cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permissible and Impermissible Locutions

In the olden days when foreheads were wrinkled and thoughts profound, the philosophers were rarely in doubt about their proper mission: To synthesize all available — or even all conceivable — significant knowledge into one universal theory or system. The polyhistoric system-builders became, as we know, gradually obsolete and finally extinct when human knowledge increased explosively during the enormous expansion and differentiation of the natural, ‘hard’ sciences in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: They drowned helplessly in a true Amazonflood of unsurveyable, isolated data. And their philosophical descendants, totally incapable as they were of coping with the new situation, made the fatal choice of seeking for themselves a small, secluded, still part of the stormy river where they, undisturbed by the onrushing sciences could devote themselves to their encapsulated ‘philosophical’ problem-and-theory-formulations: ‘does matter (really) exist?’, ‘does man (really) have a free will?’, ‘what is the essence of truth?’, ‘everything is really mind (or matter)’, ‘cogito ergo sum’, ‘esse est percipi’, ‘die Welt is meine Vorstellung’, ‘l’existence precede l’essence’, ‘the nothing is the simple negation of the totality of being’... It was considered ‘eine Wende der Philosophie’ when one ‘discovered’ that these alleged problems and theories were, as one claimed: ‘nonsensical’, ‘a meaningless play with words’, ‘a systematic abuse (or misuse) of language’... With this ‘revolution in philosophy’ philosophers were finally brought out of the intellectual dead-water of traditional, academic philosophy and given a more limited but respectable assignment: logical analysis, linguistic clarification, conceptual elucidation, pursuit of meanings, examination of the ways words are ordinarily used, to chart the actual features of everyday discourse... This avenue of escape from permanent stagnation was in many ways a pleasant one.
Prior’s Thank-Goodness Argument Reconsidered

Arthur Prior’s argument for the A-theory of time in “Thank Goodness That’s Over” is perhaps his most famous and well-known non-logical work. Still, I think that this paper is one of his most misunderstood works. Because of this, much of its brilliance has yet to be properly appreciated. In this paper, I suggest that the explanation of this is that it has been treated as though it were following (what has been mythologized as) the standard model for a piece of Analytic philosophy. That is, it has been assumed that what Prior was doing was deductively demonstrating the truth of a proposition which can be discussed via any sentences with the same semantic content. Here, I argue that this assumption is wrong on two fronts: (1) Most importantly, the strongest reading of the structure of Prior’s argument is as an abduction rather than as a deduction. (2) Many of the most important lessons of the argument are lost by focusing on the bare propositional content of its premise and conclusion statements. In other words, we can learn as much from the manner in which this argument is presented and expressed as we can from that which is expressed.
Preventing AIDS but not HIV-1 infection with a DNA vaccine.

Although there has been some success in treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients with triple drug therapy (highly active antiretroviral therapy or HAART), the best hope for combating AIDS (the disease caused by HIV) could be a combination of drug therapy and vaccination, according to [Shen and Siliciano][1] in their Perspective. A new study in rhesus monkeys treated with a DNA vaccine ([ Barouch et al .][2]) demonstrates that a powerful vaccine-induced CD8cytolytic T cell response reduces the amount of virus in the blood to very low levels preventing the drastic decrease in CD4T helper cells and subsequent immunodeficiency. As the Perspective authors explain, vaccinating HIV patients that are receiving HAART may enable HIV levels to be permanently brought under control such that the drug treatment can eventually be stopped. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/290/5491/463 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/290/5491/486
Reconciling different observations of the CO2 ice mass loading of the Martian north polar cap

[1] The GRS measurements of the peak mass loading of the north polar CO2 ice cap on Mars are about 60% lower than those calculated from MGS TES radiation data and those inferred from the MOLA cap thicknesses. However, the GRS data provide the most accurate measurement of the mass loading. We show that the TES and MOLA data can be reconciled with the GRS data if (1) subsurface heat conduction and atmospheric heat transport are included in the TES mass budget calculations, and (2) the density of the polar deposits is ∼600 kg m−3. The latter is much less than that expected for slab ice (∼1600 kg m−3) and suggests that processes unique to the north polar region are responsible for the low cap density.
Characterization of a bovine herpesvirus 4 immediate-early RNA encoding a homolog of the Epstein-Barr virus R transactivator.

