cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Organic Amendments on Soilborne and Foliar Diseases in Field-Grown Snap Bean and Cucumber

Several paper mills in Wisconsin have programs for spreading paper mill residuals (PMR) on land. A growing number of vegetable farmers recognize the agronomic benefits of PMR applications, but there have been no investigations on the use of PMR for control of vegetable crop diseases. Our objective was to determine the effect of PMR amendments on soilborne and foliar diseases of cucumber and snap bean grown on a sandy soil. Raw PMR, PMR composted without bulking agent (PMRC), or PMR composted with bark (PMRBC) were applied annually in a 3-year rotation of potato, snap bean, and pickling cucumber. Several naturally occurring diseases were evaluated in the field, along with in situ field bioassays. All amendments suppressed cucumber damping-off and Pythium blight and foliar brown spot of snap bean. Both composts reduced the incidence of angular leaf spot in cucumber. In a separate field experiment planted with snap bean for two consecutive years, all amendments reduced common root rot severity in the second year. In a greenhouse experiment, the high rate of PMRBC suppressed anthracnose of snap bean. These results suggest that the application of raw and composted PMR to sandy soils has the potential to control several soilborne and foliar diseases.
Impulse and Constraint: Perspectives From Personality Psychology, Convergence With Theory in Other Areas, and Potential for Integration:

A behavioral dimension of impulse versus constraint has long been observed by personality psychologists. This article begins by reviewing processes underlying this dimension from the perspectives of several personality theories. Some cases of constraint reflect inhibition due to anxiety, but some theories suggest other roots for constraint. Theories from developmental psychology accommodate both possibilities by positing 2 sorts of control over action. These modes of influence strongly resemble those predicated in some personality theories and also 2 modes of function that are asserted by some cognitive and social psychological theories. Several further literatures are considered, to which 2-mode models seem to contribute meaningfully. The article closes by addressing questions raised by these ideas, including whether the issue of impulse versus constraint applies to avoidance as well as to approach.
Genetic toxicity of fluoride

F- is not mutagenic in standard bacterial systems, but produces chromosome aberrations and gene mutations in cultured mammalian cells. Although there is disagreement in the literature concerning the ability of F- to induce chromosome aberrations in cultured human and rodent cells, the weight of the evidence leads to the conclusion that F- exposure results in increased chromosome aberrations in these test systems. NaF induced primarily chromatid gaps and chromatid breaks, indicating that the rodent cells are responsive in the G2 stage of the cell cycle. In contrast, studies with synchronized human cells indicated that the S phase was the most sensitive. If F- does have a cell cycle-specific effect, it could be expected that differences in the cell treatment and harvest protocols could lead to conflicting results for the induction of chromosome aberrations. Gene mutations were produced in cultured rodent and human cells in the majority of the studies. Unfortunately, a number of the in vitro and in vivo cytogenetic studies are of questionable utility because of the protocols used, the quality of the responses reported, or the interpretations of the data. The conflicting results in the in vivo cytogenetic studies are difficult to reconcile. There are reports of increased chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow and testes, but other studies, using similar protocols and dose ranges, have reported no induced chromosome damage. Although some of the studies were performed at toxic levels of F-, other studies, including those that showed positive results, were at F- concentrations (1-5 ppm) equivalent to human exposure levels. In the majority of studies that were reported to be positive, there were high background frequencies, or the investigators reported categories of nuclear or chromosome damage that are difficult to interpret. Interestingly, many of the positive results were obtained when anaphase cells were scored, whereas similar treatment protocols in other laboratories yielded negative results when metaphase cells were the only cell type examined. It is difficult, without additional data, to determine the reasons for finding chromosome breaks in anaphase, but not metaphase, cells. Other reports have presented insufficient information to allow adequate evaluations. Therefore, at this time, the question of whether F- produces chromosome damage in vivo should be considered unresolved.
Identification of cell cycle–regulated genes periodically expressed in U2OS cells and their regulation by FOXM1 and E2F transcription factors

Characterization of the cell cycle–regulated transcripts in U2OS cells yielded 1871 unique genes. FOXM1 targets were identified via ChIP-seq, and novel targets in G2/M and S phases were verified us...
Multi-granularity Visualization of Trajectory Clusters Using Sub-trajectory Clustering

With the surging of the requirements of location-based services, mining various interesting patterns from the spatial data becomes more and more important. In this paper, we propose an approach for visualizing the trajectory clustering results based on sub-trajectory clusters discovered from large-scale trajectory data. At first, we segment each trajectory into a set of sub-trajectories by detecting its corner points. And then, we choose Frechet distance to compute the similarity between sub-trajectories, and use a density-based clustering method to cluster sub-trajectories and get an augmented order of the sub-trajectories. The visualization method can support multi-granularity views of the generated sub-trajectory clusters. Experiments have demonstrated the applicability and benefits of the proposed approach.
Alcohol consumption and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study

