cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Moral Rhetoric in Text

In this paper we present a computational text analysis technique for measuring the moral loading of concepts as they are used in a corpus. This method is especially useful for the study of online corpora as it allows for the rapid analysis of moral rhetoric in texts such as blogs and tweets as events unfold. We use latent semantic analysis to compute the semantic similarity between concepts and moral keywords taken from the A¢Â€ÂœMoral foundation DictionaryA¢Â€Â. This measure of semantic similarity represents the loading of these concepts on the five moral dimensions identified by moral foundation theory. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method using three different concepts and corpora.
Polymerization of terminal alkynes by a new Ziegler–Natta catalyst system: Scandium naphthenate/trialkylaluminum

The scandium naphthenate/trialkylaluminum system was investigated as a catalyst in the polymerization of substituted alkynes. Phenylacetylene was converted to a moderately crystalline, high cis polymer. The alkyl-substituted acetylenes produced rubbery or solid materials of relatively high molecular weight. Infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR studies of the polyalkylacetylenes revealed high cis conformation, but apparently twisted from planarity to decrease molecular orbital overlap in the polyconjugated chain.
Domestic violence and obesity in Egyptian women.

SummaryDomestic violence and obesity are global public health problems. This study explores associations of domestic violence and obesity in 5015 ever-married, non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years who took part in the 2005 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Women's mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.4 kg/m2, and 48% were obese. Thirty-seven per cent reported any prior psychological, physical or sexual domestic violence. Compared with their counterparts, the adjusted odds of being obese were marginally higher among women who reported any prior sexual (aOR=1.31), physical or sexual (aOR=1.18), or psychological, physical or sexual (aOR=1.17) domestic violence. Women who experienced severe or repeated domestic violence - as measured by reported exposure to three or more acts of physical (aOR=1.25), psychological or physical (aOR=1.18), physical or sexual (aOR=1.36), and psychological, physical or sexual (aOR=1.26) domestic violence - had higher adjusted odds of being obese. Marginally significant adjusted dose-response relationships remained between obesity and the number of specific acts of: (1) physical or sexual violence and (2) psychological, physical or sexual domestic violence. Obesity among women in poorer settings like Egypt may partly have its roots in gender subordination, as manifested in women's exposure to multiple acts of domestic violence. Language: en
InGaAsN/GaAsSb/GaAs(P) Type-II ‘W’ quantum well lasers

InGaAsN/GaAsSb dasiaWpsila type-II strain compensated quantum well lasers on GaAs substrates are grown by MOCVD. Preliminary lasers with 3-stage active regions exhibit emission that is blue-shifted from the PL, due to charge separation and higher-energy transitions.
Lucian and the Lucianic Recension of the Greek Bible

Among the several scholars of the ancient Church who occupied themselves with the textual criticism of the Bible, one of the most influential was Lucian of Antioch. Though not as learned or as productive in a literary way as either Origen or Jerome, Lucian's work on the text of the Greek Bible proved to be of significance both in his own day and, to an even greater extent, during the centuries following. In fact, his recension of the text of the New Testament, with only minor modifications, continued to be used widely down to the nineteenth century, and still lives on in the so-called Ecclesiastical text of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
A technique to access difficult to find upper extremity veins for right heart catheterization: The levogram technique

Upper extremity venous access provides a safer alternative for performance of right heart catheterization compared to femoral venous access. We describe a technique to access deep veins of the upper extremity, in patients undergoing transradial catheterization, using levophase contrast venography. This technique allows the operator to access deep veins of the upper extremity without the need for additional equipment, staff or training, using traditional basic catheterization laboratory skills and equipment.
The geometrical optics field at a caustic

The asymptotic expansion of a wave field in powers of 1/k , where k is the wave number, for large k has as its lowest order term what is commonly known as the geometrical optics field. The caustics of geometrical optics are those point sets on which the zero order teen becomes infinite. It is well known that caustics may exist even where the exact wave field is perfectly regular. An investigation of reflection from cylindrical walls of arbitrary cross section shows that the occurrence of caustic points means a change in character of the asymptotic expansion of the true field such that the lowest order term is no longer independent of k , but actually contains a factor k raised to a positive power. There also occurs a Jump in phase along a ray passing through a caustic which, as is well known, equals \pi/2 in the case of a focal point, but which may differ from \pi/2 in the case of more general types of caustics. In addition, the geometric optics field is worked out in detail for the case of a plane wave incident on a parabolic cylinder, and the field is obtained in its lowest order at the focus and in the neighborhood of the focus.
Law Enforcement's Role in Us Counterterrorism Strategy:

The purpose of this article is to examine what counter- and anti-terrorism techniques are currently being implemented in American law enforcement, and to compare those techniques against other countries' law enforcement systems for combating terrorism. Recommendations are made for future approaches for American law enforcement's response to terrorism. Utilising currently effective anti-terrorism and counterterrorism measures, eliminating ineffective measures, and including foreign measures that have been proven to work, the United States law enforcement approach for combating terrorism will become more effective and efficient.
Spatial and temporal patterns of water availability in a grass–shrub ecotone and implications for grassland recovery in arid environments

