cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locking-free and Stabilized Geometrically Nonlinear NURBS Isogeometric Finite Element Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate

This research present the development of geometrically nonlinear Nurbs isogeometric nite element analysis of laminated composite plates. First-order, shear-deformable laminate composite plate theory is utilized in deriving the governing equations using a variational formulation. Geometric nonlinearity is accounted for in Von-Karman sense. Nurbs quadratic and higher-order elements are constructed where k-re nement has no analogous in regular nite element. Isotropic, orthotropic and laminated composite plates are studied for various boundary conditions, length to thickness ratios and ply-angles. Computed center de ection is found to be in an excellent agreement with the literature and required fewer degrees of freedom/control point when compared with regular nite element analysis. For thin plate analysis, k-re ned, quadratic Nurbs element is found to remedy the shear locking problem, i.e. it eliminated the need for reduced integration of transverse shear sti ness terms. k-re ned quadratic Nurbs element also provided stable nonlinear de ection (hourglass instability) for distorted quadrilateral meshes. This research presents the development of Nurbs Isogeometric nite element where k-re ned Nurbs element eliminates the need for extra step required in developing locking-free and stable shear-deformable plate elements. Graduate Research Assistant(Ph.D student), Aerospace & Ocean Engineering Department, 215 Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA-24060, Student Member,AIAA yMitchell Professor, Aerospace & Ocean Engineering Department, 213E Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA-24060, Associate Fellow, AIAA
Ultrafast Charge Separation at CdS Quantum Dot/Rhodamine B Molecule Interface

Ultrafast dissociation of excitons in CdS quantum dots via electron transfer to adsorbed rhodamine B (RhB) molecules was demonstrated. The rate of electron transfer can be controlled by the number of adsorbates attached on the nanoparticle and transfer time as fast as 12 picoseconds was observed. The rapid and controllable charge separation in this model quantum dot−adsorbate complex provides a potential approach for separating multiple excitons before the exciton−exciton annihilation process.
Funduscopic photography and fluorescein angioretinography in evaluation of children with neurologic bandicaps

Examination of the optic fundus can be a useful indicator of systemic disease. A method is described for fluorescein angioretinography of selected handicapped infants and children. Instances of tuberous sclerosis, maternal rubella syndrome, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, heredomacular degenerative disease, late infantile amaurotic idiocy, and Tay-Sachs disease are given to illustrate this means of recording alterations of structure.
Z-NUCLEOTIDE ACCUMULATION IN ERYTHROCYTES FROM LESCH-NYHAN PATIENTS: 190

5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (Z-riboside) is an intermediate in the purine de novo synthetic pathway which may be metabolized either to IMP in a folate-dependent reaction or to the corresponding Z-nucleotides. Accumulation of ZTP in microorganisms has been associated with depletion of folate intermediates and has been postulated to play a regulatory role in cellular metabolism. We have demonstrated the presence of Z-nucleotides in erythrocytes derived from 5 individuals with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Erythrocyte folate levels were within the normal range in these individuals, although GTP and GDP levels were significantly reduced below those in normal control (p<0.001). Lesser amounts of Z-nucleotides were found in 3 individuals with partial deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and in 2 individuals with other disorders of purine overproduction. In contrast, no Z-nucleotides were detected in 13 normal controls or in 3 individuals with gout on allopurinol therapy. We conclude that Z-nucleotide formation may result from markedly increased rates of de novo purine biosynthesis. Whether or not the further metabolism of purine intermediates plays any role in the pathogenesis of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome remains unknown.
The Experience of Injustice: Some Characteristics and Correlates

Research on the phenomenology of justice, though messy, is necessary to enrich the more precise models of justice and to identify gaps in those models. The present studies were designed as a partial replication and extension of Mikula (1986). The goal of Study 1 was to obtain descriptions of the experience of injustice by asking subjects to describe typically unjust situations. Comparisons are made between the data from the present American sample and that of Mikula's Austrian subjects. Building on this, Study 2 asked subjects open-ended questions about their reactions to specific unjust situations. Both individual and situational characteristics affected responses to injustice, though not always in consistent ways. Implications for justice research are discussed.
OOF3D: An Image-Based Finite Element Solver for Materials Science

Recent advances in experimental techniques (micro CT scans, automated serial sectioning, electron back-scatter diffraction, synchrotron radiation x-rays) have made it possible to characterize the full, three dimensional structure of real materials. Such new experimental techniques have created a need for software tools that can model the response of these materials under various kinds of loads. OOF (Object Oriented Finite Elements) is a desktop software application for studying the relationship between the microstructure of a material and its overall mechanical, electromagnetic, or thermal properties using finite element models based on real or simulated micrographs. OOF provides methods for segmenting images, creating meshes of complex geometries, solving PDEs using finite element models, and visualizing 3D results. We discuss the challenges involved in implementing OOF in 3D and use finite element simulations of trabecular bone as an illustrative example.
Crystal structures of murine polyomavirus in complex with straight-chain and branched-chain sialyloligosaccharide receptor fragments

