cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Assessment of Fibroblast Heterogeneity by the Cell-Surface Glycoprotein Thy-1

Fibroblasts are a heterogeneous population of structural cells whose primary function is the production of extracellular matrix for normal tissue maintenance and repair. However, fibroblasts provide much more than structural support as they synthesize and respond to many different cytokines and lipid mediators and are intimately involved in the processes of inflammation. It is now appreciated that fibroblasts exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity, differing not only between organ systems, but also within a given anatomical site. Subtypes of fibroblasts can be identified by the expression of markers such as Thy-1, a cell surface glycoprotein of unknown function. Initial characterization of fibroblasts as Thy-1+ or Thy-1− can be performed by immunofluorescence or flow cytometry. They can be sorted according to their expression of Thy-1 by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), cloning and/or magnetic beading, yielding greater than 99% purity. Fibroblasts that are separated into Thy-1+ and Thy-1− subsets exhibit differences in their morphological, immunological and proliferative responses and ability to differentiate into a-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts and adipocyte-like lipofibroblasts, key cells for wound healing and fibrotic disorders. The identification of Thy-1 as a surface marker by which to separate fibroblast subtypes has yielded vital insight into diseases such as scarring and wound healing and highlights the concept of fibroblast heterogeneity. Future research into fibroblast subsets may lead to the tissue-specific treatment of disease such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
The Need for Flow Fingerprints to Link Correlated Network Flows

Linking network flows is an important problem in the detection of stepping stone attacks as well as in compromising anonymity systems. Traffic analysis is an effective tool for linking flows, which works by correlating their communication patterns, e.g., their packet timings. To improve scalability and performance of this process, recent proposals suggest to perform traffic analysis in an active manner by injecting invisible tags into the traffic patterns of network flows; this approach is commonly known as flow watermarking. In this paper, we study an under-explored type of active traffic analysis that we call it flow fingerprinting. Information theoretically, flow watermarking aims at conveying a single bit of information whereas flow fingerprinting tries to reliably send multiple bits of information, hence it is a more challenging problem. Such additional bits help a fingerprinter deliver extra information in addition to the existence of the tag, such as the network origin of the flow and the identity of the fingerprinting entity. In this paper, we introduce and formulate the flow fingerprinting problem and contrast its application scenarios from that of the well-studied flow watermarking. We suggest the use of coding theory to build fingerprinting schemes based on the existing watermarks. In particular, we design a non-blind fingerprint, Fancy, and evaluate its performance. We show that Fancy can reliably fingerprint millions of network flows by tagging only as few as tens of packets from each flow.
Successful Peptide Sequencing With Femtomole Level PTH-Analysis: A Commentary

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses peptide sequencing with femtomole level PTH-analysis. Some exciting variations on the automated chemical sequencing methods, using novel Edman-type reagents and detection techniques, have recently been proposed. While these methods await testing in the field, an innovative new sequencing approach, using triple-quadmpole MS with electrospray ionization, has, in a few cases, resulted in spectacular peptide sequencing data. However, the classical, applications-proofed sequencing techniques should not be abandoned, at least not until the new developments have widely and successfully entered the biological laboratory. Moreover, high performance of the new instruments/technologies, in the hands of a few selected, highly skilled individuals, is usually compared to the average performance of the thousand or so classical sequencing machines in the field. The chapter focuses on some practical aspects of successful chemical sequencing with femtomole level PTH-analysis.
The Effect of a Delta-Phase Stabilizer on the Thermal Diffusivity of Plutonium

Thermal diffusivities of high purity plutonium and a delta-phase alloy containing 1.0 weight percent gallium were measured over the temperature range 20°C to 600°C. Measured diffusivity values of the high purity plutonium increased from about 0.011 cm2/s at 20°C to 0.057 cm2/s at 550°C, while the diffusivity for the delta-plutonium alloy increased from about 0.040 cm2/s at 20°C to 0.065 cm2/s at 400°C.
A central core disease mutation in the Ca2+-binding site of skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor impairs single-channel regulation

Cryoelectron microscopy and mutational analyses have shown that type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) amino acid residues RyR1-E3893, -E3967, and -T5001 are critical for Ca2+-mediated activation of skel...
Macrophage repolarization with targeted alginate nanoparticles containing IL-10 plasmid DNA for the treatment of experimental arthritis

