cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acid-mediated isolation of individually dispersed SWCNTs from electrostatically tethered nanoplatelet dispersants

Individually dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in aqueous solution were isolated from electrostatically tethered α-zirconium phosphate nanoplatelet dispersants by precipitating the nanoplatelets with an acid. By using an appropriate amount of acid along with either anionic or nonionic surfactants, about 80% of exfoliated, purified SWCNTs can be retrieved and stabilized in aqueous solution; the separated nanoplatelets can also be recycled. In comparison with nonionic surfactants, certain types of anionic surfactants can facilitate the separation between the nanoplatelets and SWCNTs, while others could retard the separation. The above acid separation approach is highly versatile and the isolated SWCNTs can be subsequently processed to remove surfactants, to introduce functionality, or to achieve effective sorting of SWCNTs for various sensor, microelectronic device, and composite applications.
International accreditation and brain drain: A simple model

Abstract Assume that there are two types of knowledge, global and local. This paper considers a university in a developing country that allocates finite education resources to the delivery of these two types of knowledge. We provide the optimal resource allocation that maximizes social welfare. We show that, by imposing a minimum resource allocation to global knowledge instruction, international accreditation may exacerbate the brain drain problem.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with motor neuron disease-type inclusions predominates in 76 cases of frontotemporal degeneration.

This report presents the largest series of consecutive, neuropathologically confirmed cases of frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). Prior studies have found dementia lacking distinctive histology (DLDH) to be the most common pathology underlying the clinical diagnosis of FTD. In this series of 76 cases, 29 (38%) were found to have frontotemporal lobar degeneration with motor neuron disease-type inclusions (FTLD-MND-type) or FTLD-MND (with ALS), the most common neuropathological classification in our series. Only eight (11%) were classified as Pick’s disease. Several cases originally designated as DLDH could be reclassified as FTLD-MND-type based on current recommendations for classification of FTD.
Zebrafish foxi one modulates cellular responses to Fgf signaling required for the integrity of ear and jaw patterning.

We identified four insertional alleles of foxi one ( foo ), an embryonic lethal mutation in zebrafish that displays defects in both otic placode and the jaw. In foo/foo embryos the otic placode is split into two smaller placodes and mutant embryos show a dorsoventral (DV) cartilage defect manifested as a reduced hyomandibular and reduced third and fourth branchial arches. We identified foxi one ( foo ), the zebrafish ortholog of Foxi1 (FREAC6, FKHL10, HFH-3, Fkh10) and a member of the forkhead domain transcriptional regulator family, as the gene mutated in foo/foo embryos. foo is expressed in otic placode precursor cells, and foo/foo embryos lack placodal pax8 expression and have disorganized otic expression of pax2.1 and dlx3 . Third stream neural crest cell migration, detected by dlx2 and krox20 expression, is aberrant in that it invades the otic placode territory. foo is expressed in pharyngeal pouch endoderm and is required for pouch expression of pax8 and proper patterning of other markers in the pouch such as nkx2.3 . In foo/foo embryos, we observed a failure to maintain fgf3 expression in the pouches, followed by apoptosis of neural crest cells in adjacent arches. We conclude that foo expression is essential for pax8 expression probably downstream of Fgf signaling in a conserved pathway jointly required for integrity of patterning in the otic placode and pharyngeal pouches. We propose that correct placement of survival/proliferation cues is essential for shaping the pharyngeal cartilages and that evolutionary links between jaw and ear formation can be traced to Fgf-Foxi1-Pax8 pathways.
Pigmentation phenotypes of variant extension locus alleles result from point mutations that alter MSH receptor function

Abstract Coat colors in the chestnut horse, the yellow Labrador retriever, the red fox, and one type of yellow mouse are due to recessive alleles at the extension locus. Similarly, dominant alleles at this locus are often responsible for dark coat colors in mammals, such as the melanic form of the leopard, Panthera pardus. We show here that the murine extension locus encodes the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor. In mice, the recessive yellow allele ( e ) results from a frameshift that produces a prematurely terminated, nonfunctioning receptor. The sombre ( E so and E so−3J ) and tobacco darkening ( E tob ) alleles, which both have dominant melanizing effects, result from point mutations that produce hyperactive MSH receptors. The E so−3J receptor is constitutively activated, while the E tob receptor remains hormone responsive and produces a greater activation of its effector, adenylyl cyclase, than does the wild-type allele.
Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock or inhibition of heat shock proteins is mediated by non-muscle myosin IIA via its interaction with glycosyltransferases

