cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of the generalized adaptive neural filter with other nonlinear filters

The generalized adaptive neural filter (GANF) is a new type of adaptable filter. The GANF relies upon neural functions to set up a filtering operation. The authors study a few of the possible neural networks which can be used in a GANF. The capabilities of the neural nets are examined and the filtering abilities of the GANF are obtained through simulation. While the GANF structure used is somewhat simplified, the filter is also compared with other nonadaptive filters. These filters provide a reference so that relative performance can be more realistically judged. >
A CMOS Miller hold capacitance sample-and-hold circuit to reduce charge sharing effect and clock feedthrough

A technique using Miller capacitance in the sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit is introduced in this paper to reduce the charge sharing effect (CSE) due to the parasitic capacitance and clock feedthrough from a sampling switch. A compact cascode amplifier is used in the Miller feedback circuit and a ten times reduction in CSE and clock feedthrough is achieved. The S/H capacitor is split into two parts, C/sub sh1/ and C/sub sh2/. One of these S/H capacitors effectively reduces the CSE while the other capacitor reduces clock feedthrough.
Gender Equality and a Culture of Peace

While the norms of gender equality have developed both in individual states and in the international system, the realization of gender equality remains far behind in most states. The first wave of the women’s movement in the 1800s eventually led to women’s suffrage, but it did not lead to full gender equality, nor did it lead in the short term to increases in other forms of equality and justice, as some had hoped and some had feared. Norms of gender equality were further strengthened when, in 1945, the preamble to the United Nations Charter reaffirmed a faith in “the equal rights of men and women,” with Chap. 1 stating as one of the purposes of the UN “promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.…” Women’s equality, later gender equality, continued to be important as part of the basic human rights approaches within the UN, from the initial 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the proclamation that “women’s rights are human rights” in the context of the UN’s 1993 Vienna Conference on Human Rights and 1995 Beijing Fourth World Conference on Women. The interweaving of women’s social movements for equality and efforts in the United Nations has been an important part of the changing norms of gender equality. Women’s political participation, in the various forms of voting and standing for election, was not realized until almost the start of the twentieth century. Most
Factorial Structure of the Career Decision Scale: Incremental Validity of the Five-Factor Domains

For comparison of one-, three-, and four-factor structures of the Indecision scale of the Career Decision Scale, results of confirmatory factor analysis (N = 686) indicated the best fit for the three-factor structure. Multiple regression analysis results indicated incremental validity of the five-factor model for predicting dimensions of career indecision.
The Problems for Academic and Entrepreneurial Research in the Use of Health Services: the Case of Unstable Structural Relationships*

Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the longitudinal stability of the structural relationships between the predisposing, enabling, and illness-morbidity characteristics of the population-at-risk and measures of health services utilization. The structural coefficients estimated from the 1971, 1972, and 1973 Health Interview Surveys were examined using the Relative Instability Ratio (RIR) presented in this paper. The RIR values indicate that—except for age, family size, occupation, and family income—all the predisposing, enabling, and illness-morbidity characteristics produce unstable structural relationships. In addition, a negative monotonic relationship was found between the temporal ordering of the groups of characteristics and their ability to produce stable structural relationships. These results demonstrate the need for entrepreneurial health manpower projection techniques and abstract academic explanatory models of health services utilization to become dynamic, rather than remaining in their present static states.
Characteristics of the mean flow patterns and structure of turbulence in spiral gas streams

Measurements were made of the flow structures in two types of spiral flow fields. The first was a vortex tube in which air entered one end of an 8-in. pipe through an involute entry and left at the opposite end. The second was a conventional cyclone separator in which the same entry was used. The experimental results show that the mean and turbulent flow structures are not sensitive to changes in the flow rate, but they are greatly affected by the geometry of the system. In the vortex tube the angular velocity is nearly constant at radial distances less than one-half of the radius of the pipe. The flow patterns in the vortex tube and in the cyclone are not symmetrical with the pipe axis. The asymmetry can be explained by postulating a dynamic center line with helical shape. The longitudinal intensity of turbulence increases sharply near the center of the vortex tube. This is caused primarily by the abrupt decrease in mean velocity near the center. The radial intensity also increases near the center, but near the wall it decreases rapidly with distance from the center. The longitudinal intensity of turbulence in the cyclone is highest near the center and near the wall. The high intensity near the wall is caused both by the decrease in mean velocity and the increase in root-mean-square turbulent velocity.
Transaction support using unit of work modeling in the context of MDA

