cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetization of dilute Al-Mn and Al-Fe alloys

The magnetization of very dilute Al-Mn and Al-Fe alloys was measured from 2 to 0.01 K in order to obtain a limit on how nonmagnetic such systems are. Results indicate that the impurity contribution to the magnetization is almost temperature independent and that the moment per impurity is less than 1.7 × 10−2. The Al nuclear paramagnetism is mainly responsible for the uncertainty in this value.
Recent Legal Developments: Correctional Case Law: 2012

This annual survey examines important prisoners' rights cases decided by the U.S. Courts of Appeals during 2012. These cases addressed constitutional questions concerning sexual misconduct, health ...
The Utility of Dog Bone (Canis Familiaris) In Stable Isotope Studies for Investigating the Presence of Prehistoric Maize (Zea Mays Ssp. Mays): A Preliminary Study:

This preliminary study investigates an alternative method to exploring and understanding the presence of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) in prehistoric human settlement areas using stable isotope ratios from dog (Canis familiaris) bone as a surrogate to human bone. Using this methodology, this pilot study aims to begin to provide insight into the presence and prominence of maize within the subsistence economies of 2 prehistoric populations in coastal New Jersey—an area where some researchers argue people relied little upon this tropical domesticate. The third sample included in this study is from a prehistoric population in Pennsylvania where cultivation and consumption of maize have been evidenced by macrobotanical remains and stable isotope analyses on human bone. Data derived from this project offers the potential to provide new insight into the distribution of maize into the coastal regions of the Middle Atlantic, as well as enhance our understanding of the diversity of applications for stable isotope anal...
Gastrointestinal involvement in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

A total of 813 patients admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1963--1972 with non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were reviewed for gastrointestinal (GI) involvement. Primary involvement was found in 71 and secondary involvement in 31 patients. Occult GI involvement was detected in 46% of the autopsy cases. The median survival time after the diagnosis of secondary GI involvement was nine months. The occurrence of primary GI-NHL was: 33 in the stomach, 18 in the small intestine, 14 in the ileocecal area including appendix, and 6 in the large intestine. Retrospective staging according to the Ann Arbor staging classification showed 24 to have presented as Stage I, 30 as Stage II, 4 as Stage III, and 13 as Stage IV. The primary diagnostic and therapeutic approach was operative, except in 2 patients with rectal lymphoma. Resection of the principally involved site was carried out in 42 patients. The remainder had palliative procedures or biopsy examinations only. Postoperative radiation therapy was given to 38 patients. Prognostically important features for primary GI-NHL were: stage; histologic type; site of the primary disease; and whether or not radiotherapy was administered. The age of the patient, size or degree of local extension, and type of operative procedure were prognostically of no importance. The results of this study would indicate that in Stage I and II primary GI-NHL, elective resection is not necessary prior to radiation therapy and that resection alone cannot be considered adequate treatment. A modified staging classification is proposed.
Pressure-transient test design in tight gas formations

This paper outlines a procedure for pre- and postfracture pressure-transient test design in low-permeability (tight) gas formations. The procedures proposed are based on many years' experience in evaluating low-permeability formations, and particularly on recent experience with Gas Research Inst. (GRI) programs in eastern Devonian gas shales and in western tight-gas formations.
Accounting for nonlinearities in protocols for open-loop fault compensation

In this paper, we consider model examples of dynamical systems with only a few degrees of freedom and with desirable symmetry properties and explore compensating control strategies for retaining robust symmetric system response even under symmetry-breaking defects. The analysis demonstrates the distinct differences between linear versions of these models, in which open-loop fault-compensating strategies are always found, and weakly nonlinear counterparts with varying degrees of asymmetry, for which a multitude of locally optimal solutions may co-exist. We further formulate a candidate open-loop optimization protocol for fault compensation applied to self-healing systems, which respond to symmetry-breaking defects by a continuous process of fault correction. The analysis shows that such a protocol exhibits discontinuous changes in the control strategy as the self-healing system successively regains its original symmetry properties. In addition, it is argued that upon return to a symmetric configuration, such a protocol may result in a different control strategy from that applied prior to the occurrence of a fault.© 2012 ASME
Atmospheric hydrological cycle in the tropics in twentieth century coupled climate simulations

The objective of this study is to identify and understand the long-term change of the tropical hydrological cycle in twentieth-century climate simulations provided by 16 Coupled General Circulation Models (CGCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). This work is focused on trends of precipitation and clouds over the tropical ocean and land. We find that the CGCMs are reasonably consistent in depicting aspects of long-term changes in twentieth century climate and the tropical hydrological cycle, including (1) a relatively good simulation of trends in surface warming over both the tropical ocean and land, in agreement with observations; (2) increasing precipitation over the tropical ocean and decreasing precipitation over tropical land; (3) an increasing trend in heavy and light rain, but a decreasing trend in moderate rain, over the tropical ocean; and (4) a reduction in total cloud cover in the tropics. These successful simulations are encouraging and enhance our confidence in the future climate projections provided by these models. On the other hand, the current generation of CGCMs still has a number of deficiencies, particularly in modeling clouds and their interactions with radiation. Although most CGCMs are able to simulate the correct sign of trends in precipitation and clouds, they significantly underestimate the magnitudes of the observations. These underestimations likely cause gross errors in model simulations of the global water and energy balance. A better understanding of physical processes and an improvement in the CGCM representations of physical processes associated with clouds and their interaction with radiation are needed. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Factors influencing continuation in a behavioral therapy.

