cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of metabolic stroke and spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage in glutaric aciduria type I

Metabolic stroke is the rapid onset of lasting central neurological deficit associated with decompensation of an underlying metabolic disorder. Glutaric aciduria type I (GA1) is an inherited disorder of lysine and tryptophan metabolism presenting with metabolic stroke in infancy. The clinical presentation includes bilateral striatal necrosis and spontaneous subdural and retinal hemorrhages, which has been frequently misdiagnosed as non-accidental head trauma. The mechanisms underlying metabolic stroke and spontaneous hemorrhage are poorly understood. Using a mouse model of GA1, we show that metabolic stroke progresses in the opposite sequence of ischemic stroke, with initial neuronal swelling and vacuole formation leading to cerebral capillary occlusion. Focal regions of cortical followed by striatal capillaries are occluded with shunting to larger non-exchange vessels leading to early filling and dilation of deep cerebral veins. Blood–brain barrier breakdown was associated with displacement of tight-junction protein Occludin. Together the current findings illuminate the pathophysiology of metabolic stroke and vascular compromise in GA1, which may translate to other neurometabolic disorders presenting with stroke.
Treatment of surgical scars using a 595-nm pulsed dye laser using purpuric and nonpurpuric parameters: a comparative study.

Background Many studies have examined laser treatment of scars, but cosmetic results have been variable. Although no studies have examined the effect of purpura on scar improvement using the pulsed dye laser (PDL), many clinicians believe inducing purpura results in better and quicker improvement. Objective To determine whether PDL treatment of fresh surgical scars with purpura-inducing settings improves clinical appearance more than non-purpura-inducing settings or no treatment. Methods Twenty-six subjects with surgical scars enrolled in this prospective study. Scars were divided into three equal segments; treatment was randomized: 595-nm PDL with purpuric (1.5 ms) or nonpurpuric (10 ms) settings or no treatment. Fluences were adjusted to Fitzpatrick skin type. Scars were treated three times, 1 month apart, beginning at suture removal. Outcome measures included Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) and blind clinical ratings. Results The nonpurpuric condition showed significant improvement on the VSS total score, vascularity, and pliability ratings. The purpuric condition demonstrated a trend for improvement on the VSS total. According to blind observer ratings, all conditions improved, without differences between groups. Conclusion Nonpurpuric settings on the PDL resulted in significant improvements in the appearance of fresh surgical scars for vascularity, pliability, and VSS total scores, although all scar segments improved over time.
Forgiveness and health-related outcomes among people with spinal cord injury

Purpose. As motor vehicle accidents and violence cause the majority of spinal cord injuries (SCI) sustained in the USA and people with SCI will likely struggle with emotional issues related to the ...
Analysis of the α, β, and γ relaxations in polychlorotrifluoroethylene and polyethylene: Dielectric and mechanical properties

Theoretical models for the ac and γe relaxation effects found in chain-folded polymer crystals (single crystal mats and bulk) are presented and compared with the available dielectric and mechanical loss data for polyethylene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene. Details of morphology and crystal structure that can be varied by crystallization and annealing procedures, e.g., roughness of chain-folded surfaces, number of intercrystalline links and cilia, number of chain-end defects and dislocations, and the existence of the extended-chain phase, are brought into the discussion. The αc process, which consists of two overlapping mechanisms, is a result of motions of chain folds and reorientation (with translation) of chains in the interior. (Chain twisting also occurs for long chains.) The theory connects the data on the n-paraffins and their polar derivatives (n-ketones, esters, ethers) with the results on polymers: the common feature is the chain reorientation and twisting process. A new theory of chain twisting is introduced. The β relaxation is a result of reorientation of chains in a “loose” chain-end induced defect (a vacancy row) in the polymer crystal. When the effect of chain twisting is included, the theory successfully predicts the unusually broad and asymmetric loss curve found in the polymer, and is consistent with the experimental activation energies. The β relaxation arising in the amorphous component of PCTFTC is analyzed, and its upward shift in temperature with increasing crystallinity discussed in terms of the Adam-Gibbs theory of relaxation in the glassy state. The γa amorphous relaxation, and the δ relaxation which is found at cryogenic temperatures, are also discussed.
Multigrid algorithms for high-order discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations

Multigrid algorithms are developed for systems arising from high-order discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured meshes. The algorithms are based on coupling both p- and h-multigrid (ph-multigrid) methods which are used in nonlinear or linear forms, and either directly as solvers or as preconditioners to a Newton-Krylov method. The performance of the algorithms are examined in solving the laminar flow over an airfoil configuration. It is shown that the choice of the cycling strategy is crucial in achieving efficient and scalable solvers. For the multigrid solvers, while the order-independent convergence rate is obtained with a proper cycle type, the mesh-independent performance is achieved only if the coarsest problem is solved to a sufficient accuracy. On the other hand, the multigrid preconditioned Newton-GMRES solver appears to be insensitive to this condition and mesh-independent convergence is achieved under the desirable condition that the coarsest problem is solved using a fixed number of multigrid cycles regardless of the size of the problem. It is concluded that the Newton-GMRES solver with the multigrid preconditioning yields the most efficient and robust algorithm among those studied.
Delphi Method Validation of a Procedural Performance Checklist for Insertion of an Ultrasound-Guided Internal Jugular Central Line

Placement of ultrasound-guided central lines is a critical skill for physicians in several specialties. Improving the quality of care delivered surrounding this procedure demands rigorous measurement of competency, and validated tools to assess performance are essential. Using the iterative, modified Delphi technique and experts in multiple disciplines across the United States, the study team created a 30-item checklist designed to assess competency in the placement of ultrasound-guided internal jugular central lines. Cronbach α was .94, indicating an excellent degree of internal consistency. Further validation of this checklist will require its implementation in simulated and clinical environments.
Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: Reversible Doppler US Findings in the Immediate Postoperative Period

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the only definitive treatment for irreversible acute liver failure and chronic liver disease. In the immediate postoperative period after OLT, patients are closely monitored with Doppler ultrasonography (US) to detect treatable vascular complications and ensure graft survival. The first postoperative Doppler US examination is performed fairly early on the first postoperative day, before surgical wound closure has been performed. The immediate postoperative images, obtained when the effects of surgery are very recent, often reveal an array of findings that may appear alarming but that tend to normalize within a few days and are compatible with changes related to the surgery itself. These findings include a starry-sky appearance of reperfusion hepatic edema, transient foci of increased echogenicity, pneumobilia, small fluid collections, perihepatic hematomas, pleural effusion, temporary elevation of hepatic arterial velocity, transient elevation of resistive index (RI), decreased RI with tardus parvus waveform, increased portal venous flow and mono- or biphasic waveforms of the hepatic veins. Most of these changes revert to normal in the first postoperative week; deterioration atypical of transient changes requires further evaluation.
Technical note: Measuring tropospheric OH and HO 2 by laser-induced fluorescence at low pressure. A comparison of calibration techniques

The hydroxyl radical (OH) is one of the most important oxidants in the atmosphere, as it is involved in many reactions that affect regional air quality and global climate change. Because of its high reactivity, measurements of OH radical concentrations in the atmosphere are difficult, and often require careful calibrations that rely on the production of a known concentration of OH at atmospheric pressure. The Indiana University OH instrument, based on the Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion technique (FAGE), has been calibrated in the laboratory using two different approaches: the production of OH from the UV-photolysis of water-vapor, and the steady-state production of OH from the reaction of ozone with alkenes. The former technique relies on two different actinometric methods to measure the product of the lamp flux at 184.9 nm and the photolysis time. This quantity derived from N 2 O actinometry was found to be 1.5 times higher than that derived from O 2 actinometry. The water photolysis and ozone-alkene techniques are shown to agree within their experimental uncertainties (respectively 17% and 44%), although the sensitivities derived from the ozone-alkene technique were systematically lower by 40% than those derived from the water-vapor UV- photolysis technique using O 2 actinometry. The agreement between the two different methods improves the confidence of the water-vapor photolysis method as an accurate calibration technique for HO x instruments. Because several aspects of the mechanism of the gas phase ozonolysis of alkenes are still uncertain, this technique should be used with caution to calibrate OH instruments.
PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS ANSOMYS QIU, 1987 (MAMMALIA: RODENTIA: APLODONTIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM THE BARSTOVIAN (MID-MIOCENE) OF MONTANA

Abstract New aplodontid material recovered from Hepburn's Mesa, Montana, stimulated reexamination of Ansomys, a genus of aplodontid previously known only from Asia. A cladistic analysis of the known species of Ansomys, as well as new material from Hepburn's Mesa and a few other morphologically similar species, prompted reconstruction of the biogeographic history of the genus. One new species, A. hepburnensis, from the Barstovian of Montana, is described, and two other species, A. nexodens and A. descendens, are placed in Ansomys rather than in Pseudallomys and Plesispermophilus, respectively. Addition of these three species to Ansomys extends its distribution throughout the Holarctic in the mid-Miocene. Stratigraphic ranges combined with phylogenetic relationships between species suggest this wide distribution as early as the late Oligocene, which is unique among aplodontid genera. The distribution, the rarity, the unusually small size, and the complex cusp morphology of Ansomys suggest a very specialized...
Technical note: Development and validation of an open data format for CT projection data

