cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corrections to the free-nucleon values of the single-particle matrix elements of the M1 and Gamow-Teller operators, from a comparison of shell-model predictions with sd-shell data

The magnetic dipole moments of states in mirror pairs of the $\mathrm{sd}$-shell nuclei and the strengths of the Gamow-Teller beta decays which connect them are compared with predictions based on mixed-configuration shell-model wave functions. From this analysis we extract the average effective values of the single-particle matrix elements of the $l$, $s$, and ${[{Y}^{(2)}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}s]}^{(1)}$ components of the $M1$ and Gamow-Teller operators acting on nucleons in the $0{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$, $1{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and $0{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ orbits. These results are compared with the recent calculations by Towner and Khanna of the corrections to the free-nucleon values of these matrix elements which arise from the effects of isobar currents, mesonic-exchange currents, and mixing with configurations outside the $\mathrm{sd}$ shell.RADIOACTIVITY $A=17\ensuremath{-}39$ nuclei, magnetic dipole moments and Gamow-Teller beta-decay strengths; shell-model wave functions, complete $0\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ $0{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}\ensuremath{-}1{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}0{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ basis space, empirical Hamiltonian; extraction of empirical normalizations of the $l$, $s$, and ${[{Y}^{(2)}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}s]}^{(1)}$ single-particle operators.
On dynamic snap buckling of shallow arches.

The general problem of large dynamic elastic deflections of a shallow circular arch under uniform dynamic-pressure loading is considered both analytically and experimentally. The basic nonlinear integrodifferential equation of motion for normal deflection is solved, for both simply supported and clamped boundary conditions, using the Galerkin method and an analog computer. Specifically, cases of initial-velocity (impulsive) loading, step loading, and rectangular-pulse loading are treated, both with and without various types of initial imperfections. Critical values for dynamic snap buckling are defined as those for which a very small increase in load produces a large increase in deflection of the **snap-through" type. The effect on these values of varying imperfection size and pulse length is studied in some detail.
Accelerating lead development by microwave-enhanced medicinal chemistry.

Microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) addresses the need for accelerated chemical synthesis by providing many advantages over classical thermal conditions. Microwave instruments produced by Biotage, CEM and Milestone enable chemistry to be safely and reproducibly performed on various scales and in a parallel fashion. To illustrate the high utility of this technology for lead development, our Akt kinase program will be described wherein MAOS played a pivotal role in the identification of isozyme-selective Akt inhibitors.
Assessment of life saving appliances regulatory requirements — Human factors knowledge gaps

Life saving appliances are used throughout Canada and around the world every day by a large number of individuals who work or travel over open water. Personnel rely on these life saving appliances to help provide protection from harsh environments, and reduce the risk of injury or death in the event of a marine accident. Due to their importance in helping to save lives at sea, life saving appliances are built and tested according to specific standards and regulations to ensure that they provide the level of performance required. Unfortunately, life saving appliances do not always perform as expected which can lead to unexpected injuries or loss of life. Given that life saving appliances must meet specific performance goals as prescribed by standards and regulations, it is often these goals that fall short of what is actually needed during a marine accident. A knowledge gap is created when the testing conditions, as outlined in a standard or regulation, do not accurately reflect those conditions found during a marine accident. As a result, a life saving appliance will often meet performance goals that are below those required to prevent an injury or loss of life during an actual marine accident. The Canadian regulation: “Life Saving Equipment Regulations” C.R.C., c. 1436 was reviewed and possible knowledge gaps with respect to human factors were identified. The goals and requirements for life saving appliances in the regulation were compared against existing work done in the area of marine safety to determine if what was prescribed adequately reflected what could be found during a marine accident. There were many gaps identified in the regulation, commonly caused by prescriptive wording specifying conditions not commonly found during a marine accident. These knowledge gaps will widen as conditions become more severe than what is prescribed in the regulations possibly leading to even further decrease in life saving appliance performance than what is already measured.
A wake model for free-streamline flow theory. Part 2. Cavity flows past obstacles of arbitrary profile

In Part 1 of this paper a free-streamline wake model mas introduced to treat the fully and partially developed wake flow or cavity flow past an oblique flat plate. This theory is generalized here to investigate the cavity flow past an obstacle of arbitrary profile at an arbitrary cavitation number. Consideration is first given to the cavity flow past a polygonal obstacle whose wetted sides may be concave towards the flow and may also possess some gentle convex corners. The general case of curved walls is then obtained by a limiting process. The analysis in this general case leads to a set of two funnctional equations for which several methods of solutioii are developed and discussed. As a few typictbl examples the analysis is carried out in detail for the specific cases of wedges, two-step wedges, flapped hydrofoils, and inclined circular arc plates. For these cases the present theory is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results available.
Large elastic deformations of shells with the inclusion of transverse normal strain

Large elastic deformations of incompressible materials shells with inclusion of transverse normal strain, considering thickness change at boundaries
Melatonin and rhythmic photoreceptor metabolism: melatonin-induced cone elongation is blocked at high light intensity.

