cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ℓ1-minimization method for link flow correction

A computational method, based on l1-minimization, is proposed for the problem of link flow correction, when the available traffic flow data on many links in a road network are inconsistent with respect to the flow conservation law. Without extra information, the problem is generally ill-posed when a large portion of the link sensors are unhealthy. It is possible, however, to correct the corrupted link flows accurately with the proposed method under a recoverability condition if there are only a few bad sensors which are located at certain links. We analytically identify the links that are robust to miscounts and relate them to the geometric structure of the traffic network by introducing the recoverability concept and an algorithm for computing it. The recoverability condition for corrupted links is simply the associated recoverability being greater than 1. In a more realistic setting, besides the unhealthy link sensors, small measurement noises may be present at the other sensors. Under the same recoverability condition, our method guarantees to give an estimated traffic flow fairly close to the ground-truth data and leads to a bound for the correction error. Both synthetic and real-world examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Reliability and accuracy of a goniometer mobile device application for video measurement of the functional movement screen deep squat test.

Background/Purpose The squat is a fundamental movement of many athletic and daily activities. Methods to clinically assess the squat maneuver range from simple observation to the use of sophisticated equipment. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of Coach's Eye (TechSmith Corp), a 2‐dimensional (2D) motion analysis mobile device application (app), for assessing maximal sagittal plane hip, knee, and ankle motion during a functional movement screen deep squat, and to compare range of motion values generated by it to those from a Vicon (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd) 3‐dimensional (3D) motion analysis system.
Dark Matter + Higgs($$\rightarrow b\bar{b}$$): Z′-2HDM Simplified Model

This chapter gives a description of the simplified model used in the resolved analysis, (where the Higgs boson is reconstructed as two separate b-quark jets), which is the focus of this thesis.
Approach to Patients with Esophageal Dysphagia

Dysphagia refers to the subjective sense that swallowing is impeded or hindered. Dysphagia is an alarm symptom, which must be investigated to rule out a potentially treatable disorder or malignancy. While commonly due to gastroesophageal reflux disease, symptomatic assessment is unreliable and barium swallow, flexible endoscopy and esophageal motility study are often required to secure a diagnosis and initiate therapy. Dysphagia is caused by both structural- and motility-based etiologies. Motility disorders responsible for dysphagia may be hypocontractile or hypercontractile. This chapter discusses the evaluation of dysphagia and disorders causative of dysphagia.
Sulfur Forms Determination in Coal Using Microwave Discharge Activated Oxygen and Mössbauer Spectroscopy

The use of a microwave discharge to activate oxygen for the low temperature ashing of coal is being tested. The effect of low temperature ashing (LTA) by the normal radiofrequency procedure and this new microwave procedure upon the Fe-S compounds is monitored by the use of 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy. Results show that the microwave technique, like the normal LTA procedure, effectively ashes the coal without the oxidation of pyritic sulfur. Dehydration of iron sulfates and oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ in sulfates occurs in both ashing procedures under the conditions tested. Separate experiments show that dehydration is caused by sample heating rather than by reaction with the activated oxygen. The Mossbauer recoilless fractions of the Fe-sulfates observed in this study are found to be only about half that of pyrite.
General Principles of Surgery of the Colorectum

The symptoms of colonic disease include rectal bleeding, abnormal bowel habits, changes in bowel habits, lower abdominal cramps, gas, nausea and vomiting, tenesmus, anemia, fever, abdominal pain, distention, and even extra-abdominal symptoms that may accompany ulcerative colitis. Rectal disease, in addition, may be accompanied by local pain, irritation, protrusion, and itching. It is important to note, however, that serious colonic disease may exist without any symptoms. This is particularly true of adenomatous polyps and early cancer.
Polarization and Correlation Effects in Low Energy Electron Molecule Collisions

The calculation of cross sections for the collision of electrons with molecular targets presents a considerably more difficult challenge than the corresponding problem for atomic systems. First, the non-spherically symmetric character of the electron-molecule interaction potential makes many of the numerical methods used for electron-atom scattering extremely difficult to apply and second, the nuclear motion introduces additional (ro-vibrational) degrees of freedom which can increase the number of channels far beyond the capabilities of even the most sophisticated computer.
Conclusion: One Last Chance

This chapter shows that even after 9/11 the Taliban had the chance to expel Osama bin Laden, but they refused to do so. Many Taliban officials did want to expel bin Laden, but Mullah Omar was steadfast, and the US invaded Afghanistan. This chapter argues that the United States may have been able to prevent the Taliban/Al Qaeda connection if it had recognized the Taliban government in the time between the Taliban’s conquest of Kabul and bin Laden’s move to Kandahar. It argues that the case of the non-recognition of the Taliban government shows that the United States adheres to a constitutive theory of diplomatic recognition and recognizes new governments for political reasons.
Displacing and Disrupting Colonizing Knowledge-Making-Practices in Science Education: Power of Graphic-Textual Illustrations