The Golgi apparatus is a highly dynamic organelle which frequently undergoes morphological changes in certain normal physiological processes or in response to stress. The mechanisms are largely not known. We have found that heat shock of Panc1 cells expressing core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-M (Panc1-C2GnT-M) induces Golgi disorganization by increasing non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA)–C2GnT-M complexes and polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of C2GnT-M. These effects are prevented by inhibition or knockdown of NMIIA. Also, the speed of Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock is found to be positively correlated with the levels of C2GnT-M in the Golgi. The results are reproduced in LNCaP cells expressing high levels of two endogenous glycosyltransferases—core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-L:1 and β-galactoside:α2-3 sialyltransferase 1. Further, during recovery after heat shock, Golgi reassembly as monitored by a Golgi matrix protein giantin precedes the return of C2GnT-M to the Golgi. The results are consistent with the roles of giantin as a building block of the Golgi architecture and a docking site for transport vesicles carrying glycosyltransferases. In addition, inhibition/depletion of HSP70 or HSP90 in Panc1-C2GnT-M cells also causes an increase of NMIIA–C2GnT-M complexes and NMIIA-mediated Golgi fragmentation but results in accumulation or degradation of C2GnT-M, respectively. These results can be explained by the known functions of these two HSP: participation of HSP90 in protein folding and HSP70 in protein folding and degradation. We conclude that NMIIA is the master regulator of Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock or inhibition/depletion of HSP70/90.
A Multigrid Wave Forecasting Model: A New Paradigm in Operational Wave Forecasting

AbstractA new operational wave forecasting system has been implemented at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) using the third public release of WAVEWATCH III. The new system uses a mosaic of grids with two-way nesting in a single model. This global system replaces a previous operational wave modeling suite (based on the second release of WAVEWATCH III). The new forecast system consists of nine grids at different resolutions to provide the National Weather Service (NWS) and NCEP centers with model guidance of suitable resolution for all areas where they have the responsibility of providing gridded forecast products. New features introduced in WAVEWATCH III, such as two-way nesting between grids and carving out selected areas of the computational domain, have allowed the operational model to increase spatial resolution and extend the global domain closer to the North Pole, while at the same time optimizing the computational cost. A spectral partitioning algorithm has been implemented to...
Association of class I histone deacetylases with transcriptional corepressor CtBP

The C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) family proteins are transcriptional regulators that are conserved from worm to human. They function as corepressors of a wide array of DNA-binding transcriptional repressors. The mammalian CtBPs appear to mediate transcriptional repression in a histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent or -independent manner, depending on the context of the promoter. To identify the components of the CtBP corepressor complex, we isolated CtBP-containing protein complexes from the nuclear extracts prepared from HeLa cells infected with adenovirus vectors that expresses hCtBP1. Western blot analysis of these complexes suggests that hCtBP1 associates with class I HDACs, HDAC-1, HDAC-2 and HDAC-3. Some of these HDACs also interact with the Drosophila CtBP homolog, dCtBP. The CtBP protein complex exhibits significant HDAC activity in vitro suggesting that association of CtBP with HDACs may be functionally relevant.
Health Care Costs in End-of-Life and Palliative Care: The Quest for Ethical Reform

Health reform in the United States must address both access to medical services and universal insurance coverage, as well as health care cost containment. Uncontrolled health care costs will undermine improvements in access and coverage in the long-run, and will also be detrimental to other important social programs and goals. Accordingly, the authors offer an ethical perspective on health care cost control in the context of end-of-life and palliative care, an area considered by many to be a principal candidate for cost containment. However, the policy and ethical challenges may be more difficult in end-of-life care than in other areas of medicine. Here we discuss barriers to developing high quality, cost effective, and beneficial end-of-life care, and barriers to maintaining a system of decision making that respects the wishes and values of dying patients, their families, and caregivers. The authors also consider improvements in present policy and practice-such as increased timely access and referral to hospice and palliative care; improved organizational incentives and cultural attitudes to reduce the use of ineffective treatments; and improved communication among health professionals, patients, and families in the end-of-life care planning and decision-making process.
Three-dimensional scalar field theory model of center vortices and its relation to k-string tensions

In $d=3$ $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{U}(N)$ gauge theory, we study a scalar-field theory model of center vortices, and their monopolelike companions called nexuses, that furnishes an approach to the determination of so-called $k$-string tensions. This model is constructed from stringlike quantum solitons introduced previously, and exploits the well-known relation between string partition functions and scalar-field theories in $d=3$. A basic feature of the model is that center vortices corresponding to magnetic flux $J$ (in units of $2\ensuremath{\pi}/N$) are composites of $J$ elementary $J=1$ constituent vortices that come in $N\ensuremath{-}1$ types, with repulsion between like constituents and attraction between unlike constituents. The scalar-field theory is of a somewhat unusual type, involving $N$ scalar fields ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{i}$ (one of which is eliminated) that can merge, dissociate, and recombine while conserving flux $\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}N$. The properties of these fields are deduced directly from the corresponding gauge-theory quantum solitons. Every vacuum Feynman graph of the theory corresponds to a real-space configuration of center vortices. We use qualitative features of this theory based on the vortex action to study the problem of $k$-string tensions (explicitly at large $N$, although large $N$ is in no way a restriction on the model in general), whose solution is far from obvious in center-vortex language. We construct a simplified dynamical picture of constituent-vortex merging, dissociation, and recombination, which allows in principle for the determination of vortex areal densities and $k$-string tensions. This picture involves pointlike molecules made of constituent atoms in $d=2$ which combine and disassociate dynamically. These molecules and atoms are cross sections of vortices piercing a test plane; the vortices evolve in a Euclidean ``time'' which is the location of the test plane along an axis perpendicular to the plane. A simple approximation to the molecular dynamics is compatible with $k$-string tensions that are linear in $k$ for $k\ensuremath{\ll}N$, as naively expected.
Validity of the pediatric inpatient behavior scale in an inpatient psychiatric setting.