Abstract Immediate-early (IE) RNA 2, the less abundant of two bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) RNAs detected in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells infected in the presence of cycloheximide, is a 1.8-kb cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA transcribed from the 8.3-kb HindIII fragment F. The structure of IE RNA 2 has been determined by S1 nuclease and exonuclease VII mapping, primer extension analysis, and sequencing of a partial cDNA. IE RNA 2 consists of a short, approximately 60-nucleotide 5' exon spliced to a 1.8-kb 3' exon. DNA sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame encoding 551 amino acids with sequence homology to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) R transactivator and its homolog in herpesvirus saimiri, HVS.R.IE 2 and HVS.R show higher homology to each other than to the EBV R transactivator. The homology is highest in the approximately 320 amino-terminal amino acids. All three proteins have acidic carboxyl termini but have little amino acid sequence homology in this region. In transient expression cotransfection assays, IE 2 activated expression from the BHV-4 early promoter-regulatory region of the major DNA-binding protein homolog over 100-fold in bovine turbinate cells. IE 1 was not necessary for this transactivation and did not augment it. However, IE 2 did not transactivate EBV or herpesvirus saimiri early promoter-regulatory regions that are transactivated by the EBV R transactivator or HVS.R.
Contouring with center-line faults; using fault geometry to your advantage; Part 1, A comparison to standard methods of computer mapping in heavily faulted terrain

Poor quality results of computer‐generated contouring in heavily faulted seismic data is largely responsible for alienating management (and geoscientists) from using the full potential of computer power. This article outlines a computer contouring method that uses fault geometry, in addition to seismic horizon and well data, to produce superior structure maps. Fault geometry information (vertical displacement and fault dip) can now help control computer gridding and contouring. This technology is available in Unix‐based vendor software. It has been automated in the vax‐based Conoco Geoscience Workstation (GWS) and is available as an option in Landmark/Zycor Z-Map Plus.
The effect of salinity on growth rate and branch morphology in tank cultivated Grateloupia filicina (rhodophyta) in Hawaii

Abstract The red algal species Grateloupia filicina (Lamour.) C. Agardh was grown in tank culture at five salinities. There was no statistically significant difference between growth rate at the different salinities tested. However, reduced salinity initiated production of significantly greater numbers of branches in three branch orders in this species, thus demonstrating environmental control over branching due to salinity levels.
Utilization of the nucleic acids of Escherichia coli and rumen bacteria by sheep.

1. Escherichia coli and mixed cultures of rumen bacteria were grown with [8- 14 C]adenine to label their nucleic acids specifically. 2. The labelled bacteria were injected into the rumen of sheep and the radioactivity incorporated into tissue nucleic acids and that excreted in the urine and faeces was determined. 3. The radioactivity was present in the cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction and the RNA and DNA fractions of all tissues examined. Liver, kidney, spleen, and blood had the highest levels of radioactivity. 4. The radioactivity of the RNA was present only in adenosine monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate.
Nanoscale welding aerosol sensing based on whispering gallery modes in a cylindrical silica resonator

We report an experimental technique where one uses a standard silica fiber as a cylindrical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator to sense airborne nanoscale aerosols produced by electric arc welding. We find that the accumulation of aerosols on the resonator surface induces a measurable red-shift in resonance frequency, and establish an empirical relation that links the magnitude of resonance shift with the amount of aerosol deposition. The WGM quality factors, by contrast, do not decrease significantly, even for samples with a large percentage of surface area covered by aerosols. Our experimental results are discussed and compared with existing literature on WGM-based nanoparticle sensing.
Process Optimization Studies on Ni-YSZ Anode Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

The characteristics of the Ni/YSZ anode material for the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) were investigated in order to study the relation between the porosity and the conductivity of the cell. The nano-sized Yittria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) (∼ 60 nm), Nickel Oxide (NiO) (∼ 40 nm) and graphite (∼ 40 nm) particles were used as the raw materials. The graphite particles act as a pore former. The experiments were planned based on a response surface design (central composite design matrix). The graphite content and the sintering temperatures were varied based on the design chart, while the other variables like NiO/YSZ ratio, ball milling time, powder compaction pressure and reduction temperature values were fixed. Porosity and conductivity measurements were performed on the sintered and reduced anode material. The results indicated that the porosity values got decreased by increasing sintering temperature values, while the conductivity values were on the reverse scale. The conductivity values increase with increasing temperature. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the sintering temperature had a visible impact on the microstructure. At elevated temperature, the microstructure showed visible particle growth and it formed a better Ni-network along the structure, compared to samples sintered at lower temperature. It is believed that the enhanced Ni-network at elevated temperature helps to increase the electrical conductivity of the Ni-YSZ anode cermet.© 2007 ASME
Energy efficiency and radon risks in residential housing

Abstract The primary purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of housing weatherization on radon levels through a multivarate analysis in which a number of radon determinants are statistically controlled. Data from 245 randomly selected representative households in nonmetropolitan counties of central and western New York State have been used for empirical analysis. The key finding is that there is no significant relation between the degree of weatherization and radon levels in the house when soil types and space-heating systems are statistically controlled. This finding, together with previously obtained empirical results, suggests that we should not decrease our energy-conservation activities because of fear of radon contamination in the home.
National, un-national

