cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migración, lucha por la vivienda y transnacionalismo socio-político: El caso de Movimiento por Justicia del Barrio

Transnationalism is, within Mexican migration studies, the predominant perspective to explain collective action undertaken by Mexicans in the United States. It takes into account the Mexican “diaspora’s” interest and political participation in their hometowns. This article challenges transnationalism’s basic tenet and proposes,instead, the notion of socio-political transnationalism. Nevertheless, the article emphasizes on how migrants fist act collectively to improve their living conditions in the host societies, rather than organizing around their ties with their homeland. This kind of organizing does not imply indifference towards the situation in their country of origin. It does mean, however, that the transnational perspective falls into a second plane. To illustrate, we will depict the history of Movimiento por Justicia del Barrio, an immigrants’ organization in the City of New York, principally Mexican based, and their struggle against the gentrifying attempts taking place in East Harlem. We will also look at their political vision and the links they have created with organizationsin Mexico.
Second opinions and online consultations

Consumers increasingly obtain direct consultations from experts, thanks to the prevalent use of Information Technology and the Internet. Motivated by the online consultation practices of reputed institutions such as Harvard University hospitals and the Cleveland Clinic, we develop a duopoly model and study the strategies of high-quality experts in business-to-consumer consultation markets. Experts decide whether to provide first or second opinions and serve face-to-face and/or online. The experts' skills and the offered quality levels differ. We show that both the elimination of transaction costs and the reduction in the diagnostic accuracy in online markets impact the profitability of selling second opinions more favorably relative to that of selling first opinions, providing incentives for high-quality experts to specialize as second opinion providers. We also show that high-quality experts can charge higher face-to-face prices by adopting the online channel.
A solution for self-calibrating a large distorted phased array using subarray processing

Two subarray procedures are added to the multiple scatterer algorithm (MSA) for the purpose of self-calibrating a large distorted phased array. Depending on whether or not overlapping between adjacent subarrays exists, they are called the multiple scatterer algorithm with subarray processing (MSA-S) or the multiple scatterer algorithm with overlapping subarray processing (MSA-OS). These are tested using experimental microwave echoes from an industrial site and a housing development area. The data sets are obtained using an X-band (3-cm), 83-m phased array. MSA-OS can synthesize a specular-like beamformer using the echoes from three low-quality beamformers, each of which is incapable of phase-cohering the array by itself. MSA is found to be superior to the more basic dominant scatterer algorithm (DSA), and MSA-OS is found to perform the best. >
Does Landholding Inequality Block Democratization?: A Test of the "Bread and Democracy" Thesis and the Case of Prussia

Recent cross-national studies have returned their attention to the structural determinants of political regimes, highlighting in particular the factor of as a decisive barrier to democratization. This article provides the first systematic test of such hypotheses at the microlevel and proposes a new account of authoritarianism's durability by examining the crucial case of pre–World War I Prussia. The article analyzes the results of a roll-call vote on a watershed piece of legislation that was defeated on the eve of World War I—legislation that would have democratized suffrage rules in Germany's largest state. When examined systematically, this historically and theoretically important vote reveals two surprising lessons: first, landholding inequality undercuts the prospects of democratization even holding income inequality constant. Second, the nature of elite competition and electoral considerations, shaped by the institutional configuration of nondemocratic regimes, can also thwart democratization, even when socioeconomic conditions may appear to make a society ripe for regime change.
Connections among parent and child atopic illnesses

This study investigated parent-child connections for the atopic illnesses of asthma, eczema, food allergies, and hay fever, in a sample of 325 families. Parents reported whether they or their children currently had each condition and rated the frequency and intensity of its episodes; these ratings were combined to estimate illness severity. The data revealed five main findings. First, chi-square parent-child concordance analyses indicated that children of parents with any of the atopic illnesses studied were significantly more likely to develop that same disease than were children of parents without the illness. Second, children were progressively more likely to have at least one atopic illness when the number of their parents who were atopic increased from zero to two. Third, the number of atopic illnesses in the children was associated with the number of atopic illnesses in the parents. These three findings augment the evidence for genetic factors in the development of atopic illnesses and suggest that the atopies of each parent may contribute to an aggregate, generalized risk for their children. Fourth, maternal atopy was more strongly related to the children's asthma and hay fever than paternal atopy. Fifth, the severity of the children's specific atopic illnesses was not affected by the number of their parents who had the same condition and was not strongly related to the severity of their parents' condition.
The effects of troglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing agent, on the endothelial function in early and late type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.

Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma (PPARgamma) improves insulin resistance and glycemic control in patients with diabetes. As PPARgamma is expressed in the endothelial cell, we have investigated the effect of troglitazone, a PPARgamma activator, on the endothelial function in people with type 2 diabetes in a 12-week, prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. We studied 87 type 2 diabetic patients who were divided into 3 groups. Group A consisted of 27 patients with recently diagnosed diabetes and no clinical manifestations of macrovascular disease; group B, 29 patients with long-term diabetes and no clinically evident macrovascular disease; and group C, 31 diabetic patients with documented macrovascular disease (cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease). High-resolution ultrasound images were used to measure the flow-mediated dilation (FMD, endothelium-dependent) and nitroglycerin-induced dilation (NID, endothelium-independent) in the brachial artery. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to measure vasodilation in the forearm skin in response to iontophoresis of 1% acetylcholine (Ach, endothelium-dependent) and 1% sodium nitroprusside (NaNP, endothelium-independent). The plasma concentrations of von Willebrand factor (vWF), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM) were also measured as indicators of endothelial cell activation. The FMD improved in the troglitazone-treated patients in group A (7.72 +/- 3.4 v 5.27 +/- 2.0, P <.05 [exit visit v baseline, percent of increase in brachial artery diameter, mean +/- SD]). The fasting insulin level also improved in this group (15.6 +/- 10 v 19.7 +/- 10, P <.05) and was strongly correlated to changes in FMD (r = -.73, P <.01). No changes were found in the FMD or the fasting insulin levels in the troglitazone-treated patients in groups B or C. The NID was not changed by troglitazone treatment in any of the 3 groups. Also, no differences were found in the microcirculation reactivity measurements or in the biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction in all 3 groups. A small, but significant, improvement of the FMD was found in placebo-treated patients in group B, probably related to the low FMD levels at baseline in the patients (5.40 +/- 3.0 v 4.36 +/- 2.4, P <.05). We concluded that troglitazone treatment for 12 weeks improved endothelial function in the macrocirculation of patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes and no clinical evidence of macrovascular disease. This improvement was strongly associated with the improvement of fasting plasma insulin concentrations.
Measuring the structural complexity of OPS5 rule-based programs

Complexity metrics, such as McCabe's cyclomatic number of a program control graph and Halstead's number of operator/operand occurrences have been used extensively to measure the structural complexity of procedural programs. However, few suitable complexity metrics have been developed for rule-based programs written in OPS5 and OPS5-like rule-based languages. With the increasingly common use of rule-based languages in knowledge-based systems, this paper describes new complexity metrics to more accurately measure the complexity of OPS5 rule-based programs. The practicality of these metrics is empirically demonstrated by applying them to measure the complexity of a suite of benchmark: OPS5 expert systems.
Silicon point contact concentrator solar cells

Experimental results are presented for thin high resistivity concentrator silicon solar cells which use a back-side point-contact geometry. Cells of 130 and 233 µm thickness were fabricated and characterized. The thin cells were found to have efficiencies greater than 22 percent for incident solar intensities of 3 to 30 W/cm2(30-300 "suns"). Efficiency peaked at 23 percent at 11 W/cm2measured at 22-25°C. Strategies for obtaining higher efficiencies with this solar cell design are discussed.
Controlled Gene Expression in the Plant Pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica by Use of a Copper-Responsive Element

We have developed a tool for controlled expression of heterologous or ectopic genes in the chestnut pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica using the promoter region from a putative copper-regulated transporter gene. In addition, we have found that expression control via this system is not affected by the virulence-attenuating hypovirus CHV1-EP713.
Impaired arginine metabolism and NO synthesis in coronary endothelial cells of the spontaneously diabetic BB rat

Arginine metabolism via nitric oxide (NO) synthase and other pathways was studied in coronary endothelial cells (EC) from the spontaneously diabetic BB rat, an animal model of human type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM). EC were prepared from insulin-treated diabetic BB (BBd) and non-diabetes-prone BB (BBn) rats. Basal NO synthesis was studied in EC cultured for 48 h in medium containing 0.4 mM L-arginine. At the end of the culture period, the medium was analyzed for nitrite and nitrate (two major end stable oxidation products of NO), and the cells were used to determine arginine uptake and metabolism and the activities of some arginine-degrading enzymes. For studies of arginine metabolism, cells were incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1 mM L(-)[1-14C]arginine or L(-)[1-14C]ornithine. The rates of production of nitrite plus nitrate by BBd EC were only 15% of those of BBn cells. This impaired NO synthesis in BBd EC was not due to alterations in arginine uptake, NO synthase activity, or intracellular arginine concentrations but might have resulted from a limited intracellular availability of cofactors of NO synthase. In addition to the arginine-NO pathway, arginine was found to be metabolized to urea, ornithine, and, to a much lesser extent, CO2 via arginase and ornithine aminotransferase. The activities of arginase and the formation of ornithine and urea from arginine were decreased by 90% in BBd compared with BBn cells. These results, coupled with the reduced NO synthesis, indicate metabolic defects in arginine metabolism in BBd EC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Self-Determination: Historical Perspectives and Effects on Current Practice

