cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting Routine Stair Use: Evaluating the Impact of a Stair Prompt Across Buildings

Background Although studies have demonstrated that stair prompts are associated with increased physical activity, many were conducted in low-rise buildings over a period of weeks and did not differentiate between stair climbing and descent. Purpose This study evaluated the impact of a prompt across different building types, and on stair climbing versus descent over several months. Methods In 2008–2009, stair and elevator trips were observed and analyzed at three buildings in New York City before and after the posting of a prompt stating "Burn Calories, Not Electricity" (total observations=18,462). Sites included a three-story health clinic (observations=4987); an eight-story academic building (observations=5151); and a ten-story affordable housing site (observations=8324). Stair and elevator trips up and down were recorded separately at the health clinic to isolate the impact on climbing and descent. Follow-up was conducted at the health clinic and affordable housing site to assess long-term impact. Results Increased stair use was seen at all sites immediately after posting of the prompt (range=9.2%–34.7% relative increase, p p p p p Conclusions Findings suggest that the prompt was effective in increasing physical activity in diverse settings, and increases were maintained at 9 months.
Remaking the real man: Erectile dysfunction palliatives and the social re-construction of the male Heterosexual life cycle

The popularity of impotence or erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs and the powerful imagery of their promotional campaigns may be a significant contributor to the social reconstruction of male sexuality and aging in general, and popular understandings of the male heterosexual in particular. This is note-worthy given that the heterosexual male is a demographic that has, historically, been quite resistant to the whims of the psycho-medical establishment. Given men’s psychological and physiological makeup, the emerging social expectations of male sexuality may be wholly unrealistic, with its matter-overmind rhetoric. Examining the language and imagery of several ED drug campaigns, and considering some popular therapeutic, and academic discourse on the subject, the paper considers some of the expectations facing men in our society today that have recently been generated by the sexual pharmacology industry. The analysis suggests how these new expectations potentially liberate and constrain men in various ways, solidifies a male ethos that focuses almost exclusively on the physical component, and thereby displaces men from the context of the romantic relationship.
Optimizing the Performance of the Pilot Control Loaders at NASA Vertical Motion Simulator

The Vertical Motion Simulator at NASA Ames Research Center uses a large array of pilot control loaders to simulate the cockpit control interfaces for a range of current and proposed future aircraft, from fixed-wing transports and fighters to rotorcraft. To meet the evolving pilot control force cueing requirements of researchers, we have provided a wider dynamic range, improved frequency response, and created smoother motion results. These improvements have focused on fine-tuning the pilot control loader's analog controller and transducers as well as defining better procedures for optimizing frequency response characteristics. Using the pitch axis on a McFadden wheel and column-type controller as an example, this paper details the optimization procedures.
Issues in Public Management Information Systems

What are the key issues facing information systems managers in the public sector? Most public IS managers surveyed show more concern for agency-wide management issues than for technical ones. They care about what information systems can do for their agencies. They want people in their agencies to understand the importance of managing information and information technology effectively.
The prediction of intelligence in preschool children using alternative models to regression.

Statistical prediction of an outcome variable using multiple independent variables is a common practice in the social and behavioral sciences. For example, neuropsychologists are sometimes called upon to provide predictions of preinjury cognitive functioning for individuals who have suffered a traumatic brain injury. Typically, these predictions are made using standard multiple linear regression models with several demographic variables (e.g., gender, ethnicity, education level) as predictors. Prior research has shown conflicting evidence regarding the ability of such models to provide accurate predictions of outcome variables such as full-scale intelligence (FSIQ) test scores. The present study had two goals: (1) to demonstrate the utility of a set of alternative prediction methods that have been applied extensively in the natural sciences and business but have not been frequently explored in the social sciences and (2) to develop models that can be used to predict premorbid cognitive functioning in preschool children. Predictions of Stanford–Binet 5 FSIQ scores for preschool-aged children is used to compare the performance of a multiple regression model with several of these alternative methods. Results demonstrate that classification and regression treesprovided more accurate predictions of FSIQ scores than does the more traditional regression approach. Implications of these results are discussed.
Multiple sclerosis: is multiple sclerosis caused by venous insufficiency?

A 2009 study found that cerebral venous drainage was impaired in all patients with multiple sclerosis examined, but was not affected in control individuals. The study's investigators suggested that venous obstruction in the neck—a treatable condition—caused perivenous inflammation and demyelination. A comprehensive ultrasound study has now challenged this hypothesis.
Establishing ongoing, early identification programs for mental health problems in our schools: a feasibility study.

