cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding cation-disordered rocksalt oxyfluoride cathodes

Partial fluorine (F) substitution into the oxygen (O) sublattice has been shown to improve cycling stability of cation-disordered Li-excess rocksalt oxide (DRX) cathodes. Detailed understanding on failure mechanisms and key optimization knowledge of fluorinated-DRX (F-DRX), however, are lacking. In the present study, we incorporate different amounts of F into a baseline DRX system, Li1.2Ti0.4Mn0.4O2 (LTMO3.0, 3.0 denotes nominal Li/Mn ratio), and synthesize two oxyfluoride compounds, Li-rich Li1.3Ti0.3Mn0.4O1.7F0.3 (LTMOF3.25) and Mn-rich Li1.2Ti0.2Mn0.6O1.8F0.2 (LTMOF2.0) with an increased and reduced Li/Mn ratio of 3.25 and 2.0, respectively. Through careful monitoring of chemical and structural evolution, we show that cycling-induced changes are manifested not only by Mn reduction and degradation of its local coordination environment, but also by F enrichment and formation of LiF-type of domains on the surface. A “concerted-densification” based failure mechanism, involving atomic-level changes in both transition-metal cationic sublattice and oxygen/fluorine anionic sublattice, is proposed for the degradation in F-DRX cathode materials. The study reveals that increasing F content accompanied by reduced Li/Mn ratio mitigates the degradation process, offering key design strategies in achieving balanced cathode capacity and stability.
The demise of the Roman Republic: a faulty constitution?

The Roman Republic was one of the earliest and long-lasting democracies (510-27 BCE). To prevent the creation of dictatorship, it had a system of separation of powers but it failed to protect the Roman Republic. The ultimate cause of the fall of the Roman Republic was due to the immense wealth that Rome accumulated from its empire and the impact this wealth had on Rome’s institutions, especially its generals. Cicero proposed constitutional reforms to prevent its demise. His reforms were unnecessary because the Roman Senate already had the constitutional authority to prevent its demise. The problem was that Senators lacked an incentive to use their constitutional authority to save Rome’s democracy.
Modeling and Simulation as a Bridge to Advance Practical and Theoretical Insights About Forced Migration Studies

Modeling and Simulation (M&S) is a relatively unused research approach in forced migration studies. In most of its application areas, M&S is applied in several broad thematic policy-oriented topics...
Groundwater-Based Agriculture in the Arid American West: Modeling the Transition to a Steady-State Renewable Resource Economy

In the years since World War II, a flourishing large-scale irrigation agriculture has developed in the arid American West, based on the pumping of groundwater from vast underground pools. Water withdrawals, far in excess of natural recharge, had seemed to make inevitable a cyclic “bust” following the present agricultural “boom”, much as happened in the earlier gold-silver-copper “rush” in the Mountain West. However, remarkable technological advances, in irrigation techniques and in the development of genetically-adapted dryland crops, now offer at least the hope of a “soft” transition to a steady-state renewable-resource based economy. Whether this occurs, or whether on the other hand the marvelous technological gains are dissipated away and only briefly delay agricultural collapse in this harsh and erratic climate, may depend on whether farmers and agricultural planners continue to ignore basic economic institutional forces: the destructive effects of uncoordinated common property exploitation of water, compounded by the high degree of irreversibility in capital investment in pumping and distribution systems and in regional infrastructure. These issues are explored with the aid of simple mathematical models.
Ecozon@ with love

Key words: new directions in ecocriticism, regional literature, regional studies, literary Nevada, place, caring for the environment, eco-cosmopolitanism, sense of place, sense of planet Regional studies and literary regionalism continue to fulfil important functions in the era of globalisation. Educating people (particularly those in parts of the world with a “self-image problem”) in the richness of local literary tradition can help them identify more strongly, through story, with the place they live in, and take care of it. Ecocritics must learn to work together with the curators of local history museums, people running community arts centres, and the members of writing circles. World citizenship and eco-cosmopolitanism do not obviate the need for a local sense of place. Palabras clave : nuevas tendencias de la ecocritica, literature regional, studios regionales, el Estado literario de Nevada, lugar, cuidado del medioambiente, eco-cosmopolitanismo, sentido de lugar, sentido de planeta Los estudios regionales y el regionalismo literario continuan realizando importantes funciones en la era de la globalizacion. Educar a la gente – en especial aquella en lugares del mundo con un “problema de imagen de si mismo” – en la riqueza de la tradicion literaria local puede ayudarles a identificarse mas solidamente, a traves de historias, con el lugar en el que viven y a cuidar de el. Los/as ecocriticos/as deben aprender a trabajar con los conservadores de los museos de historia local, con la gente que dirige centros de arte comunitarios y con los miembros de los circulos de escritura. La ciudadania mundial y el eco-cosmopolitanismo no obvian la necesidad de un sentido de lugar local.
Infusing Multiculturalism and Positive Psychology in Psychotherapy

