cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ULTRASONICS FOR INHIBITING BIOFOULING

Ultrasonics has been investigated as an alternative to biocides such as chlorine for inhibiting the growth of the colonial hydroid, Garveia franciscana in the precondenser intake structures of power plants. This hydroid is a particular problem at power plants that use salt water for cooling because it grows rapidly and forms dense matts that can severely restrict the flow of cooling water. Using free-field ultrasonic radiation, acoustic parameters were sought that would yield the most energy-efficient method of causing tentacle contraction of the hydranths, thus inhibiting feeding and/or growth. At all frequencies tested, the sound intensity threshold that caused tentacle contraction coincided with the sonic degasification threshold.
Design of a Multiperiod Tradable Credit Scheme under Vehicular Emissions Caps and Traveler Heterogeneity in Future Credit Price Perception

AbstractThe transportation sector is a major source of traffic congestion and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in urban areas. This study aims to design the system-optimal (SO) traffic management pol...
Achieving the Transformational Vision for Universal Design for Learning: Guest Associate Editor Introduction:

The potential of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) has captured the imagination of policy makers, educators, administrators, teacher educators, as well as educational researchers. Over the past 2...
Nutritional Rickets Due to Severe Food Selectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objective Studies have detected differences in various measures of bone health between individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their peers. However, these measures do not amount to direct clinical evidence of increased orthopedic pathology in this population. Some of the most compelling evidence to this effect comes from case reports of nutritional rickets in children with ASD. We report on 1 such case that, to our knowledge, is the first report of nutritional rickets in ASD necessitating corrective surgery. Methods Case report, review of relevant literature, and implications for further research. Results An 11-year-old girl with ASD was admitted for postoperative medical comanagement after successful repair of bilateral genu valgum (knock knees). On admission, the patient's mother reported that the patient was a "picky eater." No cause had been determined preoperatively, although the deformity had developed at 10 years of age, thereby qualifying as pathologic. The medical team considered rickets because of the patient's limited diet. Subsequent laboratory work demonstrated hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. The patient was diagnosed with nutritional rickets due to inadequate vitamin D intake, a consequence of severe food selectivity associated with ASD. Conclusion This case exemplifies the extreme orthopedic and metabolic complications that can result from food selectivity in children with ASD, pointing to the need for further research into the prevalence and causes of orthopedic pathology and nutritional rickets in this population. The case also underscores the need for evidence-based guidelines to prevent orthopedic pathology in children with ASD.
Sex-specific risk profiles for substance use among college students.

Introduction Growing evidence indicates sex and gender differences exist in substance use. Framed by a lifecourse perspective, we explored prospectively by sex the effects of distal and proximal factors on the initiation of drug use in college. Methods College students without prior drug use (n = 5,120 females; n = 2,951 males) were followed longitudinally across 4 years. Analyses were estimated as a multigroup survival analysis separately by sex within a latent variable SEM framework with illicit drug use (6 or more times in past year) as the latent factor. Results More males initiated drug use (8.5%) than females (6.4%, χ2 (1) = 10.351, p = .001), but less so for Black males (AOR 0.33, 95% CI [0.18, 0.60]) and females (0.35 [0.23, 0.54]). Students initiating drug use more likely included students smoking cigarettes at baseline (males 1.40 [1.23, 1.59]; females 1.43 [1.24, 1.64]), using alcohol (males 1.04 [1.02, 1.06]; females 1.04 [1.02, 1.06]), or having cannabis using peers (males 1.79 [1.52, 2.11]; females 1.70 [1.49, 1.93]). Impulsivity domain associations differed by sex [negative urgency: females (1.23 [1.02, 1.49) and sensation seeking: males (1.33 [1.01, 1.75])]. History of unwanted/uncomfortable sexual experience predicted drug use for males (1.60 [1.09, 2.35]) and females (1.95 [1.45, 2.62]) but physical assault only for females (1.45 [1.08, 1.94]). Mood symptoms predicted drug use only for males [depression (0.73 [0.56, 0.95]); anxiety (1.40 [1.04, 1.89])]. Conclusions Risk factors for initiating drug use during college differ by sex. As substance use during early age predisposes one for addiction, sex- and gender-informed interventions for young adults are needed.
Photoluminescence Imaging and Characterization of Single and Multi-Junction Solar Cells

A method is proposed for large area, highly uniform photoluminescence imaging of single and multi-junction solar cells and solar cell arrays. Relative photoluminescence across a large area can be rapidly determined due to highly uniform excitation illumination and minimal measurement artifacts. Varying the wavelength of the excitation illumination enables the measurement of the photoluminescence of a variety of solar cell materials and of multiple sub-cells in a multi-junction device. This method allows for rapid characterization of spatially resolved device parameters. Thereby providing insight to the condition of solar cells including the nature of potential degradation that would not be readily conveyed via overall performance measurements using techniques that can be performed while the array is installed into a functional end use system.
Artificial Intelligence-Powered Blockchains for Cardiovascular Medicine.

