cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographic evidence for differential G-protein coupling of 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain: lack of effect of repeated injections of fluoxetine

Abstract The present study examined the distribution of [3H]8-OH-DPAT-labeled 5-HT1A receptors and their degree of coupling to G proteins in the hypothalamus and several other brain regions. In addition, we also investigated the effects of repeated injections of fluoxetine on the density and G protein coupling of 5-HT1A receptors in hypothalamic nuclei and other brain regions using autoradiography. Male rats received daily injections of either fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, ip) for 3, 7, 14 and 22 days, or saline for 22 days. 5-HT1A receptors were labeled by 2 nM [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin ([3H]8-OH-DPAT) in the absence or presence of guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p, 10−5 M) to determine the percentage of 5-HT1A receptors coupled to G proteins. 5-HT1A receptor densities ranged from 7 to 63 fmol/mg tissue equivalent among hypothalamic nuclei. Similarly, the degree of G protein coupling to 5-HT1A receptors varied markedly among hypothalamic nuclei (from 14% to 61%) and among other brain regions (from 17% to 85%). Fluoxetine did not alter the density or the degree of coupling of 5-HT1A receptors in any brain regions. These data indicate marked regional differences in the degree of G protein-coupled 5-HT1A receptors and suggest that fluoxetine-induced desensitization of hypothalamic 5-HT1A receptors is not mediated by changes in receptor density or G protein coupling.
Using cascading style sheets to accommodate websites for individuals with low vision

The Web Community tolerates bad markup for visual effect even when the practice excludes partially sighted users. This paper describes a two-phase process to recondition websites: deconstruction and building a new skin. It uses cascading style sheets. Deconstruction replaces developer styles with good defaults for partially sighted users. Building a new skin customizes the site for individual preferences. It adjusts font size, font family, color configuration, line height, word spacing and letter spacing. Its styles for lists and tables aid navigation. The process works best on sites that conform to W3C standards. Even marginal sites can be transformed so that the new interface is pleasant so long as the site developer does not misuse markup too aggressively.
Isolation of diagenetic overgrowths on quartz sand grains for oxygen isotopic analysis

Abstract Diagenetic overgrowths on detrital quartz sand grains in sandstones can be isolated for direct measurement of their oxygen isotope ratios. Interfacial materials between detrital cores and diagenetic overgrowths are dissolved by etching with dilute HF. The weakened interface breaks when grains are agitated ultrasonically. Subsequent particle size separation is an effective means of concentrating the diagenetic component.
Condensing and evaporating heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of HFC-134a and HCFC-22

Condensing and evaporating heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of an ozone friendly refrigerant HFC-134a and a HCFC refrigerant R-22, flowing inside a 9.5 mm (3/8 in) OD axially grooved tube were investigated experimentally to obtain the quasi-local heat transfer data and the correlations. When compared to R-22 at the same refrigerant flow rate, the condensing heat transfer coefficients for R-134a are 8 percent to 18 percent higher, and the pressure drop is 50 percent higher. The evaporating heat transfer coefficient with R-134a is about the same for mass velocity below 270 kg/m 2 -s and decreases above that velocity, relative to R-22. Performance characteristics are compared with data from literature reports.
Second order receptive field properties of simple and complex cells support a new standard model of thalamocortical circuitry in V1.

[Hubel and Wiesel's (1962)][1] hierarchical model of simple and complex cell receptive fields (RFs) has shaped our understanding of the structure and function of the primary visual cortex (V1). They proposed that the characteristic elongated ON or OFF subregions of simple-cell RFs are constructed
Interstitial hyperthermia and interstitial iridium 192 implantation: A technique and preliminary results☆

Abstract A simple technique using interstitial hypertbermia in combination with interstitial Iridium 192 implantation is described in detail. This technique was initially tested on swine and later successfully tested on seven patients. The preliminary results of the City of Hope Interstitial Hyperthermia Pilot protocol are stated. The authors feel that this simple technique could be used by any radiation oncologist while performing interstitial implants in selected sites.
CHARGED PARTICLE AND NEUTRON BACKGROUNDS IN AN e-e- INTERACTION REGION AT THE NLC

We compare the detector background situation in an e-e- interaction region at the NLC with previous studies done of the NLC e+e- interaction region. We note from previous studies that the dominant source of detector backgrounds are the beamstrahlung pairs. Since these scale with luminosity, the reduction in luminosity in e-e- collisions leads to a reduction in detector backgrounds compared to the e+e- situation.
Quantitative radioimmunoimaging for radioimmunotherapy treatment planning: effect of reduction in data sampling on dosimetric estimates.

Quantitative radioimmunoimaging (serial anterior/posterior imaging and blood sampling) is useful for radioimmunotherapy treatment planning, but can be quite time consuming. To predict whether accur...
Statistics, authors, and reviewers: the heart of the matter.

