cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
La Revolución Industrial y la Nueva Historia Económica (y II).

Ha transcurrido casi un siglo desde la publicacion de la famosa obra de Arnold Toynbee, Lectures on the Industrial Revolution (1884). Desde entonces, historiadores de todas las escuelas han llegado a la conclusion de que la Revolucion Industrial en Gran Bretana constituyo un nuevo punto de partida en la historia de la humanidad, un hecho de tanta importancia para la vida cotidiana que puede compararse con la aparicion del monoteismo o con el desarrollo del lenguaje. De este modo, ha surgido una extensa literatura escrita por historiadores, economistas y sociologos, ingleses y extranjeros, tanto de izquierdas como de derechas, que trata de sus diversos aspectos. Sin embargo, los expertos no se han puesto de acuerdo sobre los problemas fundamentales. En primer lugar se encuentra la mera cuestion de la definicion: ?que fue exactamente la Revolucion Industrial? De los muchos intentos que se han efectuado para resumir lo que supuso la Revolucion Industrial, el de Perkin es quiza el mas elocuente. En sus propias palabras, fue «una revolucion en el acceso de los hombres a los medios de vida, en el control de su entorno ecologico, en su capacidad de escapar de la tirania y de la mezquindad de la naturaleza (…) abrio el camino a los hombres para completar el dominio de su entorno fisico, sin la ineludible necesidad de explotarse unos a otros» (Perkin, 1969, pp. 3–5). En Gran Bretana cambiaron muchas cosas, y no solamente la manera en que se producian los bienes y servicios. Se transformo la naturaleza de la familia y del hogar, el status de las mujeres y los ninos, el papel de la Iglesia, como las personas elegian a los gobernantes y mantenian a los pobres, lo que sabian acerca del mundo y lo que querian saber. El descubrimiento de como estas transformaciones no economicas afectaron y se vieron afectadas por el cambio economico es un proyecto continuo La revolucion fue, en frase irresistible de Perkin, «algo mas que una Revolucion Industrial». Al centrarnos en la economia aislamos solo una parte, aunque fundamental, de la modernization de Gran Bretana.
Is serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor a biomarker for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia?

Background Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in neurodevelopment and plasticity; decreased BDNF functioning may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, BDNF levels are not static; in animal experiments, brain BDNF increases during spatial learning, and in clinical depression, successful antidepressant treatment raises serum BDNF. We asked: would neuroplasticity-based cognitive training in schizophrenia result in increased serum BDNF? Methods Fifty-six schizophrenia outpatients and 16 matched healthy comparison subjects were assessed on baseline cognitive performance and serum BDNF. Schizophrenia subjects were randomly assigned to either 50 hours (10 weeks) of computerized auditory training or a computer game control condition, followed by reassessment of cognition and serum BDNF. Results At baseline, schizophrenia participants had significantly lower-than-normal serum BDNF. Schizophrenia subjects who engaged in computerized cognitive training designed to improve auditory processing showed significant cognitive gains and a significant increase in serum BDNF compared with subjects who played computer games. This increase was evident after 2 weeks of training, and after 10 weeks in the active condition, subjects “normalized” their mean serum BDNF levels, whereas the control group showed no change. In the active condition, change in BDNF was significantly associated with improved quality of life. Conclusions Serum BDNF levels are significantly increased in clinically stable, chronically ill schizophrenia subjects after neuroplasticity-based cognitive training, but not after computer games. Serum BDNF levels may serve as a peripheral biomarker for the effects of intensive cognitive training and may provide a useful tool for the evaluation of cognitive enhancement methods in schizophrenia.
Evaluation of a family systems intervention for managing pediatric chronic illness: Mastering Each New Direction (MEND)

Family systems play a crucial, albeit complex, role in pediatric chronic illness. Unfortunately, very few psychosocial interventions are available to help these stressed families navigate the developmental steps of chronic illness. A new intervention (MEND) addresses the needs of these families and applies to a broad range of chronic illnesses. This article presents this family systems intervention as well as includes preliminary program evaluation data on 22 families that graduated from the program. Results show consistently strong effects across an array of psychosocial measures. Conclusions from this preliminary study suggest that families entering MEND present with high levels of stress due to the child's chronic illness, but after MEND, the level of stress and other functioning measures are comparable to those seen in healthy families, suggesting that the program offers a significant benefit to families with pediatric chronic illness.
A Comparative Study of Two Wavefront Implementations of a LU Solver Algorithm

Cellular architectures may be used to achive speedup of certain algorithms. However, when there are several ways of mapping the same algorithm onto a cellular array producing approximately the same speedup other measures of effectiveness such as efficiency should be considered in order to compare the quality of different approaches. This paper presents two ways of mapping a LU-decomposition algorithm, both with the same speedup factor but with different efficiencies.
Hatchling Emergence From Naturally Incubated Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) Nests in Northern Louisiana

