cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Between Dominance, Dependence, Negotiation, and Compromise: European Architecture and Urban Planning Practices in Colonial India:

The article discusses the imposition of European models of architecture and urban planning within India, as well as the negotiations and compromises that took place in shaping colonial urbanism. Insights from multiple analytical and theoretical frameworks are used in the article, and it draws from post-structuralism and theories of dependent urbanism to provide an explanation for imposition architecture and urban planning as instruments of domination, subjugation, and control, and the discourses that accompanied such practices. Postcolonial theory provides the analytical inspiration for explaining the resistance offered by the indigenous population against the domination, subjugation, control and negotiations and compromises that took place in shaping colonial urbanism. Insights of postcolonial theory are also used for discourse analysis carried out in the article. Drawing from theories of dependent urbanism, the article examines how the changing nature of the international political and economic landscap...
The Proto-Biology of Prostate Cancer

Nowhere in the management of prostate cancer is there more controversy than in dealing with incidental, latent, or localized disease. We would anticipate that the widespread use of fine needle aspiration, perhaps combined with ultrasound, will introduce a previously unstudied population and thus compound the uncertainties about the clinical approach to early prostate cancer. It is not surprising that there is little uniformity of opinion about the clinical management of such patients since there is very substantial divergence of opinion and uncertainty about the very definition of what constitutes the origins and natural history of incipient carcinoma of the prostate. Current concepts of the early biology of prostate cancer are based more on inference and conjecture than upon objective clinico-pathologic documentation.
DNA in human pituitary glands.

SummaryDNA measurements in normal human anterior pituitary glands reveal a constant concentration per unit weight and increased DNA in larger glands. This suggests that new cell formation (hyperplasia) is responsible for increased gland size.
Monitoring Transfer Films and Friction Instabilities with In Situ Raman Tribometry

The friction behavior of amorphous diamond-like nanocomposite (DLN) coatings (C:H:Si:O) in low speed, dry sliding contact has been investigated using a home-built, in situ Raman tribometer. Reciprocating sliding tests were performed against sapphire hemispheres in dry (∼4% RH) and humid (∼40% RH) air at contact stresses of 0.7 and 1.1 GPa. In situ optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to monitor the formation, thickening, thinning, and loss of transfer films at the sliding interface. As the transfer film thickened, Raman spectra in the C-C band region (1300 to 1600 cm-1) evolved from that of the coating to the transfer film. Moreover, each spectrum could be represented as a weighted sum of the coating plus transfer film spectra. A shift in the G-band peak, a feature of the spectrum, was shown to correlate with the relative amount of transfer film. Raman spectroscopy was shown to be a simpler method of monitoring transfer film thickness than in situ visualization.
Mechano-optical plasmonic nanoantenna

We present a mechano-optical nano-antenna capable of nanometer spatial resolution and stability over a broad temperature range. We theoretically demonstrate a matching condition for mechanical properties that is essential for maximizing thermal expansion differences across a broad temperature range. Mechano-optical nano-antennas should allow for spatiotemporal temperature mapping in future applications where precise measurement of local temperature is needed.
Resilience Thinking in Higher Education: Institutional Resilience as a Sustainability Goal

Institutions are a primary vehicle for realizing sustainable development and sustainability. As part of scaling sustainability, resilience should be an institutional goal for any institution that is connected within various systems of support. For institutions of higher education, where there is an increased emphasis on sustainability, it is vital to consider the role of resilience as a foundational element of sustainability thinking. This article analyzes institutional resilience in a higher education setting within a sustainability context. Specifically, the article explores various ways to increase the institution’s ability to cope with, and ultimately grow from, stressors and shocks from its environment. Within the article, a conceptual framework is designed to enhance institutional value as a pathway to sustainable development. This analysis will be relevant to global institutions of higher education, where the educational mission is threatened by a changing landscape that includes greater financial pressures, environmental challenges, and social fragmentation.
Disturbance severity and canopy position control the radial growth response of maple trees ( Acer spp.) in forests of northwest Ohio impacted by emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis )

Radial growth of silver and red maples was investigated across three forests in northwest Ohio following the outbreak of the invasive emerald ash borer. The growth response of maples was driven by an advancement in canopy class and disturbance severity. Forest disturbances resulting in species-specific diffuse mortality cause shifts in aboveground and belowground competition. This competition may differentially affect non-impacted trees, depending on crown class, disturbance severity, and species-specific responses. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the primary drivers of silver and red maple (Acer saccharinum and A. rubrum) growth following emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis)-induced ash tree (Fraxinus spp.) mortality in riparian forests of northwest Ohio. Using dendroecological approaches, we analyzed the pattern of radial growth in red and silver maples in conjunction with the EAB outbreak. This study revealed growth rates of maples increased 72% following EAB arrival and trees advancing in crown class grew 41% faster than those not advancing. The growth response varied by initial crown class, with trees in the intermediate class responding most dramatically. Furthermore, the positive correlation between relative basal area of ash and the radial growth response of maples indicates the important role of disturbance severity in post-disturbance dynamics. These findings suggest that, although advancement in crown class may allow predictions of “winners” in forest succession post-disturbance, even trees not changing crown class benefit from decreased competition. Results from this study provide a detailed account of radial growth responses in maples following EAB-induced ash mortality and lend insight into the future canopy composition of ash-dominated riparian forests.
Reflections on O2 as a Biosignature in Exoplanetary Atmospheres.