This chapter discusses urban developments in two major cities in Serbia, Belgrade and Novi Sad, influenced by the Balkan political crisis of the 1990s. Belgrade is the national capital of Serbia, with a dominantly Serbian population. Novi Sad is the capital of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, and home to a population of more than 20 different ethnicities. The seemingly bipolar relationship between these two cities started to emerge during the fall of Yugoslavia and has intensified during the subsequent shrinkage of the country into the current state of Serbia. The effects of war as well as migration have left their mark on the urban situation of both cities. Both cities are not old by European standards, Belgrade emerging before the rise of the Ottoman Empire and Novi Sad being a product of the eighteenth century and the rise of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. These two cities traditionally vary in size and ethnic make up from almost mono-ethnic Belgrade to multi-ethnic Novi Sad. This paper will explore...
The spectrophotometric determination of strontium with murexide (ammonium purpurate)

Abstract A procedure for the spectrophotometric estimation of μg-quantities of strontium with murexide is described. Conditions for the optimum stability of the coloured strontium complex have been determined, the main feature being the addition of large quantities of ethylene glycol to the system. Most elements interfere so that it is necessary to isolate the metal before the determination .
The formation and characterization of rare earth boride films

Thin films of several rare earth borides were prepared by either dual-electron-beam evaporation (YB2, YB4 and YB6) or sputtering from a boride target (LaB6). Although values for bulk resistivities and work functions for rare earth borides are low (e.g.ϱ = 17 μΩ cm and o = 2.66 eV for LaB6) thin films of rare earth borides show significantly higher resistivities and work functions (ϱ = 96 μΩ cm and o = 3.8 eV for LaB6 films). Large resistivity increases were observed for rare earth boride films subjected to a 30 min steam oxidation at 1000°C. Adding silicon to the boride films allowed the film to remain conductive even after a 30 min, 1000°C steam oxidation. Also, silicon additions to LaB6 films resulted in a reduction in the film stress after a 1000°C anneal. The stresses within LaB6 and YB2 films were found to be tensile after a 30 min, 1000°C nitrogen anneal (σYB2 = 1.3 x 109 N m-2; σLaB6 = 8 x 108 N m-2). LaB6 films are shown to behave as semi-infinite diffusion sources for boron.
MOMENT ANALYSIS OF MULTIBREATH NITROGEN WASHOUT |[lpar]|MBNW|[rpar]| AS A TEST OF LUNG FUNCTION IN YOUNG CHILDREN

Moment analysis (MA) of MBNW could in theory be a good method of quantifying ventilation inhomogeneity in young children since it requires only quiet breathing of oxygen for 95th percentile of H. The 3 with values in the normal range had higher S scores than the 7 with abnormal values, mean 65 vs 47, p<.001. Moment ratios in CF showed a good correlation with S scores; for instance M1/M0=3.35 -.01·S score r=.67, p<.01. We conclude that MA of MBNW has promise as a test of lung function in young children since the method is non-invasive, low in variability, and appears to have the sensitivity required to detect mild ventilation inhomogeneity.
Unearthing the benefits of brownfield to green space projects: An examination of project use and quality of life impacts

Abstract The redevelopment of brownfields and the creation of green space in cities are two initiatives that are gaining support in the US, for they are perceived to be important elements for fostering urban revitalization and more sustainable development. Although these initiatives have evolved separately, the two have started to converge as governments, local communities and other stakeholders begin to consider brownfields as potential locations for green space. A barrier to this convergence, however, has been the focus of brownfield efforts on redevelopment that garners direct economic benefits, as well as the lack of information regarding the benefits that brownfield to green space projects can bring about. This paper examines the utilization and quality of life impacts of three brownfield to green space projects from the perspective of those using them and the affected communities. The perceptions of respondents (combined N = 479) were assessed via three separate surveys, sharing common questions, wh...
Functional assembly of intrinsic coagulation proteases on monocytes and platelets. Comparison between cofactor activities induced by thrombin and factor Xa.

Generation of coagulation factor Xa by the intrinsic pathway protease complex is essential for normal activation of the coagulation cascade in vivo. Monocytes and platelets provide membrane sites for assembly of components of this protease complex, factors IXa and VIII. Under biologically relevant conditions, expression of functional activity by this complex is associated with activation of factor VIII to VIIIa. In the present studies, autocatalytic regulatory pathways operating on monocyte and platelet membranes were investigated by comparing the cofactor function of thrombin-activated factor VIII to that of factor Xa-activated factor VIII. Reciprocal functional titrations with purified human factor VIII and factor IXa were performed at fixed concentrations of human monocytes, CaCl2, factor X, and either factor IXa or factor VIII. Factor VIII was preactivated with either thrombin or factor Xa, and reactions were initiated by addition of factor X. Rates of factor X activation were measured using chromogenic substrate specific for factor Xa. The K1/2 values, i.e., concentration of factor VIIIa at which rates were half maximal, were 0.96 nM with thrombin-activated factor VIII and 1.1 nM with factor Xa-activated factor VIII. These values are close to factor VIII concentration in plasma. The Vsat, i.e., rates at saturating concentrations of factor VIII, were 33.3 and 13.6 nM factor Xa/min, respectively. The K1/2 and Vsat values obtained in titrations with factor IXa were not significantly different from those obtained with factor VIII. In titrations with factor X, the values of Michaelis-Menten coefficients (Km) were 31.7 nM with thrombin-activated factor VIII, and 14.2 nM with factor Xa-activated factor VIII. Maximal rates were 23.4 and 4.9 nM factor Xa/min, respectively. The apparent catalytic efficiency was similar with either form of factor VIIIa. Kinetic profiles obtained with platelets as a source of membrane were comparable to those obtained with monocytes. These kinetic profiles are consistent with a 1:1 stoichiometry for the functional interaction between cofactor and enzyme on the surface of monocytes and platelets. Taken together, these results indicate that autocatalytic pathways connecting the extrinsic, intrinsic, and common coagulation pathways can operate efficiently on the monocyte membrane.
Interactions Between Paced Wavefronts and Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia: Implications for Antitachycardia Pacing

