cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discussion of "Drilled Shaft Side Friction in Gravelly Soils" by Kyle M. Rollins,

The authors have addressed an important design problem: examining the uplift side resistance of drilled shafts in gravelly soils. Their approach was to use several series of tests they conducted in Utah and other data available in the literature. They took these field data, many of which had only limited field documentation such as only SPT N values and gradations, and compared their results with predictions that would be made from three different design models for side resistance. The first was the empirical Meyerhof model, which correlates N directly to side resistance, with different coefficients depending on whether the foundation is a driven pile or drilled shaft; the recommended drilled value is exactly one-half the driven value. The second was the empirical Reese and O’Neill method, which correlates the drilled shaft side resistance only to depth and no other ground property. The third is the Kulhawy method, which, as they say, “is based on basic soil mechanics principles with allowance for variations in soil properties based on construction procedures.” With their interpretation of the field data and their use of the design methods, all three methods fail miserably to predict the results. So they then present empirical modifications to each of the three design methods. The resulting prediction quality with the “new” empirical correlations may be closer to the means of the data, but the results vary greatly, by at least a factor of plus or minus 2 to 2.5. The authors never gave any statistics, so these quantifications are only visual. They also make the statement that the side resistance of drilled shafts in gravelly soils is much higher than that in sandy soil profiles, suggesting something special in the coarser soils. The discussers also have examined the problem of drilled shafts in gravelly soils in great detail Chen 2004 . We have little interest in the empirical methods selected by the authors, so we will leave them at this time. However, we will focus on the Kulhawy method that “is based on basic soil mechanics principles.” This method is very much dependent on the soil strength and the state of stress, in addition to the construction method. Obviously, these have to be evaluated properly for the method to “work.” The discussers do not believe the authors have done a proper job of evaluating the basic geotechnical properties of these soils.
Consequences of flower heliotropism for reproduction in an alpine buttercup (Ranunculus adoneus)

The flowers of the alpine snow buttercup Ranunculus adoneus track the sun's movement from early morning until mid-afternoon. Individual blooms last up to a week: younger female stage flowers show greater solar tracking fidelity than older hermaphrodite or dehisced flowers. Flowers aligned parallel to the sun's rays reach mean internal temperatures several degrees Celsius above ambient air temperature. As a flower's angle of deviation from the sun increases beyond 45 degrees, internal flower temperature is significantly reduced. Fly pollinators are seen disproportionately often on flowers aligned with the sun; this is due, in part, to their greater residence time on tracking flowers. Fly visitation is important to fecundity. When flies were excluded from flowers, some selfed seeds were matured, but total seed production was much less than in either handoutcrossed or open-pollinated flowers. Flowers that were tethered at random angles to prevent solar tracking set fewer, smaller seeds than unmanipulated control flowers. Reductions in seed weight were statistically consistent at different times in the season, but tethering influenced seed number per flower most strongly in the early season. Effects of tethering on maternal reproduction could be due to either pollinator diserimination, post-pollination developmental processes, or both. In a second series of experiments using fluorescent dye particles as pollen analogs, tethered donor flowers dispersed dye to as many recipients as paired control flowers, suggesting that solar tracking fidelity may have little effect upon this component of male reproduction.
Running Ahead Enhancing Teacher Commitment

(1996). Running Ahead Enhancing Teacher Commitment. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 45-47.
“Feminine Protection”: The Effects of Menstruation on Attitudes Towards Women

An experiment tested the hypothesis that reminders of a woman's menstrual status lead to more negative reactions to her and increased objectification of women in general. Participants interacted with a female confederate who ostensibly accidentally dropped either a tampon or hair clip out of her handbag. Dropping the tampon led to lower evaluations of the confederate's competence, decreased liking for her, and a marginal tendency to avoid sitting close to her. Furthermore, gender schematic participants responded to the reminder of menstruation with increased objectification of women in general, an effect we view as an effort to “protect” culturally sanitized views of the feminine. These findings are discussed from the perspective of feminist theory and a terror management perspective on the role of ambivalence about the human body in the objectification of women.
Insights into tuberculosis from the zebrafish model

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) continues to plague humanity because of significant gaps in our understanding of MTB infection, including the nature of a protective versus pathological host response, why antimicrobial cure is so difficult, and the ineffectiveness of vaccination. The development of a zebrafish model, utilizing infection with the natural fish pathogen Mycobacterium marinum (Mm), has yielded important insights into tuberculosis with immediate clinical applications.
Combustion Technology for Low-Emissions Gas-Turbines:Selected Phenomena Beyond NOx

Since recent reviews cover the issues in NO{sub x} formation under gas-turbine conditions, and since regulations essentially dictate use of the premixed mode of combustion for minimum NO{sub x}, this review concentrates on phenomena that can arise in premixed combustion. Specifically, (1) the initial unmixedness in a fuel-air premixer has been shown to make overall lean mixtures autoignite sooner than might be expected based on the overall fuel-air ratio, because the richer portions of the mixture lead the process; (2) combustion pressure oscillations caused by the interplay between acoustic waves and unsteady heat release in a one-dimensional system can be calculated in good accordance with measured data, and set the stage for multi-dimensional CFD; (3) carbon deposition arising from the flow of liquid fuel over metal surfaces such as found in fuel injectors and swirl cups has been described as a function of temperature and of surface composition; and (4) quenching and subsequent emissions of carbon monoxide can be minimized by preservation of a boundary-layer rather than an impingement type of flow over combustor liners.
Trends in the medical management of patients with heart failure.