ABSTRACT Clinical databases, particulary those comprised of big data, face growing security challenges. Blockchain, the open, decentralized, distributed public ledger technology powering cryptocurrency, records transactions securely without the need for third party verification. In the healthcare setting, decentralized blockchain networks offer a secure, interoperable gateway for clinical research and practice data. Here, we discuss recent advances and potential future directions for the application of blockchain and its integration with artificial intelligence (AI) in cardiovascular medicine. We first review the basic underlying concepts of this technology and contextualize it within the spectrum of present well-known general applications. We then consider specific applications for cardiovascular medicine and research in areas like high-throughput gene-sequencing, wearable technology use and clinical trials. We then evaluate current challenges to effective implementation and future directions. We also summarize the healthcare applications that can be realized by combining decentralized blockchain computing platforms (for data security) and AI computing (for data analytics). By leveraging high-performance computing and AI capable of securely managing large and rapidly expanding medical databases, blockchain incorporation can provide clinically meaningful predictions, help advance research methodology (e.g., via robust AI-blockchain decentralized clinical trials), and provide virtual tools in clinical practice (e.g., telehealth, sensory-based technologies, wearable medical devices). Integrating AI and blockchain approaches synergistically amplifies the strengths of both technologies to create novel solutions to serve the objective of providing precision cardiovascular medicine.
Correspondence and Inferencing

The derivation process in SMS depends upon a host of functions that define crucial correspondences within the system. The approach used is to postulate a set of SL formalisms to be accessed in building the DB component. The mechan ics of proof depend in large measure upon the correspondences described in this section. The following notation will be used schematically to describe those correspondences: 1) the symbols’ sS, SS1, ..., SSn’ will continue to stand for sentence-sequences; 2) the symbols’ sf, sf1, ..., sfn’ will continue to stand for sentence-sequence formalisms; 3) the letter’ s’ will stand for the set of all well formed sentential sequences; 4) the letter ‘F’ will stand for the set of all well formed sentential formalisms.
Forensic Sociology: The Case of Honor Killing in the Muslim World

The use of a sociologist as an expert witness can serve a valuable, sometimes even indispensible function, particularly when cultural and societal differences divide a client and the court. Such has certainly been the case in my experience as an expert witness during the past decade. As a scholar specializing in Muslim world studies, I have been asked to provide expert testimony in over 300 cases for individuals who fear persecution in their native countries. Throughout the course of my experience in immigration courts, I have been asked to not only provide country condition analyses concerning the various nations of the Muslim and Arab world, but also to shed light on various aspects of Muslim society. The goal: to help the court understand the reality an individual would face if he or she would be forced to return to their home countries. In particular, this paper focuses on the issue of honor violence. Utilizing a specific case study, I will demonstrate how the use of forensic sociology can not only help to educate, but also to help save lives.
Dissolvable microneedle arrays deliver live adenovirus to the skin for genetic immunization.

Recombinant DNA vaccines show incredible promise for the prevention of human disease by their capacity to effectively inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses. Among the available technologies adenovirus (Ad) vectored vaccines are among the most appealing. To date the clinical deployment of Ad-based vaccines has been limited by several considerations including the lack of delivery technology to enable safe, reproducible and effective vector delivery to patients. The skin is readily accessible and rich in antigen presenting cells, making it a preferred target site for immunization. To enable Ad-based clinical immunization, we developed microneedle arrays (MNAs) to deliver live Ad-vectors to the skin. The MNA design and fabrication process we developed results in MNAs that effectively preserve Ad viability, and enable efficient delivery of infectious vector to the skin. Specifically, MNA embedded live Ad5 virus retained infectivity for up to a year. Topical application of MNAs resulted in transduction of skin cells. Further, immunization of mice with an Ad5 expression vector encoding the SIVmac239 gag antigen resulted in the generation of potent CTL activity against the dominant gag 76-84 eptiope. Taken together, our results demonstrate the capacity of MNAs to preserve and deliver Ad5 virus to the skin for genetic immunization. This novel technology platform may enable a wide range of topical skin-targeted Ad vaccines.
An Application Framework For Module Composition Tools

This paper shows that class inheritance, viewed as a mechanism for composing self-referential namespaces, is a broadly applicable concept. We show that several kinds of software artifacts can be modeled as self-referential namespaces, and software tools based on a model of composition of namespaces can effectively manage these artifacts. We describe four such tools: an interpreter for compositionally modular Scheme, a compositional linker for object files, a compositional interface definition language, and a compositional document processing tool. We show that these tools benefit significantly from incorporating inheritance-based reuse. Furthermore, the implementation of these tools share much in common since they are based on the same underlying model. We describe a reusable OO framework for efficiently constructing such tools. Three of the above tools were built by directly reusing the application framework, and the fourth evolved in parallel with it. We provide reuse statistics and experiences with the development of our framework and its completions.
Simulated annealing of neural networks: The 'cooling' strategy reconsidered

