spin direction. All four asteroids are tentatively found to have prograde spin. For Ceres, that conclusion is virtually certain.
A Factor Graph Approach to Estimation and Model Predictive Control on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In this paper, we present a factor graph framework to solve both estimation and deterministic optimal control problems, and apply it to an obstacle avoidance task on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). We show that factor graphs allow us to consistently use the same optimization method, system dynamics, uncertainty models and other internal and external parameters, which potentially improves the UAV performance as a whole. To this end, we extended the modeling capabilities of factor graphs to represent nonlinear dynamics using constraint factors. For inference, we reformulate Sequential Quadratic Programming as an optimization algorithm on a factor graph with nonlinear constraints. We demonstrate our framework on a simulated quadrotor in an obstacle avoidance application.
Designing an optimal production system with inspection

Abstract This paper presents a model for designing a production system with inspection. This production system has N stages, where each stage performs manufacturing operations that are followed by a potential inspection location. The proposed model integrates the issues of inspection location, inspection capacity, and production capacity. To design an economical system, a system design problem is defined that consists of finding the inspection location, the number of testers at each inspection location and the number of machines at each production stage. By exploring the special structure of a subproblem, the system design problem is formulated as an ‘integrated’ dynamic program that can be solved in pseudo-polynomial time. An illustrative example is presented.
The Potential Role of Factor VIIa in Transfusion Medicine

SUMMARY Therapy with high doses of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is effective in promoting hemostasis in hemophiliacs. There is also some evidence to support the idea that this agent can enhance hemostasis in patients with platelet function defects, thrombocytopenia and liver failure, as well as in persons without a preexisting bleeding disorder. Because of this hemostatic effect in a wide range of clinical settings, it is possible that rFVIIa could serve as a substitute or supplement to the transfusion of blood products.
Parental Communication Deviance as a Predictor of Competence in Children at Risk for Adult Psychiatric Disorder

Measures of communication deviance derived from three different Rorschach situations were obtained from parents of 62 children vulnerable to future psychiatric disturbance. The families were maritally intact, with one parent having a history of previous psychiatric hospitalization and a male index child, 7 or 10 years of age. Amount of parental communication deviance in one situation was not significantly related to amount of communication deviance observed in another setting. However, mothers who exhibited high levels of communication deviance in both the Individual and Family Consensus situations tended to have offspring who were judged as low functioning in multiple settings, based on teacher ratings, peer ratings, and parental report. Conversely, children judged as high functioning in multiple settings had mothers who were free of high levels of communication deviance in both Rorschach situations.
Protein phosphatase 2C, encoded by ptc1+, is important in the heat shock response of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Abstract Protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), an Mg(2+)-dependent enzyme that dephosphorylates serine and threonine residues, defines one of the three major families of structurally unrelated eukaryotic protein phosphatases. Members of the two other families of protein phosphatases are known to have important cellular roles, but very little is known about the biological functions of PP2C. In this report we describe a genetic investigation of a PP2C enzyme in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We discovered ptc1+ (phosphatase two C) as a multicopy suppressor gene of swo1-26, a temperature-sensitive mutation of a gene encoding the heat shock protein hsp90. The ptc1+ gene product is a 40-kDa protein with approximately 24% identity to a rat PP2C protein. Purified Ptc1 has Mg(2+)-dependent casein phosphatase activity, confirming that it is a PP2C enzyme. A ptc1 deletion mutant is viable and has approximately normal levels of PP2C activity, observations consistent with the fact that ptc1+ is a member of a multigene family. Although a ptc1 deletion mutant is viable, it has a greatly reduced ability to survive brief exposure to elevated temperature. Moreover, ptc1+ mRNA levels increase 5- to 10-fold during heat shock. These data, demonstrating that Ptc1 activity is important for survival of heat shock, provide one of the first genetic clues as to the biological functions of PP2C.
A general theory of "discrete/continuous" type discrete-time control for linear dynamical systems