In this study, we have shown for the first time the effectiveness of a non-viral gene transfection strategy to re-polarize macrophages from M1 to M2 functional sub-type for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). An anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine encoding plasmid DNA was successfully encapsulated into non-condensing alginate based nanoparticles and the surface of the nano-carriers was modified with tuftsin peptide to achieve active macrophage targeting. Enhanced localization of tuftsin-modified alginate nanoparticles was observed in the inflamed paws of arthritic rats upon intraperitoneal administration. Importantly, targeted nanoparticle treatment was successful in reprogramming macrophage phenotype balance as ∼66% of total synovial macrophages from arthritic rats treated with the IL-10 plasmid DNA loaded tuftsin/alginate nanoparticles were in the M2 state compared to ∼9% of macrophages in the M2 state from untreated arthritic rats. Treatment significantly reduced systemic and joint tissue pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) expression and prevented the progression of inflammation and joint damage as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Treatment enabled animals to retain their mobility throughout the course of study, whereas untreated animals suffered from impaired mobility. Overall, this study demonstrates that targeted alginate nanoparticles loaded with IL-10 plasmid DNA can efficiently re-polarize macrophages from an M1 to an M2 state, offering a novel treatment paradigm for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Economies as an Antitrust Defense: The Welfare Tradeoffs—Introduction to the Special Issue

This special issue is occasioned by the 50th anniversary of the publication of Williamson’s (Am Econ Rev 58:18–36, 1968a) seminal analysis of the impact of mergers on market performance. The Introduction reviews Williamson’s work on the topic, and introduces the seven contributions to the special issue. Four are empirical; two are theoretical; and one focuses on policy.
Francis Violich y el auge y caída de la planificación de desarrollo urbano en Chile, 1956-1969.

En las decadas posteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial se vivio un periodo de incremento de la presencia de Estados Unidos en America Latina, especialmente bajo el proyecto de la Alianza para el Progreso y sus programas de asistencia economica y tecnica que comenzaron en 1961. Como parte de esta amplia agenda de modernizacion, Estados Unidos fue activo en la promocion de ciertos conceptos en la planificacion del desarrollo urbano, los que se trabajaron en conjunto con universidades y agencias gubernamentales chilenas. En base a un rico material derivado de correspondencia personal, memorandos de universidades e instituciones gubernamentales, este articulo analiza el involucramiento en Chile de Francis Violich, un prominente planificador urbano de la Universidad de California, Berkeley entre las decadas de 1940 y 1970 y consultor para varias iniciativas latinoamericanas. El argumento es que la ciudad se transformo en un objeto de modernizacion de caracter transnacional con metas y actores que desde ambos lugares contribuyeron a desarrollar el campo de la planificacion urbana en Chile.
The effect of placental location in cases of placenta accreta spectrum

Background Placenta accreta spectrum affects approximately 3 in 1000 pregnancies. There is a paucity of data evaluating the effect of placental location on diagnosis, risk factors, and resultant outcomes in cases of placenta accreta spectrum. Objective We analyzed placenta accreta spectrum cases to assess whether risk factors or maternal outcomes varied based on placental location. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of pathology-confirmed cases of placenta accreta spectrum from patients delivering at 2 large urban hospitals in the same healthcare system from 2007 to 2017. Placental location was defined by ultrasound images and confirmed by pathology reports. Location was categorized as anterior, posterior, or anterior/posterior for those with placental location at both sites. Fisher exact tests and analysis of variance were used to examine associations with measures of diagnosis, risk factors, and maternal outcomes. Results A total of 86 pathology-confirmed placenta accreta spectrum cases were reviewed. The distribution of placental location on ultrasound was as follows: 19% posterior, 59% anterior, and 22% anterior/posterior. We found that prior cesarean delivery was lower with posterior placenta accreta spectrum (63% vs 94% vs 84% in the anterior and anterior/posterior groups respectively; (P = .007); however, in vitro fertilization rates were significantly higher (38% vs 2% vs 5% in the anterior and anterior/posterior groups respectively; P = .001). There was also lower incidence of percreta with posterior placenta accreta spectrum compared to the anterior and anterior/posterior groups (19% vs 47% vs 58% respectively; P = .055). Posterior cases were less likely to have placenta accreta spectrum suspected prenatally (50%) compared to anterior (80%) and anterior/posterior (89%) cases (P = .019). Despite late diagnosis, ureteral injury was the only surgical complication that was more common in patients with posterior placenta accreta spectrum (13% vs 0% vs 5% for anterior and anterior/posterior groups respectively; P = .037). Conclusion Placenta accreta spectrum with posterior placental location is associated with delayed diagnosis, surgical complications, assisted reproductive technology, and lower numbers of prior cesarean deliveries relative to anterior location. These differences in outcomes and risk factors based on placental location may allow for heightened clinical awareness, and improved diagnosis and management.
Underlying Glycans Determine the Ability of Sialylated Lipooligosaccharide To Protect Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae from Serum IgM and Complement.