Standardized assessment of children's behavior during psychiatric hospitalization is increasingly important for evaluation, chart documentation, treatment planning, and outcome monitoring, yet little research has been done to validate the use of behavior checklists developed specifically to assess in-hospital behavior. The Pediatric Inpatient Behavior Scale (PIBS) was evaluated for its validity as a measure of behavior of children hospitalized on a psychiatric unit. Nurses completed the PIBS for 41 children, based on behavior observed during the first week of hospitalization. DSM-IV diagnoses and major symptoms were coded based on chart review, and children completed self-report measures of depression and anxiety. The Pediatric Inpatient Behavior Scale subscale scores were related significantly to diagnosis, as well as to major symptoms, correctly classifying 75 to 85% of cases. The Pediatric Inpatient Behavior Scale subscale scores also significantly correlated with self-reported symptoms of depression, but not symptoms of state anxiety. Results support the use of the PIBS as a behavioral instrument for hospitalized children with severe psychopathology.
Amelogenin Supramolecular Assembly in Nanospheres Defined by a Complex Helix-Coil-PPII Helix 3D-Structure

Tooth enamel, the hardest material in the human body, is formed within a self-assembled matrix consisting mostly of amelogenin proteins. Here we have determined the complete mouse amelogenin structure under physiological conditions and defined interactions between individual domains. NMR spectroscopy revealed four major amelogenin structural motifs, including an N-terminal assembly of four α-helical segments (S9-V19, T21-P33, Y39-W45, V53-Q56), an elongated random coil region interrupted by two 310 helices (∼P60-Q117), an extended proline-rich PPII-helical region (P118-L165), and a charged hydrophilic C-terminus (L165-D180). HSQC experiments demonstrated ipsilateral interactions between terminal domains of individual amelogenin molecules, i.e. N-terminal interactions with corresponding N-termini and C-terminal interactions with corresponding C-termini, while the central random coil domain did not engage in interactions. Our HSQC spectra of the full-length amelogenin central domain region completely overlapped with spectra of the monomeric Amel-M fragment, suggesting that the central amelogenin coil region did not involve in assembly, even in assembled nanospheres. This finding was confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation experiments. We conclude that under conditions resembling those found in the developing enamel protein matrix, amelogenin molecules form complex 3D-structures with N-terminal α-helix-like segments and C-terminal PPII-helices, which self-assemble through ipsilateral interactions at the N-terminus of the molecule.
Cd2+-induced c-myc mRNA accumulation in NRK-49F cells is blocked by the protein kinase inhibitor H7 but not by HA1004, indicating that protein kinase C is a mediator of the response

Cd2+ is a toxic cation that, at sublethal and marginally lethal levels, modifies cell growth and metabolism. Cd2+ exposure of NRK-49F cells results in inhibition of early EGF-induced DNA synthesis, but induction of delayed DNA synthesis; in stimulation of anchorage independent growth; in accumulation of specific oncogene mRNAs; and in an hypertrophic response. Determining whether specific signal transduction pathways (STPs) are involved in specific gene deregulation by cadmium in NRK-49F cells is important to defining possible mechanisms by which Cd2+ elicits these physiological responses. In this study it is shown that Cd2+ induces delayed myc (8-10 h) and jun (12 h) mRNA accumulation, as well as both early (0.5-1 h) and late (12 h) fos but not TGF beta mRNA accumulation. The times of appearance of Cd(2+)-induced c-fos, c-myc and c-jun expression are dose dependent. The Cd2+ induced accumulation of these specific mRNAs is insensitive to cycloheximide and therefore not due to preinduction of TGF beta or other gene-activating growth factors, but rather to direct induction of oncogene expression and/or mRNA stabilization. Accumulation of c-myc mRNA is shown further to be inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor H7 but not HA1004, indicating a role for one or more protein kinases C in the STPs by which Cd2+ induces oncogene expression. Thapsigargin, a compound which stimulates increased cytosolic [Ca2+], induces c-myc expression also by an H7 sensitive, HA1004 insensitive pathway. These results suggest that Cd2+ acts through one or more defined signal transduction pathways involving specific protein kinases C to induce the accumulation of c-fos, c-myc and c-jun messenger RNAs.
FP Prostanoid Receptor Activation of a T-cell Factor/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

