cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fed Policy Errors of the Great Depression

Following the analysis of Milton Friedman, the conventional view of the monetary policy errors of the Great Depression is that the Fed’s policy was contractionary during the two periods of sharp downturns from 1930–1933 and 1937–1938. Had monetary policy not been contractionary in those years, the downturns could have been avoided or at least mitigated. Proper Fed policy would have been to continue the monetary inflation of 1924–1929, which had brought stable prices, and to continue the monetary inflation of 1932–1936, which had re-inflated asset prices. This conventional view overturned earlier analyses which concluded that the monetary inflation and credit expansion of the second half of the 1920s and mid-1930s resulted in asset price inflation and subsequent mal-investments throughout the capital structure. By interfering with the process of correcting the mal-investments, the Hoover and Roosevelt administrations deepened and lengthened the downturn. Recent scholarship is re-affirming the older analyses. Friedman’s view, therefore, may prove to be an unfortunate interlude between more sound understandings of the Great Depression.
Creating Productive Learning Environments in Culturally Pluralistic Classrooms

Recent technological advances and changing economic conditions have prompted significant population shifts from developing countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East to Western nations – including the United States. The receiving nations’ resultant increase in demographic heterogeneity has raised serious concerns regarding how such immigration affects the schools and institutions of higher education, since it is these institutions that face the challenging task of preparing individuals to adapt to more culturally and socially complex societies (Cushner, 1998). In this chapter we examine the current status of multicultural education – a response of Western countries in general, and of the United States in particular – to meeting the needs of culturally diverse student populations. We then draw on social identity theory as a framework for understanding inter-group interactions in schools. Finally, we examine achievement goal theory, a social cognitive approach to motivation, which suggests ways to transform school and classroom cultures so that they promote inter-group harmony and support the learning and development of all students. We begin by acknowledging that, due to their unique social, cultural and economic circumstances, countries differ in their respective conceptions of cultural diversity. In western European countries, for example, recent trends toward cultural diversity stem largely from major immigrations from Asian, African, and Micronesian countries that had been colonized by Europeans. Diversity in the United States, however, stems from a blend of indigenous populations and immigrants, voluntary and involuntary, from around the world. In European countries, cultural differences are understood mostly in terms of language and religion; in the United States and United Kingdom, cultural differences are understood primarily in terms of race. Furthermore, unlike European countries, in which immigrants represent but a small percentage of the total population, the United States’ population consists predominantly of immigrants (Eldering, 1996). This population difference may account for multicultural education’s relatively long history and strong emphasis in the United States, as compared to CREATING PRODUCTIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS IN CULTURALLY PLURALISTIC CLASSROOMS
Androgen target cells in spinal cord, spinal ganglia, and glycogen body of chick embryos. Autoradiographic localization.

After injection of 3H dihydrotestosterone, concentration and retention of radioactivity occur in nuclei of certain neurons in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia as well as in dorsal and ventral root cells of chick embryos at day 10, 12, and 18. Cells of the glycogen body show nuclear labeling at day 12, but not at day 18. In motor neurons in the midlumbar and midbrachial regions in lamina IX and in single neurons in laminae I/II, the nuclear retention of androgen is strongest, but relatively weak in ventral horn cells in thoracic and sacral segments. Neurons with nuclear labeling are also found scattered in other laminae of the dorsal and ventral horns as well as in the lateral column. When unlabeled dihydrotestosterone is administered before 3H dihydrotestosterone, nuclear uptake of radioactivity is prevented, which is not the case, when estradiol is used.
Herd Journalism: Investment in Novelty and Popularity in Markets for News

Abstract Consumers of news care both about the novelty of the news they read, as well as how popular that news topic is with others. Editors choose what to report on based on consumer preferences and the coverage of their competitors. We build a continuous time model that predicts whether news providers invest in covering novel news stories or instead report on popular. We construct a dataset of cover stories to test the model and find that both novelty and popularity are associated with increased sales, but popular stories only have a lifespan of one to two weeks. We find that the impact of novelty has declined since 2006, and the lifespan of a story has shortened. While theory predicts that editors strategically alternate between reporting on novel stories and popular stories, we find evidence of positive serial correlation in the popularity of cover stories. Finally, news outlets often cover the same story. Theory predicts that competitive news outlets are more likely to pool on the stories they cover while news outlets with market power are more likely to separate.
UNIT 9.12 Internet Resources in Medical Genetics

This unit presents an overview of the most commonly used web-based information resources for (1) clinicians seeking to apply molecular genetic testing to patient care or to understand the molecular basis of inherited diseases (e.g., GeneTests, or OMIM), (2) consumers seeking support group information or scientific and management information (e.g., Genetic Alliance, or The Family Village), and (3) professional societies. This unit presents an overview of the most commonly used web-based information resources for (1) clinicians seeking to apply. This unit presents an overview of the most commonly used web-based information resources for (1) clinicians seeking to apply.
Learning prosociality: insights from young forager and subsistence farmer children’s food sharing with mothers and others

