cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Interleaved Ultrahigh Step-Up DC–DC Converter Using Dual Cross-Coupled Inductors With Built-In Input Current Balancing for Electric Vehicles

An integrated interleaved dc–dc converter with ultrahigh voltage gain and reduced voltage stress based on the coupled-inductors and switched-capacitor circuits is proposed in this article, which is suitable for interfacing the low-voltage energy sources, such as fuel-cell, with a high-voltage dc bus in electric vehicle applications. Input-parallel connection of the coupled-inductors offers a reduced input current ripple and the current rating of components, as well as automatic input current sharing without a dedicated current sharing controller. A promising power-density improvement technique is given, in which only one magnetic core is utilized to implement two coupled-inductors that can provide the filter functionality, as well as transformer behavior. For suppressing the voltage ringing resulting from the leakage inductors, the active-clamp configuration is employed that can facilitate the soft-switching performance for all switches in a wide range of output power. A voltage multiplier stage is adapted to not only boost the voltage gain but help alleviate the reverse-recovery problem of diodes. The steady-state performance, theoretical analysis, and a comparison with the state-of-the-art converters are given in this article. Finally, the experimental results of a 1-kW, 100-kHz prototype are provided to confirm the validity of the proposed concept.
Targeting Apoptosis Inhibition to Activate Antitumor Immunity.

A recent study by Rodriguez-Ruiz et al. suggests that inhibition of apoptotic caspases can augment radiation-induced antitumor immunity, independent of type I IFN. Their findings also highlight caspase-independent cytotoxicity in radiation therapy-induced antitumor immunity, proposing SLC7A2 as a new putative prognostic marker for breast cancer.
Building a More Diverse and Inclusive Cataloging Cooperative

The Program for Cooperative Cataloging’s Strategic Directions document for 2018-2021 mark the first explicit mention of diversity and inclusion in PCC strategic planning, but the organization has a...
Effect of Technology-Supported Interventions on Prenatal Gestational Weight Gain, Physical Activity, and Healthy Eating Behaviors: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

This review characterizes the effect of technology-supported interventions on prenatal gestational weight gain (GWG), physical activity, and healthy eating behaviors and describes intervention characteristics that may influence intervention effectiveness. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and CINHAL and identified prenatal technology-supported randomized controlled trials (RCT) targeting GWG, physical activity, and/or healthy eating behaviors (N = 21). Authors aggregated effect sizes to estimate overall effectiveness and calculated means of effect sizes as a function of intervention characteristics (i.e., delivery mode, type of technology, frequency of technology, correspondence between technology tool and targeted behavior). Random effects models revealed technology-supported RCTs had small effects on GWG (d = 0.23), physical activity (d = 0.38), energy intake (d = 0.38), and eating behaviors (d = 0.16). RCTs using technology with face-to-face sessions, tracking tools, and incorporating devices daily were associated with slightly larger effects, particularly for physical activity and healthy eating behaviors. Although there are small effects of technology-supported interventions on lowering GWG and improving physical activity and healthy eating behaviors, these effects may be improved by particular intervention characteristics such as delivery mode (e.g., technology plus face-to-face), type of technology (e.g., tracking tools), and frequency of technology prescribed (e.g., daily). Given the challenges and barriers of promoting prenatal GWG regulation, physical activity, and healthy eating behaviors, leveraging the use of technology to implement interventions may be a useful strategy to optimize maternal and infant well-being.
The Democratization of Scientific Conferences: Twitter in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound impacts upon scientific discourse in our field, most prominently through the abrupt transition of malignant hematology conferences to all-digital formats. These virtual components will likely be incorporated into future iterations of these conferences even as in-person attendance is reincorporated. In this review, we discuss ways in which usage of the social networking platform Twitter has expanded in the past year during virtual conferences as a method to facilitate—and, in some ways, democratize—information flow and professional networking. Emerging Twitter-based tools in malignant hematology include presenter-developed #tweetorials, conference-specific “poster walks,” and disease-specific online journal clubs. Twitter is also increasingly being used for networking across institutional and international lines, allowing for conversations to continue year-round as a first step toward multicenter collaborations as well as in-person #tweetups at subsequent meetings. The ability of Twitter to enable uninterrupted information exchange has reinforced its central role in medical and scientific communication in a way that will certainly outlive the COVID-19 pandemic.
Neuropsychological Assessment In Patients With Alternating Hemiplegia Of Childhood (AHC) (P4.6-031)

