cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibly Categorical Abelian Groups

In some recent work by Grigorieff [7], Remmel [14, 15], and Cenzer and Remmel [1, 2, 3, 4], a systematic study of polynomial time models and their relation to recursive models has been undertaken. Here we say that a structure $$\mathcal{A} = (A,{{\{ R_{i}^{\mathcal{A}}\} }_{{i \in S}}},{{\{ f_{i}^{\mathcal{A}}\} }_{{i \in T}}},{{\{ c_{i}^{\mathcal{A}}\} }_{{i \in U}}}),$$ (where the universe A of A is a subset of {0,1}*) is recursive if A is a recursive subset of {0,1}*, S is an initial segment of the natural numbers ω = {0,1,…} and there is a recursive function s: S → ω such that each relation R i A is an s(i)-ary recursive relation over A, and T is an initial segment of ω and there is a recursive function t: T → ω such each function f i A is a partial recursive function which maps A t(i) into A. Similarly we say that a recursive structure \(A = \left( {A,\left\{ {R_i^A} \right\}i\varepsilon S,\left\{ {f_i^A} \right\}i\varepsilon T,\left\{ {c_i^A} \right\}i\varepsilon U} \right),\), is polynomial time if A is a polynomial time subset of {0,1}*, each relation is polynomial time, and each function is the restriction of a polynomial time function to A t(i) . For example, Grigorieff [7] studied recursive and polynomial time linear orderings. He showed that every recursive linear ordering is recursively isomorphic to some polynomial time linear ordering and that every recursive linear ordering is isomorphic to a polynomial time linear ordering (in fact, a real time linear ordering) whose universe is the binary representation of the natural numbers, Bin(ω).
Matching and Cheating in Device to Device Communications Underlying Cellular Networks

In device-to-device (D2D) communication, mobile users communicate directly without going through the base station. D2D commutation has the advantage of improving spectrum efficiency. But the interference introduced by resource sharing of D2D has become a significant challenge. In this paper, we try to optimize the system throughput while simultaneously meeting the quality of service (QoS) requirements for both D2D users and cellular users (CUs). We implement matching theory to solve the resource allocation problem. We utilize two efficient stable matching algorithms to optimize the social welfare while ensuring the network stability. More importantly, we introduce the idea of cheating in matching to further improve D2D users' throughput. It is proven that the cheating mechanism benefits a subset of D2D users without hurting the performance of the rest. Through the simulation results, we demonstrate the effectiveness of both the stable matching and cheating algorithms in terms of improving both D2D users and the overall throughput in D2D communications.
CONSULTANT CONDUCT IN ANTICIPATION OF A CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATION: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL DILEMMAS AND THE NEED FOR NEUTRAL PARENT EDUCATION

Mental health professionals are being retained with increasing frequency as “custody consultants” to prepare a parent for a child custody evaluation. While this practice may serve a legitimate function, no ethical guidelines clearly govern the conduct of a consultant in such circumstances. This lack of guidance has led to professional disagreement regarding the ethical implications of the practice. This ethical ambiguity is accompanied by social concern regarding the high cost of custody consulting, which has the practical effect of denying consulting services to low-income or self-represented litigants. This Note will describe the growing practice of custody consulting and the ethical and social unease currently associated with the practice. This Note will then propose that mandatory parent education programs be developed for parents preparing to undergo a custody evaluation. This type of educational program would provide many of the benefits of custody consulting in an ethically neutral fashion and would ensure that all parents have access to the benefits of this growing practice.
Ownership Structure, Income Distribution, and Competitive Equilibrium: A Theory of Business Cycles, Human Capital, and Asset Returns

In this paper, I present a theory of dynamic economic growth, business cycles, and asset pricing that integrates (1) Marx's idea (and emphasized by Klein) of a two-class heterogeneity of the ownership structure of physical capital and human capital in a capitalist society, (2) Keynes' idea of sticky wages, and (3) the existence of a competitive equilibrium with intertemporal consumption and portfolio decisions by risk-averse capitalists facing a contractual labor cost. The aggregate labor income as a function of recent history of aggregate outputs is determined by the prevailing mode of income distribution. I focus on a modern capitalist economy in which the income distribution is not dictated by the capitalists (as in the formative years of capitalism which was the subject of inquiry by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Karl Max), but rather is determined by the economic and political consensus reached between the capitalists and workers through a legal and political framework featuring strong labor unions, anti-trust laws, and progressive tax codes. Three main implications for the macro-economy are presented. First, my theory endogenizes completely the three-equation Klein model of consumption function, savings function, and the wage demand function. Second, I show that cyclic behavior is driven entirely by the assumed form of income distribution. Production and labor income shocks do not drive, but help sustain the cyclic behavior by preventing the economy from converging to the steady state mean. Third, I show that the Marxian doctrine that the "rate of surplus value" remains constant and the "organic composition of capital" keeps rising is inconsistent with the predictions of my model, and the difference is traced to the different assumptions on income distribution, and leads to different conclusions on the stability of capitalist economies. By assuming that capital markets clear in equilibrium, I determine the risk premium for both production and labor income risks, and consequently asset returns and the value of human capital - all endogenously. A special case of the model is observationally equivalent to the stochastic habit formation model of Dai (2000), and thus inherits its ability to simultaneously explain the equity premium puzzle, riskless rate puzzle, and the expectations puzzle. In general, the labor market need not clear, due to the only friction in the model: the longevity of the labor contract.
The New Proposed Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binders: Why are they Required and how do they Compare to Conventional Properties

