cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revitalizing the Field of Educational Foundations and PK-20 Educators' Commitment to Social Justice and Issues of Equity in an Age of Neoliberalism.

In this article, we situate the imminent extinction of educational foundations within larger macro contexts, including the corporate control of knowledge production, the marginalization of critical academics who challenge the social, economic, and political status quos, and the global (United States in particular) economic recession. We also reaffirm why the field of educational foundations is important for this particular historical moment. In an effort to fight neoliberalism's stranglehold on PK–20 education, we provide guideposts for other like-minded critical educators. Specifically, these guideposts speak to why educational foundations are (despite their maltreatment and marginalization) an integral part to PK–12 teacher preparation and provide a call to action requiring educational foundations faculty members to inform those who still do not know that schools serve to reinforce the existing power, political, race, and economic relations.
Attachment, Emotional Regulation, and the Function of Marital Violence: Differences Between Secure, Preoccupied, and Dismissing Violent and Nonviolent Husbands

The purpose of this study was to investigate behavioral differences among nonviolent, unhappily married husbands and violent husbands with different attachment classifications on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; Main and Goldwyn, 1994). Twenty-three Domestically Violent (DV) husbands and 13 maritally distressed but non-violent (DNV) husbands were interviewed using the AAI. Violent husbands (74%) were more likely than the distressed/nonviolent husbands (38%) to be classified into one of the insecure categories on the AAI. As predicted, during laboratory arguments with their wives, dismissing husbands were the most controlling and distancing, and preoccupied husbands the least distancing, during marital interactions. Secure husbands were significantly more defensive than the two insecure types. Sequential analyses of reports of violent arguments at home revealed different patterns among different types of batterers. For the preoccupied batterers only, wife withdrawal was a significant predictor of husband violence. For the dismissing batterer only, wife defensiveness was a significant precursor to husband violence. It is theorized that preoccupied batterers' violence and emotional abuse is related to expressive violence in response to abandonment fears; whereas dismissing batterers use instrumental violence to assert their authority and to control their wives. The overlap between this and other typologies of violent men is explored.
Cell-associated infectious HIV-1 viral load as a predictor of clinical progression and survival among HIV-1 infected injection drug users and homosexual men

Cell-associated infectious HIV-1 viral load was measured using semi-quantitative microculture techniques to determine its predictive capability for progression to AIDS or survival among HIV-1 infected injecting drug users (IDU) and homosexual men (HM). The authors followed 296 IDU and 240 HM from February 1992 through September 1995 for: (i) death, (ii) AIDS, and (iii) AIDS or bacterial infection. At baseline, viral load was quantified using microculture techniques to determine infectious units per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells (IUPM). Data were analyzed using standard statistical methods for survival analysis. Of the 536 total participants, 106 died (20%), and 98 of the 481 AIDS-free participants developed AIDS (20%). The relative hazard of AIDS for a viral load of ≥100 IUPM, relative to a negative culture (0 IUPM), was 6.73 (95% CI: 2.23–20.3) after adjusting for risk group, initial CD4+ count, and other covariates. The adjusted relative hazard of death for a viral load of 100 IUPM vs. 0 IUPM was 2.57 (95% CI: 0.97–6.80). Viral load predicted time to death within the <200 cells/μl CD4+ stratum. The predictive value of viral load on HIV-1 progression did not vary by risk group. These data show that cell associated infectious HIV-1 viral load was significantly predictive of progression across risk groups for AIDS and death among those severely immune compromised.
When Does a Self-Serving Antitrust Authority Act in Society's Best Interests?

If an antitrust authority chooses policies to maximize the number of successfully prosecuted cartels, when do those policies also serve to minimize the number of cartels that form? When the detection and prosecution of cartels is inherently difficult, we find that an antitrust authorityi¯s policies minimize the number of cartels, as is socially desirable. But when the detection and prosecution of cartels is not difficult, an antitrust authority is not aggressive enough in that it prosecutes too few cartel cases.
Empirical Bayes estimators for the reproduction parameter of Borel-Tanner distribution

We construct empirical Bayes estimators for the reproduction parameter of Borel-Tanner distribution assuming LINEX loss and prove their asymptotic optimality. Some properties of the estimators regret risk are illustrated through simulations.
Children's Eye Movements in Reading: A Commentary.

Issues related to research on children's eye movements during reading are discussed. Specifically, the following topics are addressed: (1) basic methodological issues, (2) prior research findings o...
Translating human biology (introduction to special issue).

