cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational design of finite strain auxetic metamaterials via topology optimization and nonlinear homogenization

Abstract A novel computational framework for designing metamaterials with negative Poisson’s ratio over a large strain range is presented in this work by combining the density-based topology optimization together with a mixed stress/deformation driven nonlinear homogenization method. A measure of Poisson’s ratio based on the macro deformations is proposed, which is further validated through direct numerical simulations. With the consistent optimization formulations based on nonlinear homogenization, auxetic metamaterial designs with respect to different loading orientations and with different unit cell domains are systematically explored. In addition, the extension to multimaterial auxetic metamaterial designs is also considered, and stable optimization formulations are presented to obtain discrete metamaterial topologies under finite strains. Various new auxetic designs are obtained based on the proposed framework. To validate the performance of optimized designs, a multiscale stability analysis is carried out using the Bloch analysis and rank-one convexity check. As demonstrated, short and/or long wavelength instabilities can occur during the loading process, leading to a change of periodicity of the microstructure, which can affect the performance of an optimized design.
Impact of a Pharmacy-Led Transition of Care Service on Post-Discharge Medication Adherence.

This study assesses the effectiveness of a pharmacy-led transition of care (TOC) service on increasing patients’ understanding of, and reported adherence to, medication post hospital discharge. A cross-sectional survey was administered to patients who were discharged from the hospital with at least one medication received via bedside delivery from the TOC service. Adherence was assessed by asking the patient if they had taken their discharge medications as instructed by the prescriber. Satisfaction with the discharge medication counseling service was assessed through a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were conducted for all questionnaire items and qualitative data was examined using content analysis. The majority of patients (73%) were counseled on their medication(s) before leaving the hospital. Among those who received counseling, 76 patients had a better understanding of their medication(s). Ninety-five percent of the patients reported adherence, and all six of the patients reporting non-adherence claimed they were not counseled on their medications prior to discharge. Many patients had questions regarding their medication during the follow-up phone call, substantiating the need for further follow-up with patients once they have left the hospital environment. The implementation of medication bedside delivery and counseling services, followed by outpatient adherence monitoring via a transitional care management service, can result in higher levels of reported medication adherence.
Impacts of Sea-level Rise on the Tidal Reach of California Coastal Rivers using the Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS)

O'Neill, A.C.; Erikson, L.H.; and Barnard, P.L., 2020. Impacts of sea-level rise on the tidal reach of California coastal rivers using the Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS). In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1223-1228. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In coastal rivers, the interactions between tides and fluvial discharge affect local ecology, sedimentation, river dynamics, river mouth configuration, and the flooding potential in adjacent wetlands and low-lying areas. With sea-level rise, the tidal reach within coastal rivers can expand upstream, impacting river dynamics and increasing flood risk across a much greater area. Rivers along the Pacific coast of California are constrained by coastal mountain ranges, in contrast to the typical large and low-gradient river deltas and estuaries often used in tidal reach studies. Yet, the impacts of tides are ever-present and considerable to these rivers' habitats and neighboring communities. The impacts of a range of sea-level rise, discharge, and coastal storm conditions on the upstream extent of a spring tidal influence and the associated flood potential are assessed for several coastal rivers across California using coupled Delft3D FLOW-WAVE hydrodynamic simulations that explicitly account for the interactions between waves, currents, surge, and water levels in this study. Projected changes in tidal reach among the various rivers are characterized and implications for adjacent communities and stakeholders are discussed.
AVALIAÇÃO DA RESISTÊNCIA DE GENÓTIPOS DE SOJA FRENTE À FERRUGEM ASIÁTICA