Background: Despite the availability of effective therapies, heart failure (HF) remains a highly prevalent disease and the leading cause of hospitalizations in the U.S. Few data are available, however, describing changing trends in the use of various cardiac medications to treat patients with HF and factors associated with treatment. The objectives of this population-based study were to examine decade-long trends (1995 - 2004) in the use of several cardiac medications in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and factors associated with evidence-based treatment. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 9,748 residents of the Worcester, MA, metropolitan area who were hospitalized with ADHF at all 11 central Massachusetts medical centers in 1995, 2000, 2002, and 2004. Results: Between 1995 and 2004, respectively, the prescription upon hospital discharge of beta-blockers (23%; 67%), angiotensin pathway inhibitors (47%; 55%), statins (5%; 43%), and aspirin (35%; 51%) increased markedly, while the use of digoxin (51%; 29%), nitrates (46%; 24%), and calcium channel blockers (33%; 22%) declined significantly; nearly all patients received diuretics. Patients in the earliest study year, those with a history of obstructive pulmonary disease or anemia, incident HF, non-specific symptoms, and women were less likely to receive beta blockers and angiotensin pathway inhibitors than respective comparison groups. In 2004, 82% of patients were discharged on at least one of these recommended agents; however, only 41% were discharged on medications from both recommended classes. Conclusions: Our data suggest that opportunities exist to further improve the use of HF therapeutics. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jocmr1376w
Methane-enhanced negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry of s-triazines

A Hewlett-Packard 5988A quadrupole mass spectrometer was tuned systematically using a protocol for establishing the negative chemical ionization (NCI) operating conditions. The methane-enhanced NCI mass spectra of 22 s-triazines were then measured at ion source temperatures of 100°C and 250°C and are reported here. For 20 of the compounds the M−. or [M – 1]− ion was observed. Fragmentation patterns for 2-Cl, 2-SCH3 and 2-OCH3 substituted s-triazines are contrasted. For the 2-Cl substituted compounds fragment ions are more abundant at 250°C than at 100°C. For the 2-SCH3 substituted s-triazines, on the other hand, several fragment ions are noted at greater abundance at 100°C than at 250°C. In addition to the fragment ions observed, a number of unusual adduct ions are noted, including [M + 13]−, [M + 14]−, [M + 25]− and [M + 28]−.
Effectiveness of monetary incentives for recruiting adolescents to an intervention trial to reduce smoking.

Abstract Background. The study objective is to evaluate the effect of monetary incentives on response rates of adolescents to a smoking-related survey as the first step toward participation in an intervention trial. Methods. A sample of 4,200 adolescent members of a managed care organization were randomized to one of four incentive groups: a $2 cash group, a $15 cash group, a $200 prize drawing group, or a no-incentive group. We compared group-specific response rates and willingness to be contacted about future study activities, as well as costs. Results. Incentives increased survey response rates (55% response without incentive vs a 69% response with incentive), with response of 74% in the $15 cash group, 69% in the token group, and 63% with a prize incentive. Incentives did not adversely affect willingness of adolescents to be contacted about a smoking intervention, (65% willing with incentives vs 60% without, P = 0.03). In terms of cost per additional survey completed, token and prize groups were marginally more expensive than the no-incentive group ($0.40 and $1.42, respectively) while the large cash incentive was substantially more costly ($11.37). Conclusions. Monetary incentives improve response rates to a mailed survey, without adverse impact on willingness to further participate in intervention activities. However, a variety of issues must be considered when using incentives for recruitment to intervention studies.
Analysis of power spectral densities of electrocardiograms

Abstract The power spectral densities of the electrocardiograms (ECGs) of seven patients in a coronary care unit were examined. It was discovered that the underlying periodic phenomenon is characterized by only one frequency, the heart rate, and that invariably by the fifteenth multiple of this fundamental frequency almost all the power is accounted for. Periodic approximations to the ECG based on 7, 10, and 15 harmonics were reconstructed; the fifteenth multiple of the fundamental frequency gave an excellent fit to the actual ECG for each patient. The ECGs were also reconstructed based on the frequencies corresponding to peaks greater than a designated fraction of the peak at the fundamental frequency; 104 elements were required to produce reconstruction comparable to the periodic approximations based on 15 harmonics. In addition, the power spectral densities of the individual waves of the PQRST cycle were determined and analyzed. This method provides an accurate description of the characteristic ECG and the practicality of its application to ECG monitoring for arrhythmia detection is being investigated.
High-risk foot and ankle patients

