cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Effects of Snowmelt on an Alpine Lake in the Wind River Range, WY

Nitrogen deposition from air pollution is increasingly reaching alpine lakes where the addition of nitrate and ammonium to sensitive surface waters can cause acidification and/or eutrophication. Thirty years of sampling in the Wind River Range, WY, has shown some lakes increasing in nitrogen. We sought to (1) determine if nutrient concentrations in Deep Lake increase during snowmelt when atmospheric deposition is released from the snowpack and (2) assess if the sampling season, location, meteorological factors, and time of day samples are collected influence lake chemistry metrics, to inform monitoring. We analyzed water samples from the outlet of Deep Lake in peak snowmelt (June) and from the inlet, outlet, and middle of Deep Lake when the basin was snow free (August). In June, outlet samples were more acidic, and nitrogen content was three times August levels. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) declined with snowmelt. August inlet samples were higher in nutrients than outlet and mid-lake samples. Our results indicate that atmospheric pollution in the snowpack enters the lake with snowmelt. Although Deep Lake has not acidified, ANC levels indicate a risk of episodic acidification if nitrogen deposition continues to increase. When monitoring lakes at risk for episodic acidification, sampling during the late snowmelt pulse should be prioritized. Simplified sampling protocols may be used in some lakes, as epilimnion and outlet samples were nearly identical. The time of day and cloud cover did not affect lake chemistry, while wind speed and precipitation weakly increased August ANC and June pH, respectively.
Navigating Latinas with breast screen abnormalities to diagnosis: the Six Cities Study.

BACKGROUND. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Latinas, chiefly because of later diagnosis. The time from screening to diagnosis is critical to optimizing cancer care, yet the efficacy of navigation in reducing it is insufficiently documented. Here, the authors evaluate a culturally sensitive patient navigation program to reduce the time to diagnosis and increase the proportions of women diagnosed within 30 days and 60 days. METHODS. The authors analyzed 425 Latinas who had Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) radiologic abnormalities categorized as BI-RADS-3, BI-RADS-4, or BI-RADS-5 from July 2008 to January 2011. There were 217 women in the navigated group and 208 women in the control group. Women were navigated by locally trained navigators or were not navigated (data for this group were abstracted from charts). The Kaplan-Meier method, Cox proportional hazards regression, and logistic regression were used to determine differences between groups. RESULTS. The time to diagnosis was shorter in the navigated group (mean, 32.5 days vs 44.6 days in the control group; hazard ratio, 1.32; P = .007). Stratified analysis revealed that navigation significantly shortened the time to diagnosis among women who had BI-RADS-3 radiologic abnormalities (mean, 21.3 days vs 63.0 days; hazard ratio, 2.42; P < .001) but not among those who had BI-RADS-4 or BI-RADS-5 radiologic abnormalities (mean, 37.6 days vs 36.9 days; hazard ratio, 0.98; P = .989). Timely diagnosis occurred more frequently among navigated Latinas (within 30 days: 67.3% vs 57.7%; P = .045; within 60 days: 86.2% vs 78.4%; P = .023). This was driven by the BI-RADS-3 strata (within 30 days: 83.6% vs 50%; P < .001; within 60 days: 94.5% vs 67.2%; P < .001). A lack of missed appointments was associated with timely diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS. Patient-centered navigation to assist Latina women with abnormal screening mammograms appeared to reduced the time to diagnosis and increase rates of timely diagnosis overall. However, in stratified analyses, only navigated Latinas with an initial BI-RADS-3 screen benefited, probably because of a reduction in missed diagnostic appointments. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
MEK2 is a kinase related to MEK1 and is differentially expressed in murine tissues

MEK1 is a dual specificity kinase that phosphorylates and activates the Erk/MAP kinases Erk-1 and Erk-2 by phosphorylating them on threonine and tyrosine. We report the cloning of a second MEK-like complementary DNA, Mek2, which predicts a protein of a molecular weight of 44,500. The MEK2 protein bears substantial sequence homology to MEK1, except at its amino terminus, and at a proline-rich region insert between the conserved kinase subdomains 9 and 10. MEK1 and MEK2 are shown to be encoded by different genes and are located on murine chromosomes 9 and 10, respectively. Northern analysis indicates that Mek2 is expressed at low levels in adult mouse brain and heart tissue, and at higher levels in other tissues examined. Low expression levels of Mek2 in brain tissue are in contrast to the high levels of Mek1 expressed in brain. Mek2 is expressed at high levels in neonatal brain, however. Recombinant MEK2 produced in bacteria phosphorylates a kinase-inactive Erk-1 on tyrosine and threonine, whereas a kinase-inactive mutant MEK2 does not. These findings suggest that MEK2 is a member of a multigene family.
Night-Sky Background Measurement in the 100 µm Spectral Region

