cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vaccination coverage by special health care needs status in young children.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare vaccination coverage among children 19 to 35 months of age with and without special health care needs overall and among demographic subgroups. METHODS. Data are from the National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs, a module of the State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey, which was sponsored by the Health Resources and Services Administration Maternal and Child Health Bureau and conducted in 2000–2002 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. We used data from the National Immunization Survey and the National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs to examine immunization coverage rates for individual vaccines and an array of combined series vaccinations. The relationship between special needs and immunization status was analyzed by age, gender, and race or ethnicity of the child; the child9s health insurance type; the mother9s educational attainment and presence in the household; and household income relative to the federal poverty level. RESULTS. Overall, there were no significant differences between children with and without special needs for any of the individual antigens or combined immunization series. Some significant differences by special needs status were found within certain demographic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS. Our results suggest that, generally children with special health care needs have immunization rates that are very similar to typically developing children. There is some evidence that children with special health care needs are at risk for underimmunization if they are non-Hispanic white or live in an affluent household and are more likely to be immunized if they are Hispanic, poor, publicly insured, or if their mothers did not complete high school. These findings may be due to outreach or support programs that target disadvantaged children. However, it is important to note that the majority of comparisons within demographic subgroups show no significant differences between children with special health care needs and children without special health care needs.
Michael Porter in Disneyland: Information and competitive advantage

The Academy of Management held its 1988 annual convention at the Disneyland Hotel in Anaheim, California, August 5–11. The setting was highly appropriate, since some of the topics presented and discussed clearly bordered on fantasy.
Ecological scaling of aerobiological dispersal processes

Abstract A variety of organisms change their geographic locations during their life history, and many use the atmosphere to accomplish this shift. Biota that flow in the atmosphere range from very small (viruses, bacteria, pollen, and spores) to quite large (weed seeds, aphids, butterflies and moths, songbirds, and waterfowl). As these organisms move, they experience meteorological and ecological conditions that occur at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. We present an ecological scaling approach that integrates concepts and elements of spatial and temporal scaling to understanding aerobiology and provide examples of the ecological scales important to the long-distance aerial movement of organisms and associated biological events and processes. An operational framework for ecological scaling of long distance biota movement is achieved by linking spatially-static ecoregion classification systems with temporally-dynamic measures of vegetation phenology. The ecoregions provide ecological boundaries for the phenological dynamics of plants. Operationally, this approach integrates the bi-weekly vegetation greening indices (NDVI) derived from AVHRR or TM satellite data (representing temporal scaling) with the less dynamic land cover–land use classification (IGBP) and the relatively static ecoregion boundaries (representing the spatial scaling). We argue that the correlation of the life histories of species, especially the timing of take-off, to ecosystem phenology through meteorological-based variables and indices (e.g., degree days and moisture indices), allows for dynamic characterization of source ecosystems and can be used to parameterize atmospheric models to forecast the flow of biota in the air. The scale of these processes, the diversity of the types of biota involved in long-distance movement, and the complexity of the processes require systems thinking. We anticipate that this paper will stimulate studies to enhance our understanding of the flow of organisms in the biosphere.
Delayed type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs infected subcutaneously with Naegleria fowleri Carter

A soluble fraction, derived from Naegleria fowleri trophozoites disrupted by freeze-thawing, was tested for antigenic properties. Intradermal injections of this preparation were administered to guinea pigs previously infected subcutaneously with viable N. fowleri. Delayed hypersensitivity to the antigen and loss of weight, the diagnostic symptom of visceral naegleriasis, were observed in the surviving animals. Fifty percent of the guinea pigs, however, did not lose weight and had a reduced reaction to the antigen. The apparent differences in the immunocompetence of guinea pigs inoculated subcutaneously and intranasally with N. fowleri are compared.
Investigation of decreased availability of nitric oxide precursor as the mechanism responsible for impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic patients

