cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition

Deposition of crystalline triclinic (t) and monoclinic (m) calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) in fibrocartilage and articular cartilage is the hallmark of chondrocalcinosis. Using biologic grade gelatin to model this crystal growth process, t-CPPD, m-CPPD, amorphous calcium pyrophosphate, orthorhombic calcium pyrophosphate tetrahydrate (o-CPPT), and 3 mixed calcium/sodium pyrophosphate salts were grown at physiologic pH. Amorphous and o-CPPT appeared to be kinetic precursor crystals in the formation of t-CPPD and m-CPPD. Optimal concentration ranges for the different crystals were determined.
Development of CD8α-Positive Dendritic Cells from a Common Myeloid Progenitor

Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in both initiating adaptive immune responses and maintaining tolerance to self antigens. These apparently contradictory roles have been suggested to depend on different subsets of DCs that arise from either myeloid or lymphoid hematopoietic origins, respectively. Although DC expression of CD8alpha is attributed to a lymphoid origin, here we show that both CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha- DCs can arise from clonogenic common myeloid progenitors in both thymus and spleen. Thus, expression of CD8alpha is not indicative of a lymphoid origin, and phenotypic and functional differences among DC subsets are likely to reflect maturation status rather than ontogeny.
Activation of kidney guanylate cyclase by cobalt

Abstract Guanylate cyclase activity and cyclic nucleotide content were studied in individual slices from guinea pig kidneys. Basal guanylate cyclase activity, assayed in homogenates or in particulate fractions (100,000g × 1 h), and the tissue content of cGMP and cAMP were greater in the inner than in the outer (entirely cortical) slices. The fraction of guanylate cyclase activity recovered in the supernatant was greater in the cortex. Taurodeoxycholate increased activity of the particulate cyclase but decreased that of the supernatant enzyme. Activity of the particulate was increased ca. 200% and that of the supernatant >500% by 1 m m NaN3. Supernatant activity was markedly increased by 0.1 m m Co2+, which had no effect on the particulate enzyme. (Incubation of kidney slices with 2 m m Co2+ did not alter their cGMP content, but caused a small increase in the cAMP content of slices containing medullary tissue.) Basal guanylate cyclase activity in fresh supernatants increased linearly with pH from 5.9 to 9, whereas in the presence of Co2+ there was a clear maximum at pH 7.3 to 7.5. Incubation of fresh supernatant fractions at 37 °C for 3 h increased guanylate cyclase activity and abolished Co2+ activation. The relationship between Co2+ activation and that resulting from incubation remains to be defined. It seems probable, however, that these phenomena reflect regulatory properties of the supernatant guanylate cyclases of kidney and other tissues.
Cardenolides and a lignan from asclepias subulata

Abstract Four new glycosides (three cardenolides and a lignan), nine previously reported cardenolide glycosides and a known triterpenoid were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts of Asclepias subulata . The elucidation of the structures and stereochemistry of the new glycosides has been accomplished using mainly 1 H and 13 C NMR and mass (EI and FAB) spectral data of their acetyl derivatives and comparison of these data with those of known glycosides from the same plant as well as from other plants. The new compounds were identified as 16α-hydroxycalactin, 3β-(β- D -glucopyranosyloxy)-19-car coroglaucigenin 3β- D -glucoside and 4-(β- D -glucopyranosyloxy)-larciresinol.
Intellectual Transformation and Budgetary Savings through Academic Reorganization.

(2009). Intellectual Transformation and Budgetary Savings Through Academic Reorganization. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 18-27.
Change and permanence: Reflections on the ethical-social contract of science in the public interest

Modern science, dedicated since its 17th Century origins to the mastery and possession of nature for the relief of man's estate, is a source of great social change, affecting our opinions, practices, and ways of life. It thus exists necessarily in tension with law and morality, our institutions of stability and order. This tension between change and permanence, between science and law or morals, was institutionalized by the American Founders who sought to encourage, under law, the progress in science and the useful arts, by means of the copyright and patent laws. American science and technology have flourished under the patent law, an ingenious ethical and social contract between scientists and the polity, through which private right and interest and public good generally coincide. Nevertheless, this contract has its limitations. Some of these limitations are vividly seen through the recent Supreme Court decision (in the Chakrabarty case) to permit the patenting of living microorganisms. Analysis of this case shows why the contract between science and the polity embodied in the Patent Laws may not always serve the public good and may also be harmful to science itself. Also, permitting ownership of living species shows how close we have come in our thinking to overstepping the sensible limits of the project for the mastery and possession of nature.
Building Fast to Think Faster: Exploiting Rapid Prototyping to Accelerate Ideation During Early Stage Design

