cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exclusion of RNA strands from a purine motif triple helix

Research concerning oligonucleotide-directed triple helix formation has mainly focused on the binding of DNA oligonucleotides to duplex DNA. The participation of RNA strands in triple helices is also of interest. For the pyrimidine motif (pyrimidine.purine.pyrimidine triplets), systematic substitution of RNA for DNA in one, two, or all three triplex strands has previously been reported. For the purine motif (purine.purine.pyrimidine triplets), studies have shown only that RNA cannot bind to duplex DNA. To extend this result, we created a DNA triple helix in the purine motif and systematically replaced one, two, or all three strands with RNA. In dramatic contrast to the general accommodation of RNA strands in the pyrimidine triple helix motif, a stable triplex forms in the purine motif only when all three of the substituent strands are DNA. The lack of triplex formation among any of the other seven possible strand combinations involving RNA suggests that: (i) duplex structures containing RNA cannot be targeted by DNA oligonucleotides in the purine motif; (ii) RNA strands cannot be employed to recognize duplex DNA in the purine motif; and (iii) RNA tertiary structures are likely to contain only isolated base triplets in the purine motif.
Cognitive dissonance as a measure of reactions to human-robot interaction

When people interact with intelligent agents, they likely rely upon a wide range of existing knowledge about machines, minds, and intelligence. This knowledge not only guides these interactions, but it can be challenged and potentially changed by interaction experiences. We hypothesized that a key factor mediating conceptual change in response to human-machine interactions is cognitive conflict, or dissonance. In this experiment, we evaluated whether interactions with a robot partner during a realistic medical triage scenario caused increased levels of cognitive dissonance relative to a control condition in which the same task was performed with a human partner. In addition, we evaluated whether heightened levels of dissonance affected concepts about agents. We observed increased cognitive dissonance after the human-robot interaction and found that this dissonance was correlated with a significantly less intentional (e.g., less human-like) view of the intelligence inherent to computers.
A New Snakefly from the Eocene Green River Formation (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae)

Agulla protomaculata, new species (Raphidiidae: Raphidiinae), is described and figured from a series of males and females preserved as fine compressions in middle Eocene shale from the Green River Formation of Colorado. The specimens are exquisitely preserved, complete with integumental color patterns. The species is compared with other Tertiary snakeflies.
A new method of determining sin2Θw in deep-inelastic νinμN scattering☆

Abstract The value of sin 2 Θ w can be measured to ±0.002 – 0.004 using the semileptonic decays of K L to provide a beam of ν μ and ν μ and measuring the ratio R′ = σ( ν μ , NC)/σ(ν μ , NC) . Systematic errors which have limited previous determinations of sin 2 Θ w to ±0.008 are largely eliminated. This experiment will determine the radiative corrections Δr in ν μ N scattering to ±0.007 and in combination with W , Z mass measurements will provide precise tests of the Standard Model at the tree and one-loop level.
Cytolytic pore-forming proteins and peptides: is there a common structural motif?

Abstract Pore-forming proteins or peptides (PFP) have now been isolated from a wide array of species ranging from humans to bacteria. A great number of these toxins lyse cells through a ‘barrel-stave’ mechanism, in which monomers of the toxin bind to and insert into the target membrane and then aggregate like barrel staves surrounding a central, water-filled pore. An evaluation of the secondary structures suggests that common secondary structures may be employed by most of these toxic PFP.
An Exploration of Textbook Reading Behaviors

Using data from student surveys, the authors investigated reading behaviors and attitudes regarding the perceived usefulness of an assigned text and supplemental materials. The findings suggest that even when students are satisfied with the text, they are not likely to read the text as often as suggested, nor are they likely to use the supplemental materials (i.e., break out boxes, cases, and exercises) made available to them. Students do, however, demonstrate a preference toward PowerPoint slides over textbooks for class information. The authors propose several explanations for these behaviors, including the proliferation of information technology and new teaching pedagogies.
Obesity and hypertension: what should we do?

As highlighted in Stevens and colleagues' article in this issue, there is no simple solution to the problem of obesity. Dealing with it will require action at several levels: policy, education (of ...
Regulation of the Fanconi anemia pathway by monoubiquitination.