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodllation of hyperchoiesterolemic patients is due to decreased availability of l-arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide. Background. Patients with hypercholesterolemia have impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation that is related to a defect in the endothelium-derived nitric oxide system. However, the precise location of this abnormality has not been determined. Methods. The study included 12 hypercholesterolemic patients (6men, 6 women; 52 ± 9 years old; serum cholesterol>240mg/dl) and 15 normal volunteers (8 men, 7 women; 50 ± 6 years old; serum cholesterol < 210 mg/dl. The forearm vascular responses to intraaterial infusion of acetylccholine, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator (7.5, 15, 30 μg/min), and sodium nitropruside, a direct smoth muscle dilator (0.8,1.6,3.2 μg/min) were studied before and during Infusion of l- or d-arginine (a stereoisomer of arginine that is not a nitric oxide precursor). Results. The response to acetylcholine was lower in hypercholesterolemic patients than in control sutjects. However, no significant difference was observed with sodium nitroprusside infusion. l-Arginine augmented the response to acetylcholine in normal subjects (maximal blood flow increased from 14.4 ± 7 to 18.9 ± 10 ml/min per 100 ml, p < 0.002). In contrast, in the hypercholesterolemic patients, only a mild but not significant improvement in the response to acetylcholine was observed with the infusion of l-arginine (maximal blood flow increased from 6.8 ± 4 to 8.4 ±5ml/min per 100ml; p = 0.161; however, a similar mild but not significant change was also observed with l-arginine (maximal blood flow increased from 6.8± 4 to 8.3 ± 4 ml/min per 100 ml, p = 0.07). l-Arginine did not modify the response to sodium nitroprusside in either group. Conclusions. The augmentation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation by l-arginine, the nitric oxide precursor, is defective in hypercholesterolemic patients. This supports the concept of an abnormal endothelium-derived nitric oxide system in hypercholesterolemia and indicates that decreased availability of nitric oxide substrate is not responsible for the impaired endothelial function in this condition.
Enzyme and ultrastructural characteristics of esophageal columnar epithelium.

A unique columnar epithelium with elaborate microvilli, secretory granules, and the inability to absorb lipid lines the distal esophagus in many patients with midesophageal stricture. We studied this epithelium, obtained from 3 patients with midesophageal stricture and 1 with an esophageal (Barrett's) ulcer, by electron microscopy, enzyme histochemistry, and specific disaccharidase assay in an attempt to clarify its nature and derivation. Our findings show that the tissue has uniform ultrastructural characteristics, lacks disaccharidase activity, and is histochemically dissimilar from small-intestinal and gastric fundic epithelium. The dissociation of structural and functional characteristics suggests a metaplastic derivation of this tissue.
Immunology of the extracorporeal circuit components

Summary Blood essentially exhibits a complex, immunologic response to all ECC components. The issues in regard to ECC activation are the (1) blood-gas interface, (2) the blood volume to surface area ratio and duration of exposure, (3) the type of material and the physical properties that the surface exhibits and (4) device design turbulence or high shear stress. Attenuation of the immunological response to ECC components may be achieved by (1) reducing component surface area, blood-gas interface and duration of exposure, (2) precoating the ECC surface with wetting agents, proteins, or covalently bonded heparin, (3) removal of chemical mediators by adsorption or filtration and (4) pharmacologically blocking blood's normal response to foreign surfaces (Riegel et al., 1988; Markewitz et al., 1993). This review serves only as an introduction to the intricate problems and far-reaching work by many investigators toward the challenge of reducing ECC activation of the blood's inflammatory response.
Reparations and Reconciliation in the Aftermath of Civil War

Both international legal principles and much of the literature on transitional justice support the provision of reparations as a necessary component of justice in postconflict societies. According to the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines (United Nations 2005: para. IX), “adequate, effective and prompt reparation is intended to promote justice by redressing gross violations of international human rights law or serious violations of international humanitarian law.” However, few scholarly studies have looked systematically at victims’ views of the importance of various forms of reparations in providing justice. Using individual-level data collected in the aftermath of the civil war in Nepal, we investigate people's perceptions of the importance of various forms of reparations that appear in the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines and that have been offered in transitional justice processes. The findings suggest that compensation for losses, along with punishment of perpetrators, are viewed as being more impo...
Evaluation of the Performance of the N95-Companion: Effects of Filter Penetration and Comparison with Other Aerosol Instruments

Fit factor is the ratio of the particle concentration outside (Cout) to the inside (Cin) of the respirator and assumes that filter penetration is negligible. For Class-95 respirators, concerns were raised that filter penetration could bias fit test measurements. The TSI N95-Companion was designed to overcome this limitation by measuring only 40–60 nm size particles. Recent research has shown that particles in this size range are the most penetrating for respirators containing electrostic filter media. The goal of this study was to better understand the performance of the N95-Companion by assessing the impact of filter penetration and by comparing Cout/Cin ratios measured by other aerosol instruments (nano-Differential Mobility Analyzer/Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter (nano-DMA/UCPC) and the TSI PortaCount Plus) using N95 filtering facepiece respirators sealed to a manikin and with intentionally created leaks. Results confirmed that 40–60 nm-diameter size room air particles were most penetrating fo...
Revision of the Baccharis-lnfesting (Asteraceae) Fruit Flies of the Genus Tephritis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in North America

The North American species of Tephritis that use plants in the genus Baccharis as larval hosts are reviewed; one new species, T. palmeri Jenkins, is described. Lectotypes are designated for two of the species. A key and diagnoses are provided for species identification. Seasonal variation in adult morphology and plant structures infested by larvae is detailed. Ova are illustrated for four of the species. Previously unused characters that distinguish Tephritis species from morphologically similar tephritines are given.
Variability of Raindrop Size Distributions in a Squall Line and Implications for Radar Rainfall Estimation

