cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Plural-to-Singular Reanalysis Cycle

The reanalysis of plural first and second person pronouns to singular reference constitutes a diachronic cycle involving both semantic and pragmatic processes. First comes semantic reanalysis through feature drop. Speakers change the underlying semantic content from plural to number-neutral reference by dropping plural presuppositions (carried by plural features) that they cease to accommodate. The number-neutral form then pushes out other forms, destroying the paradigmatic number contrast there. In many languages, a newly innovated plural then emerges, and pragmatic competition triggers the restriction of that previously number-neutral pro-noun to singular contexts. The generative basis for this cycle appears to be a synchronic relationship of asymmetric entailment between plurals and singulars. The semantic content of number φ-features, where plural pronouns are marked for sums while singulars are unmarked for number, means that the restriction of the unmarked member of the pair to singular contexts of use is due to pragmatic competition in plural contexts with the more presupposition-rich plural. These facts underlie the directionality of both the reanalysis and restriction stages of the cycle.
Acute and Chronic Health Effects of E-Cigarette Use

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and vaping first entered the US market in 2007 and have dramatically increased in popularity since. Although e-cigarettes were first presumed by some to be safer than traditional cigarettes, it has since been proven that they have detrimental effects on almost every organ system. Since the emergence of the e-cigarette, or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) epidemic, there has been greater acknowledgment of the need to assess biochemical, inflammatory, and physiologic effects of e-cigarette aerosol inhalation on human health. In this chapter, we summarize what is known and unknown about e-cigarette and vaping effects on pulmonary, cardiovascular, central nervous system (CNS) and renal systems, as well as the role they play in oral and sleep health. Although much research has been done in the last few years to define the acute and chronic effects of vaping, further work is needed to truly understand the long-term effects of e-cigarettes and vaping.
Land Use and Land Use Change

Humans carry out fundamental activities like agriculture, mineral extraction, and home building on land. Through these activities, they inscribe revealing patterns in landscapes, patterns that promote affluence, degrade habitats, and indicate growing inequalities among humans. For this reason, changes in land use provide an important window on changes in coupled human and natural systems (CHANS). This chapter describes the most important of these changes in land use over the past century. It presents a series of historical generalizations about land use changes. The chapter begins by describing how the spread of markets in land during the twentieth century shaped the human imprint on the earth’s surface. Two activities made a visible imprint on the earth’s surface: the expansion of agriculture around the globe and the growth in the size and geographical extent of cities. The spread of markets in land and the corresponding intensification of land use introduced dramatic changes in urban, suburban, and rural communities that advantaged elites, disadvantaged the poor, precipitated unprecedented losses of biodiversity, and destabilized the climate. The turmoil and environmental abuse from these changes spurred a countervailing set of changes aimed at protecting landscapes, both in remote frontier forests of the Global South and in peri-urban settings outside of cities in both the Global North and the Global South. What Polanyi (1944) referred to as a double movement had occurred, a movement followed by a counter movement, both in remote rural places and in rural-urban fringe places. The first stage in the double movement destroyed and degraded natural resources. In the second stage, people mobilize to restore or spur the recovery of the damaged natural resources. In this sense, the double movement represents a dynamic. The activities in the first stage shape a reaction that defines what happens in the second stage.
Long term effects of the anorectic agent fenfluramine alone and in combination with aminorex on pulmonary and systemic circulation in the pig.

We have investigated the effects of chronic oral administration of two anorectic substances, fenfluramine and aminorex, especially on the pulmonary circulation in young pigs with one ligated pulmonary artery. The pulmonary vascular reactivity was tested by alveolar hypoxia, alveolar hyperoxia and infusion of prostaglandin F2α No elevation of pulmonary arterial pressures or resistance were found due to the intake of fenfluramine or aminorex over a three month period. The responses to the vasoconstrictor stimuli, hypoxia and prostaglandin F2α, and to the vasodilator stimulus, hyperoxia, were equal and not augmented in the drug groups. Fenfluramine or aminorex could therefore not be shown to have an adverse effect on the pulmonary circulation or on the reactivity of the pulmonary vascular bed in the pig, but fenfluramine elevated systemic arterial pressure.
"Responsiveness" as a Measure of Representation

The study of representation requires being able to measure representation. The concept to be measured, in the abstract, is the distance or "congruence" between legislators and their constituents, but data limitations often preclude measuring congruence directly. A popular alternative is to regress legislator roll call votes on a proxy for constituent preferences, with the coefficient labeled "responsiveness." Previous research has shown that there is no theoretical connection between the responsiveness coefficient and congruence. This paper investigates if there is an empirical connection between the responsiveness coefficient and congruence. I study 3,242 roll call votes on state laws that were subsequently challenged in a referendum; for such laws, one can construct both congruence and the responsiveness coefficient. The main finding is that the responsiveness coefficient has no consistent connection to congruence, meaning that it does not provide a reliable measure of representation.
Predicting Coupling of Object-Centric Business Process Implementations

