cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entry-level motor performance and self-concepts of handicapped and non-handicapped children in mainstreamed physical education classes: a preliminary study.

The purpose of this preliminary study was to describe differences in self-concept and motor performance between handicapped and non-handicapped children on entry into a university laboratory physical education program. One hundred thirty-six elementary-aged children (K-3) were subjects. These were 28 mainstreamed handicapped children and 108 non-handicapped children. 'The handicapped children were learning disabled, emotionally handicapped, hyperactive, or seizure-disordered identified by diagnostic agencies or school system diagnostic teams as requiring special education. Physical education classes contained 10 to 12 students of whom one to three were handicapped. Motor performance and self-concept information were collected at the beginning of the program. Motor performance was measured with the Body Coordination Test, developed in West Germany by Schilling and Kiphard (1976) to diagnose motor problems of children. Self-concept was measured with the Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale (1977). This nonverbal scale was designed to measure global self-concepts of elementary and middle-school children. A 2 X 4 multianalysis of variance was applied to describe differences between handicapped and non-handicapped groups and among the four grade levels (K-3) on four components of motor performance. The analysis showed significant main effects for handicapped/non-handicapped groups (K,z = 4.19, p < .01) and grade (K.= = 6.61, p < .0001), but no interactions. Univariate analyses showed significant differences between handicapped and non-handicapped groups for backward balance (FI-lul = 10.86, p < .001), jumping sideways (Fl,m = 10.86, p < .001) and lateral movement (F1,lz~ = 7.10, p < .05). Significant differences between grades were also found for backward balancing (F3.1~ = 9.16, p < .0001),'one-foot hopping (&,IS = 6.04, p < .001), jumping sideways (Fs,m = 15.41, p < .0001) and lateral movement (Fs,~ = 21.84, p < .0001). A 2 x 4 analysis of variance identified group and grade differences on self-concept. Non-handicapped children scored significantly higher than handicapped children (F1.m = 5.93, p < .05). Significant differences between grades were also found (PI.,= = 2.82, p < .05). These non-handicapped children then performed significantly better than handicapped children on dynamic balance and gross lateral movement, and the differences were consistent for all four grades. Also handicapped children had significantly lower self-concepts than non-handicapped children, third graders' scores being significantly higher than kinderganen scores. Because chese data were preliminary, results should be interpreted with
Biogeochemical function of phosphorus-solubilising bacteria on cycling of phosphorus at the water-sediment interface under laboratorial simulated conditions

With an efficient phosphorus-solubilising bacterium (PSB) Paenibacillus sp. isolated from sediment of a eutrophic water reservoir, the biogeochemical function of bacteria on the P-cycling at water-sediment interface was studied using simulated columns at laboratorial scale. Results showed that, when PSB formed biofilm at water-sediment interface, the P content showed a largest reduction of 56 mg/L in the water phase and of about 40–50 mg/L in the pore water of the sediment comparing to blank columns without PSB. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in the water phase increased as the bacterial biomass increasing when the P content is low. Great changes of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Fe2+ contents in the upper water phase and the pore water of sediment was observed when pH value increased from 7.5 to 8.5 at the interface mediated by the PSB, and had the similar trend of that of the P content. Results suggested that PSB could accelerate release of P from sediment, and the biogeochemical function of PSB on P-cycling between water phase and sediment relied on pH conditions of the upper water phase and the interfacial pore water, and influenced the concentration of metal ions, mainly as Mg2+ and Ca2+.
OVERVIEW OF OVERLAND SATELLITE RAINFALL ESTIMATION FOR HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

This paper reviews current techniques on rainfall estimation from satellite sensor observations. The sensors considered in this study are the Precipitation Radar (PR) and radiometer (TMI) onboard TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Missio) satellite, the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) onboard Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) platforms, and infrared (IR) sensors onboard geostationary satellites. We present the physical basis and mathematical formulation of a newly developed combined radar-radiometer (PR/TMI) retrieval for TRMM and its application for overland rain estimation. Subsequently we discuss the current state-of-the-art in overland passive microwave (TMI and SSM/I) rain estimation techniques, and outstanding issues associated with the inverse problem. The significance of lightning information in advancing high-frequency rainfall estimation from passive microwave-calibrated IR retrieval techniques is discussed on the basis of newly developed techniques. Finally, current approaches are presented on merging the infrequent passive microwave-based rainfall estimates with the high-frequency, but lower accuracy, rainfall fields derived from proxy parameters (e.g., lightning and IR). The paper provides useful insights on satellite rainfall estimation and discusses issues and applications.
Breathing in the potassium depleted rat: the role of metabolic rate and body temperature.

