cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a gp120 binding assay to dissect the requirements and kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus fusion events.

Binding of the extracellular subunit of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein (gp120) to CD4 triggers the induction or exposure of a highly conserved coreceptor binding site in gp120 that helps mediate membrane fusion. Characterizing the structural features involved in gp120-coreceptor binding and the conditions under which binding occurs is important for understanding the fusion process, the evolution of pathogenic strains in vivo, the identification of novel anti-HIV compounds, and the development of HIV vaccines that utilize triggered structures of Env. Here we use the kinetics of interaction between CCR5 and gp120 to understand temporal and structural changes that occur during viral fusion. Using saturation binding and homologous competition analysis, we estimated the Kd of interaction between CCR5 and gp120 from the macrophage tropic HIV-1 strain JRFL to be 4 nM. Unlike Env-mediated fusion, gp120 binding to CCR5 did not require divalent cations or elevated temperatures. Binding was not significantly affected by the pH of binding, G-protein coupling of CCR5, or partial gp120 deglycosylation. Oligomeric, uncleaved JRFL gp140 failed to bind CCR5 despite its ability to bind CD4 and monoclonal antibody 17b, suggesting that the uncleaved ectodomain of gp41 interferes with full exposure of the chemokine receptor binding site. Exposure of the chemokine receptor binding site on gp120 could be induced rapidly by CD4, but exposure of this site was lost upon CD4 dissociation from gp120, indicating that the conformational changes in gp120 induced by CD4 binding are fully reversible. The functional gp120-soluble CD4 complex was remarkably stable over time and temperature ranges, offering the possibility that complexes in which the highly conserved coreceptor binding site in gp120 is exposed can be used for vaccine development.
Imagic Moments: Indigenous North American Film Lee Schweninger. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2013.

Imagic Moments: Indigenous North American Film Lee Schweninger. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2013.English professor Lee Schweninger is concerned with issues of indigenous self-representation and resistance in contemporary American Indian film. Schweninger employs Barry Barclay's term, "Fourth Cinema" (4), to describe film in which the camera is owned and controlled by the culture(s) depicted in the filmic narrative. Given the history of American film and the ways in which Indians have been represented, it is understandable that he believes fervently that "Indian roles should be played by Indians" (5). Schweninger focuses his study on fifteen films produced over the past half century, continuing to argue the importance of setting films in the current era and with Indians as major characters, thereby undermining the previously dominant trope of the 'Vanishing Indian.'Schweninger accurately notes the historic significance of Smoke Signals (1998) due to its Indian author screenwriter (Sherman Alexie), director (Chris Eyre), and major characters (Adam Beach, Evan Adams, Irene Bedard, Gary Farmer), as "a pivotal moment in the history of American Indian film" (18). More problematic is his discussion of House Made of Dawn (1972). Although the 1968 Scott Momaday novel was a linchpin in what is now commonly called the "Native American renaissance," the film enjoyed only several screenings to small audiences. Momaday complained that the "film has never been distributed" (51), while film scholars note that viewing a copy of the film is virtually impossible unless one has access to one of only a few university video libraries. Given its limited distribution, it is difficult to ascribe to it the importance or influence that Schweninger implies.There are noteworthy and well-substantiated contentions throughout the text that will alter the parameters of film studies, including the disturbing observation that generally, "Hollywood has disallowed interracial relationships to survive the end of the film" (108). He then supports that contention by citing The Vanishing American (1925), Laughing Boy (1934), The Searchers (1956), A Man Called Horse (1970), and Little Big Man (1970).Schweninger provides a sensitive and compelling evaluation of Powwow Highway (1989, adapted from David Seals's 1979 novel), proudly noting that although it is directed by non-Native Jonathan Wacks, Wes Studi (Cherokee) plays Budd, and Gary Farmer (Cayuga) plays Philbert Bono. …
Epicardial Corkscrew Lead Fracture: An Underreported Cause of Pacing Failure?

Abstract Three children with a pacemaker sustained similar lead fractures within a two-year period. Each fracture occurred in the corkscrew portion of a Medtronic Model 6917 epicardial lead. All patients were boys. The leads had been in place for 12, 45, and 43 months prior to fracture. None of the patients had sustained major trauma. Fracture of the corkscrew lead has been considered an uncommon complication. However, three lead fractures in the corkscrew area in a population of 60 children followed at this institution indicate that this may be a more common cause of pacemaker-system malfunction than previous data suggest. A plea is made for reporting all pacing failures to the manufacturer.
On the transport capacity of the many-to-one dense wireless network