In 2004, when we proposed guidelines for reporting statistics ([3][1]), we did so from the sole perspective of an author.[1][2] But we recognize that all of us–authors and reviewers alike–must strive to use and report statistics in ways that are consistent with best practices ([4][3]). We also
A Diagnostic Calculation of the General Circulation in the South Atlantic Bight

A diagnostic calculation that involves of the geostropic equations for total transport along contours of constant planetary vorticity (f/H) is described and applied to the South Atlantic Bight. The total transport in the entire region is determined by specifying transport or botton velocity on one transect intersecting the f/H contours. A new method of computing the joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom topography (JeBar) in the vorticity equation permits the application of the model to oceanic regions with large bottom-topographic variations. Local wind-stress curl and bottom frictional torque have been ignored in the current version of the model; their effect is estimated to be small seaward of the shelf break. JeBar terms are the dominat factor in the vorticity balance. The results indicate realistic climatological Gulf Stream behavior in the Bight and are not overly sensitive to the conditions prescribed on the southern transect east of the Bahamas. The southward flow from the Middle Atlantic Bight is a substantial contribution to the Gulf Stream transport off Cape Hatteras.
The changing science of machine learning

Machine Learning saw its first issues appear in 1986. Naturally, the publication did not spring fully grown from its founders’ brows; we laid the first plans in 1983, during the Second International Workshop on Machine Learning at Allerton House, Illinois. My partners in crime were Ryszard Michalski, Jaime Carbonell, and Tom Mitchell, who had organized the first two workshops and who had edited the book based on the initial event (Michalski et al. 1983). The reasons for launching a new journal were familiar ones. The first workshop in 1980 at Carnegie-Mellon University had identified a community of researchers with common interests in computational approaches to learning and arrived at a name for its activities. Moreover, the parent fields of artificial intelligence and cognitive science were showing little interest at the time in learning-related issues, preferring to focus on the role of knowledge in intelligence, regardless of its origin. As a result, we encountered some difficulty publishing and, more generally, felt we were not getting the attention we deserved. Finally, there was the common urge of young, energetic researchers to create something of their own to which they could attach their names. At least that was part of my own motivation; I cannot speak for my co-founders. Our group agreed that the new field needed a journal, and we also decided that I would be the first Executive Editor, with the other three serving as Editors. In 1984, I moved from Carnegie-Mellon University to the University of California, Irvine, where I received department support for the enterprise and set up an editorial office. We began to explore publishers, eventually settled on Kluwer, and started to solicit submissions. We made many decisions in those early days, from selecting an initial editorial board to determining the publication’s size and format1 that I cannot detail here.
Energy Healing With Women Children

Western allopathic medicine has focused on illness care of the body. Energy healing is a complementary therapy focused on the mind-body-spirit connection and is especially useful for conditions for which allopathic medicine has few answers. Common in Eastern cultures, energy healing has developed as therapeutic touch and healing touch in Western nursing practice. An explanation of the scientific/ theoretical basis of energy healing and case study presentations provide the framework for considering the application of this therapy to the care of women and children.
Quantitative evaluation of the microbial nutrient sink in soil in relation to a model system for soil fungistasis

Abstract A quantitative approach was devised to evaluate the influence of soil microbial activity as a sink for nutrients exuded by fungal spores as a factor in soil fungistasis. The approach was based on measuring the CO 2 evolved from microbial respiration of 14 C-labelled exudates from conidia of Cochliobolus victoriae incubated on soil. The amount of exudate lost by spores on soil was greater than the amount lost by spores incubated on a bed of sand undergoing leaching at a flow rate of 110 ml h −1 . where restriction of germination was similar to that on soil. Increasing flow rates in the leaching system increased spore exudation and reduced germination. Germination of C . victoriae conidia on membrane filters floated on distilled water decreased as the volume of water increased. The results indicate that the microbial nutrient sink of soil is sufficient to impose soil fungistasis.
Interfacial segregation, nucleation and texture development in 3% silicon steel

Abstract In inhibitor-free 3% Si–Fe alloys containing sulfur, the matter which the final main texture after annealing becomes among the {1 0 0}〈u v w〉, {1 1 0}〈0 0 1〉 and {1 1 0}〈u v w〉 components depends on the combination of various factors: final reduction, heating rate, flow rate of hydrogen and bulk content of sulfur. With increasing final reduction and heating rate, the final main texture after annealing tends to be transited from the {1 1 0}〈u v w〉 to the {1 1 0}〈0 0 1〉 and then followed by the {1 0 0}〈u v w〉 component. This is due to the active surface-energy-induced selective growth of the {1 0 0}〈u v w〉 grains that makes the survival and selective growth of the {1 1 0} grains difficult. On the viewpoints of the nucleation and the selective growth, a higher flow rate of hydrogen and a lower bulk content of sulfur may result in the transition in final main texture of the {1 0 0}〈u v w〉 to the {1 1 0}〈0 0 1〉 and subsequently to the {1 1 0}〈u v w〉 component after annealing.
Hexavalent chromium effects on carbon assimilation in Selenastrum capricornutum.

