cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A large, fast instruction window for tolerating cache misses

Instruction window size is an important design parameter for many modern processors. Large instruction windows offer the potential advantage of exposing large amounts of instruction level parallelism. Unfortunately naively scaling conventional window designs can significantly degrade clock cycle time, undermining the benefits of increased parallelism.This paper presents a new instruction window design targeted at achieving the latency tolerance of large windows with the clock cycle time of small windows. The key observation is that instructions dependent on a long latency operation (e.g., cache miss) cannot execute until that source operation completes. These instructions are moved out of the conventional, small, issue queue to a much larger waiting instruction buffer (WIB). When the long latency operation completes, the instructions are reinserted into the issue queue. In this paper, we focus specifically on load cache misses and their dependent instructions. Simulations reveal that, for an 8-way processor, a 2K-entry WIB with a 32-entry issue queue can achieve speedups of 20%, 84%, and 50% over a conventional 32-entry issue queue for a subset of the SPEC CINT2000, SPEC CFP2000, and Olden benchmarks, respectively.
Letting the market work for you: an evolutionary perspective on product strategy

Managers must choose to allocate scarce resources either to the maintenance of a range of products tailored to heterogeneous consumer preferences or to the efficient production of a small number of products. In addition, managers must choose the degree to which they periodically cull the product line. Vigorous selection removes poor performers from the product line, but this action simultaneously impairs the firm's ability to monitor changes in consumer preferences. Empirical evidence from the computer workstation industry reveals that the ideal choice of product variety depends on the competitive ecology of the industry. Product variety becomes less valuable as the total number of products on the market increases, but it increases in value as uncertainty makes the accurate prediction of demand difficult. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteasome Enzymatic Activities in Plasma as Risk Stratification of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Advanced-Stage Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Purpose: Cytogenetic abnormalities are currently the most important predictors of response and clinical outcome for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or advanced-stage myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Because clinical outcomes vary markedly within cytogenetic subgroups, additional biological markers are needed for risk stratification. Experimental Design: We assessed the utility of measuring pretreatment proteasome chymotrypsin-like, caspase-like, and trypsin-like activities in plasma to predict response and survival of patients with AML ( n = 174) or advanced-stage MDS ( n = 52). Results: All three enzymatic activities were significantly ( P P = 0.002). However, only chymotrypsin-like activity was independent predictor of response from age grouping ( P 2 -microglobulin in multivariate Cox regression models. Chymotrypsin-like activity was also a strong independent predictor of survival in patients with intermediate karyotype ( n = 124). Conclusions: Measuring plasma chymotrypsin-like activity may provide a powerful biomarker for risk stratification in patients with AML and advanced-stage MDS, including those with normal karyotype.
Water dynamics within a highly rigid sulfonated polyphenylene

Abstract Complex water molecule interactions within the confined environments of a sulfonated polyphenylene (sPP) ionomer were studied using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Multiple water environments were observed due to variations in hydrophilicity created by its structure, and chemical composition. Confined water properties are strongly dependent upon water content, degree of ionization, and temperature. Increasing the degree of sulfonation (DS) results in the creation of more water states and sites. The chemical shifts of water depend upon its environment with a smaller dependence on temperature. Confined water relaxation time T1 is than significantly lower bulk water and increases with temperature. Pulse field gradient (PFG) NMR studies reveals that water self-diffusion coefficients increase with. Water molecules diffuse faster in sPP than Nafion™, which implies that diffusion is facilitated by bundled hydrophilic pathways. Time-dependent FTIR reveals that bound water evaporates slower than unbound water during drying, which illustrates the difference of bulk and confined water within sPP ionomers. Hindered water evaporation is due to a reduction in the degrees of freedom for ion containing domains and mass transfer limitations at interfacial boundaries between hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains.
Organized Labor, National Politics, and Second-Wave Feminism in the United States, 1965–1975

Second-wave feminism, scholars argued until recently, was a product of middle-class educated women who rejected inequality masquerading as domestic tranquility in the postwar United States. Women unionists were either invisible in these accounts or dismissed as unimportant to the development of feminism's objectives and strategies. Recent labor history research has called this portrayal of working women into question. Whether considering a single union or broad national patterns of political change, several historians have pointed to unionists' contributions to campaigns for equality. These came in the areas of pay and job discrimination as well as in the effort to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).
Optically tunable guided-mode resonance filter.

