cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized mapping of multi-body dissipative particle dynamics onto fluid compressibility and the Flory-Huggins theory

In this work, a generalized relation between the fluid compressibility, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ), and the simulation parameters in multi-body dissipative particle dynamics (MDPD) is established. This required revisiting the MDPD equation of state previously reported in the literature and developing general relationships between the parameters used in the MDPD model. We derive a relationship to the Flory-Huggins χ parameter for incompressible fluids similar to the work previously done in dissipative particle dynamics by Groot and Warren. The accuracy of this relationship is evaluated using phase separation in small molecules and the solubility of polymers in dilute solvent solutions via monitoring the scaling of the radius of gyration (Rg) for different solvent qualities. Finally, the dynamics of the MDPD fluid is studied with respect to the diffusion coefficient and the zero shear viscosity.
Decreased Glucose Response to Insulin is Maximal Within 24 Hours of Somatotropin Injection in Growing Pigs

Abstract Porcine somatotropin (pST) administration reduces the sensitivity of pigs to insulin, and after several days of treatment, it alters baseline circulating concentrations of pST, insulin, glucose, and other metabolites. The length of time required to develop this reduction in whole-body insulin sensitivity has not been established. To investigate this, eight castrate pigs received daily injections of either recombinant pST (120 μg/kg BW) or excipient. Intravenous insulin tolerance tests (1.0 μg/kg BW) were done before the first pST injection (Day 0) and on Day l, 3, 5, and 8 of pST treatment. Control animals had insulin tolerance tests on Day 0 and again on Day 8 of treatment. By Day 8, the glucose response to the insulin tolerance tests in pST-treated pigs was 45% of the response of the control group (P 0.10). The maximum effect of pST on glucose response to insulin was achieved by Day 1. Therefore, factors responsible for the development of reduced whole-body insulin sensitivity in pST-treated pigs are fully expressed within 21 hr of the initial pST treatment.
Nonuniform Cooling of the Eclipsed Moon: A Listing of Thirty Prominent Anomalies

Infrared scanning during a total eclipse has revealed hundreds of hot spots, many identified with craters smaller than the detector resolution. Areal corrections show that some of these features may have the thermal properties of bare rock. Correlation of thermal response with albedo and radar reflectivity shows discrepancies. There is a concentration of hot spots in Mare Tranquillitatis.
Attempts to transmit bovine anaplasmosis to small laboratory animals

Abstract The susceptibility to infection with Anaplasma marginale was studied in several species of normal and experimentally altered nonruminant mammals. The methods used to alter the susceptibility of experimental animals included: (1) splenectomy, (2) adrenalectomy, (3) X-irradiation, administration of (4) mucin, (5) zymosan, (6) cortisone, and (7) bovine serum, and the production of (8) low blood glucose and (9) riboflavin deficiency. No microscope evidence was obtained to indicate that this organism grew in such animals, but young mice and splenectomized guinea pigs died following challenge under conditions which suggested an infectious process. Further investigation is being made to trace the fate of A. marginale in the tissues of these species. The toxicity of heavily infected bovine anaplasma blood was noted in young rats and gerbils.
The field of the Jovian magnetosphere, including contributions of the magnetopause surface currents

Abstract An idealized large-scale Jovian magnetospheric field has been computed by calculating the contribution due to the currents on the surface of the magnetopause (calculated from theory). This contribution is added to those of a model current system in the magnetic equatorial plane and the intrinsic dipole field of the planet. Convenient spherical harmonic representations of the field in the region inside the magnetopause have been developed. The Voyager observation model is compared with the Pioneer observation model.
The selection and infusion of autonomy technologies for Mars rovers

How do you select autonomy and insure that it meets your needs and arrives for launch in a reliable form? How do you ensure that autonomy technology providers around the country meet these goals and comply with institutional practices and policies at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for building space-qualified, reliable systems? Answers to these questions have resulted in a process we call autonomy infusion. This article describes early work to define the process the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission will use to infuse autonomy into a rover and describes attributes and evaluation criteria and their use, pertinent to autonomy technologies for Mars rovers in general. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of precipitated abstinence in morphine- dependent rats.