Object-centric approaches for business process implementation distribute process logic among several interacting components, each representing a life cycle of an object. One of the challenges is to manage the component coupling, because highly-coupled components are difficult to distribute, maintain and adapt. Existing techniques that derive a component for each object that changes state in a given process do not consider component interdependencies and run the risk of producing components that are highly coupled. To make coupling explicit and manageable during component identification, we propose an approach for computing the expected coupling of an object-centric implementation for a given process model prior to actually deriving this implementation.
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: Report of a case with notes on pathogenesis and treatment

Abstract A case of ovarian hyperstimulation is described. This syndrome infrequently appears as a complication of induction of ovulation with human menopausal and chorionic gonadotropins. The clinical manifestations are weight gain, extreme ovarian enlargement, ascites with pleural effusion, oliguria, and hypotension. Severe cases may become life-threatening due to marked fluid shifts, electrolyte imbalance, intravascular hypovolemia, and hypercoagulability. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed, and suggestions are made about management. Therapy is symptomatic, expectant, and conservative unless surgical intervention becomes necessary in cases of intraperitoneal bleeding due to ovarian rupture. Physicians using gonadotropins for the treatment of infertility should be thoroughly familiar with the physiopathology of this complication.
Fractalkine Signaling Regulates the Inflammatory Response in an α-Synuclein Model of Parkinson Disease

Background Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and widespread aggregates of the protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a chief mediator; however, the role of α-syn in triggering and sustaining inflammation remains unclear. In models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurotoxin models of PD, the chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor (CX3CR1) have important roles in modulating neuroinflammation. Methods To examine the role of fractalkine signaling in α-syn-induced-neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, we used an in vivo mouse model in which human α-syn is overexpressed by an adeno associated viral vector serotype 2 (AAV2) and in vitro phagocytosis and protein internalization assays with primary microglia treated with aggregated α-syn. Results We observed that loss of CX3CR1 expression led to a reduced inflammatory response, with reduced IgG deposition and expression of MHCII 4 weeks post-transduction. Six months post transduction, AAV2 mediated overexpression of α-syn leads to loss of dopaminergic neurons, and this loss was not exacerbated in animals with deletion of CX3CR1. To determine the mechanism by which CX3CR1affects inflammatory responses in α-syn-induced inflammation, phagocytosis was assessed using a fluorescent microsphere assay as well as by microglial uptake of aggregated α-syn. CX3CR1-/- microglia showed reduced uptake of fluorescent beads and aggregated α-syn. Conclusion Our results suggest that one mechanism by which CX3CR1-/- attenuates inflammation is at the level of phagocytosis of aggregated α-syn by microglia. These data implicate fractalkine signaling as a potential therapeutic target for regulating inflammatory response in α-syn models PD.
Remote-sensing constraints on South America fire traits by Bayesian fusion of atmospheric and surface data

Satellite observations reveal substantial burning during the 2007 and 2010 tropical South America fire season, with both years exhibiting similar total burned area. However, 2010 CO fire emissions, based on satellite CO concentration measurements, were substantially lower (−28%), despite the once-in-a-century drought in 2010. We use Bayesian inference with satellite measurements of CH4 and CO concentrations and burned area to quantify shifts in combustion characteristics in 2010 relative to 2007. We find an 88% probability in reduced combusted biomass density associated with the 2010 fires and an 82% probability of lower fire carbon losses in 2010 relative to 2007. Higher combustion efficiency was a smaller contributing factor to the reduced 2010 CO emissions. The reduction in combusted biomass density is consistent with a reduction (4–6%) in Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 solar-induced fluorescence (a proxy for gross primary production) during the preceding months and a potential reduction in biomass (≤8.3%) due to repeat fires.
Multi‐scale environmental filters and niche partitioning govern the distributions of riparian vegetation guilds

