cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Trends in Research on Children and the Media: 1900–1960

For the past several years, scholars of mastication have reflected on the history of American media research and found it lacking. This article is an attempt to address questions about the history of mass communication research in the United States by examining a particular research domain, that of media affects on children. Our study is part of a larger ongoing analysis of the history of public controversy about the media affects on children and youth. A major thesis of our project is that the traditional history of media affects research is biased toward considerations of public opinion, propaganda, Public affairs, and voting. As embodied in basic textbooks, this history can be outlined as follows. Earliest concerns about the mass media at the turn-of-the-century and Through the 1920s twenties and early 1930s Took the form of the direct effect or "hypodermic needle" model of media impact. Language: en
An economic trade-off analysis experiment for integrating manufacturing systems computer software

Abstract In applications involving integration of individual manufacturing systems computer software modules there is often a need to write interface programs. Considering the possibility that the individual software modules may be coded by different individuals, under different condition, using different programming languages, programming styles, platforms and operating systems; the process of writing interface programs may not be trivial. While acknowledging the difficulties and potential inaccuracies involved in quantifyig the parameters involved in building such interface programs, an attempt is made to build a simplified model through the design of an experiment to evaluate potential trade-offs in such manufacturing software module integration tasks. The main conclusion draw from the analysis are that only a few integrations can often justify a generic integration architecture, and any further increase in complexity of the modules provides an even stronger ground for the generic architecture. These conclusions should provide greater insight into the integration process that the almost ad hoc knowledge that we presently have.
Beauty and the beastly cause: Aesthetic value, anarchy, and the theater of representation in James'sThe Princess Casamassima

L'A. etudie les relations entre les concepts d'art, de valeur esthetique, de pouvoir politique et d'anarchie dans «The Princess Casamassima» de H. James, a la lumiere de sa conception de la fiction et de la representation theatrale telle qu'elle est definie dans «The Fiction Art»
Observation of voltage locking and other interactions in coupled microbridge Josephson junctions

Abstract We have observed pronounced interactions between two closely spaced microbridge Josephson junctions. Major effects are locking of the two critical currents to a single value and the synchronization of the voltages across the two bridges to the same value.
Glomerular Capillary Hemorrhage Induced in Rats by Diagnostic Ultrasound with Gas–Body Contrast Agent Produces Intratubular Obstruction

Abstract Glomerular capillary hemorrhage (GCH) induced by ultrasonic cavitation during diagnostic imaging represents a unique contrast agent–related nephron injury. Consequences of GCH during 1.5-MHz diagnostic ultrasound with contrast agent were examined by histologic methods in rats. Definity was infused at 10 μl/kg/min for 5 min at the start of 8 min of intermittent image-exposure, with 2.3 MPa in situ peak rarefactional pressure amplitude. Kidney samples were taken for histology at 5 min, 30 min, 4 h, 2 d, 1 week and 4 weeks post exposure. In addition, samples were taken at 4 h from groups treated with heparin or aminocaproic acid. GCH was found in 61% of glomeruli in the center of the scan plane 5 min after exposure, which declined (p douglm@umich.edu )
Language independent NER using a unified model of internal and contextual evidence

This paper investigates the use of a language independent model for named entity recognition based on iterative learning in a co-training fashion, using word-internal and contextual information as independent evidence sources. Its bootstrapping process begins with only seed entities and seed contexts extracted from the provided annotated corpus. F-measure exceeds 77 in Spanish and 72 in Dutch.
Bicuculline reversal of deprivation amblyopia in the cat.

CATS deprived of visual experience in one eye during a critical period of early life develop marked changes in the functional organisation of their visual system1–3. Useful vision seems to be lost in the deprived eye, and neurophysiological studies reveal a loss of binocular input to neurones in the visual cortex. Most neurones fail to respond to stimuli presented to the deprived eye; whereas almost all respond to stimulation of the normal eye. In normal neonatal kittens without visual experience, most cortical neurones respond to stimulation of either eye. Moreover, this binocular neuronal input persists when subsequent visual experience is prevented by binocular lid suture. Thus, asymmetrical visual experience seems necessary to produce a loss of binocular input. This loss of functional input from the deprived eye could result from a loss of the normal excitatory synaptic connections or from inhibitory suppression of afferent input. We postulate that asymmetrical visual experience causes synaptic inhibition of input from the deprived eye and that reduction of such inhibition might restore binocularity.
Feminism : Definitions, support, and correlates of support among female and male college students

The purpose of our research was to examine definitions of feminism, support for feminism, and gender attitude and personality trait correlates of support. Using a sample of predominately White college students, findings indicated quite favorable definitions of feminism, and more support than opposition to it, especially among female respondents. Support for feminism was related to 5 of 6 gender attitude dimensions for females, but unrelated to their gender personality traits. For males, support was related to only one gender attitude dimension, and to femininity; more feminine males were more supportive. Implications for the distinction between feminism and feminist and for the status of feminism among college students are discussed.
Upholding the Maxim of Relevance during Patient-Centered Activities