Abstract One hundred and forty-seven depressed women who either completed, dropped-out of or refused a 10-week, self-control, group therapy program were compared on: demographic variables, depression indices, depression theory-related performances, personality variables and attitudes about therapy. Compared with treatment Completers, treatment Refusers presented a more acute crisis, reported a rapid onset of depression, had experienced fewer prior depressive episodes and were most likely to receive a diagnosis of situational (reactive) depression. Results also indicated that individuals of higher SES and those who endorsed expectancies congruent with the offered treatment rationale were most likely to continue in treatment.
Asymptotic analysis of first-passage problems

Abstract The response of stochastically-forced dynamical systems is analyzed in the limit of vanishing noise strength e. We predict asymptotic expressions for the stationary response probability density function (p.d.f.) and for the probability of first-passage of the response to the boundary of a domain in state space. The analysis is limited to Gaussian white noise type perturbations and to domains D in the phase plane “attracted” to an equilibrium point O of the system: all unperturbed trajectories enter D and converge asymptotically to O . In the first stage, the p.d.f. is expressed in terms of an asymptotic WKB form wexp( −Ψ e ) where the “quasi-potential” Ψ can be readily determined numerically by a method of “rays”. A domain of reliability D may then be defined as one bounded by a given contour of quasi-potential, since the latter is a Lyapunov function of the deterministic system. In a second stage, the probability of first-passage is determined in terms of the mean first-passage time to the boundary ∂ D . The latter is found in a singular perturbation solution devised by Matkowsky and Schuss [ SIAM. Appl. Math. 33 , 365 (1977)] in terms of the values reached on ∂ D by Ψ, w and by the deterministic force vector. Several examples demonstrate the validity and usefulness of this approach.
Suppression of human synovial cell proliferation by dihomo-γ-linolenic acid

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and oils enriched in its precursor fatty acids suppress inflammation and joint tissue injury in several animal models. Since synovial cell proliferation is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, we studied the effect of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), an immediate precursor of PGE1, on the growth of human adherent synovial cells (ASC) in tissue culture. When stimulated by appropriate concentrations of recombinant interleukin-1 beta (rIL-1 beta), ASC proliferate and produce PGE. DGLA-enriched medium suppressed both baseline and rIL-1 beta-stimulated ASC growth fivefold, compared with medium supplemented with arachidonic acid. Indomethacin reduced the effect of the DGLA. Synovial cells incorporated the DGLA, and rIL-1 beta-stimulated cells that were incubated with DGLA exhibited a 14-fold increase in PGE1 (to 25.2 +/- 6.0 ng/ml, mean +/- SD) and a 70% decrease in PGE2 (to 25.2 +/- 4.2 ng/ml) compared with cells in control medium. At equivalent concentrations (5 x 10(-7) M), PGE1 increased the level of cellular cAMP to a greater extent than did PGE2 (16.8 +/- 2.0 pmoles versus 4.3 +/- 1.9 pmoles, mean +/- SEM). Exogenous PGE1 was also a more effective inhibitor of cell growth. Similarly, cAMP concentrations in cells exposed to DGLA for 6 hours were greater than concentrations in arachidonic acid-enriched cultures (17.8 +/- 3.3 pmoles versus 2.1 +/- 2.0 pmoles). These observations suggest that DGLA can restrain ASC growth, an effect which may be due to its capacity to increase PGE1 production and subsequent cellular cAMP concentration.
Seasonal Variation in Internet Keyword Searches: A Proxy Assessment of Sex Mating Behaviors

The current study investigated seasonal variation in internet searches regarding sex and mating behaviors. Harmonic analyses were used to examine the seasonal trends of Google keyword searches during the past 5 years for topics related to pornography, prostitution, and mate-seeking. Results indicated a consistent 6-month harmonic cycle with the peaks of keyword searches related to sex and mating behaviors occurring most frequently during winter and early summer. Such results compliment past research that has found similar seasonal trends of births, sexually transmitted infections, condom sales, and abortions.
Comments on the gamma-ray burst catalog of Mazetset al. (1981a)

We have discovered a correlation between the Venera spacecraft locations and the gamma-ray burst positions reported in the KONUS catalog (Mazetset al., 1981a). The reason for the correlation is not clear, but it could be due to spatial selection effects and/or large localization errors for weak of soft bursts. Whatever the cause, it seems likely that this systematic bias might significantly affect catalog results pertaining to gamma burst locations, intensity distributions, and spectra. For example, it can explain why the KONUS galactic latitude distribution is peaked significantly south of the galactic equator. Apparent discrepancies between the KONUS and Los Alamos gamma burst data bases are noted.
How to Win the Evolution War: Teach Macroevolution!