FP prostanoid receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that consist of two known isoforms, FPA and FPB. These isoforms, which are generated by alternative mRNA splicing, are identical except for their carboxyl-terminal domains. Previously we have shown that stimulation of both isoforms with prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) activates the small G-protein Rho, leading to morphological changes consisting of cell rounding and the formation of cell aggregates. Following the removal of PGF2α, however, FPA-expressing cells show rapid reversal of cell rounding, whereas FPB-expressing cells do not. We now show that acute treatment of FPB-expressing cells with PGF2αleads to a subcellular reorganization of β-catenin, a decrease in the phosphorylation of cytoplasmic β-catenin, and persistent stimulation of Tcf/Lef-mediated transcriptional activation. This does not occur in FPA-expressing cells and may underlie the differences between these isoforms with respect to the reversal of cell rounding. The Tcf/β-catenin signaling pathway is known to mediate the actions of Wnt acting through the heptahelical receptor, Frizzled, and has not been associated previously with GPCR activation. Our findings expand the signaling possibilities for GPCRs and suggest novel roles for FP receptors in normal tissue development and malignant transformation.
Abstract CN04-01: New drugs for the chemoprevention of experimental breast cancer

Tamoxifen, raloxifene and exemestane are all effective for prevention of estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer in women. Despite these significant advances, novel drugs are needed for the chemoprevention of estrogen-receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer, especially for women with hereditary breast cancers who frequently harbor BRCA (breast cancer-associated gene) mutations. Currently, “watchful waiting” or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy is offered to these patients, although these high risk women are ideal candidates for an effective, safe chemopreventive regimen. Two relevant mouse models were used to study drugs that are used to treat human breast cancer or drugs with known chemopreventive activity in other animal models. When conditional knockout (co) of BRCA1 is coupled with a mutation in p53, Brca1Co/Co;MMTV-Cre;p53+/− mice develop ER− mammary tumors within 6–10 months of age. In the PyMT mouse model, the polyomamiddle T oncoprotein drives carcinogenesis by inducing significant infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). The efficacy of synthetic triterpenoids, rexinoids, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and PARP (Poly ADP ribose polymerase) inhibitors as well as potential biomarkers and mechanisms for these drugs will be discussed. Supported by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and Komen for the Cure Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):CN04-01.
Accurate Pressure Gradient Calculations in Hydrostatic Atmospheric Models

Most models of atmospheric flow which use the primitive equations require a diagnostic equation to determine local total pressure. In hydrostatic models, this equation is the vertically integrated hydrostatic equation. A frequently used approximation to this integration is to hold the temperature constant within model layers yielding a linear proportionality between Op or Mir (Exner’s function) and Az. This procedure yields static pressures with errors on the order of 10−3mb.
Electron Transfer Reactions of Hydrophobic Metallocenes with Aqueous Redox Couples at Liquid−Liquid Interfaces. 1. Solvent, Electrolyte, Partitioning, and Thermodynamic Issues

Electron transfer reactions of the form, ML63+(w) + Rn-FER(o) → ML62+(w) + RnFER+(o), where ML63+,2+(w) are hydrophilic aquo or amine transition metal based redox couples and RnFER+,0(o) are hydrophobic alkyl−ferrocence redox couples, can occur at the interface between aqueous (w) and immiscible organic (o) phases. The hydroxymethylferrocene+,0 couple was used as an internal standard in order to compare the formal reduction potentials for a variety of aqueous couples with reduction potentials for the ferrocene couples in organic solvents with dielectric constants ranging from 9 to 35. The ability of various electrolytes to provide adequate conductivity in aqueous/organic phases, without inducing partitioning of alkylferricenium cations into the aqueous phase, was examined. The single electrolyte tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate and the electrolyte consisting of potential determining ions tetrapropylammonium bromide/tetrapropylammonium tetraphenylborate were found to be generally suitable in these resp...
Prognosis of acute compressive radial neuropathy

Introduction: Small published case series sug- gest that compressive radial neuropathy is often a self-limited phenomenon with a favorable prognosis. Due to paucity of data, we sought to clearly define prognosis. Methods: To define clini- cal and electrodiagnostic features in this condition, we retro- spectively reviewed consecutive cases of compressive radial neuropathy confirmed using electrodiagnostic studies at a large tertiary center over a 10-year period. Results: A total of 51 patients (26 men, 25 women, mean age 46 years 6 15; range, 19-83 years) with compressive radial neuropathy were identi- fied and reviewed. All patients in whom clinical follow-up was available (23 (45%) of the 51 patients identified) experienced complete recovery. Mean duration from onset to resolution of symptoms was 3.4 months. Conclusions: Our results support a good prognosis in essentially all patients with acute compres- sive radial neuropathies. This report provides valuable informa- tion to assist in counseling patients who may present with profound clinical deficits. Muscle Nerve 45: 893-894, 2012
Soft X-ray/extreme ultraviolet images of the solar atmosphere with normal incidence multilayer optics

