cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomalous Surplus Energy Transfer Observed with Multiple FRET Acceptors

Background Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a mechanism where energy is transferred from an excited donor fluorophore to adjacent chromophores via non-radiative dipole-dipole interactions. FRET theory primarily considers the interactions of a single donor-acceptor pair. Unfortunately, it is rarely known if only a single acceptor is present in a molecular complex. Thus, the use of FRET as a tool for measuring protein-protein interactions inside living cells requires an understanding of how FRET changes with multiple acceptors. When multiple FRET acceptors are present it is assumed that a quantum of energy is either released from the donor, or transferred in toto to only one of the acceptors present. The rate of energy transfer between the donor and a specific acceptor (kD→A) can be measured in the absence of other acceptors, and these individual FRET transfer rates can be used to predict the ensemble FRET efficiency using a simple kinetic model where the sum of all FRET transfer rates is divided by the sum of all radiative and non-radiative transfer rates. Methodology/Principal Findings The generality of this approach was tested by measuring the ensemble FRET efficiency in two constructs, each containing a single fluorescent-protein donor (Cerulean) and either two or three FRET acceptors (Venus). FRET transfer rates between individual donor-acceptor pairs within these constructs were calculated from FRET efficiencies measured after systematically introducing point mutations to eliminate all other acceptors. We find that the amount of energy transfer observed in constructs having multiple acceptors is significantly greater than the FRET efficiency predicted from the sum of the individual donor to acceptor transfer rates. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that either an additional energy transfer pathway exists when multiple acceptors are present, or that a theoretical assumption on which the kinetic model prediction is based is incorrect.
Vitamin A and mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis in colon homogenates.

Abstract The requirement of vitamin A for the formation in vitro of mucopolysaccharide-bound hexosamines has been studied. Net synthesis of total as well as mucopolysaccharide-bound hexosamines in colon homogenates from glucose 6-phosphate, adenosine triphosphates, uridine triphosphate, glutamine and magnesium chloride, was impaired by vitamin A deficiency, and could be restored specifically by added vitamin A. The minimum effective amount of the vitamin was 1.25·10−2 μmoles per incubation (0.1 μmole/100 mg protein). [14C] Glucose was found to be incorporated into hexosamines bound to mucopolysaccharide under the same conditions. The incorporation was also depressed by vitamin a deficiency and restorable by added vitamin A. It is concluded that vitamin A functions, possibly co-enzymically, in the biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharide.
Service-oriented network abstraction and discovery for the diversified internet

The next generation Internet will be highly diversified in both underlying networking technologies and supported networking applications. The diversified Internet architecture requires effective collaboration among heterogeneous network domains to support various application requirements. One of the challenges to achieve this objective lies in enabling network domain collaboration and network-application interaction without exposing the internal structure and implementation details of each domain. The service-oriented architecture has been successful in the grid computing and Web services areas to address the problem of inter-domain resource sharing to support various applications. In this paper, we explore application of the service-oriented idea in networking area to support the diversified Internet. We specifically investigate service-oriented network abstraction and discovery. We propose an approach for network service description and develop a technique for discovering the appropriate network services that meet performance requirements. We also discuss a system structure for implementing the technologies developed in this paper.
Pomeron decoupling in inclusive multi-Regge models

Inclusive charge conservation sum rules and naive duality are used to constrain the parameters of a multi-Regge-Mueller model with factorizable J-plane singularities including a leading pomeron trajectory (of intercept not necessarily one) and a countable number of secondary trajectories. Consistency requires the vanishing of the central coupling of particle π+ to two pomeron trajectories, that is, for single particle π+ spectra, the rapidity plateau must disappear! This unpalatable result may be a warning not to push oversimplified models too far; nevertheless, we show in two examples, a possible way of avoiding the decoupling through modification of the pomeron propagator to vanish for small rapidity separations.
Dispersal behavior of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) in sweet corn fields: implications for augmentative releases against Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

Abstract The dispersal behavior of Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen, a potential biological control agent of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, was investigated in fields of sweet corn in central New York. The aims of the study were to quantify T. ostriniae dispersal, to determine whether they persisted in release fields, and what minimum number of release points per unit area would be adequate to ensure uniform distribution of the wasps for augmentative releases. Dispersal was monitored from central release points over distances from 35 to 230 m, in a square 9 ha grid of monitoring points, using yellow sticky cards and O. nubilalis sentinel egg masses to detect T. ostriniae. Results showed that the wasps dispersed rapidly, up to 180 m in 6 days and 230 m in 21 days. The number of T. ostriniae captured on sticky cards and sentinel egg mass parasitism decreased with distance from point of release, although 11–40% parasitism of egg masses occurred in monitoring positions most distant from the release points. Uniform parasitism of sentinel egg masses was achieved in areas of 1–2 ha surrounding central release points. It is suggested that a single release point per hectare should be adequate to ensure uniform dispersal of T. ostriniae into sweet corn fields.
Penile erection: In search of a neurotransmitter