SOCIAL WORK LITERATURE long has recognized that a major function of social workers is to max imize opportunities for client self determination, that condition in which personal behavior emanates from a per son's own wishes, choices, and deci sions (Berlin, 1975). However, the literature has not addressed adequate ly the process of applying this some what elusive principle to practice. Day-to-day contact with clients in volves confronting an inherent dilemma in the philosophy of self-determination: To deliver necessary services to the community, the agency (an instrument of that community) and its agents (social workers) must maintain control of the services and to that extent also maintain control of the clients. The unresolved
An adaptive jam-resistant cross-layer protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks in noisy environments

This dissertation contributes a jam-resistant communications protocol for use in a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Specific focus is given to the network layer routing of packets within a MANET. A MANET is a self-organizing multi-hop wireless network that is comprised of many mobile hosts communicating wirelessly. As a result of their mobility and dependence on wireless communications, network layer routing is especially prone to errors. An algorithm has been developed using the concept of concurrent codes to allow for jam-resistant wireless communications without a pre-shared secret. The algorithm allows for the recovery of messages even in the presence of significant noise. Experimental results show that a cross-layer protocol designed to take advantage of this property allows for more effective communications in noisy environments such as disaster sites where current network protocols experience significant packet loss rates. Ultimately, this research presents a communications protocol that adapts to the level of interference in the environment to which the network is deployed to allow for effective communication.
Effect of congenitally acquired Neospora caninum infection on risk of abortion and subsequent abortions in dairy cattle.

OBJECTIVES To estimate the extent to which abortion risk in dairy cattle during subsequent pregnancies was associated with congenitally-acquired Neospora caninum infection and previous abortions. ANIMALS 468 Holstein cattle. PROCEDURE Newborn heifer calves were tested for evidence of congenital infection attributable to N caninum and examined repeatedly until the completion of their second lactation for serologic status and evidence of abortion. RESULTS Compared with noninfected cows, congenitally infected cows had a 7.4-fold higher risk of abortion during their initial pregnancy and a 1.7-fold higher risk of aborting the first pregnancy during their first lactation. During the first pregnancy of their second lactation, congenitally infected cows that had aborted previously had a 5.6-fold higher risk of abortion, compared with cows that had not previously aborted and that were seronegative. The fetal risk period for N caninum-associated death began sooner and extended later during the initial pregnancy compared with subsequent pregnancies. CONCLUSION Congenitally acquired N caninum infection can cause a substantial number of abortions during the initial pregnancy of heifers, with abortion risk attributable to N caninum decreasing in subsequent pregnancies, possibly because of selective culling. Subsequent abortions can be expected in congenitally infected cows that have aborted previously.
Further Studies on Immunity to Diphtheria Among Central and Polar Eskimos.

Inasmuch as immunity to various diseases is often found among persons in whom no previous exposure to infection has been established, several authors have postulated the existence of a physiological process of “serological ripening” to explain this phenomenon.1, 2, 3, 4, 5The widespread immunity to diphtheria among Eskimos was repeatedly quoted as an instance of such phenomenon and seemed particularly suitable for study. Materials collected by one of us (P.H.) from 7 groups of these people in 1930 were examined, and the results already reported6 indicated that it was a true antitoxic immunity, and suggested the importance of carriers. Additional materials were collected in 8 such communities during the summer of 1931 by one of us (P.H.) and examined.From the 214 available throat cultures, 34 strains of diphtherialike organisms were, isolated, but it was not possible to demonstrate toxin production at the time of isolation (after 60-80 days maintenance on artificial media). Three strains were morphological...
Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory of dithiophosphinate extractants: minor actinide selectivity and electronic structure correlations.

The dithiophosphinic acid HS2P(o-CF3C6H4)2 is known to exhibit exceptionally high extraction selectivities for trivalent minor actinides (Am and Cm) in the presence of trivalent lanthanides. To generate insight that may account for this observation, a series of [PPh4][S2PR2] complexes, where R = Me (1), Ph (2), p-CF3C6H4 (3), m-CF3C6H4 (4), o-CF3C6H4 (5), o-MeC6H4 (6), and o-MeOC6H4 (7), have been investigated using sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The experimental analyses show distinct features in the spectrum of S2P(o-CF3C6H4)2– (5) that are not present in the spectrum of 4, whose conjugate acid exhibits reduced selectivity, or in the spectra of 2 and 3, which are anticipated to have even lower separation factors based on previous studies. In contrast, the spectrum of 5 is similar to those of 6 and 7, despite the significantly different electron-donating properties associated with the o-CF3, o-Me, and o-OMe substituents. The TDDFT c...
A Dynamic Hybrid Parallel Algorithm of Assessing the Non-sequential Monte Carlo Transient Stability Based on OpenMP and MPI