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, bone marrow failure, and cellular sensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC). To date, six FA genes have been cloned, and the encoded proteins function in a novel pathway. The FA pathway is required for the normal cellular response to DNA damage. Following DNA damage, the pathway is activated, leading to monoubiquitination of the FA protein, FANCD2, and its targeting to subnuclear foci. Disruption of the FA pathway results in the absence of FANCD2 nuclear foci, leading to the cellular and clinical abnormalities of FA. Here, we review the recent studies describing the regulated monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 protein and discuss the interaction of the FA pathway with other DNA damage response pathways.
Material characterization and finite element simulation for forming miniature metal parts

Abstract The inexorable drive towards high functional density in various apparatus and devices, especially electronic components, has led to the miniaturization of each individual part. As a consequence of assembling a large number of miniature parts into one device, tighter tolerances for each of the parts have become increasingly critical. In this paper, techniques used to improve the dimensional accuracy for forming a miniature sheet metal part are described. Both material characterization and numerical simulation schemes were adopted. In the former, subsize tests to accomodate diminutive specimens were developed to quantify the tensile behaviour and the workability of workpieces. In the latter, the finite element method was used to predict the metal flow behavior to improve the die design. The finite element predictions were verified by plant tryouts and agreed well to the parts manufactured.
Reduction of nickel oxide by carbon: I. Interaction between nickel oxide and pyrolytic graphite

Abstract The interaction of micron-sized particles of nickel oxide with pieces of stress-recrystallized pyrolytic graphite has been studied between 950 and 1000 °C using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The gases evolved (CO and CO2) upon reduction of NiO to nickel were continuously pumped out of the system in most of the runs. Examination of the cleavage (basal) surface and prismatic (edge) surface of the pyrolytic graphite after reaction reveals considerable mobility of selected oxide particles, creating shallow channels and pits on the graphite surface. Attack at the prismatic surface is more general and rapid than at the cleavage surface. Periodic examination of the cleavage surface during reaction revealed that many particles do not show any mobility or reaction, suggesting that reaction takes place only at active sites.
Retigabine calms seizure-induced behavior following status epilepticus.

Abstract In adult rats, intraperitoneal injection of kainate (KA) results in sustained status epilepticus and persistent behavioral comorbidities such as hyperexcitability, anxiety, and altered response to environmental cues. Intrahippocampal KA also results in sustained status epilepticus and continuous high frequency oscillations in the electroencephalograph (EEG), although subsequent behavioral side effects are unknown. We hypothesized that retigabine, a recently discovered anticonvulsant and potent positive modulator of Kv7 channels, may attenuate seizure-induced behavioral abnormalities. Status epilepticus was induced by administration of KA either intraperitoneally (15 mg/kg) or by single intrahippocampal injection (1.0 μg/0.5 μL). After 24 h, half of systemically KA-treated animals that reached stage 6 seizures were injected once daily with retigabine (5 mg/kg) for 14 continuous days. All groups underwent three behavioral tests — capture and handling, open field, and elevated plus maze — 24 h following the last retigabine treatment and were sacrificed at 25–28 days. In the capture and handling test, systemic KA treatment resulted in frisky behavior and resistance to capture with wild attempts to escape during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks of the observation period. In contrast, these behaviors were attenuated in KA + retigabine-treated animals. In the open-field test, KA-treated animals spent more time in the center zone, but KA + retigabine-treated rats had greater overall activity compared with those having vehicle, KA, or retigabine-only treatment. In the elevated plus maze, KA + retigabine-treated animals traveled greater distances in open and closed arms (proximal and distal) compared with controls, also signifying anxiety reduction. Retigabine-only-treated rats traveled more in the open proximal arms compared with controls, indicating increased hyperlocomotion in normotensive rats. Although treatment with KA + retigabine resulted in anxiolytic-like effects in all three behavioral tasks compared with vehicle, this group did not significantly differ from systemically KA-treated rats in most measurements in open-field and elevated plus maze tasks, suggesting that retigabine may also cause hyperlocomotion unrelated to anxiety level. Despite that intrahippocampal KA-treated rats displayed comparable seizure behavior, epileptiform activity, and hippocampal injury, their behavior resembled the controls, suggesting that molecular and subsequent cellular changes are also partially responsible for anxiolytic-like effects and that these results are likely independent of the hippocampus.
Fostering Self-Determination Through Building Productive Relationships in the Classroom

Self-determination is essential to promoting successful transitions for students with and without disabilities. Numerous studies have found that positive relationships are central to the ability to...
Research Spotlight: Exploring storage stability for underground carbon sequestration

[1] With the world turning on to concerns about global climate change, strategies are being weighed to combat rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. One proposed solution is geologic carbon sequestration—storing liquid carbon dioxide deep underground. However, for long-term underground storage of carbon dioxide, stability of the underground reservoirs is a major concern. Selecting the best storage locations requires a detailed understanding of the rock's internal structure. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL045875, 2011)
Real-time digital signal-processor implementation of self-calibrating pulse-shape discriminator for high-purity germanium