This paper aims to explicate how equity efforts in STEM education research are inextricably connected with the various ways in which knowledge is constructed and produced, specifically as they relate to researchers’ methods and methodologies. To make (literally) visible how knowledge production may be consequential to equity efforts, the author (re)presents “data” excerpts from a previous study as an assemblage of texts and graphic vignettes, recounting how her research design changed in order to avoid reproducing and reinforcing the very inequities she sought to transform. The authors analyze these graphic-texts through a bricolage of episto-ontological perspectives, drawing from feminist science studies and emerging equity-centered scholarship in STEM education that explicates sociopolitical dimensions of learning. Assemblage of graphic-texts affords some possibilities to (re)configure and (re)present taken-for-granted assumptions about the neutrality of the knowledge-making process, which if not attended, might bear negative material, ethical, and sociopolitical consequences. The authors argue that to move past the societal stereotypes of who can do science or what constitutes as science, a non-hierarchical research paradigm may be necessary to make the invisible visible (e.g., bodily, affective, and sociopolitical dimensions of learning), to recast deficit and to pay attention to epistemic/ontic heterogeneity, and to promote response-ability. In conclusion, the authors implore researchers to (pro)actively question and disrupt traditional, taken-for-granted knowledge-making practices rooted in hierarchical mindsets, which may function to maintain power hierarchies, but also become complicit in reproducing damage-centered discourses about children and youth coming from historically minoritized communities.
International Students’ Online Health Information Seeking Behavior: A Cross-Sectional Study of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STIs) Prevention and Health Literacy among Chinese International Students

Sexual health is crucial to the overall health and wellbeing of international students; however, few studies about them have evaluated their health literacy and knowledge about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) prevention. This study investigated Chinese International Students’ (CIS) health literacy about STIs, focusing on their use of information online. A culturally-tailored 12-item STIs prevention survey was developed for this study, and an internet search was conducted by eight CIS. Overall, participants found correct information for the STI items in 51% of the cases (n=96). A Wilcoxon test suggested that CISs who were sexually active had lower health literacy skills than those who were not (p=0.02), and there were no significant associations between health literacy levels, acculturation, and length of stay in the United States. While limited in scope, the result from this study suggests the need for further research as well as need for education in health literacy in order to counter threats to wellbeing among sexually-active CISs.
Acute Ballooning of a Cardioform Septal Occluder During Percutaneous Closure of an Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defect

A 48-year-old male underwent elective pulmonary vein Cryoablation for symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation. Transseptal puncture was performed with a brockenbrough-1 needle and a Mullins shea...
Reinventing Enrique Iglesias: Constructing Latino whiteness in the Latin urban scene

In 2014, Enrique Iglesias shattered Latin music records with his hit song, “Bailando,” in collaboration with Afro-Cuban artists Descemer Bueno and Gente de Zona, thereby firmly planting himself within the Latin urban music scene. “Bailando” ushered in a new wave of reggaeton-pop fusions that have since dominated the Latin pop market. In so doing, it follows a larger historical trajectory of white Latino artists performing Afro-Latino musical practices, in this case reggaeton. This paper examines media coverage surrounding “Bailando” alongside the song’s accompanying music video to consider how it constructs Latino whiteness. I argue that this Latino whiteness is distinct from US whiteness, but still reproduces racial hierarchies that inform dominant constructions of Latinidad.
Petrology and Tectonic Significance of the Polly Wright Cove Pluton, Blue Ridge Province, Virginia: An Extension-Related, Multiply-Intrusive Magmatic System of Anorogenic Origin

The Late Proterozoic Polly Wright Cove Pluton (PWCP) intrudes Grenville-age (1.0-1.1 Ga) basement rocks in the core of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium in central Virginia. The PWCP is part of a regional Late Proterozoic (760-700 Ma) anorogenic supersuite which consists of numerous A-type granite bodies exposed throughout Lauretian terrain in Virginia and North Carolina. The pluton includes four major lithologic phases (from oldest to youngest): (1) fine-grained, biotite granite (present only as xenoliths), (2) medium-grained biotite granite (the most areally extensive lithologic unit), (3) medium-grained biotite leucogranite, and (4) fine- to medium-grained biotite granite (occurs only as dikes). These units are distinguishable in both hand sample and thin section, as well as by their geochemical characteristics. The PWCP granites are metaluminous in composition and have geochemical signatures characteristic of an anorogenic origin including: (1) high Ga/Al and FeO/MgO, (2) marked enrichment of Y, Nb, Zr, Ce and Ga, and (3) low Ba and Sr. The broad range in SiO2 values (67.1 — 76.5 wt. %), FeO/MgO (12.6 — 41.6), and Ba/Rb (0.34 — 3.50) indicate that fractionation of major minerals was responsible for developing significant compositional variation within the pluton. The late-stage granites (leucogranites and dikes) of the PWCP show a marked depletion in Ba and Sr, as well as an increase in Ga/Al, relative to the older units suggesting that fractionation of alkali feldspar and plagioclase was a major factor controlling differentiation of the PWCP magmatic system. Removal of ferromagnesium silicate minerals is suggested by the range in FeO/MgO and by development of late-stage leucogranite. Additionally, a marked decrease in Ce/Nb relative to Y/Nb in the late stage granites suggests fractionation of allanite. U-Pb isotopic data for zircons from the medium-grained biotite granite yield an upper intercept age of 706 ± 4 Ma, indicating that most of the PWCP was emplaced near the end of the period of regional anorogenic magmatism. The pluton is similar in age to metaluminous granitoids that constitute the southern part of the Robertson River batholith, located 40 km to the north, and it appears to have intruded at the same time as rift-related peralkaline rocks of the Robertson River. A 207Pb/206Pb age of 972 Ma from a single xenocrystic zircon preserves isotopic evidence of an inherited component of possible Middle Proterozoic, post-Grenville age. Whereas the supersuite has been indirectly associated with extensional faulting in this region, other studies have linked the PWCP directly to rift-related faulting in the central Virginia Blue Ridge. For this reason, the age of the PWCP has important implications for the timing of extensional tectonics in the region.
IMPLEMENTASI MODEL MAKE A MATCH DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF ANAK MENGENAL LAMBANG BILANGAN PADA KELOMPOK A TK GUYUB MENTARI MATARAMAN KABUPATEN BANJAR

