cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Polarization Isolation Method for High-Sensitivity, Low-Cost On-Chip Fluorescence Detection for Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip

The trend in medical equipment is toward compact and integrated low-cost medical test devices. Fluorescence-based assays are used to identify specific pathogens through the presence of dyes, but typically require specialized microscopes and narrowband optical filters to extract information. We present a novel, high-sensitivity, cost-effective, cross-polarization scheme to filter out excitation light from a fluorescent dye emission spectrum. This concept is demonstrated using an inverted microscope fitted with a halide lamp as the excitation source and an organic photo voltaic (organic photodiode) cell as the intensity detector. The excitation light is linearly polarized and used to illuminate a microfluidic device containing a 1 volume of dye dissolved in ethanol. The detector is shielded by a second polarizer, oriented orthogonally to the excitation light, thus reducing the magnitude of the detector photocurrent by about 25 dB. The signal due to fluorescence emission light, which is randomly polarized, is only attenuated by about 3 dB. As proof-of-principle, the fluorescence signal from the dyes Rhodamine 6G (emission wavelength of 570 nm) and Fluorescein (emission wavelength 514 nm) are measured in a dilution series with resulting emission signal being detected by an organic photodiode. Both dyes were detectable down to concentrations of 10 nM. This suggests that an integrated microfluidic device, with an organic photodiode and an organic light emitting excitation source and integrated polarizers, could be fabricated to realize compact and economical lab-on-a-chip devices for point-of-care diagnostics and on-site analysis.
A component of the transcriptional mediator complex inhibits RAS-dependent vulval fate specification in C. elegans.

Negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS signaling pathways is important for normal development and the prevention of disease in humans. We have used a genetic screen in C. elegans to identify genes that antagonize the activity of activated LET-23, a member of the EGFR family of RTKs. We identified two loss-of-function mutations in dpy-22, previously cloned as sop-1, that promote the ability of activated LET-23 to induce ectopic vulval fates. DPY-22 is a glutamine-rich protein that is most similar to human TRAP230, a component of a transcriptional mediator complex. DPY-22 has previously been shown to regulate WNT responses through inhibition of the s-catenin-like protein BAR-1. We provide evidence that DPY-22 also inhibits RAS-dependent vulval fate specification independently of BAR-1, and probably regulates the activities of multiple transcription factors during development. Furthermore, we demonstrate that although inhibition of BAR-1-dependent gene expression has been shown to require the C-terminal glutamine-rich region, this region is dispensable for inhibition of RAS-dependent cell differentiation. Thus, the glutamine-rich region contributes to specificity of this class of mediator protein.
THE BIOLOGIC POTENCY OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARD CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN1

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS HEALTH ORGANIZATION has recently announced (M. 40,—April, 1939) the establishment of an International Standard for the gonadc tropic substance of human urine of pregnancy: chorionic gonadotropin. The standard material represents a pool from 6 sources, diluted with lactose and made up in tablets of approximately 1 mg. each. The unit is defined as follows. “The specific gonadotrophic activity of 0.1 mg. (100 gamma) of the standard preparation shall be the International Unit for recording the activities of all gonadotrophic preparations of human urine of pregnancy, but only of such.” Recommendations for the use of the standard in biologic assays, taken from the Report of theConference, Bulletin of the Health Organization of the League of Nations, 7, 889, 1938, are as follows. The only tests for the comparative determination of gonadotrophic activity, in units as above defined, on which the Conference has evidence to justify recommendation, depend on: a. The observation of a direct or in...
The Coal Miner’s Daughter Gets a PhD