Research on applications of positive psychology to the practice of counseling and psychotherapy has proliferated over the past decade. Indeed, there may be no better fit for positive psychology than within the therapy room. More specifically, research supports the notion that client conceptualizations and the incorporation of therapeutic models and exercises informed by positive psychology can provide lasting positive outcomes for therapy clients (Duckworth et al. 2005; Seligman et al. 2005, 2006). However, a major criticism of therapeutic applications of positive psychology is the lack of consistent focus upon cultural considerations, with many scholars seemingly promoting more of a one-size-fits-all approach to positive psychological applications. Indeed, Lopez and colleagues (2002) note that most positive psychology research has studied predominantly White populations versus understanding positive psychology within a multicultural context in which diverse meanings of the good life and optimal functioning are valued (Pedrotti et al. 2009). In this chapter, a brief history of the lack of focus on culture within therapeutic applications of positive psychology is explored, followed by information on how to incorporate existing positive psychological theories and therapies in a multiculturally informed manner.
Preparation of Silicon- and Sulfur-Based Fluorinated Methane Derivatives as Versatile Fluoromethylation Reagents

Despite the fact that fluoromethylated compounds can be derived through C–F bond forming reactions with fluorine gas (F2), SF4 derivatives, fluorides, and/or electrophilic fluorinating reagents, the direct introduction of various fluoromethyl groups using fluoromethyl synthons prevails under many synthetic regimes because of their superior efficacy and functional group compatibility [1]. In principle, fluoromethylations can be achieved via nucleophilic, electrophilic, radical, as well as carbene pathways. Although seemingly feasible, the nucleophilic and the electrophilic fluoromethylating reactions, particularly the trifluoromethylations, were indeed quite challenging for many years. For example, the trifluoromethyl anion has been found to possess extreme lability due to the vicinal negative charge–lone pair repulsion, which leads to the rapid decomposition of the anion into fluoride and singlet difluorocarbene [2]. On the one hand, attempts to prepare trifluoromethyl analogs of the organometallic reagents, such as the Grignard or lithium reagents, commonly used in nucleophilic alkylations, have always failed. On the other hand, whereas the trifluoromethyl cation has been frequently observed in mass spectrometric studies [3], electrophilic trifluoromethylation was found to be unproductive using trifluoromethyl iodide and trifluoromethyl sulfonates [4]. This unusual inertness of the CF3 moiety toward nucleophiles can be attributed to (a) the reverse polarization of the CF3–halogen and CF3–O bonds and (b) the steric inaccessibility of the CF3 group for nucleophilic attack. To address these inherent synthetic challenges, extensive efforts have been made on the development of highly efficient nucleophilic and electrophilic fluoromethylation reagents. Over the past three decades, a series of silicon-based [5]
The Protein Interactome of Mycobacteriophage Giles Predicts Functions for Unknown Proteins

ABSTRACT Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts and are prevalent in the environment. Nearly 700 mycobacteriophage genomes have been completely sequenced, revealing considerable diversity and genetic novelty. Here, we have determined the protein complement of mycobacteriophage Giles by mass spectrometry and mapped its genome-wide protein interactome to help elucidate the roles of its 77 predicted proteins, 50% of which have no known function. About 22,000 individual yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) tests with four different Y2H vectors, followed by filtering and retest screens, resulted in 324 reproducible protein-protein interactions, including 171 (136 nonredundant) high-confidence interactions. The complete set of high-confidence interactions among Giles proteins reveals new mechanistic details and predicts functions for unknown proteins. The Giles interactome is the first for any mycobacteriophage and one of just five known phage interactomes so far. Our results will help in understanding mycobacteriophage biology and aid in development of new genetic and therapeutic tools to understand Mycobacterium tuberculosis. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes over 9 million new cases of tuberculosis each year. Mycobacteriophages, viruses of mycobacterial hosts, hold considerable potential to understand phage diversity, evolution, and mycobacterial biology, aiding in the development of therapeutic tools to control mycobacterial infections. The mycobacteriophage Giles protein-protein interaction network allows us to predict functions for unknown proteins and shed light on major biological processes in phage biology. For example, Giles gp76, a protein of unknown function, is found to associate with phage packaging and maturation. The functions of mycobacteriophage-derived proteins may suggest novel therapeutic approaches for tuberculosis. Our ORFeome clone set of Giles proteins and the interactome data will be useful resources for phage interactomics.
Transfer of movement components in a motor learning task.