A producao de soja esta entre as atividades agricolas que apresentaram os maiorescrescimentos economicos nas ultimas decadas. No entanto a producao desta cultura vemsofrendo perdas devido a ocorrencia de varias doencas foliares, dentre elas podemos destacara ferrugem asiatica da soja, a qual pode ocasionar perdas na produtividade de graos em ate100%, perdas estas que variam de acordo com os niveis de resistencia genetica dos genotiposde soja. Nesse contexto, trabalhos que estudam a resistencia da ferrugem asiatica saoimportantes uma vez que por meio de comparativos entre cultivares comerciais jadesenvolvidas, pode-se indicar qual delas possui melhor desempenho tanto em resistencia aferrugem asiatica quanto em produtividade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencialgenetico de cultivares de soja quanto a resistencia a ferrugem asiatica. Foram implantados tresensaios no oeste de Santa Catarina, cada um constituido de doze tratamentos em delineamentode blocos completos casualizados, com tres repeticoes. As parcelas foram constituidas porquatro sulcos de cinco metros de comprimento, com espacamento de 40 cm entre sulcos.Foram analisadas as variaveis foram: severidade da doenca (AACPD), peso de mil sementes(PMS) e a produtividade de graos (PRO). A avaliacao da severidade foi definida como aporcentagem da area foliar coberta com sintomas da doenca, determinada com auxilio deescala diagramatica, sendo realizadas avaliacoes de severidade a cada sete dias, em trifoliosde 10 plantas por parcela, sendo a media da severidade uma estimativa da media da doenca naparcela. Atraves das notas de severidade foram obtidas as areas abaixo da curva de progressodas doencas (AACPD). O peso de mil sementes foi avaliado apos a colheita, em 10 plantas daarea util, conforme descrito nas regras para analise de sementes. A PRO foi avaliada a partirda colheita de todas as plantas da parcela util, sendo estimada em kg ha-1. Os dados foramsubmetidos a ANOVA individual e conjunta, mediante constatacao de diferencassignificativas entre os tratamentos (p<0,05), as medias formam comparadas pelo teste ScottKnot, a 5% de probabilidade do erro. Constatou-se que as cultivares de soja apresentaramdiferentes graus de resistencia a ferrugem asiatica em funcao do ambiente em que foramavaliadas; todas as cultivares apresentaram elevado grau de resistencia a doenca, exceto DONMARIO 5.9i, SYN 1059 RR e 55I57RSF IPRO e as cultivares mais produtivas foram: SYN1059 RR em Concordia e Ipora do Oeste, e DON MARIO 5.9i, BMX POTENCIA RR, DONMARIO 5.9i, BMX POTENCIA RR e TMG 7062 IPR em Novo Horizonte. A cultivar SYN1059 RR apresentou o maior rendimento de graos em todos os locais em estudo.
Synthesis and evaluation of cyclopentane-based muraymycin analogs targeting MraY.

Abstract Antibiotic resistance is one of the most challenging global health issues and presents an urgent need for the development of new antibiotics. In this regard, phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase (MraY), an essential enzyme in the early stages of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, has emerged as a promising new antibiotic target. We recently reported the crystal structures of MraY in complex with representative members of naturally occurring nucleoside antibiotics, including muraymycin D2. However, these nucleoside antibiotics are synthetically challenging targets, which limits the scope of medicinal chemistry efforts on this class of compounds. To gain access to active muraymycin analogs with reduced structural complexity and improved synthetic tractability, we prepared and evaluated cyclopentane-based muraymycin analogs for targeting MraY. For the installation of the 1,2-syn-amino alcohol group of analogs, the diastereoselective isocyanoacetate aldol reaction was explored. The structure–activity relationship analysis of the synthesized analogs suggested that a lipophilic side chain is essential for MraY inhibition. Importantly, the analog 20 (JH-MR-23) showed antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. These findings provide insights into designing new muraymycin-based MraY inhibitors with improved chemical tractability.
Enhanced methane conversion using Ni-doped calcium ferrite oxygen carriers in chemical looping partial oxidation systems with CO2 utilization

Chemical looping partial oxidation (CLPO) is a novel technology for converting methane into high quality syngas that can be further converted into liquid fuels. In the present work, Ni-doped Ca2Fe2O5 oxygen carriers are employed as looping media wherein the Ni-doping concentration is varied from 0 to 10%. Thermogravimetric performance tests are carried out where the doped/undoped carriers are subjected to methane reduction in the first half cycle and subsequently the reduced carriers are regenerated using CO2 or air in the second half. The cyclic redox performance of Ni doping on the characteristics and the stabilities of these oxygen carriers are also investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the oxygen carrier characterization, an unwanted phase, NiFe2O4, is formed beyond 5% dopant concentration which exhibited weak methane interaction and inhibited CO2 regeneration thermodynamically. Moreover, doping Ni at 0–5% exhibited increased reactivity across the temperature range of 750–1000 °C as compared to the undoped sample, with the 5% Ni doped sample showing a substantial improvement of 1149% over the undoped sample at 750 °C. This explains its potential in an adiabatic process where a temperature gradient is generally observed across the syngas generation reactor. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal the role of the Ni doping effect on methane partial oxidation and CO2 conversion, wherein adding the Ni dopant lowers the oxygen vacancy formation energy and increases the CO2 adsorption energy which is favorable for CO2 activation and splitting. The findings of this study provide a fundamental insight into the reactivity enhancement of calcium ferrite-based oxygen carriers and open new avenues for designing a novel chemical looping system for simultaneous syngas generation and CO2 utilization.
Protective Action of Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing Compounds against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cataract Formation in Cultured Bovine Lenses.