OBJECTIVE:: To investigate the feasibility of establishing ongoing, early identification services for mental health problems in school settings. METHOD:: School counselors and other mental health professionals (N = 41) in middle, junior, and high schools (N = 23) were given training and supervision in the administration of an evidence-based mental health assessment tool, the Voice Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV (DISC-IV), over the course of 1(1/2) school years. RESULTS:: During the study, 530 students were selected to be assessed with the DISC, and 72% were confirmed to be at risk for a mental health problem (DISC+). Among DISC+ cases, 71% had never been in treatment before. The most common problems identified by the DISC were symptoms related to suicide (28%), social phobia (20%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (19%), and oppositional defiant disorder (19%). Based on schools' recommendations, 82% of parents with DISC+ children agreed to make an appointment for a follow-up evaluation. Of DISC+ children whose parents agreed to seek further evaluation, 65% of them were evaluated by a health or mental health professional within 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS:: Use of a computerized, evidence-based mental health assessment tool is a feasible strategy for providing early mental health identification services in schools and can help to bridge the gap between mental health providers and the unmet needs of children who are at risk for mental health problems within the community. Language: en
Climate change and energy security: an analysis of policy research

The literature on climate change’s impacts on energy security is scattered across disparate fields of research and schools of thought. Much of this literature has been produced outside of the academy by scholars and practitioners working in “think tanks,” government agencies, and international/multilateral institutions. Here we reviewed a selected set of 58 articles and reports primarily from such sources and performed textual analysis of the arguments. Our review of this literature identifies three potential mechanisms for linking climate change and energy security: Climate change may 1) create second-order effects that may exacerbate social instability and disrupt energy systems; 2) directly impact energy supply and/or systems or 3) influence energy security through the effects of climate-related policies. We identify emerging risks to energy security driven by climate mitigation technology choices but find less evidence of climate change’s direct physical impacts. We used both empirical and qualitative selection factors for choosing the grey literature sample. The sources we selected were published in the last 5 years, available through electronic media and were written in language accessible to general policy or academic readers. The organizations that published the literature had performed previous research in the general fields of energy and/or climate change with some analytical content and identified themselves as non-partisan. This literature is particularly valuable to scholars because identifies understudied relationships that can be rigorously assessed through academic tools and methodologies and informs a translational research agenda that will allow scholars to engage with practitioners to address challenges that lie at the nexus of climate change and energy security.
Assessment of ventricular contractility during cardiac magnetic resonance imaging examinations using normalized maximal ventricular power.

Normalized maximal ventricular power (nPWRmax) is an index of cardiac function which measures the innate blood pumping ability, or contractility, of the left ventricle (LV), and its noninvasive assessment could prove useful in a variety of patients. nPWRmax is defined as the maximum instantaneous product of LV pressure and the rate of change of LV volume, divided by the end diastolic volume squared. We have quantified nPWRmaxnoninvasively in humans by pairing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) LV volume measurements with aortic pressure estimated using radial artery tonometry and a frequency domain transfer function. In healthy volunteers undergoing cardiac MRI we have tested the sensitivity of nPWRmax to LV contractility with dobutamine and to cardiac loading with methoxamine, a vasoconstrictor. We have found that aortic pressures can be reliably estimated using a transfer function, which we generated and validated in a group of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Furthermore, we found that nPWRmax was unchanged by methoxamine, yet sensitive to contractility, with a 325% increase at dobutamine levels half that given during routine clinical cardiac stress tests for ischemia. In conclusion, we have shown that ventricular contractility can be assessed independent of cardiac loading in patients during routine noninvasive cardiac imaging examinations. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Community-based approach to schistosomiasis control.

Abstract With few exceptions, efforts to control schistosomiasis have relied upon ongoing community cooperation with ‘outsiders’ rather than creating within the community the capacity and means for carrying out ongoing disease control measures with minimal external support. Offered as a useful model is a program in Kaele subdivision, Extreme North Province, Cameroon designed to establish and integrate within the primary health care (PHC) system the control of urinary schistosomiasis, hyperendemic in the region. At the community level, and with minimal dependence upon external resources, culturally appropriate and effective health education was instituted, the capacity to diagnose and treat schistosomiasis was created, diagnosis and drug therapy (praziquantel) was made available conveniently and at low cost, and, on a very limited basis, snails were controlled. Efforts were made to build upon and strengthen existing community structures and institutions rather than create new ones. The impact of the interventions was measured in terms of changes in knowledge and behavior, prevalence and intensity of infection, utilization of health services, and the ability to finance the control activities within the context of a generalized cost recovery system. Program successes and failures are discussed, as well as lessons learned and their implications.
A Joining Technique Using Multilayer Lead-Indium-Gold Composite Deposited In High Vacuum

A joining technique for electronic devices has been developed. This technique uses a lead-indium-gold multilayer composite solder deposited directly on GaAs wafers in high vacuum to prevent indium oxidation. The gold layer on the composite further protects the indium layer from oxidation in atmosphere. The GaAs dies are bonded to a gold-coated alumina substrate at a process temperature of 250°C. Nearly perfect joints are achieved as verified by a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM). SEM and EDX results indicate that the alloy joint consists of Auln2 grains embedded in an In-Pb solid solution phase, as predicted from the Au-In-Pb phase diagram. Compared to lead-tin solder, indium-lead solder has been shown by others to exhibit much better fatigue resistance and have much less of a scavenging effect. Thermal shock as well as shear tests confirm that a good die attach is obtained with the lead-indium-gold composite.
A saliva substitute for use by xerostomic patients undergoing radiotherapy to the head and neck.

