cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do baseball pitchers improve mechanics after biomechanical evaluations

The purpose of this study was to determine how often flaws in pitching mechanics identified from biomechanical analysis are corrected. The biomechanics of 46 baseball pitchers were evaluated twice,...
Antibiotic choices for the penicillin-allergic patient.

PreviewHypersensitivity reactions are a major limiting factor to the widespread use of beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins. Selection of an alternative drug for penicillin-allergic patients can be challenging because of the possibility of cross-reactivity. In this article, Dr Sazon discusses the risks of cross-reactions and presents evidence for a safe alternative antibiotic for management of gram-negative infections in penicillin-allergic patients.
The path to space-terrestrial internetworking

A fundamental challenge for the information age is to extend networked communication and its benefits (increased quality of life, better understanding and utilization of our planet, more efficient industry) across the globe. One obstacle to that challenge is the fact that the majority of the Earth and its space environs cannot support the timely, reliable, low-cost telecommunications infrastructure that currently enables rapid growth. We address the question of whether adding spacecraft as nodes in a global network sustains the financial and technological progress necessary to overcome this obstacle. Space-based networked nodes, offer unique technical advantages for global coverage and are approaching, at scale, economic feasibility. Such approaches provide the critical communications infrastructure for a step increase in our use of space, and provide a complementary resource for global terrestrial coverage. However, the vision of space-terrestrial internetworking is threatened by the lack of a converging vision for how such a network would operate. We propose a logical architecture, informed by the evolution of terrestrial cellular networks, that provides a unifying vision of space networking that considers existing infrastructure, unique spacecraft constraints, and the capabilities that make such an internetwork useful. We further provide a roadmap for organizing the space networking community in an attempt to avoid the inefficiencies of proprietary, non-interoperable network constellations. We conclude that spacecraft can provide a compelling way to network those portions of our planet that lack infrastructure and efficiently disseminate common information to large populations.
Meals, Mindfulness, & Moving Forward: A feasibility study to a multi-modal lifestyle approach in early psychosis.

Aim The primary aim was to demonstrate adherence to a novel 6-week lifestyle intervention program ("Meals, Mindfulness, & Moving Forward" [M3 ]) designed to help improve lifestyle practices of youth with a history of at least 1 psychotic episode. Methods M3 used a non-equivalent control group design involving clients from a community early intervention program. Seventeen individuals in the active M3 program and 16 controls were assessed for secondary outcomes at baseline, 6-weeks, and 12-weeks (6 weeks post-intervention) on cardiometabolic and symptomatic outcomes. Results The program met its primary aim with 88% (15/17) of participants meeting adherence criteria. Compared with the controls, M3 participants showed significant improvement in positive psychotic symptoms (P = .002). Conclusion This pilot study showed that young people involved in a community early intervention program adhered to an activity-based lifestyle program which included mindfulness meditation, yoga and nutrition education, warranting further evaluation with a larger sample size.
STAT5 activation contributes to growth and viability in Bcr/Abl-transformed cells

The transcription factor STAT5 is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated and activated after transformation of hematopoietic cells by p210Bcr/Abl. A truncated form of STAT5B (triangle upSTAT5; aa, 1-683) that lacks tyrosine 699 and the transcriptional activation domain was introduced into Ba/F3p210 cells under the control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter. Treatment of these cells with doxycycline, a tetracycline analogue, induced expression of triangle upSTAT5 and inhibited STAT5-dependent transcription. triangle upSTAT5 coprecipitated with STAT5 and decreased Bcr/Abl-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous STAT5. Induction of triangle upSTAT5 inhibited growth of Ba/F3p210 cells (26%-52% of control levels at 4 days) but did not cause cell-cycle arrest. triangle upSTAT5 reduced viability of Ba/F3p210 cells and increased sensitivity of the cells to the cytotoxic drugs hydroxyurea and cytarabine. These results indicate that high-level expression of triangle upSTAT5, as achieved here by using a tetracycline-inducible promoter, inhibits STAT5 activity, reduces the growth rate of Ba/F3p210 cells by inhibiting viability, and results in increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. It is therefore likely that STAT5 activation plays a role in the transformation of hematopoietic cell lines by p210Bcr/Abl. (Blood. 2000;95:2118-2125)
Conference record of the 33rd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to POPL'06, the 33rd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, one of the flagship conferences in the programming languages calendar.The Call for Papers attracted a total of 167 submissions. Each paper was assigned to three members of the program committee. Committee members were expected to read each paper assigned to them, and write a review, but were also encouraged to seek additional reviews from others. In practice, most papers indeed benefited from these additional reviews. We are hugely grateful to these referees, whose names are listed later in this proceedings.All the reviews were made available to authors a week before the program committee meeting, so that they had the opportunity to make a 500-word response. These responses were read by the committee members responsible, and were taken into account during the committee's discussions. I did not ask committee members to make a written reply to each author response.The committee held a physical meeting in Cambridge, England, on 21st and 22nd September, which every member of the committee attended. We were conscious that POPL's rejection ratio is comparatively high, because it receives so many submissions, and that, as a result, high-quality papers might be rejected. For 2006 we decided to increase the number of accepted papers by shortening the length of each talk from 30 to 25 minutes, and by extending the conference to a full three days (as in 2005). Nevertheless, our over-riding concern was to maintain the standard of accepted papers. Balancing these concerns, we eventually accepted 33 papers, a rather modest increase over the 31 accepted in 2005, but the shorter talks have made it possible to have shorter sessions and longer breaks during the conference. I would welcome your feedback about whether or not you regard these changes as improvements.The POPL'06 program also features three invited talks, given by James McKinna, Martin Odersky, and Tim Sweeney.
Sensurround: 4D Theatre Space and the Pliable Body