Abstract Oxygenic photosynthesis is Earth's dominant metabolism, having evolved to harvest the largest expected energy source at the surface of most terrestrial habitable zone planets. Using CO2 and H2O—molecules that are expected to be abundant and widespread on habitable terrestrial planets—oxygenic photosynthesis is plausible as a significant planetary process with a global impact. Photosynthetic O2 has long been considered particularly robust as a sign of life on a habitable exoplanet, due to the lack of known “false positives”—geological or photochemical processes that could also produce large quantities of stable O2. O2 has other advantages as a biosignature, including its high abundance and uniform distribution throughout the atmospheric column and its distinct, strong absorption in the visible and near-infrared. However, recent modeling work has shown that false positives for abundant oxygen or ozone could be produced by abiotic mechanisms, including photochemistry and atmospheric escape. Environm...
Metabolic and Epigenetic Coordination of T Cell and Macrophage Immunity

Recognition of pathogens by innate and adaptive immune cells instructs rapid alterations of cellular processes to promote effective resolution of infection. To accommodate increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands, metabolic pathways are harnessed to maximize proliferation and effector molecule production. In parallel, activation initiates context-specific gene-expression programs that drive effector functions and cell fates that correlate with changes in epigenetic landscapes. Many chromatin- and DNA-modifying enzymes make use of substrates and cofactors that are intermediates of metabolic pathways, providing potential cross talk between metabolism and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In this review, we discuss recent studies of T cells and macrophages supporting a role for metabolic activity in integrating environmental signals with activation-induced gene-expression programs through modulation of the epigenome and speculate as to how this may influence context-specific macrophage and T cell responses to infection.
Defensive Burying: The Effects of Multiple Stimulus Presentation and Extinction

Two groups of rats served in an evaluation of the effects of multiple aversive-stimulus presentations and extinction upon defensive burying responding. The results indicate that multiple shock presentations resulted in significantly more burying than did a single shock. A significant reduction in responding was shown by both groups by the second extinction session.
Electronic defects in the halide antiperovskite semiconductor Hg 3 Se 2 I 2

Halide perovskites have emerged as a potential photoconducting material for photovoltaics and hard radiation detection. We investigate the nature of charge transport in the semi-insulating chalcohalide ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{3}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}{\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ compound using the temperature dependence of dark current, thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy, and photoconductivity measurements as well as first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Dark conductivity measurements and TSC spectroscopy indicate the presence of multiple shallow and deep level traps that have relatively low concentrations of the order of ${10}^{13}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and capture cross sections of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. A distinct persistent photoconductivity is observed at both low temperatures ($l170\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) and high temperatures ($g230$ K), with major implications for room-temperature compound semiconductor radiation detection. From preliminary DFT calculations, the origin of the traps is attributed to intrinsic vacancy defects (${V}_{\mathrm{Hg}}, {V}_{\mathrm{Se}}$, and ${V}_{\mathrm{I}}$) and interstitials (${\mathrm{Se}}_{\mathrm{int}}$) or other extrinsic impurities. The results point the way for future improvements in crystal quality and detector performance.
Dinickel, 1,1(‐(1,8‐Naphthyridine‐2,7‐diyl)bis[N‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)ethan‐1‐imine](benzene)

[1798847-71-8], [1873295-14-7], [1873295-15-8] C42H50N4Ni2 (MW 728.28) InChI = 1S/C36H44N4.C6H6.2Ni/c1-21(2)28-13-11-14-29(22(3)4)34(28)37-25(9)32-19-17-27-18-20-33(40-36(27)39-32)26(10)38-35-30(23(5)6)15-12-16-31(35)24(7)8;1-2-4-6-5-3-1;;/h11-24H,1-10H3;1-6H;;/q-2;;;+2/b32-25-,38-26+;;; InChIKey = SKPGHBKGUPELJC-PARUBIRUSA-N (dinickel catalyst for hydrosilylation;2 alkyne cyclotrimerization;3 and reductive cyclopropanation reactions4) Alternate Name: [i-PrNDI]Ni2(C6H6) Physical Data: brown crystalline solid.5 Solubility: soluble in C6H6, toluene, ether, and THF; partially soluble in pentane.5 Analysis of Reagent Purity: the title compound is diamagnetic, and its purity can be assessed using NMR spectroscopy. 1H NMR (300 MHz, C6D6): δ 7.25–7.03 (m, 6H), 6.58 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.91 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.54 (s, 6H), 2.93 (sept, J = 6.8 Hz, 4H), 1.75 (s, 6H), 1.17 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 12H), 0.93 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 12H).5 Preparative Method: under an atmosphere of N2, the naphthyridine–diimine ligand (1,1(-(1,8-naphthyridine-2,7-diyl)bis(N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)ethan-1-imine), 1.0 equiv), (i-PrNDI), and Ni(COD)2(2.0 equiv) were stirred in C6H6 at room temperature. After 24 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure.5 Purification: the crude solid was redissolved in C6H6, filtered through a glass fiber pad, and concentrated to dryness. Any COD or excess Ni(COD)2 remaining were removed by triturating with small portions of pentane. Crystalline material was obtained by slow evaporation of a saturated solution of the [i-PrNDI]Ni2(C6H6) complex in pentane.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the title compound is highly reactive toward O2 and should only be handled under inert atmospheric conditions in a glove box. When stored under N2, the compound is indefinitely stable at room temperature as a solid.
The Transcriptional Coactivator TAZ Is a Potent Mediator of Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Tumorigenesis