A saliva substitute has been developed for use in veteran patients, primarity those undergoing radiotherapy for malignancy of the head and neck. The viscosity of the solution is adjusted to simulate that of whole saliva, and the electrolyte levels are similarly set. Fluoride is included at the level of 5.0 p.p.m. in an effort to enhance the mineralizing capacity of this preparation which is high in calcium and phosphate.
The misplaced origin of just‐in‐time production methods

Just‐in‐time (JIT) production methods were popularized by the excellent results achieved by Japanese industry. When it became evident during the 1970s that the Japanese were gaining markets previously dominated by Americans, there was considerable interest in learning how Japanese industry operates. Then, during the early 1980s, Toyota’s highly effective JIT production system had a particular appeal to Americans who were trying to understand Japanese production methods. While Taichi Ohno, creator of Toyota’s production system, credits Henry Ford as the originator, it is now known that Ernest Kanzler, one of Ford’s subordinates, played a major role in developing JIT production methods. This article reports Ford’s and Kanzler’s contributions and explores the possible influence that Frederick W. Taylor may have had on the development of this approach at the Ford Motor Company.
Effects of intestinal contents from normal and immunized mice on sporozoites of Eimeria falciformis.

The interaction of Eimeria falciformis sporozoites with the intestinal epithelium and with the intestinal contents from the cecum and colon of normal and specifically immunized mice was studied by light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. Fecal (FM) and enterocyte-associated (EAM) mucus were removed from the cecum and colon of normal mice and mice that had been immunized 1, 6, 12, or 20 days earlier with a series of oral inoculations of E. falciformis oocysts. Sporozoite-specific IgA, but neither IgM nor IgG, was detected by the immunofluorescent antibody test in FM and EAM from immunized mice. No sporozoite-specific immunoglobulin was detected in normal mice. When examined by LM, sporozoites exposed to all FM and EAM preparations exhibited greater motility and excystation from sporocysts. At 4 h after incubation in FM or EAM from normal or immune mice, about 10% of the sporozoites appeared damaged, being non-motile and non-refractile. Immune FM and EAM caused agglutination of sporozoites and sporocysts and oocyst walls of E. falciformis. but did not agglutinate those of E. ferrisi. Scanning electron microscopy of in vitro interactions between E. falciformis sporozoites and intestinal contents revealed that sporozoites exposed to immune EAM were coated with particulate material whereas those exposed to normal EAM were relatively clean. Sporozoites exposed to immune FM were usually embedded within the mucus whereas those exposed to normal FM were situated on top of the mucus. No significant differences occurred between the length/width (L/W) ratios of sporozoites incubated in normal FM and EAM or in PBS. Sporozoites exposed to immune FM had significantly greater L/W ratios than those exposed to normal FM whereas those exposed to immune EAM had significantly shorter L/W ratios than ones exposed to normal EAM. Few of the sporozoites observed on the luminal surface of the colon and cecum of normal mice were covered by mucus and none was altered in shape or showed pellicular damage. Only a few sporozoites were observed on the luminal surface of the colon and cecum of immunized mice. Most of these were covered by mucus and some exhibited pellicular alterations.
Emmons Lake Volcanic Center, Alaska Peninsula: source of the Late Wisconsin Dawson tephra, Yukon Territory, Canada

The Emmons Lake Volcanic Center on the Alaska Peninsula of southwestern Alaska is the site of at least two rhyolitic caldera-forming eruptions (C1 and C2) of late Quaternary age that are possibly the largest of the numerous caldera-forming eruptions known in the Aleutian arc. The deposits produced by these eruptions are widespread (eruptive volumes of >50 km 3 each), and their association with Quaternary glacial and eolian deposits on the Alaska Peninsula and elsewhere in Alaska and northwestern Canada enhances the likelihood of establishing geochronological control on Quaternary stratigraphic records in this region. The pyroclastic deposits associated with the second caldera-forming eruption (C2) consist of loose, granular, airfall and pumice-flow deposits that extend for tens of kilometres beyond Emmons Lake caldera, reaching both the Bering Sea and Pacific Ocean coastlines north and south of the caldera. Geo- chronological and compositional data on C2 deposits indicate a correlation with the Dawson tephra, a 24 000 14 CB P (27 000 calibrated years BP), widespread bed of silicic ash found in loess deposits in west-central Yukon Territory, Canada. The correlation clearly establishes the Dawson tephra as the time-stratigraphic marker of the last glacial maximum.
The feeding behavior of Mytilus edulis in the presence of methylmercury acetate.