Transactions are an important part of most enterprise computing systems. Sometimes they are supported by DBMS and sometimes by transaction monitors. In either case, they are part of the platform used by application developers. A platform independent model of enterprise computing must abstract away transactions and provide platform independent ways of describing them. This paper shows how "unit of work" can be used to support platform independent descriptions of enterprise computing systems that use transactions. Our paper is in the context of the OMG's model driven architecture so we provide a UML profile for describing unit of work. We have developed a tool, Mercator, that can translate platform independent models using the unit of work profile to platform dependent models using transactions. When added to our previous work on persistence, this provides a general way of handling transparent transaction management in MDA.
Particulate matter exposure and differences in pulmonary vascular structure: The MESA lung and air pollution studies

Rationale: Exposure to particulate matter l2.5μ in diameter (PM 2.5 ) has been associated with increased mortality. After inhalation, PM 2.5 may have direct effects on the pulmonary circulation. We hypothesized that PM 2.5 exposure would be associated with pulmonary vascular changes on CT in a large population-based study. Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) enrolled participants 45-84 years old without clinical cardiovascular disease. The MESA Lung Study measured total pulmonary vascular volume (TPVV) on non-contrast CT. TPVV is the sum of the volumes of arteries and veins (≥ approx. 1mm) per unit lung in the 2cm “peel” (Figure). Exposures to outdoor residential PM 2.5 in the year prior to CT were estimated by a spatiotemporal model. Linear regression adjusted for age, sex, race, education, height, weight, smoking and scanner terms. Results: Mean PM 2.5 exposure of the 2675 participants (69±9 years, 47% male, 46% never smokers) was 11.1±1.5 μg/m 3 . Mean TPVV was 2.29 cm 3 vessel/cm 3 lung. In the fully adjusted model a 5 μg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 was associated with an increase in TPVV (0.06 cm 3 vessel/cm 3 lung; Pl0.001). Conclusions: Exposure to PM 2.5 was associated with increased TPVV, suggesting that PM 2.5 may contribute to pulmonary vascular changes including microvascular damage.
A Graph Theoretical Analysis of the Number of Edges in k-Dense Graphs

Due to the increasing discovery and implementation of networks within all disciplines of life, the study of subgraph connectivity has become increasingly important. Motivated by the idea of community (or subgraph) detection within a network/graph, we focused on finding characterizations of k-dense communities. For each edge $uv\in E(G)$, the {\bf edge multiplicity} of $uv$ in $G$ is given by $m_G(uv)=|N_{G}(u)\cap N_{G}(v)|.$ For an integer $k$ with $k\ge 2$, a {\bf $\boldsymbol{k}$-dense community} of a graph $G$, denoted by $DC_k(G)$, is a maximal connected subgraph of $G$ induced by the vertex set $V_{DC_k(G)} = \{v\in V(G) : \exists u\in V(G)\ {\rm such\ that\ } uv\in E(G)\ {\rm and\ } m_{DC_{k(G)}}(uv)\ge k-2\}.$ In this research, we characterize which graphs are $k$-dense but not $(k+1)$-dense for some values of $k$ and study the minimum and maximum number of edges such graphs can have. A better understanding of $k$-dense sub-graphs (or communities) helps in the study of the connectivity of large complex graphs (or networks) in the real world.
Childhood parental loss and alcoholism in women: a causal analysis using a twin-family design

Childhood parental loss may be an important risk factor for psychiatric illness in adulthood. While this association has been carefully examined for depression, little is known about the role of parental loss in predisposing to alcoholism. We examined an epidemiological sample of female twin pairs with the same history of continuity or disruption in parent-child relationships (N=1018 pairs; mean age 30 years), using a range of definitions of alcoholism. Childhood parental loss through separation, but not death, substantially increased the risk in adulthood for all definitions of alcoholism. Furthermore, both paternal and maternal alcoholism substantially increased the probability of parental separation from their children. Proposing a structural equation twin-family model that incorporates childhood parental loss as a specified environmental risk factor, we examined how much of the association between childhood parental loss and alcoholism was causal (i.e. mediated by environmental factors) v. non-causal (mediated by genetic factors, with parental loss serving as an index of parental genetic susceptibility to alcoholism). Both the causal and non-causal paths were significant for all definitions of alcoholism. However, the causal-environmental pathway consistently accounted for most of the association. While a significant proportion of the association is due to non-causal genetic mechanisms, childhood parental loss (or the familial discord that precedes or follows it) is probably a direct and significant environmental risk factor for the development of alcoholism in women.
Emergent Right Upper Quadrant Sonography

