cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negatively buoyant CO2 solution sequestration in synformal traps

Dissolving CO2 into water or brine produces a denser fluid than the CO2-free equivalent at all salinity, temperature and pressure conditions relevant to sedimentary basins. Negative buoyancy of CO2 solutions opens the possibility of utilizing negative relief trapping configurations for CO2 sequestration, as opposed to structural highs conventionally sought for positively buoyant fluids such as hydrocarbons or pure CO2. Exploring sedimentary basins for negative buoyancy traps can readily utilize hydrocarbon exploration datasets and techniques. Some major systemic differences when exploring for negative as opposed to positive buoyancy traps are examined here. Trap spatial scale is a consideration due to the inherent long-wavelength synformal geometry of basins. Antiforms are areally restricted relative to synforms, which may be embedded within larger-scale synformal closure at length scales right up to that of the basin itself. Multiscale synformal structure varies with basin type and may not be fully identified due to truncation effects arising from data coverage limitations. Similar to hydrocarbon exploration, CO2 trap exploration must consider potential sequestration volumes in an uncertainty and risk framework. Charge risk is unnecessary in sequestration projects, however, the multiscale nature of synformal traps should be considered when estimating range of storage volumes. This article is part of the Energy Geoscience Series available at https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/energy-geoscience-series
Location, location, location: subcellular protein partitioning in proteostasis and aging

Somatic maintenance and cell survival rely on proper protein homeostasis to ensure reliable functions across the cell and to prevent proteome collapse. Maintaining protein folding and solubility is central to proteostasis and is coordinated by protein synthesis, chaperoning, and degradation capacities. An emerging aspect that influences proteostasis is the dynamic protein partitioning across different subcellular structures and compartments. Here, we review recent literature related to nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of proteins, nuclear and cytoplasmic quality control mechanisms, and their impact on the development of age-related diseases. We also highlight new points of entry to modulate spatially-regulated proteostatic mechanisms to delay aging.
An adaptive regulation method for a class of uncertain time‐delay systems

SUMMARY In this paper, a new adaptive robust stabilization scheme is proposed for uncertain neutral time-delay systems. No upper bounds on the uncertainties are assumed to be available. An update law is first used to find estimates of these upper bounds. A state-feedback controller is then designed, which is shown to stabilize the underlying system under some mild conditions. The asymptotic stability of the state trajectories is proved using the Lyapunov–Krasovskii approach. An example is provided, which demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed adaptive control scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optical neural network based on distributed holographic gratings for ATR

We describe a laser diode-based optoelectronic implementation of artificial neural networks which utilizes real-time holography in photorefractive crystals. The use of a laser diode light source reduces the system size and power requirements. The holographic material is rhodium-doped BaTiO/sub 3/ which has enhanced sensitivity at the laser-diode wavelength of 830 nm. A balanced coherent-detection method is used to represent bipolar optical neurons and weights. In addition, by distributing each neuron weight among a set of spatially and angularly distributed gratings using beam fanning, Bragg degeneracy and its associated inter-neuron optical crosstalk is virtually eliminated. The structure of the neural network is programmable and we have implemented a variety of neural networks including backpropagation and Kohonen-style self-organizing maps with up to 10,000 neurons and performance of up to 10/sup 8/ weights processed per second during learning and readout. We also discuss the weight decay in photorefractive materials, specifically its relative effect in the neural network and data storage domains. Applications to ATR are discussed.
Dynamic properties of the tight junction barrier.

A principal role of tight junctions is to seal the apical intercellular space and limit paracellular flux of ions and molecules. Despite the fact that tight junctions form heavily cross-linked structures, functional studies have fostered the hypothesis that the tight junction barrier is dynamic and defined by opening and closing events. However, it has been impossible to directly measure tight junction barrier function with sufficient resolution to detect such events. Nevertheless, recent electrophysiological and sieving studies have provided tremendous insight into the presence of at least two pathways of trans-tight junction flux: a high-capacity ion-selective “pore” pathway and a low-capacity “leak” pathway that allows the passage of macromolecules. Furthermore, it is now known that the tight junction molecular structure is highly dynamic and that dynamics are correlated with barrier function. Taken together, these data support a dynamic model of tight junction conductance and suggest that regulation of tight junction openings and closings may provide sensitive means of barrier regulation.
ATP hydrolysis-driven structural changes in the gamma-subunit of Escherichia coli ATPase monitored by fluorescence from probes bound at introduced cysteine residues.