While rapid prototyping has proved to be an invaluable resource for expediting particular phases of the design process, its decreasing cost of operation and increasing accessibility reveal greater potential for these tools to substantially impact the design process itself. While many studies have investigated the advantages of creating and interacting with physical models in engineering design, this study explores the value of delaying decisions and pursuing many prototypes as it applies to individual designers in the earliest phases of the design process. Inspired by The Second Toyota Paradox, we propose the use of Kolb’s theory of experiential learning to reconcile the implications of set-based rather than point-to-point engineering with the value of an individual designer’s learning through interactions with concrete objects. We compared the performance of engineering students in a design challenge. The independent variable was the number of prototypes the participant was required to produce in the first iteration. Participants who were instructed to produce more prototypes in the same amount of time in which their control counterparts were only required to produce one expressed much higher levels of time constraint and dissatisfaction in their primary prototypes. However, multiple-design participants’ prototypes performed better, showed significantly greater improvement between iterations; in addition, satisfaction increased significantly after completion of the final prototype. We look to Kolb’s theory of experiential learning and an individualized application of corporate concurrent engineering to suggest a new design process heavy in low-fidelity, low-quality physical models in early design stages.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Single Molecule Fluorescence-Force Analysis of DNA and Nucleosome

We developed single molecule instruments that can image single flurophores as a function of force applied to DNA. This allowed us to probe the local structural changes of a single nucleosome as a function induced by an external force. We also developed a simple single molecule cyclization assay that can probe the flexibility of sub-hundred base pair DNA. I will summarize our current understanding of how sequence dependent flexibility of DNA can influence the dynamics and mechanical stability of a nucleosome.
CMR quantification of myocardial scar provides additive prognostic information in nonischemic cardiomyopathy

Objectives This study sought to determine whether the extent of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) can provide additive prognostic information in patients with a nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDC) with an indication for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Background Data suggest that the presence of LGE is a strong discriminator of events in patients with NIDC. Limited data exist on the role of LGE quantification. Methods The extent of LGE and clinical follow-up were assessed in 162 patients with NIDC prior to ICD insertion for primary prevention of SCD. LGE extent was quantified using both the standard deviation–based (2-SD) method and the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) method. Results We studied 162 patients with NIDC (65% male; mean age: 55 years; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]: 26 ± 8%) and followed up for major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including cardiovascular death and appropriate ICD therapy, for a mean of 29 ± 18 months. Annual MACE rates were substantially higher in patients with LGE (24%) than in those without LGE (2%). By univariate association, the presence and the extent of LGE demonstrated the strongest associations with MACE (LGE presence, hazard ratio [HR]: 14.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.1 to 32.6; p 6.1% of LV myocardium. Conclusions LGE extent may provide further risk stratification in patients with NIDC with a current indication for ICD implantation for the primary prevention of SCD. Strategic guidance on ICD therapy by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with NIDC warrants further study.
Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising on Healthcare Providers and Consumers

Healthcare professionals, whether as providers or consumers of health care, are affected by DTCA. This article will provide an overview of DTCA, a review of related literature, and a discussion of the strengths and limitations of the process. Ultimately, healthcare professionals can use the information when educating patients and be aware of the impact of marketing strategies in their personal lives.
The high incidence of diabetes mellitus in the micronesian population of nauru

As a follow-up to surveys conducted three years ago among the Micronesian population of Nauru, the incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus was studied in 433 subjects aged 20 years and older. The diagnosis of diabetes was based on a 2-h plasma glucose of 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l), enabling comparison with the Rochester, U.S.A., (Caucasian) and Pima (American Indian) studies. In both sexes the prevalence rate rose steadily with age, and the overall prevalence was 24% for both sexes. The overall incidence rate was 15.4 per 1,000 person-years. However, males had almost twice the incidence of the females (20.2% vs 11.5%). The incidence rate of diabetes in Nauruans was considerably higher than that found in Rochester and was second to that of the Pimas as the highest rate reported in the literature.
Factorial Validity of the Health Locus of Control (HLC) Scale

The factor structure of the Health Locus of Control (HLC) scale is compared for two groups of women differing in regard to experience with major illness and physical fitness activities. Although both groups yielded a two-factor structure, certain noteworthy contrasts emerged. For healthy women engaged in physical fitness activities, a personal responsibility dimension was found to be central. For a group of cancer patients, a "fate" component appeared primary in variance accounted for in the HLC scale. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Persistence of gentian violet and leucogentian violet in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) muscle after water-borne exposure.