Objectives Introducing a special issue on “Translating Human Biology,” we pose two basic questions: Is human biology addressing the most critical challenges facing our species? How can the processes of translating our science be improved and innovated? Methods We analyze articles published in American Journal of Human Biology from 2004–2013, and find there is very little human biological consideration of issues related to most of the core human challenges such as water, energy, environmental degradation, or conflict. There is some focus on disease, and considerable focus on food/nutrition. We then introduce this special volume with reference to the following articles that provide exemplars for the process of how translation and concern for broader context and impacts can be integrated into research. Conclusions Human biology has significant unmet potential to engage more fully in translation for the public good, through consideration of the topics we focus on, the processes of doing our science, and the way we present our domain expertise. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:1–5, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classical dynamics for charged particles

The requirement that there be zero net electromagnetic energy-momentum flux passing through a spherical surface of radiusr0 bounding and comoving with a stable charge-current distribution leads to a new classical equation of motion for the center point of the distribution. For any spherically symmetric distribution of chargeq, rest massm, in the nonrelativistic limit the new motion equation reduces to the Abraham-Lorentz equation, with Lorentz external force, for all external fields with wavelengths λ≫r0, and field strengths ≪|q|/r02, providedr0=2q2/3mc2. Only retarded fields are used.
New Premises and New Tools for Medical Care and Education

New information tools enable us to leave behind a world of medical practice in which providers of all sorts have been allowed to operate in the face of avoidable ignorance-ignorance of many relevant details from the medical literature as well as ignorance of details about a given patient. Furthermore, the new tools release providers and patients alike from the "predictable and undesirable internal constraints" of the unaided human mind as it tries to process vast amounts of information in the course of everyday medical care.
Role of Protein Synthesis in Amino Acid Catabolism

Except for branched chain amino acids, the site of indispensable amino acid degradation is the liver. Location of amino acid degradation capacity in a single organ may play an important role in the reutilization of amino acids derived from protein turnover. The importance of preferential utilization of amino acids for protein synthesis on catabolism of amino acids is demonstrated in two ways. First, by minimal oxidation of an amino acid at dietary concentrations below that required for maximum gain followed by a near proportionate oxidation with increased dietary level, and second, by increased oxidation of an indispensable amino acid when another amino acid limits protein synthesis. A direct effect of protein synthesis on amino acid catabolism can be shown by a marked increase in amino acid catabolism when protein synthesis is inhibited.
Phase separation and stripe formation in the two-dimensional t − J model: A comparison of numerical results

We make a critical analysis of numerical results for and against phase separation and stripe formation in the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model. We argue that the frustrated phase separation mechanism for stripe formation requires phase separation at too high a doping for it to be consistent with existing numerical studies of the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model. We compare variational energies for various methods, and conclude that the most accurate calculations for large systems appear to be from the density-matrix renormalization group. These calculations imply that the ground state of the doped $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model is striped, not phase separated.
Studies of the oxovanadium-organophosphonate system. The synthesis and crystal structure of (Et3NH)2 [(VO)2(acac)2(O3PCH2PO3)]

Abstract The reaction of [VO(acac)2], methylenediphosphonic acid and triethylamine in acetonitrile at 110°C for 60 h yields (Et3NH)2-[(VO)2(acac)2(O3PCH2PO3)] (1). The structure of 1 consists of two {VO(acac)} moieties linked by a methylenediphosphonate group in the bisbidentate bridging mode. The {(VO)2(O3PCH2PO3)} core of 1 provides a fundamental structural motif for one-dimensional oxovanadium methylenediphosphonate phases. Crystal data: C23H48N2O12P2V2: orthorhombic P22121, a = 9.767(2), b = 17.189(3), c = 20.736(4) A , V = 3481.3(12) A 3 , Z = 4, Dcalc = 1.35 g cm−3; structure solution and refinement based on 2022 reflections converged at R = 0.068.
Immunotherapy with antibody, lymphocytes and transfer factor in chronic hepatitis B

Abstract The efficacy of adoptively transferred humoral and cell-mediated immunity in chronic hepatitis B infection was studied in three patients. The first patient with renal failure and chronic active hepatitis received high titered human antibody to the hepatitis B antigen. The second, an asymptomatic chronic antigen carrier, received “immune” lymphocytes and transfer factor (which was not tested for biologic activity in a normal recipient) prepared from the same collection of cells. In the third patient who had acquired hepatitis B from her mother at birth, transfer factor prepared from maternal leukocytes was given on two occasions. Clinically, there was no change in the first patient's liver function despite transient descreases in hepatitis B antigen and increases in antibody titers. Coexistent antigen and antibody persisted for over 4 mo. In the second patient, the immune lymphocytes induced biochemical signs of transient acute hepatitis associated with increased antigen levels, whereas transfer factor did not have an effect. In the third patient, maternal transfer factor caused increased hepatitis B antigen and transaminase levels on two occasions. Subsequently, liver function became normal and the antigen titer was reduced by 95%. Adoptive transfer of humoral immunity does not appear to modify established hepatitis B infection, whereas cell-mediated immunity does. It is postulated that liver cell injury in hepatitis B may be more related to the host's cell-mediated immune response rather than to a cytopathogenic effect of the putative hepatitis B virus.
Treatment outcomes of small cell carcinoma of the prostate: a single-center study.