Abstract Background: Murine polyomavirus recognizes ( α 2,3)-linked α -5- N -acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) on the surface of susceptible cells. While all strains bind to straight-chain receptors terminating in ( α 2,3)-linked sialic acid, some strains also bind to branched oligosaccharides that carry a second, ( α 2,6)-linked sialic acid. The ability to bind to these branched-chain receptors correlates with a single amino acid mutation at position 91 on the outer surface of the major capsid protein, VP1, and with a significant decrease in tumorigenicity. Results We have determined the structures of polyomavirus strain P16, which bears a glycine at position 91, in complex with model compounds for both straight-chain and branched-chain sialoglycoconjugates. The structures have been refined to a resolution of 3.65 a. The ligands bind to a shallow groove on the surface of VP1. The sialic acid-( α 2,3)-galactose moiety, which is common to both compounds, has specific and identical contacts. The additional ( α 2,6)-linked sialic acid moiety of the branched-chain receptor fragment fits into a surface pocket, but it has high thermal factors and does not form hydrogen bonds to groups on VP1. Data collected from crystals soaked at different oligosaccharide concentrations establish that both receptor fragments have similar, low affinities (dissociation constants in the range 5–10mM) for the P16 virus, consistent with the interactions seen in the two complexes. Conclusion The oligosaccharide-binding groove is complementary to the shape of the bound glycan, but there are relatively few hydrogen bonds between glycan and protein. Thus, the nature of the glycosidic linkages appears to be the principal determinant of specificity, rather than the position of particular hydroxyl groups. The low receptor affinity may be important for avoiding inhibition of viral release by retention on surface receptors of infected cells. Evidence suggests that strains with still greater pathogenicity are likely to have even weaker affinity.
29.5W continuous wave output from 100um wide laser diode

We report modeling and experimental results that demonstrate mechanisms limiting the output power of semiconductor lasers and a method experimentally yielding a dramatic increase of the maximum continuous wave output power. Unfolded cavity is used to achieve higher power and efficiency by improving the alignment between the carrier and photon density profiles in a long cavity device. This method offers reduced longitudinal spatial hole burning (LSHB) and lower photon density inside the laser cavity; therefore, it decreases possible LSHB and non-linear effects that could limit the output power of a semiconductor laser. We have demonstrated 29.5W output from 5.7mm long and 100um wide waveguide at 9xx nm using an unfolded cavity. A semiconductor laser with an unfolded cavity allows scaling of the output power by increasing the cavity length.
Serum amyloid A is a chemotactic agonist at FPR2, a low-affinity N-formylpeptide receptor on mouse neutrophils.

Abstract Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase plasma protein and the source of amyloid A, which accumulates in lesions of secondary amyloidosis. SAA can induce phagocyte migration in vitro and in vivo, and is a specific chemotactic agonist for the human low-affinity N-formylpeptide receptor FPRL1R, a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed on phagocytes. Here we show that FPR2, a mouse counterpart of FPRL1R, is also an SAA receptor. SAA selectively induced calcium flux and chemotaxis in mouse PMN, which express FPR2, as well as in HEK 293 cells expressing recombinant FPR2 but not in HEK 293 cells expressing FPR, a closely related high affinity N-formylpeptide receptor. Consistent with this, SAA activity on PMN from FPR+/+ and FPR−/− mice was indistinguishable. Moreover, the prototype N-formylpeptide fMLF desensitized SAA-induced calcium flux in a dose-dependent manner in both mouse neutrophils and HEK 293/FPR2 transfectants. Our results suggest that FPR2 specifically mediates mouse neutrophil migration in response to SAA.
Beta-delayed proton decay of 13O: A violation of mirror symmetry

Abstract Beta-delayed protons, Elab > 1.2 MeV, were observed following the decay of 13O, τ 1 2 = 8.95±0.20 ms . Comparison of 13O decay-rates with those of the mirror nuclide 13B indicates a 15% deviation from mirror symmetry.
Phosphorus regulation of nitrogen fixation in a traditional Mexican agroecosystem