We have demonstrated a guided-mode resonance filter (GMRF) whose properties are tunable with laser illumination through the incorporation of a nonlinear dye. Laser illumination causes a change in the refractive index of the dye-doped portion of the structure, leading to controlled tuning of the GMRF reflectance spectrum. Changes in the refractive index of dye-doped regions are proportional to the intensity of the incident laser beam and are as high as Δn=0.09. The reflectance tuning effect occurs on a time scale of many seconds and is completely reversible upon termination of the laser illumination.
Academic Fads and Fashions (with Special Reference to Law)

Like everyone else, academics are susceptible to informational and reputational signals. Sometimes academics lack confidence in their methods and beliefs, and they pay a great deal of attention to the methods and beliefs of others. The academic study of law is particularly subject to cascade effects, as people follow signals that they participate in amplifying. Some of these effects run their course quickly, whereas others last a long time. Leaders can play a special role in starting and stopping cascades; external shocks play a special role in the academic study of law; sometimes like-minded people within academia move one another to extremes. This informal essay, the Foreword to the forthcoming annual book review issue of the Michigan Law Review, discusses these points in a tentative and impressionistic way, with brief comparisons to other fields.
An experimental investigation of moderate reynolds number flow in a T-Channel

An experimental investigation of water flow in a T-shaped channel with rectangular cross section (20 × 20 mm inlet ID and 20 × 40 mm outlet ID) has been conducted for a Reynolds number Re range of 56–422, based on inlet diameter. Dynamical conditions and the T-channel geometry of the current study are applicable to the microscale. 2-D planar particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) were used in multiple locations of the T-channel to investigate local dynamical behaviors. Steady symmetric and asymmetric flow regimes predicted in the literature, which is largely numerical, are experimentally verified. Unsteady flow regimes, which are numerically predicted to occur at higher Re but have not yet been experimentally characterized, are also examined, and real-time LIF results illuminate the evolution of unsteady structure. Experimental data of the present resolution and scope are not presently available for unsteady flow regimes. Time scales are presented for unsteady flow regimes, which are found to exhibit periodic behavior and to occur for Re ≥ 195. An unsteady symmetrical regime is identified for Re ≥ 350 that is detrimental to mixing. Momentum fields and dynamical behaviors of all flow regimes are characterized in detail, such that published mixing trends may be better understood. Results of all experimental trials were used to construct a regime map. A symmetric topology is found to be dominant for Re from 56 to 116, when flow is steady, and 350 to 422, when flow is characterized by unsteady stagnation-point oscillation in the T-channel junction. Asymmetric flow, which is positively indicated for mixing, is dominant for Re between 142 and 298, and the fluid interface exhibits both steady (two standing vortices) and unsteady (shear-layer type roll-up) behaviors. This result is based on multiple experiments and suggests a practical operating range of 142 ≤ Re ≤ 298 where asymmetric flow is highly likely to experimentally occur. The identification of an upper limit on Re, beyond which mixing appears negatively impacted by a more symmetrical momentum field, is practically important as pressure drops on the microscale are significant.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: defining phenotypic diversity through personalized medicine

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises two main classes of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by neuronal/glial proteinaceous inclusions (i.e., proteinopathies) including tauopathies (i.e., FTLD-Tau) and TDP-43 proteinopathies (i.e., FTLD-TDP) while other very rare forms of FTLD are known such as FTLD with FUS pathology (FTLD-FUS). This review focuses mainly on FTLD-Tau and FLTD-TDP, which may present as several clinical syndromes: a behavioral/dysexecutive syndrome (behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia); language disorders (primary progressive aphasia variants); and motor disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome). There is considerable heterogeneity in clinical presentations of underlying neuropathology and current clinical criteria do not reliably predict underlying proteinopathies ante-mortem. In contrast, molecular etiologies of hereditary FTLD are consistently associated with specific proteinopathies. These include MAPT mutations with FTLD-Tau and GRN, C9orf72, VCP and TARDBP with FTLD-TDP. The last decade has seen a rapid expansion in our knowledge of the molecular pathologies associated with this clinically and neuropathologically heterogeneous group of FTLD diseases. Moreover, in view of current limitations to reliably diagnose specific FTLD neuropathologies prior to autopsy, we summarize the current state of the science in FTLD biomarker research including neuroimaging, biofluid and genetic analyses. We propose that combining several of these biomarker modalities will improve diagnostic specificity in FTLD through a personalized medicine approach. The goals of these efforts are to enhance power for clinical trials focused on slowing or preventing progression of spread of tau, TDP-43 and other FTLD-associated pathologies and work toward the goal of defining clinical endophenotypes of FTD.
Histopathological observations of the antivascular effects of physiotherapy ultrasound on a murine neoplasm