BACKGROUND. The current study was conducted to determine the clinical characteristics and prognostic features associated with prostatic small cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS. Between January 1985 and May 2005, 83 patients with SCC of the prostate were identified. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to assess the prognostic significance of the clinical parameters associated with disease-specific outcomes. RESULTS. Twenty-one patients had no evidence of distant metastasis at the time of the diagnosis of SCC, with the remaining patients demonstrating radiologic or biopsy-proven evidence of metastatic disease. Compared with patients with metastases, patients without metastases at the time of diagnosis were older (P = .001) and had a lower serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level at the time of diagnosis (P = .002). On multivariate analysis, an elevated serum LDH level and low serum albumin at the time of SCC diagnosis was found to be predictive of inferior progression-free survival (P = .02 and P = .008, respectively) and inferior disease-specific survival (DSS) (P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). At the time of last follow-up, 72 patients (87%) had died of disease, with a median DSS duration of 13.1 months (range, 10.7–17.1 months). There was a statistically significant difference noted with regard to the median DSS of patients with nonmetastatic versus those with metastatic SCC (17.7 months [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 12.1–39.2 months] vs 12.5 months [95% CI, 8.1–16.1 months], respectively; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS. SCC of the prostate is a highly aggressive tumor, with serum LDH and albumin levels at the time of diagnosis believed to be predictive of disease-related outcomes. Although palliative, current systemic therapy does not result in cure and does not provide long-term survival for patients with metastases. For patients with nonmetastatic disease, a strategy utilizing systemic and local therapies should be evaluated further. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Utilizing Sandtray Within the Discrimination Model of Counselor Supervision

The discrimination model of supervision is 1 of the most widely used counseling supervision models (Bernard, 1997; Luke & Bernard, 2006). The use of expressive arts modalities can facilitate increased self-awareness and promote holistic counselor development (Bratton, Ceballos, & Sheely, 2008; Malchiodi, 2005). The authors provide a rationale for the use of expressive arts within the discrimination model of supervision to address the 3 defined supervision roles: teacher, counselor, and consultant (Bernard, 1997; Luke & Bernard, 2006). A case example utilizing sandtray within the discrimination model is included with practical suggestions for supervisors regarding process statements and questions when incorporating expressive arts as a supervision component.
High-Pressure Raman Noncoincidence Effect and Conformation of Alkyl Side Chain in Alkyl Benzoates

The Raman noncoincidence effect has been used to investigate the changes in intermolecular interactions induced by applying high pressure to neat liquid alkyl benzoates. The noncoincidence of the carbonyl band of a homologous series of straight chain alkyl benzoates (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and hexyl benzoate) and a branched chain alkyl benzoate (2-ethylhexyl benzoate) was measured at 20 and 40 °C over the pressure range 1−5000 bar. The density was measured as a function of pressure for all molecules. A transition point dividing the noncoincidence behavior as a function of density into two regions was found, for all molecules except methyl benzoate. Below the transition point, at lower density, the noncoincidence value was relatively insensitive to changes in density, while above the transition point, the noncoincidence value dropped sharply with increasing density. The decrease in the value of noncoincidence above the transition point was interpreted as the change in intermolecular interactions res...
The association of DNA damage to concentrations of mercury and radiocesium in largemouth bass

Largemouth bass from five lakes were examined to determine levels of contamination by mercury and radiocesium and amounts of DNA damage. Concentrations of these toxicants and an index of body condition were regressed against overall DNA damage and DNA damage in individual tissues (liver, gills, and red blood cells) as indicated by the alkaline unwinding method. Sample sites showed considerable heterogeneity in concentrations of mercury and radiocesium, as well as numbers of DNA strand breaks. Generally, increased concentrations of toxicants were related to increased DNA damage. Tissues may have responded to contaminants in different manners; red blood cells generally showed the greatest DNA damage while liver tissue showed the least. Although body condition was related to DNA damage, it is unclear whether it has a direct effect or whether it is a correlated response to contamination by mercury and radiocesium. The potential for repair of DNA strand breaks and cell turnover rates may play an important role in determining the ultimate amount of DNA damage in contaminated organisms.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition reduces mucin 2 production and mucinous tumor growth.

Excessive accumulation of mucin 2 (MUC2) protein (a gel-forming secreted mucin) within the peritoneal cavity is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), a unique mucinous malignancy of the appendix. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is upregulated in PMP and has been shown to modulate MUC2 promoter activity. We hypothesized that targeted inhibition of the MAPK pathway would be a novel, effective, and safe therapeutic strategy to reduce MUC2 production and mucinous tumor growth. We tested RDEA119, a specific MEK1/2 (MAPK extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] kinase) inhibitor, in MUC2-secreting LS174T cells, human PMP explant tissue, and in a unique intraperitoneal murine xenograft model of PMP. RDEA119 reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibited MUC2 messenger RNA and protein expression in vitro. In the xenograft model, chronic oral therapy with RDEA119 inhibited mucinous tumor growth in an MAPK pathway–dependent manner and this translated into a significant improvement in survival. RDEA119 downregulated phosphorylated ERK1/2 and nuclear factor κB p65 protein signaling and reduced activating protein 1 (AP1) transcription factor binding to the MUC2 promoter in LS174T cells. This study provides a preclinical rationale for the use of MEK inhibitors to treat patients with PMP.
Cholinergic effects on arousal and cocaine-induced olfactory-amygdala spindling and seizures in cats