Discrete-time controllers of the "discrete-continuous" (D/C) type allow the control u(t) to vary continuously across each sample-interval kT/spl les/t/spl les/((k+1)T), thereby achieving a better accommodation of time-varying commands and/or disturbances, compared to conventional (zero-order-hold type) discrete-time controllers. In this paper a general theory of discrete-time control of the D/C type is developed for a broad class of MIMO set-point regulation and servo-tracking control problems with uncertain, time-varying disturbances.
Perception and Action

The phrase perception and action is used widely but in diverse ways in the context of the relationship between perceptual and motor processes. This review describes and integrates five perspectives on perception and action which rely on both neurophysiological and behavioral levels of analysis. The two visual systems view proposes dissociable but interactive systems for conscious processing of objects/space and the visual control of action. The integrative view proposes tightly calibrated but flexible systems for perception and motor control in spatial representation. The embodied view posits that action underlies perception, involving common coding or motor simulation systems, and examines the relationship between action observation, imitation, and the understanding of intention. The ecological view emphasizes environmental information and affordances in perception. The functional view defines the relationship between perception, action planning, and semantics in goal-directed actions. Although some of these views/approaches differ in significant ways, their shared emphasis on the importance of action in perception serves as a useful unifying framework. WIREs Cogn Sci 2010 1 800-810 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Deep Visibility in Enterprise Value Networks: Knowledge Models, Real-Time Monitoring and E-Commerce

Value networks represent a novel approach to model complex enterprise relationships from the perspective of value creation, propagation, and evolution. The success of a value network relies on timely sensing of business insights from high volume process and product performance information. This paper addresses three major challenges of value network-driven enterprise e-commerce analysis: (1) unifying the business knowledge of multiple enterprises and their diverse and conflicting objectives in the value network, (2) sensing the value network and processes through a real-time system, and (3) analyzing the quantifiable value each enterprise contributes to the value network. The solution presented in this paper consists of a semantic knowledge model capturing multi-enterprise objectives and relationships between performance metrics, and a system to monitor, integrate, and analyze enterprise performance information
Effect of external normal and parallel electric fields on 180° ferroelectric domain walls in PbTiO3

We impose uniform electric fields both parallel and normal to 180 ◦ ferroelectric domain walls in PbTiO3 and obtain the equilibrium structures using the method of anharmonic lattice statics. In addition to Ti-centered and Pb-centered perfect domain walls, we also consider Ti-centered domain walls with oxygen vacancies. We observe that an electric field can increase the thickness of the domain wall considerably. We also observe that increasing the magnitude of the electric field we reach a critical electric field E c ;f orE > E c there is no local equilibrium configuration. Therefore, E c can be considered as an estimate of the threshold field Eh for domain wall motion. Our numerical results show that oxygen vacancies decrease the value of E c . As the defective domain walls are thicker than perfect walls, this result is in agreement with the recent experimental observations and continuum calculations that show thicker domain walls have lower threshold fields. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Metal filament enhanced thermal energy storage applied to on-demand cooling of high power-density hand-held electronics

A thin-slab thermal energy storage volume with embedded metal filaments sandwiched between an electronics heat spreader plate and the hand-held unit skin is analyzed. A numerical model is created and results are compared with temperature responses of a plane 1-D pad containing no metal filaments. Results show the addition of fins reduces operating temperatures by 30% in addition to reducing the phase change material's re-solidification time by approximately 37%. Additionally, a thermal response analytical model is developed. The analytical model results correlate well against numerical simulations. A parametric study outlines the effects of the Biot number and power level impact on performance.
The Utility of a Graphical Representation of Discourse Structure in Spoken Dialogue Systems

In this paper we explore the utility of the Navigation Map (NM), a graphical representation of the discourse structure. We run a user study to investigate if users perceive the NM as helpful in a tutoring spoken dialogue system. From the users’ perspective, our results show that the NM presence allows them to better identify and follow the tutoring plan and to better integrate the instruction. It was also easier for users to concentrate and to learn from the system if the NM was present. Our preliminary analysis on objective metrics further strengthens these findings.
A Platinuim Silicide Failure Mechanism Involving an Oxygen-Rich Layer