Abstract Background Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PA1-I) plays a key role in fibrinolytic activity, which is important for thrombotic cardiovascular events. It has been suggested that moderate alcohol consumption may protect against coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. However, little is known about the effects of moderate doses of alcohol on PA1-1. Methods and Results We assessed the association between different levels of alcohol consumption and PA1-1 among 1862 participants of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. We fitted a regression model, adjusting for anthropometric, metabolic, and lifestyle factors. Individuals in the highest alcohol intake category were leaner, had higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, smoked more cigarettes, and consumed less dietary fiber compared with never-drinkers. For drinking categories of never-drinkers, ex-drinkers, and current drinkers of 0.1 to 1.4, 1.5 to 4.9, 5.0 to 14.9, and ⩾ 15 g/d of alcohol, multivariate adjusted geometric mean PA1-1 levels among women were 10.77, 9.41, 9.99, 11.21, 11.28, and 16.40 ng/ml, respectively. With similar categories except the top category divided into 15.0 to 29.9 and ⩾30 g/d, PA1-1 levels among men were 18.43, 15.77, 15.19, 16.20, 17.27, 24.02, and 29.46 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusions These results show that alcohol consumption up to 14.9 g/d is not associated with increased PA1-1, whereas the findings suggest increased PA1-1 with greater alcohol intake.
Radiographic heart size and left ventricular volume in aortic valve disease.

Abstract The relation between the radiographic heart size measured by a quantitative technique and left ventricular end-diastolic volume was examined in 33 patients with pure aortic valve lesions. The close linear relation found between these indexes in patients with pure aortic regurgitation has proved useful in the clinical assessment of these patients. In pure aortic stenosis a normal left ventricular end-diastolic volume was frequently present when external heart size was increased, but the increased heart size was not so great as that encountered in aortic regurgitation. In idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis the left ventricular volume could be decreased when external heart size was increased. In the latter lesions an increase in left ventricular muscle mass probably accounted for the external cardiac enlargement.
Playing with toys: Towards autonomous robot manipulation for therapeutic play

When young children play, they often manipulate toys that have been specifically designed to accommodate and stimulate their perceptual-motor skills. Robotic playmates capable of physically manipulating toys have the potential to engage children in therapeutic play and augment the beneficial interactions provided by overtaxed care givers and costly therapists. To date, assistive robots for children have almost exclusively focused on social interactions and teleoperative control. Within this paper we present progress towards the creation of robots that can engage children in manipulative play. First, we present results from a survey of popular toys for children under the age of 2 which indicates that these toys share simplified appearance properties and are designed to support a relatively small set of coarse manipulation behaviors. We then present a robotic control system that autonomously manipulates several toys by taking advantage of this consistent structure. Finally, we show results from an integrated robotic system that imitates visually observed toy playing activities and is suggestive of opportunities for robots that play with toys.
The smectite to chlorite transition in a fossil seamount hydrothermal system: the Basement Complex of La Palma, Canary Islands

The hydrothermal metamorphism of a sequence of Pliocene-aged seamount extrusive and volcanoclastic rocks on La Palma includes a relatively complete low-P-T facies series encompassing the zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, and greenschist facies. The observed mineral zonations imply metamorphic gradients of 200–300° C km-1. The transition from smectite to chlorite in the La Palma seamount series is characterized by discontinuous steps between discrete smectite, corrensite and chlorite, which occur ubiquitously as vesicles and, to a much lesser extent, vein in-fillings. Trioctahedral smectites [(Mg/(Fe + Mg) = 0.4–0.75] occur with palagonite and Na-Ca zeolites such as analcime and a thompsonite/natrolite solid solution. Corrensite [(Mg/(Fe + Mg) = 0.5–0.65] first appears at stratigraphic depths closely corresponding to the disappearance of analcime and first appearance of pumpellyite. Discrete chlorite [(Mg/(Fe + Mg) = 0.4–0.6] becomes the dominant layer silicate mineral coincident with the appearance of epidote and andraditic garnet. Within the stratigraphic section there is some overlap in the distribution of the three discrete layer silicate phases, although random interstratifications of these phases have not been observed. Although smectite occurs as both low- and high-charge forms, the La Palma corrensite is a compositionally restricted, 1:1 mixture of low-charge, trioctahedral smectite and chlorite. Electron microprobe analyses of coarse-grained corrensite yield structural formulae close to ideal values based on 50 negative charge recalculations. Calcium (average 0.20 cations/formula unit) is the dominant interlayer cation, with lesser Mg, K and Na. The absence of randomly interlayered chlorite/smectite in the La Palma seamount series may reflect high, time-integrated fluid fluxes through the seamount sequence. This is consistent with the ubiquity of high-variance metamorphic mineral assemblages and the general absence of relict igneous minerals in these samples.
Multiway graph partitioning with applications to PCS networks

