cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ACTIVATION AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE BY cAMP

ABSTRACT Exogenous cAMP (or 8Br-cAMP) increased catecholamine synthesis up to 5-fold in isolated, purified adrenal chromaffin cells. This increase in catecholamine synthesis persisted for 15, but not 30, minutes after removal of the exogenous cAMP. The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, E.C. 1.14.16.2, L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase) in a protein fraction isolated from the chromaffin cells was similarly increased by prior in situ treatment with cAMP. The in vitro TH activity from treated cells exhibited a lower Km for pterin and a higher Vmax for tyrosine and pterin. Under in vitro phosphorylating conditions, TH activity from untreated cells exhibited a kinetic activation similar to that produced by prior cAMP treatment in situ. When γ-32P-ATP was included, TH from untreated cells also exhibited a cAMP- and Mg-dependent increase in 32P incorporation into an immunoprecipitated band on SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Both the increase in catalytic activity and 32P incorporation exhibited similar cAMP dose-response curves. Furthermore, after preloading with 32PO4, in situ 8Br-cAMP produced an increase in 32P incorporation into the same immunoprecipitable band.
Into the Future: Autonomic Neuropathy, MicroRNAs, and Gene Therapy

Understanding the pathogenesis of Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) has proved to be challenging. Both immune-mediated and non-immune-mediated mechanisms have been implicated, which adds to the complexity of the problem. However, recent developments in science and technology have given researchers new opportunities for exploring this fascinating disease. In this chapter we provide a synopsis of the progress in our understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in SS pathogenesis, the role of microRNAs as novel tools in advancing research in this field, and gene therapy as potential therapeutic avenue.
Preventive maintenance of wood-framed buildings for hurricane preparedness

Abstract This paper presents a time-dependent reliability modeling and optimal maintenance planning approach for residential buildings subject to hurricane winds. A gamma process is employed to model the stochastic degradation of building components. The time-dependent fragility function and the failure probability of the roof system obtained from the degradation model are used to determine the retrofit timing of components that optimize an average cost per cycle time. The method is illustrated on determining the retrofit times of roof-to-wall connections based on actual component failure and hurricane wind load data. Effectiveness of the optimal retrofit age is compared to a replacement based on time-invariant failure probabilities. A simulation approach is presented to quantify the effect of wind speed uncertainty on maintenance cost.
Assessment of Topical Therapies for Improving the Optical Clarity Following Stromal Wounding in a Novel Ex Vivo Canine Cornea Model.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of topical suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) and 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2[1H]-pyridone (pirfenidone) on the degree of corneal haze in the stromal wounded ex vivo canine cornea. Methods Twenty-four corneoscleral rims from normal dogs were uniformly wounded with an excimer laser and placed into culture medium with an air-liquid interface. The control group (n = 8) contained placebo-treated corneas. Treatment group 1 (n = 8) received SAHA topically every 6 hours. Treatment group 2 (n = 8) received pirfenidone topically every 6 hours. Each cornea was fluorescein stained and macrophotographed every 6 hours to assess epithelialization rate. All corneas were also macrophotographed weekly to assess optical clarity (haze). Images were analyzed for differences in pixel intensity between wounded (haze) and unwounded (nonhaze) regions, and haze surface area for each cornea was calculated. Results The mean epithelialization time was 47.25 hours in the control group, 45.00 hours in the SAHA group, and 43.50 hours in the pirfenidone group, revealing no significant difference (P = 0.368). The median difference in pixel intensity between haze and nonhaze areas was 21.5 in the control group, 8.0 in the SAHA group, and 8.0 in the pirfenidone group, which is significant (P < 0.01). The median haze surface area was 12.96 mm2 in the control group, 5.70 mm2 in the SAHA group, and 5.92 mm2 in the pirfenidone group, which is significant (P < 0.01). Conclusions Stromal-wounded ex vivo canine corneas exhibited greater optical clarity when treated with SAHA and pirfenidone than when placebo treated at 21 days. There was no significant difference in epithelialization rate between groups. Corneal contour was correlated with geographic haze distribution.
Activating p53 and Inhibiting Superenhancers to Cure Leukemia

In a recent study, Minzel and colleagues identified a novel series of molecules that inhibit casein kinase 1α (CK1α), CDK7, and CDK9, resulting in p53 activation and preferential inhibition of superenhancer (SE)-driven transcription. This study demonstrates a highly effective therapeutic strategy combining p53 activation with suppression of SEs to promote the cooperative killing of leukemic cells.
Visualizing Feminized International Migration Flows in the 1990s

The authors estimate migration flows of women in the 1990s at a global scale and provide a description of these migratory movements. The authors produce these data combining the 2011 World Bank Glo...
The factors motivating students' STEM career aspirations: personal and societal contexts

