cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower Extremity Strength and Recovery Time in Youth Baseball Pitchers: A Pilot Study

Livingston, JL and Tavoukjian, NM. Lower extremity strength and recovery time in youth baseball pitchers: a pilot study. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1990-1998, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate the Little League pitching regulations by measuring the change in lower extremity force production after a pitching performance and the subsequent days of rest required for youth baseball pitchers to recover. Bilateral manual muscle testing of the gluteus maximus, hamstrings, gluteus medius, triceps surae, and quadriceps was conducted using a handheld dynamometer. Fifteen healthy, youth baseball pitchers (9.80 ± 1.08 years) threw a submaximal number of pitches and were tested before, immediately after, and for the next 4 consecutive days. Time in days required per muscle group to return to baseline force production levels were compared with Little League rest guidelines for pitchers. Results indicated that Little League rest requirements did not allow for sufficient recovery of lower extremity strength (p = 0.017). Results suggest that current Little League pitching guidelines provide an inadequate recovery period for youth pitchers, even when pitching a submaximal volume. Little League pitch count regulations and associated rest days may require revisions to avoid having youth athletes pitch while fatigued.
Contemporary Clinical Psychology

Clinical psychology has undergone rapid evolution during its relatively brief history. Since World War II, clinical psychology has greatly expanded in several major dimensions, including academia, science, research, professional issues, and concerns for the public interest (Barron, 1986). New psychology doctorates in the health-service-provider subfields of clinical, counseling, and school psychology constitute the majority (53.2%) of new psychology doctorates (Howard et al., 1986). Clinical psychology accounts for 40% of all psychology doctorates awarded annually (Strickland, 1985), and the Division of Clinical Psychology has become the largest division within the American Psychological Association (APA, 1989).
5 Toward the Large Scale Cultivation of Hyperthermophiles at High-Temperature and High-Pressure

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the development of a custom-made, high temperature–pressure (T–P) bioreactor system for the cultivation of hyperthermophiles under hyperbaric conditions. Equipped with a thermocouple and a heating belt for temperature control, the bioreactor has a total volume of 1.15 l, which is one of largest high T–P bioreactors described to date. It can operate up to 880 atm and 200oC, and pressurization from 7.8 atm to 500 atm can be achieved in 10 min. A step-by-step protocol for cultivating M. jannaschii in this system is discussed in detail. Relevant issues, such as cell disruption during decompression and gas–liquid mass transfer limitation are discussed in later sections. Many efforts had been made to develop bioreactor systems that can mimic the deep-sea hydrothermal vent habitat by operating at high temperatures and high pressures. One of the major difficulties in the development of high temperature–pressure (T–P) bioreactors is structural stability of the reactor vessel, which cannot be afforded by conventional fermentation systems. High T–P bioreactors can be categorized into two types: hydrostatic and hyperbaric. Hydrostatic bioreactors, in which the reactor contains only a liquid phase, are relatively easy to construct and operate, and enabled the development of continuous-flow systems. In contrast to hydrostatic bioreactors, hyperbaric systems allow adequate quantities of gaseous substrates to be available inside the headspace of the reactor.
On the Distinction between the Phenomenal and the Physical Object

My assignment is to discuss the distinction between the phenomenal and the physical object. The failure to make this distinction is the doctrine of naive realism, a position that is as persistent as it is wrong. I shall start with Bertrand Russell’s statement of the case against naive realism: Naive realism leads to physics, and physics, if true, shows that naive realism is false. Therefore naive realism, if true, is false; therefore it is false.1
Interactions between the contact system, neutrophils and fibrinogen.

Since plasma kallikrein activates human neutrophils, and in plasma prekallikrein (PK) circulates complexed with high molecular weight kininogen (HK), we determined whether HK could mediate kallikrein’s association with neutrophils. Human neutrophils were found to possess surface-membrane binding sites for HK but no internalization was detected at 37°C. 125I-HK binding to neutrophils was dependent upon Zn++, specific, saturable and reversible with a Kd of 9–18 nM and 40,000–70,000 sites per cell. Furthermore, HK found in neutrophils (240 ng/107 neutrophils) also served as a cofactor for HNE secretion since neutrophils deficient in HK have reduced HNE secretion when stimulated in plasma deficient in HK or with purified kallikrein. Thus, neutrophil surface HK may serve as a receptor for kallikrein. Fibrinogen inhibited 125I-fibrinogen bound specifically and reversibly to human neutrophils. Zn++ (50 µM) was required for binding of 125I-fibrinogen to neutrophils and the addition of Ca++ (2 mM) increased the binding 2-fold. Excess HK completely inhibited binding of and displaced labeled fibringogen as well as unlabeled fibrinogen. Binding of125I-fibrinogen was saturable with an apparent Kd of 170 nM and 140,000 sites/neutrophil. The binding of 125I-fibrinogen to neutrophils was not inhibited by the peptide RGDS derived from the α-chain of fibrinogen, nor by the monoclonal antibodies (MAB) 10E5 to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa heterodimer. Fibrinogen binding was inhibited by a γ-chain peptide CYGHHLGGAKQAGDV and by MAB OKM1 but was not inhibited by OKM10, a MAB to a different domain of the adhesion glycoprotein Mac-1 (CR3). HK binding to neutrophils was not inhibited by OKM1. These observations were consistent with a further finding that fibrinogen is a noncompetitive inhibitor of 1251-HK binding to neutrophils. These studies indicate that fibrinogen specifically binds to an integrin receptor (Mac-1) on the neutrophil surface through the carboxy terminal of the γ-chain and that HK inhibits this interaction.
Angiographic Findings and Prognosis in Asymptomatic Men with Rest and Exercise Electrocardiographic Abnormalities

Mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) has begun to decline, perhaps owing to changing life-style patterns. However, morbidity rates probably have not been altered and CHD remains the leading cause of death in most developed countries. Since it will be some time before its primary prevention is a reality, it is advisable to evaluente screening methods for detecting latent CHD while methods for primary prevention evolve. Screening can be defined as the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease by the utilization of tests, examinations, and other procedures which can be applied rapidly (Froom et al. 1979). The relative value of techniques for identifying individuals who have asymptomatic CHD should be assessed in order to optimally and cost-effectively direct secondary preventive efforts towards those with disease. Resting electrocardiographic assessment, risk factor screening, exercise testing, and other newer techniques will be discussed here.
Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Signal Changes of the Striatum: An Unusual Complication in the Setting of Neurosurgical Procedures.

Background Hyperglycemic nonketotic chorea is an uncommon complication of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Patients typically develop abnormal signal changes in the striatum on imaging studies. Whereas the condition is well reported in the medical literature, reports on this topic in the surgical literature are lacking. Case Description We report the first case of striatal hyperglycemic nonketotic signal changes occurring in the setting of a frontotemporal craniotomy for resection of a sphenoid wing meningioma. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the patient demonstrated restricted diffusion within the bilateral caudate nuclei, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalami in response to intraoperative hyperglycemia. Normalization of the patient's serum glucose levels postoperatively was followed by improvement in the radiographic abnormalities and their associated clinical sequelae. At the patient's last follow-up appointment 5 months after surgery, MRI demonstrated complete resolution of the abnormal signal changes to the patient's neurologic baseline. Conclusions Although uncommon, striatal signal changes associated with nonketotic hyperglycemia should be recognized as a potential complication of surgery. Knowledge of this rare entity is important so that tight control of perioperative serum glucose can be achieved in diabetic patients to prevent this rare entity.
Adolescents' Aided Recall of Targeted and Non-Targeted Tobacco Communication Campaigns in the United States.

We examined whether advertisements from two national tobacco control campaigns targeting adolescents (i.e., The Real Cost, Fresh Empire) and one campaign targeting adults (i.e., Tips from Former Smokers) were reaching adolescents. Data came from a national sample of adolescents aged 13 to 17 years (n = 975) surveyed by phone from August 2016 to May 2017. We assessed recall and attitudes toward five specific advertisements and three campaign slogans and examined differences by sub-groups. Almost all (95%) adolescents recalled seeing at least one campaign advertisement. Aided recall of The Real Cost and Tips from Former Smokers slogans was high (65.5% and 71.6%, respectively), while aided recall of Fresh Empire slogan was lower (15.3%) (χ2 p-value: p < 0.001); however, Black adolescents had higher odds of recalling the Fresh Empire ad (aOR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.39, 3.73) and slogan (aOR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.06, 6.54) compared to White adolescents. Increased exposure to the advertisements (i.e., recalling more advertisements) was significantly associated with higher odds of reporting negative feelings toward tobacco products in 4/5 models (aORs from 1.34 to 1.61). Large-scale national campaigns can have wide reach among both targeted and non-targeted audiences with added benefits for cumulative cross-campaign exposure to advertisements.
The primacy of rhythm: how discrete actions merge into a stable rhythmic pattern.