Four mutants of the Escherichia coli F1ATPase, gamma S8-C, gamma T106-C, gamma S179-C, and gamma V286-C, which have a cysteine introduced at different sites in the gamma-subunit by site-directed mutagenesis, were reacted with the fluorescent reagent N-(4-7-(diethylamino)4-methylcoumarin-3-yl)-maleimide (CM) under conditions that selectively label the introduced Cys residue. With each mutant the effect of nucleotide binding on the fluorescence of the probe has been monitored. The results obtained with the mutants gamma S8-C and gamma T106-C are similar. In both cases, there was a spectral shift and change in fluorescence intensity on adding AMP.PNP or ATP to enzyme emptied of nucleotide from catalytic sites, while no change in the fluorescence spectrum was observed upon adding ADP. The fluorescence spectral changes obtained with ATP were transient and involved an initial rapid fluorescence enhancement followed by a subsequent fluorescence quenching. The kinetics of these ATP-induced fluorescence changes and the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis as monitored by the rates of ATP binding and of Pi formation were the same under conditions of unisite catalysis, indicating that the conformational changes in the gamma-subunit being measured by the fluorescent probe are driven by ATP hydrolysis in catalytic sites. No nucleotide-dependent fluorescence changes were observed with CM bound at a Cys at position 179. Nucleotide-dependent changes in fluorescence were seen with CM bound at position 286, but these appear to reflect structural changes due to binding of ADP or ATP in noncatalytic sites. The fluorescence changes observed in mutants gamma S8-C and gamma T106-C were not seen in subunit epsilon-free E. coli F1ATPase, although such enzyme preparations are highly active ATPases. We conclude that the structural changes monitored by the fluorescent probe are a part of the conformational coupling, whereby catalytic site events are linked to proton channeling.
Edge erosion effects in double sided silicon micromachining

The shape modifications observed on the edges of openings formed by a double-sided etch when etched past the breakthrough point are described. A method for predicting the overetching effects of such shapes is described. The implications that the results have on dimensional control of beams and orifices utilized in some micromachined silicon devices are also discussed. Orifices with relatively straight walls can be etched through
Time series pattern recognition based on MAP transform and local trend associations

The methods of pattern recognition in time series based on moving approximation (MAP) transform and MAP image of patterns are proposed. We discuss main properties of MAP transform, introduce a concept of a MAP image of time series and distance between time series patterns based on this concept which were used for recognition of small patterns in noisy time series. To illustrate the application of this technique to recognition of perception based patterns given by sequence of slopes, an example of recognition of water production patterns in petroleum wells used in expert system for diagnosis of water production problems is considered.
Creative Collaboration and the Self-Concept: A Study of Toy Designers

In this paper, we explored how collaborative behaviours were related to the self-concepts of creative workers. Our findings, derived from a qualitative study of corporate toy designers, showed that the personal (vs. social) identities of toy designers were most strongly related to collaborative behaviours. Further, collaborative behaviours defined as idea giving were most congruent with all toy designers' personal identities, while collaborative behaviours defined as idea taking were most incongruent with those identities. Finally, specific collaborative behaviours related to specific types of personal identities (e.g. the collaborative behaviour of �incorporating the ideas of others� was especially incongruent with �artistic� personal identities). Together, these results suggest that promoting collaboration among creative workers may require attention to not only idea-giving behaviours and social identities (as suggested by most extant theories), but also to idea-taking behaviours and personal identities. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of creative collaboration and identity in organizations.
Imaging farnesyl protein transferase using a topologically activated probe.

We report on the development and application of a “smart” activatable peptide-based probe for detection of Ras-related farnesyl protein transferase (FPT). Upon farnesylation by FPT, the probe was brought close to a hydrophobic milieu and as a consequence emitted fluorescent light that could be detected by several media, such as fluorescence microscopy, a plate reader, and an optical imaging system. A FPT activity assay confirmed the specificity of the probe (IC50 = 1.2 μM) for FPT compared to that of the native peptide (IC50 = 0.17 μM). In addition, the probe has remarkable binding constant, Kd = 26 nM. The specificity of enzyme activation was proved in pure enzyme assays as well as in cell-based assays. Furthermore, the fluorescent enhancement of the probe was 30-fold stronger than the control peptide in a live cell assay.
Influence of phase loading on the performance of whisker-walled open tubular columns coated with organic molten salts

Colonne au tetrafluoroborate de tetrabutylammonium, chlorure de tributylbenzylphosphonium, bromure d'ethyl-pyridinium, chlorure de tetraheptylammonium. On peut preparer des colonnes de 1500 a 2500 plateaux/m, a longue duree de vie
The concept galant in the 18th century

(1989). The concept galant in the 18th century. Journal of Musicological Research: Vol. 9, No. 2-3, pp. 89-108.
A comparison of central venous pressure and pleural pressure in supine dogs

Respiration induced changes in central venous pressure were analyzed and compared with intrapleural pressure changes in dogs. During normal breathing intrapleural pressure changes were transmitted to the vena cava with distortion consisting of attenuation, addition of cardiac and mean pressure components, and a slight temporal delay. Attenuation and temporal delay increased in a regular manner as mean central venous pressure increased. Cardiac components could be removed by electronic filters. The presence of these distortions suggest the need for caution in interpreting intrapleural pressure changes from central venous pressure.
Long-term effects of a high-dose methamphetamine regimen on subsequent methamphetamine-induced dopamine release in vivo

