cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earth-abundant ZnSn x Ge 1−x N 2 alloys as potential photovoltaic absorber materials

Large-scale energy demands will require low-cost, earth-abundant materials for high efficiency solar energy conversion. Here we present ZnSn x Ge 1−x N 2 as a tunable band gap photovoltaic absorber layer with a predicted range of 1.4 eV to 2.9 eV. Thin films of ZnSn x Ge 1−x N 2 are synthesized by reactive RF co-sputtering with a wide range of compositions. X-ray diffraction shows a linear shift in lattice parameter with changing composition, indicating no phase separation. These results suggest that ZnSn x Ge 1−x N 2 can potentially be tuned to span a large portion of the solar spectrum and could therefore be a viable earth-abundant photovoltaic material.
Particulate retention by bacteria retentive membrane filters

Abstract Membranes are widely used in and accepted by industry as capable of 0.2 and 0.22 μm absolute removal of bacteria and particulates. Conditions are establised in this study under which these membranes pass latex spheres 0.5 μm and larger in diameter. The conditions of penetration, as a function of membrane type, challenge conditions, and pH are reported, and the interactions between the membrane pore surfaces and the latexes are related to DLVO theory. The study indicates that membranes of pore diameter substantially smaller than those now in common use increase the probability of obtaining microbial sterility.
A dynamic programming approach to trajectory planning of robotic manipulators

This paper presents a solution to the problem of minimizing the cost of moving a robotic manipulator along a specified geometric path subject to input torque/force constraints, taking the coupled, nonlinear dynamics of the manipulator into account. The proposed method uses dynamic programming (DP) to find the positions, velocities, accelerations, and torques that minimize cost. Since the use of parametric functions reduces the dimension of the state space from 2n for an n - jointed manipulator, to two, the DP method does not suffer from the "curse of dimensionality." While maintaining the elegance of our previous trajectory planning method, we have developed the DP method for the general case where 1) the actuator torque limits are dependent on one another, 2) the cost functions can have an arbitrary form, and 3) there are constraints on the jerk, or derivative of the acceleration. Also, we have shown that the DP solution converges as the grid size decreases. As numerical examples, the trajectory planning method is simulated for the first three joints of the PACS arm, which is a cylindrical arm manufactured by the Bendix Corporation.
Hare's Golden-Rule Argument: A Reply to Silverstein

In Freedom and Reason Hare tells us that something does not count as a moral principle unless we are prepared to prescribe it for ourselves in a hypothetical case, in which we imagine ourselves in our victim's or adversary's shoes. This characterization of moral reasoning has frequently come under attack as being incoherent, most notably by C. C. W. Taylor in his review of Freedom and Reason (Mind, lxxiv (i965), 280-298). H. S. Silverstein, in his recent note on Hare (Mind, lxxxi (I972), 448-450), has contributed to this general line of criticism by adducing a 'special kind of case' in which 'the agent knows or believes something which is not known or believed by those affected by his proposed action and in which this fact itself is regarded by the agent as being relevant to his decision' (p. 448). The case in question is the 'deathbed promise' in which someone makes a lying promise to a dying man, the intention being to make him 'happy'. The essential thing is that the promisee's happiness depends upon his not knowing, or ever discovering, that the promise is deceptive. To test his principles, the promisor is to put himself in the dying man's place; but this immediately reveals a difficulty concerning what the promisor, in his hypothetical role, is supposed to imagine. Silverstein writes: 'He cannot imagine himself, . . ., knowing or learning that the promise made to him is deceptive, for this falsifies a crucial feature of the actual case. Yet neither can he imagine himself not knowing or learning that the promise is deceptive, for then a crucial feature of the case would be left out; from his hypothetical point of view as a dying man the case would so far contain only a promise, not a deceptive promise, . . .' (p. 449). Silverstein concludes that such a case is 'morally Godelian' and that the application of the golden-rule to it is incoherent: '[for] it is impossible to construct a hypothetical case which is not, with respect to the actual case, either false or incomplete' (ibid.). In this note I wish to show (I) that the first horn of the dilemma is a bogus one, i.e. that it is false that he cannot, in the hypothetical case, conceive of himself knowing or learning that the promise is deceptive; and I shall want to maintain this even though the promisee's ignorance is a crucial feature in the actual case. I shall merely show that it is not a crucial feature of the hypothetical case. (2) This leads to a general point concerning a common misunderstanding of the 'golden-rule' argument, attributable to just about everyone who has leveled the 'incoherence' criticism against Hare, namely the mistaken view that all of the relevant aspects of one's adversary in the actual case must be imagined, intact, in the hypothetical case. Silverstein's formulation expresses this in a rather pointed way: 'If A is considering
Observations On The Phenomenology Of Consciousness Change

(1976). Observations On The Phenomenology Of Consciousness Change. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 59-76.
Effects of Sudden Aortic Occlusion on Heart Rate After Sino-Aortic Denervation

This study tests the possibility that pressoreceptors of the sinoaortic type may be located in thoracic vessels and innervated by thoracic afferent nerves. Heart rate and arterial pressure were recorded in anesthetized dogs with neural pathways intact, bilateral vagotomy and sinoaortic denervation before and after internal occlusion of the aorta just above the celiac artery. Results obtained indicate that after elimination of the sinoaortic mechanisms by vagotomy and isolation of the carotid sinuses no functional pressoreceptors of the sinoaortic type can be demonstrated in the arterial tree above the celiac artery.
Saddle-point variational method for the Dirac equation.

