cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SpliceJumper: a classification-based approach for calling splicing junctions from RNA-seq data

Next-generation RNA sequencing technologies have been widely applied in transcriptome profiling. This facilitates further studies of gene structure and expression on the genome wide scale. It is an important step to align reads to the reference genome and call out splicing junctions for the following analysis, such as the analysis of alternative splicing and isoform construction. However, because of the existence of introns, when RNA-seq reads are aligned to the reference genome, reads can not be fully mapped at splicing sites. Thus, it is challenging to align reads and call out splicing junctions accurately. In this paper, we present a classification based approach for calling splicing junctions from RNA-seq data, which is implemented in the program SpliceJumper. SpliceJumper uses a machine learning approach which combines multiple features extracted from RNA-seq data. We compare SpliceJumper with two existing RNA-seq analysis approaches, TopHat2 and MapSplice2, on both simulated and real data. Our results show that SpliceJumper outperforms TopHat2 and MapSplice2 in accuracy. The program SpliceJumper can be downloaded at https://github.com/Reedwarbler/SpliceJumper .
Classification problems of African Muridae

In a paper presented at the first Symposium of this Society in 1961 on the distribution patterns in continental Africa of the species of Muridae occurring in southern Mrica (Davis 1962), little was said about the procedures which were being followed in deciding which of the extra-limital forms were conspecific, nor were the reasons for certain changes in nomenclature given in any detail. The purpose of the present paper is to outline the revisionary procedures and to establish the name changes.
Is the Same-sex Marriage Debate Really Just about Marriage?

In What is Marriage? One Man and One Woman: A Defense, Sherif Girgis, Ryan Anderson and Robert George defend the ‘conjugal marriage’ while claiming to make no moral judgments about homosexuality. My contention in this article is that the argument of What is Marriage is not sufficiently different from the arguments of classical new natural law theorists (NNLT), and, therefore, What is Marriage does not remain neutral on the question of whether homosexuality is moral. First, I give an overview of some classical NNLT arguments on the nature of marriage and their sexual ethic. Next, I present What is Marriage's account of conjugal marriage as a comprehensive union of two people, focusing on what makes a genuinely bodily union. I then move to the central contention of this article. By drawing on its understanding of genuinely bodily union and its account of the harm of same-sex marriage, I argue that What is Marriage is committed to the view that same-sex sexual unions cannot be good, since on its account of things there can be no shared sexual goods in a same-sex sexual ‘union’.
Trapping of the Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase-Acyl Carrier Protein Interaction.

An ideal target for metabolic engineering, fatty acid biosynthesis remains poorly understood on a molecular level. These carrier protein-dependent pathways require fundamental protein–protein interactions to guide reactivity and processivity, and their control has become one of the major hurdles in successfully adapting these biological machines. Our laboratory has developed methods to prepare acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) loaded with substrate mimetics and cross-linkers to visualize and trap interactions with partner enzymes, and we continue to expand the tools for studying these pathways. We now describe application of the slow-onset, tight-binding inhibitor triclosan to explore the interactions between the type II fatty acid ACP from Escherichia coli, AcpP, and its corresponding enoyl-ACP reductase, FabI. We show that the AcpP–triclosan complex demonstrates nM binding, inhibits in vitro activity, and can be used to isolate FabI in complex proteomes.
Secondary insects and diseases contribute to sudden aspen decline in southwestern Colorado, USA

Reports of drought-associated forest mortality have increased around the world, but the mechanisms of mortality are rarely direct in nature. Biotic agents may kill trees that could otherwise recove...
Crowdwork, corporate social responsibility, and fair labor practices

Crowdwork, in which large numbers of workers find and perform paid tasks through online platforms, is a paradox. It can make job-matching and production processes more efficient, but it can also lead to a decline in labor standards. We seek to link ethical labor practices in virtual work with well-established notions of corporate social responsibility, that include concerns for worker well-being and fair treatment. We present a typology of trends in labour, and argue that the new phase of ‘crowdwork’ is distinct from previous eras of ‘industrial’ and ‘digital’ employment. The chapter then outlines three best practices for crowdwork. First is fair wages. Second is the need for transparency, or the idea of fully disclosing to crowdworkers information about their tasks, including fair estimates of time and wages, and the larger goals to which their work contributes. Third is due process, that is, ensuring that online ratings of workers are based on fair criteria, and that platforms establish an appeals process for non-payment of wages or poor ratings. Implementation of these practices would offer a better working environment online, and improve the collaborative potential of crowdwork for platforms and workers alike.
The transformed cell in thymus-PHA cultures: blood or tissue origin?