Pulse-shape analysis of the ionization signals from germanium gamma-ray spectrometers is a method for obtaining information that can characterize an event beyond just the total energy deposited in the crystal. However, as typically employed, this method is data-intensive requiring the digitization, transfer, and recording of electronic signals from the spectrometer. A hardware realization of a real-time digital signal processor for implementing a parametric pulse shape analysis is presented. Specifically, a previously developed method for distinguishing between single-site and multi-site gamma-ray interactions is demonstrated in an on-line digital signal processor, compared with the original off-line pulse-shape analysis routine, and shown to have no significant difference. Reduction of the amount of the recorded information per event is shown to translate into higher duty-cycle data-acquisition rates while retaining the benefits of additional event characterization from pulse-shape analysis.
Theory and approximation of quasistatic frictional contact problems

Abstract A variational formulation of a class of quasistatic frictional contact problems is derived for which a compliant interface model of the contact surface is assumed. Proof of existence and uniqueness of solutions is given. Finite element approximations of a regularized version of the fractional problem are developed and a priori error estimates are derived. The theory is implemented and used to solve representative test problems of frictional contact. The numerical simulations show that frictional stress distributions can be very sensitive to load histories and surface properties of contact interfaces.
The mouse homolog of the Gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor: genetic mapping and a possible receptor function in rodents.

Abstract The mouse homology of the Gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) receptor ( Glvr-1 ) was mapped to mouse Chromosome 2 (Chr 2) by Southern blot analysis of somatic cell hybrids and positioned on this chromosome using an interspecies genetic cross. Mouse Chr 2 also encodes a receptor ( Rec-2 ) for the wild mouse virus M813. To investigate whether Glvr-1 and Rec-2 could be the same gene, we sought evidence for sequence homology between the env -genes of their respective viruses. Southern blot hybridization with GALV-derived env and pol-env probes failed to detect any homology between GALV and M813, but did show that all mouse species tested carry numerous copies of GALV-related sequences. We speculate that a functional receptor for GALV-related viruses was expressed during Mus evolution.
Bayesian binary kernel probit model for microarray based cancer classification and gene selection

With the arrival of gene expression microarrays a new challenge has opened up for identification or classification of cancer tissues. Due to the large number of genes providing valuable information simultaneously compared to very few available tissue samples the cancer staging or classification becomes very tricky. In this paper we introduce a hierarchical Bayesian probit model for two class cancer classification. Instead of assuming a linear structure for the function that relates the gene expressions with the cancer types we only assume that the relationship is explained by an unknown function which belongs to an abstract functional space like the reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Our formulation automatically reduces the dimension of the problem from the large number of covariates or genes to a small sample size. We incorporate a Bayesian gene selection scheme with the automatic dimension reduction to adaptively select important genes and classify cancer types under an unified model. Our model is highly flexible in terms of explaining the relationship between the cancer types and gene expression measurements and picking up the differentially expressed genes. The proposed model is successfully tested on three simulated data sets and three publicly available leukemia cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer real life data sets.
Absolute Majority Rules

This article considers absolute majority rules, which require the affirmative vote of a majority of all those eligible to vote in the institution. I compare absolute majority rules to simple majority rules under which only those present and voting are counted, and to simple supermajority rules. Under plausible conditions, absolute majority rules prove superior. Absolute majority rules insure majorities against strategic behaviour by minorities and combine supermajoritarian effects with majoritarian symbolism.
The aftermath of Baby M: proposed state laws on surrogate motherhood.

New Jersey's Baby M case has thrust the issue of surrogate motherhood on state legislatures throughout the country. Like artificial insemination in the 1950s and 1960s, this new reproductive technology is evoking legislative responses ranging from horrified prohibition to cautious facilitation
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 RNA-Binding Protein Interacts with Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 to Regulate Progesterone's Ability to Maintain the Viability of Spontaneously Immortalized Granulosa Cells and Rat Granulosa Cells

Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) mediates the antiapoptotic action of progesterone (P4). PGRMC1 interacts with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein (PAIRBP1), but the functional significance of this interaction is unknown. To examine the function of PGRMC1-PAIRBP1 interaction, PAIRBP1 was depleted from spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells (SIGCs) and the effects on the expression and localization of PGRMC1 as well as P4's ability to bind to SIGCs and prevent apoptosis was assessed. Depleting PAIRBP1 enhanced cellular (3)H-P4 binding and did not alter the expression or cellular localization of PGRMC1 but attenuated P4's antiapoptotic action. Transfection of a PGRMC1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) peptide mimic, which binds PAIRBP1 as demonstrated by in situ proximity assay, doubled the rate at which SIGCs undergo apoptosis compared to cells transfected with either the empty GFP expression vector or Pairbp1 small interfering RNA. Moreover, P4 did not prevent these cells from undergoing apoptosis. Similar studies conducted with granulosa cells isolated from immature rats also showed that PGRMC1 interacts with PAIRBP1 and that transfection of PGRMC1-GFP peptide mimic accelerates the rate of granulosa cell apoptosis by 4-fold even in the presence of serum and P4. These studies support the concept that the interaction between PAIRBP1-PGRMC1 is an essential component of the mechanism through which P4 inhibits apoptosis. Surprisingly, PGRMC1-PAIRBP1 interaction is not required for P4 binding or the cellular localization of PGRMC1 but rather appears to couple PGRMC1 to downstream components of the P4-PGRMC1 signal transduction pathway.
Heat shock response of spirochetes