A RECENT rocket-borne radiometer experiment has measured fluxes in two spectral ranges, 65 to 170 µm and 0.8 to 6 mm. The 65 to 170 µm results are presented in this communication and the longer wavelength results and some of the operating characteristics of the instrument have been described previously1.
Inelastic electron background function for ultraviolet photoelectron spectra

Abstract We present a simple approach to the determination of inelastic backgrounds in low-energy electron spectra such as UPS that fits the spectra much better than does the iterative integral background which is generally used in higher-energy spectroscopies such as XPS. Including the secondary-electron cascade process explicitly yields a non-iterative function that gives a good description of the inelastic background in UPS spectra from transition-metal oxides for low photon energies. For photon energies above about 40 eV but below the XPS region, the background function is not always able to adequately model the spectra; the discrepancy cannot be removed by a more sophisticated treatment of the electron scattering function.
Photodehydrocyclizations of stilbene-like compounds XIV Photosynthesis and photoreactions of 1,2- and 1,14-diphenylpentahelicene derivatives

Two polycyclic aromatics having a phenyl-substituted pentahelicene moiety, 13,14-diphenyldibenzo[c,g]chrysene (19) and 14,15-diphenyldibenzo[f,j]picene (38) have been obtained by irradiation of the appropriate diarylethylenes (13 and 18). Further irradiation of 19 in benzene yields mainly dibenzo[a,g]coronene (21) by cyclodehydrogenation with simultaneous loss of a phenyl substituent. The side products of this reaction are probably formed via rearrangements similar to those previously found during the photoreaction which occurs on irradiation of 1,12-diphenyltriphenylene. Their most probable structures are 15-phenyldibenzo[a,g]coronene (28) and 15-phenyldibenzo[a,ghi]naphtho[2,1,8a,8-cde]perylene (31). Irradiation of 19 in ethyl acetate yields only 28 (main product) and 31. Photocyclization of 38 could not be effected. NMR data for the cis-trans isomers of the starting compounds (13 and 18) revealed that the cis isomers exist mainly in the overcrowded syn conformation.
Interest in manual medicine among residents in physical medicine and rehabilitation: The need for increased instruction

Manual medicine is an important part of the practice of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR this represented 55 (73%) of the programs surveyed. Of the 470 respondents, 363 (77.2%) believed that manual medicine should be a part of PM&R, 386 (82.1%) wanted more training in manual medicine, 389 (82.8%) believed that manual medicine is useful in the treatment of back/neck pain, and 392 (83.4%) would refer patients for manual medicine treatment. However, only 124 (27.3%) were receiving formal instruction in manual medicine during their PM&R residency training. Most of the 305 respondents who had received some exposure to manual medicine had done so through conferences (88.7%) and independent reading (66.9%). The results of this survey of PM&R residents demonstrate both a widespread interest in the use of manual medicine and an unmet desire for more instruction. Educational experiences in manual medicine should be provided so that, as residents become practicing physiatrists, they can either utilize this form of treatment or appropriately refer patients to other practitioners.
The Incidence of Deep Venous Thrombosis in ICU Patients

Study objective To determine the incidence, clinical presentation, and risk factors of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in a high-risk group of ICU patients receiving DVT prophylaxis. Design A prospective cohort study. Setting Two ICUs of a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Patients Patients admitted to the ICUs within 48 h of hospitalization and who had an ICU stay of ≥4 days underwent venous duplex scans. Interventions None. Results One hundred two patients were studied. Ninety-four (92%) patients received DVT prophylaxis. Twelve patients (12%) were documented to have DVT by venous duplex scans. There was proximal clot extension in eight of these patients, four of whom had high-probability ventilation/perfusion scans. Of the 56 patients without signs or symptoms of DVT, only two (3.6%) had abnormal scans. Leg swelling was present in 11 patients, six of whom had DVT (p=0.004). One of 11 patients with unexplained fever had an abnormal scan. Five of the 26 patients (19%) receiving pneumatic compression developed DVT compared with five of 68 patients (7.4%) receiving subcutaneous heparin (not significant). No specific factor was identified that increased the risk of DVT. Conclusion In this study, the incidence of DVT in a group of high-risk ICU patients receiving DVT prophylaxis was 12%. Since scans in patients without signs or symptoms suggestive of DVT were abnormal in only 3.6% of patients, venous scans should be performed only in patients with features suggestive of DVT or pulmonary embolism.
Study of spin-cell transformations for renormalization-group equations of spin systems

A study is made of the behavior of the spin correlation function for spin systems and lattice gases under spincell transformations in which the cell spin is chosen as a linear combination of the individual spins in the cells. It is found that the linear combination must satisfy certain conditions in order to give a satisfactory transformation; if too "unsymmetric" it will not yield convergence to a fixed point. We work in the context of the one-dimensional Gaussian and spherical models with long-range forces. For these models the critical indices can be found from our treatment since the connection between the interaction parameters and the spin correlation function is known. Although this explicit connection is lost in other models, our derivation includes certain general features that are independent of the underlying model and of dimensionality.
Somatic gene therapy for dyslipidemias