Purpose: Lack of access to projection data from patient CT scans is a major limitation for development and validation of new reconstruction algorithms. To meet this critical need, this work developed and validated a vendor-neutral format for CT projection data, which will further be employed to build a library of patient projection data for public access. Methods: A digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM)-like format was created for CT projection data (CT-PD), named the DICOM-CT-PD format. The format stores attenuation information in the DICOM image data block and stores parameters necessary for reconstruction in the DICOM header under various tags (51 tags to store the geometry and scan parameters and 9 tags to store patient information). To validate the accuracy and completeness of the new format, CT projection data from helical scans of the ACR CT accreditation phantom were acquired from two clinical CTscanners (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany and Discovery CT750 HD, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). After decoding (by the authors for Siemens, by the manufacturer for GE), the projection data were converted to the DICOM-CT-PD format. Off-line CTreconstructions were performed by internal and external reconstructionresearchers using only the information stored in the DICOM-CT-PD files and the DICOM-CT-PD field definitions. Results: Compared with the commercially reconstructedCTimages, the off-line reconstructed images created using the DICOM-CT-PD format are similar in terms of CT numbers (differences of 5 HU for the bone insert and −9 HU for the air insert), imagenoise (±1 HU), and low contrastdetectability (6 mm rods visible in both). Because of different reconstruction approaches, slightly different in-plane and cross-plane high contrast spatial resolution were obtained compared to those reconstructed on the scanners (axial plane: GE off-line, 7 lp/cm; GE commercial, 7 lp/cm; Siemens off-line, 8 lp/cm; Siemens commercial, 7 lp/cm. Coronal plane: Siemens off-line, 6 lp/cm; Siemens commercial, 8 lp/cm). Conclusions: A vendor-neutral extended DICOM format has been developed that enables open sharing of CT projection data from third-generation CTscanners. Validation of the format showed that the geometric parameters and attenuation information in the DICOM-CT-PD file were correctly stored, could be retrieved with use of the provided instructions, and contained sufficient data for reconstruction of CTimages that approximated those from the commercial scanner.
The High Density Lipoproteins: An Epidemiological Review HDL and CHD: An Epidemiological Review

Attention has recently been focused on the association between plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (1–6). Unlike most of the conventional risk factors that confer increased risk of disease, plasma HDL appears to be a risk-lowering factor. This is an important statement, and its basis requires careful examination.
Updated FY12 Ceramic Fuels Irradiation Test Plan

The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program is currently devoting resources to study of numerous fuel types with the aim of furthering understanding applicable to a range of reactors and fuel cycles. In FY11, effort within the ceramic fuels campaign focused on planning and preparation for a series of rabbit irradiations to be conducted at the High Flux Isotope Reactor located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The emphasis of these planned tests was to study the evolution of thermal conductivity in uranium dioxide and derivative compositions as a function of damage induced by neutron damage. Current fiscal realities have resulted in a scenario where completion of the planned rabbit irradiations is unlikely. Possibilities for execution of irradiation testing within the ceramic fuels campaign in the next several years will thus likely be restricted to avenues where strong synergies exist both within and outside the Fuel Cycle Research and Development program. Opportunities to augment the interests and needs of modeling, advanced characterization, and other campaigns present the most likely avenues for further work. These possibilities will be pursued with the hope of securing future funding. Utilization of synthetic microstructures prepared to better understand the most relevant actors encountered during irradiation of more » ceramic fuels thus represents the ceramic fuel campaign's most efficient means to enhance understanding of fuel response to burnup. This approach offers many of the favorable attributes embraced by the Separate Effects Testing paradigm, namely production of samples suitable to study specific, isolated phenomena. The recent success of xenon-imbedded thick films is representative of this approach. In the coming years, this strategy will be expanded to address a wider range of problems in conjunction with use of national user facilities novel characterization techniques to best utilize programmatic resources to support a science-based research program. « less
On the Role of Elastic Strain on Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt

The effect of elastic strain on catalytic activity of platinum (Pt) toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is investigated through dealloyed Pt–Cu thin films; stress evolution in the dealloyed layer and the mass of the Cu removed are measured in real-time during electrochemical dealloying of (111)-textured thin-film PtCu (1:1, atomic ratio) electrodes. In situ stress measurements are made using the cantilever-deflection method, and nanogravimetric measurements are made using an electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance. Upon dealloying via successive voltammetric sweeps between −0.05 and 1.15 V vs standard hydrogen electrode, compressive stress develops in the dealloyed Pt layer at the surface of thin-film PtCu electrodes. The dealloyed films also exhibit enhanced catalytic activity toward ORR compared with polycrystalline Pt. In situ nanogravimetric measurements reveal that the mass of dealloyed Cu is approximately 210 ± 46 ng/cm2, which corresponds to a dealloyed layer thickness of 1.2 ± 0.3 monolayers...
A Note on Generic Purchaser Generalizations and Subcultural Variations