Abstract We have proposed a model for circadian regulation of cone position in Xenopus laevis that involves interaction of melatonin and dopamine as signals for darkness and light respectively. One problem, however, is that the effects of melatonin have not been detected in eye cups prepared from animals maintained on a cyclic light schedule. Since melatovin's effect would be expected to occur in low light intensity at night, we have investigated the relationship among melatonin, light intensity, and cone length. We report that melatonin mimics the effects of darkness and stimulates cone elongation in eye cups from cyclic light animals incubated at low but not at high light intensities.
The effect of weight training on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors with bone loss: a 24-month randomized controlled trial

This study examined whether 24 months of weight training exercises enhanced the effectiveness of risedronate, calcium, and vitamin D in maintaining or improving bone mineral density (BMD) in 223 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Subjects who were ≥50% adherent to exercise had no improvement in BMD but were less likely to lose BMD. This study examined whether (1) postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (BCS) with bone loss taking 24 months of risedronate, calcium, and vitamin D had increased bone mineral density (BMD) at the total hip, femoral neck, L1-L4 spine, total radius and 33% radius, and decreased bone turnover; (2) subjects who also participated in strength/weight training (ST) exercises had greater increases in BMD and greater decreases in bone turnover; and (3) subjects who also exercised were more likely to preserve (at least maintain) BMD. Postmenopausal BCS (223) were randomly assigned to exercise plus medication or medication only groups. Both groups received 24 months of 1,200 mg of calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D daily and 35 mg of risedronate weekly, and the exercise group additionally had ST exercises twice weekly. After 24 months, women who took medications without exercising had significant improvements in BMD at the total hip (+1.81%) and spine (+2.85%) and significant decreases in Alkphase B (−8.7%) and serum NTx (−16.7%). Women who also exercised had additional increases in BMD at the femoral neck (+0.29%), total hip (+0.34%), spine (+0.23%), total radius (+0.30%), and additional decreases in Alkphase B (−2.4%) and Serum NTx (−6.5%). Additional changes in BMD and bone turnover with exercise were not significant. Subjects who were ≥50% adherent to exercise were less likely to lose BMD at the total hip (chi-square [1] = 4.66, p = 0.03) and femoral neck (chi-square [1] = 4.63, p = 0.03). Strength/weight training exercises may prevent loss of BMD in postmenopausal BCS at risk for bone loss.
Beneficial Metabolic Effects Caused by Persistent Activation of β-Cell M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Transgenic Mice

Previous studies have shown that β-cell M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3Rs) play a key role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin release. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that long-term, persistent activation of β-cell M3Rs can improve glucose tolerance and ameliorate the metabolic deficits associated with the consumption of a high-fat diet. To achieve the selective and persistent activation of β-cell M3Rs in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that expressed the Q490L mutant M3R in their pancreatic β-cells (β-M3-Q490L Tg mice). The Q490L point mutation is known to render the M3R constitutively active. The metabolic phenotypes of the transgenic mice were examined in several in vitro and in vivo metabolic tests. In the presence of 15 mm glucose and the absence of M3R ligands, isolated perifused islets prepared from β-M3-Q490L Tg mice released considerably more insulin than wild-type control islets. This effect could be completely blocked by incubation of the transgenic islets with atropine (10 μm), an inverse muscarinic agonist, indicating that the Q490L mutant M3R exhibited ligand-independent signaling (constitutive activity) in mouse β-cells. In vivo studies showed that β-M3-Q490L Tg mice displayed greatly improved glucose tolerance and increased serum insulin levels as well as resistance to diet-induced glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. These results suggest that chronic activation of β-cell M3Rs may represent a useful approach to boost insulin output in the long-term treatment of type 2 diabetes.
High performance liquid chromatography and UV detection for the separation and quantitation of prostaglandins.

Abstract A fast and reliable method for the separation and quantitation of arachidonic acid metabolites PGF1α, PGF2α, PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, PGB2, PGA2, 6-keto PGE1, 6-keto PGF1α, T×B2 and 15-keto PGE2 by high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. Utilizing a single reverse-phase column and a UV spectrophotometer, sensitivity as little as 30 nanograms of each of these prostaglandins can be separated and subsequently detected. Although this study was performed using standards, it is highly promising for future application to biological fluids.
Dynamic Crack Propagation in Precracked Cylindrical Vessels Subjected to Shock Loading

Abstract : Previous work has shown that a speed-independent dynamic fracture toughness property can be used in an elastodynamic analysis to describe crack initiation and unstable propagation under impact loading. In this paper, a further step is taken by extending the analysis from simple laboratory test specimens to treat more realistic crack-structure geometries. A circular cylinder with an initial part-through wall crack subjected to an impulsive loading on its inner surface is considered. The crack is in a radial-axial plane and has its length in the axial direction long enough that a state of plane strain exists at the center of the crack. Crack growth initiation and propagation through the wall is then calculated. It is found that, once initiated, crack propagation will continue until the crack penetrates the wall. Crack arrest within the wall does not appear to be possible under the conditions considered in this paper. (Author)
Breit Interaction in Multielectron Atoms