Abstract Gentian violet is a triphenylmethane dye that is an antifungal/antiparastic agent. GV is similar to malachite green that has been used in the aquaculture industry for treatment or prevention of external fungal and parasitic infections in fish and fish eggs although it (MG) is not approved for this use. For these reasons, GV’s potential for misuse by the aquaculture industry is high. The uptake and depletion of gentian violet (GV) were determined in channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) after water-borne exposure (100 ng ml −1 , 1 h) under simulated aquaculture farming conditions. Leucogentian violet (LGV) was rapidly formed, concentrated in the muscle tissue, and very slowly eliminated from muscle tissue. An isocratic (60% acetonitrile–40% water; 0.05 M ammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.5) HPLC system consisting of a 5 μm LC–CN 250×4.6 mm I.D. column, a 20×2.0 mm I.D. PbO 2 oxidative post-column, and a UV–VIS detector set at 588 nm were used to determine uptake and depletion of tissue residues of GV and LGV with time. GV was rapidly depleted and converted to its major metabolite, LGV, which was detected out to 79 days. Therefore, LGV is the appropriate target analyte for monitoring exposure of channel catfish to GV.
Temporality and identity loss due to Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Proceeding from the assumption that the social construction of one's identity is a life long process, and that it is formed, maintained, and altered in daily social interaction, this paper examines the loss of identity attributes in a person with Alzheimer's disease as the changes perceived by a family member. Specifically, the paper focuses on: (1) strategies caregivers used to ‘hang on to’ their respective loved ones as they were once known, and (2) the temporally subjective aspects of that experience.
Patterns of Alcohol and Multiple Drug Use among Rural White and American Indian Adolescents

This study examined the attitudes and practices of a sample of White (N = 667) and American Indian (N = 280) adolescents in regard to the use of alcohol and other drugs. The findings lend general support to the hypothesis of Whitehead et al. that users of any one drug will show increased probability to use another drug when compared to those not using that drug. Additionally, it was found that rural Indian youth are somewhat more likely than rural White youth to be involved with alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs.
A partial order for the set of meanders

In this paper, we present a new approach for studying meanders in terms of noncrossing partitions. We show how this approach leads to a natural partial order on the set of meanders. In particular, meanders form a graded poset with regard to this partial order.
Assessment of Indigenous Reductive Dechlorinating Potential at a TCE-Contaminated Site Using Microcosms, Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis, and Site Data

A combination of microcosm studies, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and site data was used to assess the indigenous reductive dechlorinating potential in a trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated aquifer at Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida. Sediment and groundwater were obtained from two distinct locations approximately 10 m apart. Microcosm studies were performed to assess dechlorinating activity under a variety of nutrient and electron donor amendment conditions. Most live microcosms constructed using material from the first location, near well 9 (W09), were negative for dechlorination. All live microcosms constructed using material from the second location (W06) exhibited dechlorination of TCE to vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene (ETH). DNA encoding 16S ribosomal RNA (rDNA) with a sequence nearly identical with that from Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 was detected in the active microcosms and in the sediment from W06 with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers targeted to unique regions of Dehalococcoides 16S rDNA. Dehalococcoides was not detected in the autoclaved microcosms from W06, nor in sediment and most microcosms from W09. The results of the microcosm studies and PCR analysis were supported by field data, which indicated significant accumulation of cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cisDCE) and VC at W06, but not at W09. The different microcosm results obtained for the two locations and the spatial variation of positive PCR results indicates heterogeneous distribution of dechlorinating activity and a specific dechlorinating organism, Dehalococcoides, at the site. As both Dehalococcoides and dechlorination activity were similarly, heterogeneously distributed, this suggests that molecular-probing (which could and should be extended in the future to include virtually all known dechlorinators and/or dehalogenases) can provide a relatively quick and facile method for investigating spatial distributions of dechlorinators on-site.
Olfactory bulb projections in the bichir, Polypterus

The central projections of the olfactory bulb were studied in Polypterus using the Nauta and Fink-Heimer techniques. Two major target areas were identified in the subpallium: the lateral subpallial nucleus and the dorsal and ventral entopeduncular nuclei. The connections are predominantly, if not exclusively, ipsilateral. In the pallium a massive ipsilateral projection to the superficial third of the medial pallium was demonstrated while the remainder of the pallium was found to be free of degeneration. Thus it appears that the pallium of Polypterus is not uniform throughout, as has been suggested in the literature. This contention is also supported by an analysis of the pallial cytoarchitecture. Because the pallium of Polypterus is everted, rather than inverted and evaginated, the topographically medial pallium is in topological correspondence with the lateral pallium of tetrapods. On the basis of this topological correspondence and the similarity of afference from the olfactory bulb, it is argued that the “medial” pallium of Polypterus is homologous to the pyriform pallium of tetrapods. The findings of this study are compared to those of similar studies in teleosts, which also have an everted pallium. An apparent conflict appears and suggestions for resolving it are offered.
Linearly many faults in arrangement graphs

The star graph proposed by Akers et al. (Proc Int Conf Parallel Process, University Park, PA, 1987, pp. 393–400) has many advantages over the n-cube. However, it suffers from having large gaps in the possible number of vertices. The arrangement graph was proposed by Day and Tripathi (Inf Process Lett 42 (1992), 235–241) to address this issue. Since it is a generalization of the star graph, it retains many of the nice properties of the star graph. In fact, it also generalizes the alternating group graph (Jwo et al., Networks 23 (1993), 315–326). There are many different measures of structural integrity of interconnection networks. In this article, we prove results of the following type for the arrangement graph: If h(r,n,k) vertices are deleted from the arrangement graph An,k, the resulting graph will either be connected or have a large component and small components having at most r − 1 vertices in total. Our result is tight for r ≤ 3, and it is asymptotically tight for r ≥ 4. Moreover, we also determine the cyclic vertex-connectivity of the arrangement graph. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
Microgasketing and adhesive wicking techniques for fabrication of microfluidic devices