Objective The purpose of this presentation is to review the sonographic spectrum of disease entities evaluated by right upper quadrant (RUQ) sonography on an emergent basis. Methods Right upper quadrant sonography was performed on an emergent basis in patients who came to the emergency department with signs and symptoms suspicious for or simulating acute cholecystitis or diseases of the liver and biliary tree. Results A wide gamut of acute and chronic cholecystitis and diseases of the liver and biliary tree were visualized on RUQ sonography. Several other entities in addition to hepatic and biliary disease were also suspected on sonography and further evaluated by computed tomography. Conclusions Right upper quadrant sonography is the first line of imaging in patients with signs and symptoms of hepatic, gallbladder, or biliary disease as well as RUQ pain. Patient triage or additional imaging may be obtained on the basis of emergent RUQ sonographic findings.
Pulmonary Aspects of Sickle Cell Disease

Patients with sickle cell disease are commonly hospitalized for acute, febrile pulmonary episodes that in children are generally due to severe infection. Vascular occlusion and infarction are more common in older age groups and may coexist with infection. Pneumococci are frequently the responsible infectious agent. Overwhelming bloodstream invasion and meningitis may occur due to impaired function of the spleen, the serum properdin system, and of neutrophils. Prophylaxis with penicillin has been advocated and immunization with polyvalent pneumococcal capsular vaccines is under study. Pulmonary infection and vascular occlusion with infarction are difficult to differentiate. The probably nonthromboembolic nature of the vascular occlusive process and the increased incidence of serious bleeding in sickle cell disease make anticoagulation or fibrinolytic therapy of dubious value. In some patients, widespread pulmonary vascular occlusion produces chronic pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.
Novel Approaches to Control Emissions from Marine Diesel and Gas-Turbine Engines

Environmental regulations on emission from ocean-going and stationary gas turbines and diesel engines used for marine (Navy) propulsion and auxiliary power have revived interest in studies on fundamental mechanisms of pollutant formation and innovative approaches on mitigating them. The U.S. Office of Naval Research sponsored several related research projects. The projects include reduced chemistry formulations, which result in substantial reduction in computing times, lean partial premixing that can simultaneously reduce NOx and UHC, steam-assisted or oxygen enriched-air atomization, electrostatic atomization, selective noncatalytic reduction, nonthermal plasma remediation with easy on and off capability with about 70% NOx reduction, and porous inserts in which 30 to 60% reductions in NOx have been demonstrated. Some of the techniques produce steady flames and improve pattern factor, thus providing stable combustor operation. The fundamental understanding obtained is applicable to emission control from combustion systems in general. The accomplishments made by the various investigators who participated in this research effort constitute the subject matter of this paper.
A removable partial denture using an esthetically designed round-rest distal clasp on maxillary anterior abutment teeth: a clinical report.

A round-rest, distal depression clasp is suggested as an esthetic alternative to a conventional clasp for maxillary anterior teeth serving as abutments for a removable partial denture. A lingual round rest provides support for the prosthesis, and a mesiolingual reciprocating plate is present. A split minor connector engages a distal depression for retention. The facial surface of the abutment displays no metal and provides an esthetic result. (J Prosthet Dent 2009;102:286-289)
Temporal stability of a cigarette purchase task.

INTRODUCTION Cigarette purchase tasks (CPTs) are relatively new behavioral economic assessments that efficiently quantify motivation for tobacco by assessing how much an individual values cigarettes. This is achieved by assessing estimated cigarette consumption at escalating levels of price per cigarette and generating several measures of motivation from the resulting demand curve. The temporal stability of the indices generated from a CPT has not been examined to date and was the focus of the current study. METHODS Participants were 11 moderately heavy smokers from the community who completed CPTs and other measures on 2 occasions 1 week apart. The CPT indices of the relative value of cigarettes were (a) intensity (i.e., consumption under minimal cost), (b) O(max) (i.e., maximum expenditure for cigarettes), (c) breakpoint (i.e., first price suppressing consumption to 0), and (d) elasticity (i.e., proportionate price sensitivity). RESULTS Demand for cigarettes was initially insensitive to price changes (inelastic) but became increasingly sensitive (elastic) as prices increased. Correlations between the demand indices at both administrations were very high magnitude and statistically significant (rs = .76-.99, ps < .001), and no significant within-subjects differences were present. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide initial support for the temporal stability of motivation for tobacco as measured by a CPT. Future studies with larger samples and timeframes will be important to verify these findings.
Intrathecal liposomal cytarabine for prevention of meningeal disease in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia and high-grade lymphoma.

Patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and high-grade lymphoma have a 10 – 20% risk of meningeal disease during induction and in remission when given standard-dose chemotherapy. This risk i...
Planarity of Cayley diagrams

Use has been made of the notion of point symmetric embeddings and the bounding properties of Jordan curves in the plane. We may relax the notion as follows. An embedding of a Cayley diagram in an orientable compact 2-manifold is called weakly point symmetric if the succession of edges either clockwise or counterclockwise is the same at each vertex, to within a cyclic permutation (or an inverse of a cyclic permutation). Under the conditions of Theorem 1, with point symmetry replaced by weak point symmetry, the local graph L* may be continued. Can it be embedded in the projective plane, or in some suitable "minimal" non-orientable compact 2-manifold? Since bounding properties of Jordan curves no longer apply in non-orientable surfaces, the problem of the projective planarity of a presentation with weakly point symmetric local graph remains.
rac-2-(2-Amino-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thia-zol-5-yl)-2-hydroxy-indane-1,3-dione.

In the crystal of the title compound, C12H8N2O4S, mol­ecules are linked into chains by a series of inter­molecular O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The ninhydrin and amino­thia­zolidine units make a dihedral angle of 66.41 (3)°. The crystal structure indicates the presence of equimolar R and S enanti­omers in the crystal lattice, due to the presence of a chiral centre in the title compound.
Salvaging Testamentary Intent by Applying Partial Invalidity to Insane Delusions

This paper asserts that the common law's practice of voiding entire wills when only a part of the gifts may be affected by the testator's insane delusion erroneously destroys a testator's legitimate testamentary intent. Rather than considering an insane delusion as precluding testamentary capacity, courts should utilize the doctrine of partial invalidity to bifurcate and give effect to the true testamentary intent that can be found in gifts unrelated to any insane delusion.
Gender Differences in Risk Aversion: A Theory of When and Why

It has become well-accepted that women are more risk averse than men. This research investigates when gender differences in risk aversion are likely to occur and when they are less likely to manifest. We find that gender differences in risk aversion are likely to occur in decisions under risk, where the probability of outcomes is known and objectively quantified, such as games of chance, and less likely to occur in decisions under uncertainty, where one must rely on their own internal subjective expectancies of the probabilities of outcomes – the kind of decisions that dominate our day-to-day decision-making. We propose and test the mechanism that is responsible for producing gender differences in risk aversion: one’s subjective expectancy of the outcome. In decisions under risk, when subjective expectancies are accounted for, the gender difference in risk aversion disappears; while in decisions under uncertainty, we do not observe any gender differences in risk aversion, but instead find one’s subjective expectancies of the outcome to be the only reliable predicator of valuation.
Deconstructing the Heterogeneity of Surface-Bound Catalysts: Rutile Surface Structure Affects Molecular Properties

Catalytic interfaces involving surface-bound molecular catalysts often exhibit a large structural heterogeneity from uncontrolled variation in surface morphology. Conventional spectroscopic techniques typically average over these different structural motifs within the sample, making it difficult to link the underlying surface morphology to the properties of the immobilized catalyst. Here we present the first direct comparison of the vibrational dynamics of a CO2 reduction catalyst bound to two different single-crystalline TiO2 surfaces, rutile (001) and (110), probed with transient surface-specific sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. We find that the change in surface structure between crystallographic faces alters both the vibrational frequency and relaxation time of the symmetric carbonyl stretching mode of the catalyst, with (001) displaying a lower frequency and longer relaxation time. This results from a change in the catalyst electronic structure and indicates that the molecular properties of the...
Presenting the Past: How the Novels of A.S. King Provide Temporality to the Teenage Experience

This article examines the works of young adult literature author A.S. King through youth and temporal lenses. It argues that King’s works refute the images of teenagers as atemporal beings uninterested by and uninvolved in the past, present, and future. The analysis attempts to link King’s characters with real-life events – the Vietnam War, the current student-debt crisis, etc. – and to show teenagers as active participants in society, regardless of time period. Furthermore, the article links each book to a particular temporal period (past, present, future), and it uses these temporal periods to show how teenagers, rather than being isolated, share the same temporal struggles – the influence of past struggles, the present quest to survive, planning for the future – that plague their adult counterparts.
Electron mobility in low-temperature Hg 1 − x Cd x Te under high-intensity C O 2 laser excitation

A photo-Hall technique has been employed to determine the dependence of the low-temperature electron mobility in narrow-gap ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ ($x\ensuremath{\approx}0.2$) on optically generated carrier density. Excitation is provided by C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser pulses of 200-nsec or 25-\ensuremath{\mu} sec duration. At low excitation levels the mobility is found to increase due to the neutralization of ionized acceptors by the photoexcited holes. At higher excitation levels the mobility decreases due to electron-hole scattering. Comparison is made to a theory which fully incorporates the Kane band model in treating the scattering of electrons by ionized impurities, photoexcited holes, and compositional disorder. The adaptation of the partial-wave phase-shift method to a nonparabolic band structure is discussed. The treatment of electron-hole scattering incorporates a recently developed theory which accounts in detail for the dynamic dielectric response of the lattice polarizability and free carrier screening. With the use of the random-phase-approximation dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ for arbitrary degeneracy, it is found to be particularly important that the screening by photoexcited holes be treated dynamically. Because the mobility increase at low excitation levels is highly sensitive to the number of acceptors present in the sample, the photo-Hall technique is quite promising as a means of accurately determining compensation densities in narrow-gap ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$.
Improved evaluation of pulmonary disease with gallium-67 emission tomography.