This paper addresses "kinds and focuses of relevance" that a language-generating clinical decision-support system should adhere to during activities in which a health care provider's attention is on his or her patient and not on a computer screen. During such "patient-centered" activities, utterances generated by a computer system intrude on patient management. They must be thus seen by HCPs as having immediate clinical relevance, or, like the continual ringing of ICU monitors, they will be ignored. This paper describes how plan recognition and plan evaluation can be used to achieve clinical relevance. The work is being done in the context of the TraumAID project, whose overall goal is to improve the delivery of quality trauma care during the initial definitive phase of patient management. Given an early pilot study that showed that physicians using TraumAID disliked the continuous presentation of its entire management plan, we decided to explore how TraumAID could restrict commentary to only those situations in which a comment could make a clinically significant difference to patient management. We took advantage of the fact that actions that involve resources that need to be brought to the trauma bay or that can only be done elsewhere must be ordered. Since orders can be rescinded, comments pointing out problems with an order can potentially make a clinically significant difference to patient management. The contributions of this paper are (1) pointing out additional constraints on laguage generation raised by the desire to convey information to listeners attending to something other than an computer terminal, and (2) pointing out some features of plan inference and evaluation raised by multiple goal planning in a complex domain.
Enabling a voice modality in mobile games through VoiceXML

The use of speech recognition in gaming applications is not entirely new. The growth of voice as a part of gaming has exploded largely due to the popularity of online player matchmaking services such as Xbox Live. Yet, the majority of its use is only limited to communications between players to coordinate game play activities through the use of a headset and a microphone.To further explore the possibilities of using speech recognition to affect game play directly, Motorola has partnered with GamePipe Labs at the University of Southern California. This collaboration aims at leveraging the capabilities of VoiceXML (VXML), and use interactive voice dialogues to directly affect game play on mobile phones. This short paper describes the efforts taken under this initiative, and the results of this collaboration.
57 THE SEMOTIONAL BENEFITS OF A CAMPING EXPERIENCE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL CHILDREN

Organizing summer camp for 17 children with cystic fibrosis (CF) had clear cut therapeutic and educational benefits; it allowed medical personnel to identify problems in medication, postural drainage, and nutrition. The children were taught more positive attitudes about all aspects of treatment. In experiencing separation, and self-sufficiency from families, CF campers learned how and why they should care for themselves. It also pointed out that camp is an ideal instructional setting in which to face the emotional and social problems of chronic disease. The major benefit for the children was the chance to form a natural peer group. The support of like-affected children helped them express negative feelings previously suppressed. All of the children, from mildly to severely affected had negative body images focused on short stature and thinness. Some pretended to come from very short, thin families. Many older children expressed fears about their futures. All of them felt ridiculed by healthy classmates. The CF group's supportive atmosphere allowed them to confront and to respond to intimidation from healthy campers. The CF group was encouraged by their success. There is a significant carry over factor because the severely affected children, especially boys, are reportedly performing better in school and are better socialized than previously. The parents feel more secure in their knowledge that CF children can enjoy positive social and recreational experiences.
Genetic and shared environmental influences on leisure-time interests in male adolescents

Abstract The present study explored genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in adolescent leisure-time interests. One hundred and ninety identical and 100 fraternal male twin pairs, aged 17 and 18 years, all participants in the ongoing Minnesota Twin Family Study, completed 120 items of the Leisure-Time Interests (LTI) inventory. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation of the 120 items of the LTI yielded nine interpretable factors (Intellectual Activities, Sports, Music and Artistic Activities, Handicrafts, Hunting and Outdoor Activities, Foreign Travel, TV Viewing, Dating and Social Activities, and Religious Activities). Correlation and biometrical analyses indicated that: (1) both genetic and shared environmental factors contributed to individual differences in adolescent leisure-time interests, although the relative magnitude of the contribution of the two factors varied across different leisure-time interests, and (2) approximately half of the variance in adolescent leisure-time interests was associated with nonshared environmental influences. The results are discussed in the context of developmental changes in genetic and shared environmental influences on leisure-time interests.
Blastulation rates decline in a linear fashion from euploid to aneuploid embryos with single versus multiple chromosomal errors.