The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm has been widely used to addressed intractable global optimizations in many fields, including training of artificial neural networks. Implementations of annealing universally always use a monotone decreasing, or cooling, temperature schedule which is motivated by the algorithm's proof of optimality as well as analogies with statistical thermodynamics. The authors challenge this motivation: the fact that cooling schedules are optimal in theory is not related to the practical performance of the algorithm. The finding is based on a new best-so-far criterion for measuring the quality of annealing schedules. Motivated by studies of optimal schedules for small problems, highly nonstandard annealing schedules are studied for training of feedforward perceptron networks on a real-world sensor classification benchmark. Clear evidence is found that optimal schedules do not necessarily decrease monotonically to zero. >
Patagonia Sur: For-Profit Land Conservation in Chile (TN)

Warren Adams founded Patagonia Sur in 2007 as one of the world's first for-profit land conservation businesses. His goal was to purchase over 100,000 acres of land in southern Chile and to run a variety of sustainable businesses to generate annual returns for investors. Patagonia Sur planned to derive various streams of revenue from the land-including eco-tourism, sustainable land development, carbon credits, water rights and eco-brokerage-thereby giving a financial return to investors on top of achieving a positive environmental impact. By 2011, Warren had raised over $20 million from high net worth individuals and Patagonia Sur had over 60,000 acres in Patagonia under management. However, institutional investors seriously questioned whether Patagonia Sur could ever do more than break even on an annual basis. Further, they worried that in fact the risk of the investment went up significantly as the company spent both its capital and management time on so many different revenue streams. In addition, some investors felt that for-profit conservation was morally wrong. Warren needed to convince both individual and institutional investors that his vision would succeed in both generating returns and preserving the natural beauty of Patagonia.Learning Objective: This case is intended to introduce students to a particular business model of for-profit conservation and to force them to think critically about whether it is a viable model, from a financial and social standpoint. Students will analyze the structure of the investment vehicles and the advantages and disadvantages to investors.
A credit-based active queue management (AQM) mechanism to achieve fairness in the internet

Router-based algorithms to address the TCP-friendliness problem have focused on providing fairness to TCP connections by penalizing UDP unresponsive flows. As a result, current schemes have overlooked their effect on streaming applications. In addition, current schemes have not been widely implemented in practice because of their high complexity and their inability to provide fairness when multiple unresponsive flows, packets of different sizes, and bursty traffic are present. All these aspects and scenarios, commonly found in practice, are rarely addressed in the literature. In this paper, we present Achieving Fairness using a Credit-based mechanism or AFC, a simple Fair Active Queue Management (FAQM) mechanism that aims to solve the unfairness problems generated under these realistic conditions. Simulation results show that AFC provides smoother transfer rates for unresponsive flows transmitting real-time traffic, handles multiple heavy unresponsive flows better, improves the fairness among TCP connections with different round-trip delays, and achieves good fairness even under bursty traffic and packets of different sizes.
When Reasons Obligate

This paper explores the isomorphism between two relationships. The first is that between reasons and requirements. Reasons for action (or for belief - but the focus here is action) differ from requirements, in that reasons are typically merely advisory while requirements are mandatory. We are rationally required to do that which there is most reason for us to do (and of course if we have most reason to do nothing, that is what reason requires). This way of understanding the relationship between reasons for action and what reasons require of an actor has been called the maximizing conception. The second relationship is that between moral reasons (a subset of reasons generally, but not necessarily a proper subset) and moral requirements. It is natural to assume that moral reasons ripen into moral requirements in the same manner that reasons generally ripen into rational requirements: we are morally required to do what we have most reason, morally, to do. This transposition of the maximizing view from the realm of reasons generally to the moral realm can be traced to Moore. The paper defends a version of Moore's view, despite its perhaps drastic consequences. Part of this defense consists of taking into account the putative incomparability between certain types of moral reasons. The paper argues that incomparability, far from undermining the maximizing view, helps it accommodate the possibility of moral options, and to that extent to avoid what has become commonly known as "the strenuousness objection," typically directed against consequentialistic species of the maximizing conception. But the larger part of this defense consists of criticism of alternative accounts of the relationship between moral reasons and moral requirements. Historically, a number of ideas have been invoked to close the gap between reasons and requirements, or (as the gap could also be described) between goodness and obligation. "Sanction" theories, voluntaristic theories, and rationalistic or universalization theories are examined and found wanting. The paper concludes that the maximizing conception can be reconciled with whatever is defensible in each of these alternatives: a unary account of morality and rationality is available once moral reasoning is represented as an operation of maximization performed upon a "filtered" or "supplemented" set of reasons bearing upon the actor.
Plasma Vitamin C Is Inversely Related to Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference but Not to Plasma Adiponectin in Nonsmoking Adults