This study evaluates the histopathological changes that follow insonation of a neoplasm with physiotherapy ultrasound. In 27 mice (C3HV/HeN strain), a subcutaneous melanoma (K173522) was insonated with continuous physiotherapy ultrasound (1 MHz; spatial-average-temporal-average = 2.3 W cm−2). Analyses of contrast enhanced (0.1 mL Optison) power Doppler observations showed that insonation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the avascular area in the neoplasm. The predominant acute effect of insonating the neoplasm was an apparently irreparable dilation of the tumor capillaries with associated intercellular oedema; other immediate effects were haemorrage and increased intercellular fluid. Liquefactive necrosis of neoplastic cells was a delayed effect. There was a high correlation (R2 = 0.91) between the percent area affected on histologic examination and the percent increase in avascularity of the neoplasm in the Doppler study. In conclusion, physiotherapy ultrasound produced histologic changes in the tumor vasculature that were consistent with observations made by contrast enhanced power Doppler ultrasound.
A survey of trace element distribution in tissues of stone crabs (Menippe mercenaria) from South Carolina Coastal Waters

The stone crab (Menippe mercenaria) is an important component of the estuarine food web as both predator and prey. Stone crabs live in sediment, primarily consume oysters, and as a result, have the potential to accumulate significant quantities of pollutants including metals. In South Carolina, the stone crab is becoming a targeted fishery as an ecologically sustainable seafood choice. To date, no studies have reported metals in stone crab tissues. This study examined the distribution of major and minor trace elements in chelae and body muscle, gill, and hepatopancreas. Crabs were collected from three tidal areas within Charleston County, South Carolina, with differing upland use. Results were compared by collection location and by tissue type. Concentrations of some metals associated with anthropogenic activities were up to three times higher in crabs from sites adjacent to more urbanized areas. Concentrations in edible tissues were below historical FDA levels of concern.
Fuzzy Learning of Talbot Effect Guides Optimal Mask Design for Proximity Field Nanopatterning Lithography

Processing methods used in photonics and nanotechnology possess many limitations restricting their application areas such as high cost, inability to produce fine details, problems with scalability, and long processing time. Proximity field nanopatterning is a lithography method which surpasses these limitations. By using interference patterns produced by a two-dimensional phase mask, the technique is able to generate a submicron detailed exposure on a millimeter-size slab of light sensitive photopolymer, which is then developed like a photographic plate to reveal three-dimensional interference patterns from the phase mask. While it is possible to use simulations to obtain the interference patterns produced by a phase mask, realizing the mask dimensions necessary for producing a desired interference pattern is analytically challenging due to the intricacies of light interactions involved in producing the final interference pattern. An alternative method is to iteratively optimize the phase mask until the interference patterns obtained converge to the desired pattern. However, depending on the optimization technique used, one either risks a significant probability of failure or requires a prohibitive number of iterations. We argue that an optimization technique that is to take advantage of the physics of the problem using machine learning methods (here fuzzy learning) can lead to competent mask design. This technique is described in this letter.
X-ray spectroscopy-based structure of the Mn cluster and mechanism of photosynthetic oxygen evolution.

The mechanism by which the Mn-containing oxygen evolving complex (OEC) produces oxygen from water has been of great interest for over 40 years. This review focuses on how X-ray spectroscopy has provided important information about the structure of this Mn complex and its intermediates, or S-states, in the water oxidation cycle. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy and high-resolution Mn Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy experiments have identified the oxidation states of the Mn in the OEC in each of the intermediate S-states, while extended X-ray absorption fine structure experiments have shown that 2.7 A Mn–Mn di-μ-oxo and 3.3 A Mn–Mn mono-μ-oxo motifs are present in the OEC. X-ray spectroscopy has also been used to probe the two essential cofactors in the OEC, Ca2+ and Cl−, and has shown that Ca2+ is an integral component of the OEC and is proximal to Mn. In addition, dichroism studies on oriented PS II membranes have provided angular information about the Mn–Mn and Mn–Ca vectors. Based on these X-ray spectroscopy data, refined models for the structure of the OEC and a mechanism for oxygen evolution by the OEC are presented.
Petroleum Formation and Occurrence

Organic geochemistry, or to be more specific for the purposes of this review, petroleum geochemistry, is an area of research that has been developing extremely rapidly in the last few years. Many of the concepts developed in research laboratories in the late 1970s are now routinely used by petroleum companies in investigating exploration problems. The second edition of Petroleum Formation and Occurrence reflects many of the changes that have occurred in the field since the first edition of this book was published in 1978. The new chapters that have been added and the parts of the text that have been updated are a clear indication of the areas in which most work has been done in the past 6 years.
Effect of Soil Moisture on Ovipositional Behavior in the Southern Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)

