cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of peripheral and central chemoreflex activation on the isopnoeic rating of breathing in exercising humans.

1. Respiratory sensation during exercise is generally considered to be related to respiratory mechanical factors which may be manifest as an abnormal relationship between the force applied to the lungs and chest wall and the resulting motion (if any); that is, a 'length-tension' inappropriateness (Campbell & Howell, 1963). This suggests that there should be a direct correlation between ventilation (VE) and the associated intensity of the perceived sensation, such that the sensation associated with a particular level of VE should remain essentially constant regardless of the source of respiratory stimulation. 2. In order to establish whether certain respiratory stimuli might be 'dyspnoeagenic' (i.e. capable of evoking an intensity of respiratory sensation out of proportion to their influence on VE), we investigated the influence of both peripheral chemoreflex activation (induced by isocapnic hypoxia) and central chemoreflex activation (induced by hypercapnic hyperoxia) on the intensity of respiratory sensation in seven healthy adults during moderate cycle ergometer exercise (i.e. below the lactate threshold, theta 1ac). 3. In each test, an 'isopnoea' was established for which a particular level of VE was sustained over a prolonged period (approximately 30 min) while the proportional contributions to the ventilatory drive from either exercise and the peripheral chemoreflex or from exercise and the central chemoreflex were slowly altered to new stable levels, without the subject's knowledge, VE, tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory durations, mean inspiratory flow, and end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 (PET,CO2, PET,O2) were monitored breath-by-breath. The intensity of respiratory sensation was rated with a visual analogue scale. 4. Isopnoeic ratings of respiratory sensation were systematically greater for peripheral chemoreflex activation by isocapnic hypoxia during exercise at 50% theta 1ac (for which the degree of peripheral chemoreflex activation, estimated by hyperoxic transition or 'Dejours' testing, averaged approximately 23% of the total VE), compared to 90% theta 1ac during isocapnic hyperoxia. Ratings during exercise at 50% theta 1ac for central chemoreflex activation by hypercapnic hyperoxia were not systematically different from 90% theta 1ac during isocapnic hyperoxia, however. 5. As VE was stable throughout each isopnoea and the MVV (maximum voluntary ventilation) was uninfluenced by the test condition, the dyspnoea index (VE x 100/MVV) was not affected. Breathing pattern was also unaffected. 6. We conclude that in normal subjects exercising moderately, activation of the peripheral chemoreceptors by isocapnic hypoxia evokes an intensity of respiratory sensation which is out of proportion to that evoked by an isopnoeic stimulation of the central chemoreceptors with hypercapnic hyperoxia at the same level of exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Penetrating cardiac injuries.

Abstract One hundred nine penetrating cardiac injuries were reviewed: 49 gunshot wounds and 60 stab wounds. They were classified into four groups: group 1 (lifeless), 38; group 2 (agonal), 16; group 3 (shock), 33; and group 4 (stable), 22. Thirty-six patients in group 1 (94%) and 8 of 16 patients in group 2 (50%) underwent emergency room thoracotomy; 24 of 33 in group 3 (73%) and 20 of 22 (90%) underwent thoracotomy in the operating room. Twentyone (38%) of 55 patients undergoing emergency room thoracotomy survived, whereas 47 (87%) of 54 patients undergoing operating room thoracotomy survived. Survival was 12 of 38 (31%) in group 1, 11 of 16 (69%) in group 2, 26 of 33 (79%) in group 3, and 18 of 22 (82%) in group 4 with an overall survival of 67 of 109 (61%). Gunshot wounds of the heart portend a worse prognosis than stab wounds. Survival of gunshot wounds was 20 of 49 (40%) compared with 47 survivors of 60 stab wounds (78%). Aggressive treatment, including emergency room thoracotomy, is justified for lifeless and deteriorating cardiac injury victims.
Hexakis(trimethylsilyl)disilane: A highly branched and symmetrical organopolysilane

Abstract Hexakis(trimethylsilyl)disilane (1), a novel, highly branched and symmetrical polysilane, was synthesized by a number of procedures. Many of these gave (I) in only 5–9% yield. The reaction of tris(trimethylsilyl)silyllithium (II) with 1,2-dibromoethane ( ca .-70°) gave (I) in 45–50% yields, and proved to be the most satisfactory method of synthesis. The physical and spectral properties of (I) are discussed. Lithium and methyllithium reacted with (I) to cause cleavage of the symmetrical Si Si bond, while (II), triphenylsilyllithium and halogens effected cleavage of peripheral trimethylsilyl groups.
Developing a Successful State-Level Environmental Education Organization: A Nationwide Assessment.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a nationwide assessment of state-level environmental education (EE) organizations to determine the components that are essential to the establishment and success of these organizations. E-mail surveys were used to collect data from North American Association for Environmental Education state affiliates, and Ruskey & Wilke’s State-Level Comprehensive EE model was reorganized to add the dimension of time, and highlight the components most important for success. The outcome was a flexible, three-stage model for sequential, state-level EE organizational development.
Tachypnea is a useful predictor of pneumonia in children with acute respiratory infection

