cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast equatorial bubbles

Ion velocities associated with nighttime equatorial plasma depletions near 800 km altitude have been investigated utilizing data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. Observations of upward ion drifts exceeding 800 m s−1, within the depleted regions, are shown to have a strong dependence on solar zenith angle. Given the existence of bubble plasma, the probability of observing large upward drifts is as high as 40% just after sunset, when the solar zenith angle is 110°, but it decreases rapidly, falling below 5% for solar zenith angles above 140°. It is suggested that irregularity formation in the bottomside F region during a period of postsunset enhanced electric fields will cause magnetic flux tubes of depleted plasma to accelerate upward, reaching a velocity maximum at apex heights corresponding to the peak in the flux-tube-integrated conductivity of the background plasma. In the presence of a postsunset enhanced electric field, this peak may exist at apex heights above 500 km.
The C7 cluster: structure and infrared frequencies

Observation and characterization of the C7 cluster are reported. Carbon clusters are produced by laser vaporization of a graphite target followed by supersonic expansion of the vaporized material within a gas dynamically focused argon jet. Thirty-six sequential rovibrational lines of the nu 4 antisymmetric stretch fundamental of C7 are probed by gated detection of diode laser absorption. The observed spectrum is characteristic of a symmetrical linear molecule. Analysis of the spectrum indicates an effective average bond length of 1.2736(4) angstroms and a vibrational frequency of 2138.1951(10) reciprocal centimeters, in excellent agreement with ab initio calculations. This work will facilitate the astrophysical detection of this cluster.
Are fetal brain tissue grafts necessary for the treatment of brain damage

Despite some clinical promise, using fetal transplants for degenerative and traumatic brain injury remains controversial and a number of issues need further attention. This response reexamines a number of questions. Issues addressed include: temporal factors relating to neural grafting, the role of behavioral experience in graft outcome, and the relationship of rebuilding of neural circuitry to functional recovery. Also discussed are organization and type of transplanted tissue, the “trophic hypothesis” of transplant viability, and whether transplants are really needed to obtain functional recovery after brain damage.
995-19 The Impact of Mental Stress and α-Adrenergic Activation on the Microcirculation of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Mental stress results in sympathetic activation and provokes constriction of diseased epicardial coronary artery segments, which may decrease coronary blood flow. We investigated the effect of mental stress (10 min. video game) on the coronary microcirculation by measuring cardiac norepinephrine spillover (NESP) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery blood flow (intracoronary Doppler flow velocity and quantitative angiography) in non-significantly diseased (l40% stenosis) LAD arteries of 7 patients with significant coronary artery disease (CAD; g 50% stenosis) of other vessels. These responses were compared to those in 5 patients with normal coronary angiograms (NCA). Coronary vascular resistance (CVR) was calculated by dividing mean blood pressure (MBP) by coronary blood flow. Measurements during mental stress were compared to pre-mental stress measurements. Data = mean ± S.D. during mental stress. %Change in: MBP NESP LAD diameter CVR NCA + 13 ± 8 + 123 ± 130 + 4 ± 10 –26 ± 9 CAD + 19 ± 10 + 90 ± 64 + 1 ± 6 –4 ± 18 * * p l 0.05 vs NCA Mental stress resulted in significant coronary microvascular dilation in patients with NCA (p l 0.05 vs pre-mental stress) in contrast to no vasodilation in patients with CAD (p = NS). 5 CAD patients underwent repeat mental stress (MS), following intracoronary phentolamine (P) 0.02 mg/kg. %Change in: MSP NESP LAD diameter CVR Control MS + 26 ± 13 + 87 ± 40 + 1 ± 6 –9 ± 14 P + MS + 18 ± 9 + 254 ± 117 ** + 3 ± 7 ** –28 ± 19 ** ** p l 0.01 vs Control MS Even though phentolamine increased NESP substantially due to presynaptic α2;-adrenergic blockade, microvascular dilation was greater during repeat mental stress in CAD patients than during their initial mental stress, and similar in magnitude to the response of NCA patients. Thus, coronary atherosclerosis is associated with absence of a microvascular vasodilator response to mental stress, due to α-adrenergic constrictor effects on the coronary microcirculation.
Environmental Duties and International Harmonization of Standards

Demands by domestic industries for protection from foreign competition aided by lower standards have led to proposals to set trade barriers conditional on the environmental policies of other countries. This article shows that the threat of such environmental duties can assist in achieving global efficiency when countries cannot commit to a negotiated environmental standard. In addition, this article shows that, in a repeated game framework, the enforcement of a free-trade agreement may require some convergence in environmental standards across countries when trade is driven by differences in such standards. However, it is also shown that it is more efficient to enforce a trade agreement by setting tariffs to partially offset differences in policy standards than to attempt to harmonize standards within environmental side agreements.
Effect of Sub-Continuum Energy Transport on Effective Thermal Conductivity in Nanoporous Silica (Aerogel)