We examined the relationships between plasma vitamin C, adiposity, and the collagen-like adipokine, adiponectin. Of 118 sedentary, nonsmoking adults participating in the cross-sectional trial (35 men and 83 women aged 38.7 +/- 1.0 y with BMI of 30.4 +/- 0.6 kg/m2, plasma vitamin C concentrations of 43.5 +/- 1.3 micromol/L, and plasma adiponectin concentrations of 8.9 +/- 0.3 mg/L), 54% were obese and 24% were overweight. Plasma vitamin C was inversely related to BMI, percentage of body fat, and waist circumference in both women and men (r = -0.383 to -0.497, P < 0.025). In women but not men, these associations remained significant after controlling for body mass. Plasma vitamin C was directly related to plasma adiponectin in the women after controlling for age and vitamin C supplement use (r = 0.222, P = 0.049) but not after controlling for body mass. Twenty obese men and women participated in an intervention trial and consumed an energy-restricted diet low in vitamin C (approximately 38 mg/d) for 8 wk. Subjects were stratified by age, gender, and BMI and randomly assigned to receive placebo or vitamin C (500 mg) capsules daily. At baseline, plasma adiponectin was directly related to plasma vitamin C (r = 0.609, P = 0.021) and inversely related to body mass (r = -0.785, P = 0.001). Body mass decreased significantly during the 8 wk study in both the vitamin C (n = 6, -5.9 +/- 0.9 kg) and placebo groups (n = 8, -6.5 +/- 0.7 kg). Plasma adiponectin increased 13% from baseline by wk 8 in both groups (P < 0.05). In summary, plasma vitamin C was inversely related to markers of adiposity, particularly in women, but vitamin C supplementation did not influence the circulating concentration of adiponectin.
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

The chapter provides detailed information on Forest Products Laboratory etch (FPL etch). The reaction of FPL etch solution with the aluminum alloy is presented. Various other methods have been developed as improvements over FPL including optimized FPL etch, phosphoric acid anodize (PAA), P and P2 etchants and the chromic acid anodize (CAA) procedures. Optimized FPL etch involves dissolving a known amount of aluminum in the etch solution at the time of preparation. The PAA process produces an oxide structure by a two-stage process. P2 etch provides a chromate-free surface treatment for the preparation of aluminum alloys. CAA process builds a basic oxide layer which supports a tubular cell structure. Durability of the joint is affected by both bath temperature and immersion time. It is also reported that the time between etching and rinsing is critical. Four specific treatments for aluminum and aluminum alloys are presented in a process specification format including optimized FPL etch (sulfo-chrom etch), PAA, P2 etch (sulfo-ferric etch) and CAA. Discussions related to surface chemistry are presented along with available data on the strength and durability for each method.
Analysis of microvascular systems using image processing

The determination of quantitative morphometric measures that describe the performance of the components of microvascular systems is discussed. A software package is being developed for object detection, segmentation, feature description, and classification of these components. In addition, algorithms are being developed to measure the physical dimensions and responses of these microscopic objects. Tests of the package and techniques are made on samples of images stored on video tapes using closed-circuit-television microscopy of the small blood vessels in the rat cremaster muscle. Samples comprise diseased and nondiseased microcirculation systems. >
Translocation of Nickel in Xylem Exudate of Plants

Topped plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), corn (Zea mays), carrot (Daucus carota), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) were treated with 0.5 to 50 micromolar Ni (containing 63Ni) in nutrient solutions. Xylem exudate was collected for 10 hours or, in the case of corn, for 20 hours at 5-hour intervals. Electrophoresis of nutrient solution distributed all Ni cathodically as inorganic Ni2+. Low concentrations of Ni in tomato exudate migrated anodically, presumably bound to organic anion (carrier). However, this carrier became saturated at about 2 micromolar Ni in exudate, and excess Ni ran cathodically. Most of the Ni in cucumber, corn, carrot, and peanut exudate ran anodically, and its migration rate was identical for all exudates. Peanut root sap contained 14 to 735 micromolar Ni. The anodic Ni carriers in root sap and exudate appear identical. The carrier in root sap became saturated near 100 micromolar Ni, as shown by cathodic streaking of Ni exceeding that concentration. It appears that all five species translocate low concentrations of Ni in the same anionic form.
Minimum Sodium Requirement and Interaction of Potassium and Sodium in the Diet of Young Turkeys

Abstract PUBLISHED data relative to the young turkey’s minimum sodium requirement are limited and sketchy. More research has been reported concerning excessive levels of dietary sodium or sodium chloride (salt). Matterson et al. (1946) fed 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 percent of salt in a purified diet to Bronze poults through 23 days of age. Poults readily tolerated salt levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 percent. Scrivner (1946) observed no harmful effect when one percent of salt was added to the feed of young turkeys. One percent of salt in the drinking water, however, resulted in 100 percent mortality with edema (moist and water logged viscera) and ascites (excess watery fluid in the abdomen). Bressler et al. (1951) added salt levels of 0.0 to 3.6 percent in the diet of poults during the first three weeks. There was considerable mortality with levels of 0.9 percent and above. Krista et al. (1961) …
Structure of p53 binding to the BAX response element reveals DNA unwinding and compression to accommodate base-pair insertion