Abstract We report emergence dates for 38 alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) hatchlings from 6 naturally incubated nests laid during the 2008 and 2009 nesting seasons in northeastern Louisiana. Per capita emergence success for 2008 and 2009 combined was 19.5%. Hatchling emergence occurred from 28 August to 25 September and was asynchronous for 80% of nests that had multiple hatchlings emerge, with emergence duration as long as 12 days. We found no evidence of delayed emergence; some hatchlings may remain in the nest for up to 3 weeks before successfully emerging.
MIMO Channel Rank via the Aperture-Bandwidth Product

An abstract progressive scattering model for multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems is developed. In the model, the transmitted signal reflects off multiple groups of scatterers on its way from transmit array to receive array. The model is then used to predict the effective degrees of freedom (EDOF) of different stages of propagation within the channel. Using properties of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion of random processes, it is shown that the EDOF of a given stage are controlled by the product of observed spatial bandwidth and observing aperture. Simulated results are then provided to demonstrate how the individual stages interact with each other to determine the EDOF and eigenvalue distribution of the overall MIMO system. These results give additional insight into the behavior of known propagation channels such as keyhole channels and single-bounce channels with receiver-side spatial correlation.
New Dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, and the Evolution of the Dromaeosaurid Tail

Background: The Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian? – Aptian) of Utah has yielded a rich theropod fauna, including the coelurosaur Nedcolbertia justinhofmanni, the therizinosauroid Falcarius utahensis, the troodontid Geminiraptor suarezarum, and the dromaeosaurid Utahraptor ostrommaysorum. Recent excavation has uncovered three new dromaeosaurid specimens. One specimen, which we designate the holotype of the new genus and species Yurgovuchia doellingi, is represented by a partial axial skeleton and a partial left pubis. A second specimen consists of a right pubis and a possibly associated radius. The third specimen consists of a tail skeleton that is unique among known Cedar Mountain dromaeosaurids. Methodology/Principal Findings: Y. doellingi resembles Utahraptor ostrommaysorum in that its caudal prezygapophyses are elongated but not to the degree present in most dromaeosaurids. The specimen represented by the right pubis exhibits a pronounced pubic tubercle, a velociraptorine trait that is absent in Y. doellingi. The specimen represented by the tail skeleton exhibits the extreme elongation of the caudal prezygapophyses that is typical of most dromaeosaurids. Here we perform a phylogenetic analysis to determine the phylogenetic position of Y. doellingi. Using the resulting phylogeny as a framework, we trace changes in character states of the tail across Coelurosauria to elucidate the evolution of the dromaeosaurid tail. Conclusions/Significance: The new specimens add to the known diversity of Dromaeosauridae and to the known diversity within the Yellow Cat paleofauna. Phylogenetic analysis places Y. doellingi in a clade with Utahraptor, Achillobator, and Dromaeosaurus. Character state distribution indicates that the presence of intermediate-length caudal prezygapophyses in that clade is not an evolutionarily precursor to extreme prezygapophyseal elongation but represents a secondary shortening of caudal prezygapophyses. It appears to represent part of a trend within Dromaeosauridae that couples an increase in tail flexibility with increasing size.
Diazoxide amelioration of myocardial injury and mitochondrial damage during cardiac surgery.

Background Recently, we have shown that the selective opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels with diazoxide significantly decreases myocardial injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of diazoxide on apoptosis and the mechanisms modulating apoptosis and myocardial injury in a blood-perfused model of acute myocardial infarction.
Classification of ABO3 perovskite solids: a machine learning study

We explored the use of machine learning methods for classifying whether a particular ABO3 chemistry forms a perovskite or non-perovskite structured solid. Starting with three sets of feature pairs (the tolerance and octahedral factors, the A and B ionic radii relative to the radius of O, and the bond valence distances between the A and B ions from the O atoms), we used machine learning to create a hyper-dimensional partial dependency structure plot using all three feature pairs or any two of them. Doing so increased the accuracy of our predictions by 2-3 percentage points over using any one pair. We also included the Mendeleev numbers of the A and B atoms to this set of feature pairs. Doing this and using the capabilities of our machine learning algorithm, the gradient tree boosting classifier, enabled us to generate a new type of structure plot that has the simplicity of one based on using just the Mendeleev numbers, but with the added advantages of having a higher accuracy and providing a measure of likelihood of the predicted structure.
The effect of terrorist events on media portrayals of Islam and Muslims: evidence from New York Times headlines, 1985–2013

ABSTRACTThis article examines whether media portrayals of Islam and Muslims are overwhelmingly negative, whether they have evolved over time, and what factors most consistently affect their tone. We analyse every fourth New York Times headline about Islam or Muslims between 1985 and 2013. We find that headlines have not been predominantly negative. In addition, New York Times headlines about Islam and Muslims have become more positive over the long term, even after the 9/11 attacks. Most counter-intuitively, we find that terrorist attacks have had a systematic positive effect on headline tone. During the first four weeks after each Islamist terrorist attack on an American target, the tone of New York Times headlines became significantly more positive compared to the four weeks prior to the attack. However, over the subsequent few months, coverage reverted back toward the tone that prevailed during the weeks before the event.
Research Framework on Mathematics Teacher Behaviour: Koehler and Grouws' Framework Revisited