Using poetry, the author examines the journey that carried her from a coal mining family in a small town in West Virginia to an assistant professorship at a Research I university. Through performance autoethnography, she explores the influences that led to her perception of herself as an outsider in the academic community. She also considers how her background inspires her to establish relationships and conduct research in Latino communities. She questions the positioning/repositioning of the essence of self within the fluidity of moving back and forth between coal mining family roots and academic colleagues and friends. She attempts to understand her story through reflecting, writing, and performing as inquiry.
Hsl7 localizes to a septin ring and serves as an adapter in a regulatory pathway that relieves tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdc28 protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Successful mitosis requires faithful DNA replication, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, and cell division. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the G2-to-M transition requires activation of Clb-bound forms of the protein kinase, Cdc28. These complexes are held in an inactive state via phosphorylation of Tyr19 in the ATP-binding loop of Cdc28 by the Swe1 protein kinase. The HSL1 and HSL7 gene products act as negative regulators of Swe1. Hsl1 is a large (1,518-residue) protein kinase with an N-terminal catalytic domain and a very long C-terminal extension. Hsl1 localizes to the incipient site of cytokinesis in the bud neck in a septin-dependent manner; however, the function of Hsl7 was not previously known. Using both indirect immunofluorescence with anti-Hsl7 antibodies and a fusion of Hsl7 to green fluorescent protein, we found that Hsl7 also localizes to the bud neck, congruent with the septin ring that faces the daughter cell. Both Swe1 and a segment of the C terminus of Hsl1 (which has no sequence counterpart in two Hsl1-related protein kinases, Gin4 and Kcc4) were identified as gene products that interact with Hsl7 in a two-hybrid screen of a random S. cerevisiae cDNA library. Hsl7 plus Swe1 and Hsl7 plus Hsl1 can be coimmunoprecipitated from extracts of cells overexpressing these proteins, confirming that Hsl7 physically associates with both partners. Also consistent with the two-hybrid results, Hsl7 coimmunoprecipitates with full-length Hsl1 less efficiently than with a C-terminal fragment of Hsl1. Moreover, Hsl7 does not localize to the bud neck in an hsl1D mutant, whereas Hsl1 is localized normally in an hsl7D mutant. Phosphorylation and ubiquitinylation of Swe1, preludes to its destruction, are severely reduced in cells lacking either Hsl1 or Hsl7 (or both), as judged by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Collectively, these data suggest that formation of the septin rings provides sites for docking Hsl1, exposing its C terminus and thereby permitting recruitment of Hsl7. Hsl7, in turn, presents its cargo of bound Swe1, allowing phosphorylation by Hsl1. Thus, Hsl1 and Hsl7 promote proper timing of cell cycle progression by coupling septin ring assembly to alleviation of Swe1-dependent inhibition of Cdc28. Furthermore, like septins and Hsl1, homologs of Hsl7 are found in fission yeast, flies, worms, and humans, suggesting that its function in this control mechanism may be conserved in all eukaryotes.
Progression to colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: effect of mesalamine

See CME exam on page 1177. Background & Aims: Some studies have suggested that mesalamine can prevent the development of colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to compare rates of progression with advanced neoplasia in patient cohorts with UC taking low and high doses of mesalamine and to determine where in the process of neoplastic progression mesalamine might act. Methods: Three cohorts of UC patients were identified from an institutional database: 311 patients with no dysplasia (NoD), 56 with indefinite dysplasia (IND), and 26 with flat low-grade dysplasia (fLGD). The impact of mesalamine exposure on the subsequent development of advanced neoplasia (high-grade dysplasia or colorectal cancer) was assessed using life-table methods. Results: Seventeen of 311 patients with NoD progressed to advanced neoplasia (5-year rate, 1.1%). This rate was lower than the 5-year rate for the IND (9%; P .02 vs NoD) and fLGD (45%; P < .001 vs NoD and P .001 vs IND) cohorts. Among the NoD cohort, the hazard ratio for mesalamine users versus nonusers was 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.20‐2.44), and for each 1 g/d increase in dose, the hazard ratio was 0.92 (95% confidence interval, 0.58‐1.47). For patients with IND, no patients on greater than 2 g/d progressed versus 13.8% on low-dose mesalamine (P .11). For fLGD, 62.5% on high dose progressed, versus 27.8% on low dose (P .054). Conclusions: In long-standing UC, patients with fLGD have a higher rate of progression to advanced neoplasia than those with NoD or IND. However, at none of these stages of disease did mesalamine use show definitive chemopreventive activity.
Interactions of Dimethylsulfoxide with a Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Monolayer Studied by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation

The interactions between phospholipid monolayers and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) molecules were investigated by vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy in a Langmuir trough system. Both the head and the tail groups of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as well as DMSO were probed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between DPPC and DMSO molecules. A condensing effect is observed for the DPPC monolayer on a concentrated DMSO subphase (>20 mol %). This effect results in a well-ordered conformation for the DPPC alkyl chains at very large mean molecular areas. Interactions between DMSO and DPPC headgroups were also studied. DMSO-induced dehydration of the DPPC phosphate group is revealed at DMSO concentration above 10 mol %. The average orientation of DMSO with DPPC versus dipalmitoylphosphate sodium salt (DPPA) monolayers was compared. The comparison revealed that DMSO molecules are perturbed and reorient because of the interfacial electric field created by the charged lipid headgroups. The orientation of the DPPC alkyl chains remains nearly unchanged in the liquid condensed phase with the addition of DMSO. This suggests that DMSO molecules are expelled from the condensed monolayer. In addition, implications for the DMSO-induced permeability enhancement of biological membranes from this work are discussed.
Many sensors, one robot

The author presents important issues in designing fault tolerant systems for autonomous robots. The author also presents the fault tolerance capabilities implemented on the autonomous robot. To tolerate hardware failures, a set of fault tolerance processes are written for each component. These processes are responsible for detecting faults in their respective component, and minimizing the impact of the failure on the robot's performance. The author tested the capabilities of this system by physically disabling and enabling the robot's sensors and actuators. It is found that the system recognizes and compensates for sensor and actuator failures with a fast response time.
The Click modular router