Across landscapes, riparian plant communities assemble under varying levels of disturbance, environmental stress, and resource availability, leading to the development of distinct riparian life-history guilds over evolutionary timescales. Identifying the environmental filters that exert selective pressures on specific riparian vegetation guilds is a critical step in setting baseline expectations for how riparian vegetation may respond to environmental conditions anticipated under future global change scenarios. In this study, we ask: (1) What riparian plant guilds exist across the interior Columbia and upper Missouri River basins? (2) What environmental filters shape riparian guild distributions? (3) How does resource partitioning among guilds influence guild distributions and co-occurrence? Woody species composition was measured at 703 stream reaches and each species' morphological and functional attributes were extracted from a database in four categories: (1) life form, (2) persistence and growth, (3) reproduction, and (4) resource use. We clustered species into guilds by morphological characteristics and attributes related to environmental tolerances, modeling these guilds' distributions as a function of environmental filters—regional climate, watershed hydrogeomorphic characteristics, and stream channel form—and guild co-existence. We identified five guilds: (1) a tall, deeply rooted, long-lived, evergreen tree guild, (2) a xeric, disturbance tolerant shrub guild, (3) a hydrophytic, thicket-forming shrub guild, (4) a low-statured, shade-tolerant, understory shrub guild, and (5) a flood tolerant, mesoriparian shrub guild. Guilds were most strongly discriminated by species' rooting depth, canopy height and potential to resprout and grow following biomass-removing disturbance (e.g., flooding, fire). Hydro-climatic variables, including precipitation, watershed area, water table depth, and channel form attributes reflective of hydrologic regime, were predictors of guilds whose life history strategies had affinity or aversion to flooding, drought, and fluvial disturbance. Biotic interactions excluded guilds with divergent life history strategies and/or allowed for the co-occurrence of guilds that partition resources differently in the same environment. We conclude that the riparian guild framework provides insight into how disturbance and bioclimatic gradients shape riparian functional plant diversity across heterogeneous landscapes. Multiple environmental filters should be considered when the riparian response guild framework is to be used as a decision-support tool framework across large spatial extents.
On the maximum of the minimum of a sum

LetB denote the closure of a bounded open set of points inE n with Jordan content |B|>0 and letc>0 be constant. Typical of the expressions considered is $$M(N,c) = \max _{\left\{ {x_j } \right\}} \min _{x \in B} \sum\limits_{j = 1}^N {\left| {x - x_j } \right|^{ - c} } ,x_j \in E^n$$ Together with its analogs and extensions, the problem forc<n has a long history, associated with the names of Fekete, Leja, Polya, Szego, Frostman and Carleson, to mention just a few. It involves the notions of generalized capacity, transfinite diameter, and equilibrium potential. Here we consider the casec≧n and its extensions, for which the prior history seems less comprehensive. Illustrative of the results obtained are the three equations $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } \frac{{M(N,n)}}{{N\log N}} = \frac{{\omega (n)}}{{\left| B \right|}},\mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } \frac{{M(N,c)}}{{N^{{c \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {c n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} }} = \frac{{L(n,c)}}{{\left| B \right|^{{c \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {c n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} }},\mathop {\lim }\limits_{c \to \infty } L(n,c)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 c}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} c}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } \frac{{\left( {\left| B \right|/N} \right)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} }}{{\varrho (N)}}$$ In the firstc=n and ω (n) is the volume of the unit ball. In the secondc>n and existence of the limit is asserted, 0<L(n,c)<∞. In the third, ϱ (N) is the smallest value such thatN spheres of radius ϱ (N) can coverB. The results would be unchanged if we requiredx j ∈B instead ofx j ∈E n in the definition ofM(N, c).
Characterization of the endorphins, novel hypothalamic and neurohypophysial peptides with opiate-like activity: evidence that they induce profound behavioral changes

Abstract (1) α-, β-, γ-endorphins have primary structures respectively identical to those of β-lipotropin subunits [61–76], [61–91], [61–77]. (2) These peptides exhibit opiate-like activity in several assay systems. (3) A series of analogs of the naturally occurring peptides has been prepared and their biologic activities compared. (4) Each of the endorphins produces a discrete set of profound behavioral changes when injected into the ventricular system of the brain of rats. (5) The hypothesis is advanced that alterations in the homeostasis of the β-lipotropinendorphin system may be causally involved in the mental diseases of man.
Rotary Traveling-Wave Oscillators, Analysis and Simulation

Rotary traveling-wave oscillators (RTWOs) are a new transmission-line based approach to gigahertz rate oscillators. This paper presents the fundamental theory of RTWOs in both the weakly nonlinear and strongly nonlinear regions of operation, including their multimode characteristics, quality factor, nonlinearity, and edge rate of the oscillating waveform. Finally we use the theory to derive analytic expressions for thermally induced phase noise. Our theoretical results are then compared with accurate simulations.
Artificial neural network as a predictive tool for emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles in Southern California

AbstractAn artificial neural network (ANN) was trained on chassis dynamometer data and used to predict the oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Axle speed, torque, their derivatives in different time steps, and two novel variables that defined speed variability over 150 seconds were defined as the inputs for the ANN. The novel variables were used to assist in predicting off-cycle emissions. Each species was considered individually as an output of the ANN. The ANN was trained on the Highway cycle and applied to the City/Suburban Heavy Vehicle Route (CSHVR) and Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) with four different sets of inputs to predict the emissions for these vehicles. The research showed acceptable prediction results for the ANN, even for the one trained with only eight inputs of speed, torque, their first and second derivatives at one second, and two variables related to the speed pattern over the l...
Liquid crystal displays: molecules at work