This chapter considers internalizations of surveillance, incorporated power, via mediums beyond the gaze and throughout public spaces that seem to purport a shroud of anonymity in darkness. For spectators at contemporary four-dimensional (4D) theatres (where three-dimensional (3D) films are joined with environmental, sensory, and physical effects), however, the space of film viewing is neither static nor safe. Contrary to traditions of alienation that theorize an active spectator via facilitating distance between the spectator and the film diegesis, 4D augments attention to the theatre space and the viewers’ body outside the film (via the negative parallax of 3D, the activity of smoke and bubbles, tipping seats, etc.) yet generates a docile visceral body responding automatically to a subtle physical choreography that is infused and diffused throughout the theatre and internalized by participants. Here surveillance is not an apparatus of the gaze, but rather a state of “immersion” with no distinction between inside and outside (the film, the theatre, or the body).
Professional Socialization of Accounting Students: Suggested Activities to Enhance Students’ Experience at the Anticipatory Stage

Professional socialization among accountants has been linked with increased job satisfaction, decreased “entry shock,” decreased job turnover, and increased ethical awareness and behavior. Anticipatory socialization, the initial stage of professional socialization, refers to the time in which accounting students can “try on” or “rehearse” for the career roles that they will eventually undertake. Accounting faculty can encourage, and/or assign, activities that prepare students to encounter various aspects of their future roles. This article reports on the activities being undertaken by a small Midwestern liberal arts university and suggests efforts to measure the effectiveness of those activities.
A hybrid quasi-Newton projected-gradient method with application to Lasso and basis-pursuit denoising

We propose a new algorithm for the optimization of convex functions over a polyhedral set in $${\mathbb {R}}^n$$. The algorithm extends the spectral projected-gradient method with limited-memory BFGS iterates restricted to the present face whenever possible. We prove convergence of the algorithm under suitable conditions and apply the algorithm to solve the Lasso problem, and consequently, the basis-pursuit denoise problem through the root-finding framework proposed by van den Berg and Friedlander (SIAM J Sci Comput 31(2):890–912, 2008). The algorithm is especially well suited to simple domains and could also be used to solve bound-constrained problems as well as problems restricted to the simplex.
Retrieval of Subsurface Soil Moisture Profiles from L-Band and P-Band Reflectometry

The use of signals-of-opportunity (SoOp) is becoming one of the mainstream methods for retrieving geophysical properties for environmental studies and operational applications. The pervasive nature of SoOp transmitters and that the rest of the observational hardware system consists principally of a receiver, make this measurement approach quite attractive from the perspective of cost and practicality. Examples of SoOp transmitters include the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) at L-band and the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) at P-band. NASA has recently invested in an Earth Venture Mission for the use of GNSS reflectometry (the CYGNSS small-sat constellation mission) and MUOS reflectometry (SNOoPI cubesat mission) for various Earth science applications. Although the reflectometry observational systems have several attractive features and have been shown to produce reliable and successful observations in the form of delay-Doppler maps (DDMs), retrieval of land-based variables, such as surface and subsurface profile soil moisture from these maps is still a subject of much ongoing research. There are a number of challenges in the retrieval of soil moisture, including absolute calibration, resolving spatial ambiguities of scattering and reflection points, discerning coherent vs. incoherent contributions, representative and accurate forward scattering models, and accurate inverse scattering algorithms. In this paper, we tackle several of these challenges, and propose a retrieval algorithm for surface-to-root-zone profiles of soil moisture (RZSM). The algorithm uses reflectometry signals at L-band, P-band, and their combinations to obtain accurate estimates of RZSM. First, we use an RZSM profile scattering model that contains both coherent and incoherent scattering contributions. There are multiple options to solve this problem, and our group has previously developed both numerical and approximate analytical methods for this purpose [1]–[3]. Second, we make a correspondence between polarimetric scattering cross sections, reflectivities, and circularly polarized DDM observations so that the model predictions can be related to reflectometry data [4]. The next step is to solve the inverse problem for surface soil moisture and RZSM using single frequencies (L- and P-band) and their combinations if available within a reasonable observation time window. To accomplish the latter task, we use a powerful inversion method recently developed in our group [5], which is a hybrid of global and local optimization methods. We perform a thorough sensitivity analysis to investigate the utility of either frequency alone and in combination for inverting soil moisture at surface and at the root zone. We then show the application of this method to actual SoOp data to the extent available. Recommendations are made for the combined use of GNSS and MUOS for retrieving RZSM. The work reported here focuses on bare surfaces. Vegetated landscapes can be treated similarly, and will be the subject of our follow-on work.
How to Identify a T1-Weighted Image from a T2-Weighted Image?