As a result of the research conducted for the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), a set of new testing methods to characterize the rheological, failure, and durability properties of asphalt binders has been developed. These methods utilize testing devices that are either completely new or have been used before only for research purposes. The methods also call for measuring mechanical response parameters that are not very common for asphalt pavement engineers nor for many asphalt producers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the following points: 1) the viscoelastic nature of asphalts and its relation to pavement performance; 2) the types of conventional measurements that are used now and the fundamental problems with them; 3) the concept behind selecting the new test methods and the new characteristic properties; and 4) how the new measured properties compare to the conventional properties. The paper addresses these points by providing theoretical-conceptual background about the conventional and new tests and by comparing new and conventional data measured for a large number of asphalts that vary in their source and their grade. The comparison clearly identifies the advantages of the new testing methods and the need to implement the proposed testing and specification system.
Outcomes of total joint arthroplasty in HIV patients.

Background Advancement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapies has increased life expectancy. The need for joint replacement is expected to increase as this population develops degenerative changes from aging and avascular necrosis (AVN). Studies have shown a higher risk of peri-prosthetic joint infections (PJI) in HIV patients. However, these studies include a high percentage of hemophiliacs, which may be a confounding variable. With the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and evolving HIV demographics, we hypothesize the rate of PJIs in HIV patients are comparable to the general population. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected data from our arthroplasty database. We identified 24 HIV patients that underwent 31 primary hip and one primary knee arthroplasty between July 1, 2000 and September 30, 2012. Mean age was 50 years (range 31-74). Mean follow-up was 14 months (range 1.5-60). Results There were no PJIs in our HIV population. All HIV patients were non-hemophiliacs on HAART. Thirty-one total hip arthroplasties (THA) and one total knee arthroplasty were performed. Twenty-one HIV patients underwent THA for AVN. Eight patients had bilateral AVN. One patient needed revision for aseptic loosening. The mean CD4 count was 647 (194-1193). Mean viral load was undetectable in 19 patients and unavailable in five. Conclusions Our HIV population had a lower rate of PJI compared to infection rates in prior literature. Despite our limited patient population, our data suggests that well controlled HIV patients on HAART therapy with undetectable viral loads and CD4 >200 are at similar risk of PJI as the average population.
How Can China Rise Peacefully? Information, Commitment, and China’s Peaceful Rise Strategies

China’s rise has become a defining political phenomenon of world politics in the 21st century. While most scholars debate over what will happen after China rises and how the United States should deal with China’s ascent, we focus on exploring China’s strategic choices in the course of ascent, i.e., how China can rise peacefully? Borrowing insights from the bargaining theory of international conflicts, we argue that China needs to alleviate the information and commitment problems if it intends to rise peacefully. Since 1990, China has conducted two major diplomatic strategies to ensure its peaceful rise: signaling its intentions across the Taiwan Strait and binding its economic and security commitments through various institutions. In the next 20 years, China needs to continue sending a credible signal to the outside world about its peaceful intentions. China should conduct its “core interest diplomacy” with great caution and the core-interest list should be limited and constrained in order to be credible and convincing. In addition, China should initiate a security-community- building process with its neighboring states to strengthen its peaceful rise commitments.
Gliotoxin-induced swelling of astrocytes hinders diffusion in brain extracellular space via formation of dead-space microdomains.

One of the hallmarks of numerous life-threatening and debilitating brain diseases is cellular swelling that negatively impacts extracellular space (ECS) structure. The ECS structure is determined by two macroscopic parameters, namely tortuosity (λ) and volume fraction (α). Tortuosity represents hindrance imposed on the diffusing molecules by the tissue in comparison with an obstacle-free medium. Volume fraction is the proportion of tissue volume occupied by the ECS. From a clinical perspective, it is essential to recognize which factors determine the ECS parameters and how these factors change in brain diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that dead-space (DS) microdomains increased λ during ischemia and hypotonic stress, as these pocket-like structures transiently trapped diffusing molecules. We hypothesize that astrocytes play a key role in the formation of DS microdomains because their thin processes have concave shapes that may elongate as astrocytes swell in these pathologies. Here we selectively swelled astrocytes in the somatosensory neocortex of rat brain slices with a gliotoxin DL-α-Aminoadipic Acid (DL-AA), and we quantified the ECS parameters using Integrative Optical Imaging (IOI) and Real-Time Iontophoretic (RTI) diffusion methods. We found that α decreased and λ increased during DL-AA application. During recovery, α was restored whereas λ remained elevated. Increase in λ during astrocytic swelling and recovery is consistent with the formation of DS microdomains. Our data attribute to the astrocytes an important role in determining the ECS parameters, and indicate that extracellular diffusion can be improved not only by reducing the swelling but also by disrupting the DS microdomains.
Clinical applications of bioactive milk components