Liquid crystal displays have become an indispensable means to deliver information. Their fascinating optical properties are described along with simple experiments that can be performed in the classroom to complement discussions on the structure of matter, phase transitions, polarization, dielectric constants, refractive indices and light scattering. Liquid crystals also serve as a medium to link basic physics to technology and other scientific disciplines.
Bounded similarity querying for time-series data

We define the problem of bounded similarity querying in time-series databases, which generalizes earlier notions of similarity querying. Given a (sub)sequence S, a query sequence Q, lower and upper bounds on shifting and scaling parameters, and a tolerance e, S is considered boundedly similar to Q if S can be shifted and scaled within the specified bounds to produce a modified sequence S' whose distance from Q is within e. We use similarity transformation to formalize the notion of bounded similarity. We then describe a framework that supports the resulting set of queries; it is based on a fingerprint method that normalizes the data and saves the normalization parameters. For off-line data, we provide an indexing method with a single index structure and search technique for handling all the special cases of bounded similarity querying. Experimental investigations find the performance of our method to be competitive with earlier, less general approaches.
Energy Use and Biodiversity Loss

This paper evaluates the proposition that rates of population and species extinction can be assessed by using an indirect measure: total consumption of energy (industrial plus traditional) by man. This proposition rests on three assumptions. First, the rate of extinction is proportional to the rate of habitat destruction because most organisms are adapted to rather limited environments. Second, the rate of habitat destruction is correlated with the scale of human enterprise: the product of the number of people, average consumption, and the environmental damage done by the technologies used to supply each unit of consumption. Third, average energy can be used as a surrogate for the latter two factors, consumption x technology. Total energy use is therefore an indicator of trends in extinction rates, and thus could be used to estimate the rates themselves. I examine these premises and conclude that they are sufficiently well supported for biologists to use total energy consumption as an index of global extinction rates. That index, however, is not useful politically because the assumptions upon which it is based are not understood by decision makers and the general public.
Fetal cardiac output in the isoimmunized pregnancy: A pulsed Doppler-echocardiographic study of patients undergoing intravascular intrauterine transfusion

The mechanism of development of hydrops fetalis in severe isoimmunization has been subject to speculation. We performed pulsed Doppler assessment of cardiac output in 13 severely isoimmunized fetuses before and after intravascular transfusion and compared the results with 37 control fetuses between 20 and 34 weeks' gestation. The cardiac index of the anemic fetuses was significantly greater than that of the control group. A significant (right ventricle, p p p
Reaction of the Supraoptic Nucleus to Hypophysectomy.

ConclusionEleostearic acid is quickly changed to a new acid in vivo. Distribution and metabolism of this acid has been followed by spectroscopic analysis and large differences found among several tissues.
Efficiency of linear predictors for periodic processes using an incorrect covariance function

Abstract Previous work by the author showed that for interpolating a weakly stationary random field, using an incorrect spectral density that has similar high-frequency behavior as the correct spectral density can yield asymptotically optimal linear predictions as the number of observations in a fixed domain increases. However, explicit results on how fast this convergence to optimality occurs could only be obtained for a limited class of processes in one dimension. By considering periodic processes, this work obtains explicit rates of convergence for a broad class of processes in any number of dimensions. These results suggest analogous ones for stationary processes.
The Odd-Even Effect in Steryl ω-Phenylalkanoates

Abstract We became interested in the ω-phenylalkanoates of cholesterol after it was reported(1) that of the first five members investigated only the odd esters were mesomorphic, but not the even members cholesteryl phenylacetate and 4-phenylbutyrate. However, we found a cholesteric mesophase in cholesteryl 4-phenylbutyrate. We also observed that the temperature values of the cholesteric-isotropic transitions fell on two curves, with the odd-numbered members forming the higher branch, and the even-numbered members forming the lower branch. The two curves did not merge, and no smectic-cholesteric transitions were observed except in cholesteryl 8-phenyloctanoate, the last member studied in that investigation.(2)
Contribution of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor to villus development in the murine and human gastrointestinal tract