A general understanding of the image sequences used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is critical for correctly diagnosing pathology. Many sequences exist, and it can take several years of training to completely understand their nuisances. The most fundamental of the sequences are T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), which will be discussed. Many of the more advanced MRI sequences are derived from T1WI and T2WI.
‘Water when you need it’: drawing lessons from practices in Hubli-Dharwad, India

In this paper, I highlight the nuances of the water delivery process through a critical analysis of local municipal practices in India. Drawing upon insights from planning theory, I take a deeper l...
User Acceptance in Autonomous Vehicles: The Evolution of the End User

Initial investigation into trust of autonomous vehicles, shows somewhat of a polarized attitude between people who would currently accept and people who would thoroughly reject these systems. These results were surprising since neither group had any actual personal experience with an autonomous vehicle. This raised questions such as what factors initially influenced these attitudes? Can an actual experience have an impact on these factors? Can this interaction between experience, attitudes, and evolution be modeled?In order to begin to answer these questions two novel constructs were developed and are proposed in this work. First, the Safety-Critical Technology Acceptance Model (SCTAM) was developed utilizing acceptance models from information technology and provides a mechanism to understand, model, and ultimately quantify user attitude toward use of safety-critical vehicle systems. Second, the virtual reality (VR) based Electronic Car Learning and Intelligence Program Simulator (ECLIPS) was designed to give the experience of using an autonomous automobile to gauge the influence this experience would have on user acceptance.Study results produced in this work show a 22% increase in overall system acceptance after an autonomous vehicle demonstration was given using ECLIPS, as well as a 44% increase in the user reported problems/benefits relating to the use autonomous automobiles. These very promising results show that VR simulation can be used by developers to effect end user acceptance, even before actual vehicle implementation, and can provide data to be used to steer the development of autonomous vehicles in the direction towards optimal user acceptance upon vehicle rollout.
Toward Functional Expertise through Formal Education: Identifying an Opportunity for Higher Education.

In this paper, we synthesize research on the nature and development of expertise to propose a developmental model that describes four main areas of expert knowledge: procedural, conditional, and conceptual knowledge, along with knowledge generation. We propose that these types of expert knowledge map onto and promote the development of four types of expert performance: procedural, functional, adaptive, and generative expertise. Further, we propose that expertise develops in terms of a fluency dimension consisting of execution, repertoire, and automaticity. We propose that this model highlights a potential opportunity for educators and instructional designers to target the appropriate level of expertise through teaching specific knowledge types in progression and providing practice and feedback to improve fluency. At a minimum, graduates would possess a degree of functional fluency and be better able to enter the workforce. Being aware of the need, and also knowing how, to conditionalize their own knowledge should also accelerate their continued acquisition of expertise throughout their career.
Body size impacts critical thermal maximum measurements in lizards

Understanding the mechanisms behind critical thermal maxima (CTmax; the high body temperature at which neuromuscular coordination is lost) of organisms is central to understanding ectotherm thermal tolerance. Body size is an often overlooked variable that may affect interpretation of CTmax, and consequently, how CTmax is used to evaluate mechanistic hypotheses of thermal tolerance. We tested the hypothesis that body size affects CTmax and its interpretation in two experimental contexts. First, in four Sceloporus species, we examined how inter- and intraspecific variation in body size affected CTmax at normoxic and experimentally induced hypoxic conditions, and cloacal heating rate under normoxic conditions. Negative relationships between body size and CTmax were exaggerated in larger species, and hypoxia-related reductions in CTmax were unaffected by body size. Smaller individuals had faster cloacal heating rates and higher CTmax, and variation in cloacal heating rate affected CTmax in the largest species. Second, we examined how body size interacted with the location of body temperature measurements (i.e., cloaca vs. brain) in Sceloporus occidentalis, then compared this in living and deceased lizards. Brain temperatures were consistently lower than cloacal temperatures. Smaller lizards had larger brain-cloacal temperature differences than larger lizards, due to a slower cloacal heating rate in large lizards. Both live and dead lizards had lower brain than cloacal temperatures, suggesting living lizards do not actively maintain lower brain temperatures when they cannot pant. Thermal inertia influences CTmax data in complex ways, and body size should therefore be considered in studies involving CTmax data on species with variable sizes.
Copper(II) complexes of formyl- and acetylpyrazine N(4)- (2–methylpyridinyl)-, N(4)-(2–ethylpyridinyl)- and N(4)-methyl- (2–ethylpyridinyl)thiosemicarbazones