Abstract The intrastorm variability of raindrop size distributions as a source of uncertainty in single-parameter and dual-parameter radar rainfall estimates is studied using time series analyses of disdrometer observations. Two rain-rate (R) estimators are considered: the traditional single-parameter estimator using only the radar reflectivity factor (Z) and a dual-polarization estimator using a combination of radar reflectivity at horizontal polarization (ZH) and differential reflectivity (ZDR). A case study for a squall-line system passing over the Goodwin Creek experimental watershed in northern Mississippi is presented. Microphysically, the leading convective line is characterized by large raindrop concentrations (>500 drops per cubic meter), large mean raindrop sizes (>1 mm), and wide raindrop size distributions (standard deviations >0.5 mm), as compared to the transition region and the trailing stratiform rain. The transition and stratiform phases have similar raindrop concentrations and mean raind...
Subgroup Influence in Decision-Making Groups: Examining Consistency from a Communication Perspective

The consistency of subgroup members has shown promise as a predictor of subgroup influence in previous studies. Yet past research typically has not focused on the interactive properties of this variable. This study extends these prior investigations by examining consistency from a communication perspective. A definition of consistency as a communication-based variable is proposed, 16 decision-making group discussions are coded based on that definition, and predictions forfinal group outcomes are made. Findings reveal that (a) consistentpromotion of a given position by the subgroup and consistent agreement among fellow subgroup members are particularly influential in affecting group outcomes, and (b) subgroups have the greatest chance of affecting group outcomes when they maintain consistent communication throughout the discussion.
The role of body image in prenatal and postpartum depression: a critical review of the literature

Maternal depression increases risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, and recent evidence suggests that body image may play an important role in depression. This systematic review identifies studies of body image and perinatal depression with the goal of elucidating the complex role that body image plays in prenatal and postpartum depression, improving measurement, and informing next steps in research. We conducted a literature search of the PubMed database (1996-2014) for English language studies of (1) depression, (2) body image, and (3) pregnancy or postpartum. In total, 19 studies matched these criteria. Cross-sectional studies consistently found a positive association between body image dissatisfaction and perinatal depression. Prospective cohort studies found that body image dissatisfaction predicted incident prenatal and postpartum depression; findings were consistent across different aspects of body image and various pregnancy and postpartum time periods. Prospective studies that examined the reverse association found that depression influenced the onset of some aspects of body image dissatisfaction during pregnancy, but few evaluated the postpartum onset of body image dissatisfaction. The majority of studies found that body image dissatisfaction is consistently but weakly associated with the onset of prenatal and postpartum depression. Findings were less consistent for the association between perinatal depression and subsequent body image dissatisfaction. While published studies provide a foundation for understanding these issues, methodologically rigorous studies that capture the perinatal variation in depression and body image via instruments validated in pregnant women, consistently adjust for important confounders, and include ethnically diverse populations will further elucidate this association.
The relationship of blood product ratio to mortality: survival benefit or survival bias?

Background:Recent studies show an apparent survival advantage associated with the administration of higher cumulative ratios of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) to packed red blood cells (PRBC). It remains unclear how temporal factors and survival bias may influence these results. The objective of this stu
1033. Tightly Controlled and Reversible Knockdown of Gene Expression Using Lentiviral Vectors Encoding Tetracycline-Dependent Repressors or Transactivators

RNAi accomplished in mammalian cells by the introduction of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is a powerful emerging tool for reverse genetic studies. To control siRNA-mediated gene knockdown both spatially and temporally, we undertook the development of HIV-1-based lentiviral vector systems for the conditional, doxycycline (Dox) dependent production of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in mammalian cells from modified human RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. Our results showed that expression of shRNAs from engineered human U6 (hU6) promoters containing a single tetracycline operator (TO) sequence between the proximal sequence element (PSE) and the TATA box, or a second- generation Tet-responsive promoter element (TRE) upstream ofthe promoter was tight and reversible in the presence of a modified Tet-repressor (TetR). Reversible repression of shRNA production was mediated by doxycycline (Dox) addition. We also established a novel hU6 promoter system in which the distal sequence element (DSE) of the hU6 promoter was replaced with a second-generation TRE element. In this system, positive regulation of shRNA production is mediated by a novel Tet-dependent transactivator bearing the transactivator domain of the human Sp1 transcription factor. The results obtained using EGFP and human CXCR4 chemokine receptor mRNAs as targets suggest that these vectors systems are useful for tight and controlled gene knockdown in mammalian cells in vitro. They may ultimately find applications in vivo including transgenic mouse models of human disease.
Conversion of glycerate to serine in intact spinach leaf peroxisomes