Optical Mapping of Paced Wavefront Interaction with VT. Objectives: Interactions between paced wavefronts and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) dictate antitachycardia pacing outcomes. We used optical mapping to assess those interactions during single and dual site pacing of rabbit ventricular epicardium. Methods and Results: Monomorphic VTs were initiated in six isolated rabbit hearts that were endocardially cryoablated to limit viable tissue to visible epicardium and establish apical tissue as the anatomic anchor. Preparations were optically mapped during single (n = 39) and dual (n = 43) site pacing at 50%-90% of VT cycle length (CL) with eight pulses per trial. Overall, we found six pulses that abruptly terminated VT. This occurred because the VT wavefront collided with the antidromic portion of the paced wavefront and the orthodromic portion of paced wavefront blocked in the VT's refractory region. When effective, dual site pacing that captured tissue at both leads simultaneously terminated the VT immediately, while single site pacing or dual site pacing that captured tissue at only one lead terminated the VT after resetting advanced the orthodromic wavefront. We found 12 pulses that induced polymorphic VT, with 11 of those pulses occurring during capture at only one lead. Expansion of the combined antidromic-VT wavefront around one or both ends of the arc of conduction block formed by the interaction of the orthodromic wavefront with the VT's refractory region initiated functional reentry. Six of these polymorphic VTs were nonsustained because the underlying wavefronts self-terminated. The wavefronts did persist for 4.2 ± 3.5 cycles before self-terminating in these trials, and the post-pacing cycles presented a 146% increase in CL variability, compared with the variability prior to pacing. These temporal characteristics are similar to those of delayed termination in patients with ICDs. Conclusions: The main difference between pulses that terminated abruptly and pulses that induced polymorphic VT was the effective separation of the antidromic and orthodromic portions of the paced wavefront from one another.
Homotypic Vacuole Fusion Requires VTI11 and Is Regulated by Phosphoinositides

Most plant cells contain a large central vacuole that is essential to maintain cellular turgor. We report a new mutant allele of VTI11 that implicates the SNARE protein VTI11 in homotypic fusion of protein storage and lytic vacuoles. Fusion of the multiple vacuoles present in vti11 mutants could be induced by treatment with Wortmannin and LY294002, which are inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K). We provide evidence that Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) regulates vacuole fusion in vti11 mutants, and that fusion of these vacuoles requires intact microtubules and actin filaments. Finally, we show that Wortmannin also induced the fusion of guard cell vacuoles in fava beans, where vacuoles are naturally fragmented after ABA-induced stomata closure. These results suggest a ubiquitous role of phosphoinositides in vacuole fusion, both during the development of the large central vacuole and during the dynamic vacuole remodeling that occurs as part of stomata movements.
Open-Source Bitstream Generation

This work presents an open-source bitstream generation tool for Torc. Bitstream generation has traditionally been the single part of the FPGA design flow that could not be openly reproduced, but our novel approach enables this without reverse-engineering or violating End-User License Agreement terms. We begin by creating a library of “micro-bitstreams” which constitute a collection of primitives at a granularity of our choosing. These primitives can then be combined to create larger designs, or portions thereof, with simple merging operations. Our effort is motivated by a desire to resume earlier work on embedded bitstream generation and autonomous hardware. This is not feasible with Xilinx bitgen because there is no reasonable way to run an x86 binary with complex library and data dependencies on most embedded systems. Initial support is limited to the Virtex5, but we intend to extend this to other Xilinx architectures. We are able to support nearly all routing resources in the device, as well as the most common logic resources.
Behavior and design of single plate shear connections

