cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DSGEN: concolic testing GPU implementations of concurrent dynamic data structures

Concolic testing combines concrete execution with symbolic execution along the executed path to automatically generate new test inputs that exercise program paths and deliver high code coverage during testing. The GKLEE tool uses this approach to expose data races in CUDA programs written for execution of GPGPUs. In programs employing concurrent dynamic data structures, automatic generation of data structures with appropriate shapes that cause threads to follow selected, possibly divergent, paths is a challenge. Moreover, a single non-conflicting data structure must be generated for multiple threads, that is, a single shape must be found that simultaneously causes all threads to follow their respective chosen paths. When an execution exposes a bug (e.g., a data race), the generated data structure shape helps the programmer understand the cause of the bug. Because GKLEE does not permit pointers that construct dynamic data structures to be made symbolic, it cannot automatically generate data structures of different shapes and must rely on the user to write code that constructs them to exercise desired paths. We have developed DSGEN for automatically generating non-conflicting dynamic data structures with different shapes and integrated it with GKLEE to uncover and facilitate understanding of data races in programs that employ complex concurrent dynamic data structures. In comparison to GKLEE, DSGEN increases the number of races detected from 10 to 25 by automatically generating a total of 1,897 shapes in implementations of four complex concurrent dynamic data structures -- B-Tree, Hash-Array Mapped Trie, RRB-Tree, and Skip List.
BMP pathway regulation of insulin signaling components promotes lipid storage in Caenorhabditis elegans

A small number of peptide growth factor ligands are used repeatedly in development and homeostasis to drive programs of cell differentiation and function. Cells and tissues must integrate inputs from these diverse signals correctly, while failure to do so leads to pathology, reduced fitness, or death. Previous work using the nematode C. elegans identified an interaction between the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathways in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. The molecular components required for this interaction, however, were not fully understood. Here we report that INS-4, one of 40 insulin-like peptides (ILPs), is regulated by BMP signaling to modulate fat accumulation. Furthermore, we find that the IIS transcription factor DAF-16/FoxO, but not SKN-1/Nrf, acts downstream of BMP signaling in lipid homeostasis. Interestingly, BMP activity alters sensitivity of these two transcription factors to IIS-promoted cytoplasmic retention in opposite ways. Finally, we probe the extent of BMP and IIS interactions by testing additional IIS functions including dauer formation, aging, and autophagy induction. Coupled with our previous work and that of other groups, we conclude that BMP and IIS pathways have at least three modes of interaction: independent, epistatic, and antagonistic. The molecular interactions we identify provide new insight into mechanisms of signaling crosstalk and potential therapeutic targets for IIS-related pathologies such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Prostate cancer: Optimizing prostate cancer survivorship care.

Prostate cancer survivors face a myriad of unique physical, psychological and emotional challenges during the often lengthy survivorship experience. Efforts to better characterize the unmet needs of this large patient population will undoubtedly improve the quality of survivorship care we offer to our patients.
Chemokine Receptor Utilization by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates That Replicate in Microglia

The role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strain variability remains a key unanswered question in HIV dementia, a condition affecting around 20% of infected individuals. Several groups have shown that viruses within the central nervous system (CNS) of infected patients constitute an independently evolving subset of HIV strains. A potential explanation for the replication and sequestration of viruses within the CNS is the preferential use of certain chemokine receptors present in microglia. To determine the role of specific chemokine coreceptors in infection of adult microglial cells, we obtained a small panel of HIV type 1 brain isolates, as well as other HIV strains that replicate well in cultured microglial cells. These viruses and molecular clones of their envelopes were used in infections, in cell-to-cell fusion assays, and in the construction of pseudotypes. The results demonstrate the predominant use of CCR5, at least among the major coreceptors, with minor use of CCR3 and CXCR4 by some of the isolates or their envelope clones.
Electrical insulation materials for superconducting coil applications

The properties of electrical insulation materials at cryogenic temperatures required for high temperature superconducting (HTS) power apparatus can differ significantly from those for conventional equipment in several key areas. For solid insulation these areas include possible changes in dielectric strength, dielectric loss, aging mechanisms and characteristics, partial discharge, thermal compatibility, and mechanical properties. This work will focus on an overview of cryogenic insulation issues relevant to HTS coil applications.
Progressive Community Organizing by Pyles, L.

