cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Querying databases containing multivalued attributes using veristic variables

Veristic variables are variables that can assume multiple values such as the languages a person speaks. Different types of statements providing information about veristic variables are described. A methodology for representing and manipulating veristic information within the fuzzy set based theory of approximate reasoning is presented. We then turn to the role of these types of variables in databases. We consider methods for representing and evaluating queries involving veristic variables. Methodologies are presented for various types of queries.
Bernard Mitchell Fry: A distinguished librarian and educator

Abstract This essay, prepared by one of Bernard M. Fry's former doctoral students, honors the man and identifies selected contributions which he has made to library and information science. The insights reported have been gathered from personal recollections, correspondence with several other graduates of the doctoral program, and recent conversations with the former library school dean.
Deutschmark nationalism and Europeanized identity: Exploring identity aspects of Germany's adoption of the Euro

What does the adoption of the euro tell us about German national identity? Are there elements of national identity that can help explain Germany's acceptance of European monetary union? The prevailing literature often portrays the internal German debate about the euro as a battle between Germany's ‘Europeanized identity’ – which pushed in favor of the euro – and ‘Deutschmark nationalism’ and national economic pride – which emphasized retaining the Deutschmark. In contrast, this paper argues that the distinction between Germany's Europeanized identity and economic nationalism is exaggerated. Rather than viewing it as a constraint on German acceptance of the euro, economic pride already represents a form of post-national identity. Unlike language or ethnicity, economic pride does not function well as an identity marker. Deutschmark nationalism was so obviously a constructed form of identity that it was open to alternative interpretations as well. Most importantly, there is no logical barrier to expanding th...
SERCA Dynamic Structures Characterized with FLDA-FRET Method

The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA) undergoes conformational changes between discrete enzymatic substates during its catalytic cycle. To investigate the dynamic structures of SERCA, we fused donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins to the A and N domains of SERCA and quantified intramolecular FRET. We measured the distribution of FRET states using fluorescence lifetime distribution analysis (FLDA). This approach was validated with standard samples including dyes and Cerulean-Venus fusion controls. We found SERCA has a high degree of cytoplasmic domain structural disorder when it assumes open structures, manifest as a low FRET efficiency and a wide FRET distribution. In contrast, compact conformations were characterized by a well-defined, rigid architecture, yielding high FRET efficiency, with a narrow FRET distribution. The pump inhibitor thapsigargin abolished closed structures and stabilized SERCA in open conformations, but did not decrease the disorder of SERCA cytoplasmic domains. FRET was increased and disorder was decreased by low temperature. It is possible that high-FRET, tightly closed conformations are stabilized by domain-domain contacts, while open conformations are unconstrained and floppy. The functional consequence of a dynamic open architecture may be enhanced mobility of the nucleotide binding domain during its Brownian search for ATP substrate.
Tracheobronchial amyloidosis in a patient with Sjogren syndrome.

Pulmonary amyloidosis in the setting of Sjogren syndrome is rare. It most commonly presents in form of multinodular disease with or without cysts formation. Amyloid plaques may also deposit in the airway submucosa, causing airway narrowing; the condition referred as “tracheobronchial amyloidosis” (T
Regional heterogeneity of dopaminergic deficits in vervet monkey striatum and substantia nigra after methamphetamine exposure.

Methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity within the striatum and substantia nigra of the vervet monkey was characterized by heterogeneous decreases in immunoreactivity (IR) for dopamine system phenotypic markers. Decreases in IR for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), and the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) were observed 1 week after METH HCl (2×2 mg/kg; 24 h apart). Regional changes throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the striatum were characterized by a gradient of neurotoxic effect (lateral greater than medial) and the preservation of patches of IR. The decreases in IR in the caudate and putamen were greater than those in the nucleus accumbens. The reduced IR in the METH-exposed striatum allowed for the visualization of dopamine phenotype cell bodies. Within the ventral midbrain, the METH-exposed substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) also showed a heterogeneous loss of IR (lateral greater than medial). In contrast, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) showed only minor decreases in IR. The magnitude of the decreases in the SNc and VTA subregions corresponded to those observed in their respective striatal projection areas, suggesting that nigrostriatal neuron subpopulations were differentially reactive to METH. The profile of these drug-induced nigrostriatal dopamine system deficits resembles aspects of Parkinson's disease pathology and, as such, may provide a useful model with which to evaluate neuroprotective and neurorestorative strategies.
Current and future role of fluoride in nutrition

