cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A General Framework for Localization of Classical Waves: I. Inhomogeneous Media and Defect Eigenmodes

We introduce a general framework for studying the localization of classical waves in inhomogeneous media, which encompasses acoustic waves with position dependent compressibility and mass density, elastic waves with position dependent Lame moduli and mass density, and electromagnetic waves with position dependent magnetic permeability and dielectric constant. We also allow for anisotropy. We develop mathematical methods to study wave localization in inhomogeneous media. We show localization for local perturbations (defects) of media with a spectral gap, and study midgap eigenmodes.
Genetics and genomics of obesity: current status.

Publisher Summary It is commonly recognized that the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing around the world and that the obese are becoming more severely obese. Current estimates suggest that there are more than one billion adults who are overweight or obese worldwide. Recognizing the threat associated with excess weight, the World Health Organization has identified overweight as one of the main risk factors for the overall burden of disease in the world and one of the top five in developed nations. There are four major classes of factors contributing to the ongoing epidemic of obesity, which is ultimately the result of widespread energy imbalance favoring storage of the energy surplus not expended. These four broad classes of factors can be labeled as follows: built environment, social environment, behavior, and biology. The book Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science , Volume 94 reviews the latest evidence for the contribution of genetic factors to the risk of obesity. It explores genes and pathways potentially involved and the behavior that they influence and the role of genetic variation in white and brown adipose tissue biology, excess adipose tissue mass, syndromic and nonsyndromic obesity cases, lipodystrophies the current understanding of the genetic basis of eating disorders, eating behavior, and physical activity level.
X-ray emission from National Ignition Facility indirect drive targets

We have performed a series of 1-D numerical simulations of the x-ray emission from National Ignition Facility (NIF) targets. Results are presented in terms of total x-ray energy, pulse length, and spectrum. Scaling of x-ray emissions is presented for variations in both target yield and hohlraum thickness. Experiments conducted on the Nova facility provide some validation of the computational tools and methods.
Contextual slip and prediction of student performance after use of an intelligent tutor

Intelligent tutoring systems that utilize Bayesian Knowledge Tracing have achieved the ability to accurately predict student performance not only within the intelligent tutoring system, but on paper post-tests outside of the system Recent work has suggested that contextual estimation of student guessing and slipping leads to better prediction within the tutoring software (Baker, Corbett, & Aleven, 2008a, 2008b) However, it is not yet clear whether this new variant on knowledge tracing is effective at predicting the latent student knowledge that leads to successful post-test performance In this paper, we compare the Contextual-Guess-and-Slip variant on Bayesian Knowledge Tracing to classical four-parameter Bayesian Knowledge Tracing and the Individual Difference Weights variant of Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (Corbett & Anderson, 1995), investigating how well each model variant predicts post-test performance We also test other ways to utilize contextual estimation of slipping within the tutor in post-test prediction, and discuss hypotheses for why slipping during tutor use is a significant predictor of post-test performance, even after Bayesian Knowledge Tracing estimates are controlled for.
LOCOMOTION OF FRICTION COUPLED SYSTEMS

Abstract This note provides the general set-up and solution method for a friction-coupled system (the ‘body’) moving in the landscape. This separates the shape (or configuration) space from the state space. The quotient space is the space where the motion of the body can be envisioned as a point mass. In particular we are interested in cases where the inertial forces are small in comparison to applied forces, and propose a simple perturbation expansion. Next we consider a periodic regime for the motion in shape space and pose and solve the optimal control problem via Fourier techniques. This is illustrated on a simple toy system: the two-piece worm with differential friction. Alternative friction models are proposed.
The Birth of the Petroyuan, Sino-American Currency Contestation, and the International Monetary System: An Institutional Perspective on the Political Economy of Currency Choice in International Energy Markets

This paper focuses on the rise of the "petroyuan" -- the use of China's currency (renminbi, denominated in yuan) to pay for a growing share of its hydrocarbon imports. The advent of the petroyuan holds potentially profound ramifications for both transactional practice in international energy markets and the future of the international monetary system. For the last four decades, the dollar has been the overwhelmingly dominant currency in which oil and gas volumes are priced and in which international oil and gas sales are invoiced and settled. In turn, the dollar's role in the international energy trade has, for forty years, been a pillar for its standing as the world's leading transactional and reserve currency. The birth of the petroyuan is the most significant challenge yet to the indefinite prolongation of dollar dominance in international oil and gas transactions -- and thus, by extension, to the dollar's global primacy. The paper examines the birth of the petroyuan, considers its current and prospective challenge to the petrodollar, assesses the long-term implications of these developments for transactional practice in international energy markets and for the future of the international monetary system. In doing so, the paper highlights deficiencies in conventional economic explanations for patterns of currency use in cross-border oil and gas transactions and underscores the analytic value-added of alternative approaches drawn from institutional and neo-institutional economics. In particular, the paper emphasizes how powerful state actors work through international political and economic structures to limit and influence market participants' options for currency choice in cross-border hydrocarbon sales. They do so for explicitly strategic reasons, including shaping the institutional environment for international monetary relations. In this regard, taking account of American and, more recently, Chinese state preferences and actions is essential to explaining evolving patterns of currency choice in international oil and gas markets.Looking ahead, it seems highly likely that use of renminbi as a settlement currency for cross-border hydrocarbon transactions will increase. As Sino-American currency contestation unfolds in coming years, it is important for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to understand that currency choice in international energy markets is framed at least as much by political forces -- in particular, by great power competition -- as by economic considerations.
What can we learn from heavy-ion sub-barrier fusion excitation functions?

