cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On nonlinear theories of economic cycles and the persistence of business cycles

Abstract This paper explores the dynamical structure of various linear and nonlinear theories of economic cycles. It focuses, Fin particular, on the importance of limit cycle theories for macroeconomic dynamics. It develops and simulates a model of self-sustained cycles and demonstrates the existence of a limit cycle by utilizing the Poincare´-Bendixson theorem.
Enzymatic Control of Estrogen Production in Human Breast Cancer: Relative Significance of Aromatase versus Sulfatase Pathways

One-third of the cases of breast cancer in postmenopausal women are hormone-dependent and the lesions regress upon treatment with antiestrogens or inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis. In these patients, estrogens are synthesized in extraglandular tissues from adrenal precursors and re-enter plasma to produce estrone levels of 52 +/- 6.5 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM) and estradiol concentrations of 13.1 +/- 0.7 pg/ml. However, the fact that the levels of estrogen in breast tumor tissue are an order of magnitude higher than plasma levels suggested the possibility of in situ estrogen production. To address this possibility, we measured several enzymes involved in estradiol biosynthesis in human tumors. Forty-eight of 61 tumors contained aromatase (estrogen synthetase) activity ranging from 5-80 pg/gm protein per hour. By comparison, the levels of estrone sulfatase were 10(6) higher, ranging from 0.8-125 micrograms/gm protein per hour. Because the sulfatase enzyme was of lower affinity (i.e., Km = 27 microM) than that of aromatase (i.e., 0.027 microM), the amount of estrogen formed under conditions of similar substrate concentrations was compared and found to be 10-fold higher via the sulfatase enzyme. In 41 additional tumors, the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme, catalyzing the conversion of estrone to estradiol, was uniformly present. To test the biologic relevance of the estrone sulfate to estrone to estradiol pathway, estrogen-dependent nitrosomethylurea rat mammary tumors were grown in soft agar in the presence of estrone sulfate. Concentrations of estrone sulfate of 10(-6) microM significantly (p less than 0.01) stimulated colony formation in this system in which 75.5-98.6% of estrone sulfate was converted to estrone and 0.2 to 6% to estradiol. These data support the hypothesis that mammary carcinomas can synthesize estradiol in situ from circulating estrogen precursor and that local conversion is biologically important. On the basis of comparative data, the estrone sulfate to estrone to estradiol pathway is quantitatively more important than that involving androstenedione to estrone to estradiol.
Locally optimal detection in multivariate non-Gaussian noise

The detection of a vanishingly small, known signal in multi-variate noise is considered. Efficacy is used as a criterion of detector performance, and the locally optimal detector (LOD) for multivariate noise is derived. It is shown that this is a generalization of the well-known LOD for independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) noise. Several characterizations of multivariate noise are used as examples; these include specific examples and some general methods of density generation. In particular, the class of multivariate densities generated by a zero-memory nonlinear transformation of a correlated Gaussian source is discussed in some detail. The detector structure is derived and practical aspects of obtaining detector subsystems are considered. Through the use of Monte Carlo simulations, the performance of this system if compared to that of the matched filter and of the i.i.d. LOD. Finally, the class of multivariate densities generated by a linear transformation of an i.i.d, noise source is described, and its LOD is shown to be a form frequently suggested to deal with multivariate, non-Gaussian noise: a linear filter followed by a memoryless nonlinearity and a correlator.
Cloning and characterization of the human and mouse PDE7B, a novel cAMP-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

We have identified and characterised a novel member of the PDE7 family of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE), which we have designated PDE7B. Mouse and human full-length cDNAs were isolated encoding a protein of 446 and 450 amino acids, respectively. The predicted protein sequence of PDE7B showed highest homology (70% identity) to that of PDE7A. Northern blot analysis identified a single 5.5-kb transcript with highest levels detected in brain, heart, and liver. Kinetic analysis of the mouse and human purified recombinant enzymes show them to specifically hydrolyse cAMP with a Km of 0.1 and 0.2 microM respectively. Inhibitor studies show sensitivity to dipyridamole, IC50 of 0.51 and 1.94 microM, and IBMX, IC50 of 3.81 and 7.37 microM, for the mouse and human enzymes, respectively. This shows that dipyridamole is not selective for cGMP over cAMP PDEs as previously believed. Other standard PDE inhibitors including zaprinast, rolipram, and milrinone do not significantly inhibit PDE7B.
Postmodern Masculinities and the Eunuch

This research examines the recent rise of the eunuch within several sociological contexts. The contention of this article is that present images of masculine sexuality have inadvertently made the effigy of the eunuch more permissible, albeit, unstated. In addition, as a form of sexual deviance, this practice relies on both individual pathologies and communities for membership. Recent technological advances in the computer industry have simplified access to like-minded individuals fostering fellowship. Using both primary and secondary sources of data, individual motivations to becoming a eunuch are examined.
Metformin and Not Diabetes Influences the Survival of Resected Early Stage NSCLC Patients