We examined the heat shock response of the pathogenic spirochetes Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leptospira interrogans and certain saprophytic spirochetes. Cellular proteins synthesized after shifts to higher temperatures were [35S]methionine labeled and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Only T. pallidum failed to exhibit an obvious heat shock response. GroEL and DnaK homologs were identified in the various species, although these proteins were not thermoinducible in T. pallidum or Treponema denticola. DNA hybridization studies indicate that spirochetal groEL and dnaK genes are highly conserved. Images
Approximate Truth and Descriptive Nesting

There is good reason to suppose that our best physical theories, quantum mechanics and special relativity, are false if taken together and literally. If they are in fact false, then how should they count as providing knowledge of the physical world? One might imagine that, while strictly false, our best physical theories are nevertheless in some sense probably approximately true. This paper presents a notion of local probable approximate truth in terms of descriptive nesting relations between current and subsequent theories. This notion helps explain how false physical theories might nevertheless provide physical knowledge of a variety that is particularly salient to diachronic empirical inquiry.
The cost-effectiveness of treating all patients with type 2 diabetes with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

Treating all middle-aged diabetic patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors is a simple strategy that provides additional benefit at modest additional cost. The strategy assumes that p...
Modeling and Characterization

Chapter 2 describes the next step in IBM's enablement, namely modeling and characterization. These methodologies have been matured over a decade of world-class development, and are a critical part of IBM's ability to provide first-pass enablement for designers. This chapter also reviews the predictive modeling work, presents the model characterization work, and discusses in detail the compact modeling of a broad range of devices. Key points brought out in this chapter include: Discussion the background and methodology of IBM's predictive modeling work. Discussion of IBM's model characterization development activities. Presents the compact modeling work for the active HBT and FET devices. Discussion compact modeling methodology for the advanced passive devices.
Comparative Evolutionary Psychology: A United Discipline for the Study of Evolved Traits

Several themes have emerged from the chapters in this volume. Some tensions exist between researchers seeking to answer questions concerning the adaptive purpose of human and nonhuman behaviors and capacities, and researchers seeking to shed light on the evolutionary forces giving rise to such traits. These tensions may be dissipated if several unnecessary dichotomies are avoided and researchers thereby embraced nonmutually exclusive stances to diff erent methodological and theoretical approaches. We suggest that those studying humans and/or nonhumans—whether in the fi eld or in the lab, with large numbers of participants or with few, from a behaviorist or nativist standpoint, asking questions about structure or function, stressing continuity or discontinuity—focus less on absolutes and existing dogma, and more on openness and objectivity. We suggest that, if all researchers with similar goals unite under the single unifying framework of evolutionary theory, many more advances can be made and a more focused fi eld of study will emerge.
Microstructure of S-1 photoemitting surfaces

A model of the microstructure of S-1 photocathodes is presented that explains the variation of the quantum yield from 300 to 1200 nm. This model, a refinement of an earlier one, is a three-layered structure, consisting of a base layer ≥30 nm thick with Cs11O3-coated (1- to 2-nm thickness) Ag microparticles in a matrix of Cs2O, a transition layer with Cs11O3-coated Ag microparticles partly immersed in the Cs2O and partly protruding into the vacuum, and an upper layer of Cs11O3-coated Ag microparticles completely in vacuum. This microstructure satisfactorily explains the additional silvering process and superficial oxidation performed on these surfaces. A theoretical calculation of the quantum yield based on a recently reformulated theory of optical absorption of inhomogeneous composite materials by us gives excellent agreement with the experimental data.
Transforming an Eighteenth-Century Archive into a Twenty-First-Century Database: The Early California Population Project

The Early California Population Project is a database recently completed by research scholars at the Henry E. Huntington Library. The project is part of a wave of new databases that are opening up various regions of Early America for additional study; yet, unlike other databases, the Early California Population Project's records are overwhelmingly of Indians. The database offers new opportunities for historians and anthropologists interested in Indians, Catholic missions, Spanish soldiers and settlers, and family and community formation along the Spanish colonial frontier of North America between 1769 and 1850.
Propofol–ketamine combination therapy for effective control of super-refractory status epilepticus ☆