Considers a problem of network design of personal communication services (PCS). The problem is to assign cells to the switches of a PCS network in an optimum manner. The authors consider two types of costs. One is the cost of handoffs between cells. The other is the cost of cabling (or trunking) between a cell site and its associated switch. The problem is constrained by the call volume that each switch can handle. They formulate the problem exactly as an integer programming problem. They also propose three heuristic solutions for this problem and show that two of them perform extremely well. >
Efficient and provably secure ciphers for storage device block level encryption

Block ciphers generally have fixed and relatively small input length. Thus they are often used in some mode of operations (e.g., ECB, CBC, CFB, and CTR) that enables the encryption of longer messages. Unfortunately, all these modes of operation reveal some information on their inputs or on relationships between different inputs. As an example, in the CBC mode, encrypting two messages with an identical prefix will result in identical initial blocks in the ciphertexts. Due to the well-known birthday attack and the small input length, the CBC mode becomes less secure as the number of data blocks to be encrypted increases. This leads to a challenging task, namely to design schemes for storage device block or sector level data encryption that are efficient and do not have the disadvantages mentioned above. In this paper, we propose an efficient cipher whose data/cipher blocks can be specified flexibly to match the length of a block unit for current and foreseeable future storage devices. We show that our encryption scheme is provably secure under the assumption that the underlying one-way hash function is a random function.
Spatial Allocation of Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the City Scale

Greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for individual cities in large metropolitan areas is confounded by spatial scale and boundary effects that impact the allocation of transportation fuels used for surface transport and airline travel. This paper expands on a demand-based methodology to spatially allocate transportation fuel use (surface and airline) among colocated cities in the United States that are part of a larger metropolitan area commutershed on the basis of demand for surface vehicle miles traveled (VMT) exerted by individual cities. By using travel demand models for metropolitan planning organizations, the demand method was first applied as part of the city of Denver’s GHG inventory in 2005 to develop a material flow analysis (MFA) of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel consumption at the city scale. This paper reports on the application of the same method to six major metropolitan regions across the United States and a detailed analysis of all 27 cities within the larger Denver metro region. The analysis...
Peer-Taught Drug Awareness in the Introductory Psychology Course

Abstract In contrast to “Just Say No” lectures on drug use common in K to 12 drug education programs (e.g., Drug Abuse Resistance Education, or D.A.R.E.), this activity used peer teaching in an Introductory Psychology course to promote active learning and open discussion of controversial issues about drug use. Working in small groups, students researched the neurological and behavioral effects of an assigned drug and presented controversial discussion questions. One week later they presented their findings to the class. Students reported that the presentations were informative and awarenessraising, provided an open environment for discussion, and allowed them to make more informed decisions about drug use.
Heart rate variability (HRV) in kidney failure: measurement and consequences of reduced HRV

A common cause of death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis is sudden cardiac death (SCD). Compared to the general population, the percentage of cardiovascular deaths that are attributed to SCD is higher in patients treated by dialysis. While coronary artery disease (CAD) is the predominant cause of SCD in dialysis patients, reduced heart rate variability (HRV) may play a role in the higher risk of SCD among other risk factors. HRV refers to beat-to-beat alterations in heart rate as measured by periodic variation in the R-R interval. HRV provides a non-invasive method for investigating autonomic input into the heart. It quantifies the amount by which the R-R interval or heart rate changes from one cardiac cycle to the next. The autonomic nervous system transmits impulses from the central nervous system to peripheral organs and is responsible for controlling the heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory activity. In normal individuals, without cardiac disease, the heart rate has a high degree of beat-to-beat variability. HRV fluctuates with respiration: it increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration and is primarily mediated by parasympathetic activity. HRV has been used to evaluate and quantify the cardiac risk associated with a variety of conditions including cardiac disorders, stroke, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. In this narrative review, we will examine the association between HRV and SCD. This report explains the measurement of HRV and the consequences of reduced HRV in the general population and dialysis patients. Lastly, this review will outline the possible use of HRV as a clinical predictor for SCD in the dialysis population. The current understanding of SCD based on HRV findings among the ESRD population support the use of more aggressive treatment of CAD; greater use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-i)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and beta-blockers and more frequent and/or nocturnal haemodialysis to improve the survival of a patient with kidney failure.
Evolution of the knowledge system for agricultural development in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico

Knowledge systems-networks of linked actors, organizations, and objects that perform a number of knowledge-related functions that link knowledge and know how with action-have played a key role in fostering agricultural development over the last 50 years. We examine the evolution of the knowledge system of the Yaqui Valley, Mexico, a region often described as the home of the green revolution for wheat, tracing changes in the functions of critical knowledge system participants, information flows, and research priorities. Most of the knowledge system's key players have been in place for many decades, although their roles have changed in response to exogenous and endogenous shocks and trends (e.g., drought, policy shifts, and price trends). The system has been agile and able to respond to challenges, in part because of the diversity of players (evolving roles of actors spanning research-decision maker boundaries) and also because of the strong and consistent role of innovative farmers. Although the agricultural research agenda in the Valley is primarily controlled from within the agricultural sector, outside voices have become an important influence in broadening development- and production-oriented perspectives to sustainability perspectives.
Using barley in poultry diets—A review

SUMMARY Barley can be included in poultry feed as an energy source. The carbohydrates in barley, however, are not as easily digested as those in corn because of the presence of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP). The carbohydrates in corn grains are typically 65 to 70% starch and 11 to 14% fiber. The fiber in corn contains low levels of NSP, such as β-glucans, lignin, and cellulose. In contrast, barley grain typically contains 60% starch and 22% fiber. In addition, barley fiber contains higher levels of NSP than corn. Although the starch in barley is not as easily digested as that in corn, barley does have higher protein content. Nutritionists use nutrient composition tables to formulate least-cost rations that meet the nutrient requirements of animals. The energy content of barley can vary widely, and this variation is not reflected in the table values. Levels of β-glucans in barley are affected by the cultivar, growing conditions, geographic location, condition at harvest, and storage conditions. The age of the animal being fed is also important. The digestive tract undergoes changes and becomes more efficient at digesting ingredients as the animal ages. Older birds are more able to utilize barley than are young chicks. The ME values for viscous cereals, such as barley, obtained with adult birds do not appear to be applicable to young chickens. The use of feed enzymes in barley-based diets reduces intestinal viscosity, improving the feeding value of barley. Enzyme supplementation also reduces the variation noted for the feeding value seen with unsupplemented barley-based diets. Feeding barley cultivars with widely different β-glucan levels gives similar growth performance when supplemented with dietary enzymes. Enzymes also improve the litter quality of poultry raised on barley-based diets.
Metabolic effects of infection and postnatal steroids

Both postnatal steroids and systemic infection produce catabolism, a unique challenge in the newborn. The metabolic effects of these agents have been examined extensively in adults. Studies in neonates are fewer and less detailed. This review will focus on the neonatal literature. A major challenge in interpreting the literature is the heterogeneity of the neonatal population. Some metabolic effects may vary with postgestational or postnatal age, but little work has been done to elucidate this. The metabolic changes associated with catabolic illness concern neonatologists for two reasons. First, catabolism is a direct challenge to optimal nutrition in the neonate. The problem is significant in the term newborn and compounded in the premature. The goal of nutrition in the premature is a growth rate comparable to the normal intrauterine growth rate [1]. While difficult in the healthy premature, the presence of catabolism insures that the goal will not be met. The consequence of a brief period of catabolic illness or agent is undetermined, but may be significant. In one study of sick (non-septic) neonates, intake of protein and energy averaged less than 1.5 g/kg/d and less than 251 kJ/kg/d, respectively [2], levels clearly below that needed for normal growth and development in neonates [3]. Several studies have documented the problems associated with early nutritional deprivation in neonates. Poor nutrition in infancy is associated with growth delay, the time required for catch-up growth related to the severity of illness experienced and the degree of prematurity [4,5]. The smallest infants receiving newborn intensive care may require more than a year to complete their catch-up growth [6]. A study of growth failure and altered body composition in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia showed that reductions in muscle and fat accretion and in growth velocity could be demonstrated by the first month [2].
PS2-28: Online Consenting in the Simulated Diabetes Training (SDT) for Resident Physicians Study

Background and Aims: The main purpose of this NIDDK-funded group-randomized trial is to evaluate the effect of teaching resident physicians fundamental principles of diabetes management using an interactive computer simulation program called SimCare. A minimum of 20 primary care residency programs with up to 700 residents total will be randomly assigned to either (a) an early SimCare Diabetes learning program group or (b) a delayed SimCare Diabetes learning program group. This presentation will provide an explanation of and justification for using an online informed consent process to facilitate informed consent for a national trial of this scale. Methods: Resident physicians interested in participating in this study will be asked to read an online informed consent form that fully details the study procedures, potential risks and benefits to participating, the study’s voluntary nature, and issues surrounding confidentiality. As they move through each page of the online consent form, they will be required to confirm their understanding of the page’s content by clicking an “I understand” check box before they can proceed. Reviewing the online consent and enrolling in this study confers their informed consent. Results: The online informed consent process for this study has been developed and IRB-approved. To enroll, a resident will create a user name and password and provide contact information to be used to communicate with them during the study. A link to the principal study staffs’ contact information will also be clearly posted on each page so that if a resident has a question or concern, they can contact the study staff prior to completing the form. At the end of the form, a resident has the choice to agree to participate and enroll in the study and print a copy of the consent, ask questions to the study staff prior to consenting, or decide not to participate. Conclusions: It is difficult to coordinate informed consent for a national trial, but an online informed consenting process such as this provides an efficient avenue that meets internal review board standards.
Cancer Pharmacogenomics: DNA Genotyping and Gene Expression Profiling to Identify Molecular Determinants of Chemosensitivity