An experimental model is described for quantifying the precipitated abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. Male rats were made dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation of a morphine pellet and the abstinence syndrome precipitated by intraperitoneal injection of naloxone hydrochloride. A ranking system, based on the median effective dose of naloxone for abstinence signs, quantitatively related the incidence of certain precipitated signs to the dose of naloxone. The time course for the development of dependence was shown to be maximal 70–74 h after pellet implantation. Food or water deprivation for 48 h dissociated the body weight loss during abstinence from the behavioral signs of precipitated withdrawal. Ganglionic blockade did not significantly modify abstinence behavior. An evaluative procedure which ranks abstinence signs is proposed for quantifying physical dependence on morphine.
Balancing forces: architectural control of mechanotransduction

All cells exist within the context of a three-dimensional microenvironment in which they are exposed to mechanical and physical cues. These cues can be disrupted through perturbations to mechanotransduction, from the nanoscale-level to the tissue-level, which compromises tensional homeostasis to promote pathologies such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The mechanisms of such perturbations suggest that a complex interplay exists between the extracellular microenvironment and cellular function. Furthermore, sustained disruptions in tensional homeostasis can be caused by alterations in the extracellular matrix, allowing it to serve as a mechanically based memory-storage device that can perpetuate a disease or restore normal tissue behaviour.
Chemical Basis of Memory: Approaches Using Molar and Smaller Systems

Contemporary assumptions about memory storage in the nervous system are that: (1) it is the expression of a change in the efficacy of synaptic transmission in specific pathways in the central nervous system that mediate the behavior that is remembered; (2) this change is the expression of a biochemical change in the neurons in question. The purpose of this brief paper is to: (1) define the nature of the problems of memory storage in more specific terms based on our knowledge of synaptic transmission and general biochemical regulatory processes; (2) describe two approaches to this problem that will ultimately contribute to its understanding in biochemical terms: (a) a molar approach in which the assay of memory is the behavior of an organism and in which certain types of biochemical and pharmacological studies can point to underlying biochemical mechanisms; (b) an approach using smaller systems in which direct physiological, pharmacological and biochemical measurements can be made of the factors regulating changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission as a function of repetitive stimulation of a specific synapse.
The fundamental role of charge asymmetry in superconductivity

Abstract Neither BCS theory nor London theory contain any charge asymmetry. However, it is an experimental fact that a rotating superconductor always exhibits a magnetic field parallel, never antiparallel, to its angular velocity. This and several other experimental observations point to a special role of charge asymmetry in superconductivity, which is the foundation of the theory of hole superconductivity. The theory describes heavy dressed positive hole carriers in the normal state that undress by pairing and become light undressed negative electron carriers in the superconducting state. Superconductivity is driven by kinetic energy lowering rather than by electron-phonon coupling as in BCS. In quantum mechanics, kinetic energy lowering is associated with expansion of the electronic wave function, and hence we predict: (1) Superconductors expel negative charge from their interior which consequently becomes positively charged; (2) Macroscopic electrostatic fields exist in the interior of superconductors always, and in certain cases also outside near the surface; (3) Macroscopic spin currents exist in the superconducting state; (4) Superconductors are ‘rigid’ with respect to their response to applied longitudinal electric fields. These predictions apply to all superconductors and are testable but are as yet untested. The theory predicts highest T c 's for materials for which normal state transport occurs through (positive) holes in negatively charged anions.
Efficiency characterizations in different DEA models

Abstract Relations of efficiency and non-efficiency for the same sets of DMUs (Decision Making Units) are developed for the Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) and Barker, Charnes, Cooper (BCC) ratio models, as well as DEA Additive and Multiplicative Models. Surprisingly, additively efficient DMUs are not necessarily multiplicatively efficient. A geometric “stretching” phenomenon is identified for the latter case.
Tay-Sachs carrier detection by mechanized serum hexosaminidase assay

Abstract A mechanized procedure for the heat denaturation of serum N-acetylhexosaminidase has been developed for the detection of genetic carriers of Tay-Sachs disease. This procedure modifies and improves the assay method of Kaback. The mechanized carrier detection procedure is reliable, accurate, and efficient. It has the following advantages in dealing with the large volume of serum samples generated in community screenings: 1. 1. Serum heating time is reduced from the 3 hours formerly employed to only 5 min. 2. 2. Considerable savings have been effected in the time, amount of glassware, and the potential for human error involved in these assays. 3. 3. The addition of a second fluorometer and a parallel flow stream expands the capacity of the system to more than 70 serum samples per hour. We have found remarkable agreement between the results obtained by this heat denaturation procedure and the results of other investigators using a variety of methods on aliquots of the same serum samples.
Mobile web search personalization using ontological user profile

Most present day search engines have a deterministic behavior in the sense that they return the same search results for all users who submit the same query at a certain time. They do not take the user!s interests and preferences into account in the retrieval process. Integrating user context in the retrieval process can help deliver more targeted search results, thereby providing a personalized search experience to the user. Personalizing web search involves the process of identifying user interests during interaction with the user, and then using that information to deliver results that are more relevant to the user. In this paper, we present our approach to personalizing web search on a mobile device (iPhone). Our approach involves building an ontological model of user interests on the user!s mobile device based on his interaction with web search results. Personalization of search results is achieved by re-ranking search results returned by a standard search engine (Yahoo) based on proximity to the user!s interest model. The ability to recognize user interests in a completely non-invasive way and the accuracy of personalized results are some of the major advantages of our approach.
Transonic swept wings studied by the lifting-line theory