Abstract Intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaf peroxisomes converted glycerate to serine in the presence of NAD and alanine. The reaction proceeded optimally at pH 9. Addition of oxaloacetate or α-ketoglutarate plus aspartate enhanced the conversion about three-fold. Alteration of the concentration of one of the reaction components, consisting of 2 m m glycerate, 0.2 m m NAD, 0.5 m m oxaloacetate, and 2 m m alanine, revealed half-saturation constants of 0.45 m m for glycerate, 0.06 m m for NAD, 0.02 m m for oxaloacetate, and 0.33 m m for alanine. The conversion proceeded with the formation of hydroxypyruvate followed by serine; hydroxypyruvate did not accumulate to a high amount in the presence or absence of alanine. The amino group donor could be alanine (half-saturation constant, 0.33 m m ), glycine (0.45 m m ), or asparagine (0.67 m m ); the three amino acids produced roughly similar Vmax values. The results indicate that, in the conversion of glycerate to serine, the transamination is catalyzed by a hydroxypyruvate aminotransferase with characteristics unknown among all other studied leaf peroxisomal aminotransferases. The peroxisomal membrane is sparsely permeable to NAD/NADH, and the participation of the peroxisomal malate dehydrogenase in an electron shuttle system across the membrane in the regeneration of NAD/NADH is suggested.
CELLULAR INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN TWO TYPES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A comparison is made of the ultrastructure of intercellular relationships between muscle cells and between muscle cell and nerve cell in the smooth muscle layers in mouse was deferens and in mouse intestine. The cells of the vas deferens musculature are more closely packed than those of the intestinal musculature and exhibit a peg-and-socket type of contact point between muscle cells which differs from the broad areas of contact seen in intestinal muscle. Axons are seen in small bundles or as single profiles, widely distributed through the vas deferens musculature, and vesicle-bearing areas closely appose the muscle cell membranes. In the intestinal muscle, axons occur in large aggregates sparsely scattered and vesicle-bearing zones do not closely approach the muscle cell membrane. Consideration is given a number of electrophysiologic models of activity of these muscle layers, and anatomic bases for a model are offered.
Stability of approximate projection methods on cell-centered grids

Projection methods are a popular class of methods for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. If a cell-centered grid is chosen, in order to use high-resolution methods for the advection terms, performing the projection exactly is problematic. An attractive alternative is to use an approximate projection, in which the velocity is required to be only approximately discretely divergence-free. The stability of the cell-centered, approximate projection is highly sensitive to the method used to update the pressure and compute the pressure gradient. This is demonstrated by analyzing a model problem and conducting numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations.
The quality of false memory over time: is memory for misinformation "remembered" or "known"?

The conscious quality of eyewitness memory for misinformation after different retention intervals was investigated in two experiments. Participants viewed computer-projected slides depicting a crime (encoding phase), read a narrative containing misinformation, and took a recall test about the original event. Remember/know judgments were made for each response. A “remember” judgment indicated that the participant vividly recalled seeing a detail in the encoding phase. A “know” judgment indicated that the participant believed that a detail was presented but did not vividly remember it. Generally, misinformation was more likely to be associated with a know judgment than with a remember judgment after a short retention interval. This outcome suggests that, in many cases, misleading information is judged as having a different subjective quality than memory for actual events. However, over a relatively long retention interval, misinformation that simply added new information about the event was more often judged as remembered.
Selective Extraction of Cu2+ and Ag+ Ions from Sulfuric Acid by Synergistic Combinations of Tetradentate Thia Macrocycles with Dioodecylnaphthalene Sulfonic Acid

Abstract The aqueous-insoluble thia macrocycles tetrathia-14-crown-4 (TT14C4) and tetrathia-16-crown-4 (TT16C4) strongly and selectively synergize the extraction of Cu2+ and Ag+ ions from aqueous sulfuric acid solutions by the organophilic cation exchanger didodecylnaphthalene sulfonlc acid (HDDNS) in toluene diluent. Over a range of sulfuric acid concentrations, the selectivity is given by the order Ag2 > Cu2+ > Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+, where synergism occurs only for Ag+ and Cu2+. Selectivity factors greater than 300 have been achieved for Cu2+ over ubiquitous Fe3+. The synergistic extraction of Cu2+ and Ag+ was explored as a function of sulfuric acid concentration, relative concentration of macrocycle vs. HDDNS, and loading.
Validating the BHR RANS model for variable density turbulence

The BHR RANS model is a turbulence model for multi-fluid flows in which density variation plays a strong role in the turbulence processes. In this paper they demonstrate the usefulness of BHR over a wide range of flows which include the effects of shear, buoyancy, and shocks. The results are in good agreement with experimental and DNS data across the entire set of validation cases, with no need to retune model coefficients between cases. The model has potential application to a number of aerospace related flow problems.
Immunologic classification of lymphoma and lymphoid leukemia