Fluoride continues to be the cornerstone of dental caries prevention in North America and throughout the world, and there are a variety of sources of fluoride that may contribute to the dietary intakes of fluoride. Although the severe effect of chronic exposures to high levels of fluoride--skeletal fluorosis--is extremely rare in North America, dental fluorosis has become more prevalent. To address the increase in dental fluorosis prevalence, recommendations have been made to reduce fluoride ingestion early in life. These recommendations have included the introduction of lower concentration fluoride dentifrice for use by young children, labeling of the fluoride concentration of bottled water, and revised fluoride supplement guidelines to reduce or eliminate their use. Because our knowledge is incomplete regarding the amount, duration, and timing of fluoride ingestion that can result in dental fluorosis, however, further research is clearly needed before definitive recommendations can be made regarding the use of fluorides, including recommended intakes of fluoride in the diet.
Design and implementation of the North American Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry

The Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry (PCMR) was established to describe the epidemiologic features and clinical course of selected cardiomyopathies in patients aged 18 years or younger and to promote the development of etiology-specific treatments. Sixty-one private and institutional pediatric cardiomyopathy practices in the United States and Canada were recruited to participate in the PCMR. The registry consists of a prospective, population-based cohort of patients in 2 regions (New England and the Central Southwestern United States) and a retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed between 1991 and 1996. Annual follow-up data are collected on all patients. As of June 1999, the PCMR consisted of 337 prospectively identified and 990 retrospectively identified patients. The PCMR has demonstrated the feasibility of establishing a large database of sociodemographic and clinical information on children with pediatric cardiomyopathy. Through this cooperative effort, the PCMR will obtain precise estimates of the incidence of pediatric cardiomyopathy and a better understanding of the natural history of this disease.
Intersection multiplicity of modules in the positive characteristics

Abstract We introduce an asymptotic length criteria on Tor 0 and Tor 1 of a pair of modules, via the Frobenius map, to study positivity and non-negativity of Serre-intersection multiplicity over local complete intersections and Gorenstein rings in the positive characteristics, when both modules have finite projective dimension. We use this criteria to derive a sufficient condition for (a) non-negativity over complete intersections when one of the modules has dimension ⩽2, and (b) non-negativity over Gorenstein rings of dimension ⩽5. We also show that the problem of intersection multiplicity on local rings (complete intersection, Gorenstein, Cohen–Macaulay) in characteristic 0 can be reduced to local rings (complete intersection, Gorenstein, Cohen–Macaulay respectively) in the positive characteristics.
Four observations about "Six Domains of Research Ethics".

Stimulated by Kenneth Pimple’s “Six Domains of Research Ethic”, this paper examines four aspects of the responsible conduct of research and scientists’ social responsibilities. I argue that scholars and decision-makers concerned with the responsible conduct of research should take notice of the rapidly growing body of scholarship on the social organization of science and the behavior of scientists, integrating that work with ethical principles. Of particular concern are the increasing heterogeneity and interdisciplinary of research, the ambivalences in the practice of peer review, the social tensions of research life, and the heightened concern for social and economic returns from federal research investments. In all, the paper echoes and develops Pimple’s call for integrative thinking about the responsible conduct of research.
Iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase: electrochemical determination of the electron stoichiometry of the oxidized/semi-reduced couple.

The number of electrons involved in the more positive of the two redox couples of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase has been investigated by controlled potential coulometry in both the oxidizing and reducing directions. A n value of 1 was determined for interconversion of the oxidized and semi-reduced states of the cofactor. This electron count was confirmed by double integration of the S=3/2 electron paramagnetic resonance signal exhibited by the semi-reduced state.
A highly specific chemical cue for the metamorphosis of the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus

Abstract Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Brachyura: Varunidae) has become an important part of rocky intertidal habitats in the Western Atlantic Ocean since its translocation and invasion in the late 1980s. While much of the focus on this crab has involved direct prey/predation relationships between H. sanguineus and native flora and fauna, less is known about the early life stages. The goal of the experiments presented here was to evaluate the chemical cues that stimulate H. sanguineus post-larvae (megalopae) to metamorphose. Previous studies indicate that a cue found in the exudate from conspecific adults induces metamorphosis in H. sanguineus megalopae. Here we report the results of H. sanguineus megalopae exposed to exudates produced by closely related species ( Hemigrapsus oregonensis , Hemigrapsus nudus , Hemigrapsus penicillatus , and Hemigrapsus takanoi ), as well as exudates produced by several other brachyuran crabs and one anomuran crab. We also investigated chemical characteristics of the metamorphic cue, including thermal stability and molecular size. Our results indicate that the metamorphic response is highly species-specific, and H. sanguineus megalopae only respond to conspecific exudates. This exudate is stable after freezing, but loses some potency after exposure to boiling temperatures. The active molecule is between 3.5 and 14 kDa in size.
On the determinants of complementarity: Elasticities of substitution, income shares, and relative prices