Transonic swept wings are analyzed as a lifting-line problem under a small-disturbance approximation. Basic concepts and principal results of the asymptotic theory are discussed. The study focuses on straight oblique wings and V-shaped swept wings, of which the local centerline curvature can be equated to zero. The three-dimensional (3-D) perturbation of the nonlinear component flow admits a similarity flow structure but requires that all wing sections are generated from a single airfoil profile; the reduced 2-D problems in this case are solved only once for all span stations. Examples of solutions involving high subcritical and slightly supercritical component flows are demonstrated and compared with surface pressure data from 3-D computer codes based on the full-potential equation (FLO 22). Except in the neighborhood of leading edges, where the small-disturbance assumption breaks down, and in the vicinities of wing tips and the symmetry plane, where neither the theory nor the 3-D codes may claim full validity, reasonable agreement is consistently found. The explicit results from the upwash analysis, along with the similarity flow structure, provides a rational approach to the control of 3-D effects in transonic aerodynamic design studies.
Fundamental Frequency Characteristics of Young Black Adults

The purpose of this study was to determine the speaking fundamental vocal frequency of young Black adults during prompted spontaneous speech and reading and to compare the results with published da...
Flavor preferences conditioned by intragastric fat infusions in rats.

The present series of experiments determined if rats would learn to prefer cue flavors that were paired with intragastric (IG) infusions of fat. Adult female rats were fitted with gastric catheters and were trained to drink a flavored (CS+) solution, e.g., cherry-water, associated with IG infusions of a corn oil emulsion. On other days, an alternately flavored (CS-) solution, e.g., grape-water, was paired with IG infusions of water. The preference between the CS solutions was then assessed with 2-bottle choice tests. In Experiment 1, food-restricted rats were given saccharin-sweetened CS solutions for 10 min/day followed by IG infusions of a 7.1% oil emulsion or water. In subsequent choice tests they displayed a small (60%) but significant preference for the CS+ solution. In Experiments 2-5, rats had access to the CS solutions for 20 or 23 hr/day; drinking the CS solutions automatically triggered IG infusions of oil or water (electronic esophagus preparation). Infusions of 7.1% oil failed to produce a significant preference for the CS+ solution in rats given ad lib access to chow, and offered unsweetened CS flavors. Increasing the oil concentration (14.5% and 29%) did not facilitate the formation of a preference, nor did infusing the rats with a preingested oil emulsion. However, rats restricted to 2 hr/day access to chow, and 20 hr/day access to the CS solutions acquired a significant (85%) preference for the CS+ flavor; subsequent training and testing with saccharin-sweetened CS solutions increased the preference for the CS+ flavor to 95%. Ad lib fed rats trained with saccharin-sweetened CS solutions also developed a reliable preference (76%) for the CS+ flavor paired with IG oil; this preference persisted during four extinction tests when both CS+ and CS- flavors were paired with IG water. These results demonstrate that, as with other macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein), the postingestive effects of fats can condition flavor preferences, and suggest that the postingestive actions of nutrients play an important role in food selection and reward.
A Study on Drive Capstan Stiffness of Cable-Driven Picking Manipulator

A mathematic model of capstan drive stiffness is presented. The influence of preload force, coefficient of friction, wraps of cable and load on the transmission stiffness of a differential cable-driven picking manipulator is analyzed. It is shown that capability of transmission, loads and precision can be considered comprehensively in the design of drive capstan.
DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION OF BPAG1-N: INSIGHTS INTO THE SPASTIC ATAXIA AND GROSS NEUROLOGIC DEGENERATION IN DYSTONIA MUSCULORUM MICE

Ablation of the BPAG1 gene results in the dystonia musculorum mouse, exhibiting rapid spinal nerve degeneration, dystonic movements, and severe ataxia. By defining the developmental and tissue-specific expression of the neuronal form of BPAG1 (BPAG1-n) and by comparing the corresponding pathology in BPAG1 null mice, we seek here to understand how absence of BPAG1 results in this devastating phenotype in mice and in potentially related human neurological disorders. Throughout normal development, BPAG1-n was expressed in a variety of sensory and autonomic neuronal structures, but was absent or reduced in areas such as basal ganglia that are often affected in dystonias and ataxias. Interestingly, BPAG1-n was also expressed broadly in embryonic motor neurons, but expression declined dramatically after birth. Despite these complex developmental patterns, BPAG1-/- pathology was restricted largely to postnatal development. Moreover, gross neuronal degeneration was restricted to only a few regions where BPAG1-n was found, including dorsal root ganglion neurons and a small subset of motor neurons. Most notably, while skeletal muscle was normal, appearance of severe dystonic ataxia correlated with postnatal degeneration of muscle spindles. Collectively, our findings suggest a mechanism for the BPAG1 null phenotype and indicate that different neurons respond differently to the absence of BPAG1-n, a cytoskeletal linker protein.
Facilitative Interactions Between Noradrenergic and Purinergic Signaling During Preconditioning of the Rat Heart