Over the last years, a large amount of heavy ion fusion data has been collected for energies around and well below the Coulomb barrier. As to their theoretical interpretation, the state of the art may be summarized as follows: for lighter systems, roughly Z/sub 1/Z/sub 2/ less than or equal to 80, a description of fusion as penetration through a one-dimensional, more or less standard potential barrier yields a satisfactory interpretation of the experimental data. For heavier systems such an attempt fails dramatically, underestimating the sub-barrier data by orders of magnitude. This problem is discussed. 15 references. (WHK)
Equine-Facilitated Group Work for Women Survivors of Interpersonal Violence

Women survivors of interpersonal violence face challenges to their psychological health and wellbeing, including increased risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder. For women experiencing the enduring effects of posttraumatic stress, recovery is a complicated process. Equine-facilitated psychotherapy is a multifaceted treatment approach beginning to evidence positive outcomes for posttraumatic symptom reduction. In this practice article, an equine-facilitated psychotherapy group for women trauma survivors is described. Session topics, equine-focused interventions, group processes, and general outcomes are detailed. Group work implications and ideas for researching group work with horses are discussed.
Aneurysm of the vein of Galen: ultrasound, MRI and angiographic correlations

We report a case of a vein of Galen Aneurysm in a neonate in which MR imaging provided precise anatomic information, including feeding and draining vessels. MRI may become the most definitive imaging procedure in vein of Galen malformations.
Reversible Decrease of Gel-Solvent Friction

The friction between water and the polymer network of a gel is found to decrease reversibly by three orders of magnitude and appears to diminish as the gel approaches a certain temperature at constant volume and network structure.
Late-Transition-Metal Complexes of BINOL-Derived Salens: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity

Salen metal complexes incorporating two chiral BINOL moieties have been synthesized. From a comparison of the parent salen and the BINOL−salen X-ray crystal structures, the effect of the BINOL portions has been examined. In particular, the effects of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the salen core structure have been determined. The bis(naphthoxide) complexes arising from deprotonation of the BINOL−salen metal complexes have been found to catalyze the asymmetric addition of benzyl malonate to cyclohexenone in up to 90% ee.
Stress assignment in Tohono O'odham

The proper treatment of NON-DERIVED ENVIRONMENT BLOCKING (NDEB), also known as the Derived Environment Constraint, has long been the subject of debate by phonologists. Past approaches include the Strict Cycle Condition (Mascaro 1976), the Elsewhere Condition (Kiparsky 1982) and underspecification (Kiparsky 1993). However, since the introduction of Optimality Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1993, 1994, Prince & Smolensky 1993), phonologists have tried to model NDEB in terms of parameterised constraints (e.g. Burzio 1997) or constraint conjunction (e.g. Łubowicz 1998).In this paper I present a case of NDEB found in the stress patterns of Tohono O'odham words. Secondary stress is assigned to all odd-numbered syllables in derived words, but is blocked on word-final odd- numbered syllables in underived words. I claim that all the presented facts about Tohono O'odham stress can be accounted for in terms of co- phonologies (cf. Orgun 1996, Inkelas et al. 1997, Inkelas 1998). By showing the intricate interaction between, on the one hand, stress assignment to latent vowels and, on the other, their behaviour with respect to perfective truncation, I argue that Tohono O'odham stress can be viewed as being assigned ‘cyclically’ and also as exhibiting the effect of bracket erasure. These facts, as I will show, are captured naturally by the co-phonology model. This co-phonology analysis is contrasted with the mono-stratal, non-constituency-based optimality-theoretic account argued for in Fitzgerald (1996, 1997). It is demonstrated that the co- phonology analysis yields a simpler and more explanatory account of the Tohono O'odham facts than Fitzgerald's account.I begin this paper with an illustration of the stress patterns of both underived and derived forms in §2. I will then provide a co-phonology account for NDEB in §3. An alternative analysis is considered in §3.5. In §4 I illustrate the interaction between stress, latent vowels and perfective truncation, and finally the formal analysis is presented in §5.
Computer simulation of transport and deposition of the campanian Y-5 ash