Although nitrogen is considered to be the nutrient that most commonly limits production of natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems, I propose that phosphorus may regulate productivity in many continuously cultivated agroecosystems that do not receive applications of synthetic fertilizers. One way P may limit agroecosystem productivity is by controlling nitrogen fixation of legume crops, thus affecting nitrogen availability in the overall agroecosystem. I tested this hypothesis in two studies by examining the effect of phosphorus nutrition on nitrogen fixation of alfalfa in traditional Mexican agroecosystems. All farms used in the research relied on alfalfa as the primary nitrogen source for maize cultivation and other crops, and had minimal or no reliance on synthetic fertilizers. In one study, I used the natural abundance of15N to estimate nitrogen fixation in five alfalfa plots with soils representing a wide range of P fertility. I found a correlation of r = 0.85 between foliage P concentrations and nitrogen fixation in the alfalfa plots. Mean nitrogen fixation in alfalfa plots ranged between 232–555 kg ha−1 yr−1 as estimated by the15N-natural abundance method. In a second study, I sampled soils from alfalfa plots on traditional farms located in 5 different physiographic regions of Mexico. Half of each soil sample was augmented with phosphorus in a greenhouse experiment. I grew alfalfa on the fertilized and unfertilized soils from each site and then determined nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of the Rhizobium on the plant roots. Nitrogenase activity increased in the alfalfa grown on all soils with added phosphorus, with two of the five differences being statistically significant at P < 0.01, 0 and one at P < 0.05. Foliage P concentrations and nitrogenase activity were 0 positively correlated (r = 0.81,P < 0.01).0
A generalized form of the Kissinger equation

Abstract An equation is deduced in this paper and an attempt is made to obtain the peak maxima information theoretically from the differential thermogravimetry curves. The calculations are critically assessed. The Kissinger method, which also deals with the peak maxima, is also discussed. A comparison of the equation due to Kissinger and that of the equation deduced in this paper shows that the Kissinger equation is a special case of this equation. The approximation made in the deduction of the Kissinger equation can be restated as “The extent of reaction at the peak maxima under different heating rates is the same”.
Human β-endorphin: Development of tolerance and behavioral activity in rats

Abstract Human β-endorphin produced a potent antinociceptive response as estimated by the tail-flick test in rats after intraventricular injection. On a molar basis, the peptide was 21 times more potent than morphine and in addition, the peptide produced morphine-like catatonia and hypothermia. These responses were blocked by naloxone. Repeated injections of the peptide induced tolerance to analgesic response, catatonia and hypothermia. Cross tolerance to morphine was also observed.
A computational study on interfacial doping and quantum transport of silicide-silicon contacts

In nanoscale silicon CMOS, the contact resistance could considerable lower the on-current and significantly increase the delay. Most models of metal-semiconductor and silicide-silicon contacts remain over-simplified and phenomenological. In this study, ab initio simulations based on the density-functional theory (DFT) and quantum transport simulations based on the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism have been developed to model and investigate the technologically important silicide-silicon contacts. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of a considerable metal-induced bandgap states, a carefully designed interfacial doping scheme can effectively modulate the Schottky barrier height (SBH). The modulation of the SBH can transform a rectifying I-V characteristic of a Schottky diode to a nearly linear I-V characteristic of an Ohmic contact even without changing the bulk semiconductor doping density.
Election games for resource allocation in multicarrier multiuser wireless networks

This paper investigates the issue of resource allocation in multicarrier wireless networks, where users have a choice between multiple service providers. We investigate the feasibility of modeling the allocation problem as a probabilistic voting game. In other words, competing transmitters are modeled as candidates in an election, while the receivers form the electorate. The specific example analyzed in this work is a OFDM-based bandwidth allocation game with two competing transmitters. The existence and structure of equilibrium outcomes of the proposed voting game are studied in detail. Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed voting-theoretic mechanism.
Microfilaments and membranes

Microfilaments are intimately involved in many plasma and internal membrane functions. Recent studies of microfilament-membrane linking proteins and non-filamentous myosins implicate microfilaments in diverse functions, including transmembrane signaling and vesicular transport. Evidence from animal and yeast cells suggests that microfilaments are regulated by protein phosphosphorylation, small GTP-binding proteins and associations involving SH3 domains.
Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Mortality

Objective To determine whether a history of depression and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with all-cause mortality in primary care patients over an average of 2 years. Methods Patients from seven Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers completed mailed questionnaires. Depression and PTSD status were determined from patient self-report of a prior diagnosis and/or electronic administrative data. Date of death was ascertained from Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture and the Department of Veterans Affairs' Beneficiary Identification and Records Locator System. Results Among 35,715 primary care patients, those with a history of depression without a history of PTSD (n = 6876) were at increased risk of death over an average of 2 years compared with patients with neither depression nor PTSD after adjustment for demographic variables, health behaviors, and medical comorbidity (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.17; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.06-1.28). However, patients with a history of PTSD without a history of depression (n = 748) were not at increased risk of death compared with patients with neither depression nor PTSD (HR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.63-1.13). Patients with a history of both (n = 3762) were at increased risk of death after adjustment for demographic factors, although not after additional adjustment for health behaviors and medical comorbidity (HR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.78-1.04). Conclusions In a large sample of veterans, a prior diagnosis of depression, but not PTSD, was associated with an increased risk of death over an average of 2 years after adjusting for age, demographic variables, health behaviors, and medical comorbidity.
Magnetic Ground State and Phase Diagram, Hc(T), for Magnetically Ordered [Ru2(O2CMe)4]3[Cr(CN)6]†