One of the difficulties in assessing toxic substances such as metals and complex organic compounds is the duration of the necessary tests. It would be beneficial to have available standardized tests of short duration that would allow a reduction in necessary manpower and overall cost as well as provide a method to evaluate chemicals that are readily degraded (i.e., within a few hours). One method available is the short-term photosynthesis response of algae to a given toxicant. Photosynthesis is not only a critical physiological response but is also one for which standard, accurate methods are available. The /sup 14/C method has been used to study the effects of chromium on algae. More recently, it was proposed that the /sup 14/C method be used to measure short-term photosynthetic response as a standard algal bioassay. The present study was designed to further evaluate, via photosynthetic response, the potential effects of hexavalent chromium on Selenastrum capricornutum.
Firefly luciferase-based dynamic bioluminescence imaging: a noninvasive technique to assess tumor angiogenesis.

Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature, is important for solid tumor growth to allow the transfer of oxygen, nutrients, and waste.1,2 Excessive tumor cell proliferation, characteristic of most cancerous growths, is insufficient for a tumor to have physiologic detriment.1,3 Early studies showed that tumors implanted into a site of little blood circulation, such as the anterior chamber of the eye, fail to grow larger than 1 mm in diameter. However, if the tumor is implanted near the iris, where there is ample blood flow, the tumor grows 16 000 times in size within 2 weeks.4 Angiogenesis is also positively correlated with metastasis, and metastasis is rare in the absence of new vasculature.5–7 Despite the importance of angiogenesis to neoplastic growth and metastasis, there are few noninvasive, in vivo methodologies to monitor angiogenic progression. One such method for calculating blood volume, perfusion, and vascular permeability uses dynamic contrast-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).8 Using dynamic contrast-enhancing MRI, Ludemann et al8 could distinguish between glioma grades and types of brain tumors. Other studies suggest that neovascularization during angiogenesis includes an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, resulting in an increase in intensity during contrast MRI, and is correlated to exponential tumor growth, increased expression of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 and -2, as well as an increase in vessel caliber and density.9 Another available noninvasive in vivo imaging technique takes advantage of the firefly luciferase–transfected brain tumor cell lines. In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI), while not practical in patients, is a high-throughput and sensitive imaging modality, making it an excellent tool for monitoring tumor growth and the progress of antitumor therapies in animal models. The substrate, d-luciferin, is known to cross cell membranes and penetrate the blood-brain barrier after intraperitoneal injection into mice, and the excitation photons emitted are detectable through bone, allowing for BLI of any organ, including the brain. Burgos et al10 used BLI to compare growth curves of brain tumors in orthotopic and heterotopic mice. In this study, we combine dynamic BLI (DBLI) with histology and illustrate that this noninvasive in vivo technique can be used to monitor tumor growth and permeability of the blood-brain barrier in an experimental model of glioma in mice. Although this imaging modality is currently impractical to use in patients, the technique can be used to study the effects of antiangiogenic therapeutics in animal models.
The Relation of Chlorine and Catalase Content of Milk to its Curd Tension

Summary The tension of the curd produced under standard conditions in the 24-hour product of each of six herds was noted frequently throughout a period of six months. The product of one herd (No. 4) had an average curd tension approximately twice as great as that of the other five herds and is believed to represent what one would expect to obtain from a group of cows with healthy udders. The low curd tension of four of the remaining five herds is believed to be due to the high incidence of chronic mastitis in these herds, since the product thereof was abnormally high in catalase and in chlorine. The low curd tension noted in the product of the remaining herd (No. 5) is believed due to the genetic pattern of the members of the herd since the chlorine and catalase content of its product was normal. The record of the four herds indicates them to be agents of low value for the production of milk both from the standpoint of quantity and quality of milk.
Towards a semen proteome of the dengue vector mosquito: protein identification and potential functions.