Abstract This paper extends an example due to Samuelson (1974) to develop the relationship between possible compensated complementarity between two goods and the two elasticities of substitution in an extended three good CES utility function. It also uses the same utility function to develop the implications of a generalized income share parameter and two different relative prices for possible complementarity between goods. Finally, it explores possible complementarity in a more general utility function with non-constant elasticities of substitution.
Oncologic Impact of Surgery in the Early Postoperative Period

Surgical intervention represents a deliberate form of tissue injury producing the acute phase response. The response to injury is also associated with a period of relative immune suppression and the magnitude of the response is proportional to the degree of surgical trauma. The proinflammatory cascade of events produced by the response to injury coupled with a impairment of postoperative cell-mediated immune function may provide a stimulus for the progression of neoplastic disease. There is strong evidence from animal studies that all types of abdominal surgical procedures are associated with increased rates of systemic tumor establishment and growth postoperatively. In preclinical models, minimally invasive techniques have been shown to ameliorate the effects of surgically induced tumor progression. This pattern of tumor behavior was noted following sham operations and after bowel resections. The precise mechanism of these changes remains unclear; however, both an increased rate of tumor cell proliferation and a decreased apoptosis have been noted after open surgery. There is also evidence that the cell-mediated immunosuppression that has been documented to occur after surgery accounts for some of the differences in tumor growth after open versus laparoscopic surgery. Systemic plasma factors elaborated following laparotomy have also been associated with increased tumor cell proliferation in vitro, suggesting that it may prove possible to pharmacologically protect patients from the deleterious side effects of surgery on postoperative tumor proliferation.
The role of the adrenergic nervous system in sodium and water excretion

There is considerable evidence that the renal nerves contribute to the regulation of salt and water excretion by a direct effect on tubular reabsorption, independent of changes in renal hemodynamics. Whereas the effect of the adrenergic nervous system on sodium reabsorption appears to be established in anesthetised animals, it has been suggested that the basal activity of the renal sympathetic nerves in conscious dogs is too low to have a significant effect on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubules. However, denervation natriuresis and diuresis has recently been demonstrated in conscious euvolemic and conscious volume expanded rats. The effects of renal nerve stimulation on the handling of sodium and water by the proximal tubule can be mimicked by infusion of theα-adrenergic agonist norepinephrine and prevented by infusion of anα-adrenergic antagonist. This confirms that it is mediated byα-receptors. The adrenergic nervous system may have an independent role in the control of sodium excretion or may be complementary to other systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Projection of visual field on superior colliculus of ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus).

Abstract The relations of the visual field to the superior colliculus in the ground squirrel ( Citellus tridecemlineatus ) were determined electrophysiologically by mapping with a perimeter the receptive fields for 114 collicular sites distributed over the dorsolateral, the medial and the caudal surfaces of the colliculus in five animals. The entire visual field of the contralateral eye is represented on the colliculus and no evidence for an ipsilateral input was secured. The horizontal meridian of the eye projects upon the dorsolateral and tentorial aspects of the colliculus in a near horizontal position dividing the colliculus into approximately equal dorsomedial and ventrolateral halves. The vertical meridian passes vertically in an anteromedial direction over the caudal part of the dorsolateral surface from a position on the lower tentorial surface of the colliculus to reach the mesial surface somewhat behind the center of the dorsomedial edge and then passes downward and forward on the medial surface to a point somewhat forward of the center of the inner margin of the colliculus. Collicular representation of the nasal half of the visual field is somewhat greater than for the temporal half. The upper visual field is represented dorsomedially and the ventral field ventrolaterally
Intracellular study of rat entopeduncular nucleus neurons in an in vitro slice preparation: electrical membrane properties.

Abstract Electrical properties of rat entopeduncular nucleus (EP) neurons were studied in vitro using slice preparations. Of 108 EP neurons recorded, 104 were classified into two types based on their membrane properties. Type I neurons (n = 86) possessed: (1) a strong, time-dependent anomalous rectification that was sensitive to Cs + ; (2) a weak spike adaptation; and (3) a strong rebound excitation with a low threshold Ca-spike and fast spikes. Many Type I neurons displayed spontaneous repetitive firing. Some of them generated spontaneous Ca-dependent plateau potentials with fast spikes upon application of tetraethylammonium bromide. Type II neurons (n = 18) had: (1) no apparent rectification; (2) a strong spike adaptation; and (3) a ramp-shaped repolarization, similar to the A-current, at the offset of a hyperpolarizing pulse. Features common to both types included: (1) a similar range of the input resistance; (2) capability of generating high threshold Ca-spike; and (3) generation of postactive hyperpolarizations (i.e. Ca-activated K-conductance). The great majority (Type I) of rat EP neurons share similar electrical properties. A minority of neurons (Type II) behave differently from Type I neurons and share similar properties among themselves.
Pertussis toxin inhibits signal transduction at a specific metabolotropic glutamate receptor in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells.