Effects of intravenous cholinergic and dopaminergic agents on pre-cocaine olfactory bulb (OB) spindling and behavioral arousal, and on cocaine-induced OB-amygdala spindling and behavioral seizures were evaluated in seven cats with stereotaxically implanted electrodes. Spindle data were computer analyzed using a special program for spindle detection and averaging. The number, duration and amplitude of pre-cocaine OB spindles were increased by physostigmine and decreased by atropine. Physostigmine augmented pre-cocaine behavioral arousal levels and this effect was associated with the absence of cocaine seizures. Cocaine-induced amygdala spindle number was increased by physostigmine. Changes in seizure duration following cholinergic drugs suggest cholinergic inhibitory effects. These data, in accord with previous studies showing cholinergic effects on reticulocortical arousal and seizures, suggest a cholinergic mechanism which is excitatory on OB-amygdala arousal spindling and inhibitory on cocaine-induced seizures.
The design and implementation of a grammar-based data generator

SUMMARY DGL is a context-free grammar-based language for generating test data. Although many of the features of DGL are implemented in a straightforward way, the implementation of several of the most important features is neither trivial nor obvious. Before one can understand the implementation of these features, however, it is necessary to understand the overall structure of the compiler and its output, which was designed to be flexible enough to incorporate new features easily. Variables and chains are two of the most important features of DCL, and also two of the trickiest features to implement. The run-time dictionaries, which are built into the C code generated by the compiler, are implemented as pure code rather than as table-look-up routines. The compiler itself is reasonably straightforward, except for the expansion of character sets and compile-time macros. These two features can cause the ‘multi-dimensional’ expansion of a string, the implementation of which must be carefully designed.
Particle Bioreactivity and Wear-Mediated Osteolysis

This review focuses on wear debris-mediated osteolysis, a major factor compromising the long-term success of total joint arthroplasty. Studies on retrieved implants and animal models, as well as in vitro studies on particle bioreactivity, suggest that wear-mediated periprosthetic osteolysis is unlikely to be caused solely by 1 particular cell type or particulate species, but is rather the cumulative consequence of a number of biological reactions. Our recent findings suggest 3 novel mechanisms of particle bioreactivity that may contribute to osteolysis: 1) exacerbated inflammation caused by elevated reactive oxygen species production by activated macrophages and osteoclasts, (2) impaired periprosthetic bone formation secondary to disrupted osteogenesis, and (3) compromised bone regeneration resulting from increased cytotoxic response of mesenchymal osteoprogenitor cells. Understanding the pathogenesis of wear-mediated osteolysis is needed to improve orthopedic implant biocompatibility and wear reduction, and to develop effective pharmacotherapies.
Insulated electrodes for eliminating conductivity in dielectric relaxation experiments

In a variety of samples, conductivity is a limiting factor regarding the resolution of dielectric loss peaks of interest. One approach to eliminating the signal that originates from conductivity is the use of insulating layers on one or both electrodes. For the typical case, it is shown that insulation layers add errors rather than improving the situation.
Intercalation of cations in FeOCl by iodide reactions

Abstract The reaction of the iodide salts of univalent cations with FeOCl produced intercalation compounds in which only the metal cations were intercalated in the lattice. The cation/FeOCl molar ratios in the intercalates ranged from .16 to .13 for M = Li + , Na + , K + , Cs + and 0.1 for M = (CH 3 ) 4 N + and (C 2 H 5 ) 4 N + . Intercalation was found to take place by the partial reduction of the FeOCl lattice by the iodide ions.
Parade: A versatile parallel architecture for accelerating pulse train clustering

In this paper, we present Parade, a novel and flexible parallel architecture for the deinterleaving of combined pulse-trains. This is a commonly performed task in various areas of signal processing applications, such as satellite communication. Most of these applications require the identification of the main characteristics of pulse-trains such as frequency. Previously suggested techniques for solving the clustering problem are restricted with several limiting assumptions. In contrast, Parade, based off a parallelized and improved version of the sequential search algorithm, solves the deinterleaving problem significantly faster and in a more general case by considering all conditions such as jitter, dropped pulses, arbitrary start and end points. Our scheme employs several parameters, such as the number of deinterleaving modules and the number of memory elements, in order to achieve a desirable combination of accuracy, speed, memory usage and area. Using an 8-way parallel architecture, Parade improves the PRI accuracy by 27% compared to the nonparallel baseline architecture. Our design, when synthesized on 90nm technology node, performs 940x faster compared to a software-based histogram technique.
Early stages of spermatozoan development in the colonial hydroid Campanularia flexuosa.