The Breit interaction is reviewed with applications to heavy atoms in mind. Generalizations of the Breit interaction which avoid expansion in powers of the electron velocities are discussed. Two-particle matrix elements of the Breit interaction and its generalizations are given in a form convenient for numerical applications. Expressions are derived for evaluating configuration-averaged atomic energy shifts for the Breit interaction and its generalizations. Numerical results for the energy shifts of atomic ground states are presented for selected atoms in the range $Z=2$ to $Z=102$; interpolated values of the energy shifts are given graphically for all atoms in the range considered. A breakdown of the interelectron contributions to the Breit energy shift is given for Ne and for $K$ electrons in Hg. "Frozenorbital" calculations of Breit corrections to electron binding energies in Hg are given. The binding of $K$ electrons in W, Hg, Pb, and Rn including the generalized Breit interaction with rearrangement are determined; when considered together with Lamb shift and correlation effects, these calculations reduce the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental $K$ binding energies to about 0.1 Ry.
Maternal Ethics and Political Violence: The "Betrayal" of Motherhood among the Women of the RAF and June 2 Movement

es gibt [...] niemand in der alten gesellschaft, der entfremdung [...] unmittelbarer erfahrt als die frauen. [...] damit ist aber auch die dialektik ihrer situation klar – wenn sie nach den besonderen brutalitaten ihrer domestitizierung [...] uberhaupt sich wollen, sich denken – mussen sie radikal und subversiv denken: ein inhalt und eine form, die sie fur illegalitat pradestiniert. (Ensslin, qtd. in Schut 294; emphasis in the original)
A model for selecting bioindicators to monitor radionuclide concentrations using Amchitka Island in the Aleutians as a case study

World War II and the Cold War have left the Unites States, and other Nations, with massive cleanup and remediation tasks for radioactive and other legacy hazardous wastes. While some sites can be cleaned up to acceptable residential risk levels, others will continue to hold hazardous wastes, which must be contained and monitored to protect human health and the environment. While media (soil, sediment, groundwater) monitoring is the usual norm at many radiological waste sites, for some situations (both biological and societal), biomonitoring may provide the necessary information to assure greater peace of mind for local and regional residents, and to protect ecologically valuable buffer lands or waters. In most cases, indicators are selected using scientific expertise and a literature review, but not all selected indicators will seem relevant to stakeholders. In this paper, I provide a model for the inclusion of stakeholders in the development of bioindicators for assessing radionuclide levels of biota in the marine environment around Amchitka Island, in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska. Amchitka was the site of three underground nuclear tests from 1965 to 1971. The process was stakeholder-initiated, stakeholder-driven, and included stakeholders during each phase. Phases included conceptualization, initial selection of biota and radionuclides, refinement of biota and radionuclide target lists, collection of biota, selection of biota and radionuclides for analysis, and selection of biota, tissues, and radionuclides for bioindicators. The process produced site-specific information on biota availability and on radionuclide levels that led to selection of site-appropriate bioindicators. I suggest that the lengthy, iterative, stakeholder-driven process described in this paper results in selection of bioindicators that are accepted by biologists, public health personnel, public-policy makers, resource agencies, regulatory agencies, subsistence hunters/fishers, and a wide range of other stakeholders. The process is applicable to other sites with ecologically important buffer lands or waters, or where contamination issues are contentious.
Effect of magnesium on ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias in a canine model with diminished collateral blood flow.

To assess the effects of elevated serum magnesium on ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias, the left anterior descending coronary artery was cannulated and perfused by a shunt from a carotid artery in 20 open-chest anesthetized dogs. Ischemia was caused for 30 minutes by shunt occlusion and retrograde diversion of collateral blood flow. Dogs (10/group) were treated prior to occlusion with either saline or MgSO4 (100 mg/kg IV). Plasma magnesium rose from 0.72±0.05 mM to 3.89±0.29 mM before occlusion (p<0.01) and fell to 3.28±0.21 mM just before reperfusion (p<0.01). Compared to saline, magnesium significantly slowed heart rate (113±4 beats/min vs. 124±3 beats/min, p<0.05), lowered arterial blood pressure (90±2 mmHg vs. 111±4 mmHg, p<0.05), and reduced myocardial blood flow to the ischemic zone before the occlusion (59±7 ml/min/100 g vs. 83±5 ml/min/100 g, p<0.01). The incidence of ventricular tachycardia during occlusion was 80% in the saline group and 70% in the magnesium group (p=1.0). The time required for a monophasic complex to develop in an electrogram over the ischemic zone was 4.5±0.24 minutes in the saline group and was not altered by magnesium (4.6±0.18 minutes). The incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation was 100% in both groups. The results suggest that acute infusion of magnesium offers little protection against ventricular tachyarrhythmias evoked by occlusion or reperfusion in a canine model of myocardial ischemia with diminished collateral blood flow.
Prevalence of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] excess in coronary artery disease☆