The present study demonstrated that of the 18 million thymus, lymph node, or spleen cells in cultures containing PHA, on the average only 540, 990, and 6,170 small lymphocytes, respectively, were located in the blood vessels of these organs when the cell suspensions were prepared. Even if all of these cells transformed in response to PHA, it is unlikely that they could account for the transformation observed. Therefore, it was concluded that the lymphocytes of the parenchyma possessed the ability to transform in response to mitogenic agents.
Test and Analysis of Error Calibration of 1000kV GIS Current Transformer

The purpose of field error calibration test of current transformer is to testify phenomenon of error variability by transporting,installing and using. Because GIS/HGIS are mostly adopted in structure of UHV substations and current transformer in GIS/HGIS is not facility to remove,traditional methods full of current or equal ampere-turn are not suitable for error calibration.In order to discuss a compatible test program of UHV TA in field error calibration test ,considering special structure of current transformer in GIS/HGIS,there are two connection and two reactive compensation models.To select the optimum suitable program,errors in different connection and reactive compensateion models are focused after calculating and contrasting in according to structure of Jindongnan,Nanyang,Jingmen substation.The result shows that adopting series connection in nextly phase and parallel compensateion is feasible in field error calibration test of UHV current transformer.
Correlation between temperament and parental rearing patterns in 2～3 year-old childrenin countryside of Beijing

Objective:To explore the relationship between temperament traits and parental rearing patterns in 2~3 year-old children in countryside,in order to provide objective basis for effective rearing patterns.Methods:Totally 779 children aged 2~3 years old whose development screening was normal,including 406 boys and 373 girls,from countryside of 5 districts of Beijing were selected by random group sampling.They were assessed with the Toddler Temperament Scale(TTS)and Behavioral Style Questionnaire(BSQ)developed by Carey.The Child-rearing Practice was investigated to test the rearing pattern.Results:The punishment scores were lower in boys than in girls[(21.2±2.7)vs.(21.6±2.8),P0.05],and the protection and concern scores were lower in 2-year-old children than in 3-year-old children[(19.9±4.4)vs.(20.8±4.6),P0.01].Significant rearing pattern differences were found in different temperament types.There were higher scores on acceptance[(17.4±3.4)vs.(15.1±3.8),(15.2±4.1),P0.01],encouragement of independence[(11.9±3.1)vs.(10.4±2.9),(11.0±3.3),P0.01],protection and concern[(21.7±4.2)vs.(20.4±4.6),(19.6±4.3),P0.05]in slow-to-warm-up temperament than in other two groups,and higher score on rejection in easy temperament group than in others[(23.2±3.7)vs.(21.1±2.3),(21.9±3.8),P0.01].Significant correlation were found between negative temperament traits(including different temperament types and slow-to-warm-up temperament)and rejection(β=0.653,0.722)and encouragement of independence(β=-1.099,-0.863)from parents.Conclusion:Rejection and encouragement of independence may be negative factors of negative temperament traits.Parents should learn to give more acceptation and encouragement to children of difficult and slow-to-warm-up temperament types.
Detecting liquid threats with x-ray diffraction imaging (XDi) using a hybrid approach to navigate trade-offs between photon count statistics and spatial resolution

The performance limits were explored for an X-ray Diffraction based explosives detection system for baggage scanning. This XD i system offers 4D imaging that comprises three spatial dimensions with voxel sizes in the order of ~(0.5cm) 3 , and one spectral dimension for material discrimination. Because only a very small number of photons are observed for an individual voxel, material discrimination cannot work reliably at the voxel level. Therefore, an initial 3D reconstruction is performed, which allows the identification of objects of interest . Combining all the measured photons that scattered within an object, more reliable spectra are determined on the object-level. As a case study we looked at two liquid materials, one threat and one innocuous, with very similar spectral characteristics, but with 15% difference in electron density. Simulations showed that Poisson statistics alone reduce the material discrimination performance to undesirable levels when the photon counts drop to 250. When additional, uncontrolled variation sources are considered, the photon count plays a less dominant role in detection performance, but limits the performance also for photon counts of 500 and higher. Experimental data confirmed the presence of such non-Poisson variation sources also in the XD i prototype system, which suggests that the present system can still be improved without necessarily increasing the photon flux, but by better controlling and accounting for these variation sources. When the classification algorithm was allowed to use spectral differences in the experimental data, the discrimination between the two materials improved significantly, proving the potential of X-ray diffraction also for liquid materials.
The Effect of High Magnetic Field on Carburizing of Pure Iron

The effect of magnetic filed on carburizing behavior of pure iron was investigated. The results show that the magnetic filed can accelerate the carburizing process when the magnetic filed direction is perpendicular to the carburized surface,and this effect increases with the enhancement of magnetic filed intensity. The magnetic filed will restrain the carburizing process when the magnetic filed direction is parallel to the carburized surface,and this effect will increase with the enhancement of magnetic field intensity.
Role of laccase in the virulence of Talaromyces marneffei: A common link between AIDS-related fungal pathogens?

Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei is an important AIDS-associated opportunist that causes disseminated infections involving the reticuloendothelial system, often causing lymphadenopathy, hepatome...
Poetry and the Thought of Song in Nineteenth-Century Britain

“Song remains a surprisingly powerful horizon of aspiration for poets throughout the long nineteenth century. The thought of song persists as both question and challenge long after the post-classic...
LEADERSHIP AND LEARNING: Beyond shared leadership: The importance of learning in a shared leadership model

Les modeles de leadership partage dans les bibliotheques d'enseignement superieur et de recherche presentent trois caracteristiques : donner le pouvoir a quelqu'un, la comptabilite et le partenariat dans la prise de decision. Dans un tel modele, le personnel est mieux a meme de repondre aux besoins des utilisateurs
Scattering Signatures of Complex Lipid Membranes: Spherical Vesicles vs. Planar Patches

The spatial organization of cellular membranes plays a crucial role for a large number of biological processes. Multicomponent lipid bilayers are a useful model system to study to what extent lipids and sterols can drive this organization. Multiple theoretical and experimental studies have investigated the scattering signatures of composition heterogeneities in complex lipid systems. While the former typically consider a flat and periodically replicated membrane system, neutron scattering experiments can be performed on unilamellar vesicles. This work addresses the question how and to what extent the scattering signatures of these two geometrically different systems are related to one another. We consider a generic model for a homogeneous two-dimensional material for which we compute the structure function in both planar and spherical geometries, and we derive analytical relationships between these quantities. These results enable the direct, albeit approximate, comparison between theoretical/computational and experimental scattering data.
The High Order Maximal Principle

First order necessary conditions for optimality are the Pontryagin Maximal Principle (PMP) or the Euler-Lagrange and Legendre-Clebsch conditions. In many problems of practical importance, particularly those when the control enters linearly, these conditions are inconclusive for determining the optimal control. In 1964 Kelley [1] discovered a generalization of the Legendre-Clebsch condition and this was extended by Robbins [2,3], Tait [4], Goh [5,6], Kopp and Moyer [7], and Kelley, Kopp and Moyer [8]. An excellent survey of these papers and related results is Gabasov and Kirillova [9].
Adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew in Knox 62 wheat

Quantitative adult-plant resistance is an alternative for short-lived single major-gene resistance in the control of wheat powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis (DC) E.O. Speer. Cultivar ‘Knox 62’ is known to have adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew, but the relationship between the genes conferring its resistance and corresponding chromosomes has not been documented. To determine the chromosomal locations of adult-plant resistance genes, Knox 62 was crossed with the susceptible disomic Chinese Spring and a full set of Chinese Spring monosomic lines. The adult plants of F2 populations and their parents were evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew in a condition of polycyclic infection, based on their infection type (IT), infected leaf area (ILA), area under disease development curve (AUDPC) and daily disease increase index (DD1I) controlled in the glasshouse. Results indicated that the resistance genes in Knox 62 are mainly additive, and 7 chromosomes were involved in the adult-plant resistance of this cultivar. Chromosomes 5A, 7A, 4B and 5D carry genes showing positive effects on resistance, while chromosomes 3A, 1B and 1D have factors increasing susceptibility. The segregation of the disomic F2 populations and noncritical crosses fit a four-gene model, suggesting that chromosomes 5 A, 7 A, 4B and 5D each contain one gene or one cluster of tightly-linked genes.
Kernel Based Detection of Mislabeled Training Examples.

The problem of identifying mislabeled training examples has been examined in several studies, with a variety of approaches developed for editing the training data to obtain better classifiers. Many of these approaches involve applying an individual or an ensemble of classifiers to the training set and filtering the mislabeled examples based on their consistency with respect to the classifier’s outputs. In this study, we formulate mislabeled detection as an optimization problem and introduce a kernel-based approach for filtering the mislabeled examples. Experimental results using a variety of data sets from the UCI data repository demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, compared to existing nearest-neighbor and ensemble-based filtering schemes.
Social Adversity and Antisocial Behavior: Mediating Effects of Autonomic Nervous System Activity

The display of antisocial behaviors in children and adolescents has been of interest to criminologists and developmental psychologists for years. Exposure to social adversity is a well-documented predictor of antisocial behavior. Additionally, measures of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, including heart rate variability (HRV), pre-ejection period (PEP), and heart rate, have been associated with antisocial behaviors including rule-breaking and aggression. Social neuroscience research has begun to investigate how neurobiological underpinnings affect the relationship between social adversity and antisocial/psychopathic behavior in children and adolescents. This study investigated the potential mediating effects of ANS activity on the relationship between social adversity and antisocial behavior in a group of 7- to 10-year-old children from the community (N = 339; 48.2% male). Moderated multiple mediation analyses revealed that low resting heart rate, but not PEP or HRV, mediated the relationship between social adversity and antisocial behavior in males only. Social adversity but not ANS measures were associated with antisocial behavior in females. Findings have implications for understanding the neural influences that underlie antisocial behavior, illustrate the importance of the social environment regarding the expression of these behaviors, and highlight essential gender differences.
Gender differences in the effects of childhood adversity on alcohol, drug, and polysubstance-related disorders