Objective: Determine the abnormalities in cognitive, behavioral and adaptive functions in patients with Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC). Background: AHC is a complex neurological disorder. Despite two prior single case reports the full spectrum of neuropsychological profile in AHC patients has not yet been studied. Design/Methods: In this institutional review board approved study, 25 sequential AHC patients were administered assessments irrespective of the nature of prior complaints. These included, as applicable to level of development, CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist), Wechsler Intelligence Quotient (WISC) tests, clinical history, developmental milestones, school placement, Ages Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) problem solving score, and Capute Cognitive Adaptive Test (CAT). Results were entered into a prospective AHC database and analyzed by comparing them to published population means using 1-sample two sided t-test. Results: Cognitive function level was typical in 4/25 (16%), borderline in 3/25 (12%), mildly impaired in 6/25 (24%), moderately impaired in10/25 (40%) and severely impaired in 2/25 (8%). 10/25 had a functioning capacity high enough to complete the WISC. In those both the nonverbal (mean ± SD 68.7±21.4) and verbal IQ (78.4±26.4) were lower than population means (100±15, p=0.0013, and p=0.0293). There was no significant difference between verbal and nonverbal IQs (p=0.913, Wicoxon test). The following CBCL domains were different from those of the general population: Thought, Social Problems, Pervasive Developmental, Affective, Sleep, Aggressive, Oppositional Defiant, Somatic Complaints, Withdrawn Anxiety, Anxious/Depressed, Social Attention, and ADHD (p Conclusions: The majority of the patients with AHC have a behavioral and intellectual disability related problems that should be screened for. Several neuropsychiatric disorders coexist with ADHD being the most common. Stimulant therapy helps the majority of the ADHD patients. Disclosure: Dr. Fernandes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bonner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Prange has nothing to disclose. Dr. McLean has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sachdev has nothing to disclose. Dr. Uchitel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Smith has nothing to disclose. Dr. D’Alli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ricano has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jasien has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mikati has nothing to disclose.
Impact of Stochastic Generation/Load Variations on Distributed Optimal Energy Management in DC Microgrids for Transportation Electrification

This paper studies the impact of stochastic load variations on distributed optimal load tracking and allocation (OLTA) problems in cyber-physical DC microgrids (MGs) for transportation electrification. Without load variations, the distributed optimization strategies developed in our earlier work can achieve convergence to global optimal solutions in a multi-objective optimization that balances fair load allocation and power loss reduction. Under persistent stochastic load variations, this paper develops distributed optimal strategies to track time-varying loads under noisy observations and establishes their convergence properties and error bounds. The limiting behavior of the errors characterizes the fundamental impact of the step size on irreducible errors due to conflict between attenuating observation noises and tracking load changes. Optimality conditions and algorithms for selecting the optimal step size are introduced to guide step size selection in practical applications. Simulation studies on real-world systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and validate the theoretical results.
A DCL3 dicing code within Pol IV-RDR2 transcripts diversifies the siRNA pool guiding RNA-directed DNA methylation

Summary In plants, selfish genetic elements including retrotransposons and DNA viruses are transcriptionally silenced by RNA-directed DNA methylation. Guiding the process are short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) cut by DICER-LIKE 3 (DCL3) from double-stranded precursors of ∼30 bp synthesized by NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASE IV (Pol IV) and RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 (RDR2). We show that Pol IV initiating nucleotide choice, RDR2 initiation 1-2 nt internal to Pol IV transcript ends and RDR2 terminal transferase activity collectively yield a code that influences which end of the precursor is diced and whether 24 or 23 nt siRNAs are generated from the Pol IV or RDR2-transcribed strands. By diversifying the size, sequence, and strand polarity of siRNAs derived from a given precursor, alternative patterns of DCL3 dicing allow maximal siRNA coverage at methylated target loci.
Dividend Taxes and Investment Spending: Are Banks Different?

We test whether and how commercial bank lending responded to a large dividend tax cut in 2003. While the Jobs Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA) was billed as a supply-side stimulus, studies of this legislation have failed to detect any increases in capital spending at nonfinancial firms. In contrast, we find strong increases in loan supply following the tax cut at publicly traded banks, though not at privately held banks. Dividend payouts increased at both sets of banks. Our results provide at least some support for all three branches of dividend tax theory.
Investigations into Social Game Theory

Investigations into Social Game Theory By Stephen Bryce Harper Bachelor of Fine Arts, University of Kentucky, 2003 A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Director / Thesis Committee Chair: John Heroy Associate Professor Department of Photography and Film Investigations into Social Game Theory is a document that describes my two-year exploration of the ritual encapsulated in our societal framework. It discusses the thoughts and processes that accompanied the three bodies of work that led to the creation of my final thesis exhibition.
Prednisone-responsive aplastic anemia: a mechanism of glucocorticoid action