(2000) Arch Dis Child 82, 41. Palafox M, Guiscafre H, Reyes H, et al. . Diagnostic value of tachypnoea in pneumonia defined radiologically. . Jan; . : . –5 . [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] QUESTIONS: In children with acute respiratory infection, is tachypnea accurate for detecting pneumonia? Does disease duration, age of the child, or presence of malnutrition influence sensitivity and specificity? Blinded comparison of respiratory rate with findings on chest radiography. A state referral hospital in Tlaxcala, Mexico. 110 children who were 3 days to 5 years of age (55% were ≥1 y of age) and had acute respiratory infection. Children who were clinically diagnosed with pneumonia were matched to control children with acute respiratory infection. 30% of children were underweight. Exclusion criteria were chronic diseases, genetic abnormalities, neurological diseases, bronchial asthma, or septicaemia. A paediatrician measured the respiratory rate by observing the child's chest movements for 1 minute while the child rested with no crying or fever. Tachypnea was defined as a respiratory rate >60 breaths/minute in children 50 breaths/minute in children 2 to 12 months of age, and >40 breaths/minute in children ≥1 year of age. The diagnostic standard was chest radiography (not clinical diagnosis). Sensitivity and specificity for detecting pneumonia. 59 children (54%) had a … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DArchives%2Bof%2BDisease%2Bin%2BChildhood%26rft.stitle%253DArch.%2BDis.%2BChild.%26rft.issn%253D0003-9888%26rft.aulast%253DPalafox%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D82%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D41%26rft.epage%253D45%26rft.atitle%253DDiagnostic%2Bvalue%2Bof%2Btachypnoea%2Bin%2Bpneumonia%2Bdefined%2Bradiologically%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fadc.82.1.41%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10630911%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=archdischild&resid=82/1/41&atom=%2Febmed%2F5%2F5%2F152.atom
Recovery of function from septal damage and the growth of sympathohippocampal fibers

After septohippocampal damage in the rat, a growth of fibers of sympathetic origin is observed in the hippocampus. The time course of this growth parallels the changes in behavior seen after septal lesions. This study determined quantitatively which pattern of behavioral changes was most closely associated with the growth of sympathetic fibers. We found two patterns of behavioral change associated with the growing fibers. One pattern was of “recovery” behaviors, whereas the other was of “deficit” behaviors. The recovery behaviors included tactile reactivity and open-field activity. The deficit behaviors included shock and heat reactivity. In addition, we argue that the fluorescence intensity measure of sympathetic fibers that relates to neurotransmitter content is most appropriate to use in future studies of behavior, because this measure was consistently well correlated with behavioral changes.
Melanoma risk in individuals with clinically atypical nevi.

Background and Design: A lack of consensus as to the clinical and histologic characteristics of dysplastic nevi has resulted in the recommendation to abandon the term dysplastic nevus for the more descriptive atypical nevus or atypical mole . The significance of the presence of one or more such lesions, histologic features notwithstanding, has not been carefully examined. The risk of melanoma was assessed in individuals with atypical nevi monitored regularly in our Pigmented Lesion Clinic. Any patient enrolled in this sub-specialty clinic between 1980 and 1985 without the diagnosis of melanoma who had at least one sufficiently atypical-appearing nevus and who was followed up for a minimum of 5 years was entered in the study. Results: A total of 155 such individuals were identified. The mean(±SEM) age of the patients at first evaluation was 26± 1 years. The group was followed for 7± 1 years. The male-female ratio was 1:1. A
Dimethylamino gallatrane: Solution and gas phase behaviour

The gallatrane Ga(OCH2CH2)(3)N (1) forms a dimethylamine adduct, which exists in solutions in two tautomeric forms : a tricyclic cage, Me(2)NHGa(OCH2CH2)(3)N, and an open-cage bicyclic species Me(2)NGa(OCH2CH2)(2)NCH2CH2OH, which were identified by H-1, C-13 and Ga-71 NMR spectroscopy. The mass spectrum of the adduct revealed a homologous series of oligomers of 1(n), where n = 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Medical and veterinary students' structural knowledge of pulmonary physiology concepts.