To examine gender differences in the associations between childhood adversity and different types of substance use disorders and whether gender moderates these relationships. We analyzed data from 19,209 women and 13,898 men as provided by Wave 2 (2004–2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) to examine whether gender moderates the associations between childhood adversity and DSM-IV defined lifetime occurrence of alcohol, drug, and polysubstance-related disorders. We used multinomial logistic regression, weighted to be representative of the US adult civilian, noninstitutionalized population, and we calculated predicted probabilities by gender, controlling for covariates. To test which specific moderation contrasts were statistically significant, we conducted pair-wise comparisons corrected for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni’s method. For each type of substance use disorder, risk was increased by more exposure to childhood adversity, and women had a lower risk than men. However, moderation effects revealed that with more experiences of childhood adversity, the gender gap in predicted probability for a disorder narrowed in relation to alcohol, it converged in relation to drugs such that risk among women surpassed that among men, and it widened in relation to polysubstances. Knowledge regarding substance-specific gender differences associated with childhood adversity exposure can inform evidence-based treatments. It may also be useful for shaping other types of gender-sensitive public health initiatives to ameliorate or prevent different types of substance use disorders.
Non-reciprocal wave manipulation with non-linear metasurfaces

We introduce non-reciprocal metasurfaces based on non-linear effects, allowing signal transmission from one direction to another, but not the other way around. We also present a particular design at THz frequencies, suitable for breaking reciprocity of wave reflection. Compared to other approaches for breaking reciprocity, non-linear metasurfaces have the significant advantage of not relying on any form of external bias and they can be used for the protection of sources or other sensitive equipment from strong external signals.
Palaeoclimatology: Ice-sheet history revealed by fossils.

Microscopic fossils show that, from 10,400 to 7,500 years ago, upwelling of a water mass called Circumpolar Deep Water destabilized Antarctic ice shelves — a finding that advances our understanding of ice-sheet retreat. See Article p.43 The wind-driven upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) may be destabilizing Antarctic ice shelves, particularly in the region bordering the Amundsen Sea. However, firm evidence that these ice–ocean interactions can persist long enough to cause substantial changes to ice sheets has been lacking. Here, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand et al. present marine-based palaeoclimate evidence to show that over much of the early Holocene epoch, and since the 1940s, variations in the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds increased the upwelling of CDW. This seemingly led to widespread deglaciations in the region and perhaps even a large ice-shelf collapse. The results confirm that the processes that have long been seen in models were operational in the past.
A 28GHz CMOS direct conversion transceiver with packaged antenna arrays for 5G cellular system

This paper describes a 28GHz CMOS direct conversion transceiver with packaged 2×4 patch antenna arrays for 5G communication. Test results show good RF performances of Rx NF 6.7dB, Maximum Tx EIRP 31.5dBm (1PA P out_sat =10.5dBm), LO integrated phase noise −37.8dBc (0.67°), Rx/Tx EVM around 2.2% (−33.1dB) at mid RF power, and well-fitted beam control capability.
Single-Molecule Studies of Nucleic Acid Interactions Using Nanopores

This chapter presents biophysical studies of single biopolymers using nanopores. Starting from the fundamental process of voltage-driven biopolymer translocation, the understanding of which is a prerequisite for virtually all nanopore applications, the chapter describes recent experiments that resolve nucleic acid structure and its interaction with enzymes, such as exonucleases and polymerases. It then outlines progress made with solid-state nanopores fabricated in ultrathin membranes and discusses experiments describing biopolymer dynamics in synthetic pores. The chapter concludes with a discussion on some of the main challenges facing nanopore technology, as well as on some of the future prospects associated with nanopore-based tools.
Cardiovascular responses to exercise when increasing skin temperature with narrowing of the core-to-skin temperature gradient.