This paper analyzes the effect of Fourier vs. subcontinuum heat transport through thin layers of nanoporous silica (aerogel) in the framework of an infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) sensor system. Aerogel is introduced as a compatible material for emerging microsystems applications and the comparison between aerogel and conventional insulation systems is analyzed. Correlations between aerogel’s macro-scale thermal properties and its nano-scale structure are discussed to address the effect of the material’s amorphous structure and sub-continuum phonon transport phenomena on macro-scale thermal conductivity. Simulations using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) quantify the effect of phonon scattering on silica conductivity. Techniques for extending the analysis to a three-dimensional silica matrix are discussed in light of recent advances in the simulation of aerogel morphology.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A plea for a reexamination of ionization potential depression measurements

Abstract Experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source determined the ionization potential depression (IPD) in dense plasmas by measuring the Kα fluorescence associated with K-shell holes created by the X-ray free-electron laser. The analysis of the experimental spectrum found a significantly larger IPD than predicted by the widely used Stewart–Pyatt model. It is shown, however, that a more accurate treatment of atomic levels than used in the analysis has additional channels reducing the threshold laser energy for creating Kα photons without invoking an increase in the IPD. Thus, it is argued that a simulation of the Kα fluorescence using improved atomic data could impact the interpretation of the experimental results.
Identifying the Precipitants of Homeless Protest Across 17 U.S. Cities, 1980 to 1990

During the 1980s, homeless people formed social movement organizations and mobilized collective action events in cities across the U.S. From the vantage point of social movement theories and scholarship on homelessness, it is surprising that homeless protest was so prevalent in the 1980s. Yet we find evidence of homeless protest events across no fewer than 50 U.S. cities in the 1980-90 period. Drawing on social movement theories about the precipitants of mobilization, we examine the extent to which city-level contextual factors, and their change over time, affect variation in the frequency of homeless mobilization across 17 of these cities. Our findings reveal that a mix of factors congruent with strain and resource mobilization theories helps to account for variation in the frequency of homeless protest across U.S. cities in the 1980s.
RECENT ADVANCES IN WAVES IN LAYERED MEDIA

The topic of wave propagation in layered media has for a long time been of major interest in underwater and geophysical acoustics. Later on interest in this field arose due to needs in acousto-microelectronics, mainly surface acoustic wave devices, nondestructive evaluation of composite and layered materials and oil exploration. New applications have presented new challenging theoretical and experimental problems. One trend is to describe more complicated media including anisotropy, nonhomogeneity, imperfect interfaces, and wave diffraction on inhomogeneities ; a second trend is related to solutions of the inverse problem, in which properties of the media should be determined from the wave signature. In this paper we review recent developments in theoretical and experimental studies of elastic wave propagation in layered media with applications to ultrasonic evaluation of materials. We will focus mainly on anisotropy and media property reconstruction. We will also discuss the boundary conditioned for the imperfect interface, which may involve partial contact or other interface inhomogeneities. Such generalized boundary conditions can be systematically incorporated in the transfer matrix approach.
Probing Variable Amine/Amide Ligation in NiIIN2S2 Complexes Using Sulfur K-Edge and Nickel L-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopies: Implications for the Active Site of Nickel Superoxide Dismutase

Nickel superoxide dismutase (NiSOD) is a recently discovered metalloenzyme that catalyzes the disproportionation of O2•− into O2 and H2O2. In its reduced state, the mononuclear NiII ion is ligated by two cis-cysteinate sulfurs, an amine nitrogen (from the protein N-terminus), and an amide nitrogen (from the peptide backbone). Unlike many small molecule and metallopeptide-based NiN2S2 complexes, S-based oxygenation is not observed in NiSOD. Herein we explore the spectroscopic properties of a series of three NiIIN2S2 complexes (bisamine-ligated (bmmp-dmed)NiII, amine/amide-ligated (NiII(BEAAM))−, and bisamide-ligated (NiII(emi))2−) with varying amine/amide ligation to determine the origin of the dioxygen stability of NiSOD. Ni L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrates that there is a progression in ligand-field strength with (bmmp-dmed)NiII having the weakest ligand field and (NiII(emi))2−) having the strongest ligand field. Furthermore, these Ni L-edge XAS studies also show that all three com...
Advances in prevention and treatment of intra-abdominal adhesions in horses

With the advent of more sophisticated anesthetic and surgical techniques, abdominal surgery for intestinal obstruction or strangulation in horses has become commonplace. Despite considerable efforts to understand the formation and prevention of postoperative adhesions, adhesions continue to present clinical complications and challenges to the surgeon. Adhesions become a clinical problem when fibrinous adhesions mature to restrictive fibrous adhesions that compress or anatomically distort the intestine, narrowing the intestinal lumen and impeding the normal passage of ingesta. Treatment of adhesions after they have formed is unrewarding, costly, and associated with high patient morbidity and mortality; therefore, an emphasis should be placed on prevention of adhesion formation. The primary method of minimizing postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions continues to be meticulous, atraumatic, surgical technique. However, the presence of pre-existing peritoneal inflammation and the inherent invasive nature of surgery limits our potential for adhesion prevention in horses. The current pharmacologic and technical advancements of adhesion prevention are directed at minimizing peritoneal trauma and inflammation, enhacing peritoneal fibrinolysis, promoting intestinal motility, and separating potentially adhesiogenic tissues during early postoperative healing. The presently available techniques and therapies targeted at achieving the objectives of adhesion prevention and their clinical application are presented here.
Some predictions of the Dashen--Gell-Mann program concerning the asymptotic behavior of form factors and the threshold behavior of the scaling functions. nu. W/sub 2/. I. General considerations and the case of mesons