A kind of hybrid parallel algorithm of assessing risks of power system based on OpenMP and MPI is presented in this paper to improve the efficiency of the large-scale numerical calculation for non-sequential Monte Carlo Simulation in the analysis of transient stability.The Monte Carlo sampling points are allocated in multiple processes of PC cluster based on MPI method by using dynamic programming,and the loop of analyzing and processing system failures is decomposed based on OpenMP by using of multithread parallel computing model in each process.The models testing and data analysis show that this algorithm has expectant parallel calculation efficiency with good accuracy. The normal PC cluster can achieve up to 3.28 times speedup,and hybrid cluster can achieve up to 5.06 times speedup by using of proposed algorithm,which verifies its effectiveness.
Case 26: A Drug-Sponsored Trial

You have completed a drug-sponsored trial. The agreement was for the pharmaceutical company to pay the department several thousand dollars in installments for the work done. The money was used for a research nurse and to pay the laboratory for analyzing blood samples. At the conclusion of the study, the results were to be submitted to the sponsor. At that point, the last installment was to be paid.
Ex Parte Domestic Violence Orders of Protection: How Easing Access to Judicial Process Has Eased the Possibility for Abuse of the Process

This article explores how state domestic violence statutory schemes that grant temporary ex parte orders have inadvertently lead to the abuse of orders of protection. Part I introduces how domestic violence statutes came to be, and describes how the typical statutory scheme works when it comes to granting ex parte orders. Part II examines the problems that occur when ex parte relief is easily obtained. Part III looks at the factors that contribute to the ability to misuse orders of protection. Part IV discusses due process and ex parte orders of protection. Part V is a survey of the state statutory schemes. Specifically, it analyzes participation by judicial officers, prompt post-deprivation hearings, verified petitions or affidavits, and the showing of irreparable harm. Part VI looks at form pleadings as a contributing factor. Finally, Part VII asserts that conscientious judges are the ultimate assurance of due process.
Perennial grass biomass production and utilization

Due to their high-yield potential, low-input requirements, and high energy out to energy in ratios, many perennial grasses, such as switchgrass and giant miscanthus have potential as a biomass feedstock to help reduce the dependence on petroleum energy. As biomass feedstocks, these grasses can be utilized for direct combustion for heat and/or power, cellulosic conversion to ethanol, thermochemical processes for fuel supplements, or anaerobic digestion for methane; however, careful considerations must be made for fuel quality, air emissions, and other environmental impacts. Feedstock production, energy conversion, fuel quality characteristics, environmental impact, and economic considerations are discussed in this chapter.
THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

There are four assumptions necessary for the binomial distribution to accurately model the probabilities of events in a given situation. The assumptions are (1) the outcome of every trial should be dichotomize; in this context, dichotomize means to divide the possible outcomes of any trial into two mutually exclusive alternatives; some examples are success versus failure, head versus tail, and and right versus wrong, (2) the probability of success and failure should be constant over trials, (3) each trial should be independent of every other trial, and (4) there should be a specified number of trials. The probability of a joint event, when it involves events that are independent of each other, is the product of the individual. An important contribution of statistical techniques is that the probability of being wrong in drawing conclusions about relationships between variables can be controlled. The main advantage of statistically developed conclusions is that the probability of being wrong in the conclusions can be controlled.
Congenital Lung Lesions

Congenital lung lesions vary in their histological patterns but often have a similar clinical presentation, namely, respiratory difficulties and recurrent infections. Routine prenatal imaging has led to an increase in diagnosis in the fetal period. The fetal lung lesions grow rapidly between 20 and 26 weeks’ gestation after which most will regress. Some of these lesions exhibit a mass effect that compresses normal lung tissue, leading to pulmonary hypoplasia, or compression of the heart and mediastinal structures, leading to hydrops and fetal demise. Options for fetal intervention include decompression of large cystic masses, open fetal surgery, and ex utero intrapartum treatment. More recently administration of maternal corticosteroids has been employed to decrease the growth of the fetal lung mass, but blinded randomized controlled trials are needed to prove efficacy. Symptomatic neonates require surgical resection. Asymptomatic neonates can be followed with chest CT, no earlier than 6 weeks of life, to further characterize the lesions. Small asymptomatic lesions may be observed if there is no concern for pleuropulmonary blastoma, a malignancy sometimes seen even in newborns. Resection is indicated to avoid infection or future symptoms and is frequently done thoracoscopically. Outcomes are generally excellent.
Highly Stable Three Lithium Insertion in Thin V2O5 Shells on Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Arrays for Ultrahigh-Capacity Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes

Here the authors demonstrate an approach to achieving stable 3 Li+ insertion into vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) by implementing a 3D core–shell structure consisting of coaxial V2O5 shells sputter-coated on vertically aligned carbon nanofiber cores. The hydrated amorphous microporous structure in the “as-deposited” V2O5 shells and the particulated nanocrystalline V2O5 structure formed by thermal annealing are compared. The former provides remarkably high capacities of 360 and 547 mAh g−1 in the voltage range of 4.0–2.0 and 4.0–1.5 V, respectively, far exceeding values in current oxide-based lithium ion battery cathodes and even the corresponding theoretical values of 294 mAh g−1 for 2 Li+/V2O5 insertion and 441 mAh g−1 for 3 Li+/V2O5 insertion into crystalline V2O5 materials. This is attributed to the additional reactions with the hydrated amorphous structure. After 100 cycles of 3 Li+/V2O5 insertion/extraction at 0.20 A g−1 (≈C/3), ≈84% of the initial capacity is retained. After thermal annealing, the core–shell structure presents a capacity of 294 and 390 mAh g−1, matching well with the theoretical values for 2 and 3 Li+/V2O5 insertion. The annealed sample shows further improved stability, with a remarkable capacity retention of ≈100% and ≈88% for 100 cycles of 2 and 3 Li+/V2O5 insertion/extraction.
Reciprocal Densities of CXCR4 and CD5 Define Subfractions of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Clones Differing in Phenotype and Response to Environmental Stimuli: Towards a Better Definition of Targetable Components of Leukemic Clones

Abstract Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an accumulative disorder of CD5+ B cells, a proliferative fraction exists and the extent of this proliferation correlates with clinical course. We previously demonstrated heterogeneous in vivo labeling kinetics of cells in 3 clonal fractions sorted based on reciprocal densities of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) and CD5 from CLL cases recruited on an in vivo labeling study. In that study, the CXCR4dimCD5br fraction contained more 2H-labeled DNA and hence recently divided cells (proliferative fraction) than the CXCR4brCD5dim(resting) fraction. Here, we have analyzed multiple CXCR4/CD5 based subclonal fractions and characterized their phenotypic differences and ability to respond to signals via the BCR and CXCR4 or a combination of the two. PBMCs from a cohort of 50 untreated IgM+ CLL cases were used for this study. Subclonal fractions marked based on differences in relative densities of CXCR4 and CD5 by CLL cells are referred to as CXCR4br, CXCR4int or CXCR4dim and CD5br, CD5int or CD5dim. Sub-populations adjacent to each other on flow cytometric plots differed at least 5 fold in the densities of both CXCR4 and CD5. When subcategorizing CLL clones based on these markers, 9 subfractions were identified. To permit comparisons between these fractions, each was defined as containing only 2-5% of the total clonal CD19+CD5+population while ensuring no overlap in CXCR4 or CD5 densities among each fraction. Interestingly, certain phenotypic and signaling features consistently clustered with distinct subfractions of the CLL clone. Subfraction analyses confirmed an enrichment of Ki-67+ cells in the CXCR4dimCD5br proliferative fraction of every CLL case. In addition, this subfraction showed the highest percentage of cells expressing smIgM and smIgD (p When analyzing phosphorylation of Akt, Erk, p38MAPK and Syk by phosphoflow among all cases, the CXCR4brCD5br fraction exhibited the highest constitutive levels. Constitutive levels of phospho-Btk and - Syk were significantly higher in the CXCR4int CD5br subfraction in M-CLL than in U-CLL cases (p Together, these findings highlight the impact of the molecules expressed by the different subfractions on their ability to relay/inhibit signals elicited via the BCR or CXCR4. They also provide a general frame of reference to further understand functional post-replicative intraclonal heterogeneity of CLL clones and help define aggressive subfractions of the CLL clone as target populations for future therapies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Drawing Catalytic Power from Charge Separation: Stereoelectronic and Zwitterionic Assistance in the Au(I)-Catalyzed Bergman Cyclization

The synergy between bond formation and bond breaking that is typical for pericyclic reactions is lost in their mechanistic cousins, cycloaromatization reactions. In these reactions, exemplified by the Bergman cyclization (BC), two bonds are sacrificed to form a single bond, and the reaction progress is interrupted at the stage of a cyclic diradical intermediate. The catalytic power of Au(I) in BC stems from a combination of two sources: stereoelectronic assistance of C–C bond formation (i.e., “LUMO umpolung”) and crossover from a diradical to a zwitterionic mechanism that takes advantage of the catalyst’s dual ability to stabilize both negative and positive charges. Not only does the synergy between the bond-forming and charge-delocalizing interactions lead to a dramatic (>hundred-billion-fold) acceleration, but the evolution of the two effects results in continuous reinforcement of the substrate/catalyst interaction along the cyclization path. This cooperativity converts the BC into the first example of ...
Effect of formulation on structure-function relationships of concentrated emulsions: Rheological, tribological, and microstructural characterization

