cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Heteropolytungstates Incorporating Dioxouranium(VI). Derivatives of α-[SiW 9 O 34 ] 10− , α-[AsW 9 O 33 ] 9− , γ-[SiW 10 O 36 ] 8− , and [As 4 W 40 O 140 ] 28−

Reaction of uranium salts with several lacunary polyoxotungstate anions yields four new heteropolyanion assemblies in which the uranium atoms occupy pentagonal bipyramidal coordination polyhedra. Treatment of A,α-[SiW9O34]10− with UO2(NO3)2 leads to Na14[Na2(UO2)2(SiW9O34)2]⋅38H2O (1, Monoclinic, P21/c, a=16.5719(8) A, b=14.1689(7) A, c=21.2528(10) A, β=111.6670(10)°, V=4786.6(4) A3, Z=2) which proves to be isostructural with the analogous derivative of [PW9O34]9− reported previously. Solutions of 1 exhibit the 5-line W-NMR spectrum expected for the structure of C i point symmetry. The salt (NH4)17[(UO2)3(H2O)4As3W26O94]⋅16H2O (2, Orthorhombic, Pnma, a=40.1747(2) A, b=18.25840(10) A, c=18.0817(2) A, V=13263.4(2) A3, Z=4) was isolated in 64% yield from a reaction of UO2(NO3)2 with B,α-[AsW9O33]9−. The structure of the anion in 2 has C s symmetry and contains one α-AsW9O33 and two novel β-AsW8O30 units linked by the UO2+ 2 groups; an additional WO6 links the two AsW8 fragments. Spectrophotometric titration of UCl4 with the sodium salt of [As4W40O140]28− indicated the formation of a 4:1 U:As4W40 complex. During attempts to isolate a crystalline product from this reaction the uranium became oxidized and a guanidinium salt of [Na(UO2)3(OH)(H2O)6As4W40O140(WO)]18− (3, Orthorhombic, Fdd2, a=54.848(3) A, b=80.809(4) A, c=20.2874(2) A, V=89919(7), Z=16) was isolated. The partially disordered structure of 3 shows the S2 and adjacent sites of the lacunary As4W40 anion to be occupied by three UO5 and one WO5 polyhedra. A tetrameric assembly of γ-SiW10 units linked by UO2+ 2 groups occurs in [{M(OH2)}4(UO2)4(OH)2(SiW10O36)4]22− (lithium salt, M=Na, 4a, tetragonal, P42/nmc, a=b=26.5285(2) A, c=15.0463(2) A, V=10589.0(2) A3, Z=2; sodium-potassium salt, M=K, 4b, orthorhombic, Fddd, a=24.180(5) A, b=31.696(6) A, c=58.012(12) A, V=44460(15) A3, Z=8). Tungsten-183 NMR spectra show the slow transformation of the expected 5-line (1:1:1:1:1) spectrum of 4a to a new species giving a 6-line spectrum (2:2:2:1:2:1). The latter complex has not been successfully isolated.
Response of barley genotypes to non-saline and saline environments

A 2-year study (1976–7) was conducted at the Safford Agricultural Center, Safford, Arizona, U.S.A. to investigate the response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to both non-saline and saline environments. The soil type was a Grabe clay loam. One area had received only river irrigation water for the previous 10 years and throughout the experiment (non-saline environment); another area had been irrigated with only well water for the previous 10 years and throughout the experiment (saline environment). Analysis of the two sources of irrigation water showed that total soluble salts (TDS) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were much higher in well water than in river water. Consequently, the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, total salt content, and exchangeable sodium percentage were all much higher in soil irrigated with well water (saline environment) than in soil irrigated with river water (non-saline environment). Fifteen barley genotypes were grown in each year. The following data were recorded for each genotype each year: (1) plant height, (2) lodging, (3) number of heads per hill, (4) number of seeds per head, (5) seed weight, (6) grain yield, (7) straw yield, (8) grain-to-straw ratio, (9) days from planting to flowering, and (10) days from flowering to maturity. Most of the barley genotypes germinated more uniformly, grew better, and produced more forage and grain in the non-saline environment than they did in the saline environment. It required a longer period for barley to reach maturity in the saline environment than it did in the non-saline environment. Combined data for the 2 years gave positive correlations between grain yield and plant height, number of heads per unit area, and straw yield in both non-saline and saline environments. Since there were significant differences between barely genotypes in a number of growth and yield characteristics in both environments, it should be possible to develop improved barley cultivars for both non-saline and saline environments using plant breeding techniques.
Role of N6-methyladenosine in expression of Rous sarcoma virus RNA: analyses utilizing immunoglobulin specific for N6-methyladenosine.