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to assess quantitatively medical and veterinary students' knowledge structures of 12 pulmonary physiology concepts before and after receiving a focused instructional block. The "goodness of fit" and internal consistency reliability of the students' knowledge structures were evaluated. Indexes of the students' structural knowledge were correlated with customary measures of student learning of the same concepts. METHOD Knowledge structures were assessed using a questionnaire that requested similarity judgments about all possible pairs of the concepts: n(n - 1)/2 = 66 pairs. The similarity judgment data were analyzed using the individual differences (INDSCAL) model of multidimensional scaling (MDS). Dimension weights for individual students were then correlated with their final examination scores. RESULTS A four-dimensional MDS solution provided the best structural fit to the pairwise concept-similarity data. Dimension 1 ranges from control of breathing to lung gas exchange. Dimension 2 ranges from control of breathing to respiratory mechanics. Dimension 3 separates perfusion from diffusion. Dimension 4 addresses ventilatory control. Hierarchical concept clusters are located within this framework. However, indexes of structural learning did not correlate with other measures of knowledge about the same concepts. CONCLUSION The study outcomes, in contrast to research in other fields, suggest that structural knowledge in this domain differs from knowledge assessed by standard examinations. Further research involving other basic science or clinical concept sets is needed to verify or refute this finding.
Performance-Approach Goal Effects on Achievement under Low versus High Challenge Conditions.

Abstract Two studies examined the effects of university students' achievement goals on performance under low versus high challenge conditions. The first was a laboratory experiment in which participants were assigned goals to pursue on a novel mathematics task alleged to be simple or complex to use. The second was a survey study in which students set goals for courses rated by others as easy or hard. In direct opposition to the common premise that performance goals are maladaptive on complex or challenging tasks, both studies found that performance-approach goals facilitated high achievement in the high challenge condition but not in the low challenge condition. Additional findings indicate this pattern may be stronger when the task or class is relatively interesting, perhaps because interest inspires autonomous instead of controlling reasons for pursuing performance-approach goals. Implications for goal theory are discussed.
Relational patterns between community dimensions and global measures of community satisfaction

Abstract The present study investigate the nature of the relationship between two cognitively oriented global measures of community satisfaction and seven dimensions of community life. Additionally, these data provided a basis to illustrate interpretive issues associated with the use of satisfaction and importance ratings as independent indicators of community satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the seven dimensions and the two global measures. Preliminary analysis revealed that the importance ratings of the seven dimensions had little relationship with either global measure. The satisfaction ratings revealed a moderate relationship with both global measures; however, the dimensions contributing significantly to the two regression models varied. For the first global measure which consisted of a more abstract assessment of ones' community as an ideal place to live, the environment, economics, and recreation opportunities dimensions were the best indicators, respectively, of the measure. The second global measure which focused more on the effectiveness of community leaders and residents in solving community revealed similar findings but a public service dimension replaced economics as the second best predictor of community effectiveness. These findings suggest that relational patterns not only vary with respect to cognitive or affective global measures as suggested by other research, but they also vary with respect to whether the focus is on the ideal or the effective community. Additionally, even though individuals are asked to indicate the importance of various community elements to their overall satisfaction with community life, they appear to focus on subsistence elements rather than on elements which are related more directly to satisfaction. Other issues related to the use of independent ratings of community dimensions in determining resource allocation priorities and making decisions also are discussed.
Changes in intracellular pH of Physarum plasmodium during the cell cycle and in response to starvation.

The intracellular pH of Physarum plasmodia was monitored under conditions of growth and during starvation by means of recessed tip pH microelectrodes. There is a cycle of intracellular pH that corresponds to the period of the cell cycle, with a low point at mid-interphase of pH 7.0 and a peak of pH 7.5 just at mitosis. Experiments in which the intracellular pH is artificially lowered suggest that there is a critical period 1 h before mitosis in which the pH must be high (>7.2), but that mitosis itself can proceed at lower values. During the process of differentiation induced by starvation the intracellular pH drops to very low values (6.6 by 15 h) and refeeding can quickly reverse this condition and restore the pH cycle and nuclear division. Additionally, artificially lowering the intracellular pH will give rise to morphology which resembles the first stages of starvation-induced differentiation.
Comparing achievement of intended learning outcomes in online programming classes with blended offerings

In the past decade, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of courses/programs offered online by higher education institutions in US and worldwide. This increase makes it necessary to comprehensively study the effectiveness of these offerings to ensure that they yield comparable outcomes to traditional offerings. This research discusses findings of a multi-year, in-depth quantitative study with the objective of assessing the effectiveness of delivering computer programming courses online and analyzing the quality of this delivery mechanism. The paper addresses several aspects of comparing tradition/blended offerings with fully online offerings. Several data sets are used in this study with primarily focus on direct assessments. Specifically, this research measures the Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) attained by students enrolled in online programming classes and compares them to the ILOs obtained when teaching the same course in a blended format. Moreover, several other students' success and involvement indicators are measured in both cases and compared. Besides, the paper briefly addresses other indirect assessment findings. The employed data sets have been collected over a number of years (from 2006 till 2011) to enhance the accuracy and implications of the reported statistical findings. Generally, no significant differences were found regarding the attainment of almost all of the ILOs with the exception of one that showed better performance, on average, in the online offerings. On the other hand, blended offerings yielded favorable results that are statistically significant when considering other performance criteria such as withdrawal and failure rates.
Analysis of 6 link revolute arms