Cytodifferentiation during early spermatogenesis in the calyptoblastic hydroid, Campanularia flexuosa, was studied at the fine structural level. Clusters of spermatogonia-like cells are found in gonangial sporosacs near the mesoglea. Early events in spermiogenesis include: a gradual elongation of the sperm head and nucleus; close apposition of nuclear envelope to chromatin; positioning of four mitochondria at the posterior portion of the nucleus; formation of a single, simple flagellum from a basal body located in the center of the mitochondrial quadrangle; a high degree of Golgi activity, possibly involved in the production of a multiple acrosome complex.
On the stability of a predator-prey system with egg-eating predators

Abstract This paper studies predator-prey interactions where the predators eat only newborn prey or, equivalently, eggs. Such an egg-eating model has previously been shown numerically to lead to instability in the size of both populations. Various modifications of the egg-eating model are discussed, and studied for stability. It is found that stable predator-prey coexistence can be achieved by introducing either self-limitation of prey or mutual interference between predators. Spatial diffusion of both populations and unequal hunting capacities for different ages of predators have no effect on the stability of the system.
Modeling some effects of frontal lobe damage—novelty and perseveration

Abstract Neural networks are presented which simulate some behavioral effects of frontal lobe damage. On some cognitive tasks, frontal lesions cause perserveration of formerly rewarding choices of action. On other tasks, frontal lesions cause approach to objects just because they are novel. Both effects can be explained by weakening of signals between sensory and reinforcement loci. The networks that reproduce these data incorporate neural design principles developed for other purposes by Grossberg and his co-workers. These design principles include adaptive resonance between two layers of sensory processing; attentional gating of synapses between layers; and competition among gated dipoles containing on-units and off-units.
Paragonimus kellicotti Fluke Infections in Missouri, USA

Paragonimiasis is an infection caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. As many as 9 species of Paragonimus are responsible for human infections worldwide (1). Human paragonimiasis is common in Asia, where diets often include raw, cured, pickled, or salted crustaceans (2,3). In contrast, consumption of uncooked crustaceans is uncommon in North America. In North America, paragonimiasis is caused by Paragonimus kellicotti flukes (4). Paragonimus spp. lung flukes have a complex life cycle, requiring snail and crustacean intermediate hosts. Definitive hosts excrete eggs in feces or sputum, which hatch in water to become ciliated miracidia. The miracidia invade soft tissue of snails where they reproduce asexually. Cercariae released from snails invade the secondary intermediate host, a crustacean. Secondary intermediate hosts for P. kellicotti flukes are crayfish in the genera Cambarus and Orconectes. Mammals acquire the infection when they ingest raw or undercooked crustaceans (5). P. kellicotti fluke infections have been found in cats, dogs, bobcats (6), raccoons (7), foxes (8,9), skunks (9), minks (9,10), and coyotes (9). Human infections are uncommon; only 7 cases were reported during 1968–2008 (2,11–18) In 2009, we reported a cluster of 3 patients who had probable or proven paragonimiasis caused by P. kellicotti flukes and who were seen at a single tertiary-care center over an 18-month period (19). We report an additional 6 patients seen at Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, and at an affiliated Veterans Administration hospital over 14 months (September 2009–October 2010). The purpose of this report is to emphasize that P. kellicotti flukes are an emerging pathogen in Missouri, to highlight unusual clinical features observed in these patients, to educate the public in hopes of preventing new cases, and to increase awareness among the medical community to promote early diagnosis and treatment.
Isolation of14C-labeled influenza virus from tissue culture, using ecteola cellulose for final purification

The Lee strain of influenza virus was used, and was maintained as a stock pool of chick embryo allantoic fluid at --60 ~ C. Individual tissue cultures in 25 • 150 mm Pyrex culture tubes, consisted of 2 pieces of chorio-allantoic membrane from 10-day chick embryos, about 2 • 2 cm, suspended in 2.4 ml of glucosol medium**. For virus inoculation, 0.1 ml of the proper dilution to give about 107 EIDso*** was added to each tube. Cultures were incubated at 35~ for 44--48 hours on a reciprocating shaker. A modification of the pattern method of hemagglutinin titration (2) was used in all measurements of virus concentration. Two series of 2 fold dilutions
VOCAL ONTOGENY OF NESTLING AND FLEDGLING BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEES POECILE ATRICAPILLA IN NATURAL POPULATIONS

ABSTRACT We studied the vocal ontogeny of black-capped chickadees Poecile atricapilla from hatching through approximately age 40 days, at which time the juveniles dispersed from their hatching area. Development of three vocalisations (chick-a-dee call, fee-bee song, gargle call) was monitored by tape recording daily. Spectrographs quantification and comparison were carried out with Sound Analysis software. Developmental changes in offspring vocalisations were compared to the parent birds, allowing a measure of acoustic similarity between adults and young throughout early life. The chick-a-dee call developed all four of its component syllables (ABCD) from a single sound of day-old nestlings, but the four syllables emerged in adult form at different times in ontogeny. The fee-bee song was produced in impressively adult form starting at about age 20 days, with no precursor sounds to indicate gradual emergence. The principal difference between adult and juvenile fee-bee songs was the persistent production of ...
Intestinal Permeability Defects: Is It Time to Treat?