Abstract Since concentrated emulsions are the basis for many commercial products, conducting comprehensive studies on structure–function relationships of emulsion systems is necessary for targeted product design. Hence, the objectives of this study were to 1) characterize the effects of fish gelatin concentration and oil phase volume fraction on the rheological, tribological and microstructural properties of concentrated emulsions and 2) determine structure–function relationships based on the measured parameters. Emulsions were prepared using different amounts of oil and fish gelatin, and characterized by rheometry and microscopy. Emulsions containing higher oil or fish gelatin concentrations had greater stability to creaming, larger critical strains, and lower friction profiles. However, they exhibited increased nonlinear behavior under large amplitude oscillatory shear. These results were ascribed to increased homogeneity, higher network extension, and smaller oil droplets in emulsions with higher protein or oil concentrations. These results can be used to incorporate concentrated emulsions in emulsion-based formulations.
Reinigung von Antikörpern

Ehe man die Struktur von Antikorpern untersuchen kann, mus man passende Methoden haben, um diese in hochgereinigter Form erhalten zu konnen. Fur viele biologische und immunologische Zwecke ist die eigentliche Reinigung der Antikorper nicht so wichtig wie das Problem, sie so anzureichern, das sie in groserer Konzentration als im Serum vorliegen. Dazu genugt es, konzentriertes γ-Immunglobulin durch Chromatographie an DEAE-Cellulose herzustellen, wobei man die Hauptfraktion nimmt, die bei Elution mit 0,005 oder 0,001 M Phosphatpuffer bei pH 8 nicht zuruckgehalten wird. Oder man pracipitiert das Globulin durch Halbsattigung mit Ammonsulfat oder Natriumsulfat. Zur Trennung von γM- und γG-Immunglobulinen konnen weitere Fraktionierungen konzentrierter γ-Globulinlosungen mit Hilfe von Zonenelektrophorese, Gelfiltration an Sephadex oder Biogel, Dichtegradientenzentrifugation in Sucrose oder Kombinationen dieser Methoden durchgefuhrt werden. Diese Verfahren trennen gewohnlich Antikorper von anderen Immunglobulinen derselben Klasse nicht ab.
Upstream with a Shovel or Downstream with a Water Right? Irrigation in a Changing Climate

Abstract Irrigation of crops is responsible for 40 percent of the world’s food supply. A ubiquitous issue in irrigation is the tendency of upstream users to deplete the stream and deprive downstream users of water. Climate change threatens to exacerbate this problem by threatening the water supply to many irrigation systems, especially those that rely on snowmelt. Using a natural experiment in the Rio Grande Basin of Colorado, I examine five hypotheses about how water rights and physical properties of irrigation systems interact to produce varying levels of irrigation performance. Results indicate that enforced water rights are reliably influential, but their influence depends on diversion location, geographic features of the watershed, physical water availability, and higher level water policy. Results highlight the interdependence of institutions and geography and support a role for carefully crafted water rights congruent with cultural norms and higher level policy in adaptation to climate change.
Is Today’s Court the Most Conservative in Sixty Years? Challenges and Opportunities in Measuring Judicial Preferences

Court scholars have a voracious appetite for Supreme Court preference measures. Several articles question whether widely used Martin and Quinn (2002, 2011) scores provide valid intertemporal measures, calling into question virtually an entire generation of quantitative research on the Court. This article discusses the challenges of intertemporal preference estimation and revises, updates, and extends Bailey and Maltzman (2011) to present Supreme Court preference estimates that are more defensibly comparable across time and institutions.
Documenting Disfranchisement: Voter Identification During Indiana's 2008 General Election

This article presents and examines previously unavailable data regarding the extent to which Indiana’s photo identification requirement prevented prospective voters from casting a countable ballot at the 2008 general election. The article presents research that shows more than a thousand persons went to the polls and cast a provisional ballot due to a lack of valid identification and that the vast majority of those provisional ballots went uncounted. Thus, this research helps fill a gap in the plaintiffs’ case in Crawford v. Marion County Election Bd, 128 S. Ct. 1610 (2008) where the plaintiffs challenging photo identification were criticized for their failure to generate firm evidence of disfranchisement. In addition, when viewed in conjunction with previous research from Indiana’s 2008 primary election, this research provides the first opportunity to search for trends in the operation of photo identification. Moreover, the research presented here allows for a comparison of the impact of Indiana’s voter identification law with the impact of voter identification laws in other States and shows Indiana to be among the Nation’s leaders in rejecting provisional ballots for lack of valid identification. Finally, the research presented here has implications for the larger debate generated by Yale’s Heather Gerken about creating a Democracy Index that leads to data-driven election reform because it demonstrates the barriers to gathering data about photo identification and, therefore, highlights what might be a significant hurdle to creating a viable, credible Democracy Index.
Inverse Reinforcement Learning via Function Approximation for Clinical Motion Analysis