Encroachment of woody shrubs into historic desert grasslands is a major problem throughout the world. Conversion of grasslands to shrub-dominated systems may result in significant alteration of biogeochemical processes and reduced resource availability in shrub interspaces, making grassland recovery difficult. Soil petrocalcic horizons, which are common in arid and semi-arid regions globally, have been shown to dramatically alter plant water availability. To assess how soil water dynamics are affected by woody encroachment in petrocalcic soils under contrasting precipitation patterns, we conducted a 3-year replicated study in a mixed shrub–grass system measuring soil water in unvegetated interspaces and under mesquite canopies. Plots were instrumented with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) moisture probes, both above and within the soil petrocalcic horizon. Soils under both cover types maintained large increases in available water content for several months during a wetter than normal winter and summer (increases of 0Ð08–0Ð16 m 3 m � 3 ). Interspace soils absorbed significantly greater quantities of water during the winter and retained more water into the spring than soils under shrubs. In contrast, soils under shrubs initially absorbed greater volumes of water during and following summer rains. Differing seasonal dynamics were attributed to interactions between the unique properties of soils with petrocalcic horizons and canopy-induced variability in evapotranspiration. Observed patterns of plant-available water do not support the hypothesis of greater resource availability under shrubs. Similar or greater water availability in shrub interspaces indicates that concentration of soil water under shrubs may not be a process limiting grass recovery on these soils. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hysteresis of Capillary Stress in Unsaturated Granular Soil

Constitutive relationships among water content, matric suction, and capillary stress in unsaturated granular soils are modeled using a theoretical approach based on the changing geometry of interparticle pore water menisci. A series of equations is developed to describe the net force among particles attributable to the combined effects of negative pore water pressure and surface tension for spherical grains arranged in simple-cubic or tetrahedral packing order. The contact angle at the liquid-solid interface is considered as a variable to evaluate hysteretic behavior in the soil-water characteristic curve, the effective stress parameter x, and capillary stress. Varying the contact angle from 0 to 40° to simulate drying and wetting processes, respectively, is shown to have an appreciable impact on hysteresis in the constitutive behavior of the modeled soils. A boundary between regimes of positive and negative pore water pressure is identified as a function of water content and contact angle. Results from the analysis are of practical importance in understanding the behavior of unsaturated soils undergoing natural wetting and drying processes, such as infiltration, drainage, and evaporation.
An oscillatory correlation model of visual motion analysis

We describe and evaluate a model of motion perception based on the integration of information from two parallel pathways: a motion pathway and a luminance pathway. The motion pathway has two stages. The first stage measures and pools local motion across the input animation sequence and assigns reliability indices to these pooled measurements. The second stage groups locations on the basis of these measurements. In the luminance pathway, the input scene is segmented into regions on the basis of similarities in luminance. In a subsequent integration stage, motion and luminance segments are combined to obtain the final estimates of object motion. The neural network architecture we employ is based on LEGION (locally excitatory globally inhibitory oscillator networks), a scheme for feature binding and region labeling based on oscillatory correlation. Many aspects of the model are implemented at the neural network level, whereas others are implemented at a more abstract level. We apply this model to the computation of moving, uniformly illuminated, two-dimensional surfaces that are either opaque or transparent. Model performance replicates a number of distinctive features of human motion perception.
Diophantine problems in many variables: the role of additive number theory

We provide an account of the current state of knowledge concerning diophantine problems in many variables, paying attention in particular to the fundamental role played by additive number theory in establishing a large part of this body of knowledge. We describe recent explicit versions of the theorems of Brauer and Birch concerning the solubility of systems of forms in many variables, and establish an explicit version of Birch’s Theorem in algebraic extensions of ℚ. Finally, we consider the implications of recent progress on explicit versions of Brauer’s Theorem for problems concerning the solubility of systems of forms in solvable extensions, such as Hilbert’s resolvant problem.
Getting the schedule done

Open booking allows cases to be added to the elective schedule whenever the surgeon's office calls. Such calls may be received 1 week before, 1 day before, or the day of surgery. Although open booking appears to give the notion of being flexibility and user friendly, it is a set-up to be inefficient on the day of surgery. Such elective scheduling is unpredictable, and hence it is impossible to appropriately staff the ORs. It is difficult to predict on a daily basis how many ORs will be needed and for how long they will be occupied. If the cases vary greatly between and among specialties, then it will be difficult to obtain and set up instruments and equipment on short notice. This type of schedule can run effectively only if ORs are continuously overstaffed or on-call staff is available on short notice. On the other hand, block scheduling allows predictability in the schedule. The concept is not to block the surgeons out but to allow them to plan their cases with predictable availability of the OR.
A less modest witness