The title complexes of general formula [Cu(HL)Cl2] or [Cu(L)Cl] were isolated from boiling EtOH. The thiosemicarbazones have been characterized by their 1H- and 13C-n.m.r., i.r. and electronic spectra. The i.r., electronic and e.s.r. spectra of the copper(II) complexes are compared with data on previously studied complexes. The antitumour and antiviral activities of the thiosemicarbazones and their complexes are discussed.
The Global Agri-food Sector and the Case of the Tuna Industry: Global Regulation and Perspectives for Development

Employing the case of the global tuna fish industry, the paper investigates the effect of globalization on political institutions and social agents. Three interrelated points are argued. First, it is maintained that while the process of globalization is pervasive, it is also flexible, i.e. the outcomes of globalization are contested and no particular agent has total control. Second, in the domestic arena the regulatory ability of the nation-state has to be redefined. Third, despite possibilities for some subordinate groups to advance, weak segments of the labor force, particularly in developing countries such as in Latin America, continue to be marginalized. A possible alternative strategy call for attempts to establish international solidarity. The latter, however, should be based on awareness of the limits of protectionist and/or domestic center strategies in the global era.
Primary Oblique Muscle Overaction

The phenomenon of primary oblique muscle overaction is misunderstood by many. Some believe that it can be ascribed to anatomic derangements of the extraocular muscle positions and their connective tissue constraints within the orbit. These effects are indisputable in the small subset of children with craniosynostosis and other orbital anomalies. Others argue that “sensory” disconjugate torsion can gives rise to apparent oblique muscle overaction with the eventual development of secondary oblique muscle contracture. However, essential infantile esotropia and primary inferior oblique overaction each arise from increased bilateral tonus to the corresponding extraocular muscles. While secondary oblique muscle strengthening and contracture can intensify this torsion, there is no reason to attribute primary oblique muscle overaction to the torsion it produces.
Evaluating the efficacy of targeting options for conservation practice adoption on watershed-scale phosphorus reductions.

Abstract Conservation identities of farmers in the Maumee River watershed, derived from farmer surveys, were embedded into a SWAT watershed model. This was done to improve the representation of the heterogeneity among farmers in the decision-making process related to the adoption of conservation practices. Modeled farm operations, created with near field-level Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs) within the SWAT model, were assigned a modeled primary operator. Modeled primary operators held unique conservation identities driven by their spatial location within the watershed. Five pathways of targeting the adoption of subsurface placement of phosphorus and buffer strips to HRUs within the watershed were assessed. Targeting pathways included targeting by HRU-level phosphorus losses, conservation identity of model operators, a hybrid approach combining HRU-level phosphorus losses and conservation identity of the model primary operator managing the HRU, and a proxy measure for random placement throughout the watershed. Targeting the placement of subsurface phosphorus application to all agricultural HRUs resulted in the greatest reduction in total phosphorus losses (32%) versus buffer strips (23%). For both conservation practices, targeting by HRU-level total phosphorus losses resulted in the most efficient rate of phosphorus reduction as measured by the ratio of phosphorus reduction to conservation practice adoption rates. The hybrid targeting approach closely resembled targeting by phosphorus losses, indicating near optimal results can be obtained even when constraining adoption by farmer characteristics. These results indicate that by developing management strategies based on a combination of field-level information and human-operator characteristics, a more efficient use of limited resources can be used while achieving near-maximal environmental benefits as compared to managing environmental outcomes solely based on field-level information.
Circulating Pro-Inflammatory Exosomes Worsen Stroke Outcomes in Aging.