Abstract Steel shear connections are primarily used to transfer the reaction of a simply supported beam to its support, normally a column or a beam. Currently, the most common shear connection in North America is a single plate connection consisting of a plate fillet welded to a supporting column or girder and bolted to the web of a simply supported beam. A shear connection should be strong enough to be able to transfer the shear force, yet, it should be sufficiently flexible and ductile to allow the end of simply supported beam to rotate with ease and accommodate the rotation demand of the beam. This paper summarizes a number of research and development projects conducted at the University of California, Berkeley to study behavior of single plate shear (shear tab) connections and to develop design procedures and guidelines, both for gravity and lateral load (seismic and wind) effects. The connections were sufficiently ductile to accommodate end rotation demands of simply supported beams under gravity load and drift rotations under lateral load effects. Design procedures developed and proposed and currently used in design of single plate connections are strength-based procedures that ensure occurrence of ductile and more desirable failure modes, such as yielding of the steel plate prior to occurrence of brittle and less desirable failure modes such as fracture of bolts and welds.
A Steerable Mechanism for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy

Gastrointestinal (GI) disease affects millions of people worldwide and costs billions of dollars annually. Because the symptoms of GI diseases are often vague, physicians are often presented with gastrointestinal disease in advanced stages. Because conventional endoscopes often cannot reach all the way through the 20-foot small bowel, exploratory surgery previously was necessary to enable physicians to complete their diagnosis.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Mealtime interactions in families of a child with cystic fibrosis: A meta-analysis

Abstract Background A meta-analysis was performed to examine differences in family mealtimes between families with and without a child with CF. Both global measures of family functioning during the mealtime and parent-child micro behaviors specific to feeding were compared to determine if one class of mealtime behaviors is more strongly affected. Methods Of 41 studies identified, 10 studies across 4 independent samples met the criteria for study inclusion. All studies included observational methodology. The mean sample age ranged from 18.6months to 8years and 6months. The total aggregate sample size was 230 participants, 119 with CF and 111 comparison children. Results Families with children with CF encounter more difficulties during mealtimes than comparison families, and the effects on overall family functioning are greater than for parent–child micro feeding behaviors. Conclusion Findings suggest that future interventions should focus on the broader family context as well as behaviors specific to feeding.
Multiply charged carbocations and related species in solution

Revue de la synthese chimique et electrochimique d'ions ainsi que des reactions faisant intervenir des dications organiques
Fatigue damage accumulation in Ni3Al and NiAl

Abstract The accumulation of fatigue damage during strain-controlled cycling (low-cycle fatigue) of single crystals of NiAl and very coarse-grained polycrystals of Ni3Al + W in air at room temperature is described. Surface topography was studied for all test materials by scanning electron microscopy and, in the case of Ni3Al + W polycrystals, also by profilometry. The development of persistent slip bands and an extrusion-intrusion morphology were recorded, as were transmission electron microscopy observations of dislocation substructures. Point-defect clusters, dipoles and other evidence of damage due to cycling were noted in both intermetallics. The density of dipoles was non-uniform and was modulated on the slip plane in NiAl, unlike Ni3Al + W, which displayed a homogeneous distribution. Computer simulation of the microstructure in NiAl has been carried out, based upon the mechanism of dipole diffusion in a stress gradient.
Geostatistical Mapping of Precipitation from Rain Gauge Data Using Atmospheric and Terrain Characteristics

Abstract A geostatistical framework for integrating lower-atmosphere state variables and terrain characteristics into the spatial interpolation of rainfall is presented. Lower-atmosphere state variables considered are specific humidity and wind, derived from an assimilated data product from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR reanalysis). These variables, along with terrain elevation and its gradient from a 1-km-resolution digital elevation model, are used for constructing additional rainfall predictors, such as the amount of moisture subject to orographic lifting; these latter predictors quantify the interaction of lower-atmosphere characteristics with local terrain. A “first-guess” field of precipitation estimates is constructed via a multiple regression model using collocated rain gauge observations and rainfall predictors. The final map of rainfall estimates is derived by adding to this initial field a field of spatially interpo...
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in mouse colon.

Mouse colon possesses a cytoplasmic receptor-like binder for 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 which appears similar to the receptors previously described in other more classical target organs. The properties of this receptor include a sedimentation coefficient of 3.2S in sucrose gradients prepared in 0.3 M KCl, an equilibrium dissociation constant of 0.2 nM and a competitive profile which demonstrates a substantial binding preference for 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 over other vitamin D3 analogues. The concentration of receptor sites was assessed along the entire gastrointestinal tract and found to be in the sequence: duodenum > jejunum > ileum > cecum = proximal colon > distal colon; esophagus and stomach possessed only negligible numbers of binding sites.
Item level validity of the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale

Using a random sample of children in grades one through six as well as a sample of children referred for social or emotional problems, the item level validity of the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale was assessed. Results indicated that Devereux responses for “normal” children tended to be skewed, with the item means falling near the positive end of the response continuum and with narrow standard deviations. Item means in the referred sample were closer to the center of the distribution and tended to have larger standard deviations. When item-to-subscale correlations were considered, the Devereux items, in general, were significantly correlated with their home subscale. Thirty-two of the 45 items on the scale had home scale correlations that were significantly higher than any other subscale correlation for that item. K-R 20 coefficients for subscales ranged from .74 to .89. Because the 9 items that had very poor subscale correlations were clustered on 4 of the 11 original subscales, it was recommended that these subscales be eliminated. The result would be a 31-item scale that measures seven different factors.
Nonlinear and Non-Gaussian Aspects of Morison Equation Induced Fatigue Damage

