cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspective on Sarcoidosis History and Clinical Research (featuring local colleagues)

A new organization, Americas Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (AASOG), had its inaugural meeting recently (April 7-8, 2017) in central Pennsylvania. As the provider of an overview of Sarcoidosis, this was an opportunity to review and feature some of the area’s local medical and research interests that have been important in attempting to understand and manage patients with this illness. This introductory commentary features area investigators and clinicians who have been helpful in elucidating the pathophysiology and management of this illness.
The Information/Control/Buffer (I/C/B) Portfolio: An Operations Management Paradigm

Many different paradigms are used in teaching Operations Management. Among these are the Industrial Engineering, Operations Research, and Product Life-Cycle paradigms. Each of these paradigms provides a different, but useful way of introducing students to what Operations Management is, and to what managing operations means.
Effort as Person-Focused Praise: "Hard Worker" Has Negative Effects for Adults After a Failure.

Although work with children demonstrates a benefit of process-focused praise relative to person-focused praise on post-failure motivation, few studies have examined this result in adults. We tested...
Light Detection Using High- T c Microstrip Lines

We have measured the effect of light on the transmission of microwaves through YBa2 Cu3O7−δ microstrip lines. The microstrip line geometries discussed include meander paths and an asymmetric ring interferometer in which a metallic segment has been introduced in the shorter leg of the interferometer. The photoresponse measurements performed on the meander paths allow the probing of the spatial homogeneity of the microwave properties of the superconducting film. The destructive interference nulls for superconductor—metal asymmetric ring interferometer were observed to shift with microwave frequency due to the kinetic inductance effect; the depth of the nulls were observed change rapidly with changing temperature due to the different dependencies of the surface resistance for the superconductor and metal component parts.
Reducing pedestrians' inhalation of traffic-related air pollution through route choices: Case study in California suburb

Abstract Pedestrians often face risks of inhaling a high amount of traffic-related air pollution due to their proximity to the emission sources and increased breathing rates during walking. This paper presents an innovative way for pedestrians to mitigate such risks. Specifically, a method for incorporating the estimated inhaled mass of fine particles (PM2.5) into walking route calculations was developed, and the calculated low air pollution inhalation route was compared against the traditional shortest duration route. For the case study of a suburban road network in Riverside, California, a low inhalation route could be found for 4% of the simulated walking trips in both morning and afternoon periods. In the morning period, the low inhalation routes would reduce a pedestrian's inhalation of traffic-related primary PM2.5 by 48% while increasing the walking duration by only 2% on average. Similarly, in the afternoon period, the low inhalation routes would reduce the inhalation by 44% while increasing the walking duration by merely 1% on average. These results indicate that if people who choose to walk can accommodate a slight increase in walking duration in some of their walking trips, they can substantially reduce the inhalation of traffic-related primary PM2.5 on those trips. The presented concept of low air pollution inhalation route can be enhanced by the integration of real-time traffic, weather, and even roadside air quality data to result in navigation applications for pedestrians. This may be particularly important for sensitive population groups such as school-aged children and seniors.
Tetracycline discoloration of teeth: diagnosis by long-wave and short-wave ultraviolet light. A comparative study.

T here is ample literature documenting the discoloration-inducing effects of various members of the tetracycline family when administered to patients during the period of tooth formation. However, since other tooth-discoloring factors are also known to exist, suitable techniques for differentiating tetracyclineinduced discoloration from discoloration due to other factors have been sought. One of the more widely employed methods has been examination of the dentition for evidence of a characteristic fluorescence which is observable when tetracycline-discolored teeth are viewed under ultraviolet light and, conversely, for the absence of fluorescence when the discoloration is the result of factors other than tetracycline deposition. It has been established that tetracycline fluorescence can be excited by ultraviolet light of varying wavelengths. As a matter of fact, some investigators have employed a short-wave light source of approximately 2,537 A, and others have used a long-wave light source of approximately 3,660 A. This study was undertaken to determine, if possible, the comparative attributes of ultraviolet sources of these varying wavelengths in inducing fluorescence of tetracycline-discolored teeth. The comparative efficacy of using the 2,537 A (short-wave*) and the 3,660 A (long-wave*) ultraviolet light sources was determined by studying the observ-
The Spatial Order of Physeal Maturation in the Normal Human Knee Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND The spatial order of physeal maturation around the distal tibia has been shown to place adolescent patients at risk for certain transitional injuries, such as Tillaux or triplane fractures. Less is known about physeal maturation around the knee. The purpose of this study was to establish the spatial order of physeal maturation in the normal human knee using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS We retrospectively collected all knee MRI scans from patients presenting to our institution from January 2004 to January 2014. Patients who were suspected on the basis of clinical or radiographic findings of having abnormal knee physeal development or injury were excluded. We then applied a previously described MRI staging system of knee physeal maturation to the MRI scans of the remaining patients at 8 defined knee locations. Associations between the stage of maturation and mean chronological age were then evaluated across the 8 knee locations. Interrater and intrarater reliabilities were assessed. RESULTS A total of 165 knee MRI scans (from 98 boys, 67 girls) met the inclusion criteria. Significant differences were found between each stage of physeal maturation and the mean chronological ages at all 8 knee locations for both boys and girls (each, P<0.001). Interestingly, within each stage of physeal maturation, no significant difference was found in the mean chronological ages at any of the 8 knee locations, suggesting that physeal development occurs uniformly in the normal human knee for both boys and girls. Interrater and intrarater reliability were nearly perfect at all locations. CONCLUSIONS The spatial order of physeal maturation in the normal human knee was uniform across 8 knee locations for both boys and girls. This uniformity may help to explain why transitional injuries do not follow a recognizable pattern in the knee. Furthermore, the uniformity aids with surgical decision making, because minimal growth modulation or disturbance is likely when early physeal closure is present in a portion of the physis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
Differentiating kidney stones from phleboliths in unenhanced low-dose computed tomography using radiomics and machine learning