Objective To test the hypothesis that the blastulation rate is higher in euploid embryos than in aneuploid embryos as assessed by cleavage-stage biopsy with array-comprehensive genomic hybridization (aCGH). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University-affiliated institution. Patient(s) Forty-one patients with 48 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles and 385 embryos that underwent cleavage-stage preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) with aCGH at the Continuum Reproductive Center between January 2010 and September 2013. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Probability of blastocyst and/or fully expanded or hatching blastocyst (FEHB) progression depending on number of chromosomal abnormalities. Result(s) Euploid embryos are twice as likely to progress to blastocyst and three times as likely to progress to FEHB than aneuploid embryos: 76% versus 37% and 56% versus 18%, respectively. For every additional chromosomal abnormality, the likelihood of progressing to the blastocyst stage decreases by 22% and the likelihood of progressing to FEHB decreases by 33%. Conclusion(s) Euploid embryos are far more likely than aneuploid embryos to progress to the blastocyst and FEHB stages. There is a linear decrease in probability of blastulation with the increasing number of chromosomal abnormalities.
Measuring TQEM returns from the application of quality frameworks

This study addresses one of the major perceived barriers to total quality environmental management (TQEM): cost measurement. Operations managers have difficulty assessing the impact of TQEM programs because of the lack of appropriate measures. In order for TQEM to be given serious consideration, a cost framework is required for evaluating TQEM by appropriately including all the environmental costs and savings for each investment option. At present, frameworks such as life-cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental cost accounting (ECA) exist, but they have both been recognized as too difficult to implement at the plant level among operations managers. This study focuses on identifying and formulating a set of easy-to-use quantitative cost measures. The structure of these measures is taken from the operations management (OM) literature itself, and specifically the total quality management (TQM) and cost of quality (COQ) frameworks developed by Joseph Juran. However, an empirical examination of this remains untested. The findings of this study provide an important foundation for theory development and set the stage for further research in this burgeoning field of TQEM. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Pitfalls in the diagnosis of primary amyloidosis

Primary (AL) amyloidosis is the most prevalent type of systemic amyloidosis, and management of this disease has evolved through the years from supportive care to aggressive treatments that include immunomodulatory agents and high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, other types of amyloidosis are increasingly recognized, such as familial amyloidosis and senile cardiac amyloidosis, and management of these conditions is different from that of AL amyloidosis. Congo red staining with exhibition of an apple-green birefringence is diagnostic of amyloid. Immunohistochemistry can detect amyloid deposits but has limitations, and newer molecular techniques such as mass spectrometry show promise in determining types of amyloidosis. Physicians need to be aware of clinical scenarios that can mimic AL amyloidosis to avoid misdiagnosis and harm to the patient.
Long‐term survival after liver transplantation in children with metabolic disorders

Background: Liver transplantation for inherited metabolic disorders aims to save the patient's life when the disorder is expected to progress to organ failure, and to cure the underlying metabolic defect. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 146 pediatric liver transplants (28 metabolic; 118 non-metabolic) performed between 1986 and 2000.Results: Twenty-eight transplants were performed in 24 children with metabolic disease (8 females; 16 males; age range 3 months to 17 yr). Indications includeda-1-antitrypsin deficiency (n58), two cases each of hyperoxaluria type 1, Wilson's disease, hereditary tyrosinemia type I, citrullinemia, methylmalonic acidemia, and one case each of propionic acidemia, Crigler- Najjar syndrome type I, neonatal hemachromatosis, hemophilia B, Niemann-Pickdiseasetype B,andcystic fibrosis. Eighteentransplantswere whole organ grafts and 10 were lobar or segmental. Auxiliary liver transplants were performed in two patients and three received combined liver-kidney transplants. There were three deaths from sepsis, two from chronic rejection, and one from fulminant hepatitis. Seven of 10 patients currently of school age are within 1 yr of expected grade and three who had pretransplant developmental delay have remained in special education. Actuarial survival rates at 5 and 10 yr are 78% and 68%, respectively, with mean follow-up in excess of 5 yr. These results compare favorably to 100 pediatric patients transplanted for non-metabolic etiologies (65% and 61%, respectively) (p5 NS). Conclusions: Pediatric liver transplantation for metabolic disorders results in excellent clinical and biochemical outcome with long survival and excellent quality of life for most recipients.
Negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry of 2,4-dinitrophenyl amino acid esters.

Abstract We report the negative ion chemical ionization mass spectra of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) amino acid methyl esters. For the common amino acids, these derivatives exhibit very simple mass spectra; the molecular anion is the base peak in all cases. The electrophilicity of the DNP group allows selective and sensitive ionization. Amino acids can be identified singly or in mixtures by their molecular weights, and picomole detection is possible. Chromatography is only needed for Leu Ile differentiation. Amino-terminal analysis of proteins is demonstrated.
Effect of temperature programming on the performance of urea inclusion compound-based free fatty acid fractionation