PURPOSE The gaseous signalling molecule, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Since oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cataracts and lenticular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is elevated in some cataract patients, the present study investigated the ability of H2S-releasing compounds to prevent H2O2-induced cataract formation in cultured bovine lenses. METHODS Lenses were cultured in either Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; control); H2O2 (50 mM); ascorbic acid (AA; 3 mM) (positive control); and the H2S-releasing compounds (diallyl trisulfide [DATS] or GYY4137) in the presence of H2O2 (50 mM). Lens opacity was determined using a plate reader to measure transmittance. Lens glutathione content (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity were assessed before and after treatment with the H2S-releasing compounds. RESULTS Both DATS (10-7M - 10-4M) and GYY4137 (10-7M - 10-4M) significantly (p < .001) attenuated H2O2 (50 mM)-induced loss in transmittance, with DATS (10-4M) and GYY4137 (10-7M) achieving a maximal reversal of opacity by 56.86 ± 0.01% (n = 6) and 8.39 ± 0.11% (n = 6) after 120 hours, respectively. These observations were corroborated by photographic evaluation, where DATS (10-5M - 10-4M) and GYY4137 (10-7M - 10-5M)-treated lenses had relatively clear grids after 120 hours, compared to H2O2 (50 mM)-treated lenses. The H2O2 (50 mM)-induced decline in total GSH content and total SOD activity were significantly (p < .001; n = 5) reversed by DATS (10-4M) and GYY4137 (10-7M). After 24 hours, DATS (10-4M) and GYY4137 (10-7M) significantly (p < .001; n = 4) reduced cytotoxicity of primary bovine lens epithelial cells by 33.88 ± 4.59% and 36.19 ± 10.53%, respectively. CONCLUSION Both H2S-releasing compounds protected cultured bovine lenses against oxidative stress-induced cataract formation. The slow-releasing H2S compound, GYY4137 was more potent than DATS in restoring lenticular total GSH content and total SOD activity along with reducing H2O2 (50 mM)-induced cytotoxicity.
ETIOLOGY AND COURSE OF CERTAIN HEMIPLEGIAS WITH APHASIA IN CHILDHOOD

The histories of 12 children who suffered acquired hemiplegia with aphasia have been reviewed. Although in four the onset was prolonged, it was usually not sufficiently characteristic to allow diagnosis and treatment prior to the development of the complete syndrome. The dominant hemisphere, as demonstrated by the lesion, did not correspond accurately with socially described handedness. Arteriograms were successful in demonstrating vascular malformation or thrombosis in six of seven children on whom they were attempted. Recovery has been followed in 10 children over a period of years. All regained speech spontaneously, and four appear intact, or virtually so. All of the others show psychologic and neurologic residue. Psychologic steps during recovery have been briefly indicated, and one child having an expressive aphasia has been more fully described. Two children have had recurrent seizures.
Advanced Fiber-optic Monitoring System for Space-flight Applications

Researchers at Luna Innovations Inc. and the National Aeronautic and Space Administration s Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA MSFC) have developed an integrated fiber-optic sensor system for real-time monitoring of chemical contaminants and whole-cell bacterial pathogens in water. The system integrates interferometric and evanescent-wave optical fiber-based sensing methodologies with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and long-period grating (LPG) technology to provide versatile measurement capability for both micro- and nano-scale analytes. Sensors can be multiplexed in an array format and embedded in a totally self-contained laboratory card for use with an automated microfluidics platform.
Password-based encryption analyzed

The use of passwords in security protocols is particularly delicate because of the possibility of off-line guessing attacks. We study password-based protocols in the context of a recent line of research that aims to justify symbolic models in terms of more concrete, computational ones. We offer two models for reasoning about the concurrent use of symmetric, asymmetric, and passwordbased encryption in protocol messages. In each of the models we define a notion of equivalence between messages and also characterize when passwords are used securely in a message or in a set of messages. Our new definition for the computational security of password-based encryption may be of independent interest. The main results of this paper are two soundness theorems. We show that under certain (standard) assumptions about the computational implementation of the cryptographic primitives, symbolic equivalence implies computational equivalence. More importantly, we prove that symbolically secure uses of passwords are also computationally secure.
Study of the convergence properties of the updating coefficients in the EM algorithm for PET

The authors have performed a series of simulation studies of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm, using the Hoffman Brain Phantom. They investigated the problem of image deterioration after the iterative procedure has been carried out for an excessive number of iterations and they have studied the convergence characteristics of the updating coefficients in this algorithm. These coefficients can provide a normalized to unity projection of the reconstructed image vectors and valuable information (added noise, location of pixels etc.) can be extracted from their statistical properties. A stopping criterion can also be extracted based on the results of this study. >
Effect of electrode gap variation on high speed traveling wave electro-optic modulators

Summary form only given. We report our results on GaAs-AlGaAs traveling wave Mach-Zehnder electro optical modulators. We measured the phase velocity, matched modulators with electrode /spl mu/m gaps. This paper discusses the effect of this gap variation on modulator characteristics.
Conflict of interest, physicians and physiotherapy

Since Ontario introduced auto-insurance legislation that guaranteed extensive physiotherapy treatment for people who have been in car accidents, the cost of outpatient claims to insurance companies has skyrocketed. However, there has not been a measurable improvement in patient outcomes. At the same time, the average in-hospital stay for patients receiving hip and joint replacements has decreased greatly. Dr. Murray Waldman thinks these divergent trends in rehabilitation can be attributed to physician self-interest.
Physiological mechanisms and epidemiological research