Abstract Recent studies have shown that aberrantly expressed gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor (GRP-R) critically regulate tumor cell differentiation in colon cancers developing in humans and mice. This finding suggested that the ability of GRP/GRP-R to promote a well-differentiated phenotype in colon cancer might reflect a re-capitulation of a normal role in regulating intestinal organogenesis. To determine if this was the case, we compared and contrasted intestinal development in GRPR −/− mice with their wild type littermates. GRP/GRP-R co-expression in wild type mice was only observed in villous enterocytes between N-1 and N-12. During this time frame villous growth was completely attenuated in GRPR −/− mice. The contribution of GRP/GRP-R to villous growth was due to their act in increasing enterocyte proliferation prior to N-8 but increasing enterocyte size thereafter. From N-12 onwards, small intestinal villous growth in GRPR −/− mice resumed such that no difference in this structure could be detected at adulthood between mice of either genotype. We next studied GRP/GRP-R expression in human abortuses. These proteins were co-expressed by villous enterocytes only between weeks 14 and 20 post-conception, a time frame analogous to when they are expressed in the murine intestine. Thus, this study shows for the first time that GRP/GRP-R play a transient and non-critical role in intestinal development, yet provides a rationale for their re-appearance in colon cancer.
Toward an informational dynamics of collective choice

In the following argument, it is suggested that the informational dimension of small-scale collective choice systems be introduced into the set of explanatory variables, be allowed to fluctuate while the ‘committee’ is in session and, finally, be permitted to “feed back” to the individual participants during the group decision process. It is suggested that consideration of the in-period or ‘in-committee’ shocks which this release and flow of information may be modeled to have on the participants’ round-to-round voting strategies might provide a supplementary explanation of some of the anomalous results (such as the relative rarity of observed cycling) encountered in observations of collectively controlled systems.
Oxytocin Receptors and Parturition. III. Increases in Estrogen Receptor and Oxytocin Receptor Concentrations in the Rat Myometrium during Prostaglandin F2α-Induced Abortion*

Marked elevations in the concentrations of receptors for estrogen (E) and oxytocin (OT) in the rat myometrium occur during spontaneous labor. These increases appear to be correlated with a decrease in plasma progesterone (P). In this study we sought to determine if these same changes in plasma steroid and myometrial receptor concentrations can be made to occur prematurely when pregnancy is terminated with prostaglandin Fα, (PGF2α). The administration of PGF2α to rats on day 18 of pregnancy resulted in premature delivery on day 20. PGF2α-induced labor was associated with a rise in the concentration of myometrial receptors for E and OT. The administration of P to these rats inhibited the increases in concentration of receptors for E and OT on day 20 and prevented premature delivery. In contrast, PGF2α administration on day 15, when plasma P is near maximal, resulted in marginal changes in myometrial receptor concentrations and in uninterrupted pregnancy. PGF2α treatment on day 10 increased the concentration...
Pulmonary Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts: The Importance of Correlating the Conventional Radiologic Appearance with the Clinical Setting

The lung is one of the most frequently involved organs in a variety of complications in the immunocompromised host. Among the pulmonary complications that occur in this kind of patient, infection is the most common and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) are essential diagnostic tools, radiologists often have difficulty in establishing the correct diagnosis on the basis of radiologic findings alone. The reasons are that the immunocompromised host is potentially susceptible to infection from many different microorganisms and that radiologic findings are seldom specific for the detection of a particular pathogen. Experience has shown that a particular clinical setting predisposes patients to infection by particular pathogens. The setting comprises (a) the specific epidemiologic or environmental exposure, (b) the type of underlying immune defect, (c) the duration and severity of immune compromise, and (d) the progression rate and pattern of...
Unexpected ratio of allozyme expression in diploid and triploid individuals of the clonal hybrid fish Phoxinus eos-neogaeus.

Phoxinus eos-neogaeus, a North American freshwater fish, was formed by hybridization between P. neogaeus and P. eos. Individuals of P. eos-neogaeus express one allozyme of P. eos and one allozyme of P. neogaeus for enzymes for which the parental allozymes are distinctive. We performed densitometry on phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and one glucose-6-phosphate isomerase locus (GPI-A) separated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis to determine if the parental species' allozymes are expressed in proportion to the number of genomes present in diploid and triploid individuals, and if these enzymes are regulated separately in different tissues. In diploids, activity of the P. eos allozyme was greater than the P. neogaeus allozyme in eye, liver, and muscle but not in heart (one sample t-test, P = 0.05) for PGM. The activity of the P. eos GPI-A allozyme was significantly greater than the P. neogaeus allozyme in heart, eye and muscle but not in liver (one sample t-test, P = 0.05). The expected ratio of eos:neogaeus expression in triploid P. eos-neogaeus × eos individuals is 2:1. For PGM, the observed ratio of eos:neogaeus expression was not significantly different from 2:1 in all four tissues. The P. eos allozyme for GPI was expressed less than expected in all four tissues (one-sample t-test, P = 0.05). Thus, greater than expected expression of the P. eos allozyme was not observed in triploid individuals as it was in the diploids. These data show that PGM and GPI are regulated separately, and that regulation differs by tissue, and in fish of distinct ploidy levels. J. Exp. Zool. 284:663–674, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of virulence, sporulation, and temperature on Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana laboratory transmission in Coptotermes formosanus