The relationship between soil moisture and oviposition in an edaphic insect pest, the southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, was studied in a series of greenhouse experiments. Adults were captured in acoustic calling traps and associated pitfall traps during spring flights in southeastern North Carolina in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Female mole crickets were individually confined in chambers containing 2, 4, 7, 10, and 12% soil moisture. Oviposition and mortality were monitored daily. A significant linear relationship between oviposition and soil moisture was indicated by an increase in the number of crickets ovipositing in response to higher soil moisture levels. Additionally, a delay in oviposition was observed as a response to low soil moisture. There were no significant differences in the number of eggs per ovipositing female, indicating that when oviposition does take place, the individual response of the female is to lay a similar number of eggs regardless of moisture levels. The ovipositional response to a rapid increase in soil moisture was also examined. The rapid increase in moisture resulted in a significantly greater percentage of females ovipositing, as seen in the previous experiments.
UI Tags: Confidentiality in Office Open XML

Maintaining confidentiality of data is critical, particularly in need-to-know environments. Dissemination of classified data must be controlled according to user clearance, and rests on the proper tagging of data to ensure appropriate access. The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) provides opportunity for tagging through its extensibility, and as a standard format for data storage, processing, and transmission. Its widespread usage covers a broad range of applications, especially in productivity software such as the Microsoft Office suite. This paper describes the UI Tags Project which presents a strategy for imposing security tags within Office Open XML (OOXML) format documents used with productivity suites. Leveraging the underlying XML of these document types enforces mandatory and attribute-based access control policies. Project development goals include a comprehensive system based on a native XML database which allows users to upload new documents as well as read, edit, or delete existing documents, and controls for derivative classification.
On the joint Fourier–ESTAR testing of PPP

ABSTRACTThe purchasing power parity (PPP) is the hypothesis that the real exchange rate series are stationary. This study briefly reviews and applies six competing unit root test procedures to test PPP. Reflecting the existing literature, the results are mixed. The Kilic test is the most favourable while the Kapetanios, Shin, and Snell (KSS) test is the least favourable to PPP and the standard ADF test lies in between. The same conclusion applies to the Fourier extensions of those three tests. The results support a recently suggested F-test for the significance of Fourier terms in unit root test equations.
PAGING DR. SHYLOCK!: Jewish Hospitals and the Prudent Re-Investment of Jewish Philanthropy

This paper explores the history of Jewish hospitals in the United States as a case study in how Jewish philanthropy (defined as charitable giving from a Jewish perspective) reflects both Judaic concepts such as tzedakah (righteousness, imperfectly translated as charity) and the experience of Jews as a discrete and insular minority living in a determinedly hostile environment. For most of American history, Jews used philanthropy - and above all Jewish hospitals - to take care of fellow Jews, improve relations with non-Jews, counteract anti-Jewish stereotypes and prejudice, and provide enclaves from anti-Jewish discrimination. The decline of anti-Semitism in the U.S. since World War II obviated most of the problems that Jewish hospitals were founded to address. Jewish philanthropy would be more robust today if more Jewish hospitals had sold their institutions and became grantmakers. Most Jewish communities can find more innovative and urgent ways to perform tzedakah and engage in tikkun olam (world repair) than by operating nonprofit hospitals. Additionally, the future of American Jewry would be more secure if foundations financed by hospital sales would devote more resources to Jewish education, religion, culture, and communal life. This grantmaking agenda advances what I see as the fondest and most fundamental hope of many founders of Jewish hospitals: to help American Jewry survive and thrive as a distinct community.The denouement of Jewish hospitals and its opportunities for fresh and dynamic Jewish philanthropy - some pursued, a few squandered - offer lessons for other communities of faith and fate. When designing philanthropic enterprises to help ensure their collective survival, they should consider how, should an enterprise's value to that future fall, its resources might be recouped and re-invested in ways they deem more conducive to that end.
The Association between Adult Participation and the Engagement of Preschoolers with ASD

The ability for a child to engage in the classroom is associated with better academic outcomes. Yet, there is limited information on how child characteristics of autism and adult behavior impact engagement. This study examined (1) the pattern of adult participation and child engagement in preschool classrooms that serve children with ASD, (2) the associations between child engagement and adult participation, and (3) how characteristics of ASD (autism severity, language ability, and challenging behavior) moderate the relationship between adult participation and child engagement. Overall, children were less likely to be engaged when adults were actively or passively participating with them. Moderators impacted this relationship. Children with higher levels of autism severity were more likely to be engaged when adults were actively or passively participating with them. Similarly, children with lower language abilities were more likely to be engaged when adults were actively or passively participating with them. Finally, children with higher levels of challenging behaviors were less likely to be engaged when adults were actively or passively participating with them. These findings have important implications for how adults can best support the engagement of children with ASD.
Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction for Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting

This paper introduces a statistical estimation framework for magnetic resonance (MR) fingerprinting, a recently proposed quantitative imaging paradigm. Within this framework, we present a maximum likelihood (ML) formalism to estimate multiple MR tissue parameter maps directly from highly undersampled, noisy ${\bf k}$ -space data. A novel algorithm, based on variable splitting, the alternating direction method of multipliers, and the variable projection method, is developed to solve the resulting optimization problem. Representative results from both simulations and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach yields significantly improved accuracy in parameter estimation, compared to the conventional MR fingerprinting reconstruction. Moreover, the proposed framework provides new theoretical insights into the conventional approach. We show analytically that the conventional approach is an approximation to the ML reconstruction; more precisely, it is exactly equivalent to the first iteration of the proposed algorithm for the ML reconstruction, provided that a gridding reconstruction is used as an initialization.
Pain Assessment and Treatment in Children with Cognitive Impairment: A Survey of Nurses' and Physicians' Beliefs

Objective: To gather information about healthcare providers' beliefs regarding pain and its treatment in children with cognitive impairment. Design: A survey consisting of two acute pain vignettes (a child undergoing surgery and a child undergoing an outpatient medical procedure) was completed by 440 nurses and 146 physicians at Arkansas Children's Hospital. Respondents completed one of four different surveys that systematically varied the child's level of cognitive impairment (none, mild, moderate, severe) in both vignettes. Questions addressed expected pain, pain assessment methods, pharmacologic regimens, and nonpharmacologic interventions. Results: In general, provider discipline and level of cognitive impairment did not significantly influence responses about pain experience and treatment. Potent analgesia, regularly scheduled dosing, and nonpainful administration were selected most frequently. Self-report of pain, patient-controlled analgesia, and behavioral interventions requiring higher cognitive skills were selected less frequently for children with more severe cognitive impairment. Conclusions: The presence of cognitive impairment appeared to influence provider decisions regarding the appropriateness of specific pain assessment and treatment methods requiring skills on the part of the child. Overall, healthcare provider views regarding analgesia and sedation were similar for all children, regardless of impairment. Whether these beliefs are consistent with clinical practice is yet to be documented.
Erp Usability Issues From The User And Expert Perspectives

(2011). Erp Usability Issues From The User And Expert Perspectives. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research: Vol. 13, Special Issue on Enterprise Systems, pp. 21-40.
Analysis of monitoring results of measles in Jieyang City during 2005～2007

Objective:To analyze the serological monitoring the situation and epidemiological characteristics of measles in Jieyang from 2005 to 2007,in order to schedule the goal of eliminating measles,and promote the development of the immune planning to provide a scientific basis.Methods:We analyzed serological epidemiological and laboratory test results for analysis.Results:From 2005 to 2007,it has reported a total of 864 cases of measles cases,measles-IgM positive 691 cases,the positive rate was 79.98%.With an average annual incidence rate of 1.93/100,000,no deaths.The highest incidence of the year is 2007,the number of incidence of 411 cases,the annual incidence rate of 7.01/100,000.Measles cases to the main 8-month-old to 7-year-old child-oriented,accounting for 71.41%;8-month-old and 15-year-old population decreased incidence.The incidence of measles in the city state was a high degree of dissemination.Conclusion:No immunization and no wholly immune disease is the main reason,the key is to do a good job in controlling measles,measles immunization and strengthening disease monitoring to improve laboratory diagnosis and timely control of the local outbreak of measles.
Utilization of palliative care services for cardiac arrest patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia: A retrospective analysis.

Abstract Background Palliative care (PC) services are integral to the care of patients with advanced medical illnesses. Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with cardiac arrest, we sought to measure the use and impact of PC in the care of patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 317 consecutive patients undergoing TH after cardiac arrest. We compared intensive care unit (ICU) characteristics and clinical outcomes of subjects who received PC consultation (n=125) to those who did not (n=192). Results The proportion of TH patients with PC consultations increased to greater than 60% by 2013, corresponding to our institution's expansion of PC services, development of a dedicated PC unit, and integration of this service into our published TH protocol. In the TH population, time to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was associated with higher inpatient mortality (p Conclusion In our population of cardiac arrest patients undergoing TH, the utilization of PC services has increased over time, particularly for those patients with high morbidity and mortality. Future randomized studies may further delineate optimal patient selection for PC consultation to better facilitate goals of care discussions and timely medical decision-making.
RNA Profiles and Nucleotide Composition of Flax Callus and Suspension Cultures

Summary Absorbance profiles and nucleotide composition of RNA isolated from flax callus and cell suspension cultures were compared with those of intact cotyledons. The acrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of total RNA from green callus and suspension cultures were characterized by the absence of both the chloroplast ribosomal RNA species, 23 S and 16 S. Furthermore, the nucleotide composition of total and individual RNA fractions of both cultures exhibited a high content of UMP and a corresponding decrease in CMP as compared with those of the cotyledons. The CMP/AMP ratio, however, was higher for the intact than for the cultured tissues. These changes were discussed in relation to the loss of biosynthetic potential for flavonoid compounds by the cultured tissues.
Do Patients with Pre-Existing Psychiatric Illness Have an Increased Risk of Infection after Injury?