Recent developments in cardiac physiology have focused on the mechanisms underlying preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sensing, transduction and cardioadaptation to the initial stimulus suggests species-specific differences in strategy. We and others have found that ischemic stress can trigger catecholamine (alpha1-adrenoreceptor)-dependent mechanisms of preconditioning. However, in rabbits and dogs, adenosine receptor mechanisms appear to predominate. In contrast, the role of the adenosine receptors in rat remains controversial. Anticipating a minor role for this metabolite, we examined its ability to induce protection in rat heart against a modest ischemic injury and also its relationship to the noradrenergic alpha1 pathway. Although redundant pathways for inducing adaptation to stress are possible, single transient ischemic stress surprisingly utilizes both alpha1-adrenoreceptors and adenosine P1 receptors in obligate roles. Thus blockade of either purinergic P1 or alpha1-adrenergic receptors abolished functional protection induced by single transient ischemic stimulus. Selective noradrenergic alpha1-adrenoreceptor stimulation was sufficient to protect cardiac recovery after modest ischemic injury, and was unaffected by purinergic blockades, suggesting that this is the primary stress adaptation pathway for rat. However, exogenous purinergic P1 stimulated protection was abolished in either reserpine pretreated, or alpha1-adrenoreceptor blockaded hearts. Therefore the cardioadaptive ischemic preconditioning mechanisms in rat may involve facilitative modulation of a primary pathway rather than redundancy.
Effects of central and peripheral pretreatment with fluoxetine in gustatory conditioning

The administration of fluoxetine, a relatively specific serotonin uptake inhibitor, an hour prior to a taste-drug pairing was shown to attenuate the acquisition of taste aversions in a dose-dependent manner. Desipramine which is less effective than fluoxetine in blocking the reuptake of serotonin was also less potent in reducing the magnitude of taste aversions. Depletion of forebrain serotonin by lesions of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei or of norepinephrine by lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle failed to prevent the pretreatment effect produced by either fluoxetine or desipramine. Rats with raphe lesions consistently consumed less of the taste paired with lithium than did control animals; however, this decreased intake occurred under both drug and saline pretreatment conditions, suggesting an increased sensitivity to the taste-lithium pairing rather than a diminution of the pretreatment effect. Rats with dorsal bundle lesions failed to differentiate between drug and saline pretreatment, consuming similar amounts under both conditions. These findings as well as the observation that intraventricular administration of fluoxetine did not produce a pretreatment effect suggest that forebrain serotonergic systems are not the critical site of action for the production of pretreatment effects by monoamine uptake inhibitors. Instead, the hypothesis that the peripheral effects of fluoxetine have a stimulus value that acts by way of an associative mechanism to attenuate gustatory conditioning must be considered.
Channel allocation and load balancing in totally mobile wireless networks

Previous studies on totally mobile wireless networks (TMWN) have been limited to non-hierarchical architectures. In this paper, we study a two-tier cellular architecture for TMWN. Under the constraints of equal power consumption, the two tier system achieves improvement over the one-tier system, especially at light and medium load levels. Performance tests have also shown that handoff prioritization can be achieved by restricting the use of the umbrella channels. Further improvement for the two-tier system was obtained by load balancing strategies with respect to the allocation of channels to the different cells.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling frame-level errors in GSM wireless channels

Abstract We compare four different approaches to modeling frame-level errors in GSM channels. One of these, the Markov-based Trace Analysis (MTA) model, was developed explicitly for this purpose. The next two, kth-order Markov models and hidden Markov models (HMMs), have been widely used to model loss in wired networks. All three of these have difficulty in modeling empirical GSM frame-level error traces. The MTA model and HMM predict frame-error rates substantially different from that measured from the trace, and all three models have difficulty in capturing the long term temporal correlation structure. We propose a fourth model, the extended On/Off model, which alternates between an On (error-free) and an Off (error-filled) state. The state holding times are taken from mixtures of geometric distributions. We show that this model, with mixtures of 4–7 geometric distributions captures first- and second-order statistics significantly better than the preceding three approaches.
Effects of Chronic Ethanol Administration on the Endocytosis of Cytokines by Rat Hepatocytes