Somatic gene transfer is a valuable tool for the in vivo evaluation of lipoprotein metabolism. It has been used to dissect metabolic pathways, to establish structure-function relationships of various gene products, and to evaluate conventional lipid-lowering and novel therapeutic genes for the treatment of lipoprotein disorders. In this article we review some general aspects of somatic gene therapy and the different vehicles used for the delivery of therapeutic genes. We highlight some recent advances in adenoviral vector development that make this vector an attractive system for clinical trials.
Kitchen table reflexivity: negotiating positionality through everyday talk

In this article, we explore the role of self-reflexivity in the understanding of positionality in human geography to argue that self-reflexivity in and of itself does not offer researchers sufficient opportunities to question and critique their fluid, ever-changing positionalities. Drawing on the work of feminist scholars, critical race scholars, and experiences carrying out qualitative research, we argue that formal and informal conversations with colleagues and mentors affords the opportunity to deeply engage with positionalities. This article draws on concepts of ‘everyday talk’ to encourage researchers to explore their positionalities through kitchen table reflexivity – an exploration of an individual's positionality and its relationship to their research carried out through formal and informal conversations with others. We demonstrate how everyday talk with each other furthered our understandings of our fluid identities in relation to our research participants. Through these conversations, we were ab...
Pathogenesis of Rabies Virus Infection in Dogs

Most dogs experimentally infected with street rabies virus showed clinical signs of rabies before death, but up to 18% of the dogs died without showing detectable signs of illness. In dogs showing signs, rabies was not invariably fatal. Up to 20% of dogs recovered without any supportive treatment. Some dogs inoculated with American (southern Texas) or Ethiopian canine street virus excreted virus in their saliva up to 14 days before signs appeared. There was no relation between the time of excretion of virus in the saliva and the titer of virus in the salivary glands at death. One dog that recovered from rabies intermittently excreted rabies virus in its saliva for a long time. The carrier state in rabies may play a significant role in the perpetuation and survival of the virus and may become a source for rabies outbreaks whenever a new generation of rabies susceptibles reaches critical density.
Intramolecular electron transfer rate between active-site copper and TPQ in Arthrobacter globiformis amine oxidase

Copper amine oxidases catalyze the oxidative deamination of primary amines operating through a ping-pong bi bi mechanism, divided into reductive and oxidative half-reactions. Considerable debate still exists regarding the role of copper in the oxidative half-reaction, where O2 is reduced to H2O2. Substrate-reduced amine oxidases display an equilibrium between a Cu(II) aminoquinol and a Cu(I) semiquinone, with the magnitude of the equilibrium constant being dependent upon the enzyme source. The initial electron transfer to dioxygen has been proposed to occur from either the reduced Cu(I) center or the reduced aminoquinol cofactor. In order for Cu(I) to be involved, it must be shown that the rate of electron transfer (kET) between the aminoquinol and Cu(II) is sufficiently rapid to place the Cu(I) semiquinone moiety on the mechanistic pathway. To further explore this issue, we measured the intramolecular electron transfer rate for the Cu(II) aminoquinol ⇆ Cu(I) semiquinone equilibrium in Arthrobacter globiformis amine oxidase (AGAO) by temperature-jump relaxation techniques. The results presented herein establish that kET is greater than the rate of catalysis (kcat) for the preferred amine substrate β-phenylethylamine at three pH values, thereby permitting the Cu(I) semiquinone to be a viable catalytic intermediate during enzymatic reoxidation in this enzyme. The data show that kET is approximately equivalent at pH 6.2 and 7.2, being 2.5 times kcat for these pH values. At pH 8.2, however, kET decreases, becoming comparable to kcat. Potential reasons for the decreased kET at basic pH are presented. The implications of these results in light of a previously published study measuring reoxidation rates of substrate-reduced AGAO are also addressed.
Success factors in supplier development

Presents results of a survey on supplier development. Surveys were mailed to a random sample of 1,504 NAPM members. The sample was split into two groups depending on how respondents judged the results of their supplier development effort, either exceeding or falling short of expectations. The responses of these two groups to various questionnaire items were investigated to identify and gain insight into factors that contribute to supplier development success. The analysis suggests that buying firm respondents who reported their firms’ supplier development efforts to be satisfactory were more likely to have a proactive philosophy regarding suppliers’ performance, put more effort and resources into their supplier development efforts, and exhibit a greater willingness to share information with their suppliers than their counterparts who were generally dissatisfied with their firms’ supplier development results.
Determination of the spin polarization of half-metallic CrO(2) by point contact Andreev reflection.