Variational solutions are found for the Dirac equation for various potentials. The stationary energy values correspond to saddle points in parameter space. This has the effect of limiting both negative- and positive-energy contributions. Comparison with exact numerical results shows good agreement for the energy and for other expectation values.
Kinetics of host cell recruitment during dissemination of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma

Diffuse malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor which displays a median survival of 11.2 months and a 5-year survival of less than 5% emphasizing the need for more effective treatments. This study uses an orthotopic model of malignant mesothelioma established in syngeneic, immunocompetent C57Bl/6 mice which produce malignant ascites and solid tumors that accurately replicate the histopathology of the human disease. Host stromal and immune cell accumulation within malignant ascites and solid tumors was determined using immunofluorescent labeling with confocal microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. An expression profile of cytokines and chemokines was produced using quantitative real-time PCR arrays. Tumor spheroids and solid tumors show progressive growth and infiltration with host stromal and immune cells including macrophages, endothelial cells, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, and a novel cell type, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The kinetics of host cell accumulation and inflammatory mediator expression within the tumor ascites divides tumor progression into two distinct phases. The first phase is characterized by progressive macrophage and T lymphocyte recruitment, with a cytokine profile consistent with regulatory T lymphocytes differentiation and suppression of T cell function. The second phase is characterized by decreased expression of macrophage chemotactic and T-cell regulating factors, an increase in MDSCs, and increased expression of several cytokines which stimulate differentiation of MDSCs. This cellular and expression profile suggests a mechanism by which host immune cells promote diffuse malignant mesothelioma progression.
CNDO/2 Calculations on the acidities of alkanes and saturated alcohols and the basicities of methylamines

Abstract The CNDO/2 method is applied to calculation of the energetics of (1) proton loss from alkanes and saturated alcohols forming the derived carbanions and alkoxide anions and (2) protonation of ammonia and methylated amines forming the derived ammonium salts. Alkane acidities are calculated to be opposite to the inductive order observed in solution. The orders of gas phase acidities of alcohols and basicities of methylamines are reproduced by the calculations in good agreement with experiment. It is proposed that the gas phase order of alkane acidities may be in agreement with the calculations, with the order in solution inverted by solvent effects as seems to be the case for the alcohol series. The calculations indicate the ability of alkyl groups to stabilize negative charge. The stabilities of alkyl carbanions and alkoxide anions directly correlate with the calculated delocalization of charge from the electronegative carbanion carbon or from the alkoxide oxygen. The larger or more complex the alkyl group, the greater the negative charge stabilization. Stabilization proceeds through the increase in alkyl group polarizability with increasing size or complexity. This is in contrast to alkyl group stabilization of positive charge in carbonium ions which seems to proceed through a conjugative interaction,
Construct Validity of the Test of Adolescent Language-2 (TOAL-2) and Implications

The Test of Adolescent Language-2 has been proposed to reflect a multidimensional model of language and to include subtests that represent the dimensions of form, features, and content. Furthermore...
Fabricating Ag2O-stabilized superconductive wires

Fabrication of metal-shielded YBa2Cu3Ox superconductive wires provides a possible route to improve the poor mechanical properties and the low critical current densities associated with the ceramic nature of high-Tc superconductive oxide materials. However, results show that wires produced by the powder-in-tube method have low critical current densities and a wide superconducting transition range. A possible reason for these phenomena is the presence of a considerable amount of oxygen-deficient phase in the wire core due to insufficient oxygen diffusion through the metallic shield in the final annealing process. Silver oxide (Ag2O) was introduced as an in-situ oxygen donor to stabilize the oxygen stoichiometry of the core material. Traditional powder and mechanical metallurgy methods have been used to fabricate these metal-shielded YBa2Cu3Ox superconductive wires for bulk electricity applications.
Anion-exchange separation of plutonium in hydrochloric-hydrobromic acid media

Plutonium can be rapidly and selectively separated from the elements that interfere in its radiochemical determination, by the use of hydrobromic acid in a hydrohalic acid anion-exchange separation procedure. Plutonium(IV) and (VI) are adsorbed onto the resin column from 9M hydrochloric acid, interfering elements such as americium and thorium are washed from the column with 9M hydrochloric acid, and the plutonium is reduced to plutoniurn(III) and washed from the column with 11M hydrobromic acid. Interfering elements such as uranium and neptunium, which are adsorbed onto the column from 9M hydrochloric acid, are retained there during the hydrochloric and hydrobromic acid washes. This system would also appear to provide the means for effectively separating plutonium from those elements that commonly interfere in such chemical methods of analysis as redox titration.
Computer-Automated Impedance-Derived Cardiac Indexes