Students' STEM career aspirations have received increasing attention worldwide. To understand students' perspectives toward science in terms of their STEM career aspirations, researchers in the present study analysed the data collected from participants' Qualtrics survey responses. The participants in this study were 9th to 12th grade students (n=44) who voluntarily participated in a one-week STEM camp for which they were offered admission as a result of winning the state science and engineering fair in Texas. The collected data were analysed using thematic analysis along with supplementary analysis of frequency distributions to determine how these motivated students' perspectives toward science influenced their decisions to pursue or avoid STEM-related careers. Results revealed that 79.4 per cent of these students were interested in pursuing STEM careers. Of those who selected STEM careers for their future employment, the perspectives they held regarding science that motivated their STEM career aspirations were mainly divided into two contexts - personal and societal. Students who possessed a personal context fell into one of three themes: positive emotion, personal development, and developing tools for the job. Students whose perspectives best reflected a societal context were also divided into three themes: helping people, interacting with others, and impacting the world.
Locating Women’s Roles

This chapter begins with a focus on the relationship between place and human action/roles. In this chapter, readers are directed to turn their attention to women’s roles in the mosque, specifically women’s leadership roles in prayer and other mosque-based activities. Recognizing the long history of scholarly and leadership roles for women in Muslim communities around the world, Fewkes focuses here on a few examples from Asian Muslim communities that offer insights into Muslim spatial practices, foregrounding the relationship between mosque spaces and women’s religious work, and highlighting patterns of women’s religious leadership that can shed further light on the Maldivian case. She ends the chapter with a discussion of what it might mean to call a woman “imam” in these cases.
C-ring testing of nuclear grade silicon carbide composites at temperatures up to 1900 °C

Abstract Silicon carbide matrix reinforced with silicon carbide fiber (SiC-SiC) composite is an advantageous material for many high temperature applications due to retention of room temperature strength above 1100 °C, which is the current operational limit for many high temperature metals. For the nuclear industry, this property, along with excellent radiation tolerance, has made SiC-SiC an attractive cladding material for the accident tolerant fuel program. The mechanical strength at high temperatures of these composites needs to be evaluated to address improvements in the third generation of Nicalon fibers, fabrication processes, as well as tested in a form-factor relevant to fuel cladding. In this work, mechanical strength of SiGA™ composite tubes, a SiC-SiC composite fabricated at General Atomics using the current generation of Hi-Nicalon Type S SiC fiber and chemical vapor infiltration processing (CVI) of the matrix, was evaluated at temperatures up to 1100 °C in ambient air and ∼1900 °C in an inert gas environment with nominal 30–60 min dwell time. The results of this study show full retention of room temperature strength at both test regimes. Some degradation of material toughness was observed at temperatures above ∼1760 °C. During this study, effects of interphase, fiber, and matrix morphological changes as a function of temperature were investigated.
Outcomes and complications following non-oncologic total femoral replacement:

Background:Non-oncologic total femoral replacement (TFR) is utilised as a limb-salvage option in the setting of massive bone loss during revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthrop...
The Problem-Based Learning Model

The problem-based learning model utilizes cooperative group work to approach ill-structured, real-world problems. Proponents of the problem-based learning model argue that by providing authentic, real-world problems in a peer-supported group setting, learners are better able to apply their knowledge after graduation. Studies have shown that problem-based learning affords students advantages such as increased motivation, teamwork skills, improved critical thinking abilities, increased knowledge retention, and better organization and integration of new knowledge. Critics of problem-based learning argue that the model adds additional burdens on instructors and negatively affects the amount of knowledge gained (facts), which in turn leads to lower test scores. This paper seeks to explain the characteristics of the problem-based learning model and examine its merits and limitations. An examination of past and future progression of this model will also be undertaken. Finally, this paper will propose a multi-strategy research design to study this model and assess its effectiveness.
Preface to the Special Issue on Human Factors and Advanced Vehicle Automation: Of Benefits, Barriers, and Bridges to Safe and Effective Implementation:

ObjectiveThe aim of this special issue is to bring together the latest research related to driver interaction with various types of vehicle automation.BackgroundVehicle technology has undergone sig...
Nonlinear Behavior of Planar Compliant Tensegrity Mechanism with Variable Free-Lengths

Traditional tensegrity mechanisms comprise compressive (rigid rods) and tensile members (cables). Compliant tensegrity mechanisms (CoTM) include springs alongside cables. Introduction of spring elements allows these structures to be more adaptable and robust. The kinematic and stability analyses of such mechanisms will facilitate better understanding of their behaviors for developing control and design methodologies. The analysis of CoTM often involves making the zero free-length (ZFL) assumption, i.e., the free-length of the spring is zero, which disqualifies the analysis for most real-word applications. The paper illustrates the drastic increase in computational complexity for finding static solutions as the assumption of ZFL for spring elements are relaxed for a simple planar compliant tensegrity mechanism comprising two rigid triangular platforms connected by a compressive member and two spring elements. The resulting nonlinear behavior of obtained static solutions shows intersecting manifolds of equilibrium orientation angles where the number of solutions vary from minimum of 4 to beyond 10 as the spring free-lengths are varied.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vascular surgery practice in the United States.