The surgical treatment of complicated foot and ankle problems requires recognition and appreciation of patient and disease characteristics that may compromise surgical results. Appropriate patient selection is an important factor in obtaining a successful outcome. Modulation and management of these patient characteristics are critical in minimizing complications that are associated with treatment.
Scratchpad: mechanisms for better navigation in directed Web searching

Current navigation mechanisms for the World Wide Web promote a depth-first search for information on pages in hyperspace. This search strategy frequently results in the unintentional and often undesirable behavior of “web surfing” — a user starts off in search of some information, but is sidetracked by tangential links. We propose a set of mechanisms based on breadth-first traversal that are better suited for directed searching. We have implemented our ideas as a scratchpad by augmenting an existing browser. Such a system makes web navigation both faster and easier.
Modulated Uric Acid Crystal Growth in the Presence of Acridine Dyes

Single crystals of anhydrous uric acid (UA) and uric acid dihydrate (UAD) were grown from supersaturated aqueous solutions containing the fluorescent dye acriflavine neutral (AN), a two-component commercial mixture of proflavine (P), and its 10-methylated analogue acriflavine (A). During UA crystal growth at 37 °C, small quantities of AN, P, and A dye probes are found to be selectively included in {001} and {201} growth sectors. Increasing concentrations of dye in solution show a general retardation in the growth of (121) faces, resulting in an overall change from a rectangular to a prismatic habit. For UAD growth at 25 °C, AN, P, and A inclusion does not appear to favor any particular growth sector, and no discernible habit changes are observed under even the most concentrated dye solutions examined. The average orientation of dye molecules trapped in the UA and UAD matrixes was determined from polarization data obtained from a home-built microspectrometer. Dye-surface recognition events can be discerned...
Intersections, Immigration, and Partner Violence: A View From a New Gateway—Baltimore, Maryland

This article reports on the results of exploratory surveys with immigrant women regarding their observations of intimate partner violence and criminal justice practices in their communities in the emerging immigrant gateway of Baltimore, Maryland. Using an intersectional/interlocking theoretical framework, it asks how nativity interacts with other social locations in the experiences of partner violence through surveys of women representing 5 language groups. The study found high levels of awareness of the problem of partner violence in immigrant communities and strong awareness of many U.S. criminal justice approaches to the problem. Although the women preferred informal sources of support in a situation of abuse, they strongly supported government intervention. We found low levels of awareness of the Violence Against Women Act as well as little support for the higher levels of prosecution for batterers, even though arrest was sometimes approved. The article calls for sensitive policies and practices that...
Jet measurements in the ALICE experiment at the LHC

Jet tomography probes provide a means to explore the properties of highly compressed and excited nuclear matter created in heavy ion collisions. The capabilities of the ALICE experiment, with its electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal) upgrade, to trigger on and reconstruct jets in p+p and Pb+Pb collisions at s N N = 5.5 TeV are presented.
Preparing sexually abused girls for genital evaluation

Sexually abused children need physical evaluation to determine if they have been injured, infected, or impregnated by the activity, and to reassure them about their bodies. The physical evaluation can be very frightening because it may involve sensations similar to those felt during the abuse. In order to cope, children need information about the purpose and process of the procedure, the sensations and emotions they can expect to experience, and training in how to manage their emotional responses. This protocol is offered as a structure for providing the information in a timely and effective way.
Factors influencing the acquisition of tactual random figure discriminations by rhesus monkeys

Rhesus monkeys learned to perform two-object random figure discrimination problems by touch. This performance was compared to the visual acquisition of the same problems (reported earlier). In both modalities, choice latencies were shorter to the correct than to the incorrect figure. As compared to visual, however, tactual learning required significantly more trials to criterion, was independent of stimulus figure complexity, and was characterized by significantly shorter choice latencies. Rotation of the figures 180 deg after criterion performance was achieved, yielded partial recognition of the figures visually, but no recognition tactually. These results are explained by different observational or cue-utilization strategies. The majority of the figure is inspected visually, but only the same small section of the perimeter is used tactually. Thus, restricted use of the available cues characterizes tactual performance and is responsible for generating differences in various measures of learning between vision and touch in the monkey.
Matrix isolation studies of the 1:1 complexes of the hydrogen halides with cyclic hydrocarbons