Purpose: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS) is a childhood soft tissue sarcoma driven by the signature PAX3-FOXO1 (P3F) fusion gene. Five-year survival for aRMS is <50%, with no improvement in over 4 decades. Although the transcriptional coactivator TAZ is oncogenic in carcinomas, the role of TAZ in sarcomas is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TAZ in P3F-aRMS tumorigenesis.Experimental Design: After determining from publicly available datasets that TAZ is upregulated in human aRMS transcriptomes, we evaluated whether TAZ is also upregulated in our myoblast-based model of P3F-initiated tumorigenesis, and performed IHC staining of 63 human aRMS samples from tissue microarrays. Using constitutive and inducible RNAi, we examined the impact of TAZ loss of function on aRMS oncogenic phenotypes in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo Finally, we performed pharmacologic studies in aRMS cell lines using porphyrin compounds, which interfere with TAZ-TEAD transcriptional activity.Results: TAZ is upregulated in our P3F-initiated aRMS model, and aRMS cells and tumors have high nuclear TAZ expression. In vitro, TAZ suppression inhibits aRMS cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, supports myogenic differentiation, and reduces aRMS cell stemness. TAZ-deficient aRMS cells are enriched in G2-M phase of the cell cycle. In vivo, TAZ suppression attenuates aRMS xenograft tumor growth. Preclinical studies show decreased aRMS xenograft tumor growth with porphyrin compounds alone and in combination with vincristine.Conclusions: TAZ is oncogenic in aRMS sarcomagenesis. While P3F is currently not therapeutically tractable, targeting TAZ could be a promising novel approach in aRMS. Clin Cancer Res; 24(11); 2616-30. ©2018 AACR.
Sars Coronavirus Accessory ORFs Encode Luxury Functions

recognized in the Guangdong Province of China in the fall of 2002. The disease quickly spread across Asia, Europe, and North America, and by the end of that outbreak more than 8000 people were infected resulting in about 800 deaths and economic losses in the tens of billions worldwide. The disease is caused by a new human coronavirus (CoV), named the SARS-CoV, which is unlike any previous known coronavirus but classified among the group II coronaviruses like MHV. Recent findings that antibodies against SARS-CoV–like virus were present in the human population prior to the outbreak suggest that the virus previously already circulated in humans. Thus, resurgence of SARS from zoonotic sources remains a distinct possibility, making further understanding of pathogenic mechanisms essential. The SARS-CoV viral gene order is similar to other known coronaviruses with the first 2 open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the viral replicase and the downstream ORFs encoding structural proteins, S, E, M, and N. These downstream ORFs are interspaced with the accessory ORFs thought to be nonstructural proteins of unknown function (ORF3a/b, ORF6, ORF7a/b, ORF8a/b, and ORF9b). The accessory ORFs likely influence the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV, as the accessory ORFs of other coronaviruses contribute to in vivo pathogenesis but are not essential for growth in vitro (Figure 1). Using an infectious clone of the SARS-CoV (icSARS), we tested the hypothesis that the accessory ORFs are not essential for in vitro replication but encode virulence determinants. A set of SARS-CoV recombinant viruses lacking one or combinations of
A phase I study of the safety and immunogenicity of a multipeptide personalized genomic vaccine in the adjuvant treatment of solid cancers.