The p53 core domain binds to response elements (REs) that contain two continuous half-sites as a cooperative tetramer, but how p53 recognizes discontinuous REs is not well understood. Here we describe the crystal structure of the p53 core domain bound to a naturally occurring RE located at the promoter of the Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) gene, which contains a one base-pair insertion between the two half-sites. Surprisingly, p53 forms a tetramer on the BAX-RE that is nearly identical to what has been reported on other REs with a 0-bp spacer. Each p53 dimer of the tetramer binds in register to a half-site and maintains the same protein-DNA interactions as previously observed, and the two dimers retain all the protein-protein contacts without undergoing rotation or translation. To accommodate the additional base pair, the DNA is deformed and partially disordered around the spacer region, resulting in an apparent unwinding and compression, such that the interactions between the dimers are maintained. Furthermore, DNA deformation within the p53-bound BAX-RE is confirmed in solution by site-directed spin labeling measurements. Our results provide a structural insight into the mechanism by which p53 binds to discontinuous sites with one base-pair spacer.
Novel Coupled-Inductor Multi-phase VRs

Coupling the output inductors of the multi-phase Buck can reduce the steady-state current ripple while maintaining the same transient response. The conduction losses in the switches can thus be reduced. Furthermore, using coupled inductor can greatly improve the dynamic performance with smaller inductance during the transient. Magnetic fundamentals of the existing coupled inductor multi-phase Buck converters will be revealed in this paper firstly. With the insight gained, novel coupled inductor circuitries will be disclosed. They feature flexibility, symmetric magnetic path, short winding length, and light load efficiency enhancement. Finally, theoretical analysis, design guideline and experimental verification are included.
Dead Crow Density and West Nile Virus Monitoring, New York

New York State used the health commerce system to monitor the number of West Nile virus (WNV) human disease cases and the density of dead crows. In each year from 2001 to 2003 and for the 3 years combined, persons living in New York counties (excluding New York City) with elevated weekly dead crow densities (above a threshold value of 0.1 dead crows per square mile) had higher risk (2.0–8.6 times) for disease caused by WNV within the next 2 weeks than residents of counties reporting fewer dead crows per square mile. This type of index can offer a real-time, relatively inexpensive window into viral activity in time for prevention and control. Changes in reporting, bird populations, and immunity may require that thresholds other than 0.1 be used in later years or in other areas.
Firefighter training virtual environment

The Firefighter Training Simulation is a virtual environment being developed at Georgia Tech in collaboration with the Atlanta Fire Department. The VE user is a commanding officer trainee who instructs teams of virtual firefighters to perform different actions to help put out virtual fires. This simulation was developed using the Simple Virtual Environment (SVE) Library, an extensible framework for building VE applications [Kessler 2000].
A pair distribution function analysis of zeolite beta

We describe the structural refinement of zeolite beta using the local structure obtained with the pair distribution function (PDF) method. A high quality synchrotron and two neutron scattering datasets were obtained on two samples of siliceous zeolite beta. The two polytypes that make up zeolite beta have the same local structure; therefore refinement of the two structures was possible using the same experimental PDF. Optimized structures of polytypes A and B were used to refine the structures using the program PDFfit. Refinements using only the synchrotron or the neutron datasets gave results inconsistent with each other but a cyclic refinement with the two datasets gave a good fit to both PDFs. The results show that the PDF method is a viable technique to analyze the local structure of disordered zeolites. However, given the complexity of most zeolite frameworks, the use of both X-ray and neutron radiation and high-resolution patterns is essential to obtain reliable refinements.
An electrical simulator of moving prey for the study of feeding strategies in sharks, skates, and rays

In order to further the investigation of the electric sense in elasmobranch fish, an electronic device was developed which simulates the bioelectric fields of moving prey fish. Using primarily CMOS integrated circuitry, a digital control system switches a regulated dipole current along a linear array of electrodes, thereby producing a spatial sequence of prey-simulating fields. The instrument permits control over the position of the “prey fish,” its speed of travel (1 to 100 cm/sec), and the output-current strength (1 to 10 μA). The moving-prey simulator was designed to determine whether elasmobranches orient to the prey field and strike at their victims from a distance, or whether they approach gradually, allowing for movements of the target. Preliminary results indicate that these predators, after taking aim and initiating their attacks, refrain from further course corrections. Thus, the electrical prey simulator offers the user a valuable tool for studying the dynamics of electrical prey detection.
Histopathological features and biochemical mechanism of 2-chloro-4-acetotoluidine toxicity in starling