The effects of chronic ethanol administration on the endocytosis of three representative cytokines were investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes. When hepatocytes were isolated from rats that were fed an ethanol liquid diet for 12 to 13 weeks, these cells exhibited a decreased ability to internalize and degrade transforming growth factor-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, compared with hepatocytes from the pair-fed controls. This impaired endocytosis of all three cytokines was accompanied by significant decreases in the amount of hepatocyte surface-bound cytokine. Changes in cytokine binding to surface receptors and reduced rates of receptor-cytokine complex internalization into the cells seem to be major contributors to defective endocytosis in hepatocytes from the ethanol-fed rats. Impaired hepatocyte endocytosis could lead to altered steady-state levels of cytokines in the liver and modified physiological responses to cytokines. These changes could affect homeostasis among the various cell types in the liver and could contribute to liver dysfunction and injury.
Histologic study of a torn inferior oblique muscle.

A n extraocular muscle could be lost during strabismus surgery if the tendon is not well secured to the globe by the suture or if the suture breaks or is inadvertently cut. In such patients the eye cannot move in the direction of the lost muscle, there is a large immediate postoperative overcorrection, and the muscle cannot usually be retrieved and reattached to the globe. If the muscle capsule is secured to the globe with the suture material but the tendon slips inside the capsular tube at one or both poles of the muscle, the muscle is considered slipped; it may be retrieved and some ocular motility remains in its field of action. A much less common occurrence is the rupture of the muscle after it is hooked at the junction of the tendon and the muscle proper. At this stage of surgery the suture has not been taken in the muscle tendon and the risk of the muscle retracting back into the orbit after it is torn is very high, especially in the case of the medial rectus. The inadvertent tearing of a previously unoperated extraocular muscle during surgery has been termed pulled-in-two syndrome (PITS) by Greenwald.1 In the following discussion we will refer to this muscle as being "torn."
Non-Linear Modeling of Active or Passive Optical Lamellar Nanostructures

A universal approach to modeling the refraction of a monochromatic plane wave incident on an optical metamaterial arranged of arbitrary (passive, active, or plasmonic) layers of linear or feebly non-linear elemental materials is examined. The approach is built on an alternative formulation of the method of single expression, which works well upon different combinations (non-linear lossy dielectric, graded-index Kerr medium, and gain medium with metal) upon either ppolarized or s-polarized light. We show that although the formulation for s-polarized light is straightforward, the ppolarization case is more complicated, since solving an implicit material equation is required. Numerical validation of the proposed method indicates good agreement with the results taken from other numerical solvers (based on finite element and mode matching methods).
Quantitative Comparison of HREM Image Intensities with Image Simulation for Application in Materials Science

Quantitative high resolution electron microscopy (QHREM) involves the detailed comparison of experimental high resolution images with image simulation based on a model and weighted by the estimated uncertainty in the experimental results. For simple metals, such as Al, models have been systematically improved using non-linear least-squares methods to obtain simulated images that are indistinguishable from experimental images within the experimental error. QHREM has also been applied to evaluate the predictions of atomistic simulations of defect structures. In this paper, we summarize the state of the art in QHREM illustrated with results from an Al grain boundary image and identify open issues to be addressed in further research.
Effects of surface curvature and beam defocusing on the characterization of conductor-backed absorbing materials using a free-space system

Abstract Algorithms that extract the permittivity and permeability of conductor-backed absorbing materials from data obtained using a free-space system often assume plane-wave excitation and planar materials to improve the computational efficiency, even though the surfaces are usually curved and focus beam systems are used for interrogation. It is thus important to assess the effects that these assumptions have on the accuracy of the extracted material parameters. A two-dimensional model is used to determine the conditions under which the error in the extracted parameters exceeds that expected from measurement uncertainty. It is found for typical absorbers that errors introduced by the modelling assumptions are significant when the surface curvature radius is less than about 10 wavelengths or the beam is defocused by a quarter to a half of a wavelength. These results should prove useful for the design of practical free-space systems.
Actin microfilament dynamics in locomoting cells

The dynamic behaviour of actin filaments has been directly observed in living, motile cells using fluorescence photoactivation. In goldfish epithelial keratocytes, the actin microfilaments in the lamellipodium remain approximately fixed relative to the substrate as the cell moves over them, regardless of cell speed. The rate of turnover of actin subunits in the lamellipodium is remarkably rapid. Cell movement is directly and tightly coupled to the formation of new actin filaments at the leading edge.
Fast as smell: the need for speed in detection and discrimination of odors

not submitted for online publication. Published: 16 April 2014 doi:10.1186/2044-7248-3-S1-O23 Cite this article as: Smith: Fast as smell: the need for speed in detection and discrimination of odors. Flavour 2014 3(Suppl 1):O23. Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and take full advantage of: • Convenient online submission • Thorough peer review • No space constraints or color figure charges • Immediate publication on acceptance • Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar • Research which is freely available for redistribution Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA Smith Flavour 2014, 3(Suppl 1):O23 http://www.flavourjournal.com/content/3/S1/O23 © 2014 Smith; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Principles of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation in special species