Abstract The matrix isolation technique has been employed to isolate and characterize complexes of the hydrogen halides with cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane and cyclohexene. In each case, the spectra were distinguished by a shift of the hydrogen halide stretching mode to lower energy, indicative of hydrogen bond formation. For the cyclic alkanes, the shift was quite small, roughly 40% of the shift observed for cyclopropane complexes, while for the complex of cyclohexene with HBr, a much larger shift was observed. The implications of these results for the mechanism of acid catalysis of isomerization reactions are also discussed.
Chronic Intravascular Hemolysis after Aortic Valve Replacement: Long-Term Study Comparing Different Types of Ball-Valve Prostheses

To assess the severity of hemolysis and to determine whether severity of hemolysis was related to type of prosthesis, hematocrit readings (Hct), schistocyte counts (S), reticulocyte counts (R), and determinations of haptoglobin (Hp), lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin, urinary hemoglobin, and urinary hemosiderin (Hs) were performed on 54 patients who had three different types of aortic ball-valve prostheses. Hemolysis, as determined by absence of haptoglobins or hemosiderinuria or R>3.5% in the absence of bleeding, was detected in 39 of the 54 patients (72%). S, R, LDH, and bilirubin were higher in patients without haptoglobins than in those with haptoglobins ( P P P 10 per 1,000 cells, R>5%, and LDH>500 mU was observed only with Starr-Edwards valves (16 of the 34 patients) and was not seen in patients with Magovern or Cutter valves ( P 10, R>5%, and LDH>500 mU had hemosiderinuria, and five had hemoglobinuria. Hemoglobinuria was always indicative of severe hemolysis. Hemosiderinuria was rarely detected less than 3 months after operation but was found in 32 of 47 patients so tested (68%) more than 3 months after operation. Hemosiderinuria was found in 25 of 30 patients with Starr-Edwards valves compared to two of the 11 with Magovern valves ( P 10, R>5, LDH>500; severe: all of above plus hemoglobinuria.
Enzymatic transfer of mannose from guanosine diphosphate mannose to yeast mannan-protein complexes

Abstract The radioactive products derived from transfer of [ 14 C]mannose residues from GDP-[ 14 C]mannose to endogenous acceptors of a Hansenula holstii particulate enzyme preparation have been solubilized by Pronase digestion. From this soluble mixture, glycopeptides containing [ 14 C]mannose have been purified and have been shown by β-elimination-reduction experiments to contain radioactive mannose and oligosaccharides of mannose linked to serine and threonine residues. Radioactive macromolecular complexes of mannan-protein were extracted from the particulate enzyme fraction with hot, neutral citrate buffer. These components contained variable quantities of protein, mannose, and phosphate. The more neutral components were reduced in size by Pronase digestion and yielded glycopeptides similar to those obtained by direct Pronase digestion of the particulate fraction.
Ignored, uninterested, and the blame game: How The New York Times, Marketplace, and TheStreet distanced themselves from preventing the 2007-2009 financial crisis

This article relies on interviews with business journalists at The New York Times, Marketplace public radio, and TheStreet to understand how journalists retrospectively considered their responsibil...
Recollection-Based Recognition: Word Frequency Effects

Abstract The effect of word frequency on familiarity-based and recollection-based recognition was examined in three experiments. Experiment 1 combined Jacoby's (1991) logic of opposition with Gardiner's (1988) remember/know paradigm to provide converging evidence regarding the locus of the recognition word frequency effect. Both measures supported the view that the word frequency effect in recognition is primarily a recollection-based phenomenon. Experiments 2 and 3 examined one possible source for word frequency effects on recollection: memory for mental operations. The findings indicated that subjects were better at remembering the mental operations utilized at study for low frequency than for high frequency words. The implications of these findings for models of recognition memory and for understanding the contrasting effects of word frequency of recognition versus recall are discussed.
Accelerating Evidence Into Practice for the Benefit of Children With Early Hearing Loss

Over the years, multiple groups have issued recommendations for newborn hearing screening, diagnosis, and intervention. In January 2008, the US Department of Health and Human Services held an invitational workshop at which more than 50 national experts met for 2 days to consider ways to accelerate the movement of evidence-based recommendations into practice. Participants set priorities among existing recommendations, identified areas with the most promise and created a national blueprint to accelerate evidence into practice. Workshop participants adopted the "3T's Roadmap to Transform US Health Care" as the conceptual model for this work and used a modified Delphi process to identify high-priority recommendations in 5 areas (diagnosis, treatment, parental and public awareness, continuous quality improvement, and stewardship). A matrix of responsibility was developed to specify entities that could take action to implement these recommendations. Participants placed a high priority on measurement and recommended improved data-tracking of newborns after screening and creation of a limited set of national indicators to monitor progress toward evidence-based system goals. They also identified a greater role for parents and families in contributing to system transformation and a need for more culturally and linguistically appropriate resources. Targeting infants in the NICU for early testing and creating guidelines and resources for early intervention were additional priorities. Finally, the work group noted the need to create a stewardship function to monitor the progress of the entire system of care, disseminate reports, consider future research directions, and continue to develop critical cross-agency and public-private coordination of activities.
Self-triggering in nonlinear systems: A small gain theorem approach