Click is a new software architecture for building flexible and configurable routers. A Click router is assembled from packet processing modules called elements. Individual elements implement simple router functions like packet classification, queueing, scheduling, and interfacing with network devices. Complete configurations are built by connecting elements into a graph; packets flow along the graph's edges. Several features make individual elements more powerful and complex configurations easier to write, including pull processing, which models packet flow driven by transmitting interfaces, and flow-based router context, which helps an element locate other interesting elements.We demonstrate several working configurations, including an IP router and an Ethernet bridge. These configurations are modular---the IP router has 16 elements on the forwarding path---and easy to extend by adding additional elements, which we demonstrate with augmented configurations. On commodity PC hardware running Linux, the Click IP router can forward 64-byte packets at 73,000 packets per second, just 10% slower than Linux alone.
Major Depressive Disorder, Cognitive Symptoms, and Neuropsychological Performance among Ethnically Diverse HIV + Men and Women

Major depressive disorder (MDD), cognitive symptoms, and mild cognitive deficits commonly occur in HIV-infected individuals, despite highly active antiretroviral therapies. In this study, we compared neuropsychological performance and cognitive symptoms of 191 HIV-infected participants. Results indicated that participants with a formal diagnosis of current MDD performed significantly worse than participants without MDD in all seven neuropsychological domains evaluated, with the largest effect sizes in information processing speed, learning, and memory. In addition, a brief assessment of cognitive symptoms, derived from a comprehensive neuromedical interview, correlated significantly with neurocognitive functioning. Participants with MDD reported more cognitive symptoms and showed greater neurocognitive deficits than participants without MDD. These findings indicate that HIV-infected adults with MDD have more cognitive symptoms and worse neuropsychological performance than HIV-infected individuals without MDD. The results of this study have important implications for the diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).
Instruction issue logic for high-performance, interruptable pipelined processors

The performance of pipelined processors is severely limited by data dependencies. In order to achieve high performance, a mechanism to alleviate the effects of data dependencies must exist. If a pipelined CPU with multiple functional units is to be used in the presence of a virtual memory hierarchy, a mechanism must also exist for determining the state of the machine precisely. In this paper, we combine the issues of dependency-resolution and preciseness of state. We present a design for instruction issue logic that resolves dependencies dynamically and, at the same time, guarantees a precise state of the machine, without a significant hardware overhead. Detailed simulation studies for the proposed mechanism, using the Lawrence Livermore loops as a benchmark, are presented.
A social cognitive developmental perspective on moral judgment

Moral judgment constitutes an important aspect of adults’ social interactions. How do adults’ moral judgments develop? We discuss work from cognitive and social psychology on adults’ moral judgment, and we review developmental research to illuminate its origins. Work in these fields shows that adults make nuanced moral judgments based on a number of factors, including harm aversion, and that the origins of such judgments lie early in development. We begin by reviewing evidence showing that distress signals can cue moral judgments but are not necessary for moral judgment to occur. Next, we discuss findings demonstrating that both children and adults distinguish moral violations from violations of social norms, and we highlight the influence of both moral rules and social norms on moral judgment. We also discuss the influence of actors’ intentions on moral judgment. Finally, we offer some closing thoughts on potential similarities between moral cognition and reasoning about other ideologies.
New Insights on the Roles of Ice, Water and Climate Change in Recent Landscape Development on Mars

Ground-ice exists widely on Mars and has been observed directly - the Phoenix Mars Lander revealed it in trenches only centimeters deep. The landscape surrounding Phoenix would not look out of place in the Antarctic or in Ice-Age Europe - a stony plain patterned by a regular network of polygons. However, the generation of liquid water from ground-ice thaw on Mars is hotly debated. Models tell us that ground-ice on Mars cannot melt under current conditions, instead subliming directly to vapour without becoming liquid, and geomorphological evidence of sublimation is abundant. However, recent very high resolution images of Mars from HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) now reveal suites of landforms consistent with ground-ice thaw and resulting liquid flows. These landforms first remind us of the importance of testing our models by observation, but might instead hint that the chemistry of Martian ground-ice allows it to thaw at unexpectedly low temperatures.
The AutoLISP World

Lisp was developed in the late 1950s by John McCarthy at MIT and, excepting FORTRAN, is the oldest high-level computer language that is still widely used. He chose the name LISP as an acronym for LISt Processing, because much of what we do in the language involves operations on lists of data and code.
IN-PILE EXPERIMENTS ON MELTDOWN OF EBR-II MARK I FUEL ELEMENTS IN STAGNANT SODIUM