Abstract Background: Trauma remains a leading cause of death and long term-morbidity. We have shown that patients who sustain traumatic injuries are at increased risk for the development of infectious complications. Psychiatric illnesses (PIs) are also noted to occur frequently among the general population. The presence of a PI has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of infections. Despite the prevalence of both traumatic injuries and psychiatric diseases, there are little data relating the impact of PI on the outcome of patients with trauma. We hypothesize that the presence of a PI will be associated with an increased risk of an infection developing after injury. Patients and Methods: This is a five year retrospective chart review of all admitted patients with trauma age 18 years and older. Patients with and without a major psychiatric illness were compared. Demographic data, mechanism of injury and Injury Severity Score (ISS) were reviewed. Co-morbidities included diabetes mellitus, obesi...
Carbon nanotube analysis for an unsteady physiological flow in a non-uniform channel of finite length

An analytical investigation is presented to study the unsteady peristaltic transport of nanofluids. Carbon nanotubes analysis is taken into account. The flow geometry is taken as a non-uniform channel of finite length to explore our model for a wide range of biomedical applications. Exact solutions are obtained for the non-dimensional governing equations subject to physically realistic boundary conditions. The effects of carbon nanotubes on effective thermal conductivity, axial velocity, transverse velocity, temperature, and pressure difference distributions along the length of a non-uniform channel with the variation of different flow parameters are discussed with the help of graphical illustrations. An inherent property of peristaltic transport, i.e., trapping is also discussed. We have noticed that MWCnt's have this exceptional quality to increase the axial velocity as well as the transverse velocity of the governing fluids. This model is applicable in drugs delivery system where different geometries of drugs are delivered and it is also applicable to design a microperistaltic pump for transportation of nanofluids.
A 34-Week Size Uterus with a Complete Hydatidiform Mole: Hook Effect and Severe Anemia with No Vaginal Bleeding.

Complete hydatidiform mole is an abnormal pregnancy that usually presents with vaginal bleeding and markedly elevated serum s-hCG levels. We report a rare case of complete hydatidiform mole occurring in a 16-year-old nulligravid who presented with a 34-week size uterus and a relatively low serum s-hCG level (722 IU/L)—likely related to the “hook effect”—and severe anemia (hemoglobin: 6.1 g/dL) despite the absence of vaginal bleeding. She also reported right flank pain and was diagnosed with moderate right hydronephrosis owing to the compression exerted by the enlarged uterus on the right ureter. The patient received a total of 6 units of packed red blood cells and was managed by dilation and evacuation followed by serial monitoring of serum s-hCG levels. Therefore, complete mole can present with symptoms related to an enlarged uterus and severe anemia before the occurrence of vaginal bleeding. It is also important to note that a negative urine pregnancy test or relatively low serum s-hCG level should prompt repeating the measurement on diluted sample to prevent the “hook effect.”
Overview of Nanoemulsion Properties: Stability, Rheology, and Appearance

Abstract Nanoemulsions have some unique physicochemical properties and functional attributes due to the small dimensions of the droplets that they contain. In particular, they may have higher optical clarity, better physical stability, higher oral bioavailability, and different textural attributes than conventional emulsions with similar compositions. This chapter provides an overview of the relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of nanoemulsions (such as their optical, rheological, and stability properties) and the properties of the droplets they contain (such as their composition, size, aggregation state, and interfacial properties). Knowledge of this relationship will enhance the rational design of nanoemulsions for specific applications.
Second Site of Large-Scale Sweetgrass Plantings: McLeod Plantation, James Island

The first real attempt of large-scale sweetgrass planting at Palm Key Resort by Keith Salvo failed due to improper soil fertility and lack of care. The second planting at McLeod was through my initiation. By serendipity, Mr. Lawrence Walker was a member of the South Carolina Agricultural Society, the second oldest agricultural organization that originated in colonial South Carolina. The “Ag. Society” was instrumental in the establishment of CREC in 1932 and has always maintained a very close relationship with CREC and its faculty. Mr. Walker also was the Executive Director of Historic Charleston Foundation. Established in 1947, the Historic Charleston Foundation is a nonprofit educational organization dedicated to historic preservation.
Malignant melanoma of the foot and ankle