Although sales of generics continue to grow, extant research on their purchase presents an incomplete and conflicting picture. The present investigation clarifies this picture and extends the profi...
Structures of Desire: BDSM in the Science Fiction and Fantasy of Samuel R. Delany

If one were to list the twentieth century’s most influential science fiction and fantasy authors, the name “Samuel R. Delany” would certainly appear on that list. Delany wrote groundbreaking SF&F from the 1960s through the 1980s, and he remains a powerful writer and an insightful literary critic to this day. After William Moulton Marston, Delany was the next major American science fiction and fantasy author to explore kink in his writing. Like Marston, Delany is a scholar as well as an author of popular fiction. While Marston used psychology and comic books to promote his version of BDSM, Delany used literary criticism and (mostly) prose science fiction and fantasy. Delany’s revolutionary fiction presented consensual BDSM as an ethically valid lifestyle. Meanwhile, his interviews and essays gradually began to advocate kink as a philosophy. While Marston envisioned BDSM mainly in heterosexual or lesbian terms, Delany’s vision incorporated the theories and practices of gay leathermen. Delany thus provided science fiction and fantasy with a broader, deeper and more complex understanding of BDSM.
Plasma based water treatment: Design guidelines for controlling interface dynamics

Electrical discharge plasma is an effective and versatile advanced oxidation process due to the formation of reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals and hydroperoxyl radicals. The technology requires no chemical additions, can degrade a broad range of contaminants, and produces no residual waste. Plasma treatment also includes a broad range of other treatment mechanisms, including electron-based reduction, UV radiation, cavitation, and thermal degradation. Despite the obvious benefits and advantages of Plasma-based Water Treatment (PWT), the technology has not yet reached a level of development where it can be commercially used. This study determined the main obstacles hindering the implementation of PWT and developed design principles for overcoming the process limitations through control of the plasma-liquid interphase dynamics.
A Postcolonial Self: Korean Immigrant Theology and Church

A Postcolonial Self: Korean Immigrant Theology and Church is a well-researched, informative, and enlightening book that studies ways in which first-generation Korean immigrants “struggle with their...
Enhancing interpersonal communication: Positive mood effects

I tested the possibility that positive affect would promote the design of effective interpersonal communication. Participants were 44 male and 96 female undergraduates at a mid-sized university in the Southeastern United States, who were induced to experience positive or neutral affect and were then asked to design communications relating to 15 abstract stimuli. Results indicated that, compared with the participants who had experienced neutral affect, those in a positive mood constructed messages that contained greater detail and more literal information for another person (vs. messages intended for their own use at a later time). This suggests that those experiencing positive affect made adjustments to account for the perspective of the recipient. That effect was not observed for participants experiencing a neutral mood. My findings suggest that effective interpersonal communication depends, in part, on the affective state of the communicator.
Community Satellite Processing Package from Direct Broadcast: Providing real-time Satellite Data to every corner of the world

Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) and its Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) have supported the international Direct Broadcast/Readout (DB/DR) user community since 1985 through the distribution of the International TOVS and ATOVS Processing Packages (ITPP, IAPP) for NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES), and since 2000 via the International MODIS/AIRS Processing Package (IMAPP) for NASA Terra and Aqua. Since 2007, SSEC/CIMSS has also participated in the development of regional versions of software for generating Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) Sensor Data Records (SDRs), and for Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) atmosphere and cloud Environmental Data Records (EDRs). Currently SSEC/CIMSS is supported by the NOAA JPSS program scientist and NASA to continue facilitating the use of polar orbiter satellite data through the initial development of a newly conceived Community Satellite Processing Package (CSPP) that will support the Suomi-NPP/JPSS and, subsequently, build up over time to support GOES-R with CSPP Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) component, as well as other international polar orbiting and geostationary meteorological and environmental satellites and their regional user communities.
Effect of an m-Learning English Speaking Software App on Students in the Chiang Rai Municipality Schools 6 and 7 in Thailand

Thailand is beginning to emphasize the teaching of elementary, junior and senior high students to speak English. One of the key problems has been the availability of an effective English learning program. This research study evaluated the effects of a mobile English speaking software app (Qooco Kids English) for two schools using mobile devices in which 95% of the phones were Android, The research questionsâ€™ focus was on English speaking ability. Qooco Kids English is an online program delivered via a mobile device. The Qooco Kids English App was used to teach children to speak English fluently by providing English audio models and frequent speaking practice with immediate actionable feedback on the English speaking of the students. Qooco Kids English has twelve instant feedback lesson modules with gamified, progressive lessons which result in faster and more engaging learning lessons. Through a pre-post experimental design, the researchers studied the speaking ability of 192 grade 5 and grade 6 students in Chiang Rai Municipality School 6 and 89 Junior and senior high students in Chiang Rai Municipality School 7 for one semester in Thailand. Specifically, effects on students' English speaking ability after one semester were measured through the iTest pre- and post-tests. The significant statistical findings indicated that the Qooco software English speaking app increases student achievement in both spoken and written English for Grades 5 and 6 as well as junior and senior high school students.
Sony Playstation 4: Aim and Fire