Distinguishing between kidney stones and phleboliths can constitute a diagnostic challenge in patients undergoing unenhanced low-dose CT (LDCT) for acute flank pain. We sought to investigate the accuracy of radiomics and a machine-learning classifier in differentiating between kidney stones and phleboliths on LDCT. Radiomics features were extracted following a semi-automatic segmentation of kidney stones and phleboliths for two independent consecutive cohorts of patients undergoing LDCT for acute flank pain. Radiomics features from the first cohort of patients (n = 369) were ultimately used to train a machine-learning model designed to distinguish kidney stones (n = 211) from phleboliths (n = 201). Classification performance was assessed on the second independent cohort (i.e., testing set) (kidney stones n = 24; phleboliths n = 23) using positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), area under the receiver operating curves (AUC), and permutation testing. Our machine-learning classification model trained on radiomics features achieved an overall accuracy of 85.1% on the independent testing set, with an AUC of 0.902, PPV of 81.5%, and NPV of 90.0%. Classification accuracy was significantly better than chance on permutation testing (p < 0.05, permutation p value). Radiomics and machine learning enable accurate differentiation between kidney stones and phleboliths on LDCT in patients presenting with acute flank pain. • Combining a machine-learning algorithm with radiomics features extracted for abdominopelvic calcification on LDCT offers a highly accurate method for discriminating phleboliths from kidney stones. • Our radiomics and machine-learning model proved robust for CT acquisition and reconstruction protocol when tested in comparison with an external independent cohort of patients with acute flank pain. • The high performance of the radiomics-based automatic classification model in differentiating phleboliths from kidney stones indicates its potential as a future diagnostic tool for equivocal abdominopelvic calcifications in the setting of suspected renal colic.
Adolescent Girls’ Disclosure About Dating and Sexuality:

Adolescents disclose information about romantic relationships and sexuality to family members and friends, but little is known about the correlates of this disclosure. We examined adolescent girls’...
Self-reported physical function is associated with walking speed in adults with cerebral palsy.

Purpose To understand the relationship of walking speed to self-reported pain, fatigue, and physical function in adults with CP. Methods Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting Accredited clinical motion analysis laboratory in a regional children's hospital. Participants 72 ambulatory patients ⩾ 18 years of age, diagnosed with CP, who previously had ⩾ 1 prior instrumented gait analysis at our facility. Main outcome measures PROMIS-57 pain interference/intensity, physical function, and fatigue measures and walking speed. Results Physical function was significantly lower than able-bodied normal values by 1-2 standard deviations (40.3 ± 8.5). Pain interference (51.4 ± 9.0) and fatigue (50.2 ± 9.2) were not significantly different when compared to able-bodied normal values. Only physical function was statistically correlated with walking speed (p Conclusions Self-reported physical function correlates with objectively measured walking speed in young adults with CP while patient-reported pain and fatigue did not, contrary to what would be predicted by the literature.
Investigating Ethics in Sociocultural Literacy Studies

This conceptual article addresses theories of ethics in literacy studies. Here, ethics means people’s ways of defining, asking about, and living good lives. Although literacy researchers have paid ...
Carboxylate Structural Effects on the Properties and Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactivity of [CuO2CR]2+ Cores.