It is shown, within a specific model, that the quark-model representations of current algebra at infinite momentum can be reconciled with the relativity requirement in the restricted kinematical domain of large momentum transfers (in the configuration space this corresponds to the values of the particle wave function in the neighborhood of the origin). We conjecture that this feature holds true in general and then make a number of specific predictions concerning the asymptotic behavior of the form factors and the threshold behavior of the scaling functions $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$. The mesons are treated as usual, namely as quark-antiquark pairs, while for baryons it is assumed that two of the three quarks are glued together (diquark), leaving only one space-time coordinate free. In this way the dynamically complicated issue of three bodies is reduced to a more manageable case of two bodies.
Role of the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase L1 (Uch-l1) in the prevention of polyspermic fertilization in mouse eggs

observed in 3PN and 1PN ICSI zygotes which corroborates the negative consequences of an abnormal fertilization. Special attention has to be paid to identify these zygotes because differences during early development are not easily visible without a dynamic time-lapse evaluation. Supported by: This work was performed under the auspices of ‘‘C atedra d’Investigaci o en Obstetr icia i Ginecologia’’ Institut Universitari Dexeus.
Fertility Decline in Prussia: Estimating Influences on Supply, Demand, and Degree of Control*

Change in marital fertility in 407 Prussian Kreise from 1875 to 1910 is modeled to depend on the gap between the number of desired surviving births, N*, divided by child survival, s, and the number that would be born under natural marital fertility, M, given the age at marriage. Some fraction of this gap is averted, depending on the propensity to avert unwanted births, D. Although none of these components is observed directly, we can estimate each indirectly under strong assumptions. Decline in N*/s accounts for twice as much of the decline in fertility as does an increase in D. Natural fertility rose during the period. Unwanted births increased slightly, despite a tripling of births averted. The most important causes of decline in N* were increases in female labor supply, real income, and health workers. A rising level of education is the most important cause of increasing propensity to avert births. Demand-side changes were important causes of the transition, but changes in readiness to contracept also were important, as was the interaction of the two.
Electron Transfer Reactions between Gels and Quinones

Electron transfer reactions of quinone derivatives (QDs) with poly(4-vinylpyridine) gels in organic solvents were studied by means of ESR spectroscopy. Formation of radical anions from the QDs and cations from polymeric base was established. The QD2- anions resulting from disproportionation of the QD•- radical anions produce additional cross-links in the gel, causing it to collapse. Sulfhydryl compounds complexed with the gel prevent formation of the ESR signals when the QDs are supplied into the solvent surrounding the gel under oxygen-free conditions. Oxidation of the sulfhydryl compound adsorbed onto the gel results in its desorption, enabling the gel to react with the QD, producing ESR signals. Gels modified with the sulfhydryl compounds collapse in response to the supply of oxygen into their liquid environment.
Detection of Multiple Damages by Prestack Reverse-Time Migration

An approach to detect and image multiple damages in a platelike structure is presented. A structural health monitoring system (SHMS) with a linear array of actuators/sensors is proposed. The integrated actuators/sensors are used to activate/receive lowest-order antisymmetric A0 mode Lamb waves. A migration technique used in geophysical exploration and seismic prospecting is adopted to interpret the backscattering wave e eld and to image thee awsinthestructure.Theproposed approachismodeledbya two-dimensional explicite nitedifferencemethod both in simulating the ree ection waves and in implementing the prestack migration. An analytical solution based on Mindlin plate theory (Mindlin, R. D., “ Ine uence of Rotary Inertia and Shear on Flexural Motions of Isotropic, Elastic Plates,” Journal of Applied Mechanics , Vol. 18, No. 1, 1951, pp. 31 ‐38) is derived to verify the accuracy of the numerical algorithm. An excitation-time imaging condition specie cally for the migration of waves in a plate is introduced based on a ray tracing concept, and prestack reverse-time migration is proceeded to propagate the ree ection energy back to the damages. The plate is imaged in terms of the velocity of transverse deformation after migration,thus, thelocations, dimensions, and seriousness of thee awscan bevisually displayed. Numerical results show that multiple damages can be successfully detected and the image of the damages correlate well with the target damages. The conclusion is that prestack migration can be a prospective technique in SHMS applications.
Effects of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus on Postprandial Intestinal Blood Flow in Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) Neonates