Loretta Pyles has written a timely book on progressive community organizing that should be of interest to many readers of this journal. The intended audience is students, organizers, activists, and...
Electroencephalographic Studies in Neonates during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

ABSTRACT.Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a modified form of heart/lung bypass therapy utilized in the full-term infant with life-threatening respiratory failure. The risks of ECMO, including intracranial hemorrhages and their subsequent effects, make it important to check the condition of brain function before, during, and after ECMO therapy. Therefore, serial EEG recordings are necessary for these patients. Knowledge of EEG recording techniques in this population as well as neonatal respiratory physiology is a requirement for the neurodiagnostic technologist faced with recording EEGs from these infants.
Effects of Zn-addition to C14 metal hydride alloys and comparisons to Si, Fe, Cu, Y, and Mo-additives

Abstract A series of Ti 12 Zr 21.5 V 10 Cr 7.5 Mn 8.1 Co 8.0 Ni 32.2− x Sn 0.3 Al 0.4 Zn x , x = 0, 1, 2, and 3 alloys made by an arc melting process was studied. As the Zn-content increases, the TiNi phase abundance increases, which reduces the Ni-content in the main C14 phase causing an isotropic expansion of the unit cell. Both the equilibrium pressure and heat of hydride formation are reduced via a synergetic effect between the main phase and secondary phases, which causes small increases in both gaseous phase maximum H-storage capacity and full discharge capacity measured electrochemically. The C15 phase abundance shows a peak value for improvement in activation and high-rate performance in the alloy containing 1 at% Zn and a passivated surface is formed to hinder the activation and high-rate performance. Despite of the passivated surface at room temperature, the −40 °C charge-transfer resistance of a 3 at% Zn-addition was much improved by increase of both surface area and surface catalytic ability. In a sealed cell, the addition of 1 at% Zn in the AB 2 metal hydride alloy improves the −10 °C capacity and cycle stability at the expense of power reduction. The effects of Zn-substitution were also compared with those obtained from Si, Fe, Cu, Y, and Mo.
Occult Lumbar Lateral Spinal Stenosis in Neural Foramina Subjected to Physiologic Loading

PURPOSE To measure the effect of extension, flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation loads applied to the spine on the anatomic relationship of the spinal nerves in the neural foramen to the ligamentum flavum and the intervertebral disk, anc to determine the effect of disk degeneration on the response to loading. METHODS Cadaveric lumbar motion segments were examined with CT and MR imaging, loaded with pure moment forces, frozen in situ, reexamined with CT, and sectioned with a cryomicrotome. The morphology of the intervertebral disks was classified on the basis of the appearance of the cryomicrotome sections. The neural foramina were classified as having no evident stenosis, as being stenotic, as having occult stenosis, or as showing resolved stenosis on the basis of the images and sections before and after loading. The stenotic and nonstenotic foramina were stratified by disk level, intervertebral disk classification, and type of loading applied. The effect of spinal level, disk type, and load type on the prevalence of stenosis was studied. RESULTS On average, extension, flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation resulted in the ligamentum flavum or intervertebral disk contacting or compressing the spinal nerve in 18% of the neural foramina. Extension loading produced the most cases of nerve root contact, and lateral bending produced the fewest cases. Each of the loading types resulted also in diminished contact between the spinal nerve and the intervertebral disk or ligamentum flavum in some cases. Disk degeneration significantly increased the prevalence of spinal stenosis. All foramina associated with advanced disk degeneration and half of the foramina associated with disks having radial tears of the annulus fibrosus either developed occult stenosis or were stenotic before loading. CONCLUSIONS The study supports the concept of dynamic spinal stenosis; that is, intermittent stenosis of the neural foramina. Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation significantly changed the anatomic relationships of the ligamentum flavum and intervertebral disk to the spinal nerve roots.
Pediatric Blood Cultures

The clinical and laboratory issues important in pediatric blood cultures are similar to those in adult blood cultures with a few noteworthy exceptions. The collection of an uncontaminated specimen and an ample volume of blood is more difficult, especially in neonates. In addition, children often have previously received oral antibiotics or a broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotic. The relative frequencies of the pathogens causing bacteremia in children are different in important ways from in adults. Haemophilus influenzae b, although much less common than in the past, is still an important pediatric pathogen. Meningococcemia is relatively more common in children than in adults, and enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes are relatively less common. Group B streptococci, E. coli, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Candida sp. are the principal pathogens in neonates. More changes in the distribution of blood-borne pathogens can be expected in the future with the introduction of new or more effective vaccines against the pneumococcus, meningococcus, and, possibly, group B streptococcus. In suspected community-acquired bacteremia in otherwise normal children, a single aerobic blood culture of adequate volume is sufficient. Sick neonates, hospitalized children with indwelling intravascular devices, and immunocompromised children may need multiple blood cultures, paired cultures from an indwelling vascular catheter and a peripheral vein, or use of special media. There is no single optimal system for pediatric blood cultures. The BACTEC systems have been adopted as a single system in many hospitals serving both children and adults because of the favorable results reported in children and the preference of using a single automated system. To maximize the detection of bacteremia and fungemia, some laboratories may wish to combine a BACTEC system with a second complementary system, such as the Isolator. Anaerobic, mycobacterial, and other special blood culture media should be reserved for selected patients.
Hindlimb response to tactile stimulation of the pastern and coronet.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Lightweight tactile stimulators attached to the hind pasterns increase the height of the hind hoof flight arc but details of the induced changes in swing phase kinematics and kinetics have not been investigated. Hypotheses: Stimulators on the hind pasterns are associated with increased hindlimb joint flexions and increased positive work performed by the hip and tarsal musculature. Materials and methods: Nine nonlame horses trotted 4 times with and without 55 g tactile stimulators loosely attached around the hind pasterns. Height of the flight arc and peak flexion angles of the hindlimb joints were measured and net positive and negative work performed across each joint during the swing phase were calculated using inverse dynamics analysis and compared across paired conditions. Results: Speed and stride duration did not change but stimulators were associated with a reduction in hind stance duration. The flight arc was higher with stimulators due to increased flexions of the stifle, tarsal, metatarsophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. Positive work increased in the tarsal musculature, but not in the hip musculature, and negative work increased across the stifle, metatarsophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. Potential relevance: The effects of tactile stimulation of the hind pasterns on joint motion and muscle activation may be used in physiotherapy and rehabilitation to restore or increase flexion of the hindlimb joints with the exception of the hip joint. The ability to stimulate concentric activity of the tarsal musculature may have therapeutic applications in conditions such as toe dragging.
Comparison of Five Radioimmunoassays and Enzyme Bioassay for Measurement of Digoxin in Blood