Mercury was shown to have a harmful effect upon feeding in the mussels tested. A decline in feeding was shown as the mercury concentrations were increased. Respiration was found to increase with increasing mercury concentration in Congeria (DORN, 1974). The decrease in feeding of Mytilus with increasing mercury concentration can be related to stress on the animal's physiological state. It has been found that the nervous system controls ciliary activity in Mytilus. It is possible that since mercury inhibits nervous activity (Webb, 1966), decreased feeding may be caused by disruption of ciliary activity. The results of this study have shown the severe effect of methyl mercury upon one aspect necessary for life functions in living organisms. Decreased feeding rates can be an indication of toxicity of an environment to its inhabitants.
Should men over the age of 65 years receive PSA screening? Argument in favor.

Whether or not men over the age of 65 years should receive PSA screening for prostate cancer is a controversial issue. In this first of two Viewpoints on the topic, Whitson and Konety argue that men over 65 years old can have clinically relevant prostate cancer, that they can benefit from prostate cancer treatment, and that PSA screening is warranted in these men.
Functional analysis of the miRNA-mRNA interaction network in C. elegans

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are conserved small non-coding RNAs that typically regulate gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs. Developmental functions of miRNAs have been extensively studied, but additional roles in various cellular processes remain to be understood. The investigation of the biological importance of individual miRNA-target interactions and the miRNA-target interaction network as a whole has been an exciting and challenging field of study. Here we briefly discuss the contributions our lab has made to our understanding of the physiological impact of this miRNA-network in C. elegans, in the context of recent studies in this advancing field. These studies have advanced our knowledge of the role of miRNAs in ensuring a robust cellular response to different physiological conditions. We briefly outline the genetic, biochemical, and computational strategies utilized to understand miRNA functions and discuss our recent study of the miRNA-interaction network in neurons and potential directions for future studies.
Variation in Motivational Level and Inter-Species SDR Performance Differences among Closely Related Avian Species

Past work has suggested that successive reversal learning might be a valuable methodology for the calibration of inter-species performance differences. However, recent work has revealed that such learning is importantly influenced by variation in drive (D) and incentive (K) levels. To determine whether previously reported inter-species differences might have been the result of failure to equate D and K across species the reversal performances of Ringneck doves and pigeons on a spatial task were compared under two levels of D and one level of K.
Does CTA Size Erode Performance

The author examines the returns of commodity trading advisers (CTAs) from August 1995 to July 2005 to determine whether the size of a CTA affects its performance. Size is often quoted by academics as a restraint to performance improvement, in particular when a considerable amount of capital is constantly injected into a fund. Do CTAs with such inflows of capital neglect their daily trading behavior? The findings suggest that the size of a CTA may have an impact on its performance. Furthermore, the author believes that investors who want to incorporate CTAs into their portfolios should concentrate on performance measurements such as risk-adjusted return rather than fund size.
Measurement of the permittivity and loss tangent of dielectric sheets

A previously introduced resonant measurement technique is extended to include dielectric sheets. The technique is not limited by the sheet's thickness or dielectric constant because it involves a full-wave analysis of the fixture. A method to account for conduction loss due to the surface resistance of the metal walls of the fixture is presented. Experimental results are presented and compared to previously reported values, and are in excellent agreement. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 15: 355–358, 1997.
The detection of serotonin: an additional approach in diagnosing amebiasis.

Abstract The diagnosis of amebiasis is often difficult and time consuming. Entamoeba histolytica has been shown to contain serotonin (7). This fact might be exploited in the clinical setting. Assaying for serotonin may provide valuable diagnostic information.
The impact of risk and competition on choice of innovations

This exploratory study examines the roles of uncertainty and attitude toward risk in the adoption process of innovations under different competitive conditions. Hypotheses are tested across simulated competitive environments, utilizing a fractional factorial experimental design. The results demonstrate that the roles of the perceived value of the innovation and of uncertainty depend on the competitive environment facing the manager.
Amperometric measurement of hexacyanoferrate(III)-coupled dehydrogenase reactions.

