cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved methodology for ATP determination in marine environments

A simple technique is described for de-salting and concentrating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) extracted from seawater or marine sediment samples prior to assays with the standard luciferin-luciferase procedure. The technique involves chromatography of H2SO4 extracts on columns of activated carbon. The efficiency of ATP recovery from marine sediments using this pre-treatment was superior to that attained with either boiling “Tris” extraction or with H2SO4 extraction without subsequent purification. All ions which interfere with the luciferase reaction or precipitate ATP upon neutralization of acid extracts are removed with this procedure, thus eliminating the 50- to 100-fold dilutions required with other acid-extraction procedures. In addition, the purified ATP extracts may be concentrated up to 100-fold, thus greatly improving the sensitivity of ATP measurement in samples containing very low biomass. This procedure has been applied to ATP determination in marine sediments in the upwelling area off northwest Africa. The average ATP concentrations in the upper 6 cm of sediment from 1000 and 200 m were 195 and 545 ng per ml wet sediment, respectively.
Thermal and photon-stimulated reactions of iodobenzene on Ag(111)

Abstract The thermal and nonthermal surface reactions of iodobenzene adsorbed on Ag(111) have been studied with temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. At 105 K iodobenzene adsorbs molecularly. Submonolayer coverages of iodobenzene dissociate to form iodine atoms and phenyl groups on the surface. The I atoms desorb in a broad peak near 800 K, and the phenyl groups recombine to form biphenyl that desorbs in a broad peak near 370 K. Monolayer iodobenzene desorbs at 197 K, and the multilayer desorbs at 175 K. Pulsed-laser excitation of one monolayer (ML) of iodobenzene with 248 and 351 nm light results in CI bond cleavage and retention of iodine and phenyl fragments on the surface. For coverages greater than 2 ML, pulsed excitation with 248 nm light leads to phenyl radical and iodine atom ejection into the gas phase. The TOF spectra for the iodine and phenyl photofragments were fit with two components. The calculated translational temperatures of the two atomic iodine components were 3350 ± 150 K and 1300 ± 130 K. The calculated translational temperature of the two phenyl components was 4050 ± 200 K and 2050 ± 200 K. In multilayers, iodobiphenyl, biphenyl and benzene were produced in photo-induced bimolecular reactions.
Support for Alzheimer’s Caregivers Psychometric Evaluation of Familial and Friend Support Measures

Objective: Information on the shortened, 20-item version of the Perceived Social Support Scale (S-PSSS) is scarce. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the S-PSSS...
Public and private business schools in Russia: Problems and prospects

Abstract The recent dramatic changes in Russia have stimulated the growth and number of business schools attempting to meet the new demand for business education. Tatiana Kozlova and Sheila Puffer present the results of a survey of 24 state and private institutions throughout the country. Their current problems are considerable. Financing heads the list, most likely caused by inappropriately reacting to market demand. Lack of qualified faculty is also serious, and there is little exchange of faculty among business schools themselves. But the potential for success is there. Winning schools will be those which find specialized niches in business training, and can generate income from publishing educational materials and research results. Business schools would also be wise to link to the state system of education. The authors' survey finds that some of the business schools are following these strategies, while others appear to be heading in the wrong direction entirely.
Teaching NeuroImage: The L5 spinal cord segment

A 35-year-old man noted an abrupt painless right foot drop with severe weakness of ankle dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion. Plantar flexion was normal. Deep tendon reflexes and sensation were normal. Straight leg raise was negative. Electrodiagnostic studies, performed 2 days after onset of weakness, revealed acute severe L5 radiculopathy, as evidenced by a markedly decreased recruitment (i.e., decreased number of motor unit action potentials firing rapidly) in all L5 innervated muscles with normal unit configuration and no fibrillation potentials. Spinal MRI revealed an enhancing right hemicord lesion at the level of T12 vertebra (figure …
Archaebacterial phylogeny: Perspectives on the Urkingdoms*