Experiments were performed in-pile, using the Transient Reactor Test Facility, to study the meltdown behavior under transient heating of metallic Experimental Breeder Reactor-II fuel elements contained in stagnant sodium. Threshold of failure, modes of failure, and post-experiment distribution of fuel were obtained for a range of experimental conditions including uniform axial power and axialpower profile shaped to approximate a typical power profile of a fast-reactor core, Samples were exposed both with sodium initally at saturation conditions, and with sodium pressurized to inhibit boiling. Although the presence of stagnant sodium was found to modify qualitatively the results found previously for dry EBR-II samples, the changes were not great, and results were consistent with those for dry elements. (auth)
An Evaluation of the Application of Minimum Chi-Square Procedures to Stochastic Models of Brand Choice:

This paper investigates the small sample properties of minimum chi-square estimates of the parameters of stochastic brand choice models. It also describes and evaluates a statistical test which is ...
A π-less Buffon's Needle Problem

(2006). A π-less Buffon's Needle Problem. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 385-389.
Reactions of Glasses with Aqueous and Nonaqueous Environments

Reactions of glasses with the environment occur directly on the glass surface and inside the glass after diffusion of molecules into it. Water, either vapor or liquid, is the most important reactant, but other gases can react with surface and internal silicon-hydroxyl and silicon-oxygen groups. Substantial amounts of water can be introduced into glasses at high temperatures and pressures; the resultant hydrosilicates have unusual properties. In multicomponent alkali silicate glasses water preferentially leaches components; the mobile alkali ions are leached over a wide pH range. Analysis of alkali profiles is straightforward, but measurement of hydrogen profiles requires special care because of outgassing of water. Hydration transforms the surface structure of less durable silicate glasses, leading to rapid outgassing and rapid ionic transport in the transformed layer. The rate of dissolution of the silicon-oxygen network depends on temperature, glass composition, and solution components, especially pH. Heavy metal fluoride glasses dissolve in water, and glass components precipitate on the glass surface. These glasses are quite durable in humid air, with a slow reaction with water to form HF vapor.
Divergence Model of Protein Evolution

Analysis of the evolutionary conservation of amino acids is useful for the analysis of sequence variants detected in individuals with regard to possible impact on protein function. Rapid advances in DNA sequencing technologies are enabling affordable access to SNPs, exome sequencing, and whole genome shotgun sequencing. An understanding of the biological processes that have shaped diverging protein sequences aids the interpretation of sequence variants. The divergence model of protein evolution is presented as a general framework for interpreting information available from comparative analysis of protein sequences.
Embedding Cloud Computing inside Supercomputer Architectures

Recently there has been a surge of interest in several prototype software systems that can embed a cloud computing image with user applications into a supercomputerâs hardware architecture. This position paper will summarize these efforts and comment on the advantages of each design and will also discuss some of the challenges that one faces with such software systems. This paper takes the position that specific types of user applications may favor one type of design over another. Different designs may have potential advantages for specific user applications and each design also brings a considerable cost to assure operability and overall computer security. A âone size fits all designâ for a cost effective and portable solution for Supercomputer/cloud delivery is far from being a solved problem. Additional research and development should continue exploring various design approaches. In the end several different types of supercomputer/cloud implementations may be needed to optimally satisfy the complexity and diversity of user needs, requirements and security concerns. The authors also recommend that the community recognize a distinction when discussing cluster-type HPC/Cloud versus Supercomputer/Cloud implementations because of the substantive differences between these systems.
Application Small Dose Atracurium in Short-time Pediatric Operation with Laparoscope

Objective To find a proper dose of atracurium for short-time LP operation for children.Methods Contrast four groups of full dose muscle relaxant,no muscle relaxant,half dose muscle relaxant and full dose muscle relaxant with antagonist.Observe the time of the recovery of auto respiration,awake and extubation.Results Group of half dose muscle relaxant has the shortest time of the recovery of auto respiration,awake and extubation.Conclusion Method of half dose muscle relaxant has a stable anesthesia induction and a quick recovery of auto respiration.It is a good method for LP operation for children.
In Vivo NMR Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Boronated Compounds in the Rat Model

The success of neutron capture therapy in the treatment of cancer is dependent on the development of boronated compounds that preferentially accumulate in tumor tissue and not in surrounding normal tissue. Researchers are investigating numerous new compounds for boron delivery to tumors. Evaluation of the performance of these compounds typically includes in vitro studies of drug uptake in tumor cell cultures followed by animal studies in which toxicity and tumor specificity are determined. Once toxicity issues are resolved, the drug proceeds to human clinical trials where tumor specificity and drug toxicity are again evaluated. The animal and human studies attempt to characterize the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the compounds by analyzing ex vivo tissue, blood, and urine samples. While these studies provide important information about drug accumulation and distribution in various tissues, they fail to provide an in vivo representation of the uptake and elimination of the boronated compound within a single animal or patient.
From Liquid Helium to Granular Materials