ABSTRACT Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) efficiently colonizes the human nasopharynx asymptomatically but also causes respiratory mucosal infections, including otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis. The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) on the cell surface of NTHi displays complex glycans that mimic host structures, allowing it to evade immune recognition. However, LOS glycans are also targets of host adaptive and innate responses. To aid in evasion of these responses, LOS structures exhibit interstrain heterogeneity and are also subject to phase variation, the random on/off switching of gene expression, generating intrastrain population diversity. Specific LOS modifications, including terminal sialylation of the LOS, which exploits host-derived sialic acid (Neu5Ac), can also block recognition of NTHi by bactericidal IgM and complement by mechanisms that are not fully understood. We investigated the LOS sialic acid-mediated resistance of NTHi to antibody-directed killing by serum complement. We identified specific LOS structures extending from heptose III that are targets for binding by naturally occurring bactericidal IgM in serum and are protected by sialylation of the LOS. Phase-variable galactosyltransferases encoded by lic2A and lgtC each add a galactose epitope bound by IgM that results in antibody-dependent killing via the classical pathway of complement. NTHi’s survival can be influenced by the expression of phase-variable structures on the LOS that may also depend on environmental conditions, such as the availability of free sialic acid. Identification of surface structures on NTHi representing potential targets for antibody-based therapies as alternatives to antibiotic treatment would thus be valuable for this medically important pathogen.
Wideband Temporal Spectrum Sensing Using Cepstral Features

Spectrum sensing enables secondary users in a cognitive radio network to opportunistically access portions of the spectrum left idle by primary users. Tracking spectrum holes jointly in time and frequency over a wide spectrum band is a challenging task. In one approach to wideband temporal sensing, the spectrum band is partitioned into narrowband subchannels of fixed bandwidth, which are then characterized via hidden Markov modeling using average power or energy measurements as observation data. Adjacent, correlated subchannels are recursively aggregated into channels of variable bandwidths, corresponding to the primary user signals. Thus, wideband temporal sensing is transformed into a multiband sensing scenario by identifying the primary user channels in the spectrum band. However, future changes in the configuration of the primary user channels in the multiband setup cannot generally be detected using an energy detector front end for spectrum sensing. We propose the use of a cepstral feature vector to detect changes in the spectrum envelope of a primary user channel. Our numerical results show that the cepstrum-based spectrum envelope detector performs well under moderate to high signal-to-noise ratio conditions1.
Update on management of hypertriglyceridaemia-induced acute pancreatitis.

A 36-year-old woman came to emergency room for the complaint of acute onset pain in abdomen radiating to back l last 1 day. Medical history was significant for alcohol and substance use disorder with last binge alcohol drinking 12 hours prior to her emergency visit. Blood work suggested high
Poster: Video Fingerprinting in Tor

Over 8 million users rely on the Tor network each day to protect their anonymity online. Unfortunately, Tor has been shown to be vulnerable to the website fingerprinting attack, which allows an attacker to deduce the website a user is visiting based on patterns in their traffic. The state-of-the-art attacks leverage deep learning to achieve high classification accuracy using raw packet information. Work thus far, however, has examined only one type of media delivered over the Tor network: web pages, and mostly just home pages of sites. In this work, we instead investigate the fingerprintability of video content served over Tor. We collected a large new dataset of network traces for 50 YouTube videos of similar length. Our preliminary experiments utilizing a convolutional neural network model proposed in prior works has yielded promising classification results, achieving up to 55% accuracy. This shows the potential to unmask the individual videos that users are viewing over Tor, creating further privacy challenges to consider when defending against website fingerprinting attacks.
Anti-Receptor Antibodies by the Auto-Anti-Idiotypic Route

A procedure was developed for preparing antibodies (Ab’s) to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the supposition that, regardless of functional differences, macromolecules of the same specificity will show binding-site homologies. Ab’s prepared in rabbits to a structurally constrained agonist of AChR (BisQ) mimicked the binding specificity of AChR in its activated state; agonist binding affinities parallelled biological activity. Rabbits immunized with a specifically purified preparation of anti-BisQ produced anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) Ab’s that cross-reacted with determinants on AChR preparations from Torpedo californica, Electrophorus electricus and rat muscle. Moreover, some rabbits showed signs of transient experimental myasthenia gravis, manifesting circulating AChR Ab’s.
Professional Development in Mathematics—Not Just for Teachers:

Professional development activities have historically targeted teachers as the recipients of reform efforts. In order to affect lasting change in terms of what mathematics is taught and how it is taught, however, programs must recognize the different intersecting needs and perspectives of a school's education constituencies—administrators, teacher-leaders, teachers, students, and parents. Professional development programs that include components for each group have the potential to dramatically extend the impact of the resources dedicated to the reform.
Incorporating the Digital Commons : Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software