The neural control of penile erection does not appear to conform to classic adrenergic or cholinergic concepts. The neurophysiology and the neuropharmacology of erection are briefly reviewed. Current trends in research in this area and the possible importance of a peptidergic innervation are discussed.
Current Treatment of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Prognostic factors in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) include polyarticular onset, polyarticular disease course, and rheumatoid factor positivity; in the systemic onset subtype, persistence of systemic features at 6 months after onset confers a worse prognosis. Timely diagnosis and appropriate aggressive treatment of patients with poor prognostic features improve quality of life and outcome. After nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, methotrexate is the most commonly used second-line agent. However, approximately one third of patients do not respond to methotrexate adequately. Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials in patients with JRA are few, but one such trial with the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor etanercept shows that this drug is effective and well-tolerated. Other recently approved agents for rheumatoid arthritis, including infliximab, leflunomide, celecoxib, and rofecoxib, have not been adequately studied in pediatric patients, and the role of these agents in children with JRA remains to be determined.
Output, Stock Volatility, and Political Uncertainty in a Natural Experiment: Germany, 1880–1940

Why does stock volatility increase when output declines? The theory of investment under uncertainty implies that political uncertainty may simultaneously increase volatility and reduce output. Though cause and effect are typically hard to separate, the transition from Imperial to Weimar Germany offers a natural experiment because major political events left clear traces on stock prices. Current and past increases in volatility are associated with output declines, consistent with U.S. experience. However, political events are more clearly the source of volatility, and the results support the view that the relationship between volatility and output ref lects the joint effects of political factors. WHY DOES STOCK VOLATILITY CHANGE over time, and why is it higher in recessions? Though the basic facts are well established ~Huang and Kracaw ~1984!, Schwert ~1989a!, Romer ~1990!, Pindyck ~1991a!!, the causal link between volatility and business slumps is unclear. Slumps may cause volatility, volatility may cause slumps, or both may be the consequence of some other, more clearly exogenous factor. Political uncertainty may represent such an exogenous factor. Consider the Great Depression in the United States. Major changes in economic policy occurred in the 1930s, and even larger changes were a possibility. The highly volatile stock market of the 1930s may very well have ref lected a nonnegligible, f luctuating probability that the United States would “go socialist.” The same uncertainty about economic policy may also have caused a slump in business investment and reduced consumer spending. Though the explanation has appeal, political uncertainty was not clearly exogenous. A critic could say that higher volatility and the radical nature of policy debate were consequences of the decline in output, and the Depression itself had other causes. As Schwert ~1989b! points out in a more general context, we can easily construct links between volatility and the business cycle, but causation is hard to pin down. This paper looks at stock volatility and output in a case marked by a clear, exogenous political shock. Until the start of World War I in 1914, Imperial Germany had a stable, limited government. Weimar Germany after the war
Specific Processing of Native and Phosphorylated τ Protein by Proteases

Abstract Protein τ is a group of developmentally regulated proteins with implications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). To study whether phosphorylation of τ by different protein kinases may affect subsequent reactivity to proteases, human recombinant τ-3 was phosphorylated with PKA or a double-stranded DNA-dependent protein kinase (referred to as DNA-PK), followed by incubation with thrombin or a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-stimulated protease. Quantitative degradation of τ was measured by the disappearance of the substrates or the appearance of products on SDS–PAGE. With thrombin, τ-3 phosphorylated by DNA-PK was degraded faster than the native protein which was processed at a faster rate than τ-3 phosphorylated by PKA. With the dsDNA-stimulated protease, however, τ-3 phosphorylated by PKA was processed faster than that phosphorylated by DNA-PK. Thrombin-mediated degradation of DNA-PK phosphorylated τ-3 gave a pattern different from that using the native or the PKA phosphorylated τ-3 as substrates. These results suggest that the rate and/or sequence of phosphorylation at specific sites of τ may provide “micro-environments” and/or conformations which alter their accessibility and/or reactivity to proteases.
The effects of pulmonary arterial hypertension in the isolated perfused lung

Abstract It was found that increased PAP transmitted through capillaries will cause weight gain in the isolated perfused lung. As a result of the congestion, PAP rises, resistance increases and flow decreases proportional to PAP. Hypoxemia occurred only after the weight of the lung doubled. The fluid leading to congestion had high concentrations of albumin and sodium. The blood content of the lung increased markedly. Experimentally similar conditions of increased PAP with normal LAP have been cited to indicate that increased PAP during fluid infusion may lead to congestion of the lung.
Identification of simian cyclophilin A as a calreticulin-binding protein in yeast two-hybrid screen and demonstration of cyclophilin A interaction with calreticulin.