If the American public understood what is actually known about the major evolutionary transitions in the history of life and how we know about them, uncertainty about evolution would drop precipitously, creationist arguments would fall on deaf ears, and public education in biology would make much more sense than it now does. Macroevolution must take a much more prominent place in K-12 science teaching. To do so, a curriculum must be redeveloped at both K-12 and college levels, so that preparation in macroevolution is a required part of K-12 biology preparation.
A quantitative description for the optical properties of crystalline polymers applied to polyethylene

A quantitative model which described the microscopic and macroscopic refractive index properties of uniaxially oriented crystalline polymers has been extended in relation to molecular bond polarizabilities in this work. Application of this extended modeling methodology in analyzing measured refractive index data for a series of unoriented and oriented samples of linear polyethylene provided Δ = 0.0585 and Δ = 0.194 as the most probable crystalline and noncrystalline intrinsic birefringences for samples exhibiting spherulitic morphology. With these intrinsic birefringences, noncrystalline orientation functions were determined from the optical measurements coupled to the model and the results compared to values obtained from infrared measurements. This comparison of noncrystalline orientation functions, as well as from low density polyethylene reported by other investigators, provided experimental justification for our modeling methodology to examine the possibility of changing intrinsic birefringences for polyethylene as a function of orientation and morphology. The results of this examination demonstrated that values for Δ = 0.0585 and Δ = 0.12 should be used for both low and high density polyethylene samples oriented above the spherulitic to fibrillar transition region.
The predominance of heterozygotes found in wild goldfish of Lake Erie at the gene locus for sorbitol dehydrogenase.

Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) found in liver, kidney, and gonads of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) appears to be specified by a single autosomally inherited gene locus and, when subjected to electrophoresis, SDH behaves as a tetramer in that a homozygote gives a single band, while a heterozygote shows five bands of SDH. In a population of the wild goldfish inhabiting Lake Erie, two alleles which specify electrophoretic variants SA and SB coexist in nearly equal frequency, and there appears to be a slight excess of heterozygotes. Sixty-seven of the 109 wild goldfish were SA/SB heterozygotes. In the domesticated goldfish, on the other hand, an allele for the SB variant appears to be a very rare allele. Only one of the 100 domesticated goldfish studied here and none of the 100 domesticated goldfish studied in Germany was an SA/SB heterozygote.
Integrated approach for evaluating species and interindividual differences in responsiveness to dioxins and structural analogs.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that is produced inadvertently during the synthesis of some organochlorine compounds, such as the chlorinated ph...
The Case Of Vumile: Breathing Life Into a Manual and Model

Vumile represents an individual with social phobia who experienced a successful outcome after being treated with a manualized treatment based on Clark and WellsAƒÂ¢A‚â‚¬A‚â„¢ (1995) theoretical model (Edwards & Kannan, 2006). This commentary reviews issues in the debate regarding manualized treatments, with an emphasis on how the case of Vumile represents the best of what manualized treatments and empirically based approaches to clinical practice have to offer. Additionally, the fit of the case of Vumile with Clark and WellsAƒÂ¢A‚â‚¬A‚â„¢ (1995) theoretical model is considered.
Potential toxicological effects of amines used for carbon capture and storage and their degradation products

Abstract With the increasing use of amine solvents for carbon capture, there is a critical need to characterize the potential health effects of these materials and their degradation products formed within the capture system or downwind of release. This study evaluated the acute inhalation health risk of exposure to degraded mixtures of monoethanolamine (MEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and piperazine (PIP). Degradation was achieved in a heated (150 C) and pressurized (approximately 15 psi) stainless steel vessel by adding NO2 and purified air over approximately 75 days. Laboratory mice were exposed to the degraded mixture (as well as the neat amines in separate experiments) 6 hrs/day for 7 consecutive days in a whole-body inhalation chamber. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was carried out 18 to 24 hours post-exposure and inflammatory cells were counted in lavage fluid. Cytokine expression and oxidative stress were measured in lung tissue. We found that exposure to degraded MEA resulted in significant increases in total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, and the strongest cytokine response compared to control mice and compared to MEA-exposed mice. Neither MDEA nor PIP, or their degradant mixtures, caused increased inflammatory cells in BAL fluid. The degraded MEA atmosphere also caused a statistically significant decrease in oxidative stress in mouse lung. The degraded MDEA atmosphere caused the strongest cytokine response of the amines tested, producing statistically significant increases in cytokine growth-related oncogene (GRO-KC), monocyte chemotactic protein -1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) expression compared to the control and to MDEA alone. The degraded PIP atmosphere showed a statistically significant increase in GMCSF expression. This investigation represents a hazard evaluation and not a dose-response assessment; however, the results suggest that our approach can be used successfully to screen potential solvents for carbon capture for acute human health impacts.
Placental lactogen mimics prolactin in activating tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.