In evidence-based medicine's hierarchy of evidence, physiological research ranks very low. Recent work in philosophy of science has suggested that there may be a role for knowledge of physiological mechanisms in clinical decision making, either (in some rare circumstances) by providing sufficient evidence that a therapy is effective or by bridging the gap between the results of clinical research and the care of individual patients. I argue that both suggestions are problematic and suggest an alternative role for physiological research. Specifically, I suggest that knowledge of physiological mechanisms should be better incorporated into the kind of epidemiological research that is central to evidence-based medicine.
Long difference instrumental variables estimation for dynamic panel models with fixed effects

This paper proposes a new instrumental variables estimator for a dynamic panel model with fixed effects with good bias and mean squared error properties even when identification of the model becomes weak near the unit circle. We adopt a weak instrument asymptotic approximation to study the behavior of various estimators near the unit circle. We show that an estimator based on long differencing the model is much less biased than conventional implementations of the GMM estimator for the dynamic panel model. We also show that under the weak instrument approximation conventional GMM estimators are dominated in terms of mean squared error by an estimator with far less moment conditions. The long difference (LD) estimator mimics the infeasible optimal procedure through its reliance on a small set of moment conditions.
DIVALENT CATION SPECIFICITY OF THE CALCIUM REQUIREMENT FOR FAST TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS IN AXONS OF DESHEATHED NERVES

The presence of a requirement for calcium during the fast transport of [3H]protein in axons was assessed in desheathed spinal nerves of bullfrog. The nerves were desheathed locally along 4 mm of their length, and desheathing was judged effective on the basis of an enhanced uptake of [3H]leucine into that region of nerve trunk. Desheathing per se had a slight inhibitory effect on transport. Incubation of desheathed nerve trunks in calcium-free medium reduced transport by 60-80% relative to that in desheathed nerves incubated in normal medium. Addition of Mg2+ or Sr2+ to the calcium-free medium allowed transport to proceed normally. Addition of Co2+ or Mn2+ to normal medium did not affect transport in desheathed isolated nerve trunks. When ganglia and nerve trunks were both incubated in medium containing 0.18 mM-CoCl2, transport was depressed to a similar extent proximal and distal to the desheathed region. This again indicates that Co2+ does not inhibit transport in desheathed nerves, whereas it does inhibit transport in the ganglia. Additive inhibitory effects were observed when ganglia were incubated in medium containing 0.018 mM-CoCl2, and desheathed nerves were incubated in calcium-free medium. Differences in the divalent cation specificities of the axonal and ganglionic calcium requirements suggest that calcium supports transport in nerves in a manner distinct from its role in maintaining transport in spinal ganglia. It is concluded that the ganglionic calcium requirement involves initiation of axonal transport in the soma rather than translocation in the intraganglionic region of axon.
Effects of cigarette smoking cessation on breastfeeding duration.

doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntq031Advance Access published on March 25, 2010© The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org return to prepregnancy body weight and a decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancers ( Beral, Bull, Doll, Peto, & Reeves, 2002 ; Dewey, Heinig, & Nommsen, 1993 ; Rosenblatt & Thomas, 1993 ), while infant health beneﬁ ts include a reduced risk of a wide variety of infectious diseases, including otitis media, gas-troenteritis, and respiratory infections ( Howie, Forsyth, Ogston, Clark, & Florey, 1990 ; Nafstad, Jaakkola, Hagen, Botten, & Kongerud, 1996 ; Owen et al., 2005 ; Sadauskaite-Kuehne, Ludvigsson, Padaiga, Jasinskiene, & Samuelsson, 2004 ; Sloan, Sneddon, & Iwaniec, 2006 ). Despite substantial progress in increasing breastfeeding initiation, inadequate duration of breastfeeding remains a challenge in developing and developed countries ( Horta, Kramer, & Platt, 2001 ; Scott, Binns, Oddy, & Graham, 2006 ; van Rossem et al., 2009 ). That challenge has prompted efforts to identify modiﬁ able determinants of breastfeeding duration ( Horta, Victora, Menezes, & Barros, 1997 ; Horta et al., 2001 ; Scott et al.; Thulier & Mercer, 2009 ; van Rossem et al.). Nu-merous determinants have been identiﬁ ed, including indi-vidual, family, health care setting, and community factors. Maternal cigarette smoking is among the most consistently identiﬁ ed predictors of early weaning across studies. However, to our knowledge, whether smoking cessation treatment increases breastfeeding duration has not been reported. An obstacle to investigating that question experimentally has been the absence of interventions that produce sufﬁ ciently sustained reductions in antepartum and postpartum smoking to allow an assessment of effects on breastfeeding. In the present study, that obstacle was surmounted by using data from controlled studies on smoking cessation involving an intervention wherein pregnant smokers earned monetary in-centives in the form of vouchers exchangeable for retail items contingent on biochemically verified smoking abstinence during pregnancy and for 12-week postpartum ( Heil et al., 2008 ; Higgins et al., 2004 ; Lussier, Heil, Mongeon, Badger, & Higgins, 2006 ). The intervention produced smoking cessation rates that exceeded those typically observed with pregnant and newly postpartum smokers and hence provided an Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to use data from controlled trials to examine whether smoking cessation increases breastfeeding duration. Correlational studies have conﬁ rmed associations between smoking status and breastfeeding dura-tion, but whether smoking cessation increases breastfeeding duration has not been established.
Quilting as a Tool in Resolving Erikson’s Adult Stage of Human Development