Educational reform centres on changing teacher behaviour, as it is teachers who filter through the curriculum to learners. Educational reform could therefore be viewed as reforming or changing teacher behaviour. This article investigates some of the factors influencing teachers’ behaviour namely knowledge, attitude and views and beliefs. The complexity of research on teaching and teacher education is addressed by focusing on the elements of three factors as well as the relationship between these influencing factors. A research framework on teacher behaviour is presented, in an effort to expand the theoretical understanding of the factors influencing teacher behaviour and to guide future teacher education.
Experimental Bend-Twist Coupling Properties of Three Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

There are a number of potential advantages to using bend-twist coupling properties offered by composite materials in wind turbine blade design. The objective of work summarized here was to measure bend-twist coupling behavior for three unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite materials. Aramid, carbon, and glass/epoxy specimens were fabricated and tested. Inplane material properties were measured. Flat end-loaded cantilever coupons were loaded while measuring end deflections and rotations to characterize bend-twist coupling behavior for various fiber angles. Off-axis (15° fiber orientation) aramid reinforced materials were observed to exhibit the greatest bend-twist coupling rate.
Self-Generating Zeolite-Cement Composites

Zeolites can be synthesized in mixtures containing 80 wt% Class F fly ash and 20 wt% ordinary Portland cement if they are mixed with a concentrated NaOH solution and cured at temperatures of 60–90° C. Zeolite Y and NaP-type zeolite were grown in situ in a coexisting calcium silicate hydrate matrix. Those samples made with NaOH, which contained the zeolites, had higher compressive and flexural strengths than equivalent samples made with water.
Measurement of Adventitious Sounds Produced by Some Stored-Product Insects

Analyses, using 200 adults or 200 larvae of several stored-product insects, show that some produce adventitious sounds characteristic of the species. By a standardized system of analysis using a soundproof box, magnetic tape recordings, calibrated Bruel and Kjaer microphone, microphone amplifier, ⅓ octave band pass filter set, and level recorder, signature profiles in the form of charts showing decibels of sound energy produced at various frequencies may be obtained. Data showing the maximum energy in decibels and the greatest energy range of each species studied were gathered. The maximum energy was 40 decibels produced by the yellow meal worm, Tenebrio molitor L., with the greatest energy range from 100 cycle/sec to 1.5 kc/sec and 4 to 15 kc/sec. By comparing several charts, it is possible to recognize many of the species emitting this sound. Closely related species such as the species of Tribolium or Tenebrio could not be separated. This type of analysis shows no evidence of communication.
Expression and distribution of a novel variant estrogen receptor alpha 36 and caveolin-1 in skin cells

In order to study on the expression and distribution of a novel estrogen receptor ERα36 in skin tissues of rats and keratinocytes,Western blot and immunoflourescence were performed.Result showed that(1)ERα36 is expressed in the skin of rats,and the relationship between amount of ERα36 and Caveolin-1 is negative correlation,the amount of difference not only in gender but also in tissue;(2) ERα36 is expressed in keratinocytes,and partly co-localized on the cell membrane with Caveolin-1.It suggested that ERα36 may participate in the estrogen signal pathway mediated by Caveolin-l and plays an important role in the process of estrogen treatment on skin.
An Analysis Of Control Strategies For An Automated Storage/Retrieval System

AbstractAutomated Storage/Retrieval Systems (AS/RS's) are used in manufacturing systems and distribution centers around the world. The maximal benefits of an AS/RS depend on the physical system design and the system control policies. This paper presents a simulation model of different control procedures of an AS/RS when product demand varies for seasonal trends. The effects of different demand rates and product mix on the system control policy are also addressed.
Zur bildgebenden Darstellung alloplastischen Bandmaterials. Eine In-vivo und In-vitro-Untersuchung am Beispiel Kevlar

Weer das Nativrontgenbild noch das CT oder MRT ermoglichen eine direkte Beurteilung von Kevlar®-49 nach intraartikularer Implantation. Im Tierexperiment last sich der Kunstbandverlauf allenfalls im Rahmen der Bindegewebseinsprossung nachvollziehen. Im Vergleich zum CT resultiert durch das NMR eine deutlich verbesserte Darstellung von Weichteilstrukturen, ein Nachweis der Prothesenkontinuitat selbst ist aber ebenfalls nicht moglich. Erst durchgehende Bindegewebsstrukturen kommen zweifelsfrei zur Darstellung und ermoglichen indirekt eine Beurteilung des Implantates, aus dessen Form, wie auch beim naturlichen Kreuzband, Ruckschlusse auf die Integritat gezogen werden konnen. Wie aus anatomischen Praparaten ersichtlich ist, wird der geringe Abstand zwischen beiden Schenkeln der verwendeten Kevlar®-49-Zwei-Bundelprothese innerhalb der ersten acht Wochen nach Implantation bindegewebig uberbruckt [5], so das durch die bildgebenden Verfahren innerhalb des Gelenkes nur ein Strang darstellbar ist.
NPY is not a primary mediator of the acute thyroid blood flow response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.