Background: No commercially licensed vaccine or treatment is available for dengue fever, a potentially lethal infection that impacts millions of lives annually. New tools that target mosquito control may reduce vector populations and break the cycle of dengue transmission. Male mosquito seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) are one such target since these proteins, in aggregate, modulate the reproduction and feeding patterns of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. As an initial step in identifying new targets for dengue vector control, we sought to identify the suite of proteins that comprise the Ae. aegypti ejaculate and determine which are transferred to females during mating. Methodology and Principal Findings: Using a stable-isotope labeling method coupled with proteomics to distinguish male- and female-derived proteins, we identified Sfps and sperm proteins transferred from males to females. Sfps were distinguished from sperm proteins by comparing the transferred proteins to sperm-enriched samples derived from testes and seminal vesicles. We identified 93 male-derived Sfps and 52 predicted sperm proteins that are transferred to females during mating. The Sfp protein classes we detected suggest roles in protein activation/inactivation, sperm utilization, and ecdysteroidogenesis. We also discovered that several predicted membrane-bound and intracellular proteins are transferred to females in the seminal fluids, supporting the hypothesis that Ae. aegypti Sfps are released from the accessory gland cells through apocrine secretion, as occurs in mammals. Many of the Ae. aegypti predicted sperm proteins were homologous to Drosophila melanogaster sperm proteins, suggesting conservation of their sperm-related function across Diptera. Conclusion and Significance: This is the first study to directly identify Sfps transferred from male Ae. aegypti to females. Our data lay the groundwork for future functional analyses to identify individual seminal proteins that may trigger female postmating changes (e.g., in feeding patterns and egg production). Therefore, identification of these proteins may lead to new approaches for manipulating the reproductive output and vectorial capacity of Ae. aegypti.
Review Of The Infrared Properties Of Liquid Crystals

The recently developed microscopic theory of liquid crystal birefringence is reviewed. New physical insights into the origins of the visible and infrared birefringence of liquid crystals are obtained. Guidelines for selecting or synthesizing highly birefringent liquid crystal materials are established. Novel applications of liquid crystals in the infrared regions are foreseeable. In addition, mechanisms which limit the high power laser applications of liquid crystals are briefly discussed.
Thermodynamics of the binding of flavin adenine dinucleotide to D-amino acid oxidase.

The enthalpy of binding, ΔH b , of flavin adenine dinucleotide to the apoenzyme of D-amino acid oxidase was determined by flow calorimetry at pH 8.5 to be +3.8, −4.1 and −11.0 kcal mol −1 at 10 °, 25 ° and 38 °, respectively. These values correspond to a heat capacity change, ΔCp, of −530 cal K −1 mol −1 . From the binding constant reported by Dixon and Kleppe (1965a) and the above enthalpies, the standard free energy and standard entropy of binding are evaluated. These thermodynamic data are interpreted in terms of hydrophobic and vibrational contributions ( Sturtevant, 1977 ). The product of the assay reaction ( Fonda and Anderson, 1967 ), benzoylformic acid, is a non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme with a value for k i of 1.4 × 10 −4 M at 25 °.
The Monthly Food Stamp Cycle: Shooping Frequency and Food Intake Decisions in an Endogenous Switching Regression Framework

Mean food spending by food stamp households peaks sharply in the first three days after benefits are received. For those who conduct major grocery shopping trips only once per month (42% of all food stamp households), mean food energy intake drops significantly by the fourth week of the month. For the remaining households, intake remains steady over the course of the month. These patterns motivate an empirical model that simultaneously accounts for the shopping frequency and food intake decisions over time. Results have implications for policies that may affect the frequency of grocery shopping by food stamp households.
Extracting ultra-scale Lattice Boltzmann performance via hierarchical and distributed auto-tuning

We are witnessing a rapid evolution of HPC node architectures and on-chip parallelism as power and cooling constraints limit increases in microprocessor clock speeds. In this work, we demonstrate a hierarchical approach towards effectively extracting performance for a variety of emerging multicore-based supercomputing platforms. Our examined application is a structured grid-based Lattice Boltzmann computation that simulates homogeneous isotropic turbulence in magnetohydrodynamics. First, we examine sophisticated sequential auto-tuning techniques including loop transformations, virtual vectorization, and use of ISA-specific intrinsics. Next, we present a variety of parallel optimization approaches including programming model exploration (flat MPI, MPI/OpenMP, and MPI/Pthreads), as well as data and thread decomposition strategies designed to mitigate communication bottlenecks. Finally, we evaluate the impact of our hierarchical tuning techniques using a variety of problem sizes via large-scale simulations on state-of-the-art Cray XT4, Cray XE6, and IBM BlueGene/P platforms. Results show that our unique tuning approach improves performance and energy requirements by up to 3.4× using 49,152 cores, while providing a portable optimization methodology for a variety of numerical methods on forthcoming HPC systems.
Bistatic RCS of Complex Objects near Forward Scatter

A technique is presented for predicting the bistatic radar cross section (RCS) of an opaque, arbitrarily shaped object at angles near forward scatter. Babinet's principle is employed to approximate the object's scattering pattern as the two-dimensional Fourier transform of its silhouette. Calculations for spheres and right-circular cylinders are shown to agree with predictions based on exact Mie theory, method of moments, and physical optics. Restrictions on the applicability of the method are presented.
Selection for male choice based primarily on mate compatibility in the oldfield mouse, Peromyscus polionotus rhoadsi