Publisher Summary Antiserum specific for N 6 -methyladenosine has been generated and well characterized This chapter explores the use of such an immunoglobulin preparation (derived by ammonium sulfate precipitation) in isolation of specific m 6 A-containing regions of Rous sarcoma virus RNA and its use as a site-specific probe in the analysis of m 6 A function in RNA. When purified 38 S genome RNA from RSV is incubated with RNase-free anti-m 6 A immunoglobulin, a substantial fraction (>60%) of the total RNA may be recovered by binding to Sepharose-protein A. When viral RNA is fragmented (200-2000 nucleotides), the binding is significantly decreased. When the RNA is fragmented even more extensively by digestion with ribonuclease T1, the percentage of RNA capable of binding Sepharose-protein A is diminished to 1-2% of the total mass. The specificity of the binding reaction is also demonstrated by the fact that prior incubation of the immunoglobulin with free m 6 A completely inhibits the binding of viral RNA.
Kto ma prawo do biopolis? Agamben, Negri i spór o metropolie

In a lecture dedicated to “the urban question”, Giorgio Agamben characterized modern spatial transfor- mations in terms of moving from the city, as a traditional form of spatial organization, to the metropolis. =is process coincides, according to the Italian philosopher, with the birth of modern biopolitics, specialized in producing and managing the bare life. Agamben’s metropolis is a space of indistinction, another materialization (beside camp) of state of exception, an area of delocalizing localization, associated by representatives of the urban studies with a neoliberal city of zero tolerance. Negative analysis of (urban) biopo- litics by Agamben has its reverse side in form of metropo- lis theory formulated by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt. A similar starting point – a description of the metropolis exposed to the mechanisms of biopower, an assumption of its boundlessness and heterotopic character, an abolishment of dixerence between private and public space - leads them to the contrary, armative, due to the dixerent approach of biopolitics, conclusions. According to Negri, the metro- polis is to the multitude what the factory was to the industrial working class. Multitude usually takes place in urban areas, aiming at their democratic transformation. It $lls the empty space after the working class - urban actor privileged by Henri Lefebvre - and takes over the right to the city, carried out in acts of its constant reproduction. =e article aims at highlighting points of intersection and fundamental dixe- rences presented in both visions of biopolis. It argues that biopolitical resistance, linked to the cultural productivity of urban subject, involves the creation of place in Agam- benian non-place of sovereign power.
Chapter 5 Intergenerational and interhousehold economic links

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two theoretical frameworks that economists use to analyze links between households. The first is based on altruistic preferences and the second framework falls under the heading “transactions cost approach.” Altruistic and non-altruistic transfers can link together households, most likely households of different generations within the same family line. The relatives may find advantages to engaging in joint production or purchasing services from one another outside of markets. One implication certainly is that not all intra-household interactions need involve altruism. A second is that it cannot be assumed that measured monetary flows passing among relatives necessarily constitute “transfers”—as opposed to payments for goods and services or for subsequent repayment with interest. A third is that transactions–cost formulations may be most applicable, where participant incomes and sums transacted are low. Although, this chapter analyzes altruism and exchange separately, in practice the two may often accompany one another—with altruism reducing enforcement difficulties in interfamily exchanges.
X-Ray Fluorescence Microprobe for Chemical Analysis

X-ray photoionization of elements and the detection of their characteristic fluorescent radiation has long been a basic research tool in atomic physics (see Chapter 4). It is also a widely applied analytical technique for the determination of elemental composition in support of both research and technology. The analytical application is the subject of this chapter. Synchrotron radiation must offer some important advances over present analytical techniques or little justification can be found for the use of a facility remote to most users. The analytical capabilities of the limited synchrotron facilities available will not supply all the routine analytical services required. However, increasing demands on analytical services caused by advanced technologies and growing concern for environmental monitoring is exceeding the performance capabilities of standard analytical methods. Justifications for applying synchrotron radiation to measurements of chemical composition include lowering of the detection limits, reducing heat or damage to the sample, improving the spatial resolution and contrast of microprobe analysis, reducing the time for analysis, improving the means of chemical identification by measuring absorption edge shifts or exafs, providing more accurate quantitative analysis, and extending analytical measurements to samples, configurations, and environments that are impractical, if not impossible, to analyze with present techniques.
The Great Detour

This note comments on the state of macroeconomics, arguing that the ‘micro founded’ macro that developed after 1970s has been a wasteful detour. The paper will appear in a symposium in Homo Oeconomicus, vol. 27 (2), 2010, on the crisis and the response from the British Academy to the questions from the British Queen. JEL Categories: E1, B41
Dry Storage Demonstration for High-Burnup Spent Nuclear Fuel-Feasibility Study