Abstract Cyclophilin A (CyPA) was identified as one of the calreticulin (CR)-binding proteins in a yeast two-hybrid screen utilizing simian cDNA expression-library. The simian CyPA protein had 96% identity with that of human, differing only at eight amino acid residues. We further established CyPA–CR interaction by incubation of glutathione transferase-fused CyPA (GST-CyPA) and CR proteins with CV-1 cyto-lysates, followed by CR and CyPA-specific immuno-blot analysis. The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A, a CyPA ligand, did not inhibit CyPA–CR interaction. Our results established a new property of CyPA binding activity to CR. Since CR is a Ca 2+ -binding protein, CR–CyPA interactions may be important in signaling pathways for induction of Ca 2+ -dependent cellular processes.
Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Fertilization on Cucumber

Soil water budgets are essential in determining the proper timing and amount of irrigation. Organic fertilizers can be substituted for commercial fertilizers; however, information is sparse on the interaction of irrigation management and nutrient source on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production. Th is study evaluated nutrient source and irrigation management on growth and yield of cucumber grown in the arid area of Egypt. A fi eld experiment was conducted using cucumber grown in northern Egypt at Shibin El-Kom in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate water use and fertilizer rate and type. Th ree irrigation defi cits and seven fertilization types were arranged in a randomized split-plot design with irrigation rates as main plots and fertilizer treatments within irrigation rates. Irrigation treatments were a ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ET) as: 1.0 ET, 0.84 ET, and 0.64 ET. Fertilizer treatments were applied at the recommended rate of N either as a commercial fertilizer or with organic manure. Chlorophyll a and b, leaf area index, and yield were greatest with the lowest ratios of male to female fl owers when adequate water and high N were used (1.0 ET with chicken manure at 7 Mg/ha). Seasonal water use was 498 and 471 mm for 1.0 ET in 2006 and 2007 plantings over the 125 d growing season, respectively. Th e yield reduction coeffi cient averaged 0.77. An optimal scheduling was statistically developed based on crop response in defi cit irrigation to achieve maximum yield for diff erent uniformity coeffi cient variation values. Cucumber performance was signifi cantly aff ected by both irrigation and nutrient defi ciencies.
Recurrent Sigmoid Volvulus – Early Resection may Obviate Later Emergency Surgery and Reduce Morbidity and Mortality

Acute sigmoid volvulus is commonest in the Western world among the elderly and the institutionalised. Given the sig - nificant co-morbidity in this population and the perceived risks associated with definitive surgery, many surgeons elect to manage this condition conservatively with colono - scopic decompression alone. Non-operative management of acute sigmoid volvulus potentially obviates surgical mor - bidity in high-risk elderly and frail patients with distended, unprepared bowel. However, because recurrence rates (55-90%) and mortality rates (40%) are high, conservative treatment should be used predominantly to move patients from emergency surgery status to semi-elective surgery sta - tus. 1-8 Indeed, following initial resuscitation of patients with ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Acute sigmoid volvulus is a well recognised cause of acute large bowel obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed our unit's experience with non-operative and operative management of this condition. A total of 27 patients were treated for acute sigmoid volvulus between 1996 and 2006. In total, there were 62 separate hospital admissions. RESULTS Eleven patients were managed with colonoscopic decompression alone. The overall mortality rate for non-operative management was 36.4% (4 of 11 patients). Fifteen patients had operative management (five semi-elective following decom - pression, 10 emergency). There was no mortality in the semi-elective cohort and one in the emergency surgery group. The overall mortality for surgery was 6% (1 of 15). Five of the seven patients managed with colonoscopic decompression alone who survived were subsequently re-admitted with sigmoid volvulus (a 71.4% recurrence rate). The six deaths in our overall series each occurred in patients with established gangrene of the bowel. With early surgical intervention before the onset of gan - grene, however, good outcomes may be achieved, even in patients apparently unsuitable for elective surgery. Eight of the 15 operatively managed patients were considered to be ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) grade 4. There was no post - operative mortality in this group. CONCLUSIONS Given the high rate of recurrence of sigmoid volvulus after initial successful non-operative management and the attendant risks of mortality from gangrenous bowel developing with a subsequent volvulus, it is our contention that all patients should be considered for definitive surgery after initial colonoscopic decompression, irrespective of the ASA score.
The Development and Retention of Environmental Attitudes in Elementary School Children

Abstract This study investigated the effects of instruction in environmental education on the attitudes of elementary school children toward the environment. One class of third graders was provided with two hours of environmental education instruction. A comparable class of third graders served as a control group. Both classes were pre- and posttested using an author-designed environmental attitude questionnaire. Analyses of these data showed that 1) the experimental group had significantly improved attitudes on a pre-post basis and 2) this same group had significantly more positive attitudes toward the environment when compared with the control group. When tested again as fifth graders, the experimental group remained significantly more positive toward the environment than the fifth grade control group.
Phosphorylation of Human Progesterone Receptor by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 on Three Sites That Are Authentic Basal Phosphorylation Sites In Vivo