Abstract Transfer of motor skill was studied using a simple apparatus, which consists of performing a circular and then a tangential linear movement at maximal speed and in a continuous motion. Four groups of 30 right-handed university students were tested. Three experimental groups were distinguished as having 20 trials of extra or “inserted” practice on two movement components (circular and linear). Transfer from this initial practice period to the total task (both movement components together) could then be assessed. One group served as a control by practicing only the total task. Initially, there was shown to be little or no correlation between the two movement components (= .17, 14). Learning was substantial during practice in both components but the amount was twice as large in the case of the circular component (.068 vs· .034 sec.). It was shown that transfer of motor skill was small and occurred to a significant degree only in the circular component (6.7%).
Policy-based computing: from systems and applications to theory

The need for a more autonomous management of distributed systems and networks has driven research and industry to look for management frameworks that go beyond the direct manipulation of network devices and systems. One approach towards this aim is to build policy-based management systems. Policy-based computing refers to a software paradigm developed around the concept of building autonomous systems that provide system administrators and decision makers with interfaces that let them set general guiding principles and policies to govern the behavior and interactions of the managed systems. Although many of the tasks are still carried out manually and ad hoc, instances of limited policy-based systems can be found in areas such as Internet service management, privacy, security and access management, management of quality of service and service level agreements in networks. Policies can be specified at many levels of abstraction, from natural language specifications to more elementary condition-action rule specifications. From these specifications policy systems need to come up with implementations. Some of these implementations can be done automatically, others require manual steps. In some cases policies impose legal commitments and systems should be able to demonstrate compliance. There are also situations in which policies are in conflict with each other and a system cannot implement them simultaneously without providing methods for conflict resolution. In this presentation I will review a few policy systems, applications and specification languages. Then I will provide a more formal characterization of policies and their computational model. I will show a simple policy language in the style of the action description language A. I will discuss current solutions to policy conflicts, discuss the problem of policy refinement, i.e. transformations from high level specifications to lower level specifications, current approaches to refinement and provide a partial formalization of the general problem. I will discuss limitations of current systems and directions of research.
Transformation of human ovarian surface epithelial cells by Krüppel-like factor 8

We have previously demonstrated that Kruppel-like factor 8 (KLF8) participates in oncogenic transformation of mouse fibroblasts and is highly overexpressed in human ovarian cancer. In this work, we first correlated KLF8 overexpression with the aggressiveness of ovarian patient tumors and then tested if KLF8 could transform human ovarian epithelial cells. Using the immortalized non-tumorigenic human ovarian surface epithelial cell line T80 and retroviral infection, we generated cell lines that constitutively overexpress KLF8 alone or its combination with the known ovarian oncogenes c-Myc, Stat3c and/or Akt and examined the cell lines for anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenesis. The soft agar clonogenic assay showed that T80/KLF8 cells formed significantly more colonies than the mock cells. Interestingly, the cells expressing both KLF8 and c-Myc formed the largest amounts of colonies, greater than the sum of colonies formed by the cells expressing KLF8 and c-Myc alone. These results suggested that KLF8 might be a weak oncogene that works cooperatively with c-Myc to transform ovarian cells. Surprisingly, overexpression of KLF8 alone was sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in nude mice resulting in short lifespan irrespective of whether the T80/KLF8 cells were injected subcutaneously, intraperitoneally or orthotopically into the ovarian bursa. Histopathological studies confirmed that the T80/KLF8 tumors were characteristic of human serous ovarian carcinomas. Comparative expression profiling and functional studies identified the cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and USP44 as primary KLF8 targets and effectors for the T80 transformation. Overall, we identified KLF8 overexpression as an important factor in human ovarian carcinoma pathogenesis.
Factors Influencing Statin Medication Adherence: Regulatory Focus and Fit

were low for TH (4.4 0.9) and ACC (5.4 1.0) as compared to the pMDI (8.1 0.9) (p!0.001, Independent Sample T test). Beside type of inhaler, higher inhaler technique scores were significantly associated with more recent diagnosis of asthma, older patient age (above 31), and lower reliever use (p1⁄40.019, one way ANOVA). Results showed no significant association between inhaler technique and ACT scores (mean SD), which were very low for all inhaler groups, with no significant differences between them (TH: 13.1 3.9, ACC: 13.3 3.9 and pMDI: 12.8 4.2, pO0.05). Conclusion: Patients in Jordan are using the pMDI inhalers more correctly than the newer DPIs. Significant association between higher inhaler technique scores and lower reliever use was found, but no significant association with ACT scores was detected.
Development of inferences over elementary-school grades: I. Recall and association of implicit words