When performing a series of throws to hit a target, humans spontaneously merged successive actions into a continuous approximately periodic pattern. The degree of rhythmicity and stability correlat...
Coherency Identification and Aggregation in Grid-Forming Droop-Controlled Inverter Networks

There is an increasing need to apply rigorous model-order-reduction techniques in the analysis of large-scale networks of inverter-based distributed generation resources due to the limitations of existing simulation tools. Various coherency-based aggregation techniques have long been used to construct reduced-order dynamic models of large-scale synchronous machine (SM) networks. Such techniques have the advantage of preserving the nonlinear nature of the dynamic model throughout the order-reduction process, enabling the efficient and accurate analysis of large-scale network dynamics during large disturbances such as fault events. This paper proposes the application of a rigorous coherency-based aggregation technique to the analysis of large-scale networks of grid-forming droop-controlled inverters. A rapid and powerful generalized eigenvalue perturbation technique for coherency identification, previously only applied to SM networks, is adapted to grid-forming droop-controlled inverter networks. The resulting reduced-order models are physically insightful and are capable of accurately reproducing the system response in the aftermath of large disturbances. For some networks, a rigorously-derived condition of coherency can be difficult to achieve, given the expected range of L–C–L filter impedances. To remedy this limitation, the potential for high-bandwidth inverter control to enforce the conditions that allow for coherency of droop-controlled inverters has been investigated and confirmed using a controller hardware-in-the loop testbed. Using this approach, the use of simple nonlinear aggregate inverter models to accurately model large sections of the inverter network can be more rigorously justified.
Sexual dimorphisms in brain gene expression in the growth-restricted guinea pig can be modulated with intra-placental therapy.

BACKGROUND Fetal responses to adverse pregnancy environments are sex-specific. In fetal guinea pigs (GPs), we assessed morphology and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in fetal growth-restricted (FGR) tissues at midpregnancy. METHODS Female GPs were assigned either an ad libitum diet (C) or 30% restricted diet (R) prior to pregnancy to midpregnancy. At midpregnancy, a subset of R females underwent ultrasound-guided nanoparticle (NP) injection to enhance placental function. Five days later, fetuses were sampled. Fetal brain, heart, and liver were assessed for morphology (hematoxylin and eosin), proliferation (Ki67), and vascularization (CD31), as well as expression of inflammatory markers. RESULTS R fetuses were 19% lighter with reduced organ weights and evidence of brain sparing compared to controls. No increased necrosis, proliferation, or vascularization was found between C and R nor male or female fetal organs. Sexual dimorphism in mRNA expression of Tgfβ and Ctgf was observed in R but not C fetal brains: increased expression in females. NP treatment increased fetal brain mRNA expression of Tgfβ and Ctgf in R males, abolishing the significant difference observed in untreated R fetuses. CONCLUSIONS Sex-specific differences in mRNA expression in the fetal brain with FGR could impart a potential survival bias and may be useful for the development of treatments for obstetric diseases. IMPACT Male and female fetuses respond differently to adverse pregnancy environments. Under fetal growth restriction conditions, inflammatory marker mRNA expression in the fetal brain was higher in females compared to males. Differences in gene expression between males and females may confer a selective advantage/disadvantage under adverse conditions. Better characterization of sexual dimorphism in fetal development will aid better development of treatments for obstetric diseases.
Improved Glaucoma Medication Adherence in a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose To test the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve glaucoma medication adherence. Design Randomized, controlled trial at a Veterans Affairs (VA) eye clinic. Participants Veterans with medically treated glaucoma who reported poor adherence and their companions if applicable. Methods Participants, and their companions if applicable, were randomized to receive an intervention to improve medication adherence that included glaucoma education, personalized disease management suggestions, and a reminder aid, or the control arm that received education regarding general eye health. Main Outcome Measures The average proportion of prescribed glaucoma medication doses taken on schedule over the 6 months after randomization according to an electronic monitor between participants in the 2 arms. Results The mean proportion of prescribed doses taken on schedule was higher in the intervention group compared with controls (0.85 vs. 0.62, P Conclusions A multifaceted intervention can help improve glaucoma medication adherence.
Evaluation of Stem Engagement Activities On the Attitudes and Perceptions of Mechanical Engineering S-STEM Scholars.

Since 2009, the mechanical engineering (ME) scholarship-science technology engineering and mathematics (S-STEM) Program at the University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC) has provided financial support and program activities to ME undergraduate students aiming at improving their retention and graduation rates. The objective of this study is to identify program activities that were most effective to help students for improvements. Current ME S-STEM scholars were asked to complete a survey that measures their scientific efficacy, engineering identity, expectations, integration, and sense of belonging, as well as how program activities impact their attitudes and perceptions. Analyses of 36 collected surveys showed that scholars reported high levels of engineering identity, expectations, and sense of belonging. However, further improvements were needed to help students in achieving scientific efficacy and academic integration into the program. Results demonstrated that pro-active mentoring was the most effective method contributing to positive attitudes and perceptions. The implemented S-STEM research-related activities and internship were viewed favorably by the scholars in helping them establish their scientific efficacy and engineering identity, and understand their expectations and goals. Community building activities were considered helpful for them to integrate into campus life and improve their sense of belonging to the campus and program. Scholars identified mentoring, research related activities, internships, and social interaction with faculty and their peers as important factors for their retention and graduation. Although the sample size was small in the study, we believe that the cost-effective activities identified could be adopted by other institutions to further improve students' retention and graduation rates in engineering programs.
Raising the Empire’s Children? Everyday Insecurities and Parenting the Privileged in the United States