The records of sixty patients who had a malignant melanoma of the foot or ankle were reviewed retrospectively to determine the clinical features, prognostic factors, and distinguishing characteristics. Fifty-seven patients were white and three were black. There were forty-two women and eighteen men (a female-to-male ratio of 2.3 to 1). The mean age at the time of presentation was fifty-seven years (range, twenty-two to eighty-three years). The most common site of involvement was the plantar aspect of the foot. The mean duration of follow-up was forty-five months (range, three to 144 months). Kaplan-Meier life-table analysis revealed an over-all five-year survival rate of 63 per cent and an over-all ten-year survival rate of 51 per cent. The mean duration of survival for the patients who had a plantar or subungual lesion was significantly shorter than that for the patients who had a lesion at another site on the dorsal aspect of the foot or on the ankle (forty-seven compared with seventy-two months) (p = 0.02). The mean depth of the lesion, according to the criteria of Breslow, was 3.03 millimeters, and the mean level, according to the classification of Clark et al., was IV. According to the classification of the American Joint Commission on Cancer, forty-three patients had stage-I or II (local) disease, thirteen had stage-III disease (nodal or in-transit disease, defined as cutaneous or subcutaneous metastases more than two centimeters from the primary tumor but not beyond the regional lymph nodes), and four had stage-IV disease (distant visceral metastases) at the time of presentation. Lesions at plantar and subungual sites were also associated with a higher prevalence of clinical misdiagnosis compared with lesions on the dorsal aspect of the foot or on the ankle (p = 0.02). The misdiagnoses included a benign nevus (one patient), a paronychia (one patient), a pyogenic granuloma (two patients), a plantar wart (three patients), a ganglion cyst (one patient), a blister (two patients), and a traumatic lesion (five patients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Practical Approaches to Nonlinear Control

Control techniques explicitly based on nonlinear process models have received much research attention in recent years, while little emphasis has been given to traditional nonlinear control. This paper reviews traditional nonlinear control techniques, including gain scheduling, measurement transformations and selection of actuator characteristics. Included is a review of nonlinear PI-based approaches that have been applied to linear systems, such as surge drum level control. Although the focus is on traditional applications, recent work combining fuzzy logic control with gain scheduling or nonlinear Pi-based control is also surveyed. We also develop a general procedure for gain scheduling of Hammerstein systems and control-affine systems with a specific structure. Low-order tutorial examples are provided to illustrate problems satisfying “linearization conditions” when performing gain scheduling.
Can Consequentialism Be Reconciled with Our Common-Sense Moral Intuitions?

Soulevant le probleme de la reconciliation du consequentialisme avec les intuitions morales du sens commun a travers l'exemple des theories normatives, de l'utilitarisme, de l'egoisme ethique, du relativisme concernant l'agent et de la minimalisation de la violation des droits, l'A. defend une explication consequentialiste plutot que deontologique de l'intution selon laquelle un agent ne peut violer les droits d'une personne, meme si son but est d'empecher d'autres agents de violer des droits, parce que l'explication consequentialiste evite le contre-exemple propose par F. Kamm a partir de la distinction entre la prevention d'autres personnes et la prevention contre soi-meme
Reflections on immune checkpoint inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer

Despite the expanding armamentarium of treatment modalities against metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) this disease remains incurable. The introduction of targeted therapies provides transient control of disease for some molecular subtypes but virtually all patients’ progress. Recently immunotherapies have been approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and prostate cancer, and have shown promise for the treatment of NSCLC. More specifically, the blockade of immune checkpoints may improve outcomes in the treatment of NSCLC. Immune checkpoints modulate immune responses to effectively balance self-tolerance and tissue destruction. Many tumors express immune checkpoints or their ligands to inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. One of the most important immune checkpoints is programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which was discovered at Mayo Clinic (1).
Herpesvirus Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Diagnosis and Management

Infection is a common complication in the treatment of patients with cancer, and, as such, remains the major cause of death1. Impairment of host defenses can be a consequence of either the therapeutic modalities designed to bring the malignancy under control or the primary disease. As a consequence, normal resident microbes of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and the environment as well as those which are already latent in the body, namely the human herpesviruses, can assume enhanced pathogenicity. The importance of early recognition of infection, regardless of microbial etiology, its prompt and specific diagnosis, and the approriate intervention with antimicrobial therapies are of paramount importance in the successful management of all immunocompromised patients.
Sampling from the poisson distribution on a computer

This paper describes a method of sampling from the Poisson distribution on a computer that appears to be less costly than a recently suggested method in [1]. The proposed method relies on a conventional search using the inverse transform approach for nonintegral μ 7. For large μ the sampling cost is proportional to μ1/2. The paper also shows that for μ≥15 an incidental error occurs by using max (0, [μ+Yμ1/2+0.5]) whereY is fromN(0,1). Since the sampling cost ofY is a constant, this approach places an upper bound on the cost of generating a Poisson variate.
Determining surface chemical composition of silver nanoparticles during sulfidation by monitoring the ligand shell.