A qualitative study using McCracken’s (The long interview, 1988) multistage process for data analysis examined how traditional women in Amish, Appalachian, and Mormon cultures express generativity through quilting. Using Slater’s (Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 53–65, 2003) description of epigenetic areas of development within middle adulthood, quilting was studied as a facilitator in the process of negotiating Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation. In semi-structured interviews, 30 women discussed the ways they expressed caring, pride, inclusivity, and effectiveness through quilting. Results show that quilting was used to work through each of the epigenetic areas and also show how art forms such as quilting may be used to promote development from middle adulthood on into old age.
College students are more bored than college faculty

College students had significantly lower Purpose-in-Life Test scores (less meaning in their lives) than their professors at both secular and religious institutions. Possible reasons for this difference (e.g., age, current conservative students) are discussed.
Construction of hegemonic masculinity: Violence against wives in Bangladesh

Synopsis This study uses newspaper data to examine how violent men of Bangladesh validate their identity as men through their acts of violence. Prior research on violence against women in Bangladesh was based on economically disadvantaged wives in rural areas or megacities. Systematic applications of Butler's (1990) gender performativity theory and Connell's (1995) hegemonic masculinity idea to empirical data on violence against women in Bangladesh are rare. By applying these frameworks, I find that in a society that promotes violence against women violent men can use such acts as the most honorable way of being men. I explain that hegemonic gender norms relate to wife abuse, and suggest that the intersection of gender and age has seemingly had profound effects on violence against women, independent of other structural inequalities.
The spätzle gene encodes a component of the extracellular signaling pathway establishing the dorsal-ventral pattern of the Drosophila embryo

Abstract spatzle is a maternal effect gene required in the signal transduction pathway that establishes the dorsalventral pattern of the Drosophila embryo. spatzle acts immediately upstream of the membrane protein Toll in the genetic pathway, suggesting that spatzle could encode the ventrally localized ligand that activates the receptor activity of Toll. The spatzle gene encodes a novel secreted protein that appears to require activation by a proteolytic processing reaction, which is controlled by the genes that act upstream of spatzle in the genetic pathway. We propose that proteolytic processing of the spatzle protein is confined to the ventral side of the embryo and that the localization of processed spatzle determines where the receptor, Toll, is active.
“If I lie, I tell you, may heaven and earth destroy me.” Language and Legal Consciousness in Hong Kong Bilingual Common Law

Based on an ethnographic study of courtroom interactions in the bilingual (Chinese/English) common law system in Hong Kong, this article investigates how language plays a constitutive role in shaping the ways people use, argue, and think about law. While the use of English in Hong Kong prescribes by default the supposedly universal speech act of statement-making, the presence of Cantonese allows local speech acts to be brought into the courtrooms. Two local speech acts, "catching fleas in words" and "speaking bitterness," are discussed. The findings of this study suggest that by studying the local practices and beliefs in postcolonial settings, researchers can gain insights into the complex ways in which Anglo American―style legal institutions are reconstituted.
The US cable communications act reconsidered

Abstract The 1984 Cable Communications Policy Act represented a major victory for the cable corporations over broadcasters and telephone companies, and subsequent court rulings have further strengthened their position. The result has been the creation of an uncontrolled, unregulated monopoly. Customers and quality of service they receive, and in alliance with other interests will probably force reconsideration of the Act. This article looks at the range of options — broadly, maintenance of the status quo, more thorough deregulation, and partial regulation — and assesses their chances of success.
53 EFFECT OF A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AGAINST THE SOMATO MEDIN/INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR TYPE I RECEPTOR ON IGF-II BINDING TO HUMAN PLACENTAL MEMBRANES