Abstract Rats with dietary potassium (K) depletion have an altered breathing pattern compared to age matched control rats. The K depleted rats also have a decreased body weight gain, basal metabolic rate and body temperature. In this study, age matched controls are underfed (UFC) to match for body weight gain and metabolic rate and controls are exposed to different ambient temperatures to alter metabolism and body temperature. Compared to UFC rats with the same body weight and basal metabolic rate the K depleted breathe slower and with a larger tidal volume in the basal state and in response to hypercapnia and hypoxia. With heat stress body temperature is increased in K depleted rats as is metabolic rate. While frequency is increased it is slower than in controls at the same ambient and body temperatures. We conclude that the low metabolic rate and body temperature of K depleted rats is not the cause of the altered breathing pattern. In addition, it is shown that the hypothermia of K depletion is present only at ambient temperatures below the thermoneutral zone and that it is apparently due to an inability of the K depleted rat to increase metabolic heat production with cold stress.
Flow dichroism of capsid DNA phages. II. Effect of DNA deletions and intercalating dyes

The flow linear dichroism of bacteriophage λ and its deletion mutants, λ b2 and λ b221, was determined. The hydrodynamic behavior of the three phages differed slightly, but the magnitude of the dichroism was substantially the same with 〈cos2θμp〉 = 0.364, 0.368, and 0.372, respectively. The dichroism of intercalating dyes combined with bacteriophage was used as a further probe of phage structure. The reduced dichroism from proflavin with T4 showed no change with time during the reaction, but the interpretation of the ligand dichroism is complicated by an alteration of the hydrodynamic behavior of the phage–dye complex relative to the phage alone. Ethidium with λ also produced a stable reduced dichroism, but the signal indicated an average orientation of intercalated dye that is different from the average base orientation. The reduced dichroism of ethidium changes with time as it penetrates λ b2, eventually approaching the dichroism of the nucleotide bases. The implication of these findings on the plausibility of various simple DNA packing models is discussed.
Challenges in accurate registration of 3-D medical imaging and histopathology in primary prostate cancer.

Due to poor correlation between slice thickness and orientation, verification of medical imaging results by histology is difficult. Often validation of imaging findings of lesions suspicious for prostate cancer is driven by a subjective, visual approach to correlate in vivo images with histopathology. We describe fallacious assumptions in the correlation of imaging findings with pathology and identify the lack of accurate registration as a major obstacle in the validation of PET and PET/CT imaging in primary prostate cancer. Specific registration techniques that facilitate the most difficult part of the registration process—the mapping of pathology onto high-resolution imaging, preferably aided by the ex vivo prostate specimen—are discussed.
PTSD symptoms in response to traumatic and non-traumatic events: the role of respondent perception and A2 criterion.

Abstract The current study attempted to replicate the unexpected findings by Gold, Marx, Soler-Baillo, and Sloan [Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P., Soler-Baillo, J. M., & Sloan, D. M. (2005). Is life stress more traumatic than traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 19 , 687–698] that non-traumatic events were associated with greater levels of PTSD symptoms than traumatic events. The current study had two notable methodological differences. First, we included A2 trauma criteria (a response of intense fear, helplessness, or horror) in addition to A1 trauma criteria (the event is life-threatening) in defining traumatic events. Second, A1 and A2 trauma criteria were based on participants’ ratings, as opposed to classification by coders. Using this alternative methodology, results obtained were opposite of Gold et al. PTSD symptoms were greater for DSM-defined traumatic events in comparison to non-traumatic events. In addition, A1 trauma criterion had little to no relationship to PTSD symptoms when A2 criterion was considered. These results call into question the role of A1 trauma criterion and the definition of traumatic events.
Design Features of Graphs in Health Risk Communication: A Systematic Review

This review describes recent experimental and focus group research on graphics as a method of communication about quantitative health risks. Some of the studies discussed in this review assessed effect of graphs on quantitative reasoning, others assessed effects on behavior or behavioral intentions, and still others assessed viewers' likes and dislikes. Graphical features that improve the accuracy of quantitative reasoning appear to differ from the features most likely to alter behavior or intentions. For example, graphs that make part-to-whole relationships available visually may help people attend to the relationship between the numerator (the number of people affected by a hazard) and the denominator (the entire population at risk), whereas graphs that show only the numerator appear to inflate the perceived risk and may induce risk-averse behavior. Viewers often preferred design features such as visual simplicity and familiarity that were not associated with accurate quantitative judgments. Communicators should not assume that all graphics are more intuitive than text; many of the studies found that patients' interpretations of the graphics were dependent upon expertise or instruction. Potentially useful directions for continuing research include interactions with educational level and numeracy and successful ways to communicate uncertainty about risk.
A resonant circuit realization using a 3D inductor in combination with thin film varactor technology

A resonant circuit combining a 3D inductor with the barium strontium titanate thin film varactor, is presented in this work. The filter was fabricated using a 3D inductor fabrication process. The modeling of the filter was examined using the Advanced Design System (ADS). The measurement results showed that the resonant frequencies were around 10 GHz and correlated to different number of turns of 3D inductor. The inductances extracted from the equivalent circuit varied from 0.28 nH to 0.37 nH.
Comparative Aspects of Contraceptive Steroids: Effects Observed in the Monkey