TPS3114Background: Mutation-derived tumor antigens (MTAs) arise as a direct result of somatic variations, including nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions that occur during carcinogene...
Beam current effect as a potential challenge in SEM-EBSD in situ tensile testing

Abstract In situ mechanical tensile tests coupled with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis were conducted using specimens of two 304L steels with ~8 and 10.4% Ni content, respectively. Twinning was observed in steel with 10.4% Ni content, whereas steel with 8% Ni content demonstrated martensitic transformation. Testing showed that the kinetics of martensitic transformation in steel with 8% Ni content was influenced by the electron beam current used during EBSD scans. Continuous scanning using 32 nA nominal beam current led to suppression of the phase instability in the near-surface layer, but acceptable comparable-to-the-bulk results were obtained using 8 nA beam current. The exact mechanism of the beam current role is unclear, but it appears to be neutral regarding Kernel Average Misorientation behavior and deformation-induced twinning.
An Interrupted Time Series Evaluation of the Testing Makes Us Stronger HIV Campaign for Black Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States

Black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (BMSM) are the subpopulation most disproportionately affected by HIV in the United States. Testing Makes Us Stronger (TMUS), a communication...
[24] The oncological outcome of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal cell carcinomas

Objective To report on our oncological outcomes of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RPN) in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by a single surgeon in a single institute, as RPN has an established role in the treatment of RCC with an oncological outcome comparable to open surgery. Methods We reviewed prospectively collected data of patients who underwent RPN with a final diagnosis of RCC. RPN was used routinely in the treatment of small renal masses ( Results In all, 335 patients underwent RPN at our institute by a single surgeon, with RCC the final diagnosis in 269 patients (80.3%). All patients but two (0.74%) had a negative margin at the initial surgery. Nine patients (3.3%) had recurrence of the RCC with a different modality of recurrence. Two patients had trocar-site recurrence, two had loco-regional recurrence with infiltration of the disease in the perinephric fat and lymph nodes, three had recurrence of the disease at the resection margin, and two had a second primary tumour in the other kidney. On multi- and univariable analyses, the tumour grade (Grade > 3), tumour stage (T1b, or T3) and tumour size (>4 cm) were associated with the likelihood of recurrence except trocar-site recurrence. Conclusion RPN offers excellent control of RCC as shown by a low risk of recurrence (3.3%). RPN should be considered as the treatment of choice whenever it is feasible. Larger tumours, higher stage and local invasion are surrogates for recurrence.
Scapular Notching After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: Prediction Using Patient-Specific Osseous Anatomy, Implant Location, and Shoulder Motion.

Background:Scapular notching is frequently observed following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA), although the etiology is not well understood.Methods:Twenty-nine patients with preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans who underwent rTSA with a Grammont design were evaluated after a minimu
Rapalog resistance is associated with mesenchymal-type changes in Tsc2-null cells

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) are caused by inactivating mutations in TSC1 or TSC2, leading to mTORC1 hyperactivation. The mTORC1 inhibitors rapamycin and analogs (rapalogs) are approved for treating of TSC and LAM. Due to their cytostatic and not cytocidal action, discontinuation of treatment leads to tumor regrowth and decline in pulmonary function. Therefore, life-long rapalog treatment is proposed for the control of TSC and LAM lesions, which increases the chances for the development of acquired drug resistance. Understanding the signaling perturbations leading to rapalog resistance is critical for the development of better therapeutic strategies. We developed the first Tsc2-null rapamycin-resistant cell line, ELT3-245, which is highly tumorigenic in mice, and refractory to rapamycin treatment. In vitro ELT3-245 cells exhibit enhanced anchorage-independent cell survival, resistance to anoikis, and loss of epithelial markers. A key alteration in ELT3-245 is increased β-catenin signaling. We propose that a subset of cells in TSC and LAM lesions have additional signaling aberrations, thus possess the potential to become resistant to rapalogs. Alternatively, when challenged with rapalogs TSC-null cells are reprogrammed to express mesenchymal-like markers. These signaling changes could be further exploited to induce clinically-relevant long-term remissions.
Examination of rare genetic variants in dental enamel genes: The potential role of next-generation sequencing in primary dental care.

OBJECTIVES To examine the potential role of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and genetic testing to guide preventive care in dental enamel disorders using publicly available databases to access the frequency of deleterious alleles in AMTN, AMLEX and ENAM, associated with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Public resources, including gnomAD (The Broad Institute) and the Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine's warehouse, which together contain variants from nearly 145 000 exomes and genomes. MATERIAL & METHODS Public resources, including sequencing data from ~145 000 exomes and genomes were queried for predicted loss of function variants with a minor allele frequency <1% in AMTN, AMLEX and ENAM. RESULTS A total of 95 variants were identified in the combined dataset. If confirmed, this could be diagnostic for autosomal dominant AI. CONCLUSIONS The rapid integration of NGS into clinical care allows for the expansion of genetic testing for disorders that are not currently tested routinely, including non-syndromic dental enamel disorders. A genotypic-driven diagnosis of a disorder of enamel development could impact dental care, especially in young children, including early and more frequent monitoring to prevent complications. As new gene-disease associations continue to emerge, including those for common and non-syndromic craniofacial disorders, the possibility of genomic-guided precision medicine and dentistry and the development of targeted, individualized therapeutics into standard clinical care will increase substantially.
Visit Entropy Associated with Diabetic Control Outcomes