Analyses of grain-size and modal composition of the Campanian tuff ash layer (Y-5) from 11 deep-sea cores have been carried out. This layer represents ash fall that has been correlated with the 38,000 y.b.p. Campanian ignimbrite (Thunell et al., 1979), a deposit formed by the largest eruption documented in the Mediterranean region during the late Pleistocene (Barberi et al., 1978). The bulk deposit is bimodal in grain-size and dominated by glass shards. The calculated mean grain-size of the coarse mode of the individual size distributions decreases with distance from the source and progressively approaches a near-constant fine mode of approximately 13 microns. Distal samples are unimodal in grain-size. These data combined with a set of vertical profiles of wind (10 year average) have been used as input to a computer model that simulates fallout of tephra. Modelling indicates that the downwind variation of grain-size of the coarse mode can be accurately reproduced with transport of ash between 5 and 35 km. The observed fine mode of the deposit cannot, however, be generated by transport of ash as individual particles at these elevations. Such transport would result in deposition of virtually all of the fine ash beyond the studied area. Deposition of fine ash within the studied distance of 1600 km from source can only occur by fallout as particle aggregates from a high eruption plume or as individual particles from co-ignimbrite ash clouds with a maximum elevation of 3 km. The large volume of ash in the fine mode (>70 wt.%) and the irregularity in azimuth of low-level winds argue against major low-level transport of co-ignimbrite ash. Rather, the ash may have been derived from both a plinian eruption column and high-altitude clouds of co-ignimbrite ash, with settling of fine ash as particle aggregates.
Heterodyne-enhanced Faraday rotation spectrometer

ABSTRACT A novel heterodyne-enhanced Faraday rotation spectroscopic (H-FRS) system for trace gas detection of nitric oxide (NO) is demonstrated. The system is based on a quantum cascade la ser emitting at ~5.2 P m and a mercury cadmium telluride photodetector (both thermoelectrically cooled). The heterodyne detection is performed at 30MHz, where the laser relative intensity noise is significantly smaller than at low frequencies. With an implementation of active interferometer stabilization technique, the current system shows total noise level that is only 5.4 times above the fundamental shot-noise limit and the Faraday rotation angle sensitivity oftaxHsr ? <  ¾  . The NO detection limit of 30.7 ppb-v ¾  was achieved for the R(8.5)e NO transition using 100 Gauss magnetic field and 0.15 m optical path length. Keywords: Faraday rotation spectroscopy, optical heterodyne detection, quantum cascade laser, laser spectroscopy, trace gas detection. 1. INTRODUCTION Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) has been used for sensitive and selective detection for multiple paramagnetic species in gas phase (NO, O
Consensual Faculty—Student Sexual Relationships in Counselor Education: Recommendations for Counselor Educators' Decision Making

The authors explore the issue of consensual sexual relationships between counselor educators and students. The American Counseling Association's (2005) ACA Code of Ethics is consulted, and the complex issues associated with these relationships are discussed. A case example is provided that generates suggestions to guide counselor educators' decision making related to consensual sexual relationships with students.
Elimination of residual stress in hydrogenated amorphous silicon films

Abstract Residual stresses were measured in hydrogenated amorphous silicon films produced by glow discharge decomposition of silane and deposited onto aluminum, Invar (36Ni-64Fe), copper and nickel substrates. The substrate temperatures were in the range 54–295 °C during deposition. For low deposition temperatures, all films irrespective of substrate exhibited compressive room temperature residual stresses ranging from −60 to −120 mPa. A major fraction of this residual stress is found to come from the intrinsic deposition stress, which has complex origins relating to deposition and substrate conditions. With aluminum substrates, increasing the deposition temperature increased the compressive residual stress, primarily because of the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of silicon and aluminum. However, with Invar substrates, films deposited at 225°C exhibited a zero residual stress at room temperature because of a balancing of the compressive intrinsic deposition stress with the tensile stress produced during cooling by the low thermal expansion of the Invar.
Power-aware single- and multipath geographic routing in sensor networks

Nodes in a sensor network, operating on power limited batteries, must save power to minimize the need for battery replacement. We note that the range of transmission has a significant effect on the power consumption of both the transmitting node and listeners. This paper first presents a Geographical Power Efficient Routing (GPER) protocol for sensor networks. Each sensor node makes local decisions as to how far to transmit: therefore, the protocol is power efficient, localized, highly distributed, and scalable. In GPER, given a final destination, each node first establishes a subdestination within its maximum radio range. The node, however, may decide to relay the packet to this subdestination through an intermediary node or alter the subdestination if this will preserve power. Traditional deterministic geographic routing algorithms aim at achieving close to the shortest weighted paths. However, they normally stick to the same paths for the same source/destination pairs. This may conversely drain the nodes on these paths and result in short network life when the communication in the network is unevenly distributed. Thus, we further investigate a set of probabilistic multipath routing algorithms, which generate braided multipaths based only on local information. The algorithms have less communication and storage overhead than conventional on-demand multipath routing algorithms, while providing greater resilience to node failures. Simulations on NS2 show that GPER almost halves the power consumption in the network relative to alternative geographic routing algorithms. Furthermore, in situations where the communication tasks are non-uniformly distributed, probabilistic multipath routing contributes up to an additional 30% to network lifetime.
Kinetic Isotope Effect Characterization of the Transition State for Oxidized Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrolysis by Pertussis Toxin