In this article, I examine the evolving tradition of temoignage (witnessing) maintained by the international humanitarian organization Medecins Sans Frontieres—Doctors Without Borders. Comparing this practice to traditions of virtuous testimony by the public intellectual and the gentleman scientist, I suggest that collective actors like nongovernmental organizations now play a central role in defining secular moral truth for an international audience. By integrating medical expertise and public expression, the work of this group illustrates an overtly motivated form of scientific research, finding facts in the name of values, in the pursuit of both technical and ethical ends.
SEX‐BIASED GENE FLOW IN SPECTACLED EIDERS (ANATIDAE): INFERENCES FROM MOLECULAR MARKERS WITH CONTRASTING MODES OF INHERITANCE

Genetic markers that differ in mode of inheritance and rate of evolution (a sex-linked Z-specific microsatellite locus, five biparentally inherited microsatellite loci, and maternally inherited mitochondrial [mtDNA] sequences) were used to evaluate the degree of spatial genetic structuring at macro- and microgeographic scales, among breeding regions and local nesting populations within each region, respectively, for a migratory sea duck species, the spectacled eider (Somateria fisheri). Disjunct and declining breeding populations coupled with sex-specific differences in seasonal migratory patterns and life history provide a series of hypotheses regarding rates and directionality of gene flow among breeding populations from the Indigirka River Delta, Russia, and the North Slope and Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. The degree of differentiation in mtDNA haplotype frequency among breeding regions and populations within regions was high (phiCT = 0.189, P 0.05; biparentally inherited microsatellites: mean theta = 0.001, P > 0.05) than was observed for mtDNA. Using models explicitly designed for uniparental and biparentally inherited genes, estimates of spatial divergence based on nuclear and mtDNA data together with elements of the species' breeding ecology were used to estimate effective population size and degree of male and female gene flow. Differences in the magnitude and spatial patterns of gene correlations for maternally inherited and nuclear genes revealed that females exhibit greater natal philopatry than do males. Estimates of generational female and male rates of gene flow among breeding regions differed markedly (3.67 x 10(-4) and 1.28 x 10(-2), respectively). Effective population size for mtDNA was estimated to be at least three times lower than that for biparental genes (30,671 and 101,528, respectively). Large disparities in population sizes among breeding areas greatly reduces the proportion of total genetic variance captured by dispersal, which may accelerate rates of inbreeding (i.e., promote higher coancestries) within populations due to nonrandom pairing of males with females from the same breeding population.
Improving Dairy Organizational Communication from the Veterinarian's Perspective: Results of a Continuing Veterinary Medical Education Pilot Program

The increasing size and complexity of US dairy farms could make it more difficult for a veterinary practitioner to effectively communicate protocol recommendations for prevention or treatment on the farm. A continuing education workshop was set up based on the results of research on dairy organizational communication on dairy farms, which resulted in a tool to assess dairy communication structure and flow. The workshop specifically focused on communication structure and whom to talk to when implementing health care changes in calf rearing. In addition, modern methods of veterinary-client communication knowledge and skills were provided. Primary outcomes of the workshops were to obtain feedback from participants about research findings and the communication model, to improve awareness about the complexity of communication structures on dairy farms, and to change participants' knowledge and skills associated with on-farm communication by providing communication theory and skills and an approach to evaluate and improve dairy organizational communication. Of the 37 participants completing the pre-program assessment, most recognized a need for themselves or their practice to improve communication with clients and farm employees. After the program, most participants were confident in their new communication skills and would consider using them. They highlighted specific new ideas they could apply in practice, such as conducting a "communication audit." The results from the assessment of this communication workshop, focused on dairy veterinarians, highlighted the need for communication training in this sector of the profession and practitioners' desire to engage in this type of training.
Deriving Adjectival Scales from Continuous Space Word Representations

Continuous space word representations extracted from neural network language models have been used effectively for natural language processing, but until recently it was not clear whether the spatial relationships of such representations were interpretable. Mikolov et al. (2013) show that these representations do capture syntactic and semantic regularities. Here, we push the interpretation of continuous space word representations further by demonstrating that vector offsets can be used to derive adjectival scales (e.g., okay < good < excellent). We evaluate the scales on the indirect answers to yes/no questions corpus (de Marneffe et al., 2010). We obtain 72.8% accuracy, which outperforms previous results ( 60%) on this corpus and highlights the quality of the scales extracted, providing further support that the continuous space word representations are meaningful.
Hart's Onion: The Peeling Away of Legal Authority