Simulation results are presented for the fatigue damage caused by the nonlinear and non-Gaussian structural response induced by the Morison equation wave loading. Four versions of the Morison equation are considered, and various response characteristics are identified as factors affecting fatigue damage. The relative importance of the various factors is investigated and quantified. In comparing the different Morison equation models, the rms value is shown to be the most important factor in predicting fatigue fatigue damage and the non-Gaussian effect is second in significance, while the variation in average frequency and the spectral shape are less important. For deepwater complaint offshore structures, the non-Gaussian effect is found to be more significant in an intermediate region than for either the inertia or the drag dominated region.
Deep level defects in Au/ZnSe Schottky diodes

Properties of deep level defects in heteroepitaxially grown ZnSe have been investigated using transient capacitance spectroscopy. A total of five electron traps were observed with activation energies of 0.33, 0.35, 0.42, 0.71 and 0.86 eV in Au/ZnSe Schottky diodes. Trap concentrations ranged from 1012 to 1014 cm?3.
Memory performance analysis of SPEC2000C for the Intel(R) Itanium/sup TM/ processor

We describe our memory performance analysis of SPEC2000C using the newly released Intel(R) Itanium/sup TM/ processor (IPF). Memory overhead is very significant for SPEC200OC; on the average 39% cycles are spent in data stalls. Cache misses are significant, but also data translation performance (DTLB) affects many benchmarks. We present a study based on collecting measurements from the hardware performance counters and cache profiling using program instrumentation of loads/stores. We define important loads as the load sites that contribute at least 95% of the cache misses at all levels. Our measurements show that the number of important loads in a program is relatively small. Our analysis show that important loads are most of the time contained in inner loops, and that the trip counts of these loops is significantly high. We present preliminary results on using stride profiling to reduce cache misses of important loads, bringing an average of 6% improvement to SPEC2000C. Finally, we present our study of data translation performance and propose design choices.
Spontaneous Emulsification of Oil in Aerosol-OT/Water/Hydrocarbon Systems

Drops containing a hydrocarbon, the anionic surfactant Aerosol-OT (AOT), and water were injected into water at 30 °C, and the resulting behavior was observed by videomicroscopy. Spontaneous emulsification of most of the injected oil yielding droplets a few microns in diameter was seen when n-octane was the hydrocarbon and when the initial drop contained at least 25 wt % AOT and no more than about 10 wt % water. Emulsification was also observed when the initial drop contained small amounts of NaCl solution instead of water and for suitable conditions when n-hexane was the hydrocarbon. However, much less emulsification occurred for n-decane and n-dodecane, probably because surfactant-rich phases in equilibrium with excess oil in these systems solubilized little hydrocarbon. The mechanism of emulsification is closely related to that of an earlier study by Rang and Miller (Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1998, 109, 101) using drops containing n-hexadecane, the pure nonionic surfactant C12E6, and n-octanol. In both ...
Microcirculatory changes identified by photoacoustic microscopy in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I after stellate ganglion blocks

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain syndrome that causes intractable pain, disability, and poor quality of life for patients. The etiology and pathophysiology of CRPS are still poorly understood. Due to a lack of proper diagnostic tools, the prognosis of CRPS is primarily based on clinical observation. The objective of this work is to evaluate a new imaging modality, photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), for assisting diagnoses and monitoring the progress and treatment outcome of CRPS. Blood vasculature and oxygen saturation (sO2) were imaged by PAM from eight adult patients with CRPS-1. Patients’ hands and cuticles were imaged both before and after stellate ganglion block (SGB) for comparison. For all patients, both vascular structure and sO2 could be assessed by PAM. In addition, more vessels and stronger signals were observed after SGB. The results show that PAM can help diagnose and monitor CRPS.
TH-C-17A-10: A Novel Volumetric Respiratory Surrogate Using Optical Surface Imaging