Abstract The input-output equation for an open loop linkage with six revolute joints is derived from a set of 20 equations in the 28 parameters that describe the equivalent closed loop seven link mechanism. Computer software is used to manipulate the resultant multinomials (potentially with an enormous number of terms). The resultant set of equations are easily given in a simple vector notation, with no necessity, on the part of the user, to invest in the underlying computations. This also provides further justification for the recent derivation of a 16th degree polynomial I/O equation, with simplification for further analysis. †
Glycosylation and processing of prepro-α-factor through the yeast secretory pathway

Events in the synthesis and processing of prepro-alpha-factor have been assessed with the aid of mutants blocked at various stages in the yeast secretory pathway. In normal cells treated with tunicamycin, a precursor accumulates which is identical in molecular weight to the primary translation product synthesized in vitro. At the restrictive temperature in a mutant blocked early in the pathway (sec53), a molecule of similar molecular weight accumulates. In mutants affecting translocation into (sec59) and passage from (sec 18) the endoplasmic reticulum, a glycosylated form of the precursor containing three N-linked core oligosaccharides accumulates; however, it appears that the signal peptide is not removed. The glycosylated precursor first experiences proteolytic processing when accumulated in a mutant (sec7) blocked at the stage of the Golgi apparatus. Substantially greater amounts of the mature pheromone are seen in mutants that accumulate secretory vesicles (sec1, sec2, sec3, sec5).
Algorithm for pupillometric data analysis

Pupillometry is used clinically to evaluate retinal and optic nerve health by measuring pupillary function in response to light stimuli. We have developed an algorithm using murine pupillometric measurements to automate the analysis of pupillometric data. The raw data is filtered and thresholding is used to remove data caused by eye blinking, loss of pupil tracking, and/or head movement. Twelve physiologically relevant parameters are extracted from the collected data. Algorithm derived values do not deviate significantly from the manually calculated parameters (p ≥ 0.05). This algorithm can be used to establish normative values of pupillary light responses for humans, as well as wild-type and transgenic mouse strains, which can subsequently be used as reference metrics for characterizing the retinal phenotype of retinal disease. Furthermore, it will be instrumental in the assessment of functional visual recovery in humans and pre-clinical models of retinal degeneration and optic nerve disease following pharmacological or gene-based therapies.
Feelings of Dread and Intertemporal Choice

It frequently has been observed that people discount future rewards relative to present rewards. However, the literature on intertemporal choices involving emotional upsets and losses is fraught with inconsistencies, with some studies finding similar discounting of gains and losses, and others reporting that participants elect to undergo negative experiences sooner rather than later. To help resolve these contradictions, time preferences for different types of aversive experiences (social rejection, embarrassment, pain, monetary and property loss) were examined in five studies. Most participants preferred to postpone monetary and property losses, but intertemporal choices for other unpleasant experiences showed highly variable responses, with some participants deferring them as long as possible, and many electing to experience them immediately. Time preferences for these negative experiences were correlated, but were independent of time preference for rewards. It is argued (following Loewenstein, 1987) that anticipation of dread plays a key role in many people’s choices about timing of aversive experiences. This interpretation was supported by choices about when to learn of a very unpleasant event whose timing was fixed (Study 3), and by a novel preference reversal (Study 4). Study 5 examined how actual and hypothetical experiences of dread unfolded over time; the results were consistent with a dread-based interpretation of choices in the preceding studies. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An antineoplastic C14-labeled methylhydrazine derivative in P815 mouse leukemia. a metabolic study

Die endstandige N-Methyl-Gruppe von 1-Methyl-C14-2-p-(isopropylcarbamoyl)benzylhydrazin-Hydrochlorid (MBH) (Ro 4-6467) erwies sich in In-vivo-Experimenten metabolisch labil, wird teilweise oxydiert und Bestandteil des Formiatpools.
EARLY AND DISCRETE CHANGES IN PERMEABILITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND CERTAIN OTHER GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA DURING KILLING BY GRANULOCYTES

Rapid killing of Escherichia coli by intact or disrupted rabbit granulocytes or by granulocyte fractions was found to be accompanied by an equally rapid increase in permeability of the E.coli envelope. This increase in permeability was detected by determining entry of substances that normally do not cross E.coli's permeability barrier, namely actinomycin D and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), a substrate for cytoplasmic beta-galactosidase. Because E.coli continue to incorporate radioactively labeled precursors into bacterial RNA and protein for at least 1 h, despite rapid killing by granulocytes, entry of actinomycin D could be measured by its inhibitory effect on macromolecular synthesis. Entry was evident within minutes after exposure to granulocytes or granulocyte fractions and is independent of pH over a range of 6.5-9.0. The effect of disrupted granulocytes or partially purified fractions on susceptibility of E.coli to actinomycin D and entry of ONPG is dose dependent. That the entry of actinomycin D and ONPG was not caused by gross destruction of the envelope is indicated by two sets of observations: (a) net influx of (42)K was maintained for at least 15 min, even though efflux of potassium was immediately accelerated upon addition of bactericidal concentrations of granulocyte fractions; (b) beta-galactosidase did not leak out of E.coli under conditions that produce maximal inhibition by actinomycin D. Different species of gram-negative bacteria exhibited different susceptibilities to the bactericidal and permeability effects of granulocyte fractions. Thus, three strains of E.coli and one strain of Salmonella typhimurium were highly susceptible to both the bactericidal and the permeability enhancing effects of granulocyte fractions, whereas two strains of Serratia marcescens and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to both effects. Another strain of P. aeruginosa was rendered susceptible to actinomycin D without being killed and two strains of S. typhimurium remained insensitive to actinomycin D while being killed by granulocytes.
Women and the DSM-5: A Clinician's Response to the Question of Invisibility