Students in the second through the sixth grades were read a series of very short (one-sentence) “stories” by teachers in regular classroom settings. In each sentence, there was one clearly implied word. The students were then asked to write, cued by the title of each “story,” one word that they had heard and one word that they had not heard but had thought of (and presumably inferred). A reliable increment over grades occurred in the number of implied words that were reported as thought of, with a sharp increment from the second to the third grades; and there was also a more regular increment over grades in the number of implied words that were used as associates to cues in a subsequent test.
The Humanities and the Public Soul

What is public scholarship in the humanities and the arts? There are many meanings to these four keywords—public, scholarship, humanities, arts. Public scholarship itself is a recent term for practices that, while venerable in some fields, are still new to the arts and humanities. What are these unfolding practices and knowledges? In the humanities and in many areas of the arts, collaborative work of any kind is rare, and there is a weak tradition of partnerships by faculty, graduate students, and undergraduates with community and public partners, either individuals or organizations. Consequently, there is plenty of room for ambiguity and debate about definitions. In order to establish a clear starting point for understanding public scholarship in the cultural domain, therefore, I will begin with a strict construction of the word “public”, referring to work conducted in a deliberately democratic fashion by peers impelled by diverse interests and a common public purpose. I will focus on the importance of multiplicity and complexity in work in the arts and humanities that is jointly created as a public good by academic and community collaborators. When I was growing up, my father published an article in the Saturday Evening Post, one of many he would write for the Post throughout the 1950s, entitled “They eat smoke for love”. It was about the passion of volunteer fire fighters. Still, that phrase, “they eat smoke for love”, captures something about my father’s own passion for writing, pursued over a long career as a journalist, novelist, editor, professor, and selfpublished social prophet. The bitter irony of “eating smoke” hints at the long odds of making a living as a writer. But the phrase also applies to the question before us now, to the community-minded love for a different kind of smoke—the fluid paths of imagination and inquiry. The word “soul”, in the title that Harry Boyte suggested for this essay—“The humanities and the public soul”—floats before us, unresolved and undefined, probably undefinable. The evocative power of that phrase, “the public soul”, goes straight to the heart of the quandaries
Ime2p and Cdc28p: Co‐pilots driving meiotic development

Meiosis can be considered an elaboration of the cell division cycle in the sense that meiosis combines cell-cycle processes with programs specific to meiosis. Each phase of the cell division cycle is driven forward by cell-cycle kinases (Cdk) and coordinated with other phases of the cycle through checkpoint functions (Hartwell and Weinert [1989]: Science. 246:629–634). Meiotic differentiation is also controlled by these two types of regulation (Murakami and Nurse [2000]: Biochem J. 349:1–12; Roeder and Bailis [2000]: Trends Genet. 16:395–403); however, recent study in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae indicates that progression of meiosis is also controlled by a master regulator specific to meiosis, namely the Ime2p kinase (Benjamin et al. [2003]: Genes Dev. 17:1–16; Schindler et al. [2003]: Mol Cell Biol 23:8718–8728). Below, I describe the overlapping roles of Ime2p and Cdk during meiosis in yeast and speculate on how these two kinases cooperate to drive the progression of meiosis. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Association of standardized estimated glomerular filtration rate with the prevalence of hypertension among adults in the United States.

Association of standardized estimated glomerular filtration rate with the prevalence of hypertension among adults in the United States
Linking complement and anti-dsDNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a severe autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems resulting in diverse symptoms and outcomes. It is characterized by antibody production to a variety of self-antigens, but it is specifically associated with those against anti-dsDNA. Anti-dsDNA antibodies are present before the onset of clinical disease and are associated with severe manifestations of lupus such as glomerulonephritis. Their levels fluctuate with changes in disease activity and, in combination with the levels of complement proteins C3 and C4, are strong indicators of disease flare and treatment response in patients with lupus. The decreased complement levels that are noted during flares of lupus activity are believed to be secondary to increased autoantibody production and immune complex formation that results in tissue damage; however, recent data suggest that complement activation can also drive development of these pathogenic autoantibodies. This review will explore the various roles of complement in the development and pathogenesis of anti-dsDNA antibodies.
Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Oxide, and Calcium Hydroxide on Milk Fat Secretion

Abstract Addition of 0.70% NaHCO 3 plus 0.35% MgO, twice or three times that level to grain mixtures fed to cows on a high grain-restricted roughage ration, increased milk fat percentage and daily secretion. Increasing mineral levels produced a linear increase in fat percentage. The middle level fed had the greatest effect on daily secretion of milk fat, probably due to the lower grain consumption and milk production observed at the highest level. No differences in milk fat test, production, or grain consumption were noted when the higher mineral level (272g NaHCO 3 plus 136g MgO) was administered directly to the rumen via a fistula or mixed with the grain consumed. Evidently, decreased grain intake when these minerals are fed is not due to the taste of the grain mixture. This level of minerals fed to cows on normal rations did not change milk fat percentage, but grain consumption was decreased. Magnesium oxide in three different calcined states and Ca(OH) 2 were equally effective in maintaining fat percentage, but the hydroxide was less acceptable to cows.
Hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) method for characterizing conventional and extended surfactants