We performed serial agar cultures (CFU-C) using marrow cells from a patient with prednisone-responsive aplastic anemia and from five patients with prednisone-resistant aplasia. Colony growth was decreased in all patients. Cortisol (10(-7)-10(-4)M) significantly enhanced colony growth in the prednisone-responsive patient but fauled to enhance colony growth in the remaining five patients. Further studies in the responsive patient indicated that (1) colony growth was enhanced by depleting T lymphocytes from the marrow cells, (2) colon growth T-depleted marrow cells was inhibited by autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), (3) cortisol failed to enhance colony growth of T-depleted marrow cells, (4) PBL and PBL-conditioned medium inhibited colony growth of both autologous and allogeneic marrow cells, but neither cortisol-treated PBL nor T-depleted PBL were inhibitory. Serial cultures in the responsive patient showed that colony growth normalized during remission when "suppressor" cells were absent and that colony growth was subnormal during a later relapse when cortisol-resistant "suppressor" cells were present. Therefore, in this prednisone-responsive patient, cortisol-sensitive T lymphocytes suppressed granulopoiesis in vitro. Our observations suggest that aplastic anemia in this patient is immunologically mediated and that prednisone therapy enhanced hemopoiesis in vivo by inhibiting the "suppressor" T lymphocytes.
Buchwald-Hartwig C-N bond and C-O bond formation reactions

Direct Pd-catalyzed C-N and C-O bond formation from aryl halides and amines in the presence of stoichiometric amount of base.
Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptors in the dorsal hindbrain inhibits stress-induced hypertension in rats (1130.12)

This study tested the hypothesis that chronic blockade of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in the dorsal hindbrain (DHB) attenuates cardiovascular responses to stress in male Sprague-Dawley rats su...
A re-definition of mixtures of polynomials for inference in hybrid Bayesian networks

We discuss some issues in using mixtures of polynomials (MOPs) for inference in hybrid Bayesian networks. MOPs were proposed by Shenoy and West for mitigating the problem of integration in inference in hybrid Bayesian networks. In definingMOP for multi-dimensional functions, one requirement is that the pieces where the polynomials are defined are hypercubes. In this paper, we discuss relaxing this condition so that each piece is defined on regions called hyper-rhombuses. This relaxation means that MOPs are closed under transformations required for multi-dimensional linear deterministic conditionals, such as Z = X + Y. Also, this relaxation allows us to construct MOP approximations of the probability density functions (PDFs) of the multi-dimensional conditional linear Gaussian distributions using a MOP approximation of the PDF of the univariate standard normal distribution. We illustrate our method using conditional linear Gaussian PDFs in two and three dimensions.
Zone logic for knowledge-based control: formalization and applications

The use of modal and temporal logic coupled with a qualitative calculus in extending zone logic is investigated. It is shown that these concepts can be used in conjunction with the zone-logic approach to system modeling to establish a knowledge-based control structure consisting of two levels. The lower zone-logic-based level would drive the control effort at the subsystem level, trapping errors and automatically changing subsystem states in response to external stimuli and command inputs from the higher planning level. The planning level would make use of temporal and modal concepts as well as a qualitative calculus in reasoning about the system model represented in the lower level. >
Effect of serum and mechanical stretch on skeletal α-actin gene regulation in cultured primary muscle cells

The purpose of this study was to determine whether mechanical stretch or serum availability alters pretranslational regulation of skeletal α-actin (SkA) in cultured striated muscle cells. Chicken p...
CMIP5 multi‐model hindcasts for the mid‐1970s shift and early 2000s hiatus and predictions for 2016–2035

Compared to uninitialized climate change projections, a multi-model ensemble from the CMIP5 10 year decadal prediction experiments produces more warming during the mid-1970s climate shift and less warming in the early 2000s hiatus in both the tropical Indo-Pacific region and globally averaged surface air temperature (TAS) in closer agreement with observations. Assuming bias in TAS has stabilized in the 10 year predictions, after bias adjustment, TAS anomalies for the 2016–2035 period in the 30 year predictions initialized in 2006 are about 16% less than the uninitialized projections. One contributing factor for the improved climate simulation is the bias adjustment, which corrects the models' systematic errors and higher-than-observed decadal warming trend. Another important factor is the initialization with observations which constrains the ocean such that the starting points of the initialized simulations are close to the observed initial states.
Verification of generalized telegraphist’s equations applied to dielectric waveguide problems

A simple numerical method based on generalized telegraphist’s equations as a full vector–wave analysis tool for dielectric waveguide problems is presented. The method is applied to various guiding structures for single-mode and multimode computation. The generalized telegraphist’s equation formulates the problem as a matrix eigenvalue equation whose solution spectrum of eigenvalues directly gives the modal propagation constants. Accuracies of better than 0.08% are possible for calculating the propagation constants.
Quantitative determination of alk‐1‐enyl‐ and alkyl‐glyceryl ethers in neutral lipids and phospholipids

A quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of alk-l-enyl- and alkyl-glyceryl ethers is described. Complete hydrogenolysis of carboxylate and phosphate esters of neutral lipids and phospholipids was achieved with lithium aluminum hydride. The hydrogenolysis products of the glyceryl ether containing lipids, alk-l-enyl- and alkyl-glyceryl ethers and alcohols, were identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), and infrared spectroscopy. The alk-l-enyl- and alkyl-glyceryl ethers were quantitated by TLC photodensitometry. The specificity of this method can also be extended when used in conjunction with GLC, ion-complexing TLC, zonal scanning, and autoradiography to study composition, isomeric form, and the biosynthesis of glyceryl ethers in neutral and phospholipids.
Lessons Learned from the Study of JunB: New Insights for Normal and Leukemia Stem Cell Biology