Abstract Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is composed of 1 low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle, to which 1 molecule of apolipoprotein (a) is covalently linked. Elevated levels of Lp(a) have been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and Lp(a) has been shown to be highly heritable. Our purpose was to determine the prevalence of familial Lp(a) excess in patients with CAD. We determined plasma levels of Lp(a) in 180 patients (150 men and 30 women) with angiographically documented CAD before age 60 years, and in 459 control subjects (276 men and 183 women) clinically free of cardiovascular disease. In addition, Lp(a) levels were determined in families of 102 of the CAD probands (87 men and 15 women). No gender differences in Lp(a) levels were observed between men and women (patients or control subjects). Patients with CAD had higher Lp(a) levels than did control subjects (19 ± 21 vs 13 ± 15 mg/dl, p 90th percentile of controls) was 17% in patients with CAD (p
Implementation of MET/CBT 5 for Adolescents

Implementation of effective substance abuse treatment programs in community settings is a high priority. The selection of a proven cost-effective model is a first step; however, difficulty arises when the model is imported into a community setting. The Center on Substance Abuse Treatment selected a brief substance abuse treatment program for adolescents, the MET/CBT-5 program, determined to be the most cost-effective protocol in the Cannabis Youth Treatment trial, for implementation in two cohorts of Effective Adolescent Treatment grantees. A qualitative investigation of the protocol implementation with nine sites in the second cohort chronicled adaptations made by grantees and prospects for sustainability. The study found that agencies introduced adaptations without seeming to be aware of potential effects on validity. In most sites, sessions were lengthened or added to accommodate individual client needs, address barriers to client participation, and provide consistency with current norms of treatment. Implications for fidelity of future implementation projects are addressed.
Nonlinear vibrations of elastic circular plates exhibiting rectilinear orthotropy

Es werden mittels einer Verallgemeinerung der von-Karmanschen Gleichungen auf den dynamischen und orthotropen Fall die nichtlinearen Schwingungen elastisch orthotroper Kreisplatten untersucht. Die Bewegungsgleichung wird mittels des Galerkin-Verfahrens von den Ortsvariablen befreit. Als Beispiel wird Einspannung des Randes unter Erhaltung der radialen Verschieblichkeit angenommen, und es wird unter diesen Randbedingungen der Einfluss der Anisotropie und der relativen Amplitude auf die Eigenschwingungen sowie den Spannungszustand studiert. Als Sonderfall wird der nichtlineare Gleichgewichtszustand diskutiert.
Modeling the Inflation of Ram-Air Parachutes Reefed with Sliders

Sliders are aerodynamic devices designed to reduce parachute opening shock by delaying the canopy spreading stageduring ine ation. Sliders are used on almost all ram-air parachutes of 1000-ft 2 surface area or less and can be found on an increasing numberof round and othercup-shaped canopies. Thecontinued ree nement and validation of an ine ation model of slider-reefed ram-air parachutes proposed a few years ago by Potvin (The Aeronautical Journal, Vol. 101, No. 1007, 1997, pp. 299 ‐313) are reported on. Model validation is accomplished by comparing its predictions with data recently collected from a large number of parachute jumps. The comparison shows good agreement between theory and experiment. Additionally, a series of new scaling laws correlating opening shock and ine ation time with descent speed, parachute size, deployment altitude, etc., are derived and discussed.
Ductile failure via a homogeneous strain field

Abstract The conditions under which a cylindrical rod of ductile material can neck to zero radius with finite total elongation are investigated. Let the constitutive equation be σ = f(ϵ) dot ϵ m where the f(ϵ) is bounded by a power law at large strains. Then the rod undergoes infinite elongation when m > 1 2 , it necks to zero radius with finite elongation and a diffuse neck if 1 3 1 2 ; the neck sharpens to a notch if m 1 3 . Model constitutive laws are used to elucidate further the necking behavior, including the effects of capillarity and of a yield stress. The applicability of the formal results to real situations, including the possible effects of dissipative heating, is discussed. Possible applications to certain examples of failure in tension of ductile metals, to the final rupture of an alloy glass and to the fracture toughness of a ductile metal are discussed.
Comparison of psychosocial and behavioral profiles of victimized and nonvictimized homeless women and their intimate partners.