High-resolution images of the sun in the soft-X-ray/XUV range have been obtained with normal-incidence multilayer coated optics (MCOs) during a sounding-rocket flight on October 23, 1987 from White Sands. MCOs were used in two Cassegrain telescopes, as off-axis primary mirrors, and as tertiary mirrors operating with a Wolter-Schwarzschild (WS) grazing-incidence mirror. The inherent energy-selective property of MCOs allowed distinct groups of emission lines to be isolated in the solar corona and the transition region. Images were recorded at 173 and 256 A with the Cassegrain telescopes, at 256 A with a Herschelian telescope, and at 44, 173, and 256 A with the WS hybrid telescope. In addition, soft-X-ray images in the 8-18-A bandpass were obtained at the prime focus of the WS optics. The images show many features of the solar corona and transition region, including magnetically confined loops of hot solar plasma, coronal plumes, polar coronal holes, supergranulation, and features associated with overlying cool prominences.
Reduction of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, apolipoprotein D and the Lp(a) lipoprotein with the anabolic steroid stanozolol.

The effects of the anabolic steroid Stanozoloi (17-methyl-2H-5α-androst-2-eno-(3,2-c)pyrazol-17β-o1) on lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, apolipoproteins B and D and the Lp(a) lipoprotein were determined in a prospective study of ten normolipidemic women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase was reduced approx. 30% by 6 weeks of treatment with Stanozoloi (off treatment 5.1 ± 1.2, on treatment 3.4 ± 0.8 μml; P < 0.02). The Lp(a) lipoprotein was reduced 65 ± 23% by the steroid treatment (off treatment 5.5 ± 5.5, on treatment 1.4 ± 0.7 mg/dl; P < 0.02). Apolipoprotein D was reduced 23 ± 9% by the treatment (off treatment 5.9 ± 0.9, on treatment 4.5 ± 0.7 mg/dl; P < 0.02). In contrast, apolipoprotein B increased slightly but insignificantly on steroid therapy (off treatment 90 ± 21, on treatment 112 ± 24 mg/dl). By 5 weeks after the drug was discontinued, all four of these proteins were near pretreatment levels. These significant changes in lipoprotein metabolism, combined with our previous report of reductions of HDL and particularly HDL2, suggest the need for caution in the long-term use of anabolic steroids.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity in panic disorder: Relationship to plasma catecholamine metabolites

We evaluated HPA activity(i.e. plasma ACTH and cortisol) and selective indices of catecholamninergic(i.e. plasma levels MHPG and HVA) function in panic disorders patients and normal control subjects
New Data on Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Saudi Arabia

67/369 male Saudi subjects (18%) were found to be G6PD deficient on screening, and electrophoresis of blood samples stored on filter paper strips revealed B-like variants with intermediate enzyme acti
Self-Regulation in Early Adolescence: Relations with Mother–Son Relationship Quality and Maternal Regulatory Support and Antagonism

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine relations among maternal regulatory support, maternal antagonism, and mother–son relationship quality in relation to boys’ self-regulation during early adolescence. As part of a larger longitudinal study on 263 low-income, ethnically diverse boys, multiple informants and methods were used to examine associations among parenting practices and mother–son relationship quality in relation to boys’ self-regulation at ages 10 and 11. Multivariate analyses indicated that high levels of regulatory supportive parenting and relationship quality and low levels of antagonistic parenting independently predicted high levels of boys’ self-regulation at age 10. Only antagonistic parenting and relationship quality explained variance in levels of boys’ self-regulation at age 11 after accounting for prior self-regulation. The findings suggest that parenting and the context of the parent–child relationship are linked to self-regulation during early adolescence; however, it appears that parental antagonism and relationship quality, not maternal regulatory supportive parenting, contribute to rank-order change in self-regulation abilities. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.
Fluorine-supported flames ignited by a pulsed CO2 laser

Abstract The chemistry accompanying pulsed CO 2 laser irradiation of fuel—SF 6 mixtures was examined using time-integrated visible emission spectroscopy and analysis of the IR absorption spectra of end products. Under suitable conditions of laser energy, gas pressure, mixture ratio and cell geometry, the visible luminescence exhibits characteristics of fluorine-supported flames. Similar emission has been observed in irradiated fuel—S 2 F 10 mixtures. An analysis of ignition delay versus absorbed laser energy is presented for CH 4 SF 6 mixtures; it accounts for fluence-dependent absorption by these mixtures and models the effects of hydrodynamic motion on the initial pressure, density and temperature profiles in the samples using a computer code for two-dimensional wave propagation. Many of the IR absorption data are consistent with a reaction mechanism involving the formation of small hydrocarbon intermediates followed by efficient hydrogen abstraction to generate end products such as CS 2 , CF 4 and C 2 F 4 . Mechanisms for reaction initiation are discussed.
Confucianism, Democracy, and the Virtue of Deference

Some democratic theorists have argued that contemporary people should practice only a civility that recognizes others as equal persons, and eschew any form of deference to authority as a feudalistic cultural holdover that ought to be abandoned in the modern era. Against such views, this essay engages early Confucian views of ethics and society, including their analyses of different sorts of authority and status, in order to argue that, properly understood, deference is indeed a virtue of considerable importance for contemporary democratic societies and the citizens who constitute them.
Biological, psychological and behavioral, and social variables influencing colorectal cancer screening in African Americans.