This paper introduces a new method for inverse reinforcement learning in large state spaces, where the learned reward function can be used to control high-dimensional robot systems and analyze complex human movement. To avoid solving the computationally expensive reinforcement learning problems in reward learning, we propose a function approximation method to ensure that the Bellman Optimality Equation always holds, and then estimate a function to maximize the likelihood of the observed motion. The time complexity of the proposed method is linearly proportional to the cardinality of the action set, thus it can handle large state spaces efficiently. We test the proposed method in a simulated environment on reward learning, and show that it is more accurate than existing methods and significantly better in scalability. We also show that the proposed method can extend many existing methods to large state spaces. We then apply the method to evaluating the effect of rehabilitative stimulations on patients with spinal cord injuries based on the observed patient motions.
In Vivo Quantitative Imaging Provides Insights into Trunk Neural Crest Migration.

Neural crest (NC) cells undergo extensive migrations during development. Here, we couple in vivo live imaging at high resolution with custom software tools to reveal dynamic migratory behavior in chick embryos. Trunk NC cells migrate as individuals with both stochastic and biased features as they move dorsoventrally to form peripheral ganglia. Their leading edge displays a prominent fan-shaped lamellipodium that reorients upon cell-cell contact. Computational analysis reveals that when the lamellipodium of one cell touches the body of another, the two cells undergo “contact attraction,” often moving together and then separating via a pulling force exerted by lamellipodium. Targeted optical manipulation shows that cell interactions coupled with cell density generate a long-range biased random walk behavior, such that cells move from high to low density. In contrast to chain migration noted at other axial levels, the results show that individual trunk NC cells navigate the complex environment without tight coordination between neighbors.
Environmental Immersion’s Influence on Hedonics, Perceived Appropriateness, and Willingness to Pay in Alcoholic Beverages

The eating experience is multimodal. As we consume a dish, we perceive much more than that which initially activates the senses, including influences from our surroundings. Foods sampled in experimental settings are largely evaluated within a sensory booth, an environment designed to be devoid of such external or non-standardized stimuli, so that participants can focus solely on the sample itself. In natural experiences, we rarely consume food in such isolation—context is actually key to many dining experiences and can have an integral role in how we perceive the foods we eat. Using virtual reality to artificially provide this context, we tested how the setting in which a beverage was consumed influenced perception of two different samples. Virtual environments were formed by processing custom-recorded 360 degree videos and overlaying audio, text, and sensory scales to simulate a typical sensory evaluation. Participants were asked to taste two alcoholic beverages, a beer and a sparkling wine, in two virtual contexts, a bar and a winery. The results indicated that participants’ willingness to pay for, and overall enjoyment of the sparkling wine increased when placed in the winery context, with no change between the two virtual contexts for the beer sample. This occurred without alteration of the samples’ sensory properties or the ability of panelists to identify the beverage they were drinking; however, perceived appropriateness of the samples for the setting was strongly influenced by the context in which they were sampled, suggesting that perceived appropriateness for a surrounding may play a role in the degree to which we enjoy a food. Results provide further proof that artificially-applied context, such as that provided by virtual reality, can further the sensory testing of foods.
Recent Advances in Ionospheric Stimulated Electromagnetic Emission Investigations (Invited Paper)

Stimulated Electromagnetic Emission (SEE) is secondary radiation produced during experiments where high power high frequency (HF) radio waves interact with the ionosphere. SEE has been a vibrant area of investigation for the past three decades and SEE has been developed into an important remote sensing tool for the ionosphere with substantial potential for aeronomy studies. Past experiments primarily considered emissions within a bandwidth of 100 kHz of the pump (transmit) frequency, so-called wideband SEE (WSEE), but more recent work has concentrated on SEE within 1kHz of the pump frequency, so-called narrowband SEE (NSEE), as well as the pump frequency harmonic. A brief review of the recent experimental observations of NSEE are presented as well as some basic concepts of the nonlinear wave-wave processes that produce NSEE. Some new potential applications are discussed as well.
OBSERVATIONS ON GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN STATISTICS AND RELATED ISSUES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the impact of Harold Hotelling on the curriculum of graduate programs in statistics. Hotelling sharply focused on the problem of teaching statistics at universities. Hotelling described the most fascinating feature of the literary cycle, tracing the influence of one author upon another through parallelism of passages, the task sometimes facilitated by the accumulation of error inherent in repeated copying. Hotelling also foresaw the possibility that inefficiency of overlapping and duplicating courses would eventually impel academic administrators to assign this task to the Department of Mathematics. Hotelling strongly advocated establishing statistics as a separate and conventional university department—conventional in the sense that participation in statistical research would be a necessary criterion for being a reputable teacher of statistics. Such a department would also have a unique feature. In addition to the customary teaching and research duties of university faculty, it would be recognized that a professor of statistics had yet another function to fulfill. Advising colleagues and other research workers on statistical methods appropriate to their investigation was to be a highly significant regular activity for statistics faculty, and provision for this should be made by adjusting the teaching load. This would provide a vital service to the university and facilitate exposure to problems presenting novel features, thereby stimulating research in statistics itself.
A porcine intrauterine 4-mda component with transforming growth factor-beta activity suppresses natural killer cell responses.