This paper investigates stability of nonlinear control systems under intermittent information. Building on the small-gain theorem, we develop self-triggered control yielding stable closed-loop systems. We take the violation of the small-gain condition to be the triggering event, and develop a sampling policy that precludes this event by executing the control law with up-to-date information. Based on the properties of the external inputs to the plant, the developed sampling policy yields regular stability, asymptotic stability and L p -stability. Control loops are modeled as interconnections of hybrid systems, and novel results on L p -stability of hybrid systems are presented. Prediction of the triggering event is achieved by employing L p -gains over a finite horizon. In addition, L p -gains over a finite horizon produce larger intersampling intervals when compared with standard L p -gains. Furthermore, a novel approach for calculation of L p -gains over a finite horizon is devised. Finally, our approach is successfully applied to a trajectory tracking control system.
Current concepts of MR arthrography of the hip

MR arthrography is a recent addition to the imaging evaluation of the hip. The combination of joint distention and multiplanar imaging provides a detailed assessment of the intraarticular structures, most importantly the acetabular labrum. An acetabular labral tear is a potential cause of hip pain in patients with an otherwise normal joint, or patients with underlying pathology such as developmental dysplasia. A summary of the current concepts regarding identification of iabral degeneration, labral tears and detachments, and potential pitfalls is presented in this article.
Synthesis and characterization of C13 to C18 stationary phases by monomeric, solution polymerized, and surface polymerized approaches.

Abstract A series of bonded phases were synthesized from consecutive length alkylsilanes ranging from C13 through C18, with three different bonding chemistries (monomeric, solution polymerized, and surface polymerized) at each phase length. The phases were characterized in terms of methylene selectivity, shape selectivity, and band broadening. No significant chromatographic differences were found to result from the synthetic routes, except that the different bonding chemistries provide a different range of bonding densities. For bonding densities ranging from 2 to 8 μmol/m2, a linear increase in methylene selectivity was observed with increasing bonding density. Over the narrow range of bonded phase lengths investigated, shape selectivity is more dependent on density than phase length.
Frenkel-Kontorova model with nonconvex-interparticle interactions and strain gradients.

We study the statics and dynamics of a chain of atoms moving in a periodic potential with non-linear, nonconvex-interparticle interactions, and with strain gradients which we model by including next-nearest-neighbor interactions through the discrete Hamiltonian $H={\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{n}\frac{{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{u}}_{n}^{2}}{2}+\ensuremath{\alpha}{({u}_{n+1}\ensuremath{-}{u}_{n})}^{4}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}{({u}_{n+1}\ensuremath{-}{u}_{n})}^{2}+\frac{(\ensuremath{\gamma}}{2)}{({u}_{n+1}\ensuremath{-}2{u}_{n}+{u}_{n\ensuremath{-}1})}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{cosu}_{n}$. We obtain the phase diagram within an ansatz of periodically modulated configurations. These generalize the homogeneous (for $\ensuremath{\beta}l\frac{1}{8}$) and dimerized (for $\ensuremath{\beta}l\frac{1}{8}$) configurations reported previously for $\ensuremath{\gamma}=0$, and are given by ${u}_{n}=n{a}_{1}+{b}_{1}\mathrm{for} n=1,...,N$ and ${u}_{n}=n{a}_{2}+{b}_{2}\mathrm{for} n=N+1,...,M$. The dynamics of transitions between different configurations when the parameters are varied is also investigated and we show that these are dominated by nucleation processes, which occur on short time scales compared with the subsequent slow growth. The possible relevance of the model to the dynamics of twin boundaries recently observed in the copper-oxide high-temperature superconductors is discussed.
Influence of deposition conditions on mechanical properties of low-pressure chemical vapor deposited low-stress silicon nitride films

The effect of deposition temperature, deposition pressure, or input gas ratio (SiH2Cl2:NH3) on film stress was determined for low-pressure chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride films. Wafer curvature measurements were performed for films deposited on single crystal silicon and amorphous silica wafer substrates to determine film stress σdep, biaxial modulus Ef+, and coefficient of thermal expansion αf. Apparent plane strain film modulus Ēf′ and hardness H were measured using depth-sensing indentation. Ellipsometry was used to measure film thickness tf and refractive index n. Infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), forward recoil energy spectroscopy (FReS), and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) experiments were performed to determine film composition. Although film deposition stress varied from −135 MPa (compressive) to 235 MPa (tensile) Ef+, Ēf′, H, and αf remained nearly constant. Infrared spectroscopy resolved only Si-N species for all films, and results from FReS on ...
Transcatheter closure of complex atrial septal defects.