Rats were treated with a high-dose methamphetamine (METH) regimen (40 mg/kg/injection, four times at 2-h intervals) or a saline regimen (four injections at 2-h intervals). Temperature related measures taken during the high-dose METH treatment were maximum core temperature and minimum chamber temperature. Fourteen rats (METH N=7; Saline N=7) were implanted with in-vivo dialysis probes 4-7 weeks post-regimen (average=6 weeks). The next day, they received a challenge dose of METH (4.0 mg/kg) and dopamine release was measured. Results showed a significant decrease in challenge-induced dopamine release in rats previously treated with the high-dose METH regimen. These findings demonstrate a functional deficit in the dopamine system 6 weeks after high-dose METH treatment. Temperature-related measures taken during the high-dose regimen were not correlated with METH-induced dopamine release 6 weeks later. An additional group of rats were sacrificed 6 weeks after the high-dose regimen (METH N=12; Saline N=10), and their brains was analyzed for dopamine and serotonin concentrations. Tissue concentrations of dopamine were significantly depleted in striatum and nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, but not septum, hypothalamus, or ventral mid-brain 6 weeks after the high-dose regimen. Tissue concentrations of serotonin were also significantly depleted in striatum, nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, hippocampus, somatosensory cortex, but not septum, hypothalamus or ventral mid-brain. Significant correlations between the temperature-related measures and post-mortem neurotransmitter tissue concentrations were region and transmitter dependent.
Physical Education K-12: “All for One and One for All”

(2003). Physical Education K-12: “All for One and One for All”. Quest: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 105-117.
Time course of H-reflex conditioning in the rat.

This study sought to define the course of operantly conditioned change in the rat soleus H-reflex and to determine whether, like H-reflex conditioning and spinal stretch reflex conditioning in the monkey, it develops in distinct phases. Data from 33 rats in which the right soleus H-reflex was trained up (i.e. HRup mode) and 38 in which it was trained down (i.e. HRdown mode) were averaged to define the courses of H-reflex increase and decrease. In HRup rats, the H-reflex showed a large phase I increase within the first 2 days followed by gradual phase II increase that continued for weeks. In HRdown rats, the H-reflex appeared to show a small phase I decrease and then showed a gradual phase II decrease over weeks. In combination with other recent work, the data suggest that H-reflex conditioning begins with a rapid mode-appropriate alteration in corticospinal tract influence over the spinal arc of the H-reflex, which causes phase I change, and that the continuation of this altered influence induces gradual spinal cord plasticity that is responsible for phase II change. The results further establish the similarity of H-reflex conditioning in primates and rats. Thus, they encourage efforts to produce a single coherent model of the phenomenon based on data from the two species and indicate the potential clinical relevance of the rat data.
Talkativeness and verbal aptitude: Perception and reality

Little attention has been given to the implicit theories linking or the actual relationship between talkativeness and aptitude. In this study, we hypothesized a positive relationship between verbal aptitude and amount of talking. A correlational analysis was conducted using subjects’ scores on the verbal section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test and how much they talked while getting acquainted or solving a group problem. Verbal aptitude proved to be unrelated to overall amount of talking but was positively related to pausing between the vocalizations within each speaker’s turn.
A comparison of vectorized methods for solving the two-dimensional diffusion equation: multigrid versus polynomial preconditioned conjugate gradient

This paper presents the result of a study to develop efficient vectorized multigrid (MG) methods for solving the two-dimensional diffusion equation on a rectangular domain with Dirichlet-Neumann boundary conditions for particular application to groundwater flow problems. Three different algorithms have been implemented on the CDC CYBER 205, the ''best'' one being selected on the basis of the degree of continuity and isotropy of the coefficients of the particular problem at hand. To demonstrate the superiority of our algorithms, we compare performances for several sample problems with those resulting from application of the polynomial preconditioned conjugate-gradient (PPCG) method. Except for ''small'' problems, MG solution rates are found to be substantially greater than those obtained using PPCG, and the ratio of the rates increases dramatically with problem size.
The androgen receptor acetylation site regulates cAMP and AKT but not ERK-induced activity