Initially, casks for dry storage of spent fuel were licensed for assembly-average burnup of about 35 GWd/MTU. Over the last two decades, the discharge burnup of fuel has increased steadily and now exceeds 45 GWd/MTU. With spent fuel burnups approaching the licensing limits (peak rod burnup of 62 GWd/MTU for pressurized water reactor fuel) and some lead test assemblies being burned beyond this limit, a need for a confirmatory dry storage demonstration program was first identified after the publication in May 1999 of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commissions (NRC) Interim Staff Guidance 11 (ISG-11). With the publication in July 2002 of the second revision of ISG-11, the desirability for such a program further increased to obtain confirmatory data about the potential changes in cladding mechanical properties induced by dry storage, which would have implications to the transportation, handling, and disposal of high-burnup spent fuel. While dry storage licenses have kept pace with reactor discharge burnups, transportation licenses have not and are considered on a case by case basis. Therefore, this feasibility study was performed to examine the options available for conducting a confirmatory experimental program supporting the dry storage, transportation, and disposal of spent nuclear fuel with burnups well inmore » excess of 45 GWd/MTU.« less
HIV accessory genes Vif and Vpu.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the function of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accessory genes—vif and vpu. Primate immunodeﬁciency viruses, including HIV‐1, are characterized by the presence of a number of viral accessory genes that encompass vif, vpr, vpx, vpu, and nef. The vif, vpr, and nef genes are expressed in most HIV‐1, HIV‐2, and Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates. In contrast, the vpu gene is found only in HIV‐1 and some SIV isolates. The vpx gene is not found in HIV‐1 isolates, but is common to HIV‐2 and most SIV isolates. It has been indicated that none of the primate lentiviral accessory proteins has enzymatic activity. Instead, it appears that these proteins serve primarily as adapter molecules to mediate the physical interaction of other viral and/or host factors. Several lines of evidence suggest that Vif exerts its function through interactions with species‐speciﬁc host cell factor(s). Fractionated extraction of Vif‐transfected HeLa cells reveals that Vif partitions between soluble and detergent‐insoluble fractions. Vpu mediates the efﬁcient release of viral particles from HIV‐1‐infected cells.
Elastic Model Based Non-rigid Registration Incorporation Statistical Shape Information

This paper describes a new method of non-rigid registration using the combined power of elastic and statistical shape models. The transformations are constrained to be consistent with a physical model of elasticity to maintain smoothness and continuity. A Bayesian formulation, based on this model, on an intensity similarity measure, and on statistical shape information embedded in corresponding boundary points, is employed to find a more accurate and robust non-rigid registration. A dense set of forces arises from the intensity similarity measure to accommodate complex anatomical details. A sparse set of forces constrains consistency with statistical shape models derived from a training set. A number of experiments were performed on both synthetic and real medical images of the brain and heart to evaluate the approach. It is shown that statistical boundary shape information significantly augments and improves elastic model based non-rigid registration.
Infrared Observations of Giant Elliptical Galaxies: (V-K) Colors and the Infrared Hubble Diagram

The (V-K) colors of giant elliptical galaxies as a function of redshift are discussed. Present data are consistent with mild color evolution at z ~ 0.45. An infrared Hubble (redshift-magnitude) diagram is given. Cosmological models with q o = 0 and no luminosity evolution are clearly excluded by the present data. A wide variety of models including those with q o = 0 are permissible if luminosity evolution is included. Instrumental and programmatic implications of these results are summarized.
Optimal Reliability Design‐Modeling

Reliability has become a greater concern in recent years because high-tech industrial processes with ever increasing levels of sophistication comprise most engineering systems today. To keep pace with this rapidly developing field, this chapter provides a broad overview of recent research on reliability optimization problems. In particular, we address issues related to: UGF-based optimal multistate system (MSS) design; percentile life employed as a system performance measure; multiobjective optimization of reliability systems, especially with uncertain component reliability estimations; innovation and improvement in traditional reliability optimization problems, such as fault-tolerance mechanism and cold-standby redundancy involved system design. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future challenges related to reliability optimization. Keywords: reliability optimization; reliability-redundancy allocation; multistate system; percentile life; multiobjective optimization
Does Early versus Delayed Spanning External Fixation Impact Complication Rates for High-energy Tibial Plateau and Plafond Fractures?

Background High-energy tibial plateau and tibial plafond fractures have a high complication rate and are frequently treated with a staged approach of spanning external fixation followed by definitive internal fixation after resolution of soft tissue swelling. A theoretical advantage to early spanning external fixation is that earlier fracture stabilization could prevent further soft tissue damage and potentially reduce the occurrence of subsequent infection. However, the relative urgency of applying the external fixator after injury is unknown, and whether delay in this intervention is correlated to subsequent treatment complications has not been examined.
Measurements of the Neutron-Proton and Neutron-Carbon Total Cross Section from 150 to 800 keV

There have been very few measurements of the total cross section for $np$ scattering below 500 keV. To differentiate among $NN$ potential models, improved cross section data between 20 and 600 keV are required. We measured the $np$ and $n$C total cross sections in this energy region by transmission; a collimated neutron beam was passed through CH${}_{2}$ and C samples and transmitted neutrons were detected by a BC-501A liquid scintillator. Cross sections were obtained with a precision of 1.1--2.0$%$ between 150 and 800 keV using ratios of normalized neutron yields measured with and without the scattering samples in the beam. In energy regions where they overlap, the present results are consistent with existing precision measurements and fill in a significant gap in the data between ${E}_{n}=150$ and 500 keV.
The interferon gamma (IFN-γ) receptor: a paradigm for the multichain cytokine receptor