The concept of ‘the commons’ has been used as a framework to understand resources shared by a community rather than a private entity, and it has also inspired social movements working against the enclosure of public goods and resources. One such resource is free (libre) and open source software (FLOSS). FLOSS emerged as an alternative to proprietary software in the 1980s. However, both the products and production processes of FLOSS have become incorporated into capitalist production. For example, Red Hat, Inc. is a large publicly traded company whose business model relies entirely on free software, and IBM, Intel, Cisco, Samsung, Google are some of the largest contributors to Linux, the open-source operating system. This book explores the ways in which FLOSS has been incorporated into digital capitalism. Just as the commons have been used as a motivational frame for radical social movements, it has also served the interests of free-marketeers, corporate libertarians, and states to expand their reach by dragging the shared resources of social life onto digital platforms so they can be integrated into the global capitalist system. The book concludes by asserting the need for a critical political economic understanding of the commons that foregrounds (digital) labour, class struggle, and uneven power distribution within the digital commons as well as between FLOSS communities and their corporate sponsors.
Success of Weekly Adalimumab in Refractory Ocular Inflammatory Disease

Abstract Purpose Evaluate the efficacy of weekly adalimumab (ADA) in patients with non-infectious ocular inflammation who failed standard every other week (EOW) dosing. Design Single-center, retrospective, study. Subjects Patients with uncontrolled inflammation on ADA EOW who were escalated to weekly dosing. Methods Chart review conducted at Northwestern University, January 2012 to April 2019. Outcome: Number of treatment successes on weekly ADA at 6 and 12 months. Results Fourteen of 25 patients (56%) achieved disease control at 6 months; no additional failures occurred at 12 months. Conclusion Weekly ADA is a reasonable treatment option in patients with recalcitrant inflammation on standard dosing.
Weed Management in Cotton

A successful weed control is essential for economical cotton production. Weeds compete with cotton for moisture, nutrients, and light. The greatest competition usually occurs early in the growing season up to 8 weeks after emergence. Late-season weeds, while not as competitive as early-season weeds, may interfere with insecticide applications, may cause harvesting difficulties, and add seed in the soil seedbank.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wg003
Application of the armament cyber assessment framework: a security assessment methodology for military systems

As the Army modernizes, its weapon systems are becoming increasingly more cyber dependent. This increased connectivity provides incredible opportunities, but also introduces new risks. This paper introduces the Armament Cyber Assessment Framework (ACAF), a schema for creating security assessment workflows integrated into the design process. The goal of ACAF is to introduce a security oriented mindset into the solution prior to release, and to provide meaningful results at every level. This goal is accomplished through the study and incorporation of multiple industry leading frameworks into a uniquely iterative process. ACAF is implemented for testing via the Global Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Platform (GVAPP). GVAPP works to provide automated vulnerability information during the armament design process. It offers meaningful risk calculus to armament designers without cyber security backgrounds to mitigate potential vulnerabilities prior to fielding the system. This work focuses on military applications, but is applicable to similar civilian platform technologies.
The Empirical Shortcomings of First Amendment Jurisprudence: An Historical Perspective on the Power of Hate Speech

theory. B. Western Democracies'Approaches to Hate Speech Unlike the United States, many foreign countries recognize the dangerousness of hate speech and have enacted criminal laws to protect targeted outgroups from expositions of bigotry. 7 In its protection of bigoted rhetoric, the United 324. See id. at 109. 325. See Shiffrin, supra note 14, at 67. Moreover, limitations on certain forms of speech (e.g., commercial speech and obscene speech) are well established in United States First Amendment jurisprudence. See id. at 66. 326. See Beauharnais, 343 U.S. at 255-57 (discussing the forms of speech not protected by the First Amendment). 327. See Mahoney, supra note 317, at 803. 772 [Vol. 40 HeinOnline -40 Santa Clara L. Rev. 772 1999-2000
Banks' Non-Interest Income and Systemic Risk

This paper examines the contribution of non-interest income to systemic bank risk. Using the ∆CoVaR measure of Adrian and Brunnermeier (2010) as our proxy for systemic risk, we find banks with a higher non-interest income to interest income ratio have a higher contribution to systemic risk. This suggests that activities that are not traditionally associated with banks (such as deposit taking and lending) are associated with a larger contribution to systemic risk. When we decompose total non-interest income into three components, we find trading income and investment banking and venture capital income to be significantly related to systemic risk. The economic impact on systemic risk of investment banking and venture capital income is higher than that of trading income. Finally we find the impact of non-interest income on systemic risk to be prevalent in the 1990 and 2007 financial crises (which were bank based) and not in the case before the 2001 high tech bubble bust. These effects occur one-year before each crisis and not during the recession, showing their countercyclical contribution to systemic risk build-up.
Design of Sub-synchronous Oscillation Damping Controller in MMC-MTDC for SSO Suppression