The androgen receptor (AR) regulates ligand-dependent gene transcription upon binding specific DNA sequences. The AR conveys both trans-activation and trans-repression functions, which together contribute to prostate cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Like histone H3, the AR is post-translationally modified by both acetylation and phosphorylation. The histone acetyltransferase p300 transactivates the AR and directly acetylates the AR in vitro at a conserved motif. Point mutations of the AR acetylation motif that abrogate acetylation reduce trans-activation by p300 without affecting the trans-repression function of the AR. The current studies assessed the functional relationship between acetylation and phosphorylation of the AR. Herein trans-activation of the AR acetylation site mutants were enhanced by the p42/p44 MAPK pathway but were defective in regulation by protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. PKA inhibition augmented ARwt activity but not AR acetylation mutant gene reporter activity and association at an androgen response element in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Mutations of the lysine residues at the AR acetylation site reduced trichostatin A (TSA) responsiveness and ligand-induced phosphorylation of the AR. The AR acetylation site mutant formed ligand-induced phosphorylation-dependent isoforms with distinguishable characteristics from wild type AR as determined with two-dimensional electrophoresis. Conversely, point mutation of a subset of AR phosphorylation sites reduced trichostatin A responsiveness and trans-activation by histone acetyltransferases. Together these studies suggest that acetylation and phosphorylation of the AR are linked events and that the conserved AR lysine motif contributes to a select subset of pathways governing AR activity.
A distribution function for double-bit upsets

It is suggested that the chord length distribution method could be useful for predicting double-bit upset rates in certain circumstances. A chord length distribution function for simultaneous path lengths in two parallelepipeds, applicable to a unidirectional flux, is derived. A proof of the system is outlined for the case under consideration. >
Influence of initial spacing and row‐to‐row distance on the crown and branch properties and taper of silver birch (betula pendula)

The external quality of Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) was studied in four planting design experiments in stands aged 11–22 yrs. The stands were established using densities of 400–5000 trees ha−1 with even spacing and row‐to‐row distances of 3.5 and 5.0 m. The faster the growth of silver birch, the thicker were its branches. From the point of view of technical quality, high initial spacing had some advantages. Dense stands were characterized by thin branches, early branch death and early self‐pruning. Using 5000 trees instead of 2500 trees ha−1 did not, however, significantly improve the quality of the birch. Also, in stands with an initial spacing of 1600 trees ha−1, the butt log branches died before first thinning. This density was adequate except on the most fertile sites, such as abandoned agricultural land. Following the death of branches, high stand density slowed down the self‐pruning of dry branches. The diameter of the thickest branch on the butt log was 23 mm on average at the 5000 trees ha...
Looking at the Big Picture: Adapting Film Theory to Examine Map Form, Meaning, and Aesthetic

Film and maps have much more in common than is often believed. In this paper, it is argued that film offers cartographers many concepts that can be used to better understand map form, aesthetics, and meaning. After reviewing these concepts as taught in film studies and originally formulated by Kenneth Burke, this article explores how these concepts can be applied by cartographers in their map design and by map critics. Several examples of adapting these theories to understand maps are provided. The paper concludes by arguing that cartographers can only benefit by more whole-heartedly embracing and adapting film theory concepts and methods. Doing so will likely result in clearer communication, storytelling, and argumentation, as well as offer a more nuanced method for determining what makes certain maps memorable.
Mutation of Amino Acid Residues in the Putative Transmembrane Segments of the Cardiac Sarcolemmal Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger

Abstract We have examined the role of conserved regions and acidic or basic residues located in the putative transmembrane segments of the cardiac sarcolemmal Na+-Ca2+ exchanger by site-directed mutagenesis. The α-1 and α-2 repeats are transmembrane regions of internal similarity, which are highly conserved among Na+-Ca2+ exchangers. We find that Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity is highly sensitive to mutagenesis in the α-repeats. Mutation at residues Ser-109, Ser-110, Glu-113, Ser-139, Asn-143, Thr-810, Ser-811, Asp-814, Ser-818, or Ser-838 resulted in loss of exchanger activity. Mutation at residues Thr-103, Gly-108, Pro-112, Glu-120, Gly-138, Gly-809, Gly-837, and Asn-842 resulted in reduced exchanger activity, and altered current-voltage relationships were observed with mutations at residues Gly-138 and Gly-837. Only mutation at residue Ser-117 appeared to leave exchanger activity unaffected. Thus, the α-repeats appear to be important components for ion binding and translocation. Another region implicated in exchanger function is a region of similarity to the Na+,K+ pump (Nicoll, D. A., Longoni, S., Philipson, K. D. (1990) Science 250, 562-565). Mutations at two residues in the pump-like region, Glu-199 and Thr-203, resulted in nonfunctional exchangers, while mutation at two other residues, Glu-196 and Gly-200, had no effect. The role of acidic and basic residues in the transmembrane segments was also examined. Mutation of several basic residues (Arg-42, His-744, Lys-751, Lys-797, and His-858) did not affect exchange activity. Of the acidic residues located outside of the α-repeat and pump-like regions (Asp-740, Asp-785, and Asp-798), only mutation at Asp-785 resulted in reduction of exchanger activity.
Calculation Of The Structure And Motion Parameters From Line Correspondences

A new method is introduced for the estimation of structure and motion parameters in an image sequence. The proposed method uses the correspondences of two straight lines over four frames to establish a set of nonlinear equations in terms of the structure and motion parameters. To solve the simultaneous nonlinear equations numerically, a technique is devised to obtain the initial guess values of the parameters.
Predictors of Chronic Kidney Disease in Long-Term Survivors of Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation

Renal insufficiency is common after non-renal organ transplants. The predictors of long-term renal outcomes are not well established. A total of 219 lung and heart-lung transplant recipients surviving more than 6 months after transplantation were studied to determine predictors of time to doubling of serum creatinine and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) with death as a competing risk. Median follow-up was 79 months (range 9-222 months). Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 96.3+/-34.5 mL/min/1.73 m2. One hundred twenty-two recipients (55%) doubled their serum creatinine, 16 (7.3%) progressed to ESKD and 143 (65%) died. The majority of recipients who survived >6 years had a GFR<60 mL/min at both 1 and 7 years. Most of the loss of renal function occurred in the first year post-transplant. Older age at transplant, lower GFR at 1 month and cyclosporine use in the first 6 months predicted shorter time to doubling of serum creatinine when death was handled as a competing risk. Based on this prevalence data and using GFR decay and death as study endpoints, we offer sample size estimates for a prospective, interventional trial that is aimed at slowing or preventing the progression of kidney disease.
Desirable life events and physician utilization among older American men and women

Abstract In this article we report on a study which examined the relationship between desirable life events and outpatient physician utilization. We tested two models: (1) a model which assumed that desirable events are associated with a change in utilization, and the relationship is linear; and (2) a model which assumed that desirable events are associated non-linearly with physician utilization. Data were collected at two points in time from 346 older men and women residing in the Chicago metropolitan area. We conceptualized our models in terms of Andersen 's behavioral model of medical care utilization. Our analyses suggest that experiencing desirable events resulted in a non-uniform reduction in number of physician visits. People who experienced three desirable events did not benefit as much as those who experienced one or two. We suggest that the effect of desirable events on utilization was due to the impact of desirable events on psychological well-being, and thus, on perception of health status. Furthermore, we discuss the findings in relationship to social support, its costs and benefits.
Electron spin resonance spectra of polymers during fluorination

Abstract ESR spectra characteristic of peroxy radicals appeared rapidly in all of eleven hydrogen-containing polymers examined when treated with dilute fluorine. These radicals presumably result from the reaction of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon radicals, existing at undetectably low steady-state concentrations, with the oxygen impurity content of commercial fluorine. In poly(vinylidene fluoride) films of thickness 11 and 58 μm the radical contents were nearly proportional to surface area rather than volume, in agreement with earlier reports of a shallow depth of penetration. Some polymers exhibited also or exclusively a broad spectral component, varying in character with the polymer; examples are polystyrene, polyethylene, poly (vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyoctafluoropentadiene, polyhexafluoropropene, and a fluorinated graphite. The broad spectral component did not react with ordinary radical scavengers such as propylene and oxygen, and is probably not due to a fluorocarbon radical but to unknown transition metal fluorides.
Investigation of microstructure, surface and subsurface characteristics in titanium alloy friction stir welds of varied thicknesses

AbstractFriction stir welding of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) was demonstrated on 3, 6, 9 and 12 mm thickness square groove butt joints. Complete microstructural and microhardness evaluations were conducted in addition to surface and subsurface examinations for each case. The 3 mm welds exhibited an extremely fine grained microstructure with evidence of processing temperatures below the beta transus temperature of the alloy. The 6, 9 and 12 mm samples possessed larger grains formed by a slower cooling rate from above the beta transus temperatures. The thick section weld exhibited a nearly uniform microhardness, while the thinner welds showed a slight, 6%, increase in hardness compared with the parent material.
Optimizing the Use of Pulsed Fluoroscopy to Reduce Radiation Exposure to Children

Radiologists desire to keep radiation dose as low as possible. Pulsed fluoroscopy provides an opportunity to lower radiation exposure to children undergoing fluoroscopic studies. To optimize the ability of pulsed fluoroscopy to decrease radiation dose to patients during fluoroscopic studies, radiologists need to understand how pulsed fluoroscopy operates. This report reviews the basic physics knowledge needed by radiologists to best use pulsed fluoroscopy to minimize radiation dose. It explains the paradox that the best video frame-grabbed images are obtained when using the lowest fluoroscopy pulse rate and therefore the lowest fluoroscopy radiation dose.
Hypercalcemia, unusual bone lesions, and human T‐cell leukemia‐lymphoma virus in adult T‐cell lymphoma

Extensive generalized and subperiosteal bone resorption was demonstrated in a patient with adult T-cell lymphoma and marked hypercalcemia of unclear pathogenesis. Antibody to the human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV) was present in the serum of the patient, consistent with the recently reported association of adult T-cell lymphoma, hypercalcemia, and HTLV. The unique feature of this case was the presence of bone radiographic and pathologic findings consistent with hyperparathyroidism, in the absence of elevated parathormone levels. These findings contrast with the few previously reported cases of adult T-cell lymphoma with hypercalcemia, which showed lytic, sclerotic, or osteoporotic bone lesions. The authors suggest that the patient's malignant T-lymphocytes may have produced an osteoclast-activating-factor-like substance or a parathormone-like substance, which caused the striking bone changes. The exact role of HTLV in the pathogenesis of such cases remains to be determined.
Hervey, Harris, and the parabiotic search for lipostatic signals.