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychosocial, behavioral, and environmental profiles of homeless women, both those with and without a history of victimization, and their intimate partners. Five hundred seven homeless women and their intimate partners participated in the study. Thirty-nine percent of the women reported being physically and/or sexually assaulted as adults. Controlling for potential confounders, victimized women were more likely than others to have a history of childhood sexual and physical abuse, lifetime substance use, greater mental health symptomatology, and current risky sexual activity. Thus, homeless women with mental health and substance abuse problems ought to be screened for violent experiences and encouraged to obtain treatment appropriate to their problems to reduce their ongoing risk of victimization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:324–335, 2001
Transfer of effort across behaviors

Abstract A series of experiments investigated the effects of required force and number of responses per reinforcer upon the subsequent performance of a second behavior. In the first experiment, a group of rats required to complete five round trips in an alley per food pellet subsequently bar-pressed for food at a greater rate than a group rewarded for each round trip or a control group that did not receive the alley experience. In the second experiment, a group required to apply a 70-g bar-press force subsequently shuttled for food at a greater rate than a group required merely to touch the lever or a control group that did not undergo the lever-press manipulation. The third experiment found that the force effect persisted across all five test sessions and was attributable to differences both in response speed and interresponse time. The fourth experiment found that both the necessary bar-press force and number of bar presses per reward affected subsequent shuttling in extinction. Two alternative interpretations of these results were compared: (a) the degree of accustomed effort per reinforcer becomes a generalized component of instrumental behavior or (b) high effort increases the habituation frustration-produced disruptive responses.
Effects of the lazaroid, tirilazad mesylate, on sepsis-induced acute lung injury in minipigs

ObjectiveTo assess the effects of the lazaroid, tirilazad mesylate, a potent lipid peroxidation inhibitor, in an animal model of Pseudomonas sepsis.DesignComparison of four experimental groups: a) saline control; b) Pseudomonas sepsis control; c) tirilazad mesylate control; and d) sepsis with tirila
Bayesian Nonparametric Statistical Inference for Poisson Point Processes

A random measure is said to be selected by a weighted gamma prior probability if the values it assigns to disjoint sets are independent gamma random variables with positive multipliers. If the intensity measure of a nonhomogeneous Poisson point process is selected by a weighted gamma prior probability and if a sample is drawn from the Poisson point process having this intensity measure, then the posterior random intensity measure given the observations is also selected by a weighted gamma prior probability. If the measure space is Euclidean and if the true intensity measure is continuous and finite, the centered posterior process, rescaled by the square root of the sample size, will converge weakly in Skorohod topology to a Wiener process subject to a change of time scale.
Immunological and clinical profile of adult patients with selective immunoglobulin subclass deficiency: response to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy

Selective immunoglobulin (Ig)G3 subclass deficiency in adults, especially its immunological profile, has not been described previously in detail. Therefore, a retrospective chart review was conducted to characterize the immune profile and clinical manifestations in adult patients with selective IgG3 deficiency. We reviewed the charts of 17 adult patients attending our subspeciality immunology clinic with a diagnosis of selective IgG3 deficiency. The following immunological test results were recorded: lymphocyte subsets, proliferative response to mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen) and soluble antigens (mumps, Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid), specific antibody response to tetanus toxoid and pneumococcal antigens, neutrophil oxidative burst and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. In addition, we recorded information about the types of infections and other associated diseases, and response to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG). In the majority of patients, lymphocyte subsets were normal. Proliferative responses to mitogens and antigens were decreased in 33% and 40% of patients, respectively. Specific antibody responses to tetanus were normal; however, responses to various pneumococcal serotypes were impaired in a subset of patients. Patients suffered from recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, which usually decreased in frequency and severity following treatment with IVIG. The majority of these patients also had concurrent atopic diseases in the form of allergic rhinitis or asthma. Selective IgG3 subclass deficiency should be considered in adults with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections with or without allergic rhinitis or asthma, who may have normal levels of total IgG. IVIG appears to be an effective therapy.
Characterization of a rat lymphocyte culture system for assessing sister chromatid exchange after in vivo exposure to genotoxic agents

Lymphocyte culture systems have the major advantage of permitting the analysis of in vivo cytogenetic damage with minimal injury to the animal under study. This paper describes a rat lymphocyte culture system designed for the study of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induced by in vivo exposure to genotoxic agents. A standard protocol was established in which 1 to 2 ml of blood are removed from rats by cardiac puncture, washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), and grown in RPMI 1640. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) (1.0 microM) is added after 24 hr, and cells are harvested after 56 hr of culture. Critical steps for successful blast transformation include washing the blood in buffered saline and the adding of 2.0 to 4.0 microgram phytohemagglutinin/ml to the culture medium. The use of low concentrations of BrdU (less than or equal to 5.0 microM) is recommended to maintain low baseline SCE levels and to avoid cytotoxicity. The mutagenic carcinogen, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), was used as a positive control agent and at a dose of 300 mg/kg caused a fourfold increase in SCE frequency. Twenty-eight days after EMS administration (30, 100, 300 mg/kg), lymphocytes from treated animals still displayed SCE levels at least 50% above baseline. This system provides a reliable means of investigating chemically induced SCE in the rat.
Gut microbiota, probiotics, and vitamin D: Interrelated exposures influencing allergy, asthma, and obesity?