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) affects superior mesenteric artery blood flow velocity (SMA BFV) in fasting neonates. Recently, it has been reported that PDA affects postprandial mesenteric perfusion in premature baboons; however, the effects of PDA on postprandial mesenteric perfusion in preterm neonates have not been evaluated. Aims: To determine whether PDA affects postprandial SMA BFV in ELBW neonates. Methods: Appropriate for gestational age, ELBW preterm neonates, tolerating bolus enteral feedings were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Pulsed Doppler was used to measure preprandial and postprandial (at 30-min and 60-min) time-averaged mean, peak and end diastolic velocities (TAMV, PSV, EDV) once during the day of life 5 to 7; at the same time, PDA size was estimated using the PDA:left pulmonary artery (LPA) ratio : 0.5 (i.e., moderate/large PDA) and < 0.5 (i.e., small/no PDA). Mean values across time were graphed to illustrate relative changes in moderate/large and no/small PDA groups. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare SMA BFV changes between the groups from preprandial to 30-min and 60-min postprandial for each type of measured velocity (TAMV, PSV, EDV). Results: Of the38 infants studied, 16 were in the no/small PDA group; 22 were in the moderate/large PDA group. Postprandial TAMV, PSV and EDV were not different between these two groups ( p values were 0.798, 0.315 and 0.59, respectively). Conclusions: Changes in postprandial mesenteric blood velocity did not differ between infants with no/small PDA versus moderate/large PDA in this study's cohort of 38 ELBW neonates.
Special control structures for APL

The problem of consolidating the block control structures of conventional programming languages such as ALGOL within the framework of APL is discussed. A novel partial solution is proposed by the introduction of special new basic functions to APL. One of the main design considerations of these functions is to maintain the current structure of APL as far as possible.A preprocessor to enable simple implementation of these structures without modification to existing APL interpreters is described. Some program examples using these new functions are given.
Do effects of mercury in larval amphibians persist after metamorphosis

Despite widespread concern about the role of environmental contaminants in global amphibian declines, and evidence that post-metamorphic life stages contribute disproportionately to amphibian population dynamics, most studies in amphibian ecotoxicology focus on larval life stages. Studies that focus solely on early life stages may miss important effects of contaminant exposure, such as latent effects that manifest some time after previous exposure. Moreover, it is often assumed that effects observed in amphibian larvae will persist to affect survival or reproduction later in life. We used terrestrial enclosures to determine whether exposure to mercury (Hg) through maternal transfer and/or larval diet had any adverse effects in post-metamorphic American toads (Bufo americanus). We found a 5% difference in size at metamorphosis that was attributed to maternal Hg exposure persisted for 1 year in the terrestrial environment, resulting in a 7% difference at the conclusion of the study. Although patterns of survival differed among treatments through time, we found no overall difference in survival after 1 year. We also found no evidence of emergent latent effects in the terrestrial toads that could be attributed to earlier exposure. Our results indicate that adverse effects of maternal Hg exposure that were observed in larval amphibians may persist to affect later terrestrial life stages but that no novel adverse effects developed when animals were raised in a semi-natural environment. Moreover, we found no evidence of persistent effects of dietary Hg exposure in larvae, highlighting a need for greater focus on maternal effects in amphibian ecotoxicology. Finally, we suggest an increase in the use of longitudinal studies to better understand contaminant impacts to amphibian populations via effects in both aquatic and terrestrial life stages.
An investigation of spontaneous eye blinks during lipreading.

Tile role of spontaneous eye blinks was investigated for a lipreading task involving a videotaped recording of 20 sentences and a 948-word passage. Blinks were recorded electro-oculographically on ...
5-HT inhibits synaptic transmission in rat subthalamic nucleus neurons in vitro

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a pivotal role in normal and abnormal motor function. We used patch pipettes to study effects of 5-HT on synaptic currents evoked in STN neurons by focal electrical stimulation of rat brain slices. 5-HT (10 microM) reduced glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) by 35+/-4%. However, a much higher concentration of 5-HT (100 microM) was required to inhibit GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) to a comparable extent. Concentration-response curves showed that the 5-HT inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) for inhibition of IPSCs (20.2 microM) was more than fivefold greater than the IC50 for inhibition of EPSCs (3.4 microM). The 5-HT-induced reductions in EPSCs and IPSCs were accompanied by increases in paired-pulse ratios, indicating that 5-HT acts presynaptically to inhibit synaptic transmission. The 5-HT1B receptor antagonist NAS-181 significantly antagonized 5-HT-induced inhibitions of EPSCs and IPSCs. These studies show that 5-HT inhibits synaptic transmission in the STN by activating presynaptic 5-HT1B receptors.
Crystal growth in a reactive atmosphere

Concepts of reactive atmosphere processing (RAP) are applied to crystal growth. Steady state pyrolysis of CBr4 shows the material to be applicable to RAP growth at <600°C and, therefore, inapplicable to the growth of KBr (mp = 730°C). Steady state pyrolysis of CCl4 shows the material to be applicable to RAP growth up to 900°C and, therefore, useful to metal chlorides in general.
Quality of Care for Heart Failure Patients Hospitalized for Any Cause