The effect of cooling rate on the degree of removal of saturated acyl groups from FFA derived from canola oil and the isolation of di- and polyunsaturated acyl groups from FFA derived from vegetable and fish oil, respectively, during urea inclusion compound (UIC)-based fractionation was investigated. Traditionally, slow cooling has been used (ca.−1°C min−1). A more rapid cooling rate (−47°C min−1) produced UIC crystals of similar morphology and thermodynamic properties, but of a size an order of magnitude smaller than the UIC formed during slow cooling. Fractionations used only renewable materials (urea, FFA, and 95% ethanol as solvent) and benign operating conditions (ambient pressure, 25–75°C, and neutral pH). When the recovery of FFA (in the solvent-rich phase) was relatively high (>60%), the selectivity of UIC-based fractionation toward the inclusion of saturated FFA and against polyunsaturated FFA was not affected by the cooling rate. In contrast, when the FFA recovery was low, representing cases in which an increase of the PUFA purity is a more important economic goal, a slower cooling rate resulted in a significantly greater discrimination against PUFA groups, hence to a FFA product with a measurably greater purity.
In vivo moment arm calculations at the ankle using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

In vivo moment arm lengths for the Achilles tendon and tibialis anterior (TA) were determined in 10 adult male subjects. Moment arms were measured as the perpendicular distance between the joint center of rotation (CR) and the center of the muscle's tendon on a series of sagittal plane magnetic resonance images. The first set of calculations used a fixed CR and the second a moving CR. The position of the CR was determined using a modification of the graphical method of Reuleaux. For both moving and fixed CR conditions, moment arms increased by approximately 20% for the Achilles tendon and decreased by approximately 30% for the TA when the ankle moved from maximum dorsiflexion to maximum plantarflexion. Moment arms averaged 3.1% greater for the Achilles tendon and 2.5% greater for the TA when calculated using a fixed CR. These data suggest that the averaged moment arm lengths for the Achilles tendon and the TA were relatively unaffected by the use of a fixed vs moving CR.
Changes in Cytochromes P‐450, 2E1, 2B1, and 4A, and Phospholipases A and C in the Intragastric Feeding Rat Model for Alcoholic Liver Disease: Relationship to Dietary Fats and Pathologic Liver Injury

The influence of dietary fat and alcohol on hepatic microsomal levels of cytochromes P-450 2E1, 2B, and 4A; phospholipases A and C; and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase was studied in the intragastric feeding rat model for alcoholic liver injury. Eight groups of animals were evaluated. Control and ethanol fed rats received either saturated fat or corn oil and were killed after 2 weeks and 1 month of feeding. All animals were pair-fed by continuous infusion of liquid diet through permanently implanted gastric cannulas. Alcoholic liver injury developed only in the corn oil-ethanol-fed groups and was manifest by 1 month. Livers were subjected to the following analyses: pathologic evaluation of liver injury; levels of cytochromes P-450 2E1, 2B, and 4A protein and mRNA; aniline hydroxylase activity; and phospholipase A and C and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities. Ethanol-induced increases in cytochromes P-450 2E1 and 2B protein determined by Western blotting were greatest in the corn oil-ethanol-fed group, which developed pathologic changes in the liver. Cytochromes P-450 2E1 and 2B1 mRNA levels were unaffected, suggesting that posttranscriptional mechanisms are responsible for the increase in the corresponding P-450 proteins. In contrast, cytochrome P-450 4A levels were higher in the saturated fat-ethanol groups compared with the corn oil-ethanol groups. Phospholipase A and phospholipase C levels were higher in the corn oil-ethanol groups compared with pair-fed dextrose controls and the saturated fat-ethanol groups. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase levels declined with time in the ethanol-fed groups. These observations are discussed in the context of a model whereby the induction of phospholipases A and C and cytochromes P-450 2E1 and 2B1 in corn oil-ethanol-fed rats provide arachidonic acid substrate and induce lipid peroxidation, respectively. These changes may account for the more severe pathologic changes that develop in corn oil-ethanol-fed animals compared with animals fed saturated fat and ethanol.
Up-regulation of microRNA-21 correlates with lower kidney cancer survival.

Author(s): Zaman, Mohd Saif; Shahryari, Varahram; Deng, Guoren; Thamminana, Sobha; Saini, Sharonjot; Majid, Shahana; Chang, Inik; Hirata, Hiroshi; Ueno, Koji; Yamamura, Soichiro; Singh, Kamaldeep; Tanaka, Yuichiro; Tabatabai, Z Laura; Dahiya, Rajvir | Abstract: BackgroundMicroRNA-21 is up-regulated in a variety of cancers like, breast, colorectal, lung, head and neck etc. However, the regulation of miR-21 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not yet been studied systematically.Methods and resultsWe measured miR-21 levels in 54 pairs of kidney cancers and their normal matched tissues by real-time PCR. The expression level of miR-21 was correlated with 5 year survival and the pathological stage. Functional studies were done after inhibiting miR-21 in RCC cell lines. We studied in vitro and in vivo effects of the chemo preventive agent genistein on miR-21 expression. In 48 cases (90%), miR-21 was increased. All patients with low miR-21 expression survived 5 years, while with high miR-21 expression, only 50% survived. Higher expression of miR-21 is associated with an increase in the stage of renal cancer. Functional studies after inhibiting miRNA-21 in RCC cell lines show cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and reduced invasive and migratory capabilities. Western blot analysis showed an increase in the expression of p21 and p38 MAP kinase genes and a reduction in cyclin E2. Genistein inhibited the expression of miR-21 in A-498 cells and in the tumors formed after injecting genistein treated A-498 cells in nude mice besides inhibiting tumor formation.ConclusionsThe current study shows a clear correlation between miR-21 expression and clinical characteristics of renal cancer. Thus we believe that miR-21 can be used as a tumor marker and its inhibition may prove to be useful in controlling cancers with up-regulated miR-21.
Survival after radioembolization for metastatic colorectal cancer: search for prognostic factors