Cancer patients exhibit a wide heterogeneity in their responses to chemotherapy. Improvement in chemotherapeutic responses could be achieved by gaining more detailed information on the molecular determinants (i.e., DNA, RNA or protein) underlying this heterogeneity. Pharmacogenomics approaches can be used to integrate information on drug responsiveness with alterations in molecular entities, often on a genome-wide scale. By using information gleaned from pharmacogenomics studies, it is anticipated that cancer chemotherapy can be tailored to the individual patient or tumor phenotype. This review focuses on pharmacogenomics studies conducted to gain insight into the molecular determinants of chemosensitivity to cancer chemotherapeutics.
OCCURRENCE OF THE RIVER SHINER, NOTROPIS BLENNIUS, IN LAKE MEREDITH, TEXAS

The river shiner, Notropis blennius, was collected from Lake Meredith, Texas and outside of its reported native range. This specimen likely represents a bait-bucket release. Within its native range, the river shiner readily acclimates to lentic conditions, increases in abundance, and displaces other riverine fishes following flow regime alterations. Its occurrence and possible establishment might have similar negative impacts on the Canadian River fish assemblage upstream from Lake Meredith, which includes the threatened Arkansas River shiner, Notropis girardi.
School Bullying in Twitter and Weibo: A Comparative Study.

School-based bullying is a serious health issue among adolescents world wide. We identify several differences in microblogs of school-based bullying between Twitter (mostly representing the USA) and Weibo (mostly representing China). First, we see a smaller fraction of victim authors in Weibo than in Twitter. We hypothesize that this may be due to Asian culture's emphasis on saving face where it is more of a taboo to be a victim or label someone a victim. Second, we see different temporal dynamics of school bullying posts due to differences in holidays and length of school days. Finally, bullying posts from Weibo contain more mentions of family than those from Twitter. This may be due to the greater emphasis on family in Asian cultures.
Sample variance in weak lensing: How many simulations are required?

Constraining cosmology using weak gravitational lensing consists of comparing a measured feature vector of dimension ${N}_{b}$ with its simulated counterpart. An accurate estimate of the ${N}_{b}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{N}_{b}$ feature covariance matrix $\mathbf{C}$ is essential to obtain accurate parameter confidence intervals. When $\mathbf{C}$ is measured from a set of simulations, an important question is how large this set should be. To answer this question, we construct different ensembles of ${N}_{r}$ realizations of the shear field, using a common randomization procedure that recycles the outputs from a smaller number ${N}_{s}\ensuremath{\le}{N}_{r}$ of independent ray-tracing $N$-body simulations. We study parameter confidence intervals as a function of (${N}_{s}$, ${N}_{r}$) in the range $1\ensuremath{\le}{N}_{s}\ensuremath{\le}200$ and $1\ensuremath{\le}{N}_{r}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{5}$. Previous work [S. Dodelson and M. D. Schneider, Phys. Rev. D 88, 063537 (2013)] has shown that Gaussian noise in the feature vectors (from which the covariance is estimated) lead, at quadratic order, to an $O(1/{N}_{r})$ degradation of the parameter confidence intervals. Using a variety of lensing features measured in our simulations, including shear-shear power spectra and peak counts, we show that cubic and quartic covariance fluctuations lead to additional $O(1/{N}_{r}^{2})$ error degradation that is not negligible when ${N}_{r}$ is only a factor of few larger than ${N}_{b}$. We study the large ${N}_{r}$ limit, and find that a single, $240\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Mpc}/h$ sized ${512}^{3}$-particle $N$-body simulation (${N}_{s}=1$) can be repeatedly recycled to produce as many as ${N}_{r}=\text{few}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ shear maps whose power spectra and high-significance peak counts can be treated as statistically independent. As a result, a small number of simulations (${N}_{s}=1$ or 2) is sufficient to forecast parameter confidence intervals at percent accuracy.
Evaluating the Cognitive Consequences of Playing "Portal" for a Short Duration.