Abstract Histopathological studies of CAT toxicity in the starling manifested in the form of progressive necrosis of the kidney, particularly the proximal tubular epithelial cells. Fifty percent of these cells were structurally damaged at 24 hr and 90+% were damaged or obstructed with urate casts at 32 hr after the CAT administration. There was no evidence of any striking histopathological changes in the liver at any time after the CAT administration. Phenobarbital pretreatment offered a 30% protection against the toxicity of CAT in starling. Since phenobarbital pretreatment has no effect on the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes as opposed to renal, therefore, the protection offered by phenobarbital pretreatment was thought to be due to a quantitative shunting of CAT and/or its reactive metabolite along the microsomal mediated metabolic pathway of the kidney responsible for their inactivation. Administration of GSH to starlings treated with CAT offered little protection against the toxicity. This may be attributed to inability of avian species to utilize the GSH molecule as such. The data collected in the present study indicate that starlings treated with a toxic dose of CAT had an increased level of TBA reacting products both in the kidney and liver concomitant with a decrease in GSH content and suggest that lipid peroxidation may be involved in CAT induced toxicity. It is possible, however, that a more advanced stage of CAT toxicity in the kidney resulting in frank necrosis and a severe disturbance in renal excretion of uric acid may ensue upon the depletion of protective GSH stores coincident with gradual shut down of the protective GSH peroxidase system.
Moderating Effects of Facial Expression and Movement on the Babyface Stereotype

We investigated whether the well-documented babyface stereotype is moderated by facial movement or expression. Impressions of more babyfaced women as warmer and less dominant were weaker when faces were moving than when they were static. These moderating effects of facial movement were consistent with its tendency to reduce the perceived anger of low babyfaced women. Impressions of more babyfaced women as less dominant were equally strong whether faces showed a neutral or surprised expression, but impressions of them as warmer were significant only for neutral expressions. The moderating effect of facial expression on impressions of warmth was consistent with the tendency for surprise expressions to attenuate differences in the perceived babyfaceness of high and low babyfaced people. Theoretical interpretations and practical implications are discussed.
NE ME RACONTE PLUS D'HISTOIRES: DERRIDA AND THE PROBLEM OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY†

This essay reads Derrida's early work within the context of the history of philosophy as an academic field in France. Derrida was charged with instruction in the history of philosophy at the Ecole Normale Superieure, and much of his own training focused on this aspect of philosophical study. The influence of French history of philosophy can be seen in Derrida's work before Of Grammatology, especially in his unpublished lectures for a 1964 course entitled “History and Truth,” in which he analyzed the semantic richness of the word “history.” According to Derrida, “history” comprised both the ideas of change and of transmission, which allowed the writing of history at a later time. In the Western tradition, Derrida suggested, philosophers had consistently tried to reduce the idea of history as transmission, casting it simply as empirical development in order to preserve the idea that truth could be timeless. Derrida's account of the evolving opposition between history and truth within the history of philosophy led him to suggest a “history of truth” that transcended and structured the opposition. I argue that Derrida's strategies in these early lectures are critical for understanding his later and more famous deconstruction of speech and writing. Moreover, the impact of this early confrontation with the problem of history and truth helps explain the ambivalent response by historians to Derrida's analyses.
Morphine stimulates cholinergic neuronal activity in the rat hippocampus

Abstract The effects of morphine on cholinergic neuronal activity in the rat hippocampus were examined by measuring the rate of high-affinity, Na-dependent [ 3 H]-choline uptake (HANDCU) into synaptosomes isolated from hippocampus. Morphine (6 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly stimulated HANDCU into hippocampal synaptosomes relative to control, and pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) antagonized this effect. At a dose of 12 mg/kg, morphine did not alter the choline transport system. Dextrorphan, the inactive stereoisomer of the opiate agonist levorphanol, had no effect on HANDCU. Interestingly, higher doses of naloxone (15mg/kg; 30mg/kg, i.p.) produced significant increases in HANDCU, and the effects of naloxone (30 mg/kg) and morphine (6 mg/kg) on HANDCU appeared to be additive.
Problem solving in the rat: cognitive/physiological mechanisms.

Three bodies of data pertaining to the role of cognitive maps in animal problem solving are examined. First, it is shown that problem-solving processes involve the reorganization of cognitive maps based on new information. Second, it is demonstrated that the cognitive representation of a problem space is acquired as the animal locomotes between various points in that space. Locomotion is adduced to be the factor that provides directionality between loci in the problem space. Finally, electrophysiological data from the hippocampus are reviewed to determine the role of hippocampal activity in the mapping and problem-solving process. It is shown that hippocampal electrical activity reflected an animal's position and movement through space. These phenomena may provide potential mechanisms for cognitive mapping. However, there is no direct evidence to indicate that such electrophysiological phenomena are essential to the problem-solving process.
Inner sarcolemmal leaflet Ca(2+) binding: its role in cardiac Na/Ca exchange