Background Provider recommendation of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is an important predictor of screening in African Americans. Little is known about influences of screening in African Americans without provider recommendations. Objectives The objectives of this study were to test, using the biopsychosocial (BPS) model, the relative predictive strength for screening of variables grouped into biological, psychological and behavioral, and social system factors and to compare CRC screening predictors in African Americans with and without provider recommendations. Methods Secondary analysis of the 2002 Maryland Cancer Survey data was done using (a) hierarchical logistic regression to examine the relative influence of factors on screening and (b) simultaneous logistic regression to examine predictors of screening in individuals with and without provider recommendations to screen. Factors included biological (age and gender), psychological and behavioral (mammogram, prostate specific antigen, body mass index, activity level, fruit and vegetable consumption, alcohol, smoking, and cancer perceptions), and social system (education, employment, insurance, and healthcare provider access). Results The social system factor influenced CRC screening in the overall sample (n = 492). In African Americans with provider recommendations (n = 337), the very active were 2.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-5.28) times more likely to screen than were less active. Insured were 3.25 (95% CI = 1.14-9.31) times more likely to screen than were uninsured. In African Americans without provider recommendations (n = 155), 65- to 69-year-olds were 9.99 (95% CI = 2.31-43.32) times more likely to screen than were those 50- to 54-year-olds without screening. Discussion The BPS model confirms social system factor strength in influencing CRC screening in African Americans. Identifying other social system variables that enhance healthcare provider access is critical to increase provider visits, which will generate recommendations and subsequent CRC screening.
Productivity Perspectives in Management Development

“Productivity” has been the predominant managerial concern of the 1980s. Possible routes to high productivity are varied, but the present focus is on management development. The relationship between management development and productivity improvement offers many challenges. Answering these challenges lies with all those who advocate, design and implement managerial development programmes. This issue offers insights on how to facilitate productivity through effective management development that is both knowledge and behaviour oriented.
Magnetic field dependence of the effective permittivity in multiferroic composites

A sensitive tuning of dielectric properties under the application of magnetic field in Fe74.4Co21.6Si0.5B3.3Mn0.1C0.1/0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 multiferroic composites is presented. We demonstrate large variations of the effective permittivity at resonance region under extremely low magnetic field of 4 Oe near room temperature. The tuning of the maximum dielectric permittivity at resonance and the corresponding frequency was systematically studied. We suggest that the magnetic dependence of the effective permittivity is consistent with a strain-mediated magnetic-elasto-dielectric effect. Our results suggest a route towards future applications of the dielectric properties tuning effect in advanced devices.
Low-temperature nitriding of stainless steel in an electron beam generated plasma

Abstract An electron beam generated plasma processing system was characterized with in situ diagnostics and employed for a series of low energy (350 eV) stainless steel nitriding experiments in the temperature range of 325–462 °C. Plasma characterization yielded quantitative ion specie fluxes to the stainless steel workpiece in an argon–nitrogen plasma, with a significant fraction of the flux comprised of N + ions. The nitriding rates were as high as 20 μm h −1/2 with surface layers exhibiting hardness values of approximately 15.5 GPa for specimens processed at all temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed nitrogen concentrations of approximately 30 at.% in all samples processed below 460 °C. The process activation energy was comparable to that in nitriding systems with higher ion fluxes, suggesting favorable plasma chemistry with respect to plasma nitriding applications.
31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) identification of sugar phosphates in isolated rat ovarian follicular granulosa cells and the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone.

Abstract Immature female rats (23–30 days old) were implanted subcutaneously with diethylstilbestrol (DES) in silastic capsules. After 48 h their ovaries were removed and the granulosa cells isolated (Foreman et al. (1984) Life Sci. 35, 1273–1279). The cells were incubated in Hepes balanced saline buffer with substrates with or without follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). At the end of incubation perchloric acid extracts were made for 31P NMR spectroscopy. The resonances of fructose 1-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, and ribose 5-phosphate were identified in the granulosa cell extracts. The relative intensities of fructose 6-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate decreased after incubation with FSH in vitro. This suggests that FSH increases the activity of the pentose pathway within 1 h. Thus, FSH can acutely activate those metabolic pathways which provide nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to be used in steroid synthesis and cholesterol mobilization.
Hyperfine Coupling in Colloidal n-Type ZnO Quantum Dots: Effects on Electron Spin Relaxation

Electron spin relaxation dynamics in colloidal ZnO quantum dots containing additional delocalized conduction band electrons (n-type) have been studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Variation of the 67Zn (I = 5/2) nuclear isotope content within the quantum dots allows the effects of the electron−nuclear hyperfine interaction on spin−spin and spin−lattice relaxation dynamics to be explored. Long room-temperature spin−spin relaxation times of T2 = 87 ns are observed in ZnO quantum dots almost completely depleted of 67Zn.
Paper chromatography of monomer sugars using quaternary salts for identification.