Abstract With the purification and cloning of the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) receptor chains the mechanism of IFN-γ action and the resultant signal transduction events were delineated in remarkable detail. The interferon gamma (IFN-γ) receptor complex consists of two chains: IFN-γR1, the ligand-binding chain, and IFN-γR2, the accessory chain. Binding of IFN-γ causes oligomerization of the two IFN-γ receptor subunits, IFN-γR1 and IFN-γR2, which initiates the signal transduction events: activation of Jakl and Jak2 receptor associated protein tyrosine kinases, phosphorylation of the IFN-γR1 intracellular domain on Tyr 440 followed by phosphorylation and activation of Stat1α, the latent transcriptional factor. With all these steps established, the IFN-γ receptor complex has provided the basic model for understanding the receptors for other members of the family of class II cytokine receptors.
A machine-part based grouping algorithm in cellular manufacturing

Abstract A model and a suitable solution algorithm have been presented for determining optimal/near optimal part-machine clusters in cellular manufacturing. The total moves generated by parts have been evaluated as a weighted sum of both inter- and intracell moves. In particular, the intercell move has been evaluated as the number of bottle-neck machines a part is required to visit to complete its processing requirements. The in-cell machine utilization has been included as an important measure, and a targeted minimum utilization of 50% has been used for the purpose of application. A hypothetical problem has been developed and solved to test the effectiveness of the solution algorithm and the validity of the model. The results demonstrate that the model can be used as a suitable decision making tool by small and medium sized parts manufacturing companies in their production planning.
Finite population corrections for ranked set sampling

Ranked set sampling (RSS) for estimating a population mean μ is studied when sampling is without replacement from a completely general finite populationx=(x 1,x 2,...,x N )′. Explicit expressions are obtained for the variance of the RSS estimator $$\hat \mu _{RSS} $$ and for its precision relative to that of simple random sampling without replacement. The critical term in these expressions involves a quantity γ=(x−γ)′Γ(x−μ) where Γ is anN × N matrix whose entries are functions of the population sizeN and the set-sizem, but where Γ does not depend on the population valuesx. A computer program is given to calculate Γ for arbitraryN andm. When the population follows a linear (resp., quadratic) trend, then γ is a polynomial inN of degree 2m+2 (resp., 2m+4). The coefficients of these polynomials are evaluated to yield explicit expressions for the variance and the relative precision of $$\hat \mu _{RSS} $$ for these populations. Unlike the case of sampling from an infinite population, here the relative precision depends upon the number of replications of the set sizem.
Interactional Aspects of Cognitive Organization.

Abstract Further propositions are formulated towards a comprehensive structural developmental theory of cognitive change, begun in Langer (1969a, 1969b). Here, the analytic focus is upon: (a) The organization of the subject's assimilatory operations and accomodatory figurations; (b) the intrinsic coordinations between the theoretical and empirical cognitions constructed, respectively, by these two kinds of functional structures; and (c) the cognitive developmental changes produced by intrinsic coordinations. Derivative empirical hypotheses are considered in light of findings summarized here and elsewhere.
Air Lead: Relation to Lead in Blood of Black School Children Deficient in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Forty-four black children at two elementary schools within 0.7 mile of a battery plant had significantly higher (P
Relevance criteria identified by health information users during Web searches

This article focuses on the relevance judgments made by health information users who use the Web. Health information users were conceptualized as motivated information users concerned about how an environmental issue affects their health. Users identified their own environmental health interests and conducted a Web search of a particular environmental health Web site. Users were asked to identify (by highlighting with a mouse) the criteria they use to assess relevance in both Web search engine surrogates and full-text Web documents. Content analysis of document criteria highlighted by users identified the criteria these users relied on most often. Key criteria identified included (in order of frequency of appearance) research, topic, scope, data, influence, affiliation, Web characteristics, and authority/ person. A power-law distribution of criteria was observed (a few criteria represented most of the highlighted regions, with a long tail of occasionally used criteria). Implications of this work are that information retrieval (IR) systems should be tailored in terms of users' tendencies to rely on certain document criteria, and that relevance research should combine methods to gather richer, contextualized data. Metadata for IR systems, such as that used in search engine surrogates, could be improved by taking into account actual usage of relevance criteria. Such metadata should be user-centered (based on data from users, as in this study) and context-appropriate (fit to users' situations and tasks).
A New Nitrogen Line