We consider dense wireless sensor networks deployed to observe arbitrary random fields. The requirement is to reconstruct an estimate of the random field at a certain collector node. This creates a many-to-one data gathering wireless channel. In this paper, we characterize the transport capacity of many-to-one dense wireless networks subject to a constraint on the total average power. In particular, we show that the transport capacity scales as /spl otimes/(log(N)) when the number of sensors N grows to infinity and the total average power remains fixed. To prove the achievability of this result, we devise a simple constructive approach for realizing this capacity based on an antenna sharing idea. Interestingly, this constructive approach shows that one can achieve a transmission rate of the same order as the transport capacity with single user receivers. The transport capacity result is independent of where the traffic is generated in the network. Moreover, we show that the same scaling law holds even if every node has a constant non-vanishing average power. As argued in the sequel, our results may have some important implications on the design of dense sensor networks.
Towards uniting the behavioral sciences with a gene-centered approach to altruism

We support the ambitious goal of unification within the behavioral sciences. We suggest that Darwinian evolution by means of natural selection can provide the integrative glue for this purpose, and we review our own work on selective investment theory (SIT), which is an example of how other-regarding preferences can be accommodated by a gene-centered account of evolution.
The E2F-1 associated retinoblastoma-susceptibility gene product is modified by O -GlcNAc

The retinoblastoma-susceptibility gene product (pRB) is a classical tumor suppressor. pRB regulates a number of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. One of the essential mechanisms by which pRB, and the related p107 and p130 family members, act is through its interactions with the E2F class of transcription factors. E2F-1 transcription is necessary for entry into S-phase during the cell-cycle. pRB binds E2F-1 and represses transcription via recruitment of a histone deacetylase complex and by preventing co-activator complexes from binding E2F-1. Current dogma suggests that phosphorylation of pRB during mid- to late-G1 leads to release of E2F-1 and E2F-1 dependent transcriptional activation of essential S-phase genes. Here we show that pRB, and the related p107 protein, are modified by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in an in vitro transcription/translation system. Furthermore, we show in vivo that pRB is more heavily glycosylated in G1 of the cell-cycle when pRB is known to be in an active, hypophosphorylated state. Finally, we demonstrate that E2F-1 associated pRB is modified by O-GlcNAc. These studies suggest that regulation of pRB function(s) may be controlled by dynamic O-GlcNAc modification, as well as phosphorylation.
Environmental change and declining resource availability for small-mammal communities in the Great Basin

Changes in climate and land use can impact natural systems across all levels of ecological organization. Most documented and anticipated effects consider species' properties, including phenologies, geographic distributions, and abundances. Responses of higher-level aggregate community or ecosystem properties have not been considered as they are assumed to be relatively stable due to compensatory dynamics and diversity–stability relationships. However, this assumption may not be as fundamental as previously thought. Here we assess stability in the aggregate properties of total abundance, biomass, and energy consumption for small-mammal communities in the Great Basin, using paired historical and modern survey data spanning nearly a century of environmental change. Results show marked declines in each aggregate property independent of spatial scale, elevation, or habitat type, and a reallocation of available biomass and energy favoring diet and habitat generalists. Because aggregate properties directly reflect resource availability, our findings indicate a regionwide decline in resources of ∼50% over the past century, which may signal a resource crisis. This work illustrates the power of using aggregate properties as indicators of ecological conditions and environmental change at broad spatial and temporal scales.
Adapting the U.S. National Hydrography Dataset to Linked Open Data

A controlled vocabulary for the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) of the United States was developed as Linked Open Data (LOD). The vocabulary has two main parts: a glossary and a set of triples reflecting the NHD data model as it is organized in geographic information systems (GIS). The glossary consists of a feature type label and a comment consisting of a definition that is linked to a hydrographic feature type standard. The ontology of the data model consists of classes and properties that group and relate sets of individual features. The objective of the project is to draw on the glossary and the “triplified” data model to build formal semantics for a basic form of NHD as LOD. Modifications were made primarily to the specification of feature types for the data.
Analyzing Data for Decision Making: Integrating Spreadsheet Modeling and Database Querying

ABSTRACT: Although students begin with a spreadsheet to analyze the effect of a change in credit score cutoff on loan performance on sales, they discover that this approach becomes unwieldy as the analysis becomes more complex. As more attributes from more sheets are required, the spreadsheet solution becomes difficult to implement or audit. The case thus motivates students to develop the database skills of importing the spreadsheet data into a database manager, joining tables, and performing the analysis using database querying. The case requires students to think critically to model the business situation in spreadsheet formulas and database query expressions, structure relationships among the attributes across data tables, and manipulate attributes to achieve the business objective. The case is suitable for courses in accounting systems, managerial accounting, decision making, and database systems. Objective questions are provided for assessing students' ability to analyze transaction records using bot...
The dynamics of legged locomotion in heterogeneous terrain: universality in scattering and sensitivity to initial conditions