Aiming on the sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) of hybrid AC-DC system which contains modular multilevel converter based multi-terminal direct current (MMC-MTDC) transmission, a novel sub-synchronous oscillation damping controller (SSDC) which suits the system's multiple operational modes and has better universality was designed. Firstly, the system's operational mode and MMC's control mode were analyzed for the hybrid system. Focusing on their effects on restraining SSO, a SSDC designing method suiting the changes of MMC's control mode was proposed. Then, the new SSDC's effect on improving system's electrical damping was analyzed. Finally, the simulation model was built on PSCAD/EMTDC, and the results validated the correctness of the designing method and the effectiveness of the new SSDC. It was found that the SSDC designed by this new method has a better universality and it can strengthen the system's electrical damping observably as well as decrease the risk of SSO efficiently in all operational modes.
Toward the Dark Side: Temperament, Personality, and Genetics Related to Antisocial Behaviors

Antisocial behaviors include aggressive, rule-breaking, deviant, or violent behaviors. They may first manifest in youth and often follow different developmental trajectories. For some individuals, these behaviors peak in adolescence and decrease throughout development. For others, these behaviors become increasingly more significant and lead to later violence or criminality (e.g., conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder). Most researchers initially implicated poor parenting and adverse environments as the primary causes of these behaviors. More recently, researchers have identified the importance of including genetics and personality in understanding the etiology of antisocial behaviors. In youth, callous/unemotional (CU) traits have demonstrated a significant relationship with future antisocial behaviors. In addition, individuals with Dark Triad personality traits of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and subclinical psychopathology are more likely to engage in bullying, cyberbullying, and criminality. Several personality factors associated with criminality (e.g., impulsivity, psychopathy) have genetic components. Specifically, the dopaminergic system and various dopamine candidate genes may be related to these personality traits. Preliminary research on gene-environment correlations (rGE) may shed some light on the relationship between genetic and environmental influences, although these assumptions remain challenging to test empirically. In contrast, several researchers have found interactions between genes and environment (GxE), such that certain environmental stressors (e.g., harsh interactions, poverty) may impact the phenotypic presentation of genetic vulnerabilities. The current chapter overviews the personality traits associated with antisocial behaviors, as well as the genetic and environmental underpinnings of these traits.
Behavioral effects of ethanol in the Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

Alcohol abuse and dependence remains one of the primary preventable sources of human mortality in the United States. Model laboratory species can be used to evaluate behavioral, neuropharmacological and other biological changes associated with alcohol exposure and to identify novel treatment modalities. This report describes methods for evaluating the behavioral effects of ethyl alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) in a crayfish model. Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were immersed in ethanol baths with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 molar, and for durations of 10-30 minutes. Studies evaluated hemolymph alcohol concentration, locomotor behavior in an open field and anxiety-like behavior using a Light/Dark transfer approach. EtOH immersion produced dose dependent increases in hemolymph EtOH concentration (up to 249 mg/dL) and reductions in open field locomotor behavior that depended on EtOH concentration or exposure duration. Under baseline conditions, crayfish exhibit avoidance of the open parts of the locomotor arena and a preference for the covered portion, when available. Acute EtOH immersion decreased time spent in the covered portion of the Light/Dark arena, consistent with a decrease in anxiety-like behavior. EtOH immersion once per day for 5 days did not alter the acute locomotor behavioral response, however increased activity was observed 3 days after the repeated EtOH regimen. Overall, this study shows that this inexpensive, easily maintained species can be used for behavioral pharmacological experiments designed to assess the acute and repeated effects of EtOH.
Food insecurity is associated with serious psychological distress among low-income California adults.

This study examined differences in the associations between food insecurity and serious psychological distress (SPD) by key sociodemographic factors in a population-based sample of low-income adult...
Running the Risk: Exercise and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy

The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about the relationship between exercise and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) with regard to disease onset, diagnosis, progression, and clinical severity. This relationship forms the basis of the management recommendations for restricting physical activity in individuals with and at risk for ARVC. While ARVC can be challenging to diagnose, there are several diagnostic testing and imaging modalities that may help distinguish athletic heart remodeling from ARVC. There is an increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes in ARVC from endurance and competitive sports participation, including a dose-dependent relationship between exercise intensity and risk of disease penetrance and progression. High-intensity exercise can lead to earlier disease onset, increased penetrance, and clinical progression among individuals with and at risk for ARVC. Both amount and intensity of exercise are correlated with adverse outcomes, including ventricular arrhythmias and worsening biventricular function. All individuals with and at risk for ARVC should undergo detailed clinical phenotyping and risk stratification to reduce the risk of such outcomes, including sudden cardiac death. Consensus guidelines recommend against participation in competitive or high-intensity and endurance exercise for individuals with and at risk for ARVC.
Statistical Thermodynamics and Microscale Thermophysics: A Macroscopic Framework