Background The impact of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic on health care workers has been substantial. However, the impact on vascular surgery (VS) trainees has not yet been determined. The goals of our study were to gauge the impact of COVID-19 on VS trainees’ personal and professional life and to assess stressors, coping, and support structures involved in these trainees' response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This was an anonymous online survey administered in April 12–24, 2020 during the surge phase of the global COVID-19 pandemic. It is a subset analysis of the cross-sectional Society for Vascular Surgery Wellness Committee Pandemic Practice, Anxiety, Coping, and Support Survey. The cohort surveyed was VS trainees, integrated residents and fellows, in the United States of America. Assessment of the personal impact of the pandemic on VS trainees and the coping strategies used by them was based on the validated Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale and the validated 28-time Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced inventory. Results A total of 145 VS trainees responded to the survey, with a 23% response rate (145/638). Significant changes were made to the clinical responsibilities of VS trainees, with 111 (91%) reporting cancellation of elective procedures, 101 (82%) with call schedule changes, 34 (24%) with duties other than related to VS, and 29 (24%) participation in outpatient care delivery. Over one-third (52/144) reported they had performed a procedure on a patient with confirmed COVID-19; 37 (25.7%) reported they were unaware of the COVID-19 status at the time. The majority continued to work after exposure (29/34, 78%). Major stressors included concerns about professional development, infection risk to family/friends, and impact of care delay on patients. The median score for GAD-7 was 4 (interquartile range 1–8), which corresponds to no or low self-reported anxiety levels. VS trainees employed mostly active coping and rarely avoidant coping mechanisms, and the majority were aware and used social media and online support systems. No significant difference was observed between integrated residents and fellows, or by gender. Conclusions The pandemic has had significant impact on VS trainees. Trainees reported significant changes to clinical responsibilities, exposure to COVID-19, and pandemic-related stressors but demonstrated healthy coping mechanisms with low self-reported anxiety levels. The VS community should maintain awareness of the impact of the pandemic on the professional and personal development of surgeons in training. We recommend adaptive evolution in training to accommodate the changing learning environment for trainees.
Gravitational Lensing of High Redshift Type Ia Supernova: A Probe of Medium Scale Structure

The dispersion in the peak luminosities of high redshift type Ia supernovae will change with redshift due to gravitational lensing. This lensing is investigated with an emphasis on the prospects of measuring it and separating it from other possible sources of redshift dependent dispersion. Measuring the lensing induced dispersion would directly constrain the power spectrum of density fluctuations on smaller length scales than are easily probed in any other way. The skew of the magnification distribution is related to the bispectrum of density fluctuations. Using cold dark matter models it is found that the amount and quality of data needed is attainable in a few years. A parameterization of the signal as a power law of the angular size distance to the supernovae is motivated by these models. This information can be used in detecting lensing, detecting other systematic changes in supernovae and calculating the uncertainties in cosmological parameter estimates.
Association between a Deficit Accumulation Frailty Index and Mobility Outcomes in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome represented by susceptibility to precipitating health events and reduced functional reserve. Frailty can be difficult to measure in clinical practice and research. One approach to approximate frailty is based on a deficit accumulation approach, which assesses a larger number of less specific measures such as the presence of comorbidities, physical or cognitive assessments, and lab tests, and summarizes these as a frailty index. The objective of this study was to develop such an index using the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study and evaluate the validity of the frailty measure derived based on baseline information via its association with the primary outcomes of the trial, namely major mobility disability (MMD) and persistent MMD (pMMD). Further, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the physical activity intervention among participants based on their baseline frailty score. Subjects in the LIFE Study were evaluated at baseline for demographics, clinical history, and a battery of physical and cognitive functioning assessments. In total, 75 possible deficits were scored either as present (yes/no) or based on each score’s quintiles for score-based assessments. The frailty index was measured as the total sum of deficits divided by the total number of possible deficits on a continuous scale between 0 and 100 (i.e., percent of deficits present). The frailty index was further divided into quintiles for comparison. A proportional hazards model was estimated for the MMD outcome controlling for other baseline information. A data driven approach was also used to determine relevant cut-offs in the frailty index where the trial intervention appeared to be modified. Among 1635 trial participants, the mean frailty index was 30.4 ± 6.6 and normally distributed. Over 2.5 years of average follow-up, 14.6%, 16.5%, 18.6%, 22.6%, and 27.6% of participants experienced MMD in quintiles 1–5, respectively. Each 1-unit increase in the frailty index increased the hazard of MMD by 4% (2–5%), and there was a nearly 2-fold increase in MMD between the highest and lowest frailty quintiles. Using log-rank criteria, a cut-point at the median was identified. Further, iterations tested for a frailty cut-off and indicated a subgroup beyond the 85th percentile wherein the physical activity intervention appeared to be no longer be effective. This internally derived deficit accumulation frailty index was uniquely able to identify individuals at higher risk of MMD and pMMD and showed that along the spectrum of frailty, the physical activity intervention remained effective for the majority of participants.
Intuitions About Combining Opinions: Misappreciation of the Averaging Principle