Background: Published data suggest that diabetes influences survival of patients with lung cancer. The anti-cancer effect of metformin confounds this association. We sought to study the association of diabetes and metformin with survival in patients undergoing resection of stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Pathologic stage I NSCLC patients undergoing anatomic resection from 2002 to 2011 were studied. A diagnosis of diabetes and diabetic medication use were identified through records. Univariate and multivariate analyses examined the association of diabetes and metformin usage with overall survival (OS). Results: 409 eligible patients were included in the analysis - excluding patients with neoadjuvant therapy, more than one lung cancer, or resection less than lobectomy. 71 (17.4%) patients were diabetics and 41 (10.0%) used metformin. With a median follow up of 44 months, univariate analysis demonstrates that diabetes had no effect on OS (P=0.75); however, metformin use was associated with improved OS (median survival not reached vs. 60 months; P=0.02). Metformin use remained an important predictor of good survival in multivariate analysis (HR=3.08; P<0.01) after adjusting for age, gender, pathologic stage, histology and smoking status. Conclusion: Metformin use rather than diabetes is associated with improved long-term survival in Stage I NSCLC patients.
Empirical Correction of a Dynamical Model. Part I: Fundamental Issues

Abstract The possibility of empirically correcting a nonlinear dynamical model is examined. The empirical correction is constructed by fitting a first-order Markov model to the forecast errors using initial conditions as predictors. The dynamical operator of the Markov model can then be subtracted from the original forecast model to correct the forecast. The procedure is based on an earlier work by Leith, suitably modified for practical applications. The effects of analysis errors and finite difference approximations are analyzed. It is shown that uncorrelated analysis errors produce spurious terms in the empirical correction operator that act to damp eddy variance at a rate inversely proportional to the lead time used to estimate the Markov model. The finite difference approximation is appropriate as long as the forecast errors grow linearly with lead time. These restrictions can be interpreted as setting lower and upper limits on the lead time, respectively, and can be checked without knowing the true s...
Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

In the article that follows, Carroll and Reimer address a number of issues related to the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections. These syndromes occur with great frequency in both adults and children and have tremendous economic impact, related not only to lost productivity in the workplace but also to the frequent prescription by physicians of antibiotics, even when the etiologic agents of infection almost certainly are not bacteria. Most of these infections are diagnosed clinically, and specimens for microbiological identification are not obtained. Indeed, the difficulty in obtaining microbiological specimens that are not contaminated by resident colonizing flora often results in laboratory culture reports of dubious clinical value. As the authors note, the most standardized procedures are for the diagnosis of pharyngitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes. The preferred culture methods are reviewed as are the sensitivities, specificities, and limitations of rapid direct tests for group A streptococcal antigens. Currently, as the authors emphasize, a negative direct test mandates a conventional culture for S. pyogenes. More problematic are requests for isolation of other streptococci, Haemophilus species, corynebacteria, and gram-negative bacteria. Given limited resources, cost-containment imperatives, and the absence of clear evidence that these organisms are pharyngeal pathogens associated with important sequelae, my laboratory does not attempt to isolate these bacteria unless the ordering physician has directly consulted with me (the laboratory director). Carroll and Reimer emphasize that nasopharyngeal cultures have no place in the microbiological diagnosis of otitis media and that diagnostic tympanocentesis is the only procedure for obtaining specimens that yield reliable microbiological findings. They also point out the futility of using swabs to obtain material for the diagnosis of otitis externa, since the external auditory canal cannot be decontaminated sufficiently to obtain a meaningful culture result. Finally, the authors address the available methods for obtaining specimens to establish the etiology of sinusitis. For microbiological diagnosis, direct antral puncture has been the method of choice for many years. However, otorhinolaryngologists now obtain many specimens endoscopically. It probably is not possible to obtain specimens by this method without contamination by normal upper respiratory flora. Thus, results of cultures of endoscopic specimens are more difficult to interpret. For patients with complicated illnesses, use of the diagnostic "gold standard" of antral puncture, as well as biopsy with histopathologic correlation, should be encouraged.
The Use of Intestinal D-Xylose Absorption and Other Parameters to Determine the Pathogenicity of and Immunity to Eimeria acervulina

Abstract The degree of pathogenicity of Eimeria acervulina infection in broiler chickens was evaluated by body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, oocyst production, gross morphologic lesion score, and intestinal D-xylose absorption. The least pathogenic effects, after challenge, occurred in birds immunized with 5 × 104 oocysts and challenged on Day 14 with 3 × 106 oocysts. Intestinal D-xylose absorption was found to be a sensitive method for evaluating the effects of coccidial infection and correlated well with body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Oocyst production and morphologic lesion scoring were less sensitive techniques than D-xylose absorption, weight gain, and feed conversion for determination of pathogenic effects between the groups of birds tested.
Inclusive hadron production in inelastic muon-proton scattering at 150 GeV/ c

Inclusive hadron production in muon-proton inelastic scattering has been measured for ${q}^{2}g0.5$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ and $10l\ensuremath{\nu}l135$ GeV. The results are presented in the form of the transverse momentum distribution of charged hadrons and the hadron invariant structure function $F({x}^{\ensuremath{'}})$. Results are given for different regions of ${q}^{2}$ and $s$.
Composition of blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) milk and milk intake by the calf.

