cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A taximetric study of infraspecific variation in autogamous Limnanthes floccosa (Limnanthaceae)

Limnanthes floccosa Howell is a variable autogamous species of recent origin. The phenetic relationships of a large number of populations ofL. floccosa were studied using taximetric techniques. Five subspecies are recognized inL. floccosa on the basis of the taximetric results.Limnanthes floccosa ssp.californica andL. floccosa ssp.grandiflora are described as new, andL. floccosa ssp.pumila andL. floccosa ssp.bellingeriana are proposed as new combinations. Aspects of autogamy responsible for the highly discrete pattern of variation inL. floccosa are discussed.
Boosting D-lactate production in engineered cyanobacteria using sterilized anaerobic digestion effluents.

Abstract Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environmentally friendly approach to waste treatment, which can generate N and P-rich effluents that can be used as nutrient sources for microalgal cultivations. Modifications of AD processes to inhibit methanogenesis leads to the accumulation of acetic acid, a carbon source that can promote microalgal biosynthesis. This study tested different AD effluents from municipal wastes on their effect on d -lactate production by an engineered Synechocystis sp . PCC 6803 (carrying a novel lactate dehydrogenase). The results indicate that: (1) AD effluents can be supplemented into the modified BG-11 culture medium (up to 1:4 volume ratio) to reduce N and P cost; (2) acetate-rich AD effluents enhance d -lactate synthesis by ∼40% (1.2 g/L of d -lactate in 20 days); and (3) neutral or acidic medium had a deleterious effect on lactate secretion and biomass growth by the engineered strain. This study demonstrates the advantages and guidelines in employing wastewater for photomixotrophic biosynthesis using engineered microalgae.
Toward a Psychology of Knowledge: V. A Prefatory Note on Maurice Stein's “Poetic Metaphors of Sociology”

Summary.-This paper is one of a series dealing with, among other things, the psychology of theorizing. The next paper in the series will be a lengthy one proposing that attitude toward equilibrium theorizing varies inversely with capacity for Rorschachian inner creation, regardless of discipline or of object of theory (e.g., biological, economic, psychological, or social systems). The present paper may be regarded a prologue to it or a preview of its approach. The present note, though possessed of some independence and published as such, is more a prologue to the next paper in this series or a preview of its approach. In that paper I shall suggest that attitude toward equilibri~~m theorizing varies inversely with capacity for Rorschachian inner creation (production of Rorschach movement responses), regardless of discipline or of object of theory (e.g., biological, economic, psychological, or social systems); or, that capacity for inner creation may be conceived as a properry of both subject and object, i.e., of knower and known, observer and observed, theorist and theorized; or, that the capacity for Rorschachian inner creation is, inter alia, the capacity for cognitive energy for inner creation in biological, economic, psychological, social, and other systems. It will deal in part with the critique of Parsonian equilibriumism. Among such critics I count Maurice Stein, on the basis of his "Poetic Metaphors of Sociology" ( 1963). However, che point of his article is much broader than chat, and it is upon che general point that I should like to focus now. Firsc I shall briefly sketch Stein's theme, then I shall quote in illustration of the sketch, and finally, I shall translate and interpret the quoted material in terms of the framework of this series. Parsonian equilibriumism is not explicitly dealt with in Stein's article. What we do find, and not in any major way, is the category "Parsonian general system theories." We find it referred co as one manifestation of "systematic sociology," a kind of sociology that appreciates "system" and depreciates "history" and "drama," which together constitute "poetry." Systematic sociology is thus "antipoeticv-unlike "classical" sociology, within which history and drama loomed large, perhaps as large as or even larger than system. The transition to "modern scientific" sociology, in effect, is the great expansion of system at the expense of history and drama-their being squeezed, and ultimately, squeezed out, by system. System in modern scientific sociology involves both subject and object, i.e.,
A PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE HEDONIC AND MOTORIC EFFECTS OF DRUGS: PIMOZIDE AND AMPHETAMINE

This study uses a curve-fitting approach to evaluate the effects of drugs on reinforced responding in rats. The subjects obtained reinforcement according to a series of five different variable-interval schedules (a five-component multiple schedule). For each rat, pimozide, a neuroleptic, decreased response rate, and the decrease was associated with (1) a decrease in the estimated asymptotic response rate and (2) an increase in the rate of reinforcement necessary for half-asymptotic responding. That is, pimozide decreased the proportion of responding maintained by a given rate of reinforcement. In contrast, intermediate doses of amphetamine increased response rate and increased the proportion of responding maintained by a given rate of reinforcement. It was proposed that the response rate asymptote indexes motor capacity, and the rate of reinforcement necessary for half-asymptotic responding indexes reinforcement efficacy; accordingly, pimozide decreased motor capacity and reinforcement strength and amphetamine increased reinforcement strength.
Elevated c-yes tyrosine kinase activity in premalignant lesions of the colon