Andreev reflection at a $\mathrm{Pb}/{\mathrm{CrO}}_{2}$ point contact has been used to determine the spin polarization of single-crystal ${\mathrm{CrO}}_{2}$ films made by chemical vapor deposition. The spin polarization is found to be $0.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$, which confirms that ${\mathrm{CrO}}_{2}$ is a half-metallic ferromagnet, as theoretically predicted.
The use of modified oxide process for lead-free application

The laws legislated recently such as RoHs and WEEE restrain strictly the use of lead and cause the revolution in SMT soldering technology. Compared to the traditional tin-lead soldering, the reflow temperature of lead-free soldering is 30degC higher and the total thermal mass also increases. The tremendous change leads to large amount of panel scrap and compensation between PCB manufacturer and SMT house. Delamination is a common issue for base material manufactures after conducting lead-free soldering. It might be caused by the lamination material itself or the insufficient adhesion between resin and copper foil. In this study, we focus on the oxide pretreatment prior to lamination, and find the proper condition, including the properties of base materials and immersion duration in brown oxide bath, to enhance the adhesion between copper foil and resin to against the higher thermal shock.
Rotational isomerism of acrylic acid

Abstract Scaled quantum-mechanical force fields have been calculated for the s-cis and s-trans conformations of acrylic acid. The directly computed force fields, obtained at the Hartree-Fock 4–21 basis set level, were scaled with a small set of scale factors previously derived to account for the residual error in calculations at this level. The spectra of the two species were then computed and compared with spectra observed in an inert matrix at 25 K. Two sets of observed bands, distinguishable by their differing intensity behavior under ultraviolet irradiation, could be identified as corresponding to the two rotational conformers. Although the spectral differences resulting from the conformational difference were rather subtle, they could be unequivocally identified by comparison with the computational results.
Inverse ray tracing in elastic solids with unknown anisotropy

The problem of inverse ray tracing in a homogeneous anisotropic elastic solid is considered. The wave speeds in the solid are assumed unknown, and must be obtained in the course of the inversion. The specific problem of locating a crack tip in a two‐dimensional geometry is investigated. The data are assumed to be in the form of travel times of diffracted ultrasonic signals between transducers positioned on an exterior surface of the solid. Both pulse–echo and pitch–catch data are considered. It is found that travel‐time data on the exterior surface suffices to locate the crack tip only if the material is isotropic. If the material is anisotropic, we must be able to move the source and/or receiver in the direction normal to the surface. The same problem is considered with the source and receiver positioned in a surrounding isotropic material, e.g., a water bath. It is shown that the ray inversion is now possible only if the solid is isotropic, the problem being underdetermined for an anisotropic solid. Thi...
RIS/HIS and PACS interfaces: evaluating the use of standards

This study extends the survey performed in 1992 by Levine et al., on available standards of data communication and interfacing in the RIS and PACS industry. We sought more detailed knowledge about such interfaces and contacted a greater number of RIS/HIS and PACS vendors. We also wanted to determine if interfaces had changed in the two years since the previous study and in what direction the industry is moving. Sixty vendors of RIS, HIS and PACS were surveyed. We included questions about communications protocols, data format, data integrity checks, etc., and reasons for the vendors' choices. Of responding RIS/HIS vendors, 26% supported ACR-NEMA 2.0 and 21% supported DICOM, compared to none in the previous survey. Support for the HL-7 standard has also grown, from 58% in 1992 to 80% of vendors in 1994. All of the surveyed PACS vendors supported ACR-NEMA 2.0 or DICOM and 50% supported HL-7. The reasons most often cited for supporting certain options were widespread use and robustness, with ease of implementation and cost-effectiveness following closely behind. We found that vendors now offer many more options for interfacing their systems to other systems than two years ago. Also, more vendors are supporting such industry standards as HL-7 and ACR-NEMA/DICOM.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Future events are far away: exploring the distance-on-distance effect.

Four dimensions of psychological distance (temporal, social, spatial, and probabilistic) have been widely studied. This research examines the distance-on-distance effect where an event that is close or distal along one dimension of psychological distance will be judged to be close or distal along other dimensions. For example, individuals will perceive greater likelihood to win a lottery (probabilistic distance) if they sit closer to the prize (spatial distance). Drawing on 2 streams of findings in the construal level literature, I propose that this distance-on-distance effect is mediated by construal level induced by the known distance and only occurs when the psychological distance is egocentric. Five studies provide evidence supporting the basic effect, its underlying mechanism, and the boundary condition. These findings have important implications for the construal level literature, together with the research on distance perceptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
Are Philippine Librarians Ready for Resource Description and Access (RDA)? The Mindanao Experience

This study aimed to find out the level of readiness of Mindanao librarians to use Resource Description and Access (RDA), which has been prescribed and adopted by the Philippine Professional Regulatory Board for Librarians (PRBFL). The majority of librarians are aware of the PRBFL prescription and adoption. Librarians who received more RDA training and felt that their RDA training was adequate and were more comfortable with the use of RDA as compared with those who received little or no RDA training. An important finding of the study is that most Mindanao libraries do not have access to the RDA Toolkit.
Involvement of cardiovirus leader in host cell-restricted virus expression.