JunB is important in maintaining normal hematopoietic stem cell functions, but the mechanisms underlying its activity are not well understood. In the current issue of Cancer Cell , a study by Santaguida et al. provides new insights into JunB's function and the genesis of myeloid disease.
Polyphosphoester-based cationic nanoparticles serendipitously release integral biologically-active components to serve as novel degradable inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

A degradable polyphosphoester (PPE)-based cationic nanoparticle (cSCK), which is integrated constructed as a novel degradable drug device, demonstrates surprisingly efficient inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription, and eventually inhibits nitric oxide (NO) over-production, without loading of any specific therapeutic drugs. This system may serve as a promising anti-inflammatory agent toward the treatment of acute lung injury.
A block slipping on a sphere with friction: Exact and perturbative solutions

A well studied problem in elementary mechanics is the location of the release point of a particle that slides on the surface of a frictionless sphere when it is released from rest at the top. We generalize this problem to include the effects of sliding friction and solve it by a perturbation expansion in the coefficient of sliding friction and by an exact integration of the equation of motion. A comparison of the two solutions identifies a parameter range where the perturbation series accurately represents the motion of the particle and another range where the perturbative solution fails qualitatively to describe the motion of the particle.
SPASER versus SPED

We develop a theoretical model to obtain the input-output characteristics of the single mode coherent emitter of surface plasmons (SPASER) and compare it to the prospect of surface plasmon emitting diodes (SPEDs).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Outbreak in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit due to Construction Related Water Line Alterations † 1485

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Outbreak in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit due to Construction Related Water Line Alterations † 1485
Trajectory tracking control for a miniature fixed-wing unmanned air vehicle

This article considers the problem of trajectory tracking control for a miniature fixed-wing unmanned air vehicle (UAV). With the UAV equipped with longitudinal and lateral autopilots, we adopt a kinematic model that takes into account the fact that the heading of the UAV is controlled by its roll motion and the autopilot responses to air speed and roll control commands are first order in nature. Backstepping techniques are applied to derive air speed and roll control commands from known air speed and heading control laws that explicitly account for air speed and heading rate constraints of the UAV. Regarding inaccurately known autopilot constants, a parameter adaptation technique is used to estimate autopilot constants. High-fidelity simulation results on a six degree-of-freedom (DOF) 12-state fixed-wing UAV model are presented to show the effectiveness of our approach.
Electrocorticographic decoding of ipsilateral reach in the setting of contralateral arm weakness from a cortical lesion

Brain machine interfaces have the potential for restoring motor function not only in patients with amputations or lesions of efferent pathways in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, but also patients with acquired brain lesions such as strokes and tumors. In these patients the most efficient components of cortical motor systems are not available for BMI control. Here we had the opportunity to investigate the possibility of utilizing subdural electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals to control natural reaching movements under these circumstances. In a subject with a left arm monoparesis following resection of a recurrent glioma, we found that ECoG signals recorded in remaining cortex were sufficient for decoding kinematics of natural reach movements of the nonparetic arm, ipsilateral to the ECoG recordings. The relationship between the subject's ECoG signals and reach trajectory in three dimensions, two of which were highly correlated, was captured with a computationally simple linear model (mean Pearson's r in depth dimension= 0.68, in height= 0.73, in lateral= 0.24). These results were attained with only a small subset of 7 temporal/spectral neural signal features. The small subset of neural features necessary to attain high decoding results show promise for a restorative BMI controlled solely by ipsilateral ECoG signals.
Public diplomacy practitioners: a changing cast of characters

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to illuminate the role of multiple non‐governmental players in the practice of public diplomacy.Design/methodology/approach – Public diplomacy has become a crowded and competitive field in the US in terms of who speaks for the country and who in fact has the most impact and influence on overseas public perceptions of it. Reviewing the history of public diplomacy as primarily the practice of government agencies leads on to the new reality of multiple non‐governmental players in the field today, including mainly media, business and NGO's. This new reality parallels the fact that America no longer has the field of public diplomacy largely to itself; many governments have their own public diplomacy activities with mixed influence and effect.Findings – While governments initiated the official practice of public diplomacy during the cold war, there are a host of new unofficial players in the field today – in the US and other countries – with competing national and intern...
A Cre-Dependent, Anterograde Transsynaptic Viral Tracer for Mapping Output Pathways of Genetically Marked Neurons