An accurate determination of the hydrophilic-lipophilic nature of surfactants plays an essential role in guiding the formulation of microemulsion with the goal of achieving low interfacial tension (IFT) and high solubilization. While several empirical models have been proposed as simple tools for predicting surfactant characteristics and microemulsion conditions, only a few of these models are fundamentally based yet convenient to use. In this work, the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) approach was used with mixed surfactant systems to determine the surfactant characteristic (sigma) and the sigmaK parameter of conventional and extended surfactants. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the HLD index has been used to represent the hydrophilic-lipophilic behavior of extended surfactants. It was observed that inserting PO and/or EO groups in extended surfactants play a key role in altering sigma values and sigmaK values. Finally, the sigma parameters found in this work were combined with the HLD equation and used to demonstrate its practical utility for guiding the optimum formulation (in this case, optimum salinity) for a microemulsion system.
Functionalization and Patterning of Protein‐Based Materials Using Active Ultrabithorax Chimeras

A key advantage of protein-based materials is the potential to directly incorporate novel functions via gene fusion to produce a single chimeric polypeptide capable of both self-assembly and the desired activity. However, facile production of functionalized protein materials is frequently hampered by the need to trigger materials assembly using conditions that will not irreversibly damage the functional protein. In contrast, the recombinant Drosophila melanogaster transcription factor Ultrabithorax (Ubx) rapidly self-assembles under mild, aqueous conditions to form highly extensible materials with a variety of morphologies. Here, it is demonstrated that materials composed of Ubx chimeras with Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP), mCherry, luciferase, or myoglobin display the functions of the appended proteins, indicating that these activities are neither impaired by the assembly process nor by confinement within the materials. Finally, methods are established that combine EGFP-Ubx and mCherry-Ubx monomers to self-assemble materials patterned on the microscale to macroscale. The self-adhesive properties of Ubx materials also permit manual construction and patterning of more complex forms. The ability to easily functionalize and pattern protein-based materials greatly expands their potential utility in a wide variety of applications.
Some remarks on diffusion processes in turbulent mixing.

resting on an elastic foundation of constant yL/7r*EL = 4.5. Table 1 shows a comparison of the first and second mode shapes of vibration and static buckling. The resulting regions of instability for the first two end conditions are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The various degrees of similarity between the modes are reflected in the widening or narrowing of the regions. For the third end condition, the similarity in the mode shapes is pronounced. The regions for this case are very close to Fig. 2. Finally, for the pinned-pinned condition, the dissimilarity between the respective modes of the same order is evident. However, because of the definite similarity between the first and second modes of vibration and buckling, if the vertical ordinate is normalized with respect to the Pi* and the coordinate with respect to co2, Fig. 2 will be obtained. In conclusion, the dissimilarity in the mode shapes tend to stabilize the bar dynamically.
Bacteriophage P4: a satellite virus depending on a helper such as prophage P2

Abstract Bacteriophage P4 was isolated from cultures of Escherichia coli strain K-235, and two spontaneous mutants, P4 imp and P4 vir1, were obtained from P4 wild type. P4 was found to be a satellite virus, depending on a helper genome for the completion of its lytic life cycle. Genomes of phage P2 and of P2-related phages can serve as helpers. They are able to assist P4 either if present in the host as a prophage or if introduced by coinfection. P4 does not depend on a helper for lysogenizing its host. A specific P4 prophage site was recognized on the host chromosome. P4 depends on its helper for the expression of genes with late functions. This is indicated by the finding that the P4 virion reflects in certain of its properties, for example, host range and neutralizability, the genotype of its most recent helper. P4 production in cells lysogenic for a helper and infected with P4 proceeds without induction of the helper prophage and without lifting the (helper-specific) immunity of such cells. It is proposed that P4 produces a transactivating factor that triggers the expression of the helper genes that have to fulfill the late functions needed by P4. Some other findings concerning the propagation of P4 and properties of P4 lysogens are also reported.
Does a paradox exist in child well-being risks among foreign-born Latinos, U.S.-born Latinos, and Whites? Findings from 50 California cities