Abstract Cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) is a comprehensive term used to describe both the basic principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as well as advanced life support and postresuscitation care. Although there are numerous publications on CPCR in humans and small animals, there is little written on CPCR in special species. This article outlines the basic principles of CPCR, including the current recommendations from the human International Guidelines 2000 Conference on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Although many of the basic principles of CPCR are applicable to any species, the important physiologic differences when applying these principles to special species are discussed. When appropriate, potential modifications are proposed for individual species. The final portion of the paper includes special considerations for avian, reptile and small mammals, as well as quick reference charts for CPCR in small mammals and avian/reptile patients.
Smoking behavior in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess cigarette use and environmental smoke exposure in women with cervical cancer. Study Design Smoking behavior was recorded prospectively in a clinical trial of women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma. Results Of 315 participants, 133 women (42%) were current smokers; 72 women (23%) were former smokers, and 110 women (35%) were never smokers. Current smokers began smoking earlier (16 vs 18 years; P = .009), for more years (29 vs 24 years; P = .005), and in greater amounts (20 vs 11 cigarettes/d; P P P P Conclusion Prevalence of smoking and tobacco consumption was twice that of the North American female population. Few smokers quit or decreased consumption during treatment.
HIV-infected women's relationships with their health care providers in the rural deep south: an exploratory study.

Through this qualitative study we explored the patient/provider relationships of rural HIV-infected women. Thirty-nine women from rural Alabama were recruited to participate in one of four focus groups. The focus groups were audiorecorded, and the participants were asked to complete surveys measuring patient/provider trust. The verbatim-transcribed audio recordings were analyzed using content analysis. The participants’ descriptions of their relationships with health care providers were represented by three major thematic categories: caring, informative, and competent. These findings provide a foundation for further research on the role of patient/provider relationships in the health outcomes of HIV disease in rural, resource-poor settings.
Structure of the modified heme in allylbenzene-inactivated chloroperoxidase determined by Q-band CW and pulsed ENDOR

During the epoxidation of allylbenzene, chloroperoxidase (CPO) is converted to an inactive green species in which the prosthetic heme has been modified by addition of the alkene plus an oxygen atom (Dexter, A. F.; Hager, L. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 817-818). We have used Q-band continuous wave and pulsed electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy to study the CPO heme in situ following inactivation with allylbenzene, using samples prepared in natural isotopic abundance, with N-15-labeled enzyme, and with allylbenzene labeled with H-2 or C-13 in specific vinylic positions. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of the inactivated enzyme is dominated by a low-spin ferric signal (g(1,2,3) = 2.32, 2.16, 1.95). N-14,N-15 ENDOR examination of allylbenzene-inactivated CPO reveals that three nitrogens of the heme are similar, but the fourth nitrogen is markedly different, suggesting that a single pyrrole ring has been covalently modified at the unique nitrogen. These studies also reveal the orientation of the g tensor relative to the heme. C-13 ENDOR of allylbenzene-inactivated CPO with C-13-labeled allylbenzene shows that the C-1 and C-2 carbons of allylbenzene are covalently connected to the heme system. H-1,H-2 ENDOR plus mass analysis of CPO heme after inactivation with deuterated allylbenzene show that all three vinylic protons are retained in the heme adduct. No strongly-coupled exchangeable protons are observed, indicating that the axially bound water of frozen native CPO has been displaced. The H-1 at the C-2 position of the alkene shows strong, mostly isotropic hyperfine coupling while the two hydrogens at the C-l position show weak, dipolar couplings. The hyperfine tensors of H-1,H-2 of the C-1 position of allylbenzene have been determined, and give the position of these atoms relative to the heme. These data, combined with molecular modeling calculations, have been used to deduce that the allylbenzene-bound heme of inactivated CPO is an N-alkylhemin metallocycle with C-1 of allylbenzene bonded to the pyrrole nitrogen and to obtain metrical details of its structure.
Simulating 3D deformable particle suspensions using lattice Boltzmann method with discrete external boundary force