Human placental membranes (HPM) have been employed in radio-receptor assays (RRA) for somatomedins/insulin-like growth factors (Sm/IGF). Although HPM contain both Sm/IGF Type I and II receptors, previous studies suggest that RRA's using HPM and either 125I-Sm-C/IGF-I or 125I-IGF-II primarily measure interaction with the Type I receptor (Nissley SP, Rechler MM, Clin Endo Metab, 13:43, 1984). We have found that a monoclonal antibody (αIR-3) to the Type I receptor which blocks 125I-Sm-C binding does not block 125I-IGF-II binding to HPM in the RRA. This suggests that the interaction of IGF-II with the Type I receptor is less than predicted by earlier competition studies. To further investigate the nature of IGF-II binding, 125I-IGF-II was covalently crosslinked to HPM, solubilized, reduced and analyzed on SDS-PAGE. Auto radiography revealed a heavily labeled band at Mr 260K (Type II receptor), and a less intense band at Mr 135K. The Mr 135K band migrates nearly identically with the α subunits of both the Type I and insulin receptors; its intensity, however, was not attenuated by α IR-3 or by the presence of 100 ng/ml insulin. Parallel studies with radiolabeled Sm-C showed a marked inhibition of binding to the α subunit in the presence of α IR-3. These results suggest that IGF-II may bind to a 135K moiety that is discrete from previously described receptors. The nature of this moiety has not yet been defined.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal following multiple hemorrhoidectomies

A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal which developed following multiple hemorrhoidectomies is presented. A review of the literature reveals the prevalence of previous anorectal operations before diagnosis of the condition was made. The indifference of the general population to anal lesions is an important contributory factor to the delay of diagnosis. Clinically, the lesion may mimic many common benign anorectal diseases. It is re-emphasized that all specimens removed from the anorectum should be submitted for microscopic examination, and wherever possible the surgeon should point out to the pathologist the area of suspicion. We believe that these tumors, regardless of their size, should be treated by radical surgery with extended lymphadenectomy.
Evidence of post translational modification bias extracted from the tRNA and corresponding amino acid interplay across a set of diverse organisms

A post-translational modification (PTM) describes a form of biosynthesis for the task of initializing proteins for specific functions. PTMs are complexes which are involved in developing or customizing proteins to increase their functional diversity. In times of protein stress, PTMs may be involved in altering protein structures to allow for better chances of survival. Once the stress-condition has elapsed, PTMs are able to transform the protein's structure back to its original form for the continued survival of the protein. PTMs are not applied uniformly across organismal proteins and differing PTM preferences and usages may often exist between proteins of the same organism. Here, we study the frequency of factors (PTM predominance and their associated active sites, tRNAs and amino acids) which likely influence a PTM bias. We extract and study these factor frequencies across both mitochondrial (Mt) and non-Mt proteins of nine diverse organisms (closely following two, Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans, due to space limitations) to illustrate their remarkable differences which may strongly influence natural PTM selection. By this work, we offer evidence to argue that this PTM bias may be the result of these factors which combine in a poorly understood system to affect and control PTM interactions. Our analysis is made up of an application of frequency information concerning PTMs, active sites, tRNA and amino acids and is used to create network models for the clear visualization of its mechanisms for this PTM natural selection.
Development and initial calibration of a portable laser-induced fluorescence system used for in situ measurements of trace plastics and dissolved organic compounds in seawater and the Gulf of Mexico

A portable UV laser-induced fluorescence system that uses a high pulsed repetition frequency (8-kHz) microchip laser at 266 nm, 13 switchable optical filters, and a gated photomultiplier tube detector has been developed and tested successfully for the detection of leached plastics (possibly bisphenol-A) and trace dissolved organic compounds in seawater. The instrument is 100 times more sensitive than commercial portable spectrofluorometers and measures a complete fluorescence spectrum in a moderate time period of 1-2 min. The system was tested in the Gulf of Mexico over varying water masses. In addition, fluorescence lifetime, bleaching, and temporal flow characteristics were studied.
Ambient Temperature and Violent Crime1

Baron and Ransberger (1978) argue that civil violence increases as temperature rises into the mid 80s, and then decreases as temperatures rise further. Two experiments test this hypothesis using data on temperature and the incidence of crime for summer months in two midwestern cities. The crime data were divided into violent and nonviolent crimes, and then correlated with the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures, and several humidity measures. Violent crime correlated significantly with temperature; nonviolent crime did not. This relationship was linear in the first study, but curvilinear in the second. Inspection of the data suggests that the incidence of aggressive behavior (i.e., violent crime) does not drop off in the mid-80s as laboratory findings and Baron and Ransberger's results would suggest, but continues to increase as temperatures rise into the 90s. The mean incidence of violent crime was higher for days in the 90s than for days in the 80s. A hypothesis for resolving this contradiction between real world and laboratory findings is discussed.
Discovery of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase 2 Inhibitors: Comparison of a Fluorescence Intensity-Based Phosphate Assay and a Fluorescence Polarization-Based ADP Assay for High-Throughput Screening

Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) enzymes exist as two isoforms, ACC1 and ACC2, which play critical roles in fatty acid biosynthesis and oxidation. Though each isoform differs in tissue and subcellular localization, both catalyze the biotin- and ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-coenzyme A to generate malonyl-coenzyme A, a key metabolite in the control of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. The cytosolic ACC1 is expressed primarily in liver and adipose tissue, and uses malonyl-coenzyme A as a key building block in fatty acid biosynthesis. The mitochondrial ACC2 is primarily expressed in heart and skeletal muscle, where it is involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation. Inhibitors of ACC enzymes may therefore be useful therapeutics for diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Two assay formats for these ATP-utilizing enzymes amenable to high-throughput screening are compared: a fluorescence intensity-based assay to detect inorganic phosphate and a fluorescence polarization-based assay to detect ADP. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors were identified by these high-throughput screening methods and were confirmed in a radiometric high performance liquid chromatography assay of malonyl-coenzyme A production.
Embryonic Origins and Assembly of Blood Vessels