RECENTLY1, I reported the preliminary study of a nitrogen afterglow at high pressures, rich in the Vegard-Kaplan bands and containing a line at 3471 A. which was tentatively identified as the hitherto unobserved transition 2P→4S in atomic nitrogen. That report was based on observations of the afterglow from two tubes, in one of which the nitrogen was purer and at a lower pressure than in the other. Further observations on these tubes has enabled us to study the variations in intensity of the Vegard-Kaplan bands and the new line, both with respect to pressure and to purity.
The position sensitivity of retinal X- and Y-cells in cats*

We have devised a measure of a retinal ganglion cell's sensitivity to changes in the spatial position of a grating stimulus. At maximum, this relative position sensitivity is a scaled product of the stimulus spatial frequency and the cell's fundamental component of response to that spatial frequency. We obtained the relative position sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency for 13 X-cells and 14 Y-cells. X-cell functions peak at significantly higher spatial frequencies than do those of Y-cells. At their peaks, X-cells display significantly higher values of relative position sensitivity than do Y-cells. However, Y-cells have higher position sensitivity at lower spatial frequencies, but exhibit less of a range of variation from maximum to minimum than do X-cells. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that Y-cells provide the crucial substrate for form vision at lower spatial frequencies, while X-cells are important for details carried by the higher spatial frequencies.
Vortex shedding from cylinders at low Reynolds numbers

The presence of discontinuities in the Strouhal-number–Reynolds-number relationship was observed in several flows for cylinders in the Reynolds-number range 50–175. An experimental technique was devised to monitor carefully the shedding frequency and free-stream velocity so that the transitions could be distinctly observed. Quantitative Strouhal-number–Reynolds-number data, for cylinders of length-to-diameter ratio exceeding 150, agree reasonably well with the results of Tritton (1959) and Berger (1964).
Economics of intellectual property rights in the international arena.

Beaucoup de decisions relatives a la protection de la propriete intellectuelle sont de nature economique. Une analyse economique est en consequence proposee pour les etudier dans un contexte international. Le premier modele montre comment le choix, par un seul pays, d'une forme particuliere de protection affectera l'interet economique de ses partenaires commerciaux. Les consequences economiques de decisions unilaterales, bilaterales et multilaterales sont ensuite comparees. La derniere analyse cherche a preciser le nombre optimal de membres dans des accords multilateraux et le choix a faire parmi les accords mutuellement exclusifs internationaux. (INTD)
Mini-soliton stars

Nontopological soliton solutions of a complex scalar field in general relativity are derived. The theory is renormalizable (except for graviton loops), and these solutions are valid both classically and quantum mechanically. We study the ground states (which are stable) as well as the excited states, but restrict ourselves to spherically symmetric ones. Their physical characteristics can be rather remarkable. For example, if the mass of the scalar field is about 30 GeV, then a mini-soliton star could have a radius \ensuremath{\sim}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}16}$ cm, a mass \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{10}$ kg, and a density \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{41}$ times that of a neutron star.
Trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity: Gene expression pathway analysis, q-RT-PCR and immunoblotting reveal early effects associated with hippocampal damage and gliosis

Damage to the CNS results in a complex series of molecular and cellular changes involving the affected targets and the ensuing glial reaction. The initial gene expression events that underlie these cellular responses may serve as early biomarkers of neurotoxicity. Here, we examined gene expression profiles during the initial phase of hippocampal damage resulting from systemic exposure of rats to the organometallic neurotoxicant, trimethyltin (TMT, 8.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Using TMT as a neurodegeneration tool confers several advantages for evaluating molecular events associated with neural damage: 1) regional and cellular targets and time course of damage are known, 2) the blood-brain barrier is not compromised, which limits the contribution of blood-borne factors, e.g. immune, to neural injury responses and 3) known protein and mRNA signatures of TMT-induced neurotoxicity can be used as positive controls to validate novel expression events associated with exposure to this neurotoxicant. Using Affymetrix Gene Chip® to assess gene expression after TMT, combined with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis®, we observed changes consistent for genes known to be affected in hippocampus, while corresponding changes were not detected in cerebellum, a non-target region. In agreement with previous observations, limited changes in expression of inflammation-related genes were observed. Correlated expression profiles were found after exposure to TMT, including changes in gene ontologies associated with neurological disease, cellular assembly and maintenance, as well as signaling pathways associated with cellular stress, energy metabolism and glial activation. Selected gene changes were confirmed from each category by q-RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. The canonical relationships identified implicate molecular pathways and processes relevant to detection of early stages of hippocampal damage in the TMT model. These observations provide new insight into early events associated with neuronal degeneration and associated glial activation that may serve as the basis for discovery and development of biomarkers of neurotoxicity.
DNA Topoisomerase I-Mediated Formation of Structurally Modified DNA Duplexes. Effects of Metal Ions and Topoisomerase I Inhibitors†