The use of the non-human primate in long-term studies of contraceptive steroids has been questioned because of time, expense and apparent lack of results predictive for humans. Controversies have arisen primarily over the occurrence of mammary nodules in studies of different contraceptive steroids and the occurrence of uterine tumors in 2 high-dose group monkeys in the Depo-Provera study. The long-term studies have been criticized because of the experimental design and the small number of monkeys per dose group. Individual studies by themselves did not reveal lesions other than those expected from an exaggerated pharmacologic response of target tissues; however, a pattern may emerge from reviewing and combining results of different studies that indicate the results of these studies are in agreement with the clinical findings in man. Effects of contraceptive steroids on the mammary gland and genital organs will be discussed. Data from 17 contraceptive steroid studies involving 264 untreated control and 733 treated non-human primates were available.
Optical Active Molecules used as Molecular Contrast Agents for Enhanced Imaging

A novel technique aimed at increasing the image contrast of a structure surrounded by a scattering medium, using optically active molecules as molecular contrast agents, is presented. Specifically, enhanced target detection was obtained by doping the surrounding medium with molecular contrast agents, consisting of aqueous glucose molecules, in conjunction to advanced polarimetric imaging techniques. The outcome of this study opens new horizons in the areas of molecular imaging, early disease detection and cancer identification.
Fast parallel thinning algorithms: parallel speed and connectivity preservation

A recently published parallel thinning approach [4] is evaluated. An improvement is suggested to enable preservation of certain diagonal lines which are not preserved by this algorithm. A unified notion of what is meant by an iteration (or subiteration) and parallel speed is presented, and with regard to its parallel speed this algorithm is argued to be comparable to other two-subiteration algorithms. The parallel speed of this algorithm is compared experimentally to the original algorithm that it improves [12] and it is shown that, unlike execution time on a specific machine, parallel speed is not improved. Finally, a more complete connectivity analysis is given illustrating sufficient additional conditions for applying fully in parallel the basic thinning operator used in both algorithms while maintaining all image connectivity properties.
Visualization of radionuclide imaging and activation recovery intervals on the epicardial surface

Greater knowledge of the factors influencing ventricular arrhythmias will aid in the identification people who are at risk for cardiac sudden death. The authors investigated whether regional heterogeneity of sympathetic innervation results in heterogeneous distributions of repolarization responses and whether this heterogeneity is a substrate for arrhythmias. The authors found the distribution of myocardial sympathetic nerve endings in autoradiographic images, and they measured repolarization changes by determining activation recovery intervals (ARI) from unipolar electrograms on the surface of the heart. An epicardial surface was extracted from autoradiographic images to display the distribution of innervation, and the activation recovery intervals were mapped onto the epicardial surface.
A correlation of the spatial vectorcardiogram with right ventricular hypertrophy.

Abstract 1. 1. A vectorcardiographic study of thirty-four patients with congenital heart disease and mitral stenosis is reported. All patients had cardiac catheterization and none except one had left ventricular hypertrophy. 2. 2. With increasing right ventricular work, there is an increased rightward and anterior deviation of the horizontal plane loop and of the spatial vectorcardiogram to the right anterior inferior octant in both lesions. 3. 3. There is a better correlation between the vectorcardiogram and right ventricular work than between the electrocardiogram and right ventricular work. 4. 4. The vectorcardiogram shows the pattern of right ventricular hypertrophy clearly. The electrocardiogram is usually reliable only in the classical pattern of right ventricular hypertrophy but not when incomplete right bundle branch block is present. In nine patients with incomplete right bundle branch block, the vectorcardiogram clearly shows that this lesion also represents right ventricular hypertrophy, thus confirming previous studies in congenital heart disease and extending them to patients with mitral stenosis as well. 5. 5. The vectorcardiogram may serve as a gross quantitative estimate of the degree of right ventricular hypertrophy, especially in congenital heart disease.
Musings on genome medicine: gene therapy

Though the field has moved with glacial speed, gene therapies have been carried out successfully in patients with bone marrow disorders including immune deficiencies. The field may be poised to move forward more rapidly, but many barriers have yet to be surmounted.
AN INVESTMENT ANALYSIS APPROACH TO STOCK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES

Little has been written to guide investors in their quest to select common stocks issued by life insurance companies offering investment potential. This study sets forth an outline covering the major areas for analysis and applies the outline to the industry. Emphasis is given to those unique features resulting from the industry structure. The approach covers five sectors, industry life cycle, the company's position within the industry, earnings and dividends, financial statements, and management. First, the life insurance industry's life cycle was examined to determine its profitability for investors. After establishing the growth-phase characteristics of this industry, the other areas were presented to disclose what information was available and how to interpret these facts. Within the company, home office, and field force qualities were investigated to show which ones held promise of future profitability. The competiitively superior companies tend to be the life corporations that make the earliest and greatest use of the favorable industry trends. In the presentation of earnings and dividends, two characteristics were disclosed, the consistently low pay-out ratio and the general tendency to distribute stock dividends. To approximate the future long-run earnings for any life company, the past record for eleven years should be studied, 1945 through 1955. This is a representative cyclical period for the industry. Company financial statements offer quantitative facts to support the judgments. The company's annual report to owners, or to policyholders, emphasizes the management's viewpoint. However, it is the annual statements filed with the state authorities that contains carefully checked information, ready for the analyst's use. A cautious study of the assets and the liabilities is necessary, for the life company must be approached through its balance sheet. Next, the management to be evaluated include the directors, com-
Fair process in patient selection for antiretroviral treatment in WHO's goal of 3 by 5

How can we assure fair treatment in selecting HIV/AIDS patients for antiretroviral treatment? Who should be selected and how? I set aside older ethical and policy controversies about prevention versus treatment and address instead the urgent issue created by the WHO goal of treating 3 million by 2005. By WHO criteria the goal means selection of only 3 of the 6 million people who would benefit. How should we pick the lucky 3 million assuming countries develop or scale up their capacity to deliver antiretroviral treatments and patient demand for them is great? Unfortunately we lack agreement on ethical principles that can resolve key policy decisions involved in scaling up treatments including those relating to cost recovery patient eligibility siting of treatment centres and giving priority to special groups. As a result equality in outcomes can only be established through a fair deliberative process that is transparent encourages relevant stakeholders to deliberate on relevant reasons provides room for revising decisions and enforces adherence to the process. Of course basic human rights considerations such as universal access and prohibition on discrimination act as necessary constraints on these processes and outcomes. (excerpt)
Ecological consequences of intraspecific variation in lake Daphnia

SUMMARY 1. Although populations harbour considerable diversity, most ecological studies still assume they are homogeneous. However, mounting evidence suggests that intraspecific diversity is not only common, but also important for interactions with community members. Here, intraspecific variation in Daphnia dentifera in haemoglobin content is shown to be a marker of hypolimnion use. 2. Hypolimnion use differed substantially within and among D. dentifera populations. Daphnia dentifera with haemoglobin resided primarily in the hypolimnion, while D. dentifera lacking haemoglobin migrated vertically. These ‘deep’ and ‘migratory’ D. dentifera had different seasonal phenologies and dynamics. 3. Deep and migratory D. dentifera had qualitatively different relationships with an important competitor, Daphnia pulicaria. Deep D. dentifera density was negatively correlated with D. pulicaria density, whereas migratory density was not correlated with D. pulicaria density. 4. Given that D. pulicaria tends to reside in the hypolimnion, this negative correlation probably reflects competition between D. pulicaria and the deep D. dentifera. This pattern would have been missed if only the relationship between the overall lake populations of D. dentifera and D. pulicaria had been studied. 5. Abundances of deep D. dentifera and D. pulicaria were both correlated with the size of the hypolimnetic refuge from fish predation, but in opposite directions. Lakes with large refuges generally had high D. pulicaria and low deep D. dentifera densities.
Factors Influencing Energy Consumption of Energy Star and Non-Energy Star Homes

AbstractBecause of depleting global energy resources, an economic necessity in the United States is to reduce energy consumption. The construction industry is proceeding to reduce the energy consumption of buildings by developing efficient designs and constructing buildings that have energy-efficient materials and features. In 1992, the United States EPA and DOE introduced the Energy Star (ES) program to promote energy-efficient products that have the same or better services than their counterparts without the Energy Star label. According to the EPA, ES homes that use these products consume less energy than non–Energy Star (NES) homes. However, it is also important to determine other factors that affect the energy consumption of ES and NES homes. Data were collected from 30 ES and 30 NES homes of similar construction for annual electricity and natural gas consumption, appliance characteristics, and homeowners’ behaviors. Analytical results indicated that six factors that are related to the characteristics...
The Ellsworth Mountains: critical and enduringly enigmatic

The Ellsworth Mountains, first mapped under the leadership of Campbell Craddock, pose critical geological enigmas, solved and unsolved. The isolation of the mountains, their abrupt structural terminations and Paleozoic stratigraphic affinities are explained by rotation from the cratonic margin during Gondwanaland breakup. The mechanism remains obscure. The absence of intense folding associated with the Cambro-Ordovician Ross orogeny can be ascribed to local extension along a subducting margin. Yet tantalizing questions regarding possible Precambrian connections to Laurentia remain, and the cause of the post-Permian Gondwanide folding is controversial. The elevation (~5000m) is high for an early Mesozoic fold belt. Thermal uplift could have been initiated during Jurassic-Cretaceous block rotation and Weddell Sea opening and continued into the Cenozoic. The history of glaciation provides input for models of ice loading and unloading. Measurements of present-day uplift test these models and help assess change in the mass of the ice sheet and hence in global sea level.
p50-associated COX-2 extragenic RNA (PACER) activates COX-2 gene expression by occluding repressive NF-κB complexes