Abstract Retrospective analysis was conducted of patients with SRSE who were treated simultaneously with propofol and ketamine. Sixty-seven patients were identified from 2012 to 2015, and outcomes documented were resolution and mortality. The duration of combined ketamine and propofol use ranged from 1 to 28 days (mean — 3.6 days). Infusion rates ranged up to 145 and 175 mcg/kg/min. Vasopressors were used in 53 patients (79%), and were given within the first 5 days of the ICU admission in 48 (91%) patients. The overall SRSE resolution rate was 91%, and the overall mortality including patients with anoxic brain injury was 39%. Of the 13 patients with SRSE as a result of anoxic brain injury, SRSE was controlled in 5 (56%). The primary determinant of mortality was family withdrawing care related to the presence of severe medical/neurological diseases.
Conserved Regions from Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pilin Are Immunosilent and Not Immunosuppressive

PilE is the primary subunit of type IV pili from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and contains a surface-exposed hypervariable region thought to be one feature of pili that has prevented development of a pilin-based vaccine. We have created a three-dimensional structure-based antigen by replacing the hypervariable region of PilE with an aspartate-glutamine linker chosen from the sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PilA. We then characterized murine immune responses to this novel protein to determine if conserved PilE regions could serve as a vaccine candidate. The control PilE protein elicited strong T-cell-dependent B-cell responses that are specific to epitopes in both the hypervariable deletion and control proteins. In contrast, the hypervariable deletion protein was unable to elicit an immune response in mice, suggesting that in the absence of the hypervariable region, the conserved regions of PilE alone are not sufficient for antibody production. Further analysis of these PilE proteins with suppressor cell assays showed that neither suppresses T- or B-cell responses, and flow cytometry experiments suggested that they do not exert suppressor effects by activating T regulatory cells. Our results show that in the murine model, the hypervariable region of PilE is required to activate immune responses to pilin, whereas the conserved regions are unusually nonimmunogenic. In addition, we show that both hypervariable and conserved regions of pilin are not suppressive, suggesting that PilE does not cause the decrease in T-cell populations observed during gonococcal cervicitis.
ABRM: Adaptive $ \beta$ -Ratio Modulation for Process-Tolerant Ultradynamic Voltage Scaling

Subthreshold operation of digital circuits has emerged as a promising approach to achieve ultralow power dissipation. However, extensive application of subthreshold logic is limited due to low performance and high susceptibility to process variation (PV). This paper proposes a PV-tolerant ultradynamic voltage scaling (UDVS) system where performance requirements dictate whether the devices will work in the subthreshold or superthreshold region. Due to different mechanisms of current conduction, it is necessary to use different P/N ratios for different regions of operation to improve circuit robustness, performance, and power. With an analytical model of circuit robustness, we present an adaptive body-biasing technique to dynamically adjust the s-ratio depending on the operating region. Measurements show that our methodology improves the dynamic range of operation the circuits-from 1.2 V all the way down to 85 mV consuming 40 nW (at 85 mV) of power for an 8 t 8 finite-impulse response filter fabricated in a 0.13-?m technology, and can salvage circuits which otherwise would fail to operate due to device mismatches and skewed P/N ratios.
Thermodynamic parameters for isotactic and atactic poly‐l‐pentene

Precipitation temperature measurements have been the exclusive source of thermodynamic parameters used for the comparison of polymers differing in tacticity. The Flory theta temperatures differ for the various tactic forms, although not in a manner which exhibits any obvious consistency. The precipitation temperature entropy parameters, on the other hand, have been larger for the isotactic polymer in every case but one. The theoretical treatment underlying the evaluation of ψ1 from precipitation temperature data is, unfortunately, not strictly valid. Thus, the interpretation of this behavior is in some doubt. We report the results of an osmotic study of isotactic and atactic poly-l-pentene in phenetole at three temperatures. For the isotactic and atactic modification the respective values found were Θ = 329.0 and 321.5°K., while for ψ1 the values were 0.45 and 0.72. The theta temperatures fall in the same order as those previously obtained for a closely related system, poly-l-butene–anisole, by precipitation temperature measurements. The osmotic ψ1 values are larger than those reported here-tofore for other systems, but of more importance, they fall in the reverse of the order consistently obtained from precipitation temperatures. This suggests that the regular variation of the precipitation temperature ψ1 values can not have its origin in local pair interaction effects; instead, it must reflect some difference in the concentration dependence of the chemical potential for solutions of the various tactic forms.
Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) polymorphism and context-specific risk of type 2 diabetes in African American and caucasian adults: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Although variants in the transcription factor 7-like 2 ( TCF7L2 ) gene are consistently associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), large population-based studies of African Americans are lacking. Moreover, few studies have investigated the effects of TCF7L2 on T2DM in the context of metabolic risk factors of T2DM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated the association between the TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM in 2,727 African American and 9,302 Caucasian participants without diabetes inducted into the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study in 1987-1989 and followed for 9 years. RESULTS: A total of 485 and 923 cases of T2DM were identified in African-Americans and Caucasians, respectively. Compared to homozygous CC individuals, heterozygous CT and homozygous TT individuals had higher cumulative incidence (95%CI) of T2DM over 9 years of follow-up, 11.3% (CI=10.2, 12.4%) vs. 21.1% (20.8, 21.4%) and 27.9% (19.3, 36.5%) in African-Americans, 9.7% (8.8, 10.6%) vs. 11.3% (10.2, 12.4%) and 13.6% (11.1, 16.1%) in Caucasians. Individuals with the risk allele had the highest hazards of diabetes if they were obese and had low HDL, followed by individuals with any one, and none of the traits. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides the first significant evidence of association between the TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and T2DM risk in a large African American population, and also demonstrates that the diabetes risk conveyed by the rs7903146 risk allele is substantially increased in the context of some metabolic risk factors for T2DM. Our study findings need to be replicated in other large, population-based studies.
Observations of Traveling Crossflow Resonant Triad Interactions on a Swept Wing