Abstract A 4-MDa component, recovered from uterine luminal secretions of gilts on d 15 of pregnancy, was assessed for suppression of the lytic responses from natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) effector cells. Each cell type originated from preparations of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and the LAK cells were generated from the incubation of PBL with interleukin-2. The PBL and LAK cells were cultured for 5 d with and without the 4-MDa component. Following culture, the cells were incubated (22 h) with NK-sensitive K-562 target cells at varying effector:target cell ratios (25:1 to 200:1). Lytic activity was assessed with the chromium-51 release assay. Additional experiments were conducted in order to determine whether suppressor activity of the 4-MDa component was time-dependent and associated with transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2). For effector:target cell ratios combined, the 4-MDa component suppressed the lytic activity of PBL but failed to affect the LAK cells. Suppression of NK-mediated lysis occurred by d 3 of the 5-d culture period. In addition, suppressor activity of the 4-MDa component was reversed by a neutralization antibody to TGF-beta2. In conclusion, the 4-MDa component with TGF-beta2 activity suppressed the lytic responses of porcine NK cells.
Developing a Framework for Autonomous Control Software for a Human Colony on Mars

We propose a system of systems architecture to command and control a complex colony on Mars. The architecture is structured largely around the goals of construction, discovery, operations and risk management. Each of these goals is supported by autonomous systems with the ability to perform a diverse set of tasks. As a whole, the system presented is a hybrid distributed-centralized architecture with homogeneous autonomous agents within tasks of smaller scope but heterogeneous agents across the system as a whole. The system leverages the strengths of each element of the hybrid architecture to create a more robust, capable autonomous unit.
Association of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase With Necrotizing Enterocolitis Among Premature Infants

Importance Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants is an often-fatal gastrointestinal tract emergency. A robust NEC biomarker that is not confounded by sepsis could improve bedside management, lead to lower morbidity and mortality, and permit patient selection in randomized clinical trials of possible therapeutic approaches. Objective To evaluate whether aberrant intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) biochemistry in infant stool is a molecular biomarker for NEC and not associated with sepsis. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter diagnostic study enrolled 136 premature infants (gestational age, Exposures Infant stool samples were collected between 24 and 40 or more weeks postconceptual age. Enrolled infants underwent abdominal radiography at physician and hospital site discretion. Main Outcomes and Measures Enzyme activity and relative abundance of IAP were measured using fluorometric detection and immunoassays, respectively. After measurements were performed, biochemical data were evaluated against clinical entries from infants’ hospital stay. Results Of 136 infants, 68 (50.0%) were male infants, median (interquartile range [IQR]) birth weight was 1050 (790-1350) g, and median (IQR) gestational age was 28.4 (26.0-30.9) weeks.A total of 25 infants (18.4%) were diagnosed with severe NEC, 19 (14.0%) were suspected of having NEC, and 92 (66.9%) did not have NEC; 26 patients (19.1%) were diagnosed with late-onset sepsis, and 14 (10.3%) had other non–gastrointestinal tract infections. For severe NEC, suspected NEC, and no NEC samples, median (IQR) fecal IAP content, relative to the amount of IAP in human small intestinal lysate, was 99.0% (51.0%-187.8%) (95% CI, 54.0%-163.0%), 123.0% (31.0%-224.0%) (95% CI, 31.0%-224.0%), and 4.8% (2.4%-9.8%) (95% CI, 3.4%-5.9%), respectively. For severe NEC, suspected NEC, and no NEC samples, median (IQR) enzyme activity was 183 (56-507) μmol/min/g (95% CI, 63-478 μmol/min/g) of stool protein, 355 (172-608) μmol/min/g (95% CI, 172-608 μmol/min/g) of stool protein, and 613 (210-1465) μmol/min/g (95% CI, 386-723 μmol/min/g) of stool protein, respectively. Mean (SE) area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for IAP content measurements were 0.97 (0.02) (95% CI, 0.93-1.00;P Conclusions and Relevance In this diagnostic study, high amounts of IAP protein in stool and low IAP enzyme activity were associated with diagnosis of NEC and may serve as useful biomarkers for NEC. Our findings indicated that IAP biochemistry was uniquely able to distinguish NEC from sepsis.