Current evidence supports a role for gut colonization in promoting and maintaining a balanced immune response in early life. An altered or less diverse gut microbiota composition has been associated with atopic diseases, obesity, or both. Moreover, certain gut microbial strains have been shown to inhibit or attenuate immune responses associated with chronic inflammation in experimental models. However, there has been no fully adequate longitudinal study of the relation between the neonatal gut microbiota and the development of allergic diseases (eg, atopic asthma) and obesity. The emergence of promising experimental studies has led to several clinical trials of probiotics (live bacteria given orally that allow for intestinal colonization) in human subjects. Probiotic trials thus far have failed to show a consistent preventive or therapeutic effect on asthma or obesity. Previous trials of probiotics have been limited by small sample size, short duration of follow-up, or lack of state-of-the art analyses of the gut microbiota. Finally, there is emerging evidence that the vitamin D pathway might be important in gut homeostasis and in signaling between the microbiota and the host. Given the complexity of the gut micriobiota, additional research is needed before we can confidently establish whether its manipulation in early life can prevent or treat asthma, obesity, or both.
Outcomes for Youths with Early- and Very-Early-Onset Bipolar I Disorder

To examine differences between children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder in a public mental health system, medical records and computerized data files were reviewed for 82 newly admitted patients, focusing on documented diagnoses, clinical features, services and medications received, and psychosocial functioning changes over 18 months. Suicidality, violent or aggressive behavior, psychotic features, and severe/frequent mood changes were prevalent in 40-70% of the cohort, with children more likely to have comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and adolescents more likely to have substance-related problems. For clients who remained in treatment, functioning ratings improved over 18 months on multiple dimensions but were unrelated to type of service or pharmacotherapy received.
HYPERURICEMIA IN GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE I (GSD-1)

The etiology of hyperuricemia in patients with GSD-1 is multi-factorial, and in part due to an increase in urate production. The increased urate production caused by fructose infusion in normal liver has been shown to result from the rapid format ion of fructose-I-P which depletes ATP and traps intracellular phosphate (Pi) (Woods H.J., Biochem. J. 119:501, 1970). By analogy. increased urate production in GSD-I patients could be due to ATP depletion and trapping of Pi during the frequent periods of hypoglycemia and glucagon release. The latter would cause rapid hydrolysis of glycogen to fructose-1,6 diP rather than to glucose. If the analogy is true, hepatic ATP depletion and increased levels of phosphorylated glycolytic substrates should occur following glucagon (G) infusion in patients with GSD-I. Six patients with GSD-I had percutaneous liver biopsies performed before and S minutes after intravenous glucagon (20μg/kg over 1 min). Glycogen content decreased from 7.64±0.6 to 5.7±0.4% (p <0.02) and ATP levels decreased from 2.2±0.1 to 0.79±.0.9 μm/gm liver (p < 0.01). Two patients with GSD due to defects other than GSD-I showed only slight decreases in hepatic ATP and glycogen, similar to the changes noted in 12 rats. One patient with GSD-I requiring open biopsy of hepatic nodules had hepatic measurement of ATP, glycogen, glu-6-P, F-6-P, F-1, 6-diP and lactate done before and 5, 10, 20 minutes following glucagon. Findings were analogous to those seen after fructose infusion and supports the thesis described above.
Influence of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 on the activation of spinal cord glia in mouse models of pain.

Although activation of spinal glia has been implicated in the development of pathological pain, the mechanisms underlying glial activation are not fully understood. One such mechanism may be triggered by reaction to neuroactive substances released from central axons of sensory afferents. The vanilloid receptor TRPV1, a nonselective cation channel in nociceptive sensory afferents, mediates the release of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and CGRP in the dorsal horn, which can subsequently activate glia. To test the hypothesis that activation of spinal glia is mediated, at least in part, by TRPV1, we studied the expression of markers for microglia (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, Iba1) and astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) in the spinal cord of TRPV1 knockout mice (KO) vs. wild-type mice (WT) in models of acute (intraplantar capsaicin), inflammatory (adjuvant-induced arthritis, AIA), and neuropathic pain (partial sciatic nerve ligation, PSNL). We found that (i) naive KO mice had denser immunostaining for both Iba1 and GFAP than naive WT mice; (ii) the immunostaining for Iba1 increased significantly in treated mice, compared to naive mice, 3 days after capsaicin and 7-14 days after AIA or PSNL, and was significantly greater in WT than in KO mice 3 days after capsaicin, 7-14 days after AIA, and 7 days after PSNL; and iii) the immunostaining for GFAP increased significantly in treated mice, compared to naive mice, 3 days after capsaicin and 14-21 days after AIA or PSNL, and was significantly greater in WT than in KO mice 14 days after AIA or PSNL. Our results suggest that TRPV1 plays a role in the activation of spinal glia in mice with nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain.
Trouble in Mayberry: A national analysis of suicides and attempts in small jails

Despite the fact that there are approximately 1,775 American jails of 99 beds or less, little is known about how these jails function, or the challenges that they confront. This study examined the problem of suicides and attempted suicides in small jails, finding that the prevalence of these incidents is two to five times greater than in their larger counterparts. Net of other factors, jails that had higher rates of admissions, as well as overcrowded facilities had a positive relationship with suicide attempts. We also found that jails that reported higher concentrations of special needs inmates were significantly associated with attempts. Specifically, facilities that had higher levels of long-term inmates were positively associated with suicide attempts. While almost one-fifth of small jails did not use formal suicide assessments at admission, and only slightly more than one-half of these facilities provided annual suicide training to jail officers, these factors were not significantly associated with suicide attempts in 2004. Implications for future research and practice are outlined.
Effect of Animated Movie in Combating Child Sleep Health Problems