Pertussis toxin from Bordatella pertussis catalyzes the ADP ribosylation of several G-proteins, using NAD+ as a substrate. In the absence of an acceptor protein, the toxin acts as a NAD+ glycohydro...
Insect melanism: the molecules matter

Insect melanism, especially in the peppered moth Biston betularia, has long been a textbook case of evolution in action. Hypotheses of the role of natural selection in maintaining melanic polymorphisms have implicated a wide range of explanations in various species, but to understand fully the ecology of melanism, we need to understand its molecular and developmental genetic basis. Because developmental genes often affect more than one trait, identifying the genes responsible for melanism is crucial for a thorough understanding of the fitnesses and selective responses of melanic alleles in nature. Molecular genetic information is also vital for elucidating the evolutionary history and possible mechanistic diversity of melanism among species. Recent studies of the developmental genetics of melanin pigmentation in Drosophila, and of the genetics of pigmentation differences among other insect species, have provided valuable insights into the underpinnings of this important source of polymorphism throughout the Insecta.
Complications in Climate Data Classification: The Political and Cultural Production of Variable Names

Model intercomparison projects are a unique and highly specialized form of data—intensive collaboration in the earth sciences. Typically, a set of pre‐determined boundary conditions (scenarios) are agreed upon by a community of model developers that then test and simulate each of those scenarios with individual ‘runs’ of a climate model. Because both the human expertise, and the computational power needed to produce an intercomparison project are exceptionally expensive, the data they produce are often archived for the broader climate science community to use in future research. Outside of high energy physics and astronomy sky surveys, climate modeling intercomparisons are one of the largest and most rapid methods of producing data in the natural sciences (Overpeck et al., 2010). But, like any collaborative eScience project, the discovery and broad accessibility of this data is dependent on classifications and categorizations in the form of structured metadata—namely the Climate and Forecast (CF) metadata standard, which provides a controlled vocabulary to normalize the naming of a dataset’s variables. Intriguingly, the CF standard’s original publication notes, “…conventions have been developed only for things we know we need. Instead of trying to foresee the future, we have added features as required and will continue to do this” (Gregory, 2003). Yet, qualitatively we’ve observed that this is not the case; although the time period of intercomparison projects remains stable (2-3 years), the scale and complexity of models and their output continue to grow—and thus, data creation and variable names consistently outpace the ratification of CF.
Fatal pneumonia following inoculation of healthy bighorn sheep with Pasteurella haemolytica from healthy domestic sheep.

In a series of three experiments, isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 2, ribotype reference WSU-1, from healthy domestic sheep, were inoculated intratracheally into eight bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) and seven domestic sheep with doses of bacteria ranging from 5.3 × 108 to 8.6 × 1011 colony forming units. Seven of eight inoculated bighorn sheep died from acute pneumonia within 48 hr of inoculation, whereas all seven domestic sheep inoculated with comparable or greater doses of bacteria remained healthy. One contact control bighorn sheep also died 6 days after its penmates received P. haemolytica. Three other noncontact control bighorn sheep remained healthy during the experiments. Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 2, ribotype reference WSU-1 in the inocula was recovered from one or more tissues from all bighorns that died; whereas, it was not detected in any bighorn sheep before inoculation. Three different ribotypes of P. haemolytica A2 were recovered from bigh...
Coupled minimum-cost flow cell tracking for high-throughput quantitative analysis

A growing number of screening applications require the automated monitoring of cell populations in a high-throughput, high-content environment. These applications depend on accurate cell tracking of individual cells that display various behaviors including mitosis, merging, rapid movement, and entering and leaving the field of view. Many approaches to cell tracking have been developed in the past, but most are quite complex, require extensive post-processing, and are parameter intensive. To overcome such issues, we present a general, consistent, and extensible tracking approach that explicitly models cell behaviors in a graph-theoretic framework. We introduce a way of extending the standard minimum-cost flow algorithm to account for mitosis and merging events through a coupling operation on particular edges. We then show how the resulting graph can be efficiently solved using algorithms such as linear programming to choose the edges of the graph that observe the constraints while leading to the lowest overall cost. This tracking algorithm relies on accurate denoising and segmentation steps for which we use a wavelet-based approach that is able to accurately segment cells even in images with very low contrast-to-noise. In addition, the framework is able to measure and correct for microscope defocusing and stage shift. We applied the algorithms on nearly 6000 images of 400,000 cells representing 32,000 tracks taken from five separate datasets, each composed of multiple wells. Our algorithm was able to segment and track cells and detect different cell behaviors with an accuracy of over 99%. This overall framework enables accurate quantitative analysis of cell events and provides a valuable tool for high-throughput biological studies.
Comparative Response of Platelet fV and Plasma fV to Activated Protein C and Relevance to a Model of Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy

Abstract : Acute traumatic coagulopathy (ATC) has been linked to an increase in activated protein C (aPC) from 40 pM in healthy individuals to 175 pM. aPC exerts its activity primarily through cleavage of active coagulation factor Va (fVa). Platelets reportedly possess fVa which is more resistant to aPC cleavage than plasma fVa; this work examines the hypothesis that normal platelets are sufficient to maintain coagulation in the presence of elevated aPC. Coagulation responses of normal plasma, fV deficient plasma (fVdp), and isolated normal platelets in fVdp were conducted: prothrombin (PT) tests, turbidimetry. and thromboelastography (TEG), including the dose response of aPC on the samples. PT and turbidimetric assays demonstrate that normal plasma is resistant to aPC at doses much higher than those found in ATC. Additionally, an average physiological number of washed normal platelets (200,000 platelets/mm expn 3) was sufficient to eliminate the anti-coagulant effects of aPC up to 10nM, nearly two orders of magnitude above the ATC concentration and even the steady-state pharmacological concentration of human recombinant aPC, as measured by TEG. aPC also demonstrated no significant effect on clot lysis in normal plasma samples with or without platelets. Although platelet fVA shows slightly superior resistance to aPC's effects compared to plasma fVA in static models, neither fVA is sufficiently cleaved in simulations of ATC or pharmacologically-delivered aPC to diminish coagulation parameters. aPC is likely a correlative indicator of ATC or may play a cooperative role with other activity altering products generated in ATC.
Highly conducting acetylene-CO copolymers and limitations of the soliton model

There is much scientific and technological interest in conductive polymers, of which polyacetylene is the simplest and best example, and in the mechanism of carrier transport. Trans-[CH]x with C2h symmetry is said1–4 to have an electronically degenerate ground state with very slight alternation of backbone bond lengths, that is, a high degree of conjugation. Radicals or radical ions in the chain are referred to as soliton5,6 and polaron7 excitations with moving domains, but these rigorous concepts are quite restrictive and exclusive. For instance, moving-domain excitations cannot exist in cis-[CH]x because much energy is required for the interconversion of cis-transoid and trans-cisoid structures. However, many physical and spectroscopic properties of undoped and doped trans-[CH]x have been explained by these models8. An intersoliton electron-hopping model had been proposed for carrier transport in lightly doped trans-[CH]x9. Our purpose here is to test the general validity of the soliton/polaron models. Our present results cast strong doubts on the relevance of these theoretical models to carrier transport in conductive polymers, thereby allowing a search for possible new conductive polymers that is free of the constraints imposed by these models.
Scaling self-timed systems powered by mechanical vibration energy harvesting

Passive energy harvesting from mechanical vibration has wide application in wearable devices and wireless sensors to complement or replace batteries. Energy harvesting efficiency can be increased by eliminating AC/DC conversion. A test chip demonstrating self-timing, power-on reset circuitry, and dynamic memory for energy harvesting AC voltages has been designed in 180 nm CMOS and tested. An energy scalable DSP architecture implements FIR filters that consume as little as 170 pJ per output sample. The on-chip DRAM retains data for up to 28 ms while register data is retained down to a supply voltage of 153 mV. Circuit operation is confirmed for supply frequencies between 60 Hz and 1 kHz with power consumption below 130 μW. Reaching the limits of miniaturization will require approaching the limits of power dissipation. We extrapolate from this DSP architecture to find the minimum volume required for mechanical vibration energy harvesting sensors.
Downregulation of the autophagy protein ATG-7 correlates with distinct sphingolipid profile in MCF-7 cells sensitized to photodamage

The objective of this study was to determine the sphingolipid (SL) profile in autophagy-defective cells and overall cell death after PDT with Pc 4 (PDT). Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells with downregulated autophagy protein ATG-7 and their scrambled controls (Scr) were used. Exposure of ATG-7 knockdown cells to PDT led to defective processing of the autophagy marker LC3, and increased overall cell killing. In both cell types PDT evoked an early (2 h) increase in ceramides and dihydroceramides (DHceramides). When the two cell types were compared regarding time (2 and 24 h) and treatment conditions (with and without PDT), the levels of several ceramides and DHceramides were reduced, whereas the concentrations of C14-ceramide, C16-ceramide and C12-DHceramide were higher in ATG-7 knockdown cells. The data imply that the SL profile might be a marker of autophagy-deficiency in cells sensitized to PDT.
Equilibrium and kinetics of reversible capture of solvated electron-sodium+ pairs by 1,1-diphenylethylene in tetrahydrofuran

Abstract Solvated electron-Na + pairs, e − ,Na + , and 1,1-diphenylethylene reversibly recombine in THF, the capture constant = 3 × 10 7 M −1 s −1 and the detachment constant = 46 s −1 ; the e − ,Na + , formed by flash-photolysis of Na + , C − (Ph) 2 CH 2 CH 2 C − (Ph 2 , Na + survive for 0.1 s in this solvent at ambient temperature without any detectable decay.
Pseudo-quaternary phase relations near Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x in reduced oxygen pressures