Milk represents a unique resource for translational medicine: It contains a rich pool of biologically active molecules with demonstrated clinical benefits. The ongoing characterization of the mechanistic process through which milk components promote development and immunity has revealed numerous milk-derived compounds with potential applications as clinical therapies in infectious and inflammatory disease, cancer, and other conditions. Lactoferrin is an effective antimicrobial and antiviral agent in high-risk patient populations and a potentially potent adjuvant to chemotherapy in lung cancer. Enteric nutrition formulas supplemented with transforming growth factor β, a milk cytokine, have been shown to promote remission in pediatric Crohn's disease. A number of milk glycans, including human milk oligosaccharides, show promise in preclinical studies as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. While active preclinical investigations of human milk may soon result in large-scale production of human milk molecules, bovine milk components in many instances represent a practical source of bioactive milk compounds for use in clinical trials. This review summarizes current efforts to translate the compounds derived from human and bovine milk into effective clinical therapies. These efforts suggest a common pathway for the translation of milk-derived compounds into clinical applications.
Response: The Jewish (Prophetic) Prison

In my response to Oren Ben-Dor's article, I evaluate his understanding of the problematic of Jewishness. For many Jews and non-Jews alike, Ben-Dor's understandings and how he applies them to the Israeli-Palestinian crisis and the larger Jewish ‘question,’ are no-go areas. Ben-Dor should not be dismissed so easily. With other Israeli Jews, he is part of a novum in Jewish history: Jews who leave an empowered Jewish community because of the injustice caused by that power. In a strange twist, Ben-Dor's Jewishness, which he believes causes so much difficulty for Jews and the world, is the place from which the Jewish prophetic – and his thought – emerges.
Staying Put: Off-the-Job Embeddedness as a Moderator of the Relationship Between On-the-job Embeddedness and Turnover Intentions

This study examined the relationship between two forms of embeddedness and turnover intentions using a sample of 1,189 employees of a government agency and an additional sample of 346 nurses at a h...
Is Faith an Emotion?: Faith as a Meaning-Making Affective Process: An Example From Breast Cancer Patients

To understand the meaning of religious faith within the context of theobiology, this study reports on the findings of a study of breast cancer (BC) patients and how they defined faith with emotion words and reported via open-ended short narratives how religious faith helped them in coping with their BC. When defining faith, BC patients preferred positive emotion words (82.9%) over negative emotion words (17%). Still, the fact that negative emotion words were used at all indicates the need to understand religious faith as a construct that encompasses negative as well as positive emotions. BC patients confirmed the historical views of Thomas Aquinas on the role of emotions in religious faith.
On the physics of the marine controlled-source electromagnetic method

We examine the underlying physics of the marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) method through the use of cross-sectional plots of the vector-current density. A systematic comparison of the cross-sectional current-density distribution within uniform and reservoir-bearing seafloor models reveals that the method induces detectable reservoir responses at the seafloor for source-receiver offsets that are frequency dependent. Higher frequencies generally result in larger anomalous differences between the two models at shorter offsets up to a frequency where induced currents no longer effectively interact with the reservoir due to electromagnetic (EM) attenuation. At zero and low frequencies, the less-attenuated background EM fields mask the reservoir response, although large induced currents are normally incident upon the reservoir. The reservoir response is also masked at larger offsets and/or in shallow environments by theairwave that can be thought of as energy diffusing up and down through the sea...
Thermal and mechanical properties of solution polymerized segmented polyurethanes with butadiene soft segments

Abstract A series of HTPBD containing polyurethanes of high molecular weight have been synthesized in solution. The value of the soft segment Tg is very close to that of the free HTPBD and independent of hard segment content indicating complete or very nearly complete phase segregation. Since the hard segments of TDI/BDO are amorphous, the driving force for phase segregation must arise from the large degree of incompatibility between the polar hard segment and nonpolar soft segment. Furthermore, in these samples there is also no opportunity for hydrogen bonding between hard and soft segments to enhance compatibility. The values of the hard segment glass transition increase with the average hard segment length following a Fox-Flory type relationship. In contrast to the segment Tg observed in bulk polymerized samples, only a single hard segment Tg occurred in the present study. This indicates that the double Tg behaviour is a result of the heterogeneous nature of the bulk polymerization. With increasing hard segment content, the properties vary from soft to rigid elastomers, and rubber roughened plastics. This variation in properties is caused by changes in the sample morphology which depends upon the relative fractions of hard and soft segments. Mechanical properties show marked improvement over the corresponding bulk polymerized samples. Unlike polyester and polyether urethanes, these materials evidence no change in the soft segment Tg following thermal treatment and no effect of thermal history on the mechanical properties.
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A exploits Notch1 to alter B-cell identity in vivo