Abstract Background/Aims: The cellular oncogene c-yes and its viral homologue v-yes (the transforming gene of Yamaguchi 73 and Esh avian sarcoma viruses) encode 62-kilodalton, cytoplasmic, membrane-associated, protein-tyrosine kinases. For the related Src kinase, a close correlation exists between elevated kinase activity and cell transformation. Previously, we observed elevated Yes activity in many human colon carcinomas. Colonic neoplasia provides an opportunity to study tumor progression because most carcinomas arise from adenomas, which in turn arise from normal epithelia. The malignant potential of adenomas varies with size, histology, and degree of dysplasia. Large adenomas (≥2 cm) with villous architecture and severe dysplasia are most likely to develop carcinoma. Methods: To determine whether Yes is activated in premalignant lesions of the colon, we measured its in vitro protein-tyrosine kinase activity in 21 colonic adenomas from 17 patients. Results: Activity of Yes in adenomas at greatest risk for cancer was significantly greater (12- or 14-fold as measured by enolase or autophosphorylation, respectively) than activity in adjacent normal mucosa. Moreover, villous structure, large size (≥2 cm), or severe dysplasia correlated with elevated Yes activity. Conclusions: The activity of Yes is elevated in adenomas that are at greatest risk for developing cancer.
A temperature-programmed preparative-scale gas chromatograph.

Abstract An efficient temperature-programmed preparative-scale gas chromatography unit has been developed having I 1 2 in. X 10 ft. tubes connected in series. The unit is heated by thermostatically controlled hot air making possible temperature programming. The unit is capable of attaining a temperature of 150° in 15 minutes and can be cooled to 50° in the same time limit.
Distributed System Development Risk Analysis

Under the current trend of globalization, companies develop products not only to target a single market but to sell them to the entire world. Companies realize the importance of collaborative design, or workshare, to develop global regional engineering centers to balance design variations while ensuring local market success. This paradigm shift enables diverse customer values to be integrated into products but also introduces challenges in the management of work distribution. Extensive industry case studies have shown that capability and capacity of the regional centers drive the workshare decisions; however, this strategy overlooks the interdependence of the design systems causing many delays and quality problems. Seeing the opportunity, this paper presents a method to identify and to quantify the system-level workshare risk based on the couplings of system components to evaluate the overall workshare scenarios. The risk analysis consists of two key elements in terms of two relationships, the division of work for distributions (i.e., component coupling) and the work assignments of the distributed teams (i.e., workshare coupling), as well as an algorithm to combine the relationships to calculate the workshare risk. To illustrate the steps of the risk analysis, this paper applies it to a hair dryer design as a case study. The paper also discusses the usages and characteristics of the risk analysis, and concludes with the future research and the next steps of generalizing the method to other product development projects.
A Note on Atomic Binding Energies

By the use of Dickinson's recent calculations of the diamagnetic field for atoms based on Hartree calculations, and a theorem due to Feynman, an expression is obtained for the total binding energy of the electrons in an atom as a function of atomic number. The results are compared with predictions of the Fermi-Thomas statistical model. It is found that the binding energy for small $Z$ varies as ${Z}^{\frac{7}{3}}$ in accord with the statistical model but for high $Z$ the dependence on $Z$ becomes approximately ${Z}^{\frac{12}{5}}$. The equation for the binding energies is estimated to be correct to 5 percent or better.
Optical Properties of Copper-Rich Cu-Ni-Zn Alloys with 20 at.% Zinc and up to 25 at.% Nickel at Room Temperature

Normal-incidence reflectance measurements on mechanically polished specimens of copper-rich copper nickel zinc alloys with up to 25 at.% nickel and about 20 at.% zinc were obtained in the photon energy range 1.55-5.18 eV. These measurements were taken at room temperature under vacuum (lower than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ Torr). The absorption edge associated with interband transitions which is observed between 2 and 3.2 eV is, within experimental accuracy, independent of nickel concentration. This indicates that nickel and zinc atoms do not interact directly. At nickel concentrations above 5 at.%, a reflectance minimum appears near 4 eV. The position of this minimum shifts with increasing nickel concentration to higher energies. The width and the depth of the minimum increases as the concentration of nickel is increased. It is similar to the reflectance minimum which pure nickel exhibits near 4 eV.
Reactivity of N-nitrosoamides in confined spaces

Abstract The thermal rearrangement of several N -nitrosoamides was studied by 1 H NMR in the context of reversible encapsulation. The N -nitrosoamide guests were isolated from the bulk solvent in a hydrogen-bonded dimeric host capsule which prevented their rearrangement. The guests appear to be preserved in their ground state conformations by the pressure exerted by the host. The conformations of the free and bound N -nitrosoamides are of comparable relative energies as determined by DFT calculations.
Irrigation System and Tillage Effects on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions

Irrigation and tillage systems may affect surface residue and soil C and N fractions by influencing crop biomass yield, residue placement, and movement of water soluble C and N in the soil. We studied the effects of irrigation (mid-elevation spray application [MESA] and low energy precision application [LEPA]) and tillage (conventional [CT] and strip-tillage [ST]) systems on crop biomass (stems and leaves) yield, surface residue, and soil C and N fractions at the 0- to 20-cm depth from 2004 to 2007 in a Savage clay loam (fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Argiustolls) in Sidney, MT. Soil C and N fractions were soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (STN), particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON), microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN), potential carbon and nitrogen mineralization (PCM and PNM), NH–N, and NO–N. While crop biomass across treatments increased from 2004 to 2007, surface residue was greater with ST than with CT from 2005 to 2007. The NH–N and NO–N contents at 5 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm in 2005 and STN at 0 to 5 cm in 2007 were greater with ST than with CT, but SOC at 5 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm, POC and MBN at 5 to 10 cm, and PNM at 0 to 5 cm in 2007 were greater with CT than with ST. The MBC at 0 to 5 cm and MBN at 10 to 20 cm were greater in LEPA than in MESA. The PCM at 10 to 20 cm was greater with CT than with ST in LEPA. While ST increased surface soil residue and N storage, residue incorporation to a greater depth in CT increased soil C storage, microbial activity, and N mineralization. Slow rate of water application near the soil surface increased microbial biomass in LEPA.
Trihexyphenidyl Potentiation ofl-DOPA: Reduced Effectiveness Three Years Later in MPTP-Induced Chronic Hemiparkinsonian Monkeys

The effects of a combination of trihexyphenidyl and L-DOPA methyl ester given i.m. were studied 3-5 years after MPTP induced hemiparkinsonism in five female adult Macaca nemistrina monkeys. Three years later, these studies were repeated to determine if the drug combination was equally effective. Although the combination of trihexyphenidyl and L-DOPA produced potentiation in both studies, 3 years later it was quantitatively less. This was due primarily to the reduced effectiveness of L-DOPA methyl ester in a dose of 12.5 mg/kg i.m. Even though the combination was less effective in subsequent years, the animals continued to show the same clinical signs of hemiparkinsonism. Reduced effectiveness of the drug combination does not appear to be due to a lessening of MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonism, but rather to the reduced effectiveness of L-DOPA.
Employing stochastic differential equations to model wildlife motion

The concern is with the properties of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) describing the motion of particles in 3 dimensional space, on the sphere or in the plane. There is consideration of the case where the drift function comes from a potential function. There is study of SDEs whose parameters are periodic in time. These are useful for incorporating circadian rhythm in the behavior. The cases of a seal in a frozen lake in Alaska, an elephant seal migrating a great distance in the Pacific Ocean and of a group of "free-ranging" elk in a reserve in Oregon are referred to. For the elk nonparametric estimates of the drift and variance terms of an SDE model are discussed and evaluated and the fit of the model assessed. One issue is how to include explanatories, beyond location and time, in the model. A number of questions motivated by the wildlife motion concerning diffusion processes of the type considered are posed at the end of the paper.
Molecular insights from bariatric surgery

Bariatric surgical procedures have become important therapeutic options for treatment of morbid obesity in both adults and adolescents co-morbidities of obesity such as glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), metabolic syndrome, steatohepatitis, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. These co-morbidities of obesity have significant impacts on the overall quality of life of the individual and our society at large. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and the relatively newer procedures of gastric banding (GB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) have proven to be efficacious in achieving rapid weight loss and reversing the comorbidities of obesity. Unfortunately, bariatric procedures are not without risks including micronutrient deficiency, failure to maintain lost weight, and mortality. Further, the resolution of T2DM has long been understood to precede weight loss, and this finding provides important clues about the physiologic underpinnings of the observation. In order to design more effective, safe, and widely available therapeutics for obesity, important and highly relevant questions need to be addressed regarding mechanisms behind the weight-loss-independent benefits of bariatric surgical procedures. This review will provide an overview of the molecular changes occurring across all biological systems after bariatric surgery including the changes in hepatic, adipocyte and gut derived signals after surgery. We will also discuss existing literature regarding the weight-loss-independent metabolic benefits including improvement in insulin sensitivity and central nervous system integration of these signals.
Inhibition by trifluoperazine of calmodulin-induced activation of ATPase activity of rat erythrocyte.