Abstract In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, glutamate receptors have been classified into metabolotroplc (GP1 and GP2) and ionotroplc (GC1 and GC2). The GP1 and GC1 receptors are negatively modulated by magnesium and noncompetitively inhibited by phencyclidine; GP2 and GC2 receptors are insensitive to inhibition by magnesium and phencyclidine (Costa, Fadda, Kozikowski, Nicoletti and Wroblewski, 1988). Exposure of cultured cerebellar granule cells to pertussis toxin (PTX, 1 μg/ml for 14–16 hr) reduced the stimulation of the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids (PI) by the GP2 receptor agonists, glutamate and quisqualate in the presence of magnesium, but did not inhibit the stimulation of the hydrolysis of PI by GP1, receptor agonists. The stimulation of the hydrolysis of PI by the muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist, carbamylcholine, remained unchanged after pretreatment with pertussis toxin. In membranes prepared from cerebellar granule cells in primary culture, the addition of guanosine 5′-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-γ-s), a nonhydrolyzable analogue of GTP, enhanced the hydrolysis of PI and reduced the Bmax of quisqualate-displaceable binding of [3H]glutamate. These results indicate that, in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, a specific class of metabolotroplc glutamate receptors (the GP2 receptor) is coupled with the hydrolysis of PI through a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein.
Sex differences in spinal processing of transient and inflammatory colorectal stimuli in the rat

Sex differences in the spinal processing of somatic and visceral stimuli contribute to greater female sensitivity in many pain disorders. The present study examined spinal mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in visceral sensitivity. The visceromotor response to colorectal distention (CRD) was more robust in normal female rats and after intracolonic mustard oil compared with that in male rats. No sex difference was observed in the CRD-evoked response of lumbosacral (LS) and thoracolumbar (TL) colonic afferents in normal and mustard oil–treated rats, but there was a sex difference in spontaneous activity that was exacerbated by intracolonic mustard oil. The response of visceroceptive dorsal horn neurons to CRD was greater in normal female rats in the LS and TL spinal segments. The effect of intracolonic mustard oil on the CRD-evoked response of different phenotypes of visceroceptive dorsal horn neurons was dependent on sex and segment. The NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) dose-dependently attenuated the visceromotor response in normal rats with greater effect in male rats. Correspondingly, there was greater cell membrane expression of the GluN1 subunit in dorsal horn extracts in female rats. After intracolonic mustard oil, there was no longer a sex difference in the effect of APV nor GluN1 expression in LS segments, but greater female expression in TL segments. These data document a sex difference in spinal processing of nociceptive visceral stimuli from the normal and inflamed colon. Differences in dorsal horn neuronal activity and NMDA receptor expression contribute to the sex differences in the visceral sensitivity observed in awake rats.
Why Some States Participate in UN Peace Missions While Others Do Not: An Analysis of Civil-Military Relations and Its Effects on Latin America's Contributions to Peacekeeping Operations

Why do some states deploy troops to support UN missions while others do not? Although short from war, peacekeeping entails a military dimension of foreign policy in which uniformed personnel is deployed to accomplish diplomatic and political means. As such, decisions to commit troops to UN operations must have the implicit support of the armed forces in order to take place. Yet, military backing for peacekeeping participation is not universal; some military institutions are more willing to join such missions than others. This article accounts for variations in terms of peacekeeping commitments by focusing on security doctrines and the degree of integration between military and foreign policy roles. It hypothesizes that countries with externally oriented doctrines and integrated foreign and defense policies are more likely to commit troops to the UN than countries with national security doctrines and segregated military and foreign policy roles. Using evidence from the Latin American region, the paper sugg...
Studies on the Relationships between Rumen Acids and Fat Metabolism of Ruminants Fed on Restricted Roughage Diets

Summary The feeding of restricted roughage with high levels of concentrates produced significant declines in milk fat in lactating cows and goats. Associated with the decline in milk fat were a signficant increase in the concentration of rumen propionic acid and a decrease in blood ketone bodies. There was a decrease in arterial-blood acetic acid and in the arterial-mammary difference under conditions of ground and restricted-roughage feeding. The feeding of sodium acetate tended to increase low milk fat, and the feeding of sodium propionate tended to lower it further. An hypothesis regarding a mechanism of milk-fat depression based on the antiketogenic properties of propionic acid is discussed.
Abwasseraufbereitung in Betrieben der Speisefett‐ und Molkereiprodukte‐Industrie durch anaerobe Vorbehandlung in werkseigenen Kläranlagen