This paper examines the ecosocial basis of prosociality as reflected in early food-sharing behaviors of children in traditional hunter-gatherer and subsistence farming communities. The body of work on children’s prosociality focuses predominantly on processes investigated in families with Western lifestyles (e.g., urban, middle-class), who are overrepresented in developmental research and theory but underrepresented globally. From this perspective, mothers are singularly influential in young children’s prosocial acts. We critique this view and use the ecocultural model of Keller and Kartner (2013) to illustrate that mothers’ role relative to others varies in systematic ways across communities related to environmental, ecosocial, and cultural contexts. We describe work on the social experiences of Efe forager infants and young children where Efe mothers share children’s care and a broad set of early child relationships is typical. We then compare the critical prosocial act of food sharing with one- to three-year-old Efe foragers and Lese subsistence farmers of DR Congo. These neighboring tropical communities address the shared threat of high nutritional uncertainty in distinct ways. Efe and Lese children’s food sharing includes many others besides mothers. However, food-sharing frequency and social partners involved differ. Notable is that Efe focal children received more offers of food from more different adults and children whereas Lese focal children did so from more different siblings. Ecosocial (e.g., subsistence, residence patterns) and cultural contexts are considered in accounting for Efe and Lese children’s food-sharing experiences. Current views substantially underestimate the social networks of children’s prosocial learning.
Probabilistic prediction model for average bond strength at steel–concrete interface considering corrosion effect

Abstract Considerable numbers of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges in the US are structurally deficient mainly due to corrosion. Corrosion affects the structural integrity by deteriorating the material properties and the bond at the steel–concrete interface. Currently, the available bond strength models considering corrosion deterioration are either complex or developed based on the limited database. This paper proposes a simple probabilistic model of bond strength considering corrosion using multivariable regression based on a comprehensive database collected from the literature. The predictions are found to be accurate and unbiased when compared with the experimental results. Then, the proposed bond model is employed in the nonlinear finite element models of intact and corroded RC beams to investigate the importance of steel–concrete bond modeling on evaluating flexural behavior of the beams. Lastly, the minimum required development length for a given corrosion level is calculated and its sufficiency is investigated through a numerical analysis.
Spiking Neural Predictive Coding for Continual Learning from Data Streams.

For energy-efficient computation in specialized neuromorphic hardware, we present the Spiking Neural Coding Network, an instantiation of a family of artificial neural models strongly motivated by the theory of predictive coding. The model, in essence, works by operating in a never-ending process of "guess-and-check", where neurons predict the activity values of one another and then immediately adjust their own activities to make better future predictions. The interactive, iterative nature of our neural system fits well into the continuous time formulation of data sensory stream prediction and, as we show, the model's structure yields a simple, local synaptic update rule, which could be used to complement or replace online spike-timing dependent plasticity. In this article, we experiment with an instantiation of our model that consists of leaky integrate-and-fire units. However, the general framework within which our model is situated can naturally incorporate more complex, formal neurons such as the Hodgkin-Huxley model. Our experimental results in pattern recognition demonstrate the potential of the proposed model when binary spike trains are the primary paradigm for inter-neuron communication. Notably, our model is competitive in terms of classification performance, can conduct online semi-supervised learning, naturally experiences less forgetting when learning from a sequence of tasks, and is more computationally economical and biologically-plausible than popular artificial neural networks.
15 Oral apixaban compared to subcutaneous enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in women undergoing surgery for suspected gynecologic cancer: final results of a multi-institutional randomized, controlled trial

Objectives Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication following gynecologic oncology surgery with 26% DVT and 9% pulmonary embolism rates. Current guidelines recommend subcutaneous enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis. We evaluated safety of apixaban (oral factor Xa inhibitor) versus enoxaparin for post-operative thromboprophylaxis in women with suspected gynecologic cancer. Methods A randomized study determined safety (major bleeding) of apixaban versus enoxaparin. Secondary outcomes included VTE, adverse events (AE), satisfaction. Women (18–89) were randomized to 28-days of 2.5mg apixaban BID or 40mg enoxaparin QD and followed for 90-days. Chi square and Fisher’s exact statistics were used; P Results Four hundred women completed therapy (mean age 56.6 years; mean BMI 28.5). Groups were similar for race, cancer diagnosis/stage, and surgery. Seventy-eight percent of surgeries were open laparotomies; 70% involved hysterectomy. Two major bleeding events occurred on treatment: 1/205 in apixaban arm vs.1/195 in enoxaparin arm (OR=0.95; 95%CI: 0.06–15.1; P=0.972). Five VTE events occurred: 2/205 vs. 3/195 respectively (OR=0.63; 95%CI: 0.12–3.75; P=0.616). Women receiving apixaban were 98% less likely to report pain (OR= 0.02, 95% CI 0.01–0.05,P Conclusions Apixaban is a safe alternative to enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis following gynecologic oncology surgery. Women taking apixaban had less pain and difficulty administering treatment. Efficacy of apixaban to prevent VTE is hypothesized as equivalent to enoxaparin.
Lithological and bioclimatic impacts on soil phosphatase activities in California temperate forests