Important insights into lymphocyte differentiation and the cellular origins of lymphoma and lymphoid leukemia have been gained through the use of monoclonal antibodies that define cell surface antigens and molecular probes that identify immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes. Results of these studies have been combined with markers such as surface membrane and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin on B lymphocytes, sheep erythrocyte receptors on T lymphocytes, and cytochemical stains. Utilising all of the above markers, it is now clear that acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is heterogeneous. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies that identify B cells such as the anti-B1 and anti-B4 antibodies in combination with studies of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement have demonstrated that virtually all cases of non-T-ALL involve B lymphocytes. At least six distinct subgroups of non-T-ALL can now be identified. T-ALL is subdivided by the anti-Leu-9, anti-Leu-1, and additional antibodies that separate T lymphocyte subsets into three primary subgroups. Monoclonal antibodies are also useful in the subclassification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and certain distinct markers can be correlated with morphologic classification.
Influence Attempts in the Consumption Domain: Examining the Concept of a Persuade Package and the Sequencing of Influence Strategies used by Young Adults

This research examines the concept of a persuade package and the sequencing of communication strategies designed to exert influence in the consumption domain. Specific research questions examine the sequencing of influence strategies in consumption related influence attempts and the effect that sequencing has on the perceived likelihood of compliance. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used across two studies and results indicate that preferences exist for the specific types of influence strategies used by individuals and the order in which they are sequenced during consumption related influence attempts. Perceived likelihood of compliance is also affected to a certain extent based on how influence strategies are sequenced.
Management and Organization of an Evaluation Unit in a State Education Agency.

The Bureau of Evaluation, created three years ago by the Louisiana Department of Education, has established policies and procedures that ensure use of evaluation findings by both policy makers and program administrators.
On the genus of nilpotent groups and spaces

The notion ofgenus, applied to finitely generated nilpotent groups or to nilpotent spaces of finite type, was introduced by Mislin; he and the author showed how to introduce the structure of a finite abelian group into the genus if the groupN has finite commutator subgroup. An example is given of a complete genusN0,N1,...,Ns−1, which constitute a cyclic group generated byN1, with the additional property that eachNi embeds in its successor as a normal subgroup with quotient cyclic of orderl; of course,Ns−1 embeds inN0. The construction leads to the description of a family of nilpotent spacesX0,X1,...,Xs−1, all in the same genus, no two of the same homotopy type, such that eachXi covers its successor as a cyclicl-sheeted regular covering; of course,Xs−1 coversX0. Herep is a prime,n ≧ 1, ands=pn−1(p−1)/2, whilel is semiprimitive modulepn.
Diffusion of 18O in CoO in air

Abstract The diffusion coefficient of 18O in CoO single crystals has been measured in the temperature range of 1100–1500°C in air (po2 = 2 × 104 Pa). The penetration profiles were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry, and diffusion coefficients could be obtained if evaporation of the sample and exchange of the diffusant with the ambient were taken into account. The diffusion coefficient is given by D = (86 ± 30) exp(− 431 ± 5 KJ mol −1 RT ) cm 2 s −1 . The activation energy for diffusion agrees with the activation energy obtained from deformation studies. The heat of sublimation calculated from the evaporation rate, 510 kJ mol−1, agrees with a theoretical estimate.
Is an antibiotic plus an antimotility agent superior to either agent alone for the treatment of travelers' diarrhea?

Is an antibiotic plus an antimotility agent superior to either agent alone for the treatment of travelers' diarrhea?
Liver microsomes; an integrated morphological and biochemical study.

Rat liver, liver homogenates, and microsome fractions separated therefrom were examined systematically in the electron microscope in sections of OsO 4 -fixed, methacrylate-embedded tissue and pellets. It was found that most microsomes are morphologically identical with the rough surfaced elements of the endoplasmic reticula of hepatic cells. They appear as isolated, membrane-bound vesicles, tubules, and cisternae which contain an apparently homogeneous material of noticeable density, and bear small, dense particles (100 to 150 A) attached to their outer aspect. In solutions of various osmolar concentrations they behave like osmometers. The findings suggest that they derive from the endoplasmic reticulum by a generalized pinching-off process rather than by mechanical fragmentation. The microsome fractions contain in addition relatively few vesicles free of attached particles, probably derived from the smooth surfaced parts of the endoplasmic reticula. Dense, peribiliary bodies represent a minor component of the same fractions. The microsomes derived from 1 gm. wet weight liver pulp contained (averages of 10 experiments) 3.09 mg. protein N, 3.46 mg. RNA (RNA/protein N = 1.12), and 487 µg. phospholipide P. They displayed DPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity and contained an alcohol-soluble hemochromogen. The microsome preparations proved resistant to washing and "aging." Treatment with versene and incubation with ribonuclease (30 minutes at 37°C.) resulted in appreciable losses of RNA and in partial or total disappearance of attached particles. Treatment with deoxycholate (0.3 to 0.5 per cent, pH = 7.5) induced a partial clarification of the microsome suspensions which, upon centrifugation, yielded a small pellet of conglomerated small, dense particles (100 to 150 A) with only occasionally interspersed vesicles. The pellet contained ∼80 to 90 per cent of the RNA and ∼20 per cent of the protein N of the original microsomes. The supernatant accounted satisfactorily for the materials lost during deoxycholate treatment. The findings suggest that the microsomal RNA is associated with the small particles whereas most of the protein and nearly all of the phospholipide, hemochromogen, and DPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity are associated with the membrane or content of the microsomes.
Confirmation of linkage in von Hippel-Lindau disease