This article provides a brief history of work that I have either carried out with Horst Meyer, or that was connected in some way with experiences reaching back to the laboratory known as LTM for low temperature [physics] Meyer, at Duke University. It is not intended as a complete review of all relevant work, but rather to hit highlights. My work with Horst started with studies of critical phenomena in liquid helium. This system provided an extremely rich and diverse testing ground for then newly emerging theories of static and dynamic critical phenomena. A key aspect of the experimental work with Horst was high-precision measurements of temperature and pressure. The ability to measure thermal properties with exceptional precision was at the core of this work. It also provided a natural springboard for entirely different investigations of Rayleigh–Benard convection, which had just been initiated by Guenter Ahlers. My postdoc with Guenter provided a whole new set of experiences involving convection, dynamical instabilities, and chaos, where again the special properties, measurement techniques, and creative approaches to research associated with liquid helium were critical. In fact, later, knowledge of these techniques allowed me to start a whole new research direction in granular materials, which is a primary focus of my current research.
Lazer: Distributed memory-efficient assembly of large-scale genomes

Genome sequencing technology has witnessed tremendous progress in terms of throughput as well as cost per base pair, resulting in an explosion in the size of data. Consequently, typical sequence assembly tools demand a lot of processing power and memory and are unable to assemble big datasets unless run on hundreds of nodes. In this paper, we present a distributed assembler that achieves both scalability and memory efficiency by using partitioned de Bruijn graphs. By enhancing the memory-to-disk swapping and reducing the network communication in the cluster, we can assemble large sequences such as human genomes (452 GB) on just two nodes in 14.5 hours, and also scale up to 128 nodes in 23 minutes. We also assemble a synthetic wheat genome with 1.1 TB of raw reads on 8 nodes in 18.5 hours and on 128 nodes in 1.25 hours.
Risks and rewards for momentum and reversal portfolios

Rational asset pricing implies a positive relation between the expected risk-adjusted return and the volatility of a factor-mimicking portfolio. The relation for the momentum portfolio is weak after its return is adjusted for the risks associated with the market return, the size factor, and the book-to-market factor. However, the relation is significantly positive and captures most of the average return on the momentum portfolio after the return is adjusted for the market return and the risk associated with the short-term reversal portfolio return. The result supports the hypothesis that there is a common factor underlying both momentum and short-term reversal. The dynamics of the factor loadings and the correlation structure of the underlying factors have important implications for the risk prices associated with the factor-mimicking portfolios and the risk–return trade-off for momentum and reversal portfolios.
Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis with primary pulmonary MALT lymphoma masquerading as metastatic lung disease.

ABSTRACTNodular pulmonary amyloidosis is a very rare form of localized amyloidosis involving the lung, with very little known about its nature. It is usually associated with indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder and also connective tissue disorders. No definite treatment guideline exists. Many patients respond to chemotherapy with low risk of progression and a ‘wait and watch’ strategy is also considered a valid treatment option. In this report the authors present a case of nodular pulmonary amyloidosis with pulmonary mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma that presented with features of metastatic malignant disease and after definitive diagnosis decided not to undergo treatment.
A New Probe for Mechanical Testing of Nanostructures in Soft Materials

We report a new application of the optical tweezers, where a harmonically driven oscillating tweezer is combined with the forward light scattering and lock-in amplification techniques, for probing the mechanics of nanostructures in soft materials in a broad frequency range. Model independent dynamic moduli G′ and G″ of the material at a localized, sub-micron area can be measured directly from the displacement and the phase shift of the particle in the oscillating trap. The probe particles can be as small as 200 nm and the displacement of the particle was in the range of a few nanometers. To illustrate the new methodology, we show the microscopic viscoelastic properties of a transient polymer network in the vicinity of a silica bead.
Use of Direct Current Electroretinography for Analysis of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Function in Mouse Models

A monolayer of pigmented epithelial cells, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), supports photoreceptor function in many ways. Consistent with these roles, RPE dysfunction underlies a number of hereditary retinal disorders. To monitor RPE function in vivo models for these conditions, we adapted an electroretinographic (ERG) technique based on direct current amplification (DC-ERG). This chapter describes the main features of this approach and its application to mouse models involving the RPE.
Interventional Cardiovascular MRI

Interventional cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (iCMR) is potentially revolutionary because of the exquisite tissue and blood imaging afforded to guide therapeutic procedures. By making small compromises in spatial or temporal resolution, and with little or no modifications to commercial high-performance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, images can be acquired and displayed almost instantaneously to operators. This may be useful simply to avoid ionizing radiation during conventional catheter-based procedures, especially in children. Perhaps more important, iCMR promises to enable more advanced procedures not otherwise possible without open surgical exposure.
Hippo Signaling in Heart Development