This paper describes a new transistor failure mode on logic devices using PtSi contact metallurgy. Electrically the problem manifested itself by an increase in V(BES). By the use of metallography, microprobe, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis (EDA), we determined that the high V(BES) was due to the loss of adhesion between the PtSi layer and Si. Auger sputter profiling revealed the presence of an oxygen-rich layer at the PtSi-Si interface only on emitter contacts. Metallographic analysis showed that a buffered HF (BHF) step had electrochemically etched exposed n+ Si at the periphery of the emitter contacts. When the etching had reached the PtSi/Si interface, it gave the buffered HF access to attack the oxygen-rich layer, causing both partial delamination of the PtSi and the high V(BES). During Pt deposition the oxide layer had formed by residual O2 and H2O present in the evaporator. Several changes in the deposition process eliminated the oxygen-rich layer and, hence, the failure mechanism: the installation of a Meissner trap in the evaporator was effective in reducing the water peak during Pt deposition; increased evaporation rate minimized oxygen entrapment; lowering substrate temperature reduced the PtSi reaction rate so that the usual diffusion mechanisms could accumulate any oxide formed during deposition to the Pt2Si/Pt interface rather than the PtSi/Si interface. The oxide at the Pt2Si/Pt interface is removed later by a BHF step that follows aqua regia removal of unreacted Pt.
Demonstration of Failure Reconfiguration via Cross-Layer Enabled Optical Switching Fabrics

Growing bandwidth requirements of future Internet applications are driving the potential deployment of all-optical packet switching fabrics in next-generation routers. The switching fabric should be capable of executing a fast reconfiguration of its switching state, allowing for the dynamic management of optical packets and the seamless recovery of the fabric, in the case of IP-layer router failures and cross-layer enabled optical-layer signal degradations. We demonstrate a reconfigurable optical switching fabric architecture that uses a field-programmable gate array control plane. Based on the state of a higher-layer router, the switching fabric supports the correct routing and error-free transmission of 10 × 10-Gb/s wavelength-striped optical packets, with bit-error rates less than 10-12 on all payload channels. A power penalty less than 1 dB is shown.
Integration of Colloidal Nanocrystals into Lithographically Patterned Devices

We report a facile method for reproducibly fabricating large-scale device arrays, suitable for nanoelectronics or nanophotonics, that incorporate a controlled number of sub-50-nm-diameter nanocrystals at lithographically defined precise locations on a chip and within a circuit. The interfacial capillary force present during the evaporation of a nanocrystal suspension forms the basis of the assembly mechnism. Our results demonstrate for the first time that macromolecule size particles down to 2-nm diameter and complex nanostructures such as nanotetrapods can be effectively organized by the capillary interaction. This approach integrates the merits of bottom-up solution-processed nanostructures with top-down lithographically prepared devices and has the potential to be scaled up to wafer size for a large number of functional nanoelectronics and nanophotonics applications.
Design of a New Reactive Phase using Ammonia as an Ancillary Ligand: Structure and Reactivity of Diamminebis(propynoato)zinc

Abstract Addition of a 2M solution of NH3 in ethanol to solid tetraaquabis(propynoato)zinc 1 leads directly to the title complex 2. Formation of hydroxides is eliminated using this procedure. The structure of 2 differs markedly from the octahedral structure observed for the analogous octahedral aqua complex 1. The structure of 2 is monomeric and tetrahedral, with monodentate carboxylate ligands. The crystal structure consists of isolated molecules interconnected by two strong N-H…O hydrogen bonds and one C-H…O hydrogen bond. Infinite sets of short-C≡C-…-C≡C-contacts are also present in the crystal structure. Accordingly. 60Co γ-irradiation of 2 leads to the analogous dark brown polypropynoate complex.
Second Owen J. Cotterill Egg and Egg Products Symposium Introduction to Egg Pasteurization

The science of microbiology is very young in comparison with the age of mankind. Related developments in the area of pasteurization have been made during the past 131 yr. This symposium reveals some recent advancements in pasteurization of shell eggs and egg products.
Reproducibility will not cure what ails science

A bill to make data for environmental regulation more transparent reveals the fuzzy boundary between science and ideology, argues Daniel Sarewitz.
Three-Category Analysis

For a long time, we could not find an economical way to carry out a robust Bayesian analysis, but we did see a fairly straightforward way to do a classical analysis, using categories rather than measured rates. The latter study was executed before the robust Bayesian analysis was begun, and so we report it here, although in many ways the two studies are similar.
Tubular carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathologic study of 35 cases.