This study systematically investigated the effect of increasing skin temperature (Tsk) to high levels on cardiovascular responses during moderate intensity exercise. We conclude that the declines i...
On Rob Kling: The Theoretical, the Methodological,and the Critical

We explore Rob Kling’s conceptual scaffolding for Social Informatics: his integration of theory, method and evidence and philosophical underpinnings and moral basis of his commitment to a critical stance towards computers and social life. He extended his focus on organizational practices and a lifelong meditation on democracy, value conflicts and social choices to the discourses of computerization and social transformation and to the education of the information professional. He came to his project through careful observation of organizational life and a critical reading of research conducted by other scholars and the rhetoric about ICTs, As Kling conceptualized it, the project of Social Informatics was to intervene in the social construction of the meaning, value, use and even design of technologies as shaped by discourse and education.
Learning Accuracy Analysis of Memristor-based Nonlinear Computing Module on Long Short-term Memory

To accelerate the training efficiency of neural network-based machine learning, a memristor-based nonlinear computing module is designed and analyzed. Nonlinear computing operation is widely needed in neuromorphic computing and deep learning. The proposed nonlinear computing module can potentially realize a monotonic nonlinear function by successively placing memristors in a series combing with a simple amplifier. The proposed module is evaluated and optimized through the Long Short-term Memory with the digit number recognition application. The proposed nonlinear computing module can reduce the chip area from microscale to nanoscale, and potentially enhance the computing efficiency to O(1) while guaranteeing accuracy. Furthermore, the impact of the resistance variation of memristor switching on the training accuracy is simulated and analyzed using Long Short-term Memory as a benchmark.
Lactobacillus and dietary sunflower meal supplementation in layer diets: Effects on specific serum content and hydrogen sulfide concentration in layer manure.

Abstract Studies show that in poultry houses, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present in a much higher concentration than its odor threshold of 10 ppb for humans and has a short-lived deleterious effect on White Leghorns at concentrations of 0.2% H2S. A possible way to reduce H2S emissions (often exhausted into the environment) is to decrease its concentration in manure by adding high fiber byproducts and probiotics in diets. A combination of probiotics (Lactobaccillus paracasei, Lactobaccillus plantarum, and Lactobaccillus rhamnosus at 1.56 mL per 10 L (to provide 3.64 × 106 cfu/L of each species) in chlorinated drinking water and sunflower seed meal (SFM) were evaluated for their early effects on the H2S concentration in manure and specific measurements in serum. Sixty-four White Leghorn inbred crosses (65- to 74-week-old) were randomly allocated into two replicates of four treatments including a Control, Control + Probiotics, Control + Probiotics + 20% SFM, and Control + 20% SFM. After a 7-day acclimation period with different treatments, fecal matter was analyzed for total sulfur (TS), sulfate-sulfur (SO4-S), and H2S while blood serum was analyzed for amylase, calcium, phosphate, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Results indicated that probiotics significantly increased SO4-S, whereas 20% SFM decreased H2S, total sulfur, and increased sulfate sulfur. Dietary supplementation of SFM also significantly decreased serum amylase activity, calcium, and phosphorus.
Experimental analysis the first cases of cholera epidemic detection of 0139 of Huainan

Objective To identify the first cases of cholera in Huainan,0139 epidemic causes and biological properties. Methods Conventional methods of serological and bacteriological methods of the strains were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect cholera virulence genes, susceptibility testing modified KB.Results 1 ,was isolated and serum agglutination results,2 patients were all positive stool samples,6 were in close contact with all the negative rectal swab;turtle pond-like 18,5 were positive;turtle egg in battle were like 9,2 were positive ; turtle eggs 7, the positive three copies; turtle waste 11, were negative. 2, or more positive culture drug sensitivity test of the pioneer B, doxycycline resistant; to ampicillin, tetracycline in sensitive;on norfloxacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin sensitive. 3,or more positive cultures gene DNA PCR test results,cholera toxin(CT) ,toxin coregulated pilus (TCP) all were positive. Conclusion From the outbreak of cholera 0139 is water pollution caused by turtle ponds,The trip types of 0139 Vibrio cholera were highly homologous with that isolated from green turtle;the bacteria of the pioneer B, doxycycline resistance and carrying cta, tcpa virulence genes. Key words: Cholera; Cholera toxin ; Toxin coregulated pilus ; Turtle
A Textual Problem and a Gospel’s Purpose: A Reflection on Current Johannine Studies

Video AbstractA Textual Problem and a Gospel’s Purpose: A Reflection on Current Johannine Studies
Teaching in the Time of COVID-19: Creation of a Digital Internship to Develop Scientific Thinking Skills and Create Science Literacy Exercises for Use in Remote Classrooms

The extreme academic and social disruption caused by COVID-19 in the spring and summer of 2020 led to the loss of many student internships. We report here our creation of a novel internship for students majoring in the biological sciences. Student interns worked together to systematically categorize multiple episodes of This Week in Microbiology (TWiM). They annotated episodes by labeling relevant ASM fundamental curricular guidelines and the microbiology techniques described in several podcast episodes. Interns worked together, which advanced their written and oral communication skills while improving their scientific thinking skills. Faculty then enhanced each annotation by adding short figure-reading exercises that can be used in a variety of educational settings to teach science literacy. When surveyed, students reported greater confidence in analyzing and interpreting results from a variety of microbiological methods, improved communication of fundamental microbiology concepts in written and oral form, and enhanced ability to collaborate with others. Combined, this digital internship provided a unique opportunity for students to develop critical technical and scientific thinking skills and generated useful open education resources for teaching general microbiology in the form of annotated podcasts.
Up-regulation of the manganese transporter SLC30A10 by hypoxia-inducible factors defines a homeostatic response to manganese toxicity

Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal that induces incurable parkinsonism at elevated levels. However, unlike other essential metals, mechanisms that regulate mammalian Mn homeostasis are poorly understood, which has limited therapeutic development. Here, we discovered that the exposure of mice to a translationally relevant oral Mn regimen up-regulated expression of SLC30A10, a critical Mn efflux transporter, in the liver and intestines. Mechanistic studies in cell culture, including primary human hepatocytes, revealed that 1) elevated Mn transcriptionally up-regulated SLC30A10, 2) a hypoxia response element in the SLC30A10 promoter was necessary, 3) the transcriptional activities of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1 or HIF2 were required and sufficient for the SLC30A10 response, 4) elevated Mn activated HIF1/HIF2 by blocking the prolyl hydroxylation of HIF proteins necessary for their degradation, and 5) blocking the Mn-induced up-regulation of SLC30A10 increased intracellular Mn levels and enhanced Mn toxicity. Finally, prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors that stabilize HIF proteins and are in advanced clinical trials for other diseases reduced intracellular Mn levels and afforded cellular protection against Mn toxicity and also ameliorated the in vivo Mn-induced neuromotor deficits in mice. These findings define a fundamental homeostatic protective response to Mn toxicity-elevated Mn levels activate HIF1 and HIF2 to up-regulate SLC30A10, which in turn reduces cellular and organismal Mn levels, and further indicate that it may be possible to repurpose prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors for the management of Mn neurotoxicity.
Mood & alcohol-related attentional biases: New considerations for gender differences and reliability of the visual-probe task.

Introduction Alcohol-related attentional biases are positively associated with drinking history and may represent a mechanism by which alcohol use behavior is maintained over time. This study was designed to address two unresolved issues regarding alcohol-related attention biases. Specifically, this study tested whether acute changes in positive and negative mood increase attentional biases toward alcohol cues and whether coping and enhancement drinking motives moderate these effects.
Behavioral Strategies for Controlling Obesity

Behavioral weight control generally involves two phases: (1) weight loss induction and (2) weight maintenance. During the period of weight loss, energy intake via eating is reduced and energy expenditure resulting from physical activity is increased. During the period of weight maintenance, the person learns to match energy intake (eating habits) with energy expenditure (physical activity and exercise). The most effective behavioral weight loss programs have offered a combination of exercise, diet, and behavior modification. Specific treatment components can be used to enhance long-term successful weight management for adults and children. These components include, but are not limited to, (1) portion control and structured meal plans, (2) home-based and short-bout exercise prescriptions, (3) prolonged and regular therapeutic contact during weight loss induction, (4) utilization of social support throughout treatment, and (5) extended therapeutic contact or booster treatment to promote long-term weight maintenance. For long-term success, it is clear that the overweight person must sustain his or her efforts to change behavior patterns and prevent relapse by proactively modifying barriers to lifestyle behavior change. Further, behavioral weight management is most efficacious when the treatment plan is tailored to match an individual’s cultural, social, and motivational circumstances.
Study of the reaction pn → pπ−p at 7.0 GeV/c

From a 3.5 ev/μb exposure of the BNL 80 inch chamber filled with deuterium to a 7.0 GeV/cp beam we obtained 664 events in the channel pn → pπ−p. The channel cross section is (1270 ± 11060) μb. The final state is dominated by Δ(1230) production. The experimental data is well described by a one-pion exchange model with off-mass shell corrections.
Extending Positive Identification from Persons to Places: Terrorism, Armed Conflict and the Identification of Military Objectives

This Article addresses the identification of military objectives in a variety of non-international armed conflict contexts, including conflicts with terrorist groups operating transnationally and conflicts with non-state actors located outside the state’s borders. In particular, the nature of non-international armed conflict can alter how the basic definition and analysis of the term "military objective" is applied. To the extent that the application of the definition of military objectives in non-international armed conflicts introduces complications and conceptual challenges that blur the lines between civilian and military, and exacerbate existing difficulties, it is important to tease out and better understand those conceptual challenges. Building on foundational discussions of the law of targeting and the definition of military objective as set out in Additional Protocol I and customary international law, this Article analyzes the legal and operational complexities of identifying military objectives in non-international armed conflicts. The first question centers on the meaning of the criterion of "nature" and whether it is substantially narrower in the identification of military objectives on the non-state actor side of the conflict. A second major question concerns dual-use objects -- does the nature of non-international armed conflict result in nearly all objects being dual-use objects? Finally, this Article explores the ramifications of cross-border and transnational conflicts in particular for jus ad bellum and operational considerations as well in applying and interpreting the definition of military objectives.
Incorporating managerial thinking in prediction and control: case study of market penetration