Neurotropic viruses that conditionally infect or replicate in molecularly defined neuronal subpopulations, and then spread transsynaptically, are powerful tools for mapping neural pathways. Genetically targetable retrograde transsynaptic tracer viruses are available to map the inputs to specific neuronal subpopulations, but an analogous tool for mapping synaptic outputs is not yet available. Here we describe a Cre recombinase-dependent, anterograde transneuronal tracer, based on the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Application of this virus to transgenic or knockin mice expressing Cre in peripheral neurons of the olfactory epithelium or the retina reveals widespread, polysynaptic labeling of higher-order neurons in the olfactory and visual systems, respectively. Polysynaptic pathways were also labeled from cerebellar Purkinje cells. In each system, the pattern of labeling was consistent with classical circuit-tracing studies, restricted to neurons, and anterograde specific. These data provide proof-of-principle for a conditional, nondiluting anterograde transsynaptic tracer for mapping synaptic outputs from genetically marked neuronal subpopulations.
Expression and Characterization of Rat Protein Phosphatases-1α, -1γ1, -1γ2, and -1δ

Four distinct cDNAs for rat protein phosphatase-1 have been isolated from rat tissues (Sasaki et al., Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 81, 1272-1280, 1990). These cDNAs encode proteins of highly similar sequence, the major differences being located at their N and C termini. In order to demonstrate that these cDNAs encode functional proteins and to investigate their enzymatic properties, it would be desirable to obtain purified preparations of these proteins. Using a system that was developed for the expression of rabbit muscle protein phosphatase-1 (Zhang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1484-1490, 1992) we have expressed these isoforms in Escherichia coli. The four recombinant isoforms were purified to near homogeneity and their properties were examined in terms of substrate specificity and sensitivity to okadaic acid and inhibitor-2.
Genetic deletion of MT1/MT2 melatonin receptors enhances murine cognitive and motor performance

Abstract Melatonin, an indoleamine hormone secreted into circulation at night primarily by the brain’s pineal gland, has been shown to have a wide variety of actions on the development and physiology of neurons in the CNS. Acting via two G-protein-coupled membrane receptors (MT 1 and MT 2 ), melatonin modulates neurogenesis, synaptic functions, neuronal cytoskeleton and gene expression. In the present studies, we sought to characterize the behavior and neuronal biology of transgenic mice lacking both of these melatonin receptors as a way to understand the hormone’s receptor versus non-receptor-mediated actions in CNS-dependent activities, such as learning and memory, anxiety, general motor performance and circadian rhythmicity. Assessment of these behaviors was complemented by molecular analyses of gene expression in the brain. Our results demonstrate mild behavioral hyperactivity and a lengthened circadian period of free-running motor activity in melatonin receptor-deficient mice as compared to receptor-intact control mice beginning at an early age. Significant improvement in cognitive performance was found using the Barnes Maze and the Y-Maze. No behavioral changes in anxiety levels were found. Electrophysiological measures in hippocampal slices revealed a clear enhancement of long-term potentiation in mice lacking melatonin receptors with no significant differences in paired-pulse facilitation. Quantitative analysis of brain protein expression levels of phosphoCREB and phosphoERK1/2 and key markers of synaptic activity (synapsin, glutamate receptor 1, spinophilin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 1) revealed significant differences between the double-knockout and wild-type animals, consistent with the behavioral findings. Thus, genetic deletion of melatonin receptors produces mice with enhanced cognitive and motor performance, supporting the view that these receptors play an important role in neurobehavioral development.
Update rate tradeoffs for improving online power modeling in smartphones

Smartphones offer sophisticated features (e.g., Wi-Fi, GPS, etc.) that require significant energy and limit battery life. Offline smartphone power modeling with benchtop equipment is cumbersome for software developers and takes substantial time to perform on multiple devices. By running on the device itself, online modeling can be performed dynamically and is scalable to many different smartphones. Previous online modeling work used existing battery management unit (BMU) current sensors with a high internal sample rate (18.6 kHz), but very low (software-readable) output register update rates (0.28 Hz). We propose allowing the register update rate to be dynamically adjusted to decrease online modeling time and energy cost. In this work we consider the benefits and evaluate the trade-offs of this approach.
Feynman and the visualization of space-time processes

The Shelter Island conference in 1947 was the stimulus for many of the important advances in quantum field theory following World War II. Schwinger, Feynman, Tomonaga, and Dyson were the principal contributors during the initial phase of these developments. This article attempts to reconstruct the genesis of Feynman's formulation of quantum electrodynamics, focusing principally on the period from 1947 to 1950.
Variations in the Flow of the Global Atmosphere Associated with a Composite Convectively Coupled Oceanic Kelvin Wave

Abstract Kelvin waves in the Pacific Ocean occasionally develop and propagate eastward together with anomalies of deep convection and low-level westerly wind. This pattern suggests coupling between the oceanic waves and atmospheric convection. A simple composite analysis based on observed coupled events from October through April demonstrates that this apparent coupled mode is associated with significant large anomalies in the global flow that extend to high latitudes. These high-latitude anomalies are significantly larger than those that are linearly associated with the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and they evolve on time scales between those of the Madden–Julian oscillation and ENSO, potentially providing an opportunity for enhanced subseasonal predictability in the flow of the global atmosphere.
Low-temperature specific heat of (Co78Fe22)3V