Abstract This paper is an introduction to the papers by Hervey and Harris that describe their experimental use of parabiosis in rats and mice to search for circulating lipostatic signals. Beginning in 1959 with Hervey’s foundational paper, they detected three parabiotic signals: the Hervey signal decreases food intake and fat mass in rats; the antilipogenic factor (ALF) decreased fat mass, but not food intake in rats; and the leptin-dependent signal in lean partners of ob/ob mice decreased fat mass, but not food intake. The known lipostatic signals, leptin and insulin, have been candidates for the Hervey and ALF signals, but insulin has been excluded and the evidence for leptin is inconclusive. The site of production of the three parabiotic signals and their molecular structure are not known and specific mechanisms of their lipostatic control are incompletely understood. Given their potential importance for understanding the physiology of lipostatic controls and for developing new therapies for obesity, Hervey and Harris make a strong argument for further research on the three parabiotic signals.
Carbohydrate Versus Fat in the Dietary Treatment of Short‐Bowel Syndrome

The importance of the human colon in energy salvage has been documented again in a recent clinical study. Patients with short-bowel syndrome can be divided into two groups: those with colon and those without colon in continuity. While a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet appears to be of nutritional benefit to the former group, dietary restrictions and reduction of fat intake are not effective in reducing intestinal energy loss in the latter group.
Chemosensory control of surface antigen switching in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Nematodes change their surface compositions in response to environmental signals, which may allow them to survive attacks from microbial pathogens or host immune systems. In the free-living species Caenorhabditis elegans, wild-type worms are induced to display an L1 (first larval stage) surface epitope at later larval stages when grown on an extract of spent culture medium (Inducible Larval Display or ILD). Before this study, it was not known whether ILD was regulated by the well-characterized, neurologically based chemical senses of C. elegans, which mediate other behavioural and developmental responses to environmental signals such as chemotaxis and formation of the facultatively arrested dauer larva stage. We show here that ILD requires the activities of three genes that are essential for the function of the C. elegans chemosensory neurons. ILD was abolished in chemotaxis-defective che-3, osm-3 and tax-4 mutants. In contrast, chemotaxis-defective mutants altered in a different gene, srf-6, show constitutive display of the L1 epitope on all four larval stages. The ILD-defective che-3, osm-3 and tax-4 mutations blocked the constitutive larval display of an srf-6 mutant. Combining srf-6 and certain dauer-constitutive mutations in double mutants enhanced constitutive dauer formation, consistent with the idea that srf-6 acts in parallel with specific components of the dauer formation pathway. These results taken together are consistent with the hypothesis that ILD is triggered by environmental signals detected by the nematode‘s chemosensory neurons.
The effects of annealing on fatigue crack propagation in polyethylene

Fatigue crack propagation tests on annealed and quenched medium-density polyethylene showed the annealed specimens to have much lower resistance to crack initiation and subsequent propagation. Although the same fracture mechanism, in which the brittle crack gradually becomes more ductile, prevailed in both cases, the voided and fibrillated crack tip root craze in the annealed material was much weaker that the nonfibrillated quenched root craze. Microstructural analyses indicate that the annealed material had separate crystallite populations, whereas the quenched material had a more homogeneous morphology. The highest melting fraction of the annealed material was composed of lamellae that were about 270 A thick, and the quenched lamellae were estimated to be 160 A thick. The reduced fatigue crack propagation resistance of the annealed material was suggested to be a result of a lower concentration of tie molecules and its reduced damping capability, compared to the quenched material.
Application of contractor directions for solving systems of nonlinear equations

Abstract Our approach combines a method of an inexact steepest descent with the method of contractor directions to obtain a backtracking linear-time convergence algorithm for solving systems of nonlinear equations. Using the fundamental inequality of contractor directions, we prove the convergence and give an error estimate for our method. The algorithm is well-suited for parallel computation. In fact, for systems with m equations and n unknowns, each iteration may be computed in parallel time O (log m + log n ) with O ( mn ) processors.
The Ethnicity of the Ancient Egyptians

A persistent historical misconception has been that Black people have developed no important civilizations, nor have they made any significant contributions to world culture. The history of Black people since they arrived in the New World, as well as their experiences in Africa, has been treated in this manner. Until recently, the history of Africa has been written as part of the African slave trade and European imperial expansion into the continent during the nineteenth century. Hugh Trevor-Roper (1965: 1), Regius Professor of History at Oxford University, wrote:
Tryptophan Scan of Connexin32 Identifies Sites of Transmembrane Domain Interaction