Although much has been learned about heart development, it is surprising that very little is known about how heart size is regulated. Recent work in mice revealed that Hippo signaling interacts with canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling to regulate cardiac organ size during fetal development. Previous studies had shown that canonical Wnt/β signaling enhanced heart muscle or cardiomyocyte proliferation. As cardiomyocyte development progresses, Hippo signaling inhibits canonical Wnt/β-catenin activity through a multitiered mechanism to suppress cardiomyocyte proliferation and ultimately restrict heart size. These studies further demonstrate that Hippo and Warts kinases phosphorylate YAP to silence cardiomyocyte proliferation programs. Given the role of the Hippo pathway in cardiac size control, an important challenge for the future is to determine whether Hippo signaling also regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation in the normal and injured postnatal heart. Such studies may lay the groundwork for novel cardiovascular repair therapies. In this review, we will summarize the major developmental events that give rise to the vertebrate heart and highlight the established and potential roles that Hippo signaling serves during cardiogenesis to maintain proper organ size.
On Wanting to Believe

Arecent episode of Bill Waterson’s syndicated cartoon “Calvin and Hobbes” has Calvin in a fractured setting. “Oh No! Everything has suddenly turned neo-cubist,” he exclaims. The cartoon continues: It all started when Calvin engaged his Dad in a minor debate! Soon Calvin could see both sides of the issue! The poor Calvin began to see both sides of everything! The traditional single point of view has been abandoned! Perspective has been fractured! The multiple views provide too much information! It’s impossible to move! Calvin quickly tries to eliminate all but one perspective.
Eosinophilia in Systemic Mastocytosis

The diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis depends on the proper recognition of extensive mast cells infiltration in tissues. Accurate identification of the mast cells in tissues may be difficult when there is no clinical suspicion to initiate a special search for these cells. Four patients with atypical clinical features and eosinophilia in tissues and three with eosinophilia in blood had hematologic or histologic findings suggestive of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, and malignant lymphoma. It was the presence of blood and tissue eosinophilia in these patients that led to further investigation and recognition of the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis. Methods for identification of the mast cells are examined. The combined use of Wright-Giemsa stain, toluidine blue, and aminocaproate esterase is preferred. The eosinophils are intimately related to the mast cells. In cases of eosinophilia of unknown etiology, systemic mastocytosis should be considered one of the possible etiologic factors.
Imaging findings after acute sport-related concussion in American football players: A systematic review.

Abstract Sport-related concussion (SRC) has emerged as a major public health problem. The results of brain imaging studies following SRC have raised questions about long-term neurologic health, but the clinical implications of these findings remain unknown. A systematic review of brain imaging findings after SRC was performed utilizing the following inclusion criteria: football players, brain imaging within 6 months of SRC, and sample size >5. Studies were assessed for: 1) methodology, 2) imaging outcomes, and 3) number of positive statistical comparisons. Imaging was classified as immediate (≤1 week post-injury) or subacute (>1 week to 6 months post-injury). Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. Eight of the 11 studies conducted a total of 809 comparisons of brain function, of which 149 (18%) were statistically significant. Nine of the 11 studies (82%) reported positive immediate findings, but were more likely to be subject to recall bias (86% vs. 0%) and to lack baseline advanced brain imaging (78% vs. 50%) than negative studies. Only 3 of 9 studies that reported subacute findings (33%) reported positive results, and these positive studies were also more likely to be subject to recall bias (100% vs. 40%) and to lack baseline advanced brain imaging (100% vs. 67%) than negative studies. The results of the study demonstrate the transitory nature of positive imaging findings and methodological limitations that complicate study interpretation. Further research is required to correlate imaging findings with clinical outcomes.
What Goes with Red and Blue? Mapping Partisan and Ideological Associations in the Minds of Voters

To what extent do voters grasp “what goes with what” among key political objects as they attempt to understand the choices they face at the ballot box? Is recognition of these associations limited to only the most informed citizens? We design a novel conjoint classification experiment that minimizes partisan boosting and allows for the relative comparison of attribute effect when mapping voter associative networks, the cluster of attributes linked to parties and ideological labels. We ask respondents to ‘guess’ the party or ideology of hypothetical candidates with fully randomized issue priorities and biographical details. There is remarkable agreement among both high- and low-knowledge voters in linking issues to each party and ideology, suggesting this minimalist form of associative competence is more widely held in the mass public than perhaps previously thought. We find less agreement about biographical traits, which appear to pose greater informational challenges for voters. Notably, nearly identical issue priorities and traits are associated with party and ideology, indicating these two dimensions are largely fused in the minds of today’s American voters.
Twinned α p-Aminobenzoic Acid at 106 K