Embryonic blood vessels develop in two ways: angiogenesis, which is growth by budding, branching, and elongation of existing vessels, and in situ formation of endothelial vesicles that coalesce with elongating vessels. It is assumed that the former is more prevalent, with the latter restricted to vessels that form near the endoderm:mesoderm interface. Neither the relative contributions of each of these processes in the formation of specific blood vessels nor the origins of precursors (angioblasts) of these intraembryonic endothelial populations are known. Antibodies that recognize quail endothelial cells can be used to follow the movements and differentiation of endothelial cell precursors after the transplantation of putative precursor populations from quail into chick embryos. Using this method, it has been shown that all intraembryonic mesodermal tissues, except the prechordal plate, contain angiogenic precursors. After transplantation some angioblasts move in all directions away from the site of implantation, invading surrounding mesenchyme and contributing to the formation of arteries, veins, and capillaries in a wide area. Although it is clear that these invasive angioblasts, which behave unlike any other embryonic mesenchymal cell type, are found throughout the embryo, it is not known whether they represent a unique endothelial cell type in mature blood vessels. Irrespective of their original location in the donor embryo, transplanted angioblasts will form vascular channels that are appropriate for the tissues surrounding their site of implantation. These results indicate that the control over vascular assembly resides within the connective-tissue-forming mesenchyme of the embryo.
Evaluative Criteria and Social Distinctions in Renters' Residential Search Procedures

There are, as yet, no pragmatic or fully acceptable behavioural models of the housing search process. It is suggested that past studies lack concern for the functionally discrete nature of an individual's active and passive search procedures. Further, contemporary residential search and choice studies often mask social differences essential to understanding relocation decisions. The present study is an empirical investigation of renters' residential search behaviour. It emphasizes the importance of evaluative criteria and choice parameters during an individual's housing search. It also gives explicit recognition of the social contexts of renters' search behaviour. Jusqu'ici il n'existe pas de modeles pragmatiques ou en-tierement acceptables sur la dynamique des pratiques de recherche en matiere de logement. jusqu'a maintenant, les etudes se sont peu souciees de la nature de fonctionnement discrete des pratiques actives et passives de recherche d'une personne. Bien plus, les etudes comtemporaines sur la recherche et le choix de residences masquent souvent des differences so-ciales essentielles a la comprehension des decisions de relocalisation. La presente etude se penche de facon empirique sur les pratiques de recherche de residences par les locataires. Elle met l'accent sur l'importance des criteres d'evaluation et des parametres qui carac-terisent le choix durant la recherche d'un logement par une personne. Elle reconnait aussi de facon explicite I'importance des contextes sociaux dans les habitudes de recherche des localaires.
Disruption of membrane cholesterol stimulates MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation in immature B cells ☆

Abstract Agents that extract or sequester membrane cholesterol stimulate IκB degradation and lead to NF-κB activation in a subset of B cells. Although the extraction of cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin is the most potent stimulus of NF-κB, other agents that sequester cholesterol have similar effects. B cells and B cell lines with an immature phenotype are significantly more sensitive to the effects of cholesterol perturbation than their mature B cell counterparts. NF-κB activation does not involve signaling from the B cell receptor complex. Instead, the disruption of membrane cholesterol activates NF-κB through a MyD88-dependent pathway involving the pattern recognition receptor, Toll-like receptor 4. We suggest that lipid raft microdomains may serve not only to orchestrate receptor signaling, but to sequester signaling components one from one another, which serves to prevent receptor-mediated signaling from occurring. A role for this process during B cell development is suggested.
Cognitive representations of the future: Survey results

Abstract This paper reports the results of a web-based survey concerning how people think about the future. Five hundred and seventy-two people from 24 countries completed the survey. The results indicate that when the respondents hear the word ‘future’, they think about a point in time 15 years into the future, on average, with a median response of 10 years. Respondents think less about the future than the present. On the other hand, they tend to worry more about the future than the present. Respondents’ ability to imagine the future goes ‘dark’ around 15–20 years into the future. Most of the respondents are optimistic about the near term, but become more pessimistic about the longer term. Respondents believe that humankind is not acting very responsibly with respect to a whole host of environmental and social issues but is acting responsibly with respect to technology. Almost half of the respondents would not wish to have been born in the future. Most of the other respondents would have preferred to have been born 50–500 years into the future. Approximately 45% of the sample believes that humankind will become extinct. The data suggest that Christians are more optimistic and less worried about the future and do not believe that we will become extinct. Males worry less but also think more about the future. There is a strong correlation between thinking about the future, clearly imagining the future, and being optimistic about the future. It is concluded that individuals have diverse and rich conceptions about the future but that they think less about the future than futurists might hope. Individuals’ considerations of the future are highly influenced by their identities and worldviews. Future research should focus on better unraveling these relationships and on understanding their implications for futures-oriented policy making.
Design Methodology for the CSM HAN-DS Gripper