Recently, the crystal structure of a gap junction channel composed of connexin26 was published (Maeda et al., Nature 2009). Given the complexity of a channel that spans two lipid bilayers and is gated by voltage, calcium, and protons, we sought to confirm the validity of the structure using site-directed mutagenesis. Tryptophan-scanning is a preferred method for assessing helix-helix interactions in membrane-spanning proteins and an extensive tryptophan-scan was carried out to identify sites of transmembrane domain interaction in gap junctions composed of connexin32. The sequence of amino acids within the transmembrane domains of connexin32 and connexin26 is very similar, about 98% of amino acids display conservation of function. We substituted tryptophan for fifteen sequential amino acids in each of the four transmembrane domains. A number of sites within each domain were sensitive to tryptophan insertion, and there was a high correlation between sensitive sites and those located at helical interfaces in the crystal structure. There was also a close correlation between sites that were insensitive to tryptophan insertion and those facing aqueous or lipid environments in the crystal structure. Our results suggest that the crystal structure represents a valid functional conformation of a gap junction channel and lays the groundwork for future studies of the role of transmembrane domain interactions in gap junction channels.
Gut bacteria profiles of Mus musculus at the phylum and family levels are influenced by saturation of dietary fatty acids.

Abstract Background Mammalian gut microbiota have been implicated in a variety of functions including the breakdown of ingested nutrients, the regulation of energy intake and storage, the control of immune system development and activity, and the synthesis of novel chemicals. Previous studies have shown that feeding mammalian hosts a high-fat diet shifts gut bacteria at the phylum level to reduce the ratio of Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes, while feeding hosts a fat-restricted diet increases this ratio. However, few studies have investigated the differential effects of fatty acid type on gut bacterial profile. Methods Over a 14-week period, Mus musculus were fed a diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs), or saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Fecal pellets were collected before and after the treatment period from 12 randomly selected mice (4 per treatment group). Bacterial DNA was extracted from the pellets and characterized by analysis of the hypervariable V3 region of the 16S rRNA. Nominal logistic regression models were used to assess shifts in microbial profile at the phylum and family levels in response to diet. Results A significant decrease in the proportion of phylum Bacteroidetes species was observed for mice fed any of the three diets over time. However, the SFA-rich diet group showed a significantly greater decrease in Bacteroidetes proportion (−28%) than did either the n-3 PUFA group (−10%) or the n-6 PUFA group (−12%). At the family level, a significant decrease in proportion of Porphyromonadaceae was observed for mice fed the n-6 PUFA-rich diet, and a significant decrease in proportion of Lachnospiraceae was observed for mice fed the SFA-rich diet. There was no significant effect of diet type on body mass change. Conclusion Our results indicate that SFAs have stronger effects than PUFAs in shifting gut microbiota profiles toward those typical of obese individuals, and that dietary fatty acid saturation influences shifts in gut microbiota independently of changes in body mass.
Nash Equilibrium and Decentralized Negotiation in Auctioning Divisible Resources

We consider the problem of software agents being used as proxies for the procurement of computational and network resources. Mechanisms such as single-good auctions and combinatorial auctions are not applicable for the management of these services, as assigning an entire resource to a single agent is often undesirable and appropriate bund sizes are difficult to determine. We investigate a divisible auction that is proportionally fair. By introducing the notion of price and demand functions that characterize optimal response functions of the bidders, we are able to prove that this mechanism has a unique Nash equilibrium for an arbitrary number of agents with heterogeneous quasilinear utilities. We also describe decentralized negotiation strategies which, with approrpate relaxation, converge locally to the equilibrium point. Given an agent with a sequence of jobs, we show how our analysis holds for a wide variety of objectives.
Numerical optimization studies of axisymmetric unsteady sprays

A hybrid numerical technique is developed for the treatment of axisymmetric unsteady spray equations. An Eulerian mesh is employed for the parabolic gas-phase subsystem of equations while a Lagrangian scheme (or method of characteristics) is utilized for the droplet equations. The integration schemes and the scheme for interpolation between the two meshes are demonstrated to be second-order accurate. The approach is shown to be especially useful in situations where a multivaluedness of the droplet properties occurs due to the crossing of particle paths. A set of model equations are studied but the technique is applicable to a more general and more physically correct set of equations. The effects of interesting numerical parameters such as mesh size, number of droplet characteristics, time step, and the injection pulse time are determined via a parameter study. In addition to confirming quadratic convergence, the results indicate slightly more sensitivity to grid spacing than to the number of characteristics.
Abstract 3363: Inhibition of glycolysis and proliferation of colon cancer cells by 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO) an inhibitor of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB3)