Expression of latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2A) during B-cell development leads to global alterations in gene transcription similar to those seen in Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Along with the consistent detection of LMP2A in Epstein-Barr virus–associated HL, this implicates a role for LMP2A in the pathogenesis of HL. We have shown that LMP2A constitutively activates the Notch1 pathway to autoregulate the LMP2A promoter. To determine whether constitutive activation of the Notch pathway is important for LMP2A-mediated alterations in B-cell development in vivo, TgE-LMP2A–transgenic mice were intercrossed with mice expressing loxP-flanked Notch1 genes and Cre recombinase. B cells from TgE Notch1lox/lox-CD19+/Cre mice have an increase in immunoglobulin M and CD43 and a decrease in CD5 expression in the bone marrow compared with TgE Notch1lox/lox mice, indicating the LMP2A signal for developmental aberrations is impaired in the absence of Notch1. Real-time reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction analysis reveals that LMP2A requires the Notch1 pathway to alter levels of B cell–specific transcription factors, E2A and EBF. Interestingly, Notch1 appears to be important for LMP2A-mediated survival in low interleukin-7. We propose that LMP2A and the Notch1 pathway may cooperate to induce the alterations in B-cell identity seen in Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells.
Assessment of cerebral oxygenation using near infrared spectroscopy during isovolemic hemodilution in pediatric patients.

One means of limiting the need for allogeneic blood transfusions is isovolemic hemodilution where blood is removed in the operating room and replaced with isotonic fluids to maintain euvolemia. Although the delivery of oxygen to the tissues is generally maintained by compensatory physiologic mechanisms, there are limited data evaluating tissue oxygenation in actual clinical practice. The current study evaluates the effects of isovolemic hemodilution on cerebral oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS was monitored and isovolemic hemodilution achieved in 12 pediatric patients who ranged in age from 12 to 16 years. After anesthetic induction, isovolemic hemodilution was carried out by phlebotomy and the collection of blood which was replaced with colloid to achieve a final hematocrit of 25–30%. There was no statistically significant change in heart rate, mean arterial pressure or central venous pressure during isovolemic hemodilution. The baseline cerebral oximeter obtained after the induction of anesthesia was 81±8 on the right and 82±7 on the left. At the completion of isovolemic hemodilution, the cerebral saturations were 77±10 on the right and 78±8 on the left. No patient had a decreased in cerebral oxygenation of greater than 10 during isovolemic hemodilution. The greatest decrease in the cerebral oximeter reading during isovolemic hemodilution was 8. Our data provides preliminary evidence supporting the safety of moderate isovolemic hemodilution in a pediatric population. We found that cerebral oxygenation is well maintained by compensatory mechanisms. Modalities such as NIRS to monitor end-organ oxygenation may be particularly valuable in patients with co-morbid disease processes which may affect end organ oxygenation or prevent the compensatory mechanisms that maintain oxygen delivery during anemia.
Adolescent pregnancy testing: Which test to use

In order to study the sensitivity and efficiency of five pregnancy tests, we evaluated four types of urine tests in 162 adolescent girls in whom pregnancy was suspected; a serum test was performed in 46 of them. We found that (1) an increase in sensitivity occurred at the expense of specificity, (2) the quantitation of the β -subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in serum proved to be the most reliable test for pregnancy, and (3) the latex agglutination inhibition tube test (Placentex) was the most accurate of the four types of urine tests evaluated. We concluded that for adolescents, the serum pregnancy test is the preferred test, but when it is not available, the urine latex agglutination inhibition tube test offers the most reliable alternative.
COMPARISON OF APA AND TURABIAN REFERENCE STYLES ON READERS' RECALL AND PREFERENCE

This study compared the ability of readers to recall references when two different styles, Turabian and American Psychological Association, were both presented to subjects in a counterbalanced design. Also an attitude scale was administered to determine readers' preferences for the two styles. The results showed no significant differences either in recall or preference due to the sequence of styles. Implications regarding the cost of typing manuscripts are offered.
ZINC STATUS OF PREGNANT ALCOHOLIC WOMEN: A DETERMINANT OF FETAL OUTCOME

Abstract The zinc status of 25 alcoholic and 25 non-alcoholic pregnant women was measured and correlated with fetal outcome. The volume index of alcohol consumption and the Michigan Alcoholic Screening Test were used to define alcoholic women. The alcoholic women had significantly lower plasma-zinc levels than the non-alcoholic women (50·7 versus 72·2 μg/dl). Fetal cordplasma zinc levels were also lower in the offspring of alcoholic women (65·5 versus 81·3 μg/dl). Manifestation of fetal dysmorphogenesis appears to relate to zinc status.
Neuroscience: obsessed with grooming.