Experimental evidence indicates the presence of a triad resonance interaction between traveling crossflow modes in a swept wing flow. Results indicate that this interaction occurs when the stationary and traveling crossflow modes have similar and relatively low amplitudes (approx.1% to 6% of the total freestream velocity). The resonant interaction occurs at instability amplitudes well below those typically known to cause transition, yet transition is observed to occur just downstream of the resonance. In each case, two primary linearly unstable traveling crossflow modes are nonlinearly coupled to a higher frequency linearly stable mode at the sum of their frequencies. The higher-frequency mode is linearly stable and presumed to exist as a consequence of the interaction of the two primary modes. Autoand cross-bicoherence are used to determine the extent of phase-matching between the modes, and wavenumber matching confirms the triad resonant nature of the interaction. The bicoherence results indicate a spectral broadening mechanism and the potential path to early transition. The implications for laminar flow control in swept wing flows are significant. Even if stationary crossflow modes remain subcritical, traveling crossflow interactions can lead to early transition.
Aeroelastic Stability of Axially Moving Webs Coupled to Incompressible Flows

The aeroelastic flutter of thin flexible webs severely limits their transport speeds and consequently the machine throughputs in a variety of paper, plastics, textiles, and sheet metal industries. The aeroelastic stability of such high-speed webs is investigated using an assumed mode discretizarion of an axially moving, uniaxially tensioned Kirchhoff plate coupled with cross and machine direction flows of a surrounding incompressible fluid. The corresponding aerodynamic potentials are computed using finite element solutions of certain mixed boundary value problems that arise in the fluid domain. In the absence of air coupling, the cross-span mode frequencies tightly cluster together, and the web flutters via mode coalescence at supercritical transport speed. Web coupling to an initially quiescent incompressible potential flow significantly reduces the web frequencies, substantially modifies the mode shapes, and separates the frequency clusters, while only marginally affecting the flutter speed and frequency. The inclusion of machine direction ba,re flows significantly modifies the web stability and mode shapes. Cross machine direction flows lead to the flutter with vanishing frequency of very high cross-span nodal number modes, and the unstable vibration naturally localizes at the leading free edge. These results corroborate several previous experimental results in literature and are expected to guide ongoing experiments and the design of reduced flutter web handling systems.
Flavone-rich maize: an opportunity to improve the nutritional value of an important commodity crop

Agricultural outputs have resulted in food production continuously expanding. To satisfy the needs of a fast growing human population, higher yields, more efficient food processing, and food esthetic value, new crop varieties with higher caloric intake have and continue to be developed, but which lack many phytochemicals important for plant protection and adequate human nutrition. The increasing incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, combined with social disparity worldwide prompted the interest in developing enhanced crops that can simultaneously address the two sides of the current malnutrition sword, increasing yield while providing added nutritional value. Flavones, phytochemicals associated with the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet, have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. However, many Mediterranean diet-associated vegetables are inaccessible, or lowly consumed, in many parts of the world. Maize is the most widely grown cereal crop, yet most lines used for hybrid maize production lack flavones. As a first step toward a sustainable strategy to increasing the nutritional value of maize-based diets, we investigated the accumulation and chemical properties of flavones in maize seeds of defined genotypes. We show that the pericarps of the P1-rr genotype accumulate flavones at levels comparable to those present in some flavone-rich vegetables, and are mostly present in their C- and O-glycosylated forms. Some of these glycosides can be readily converted into the corresponding more active health beneficial aglycones during food processing. Our results provide evidence that nutritionally beneficial flavones could be re-introduced into elite lines to increase the dietary benefits of maize.
The TGF-β paradox in human cancer: an update