Comparisons of complete 16S ribosomal RNA sequences have been used to confirm, refine and extend earlier concepts of archaebacterial phylogeny. The archaebacteria fall naturally into two major branches or divisions, I--the sulfur-dependent thermophilic archaebacteria, and II--the methanogenic archaebacteria and their relatives. Division I comprises a relatively closely related and phenotypically homogeneous collection of thermophilic sulfur-dependent species--encompassing the genera Sulfolobus, Thermoproteus, Pyrodictium and Desulfurococcus. The organisms of Division II, however, form a less compact grouping phylogenetically, and are also more diverse in phenotype. All three of the (major) methanogen groups are found in Division II, as are the extreme halophiles and two types of thermoacidophiles, Thermoplasma acidophilum and Thermococcus celer. This last species branches sufficiently deeply in the Division II line that it might be considered to represent a separate, third Division. However, both the extreme halophiles and Tp. acidophilum branch within the cluster of methanogens. The extreme halophiles are specifically related to the Methanomicrobiales, to the exclusion of both the Methanococcales and the Methanobacteriales. Tp. acidophilum is peripherally related to the halophile-Methanomicrobiales group. By 16S rRNA sequence measure the archaebacteria constitute a phylogenetically coherent grouping (clade), which excludes both the eubacteria and the eukaryotes--a conclusion that is supported by other sequence evidence as well. Alternative proposals for archaebacterial phylogeny, not based upon sequence evidence, are discussed and evaluated. In particular, proposals to rename (reclassify) various subgroups of the archaebacteria as new kingdoms are found wanting, for both their lack of proper experimental support and the taxonomic confusion they introduce.
Dependence of the specific growth rate of methanogenic mutualistic cocultures on the methanogen

Methanogenesis from ethanol was studied in batch cocultures of a proton-reducing acetogenic Desulfovibrio sp. together with one of eight methanogenic bacteria representing five genera. A mathematical model of mutualistic cocultures predicts an equalisation in the specific growth rates of the two species which defines a specific growth rate for the coculture. At non-limiting ethanol concentrations the model predicts that the specific growth rate of the coculture is dependent upon the Ks (H2) of the methanogen and its maximum specific growth rate in axenic culture when utilising H2 as the energy source. We demonstrate experimentally that with methanogens known to have similar Ks (H2) values, the specific growth rates of methanogenic mutualistic cocultures are dependent upon the maximum specific growth rates of the methanogens.
A novel nomenclature to classify parathyroid adenomas.

Background A uniform and reliable description of the exact locations of adenomatous parathyroid glands is necessary for accurate communications between surgeons and other specialists. We developed a nomenclature that provides a precise means of communicating the most frequently encountered parathyroid adenoma locations.
Estimating the Number of Crimes Averted by Incapacitation: An Information Theoretic Approach

This paper presents an information theoretic approach for estimating the number of crimes averted by incapacitation. It first develops models of the criminal history accumulation process of a sample of prison releasees using their official recorded arrest histories prior to incarceration. The models yield individual offending trajectories that are then used to compute the number of crimes these releasees could reasonably have been expected to commit had they not been incarcerated—the counterfactual of interest. The models also afford the opportunity to conduct a limited set of policy simulations. The data reveal a fair amount of variation among individuals both in terms of the number of crimes averted by their incarceration and the responsiveness of these estimates to longer incarceration terms. Estimates were found not to vary substantially across demographic groups defined by offender race, gender, or ethnicity; variations across states and offense types were more pronounced. Implications of the findings and promising avenues for future research are discussed.
Modeling air pollution control as a large scale, complex system

Abstract The complex system which is involved in the generation and control of air pollution is examined at the level of a regional pollution control agency. An explanatory model of the system is constructed by seeking correspondence between elements of the mathematical theory of hierarchical, multilevel systems and elements of the real world. The formal structure of the theory is employed in decomposing the system and in suggesting possible normative strategies for regulatory agencies.
Classification by multivariate analysis