Abstract Theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus designates a number of picornavirus strains that are classified into two subgroups on the basis of their different biological activities. DA strain and other members of the TO subgroup produce a chronic demyelinating disease in which the virus persists and manifests a restricted expression. Mutagenesis studies of the DA strain leader (L) coding region, which is located at the 5' end of the polyprotein coding region, demonstrate that L is completely dispensable for infection of some cells; in addition, nucleotides can be inserted into the L coding region with no loss in infectivity, indicating that Theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus may be used as a vector for delivering foreign sequences. In other cells, L is critical for plaque formation and efficient viral multiplication. These findings raise the possibility that L may play a role in the DA-induced demyelinating restricted infection. The functions of L, and even its presence within the genome, vary among picornaviruses, reflecting the various requirements for viral growth among different host cells.
Improvements to the `Method of Independent Storms'

Abstract This paper presents a critical review of Cook's Method of Independent Storms for analysing maximum hourly mean wind speeds or similar data. An improved method is developed which eliminates the systematic errors in Cook's original method, and which uses an improved set of plotting positions based on the mean values of the order statistics. A standard deviation for each plotting portion is also derived, which enables a fitting procedure using weighted least squares to be adopted. This enables all the highest-order statistics to be used, rather than a limited subset as is the case when the modified Lieblein BLUE(10) method is used. The method is fully automated and a computer implementation is provided. Good results have been obtained for data from 5 UK meteorological sites, but the exploitation of the potential of the new method is at present limited by UK Met Office practice of rounding hourly mean wind data to the nearest knot.
The analysis of niobium in ores and steels by d.c. plasma emission spectroscopy

Abstract A d.c. plasma, echelle grating spectrometer has successfully been used in a round-robin analysis of niobium in a reference ore. This analytical technique has also been applied to niobium determinations in certified steels, stainless steels, and high-temperature steel alloys. Niobium emission lines were studied for intensity, background shifts, spectral interferences, detection limits and linearity. A quantitative dissolution technique was developed for niobium bearing alloys. Synthetic standards, approximating the solution matrices, were used to analyze both the ores and the alloys.
Genetic Control of Adult Pigment Stripe Development in Zebrafish

Adult zebrafish stripes are formed from stripes of gold iridophores alternating with stripes of black melanocytes lying beneath silver stripes. Analysis of defects in pigment pattern development caused by sparse (spa, rose (ros), and leopard (leo) single and double mutant combinations suggests that spa+ and ros+ functions are required for development of separate populations of pigment cells in the adult and that leo+ functions to control assembly of melanocytes into stripes. Thus, between 2 and 3 weeks of zebrafish development, spa-dependent melanocytes differentiate throughout the flank, followed by leo-dependent assembly of these cells into stripes. Beginning at 3 weeks of development, a distinct ros-dependent population of melanocytes differentiates in the stripe. Both early and late differentiating melanocytes then affect the formation of the silver stripes, ensuring registration of melanocyte and iridophore stripes.
Substrate specificity of a high-affinity, monovalent cation-dependent amino acid carrier.

Abstract A monovalent cation-dependent amino acid carrier was characterized in murine L1210 leukemia cells. This carrier differs from previously described ion-dependent carriers in its high-affinity for amino acids such as leucine and phenylalanine and in its tolerance of substitution of lithium and potassium for sodium ions.
A method for automatic manifest verification of container cargo using radiography images

This paper evaluates a new and useful tool which can be used to facilitate trade while simultaneously enhancing supply-chain security. It describes a simple algorithm to characterize regularities in the appearance of particular cargo types in radiography images and verify that new images with the same cargo type match the earlier characterization. We find that it is possible to identify containers inconsistent with their label to a substantial degree of confidence. This evaluation was made possible by analyzing a novel data set consisting of radiography images of real stream-of-commerce container cargo which is labeled with the contents from the shipment manifest. These data were gathered from containers passing through U.S. ports of entry and from customs data filed by importers. The pairing of radiograph and manifest data is shown to hold great potential for assisting human customs inspectors and detecting anomalous shipments.
Supporting mobility with wireless ATM