The magnetic phase diagram for [Ru2(O2CMe)4]3[Cr(CN)6] was determined from temperature dependent isothermal magnetization studies below its 33-K Tc. Below ∼25 K, the change in slope of the M(H) for ∼1100 ± 400 Oe increases with increasing temperature, as does the initial slope at lower applied field, whereas above ∼25 K, the slope decreases with increasing temperature. The M(H) below its 25-K tricritical point is characteristic of a first order transition, whereas above 25 K, it is characteristic of a second order transition. The magnetic phase diagram of [Ru2(O2CMe)4]3[Cr(CN)6] is characteristic of a class 1 metamagnet and has an antiferromagnetic ground-state arising from antiferromagnetically coupled ferrimagnetic lattices.
Surface Energetics of Nylon 66 Fibers

Abstract Surface energy of nylon 66 fibers is of considerable importance in the conversion of these fibers into consumer products such as tirecord, carpets, and various composite materials in combination with other polymers. Adhesion of nylon 66 fibers to rubber or the coupling agent in tirecord, or to the fluoropolymer used as a soil resist finish in carpets, depends on the surface energy of these fibers. If produced undrawn, nylon 66 fibers can be drawn later, up to 8×, to attain desirable fiber properties. Since hydrogen bonds rearrange during drawing it would be of interest to see if these changes also result in changes in surface energy. An attempt has been made to understand this aspect in this article. We have determined the dispersion and the acid–base (donor–acceptor) components of the surface energy of nylon 66 fibers by wettability measurements in appropriate probe liquids using the Wilhelmy principle, as well as by inverse gas chromatography (IGC), where interactions between the fiber surface and the probe molecules are studied in a chromatography column in which fibers form the stationary phase. By suitable data treatment these chromatograms could be converted to adsorption isotherms. The probe molecules were reasonably well matched to give comparable values by the two methods. Adsorption of site-specific fluorescent dyes showed increases in acid and basic surface groups by microfluorometry on drawn fibers. The density of the surface groups depended on the drawing environment, especially the one involving liquid water. The apparent discrepancy between microfluorometry results and the surface energy by wettability measurements resolved itself when the surface energy components were calculated by assuming that the entire work of adhesion results from hydrogen bonding interactions only, in solids with functional groups capable of forming strong hydrogen bonds, such as nylons, as suggested by Gutowski.
Probing topography and tailing for commercial stationary phases using AFM, FT-IR, and HPLC.

Atomic force microscopy was used to study surface characteristics of three chromatographic silica products: Agilent Zorbax SB300, Waters Symmetry 300, and Merck Chromolith. Each is modified with a monomeric C18 monolayer. Both topographic and adhesive force measurements were made for each product. Topographical images revealed that all three materials are as smooth as glass on the scale of 100 nm and below. Adhesive forces for all three materials were much lower and much more uniform than for chemically modified fused silica. FT-IR spectra for all three materials showed a low abundance of isolated silanols, thus explaining the low adhesion. Chromatograms of a cationic dye, 1,1‘-didodecyl-3,3,3‘,3‘-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), ranging in concentration from 1 to 300 μM were obtained for each column. All three materials exhibited classic nonlinear tailing; the Zorbax exhibited fronting as well. Chromatographic simulations were performed for the Symmetry and Chromolith products to determine...
X-ray crystallographic studies of polymorphic forms of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA.

Abstract Yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA has been found to crystallize in five different crystal systems involving eight different space groups. The X-ray diffraction characteristics of these forms are described. One of the orthorhombic forms yields a diffraction pattern with higher resolution than either the hexagonal, the cubic or the monoclinic forms. One region of this orthorhombic diffraction pattern is particularly sensitive to X-ray exposure and to changes in the concentration of various solutes. The diffraction pattern from the cubic crystal form extends to a resolution of 3 A, and there are a number of strong reflections in the 3 to 4 A region which suggest that double-helical segments of the tRNA molecules are oriented along the 4-fold axes. Some comments are made regarding the nature of the polymorphism in the transfer RNA crystals.
The Bargmann Transform and Windowed Fourier Localization

We consider the relationship between Gabor-Daubechies windowed Fourier localization operators $$ L^{w}_{\varphi } $$ and Berezin-Toeplitz operators T φ, using the Bargmann isometry β. For “window” w a finite linear combination of Hermite functions, and a very general class of functions φ, we prove an equivalence of the form $$ \beta L^{w}_{\varphi } \beta ^{{ - 1}} = C^{*} M_{\varphi } C = T_{{(1 + D)\varphi }} $$ by obtaining the exact formulas for the operator C and the linear differential operator D.
Evidence for developmental changes in sodium channel inactivation gating and sodium channel block by phenytoin in rat cardiac myocytes.