It has been suggested that thyroid blood flow is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The purpose of our experiments was to study the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the sympat...
Circulating Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Acute Heart Failure

Natriuretic peptide (NPs) levels have achieved worldwide acceptance. They are excellent rule-in and rule-out biomarkers for patients presenting with dyspnea. In the hospital, NP levels may represent altered forms of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), including the inactive precursor molecule, pro-BNP. NP levels drop during hospitalization as the patient is decongested. In the future, NP levels may be used as a surrogate to titrate outpatient therapy.
Purchasing Decisions and the Employment Status of the Wife

This study considers the relative influence of husbands and wives in purchasing decision-making behavior for various product categories. This study attempts to develop a more accurate description of decision making in families. Comparisons are made between families based on the employment status of the wife.
In-Situ Warpage Characterization of BGA Packages with Solder Balls Attached During Reflow with 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC)

The decreasing size of solder joints leaves limited tolerance of allowable warpage range for successful assembly. Understanding the electronic packages' behavior during the reflow process becomes one of the most important tasks in developing assembly process and assuring reliability. Three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation (DIC) plays an important role in quantifying warpage of BGA packages under thermal loading. To measure warpage of the substrate surface of a BGA package, conventional 3D DIC technique requires removing the solder balls, which takes the risk of damaging the solder mask surface and influences on measurement accuracy. Three parameters of 3D DIC (camera angle, facet size and facet step) are studied on the effects of data integrity and accuracy to realize warpage measurement while solder balls are attached to the packages. This method introduces novel settings of these parameters compared to current 3D DIC requirements, and summarizes a guidance for implementing nondestructive warpage measurement with different sizes of solder balls and camera resolutions.
Treatment Incentives and the Nature of the Doctor–Patient Relationship

In the present case study, researchers wish to assess the impact of offering modest financial incentives on adherence with the recommended three dose hepatitis B vaccine series among at-risk Africa...
Analysis of non-Markovian coupling of a lattice-trapped atom to free space

Behavior analogous to that of spontaneous emission in photonic band-gap materials has been predicted for an atom-optical system consisting of an atom confined in a well of a state-dependent optical lattice that is coupled to free space through an internal-state transition [de Vega et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 260404 (2008)]. Using the Weisskopf-Wigner approach and considering a one-dimensional geometry, we analyze the properties of this system in detail, including the evolution of the lattice-trapped population, the momentum distribution of emitted matter waves, and the detailed structure of an evanescent matter-wave state below the continuum boundary. We compare and contrast our findings for the transition from Markovian to non-Markovian behaviors to those previously obtained for three dimensions.
Reaction Mechanisms on Multiwell Potential Energy Surfaces in Combustion (and Atmospheric) Chemistry

Chemical reactions occurring on a potential energy surface with multiple wells are ubiquitous in low-temperature combustion and in the oxidation of volatile organic compounds in Earth's atmosphere. The rich variety of structural isomerizations that compete with collisional stabilization makes characterizing such complex-forming reactions challenging. This review describes recent experimental and theoretical advances that deliver increasingly complete views of their reaction mechanisms. New methods for creating reactive intermediates coupled with multiplexed measurements provide many experimental observables simultaneously. Automated methods to explore potential energy surfaces can uncover hidden reactive pathways, and master equation methods enable a holistic treatment of both sequential and well-skipping pathways. Our ability to probe and understand nonequilibrium effects and reaction sequences is increasing. These advances provide the fundamental science base for predictive models of combustion and the ...
Real time Structure from Motion for Driver Assistance System

Understanding of 3D surrounding is an important problem in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Structure from Motion (SfM) is well known computer vision technique for estimating 3D structure from 2D image sequences. Inherent complexities of the SfM pose different algorithmic and implementation challenges to have an efficient enablement on embedded processor for real time processing. This paper focuses on highlighting such challenges and innovative solutions for them. The paper proposes an efficient SfM solution that has been implemented on Texas Instrument's TDA3x series of System on Chip (SoC). The TDA3x SoC contains one vector processor (known as EVE) and two C66x DSPs as co-processors which are useful for computationally intensive vision processing. The proposed SfM solution which performs Sparse Optical Flow, Fundamental matrix estimation, Triangulation, 3D points pruning consumes 42% of EVE and 10% of one DSP for 25 fps processing of one mega pixel image resolution.
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Update on pathogenesis of primary adrenal insufficiency: beyond steroid enzyme deficiency and autoimmune adrenal destruction

Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is potentially life threatening, but rare. In children, genetic defects prevail whereas adults suffer more often from acquired forms of PAI. The spectrum of genetic defects has increased in recent years with the use of next-generation sequencing methods and now has reached far beyond genetic defects in all known enzymes of adrenal steroidogenesis. Cofactor disorders such as P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency manifesting as a complex form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with a broad clinical phenotype have come to the fore. In patients with isolated familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD), in which no mutations in the genes for the ACTH receptor (MC2R) or its accessory protein MRAP have been found, non-classic steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and CYP11A1 mutations have been described; and more recently novel mutations in genes such as nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and thioredoxin reductase 2 (TRXR2) involved in the maintenance of the mitochondrial redox potential and generation of NADPH important for steroidogenesis and ROS detoxication have been discovered. In addition, whole exome sequencing approach also solved the genetics of some syndromic forms of PAI including IMAGe syndrome (CDKN1C), Irish traveler syndrome (MCM4), MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9); and most recently a syndrome combining FGD with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and ichthyosis caused by mutations in the gene for sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 (SGPL1). This review intends do give an update on novel genetic forms of PAI and their suggested mechanism of disease. It also advocates for advanced genetic work-up of PAI (especially in children) to reach a specific diagnosis for better counseling and treatment.
Effects of projected climate change on vegetation in the Blue Mountains ecoregion, USA

Abstract We used autecological, paleoecological, and modeling information to explore the potential effects of climate change on vegetation in the Blue Mountains ecoregion, Oregon (USA). Although uncertainty exists about the exact nature of future vegetation change, we infer that the following are likely to occur by the end of the century: (1) dominance of ponderosa pine and sagebrush will increase in many locations, (2) the forest-steppe ecotone will move upward in latitude and elevation, (3) ponderosa pine will be distributed at higher elevations, (4) subalpine and alpine systems will be replaced by grass species, pine, and Douglas-fir, (5) moist forest types may increase under wetter scenarios, (6) the distribution and abundance of juniper woodlands may decrease if the frequency and extent of wildfire increase, and (7) grasslands and shrublands will increase at lower elevations. Tree growth in energy-limited landscapes (high elevations, north aspects) will increase as the climate warms and snowpack decreases, whereas tree growth in water-limited landscapes (low elevations, south aspects) will decrease. Ecological disturbances, including wildfire, insect outbreaks, and non-native species, which are expected to increase in a warmer climate, will affect species distribution, tree age, and vegetation structure, facilitating transitions to new combinations of species and vegetation patterns. In dry forests where fire has not occurred for several decades, crown fires may result in high tree mortality, and the interaction of multiple disturbances and stressors will probably exacerbate stress complexes. Increased disturbance will favor species with physiological and phenological traits that allow them to tolerate frequent disturbance.
The role of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes in oleic acid metabolism: FADS1 Δ7 desaturates 11-20:1 to 7,11-20:2.

Abstract Introduction In mammals, FADS2 catalyzes “front-end” Δ4-, Δ6-, and Δ8-desaturation of fatty acyl chains, whereas FADS1 has Δ5-desaturase activity. Eighteen and 20-carbon precursors to highly unsaturated n-3 and n-6 fatty acids are the usual substrates for FADS1 and FADS2. Our main objective was to characterize the metabolic fate of oleic acid (OA) due to action of FADS gene products. Methods MCF-7 cells were stably transformed with either FADS1 or FADS2 or empty vector. A series of dose-response experiments were conducted with albumin-bound fatty acid substrates (18:1n-9 and 20:1n-9) provided in concentrations up to 100 µM. Cells were harvested after 24 h, after which FAME were prepared and analyzed by GC-FID and covalent adduct chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (CACI-MS/MS). Results When stably transformed cells were incubated with 18:1n-9, FADS1 and control cells elongated 18:1n-9 → 20:1n-9 (11-20:1), while FADS2 cells Δ6 desaturated, elongated, and then Δ5 desaturated via FADS1 coded activity leading to Mead acid, 9-18:1 → 6,9-18:2 → 8,11-20:2 (20:2n-9) → 6,8,11-20:3 (20:3n-9). Surprisingly, FADS1 cells Δ7 desaturated 11-20:1 → 7,11-20:2, the latter detected at low levels in control and FADS2 cells. Our results imply three pathways operate on 18:1n-9: 1) 18:1n-9 → 18:2n-9 → 20:2n-9 → 20:3n-9; 2) 18:1n-9 → 20:1n-9 → 20:2n-9 → 20:3n-9 and 3) 18:1n-9 → 20:1n-9 → 7,11-20:2. Conclusion Alternative pathways for oleic acid metabolism exist depending on FADS2 or FADS1 activities, we present the first evidence of Δ7 desaturation via the FADS1 gene product
Facing reality: towards the rational analysis of global warming and its policy implications