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease was initially reported to be linked to the RAF1 oncogene (3p25). We have ascertained and sampled two large multigenerational VHL families for linkage studies, in order to confirm the localization of the VHL gene as a prelude to fine mapping studies. The probes used in the analysis were p627 (RAF1) and pHeA12 (thyroid hormone receptor B) (3p24.1-3p22). VHL was analyzed as an autosomal dominant trait with age-dependent penetrance. The maximum lod score combining both families was z(theta) = 2.16 at theta = 0.0 for RAF1 and z(theta) = 2.20 at theta = 0.05 for thyroid hormone receptor B. Multipoint analysis using the RAF1 and thyroid hormone receptor B loci resulted in a peak lod score of 3.1 confirming linkage of VHL to this region of chromosome 3. However, the position of VHL relative to the two loci could not be established with certainty.
Simulation model for the analysis of complex traffic weaving problems

A simulation modeling approach has been developed to analyze a complex traffic weaving problem. It is presented, discussed, and demonstrated on an actual dual purpose weaving area that is closely followed by an entrance‐exit junction. Specifically, the model identifies problem areas in the system, assists the traffic engineer in the formulation of feasible solution strategies, and analyzes the effectiveness of alternative strategies. The simulation model is not presented as a panacea to weaving analysis rather as an interesting and unique approach that has the potential to analyze a wide variety of weaving patterns. The primary conclusion of the paper is that the model can be a valuable tool for analysis of certain types of traffic congestion problems.
Right to food, right to mine? Competing human rights claims in Bangladesh

Abstract The right to food is increasingly evoked by a range of actors, but there is not sufficient critical analysis of distinct interpretations of what this right means in practice. Through examination of a mineral extraction project with agricultural implications, this article explores diverse human rights narratives and illuminates associated corporate efforts to minimize recognition of food as a fundamental right. A British mining company proposes the Phulbari open pit coal mine in an agriculturally important region of Bangladesh. Highly contested by affected populations, clashes in 2006 between the police and protestors turned deadly in the area. In February 2012, a group of UN Special Rapporteurs cautioned the Government of Bangladesh regarding human rights violations associated with the planned mine. They warned that the project would displace hundreds of thousands of people, while destroying fertile agricultural land. In contrast, an ongoing publicity campaign by the corporation attempts to promote their intervention as a positive step, fully compliant with international human rights and corporate social responsibility standards. Taking this case as an exemplar, the article illuminates the pursuit of mining profit and the distinct use of human rights narratives by corporations and UN Special Rapporteurs. These diverse actors represent the layering of voices weighing in on mineral extraction and associated right to food concerns. Collectively, these layered narratives represent a new terrain for the promotion and contestation of mining and highlight the need to scrutinize mining practices in light of social responsibility and human rights claims being voluntary and self-regulated.
EFFECTS OF SINUS NERVE STIMULATION ON CAROTID BODY GLOMUS CELLS

The sinus nerve or sympathetic trunk was stimulated unilaterally in one group of adult cats or Syrian hamsters while in another group the sinus nerve or sympathetic trunk was cut unilaterally and the animals were given reserpine. In a third group, atropine was administered prior to sinus nerve stimulation. All tissues were processed for the detection of primary monoamines. The carotid bodies on the operated sides were compared with those on the unoperated sides of the same animal in order to determine if amine depletion occurred following the experimental procedures. After sinus nerve stimulation alone, the density of the granules in the glomus cells was decreased, but changes were not noted in the granules following sympathetic nerve stimulation. Sinus nerve stimulation after atropine administration resulted in no change in granule density. Sinus nerve transection followed by reserpine treatment resulted in a greater decrease in granule density on the unoperated than on the operated side. Transection of the sympathetic components to the carotid body followed by reserpine injections resulted in a decrease in granule density in the glomus cells on both the operated and unoperated sides. These results suggest that the sinus nerve must be intact for reserpine to exert an effect and that the sinus nerve may contain efferent fibers which modulate amine secretion.
Overexpression of the feedback-insensitive anthranilate synthase gene in tobacco causes tryptophan accumulation.