In this study, an automated signal processing technique, ensemble averaging, provided artifact-free impedance data which permitted analysis during quiet breathing and exercise in normal young male subjects. Moreover, impedance-derived stroke volumes and other cardiac indexes calculated by ensemble-averaging showed close correlation with those calculated by conventional hand digitization methods. The results indicate that ensemble averaging can considerably increase the potential applicability of impedance cardiography.
A carbon nanotube based ammonia sensor on cellulose paper

A single-wall carbon nanotube (CNT) based ammonia sensor was implemented on cellulose paper. Two types of devices were fabricated and compared: CNT-on-paper and a CNT–cellulose composite. The resistance shift of the CNT network upon ammonia exposure was monitored in the chemiresistor approach. The CNT-on-paper showed faster response/recovery and higher sensitivity than the CNT–cellulose composite due to the larger reaction surface. Compared to the control sensor made on a glass substrate, the paper based sensor characteristics exhibited superior uniformity and repeatability. The present approach can be utilized for smart paper featuring low-cost disposable applications.
Precision of Hunchback Expression in the Drosophila Embryo

Activation of the gap gene hunchback (hb) by the maternal Bicoid gradient is one of the most intensively studied gene regulatory interactions in animal development. Most efforts to understand this process have focused on the classical Bicoid target enhancer located immediately upstream of the P2 promoter. However, hb is also regulated by a recently identified distal shadow enhancer as well as a neglected "stripe" enhancer, which mediates expression in both central and posterior regions of cellularizing embryos. Here, we employ BAC transgenesis and quantitative imaging methods to investigate the individual contributions of these different enhancers to the dynamic hb expression pattern. These studies reveal that the stripe enhancer is crucial for establishing the definitive border of the anterior Hb expression pattern, just beyond the initial border delineated by Bicoid. Removal of this enhancer impairs dynamic expansion of hb expression and results in variable cuticular defects in the mesothorax (T2) due to abnormal patterns of segmentation gene expression. The stripe enhancer is subject to extensive regulation by gap repressors, including Kruppel, Knirps, and Hb itself. We propose that this repression helps ensure precision of the anterior Hb border in response to variations in the Bicoid gradient.
Diffusion of Mesoscopic Probes in Aqueous Polymer Solutions Measured by Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) has been used to follow the diffusion of mesoscopic probes (1 nm < R < 20 nm) in aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and guar galactomannan solutions. We define “mesoscopic” as the regime for which the size of the diffusing species is of the same order as the screening length ξ in the polymer matrix solution. We show that diffusion depends not only on the dimensionless length scale R/ξ but also on the dimensionless time scale corresponding to the relaxation of the polymer mesh by “constraint release” vs the time for motion of the probe species over the length ξ. Two different FRAP techniques were used: fringe pattern bleaching and recovery (FPBR) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The effect of probe structure on diffusion through polymer matrices was investigated by measurements on probes with differing fractal dimensions (df): proteins and polystyrene latex particles behave as rigid spheres (df = 3); dextrans are slightly branched polymers w...
Quantitative examination of the approximations in the monopole and dipole theories of intermolecular interactions

Abstract We have studied the convergence of the multipole series expansion for first order intermolecular interaction energies of a typical polyatomic molecule. Molecular and segmental multipole moments for pyridine have been calculated up to quadrupole and the relative importance of these terms in two respective interaction series have been studied for distances ranging from molecular contact up to several tens of Angstroms for pairs of pyridine molecules. From the data we conclude that two alternative approximations for the interactions, i.e. the dipole approximation and the point charge approximation, are clearly inadequate for separation distances less than 10 A.
Synthesis and CMR analysis of phenoxazinone derivatives related to the actinomycin D chromophore

Synthesis of 2-deamino- and 2-deamino-2-nitro-chromophores of actinomycin was accomplished by reaction of nitrous acid in fluoroboric acid via diazotization of the 2-amino group in the chromophore. Structural assignments were made by cmr and pmr.
Validation of spallation neutron production and propagation within Geant4

Using simulations to understand backgrounds from muon-induced neutrons is important in designing next-generation low-background underground experiments. Validation of relevant physics within the Geant4 simulation package has been completed by comparing to data from two recent experiments. Verification focused on the production and propagation of neutrons at energies important to underground experiments. Discrepancies were observed between experimental data and the simulation. Techniques were explored to correct for these discrepancies.
Light ion bombardment sputtering, stress buildup, and enhanced surface contamination