Keywords: atrial septal defect; transesophageal echocardiography; transcatheter; device; closure; three-dimensional echocardiography
Selective expression of high-affinity uptake of catecholamines by transiently catecholaminergic cells of the rat embryo: Studies in vivo and in vitro

Transient expression of catecholaminergic phenotypic traits is a widespread phenomenon during embryonic development in mammals, occurring in cells of the embryonic gut mesenchyme, in ventrolateral portions of the neural tube, cells of cranial sensory and dorsal root ganglia, and in the embryonic pancreas. In the current study the manifestation of the catecholamine (CA) phenotype in these populations has been further defined. Specifically, the existence of the high-affinity uptake process for CAs in these populations has been investigated. By combining the techniques of radioautography following accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine (3H-NE) and [3H]dopamine (3H-DA) with immunohistochemical detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH), it has been possible to demonstrate simultaneously CA accumulation by T-OH-positive gut cells. Uptake of 3H-NE was first detected in T-OH-positive cells of the gut on gestational day 12.5 (E12.5). By contrast, T-OH immunoreactivity was first detected on E11.5. By E13.5 virtually every T-OH-positive cell oral to the umbilical flexure was radioautographically labeled. Uptake at E13.5 displayed Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics, had a Vmax of 35 fmole/gut/min, a Km of 1.45 μM, was blocked by desmethyli-mipramine (DMI), and by incubation at 4°C. On subsequent gestational days, silver grains marking areas of amine concentration were found increasingly over T-OH-negative cells. A similar pattern of uptake was found in guts which had been grown in organotypic tissue culture for the purpose of eliminating extrinsic sympathetic innervation. T-OH-positive gut cells also accumulated 3H-DA. Concentration of 3H-DA was blocked by both benztropine and DMI suggesting that accumulation had properties common to both NE and DA systems. By contrast to cells of the gut, accumulation of CAs was not a property of transiently T-OH-positive cells in other locations. Therefore, specific, high-affinity uptake and retention of CAs is an additional property of transiently catecholaminergic gut cells. Appearance of CA synthetic enzymes precedes the appearance of the CA storage process in cells of the gut. Persistence of the uptake process after the loss of detectable T-OH suggests continued viability of the population. The absence of CA accumulation by other T-OH-positive cells suggests basic molecular differences among the various populations.
Mobile Drug Information: An Examination of Smartphone and iPad Apps for the Apple and Android Markets

Smartphones have changed the way that consumers search for information. Consumers can search for information virtually anywhere and have their information needs met immediately. This piece examines a variety of drug information apps for the smartphone in both Apple and Android formats and highlights some of the interesting and useful features of each.
Comparison of Outlier Identification Methods in Hospital Surgical Quality Improvement Programs

Background Surgeons and hospitals are being increasingly assessed by third parties regarding surgical quality and outcomes, and much of this information is reported publicly. Our objective was to compare various methods used to classify hospitals as outliers in established surgical quality assessment programs by applying each approach to a single data set.
The timid, dependent child

Summary Illustrative case material which demonstrates the development andtreatment of timid, dependent children has been presented. The problem of timidity may be viewed as a potential way of life, a design for living, which is in keeping with the personal needs of the child, who has been overwhelmed and thwarted in his attempts to live his own life. The child is not only re-acting to a difficult life situation, but also actively contributing to it in a manner which leads to an increasing need for self-deception and a diminishing sense of self-esteem. The dynamic concept which has been presented includes a considerationof the individual in action, his specific experience, and the particular cultural milieu in which he finds himself. The traditional concepts of heredity, habit, and conditioning have been found to be an over-simplification of the actual facts of life. In contrast to an a priori list of abstract motives which have been ascribed to children in general, or the universal need for a mechanically conceived release of instinctual tensions, the method of the play-interview presents a humanistic and plastic point of view. It is concerned primarily with the timid child as an individual who has a particular need for self-realization and who possesses that faculty which especially distinguishes human beings from the rest of the animal kingdom, the unique talent for observing himself in action and then doing something about his previous patterns of behavior. It is this capacity for self-scrutiny which is utilized and organized for the purpose of a co-operative, clarifying, therapeutic experience. The entire procedure is immediately oriented toward that which wentwrong in the actual life situation. The parent is included as a collaborator, and the child is encouraged to look at what he is doing and to express himself as an euual, who has something of importance to contribute. The result is the prompt disappearance of the need for self-deception and the substitution of the pride of being oneself. The emphasis is placed on the child's doing something about his timid behavior rather than just talking about it. The goal is not to “make over,” but to restore what was there originally, and to assist the child in every practical way in keeping with his concrete needs. Finally, the method of the play-interview helps the timid child to substitutefor an ineffectual, fearful, dependent way of life, which he soon finds to be of no value to him, an effectual, spontaneous independent way of doing things. It is this resulting alteration in the person in action or personality which makes it possible for the child to continue to enjoy his newly won freedom of self-expression in thought, feedling, and action.
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Promotes Persistence of Mature Anti-Insulin B Cells