An implicit assumption underlying most networking research has been that two Internet users would be connected only by fixed links (wire lines). Increased use of portable computers, wireless networks and satellites has generated interest in supporting "computing on the move", or mobile computing. Instead of maintaining a fixed position in a network, users in this environment are free to roam. Mobile computing raises interesting issues, such as how to route packets as the mobile user (host) moves about and how to guarantee the quality of service (QOS) that an application running on such a mobile host may need. Other issues include the choice of a transport protocol to use on top of a mobile host and how to deal with poor performance in wireless links. There are two possible approaches to supporting mobile computing over the Internet. The first uses a mobile IP (Internet Protocol), whereby packets (datagrams) are forwarded by a designated stationary host to the mobile host. The second approach involves wireless ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), with host mobility supported by rerouting/rearranging the end-to-end ATM connection between mobile and stationary hosts.
Thinking data with Deleuze

In this paper the author is thinking with Deleuze's philosophical concept of the ‘image’ of the speech‐act in cinema and the implications for methodology and ethics in qualitative research. Drawing on research in the USA with white teachers, this paper will specifically engage with Deleuzian concepts presented in his two books on cinema and his philosophical concept of the ‘image’ toward a re‐imaging of voice. To think with the ‘image’ of speech‐acts and how voice is conveyed in a cinematic sense, particularly if one is to consider silent films, is to think about ‘viewing’ voice in qualitative research, and how such viewing might make it possible to ‘read’ the image of voice from a multi‐dimensional perspective.
Blogs and Wikis as Instructional Tools: A Social Software Adaptation of Just-in-Time Teaching

Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) methodology uses Web-based tools to gather student responses to questions on preclass reading assignments. However, the technological requirements of JiTT and the content-specific nature of the questions may prevent some instructors from implementing it. Our own JiTT implementation uses publicly and freely available Web 2.0 technologies such as blogs and wikis and discipline-neutral preclass questions. Our approach helps to foster deep, conceptual understanding of course material while helping to create learning environments that align with Bransford et al's (2000) four "centrisms" that describe successful learning environments.
Cartesian coordinate analysis of viral burden and CD4+ cell count in HIV disease: implications for clinical trial design and analysis.

HIV-1 infection represents a dynamic interaction between the rapid turnover of virus, CD4+ cell proliferation and clearance. HIV-1 disease progression is assessed, in part, by the inverse relationship between virus burden and CD4+ cell count. However, there is enormous individual subject variability between virus burden in the peripheral blood and CD4+ cell count with subsequent disease progression, suggesting that there must be virologic and immunologic modifiers of the inverse relationship between virus load and CD4+ cell count. To investigate these modifiers, we have used a Cartesian coordinate plot analysis to describe the inverse relationship between viral burden and the peripheral blood CD4+ cell count. Subjects from several clinical studies with CD4+ cell counts ranging from 600 cells/microL and varying viral burdens were studied. The analysis described the effect of various virologic and immunologic modifiers on this inverse relationship, for example, viral resistance, viral phenotype and the effect of very low CD4+ cell counts, and specifically addressed individual subject variation in assessing the association between the viral and immunologic parameters that define disease progression and response to antiretroviral therapy. As such, the Cartesian coordinate plot analysis method provides one approach to investigating the individual subject response to antiretroviral therapy.
Optimal use of historical information

Abstract When historical data are available, incorporating them in an optimal way into the current data analysis can improve the quality of statistical inference. In Bayesian analysis, one can achieve this by using quality-adjusted priors of Zellner, or using power priors of Ibrahim and coauthors. These rules are constructed by raising the prior and/or the sample likelihood to some exponent values, which act as measures of compatibility of their quality or proximity of historical data to current data. This paper presents a general, optimum procedure that unifies these rules and is derived by minimizing a Kullback–Leibler divergence under a divergence constraint. We show that the exponent values are directly related to the divergence constraint set by the user and investigate the effect of this choice theoretically and also through sensitivity analysis. We show that this approach yields ‘100% efficient’ information processing rules in the sense of Zellner. Monte Carlo experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of historical and current sample sizes on the optimum rule. Finally, we illustrate these methods by applying them on real data sets.
The call to life: revitalizing a healthy Hawaiian identity

The meaning of health is typically defined as the absence of disease. This definition, while highlighting our ability to measure the physiological attributes of health through morbidity and mortality statistics in turn obscures alternative meanings of health. In this paper, I ask three questions about the meaning of health. First, is health simply the body without disease? Second, are there alternative meanings of health that are not solely informed by Enlightenment views of science and biomedicine? Third, in what ways does health give meaning to and inform social orders and our place within them? Drawing on interviews with Native Hawaiians conducted on the islands of Maui and Hawaii, this paper examines what it means to be a "healthy Hawaiian", and in doing so, problematizes meanings of health. For those I interviewed, definitions of health were embedded in understandings of what it means to be a Native Hawaiian and presented an opportunity to talk about the cultural and material dispossession of Native Hawaiians. These definitions also remind the present generation of the vitality of their ancestors. In remembering the life, health and subsequent dispossession of Hawaiian ancestors, contemporary Hawaiians are provided with an alternative definition of what it means to be a "healthy Hawaiian", thus raising serious questions about "health" as defined by biomedicine and how best to achieve it. This case illustrates how a focus on concepts of health elucidates the relationship between health and inequality as well as Native Hawaiian's agency in charting a positive direction for health that has meaning in the everyday life of Hawaiians.
Improving depth resolution in digital breast tomosynthesis by iterative image reconstruction