Objective: Sleep deprivation among teens is a major health issue. Only 15% of teens get 8.5 h of sleep on school nights. Sleep deprivation can lead to poor grades, sleepiness and moodiness. We undertook a study to assess the prevalence of sleep habit disturbance among elementary school students in South Texas with Hispanic ethnicity predominance. We also found how much a video based on sleep education had an impact on these children. Method: Once the Corpus Christi Independent School District (CCISD) approved the collection of baseline sleep data, questionnaires were administered using the Children’s Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ.) These questionnaires were distributed prior to the viewing of the educational and animated movie KNIGHTS (Keep Nurturing and Inspiring Good Habits in Teen Sleep). Four months later, a random follow-up was performed and the children were requested to respond to the same CSHQ. Results: 264 children from two elementary schools participated in this educational program. At baseline, 55.56% of the children had trouble sleeping. When the questionnaire was administered four months later, only 23.26% (p < 0.05) had trouble sleeping. Additionally, at baseline, approximately 60–70% children had some baseline bedtime resistance, anxiety dealing with sleep, issues with sleep duration and/or awakenings in the middle of the night. In the follow up questionnaire, results showed significant improvements in overall sleep habits, bedtime resistance, sleep anxiety and night awakenings amongst students (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were seen in sleep duration and daytime sleepiness. Conclusion: Sleep deprivation and good sleep habits remain as a pervasive challenge among elementary school students. Administering an animated video about sleep education along with a provider-based education may be an effective tool for educating elementary school students and decreasing the prevalence of these sleep-related issues. Future prospective randomized studies are suggested.
HIGH FREQUENCY PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION AND SURFACTANT TREATMENT IN PRETERM LAMBS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS). ▴ 285

HIGH FREQUENCY PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION AND SURFACTANT TREATMENT IN PRETERM LAMBS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS). ▴ 285
Characterization of DNA Sequences Required for the CcrAB-Mediated Integration of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec, a Staphylococcus aureus Genomic Island

The mobile element staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), which carries mecA, the gene responsible for methicillin resistance in staphylococci, inserts into the chromosome at a specific site, attB, mediated by serine recombinases, CcrAB and CcrC, encoded on the element. This study sought to determine the sequence specificity for CcrB DNA binding in vitro and for CcrAB-mediated SCCmec insertion in vivo. CcrB DNA binding, as assessed in vitro by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), revealed that a 14-bp sequence (CGTATCATAAGTAA; the terminal sequence of the orfX gene) was the minimal requirement for binding, containing an invariant sequence (TATCATAA) found in all chromosomal (attB) and SCCmec (attS) integration sites. The sequences flanking the minimal attB and attS binding sites required for insertion in vivo were next determined. A plasmid containing only 37 bp of attS and flanking sequences was required for integration into the attB site at 92% efficiency. In contrast, at least 200 bp of sequence within orfX, 5' to the attB core, and 120 bp of specific sequence 3' to the orfX stop site and attB core were required for the highest insertion frequency. Finally, an attS-containing plasmid was inserted into wild-type Staphylococcus aureus strains without integrated SCCmec (methicillin susceptible) at various frequencies which were determined both by sequences flanking the att site and by the presence of more than one att site on either the chromosome or the integration plasmid. This sequence specificity may play a role in the epidemiology of SCCmec acquisition.
Electromigration in two-level interconnects of Cu and Al alloys

Electromigration in two-level interconnect structures fabricated using both Cu deposited by plating and sputtered Al(Cu), as well as in conventional single-level structures using evaporated Cu, Cu(0.3 at.% Zr) and Cu(0.3 at.% Ta) stripes has been investigated. Both resistance and drift velocity measurement techniques have been used at temperatures from 200 to 395 °C. Open circuit failures in such structures are found to be caused by void growth from the cathode ends of the lines. The mean time to failure in the plated Cu/polyimide structure is found to be about two orders of magnitude longer than that in the Ti/Al(Cu)/Ti/SiO2 structure at 250 °C. The activation energy for electromigration of the plated Cu and the Al(Cu) is found to be 1.1 ± 0.07 eV and 0.81 ± 0.03 eV, respectively. The additions of 0.3% Zr and 0.3% Ta to pure Cu in the single-level test structures of Ta/Cu/Ta have little effect on the mean time to failure.
EMF-388 Efficacy of Trypsin in Treating Coral Snake Envenomation in the Porcine Model