Rationale: The systemic inflammatory milieu plays an important role in the age-related decline in functional integrity, but its contribution to age-related disease (e.g., stroke) remains largely unknown. Objective: To determine the role of systemic inflammatory milieu in ischemic stroke. Methods and Results: Here, we report that systemic administration of serum exosomes from young rats (Y-exo) into aged ischemic rats improved short- and long-term functional outcomes after ischemic stroke and reduced synaptic loss. By contract, similar injections of serum exosomes from aged rats (O-exo) into aged ischemic rats worsened sensorimotor deficits through exacerbation of synaptic dysfunction due to excessive microglial phagoptosis (primary phagocytosis). Our proteomic analysis further revealed that the expression of CD46, a C3b/C4b-inactivating factor, was higher in Y-exo, compared to O-exo. Whereas the prevalence of pro-inflammatory mediators (C1q, C3a and C3b) in serum exosomes increased with age. Microglial expression of C3a/b and C3aR increased after O-exo treatment, compared with Y-exo and vehicle groups. Administration of a selective C3aR inhibitor or microglial depletion attenuated synaptic dysfunction associated with O-exo treatment and improved post-stroke functional recovery. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in serum exosomes increase with age and are associated with worsened stroke outcomes through excessive C3aR-dependent microglial phagoptosis. Modulation of this process may serve as a promising therapy for stroke and other age-related brain disorders.
Reducing cost in continuous integration with a collection of build selection approaches

Continuous integration (CI) is a widely used practice in modern software engineering. Unfortunately, it is also an expensive practice — Google and Mozilla estimate their CI systems in millions of dollars. To reduce CI computation cost, I propose the strategy of build selection to selectively execute those builds whose outcomes are failing and skip those passing builds for cost-saving. In my research, I firstly designed SmartBuildSkip as my first build selection approach that can skip unfruitful builds in CI automatically. Next, I evaluated SmartBuildSkip with all CI-improving approaches for understanding the strength and weakness of existing approaches to recommend future technique design. Then I proposed PreciseBuildSkip as a build selection approach to maximize the safety of skipping builds in CI. I also combined existing approaches both within and across granularity to be applied as a new build selection approach — HybridBuildSkip to save builds in a hybrid way. Finally, I plan to propose a human study to understand how to increase developers' trust on build selection approaches.
The Case for a Fourth Spatial Dimension and the Hypergeometrical Force

Here we present evidence of an extra spatial dimension and that our 3D Universe is embedded as a lightspeed expanding hyperspherical hypersurface. Support for this hypothesis comes from (a) SDSS BOSS dataset analysis showing the seeding of Galaxies on the largest scale by spherical acoustic oscillations, (b) the discovery of an Hyperspherical Force, a constraint force that exists only because of the lightspeed hyperspherical expansion. That solves the Spiral Galaxy Rotation Conundrum, (c) the parameterless predictions of all type 1a Supernovae (SN1a) distances from their redshifts z. Lightspeed hyperspherical expansion permits simple short-distance compliance with the Hubble Law.
Schrödinger’s Wave Theory

In the winter of 1925, Schrodinger derived an equation that cast the problem of determining the electron orbital energies in an atom as an eigenvalue problem. He published this in volume 79 of Annalen der Physik for January of 1926 as Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem). This was quickly followed by another paper in volume 79, one each in volumes 80 and 81 of the same year, and a summary in volume 28 of Physical Review for December of 1926 ([249]; [250]; [251]; [252]; [253]; [254]). Davisson borrowed the first of these papers from Richardson to read on his return trip to New York (see Sect. 6.5).
Seasonal variation of Titan’s haze at low and high altitudes from HST-STIS spectroscopy

Abstract The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph accumulated image cubes of Titan in five years between 1997 and 2004 that we calibrated and analyzed. The observations probe Titan’s early northern fall to early winter. Methane bands between 543 and 990 nm wavelength are well resolved spectrally, and Titan’s latitudinal and center-to-limb reflectivity variations are resolved spatially. A principal component analysis revealed two large components and two small components of less significance. The first principal component describes a variation of Titan’s haze below 80 ± 20 km altitude. Haze particles change their size, opacity, and/or shape of the single scattering phase function. The largest and smallest opacities occurred both in 1997 at high southern latitudes and northern latitudes, respectively. The hemispherical asymmetry switched sign in 2002 at low latitudes, in 2003 at mid latitudes, and in early 2004 at high latitudes. The seasonal amplitude increased almost linearly with distance from the Equator. Tropical latitudes had slightly lower opacities than the annual and global average if the observed variation is seasonally symmetric and shaped like a sine curve. The cause for the variation may be condensation of gases onto aerosols seasonally driven by atmospheric dynamics. The second principal component describes a variation of haze opacity at altitudes above 150 ± 50 km. Largest and smallest opacities both occurred in 2004 at northern and high southern latitudes, respectively. The asymmetry switched in late 2001. Tropical latitudes had significantly higher haze opacity than the annual and global average, opposite to the case at low altitudes. The cause for the high-altitude variation may be aerosols transported at varying speeds driven by atmospheric dynamics. We present a seasonal model that completely describes the haze parameters at each altitude, latitude, and time. It compares fairly well with Cassini results obtained since 2004. The north–south asymmetry may reverse in 2016 at high altitudes and 2017 through 2018 at low altitudes. The observed variations are significant for modeling photometric data of Titan’s surface. They describe several characteristics of Titan’s haze variations that can be compared with results from Global Circulation Models.
From Celsius to Chaos to Cyclones: Using Temperature-Conversion Equations to Introduce Advanced Mathematical Concepts in Earth Science Courses