Purpose: Respiration induces motion of the entire torso because the semifluid internal organs are movable driven primarily by the diaphragm within the connected body cavities: thoracic, abdominal and pelvis. Therefore, surface motion of the entire torso represents all respiration-induced external motion and could serve as a more informative respiratory surrogate. Methods: Four-dimensional optical surface (4DOS) imaging was used to monitor the entire torso as a volumetric respiratory surrogate. High speed image capture yields high spatial-resolution images at 5 frames per second using 3 ceiling-mounted stereoscopic cameras, capturing all moving surface of the torso. 4DOS images were retrospectively reconstructed. An in-house MATLAB program was designed to automatically process the surface images with 1×1mm2 grid and calculate torso volume variation as a function of time with a common volume of interest defined by the torso surface, a posterior cut-plane (PCP), and 2 vertical cut-planes at superior-inferior borders. Torso volume variation during quiet breathing (<±3mmHg) represents time-resolved tidal volume (TV) since the tissues and reserved body air within the torso conserve. The spatial distribution of TV in the torso is quantified as breathing pattern (BP=ΔVthorax/TV) using the rib cage as the thorax. Two volunteers were examined performing 4 different breathing patterns, including fake breathing during breath hold. Results: Using different PCPs at or below sagittal midline of the torso, 4DOS produces same TV (<±2%) in free-/chest-/belly-breathing, suggesting that posterior body motion is negligible. Fake breathing during breath hold shows large BP variations (e.g., −ΔVthorax=ΔVabdomen≤750cm3) but small TV changes (−6±39cm3), depicting volume conservation. Surface motion is location-dependent, suggesting intrinsic uncertainties and limited usefulness of point-fiducial surrogates. Conclusion: The 4DOS-based respiratory surrogate produces dynamic TV and BP values, which are potentially useful in developing a more reliable tumor motion surrogate. Further study of this tidal-volume surrogate with more volunteers is on-going under an IRB-approved protocol. This research is in part supported by NIH (U54CA137788/132378).
Pull-In Characteristics of Synchronous Motors

The differential analyzer has proved its worth in solving various types of difficult problems, of which the determination of the pull-in characteristics of salient pole synchronous motors is typical; but even with the aid of this device it has been necessary in solving this problem to make several simplifying assumptions. The differential analyzer recently completed at the University of Pennsylvania, however, is sufficiently comprehensive in design so that few assumptions are necessary, and the major electrical transients and mechanical forces may be taken into account. Typical solutions obtained by means of this analyzer are presented herewith, together with practical pulling-into-step criteria.
Obesity prevention in children: opportunities and challenges.

OBJECTIVE: Longitudinal survey data from a number of countries confirm that the number of overweight children continues to increase at alarming rates, and even developing countries are experiencing a rise in their overweight population. There is ample consensus that prevention strategies are essential to turn the tide of the obesity epidemic, and yet there are still relatively few proven prevention approaches for children. This paper briefly discusses some of the common features of childhood obesity prevention programs, focusing on the experience in the US and Canada. APPROACH: Most prevention programs include at least one of the following components: dietary changes, physical activity, behavior and social modifications, and family participation. School-based prevention programs may also include elements related to the school environment and personnel. Primary prevention programs cannot usually restrict caloric intake, but may effectively reduce the energy intake by reducing the energy density of foods, increasing offering of fresh fruits and vegetables, using low-calorie versions of products, and reducing offering of energy-dense food items. Physical activity interventions have recently focused more on reducing inactive time, particularly television viewing. Results from recent studies have reported success in reducing excess weight gain in preadolescents by restricting TV viewing. SUMMARY: Integrating all the activities of a multi-component prevention intervention, and delivering and sustaining it in different environments, continues to be a major challenge for health professionals as well as for parents, educators, and children themselves. Still, encouraging progress has been made in several areas, and the increased awareness of the problem of childhood obesity by all concerned will continue to foster our efforts in this area.
Physicochemical and immunochemical studies on the reaction of bovine serum albumin with p,p′-difluoro-m,m′-dinitrodiphenylsulfone

Abstract Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was reacted with the bifunctional reagent p,p′ -difluoro- m,m′ -dinitrodiphenylsulfone (FNPS) under varying conditions. While intramolecular cross linkages involving the lysine and tyrosine residues were the major modifications, formation of intermolecular linkages (dimerization), favored by high protein concentrations, was observed under all conditions studied. The modified derivatives exhibited decreased precipitin reactions with the antiserum prepared against the native protein indicating that the protein was denatured to some extent during the modification. FNPS appears useful as a general reagent for conjugation of two proteins.
1567 RESPONSE OF THE NEWBORN TO INDUCED HYPOTENSION

The response of vasoactive mediators in the neonate to a 20% fall in mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) was studied in six chronically catheterized lambs 4-7 days old, following infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). No significant change in pHa, PaCO2, plasma sodium or osmolality was observed following the infusion of SNP. However, the fall in MBP from 65.3±3.90 to 53.8±2.82 mmHg (Mean ±S.E.) at the end of sixty minutes infusion was associated with the following changes in vasopressin (VP), renin activity (PRA) and catecholamine concentrations (CA) (*p<0.01): These levels remained significantly elevated for at least thirty minutes after the end of infusion while MBP rose above control values and was still elevated (72.8±2.95 mmHg) after sixty minutes. These experiments demonstrate that as in the adult, the newborn sheep responds promptly to a hypotensive episode by secreting vasoactive mediators which may play an important role in blood pressure homeostasis. The prolonged hypertension that followed suggests that as in the fetus, blood pressure is not well regulated due to either slower metabolism or immaturity of feedback mechanisms controlling the release of vasoactive mediators.
Who Needs Identity? Dalit Studies and the Politics of Recognition