A method for direct numerical analysis of three-dimensional deformable particles suspended in fluid is presented. The flow is computed on a fixed regular ‘lattice’ using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), where each solid particle is mapped onto a Lagrangian frame moving continuously through the domain. Instead of the bounce-back method, an external boundary force (EBF) is used to impose the no-slip boundary condition at the fluid–solid interface for stationary or moving boundaries. The EBF is added directly to the lattice Boltzmann equation. The motion and orientation of the particles are obtained from Newtonian dynamics equations. The advantage of this approach is outlined in comparison with the standard and higher-order interpolated bounce-back methods as well as the LBM immersed-boundary and the volume-of-fluid methods. Although the EBF method is general, in this application, it is used in conjunction with the lattice–spring model for deformable particles. The methodology is validated by comparing with experimental and theoretical results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Warped register file: A power efficient register file for GPGPUs

General purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) have the ability to execute hundreds of concurrent threads. To support massive parallelism GPGPUs provide a very large register file, even larger than a cache, to hold the state of each thread. As technology scales, the leakage power consumption of the SRAM cells is getting worse making the register file static power consumption a major concern. As the supply voltage scaling slows, dynamic power consumption of a register file is not reducing. These concerns are particularly acute in GPGPUs due to their large register file size. This paper presents two techniques to reduce the GPGPU register file power consumption. By exploiting the unique software execution model of GPGPUs, we propose a tri-modal register access control unit to reduce the leakage power. This unit first turns off any unallocated register, and places all allocated registers into drowsy state immediately after each access. The average inter-access distance to a register is 789 cycles in GPGPUs. Hence, aggressively moving a register into drowsy state immediately after each access results in 90% reduction in leakage power with negligible performance impact. To reduce dynamic power this paper proposes an active mask aware activity gating unit that avoids charging bit lines and wordlines of registers associated with all inactive threads within a warp. Due to insufficient parallelism and branch divergence warps have many inactive threads. Hence, registers associated with inactive threads can be identified precisely using the active mask. By combining the two techniques we show that the power consumption of the register file can be reduced by 69% on average.
Self-Reported Sexual Behaviors of High School Juniors and Seniors in North Dakota:

The period of adolescence is characterized as a time of experimentation during which adolescents may engage in adult behavior in the absence of understanding the consequences of these behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the self-reported sexual behaviors of late adolescent junior and senior high school students (N = 7,699). The study indicated a significantly high and disconcerting frequency of self-reported risk-taking sexual behavior.
Heart hypertrophy during pregnancy: a better functioning heart?

During pregnancy, healthy women develop ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction as a result of volume overload as well as increased stretch and force demand. Pregnancy also induces electrocardiogram disturbances such as longer QT-interval dispersion. Surprisingly, it was not until recently that the underlying molecular mechanisms or the role of sex hormones was addressed in this critical female reproductive stage. Recent work with the use of mouse and rat models show that the molecular signature of pregnancy-related hypertrophy differs from that of a pathologic form in that classic gene markers (e.g., myosin heavy chains [ α and β ], atrial natriuretic peptide, phospholamban, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase) remain unchanged. However, both types of hypertrophies have the commonality of a reduced expression of the Kv4.3 channel, a membrane protein that can prevent cardiac hypertrophy when overexpressed. Increased estrogen in late pregnancy may be a mechanism to induce Kv4.3 protein downregulation and increased activity of the stretch-activated c-Src kinase. Cellular/molecular mechanisms used to make a pregnant woman's heart work more efficiently and recover to normal cardiac function postpartum are beginning to emerge as cardioprotective natriuretic peptides– and NO–cGMP cascades get upregulated postpartum. This exciting initial work calls for more research in this underexplored area that should set the basis for better treatment of women during pregnancy.
On-line immunoaffinity capture, coupled with HPLC and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, for automated determination of fumonisins

An automated on-line method for the quantitative detection of fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 and hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 in corn-based feed was developed using a combination of immunoaffinity capture (IAC)/cleanup, coupled with reversed phase liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Blocking the C2 amine of fumonisin B1 with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate allowed coupling to keyhole limpet hemocyanin through the tricarballylic end, leaving the amino terminus exposed on the immunogenic conjugate after removal of the blocking group. Antiserum had specificity for the C1−C10 fumonisin domain and was used for ELISA and to prepare immunoaffinity columns. The quantitation limit (s/n = 10) for fumonisin B1 standard was 250 pg using the protonated molecule signal (m/z 722). Similar sensitivity was observed for fumonisins B2 and B3 (m/z 706) and hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 (m/z 406). The on-line IAC/LC/ESI-MS method provided a linear response from the detection limit to 5 ng for fumonisin B1 and ...
Comparison of lead dislodgment and pocket infection rates after pacemaker implantation in the operating room versus the catheterization laboratory