This paper provides an historically based review of the development of the carbon dioxide/greenhouse gas problem, leading to an assessment of currently available policy responses as constrained by the present political environment and by global economic realities. Possible strategies depend on whether a biocentrist, future–oriented, risk–averse global consensus can be established, or whether a historically more realistic world view pertains - one in which short–term self–interest is seen as controlling events. For the latter case, which represents the author's perception of the likely future, recommendations for research and development priorities and for responding to the threat are given.
Evaluation of Cellular Effects of Fine Particulate Matter from Combustion of Solid Fuels used for Indoor Heating on the Navajo Nation using a Stratified Oxidative Stress Response Model

Abstract Communities in the Navajo Nation face public health burdens caused in part by the combustion of wood and coal for indoor heating using stoves that are old or in disrepair. Wood and coal combustion emits particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter
Lack of Alternation in Strabismic Patients without Amblyopia

The binocular fixation preference test may fail to differentiate amblyopia from fixation preference. This occurs most frequently in certain patients with anomalous retinal correspondence in whom an...
End-to-end network throughput optimization through last-mile diversity

In this paper we propose a platform that optimizes the available end-to-end throughput in real time through overlay networks. With the knowledge the network topology and conditions, it strives to achieve the optimal end-to-end throughput by exploring the last-mile diversity. It allows the flexible and responsive per-end-user selection of the edge node for the overlay networks, and thus can fast recover from network failures and performance degradation. We present our design of the end-to-end throughput optimization system with detailed discussion of each component including dynamic routing engine, performance monitor and information exchange. Our experimental results from a real-world deployment show that compared to the performance-oblivious routing, it not only brings up to 5 times throughput gains in the presence of 0.05% loss, but also improves 20% throughput when facing delay increase in the original path.
Resource competition across the crop-tree interface in a maize-silver maple temperate alley cropping stand in Missouri

In order to improve the management of temperate alley cropping, it is important to study the growth and physiological responses of plants arising from competition across the crop-tree interface. Maize (Zea mays L.) was established between rows of seven-year-old silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) trees in north-central Missouri, USA with four imposed treatments: (1) an unmodified control with a standard rate of N fertilization (179.2 kg N (as NH4NO3) ha−1), (2) trenching with root barrier installed, (3) supplemental fertilization treatment (standard N + 89.6 kg ha−1 N), and (4) a combination of trenching with root barrier and supplemental fertilization. Whereas soil N status had little effect on maize physiology and yield at the interface, competition for soil water was substantial in both years. Without a root barrier, soil water content, predawn and midday water potential, and midday net photosynthesis of maize plants adjacent to the tree row were reduced compared with those of plants in the alley center, but no differences across the maize crop were evident in the presence of a barrier. Grain yield of border row maize plants lacking an adjacent barrier was depressed compared with that for maize plants with a root barrier present (8.42 vs. 6.59 Mg ha−1 in 1997; 5.38 vs. 3.91 Mg ha−1 in 1998). However, the barrier did not completely restore yield to that in the alley center, suggesting that reductions in light near the tree row also limited production. Top ear height showed a similar pattern of response to the presence of a root barrier. Silver maple trees responded to root barrier installation with reduced annual diameter growth and reduced water status on some sample days.
CONCLUSION No Way Home

THERE MAY COME A TIME when a million truly wild salmon make their way up the Columbia River to spawn each year instead of the million hatchery-reared fish that do so today. Such a transformation would be difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to achieve. It would require habitat-restoration programs up and down the Columbia and its tributaries, restrictions on offshore fishing, and perhaps the breaching of several dams. Dozens of institutions and agencies and thousands of individuals would have to embrace the idea, and it would cost hundreds of millions of dollars. But it could be done. On the other hand, I am reasonably certain we will never again see the Columbia teeming with tens of millions of wild salmon as it did at the start of the nineteenth century—not with all the demands we now make on that river in terms of hydropower, irrigation, and navigation. Similarly, the American Prairie Foundation may well succeed in restoring a free-roaming herd of bison in eastern Montana, but it will never re-create the herds of millions that once spanned the Great Plains. Nor does the foundation even aspire to do so, given the degree to which people have converted the once-vast grasslands of the midcontinent into farmland. A similar situation pertains to springbok in South Africa. The springbok has not declined to the point of being in danger of extinction, but its days as one of the world’s greatest migratory spectacles are over.
Role of QRS Fragmentation for Risk Stratification in Adults With Tetralogy of Fallot.

Background Patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) remain at risk for cardiovascular events despite successful repair. Some of the current risk stratification tools require advanced imaging and inv...
Impact of a Hand Hygiene Curriculum and Group Handwashing Station at Two Primary Schools in East Africa.