Averaging estimates is an effective way to improve accuracy when combining expert judgments, integrating group members' judgments, or using advice to modify personal judgments. If the estimates of two judges ever fall on different sides of the truth, which we term bracketing, averaging must outperform the average judge for convex loss functions, such as Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD). We hypothesized that people often hold incorrect beliefs about averaging, falsely concluding that the average of two judges' estimates would be no more accurate than the average judge. The experiments confirmed that this misconception was common across a range of tasks that involved reasoning from summary data (Experiment 1), from specific instances (Experiment 2), and conceptually (Experiment 3). However, this misconception decreased as observed or assumed bracketing rate increased (all three studies) and when bracketing was made more transparent (Experiment 2). Experiment 4 showed that flawed inferential rules and poor extensional reasoning abilities contributed to the misconception. We conclude by describing how people may face few opportunities to learn the benefits of averaging and how misappreciating averaging contributes to poor intuitive strategies for combining estimates.
Repair of Retinal Detachment with Giant Retinal Tear

Thorough preoperative evaluation should be performed including extent of retinal detachment, location of tears, presence of an inverted flap, location of any other peripheral pathology, and presence of preoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Status of the hyaloid (which should be detached in a true giant retinal tear) and lens should also be noted. It is important to clinically differentiate retinal dialysis from a true giant retinal tear, as the management of these entities will be distinct due to the differing relationship of the vitreous base to the posterior aspect of the break. Care is taken to unfurl the inverted posterior tear flap (if present) and in preventing slippage during air exchanges. Rates of proliferative vitreoretinopathy can be high post and preoperatively, and as such silicone oil is often chosen as the tamponade. In phakic patients one can consider concurrent scleral buckle placement with gas tamponade.
Association of Medicare Mandatory Bundled Payment Program With the Receipt of Elective Hip and Knee Replacement in White, Black, and Hispanic Beneficiaries.

Importance The Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model was designed to reduce the cost and improve the quality of hip or knee replacement among Medicare beneficiaries. Yet whether this model may exacerbate existing racial/ethnic disparities in access to the surgery is unclear. Objective To examine the association of the CJR model with the receipt of elective hip or knee replacement across White, Black, and Hispanic Medicare beneficiaries. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of Medicare claims from 2013 through 2017 among White, Black, and Hispanic Medicare beneficiaries undergoing elective joint replacement in 65 treatment (selected for CJR participation) and 101 control metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Exposures Starting in April 2016, hospitals in the treatment MSAs were required to participate in the CJR model and were accountable for expenditures occurring during patients’ hospitalization for hip or knee replacement and 90 days after the hospital discharge. Main Outcomes and Measures Beneficiary-level elective hip or knee replacement receipt in a given year. Results Among 17 243 304 patients, 9 839 996 (57%) were women; 2 107 425 (12%) were age 85 years or older. Of the final sample, 14 632 434 (85%) were White beneficiaries, 1 518 629 (9%) were Black beneficiaries, and 1 092 241 (6%) were Hispanic beneficiaries. The CJR model was associated with an increase of 1.6 elective hip or knee replacements per 1000 beneficiary-years for Hispanic beneficiaries (95% CI, 0.06-2.05) and a decrease of 0.64 replacements for Black beneficiaries (95% CI, −1.25 to −0.02). No evidence was found for any changes for White beneficiaries per 1000 beneficiary-years (0.04 replacements, 95% CI, −0.35 to 0.42 replacements). The Black-White difference in the rate of elective hip or knee replacement per 1000 beneficiary-years further widened by 0.68 replacements (−0.68, 95% CI, −1.20 to −0.15). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, the CJR model was associated with increased receipt of elective hip or knee replacement among Hispanic beneficiaries, decreased receipt among Black beneficiaries, and no change in receipt among White beneficiaries. The decreased receipt of elective hip or knee replacement among Black beneficiaries may suggest that value-based payment models, including the CJR model, could be monitored for unintended consequences. However, the lack of similar findings among Hispanic beneficiaries suggests that payment models may have differential impacts across racial/ethnic groups.
Regional variation of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies for the United States building sector