Abstract Organic phosphorus (Po) biogeochemical cycling is known to be impacted by soil-forming factors, yet little is known about interactions among soil-forming factors on the drivers of Po cycling, soil phosphatases. A comprehensive assessment of lithological and bioclimatic impacts on soil phosphatase activities was conducted using lithological and vegetation-constrained climatic (i.e., bioclimatic) gradients in temperate California forests. Soils (0–5, 5–15 cm depth) from twelve combinations of three lithologies (andesite, basalt, granite) and four bioclimatic zones (blue oak, ponderosa pine, red fir, white fir) encompassing a wide range of MAP (330–1400 mm) and MAT (5.0–17.0 °C) were analyzed for resin P (Presin), Po, microbial biomass P and total P (Pt), activities of three phosphatases, and soil properties (e.g., organic carbon [OC], pedogenic minerals). Across soil depths, lithology influenced phosphomonoesterase (ACP, ALP) activities more than bioclimate, whereas the opposite occurred for phosphodiesterase (PDE). Correlations of phosphatases with edaphic (e.g., pedogenic minerals, clay content) and climatic variables (MAP, MAT) varied by lithology (e.g., ACP and OC, Rbasalt = 0.61, p
Posterior Talar Process Fractures

A posterior talar process fracture is an uncommon injury and the literature on the subject is limited as a result. However, it is apparent that closed treatment of these injuries is generally associated with worse outcomes when compared to operative treatment due to associated sequelae. Surgical options include excision of the fragment, as well as ORIF.
FvSTUA is a Key Regulator of Sporulation, Toxin Synthesis, and Virulence in Fusarium verticillioides

Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important pathogens of maize, causing rot and producing fumonisin mycotoxins during infection. Ingestion of fumonisin-contaminated corn causes underperformance and even fatal toxicity in livestock and is associated with neural tube birth defects, growth stunting in children, and some cancers. StuA, an APSES-class transcription factor, is a major developmental transcriptional regulator in fungi. It has been shown to regulate crucial developmental processes, such as sporulation, virulence, and mycotoxin synthesis among others. In this study, the role of FvSTUA in F. verticillioides was examined by characterizing ∆FvstuA deletion mutants functionally and transcriptomally. The deletion mutants exhibited reduced vegetative growth, stunted aerial hyphae, and significant reductions in microconidiation. Macroconidiation and hydrophobicity of the deletion strains were reduced as well. Additionally, fumonisin production and virulence of the deletion mutants were greatly reduced. Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of expression of several genes in the fumonisin and fusarin C biosynthetic clusters and differential expression of genes involved in conidiation and virulence. Nuclear localization of FvSTUA supported its likely function as a transcription factor. Together, our results indicate that FvSTUA plays a global role in transcriptional regulation in F. verticillioides influencing morphogenesis, toxin production, and virulence.
Chapter 13 – Development and Application of the Small Punch Test to UHMWPE

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development and application of the small punch test for the characterization of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components for total joint replacement (TJR). The development of the small punch test was influenced by two clinically relevant and related problems: the relationship between process and system variables and polymer degradation, and the relationship between mechanical properties and the ensuing wear of the arthroplasty bearing. The small punch test method, also known as the disk bend test, was originally proposed for the characterization of metallic components from the power industry. In the small punch test for UHMWPE, a disc of material 0.0200 inches thick by 0.250 inches diameter is indented by a hemispherical punch thereby creating a biaxial state of tension in the material. Because of the enclosure of the specimen in the punch-and-die apparatus, the thickness tolerance is only 0.0005 inches. The test has proven extremely useful in the detection of the mechanical signature of oxidative degradation and the signature associated with elevated levels of irradiation-induced crosslinking. The greatest strength of the small punch testing methodology is its minimal requirement for material, thereby permitting mechanical assays to be made from almost any experimental specimen configuration, and one would expect this strength to continue to be leveraged across the mechanical, chemical, and tribological spectra that describe the orthopedic bearing world.
Chapter 45 – Extrasolar Planets

In this chapter we discuss our current knowledge of planetary systems around stars other than the Sun. We will describe the various observational techniques that are used to detect extrasolar planets and to study them in greater detail, from thermal emission to atmospheric characterization. Of the planets found orbiting other stars many show signs of a much more dynamical past than our Solar System. Hot Jupiters are gas giant planets that have orbits with periods measured in days instead of years. Theoretical research indicates that these planets formed further out in their protoplanetary disks and subsequently migrated to their current close-in orbits. Very precise Doppler velocity measurements, and NASA's Kepler mission in particular, have revealed a large population of super-Earths around other stars. Super-Earths are planets that have masses and radii larger than Earth, but less than Neptune and Uranus. This is a newly discovered class of planets that does not exist in our own Solar System. All the constraints from these new observational results will help guide the way to forming a general model for planet formation. Over the coming decade, new telescopes, instruments, and space mission will allow us to study terrestrial planets around nearby stars, potentially even to search for biosignatures in the atmospheres of Earth-like planets.
Experimental Study of a Thermoelectric Refrigerator