A total of 35 independent transgenic tobacco plants were produced using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-leaf segment co-cultivation method followed by selection with kanamycin for the nptII gene. The vector also carried the tobacco feedback-insensitive anthranilate synthase gene (ASA2). Many of the lines showed increased ASA2 mRNA levels but only three contained increased free tryptophan (Trp) and many lines contained lower Trp than the untransformed control. The line with the highest Trp level (threefold that of the untransformed control) contained increased anthranilate synthase activity (AS) both in leaves and a cell suspension culture derived from the plant while the feedback insensitivity was most evident in the suspension culture. Other kinetic data also indicated that the ASA2 encoded AS α-subunit was more abundant in the tissue culture than in leaves. Progeny seedlings from this line were resistant to certain toxic Trp analogs, especially α-methyltryptophan (αMT) and less so to the most commonly used analog, 5-methyltryptophan. Shoots formed more readily from leaves of two of the transgenic lines than from leaves of the untransformed control on αMT, indicating that it might be possible to use ASA2 as a selectable marker gene and αMT as the selection agent.
Dynamic performance analysis of non-linear tuned vibration absorbers

Abstract The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of a damping controlled semi-active tuned vibration absorber (TVA). A base-excited, single-degree-of-freedom structure coupled with a TVA model is adopted as the baseline model for our analysis. A non-model based groundhook control (displacement-based on–off control or “on–off DBG”) was used to control the damping of the TVA. After developing numerical models of a non-linear TVA along with the on–off DBG control and a passive TVA, the optimal tuning parameters of both TVA models were obtained using an optimization routine. Using the two optimally tuned models, parametric studies were preformed by varying the values of both on and off-state damping to evaluate the dynamic performances of the TVAs using the peak transmissibility criteria. The results showed that the peak transmissibility of the semi-active TVA is nearly 21% lower than that of the passive, indicating that the semi-active TVA is more effective in reducing vibration levels. The results further showed that increases in off-state damping decreases the effectiveness of semi-active TVA in reducing maximum vibration levels.
Introduction to magnetic resonance imaging

Cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging using the spin-warp technique is described in detail. NMR signals originating from different positions in a three-dimensional object are discriminated via slice-selection, phase-encoding, and frequency-encoding procedures. During slice selection, magnetization corresponding to a narrow slice of the object is excited by a frequency selective rf pulse applied in the presence of a magnetic field gradient perpendicular to the slice. The spatial information along one of the dimensions in the imaged plane is encoded into the phase of the ensuing signal by incrementing, in successive experiments, the magnitude of a field gradient applied before signal detection (phase-encoding). The spatial information along the other dimension defining the imaged plane is incorporated into the frequency of the signal by imposing a gradient during signal detection. Cross-sectional images are obtained by two-dimensional Fourier transformation of a series of appropriately phase- and frequency-encoded echoes. Extension of the method to multi-slice imaging is also discussed.
Acute skin toxicity-related, out-of-pocket expenses in patients with breast cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy A descriptive, exploratory study

Acute skin toxicity is one of the most common side effects of breast cancer radiotherapy. To date, no one has estimated the nonmedical out-of-pocket expenses associated with this side effect. The primary aim of the present descriptive, exploratory study was to assess the feasibility of a newly developed skin toxicity costs questionnaire. The secondary aims were to: (1) estimate nonmedical out-of-pocket costs, (2) examine the nature of the costs, (3) explore potential background predictors of costs, and (4) explore the relationship between patient-reported dermatologic quality of life and expenditures. A total of 50 patients (mean age = 54.88, Stage 0–III) undergoing external beam radiotherapy completed a demographics/medical history questionnaire as well as a seven-item Skin Toxicity Costs (STC) questionnaire and the Skindex-16 in week 5 of treatment. Mean skin toxicity costs were $131.64 (standard error [SE] = $23.68). Most frequently incurred expenditures were new undergarments and products to manage toxicity. Education was a significant unique predictor of spending, with more educated women spending more money. Greater functioning impairment was associated with greater costs. The STC proved to be a practical, brief measure which successfully indicated specific areas of patient expenditures and need. Results reveal the nonmedical, out-of-pocket costs associated with acute skin toxicity in the context of breast cancer radiotherapy. To our knowledge, this study is the first to quantify individual costs associated with this treatment side effect, as well as the first to present a scale specifically designed to assess such costs. In future research, the STC could be used as an outcome variable in skin toxicity prevention and control research, as a behavioral indicator of symptom burden, or as part of a needs assessment.
Deformation and Metamorphism of the Marble Mountain and Pony Camp Areas, Western Triassic and Paleozoic Belt, Central Klamath Mountains, Northwestern California