While theories of ‘American Empire’ are discussed across disciplines, little attention has been paid to how subjects of this empire are socially produced through the highly intimate process of raising children. There has been little examination of parenting as a performance of in/security. This chapter contends that examining the securitization of parenting practices is essential if we wish to better understand childhood and parenting in an age of American Empire. The chapter argues that a particular kind of subject—the children of empire—is produced through an assemblage of neoliberalism, biopolitics, militarism and play and is visible in parenting practices oriented around expert knowledge of risk and protection, the normalization of regimes of surveillance and sorting, and the cultivation of playful militarism that blurs the lines between violence and fun.
Development and Testing of an Ultracapacitor Based Uninterruptible Power Supply (Ups) System

The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) initiated the development and testing of an ultracapacitor based uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system as a means to provide backup power for the many critical NASA applications. A UPS system typically utilizes batteries for energy storage. The battery is the most vulnerable part of the UPS system, requiring regular maintenance and replacement. Battery performance is also extremely temperature dependent. Ultracapacitors are ideal for UPS systems where long life, maintenance free operation, and excellent low temperature performance is essential. State of the art symmetric ultracapacitors were used for these tests. The ultracapacitors were interconnected in an innovative configuration to minimize interconnection impedance, and to provide voltage balancing. Ultracapacitors can be charged extremely rapidly and supply high current, which are essential characteristics for an effective UPS system. Charging ultracapacitors is significantly less complex than charging batteries since there is no chemical reaction occurring while charging ultracapacitors. The report concludes that the implementation of symmetric ultracapacitors in a UPS system can provide significant improvements in power system performance and reliability.
First-Order Experiential Concept Formation

The author takes the standpoint that concepts are the results of direct or indirect structuring (or organizing) of experience. The objective of such structuring is to simplify and facilitate the description, interpretation, or memorization of that experience. Concept formation is assumed to be a functional element of a larger, self-organizing system; the system itself will remain substantially undefined in this discussion. For the moment, it will suffice to say that the system is capable of sensing a portion of its experiences in the form of fragmentary images; it is further capable of recalling some portion of those images. Finally, it is assumed that the system has a goal (or set of goals).
Consumer Attitudes Toward Texture and Other Food Attributes

This study aims to examine the current attitudes of North American consumers toward food attributes, focusing on the effect of gender and age. A total of 337 participants were asked to list the first three words that come to mind when each image/name of 32 different foods was presented. The responses were grouped into seven main categories: “food attribute,” “menu uses,” “type,” “personal preference,” “health and nutrition,” “regional origin” and “others” and subsequent subcategories. The frequencies of answers for each category were compared by gender and age group. Texture- and flavor-related responses became less common as age increased. Conversely, “health and nutrition” responses became more common with increasing age. In addition, male participants were more likely to give color, flavor and food brand-related responses, while female participants were more likely to list texture, form/temperature and personal preference-related words. Furthermore, this study shows the changes in consumer attitudes toward foods for the last several decades. Practical Applications Little is known on how food attitudes change with age. The changes in food perception that accompany aging are well documented. However, the extent these changes lead to altered attitudes toward food has not been examined. In addition, for approximately 50 years, the food industry has been operating on the same information regarding the importance of texture and other food attributes to consumers. During this period, many changes in demographics and cuisine have occurred, yet we do not know how these have affected consumer attitude toward foods. This study gives insight into changes in consumer attitudes toward foods since the 1960s and 1970s, as well as changes associated with aging for food scientists, food processors and business marketers.
Role of Oil & Gas Operations in the Economy ofElk, Forest, Mckean, & Warren Counties

The oil and gas operations industry is an important part of the history and economy of Elk, Forest, McKean, and Warren counties in Pennsylvania. Operations include extraction, drilling, and support activities. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers throughout these counties and influences tax revenues in the counties.
Systematic method for initial rapid analysis of maxillofacial computed tomography scans for surgeons in training.