The basic elements of statistical thermodynamics were developed in Chapter 2. In this chapter, we digress briefly from development of the statistical theory to expand the theoretical framework using mathematical tools and macroscopic analysis. By doing so we more strongly link the statistical theory to classical thermodynamics and set the stage for alternative statistical viewpoints considered in Chapter 4. Necessary Conditions for Thermodynamic Equilibrium In the previous chapter, we have derived several important pieces of information about thermodynamic systems. The goal of this chapter is to expand the framework of macroscopic thermodynamic theory so that it can be applied effectively to a variety of system types. We will begin by summarizing the important ideas developed in the last chapter. So far, we have taken the volume V , internal energy U , and particle numbers N a and N b , to be intrinsic properties for any system we may consider. We subsequently defined the properties entropy S , temperature T , pressure P , and chemical potentials µ a and µ b . Our analysis of the statistical characteristics of thermodynamic systems has led to the conclusion that for a system with fixed U, V, N a , and N b , equilibrium corresponds to a maximum value of the system entropy. This is referred to as the entropy maximum principle . The entropy of a composite system with an arbitrary number of subsystems is additive over the constituent subsystems. This is the additivity property of entropy.
Intracellular Pathogens and the Actin Cytoskeleton

Intracellular pathogens co-opt cellular machinery in many ways. It has long been recognized that the life cycle of most viruses depends on host cell DNA replication enzymes. More recently, intracellular bacteria as well as viruses have been discovered to disrupt and redirect the host cell cytoskeleton to assist their survival and growth. Understanding pathogen–cytoskeleton interactions will provide fresh insights into targets for drug therapies or for design of immunogens for preventive vaccine development.
Do the Psychopathic Personality Traits of Fearless Dominance and Self‐Centered Impulsivity Predict Attitudes about and Influences on Research Participation?

Little is known about potential participants’ views about research, their willingness to participate in research, and the extent to which they might be susceptible to coercive attempts to compel their participation, particularly among populations at risk for exploitation (e.g., offenders). The extent to which individual differences variables, such as personality constructs (e.g., psychopathic traits), might affect participants’ attitudes toward research is also essentially unknown. The present study sought to examine the psychopathy constructs of Fearless Dominance (FD) and Self-Centered Impulsivity (SCI) via the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire-Brief Form (MPQ-BF) to assess the extent to which these traits predict attitudes towards research and susceptibility to coercion within a diverse criminal justice sample (N=631). SCI was modestly associated with perceptions that illicit pressures regarding research participation were likely to occur, and participants high in these traits appeared somewhat vulnerable to succumbing to coercive influences. In contrast, FD failed to predict the likelihood that illicit pressures regarding research participation would occur as well as the potential that these pressures would have to impact participants’ voluntariness and likelihood of participating. Implications for recruiting potential participants for research in correctional settings are discussed. Copyright # 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Researchers are required to seek and receive appropriate institutional approval prior to initiating a study and to obtain informed consent from potential participants prior to enrollment. Legally requisite components of informed consent include a comprehensible explanation of the proposed research (e.g., purpose, procedures, potential consequences and benefits) as well as an unambiguous declaration regarding the voluntary nature of participation (American Psychological Association, 2002; Stiles, Epstein, Poythress, & Edens, 2011). The latter element, voluntariness, is the focus of the present study and entails an autonomous decision to participate in research with the explicit understanding that neither declining to participate in nor withdrawal from a study will result in punitive consequences. Despite these attempts to uphold ethical imperatives in scientific endeavors, little is known about potential participants’ views about research, their willingness to participate in research, and the extent to which they might
The dynamic ocean biological pump: Insights from a global compilation of particulate organic carbon, CaCO3, and opal concentration profiles from the mesopelagic

[1] We have compiled a global data set of 62 open ocean profiles of particulate organic carbon (POC), CaCO3, and opal concentrations collected by large volume in situ filtration in the upper 1000 m over the last 30 years. We define concentration-based metrics for the strength (POC concentration at depth) and efficiency (attenuation of POC with depth in the mesopelagic) of the biological pump. We show that the strength and efficiency of the biological pump are dynamic and are characterized by a regime of constant and high transfer efficiency at low to moderate surface POC and a bloom regime where the height of the bloom is characterized by a weak deep biological pump and low transfer efficiency. The variability in POC attenuation length scale manifests in a clear decoupling between the strength of the shallow biological pump (e.g., POC at the export depth) and the strength of the deep biological pump (POC at 500 m). We suggest that the paradigm of diatom-driven export production is driven by a too restrictive perspective on upper mesopelagic dynamics. Indeed, our full mesopelagic analysis suggests that large, blooming diatoms have low transfer efficiency and thus may not export substantially to depth; rather, our analysis suggests that ecosystems characterized by smaller cells and moderately high %CaCO3 have a high mesopelagic transfer efficiency and can have higher POC concentrations in the deep mesopelagic even with relatively low surface or near-surface POC. This has negative implications for the carbon sequestration prospects of deliberate iron fertilization.
Clinical phenotype of families with longevity.