Kemampuan kognitif anak-anak TK Guyub Mentari Mataraman terutama pada indikator membilang dengan menunjuk benda hanya 25 % atau 5 orang memiliki nilai bintang ***, 3 orang atau 15 % memiliki nilai bintang ** dan 12 orang 60% memiliki nilai bintang *, begitu juga pada semester II hanya sekitar 6 orang atau 30% anak yang memiliki nilai bintang ***, pada semester I tahun ajaran 2013/2014 kemampuan yang dicapai dengan nilai bintang *** juga hanya 5 orang atau 25% dengan jumlah anak yang sama yaitu 20 orang. Penulis juga mengadakan observasi yang dilakukan pada tanggal 25 Juli 2013 terhadap bidang pengembangan kognitif dengan indikator menghubungkan/memasangkan lambang bilangan dengan benda hasilnya hanya 5 orang atau 25 % anak yang memiliki nilai bintang ***. Maka dipilihlah modek make a match untuk mengembangkan kemampuan mengenal lambang bilangan melalui penelitian tindakan kelas. Hasil pengembangan kognitif anak mengalami peningkatan dalam hal ketepatan dan kecepatan anak menghubungkan gambar dengan lambang bilangan, pencapaian kemampuan kognitif anak dalam ketepatan anak menghubungkan gambar dengan lambang bilangandi siklus I hanya mencapai 35 %, meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 95% yang secara klasikal terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan . Kata Kunci : Model Make A Match, Kemampuan Kognitif, Lambang Bilangan
Blame, shame, and race terror: a case study examining the limits of blame epideictic

The production, unveiling, and reception of David Powers’ public mural American Nocturne, 1932, in Elgin, Illinois illustrates ongoing challenges of publicly memorializing race terror. In 2007 the ...
Cross-Cultural Education and Ethnic Conflict in Guam

Cross-cultural educational programs and strategies can be viewed as a two edged-sword. Such programs can and do work toward strengthening the quest of disinherited ethnic groups in the U.S. to cope and survive in a hostile environment. But in settings such as Guam, they can be implemented to frustrate the genuine struggles of a people in their own homeland to strengthen, maintain, and perfect their cultural integrity. The author found that in Guam, educators wanted to establish multicultural, educational curricula in the schools to help diminish ethnic conflict between the people of Guam, the Chamorros, and several groups of outsiders. The groups included American military personnel and their school children, alien Filipino laborers, Japanese business cliques, Pacific Islanders and Asians brought to Guam by U.S. immigration policies. These groups were and are in fierce competition for the scarce resources that rightly belong to the authentic people of that region: the Chamorros. The article explores the b...
Impact of neuraxial analgesia on outcomes following radical cystectomy: A systematic review.

Abstract Radical cystectomy (RC) is associated with significant morbidity. Neuraxial analgesia is recommended by enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines, but largely supported by evidence extrapolated from colorectal surgery outcomes. We synthesized current evidence regarding short- and long-term outcomes associated with neuraxial analgesia versus patient controlled non-neuraxial analgesia following RC. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant studies published up to May 2020. Studies reporting complications, length of stay (LOS), pain score, opioid usage within 72 hours, overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and recurrence rate were included. Of 550 identified studies, 9 met criteria for inclusion. Four studies demonstrated a higher percentage of 90-day complications in the neuraxial analgesia cohort. Out of 6 studies reporting information regarding LOS, 4 demonstrated no improvement in LOS in the neuraxial cohort. A reduction in 72 hours post-RC opioid usage was observed in 2 out of 3 studies with available data. Information regarding post-RC pain scores were variable up to 3 days post-RC. One out of 2 studies with available data reported a significant association between neuraxial analgesia and an earlier time to recurrence. No significant associations were seen with respect to overall survival or cancer-specific survival. A majority of low-to-moderate quality evidence demonstrates neuraxial analgesia is associated with a higher rate of complications, variable information regarding pain control, no improvements in LOS, and no significant association with long-term oncological outcomes. Further research regarding the incorporation of nonopiate-based analgesic modalities into RC ERAS protocols is warranted.
Strategic assessment of sustainable aviation fuel production technologies: Yield improvement and cost reduction opportunities