Abstract The phasic patterns of prolactin release and tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neuronal activity which occur during early pregnancy in the rat cease by midpregnancy. It has been suggested that this cessation is mediated by the increased secretion of placental lactogen which occurs at this time. The present experiments were undertaken to assess the effects of placental lactogen on TIDA neurons. The activity of these neurons was estimated from the in vivo rate of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation in the median eminence after the administration of an inhibitor of aromatic l -amino acid decar☐ylase. Female rats, ovariectomized 2 weeks previously, were injected intraventricularly (i.c.v.) 12 h prior to sacrifice with either rat prolactin (10 μg), human placental lactogen (100 μg) or 0.9% saline vehicle. The human placental lactogen increased the rate of DOPA accumulation in the median eminence, as did rat prolactin, suggesting that placental lactogen is capable of mimicking prolactin in activating TIDA neurons. Human placental lactogen (10–100 μg/10 μl, i.c.v.) stimulated TIDA neurons in a time-related manner reminiscent of that obtained with prolactin (i.e. the neurons were activated at 12 and 16 h but not at 4 or 8 h after i.c.v. infusion of prolactin). These actions of placental lactogen are not due to its somatotrophic properties, since low doses of rat growth hormone were without effect on these neurons. These data indicate that placental lactogen, acting in a prolactin-like fashion, can stimulate TIDA neurons.
Limiting the Effects of the Media on Body Image: Does the Length of a Media Literacy Intervention Make a Difference?

This study examined whether or not the length of a media literacy intervention had an impact on awareness of sociocultural ideals, internalization of sociocultural ideals, and body dissatisfaction. Fifty-four traditional-aged undergraduate females were assigned to a control condition (25.9%), a video only condition (22.4%), a short-term single session intervention condition (22.4%), or a long-term multi-session intervention condition (29.3%). The long-term intervention did decrease body dissatisfaction and both the short- and long-term intervention conditions decreased internalization of sociocultural ideals. It appears that longer term media literacy interventions have more potential to reduce body dissatisfaction than shorter term media literacy interventions and both short- and long-term media literacy interventions reduce internalization of socio cultural ideals.
Electrical Properties of Thin Film and Bulk Diamond Treated in Hydrogen Plasma

Current-voltage characteristics of type Ia synthetic diamond, type IIb natural diamond and free-standing diamond films were measured before and after hydrogenation. The diamond films were polycrystalline, deposited on sacrificial silicon substrates using a microwave chemical vapor deposition process. On hydrogenation, all the samples showed several orders of magnitude increase in conductivity. Hydrogenation was carried out under controlled conditions to study the changes in the I–V characteristics of the samples. The concentration of electrically active hydrogen was determined from the I-V data. Hydrogen passivation of deep traps in diamond is clearly demonstrated.
Electronic and molecular structure of DL vanadyl(Iv) tartrate (4−) and methyl-substituted tartrate (4−) binuclear complexes

Abstract Several Fenske-Hall type molecular orbital calculations have been carried out in order to elucidate electronic and structural changes that occur upon methyl substitution of the DL isomer of binuclear vanadyl(IV) tartrate(4−). In addition, in order to confirm those structural changes that accompany methyl substitution, as observed in a recent crystal structure determination on tetrasodium [μ-(+)-dimethyltartrato(4−)]·[μ(−)dimethyltartrato(4−)]-bis(oxovanadate(IV)] dodecahydrate, an X-ray structure determination on a second crystal form, a hexahydrate, has been completed. The salt Na4[VO)2-((+)-dmt((−)-dmt]·6H2O, ‘dmt’ = dimethyltartrate-(4−), OOCC(CH3)(O)C(CH3)(O)COO4−, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 10.624(2), b = 11.621(2), c = 11.719(3) », β = 124.07(2)°, Z = 2. The structure was refined to R = 0.041, Rw = 0.041 for 2248 independent, observed reflections. Like the blue dodecahydrate studied earlier, the pink hexahydrate exhibits a decreased VV distance, a dropping of the vanadium atom toward the plane of the four equatorial oxygen ligators, an increased vanadium to tartrate hydroxyl oxygen atom distance (all relative to the nonmethyl-substituted complex), and sixth-site coordination by an ionized tartrate hydroxyl oxygen atom in the other half of the binuclear complex. The complex present in the hexahydrate salt is even more severely distorted from the idealized D2h geometry than is the dodecahydrate structure (though a crystallographic center of symmetry is maintained in both). The molecular orbital calculation confirm an energy level ordering for the HOMO and the lowest four LUMOs of a′(dx2-y2), a′(dxz), a′′(dyz), a′′(dxy), and a′′(dz2) in C2 localized symmetry with the A′(dxz), a′′(dyz) pair having nearly the same energy.
An unsettling integration: Immigrant lives and work in Palermo

Summary This article, based on ethnographic research, describes the precarious integration of Africans, Asians and others in the Sicilian city of Palermo. Most newcomers perform low‐status jobs (particularly domestic work), have little access to state‐sponsored services, lack political representation and suffer from derogatory stereotypes of non‐whites and non‐Westerners. In this context, immigrants express frustration at their marginality and they obtain jobs, housing, information and mutual aid from family and co‐national networks that span the city, Italy itself and international borders.
Should breast density influence patient selection for breast-conserving surgery?