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is currently enjoying tremendous growth in its application to screening for breast cancer. This is because it addresses a major weakness of mammographic projection imaging; namely, a cancer can be hidden by overlapping fibroglandular tissue structures or the same normal structures can mimic a malignant mass. DBT addresses these issues by acquiring few projections over a limited angle scanning arc that provides some depth resolution. As DBT is a relatively new device, there is potential to improve its performance significantly with improved image reconstruction algorithms. Previously, we reported a variation of adaptive steepest descent - projection onto convex sets (ASD-POCS) for DBT, which employed a finite differencing filter to enhance edges for improving visibility of tissue structures and to allow for volume-of-interest reconstruction. In the present work we present a singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis to demonstrate the gain in depth resolution for DBT afforded by use of the finite differencing filter.
The cost benefits of early detection.

![Figure][1] CREDIT: ZEPHYR/PHOTO RESEARCHERS, INC In his News Focus story (“A bruising battle over lung scans,” 2 May, p. [600][2]), E. Marshall reports on the issue of screening smokers and patients at high risk for lung cancer with the use of computed tomography (CT)—an x-ray technique that visualizes internal structures in cross section. Opponents object to this procedure because it is “costly.” Although conventional x-ray screening was dismissed in the article, it is an economical first step, and if suspicious indications are seen, it should be followed by a CT scan. It is possible, or even probable, that this would allow early detection and surgical removal of the cancer followed by a single course of chemotherapy. This management is not costly compared with extensive, and often futile, chemotherapy at later stages of the disease. [1]: pending:yes [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.320.5876.600
BOUNDS TO EXCITATION ENERGIES OF H IN THE PRESENCE OF LONG-RANGE DISPERSION FORCES.

Using a method based on inner projections and operator inequalities, techniques for finding upper and lower bounds to the long range interaction constant are described. Bounds are presented for the effect of such an interaction on the transitions: 1s 2pz, 2s 3pz and 1s 3pz in H in the presence of a number of inert gas atoms in their ground states. The results show that the long range forces cause a frequency red shift in all three transitions. This shift increases with increasing atomic number of the inert gas atom and is largest for the transition with the highest frequency among the various possible transitions between a considered set of states.
The NIMH diagnostic interview schedule modified to record current mental status

The National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) was modified to record detailed information on current mental status in addition to the lifetime symptom history. Use of the modified DIS in a field survey indicates that information on current symptoms is required to distinguish persons who meet all DSM-III criteria for Major Depressive Episode at or around the time of interview from former cases who fail to meet all criteria at interview. Thus, the unmodified DIS may overestimate the 1-month period prevalence rates for Major Depressive Episode, by counting symptomatic former cases as having the disorder at or around the time of the interview. An analysis of symptom count data also suggests that the unmodified DIS count of lifetime depressive symptoms is not a good measure of current symptom status.
Effect of stimulus duration on vibrotactile sensation magnitude

The method of magnitude estimation was used to determine the growth of vibrotactile sensation as a function of stimulus intensity at four burst durations. Measurements were made at a frequency of 250 Hz over the right thenar eminence of seven subjects. Results show that the resultant power functions grow slightly steeper as stimulus duration decreases and that vibrotactile sensation magnitude at all levels of intensity tested reaches a maximum at approximately 600 msec. The results are compared to previous research reports and discussed in terms of temporal summation theory.
Morbidity, mortality, cost, and survival estimates of gastrointestinal anastomotic leaks.

Background Anastomotic leak, a potentially deadly postoperative occurrence, particularly interests surgeons performing gastrointestinal procedures. We investigated incidence, cost, and impact on survival of anastomotic leak in gastrointestinal surgical procedures at an academic center. Study Design We conducted a chart review of American College of Surgeons NSQIP operative procedures with gastrointestinal anastomosis from January 1, 2003 through April 30, 2006. Each case with an American College of Surgeons NSQIP 30-day postoperative complication was systematically reviewed for evidence of anastomotic leak for 12 months after the operative date. We tracked patients for up to 10 years to determine survival. Morbidity, mortality, and cost for patients with gastrointestinal anastomotic leaks were compared with patients with anastomoses that remained intact. Results Unadjusted analyses revealed significant differences between patients who had anastomotic leaks develop and those who did not: morbidity (98.0% vs 28.4%; p Conclusions Significant morbidity, mortality, and cost accompany gastrointestinal anastomotic leaks. Patients who experience an anastomotic leak have lower rates of survival at 30 days and long term.
Covalently Dye-Linked, Surface-Controlled, and Bioconjugated Organically Modified Silica Nanoparticles as Targeted Probes for Optical Imaging