Using a small-sample calorimeter, the specific heat of (Co78Fe22)3V alloy has been measured in the temperature range 2–12 K in both the longrange ordered and disordered states. Contrary to the usual behavior in paramagnetic metals and alloys, the temperature dependence of the specific heat Cp(T) measured can be represented as Cp(T) = A + BT in the temperature range investigated. The anomalies in Cp(T) are discussed. It is found that although the theory of Hahn and Wohlfarth could, in principle, explain the behavior of such an alloy system in terms of superparamagnetism of anisotropic magnetic clusters, there are some discrepancies in the details. To our knowledge, the linear behavior of Cp(T) over as wide a temperature range as 2–12 K in such a superparamagnetic system is unique.
Large-deviation approximations for general occupancy models

We obtain large-deviation approximations for the empirical distribution for a general family of occupancy problems. In the general setting, balls are allowed to fall in a given urn depending on the urn's contents prior to the throw. We discuss a parametric family of statistical models that includes Maxwell–Boltzmann, Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac statistics as special cases. A process-level large-deviation analysis is conducted and the rate function for the original problem is then characterized, via the contraction principle, by the solution to a calculus of variations problem. The solution to this variational problem is shown to coincide with that of a simple finite-dimensional minimization problem. As a consequence, the large-deviation approximations and related qualitative information are available in more-or-less explicit form.
The carcinogenic effects of radioiodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma

Radioiodine is commonly used to treat differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Nonetheless, the high activities administered during therapy are potentially carcinogenic for other organs, such as the salivary glands and digestive tract. The risk of second primary malignancies after radioiodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma is discussed by the author of this Viewpoint.
St. Augustine: First Urban Enclave in the United States:

Archaeological and documentary investigations into the early history of St. Augustine, Florida, as an urban enclave in the Spanish colonial mold, have focused upon the city itself and the processes operating in the development and maintenance of its unique cultural system. The interaction between the data gathered by intensive, systematic archaeological testing and the detailed documentary studies has resulted in a clearer understanding of just what both classes of data actually reflect in an urban context.
Hyperfine interactions at 61Ni in ionic nickel compounds

Results of the analyses of 61Ni nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) absorption spectra in Ni[P(OC2H5)3]4, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, NiCl2, and NiCl2·6H2O are presented. Absorber recoilless fractions, energy shifts, and magnetic hyperfine fields were obtained from theoretical curves computer fitted to the experimental data. Deduced isomer shifts correlate with ligand electronegativities and ionicities of nickel-ligand bonds. Electric quadrupole splitting of 61Ni in NiCl2·6H2O gives a value for the ratio of the quadrupole moment of the first excited state to the ground state as QeQg = −0·5±0·4.
Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), a disembodied learning machine, acquires human word meaning vicariously from language alone

The hypothesis that perceptual mechanisms could have more representational and logical power than usually assumed is interesting and provocative, especially with regard to brain evolution. However, the importance of embodiment and grounding is exaggerated, and the implication that there is no highly abstract representation at all, and that human-like knowledge cannot be learned or represented without human bodies, is very doubtful. A machine-learning model, Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) that closely mimics human word and passage meaning relations is offered as a counterexample.
Neural networks with creative dynamics

Coupled activation and learning dynamical equations which spontaneously change locations of their attractors due to parametrical periodic excitations are introduced. The phenomenon is based upon two pathological characteristics of the system: failure of the Lipschitz condition at equilibrium points, and zero Jacobian of the system.
Relaxation spectra of copper(II)-ATP complexes at low pH

1. 1. Acidic solutions (pH 1–5) of copper(II)-adenosine triphosphate yield ultrasonic attenuation spectra consisting of three maxima. From the concentration and pH dependence of these peaks, and by comparison with the spectra of low pH ATP, CuCl2 and Cu3(PO4)2 solutions, we have assigned the spectrum as follows. The overall reaction which fits the ultrasonic attenuation data best is Cu2+ + H2ATP2− ag CuHATP− + H+ The shortest relaxation time (approx. 2 · 10−9 s) is ascribed to penetration of the inner copper(II) hydration shell by the ligand. The next slower process (approx. 1 · 10−8 s) is then due to chelate ring closure of the species formed in the faster step. The lowest frequency peak (< 2 MHz) has been taken to be either a characteristic of aqueous copper(II) ion, as already observed in other systems (e.g. CuSO4), or to be due to formation of another (minority) complex species such as CuH2ATP. In either case, the presence of this peak does not interfere with the kinetic analysis of the faster processes. 2. 2. On the assumption that formation of copper(II) complexes follows the established pattern of other divalent transition metal ions, we obtain at 25 ·C and variable ionic strength (0.1–0.8 M), 8.8 · 108 s−1 for the water elimination rate constant, and 6.3 · 107 s−1 for the sterically controlled ring closure. The ion-pair formation constant consistent with the data is 16 M−1. The absolute value of the standard volume change, |ΔVc| has been estimated to be 42 ml · mole−1 for the above overall reaction. 3. Although the experimental error associated with the determination of the relaxation maxima is on the order of 10–20%, the values of the rate constants, ion-pair formation constant and standard volume changes are reliable to only a factor of approximately two, due to uncertainties in solution composition and approximations made in solving the rate equations.
Striatal Malonate Lesions Are Attenuated in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Knockout Mice