To produce a protein a cell must first transcribe the DNA in a gene to make a messenger RNA molecule, which is then translated to make the protein. However, cells also produce other types of RNA molecules which do not become proteins. MicroRNAs, for example, regulate the expression of genes as proteins, while the role of other RNA molecules called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is not well understood. Now Krawczyk and Emerson have found an lncRNA that controls a gene called COX-2 that is often implicated in breast, colon, prostate, and lung cancer. This RNA molecule, which is called PACER, originates near the start of the COX-2 gene, but it cannot be messenger RNA because it does not contain the instructions to make the COX-2 protein, and it is too long to be a microRNA. Further experiments showed that the newly discovered lncRNA activates the expression of the COX-2 gene. Krawczyk and Emerson found that PACER attracts enzymes that spotlight genes that need to be activated, thus increasing the transcription of these genes to make messenger RNA. Genes can also be switched on and off by various molecules binding to nearby DNA, and PACER encourages the activation of COX-2 by keeping away the molecules that might switch it off. In addition to shedding new light on the role of lncRNAs, these results suggest that PACER could be a suitable therapeutic target in cancers that involve the COX-2 gene.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Domain Reduction Method for Three-Dimensional Earthquake Modeling in Localized Regions, Part I: Theory,’ by J. Bielak, K. Loukakis, Y. Hisada, and C. Yoshimura, and ‘Part II: Verification and Applications,’ by C. Yoshimura, J. Bielak, Y. Hisada, and A. Fernández,” by E. Faccioli, M. Vanini, R. Paolucci, and M. Stupazzini

We thank Faccioli, Vanini, Paolucci, and Stupazzini for their interest in our articles (Bielak et al. , 2003; Yoshimura et al. , 2003; hereafter I and II). We will refer to their comments (Faccioli et al. , 2004) as fvps. The primary aim of fvps is (1) to illustrate the implementation by fvps of the domain reduction method (drm) described in I and II for the hybrid finite-element–spectral-element (fe–se) method, and (2) to show that the use of ses can lead to dramatic reduction in computer processing unit (cpu) time and storage requirements, without loss of accuracy, with respect to the traditional fes used in II. We will show (1) that since the fe–se method is a particular case of the fe method (fem), the drm described in I and II, and in our earlier work (Loukakis, 1988; Loukakis and Bielak, 1994), provides the complete theoretical framework needed for the application of the drm to fe–ses, and, thus, the section titled “Method” in fvps is essentially redundant; and (2) that while ses are ideally suited for problems in which the exact solution is smooth within every se, the advantages of the se method (sem) over other methods for problems that exhibit discontinuities and singularities is far from having been demonstrated. To our knowledge, there is no evidence thus far that the sem is superior to the fem for every possible wave propagation problem in elastodynamics, since each method has its advantages and disadvantages. We will argue that, in fact, the more traditional fem has important advantages over the particular sem implementation by fvps, and that, most likely, it is more efficient than their sem implementation for realistic, multiscale problems in ground motion simulations that involve large, complex geological structures with …
Investigation of the 1966 earthquake series in northern China using the method of joint epicenter determination

abstract A series of destructive earthquakes occurred in northern China during March 1966 in an area with no previous instrumentally located seismicity. The tectonics of this intraplate region are poorly understood. Examination of LANDSAT-1 imagery revealed evidence of recent surface faulting in this and other nearby regions of northern China. The method of “Joint Epicenter Determination” (JED) was used to relocate the epicenters of the earthquakes. The best relocations were obtained with the JED method using a station-corrected calibration event. These locations, along with published fault-plane solutions, historical earthquake records, and LANDSAT-1 imagery are in very good agreement with the published field investigations that reported the earthquakes to have occurred along a large right-lateral strike-slip fault zone. The sense of motion on this strike-slip feature appears to be related to an extensional stress system oriented NNW-SSE in the region of the Shansi graben and the North China Plain.
Intrusive effects of implicitly processed information on explicit memory.