Sporulation characteristics and virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were examined in relation to laboratory transmission in Coptotermes formosanus. Fungal isolates significantly affected disease prevalence in termite populations. Sporulation of M. anisopliae played a more important role than virulence in producing epizootics within small groups of termites, but this was not the case for B. bassiana. Isolates characterized by quick sporulation (day 2 after death) did not exhibit better transmission in termites than those with high total sporulation (day 11 after death) in either fungal species. An isolate of M. anisopliae ranking highly in all three categories (virulence, quick sporulation, and total sporulation) produced better epizootics than an isolate that was inferior in all three characteristics. High temperatures (35 degrees C) significantly reduced fungal germination rates, leading to significant reduction of epizootics. M. anisopliae was better than B. bassiana in producing epizootics at 27 degrees C. Thus, fungal characteristics other than virulence should be considered for the seasonal colonization approach to termite microbial control.
The Personal Community and Its Invariant Properties

A N IMPORTANT function of social structure is to provide everyone with a personal community, a group of people on whom he can rely for support and approval. In this paper I will discuss some of the invariant properties of that personal communtiy. Since every socialized human being must have a group on which he can rely for approval and support, it follows that the more precisely the properties of the personal community are defined, the closer we come to understanding society and the functioning of the human organism within it. Since precise description of a thing requires specification of its statistical properties, I shall attempt to state them for the personal community. In the first place, a personal community has a certain number, determined by counting those who most frequently contribute to an individual's welfare and approve his actions. In the second place, a personal community has a certain constancy, measured by the time spent by its members in direct interaction. Thus in our culture a mother has a higher constancy in the personal community of the child than does its father, and both have a higher constancy than a distant uncle. In the third place, the members of a personal community have a certain involvement in each other, that is to say, an obligation to give heed to and be swayed by each other's wishes. Involvement is the most complex of the properties of the personal community, and some of the problems in measuring it will be discussed in later paragraphs. Before analyzing these four items further, it is necessary to discuss the meaning of rely. Rely may be defined as follows: The coefficient of reliance of B with respect to A is equal to the number of times B supports and/or approves A divided by the absence of such support and/or approval. Thus Rab= S/F means "the coefficient of reliance of B with respect to A is equal to the frequency of B's support of A divided by the frequency of his nonsupport." For example, if B distributes food 20 times and give food to A each time, then Rb equals infinity; but if out of 20 food distributions B gives to A only four times, then Rab is -, and A relies on B in the second case much less than in the first. This would be one measure of B's "support of A." I will now proceed to an analytical discussion of the four key concepts. A. The personal community. The personal community has been defined as the group of people on whom an individual can rely for support and/or approval. Since, however, it is now clear that reliance is measurable, the definition of personal community may be restated as the group of people for whom the coefficient of reliance is relatively high. Thus ideally in our culture, a child's mother and father are persons with high reliance; but reliance in a modern bureaucracy or corporation is often notoriously low. It is quite clear that the
Surface properties of sendai virus envelope

Surface properties of Sendai virus envelope membrane have been measured, using both biological and biophysical techniques. Both normal and trypsin-treated virus were studied. SDS gel electrophoresis showed cleavage of the F protein exclusively by trypsin. The major activity change was observed in the hemolysing activity which is an expression of F protein. Hemolysis was reduced to less than 10% of its value for intact virus. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the envelope surface of the native virus showed a highly restricted phospholipid headgroup environment. Interestingly, this restriction was relieved by treatment with trypsin. Thus these data suggest a role of the F protein of Sendai virus in tightly organizing the surface of the viral envelope membrane.
Design and analysis of an immobilization and repositioning system for treatment of neck malignancies

Abstract Recent applications of three-dimensional treatment planning using non-coplanar treatment angles have demonstrated the potential for improved target dose homogeneity as well as normal tissue sparing for tissues in the neck, notably the parotid gland. Implementation of these highly targeted treatments requires a reliable method for accurate daily reproduction of the treatment position, as patient setup error could lead to significant decreases in target dose and normal tissue sparing. Additionally, the constrained geometry of this anatomic site requires the freedom to deliver treatments from any arbitrary angle in order to maximize the expected benefit. In order to permit accurate setup while maintaining access from most angles, a hybrid immobilization system has been developed, consisting of a custom thermoplastic mask with attachment to a foam cradle shaped to the back of the patient. To evaluate the accuracy of this system, setup errors were measured in 20 patients treated while immobilized with the positioning aide. Two orthogonal film sets consisting of anterior and lateral projections, one set taken at the beginning of treatment and a second 4–5 weeks into therapy, were compared to baseline simulator films or digitally reconstructed radiographs. The average setup deviation in any direction ranged from 0.8 to 1.4 mm and the largest single setup error observed was 4.5 mm. For the film sets taken late in treatment only 3 of the 20 patients required setup adjustment followed by repeat filming to obtain an acceptable film pair. This system has been implemented for routine clinical use since March 1995.
Graduate assistant usage in Oklahoma graduate computer science programs