Background Reading maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) scans is a basic skill for any surgeon who operates on the face. A standard systematic approach for how to read a maxillofacial CT scan from a surgeon's perspective is lacking in literature, particularly for those in the early stages of training. We present a method of initial rapid analysis which our residents in training have responded to and report to be conceptually simple to apply. Methods The senior author reviewed over 250 consults for face trauma and performed a detailed composite of the most common elements of each consult as well as the clinically relevant decision points. These elements were then bundled into a conceptual sketch of the skull-face-mandible with an accompanying standardized clinical data list. The new residents were then guided through a systematic approach to reading the scans while sketching the injuries identified. The authors then performed a survey to establish if the new method was helpful to early learners prior to and after adoption of the method. The survey consisted of five questions regarding the utility of the method for analysis of reading maxillofacial CT. Results In total, seven residents were surveyed; 100% thought the technique made reading facial CT easier, 100% thought this method was easy to teach to junior residents and 86% found the analysis of facial CT easier and helped their surgical decision making. Conclusion We present a systematic method for surgeons to evaluate facial CT scans. This is the first published account of methodology for maxillofacial CT analysis for surgeons.
Electromagnetic metamaterial insulator to eliminate substrate surface waves

Metamaterial EM insulators are designed to eliminate mutual coupling between closely packed array elements. This technique allows for array element design in isolation, without consideration of mutual coupling effects. Eliminating mutual coupling also allows for denser packing and higher directivity in antenna arrays. By placing isolation walls along the radiating edges of a patch on a /spl lambda//sub 0//3/spl times//spl lambda//sub 0//3 ground plane a 19.2dB front-to-back ratio is achieved. Metamaterial isolation walls 0.05/spl lambda//sub 0/ thick exhibit -10 dB isolation bandwidths of 2-6% with very low losses for various geometries and greater than 20 dB peak isolation is achieved for array element spacing of 0.2/spl lambda//sub 0/.
Firing properties of identified parasympathetic cardiac neurons in nucleus ambiguus

This study tests the hypothesis that identified parasympathetic cardiac neurons in the nucleus ambiguus possess pacemaker-like activity or, alternatively, that these neurons are inherently silent. To test this hypothesis and to examine the firing properties of these neurons, parasympathetic cardiac neurons were identified by the presence of a fluorescent tracer previously applied to their terminals surrounding the heart. Perforated patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques were used to study the spontaneous and depolarization-evoked firing patterns of these identified parasympathetic cardiac neurons in an in vitro brain stem slice. Parasympathetic cardiac neurons were silent. On injection of depolarizing current, however, these neurons fired with both little delay and spike frequency adaptation. Hyperpolarizing prepulses elicited a significant delay before depolarization-evoked firing The Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel blocker apamin, but not charybdotoxin, increased the depolarization-activated firing frequency of these neurons and inhibited the afterhyperpolarization. In summary, parasympathetic cardiac neurons do not have pacemaker-like properties, but they do possess discharge characteristics that would enable them to closely follow excitatory synaptic activation for prolonged periods.
The FGFR pathway is required for the trunk-inducing functions of Spemann's organizer.

Xenopus laevis embryogenesis is controlled by the inducing activities of Spemann's organizer. These inducing activities are separated into two distinct suborganizers: a trunk organizer and a head organizer. The trunk organizer induces the formation of posterior structures by emitting signals and directing morphogenesis. Here, we report that the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway, also known to regulate posterior development, performs critical functions within the cells of Spemann's organizer. Specifically, the FGFR pathway was required in the organizer cells in order for those cells to induce the formation of somitic muscle and the pronephros. Since the organizer influences the differentiation of these tissues by emitting signals that pattern the mesodermal germ layer, our data indicate that the FGFR regulates the production of these signals. In addition, the FGFR pathway was required for the expression of chordin, an organizer-specific protein required for the trunk-inducing activities of Spemann's organizer. Significantly, the FGFR pathway had a minimal effect on the function of the head organizer. We propose that the FGFR pathway is a defining molecular component that distinguishes the trunk organizer from the head organizer by controlling the expression of organizer-specific genes required to induce the formation of posterior structures and somitic muscle in neighboring cells. The implications of our findings for the evolutionarily conserved role of the FGFR pathway in the functions of Spemann's organizer and other vertebrate-signaling centers are discussed.
Data encryption features for computer hardware and software profitability: I/O ports, expansion slots, algorithms, cyphers and security

The use of encryption to protect sensitive data has existed in one form or another throughout history. Today, the massive amounts of data transmitted regularly make it more important than ever to ensure the integrity of important information during transmission by means of data encryption. The selection of appropriate features for inclusion in data encryption products can be very frustrating for both hardware and software manufacturers, as well as for end-users. This study describes an interactive microcomputer-based feature selection system. The feature price contribution margin measures to what degree a specific feature meets end-user needs. It compares the outcome of integrating and bundling a feature into a product with marketing this feature as a separate ''add-on'' product line.
Real-time volume rendering

With the advent of high-powered, commodity volume visualization hardware comes a new challenge: effectively harnessing the visualization power to enable greater understanding of data through dynamic interaction. We examine Cube-4/VolumePro as the latest advance in real-time volume visualization hardware. We describe tools to utilize this hardware including a software developers' kit, called the Cube Toolkit (CTK). We show how the CTK supports algorithms such as perspective rendering, overlapping volumes, and geometry mixing within volumes. We examine a case study of a virtual colonoscopy application developed using the CTK.© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 11, 44–52, 2000
Role of cysteine residues in the enhancement of chaperone function in methylglyoxal-modified human αA-crystallin