Abstract The aviation industry has been studying strategies to produce sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) for over ten years. Our objective is to conduct detailed techno-economic analyses (TEA) of six SAF production technologies and to develop a simplified cost estimation method. Triglyceride based Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) was compared against five lignocellulose-based technologies using standardized criteria. TEA was conducted to determine minimum fuel selling price (MFSP). The base case annual product capacity was fixed at 60 million liters of total fuel, for which SAF MFSPs ranged from 0.88 to 3.86 $ L−1 of fuel. Triglyceride-based HEFA had the best economic performance. Although triglycerides are more expensive than lignocellulose, HEFA is still a very competitive technology due to its high fuel yield (86–91% of feedstock) and low MFSP. Lignocellulosic-based technologies have lower fuel yields (9–23% of feedstock) due to high oxygen content of initial feedstock, resulting in higher fuel cost per unit of fuel. In order to reach a market fuel price, SAF yields from lignocellulosic materials needs to achieve an estimated value of 60%. Such yields are only possible if carbon efficiencies are close to 100%. Therefore, efforts are needed to avoid the removal of oxygen as CO2. Based on these considerations, a new scheme is proposed for SAF production that could result in yields near those needed to achieve cost targets. This proposed integrated biomass/natural gas hybridized concepts to produce inexpensive SAFs should be thoroughly investigated in future work.
Structural and functional analysis of Ccr1l1, a Rodentia-restricted eosinophil-selective chemokine receptor homologue.

Mouse Ccr1l1 (Ccr1-like 1) encodes an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with the highest homology to the inflammatory and highly promiscuous chemokine receptors Ccr1 and Ccr3 (70 and 50% amino acid identity, respectively). Ccr1l1 was first cloned in 1995, yet current knowledge of this putative chemokine receptor is limited to its gene organization and chromosomal localization. Here we report that Ccr1l1 is a Rodentia-specific gene selectively expressed in eosinophils. However, eosinophil phenotypes, development, and responsiveness to chemokines were all normal in naive Ccr1l1 knockout mice. We demonstrate for the first time that recombinant Ccr1l1 is expressed on the plasma membrane of transfected cells and contains an extracellular N terminus and an intracellular C terminus, consistent with GPCR topology. Using receptor internalization, β-arrestin recruitment, calcium flux, and chemotaxis assays, we excluded all 37 available mouse chemokines, including Ccr1 ligands, and two viral chemokines as Ccr1l1 ligands, and demonstrated that mouse Ccr1, but not Ccr1l1, exhibits constitutive signaling activity. However, sequence analysis and structural modeling revealed that Ccr1l1 is well equipped to act as a classical signaling GPCR, with N-terminal sulfotyrosines as the only signaling and chemokine-binding determinant absent in Ccr1l1. Hereof, we show that a sulfatable N-terminal Ccr1 Y18 residue is essential for chemotaxis and calcium responses induced by Ccl3 and Ccl9/10, but substituting the corresponding Ccr1l1 F19 residue with tyrosine failed to confer responsiveness to Ccr1 ligands. Although Ccr1l1 remains an extreme outlier in the chemokine receptor family, our study supports that it might respond to unidentified mouse chemokine ligands in eosinophil-driven immune responses.
Six-month changes in ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 with weight loss are unrelated to long-term weight regain in obese older adults

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Weight loss (WL) and subsequent regain are complex physiologic processes, and our understanding of the hormonal changes associated with these processes continues to evolve. We aimed to examine the effects of behavioral WL on 6-month changes in ghrelin and GLP-1 and evaluate the effects of these changes in gut hormones on weight regain among older adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred seventy-seven obese (BMI: 33.5 (3.5) kg/m2) older adults (66.9 ± 4.7 years, 71.2% female, 67.6% white) were randomized to WL (WL; n = 68), WL plus aerobic training (n = 79), or WL plus resistance training (n = 75) for 18 months. Ghrelin, GLP-1, power of food scale (PFS), and weight were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 18 months. RESULTS There was no differential treatment effect on change in either gut hormone, however, there was a significant time effect across all groups (p < 0.001), with increases in ghrelin (∆ = +106.77 pg/ml; 95% CI = + 84.82, +128.71) and decreases in GLP-1 (∆ = -4.90 pM; 95% CI = -6.27, -3.51) at 6-month. Ratings on the PFS decreased from baseline to 6-month and there was significant loss of weight from baseline to either 6- or 18-month, ∆ = -7.96 kg; 95% CI = -7.95, -8.78 and ∆ = -7.80 kg; 95% CI = -8.93, -6.65, respectively (p < 0.001). Changes in ghrelin and GLP-1 at 6-month did not predict weight regain from 6- to 18-month. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Among older adults with obesity and cardiometabolic disease, the intensive phase of dietary WL results in increasing levels of ghrelin and decreasing levels of GLP-1 that are unrelated to weight regain a year later. Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01547182).
Medical Management of Crohn Disease