Natural substrates are often composed of particulates of varying size, from fine sand to pebbles and boulders. Robot locomotion on such heterogeneous substrates is complicated in part due to large force and kinematic fluctuations introduced by heterogeneities. To systematically explore how heterogeneity affects locomotion, we study the movement of a hexapedal robot (15 cm, 150 g) in a trackway filled with ∼ 1 mm “sand”, with a larger convex “boulder” of various shape and roughness embedded within. We investigate how the presence of the boulder affects the robot’s trajectory. To do so we develop a fully-automated terrain creation system, the SCATTER (Systematic Creation of Arbitrary Terrain and Testing of Exploratory Robots), to control the initial conditions of the substrate, including sand compaction, boulder distribution, and substrate inclination. Analysis of the robot’s trajectory indicates that the interaction with a boulder can be modeled as a scatterer with attractive and repulsive features. Depending on the contact position on the boulder, the robot will be scattered to different directions after the interaction. The trajectory of an individual interaction depends sensitively on the initial conditions, but remarkably this dependence of scattering angle upon initial contact location is universal over a wide range of boulder properties. For a larger heterogeneous field with multiple “scatterers”, the trajectory of the robot can be estimated using a superposition of the scattering angles from each scatterer. This scattering superposition can be applied to a variety of complex terrains, including heterogeneities of different geometry, orientation, and texture. Our results can aid in development of both deterministic and statistical descriptions of robot locomotion, control and path planning in complex terrain.
Reassessment of Central Neural Pathways Necessary for Adrenal Catecholamine Output in Response to Hypoglycemia

SummaryInsulin-induced hypoglycemia produced a marked increase in adrenal catecholamine output in intact dogs as well as in dogs with midbrain transection at the level of the inferior colliculus. An increase in plasma FFA also occurred in these groups of animals with an increase in ACO. In 10 animals with cervical (C1) spinal cord transection in which the pH remained above 7.35 there was no increase in ACO or FFA following the production of severe hypoglycemia. In an animal with cervical spinal cord transection that developed an acidosis to pH 7.12, a rise in ACO occurred which returned to normal with correction of the acidosis. In a previous similar study pH was not followed and it seems likely that acidosis may have caused increased ACO in dogs with C1 transection. Our findings suggest that the locus at which hypoglycemia acts to initiate an increase in ACO and FFA is within the brainstem, below the level of the inferior colliculus.
Boll Weevil: Effect of Proportions of Dietary Protein and Sucrose on Quality as Determined by Locomotor Response and Stress Tolerance

The effect of varied ratios of protein-sucrose in artificial diets on the emergence, weight, fecundity, locomotor activity, and stress mortality of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was determined. High-protein-low-sucrose diets produced weevils that were both more susceptible to stress of heat and dehydration and more active in locomotor tests than weevils from low-protein-high-sucrose diets. High tolerance to exposure to 41°C and dehydration was related to a protein-carbohydrate ratio of 0.84 or less; the most active weevils were produced from diets with 3.75% total carbohydrate, whereas the least active were from diets with 7.45% total carbohydrate.
Phase Diagrams for the Optimization of rf Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of a-Si:H: Variations in Plasma Power and Substrate Temperature

Real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) has been applied to characterize surface roughening transitions during the growth of undoped hydrogenated silicon (Si:H) thin films by rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). In particular, the amorphous-to-amorphous surface roughening transition [→] and the amorphous-to-(mixed-phase-microcrystalline) roughening transition [a→(a+µc)] observed during Si:H growth have been studied under different PECVD conditions of hydrogen dilution ratio R=[H2]/[SiH4], rf plasma power P, and substrate temperature T. For Si:H growth on crystalline Si substrates under the different conditions, phase diagrams have been constructed by plotting the bulk film thicknesses at which these transitions occur as a function of R. The effects of the substrate (c-Si wafers versus amorphous Si:H films) on the a→(a+µc) transition of the phase diagram are also explored. The results provide deeper insights into recent attempts to improve the material properties and solar cell performance for a-Si:H i-layers prepared by rf PECVD at higher rates.
Watson Concept Insights: A Conceptual Association Framework

Watson Concept Insights (WCI) is a service that was recently made publicly available by IBM. WCI provides an information retrieval framework that is designed to facilitate search and exploration of text documents, and is particularly effective on sparse data sets. Its methodology consists of first defining a dictionary of concepts which are interconnected in a concept graph and then modeling a document by predicting its relevance to any given concept in the concept graph using the concepts that are directly mentioned in the document itself. This technique in effect increases the document recall for any given query, even for very sparse data sets, exposing the user to a variety of connections between their query and a data set of interest.
An Overview of U.S. Renewable Energy Development

An overview of U.S. new energy current status,development strategy and future is given, and all detail data for all kinds of new energy is presented. In addition, U.S. government's policies to encourage new energy development are introduced, including establishing bills, pricing police, tax indemnification and so on. Finally a future picture of U.S. new energy utilization is described.
Studying the Weather and Climate of Alaska Across a Network of Observers