Managerial strategies, especially at the higher echelons of management, are often linguistically stated. This is because they need to be based on information which often defies quantification. Such verbal strategies and qualitative information have often been found to be difficult to incorporate in quantitative models. Thus, the quantitative effects of implementing one strategy as opposed to another have generally been difficult to forecast. In this paper, we show that, through the use of fuzzy logic, we can incorporate such qualitative (linguistically stated) information. Furthermore, we show that a fuzzy controller can be designed so as to reach desired goals while being cognizant of linguistically stated strategies, scenarios, and decision rules as well as quantitative data types. The approach is applied to the modeling and control of market penetration, a field which has attracted considerable attention in recent years.
User involvement and user satisfaction: an exploratory contingency model

Abstract User involvement is of interest to researchers because of its potential impact on the success of systems. This paper examines some contingencies of user involvement and user satisfaction (a surrogate for system success). Using the results from a survey questionnaire, we show that user perception of level of involvement has a direct, positive and significant impact on user satisfaction. The results also indicate that managers should become aware of the nature of the interactions that occur among user groups and system development groups. We show that user perception of the system development group's attitude toward involvement has a positive effect on user satisfaction.
El primer fruto de las libertades conquistadas". Catolicismo social y aprendizaje político en tiempos de revolución, Zamora (1909-1913)

Este articulo identifica la intervencion —discurso-accion— de los catolicos sociales hacia los obreros y campesinos en Zamora de Hidalgo, Michoacan, entre 1909-1913. La presencia del obispo Jose Othon Nunez, en la diocesis, y el activismo politico de sacerdotes y laicos, inspiro a muchos catolicos para movilizar sus energias en la constitucion de numerosas organizaciones catolicas que se ocuparon de los problemas que aquejaban a los trabajadores. Pero tambien fue una oportunidad de la Iglesia, jerarquia y base social, para competir abiertamente en el espacio publico, durante la revolucion maderista, y legitimar su existencia en la sociedad civil
MASS COMPLIANCE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION

When government policy decisions affect the general public, people may or may not comply. How and why compliance occurs is not well understood. Current research on compliance has several weaknesses: (1) it tends to focus on the behavior of public officials rather than on the general public; (2) it relies on static rather than dynamic models; and (3) it underestimates the impact of social groups on individual choices. The present analysis treats compliance as a dynamic process incorporating both social influence and individual calculation. We assume that primary groups (family, peers), social status, and a society's culture all play important roles in changing compliance over time.
Towards thin-film self-powered radiation detectors employing disparate conductive layers

A new class of self-powered thin film radiation detectors is experimentally explored via their IV-curve characteristics. These detectors are parallel-plane microstructures composed of disparate atomic number (Z) thin-film electrodes separated by air gaps. Large radiation-induced electron currents (RIC) are observed for zero external voltage bias. Compared to ionization chambers (composed of macroscopic non-disparate low-Z electrodes), this anomalous behavior is due to two independent effects: traversal of fast electrons leaking from the high-Z cathodes and the auto-collection of ionization electrons from the air gap due to the presence of contact potential. The zero voltage current reaches up to 80% of the saturation current measured for non-zero bias voltages. The magnitude of saturation currents increases with the total anode and cathode atomic numbers. The stopping potentials (i.e., external voltage bias resulting in zero RIC current) correspond to the differences in the electrodes' work functions (the contact potential) modified by the contributions from the fast electron current formed by the leaking electrons. These features make the thin film detector attractive for applications in x-ray medical or industrial imaging, dosimetry and radiation protection.
Assimilation of Hong Kong Immigrants in Canada

A flood of emigration from Hong Kong to Canada was observed prior to the handover from Britain back to China in 1997. I pool Canadian Census data from 1991 to 2006 to study the labour market assimilation of Hong Kong immigrants. The findings suggest that these immigrants faced a significant negative wage gap upon entry in comparison with Canadian-born individuals, and this was larger for cohorts arriving closer to 1997, suggesting a decline in cohort quality. The results also indicate that earnings convergence with the Canadian-born was slow for the majority of these immigrants.
Panethnicity and Ethnic Resources in Residential Integration: A Comparative Study of Two Host Societies

The racial and ethnic structure of a host society as well as its institutional and ideological context of integration shape the ethnic integration process. To examine these forces for residential integration, this study compares three panethnic groups in Canada and the United States using tabular data from the 2001 Canadian and the 2000 US censuses. Two ways in which the social context is important are identified. First, the social context affects how groups are distributed across urban neighbourhoods. As expected, being a Black ethnic group meant being less segregated in Canada than in the US but Asian groups were more segregated, controlling for group characteristics and the urban and regional context. White ethnic groups in both countries were similarly segregated. Second, the social context influences the process of incorporation itself. The effect of ethnic resources, in terms of acculturation and socioeconomic status, was dependent on the group and host society. The results demonstrate that the national context plays a significant role in the way panethnic group membership influences the spatial processes of ethnic groups in the urban neighbourhoods of the two host societies.
CYBERNETICS AND MACROECONOMICS