We have previously demonstrated that the reaction of a physiological dicarbonyl, methylglyoxal (MGO) enhances the chaperone function of human αA-crystallin. MGO can react with cysteine, arginine, and lysine residues in proteins. Although the role of arginine and lysine residues in the enhancement of chaperone function has been investigated, the role of cysteine residues is yet to be determined. In this study, we have investigated the effect of MGO modification on the structure and chaperone function of αA-crystallin mutant proteins in which C131 and C142 were replaced either individually or simultaneously with isoleucine. MGO-modification resulted in improved chaperone function in all three αA-crystallin mutants, including the cysteine-free double mutant. The enhanced chaperone function was due to increased surface hydrophobicity and increased binding of client proteins. These results suggest that the two cysteine residues, even though they could be modified, do not take part in the MGO-induced improvement in the chaperone function of human αA-crystallin.
Short range solvation by cyclic thioethers

Abstract Short range solvation by thioethers in benzene bulk solvent is studied by observing the change in proton transfer equilibrium constant (KPT) that occurs for reactions between 2,4-dinitrophenol and diethylamine. Solvation stoichiometries and binding constants were determined by fitting KPT vs. thioether concentration data to binding isotherms. These results indicate that 1,4-thioxane hydrogen bonds to the amine proton such that the ring oxygen and the ring sulphur contribute electrons to the proton, and that two thioxane molecules solvate the proton. 1,4-Dithiane contributes electrons from both sulfurs to the proton, but only one dithiane molecule solvates a given proton.
The spiral structure of the interplanetary magnetic field

The Pioneer 10 data concerning the heliocentric radial variation of the interplanetary magnetic field are examined. Incorporating the systematic increase in solar wind velocity observed during the mission leads to much improved agreement between the usual Parker Archimedean spiral and the data. The effects of correlations between short-period fluctuations of speed and azimuthal field are discussed. It is concluded that during the period under study they did not substantially affect the average magnetic field.
Determination of the rate of heat generation of plutonium metal

A calorimetric method for determining heat-generationrate in plutonlum is described along with the calorimeter used. The rate was determined over the temperature range 0 to 35 deg C and was found to be 2.2125 mw/g. This value is in agreement with Treiman's value of 2.2157 mw/g. (N.W.R.)
A Large-Capacity Optical Correlator by Wavelength-Angle Multiplexing

A novel approach of building a large-capacity optical correlator using Vander Lugt's matched spatial filters is introduced. The system capacity is substantially increased by utilizing a wavelength-angle multiplexing scheme. An optical correlator consisting of a tunable dye laser as the light source and an optical dispersive element such as a diffraction grating placed in the input plane is presented. While sequentially tuning the wave-length of the line emitted from the dye laser and rotating the diffraction grating about the optical axis, the input signal spectrum is scanned along a trajectory of concentric rings in the Fourier plane. With this 2-D scanning approach, up to 1000 MSFs can be spatially multiplexed on a single holographic plate due to the more effective use of the system space-bandwidth product. In synthesizing the spatially multiplexed MSFs a monochromatic laser is used instead of a dye laser since the latter generally does not provide adequate coherence length. In order to accommodate wavelength shifting between the filter recordings and signal correlation detections, a compensation technique which includes the scaling of input signal spectrum and reference beam angle according to the wavelength's ratio is utilized during the filter's fabrication. The large capacity of the optical correlator can be used effectively at high speed and accuracy under electronic/computer control for either multiple-signal detections or for the recognition of a single object with scale and orientation variations. Several illustrated experimental demonstrations are also presented.
One + One-Dimensional Modeling of Monolithic Catalytic Converters

The inclusion of a washcoat model into monolithic catalyst simulations in order to create a one + one-dimensional framework using a minimum number of parameters is reviewed. All assumptions and numerical methods are presented while ensuring the prevention of excessive temperature excursions. Parametric studies illustrate the influence of model parameters (porosity, wall thickness, pore diameter) on the conversion of carbon monoxide during a light-off experiment using a uniform washcoat. Moreover, simulating a layered washcoat of dissimilar catalytic materials demonstrates a significant influence on conversion characteristics depending on the order of the layers. As a result, employing a washcoat requires careful consideration of the advection of the gas, the reactions occurring in each catalytic material, material layering, the diffusion properties of the different species, and the characteristics of the washcoat.
Human Rights Rhetoric of Recognition