AbstractWeather and Climate of Alaska is an undergraduate course for nonscience majors where students study meteorology from their home as part of a statewide network of classmates. The students draw on their experience of the weather and climate by observing weather locally and sharing their work with classmates across the state. The goal of the class is to have this cohort of students understand weather and climate through exploring the relationships between processes at the local, regional, and global scales. The class is organized around weekly investigations where the students use an equipment kit to make observations, report their work with videos, and discuss the work with the instructor and their peers. The students use NWS resources extensively, including station data to check the quality of their observations, weather maps and satellite images to understand the weather they have observed, weather forecasts to evaluate different forecasting techniques, and long-term data to compare their observat...
Lurking Malice in the Cloud: Understanding and Detecting Cloud Repository as a Malicious Service

The popularity of cloud hosting services also brings in new security challenges: it has been reported that these services are increasingly utilized by miscreants for their malicious online activities. Mitigating this emerging threat, posed by such "bad repositories" (simply Bar), is challenging due to the different hosting strategy to traditional hosting service, the lack of direct observations of the repositories by those outside the cloud, the reluctance of the cloud provider to scan its customers' repositories without their consent, and the unique evasion strategies employed by the adversary. In this paper, we took the first step toward understanding and detecting this emerging threat. Using a small set of "seeds" (i.e., confirmed Bars), we identified a set of collective features from the websites they serve (e.g., attempts to hide Bars), which uniquely characterize the Bars. These features were utilized to build a scanner that detected over 600 Bars on leading cloud platforms like Amazon, Google, and 150K sites, including popular ones like groupon.com, using them. Highlights of our study include the pivotal roles played by these repositories on malicious infrastructures and other important discoveries include how the adversary exploited legitimate cloud repositories and why the adversary uses Bars in the first place that has never been reported. These findings bring such malicious services to the spotlight and contribute to a better understanding and ultimately eliminating this new threat.
Mapping the “Arab Autumn”: A Framing Analysis of CBC and Al-Nahar Networks’ Coverage of Egypt’s Military Coup

In the summer of 2013, Egypt went through a period of cataclysmic change as anti-Muslim Brotherhood protests engulfed major city squares across the nation. President Mohamed Morsi, who hailed from the Brotherhood, was ultimately removed from power by the military, just one year into his first term in office. This chapter examines news frames produced on the day of Morsi’s ouster by two of Egypt’s most prominent television news magazine shows—Al-Nahar Network’s “Akher Al-Nahar” (“The End of the Day”), and CBC Network’s “Huna Al-‘Aasima” (“This is the Capital”). The chapter looks at coverage of the July 3 protests and celebrations and attempts to unpack dominant frames of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian military, and violence. Results suggest that July 3 coverage on Akher Al-Nahar and Huna Al-Aasima framed anti-Morsi protests as celebrations of a popular revolution initiated by “the people,” and demonized the Muslim Brotherhood as a detested and small group that stood against “the (Egyptian) nation.” Specifically, the coverage “othered” the Brotherhood and framed them as violent, extreme, and disloyal to Egypt. This chapter raises important questions about the impact of imbalanced news coverage and government propaganda in authoritarian and quasi-authoritarian societies in general, and the Egyptian media environment in particular.
Modeling Microstructural Evolution during Recrystallization in Hot Rolled Structure

Understanding and predicting how microstructure evolves has become tremendously important to enable optimization of processing for improved properties. It has been demonstrated that nucleation of recrystallization is a highly heterogeneous process which typically occurs at deformation irregularities such as grain boundaries, shear bands, and in particle deformation zones of the rolled structure. In this research, the location of the potential particles stimulated of nucleation (PSN) in the microstructure was considered. It was assumed that particles situated on grain boundaries are more likely to nucleate recrystallized grains than others. The Monte Carlo Potts model has been used to model PSN in hot rolled structure taking into account that the stored energy due to deformation heterogeneities that exist around coarse particles on grain boundaries preferentially leads to nucleation.
Evaluating the Impact of a Hartford Gero-Rich Project on a Bachelor of Social Work Program

In response to the greater need for professionally educated Bachelor of Social Work social workers to work with older adults, a multipronged approach was developed and implemented to infuse gerontology content into the undergraduate social work curriculum at a large state university in Texas. Efforts were made to help ensure that curricular and organizational changes would be sustained for the long term. These initiatives were funded by and were part of the national Hartford Geriatric Enrichment in Social Work Education Program. A quasiexperimental evaluation was conducted involving four cohorts of social work students. Findings demonstrate success in changing students' 1) career aspirations, 2) perceptions of faculty's knowledge of issues concerning older adults, 3) perceptions of their own knowledge of issues concerning older adults, and 4) perceptions of older adults.
Discourse Analysis of Persuasive Language in Philippine Print Advertising