Abstract An endogenous, heat-stable, calcium binding protein (calmodulin). which was previously shown to increase the activity of one of the forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, was found to increase selectively the activity of a (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of rat erythrocyte membranes. The ED50 for calmodulin activation was 150 ng calmodulin/ml. The concentration of Ca2+ required for half-maximum calmodulin-induced activation of erythrocyte ATPase was 20 μM whereas approximately 50 μM Ca2+ was required for half-maximum calcium-induced activation of ATPase measured in the absence of calmodulin. The phenothaizine trifluoperazine, which specifically inhibits the activation of phosphodiesterase by high-affinity, calcium-specific binding to calmodulin, specifically inhibited the calmodulin-induced acti- vation of ATPase; the I50 for inhibition of ATPase was 50 μM when measured in the presence of calmodulin but was over 250 μM when measured in its absence. This trifluoperazine-induced inhibition of ATPase could be overcome by adding excess calmodulin. These results indicate that calmodulin activates a specific form of erythrocyte ATPase and that trifluoperazine selectivity inhibits this activation presumably by binding to calmodulin. The results further support the hypothesis that several of the biochemical actions of phenothiazine antipsychotics can be explained by a common mechanism, namely, by selectively binding to calmodulin and thereby inhibiting its action.
Intermarriage Between Christians and Jews in Medieval Canon Law

Restrictions on contact between Christians and Jews appeared early in Christian history and remained a prominent feature of ecclesiastical law throughout the Middle Ages. Many of the Church's members during the earliest generations of the Christian era were converts from Judaism, and Church authorities sought to assure that when Jews became Christians they severed their former ties and discontinued the religious practices they had observed prior to baptism. From a very early period the Church was particularly anxious about the dangers that marriage ties might pose when one partner converted to Christianity while the other did not.1 As the numbers of non-Jewish converts grew during the second and third centuries, canon law also attempted to insulate gentile Christians from exposure to Jewish beliefs and practices.
Performance of amorphous diamond RF MEMS capacitive switch

Radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) capacitive switches using amorphous diamond (a-D) as a novel dielectric with controlled leakage have been successfully developed. The devices show a unipolar switching response to a unipolar stimulus, indicating the absence of significant dielectric charging. These initial devices exhibit a down-state capacitance of 2.6 pF and a predicted static power dissipation of 10 nW. This technology is promising for the development of reliable, low-power RF MEMS switches.
Effects of insulin on glucose metabolism by explants of mouse mammary gland maintained in organ culture

Abstract 1. 1. A technique was described for the isolation of the [14C]lactic acid, [14C]fatty acid, and 14CO2 produced from [14C]glucose by explants of mouse mammary tissues in organ culture. 2. 2. Insulin maintained the [14C]lactic acid, [14C]fatty acid and 14CO2 production from [14C]glucose by explants of both prelactating and lactating mouse mammary tissues. 3. 3. In the presence of insulin, the [14C]lactic acid production, 14CO2 production, and glucose uptake by explants of prelactating mouse mammary tissues continued throughout the 4-day culture period but there was no increase in recovery of [14C]fatty acid after 48 h in either the insulin-treated or control groups. 4. 4. The [14C]fatty acid production, 14CO2 production and glucose uptake by explants of lactating mouse mammary gland was much greater than that of explants of prelactating mouse mammary gland. The [14C]lactic acid production by lactating tissues was lower than that of prelactating tissue. 5. 5. Insulin caused an increase in the [14C]fatty acid and 14CO2 production by explants of lactating gland but had no effect on [14C]lactic acid production. 6. 6. The data indicate that insulin is required by explants of mammary tissues for the maintenance of glucose uptake and metabolism in the organ culture system.
Synthesis and characterization of racemic mixture and meso isomers of bis(trans-2-aminocyclohexyl)aminepentaacetic acid and the stabilities of their Gd(III) complexes.

The synthesis and characterization of two multidentate ligands, the racemic mixture and meso isomers of bis(trans-2-aminocyclohexyl)aminepentaacetic acid, are described. Equilibrium constants for t...
Robust stabilization for systems with rank-one uncertainty structure

This paper solves a class of robust control problems, with output feedback, for systems with mixed parametric uncertainty and unmodeled dynamics. This class of problems is characterized by a special rank-one assumption on the transfer matrix of the nominal plant. Under this assumption, the robust stabilization problem is reduced to a convex feasibility problem involving linear matrix inequalities. The data necessary to assemble these inequalities can be readily obtained from a state-space model of the nominal plant.
Human Factors: Should Your Medical Devices Require Intensive Care?