The voltage-dependent properties of the voltage-activated sodium channel were studied in neonatal (1-2-day-old) and adult rat ventricular cardiac myocytes using the whole-cell variation of the patch-clamp technique (16 degrees C, [Na]i = 15 mM, [Na]o = 25 mM). The voltage dependence of the sodium conductance-membrane potential relation was similar in both neonatal and adult myocytes except for a difference in slope; the adult sodium conductance-membrane potential relation was slightly more steep. Neonatal cells also differed from adult cells by demonstrating a more negative voltage midpoint of their sodium availability curve, a slower rate of recovery from inactivation at hyperpolarized potentials, and a greater extent of slow inactivation development compared with adult cells. Phenytoin (40 microM) reduced the sodium current in a tonic and use-dependent manner in both adult and neonatal myocytes. However, phenytoin (40 microM) produced significantly more tonic block at negative holding potentials (e.g., -140 mV) in neonatal myocytes (22 +/- 5% [mean +/- SEM], n = 14) than in adult myocytes (10 +/- 2%, n = 11) (p less than 0.05). The amplitudes of use-dependent block obtained during trains of 1-second pulses to -20 mV were also significantly greater in neonatal myocytes than in adult myocytes when the diastolic interval was varied over a range of 0.1-1.5 seconds (p less than 0.05). Definition of the time courses of block development at -20 mV indicated that phenytoin had a slightly higher affinity for inactivated sodium channels in neonatal cells. In addition, the time constant of recovery from use-dependent block by phenytoin was found to be significantly longer in neonatal cells than in adult cells at membrane potentials between -160 and -100 mV (p less than 0.001). The marked differences in phenytoin effect on cardiac sodium channels in neonatal versus adult rat cardiac myocytes suggest that there may be significant developmental changes in the sodium channel blocking effects of class I antiarrhythmic drugs in cardiac tissue.
Zmiz1 is overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancer and associated with p53 gene mutations

Zmiz1 staining is elevated in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Tumors that are Zmiz1 positive are associated with mutations of the p53 gene. Zmiz1 overexpression may be associated with decreased survival in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Additional studies are needed to more clearly determine the role of Zmiz1 in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.
Erratum to “Early pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography in dairy cattle” [Theriogenology 66 (2006)1034–1041]

Juan E. Romano *, James A. Thompson , David W. Forrest , Mark E. Westhusin , Michael A. Tomaszweski , Duane C. Kraemer b,c a Large Animal Clinical Sciences. College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA b Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA c Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
The Study of Race

'The Study of Race* S. L. WASHBURN University of California, Berkele)' HE address of T race, Executive Board has asked me to give my agreed to on do the subject not and, reluctantly and diffidently, I have so. I am a specialist on this subject. I have never done research on race, but I have taught it for a number of years. Discussion of the races of man seems to generate endless emotion and con­ fusion. I am under no illusion that this paper can do much to dispel the con­ fusion; it may add to the emotion. The latest information available supports the traditional findings of anthropologists and other social scientists-that there is no scientific basis of any kind for racial discrimination. I think that the way this conclusion has been reached needs to be restated. The continua­ tionof antiquated biological notions in anthropology and the oversimplification of facts weakens the anthropological position. We must realize that great changes have taken place in the study of race over the last 20 years and it is up to us to bring our profession into the forefront of the newer understandings, so that our statements will be authoritative and useful. This paper will be concerned with three topics-the modern concept of race, the interpretation of racial differences, and the social significances of race. And, again, I have no illusion that these things can be treated briefly; I shall merely say a few things which are on my mind and which you may amplify by turning to the literature, and especially to Dobzhansky's book, Mankind Evolving. This book states the relations between culture and genetics in a way which is useful to social scientists. In my opinion it is a great book which puts the interrelations of biology and culture in proper perspective and avoids the oversimplifications which come from overemphasis on either one alone. The races of man are the result of human evolution, of the evolution of our species. The races are open parts of the species, and the species is a closed system. If we look, then, upon long-term human evolution, our first problem must be the species and the things which have caused the evolution of all mankind, not the races, which are the results of local forces and which are minor in terms of the evolution of the whole species. (A contrary view has recently been expressed by Coon in The Origin of Races. I think that great antiquity of human races is supported neither by the record nor by evolution­ ary theory.) The evolution of races is due, according to modern genetics, to mutation, selection, migration, and genetic drift. It is easy to shift from this statement of genetic theory to complications of hemoglobin, blood groups or other technical information. But the point I want to stress is that the primary implication • Delivered as the Presidential address at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropo­ logical Association, November 16, 1962, in Chicago.
Anisotropic magnetism in field-structured composites

Magnetic field-structured composites (FSCs) are made by structuring magnetic particle suspensions in uniaxial or biaxial (e.g., rotating) magnetic fields, while polymerizing the suspending resin. A uniaxial field produces chainlike particle structures, and a biaxial field produces sheetlike particle structures. In either case, these anisotropic structures affect the measured magnetic hysteresis loops, with the magnetic remanence and susceptibility increased significantly along the axis of the structuring field, and decreased slightly orthogonal to the structuring field, relative to the unstructured particle composite. The coercivity is essentially unaffected by structuring. We present data for FSCs of magnetically soft particles, and demonstrate that the altered magnetism can be accounted for by considering the large local fields that occur in FSCs. FSCs of magnetically hard particles show unexpectedly large anisotropies in the remanence, and this is due to the local field effects in combination with the large crystalline anisotropy of this material.
Expression and regulation of normal and polymorphic epithelial sodium channel by human lymphocytes.