A series of complexes {[NBu4][LCuII(O2CR)] (R = −C6F5, −C6H4(NO2), −C6H5, −C6H4(OMe), −CH3, and −C6H2(iPr)3)} were characterized (with the complex R = −C6H4(m-Cl) having been published elsewhere (M...
Toward a proposed methodology to assess e-government websites usability in the context of cultural dimensions: (research in progress)

Since the World Wide Web was conceived, its main objective has been to deliver information in the most appropriate and efficient fashion to users. As a result, the Internet proves to be the most interactive and global means of communication and reaches more international audiences than any other massive communication technology. In order to address the need to understand and identify the best way to deliver the communication to the targeted users, which in the case of e-government, some diverse methodologies and tools have been adopted from such disciplines as marketing, computer science, MIS, and lately, Human-Computer Interaction with the inclusion of the Usability Evaluation Heuristics.
Novel regression models for wiebe parameters aimed at 0D combustion simulation in spark ignition engines

Abstract In the present work a novel predictive Wiebe-Based combustion Model (WBM) is proposed for simulation of the combustion process in a normally aspirated 1.6 L spark ignition (SI) engine. Unlike other approaches presented in literature, the novelty consists of: the considered set of Wiebe parameters, that is the angle at 50% of burned fuel, the combustion duration between 10% and 90% of burned fuel, and the form factor m; the nonlinear feature of the used correlations; the set of the involved engine variables, including particularly the laminar burning speed of the air/fuel mixture at combustion start. Based on a wide experimental database a Turbulent entrainment Combustion Model (TCM) is also set up, validated and embedded in a 1D simulation model of the engine. The parameters of the Wiebe function fitting the Mass Burned Fraction (MBF) development are estimated for each engine operating condition and then correlated to main engine variables. To assess to what extent the simpler WBM can be used in place of the TCM, simulations of the validated 1D engine model were carried out with both WBM and TCM and their performances compared in a wide range of engine operating conditions in terms of Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and Carbon monoxide concentration (CO).
On the $e$-positivity of trees and spiders

We prove that for any tree with a vertex of degree at least six, its chromatic symmetric function is not $e$-positive, that is, it cannot be written as a nonnegative linear combination of elementary symmetric functions. This makes significant progress towards a recent conjecture of Dahlberg, She, and van Willigenburg, who conjectured the result for all trees with a vertex of degree at least four. We also provide a series of conditions that can identify when the chromatic symmetric function of a spider, a tree consisting of multiple paths identified at an end, is not $e$-positive. These conditions also generalize to trees and graphs with cut vertices. Finally, by applying a result of Orellana and Scott, we provide a method to inductively calculate certain coefficients in the elementary symmetric function expansion of the chromatic symmetric function of a spider, leading to further $e$-positivity conditions for spiders.
Women’s Daily Performance, Enjoyment, and Comfort in Male-Dominated Majors: The Role of Social Interactions in Classes

Women drop out of male-dominated majors (MDMs) at a higher rate than men (Blickenstaff 2005). Research is needed to better understand contextual factors in the major, such as social interactions in major classes, that may increase women’s engagement in MDMs and ultimately reduce attrition (Lawson et al. in Sex Roles 78:542–560, 2018). The present study examined whether women in MDMs differed from men in MDMs and women in gender-neutral majors (GNMs) in terms of (1) levels of daily student engagement in major classes; and (2) the association between daily social interactions in classes and student engagement. Daily data were collected from 120 students (40 women in MDMs, 40 men in MDMs, 40 women in GNMs) about social interactions (talking to a peer, interacting with a professor one-on-one, and class discussions) and student engagement (perceived performance, enjoyment, and feelings of comfort) in major classes at the end of the day over a two week period. Results indicated that women in MDMs reported lower levels of daily engagement in major classes, relative to their peers. Talking with a peer and class discussions were associated with higher levels of student engagement, but these associations were qualified by group. Overall, the daily association between social experiences and student engagement were stronger for women in MDMs, relative to their peers. Results support the social-contextual model of prejudice (Murphy et al in Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci 5:66–74, 2018) in that classroom experiences disadvantaged women in MDMs, but daily social interactions may be particularly beneficial for women in these contexts.
Increasing incidence of complicated appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) strain has resulted in restrictions potentially impacting patients presenting with acute appendicitis and their disease burden. Methods All acute appendicitis admissions (281 patients) between 1/1/2018-4/30/2020 were reviewed. Two groups were created: 6 weeks before (Group A) and 6 weeks after (Group B) the date elective surgeries were postponed in Massachusetts for COVID-19. Acute appendicitis incidence and disease characteristics were compared between the groups. Similar time periods from 2018 to 2019 were also compared. Results Fifty-four appendicitis patients were categorized in Group A and thirty-seven in Group B. Those who underwent surgery were compared and revealed a 45.5% decrease (CI: 64.2,-26.7) in uncomplicated appendicitis, a 21.1% increase (CI:3.9,38.3) in perforated appendicitis and a 29% increase (CI:11.5,46.5) in gangrenous appendicitis. Significant differences in the incidence of uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis were also noted when comparing 2020 to previous years. Conclusions The significant increase in complicated appendicitis and simultaneous significant decrease in uncomplicated appendicitis during the COVID-19 pandemic indicate that patients are not seeking appropriate, timely surgical care.
Inverter's Nonlinear Efficiency and Demand-Side Management Challenges