A recently completed model of Ca concentration and movements in the cardiac cell diadic cleft space predicts that removal or neutralization of inner sarcolemmal (SL) leaflet anionic Ca-binding sites at the sarcolemmal border of this space will greatly diminish Na/Ca exchange-mediated Ca efflux. The present study tests this prediction using the local anesthetic dibucaine as a probe. It is shown, in isolated SL, that dibucaine competitively displaces Ca specifically from anionic phospholipid headgroups. Dibucaine also displaces Ca from the SL when applied to intact cells. It does not affect the content or release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in these cells. This eliminates a primary effect on SR Ca as a contributing factor to dibucaine's effect on Na/Ca exchange-mediated Ca efflux. Measurement of this efflux from whole cells shows a highly significant reduction of 58% (p < 0.001) by 0.5 mM dibucaine. The inhibiting effect of dibucaine on Na/Ca exchange-mediated Ca efflux can be significantly reversed by augmentation of Ca release from SR by caffeine at the time of activation of Na/Ca exchange. This supports the contention that the dibucaine-SL interaction is a competitive one vis-a-vis Ca. The results are supportive of the model in which inner SL leaflet Ca-binding sites account for the delay of Ca diffusion from the diadic cleft, thereby prolonging the time for which [Ca] remains elevated in the cleft. The prolonged increased [Ca] significantly enhances the ability of Na/Ca exchange to remove Ca from the cell during the excitation-contraction cycle.
Formation of the DNA adduct S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione from ethylene dibromide: effects of modulation of glutathione and glutathione S-transferase levels and lack of a role for sulfation.

Hepatic S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione DNA adducts were determined in several strains of rats and mice after i.p. injection of a dose of 37 mg ethylene dibromide/kg body wt. More adducts were formed in rats than in mice, while no difference was noted among strains within each species. Removal of adducts in liver DNA was relatively slow in all animals tested. On the contrary, in vitro incubation of calf thymus DNA with ethylene dibromide and either rat cytosol or mouse cytosol gave rise to similar amounts of adduct, yet mouse cytosol showed much higher glutathione (GSH) S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Human cytosol also activated ethylene dibromide, with the extent of conjugation being approximately half that of rat cytosol. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital or beta-naphthoflavone induced GSH S-transferases but did not increase the in vivo formation of DNA adducts, suggesting that concomitant induction of cytochrome P450 might abolish the effect of induction of GSH S-transferase by increasing the oxidation of ethylene dibromide. Butylated hydroxytoluene induced GSH S-transferase and also markedly increased DNA adduct levels. Disulfiram, a known cytochrome P450 inhibitor, significantly increased the formation of DNA adducts whereas it did not affect GSH S-transferase activity. Depletion of GSH by pretreatment of rats with diethylmaleate or buthionine sulfoximine resulted in decreased in vivo DNA adduct levels and the degree of reduction was well correlated with the extent of GSH depletion. In vitro incubation of tritiated S-(2-hydroxyethyl)GSH with calf thymus DNA in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and rat liver cytosol did not result in significant binding to DNA, suggesting that sulfation of the alcohol does not readily occur to add a leaving group and regenerate an episulfonium ion. These results suggest that induction of the Phase II enzyme GSH S-transferase can be detrimental in the case of ethylene dibromide and that decreases in GSH levels reduce DNA alkylation in rats.
Bioactivation of nitroglycerin and vasomotor response to nitric oxide are impaired in cirrhotic rat livers

Nitroglycerin (NTG), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, has been shown to reduce portal pressure in cirrhotic patients. Using the in situ perfusion of normal and cirrhotic rat livers, we compared the vascular relaxation induced by either NTG or the spontaneous nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). Normal and cirrhotic livers were perfused (40 mL/min, 37°C) with Krebs' solution in a recirculating system. After preconstriction with methoxamine (10−4 mol/L), a dose-response study was performed using 6 cumulative doses of NTG or SNAP (10−7 to 3 × 10−5 mol/L). NOx (NO2− + NO[overthree]) production in the perfusate was measured by chemiluminescence. Cirrhotic livers exhibited lower vasorelaxant responses, compared with normal livers, to both NTG (P < .0001) and SNAP (P = .0020). In normal livers, NTG and SNAP induced similar vasorelaxant responses (P = .44). In cirrhotic livers, NTG induced less vasorelaxation than SNAP (P < .0001). In the presence of NTG (P = .0045), but not SNAP (P = .99), NOx production in experiments with cirrhotic livers was lower than in experiments with normal livers. In conclusion, in cirrhotic rat livers, the vasorelaxant response to NTG is impaired owing to both a decreased metabolism of this NO donor and an inability of the hepatic vasculature to respond to NO. (HEPATOLOGY 2002;36:381-385.)
Level-shift compensation in m.o.s. bucket-brigade circuits operated in an analogue mode

As a result of net loss (or gain) of charge to the substrate, the signal component at the output of a bucket-brigade circuit is subject to a direct-voltage shift which reduces the dynamic range of the device. Compensation for such level-shifting (of either polarity) can be provided by means of single additional m.o.s. devices placed at suitable intervals along the delay line.
Preform Design for Forging Processes Based on Geometrical Resemblance