Digoxin-containing sera from 86 patients were analyzed for this drug by bioassay and radioimmunoassay. Each serum was analyzed in duplicate by six procedures: inhibition of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase and five "kit" radioimmunoassays from four different commercial sources. Mean values for two of the radioimmunoassays differed significantly from those for the bioassay. One radioimmunoassay mean value was significantly different from the other five mean values. We conclude that normal values for digoxin radioimmunoassay should be determined for each kit, and should not be adopted from published data.
An analysis of microsystems development at Sandia National Laboratories

While Sandia initially was motivated to investigate emergent microsystem technology to miniaturize existing macroscale structures, present designs embody innovative approaches that directly exploit the fundamentally different material properties of a new technology at the micro- and nano-scale. Direct, hands-on experience with the emerging technology gave Sandia engineers insights that not only guided the evolution of the technology but also enabled them to address new applications that enlarged the customer base for the new technology. Sandia's early commitment to develop complex microsystems demonstrated the advantages that early adopters gain by developing an extensive design and process tool kit and a shared awareness of multiple approaches to achieve the multiple goals. As with any emergent technology, Sandia's program benefited from interactions with the larger technical community. However, custom development followed a spiral path of direct trial-and-error experience, analysis, quantification of materials properties at the micro- and nano-scale, evolution of design tools and process recipes, and an understanding of reliability factors and failure mechanisms even in extreme environments. The microsystems capability at Sandia relied on three key elements. The first was people: a mix of mechanical and semiconductor engineers, chemists, physical scientists, designers, and numerical analysts. The second was a unique facility that enabled the development of custom technologies without contaminating mainline product deliveries. The third was the arrival of specialized equipment as part of a Cooperative Research And Development Agreement (CRADA) enabled by the National Competitiveness Technology Transfer Act of 1989. Underpinning all these, the program was guided and sustained through the research and development phases by accomplishing intermediate milestones addressing direct mission needs.
A subunit of the dynein regulatory complex in Chlamydomonas is a homologue of a growth arrest–specific gene product

The dynein regulatory complex (DRC) is an important intermediate in the pathway that regulates flagellar motility. To identify subunits of the DRC, we characterized a Chlamydomonas motility mutant obtained by insertional mutagenesis. The pf2-4 mutant displays an altered waveform that results in slow swimming cells. EM analysis reveals defects in DRC structure that can be rescued by reintroduction of the wild-type PF2 gene. Immunolocalization studies show that the PF2 protein is distributed along the length of the axoneme, where it is part of a discrete complex of polypeptides. PF2 is a coiled-coil protein that shares significant homology with a mammalian growth arrest–specific gene product (Gas11/Gas8) and a trypanosome protein known as trypanin. PF2 and its homologues appear to be universal components of motile axonemes that are required for DRC assembly and the regulation of flagellar motility. The expression of Gas8/Gas11 transcripts in a wide range of tissues may also indicate a potential role for PF2-related proteins in other microtubule-based structures.
NOISE-ROBUST DETECTION OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN SEIZURE ONSET

This study examined hyperbaric oxygen seizures (seizures induced by breathing pure oxygen under pressure). In addition to the subject's importance to military diving, this preparation is of more ge...
THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES

Administration of alcohol in the food of male white rats for 2 or more months, in daily quantities of 0.25 to 2.25 cc., results almost constantly in the appearance of marked degenerative alterations in the testicles. These changes affect the steps of spermatogenesis in inverse order to their occurrence, so that for some time before sterility and complete aspermia result, the animal is producing spermatozoa with all possible degrees of abnormality and deficiency. The possible relation of this abnormal spermatogenesis to the production of defective offspring is obvious. Individual rats show marked differences in the degree of change produced by equal amounts of alcohol. The fibrous, interstitial, and vascular elements of the testicle are not affected, except for intertubular edema compensating for tubular atrophy. These experimental observations harmonize with the necropsy findings in human alcoholics. No other tissue was found to be noticeably affected by the alcohol; especially to be remarked is the absence of cirrhosis or fatty infiltration in the liver.
Compositional planning for development of synthetic urban nuclear melt glass

A method is developed for predicting and formulating realistic synthetic post-detonation debris relevant to a nuclear surface detonation in arbitrary urban settings. Using these methods guides the development of synthetic debris that serves as a tool for developing and validating novel rapid forensic analysis methods. In order to accurately fabricate realistic homogenous surrogate material, the method incorporates regional soil compositions, land use data, and vehicle contributions to the urban environment.
Improving SEM linewidth metrology by two-dimensional scanning force microscopy

As lithographic feature sizes in semiconductor fabrication shrink, sidewall shape comprises a greater percentage of the overall linewidth. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) metrology thereby becomes more dependent on geometry. To determine SEM sensitivity to sidewall behavior, samples are cleaved and compared to cross-sectional SEM measurements. Two- dimensional scanning force microscopy (2D-SFM), which uses unique probes and scan control to profile steep and complex sidewall geometries, shows promise as an alternative to the destructive and costly cross-sectioning technique. Repeatability studies on a variety of lithographic features show 2D-SFM capability and feasibility as a linewidth metrology tool, demonstrating less than 10 nm 3-sigma precision. Several application scenarios are examined where 2D-SFM measurements are compared to SEM measurements. The results demonstrate 2D-SFM can complement and improve SEM linewidth measurement understanding.
An empirical investigation of motivation and effective performance: A comparison of Arab and U.S. cultures

This study empirically examines motivational profiles within the Arab culture and compares them with the U.S. culture. The associations of needs for achievement, affiliation, and power with effectiveness (salary, promotion, and GPA) and job satisfaction in the Arab culture are investigated. The need for affiliation is negatively associated with effectiveness for managers and students, and the need for power is positively associated with effectiveness for managers. The Arab culture exhibits higher affiliation need, while the U.S. culture exhibits higher power and achievement needs. However, the two cultures exhibit similar profiles of effective motivation for managers, students, and professionals.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in an Oligodeoxynucleotide Duplex: Observation of the Electron-Transfer Intermediate

Kinetics of a photoinduced electron-transfer reaction between phenothiazine (PTZ) and Ru(bpy)2(4-m-4‘-pa-bpy)2+ [bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine and 4-m-4‘-pa-bpy = 4-methyl-4‘-carbonylpropargylamine] covalently bound to a DNA duplex is investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy. The electron donor, PTZ, is attached to the 5‘ terminal of one oligodeoxynucleotide strand, and the chromophore, Ru(bpy)2(4-m-4‘-pa-bpy)2+, is covalently linked to a uridine of the complementary strand. Electron transfer between the donor, PTZ, and photoexcited acceptor, *Ru(bpy)2(4-m-4‘-pa-bpy)2+, occurs, and the product of the forward electron-transfer reaction, PTZ+•, is observed. The rate of the back electron-transfer reaction (kb = 3.94 × 106 s-1; ΔG ∼ 2.0 eV) is determined by monitoring the decay of the electron-transfer intermediate, PTZ+•, by transient absorption spectroscopy.
Education Activities of Bioengineering for Undergraduate Students at UMBC

Recent developments in micro- and nano-technology have become the primary thrust of many new research opportunities in bioengineering to provide better imaging, diagnosis, therapeutic therapy, and monitoring progression of various diseases. Biology and Chemistry are becoming highly quantitative disciplines, dealing with deeply complex interacting factors. Engineered systems are increasingly integrating biological operability and capabilities into traditional methodology. Light matter interactions traditionally employed in Optical Physics has generated new fields in Biophysics and Bioengineering. These are unique challenges often requiring interdisciplinary collaborations among researchers with diversified expertise. Therefore, it is important to educate the next generation of undergraduate students to possess the technical knowledge within their core discipline, to cultivate opportunities for interdisciplinary problem solving and to prepare them for an industrial or graduate environment involving interdisciplinary research.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Training general psychiatry residents in child and adolescent psychiatry