The ability of DNA topoisomerase I to mediate the formation of structurally modified DNA duplexes was studied utilizing suicide substrates containing high-efficiency cleavage sites and acceptor oligonucleotides in which the 5‘-terminal nucleotides were varied. When the substrates were nicked duplexes, the divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ were found to facilitate the topoisomerase I-mediated formation of ligation products containing 3-nucleotide deletions on the scissile strand, but to suppress the formation of 1-nucleotide deletions. The presence of a complementary nucleotide at the 5‘-end of the acceptor strand was not required for the ligation reaction to proceed, but duplex formation to produce duplexes containing a mismatch proceeded more slowly than formation of the fully complementary duplex. Topoisomerase I-mediated mismatch formation in the ligation reaction was inhibited more readily by camptothecin than the corresponding ligation reaction to form a fully complementary duplex; the extent of inhibit...
Herbs to homeopathy-medicinal products for children.

Many pediatric patients and their families use dietary supplements and homeopathy. They do not always disclose this information to their health care practitioners. It is important that health care practitioners are aware of the research available in these areas and discuss the use of these products openly with their patients. As part of that dialogue, clinicians need to consider what level of effectiveness is acceptable to support the use of these products by their patients. This risk–benefit appraisal should consider safety, effectiveness, the medical condition being treated, and the personal beliefs and preferences of patients and their families.
Children’s Expressive Language Skills and Their Impact on the Relation Between First- and Second-Language Phonological Awareness Skills

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the cross-language relations between the phonological awareness (PA) skills of preschool children learning more than one language are dependent upon their first- and second-language oral language skills. Four hundred sixty-six Spanish-speaking language minority children participated in this study. Results indicated that the relation between children’s first- and second-language PA skills varied as a function of their first- and second-language oral language skills. This effect was language specific such that only oral language skills in the same language as the PA outcome moderated the relations between children’s first- and second-language PA skills. This study helps extend findings from prior research on the cross-language transfer of PA.
A Systematic Review of Financial Literacy as a Termed Concept: More Questions Than Answers

Financial literacy, as a concept by that name, has only been explored in library science literature for a little over a decade. The concept, and especially the role of libraries in furthering this literacy, is still evolving. This systematic literature review examines the current definition of financial literacy, why financial literacy matters, where the public has been accessing financial literacy education to date, the difficulties encountered, by libraries and others, in providing this education, and how these challenges might be addressed moving forward.
Word learning in adults with second language experience: Effects of phonological and referent familiarity

Purpose The goal of this research was to examine whether phonological familiarity exerts different effects on novel word learning for familiar versus unfamiliar referents and whether successful wor...
Pediatric brain tumors in non-Hispanics, Hispanics, African Americans and Asians: differences in survival after diagnosis.

Background Racial differences in survival for children with brain tumors have not been well studied, particularly in Hispanics and Asians. The objective of this study was to assess racial differences in survival of children with brain tumors, focusing on Hispanics, African Americans and Asians compared to Non-Hispanics.
An Update of Fetal and Placental Metabolism: Carbohydrate and Amino Acids

This paper presents a review of fetal and placental metabolism, particularly as it relates to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. The strengths of simultaneous application of the Fick principle methodology for the determination of net substrate fluxes with tracer methodology for estimating rates of fetal and placental utilization of compounds is discussed and illustrated. The interconversion of nutrients, both within the fetus and in the placenta, is reviewed with particular emphasis on potential cycling of nutrients between the placenta and fetal liver. Recent work defining the changes in fetal and placental metabolism at mid gestation is also discussed. This work is used as an example illustrating the importance of defining a wide gestational age window for study of ontogenetic changes in fetal metabolism. Finally, recent clinical studies utilizing cordocentesis or periumbilical blood sampling for evaluating the biochemical environment of the human fetus at mid gestation are reviewed and compared to data obtained under chronic steady-state conditions in fetal sheep.
Interplay between Minor and Major Groove-binding Transcription Factors Sox2 and Oct1 in Translocation on DNA Studied by Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic NMR

Abstract The pathways whereby Sox2 scans DNA to locate its specific binding site are investigated by NMR in specific and nonspecific Sox2·DNA complexes and in a specific ternary complex with Oct1 on the Hoxb1 regulatory element. Direct transfer of Sox2 between nonspecific sites on different DNA molecules occurs without dissociation into free solution at a rate of ∼106 m−1 s−1, whereas one-dimensional sliding proceeds with a diffusion constant of ≥0.1 μm2·s−1. Translocation of Sox2 from one specific DNA site to another occurs via jumping, involving complete dissociation into free solution (kd ∼5–6 s−1) followed by reassociation (ka ∼5 × 108 m−1 s−1). In the presence of Oct1 bound to an adjacent specific site, kd is reduced by more than 10-fold. Paramagnetic relaxation measurements, however, demonstrate that sparsely populated (<1%), transient states involving nonspecifically bound Sox2 in rapid exchange with specifically bound Sox2 are sampled in both binary Sox2·DNA- and ternary Oct1·Sox2·Hoxb1-DNA-specific complexes. Moreover, Sox2 modulates the mechanism of translocation of Oct1. Both Sox2 and the Oct1 POUHD domain are transiently released from the specific ternary complex by sliding to an adjacent nonspecific site, followed by direct transfer to another DNA molecule, whereas the Oct1 POUS domain is fixed to its specific site through direct interactions with Sox2. Intermolecular translocation of POUHD results in the formation of a bridged intermediate spanning two DNA molecules, enhancing the probability of complete intermolecular translocation of Oct1. By way of contrast, in the specific Oct1·DNA binary complex, POUS undergoes direct intermolecular translocation, whereas POUHD scans the DNA by sliding.
Separating clouds from ocean in infrared images