This qualitative study employed discourse analysis of persuasive language of 115 print advertisements of beauty products from one year issue of three local magazines. Thorough data analysis showed that persuasive language of print advertising is embedded in indirect convincing through an appeal to emotional needs, an appeal to celebrity image, and an appeal to colonial mentality of consumers. Furthermore, persuasive language is embedded in analogy through the use of metaphor and future events. Results also showed that the syntactic and semantic features of print advertising in Philippine context include the use of adjectives, time expressions, figurative language, clipping, blending, poetic devices, imperatives, code-switching, and problemsolution structure. An interesting social issue generated from the result of the study is the myth of women’s agelessness and perfection.It is recommended that a similar study be conducted to radio and television advertising to improve the practice of advertising language that is reflective of culture, behavior, and educational practices. Keywords: Advertising, discourse analysis, persuasive language, print advertising, Philippines
Formation of chondrules in a moderately high dust enriched disk: Evidence from oxygen isotopes of chondrules from the Kaba CV3 chondrite

Abstract Oxygen three-isotope analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry of chondrule olivine and pyroxene in combination with electron microprobe analysis were carried out to investigate 24 FeO-poor (type I) and 2 FeO-rich (type II) chondrules from the Kaba (CV) chondrite. The Mg#’s of olivine and pyroxene in individual chondrules are uniform, which confirms that Kaba is one of the least thermally metamorphosed CV3 chondrites. The majority of chondrules in Kaba contain olivine and pyroxene that show indistinguishable Δ17O values (= δ17O − 0.52 × δ18O) within analytical uncertainties, as revealed by multiple spot analyses of individual chondrules. One third of chondrules contain olivine relict grains that are either 16O-rich or 16O-poor relative to other indistinguishable olivine and/or pyroxene analyses in the same chondrules. Excluding those isotopically recognized relicts, the mean oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O, δ17O, and Δ17O) of individual chondrules are calculated, which are interpreted to represent those of the final chondrule melt. Most of these isotope ratios plot on or slightly below the primitive chondrule mineral (PCM) line on the oxygen three-isotope diagram, except for the pyroxene-rich type II chondrule that plots above the PCM and on the terrestrial fractionation line. The Δ17O values of type I chondrules range from ∼−8‰ to ∼−4‰; the pyroxene-rich type II chondrule yields ∼0‰, the olivine-rich type II chondrule ∼−2‰. In contrast to the ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094, the Yamato 81020 CO3, and the Allende CV3 chondrite, type I chondrules in Kaba only possess Δ17O values below −3‰ and a pronounced bimodal distribution of Δ17O values, as evident for those other chondrites, was not observed for Kaba. Investigation of the Mg#-Δ17O relationship revealed that Δ17O values tend to increase with decreasing Mg#’s, similar to those observed for CR chondrites though data from Kaba cluster at the high Mg# (>98) and the low Δ17O end (−6‰ and −4‰). A mass balance model involving 16O-rich anhydrous dust (Δ17O = −8‰) and 16O-poor water ice (Δ17O = +2‰) in the chondrule precursors suggests that type I chondrules in Kaba would have formed in a moderately high dust enriched protoplanetary disk at relatively dry conditions (∼50–100× dust enrichment compared to Solar abundance gas and less than 0.6× ice enhancement relative to CI chondritic dust). The olivine-rich type II chondrule probably formed in a disk with higher dust enrichment (∼2000× Solar).
Critical Literacy Practices in Third Space

This chapter describes how the notion of “third space” was enacted in my classroom to develop critical academic literacies and how the creation of third space facilitated the ideological becoming of the bilingual preservice teachers. Through discourse analysis of classroom discussions, online communications, reflection journal entries, and interviews with students, I demonstrate the ways in which bilingual preservice teachers articulated their understandings of the power issues in light of their social worlds. It is revealed that in my classroom, we regularly dealt with the visible of the invisible struggle of minority students in US college settings. Rather than dispensing with emotionality, we valued, embraced, and cultivated its contributing strengths as bilingual students. This chapter argues for a critical examination of bilingual preservice teachers’ academic literacies (e.g., plagiarism and silence in the classroom) to explore the complex, contradictory, and fluid nature of their social identity.
Interconnect Optimization Considering Multiple Critical Paths

Interconnect optimization, including buffer insertion and Steiner tree construction, continues to be a pillar technology that largely determines overall chip performance. Buffer insertion algorithms in published literature are mostly focused on optimizing only the most critical path. This is a sensible approach for the first order effect. As people strive to squeeze out more performance in the post Moore's law era, the timing of near critical paths is worth considering as well. In this work, a p-norm based Figure Of Merit (pFOM) is proposed to account for both the critical and near critical path timing. Accordingly, a pFOM-driven buffer insertion method is developed. Further, the interaction with timing driven Steiner tree is investigated. The proposed techniques are validated in an industrial design flow and the results confirm their advantages.
Teacher perceptions of a new performance evaluation system and their influence on practice: A within- and between-school level analysis