Renewable energy resources have become an increasingly significant part of power generation for reducing fossil fuel consumption and pollutant emission. Wind and solar energy resources are the most promising options among available renewable energy resources, as they are ever-present, freely available, and environmentally friendly. However, in the presence of renewable resources such as wind and solar energy, the future power grid faces uncertainties that can cause serious issues such as blackouts. In this regard, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are promising solutions to overcome potential challenges in transmission and distribution levels [1]. Renewables are accompanied by converters and need a smart management strategy to optimize their performances while connected to the power system. Therefore, dc to ac and dc to dc converters and their efficiency play significant roles in renewables? performance in power systems, particularly at the distribution level that a higher number of renewables with lower capacities are involved. Authors in [2] show that the main factor in solar panels sizing is the inverter?s efficiency curve. It is shown that the utilized technologies in solar panel modules have less influence on photovoltaic (PV) sizing than the inverter's efficiency. This concept is more highlighted in BESSs as the battery's lifetime and its efficiency highly depend on its operating condition [3]-[5]. In this subject, the state of California in 2005 started publishing a list of eligible PV products and their detailed characteristics, such as inverters. In this report, customers can find detailed information on the inverter efficiency available in the United States market [6], [7].
A national trauma data bank analysis of large animal-related injuries

INTRODUCTION Large animal-related injuries (LARI) are relatively uncommon, but, nevertheless, a public hazard. The objective of this study was to better understand LARI injury patterns and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective review of the 2016 National Trauma Data Bank and used ICD-10 codes to identify patients injured by a large animal. The primary outcome was severe injury pattern, while secondary outcomes included mortality, hospital length of stay, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation usage. RESULTS There were 6,662 LARI included in our analysis. Most LARI (66%) occurred while riding the animal, and the most common type of LARI was fall from horse (63%). The median ISS was 9 and the most severe injuries (AIS ≥ 3) were to the chest (19%), head (10%), and lower extremities (10%). The overall mortality was low at 0.8%. Compared to non-riders, riders sustained more severe injuries to the chest (21% vs. 16%, p<0.001) and spine (4% vs. 2%, p<0.001). Compared to motor vehicle collisions (MVC), riders sustained fewer severe injuries to the head (10% vs. 12%, p<0.001) and lower extremity (10% vs. 12%, p=0.01). Compared to auto-pedestrian accidents, non-riders sustained fewer severe injuries to the head (11% vs. 19%, p<0.001) and lower extremity (10% vs. 20%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Patients involved in a LARI are moderately injured with more complex injuries occurring in the chest, head, and lower extremities. Fall from horse was the most common LARI mechanism. Overall mortality was low. Compared to non-riders, riders were more likely to sustain severe injuries to the chest and spine. Severe injury patterns were similar when comparing riders to MVC and, given that most LARI are riding injuries, we recommend trauma teams approach LARI as they would an MVC.
Functional networks in non-human primate spinal cord and the effects of injury.

Abstract Spontaneous fluctuations of Blood Oxygenation-Level Dependent (BOLD) MRI signal in a resting state have previously been detected and analyzed to describe intrinsic functional networks in the spinal cord of rodents, non-human primates and human subjects. In this study we combined high resolution imaging at high field with data-driven Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to i) delineate fine-scale functional networks within and between segments of the cervical spinal cord of monkeys, and also to ii) characterize the longitudinal effects of a unilateral dorsal column injury on these networks. Seven distinct functional hubs were revealed within each spinal segment, with new hubs detected at bilateral intermediate and gray commissure regions in addition to the bilateral dorsal and ventral horns previously reported. Pair-wise correlations revealed significantly stronger connections between hubs on the dominant hand side. Unilateral dorsal-column injuries disrupted predominantly inter-segmental rather than intra-segmental functional connectivities as revealed by correlation strengths and graph-theory based community structures. The effects of injury on inter-segmental connectivity were evident along the length of the cord both below and above the lesion region. Connectivity strengths recovered over time and there was revival of inter-segmental communities as animals recovered function. BOLD signals of frequency 0.01–0.033 Hz were found to be most affected by injury. The results in this study provide new insights into the intrinsic functional architecture of spinal cord and underscore the potential of functional connectivity measures to characterize changes in networks after an injury and during recovery.
ecocomDP: A flexible data design pattern for ecological community survey data

Abstract The idea of harmonizing data is not new. Decades of amassing data in databases according to community standards - both locally and globally - have been more successful for some research domains than others. It is particularly difficult to harmonize data across studies where sampling protocols vary greatly and complex environmental conditions need to be understood to apply analytical methods correctly. However, a body of long-term ecological community observations is increasingly becoming publicly available and has been used in important studies. Here, we discuss an approach to preparing harmonized community survey data by an environmental data repository, in collaboration with a national observatory. The workflow framework and repository infrastructure are used to create a decentralized, asynchronous model to reformat data without altering original data through cleaning or aggregation, while retaining metadata about sampling methods and provenance, and enabling programmatic data access. This approach does not create another data ‘silo’ but will allow the repository to contribute subsets of available data to a variety of different analysis-ready data preparation efforts. With certain limitations (e.g., changes to the sampling protocol over time), data updates and downstream processing may be completely automated. In addition to supporting reuse of community observation data by synthesis science, a goal for this harmonization and workflow effort is to contribute these datasets to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to increase the data's discovery and use.
Interleukin-6 promotes microtubule stability in axons via Stat3 protein-protein interactions.