Hannah Arendt declared that authority has vanished from the modern world. Practically as well as theoretically, we are no longer in a position to know what authority really is. It is a provocative and paradoxical claim. If authority has vanished and we no longer understand what it even is, then how could Arendt be in a position to know that this is so? And how could the rest of us even make sense of what she is asserting, much less make up our minds about whether her assertion is true? This article approaches these questions by reflecting on an argument that H. L. A. Hart famously made against the jurisprudence of John Austin. Austin had explained law in terms of commands backed by sanctions. Though Hart criticized Austin's account on various grounds, his most decisive objection considered the case of a gunman who demands money from a victim; Hart suggested that even if the subjects of orders backed by sanctions have good reason to comply with those orders, the command-sanction scenario still does not present us with obligation - or with authority. This article argues that Hart was right, and that his argument applies to much more than command-sanction accounts of authority. Part I suggests that Hart was making what can be viewed as a conceptual or ontological objection that is importantly different from more familiar factual or theoretical objections to accounts of authority. Part II argues that this same kind of conceptual or ontological objection can be made against other familiar accounts of authority as well. Part III proposes that the intellectual framework in which they operate virtually compels modern theorists, even as they attempt to explain authority, to instead explain authority away. The Conclusion asks whether there is anything in this loss of authority that we need to lament.
Lessons from the heart: Ethical reflections on the clinical trials of the Jarvik-7

At the center of my sociological reflections on ethical aspects of permanent mechanical circulatory support is the extensive, first-hand study that medical historian Judith P. Swazey and I conducted from 1983 through 1988 on the Jarvik-7 artificial heart experiment, which we reported in our co-authored book, “Spare Parts” (3). Our study of what we came to think of as the “rise and fall” of the Jarvik-7 in the United States, included participant observation and in situ interviewing at the University of Utah Medical Center in Salt Lake City, and at the Humana Corporation’s Audubon Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky, as well as a running content analysis of the way the attempts to implant the Jarvik-7 device in a series of patients were presented in professional medical and scientific journals, and in the media.
Subgeneric Groups within the Mayfly Genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae)

The currently recognized Ephemerella species are assigned, as fur as possible, to nine subgenera based on nymphal and imaginal characters. New subgenera are Serratella (type serrata Morgan), Caudatella (type heterocaudata McDunnough), Attenuatella (type attenuata McD.), and Dannella (type simplex McD.); those previously named are Ephemerella Walsh, s.s., Torleya Lestage, Drunella Needham, Eurylophella Tiensuu, and Timpanoga Needham. Thirteen of the species can not be assigned subgenerically without further study.
Systematic study of the photodisintegration of Ge-70, Ge-72, Ge-74, and Ge-76

Cross sections for the (γ, n), the (γ, 2n), and the (γ, np) reactions for Ge70, Ge72, Ge74, and Ge76, and the (γ, p) reaction for Ge74 have been measured from threshold to 40 MeV at the Iowa State University Synchrotron Laboratory. Cross section results were obtained by unfolding bremsstrahlung yield curves. A "total" photoabsorption cross section was obtained for each isotope by adding the partial cross sections together. Cross sections integrated to 40 MeV are given for each reaction. Giant resonance parameters obtained from the total cross sections are compared with the results of a dynamic collective model calculation. Cross section strength is found at energies above the giant dipole resonance and is discussed in terms of the integrated cross sections. NUCLEAR REACTIONS Ge70,72,74,76(γ, n), (γ, 2n), Eγ=9−40 MeV; measured σ(Eγ). Enriched targets. Ge70,76(γ,n), Ge70,72,74,76(γ, np), Ge74(γ, p), E=9−40 MeV; measured σ(Eγ). Natural targets. Total σ's compared with dynamic collective model.
Prostaglandins in Histiocytosis-X: PG Synthesis by Histiocytosis-X Cells

Histiocytosis-X cells were obtained at autopsy from the lungs and lymph nodes of a patient who died of the disseminated infantile form of this disease (Letterer-Siwe disease). The ability of these cells to synthesize and release prostaglandins was investigated in culture, by prelabeling the cell lipids with [14C] arachidonic acid and measuring the subsequent release of radioactive metabolites. The cells were seen to release primarily PGD2 and thromboxane. Correlative morphologic studies ensured the purity of the cell preparations, ruling out extraneous origin of the prostaglandins from sources other than the lesional histiocytes. Electron-microscopic study confirmed that the same cells that release prostaglandins and are capable of engulfing particles also bear the Langerhans' inclusions considered to be cell markers of histiocytosis-X. The prostaglandin production profile of alveolar macrophages from an infant who died as a result of congestive heart failure, but without histiocytosis, was studied for comparison. These cells produced PGE2 and thromboxane, but not PGD2. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Cuvier Beaked Whales Stranded in the Aleutian Islands

Two Cuvier beaked whales, Ziphius cavirostris , a. female (USNM No. 288019) and male (USNM No. 288020), were found on beaches of Amchitka Island, Alaska, in March and April 1960. The female was fresh, the male considerably decomposed. This is a widely distributed but uncommon species. The skulls of both animals were preserved. Rifle fire appeared to have caused death. The female weighed 2952.5 kg and measured 658 cm in standard length; the male was 543.5 cm long. The sectioned teeth of the female revealed 24 to 28 growth layers, of the male 13 layers. Presumably each layer represents one year of life. Examination of the ovaries revealed five small follicles and one (possibly two) corpora albicantia. The stomach of the female contained the remains of 1,304 squids and the immature stage of a species of Anisakis , a parasitic nematode. Little is yet known of the biology of this whale.
Subwavelength Localization of Atomic Excitation Using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

By illuminating atoms with two colors of light that drive interfering transitions, researchers selectively excite the atoms in a region much smaller than the light wavelength.
AN EXAMPLE OF PARALLELISM IN CARNIVORE BRAIN EVOLUTION.