In this work, a thermoelectric refrigerator is experimented at economic mode working on reduced voltage. The aim of this study is show the performance of a refrigerator alimented with tension lower than 12 V. In this study, we realized a thermoelectric refrigerator in the center of renewable energy CDER at Algiers. Multiple test was done regarding the optimization of energy consumption and achievement of lower temperature possible. The thermoelectric module TEC1-12706 is used for cooling. This TE module can achieve the maximum of efficiency when it function with a tension of 15 V. In our experimental study, we aliment the TE module with a tension of 9 V, the result show that the temperature of 0.5 L in the refrigerator was reduced from 26 to 18 in two hours and the coefficient of performance COP is equal to 0.45. In this work, a thermoelectric refrigerator was manufactured and tested in the laboratory. The experimental study shows that its efficiency is relatively acceptable and that the prototype can operate even at low voltage. At a voltage of 9 V, the COP remains above 0.4 and the temperature in the cooler box is slightly below 14 °C.
Neoliberalism, leadership, and democracy: Schumpeter on “Schumpeterian” theories of entrepreneurship:

This article reinterprets Schumpeter’s theory of entrepreneurship in a decidedly un-“Schumpeterian” way, and argues that continued emphasis on Schumpeter’s alleged glorification of the entrepreneur...
Catalyst and the Point of Equilibrium

It appears that no formal derivation exists in the literature explicitly showing that the presence of a catalyst does not change the point of equilibrium of a given reaction. A derivation to this effect, based on thermodynamic principles, is presented below since lack of such derivation apparently causes confusion in some [1].
Racing against the clock: How flies regenerate just in time.

Summary In this issue of Developmental Cell, Cohen et al. show that the Drosophila hindgut is a genetically tractable model for studying tissue regeneration. This tissue exhibits different regeneration strategies at different developmental times, demonstrating that the hindgut developmental clock, not tissue type, dictates the mode and capacity for regeneration.
Aging into disadvantage: Disability crossover among Mexican immigrants in America.

Abstract The “Hispanic paradox” refers to the accepted finding that Mexican immigrants have lower mortality compared to the US-born population, despite having lower levels of income, educational attainment, and health insurance coverage. However, Mexican immigrants' mortality advantage is not matched by lower disability rates, particularly later in the life course. Past studies have identified a crossover in disability rates for Mexican immigrants using age-specific disability rates but confound the effects of aging and duration of residence. By using the synthetic cohort method, I extend prior work on the disability crossover by tracing immigrant cohorts across the life course and disentangling newly arrived immigrants from those already established in the U.S. I use American Community Survey (ACS) 2015–2019 data to test whether the acculturation or cumulative disadvantage hypotheses account for the disability crossover. I find that, contrary to the expected finding of a socioeconomic health gradient in disability rates, Mexican immigrants' high disability rates converge regardless of education level or immigrant cohort. In addition, Mexican female immigrants are doubly disadvantaged, living in a protracted period of disability compared to males of the same education level. My findings support the negative health acculturation hypothesis as the dominant pathway for Mexican immigrants’ later-life disability trajectories and consequently the explanation behind the disability crossover.
Magnon-phonon hybridization in 2D antiferromagnet MnPSe 3 .

Magnetic excitations in van der Waals (vdW) materials, especially in the two-dimensional (2D) limit, are an exciting research topic from both the fundamental and applied perspectives. Using tempera...
Antiretroviral therapy experience, satisfaction, and preferences among a diverse sample of young adults living with HIV

Youth and young adults living with HIV (YLWH) have a high HIV infection rate and suboptimal oral medication adherence. Biomedical researchers hope that long-acting antiretroviral therapy (LAART) modalities can help those who struggle with daily oral adherence. While adults living with HIV have expressed interest in LAART, little research has explored perspectives of YLWH. This study explores ART experiences and perspectives on LAART through qualitative interviews with twenty diverse YLWH (18-29) in the United States. Data were analyzed using framework analysis. Most participants were satisfied with their current ART yet had experienced side effects or had struggled with daily adherence. Preferences for improving daily oral ART included making pills smaller and reformulating ART into flavored chewable gummies. Most expressed enthusiasm for LAART, although needle aversion and previous injection drug use were potential barriers for some. Approximately half were interested in an ART patch, though its visibility and fear of stigmatization was concerning. Few expressed interest in implantable ART, calling it unappealing. Although younger people are most likely to benefit from these advancements in HIV treatment, additional research is needed to identify gaps in uptake and to further explore perspectives of YLWH to improve the success of new treatment modalities.
Proton Decay - 1982