Abstract The electrochemical oxidations of hexacyanoferrate II ion and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide at carbon electrodes are described. Amperometric methods for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase analyses by amperometric monitoring of hexacyanoferrate II are reported for lactic dehydrogenase in serum.
The role of regucalcin in bone homeostasis: involvement as a novel cytokine

Regucalcin, which was discovered as a calcium-binding protein in 1978, has been demonstrated to play a multifunctional role in the regulation of various tissues and cell types. Regucalcin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, various enzyme activities, cell signal transduction, nuclear function and gene expression, and cell proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, regucalcin has been found to play a role in the regulation of bone homeostasis. Overexpression of regucalcin induces bone loss in regucalcin transgenic rats in vivo and deficiency causes osteomalacia in vivo. Regucalcin mRNA and its protein are expressed in rat femoral tissues, bone marrow cells, and osteoblastic cells. Exogenous regucalcin has suppressive effects on the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and stimulates osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow culture in vitro. Moreover, regucalcin has been found to suppress osteoblastogenesis and stimulate adipogenesis in the bone marrow culture system in vitro. Regucalcin shows enhancing effects on activation of NF-κB, which is mediated through tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or the receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in preosteoblastic cells and preosteoclastic cells. Exogenous regucalcin may play a pivotal role in the regulation of bone homeostasis as a suppressor in osteoblastogenesis and an enhancer in osteoclastogenesis, suggesting its role as a cytokine.
Formation of Itraconazole–Succinic Acid Cocrystals by Gas Antisolvent Cocrystallization

Cocrystals of itraconazole, an antifungal drug with poor bioavailability, and succinic acid, a water-soluble dicarboxylic acid, were formed by gas antisolvent (GAS) cocrystallization using pressurized CO2 to improve itraconazole dissolution. In this study, itraconazole and succinic acid were simultaneously dissolved in a liquid solvent, tetrahydrofuran, at ambient conditions. The solution was then pressurized with CO2, which decreased the solvating power of tetrahydrofuran and caused crystallization of itraconazole–succinic acid cocrystals. The cocrystals prepared by GAS cocrystallization were compared to those produced using a traditional liquid antisolvent, n-heptane, for crystallinity, chemical structure, thermal behavior, size and surface morphology, potential clinical relevance, and stability. Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that itraconazole–succinic acid cocrystals with physical and chemical properties similar to cocrystals produced using a traditional liquid antisolvent technique can be prepared by CO2 antisolvent cocrystallization. The dissolution profile of itraconazole was significantly enhanced through GAS cocrystallization with succinic acid, achieving over 90% dissolution in less than 2 h. The cocrystals appeared stable against thermal stress for up to 4 weeks under accelerated stability conditions, showing only moderate decreases in their degree of crystallinity but no change in their crystalline structure. This study shows the utility of an itraconazole–succinic acid cocrystal for improving itraconazole bioavailability while also demonstrating the potential for CO2 to replace traditional liquid antisolvents in cocrystal preparation, thus making cocrystal production more environmentally benign and scale-up more feasible.
Heparin therapy: a randomized prospective study.

Abstract Eighty patients were assigned randomly either to continuous or to intermittent heparin therapy, with control by the Lee-White Clotting Time (LWCT). Major bleeding complications occurred in 7.5 per cent and minor complications in 18 per cent of the entire group. The incidence of major bleeding complications in the continuous group (5 per cent) did not differ significantly from the incidence in the intermittent group (10 per cent). In contrast, bleeding complications were significantly more frequent in patients with soft-tissue trauma due to such procedures as thoracenteses and cut-downs, vascular damage due to other causes, and LWCTs over 35 minutes for 2 consecutive days. The incidence of bleeding complications appear to be the same in patients receiving intermittent as in those receiving continuous heparin therapy. Thoracenteses, cut-downs, and other forms of soft-tissue injury predispose to bleeding complications while laboratory monitoring with the LWCT may help to reduce bleeding complications.
Syntheses of homologous, tritium‐labelled photoaffinity analogs of the natural juvenile hormones JH I, JH II, and JH III

Enantiomerically enriched (≥92% e.e.) tritium-labelled diazoacetate photoaffinity analogs EBDA and EHDA (each 58 Ci/mmol) and EFDA (14 Ci/mmol) were prepared from the corresponding tritiated juvenile hormone (JH) homologs JH I, JH II, and JH III in two steps. Selective reduction of the ester group and subsequent acylation gave the target compounds.
Regional Citrate Anticoagulation for Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration in Critically Ill Children with Acute Renal Failure † 1807

INTRODUCTION: Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is an important advance for the treatment of critically ill patients. A major problem with CRRT is the need for systemic anticoagulation with heparin. Recently we have adapted a new form of regional citrate anticoagulation for children requiring CRRT. This procedure uses continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). Anticoagulation is achieved in the extracorporeal circuit by infusing citrate directly into the blood as it leaves the patient. The citrate acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium. The effect of citrate is reversed in the patient's circulation by infusing calcium chloride, so that the patient's coagulation system is unaffected by the procedure.
Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of octyl gallate.