Abstract Pseudo-quaternary phase compatibilities near Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x (2212) have been determined between 725°C and 830°C in air, and at reduced oxygen partial pressures to below the decomposition pressure for 2212. The phase stabilities of the component phases in the equilibria were determined over the temperature range 725–830°C and oxygen partial pressure range 1 × 10 −5 atm to 2 × 10 −1 atm. Five decomposition reactions (including the decomposition of 2212) were identified as well as nine secondary reactions. Ten compatibility tetrahedra were determined in air, and twelve more were predicted. These 22 tetrahedra, each with 2212 as a common vertex, form a polygon that contains 2212 within its volume. The single-phase regions of the pseudo-quaternary oxides in equilibrium with 2212 were determined in the 1/2Bi 2 O 3 SrOCaO plane. Below the oxygen partial pressure for 2212 decomposition, eight independent four-phase equilibria were identified. The Bi 2 (Sr,Ca) 3 O 6 phase appears in six of these equilibria and is a prominent phase in reduced oxygen pressures.
Cognitive strategy usage in long-term survivors of severe traumatic brain injury with persisting impulsive aggression

Impulsive aggression (IA) is a relatively common phenomenon in the general nonpatient population and IA, among other forms of impaired self regulatory behavior, is common sequelae of traumatic brain injury. Impaired self regulatory behavior has been associated with dysfunction of orbital frontal cortex. This study examined strategy development and usage in a group of survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) who exhibited persisting problems with impulsive expressions of aggression. All participants were administered the Revised Strategy Application Task (R-SAT) and a series of personality questionnaires. The results indicated that the subjects with IA selected and used strategies that were significantly less efficient than those of the nonaggressive controls. The present study confirms, using an explicit and direct measure, previously reported deficits in strategy usage in IA and supports the notion of inefficient cognitive processing indicated by event related potential (ERP) studies. Additionally, as impaired performance on the R-SAT has been associated with lesions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex, this study provides the first concrete neuropsychological data implicating this region in IA. Further study is necessary to clarify the nature of the apparent orbital frontal dysfunction in IA and to delineate the role of impaired strategic processing and related deficits in the genesis and expression of impulsive aggression.
Determining buffer location and size in production lines using tabu search

In this paper, we address the problem of buffer location and storage size in a manufacturing line. A simulation-search heuristic procedure based on tabu search, combined with simulation, was developed and tested. Simulation is used to model the manufacturing process and tabu search is used to guide the search to overcome the problem of being trapped at local optimal solutions. The procedure employs a Swap Search routine and a Global Search routine. With the Swap Search routine, the procedure identifies good performing buffer profiles and determines the maximum output level for any given storage level. With the Global Search routine, the procedure can locate promising neighborhood of buffer profiles quickly. The results obtained are then used to plot a line specific output curve. The procedure is capable of modeling a variety of manufacturing processes with a variety of scheduling policies and dispatching rules.
Geographic and patient variation among Medicare beneficiaries in the use of follow-up testing after surgery for nonmetastatic colorectal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND There are a paucity of data supporting the routine use of follow-up testing to detect recurrent disease after potentially curative initial surgery in patients with nonmetastatic colorectal carcinoma. METHODS Using the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, all patients age ≥ 65 years with local or regional colorectal carcinoma who were diagnosed in 1991, underwent surgical resection, and survived at least 6 months after diagnosis were identified. All inpatient, hospital outpatient, and physician/supplier Medicare claims from 6 months after diagnosis through 1994 were examined for follow-up procedures of interest. Procedure use during follow-up was compared across patient groups using both bivariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 5716 patients were identified, with 1.3% found to have developed subsequent primary tumors of the colon or rectum, and 74% surviving through 1994. One or more procedures of interest were performed in 88% of patients; the most commonly performed tests were liver enzymes, chest X-rays, colonoscopy, and computed tomography scans. Lower rates of testing generally were observed with older age groups, patients with fewer comorbidities, and patients who did not survive through the follow-up period. Among all procedures studied, there also was significant variation in the rates of testing across the 9 SEER areas, varying from 1.5-fold to 3.6-fold. The geographic variation persisted in multivariate models adjusting for potentially confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS The current study found significant variability in the use of follow-up procedures, with the most striking differences apparent across geographic regions. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying reasons for the disparities, as well as the impact of surveillance on patient outcomes. Cancer 1999;85:2124–31. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Photoresponsive Polyesters for Tailorable Shape Memory Biomaterials