Purpose Investigate clinical and procedural variables to determine if there is a correlation with survival after treatment with radioembolization for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Materials and Methods Retrospective review was performed of patients treated with Y-90 radioembolization for mCRC at our institution between May 2008 and March 2012. Survival after radioembolization was the primary outcome variable. Variables studied included age, cancer stage, disease extent at treatment, tumor grade, treatment line of radioembolization, chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab (Avastin), time of the last bevacizumab dose to radioembolization date, tumor-to-normal liver vascularity ratio (TNVR), tumor volume, total target tumor dose, and total normal liver dose. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to the data and Kaplan-Meier curves were drawn. Results Thirty nine patients (22 M, 17 F) met the inclusion criteria with mean age of 64.1 years. Thirty one subjects expired at the time of the study. Presentation with mCRC at their initial diagnosis occurred in 25 subjects. Only hepatic metastatic disease was present in 23 patients. Bevacizumab pre-treatment occurred in 30 subjects. The mean values of total tumor volume (245±339 cc), highest tumor-to-lobe volume fraction (21.6±19.8%), total target tumor dose (272±202 Gray), total normal liver dose (89.6±74.5 Gray), and TNVR (3.2±0.8) are calculated. The mean survival from the first Y-90 infusion was 13.9±10.9 months and mean survival from mCRC diagnosis was 31.4±16.6 months. Treatment line of radioembolization had strongest correlation with survival and hazard ratios compared to first-line are 1.4, 22, and 87 are seen with second-line, third-line, and salvage (>3rd line) therapies, respectively. Also, the only other variables with statistically significant correlations were age, hepatic only vs. extra-hepatic disease extent, and tumor-to-lobe volume fraction of the most burdened hepatic lobe. Conclusion Age, disease extent, treatment line of radioembolization, and the tumor-to-lobe volume fraction had significant correlations with survival after radioembolization for mCRC. Survival compares favorably to historical survival after modern chemotherapy alone.
New method of fabricating phase screens for simulated atmospheric turbulence

The ability to simulate atmospheric turbulence is a crucial part of enabling adaptive optics technology to function and evolve. We report a new technique of creating phase plates developed at the Laboratory for Adaptive Optics (LAO) which involves the application of clear acrylic paint onto a transparent substrate. Results of interferometric characterization of these plates is described and compared to Kolmolgorov statistics. These plates have been successfully used in the Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) testbed and as part of the Villages (Visible Light Laser Guidestar Experiments) calibration system.
LIFE-THREATENING DISABILITY IN ADOLESCENCE: ADJUSTING TO A LIMITED FUTURE

This paper describes a medical social worker's efforts over one and a half years to help a client adjust to a neurological disorder. Prior to social work services, the young woman had never discussed her disability, which began in adolescence, with anyone outside the family, and communication within the family was seriously compromised by their perception of disability as a stigma. Lacking the opportunity to mourn the loss of her physical abilities, she became isolated and depressed, and acted out aggressive thoughts and fantasies within the family system. Social work intervention helped the client to re-work the original trauma of diagnosis, which led to the development of a healthier defensive structure and new coping mechanisms.
Internet Portal for Participation of Large Groups in Transportation Programming Decisions

An Internet portal for public participation in transportation programming decisions is described. The Internet portal supports participation of large groups (e.g., 100 or more people) through cutting-edge online deliberation tools and a strategic process that fosters meaningful public involvement. The portal is described in the context of a five-step process that has been designed for a particular programming decision situation called a local option transportation tax. A transportation agency could develop a similar process for other programming decisions, such as the creation of a transportation improvement program. The portal can be used by an agency to create a program or merely as a focus-group activity or polling exercise. Various tools used by the portal and the five-step process are described with the help of selected screenshots of the user interface.
Chronic intermittent hypoxia impairs endothelium-dependent dilation in rat cerebral and skeletal muscle resistance arteries

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of relatively short-term chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on endothelial function of resistance vessels in the skeletal muscle and cerebr...
Age‐related Anti‐thyroid Antibodies and Thyroid Abnormalities in Turner Syndrome