Milk composition of blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) dams and milk intake by their calves were measured. Milk samples were collected from ten females once weekly from day 7 postpartum through weaning (56 days postpartum). Oxytocin was administered to facilitate milk let down and milk was extracted by hand. Milk intake by calves was measured once weekly from day 4 to 53 by the weigh-suckle-weigh technique for two consecutive 12-h periods. Gross milk composition averaged 27.5 ± 0.28% total solids, 12.2 ± 0.17% fat, 9.8 ± 0.14% crude protein, 3.8 ± 0.11% lactose, and 178.6 ± 2.00 kcal/100 g milk. Fatty acid composition of blue duiker milk was similar to cow's milk. Calves consumed 61 ± 8, 76 ± 5, 75 ± 4, 64 ± 5, 55 ± 7, 46 ± 5, and 31 ± 7 g of milk per day when measured at weekly intervals from day 4 through 53 postpartum. Milk dry matter intake as a percent of body weight decreased from 3.6 to 0.8% from day 4 through 53. Calves from dams in their fourth or greater lactation consumed more milk (P<0.05) and gained more rapidly (P<0.05) than calves from younger dams. Average daily gain (21.7±1.8 g/day) was greatest the first 2 weeks after birth. Milk composition and intake data from this study may assist in the formulation of a suitable milk replacer for suckling duiker calves.
Predicting riparian evapotranspiration from MODIS vegetation indices and meteorological data

A vegetation index (VI) model for predicting evapotranspiration (ET) from data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) on the EOS-1 Terra satellite and ground meteorological data was developed for riparian vegetation along the Middle Rio Grande River in New Mexico. Ground ET measurements obtained from eddy covariance towers at four riparian sites were correlated with MODIS VIs, MODIS land surface temperatures (LSTs), and ground micrometeorological data over four years. Sites included two saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) and two Rio Grande cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. Wislizennii) dominated stands. The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) was more closely correlated (r=0.76) with ET than the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI; r=0.68) for ET data combined over sites and species. Air temperature (Ta) measured over the canopy from towers was the meteorological variable that was most closely correlated with ET (r=0.82). MODIS LST data at 1- and 5-km resolutions were too coarse to accurately measure the radiant surface temperature within the narrow riparian corridor; hence, energy balance methods for estimating ET using MODIS LSTs were not successful. On the other hand, a multivariate regression equation for predicting ET from EVI and Ta had an r2=0.82 across sites, species, and years. The equation was similar to VI–ET models developed for crop species. The finding that ET predictions did not require species-specific equations is significant, inasmuch as these are mixed vegetation zones that cannot be easily mapped at the species level.
A program implementing Mardia's multivariate normality test for use in structural equation modeling with latent variables

A FORTRAN 77 program is presented that tests assumptions of multivariate normality in a data set Violation of the normality assumption, especially excessive kurtosis, suggests that alternative estimation techniques other than maximum likelihood should be used. Even if all the univariate distributions are normal, the joint distribution may depart substantially from multivariate normality. Consequently, testing variables individually may not be sufficient. This program is of use to those engaged in structural equation modeling with latent variables.
Evaluation and Management of Patients With Heart Disease and Cancer: Cardio-Oncology

The care for patients with cancer has advanced greatly over the past decades. A combination of earlier cancer diagnosis and greater use of traditional and new systemic treatments has decreased cancer-related mortality. Effective cancer therapies, however, can result in short- and long-term comorbidities that can decrease the net clinical gain by affecting quality of life and survival. In particular, cardiovascular complications of cancer treatments can have a profound effect on the health of patients with cancer and are more common among those with recognized or unrecognized underlying cardiovascular diseases. A new discipline termed cardio-oncology has thus evolved to address the cardiovascular needs of patients with cancer and optimize their care in a multidisciplinary approach. This review provides a brief introduction and background on this emerging field and then focuses on its practical aspects including cardiovascular risk assessment and prevention before cancer treatment, cardiovascular surveillance and therapy during cancer treatment, and cardiovascular monitoring and management after cancer therapy. The content of this review is based on a literature search of PubMed between January 1, 1960, and February 1, 2014, using the search terms cancer, cardiomyopathy, cardiotoxicity, cardio-oncology, chemotherapy, heart failure, and radiation.
Homeostatic levels of SRC-2 and SRC-3 promote early human adipogenesis.