Every nurse has at times been faced with the use of a medical device that is excessively challenging. These challenges may include setting up the equipment, using the controls to get it to work as intended, checking on proper operation, identifying and correcting improper or undesired activity, actively avoiding preidentified errors in the use of the device, and hopefully avoiding other pitfalls in its use. These challenges often leave nurses wondering if the people who designed the equipment have any notions of the real world in which their devices must be used. The frustration that these challenges can create is magnified because, at least in principle, the device may be fully capable of being used correctly and without error. Thus the conclusion is often reached, often by nurses themselves, that because the device is technically fine, it must be the user that is at fault. This self-blame is compounded by the traditional nursing mindset of coping with what they have before them, rather than identifying that what they have before them is not right and must be changed. The coping and self-blame perspectives fail to recognize the possibility and necessity of designing equipment that facilitates easy and safe use, rather than leaving it to the user to solve the problems created by poor design. The medical devices that you use in the service of your patients should not be designed so that it is the equipment that unnecessarily needs intensive care because you must labor to overcome the shortcomings of their individual and collective designs. The principles of design that address these issues are in the domain of Human Factors.
Review of Antibiogram Preparation and Susceptibility Testing Systems

The overall rate of antibiotic resistance within health care institutions is dependent on data accumulated from antimicrobial testing performed on individual isolates. The type of testing method may vary depending on the bacterial species. A consensus document entitled “Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data, M39-A2,” produced by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, presents a guideline for clinical laboratories when preparing a cumulative antibiogram. This document includes detailed recommendations for the collection, storage, analysis, and presentation of data. The antibiogram should also state the methods used to measure antibiotic resistance, the number of isolates tested in the analysis period, and the time period of analysis. Thus this cumulative report assists the health care institution by identifying trends or unusual patterns in microorganisms.
Passivation of GaAs nanocrystals by chemical functionalization.

The effective use of nanocrystalline semiconductors requires control of the chemical and electrical properties of their surfaces. We describe herein a chemical functionalization procedure to passivate surface states on GaAs nanocrystals. Cl-terminated GaAs nanocrystals have been produced by anisotropic etching of oxide-covered GaAs nanocrystals with 6 M HCl(aq). The Cl-terminated GaAs nanocrystals were then functionalized by reaction with hydrazine or sodium hydrosulfide. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements revealed that the surfaces of the Cl-, hydrazine-, and sulfide-treated nanocrystals were As-rich, due to significant amounts of As^0. However, no As^0 was observed in the photoelectron spectra after the hydrazine-terminated nanocrystals were annealed at 350° C under vacuum. After the anneal, the N 1s peak of hydrazine-exposed GaAs nanocrystals shifted to 3.2 eV lower binding energy. This shift was accompanied by the appearance of a Ga 3d peak shifted 1.4 eV from the bulk value, consistent with the hypothesis that a gallium oxynitride capping layer had been formed on the nanocrystals during the annealing process. The band gap photoluminescence (PL) was weak from the Cl- and hydrazine- or sulfide-terminated nanocrystals, but the annealed nanocrystals displayed strongly enhanced band-edge PL, indicating that the surface states of GaAs nanocrystals were effectively passivated by this two-step, wet chemical treatment.
Breakthrough invasive pulmonary aspergillosis despite empirical voriconazole therapy for febrile neutropenia: case report and review of the literature

We report the development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient treated for acute myeloid leukaemia during empirical voriconazole therapy for febrile neutropenia. The patient failed to respond to the institution of salvage combination therapy with amphotericin B and voriconazole, but survived after adjunctive surgical resection.
Entropy production and climate efficiency

AbstractEarth’s climate system is a heat engine, absorbing solar radiation at a mean input temperature Tin and emitting terrestrial radiation at a lower, mean output temperature Tout < Tin. These mean temperatures, defined as the ratio of the energy to entropy input or output, determine the Carnot efficiency of the system. The climate system, however, does no external work, and hence its work efficiency is zero. The system does produce entropy and exports it to space. The efficiency associated with this entropy production is defined for two distinct representations of the climate system. The first defines the system as the sum of the various material subsystems, with the solar and terrestrial radiation fields constituting the surroundings. The second defines the system as a control volume that includes the material and radiation systems below the top of the atmosphere. These two complementary representations are contrasted using a radiative–convective equilibrium model of the climate system. The efficienc...
Instructions, Noun Imagery, and Priority in Free Recall.

Exp. I varied instructional sets in free recall, with Ss instructed to combine words into sentences, mental pictures, both, or left to their own strategy. The Pictures group was superior on both high- and low-imagery items. There was no evidence for summadon of availability for Ss with both, or for superiority of the Sentences group on low-imagery items. Low-imagery words tended to be recalled early on acquisition trials but be late in output on a delayed test. The second experiment used only own strategy and pictures instructions for lists varying orthogonally on imagery and frequency, with half of the Ss in each group informed of the general list composition. The latter seemed to have no effect, and the pictures set was effective only for high-imagery items. The priority effects were most pronounced for the low-imagery—high frequency subset.
Observations on Training Clinical Psychology Faculty

The rank ordering of psychology programs based on the number of “core” clinical program faculty they produce is interesting and valuable. It is important to emphasize, as the Hard! et al. (this issue) did, that this is only one measure of program quality. The study was based only on faculty of university doctoral training programs, and there are other programs and locations in which faculty are involved in training future clinical psychology program faculty. It is most interesting that even the best programs train very few future clinical program faculty per year. Because of temporal shifts in program quality, when making evaluative decisions, it is essential for consumers of rank-ordered lists to obtain the most recent and direct information regarding programs. I also discuss some future implications of these and other data for future directions in training clinical psychology program faculty.
Huntington's disease: tagged for clearance.