Ausgehend von den Grundlagen des anaeroben Abbaues organischer Stoffe wird die Anwendbarkeit der Anaerobtechnik auf die Abwasser der Speisefett-und Molkereiprodukteindustrie in Abhangigkeit von der Abwasserbeschaffenheit erlautert. Es wird eine Ubersicht uber gebrauchliche Reaktorarten, ihre Vor- und Nachteile unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Festbett-Umlauf-Reaktoren gegeben. Die Auswirkungen von storenden Abwasserinhaltsstoffen auf Reinigungsleistung und Gasproduktion sowie die Vermeidung von Abbauhemmnissen werden aufgezeigt. Anhand von Versuchsergebnissen mit Praxisabwassern werden die Moglichkeiten der Anaerobtechnik in bezug auf Reinigungsgrad, Abbauleistung, Gasproduktion und Gaszusammensetzung veranschaulicht. Waste Water Processing in Factories of Edible Fat and Dairy Products Industry by Anaerobic Pretreatment in Own Purification Plants Starting from the bases of the anaerobic degradation of organic substances the applicability of the anaerobic technic to the waste water of the edible fat and dairy products industry in dependence on the waste water condition is explained. A survey is given about usual sorts of reactors, their advantages and disadvantages under special regard to solid bed circuit reactors. The effects of inconvenient waste water ingredients on purification performance and gas production as well as the avoidance of degradation obstacles is exhibited. The feasibilities of anaerobic technic concerning purification degree, degradation performance, gas production and gas composition are illustrated by experimental results with waste water from practice.
NONNATIVE SPEAKERS' PERCEPTIONS OF ENGLISH “NONLEXICAL” INTONATION SIGNALS

This paper reports the results of a study to determine how well nonnative English speakers understand 14 English intonation signals that generally do not have written correlates. The 14 signals were recorded free of any verbal context, and played first to 25 native English speakers to determine if they understood them without the usual visual or verbal clues, and then to 42 foreign students to determine if there was a significant difference between them and the native speakers. The results indicated that our foreign students may be missing or misinterpreting much that native speakers communicate quite automatically with “nonlexical” signals. The paper discusses the signals, their meanings, and the errors that foreign students made. Each of the signals is shown in an appropriate context with a narrow phonetic description to help anyone desiring to learn or teach the meanings conveyed by this part of English phonology. Related studies and possible avenues for future research are noted.
Employing Thermal Zones for Energy Optimization in Data Centers

Energy consumption has become a critical issue for data centers, triggered by the rise in energy costs, volatility in the supply and demand of energy and the wide spread proliferation of power-hungry information technology (IT) equipment. Since nearly half the energy consumed in a data center (DC) goes towards cooling, much of the efforts in minimizing energy consumption in DCs have focused on improving the efficiency of cooling strategies by optimally provisioning the cooling power to match the heat dissipation in the entire DC. However, at a more granular level within the DC, the large range of heat densities of today’s IT equipment makes this task of provisioning cooling power at the level of individual computer room air conditioning (CRAC) units much more challenging. In this work, we employ utility functions to present a principled and flexible method for determining the optimal settings of CRACs for joint management of power and temperature objectives at a more granular level within a DC. Such provisioning of cooling power to match the heat generated at a local level requires the knowledge of thermal zones — the region of DC space cooled by a specific CRAC. We show how thermal zones can be constructed for arbitrary settings of CRACs using the potential flow theory. As a case study, we apply our methodology in a 10,000 sq. ft commercial DC using actual measured conditions and evaluate the usefulness of the method by quantifying possible energy savings in this DC.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Generation history of the two gas-sources of Feixianguan Formation gas-pools in the NE Sichuan Basin and their relative contribution

Abstract The natural gas produced in Feixianguan Formation in NE Sichuan Basin is characterized by kerogen cracking and oil cracking. Source rock samples were taken from the Permian limestone in Santanghu Basin, Xinjiang, with high organic matter abundance and low maturity, and oil samples from the Feixianguan limestone in the NE Sichuan area. Oil and gas generation simulation experiments were designed and carried out to appraise the gas generation history and the relative contribution of the two-type sources. Based on simulation results, the chemical kinetic models involving oil-gas generation were built and the kinetic parameters of each model were demarcated. The oil and gas generation history and the oil cracking history were studied with above mentioned models. The results show that major oil generation period of the Permian source rock is between 210 Ma and 190 Ma, the major gas generation period is between 205 Ma and 185 Ma, and the major gas generation period of oil cracking in Feixianguan Formation is between 165 Ma and 150 Ma. The contributions of gas from kerogen cracking and oil cracking were estimated based on the gas generation history and the source rock characteristics. The contributions of the two cracking gases are 17% and 83%, respectively.
The evaluation of a model speech training program for deaf children

Abstract Systematic speech training procedures were employed with a group of 20 hearing-impaired children ranging in age from 7 to 10 years. Using a primarily auditory-oral approach, the speech training program employed a hierarchical sequence in order to teach the suprasegmental patterns of English to the children. The children's performance on the speech training hierarchy was monitored on a daily basis using a checklist system. Based on their rate of progress in the development of speech skills, the children were divided into three groups post hoc: rapid, slow but steady, inordinately slow. Although the system worked well, on the average, approximately one-third of the children encountered serious difficulties at one or more levels of the hierarchy. Examination of the children's background information and audiological data revealed that those children who encountered difficulty had an extremely limited amount of residual hearing and/or problems other than a hearing handicap.
Perceptions of the school social context across the transition to middle school: Heightened sensitivity among Latino students?