A full estimate of the effects of cybernetics and control systems engineering on economics would be premature if not impossible at this time. The relevant literature is at most twenty-five years old and its ultimate impact remains uncertain; thus conclusions are at best tentative. However, one can identify sources of inspiration and main participants as well as apparent trends. Axel Leijonhufvud has referred to the introduction of control engineering into aggregate analysis by Tustin, Phillips, and others in the 1950s as “the Keynesian Revolution which did not come off.” One purpose of this paper is to explore Leijonhufvud's observation. What stopped monetary and macroeconomic theorists from picking up the Tustin-Phillips lead and making the control-theoretic approach an integral part of economic analysis? Historians of economics writing a few decades from now may be able to provide a proper answer. But a few speculations can be offered now.
Some physical properties of palmityl-coenzyme A micelles.

Abstract On the basis of light scattering and dye binding studies, palmityl-CoA forms micelles in aqueous solution which appear to have a critical micelle concentration of 3 to 4 μM in the presence of 0.01 M K+, and an aggregation number around 1000. After chromatography on silicic acid, the micelles are of a larger and more variable size. Micelle formation is also demonstrated by the increase in p K 's seen for the adenine group (5.6–5.7) and secondary phosphate (7.1–7.2) relative to the values seen in CoA (4.0 and 6.3). The absorptivity of the adenine band around 260 mμ is the same in the micelle as for the free palmityl-CoA molecule in dilute salt (below 0.01 M cation), but at high cation concentration (1 to 3 M) the molar absorptivity is reduced approx. 15%. Solvent perturbation studies with 2 H 2 O show that the adenine groups are exposed to an aqueous environment at both low and high cation concentration. This hypochromic effect is apparently caused by base stacking of the adenine groups in largely nonstereospecific fashion, and can be reversed by β-Schardinger dextrin, a specific complexing agent for adenine groups. The cation concentration at which the absorptivity begins to drop is less at lower pH. At cation concentrations where the hypochromic effect is observed, the critical micelle concentration is below 0.5 μM, but the addition of 30% methanol raises this value to 6 μM in the presence of 1 M KC1.
Aiming for the future: prospective action difficulty, prescribed difficulty, and Fitts' law.

A main purpose of the current investigation was to determine if Fitts’ index of difficulty [log2(2A/W)] could be taken as an index of subjective difficulty in prospective action. In two experiments, participants viewed 12 target displays with values of log2(2A/W) (prescribed difficulty) ranging between 1.0 and 6.5 bits. Following each 15 s trial, participants provided magnitude estimates reflecting the difficulty that someone else would experience if they actually had to make targeted movements during the trial. The prospective difficulty estimates were always made in the absence of movement. In Experiment 1, target displays were presented to participants on their own video monitor, while in Experiment 2, all participants concurrently viewed scaled-up target displays projected onto a large screen. There were three main findings: First, in both experiments, the prospective-prescribed relation was strong and positive. This finding warrants two conclusions: Fitts’ index of difficulty can be taken as an index of subjective difficulty in prospective action, and subjective estimates of performance difficulty result from the monitoring of feedforward control signals generated in the absence of movement-related feedback. Second, even with the large differences in the target display scale of Experiments 1 and 2, difficulty estimates were equivalent at common prescribed difficulty levels. In other words, the results of Experiment 1 were successfully replicated in Experiment 2. This finding demonstrates the generality of the prospective-prescribed relation. Third, nonlinearities in the prospective-prescribed relation resembled those seen in functions describing the increases in movement time that accompany increases in prescribed difficulty (Fitts’ law). This observation suggests that the prospective difficulty estimates were based on the value of a temporal parameter in an implicit mental simulation of the action.
Reflection of vertically propagating waves in a thermally conducting isothermal atmosphere with a horizontal magnetic field

Abstract We examine the reflection of vertically propagating waves in an isothermal atmosphere of small thermal conductivity with a weak horizontal magnetic field. Two limiting cases are considered: (1) Dominant thermal conduction; (2) Dominant magnetic field. Reflections take place in transition layers that separate regions of large and small thermal diffusivity, and of large and small Alfven speed. Reflection coefficients are derived for both cases and it is shown that resonances will occur. The solution for Case 1 is derived from the results for the analogous problem of a viscous and thermally conducting isothermal atmosphere. The singular perturbation problem for Case 2 is solved by matching inner and outer approximations.