The neuronal accumulation of mutant huntingtin is a hallmark of Huntington's disease. New research shows that post-translational modifications of the mutant protein promote its clearance, uncovering new therapeutic targets for this disorder.
Measuring information content for an ontological concept

Numerous ontological or semantic similarity measures have been proposed to determine how similar one concept is to another within the context of an ontology. One category of such measures uses a measure of information content (IC) for ontological concepts. The various approaches to determining IC measures are reviewed. The early corpus-based IC measure is first presented and its weakness discussed. Then the earliest ontology-based IC measure using decedents only is described followed by the two more recent proposals that attempt to improve on the original descendents only ontology-based IC measure. These three IC measures are then analyzed and critiqued based on the assumptions made during their construction. Analysis of the strengths and weakness of the three proposed IC measures suggest intuitive principles to be followed in construction of other IC measures.
Deep Western Boundary Undercurrent delineated by sediment texture at base of North American continental rise

A Deep Western Boundary Undercurrent (DWBUC) flows south along the North American continental slope and rise between 1,000 m and 5,000 m with the exact location differing between investigators. The silt-mean particle-size of seafloor samples, however, defines a ∼300-km wide highvelocity zone within the DWBUC below ∼4,500 m. Analysis of silt subfractions shows that the DWBUC high-velocity zone winnows both fine and very fine silt, with preferential deposition of medium and coarse silt. Silt textural analyses indicate that velocity increases with depth in the DWBUC, reaching a maximum at 4,900 to 5,000 m consistent with results of the High Energy Benthic Boundary Layer Experiment (HEBBLE).
Ambulatory Health Care Use by Patients in a Public Hospital Emergency Department

OBJECTIVE: To describe primary care clinic use and emergency department (ED) use for a cohort of public hospital patients seen in the ED, identify predictors of frequent ED use, and ascertain the clinical diagnoses of those with high rates of ED use. DESIGN: Cohort observational study. SETTING: A public hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. PATIENTS: Random sample of 351 adults initially surveyed in the ED in May 1992 and followed for 2 years. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 351 patients from the initial survey, 319 (91%) had at least one ambulatory visit in the public hospital system during the following 2 years and one third of the cohort was hospitalized. The median number of subsequent ED visits was 2 (mean 6.4), while the median number of visits to a primary care appointment clinic was 0 (mean 1.1) with only 90 (26%) of the patients having any primary care clinic visits. The 58 patients (16.6%) who had more than 10 subsequent ED visits accounted for 65.6% of all subsequent ED visits. Overall, patients received 55% of their subsequent ambulatory care in the ED, with only 7.5% in a primary care clinic. In multivariate regression, only access to a telephone (odds ratio [OR] 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39, 0.60), hospital admission (OR 5.90; 95% CI 4.01, 8.76), and primary care visits (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.34, 2.12) were associated with higher ED visit rates. Regular source of care, insurance coverage, and health status were not associated with ED use. From clinical record review, 74.1% of those with high rates of use had multiple chronic medical conditions, or a chronic medical condition complicated by a psychiatric diagnosis, or substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS: All subgroups of patients in this study relied heavily on the ED for ambulatory care, and high ED use was positively correlated with appointment clinic visits and inpatient hospitalization rates, suggesting that high resource utilization was related to a higher burden of illness among those patients. The prevalence of chronic medical conditions and substance abuse among these most frequent emergency department users points to a need for comprehensive primary care. Multidisciplinary case management strategies to identify frequent ED users and facilitate their use of alternative care sites will be particularly important as managed care strategies are applied to indigent populations who have traditionally received care in public hospital EDs.
Fractal Sampling Grids For Holographic Interconnections

The optical implementation of weighted interconnections is investigated and basic relationships are derived between the number of neurons, the number of connections and the size of the optical system that is used to perform the connections. Specific methods for selecting the positions of the neurons to achieve the maximum density of independent connections are presented.
Syntheses of E- and Z-pseudodiethylstilbestrol and Z-1-hydroxypseudodiethylstilbestrol

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of E - and Z -3,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexene ( E - and Z -pseudo-DES) and of Z -3,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexen-1-ol ( Z -1-hydroxypseudo-DES) are described. These compounds are useful as probes in the study of hormone action.
Library OPACS on the Web: finding and describing directories

Several articles in the journal Campus‐Wide Information Systems have been devoted to describing the different directories which link to library catalogs on the Internet and the World Wide Web. Some of the directories reviewed in this ongoing series on OPACs were Hytelnet and Libgopher for telnet based catalogs as well as WebCats, Libweb, LC Z39.50 Gateway and the WWW Library Directory‐Framed Edition for the web‐based OPACs. Gives current descriptions of some of the major directories; namely, LibWeb and WWW Library Directory which list and link to library homepages as well as Hytelnet and WebCats which are devoted to listing and linking to the library OPACs. In addition, summarizes the techniques used in finding new directories.
Traveling waves in strongly gravitating cosmic strings.