Octyl gallate inhibited soybean lipoxygenase-1 (EC 1.13.11.12, type I) with an IC50 of 1.3 μM. The inhibition of the enzyme by octyl gallate is a slow and reversible reaction without residual activ...
Inline pneumatically assisted atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ion trap mass spectrometry

Atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is known to suffer from poor ion transfer efficiencies as compared to conventional vacuum MALDI (vMALDI). To mitigate these issues, a new AP-MALDI ion source utilizing a coaxial gas flow was developed. Nitrogen, helium, and sulfur hexafluoride were tested for their abilities as ion carriers for a standard peptide and small drug molecules. Nitrogen showed the best ion transport efficiency, with sensitivity gains of up to 1900% and 20% for a peptide standard when the target plate voltage was either continuous or pulsed, respectively. The addition of carrier gas not only entrained the ions efficiently but also deflected background species and declustered analyte-matrix adducts, resulting in higher absolute analyte signal intensities and greater signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. With the increased sensitivity of pneumatically assisted (PA) AP-MALDI, the limits of detection of angiotensin I were 20 or 3 fmols for continuous or pulsed target plate voltage, respectively. For analyzing low-mass analytes, it was found that very low gas flow rates (0.3-0.6 l min(-1)) were preferable owing to increased fragmentation at higher gas flows. The analyte lability, type of gas, and nature of the extraction field between the target plate and mass spectrometer inlet were observed to be the most important factors affecting the performance of the in-line PA-AP-MALDI ion source.
Sustaining markets or sustaining poverty reduction

This paper suggests that too much attention may be given to financial sustainability within projects whose objective is to reduce urban poverty. External agencies might usefully recognize the long ...
Congo Red Populates Partially Unfolded States of an Amyloidogenic Protein to Enhance Aggregation and Amyloid Fibril Formation

Congo red (CR) has been reported to inhibit or enhance amyloid fibril formation by several proteins. To gain insight into the mechanism(s) for these apparently paradoxical effects, we studied as a model amyloidogenic protein, a dimeric immunoglobulin light chain variable domain. With a range of molar ratios of CR, i.e. r = [CR]/[protein dimer], we investigated the aggregation kinetics, conformation, hydrogen-deuterium exchange, and thermal stability of the protein. In addition, we used isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize the thermodynamics of CR binding to the protein. During incubation at 37 °C or during thermal scanning, with CR at r = 0.3, 1.3, and 4.8, protein aggregation was greatly accelerated compared with that measured in the absence of the dye. In contrast, with CR atr = 8.8, protein unfolding was favored over aggregation. The aggregates formed with CR at r = 0 or 0.3 were typical amyloid fibrils, but mixtures of amyloid fibrils and amorphous aggregates were formed at r = 1.3 and 4.8. CR decreased the apparent thermal unfolding temperature of the protein. Furthermore, CR perturbed the tertiary structure of the protein without significantly altering its secondary structure. Consistent with this result, CR also increased the rate of hydrogen-deuterium exchange by the protein. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that CR binding to the protein was enthalpically driven, indicating that binding was mainly the result of electrostatic interactions. Overall, these results demonstrate that at low concentrations, CR binding to the protein favors a structurally perturbed, aggregation-competent species, resulting in acceleration of fibril formation. At high CR concentration, protein unfolding is favored over aggregation, and fibril formation is inhibited. Because low concentrations of CR can promote amyloid fibril formation, the therapeutic utility of this compound or its analogs to inhibit amyloidoses is questionable.
Behaviors That Discriminate ADHD in Children and Adolescents: Primary Symptoms, Symptoms of Comorbid Conditions, or Indicators of Functional Impairment?:

Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether behaviors that differentiate children and adolescents with ADHD from those without are related to the primary diagnostic criteria (i.e., inattention and impulsivity–hyperactivity), symptoms of comorbid conditions, functional impairment, or a combination, and to determine whether behaviors that discriminate are consistent between the key developmental stages of childhood and adolescence. Method: Parents and teachers rated children and adolescents with a formal diagnosis of ADHD and those without any mental, physical, or emotional disorders on the multidimensional Behavior Assessment System for Children (2nd ed., BASC-2). Results: Results indicated that behaviors that discriminate children and adolescents with ADHD from those without were associated with primary symptoms, symptoms of comorbid conditions, and indicators of functional impairment. Teachers rated atypicality as the strongest discriminator of children with ADHD from those without and learning problems as the strongest discriminator of adolescents. Parents rated hyperactivity as the strongest discriminator for children and attention problems for adolescents. Activities of daily living was the third strongest discriminator of adolescents as rated by parents. Conclusions: Findings supported the need for a multidimensional view of ADHD that adds emphasis to issues of functional impairment in routine, daily activities important to success in school and interpersonally. Findings showed that conceptualizing and assessing behaviors demonstrated by children and adolescents with ADHD as a whole instead of only equating a diagnosis of ADHD to hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity will establish a foundation for understanding, interpreting, and addressing students’ academic and behavioral needs across the home and school. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2010; XX(X) 1-XX)
Empirical potential for methyl-radical association with diamond surfaces