Crohn disease (CD) is one of the major subtypes of inflammatory bowel disease and can occur in any segment of the alimentary tract. There have been significant advances in the medical therapy of CD over the past several decades. For mild CD, the oral corticosteroid derivative budesonide has demonstrated superior efficacy compared with traditional therapies such as 5-aminosalicylic acid, and can be used concurrently with these agents. For the management of moderate to severe disease, the immunomodulators azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate, as well as the antitumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) agents infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol, have become the mainstay of therapy, with growing interest in combining these agents for maximal effect. Immunomodulators and anti-TNF-α agents have also demonstrated benefit in fistulizing CD. There has been growing evidence suggesting that both of these agents, along with the antibiotics metronidazole and ornidazole, are also effective in preventing postoperative recurrence of CD.
Oligomerization state of the functional bacterial twin arginine translocation (Tat) receptor complex

The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system transports folded proteins across bacterial and plastid energy transducing membranes. Ion leaks are generally considered to be mitigated by the creation and destruction of the translocation conduit in a cargo-dependent manner, a mechanism that enables tight sealing around a wide range of cargo shapes and sizes. In contrast to the variable stoichiometry of the active translocon, the oligomerization state of the receptor complex is considered more consistently stable, but has proved stubbornly difficult to establish. Here, using a single molecule photobleaching analysis of individual inverted membrane vesicles, we demonstrate that Tat receptor complexes are tetrameric in native membranes with respect to both TatB and TatC. This establishes a maximal diameter for a resting state closed pore. A large percentage of Tat-deficient vesicles explains the typical low transport efficiencies observed. This individual reaction chamber approach will facilitate examination of the effects of stochastically distributed molecules.
Clinical Psychology : Integrating Science and Practice

Part I. Introduction. 1. Introduction: The history, politics and social environment of clinical psychology. 2. The fields of clinical psychology: Professional culture and subspecialties. 3. Working with cultural diversity. 4. Clinical research and outcome assessment. Part II. Basic Techniques for Clinicians Assessment Techniques. 5. Why people become clients: Understanding Psychopathology. 6. Introduction to assessment: The biopsychosocial systems model of human behavior. 7. A scientific approach to assessment and methods of gathering data. 8. The logistics of assessment and a closer look at the clinical interview. 9. Developing a case conceptualization. 10. Developing a treatment plan: therapeutic alliance and collaborative goals. 11. Therapeutic methods: building psychotherapy skills. 12. Understanding, facilitating and evaluating change. 13. Impediments to change. 14. Effective Termination. Part III. What Every Clinician Needs to Know. 15. Self care and ethics: applying the techniques of positive psychology.
Chapter 3 Advanced Programming

Let us summarize what we know about a file of type Text. It contains a sequence of strings, each terminated by a carriage return CR = #13 and a line feed LF = #10, also possibly by a form feed FF = #12. We declare a variable my_text to be of type text by
Plants and Fluxes

This chapter discusses concentrations and fluxes within a plant community. When water vapor and CO 2 fluxes from the soil up to the top of plants are analyzed, the great structural diversity among different types of vegetation is confronted. Each plant community has its own unique spatial patterns for water vapor and CO 2 concentration. The possibility of many layers of leaves and the constantly changing illumination also greatly complicate the analysis. Even approximate descriptions of the gas fluxes within carefully selected plant communities involve complex calculations based on models incorporating numerous simplifying assumptions. The chapter considers a cornfield as a specific example. Generally, 70 to 75% of the water vaporized on land is transpired by plants. This water comes from the soil. Therefore, after gas fluxes within a plant community are considered, the chapter examines some of the hydraulic properties of soil. For instance, water in the soil is removed from larger pores before from smaller ones. This removal decreases the soil conductivity for subsequent water movement, and a greater drop in water potential from the bulk soil up to a root is therefore necessary for a particular water flux density.
Ribonucleic Acid Transcriptases in Sendai Virions and Infected Cells

Abstract Sendai virions contain an enzyme which catalyzes the incorporation of ribonucleotides into ribonucleic acid (RNA). Enzyme activity was optimal at pH 8.0 and 28 C; otherwise conditions were similar to those reported for Newcastle disease virion (NDV) RNA polymerase. The initial rate of RNA synthesis by the Sendai virion enzyme was about 10 pmoles per mg of protein per hr, but after 3 hr of incubation the rate increased about fivefold. The virion enzyme was compared with an RNA polymerase in the microsomal fraction of infected cells. Both enzymes made predominantly single-stranded RNA which was complementary in base sequences to 50S virion RNA. Most of the RNA synthesized by the virion polymerase sedimented at 16S, but the product of the microsomal enzyme sedimented at about 8S.
Polarization engineered deep ultraviolet nanowire LEDs integrated on silicon and metal substrates