An essential role of the intestinal epithelium is to separate luminal contents from the interstitium, a function primarily determined by the integrity of the epithelium and the tight junction that seals the paracellular space. Intestinal tight junctions are selectively permeable, and intestinal permeability can be increased physiologically in response to luminal nutrients or pathologically by mucosal immune cells and cytokines, the enteric nervous system, and pathogens. Compromised intestinal barrier function is associated with an array of clinical conditions, both intestinal and systemic. Although most available data are correlative, some studies support a model where cycles of increased intestinal permeability, intestinal immune activation, and subsequent immune-mediated barrier loss contribute to disease progression. This model is applicable to intestinal and systemic diseases. However, it has not been proven, and both mechanistic and therapeutic studies are ongoing. Nevertheless, the correlation between increased intestinal permeability and disease has caught the attention of the public, leading to a rise in popularity of the diagnosis of "leaky gut syndrome," which encompasses a range of systemic disorders. Proponents claim that barrier restoration will cure underlying disease, but this has not been demonstrated in clinical trials. Moreover, human and mouse studies show that intestinal barrier loss alone is insufficient to initiate disease. It is therefore uncertain whether increased permeability in these patients is a cause or effect of the underlying disorder. Although drug targets that may mediate barrier restoration have been proposed, none have been proven effective. As such, current treatments for barrier dysfunction should target the underlying disease.
The critical exponent conjecture for powers of doubly nonnegative matrices

Abstract Doubly nonnegative matrices arise naturally in many setting including Markov random fields (positively banded graphical models) and in the convergence analysis of Markov chains. In this short note, we settle a recent conjecture by C.R. Johnson et al. [Charles R. Johnson, Brian Lins, Olivia Walch, The critical exponent for continuous conventional powers of doubly nonnegative matrices, Linear Algebra Appl. 435 (9) (2011) 2175–2182] by proving that the critical exponent beyond which all continuous conventional powers of n -by- n doubly nonnegative matrices are doubly nonnegative is exactly n − 2 . We show that the conjecture follows immediately by applying a general characterization from the literature. We prove a stronger form of the conjecture by classifying all powers preserving doubly nonnegative matrices, and proceed to generalize the conjecture for broad classes of functions. We also provide different approaches for settling the original conjecture.
A study of predominance of human coronary arteries determined by arteriographic and perfusion technics.

Abstract Coronary arterial predominance in the human heart has been studied at the time of postmortem examination by arteriographic and perfusion technics. A high incidence of right coronary predominance was demonstrated by coronary arteriography (48 per cent). Coronary arterial perfusion studies in the same hearts revealed a different pattern of coronary arterial predominance, showing 69 per cent of the hearts to be left coronary predominant, 19 per cent right coronary predominant and 12 per cent “balanced.”
A Cross-scale Study of Feldspar Transformation in the Santa Catalina Mountain Critical Zone Observatory☆

The critical zone evolves from coupled biological, physical, and geochemical processes that we quantify here across varying climatic and topographic conditions. The specific objective of this work was to examine how climate, landscape position, and vegetation drive feldspar weathering across the Santa Catalina Mountain Critical Zone Observatory, which exhibits considerable range in temperature (24 to 10 °C), precipitation (25 to 85 cm), and vegetation community composition (desert scrub → mixed conifer). Granitic soils and parent rock were characterized using a profile development index, quantitative x-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analyses. Profile development indices increased linearly with increasing MAP/PET ratios (r2 = 0.48), with higher degrees of soil development in convergent footslope positions. Bulk soils from the desert scrub sites were enriched in total feldspar relative to quartz in both landscape positions, ranging from +2 to +24% compared to the mixed conifer soils, which exhibited maximum total feldspar depletions of -13% in the convergent soils and -3% in the divergent sites. Microscale Na depletions increased significantly from unaltered to altered feldspar grain sections, with more tightly constrained Na losses in the mixed conifer grains compared to those from the desert scrub environment. Greater soil development and feldspar transformation in the conifer soils documented interactive climate and vegetation controls on mineral weathering in bulk soils and at the microscale. Furthermore, the larger profile development indices in the convergent landscapes demonstrated the importance of studying hillslope-scale soil development along environmental gradients, where localized increases in mineral transformation likely results from greater moisture availability and organic inputs in water-gathering landscape positions.
Dysphonia in Nursing Home and Assisted Living Residents: Prevalence and Association With Frailty