The essay reviews three recent contributions to the study of dalits (former untouchables) in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, and situates the monographs in the context of two important events. Firstly, the books are seen as crucial interventions to the emerging field of Dalit Studies. The books help us understand how marginalized groups construct identities, inhabit subjectivities, and articulate their worldviews. Secondly, the field itself is situated against the backdrop of significant social and political transformations in India namely the political ascendance of subordinate castes and the changing notions of what it means to be a dalit in the twenty first century. The essay suggests that Dalit Studies could complicate, nuance, and challenge entrenched shibboleths of historical change in South Asia.
Noninvasive Probing of the Spatial Organization of Polymer Chains in Hydrogels Using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

Spatial organization of polymer chains upon ionic or covalent cross-linking to form a hydrogel is examined on the molecular scale using a fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique. Min...
Glutamine inhibits the accumulation and hydroxylation of tryptophan in rat striatal synaptosomes.

Abstract l -Glutamine at the concentration present in cerebrospinal fluid decreases the steady-state accumulation of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine and dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in rat striatal synaptosomes. Glutamine significantly inhibits synaptosomal tryptophan hydroxylase activity; it has less marked effects on tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase activities. Thus, interaction between glutamine and tryptophan transport into nerve terminals may be one of the factors regulating the rate of serotonin synthesis in vivo.
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF FRESHLY HARVESTED AND STORED POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Several major U.S. potato varieties grown in major potato growing areas were analyzed for dry matter, total ash, protein and crude fiber. The compositional ranges for these compounds were relatively small. No differences in the proximate composition which could be attributed to variety or location of growth were established. Prolonged storage resulted in a slight increase in protein, but had no effect on dry matter, total ash and crude fiber contents. The overall mean values obtained in this study were in very good agreement with those reported in USDA Handbook No. 8.
Preliminary fractionation of tiger rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris) venom

Abstract S. A. Weinstein and L. A. Smith . Preliminary fractionation of tiger rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris) venom. Toxicon28, 1447–1455, 1990.—Tiger rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris) venom was fractioned by using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The crude venom had low protease activity, lacked hemolytic activity and had an i.p. ld 50 of 0.070 mg/kg for mice. Lethal fractions obtained by anion and cation exchange were examined for antigenic identity with crotoxin and Mojave toxin. Four toxins were obtained by anion exchange chromatography which showed immunoidentity with these toxins, and one fraction caused rear limb paresis in mice. A lethal toxin (about 10% of total venom protein) purified further with Superose-12 FPLC (molecular sieve) had an i.p. ld 50 of 0.050 mg/kg for mice, reacted strongly with anti-crotoxin and anti-Mojave toxin antiserum in ELISA and immunoelectrophoresis. This toxin also showed complete immunoidentity with crotoxin and Mojave toxin in immunodiffusion assays with anti-crotoxin antiserum. The results indicated the presence of crotoxin and/or Mojave toxin isoforms in this venom. Although this species has a low venom yield (average 10 mg per snake), the venom is highly toxic and contains high concentrations of several neurotoxic isotoxins.
Calcium influx in Trypanosoma brucei can be induced by amphiphilic peptides and amines.

Abstract The following study was undertaken to determine whether an inducible calcium influx pathway is present in intact bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. Fura-2 fluorescence was used to demonstrate that amphiphilic peptides and amines, including melittin, mastoparan and compound 48 80 , each produced a dose dependent calcium influx across the plasma membrane. Calcium influx did not result from general disruption of membrane integrity, since a corresponding influx of ethidium bromide or other divalent cations was not observed. Instead, the calcium influx was selectively blocked by the calcium channel antagonists, La3+, Cd2+ or Ni2+, and was not affected by the Na+ channel antagonists, tetrodotoxin or amiloride. Activation of the trypanosome calcium influx pathway was dependent upon an intact membrane potential, and the rise in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was reversed upon membrane depolarization with gramicidin D. Changes in Ins(1,4,5)P3 did not accompany the calcium influx. Overall, these data provide the first evidence of an inducible calcium influx pathway in T. brucei, and describe methods to selectively manipulate this pathway.
Aerodynamic Damping of Blade Flap Motions at High Angles of Attack

The YawDyn computer code is used to calculate the aerodynamic damping for a typical teetering rotor configuration. The code has been modified to calculate the net work done by aerodynamic forces in one complete rotor revolution. All cases were run for a teetering rotor similar to the ESI-80 with a specified teeter angle motion in order to isolate the aerodynamic effects from the inertial and gravitational loads. Effects of nonlinear static stall, dynamic stall, dynamic inflow, and delayed static stall due to rotation are analyzed separately and in combinations to explain the stability of flap motions in high winds. Contributions of the various steady and unsteady aerodynamic effects are presented for two airfoils: the LS(1) and the NREL Thin Airfoil Family (S805A, S806, S807). Teeter stability is compared for a blade with 10 deg of linear twist and a blade with optimum aerodynamic twist.