AlGaN nanowire heterostractures are promising for realization of efficient ultraviolet LEDs due to their tolerance to strain [1] and their ability to be grown and electronically integrated on silicon wafers. Previously we developed polarization-induced nanowire LEDs that include Al composition grading resulting in n-type and p-type doping within nanowires [2]. Because the barriers in this structure are A1N, we can incorporate AlGaN quantum disk active regions with emission tunable out to deep ultraviolet wavelengths. These nanowire heterostractures exhibit dominant N-face polarity [3] which has the advantage of allowing for n-type top contacts favorable for Nitride LEDs. However, this poses a challenge due to the difficultly of forming a bottom p-type contact to p-AlGaN.
Deliberative Dilemmas: A Critique of Deliberation Day from the Perspective of Election Law

My paper deals with two subject areas - deliberative democracy theory and election law - that have had surprisingly little contact with another. My paper tries to remedy this lacuna by looking at how the two fields intersect and can contribute to the understanding of one another. In particular, I look in detail at a particularly prominent proposal by two political theorists, Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin's Deliberation Day, and how the aims of that proposal might be frustrated by the present structure of American election law. I argue that because they fail to take into account certain structural features of how America conducts its election, Ackerman and Fishkin's plan may have the effect of reducing the amount of good political deliberation, rather than increasing it. My paper concludes by suggesting that instead of Ackerman and Fishkin's faith in bottom-up citizen deliberation, we might do better to introduce certain top-down structural changes in election law in order to make deliberation more democratic.
Acute appendicitis in the obstetric patient.

Abstract 1. 1. A review of 51 cases in which a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis was made during pregnancy or the early puerperium with one maternal death and two fetal deaths is reported. The signs, symptoms, and physical findings were discussed. 2. 2. The obstetrician must always be alert to the signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis in pregnancy and when in doubt it is best to operate no matter what the duration of the pregnancy. 3. 3. Laparotrachelotomy at the time of removal of an appendix, with but very few exceptions, is violation of good surgical procedure, and should not be performed. 4. 4. It is an acknowledged principle that elective appendectomy at the time of cesarean section or removal of an ectopic pregnancy increases the hazard of appendectomy.
The Carrier Effect and T Cell/B Cell Cooperation in the Antibody Response

This month’s Pillars of Immunology papers by Av Mitchison ([1][1], [2][2]) from 1971 provided extensive evidence for an emerging consensus on the role of cellular cooperation in the Ab response. The papers are concerned with a phenomenon called the carrier effect, defined below, that was intensely
The biologic effects of cigarette smoke on cancer cells

Smoking is one of the largest preventable risk factors for developing cancer, and continued smoking by cancer patients is associated with increased toxicity, recurrence, risk of second primary cancer, and mortality. Cigarette smoke (CS) contains thousands of chemicals, including many known carcinogens. The carcinogenic effects of CS are well established, but relatively little work has been done to evaluate the effects of CS on cancer cells. In this review of the literature, the authors demonstrate that CS induces a more malignant tumor phenotype by increasing proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis and by activating prosurvival cellular pathways. Significant work is needed to understand the biologic effect of CS on cancer biology, including the development of model systems and the identification of critical biologic mediators of CS-induced changes in cancer cell physiology.
Investigation of laser sintering for freeform fabrication of zirconium diboride parts

This paper presents a study wherein the Laser Sintering (LS) process is used to perform additive manufacturing of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) parts. Experiments were conducted to determine values of LS process parameters (laser power, scan speed, energy density, line spacing, and layer thickness) that can be used to improve building of ZrB2 parts. A sacrificial plate with a proper number of layers was first constructed in order to reduce thermal gradients in building the main part. The sacrificial plate was found to eliminate cracks that would otherwise occur in the bottom of the main part. The fabricated green parts went through post-processing steps, including binder burnout and sintering at appropriate heat treatment schedules, to remove the binder and sinter the ZrB2 particles. The test bars after sintering had an average relative density of 87% and an average flexural strength of 250 MPa.
Vancomycin-induced thrombocytopenia: A case proven with rechallenge

In a rare case of vancomycin-induced thrombocytopenia, a 50-year-old man with culture-negative subacute bacterial endocarditis underwent mitral valve replacement surgery and was treated with vancomycin. His platelet count dropped from 346 times 103/mm3 to 13 times 103/mm3 on postoperative day 4, and a differential diagnosis of heparin- versus drug-induced thrombocytopenia was considered. Antiheparin antibodies were detected in the patient's serum on day 5. He showed no signs of bleeding. His platelet count remained below 5 times 103/mm3 despite two platelet transfusions on day 5. A hemorrhagic pericardial effusion with tamponade developed, requiring drainage. A trial with intravenous immunoglobulin led to fever and chills, and the infusion was not completed. Vancomycin was changed to clindamycin on day 9, and methylprednisolone therapy was started on day 11. On day 12, the patient's clinical condition improved, and his platelet count increased from 3 times 103/mm3 to 32 times 103/mm3 with no bleeding. On day 18, his platelet count was 424 times 103/ mm3, and he was scheduled for discharge with vancomycin therapy for a total of 6 weeks. He received a single dose of intravenous vancomycin 1 g at the hospital; his platelet count dropped to 160 times 103/mm3 1 hour after the infusion and to 58 times 103/mm3 12 hours later. Vancomycin was discontinued and clindamycin and prednisone were restarted. On day 20, the patient's platelet count increased to 105 times 103/mm3 and he was discharged with warfarin, prednisone, and clindamycin therapy. We suspect that our patient's thrombocytopenia was due to vancomycin.
EFFECT OF TYPE OF BEAN, SOAK TIME, CANNING MEDIA AND STORAGE TIME ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CANNED DRY BEANS