A survey of the external brain morphology of fossil Carnivora revealed that the cruciate sulcus, a major landmark of the cerebral cortex which is present in all living carnivoran families, did not exist in the common ancestor of those families, and thus evolved independently several times. The history of the carnivoran cruciate sulcus is of interest as a major example of parallel evolution in mammals, and for the insight it provides into mammalian brain evolution and the significance of brain morphology for interpreting phylogeny.
The Nazi Patient

Mr. W had been born in a German town near Leipzig. I was interested in the prewar years and asked about his youth. I also asked about the war years. He was slow to respond, perhaps considering whet...
Solution to the Control Problem of Laser Path Tracking Using Risley Prisms

A control system is proposed for tracking a desired path with a laser beam. The proposed control system successfully eliminates the singularities associated with utilizing a pair of Risley prisms as the laser ray steering device. The analysis in this paper leads to an accurate derivation of the prisms’ paraxial equations, in addition to introducing an efficient algorithm for finding the prisms’ exact orientations given a desired ray steering direction.
A Drawing Method of Voltage Contour Bitmap Based on Logarithmic Distance Inverse Weighing Method

With the development of power system visualization,the voltage contour bitmap has become an effective means of observing the reactive power and the voltage limits of the grid.The advantages and disadvantages of typical interpolation algorithms available for the voltage contour bitmap are generalized.On the basis of a large amount of practical work,the logarithmic distance inverse weighting method is proposed.Simple in calculation,this method does not require the complex solving process as in Kriging interpolation,greatly saving computation time and improving computational efficiency.Moreover,much better display effect is achieved than the distance inverse method.Application in practice shows that the voltage contour bitmap obtained is able to make more vivid and intuitive description of the regional voltage trends with more natural color transition.
Evolutionary Conservation of Xylan Biosynthetic Genes in Selaginella moellendorffii and Physcomitrella patens

Xylan is a major cross-linking hemicellulose in secondary walls of vascular tissues, and the recruitment of xylan as a secondary wall component was suggested to be a pivotal event for the evolution of vascular tissues. To decipher the evolution of xylan structure and xylan biosynthetic genes, we analyzed xylan substitution patterns and characterized genes mediating methylation of glucuronic acid (GlcA) side chains in xylan of the model seedless vascular plant, Selaginella moellendorffii, and investigated GT43 genes from S. moellendorffii and the model non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens, for their roles in xylan biosynthesis. Using nuclear magentic resonance spectroscopy, we have demonstrated that S. moellendorffii xylan consists of β-1,4-linked xylosyl residues subsituted solely with methylated GlcA residues and that xylans from both S. moellendorffii and P. patens are acetylated at O-2 and O-3. To investigate genes responsible for GlcA methylation of xylan, we identified two DUF579 genes in the S. moellendorffii genome and showed that one of them, SmGXM, encodes a glucuronoxylan methyltransferase capable of adding the methyl group onto the GlcA side chain of xylooligomers. Furthermore, we revealed that the two GT43 genes in S. moellendorffii, SmGT43A and SmGT43B, are functional orthologs of the Arabidopsis xylan backbone biosynthetic genes IRX9 and IRX14, respectively, indicating the evolutionary conservation of the involvement of two functionally non-redundant groups of GT43 genes in xylan backbone biosynthesis between seedless and seed vascular plants. Among the five GT43 genes in P. patens, PpGT43A was found to be a functional ortholog of Arabidopsis IRX9, suggesting that the recruitment of GT43 genes in xylan backbone biosynthesis occurred when non-vascular plants appeared on land.
Physics of Isoelectronic Dopants in GaAs

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the alloy induced splitting of the L6o conduction band with semi-conductor. This transition optically is forbidden in pure III-V alloys, and results from the strong perturbation caused by the impurity potential of nitrogen that hosts band structure of GaAs. The perturbation creates disorder strong enough to reduce the symmetry of the system, lift the degeneracy of the L-points, and generates a non-vanishing transition probability between the a1(l) singlet and the valence band maximum. Therefore, intra-band coupling between all conduction band singlet states, but predominantly between al(l) and al(l), underlies the band gap reduction observed for GaAsN. This effect, observed in all semiconductor alloys and quantified by the bowing co-efficient, is profound enough in GaAsN to create a non-monotonic dependence of the band gap as a function of nitrogen concentration. The large band gap reduction of GaAs resulting from a small concentration of Bismuth (Bi) is also a potential candidate for near-infrared emitters, especially when mixed with nitrogen to form a GaAsNBi alloy.
Volumetric MRI in Tourette Syndrome: A Gender Effect