Objectives: To determine whether offspring of centenarians acquired protection from age-related diseases. Design: Case-control study. Setting: The study was part of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Participants: Centenarians (n=145), offspring of centenarians (n=180), and spouses of the offspring of centenarians (n=75) as a control group. Two additional groups served as controls: age-matched Ashkenazi Jews, and an age-matched control group from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Measurements: Self-reported family history of longevity; prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes; and objective measurements of body mass index and fat mass. Results: Parents of centenarians (born in approximately 1870) had a markedly greater (∼sevenfold) “risk” for longevity (reaching ages 90–99), supporting the notion that genetics contributed to longevity in these families. The offspring of long-lived parents had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (by 23%), diabetes mellitus (by 50%), heart attacks (by 60%), and strokes (no events reported) than several age-matched control groups. Conclusion: Offspring of centenarians may inherit significantly better health. The authors suggest that a cohort of these subjects and their spouses is ideal to study the phenotype and genotype of longevity and its interaction with the environment.
The EM Algorithm

Maximum likelihood is the dominant form of estimation in applied statistics. Because closed-form solutions to likelihood equations are the exception rather than the rule, numerical methods for finding maximum likelihood estimates are of paramount importance. In this chapter we study maximum likelihood estimation by the EM algorithm [25, 88, 93], a special case of the MM algorithm. At the heart of every EM algorithm is some notion of missing data. Data can be missing in the ordinary sense of a failure to record certain observations on certain cases. Data can also be missing in a theoretical sense. We can think of the E, or expectation, step of the algorithm as filling in the missing data. This action replaces the loglikelihood of the observed data by a minorizing function. This surrogate function is then maximized in the M step. Because the surrogate function is usually much simpler than the likelihood, we can often solve the M step analytically. The price we pay for this simplification is that the EM algorithm is iterative. Reconstructing the missing data is bound to be slightly wrong if the parameters do not already equal their maximum likelihood estimates.
Infirmary-Style Sick-Child Day Care: Do We Need More Information?

At least 8.2 million children younger than the age of 4 years have working mothers. 1 More than half of these infants and children receive out-of-home care: approximately 23% attend day-care centers, 37% are in "family day care," 8% are cared for by the mother herself at work, and the remainder are cared for at home by a relative or sitter. 1 Illness is a significant and frequent problem for children of parents working out of the home. We know that respiratory illnesses are the most common acute illness among children in the United States, 2 and a recent study found that for children younger than the age of 3, the prevalence of medicated respiratory tract infections is lowest in children cared for in their own homes, higher in those receiving "family day care," and highest in those attending child-care centers. 3 Children in day-care centers are additionally at greater risk of several other infectious diseases. 4-6 The Bureau of National Affairs concluded that on any given day more than 359 000 children younger than the age of 14 with both parents working are too ill to attend school or day care. 7 Who is caring for these sick children? Several recent reviews have examined this question in detail. 8,9 A variety of patterns of care for sick children of parents working outside the home have evolved. These can be grouped by type of provider and by location of care. Possible care givers include (1) a parent, (2) a familiar care giver who is not the parent, or (3) a trained but unfamiliar health worker.
Health Assessment Data Collection as Part of a College Wellness Course

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the comprehensive data set of health of college students regarding cardiovascular risk factors, specifically body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), fasting lipid profile, and glucose and to compare results to similar studies. Results were also used to educate individual students regarding their specific risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Two hundred twenty-five undergraduate students enrolled in a lifetime wellness core course participated in a basic health screening, which included BP, resting heart rate, height, weight, and BMI, and 136 students completed the comprehensive health assessment, which included all of the above plus fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides) and glucose testing. Of the participants, 110 were male and 115 were female (M age = 19.67 years). More than half of the participants in this study were classified as being overweight or obese according to their BMI calculation. A positive moderate linear relationship was found between BMI and age. The mean BP of the participants was 121/74, which is well within the optimal range, but 8% of the participants had elevated BP readings, placing them at risk. The mean total cholesterol level was 164 mg/dL, which falls in the optimal category. Fourteen percent, however, had total cholesterol levels greater than 200mg/dL, which indicates a risk factor for CVD. On a positive note, 63% of the participants had acceptable levels and 21% had optimal levels of HDL. Likewise, 66% of the participants had optimal LDL levels less than 100 mg/dL. Twenty-two percent had mildly elevated levels, and 12% had levels that were high enough to constitute a risk factor. Additionally, the participants were tested for diabetes, which also increases the risk of CVD. Most of the participants (99%) had normal glucose levels. This study supports the evidence that college students have significant risk factors for CVD. Seventy-three percent of the participants were found to have at least one risk factor and 15% had multiple risk factors. The findings have important implications for future prevention and educational initiatives. Specifically, this knowledge will assist in providing effective programming and curriculum to support behavior change in college students considering the window of opportunity available at the college setting.
Fuel treatment effects on stand-level carbon pools, treatment-related emissions, and fire risk in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest.