The related coactivators SRC-2 and SRC-3 interact with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) to coordinate transcriptional circuits to promote adipogenesis. To identify potential coactivator redundancy during human adipogenesis at single cell resolution, we used high content analysis to quantify links between PPARγ, SRC-2, SRC-3, and lipogenesis. Because we detected robust increases and significant cell–cell heterogeneity in PPARγ and lipogenesis, without changes in SRC-2 or SRC-3, we hypothesized that permissive coregulator levels comprise a necessary adipogenic equilibrium. We probed this equilibrium by down-regulating SRC-2 and SRC-3 while simultaneously quantifying PPARγ. Individual or joint knockdown equally inhibits lipid accumulation by preventing lipogenic gene engagement, without affecting PPARγ protein levels. Supporting dominant, pro-adipogenic roles for SRC-2 and SRC-3, SRC-1 knockdown does not affect adipogenesis. SRC-2 and SRC-3 knockdown increases the proportion of cells in a PPARγhi/lipidlo state while increasing phospho-PPARγ–S114, an inhibitor of PPARγ transcriptional activity and adipogenesis. Together, we demonstrate that SRC-2 and SRC-3 concomitantly promote human adipocyte differentiation by attenuating phospho-PPARγ–S114 and modulating PPARγ cellular heterogeneity.
AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL FLIGHT TRAP FOR ASCENDING AND DESCENDING INSECTS

A study currently under way required non-attractant traps to collect and preserve for taxonomic identification flying insects inhabiting the crown and shrub layers of a slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) and pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet) forest. We concluded that an omnidirectional flight trap was appropriate. After failing to find a satisfactory design in the literature, we developed the trap illustrated in Fig. 1. Our design combines an original upper collecting unit with a modification of the trap described by Hines and Heikkenen (1977).
A letter from the United States: The fox in our backyard - Science, Serendipity and Surprise

The story of how Charles Darwin composed The Origin of Species, published inNovember of 1859, has been told many times during the bicentennial of Darwin’s birth and thesesquicentennial of the publication of the book. It is a history well known to biologists and historians ofscience. The heated debate that accompanied the demonstration of natural selection as a mechanism ofspeciation and continues to the present is surprising. Human beings do not welcome surprise: “theemotion aroused by something unexpected.” The history of science and human intellect, however,illustrate the creative stimulus of surprise and serendipity in the development of human knowledge andthe evolution of culture. The lives of Homo sapiens would not change if our intellect was unable orunwilling to respond to the unexpected and to make connections between surprising and commonplaceevents. The rich diversity of South American life was surprising to the European travelers of the 18
The Permeability of Ammonia, Methylamine and Ethylamine in the Charophyte Chara corallina (C. australis)

Ritchie, R. J. 1987. The permeability of ammonia, methylamine and ethylamine in the charophyte
3D object modeling and recognition using affine-invariant patches and multi-view spatial constraints

This paper presents a representation for three-dimensional objects in terms of affine-invariant image patches and their spatial relationships. Multi-view constraints associated with groups of patches are combined with a normalized representation of their appearance to guide matching and reconstruction, allowing the acquisition of true three-dimensional affine and Euclidean models from multiple images and their recognition in a single photograph taken from an arbitrary viewpoint. The proposed approach does not require a separate segmentation stage and is applicable to cluttered scenes. Preliminary modeling and recognition results are presented.
Defining Emotion: A Brief History:

The effort to define the term “emotion” has a long history in the discipline of psychology. Izard’s survey (2010) canvassed prominent emotion theorists and researchers on their working definitions ...
Symmetries of the Einstein equations

We classify all generalized symmetries of the vacuum Einstein equations in four spacetime dimensions. They consist of constant scalings of the metric, and of the infinitesimal action of generalized spacetime diffeomorphisms. Our results rule out a large class of possible ``observables'' for the gravitational field, and suggest that the vacuum Einstein equations are not integrable.
Poxvirus Cell Entry: How Many Proteins Does it Take?

For many viruses, one or two proteins enable cell binding, membrane fusion and entry. The large number of proteins employed by poxviruses is unprecedented and may be related to their ability to infect a wide range of cells. There are two main infectious forms of vaccinia virus, the prototype poxvirus: the mature virion (MV), which has a single membrane, and the extracellular enveloped virion (EV), which has an additional outer membrane that is disrupted prior to fusion. Four viral proteins associated with the MV membrane facilitate attachment by binding to glycosaminoglycans or laminin on the cell surface, whereas EV attachment proteins have not yet been identified. Entry can occur at the plasma membrane or in acidified endosomes following macropinocytosis and involves actin dynamics and cell signaling. Regardless of the pathway or whether the MV or EV mediates infection, fusion is dependent on 11 to 12 non-glycosylated, transmembrane proteins ranging in size from 4- to 43-kDa that are associated in a complex. These proteins are conserved in poxviruses making it likely that a common entry mechanism exists. Biochemical studies support a two-step process in which lipid mixing of viral and cellular membranes is followed by pore expansion and core penetration.
Variability Common to First Leaf Dates and Snowpack in the Western Conterminous United States