An analytical potential-energy function for $\ensuremath{\cdot}{\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ association with carbon-atom radical sites on diamond surfaces is derived from experimental energies, structures, and vibrational frequencies, high-level ab initio calculations, and properties of potential-energy functions for ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$, $\ensuremath{\cdot}{\mathrm{CH}}_{3}{+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$, and ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_{3}{)}_{3}$ association. This ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$+diamond potential-energy function is a molecular anharmonic potential written with switching (MAPS) functions and is identified by MAPS/MeDIAM. It is a sum of lattice ${(V}_{\mathrm{lattice}})$, nonbonded ${(V}_{\mathrm{nonbonded}})$, and radial site ${(V}_{{\mathrm{CH}}_{3},\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}})$ potential terms. There are many general properties of potential-energy functions for alkyl radical association reactions which are transferable and can be used to help construct ${V}_{{\mathrm{CH}}_{3},\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}}$. Additional properties of ${V}_{{\mathrm{CH}}_{3},\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}}$ are determined by ab initio calculations using the restricted and unrestricted quadratic configuration-interaction method, with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations and the ${6\ensuremath{-}31\mathrm{G}}^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}}$ basis set. The MAPS/MeDIAM potential function is used to study ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ association with a carbon-atom radical site on the diamond {111} terrace. The energy for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ adsorption with this site is calculated to be 17 kcal/mol lower than the ab initio ${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_{3}{)}_{3}$ bond dissociation energy. A canonical variational transition-state theory calculation, based on the MAPS/MeDIAM potential, gives a value of $0.06\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{13} {\mathrm{cm}}^{3}{\mathrm{}\mathrm{mol}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}{\mathrm{}\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathrm{CH}}_{3}+$diamond {111} terrace site association rate constant at 1500 K. A linear free-energy relationship is shown for the kinetics of \ensuremath{\cdot}H and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ association with a diamond {111} terrace site.
Evolving Concepts in Neurogenic Osteoporosis

Convincing evidence has accumulated of regulation of bone by the central nervous system. The neural connection between brain and bone is mediated centrally by classic neurotransmitters and several neuropeptides, and peripherally by many of the same neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, albeit with actions opposite to their central effects. Pharmacologic blockade of s2-adrenergic receptors or disruption of the gene encoding them increases bone mass, whereas increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) contributes to bone loss. Brainstem serotonergic neurons regulate SNS activity and its modulation by leptin. Physiologic stimulation of osteoblastic nicotinic receptors results in proliferation and deposition of bone, whereas higher levels inhibit osteoblast function. Activation of sensory nerves has a centrally mediated action on bone, albeit poorly understood. The relative importance of, and interactions between autonomic, sensory, and peripheral nervous system actions on bone mass are also not clear in healthy individuals, and less so in pathologic states.
Enhancing Local Capacity and Youth Involvement in the Community Development Process

A need exists for program and policymakers to better understand the factors that influence youth involvement in the community development process. Historically, youth input in local decision-making, problem solving, and community action strategies has received only limited attention. However, recent trends suggest that youth are playing an increasingly important role in the development of their communities. As non-profits, volunteer groups, and nongovernmental organizations take on greater responsibilities in providing for local well-being, the active contribution of youth is vital to the long-term success of development efforts. The importance of youth involvement is particularly relevant in communities throughout Florida, which faces extensive growth pressures, significant sociodemographic changes, and a growing youth population. This study of Florida youth explores the motivations, social interactions, obstacles, impact beliefs, and community attachments that shape youth involvement in their communitie...
Ectopic pregnancy without laparotomy: defining the incidence of manageable patients.

Abstract To assess the incidence of ectopic pregnancies meeting published criteria for laparoscopic or medical therapy, we retrospectively evaluated tubal pregnancies admitted during a 12-month period. Because 41/121 (34%) were visible laparoscopically, unruptured, and ⩽3 centimeters in diameter, we conclude that substantial numbers of ectopics may be managed without laparotomy.
Circadian control of stridulation in the cricketTeleogryllus commodus Walker

1. The cricketTeleogryllus commodus Walk, has a circadian stridulatory rhythm, whose free-running period is 25 h 40' in LL at 20–35 Lux light intensity, and 23 h 36' in DD. Under LD conditions, stridulatory activity is synchronized and begins 2 h before the onset of darkness. 2. The compound eyes are the only photoreceptors through which entrainment by environmental light-dark changes can take place. Uncoupling of the compound eyes from the environment by cutting the ommatidial nerves results under LD or LL conditions in a free-running stridulatory rhythm similar to that of unoperated ♂♂ held in DD. 3. Severance of both optic lobes causes a breakdown of the singing-rhythm and stridulation is randomly distributed over the 24 h-period. Removal of one optic lobe does not affect the rhythm. The location of the timing-device is discussed with regard to these results.
Calculations of gaseous H2/O2 thruster