In human colon cancer cells, glycolytic activity shows a positive correlation with proliferation. PFKFB3 is an important enzyme regulating glycolysis in many tumor cells. We have studied the action of an established inhibitor of PFKFB3, 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO) as a single agent and in combination with other molecules that affect glycolysis and proliferation in four colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HCT116, HT29 and SW1116). Glucose uptake and cell proliferation were inhibited by 3PO and butyrate and additive effects were seen with 10 µM 3PO and 1 mM butyrate. Induction of alkaline phosphatase activity serves as a marker of differentiation in colon cancer cells. The large induction of alkaline phosphatase activity by butyrate seen in most colon cancer cell lines was not observed with 3PO. Similar contrasting effects on induction of alkaline phosphatase activity were seen with rat Morris hepatoma 7777 cells where 2-3 fold induction was seen with 1 µM vorinostat or 1 mM butyrate but no significant effect was seen with 3PO in the range of 5-30 µM. The biguanides, metformin and phenformin, increase glycolysis but inhibit proliferation of colon cancer cells. After combination treatment with 3PO, glycolysis was inhibited, as judged by glucose uptake and acidification of the medium, and additive inhibitory effects on cell proliferation could be observed. For example, after a 72 hour incubation of Caco-2 cells with 10 µM 3PO, 25 µM phenformin or 1 mM metformin, as single agents, proliferation relative to controls was decreased 20%, 17% and 34%, respectively. For combinations of 3PO and phenformin or 3PO and metformin the decreases relative to controls were 48% and 58%, respectively. In conclusion, 3PO was an inhibitor of proliferation of colon cancer cells, especially the rapidly growing HCT116 and HT29 cell lines. 3PO may be a useful agent in combination with other drugs that inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation. Citation Format: Michael A. Lea, Raymond Geherty, Rachelle David, Charles desBordes. Inhibition of glycolysis and proliferation of colon cancer cells by 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO) an inhibitor of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB3). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3363. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3363
Electric Shock as a Motivating Stimulus in Conditioning Experiments

(1941). Electric Shock as a Motivating Stimulus in Conditioning Experiments. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 85-96.
Benzodiazepine Enhancement of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid‐Mediated Chloride Ion Flux in Rat Brain Synaptoneurosomes

Benzodiazepine agonists such as Ro 11-6896 [B10(+)], diazepam, clonazepam, and flurazepam were found to enhance muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake into rat cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. The rank order of potentiation was B10(+) greater than diazepam greater than clonazepam greater than flurazepam. These benzodiazepines had no effect on 36Cl-uptake in the absence of muscimol. Further, the inactive enantiomer, Ro 11-6893 [B10(-)], and the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand Ro 5-4864 did not potentiate muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake at concentrations up to 10 microM. In contrast, the benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate and 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta- carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester inhibited muscimol stimulated 36Cl- uptake. Benzodiazepines and beta-carbolines altered the apparent K0.5 of muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake, without affecting the Vmax. The effects of both benzodiazepine receptor agonists and inverse agonists were reversed by the benzodiazepine antagonists Ro 15-1788 and CGS-8216. These data further confirm that central benzodiazepine receptors modulate the capacity of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists to enhance chloride transport and provide a biochemical technique for studying benzodiazepine receptor function in vitro.
ALLOCATING SERVICES FOR PARKS AND RECREATION: A Model for Implementing Equity Concepts in Austin, Texas

ABSTRACT:This article examines the equitability of park and recreation service allocation decisions. The importance of equity as a concern for planners is discussed, a sampling of related literature is reviewed, and a typology of eight equity models is’ proposed. Research data showing that equity preferences are measurable and that they differ by service and decisionmaking group are presented. A conceptual planning model including an equity assessment process is then described, as are current efforts by the Austin Parks and Recreation Department to include equity considerations in its planning process.
ADSORPTION OF PROTEINS ON GLASS SURFACES AND PERTINENT PARAMETERS FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYMES IN THE PORES OF INORGANIC CARRIERS

Abstract The forces involved in the adsorption reactions between proteins and glass surfaces are primarily ionic amine-silanol bonding and hydrogen bonding. When protein solutions are exposed to porous glass surfaces, two rates of reaction are noted. The first appears to be dependent upon the relative number of amines on the protein surface and is very rapid. The second reaction is considerably slower than the first and is dependent upon the molecular weight of the protein. This second reaction, then, is governed by the ability of the protein to diffuse into the porous structure of the glass. The surface reaction of glass has been utilized to bind enzymes (biological catalysts) and other biologically active molecules. Enzymes, a precious material, can be immobilized on inorganic oxide surfaces and effectively employed, economically, in a manner similar to that of inorganic catalysts. The pore morphology of the carrier utilized to immobilize the enzyme offers a protected environment for extending the use of this unstable molecule.
DIRECTIONAL CORRELATION OF SUCCESSIVE NUCLEAR RADIATIONS

Using the algebra of tensor operators a closed expression is obtained for the most general case of angular correlation. The structure of the correlation function is explained by means of semiclassical considerations.