Despite the consensus that mate choice acts as a mechanism for selection of secondary sexual traits, the evolutionary forces affecting mate preferences themselves remain controversial. In this study, we first demonstrated selection acting directly on the mate preferences of monogamous male oldfield mice, Peromyscus polionotus rhoadsi. One group of male oldfield mice were allowed to express a social preference between two potential mates, and were subsequently paired with either their preferred or rejected female. Among these pairs, those containing preferred females produced more offspring than did those containing rejected females. We next demonstrated that this fitness advantage depended primarily on compatibility between the members of a mated pair. A second group of male oldfield mice were not allowed the opportunity to express a social preference between potential mates. Rather, these males were paired with females that had been either preferred or rejected by males in the first group. Among these pairs, those containing preferred females did not produce more offspring than those containing rejected females. In other words, individual mate preferences had fitness consequences only for those males that expressed them, demonstrating that these preferences were based primarily on compatibility between mates.
Effect of vehicle characteristics on unpaved road dust emissions

This paper presents PM 10 fugitive dust emission factors for a range of vehicles types and examines the influence of vehicle and wake characteristics on the strength of emissions from an unpaved road. Vertical profile measurements of mass concentration of the passing plumes were carried out using a series of 3 instrumented towers. PM 10 emission fluxes at each tower were calculated from knowledge of the vertical mass concentration profile, the ambient wind speed and direction, and the time the plume took to pass the towers. The emission factors showed a strong linear dependence on speed and vehicle weight. Emission factors (EF = grams of PM 10 emitted per vehicle kilometer traveled) ranged from approximately EF = 0.8 x (km h -1 ) for a light (∼1200 kg) passenger car to EF = 48 x (km h -1 ) for large military vehicles (∼18000 kg). In comparison to emission estimates derived using US EPA AP-42 methods the measured emission factors indicate larger than estimated contributions for speeds generally > 10-20 km h -1 and for vehicle weights > 3000 kg. The size of a wake created by a vehicle was observed to be dependent on the size of the vehicle, increasing roughly linearly with vehicle height. Injection height of the dust plume is least important to long-range transport of PM 10 under unstable conditions and most important under stable atmospheric conditions.
The Impact of Assimilation and Differentiation Needs on Perceived Group Importance and Judgments of Ingroup Size

At the heart of optimal distinctiveness theory is the idea that a group’s level of inclusiveness is a significant determinant of how well that group can meet members’ needs for assimilation and differentiation. In two studies, this principle was demonstrated by experimentally manipulating both needs and examining their effects on perceptions of ingroup size and on the perceived importance of ingroups that vary in level of inclusiveness. It was predicted that assimilation need would lead to a preference for inclusive ingroups and the tendency to overestimate ingroup size, whereas differentiation need would lead to a preference for exclusive ingroups and the tendency to underestimate ingroup size. Support for these predictions was found across both studies. The results support the hypothesis that the arousal of assimilation and differentiation needs interacts with ingroup inclusiveness to determine optimal social identities.
Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa—receptor inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndromes or undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: a review

Abstract Background: Over 12.2 million Americans are affected by acute coronary syndromes (ACS) resulting from arterial thrombosis after atherosclerotic plaque rupture. The mechanism of thrombosis is based on the platelet activation pathway, facilitated by expression of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors. The platelet GP IIb/IIIa—receptor inhibitors represent a new class of drugs, of which abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban have been approved for use in the medical management of ACS and as adjunctive therapy in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). Objective: This article reviews the results of published multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials of the efficacy and safety of platelet GP IIb/IIIa—receptor inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: To identify articles for this review, a search of MEDLINE ® for the years 1994 through 2000 was conducted using the key words myocardial ischemia, unstable angina, angioplasty, stent, abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban, lamifiban , and platelet aggregation inhibitors . Relevant review articles were consulted as well as reports of clinical studies. Conclusions: Three GP IIb/IIIa—receptor inhibitors—abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban—are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as adjunctive therapy in patients undergoing PCI. Eptifibatide and tirofiban are also indicated for the medical management of patients with unstable angina and non—ST-segment—elevation myocardial infarction. The use of GP IIb/IIIa—receptor inhibitors as a component of management with fibrinolytic agents is under investigation. Studies comparing the efficacy of tirofiban and abciximab in patients undergoing planned PCI with intracoronary stent placement are in progress. Until data are available from long-term trials and head-to-head comparisons of these agents, it is not possible to generalize about their overall or comparative efficacy.
Changes in pressure wave transmission along human aorta with age and arterial disease

Top of pageAbstract Previous studies have shown that in children the amplitude of pressure waves increases progressively along the aorta and a diastolic wave appears in peripheral arteries. These alterations become less with age or arterial disease so that the wave is transmitted virtually unchanged in older patients (pts.) with arterial degenerative disease. Pressures were measured in aortic root, aortic arch, and either iliac or brachial arteries during diagnostic catheterization in 198 pts., aged 1 day to 70 yrs. There was no significant difference in amplification for pts. with normal arteries and normal aortic valves (81), aortic stenosis (48), or aortic insufficiency (9). Amplification averaged 1.56±.26 for normal pts. aged 0-19 yrs., 1.23±.19 between 20-39, and 1.17±.13 over 40. For each age range, pts. with arterial disease had a lower mean amplification, but with considerable overlap after 40 yrs. Slightly improved separation of normal and abnormal was obtained using catheter-tip manometers, Fourier analysis and amplification of individual harmonic terms. Pulsewave velocity, using foot-to-foot transmission time and measured catheter lengths from aortic arch, averaged 455±78 cm/sec in 50 normals, 464±82 in 39 with aortic stenosis, and 622±245 in 18 with arterial disease. (Supported by NIH-HL14207-03).
Decentralization in Pollution Permit Markets