Roughly 2% of humans suffer from obsessive compulsive disorder, but a lack of animal models has impeded research into this condition. Could a genetically engineered mouse model provide an exciting lead?
A solver for the network testbed mapping problem

Network experiments of many types, especially emulation, require the ability to map virtual resources requested by an experimenter onto available physical resources. These resources include hosts, routers, switches, and the links that connect them. Experimenter requests, such as nodes with special hardware or software, must be satisfied, and bottleneck links and other scarce resources in the physical topology should be conserved when physical resources are shared. In the face of these constraints, this mapping becomes an NP-hard problem. Yet, in order to prevent mapping time from becoming a serious hindrance to experimentation, this process cannot consume an excessive amount of time.In this paper, we explore this problem, which we call the network testbed mapping problem.We describe the interesting challenges that characterize it, and explore its applications to emulation and other spaces, such as distributed simulation. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a solver for this problem, which is in production use on the Netbed shared network testbed. Our solver builds on simulated annealing to find very good solutions in a few seconds for our historical workload, and scales gracefully on large well-connected synthetic topologies.
Chronic treatment with clozapine selectively decreases basal dopamine release in nucleus accumbens but not in caudate-putamen as measured by in vivo brain microdialysis: Further evidence for depolarization block

Abstract As measured using in vivo brain microdialysis in conscious freely-moving rats, chronic treatment (20 mg/kg/day i.p. for 21 days) with the clinically atypical neurolepic clozapine selectively reduced basal dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) but not in caudate-putamen (CPu). Apomorphine (100 μg/kg s.c.) enhanced presynaptic Acb DA release in clozapine-treated rats, but reduced Acb DA release in vehicle-treated rats. These findings provide further evidence that depolarization block of mesolimbic DA neurons projecting to Acb but not of nigrostriatal DA neurons projecting to CPu may underlie clozapine's unusual clinical efficacy and its lack of production of extrapyramidal motoric effects.
Gel Filtration of proteins at acid pH Application to molecular weight estimation of myelin basic proteins

Abstract The chromatographic behavior of myelin basic proteins on Sephadex G-100 in 0.01 M HCl has been compared with that of a wide variety of well-known proteins. The relationship between elution volume and molecular weight of all the proteins studied was found to be influenced by the presence of disulfide bonds and the charge density of the molecule. Reduction of disulfide bonds in cystine-containing proteins resulted in a marked drop in their elution volumes, a result compatible with a large increase in their Stokes radii. The relationship between elution volume and molecular weight of cystine-free proteins was dependent upon the charge density of the molecule: proteins having a mean charge per residue of 0.153-0.30 had a lower elution volume for a given molecular weight than did those with a mean charge per residue of 0.085-0.130. Proteins in the former group–lysine-rich histone, apomyoglobin, hemoglobin chains, reduced ribonuclease, and cytochrome c -were used for calibration of the column for determination of the molecular weight of the myelin basic proteins. The elution volumes of the calibration proteins were linearly related to the logarithm of their molecular weights as well as to the logarithm of the number of residues in their polypeptide chains. With this calibration, the molecular weights of myelin basic proteins of man, ox, rabbit, guinea pig, and the larger of the two rat myelin basic proteins were all found to be 16 800 ± 400; the smaller of the two rat proteins had a molecular weight of 14 300 ± 300. The number of residues in the polypeptide chains was 154 ± 5 and 128 ±4, respectively.
Neonatal loss of γ–aminobutyric acid pathway expression after human perinatal brain injury

Object Perinatal brain injury leads to chronic neurological deficits in children. Damage to the premature brain produces white matter lesions (WMLs), but the impact on cortical development is less well defined. Gamma–aminobutyric acid(GABA)ergic neurons destined for the cerebral cortex migrate through the developing white matter and form the subplate during late gestation. The authors hypothesized that GABAergic neurons are vulnerable to perinatal systemic insults in premature infants, and that damage to these neurons contributes to impaired cortical development. Methods An immunohistochemical analysis involving markers for oligodendrocytes, GABAergic neurons, axons, and apoptosis was performed on a consecutive series of 15 human neonatal telencephalon samples obtained postmortem from infants born at 25 to 32 weeks of gestation. The tissue samples were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of WMLs by performing routine histological analyses. The expression of GABAergic neurons was compa...
Analysis of post-transplant immune status in recipients of liver/bone marrow allografts.

The aims of this study were to assess the effect of donor bone marrow infusion on the reactivity of recipient peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to mitogen and to donor and third-party cells after primary liver allotransplantation and to identify any correlation between altered immunoreactivity and HLA mismatches, occurrence of rejection, and immunosuppression. The immunoreactivity of recipient PBL toward frozen donor splenocytes was evaluated in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) (n = 29) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) (n = 27) assays in time intervals ranging from 0.7 to 27 months after transplant. Overall, the mean anti-donor MLC stimulation index (SI) fell from 25.6 ± 5.2 preoperatively to 4.8 ± 1.7 after transplantation (p < 0.002), with 14 out of 29 (48.3%) patients developing donor-specific MLC hyporeactivity. HLA class II mismatches were significantly associated with recipient post-transplant immune profile (p < 0.05): MLC donor specific hyporesponsiveness was observed in 70%, versus 37% of patients who shared a class II antigen, versus those that did not. Of the control group, 61.1% developed donor-specific nonreactivity versus 27.2% in the donor bone marrow cells (DBMC) group (p = 0.02). Donor-specific CML hyporeactivity was observed after transplantation, independent of DBMC infusion, with mean percentage values of pre- and post-transplant donor-specific lysis of 22.4% ± 4.1% versus 3.1% ± 1.6%, p = 0.0004, respectively. Our results suggest that DBMC infusion favors development of nonspecific MLC hyporesponsiveness to donor and third-party alloantigen, with maintenance of reactivity to mitogen and no additional effect on T-cell cytotoxicity.
Increased prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