Proper handwashing reduces the transmission of deadly, preventable diseases. Schools, even those with limited resources, have the power to promote handwashing through simple, effective intervention...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers Predicting Cognitive Progression in Parkinson Disease: Protocol for a Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Background: Cardinal features of Parkinson disease (PD) are motor symptoms, but nonmotor features such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are common early in the disease process. MCI can progress and convert to dementia in advanced stages, creating significant disability and reduced quality of life. The primary pathological substrate for cognitive decline in PD is unclear, and there are no reliable biomarkers predicting the risk of conversion to dementia. A subgroup of PD patients with visual hallucinations may display more rapid conversion to dementia, suggesting that regional markers of visuoperceptual dysfunction may be sensitive to pathologic density in posterior cortical regions. Objective: The purpose of this project is to characterize PD-MCI and evaluate the utility of genetic and neuroimaging biomarkers in predicting cognitive outcomes with a prospective longitudinal study. We will evaluate whether accelerated cognitive progression may be reflected in biomarkers of early posterior cortical changes reflective of α-synuclein deposition. Methods: We will evaluate a cohort of early-stage PD patients with the following methods to predict cognitive progression: (1) serial neuropsychological evaluations including detailed visuoperceptual functioning across 4 years; (2) genetic analysis of SNCA (α-synuclein), MAPT (microtubule-associated tau), and APOE (apolipoprotein E); (3) an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm of object recognition memory; and (4) anatomical and regional brain activation changes (resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging) across 4 years. Results: The project received funding from the National Institutes of Health in August 2017, and data collection began in February 2018. Enrollment is ongoing, and subjects will be evaluated annually for 4 years extended across a 5-year project including data analysis and image processing. Conclusions: Cognitive, genetic, and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging will characterize neural network changes predictive of cognitive progression in PD across 4 years. Identification of biomarkers with sensitivity for early prediction and estimation of risk for conversion to dementia in PD will pave the way for effective intervention with neuroprotective therapies during the critical stage when treatment can have the greatest impact. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/12870
Mercury Isotopes Reveal Atmospheric Gaseous Mercury Deposition Directly to the Arctic Coastal Snowpack

Springtime atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) lead to snow with elevated mercury concentrations (>200 ng Hg/L) in the Arctic and Antarctic. During AMDEs gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is...
Coarse-Grained Models for Constant pH Simulations of Carboxylic Acids.

A model for carboxylic acids, in both the protonated and deprotonated states, is developed in which hydrogen interaction sites are not used and all interactions are short-ranged. A method for const...
The Euro-Atlantic Circulation Response to the Madden-Julian Oscillation Cycle of Tropical Heating: Coupled GCM Intervention Experiments

Intervention experiments using the Coupled Forecast System model, version 2 (CFSv2), have been performed in which various Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) evolutions were added to the model’s intern...
Differences in perceived predation risk associated with variation in relative size of extra-pair and within-pair offspring

Extra-pair paternity (EPP) is a widespread phenomenon in birds. Researchers have long hypothesized that EPP must confer a fitness advantage to extra-pair offspring (EPO), but empirical support for this hypothesis is definitively mixed. This could be because genetic benefits of EPP only exist in a subset of environmental contexts to which a population is exposed. From 2013 to 2015, we manipulated perceived predator density in a population of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding in New York to see whether fitness outcomes of extra-pair and within-pair offspring (WPO) varied with predation risk. In nests that had been exposed to predators, EPO were larger, longer-winged and heavier than WPO. In nonpredator nests, WPO tended to be larger, longer-winged and heavier than EPO, though the effect was nonsignificant. We found no differences in age, morphology or stress physiology between extra-pair and within-pair sires from the same nest, suggesting that additive genetic benefits cannot fully explain the differences in nestling size that we observed. The lack of an effect of predator exposure on survival or glucocorticoid stress physiology of EPO and WPO further suggests that observed size differences do not reflect more general variation in intrinsic genetic quality. Instead, we suggest that size differences may have arisen through differential investment into EPO and WPO by females, perhaps because EPO and WPO represent different reproductive strategies, with each type of nestling conferring a fitness advantage in specific ecological contexts.
Forested Wetland Hydrology in a Large Mississippi River Tributary System

Wetlands in the Mississippi River Valley provide numerous functions supported by prolonged periods of soil saturation or inundation. However, few studies document forested wetland hydropatterns, especially in altered systems. In this study, we evaluated hydrologic drivers of forested wetlands in the Yazoo Basin, a large Mississippi River tributary system exhibiting regional hydrologic alteration. Results from 56 water table monitoring locations indicate that precipitation induced the majority (76%) of wetland saturation events, defined as soil inundation or water tables within ≤30 cm of the surface for ≥14 consecutive days. Flooding triggered 19% of saturation events, and 5% of events occurred in response to precipitation induced high water tables followed by flood inundation. Data suggest that most wetlands examined (87%) would persist in the absence of flooding, and that duration and inundation patterns differed with dominant water source. A multi-year hydropattern analysis highlights the influence of precipitation derived saturation during low evapotranspiration winter periods, spring flood water contributions in some wetlands, and decreasing water tables throughout summer and fall. A discussion of rainfall normality and stream discharge places the dataset in a larger context. Results reflect changes in historic hydropatterns, informing efforts to maximize wetland functions during forested wetland management and restoration.
Agenda setting and visit openings in primary care visits involving patients taking opioids for chronic pain