Objectives The study sought to assess the quality of care for heart failure patients who are hospitalized for all causes. Background Performance measures for heart failure target patients with a principal diagnosis of heart failure. However, patients with heart failure are commonly hospitalized for other causes and may benefit from treatments such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Methods We assessed rates of compliance with care measures for patients hospitalized with acute or chronic heart failure in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study surveillance catchment area from 2005 to 2009. Rates of compliance were compared between patients with a principal discharge diagnosis of heart failure and those with another principal discharge diagnosis. Results Of 4,345 hospitalizations of heart failure patients, 39.6% carried a principal diagnosis of heart failure. Patients with a principal heart failure diagnosis had higher rates of LV function assessment (89.1% vs. 82.5%; adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04 to 1.10) and discharge ACE inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) in LV dysfunction (64.1% vs. 56.3%; aPR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.20) as compared to patients hospitalized for another cause. LV assessment and ACE inhibitor/ARB use were associated with reductions in 1-year post-discharge mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.85; adjusted odds ratio: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.96, respectively) that did not differ for patients with versus without a principal heart failure diagnosis. Conclusions Compared with individuals hospitalized with a principal diagnosis of heart failure, heart failure patients hospitalized for other causes were less likely to receive guideline recommended care. Quality initiatives may improve care by targeting hospitalizations with either principal or secondary heart failure diagnoses.
Biopterin cofactor biosynthesis: independent regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase in adrenal medulla and cortex

Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase, the enzyme that is apparently rate-limiting in biopterin biosynthesis, is increased in adrenal cortex and medulla of rats treated with insulin or reserpine. Denervation and hypophysectomy block the increase in medullary and cortical enzyme activity, respectively, whereas cycloheximide presents the increase in both tissues. These results provide evidence for induction and regulation of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase.
Skin lesion feature vectors classification in models of a Riemannian manifold

This study is a continuation of a work published by Mete, Ou, and Sirakov (2012), where a model of a 4D manifold of feature vectors was developed. The present paper introduces an improved metric in the 4D manifold first and then extends both the size of the sample space and the dimension (to 6D) of the manifold model in which the sample space lies. As a result, we not only overcame the issue of one single vector representing multiple skin lesions, which occurred in the work of Mete, Ou, and Sirakov (2012), but also improved the accuracy of classification. Furthermore, a statistical evaluation of our support vector machine (SVM) classification method was performed. The intervals of confidence were calculated for the mean of classification of a large sample set in the 6D model. Comparison results of classification with our SVM in 4D and 6D models using 10-fold cross-validation are given at the end of the paper. It is found that the 6D model improves the classification results of the previous study suggesting that two newly introduced features contributed to the increase of the classification accuracy.
Alcohol absorption rate affects hypothermic response in mice: evidence for rapid tolerance.

Abstract Three studies were conducted to examine how absorption rate affects rapid tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia. Two procedures for administering alcohol were used to vary the rates of ethanol absorption: a 40-min intravenous (IV) infusion and the more rapidly absorbed intaperitoneal (IP) injection. Hypothermic responses of Long-Sleep (LS), Short-Sleep (SS), and DBA/2JIbg (DBA) mice were examined. Although IV ethanol infusions produced similar or higher blood ethanol levels (BELs) compared to IP administration, the degree of hypothermia was significantly greater with the more rapidly absorbed IP administration. It was concluded that the rate at which ethanol increases in the blood influences the degree of hypothermia: the greater the rate of blood ethanol increase, the greater the hypothermic effect. Rapid development of tolerance to ethanol may explain why a slow increase in BEL produces less hypothermia than a rapid increase in BEL. The IV route provides a precise method of drug administration for the study of acute tolerance.
Aspartate-132 in cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is involved in a two-step proton transfer during oxo-ferryl formation.

The aspartate-132 in subunit I (D(I-132)) of cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is located on the cytoplasmic surface of the protein at the entry point of a proton-transfer pathway used for both substrate and pumped protons (D-pathway). Replacement of D(I-132) by its nonprotonatable analogue asparagine (DN(I-132)) has been shown to result in a reduced overall activity of the enzyme and impaired proton pumping. The results from this study show that during oxidation of the fully reduced enzyme the reaction was inhibited after formation of the oxo-ferryl (F) intermediate (tau congruent with 120 microseconds). In contrast to the wild-type enzyme, in the mutant enzyme formation of this intermediate was not associated with proton uptake from solution, which is the reason the DN(I-132) enzyme does not pump protons. The proton needed to form F was presumably taken from a protonatable group in the D-pathway (e.g., E(I-286)), which indicates that in the wild-type enzyme the proton transfer during F formation takes place in two steps: proton transfer from the group in the pathway is followed by faster reprotonation from the bulk solution, through D(I-132). Unlike the wild-type enzyme, in which F formation is coupled to internal electron transfer from CuA to heme a, in the DN(I-132) enzyme this electron transfer was uncoupled from formation of the F intermediate, which presumably is due to the impaired charge-compensating proton uptake from solution. In the presence of arachidonic acid which has been shown to stimulate the turnover activity of the DN(I-132) enzyme (Fetter et al. (1996) FEBS Lett. 393, 155), proton uptake with a time constant of approximately 2 ms was observed. However, no proton uptake associated with formation of F (tau congruent with 120 micros) was observed, which indicates that arachidonic acid can replace the role of D(I-132), but it cannot transfer protons as fast as the Asp. The results from this study show that D(I-132) is crucial for efficient transfer of protons into the enzyme and that in the DN(I-132) mutant enzyme there is a "kinetic barrier" for proton transfer into the D-pathway.
Integration: Opportunities and Challenges for Family Therapists in Primary Care