The current study was designed to examine the ways in which perceived behavioral norms among grade mates and school social climate vary across the transition to middle school. The main goals of the study were to test whether Latino students may be more sensitive to the school social climate than White students and whether perceived behavioral norms might help explain this association. Cross-sectional analyses comparing Latino and White students (N = 383) revealed that perceptions of school social climate and behavioral norms became more negative across the middle school transition. Multiple regression analysis showed that school climate perceptions predicted self-reported academic compliance and rule breaking only for Latino students. Mediational analysis revealed that the association between perceived climate and self-reported rule breaking was partially accounted for by perceptions of behavioral norms for rule breaking only among Latino students. Taken together, the results suggest that compared with White students, Latino students are more sensitive to school social climate as it relates to their school conduct
New Instrument for Measuring Student Beliefs about Physics and Learning Physics: The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey.

The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS) is a new instrument designed to measure student beliefs about physics and about learning physics. This instrument extends previous work by probing additional aspects of student beliefs and by using wording suitable for students in a wide variety of physics courses. The CLASS has been validated using interviews, reliability studies, and extensive statistical analyses of responses from over 5000 students. In addition, a new methodology for determining useful and statistically robust categories of student beliefs has been developed. This paper serves as the foundation for an extensive study of how student beliefs impact and are impacted by their educational experiences. For example, this survey measures the following: that most teaching practices cause substantial drops in student scores; that a student's likelihood of becoming a physics major correlates with their ``Personal Interest'' score; and that, for a majority of student populations, women's scores in some categories, including ``Personal Interest'' and ``Real World Connections,'' are significantly different from men's scores.
Hydroxylation of benzphetamine and other drugs by a solubilized form of cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes: Lipid requirement for drug demethylation

Summary: A solubilized hepatic microsomal enzyme system previously shown to catalyze the w-hydroxylation of fatty acids also catalyzes the hydroxylation of drugs. Benzphetamine, aminopyrine, ethylmorphine, hexobarbital, norcodeine, and p-nitroanisole undergo aerobic demethylation in the presence of NADPH and the resolved enzyme system. The required submicrosomal components for benzphetamine demethylation, as determined either by formaldehyde liberation or by NADPH oxidation, are cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, and a heat-stable lipid fraction. Similar requirements were shown for the oxidation of aminopyrine, ethylmorphine, and hexobarbital. Laurate and benzphetamine were found to be mutually inhibitory, as would be expected if a common "methyl hydroxylase" were involved. The solubilized cytochrome P-450 preparation exhibits a difference spectrum in the presence of benzphetamine with a peak at 392 ml and a trough at 427 rnp and difference spectra with aniline and hexobarbital typical of those obtained with the microsomal bound .form of this hemoprotein. Cytochrome P-450, the carbon monoxide-binding pigment of microsomes (l), serves as a mixed function oxidase effecting the hydroxylation of steroids and the oxidative demethylation and hydroxylation of drugs in animal tissues (2-4). Attempts to solubilize this pigment by a variety of techniques resulted in the extensive formation of P-420 (l), an altered form possessing no catalytic activity. Recent studies in our laboratory on the w-hydroxylation of fatty acids in liver microsomes led to "solubilization" of the enzyme system by the criterion that enzymatic activity remained in
Renormalization calculation of the bifurcation limit point for the whisker mapping

Abstract The limit point r ∞ and the bifurcation ratio δ are determined in the lowest order by the renormalization method for the modified whisker mapping. The structure of the stochastic layer is briefly discussed.
TECHNIQUE FOR GROWING PLANTS WITH ROOTS IN A STERILE MEDIUM.