The synthesis of a library of poly(ester urethane)s (PEUs) containing pendant photoresponsive moieties afforded through the incorporation of one of two novel bifunctional monomers resulted in degradable materials with a range of tunable thermal and mechanical properties. Utilizing light irradiation, macroscopic temporary shapes were fixed by increasing the cross-link density of a thermoset network via photoinduced reversible [2 + 2] cycloaddition of cinnamamide or cinnamate pendant groups under UV light (λ = 302 nm). Further irradiation with UV light (λ = 254 nm) led to the cleaving of the temporary cross-links and recovery of the original shape. Examination of these materials under physiological conditions displayed tunable degradation with rates faster than PCL-based materials, and initial biocompatibility studies exhibited negligible cytotoxicity for HeLa cells based on results of ATP assay. The ability to tune thermal properties also allowed specific polymer compositions to boast transition temperatur...
Nietzsche's Graffito: A Reading of The Antichrist

Even those writers who have good things to say about Nietzsche usually do not have good things to say abut his penultimate book, The Antichrist. Like Ecce Homo it is often described as at least prefiguring Nietzsche's madness if not (as is sometimes the case) said to be part of that desperate glide itself. Those inclined to reject the book may be encouraged in this view by Nietzsche's statement to Brandes, in November 1888, that The Antichrist is the whole of The Transvaluation of All Values (originally announced as a series of four books) and that Ecce Homo is its necessary prelude. The reader will have already discerned my intention of retrieving this exorbitant text for the Nietzschean canon. Such operations of retrieval are standard enough moves within a certain kind of philological discourse which privileges the book as an expressive or cognitive totality. But Nietzsche, the arch philologist, is today often regarded as not only undercutting the grounds of such moves by challenging their hermeneutic presuppositions but as having exemplified in a paradigmatic fashion the discontinuous, fragmentary or porous text. The second view of Nietzsche's writings is a very traditional one; it is a commonplace with Nietzsche's earlier readers to regard all of his writing as distressingly wanting in order and style, despite their admiration for his thought. Such has continued to
Viral Activation of Cellular Metabolism

To ensure optimal environments for their replication and spread, viruses have evolved to alter many host cell pathways. In the last decade, metabolomic studies have shown that eukaryotic viruses induce large-scale alterations in host cellular metabolism. Most viruses examined to date induce aerobic glycolysis also known as the Warburg effect. Many viruses tested also induce fatty acid synthesis as well as glutaminolysis. These modifications of carbon source utilization by infected cells can increase available energy for virus replication and virion production, provide specific cellular substrates for virus particles and create viral replication niches while increasing infected cell survival. Each virus species also likely requires unique metabolic changes for successful spread and recent research has identified additional virus-specific metabolic changes induced by many virus species. A better understanding of the metabolic alterations required for the replication of each virus may lead to novel therapeutic approaches through targeted inhibition of specific cellular metabolic pathways.
Confirmational holism and its mathematical (w)holes

Abstract I critically examine confirmational holism as it pertains to the indispensability arguments for mathematical Platonism. I employ a distinction between pure and applied mathematics that grows out of the often overlooked symbiotic relationship between mathematics and science. I argue that this distinction undercuts the notion that (pure) mathematical theories fall under the holistic scope of the confirmation of our scientific theories.
Finding optimal routes for networks of harvest site access roads using GIS-based techniques

En foret, plusieurs chemins d'acces existants ne sont pas de simples routes independantes concues pour acceder a un peuplement unique; ils forment plutot un reseau complexe d'embranchements routiers concus pour donner acces a plusieurs peuplements. Les methodes traditionnelles de recherche utilisees pour la localisation optimale de ces reseaux routiers ont ete jusqu'a present presque entierement manuelles. Cette etude developpe et evalue trois strategies de localisation des reseaux routiers forestiers assistee d'un SIRS. Une approche Monte-Carlo fut utilisee pour comparer les solutions generees par chacune de ces strategies avec des solutions optimales creees a partir d'une approche par enumeration complete. Ces analyses ont revele que la technique de solution par evaluation d'embranchement exigeait seulement une fraction du temps et donnait des resultats presque aussi efficaces que ccux obtenus avcc l'enumeration complete. L'evaluation d'embranchement fut donc utilisee pour recreer des reseaux routiers traces aleatoirement a partir de la base de donnees provenant des Forets nationales Roosevelt et Arapaho. Cette etude a demontre que l'evaluation d'embranchement etait capable de recreer des routes similaires aux reseaux routiers existants dans un peu plus de 80% des cas. Ce taux d'agencement relativement eleve signifie que la technique d'evaluation d'embranchement peut s'averer un outil utile pour la conception automatisee de reseaux routiers preliminaires.
Effects of elevated nitrate on endocrine function in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Abstract Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) have recently emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional net pen or flow-through aquaculture. These systems reduce the environmental impact of fish production by treating and recycling culture water, and could be used in the large-scale commercial production of a variety of fish species including Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). One major concern surrounding RAS is the natural accumulation of nitrate in the culture water. An experiment was conducted to investigate the sublethal effects of elevated nitrate on juvenile Atlantic salmon, with emphasis on thyroidal and steroidogenic endpoints. Animals were exposed to 5.2, 10.3 or 101.8 mg/L nitrate-N for 27 days. Upon completion of the trial, the animals were euthanized and bled by puncture of the caudal vein. Mean plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations increased significantly with increasing ambient nitrate-N concentration. Plasma testosterone concentrations displayed a highly significant non-monotonic dose response to increasing nitrate-N concentration, and were elevated at 10.3 mg/L nitrate-N. Plasma 11-ketotestosterone, total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine concentrations did not differ significantly between treatments. These results suggest that elevated nitrate can interfere with the synthesis or metabolism of sex steroids, but that Atlantic salmon may be relatively insensitive, in terms of growth and most endocrine endpoints examined, to nitrate-N concentrations up to 101.8 mg/L, and are a promising candidate for production in RAS.
Application of network-averaged teleseismic P-wave spectra to seismic yield estimation of underground nuclear explosions