Gallium-67 scintigraphy is helpful in the noninvasive evaluation of neoplastic and inflammatory pulmonary diseases. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provides tomographic reconstructions of radioisotope distribution in the body. The addition of SPECT to gallium-67 scanning in more than 180 patients demonstrated an improvement in the already high sensitivity for the presence and extent of bronchogenic carcinoma, sarcoidosis, infection, and interstitial disease. Specificity is also improving as characteristic tomographic patterns of abnormal uptake in various conditions are becoming evident.
FINITE HORIZON RUIN PROBABILITIES FOR RANDOM WALKS WITH HEAVY TAILED INCREMENTS

We study the asymptotic behavior of finite horizon ruin probabilities for random walks with heavy tailed increment via corrected diffusion approximation. We follow the main idea in [4] of inverting Fourier transformation, and the Fourier transformation is calculated through optimal stopping and a central limit theorem for renewal process.
Hlavaciellus Jałoszyński, 2006: eleven new species, detailed morphology and systematic position within Cephenniini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

Eleven new species of Hlavaciellus Jaloszynski, 2006 are described from Malaysia: H. adelphos, H. angustifrons, H. bifoveatus, H. cirrus, H. clandestinus, H. decoratus, H. extremalis, H. metrios, H. miser, H. peninsularis, and H. smetanai. Diagnostic characters, including head modifications of males and aedeagi are illustrated, and detailed morphology of Hlavaciellus is described for the first time on the basis of disarticulated specimens. A preliminary parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis of most currently known genera of the Cephenniini (with two genera of the Eutheiini as an outgroup) provided a robust support for the previously suggested placement of Hlavaciellus as a sister group taxon to Cephennodes Reitter, 1884. The Cephennomicrus group of genera was placed as a sister group to Cephennodes + Hlavaciellus.
A study of using motion for comparative visualization

While the assessment of using motion in visualizations has been polarized, we conjecture that motion may be more effective in comparative visualizations if applied properly, especially when dealing with large amounts of multi-dimensional data. We have designed visualizations to represent driver behaviors. A series of user studies have been conducted to verify if adding motion to the static visualization can help users make comparisons and separate drastically different behaviors. Results show that adding motion indeed leads to shorter completion time and less cognitive workload.
Computer Aided Layout Optimization of Monitor Lines for Grounding Grids Corrosion Diagnosis

To benefit grounding grids corrosion diagnosis,monitoring lines are suggested to implant on some nodes of the grounding grid in the construction process.A genetic algorithm based method of layout optimization of monitoring lines is put forward.The approach consists of some iteration of a sub-process.The optimum layout of making all of the branches clear with the minimum number of monitoring lines can be worked out.The coding of chromosomes is described.The ways to avoid of the unfeasible solutions in the processes of the initial population forming,crossover and mutation operation are discussed.The method of layout optimization is used on a grounding grid with sixty branches,and the result shows the feasibility of the approach.
Designing a visual analytic system to represent bookmark sharing data

Internet users can find the appropriate and useful information by reviewing their shared bookmarks [1]. We have developed a visual analytic system that represents bookmark-sharing data among the relative users and sites based on the extensive social bookmarking data of Delicious.com (also known as del.icio.us). The system enables users to explore sites and other users' blogs that may supply them with the information they need more efficiently. The system provides interactive view options of the bookmark entities through its User View and Site View. To improve the user's information search and sense-making process on social bookmarking, the system supports diverse visual analytic options utilizing its color scheme, dynamic interactions, scalable factors and tag clouds.
Effect of specific amino acid groups on renal hemodynamics in humans