Employing the current world average \({{\Lambda }_{{\overline {MS} }}}\) = 0.160 GeV as input, the minimal Georgi-Glashow SU(5) model predicts \({{\sin }^{2}}{{\hat{\theta }}_{W}}({{m}_{W}}) = 0.214\), mb/mτ ≃ 2.8 and τp ≈ (0.4 ∼ 12) × 1029 yr. The first two predictions are in excellent agreement with experiment; but the implied proton lifetime is already somewhat below the present experimental bound. In this status report, uncertainties in τp are described and effects of appendages to the SU(5) model (such as new fermion generations, scalars, supersymmetry etc.) are examined.
Vagueness: A Variant Approach

Paradoxes of vagueness have been on the agenda since classical antiquity. Some theorists have addressed them by curtailing logical principles (bivalence, excluded middle). Others pro-pose to extrude vagueness as an illusion of sorts rooted overlooking an existing but unidentified boundary or limit. The pre-sent paper projects a third prospect, grounded in the idea of a predicative va-grancy, that resolves the issue by epis-temological resources via the prospect of ignorance regarding not just the place-ment but the very existence of a boun-dary.
Weight gain in pregnancy and application of the 2009 IOM guidelines: toward a uniform approach

Objective There is an urgent need to adopt standardized nomenclature as it relates to gestational weight gain (GWG), a more uniform approach to calculate it, and hence quantifying adherence to the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. Methods This perspective highlights the varying methods used to estimate GWG and discuss the advantages and limitations of each. Results While these calculations could be argued to have a minimal impact on data at the population level, on the patient level, incorrectly estimating weight at conception can result in misclassification of preconception body mass index (BMI) and assignment of the IOM guidelines which inherently affect the prospective management of weight gain (and potential outcomes) during the current pregnancy. Conclusions This study recommends that preconception BMI and total GWG be determined objectively and total GWG be adjusted for length of gestation before assessing adherence to the IOM GWG guidelines.
Extremely simple device for measurement of 20-fs pulses

By using a tight focus and appropriate imaging optics, we have designed a GRENOUILLE with a phasematching range of over 100-nm. Additionally, we employ an almost all-reflective geometry to minimize the amount of dispersion, allowing accurate measurement of pulses as short as 20 fs.
Application of embedded systems with a universal plotter

The objective of this work is to utilize an embedded system to automate the control of a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor via numeric control. The design will be implemented to demonstrate, with precision, how to control multiple BLDC motors simultaneously and with accuracy. The design will be operated with precisely programed commands called G-Codes that will be encoded in LabVIEW. This research can be used to design a machine that can print custom printed circuit boards (PCB). However, in order to demonstrate proof of concept a plotter was constructed as a visual representation of the capabilities in which a machine can operate autonomously to print a PCB. The plotter will feature a myRIO, a fully functional FPGA, and a Seeeduino to control all operations of the system. The system also features a custom communication protocol developed specifically for interaction between the FPGA and microcontroller. The plotter has a Graphical User Interface (GUI); custom designed and built in LabVIEW that allows a user to interact with the operations of the plotter. The user is able to monitor system status and fault conditions and correct them in a timely fashion.
Routing in ad hoc networks using a spine

We present a two-level hierarchical routing architecture for ad hoc networks. Within each lower level cluster, we describe a self-organizing, dynamic spine structure to (a) propagate topology changes, (b) compute updated routes in the background, and (c) provide backup routes in case of transient failures of the primary routes. We analyze and bound the worst case of movements between upper level clusters to show that this hierarchical architecture scales well with network size.
Ballot Order Effects in Referendum Elections

Many political practitioners believe that voters are more likely to approve propositions listed at the top than the bottom of the ballot, and this belief influences election laws across the country. A large body of research has shown that ballot structure matters for candidate elections, potentially distorting democratic decisions, but there is little evidence for ballot propositions. This paper offers two different strategies for identifying the causal effect of ballot order in proposition elections, and applies the methods to data from California during 1958-2014 and Texas during 1986-2013. The main finding is the absence of evidence that being listed at the top compared to the bottom of the ballot has any effect on approval. Approval rates are lower when there are more propositions on the ballot.
A feasibility study of microprocessor-based digital filters

This paper studies the relation between the performances of digital filters and some inherent characteristics of the latest microprocessors. The implementation of digital filters on micro-processor(s) offers some indisputable advantages, but at the same time imposes limits on the speed, accuracy or even stability of digital filters. The approach taken here is to establish some mathematical relations between the computation time, accuracy and the order of the filter on one hand, and the addition and multiplication time, and the number of bits of the microprocessor on the other hand. Such relations lead to the feasibility study of the implementation and open the possibility of trade-offs between various parameters. Parallel processing technique implemented on multi-microprocessor structures is considered as an alternative to significantly improve the filter performances.
Steady-state diffusion in Cu-Zn-Mn alloys