Abstract Gene expression, protein expression, and function of amiloride-sensitive sodium channels were examined in human lymphocytes from normal individuals and individuals with Liddle's disease. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions, expression of all three cloned epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits was detected in lymphocytes. Polyclonal antibodies to bovine α-ENaC bound to the plasma membrane of normal and Liddle's lymphocytes. A quantitative analysis of fluorescence-tagged ENaC antibodies indicated a 2.5-fold greater surface binding of the antibodies to Liddle's lymphocytes compared with normal lymphocytes. The relative binding intensity increased significantly (25%;p < 0.001) for both normal and Liddle's cells after treatment with 40 μm 8-CPT-cAMP. Amiloride-sensitive whole cell currents were recorded under basal and cAMP-treated conditions for both cell types. Liddle's cells had a 4.5-fold larger inward sodium conductance compared with normal cells. A specific 25% increase in the inward sodium current was observed in normal cells in response to cAMP treatment. Outside-out patches from both cell types under both treatment conditions revealed no obvious differences in the single channel conductance. The P open was 4.2 ± 3.9% for patches from non-Liddle's cells, and 27.7 ± 5.4% in patches from Liddle's lymphocytes. Biochemical purification of a protein complex, using the same antibodies used for the immunohistochemistry, yielded a functional sodium channel complex that was inhibited by amiloride when reconstituted into lipid vesicles and incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. These four independent methodologies yielded findings consistent with the hypotheses that human lymphocytes express functional, regulatable ENaC and that the mutation responsible for Liddle's disease induces excessive channel expression.
D-amphetamine as a discriminative cue: Drugs with similar stimulus properties☆

Abstract Rats were trained to choose between the side compartments of a 3-chambered shock-escape apparatus according to whether they were injected (i.p.) with 4.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine or 0.9% saline. The d-amphetamine drug state acquired all the properties of a discriminative stimulus by producing interoceptive cues. Doses of 0.4 mg/kg nicotine, 7.4–29.7 mg/kg mescaline, 4.0–8.0 mg/kg fenfluramine and 0.048 mg/kg LSD failed to produce an amphetamine-like cue. However, l-amphetamine, 8.0 mg/kg, produced responses shown to be statistically similar to the 4.0 mg/kg training dose of d-amphetamine.
Amplification of obliquely incident waves by a cylindrical valley embedded in a layered half-space

Abstract Extensive numerical results illustrating the harmonic three-dimensional response of cylindrical valleys embedded in uniform and layered media and subjected to obliquely incident P-, SV- and SH-waves are presented. In particular, the effects of the horizontal and vertical angles of incidence, some of the effects of layering and the dependence of the results on the frequency of the excitation are examined in some detail.
The efficacy of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics in elective foot and ankle surgery.

A retrospective chart review of 555 patients who received elective foot and ankle surgeries between 1995 and 2001 at 1 outpatient podiatric hospital clinic was performed to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative intravenous antibiotic use. Only those patients who were having elective foot or ankle surgery for the first time, were being followed up at the hospital's outpatient clinic, and had a nontraumatic cause for their surgery were included in this study. A wound was considered infected when purulent material from the wound sites was noted and an organism(s) was cultured. A wound complication was defined as a superficial dehiscence, edema, erythema, or stitch abscess. Three hundred six (55.1%) patients received a preoperative antibiotic and 249 (44.9%) patients did not. Of the 306 patients who received a preoperative antibiotic, 9 (1.6%) acquired a postoperative wound infection, whereas 8 (1.4%) of the 249 patients who did not receive preoperative antibiotics acquired a postoperative infection. A logistic regression model and chi square tests of association were used to determine if preoperative antibiotic use, age, gender, type of surgical procedure, operative time, tourniquet use, past medical history, and internal fixation were predictive of or associated with postoperative wound infection or complication. None of the study factors was predictive of postoperative wound infection or complication (P >.01). Preoperative antibiotic use was associated with surgical category and internal fixation use (P .01). The results suggest that prophylactic intravenous antibiotic use in routine elective foot and ankle surgery is not warranted.
Randomized study of combined universal family and school preventive interventions: patterns of long-term effects on initiation, regular use, and weekly drunkenness