In order to test the effect of adding various organic materials to the min eral nutrient medium of Phaseolus lunatus (Burpee's Bush Lima Beans), it was felt desirable to develop a technique for growing them in such a way that the root system would be in a sterile medium. Growth of lower plants (fungi and algae) in such a medium is standard procedure. Moreover, some such work with higher plants has been done (5). Whole tobacco plants, for example, have been grown aseptically in Erlenmeyer flasks (4). The maturity to which a plant can be raised in this way is limited by its size. A possible solution for this is to grow the root aseptically but with the stem and leaves in the air. This was done in one way by Knudson and Smith (1). However, their method required transfer of the seedling plants from their germinating container to another container for further growth. The method described below avoids this complication by disinfecting the seed and planting it aseptically into the top of a specially designed jar. Upon germination the root passed down into the jar and continued its development in the sterile medium found there.
Hypaxial Muscle Migration during Primary Myogenesis in Xenopus laevis

In contrast to many vertebrates, the ventral body wall muscles and limb muscles of Xenopus develop at different times. The ventral body wall forms in the tadpole, while limb (appendicular) muscles form during metamorphosis to the adult frog. In organisms that have been examined thus far, a conserved mechanism has been shown to control migratory muscle precursor specification, migration, and differentiation. Here, we show that the process of ventral body wall formation in Xenopus laevis is similar to hypaxial muscle development in chickens and mice. Cells specified for the migratory lineage display an upregulation of pax3 in the ventro-lateral region of the somite. These pax3-positive cells migrate ventrally, away from the somite, and undergo terminal differentiation with the expression of myf-5, followed by myoD. Several other genes are selectively expressed in the migrating muscle precursor population, including neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), Xenopus kit related kinase (Xkrk1), and Xenopus SRY box 5 (sox5). We have also found that muscle precursor migration is highly coordinated with the migration of neural crest-derived melanophores. However, by extirpating neural crest at an early stage and allowing embryos to develop, we determined that muscle precursor migration is not dependent on physical or genetic interaction with melanophores.
Thermophilic enrichment of microbial communities in the presence of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate.

Aims: The aim of the study was to develop an approach to enrich ionic liquid tolerant micro-organisms that efficiently decompose lignocellulose in a thermophilic and high-solids environment. Methods and Results: High-solids incubations were conducted, using compost as an inoculum source, to enrich for thermophilic communities that decompose switchgrass in the presence of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]). Ionic liquid levels were increased from 0 to 6% on a total weight basis incrementally. Successful enrichment of a community that decomposed lignocellulose at 55°C in the presence of 6% [C2mim][OAc] was achieved, when the [C2mim][OAc] level was increased stepwise from 2% to 4% to 5% to 6%. Pyrosequencing results revealed a shift in the community and a sharp decrease in richness, when thermophilic conditions were applied. Conclusions: A community tolerant to a thermophilic, high-solids environment containing 6% [C2mim][OAc] was enriched from compost. Gradually increasing [C2mim][OAc] concentrations allowed the community to adapt to [C2mim][OAc]. Significance and Impact of the Study: A successful approach to enrich communities that decompose lignocellulose under thermophilic high-solids conditions in the presence of elevated levels of [C2mim][OAc] has been developed. Communities yielded from this approach will provide resources for the discovery of enzymes and metabolic pathways relevant to biomass pretreatment and fuel production.
The graduated recovery intervention program for first episode psychosis: Treatment development and preliminary data

The Graduated Recovery Intervention Program (GRIP) is a novel cognitive-behavioral therapy program designed to facilitate functional recovery in people who have experienced an initial episode of psychosis. In this paper, the treatment development process of GRIP is described and data from an open feasibility trial are presented. Findings suggest clinical and psychosocial benefits associated with GRIP, and the treatment was well-received by clients and therapists. The retention rate of 67%, however, suggests the need for protocol modifications to improve engagement. Initial data on the efficacy of GRIP are encouraging, although the study design precludes more robust conclusions at this time.
Early base-pair fluctuations and the activation of mRNA splicing

Abstract By means of multiprocessed Monte Carlo simulations we study the amplification in time structural fluctuations in sequential RNA folding concomitant with transcription. The simulations allow for an exploration of configuration space subject to the realistic time-constraints of RNA synthesis. The treatment focuses on the splicing YC4 intron as a study case. We show how an early disruption in the folding may result in a terminal structure which is active for splicing, bringing together the two cleavage sites at both ends of the intron.
A Possible Massive Asteroid Belt around ζ Leporis

We have used the Keck I telescope to image at 11.7 and 17.9 μm the dust emission around ζ Leporis, a main-sequence A-type star at 21.5 pc from the Sun with an infrared excess. The excess is at most marginally resolved at 17.9 μm. The dust distance from the star is probably ≤6 AU, although some dust may extend to 9 AU. The mass of observed dust is ~1022 g. Since the lifetime of dust particles is about 104 yr because of the Poynting-Robertson effect, we robustly estimate at least 4 × 1026 g must reside in parent bodies, which may be asteroids if the system is in a steady state and has an age of ~300 Myr. This mass is approximately 200 times that contained within the main asteroid belt in our solar system.
ACRM: rebirth and renewal.