The human progesterone receptor (hPR) in T47D breast cancer cells is phosphorylated on at least nine different serine residues. We have previously reported the identification of five sites; three are hormone inducible (Ser102, Ser294 and Ser345), and their phosphorylation correlates with the timing of the change in receptor mobility on gel electrophoresis in response to hormone treatment. The other two sites, Ser81 and Ser162, along with the remaining sites, are basally phosphorylated and exhibit a general increase in phosphorylation in response to hormone. With the exception of Ser81, all of these sites are in Ser-Pro motifs, suggesting that proline-directed kinases are responsible for their phosphorylation. We now report that cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase-2 complexes phosphorylate hPR-B in vitro with a high stoichiometry on three sites that are authentic basal sites in vivo. One of these is Ser162, which has been described previously. The other two sites are identified here as Ser190 and Ser400. The ...
Surface patterning by nanosphere lithography for layer growth with ordered pores

Porous Ta layers were grown by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) onto two types of regular surface patterns: honeycomb nanodot arrays and pyramidal hole arrays. The patterning technique employs colloidal self-assembly of 260- to 700-nm-diameter SiO2 nanospheres that form hexagonal close packed monolayers on Si(001) surfaces. Directional evaporation through the holes between the nanospheres yields honeycomb nanodot patterns, while sputter deposition through the nanospheres leads to a thin film mesh that acts as a mask during subsequent anisotropic etching, resulting in an array of inverted pyramid holes. GLAD on nanodot patterns results in honeycomb nanopillar arrays containing a regular array of 450-nm-wide pores that are each surrounded by six 286-nm-wide pillars. GLAD on inverted pyramid hole patterns leads to porous layers with arrays of 280-nm-wide vertical nanochannels separated by 60–130 nm wide Ta nanorod walls. These results demonstrate that substrate patterning by nanosphere lithography is effective in controlling both the size and the arrangement of pores during GLAD. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Development and evaluation of a glow discharge microwave-induced-plasma tandem source for time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

In this work, a new glow discharge, microwave-induced-plasma (GDMIP), tandem ion source was developed, characterized, and used in conjunction with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This tandem source was designed to be simple and compact. The GD and the MIP unit are independent and demountable, providing flexibility in tuning and operating. The microwave plasma can be formed with very low power (a few watts) and overlapped with the glow discharge. The discharge current increased with the addition of microwave discharge when the GD was operated in constant-voltage mode, and the amplitude of the current increase was found to be related to microwave power, discharge pressure, and sampling distance. With the addition of microwave discharge, significant signal enhancement was achieved under a discharge pressure of 2.0 Torr and a discharge voltage of 500 V with 2.0-mm sampling distance. Enhanced factors of analyte signals ranging from ∼1 to nearly 10 could be obtained with MIP boosting, while no significant cha...
“Laissez‐Rouler Le Bon LLBL!”

Eighty scientists gathered at a Chapman Conference in New Orleans last spring to discuss the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) and its dynamic interaction with the solar wind and magnetosphere. The topic was more narrowly defined than for most previous Chapman Conferences, as this one specifically treated the LLBL. However, the turnout was respectable, albeit in part because many attendees ventured into neighboring issues— notably merging—that have dominated previous meetings, such as the 1994 Chapman Conference on the physics of the magnetopause. Discussions were unusually lengthy and lively; fortunately, they were conducted with little rancor. A highlight of the meeting was Tim Eastman's historical review of early LLBL research, which established when certain terms first entered the literature. “LLBL” was first used by Gerhard Haerendel and colleagues in 1978, although observations of this region had been made earlier.
Perspective: Fluid Dynamics and Performance of Automotive Torque Converters: An Assessment

Experimental investigations by various groups over the past decade have uncovered the main features of the flow in hydraulic torque converters. Measurement techniques include laser and hot wire velocimetry, fast response and conventional five-hole probes, and blade and wall static pressure measurement. In both the pump and turbine, the through flow velocity is high near the pressure surface shell corner while the flow in the suction surface core corner is highly turbulent and may be separated and reversed. The position of the stator in a passage curved in the meridional plane leads to secondary flow and low velocities at the core near the pump inlet. Velocity gradients coupled with flow turning and rotor rotation lead to strong secondary flows. By using data from a combination of measurement techniques, torque converter torque, power and efficiency are calculated, and the effect of element efficiency on overall efficiency is demonstrated. It is concluded that design methods should be developed that allow for nonuniform velocity profiles, flow separation, secondary circulation and interaction effects between elements.
Photovoltaic properties of amorphous silicon produced by reactive sputtering