The Fahrenheit-to-Celsius temperature-conversion equation is a basic component of many introductory earth science courses. Despite its simplicity, it presents a challenge to students and instructors alike because residents of the United States are unfamiliar with the Celsius scale. By solving for the point at which these two temperature scales are equal, it is possible to use the equations for temperature conversion as a springboard to more advanced topics. It is demonstrated that temperature-conversion equations and chaotic equations can be solved using identical numerical and graphical techniques. As a result, the fundamental concepts of chaos theory and numerical methods can be introduced to students in the context of the simplest equations in the earth sciences. These solution methods are applied to the quantitative theory of the extratropical cyclone as an example of the utility and broad scope of this educational approach.
Associations between trait anhedonia and emotional memory deficits in females with schizophrenia versus major depression.

Individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) demonstrate impaired emotional memory and decreased enjoyment of pleasant experiences (e.g., anhedonia). However, it is unclear whether these impairments reflect similar or different processes in the two diagnostic groups. This study compared emotional memory performance in three groups of females – controls, MDD, and SZ. Given that physical and social trait anhedonia has been shown to differentiate course of illness and emotional functioning within each disorder, the present study also examined whether trait anhedonia related to emotional memory differently in the groups. Participants viewed emotional and neutral images and twenty-four hours later completed an incidental recognition test. SZ participants demonstrated a trend for the worst memory performance. Across all groups, high intensity and negative images were remembered most accurately, while groups were not differentially influenced by the valence of the stimuli. Physical anhedonia was predictive of reduced memory for negative stimuli across all diagnostic groups. Group specific findings indicated that higher levels of social anhedonia were predictive of poorer memory, but only in the SZ group. Effects remained significant when controlling for depressive symptoms. Results are considered in light of the differing role of anhedonia in SZ and MDD.
Near ground wideband channel measurement in 800-1000 MHz

Frequency domain channel propagation measurements in the 800-1000 MHz band have been performed with ground-lying antennas. The range of path-loss exponent and shadowing variance for indoor and outdoor environment were determined. The range of these values roughly agree with those measured for higher elevation antennas. The frequency selectivity of the RF channel was also characterized by means of determining the average coherence bandwidth (CBW). It was observed that there is a relationship between CBW and distance between transmitting and receiving antennas.
Impact of Technological Change on Middle-Aged and Older Workers: Parallels Drawn from a Structural Perspective

In the last three decades labor force participation rates for middle-aged and older workers have shown a consistent linear decline. While it is true that female employment patterns have remained fairly stable, even rising somewhat among those women over the age of forty-five who are active in the labor market, male participation has not kept pace. To explain what has been happening to older workers, labor economists, sociologists, and social scientists of all stripes must focus not only on life cycle factors or human capital variables characteristic of individuals, but on structural determinants of employment conditions as well. To adequately understand the broad ranging changes which spell displacement and dislocation for many workers, it is essential that a sociology of labor markets examine business cycles, product market characteristics, firm or sectoral placement and so on. Permeating each of these should be a concern with the differential impact of innovations in technology, automation and modes of production in general. According to the Commissioner of Labor Statistics for the New York federal region, there is already sufficient evidence accumulating to suggest technological displacement is being disproportionately settled on workers, especially males, over the age of forty-five (Ehrenhalt, 1983).
Negotiated Validity in Collaborative Ethnography

This article is an attempt to reconstruct and analyze the process of conducting a collaborative, interpretive study of the experience of Hurricane Andrew. Study data consist of accounts, including in-depth and focus-group interviews, collected in the months following the storm. The current inquiry addresses validity, with a focus on the impact of the investigators' biographies and theoretical orientations on the collection and analysis of qualitative data. We found that our interviews differed in terms of style, level of detail sought, and the degree of taken-for-granted knowledge shared by interviewer and respondent. In analysis, we found different aspects of the data interesting and, initially, produced different stories. These proved to be complementary, rather than contradictory. Collaboration made it possible to identify some of the biases we brought to the task and yielded a richer interpretation of the hurricane experience than either of us would have produced alone.
Are prosthetic spacers safe to use in 2-stage treatment for infected total knee arthroplasty?