We find the metric due to a traveling wave on a strongly gravitating cosmic string. This metric is one of the $\mathrm{pp}$ wave solutions to Einstein's equation. In the weak-field limit the metric reduces to the weak-field traveling-wave metric found by Vachaspati. The properties of the metric are examined and are found to agree with those properties proposed by Unruh et al. for strongly gravitating cosmic strings.
Social interaction patterns of geriatric home and community residents

Thirty elderly nursing home residents and ten community residing older adults were observed in group settings. Their behavior was assessed for dependent personal maintenance, independent personal maintenance, and appropriate and inappropriate behaviors. Responses by staff and peers to these behaviors were classified as positive, negative, or ignore. The frequency of occurrence of these behaviors as well as the relationship of resident to peer or staff behaviors were analyzed. Results indicate that community-residing elders' behaviors differ from nursing home residents' in quantity rather than quality of interactions. There was a lower frequency of behaviors in the nursing home residents. Though older adults respond differentially to various behaviors of other nursing home residents, staff responses were consistent regardless of residents' behavior. These results suggest that geriatric home residents' behavior can be characterized as withdrawn rather than dependent.
Chronic active herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis in an asymptomatic immunocompetent child.

A unique form of chronic, active, granulomatous herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis is described in an asymptomatic, immunocompetent 8-year-old girl who acquired the virus as a neonate. The extensive, bilateral cerebral parenchymal involvement was discovered incidentally. Diagnosis was confirmed by a combination of serial neuroimaging, brain biopsy, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeted to DNA sequences in the glycoprotein G gene, allowing differentiation between herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. The clinical course over a 5-year period, treatment with intermittent intravenous steroids, and daily valacyclovir, diagnostic imaging, and laboratory studies are reviewed in detail. This form of herpes simplex virus type 2 encephalitis hasn’t been described previously and is significant because of its prolonged indolent course, absence of neurological findings or suggestive history, and benign behavior in this child, who is now 14 years old. The authors believe this entity can be unsuspected and underdiagnosed in the general pediatric population, especially in those with a prior maternal history of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.
Survey of multispectral imaging systems for earth observations

Fifty-six multispectral imaging systems are described in terms of their instantaneous fields of view, spectral bands, fields of view, and number of quantization levels. These systems have been used during the past decade for earth resources studies from aircraft or spacecraft, or are currently in the proposal or design and development stage.
A retrospective DNA marker assessment of the development of insect resistant soybean

There has been limited success over the past 30 yr in the development of superior soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merr] with insect resistance. Success may be hampered by the quantitative nature of resistance and by linkage drag from resistant plant introduction (Pl) donor parents. Soybean insect resistance quantitative trait loci (SIR QTLs) have been identified from PI 229358 and PI 171451 by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The objective of this study was to tag the SIR QTLs from PI 229358 with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and to determine the extent to which the SIR QTLs have been introgressed in registered cultivars, germplasm releases, or breeding lines that have resistance derived from this PI or from PI 171451. Marker analysis defined intervals by 5 centimorgans (cM) or less for a SIR QTL on linkage group D1b (SIR-D1b), and for SIR-G, SIR-H, and SIR-M. SIR QTLs were tracked through pedigrees by evaluating the inheritance of PI alleles at marker loci tightly linked to the QTLs during the phenotypic selection for insect resistance. It was inferred that at least 13 of the 15 SIR genotypes studied had introgressed SIR-M. PI genome introgression around SIR-M was measured to assess linkage drag. Some genotypes exhibited a dramatic reduction in the amount of linked PI genome, which likely occurred in response to phenotypic selection for agronomic performance as a means of reducing linkage drag. Only a few genotypes were inferred to possess SIR-G or SIR-H, and no genotypes possessed SIR-D1b. The results of this study indicate that marker-assisted selection for SIR QTLs is needed to introgress these loci into elite genetic backgrounds.
Gadolinium mixed-micelles: effect of the amphiphile on in vitro and in vivo efficacy in apolipoprotein E knockout mouse models of atherosclerosis.