Summary Objective Previous studies of geriatric dysphonia prevalence have been limited to ambulatory outpatient and senior communities. Our goal was to identify prevalence of dysphonia in nursing home residents and assisted living residents and search for correlations between indices of dysphonia and indices of frailty. Study Design Prospective epidemiological survey. Methods Residents of a vertically integrated senior care organization who were 65 or older and able to understand and complete the questionnaire were recruited to complete the voice handicap index 10 (VHI-10) to assess for dysphonia (VHI-10 > 10 = dysphonia) and Vulnerable Elders Survey 13 (VES-13), a validated instrument to assess for frailty (VES > 3 = frailty). Results A total of 119 residents were surveyed. Thirty-three percent of nursing home residents, and 25% of assisted living residents reported dysphonia with 29% of all respondents reporting dysphonia. The mean VHI-10 was 7.4, the median was 5, and the interquartile range was 2–12.5. There was a significant relationship between VHI-10 and VES-13 score ( P = 0.029). There were no statistically significant relationships between frailty, age, or type of living and dysphonia or VHI-10. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of voice dysfunction in assisted living and nursing home residents. The correlation between VHI-10 and VES-13 suggests that voice declines as frailty increases.
An integrated crop and hydrologic modeling system to estimate hydrologic impacts of crop irrigation demands

The present paper discusses a coupled gridded crop modeling and hydrologic modeling system that can examine the benefits of irrigation and costs of irrigation and the coincident impact of the irrigation water withdrawals on surface water hydrology. The system is applied to the Southeastern U.S. The system tools to be discussed include a gridded version (GriDSSAT) of the crop modeling system DSSAT. The irrigation demand from GriDSSAT is coupled to a regional hydrologic model (WaSSI). GriDSSAT and WaSSI are coupled through the USDA NASS CropScape data to provide crop acreages in each watershed. The crop model provides the dynamic irrigation demand which is a function of the weather. The hydrologic model responds to the weather and includes all other anthropogenic competing uses of water. Examples of the system include an analysis of the hydrologic impact of future expansion of irrigation and the real-time impact of short-term drought. We built a gridded version (GriDSSAT) of the crop model DSSAT that estimates irrigation demand.We coupled irrigation demand to a regional hydrologic model (WaSSI).We incorporated USDA CropScape data to provide crop acreage in each watershed.We utilized the resulting tool to model the impact of irrigation withdrawals on surface water hydrology.
Piezoreflection spectra of single crystals of an organic charge transfer complex

Abstract Piezoreflectance has been measured for single crystals of an electron donor-acceptor complex, pyromellitic dianhydride-anthracene, over the wavelength region of the charge transfer transition. Stress modulation of the optical reflectance was achieved by cementing single crystals at the center of a PZT disk which was set into resonant radial oscillation. Spectra were obtained with a microspectroreflectometer with light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the c axis of the crystal for the (010) face. An enhancement of structure over that of the single crystal spectrum is observed. The observed piezoreflection is found to resemble the numerically calculated first derivative of the unmodulated reflection spectrum but this structure is somewhat blue-shifted from the calculated curve. These results are discussed in terms of Mulliken's theory of electron donor-acceptor complexes.
Racial Differences in Irish Sea and North Sea Plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa )

MERISTIC characters have played an important part in racial studies of fish1, but little is known about their genetics. Schmidt's classical studies2,3 on the genetics of vertebral numbers in natural populations of Zoarces viviparus and in hatchery-reared trout show that there is a considerable degree of genetic determination for these characters, and some evidence for genetic isolation in the highly localized populations of Zoarces viviparus of the fiords and open sea along the Norwegian coast. Similar studies have not been reported for marine fish of economic importance, although in some cases this seems to be a promising approach to the problems of racial separation.
Object relations in borderline adolescents.

Although pathological object relations is a core aspect of borderline psychopathology, few studies have examined borderline object relations empirically, and none has focused on borderline adolescents. The present study examined four dimensions of object relations, as measured by the Thematic Apperception Test, in a sample of adolescent borderlines, psychiatric comparison subjects, and normals. These dimensions are complexity of object representations, affect-tone of relationship paradigms, capacity for emotional investment in relationships and moral standards, and understanding of social causality. Borderlines differed significantly from both comparison groups in several distinet ways, supporting some aspects of psychoanalytic theories of borderline object relations, while challenging others. Borderline adolescents have a malevolent object world, a relative incapacity to invest in others in a non-need-gratifying way, and a tendency to attribute motivation to others in simple, illogical, and idiosyncratic ways. Their object representations, however, can be quite complex, suggesting something other than a preoedipal arrest. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1990, 29, 3:338–348.
Genetic differences in alteration of albumin in the house mouse, Mus musculus.