The effect of specific amino acid groups on renal hemodynamics was examined in seven healthy young volunteers. Each subject received a 3-h intravenous infusion according to one of the following protocols: study 1, gluconeogenic amino acids (Arg, Gly, Pro, Cys, Met, Ser); study 2, alanine alone; study 3, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA, Leu, Ile, Val); or study 4, 0.9% saline. The rise (40-60% above base line) in total plasma amino acid concentration was similar in studies 1-3; no change was observed in study 4. During study 1, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rose by 16% (from 98 +/- 6 to 114 +/- 8 ml.1.73 m-2.min-1, P less than 0.01), and renal plasma flow (RPF) rose by 28% (from 496 +/- 47 to 638 +/- 70 ml.1.73 m-2.min-1, P less than 0.01). After alanine (study 2) and BCAA (study 3) infusion, there was a slight, although not significant, rise in GFR and RPF; during saline infusion (study 4), GFR and RPF remained unchanged. Plasma insulin and growth hormone did not change significantly in any study protocol. Plasma glucagon rose significantly by 30% in study 1 (from 117 +/- 10 to 151 +/- 13 pg/ml, P less than 0.05) but did not change in studies 2-4. In summary, infusion of mixed gluconeogenic amino acids increases both GFR and RPF, and neither alanine nor BCAA infusion caused a consistent alteration in renal hemodynamics.
Water and Salinity Stress

Continually applying salt-laden irrigation water to soils can lead to soil salinization because plants leave most of the salts behind as they uptake water. Osmotic potential energy in saline soils is negative and resists the movement of water toward plant roots. According to the FAO, approximately 3 ha per minute are lost to soil salinization in the world, and 80 million ha have already been lost to soil salinization. Salinity management practices such as leaching water below the root zone are needed to prevent salt accumulation in the root zone. Leaching takes place when irrigation is increased beyond the evapotranspiration requirement. On the other hand, excess water in the soil restricts the movement of oxygen into the soil. Plants require oxygen for the roots as the conduct respiration at night. Insufficient water reduces crop evapotranspiration, and there is generally a linear relationship between percent depletion beyond the management allowed depletion and yield reduction. Crop yield reduction due to water or salt stresses can be quantified by plant stress coefficients, which reflect the plant sensitivity to stress. Water and salinity stress coefficients as well as methods to measure and control salinity are described in this chapter.
Enhancing Teacher Credibility: What We Can Learn From the Justice and Leadership Literature

ABSTRACTEnhanced perceptions of instructor credibility are related to positive outcomes in the classroom, including participation and learning (Chory, 2007; Frymier & Thompson, 1992; McCroskey & Teven, 1999; Myers, 2004; Teven & McCroskey, 1997). We contend that student perceptions of instructor credibility can be directly impacted by applying management research to classroom practices. In other words, actionable management research is useful in the classroom not just to share with students because it may make them better managers, but also to improve teaching practices and related outcomes. The present article explores this tenet, first discussing why we believe applied research findings can and should be transferred to the classroom and then using Implicit Leadership Theory (ILT) and organizational justice literature to demonstrate how these concepts can be generalized to the classroom environment to ultimately enhance instructor credibility.
Molecular biology of pancreatic carcinoma.

Although the genetic basis of cancer has been speculated upon for almost a century, proof of the causal relationship between genetic mutation and human cancer came within the last 20 years. Since the early discovery of oncogenic virus and cancer-causing mutagenic compounds, research has uncovered many families of genes that are, in some way, related to the tumorigenic pathway. The malignant phenotype represents the end result of not one genetic alteration but a cascade of events that accumulate through successive stages of tumor initiation and progression. In somatic cells, spontaneous mutations occur at an approximate rate of 10-6/cell generation, and this figure could account for a certain incidence of cancer without invoking the effects of induced mutations. It has been estimated that common human cancers require an average of 4 to 6 rate-limiting steps to achieve their full malignant potential. Thus, by the time of clinical presentation, most solid tumors would have acquired a complex set of mutations that eventually dictates the biologic behavior of the tumor type.
Behavioral effects of naloxone and LSD

The etiology of schizophrenia is still unknown. A clinical single-blind investigation has shown that naloxone, a known pure opiate antagonist, given i.v. in small doses (0.4 mg), reversed hallucinatory behavior in schizophrenic patients (Gunne et al., 1977). This interesting study suggested that opiate-like mechanisms may be involved in schizophrenia.
Synthesis and pH-Dependent Spectroscopic Behavior of 2,4,6-Trisubstituted Pyridine Derivatives

Seven 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridine derivatives with N,N-diethylaniline substituents at the 4-position were synthesized, and their spectroscopic properties in the absence and presence of acid were studied. The spectral effects of protonation, molar absorptivities, pKa values, and the structural origins of the observed spectral behavior were ascertained. The pyridine nitrogen was found to be more basic than the diethylamino nitrogen atom. Protonation of the pyridine ring nitrogen is associated with the appearance of a red-shifted intramolecular charge transfer peak in the UV-visible spectra. Favorable color indicating properties result from electron-donating substitution at the 2 and 6 positions of pyridine, which provide a greater absorptivity of the red-shifted peak associated with protonation of the pyridine nitrogen. These findings will assist in the design and optimization of these compounds for ion-indicating and pH-sensing applications.
Allergic Reaction to Ketamine as Monotherapy for Procedural Sedation.