The problem considered is the use of a set of measurements on an individual to decide from which of several populations he has been drawn. It is assumed that in each population there is a probability distribution of the measurements. Principles for choosing the rule of classification are based on costs of misclassification. Optimum procedures are derived in general terms. If the measurements are normally distributed, the procedures use one discriminant function in the case of two populations and several discriminant functions in the cases of more populations. The numerical example given involves three normal populations.
Mathematical methods for analyzing highly-twinned grain boundary networks

An intuitive formalism is presented for analyzing inter-relationships among perfect Σ3n misorientations. The formalism is simple, precise, and guaranteed to be a mathematically complete description of the relevant rotation group. Examples are presented to show the advantages of the formalism, both computationally and for clarifying earlier literature results.
Speciation of dissolved iodine: integrating nitrate uptake over time in the oceans

Abstract The distributions of nitrate reductase activity (NRA), iodate and iodide were determined in May 1996 in the southern East China Sea in a transect that traversed across the upwelling center northeast of Taiwan where topographically induced upwelling occurred as the Kuroshio interacted with the shelf edge. Rationalized iodate (R-iodate or R-IO3− in nM) and iodide (R-iodide or R-I− in nM), the concentrations of iodate and iodide normalized to a salinity of 35, were strongly correlated to each other so that [R-IO 3 − ]=−1.06(±0.06)[R-I − ]+424(±15), r 2 =0.87. Since the slope was indistinguishable from −1 mol-IO3− mol−1-I−, this implies that, if iodate is depleted in the surface oceans by biologically mediated uptake, it re-appears almost quantitatively as iodide so that little iodate is retained in the particulate phase. In the upwelling zone, R-iodate and R-iodide were also strongly correlated to NRA (in nM-N h−1) such that [R-IO 3 − ]=−10.2(±1.0)NRA+392(±12), r 2 =0.84, [R-I − ]=9.8(±1.1)NRA+27(±5), r 2 =0.76. Since NRA is an indicator of nitrate uptake and the source water to the upwelling zone, the Kuroshio Subsurface Water, is rich in iodate and almost devoid of iodide, these relationships are consistent with the conceptual model that iodate reduction and nitrate uptake occur in tandem through the activities of the enzyme nitrate reductase. Since NRA represents an instantaneous rate while [R-IO3−] and [R-I−] are concentrations, these strong correlations also suggest that iodate reduction and hence nitrate uptake had operated at approximately constant rates during the residence time of the water in the upwelling zone. Thus, the depletion of iodate and the gain in iodide in the upwelled water relative to its source water were integrations of the uptake and reduction of iodate over this residence time. The slope of the relationship between R-iodate and NRA represented the product of this residence time and the biological discrimination of iodate reduction relative to nitrate uptake by the enzyme. Outside of the upwelling area, R-iodate and R-iodide did not correlate well with NRA, probably as a result of the masking effect of mixing among water masses with undefined concentrations of pre-existing iodate and iodide.
Factors Affecting Growth of Northern Pike in Small Northern Wisconsin Lakes

Abstract Fish assemblages that include northern pike Esox lucius as a dominant predator were sampled in 19 small (<120 ha) northern Wisconsin lakes. The purpose of this sampling was to describe northern pike population characteristics and identify factors affecting growth rates. Fish assemblages in these lakes were dominated by centrarchids, primarily bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, and small fusiform species such as yellow perch Perca flavescens. Northern pike population size structures were typically truncated at around 53 cm. Average density of northern pike (≥35 cm) was 16.1 fish/ha and ranged 2.8–38.0 fish/ha. Growth of northern pike decreased, in comparison with a growth standard, as early as age 4. Most northern pike were less than age 6, and few fish were older than age 8. Diet of northern pike generally indicated opportunistic feeding strategies with some preference for fusiform prey. Multiple factors were identified as potentially limiting northern pike growth and size structure. Northern pike gro...
Late-onset epithelial ingrowth after laser in situ keratomileusis