Integration of behavioral and physical health is becoming critical for the overburdened primary care system. Policy changes are needed to accommodate integration nationally. Locally, medical and behavioral health providers are working together to create models that better fit their patients’ comprehensive needs while respecting the clinical, operational, and financial constraints of the current system. Family therapists trained to work in medical settings have an opportunity to emerge as clinical, research, and administrative leaders in this context. However, a paradigm shift is crucial to adapting their systemic orientation to interactions between individual patients, providers, staff, and healthcare and support systems. This article provides family therapists with: (1) an overview of the basic structure and barriers of integration, (2) suggestions on how to deliver quality care despite barriers at the local level, and (3) examples of key advocacy efforts representing possible entryways on a larger scale.
Characterization of substance P release from the intermediate area of rat thoracic spinal cord.

Substance P (SP) nerve terminals innervate the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord, where SP coexists with serotonin (5-HT), neurokinin A (NKA) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Neither the depolarization-induced release of SP nor the presence of other neurochemicals in the regulation of SP release has been directly studied in this system. In the present study, basal and K+-stimulated release of SP from the microdissected intermediate area (including the IML, intercalated nucleus and central autonomic nucleus) of the rat thoracic spinal cord, and the regulation of SP release by presynaptic autoreceptors and by coexisting neurochemicals (5-HT, NKA and TRH) were studied using an in vitro superfusion system. Potassium evoked a concentration- and extracellular Ca2+-dependent release of SP. In rats pretreated with the serotoninergic neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), both SP content and the absolute amount of SP released were decreased. However, the fraction of the remaining tissue content of SP released by K+ depolarization was not changed subsequent to 5,7-DHT treatment. Moreover, 5-HT, 5-HT1B agonists (CGS-12066B and RU 24969) and a 5-HT3 agonist (2-methyl-5-HT) did not alter the K+-evoked release of SP. These data demonstrate that SP is released from the intermediate area of the rat thoracic spinal cord and some of the SP released comes from serotoninergic nerve terminals. Although 5-HT coexists with SP in the IML, neither endogenous 5-HT nor 5-HT receptor ligands appear to regulate the release of SP. Other colocalized neuropeptides (NKA and TRH) are not involved in the regulation of SP release because neither NKA, a NK2 agonist (GR 64349) nor a TRH analog (MK-771) changed the K+-evoked release of SP. A neurokinin-1 (NK1) antagonist (GR 82334) dose-dependently (10-9-10-7 M) increased the K+ stimulated release of SP. These data suggest the presence of presynaptic inhibitory NK1 autoreceptors. Whereas, NK1 agonists, [GR 73632 (10-9-10-6 M) and [Sar9, Met (O2)1]] SP (10-8-10-6 M)], increased the basal and K+-stimulated release of SP, the excitatory effects of GR 73632 were not blocked by the NK1 antagonist. Moreover, GR 73632 increased the efflus of SP to a greater extent in the absence of peptidase inhibitors. Thus, the effect of NK1 agonists on the release of SP may be related to an inhibition of peptide degradation rather than activation of NK1 autoreceptors. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Maternal behavior of draft mares (Equus caballus) with mule foals (Equus asinus × Equus caballus)

Abstract Draft mares and their mule foals were observed from the day of birth to Week 17 of each foal's life. The rate of nursing was recorded and the duration of nursing activity to the nearest second. The rate at which foals engaged in nursing activity varied at each age. The duration of nursing bouts varied slightly as the foals matured. Aggression was recorded during both nursing and non-nursing activity for both the mares and foals. Maternal aggression was highest during nursing activity, especially during the pre-nurse nuzzling period. Maternal aggression increased as the foals matured. Mother-directed foal aggression was primarily in response to maternal aggression. Spatial relationships between each focal dyad were recorded when the foals were upright, not nursing and when they were recumbent. Spatial relationships differed based on the foal's state. The activity in which the mare engaged while her foal was recumbent was recorded. The movements of the mares were also recorded during foal recumbency. Mares approached or maintained their distance from their recumbent foal more than they left their recumbent foal in all weeks of the study, except Week 2.
Comparative hypotensive effects of acebutolol and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension: A double-blind multicenter evaluation