Abstract Background Ketamine is a cyclohexamine derivative that acts as a noncompetitive N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Its use for procedural sedation is recommended by national clinical policy. However, its immunogenic potential is not well documented. Case Report We report a case of allergic reaction associated with the administration of intravenous ketamine for procedural sedation in a 16-year-old male. Minutes after administration, the patient developed a morbilliform, erythematous rash that extended to the upper and lower torso and resolved with intravenous diphenhydramine. It is most likely that this allergic reaction was caused by a ketamine-induced histamine release that has been described in vitro. Why Should an Emergency Physician be Aware of This? This is the first case report in which ketamine was used as monotherapy in the emergency department for the facilitation of procedural sedation that resulted in an allergic reaction. Supportive measures, including advanced airway procedures and hemodynamic support, may be necessary in more severe anaphylactic cases. Providers should be aware of this potential adverse effect when using ketamine for procedural sedation.
Parking for residential delivery in New York City: Regulations and behavior

Abstract Increasing demand for direct-to-home deliveries requires frequent delivery of small volumes; these deliveries generate growth in commercial vehicle curb side parking activities in dense urban areas. In New York City, which has extremely densely developed, mixed land uses, this new demand is only exacerbating already challenging conditions for urban delivery. This study utilizes a number of existing “open” datasets from New York City to compare commercial vehicle parking regulations and violations in commercial, mixed-use, and residential land use areas in New York City. Results suggest that parking availability – and resulting violation rates – vary considerably by area and roadway type, and that current curb parking regulations are not adequate to accommodate growing residential demand.
Consumers Buy Lower-Cost Plans On Covered California, Suggesting Exposure To Premium Increases Is Less Than Commonly Reported

With the notable exception of California, states have not made enrollment data for their Affordable Care Act (ACA) Marketplace plans publicly available. Researchers thus have tracked premium trends by calculating changes in the average price for plans offered (a straight average across plans) rather than for plans purchased (a weighted average). Using publicly available enrollment data for Covered California, we found that the average purchased price for all plans was 11.6 percent less than the average offered price in 2014, 13.2 percent less in 2015, and 15.2 percent less in 2016. Premium growth measured by plans purchased was roughly 2 percentage points less than when measured by plans offered in 2014–15 and 2015–16. We observed shifts in consumer choices toward less costly plans, both between and within tiers, and we estimate that a $100 increase in a plan’s net annual premium reduces its probability of selection. These findings suggest that the Marketplaces are helping consumers moderate premium cost ...
Quantifying metrics for analyzing integrated circuit design integrity

This work proposes an approach to quantifying the integrity of a questionable design by parsing it into four subdomains: Logical Equivalence, Signal Rate, Functional Correctness, and Power Consumption. Measurement techniques are presented for each domain that quantifies deviation of the actual design away from the expected performance. The domains are then aggregated together to arrive at a Figure of Deviation value that is indicative of the deviation of the actual design from its specification. The analysis technique was then applied to six Test Article (TA) cases that showed TA1 and TA5 to have the highest integrity (4.0) with 0% deviation and TA4 having the lowest integrity (1.99) with a 50.25% deviation from the expected performance.
Electron Microprobe Petrochronology

The term petrochronology has increasingly appeared in publications and presentations over the past decade. The term has been defined in a somewhat narrow sense as “the interpretation of isotopic dates in the light of complementary elemental or isotopic information from the same mineral(s)” (Kylander-Clark et al. 2013). Although complementary isotopic and elementary information are certainly a central and critical part of most, if not all, petrochronology studies, the range of recent studies that might use the term covers a much broader scope. The term “petrochronology” might alternatively be defined as the detailed incorporation of chronometer phases into the petrologic (and tectonic) evolution of their host rocks, in order to place direct age constraints on petrologic and structural processes. As noted by Kylander-Clark et al. (2013), the linkage between geochronology and petrology can involve a variety of data including mineral textures and fabrics, the distribution of mineral modes or volume proportions, compositional zoning, mineral inclusion relationships, and certainly major element, trace element, and isotopic composition of the chronometer and all other phases. Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) has a central and critical role to play in establishing the linkage between chronometer phases and their host assemblage. The basic instrument is an electron microscope which can be used in either scanning or fixed beam modes, with integrated wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS), energy dispersive spectrometers (EDS), electron detectors (to image secondary and backscattered signals) a light optical system, and optionally cathodoluminescence (CL) detection. The electron microprobe is used to investigate the distribution, composition, and compositional zonation of all mineral phases, the data that underpin thermobarometric analysis and modeling of P–T histories. The microprobe, with μm-scale spatial resolution, can also characterize compositional zonation in very small accessory phases including monazite, xenotime, zircon, allanite, titanite, apatite, and others. This, as discussed below, can be a …
Neovascularization of the iris in retinoschisis.