Diagnosis of psychiatric conditions is a topic that is currently receiving significant attention in light of the release of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 2013. The process of the revisions is complex and involves political, social, and economic influences, all of which are amplified in an evolving corporate health care system in the United States. Of particular concern in the development of the revised nosology is the representation of gender-specific diagnoses and course specifiers to reflect the distinct manifestations of the psychiatric symptoms of women. Based on a growing body of psychobiological evidence related to gender differences in symptom manifestation, gender specific diagnoses remain palpably absent from the taxonomy. This article explores the issue of invisibility of women-specific diagnosis from the perspective of a women's health advanced practice nurse.
Quantitative analysis of human biliary evacuation with a radioisotopic technique.

Summary 1.A method for the study of biliary motility in resting man was described. It employed a cholecystographic agent labeled with tracer amounts of a γ-emitting radioisotope and appropriate apparatus for measurement of radioactivity in the gall bladder region. 2.With physiological stimulation, radio-activity diminished irregularly for a variable time and became steady. The period of decrement was not exponential, but an exponential function could be fitted to it approximately to derive a measurement of over-all emptying rate at the half time of emptying. The amounts of radioactivity before and after emptying provided a measure of over-all emptying efficiency as the per cent of emptying. 3.With control of collimation and positioning, the over-all emptying rate and efficiency were reproducible in individual subjects. Evidence was obtained that radiation from isotope in bloodstream, liver, or intestine did not affect results significantly. 4.Analysis of the period of radioactive decrement uncovered numerous changes in its rate. Generally, these components of the process of biliary evacuation began inefficiently and became effective after a mean interval of 21 min, often with a single productive phase which accomplished a major portion of the entire evacuation. 5.It was postulated that the steps in biliary emptying were the resultant of the moment-to-moment interplay between gall bladder contraction and resistance in the biliary sphincteric mechanism. 6.Physiological stimulation with fatty meals and continuous intravenous infusions of cholecystokinin gave similar results, although differences in the components of the emptying process with the latter delayed the onset of efficient evacuation. In contrast to both methods of stimulation, rapid intravenous injection of cholecystokinin induced brief and incomplete biliary evacuation.
The role of disorder in interaction networks: a structural analysis

Recent studies have emphasized the value of including structural information into the topological analysis of protein networks. Here, we utilized structural information to investigate the role of intrinsic disorder in these networks. Hub proteins tend to be more disordered than other proteins (i.e. the proteome average); however, we find this only true for those with one or two binding interfaces (‘single’-interface hubs). In contrast, the distribution of disordered residues in multiinterface hubs is indistinguishable from the overall proteome. Surprisingly, we find that the binding interfaces in single-interface hubs are highly structured, as is the case for multi-interface hubs. However, the binding partners of single-interface hubs tend to have a higher level of disorder than the proteome average, suggesting that their binding promiscuity is related to the disorder of their binding partners. In turn, the higher level of disorder of single-interface hubs can be partly explained by their tendency to bind to each other in a cascade. A good illustration of this trend can be found in signaling pathways and, more specifically, in kinase cascades. Finally, our findings have implications for the current controversy related to party and date-hubs. Molecular Systems Biology 25 March 2008; doi:10.1038/msb.2008.16 Subject Categories: simulation and data analysis; proteins
Deciphering the Practices and Affordances of Different Reasoning Strategies through Multimodal Learning Analytics

Multimodal analysis has had demonstrated effectiveness in studying and modeling several human-human and human-computer interactions. In this paper, we explore the role of multimodal analysis in the service of studying complex learning environments. We use a semi-automated multimodal method to examine how students learn in a hands-on, engineering design context. Specifically, we combine, audio, gesture and electro-dermal activation data from a study (N=20) in which students were divided into two experimental conditions. The two experimental conditions, example-based reasoning and principle-based reasoning, have previously been shown to be associated with different learning gains and different levels of design quality. In this paper we study how the two experimental conditions differed in terms of their practices and processes. The practices included four common multimodal behaviors, that we've entitled ACTION, TALK, STRESS and FLOW. Furthermore, we show that individuals from the two experimental conditions differed in their usage of the four common behavior both on aggregate, and when we model their sequence of actions. Details concerning the data, analytic technique, interpretation and implications of this research are discussed.
A comparison between N2/+/ 4278-A emission and electron flux in the auroral zone