This study reports findings on a combined family and school-based competency-training intervention from an in-school assessment 2.5 years past baseline, as a follow-up to an earlier study of substance initiation. Increased rates of observed alcohol use and an additional wave of data allowed evaluation of regular alcohol use and weekly drunkenness, with both point-in-time and growth curve analyses. Thirty-six rural schools were randomly assigned to (a) a combined family and school intervention condition, (b) a school-only condition, or (c) a control condition. The earlier significant outcome on a substance initiation index was replicated, and positive point-in-time results for weekly drunkenness were observed, but there were no statistically significant outcomes for regular alcohol use. Discussion focuses on factors relevant to the mix of significant longitudinal results within a consistent general pattern of positive intervention-control differences.
Dependence of the Dielectric Coefficient of Air Upon Pressure and Frequency

A capacity-resistance bridge has been designed to incorporate into an a.c. method of measurement the most desirable features of a previously described electrometer method of determination of the dielectric coefficients of gases. The bridge, which provides for adequate shielding from the effects of solid insulators, has been employed for the measurement of the dielectric coefficient of air at pressures up to 170 atmospheres (18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) and frequencies up to 70,000 cycles per second. As in the electrometer measurements, the dielectric coefficient at each frequency employed appeared to increase approximately linearly with pressure. The extreme variation among the measured values of the dielectric coefficient, 1.000589 to 1.000593 at N.T.P., was less than one percent, and is considered to lie within the experimental error.
Platelet function in sickle cell anemia.

Abstract Platelet function was serially followed in a group of 13 children with SCD. Defective platelet aggregation was seen in all 4 patients studied during painful crisis and in 45 percent of patients during “asymptomatic” periods. Stypven times were shorter (perhaps reflecting increased PF-3) in the PRP of patients; however, Stypven times were slightly prolonged following freeze-thawing. Recombination experiments in 8 patients revealed no inhibition of SCD plasma on the function of platelets derived normal controls. These findings are suggestive of partial activation of platelets in SCD and may suggest a role of platelets in the genesis of the vaso-occlusive crisis common in this disorder.
Multiplanar demonstration of spontaneous portal-systemic shunts by ultrasound and computerized tomography

Two patients are presented in whom the diagnosis of spontaneous portal-systemic communications was made by ultrasound and confirmed by computerized tomography and percutaneous transhepatic portography. The concomitant roles of ultrasound and multiplanar computerized tomography are discussed, along with the differential diagnoses.
ROTATIONAL ENHANCEMENT OF THE PROTON-TRANSFER BARRIER FOR ION-MOLECULE REACTIONS ON A DOUBLE-MINIMUM SURFACE

Abstract Experiments indicate that the methanol/methoxide proton-transfer reaction is slower than expected. Quantum calculations indicate that the barrier for proton-transfer within the ion—molecule dimer{CH3OH…OCH3]s]− → {CH3O…HOCH3}− is strongly dependent on the oxygen—oxygen separation. We show that the dimer is formed with high orbital angular momentum and that this can lead to elongation of the O—O distance. The proton-transfer transition state with conservation of orbital angular momentum is ≈ 1 kcal mol− higher than the saddle point.
Experimental band structure of potassium as measured by angle-resolved photoemission

The bulk band structure of potassium along the [110] direction was measured using angle-resolved photoemission from an epitaxial potassium film several thousand angstroms thick grown on a Ni(100) substrate. We find the occupied bandwidth to be 1.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 eV, which is narrower than the free-electron bandwidth of 2.12 eV and agrees with recent calculations of the quasiparticle self-energy. A narrow peak near the Fermi level which did not disperse with photon energy was observed for photon energies which, according to the nearly-free-electron model, should yield no direct transitions. A comparison of the binding energy and intensity of the anomalous peak as functions of photon energy is made to the calculations of Shung and Mahan [Phys. Rev. B 38, 3856 (1988)]. The discrepancies found are discussed in terms of an enhanced surface photoeffect in the photon energy range 20\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\le}30 eV. For low photon energies, a bulk peak was also observed due to a surface umklapp process with an intensity comparable to the standard bulk (110) peak. The possible contributions to this strong surface umklapp process from a shear instability at the first few (110) atomic planes is discussed.
EFFECT OF MECHANICAL STIMULATION ON THE ELECTRICAL AND CURVATURE RESPONSES IN THE AVENA COLEOPTILE