Abstracts This retrospective study compares treatment results of infected total knee arthroplasty with 2-stage exchange technique using 14 articulating spacers using metallic and polyethylene components (prosthetic group) and 33 static all-cement spacer (static group). For the prosthetic and static groups, treatment success rate was 71% and 67% at 58 months of follow-up, respectively, and not significantly different. The prosthetic group required less frequent extensile surgical approaches at the second-stage reimplantation. Range of motion was significantly improved in both groups, but there was no difference at latest follow-up between the groups. Of 14 in the prosthetic group, 4 (28%) did not undergo second-stage procedure. Antibiotic spacers consisting of prosthetic components can be a safe and effective treatment option for 2-stage revision total knee arthroplasty with equivalent infection control rates.
A personal view of molecular technology and how it has changed biology.

I have had the pleasure of practicing biology and technology development for the past 35 yearssfirst at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for 3 years, then at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) for 22 years, subsequently at the University of Washington (UW) for 8 years, and finally at the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) for the past 2 years. In each case, my geographical transitions were prompted by exciting new opportunities and evolving visions of how biology should be practiced. The technology developments I have been associated with over this period helped to catalyze two emerging paradigm changes in biology: systems biology and predictive/preventive medicine.
Evidence for the involvement of N-acetyl-p- quinoneimine in acetaminophen metabolism.

Abstract Evidence for the presence of N -acetyl- p -quinoneimine (NAPQI), a postulated toxic intermediate of acetaminophen metabolism, in mouse liver microsomal incubations is reported. The intermediate was tentatively identified by comparison with synthetic NAPQI generated electrochemically from acetaminophen in a coulometric flow reactor. All but one of the reaction products of NAPQI with a number of nucleophiles were found in vitro as well, and in similar relative amounts. The NAPQI intermediate is moderately stable at physiological pH and temperature with a lifetime which is dependent on the components of the medium.
An overview of social engineering malware: Trends, tactics, and implications

Abstract Social engineering continues to be an increasing attack vector for the propagation of malicious programs. For this article, we collected data on malware incidents and highlighted the prevalence and longevity of social engineering malware. We developed a framework that shows the steps social engineering malware executes to be successful. To explain its pervasiveness and persistence, we discuss some common avenues through which such attacks occur. The attack vector is a combination of psychological and technical ploys, which includes luring a computer user to execute the malware, and combating any existing technical countermeasures. We describe some of the prevalent psychological ploys and technical countermeasures used by social engineering malware. We show how the techniques used by purveyors of such malware have evolved to circumvent existing countermeasures. The implications of our analyses lead us to emphasize (1) the importance for organizations to plan a comprehensive information security program, and (2) the shared social responsibility required to combat social engineering malware.
Ellagitannin Chemistry. The First Synthesis of Dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoate Esters from Oxidative Coupling of Unetherified Methyl Gallate