Visual airglow and low-energy electron experiment data from the Atmosphere Explorer D satellite are used to measure variations in N2(+) density and mixing in the nighttime auroral zone. The intensity of the 4278-A N2(+) emission, proportional to energy flux deposited in N2 by energetic electrons, is determined by a method which corrects for ground reflection affecting the satellite data. Calculations related to electron energy flux are found to show a slight variance from the theoretical predictions of Rees and Luckey (1974). Evidence for high-energy proton precipitation on the southern edge of the aurora and for the presence of parallel electric fields in the altitude range 150 to 800 km is also discussed.
Erythrocyte membrane phosphorylation in untreated and in etretinate‐treated psoriatic patients*

SUMMARY Levels of phosphorylation were decreased in bands 2 to 2.1, 2.9 to 3 and 4-5 to 4-8 of erythrocyte membranes from psoriatic patients compared with control values. In addition, higher than control levels of 32P were incorporated into a new polypeptide hand (mol. wt. 18-20,000 daltons) of red cell membranes from patients. Uptake of 32P by these bands returned towards normal after the patients received oral etretmate treatment. These results suggest there is a gcneralixed plasma membrane defect in psoriasis and that ctretinate may affect the metabolism of red cell membrane proteins.
Does increased prescribed exercise alter non-exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in healthy adults? A systematic review

Summary Prescribed physical activity/exercise training may reduce non-exercise physical activity resulting in no change in total daily energy expenditure and no or minimal exercise-induced weight loss. This systematic review evaluated cross-sectional, short-term (2–14 d), randomized and non-randomized trials which reported on the effect of prescribed physical activity/exercise on non-exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in healthy adults. PubMed and Embase were searched (from January 1990 to March 2013) for articles that presented data on the change in non-exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in response to prescribed physical activity/exercise training. Thirty-one articles were included in this review. One-hundred per cent of cross-sectional studies (n = 4), 90% of short-term studies (n = 10), 50% of non-randomized trials (n = 10) and 100% of randomized trials (n = 7) reported no reductions in non-exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in response to prescribed physical activity/exercise training. We found minimal evidence to support the hypothesis that prescribed physical activity/exercise training results in decreased non-exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in healthy adults. However, this literature is limited by the lack of adequately powered trials designed specifically to evaluate this hypothesis which have included assessments of both the energy expenditure of prescribed exercise and non-exercise energy expenditure using state-of-the-art techniques, i.e. indirect calorimetry and doubly labelled water, respectively.
Prostaglandin metabolism in the ovine corpus luteum: catabolism of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) coincides with resistance of the corpus luteum to PGF2α.

To examine possible mechanisms involved in resistance of the ovine corpus luteum to the luteolytic activity of prostaglandin (PG)F(2alpha), the enzymatic activity of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) and the quantity of mRNA encoding PGDH and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) were determined in ovine corpora lutea on Days 4 and 13 of the estrous cycle and Day 13 of pregnancy. The corpus luteum is resistant to the action of PGF(2alpha) on Days 4 of the estrous cycle and 13 of pregnancy while on Day 13 of the estrous cycle the corpus luteum is sensitive to the actions PGF(2alpha). Enzymatic activity of PGDH, measured by rate of conversion of PGF(2alpha) to PGFM, was greater in corpora lutea on Day 4 of the estrous cycle (P < 0.05) and Day 13 of pregnancy (P < 0.05) than on Day 13 of the estrous cycle. Levels of mRNA encoding PGDH were also greater in corpora lutea on Day 4 of the estrous cycle (P < 0. 01) and Day 13 of pregnancy (P < 0.01) than on Day 13 of the estrous cycle. Thus, during the early estrous cycle and early pregnancy, the corpus luteum has a greater capacity to catabolize PGF, which may play a role in the resistance of the corpus luteum to the actions of this hormone. Levels of mRNA encoding COX-2 were undetectable in corpora lutea collected on Day 13 of the estrous cycle but were 11 +/- 4 and 44 +/- 28 amol/microgram poly(A)(+) RNA in corpora lutea collected on Day 4 of the estrous cycle and Day 13 of pregnancy, respectively. These data suggest that there is a greater capacity to synthesize PGF(2alpha), early in the estrous cycle and early in pregnancy than on Day 13 of the estrous cycle. In conclusion, enzymatic activity of PGDH may play an important role in the mechanism involved in luteal resistance to the luteolytic effects of PGF(2alpha).
SIN AS SEX AND SEX WITH SIN: THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF JAMES 1:12–15