Teacher performance evaluation systems (PESs) are central to policy efforts to increase teacher effectiveness and student learning. We argue that for these reforms to work, PESs need to be treated as coherent systems, in which teachers perceive that there are linkages between the PES components. Using teacher survey data from a large, midwestern school district, this article explores the linkages between teacher perceptions of a new PES using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modeling (SEM), and multilevel CFA. We also examine whether a strong evaluation climate developed in this district. The CFA and SEM analysis demonstrate that teacher perceptions of PES are interrelated and linked to perceptions of changes in teaching practices and to the potential impact on student learning. The multilevel CFA demonstrates cross-level noninvariance, with fewer factors being identified at the school levels. These results suggest a need for a school‐level theory of action with corresponding school‐level constructs. While we did not find evidence of a shared strong evaluation climate, the results of the analysis illustrate the importance of examining within-school agreement, both to assess the reliability of between-school differences in average teacher perceptions and to assess whether schools are developing a strong evaluation climate.
Recent advances in the genetics of Paramecium and Euplotes.

Publisher Summary The genetics of the ciliated Protozoa entered a new phase with the discovery of mating types in Paramecium aurelia (P. Aurelia). It became possible to cross-breed genetically diverse stocks as easily as in higher organisms, and thus pursues genetic studies by means of Mendelian methods. The genetic advances that have followed from this discovery, in every species in which mating types are now known, form the subject of this chapter. This chapter focuses on P. Aurelia that has been extensively investigated by both the older and the newer methods. The results on this species illustrate the genetic phenomena known in the earlier work on the Ciliates. Therefore, familiarity with the cytology and genetics of P. aurelia provide an excellent introduction to the cytogenetics of the ciliated Protozoa. The chapter also presents accounts of the mating types and breeding system, of the basic cytogenetic processes forming the indispensable groundwork for discussion of the genetics and of the genetic results themselves.
Dynamic Surface Tension of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions: 5. Mixtures of Different Charge Type Surfactants

Abstract The dynamic surface tension of sodium dodecanesulfonate (C12SNa), dodecylpyridinium bromide (C12PyrBr), N,N -dimethyl-1-tetradecanamine oxide (C14N(CH3)2O), heptaoxyethyleneglycol n -dodecylether (C12EO7), and binary mixtures of C12SNa with each of the other surfactants was measured in 0.1 M NaCl (or NaBr) at 25°C, using a maximum bubble pressure apparatus. The equation γ1 = γm + (γ0 - γm)/[1 + (t/t*)n], where γt is the surface tension at time t; γm, the meso-equilibrium tension; γo, the tension of the solvent was used to describe the data; and the parameters n and t* were evaluated. For the individual surfactants, the values of n and t* increase with an increase in the hydrophobic character of the surfactant. For the mixtures, they increase with increase in the strength of the interaction between the two surfactants. Apparent diffusion coefficients were also calculated both from short-time ( 8 s) data. They decrease with increased strength of the interaction between the two surfactants. Strongly interacting mixtures show higher surface tension than their individual component surfactants at short times and lower tensions than their components at long times. For weakly interacting mixtures, tensions approximate those of the more mobile component at short times and of the component showing lower equilibrium tension at longer times.
Adults with Philadelphia Chromosome–Like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Considerations for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in First Complete Remission

Abstract Philadelphia chromosome–like (Ph-like) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a subset of high-risk B cell ALLs. A large proportion of Ph-like ALL cases carry activating kinase mutations that could potentially allow them to be targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Ph-like ALL is not an uncommon entity, especially among adults, with a frequency exceeding 20%, including in older patients (>60 years old) with ALL. Ph-like ALL is associated with inferior outcomes across all ages, and studies have consistently shown a higher incidence of persistent postinduction minimal residual disease in patients carrying Ph-like ALL compared with other subgroups of ALL, and this translates into inferior leukemia-related outcomes. The inferior outcome of conventional chemotherapy for Ph-like ALL in adults raises the fundamental question of whether all adults with Ph-like ALL require an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in first complete remission (CR1) regardless of other presenting features and treatment response parameters. Here we present and discuss several scenarios in which adults with Ph-like ALL underwent or were considered for HCT in CR1 for various reasons. Although the decision to proceed with HCT was clear and indisputable in some of these situations, in others we struggled with the decision to transplant in CR1 because of the lack of published data regarding the efficacy of allogeneic HCT as consolidation for Ph-like ALL. We emphasize the urgent need for developing well-designed studies to address this important question.
Predicting the Biodegradation of Magnesium Alloy Implants: Modeling, Parameter Identification, and Validation.