Background In a previous study of the relationship between breast density and primary tumor features, we observed a higher mastectomy rate in patients with extremely dense breasts. Here we examine possible reasons for this finding.
A comparison of the effect of radiation on the thermal conductivity of sapphire at low and high temperatures

Abstract The effects of radiation on the thermal conductivity of sapphire have been calculated over a wide temperature range (77–400 K). The phonon scattering relaxation times for various scattering mechanisms have been analyzed in order to determine the effect each mechanism has on the lattice thermal conductivity of sapphire. The methods of calculation at low and high temperature are reviewed, and the results of these calculations are presented to compare the effect at different temperatures. It is found that vacancy scattering can significantly reduce the thermal conductivity over a wide temperature range; for example, a vacancy concentration of 0.01 per atom leads to a fractional change of about 90% at 77 K versus 43% at 400 K. This reduction has significance for the design and placement of radio frequency and microwave windows in fusion reactors.
Anelasticity of the Crust and Upper Mantle beneath the Pacific Ocean from the Inversion of Observed Surface Wave Attenuation

Summary Backus-Gilbert inversion theory is applied to a new set of surface-wave attenuation data to obtain average Qβ−1 models for the crust and upper mantle beneath the Pacific Ocean. The favoured model is obtained from the inversion of Rayleigh-wave data alone. It includes an increase in Q−1 (or decrease in Q) at depths corresponding to the thickness of the litho-sphere as determined from surface-wave velocity studies, a thick zone of high Q−1 (or low Q) in the upper mantle, and decreasing Qβ−1 deeper in the mantle. The mean Q−1 values for the lithosphere are lower than those previously determined for the lower crust beneath continents. Simultaneous inversions of the Love- and Rayleigh-wave data yield models which include thin, alternating regions of high and low Q−1 values. Independent inversions of the Love- and Rayleigh-wave data yield models which differ in their anelastic properties at depths between 20 and 120km. These latter two types of models probably reflect systematic errors in the Love-wave data due to higher mode interference or complexities along the propagation path.
Influence of krummholz mat microclimate on needle physiology and survival

Microclimate and photosynthesis of krummholz mat growth forms of Picea engelmanii (Parry) and Abies lasiocarpa [Hook.] Nutt. were investigated to determine structural features which may aid survival in alpine environments. The structure of krummholz mats was described in terms of the vertical distribution of leaf area index and leaf area density, which exceeded 50 m-1 (based on total leaf surface area) near the canopy surface and approached zero below 30 cm from the surface in both species. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 0.4–0.7 μm wavelengths) and wind decreased by an average of 6 and 50-fold, respectively, between 1 m above and 10 cm below mat surfaces in both species. Needle temperatures on a P. engelmannii krummholz mat during July averaged about 2°C above air temperature during the day, with a maximum overtemperature of greater than 20°C above Tair during one sunlit period. At night, needle temperatures averaged 3–4°C below Tair.
Effect of oxygen sublattice order on conductivity in highly defective fluorite oxides

Abstract The study of ionic transport in cubic bismuth oxides is important technically because these materials exhibit the highest oxygen–ion conductivity of any material known to date. From a scientific point of view, the study of ionic transport in cubic bismuth oxides also provides an understanding of how anion transport in oxides with the fluorite structure is influenced by high vacancy concentration and how this is influenced by local structure. Bismuth oxide doped with isovalent rare earth cations retains the high temperature defective fluorite structure upon cooling down to room temperature. However, these doped materials undergo an order–disorder transition of the oxygen sublattice at about 600 °C. When annealed at temperatures less than the transition temperature the oxygen sublattice continues to order, and consequently oxygen ion conductivity undergoes a decay. However, the conductivity activation energies of the ordered structures after extended aging at 500 °C were observed to be lower than those of the structures prior to aging. Modeling of ordered structures based on TEM diffraction patterns indicates a vacancy ordering in the anion sublattice (occupancy ordering). Neutron diffraction studies show additional structural changes in the oxygen sublattice due to positional ordering. These studies indicate that the ionic conductivity is dependent on the distribution of oxygen ions between the regular 8c sites and the interstitial 32f sites in the fluorite structure. Based on the TEM and neutron diffraction studies and conductivity of ordered and disordered structures the influence of local structure on conductivity is described. These results indicate that ordering of anion vacancies in is common to fluorite oxides at high vacancy concentrations. Further, that the tendency to order depends on the dopant radii and polarizability.
Effects of sugars on lipid bilayers during dehydration - SAXS/WAXS measurements and quantitative model