Microgasketing procedure, developed for MEMS fluidic device fabrication, is described. Planar-processed microdevices of a volume even less than 1 nl can be selectively filled with liquid and sealed at room temperature in a batch fashion. Isolating a liquid within such a small device area by the gasketing and minimizing air traps during sealing by controlled wicking are the key issues addressed. Two unique microdevices made possible by the described technique are presented: (1) a microrelay switched by a liquid-metal droplet (10 micrometers in diameter), and (2) a highly efficient (e.g., power consumption < 10 (mu) W with driving potential < 10 V) liquid micromotor driven by surface tension force.
Hot-electron transfer from semiconductor nanocrystals.

In typical semiconductor solar cells, photons with energies above the semiconductor bandgap generate hot charge carriers that quickly cool before all of their energy can be captured, a process that limits device efficiency. Although fabricating the semiconductor in a nanocrystalline morphology can slow this cooling, the transfer of hot carriers to electron and hole acceptors has not yet been thoroughly demonstrated. We used time-resolved optical second harmonic generation to observe hot-electron transfer from colloidal lead selenide (PbSe) nanocrystals to a titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) electron acceptor. With appropriate chemical treatment of the nanocrystal surface, this transfer occurred much faster than expected. Moreover, the electric field resulting from sub–50-femtosecond charge separation across the PbSe-TiO 2 interface excited coherent vibrations of the TiO 2 surface atoms, whose motions could be followed in real time.
Acyclic Stereoselection in the Ortho Ester Claisen Rearrangement

The ortho ester Claisen rearrangement of trisubstituted allylic alcohols exhibits significant levels of diastereoselection. In E allylic alcohols, a 1,3-diaxial interaction develops in the chairlike transition state leading to the anti isomer, rendering the reaction syn selective by a factor of 3−5 to 1. In Z allylic alcohols, the 1,3-diaxial interaction develops in the transition state leading to the syn isomer, generating an anti:syn selectivity of 6−15 to 1. The relative stereochemistry of the syn isomer was confirmed independently by the synthesis of the mycotoxin botryodiplodin.
Biophysical characterization of natural and mutant fluorescent proteins cloned from zooxanthellate corals.

Two novel colored fluorescent proteins were cloned and biophysically characterized from zooxanthellate corals (Anthozoa). A cyan fluorescent protein derived from the coral Montastrea cavernosa (mcCFP) is a trimeric complex with strong blue-shifted excitation and emission maxima at 432 and 477 nm, respectively. The native complex has a fluorescence lifetime of 2.66 % 0.01 ns and an inferred absolute quantum yield of 0.385. The spectroscopic properties of a green fluorescent protein cloned from Meandrina meandrites (mmGFP) resemble the commer- cially available GFP derived originally from the hydrozoan Aequorea victoria (avGFP). mmGFP is a monomeric protein with an excitation maximum at 398 nm and an emission maximum at 505 nm, a fluorescence lifetime of 3.10 % 0.01 ns and an absolute quantum yield of 0.645. Sequence homology with avGFP and the red fluorescent protein (DsRed) indicates that the proteins adopt the classic b-barrel configuration with 11 b-strands. The three amino acid residues that comprise the chromophore are QYG for mcCFP and TYG for mmGFP, compared with SYG for avGFP. A single point mutation, Ser-110 to Asn, was introduced into mmGFP by random mutagenesis. Denaturation and refolding experiments showed that the mutant has reduced aggregation, increased solubility and more efficient refolding relative to the wild type. Time-resolved emission lifetimes and anisotropies suggest that the electronic structure of the chromophore is highly dependent on the protonation state of adjoining residues. 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
On-line particulate detection in molten polymer streams

Polymer-based businesses face productivity losses due to unwanted particles, gels, agglomerates and other contaminates. The ability to detect, reduce and eliminate them directly impacts product properties, product quality, recycle, waste generation, manufacturing equipment downtime and human resources. A commercial instrument which has the capability to monitor (detect, size and count) these contaminates is the Kayeness/Flow Vision Polymer Event Detector and its replacement the Continuous On-Line Analyzer (COLA 2000). Both instruments use visible light in a forward light blocking technique to obtain images of events that are analyzed for size and number count. Probes that withstand high temperature and pressure may be installed in a number of process locations. Examples of off-line and in-line applications will be discussed.
Subcellular Distribution and Differential Expression of Endogenous ADP-ribosylation Factor 6 in Mammalian Cells

ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) 6 has been shown to play a role in vesicular transport; however, the expression and subcellular localization of the endogenous protein have not been clearly delineated. In this study, an ARF6-specific monoclonal antibody was raised and used to examine the subcellular distribution and expression of ARF6 in various tissues and during the differentiation of several well characterized cell types. We found that ARF6 localizes in both the cytosol and membranes of all tissues and cells tested. Moreover, ARF6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is principally localized on the plasma membrane, but substantial amounts are detected in the cytosolic and intracellular membrane fractions. We observed an increased expression of ARF6 during the differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasmocytes. However, the expression of ARF6 decreased during adipogenesis and monocyte differentiation. In contrast, the expression of other ARFs, detected by the monoclonal antibody 1D9, did not significantly change during differentiation of the aforementioned cell types. Taken together, our results indicate that ARF6 is a broadly expressed, differentially regulated GTPase that is present in cytoplasm and on both cell-surface and intracellular membranes and whose functions may include tissue-specific effects on vesicular trafficking during cellular differentiation.
Marguerite Yourcenar and the Phallacy of Indifference

At first glance, the works of Marguerite Yourcenar seem far removed from any specifically female or feminist preoccupation and the author herself vigorously affirms the universality of her writing. Nevertheless, an intertextual reading of her fiction, autobiography, and interviews reveals that sexual difference is in fact an important aspect ofher texts. An analysis of repetitive lexical and rhetorical patterns clearly articulates Yourcenar's repressed feminine discourse. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol9/iss2/7 MARGUERITE YOURCENAR AND THE PHALLACY OF INDIFFERENCE LINDA K. STILLMAN Georgetown University There has been much talk about "phallacies." Beginning with a decidedly acidic pH, phallacies distort the reading of sexual difference, often entirely misreading the consequences of female sexuality. Phallacies occur most often in men's readings of men's texts. To a large extent, they inspire women's rereadings of both men's readings and men's writing, especially addressing a reinterpretation of men's heroines. Phallacies surface too in readings of women's heroines. Scant attention, if any, has been paid by women or men to women's heroes-an inattention perhaps inherent in their rarity, and least attended to seem to be texts by women, such as Yourcenar, who create homosexual heroes. And yet, this Immortelle, the first female member of the more than three-centuries-old French Academy, argues insistently for indifference to sexual difference. Her foremost claim for "sexual indifference" denies the existence of feminine discourse or writing, as opposed to masculine, that is, for her, normative, universal writing. Her own writing often denies singularity and difference, especially of a sexual nature, by disguising them in the universal. The narratological and ideological functions of the countless maxims that checker Yourcenar's interviews and fiction dissimulate inadmissible personal experience and, above all, as we shall see, that of being different. After fighting in vain to deny his homosexuality, and deciding to leave his wife, the hero of Alexis ou le traite du vain combat, for example, sends a letter to his wife in which he requests that she understand his particular experience, but insists throughout that "suffering is the same for everyone."' Speaking of his "first time" with a male in terms of his "error" or "flaw," he nevertheless reassures Monique, saying "all happiness is innocent" (Alexis, p. 55), apparently oblivious to the duplicity of his assertion. Such textual strategies repeatedly encode sexual tragedies. To the often-posed question of why her heroes are homosexual,
Departments that Work: Building and Sustaining Cultures of Excellence in Academic Programs – Jon F. Wergin

Books reviewed: Departments that Work: Building and Sustaining Cultures of Excellence in Academic Programs. By Jon F. Wergin. Bolton, Mass.: Anker Publishing Co., 2003. xvii and 156 pages. ISBN 1-882982-57-6. $37.95.
Concentrations of Gentamicin and Amikacin in Human Kidneys

High kidney concentrations of gentamicin or amikacin, measured by an enzymological assay, were found in 9 of 10 patients who died during therapy with these aminoglycosides. Renal cortical concentrations of gentamicin ranged from 140 to 540 μg/g of tissue, with medullary levels of 128 to 230 μg/g. Concentrations of amikacin ranged from 365 to 1,030 μg/g in the cortex and from 270 to 718 μg/g in the medulla. The only patient with low kidney concentrations was an infant who received a single dose of gentamicin. Tissue levels were high in patients with both normal and abnormal renal function. Our results indicate that gentamicin and amikacin are concentrated in renal cortical and medullary tissue.
Supremal p-negative type of vertex transitive graphs

Abstract We study the supremal p-negative type of connected vertex transitive graphs. The analysis provides a way to characterize subsets of the Hamming cube { 0 , 1 } n ⊂ l 1 ( n ) ( n ⩾ 1 ) that have strict 1-negative type. The result can be stated in two ways: A subset S = { x 0 , x 1 , … , x k } of the Hamming cube { 0 , 1 } n ⊂ l 1 ( n ) has generalized roundness one if and only if the vectors { x 1 − x 0 , x 2 − x 0 , … , x k − x 0 } are linearly dependent in R n . Equivalently, S has strict 1-negative type if and only if the vectors { x 1 − x 0 , x 2 − x 0 , … , x k − x 0 } are linearly independent in R n .
Developmental differences in activation of cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase by lipids in rabbit lung cytosol.