Intrastriatal administration of the reversible succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor malonate produces both energy depletion and striatal lesions by a secondary excitotoxic mechanism. To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO.) in the pathogenesis of the lesions we examined malonate toxicity in mice in which the genes for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were disrupted. Malonate striatal lesions were significantly attenuated in the nNOS mutant mice, and they were significantly increased in the eNOS mutant mice. Malonate-induced increases in levels of 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid/salicylate, markers of hydroxyl radical generation, were significantly attenuated in the nNOS knockout mice. Malonate-induced increases in 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker for peroxynitrite-mediated damage, were blocked in the nNOS mice, whereas a significant increase occurred in the eNOS mice. These findings show that NO. produced by nNOS results in generation of peroxynitrite, which plays a role in malonate neurotoxicity.
Influence of point-defect scattering on the lattice thermal conductivity of solid solution Co ( Sb 1 − x As x ) 3

We have investigated the transport properties of solid solutions of skutterudites based on $\mathrm{Co}{({\mathrm{Sb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{As}}_{x})}_{3}$. Homogeneous solid solutions were prepared with As content $x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.1$. The influence of point-defect scattering on the lattice thermal conductivity has been studied in detail. The lattice thermal conductivity decreases with the increasing content of As at all temperatures from $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}700\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Theoretical analysis indicates that the reduction of the lattice thermal conductivity with increasing As concentration can be explained by the enhanced point-defect scattering due to mass fluctuations and strain field fluctuations as As atoms substitute on the Sb sublattice.
Individual differences in cocaine-induced locomotor activity of male Sprague-Dawley rats are not explained by plasma corticosterone levels.

Abstract Humans differ in their initial response to, and subsequent abuse of, addictive drugs like cocaine. Rodents also exhibit marked individual differences in responsiveness to cocaine. Previously, we classified male Sprague–Dawley rats as either low or high cocaine responders (LCRs or HCRs, respectively), based on their acute low-dose cocaine-induced locomotor activity, and found that with repeated drug exposure LCRs exhibit greater cocaine locomotor sensitization, reward and reinforcement than HCRs. Differential cocaine-induced increases in striatal dopamine help to explain the LCR/HCR phenotypes. Differential levels of stress and/or anxiety could also contribute but have not been explored. Here we measured open-field activity and plasma corticosterone levels both pre- and post-cocaine treatment in LCRs, HCRs, and saline-treated controls. The three groups did not differ in baseline locomotor activity or corticosterone levels. Importantly, LCR/HCR differences in corticosterone levels were also not observed following acute cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), when cocaine induced approximately 3.5-fold greater locomotor activity in HCRs than LCRs. Additionally, there were no LCR/HCR differences in plasma corticosterone levels following 5 days of once-daily cocaine, during which time LCRs developed locomotor sensitization such that their cocaine-induced locomotor activity no longer differed from that of HCRs. Likewise, there were no group activity differences in any of four concentric zones within the open-field chamber. In summary, neither plasma corticosterone levels nor thigmotaxis-type anxiety appears to be a factor that contributes to the observed cocaine-induced LCR/HCR behavioral differences.
Theoretical and empirical perspectives on the scaling of supply and demand in social insect colonies

One of the central questions in physiological ecology is how energetic constraints affect organismal performance and the dynamics of ecological systems. Social insect colonies integrate the balance of supply and demand across levels of biological organization such that the individual components are simultaneously serving as the supply transport network and also the source of energetic demand. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the per-capita metabolic rates of individuals within social insect colonies decrease with increasing colony size, a metabolic hypometry much like the pattern exhibited by individual organisms. An important question is thus, whether this scaling pattern is a result of an energetic supply constraint or evidence for an emergent economy of scale. This review synthesizes theoretical models and results from empirical studies on the scaling of resource supply and demand in social insect colonies. Scaling in biology is a powerful tool to unify the study of diverse concepts and organisms; increased integration of mechanistic realism into metabolic models will improve our understanding of the evolution of complex biological systems.
Kinetics of DMSP lyases in whole cell extracts of four Phaeocystis species: Response to temperature and DMSP analogs