The authors describe the nature of current social and economic forces impacting on the education and future practice of general psychiatry residents in child and adolescent psychiatry. They review theoretical and practical reasons for training in child and adolescent psychiatry, analyze the form and content of what is currently taught based on a national survey of general training programs, and suggest guidelines for the training and postgraduate practice of general psychiatrists in evaluating and treating children and adolescents. The authors conclude that while social and economic changes necessitate general psychiatrists' clinical involvement with children and adolescents, insufficient general training may necessitate postgraduate education and supervision. They pose ethical and professional dilemmas for the field in meeting the national shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists and propose strategies to enhance recruitment into child and adolescent residency training.
Ligand and Structure-based Models for the Prediction of Ligand-Receptor Affinities and Virtual Screenings: Development and Application to the β2-Adrenergic Receptor

In this study, we evaluated the applicability of ligand-based and structure-based models to quantitative affinity predictions and virtual screenings for ligands of the β2-adrenergic receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). We also devised and evaluated a number of consensus models obtained through partial least square regressions, to combine the strengths of the individual components. In all cases, the bioactive conformation of each ligand was derived from molecular docking at the crystal structure of the receptor. We identified the most effective models applicable to the different scenarios, in the presence or in the absence of a training set. For ranking the affinity of closely related analogs when a training set is available, a ligand-based consensus model (LI-CM) seems to be the best choice, while the structure-based MM-GBSA score seems the best alternative in the absence of a training set. For virtual screening purposes, the structure-based MM-GBSA score was found to be the method of choice. Consensus models consistently had performances superior or close to those of the best individual components, and were endowed with a significantly increased robustness. Given multiple models with no a priori knowledge of their predictive capabilities, constructing a consensus model ensures results very close to those that the best model alone would have yielded. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2010
Social psychopathy, social distress, family breakdown, and custody disputes in the 1990s: Implications for mental health professionals

The decade of the 1990s will probably contain more challenges to the role of the mental health practitioner in child custody cases than ever before in history. Because of increasing social stress and family disintegration, custody disputes are destined to become more frequent, bitter, and traumatic for all parties. Mental health professionals, in particular, need to develop a coherent structure regarding their own participation in this process. Issues of moral changes among our leadership and our citizenry are examined and guidelines for the behavior of the mental health practitioner in the courtroom are formulated and illustrated as they pertain to custody decisions. Particular attention is paid to custody decisions as an art rather than a science, the role of empirical research, the need to anticipate certain unintended circumstances, the need for the application of mental health principles on an individual case-by-case basis, the nature of the mental health professional's expertise, and the problems with the concepts of “parental unfitness” and the use of psychiatric diagnosis as a way of defining such alleged unfitness.
A MCMC algorithm to fit a general exchangeable model

Consider the exchangeable Bayesian hierarchical model where observations yi are independently distributed from sampling densities with unknown means, the means µi, are a random sample from a distribution g, and the parameters of g are assigned a known distribution h. A simple algorithm is presented for summarizing the posterior distribution based on Gibbs sampling and the Metropolis algorithm. The software program Matlab is used to implement the algorithm and provide a graphical output analysis. An binomial example is used to illustrate the flexibility of modeling possible using this algorithm. Methods of model checking and extensions to hierarchical regression modeling are discussed.
Path Models of Functional Theories of Social Stratification as Representations of Cultural Beliefs on Stratification

(1970). Path Models of Functional Theories of Social Stratification as Representations of Cultural Beliefs on Stratification. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 474-484.
The Importance of Choice-Making Skills for Students with Severe Disabilities

Making choices is an essential part of functioning independently as an adult in society. Activities specifically directed toward helping students learn to make choices, however, are typically negle...
Sympathetic activation by hypoxia and hypercapnia--implications for sleep apnea.

In normal humans, both hypoxia and hypercapnia result in sympathetic nerve activation, and when combined, i.e. hypoxic hypercapnia, synergistically increase sympathetic activity. Apnea during the hypoxic and hypercapnic stress results in further increases in sympathetic activity. Borderline hypertensive humans have exaggerated sympathetic nerve responses to hypoxia. Hypertensives are also prone to sleep apnea. We suggest that sleep apnea may result in very high levels of sympathetic activity which may contribute to daytime hypertension and/or precipitate cardiovascular catastrophe in hypertensive people during sleep.
Recruitment of CBP/p300 by the IFNβ Enhanceosome Is Required for Synergistic Activation of Transcription

Transcriptional activation of the IFN beta gene in response to virus infection requires the assembly of an enhanceosome, consisting of the transcriptional activators NF-kappa B, IRF1, ATF2/c-Jun, and the architectural protein HMG I(Y). The level of transcription generated by all of these activators is greater than the sum of the levels generated by individual factors, a phenomenon designated transcriptional synergy. We demonstrate that this synergy, in the context of the enhanceosome, requires a new protein-protein interaction domain in the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B. Transcriptional synergy requires recruitment of the CBP/p300 coactivator to the enhanceosome, via a new activating surface assembled from the novel p65 domain and the activation domains of all of the activators. Deletion, substitution, or rearrangement of any one of the activation domains in the context of the enhanceosome decreases both recruitment of CBP and transcriptional synergy.
Improving Educational Productivity for Young Children.