Abstract Purpose To report the association of rubeosis iridis with chronic bullous degenerative peripheral retinoschisis. Observations A 63-year-old female presented with acute hyphema and neovascularization of the iris in association with elevated intraocular pressure. Posterior segment examination including imaging revealed no vascular occlusion as a potential cause. However, large, peripheral bullous retinoschisis was noted in the right eye. No nonperfusion aside from that seen within the schism detachment, or neovascularization of the retina on wide-field fundus photography or fluorescein angiography was noted. Bullous retinoschisis was also found in the left eye. The patient was treated conservatively with prednisolone acetate and timolol eye drops. Conclusions and importance Chronic bullous retinoschisis can be associated with anterior segment neovascularization such as rubeosis iridis, presumably due to non-perfusion within the retinoschisis cavity.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide hyperpolarizes mouse pulmonary artery endothelial tubes through KATP channel activation.

The sensory neurotransmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is associated with vasodilation of systemic arteries through activation of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels in smooth muscle cell...
Multicolor Flow Cytometry and Cytokine Analysis Provides Enhanced Information on Kidney Transplant Biopsies.

Introduction Current processing of renal biopsy samples provides limited information about immune mechanisms causing kidney injury and disease activity. We used flow cytometry with transplanted kidney biopsy samples to provide more information on the immune status of the kidney. Methods To enhance the information available from a biopsy, we developed a technique for reducing a fraction of a renal biopsy sample to single cells for multicolor flow cytometry and quantitation of secreted cytokines present within the biopsy sample. As proof of concept, we used our technique with transplant kidney biopsy samples to provide examples of clinically relevant immune information obtainable with cytometry. Results A ratio of CD8+ to CD4+ lymphocytes greater than or equal to 1.2 in transplanted allografts is associated with rejection, even before it is apparent by microscopy. Elevated numbers of CD45 leukocytes and higher levels of interleukin (IL)−6, IL-8, and IL-10 indicate more severe injury. Antibody binding to renal microvascular endothelial cells can be measured and corresponds to antibody-mediated forms of allograft rejection. Eculizumab binding to endothelial cells suggests complement activation, which may be independent of bound antibody. We compared intrarenal leukocyte subsets and activation states to those of peripheral blood from the same donor at the time of biopsy and found significant differences; thus the need for new techniques to evaluate immune responses within the kidney. Conclusion Assessment of leukocyte subsets, renal microvascular endothelial properties, and measurement of cytokines within a renal biopsy by flow cytometry enhance understanding of pathogenesis, indicate disease activity, and identify potential targets for therapy.
Maternal factors influencing late entry into prenatal care: a stratified analysis by race or ethnicity and insurance status

Objective: Examine factors influencing late (> sixth month of gestation) entry into prenatal care by race/ethnicity and insurance payer.Methods: The study population was drawn from singleton live b...
On Existence and Uniqueness Verification for Non-Smooth Functions

Given an approximate solution to a nonlinear system of equations at which the Jacobi matrix is nonsingular, and given that the Jacobi matrix is continuous in a region about this approximate solution, a small box can be constructed about the approximate solution in which interval Newton methods can verify existence and uniqueness of an actual solution. Recently, we have shown how to verify existence and uniqueness, up to multiplicity, for solutions at which the Jacobi matrix is singular. We do this by efficient computation of the topological index over a small box containing the approximate solution. Since the topological index is defined and computable when the Jacobi matrix is not even defined at the solution, one may speculate that efficient algorithms can be devised for verification in this case, too. In this note, however, we discuss, through examples, key techniques underlying our simplification of the calculations that cannot necessarily be used when the function is non-smooth. We also present those parts of the theory that are valid in the non-smooth case, and suggest when degree computations involving non-smooth functions may be practical.
The Development of Ability Conceptions

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the development of ability conceptions. Children's conceptions of ability play a pivotal role in their achievement motivation. During grade school and middle school, critical changes take place in these conceptions and their influence on achievement motivation. It is during this time that children come to fully understand the idea of ability as a potentially stable trait of the self; to reason fluently about the relations among intellectual ability, effort, and performance; and, perhaps most important, to show a coherent relation both among their achievement beliefs and between their ability beliefs and their motivation. As these conceptions develop, children become more concerned about their ability and more sensitive to evaluation, especially negative evaluation. To understand these changes, this chapter reviews research on developmental changes in children's ability conceptions—their definitions of ability, self-perceptions of ability and reasoning about ability—and research on the purpose of developmental changes in ability conceptions alter children's achievement motivation.