Background: Chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes place a large burden on the health care system and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A team-based multidisciplinary approach that organizes care to improve chronic disease management may actually decrease traditional continuity of care metrics. Visit entropy (VE) provides a novel measure of care organization produced by team-based approaches. Higher VE, reflecting more disorganized care, has been associated with more hospital readmissions. We hypothesized that higher VE was also associated with reduced adherence to the D5 quality criteria. Methods: A retrospective study of 6590 adult diabetic patients in 5 established medical home practices was conducted. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine if VE was associated with the dependent variable of D5 control. Separate models for usual provider continuity, continuity of care index, and sequence continuity were also constructed. Results: Less organized care with a higher VE was associated with decreased odds of D5 control (odds ratio = 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.80 to 0.97). The other continuity measures were not significant. Age, education level, and initial HgA1c were significant covariates, but sex, race, endocrine consults, and Charlson comorbidity were not significant. The Number Needed to be Exposed to more organized care to produce 1 more controlled diabetic was 32.5. Conclusions: More organized care reflected by a lower VE is associated with improved odds of D5 diabetic control. VE represents a better measure of care organization in team-based medical home environments than traditional continuity of care metrics.
Examining the Empirical Realities of Proactive Policing Through Systematic Observations and Computer-Aided Dispatch Data:

The 2017 National Academies of Sciences (NAS) Committee and Report on Proactive Policing highlighted what we know about the effects of proactive policing practices on crime prevention and police–co...
Nonoverlapping Localized Exponential Time Differencing Methods for Diffusion Problems

In this paper, we propose nonoverlapping localized exponential time differencing (ETD) methods for diffusion problems. The model time-dependent diffusion equation is first reformulated on subdomains based on the nonoverlapping domain decomposition, in which Neumann boundary conditions are imposed on the interfaces for the subdomain problems and Dirichlet type conditions are enforced to form a space-time interface problem. After spatial discretization by standard central finite differences and temporal integration with the first or second order ETD methods, the fully discrete interface problem is obtained. Such an interface problem is then solved iteratively either at each time step or over the whole time interval: the former involves the solution of stationary problems in each subdomain at each iteration while the latter involves the solution of time-dependent subdomain problems at each iteration. For both approaches, we prove that localized ETD solutions conserve mass exactly and converge in time to the exact space semidiscrete solution. Numerical experiments in two dimensions are also presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed methods.
Air–Sea Interaction and Horizontal Circulation in the Red Sea

This chapter discusses the horizontal circulation of the Red Sea and the surface meteorology that drives it, and recent satellite and in situ measurements from the region are used to illustrate properties of the Red Sea circulation and the atmospheric forcing. The surface winds over the Red Sea have rich spatial structure, with variations in speed and direction on both synoptic and seasonal timescales. Wintertime mountain-gap wind jets drive large heat losses and evaporation at some locations, with as much as 9 cm of evaporation in a week. The near-surface currents in the Red Sea exhibit similarly rich variability, with an energetic and complex flow field dominated by persistent, quasi-stationary eddies, and convoluted boundary currents. At least one quasi-stationary eddy pair is driven largely by winds blowing through a gap in the mountains (Tokar Gap), but numerical simulations suggest that much of the eddy field is driven by the interaction of the buoyancy-driven flow with topography. Recent measurements suggest that Gulf of Aden Intermediate Water (GAIW) penetrates further northward into the Red Sea than previously reported.
Non-conservative variational approximation for nonlinear Schrödinger equations

In the work of Galley (Phys Rev Lett 110:174301, 2013) an initial value problem formulation of Hamilton’s principle was proposed and applied to non-conservative systems. Here, we explore this formulation for complex partial differential equations of the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) type, examining the dynamics of the coherent solitary wave structures of such models by means of a non-conservative variational approximation (NCVA). We compare the formalism of the NCVA to two other variational techniques used in dissipative systems, namely the perturbed variational approximation and a generalization of the so-called Kantorovich method. All three variational techniques produce equivalent equations of motion for the perturbed NLS models studied herein. We showcase the relevance of the NCVA method by exploring test case examples within the NLS setting including combinations of linear and density-dependent loss and gain. We also present an example applied to exciton–polariton condensates that intrinsically feature loss and a spatially dependent gain term.
On the SEC's Enforcement Cooperation Program: A Regime Shift after 2010

This paper examines the interplay between the SEC and misconduct firms under the modified leniency program of 2010. In contrast to prior research that finds the SEC penalizes cooperative violators prior to 2010, we show that the Commission now rewards cooperation after 2010. The post-2010 change is primarily due to the SEC exercising more leniency towards good faith cooperation (e.g., timely disclosure, replacing executives), as opposed to perfunctory actions (e.g., internal investigation). Unlike prior studies, our results are not conditional on firms receiving enforcement actions. We also show that misconduct firms have become reluctant to cooperate under the new regime, indicating violators’ suspicion about the SEC’s intent. Our findings highlight the importance of regulators establishing a clear ex ante incentive structure to limit ex post prosecutorial discretion when operationalizing an effective leniency program. Our results also caution against using SEC sanctions as a proxy for severity of misreporting after 2010.
Partitioned hybrid learning of Bayesian network structures.