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys can degrade gradually up to complete dissolution in the physiological environment. This property makes these biomaterials appealing for different biomedical applications, such as bone implants. In order to qualify Mg and its alloys for bone implant applications, there is a need to precisely model their degradation (corrosion) behavior in the physiological environment. Therefore, the primary objective develop a model that can be used to predict the corrosion behavior of Mg-based alloys in vitro, while capturing the effect of pitting corrosion. To this end, a customized FORTRAN user material subroutine (or VUMAT) that is compatible with the finite element (FE) solver Abaqus/Explicit (Dassault Systemes, Waltham, MA, USA) was developed. Using the developed subroutine, a continuum damage mechanism (CDM) FE model was developed to phenomenologically estimate the corrosion rate of a biocompatible Mg⁻Zn⁻Ca alloy. In addition, the mass loss immersion test was conducted to measure mass loss over time by submerging Mg⁻Zn⁻Ca coupons in a glass reactor filled with simulated body fluid (SBF) solution at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. Then, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to calibrate the corrosion FE model parameters (i.e., Gamma (γ), Psi (ψ), Beta (β), and kinetic parameter (Ku)). The optimum values for γ, ψ, β and Ku were found to be 2.74898, 2.60477, 5.1, and 0.1005, respectively. Finally, given the good fit between FE predictions and experimental data, it was concluded that the numerical framework precisely captures the effect of corrosion on the mass loss over time.
Role of Chain Connectivity across an Interface on the Dynamics of a Nanostructured Block Copolymer.

Fluorescence labeling enables component- and location-specific measurements of the glass transition temperature (${T}_{g}$) in complex polymer systems. Here we characterize the ${T}_{g}$ of fluorescently labeled poly(methyl methacrylate) homopolymers (PMMA-py) blended at low concentrations into an unlabeled lamellar poly($n$-butyl methacrylate-$b$-methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer (PBMA-PMMA). In this system, the PMMA-py homopolymer is sequestered within the PMMA domains of the diblock copolymer and subject to soft confinement by the domains of the lower-${T}_{g}$ PBMA block, which lowers the homopolymer ${T}_{g}$ by $\ensuremath{\sim}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ beyond the contribution of segmental mixing. In contrast to the PMMA block in the diblock copolymer, the PMMA-py homopolymer is not covalently bound to the interdomain interface. A comparison of ${T}_{g}$ for the homopolymers in the blends to ${T}_{g}$ for diblock copolymers with equivalent labeled segment density profiles reveals that the homopolymer's ${T}_{g}$ is consistently $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ higher than for diblock segments at the same location within the domain structure, highlighting the dominant contribution of a covalent bond across the interface to the perturbation of the chain dynamics in the block copolymer.
Reasons for Late-Night Eating and Willingness to Change:A Qualitative Study in Pregnant Black Women.

ABSTRACT Objective Late-night eating during pregnancy is associated with greater risk for gestational diabetes. The purposes of this study were to describe reasons why women engage in late-night eating and to understand perceptions about changing this behavior. Design Focus groups using a semi-structured interview script. Setting Urban university-affiliated obstetric clinic. Participants Low-income black women (n = 18) with overweight/obesity at entry to prenatal care. Phenomenon of Interest Late-night eating. Analysis Exhaustive approach coding responses to specific questions. Results Individual and interpersonal contributors to late-night eating included hunger, altered sleep patterns, fetal movement, and the influence of others. Food choices were largely driven by taste and convenience. Some women reported that they could alter nightly eating patterns, whereas others would consider changing only if late-night eating were associated with a severe illness or disability for the child. Conclusions and Implications There was considerable heterogeneity among the participants of this study regarding reasons for late-night eating during pregnancy and attitudes toward changing this behavior. Although the themes identified from this study cannot be generalized, they may be useful to inform future studies. Future research might develop strategies to overcome individual and social factors that contribute to late-night eating during pregnancy.
At war with the obvious: disruptive thinking in psychoanalysis by Donald Moss

A prolific American analyst, Donald Moss has previously published two collections, Hating in the First Person Plural (2003) and Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Man (2012), which explore the dynamics ...
Imagining a desi future

ABSTRACTAfrofuturism is an academic and popular discourse interrupting whitewashed imaginations about the future – a future in which racialized identities are a liability. Borrowing from Afrofuturi...
Innate Immunological Defenses Against Bacterial Attack

In this chapter, the microbe hunter will learn about the first-line of host defense against invading pathogenic bacteria – the innate immune system. These host counter-measures include physical barriers present in important locations of the human body exposed to the outside world. They also include chemical defenses that slow or kill the bacterial invader as well as an assortment of different innate immune cells that directly engage bacteria in mortal combat. The structure and organization of the innate immune response to the invading microbe is discussed so as to inform the reader of the molecular processes that shape the outcome of these encounters.
A Nation Forged by Crisis: A New American History