Evaluating the surface and core compositions of transforming nanoparticles (NP) represents a significant measurement challenge but is necessary for predicting performance in applied systems and their toxicity in natural environments. Here, we use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to characterize both the surface and core of polyvinyl pyrollidone-silver nanoparticles in the presence of two Suwannee River fulvic acid (FA) standards and humic acid (HA) during sulfidation, the predominant transformation pathway in environmental systems. Only by using data from both spectroscopic methods was a clear relationship established between AgNP core composition and FA affinity established, where concomitant loss of FA was observed with Ag2S formation. Using XPS to measure AgNP surface composition, overlapping trends from XPS on FA I desorption from the AgNP surface as function of surface sulfidation were observed with FA II in the ATR-FTIR measurements. The reproducibility of the changing heterogeneous coating as a function of AgNP sulfidation provided a transferable method to determine the extent of Ag sulfidation without further need for the high resolution, high cost measurement tools that underpinned validation of the method. The relationship was not observed for HA, where a lower affinity to the AgNP surface was observed, suggesting distinct binding to the NP.
The association between food deserts and short sleep duration among young adults in the United States: variation by race and ethnicity.

Abstract Background Both food deserts and short sleep duration are serious public health problems that affect the lives of millions of Americans. Although recent research has begun to link community characteristics to sleep problems, the relationship between living in a food desert and sleep behavior has gone largely unexplored. Methods Using data from the National Longitudinal Study from Adolescent to Adult Health and data on food retailers from the Modified Retail Food Environment Index, this study applies multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between living in a food desert and short sleep duration. Models were stratified by race and ethnicity to examine potential moderating effects. Supplemental analyses are conducted where the comparison category is restricted to respondents who live in census tracts with low access to healthy food retailers but do not live in food deserts. Results In adjusted logistic regression models, living in a food desert is not associated with short sleep duration. When the sample is stratified, living in a food desert has a positive and significant association with short sleep duration among Hispanic respondents in both the main analysis (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.0-2.7) and supplemental models (odds ratio = 1.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-3.2). Conclusions Living in a food desert is not associated with short sleep duration among young adults. Study results indicate that living in a food desert is associated with increased odds for short sleep duration among Hispanics. Potential explanations for this finding are discussed in the context of extant research.
Constitutivism and the virtues

In Self-Constitution, I argue that the principles governing action are “constitutive standards” of agency, standards that arise from the nature of agency itself. To be an agent is to be autonomousl...
Patient perspectives and treatment regret after de-escalated chemoradiation for human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer: Findings from a phase II trial.

BACKGROUND We evaluated priorities, expectations, and regret among patients treated on a phase II trial of de-escalated chemoradiation for human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal cancer. METHODS Eligibility included stage III/IV squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, p16-positivity, age ≥18 years, and Zubrod score 0-1. Participants were surveyed with validated measures evaluating their treatment experience. RESULTS Twenty-four of 27 (89%) patients participated with a median follow-up of 24 months. Twenty-three subjects (96%) selected "being cured" or "living as long as possible" as top priority. No patient reported any regret about the decision to enroll on a de-escalation protocol. Sixteen participants (67%) found retrospectively reported long-term swallowing function to be either better than or as originally expected. CONCLUSIONS These data offer a baseline landscape of perspectives and priorities for patients treated with de-escalation for HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma and provide support to the fundamental premise underlying ongoing efforts to establish a new standard of care.
Computational-guided determination of the functional role of 447-52D long CDRH3

447-52D (447) is a human monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conserved epitope in the crown region of the third variable loop (V3) of HIV-1 gp120, and like many anti-HIV-1 antibodies with broad neutralization capabilities, it has a long heavy-chain complementarity determining region (CDRH3). Here, we use a combination of computational mutagenesis and modeling in tandem with fluorescence polarization assays to interrogate the molecular basis of 447 CDRH3 length and the individual contribution of selected CDRH3 residues to affinity. We observe that 447 CDRH3 length provides a large binding surface area and the best enthalpic contributions derived from hydrophobic packing, main-chain hydrogen bonds, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. We also found out that CDRH3 residue Try100I is critical to 447 binding affinity.
Bovine Politics in South Asia: Rethinking Religion, Law and Ethics

This introduction outlines how the essays in this special section contribute to scholarship on cow protection in India. It argues that they disrupt three powerful framing binaries—religion/economy,...