AbstractSingular value decomposition is used to identify the common variability in first leaf dates (FLDs) and 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) for the western United States during the period 1900–2012. Results indicate two modes of joint variability that explain 57% of the variability in FLD and 69% of the variability in SWE. The first mode of joint variability is related to widespread late winter–spring warming or cooling across the entire west. The second mode can be described as a north–south dipole in temperature for FLD, as well as in cool season temperature and precipitation for SWE, that is closely correlated to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation. Additionally, both modes of variability indicate a relation with the Pacific–North American atmospheric pattern. These results indicate that there is a substantial amount of common variance in FLD and SWE that is related to large-scale modes of climate variability.
Visible Bodies, Invisible Work: State Practices toward Migrant Women Domestic Workers in Malaysia:

The changing characteristics of labor migration in Asia today elicit an important question regarding the nature and consequences of state involvement in the entry and employment of low wage migrant workers. This paper offers an analysis of the labor-receiving state's practices toward migrant women domestic workers in Malaysia. I ascertain that the exercise of a particular kind of state power as evinced from policies and legislation, consistently make visible migrant womens' presence in society even as their labor in households is rendered invisible. A key consequence of this is the fragmentation of public support for migrant workers, and the contraction of what can be considered legitimate space for Malaysian NGO advocacy on migrant labor rights. To counteract this, some NGOs have adopted alternative strategies and targets that begin to reveal the possibility for constructing alternative forms of governance.
Medical Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease Bridging the “Gap”?

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is estimated to affect 27 million individuals in Europe and North America and its prevalence is increasing in concert with recent demographic and risk factor trends. 1 The majority of patients with PAD are either asymptomatic or have atypical leg symptoms, with classical claudication in only 10-35%, therefore detection is elusive unless actively sought. 2 Given shared risk factors, it is axiomatic that there exists a high co-prevalence of atherosclerosis in other vascular beds including the coronary arteries in PAD patients. However, PAD disproportionately affects the elderly, non-whites, and women compared with CAD alone. 3, 4 The actual co-prevalence of CAD in patients with established PAD depends on how closely it is searched for, with clinical history and ECG detecting only 20-40% of co-existing disease whereas cardiac catheterization detects CAD in as many as 90% of PAD patients. 5, 6
Adaptive identification of dynamically positioned underwater robotic vehicles

This paper reports a stable online adaptive identification technique for the identification of finite-dimensional dynamical models of dynamically positioned underwater robotic vehicles. Proofs for the identifier's global stability, and for the input-to-state stability of this class of plants are reported. A direct comparison of the adaptive identification method to a conventional, off-line, least-squares method is reported. Using experimental data obtained with the Johns Hopkins University remotely operated underwater robotic vehicle, both methods are employed to identify decoupled, single-degree-of-freedom dynamical plant models. Performance of the resulting identified dynamical plant models is quantitatively compared to the experimentally observed motion of the actual vehicle.
Calcium Dynamics and Electrophysiological Properties of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells in SCA1 Transgenic Mice

Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) from spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) transgenic mice develop dendritic and somatic atrophy with age. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase pump, which regulate [Ca(2+)](i), are expressed at lower levels in these cells compared with the levels in cells from wild-type (WT) mice. To examine PCs in SCA1 mice, we used whole-cell patch clamp recording combined with fluorometric [Ca(2+)](i) and [Na(+)](i) measurements in cerebellar slices. PCs in SCA1 mice had Na(+) spikes, Ca(2+) spikes, climbing fiber (CF) electrical responses, parallel fiber (PF) electrical responses, and metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated, PF-evoked Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores that were qualitatively similar to those recorded from WT mice. Under our experimental conditions, it was easier to evoke the mGluR-mediated secondary [Ca(2+)](i) increase in SCA1 PCs. The membrane resistance of SCA1 PCs was 3.3 times higher than that of WT cells, which correlated with the 1.7 times smaller cell body size. Most SCA1 PCs (but not WT) had a delayed onset (about 50--200 ms) to Na(+) spike firing induced by current injection. This delay was increased by hyperpolarizing prepulses and was eliminated by 4-aminopyridine, which suggests that this delay was due to enhancement of the A-like K(+) conductance in the SCA1 PCs. In response to CF stimulation, most PCs in mutant and WT mice had rapid, widespread [Ca(2+)](i) changes that recovered in <200 ms. Some SCA1 PCs showed a slow, localized, secondary Ca(2+) transient following the initial CF Ca(2+) transient, which may reflect release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. Thus, with these exceptions, the basic physiological properties of mutant PCs are similar to those of WT neurons, even with dramatic alteration of their morphology and downregulation of Ca(2+) handling molecules.
Training That Takes

Abstract The following article focuses on four variables which must be considered in the sucessful design of any training program. The purpose of the article is to examine ways in which these variables might serve as impediments or barriers to learning and to examine more closely ways in which consideration of them might enhance learning. The four variables considered are: stages of care-giver development, learning styles, level of knowledge, and past experiences and value systems. Each variable is discussed based on observations of trainers and in light of current or standard literature. Suggestions for ways these variables might be treated in training design are also offered.
Complete Coverage Path Planning for Flexible Parent-Child Unit Robots