A pollution permit market is decentralized when firms are allowed to trade permits across time, regions or pollutants. Using a model in which firms have better information about their abatement costs than a regulator, we develop a comparative advantage formula that delineates whether or not pollution permit markets should be decentralized. When the damage from pollution is described by a separable function, the formula implies a simple sufficient condition for not allowing decentralization.
Cerebellotrigeminal and focal dermal dysplasia: A newly recognized neurocutaneous syndrome

A female child with brachycephaly, hypertelorism, convergent strabismus, interstitial keratitis, analgesia on both sides of the face, absent corneal reflexes, and focal congenital alopecia of a zone of the occipital and posterior parietal scalp is presented. The patient also had generalized hypotonia in early life, and at age 4 years 9 months, she was found to be moderately mentally subnormal and to have severe cerebellar deficit consisting of gait and truncal ataxia. There was no clinical evidence of other cranial nerves being affected. It is postulated that the patient has a cerebellotrigeminal and focal dermal dysplasia due to a developmental arrest of the ectoderm, which gives rise to the alar plate of the rhombencephalon, the overlying epidermis, the motor nucleus of V, and the trigeminal placodes.
Sensemaking in prison: Inmate identity as a working understanding

This study examines some of the ways in which correctional officers construct, communicate, and defend a shared account of inmate identity in a maximum-security prison. Through sensemaking activities embodied in informal conversational routines, correctional officers produce a working understanding of the prisoner that is a central element in the reproduction of social control in the prison. The data suggest that challenges to the dominant assumptions embodied in key sensemaking categories may be met by a variety of defensive strategies. These strategies are embedded in the informal conversational routines of the group. Through the selective use of official records, by reframing tolerance as a social control strategy, and through participation in acts of ritual insubordination, correctional officers maintain a working understanding of the inmate that is demeaning, derogatory, and ultimately stereotypical. This research contributes to our understanding of occupational culture in the justice system, and to ...
Binding, release, and functionalization of CO2 at a nucleophilic oxo anion complex of titanium

The titanium oxo anion complex [(Et2O)2Li][OTi(N[tBu]3,5-Me2C6H3)3] ([(Et2O)2Li][1]) reacts with CO2 in diethyl ether to form the carbonate complex ([Li][O2COTi(N[tBu]3,5-Me2C6H3)3])6 ([Li][2]). The solid-state structure of complex [Li][2] is a hexamer with a hexagonal prismatic core comprised of six lithium cations bridged by the carbonate functionality. In the monomeric subunits of [Li][2], the carbonate ligand is bound κ1- to the titanium metal center and pseudo κ2- to the lithium countercation. The hexameric structure persists in benzene solutions as determined by 1H DOSY NMR techniques. The binding of CO2 in complex [Li][2] is reversible and can be effected by the introduction of the lithium sequestration reagent 12-crown-4 to diethyl ether solutions of [Li][2]. Complex [Li][2] is readily functionalized with Me3SiOS(O)2CF3 to yield the silyl carbonate complex Me3SiOC(O)OTi(N[tBu]3,5-Me2C6H3)3 (3), the solid-state structure of which is presented. Functionalization with pivaloyl chloride results in the rapid loss of CO2 and formation of the pivalate complex tBuC(O)OTi(N[tBu]3,5-Me2C6H3)3 (4).
A Genetic Algorithm Approach to Detecting Lineage-Specific Variation in Selection Pressure

The ratio of nonsynonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) substitution rates, omega, provides a measure of selection at the protein level. Models have been developed that allow omega to vary among lineages. However, these models require the lineages in which differential selection has acted to be specified a priori. We propose a genetic algorithm approach to assign lineages in a phylogeny to a fixed number of different classes of omega, thus allowing variable selection pressure without a priori specification of particular lineages. This approach can identify models with a better fit than a single-ratio model, and with fits that are better than (in an information theoretic sense) a fully local model, in which all lineages are assumed to evolve under different values of omega, but with far fewer parameters. By averaging over models which explain the data reasonably well, we can assess the robustness of our conclusions to uncertainty in model estimation. Our approach can also be used to compare results from models in which branch classes are specified a priori with a wide range of credible models. We illustrate our methods on primate lysozyme sequences and compare them with previous methods applied to the same data sets.
A distributed parameter control approach to optimal filtering and smoothing with mobile sensor networks