Abstract In this study, the impacts of various mitigation strategies for existing and newly constructed buildings in the United States on embodied and operational greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were quantified until 2050. A bottom-up approach was utilized to model the characteristics of individual reference buildings. First, reference designs and practices were developed for climatic regions across the United States to capture spatial variation in energy demand, building codes, and structural performance. Then, the results were scaled up to regional networks (at county and state levels) and finally to the entire country. Given the fact that mitigation strategies can vary by region and building type, we explored the key drivers of impacts in the buildings sector and prioritized which strategies should be applied in different regions and building types. To meet deep decarbonization goals, we will need to pursue strategies for GHG emissions reductions in both the embodied and operational phases of the building life cycle. We found there will be no meaningful reduction in building GHG emissions in the Western US and New England regions under current projected technology and code improvements because they are on the leading edge of emissions reduction strategies. However, there is much more opportunity to lower life cycle GHG emissions in the Midwest and central US regions because they are further behind the implementation of reduction strategies. A number of interventions—chiefly to the electricity grid, appliances, and lighting—could nearly halve the emissions of new buildings constructed between 2016 and 2050.
Gastrointestinal Secretion: Aids in Digestion and Absorption

This chapter begins by describing oral secretion of saliva and its functions including the dilution and buffering of foods and the digestion of starches and lipids. Food then progresses to the stomach where hydrochloric acid (HCl) is produced and pepsinogen and intrinsic factor are secreted. In the small intestine the reader learns to delineate the factors involved in the production of pancreatic exocrine secretions and their role in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and the aqueous secretion of sodium, bicarbonate, and water. Additionally the role of biliary secretion in the digestion and absorption of lipids is defined. Finally the role of intestinal secretion in normal conditions versus abnormal conditions (e.g., diarrhea and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis) is considered.
UTILIZING THE VISUAL ENVIRONMENT IN SPACE.

Two procedures dealing with distance estimation in space are analyzed. In one, formulae relating angular subtense to target distance are derived for spherical and disk objects. A design for a simpl...
Defining Place and People in Afghanistan

(2001). Defining Place and People in Afghanistan. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics: Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 545-560.
Energy in Buildings

In 2012, residential buildings consumed 20.4 quads and commercial buildings consumed 17.7 quads, or a total of 40 % of national energy consumption is expended with buildings. The U.S. spends about $1 trillion a year for energy, construction, renovation and operation for buildings. Reducing this fraction could significantly stabilize national security, improve the environment and enhance the national economy. Buildings dominate the use of electricity at 28 quads/year, which is 73 % of US electricity consumption of 39 quads/year. Buildings built prior to the oil embargo of 1973–1974 were often an energy disaster, built without insulation, wasting winter heat and summer air conditioning alike. New buildings now consume one-half their former level per square feet because energy intensity of big buildings dropped from 270,000 to 100,000 Btu/ft2-year of primary energy. But these gains are being countered by homes that grew from an average of 1,400 ft2 in 1970 to today’s 2,225 ft2. This increase is caused with more bathrooms and other design extras. US home ownership is about 66 %, which means that in 1/3 of residences the landlord makes the energy decisions while the renter pays the bills.
A novel load flow analysis for particle-swarm optimized microgrid power sharing

This paper proposes a novel load flow analysis (LFA) for droop-based islanded microgrids (DBIM). The standard LFA cannot be used since no single node sets the reference voltage. As the voltage in the islanded microgrid depends on the droop relation, they are included them as part of load flow equations. The proposed LFA is used with particle swarm optimization to select the droop parameters that optimize the power sharing among sources in a microgrid. The proposed methods are found to be effective through simulation studies.
Intraoperative clinical assessment and pressure measurements of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer.

Background Clinicians have long regarded firm enlarged axillary nodes as suspicious for metastasis, and this has been confirmed to represent increased pressure in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in vivo in breast cancer. We hypothesized that measuring intranodal pressure (INP) in the operating room would correlate with metastasis size and be more sensitive than clinical observation.
150 Years of Maxwell's equations: A reflection

Electromagnetics and optics knowledge yielded technologies in the early 1800s in terms of electric machinery, telegraphy, and optics. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell completed the electromagnetic equations, now called Maxwell's equations. They helped bridge the gap between optics and electromagnetics. Since then, Maxwell's equations have undoubtedly profound impact on many modern science and technologies.
Skeletal rearrangements of arylborane complexes mediated by redox reactions: thermal and photochemical oxidation by metal ions☆

Abstract A variety of metal salts have been found to undergo reduction by thermal and photochemical interaction with tetraarylborate salts and with neutral alkyl- and aryl-borane complexes. In the cases of Cu2+, Cu+, Ni2+, Co2+, Pd2+, Pt2+, Ag+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Sn2+, Pb2+ and Rh3+ salts, such photochemical reductions with NaBPh4 led to the deposition of the free metal, while a number of binary mixtures of metal salts led to the deposition of both metals, sometimes as true alloys, under such photoreductions. In the course of these reductions the arylborate reductants underwent oxidative coupling of the aryl groups to form biaryls in a strictly intra-ionic (for BAr4−) or intramolecular (Ar3B) manner respectively. Individual studies of the photochemistry of the tetraarylborate anion itself, of cuprous tetraphenylborate and of the triphenylborane—pyridine complex have adduced evidence for a gamut of reactive intermediates capable of serving as the photoreductant for metal ions, such as triarylborane radical anions, diarylborate(I) anions or arylborenes, 7-borabicycloheptadiene anions or neutral complexes and finally arylborohydride anions or arylboronhydrides. The role of these intermediates both in the photoinduced skeletal rearrangements of arylboranes and in the concomitant reduction of metal ions is discussed in critical detail.
Chemical modification of carboxyl groups on spinach ferredoxin alters its ability to interact with ferredoxin:NADP reductase