Autoreactive B lymphocytes are essential for the development of T cell–mediated type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cytoplasmic Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key component of B cell signaling, and its deletion in T1D-prone NOD mice significantly reduces diabetes. However, the role of BTK in the survival and function of autoreactive B cells is not clear. To evaluate the contributions of BTK, we used mice in which B cells express an anti-insulin BCR (125Tg) and promote T1D, despite being anergic. Crossing Btk deficiency onto 125Tg mice reveals that, in contrast to immature B cells, mature anti-insulin B cells are exquisitely dependent upon BTK, because their numbers are reduced by 95%. BTK kinase domain inhibition reproduces this effect in mature anti-insulin B cells, with less impact at transitional stages. The increased dependence of anti-insulin B cells on BTK became particularly evident in an Igκ locus site–directed model, in which 50% of B cells edit their BCRs to noninsulin specificities; Btk deficiency preferentially depletes insulin binders from the follicular and marginal zone B cell subsets. The persistent few Btk-deficient anti-insulin B cells remain competent to internalize Ag and invade pancreatic islets. As such, loss of BTK does not significantly reduce diabetes incidence in 125Tg/NOD mice as it does in NOD mice with a normal B cell repertoire. Thus, BTK targeting may not impair autoreactive anti-insulin B cell function, yet it may provide protection in an endogenous repertoire by decreasing the relative availability of mature autoreactive B cells.
TRANSPORT CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL SPECIALIZATION

ABSTRACT Western New York state between 1840 and 1860 is used to test the Brinkmann thesis that local comparative advantage assumes increasing locational importance as transport costs decline under nonhomogeneous conditions. A canonical correlation model using agricultural census data, distance measures, and land capabilities indicates that the best developed of the four main agricultural systems in 1840 were oriented to the eastern market, regardless of land quality; in 1860 the four systems were better defined, more specialized, and located in closer conformity with physical conditions. The results confirm the hypothesis that transport costs are inversely associated with degree of specialization and trade.
Matching deformable atlas models to preprocessed magnetic resonance brain images

We describe a method for automatically labelling regions of three-dimensional (3-D) Magnetic Resonance (MR) scans of human brains. Labelling consists of attaching anatomic names to particular regions of the cortical surface that appear in these images. The approach we take is to automatically match a deformable anatomical atlas model to preprocessed brain images, where preprocessing consists of 3-D Marr-Hildreth edge detection and morphological operations. These filtering operations automatically extract the brain and sulci from an MR image and provide a smoothed representation of the brain surface to which the deformable model can rapidly converge. The model itself is a 3-D B-spline surface whose control vertices are chosen to minimize a cost function that reflects the distance of the model from boundary-like features in the image. Minimization takes place using a conjugate gradient technique. >
Mechanism of polarization of Listeria monocytogenes surface protein ActA

The polar distribution of the ActA protein on the surface of the Gram-positive intracellular bacterial pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, is required for bacterial actin-based motility and successful infection. ActA spans both the bacterial membrane and the peptidoglycan cell wall. We have directly examined the de novo ActA polarization process in vitro by using an ActA–RFP (red fluorescent protein) fusion. After induction of expression, ActA initially appeared at distinct sites along the sides of bacteria and was then redistributed over the entire cylindrical cell body through helical cell wall growth. The accumulation of ActA at the bacterial poles displayed slower kinetics, occurring over several bacterial generations. ActA accumulated more efficiently at younger, less inert poles, and proper polarization required an optimal balance between protein secretion and bacterial growth rates. Within infected host cells, younger generations of L. monocytogenes initiated motility more quickly than older ones, consistent with our in vitro observations of de novo ActA polarization. We propose a model in which the polarization of ActA, and possibly other Gram-positive cell wall-associated proteins, may be a direct consequence of the differential cell wall growth rates along the bacterium and dependent on the relative rates of protein secretion, protein degradation and bacterial growth.
Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Renewed Opportunity for Tuberculosis Control

New recommendations for targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection have recently been published. Changes in nomenclature from screening to targeted tuberculin testing and from preventive therapy to treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) are intended to promote more widespread implementation by programs and health care providers. Targeted tuberculin testing is designed to identify persons at high risk for TB and is discouraged for persons at low risk. New recommendations for treatment of LTBI in both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected patients include isoniazid for 9 months as the preferred regimen: isoniazid for 6 months based on local program conditions, rifampin and pyrazinamide for 2 months, and rifampin for 4 months. Treatment monitoring now places greater emphasis on clinical, rather than routine, laboratory monitoring. More widespread implementation of targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of LTBI is an important control strategy that will enhance efforts to eliminate TB in the United States.
Co-Grid: an efficient coverage maintenance protocol for distributed sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks often face the critical challenge of sustaining long-term operation on limited battery energy. Coverage maintenance protocols can effectively prolong network lifetime by maintaining sufficient sensing coverage over a region using a small number of active nodes while scheduling the others to sleep. We present a novel distributed coverage maintenance protocol called the coordinating grid (Co-Grid). In contrast to existing coverage maintenance protocols which are based on simpler detection models, Co-Grid adopts a distributed detection model based on data fusion that is more consistent with many distributed sensing applications. Co-Grid organizes the network into coordinating fusion groups located on overlapping virtual grids. Through coordination among neighboring fusion groups, Co-Grid can achieve comparable number of active nodes as a centralized algorithm, while reducing the network (re-)configuration time by orders of magnitude. Co-Grid is especially suitable for large and energy-constrained sensor networks that require quick (re-)configuration in response to node failures and environmental changes. We validate our claims by both theoretical analysis and simulations.
The Validity of Nominal Species of Malacocottus (Teleostei: Cottiformes: Psychrolutidae) Known from the Eastern North Pacific with a Key to the Species