Subcortical volumetric MRIs were compared in 19 girls (aged 7 to 15 years) with Tourette syndrome (TS) and 21 controls.
Control of Caenorhabditis Elegans Behaviour and Development by G Proteins Big and Small

Caenorhabditis elegans molecular genetics has allowed analysis of many of its heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins; α, β, γ) and small GTP-binding proteins. The roles of its 20 alpha, two beta and two gamma heterotrimeric G protein subunits have been studied by gene knockouts, overexpression analysis, gene interaction experiments and by analysis of expression patterns. The G alpha subunits that are highly conserved with mammalian G protein alpha subunits are broadly expressed and are involved in neuromuscular regulation. The less conserved G alpha subunits are expressed in small subsets of sensory neurons and play a role in sensory behaviour. The study of small G proteins such as ras in C. elegans has helped to elucidate their cellular functions. Maintenance of signalling specificity and interactions between G protein signalling pathways can be studied when the G proteins function in the same processes. In principle, one can hope to understand the role of each G protein in every cell in C. elegans, and thus unravel cell type-specific variation in signalling pathways and the full spectrum of the cellular roles for these crucial regulatory proteins.
Teaching Documentation through 3D Printing and Instructables

Growing ranges of industries, from manufacturing to surgery, demand 3D printing and technical communication experience. Simultaneously, the "Maker Movement" promotes sharing knowledge about emerging technologies among diverse participatory communities. This case study explores how 3D printing and Instructables (online user-produced instructions) facilitate teaching documentation, participatory design, and rhetoric effectively, and will inform participants how they can start using 3D modeling and printing in technical communication classrooms and curricula. The study presents an assignment sequence that asks students to respond to a social issue by collaboratively designing and 3D printing an object, and documenting their process by publishing an Instructable.
Temporal Changes in a Precontact and Contact Period Cultural Landscape Along the Southern Rhode Island Coast

The south coast of Rhode Island provides an opportunity to study temporal changes in a maritime cultural landscape (MCL). Approximately 4,150 years ago, nine coastal lagoons were formed in this “pond region,” as rising sea levels submerged topographic low points on the landscape. This resulted in changes in the ways people interacted with and shaped their environment. As they began to center their subsistence activities around the new natural resources and likely began to use the sea routes provided by the ponds, an MCL formed in an area that was formerly inland. Two of the most complex village sites in New England and more than half of the sites in Rhode Island with evidence of maize agriculture are located in the pond region. European contact and colonization led to a second period of change in the MCL, as the English obtained land primarily through purchase, as recorded on land sale deeds.
Magneto-optical behaviors at a 2-D ferromagnetic/organic semiconductor interface for singlet fission

Abstract This article reports the magneto-optical effects on the singlet fission of the p-type organic semiconductor, tetracene, from a ferromagnetic/semiconductor interface between thin films of cobalt and tetracene. We experimentally show that this interface has two effects on the thin films of tetracene: spin interactions and electrical polarization. The experimental tools used to study the interface include magnetic field effect photoluminescence (MFE PL ), photoluminescence and absorption. Spin interaction effects are shown by MFE PL data, where we observe a large increase in the maximum MFE PL when cobalt is introduced, as well as changes in the hyperfine interactions at low magnetic fields. Electrical polarization is analyzed with photoluminescence and absorption measurements, showing small changes in the energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO levels of tetracene, as well as an increase in the electron-phonon coupling in tetracene. Also, electrical polarization is shown to increase electrical interactions between tetracene molecules. Therefore, we conclude that using spin interactions and electrical polarization from the ferromagnetic/organic semiconductor interface can tune the properties of tetracene, ultimately enhancing singlet fission. This work gives new insight to understand the singlet fission process using a ferromagnetic interface. These changes can be further utilized in photovoltaic applications based on this singlet fission material and be applied to other similar types of singlet fission organic semiconductors.
Prevalence of sentinel lymph node evaluation in patients with thick primary cutaneous melanoma.

e19013 Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was developed for intermediate thickness melanoma. Its use for thick cutaneous melanoma is controversial. We aimed to report on clinical and pathologic factors associated with the overuse of SLNB for thick primary cutaneous melanoma. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for patients who underwent surgery for thick primary cutaneous melanoma (known Breslow thickness > 4.00 mm) from 2004 to 2008. We excluded patients with mucosal melanoma, those without a biopsy-proven diagnosis, those diagnosed at autopsy, patients whose lymph node evaluation was unknown or other than SLNB “yes” or SLNB “no”. We used multivariate logistic regression models to predict use of SLNB. Covariates examined included: age sex, race/ethnicity, Breslow depth, tumor histology, tumor location, and ulceration status. Likelihood of undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy was reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI); signific...
A Collaborative View of Knowledge in a Knowledge Society: An International Perspective