Past research has identified "paradoxes" in infant health and child welfare services involvement, whereby children of Latinos and immigrants often demonstrate better health and decreased risk for child protective services involvement when compared to whites of similar socioeconomic position. This population-based study examined whether a paradox exists among immigrant and U.S.-born Latino caregivers in the prevalence and magnitude of risks to child well-being when compared to whites of similar socioeconomic position. Data were drawn from a random, general population telephone survey of parenting practices in 50 California cities (n=2,259), which was administered in English and Spanish. The sample included 1,625 U.S.-born whites (72.0%), 351 U.S.-born Latinos (15.5%) and 283 foreign-born Latino respondents (12.5%). After adjusting for covariates in logistic regression models stratified by household income, immigrant caregivers in lower income households reported odds of insufficient food for the child that were 12 times as large as those for whites (OR 11.97, 95% CI 2.87, 49.86); odds of reported inability to take the child to the doctor and leaving a child in a place of questionable safety were nearly eight times as large (OR 7.92, 95% CI 2.38, 26.36 and OR 7.93, 95% CI 1.73, 36.46 respectively). These relationships were attenuated or insignificant for immigrant caregivers in households with greater resources. Therefore, a paradoxical relationship between socioeconomic position and risks to child well-being was not identified. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationships between such risks, child health, and child protective services involvement. Language: en
Upper Ordovician mudrock facies and trace fossils in the northern Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, and their relation to oxygen- and sea-level dynamics

Abstract The bulk of the Ordovician sedimentary record in the northern Holy Cross Mts., Poland, is composed of dark claystones, which record the long-term dysoxic conditions lasting throughout the entire Caradoc. However, a relatively short-term oxygenation event corresponding to the middle Caradoc sea-level lowstand interrupts this monotonous succession. Termination of the low oxygen environment was triggered by a major change in oceanic circulation due to onset of polar cooling. It resulted in the progressive benthic oxygenation and increase of colonization of the highly enriched sediment by soft-bodied burrowers as can be envisaged from ichnofabric of the lower to middle Ashgill sedimentary record. The rapid but gradual upward progradation of the Upper Ordovician mudrock facies into the coarse-grained deposits appears to be closely related to the late Ashgill glacio-eustatic regressive event.
Assessment of ovarian reserve.

Purpose of reviewVarious methods have been proposed and are currently used in the assessment of ovarian reserve in order to predict the outcome in assisted reproduction. This review focuses on the current information regarding the ovarian reserve markers and tests, an active area of research.Recent
Structure, Luminosity, and Dynamics of the Venus Thermosphere

We review here observations and models related to the chemical and thermal structures, airglow and auroral emissions and dynamics of the Venus thermosphere, and compare empirical models of the neutral densities based in large part on in situ measurements obtained by the Pioneer Venus spacecraft. Observations of the intensities of emissions are important as a diagnostic tool for understanding the chemical and physical processes taking place in the Venus thermosphere. Measurements, ground-based and from rockets, satellites, and spacecraft, and model predictions of atomic, molecular and ionic emissions, are presented and the most important sources are elucidated. Coronas of hot hydrogen and hot oxygen have been observed to surround the terrestrial planets. We discuss the observations of and production mechanisms for the extended exospheres and models for the escape of lighter species from the atmosphere. Over the last decade and a half, models have attempted to explain the unexpectedly cold temperatures in the Venus thermosphere; recently considerable progress has been made, although some controversies remain. We review the history of these models and discuss the heating and cooling mechanisms that are presently considered to be the most important in determining the thermal structure. Finally, we discuss major aspects of the circulation and dynamics of the thermosphere: the sub-solar to anti-solar circulation, superrotation, and turbulent processes.
New Understanding of Split-window Emissions Provides Insight on Small Ice Crystal Concentrations

The physics governing absorption by ice crystals at 11 and 12 microns can provide a means of remotely sensing the relative concentration of small ice crystals in cirrus clouds.
Inverse mass ratio batteries: An in situ energy source generated from motive proton delivery gradients

Abstract Nanometer level surgical work requires novel energy sources to extend the therapeutic potential of medical devices. Inverse mass ratio batteries are an advance in energy production that deploy an “irrigant within water” designed from the scientific discipline of Engineered Irrigants. This report discusses the derivation of inverse mass ratio batteries from alternating current redox magnetohydrodynamics as developed to power the physiochemical scalpel; a tissue rescue energy-based device system for wound healing that enables precision resection, advantageous extracellular matrix modifications, and initiation of biosynthetic tissue assembly.
Synthesis of metal fluorouranate(IV) compounds in aqueous solution

Abstract Metal fluorouranate(IV) compounds have been prepared previously under the initial conditions of the vapor or molten state. We have been able to synthesize a number of metal fluorouranate (IV) compounds in aqueous solution at room temperature. The reduction of UO22+ to UIV with the appropriate metal dithionite takes place in a solution of the metal fluoride. The metal ion may be Na+, Rb+, K+, Zn2+ or NH4+. In this work, the prepared compounds, Na2UF6, K2UF6, K7U6F31, RbUF5, Rb7U6F31, ZnU2F10 and (NH4)7U6F31, have been confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction.
A Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs: VII. a Review of the Mixed Arithmetic-Perceptual Model