Abstract To use digital infrared images for quantitative sea surface temperature studies, data which do not represent ocean temperatures must be identified and labeled so that they will not be used in subsequent analysis. A pair of algorithms, run in sequence, were designed to sort the 57 coregistered images which were collected from the satellite NOAA-6 for the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) in 1981.1 A combination of threshold tests and uniformity tests are used on two infrared channels to eliminate data which are from clouds or land. The goal of the procedure is to sort many images efficiently, eliminating only obviously contaminated data. To maintain the best temporal resolution, the algorithms do not rely on a visible channel and thus sort both daytime and nighttime images. The large number of measurements ( > 250,000 per image ) makes an automatic procedure desirable; however, some variations in input parameters from one image to the next were found to be essential to retain all reasonably cloud-free data.
Apoptosis: Overview and Signal Transduction Pathways

ABSTRACT Apoptosis is a form of cell death that is driven by an intrinsic cellular suicide program. The roles of apoptosis and other forms of programmed cell death in neural development, maintenance, and disease states are increasingly being recognized and defined. Therapies directed at the apoptotic program have seen at least some degree of success in animal models of neurodegenerative disease, vascular disease, and traumatic CNS injury. This article describes the signal transduction pathways that mediate apoptosis. Broadly speaking, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for apoptosis activation may be distinguished, as can be cross-talk between these two. These pathways converge on a system of proteases referred to as "capases" (cysteinyl aspartic proteinases), and modulators exist that multimerize, activate, amplify, or inhibit caspases. Activated caspases are the executioners of the apoptotic program, and carry out this function by cleaving specific cellular substrates. Modulation of this process holds pro...
Vesicle dynamics during cell-plate formation in plants

Plant cells undergoing cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) form a cell plate in the center of the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast consists of both cytoskeletal and membranous elements. The cytoskeletal elements are required for the delivery of vesicles to the equatorial region of the cell and provide guidance to the cell plate. Vesicles, originating from the Golgi apparatus, travel along microtubules and fuse in a unique manner at the center of the phragmoplast to give rise to the new plasma membranes of the two daughter cells. The cargo they carry contributes to the cell-plate matrix. The production, delivery and fusion of these vesicles at an appropriate time and place are critical for the correct positioning of the forming cell-plate. Recent evidence suggests that a dynamin-like protein — phragmoplastin — may be involved in ‘squeezing' the cell-plate vesicles into specialized tubular structures, facilitating membrane fusion and the release of the vesicle contents. We describe the dynamics of this complex pathway and our progress in understanding it at the molecular level.
Studies on algal substances in the sea. III. The production of extracellular organic matter by littoral marine algae

Abstract In both natural sunlight and in the dark Fucus vesiculosus L. gives no consistent or appreciable accumulation of dissolved organic matter in a closed system. On the addition of a bacteriostatic concentration of Thiomersal or the use of autoclaved sea water there was an accumulation of organic matter but the limitations of a closed system were not entirely overcome. An open system with 2 to 3 dilutions/h of fresh membrane-filtered (0.45 μ) sea water gave consistent and appreciable quantities of extracellular organic carbon which ranged from 4.4 mg C 100 g/h for Chondrus crispus Stackh. to 54.2 mg C 100 g/h for fruiting Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. Exudation in Fucus, which was coupled directly to photosynthesis, increased with solar radiation and was absent in the dark but unlike Fucus, Laminaria digitata (Huds.) Lamour. and Laminaria agardhii Kjellm. gave exudation in the dark. Reducing the salinity of the sea water caused an apparent reduction in the rate of exudation of organic matter by Fucus vesiculosus. Exudation also occurred in littoral algae on emersion during low tide. Desiccation caused a 68–89 % loss of moisture in surface fronds of Fucus vesiculosus and there was an organic carbon loss upon re-immersion in sea water of from 52–380 mg C 100 g . Complete clumps of algae on exposed rocks lost some 39 mg C 100 g . A light natural rainfall was more effective than artificial rain water in extraction and gave rates of exudation ranging from 7.5 and 46.4 mg C 100 g/mm of rain for Chondrus crispus and Fucus vesiculosus, respectively. Freezing at −15°C had little more effect than emersion, but algae held at −30°C for 4 h lost approximately 3 % of their organic matter upon thawing in sea water. Colorimetric assays were used to determine the nature of the exudates. Carbohydrate material appears to be most abundant followed by equal amounts of nitrogenous and polyphenolic material. Nitrogenous materials were exuded in greater concentrations during conditions which appeared injurious to the plants, including excessive desiccation, heavy rain, and extremely low temperature. A carbon balance for Fucus vesiculosus during spring conditions indicates that of the 1098 mg C 100 g fixed during the 6 h daily illuminated immersion period respiration accounts for some 276 mg C 100 g while exudation accounts for a total of 337 mg C 100 g during a 24 h period. This suggests that approximately 30 % of the total carbon or 40 % of the net carbon fixed daily is exuded by this plant. Since beds of Fucus can exceed 1000 g C/m2 and fix at least 16.5 g C/m2/day, extracellular organic matter production from such beds may be equivalent to 5–7 g C/m2/day.
The effect of viewing geometry and topography on viewable gap fractions through forest canopies