Abstract Several effects of high fluence light ion bombardment which are relevant to fusion reactor inner wall problems are under investigation. The impurity loading and lateral stress from high fluence ion bombardments can alter sputtering yields markedly. This is demonstrated with sputtering measurements of 45 keV Kr incident upon Au. Sputtering yields for 150 keV4 He onto Au are presented for two different background hydrocarbon partial pressures during bombardment. It is shown that there is a polymerized hydrocarbon buildup on the surface for hydrocarbon partial pressures greater than 1 × 10 −10 mm Hg even for ion current densities ranging as high as 4 μA/cm2; true sputtering of the Au has been observed only for lower hydrocarbon partial pressures. Additional effects of oxidizing background gases on sputtering measurements of reactive metals are discussed. It is concluded that the background gas partial pressures, temperatures, and particle fluxes in a fusion device and in simulation experiments must be well defined before sputtering effects can be understood.
STAT3 does not regulate acute liver injury after ischemia/reperfusion

Background Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious complication of liver surgery and transplantation. Regulation of this injury response occurs at the cellular and molecular levels. Previous studies have shown that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a negative regulator of the acute inflammatory injury occurring as a result of hepatic I/R. The signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is a key target of receptor signaling for IL-6. Both IL-6 and STAT3 have been implicated in the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning of the liver. However, there have been no studies that have directly addressed the potential role of STAT3 in regulating acute inflammatory liver injury induced by I/R. In the current study, we investigated whether blockade of STAT3 phosphorylation altered the injury response to hepatic I/R injury. Methods Male Balb/c mice were subjected to 90 min of partial hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion with or without treatment with specific inhibitors of STAT3 activation, AG490 (selective JAK2 inhibitor), or STATTIC (direct inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation). Mice were sacrificed at 8 and 24 h after reperfusion. Results STAT3 activation was induced by I/R. This activation was partially inhibited by administration of AG490 and almost completely abrogated by treatment with STATTIC. Despite the blockade of STAT3, neither AG490 nor STATTIC had any effect on acute liver injury induced by I/R. Treatment with STATTIC did reduce hepatic neutrophil accumulation. Conclusion The data suggest that STAT3 is not a central regulator of acute liver injury induced by I/R.
Reinforcement mechanisms in MWCNT-filled polycarbonate

The filler/matrix interface in fiber-reinforced polymer composites is critical in controlling load transfer from the matrix to the fiber, failure mechanisms, and degradation. It is not clear, however, how the mechanisms of load transfer in traditional composites apply to nanofiber-filled polymers. This paper is focused on understanding the reinforcement mechanisms in multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) composites. Strain dependent Raman spectroscopy shows that there is load transfer from the matrix to the nanotubes, and that the efficiency of the load transfer is improved by surface modification of the MWCNT. Dynamic mechanical analysis as well as electron microscopy reveals the presence of a large annular interphase region of immobilized polymer surrounding the embedded nanotubes. Micromechanical modeling of the elastic modulus of the composite that accounts for the limited load transfer to the interior shells of the MWCNT suggests this immobilized polymer provides an additional reinforcement mechanism that is unique for nano-filled composites.
Identification and Characterization of a Thermostable MutS Homolog from Thermus aquaticus

Recognition of mispaired or unpaired bases during DNA mismatch repair is carried out by the MutS protein family. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a thermostable MutS homolog from Thermus aquaticus YT-1. Sequencing of the mutS gene predicts an 89.3-kDa polypeptide sharing extensive amino acid sequence homology with MutS homologs from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Expression of the T. aquaticus mutS gene in Escherichia coli results in a dominant mutator phenotype. Initial biochemical characterization of the thermostable MutS protein, which was purified to apparent homogeneity, reveals two thermostable activities, an ATP hydrolysis activity in which ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi and a specific DNA mismatch binding activity with affinities for heteroduplex DNAs containing either an insertion/deletion of one base or a GT mismatch. The ATPase activity exhibits a temperature optimum of approximately 80°C. Heteroduplex DNA binding by the T. aquaticus MutS protein requires Mg2+ and occurs over a broad temperature range from 0°C to at least 70°C. The thermostable MutS protein may be useful for further biochemical and structural studies of mismatch binding and for applications involving mutation detection.
Buying into the American Dream? Mexican Immigrants, Legal Status, and Homeownership in Los Angeles County*

Objectives. Contemporary patterns of homeownership reflect the continuing racial and ethnic stratification that exists in nearly all areas of American society. Of particular interest, especially within the context of recent immigration legislation, are the homeownership experiences of Mexican immigrants in the United States. Methods. The current study employs unique data from the 2001 Los Angeles County Mexican Immigrant Residency Status Survey (LAC-MIRSS) to examine the association between diverse forms of legal status and homeownership for Mexican immigrants. Results. Analyses indicate that the relationship between legal status and housing tenure is not statistically significant, after accounting for economic, life-course/life-cycle, and assimilation/social capital characteristics. Conclusions. The lack of a significant relationship is contrary to past research, perhaps explained by the explosive growth of the subprime mortgage market in the United States; the increasing recognition by financial institutions of Latino immigrants as a largely untapped, yet emerging, market in the mortgage industry; the availability of alternative forms of identification; and the institutionalization of unauthorized immigration in Los Angeles.
Feline analgesia following central administration of opioids