Through her reading of the editors' introduction and ensuing four essays, Hesford approaches human rights as a discourse of public persuasion that envisions certain scenes of sociopolitical recognition, normative notions of subject formation, and paradoxical particularities. She joins contributors in their interrogation of the normative scenes of sociopolitical recognition on which the human rights paradox of exclusive universalism rests. Yet, she also maintains that in our efforts to construe a more inclusive human rights history that we are mindful of distinctions between the rhetorical tactics of individuals and social movements and differences of geopolitical scale and scope.
Multistate Belief Probabilities-Based Prioritization Framework for Customer Satisfaction Attributes in Product Development

The traditional approach to prioritization of customer satisfaction (CS) attributes includes methods such as analytic hierarchical process (AHP) that do not consider the correlation among CS attributes. This paper presents an analytic network process based framework that allows decision makers to prioritize the CS attributes by considering not only the correlation among the attributes themselves, but also the cross correlation among attributes and factors. Furthermore, the proposed framework employs Bayesian Belief Network methodology to deal with uncertainty in prioritization process due to subjectivity of the information during the early stages of product development. The belief probabilities are expressed in terms of conditional probabilities that reflect the contribution of an attribute toward a given prioritization criterion. In addition, we propose a novel approach to estimate the belief probabilities by considering different states of an attribute such as strong, average, and null. This approach improves the precision of the belief probabilities that are usually estimated through expert interviews. The framework is illustrated with an automotive industry case study with results presented for two disparate vehicle types. The model results are also compared with those of a traditional AHP model to show the benefits of the proposed framework. Lastly, sensitivity analysis is performed to understand the impact of network structural uncertainty on the prioritization decisions thereby demonstrating the robustness of the framework.
Depressed mood and emotional responding

The current study examined emotional responding in a sample of 57 college students who varied in depression symptom scores. Participants viewed pleasant, unpleasant and neutral emotional-eliciting pictures. Response measures included autonomic activity, subjective report of emotion, eyeblink startle reflex, and postauricular reflex. Findings indicated that greater depression symptoms predicted blunted responding with the postauricular reflex and eyeblink startle reflex measures. However, greater depression symptoms were not associated with blunted or heightened responding as indexed by the autonomic reactivity and self-report measures. Taken together, these results suggest that depression may be associated with both appetitive and defensive responding deficits, which has important implications for emotional responding. The findings underscore the importance of using multiple measures when investigating emotional responding associated with depression.
A New Model for Long-Term Care: Balancing Palliative and Restorative Care Delivery

ABSTRACT Nursing homes have been mandated to maintain or promote the physical and psychological functioning of residents since the enactment of the 1987 Omnibus Reconciliation Act. Although this restorative approach to care has improved outcomes for some residents (Institute of Medicine, 2001), it ignores the reality that all permanently placed residents will die. A new model for long-term care, one that includes a simultaneous restorative and palliative approach to care delivery, is proposed. Palliative care principles provide a guiding framework for changing care delivery. Basic tenets, such as resident and family viewed as a unit of care, interdisciplinary teamwork, and interdisciplinary plans of care, provide a basis for specific operational suggestions. Operational strategies, such as psychosocial and spiritual support for family, resident decision making and participation in goal setting, expertise in aggressive pain and symptom control, and bereavement services following resident death, are described.
Reply: De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum? *

This was how Robert Lowe (and his followers the "Addulamites") castigated Disraeli's proposal to amend the franchise with the Second British Reform Act. Professor Achen's stimulating comment raises new questions about how we should interpret these debates: Were the disagreements among the British elite based on different perceptions of the experience with the franchise or on different sympathies for the democratic aspirations of lower classes? Does the key to understanding such debates rest with different levels of "enlightment" which separated Lowe and Disraeli, or does it rest with differences in their strategic assessment of the prevailing political situation in Britain? Alternatively, does the fact that the Finnish elite extended the franchise primarily in one "explosive" reform indicate that they underwent a fundamentally different learning process than their British counterparts who extended the franchise more gradually--or does it suggest that the pattern of legitimacy crises requiring franchise reforms in the two countries was different? The answers to such questions and our understanding of enfranchisement in general depend on which formulation-the "Achen" model or the "Freeman-Snidal" model-of the enfranchisement process we accept. As we discuss below, to some extent this choice will be a matter of taste but in large part these questions are, in principle, soluble through further research. Professor Achen has been more than generous in his comments on our article and we hope he will forgive us to the extent that our
Creep deformation of TD--nickel chromium