TGF-beta plays an essential role in maintaining tissue homeostasis through its ability to induce cell cycle arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and to preserve genomic stability. Thus, TGF-beta is a potent anticancer agent that prohibits the uncontrolled proliferation of epithelial, endothelial and hematopoietic cells. Interestingly, tumorigenesis typically elicits aberrations in the TGF-beta signaling pathway that engenders resistance to the cytostatic activities of TGF-beta, thereby enhancing the development and progression of human malignancies. Moreover, these genetic and epigenetic events conspire to convert TGF-beta from a suppressor of tumor formation to a promoter of their growth, invasion and metastasis. The dichotomous nature of TGF-beta during tumorigenesis is known as the 'TGF-beta paradox', which remains the most critical and mysterious question concerning the physiopathological role of this multifunctional cytokine. Here we review recent findings that directly impact our understanding of the TGF-beta paradox and discuss their importance to targeting the oncogenic activities of TGF-beta in developing and progressing neoplasms.
Surface Characterization of Poly(acrylic acid) Grafted to Photo-oxidized Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membrane Used in Fuel Cells

Perfluorosulfonic acid membrane (Nafion®-117) was first surface modified with atmospheric pressure UV photo-oxidation or low-pressure vacuum UV photo-oxidation downstream from an Ar microwave plasma, and then graft polymerized with acrylic acid. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the modified Nafion surface and poly(acrylic acid) grafted to the modified surface.
Charting Trends in Rural Sociology: 1986–1995

Christenson and Garkovich (1985) reported on trends in the first 50 years of Rural Sociology; this note employs a similar analytic framework for the 292 articles and research commentaries published from 1986 to 1995. While particular topics ebb and flow in terms of their importance, there continues to be a consistent focus on the substantive issues of traditional concern. Predictions in 1985 as to what the next retrospective would show proved to be fairly accurate. Applied empirical and quantitative studies continue to dominate the pages of the journal, but other types (e.g., qualitative and historical studies) now appear with greater frequency. The theoretical foundation of rural sociology has been enriched with conceptual frameworks from general sociology and other social sciences. New twists on the traditional concerns of agricultural constituencies and rural community leaders have broadened the range of topics addressed, reflecting the major social structures, processes, and issues currently affecting rural peoples and communities. The article concludes with an interpretation of recent trends and speculations on future directions.
Abusing File Processing in Malware Detectors for Fun and Profit

We systematically describe two classes of evasion exploits against automated malware detectors. Chameleon attacks confuse the detectors' file-type inference heuristics, while werewolf attacks exploit discrepancies in format-specific file parsing between the detectors and actual operating systems and applications. These attacks do not rely on obfuscation, metamorphism, binary packing, or any other changes to malicious code. Because they enable even the simplest, easily detectable viruses to evade detection, we argue that file processing has become the weakest link of malware defense. Using a combination of manual analysis and black-box differential fuzzing, we discovered 45 new evasion exploits and tested them against 36 popular antivirus scanners, all of which proved vulnerable to various chameleon and werewolf attacks.
The effects of improvisational theatre (improv) vs. group television watching on cognitive ability and mood in people with age-related memory complaints

As people age, there is a high chance their cognitive abilities will decline. The Baby Boomer population will soon reach an age where this is a major problem. As cognitive ability declines, so does quality of life. Everyday, 10,000 baby boomers turn 65 and this trend will continue for the next 15 years. With potential millions in need of a solution, cost is a major issue as well. Different forms of stimulation, like music and puzzles, have been shown to improve cognitive ability. Improvisational theatre is a form of stimulation that has not been thoroughly researched in older adults. This is a randomized control pilot study for utility and preliminary efficacy of improvisational theatre on cognitive ability and mood in older adults with age-related memory complaints. 11 elderly participants with age-related memory complaints from an assisted living center were randomized into an improv class (n=5) or a television watching control group (n=6). The improv group participated in an improv class once a week, for 8 weeks, lasting one hour per session. The passive stimulation group watched television or a movie for one hour a week at the same time as the improv class, for 8 weeks. The participants were given the following surveys one week prior to the start of the study and again the day of the last session: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Verbal Fluency Test, Letter-Number Sequencing Test, Geriatric Depression Scale, Memory Functioning Questionnaire and the Functional Activities Questionnaire. The improv group demonstrated an average improvement in executive function, memory self-appraisal, phonemic cognition, and a decrease in mild cognitive impairment. The verbal fluency test, which measures phonemic cognition showed significant improvement with a p-value of 0.037. In the television watching group, there was an average improvement in executive function, phonemic cognition and some aspects of memory self-appraisal. None of which were significant. No adverse events occurred during the study. This study shows that improv has the potential to improve phonemic cognition because there was a significant increase in the study. Though the other areas that were tested (depression, executive function, working memory, memory selfappraisal or mild cognitive impairment) did not improve significantly, all either improved more than the control group or regressed less than the control group. Since this was the first study of its kind, more researchers should explore the effects of improv on cognition in elderly persons. Subjectively, the improv participants improved greatly in their ability to follow and remain active during the various games. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bimodal brush functionalized TiO 2 /silicone nanocomposites with improved dielectric properties