The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines and its downstream effector, STAT3, are important mediators of neuronal health, repair, and disease throughout the CNS, including the visual system. Here, we elucidate a transcription-independent mechanism for the neuropoietic activities of IL-6 related to axon development, regeneration, and repair. We examined the outcome of IL-6 deficiency on structure and function of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, which form the optic projection. We found that IL-6 deficiency substantially delays anterograde axon transport in vivo. The reduced rate of axon transport is accompanied by changes in morphology, structure, and post-translational modification of microtubules. In vivo and in vitro studies in mice and swine revealed that IL-6-dependent microtubule phenotypes arise from protein-protein interactions between STAT3 and stathmin. As in tumor cells and T cells, this STAT3-stathmin interaction stabilizes microtubules in RGCs. Thus, this IL-6-STAT3-dependent mechanism for axon architecture is likely a fundamental mechanism for microtubule stability systemically.
Ethical Issues in Sandplay Research

There is a growing interest in and need for research that explicates the underlying mechanism of sandplay and assesses its efficacy and effectiveness. Despite the growing interest in and expanding body of sandplay research, there has been little to no discussion relating to the ethical issues associated with research efforts that may be undertaken. This chapter represents an initial effort to address this gap through an examination of provisions of international documents and professional codes of ethics from diverse mental health professions and countries that focus on ethical issues associated with the research.
Chemical and biological studies on 1:2-dihydro-s-trtazines—XIII: Inhibition of response to p-aminobenzoic acid and mechanism of action in Lactobacillus arabinosus bioassay systems☆

Abstract A series of 1:2-dihydro- s -triazines has been studied in Lactobacillus arabinosus 17-5 (ATCC no. 8014)- p -aminobenzoic acid bioassay systems. Differences in biological activity within the series could be correlated with certain variations in structure and substitution in the molecule. Maximum activity was observed both with 2:2-dimethyl substitution in the triazine ring together with 3'-halogen substitution in the phenyl ring, and with n -hexylto n-(tmtridecyl) substitution at the 2-position of the triazine ring, irrespective of p - or m -phenyl substitution. The active derivatives exhibited synergism with both sulphadiazine and aminopterin. Similarly, synergism between sulphadiazine and aminopterin was observed in this bioassay system. Inhibition analyses indicate that these three classes of inhibitor differ with respect to loci of activity. In conjunction with previous evidence, the data suggest that in this L. arabinosus —PABA system, the 1:2-dihydro- s triazines interfere with a diphosphopyridine nucleotide-mediated reduction of the pteroylglutamicacid (or pteroylglutamic acid-like) intermediate synthesized from p -aminobenzoic acid in the conversion of p -aminobenzoic acid to structures exhibiting citrovorum factor activity.
Light-adjustable lens.

PURPOSE: First, to determine whether a silicone light-adjustable intraocular lens (IOL) can be fabricated and adjusted precisely with a light delivery device (LDD). Second, to determine the biocompatibility of an adjustable IOL and whether the lens can be adjusted precisely in vivo. METHODS: After fabrication of a light-adjustable silicone formulation, IOLs were made and tested in vitro for cytotoxicity, leaching, precision of adjustment, optical quality after adjustment, and mechanical properties. Light-adjustable IOLs were then tested in vivo for biocompatibility and precision of adjustment in a rabbit model. In collaboration with Zeiss-Meditec, a digital LDD was developed and tested to correct for higher-order aberrations in light-adjustable IOLs. RESULTS: The results establish that a biocompatible silicone IOL can be fabricated and adjusted using safe levels of light. There was no evidence of cytotoxicity or leaching. Testing of mechanical properties revealed no significant differences from commercial controls. Implantation of light-adjustable lenses in rabbits demonstrated- excellent biocompatibility after 6 months, comparable to a commercially available IOL. In vivo spherical (hyperopic and myopic) adjustment in rabbits was achieved using an analog light delivery system. The digital light delivery system was tested and achieved correction of higher-order aberrations. CONCLUSION: A silicone light-adjustable IOL and LDD have been developed to enable postoperative, noninvasive adjustment of lens power. The ability to correct higher-order aberrations in these materials has broad potential applicability for optimization of vision in patients undergoing cataract and refractive surgery.
Criminal Liability for Omissions: An Inventory of Issues

The absence in Anglo-American law of any general duty to rescue others from harms - the legal permission to be a Bad Samaritan - has been both criticized and defended in numerous articles and books. There are, however, a number of exceptions to the legal permission that are enforced through the criminal law. Thus, one has a duty to rescue another if he has caused that person's peril, if he has previously agreed to rescue that person, if he is that person's husband or father, and so on. These exceptions to the "no legal duty to rescue" principle have received very little scholarly attention. Yet they raise a number of interesting issues, both theoretical and practical. My paper brings many of these issues to light and in some instances tentatively suggests how they should be resolved. My ambition, however, is not to have the last word on the issues' analyses, but is, rather, primarily to interest criminal law scholars in the issues I survey.
Review of Hector Avalos, Slavery, Abolitionism, and the Ethics of Biblical Scholarship. The Bible in the Modern World 38. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2011.