Gadolinium (Gd) micelles are nanoparticles that incorporate phospholipids, surfactants, and lipophilic Gd complexes. Preliminary studies have shown that lipid-based nanoparticles may penetrate atherosclerotic plaque. The aim of the current study was to prepare, characterize, and evaluate in vivo the efficacy of two Gd micelle formulations using apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mouse models of atherosclerosis. Gd micelles were prepared using two different amphiphiles but similar GdDTPA lipids, surfactants, and fluorescent labels. The results indicate that the choice of amphiphile may affect the particle size, relaxivity, and blood clearance in wild-type mice (WT). However, the in vivo MR efficacy, with respect to uptake in the vessel wall of ApoE−/− mice, was not affected by the amphiphile used. Significant wall enhancement of ApoE−/− mice was observed following administration of 0.015 and 0.038 mmol Gd/kg of both micelle formulations. No significant enhancement of the vessel wall of WT mice was observed for any of the dosages or formulations tested. Additionally, liver uptake 24 hr post-injection (p.i.) was not influenced by the choice of amphiphile. The results of this study strongly suggest that liver uptake and wall enhancement may be regulated by the surface properties of the micelle and not by other factors, such as micelle size. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dependence of slow crack growth in polyethylene on butyl branch density: Morphology and theory

A theoretical equation has been developed to describe the rate of slow crack growth in an ethylen-hexene copolymer in terms of the spacing of the butyl branches, number of tie molecules, and the thickness of the lamellar crystal. The model of slow crack growth is based on the rate of disentanglement of the tie molecules. The rate of disentanglement varies inversely with the number of tie molecules and directly with the number of tie molecules that are not pinned by the branches
Convolution operators that factor through a Hilbert space

Click on the link to view the abstract. Keywords: Convolution operators, Fourier coefficients, vector-valued functions, Banach spaces Quaestiones Mathematicae 31(2008), 79–87
ELASTIC STIFFNESS AND STRESS CONCENTRATION IN CEMENTED GRANULAR MATERIAL

Abstract The normal stiffness and stress concentration in a cemented granular material were investigated by the finite element technique. The detrital grains were assumed to have a circular geometry, and they were bonded by cement layers of finite thickness. The normal stiffness of the partially cemented system was found to increase with the cement stiffness and the degree of cementation. For a system with relatively soft cement, the overall stiffness also increases with decreasing cement thickness. If the gain and cement have identical elastic properties, the overall stiffness and the degree of cementation. For is a function of only the degree of cementation. The partially cemented system may be more stiff or compliant than a system of uncemented grains in Hertzian contact. Our numerical results show that the cemented system is stiffer than the Hertzian system only if the areal percentage of cementation Acem ⩾ 2.2%, if the elastic mismatch E cem E g ⩾0.3 and if the ratio of the minimum cement thickness to the grain radius h0/R ⩽ 1 9 . Compared to the Hertzian system, the stiffness of a partially cemented system has a relatively low pressure dependence. Our results show that the stress field is considerably more complex than what is assumed in the elastic foundation model. Appreciable shear stresses and lateral normal stresses can develop within the cement layer. Tensile stresses and very high compressive stresses may develop in the vicinity of the triple junction among grain, cement and pore space, with important implications for the micromechanics of failure in a cemented granular material.
A series of repetitive DNA sequences are associated with human core and H1 histone genes.

Repetitive DNA sequences, derived from the human β-globin gene cluster, were mapped within a series of human genomic DNA segments containing core (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) and H1 histone genes. Cloned recombinant λCH4A phage with human histone gene inserts were analyzed by Southern blot analysis using the following32P-labeled (nick translated) repetitive sequences as probes:Alu I,Kpn I and LTR-like. A cloned DNA designated RS002-5′C6 containing (i)a (TG)16 simple repeat, (ii) an (ATTTT)n repeat and (iii)a 52 base pair alternating purine and pyrimidine sequence was also used as a radiolabelled hybridization probe. Analysis of 12 recombinant phage, containing 6 arrangements of core histone genes, indicated the presence ofAlu I,Kpn and RS002-5′C6 repetitive sequences. In contrast, analysis of 4 human genomic DNA segments, containing both core and H1 histone genes, indicated the presence of onlyAlu I family sequences. LTR-like sequences were not detected in association with any of the core or H1 histone genes examined. These results suggest that human histone and β-globin genes share certain aspects of sequence organization in flanking regions despite marked differences in their overall structure and pattern of expression.
Real-time measurements of dark substrate catalysis.

We have developed a novel procedure to monitor the real-time cleavage of natural unmodified peptides (dark substrates). In the competition-based assay, the initial cleavage rate of a fluorogenic peptide substrate is measured in the presence of a second substrate that is not required to exhibit any optical property change upon cleavage. Using a unique experimental design and steady-state enzyme kinetics for a two-substrate system, we were able to determine both Km and kcat values for cleavage of the dark substrate. The method was applied to HIV-1 protease and to the V82F/I84V drug resistant mutant enzyme. Using two different substrates, we showed that the kinetic parameters derived from the competition assay are in good agreement with those determined independently using standard direct assay. This method can be applied to other enzyme systems as long as they have one substrate for which catalysis can be conveniently monitored in real time.