Szrtnmary.-This study described the interference of implicitly processed information on the memory for explicitly processed information. Participants studied a list of words either auditorily or visually under instructions to remember the words (explicit study). They were then visually presented another word List under u~structions which facilirate implicit but not explicit processing. Following a distractor task, memory for the explicir study list was tested with either a visual or auditory recognition task that included new words, words From the explicit study List, and words implicitly processed. Analysis indicated participants both failed to recognize words from the explicit study list and falsely recognized words that were implicitly processed as originating from the explicit study list. However, this effect only occurred when the testing modality was visual, thereby matching the modality for the implicitly processed information, regardless of the modality OF the explicit study list. This "mod&ry effect" for explicit memory was interpreted as poor source memory for implicitly processed information and in light of the procedures used, as well as ~Uustrating an example of "remembering causing forgetting."
16S rDNA-Based Metagenomic Analysis of Bacterial Diversity Associated With Two Populations of the Kleptoplastic Sea Slug Elysia chlorotica and Its Algal Prey Vaucheria litorea

The molluscan sea slug Elysia chlorotica is best known for its obligate endosymbiosis with chloroplasts (= kleptoplasty) from its algal prey Vaucheria litorea and its ability to sustain itself photoautotrophically for several months. This unusual photosynthetic sea slug also harbors an array of undescribed bacteria, which may contribute to the long-term success of the symbiosis. Here, we utilized 16S rDNA-based metagenomic analyses to characterize the microbial diversity associated with two populations of E. chlorotica from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and from Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, USA. Animals were examined immediately after collection from their native environments, after being starved of their algal prey for several months, and after being bred in the laboratory (second-generation sea slugs) to characterize the effect of varying environmental and culturing conditions on the associated bacteria. Additionally, the microbiome of the algal prey, laboratory-cultured V. litorea, was analyzed to...
Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis

Objectives/Hypothesis: Laryngitis secondary to gastric acid reflux is a prevalent, yet incompletely understood, otolaryngological disorder. Further characterization of the relationship between symptoms and signs and reflux severity is needed. Study Design: Prospective clinical trial. Methods: Forty-two consecutive, nonsmoking patients with one or more reflux laryngitis symptoms were recruited to complete a symptom questionnaire, videostrobolaryngoscopy, and 24-hour, dual-sensor pH probe testing. Twenty-nine patients had more than four episodes of laryngopharyngeal reflux, and the remaining 13 served as control subjects. Symptom scores were produced by multiplying the severity by the frequency for the following: hoarseness, throat pain, lump-inthroat sensation, throat clearing, cough, excessive phlegm, dysphagia, odynophagia, and heartburn. Endoscopic laryngeal signs included erythema and edema of the vocal folds and arytenoids, and interarytenoid irregularity. Results: Symptom scores varied significantly, with throat clearing being greater than the rest. None of the symptoms, except heartburn, correlated with reflux (laryngopharyngeal and esophageal) severity. Patients with worse laryngopharyngeal reflux were found to have worse esophageal reflux. Endoscopic laryngeal signs were rated as mild, on average, and did not correlate with laryngopharyngeal reflux severity. The number of laryngopharyngeal reflux episodes (per 24 h) ranged from 0 to 40 (mean number, 10.6 episodes). Conclusions: Throat clearing was the most intense symptom in the present group of patients with proven reflux laryngitis. Dual-sensor pH probe testing could not predict the severity of patient's reflux laryngitis symptoms or signs. Only the heartburn symptom correlated with laryngopharyngeal and esophageal reflux.
Multiple description coding for voice communications over mobile ad-hoc networks

Supporting voice communications over mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is a challenging problem because of the rapidly changing network topology and the unreliable wireless channel resulting in long periods without connectivity. We look at solutions at the source coding level, because, speech coders have traditionally been developed for the more reliable PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) and cellular networks. First, we establish the importance of path diversity in ad-hoc networks to improve the reliability of the connection between the users using a two-hop ad-hoc network model and probability of path availability. Next, we examine multiple description (MD) coding as a source coding solution for efficient usage of multiple paths for transmission. Using a two-hop, two-path ad-hoc network model with two independent paths, we present a theoretical analysis of the performance of path diversity and multiple description coding of Gaussian sources. We present two new MD speech coders, one based on the AMR-WB codec and the other based on the G.729 codec (often offered as options in voice over IP). Our MD coders are designed to create balanced descriptions, i.e. each side description is of the same rate, and speech decoded from either description is of similar quality. The descriptions are created in such a way that the missing information when one description is lost can be concealed using the information in the received description. Our experiments show that these MD coders perform significantly better than single description coding. Our experiments highlight an important factor to be considered in evaluating source coding methods, the packet overheads. Voice payloads are small compared to the large packet overheads added by the various protocol layers. Although MD coding methods seem efficient when no overheads are considered, we see that because of the large packet headers added to each packet by typical MANET protocols, the overhead of sending the full rate packets using simple path diversity is not much larger than the overhead for sending MD streams over different paths.
Two-Photon Absorption Induced Single-Event Effects: Satellite Radiation Survivability through Nonlinear Optics

Experimental and theoretical approaches for developing a quantitative description of single-event effects (SEE’s) induced by two-photon absorption (2PA) are developed and demonstrated. Recent advances and the present status of 2PA SEE are described.
Degradation of Akt using protein‐catalyzed capture agents

Abnormal signaling of the protein kinase Akt has been shown to contribute to human diseases such as diabetes and cancer, but Akt has proven to be a challenging target for drugging. Using iterative in situ click chemistry, we recently developed multiple protein-catalyzed capture (PCC) agents that allosterically modulate Akt enzymatic activity in a protein-based assay. Here, we utilize similar PCCs to exploit endogenous protein degradation pathways. We use the modularity of the anti-Akt PCCs to prepare proteolysis targeting chimeric molecules that are shown to promote the rapid degradation of Akt in live cancer cells. These novel proteolysis targeting chimeric molecules demonstrate that the epitope targeting selectivity of PCCs can be coupled with non-traditional drugging moieties to inhibit challenging targets.
Old dogs with new tricks: intra-axonal translation of nuclear proteins.