We develop a novel hybrid method for Bayesian network structure learning called partitioned hybrid greedy search (pHGS), composed of three distinct yet compatible new algorithms: Partitioned PC (pPC) accelerates skeleton learning via a divide-and-conquer strategy, $p$-value adjacency thresholding (PATH) effectively accomplishes parameter tuning with a single execution, and hybrid greedy initialization (HGI) maximally utilizes constraint-based information to obtain a high-scoring and well-performing initial graph for greedy search. We establish structure learning consistency of our algorithms in the large-sample limit, and empirically validate our methods individually and collectively through extensive numerical comparisons. The combined merits of pPC and PATH achieve significant computational reductions compared to the PC algorithm without sacrificing the accuracy of estimated structures, and our generally applicable HGI strategy reliably improves the estimation structural accuracy of popular hybrid algorithms with negligible additional computational expense. Our empirical results demonstrate the superior empirical performance of pHGS against many state-of-the-art structure learning algorithms.
Wiring and plumbing: Oligodendrocyte precursors and angiogenesis in the oligovascular niche:

For efficient stroke recovery, the entire neurovascular unit must be repaired. A recent study underscores this concept by highlighting the importance of cellular crosstalk for white mater remodeling. In developing brains and in brains injured by hypoxia, interactions between oligodendrocyte precursors and endothelium play an essential role for physiological and compensatory angiogenesis. Further studies are warranted to build on these emerging findings in the oligovascular niche in order to identify novel therapeutic targets for stroke and other CNS diseases.
The effects of the form of sugar (solid vs. beverage) on body weight and fMRI activation: A randomized controlled pilot study.

Objective To test if sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and sugar sweetened solids (SSSs) have differential effects on body weight and reward processing in the brain. Methods In a single blind randomized controlled pilot trial (RCT), twenty participants with BMI between 20 and 40 kg/m2 were randomized to consume a 20 fluid ounce soda (SSB, 248 kcal) or the equivalent in solid form (SSS; similar to thick gelatin or gummy candy) daily. At baseline and day 28, fasting body weight and fed-state BOLD fMRI of the brain were assessed. Differences in fMRI signals between views of low-fat (LF ( 30%)) food, and non-food images were calculated in brain regions implicated in energy homeostasis, taste, and reward. Results All participants in the SSB (6F 4M; 8 Caucasian; 36±14 y, 28.2±5.5 kg/m2; Mean±SD) and SSS (3F 7M; 6 Caucasian; 39±12; 26.3±4.4) groups completed the study. Weight change was 0.27±0.78 kg between SSB and SSS participants. Changes in the fMRI response to LF/HS foods in reward, homeostatic and taste regions tended to not be different between the groups over the four weeks. However, activation of the right substantia nigra increased following the SSB but decreased activation following the SSS in response to LF/HS foods over 28 days (-0.32±0.12). Ratings of wanting for LF/HS foods were correlated with activation in several brain regions, including the OFC. Conclusions Change in weight was modest between the groups in this study. Daily consumption of a SSB over 28 days led to mixed responses to LF/HS foods in areas of the brain associated with reward. Ratings of wanting are correlated with fMRI activation inside an MRI scanner.
Nephroprotective effect of urine-derived stem cells for renal injury

Abstract Tissue-specific stem cells secrete paracrine factors to stimulate endogenous cells participating in tissue regeneration and remodeling when the organ or tissue gets injured. Despite many types of adult stem cells tested, few autologous renal stem or progenitor cells have been implanted in the improvement of renal function for the renal insufficiency. It is because renal cells require an invasive approach to obtain, causing potentially serious iatrogenic complications. Twelve years ago, we found that a subpopulation of cells existing in urine possess biological characteristics with stem cell characters, termed these cells “urine-derived stem cells” or USC. These USC possess self-renewal capacity, paracrine properties, and multidifferentiation potential the regenerative capacity. As a novel cell source for cell therapy, USC provide renoprotective advantages in the treatment of renal diseases. This chapter provides an overview of recent progress in the research experiments of human USC in the enhancement of renal function and histological structure in various renal injuries. With regards to stem cell differentiation and trophic effect, we systematically summarize the benefits and limitations of recent progress in USC therapy for different renal injury models. Finally, we propose potential strategies for overcoming the challenges in the development of advanced USC therapy in the future clinical trial.
Mitigation of the Color Generated During Mechanical Recycling of PET/MXD6 blends

Abstract High oxygen barrier in Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a widely used packaging polyester, can be achieved by blending poly(m-xylene adipamide) (MXD6), a commercially available high-barrier polymer, with PET. This blend is used industrially to address the increasing demand for longer shelf-life PET packaging. However, the impact of color generation in PET/MXD6 blends during mechanical recycling on recycled PET (rPET) flake is an ongoing challenge to the PET recycling industry. This work demonstrates the effect of multiple recycles on the physical and chemical properties of PET/MXD6 blends. Through 2D NMR correlation spectroscopy, structure of color forming conjugated imines present in the PET/MXD6 blends was confirmed for the first time. Building on the prior art, a modified processing method is proposed to mitigate the color generation in the blend by scavenging the MXD6’s amine end groups by adding small amounts of terephthalic acid (TPA) in the melt. Colorimetric evaluation showed that the incorporation of 0.5% (w/w) TPA in the blends reduced the Yellowness Index by 21% in the blend and by 41% in the recycled products after two melt histories, due to lower conjugated imine concentration in the blended samples. This work demonstrates a potential pathway to reduce color generation typically observed in PET-MXD6 blends in order to reduce the need for separating MXD6 in the recycling processes and the costs associates with it.
ALL-Net: Anatomical information lesion-wise loss function integrated into neural network for multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation.