Abstract A selective procedure has been developed for the identification of hexoses, sugar acids and lactones, sugar amines and 5-hexulosonic acid salts with the aid of a quaternary ammonium compound. When proflavin hydrochloride is complexed with the respective sugars, viewed under ultra-violet light, the monomers are identified by various RinF values and colors. The procedure is sensitive to 10 micrograms of sugar.
A focusing algorithm for high magnification cell imaging

Summary An algorithm to produce a uniformly focused image in digital acquisition of high magnification light microscopy images is presented. In very high magnification microscopic imaging the specimen surface cannot be considered ideally flat so that capturing a single image frame is usually not sufficient to capture an image that is focused everywhere. An image formation model for light microscopic images is presented, and based on this model an algorithm to construct a uniformly focused image is presented. The algorithm requires that multiple frames of the image at different focal planes be processed to combine their information to obtain an estimated of the desired image which is more completely focused than any of the individual frames. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is very effective in approximating the desired image in high magnification microscopic imaging and highly robust comparing to the gradient method.
Theoretical models for cooperative binding—III. positive and negative site-site cooperativity

Abstract A mathematical model is derived for the description of both positive and negative site-site cooperativity in ligand-macromolecule interactions using site-binding constants. The model is general in that it makes no assumptions regarding the ligand, macromolecule, or mechanism of interaction. Theoretical Scatchard plots obtained using the model are presented to illustrate the possible manifestations of site-site cooperativity.
Aversions to grape juice induced by apomorphine

To find if aversions could be conditioned to the unpalatable taste of grape juice, 12 rats of both sexes were trained to drink for 20 min a day, and, on 3 days, were given grape juice, followed immediately, or in 2 h, by apomorphine. Aversions were formed by all rats. Early injection produced stronger aversions, and sex appeared irrelevant.
Preparation and properties of YSiAlON glasses

Abstract YSiAlON glass batches as large as 100 g were made by melting in BN crucibles at temperatures from 1600 to 1650°C in N 2 at 200 kPa. Chemical analysis of the glasses showed that their N contents from 6·3 to 15 atomic % were unchanged by melting. Density, glass transition temperature, thermal diffusivity, elastic modulus, microhardness, and fracture toughness are all higher for these oxynitride glasses than for oxide glasses; and all tend to increase with increasing N content. Bend strengths up to 215 MPa were obtained for a glass containing 15 atomic % N, and strength-controlling defects, where identifiable, were metallic particles and porous regions.
The editor's roundtable: sudden cardiac death in athletes.

udden death in athletes is rare ( 300 deaths among 10 to 5 million participants in the USA each year). Its occurence, however, is invariably a highly publicized, public vent. The most common cause of sudden death in young thletes in the USA is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (33% f cases). Other causes are commotio cordis (20%), coroary artery anomalies (14%), left ventricular hypertrophy LVH) of indeterminate causation (8%), and myocarditis
An examination of the accuracy of some transcorrelated wavefunctions for the hydrogen molecule

The accuracy of a wavefunction obtained by the author using a transcorrelated procedure is determined using a numerical method. The investigation shows that the wavefunction is of about the same accuracy as the corresponding variational wavefunction. It is shown that a slight modification to the author's calculation gives a wavefunction which is more accurate than the variational wavefunction. None of the transcorrelated wavefunctions examined here is as accurate, however, as the 12-term wavefunction of Kolos and Roothaan.
Visual analysis: adding breadth to a computer graphics course

Visual Analysis adds breadth to a computer graphics course by teaching students to compare and contrast the visual effects of rendering algorithms. Using slides to teach visual analysis minimizes the amount of required lecture time, and the interactive tool TERA facilitates further study outside of class. Visual analysis enhances depth as well as breadth of knowledge, because students become familiar with an algorithm's visual effect before they implement it.
Association between urinary zinc excretion and lymphocyte dysfunction in patients with lung cancer

Abstract Patients with bronchogenic carcinoma often have low serum zinc concentrations and sometimes have markedly elevated renal zinc losses. Since normal zinc metabolism is critical for the proper function of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, the effect of zinc status on T cell phytohemagglutinin response and peripheral blood lymphocyte natural killer cell activity was studied in patients with lung cancer. Mean (± SEM) serum zinc concentration in 75 patients with cancer was 67.4 ± 2.2 μg/dl versus 96.0 ± 8.0 μg/dl for normal subjects. Patients with low serum zinc levels (less than 70 μg/dl) had significantly higher urine zinc excretion than patients with normal serum zinc levels (1,385 ± 240 μg per 24 hours versus 392 ± 107 μg per 24 hours) (p
Environmental dispute resolution and hazardous waste cleanups: A cautionary tale of policy implementation