While it is de rigueur for commentators to contrast the epistle of James with the epistles of Paul on matters of faith and works, E.g., Martin Dibelius, James (Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1975) 174–80; Ralph P. Martin, James (WBC 48; Waco: Word, 1988) 82–84; cf. Richard Bauckham, James (New Testament Readings; London: Routledge, 1999) 113–40. it is often overlooked that both writers also found occasion to delve into the mysteries of “the human problem,” of how it is that sin corrupts human existence. In fact, comparison of the two reveals a number of basic similarities. For the latter, see, e.g., David E. Aune, “Two Pauline Models of the Person,” in The Whole and Divided Self (ed. David E. Aune and John McCarthy; New York: Crossroad, 1997) 89–114. They agree, for instance, that the failure of human moral experience is attributable to a struggle between competing elements of the human personality, a struggle understood to be in some fashion continuous with a more pervasive conflict between antithetical metaphysical realities, conceived in terms familiar from Jewish apocalypticism. Given this mutual impingement of the psychological and the cosmological, it follows for both authors that the inner structure of the human personality is susceptible to the deceiving, destructive power of certain quasi-personal entities (sin, flesh, desire) associated with supernatural evil, while the solution to this predicament resides in the possibility of participation in a reality that is determined by a divine victory over evil, again conceived in apocalyptic terms.
Docetaxel-associated palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia: A case report and review of the literature:

Docetaxel-associated palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia is rarely reported in literature, particularly when used in the treatment of sarcomas. Here, we report a case of docetaxel-related palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia in a 28-year-old male with recurrent Ewing sarcoma. Although palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia has been seen in the literature for 30 years, there has still been little progress in understanding and appropriately addressing this adverse effect. This case report and literature review illustrates an infrequently documented adverse skin reaction and discusses the etiology, presentation, and available treatment options for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia.
A statistical analysis of Fukunaga-Koontz transform

The Fukunaga-Koontz transform (FKT) has been proposed as a feature selection methodology for nearly 32 years. There are a huge number of citations. We have not seen a direct analysis between FKT, and a well established statistical method: Fisher quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). In this letter, under certain assumptions, we establish such a connection. We speculate that a link in a more general situation is hard to find.
How rigid is the stable interior of the North American Plate

We analyze data from eight permanent GPS stations broadly distributed through the interior of the North American plate, and use the resulting velocities to estimate an Euler vector describing motion of “stable” North America as a single rigid plate. The site velocities fit the single plate model with a mean residual of 1.3 mm/yr. The residuals do not appear to reflect post-glacial rebound, and tests for differential motion between eastern and western North America at the New Madrid seismic zone show no resolvable motion within uncertainties. The residuals likely reflect observational error, and thus our estimate of the stability of the plate interior is likely an upper bound.
Performance of a Wavelet-Based Spectral Procedure for Steady-State Simulation Analysis

A summary and an analysis are given for an experimental performance evaluation of WASSP, an automated wavelet-based spectral method for constructing an approximate confidence interval on the steady-state mean of a simulation output process such that the delivered confidence interval satisfies user-specified requirements on absolute or relative precision as well as coverage probability. The experimentation involved three difficult test problems, each with an output process exhibiting some combination of the following characteristics: a long warm-up period, a persistent autocorrelation structure, or a highly nonnormal marginal distribution. These problems were used to compare the performance of WASSP with that of the Heidelberger-Welch algorithm and ASAP3, two sequential procedures based respectively on the methods of spectral analysis and nonoverlapping batch means. Concerning efficiency (required sample sizes) and robustness against the statistical anomalies commonly encountered in simulation studies, WASSP outperformed the Heidelberger-Welch procedure and compared favorably with ASAP3.
Light-sensitized crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol by chromium compounds

The insolubilization of polyvinyl alcohol by potassium dichromate on exposure to light has been investigated. Ultraviolet spectrometry shows that secondary hydroxyl groups are oxidized to ketone groups but insolubilization is attributed to crosslinking of polymer chains by co-ordination of alcohol groups to “nascent” chromic ions formed by reduction of the dichromate. Exposure to air saturated with water vapor eliminates the carbonyl absorption maxima from the ultraviolet spectrum of polyvinyl alcohol film but the spectrum can be restored by heating: this phenomenon is independent of the crosslinking reaction.
Decimation-in-time-frequency FFT algorithm

A new fast Fourier transform algorithm is presented. The decimation-in-time (DIT) and the decimation-in-frequency (DIF) FFT algorithms are combined to introduce a new FFT algorithm, decimation-in-time-frequency (DITF) FFT algorithm, which reduces the number of real multiplications and additions. The DITF FFT algorithm reduces the arithmetic complexity while using the same computational structure as the conventional Cooley-Tukey (CT) FFT algorithm. The algorithm is extended to radix-R FFT as well as the multidimensional FFT algorithm using the vector-radix FFT. >
Characterization of tissue from ultrasound images

The application of a procedure for classifying tissue types from unlabeled acoustic measurements using unsupervised analysis is reviewed and evaluated. Unsupervised learning techniques are applied to the problems of detecting tumors within an organ and of discriminating between tissue types of two neighboring organs such as the liver and the kidney. >
Nanoplasmonics: Plasmons rock in metal bands

Two-photon luminescence in metallic nanostructures provides a unique signature of the number of plasmonic modes per unit energy and volume, paving the way for more efficient plasmonic sources, detectors and sensors.
Tracking cell cholesterol with cholesterol oxidase.