A double-blind multicenter study compared oral acebutolol (n = 182) with hydrochlorothiazide (n = 178) in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 95 to 114 mm Hg). Both agents produced significant and comparable reductions in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures of 15.9, 14.9, and 15.3 mm Hg on acebutolol, and 15.2, 13.3, and 11.8 mm Hg on hydrochlorothiazide (p = 0.001). Acebutolol induced a significant reduction in resting heart rate of 9.3 bpm (p = 0.001) from baseline. The mean effective doses of acebutolol and hydrochlorothiazide were 757 and 68 mg, respectively. Significantly fewer patients on acebutolol experienced arrhythmia, anorexia, and flatulence, although an equal number of patients (14) in each group discontinued therapy prematurely due to side effects. More hydrochlorothiazide-treated patients developed abnormalities in the levels of serum glucose, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum potassium, and chloride. No clinically significant trends in laboratory parameters were seen on acebutolol, although a small number of patients (11 on acebutolol and 3 on hydrochlorothiazide) developed asymptomatic positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests of low titer. The data show that acebutolol is as effective as hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension, is as well tolerated, and produces fewer biochemical abnormalities.
Assessing sites contaminated with unexploded ordnance: statistical modeling of ordnance spatial distribution.

More than 40 000 km2 of former military land in the United States are contaminated with unexploded ordnance (UXO). Cleanup costs are estimated to total as much as $140 billion. The amount of contaminated acreage and total costs are likely to increase as the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) follows through on recently announced plans to close an additional 22 domestic military bases. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and DOD disagree on how these sites should be characterized to assess their risks and plan for cleanup. As a result, much potentially valuable land remains idle while remediation decisions are pending. One of the sources of disagreement is how the locations of UXO should be characterized, given that the exact spatial distribution of UXO is unknown in advance of cleanup. In this paper, we propose and test a new model to represent the spatial distribution of UXO. Unlike existing DOD models, the new model accounts for the tendency of UXO to cluster, presumably around targets at which...
Design and Simulation of Multiquantum-Well AlGaAs/GaAs Single Junction Solar Cell with Back Surface Reflector

This paper reports on the design and simulation of a multiquantum Well (MQW) AlGaAs/GaAs single p-i-n junction cell with a Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) placed at back surface. The DBR structure reflects the part of the spectrum that benefits from absorption in the AlGaAs MQW structure, while being transparent to the IR spectrum. The addition of a DBR allows for a possible second bottom cell junction to be placed beneath the DBR in series with the MQW single cell for an additional efficiency enhancement. The efficiencies and short-circuit currents for the AlGaAs MQW cell with and without DBR are simulated. An energy balance equations model coupled with drift-diffusion equations is solved in heterojunction p-i-n with embedded quantum wells to model hot electron effects. The current-voltage characteristics of an MQW single junction AlGaAs/GaAs p-i-n solar cell structure were compared with measured data. The efficiencies and short-circuit currents of an optimized cell with and without DBR are simulated. Results obtained show improvement in short circuit current and efficiency when both MQW and DBR were used. Simulation results predict an efficiency of about 28.4% for the MQW AlGaAs-DBR single p-i-n junction photovoltaic cell under the presence of both radiative and nonradiative recombination mechanisms.
Cholinergic control of epidermal cohesion

The non-neuronal cholinergic system of human epidermis includes the keratinocyte (KC) acetylcholine (ACh) axis composed of the enzymes mediating ACh synthesis and degradation, and two classes of ACh receptors, the nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors, mediating biological effects of the cutaneous cytotransmitter ACh. Regulation of KC cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion is one of the important biological functions of cutaneous ACh. The downstream targets of ACh effects mediated by distinct ACh receptor subtypes include both the intercellular adhesion molecules, such as classical and desmosomal cadherins, and integrins mediating KC adhesion to a substrate. The signaling pathways include activation or inhibition of kinase cascades resulting in either up- or down-regulation of the expression of cell adhesion molecules or changes in their phosphorylation status, or both. The components of the KC ACh axis are involved in cutaneous blistering in patients with autoimmune pemphigus, junctional and dystrophic forms of epidermolysis bullosa, thermal burns, and mustard-induced vesication. Recent progress with the development of antiacantholytic therapies of patients with pemphigus using cholinomimetics indicates that cholinergic drugs may be a promising approach for other cutaneous blistering disorders.
Presheath environment in weakly ionized single and multispecies plasmas

The presheath located near boundaries in weakly ionized plasmas is a rich environment in which charge exchange, and ion-ion streaming instabilities combine to establish the electric fields that accelerate ions to close to the Bohm velocity at the sheath/presheath boundary. Charge exchange sets the presheath scale length in weakly collisional plasma, in which ionization can be neglected. The transition of mobility limited ion flow near the bulk plasma to free fall motion close to the plate for single species plasmas is explored. Measurements in argon-helium multidipole plasmas of plasma potential with emissive probes and ion energy distribution functions with laser induced fluorescence are presented. These data show that the argon ions are speeded up by the presheath electric fields, argon ions are heated, and ion-ion instability is present as ions approach the boundary.
Purified hormones from the crustacean eyestalk and their physiological specificity.