Abstract In the wake of educational reform researchers are turning their attention to programs for young children. The goal is to reach children with high-quality programs that offer the potential for future academic success. This paper discusses the need for evaluating the efficiency of early childhood education programs. Furthermore, it presents a model of educational productivity that specifies nine chief factors which require optimization to increase affective, behavioral, and cognitive learning. Syntheses of thousands of research studies show the power of these nine factors to influence learning. The role of cooperative partnerships between home and school programs in influencing these nine factors is emphasized. Finally, the paper highlights the need for further research that would examine in more detail the developmental, instructional, and environmental influences unique to young children.
Tele-immersive environments for rehabilitation activities: an empirical study on proprioception

Those with proprioceptive impairments can use their other senses as the proprioceptive feedback. We hypothesize that tele-immersion systems can aid in this supplemented proprioception by providing novel visual perspectives of one's own body. In particular we are interested as to whether the real-time 3D reconstructions used in tele-immersive systems are better or worse than conventional 2D views (i.e. video) with regards to aiding a task requiring proprioception. The objective of this study is to investigate the stated hypothesis by quantifying and ranking the various visual and auditory cues available in a tele-immersive system as they are used during an assigned task. The paper briefly describes a portable immersive VR system, our methodology for quantifying task performance, and results from our experiments with wheelchair basketball athletes.
The new social marketing challenge to promote radon testing.

Abstract As part of a project funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, exploratory qualitative analysis was conducted to gain insight into perceptions of the threat of radon in the Karst geological region (i.e., Northern Alabama, Central Tennessee, Central Kentucky). Based on health practitioner input, it was clear that the tenets of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the probing afforded by focus group research would provide greatly needed theory-based insight into the public reactions (or lack thereof) to the threat posed by radon. Qualitative research findings of this project are discussed as well as preliminary recommendations are provided to advance the protection motivation theory research agenda for promoting awareness of the threat of radon and to influence appropriate response to that threat.
An all-dielectric broadband high-transmission efficiency circular polarizer

We investigated numerically an all-dielectric semiconductor-based circular polarizer consisting of silicon helix on glass substrate. Only three turns of the dielectric helix structure provides extremely high polarization suppression ratio above 2,300:1 with almost 100% transmission. Transmission efficiency greater than 85% for one circularly polarized light is maintained for incident angles as high as 30 0 . The influence of the various helix lattice parameters on the polarization gap and the circular dichroism is also presented.
Time-frequency analysis of the electrocortical activity during maturation using wavelet transform.

In this study, we introduce the wavelet transform (WT) as a method for characterizing the maturational changes in electrocortical activity in 24 fetal lambs ranging from 110–144 days gestation (term 145 days). The WT, based on multiresolution signal decomposition, is free of assumptions regarding the characteristics of the signal. The approximation of the electrocortical activity at resolutions varying from 2 j+1 to 2 j can be extracted by decomposing the signal on a wavelet orthonormal basis of L 2(R). We performed multiresolution decomposition for four sets of parameters D 2j , where -1 < j < -4. The four series WT represent the detail signal bandwidths: (1) 16–32 Hz, (2) 8–16 Hz, (3) 4–8 Hz, (4) 2–4 Hz. The data were divided into three groups according to gestational age: 110–122 days (early), 123–135 days (middle), and 136–144 days (late). In the early group, the power was highest in the fourth signal bandwidth, with relatively low power in the other bands. Increase in gestational age was characterized by increased power in all four bandwidths. Comparison of the cumulative distribution function of the power in the four wavelet bands confirmed the presence of two statistically different patterns in all three age groups. These two patterns correspond to the visually identified patterns of HVSA (high-voltage slow activity) and LVFA (low-voltage fast activity). The earliest development change occurred in HVSA, with progressive increase in power in the 2–8 Hz band. Later changes occurred in LVFA, with a significant increase in power in the 16–32 Hz band. The same database was also analyzed by the short-term Fourier transform (STFT) method, the most common time-frequency analysis method. Comparison of the results clearly show that the WT provided much better time-frequency resolution than the STFT method and was superior in demonstrating maturational changes in electrocortical activity.
Analytical Design Method for Lundell Alternator

This paper presents an analytical design technique that is useful in the calculation of Lundell type alternators.
83Kr nuclear quadrupole coupling in KrClF

Abstract The 83 Kr nuclear quadrupole coupling constant in 83 Kr 35 ClF has been measured to be 13.90(25) MHz. Using the known 83 Kr nuclear quadrupole moment, the field gradient at the Kr nuclear site is evaluated and interpreted in terms of the quadrupolar shielding constant of Kr, the structure of KrClF, and the electric multipole moments of ClF.
Enumeration of bacterial and yeast colonists of apple fruits and identification of epiphytic yeasts on pear fruits in the Pacific Northwest United States.