This paper describes the application of classical design methodology toward the design of a robotic gripper. This gripper is designed to meet or exceed the mechanical properties of the BarrettHand for a lower cost. The design process followed a classical design process as previously introduced by Streusand and Turner with some modifications due working as an individual rather than as a design team member. This process proved effective in the design of the gripper, though there are some recommendations for improving the method and some improvements need to be made to the current gripper design before it is ready for use.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Metabolizable Energy of Soybean Oil Meals, Soybean Millfeeds and Soybean Hulls for the Growing Chick

Abstract PREVIOUS reports from this laboratory have described studies of methods of determining energy values for chickens (Hill and Anderson, 1958), determination of the metabolizable energy value of glucose (Anderson, Hill and Renner, 1958), and the metabolizable energy values of grains and grain products for growing chicks (Hill, Anderson, Renner and Carew, 1960). The purpose of this paper is to report studies of the metabolizable energy of soybean oil meals, soybean millfeeds and soybean hulls, materials widely used in poultry feeding, as part of a systematic study of the energy values of feedstuffs for poultry. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all of the experiments to be described, the reference diet employed was diet E9, the composition of which is shown in Table 1. It was formulated to contain adequate amounts of all known nutrients required by the chick, and was liberally supplemented with fish meal, fish solubles, brewers’ dried yeast and dried …
Cyclodextrins as Protein Folding Aids

Abstract Aggregation of proteins is a frequent occurence during their transition from random coil to native structure. The influence of cyclodextrins in the refolding of carbonic anhydrase under aggregating conditions was studied. Cyclodextrin prevented formation of protein aggregates during renaturation of carbonic anhydrase. In addition, over 90 % of active enzyme was recovered even at protein concentrations as high as 67 μM. The enhanced protein reactivation by cyclodextrins may be due to their ability to bind to hydrophobic sites in protein folding intermediate(s) followed by their subsequent removal as the protein refolds.
Historical dictionary of the Korean War

Preface Acronyms Maps The Dictionary Appendix A: Statistical Information Appendix B: Summary of Personnel Changes Appendix C: Chronology of the Korean War Selective Bibliography Index
Oxidation of Aqueous EDTA and Associated Organics and Coprecipitation of Inorganics by Ambient Iron-Mediated Aeration

Cationic metal and radionuclide contaminants can be extracted from soils to groundwater with sequestering agents such as EDTA. However, EDTA must then be removed from the groundwater, by advanced oxidation or specialized biological treatment. In this work, aqueous individual metal-EDTA solutions were aerated with steel wool for 25 h, at ambient pH, temperature, and pressure. Removal of approximately 99% of EDTA (0.09−1.78 mM); glyoxylic acid (0.153 mM); chelated Cd2+ (0.94 and 0.0952 mM), Pb2+ (0.0502 mM), and Hg2+ (0.0419 mM); and free chromate and vanadate was shown. EDTA was oxidized to glyoxylic acid and formaldehyde, and metals/metalloids were coprecipitated together with iron oxyhydroxide floc. Free arsenite and arsenate were each removed at 99.97%. Free Sr2+, and chelated Ni2+ were removed at 92% and 63%, respectively. Similar removals were obtained from mixtures, including 99.996 ± 0.004% removal of total arsenic (95% confidence). Traces of iminodiacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, and ethylenedi...
Effect of specimen size on the impact properties of neutron irradiated A533B steel

Abstract A new methodology is proposed to correlate the upper shelf energy (USE) of full-size and subsize Charpy specimens of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel plate material. The methodology appears to be more satisfactory than those methodlogies proposed earlier. The USE was normalized by a normalization factor involving the dimensions of the Charpy specimen, the elastic stress concentration factor, and the plastic constraint at the notch root. The normalized values of the USE were found to be invariant with speciment size. In addition, it was also found that the ratio of the USE of unirradiated to that of irradiated materials was approximately the same for full-, half-, and third-size specimens. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperture (DBTT) increased due to irradiation at 150°C to a nominal fluence of 1.0 × 1019 n/cm2 (E >MeV) by 78, 83 and 70°C for full-, half-, and third-size specimens, respectively. These shifts in DBTT appeared to be independent of specimen size and notch geometry.
Vesicles and pustules in the neonate

Vesicles and pustules in the neonate can be due to common or life threatening conditions. Recognizing key clinical features and understanding when and how to workup the various different vesiculopustular eruptions that occur in the neonatal period is vital. A rapid diagnosis of an infectious cause of a neonatal vesiculopustular eruption can be life-saving.