This paper is the result of a survey sent to the graduate teaching and research assistants at three computer science departments in the State of Oklahoma. The survey was designed to determine how the students were utilized by their departments, what the students felt about their experiences as a teaching or research assistant, and how their positions have impacted their educational experience. This paper presents and discusses the results of the survey.
Injury of a Medial Sacral Vessel During Lumbar Laminectomy

Vascular injury sustained during neurosurgical procedures is surprisingly rare, especially considering the anatomic proximity of major blood vessels to the vertebral column. Mortality rates are high if the injury is not recognized and definitive management is delayed. Case reports include massive hemorrhage, arteriovenous fistulas, and development of false aneurysms. Diagnostic CT scan and arteriography are useful if the patient's condition permits; however, rapid intervention is crucial to the patient's survival. After reviewing the current surgical literature, we present a case of medial sacral artery injury occurring during laminectomy.
Structural basis for phosphotyrosine recognition by suppressor of cytokine signaling-3.

Summary Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are indispensable negative regulators of cytokine-stimulated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways. SOCS proteins (SOCS1–7 and CIS) consist of a variable N-terminal region, a central Src homology-2 (SH2) domain, and a C-terminal SOCS box. The N-terminal region in SOCS1 and SOCS3 includes the so-called kinase inhibitory region that has been shown to inhibit the catalytic activity of JAK2. Here, we present a crystal structure at 2.0 A resolution of the N-terminally extended SH2 domain of SOCS3 in complex with its phosphopeptide target on the cytokine receptor gp130. The structure reveals that major insertions in the EF and BG loops of the SOCS3 SH2 domain are responsible for binding to gp130 with high affinity and specificity. In addition, the structure provides insights into the possible mechanisms by which SOCS3 and SOCS1 inhibit JAK2 kinase activity.
Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor Protects the Heart from Ischemic Damage and Is Selectively Secreted upon Sarco/endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Depletion

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) has been reported to protect cells from stress-induced cell death before and after its secretion; however, the conditions under which it is secreted are not known. Accordingly, we examined the mechanism of MANF release from cultured ventricular myocytes and HeLa cells, both of which secrete proteins via the constitutive pathway. Although the secretion of proteins via the constitutive pathway is not known to increase upon changes in intracellular calcium, MANF secretion was increased within 30 min of treating cells with compounds that deplete sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)/ER calcium. In contrast, secretion of atrial natriuretic factor from ventricular myocytes was not increased by SR/ER calcium depletion, suggesting that not all secreted proteins exhibit the same characteristics as MANF. We postulated that SR/ER calcium depletion triggered MANF secretion by decreasing its retention. Consistent with this were co-immunoprecipitation and live cell, zero distance, photo affinity cross-linking, demonstrating that, in part, MANF was retained in the SR/ER via its calcium-dependent interaction with the SR/ER-resident protein, GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa). This unusual mechanism of regulating secretion from the constitutive secretory pathway provides a potentially missing link in the mechanism by which extracellular MANF protects cells from stresses that deplete SR/ER calcium. Consistent with this was our finding that administration of recombinant MANF to mice decreased tissue damage in an in vivo model of myocardial infarction, a condition during which ER calcium is known to be dysregulated, and MANF expression is induced.
Systolic array implementation of updating and downdating ULLVD algorithm

Luk and Qiao introduced an algorithm for the generalized ULV decomposition (ULLVD). The proposed decomposition scheme performs the rank-revealing operation, but requires a lower computational cost in the updating of new data as compared to the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD). In this paper, we extend their algorithm for handling downdating, and propose a systolic array structure for implementing both updating and downdating. A scheme for rank revealing is also implemented on the proposed systolic array.
THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST: A GENERALIST WITH SPECIALIST TRAINING