Three types of beans, Pinto, Red Kidney and Dwarf Horticulture #4 were soaked for different time intervals, canned in either water or tomato' sauce, and stored for 3 and 6 months. The types of beans reacted differently to soaking and processing. Pinto was higher in drained weight (dr wt) and lower in shear press firmness than Red Kidney and Dwarf Horticulture #4. Riboflavin and Vitamin E were lowest in Red Kidney, but percent splits were higher. Soaking time before blanching affected dr wt and Riboflavin, but not other quality attributes. There was no difference in hydration ratios after blanching except in those beans that were not soaked. Beans canned in tomato sauce were much firmer and were higher in riboflavin. Strong interactions between the main effects of type, canning media, soak time and storage time influenced the decision for recommending any one soak time or canning media for all types of beans unless other processing conditions are altered.
Some considerations regarding the creep crack growth threshold

The preceding analysis reveals that the existence of a threshold determined by the sintering stress does not influence the post threshold crack velocity. Considerations of the sintering stress can thus be conveniently excluded from analysis of the post threshold crack velocity. The presence of a crack growth threshold has been predicted, based on the existence of cavity nucleation controlled crack growth. A preliminary analysis of cavity nucleation rates within the damage zone reveals that this threshold is relatively abrupt, in accord with experimental observations. Consequently, at stress intensities below K /SUB th/ growth becomes nucleation limited and crack blunting occurs in preference to crack growth.
Spiral computed tomographic colonography: Determination of the central axis and digital unraveling of the colon

Rationale and Objectives. The authors developed and tested automated and semiautomated bowel-lumen tracking and colon-unraveling techniques for determining the central axis of the bowel. Methods. A computer-simulated gastrointestinal tract phantom was used to test the accuracy of an automated algorithm for central axis determination and bowel unraveling. Variations in cross-sectional features between straight and unraveled formats were compared in a canine bowel segment in vitro and a human colon in vivo by using spiral computed tomography. Three readers each performed three semiautomated evaluations. Results. Accuracy of the automated algorithm was confirmed by the high degree of correlation in the crosssectional feature measurements (length error, Conclusion. An automated algorithm for central axis deterioration and unraveling the colon has been validated in a gastrointestinal tract phantom. A semiautomated algorithm has been shown to be reproducible and time-efficient.
Interdisciplinary computing classes: worth the effort

The benefits of interdisciplinary computing classes have been widely discussed. For the computing students, they provide a context in which to apply their skills, and appear to aid in recruitment and retention. For non-computing students, they provide additional skills to enhance their own crafts. For both, interdisciplinary programs open up new career possibilities and hone soft skills. In consideration of these and other benefits, the Point Loma Nazarene University Mathematical, Information, and Computer Sciences department have teamed up with the Biology, Chemistry, and Physics departments to offer several opportunities for interdisciplinary experiences to their students. In addition to the benefits, however, these programs produce significant challenges. This paper reviews the benefits of interdisciplinarity and discusses three different models of interdisciplinary experiences used at PLNU. It reports on the challenges that arose in each, and ways these difficulties were resolved. Finally, it discusses the hurdle of recruiting for such courses.
Competitive stimulation: further evidence for two carriers in the transport of neutral amino acids.

1. 1. Two explanations have been proposed for the stimulation of uptake of one amino acid in the presence of another, a phenomenon which has been demonstrated for some pairs of amino acids in uptake studies with ascites tumor cells. One explanation invokes one carrier transport system and an exchange reaction at the outer surface of the cell. The other requires the presence of two carrier transport systems, a rapid uptake of one amino acid by one system and an exchange counterflow mediated by the other system. 2. 2. Recently Inui andChristensen9 have presented strong evidence for the presence of two systems, one requiring Na+. 3. 3. In the experments reported here it has been found that omission of Na+ from the medium eliminates the stimulation of uptake of tryptophan by methionine in Ehrlich ascites cells. This supports the second of the above hypotheses.
468 AMINO ACID RESIDUES 93–96 OF THE HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE MOLECULE ARE IMPORTANT FOR POLYCLONAL ANTISERUM RECOGNITION