Antivenom is the definitive treatment for venomous snakebites. Alternative treatments warrant investigation because antivenom is sometimes unavailable, expensive, and can have deleterious side effects. This study assesses the efficacy of trypsin to treat coral snake envenomation in an in vivo porcine model. A randomized, blinded study was conducted. Subjects were 13 pigs injected subcutaneously with 1 mL of eastern coral snake venom (10 mg/mL) in the right distal hind limb. After 1 min, subjects were randomized to have the envenomation site injected with either 1 mL of saline or 1 mL of trypsin (100 mg/mL) by a blinded investigator. Clinical endpoint was survival for 72 h or respiratory depression defined as respiratory rate <15 breaths per minute, falling pulse oximetry, or agonal respirations. Fisher’s exact t test was used for between group comparisons. Average time to toxicity for the saline control was 263 min (191–305 min). The development of respiratory depression occurred more frequently in control pigs than treated pigs (p = 0.009). Four of the six pigs that received trypsin survived to the end of the 3-day study. No control pigs survived. Two of the trypsin treatment pigs died with times to toxicity of 718 and 971 min. Survival to 12 and 24 h was significantly greater in the trypsin treatment group (p = 0.002, p = 0.009, respectively). Local injection of trypsin, a proteolytic enzyme, at the site of envenomation decreased the toxicity of eastern coral snake venom and increased survival significantly. Further investigation is required before these results can be extended to human snakebites.
Physiological effects of hypoxia and trypan blue in 17-day chick embryos.

Seventeen-day chick embryos were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: (1) untreated, (2) yolk-sac injected with 0.1 ml of saturated trypan blue solution solution in sterile saline, (3) saline, (4) hypoxia, i.e., 10.5% oxygen, and (5) hypoxia plus trypan blue. After 5 h hypoxia-treated embryos had an increased mortality rate, severe hypoglycemia, reduced blood pH, elevated plasma potassium, and reduced CO2 content. Trypan blue treatment induced few deaths and few physiological imbalances. Hypoxia plus trypan blue was without synergistic effects and had effects that did not differ significantly from hypoxia alone. This lack of response of 17-day chick embryos to high doses of trypan blue may be related to a marked decline in oxygen consumption by the yolk at this age.
Phosphorus oxynitride glasses

Abstract The properties and structural role of nitrogen in phosphorus oxynitride glasses are reported. Properties summarized for several compositions include the dissolution rate in water, thermal expansion coefficient, viscosity and refractive index. The bonding and coordination number of nitrogen in the glass network has been deduced from nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The existing evidence shows that nitrogen replaces oxygen in the PO4 network as doubly coordinated (=N-) and triply coordinated (> N-) N3− ions. The measured properties are consistent with these network structural features.
The radiation chemistry of amino acids, peptides and proteins in relation to the radiation sterilization of high-protein foods

Abstract An important source of information on the question of whether or not toxic or other deleterious substances are formed in the radiation sterilization of foods is the chemical study of reaction products and reaction mechanisms in the radiolysis of individual food components. The present evaluation of the radiation chemistry of amino acids, peptides and proteins outlines the various radiation-induced processes which lead to amino acid degradation and to the synthesis of amino acid derivatives of higher molecular weight. Among the latter are the α,α'-diamino dicarboxylic acids which are formed as major products in the radiolysis of peptides both in aqueous solution and in the solid state. The α,α'-diamino acids are of particular interest as irradiation products because they represent a class of compounds not normally encountered in plant and animal protein sources. Such compounds have, however, been isolated from certain types of bacteria and bacterial products. All of the available data strongly sug...
On the I-V characteristics of floating-gate MOS transistors

The effects of capacitive coupling on the I-V characteristics of floating-gate MOS transistors are described. A set of modified IV equations for these devices is presented and compared with experimental results.
Upper extremity dynamics during Lofstrand crutch-assisted gait in children with myelomeningocele

The use of quantitative models for evaluating upper extremity (UE) dynamics in children with myelomeningocele (MM) is limited. A biomechanical model for assessment of UE dynamics during Lofstrand crutch-assisted gait in children with MM is presented. This pediatric model may be a valuable tool for clinicians to characterize crutch-assisted gait, which may advance treatment monitoring, crutch prescription, and rehabilitation planning for children with MM. Nine subjects with L3 or L4 level myelodysplasia (mean+/-S.D. age: 11.1+/-3.8 years) were analyzed during forearm crutch-assisted gait: (1) reciprocal gait and (2) swing-through gait. Three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of the UE were acquired and the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) was administered. The goal of this study was to determine if meaningful differences occur between gait patterns in UE kinematics and kinetics, and if correlations exist between dynamics and functional outcomes. Temporal-distance parameters showed significant differences between reciprocal and swing-through gait in stride length, and stance duration. All joint ranges of motion were greater during swing-through gait. Thorax, elbow and crutch ranges of motion were found to be significantly different between gait patterns. Kinetic results demonstrated significant differences between reciprocal and swing-through gait, bilaterally, at all joints for the force variables of mean superior/inferior force, range of force, and maximum inferior force. Functional outcomes were strongly correlated with joint dynamics. Accurate quantitative assessment is essential for preventing injury in long-term crutch users. This study has potential for improving clinical intervention strategies and therapeutic planning of ambulation for children with MM.