This is a book review of Hector Avalos, Slavery, Abolitionism, and the Ethics of Biblical Scholarship . The Bible in the Modern World 38. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2011.
Studies on three microsomal electron transfer enzyme systems. Specificity of electron flow pathways.

Abstract The routes of microsomal electron flow to the three terminal oxidative enzymes, the mixed function oxidase, the fatty acyl CoA desaturase, and the lipid peroxidase have been examined by the use of specific antibodies, by alteration of electron transfer enzyme levels, and with the inhibitor NADP + . From these studies a number of conclusions are drawn: (1) NADH-supported lipid peroxidation utilizes NADH-cytochrome b 5 reductase, but electron flow does not go via cytochrome b 5 . (2) The positive modifier effect of type I substrates on NADPH-driven cytochrome P -450 reduction is seen also with NADH-supported cytochrome P -450 reductase activity. The latter reaction proceeds via cytochrome b 5 while the former does not. (3) Cross-reactivity can occur between NADH-cytochrome b 5 reductase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, but at a rate too slow to support most reactions. (4) Cytochrome b 5 appears to exist in two pools; one pool is readily inhibited by antibody and the other pool is either inaccessible to or incompletely inhibited by antibody. The various cytochrome b 5 -dependent reactions show different abilities to use the noninhibited hemoprotein. NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity and NADH-synergism appear to utilize only the former pool and are completely inhibitable by antibody. Other NADH-supported reactions (Δ 9 -desaturation and mixedfunction oxidation) utilize the total cytochrome b 5 population. Fortification studies show that the extra bound cytochrome b 5 is distributed in the same manner as the endogenous cytochrome b 5 .
A Review of “Charles Hodge: Guardian of American Orthodoxy”

For much of the nineteenth century, Charles Hodge loomed large in the theological debates that gave rise to conservative Presbyterianism. Unlike other theologians of his caliber, however, he has no...
Summary of the Annual Meeting Section on Urology, American Academy of Pediatrics

Members of the Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics met for 2½ days in conjunction with the 59th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics in Boston, Massachusetts, October 6 to October 8, 1990. The meeting was presided over by Chairperson David T. Mininberg of Cornell University, New York. The papers presented at this meeting that are of interest to the practicing pediatrician are summarized here according to topic. The Pediatric Urology Medal, awarded to an individual who has made outstanding contributions to the field of pediatric urology, was presented to Dr Frank Hinman, Jr. of the University of California. San Francisco. Dr Hinman was recognized for his many years of work dedicated to improving the urologic care of children. A foremost clinician, teacher, and researcher, he has contributed particularly to the understanding of urinary tract infections and bladder dysfunction in children, particularly those children who have "Hinman Syndrome," the non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder. Dr Hinman has been a strong advocate for the specialized urologic care of children for many years. GENITOURINARY NEOPLASMS Wilms9 tumor is one disease in which there has been impressive progress in recent years, particularly with the advent of effective chemotherapy that has enabled these children to have increased disease-free survival. Montgomery and co-workers from the Mayo Clinic reviewed the experience of patients with bilateral Wilms9 tumor during the past 16 years. Ten-year survival was 69%. Seventy-five percent of the failures resulted from recurrent disease (which generally occurred early), and 25% resultes from treatment complications.
Sustainable Habitat Restoration: Fish, Farms, and Ecosystem Services

The conversion of estuarine marshes and floodplains to agricultural uses through diking, draining, and filling has left little adequate salmon habitat and, as a result, has been a critical factor in the decline of salmon populations. Current efforts to restore salmon by reestablishing ecosystem functionality. In particular, it has become more common to include dam and dike breaches as feasible solutions. Of course, there is a cost involved in habitat restoration, even if it is not an obvious environmental cost. This article examines the dialogue on salmon valuation by contrasting the historical view of salmon-as-commodity with insights from "ecosystem services." This emerging trend in ecological economics will play a critical role in justifying restoration projects and formulating sustainability strategies; ecosystem services valuation is showing that investments in natural capital can provide substantial returns. This article also provides a case study of the Smith Island Habitat Restoration Project in Snohomish County, Washington. Smith Island, which was converted to farmland a century ago, exhibits enormous potential value for habitat restoration and begs for an inclusive process that considers the voices for economic, human, and ecosystem well-being. The resolution of the Smith Island controversy provides an insightful example of how a sustainability framework can be useful in showing that restoration strategies can offer substantial benefits to other lands uses and interests.
Different studies of the global pitch angle of the Milky Way's spiral arms