We present an X-ray scattering study of the effects of dehydration on the bilayer and chain-chain repeat spacings of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers in the presence of sugars. The presence of sugars has no effect on the average spacing between the phospholipid chains in either the fluid or gel phase. Using this finding, we establish that for low sugar concentrations only a small amount of sugar exclusion occurs. Under these conditions, the effects of sugars on the membrane transition temperatures can be explained quantitatively by the reduction in hydration repulsion between bilayers due to the presence of the sugars. Specific bonding of sugars to lipid headgroups is not required to explain this effect.
Threshold criterion for wetting at the triple point

Grand canonical simulations are used to calculate adsorption isotherms of various classical gases on alkali metal and Mg surfaces. Ab initio adsorption potentials and Lennard-Jones gas-gas interactions are used. Depending on the system, the resulting behavior can be nonwetting for all temperatures studied, complete wetting, or (in the intermediate case) exhibit a wetting transition. An unusual variety of wetting transitions at the triple point is found in the case of a specific adsorption potential of intermediate strength. The general threshold for wetting near the triple point is found to be close to that predicted with a heuristic model of Cheng et al. This same conclusion was drawn in a recent experimental and simulation study of Ar on ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ by Mistura et al. These results imply that a dimensionless wetting parameter w is useful for predicting whether wetting behavior is present at and above the triple temperature. The nonwetting/wetting crossover value found here is $w\ensuremath{\simeq}3.3.$
Nonlocal transport due to Langmuir circulation in a coastal ocean

[1] We present observations and simulations of large-scale velocity structures associated with turbulent boundary layer dynamics of a coastal ocean. Special purpose acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements revealed that such structures were frequently present, in spite of complex coastal environmental conditions. Large eddy simulation results are only consistent with these observations if the Langmuir circulation (LC) effect due to wave-current interaction is included in the model. Thus, model results indicate that the observed large-scale velocity structures are due to LC. Based on these simulations, we examine the shift of energetics and transport from a local regime for purely shear-driven turbulence to a nonlocal regime for turbulence with LC due to coherent large-scale motions that span the whole water column. Without LC, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates approximately balance TKE shear production, consistent with solid wall boundary layer turbulence. This stands in contrast to the LC case for which the vertical TKE transport plays a dominant role in the TKE balance. Conditional averages argue that large-scale LC coherent velocity structures extract only a small fraction of energy from the wavefield but receive most of their energy input from the Eulerian shear. The analysis of scalar fields and Lagrangian particles demonstrates that the vertical transport is significantly enhanced with LC but that small-scale mixing may be reduced. In the presence of LC, vertical scalar fluxes may be up gradient, violating a common assumption in oceanic boundary layer turbulence parameterizations.
Laminar Reynolds analogy factor on a sharp flat plate at Mach 10.4

Values measured on sharp flat plate in 10.4 Mach boundary layer induced pressure gradient, discussing effects of wall pressure and temperature gradients
Neural Correlates of Reversal Learning in Severe Mood Dysregulation and Pediatric Bipolar Disorder.

Objective Outcome and family history data differentiate children with severe mood dysregulation (SMD), a syndrome characterized by chronic irritability, from children with "classic" episodic bipolar disorder (BD). Nevertheless, the presence of cognitive inflexibility in SMD and BD highlights the need to delineate neurophysiologic similarities and differences between the two patient groups. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine neural correlates of cognitive flexibility deficits in patients with SMD and BD versus healthy volunteers (HV). Method During functional magnetic resonance imaging, subjects completed a response reversal task that assessed cognitive flexibility (n = 22 with SMD, 26 with BD, 34 HV). Task effects were examined in four regions of interest: caudate, cingulate gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Results Diagnosis-by-accuracy interactions emerged in the caudate and IFG. In these regions, the difference in activation was calculated between incorrect and correct trials. In the caudate, this value was smaller in subjects with SMD and with BD than in HV. In the IFG, however, this value was smaller in subjects with SMD than in those with BD and in HV. Post hoc analyses indicated that comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in patients may influence the caudate findings. Exploratory whole-brain analysis confirmed the caudate and IFG findings. In addition, other regions differentiating SMD from BD were identified (e.g., superior parietal lobule/precuneus and inferior temporal gyrus). Conclusions In response to errors, similar perturbations occur in the caudate for youth with SMD and BD compared with HV youth. IFG deficits, in contrast, manifest in youth with SMD, but not with BD.
Using a Site Visit to a Contaminated Location as a Focus for Environmental Health Education for Academic and Public Health Nurses