The creep behavior of thoria dispersed nickel-chromium (TD-NiCr) was examined at 1093°C (2000°F). Major emphasis was placed on 1) the effects of the material and the test related variables (grain size, temperature, stress, strain and strain rate) on the deformation characteristics, and 2) the evaluation of single crystal TD-NiCr material produced by a directional recrystallization technique. Creep activation enthalpies were found to increase with increasing grain size reaching maximum values for the single crystal TD-NiCr. Stress exponent of the steady state creep rate was also significantly higher for the single crystal material as compared to that determined for the polycrystalline TD-NiCr. The elevated temperature deformation of TD-NiCr was analyzed in terms of two parallel-concurrent processes: 1) diffusion controlled grain boundary sliding and 2) dislocation motion. The characteristics of the dislocation motion deformation mode (as observed in the single crystal TD-NiCr) suggest that strong particle-dislocation interactions are present. The relative contributions of dislocation motion and grain boundary sliding in TD-NiCr were estimated. In creep, grain boundary sliding was found to predominate for the small, equiaxed grain structures, whereas the dislocation deformation mode became significant for only the large grain TD-NiCr and the single crystal material.
Early events following maternal exposure to 5-fluorouracil lead to dysmorphology in cultured embryonic tissues.

The chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is teratogenic in a number of species, yet the mechanism(s) of its developmental toxicity are not fully understood. Administration of 5-FU to the pregnant CD rat on day 14 of gestation results in dose-dependent growth retardation and numerous malformations in near-term fetuses, including hindlimb defects and cleft palate. Following treatment, a number of rapid biochemical and cellular alterations are detectable in embryonic hindlimbs, craniofacial and other tissues, which include thymidylate synthetase (TS) inhibition and altered cell cycle progression. In order to assess the importance of these early events in 5-FU-induced dysmorphogenesis, embryonic mid-facial tissues and hindlimbs were dissected 3 or 6 hr after administration of 5-FU to the dam and placed in explant culture. After 5 days in culture, craniofacial explants were evaluated morphologically for palatal closure and growth was assessed by measuring total protein and DNA content. Hindlimb explants were stained for cartilage using alcian blue to evaluate development of the digits. Craniofacial explants cultured at either 3 or 6 hr after exposure exhibited dose-dependent growth retardation and defects of palatal fusion at the end of the culture period. Deficits in protein and DNA content were similar to those in craniofacial tissues that continued to develop in utero after treatment, although morphological defects in cultured explants did not correlate well with the incidence of cleft palate in vivo. Dose-dependent deficits in metatarsal and phalanx development were observed in hindlimb explants dissected either 3 or 6 hr after maternal treatment. These results suggest that events sufficient to produce growth retardation and dysmorphogenesis occur within 3 hr of 5-FU administration, and support the hypothesis that direct, rapid, and short-lived biochemical and cellular changes in embryonic target tissues (i.e., TS inhibition, cell cycle alterations, and/or as yet unidentified events) are the critical mechanistic events in 5-FU developmental toxicity. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.*
Focus on Psychometrics The Multitrait-Multimethod Approach to Construct Validity

The multitrait-multimethod matrix approach as proposed by Campbell and Fiske (1959) was an important contribution to our understanding of the nature of validation procedures. There are, however, problems encountered when using the Campbell and Fiske (1 959) approach. The purpose of this article is to discuss the method and selected problems, and to propose an alternate approach to address those problems. Campbell and Fiske (1959) provided important insights into the nature of validation procedures. In particular, they proposed the multitrait-multimethod matrix (MTMM matrix) as a way to assess convergent and discriminant validity as well as to estimate the effect of method variance on validity assessments. However, there are problems with the traditional bivariate analysis of the MTMM matrix that may severely limit the utility of the method. The purpose of this article is to discuss the method and some of the associated problems and to suggest ways in which these problems might be addressed. In a second article, to be published in the next issue, we will provide an example of such an approach illustrating an extension of the method. Specifically, we will explore the use of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in order to assess convergent and discriminant validity.
The context & clinical evidence for common nursing practices during labor.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to review the context and current evidence for common nursing care practices during labor and birth. Although many nursing interventions during labor and birth are based on physician orders, there are a number of care processes that are mainly within the realm of nursing practice. In many cases, particularly in community hospitals, routine physician orders for intrapartum care provide wide latitude for nurses in how they ultimately carry out those orders. An important consideration of common nursing practices during labor is the context or practice model in which those practices occur. Nursing practice is not the same in all clinical environments. Intrapartum nursing practice consists of an assortment of different roles depending on the circumstances, hospital setting, and context in which it takes place. A variety of intrapartum nursing practice models have evolved as a result and in response to the range of sizes, locations, and provider practice styles found in hospitals providing obstetric services. A summary of intrapartum nursing models is presented. The evidence is reviewed for the three most common clinical practices for which nurses have primary responsibility in most settings and that comprise the majority of their time in caring for women during labor: (1) maternal-fetal assessment, (2) management of oxytocin infusions, and (3) second-stage care. Evidence exists for these nursing interventions that can be used to promote maternal-fetal well-being, minimize risk, and enhance patient safety.