Learning physics often requires overcoming common misconceptions based on naive interpretations of observations in the everyday world. One proposed way to help learners build appropriate physics in...
Cardiovascular responses to avoidance conditioning in the dog: effects of beta adrenergic blockade

Five laboratory dogs were trained to press a response panel to postpone shocks during 1-hr free-operant avoidance conditioning sessions. In addition, each dog was confined in the experimental environment for 1 hr immediately prior to each avoidance session. During these 2-hr sessions, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously from indwelling catheters. After repeated exposure to the schedule, the onset of the avoidance contingency elicited acute increases in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate, which were maintained throughout the session. During the preavoidance interval, systolic and diastolic pressure increased gradually while heart rate decreased. Blockade of beta adrenergic receptor activity in these behaviorally-trained dogs by infusions of propranolol was associated with a significant attenuation of the tachycardia normally maintained during avoidance. Beta blockade did not prevent the rise in blood pressure or fall in heart rate during preavoidance. The results are consistent with the view that the cardiovascular pattern sustained during avoidance is mediated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, but that the progressive change in cardiovascular activity during preavoidance intervals is mediated by other than sympathetic influences.
Improving Hg-Triggered Gelation via Structural Modifications

The relationship between chemical structure and gelation ability was examined for a series of nine Hg-containing compounds. Both solid-state properties (dissolution enthalpies/entropies and packing structure) and gel properties (strength, morphology, cation selectivity, and anion tolerance) were examined. Overall, the results reveal a complex relationship between chemical structure and properties. The remediation potential of these Hg-triggered gelations was also investigated, revealing that >98% of the Hg2+ in water can be removed through gel formation.
Toward Balance Recovery With Leg Prostheses Using Neuromuscular Model Control

Objective: Lower limb amputees are at high risk of falling as current prosthetic legs provide only limited functionality for recovering balance after unexpected disturbances. For instance, the most established control method used on powered leg prostheses tracks local joint impedance functions without taking the global function of the leg in balance recovery into account. Here, we explore an alternative control policy for powered transfemoral prostheses that considers the global leg function and is based on a neuromuscular model of human locomotion. Methods: We adapt this model to describe and simulate an amputee walking with a powered prosthesis using the proposed control, and evaluate the gait robustness when confronted with rough ground and swing leg disturbances. We then implement and partially evaluate the resulting controller on a leg prosthesis prototype worn by a nonamputee user. Results: In simulation, the proposed prosthesis control leads to gaits that are more robust than those obtained by the impedance control method. The initial hardware experiments with the prosthesis prototype show that the proposed control reproduces normal walking patterns qualitatively and effectively responds to disturbances in early and late swing. However, the response to midswing disturbances neither replicates human responses nor averts falls. Conclusions: The neuromuscular model control is a promising alternative to existing prosthesis controls, although further research will need to improve on the initial implementation and determine how well these results transfer to amputee gait. Significance: This paper provides a potential avenue for future development of control policies that help to improve amputee balance recovery.
Manual versus computer-automated semen analyses. Part I. Comparison of counting chambers

Objective To determine the accuracy and precision of counting chambers analyzed manually and with a computer-automated semen analyzer (CASA; Hamilton-Thorne Research, Beverly, MA). Design Prospective study using comparative measurements of sperm concentration, motility and concentration of latex beads with three types of counting chambers: hemacytometers, 12 and 20 MicroCell (Conception Technologies, Inc., La Jolla, CA) Chambers, and Makler (Sefi-Medical Instruments, Haifa, Israel) Chambers. Setting A hospital-based Andrology laboratory. Patients Male partners of couples undergoing infertility evaluation. Main Outcome Measures Experiment I: measurements of sperm concentration were evaluated within hemacytometers; Experiment II: measurements of sperm concentration in the 35 to 50×10 6 /mL range and sperm motility were determined using counting chambers; Experiment III: accuracy of counting chambers was determined using a known concentration of beads. Results Experiment I: differences were demonstrated within two of eight hemacytometers (side 1 versus side 2); however, no significant effect of hemacytometer on variation in sperm concentration measurements was observed. Experiment II: CASA-analyzed 20 MicroCell Chambers demonstrated the best precision for sperm concentration (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.93) and motility (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.88). Experiment III: 20 MicroCell Chambers most accurately determined known bead concentration (35±5×10 6 /mL) whether analyzed on CASA (34.9×10 6 /mL) or manually (35.2×10 6 /mL). Conclusions 20 MicroCell Chambers proved to be accurate and precise for determining concentration and motility of semen specimens whether analyzed manually or with CASA.
Carbon Emission Reduction Potential of Power Demand Side Based on LEAP Model