Preform design is critical for multi-stage forging processes to ensure the production of defects-free parts. Moreover due to the geometry and material flow complexities in forging processes, finding the optimal preform shapes could be difficult and time consuming. This paper proposes an efficient preform design methodology based on geometrical resemblance which requires a few FEA simulation iterations to obtain a good preform shape. The premise of this methodology is such that the initial and subsequent simulations are carried out by constructing a slightly larger part which geometrically resembles the desired part. Initial FEA simulation of the larger part is performed with reasonably guessed preform shape which may allow the occurrence of forming defects or flash formation. Then a series of intermediate resembling parts between the largest part and the desired part are constructed. The undeformed shape corresponding to the intermediate part could be obtained by backward tracing of material flow from the simulation results of the larger part. This undeformed shape is then taken as the preform shape of the intermediate part. The procedure is repeated until the intermediate part is geometrically close to the desired part, which leads to the preform shape. In order to verify this preform design methodology, several case studies on forging and extrusion processes have been carried out. The methodology has been proven to be computationally efficient since it requires fewer numbers of iterations.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Spherical lipid bilayer membranes.

Abstract 1. 1. The formation of a new model membrane system is described. In its final configuration this system consists of four phases: a spherical bilayer membrane several mm in diameter, a bulk lipid phase which takes the form of a cap or lens covering less than 10% of the spherical surface, and two aqueous phases, one on each side of the membrane. 2. 2. The water permeability and transmembrane electrical properties of the spherical bilayer were measured and compared to the values obtained for the planar membranes currently under study in many laboratories.
Effect of solute dissolution kinetics on cloud droplet formation: Extended Köhler theory

[1] This study focuses on the importance of solute dissolution kinetics for cloud droplet formation. To comprehensively account for the kinetics, a numerical model of the process was developed. Simulations of cloud droplet growth were performed for solute diffusivity, droplet growth rates, dry particle and droplet diameters relevant for ambient conditions. Simulations suggest that high ambient supersaturations and low solute diffusivity are major contributors to significant decreases in effective solute surface concentrations during droplet growth. The numerical simulations were incorporated into Kohler theory to assess the impact of dissolution kinetics on the droplet equilibrium vapor pressure. The modified Kohler theory implies that only CCN with slowly dissolving solute could have a “dynamical” equilibrium saturation ratio that is appreciably different from that obtained using thermodynamic equilibrium arguments alone.
Imaging of testicular torsion and epididymitis/orchitis: Diagnosis and pitfalls

In this paper, we review the clinical and imaging features of the two most common causes of the acute scrotum, testicular torsion and epididymitis/orchitis. Pertinent anatomy, imaging study techniques and pitfalls in diagnosis are discussed.
Laparoscopic management of a case of chronic ectopic pregnancy that had been treated as dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Chronic ectopic pregnancy is often an enigma and a correct diagnosis might not be made until surgical intervention. We report a case of a woman who had initially been treated with therapeutic abortion for an unwanted pregnancy at a private clinic. She had since suffered from persistent uterine bleeding and a negative urine pregnancy test had led to mistaken treatment for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Chronic ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed and treated with operative laparoscopy with a satisfactory outcome. Laparoscopy may provide earlier accurate diagnosis of chronic ectopic pregnancy and the possibility of conservative management instead of salpingectomy.
Use of shell model calculations in R-matrix studies of neutron-induced reactions

Abstract R-matrix analyses of neutron-induced reactions for many of the lightest p-shell nuclei are difficult due to a lack of distinct resonance structure in the reaction cross sections. Initial values for the required R-matrix parameters, Eλ and γλc for states in the compound system, can be obtained from shell model calculations. In the present work, the results of recent shell model calculations for the lithium isotopes have been used in R-matrix analyses of 6Li+n and 7Li+n reactions for En 8 MeV. Consequences of the shell model redictions for the level structure of 7Li and 8Li on the 6Li+n and 7Li+n reaction mechanisms and cross sections are discussed.
ApoE and apoE receptors in brain lipid metabolism and AD

Background Brain lipids such as cholesterol play critical roles in neuronal membrane homeostasis and synaptic functions. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a major lipid transporter in the brain. Of the three human apoE isoforms (E2, E3 and E4), apoE4 is a strong risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Brain apoE/lipoprotein particles, produced primarily by astrocytes, deliver cholesterol and other lipids to neurons to support synapses via apoE receptors, which belong to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family. To ultimately understand why apoE4 is a risk factor for AD, it is essential to study the differential functions of apoE isoforms in brain lipid transport and synaptic functions, and what specific roles apoE receptors play in these processes.
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation

Abstract Liver microsomes contain a vitamin K- and O 2 -dependent carboxylase that converts peptide-bound glutamyl residues to γ-carboxyglutamyl residues. The properties of this unique enzyme system are currently being investigated through a number of approaches.