This study was designed to assess the prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the magnitude of any effects of right-to-left interatrial PFO shunting on systemic arterial oxygen desaturation after the Valsalva maneuver. The prevalence of PFO was compared between a group of 20 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (FEV1% 70%; FEV1/FVC >70%) by contrast transesophageal echocardiography during the Valsalva maneuver with simultaneous measurement of systemic arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) by pulse oximetry. Patients with severe COPD (FEV1 = 27.2% +/- 8.4%; FEV1 /FVC = 44.3% +/- 11.0%) had a significantly higher pulmonary artery systolic pressure (38.3 +/- 7.3 vs 21.0 +/- 2.4 mm Hg; P <.005), higher prevalence of PFO (14/20 = 70% vs 7/20 = 35%; P <.05), and greater systemic arterial desaturation after Valsalva (Sao2 change: -2.6% +/- 1.4% vs -1.1% +/- 0.9%; P <.005) than control subjects. In the severe COPD group, the degree of systemic arterial desaturation after Valsalva in patients with PFO was significantly greater than in patients without PFO (Sao2 change: -3.1% +/- 1.4% vs -1.5% +/- 0. 5%; P <.05). Significant systemic arterial oxygen desaturation was observed after Valsalva in 45% of patients with interatrial PFO shunting and severe COPD. This significantly correlated with the degree of pulmonary hypertension (r = 0.6; P <.05). We conclude (1) that patients with severe COPD have an increased prevalence of PFO and (2) that approximately one half of subjects with severe COPD and PFO demonstrate statistically significant systemic arterial oxygen desaturation after the Valsalva maneuver.
History, power and visual communication artefacts

AbstractThe role visual communication plays in disciplining and governing our thoughts, identities and behaviours has seldom been given the attention it deserves in historical investigation. This article argues that visual communication artefacts are a valuable source of historical evidence, particularly for historians who are interested in the interplay of ideology and power. Artefacts are approached from the epistemological position that they cannot be value neutral. The countless artefacts we see and use in daily life constantly reinforce or contradict our beliefs, values and self-identities. It is in reaction to this constant push and pull with the artefacts around us that we form, maintain and re-form our understandings of the world and of ourselves. This article presents a theory of how visual communication artefacts are imbued with the governance ideologies of the time and place in which they were created. It argues that visual communication artefacts disseminate governance ideologies through time ...
The NBT slide test: A simple screening method for detecting chronic granulomatous disease and female carriers+

With a simple nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) slide test, six new cases of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) were detected during a 10 month period. Over 90 per cent of normal granulocytes, isolated from a drop of capillary blood by adherence to an endotoxin-coated coverslip, are converted to large blue NBT-positive cells if incubated with a solution of NBT. No NBT-positive cells were detected in five male and two female patients with CGD. Two brothers with a CGD variant showed 10 to 30 per cent NBT-positive cells, when endotoxin-coated slides were used. Approximately one half of the white cells from carrier mothers and carrier sisters of the male patients were NBT negative. The mother of two girls with CGD had a normal NBT slide test, suggesting an autosomal recessive inheritance.
Burst noise in the HAWAII-1RG multiplexer

Burst noise (also known as popcorn noise and random telegraph signal/noise) is a phenomenon that is understood to be a result of defects in the vicinity of a p-n junction. It is characterized by rapid level shifts in both positive and negative directions and can have varying magnitudes. This noise has been seen in both HAWAII-1RG and HAWAII-2RG multiplexers and is under investigation. We have done extensive burst noise testing on a HAWAII-1RG multiplexer, where we have determined a significant percentage of pixels exhibit the phenomenon. In addition, the prevalence of small magnitude transitions make sensitivity of detection the main limiting factor. Since this is a noise source for the HAWAII-1RG multiplexer, its elimination would make the HAWAII-1RG and the HAWAII-2RG even lower noise multiplexers.
The carotenoid pigmentation of Pleuroncodes planipes stimpson (Crustacea: Decapoda: Galatheidae

Abstract 1. 1. The carotenoid pigments found in Pleuroncodes planipes were β-carotene, two esters of astaxanthin. 2. 2. Pigment yields were estimated to be from 8·3 to 9·9 mg/100 g of whole animal. 3. 3. P. planipes appears to be a good source of carotenoids for fishes which can utilize dietary astaxanthin.
EARLY NEOGENE BIOCHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY OF POHANG BASIN : A PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC RESPONSE TO THE EARLY OPENING OF THE SEA OF JAPAN (EAST SEA)