Many different types of polarized eukaryotic cells have been shown to segregate synthesis for some protein subpopulations to cytoplasmic domains distant from their nucleus. For neurons, these distances can be tens-to-thousands fold more than the diameter of the cell body. Both axons and dendrites make use of this localized protein synthesis to bring autonomy to these far reaches of the cytoplasm (Gomes et al., 2014). This local mRNA translation is often used to mount a rapid response to extracellular stimuli encountered by the distal axon and dendrite. Indeed, activating translation of mRNAs residing locally at the synapse or growth cone brings a much more rapid response than could be achieved by transporting new proteins from the cell body. The neuron likely reaps a cost benefit from this mechanism in terms of energy consumption, since multiple protein copies can be generated from a single mRNA through sequential rounds of translation. Localized protein synthesis could also more effectively position a protein near its site of action or even bring an unanticipated novel function to the protein.
Predicting neurologic outcome with MR imaging in a patient in spinal shock.

A, Coronal reformation of helical CT scan (1-mm thickness, 1.4:1 pitch) shows type III odontoid fracture of C2 (arrow). B, T2-weighted MR Image of cervical spine demonstrates partial transection (curved black arrow) of cervical cord at C2 and high signal within cord over several segments, consistent with cord edema (straight black arrow). C, saglttal MR Image of cervical spine using multipianar gradient-recalled echo sequence shows intraparenchymal hematoma (black arrow).
The redefinition of extinction applied to Sidman free-operant avoidance responding

Extinction in a free-operant avoidance situation was defined as removing the effectiveness of the response in delaying shocks rather than the removal of shocks. This was identified as a procedure more consistent with those used in appetitive reward studies involving extinction. In the present study, orderly extinction was found in four out of five albino rats where the R-S interval and S-S interval were both equal to 15 sec.
Chemical Control of the Two spotted Spider Mite on Field Beans

Dicofol dusts and carbophenothion spray when applied aircraft failed to control the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on field beans. Monocrotophos at rates of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 lb/acre, Tartan® (O,O- diethyl phosphorothioate S -ester with N -(I-cyano-I-methylethyl)-2-mercaptoacetamide) at lib/acre, and Nemacur P® (ethyl 4-(methylthio)- m -tolyl isopropylphosphoramidate) at 1 lb/acre (all applied with a portable boom sprayer) gave good control of mites. Dicofol at 1 lb/acre (also applied with a portable boom sprayer) was nearly as effective in controlling mites as monocrotophos at ¾ lb/acre.
Perceptions of social support among patients with recently diagnosed breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer: An exploratory study

The role of social support in ameliorating the stressful effects of cancer diagnosis and treatment was explored in 357 women aged 20 to 54 with recently diagnosed breast, endometrial, or ovarian cancer. The women were drawn from the National Cancer Institute's population based Iowa Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry. During face-to-face interviews, the women were asked (1) what types of supportive persons were available (spouse, friends, relatives, children) and the level of support these persons had provided since the cancer had developed (social support network), (2) whether various socioemotional and instrumental tasks were beneficial (social support), and (3) whether they were experiencing marital difficulties or felt isolated or lonely (effects of stress). The results indicated that the husband was the most important member of the support network for married women and that relatives were the most important member for single women. Few women felt isolated or lonely or r...
Importance of σ Bonding Electrons for the Accurate Description of Electron Correlation in Graphene.

Electron correlations in graphene are characterized via first principles calculations, showing that bonding of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ electrons is important in understanding the low energy physics of graphene.
Clinical Study of Stainless Steel Crowns Restoration on Massive Destruction in Deciduous Molar

Objective To observe the effectiveness of using stainless steel crowns restoration on massive destruction in deciduous molar. Method The clinical effects and Gingival Index in 43 massive destruction deciduous molars after stainless steel crowns restoration were evaluated. Result More than 1 year after treatment,every stainless steel crown restoration for the primary molar had a satisfactory clinical performance. Conclusion The massive destructed deciduous molar after root canal treatment with stainless steel crowns restoration can better protect the remaining tooth structure and occlusion to maintain good chewing function.
Discussion on disclosure of the segment report