The fraction of the surface under forest canopies that is visible from above, or the viewable gap fraction (VGF), influences a number of significant physical processes, such as the longwave radiation budget of the surface and the magnitude of diffuse irradiance. In addition, it has significant implications for the remote sensing of the surface. The VGF is dependent on canopy structure, topography and viewing geometry. Although it is difficult to map VGF using current operational remote sensing systems, it is possible to estimate VGF using models based on the three-dimensional structure of forest canopies. Results from hemispheric photographs taken in the field at Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, and a geometric optical (GO) model show a trend of rapid decrease in VGF as the view zenith angles diverges from nadir. Whereas there is general agreement between model estimates and the hemispheric photographs, the hemispheric photographs generally show higher VGF values for all view zenith angles. In particular, the higher values for VGF are apparent at high view zenith angles. Use of a more complicated GO radiative transfer model would add the effect of within-crown gaps to those modelled by the GO model and will be used in future studies. VGF maps estimated using the GO model for the Fool Creek intensive study area show a significant decrease in VGF when view zenith angle is increased from 0° (nadir) to 30° viewing from the east. To produce VGF maps in mountain areas, the effect of topography must be taken into account, as changes in slope angle and azimuth are similar to changes in the view zenith angle. Hence, topography can serve either to accentuate or to minimize view zenith angle effects, depending on the slope orientation relative to the viewing position.
Bifurcated hydrogen bonds and flip—flop conformation in a modified nucleic acid base, gc 6 Ade

FROM an analysis of X-ray diffraction data on modified bases of transfer RNA (tRNA) and their ribonucleosides, we have established that these molecules can be made to undergo, by suitable changes in PH, a reversible flip–flop conformational change from one stable state to another across a high potential barrier. We have also shown that positive charges adjacent to C–H bonds in the heterocyclic ring of nucleic acid bases polarise these bonds and enable them to take part in strong hydrogen bonds to appropriate acceptors.
Evolution of scalar fields from characteristic data

Abstract We present a new algorithm for solving nonlinear wave equations when initial data is specified on characteristic surfaces. The algorithm is directly applicable to hyperbolic systems such as Maxwell, Yang-Mills, and gravitational fields. The basic principles should also be applicable to hydrodynamics. It is an especially effective approach for studying radiation fields. We show that this method is stable, globally convergent to second order in the grid spacing, and satisfies an energy conservation law. We carry out numerical studies of scalar wave equations with nonlinear self-interactions for some examples of physical interest. We observe nonlinear phenomena such as backscattering, radiative tail decay, and approximate analogues to solitons in three dimensions.
Characterization of the Lactobacillus helveticus groESL operon

This study utilized inverse polymerase chain reactions to characterize a 2.7-kb region of the Lactobacillus helveticus LH212 chromosome that included two complete and one truncated open reading frames (ORFs). Protein homology searches showed that the first two ORFs encoded homologs to the universally conserved heat shock proteins GroES and GroEL. Amino acids encoded by the 5′ end of the truncated ORF that was downstream of groEL showed good homology to the amino terminal end of the Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA mismatch repair enzyme HexA. Nucleotide sequence analysis identified a putative transcriptional promoter upstream of groES that was comprised of −35 and −10 hexamers flanked upstream and downstream by copies of the conserved Gram-positive heat shock gene regulatory sequence, CIRCE. A large inverted repeat that may function as a rho-independent transcriptional terminator was located between groEL and the third ORF. Northern hybridization of an LH212 groEL gene fragment to RNA isolated from cells that had been heat shocked at 52°C for 0, 5, 10 or 15 min detected a 2.2-kb transcript in each of the cell preparations. Densitometry showed the concentration of this mRNA species was approximately 4-fold higher after heat shock for 5 or 10 min and 3-fold higher after 15 min of heat shock.