This is a report of 35 cases of tubular carcinoma of the breast treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1938 to 1971. This type of cancer is also known as well-differentiated carcinoma. Ages of patients were 31-75 years with a mean of 50.8 years. In 27 cases the presenting symptom was a mass which had usually been present more than 2 months. In 19 cases the tumor was in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. In 2 cases the cancer was bilateral. Mammograms made for 13 patients were positive in only 6 and questionable in 2 others. In 2 cases small tumors had been incorrectly diagnosed as benign lesions. In 1 fibroadenoma was also present. In 80% of cases other forms of breast carcinoma were also present in the same breast. Of the 35 cases 23(65%) also had foci of intraductal papillary carcinoma. The prognosis is dependent on the associated cancer. In 3 cases (9%) the tubular carcinoma had spread to the axillary nodes. Treatment was by radical mastectomy in 27 instances modified radical in 6 and local excision in 1. Internal mammary resection was done in 1 case. Bilateral radical mastectomy was done in 5. Postoperative radiation was given to 4 patients. Follow-up information of from 1-32 years was available for 23 patients. Local recurrences were found in 2 and 1 there were metastases to the lumbar spine. No deaths were considered due to the tubular cancers. The modified radical mastectomy is considered adequate for most cases.
Suggestion of Raspailia ( Hymeraphiopsis ) septentrionalis as replacement name for Raspailia ( Hymeraphiopsis ) fruticosa Lehnert & Stone, 2015

Shortly after publication of Raspailia ( Hymeraphiopsis ) fruticosa Lehnert & Stone, 2015 Rob Van Soest (pers. communication) noticed that this species name is a junior primary homonym of Raspailia fruticosa Dendy, 1887, now accepted as Endectyon fruticosa . According to the ICZN the published species name is unavailable and we now suggest to replace the name with Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) septentrionalis (holotype deposited at the Zoologische Staatssammlung Munchen, ZSM 20150392, collection data published in Lehnert & Stone 2015).
Development of a Framework for Graph Choice and Construction

collecting, understanding, and interpreting data are key skills that all students should master ([8][1], [12][2], [22][3], [33][4]). Research on graph interpretation and basic construction is extensive, and student difficulties, primarily in K-12 type settings, have been well documented [e.g., graph
Combustion Instability in a Turbulent Liquid-Fueled Swirl- Stabilized LDI Combustor

The simultaneous excitation of the half-wave mode and the one-wave mode is inherently unsteady and unstable. Disturbances, even in small amplitude, can destroy the subtle balance between the two modes, causing one mode to grow and the other to decay. The timevarying amplitude of the two modes is rooted in the nonlinear response of the reacting swirling shear layer to inlet disturbances. An increase in the time scales for convection, evaporation, and chemical kinetics favors the excitation of the half-wave mode, and a decrease in these time scales favors the excitation of the one-wave mode. Unsteadiness is an intrinsic feature of thermoacoustic oscillations in turbulent combustors. An external disturbance pushes the state off the equilibrium trajectory, and it may take a number of revolutions for the state to return to a small neighborhood of the equilibrium trajectory. Because of the ubiquity of external and background disturbances, both the amplitude and the frequency of thermoacoustic oscillations are constantly time-varying. With decreasing pressure amplitude or the positive feedback between pressure and heat release, the limitcycle thermoacoustic oscillations are increasingly vulnerable to external disturbances, as indicated by a larger neighborhood that the state trajectory roves over. The acoustic wave distribution along the combustion chamber deviates considerably from the natural one-wave mode. The natural acoustic modes refer to the acoustic eigenmodes in a combustion chamber which does not generate sound itself. Caution should be exercised when developing loworder models via Galerkin projection of the natural acoustic modes in gas turbine combustors.
Gallstones: The Present and Future of Medical Dissolution