Abstract This paper reviews the photovoltaic properties of amorphous silicon produced by RF diode reactive sputtering. It is divided into three sections. The first part deals with the properties of the intrinsic films. The importance of structural and compositional inhomogeneities, and the role of hydrogen and trace impurities in defining the optoelectronic properties of the material are discussed. The second part deals with the properties of the doped films produced either by gas phase doping or by sputtering from doped targets. Comparison is drawn between totally amorphous and partially crystallized doped films and the superiority of the latter for photovoltaic applications is stressed. Finally, the third section deals with device studies. Solar cells, having the configuration substrate/nip/ITO, generate external currents of 13 mA/cm 2 and open circuit voltages of between 0.85 to 0.95 V. The efficiency of these devices, 5.5%, is limited by the low FF, typically less than 50%. Tandem solar cell structures, having the configuration substrate/nip-nip/ITO, produce an open circuit voltage of 1.8 V. Methods to improve the FF and the J se through the implementation of amorphous silicon carbide p-type contacts and light trapping techniques are discussed.
Ethno-behaviorism and the culture-bound syndromes: The case of amok

The phenomenon of amok is reviewed in order to demonstrate the heuristic value of an ethno-behavioral model of culture-bound syndromes. The notion that culture-bound syndromes share underlying common disease forms is rejected. Instead, the ethno-behavioral model postulates that culture-bound syndromes consist of culturally specific behavioral repertoires legitimated by culturally sanctioned norms and concepts, but with both behavior and norms acquired in accordance with basic principles of human learning universal to all cultures. Consistent with this model, amok is shown to be a common behavioral pathway for multiple precipitants (which may or may not include disease pathology), but with a distinct form and conceptualization which can be traced to the social learning practices and beliefs of the Malay.[/p]
Teaching About Psychological Disorders: Using a Group Interviewing and Diagnostic Approach

We designed a cooperative learning classroom activity to enhance students' ability to understand psychological disorders and distinguish among anxiety, mood, and psychotic disorders. We employed a group interviewing approach with the instructor (or a graduate student) serving as the pseudo-client. Students interacted with a pseudo-client to arrive at a diagnosis. Evaluations of this activity indicated that students learned about various psychological disorders as well as better understood the process of clinical interviewing and diagnosis.
Anatomical basis of syringomyelia occurring with hindbrain lesions

Hindbrain lesions that distort or compress the cervicomedullary junction are commonly associated with syringomyelia. As a basis for discussing pathogenetic mechanisms, the upper end of the central canal of the spinal cord was examined histologically in six aborted fetuses and 14 adults dying of natural causes; the results were correlated with magnetic resonance images in 40 normal subjects. The central canal of the medulla, which extends from the cervicomedullary junction to the fourth ventricle, was found to migrate dorsally, elongate in dorsoventral diameter, and dilate beneath the tip of the obex to form a large, everted aperture. This opening communicates directly with the subarachnoid space through the foramen of Magendie and is indirectly continuous with the main body of the fourth ventricle. In adults, the aperture of the central canal is located approximately 1.0 cm below the tela choroidea inferior and 3.5 cm below the midpoint of the fourth ventricle. Analysis of magnetic resonance imaging scans in 45 patients with syringomyelia and simple hindbrain lesions revealed two patterns of cavity formation: 1) lesions that obstructed the upper end of the central canal or its continuity with the subarachnoid space produced a noncommunicating type of syringomyelia; and 2) lesions that obstructed the basilar cisterns or the foraminal outlets of the fourth ventricle produced a communicating type of syringomyelia (hydromyelia) in association with hydrocephalus. Evidence is presented that syrinxes occurring with hindbrain lesions are not caused by a caudal flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the fourth ventricle into the central canal of the spinal cord.
Tapping their Patients’ Problems Away?: Characteristics of Psychotherapists Using Energy Meridian Techniques

Objective: The objective was to learn about the characteristics of psychotherapists who use energy meridian techniques (EMTs). Methods: We conducted an Internet-based survey of the practices and attitudes of licensed psychotherapists. Results: Of 149 survey respondents (21.4% social workers), 42.3% reported that they frequently use or are inclined to use EMTs. EMT therapists reported higher use of a number of techniques from different theoretical orientations, reliance on intuition in decision making, positive attitudes toward complementary and alternative treatments, erroneous health beliefs, and importance placed on the intuitive appeal of evidence-based treatments. EMT therapists also had lower scores on a test of critical thinking. Conclusions: Results suggest that a number of characteristics differentiate therapists who are inclined to use EMTs, which can aid in future educational efforts.
Predictors of internalizing symptoms among very low birth weight young women