Bimodal ligand engineering was applied in TiO 2 /silicone nanocomposites to independently control the nanoparticle dispersion and interface properties. The introduction of well-dispersed anthracene grafted TiO 2 nanoparticles improved the AC breakdown strength and retarded the space charge accumulation in silicone rubber. A candidate mechanism of charge trapping and impact ionization of TiO 2 and anthracene is proposed to explain the improvements.
The Idiosyncratic Dynamics of the Real Exchange Rates Under the Shadow of Common Feature

In this paper we use a factor model to isolate the idiosyncratic real exchange rates dynamics from the contamination of the numeraire country's unexpected shock. We propose a new calibration of the common feature and also estimate the common feature using the principal component method as a benchmark. Both the numeraire's real exchange rate and other countries' real exchange rates or either part are allowed to be I(0) or I(1). The convergence of idiosyncratic dynamics of real exchange rates is tested and converging speed is estimated by adopting a Two Stage Least Square method. Besides parameter identifying within the test and the estimation, we perform data-based experiments by varying exogenous parameters. We find that under the common feature, the evidence of convergence for 20 OECD countries from 1973 to 1998 is much weaker than previous literature documented. And also, the convergence of real exchange rates is not robust to priori parameter settings of lag length selection combining with size control of serial correlation. However, the evidence of idiosyncratic real exchange rates convergence is stronger in the 1990's. For some cases of priori parameter specifications, the point estimation of half-life could be 18 months with a very tight confidence interval below three years.
Drug Effects on the Human EEG

ABSTRACT:The effects of drugs on the EEG have been of interest since Berger demonstrated in 1929 that electrical signals could be recorded from the scalp. Berger described changes in the EEG following a variety of medications and, based on these observations, hypothesized that there was a relationship between changes in alpha activity and mental processes. A large number of drugs have now been demonstrated to alter the EEG and many of these drug-induced changes may be clinically useful. Understanding the effects and significance of drug effects on the EEG requires an understanding of the physiological basis of electroencephalography. This paper reviews the physiological basis of the EEG and the effects of commonly used drugs on background rhythms and epileptiform activity. The effects of prenatal and postnatal drug exposure on the neonatal EEG are also reviewed.
Relationship between residual feed intake and end product palatability in longissimus steaks from steers sired by Angus bulls divergent for intramuscular fat expected progeny difference1

ABSTRACT The relationship between residual feed intake (RFI) and end product quality was evaluated in 133 steers from 5 Angus sires with low, moderate, or high percent intramuscular fat EPD. Steers (320.1 ± 35.76 kg) were evaluated for RFI during a 70- to 84-d growing period and classified into 3 groups based on RFI: efficient (less than -0.5 SD below the mean; n = 41), marginal (± 0.5 SD from the mean; n = 48), and inefficient (> 0.5 SD above the mean; n = 44). There were no differences among RFI groups for ADG, BW, fat thickness, carcass weight, YG, QG, or palatability traits. Inefficient steers had greater (P
Performance Analysis of Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Mesh Networks

In recent times the interest in wireless sensor mesh networks has grown considerably from personal, to local and metropolitan areas deployment. These networks consist of several mesh routers with minimal mobility and mesh clients that can be either mobile or stationary. The clients may also form a client mesh network among themselves and with routers. The various nodes over the network are interconnected via wireless links which might possibly employ multiple radio interfaces. One major attribute of such networks is the presence of redundant links which removes the single point failure that is present in the classical star or tree networks. Most researches in this field focus on the study of various routing protocols while we sought to introduce the application divisible load theory to find an optimum data aggregation strategy that optimize the networks performance with respect to response time and network delay. We define data aggregation as the process of data sensing and reporting back to the sink nodes, typically routers. The performance of wireless mesh network with 25 sensor nodes is examined by varying network bandwidth and sensing power of sensor nodes. Basic recursive equations for sensing and data reporting are developed for the case of homogeneous and heterogeneous mesh networks and the performance results of two representative data sensing and reporting strategies are presented.
Effects of Environmental Exposure on Ductile-Phase Toughening in Niobium Silicide-Niobium Composites

A variety of materials have been toughened by incorporating ductile phases. Brittle silicide intermetallics such as Nb5Si3 composited with niobium particles incorporated during in situ processing techniques have realized significant improvements in toughness and stable crack extension. In the present work, toughness tests conducted on Nb5Si3/Nb materials monitored in a scanning electron microscope were instrumental in viewing the role of the deforming niobium particles on the process of toughening. In particular, the behavior of the ductile phase was monitored and related to the toughness values obtained. In an attempt to vary the behavior of the ductile phase, the composite materials were exposed to a variety of gaseous environments and subsequently tested in air. The resulting toughness, resistance-curve behavior, and in situ test results highlight the importance of the behavior of the ductile phase on subsequent properties.