Abstract Treatment of spinach ferredoxin with glycine ethyl ester in the presence of a water soluble carbodiimide resulted in the modification of 3–4 carboxyl groups and decreased the ability of ferredoxin to participate in NADP photoreduction by chloroplast membranes by about 80%. The ability of the modified ferredoxin to receive electrons from the reducing side of Photosystem I was relatively unaffected. These findings suggest that the modified ferredoxin is unable to interact with ferredoxin:NADP reductase. This has been verified by demonstration that the modified ferredoxin fails to produce difference spectra typical of a ferredoxin-ferredoxin:NADP reductase complex when added to ferredoxin:NADP reductase.
Stable recursive procedures for numerical computations in markov models

Recursive methods have been proposed for the numerical solution of equations arising in the analysis and control of Markov processes. Two examples are (i) solving for the equilibrium probabilities, and (ii) solving for the minimal expected cost or time to reach state zero, in a Markov process with left-skip-free transition structure. We discuss conditions under which recursive techniques are numerically stable and efficient, giving applications to descriptive and control models for queues.
Development of fluorescence activatable nanosensors

As new biomarkers and relationships among biomarkers for diseases are identified, the demand for highly sensitive and multiplexed detection increases. The goal of this study is to take advantage of the unique properties of nanoparticles to advance biomedical sensor systems of various bio- and environmental markers. Among the various detection signals, fluorescence is a major focus since it can be readily used as a research tool. More importantly, fluorescent dyes have unique interactions with nanoparticles. For example, when fluorophores are in close proximity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), 99.8% of fluorescence is quenched. Fluorophores can be released from the AuNP surface for an enhanced “on” fluorescence signal. The fluorophore-AuNP interaction has been adapted for use as an in vivo imaging probe for drug screening and protease activity.
Coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function.

Patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure (CHF) and preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function appear to have similar hospital readmission rates for CHF as those with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction. However, mortality rates in this condition, although substantial, have been reported to be both lower than and similar to those with CHF and systolic dysfunction. These disparate findings may be explained by the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the populations under study. In a study of elderly CHF patients (mean age 84 6 years), those with CAD and preserved systolic function had a 1-year mortality rate of 22%. In the Coronary Artery Surgery Study registry database, the extent of CAD in patients who had CHF symptoms with normal ejection fractions determined prognosis (Figure 1); the 6-year survival rate for patients who had 3-vessel CAD was 68% compared with 83% in those with 1or 2-vessel disease and 92% for CHF patients without CAD. The major cause of CHF due to systolic dysfunction in the USA is CAD. Although a tremendous amount of data exists regarding the evaluation and management of CHF due to LV systolic dysfunction, relatively few data exist on the syndrome of CHF with preserved LV systolic function, and, in particular, the prevalence and significance of CAD in this patient population is not well defined. The purpose of this editorial is to review whether there is sufficient evidence to make a case for systematic evaluation of CAD in patients with CHF and preserved systolic function, since the finding of significant CAD in this patient population may impact therapeutic strategies.
Education ‘reform’ in Latino Detroit: achievement gap or colonial legacy?

Using critical theory and an analysis of missionary reports and documentation describing education in colonial Puerto Rico and Mexico, the authors cross borders and time periods to socially and historically situate Spanish colonial educational methodologies and their contemporary use in one low-income Latino community in urban Detroit, Michigan. By invoking associations from the colonial past to shed light on contemporary struggles, this study problematizes US educational reform initiatives such as high stakes testing and school turnaround policies. The authors found that when the playing field is not equal, such reform efforts are but another in a long line of colonial and neo-colonial methodologies that further disenfranchise Latino youth and push them out of school.
A 3D perfectly matched medium from modified maxwell's equations with stretched coordinates

A modified set of Maxwell's equations is presented that includes complex coordinate stretching along the three Cartesian coordinates. The added degrees of freedom in the modified Maxwell's equations allow the specification of absorbing boundaries with zero reflection at all angles of incidence and all frequencies. The modified equations are also related to the perfectly matched layer that was presented recently for 2D wave propagation. Absorbing-material boundary conditions are of particular interest for finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computations on a single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) massively parallel supercomputer. A 3D FDTD algorithm has been developed on a connection machine CM-5 based on the modified Maxwell's equations and simulation results are presented to validate the approach. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of macular volume in normal and glaucomatous eyes using optical coherence tomography