Calculations were made for the gaseous H2/O2 thruster for the Space Station by using the RPLUS code which employs an implicit finite volume, LUSSOR scheme to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and the species equations. The combustion processes of hydrogen and oxygen are modeled by a 9 species and 18 step reaction mechanism and the turbulence is simulated by the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model for the thruster wall boundary layer and the modified Prandtl's mixing length model for the reacting shear layer. Results are presented for different mixture ratios and fuel film cooling percents and compared with the experimental data. The calculated performance predictions for the thruster agree well with the experimental data and the results demonstrate that the RPLUS code can be used for design and analysis of thrusters and rockets.
Inter-Personal Relations in the Building Industry

Although building is a vast industry, employing thousands of men and involving the fabrication and assembling of great quantities of raw materials, the basic human relationships in the industry are for the most part informal and unstandardized. Inter-personal relations in building achieve their essential character not only from the technological organization of the industry with its itinerant patterns of manufacture and handicraft techniques, but also from an accumulation of attitudes, sentiments and traditions which form the culture of the trades. Perhaps more than workers in any other industry, the building workers function as independent units, each worker pursuing employment and making arrangements to apply his skills according to personal contacts, personal preference, and a personal schedule. Due to the fact that building projects are of relatively brief duration1 and that a new labor force is assembled for each job, there is an almost continuous turnover, producing separate employment patterns for ...
The dragon breathes fire: Chinese organized crime in New York City

Although it is widely acknowledged that Chinese businesses are victims of extortion by Asian youth gangs, there is no reliable information to examine the patterns and social processes of the problem. This paper explores the structure of extortion and other forms of victimization based on surveys of (N=603) Chinese-owned businesses in three Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City. It focuses on the nature of Chinese crime groups, social contexts of gang extortion, social processes of victimization, and merchants' compliance or resistance to gang demands. Finally, the paper discusses the problems and prospects of Chinese criminality in America.
Anatomical relationships of the cerebral and dural venous systems in the parasagittal area.

The cerebral and dural venous systems are derived from separate layers of the vascular plexus that cover the brain in early embryonic life. The cerebral veins arise from the inner layer of the plexus which invests the neural tube and join the dural systems in the superior midline concomitant with the development of the sinuses. The dural veins, the lateral lacunae and the dural sinuses arise from the outer embryonic plexus. In the fully developed human these two systems are separate except for an occasional communication between a lateral lacuna and a superior cerebral vein just before the vein joins the superior sagittal sinus. The lateral lacunae are a distinct anatomical entity and their venous meshwork is to be regarded as a part of the dural venous system.
Hallucinogenic plants of the Shuar and related indigenous groups in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru.

Banisteriopsis caapi, Brugmansia suaveolens, andNicotiana tabacum are the principal hallucinogens used by the Shuar and related ethnic groups in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru. These three species are common hallucinogens throughout northwestern Amazonia.Banisteriopsis caapi (natem) is the hallucinogen most frequently employed by the Shuar. The Shuar drink the juice ofN. tabacum duringnatem healing ceremonies. They also believe that smoke fromN. tabacum cigarettes repel evil spirits.Brugmansia suaveolens is the strongest Shuar hallucinogen. Considered very dangerous, it sometimes is added tonatem mixtures or it may be taken alone. Other plants used in hallucinogens or in narcotic beverages includeBrunfelsia grandiflora, Cyperus spp.,Diplopterys cabrerana, Heliconia stricta, Herrania spp., andIlex guayusa.
Antibiotic use and cost indicators at a rural hospital: A pilot project

Abstract Background: Recently, simple antibiotic use and cost indicators were developed for use in long-term care facilities. It was hypothesized that these indicators also may be applicable to the acute hospital setting. Methods: For a 24-month period, data were collected quarterly on antibiotic use and cost indicators for 11 primary care physicians in a 40-bed rural hospital. Indicators included antimicrobial use ratio (AUR, ratio of the number of antibiotic days to the number of patient care days), cost per antibiotic day, and cost of antibiotics per patient care day. One-way analysis of variance and simple linear regression were used to analyze data. Results: Quinolones (oral plus parenteral) accounted for 26% of the total antibiotic days (N = 6020) followed by ceftriaxone (19%) and cefuroxime (11.8%; oral plus parenteral). Overall trends in antibiotic use and cost included a significant increase in quarterly AUR (R 2 = 0.78, P =.004) and cost per patient care day (R 2 = 0.82, P =.002) but no significant change in quarterly total antibiotic costs or cost per antibiotic day. Among physicians there was a significant difference in mean quarterly AUR ( P P 2 = 0.75, P Conclusions: Significant variation in simple antibiotic use and cost indicators was identified at a rural hospital from both the facility and physician perspective. Standardized methods for antibiotic use and cost monitoring, like the one described in this article, are required before the relationship between antibiotic use and resistance can be fully understood. (AJIC Am J Infect Control 2000;28:415-20)