Accurate detection and segmentation of multiple sclerosis (MS) brain lesions on magnetic resonance images are important for disease diagnosis and treatment. This is a challenging task as lesions vary greatly in size, shape, location, and image contrast. The objective of our study was to develop an algorithm based on deep convolutional neural network integrated with anatomic information and lesion-wise loss function (ALL-Net) for fast and accurate automated segmentation of MS lesions. Distance transformation mapping was used to construct a convolutional module that encoded lesion-specific anatomical information. To overcome the lesion size imbalance during network training and improve the detection of small lesions, a lesion-wise loss function was developed in which individual lesions were modeled as spheres of equal size. On the ISBI-2015 longitudinal MS lesion segmentation challenge dataset (19 subjects in total), ALL-Net achieved an overall score of 93.32 and was amongst the top performing methods. On the larger Cornell MS dataset (176 subjects in total), ALL-Net significantly improved both voxel-wise metrics (Dice improvement of 3.9% to 35.3% with p-values ranging from p < 0.01 to p < 0.0001, and AUC of voxel-wise precision-recall curve improvement of 2.1% to 29.8%) and lesion-wise metrics (lesion-wise F1 score improvement of 12.6% to 29.8% with all p-values p < 0.0001, and AUC of lesion-wise ROC curve improvement of 1.4% to 20.0%) compared to leading publicly available MS lesion segmentation tools.
Use of ofatumumab and eplerenone in post-transplant recurrence of FSGS.

BACKGROUND Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) predisposes patients for risk of recurrent disease in allografts. METHODS We report a case of a recipient of an unrelated living donor renal transplant and discuss considerations for utilization of ofatumumab and eplerenone in treatment for recurrent FSGS. RESULTS The recipient was initially managed with scheduled plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and rituximab post-transplant during index hospitalization. With notable recurrence of FSGS noted on kidney transplant biopsy, she was initially treated with additional plasmapheresis sessions leading to downtrend in proteinuria. The patient was then transitioned to LDL-A pheresis, which resulted again in uptrend in proteinuria. This prompted return to scheduled plasmapheresis sessions weekly, leading again to a downtrend in proteinuria. Albumin levels remained within normal range throughout her course. Following initiation of eplerenone and ofatumumab, the patient demonstrated normalization of urine protein:creatinine ratio and remission of FSGS recurrence without need for additional apheresis. CONCLUSIONS With notable risk of recurrence of FSGS in kidney transplants leading to allograft failure, the use of ofatumumab and eplerenone in conjunction should be considered for management to induce remission.
Connections and Curvature

There are many more classical applications of homotopy theory to geometry, but the central theme here being differential geometry, we wish to return to the differentiable category. Our next endeavor is to try and understand how bundles fail to be products by parallel translating vectors around closed loops. This depends of course on what is meant by “parallel translation” (which is explained in the section below), but roughly speaking, if parallel translation always results in the original vector, then the bundle is said to be flat. Otherwise, it is curved, and the amount of curvature is measured by the holonomy group, which tallies the difference between the end product in parallel translation and the original one. In this chapter, all maps and bundles are once again assumed to be differentiable.
Ingestion and Adsorption of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by Gammarus lacustris in the Laboratory.

Several groups of Gammarus lacustris adults were exposed to solutions containing 0.5 and 5.0 mg of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis per liter for 1- or 24-h periods by using traditional static bioassay exposure procedures. During a postexposure holding period, fecal pellets were removed and plated on tryptic soy agar to determine B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis spore content. The experiments verified that traditional exposure procedures assure ingestion of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis spores and provided a mean dose estimate of 1,948 spores ingested per test animal with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 891 to 4,296 (1-h exposure, 5.0 mg/liter). It was also found that dose level is highly dependent upon both exposure duration and concentration and that relatively short exposures can result in a relatively long-term retention of spores postexposure (≥30 days). Body burden experiments established that large numbers of spores adsorb to the bodies of test animals during exposure and may in part explain the long-term retention of spores in the test system postexposure. These results imply that in field applications of microbial control agents, toxicologically unaffected but exposed organisms might transport the agent to untreated sites, expanding the effective treatment area and the number of organisms exposed.
Stress and Depression Among Latina Women in Rural Southeastern North Carolina