Steady-state substitutional diffusion was investigated in the copper-rich phase of the Cu−Zn−Mn system at 850°C with thin membranes of copper exposed to the vapors of zinc and manganese. For the four series of experiments studied, steady-state concentration profiles that were invariant with time were established within 4 to 6 days. A simple mobility model was employed in the analysis of concentration profiles for the calculation of mobilities of zinc and manganese at various ternary compositions along the steady state composition paths The isomobility lines of zinc and manganese generated from these calculations were consistent with the mobility data for the binary Cu−Zn and Cu−Mn systems.
Triumph Forsaken: Diem on Trial: February–July 1963

as 1963 progressed into the spring and summer, the south Vietnamese government continued to improve its counterinsurgency capabilities and its position in the countryside. Increasing in size and quality at the same time, the Civil Guard reached a strength of 75,000 men, the Self-Defense Corps 100,000, the Civilian Irregular Defense Groups 40,000, and the regular armed services 215,000. At Diem's command, the South Vietnamese continued to eliminate small and isolated outposts in the countryside and transfer their personnel to more productive duties. The government's forces aggressively sought battle with the Viet Cong and inflicted many defeats during this time. Colonel Bryce F. Denno, upon completing an eleven-month tour as the I Corps senior adviser in July 1963, reported that in his region, “the Self-Defense Corps units are defending their villages against enemy attacks with much greater confidence and success than in the past. The ARVN is reaching out into the deep jungle to attack Viet Cong ‘secure’ areas.” The population, moreover, was giving more information on the enemy to government forces in his corps area. In a mid-year assessment, III Corps senior adviser Colonel Wilbur Wilson remarked that pacification had experienced substantial gains in every province of the corps area. Major General Victor H. Krulak, the special assistant for counterinsurgency for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, traveled to all four corps areas in late June and observed that “offensive operations against the Viet Cong are widespread and varied, and are growing steadily in intensity.”
Retention and effectiveness of a single application of white sealant after 10 years

This retrospective study assesses the caries prevalence, cost-effectiveness, and retention of pit and fissure sealant applied to permanent first molars of children living in a fluoridated area. This retrospective cohort study assesses the caries prevalence, cost-effectiveness, and retention of pit and fissure sealant in children living in a fluoridated area 10 years after the single application of a colored sealant to permanent first molars. The status of the sealant and presence of caries or restorations on the sealed teeth was assessed. An age-, gender-, and residence-matched control group of children was examined and similar data were collected for comparison with the sealed group. The cost of a single surface restoration is compared with the cost of sealant application.
Slope Interrupter Best Management Practice Experiments on a Tilting Soil Bed with Simulated Rainfall

This paper documents an experimental study conducted to evaluate the performance of two commonly used sediment treatment control products, albeit with contrasting treatment technologies: a fiber roll or wattle (i.e., three-dimensional filter) and a perforated pipe wrapped by a pervious geosynthetic material (i.e., boundary filter). Emphasis was placed on (1) simulating field conditions and (2) describing performance via runoff, sediment yield, and particle-size measurements. Scaling problems typically associated with erosion experiments were minimized by using standard-size products (not scaled models) and a large-scale erosion bed with overhead rainfall simulators, with which dominant forms of soil erosion and sediment transport were attained. The results indicate that the experimental procedures and measurements utilized are appropriate for quantifying the erosion control performance of the products tested. In particular, the measurements revealed the important role of installation quality on BMP performance. Results also indicate that the magnitudes of peak discharge and total runoff from compacted, bare soils on steep slopes can approach values typical of highly impervious surfaces.
Analysis of Light Fluctuations from Photon Counting Statistics

It is well known that photoelectric measurements yield information about the statistical behavior of fluctuating light beams. The probability of n photoelectrons being ejected, in a fixed time interval, from the photosensitive surface of the photoelectric detector, upon which the light beam is normally incident, is a linear (Poisson) transform of the probability density for the intensity of the beam. With the help of some plausible assumptions, the present analysis provides solutions to the problem of inverting the Poisson transform, thus determining the probability density for the intensity from experimentally obtained photocounting distributions. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by an actual inversion of a typical experimental counting distribution. The technique is of particular interest in connection with efforts to understand the statistical behavior of optical fields, especially of laser fields.
Asian influence on surface ozone in the United States: A comparison of chemistry, seasonality, and transport mechanisms

[1] Ongoing growth in Asia has increased emissions of several ozone precursors which are increasingly impacting surface ozone levels in the United States. For this study we use the offline Community Atmospheric Model with Chemistry driven by National Center for Environmental Protection meteorology for 2001–2005, plus additional tagged tracers, to examine the chemistry, seasonality, and transport of Asian emissions as they are lofted from the Asian boundary layer into the free troposphere over the Pacific Ocean and into the United States. At the surface in the western United States, Asian ozone (O3A) mixing ratios are maximum in the spring at 3.36 ± 1.3 ppbv and are minimum in the summer at 1.36 ± 0.7 ppbv (mean ± standard deviation over time). Transport of O3A and its precursors to the surface in the United States depends on the structure of the elevated O3A plume and on available meteorological transport mechanisms, such as dry air streams associated with midlatitude cyclones, which can transport air from plumes with elevated levels of Asian pollution in the free troposphere to the surface. We show that the structure of such plumes has a strong seasonal dependence, entering the United States in the spring, widely dispersed between roughly 0 to 6 km and 20°N to 50°N in the lower free troposphere and boundary layer, with O3A mixing ratios between 5 and 10 ppbv. In summer the plume is less dispersed and is located in the upper free troposphere, centered at 8 km with peak O3A of 11 ppbv.
The effect of clenbuterol on time of lambing and neonatal death loss.