A simple o-chloranil-mediated oxidative dimerization of methyl gallate in anhydrous ether furnishes a dimethyl dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoate (DHHDP) product as a pale yellow precipitate in good yield. This methyl gallate dehydrodimer rapidly rearranges in acetone to give a mixture of two additional DHHDP regioisomers. One of these species corresponds to the isomer of the dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoyl group commonly observed in dehydroellagitannin natural products. Sodium dithionite-mediated reduction of the initially formed dimethyl dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoate and/or its derived regioisomers efficiently furnishes dimethyl hexahydroxydiphenoate (HHDP). Addition of N-(carbobenzyloxy)-l-cysteine benzyl ester to dimethyl dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoate(s) in THF solution produces two diastereomeric 3-S-cysteinyl derivatives of dimethyl hexahydroxydiphenoate.
The pharmacokinetic and clinical effects of tolcapone on a single dose of sublingual apomorphine in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Apomorphine (APO) is a potent dopamine agonist that is partially metabolized by catachol- O -methyl transferase (COMT). Tolcapone was the first COMT inhibitor available for use as adjunctive therapy to levodopa in Parkinson's disease (PD). In order to determine whether this compound might increase the serum area under the curve (AUC) of APO and whether this results in any clinical benefit, we administered 200 mg doses of tolcapone to five fluctuating PD patients taking an investigational sublingual APO preparation. Serial tapping speed and gait speed were assessed at 15 min intervals over four hours, in conjunction with APO serum levels, following a single dose of APO, both before and five days after starting tolcapone (600 mg/day). Serum APO levels tended to be higher (12.6%), and clinical measures suggested improvement during the APO “on” period after the addition of tolcapone (22.5% improvement in gait speed, and 7.6% improvement in tapping speed), but neither reached statistical significance. Further trials, involving larger samples are needed to clearly establish the pharmacokinetic and clinical effect of tolcapone in PD patients taking APO.
Differential binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to normal and cystic fibrosis tracheobronchial mucins.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is a leading cause of deterioration of pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The interaction of the bacterium with CF and non-CF tracheobronchial mucins was examined to understand the biochemical basis for the high susceptibility of the lungs of CF patients to infection by P.aeruginosa. The binding of radiolabelled bacteria to pure mucins in solid-phase assays was not significantly above non-specific binding to various blocking agents, such as bovine serum albumin, Tween 20, milk powder and polyvinyl pyrrolidine. Further, there was a tendency for the bacteria to be excluded from plastic wells and membranes coated with mucin. Therefore, an indirect approach involving the binding of radiolabelled P.aeruginosa to asialo GM1 ganglioside, the putative receptor for the bacteria on tracheal cells, was used to compare the interaction of CF and non-CF mucins with the bacteria. Highly purified preparations of CF mucin were consistently better inhibitors of the binding of the bacteria to asialo GM1 ganglioside than non-CF mucin preparations. In the case of the binding of a stable mucoid strain, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001) at all concentrations of mucin tested. For the non-mucoid strain, the difference was significant only at the higher concentrations. Of the saccharides tested similarly, sialyl lactose and the oligosaccharide portion of asialo GM1 were found to be good inhibitors. The increased binding of the bacteria to CF mucin was further confirmed by a solution binding assay in which the binding of 125I-labelled mucin to unlabelled bacteria was determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Derangements in Blood Glucose Following Initial Resuscitation from In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Report from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Abstract Study aims Hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients. We examined blood glucose values following in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) to (1) characterize post-arrest glucose ranges, (2) develop outcomes-based thresholds of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and (3) identify risk factors associated with post-arrest glucose derangements. Methods We retrospectively studied 17,800 adult IHCA events reported to the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR) from January 1, 2005 through February 1, 2007. Results Data were available from 3218 index events. Maximum blood glucose values were elevated in diabetics (median 226mg/dL [IQR, 165–307mg/dL], 12.5mmol/L [IQR 9.2–17.0mmol/L]) and non-diabetics (median 176mg/dL [IQR, 135–239mg/dL], 9.78mmol/L [IQR 7.5–13.3mmol/L]). Unadjusted survival to hospital discharge was higher in non-diabetics than diabetics (45.5% [95% CI, 43.3–47.6%] vs. 41.7% [95% CI, 38.9–44.5%], p =0.037). Non-diabetics displayed decreased adjusted survival odds for minimum glucose values outside the range of 71–170mg/dL (3.9–9.4mmol/L) and maximum values outside the range of 111–240mg/dL (6.2–13.3mmol/L). Diabetic survival odds decreased for minimum glucose greater than 240mg/dL (13.3mmol/L). In non-diabetics, arrest duration was identified as a significant factor associated with the development of hypo- and hyperglycemia. Conclusions Hyperglycemia is common in diabetics and non-diabetics following IHCA. Survival odds in diabetics are relatively insensitive to blood glucose with decreased survival only associated with severe (>240mg/dL, >13.3mmol/dL) hyperglycemia. In non-diabetics, survival odds were sensitive to hypoglycemia (
Nuclear hyperfine coupling interactions in the rotational spectra of the linear and bent isomers of HF–N2O

$^{a}$C. H. Joyner, T. A. Dixon, F. A. Baiocchi, and W. Klemperer, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6550 (1981); S. G. Kukolich, R. E. Bumgarner, and D. J. Pauley, Chem. Phys. Lett. 141, 12 (1987); S. G. Kukolich and D. J. Pauley, Chem. Phys. 131, 403 (1989); S. G. Kukolich and D. J. Pauley, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 3458 (1989).
Evolution of Antibiotic Therapy for Infection in Neutropenic Patients: Studies at M. D. Anderson Hospital

The prompt administration of antibiotics as therapy for fever in neutropenic patients has become an accepted principle. Combinations of an aminoglycoside plus a broad-spectrum beta-lactam agent have been used most extensively, producing response rates of 65%-70% at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. We found that in neutropenic patients aminoglycosides alone were not effective, even against infections caused by susceptible gram-negative bacilli. Among patients with neutrophil counts of less than 100/mm3, only approximately 25% responded. The first studies of combinations of a penicillin plus a cephalosporin were initiated at this institution. Carbenicillin plus cephalothin was as effective as carbenicillin plus kanamycin (57% vs. 56%), and moxalactam plus ticarcillin was as effective as moxalactam plus tobramycin (63% vs. 53%). Monotherapy with broad-spectrum beta-lactam agents has also been effective, even for the treatment of gram-negative bacillary infections, with response rates of 73%-100%. Recent prospective, randomized trials indicate that agents such as ceftazidime and aztreonam are as effective alone as in combination with an aminoglycoside or another beta-lactam antibiotic. Because of the changing spectrum of infecting organisms, of new approaches to therapy for malignant diseases that alter patients' susceptibility to infection, and of the availability of new antimicrobial agents, antibiotic therapy for fever in neutropenic patients will continue to be a subject for clinical investigation.