Kazuo Hirai, president and group CEO of the Sony division charged with manufacturing the PlayStation, is faced with a strategic crossroads as he decides which functional elements and target demographics to focus on with the PS4. He reviews the history and dynamics of the video gaming industry—including the importance of first-mover advantage when it comes to new technology—in an effort to predict its future. What's next—both for gaming in general and for home game consoles in particular—and what place should Sony be vying for in the minds and pocketbooks of the gaming public? Excerpt UVA-S-0203 Rev. Nov. 4, 2014 SONY PLAYSTATION 4: AIM AND FIRE Kazuo Hirai, president and group CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (Sony), makers of the Sony PlayStation (PS), stepped off the Tokyo street into the crowded public arcade. He watched children, with their parents' help, plug in handheld adapters and begin swooping their arms to move characters on large displays—and he berated himself again for not having invested more resources in developing this type of technology before Nintendo had debuted the Wii. Sony had dominated the previous two generations of gaming systems with the PS and PS2, but was late to the game in incorporating comprehensive motion technology into its user experience for the PS3. Wii—with its family-oriented sporting and arcade-style action games—had already grabbed market share Hirai thought should belong to Sony. And Microsoft's Xbox 360 with Kinect had snatched up more of “his” customer base with its groundbreaking, full-body motion-sensor camera that allowed users to animate their own gaming characters using their bodies—sometimes in lieu of any controller at all. The next battle in the gaming console wars had begun and Hirai was anxious. How could he ensure that Sony was not an also-ran? Nintendo was the first to market with a seventh-generation machine, releasing the Wii U in November 2012. Microsoft debuted the Xbox One a mere week after Sony had released its PS4 in November of 2013. Not only did Hirai have to worry about Nintendo and Microsoft, but he also had the constant feeling that a newcomer could arise in the gaming sector at almost any time. Sony had itself sprung onto the scene as a newcomer in the mid-1990s and had been the clear winner in both the fourth and fifth generations of gaming systems. So why couldn't another player with a winning strategy and some new application of technology pull out ahead next? The first generation had been led by Atari; Nintendo had dominated the second generation; Sega and Nintendo battled for supremacy during the third generation, only to be upstaged by Sony in the next two generations. The last generation, the sixth, had seen Nintendo retake first place. . . .
Accelerometer-derived physical activity and sedentary time by cancer type in the United States

The 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were among the first population-level studies to incorporate objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior, allowing for greater understanding of these behaviors. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive examination of these data in cancer survivors, including short- and long-term survivors of all cancer types. Therefore, the purpose of this analysis was to use these data to describe activity behaviors in short- and long-term cancer survivors of various types. A secondary aim was to compare activity patterns of cancer survivors to that of the general population. Cancer survivors (n = 508) and age-matched individuals not diagnosed with cancer (n = 1,016) were identified from a subsample of adults with activity measured by accelerometer. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were summarized across cancer type and demographics; multivariate regression was used to evaluate differences between survivors and those not diagnosed with cancer. On average, cancer survivors were 61.4 (95% CI: 59.6, 63.2) years of age; 57% were female. Physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns varied by cancer diagnosis, demographic variables, and time since diagnosis. Survivors performed 307 min/day of light-intensity physical activity (95% CI: 295, 319), 16 min/day of moderate-vigorous intensity activity (95% CI: 14, 17); only 8% met physical activity recommendations. These individuals also reported 519 (CI: 506, 532) minutes of sedentary time, with 86 (CI: 84, 88) breaks in sedentary behavior per day. Compared to non-cancer survivors, after adjustment for potential confounders, survivors performed less light-intensity activity (P = 0.01), were more sedentary (P = 0.01), and took fewer breaks in sedentary time (P = 0.04), though there were no differences in any other activity variables. These results suggest that cancer survivors are insufficiently active. Relative to adults of similar age not diagnosed with cancer, they engage in more sedentary time with fewer breaks. As such, sedentary behavior and light-intensity activity may be important intervention targets, particularly for those for whom moderate-to-vigorous activity is not well accepted.
Management of precancerous anal intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men: Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive men who have sex with men (MSM) are at disproportionately high risk for anal cancer. There is no definitive approach to the management of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), which are precursors of anal cancer, and evidence suggests that posttreatment adjuvant quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccination improves HSIL treatment effectiveness. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the optimal HSIL management strategy with respect to clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and to identify the optimal age for initiating HSIL management. METHODS A decision analytic model of the natural history of anal carcinoma and HSIL management strategies was constructed for HIV-positive MSM who were 27 years old or older. The model was informed by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database and published studies. Outcomes included the lifetime cost, life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, cumulative risk of cancer and cancer-related deaths, and cost-effectiveness from a societal perspective. RESULTS Active monitoring was the most effective approach in patients 29 years or younger; thereafter, HSIL treatment plus adjuvant qHPV vaccination became most effective. When cost-effectiveness was considered (ie, an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [ICER] < $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year), do nothing was cost-effective until the age of 38 years, and HSIL treatment plus adjuvant qHPV vaccination was cost-effective beyond the age of 38 years (95% confidence interval, 34-43 years). The ICER decreased as the age at HSIL management increased. Outcomes were sensitive to the rate of HSIL regression or progression and the cost of high-resolution anoscopy and biopsy. CONCLUSIONS The management of HSIL in HIV-positive MSM who are 38 years old or older with treatment plus adjuvant qHPV vaccination is likely to be cost-effective. The conservative approach of no treatment is likely to be cost-effective in younger patients. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Society of Counseling Psychology Leadership Academy: Cultivating Leadership Competence and Community:

The Society of Counseling Psychology Leadership Academy is a year-long program designed to engage and develop student and early career psychologist leaders in counseling psychology. As a division o...
Ethics of the scientist qua policy advisor: inductive risk, uncertainty, and catastrophe in climate economics

This paper discusses ethical issues surrounding Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) of the economic effects of climate change, and how climate economists acting as policy advisors ought to represent the uncertain possibility of catastrophe. Some climate economists, especially Martin Weitzman, have argued for a precautionary approach where avoiding catastrophe should structure climate economists’ welfare analysis. This paper details ethical arguments that justify this approach, showing how Weitzman’s “fat tail” probabilities of climate catastrophe pose ethical problems for widely used IAMs. The main claim is that economists who ignore or downplay catastrophic risks in their representations of uncertainty likely fall afoul of ethical constraints on scientists acting as policy advisors. Such scientists have duties to honestly articulate uncertainties and manage (some) inductive risks, or the risks of being wrong in different ways.
Competing Risks of Fracture and Death in Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Background/Objectives To examine whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) at all stages is associated with fracture risk after adjusting for competing mortality, and determine whether age or race modifies the relationship between CKD and fracture risk.
Resolving the neutron lifetime puzzle.

Free electrons and protons are stable, but outside atomic nuclei, free neutrons decay into a proton, electron, and antineutrino through the weak interaction, with a lifetime of ∼880 s (see the figure). The most precise measurements have stated uncertainties below 1 s (0.1%), but different techniques, although internally consistent, disagree by 4 standard deviations given the quoted uncertainties. Resolving this “neutron lifetime puzzle” has spawned much experimental effort as well as exotic theoretical mechanisms, thus far without a clear explanation. On page 627 of this issue, Pattie et al. ( 1 ) present the most precise measurement of the neutron lifetime to date. A new method of measuring trapped neutrons in situ allows a more detailed exploration of one of the more pernicious systematic effects in neutron traps, neutron phase-space evolution (the changing orbits of neutrons in the trap), than do previous methods. The precision achieved, combined with a very different set of systematic uncertainties, gives hope that experiments such as this one can help resolve the current situation with the neutron lifetime.
CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism as a predictive marker for clinical outcomes in patients (pts) with metastastic gastric carcinoma (MGC) treated with S-1 plus docetaxel

4633 CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism as a predictive marker for clinical outcomes in patients (pts) with metastastic gastric carcinoma (MGC) treated with S-1 plus docetaxel Background: Tegafur, a compo...
Second degree atrioventricular block: A matter of definition

Abstract Clinical Heart Block. Dropped beats: When the grade of block is higher the ventricle fails to respond to occasional auricular impulses. This form is rarely simple.
Rheology of Biological Fluids

Rheology is a branch of mechanics that studies the deformation and flow of materials. The field of biorheology is primarily concerned with understanding the relationship between the application of forces and the deformation and flow of biomaterials, including bone, soft tissue, synovial fluid, mucus, blood, and other biomaterials. However, biorheology is also concerned with the interaction between nonbiological materials and biological systems. The study of cell motility in the ocean, fluid movement in the esophagus, or the deformation of an implanted artificial heart valve are all examples from the field of biorheology.
Introduction to R, RStudio and ggplot2

In this chapter, we provide some programming and graphic skills under the environments of R, RStudio and ggplot2. In Sect. 4.1, we introduce some basic uses of R and RStudio. We also provide some useful R functions which are often used in the programming and management of microbiome data. Section 4.2 introduce the one useful R package dplyr. We use it often in the remaining chapters. In Sect. 4.3, we introduce and illustrate the ggplot2 package. This package is getting popular in recent years; the high quality graphics generated by the ggplot2 are often used in the publications of microbiome study and other research fields. We briefly summarize this chapter in Sect. 4.4.
A Medical Literature Search System for Identifying Effective Treatments in Precision Medicine.