Abstract Activity of opioids in cats was assessed by employing the tail-flick method. Microinjection of morphine (100 μg) or etorphine (2.5 μg) into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG) region resulted in significant analgesia. Smaller doses of morphine (10 and 50 μg) or etorphine (0.62 and 1.25 μg) were without significant effect. Methadone likewise produced no significant analgesic action in doses as large as 360 μg in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Rank order potency, i.e. etorphine > morphine >> methadone, was similar following systemic administration. Increased latency of tail-flick response after injection of etorphine was diminished by administration of naloxone, either systemically or centrally, thus indicating a specific opiate-mediated response.
A rose by any other name: Commentary on Lerner's "Treatment issues in a case of possible multiple personality disorder."

Lerner (1994) attempted to make a case for what he called «traditional» psychoanalytic treatment of multiple personality disorder (MPD) by contrasting his approach with those of therapists who consider MPD «an extreme form of dissociative syndrome that can be conceptualized as a chronic posttraumatic stress disorder» (p. 563). He argued that active and directed techniques, including hypnosis, lead patients to see themselves as «trauma survivors» (p. 564), and that they are pulled in the direction of taking less rather than more responsibility for life problems. He presented an ongoing treatment of a «possible» MPD patient whom, he stated, he approached «in a traditional psychoanalytic manner» (p. 564) and with whom he «steadfastly attempted to maintain therapeutic neutrality» (p. 564). Although I support Lerner's commitment to the psychoanalytic treatment of dissociative disorders, I take issue with both his clinical approach and his conceptualization of it, and I see both as a fundamental misunderstanding of the basic psychoanalytic situation as a relational milieu
Calculated photoemission spectra from β′-NiAl(001)

Abstract We have calculated angle-resolved uv photoemission spectra from the (001) surface of β′-NiAl for s-polarized radiation. We included realistic values for the lifetimes of the hole and electron, the experimentally observed surface relaxation and preferred Al termination. Except for one peak that is incorrectly positioned in one set of data, the calculated spectra are very similar to those measured experimentally indicating that the 1-electron description holds well for the electronic structure and photoemission from β′-NiAl.
Sesquiterpene antitumor agents: inhibitors of cellular metabolism

Helenalin and tenulin injected into CF1 male mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumors inhibit DNA synthesis and DNA polymerase enzymatic activity in the tumor cells. Helenalin inhibited protein synthesis. Both drugs increased the concentration of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, and interfered with glycolytic and mitochondrial energy processes. Cholesterol synthesis was also inhibited, resulting in lower serum cholesterol levels in tumor-bearing animals. Data obtained in vitro indicate that the cyclopentenone-bearing sesquiterpene lactone and related compounds do not alkylate puring bases of nucleic acids but rather undergo a Michael-type addition reaction with the sulfhydryl groups of reduced glutathione and l-cysteine. Thus, the inhibition of cellular enzyme activities and metabolism that has been observed with these drugs might be explained by the occurrence of a Michael-type teaction.
Changing roles: The radiologist in management

Rationale and Objectives. Radiologists have rarely had direct administrative control of the hospital departments in which they practice. Several years ago, the administration of the medical school at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and its county-owned principal teaching hospital agreed to integrate the physician and administrative management of the radiology department in an attempt to improve operations and reduce expenses. This integration is a pilot plan that will eventually be extended to most departments. Materials and Methods. The authors have collected data that measure department function for the seven quarters of physician management and compared these data with those of the previous four quarters prior to physician management. Results. There are substantial increases in department activity, together with reductions in expenses and waiting time for procedures. These changes have occurred while overall hospital activity has decreased. Benchmarking studies show favorable comparison with comparable radiology departments. Conclusion. Radiologists can have an important effect on department operations when given the responsibility and authority for managing these affairs.
White lies in interpersonal communication: A taxonomy and preliminary investigation of social motivations

(1984). White lies in interpersonal communication: A taxonomy and preliminary investigation of social motivations. Western Journal of Speech Communication: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 309-325.
Head Start Teachers’ Vocabulary Instruction and Language Complexity During Storybook Reading: Predicting Vocabulary Outcomes of Students in Linguistically Diverse Classrooms