In this paper we present a framework to address filtering and smoothing problems for distributed parameter systems when mobile (dynamic) sensors are used to provide system measurements. This framework can be used for systems governed by parabolic and hyperbolic partial differential equations and hence has application to a diverse set of problems such as estimating locations of biological and chemical sources, target tracking and estimation.We formulate the problems as hybrid systems on infinite dimensional spaces (coupled systems of partial, ordinary and delay differential equations) and use infinite dimensional theory to develop computational algorithms for the problems. A simple numerical example illustrates the approach.
A methodology for resource allocation and routing in integrated-services networks with quality of service requirements

Summary form only given. We present an approach to the admission control, resource allocation and routing problem in connection-oriented networks that offer multiple services to users. Users' preferences are summarized by means of their utility functions, and each user is allowed to request more than one type of service. Each requested service may be delivered over one of many possible routes, and must satisfy certain quality of service (QoS) requirements. We assume that the relation between QoS and resource allocation is given, and incorporate it as a constraint into a static optimization problem. The objective is to determine the amount of required resources and route for each type of service so as to satisfy the QoS requirements and maximize a welfare function that is equal to the sum of the users' utilities. We describe a competitive market economy that achieves the objective and satisfies the informational constraints imposed by the nature of the decentralized resource allocation and routing problem. We briefly describe the market economy, the problem's information structure and market mechanism.
Organic mercurial activation of renal ammonia production.

Summaryp-Chloromercuribenzoate (p-CMB) was employed to determine whether mitochondrial swelling correlates with gluta-minase I activation. Diuretic dosage of p-CMB produced swelling of in situ as well as isolated mitochondria. Ammonia production from glutamine rose two- to threefold with a rise in the ammonia produced per glutamine-utilized ratio from 1.25 to 1.97. The results are consistent with mitochondrial glutamin-ase I activity dependent upon mitochondrial permeability.
Writing plan quality: Relevance to writing scores

If writing matters, how can we improve it? This study investigated the nature of writing plan quality and its relationship to the ensuing writing scores. Data were drawn from the 1998 Provincial Learning Assessment Programme (PLAP) in Writing, which was administered to pupils in Grades 4, 7, and 10 across British Columbia, Canada. Common features of writing quality were qualitatively identified in a sample of writing plans across the three grade levels. An analytic scoring scheme based on (i) identified features of writing quality in writing plans, (ii) evaluative terms commonly used as criteria to measure writing performance in both large-scale and classroom assessments, and (iii) theory and research in writing, was developed and used to assess a sample of 1,797 writing plans. Correlation and regression analyses were used to determine relationships between quality of writing plans and writing scores. Evidence of features of writing quality in writing plans was associated with higher writing scores. Identification of features of writing plan quality provides valuable instructional information to promote student writing.
Instrumental Learning Within the Spinal Cord: Underlying Mechanisms and Implications for Recovery After Injury

Using spinally transected rats, research has shown that neurons within the L4-S2 spinal cord are sensitive to response-outcome (instrumental) relations. This learning depends on a form of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated plasticity. Instrumental training enables subsequent learning, and this effect has been linked to the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Rats given uncontrollable stimulation later exhibit impaired instrumental learning, and this deficit lasts up to 48 hr. The induction of the deficit can be blocked by prior training with controllable shock, the concurrent presentation of a tonic stimulus that induces antinociception, or pretreatment with an NMDA or gamma-aminobutyric acid-A antagonist. The expression of the deficit depends on a kappa opioid. Uncontrollable stimulation enhances mechanical reactivity (allodynia), and treatments that induce allodynia (e.g., inflammation) inhibit learning. In intact animals, descending serotonergic neurons exert a protective effect that blocks the adverse consequences of uncontrollable stimulation. Uncontrollable, but not controllable, stimulation impairs the recovery of function after a contusion injury.
Spatial resolution and processing tradeoffs for HYDROS: application of reconstruction and resolution enhancement techniques

Recent developments in reconstruction and resolution enhancement for microwave instruments suggest a possible tradeoff between computation, resolution, and downlink data rate based on postcollection reconstruction/resolution enhancement processing. The Hydrospheric State (HYDROS) mission is designed to measure global soil moisture and freeze/thaw state in support of weather and climate prediction, water, energy, and carbon cycle studies, and natural hazards monitoring. It will use an active and passive L-band microwave system that optimizes measurement accuracy, spatial resolution, and coverage. The active channels use synthetic aperture radar-type processing to achieve fine spatial resolution, requiring a relatively high downlink data rate and ground processor complexity. To support real-time applications and processing, an optional postcollection reconstruction and resolution enhancement method is investigated. With this option, much lower rate real-aperture radar data are used along with ground-based postprocessing algorithms to enhance the resolution of the observations to achieve the desired 10-km resolution. Several approaches are investigated in this paper. It is determined that a reconstruction/resolution enhancement technique combining both forward- and aft-looking measurements enables estimation of 10-km resolution or better backscatter values at acceptable accuracy. Key tradeoffs to achieve this goal are considered.
Towards macroscopic human behavior based authentication for mobile transactions