. One hundred pediatric patients with Turner syndrome were studied to determine the correlation between the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies with age and karyotype, and the value of anti-thyroid antibody titers as predictors of subsequent thyroid abnormalities. (54 patients = 45,X; 46 = other karyotypes.) The frequency of positive titers of anti-thyroid antibodies increased linearly with cumulative age. Anti-parietal cell and anti-adrenocortical cell antibodies were not increased in these patients (1.3 and 2.6% respectively). The ability to use positive anti-thyroid antibody titers to predict the development of thyroid abnormalities increased from age 10 years and became statistically significant at ages 13-17 years for the whole group as well as 45,X patients. None of the patients had clinical symptoms of thyroid dysfunction although 22% developed thyroid abnormalities, which included elevated TSH, low T4, and/or goiter.
La Côte d’Azur The terre privilégié of Invalids and Artists, c. 1860—1900

This interdisciplinary article explores aesthetic and medical conceptions of the Cote d’Azur during the nineteenth century, discussing texts and images by French writers, invalids, tourists, physicians and artists. Through words and images, medico-tourist guides perpetuated a myth of the Cote d’Azur as the privileged site of beauty and health, especially to its visiting invalids, who sought in the climate a miraculous natural cure. Poetic descriptions of the landscape’s naturally regenerative potential pervade these works, not only by physicians and tourist writers but by the invalids themselves experiencing a pleasurable recovery on the coast. This article argues that such descriptions were, consciously or not, couched in a medical rhetoric, where the landscape’s typical topographic elements were understood as both beautiful and healing. In exploring these diverse visual and literary texts, the article shows how art and medicine intertwined in common French perceptions and imaginations of this landscape,...
Influences on Students' Academic Growth During Four Years of College.

This study modeled the sources of influence on students' reported academic development over a four-year period, focusing on institutionally controllable influences on student growth and assessing how those influences vary from one year to another. A LISREL analysis indicated that students' academic integration level in each of the four years had a direct effect on reported academic skill development in that year and an indirect effect on reported growth in succeeding years. Social integration was influential in students' reported academic growth only (but prominently) in the junior and senior years. The nature and strength of the influences varied over time, however, with academic and social integration appearing to reverse their positions in relative importance over the period.
Needed: A new theory

Dream content is more coherent, consistent over time, and continuous with waking emotional concerns than most brainstem-driven theories of dreaming allow, but dreaming probably has no adaptive function. A new neurocognitive perspective focusing on the forebrain system of dream generation should begin with the findings on dream content in adults and the developmental nature of dreaming in children.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Lunar and Martian Dust Dynamics

In order to support human and robotic explorations of Mars and beyond,the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has undertaken lunar missions. One technological problem is the mitigation of dust hazards associated with both lunar and Mars missions. There are many factors that transformed lunar regolith into an ocean dust like volcanic eruption, meteorite impact, solar radiation and thermal cycling, solar plasma and bombardment by interplanetary dusts. A detailed understanding of lunar and Martian dust dynamics is needed for designing and implementing dust hazard mitigation methods to facilitate successful missions to the moon and Mars.
A sensitive analytical apparatus for measuring hydrogen production rates. I. Application to studies in small animals. Evidence of the effects of an α-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor in the rat☆

Abstract A gas analysis and sampling methodology is described for determining total hydrogen excretion rates in Wistar rats. Hydrogen concentrations are evaluated by gas chromatography, using a molecular sieve column connected to a reduction gas detector. Resolution of the analysis is 0.015 ppm hydrogen in a 2.5-ml sample which is 50–100 times more sensitive than previous techniques. Gas samples are obtained by a single-pass (as opposed to rebreathing) method in which hydrogen-free air is passed through glass cylinders containing the experimental animals. Mixing of the animal's excreted hydrogen with the chamber flow results in increased hydrogen concentrations at the chamber outlet, from which each animal's endogenous production rate can be determined. The method is completely automated and enables multiple studies to be performed simultaneously. As an assessment of the capability of the system to detecting variations in hydrogen production due to carbodydrate malabsorption, 5 male Wistar rats received feeding of both sucrose alone and sucrose plus a known α-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor. In this manner, each animal served as its own control in evaluating the effect of the inhibitor. Administration of sucrose alone resulted in a mean increase in hydrogen production rate of 39% over a 7-h time period, following the initial rise in hydrogen concentration from baseline levels. Administration of sucrose plus inhibitor caused corresponding increases of 95%. Because of the sensitivity and simplicity of the method, it is expected to be a valuable aid in continuing studies of carbohydrate malabsorption of various etiologies.
Neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive individuals. A prospective study.