We describe a conference initiative that is distinguished by the use of a "community case study" to increase the knowledge and skills of nursing faculty and public health nurses in environmental health and to provide networking support to facilitate infusion of environmental health into nursing curricula and public health nursing practice. The Institute of Medicine's (1995) general environmental health competencies for nurses provided the conference framework. Woburn, Massachusetts, a Superfund site, served as the community case study to illustrate a complex environmental health problem. Over an extended period of time, Woburn was contaminated with multiple chemicals that eventually contaminated the drinking water supply; a cluster of childhood leukemia cases was linked subsequently to the Superfund site contaminants. A 6-hr interpreted walking and bus tour of the Superfund site enabled us to visit the premises of responsible parties, the vapor extraction fields, the capped Well H in the wooded wetlands, and to tour the affected neighborhood. This intensive, hands-on approach to learning environmental health content and skills that incorporated multiple learning strategies serves as a model for developing future conferences for public health nurses and nursing faculty.
Lau effect: theory and experiment

It was recently shown that coherence theory provides a simple and elegant means of interpreting and extending the Lau effect. The details of this analysis are presented along with experimental results which show good qualitative agreement with the predicted intensity distributions. In addition an unexpected intensity modulation is observed which is readily explained in terms of the present analysis.
On the dynamics of stochastic diffusion of manufacturing technology

Abstract Manufacturing technology diffusion (MTD), a close relative of demand diffusion in marketing, refers to the transition of technology's economic value during the transfer and operation phases of a technology life cycle. Since manufacturing technology is rooted in manufacturing activities (e.g. production planning and control) as opposed to marketing alternatives (e.g. pricing and advertising), the modeling of MTD must inevitably address two aspects: regularity ( drift ) and uncertainty ( disturbance ). The MTD model proposed herein addresses the problem of how to regulate MTD in the face of uncertainty in order to maximize expected total profit. The MTD model adopts stochastic differential equations (SDEs), to overcome the limitations of invariance (e.g. a fixed market size and the absence of disturbance) as suffered by a typical product life cycle (PLC) model. First we derive a drift function in the context of MTD and address the drift-only MTD model (i.e. with zero disturbance). With reference to a specific application of flexible manufacturing, we find an optimal control for the regulation of MTD and in addition we prove the optimality of early technology phase-out, which interestingly coincides with the pervasive phenomena of life-cycle-shortening in manufacturing. Then, by variational calculus in combination with applications of Ito's formula, we obtain an augmented Hamilton–Jacobi variational equation for the solution of the MTD model. An early phase-out policy is also proved to be optimal for the flexible manufacturing case when disturbance is present.
Electromagnetic methods of detecting magnetite in PWR steam generators

Corrosion products consisting primarily of magnetite (Fe3O4) in the crevice gap between steam generator tubes and support plates can eventually lead to tube denting and support plate fractures. In order to mitigate this problem, chemical flushing is used to remove the magnetite deposit from the crevice gaps. NDE techniques are needed to measure the effectiveness of this chemical flushing procedure and this paper describes the development and testing of two electromagnetic probes for this purpose. A simple dc variable reluctance probe has been developed under EPRI Project SGPO-S125-1 which gives a measure of crevice gap clearance at eight discrete points around the periphery of the tube. Hall elements are used as the active sensors and the probe drive, and eight-channel signal acquisition is accomplished with ALN 4000 equipment. The alternative electromagnetic approach to the detection of magnetite buildup is to use a conventional differential eddy current probe. Work carried out under EPRI project RP1395-2 has shown that such a probe is also sensitive to the presence of magnetite in the crevice gap.
Is There a Future in Microlithography

This PDF file contains the editorial “Is There a Future in Microlithography?” for JM3 Vol. 2 Issue 01
Self theory: An integrative theory of work motivation

Recent criticisms have resulted in a broad-based scepticism about need satisfaction theories of occupational psychology. The present paper presents and describes a need satisfaction theory which is a molar and integrated formulation of the various self-referent constructs found in the literature. This theory, self theory, is based on the premise that human beings have a fundamental need to maintain or enhance the phenomenal self. It is argued that self theory is relatively robust against the common criticisms of other need satisfaction theories, provides plausible rival explanations for phenomena that have conventionally been interpreted as support for other need satisfaction theories, and is a useful mechanism for integrating the traditionally diverse approaches to the study of work motivation. Self theory is critically compared with the currently most popular theories used to explain behaviour in work organizations. Implications of self theory for the study of occupational psychology are discussed.
Personalized intelligent software responses for engineering students

We developed and evaluated tutoring software called CIRCE that supports students through introductory circuit analysis laboratories and provides immediate feedback and adaptive support. The software addresses many issues with laboratory-based learning, such as students receiving feedback a week or more after the lab. Tutoring help is available at “teachable moments” during the lab and intelligent models of the student support hands-on learning and keep students on task with immediate feedback, real-time error correction and final student grades. Students perform their usual hands-on experiments using physical circuitry while submitting data to the computer in real time. For example, students sketch oscilloscope waves into the software, plot graphs or record data in tables, receiving feedback about whether their data is within or outside the expected range. We provide results of the software and its effect on student learning and affect. Quantitative and qualitative studies show that the software leads to improved learning, verbalization and conceptual knowledge; it also relieves teachers' workload. Results showed improved student ability as measured by lab grades.
Research subject recruitment for gerontological studies of pharmacological agents.