This paper provides a summary of the development and evaluation of a componential model of graph reading called the Mixed Arithmetic-Perceptual (MA-P) model. A review of the history underlying the development of the model begins the paper. The second section describes the research used to test the predictions from the model and to further develop it. The third section integrates the research to produce a single omnibus version of the MA-P model. Finally, the fourth section projects the future of the MA-P modeling approach, for specific versions of the model, additional research, as well as applications.
Modeling Heat Transfer From a Vertical Isothermal Plate Using a One-Dimensional Turbulence Stochastic Mixing Model of Turbulence

A turbulent natural convection boundary layer along a vertical isothermal flat plate in air is investigated based on the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) modeling approach of Kerstein. The advantage of this approach is that near-wall conduction process can be treated without approximation. The effects of multi-dimensional turbulent mixing processes are modeled using a stochastic process description via triplet mapping stirring events. Adapting the ODT model to the problem of an isothermal plate includes modifying the local characteristic eddy time scale to account for the effects of buoyancy induced mixing mechanisms. Both a Lagrangian and Eulerian implementations of the ODT model are presented. Profiles of time-averaged and RMS velocity and temperature are compared to experimental data and existing self-similarity theory for thermal boundary layer along with Nusselt number predictions.© 2005 ASME
Recognition of human activity characteristics based on state transitions modeling technique

Human Activity Discovery & Recognition (HADR) is a complex, diverse and challenging task but yet an active area of ongoing research in the Department of Defense. By detecting, tracking, and characterizing cohesive Human interactional activity patterns, potential threats can be identified which can significantly improve situation awareness, particularly, in Persistent Surveillance Systems (PSS). Understanding the nature of such dynamic activities, inevitably involves interpretation of a collection of spatiotemporally correlated activities with respect to a known context. In this paper, we present a State Transition model for recognizing the characteristics of human activities with a link to a prior contextbased ontology. Modeling the state transitions between successive evidential events determines the activities' temperament. The proposed state transition model poses six categories of state transitions including: Human state transitions of Object handling, Visibility, Entity-entity relation, Human Postures, Human Kinematics and Distance to Target. The proposed state transition model generates semantic annotations describing the human interactional activities via a technique called Casual Event State Inference (CESI). The proposed approach uses a low cost kinect depth camera for indoor and normal optical camera for outdoor monitoring activities. Experimental results are presented here to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed technique.
Elevated Peroxynitrite as the Cause of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

ABSTRACTIn an earlier paper, I proposed that chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is caused by a response to infection, involving the induction of inflammatory cytokines which induce, in turn, the inducible nitric oxide synthase, producing elevated nitric oxide. Nitric oxide reacts with superoxide to form the potent oxidant, peroxynitrite. Six positive feedback loops were proposed by which peroxynitrite may stay elevated, acting to increase levels of both nitric oxide and superoxide, which react to form more peroxynitrite. This vicious cycle based on known biochemistry is proposed to be the central cause of CFS. The current paper discusses additional inducers which may act by increasing nitric oxide (physical or psychological trauma) or increasing superoxide (hypoxia) and the role of orthostatic intolerance, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, excessive exercise, exercise intolerance and carbon monoxide in inducing hypoxia and consequently superoxide and peroxynitrite. The major symptoms of CFS can all be interpreted as re...
Yearning for certainty and the critique of medicine as “science”

A debate has simmered concerning the nature of clinical reasoning, especially diagnostic reasoning: Is it a “science” or an “art”? The trend since the seventeenth century has been to regard medical reasoning as scientific reasoning, and the most advanced clinical reasoning is the most scientific. However, in recent years, several scholars have argued that clinical reasoning is clearly not “science” reasoning, but is in fact a species of narratival or hermeneutical reasoning. The study reviews this dispute, and argues that in a theoretical sense, the dispute rests upon a naive—but very popular—caricature of what constitutes “science reasoning.” But, if the dispute rests upon just such a caricature, why is it so persistent? The study concludes by suggesting that we, as patients and as physicians, have deep psychological tendencies that incline us to adopt the very naive “science” concept/model of diagnostic reasoning, even if (or when) we understand its inaptness.
SU-GG-T-291: Comparison Studies of Thermistor-Based and Ultrasonic Water Calorimeters