The almost innumerable experiments on the effects of auxins on plant growth have raised two challenging questions. (1) By what mechanism do the auxins exert their effect on the complicated process of growth? (2) What is the identity of the functional polarity that is responsible for the auxin transport ? The present investigation is concerned primarily with the second of these questions. It is generally accepted that the Avena coleoptile in the horizontal position will respond to gravity by bending upward (2, 23), and by establishing a transverse electrical polarity (1, 3, 4, 5, ?, 19, 24) oriented so that the electronegative, or upper side, becomes the concave side. It has previously been shown that this electrical polarity is established before any evidence of the unequal distribution of growth hormones occurs and before upward curvature begins (18). Starr's (20) experiments have proved that the Avena coleoptile will respond to mechanical stimulation by bending toward the stimulated side. These experiments have been confirmed by Schrank (17). Brown, Lund, and Marsh (7, 14, 15) have demonstrated that mechanical stimulation induces changes in electrical polarity in livjng plants such that the stimulated region becomes electronegative to the unstimulated region. Likewise, a transverse electrical polarity is established in the Avena coleoptile when it is mechanically stimulated on one side (17), and as in other plants, the orientation of this polarity is such that the stimulated side becomes electronegative to the unstimulated. Since the curvature in this case is toward the stimulated side, it follows, as in geotropically stimulated plants, that the negative side again becomes the concave side. Finally, it has been shown that the upward curvature of the coleoptile in the horizontal position can be prevented by repeated mechanical stimulation of the under side which establishes a transverse electrical polarity opposite in orientation to the transverse electrical polarity established by gravity alone (17). In the light of these facts, it becomes significant to inquire: (1) In the vertically oriented coleoptile, how does a variation in the duration of the applied mechanical stimulation affect the magnitude of the transverse eleetrical polarity that is established and the rate and magnitude of the resulting curvature? (2) What effect does mechanical stimulation of the coleoptile in the horizontal position have on the transverse electrical polarity and geo-
The dynamic spore

Most bacteria can, at least to some degree, hunker down during periods of stress and wait for good times to return. No cells, however, do this as effectively as those Bacilli and Clostridia that form spores. Dormant cells produced by these bacteria can survive most environmental challenges found on earth and even a few in outer space and can remain dormant in excess of millions of years (1, 2). Nonetheless, when suitable conditions are present once again, spores rapidly germinate and resume vegetative growth.
Heat transports in the Indian Ocean estimated from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry and model simulations

Estimates of the heat budget of the Indian Ocean computed using TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) sea-level anomalies and the Miami Isopycnal Coordinate Ocean Model are compared to study the redistribution of heat in the Indian Ocean. In particular, the horizontal heat transport and heat storage are used because they typically change on time scales of months or years or longer, and are therefore a predictable element of the climate system. The results show that T/P-derived heat storage is weaker than that derived from the model but has similar spatial structure and temporal evolution. Complex principal component analysis shows that there are two main modes of heat content redistribution in the Indian Ocean. The most dominant mode has an annual signal peaking in the boreal summer, and depicts the response to strong southwest monsoon winds. This involves offshore propagation of heat in the northern Indian Ocean and southward propagation of heat across the equator. The other main mode of heat content redistribution in the Indian Ocean results from westward propagating equatorial Rossby waves. This process is prominent in the boreal fall to spring, and represents the dynamic readjustment of the Indian Ocean to near-equatorial wind forcing. This mode indirectly relates to the dipole mode index in the Indian Ocean. The minima of this time series coincide with the occurrence of the anomalous dipole structure in the equatorial Indian Ocean.
Communication Apprehension and Resting Alpha Range Asymmetry in the Anterior Cortex

In this study, we examined the relationship between trait-like communication apprehension (CA) and resting alpha range asymmetry in the anterior cortex (AC). Although theory and research in cognitive neuroscience suggest that asymmetry in the AC constitutes a relatively stable, inborn, substrate of emotion, some studies indicate that asymmetry can be increased by experimentally induced transitory anxiety. Transitory anxiety produced by interaction with strangers covaries with trait-like CA, raising questions regarding whether asymmetrical electrical activity in the AC during data collection represents resting levels as assumed in the literature or transitory reactions to dyadic interaction with the experimenter. Because the question if unanswered poses issues for theory and approaches to remediation, we computed correlations among alpha range asymmetry in the AC gathered by electroencephalograph (EEG) while participants were at rest, transitory anxiety scores referring to the participants’ interactions wi...
Effects of the perfluorochemical emulsion FMIQ on the radiation response of EMT6 tumours.

The effects of FMIQ, a perfluorochemical emulsion based on perfluoro-N-methyldecahydroisoquinoline, were examined using BALB/c mice and EMT6 mammary carcinomas. The radiobiological effects of FMIQ were similar to those found previously for Fluosol® in the same tumour/host system. Although the perfluorochemical content (20% w/v) and oxygen-carrying capacity of FMIQ are similar to those of Fluosol, the formulation of FMIQ offers some advantages over that of Fluosol. For example, FMIQ has greater stability during storage. FMIQ also is fomulated without pluronic F-68 and is based on a perfluorochemical (FMIQ) having a shorter tissue dwell time than the perfluorotripropylamine in Fluosol; it therefore may produce fewer side-effects than Fluosol. The lifetime of the circulating perfluorochemical droplets in BALB/c mice was longer than FMIQ than for Fluosol; this could offer an advantage in fractionated radiotherapy. These findings give reason to expect that FMIQ may prove to be a better emulsion than Fluosol fo...