Abstract The location of the Pohang Basin near the Korea Strait in the southwest of the Sea of Japan (East Sea) makes this area appropriate for providing a record of paleoenvironmental/biotic changes associated with the early Neogene (∼16.5 Ma) opening of this gateway to the Pacific Ocean. Stable isotopic and planktonic foraminiferal records are presented that assist with the understanding of paleoenvironmental changes in the Sea of Japan resulting from the opening of the Korea Strait. The oldest sediments of early Neogene age of the Pohang Basin overlie Cretaceous basement and are Early Miocene (>∼16.5 Ma) shallow, estuarine facies containing a benthic foraminiferal assemblage dominated by Ammonia beccarii (L.). The oldest early Neogene planktonic foraminiferal assemblages in the basin are ∼16.5 Ma in age (latest Early Miocene foraminiferal zone N8). The migration of these planktonic assemblages to the Sea of Japan at that time appears to have resulted from the initial opening of the Korea Strait. The overlying early Neogene marine sequence of the Pohang Basin extends from 16.5 Ma (Zone N8) through 14 Ma (Zone N10). Change in the oxygen isotopic record of the Pohang Basin sequence suggests strong local paleoenvironmental control related to the early opening of the Korea Strait. Early Middle Miocene isotopic temperatures of planktonic foraminifera are relatively cool at ∼15 Ma at a time when global temperatures were high in the middle/low latitude regions. It was not until 14.8 Ma that isotopic temperatures of planktonic foraminifera increased markedly. This distinct warming is inferred to reflect the major intrusion of the Kuroshio Current into the Sea of Japan probably as a result of further critical opening and deepening of the Korea Strait. At this time planktonic foraminifera increased in abundance reflecting expanding oceanic influence. A cooling that followed at ∼14.5 Ma, when the strait was well open is unlikely to reflect local tectonic control on the paleoceanography, but global cooling during the early Middle Miocene associated with the expansion of the East Antarctic ice sheet.
Postentry Restriction of Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus in Mouse Cells

Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) is a prototypical betaretrovirus responsible for simian AIDS (SAIDS) in rhesus macaques. It has been shown previously that mouse cells are resistant to infection by HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses. However, the susceptibility of mouse cells to primate retroviruses such as M-PMV remains unexplored. In the present study, using single-round green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter viruses, we showed that various mouse cell lines are unable to support the early stages of M-PMV replication. The block to infection occurs postentry and is independent of the viral envelope. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we showed that the block to infection occurs after reverse transcription but before formation of circular DNA or proviral DNA. Finally, we showed that the M-PMV block in mouse cells is not attributable to the previously characterized mouse restriction factor Fv1. Overall, these findings suggest that mouse cells exhibit a previously uncharacterized block to M-PMV infection. IMPORTANCE Here we document a novel postentry restriction to M-PMV infection in mouse cells. The block occurs after reverse transcription but before the formation of circular or proviral DNA and is independent of the previous characterized mouse restriction factor Fv1.
A unified view of bulk property theories for stochastic and periodic media

The response of a continuum characterized by two widely differing length scales, parameterized by the dimensionless ratioe, is considered in the context of the composite materials problem. The development of a bulk property theory appropriate in thee → 0 limit is examined both from the perspective of the deterministic homogenization literature and the smoothing method associated with statistical continuum theory and a unified framework established. The extension of bulk property theories through the development of ordered expansions in powers ofe is discussed and specifically related to analogous treatments in linear-gas relaxation theory. Finally, the projection operator techniques of homogenization and smoothing are compared to a proper two-scale perturbation analysis.
Negro Variant of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (A-) in Man

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes of the Negro type associated with enzyme deficiency (A(-)) was separated by chromatography on a carboxymethyl-Sephadex column from the electrophoretically indistinguishable Negro variant with normal enzyme activity (A(+)). Quantitative immunologic neutralization tests indicated that the A(-) enzyme had about the same enzymatic and serological activity as the A(+) and the normal (B(+)) enzymes. The enzyme activity of the A(-) variant in young erythrocytes was similar to that in young cells from normal individuals, although the activity of the A(-) variant in unfractionated red cells was 10 to 15 percent of normal. These data indicate that the basic defect in the variant enzyme (A(-)) is a structural mutation which causes more rapid degradation of the enzyme during erythrocyte aging.
Simultaneous sensitivity analysis for observational studies using full matching or matching with multiple controls

In a matched observational study, a sensitivity analysis asks how the conclusions of the study would change if the matching had failed to adjust for an unobserved covariate with particular attributes. A ‘simultaneous’ sensitivity analysis characterizes the unobserved covariate u in terms of two sensitivity parameters which relate u to treatment and to response. In a previous paper, we proposed a simultaneous sensitivity analysis for matched pairs. The current paper extends this to matching with multiple controls and to full matching, using the technique of asymptotic separability. An example concerns the possibility that the military caused an increase in smoking by soldiers by various programs that subsidized cigarettes.
Effect of ethanol on γ-vinyl GABA-induced GABA accumulation in the substantia nigra and on synaptosomal GABA content in six rat brain regions