Abstract Lung cytosolic cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase is activated by lipids. We examined the lipid activation pattern as a function of development in rabbit lung from 27 days gestation through term (31 days) and in the adult. The enzyme in both the fetal and adult cytosol was dependent on lipids for activity. Extraction of the cytosol with acetone/butanol virtually abolished cytidylyltransferase activity, but the activity could be restored on addition of lipids extracted with Chloroform/methanol from additional cytosol. Cytosolic phospholipids from the fetal lung reactivated cytidylyltransferase but both neutral lipids and phospholipids from the adult were required. The lipids had the same effect on cytidylyltransferase activity in delipidated cytosol from either the fetus or adult so the difference in activation pattern was attributable to the lipids rather than the protein. There was a shift from the fetal to the adult lipid activation pattern as development progressed. Further, there was a significant correlation between cytidylyltransferase activities in intact cytosols from developing lung and activities in delipidated cytosol in the presence of lipids from the same animals. Although these data suggest that lipids regulate cytosolic cytidylyltransferase activity in developing lung their physiological significance remains to be established.
1 GHz femtosecond erbium-doped fiber lasers

Saturable Bragg reflector (SBR) mode-locked Er-doped fiber lasers around 1550nm with a repetition rate of 1GHz are demonstrated. Key steps to obtain stable, femtosecond pulses by avoiding thermal damage of the SBR are discussed.
MARKETING: CAN IT IMPROVE COST EFFECTIVENESS?

In the Northeast, taxpayers are looking toward a winter that threatens deeper cuts into their pocketbooks. An economy that was supposed to continue its growth has turned flat. The real estate market is in tatters, just as S&L bailouts and the eternal U.S. budget deficit drive a wedge into the President's vow of no new taxes at the federal level. And a larger percentage of the citizenry relies on fixed incomes that make a mockery of the golden years. These are all long‐term problems with no quick‐fix solutions. The portents of a dismal decade for tax supported institutions are all around us.
Potential of fully polarimetric SAR data for crops biophysical parameters retrieval

Unique polarimetric information included in SAR data hasn't received deserved attention, especially in the retrieval of crops biophysical parameters. This paper finds that two polarimetric parameters, that is polarimetric scattering entropy (H) and mean scattering angle (α), have great potential in crops biophysical parameters retrieval. Polarimetric features extracted by eigenvector-based and model-based polarimetric decomposition techniques were investigated to estimate biophysical parameters of winter wheat, such as leaf area index (LAI), biomass, vegetation water content and height etc. Moreover, MIMICS model was utilized to explain the reason why traditional methods based on power information fail when vegetation signal was not dominant. The fully polarimetric Radarsat-2 SAR images and simultaneous in-situ data in Beijing, 2011 were used. The result reveals that the correlation coefficient from the polarimetric parameters are as good as that from optical remote sensing.
Excluding induced subgraphs: Critical graphs

Determining the cardinality and describing the structure of H-free graphs is well-investigated for many graphs H. In the nineties, Promel and Steger proved that for a graph H with chromatic number k + 1 almost all graphs not containing H as a subgraph are k-colorable if and only if H contains a color-critical edge. We strengthen the concept of H-free to induced subgraph containment, proving that if H has coloring number k + 1 then almost all H-free graphs can be covered by k graphs that are cliques or independent sets if and only if H is in some well-defined sense critical. The family of critical graphs includes C4 and C2k+1 for all k ≥ 3. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solutes probe hydration in specific association of cyclodextrin and adamantane.

Using microcalorimetry, we follow changes in the association free energy of β-cyclodextrin (CD) with the hydrophobic part of adamantane carboxylate (AD) due to added salt or polar (net-neutral) solutes that are excluded from the molecular interacting surfaces. Changes in binding constants with solution osmotic pressure (water activity) translate into changes in the preferential hydration upon complex formation. We find that these changes correspond to a release of 15−25 solute-excluding waters upon CD/AD association. Reflecting the preferential interaction of solute with reactants versus products, we find that changes in hydration depend on the type of solute used. All solutes used here result in a large change in the enthalpy of the CD−AD binding reaction. In one class of solutes, the corresponding entropy change is much smaller, while in the other class, the entropy change almost fully compensates the solute-specific enthalpy. For many of the solutes, the number of waters released correlates well with t...
Peak power of muscles injured by lengthening contractions