This paper focuses on key topics that rose to the fore at the `Getting the Story Right' Joint Forum Assembly Meeting between business and higher education leaders of Australia, Canada, Japan, Poland, and the United States which was held in October 1998 in Banff, Canada. Arising from participant observation notes, conversations, document analysis, and reflective writing, the work centers on four major themes: the nature of knowledge and knowledge workers, the fundamental difference between training and learning, the short-term effects of shifting workplace and economic situations, and the long-term impact of intergenerational influences. Each of these knowledge-related themes emerged in collaborative discussions that transcended national, occupational, and cultural boundaries. The paper takes the position that dialogue regarding the nature and usefulness of knowledge paradoxically takes an inward view as it develops outwardly to the case of others and the world. In a collaborative process of this nature, an important dimension of shared human meaning making becomes briefly revealed.
An X-band inverse class-F SiGe HBT cascode power amplifier With harmonic-tuned output transformer

This paper presents a highly efficient X-band inverse class-F SiGe HBT cascode power amplifier (PA) to overcome performance limitations imposed by device breakdown. Simultaneous fundamental and 2nd/3rd harmonic matching is achieved using an output transformer with an embedded capacitor at its center-tap, which enables inverse class-F operation. Use of a cascode topology with a low base impedance termination and minimum voltage-current waveform overlap extends the V CE swing on the upper SiGe HBT in the cascode to beyond BV CBO , boosting output power and power added efficiency (PAE). As proof of concept, the inverse class-F PA was implemented in 0.13-µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Measured results show an output power of 25.8 dBm and 51.1% peak PAE at 10 GHz, when operated on a 3.0 V supply. To the authors' best knowledge, our work has the highest efficiency among all Si-based X-band PAs with comparable output power.
The effect of temperature on stoichiometry, cation ordering, and reaction rate in high-temperature dolomitization experiments

Abstract Natural dolomites exhibit a wide range of compositional and structural characteristics with respect to the amount and positions of calcium and magnesium cations within the crystal lattice. The physicochemical factors that regulate these characteristics are, however, poorly understood. Hundreds of high-temperature dolomitization experiments were conducted to specifically evaluate and quantify the effects of reaction temperature on dolomite stoichiometry and cation ordering. Laboratory dolomites were produced over the temperature range of 160 to 250 °C in a Mg-Ca-Cl solution (Mg/Ca = 1.0) via a replacement reaction with modern aragonite ooids. Solid products were analyzed using standard powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine mineralogy, percent replacement, stoichiometry (mol% Mg), and degree of cation ordering. Similar to previous laboratory experiments, new data from the aragonite ooid experiments indicate that well-ordered, stoichiometric dolomite forms via a series of metastable precursors, including very-high magnesium calcite (VHMC) and poorly-ordered dolomite. These new laboratory data exhibit significantly less scatter than previously published data, and thus provide a more detailed account of the dolomitization reaction kinetics. The rate at which VHMC products replace aragonite ooid reactants, and thus the overall rate of dolomitization, exhibit strong, Arrhenius, non-linear temperature dependency. Temperatures below 200 °C exhibit significantly slower reaction rates than temperatures above 200 °C. Independent of reaction temperature, the initial VHMC products invariably lack XRD evidence of cation ordering. The stoichiometry of the initial VHMC products, which ranges from 35 to 46 mol% Mg, and the rate at which cation ordering develops, both strongly covary with reaction temperature. These new data (i) confirm previous observations about the stepwise process by which stoichiometric, well-ordered dolomite forms, (ii) augment our understanding about the fundamental controls on dolomite stoichiometry and cation ordering, and (iii) help explain the wide range of variations in dolomite stoichiometry and cation ordering observed in the rock record.
Heterologous expression of a β-D-glucosidase in Caldicellulosiruptor bescii has a surprisingly modest effect on the activity of the exoproteome and growth on crystalline cellulose.

Members of the genus Caldicellulosiruptor are the most thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria so far described and are capable of efficiently utilizing complex lignocellulosic biomass without conventional pretreatment. Previous studies have shown that accumulation of high concentrations of cellobiose and, to a lesser extent, cellotriose, inhibits cellulase activity both in vivo and in vitro and high concentrations of cellobiose are present in C. bescii fermentations after 90 h of incubation. For some cellulolytic microorganisms, β-d-glucosidase is essential for the efficient utilization of cellobiose as a carbon source and is an essential enzyme in commercial preparations for efficient deconstruction of plant biomass. In spite of its ability to grow efficiently on crystalline cellulose, no extracellular β-d-glucosidase or its GH1 catalytic domain could be identified in the C. bescii genome. To investigate whether the addition of a secreted β-d-glucosidase would improve growth and cellulose utilization by C. bescii, we cloned and expressed a thermostable β-d-glucosidase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus (Acel_0133) in C. bescii using the CelA signal sequence for protein export. The effect of this addition was modest, suggesting that β-d-glucosidase is not rate limiting for cellulose deconstruction and utilization by C. bescii.
When Clarity Is Crucial: Regulating Ocular Surface Immunity