Early on Jay Sexton sets the ambitious agenda for his newest work—to tell the history of the United States. In just 200 pages Sexton tells that history by focusing on periods of crisis. Sexton shie...
Redefining the roles of master and apprentice: Crossing the threshold through the co-creation of a first-year seminar

Students as Partners is an innovative approach to higher education that seeks to redefine both student and faculty roles and expectations on college campuses through the creation of equitable and inclusive partnerships in a variety of ways. This paper details our research in the co-creation of the curriculum for an undergraduate first-year seminar. It describes our journey from conceptualization to assessment of the course including creating the class, administering it for first-year students in the fall of 2018, and evaluating how successful the course was based on both our own perspectives, as well as student course feedback. Findings suggest that both partners had a transformative experience in which they crossed a threshold, creating new expectations surrounding roles and relationships for future student-faculty partnerships. Additionally, the students enrolled in the course provided feedback about the perceived successfulness of the co-created curriculum and the overall course experience based on our collaborative efforts.
Head, Neck, and Traumatic Brain Injury Among Children Involved in Sports: Results From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of head and neck injury (HNI) requiring hospitalization or emergency care and traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness (TBI-LOC) among youth athletes and nonathletes (ages 9–10 years) using the baseline cohort of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Methods National data from the baseline cohort of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (2016–2018; n = 11,869) were analyzed. Results The analysis found that 12.1% of the sample indicated HNI during their lifetime, while .8% indicated TBI-LOC. Participation in multiple sports (adjusted prevalence rate ratio [aPRR] = 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06,1.55), contact sports (aPRR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.05,1.34), and who had participated in sport for five or more years (aPRR = 1.42, 95% CI =1.16,1.73) had modestly higher prevalence rate ratios of reporting HNI compared to nonparticipants. Sport participation was not found to be associated with TBI-LOC. Conclusions The study provides needed epidemiological information on the prevalence of HNI and TBI-LOC among younger adolescents who participate in sports. While the risk of TBI-LOC appears to be low among youth athletes and nonathletes, the risk of more serious head injuries may increase due to length of participation in sport and involvement in high contact sports.
Unique presentation of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor, epithelioid type, with a dual copy loss of SDHA gene as a liver primary

Abstract Primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) largely occur in the luminal gastro-intestinal tract and are extremely rare in the liver. On a molecular level, a small minority of GISTs are characterized by SDH deficiency. To date, SDH-deficient GISTs have been exclusively reported in the stomach, except a single duodenal primary. Here, we report a first of its kind occurrence of a SDH-deficient GIST presenting as a liver primary. The neoplastic cells showed an epithelioid morphology and were positive for vimentin, CD117/c-kit, DOG-1, and CD34 by immunohistochemistry. SDH-B immunohistochemistry was negative in the tumor cells, and retained in the background tissue. A dual-copy loss of SDHA gene was identified via multiplexed PCR and sequencing. Our case provides additional confirmation that SDH -deficient GIST can arise in locations other than stomach. Awareness of this entity is crucial for diagnosis and timely management and due to the potential health implications for family members in cases harboring a germline SDH mutation.
Estimating the optimal individualized treatment rule from a cost‐effectiveness perspective

Optimal individualized treatment rules (ITRs) provide customized treatment recommendations based on subject characteristics to maximize clinical benefit in accordance with the objectives in precision medicine. As a result, there is growing interest in developing statistical tools for estimating optimal ITRs in evidence-based research. In health economic perspectives, policy makers consider the tradeoff between health gains and incremental costs of interventions to set priorities and allocate resources. However, most work on ITRs has focused on maximizing the effectiveness of treatment without considering costs. In this paper, we jointly consider the impact of effectiveness and cost on treatment decisions and define ITRs under a composite-outcome setting, so that we identify the most cost-effective ITR that accounts for individual-level heterogeneity through direct optimization. In particular, we propose a decision-tree-based statistical learning algorithm that uses a net-monetary-benefit-based reward to provide nonparametric estimations of the optimal ITR. We provide several approaches to estimating the reward underlying the ITR as a function of subject characteristics. We present the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and provide practical guidelines by comparing their performance in simulation studies. We illustrate the top-performing approach from our simulations by evaluating the projected 15-year personalized cost-effectiveness of the intensive blood pressure control of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) study.
Brands, Hal, and Charles Edel, The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order: New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 216 pp., $25.00, ISBN 978-0300238242. Publication Date: February 2019

In 430 BCE, the second year of the fratricidal war that tore the Greek world apart, pitting Athens and its allies in the Delian League against Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian League, Ath...