Abstract A procedure for the isolation of diverse culturable microflora for the estimation of the population size of yeasts and bacteria on the surface of pome fruits is described. Maximum numbers of morpholgically distinct colonies of both yeasts and bacteria were recovered from apple fruit surfaces when fruits were shaken for 5 min in sterile phosphate buffer plus tween, sonicated for 5 min, and aliquots of the buffer plated onto diluted yeast malt agar and diluted nutrient broth agar, respectively. The yeast and bacterial populations on the surface of unsprayed Golden Delicious apple fruits were approximately 8.0 × 10 3 and 9.5 × 10 4 colony forming units (cfu) per cm 2 , respectively. The densities of yeasts on the surface of pear fruits collected from Yakima, Wa, Cascade Locks, Medford, and Hood River, OR, were approximately 7.3 × 10 3 , 6.4 × 10 3 , 4.1 × 10 3 , and 9.9 × 10 2 cfu · cm -2 , respectively. The highest number of morphologically different yeast isolates were recovered from pear fruits from Cascade Locks and Hood River, Oregon and Yakima, Washington. Aureobasidiumpullulans was present on fruits in all pear orchards sampled whereas Cryptococcus albidus and Rhodotorula glutinis were isolated from 80% of the orchards. Other yeasts colonizing pear fruit surfaces in 20–60% of the orchards were Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodotorula aurantiaca, R. fujisanensis, R. minuta and Sporobolomyces roseus .
Diffusion-tensor imaging of white matter tracts in patients with cerebral neoplasm.

Object. Preserving vital cerebral function while maximizing tumor resection is a principal goal in surgical neurooncology. Although functional magnetic resonance imaging has been useful in the localization of eloquent cerebral cortex, this method does not provide information about the white matter tracts that may be involved in invasive, intrinsic brain tumors. Recently, diffusion-tensor (DT) imaging techniques have been used to map white matter tracts in the normal brain. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of DT imaging in preoperative mapping of white matter tracts in relation to cerebral neoplasms. Methods. Nine patients with brain malignancies (one pilocytic astrocytoma, five oligodendrogliomas, one low-grade oligoastrocytoma, one Grade 4 astrocytoma, and one metastatic adenocarcinoma) underwent DT imaging examinations prior to tumor excision. Anatomical information about white matter tract location, orientation, and projections was obtained in every patient. Depending on the tumor type...
Colonialism and ethnogenesis: A study of Kerala, India

Although pre-colonial Kerala was socially stratified, society was organized into a system of interdependent castes and religious groups, each with a particular social, economic, and ritual role and position in the larger order. My argument is that over the period of colonialism, the global and systemic character of the social structure and most of the earlier ties of dependency that bound the groups together were dissolved, and each of the units of the system began to develop autonomous ethnic identities. Ethnic formation was the consequence of the economic and political compulsions of colonial rule. I conceptualize the process of colonialism as having consisted of two phases with the concomitant social consequences being very different for each phase. In the first phase, existing social arrangements were harnessed to the exigencies of revenue generation and political control. In the process there was an increase in the exploitation of the lower strata and an empowerment of the elites. A combination of factors initiated the process of ethnicization among the laboring groups and among the displaced elites. In the second, capitalistic phase, the compulsions of a market economy and a moder state necessitated the overthrow of the traditional stratification system. The displacement of groups from their socioeconomic niches, together with the introduction of new resources into the society, carried forward the process of ethnic formation and mobilization.
Hindered Diffusion through an Aqueous Pore Describes Invariant Dye Selectivity of Cx43 Junctions

The permselectivity (permeance/conductance) of Cx43-comprised gap junctions is a variable parameter of junctional function. To ascertain whether this variability in junctional permselectivity is explained by heterogeneous charge or size selectivity of the comprising channels, the permeance of individual Cx43 gap junctions to combinations of two dyes differing in either size or charge was determined in four cell types: Rin43, NRKe, HeLa43, and cardiac myocytes. The results show that Cx43 junctions are size- but not charge-selective and that both selectivities are constant parameters of junctional function. The consistency of dye selectivities indicates that the large continuum of measured junctional permselectivities cannot be ascribed to an equivalent continuum of individual channel selectivities. Further, the relative dye permeance sequence of NBD-M-TMA approximately Alexa 350 > Lucifer yellow > Alexa 488 >> Alexa 594 (Stokes radii of 4.3 A, 4.4 A, 4.9 A, 5.8 A, and 7.4 A, respectively) and the conductance sequence of KCl > TEACl approximately Kglutamate are well described by hindered diffusion through an aqueous pore with radius approximately 10 A and length 160 A. The permselectivity and dye selectivity data suggest the variable presence in Cx43-comprised junctions of conductive channels that are either dye-impermeable or dye-permeable.
Positional behavior in the Hominoidea