Two strains of mice were shown to differ in relative proportion of two major protein bands of liver under acid conditions of electrophoresis. Genetic control was autosomal and by a pair of dominant and recessive genes. The difference was observed only if liver homogenates were extracted by treating with dilute acid and alkali. The two protein bands were identified as albumin on the basis of electrophoretic migration, molecular weight, and immunological response. No differences were found between strains in relative amounts of comparable bands of plasma. However, in studies with extraction of mixtures, liver homogenates of one strain but not another were capable of converting a large proportion of albumin from several sources to a faster-migrating form. It was concluded that the strains differ in a factor in liver capable of causing a secondary modification of the albumin molecule.
Properties of a mixed-valence (Fe(II))2(Fe(III))2 square cell for utilization in the quantum cellular automata paradigm for molecular electronics.

The di-mixed-valence complex [{(eta(5)-C5H5)Fe(eta(5)-C5H4)}4(eta(4)-C4)Co(eta(5)-C5H5)]2+, 1(2+), has been evaluated as a molecular four-dot cell for the quantum cellular automata paradigm for electronic devices. The cations 1(1+) and 1(2+) are prepared in good yield by selective chemical oxidation of 1(0) and are isolated as pure crystalline materials. The solid-state structures of 1(0) and 1(1+) and the midrange- and near-IR spectra of 1(0), 1(1+), 1(2+), and 1(3+) have been determined. Further, the variable-temperature EPR spectra of 1(1+) and 1(2+), magnetic susceptibility of 1(1+) and 1(2+), Mossbauer spectra of 1(0), 1(1+), and 1(2+), NMR spectra of 1(0), and paramagnetic NMR spectra of 1(1+) and 1(2+) have been measured. The X-ray structure determination reveals four ferrocene "dots" arranged in a square by C-C bonds to the corners of a cyclobutadiene linker. The four ferrocene units project from alternating sides of the cyclobutadiene ring and are twisted to minimize steric interactions both with the Co(eta(5)-C5H5) fragment and with each other. In the solid state 1(2+) is a valence-trapped Robin and Day class II compound on the 10(-12) s infrared time scale, the fastest technique used herein, and unambiguous evidence for two Fe(II) and two Fe(III) sites is observed in both the infrared and Mossbauer spectra. Both EPR and magnetic susceptibility measurements show no measurable spin-spin interaction in the solid state. In solution, the NMR spectra show that free rotation around the C-C bonds connecting the ferrocene units to the cyclobutadiene ring becomes increasingly hindered with decreasing temperature, leading to spectra at the lowest temperature that are consistent with the solid-state structure. Localization of the charges in the cations, which is observed in the paramagnetic NMR spectra as a function of temperature, correlates with the fluxional behavior. Hence, the alignment between the pi systems of the central linker and the ferrocene moieties most likely controls the rate of electron exchange between the dots.
A causality-effect between bid premium and outcome of tender offer

Abstract This is a note which analyzes the impact of bid premium on the outcome of friendly versus hostile tender offers. The impact seems to have opposite effects and we suggest a general model to avoid this confusion.
Splenic immunity and atherosclerosis: a glimpse into a novel paradigm?

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that involves a complex interaction of the artery wall and its cellular elements, lipoproteins, and circulating blood elements. Although hypercholesterolemia is a prerequisite for the initiation of atherogenesis, once initiated, the atherosclerotic lesion takes on many of the characteristics of a chronic inflammatory process (1, 2). In particular, there is now strong and growing evidence in hypercholesterolemic animal models that the immune system is specifically activated by atherosclerosis-associated antigens and that both innate and adaptive immunity can significantly modulate subsequent lesion development.
In-flight performance of the Faint Object Camera of the Hubble Space Telescope

An overview of the Faint Object Camera and its performance to date is presented. In particular, the detector's efficiency, the spatial uniformity of response, distortion characteristics, detector and sky background, detector linearity, spectrography, and operation are discussed. The effect of the severe spherical aberration of the telescope's primary mirror on the camera's point spread function is reviewed, as well as the impact it has on the camera's general performance. The scientific implications of the performance and the spherical aberration are outlined, with emphasis on possible remedies for spherical aberration, hardware remedies, and stellar population studies.
Fumonisin B1: isolation from corn culture, and purification by high performance liquid chromatography.

A method is described to isolate fumonisin B1 (FB1) from corn cultured for 18 days at 25°C withFusarium moniliforme. Cultured corn was extracted with aqueous methanol and purified with XAD-2 column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). About 450 mg of FB1 were obtained from 800g cultured corn. Its identity was established by fast-atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry, and infrared spectrum and nuclear magnetic spectrum. Its purity was estimated to be 95% by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).References
The labor market effects of non-wage compensations

Abstract Contrary to the argument that non-wage compensation is a tax on labor reducing employment, we find that employment may increase in response to an increased demand for benefits (a decreased cost of providing benefits or increased government-mandated benefit levels), under the assumption of strong cross-economies of scale. When there are strong cross-diseconomies of scale, employment and hours both decrease. The secular increase in employer-provided insurance and the growth in U.S. employment may well reflect the role of cross-economies of scale, which seems to exist in larger firms with lower marginal non-wage benefit costs.