• The prevalence of neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive (HIV+) persons was assessed during the course of a study of the neurological complications of HIV-1 infection. One hundred sixty-six asymptomatic HIV+ subjects, 63 neurologically symptomatic HIV + subjects, and six at-risk HIV-1—seronegative (HIV-) control subjects underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis on entry into this longitudinal study. Three (1.8%) of the asymptomatic HIV+ subjects had both a reactive CSF VDRL test and a reactive CSF fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Two of these three subjects had a history of appropriately treated early syphilis, and all had a reactive serum rapid plasma reagin test. Of the 63 neurologically symptomatic HIV+ subjects, one patient with dementia had both a reactive CSF VDRL test and a fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test. Subjective improvement in cognitive skills followed high-dose, intravenous penicillin therapy. Another subject had a penicillin-responsive myelopathy accompanied by a reactive CSF fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test result, but a nonreactive CSF VDRL. Unsuspected neurosyphilis is relatively common in our population of asymptomatic HIV+ subjects and may be responsible for neurological disease in a significant minority of neurologically symptomatic HIV+ persons. Cerebrospinal fluid examination should be performed in all HIV+ persons with a history of syphilis or serological evidence of syphilis, regardless of prior treatment. Additionally, neurosyphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurological disease in any HIV+ person.
Shock-induced transformations in crystalline RDX: A uniaxial constant-stress Hugoniostat molecular dynamics simulation study

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of uniaxial shock compression along the [100] and [001] directions in the α polymorph of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (α-RDX) have been conducted over a wide range of shock pressures using the uniaxial constant stress Hugoniostat method [Ravelo et al., Phys. Rev. B 70, 014103 (2004)]. We demonstrate that the Hugoniostat method is suitable for studying shock compression in atomic-scale models of energetic materials without the necessity to consider the extremely large simulation cells required for an explicit shock wave simulation. Specifically, direct comparison of results obtained using the Hugoniostat approach to those reported by Thompson and co-workers [Phys. Rev. B 78, 014107 (2008)] based on large-scale MD simulations of shocks using the shock front absorbing boundary condition (SFABC) approach indicates that Hugoniostat simulations of systems containing several thousand molecules reproduced the salient features observed in the SFABC simulations involvi...
Hormone- and fluoride-sensitive adenylate cyclases in human fetal tissues.

Abstract Adenylate cyclase activities have been assayed in the human fetal adrenal, heart ventricle, brain, liver, testis, kidney, skeletal muscle and lung during the first trimester of pregnancy. The requirements for adenylate cyclases are similar to those reported in all adult tissues. Of all tissues studied, heart ventricle had the highest level of enzymatic activity, and this tissue was most responsive to hormonal stimulation. Although adenylate cyclases from all of these tissues were stimulated by F−in vitro, hormonal stimulation was observed only in the liver, adrenal and heart ventricle. The presence of hormone-responsive adenylate cyclase in human fetal tissues suggests that cyclic AMP may be involved in gene expression.
Informed consent for labor epidurals: a survey of Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology anesthesiologists from the United States.

Background Ethicists agree that informed consent is a process rather than just simply the signing of a form. It should provide the patient with needed information and understanding to authorize a procedure. Essential elements of informed consent for women requesting labor epidurals include a description of the procedure, the risks and benefits, and alternative treatments for analgesia including the associated risks and benefits. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine practices and opinions of obstetric anesthesiologists regarding informed consent for parturients. Methods Questionnaires were sent to 885 anesthesiologists who were members of the Society of Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology based in United States institutions in 2002. Results Of the 885 questionnaires sent, 448 (51%) were returned with 47% from academic and 47% from private practice institutions. Forty-six percent worked as part of an obstetric anesthesia team; 51% worked in centers where there were >3000 deliveries/year. Sixty-eight percent suggested that "parturients in active labor are able to give informed consent for labor epidural analgesia." Thirteen percent recommend antenatal anesthesia consults for parturients inquiring about labor epidurals and 41% participated in childbirth classes. Responses did not differ significantly between physicians in academic vs. private practice. More obstetric team practices than non-team practices participated in childbirth education (54% vs. 30%, P Conclusion Despite the painful, stressful circumstances confronted by parturients, many respondents (76% in academic, 64% in private practice) thought that women in active labor are able to give informed consent.
Bilateral single system ectopic ureters in a male infant

Bilateral single-system ureteral ectopia is a rare congenital malformation. We report a case of a male infant with bilateral single-system ectopic ureters without diffuse hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, or a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. The patient presented for an evaluation of hydronephrosis associated with the upper pole of an apparently duplex left kidney detected by prenatal and postnatal ultrasonography. Cystoscopy revealed two ureteral orifices distal to the bladder neck with a dilated left upper-pole calix and no duplex kidney. No surgical intervention has been planned until his continence status has been clarified.
W2ANE: when words are not enough: online multimedia language assistant for people with aphasia