Training for clinical psychology has been predicated upon the model of the specialist. No attempt has been made to train students in programs designed on the basis of research results. Currently, we have performance criteria. We can label the structure and content of programs. The interaction of program variables and student variables could be studied over time. Such research would suggest the applicability of specialist or generalist models for the training of clinical psychologists.Rationalists, wearing square hats,Think, in square rooms,Looking at the floor,Looking at the ceiling.They confine themselvesTo right-angled triangles.If they tried rhomboids,Cones, waving lines, ellipses—As, for example, the ellipse of the half moon—Rationalists would wear sombreros.(Stevens, 1957)
Morphologic and ultrastructural characteristics of T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The morphology, ultrastructure, and acid phosphatase activity of the leukemic cells of 11 cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) were studied. Distinctive small cells with markedly hyperchromatic convoluted nuclei comprised from 2 to 25% of the leukemic cells in the blood and bone marrow smears of 10 of the 11 patients. Similar cells were found in only four of 47 cases on non-T, non-B-ALL. Many of these small leukemic cells exhibited ultrastructurally nuclear membrane reduplication and nuclear blebs and splits. The presence of these small leukemic cells with markedly hyperchromatic convoluted nuclei in ALL is strongly suggestive of T-ALL. This cytomorphologic finding, when combined with the presence of strong focal acid phosphatase activity, lends even greater predictability of a T-cell process.
Effects of blast overpressure on neurons and glial cells in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.

Due to recent involvement in military conflicts, and an increase in the use of explosives, there has been an escalation in the incidence of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) among US military personnel. Having a better understanding of the cellular and molecular cascade of events in bTBI is prerequisite for the development of an effective therapy that currently is unavailable. The present study utilized organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHCs) exposed to blast overpressures of 150 kPa (low) and 280 kPa (high) as an in vitro bTBI model. Using this model we further characterized the cellular effects of the blast injury. Blast-evoked cell death was visualized by a propidium iodide (PI) uptake assay as early as 2 h post-injury. Quantification of PI staining in the cornu Ammonis 1 and 3 (CA1 and CA3) and the dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h following blast exposure revealed significant time dependent effects. OHCs exposed to 150 kPa demonstrated a slow increase in cell death plateauing between 24 and 48 h, while OHCs from the high blast group exhibited a rapid increase in cell death already at 2 h, peaking at approximately 24 h post-injury. Measurements of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the culture medium also revealed a significant increase in cell lysis in both low and high blast groups compared to sham controls. OHCs were fixed at 72 h post-injury and immunostained for markers against neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Labeling OHCs with PI, neuronal, and glial markers revealed that the blast evoked extensive neuronal death and to a lesser extent loss of glial cells. Furthermore, our data demonstrated activation of astrocytes and microglia cells in low and high blasted OHCs, which reached a statistically significant difference in the high blast group. These data confirmed that our in vitro bTBI model is a useful tool for studying cellular and molecular changes after blast exposure.
Macroeconomic consequences of farm support policies

Agricultural protectionism is a basic factor underlying the U.S. trade deficit, Third World debt, and global underemployment. Yet despite the seriousness of the problem and attention given to it by many researchers, little progress has been made in formulating and implementing policies to deal with it. The scholars and experts here assembled present for the first time a quantification and analysis of the impact upon the world economy of reduction or elimination of agricultural protectionism. They question why, give the magnitude of the problem, inferior policies endure despite the weight of evidence that they have failed. The answer they derive is that there is no general understanding of the true cost of the failure, and therefore it is necessary to initiate reform from outside agricultural circles.
Some simplified methods for infinite elements

Infinite elements have been successfully used to model situations where the domain of interest extends to infinity. The fundamental reason for using an infinite element is to approximate infinity for a bounded problem that extends to infinity and at the same time conserve elements. Infinite elements are derived from standard finite elements and modified to represent a decay type behavior as one or more dimensions approach infinity. Infinite elements that have been discussed in the literature are based upon modifying the stiffness matrix by including, in some fashion, a decay function in the shape function. In this study we introduce two new and different concepts. In the first instance we modify only the numerical integration scheme and in the second case we modify only the matrerial matrix. In both cases the shape functions remain unchanged and correspond to a standard shape function for an ordinary finite element.
Post-myocardial-infarction quality of care among disabled Medicaid beneficiaries with and without serious mental illness

Abstract Objective The objective was to examine the association between serious mental illness and quality of care for myocardial infarction among disabled Maryland Medicaid beneficiaries. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of disabled Maryland Medicaid beneficiaries with myocardial infarction from 1994 to 2004. Cardiac procedures and guideline-based medication use were compared for persons with and without serious mental illness. Results Of the 633 cohort members with myocardial infarction, 137 had serious mental illness. Serious mental illness was not associated with differences in receipt of cardiac procedures or guideline-based medications. Overall use of guideline-based medications was low; 30 days after the index hospitalization for myocardial infarction, 19%, 35% and 11% of cohort members with serious mental illness and 22%, 37% and 13% of cohort members without serious mental illness had any use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers and statins, respectively. Study participants with and without serious mental illness had similar rates of mortality. Overall, use of beta-blockers [hazard ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90–0.97] and statins (hazard ratio 0.93, 95% CI 0.89–0.98) was associated with reduced risk of mortality. Conclusions Quality improvement programs should consider how to increase adherence to medications of known benefit among disabled Medicaid beneficiaries with and without serious mental illness.