THE amino acid compositions of two peptide hormones, both acting on the pigmentary-effector system of crustaceans, have been reported1. One of these, erythrophore concentrating hormone (ECH) has a major function in the rapid physiological colour changes of crustaceans, by concentrating pigment granules of the erythrophores, and is the first crustacean eyestalk hormone described2. The second eyestalk hormone, discovered not long afterwards3, moves the distal (DRP) and reflecting retinal pigments of dark-adapted Palaemonetes and Palaemon into the light-adapted position, but purified hormone has so far been tested on only the DRP. A third well characterised hormone, hyperglycaemic hormone (HGH), increases glucose concentration of the blood, but such hyperglycaemic responses may vary in cross tests among crustacean species4–6. The amino acid composition of HGH has been determined. A summary of six analyses of five different preparations of HGH from eyestalks of Cancer magister is shown in Table 1; specific analyses for tryptophan have not been made. Details of the separation and purification will be reported elsewhere.
Experimental verification of dipole radiation in a conducting half-space

A laboratory size model of the flat earth-air (two-layer) problem, constructed to verify certain proposed theories on electromagnetic propagation through the sea, is described. The modeling system is used in scaling and measuring electromagnetic field components of electric or magnetic antennas submerged in sea water. Specifically, the experimental results are compared with the theory of radiation from a horizontal electric dipole antenna submerged in the sea. The results presented here verify that 1) the cyclindrical coordinate E_{r} , and E_{\phi} field components measured in the sea vary with radial distance from the antenna as \rho^{-3} in the near-zone and \rho^{-1} and \rho^{-2} , respectively, in the far-zone; 2) all field components vary with depth, z , as exp ( -z/\delta ), where \delta is skin depth; 3) the E_{r} , and E_{\phi} components vary with \phi as \cos \phi and \sin \phi , respectively; 4) all field components vary linearly with length l and dipole current, I . In addition, the H_{\phi} , H_{r} , and E_{z} components were measured in the air as a function of \rho for the static-zone, near-zone, and far-zone. The modeling system representing the sea includes a cylindrical tank 11.5 feet in diameter, 2-feet deep, containing a salt solution of 4 mhos/meter conductivity. The transmitting frequency varied from 100 to 400 Mc. For submerged antennas that can be validly scaled at least 10^{-2} in size and 10^{+4} in frequency, this model can conveniently be used to verify experimentally the radiation characteristics of these antennas.
From Magma to Tephra (Developments in Volcanology 4)

Volcanology is a rapidly evolving science that has recently received a high media profile through Hollywood movies and television coverage of Montserrat in the West Indies and the Mexican volcanoes of Colima and Popocatepetl. One of the movies and all three of the real-life eruptions involve volcanoes that are subject to sudden, explosive eruptions that can cause many hazards. In the region of the volcanic vent, high altitude eruption columns that resemble the mushroom cloud of an atomic blast can repeatedly disrupt regional air traffic. Within several kilometers of the volcanic edifice, fallout from the eruption can destroy roofs and hinder access while hot and ash-laden pyroclastic density currents can lay to waste any population centers that are encountered in their paths. Such events have claimed thousands of lives in this century alone. Over time, the potential also exists for economic disruption and, on a global scale, climatic change.
Isolable, gold carbonyl complexes supported by N-heterocyclic carbenes

Cationic gold carbonyl complexes supported by N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, SIDipp and IDipp, have been synthesized. [(SIDipp)Au(CO)][SbF6] has a linear, two-coordinate gold center. [(SIDipp)Au(CO)][SbF6] and [(IDipp)Au(CO)][SbF6] display CO values at 2197 and 2193 cm−1, respectively. Computational studies on [(SIMe)Au(CO)]+ indicate the presence of a strong Au(I)–CO bond.
Discontinuous release of phage f2.

Abstract We have studied the kinetics of release of bacteriophage f2 from single infected cells at 30°. Particles are released discontinuously in single bursts. We conclude that at 30° phage are released by cell lysis, as is the case at 37°.
Magnetism of α′-FeN alloys and α″-(Fe16N2) Fe nitrides

The α′-FeN phase was prepared by treating Fe powder with NH3H2 gas mixtures at a temperature of ≈ 665°C followed by a quench to cryogenic temperatures. Conversion of α to α′ to an extent exceeding 85% has been achieved. α″-FeN is produced by treatment of α′ for ≈ 1 to 2 h at 120–150°C. Bsat values obtained for α′- and α″-FeN are 23.5 and 26.6 kG, respectively. The latter corresponds to 2.9μBFe atom, a 34% enhancement over that of α-Fe.
Multiple births: how are we doing?

On a national basis, the ratio of multiple births to total births tended to lessen in 1999 and 2000 compared to previous years (the good news), although in each of these years, the ratio of all multiple births compared to total births continued to increase (the bad news) (Fig. 1). However, values appear to vary considerably from state to state. For example, in Virginia, the increase in the ratio of multiple births to total births was smaller in 1999 than in previous years, but the steep upward trend continued for the year 2000 (Fig. 2).