The ocular surface is a unique mucosal immune compartment in which anatomical, physiological, and immunological features act in concert to foster a particularly tolerant microenvironment. These mechanisms are vital to the functional competence of the eye, a fact underscored by the devastating toll of excessive inflammation at the cornea – blindness. Recent data have elucidated the contributions of specific anatomical components, immune cells, and soluble immunoregulatory factors in promoting homeostasis at the ocular surface. We highlight research trends at this distinctive mucosal barrier and identify crucial gaps in our current knowledge.
Postmortem blood alcohol content among late-middle aged and older suicide decedents: Associations with suicide precipitating/risk factors, means, and other drug toxicology.

Abstract Background This study examined blood alcohol content (BAC) among suicide decedents aged 50+ and its associations with suicide precipitating/risk factors, means, and other drug toxicology. Methods The National Violent Death Reporting System, 2005–2015, provided data (N = 56,118 for all suicide decedents and N = 29,115 with alcohol test results). We used logistic regression models, with BAC > 0.0 (BAC positive) and BAC > = 0.08 (intoxication) as the dependent variables. Results Almost a third of decedents who were tested for alcohol were BAC positive, and almost two-thirds of those who were positive had a BAC > = 0.08. Alcohol problems prior to suicide (AOR = 6.71, 95% CI = 6.24–7.21), relationship problems (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.44–1.63), and death/suicide of family/friends (AOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.11–1.35) were associated with greater odds of a positive BAC, but suicide means were not significantly associated with a positive BAC. Alcohol problems (AOR = 2.98, 95% CI = 2.68–3.31), relationship problems (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.06–1.30), firearm use (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.59–2.16), and hanging/suffocation (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.16–1.64) were associated with greater odds of a BAC > = 0.08. A toxicology positive for antidepressants, marijuana, cocaine, or amphetamines was associated with greater odds of a positive BAC; however, a toxicology positive for antidepressants, opiates, or amphetamines was associated with lower odds of a BAC > = 0.08. BAC > = 0.08 rates increased over the study period. Conclusions Alcohol intoxication may have contributed to using more violent suicide means. The significant association between relationship problems and intoxication before suicide calls for restricting access to alcohol and suicide means for individuals with these problems. Suicide prevention may require crisis counseling/support for acute life stressors and ongoing emotional support.
Hip Fracture in the Setting of Limited Life Expectancy: The Importance of Considering Goals of Care and Prognosis

Abstract Importance: Many older patients with a limited life expectancy experience fragility fracture of the hip, and this event is associated with increased risk of premature mortality, functional...
Modeling Insect Outbreaks in Forest Canopies: Integration of Virtual Simulations with Hands-On Ecology for Undergraduates

One of the new challenges facing STEM education is to integrate emerging technologies with inquiry-based environmental science (Lowman and Mourad 2010). On the one hand, ecological literacy of Americans is decreasing, perhaps in part due to “nature-deficit disorder” (Louv 2006). On the other hand, students are more apt to experience virtual ecosystems through gaming and computers than experience the outdoors firsthand (Balmford et al. 2002). We propose activities of modeling environmental issues to inspire students to seek careers in science and also to learn about their local ecosystem dynamics. This exercise requires some knowledge of ecology, math, computers, entomology, and climate change. By modeling insect outbreaks or other applied ecological issues, students have an interdisciplinary approach to problem-solving and also are motivated by using virtual and real systems. In this project, we develop an interdisciplinary approach to biology teaching. We created an activity that allowed students to change the parameters of insect outbreaks and the underlying canopy structure of a virtual tree to understand possible outbreak patterns. The learning curve is not steep and the basics of the model can be mastered within a single class with subsequent projects assigned to be completed in a week. This approach is of particular relevance to a biology teacher, since different outbreak scenarios can be considered with relatively short computer runs providing an outstanding supplement to the available historical data on forests and insect pests. In short, this is an interaction that can be observed in the school yard, garden, or at a national scale. From the modeling point of view, our approach is an extension of cellular automata models for fire and decease propagation but applied to tree structure. This approach gives our ecology/biology students a valuable exposure to contemporary agent-based modeling. First, we review some relevant work on the subject and then proceed to describing the algorithm and results.
Guidelines for Riverine Water Quality Rehabilitation and Management During Economic Transition: Institutions, Economics and Alternative Strategies

Problems of riverine rehabilitation face many nations which are, at the same time, undergoing rapid economic and political transition. Very bad conditions have accumulated over many years, but budgets are very tightly constrained. Thus it is important to design rehabilitation strategies that will produce the greatest improvement per unit of expenditure. This raises the question of what one may mean by “greatest improvement.” This will be addressed in later sections of this paper.