Excessive or extreme lengthening contractions have a well-characterized depressive effect on skeletal muscle isometric force. In addition to producing force, active muscles must often shorten in order to meet the power requirements of locomotion and other physical activities. However, the impact of lengthening contractions on muscle power is poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of 20 isometric contractions or 20 lengthening contractions (20% strain at 1.5 fiber lengths/s) on the force-velocity-power relationships of mouse soleus muscles in vitro at 35 degrees C. Pre- and posttreatment data were obtained as the muscles shortened through their optimal length (Lo). The isometric treatment did not alter Lo, the curvature of the force-velocity relationship (a/Po), or soleus maximal shortening velocity (Vmax), whereas peak force (Po) displayed a slow, time-dependent decline of 10% across the experiments. Following the lengthening treatment, Lo increased by 6%, a/Po increased by 22%, and Vmax and Po fell by 24% and 26%, respectively. Under optimal conditions for producing power, muscles damaged by lengthening contractions attained 22% less force and shortened 20% more slowly than before damage. Consequently, soleus peak power fell 37% after lengthening, a 2.5-fold greater decline than noted for the isometric treatment. Under the conditions studied here, the excessive power loss following lengthening contractions was due to force and velocity deficits of approximately equal relative magnitude. Because power represents the ability of the muscle to perform work, reductions in both force and shortening velocity should be considered when evaluating and treating lengthening-induced skeletal muscle injuries.
Leadership Traits of Turkey's Islamist and Secular Prime Ministers

Leaders are influential in Turkish politics; since early Republican years under Ataturk and Inonu, the dominance of omnipotent leaders continued, if not escalated, under democratic elections. Menderes or Demirel or Erbakan, and presently Erdogan, each leader assumed office with different personal and political backgrounds, worldviews, and personality characteristics. Nonetheless, a systematic study of political leaders in Turkish politics and foreign policy has rarely been a concern to scholars of Turkey. This lack of attention to Turkey's political leaders affects not only a nuanced understanding of its domestic politics but also its foreign policy. How do Turkish leaders' idiosyncratic traits affect their politics? How does the common phrase “secular and religious leaders” capture differences among Turkey's leadership? Utilizing a method of leadership assessment at-a-distance, this piece provides answers to such questions with respect to foreign policy profiles of all post-Cold War prime ministers of Tu...
Adjuvant Radiation and Outcomes After Breast Conserving Surgery in Publicly Insured Patients

Objectives Epidemiologic studies report that lack of adjuvant radiation (RT) after breast conserving surgery (BCS) is associated with higher short-term mortality. It is generally accepted that adjuvant RT decreases risk of breast cancer recurrence and thereby lowers long-term mortality; here, we explore reasons for its relationship to short-term mortality.
Case-mix nursing home reimbursement: a technical “fix” for a policy inadequacy?

Most state Medicaid programs, in many cases the largest fundors of long term care, reimburse nursing homes or home health agencies on negotiated flat rates. However, several states have implemented or are planning to use reimbursement methods using case-mix indices to adjust for the different variable costs (e.g., resource utilization groups, RUGs) incurred in caring for different types of patients. Advocates contend that such methods can simultaneously help contain costs and enhance access by motivating the nursing home to keep costs below predetermined rates and mitigating providers’ reluctance to admit “heavy care” residents. The numbers of such residents putatively have increased as a result of incentives in the Prospective Payment System for hospitals to more quickly discharge sicker patients. However, the potentially negative effects of case-mix reimbursement (CMR) on quality of care have not gone unnoticed, and the costs (as yet undetermined) of mechanisms to avert these effects likely are nontrivi...
Multilocus genetic profile for dopamine signaling predicts ventral striatum reactivity.

Research integrating neuroimaging and molecular genetics has yielded important insights into how variability in brain chemistry predicts individual differences in brain function, behavior and related risk for psychopathology. However, existing studies have been limited by their focus on the independent effects of single polymorphisms with modest impact on brain chemistry. Here, we explored the effects of five functional polymorphisms affecting dopamine (DA) signaling on reward-related ventral striatum (VS) reactivity, measured with BOLD fMRI, in a sample of 69 Caucasians. We also compiled individual multilocus genetic profile scores reflecting the additive effects of alleles conferring relatively increased DA signaling across the five polymorphic loci: DAT1 9-repeat, DRD4 7-repeat, DRD2 -141C Del, DRD2 Taq1A C (A2), and COMT 158Met. These multilocus DA profile scores accounted for 10.9% of the inter-individual variability in reward-related VS reactivity. In contrast, none of the individual polymorphisms accounted for significant variability. Our results show that biologically informed multilocus genetic profiles have unique promise as indices of variability in brain chemistry that may yield advances in mapping individual differences in behaviorally relevant brain function. In turn, such genetic profiles may fuel gene–environment interactions research establishing trajectories of risk for psychopathology.
Tropical atmospheric variability forced by oceanic internal variability

Abstract Atmospheric general circulation model experiments are conducted to quantify the contribution of internal oceanic variability in the form of tropical instability waves (TIWs) to interannual wind and rainfall variability in the tropical Pacific. It is found that in the tropical Pacific, along the equator, and near 25°N and 25°S, TIWs force a significant increase in wind and rainfall variability from interseasonal to interannual time scales. Because of the stochastic nature of TIWs, this means that climate models that do not take them into account will underestimate the strength and number of extreme events and may overestimate forecast capability.
Accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy for malignant gliomas