The α crystalline form of p-aminobenzoic acid is monoclinic and prone to twinning by pseudo-merohedry (a ≈ c). A structure was reported by Lai and Marsh (1967) on an almost untwinned specimen where (a-c)/σ is 36. In revisiting this structure, a sample showing twinning was obtained from the metabolites of a Streptomyces strain collected from the soil at the ancient Roman city of Pollentia on the Balearic island of Mallorca. A 106(2) K determination shows pseudo-merohedral twinning, with a = 18.5452(6), b = 3.73406(15), c = 18.5484(7) A, β = 93.790(3)°, V = 1281.65(8) A3, and (a−c)/σ 5. The refinement included twin contributions [major domain 0.7435(15)] and produced a higher resolution structure determination. The cell contains two neutral molecules per asymmetric unit. Both form complementary carboxylic acid dimers across inversions centers of P21/n. Nitrogens are pyramidal and donate Hydrogen-bonds through one amine hydrogen; a stronger two-center N–H⋯O in one case, and a weaker three-center N–H⋯(O, O’) in the other. The molecular structure shows a pronounced quinoid distortion, and a comparison is drawn with the previous studies, an ordered β monoclinic phase, and with other structural studies. The α monoclinic phase of p-aminobenzoic acid crystallizes commonly as pseudo-merohedral twins, and a specimen studied at 106 K had a ≈ c within 5 esd’s, allowing an improved refinement and a more accurate molecular model.
Every presentation is a performance.

Good presentation skills are important. Why? When you improve your presentation skills, you improve your ability to engage your audience and communicate whatever science you happen to do. In gradua...
Modeling of deformation of battery cells using thick shell element formulation

Abstract We describe a new approach for modeling nonlinear deformation and stress distribution of battery cells using a new thick shell finite element formulation with a through-thickness calculation of stresses and strains that satisfy equilibrium conditions. Battery cells are transversely layered materials that contain numerous thin layers in a repeating sequence. The layers are made of materials with significantly different mechanical responses. Explicit discretization of the layers is computationally impractical except for very small domains, while homogenized material models cannot account for stress and strain variations and partition through the thickness. The new formulation allows for calculation of the transverse and interlayer stresses based on the material properties of the individual cell layers. The application to problems where the transverse stresses have strong influence is also possible.
Frame-Constructional Verb Classes: Change and Theft Verbs in English and German

While verb classes are a mainstay of linguistic research, the field lacks consensus on precisely what constitutes a verb class. This book presents a novel approach to verb classes, employing a bottom-up, corpus-based methodology and combining key insights from Frame Semantics, Construction Grammar, and Valency Grammar. On this approach, verb classes are formulated at varying granularity levels to adequately capture both the shared semantic and syntactic properties unifying verbs of a class and the idiosyncratic properties unique to individual verbs. In-depth analyses based on this approach shed light on the interrelations between verbs, frame-semantics, and constructions, and on the semantic richness and network organization of grammatical constructions.This approach is extended to a comparison of Change and Theft verbs, revealing unexpected lexical and syntactic differences across semantically distinct classes. Finally, a range of contrastive (German–English) analyses demonstrate how verb classes can inform the cross-linguistic comparison of verbs and constructions.
Sounds of Sickness: Can People Identify Infectious Disease Using Sounds of Coughs and Sneezes?

Cough, cough. Is that person sick, or do they just have a throat tickle? A growing body of research suggests pathogen threats shape key aspects of human sociality. However, less research has investigated specific processes involved in pathogen threat detection. Here, we examine whether perceivers can accurately detect pathogen threats using an understudied sensory modality-sound. Participants in four studies judged whether cough and sneeze sounds were produced by people infected with a communicable disease or not. We found no evidence that participants could accurately identify the origins of these sounds. Instead, the more disgusting they perceived a sound to be, the more likely they were to judge that it came from an infected person (regardless of whether it did). Thus, unlike research indicating perceivers can accurately diagnose infection using other sensory modalities (e.g. sight, smell), we find people overperceive pathogen threat in subjectively disgusting sounds.
Commentary on Muris and Otgaar (2020): Let the Empirical Evidence Speak on the Self-Compassion Scale