Eastern North Pacific species of the fathead sculpin genus Malacocottus Bean are assessed following examination of over 300 specimens collected from throughout the known range of the genus, from the west coast of North America around the Pacific Rim to Japan, including the marginal waters of the Salish Sea, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and Sea of Japan. The results of this study demonstrate that two species of Malacocottus occur in the eastern North Pacific. Malacocottus zonurus is found in the North Pacific from Washington State around the Pacific Rim to Japan, and in all marginal seas. Malacocottus kincaidi Gilbert and Thompson is apparently endemic to the Salish Sea, known only from Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia. These two species differ in preopercular spine morphology and gill-raker counts. Malacocottus aleuticus Smith, based on a single juvenile specimen, is a synonym of M. zonurus. This study includes redescriptions of M. zonurus and M. kincaidi, comparisons of both species with M. gibber, a...
Dynamic analysis of concrete pavements resting on a two‐parameter medium

An analysis procedure based on the finite element method is presented to solve moving-load problems of rigid pavements. The algorithm presented considers the dynamic pavement-aircraft interaction effects. The pavement-foundation system is modelled by thin-plate, non-conforming finite elements resting on a two-parameter elastic medium. The moving aircraft loads are represented by masses supported by a spring-dashpot system moving at a specified initial horizontal velocity and acceleration. The accuracy of the finite element program developed is verified by comparing the numerical results of a static problem with the available solution. A parametric study is conducted to determine the effects of the various parameters on the dynamic response of pavements. Emphasis is placed on identifying the influence of fictitious edge and corner forces acting on the plate due to the deformation of the soil medium outside the plate.
Geodec: Enabling Geospatial Decision Making

The rapid increase in the availability of geospatial data has motivated the effort to seamlessly integrate this information into an information-rich and realistic 3D environment. However, heterogeneous data sources with varying degrees of consistency and accuracy pose a challenge to such efforts. We describe the Geospatial Decision Making (GeoDec) system, which accurately integrates satellite imagery, three-dimensional models, textures and video streams, road data, maps, point data and temporal data. The system also includes a glove-based user interface.
Noninvasive functional imaging of the heart using MRI: opportunities and challenges

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and tissue contrast. It is ideally suited for the noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function. For routine cardiac patient management, functional assessment includes ventricular and valvular function, myocardial viability, perfusion, and metabolism. Highly desired but not yet available for managing myocardial infarction is the noninvasive assessment of coronary plaque vulnerability. MRI offers great potential in the functional evaluation of both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies. For these important roles in cardiac imaging, the current status of MRI technology is reviewed and its future developments are discussed.
The Changing Nature of Careers: A Review and Research Agenda

This review analyzes how the changing nature of careers can be conceptualized by examining two major categories of careers research. Specifically, the developmental stage theories of Super (1957) and Levinson (1978, 1986, 1996) and the boundaryless career concept (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996) are used to assess our understanding of careers in today’s dynamic work environment. Directions for future research on existing topics, as well as five major recommendations for a new research agenda, are offered.
Demonstration of a compact low-power 250-Gb/s parallel-WDM optical interconnect

In this letter, we demonstrate error-free operation of a 12-fiber /spl times/4-wavelength /spl times/5.21-Gb/s parallel-wavelength-division-multiplexed (PWDM) optical link. The 250-Gb/s transmitter and receiver assemblies each have a 5/spl times/8-mm footprint and consume a combined power of 1.5 W. To our knowledge, this is the first publication of a fully functional PWDM optical interconnect as well as the highest demonstrated bandwidth per unit area and bandwidth per unit power consumption for any multiple-channel fiber-optic interconnect. This technology is intended for short-distance high-bandwidth-density applications such as multiprocessor computer backplanes.
Computers in Process Industry Control

Successful inclusion of a digital computer in the real-time control loop of an industrial fluid process plant is dependent on 3 practical steps: 1) the formulation of adequate mathematical models, 2) the development of satisfactory data acquisition techniques, and 3) the proof of sufficient reliability. Examples are taken from the petroleum industry.