Reducing the energy consumption of power demand side is one important way for the energy saving and emission reduction of power industry. This paper put forward a simulation analysis and evaluation model for the carbon emission reduction potential of power demand side,based on LEAP( long-range energy alternatives planning) model and combined with the comparative analysis and scene analysis method. In the view of economic growth,industrial incentive policy,technological progress,population growth and per capita electricity consumption,7 scenarios were designed and classified to 3 categories. This paper comprehensively analyzed and evaluated different scenarios from the angle of carbon emission growth rate and the contribute rate to carbon emission growth. The results show that from 2010 to 2030,the carbon emission in electric power industry increases 2. 78%,3. 21% and 3. 64% respectively; from 2030 to 2050,the carbon emission in electric power industry increases 0. 69%,1. 09% and 1. 51% respectively. During 2030 and 2050,the carbon emissions from resident living power will averagely occupy 21. 71% and 45. 36% of the new increased carbon emission of power industry. It can be concluded that the residents living power will be the main factor to the increase of carbon emission,and the rapid growth of tertiary industry electricity will be one of the important factors to the carbon emission increase of future power industry in China.
Collision Induced Unfolding of Intact Antibodies: Rapid Characterization of Disulfide Bonding Patterns, Glycosylation, and Structures.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are among the fastest growing class of therapeutics due to their high specificity and low incidence of side effects. Unlike most drugs, mAbs are complex macromolecules (∼150 kDa), leading to a host of quality control and characterization challenges inherent in their development. Recently, we introduced a new approach for the analysis of the intact proteins based on ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS). Our protocol involves the collision induced unfolding (CIU) of intact antibodies, where collisional heating in the gas-phase is used to generate unfolded antibody forms, which are subsequently separated by IM and then analyzed by MS. Collisional energy is added to the antibody ions in a stepwise fashion, and “fingerprint plots” are created that track the amount of unfolding undergone as a function of the energy imparted to the ions prior to IM separation. In this report, we have used these fingerprints to rapidly distinguish between antibody isoforms, possessing different numb...
Inhibition of Dunning Tumor Growth by Melatonin

Injections of the pineal hormone melatonin reduced growth and increased doubling time of the R3327H Dunning prostatic adenocarcinoma in the Copenhagen X Fisher rat. This occurred even though testosterone levels (50% of normal) were ostensibly high enough to maintain normal tumor growth. Melatonin may act directly upon the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone to inhibit tumor growth. Alternatively, a more complicated mechanism may be involved since studies on MCF breast cancer tissue indicate an estrogen requirement for inhibition of growth by melatonin.
Cool, Social Media, and Marketing Communications Strategy: An Anarchy-Network Logic of Value Creation

Scholars and practitioners have been frustrated in the attempt to identify a viable strategy to capitalize on the potential marketing applications presented by social networking media. The very nature of social networking media may render long accepted assumptions about how desirable customer attention is captured and leveraged obsolete. Relying on recent developments in Critical Service Logic literature, along with theories stemming from research in fashion marketing, secondary data is examined to illuminate how this powerful new medium may operate, and how it may change the manner in which marketing communications strategy is conducted.
Establishing Immediate Reliability of Sonographic Measurements of the Transversus Abdominis in Asymptomatic Adults Performing Upright Loaded Functional Tasks in a Clinical Context Without Delayed Recorded Measurement

OBJECTIVES This study examined the reliability of sonographic measurements of the transversus abdominis of adults without low back pain during upright loaded functional tasks in real time, without relying on delayed recorded images. METHODS A single-group repeated-measures reliability study was conducted on 12 healthy participants without low back pain. Six of these adults reported a prior history of abdominal drawing-in maneuver training without sonographic measurement. The participants performed 3 trials of neutral standing, a loaded forward reach, and a loaded box lift under rest and with abdominal drawing-in maneuver instructions; task order was randomized. Transversus abdominis thickness measurements were obtained by an experienced rater using B-mode sonography in real-time via electronic calipers twice on the same static image during all trials by a rater. The rater was masked to group assignment and on-screen measurement output and required to respond to trivia questions between repeated measurements. RESULTS The participants included 6 male and 6 female adults with a mean age ± SD of 26.3 ± 3.7 years. Intra-rater intraclass correlation coefficients (2,3) were high and precise for the rater's first and second measurements for all tasks and instruction conditions for mean transversus abdominis thickness and percent change in thickness measurements (eg, ranges were 0.968-0.997 for intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.01-0.21 mm for standard errors of the measurement, and 0.01-0.58 mm for minimal detectable changes). Calipers cleared by the rater or a research assistant produced similar findings of excellent reliability and precision. CONCLUSIONS High intra-rater reliability and precision of transversus abdominis thickness measurements were obtained by a physical therapist in real time from asymptomatic adults performing upright loaded functional tasks under rest and with abdominal drawing-in maneuver instructions.
Asymptotically optimal data analysis for rejecting local realism