As part of a longitudinal study of the outcomes of very low birth weight children (<1.5 kg), we sought to examine the perinatal, childhood, and young adult predictors of internalizing symptoms among very low birth weight young women and their normal birth weight controls. The cohort included 125 very low birth weight and 124 normal birth weight 20-year-old subjects. Perinatal, childhood, and young adult predictors were examined via stepwise multivariate analyses. Results revealed very low birth weight to be a significant predictor of parent-reported internalizing symptoms of their daughters but only among white subjects who had mothers with high levels of psychological distress. Additional significant predictors of 20-year internalizing symptoms included child I.Q. and internalizing symptoms at age 8 years and family expressiveness. When the results were analyzed according to the young adult self-report, additional predictors of internalizing symptoms included a history of asthma and exposure to violence. Perinatal risk factors were not found to be predictive of internalizing symptoms at age 20 years. Future studies should prospectively examine social and environmental factors associated with the neonatal intensive care experience that might explain the effect of very low birth weight on later psychopathology.
Peak-Seeking Optimization of Trim for Reduced Fuel Consumption: Architecture and Performance Predictions

A peak-seeking control approach for real-time trim configuration optimization for reduced fuel consumption has been developed by researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Dryden Flight Research Center to address the goals of the NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation project to reduce fuel burn and emissions. The peak-seeking control approach is based on a steepest-descent algorithm using a time-varying Kalman filter to estimate the gradient of a performance function of fuel flow versus control surface positions. In real-time operation, deflections of symmetric ailerons, trailing-edge flaps, and leading-edge flaps of an F/A-18 airplane (McDonnell Douglas, now The Boeing Company, Chicago, Illinois) are controlled for optimization of fuel flow. This paper presents the design and integration of this peak-seeking controller on a modified NASA F/A-18 airplane with research flight control computers. A research flight was performed to collect data to build a realistic model of the performance function and characterize measurement noise. This model was then implemented into a nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom F/A-18 simulation along with the peak-seeking control algorithm. With the goal of eventual flight tests, the algorithm was first evaluated in the improved simulation environment. Results from the simulation predict good convergence on minimum fuel flow with a 2.5-percent reduction in fuel flow relative to the baseline trim of the aircraft.
Obligation, Justice, and the Will in Hume's Moral Philosophy

Recent Hume scholarship has shifted from the traditional view that Hume's account of the will and practical reason directly opposes Kantian rationalism about morals. Some scholars now find common ground between Hume's motivational psychology and Kantian understandings of reason and obligation. Although this trend has corrected certain misreadings of Hume as, for example, a straightforward subjectivist, it goes too far in other respects. In the following, I argue that we can understand one aspect of Hume's study of moralsÂ—his explanation of the artificial virtue of justiceÂ—in a way that avoids such mistakes. I begin by considering Stephen Darwall's argument, in The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought,' that features of Hume's account of justice reveal both an inadequacy in the empirical naturalist tradition of which Hume is the hero and underlying commitments to the proto-Kantian tradition.11 suggest that the puzzles about Humean justice identified by Darwall can be dissolved by calling on broader aspects of Hume's ethics and reinterpreting crucial passages in his discussions of justice. I defend Hume against the charge of inconsistency by suggesting an alternative interpretation of Hume's theory of the will and his arguments about the development of justice as a virtue. Finally, I argue that Hume's theory of the will can consistently account for motives to Humean justice, properly understood.
Differential ErbB1 signaling in squamous cell versus basal cell carcinoma of the skin.

In this study, we examined ErbB1 signaling in human basal and squamous cell carcinomas (BCC and SCC) of the skin in vivo. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, laser capture microdissection-coupled real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry to assess expression and activation levels of ErbB1 protein, ligands, and potential downstream effectors, in BCC and SCC tumors, stroma, and adjacent epidermis. Although total ErbB1 protein and mRNA were similar in cancerous and normal skin, we found that ErbB1 activation (phospho-Tyr1068) was greater in bulk SCC versus BCC or normal skin. In addition, three ErbB1 ligand transcripts (amphiregulin, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, and transforming growth factor-α) were up-regulated in tumor cells of SCC but not BCC. Expression of these ligands was also increased in asymptomatic epidermis adjacent to both SCC and BCC, relative to normal skin. Interestingly, betacellulin transcript levels were inversely regulated compared with the other ligands. Consistently, downstream ErbB1 effectors (Erk1/2 and Akt) were activated in tumor cells of SCC but not of BCC and in adjacent epidermis of both BCC and SCC. These results demonstrate that ErbB1 signaling is hyperactive in tumor cells of SCC but not of BCC and in nearby asymptomatic epidermis of both tumor types. Our results suggest that targeting ErbB1 signaling might be of benefit in the treatment of SCC.
Hydrogen production from the reaction of solvated electrons with benzene in water-ammonia mixtures

Product analysis data for the reaction of the ammoniated electron with benzene-water mixtures in liquid ammonia show that the dominant product is evolved hydrogen and not 1,4-cyclohexadiene.
Red blood cell fluctuations during osmolarity changes

Using a novel non-contact technique based on optical interferometry, we quantified the volumetry and nanoscale thermal fluctuations of red blood cells. We found that the mean squared displacement of the cell membranes correlate with both cell morphology and osmolarity-induced volume changes.
Use of community-based long-term care services by older adults.