There are many published values for the pitch angle of individual spiral arms, and their wide distribution (from -3 to -28 degrees) begs for various attempts for a single value. Each of the four statistical methods used here yields a mean pitch angle in a small range, between -12 and -14 degrees (table 7, figure 2). The final result of our meta-analysis yields a mean global pitch angle in the Milky Way's spiral arms of -13.1 degrees, plus or minus 0.6 degree.
Spectral analysis of subband filtered signals

A methodology for transform-based spectral analysis of subband filtered signals is developed. The methodology is based on performing the analysis on subband samples instead of on the input signal directly. Aliasing due to decimation is eliminated by including the effects of the adjacent subband in the analysis of frequencies near the filterbank transition regions. The frequency resolution and spectral leakage is nearly the same as if the transform had been performed on the input directly. In an M band filterbank, the analysis block length is reduced by a factor of M. This reduces the complexity of source compression techniques based on subband decomposition and spectral analysis.
Accounting Issues: An Essay Series Part IXStatement of Cash Flows

The following article represents the last in a series dedicated to reinserting accounting theory into the introductory course. The current essay covers the theory associated with the Statement of Cash Flows along with articulation.
Rate of Water Admission Through the Madreporite of a Starfish

Time course studies employing the fluorescent, high molecular weight tracer, fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, confirm that there is a steady entry of sea water through the madreporite of the starfish, Echinaster graminicola, even under constant environmental conditions. This entry serves to supply replacement fluid to both the water vascular system and the perivisceral coelom, with more going to the latter than the former (10.67 vs 6.35μl h−1 for a 7.25 g animal). Since nearly 2.4 days may be required for an animal to take up 1 ml of sea water through the madreporite, the rate of entry is too low to be easily seen in direct observation, or to have immediate physiological consequences if prevented. Nevertheless, the rate is probably sufficient to make a substantial contribution to fluid volume regulation, functioning along with osmolyte transport and other processes that have been emphasized in recent literature.
Developmental physiology of cestodes: VI. Effect of host riboflavin deficiency on Hymenolepis diminuta

Abstract Hymenolepis diminuta recovered from rats fed riboflavin-deficient diets were much larger than worms from isocaloric controls. This “riboflavin-deficiency effect” occurred whether coprophagy was prevented or allowed. Diets deficient in choline or pantothenate did not affect the growth of H. diminuta. The size of host accessory glands and adrenals was not affected in rats fed diets deficient in riboflavin or pantothenate. The necessity for isocaloric controls was demonstrated by the fact that H. diminuta was significantly larger when hosts were allowed to feed ad libitum.
Gérard Grisey and the ‘Nature’of Harmony

Gerard Grisey (1946–1998) was a founder of the influential ‘spectral’ movement. Reacting against the abstractions of serialism, spectral composers derived their musical material from the physics of sound and the mechanisms of aural perception. The present study explores the tensions between Grisey's natural sonic models and their alterations and distortions in his music. One common spectral technique is ‘instrumental synthesis’– the scoring for instrumental ensemble of the partials of a complex natural sound. Instrumental synthesis creates a musical effect which is neither atonal nor tonal in the traditional sense – rather, we can best understand this music as exhibiting an extended tonality based on the upper overtones of the harmonic series. The analysis of this extended tonality calls for new theoretical tools which can account for the complex harmonic relationships between high overtones. I propose a modification of Hugo Riemann's theory of Tonvorstellung (tone representation): the idea that, given a collection of pitches, we will understand them as connected by the simplest possible just intervals. As a model of harmonicmeaning based on our processes of auditory cognition, tone representation can illuminate the way we hear and understand harmony in a wide variety of works. The theory is demonstrated in a discussion of Sehoenberg's Piano Piece, Op. 11 No. 2, then applied in an analysis of Grisey's Vortex Temporum (1994–6). Sketches for the piece indicate Grisey's use of distorted –‘stretched’ and ‘compressed’– spectra in addition to the familiar harmonic series. Applying my theory of tone representation makes possible a sensitive description of the aural effect of such distorted spectra, rather than the interpretations we frequently find of these sonorities which contradict their natural origins in Grisey's sketches.
Patterns of metastatic spread following resection of extremity soft-tissue sarcomas and strategies for treatment