Research Findings: Vocabulary instruction strategies used by Head Start teachers during storybook reading were examined to quantify the level of language complexity found in these storybook reading interactions. The study also examined the relationship between vocabulary instruction strategies and complexity of language during storybook reading and outcomes in student vocabulary while considering whether teachers’ strategies and language complexity affect children differently based on children's initial vocabulary level or dual language learner status. Participants were 23 Head Start teachers and 210 children (ages 36–59 months, 42.9% dual language learners). Hierarchical linear regression showed that teachers’ use of uncommon words had a different relationship to student outcomes based on students’ prior vocabulary knowledge. In addition, a student's status as a dual language learner, the teacher's ratio of vocabulary instruction strategies to words instructed, and the amount of code switching by the tea...
Aversive noise effects on performance and thalamocortical responsiveness in cats

Abstract The effects of noise bursts (115dBA) on runway performance, emotional behaviors, and visual thalamocortical responsiveness were examined in five cats. Aversion thresholds for noise were subsequently determined in a shuttle box preference test. For three animals the noise was aversive, produced a disruption of runway performance and escape behaviors, and significantly attenuated the intracortical evoked potential (EP) components produced by stimulation of the optic tract. Examination of videotapes taken during noise stimulation indicated that the EP returned to preaversion amplitudes simultaneously with behavioral habituation. The EP intracortical components remained within control levels for animals for whom the noise was not aversive. The aversion effects were concluded to be produced by high arousal activating cortical inhibition. The subsequent behavioral and electrophysiological habituation may involve negative feedback modulation of reticular activity, whereupon cortical functioning returns to preaversion levels.
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a young patient population--12-year experience at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

Background There is a dearth of data in a younger population of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PAC) regarding epidemiology, genetics, prognosis, and outcome. This report examines a large cohort of patients with PAC ≤45 years of age evaluated at MSKCC over a 12-year period. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients referred to MSKCC with PAC identified from the institutional tumor registry, who were ≤45 years on the date of the diagnostic biopsy, between January 1995 and February 2008, was performed. Information reviewed included demographics, clinical and pathological staging, surgical management, therapy, date of relapse, death or last follow-up. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results One hundred thirty-six cases of PAC, age ≤45 years at diagnosis, were identified. Seventy-four (54%) females, 62 (46%) males. Age range: 24–45; 4, 38, and 94 patients in age groups 20–29, 30–39, 40–45 years, respectively. Fifty (37%) had a smoking history. Fourteen (10.3%) had a positive family history of PAC. Thirty-five (25.7%) underwent a curative resection for localized disease. Twenty-eight (20.1%) presented with locally advanced, inoperable disease. Sixty-eight (50%) presented as AJCC Stage IV. Twenty-three (37%) of those resected underwent adjuvant chemoradiation. Thirteen received adjuvant gemcitabine. The median overall survival for the entire cohort was 12.3 months (95% CI 10.2–14.0 months). The median overall survival for the patients with locally resectable disease was 41.8 months (95% CI 20.3–47 months). The median overall survival for the patients who presented with locally advanced, unresectable disease was 15.3 months (95% CI 12–19.3 months). The median overall survival for those who presented with metastatic disease was 7.2 months (95% CI 5.2–9.5 months). Conclusions This is the largest reported cohort of young patients with PAC ≤45 years of age. The data suggest that patients with stages I–II disease may have an improved prognosis, however the prognosis for stages III–IV patients appears to be similar to the typical (older) patient population with PAC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:8–12. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Crying Game: Do Solicitation Displays Advertise Offspring Fitness?

Evolutionary models of offspring solicitation systems have emphasized the potential for offspring manipulation of parents and the role of signal production costs in limiting exaggeration of need by offspring. Another, neglected possible evolutionary function of offspring solicitation is competition with siblings for access to limited parental resources via condition-dependent displays of probable offspring contributions to parental fitness. In this brief review of the behavioral ecological literature, I report that offspring phenotypic quality is indeed a common positive correlate of parental investment, and that apparently condition-dependent displays modulate differential parental investment. I argue that short-term fluctuations in need are secondary to intrinsic offspring phenotypic quality in determining parental investment responses to solicitation. I conclude that need display is an incomplete evolutionary explanation of offspring solicitation behaviors, and that fitness advertisement is a primary function of such neonatal behaviors. Offspring solicitation, like courtship displays and agonistic signals, may be best understood within the framework of competitive Zahavian signal selection. Future avenues of experimental research are proposed.
Age-Related Resons for Expressed Interest In Exercise and Weight Control

Reasons for expressed interest in exercise and weight control were examined. The importance of benefit statements was rated on a scale of one to ten by subjects grouped according to age. Results indicated that 18 to 30 year-old subjects rated benefits pertaining to aesthetic enhancement of physical appearance as significantly more important than all other benefits. Also, the benefits pertaining to health and aesthetic enhancement were rated as significantly more important than social and emotional benefits and training benefits by subjects ranging in age from 31 to 50 years. It was concluded that regrdless of age, subjects are equally as interested or more interested in aesthetic benefits as compared to health benefits resulting from fitness-related activity.
The Interaction of Motivation and Therapist Adherence Predicts Outcome in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder: Preliminary Findings