Two experiments were conducted to test the ability of clenbuterol, a beta-sympathomimetic agonist, to delay lambing. Ewes in all experiments were induced to lamb with 2.5 mg of flumethasone given intramuscularly on Day 141, 142 or 143 of gestation. Beginning on the day of flumethasone administration and continuing daily until lambing, ewes in Experment 1 were given injections intramuscularly (i.m.) with either 1) vehicle solution at 2200 h, 2) 240 ug of clenbuterol at 2200 h or 3) 240 ug of clenbuterol at 1600 and at 2200 h. There was a greater proportion of ewes lambing between 0800 h and 1600 h (P<0.01) and more stillbirths (P=0.05) in the groups which received clenbuterol than in the vehicle control group. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine if a lower dosage of clenbuterol, given as a single injection 37 h after flumethasone, would delay lambing without increasing the proportion of stillbirths. Ewes received either the vehicle solution, or 36 or 146 ug of clenbuterol. Lambing was delayed in the group which received 146 ug but not 36 ug of clenbuterol. There were no adverse effects of treatment on lamb survival in Experiment 2.
“A Retreat from Profit”: Colonization, the Appalachian Trail, and the Social Roots of Benton MacKaye's Wilderness Advocacy

In January 1935, Benton MacKaye helped to found the Wilderness Society, the first national organization dedicated to the preservation of wilderness and a group whose leadership was key to the passage of the Wilderness Act three decades later. MacKaye joined co-founders Aldo Leopold and Bob Marshall as one of this country's first and most important advocates for a system of wilderness areas. MacKaye's attachment to wilderness began in the early 192oS, with his visionary proposal for an Appalachian Trail from Mt. Washington in New Hampshire to Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina. Like the wilderness idea, the Appalachian Trail remains one of our most important models for preserving natural areas and providing outdoor recreation. It has been mimicked to good effect in trails traversing the length of the Rockies and the Sierras, and in greenway and rail-to-trail efforts throughout the country. His AT proposal and his founding role with the Wilderness Society indicate that Benton MacKaye has had as great an influence as anyone on preserved open space in the United States.' Although MacKaye's AT proposal, first offered in 1921, was the beginning of an intellectual process that led him to the wilderness idea and a long career as a wilderness advocate, it was also a transitional expression reflective of a very different line of thought. During his early conservation career, MacKaye seldom spoke of wilderness preservation. Instead, he focused on the connections between labor and natural resources, charting a more radical course for progressive conservation policy. This essay examines MacKaye's early thought and shows how these intellectual threads were woven into his AT proposal. Moreover, it uses MacKaye's early career to suggest that the history of wilderness advocacy in the United States has been more complex than recent scholarship suggests. Recently, the wilderness idea has come under heavy criticism. By utilizing ecologicalscience, one group of critics has suggested that the complexity and stochasticity of natural processes invariably complicate attempts to preserve wilderness. The new
Buying treaties with cigarettes: Internal side‐payments in two level games

Two‐level games models predict that domestic division within a state can alter the extent to which that state is able to reach agreements with other states, and also alter the content of any agreement that is reached. I extend the model by introducing internal side‐payments composed of unrelated domestic issues. Domestic opposition to an international agreement will inhibit cooperation most when the executive and median legislators are in relative agreement about other salient domestic political issues. Domestic opposition to an international agreement will inhibit cooperation least when the executive and median legislators are in relative disagreement about other salient domestic political issues. U.S. ratifications of the NAFTA and the Chemical Weapons Convention illustrate that not all types of domestic division inhibit international cooperation—some can facilitate it
Homologous Up‐Regulation of Vitamin D Receptors Is Tissue Specific in the Rat