The Precision Medicine Initiative states that treatments for a patient should take into account not only the patient's disease, but his/her specific genetic variation as well. The vast biomedical literature holds the potential for physicians to identify effective treatment options for a cancer patient. However, the complexity and ambiguity of medical terms can result in vocabulary mismatch between the physician's query and the literature. The physician's search intent (finding treatments instead of other types of studies) is difficult to explicitly formulate in a query. Therefore, simple ad hot retrieval approach will suffer from low recall and precision. In this paper, we propose a new retrieval system that helps physicians identify effective treatments in precision medicine. Given a cancer patient with a specific disease, genetic variation, and demographic information, the system aims to identify biomedical publications that report effective treatments. We approach this goal from two directions. First, we expand the original disease and gene terms using biomedical knowledge bases to improve recall of the initial retrieval. We then improve precision by promoting treatment-related publications to the top using a machine learning reranker trained on 2017 Text Retrieval Conference Precision Medicine (PM) track corpus. Batch evaluation results on 2018 PM track corpus show that the proposed approach effectively improves both recall and precision, achieving performance comparable to the top entries on the leaderboard of 2018 PM track.
Population Dynamics: Momentum of Population Growth

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by Y.J. Kim, volume 17, pp. 11766–11769, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Geographical Hidden Markov Tree

Given a spatial raster framework with explanatory feature layers, a spatial contextual layer (e.g., a potential field), as well as a set of training samples with class labels, the spatial prediction problem aims to learn a model that can predict a class layer. The problem is important in societal applications such as flood extent mapping for disaster response and national water forecasting, but is challenging due to the noise, obstacles, and heterogeneity in feature maps, implicit spatial dependency between locations based on the contextual layer (e.g., gradient directions on a potential field), and the large number of sample locations. Existing work often assumes undirected spatial dependency, or directed dependency with a total order, and thus cannot reflect complex directed dependency with a partial order. In contrast, we recently proposed geographical hidden Markov tree, a probabilistic graphical model that generalizes the common hidden Markov model from a one-dimensional sequence to a two-dimensional map. Partial order class dependency is incorporated in the hidden class layer with a reverse tree structure. We also investigated computational algorithms for reverse tree construction, model parameter learning and class inference. This paper extends our recent model with overlaying class nodes between observation nodes and underlying hidden class nodes. The additional overlaying class layer makes the model more robust to large scale feature obstacles. We also proposed corresponding learning and inference methods. Extensive evaluations on real world datasets show that our models outperform multiple baselines in flood mapping applications, our algorithms are scalable on large data sizes, and the proposed extension enhances classification performance.
Dynamic search models with multiple items

We generalize the classic dynamic single-item search model to a setting with multiple items and vector offers for subsets of items. We first show a computationally feasible way to solve the dynamic optimization problem, and then prove structural results. Although assignment is not generally monotonically increasing in offer value, we show that, in a special case “additive” model, monotonicity holds if costs are submodular. We examine how the thresholds for assignment change with the remaining items, and whether there are gains to grouping searches. Finally, we consider a stopping rule version of the problem with no subsets for sale, showing the optimal policy is myopic.
Religion, Family, and Kinship

This article is based on two of the authors' previous exhaustive reviews of the literature on religion, family and kinship: Mahoney 2010; Mahoney, Pargament, Swank, and Tarakeswar, 2001. These peer-reviewed journal articles may be consulted for detailed citations and discussion to support the statements made in the present article.
Live-cell imaging of mitochondrial motility and interactions in Drosophila neurons and yeast

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo directed movement and anchorage, which in turn are critical for calcium buffering and energy mobilization at specific regions within cells or at sites of contact with other organelles. Physical and functional interactions between mitochondria and other organelles also impact processes, including phospholipid biogenesis and calcium homeostasis. Indeed, mitochondrial motility, localization, and interaction with other organelles are compromised in many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe methods to visualize and carry out quantitative analysis of mitochondrial movement in two genetically-manipulatable, widely-used model systems: Drosophila neurons and the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We also describe approaches for multi-color imaging in living yeast cells that may be used to visualize colocalization of proteins within mitochondria, as well as interactions of mitochondria with other organelles.
Changes in Proportions of Emergency Department Patients with Mental Illness Noted in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2012-2015.

OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to determine whether there was a change in the rate and types of patients with psychiatric illnesses being seen in the emergency department (ED) from 2012 to 2015 using the National Ambulatory Care Survey. A secondary objective was to determine what if any changes occurred in the resources available to care for these patients. METHODS Our study used 2012-2015 data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the State Mental Health Agency Per Capita Mental Health Services Expenditures, and expenditures data from 2012-2015 to examine whether there was a significant change in the rate and type of mental illness ED visits. Additional data on the number of beds per region from the National Mental Health Services Survey, 2012-2015 were used. A t test was used to look for significant (P = 0.05) changes in the rate and types of patients, ED dispositions, ED reimbursement types, region and community level income, sex, age, state mental health funding, and psychiatric beds from 2012 to 2015. RESULTS There was an 8% increase in the rate of patients who presented with a diagnosed mental health disorder (P = 0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.32-5.96) and substance use disorders (P = 0.03, 95% CI 0.564-0.122). The reimbursement for these visits did change (P = 0.01, 95% CI 0.245-0.685); however, there was no significant increase (P = 0.07, 95% CI-214 to 101) in state mental health budgets and the number of psychiatric and detox hospital beds from 2012 to 2015. CONCLUSIONS The rate and types of mental health patients coming to the ED are still on the rise. This is coupled with a lack of mental health infrastructure to address the needs and diagnoses that continue to be seen in the ED. States may need increased, targeted funding for mental health outside the increase in coverage via the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act to slow the rate of mental health patients seen in the ED.
A Common Medication with an Uncommon Adverse Event: A Case of Doxycycline-induced Pancreatitis.

Drug-induced pancreatitis is a rare entity. The diagnostic criteria for drug-induced pancreatitis include the development of pancreatitis during drug therapy, elimination of all other possible causes, resolution with discontinuation of the offending drug, and reappearance on using the same drug. Several drugs have been implicated in having an association with pancreatitis. Tetracyclines are considered to be a Class I medication (medications implicated in greater than 20 reported cases of acute pancreatitis). However, there are very few reported cases of doxycycline-induced acute pancreatitis. We report the case of a 55-year old male who presented to the emergency department (ED) with three days of progressively severe and constant mid-epigastric abdominal pain. On evaluation, he was found to have elevated lipase levels. Computed tomography (CT) scan of his abdomen revealed findings consistent with pancreatitis without any evidence of gallstones or common bile duct dilation. He denied alcohol use, trauma, and insect bites or stings. His calcium and triglyceride levels were within normal limits. His blood cultures did not show any bacterial growth. He had recently been initiated on doxycycline for concerns of cellulitis and had begun to develop abdominal pain seven days after the initiation of doxycycline. He had completed his antibiotic course on the day of presentation to the ED. He had no other recent medication changes. He had subsequent improvement of symptoms off of the doxycycline and with supportive care. Given that all other causes of pancreatitis had been excluded and that he had been initiated on doxycycline prior to presentation, the etiology was attributed to being likely secondary to doxycycline use. Our case highlights the importance of reviewing outpatient medications by the hospital medicine team and awareness of rare triggers for acute pancreatitis.
Social group membership and an incidental ingroup-memory advantage

Extending the self-reference effect in memory to the level of social identity, previous research showed that processing information in reference to one's ingroup at encoding enhances memory for the information (i.e., the group-reference effect). Notably, recent work on the self-reference effect has shown that even simply co-presenting an item with self-relevant vs. other-relevant information (e.g., one's own or another person's name) at encoding can produce an "incidental" self-memory advantage in the absence of any task demand to evaluate the item's self-relevancy. In three experiments, the present study examined whether this incidental self-memory advantage extends to the level of social identity using newly created, minimal groups (Experiments 1 and 2) and pre-existing groups (Experiment 3; one's own or another study major). During encoding, participants judged the location of each target word in relation to a simultaneously presented cue (Ingroup-cue or Outgroup-cue in Experiments 1 and 3; Ingroup-cue, Outgroup-cue, or Neutral-cue in Experiment 2). Consistent across all experiments, a subsequent recognition test revealed a significant memory advantage for words that were presented with the Ingroup-cue. Crucially, this incidental ingroup-memory advantage was driven by ingroup-memory enhancement rather than outgroup-memory suppression relative to memory for words presented with the Neutral-cue (Experiment 2), and was positively correlated with self-reported levels of ingroup identification (i.e., self-investment to one's ingroup; Experiment 3). Taken together, the present findings provide novel evidence that mere incidental associations between one's ingroup and to-be-remembered items in a non-referential, non-evaluative encoding context can produce a memory advantage for the items.