This commentary addresses Muris and Otgaar’s (2020) paper titled “The Process of Science: A Critical Evaluation of More than 15 Years of Research on Self-Compassion with the Self-Compassion Scale.” The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is a multidimensional scale measuring self-compassion that includes subscales representing increased compassionate self-responding (CS)—self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness—and reduced uncompassionate self-responding (UCS)—self-judgment, isolation, and overidentification. Muris and Otgaar have proposed that a total SCS score should not be used because CS and UCS are separate and unrelated constructs. I propose that CS and UCS are distinct but related and that a total SCS score can validly be used. More than just asserting their viewpoint, however, Muris and Otgaar (2020) have made ad hominem attacks on any researchers who disagree with them as unscientific, irrational, or unethical. They claimed their position was irrefutable and that continued use of a total SCS score by researchers was evidence of bias. Although they acknowledged the need for empirical data confirming or disconfirming hypotheses generated by the different positions, they offered no confirmable hypotheses of their own and simply assumed the evidence supports their position. I lay out a series of ten hypotheses based on each position to test which is correct. The empirical evidence confirms the position that CS and UCS are related and that a total SCS score can be used, while disconfirming the position that CS and UCS are unrelated and that a total SCS score cannot be used.
Sexual Dysfunction in Persons Receiving Opioid Substitution Therapy

In the context of a growing opioid epidemic, there is an increased focus on opioid substitution therapy (OST), administered in the forms of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) and buprenorphine maintenance therapy (BMT). Awareness of the sexual side effects of OST appears to be lacking. Therefore, the goal of this review is to present the pathophysiology of OST and sexual dysfunction, analyze current literature regarding the prevalence of OST and sexual dysfunction, and critically compare MMT and BMT from a sexual medicine perspective. Compared to continued opioid use, OST may improve sexual function. However, there continues to be a high prevalence of sexual dysfunction among those on OST. Specifically, the current literature suggests an association between OST and erectile dysfunction (ED) and hypogonadism for both MMT and BMT. Compared to MMT, BMT appears to have less association with ED and hypogonadism, perhaps due to buprenorphine’s partial opioid receptor agonism mechanism of action. There are no guidelines incorporating sexual side effects as a factor when determining which OST to initiate for patients. Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent among those on MMT and BMT. BMT is less associated with ED and hypogonadism compared to MMT. Sexual side effects should be discussed during shared decision-making with patients when choosing between MMT or BMT for initiating OST.
Low-Luminosity AGN As Analogues of Galactic Black Holes in the Low/Hard State: Evidence from X-Ray Timing of NGC 4258

We present a broadband power spectral density function (PSD) measured from extensive RXTE monitoring data of the low-luminosity AGN NGC 4258, which has an accurate, maser-determined black hole mass of (3.9 plus or minus 0.1) x 10(exp 7) solar mass. We constrain the PSD break time scale to be greater than 4.5 d at greater than 90% confidence, which appears to rule out the possibility that NGC 4258 is an analogue of black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs) in the high/soft state. In this sense, the PSD of NGC 4258 is different to that of some more-luminous Seyferts, which appear similar to the PSDs of high/soft state X-ray binaries. This result supports previous analogies between LLAGN and X-ray binaries in the low/hard state based on spectral energy distributions, indicating that the AGN/BHXRB analogy is valid across a broad range of accretion rates.
Panacea or problem: New governance structures for disaster recovery

Abstract Newly formed post-disaster governance structures are entities vested with special authority and powers that allow them to bypass the established norms and procedures of governance. They are increasingly becoming the normative model for governments to coordinate and execute recovery after catastrophic events. Yet, little is known about the challenges such structures face. Using qualitative data from in-depth interviews and document analysis of legislation, government reports, and news accounts, this paper compares new governance structures that were initiated in Japan and Nepal to ensure that post-disaster long-term recovery efforts were coordinated. We examine the National Reconstruction Agency, established after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan and the National Reconstruction Authority, established after the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal. The study finds that the new governance structures were characterized by a number of challenges. These include delays in establishment, confusion over jurisdictional authority, and lack of input from local governments. The paper offers policy recommendations to mitigate such challenges.
On the Finding of an Equilibrium: Düppe–Weintraub and the Problem of Scientific Credit

In this review article, I read a book that revolves around two papers published in 1954, one by Lionel McKenzie, and the other by Kenneth Arrow and Gerard Debreu—Till Duppe and E. Roy Weintraub's Finding Equilibrium: Arrow, Debreu, McKenzie and the Problem of Scientific Credit (2014). Under a tripartite categorization of people, context, and credit, this book advances the claim that "by being applied, interpreted, shaped, and reshaped, [these] proofs came to symbolize a new intellectual culture in American economics and help reconstruct the body of economic knowledge" (Duppe and Weintraub 2014, p. 204). My reading leads me to contest this claim, and also to contest whether a history of economic analysis, much less a history of economic thought, can be written by taking refuge in the vernacular of ancillary discourses orthogonal to the subject matter whose history is being written, and without the disciplinary criteria that these discourses operate under. An unintended consequence of my reading is the identification of lacunae in the reception of these proofs, an underscoring of Paul A. Samuelson's panoramic vision, and a reemphasis of the sterling contributions of David Gale, Thomas Kuhn, Hukukane Nikaido, and Hirofumi Uzawa.