New York State experimented with replacing their litigation-oriented system for achieving toxic dump site cleanup with one promising to lower transaction costs through alternative dispute resolution. The authors analysis of outcomes is informed by three generations of implementation work focusing on (1) the motivations and incentives shaping individual behavior, (2) the larger organizational and political factors associated with variation across cases, and (3) the generic properites of policy implements. This mosaic approach to explanation produces, they believe, a more lifelike picture of use to policy makers for understanding the dynamic and interrelated nature of their choices.
The effects of pre-existing grain boundary cavities on the creep rupture life of a copper-antimony alloy

Abstract 1. 1. The pre-creep and sintering technique was used to implant cavities onto grain boundaries of a CuSb alloy. The rupture times of this material were ten times longer than those of OFHC Cu after a similar treatment. This difference can be explained by the differences in grain size, cavity structure and creep rate. 2. 2. The creep conditions in this study fall in a range where both the creep properties of the material and interfacial self-diffusion contribute to cavity growth. The coupled diffusion and creep controlled cavity growth model can explain the rupture behavior of this material. 3. 3. The presence of Sb in Cu does not appear to influence the cavity growth mechanism except to slow the creep rate. 4. 4. The nucleation of new cavities during creep has not been eliminated by the implanted cavities. However, their influence on the rupture time is probably small.
Michael Sean Mahoney (1939-2008)

From 1988, when he published his first paper in the history of computing, until his death in 2008, Michael Sean Mahoney was one of the leading international figures in the history of computing. This biography focuses on Mahoney's contributions to computing history and how he came to study this topic. His research in other areas of the history of science and technology is covered here only to the extent that it helps to explain the context for his work in computer history.
Stochastic instability and Liapunov stability

The relationship between the deterministic stability of nonlinear ecological models and the properties of the stochastic model obtained by adding weak random perturbations is studied. It is shown that the expected escape time for the stochastic model from a bounded region with nonsingular boundary is determined by a Liapunov function for the nonlinear deterministic model. This connection between stochastic and deterministic models brings together various notions of persistence and vulnerability of ecosystems as defined for deterministically perturbed or randomly perturbed models.
Detection of multiple tumor suppressor genes for Syrian hamster fibrosarcomas by somatic cell hybridization.

Identification of tumor suppressor gene loci in rodent cell culture systems has relied upon the use of somatic cell hybridization studies. Although normal rodent fibroblasts are capable of suppressing the tumorigenicity of a variety of tumor cells, the lack of complementation in tumor cell × tumor cell hybrids has left the possibility that a single tumor suppressor gene may be responsible for tumor suppression in a particular rodent cell culture system. Using this same approach, we found no evidence for complementation resulting in suppression of the transformed phenotype when three viral oncogene-transformed Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell lines and one spontaneously transformed baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell line were fused to benzo[a]pyrene-transformed SHE cells (BP6T-M3). However, v-src oncogene-transformed cell line (srcT) × BP6T-M3 hybrids did demonstrate limited suppression of the transformed phenotype, suggesting at least two complementing tumor suppressor genes in this system. We were able to confirm and extend this finding using another experimental approach with preneoplastic hamster cell lines that are immortal in culture but nontumorigenic in nude mice. We propose that fusion of these preneoplastic cells to various tumor cells may reveal tumor suppressor genes not evident in the tumor cell × tumor cell complementation studies. Subclones of two nontumorigenic, immortal hamster cell lines, 10W and DES4, displayed differing abilities to suppress BP6T-M3 cells in somatic cell hybrids, as quantitated by the ability of the hybrid cells to form colonies in soft agar. With a panel of preneoplastic hamster cell × BP6T-M3 hybrids, a distinct pattern of suppression or expression of the transformed phenotype was observed. Marked differences in this pattern were seen when the same 10W and DES4 subclones were fused to other hamster fibrosarcoma cell lines, indicating different tumor suppressing activities of multiple tumor suppressor genes. Analysis of this data suggests that as few as three or as many as six different tumor suppressor genes may be active in the Syrian hamster embryo cell culture system. Thus, this system may provide a useful model for identifying and studying the effects and regulation of a number of different tumor suppressor genes for fibrosarcomas.
Garfinkel's recovery of themes in classical sociology

In order to derive functionalism from Durkheim and Weber, Parsons had to openly break with some twenty of their theoretical assertions. Express rejections of classical themes lie at the foundation of functionalist sociology. This very foundation is what came unglued by Garfinkel's empirical studies of Parsonian social dynamics. In correcting the inadequacies of functionalism, many of the themes rejected by Parsons have been inadvertently resurrected and developed by ethnomethodologists, albeit in altered form. This is not to say that Garfinkel and classical theorists are saying the same things but rather to point out some historical continuities that have gone largely unrecognized. To recognize these thematic continuities is to gather an improved radical vision of society and social practices. Such perspective also provides new understanding of how and why functionalist theory would arise in the first place, namely as an instance of Weberian rationalization and Durkheimian anomieprevention ritual.