Abstract Purpose To evaluate macular volume in normal and glaucomatous eyes using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Case control study. Methods The authors assessed 272 eyes of 164 subjects as part of an institutional study at New England Eye Center in Boston, Massachusetts; 202 eyes were in the study group and 70 eyes in the control group. Eyes were categorized as normal (70 eyes of 43 subjects), glaucoma suspect (70 eyes of 44 subjects), early glaucoma (70 eyes of 47 subjects), or advanced glaucoma (62 eyes of 43 subjects). Subjects underwent analysis with the commercially available OCT1 unit. Optical coherence tomography macular neurosensory retinal thickness maps were used to calculate macular volume for comparison to Humphrey visual field testing, intraocular pressure measurement, and stereo biomicroscopy of the optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer. Results Using repeated measures regression, macular volume in normal (2.37 ± 0.11 mm 3 ) glaucoma suspect (2.33 ± 0.16 mm 3 ), and early glaucoma eyes (2.27 ± 0.13 mm 3 ) was significantly greater than in eyes with advanced glaucoma (2.12 ± 0.23 mm 3 , P = .0001, P = .0001, and P = .0008, respectively). Macular volume in normal eyes was significantly greater than in early glaucoma eyes ( P = .01). Conclusions Optical coherence tomography retinal macular volume correlates with known structural defects of glaucoma, providing a potential objective and quantitative parameter for evaluation. Our data show a significant difference in macular volume between normal, glaucoma suspect, and early glaucoma eyes, compared with advanced glaucomatous eyes as well as between normal and early glaucomatous eyes. This correlates with a trend of decreasing macular volume in eyes with more advanced disease.
Bone resorbing activity of gingiva from beagle dogs following metronidazole and indomethacin therapy.

Twenty-four beagle dogs were divided into three groups of eight dogs each. Periodontitis was induced in three of the denial quadrants of each dog using wire ligatures while one quadrant was not ligaled and was kept cleaned. One group of dogs received no additional treatment, one group received systemic metronidazole and the third group received systemic indomethacin. The in vitro bone resorbing activity of extracts from freeze dried gingiva from the groups was compared. Extracts of gingiva from ligaled teeth produced significant bone resorption. Metronidazole treatment suppressed this ligature-induced bone resorbing activity while indomethacin had no effect. Extracts from gingiva from around clean non-ligated teeth had somewhat less activity than extracts from gingiva of ligaled teeth, although some significant resorption remained in all treatment groups. Bacterial cultures from melronidazoletreated groups showed a change from a predominantly Gram negative obligatory anerobic flora (B. assacharolyticus), to one predominated by Gram negative, facultative anaerobes (Capnocytophaga and Campylobacter). It was concluded that metronidazole suppressed bone resorbing activity by inducing a change in the flora of the gingival crevice.
Microfilament stabilization by jasplakinolide arrests oocyte maturation, cortical granule exocytosis, sperm incorporation cone resorption, and cell-cycle progression, but not DNA replication, during fertilization in mice

Jasplakinolide (JAS), which induces microfilament polymerization and stabilization, inhibits microfilament-mediated events in murine oocyte maturation and fertilization in a fashion unlike the effects of cytochalasin B (CCB) and latranculin A (LAT A). JAS prevents egg polar body emission at a much lower concentration than either CCB or LAT A. Microfilament bundles were detected on the entire egg cortex after JAS exposure. Conversely, microfilament patterns did not change after exposure to CCB, and few microfilaments were observed after exposure to LAT A. Eggs that were allowed to recover from JAS were unable to recover normal microfilament organization. During oocyte maturation, JAS prevented both spindle migration to the oocyte cortex and first polar body emission. During in vitro fertilization, sperm head entered the eggs and formed pronuclei, but sperm tail entry, pronuclear centration, and second polar body emission were not detected. DNA synthesis occurs in these JAS-treated zygotes. JAS inhibited not only the formation, but also the disassembly, of incorporation cones. JAS was also found to prevent cortical granule exocytosis following artificial activation, and cortical granules were still beneath the plasma membrane even after activation. Finally, incorporation of microinjected nonmuscle actin into the microfilament network of mice eggs was delayed by JAS. We conclude that JAS acts as a microfilament inhibitor during maturation and fertilization and is more powerful than other inhibitors. Its mechanism differs in that it promotes assembly and stabilization of microfilaments. JAS is a novel cell permeable tool for the investigation of microfilament-dependent events in early mammalian development.
Volar Percutaneous Screw Fixation of the Scaphoid: A Cadaveric Study