This study uses a previously validated model of disease, disability, functional limitations, and perceived health to predict the use of long-term care (LTC) services in and out of the home. The foc...
Endometrial adenocarcinoma: Genetic analysis suggesting heritable site-specific uterine cancer

Abstract Genetic factors are clearly integral to the etiology of neoplasia. A cancer family syndrome (Lynch syndrome II) consisting of uterine, colon, and ovarian cancer is recognized, but the heritability of isolated endometrial adenocarcinoma has not otherwise been thoroughly investigated. We have performed pedigree studies in index cases with endometrial adenocarcinoma, using spouses as controls. Preliminary results from 64 probands showed four families in which endometrial adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in at least one first-degree relative of the proband (mother, daughter, sister); none showed relatives with colon or ovarian cancer. In none of the 34 control pedigrees did either a mother or sister have endometrial adenocarcinoma. In four other families, multiple first- and second-degree relatives of probands had adenocarcinoma of the uterus, colon, or ovary, presumably representing a cancer family syndrome (Lynch syndrome II). Conclusion : Our preliminary data not only show familial and probably heritable tendencies for endometrial adenocarcinoma, but further suggest that there are at least two distinct forms: (1) the previously described Lynch syndrome II (cancer family syndrome), and (2) a heretofore unemphasized entity characterized by a tendency to endometrial adenocarcinoma alone.
Blood donor iron status: are we bleeding them dry?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the recent research on the prevalence, determinants and importance of low iron in blood donors, and on the efforts to reduce or prevent iron depletion in donor populations. RECENT FINDINGS Female donors, especially younger women, are at highest risk for donation-induced low iron, but menopausal women and high-frequency donors of both sexes also face considerable risk for iron depletion. Predonation screening for hemoglobin contributes little information on donor iron status. Consumption of supplemental iron is helpful in preventing or reversing low iron, and waiting longer between donations also facilitates the recovery of the iron lost through donation. SUMMARY Although the impact of phlebotomy-related iron depletion on donor health requires better documentation, measures are available now that can be deployed on a targeted or standardized basis. Blood centers, regulators, and donors should continue to evaluate different approaches for addressing this problem, with the likely outcome that no single measure is optimal for maintaining adequate collections while safeguarding donor health.
Ultrafast charge recombination in undoped amorphous hydrogenated silicon

Nonradiative bimolecular recombination of photocarriers in room-temperature a-Si:H films was studied as a function of the photocarrier density and excitation energy, using ultrafast laser spectroscopy over the range of 150 fs to 4 ns. It is demonstrated that for excitation with photons whose energy exceeds the optical gap of a-Si:H, 1.7 eV, the time evolution of transient absorbance (detected at 1.5{endash}1.6 eV) depends only on the initial density N{sub ex} of the photocarriers ({gt}10{sup 18}cm{sup {minus}3}). For N{sub ex}{approximately}5{times}10{sup 18} to 2{times}10{sup 20}cm{sup {minus}3}, the bimolecular decay of the photocarriers is bimodal: In the first few picoseconds the decay kinetics are controlled by recombination and trapping of free carriers, whereas at later delay times the kinetics are controlled by intraband migration of the trapped charges and their recombination with thermally emitted free carriers. An analysis of the decay kinetics in the framework of the multiple-trapping model (which included mesoscopic nonuniformity of the photocarrier generation) gave the rate constants of 2.3{times}10{sup {minus}8} and 6{times}10{sup {minus}9}cm{sup {minus}3}/s for the fast and slow components of the recombination kinetics, respectively. This bimodality accounts for a considerable spread of bimolecular rate constants found in the literature. Our results seem to be incompatible with the previouslymore » suggested models of Auger process in undoped a-Si:H. This work emphasizes the need for further theoretical understanding of the recombination mechanisms involved. We argue that in the low-density regime, the direct bimolecular recombination of the excess charges can be a {open_quotes}rare event{close_quotes} that causes the Staebler-Wronsky effect. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Is species selection dependent upon emergent characters

The architects of punctuated equilibrium and species selection as well as more recent workers (Vrba) have narrowed the original formulation of species selection and made it dependent upon so-called emergent characters. One criticism of this narrow version is the dearth of emergent characters with a consequent diminution in the robustness of species selection as an important evolutionary process. We argue that monomorphic species characters may at times be the focus of selection and that under these circumstances selection at the organism level is by-passed due to the absence of critical variance. Selection therefore shifts to the species level where variability reemerges in a clade. The absence of critical variance among organisms prevents effect macroevolution from operating. If species-wide properties are important in macroevolutionary processes, as we contend, systematists should pay more attention to their elucidation.
Interface in mechanically fastened steel joint, studied by contact electrical resistance measurement