Purpose : To evaluate accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Methods and Materials : Between April 1985 and June 1994, 70 adult patients with pathologically confirmed malignant glioma (75% glioblastoma multiforme, 25% anaplastic astrocytoma) suitable for high-dose therapy were selected for treatment with accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy, 1.5 Gy twice daily to a total target dose of 60 Gy. Two patients were excluded from analysis (one patient had a fatal pulmonary embolism after 18 Gy ; one patient discontinued therapy after 28.5 Gy against medical advice and without sequelae or progression). The 68 patients in the study group had a median age of 52 years and a median Karnofsky performance status of 90. Stereotactic implant ( 125 I) or stereotactic radiosurgery boosts were delivered to 16 patients (24%) in the study group. Minimum follow-up was 6 months. Results : Median survival was 13.8 months and median progression-free survival was 7.4 months. The absolute Kaplan-Meier survival rate was 16% at 2 years and 4% at 5 years. Multivariate analysis for the prognostic impact of age, gender, histology, Karnofsky performance status, symptomatology, surgical resection vs. biopsy, and boost vs. nonboost therapy revealed that Karnofsky performance status ≥ 90, boost therapy, and surgical excision predicted significantly improved outcome. No severe toxicity occurred in patients treated with accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy alone, although 5% required steroids temporarily for edema. Progression occurred during treatment in one patient (1.5%). Conclusion : This regimen of accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy is well tolerated and leads to results comparable with those of standard therapy. The rate of disease progression during treatment is significantly better (p = 0.001) than is reported for patients treated with standard fractionation, with or without chemotherapy. This regimen is a reasonable starting point for future trials and may have some advantages over standard fractionation.
Does the Individualist Consume More? The Interplay of Ethics and Beliefs that Governs Consumerism Across Cultures

Individualism leading to more consumerism seems to be a bit of truism nowadays in the media. The USA is particularly indicted for being too individualistic and consumerist. Past research has mostly indicated a positive relationship between the two. However, past research has not suggested a negative association between individualism and consumerism. This paper offers support for such a negative relationship by showing that an individual’s ethical values can temper the consumerist nature of individualists. Data were collected in the USA and Taiwan. Structural equation models demonstrate that our hypothesized model fits our data well. A key result over the global sample is the stability of the linear path from individualism to work ethic to consumer ethic to consumerism. The two-nation comparison also supports differences in how Taiwanese and Americans differ in their belief that consumption benefits society.
Reconceptualizing call‐in talk radio as listening

Scholars approach a particular phenomenon by their understanding of that phenomenon. In the case of call‐in talk radio, the research has focused primarily on callers and hosts as the active participants in the process. This paper reconsiders that research paradigm by offering a theory of talk radio based on the audience, the listeners. Using the work of Fiumara and Pearce, this study recognizes the centrality of listening to the communication process and reconceptualizes call‐in talk radio as an extended and continuous conversation. Finally, referring to new research, the study posits that the listener actively participates in constructing meaning from call‐in talk radio.
Baer and Quasi-Baer Modules

Abstract We introduce the notions of Baer and quasi-Baer properties in a general module theoretic setting. A module M is called (quasi-) Baer if the right annihilator of a (two-sided) left ideal of End(M) is a direct summand of M. We show that a direct summand of a (quasi-) Baer module inherits the property and every finitely generated abelian group is Baer exactly if it is semisimple or torsion-free. Close connections to the (FI-) extending property are investigated and it is shown that a module M is (quasi-) Baer and (FI-) &#x1d4a6;-cononsingular if and only if it is (FI-) extending and (FI-) &#x1d4a6;-nonsingular. We prove that an arbitrary direct sum of mutually subisomorphic quasi-Baer modules is quasi-Baer and every free (projective) module over a quasi-Baer ring is a quasi-Baer module. Among other results, we also show that the endomorphism ring of a (quasi-) Baer module is a (quasi-) Baer ring, while the converse is not true in general. Applications of results are provided.
Prediction of Scuffing Failure Based on Competitive Kinetics of Oxide Formation and Removal: Application to Lubricated Sliding of AISI 52100 Steel on Steel

A method for predicting scuffing failure based on the competitive kinetics of oxide formation and removal has been developed and applied to the sliding of AISI 52100 steel on steel with poly-α-olefin as the lubricant. Oxide formation rates were determined using static oxidation tests on coupons of 52100 steel covered with poly-α-olefin at temperatures of 140°C to 250°C. Oxide removal rates were determined at different combinations of initial average nominal contact pressures (950 MP a to 1578 MP a) and sliding velocities (0.4 m/s to 1.8 m/s) using a ball-on-disk vacuum tribotester. The nominal asperity flash temperatures generated during the wear tests were calculated and the temperatures corresponding to the intersection of the Arrhenius plots of oxide formation and removal rates were determined and taken as the critical failure temperatures. The pressure-velocity failure transition diagram was constructed by plotting the critical failure temperatures along isotherms of average nominal asperity flash tem...