This paper presents a complete coverage algorithm for a flexible parent child unit robot by combining input shaping with the wavefront algorithm. Input shaping was used to control the command-induced vibration in the system, while the wavefront algorithm planned the complete coverage path for a given workspace. A model of the flexible robot was developed by treating the child units as inputs, replacing the link wire by springs and dampers, and treating the parent unit as a point mass. Results showed significant improvement in the coverage process for the shaped coverage in comparison to the unshaped coverage.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Ionic Conductivity (Including Self-Diffusion)

Ionic conductivity has become relevant. The recent revival of interest in electric automobiles and solid-state batteries has led to production of high-conductivity solid electrolytes. These new high-conductivity materials, such as RbAg4I5,1,2 have greatly expanded the range over which ionic transport phenomena in solids have been observed. In Fig. 1, we show the conductivity of RbAg4I5 in comparison with the conductivity of the more common alkali and silver halides. We find grouped together on the left-hand, or high-temperature, side of the figure the alkali halide crystals. These materials have been extensively studied.* They are excellent insulators at room temperature and only have significant electrical conductivity within a few hundred degrees of their melting temperatures. Furthermore, in this high-temperature region, the conductivity of the alkali halides is strongly temperature-dependent, the conductivity changes by about 3% per degree Celsius, and the activation energy for conduction is about 2 eV. To the right in Fig. 1, we move to lower temperatures and to materials less well characterized than the alkali halides. The cesium and ammonium halides have ionic conductivities that are about equal in magnitude to the alkali halides but are less strongly temperature-dependent, with activation energies of 1.2 eV. With a conductivity higher by three orders of magnitude, we find silver chloride, with an activation energy for conduction of less than 1 eV.
Moderated Mediation in Career Development Research

With its growing appeal, an increasing number of counseling-related research studies have embraced moderated mediation as a method of inquiry. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to some and a refresher to others the concept of moderated mediation and how it can be applied in career development research. We also provide a specific example of how moderated mediation can be tested using the Mplus software program.
SELECTION FOR AND AGAINST ETHOLOGICAL ISOLATION BETWEEN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA AND DROSOPHILA PERSIMILIS.

In many groups of animals the ability to recognize mates of one's own species is perhaps the most important factor preventing interspecific hybridization and gene transfer between related species. The behavior upon which such discriminatory ability rests is known as ethological or sexual isolation. In populations of Drosophila, ethological isolation has been demonstrated experimentally by means of sexual isolation tests. Wallace (1954) and Knight et al. (1956) have shown that genetic variability exists within species upon which incipient ethological isolation can be built; Koopman (1950) demonstrated that ethological isolation between a pair of species can be strengthened by selection. In backcross experiments, Tan (1946) and Ehrman (1961) found that ethological isolation in Drosophila is controlled by polygenic systems. Ethological isolation, then, like other polygenic characters, should be susceptible to modification by artifical selection techniques. The present study aims to ascertain if this is indeed so. It differs from previous studies chiefly in two ways: 1) an attempt is made to weaken as well as to strengthen the ethological isolation between two closely related species; and 2) progress in selection is measured in the two sexes of each species separately, so that differential effects become apparent.
Additive Schooling in Subtractive Times: Bilingual Education and Dominican Immigrant Youth in the Heights, by Lesley Bartlett and Ofelia García

El espanol es como la lengua con que tu te comunicas con tu cultura. El ingles es como la superacion. Si no sabes ingles, uno no va a llegar a ningun. Es lo mas importante despues del espanol. (“Sp...
Nonlinear Absorbing Cationic Bipyridyl Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Cyclometalating Ligands with Different Degrees of π-Conjugation: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Reverse Saturable Absorption

We report the synthesis, photophysics, and reverse saturable absorption together with time-dependent density functional theory modeling of seven cationic iridium(III) complexes bearing one 2,2′-bipyridine ligand and two cyclometalating ligands (C^N ligand) with varied degrees of π-conjugation (HC^N = benzo[H]quinoline in 1, 1-phenylisoquinoline in 2, 1-(2-pyridyl)naphthalene in 3, 2-(2-pyridyl)naphthalene in 4, 1-(2-pyridyl)pyrene in 5, 1,2-diphenyl-pyreno[4,5-d]imidazole in 6, and 3-(2-pyridyl)perylene in 7). All complexes possess ligand-localized 1π,π* transitions as the major absorption bands and lower-energy 1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer)/1LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions in their ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra. The extended π-conjugation in the cyclometalating ligands of complexes 5–7 causes a significant red-shift of the major absorption bands with increased molar extinction coefficients with respect to those of complexes 1–4 that contain less conjugated C^N ligan...
Electronic states and potential energy curves of Ga2P, GaP2, and their ions

Abstract Five low-lying electronic states of GaP 2 and GaP 2 + , and seventeen electronic states of Ga 2 P and Ga 2 P + are studied using the complete active space multi-configuration self-consistent field followed by multi-reference singles + doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) computations. Potential energy curves of the low-lying electronic states of these species are determined. Geometries, energy separations of these electronic states and the adiabatic ionization energies of Ga 2 P and GaP 2 are computed.
Executive function in children with prenatal cocaine exposure (12-15years).