Policies have been enacted to encourage carbon (C) sequestration through afforestation, reforestation, and other silvicultural practices; however, the effects of wildfires on forest C stocks are poorly understood. We present information from Sierran mixed-conifer forests regarding how control, mechanical, prescribed-fire, and mechanical followed by prescribed-fire treatments affected C pools. Secondly, we report CO2 emissions from machinery and burning associated with the treatments. Lastly, the effects of treatments on the potential for C loss to wildfire are presented. The amount of above- ground C in live trees was significantly reduced in mechanical-only and mechanical plus fire treatments; C contained in dead trees was not significantly different. There was no significant difference in aboveground live and dead tree C between the fire-only and control treatments. Fire-only and mechanical plus fire treatments emitted significantly more CO2 than the mechanical treatment and control. Modeling results for the control demonstrated 90% of the live tree C had a high (>75%) chance of being killed in a wildfire; in contrast, all three active treatments had low vulnerabilities to C loss. With wildfire severity increasing in most Sierran forests, management actions designed to increase fire resistance are justified for long- term C sequestration.
Studying the social aspects of leisure: development of the Multiple-Method Field Investigation Model (MMFI).

A Multiple-Method Field Investigation Model (MMFI) is proposed in order to provide a strategy for balancing social psychological inquiry of leisure. The Model extends former multimethod recommendat...
Stability and accuracy of differencing methods for viscoplastic models in wavecodes

The numerical stability and truncation error of a family of differencing schemes for viscoplastic constitutive relations in wavecodes is investigated. A von Neumann stability analysis is performed for a one-dimensional model problem. This analysis identifies two differencing methods that have no restriction on the time step size beyond the usual Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition. One of these methods is first-order accurate, and the other is second-order accurate. Implementation of one of these methods in the three-dimensional wavecode CTH is discussed.
A neuropsychologically based assessment model of the structure of attention in children

Traditional attentional assessment paradigms have often failed to separate factors relevant to components of attention from factors related to other cognitive‐related processes or task‐specific variance. This study attempted to evaluate various multidimensional assessment models of children's attentional functioning using a neuropsychological framework addressing multiple components of attention. A series of increasingly complex measurement models were proposed to explain 2nd graders’ (n = 107) patterns of performance across multiple measures of hemispheric activation, verbal and nonverbal selective and sustained attention, and general ability. Evaluation of the latent structure produced by these measurement models using confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a multidimensional factor structure that incorporated components of attention involving levels of processing provided a better resolution of the latent structure of the data than those based on lateralized processes or a unidimensional attention...
Wind–Evaporation Feedback and the Axisymmetric Transition to Angular Momentum–Conserving Hadley Flow

Abstract The effect of wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) on axisymmetric, solstitial Hadley circulations is examined for forcings strong enough to produce meridional flow that nearly conserves absolute angular momentum in the free troposphere. Such forcings are known to produce an off-equatorial ascent zone in the summer hemisphere where the convergence of zonal momentum is balanced by drag on surface westerlies. Here, a convective quasi-equilibrium model with two vertical modes is used to show that enhanced surface entropy fluxes induced by these westerlies can intensify and shift both this ascent zone and the subcloud-layer entropy peak toward the equator. The equatorward shift of the subcloud entropy peak is associated with a reduction in the forcing amplitude needed to produce angular momentum–conserving (AMC) meridional flow. A previous theory of frontogenesis in tropical cyclones is adapted to axisymmetric Hadley circulations to show how WISHE shifts the peak subcloud entropy toward the equ...
The Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and Cognitive Function in HIV-Infected Men

Previous studies have demonstrated an impact of stress on immune function, and recent studies have suggested an adverse effect of stress on the brain. However, no previous study has examined the impact of stress on cognitive function. This article examines the relationship between stress and cognitive function in 82 HIV-negative subjects and 251 HIV-positive subjects. Subjects completed a comprehensive neuropsychological examination, measures of anxiety and depression, and a measure of stressful life events. After controlling for the impact of anxiety, depression, age, and education, stressful life events were related to cognitive impairment only among the HIV-positive subjects. The data were interpreted in the context of previous studies that have demonstrated an adverse effect of stress on the brain and suggest that this adverse impact may be expressed in the setting of a compromised immune system. Furthermore, this analysis suggests several implications for patient management.