Abstract This report is a post-hoc, exploratory examination of the relationships among patient motivation, therapist protocol adherence, and panic disorder outcome in patients treated with cognitive behavioral therapy within the context of a randomized clinical trial for the treatment of panic disorder ( Barlow, Gorman, Shear, & Woods, 2000 ). Results suggested that motivation and adherence interacted to predict change in panic severity. Among patients rated as less motivated, greater therapist protocol adherence was associated with poorer outcome. Among patients rated as more motivated, adherence was not significantly associated with outcome. Further process research is needed to confirm these preliminary results and to understand the interactions of patient and therapist factors and how they are related to outcome in standardized protocols such as cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder.
Use of Position Sensitive Detectors in Positron Imaging

The use of Anger-type bar cameras for positron imaging results in a totally stationary system. In addition, the design is cost effective since the Anger principle will provide many resolution elements using only a few crystals and photomultipliers. Pulse shortening techniques are used to solve countrate problems associated with Anger-type detectors. When compared to an array of BGO detectors, a bar camera with equal sensitivity has superior spatial resolution.
Influence of level of dietary protein on tryptophan-induced promotional activity in induction of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci of rat liver

Abstract The influence of varying the dietary protein content on the emergence of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-positive foci in the livers of male rats fed elevated (2%) l -tryptophan (TRP) after being exposed to a hepatocarcinogen was investigated. Subtotal hepatectomies were performed, and 18 hr later the rats were treated with diethylnitrosamine (30 mg/kg). Ten days later four dietary groups were followed for 10 weeks: (1) control diet containing 21% protein (C); (2) control diet containing 5.3% protein (C-LP); (3) C + TRP; and (4) C-LP + TRP. Rats fed the C-LP diet developed heavier livers but fewer and smaller GGT+ foci than did rats fed the C diet. Rats fed elevated TRP diets (C + TRP and C-LP + TRP) developed more and larger GGT+ foci than did rats fed the regular control diets (C and C-LP), indicating that the promotional effect of elevated dietary TRP was similar at the two levels of dietary protein.
Boundary conditions and optical absorption in the soliton model of polyacetylene

In the present paper the boundary conditions and the optical absorption are studied for both the discrete and continuum models of solitions in polyacetylene. The topological property of the soliton is incorporated appropriately to derive the correct boundary conditions for the electronic wave functions which are essential for a proper calculation of optical absorption and other properties of the system. A general sum rule for the absorption coefficient is derived for the continuum model which is exactly satisfied by the result of the present calculation. The errors in the previous calculations are indicated. Finally, the theoretical results are compared with the experimental data.
Adil Jussawalla. Missing person. Gieve Patel. How do you withstand, body. Arun Kolatkar. Jejuri. Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. Nine enclosures. Bombay: Clearing house, 1976

(1978). Adil Jussawalla. Missing person. Gieve Patel. How do you withstand, body. Arun Kolatkar. Jejuri. Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. Nine enclosures. Bombay: Clearing house, 1976. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 535-544.
Physical Activity Programming in Family Child Care Homes: Providers' Perceptions of Practices and Barriers

Abstract Objective To examine family child care home (FCCH) providers' perceptions of appropriate physical activity (PA), current practices, and perceived barriers to inclusion of PA within their programs. Design A trained facilitator lead 4 focus group sessions of FCCH providers. Questions addressed providers' planning for PA, resources and barriers, and perceptions of children's engagement. Setting Family child care homes. Participants 32 FCCH providers (100% female) caring for children 6 weeks to 5 years old in predominantly mixed-age programs. Phenomenon of Interest Types of and extent to which PA was offered for children and perceived barriers to PA in this setting. Analysis Authors coded and analyzed transcriptions based on a socioecological framework using qualitative data analysis software. Results Majority of providers reported running and dancing to music as the most common PA, generally in an unstructured context. Frequency varied from none to twice a day. Few providers reported planning intentionally for PA; any plans followed children's interests. Barriers to inclusion of PA included personal, programming, parent, environmental, and financial reasons. Providers requested training on PA, particularly ideas for experiences in mixed-age groups. Conclusions and Implications Type, frequency, consistency, and duration of PA among FCCH homes vary widely. Implications include training on PA and resources tailored to the unique characteristics of family child care homes.
The Rise and Fall of a Six‐Year Coral‐Fungal Epizootic