Purpose: High‐precision ultrasonic thermometry offers a compelling technology for use in watercalorimetry, since existing prototypes are able to register temperature changes corresponding to tens of mGy without the confounding difficulty of excess heat. In addition, its potential for providing three‐dimensional dose distributions in real time via CT may offer attractive options for reference dosimetry of nonstandard beams. The present study compares ultrasonic thermometry to thermistor‐based devices with respect to sensitivity to thermal signals, noise and susceptibility to systematic errors, with the objective of motivating further developments. Method and Materials: Single‐channel ultrasonic thermometer systems — one, a pulsed, phase‐locked loop; the other, a pulsed digital phase monitor — are compared to thermistor‐based watercalorimeter cells monitored via a dual‐phase lock‐in amplifier. Radiation from incandescent sources, 60Co, and a Clinac 2100C are used to evaluate performance. Estimated signal‐detection limits, obtained from overall system resolution and characteristic noise, are compared with experimental output and analyzed with regard to frequency content and heat transporteffects.Results: RMS noise in the ultrasonic systems exceeded both theoretical estimates and that observed with thermistor —based systems over comparable integration times; however, thermistor‐based systems are dominated by 1/f noise. Spatial averaging of temperature along the acoustic path reduces heat‐conduction effects in ultrasonic measurements, but the latter are relatively more susceptible to convection because of the open‐phantom design. At reduced exposure times, ultrasonic dose measurements are within a few percent of expected values. Conclusion:Noise reduction for both technologies is needed for rapid quantification of heat transporteffects. For ultrasonic systems, improvements to low‐pass filter circuits and algorithms are recommended; for thermistor‐based systems, proper phasing of the shutter with respect to the bridge‐excitation signal may alleviate flicker noise.
Titanium(II) and titanium(III) tetrahydroborates. Crystal structures of [Li(Et2O)2][Ti2(BH4)5(PMe2Ph)4], Ti(BH4)3(PMe2Ph)2, and Ti(BH4)3(PEt3)2.

The molecular structures of the titanium(III) borohydride complexes Ti(BH4)3(PEt3)2 and Ti(BH4)3(PMe2Ph)2 have been determined. If the BH4 groups are considered to occupy one coordination site, both complexes adopt distorted trigonal bipyramidal structures with the phosphines in the axial sites; the P−Ti−P angles deviate significantly from linearity and are near 156°. In both compounds, two of the three BH4 groups are bidentate and one is tridentate. The deduced structures differ from the one previously described for the PMe3 analogue Ti(BH4)3(PMe3)2, in which two of the tetrahydroborate groups were thought to be bound to the metal in an unusual “side-on” (η2-B,H) fashion. Because the PMe3, PEt3, and PMe2Ph complexes have nearly identical IR spectra, they most likely have similar structures. The current evidence strongly suggests that the earlier crystal structure of Ti(BH4)3(PMe3)2 was incorrectly interpreted and that these complexes all adopt structures in which two of the BH4 groups are bidentate and o...
Capital market impact of product marketing strategy: Evidence from the relationship between advertising expenses and cost of capital

To analyze the prospect of a firm’s advertising decision affecting shareholder wealth, this article investigates the relationship between a firm’s advertising expenditure and the market-imposed weighted average cost of capital. For a sample of U.S. firms, the results show that advertising expenditure is negatively related to the cost of equity and positively related to debt utilization, resulting in a lower weighted average cost of capital. A higher debt level, however, associates with a lower level of financial strength. In addition, and plausibly by lowering the cost of capital through product market advertising, firms with higher advertising expenditure experience higher performance in terms of market value added.
Fourier-transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy evaluated for near-surface characterization of polymeric materials

Abstract Fourier-transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy was applied to the near-surface study of various polymeric materials including aluminum/polyethylene composite films, poly(vinyl chloride) composites, and various chemically-modified textile materials. Examples are given for surface identification of polymers, distribution of chemical additives in textile materials, and characterization of polymer surface degradation. This approach has various advantages over conventional infrared sampling techniques for the study of polymeric materials.
A theoretical study of the transmutation method for resolving and quantifying overlapped chromatographic bands

Recently, a new chemometric technique called ‘transmutation’ has been designed to convert overlapping chromatographic bands into narrow bands, sufficient for resolving and quantifying the components. The ‘transmutation function’ is generated from the chromatogram of the component of interest, recorded with the same instrument and experimental conditions used to record the unresolved chromatogram of the sample mixture. The original method was based on the assumption that the shapes of the overlapping chromatographic bands are proportionately congruent (i.e. exact same shapes but different intensities). This condition was fulfilled in the early study because the band overlap region was confined to a narrow time window. The present study represents a theoretical investigation of the effects of band broadening and extends the method to include chromatograms that violate the congruency requirement. The method is applicable to single-detector as well as multiple-detector systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.