Hinderer SH. ACRM: rebirth and renewal. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:147-8 © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and
Lymphoscintigraphy and Sentinel Nodes

It has been validated that sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) shows whether a patient's breast cancer or melanoma has spread to regional lymph nodes. As a result, management of patients with these cancers has been revolutionized. SLNB has replaced axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) as the staging modality of choice for early breast cancer and has replaced complete lymph node dissection as the staging modality of choice for melanoma in patients whose SLNBs indicate no metastases. Recently concluded multicenter, randomized trials for breast cancer with 5- to 10-y outcome data have shown no significant differences in disease-free survival rates or overall survival rates between SLNB and ALND groups but have shown significantly lower morbidity with SLNB than with ALND. The lowest false-negative rates (5.5%-6.7%) were seen in studies that used preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and dual mapping during surgery. To assess the survival impact of SLNB in melanoma, the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial I was performed. Melanoma-specific survival rates were not different between subjects randomized to SLNB with lymphadenectomy for nodal metastasis on biopsy and subjects randomized to observation with lymphadenectomy for nodal relapse. However, the 10-y disease-free survival rates were better for the SLNB group than for the observation group, specifically among patients with intermediate-thickness melanomas or thick melanomas.
Theoretical models of oscillators, phase noise and the effects of nonlinearity

The oscillator model proposed is based on Robinson's oscillator. Two cases are studied, noise-free and noise-present conditions. Three types of oscillator models based on Robinson are introduced when noise is present. A new oscillator phase noise model which indicates the effect of a nonlinearity is proposed. The results show that the newly defined phase noise is a modified Wiener process whose variance increases with time. The spread of the variance of the phase noise is reduced if the hard-limiter nonlinearity used in the oscillator model is replaced by a soft-limiter with small slope. Similar effects are seen by reducing the system gain parameters. Further system performance improvement is achieved by the introduction of a soft-limiter in the outer-loop of the model.
Securing the deluge Network programming system

A number of multi-hop, wireless, network programming systems have emerged for sensor network retasking but none of these systems support a cryptographically-strong, public-key-based system for source authentication and integrity verification. The traditional technique for authenticating a program binary, namely a digital signature of the program hash, is poorly suited to resource-contrained sensor nodes. Our solution to the secure programming problem leverages authenticated streams, is consistent with the limited resources of a typical sensor node, and can be used to secure existing network programming systems. Under our scheme, a program binary consists of several code and data segments that are mapped to a series of messages for transmission over the network. An advertisement, consisting of the program name, version number, and a hash of the very first message, is digitally signed and transmitted first. The advertisement authenticates the first message, which in turn contains a hash of the second message. Similarly, the second message contains a hash of the third message, and so on, binding each message to the one logically preceding it in the series through the hash chain. We augmented the Deluge network programming system with our protocol and evaluated the resulting system performance.
Vision-based force guidance for improved human performance in a teleoperative manipulation system

In this paper, we discuss a methodology that employs vision-based force guidance techniques for improving human performance with respect to a teleoperated manipulation system. The primary focus of the approach is to study the effectiveness of guidance forces in a haptic system to enable ease-of-use for human operators performing common manipulation activities necessary for achievement of everyday tasks. By designing force feedback signals constructed only from visual imagery data as input into a haptic device, we show the impact on human performance during the teleoperation sequence. The methodology is explained in detail, and results of implementation on object-centering and object-approaching tasks with our divided force guidance approach are presented.
Tracking footprints of artificial selection in the dog genome

The size, shape, and behavior of the modern domesticated dog has been sculpted by artificial selection for at least 14,000 years. The genetic substrates of selective breeding, however, remain largely unknown. Here, we describe a genome-wide scan for selection in 275 dogs from 10 phenotypically diverse breeds that were genotyped for over 21,000 autosomal SNPs. We identified 155 genomic regions that possess strong signatures of recent selection and contain candidate genes for phenotypes that vary most conspicuously among breeds, including size, coat color and texture, behavior, skeletal morphology, and physiology. In addition, we demonstrate a significant association between HAS2 and skin wrinkling in the Shar-Pei, and provide evidence that regulatory evolution has played a prominent role in the phenotypic diversification of modern dog breeds. Our results provide a first-generation map of selection in the dog, illustrate how such maps can rapidly inform the genetic basis of canine phenotypic variation, and provide a framework for delineating the mechanistic basis of how artificial selection promotes rapid and pronounced phenotypic evolution.
Synthesis and electrospray mass spectrometry determination of thiolate-protected Au55(SR)31 nanoclusters

Since the pioneering work of Schmid et al. on phosphine-capped Au55 clusters, the search for thiolated Au55 has long been of major interest. This work reports the synthesis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) evidence of Au55(SCH2CH2Ph)31 clusters.