Reliable experimental demonstrations of violations of local realism are highly desirable for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics. One can quantify the violation witnessed by an experiment in terms of a statistical $p$ value, which can be defined as the maximum probability according to local realism of a violation at least as high as that witnessed. Thus, high violation corresponds to small $p$ value. We propose a prediction-based-ratio (PBR) analysis protocol whose $p$ values are valid even if the prepared quantum state varies arbitrarily and local realistic models can depend on previous measurement settings and outcomes. It is therefore not subject to the memory loophole [J. Barrett et al., Phys. Rev. A 66, 042111 (2002)]. If the prepared state does not vary in time, the $p$ values are asymptotically optimal. For comparison, we consider protocols derived from the number of standard deviations of violation of a Bell inequality and from martingale theory [R. Gill, e-print arXiv:quant-ph/0110137]. We find that the $p$ values of the former can be too small and are therefore not statistically valid, while those derived from the latter are suboptimal. PBR $p$ values do not require a predetermined Bell inequality and can be used to compare results from different tests of local realism independent of experimental details.
Optimally growing boundary layer disturbances in a convergent nozzle preceded by a circular pipe

We report the findings from a theoretical analysis of optimally growing disturbances in an initially turbulent boundary layer. The motivation behind this study originates from the desire to generate organized structures in an initially turbulent boundary layer via excitation by disturbances that are tailored to be preferentially amplified. Such optimally growing disturbances are of interest for implementation in an active flow control strategy that is investigated for effective jet noise control. Details of the optimal perturbation theory implemented in this study are discussed. The relevant stability equations are derived using both the standard decomposition and the triple decomposition. The chosen test case geometry contains a convergent nozzle, which generates a Mach 0.9 round jet, preceded by a circular pipe. Optimally growing disturbances are introduced at various stations within the circular pipe section to facilitate disturbance energy amplification upstream of the favorable pressure gradient zone within the convergent nozzle, which has a stabilizing effect on disturbance growth. Effects of temporal frequency, disturbance input and output plane locations as well as separation distance between output and input planes are investigated. The results indicate that optimally growing disturbances appear in the form of longitudinal counter-rotating vortex pairs, whose size can be on the order of several times the input plane mean boundary layer thickness. The azimuthal wavenumber, which represents the number of counter-rotating vortex pairs, is found to generally decrease with increasing separation distance. Compared to the standard decomposition, the triple decomposition analysis generally predicts relatively lower azimuthal wavenumbers and significantly reduced energy amplification ratios for the optimal disturbances.
Examining Adult-Child Interactions in Intergenerational Participatory Design

Prior studies have focused on child interactions in participatory design (PD) with adults and children, but less is known about what specific adult-child interactions constitute a partnership. In this study, we unpack what constitutes an "equal partnership" in PD between adults and children. On the basis of prior literature, we created a new framework that examines the complementary roles between children and adults. Next, we analyzed a case study of a year-long intergenerational design team of children (ages 7-11) and adults. From this analysis, we determined that design partnerships are composed of four dimensions that span from unbalanced to balanced interactions: facilitation, relationship building, design-by-doing, and elaborating together. Finally, to demonstrate its utility, we analyzed two focal co-design sessions using our framework. Our analysis suggests that equal partnership in PD is not a single static interaction but a development over time of design interactions influenced by context, experience, and participants.
A Career on Both Sides of the Atlantic: Memoirs of a Molecular Plant Pathologist

This article recounts the experiences that shaped my career as a molecular plant pathologist. It focuses primarily on technical and conceptual developments in molecular phytobacteriology, shares some personal highlights and untold stories that impacted my professional development, and describes the early years of agricultural biotechnology. Writing this article required reflection on events occurring over several decades that were punctuated by a mid-career relocation across the Atlantic. I hope it will still be useful, informative, and enjoyable to read. An extended version of the abstract is provided in the Supplemental Materials , available online.
The Influence of Paternal Separation, Paternal History of Alcohol Use Disorder Risk, and Early Substance Use on Offspring Educational Attainment by Young Adulthood

Objective:This study aimed to determine the associations among paternal alcohol problems, separation, and educational attainment in European American and African American offspring and whether offspring early alcohol/tobacco/marijuana use influenced these associations.Method:Families with offspring ages 13–19 years at intake were selected from state birth records and screened by telephone to determine high-risk or low-risk status (with/without paternal heavy drinking). Families of men with two or more driving-under-the-influence offenses were added as a very-high-risk group. Data from 340 African American and 288 European American offspring who were not enrolled in school at their last interview were analyzed. Educational attainment was modeled as less than high school, high school only (reference category), and some college or higher. Separation was defined as offspring report of not having lived continuously in the same household with their biological father from birth to age 14. Analyses were stratifie...