In this paper we report the synthesis and characterization of organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles, covalently incorporating the fluorophore rhodamine-B, and surface-functionalized with a variety of active groups. The synthesized nanoparticles are of ultralow size (diameter ∼20 nm), highly monodispersed, stable in aqueous suspension, and retain the optical properties of the incorporated fluorophore. The surface of the nanoparticles can be functionalized with a variety of active groups such as hydroxyl, thiol, amine, and carboxyl. The carboxyl groups on the surface were used to conjugate with various bioactive molecules such as transferrin, as well as monoclonal antibodies such as anti-claudin 4 and anti-mesothelin, for targeted delivery to pancreatic cancer cell lines. In vitro experiments have revealed that the cellular uptake of these bioconjugated (targeted) nanoparticles is significantly higher than that of the nonconjugated ones. The ease of surface functionalization and incorporation ...
Gn allotypes in mother-father-cord trios. A selective transfer of autologous, fetal IgG to the mother.

Abstract. When tested at a standard dilution (I : 30), mother-cord Gm phenotypes are identical. A more sensitive assay reveals that the fetus does possess paternal antigen, that is, does produce small amounts of autologous IgG. The paternal antigens, in both the mother and the cord plasma, appear in a mosaic, one that suggests the fetus has the ability to selectively transfer his own IgG subclasses to the mother. The first studies of Gm allotype in mater- nal-cord sera demonstrated the identity of the paired phenotypes [2, 61. Since Fuden- berg’s subsequent observation that his fourth offspring produced autologous Glm(a) an- tigen, and immunized the Glm(a-) mother [4], several studies have reported the pres- ence of nonmaternal antigens in cords. Martensson and Fudenberg [7] reported that 5 of 14 cord sera from G3m(b-) moth- ers, and 12 of 33 from Glm(a-) mothers, in- hibited the respective antiallotype sera at low dilutions of the cord sera. Mellbye and Natvig
The Purkinje rod-cone shift as a function of luminance and retinal eccentricity.

Abstract In the Purkinje shift, the dark adapted eye becomes more sensitive to blue than to red as the retinal rods take over from the cones. A striking demonstration of the Purkinje shift, suitable for classroom use, is described in which a small change in viewing distance can reverse the perceived direction of a rotating annulus. We measured this shift with a minimum-motion stimulus (Anstis & Cavanagh, Color Vision: Physiology & Psychophysics, Academic Press, London, 1983) that converts apparent lightness of blue versus red into apparent motion. We filled an iso-eccentric annulus with radial red/blue sectors, and arranged that if the blue sectors looked darker (lighter) than the red sectors, the annulus would appear to rotate to the left (right). At equiluminance the motion appeared to vanish. Our observers established these motion null points while viewing the pattern at various retinal eccentricities through various neutral density filters. Results: The luminous efficiency of blue (relative to red) increased linearly with eccentricity at all adaptation levels, and the more the dark-adaptation, the steeper the slope of the eccentricity function. Thus blue sensitivity was a linear function of eccentricity and an exponential function of filter factor. Blue sensitivity increased linearly with eccentricity, and each additional log10 unit of dark adaptation changed the slope threefold.
Radioactivity of Scandium 43

The positron and photoelectron spectra of radioactive ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{43}$ have been investigated. A gamma-ray of 0.375\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002 Mev and positron groups of 1.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 Mev and 0.77\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 Mev are assigned to the decay of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{43}$.
Japan and the 2012 London Olympics: Ambitions and Anxieties of a Nation Aspiring to Reprise Olympic Glory

This essay draws the contours of the Japanese response to the 2012 London Olympics and the Games' perceived relevance to Japan's sports administration in the coming decades. The analysis is based on Japanese mass media reports and press commentaries that appeared in Japan's four leading national dailies (Asahi, Mainichi, Yomiuri and Sankei) and the Nippon Keizai Shinbun (Nikkei; the Japanese equivalent of the Wall Street Journal) before, during and in the aftermath of the London Olympic Games.
Synthesis of vertically aligned carbon nanofibres for interfacing with live systems

The ability to synthesize carbon nanofibres (CNFs) with a high degree of control over their geometry, location and structure via catalytic plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition has expanded the possibility of new applications. The nanoscale dimensions and high aspect ratio of vertically aligned carbon nanofibres (VACNFs), along with favourable physical and chemical characteristics, has provided a nanostructured material with properties that are well-suited for interfacing with live cells and tissues. This review surveys the aspects of synthesis, integration and functionalization of VACNFs, followed by examples of how VACNFs have been used to interface with live systems for a variety of advanced nanoscale biological applications.