The precise regions of the human growth hormone (hGH) molecule that mediate its biologic effects and immunoreactivity are not known. To address this issue, we have introduced mutations into the coding region of a cloned hGH gene and expressed the resulting mutants in a eukaryotic expression vector. Two clones with alterations in the DNA sequences encoding amino acids 93-96 within the hGH molecule were created by the insertion of Bam HI DNA linkers into the Mst II site. The hGH derived from these mutants had characteristics indistinguishable from those of wild type hGH in the NB-2 cell lactogenic assay, the IM-9 cell radioreceptor assay, and in the binding of four anti-hGH monoclonal antibodies. However, significant differences were observed between the mutants and standard human pituitary GH or hGH produced by the normal gene in the binding of polyclonal hGH antisera. Both mutants bound to the polyclonal antibody poorly but did not displace labeled standard hormone in a proportionate manner. These results suggest that amino acids 93-96 of hGH regulate the expression of antigenic determinants that are detected by polyclonal antiserum, but these determinants are distinct from those recognized by the four monoclonal antibodies that were tested. Moreover, hGH molecules with abnormal immunologic reactivity may retain normal biologic activities in certain assays.
The Russian Origins of the First World War

Sean McMeekin, The Russian Origins of the First World War . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011. Pp. xii + 324; illustrations; maps; notes; index. £22.95 (hardback). ISBN...
Toward effective scalar hardware for highly vectorizable applications

The performance of a program will ultimately be limited by its serial (scalar) portion, as pointed out by Amdahl′s Law. Reported studies thus far of instruction-level parallelism have mixed data-parallel program portions with scalar program portions, often leading to contradictory and controversial results. We report an instruction-level behavioral characterization of scalar code containing minimal data-parallelism, extracted from highly vectorized programs of the PERFECT benchmark suite running on a Cray Y-MP system. We classify scalar basic blocks according to their instruction mix, characterize the data dependencies seen in each class, and, as a first step, measure the maximum intrablock instruction-level parallelism available. We observe skewed rather than balanced instruction distributions in scalar code and in individual basic block classes of scalar code; nonuniform distribution of parallelism across instruction classes; and, as expected, limited available intrablock parallelism. We identify frequently occurring data-dependence patterns and discuss new instructions to reduce latency. Toward effective scalar hardware, we study latency-pipelining trade-offs and restricted multiple instruction issue mechanisms.
Who Owns What Sofware Produces

When programs rather than humans create products, the issues of product ownership create thorny legal problems which the law has yet to address.
Electrical and Thermal Behavior of Tellurium Poor GeSbTe Compounds for Phase Change Memory

The phase change active material exploration represents an important stage in order to further strengthen the know-how on the Phase Change Memory (PCM) technology. This work reports a path for PCM material exploration toward the tellurium poor region of the GeSbTe (GST) ternary compound system. Data retention enhancement is reported and associated to a factor 1.5 increase of the crystallization activation energy. A detailed description and discussion of the remarkable electrical and thermal parameters of the PCM cell as a function of GST composition is provided.
External and Internal Instantiation of Abstract Information Facilitates Transfer in Insight Problem Solving.

Four studies were conducted to examine how instantiation of abstract statements facilitates solutions to insight problems. The first two experiments explored the effects of external instantiation (adding a concrete example to the abstract source information) on transfer. Providing an example along with the abstract source statement fostered transfer of analogous solutions. Moreover, adding a complete concrete instantiation to an abstract statement produced greater transfer than adding only specific items to illustrate the abstract terms. The second two experiments examined the effects of internal instantiation (encouraging learners to generate their own concrete examples of the abstract information) on transfer. This factor, too, facilitated problem solving. Generating examples to instantiate the abstract statement yielded even better transfer than simply informing participants of the relationship between the abstract statements and the target problems. These findings suggest that both external and internal instantiation facilitate transfer by promoting mental processes associated with implementing the source analogs.
On the extent of racemization of allylic esters during palladium—mediated alkylation with homochiral 3-methyl-δ-butyrolactone derivatives

Abstract The allylic phosphate 4e has been shown to racemize 4–6% upon alkylation with the sodium lactone enolates of 1c and ent-1c in the presence of Pd(Ph3P)4. The acetate 4d racemizes 11%.
Social power and emotional experience: Actor and partner effects within dyadic interactions

Abstract A dyadic methodological and statistical approach to social power is used to test the notion that an individual’s power and a partner’s power have distinct effects on the individual’s emotional experience. Two studies examined actor and partner effects of social power on emotion within dyadic interactions. Across interpersonal contexts and measures of social power, the individual’s own social power, theorized to activate behavioral approach, was associated with positive emotion (an actor effect). In contrast, being subject to a partner’s elevated social power, theorized to activate behavioral inhibition, was associated with increased negative emotion (a partner effect). The discussion focuses on how dyadic methodological and statistical approaches point to new lines of inquiry in the study of social power.
A concise total synthesis of (±)- and (-)-okilactomycin D.

The spirotetronate okilactomycin D (7) has been efficiently synthesized by a route featuring a substrate-controlled, diastereoselective (8:1) intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) reaction of 11. The assigned absolute configuration of (−)-7 was confirmed.