Abstract Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyases are present in a wide variety of marine phytoplankton and are responsible for converting the osmolyte DMSP into dimethylsulfide (DMS) and acrylate. The physiological functions of DMSP lyases are not well understood, but they have received considerable attention because of the role of volatile DMS in trophic dynamics and ocean–atmosphere sulfur exchange. Marine phytoplankton of the genus Phaeocystis are important DMSP producers in the ocean and play a pivotal role in global biogeochemical cycles by forming massive blooms and emitting large amounts of DMS to the atmosphere (~ 0.05 Tmol DMS year− 1). In this study, we used an in vitro, whole-cell extract assay to examine the pH and temperature dependence as well as substrate-specific kinetics of DMSP lyase activity in five different strains of Phaeocystis, including colonial growth forms of Phaeocystis antarctica CCMP 1871, Phaeocystis globosa CCMP 627 and P. globosa CCMP 628, and single cell growth forms of Phaeocystis jahnii CCMP 2496 and Phaeocystis cordata CCMP 3104. All of the tested strains had optimum lyase activity at pH 5. At this pH, the highest Vmax and lowest Km values were recorded at 20 °C for P. antarctica; 25 °C for P. globosa 627, P. jahnii and P. cordata; and 30 °C for P. globosa 628. Under optimal conditions, Vmax and Km ranged from 22.2 to 56.4 nmol DMS min− 1 μg Chl a− 1 and 2.11 to 7.12 mM, respectively, and higher Vmax values were found in colonial Phaeocystis species (P. antarctica and P. globosa) as compared with the single-celled species (P. cordata and P. jahnii). Substrate specificity tests indicated that the lyases of all five Phaeocystis strains cleaved the DMSP analogs, diethylsulfoniopropionate (DESP) and 2-chloroDMSP with liberation of diethylsulfide (DES) and DMS, respectively. However, the lyases of all five Phaeocystis strains had at least 1.5 to 3.4 times higher affinity towards DMSP compared to its analogs 2-chloroDMSP and DESP, indicating moderate specificity of the enzyme for DMSP. Chlorophyll a-normalized lyase activities in Phaeocystis species are in the upper range of what has been measured in field samples, highlighting the potential importance of Phaeocystis spp. in oceanic DMS production.
The potential for vegetable proteins in prudent diet foods

Abstract A major problem in designing diets of any sort, be they the “prudent diet”, or for reducing weight, or otherwise, is that the participant is faced with many restrictions and few alternatives. But now it is possible, with the aid of modern food science, to fabricate foods with changed nutrient compositions which might make dieting easier. For example, protein foods are generally associated with a high degree of sensory satisfaction; this is true particularly of meats and the like. The problem is that the high degree of sensory satisfaction and the high quality of protein and micronutrient mix brings with it cholesterol and saturated fats, both of which are restricted in the prudent diet. The virtue of vegetable proteins is that it is now possible, because of the methods of texturizing, to fabricate analogs which approach the animal foods in sensory quality, yet contain a nutrient mix that is more satisfactory in terms of caloric intake and the nature and quantity of the lipids.
Hotelling's T2 Test Under Symmetry Conditions

Abstract The familiar Hotelling's T 2 statistic used for testing the null hypothesis that a collection of observed vectors has mean vector 0 is discussed outside the usual framework of independently and identically distributed multivariate normal observations. A wider null hypothesis called “orthant symmetry” is introduced, and certain robustness properties of the T 2 statistic within this null hypothesis are demonstrated. (In particular, orthant symmetry includes the case where the vectors are generated independently and normally with mean vector 0, but each with a different covariance matrix.) Relationships of T 2 with various rank statistic tests are discussed.
Targeting and Trafficking of the Human Thiamine Transporter-2 in Epithelial Cells

Humans lack biochemical pathways for thiamine synthesis, so cellular requirements are met via specific carrier-mediated uptake pathways. Two proteins from the solute carrier SLC19A gene family have been identified as human thiamine transporters (hTHTRs), SLC19A1 (hTHTR1) and SLC19A2 (hTHTR2). Both of these transporters are co-expressed but are differentially targeted in polarized cell types that mediate vectorial thiamine transport (e.g. renal and intestinal epithelia). It is important to understand the domain structure of these proteins, namely which regions within the polypeptide sequence are important for physiological delivery to the cell surface, in order to understand the impact of clinically relevant mutations on thiamine transport. Here we have characterized the mechanisms regulating hTHTR2 distribution by using live cell imaging methods that resolve the targeting and trafficking dynamics of full-length hTHTR2, a series of hTHTR2 truncation mutants, as well as chimeras comprising the hTHTR1 and hTHTR2 sequence. We showed the following: (i) that the cytoplasmic COOH-tail of hTHTR2 is not essential for apical targeting in polarized cells; (ii) that delivery of hTHTR2 to the cell surface is critically dependent on the integrity of the transmembrane backbone of the polypeptide so that minimal truncations abrogate cell surface expression of hTHTR2; and (iii) video rate images of hTHTR2-containing intracellular vesicles displayed rapid bi-directional trafficking events to and from the cell surface impaired by microtubule-disrupting but not microfilament-disrupting agents as well as by overexpression of the dynactin subunit dynamitin (p50). Finally, we compared the behavior of hTHTR2 with that of hTHTR1 and the human reduced folate carrier (SLC19A1) to underscore commonalities in the cell surface targeting mechanisms of the entire SLC19A gene family.