Sterols are ubiquitous and essential constituents of all eukaryotic cells, found either esterified and stored in droplet form (l), or unesterified and integrated into bilayers (2) . Sterols not only play a major structural role in membranes, but serve as precursors for steroid hormones and bile acids (3). The distribution of cholesterol within the cell and how it is apportioned properly are not only of fundamental interest but of cardinal medical importance. Despite intensive study (reviewed in 4”7), the basic mechanisms of apportionment among cellular membranes of structural lipids in general and cholesterol in particular are still poorly understood. This brief review will focus on the utility of a particular probe, cholesterol oxidase.
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods Strengthen Evidence for Reduced Genetic Diversity among Endangered Tetrapods

The fitness of species with little genetic diversity is expected to be affected by inbreeding and an inability to respond to environmental change. Conservation theory suggests that endangered species will generally demonstrate lower genetic diversity than taxa that are not threatened. This hypothesis has been challenged because the time frame of anthropogenic extinction may be too fast to expect genetic factors to significantly contribute. I conducted a meta-analysis to examine how genetic diversity in 894 tetrapods correlates with extinction threat level. Because species are not evolutionarily independent, I used a phylogenetic regression framework to address this issue. Mean genetic diversity of tetrapods, as assessed by protein heterozygosity, was 29.7-31.5% lower on average in threatened species than in their nonthreatened relatives, a highly significant reduction. Within amphibians as diversity decreased extinction risk increased in phylogenetic models, but not in nonphylogenetic regressions. The effects of threatened status on diversity also remained significant after accounting for body size in mammals. These results support the hypothesis that genetic effects on population fitness are important in the extinction process.
Performance of barrier synchronization methods in a multiaccess network

Barrier synchronization is a commonly used primitive in parallel processing. In this paper, we present different algorithms for barrier synchronization on the widely prevalent multiaccess bus network, and derive analytical performance metrics for each of the proposed schemes, which are then compared against simulation results. >
Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water, Groundwater, Surface Water, and Wastewater

Abstract Pharmaceutical compounds are one of the major groups of emerging contaminants that are commonly found and targeted in several environmental compartments. Water is one of the major players when it comes to the detection of significant concentrations of these compounds. After pharmaceuticals are released to the environment, they immediately enter aquatic systems (via wastewater effluents, runoff from septic systems, etc.) and can potentially enter groundwater and drinking water sources. For this reason, it is important to regularly monitor these emerging contaminants and understand their transport and fate throughout the aquatic environment. The analytical challenge of measuring emerging contaminants in the environment has been a major research focus of scientists for the last 20 years. Usually, well-established multiresidue methods, such as LC/MS–MS, are aimed to detect target compounds, which mostly cover various families of compounds. The advent of time-of-flight techniques has recently improved analysis of emerging contaminants in water, by routinely achieving mass accuracy at the 2 ppm level. This allows one to obtain the elemental composition of not only target compounds but also their related compounds, such as metabolites or transformation products. In this chapter, several examples of identification of already known and relevant, new, and related degradation products and metabolites of pharmaceuticals in water will be given.
Surface simplification using quadric error metrics

Many applications in computer graphics require complex, highly detailed models. However, the level of detail actually necessary may vary considerably. To control processing time, it is often desirable to use approximations in place of excessively detailed models. We have developed a surface simplification algorithm which can rapidly produce high quality approximations of polygonal models. The algorithm uses iterative contractions of vertex pairs to simplify models and maintains surface error approximations using quadric matrices. By contracting arbitrary vertex pairs (not just edges), our algorithm is able to join unconnected regions of models. This can facilitate much better approximations, both visually and with respect to geometric error. In order to allow topological joining, our system also supports non-manifold surface models. CR Categories: I.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling—surface and object representations
High-Powered Attorney Incentives: A Look at the New Indigent Defense System in South Carolina

This paper analyzes how attorneys respond to a change in payment structures. In November of 2012, the South Carolina Indigent Defense system underwent major changes. Included in these changes, attorneys would now be paid a flat fee instead of an hourly rate. This paper builds on Lazear's (2000) work which empirically studied how incentives affect worker behavior. Using case-level data provided by the South Carolina Commission on Indigent Defense, I analyze how this change affects the number of hours reported and how in-court behavior changes. I find that attorneys report about 30% less hours when paid a flat fee and they are about 20% less likely to go to court.