Abstract Purpose Prenatal exposure to cocaine (PCE) may alter areas of the brain dense with monoamine receptors such as the prefrontal cortex and negatively affect cognitive processes implicated in executive function (EF). This study investigated the effects of PCE on EF at 12 and 15 years. Methods EF was examined in 189 PCE and 183 non-cocaine exposed (NCE) children who were primarily African American and of low socioeconomic status. Caregivers rated their child on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) at ages 12 and 15. The BRIEF includes two summary scales and eight subscales: Behavioral Regulation Index (BRI) (Inhibit, Shift, and Emotion) and Metacognition Index (MI) (Monitor, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Organization of Materials and Task Completion). Two additional measures were included at age 15 (BRIEF Self-Report and the CANTAB Stockings of Cambridge (SOC)). Results Girls with PCE were perceived by caregivers to have more behavioral regulation problems at age 12 (p Conclusion Prenatally cocaine exposed girls were perceived by caregivers as having problems of behavioral regulation, and by self-report, inhibitory control problems. Girls with PCE also performed more poorly on a task of planning and problem solving at age 15 which corresponded to caregiver report at age 12. Early assessment and remediation of these weaknesses in girls may improve school performance and behavior associated with poor EF.
Crowds, Publics, and Experimental Social Psychology

A restrictive form of methodological individualism, in conjunction with a particular vision of moral individualism, played a significant role in the historical neglect of the social by later generations of American social psychologists, especially those who followed Floyd Allport in his commitment to an objective experimental science of social psychology. However, this was not because commitment to an experimental science was itself antithetical to the exploration of the social dimensions of human psychology and behavior but because of the impoverished conception of social groups that came to inform the experimental program of American social psychology. European social theorists such as Durkheim, Weber, and Simmel and early American social psychologists such as Bernard, Bogardus, Dunlap, Katz, McDougall, Ross, Schanck, Thomas, and Wallis had a fairly sophisticated grasp of the distinction between social and merely common forms of cognition, emotion, and behavior and of the distinction between genuine social groups and aggregate groups. However, many American social theorists, including some early American social psychologists, inherited the impoverished conception of social phenomena advanced by European crowd theorists such as Gustav Le Bon (1895/1896), Gabriel Tarde (1890/1903, 1901/1967), and Scipio Sighele (1892). They tended to assimilate, if not directly equate, social or collective behavior and crowd or mob behavior (i.e., the behavior of aggregations of physically proximate individuals irrespective of whether such individuals are members of social groups). This made it very easy for critics of a distinctive social psychology to deny or depreciate the social dimensions of psychological states and behavior.
Reorienting Gender and Globalization: Introduction to the Special Issue

The scholarship on gender and globalization has contributed a far more complex picture of the impact of global processes as well as added a crucial gendered perspective on such processes. It has shown us how global processes may reinscribe, alter, and challenge sex/gender orders, which are not necessarily coherent or hegemonic. Yet, we think there is more that gender and globalization scholarship can do to enhance understandings of global processes. We argue that to do so, the literature needs to develop further by overcoming several limitations: (1) an understanding of gender that still tends to reflect the binary sex/gender arrangements common to Western societies, while failing to address the influence of colonial histories and postcolonial states (Roberts and Connell, Feminist Theory 17(2): 135–140, 2016; Sinha 2012); (2) a gender asymmetry, i.e., a disproportionate focus on women; (3) a narrow set of issues that come under its analytical lens; (4) a primary focus outside the US; and finally (5) a gender division of intellectual labor in which primarily feminists who identify as women study gender and globalization while those who identify as men, feminist or otherwise, tend to study a gender blind globalization. In this introduction, we examine the development of the gender and globalization literature, discuss how the articles in this special issue expand on it, and conclude with future directions for this burgeoning field.
Radioimmunoassay Kit Evaluation in the Busy Nuclear Medicine Laboratory

With the constant influx of new radioassay kits appearing on the market, the nuclear medicine technologist is continually evaluating products to be incorporated as a routine procedure in that laboratory. Although elaborate procedures exist for extensive evaluation of kits, the average nuclear medicine laboratory lacks time and personnel to perform in-depth investigative studies. This article proposes an organized, time-saving, and reliable approach to kit evaluation, adaptable to a busy clinical nuclear medicine department.
Neurosteroid-sensitive δ-GABAA receptors: A role in epileptogenesis?