A set of procedures is described for estimating network-averaged teleseismic P-wave spectra for underground nuclear explosions and for analytically inverting these spectra to obtain estimates of mb/yield relations and individual yields for explosions at previously uncalibrated test sites. These procedures are then applied to the analyses of explosions at the former Soviet test sites at Shagan River, Degelen Mountain, Novaya Zemlya and Azgir, as well as at the French Sahara, U.S. Amchitka and Chinese Lop Nor test sites. It is demonstrated that the resulting seismic estimates of explosion yield and mb/yield relations are remarkably consistent with a variety of other available information for a number of these test sites. These results lead us to conclude that the network-averaged teleseismic P-wave spectra provide considerably more diagnostic information regarding the explosion seismic source than do the corresponding narrowband magnitude measures such asmb M,andmb(L g )and, therefore, that they are to be preferred for applications to seismic yield estimation for explosions at previously uncalibrated test sites.
Detection and discrimination of B pertussis and B holmesii by real-time PCR targeting IS481 using a beacon probe and probe-target melting analysis.

Abstract A beacon probe was designed to detect one of the two documented single nucleotide changes in IS 481 target allele of Bordetella holmesii genome as compared to Bordetella pertussis . PCR amplified product targeting a region of IS 481 in presence of the probe was subjected to a post-PCR hybridization and melting cycle. Hybrid of the probe with B. pertussis specific target had a different thermal stability than that with allele having the single nucleotide change in B. holmesii . The melting of B. pertussis -probe hybrid occurred in a single phase; while that of B. holmesii -probe hybrid was biphasic-one for allele identical to that in B. pertussis and the other for that with a single nucleotide change in B. holmesii genome, with a difference in melting temperature ( T m ) of 6.5 °C. The characteristic melting profile and T m analysis was the basis for discriminatory detection of B. pertussis from B. holmesii . The method was applied in a representative set of clinical isolates of B. pertussis and B. holmesii and the result was in agreement with conventional culture method.
Abstract B04: A chemical genetic screen identifies novel ATM/ATR pathway inhibitors that sensitize p53-deficient cells to DNA-damaging agents without affecting ATR kinase catalytic activity

An important goal in cancer therapy has been to selectively sensitize cancers to existing drugs that typically work by inducing DNA damage. In particular, many cancers are p53-defective and chemoresistant, thus novel approaches to target p53-defective cancers are needed. One promising strategy to sensitize p53-deficient cells has been to inhibit DNA damage response kinases such as ATM/ATR via ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. To better understand ATM/ATR activation mechanisms and discover novel probes for the ATM/ATR pathway, we performed a phenotype-based screen of 9,195 small-molecule compounds for inhibitors of hydroxyurea-induced phosphorylation of Chk1, a key ATR substrate. After subsequent biological screens, we selected 4 compounds that inhibited ATR and ATM pathways; 3 were known bioactive agents and 1 was a diversity-oriented-synthetic product. These compounds sensitized p53-deficient cells to diverse DNA-damaging agents. Xenograft experiments were performed on one compound, and it showed synergistic suppression of p53-deficient tumor growth with cisplatin. Importantly, these compounds did not suppress ATR kinase catalytic activity in vitro, unlike typical ATM/ATR kinase inhibitors that are ATP-competitive. To identify molecular targets of one compound, “MARPIN” (ATM and ATR pathway inhibitor), we defined its active site through structure-activity relationship analysis, resulting in synthesis of inactive derivatives of MARPIN. Identification of proteins that specifically bind MARPIN, but not its inactive derivatives, is underway. This phenotype-based chemical genetic screen identified novel ATM/ATR pathway inhibitors that are mechanistically distinct from kinase catalytic inhibitors, and these compounds could serve as probes to identify previously unrecognized druggable targets in DNA damage response pathways. Citation Format: Masaoki Kawasumi, James E. Bradner, Nicola Tolliday, Renee Thibodeau, Heather Sloan, Kay M. Brummond, Paul Nghiem. A chemical genetic screen identifies novel ATM/ATR pathway inhibitors that sensitize p53-deficient cells to DNA-damaging agents without affecting ATR kinase catalytic activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr B04.