Integration of Near Field Communication (NFC) sensors into mobile devices has enabled their use for authentication. The ubiquitous nature of authentication using mobile devices comes though with increased security considerations. In addition to the risk of being stolen, mobile devices are increasingly susceptible to different types of software attacks. User-provided passwords such as Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) are often employed to ameliorate these limitations. The use of passwords though, has its own vulnerabilities that are mainly caused by the passwords' static nature and low entropy. To eliminate the security threats caused by untrusted devices and static passwords, we propose the development of new types of biometric authentication, based on macroscopic human behavior.
Synthetic interviews: the art of creating a “dyad” between humans and machine-based characters

Synthetic interviews is technology developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Synthetic interviews provide a means of conversing in-depth with an individual or character, permitting users to ask questions in a conversational manner (just as they would if they were interviewing the figure face-to-face), and receive relevant, pertinent answers to the questions asked. Existing synthetic interviews are accessible via either typed or spoken interfaces. Through this exploration of the CG-persona, users are able to discover a character's behavior, likes and dislikes, values, qualities, influences, beliefs, or personal knowledge. The synthetic interview also strives to capture and convey the core human attributes of reflection, humor, perplexity, bewilderment, frustration, and enjoyment. Synthetic interviews therefore attempt to create nothing less than a 'dyad'. A 'dyad' is any two individuals maintaining a socially significant relationship (though this is not to imply that synthetic interviews are to remain limited to one-on-one experiences; in fact, synthetic interviews utilizing multiple interviewers or interviewees are currently being developed).
Acculturation and Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Older Latino Adults: Differential Associations by National Origin

BACKGROUND Although modest improvements in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening utilization have occurred, rates remain low among Latinos. It is unclear whether acculturation plays a role in the utilization of CRC screening.
Studies on the Morphology and Behaviour of Buxtonella sulcata from Cattle and of Balantidium coli from the Pig

1. A ciliate occurring in the caecum of about 25 per cent, of the cattle that were examined at Jeanerette, Louisiana, is herein classified as Buxtonella sulcata Jameson (1926) and it is proposed that it be removed from the Class Aspirigera, Family Isotrichidae, and included in the Class Spirigera, Order Heterotrichida.2. The ciliate is characterised by the position of the cytostome near the permanently open cytopyge and within the peristome which continues from the cytostome around the oral end of the body to the extreme aboral end which during locomotion is anterior.3. The infections were detected in slaughtered animals by examining faecal material in Syracuse watch glasses under the binocular microscope, this method of faecal diagnosis having advantages over the smear method.4. By the administration of Epsom salts the ciliates may be obtained from living cattle.5. A pipette is described and figured for the isolation of Protozoa.6. Death of Buxtonella sulcata in an unfavourable environment occurred by disruption of the endoplasm through the cytostome.7. Buxtonella sulcata disappeared from faecal material at room temperature more quickly than balantidia from the pig, but withstood manipulation under the microscope better than the balantidia.8. The passage of an individual between two obstructions suggested a means of intercellular tissue penetration by ciliates.9. The oral plug and the centralised neuromotor system described and figured by McDonald in Balantidium coli could not be differentiated by the writer, but McDonald's other morphological observations on the above ciliates were confirmed.
STEAP1: A potential marker of metastatic disease for Ewing family tumors

10028 Background: Ewing Family Tumors (EFTs) metastasize by hematogeneous spread. Because of its dismal cure rate, targeting subclinical disease is particularly relevant. Genome-wide gene expressio...
Introduction to the Diversity of Models of Ultimate Realities

John Hick has famously argued that the spiritual and moral fruits displayed by adherents of the great religious traditions should compel us to think of these traditions as more or less equally salvific – where Hick understands ‘salvation’ to be “an actual change in human beings from self-centeredness to a new orientation centered in the ultimate divine Reality.” Yet Hick acknowledges that his pluralist intuitions are challenged by the fact – and it is a fact – that many adherents across the spectrum of these traditions claim a privileged status of some sort or other for their respective tradition. This privileged status, it is often believed, is the inevitable result of propositional commitments essential to one tradition that are either not endorsed or explicitly rejected by other traditions. Clearly, this way of privileging one tradition over others proceeds along an epistemic route, as opposed to a practical or ethical route. The attempt to privilege one tradition by arguing that its adherents display significant moral gains over adherents of other traditions, is, according to Hick, a futile one. But Hick takes seriously the logical and epistemic implications of religious diversity and attempts to meet this challenge by offering a Kantian, split-level view – where the central beliefs adopted by the major religious traditions are phenomenally true but noumenally false.