This study examines recurrence patterns in 255 patients with soft-tissue sarcoma treated with preoperative chemotherapy and radiation, followed by limb-sparing surgery. Eighty-five patients developed metastatic disease: 13 had isolated local recurrence, 43 had isolated pulmonary metastases, 11 had metastases to lung and elsewhere, and 18 had metastases to multiple sites. Of the patients with isolated pulmonary metastases, 19/43 had resection of the metastases, and 9 are disease free. All 13 patients with local recurrences had resection of the recurrence, and 9 remain disease-free. Patients with multiple sites of recurrence had a 2-year survival of less than 10%. Resection of metastases is beneficial to a small number of patients who develop metastatic disease.
Top-down estimates of biomass burning emissions of black carbon in the Western United States

Abstract. We estimate biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions of black carbon (BC) in the western US for May–October 2006 by inverting surface BC concentrations from the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) network using a global chemical transport model. We first use active fire counts from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to improve the spatiotemporal distributions of the biomass burning BC emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFEDv2). The adjustment primarily shifts emissions from late to middle and early summer (a 33% decrease in September–October and a 56% increase in June–August) and leads to appreciable increases in modeled surface BC concentrations in early and middle summer, especially at the 1–2 and 2–3 km altitude ranges. We then conduct analytical inversions at both 2° × 2.5° and 0.5° × 0.667° (nested over North America) horizontal resolutions. The a posteriori biomass burning BC emissions for July–September are 31.7 Gg at 2° × 2.5° (an increase by a factor of 4.7) and 19.2 Gg at 0.5° × 0.667° (an increase by a factor of 2.8). The inversion results are rather sensitive to model resolution. The a posteriori biomass burning emissions at the two model resolutions differ by a factor of ~6 in California and the Southwest and by a factor of 2 in the Pacific Northwest. The corresponding a posteriori anthropogenic BC emissions are 9.1 Gg at 2° × 2.5° (a decrease of 48%) and 11.2 Gg at 0.5° × 0.667° (a decrease of 36%). Simulated surface BC concentrations with the a posteriori emissions capture the observed major fire episodes at most sites and the substantial enhancements at the 1–2 and 2–3 km altitude ranges. The a posteriori emissions also lead to large bias reductions (by ~30% on average at both model resolutions) in modeled surface BC concentrations and significantly better agreement with observations (increases in Taylor skill scores of 95% at 2° × 2.5° and 42 % at 0.5° × 0.667°).
Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Living Cells: Visualization of Motility, Division, Aggregation, Transformation, and Apoptosis

Atomic force microscopy, in contact mode, has been used to image living mammalian cells in culture at both low and high resolutions. The method is shown practical for revealing cytoskeletal features beneath the cell membrane and their restructuring during a variety of cellular activities. Among the processes that we have visualized are locomotion, tissue formation, cell division, transformation by viruses, and cell death. We show that some processes that occur well within cells can, nonetheless, be observed using the atomic force probe. At high resolution, features on the cell surface on the order of 0.5 micron and their changes with time, can be recorded.
Acoustic and perceptual consequences of articulatory rate change in Parkinson disease.

This study sought to characterize the relationship among voluntary rate modification, vocal tract acoustic output, and perceptual impressions of speech for individuals with idiopathic Parkinson dis...
TRIDIF, a triangular mesh diffusion code

Abstract A triangular mesh finite difference code designed to study time-dependent magnetic diffusion and eddy current problems is described. TRIDIF is an extension of an existing widely used steady-state magnet design code entitled PANDIRA. The modifications required for the standard PANDIRA difference equations are presented. Sample results include magnetic field distributions in ion diodes and sources used for particle beam fusion applications.
Dispensing and administration of radiopharmaceuticals for dacryoscintigraphy.

Dacryoscintigraphy was first introduced in 1972 as a method to detect and localize obstructions of lacrimal drainage under physiologic conditions.1 It has since become commonly used in the evaluation of epiphora.2–7 Briefly, about 50–100 μCi of Technetium Tc-99m sodium pertechnetate or Tc-99m sulfur colloid in a volume of about 10–15 μL is placed on the surface of the eye.3,5 The transport of the radioactive tracer from the conjunctiva into the lacrimal drainage system and flow through the drainage duct to the nasal cavity can then be followed through images obtained using a gamma camera. This radiopharmaceutical dose has customarily been administered onto the surface of the eye using a micropipette.2–6,8–12 Although feasible for administration, dispensing of the radioactive dose in this manner is problematic, especially related to issues of sterility and radioactive contamination. Using a micropipette necessarily requires withdrawal of the radiopharmaceutical solution from an open container into an unsealed pipette tip, which makes sterility difficult to maintain. Leakage of radiopharmaceutical solution from the unsealed pipette tip, resulting in radioactive contamination of the immediate surroundings, may be difficult to avoid. Because these sterility and radioactive contamination issues preclude transportation of the loaded micropipette, it must be filled with the radiopharmaceutical at the immediate location of use. Hence, dispensing (and administration) of the radiopharmaceutical dose in a closed, sterile apparatus taken from a sealed, sterile source would be desirable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alternative devices for dispensing and administration of radiopharmaceuticals for dacryoscintigraphy.