Abstract —Elderly subjects were recruited for a study of the effect of intravenous physostigmine on the memory disturbance of Alzheimer's Disease. Approximately one out of every twelve people screened was suitable for the study. Subjects were ruled out either because they did not meet research diagnostic criteria for AD, because they could not cooperate with the studies or because of medical contraindications. The data indicate that large numbers of potential subjects are required to select relatively small groups for pharmacological studies. The implications of some of these developments for future research are discussed.
DARK ADAPTATION IN THE PRESENCE OF WANING BACKGROUND LUMINANCES

The course of dark adaptation following low-level pre-exposure was determined against background luminances whose logarithms decreased linearly with time. Luminance was reduced by 7 log units over periods of 3.5, 7, 14, and 21 min. Transient adapting fields of this kind yield curves that remain increasingly behind the time course of normal dark thresholds; the delay varies with the rate of background change. Increment thresholds derived from such dark-adaptation curves exceed corresponding thresholds for stationary adapting fields by as much as 1.25 log unit, particularly during the scotopic portion of steep luminance descents. The deficit in contrast sensitivity may be attributed to the additive action of the real background plus the equivalent background resulting from the pre-exposure bleach. Dark thresholds measured during temporary removal of a gradually decreasing field luminance are persistently elevated. This suggests that prolonged exposure to waning illumination may slow dark adaptation below its maximum rate.
OVERVIEW OF THE SMALL HIVE BEETLE AETHINA TUMIDA IN NORTH AMERICA

How, when, and where the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, first entered North America without warning remains a mystery. The hive pest has established itself in a new region of the world and has already left its mark on US beekeeping.
Critical Junctures in Genetic Medicine: The Transformation of DNA Lab Science to Commercial Pharmacogenomics

Genetic medicine, which consists mostly of screening tests for certain heritable diseases but may soon include treatment for heritable diseases based on molecular genetics, is made possible by two critical junctures in the textual representation of medical subjects. The first is the transformation of organic human genetic material into computationally sophisticated data, and the second is the subsequent conversion of these vast quantities of genetic data into intellectual property through gene patenting and screening-test marketing. This article examines these representational changes in medical subjects through an intertextual and rhetorical analysis of the documentation surrounding the discovery, patenting, and marketing of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 by the biotechnology company Myriad Genetics. It identifies the impact of these changes on the analysis of the risks and benefits associated with screening for heritable diseases.
Runtime control of Ada rendezvous for testing and debugging

A substantial portion of effort in the development of software lies in the testing and debugging phase. To increase reliability and efficiency in this area, tools have been developed that give engineers control of the execution of programs. These tools support their respective processes in the lifecycle by allowing testers and debuggers to control, view, and modify objects in the executing program during runtime. With the addition of concurrent objects to programming languages like Ada, these tools will soon need the power to control these objects during runtime. This paper examines the additional capabilities needed by testing and debugging tools to accommodate Ada's rendezvous, as well as potential implementation techniques. >
Alcohol neurolysis of the sciatic and femoral nerves to improve pressure ulcer healing.

UNLABELLED Successful pressure ulcer treatment is challenging and is often plagued with prolonged hospitalizations, multiple surgeries, and high recurrence rates. Pressure ulcer secondary to spinal cord injury is further complicated by spasticity, which contributes to both ulcer continuance and healing. This report illustrates the use of neurolytic regional techniques for spasticity control and pressure ulcer healing. CASE REPORT We present our experience with a paraplegic man who suffered from chronic right trochanteric and ischial pressure ulcers that failed to heal despite surgical and conservative treatment. We report the successful treatment of knee and hip flexor spasticity with a femoral and sciatic alcohol neuroablation technique. It was not until the successful control of his lower extremity spasticity that the pressure ulcers showed signs of healing. Neuroablation nay be considered for spasticity control when more conservative approaches fail or are not feasible.
Sandpile groups and spanning trees of directed line graphs

We generalize a theorem of Knuth relating the oriented spanning trees of a directed graph G and its directed line graph LG. The sandpile group is an abelian group associated to a directed graph, whose order is the number of oriented spanning trees rooted at a fixed vertex. In the case when G is regular of degree k, we show that the sandpile group of G is isomorphic to the quotient of the sandpile group of LG by its k-torsion subgroup. As a corollary we compute the sandpile groups of two families of graphs widely studied in computer science, the de Bruijn graphs and Kautz graphs.