A steel-to-steel joint obtained by mechanical fastening at a compressive stress of 7% (or less) of the yield strength was found to exhibit irreversible changes in the contact electrical resistance upon repeated fastening (loading) and unfastening (unloading). These changes occurred even after many cycles of fastening and unfastening, although the changes were more severe during the initial few cycles. They were primarily due to plastic deformation at asperities.
THE DETERMINANTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT STATUS OVER TIME

The previous literature on unemployment often fails to distinguish various categories of the unemployed over time. This study utilizes pooled national survey data which provides a record of employment I unemployment over a five year retrospective period. The demographic characteristics of the long-term employed (i.e., full five years) are compared to the short-term unemployed (i.e., one year); the long-term unemployed (i.e, at least four of five years) who return to work; and the long-term unemployed (i.e., at least four of five years) who have not returned to work. Groups are contrasted using one-way analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. Results indicate that age, occupational prestige and sex differentiate the employed from the unemployed as a group. Further, the long-term unemployed who return to work can be clearly differentiated by education level from the long-term unemployed who have not returned. The implications of these findings are discussed.
N-terminal sequence of human leukocyte glycoprotein Mol: conservation across species and homology to platelet IIb/IIIa

Mo1 and gp160-gp93 are two surface membrane glycoprotein heterodimers present on granulocytes and monocytes derived from humans and guinea pigs, respectively. We purified both antigens and found that their alpha subunits had identical N-termini which were significantly homologous to the alpha subunit of the human adhesion platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa.
Medical management of increased intracranial pressure after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

There are several medical therapies available to lower unacceptable ICP. We advocate the stepwise institution of these therapies to maintain adequate CPP. At every step in the process, consideration of definitive surgical intervention (e.g., hemicraniectomy, clot evacuation) should be entertained. At this time, we cannot recommend hypothermia as a routine last step of therapy given the complications and lack of clinical effect described previously. Research into this therapy continues, however. The next several years may show us when, how, and in what situations this strategy can be applied.
Clavulanate induces expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa AmpC cephalosporinase at physiologically relevant concentrations and antagonizes the antibacterial activity of ticarcillin

Although previous studies have indicated that clavulanate may induce AmpC expression in isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the impact of this inducer activity on the antibacterial activity of ticarcillin at clinically relevant concentrations has not been investigated. Therefore, a study was designed to determine if the inducer activity of clavulanate was associated with in vitro antagonism of ticarcillin at pharmacokinetically relevant concentrations. By the disk approximation methodology, clavulanate induction of AmpC expression was observed with 8 of 10 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Quantitative studies demonstrated a significant induction of AmpC when clavulanate-inducible strains were exposed to the peak concentrations of clavulanate achieved in human serum with the 3.2- and 3.1-g doses of ticarcillin-clavulanate. In studies with three clavulanate-inducible strains in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, antagonism of the bactericidal effect of ticarcillin was observed in some tests with regimens simulating a 3.1-g dose of ticarcillin-clavulanate and in all tests with regimens simulating a 3.2-g dose of ticarcillin-clavulanate. No antagonism was observed in studies with two clavulanate-noninducible strains. In contrast to clavulanate, tazobactam failed to induce AmpC expression in any strains, and the pharmacodynamics of piperacillin-tazobactam were somewhat enhanced over those of piperacillin alone against all strains studied. Overall, the data collected from the pharmacodynamic model suggested that induction per se was not always associated with reduced killing but that a certain minimal level of induction by clavulanate was required before antagonism of the antibacterial activity of its companion drug occurred. Nevertheless, since clinically relevant concentrations of clavulanate can antagonize the bactericidal activity of ticarcillin, the combination of ticarcillin-clavulanate should be avoided when selecting an antipseudomonal β-lactam for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. For piperacillin-tazobactam, induction is not an issue in the context of treating this pathogen.
The Teenage Brain: Self Control

Adolescence refers to the transition from childhood to adulthood that begins with the onset of puberty and ends with successful independence from the parent. A paradox for human adolescence is why, during a time when the individual is probably faster, stronger, of higher reasoning capacity and more resistant to disease, there is such an increase in mortality relative to childhood. These untimely deaths are not due to disease, but rather to preventable forms of death (accidental fatalities, suicide and homicide) associated with adolescents putting themselves in harm's way due, in part, to diminished self control - the ability to suppress inappropriate emotions, desires and actions. This paper highlights how self control varies as a function of age, context and the individual and delineates its neurobiological basis.
Program Co-Chairs' Message

Welcome to the second International Workshop on Automation of Software Test (AST'06)! It has been our privilege to organize this workshop at the 29th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'07) after the success of the first AST workshop at ICSE 2006 in Shanghai. As demonstrated by AST 2006 as well as the programme of this year, this unique workshop serves as a bridge to bring together researchers on software test automation from around the world.