Drivers of disease cycles are poorly understood in marine ecosystems in spite of increasing outbreaks. We monitored a newly emerged fungal epizootic (aspergillosis) affecting sea fan corals (Gorgonia ventalina L.) in the Florida Keys to evaluate causes of its rise and fall over 6 years. Since August 1997, aspergillosis has nearly eradicated large sea fans at some sites. However, sea fan densities have remained relatively constant due to episodic recruitment replacing large fans with small. Recruitment itself was affected by infection and occurred only when prevalence of disease was low. This impact on recruitment occurred because the largest, potentially most fecund colonies had the highest prevalence of disease, and the pathogen significantly suppressed reproduction of infected fans. Moreover, high mortality among adults resulted in a demographic shift to smaller colonies. The most dramatic impact of aspergillosis was the Keys-wide loss of >50% of sea fan tissue from complete and partial mortality. Aspergillosis prevalence has declined steadily over the last 6 years, and we consider the following hypotheses for decline of the epizootic: change in environment, change in pathogen input, and increase in host resistance. We conclude that increasing host resistance is the most likely driver of the decline. However, a change in any of a number of factors, for example, recruitment of naive hosts, rate of pathogen input, or environmental conditions (water quality and temperature), is likely to promote reemergence of the epizootic.
Effect of asphyxia and aminooxyacetic acid on the slow potential evoked by crossed olivocochlear bundle stimulation.

The action of asphyxia and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) on the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB), was investigated, in particular, the slow change evoked by COCB stimulation, often called the crossed olivocochlear potential (COCP). Terminating artificial respiration caused the COCP to fall within 2 min to 0.25 mV. It remained at this level for an additional 4 min before declining to zero. If artificial respiration was reinstated, before 3 min had elapsed, the COCP recovered completely within 5 min. Administration of AOAA (40 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a slow reduction in the endocochlear potential (EP) to about 10 mV in 60 min. The COCP initially declined after AOAA administration but fully recovered by the time the EP plateaued at 10 mV. The results with asphyxia could be explained solely by a reduction of the EP; however, in light of the different results observed with AOAA, one might hypothesize an additional action of asphyxia at the efferent nerve-ending-hair cell synapse.
Interactions of contractile proteins with free and immobilized cibacron Blue F3GA.

Abstract Differential binding of contractile proteins from skeletal muscle to Cibacron Blue F3GA-Sepharose affinity columns provides the basis for a new purification technique. Myosin subfragments bind at low ionic strength and are eluted by high salt (e.g., 1.5 m NaCl). Myosin light chain 2 also binds at low ionic strength, whereas light chain 1 is only partially retarded and light chain 3 does not bind. Myosin's marginal solubility in the low-salt buffers required for binding renders it unsuitable for Blue Sepharose chromatography. Neither G-actin nor F-actin bind. Crude preparations of myosin subfragment-1 or light chains undergo significant purification upon Blue Sepharose chromatography. Nee free chromophore inhibits the ATPase activities of myosin and actomyosin at micromolar dye concentrations, whereas the binding of subfragment-1 to actin (in myofibrils) and the tension of glycerinated fibers are inhibited at millimolar dye concentrations. The dye binds at multiple sites on myosin, and inhibits its actomyosin ATPase both competitively and uncompetitively.
Strategies for dispersing, assembling, and orienting nanorods in polymers

Nanorods composed of either noble metals or semiconducting materials have shape anisotropy that imparts nanocomposites with unique optical and electrical properties. This review describes methods for dispersing nanorods within a polymer host, which itself can self-assemble, and controlling nanorod self-assembly, spacing and orientation. In addition, applications of aggregated morphologies are discussed with an emphasis on their use in sensing applications.
The guide to available mathematical software problem classification system

A vast collection of reusable mathematical and statistical software is now available for use by scientists and engineers in their modeling efforts. This software represents a significant source of mathematical expertise, created and maintained at considerable expense. Unfortunately, the collection is so heterogeneous that it is a tedious and error-prone task simply to determine what software is available to solve a given problem. In mathematical problem solving environments of the future such questions will be fielded by expert software advisory systems. One way for such systems to systematically associate available software with the problems they solve is to use a problem classification system. In this paper we describe a detailed tree-structured problem-oriented classification system appropriate for such use.
Comparison of OpenMP 3.0 and Other Task Parallel Frameworks on Unbalanced Task Graphs

The UTS benchmark is used to evaluate the expression and performance of task parallelism in OpenMP 3.0 as implemented in a number of recently released compilers and run-time systems. UTS performs parallel search of an irregular and unpredictable search space, as arises, e.g., in combinatorial optimization problems. As such UTS presents a highly unbalanced task graph that challenges scheduling, load balancing, termination detection, and task coarsening strategies. Expressiveness and scalability are compared for OpenMP 3.0, Cilk, Cilk++, Intel Thread Building Blocks, as well as an OpenMP implementation of the benchmark without tasks that performs all scheduling, load balancing, and termination detection explicitly. Current OpenMP 3.0 run time implementations generally exhibit poor behavior on the UTS benchmark. We identify inadequate load balancing strategies and overhead costs as primary factors contributing to poor performance and scalability.
Hemorrhagic skin manifestations accompanying hemophilus influenzae meningitis

Summary 1. An extensive review of the literature and of the files of Children's Hospital disclosed five cases of hemorrhagic skin manifestations associated with meningitis due to H. influenzae. 2. In the case reported, H. influenzae was isolated from an aspiratedpetechia. Aspirations were not performed in the other four cases.