Comparing the segment report between China and other countries,this paper studies the problem on disclosure in the corporate accounting standards-segment report issued by Chinese financial authority in November 2001,and puts forward some useful proposals in the model,the contents,the structure,the scope,the form and the period,so as to be useful for the accounting standards of the segment report in China.
Cross Correlation Analysis on Diarrhea Symptom Surveillance and Notifiable Intestinal Infectious Disease Surveillance

Objective To analyze the time variant and correlation between the surveillance data of diarrhea symptoms and the surveillance data of notifiable intestinal infectious diseases during 2007- 2009 in Chengdu city,and to provide a more effective method for the early warning of intestinal infectious diseases. Methods Cross correlation analysis was employed to analyze the time cross correlation between the above two data sources,and then their time pilot were quantitatively studied. Results There was a correlation between the incidence of notifable intestinal infectious diseases and reported rate of diarrhea patients at the same time in each year of 2007-2009. According to cross correlation analysis findings,in 2007 and 2008,the coefficient correlation between the report rate of diarrhea patients and the one- week earlier incidence of notifable intestinal infectious diseases was the maximum,with a delay of one week or so. Other notifable infectious diarrhea showed the highest correlation between the report rate of diarrhea symptom surveillance and their one- week earlier notifable incidence in 2007 or 2008. However,the most similarity in time distribution at the same week of surveillance in each year was found in the two data resources of dysentery.Conclusion Diarrhea symptom surveillance can indicate the occurrence of notifable intestinal infectious diseases about one week in advance,which is especially significant for the early warning of diarrhea and other notifableinfectious diarrhea. Therefore,the early warning analysis of this data may play a role in early revealing the epidemic trend of intestinal infectious diseases.
Next-generation sequencing in systemic mastocytosis: Derivation of a mutation-augmented clinical prognostic model for survival.

In routine practice, the World Health Organization classification of systemic mastocytosis (SM) is also the de facto prognostic system; a core value is distinguishing indolent (ISM) from advanced SM (includes aggressive SM [ASM], SM with associated hematological neoplasm [SM-AHN] and mast cell leukemia [MCL]). We sequenced 27 genes in 150 SM patients to identify mutations that could be integrated into a clinical-molecular prognostic model for survival. Forty four patients (29%) had ISM, 25 (17%) ASM, 80 (53%) SM-AHN and 1 (0.7%) MCL; overall KITD816V prevalence was 75%. In 87 patients, 148 non-KIT mutations were detected; the most frequently mutated genes were TET2 (29%), ASXL1 (17%), and CBL (11%), with significantly higher mutation frequency in SM-AHN > ASM > ISM (P 60 years (HR = 2.4), hemoglobin < 10 g/dL or transfusion-dependence (HR = 1.7), platelet count < 150 × 10(9) /L (HR = 3.2), serum albumin < 3.5 g/dL (HR = 2.6), and ASXL1 mutation (HR = 2.3) were associated with inferior survival. A mutation-augmented prognostic scoring system (MAPSS) based on these parameters stratified advanced SM patients into high-, intermediate-, and low-risk groups with median survival of 5, 21 and 86 months, respectively (P < 0.0001). These data should optimize risk-stratification and treatment selection for advanced SM patients. Am. J. Hematol. 91:888-893, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dopaminergic stimulation of cAMP accumulation in cultured rat mesangial cells

Dopamine (DA) alters renal hemodynamics, and DA receptors have been demonstrated in isolated glomeruli. To determine the glomerular cell type bearing DA receptors, we studied the effect of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in rat glomerular mesangial and epithelial cells in culture. DA caused a marked dose- and time-dependent increase in cAMP accumulation in mesangial but not epithelial cells. The stimulatory effect of DA was abolished by the DA antagonists haloperidol, trifluoperazine, and cis-thiothixene but not by beta- or alpha-adrenergic or histamine antagonists. Similar to the effects of DA, two dopamine type I receptor agonists, fenoldopam and SKF 38393, markedly stimulated cAMP accumulation in the mesangial cells. Moreover, the effects of DA were blocked by Sch 23390, a specific DA1 receptor antagonist, but not domperidone, a specific DA2 antagonist. These results show that DA regulates cAMP accumulation in mesangial cells via DA1-type receptors.
Pulling it All Together: Clinical Conclusions

In this final chapter, we summarize the ten most important take-home points from this volume on pediatric adherence in the context of the following main ideas. (1) Successful adherence depends on developing healthcare partnerships between patients, families, and providers, and that nonadherence often results from the breakdown of teamwork between any (or all) of the partners. (2) A focus on self-management instead of teamwork is likely to be self-defeating. Promoting patient independence too early risks a dangerous decline in illness management and control. In contrast, supporting patient autonomy (i.e., volitional behavior) can foster development without having to withdraw whatever assistance the youth may need. (3) Communication is the key to developing successful partnerships, which will usually be characterized by having shared goals and (ideally) a shared model of illness. We end this chapter—and the book—by highlighting the added value of partnerships for reducing the management burden chronic illness places on children.