The Western Triassic and Paleozoic belt (WTrPz) is a regionally extensive, composite terrane correlative with Cache Creek-affinity rocks, a major crust-forming lithotectonic entity of the North American Cordillera. New structural, stratigraphic, and petrologic data suggest that a large tract of greenschist to amphibolite-grade metavolcanic and metasedimentary rock, previously considered to consist of several separate oceanic terranes, is, instead, a single fault-bounded, volcanic island arc, the Sawyers Bar terrane. It represents a mid-Jurassic, relatively intact, recrystallized nappe complex 5 to 10 km thick, extending over 100 km along strike in the central Klamaths. Protoliths of the complex are interpreted to be Lower Triassic (?) to mid-Jurassic supracrustal, volcanic arc-related units deposited, deformed, and metamorphosed within a suprasubduction zone adjacent to the continental margin. Metamorphism increases monotonically with depth in the nappe, ranging from prehnite-pumpellyite to lower greensch...
Transitional cell carcinoma occurring in ureterocele.

Abstract A case of transitional cell cancer developing in a ureterocele stump several years after a heminephroureterectomy is described. The role of ultrasonography in establishing the diagnosis is emphasized. This case illustrates the potentially dangerous effect of leaving a defunetionalized ureteral stump and ureterocele. Recommendation is made for removal of the ureteral stump and ureterocele at the time of heminephroureterectomy to prevent the aforementioned complication.
Atypical epithelial hyperplasia associated with breast cancer and fibrocystic disease.

Sections from grossly uninvolved areas of 100 radical mastectomies for breast cancer and sections from 100 partial mastectomies or biopsies for fibrocystic disease were randomized and reviewed for specific histologic features. The patient groups (all women) ranged in age from 30-90 (mean age 61.7 from 1959-1969) in the cancer groups and from 18-81 (mean 49.8 years from 1964-1969) in the cystic group. Slides showing frank invasive carcinoma were excluded. Cystic changes inflammation or fat necrosis apocrine metaplasia sclerosing adenosis lobular hyperplasia papillomatosis and atypical epithelial hyperplasia were recorded; then slides showing atypical epithelial hyperplasia were graded according to degree extent and number of mitoses. Cystic disease was found in only 79% of cystic cases yet in 71% of cancer cases. Except for duct papillomatosis fibrocystic types of proliferative changes were more common in cystic slides. Of 42 atypical duct hyperplasias 12 cancer and 11 benign slides were rated moderate 5 cancer and 7 benign were graded marked but 7 cancer and 0 benign slides were graded borderline-precancerous. This study supported the concepts that breast cancer may develop multifocally from large duct hyperplasia.
Neurobiology: Keeping a lid on it

The protein Npas4 dampens activated excitatory brain circuits by recruiting inhibitory signals to excitatory neurons. It emerges that this protein has the opposite role in some inhibitory neurons, promoting their activity.
Experimental dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: Prevention with glycerol

Experimental dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: Prevention with glycerol. Patients with renal failure being treated with hemodialysis may develop a clinical syndrome characterized by headache, restlessness, nausea, and emesis, which may progress to seizures and coma. An experimental model of this syndrome, called dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS), can be induced by rapid hemodialysis of uremic dogs (BUN, 200 mg/dl; creatinine, 11 mg/dl). In the experimental model, dogs treated with rapid dialysis developed a brain-to-plasma osmotic gradient which resulted in cerebral edema. There was also a fall in both pH of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and intracellular pH (pH i ) of cerebral cortex and an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG). The cerebral edema was characterized by an increased osmole content in cerebral cortex tissue. The increased osmole content was not related to retention in brain of sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, or lactate, but was due to undetermined solute (idio-genic osmole s). When dialysis was modified by the addition of mannitol to the dialysate (plasma mannitol, 26 mM), brain edema did not occur, and the fall in brain pH i was prevented. The EEG, however, remained abnormal, and the pH of CSF fell. When dialysis was modified by adding glycerol to the dialysate (plasma glycerol, 26 mM), brain edema did not occur, brain pH i and the pH of CSF were normal, and the EEG improved towards normal. After dialysis with either mannitol or glycerol in the dialysate, idiogenic osmoles were not present in the brain. Eliminating the fall in brain pH i appeared to prevent the formation of idiogenic osmoles by cerebral cortex. Thus, DDS was partially prevented by mannitol added to the dialysate. Glycerol, however, not only prevented all the manifestation of DDS but also restored the EEG to a normal pattern. Glycerol may be a useful agent for prevention of dialysis disequilibrium in man.
ΔSCF calculations of free atom—ion shifts

Abstract Nonrelativistic, numerical Hartree—Fock calculations have been performed for most of the common ions in the periodic table (excluding the actinides and lanthanides) with a view to obtaining atom—ion core-level shifts for use in analyzing photoelectron spectroscopic data. Ionization potentials (from ΔSCF calculations), core-level shifts and relaxation energies we tabulated for the cations of the metallic and semi-metallic elements, and for the anions of the halogens and chalcogens.