Adequate concentrations of bile acids and phospholipids are necessary to keep cholesterol in solution in bile. When the amount of cholesterol exceeds the capacity of bile acids and phospholipids to keep the cholesterol in micellar solution, bile becomes supersaturated; then, under appropriate conditions, cholesterol crystals form and gallstones may develop. Current dissolution therapy is aimed at desaturating the bile, thereby shifting the equilibrium of cholesterol from a crystalline phase back toward a micellar state, thus permitting gallstones to dissolve. Chenodeoxycholic acid is the drug being most extensively tested for efficacy in dissolution; at present, it is successful in about 60 per cent of cases. The primary mechanism of action appears to be suppression of biliary secretion of cholesterol. Further experience is needed to confirm the safety of chenodeoxycholic acid, to gain more precision in patient selection, and to determine ideal dose. The role of chenodeoxycholic acid in prophylaxis and in prevention of recurrence needs further study. Other potential agents for dissolution also deserve investigation.
The Binding of Lubricating Films to Ceramic and Refractory Materials

In order to better understand the chemical bonding forces which control lubricating film stability and adhesion, the binding of lead and tin atoms on the ceramics alumina and silica was investigated by laser induced thermal evaporation combined with mass spectrometric detection of the evaporated species. The interaction between lead or tin and alumina and silica was studied as a function of coverage. The sticking probability for the interaction was measured and found to be temperature and coverage dependent. At low coverage the binding energy of lead to alumina and silica was determined as 237and 246 KJ mol1 respectively, while the binding energy of tin to alumina and silica is 313 and 331 kJ mol1, respectively. A binding energy model based on thermochemical and crystallographic data was used to predict corresponding values which agree with the experimental values. In addition, temperature programmed desorption and\or decomposition (TPD) was used to investigate the thermal and\or chemical stability of MoS2 films on molybdenum supports. The TPD spectra for S2 from MoS 2 were analyzed, and activation energies were found to be dependent on the film application technique. The binding energy model also provided a useful approximation to the experimental activation energies for the S2 production from MoS2 films. Water and carbon impurities were shown to contribute to the decomposition of MoS2 producing SO2 and CS2. The TPD spectra of S2, SO2, and CS2 provide a measure of the onset of lubricant decomposition.
Secondary Grain Growth and Graphoepitaxy in thin Au films on Submicrometer-Period Gratings

Secondary grain growth in thin Au films on SiO2 substrates with periodic surface relief structures was studied as a model for the application of graphoepitaxy (the growth of orientated crystalline films through the use of artificial surface patterning). Secondary grain growth driven by surface energy anisotropy produces grains many times larger than the film thickness with uniform texture. In thin films of Au on SiO2, surface-energy-driven secondary grain growth was found to occur at room temperature as soon as the film becomes continuous, and was shown to be responsible for the {111} deposition texture. A square-wave-profile grating of 0.2 µm period, etched into the surface of the substrate, resulted in preferred growth of {111}-textured grains with 〈112〉 directions oriented parallel to the grating axis. It is proposed that surface energy minimization is responsible for this phenomenon.
Nutritional significance and metabolism of very long chain fatty alcohols and acids from dietary waxes.

Very long chain fatty alcohols obtained from plant waxes and beeswax have been reported to lower plasma cholesterol in humans. This review discusses nutritional or regulatory effects produced by wax esters or aliphatic acids and alcohols found in unrefined cereal grains, beeswax, and many plant-derived foods. Reports suggest that 5-20 mg per day of mixed C24-C34 alcohols, including octacosanol and triacontanol, lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 21%-29% and raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 8%-15%. Wax esters are hydrolyzed by a bile salt-dependent pancreatic carboxyl esterase, releasing long chain alcohols and fatty acids that are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies of fatty alcohol metabolism in fibroblasts suggest that very long chain fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, and fatty acids are reversibly inter-converted in a fatty alcohol cycle. The metabolism of these compounds is impaired in several inherited human peroxisomal disorders, including adrenoleukodystrophy and Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Reports on dietary management of these diseases confirm that very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are normal constituents of the human diet and are synthesized endogenously. Concentrations of VLCFA in blood plasma increase during fasting and when children are placed on ketogenic diets to suppress seizures. Existing data support the hypothesis that VLCFA exert regulatory roles in cholesterol metabolism in the peroxisome and also alter LDL uptake and metabolism.