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) receptors (VDR) are expressed in multiple tissues within the body. VDR levels are increased by 1,25(OH)2D3 in intestine and kidney and in numerous cell models. The ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to affect VDR levels in other target tissues in vivo was studied by assessing VDR levels by the 3H-1,25(OH)2D3 binding assay under varied physiological conditions in the rat. When compared with vitamin D-deficient (-D) controls, rats raised on a normal vitamin D-sufficient (+D) diet showed elevated VDR levels in kidney (391 +/- 53 vs. 913 +/- 76 fmol/g of tissue;p < 0.05), but not in testis, heart, or lung. Up-regulation of the VDR also occurred in kidney of +D rats 1 day after a single 100-ng dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 (454 +/- 43 vs. 746 +/- 113 fmol/mg of DNA; p < 0.05), but no changes were seen in intestine, testis, or lung. Because 1,25(OH)2D3-induced hypercalcemia may independently affect VDR regulation, 1,25(OH)2D3 was infused into -D rats, and normocalcemia was maintained by reduced dietary calcium intake. In this model, the renal VDR was again up-regulated (446 +/- 115 vs. 778 +/- 58 fmol/mg of DNA; p < 0.05), but VDR levels in testis and lung were unaffected. Scatchard analysis and tests of 1,25(OH)2D3 dose (1-100 ng/day for 7 days) and temporal (100 ng/day for 1-7 days) responsiveness further supported the tissue-specific nature of the homologous VDR regulation. Assay of VDR levels by L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone-3H-1,25(OH)2D3 exchange assay ruled out differences in endogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 occupancy as the basis for the observed differences in VDR regulation. Finally, coidentity of the VDR-like sites in kidney versus testis was confirmed by competitive binding analysis comparing their relative affinities for 25(OH)D3 versus 1,25(OH)2D3 (30.5 +/- 6.4 vs. 35.6 +/- 3.6 in kidney and testis, respectively) and by immunoblot analysis using a highly specific monoclonal anti-rat VDR antibody. Thus, under a wide variety of experimental conditions, homologous up-regulation of the VDR occurs in the rat kidney in vivo, but not in several other target tissues which do not regulate plasma calcium homeostasis. Moreover, this differential VDR regulation did not result from secondary changes in plasma calcium, from differential 1,25(OH)2D3 responsiveness in the various tissues, nor from differences in endogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 occupancy of the VDR. These studies thus establish that, in contrast to observations in vitro, the widely described phenomenon of homologous VDR up-regulation in kidney and intestine is not a universal property of 1,25(OH)2D3 target tissues in vivo in the rat.
Effect of dietary arachidonic acid on metabolism of deuterated linoleic acid by adult male subjects

The influence of dietary supplementation with 20:4n-6 on uptake and turnover of deuterium-labeled linoleic acid (18:2n-6[d2]) in human plasma lipids and the synthesis of desaturated and elongated n-6 fatty acids from 18:2n-6[d21 were investigated in six adult male subjects. The subjects were fed either a high-arachidonic acid (HIAA) diet containing 1.7 g/d or a low-AA (LOAA) diet containing 0.21 g/d of AA for 50 d. Each subject was then dosed with about 3.5 g of 18:2n-6[d2] as the triglyceride (TG) at 8:00 A.M., 12:00, and 5:00 P.M. The total 18:2n-6[d21] fed to each subject was about 10.4 g and is approximately equal to one-half of the daily intake of 18:2n-6 in a typical U.S. male diet. Nine blood samples were drawn over a 96-h period. Methyl esters of plasma total lipid (TL), TG, phospholipid, and cholesterol ester were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Dietary 20:4n-6 supplementation did not affect uptake of 18:2n-6[d2] in plasma lipid classes over the 4-d study period nor the estimated half-life of 24-36 h for 18:2n-6[d2]. The percentages of major deuterium-labeled desaturation and elongation products in plasma TL, as a percentage of total deuterated fatty acids, were 1.35 and 1.34% 18:3n-6[d2]; 0.53 and 0.50% 20:2n-6[d2]; 1.80 and 0.92% 20:3n-6[d2] and 3.13 and 1.51% 20:4n-6[d2] for the LOAA and HIAA diet groups, respectively. Trace amounts (<0.1%) of the 22:4n-6[d2] and 22:5n-6[d2] metabolites were present. Plasma TL concentration data for both 20:3n-6[d2] and 20:4n-6[d2] were 48% lower (P < 0.05) in samples from the HIAA diet group than in samples from the LOAA diet group. For a normal adult male consuming a typical U.S. diet, the estimated accumulation in plasma TL of 20:4n-6 synthesized from 20 g/d (68 mmole) of 18:2n-6 is 677 mg/d (2.13 mmole). Dietary supplementation with 1.5 g/d of 20:4n-6 reduced accumulation of 20:4n-6 synthesized from 20 g/d of 18:2n-6 to about 326 mg/d (1.03 mmole).
Spectral analysis of boundary-layer transition on a heated flat plate

Abstract A spectral analysis was made for a boundary layer undergoing laminar-turbulent transition over a heated flat plate with free-stream turbulence intensities of 0.5% and 6.4%. Detailed boundary-layer measurements were made with a three-wire probe that simultaneously measured two velocity components and the temperature. The power spectra of u′, v′, and t′, as well as their co-spectra, were analyzed. The spectral analogy and the differences between the momentum and thermal transports were investigated. The results showed that the location of maximum turbulence production (y/d ∼ 0.1) coincided with the peak location of u′; whereas, the region of high turbulent shear (y/d ∼ 0.35) produced little turbulence energy. The power spectrum of t $ was mostly correlated with u′ in the early to middle transitional flow, but it was significantly correlated with v′ in the late transitional and early turbulent flow regions. The dissipation power spectra for both u′ and v′ evolved faster than their turbulence power spectra. vt seems to be transported by smaller eddies than ut . A hypothetical energy transfer process during laminar-turbulent transition was then proposed.