Purpose To test the efficacy of a previously described technique of angiocatheter-assisted instrument positioning in achieving a central screw position in a cadaveric model for volar percutaneous screw fixation (PSF) of the scaphoid and to quantify the damage to surrounding soft tissue and articular cartilage associated with the procedure. Methods We performed fluoroscopically guided volar PSF of the scaphoid on 10 fresh cadaveric wrists. We then dissected the specimens, analyzed screw position in cross sections of the scaphoid, and described injury to nearby soft tissue structures as well as articular cartilage of the scaphotrapezial joint. Results All 10 screws were positioned within the central third of the scaphoid on at least 2 of 3 cross sections, and 8 of 10 screws were positioned within the central third of the proximal pole. Two wrists required a transtrapezial trajectory for satisfactory screw positioning. None of the specimens sustained visible neurovascular damage, and 2 wrists revealed minor tendon damage. Trajectories involving the scaphotrapezial joint violated, on average, 7% of the scaphoid articular cartilage. With a transtrapezial trajectory, 11% of the trapezial cartilage was violated Conclusions Central positioning of the screw is biomechanically superior, and screw position within the central one third of the proximal pole has been associated with faster time to union. Volar PSF achieved satisfactory screw position in the scaphoid. The majority of wrists were amenable to PSF via the scaphotrapezial joint, though a transtrapezial approach was a viable alternative for wrists with restrictive anatomy. Both approaches minimally disrupted the scaphotrapezial joint and surrounding soft tissues. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
A temporal case retrieval model to predict railway passenger arrivals

This paper proposes a three-stage model to predict final sales when advanced booking, which is prevalent in the service industry, is available. The concept behind the proposal is that similar booking patterns during the reservation period indicate the trend of sales. Booking curves which record accumulated reservations were collected from a railway company. The first stage is to evaluate the similarity of booking patterns between the collected samples and the days to be predicted. Then samples with high similarity to the forecasting target are chosen from the collected observations. Integrating the final sales of these selected samples to project future volumes is the main job in the last stage. Regression and Pick Up models, common in practice, are also constructed for comparing purposes. The results show that the proposed model can significantly improve predictive accuracy in the testing cases.
Building an Historical Landscape, Commemorating W. E. B. Du Bois

The history of the W.E.B. Du Bois Homesite in Great Barrington Massachusetts is traced from the present to its earliest inhabitation after the arrival of Europeans and African captives. Social processes of class and race operating at different time scales have constrained the ways the members of Du Bois’s maternal relatives, and more recently private foundations and the public institution of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, have made use of the property. The Homesite figures in Du Bois’s memories of his childhood and was a source of pride during his 26 years of ownership. Telling its story backwards provides insights into how larger social and ideological forces affected individual actions, observations that provide guidance for future commemoration efforts at this National Historic Landmark site honoring the accomplishments of W.E.B. Du Bois.
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is enhanced by inhibition of the synthesis of an endothelium derived relaxing factor

Inhibition of the synthesis of endothelium derived relaxing factor by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, a competitive inhibitor of the synthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine, enhances hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in pulmonary artery rings and isolated, Krebs albumin perfused rat lungs. L-arginine rapidly reduces hypoxic vasoconstriction, particularly in lungs treated with NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Following administration of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, bradykinin-induced vasodilation is inhibited (p<0.01) and a bradykinin-induced vasoconstriction develops (p<0.001). NG-monomethyl-L-arginine does not significantly diminish acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation in the isolated lung. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine causes an endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction in pulmonary artery rings.
Microaggregations of Oceanic Plankton Observed by Towed Video Microscopy

Oceanic plankton have been hypothesized to occur in micropatches (<10 meters) that can have a large impact on marine ecosystem dynamics. Towed video microscopy was used to unobtrusively determine distributions of oceanic plankton over a continuum of scales from microns to hundreds of meters. Distinct, taxa-specific aggregations measuring less than 20 centimeters were found for copepods but not for nonmotile (cyanobacterial colonies) or asexual (doliolid phorozooids) forms, which suggests that these small patches are related to mating. Significant patchiness was also found on larger scales and was correlated among taxa, indicating physical control. These video observations provide new insights into basic plankton ecology by allowing quantitative assessment of individual plankton in their natural, undisturbed state.
XIX.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XXXVII

(1911). XIX.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XXXVII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 8, No. 43, pp. 179-192.
Anomalous vibrational linebroadening of the v1 mode in CH2Cl2/CD2Cl2 mixtures

Abstract The concentration dependence of vibrational linewidths in isotopic mixtures has been utilized routinely to ascertain the role of resonant energy transfer on vibrational relaxation in liquids. In a Raman study of the v 1 modes in CH 2 Cl 2 /CD 2 Cl 2 solutions, it was found that the C-H stretching linewidth actually increases upon isotope dilution. This result, predicted theoretically but never heretofore observed, contains significant ramifications concerning the interpretation of isotopic dilution studies in general.
Influence of Family Structure on Children's Self-Concept Development

This research explored the relationships between students' multidimensional selfconcepts as a function of students' family structure. Participants were 815 adolescent and preadolescent children, ag...