The purposes of this study were to assess the level of depression and types of major stressors, and to identify stressors contributing to depression, among 135 Latina women in rural southeastern North Carolina. Nearly half of the participants (47.6%) had scores of greater than, or equal to, 16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, used to identify possible depression, suggesting the need for early intervention. "Difficult to be away from family members," "immigration status," and "religion" were the most reliable predictors of stress, accounting for 34.5% of the total variance in depression.
BIOLUMINESCENCE AND PHYTOPLANKTON SUCCESSIONS IN BAIIIA FOSFORESCENTE, PUERTO RICO1

Bioluminescence and phytoplankton successions during 1960 indicate large oscillations from the stable Pyrodintum bahamense populations normally associated with bioluminescent bays. A mathematical model is proposed which relates meteorological conditions to positively and negatively phototactic dinoflagellate populations. The model and additional circumstantial evidence indicate that Bahia Fosforescente may no longer be a stable bioluminescent bay.
Environmental Law and Economics

Since the publication of Revesz and Stavins (2007), there have been some significant normative advances in the area of environmental law and economics. For example, the emergence of climate change as the area of central concern for environmental regulation has brought a great deal of attention to the question of how to discount benefits that accrue into the far future and primarily affect individuals not yet born. Also, the rise of behavioral law and economics has created a shift away from exclusive reliance on neoclassical models.But the most significant changes have been on the positive side. In particular, the traditional alignment of interest groups has come close to experiencing an about-face. Conservative, anti-regulatory groups traditionally favored cost-benefit analysis, market-based instruments, and decentralization. Progressive, pro-regulatory groups traditionally opposed these approaches. In recent years, however, the tables have often been turned. These shifts suggest that commitment to principles is secondary to commitment to substantive regulatory outcomes, with groups of both sides of the spectrum availing themselves of whatever argument will better promote their preferences concerning the stringency of regulation.
Volume surveillance radar frequency selection

The USA Navy developed the volume surveillance radar concept to fill the need for volume surveillance in future non-AEGIS ships. This new radar is envisioned as a low-cost replacement for the SPS-48/49 radars. A phased array architecture is desirable for flexibility, ship integration ease and ship signature goals. This paper discusses the many trade-offs one must consider when deciding on the frequency choice for a volume surveillance radar. Some considerations favor higher frequencies and some favor lower frequencies and depending on how one weights these factors, different conclusions can be made as to the "optimum" frequency choice. The frequency choice in this instance was driven by three main factors: cost, pulse repetition frequency (PRF) selection and beamwidth. The trade-off between these factors resulted in L-band as the preferred frequency.
Development of Transcriptomic Markers for Population Analysis Using Restriction Site Associated RNA Sequencing (RARseq)

We describe restriction site associated RNA sequencing (RARseq), an RNAseq-based genotype by sequencing (GBS) method. It includes the construction of RNAseq libraries from double stranded cDNA digested with selected restriction enzymes. To test this, we constructed six single- and six-dual-digested RARseq libraries from six F2 pitcher plant individuals and sequenced them on a half of a Miseq run. On average, the de novo approach of population genome analysis detected 544 and 570 RNA SNPs, whereas the reference transcriptome-based approach revealed an average of 1907 and 1876 RNA SNPs per individual, from single- and dual-digested RARseq data, respectively. The average numbers of RNA SNPs and alleles per loci are 1.89 and 2.17, respectively. Our results suggest that the RARseq protocol allows good depth of coverage per loci for detecting RNA SNPs and polymorphic loci for population genomics and mapping analyses. In non-model systems where complete genomes sequences are not always available, RARseq data can be analyzed in reference to the transcriptome. In addition to enriching for functional markers, this method may prove particularly useful in organisms where the genomes are not favorable for DNA GBS.
The Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein Is Required in Apoptosis and TLR-Induced Proliferative Responses in B Cells

The Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD)/Mort1 is a signaling adaptor protein which mediates the activation of caspase 8 during death receptor-induced apoptosis. Disruption of FADD in germ cells results in death receptor-independent embryonic lethality in mice. Previous studies indicated that in addition to its function in apoptosis, FADD is also required in peripheral T cell homeostasis and TCR-induced proliferative responses. In this report, we generated B cell-specific FADD-deficient mice and showed that deletion of FADD at the pro-B cell stage had minor effects on B cell development in the bone marrow, and resulted in increased splenic and lymph node B cell numbers and decreased peritoneal B1 cell numbers. As in T cells, a FADD deficiency inhibited Fas-induced apoptosis in B cells. However, B cell-proliferative responses induced by stimulation of the BCR and CD40 using anti-IgM or anti-CD40 Abs were unaffected by the absence of FADD. Further analyses revealed that FADD-deficient B cells were defective in proliferative responses induced by treatments with dsRNA and LPS which stimulate TLR3 and TLR4, respectively. Therefore, in addition to its apoptotic function, FADD also plays a role in TLR3- and TLR4-induced proliferative responses in B cells.