SummaryObjective We determined the role of the neurosteroid-sensitive δ subunit–containing γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors (δ-GABARs) in epileptogenesis. Methods Status epilepticus (SE) was induced via lithium pilocarpine in adult rats, and seizures were assessed by continuous video–electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. Finasteride was administered to inhibit neurosteroid synthesis. The total and surface protein expression of hippocampal δ, α4, and γ2 GABAR subunits was studied using biotinylation assays and Western blotting. Neurosteroid potentiation of the tonic currents of dentate granule cells (DGCs) was measured by whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Finally, the effects of inhibiting N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during SE on the long-term plasticity of δ-GABARs, neurosteroid-induced modulation of tonic current, and epileptogenesis were studied. Results The inhibition of neurosteroid synthesis 4 days after SE triggered acute seizures and accelerated the onset of chronic recurrent spontaneous seizures (epilepsy). The down-regulation of neurosteroid-sensitive δ-GABARs occurred prior to the onset of epilepsy, whereas an increased expression of the γ2-GABAR subunits occurred after seizure onset. MK801 blockade of NMDARs during SE preserved the expression of neurosteroid-sensitive δ-GABARs. NMDAR blockade during SE also prevented the onset of spontaneous seizures. Significance Changes in neurosteroid-sensitive δ-GABAR expression correlated temporally with epileptogenesis. These findings raise the possibility that δ-GABAR plasticity may play a role in epileptogenesis.
Relationship between ABCG2 Expression and Side Population Stem Cell Phenotype in Murine Hematopoietic System Revealed by an Abcg2/GFP Knock-In Mouse Model.

Stem cells from a variety of tissues could be identified by a side population (SP) phenotype. We have identified an association between expression of the ABCG2 transporter and the SP phenotype, although the exact relationship between these two cellular characteristics is still not well understood. To further explore the relationship between Abcg2 expression and SP phenotype, we have generated a Abcg2/GFP reporter mouse model in which an IRES-GFP expression cassette was inserted down-stream of the stop codon of Abcg2 gene by homologous recombination, so that the expression of GFP is under the control of Abcg2 locus but endogenous Abcg2 expression was unperturbed. Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections using an anti-GFP antibody confirmed expression of GFP in tissues that normally express Abcg2, such as renal proximal tubules and intestinal epithelium. Flow cytometry analysis showed that about 10% of total bone marrow mononuclear cells expressed the Abcg2/GFP allele. Within this total GFP+ population, greater than 99% of the cells fall outside the SP region. Staining with lineage specific antibodies showed that 77% of the non-SP/GFP+ cells are Ter119+ erythroid cells. In contrast, only 0.5% of the total GFP+ population falls within the SP region. Approximately 90% of these bone marrow SP cells expressed the Abcg2/GFP allele. Transplantation studies with bone marrow cells that were depleted of lineage positive cells were then performed. All 5 mice transplanted with 100 Lin−, SP+, GFP+ cells were reconstituted in both myeloid and lymphoid lineages. In contrast, no repopulating activity was detected with up to 10,000 Lin−, non-SP, GFP− cells. When Lin−, non-SP, GFP+ cells were transplanted, only 2 of 5 animals were reconstituted with 5000 cells, and no repopulation was seen with lower cell doses. These results show a complex relationship between Abcg2 expression and the SP phenotype. Virtually all SP cells express the Abcg2/GFP allele, and these cells are highly enriched for repopulating activity in transplant assays. However, the majority of bone marrow cells that expressed the Abcg2/GFP allele were Ter119+ erythroid cells that do not bear the SP phenotype. In addition, there are non-SP, GFP+ cells that lack expression of Ter119 and other mature lineage markers. These Lin−, non-SP, GFP+ cells have relatively lower repopulating activity compared to SP cells.
Considerations for Using Fitness Trackers in Psychophysiology Research

Wrist worn fitness trackers have become ubiquitous in recent years. Economies of scale have drastically reduced the cost of these devices while concurrent advances in technology have expanded their physiological recording capabilities. These devices now contain numerous sensors capable of monitoring and collecting various physiological attributes. Additionally, some of these devices provide access to the application programming interface (API), allowing researchers direct access to the data. The use of these devices offers a wide-ranging benefit to the scientific research community. However, there are several factors to consider when selecting a fitness tracker for use in research. Data rights, data protection, and data quality are all important considerations that must be addressed. In addition, other factors, such as sensor types, capabilities, and sampling rates, can directly affect the utility of a wearable device for use in research. In this paper, the Microsoft Band 2 fitness tracker was selected to evaluate participant mental workload during task performance in a simulated nuclear nower plant (NPP) Main Control Room (MCR) as well as training effectiveness in UH-60A/L simulated environments. The Microsoft Band 2 fitness tracker was selected specifically for its optical hear rate sensor, API access to RR intervals (interval between two continuous heartbeats), and direct access to real-time streaming data from the device. To validate the utility of using the Microsoft Band 2 fitness trackers in scientific research, the RR interval and heart rate sensor readings need to be directly compared to FDA medical approved sensor readings. This paper discusses considerations when using a fitness tracker for psychophysiology research and compares data collected from the Microsoft Band 2 to two different FDA approved medical grade ECG devices.