In this paper, we introduce W2ANE, an Online Multimedia Language Assistant for individuals with aphasia, a language disorder that affects millions of people. W2ANE offers a rich online multimedia library (OMLA) supported by an adaptable and adaptive vocabulary scaffold (ViVA). The system, accessible over the Internet, provides a platform for applications such as looking up unknown words, constructing phrases for communication, practicing pronunciations, and accessing content. W2ANE also enables resource sharing and remote collaboration.
Differences in cell surface carbohydrates, and in laminin and fibronectin synthesis, between adherent and non-adherent Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

Differences in cell surface carbohydrates and in laminin and fibronectin synthesis between 2 Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cell lines, the adherent and non-adherent EAT cells, have been studied. The adherent EAT (a-EAT) cells grow in monolayer in vitro in the presence of fetal bovine serum. The classical, or non-adherent EAT (na-EAT), cells grow in suspension in ascites form in the peritoneal cavity of mice, and they do not adhere when cultured in vitro. Both EAT cell lines express surface glycoproteins reactive with Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL) and Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin GS I-B4. However, only a-EAT cells react with elderberry (Sambucus nigra) bark lectin (SNA), suggesting that there are some differences in the sialylation of cell surface carbohydrate moieties between these 2 EAT cell lines. Removal of cell surface sialic acid by treating a-EAT cells with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase did not abolish the ability of these cells to adhere to laminin- or fibronectin-coated plates, indicating that the sialic acid of the cell surface glycoproteins is not essential for their adhesion to these extracellular matrices. Therefore, the difference in sialylation of cell surface glycoproteins is not responsible for the difference in cell adhesion between these 2 lines of EAT cells. Both EAT cell lines express detectable amounts of laminin but not fibronectin on their surfaces; they both secrete fibronectin and entactin into the medium. The na-EAT cells (but not the a-EAT cells) also secrete laminin A chain into the culture medium; however, no B chain was detected in the culture medium of either cell line. The laminin isolated from the cell surface of na-EAT cells reacts with GS I and MAL lectins, but not with SNA, whereas the laminin isolated from a-EAT cells reacts with SNA, as well as GS I and MAL.
Cattle grub control in Wyoming with a late-Summer dust-bag application of prolate.

One-half of a (cow-antl-calf herd was forced to use 10% Prolate® ( O, O -dimethyl S -phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate) in dust bags to obtain drinking water Aug. 30-Sept. 19, 1969. A dosage of 0.37 oz per animal per day reduced Hypoderma lineatum (de Villers) from 17.7 to 2.2 grubs per calf and from 4.4 to 1.1 grubs per cow, and H. bovis (L.) from 4.4 to 1.1 grubs per calf and from 3.1 to 0.1 grubs per cow. The technique is extremely promising. as it eliminates labor required by conventional methods of grub control.
Does sustained weight loss reverse the metabolic syndrome

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased rapidly in North America in recent years. Presently, the MetS is found in 34.3% of the population, and the prevalence is likely to continue to increase in parallel with the obesity epidemic. Losing weight and long-term maintenance of the weight loss are primary targets to beneficially reverse all of the components of the MetS. This paper reviews the clinical and experimental evidence for the reversal of the metabolic complications related to the MetS that follows a sustained weight loss.
Controlled functionalization of cyclohepta-l,3-diene: An approach to the (±) prelog-djerassi lactonic acid.

Abstract The cycloheptenone (1c), a precursor to the (±) Prelog - Djerassi lactonic acid (2), has been synthesized stereoselectively from cyclohepta-l,3-diene.
The Energy Landscape of Unsolvated Peptides: Helix Formation and Cold Denaturation in Ac-A4G7A4 + H+

Ion mobility measurements and molecular dynamics simulations were performed for unsolvated A4G7A4 + H+ and Ac-A4G7A4 + H+ (Ac = acetyl, A = alanine, G = glycine) peptides. As expected, A4G7A4 + H+ adopts a globular conformation (a compact, random-looking, three-dimensional structure) over the entire temperature range examined (100−410 K). Ac-A4G7A4 + H+ on the other hand is designed to have a flat energy landscape with a marginally stable helical state. This peptide shows at least four different conformations at low temperatures (<230 K). The two conformations with the largest cross sections are attributed to α- and partial π-helices, while the one with the smallest cross section is globular. The other main conformation may be partially helical. Ac-A4G7A4 + H+ becomes predominantly globular at intermediate temperatures and then becomes more helical as the temperature is raised further. This unexpected behavior may be due to the helix having a higher vibrational entropy than the globular state, as predicte...
Detecting human settlements in satellite images

The automated production of maps of human settlement from recent satellite images is essential to detailed studies of urbanization, population movement, and the like. Commercial satellite imagery is becoming available with sufficient spectral and spatial resolution to apply computer vision techniques previously considered only for laboratory (high resolution, low noise) images. In this paper we attempt to extract human settlement from IKONOS 4-band and panchromatic images using spectral segmentation together with a form of generalized second-order statistics and detection of edges, corners, and other candidate human-made features in the imagery.