Agenda setting is associated with more efficient care and better patient experience. This study develops a taxonomy of visit opening styles to assess use of agenda and non-agenda setting visit openings and their effects on participant experience. This observational study analyzed 83 video recorded US primary care visits at a single academic medical center in California involving family medicine and internal medicine resident physicians (n = 49) and patients (n = 83) with chronic pain on opioids. Using conversation analysis, we developed a coding scheme that assessed the presence of agenda setting, distinct visit opening styles, and the number of total topics, major topics, surprise patient topics, and returns to prior topics discussed. Exploratory quantitative analyses were conducted to assess the relationship of agenda setting and visit opening styles with post-visit measures of both patient experience and physician perception of visit difficulty. We identified 2 visit opening styles representing agenda setting (agenda eliciting, agenda reframing) and 3 non-agenda setting opening styles (open-ended question, patient launch, physician launch). Agenda setting was only performed in 11% of visits and was associated with fewer surprise patient topics than visits without agenda setting (mean (SD) 2.67 (1.66) versus 4.28 (3.23), p = 0.03). In this study of patients with chronic pain, resident physicians rarely performed agenda setting, whether defined in terms of “agenda eliciting” or “agenda re-framing.” Agenda setting was associated with fewer surprise topics. Understanding the communication context and outcomes of agenda setting may inform better use of this communication tool in primary care practice.
Precoder Design for Communication-Efficient Distributed MIMO Receivers With Controlled Peak-Average Power Ratio

We consider the problem of communicating over a relay-assisted multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel with additive noise, in which physically separated relays forward quantized information to a central decoder where the transmitted message is to be decoded. We assume that channel state information is available in the transmitter and show that the design of a rational-forcing precoder—a precoder which is matched to the quantizers used in the relays—is beneficial for reducing the symbol error probability. It turns out that for such rational-forcing precoder based systems, there is natural tradeoff between the peak to average power ratio in the transmitter and the rate of communication between the relays and the central decoder. The precoder design problem is formulated mathematically, and several algorithms are developed for realizing this tradeoff. Optimality of the decoder communication rate is shown based on a result in distributed function computation. Numerical and simulation results show that a useful tradeoff can be obtained between the excess decoder communication rate and the peak-average power ratio in the transmitter.
Recent advances in electrochemically-efficient materials for zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors

Abstract Major interest has recently been raised by zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHSCs) as a promising development in the realm of electrochemical energy storages because of their impressive energy and power densities, ease of manufacturing and handling in air, cost effectiveness, durability, safety, natural abundance, eco-friendliness, and high volumetric capacity. This device enjoys the advantages of zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with large energy density and supercapacitors (SCs) with exceptional power density and cycle stability. Thus far, a variety of techniques, advanced cathode and anode materials, and different electrolytes were utilized to improve the electrochemical performance of ZIHSCs. However, despite breakthroughs in research, practical application and large-scale production of ZIHSCs are still relatively far away. This comprehensive review summarizes the main basics and advances associated with the ZIHSCs e.g., their compositions, energy storing mechanisms, and developments in electrodes and electrolytes. Besides, challenges and perspectives of the recently-developed cathode and anode materials for ZIHSCs application were summarized.
The increasing impact of length of stay "outliers" on length of stay at an urban academic hospital.

Background As healthcare systems strive for efficiency, hospital "length of stay outliers" have the potential to significantly impact a hospital's overall utilization. There is a tendency to exclude such "outlier" stays in local quality improvement and data reporting due to their assumed rare occurrence and disproportionate ability to skew mean and other summary data. This study sought to assess the influence of length of stay (LOS) outliers on inpatient length of stay and hospital capacity over a 5-year period at a large urban academic medical center. Methods From January 2014 through December 2019, 169,645 consecutive inpatient cases were analyzed and assigned an expected LOS based on national academic center benchmarks. Cases in the top 1% of national sample LOS by diagnosis were flagged as length of stay outliers. Results From 2014 to 2019, mean outlier LOS increased (40.98 to 45.11 days), as did inpatient LOS with outliers excluded (5.63 to 6.19 days). Outlier cases increased both in number (from 297 to 412) and as a percent of total discharges (0.98 to 1.56%), and outlier patient days increased from 6.7 to 9.8% of total inpatient plus observation days over the study period. Conclusions Outlier cases utilize a disproportionate and increasing share of hospital resources and available beds. The current tendency to exclude such outlier stays in data reporting due to assumed rare occurrence may need to be revisited. Outlier stays require distinct and targeted interventions to appropriately reduce length of stay to both improve patient care and maintain hospital capacity.
G. H. Hardy, A Mathematician's Apology

(1941). G. H. Hardy, A Mathematician's Apology. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 339-339.