Quantitative studies on the positional behavior of members of the Hominoidea are compared in order (1) to identify consistencies across the superfamily, (2) to contrast ape positional behavior with that of Old World monkeys (forest-livingPapio anubis were chosen for study to reduce body size effects), and (3) to identify distinctive behaviors in each of the ape taxa. Differences in the way behaviors were sampled in the various studies necessitated considering posture and locomotion separately. Unimanual arm-hanging and vertical climbing were the most distinctive shared postural and locomotor modes among the apes (the gorilla excepted), constituting ≥5.0% and ≥4.9% of all behavior in each species. Arm-hanging and brachiation (sensu stricto) frequencies were the highest by far in hylobatids. Hand-foot hanging, bipedal posture, and clambering, an orthograde suspensory locomotion assisted by the hindlimbs, were more common in orangutans than in any other hominoid. Sitting and walking were observed in the highest frequencies in the African apes but were no more common than in the baboon. Relatively high frequencies of brachiation (sensu stricto) were reported for all apes except chimpanzees and gorillas. Brachiation and arm-hanging were kinematically different in apes and baboons, involving complete humeral abduction only in the former, whereas vertical climbing appeared to be kinematically similar in apes and baboons. It is concluded that the morphological specializations of the apes may be adaptations to (1) the unique physical demands of arm-hanging and (2) less kinematically distinct, but still quantitatively significant, frequencies of vertical climbing.
Prevalence and correlates of handgun access among adolescents seeking care in an urban emergency department.

Abstract Objective To determine prevalence and correlates of handgun access among adolescents seeking care in an urban Emergency Department (ED) in order to inform future injury prevention strategies. Methods In this observational cross-sectional study performed in the ED of a large urban hospital, 14- to 18-year-old adolescents completed a computerized survey of risk behaviors. Adolescents seeking ED care (for injury or medical complaint) were approached seven days a week over a 22-month period. Validated measures included measures of demographics, sexual activity, substance use, injury, violent behavior, and handgun access. A logistic regression model predicting handgun access was performed. Results A total of 3050 adolescents completed the survey (44% male, 58.9% African-American), with 417 (12%) refusing to participate. One-third of the sample ( n = 1003) reported access to a handgun, and of those 54% were males ( n = 542). Logistic regression results indicated that older age (AOR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.30–1.94), African-American race (AOR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.11–1.61), male gender (AOR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.66–2.37), and being employed (AOR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.11–1.65), as well as seeking ED care for a medical complaint as compared to intentional injury (AOR: 1.69; 95% CI 1.62–2.50) predicted handgun access. Binge drinking (AOR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.37–2.27), marijuana use (AOR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.58–2.36), sexual activity (AOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.32–2.02), prior injury by a gun (AOR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.32–2.46), serious physical violence (AOR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13–1.66) and group fighting (AOR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.68–2.56) also predicted access. Conclusions High rates of handgun access were evident among adolescents presenting in an inner city ED, including those seeking care for non-injury related reasons. Adolescents with access to handguns were more likely to report risk behaviors and past injury, providing clinicians with an opportunity for injury prevention initiatives.
Correction for truncation in coupled-channels optical potentials

Coupled-channel calculations using uniform optical parameters are compared for rotational and harmonic vibrator sequences of states, truncating all states of the sequence above a certain nuclear energy level. It is found that the inelastic cross section for the highest included state is somewhat larger than a coupled-channel calculation which includes the next state of the sequence. This effect is due to the absence of the absorption taking place through the truncated state. Except at very low bombarding energies, the cross sections for lower states in the sequence are virtually unaffected by the truncation. Approximate formulas are presented and tested for correcting the optical potential of the highest included state. Good agreement is obtained with coupled-channel calculations that include these higher states explicitly. Application is made to the problem of obtaining inelastic deformation parameters {beta} with distorted-wave Born approximation and with different coupling schemes.
Search for the photoproduction of the η0-Meson

An attempt has been made to detect the photoproduction of the η0 by observation of recoil protons at fixed momentum and angle from the reaction γ+p→+p+η0. The yield as a function of bremsstrahlung peak energy should exhibit an abrupt increase as the incident peak energy becomes sufficient to produce the η0 in coincidence with the observed recoil proton. Measurements were made every 25 MeV with 1% accuracy from below the single-pion threshold to about 1100 MeV at a 35° proton angle and at three proton momenta (420, 550 and 638 MeV/c). No steps in the excitation function were seen; in particular, a statistical analysis sets upper limits of about 0.5 μb/sr at each of the three proton momenta for the photoproduction of a mass 550 MeV particle. The over-all shapes of the curves (apart from the single-pion production) are consistent with the phase space for double-pion production.