Abstract Two recently developed methods for estimating changes in presynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) homeostasis were used for the first time to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic ethanol treatments on GABA utilization. GABA accumulation in the left substantia nigra zona reticulata (SNR) following unilateral microinjection of γ-vinyl GABA (GVG; 5 μg) was linear for at least 180 min while GABA concentrations in the uninjected right SNR did not change over this period. Net GABA accumulation (left minus right SNR) also increased linearly over this interval. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) admministration of ethanol (0.3, 1 or 3 g/kg) 15 min after GVG microinjection did not significantly change either the rate of GABA accumulation in left SNR, the net GABA accumulated or the concentration of GABA in the uninjected right SNR relative to saline injected controls over the 45-min test interval. Likewise, GABA accumulation in the left SNR or steady-state GABA concentrations in the right SNR of chronically intoxicated rats or physically dependent animals withdrawn from ethanol for 12 h did not change significantly from that of dextrose-fed controls. In a separate study, the effects of acute and chronic ethanol treatments on the concentration of GABA in synaptosomes isolated from the frontal cortex, hippocampus, tectum, striatum, cerebellum or brainstem were determined. Thirty min after acute treatment with ethanol (0.5, 1, 2 or 4 g/kg, i.p.) the concentration of GABA in synaptosomes from any of these brain regions was not significantly altered. Furthermore, chronic ethanol treatment sufficient to induced physical dependence and a severe ethanol withdrawal syndrome also did not significantly modify synaptosomal GABA concentrations. The present results do not support a role for changes in the availability of presynaptic GABA in either the acute or chronic central nervous system actions of ethanol.
The formation and clay mineral reactions of melanoidins

Abstract Sugars and amino acids condense readily to form polymers known as melanoidins that closely resemble natural humic substances. In this study melanoidins are formed by reacting glucose with each of three amino acids: glutamic acid, valine and lysine. The basic amino acid, lysine, reacts with glucose at a much greater rate than either of the other two compounds. The chemical properties of the melanoidins are strongly influenced by the amino acid from which they are formed. The nitrogen contents, acidities and electrophoretic behavior of the polymers all reflect functional group distributions inherited from the amino acids. These chemical differences strongly influence the extent of association of the melanoidins with kaolinite and montmorillonite clay minerals. Laboratory simulations suggest that melanoidin formation may be favored in marine environments where basic amino acids should preferentially condense with sugars to form nitrogen-rich polymers that have a great affinity for clay mineral surfaces.
RT-PCR Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 193. Joe O’Connell, ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2002, 378 pp., $99.50, hardcover. ISBN 0-89603-875-0.

The Methods in Molecular Biology series from Humana Press covers a wide range of topics in molecular biology, focusing on practical methods. RT-PCR Protocols consists of 27 chapters of methods and applications using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The contributing authors are mostly from Ireland and Europe, with some contributions from Japan and the US. The editor contributes six chapters. The book is divided into several parts, including “Highly Sensitive Detection and …
Standardized Students: The Problems With Writing for Tests Instead of People

The author questions whether literacy assessment is best undertaken in the form of standardized tests given to huge groups of students in high-stakes situations. There is a growing sense that the point of literacy education—of all education—is to administer standardized assessments and provide rankings rather than learning. However, concerns about increasing reliance on standardized testing in literacy education are about more than questionable methods of assessment and measurement: What effect does the unrelenting emphasis on standardized literacy testing have on students' perception of the purposes and possibilities of literacy? By extension, what effect does such testing have on their perception of the possibilities for themselves as readers and writers?
Myotonic Dystrophy: RNA Pathogenesis Comes into Focus

Myotonic dystrophy (DM)—the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults, affecting 1/8,000 individuals—is a dominantly inherited disorder with a peculiar and rare pattern of multisystemic clinical features affecting skeletal muscle, the heart, the eye, and the endocrine system. Two genetic loci have been associated with the DM phenotype: DM1, on chromosome 19, and DM2, on chromosome 3. In 1992, the mutation responsible for DM1 was identified as a CTG expansion located in the 3′ untranslated region of the dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase gene (DMPK). How this untranslated CTG expansion causes myotonic dystrophy type 1(DM1) has been controversial. The recent discovery that myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is caused by an untranslated CCTG expansion, along with other discoveries on DM1 pathogenesis, indicate that the clinical features common to both diseases are caused by a gain-of-function RNA mechanism in which the CUG and CCUG repeats alter cellular function, including alternative splicing of various genes. We discuss the pathogenic mechanisms that have been proposed for the myotonic dystrophies, the clinical and molecular features of DM1 and DM2, and the characterization of murine and cell-culture models that have been generated to better understand these diseases.