To assess and compare the rates of lead dislodgment and pocket infection in patients having procedures performed in the operating room versus those performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, we reviewed the records of 85 adult patients who underwent 88 procedures, all performed by one surgical team and having complete follow-ups at our institution from October 8, 1979, through November 7, 1986. Forty-five patients underwent 46 procedures in the operating room, and 40 patients underwent 42 procedures in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. There was one instance of ventricular lead dislodgment noted among the 48 leads implanted in the operating room and one instance of ventricular lead dislodgment among the 58 leads implanted in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. No instances of atrial lead dislodgment were noted. No instances of pocket infection were noted among the 46 procedures performed in the operating room or in the 42 procedures performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. We conclude that pacemaker implantation can be performed with equivalent safety and effectiveness in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and in the operating room.
Coordinated Morphological Changes in Midgut, Imaginal Discs, and Respiratory Trumpets During Metamorphosis of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract The study of mosquito metamorphosis has relevance to understanding the mosquitocidal mechanisms of juvenile hormone analogues and may provide information concerning dipteran evolution. This report details the chronology and coordination of morphological changes in imaginal disc growth and differentiation, respiratory trumpet morphogenesis, and midgut remodeling that occur during Aedes aegypti (L.) metamorphosis. These observations were facilitated by the transparent A. aegypti larval cuticle and the relatively synchronous development of individually grown larvae. The results indicate that within 12 h of the last larval-larval ecdysis, leg imaginal discs start to grow and differentiate, pupal respiratory trumpets start their morphogenesis, and midgut remodeling starts in that programmed death of midgut polytene cells and division of midgut diploid cells are initiated. Morphological changes in all of these structures continue throughout the fourth stadium and are concomitant with substantial larval...
Self‐compassion and PTSD symptom severity

Neff's (2003a, 2003b) notion of self-compassion emphasizes kindness towards one's self, a feeling of connectedness with others, and mindful awareness of distressing experiences. Because exposure to trauma and subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms (PSS) may be associated with self-criticism and avoidance of internal experiences, the authors examined the relationship between self-compassion and PSS. Out of a sample of 210 university students, 100 endorsed experiencing a Criterion A trauma. Avoidance symptoms significantly correlated with self-compassion, but reexperiencing and hyperarousal did not. Individuals high in self-compassion may engage in less avoidance strategies following trauma exposure, allowing for a natural exposure process.
Thermal Design Considerations for Surface Mount Power ICs

The focus of this paper is to present the techniques that are effective in removing the heat from the surface mounted power ICs and transferring it to the cooler surroundings. In the past the thermal design was as simple as adding the theta values (°C/W) of the power component, the thermal pad and the heat sink together and multiplying by the power dissipated in that component to arrive at the temperature rise between the ambient and the junction of the IC. Today, with surface mount technology and ICs with power pads the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) has become an integral part for removing the heat. The basic concepts of what makes a good thermally conductive PCB, some first order modeling examples and evaluations of an existing evaluation module (EVM) will help the designer understand the techniques in producing a good thermally conductive PCB.
Modeling Wear Traces of Automotive Friction Materials by Cantor Set

Grooves parallel to the disc rotation direction were observed on the surface of non-metallic organic (NMO) friction materials after Friction Assessment Screening Test (FAST). Grooves are traces of wear and formed by abrasive mechanism. Grooves have fractal nature and they can be described by Cantor set. Two equations, one is time coordinate (x-axis) “matheqn” and the other one is wear ordinate (y-axis) “matheqn”, were proposed based on Cantor set to model the linear relationships among wear, time and sliding speed. Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting in in Orlando, Florida May 20–24, 2001
Part II — Analysis

Models are presented which permit simultaneous analysis of crew assignment, routing, and switching and their interaction, particularly in consideration of circuitous routing versus expansion of classification and switching facilities.
A reexamination of the market efficiency hypothesis: Evidence from an electronic intra-day, inter-dealer FX market

Abstract Researchers acknowledge that the evidence of autocorrelation (price dependency) in daily/weekly asset returns provides no conclusive evidence against the market efficiency hypothesis since the holding period of actual speculative positions may be less than a day. Using a high frequency (up to one hundredth of a second), transaction-based, electronic foreign exchange (FX) brokerage data set, we show that dealers in this market tend to close their speculative positions in less than a minute. We provide evidence that there is a significant negative autocorrelation in the rate of return on DM/USD exchange rate. However, when we sample data at frequencies shorter than a minute, profits are infeasible for two reasons: (1) the structure of the autocorrelation pattern is not consistent enough; (2) the largest potential speculative profit derived from the autocorrelation pattern is smaller than the regulated tick size. Our results support the market efficiency hypothesis as dealers have evidently engaged potentially profitable speculation based on price dependency.