We report a case of late-onset epithelial ingrowth that occurred between 17 months and 20 months after an uneventful laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) enhancement. The patient denied a history of trauma or symptoms consistent with epithelial disruption. Post-LASIK treatment had included lifting the flap and scraping the epithelial cells followed by placement of corneal flap sutures for several weeks and a bandage contact lens for 3 days. Gradual regression of epithelial cells was noted. The last recorded uncorrected distance visual acuity 24 months after scraping was 20/25. Epithelial ingrowth can occur many months after LASIK even in the absence of predisposing factors such as trauma or recurrent erosion syndrome.
Re-print of ``Ion Mobility Spectrometry: A Personal View of its Development at UCSB''

Abstract Ion mobility is not a newly discovered phenomenon. It has roots going back to Langevin at the beginning of the 20th century. Our group initially got involved by accident around 1990 and this paper is a brief account of what has transpired here at UCSB the past 25 years in response to this happy accident. We started small, literally, with transition metal atomic ions and transitioned to carbon clusters, synthetic polymers, most types of biological molecules and eventually peptide and protein oligomeric assembly. Along the way we designed and built several generations of instruments, a process that is still ongoing. And perhaps most importantly we have incorporated theory with experiment from the beginning; a necessary wedding that allows an atomistic face to be put on the otherwise interesting but not fully informative cross section measurements.
A Porous Media Model for Thin Film Lubrication

A rheological model has been developed which can be applied to boundary lubrication. The model is applicable to thin films in which the molecular length scale is the same order as the film thickness. The micro structure is simulated by porous layers attached to the contact surfaces. The model contains three materal properties: (1) viscosity, (2) the thickness of the porous layer, and (3) a porosity parameter. A modified Reynolds equation is developed. Behavior in two types of contacts is calculated: squeezing flow between crossed cylinders (Chan and Horn's, 1985 drainage experiment) and a one-dimensional converging wedge contact. The effect of the layer thickness parameter is to increase the load and reduce the friction coefficient. Increasing the porosity parameter value tends to reduce the magnitude of the load increase
Functional nanostructures through nanosecond laser dewetting of thin metal films

Techniques for processing nanoscale metallic structures with spatial order and tunable physical characteristics, such as size and microstructure, are paramount to realizing applications in the areas of magnetism, optics, and sensing. This paper discusses how pulsed laser melting of ultrathin films can be a powerful but simple and cost-effective technique to fabricate functional nanostructures. Ultrathin metal films (1 nm to 1,000 nm) on inert substrates like SiO2 are generally unstable, with their free energy resembling that of a spinodal system. Such films can spontaneously evolve into predictable nanomorphologies with well-defined length scales. This study reviews this laser-based experimental technique and provides examples of resulting robust nanostructures that can have applications in magnetism and optics.
Camp Delta, Google Earth and the ethics of remote sensing in archaeology

With easy access to satellite imagery through free applications such as Google Earth, it is now financially feasible for archaeologists to undertake remote survey in areas that are difficult or impossible to access in person. But there are ethical concerns inherent in the use of remotely sensed images, as Google Earth might be seen as a panoptic viewing technology that leaves no voice to those being viewed. Through a virtual investigation of the Camp Delta prison camp at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, I discuss methodological and theoretical aspects of the use of Google Earth in archaeology.
DOES DISPERSAL AFFECT THE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SWEET POTATO WHITEFLY, BEMISIA TABACI?

.The reproductive physiology of sweet potato whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), was examined after their dispersal from cotton fields. Of particular interest was the synthesis of vitellogenins and the production of mature eggs. Whiteflies that dispersed out of fields, and were flying at ≈ 0.1 m above the soil surface, exhibited a reproductive physiology that was not significantly different from whiteflies that remained in cotton fields. However, B. tabaci caught at 2.1 m above the ground matured eggs at a significantly lower rate. It appears these latter whiteflies exhibit a physiology that indicates a reallocation of nutrient and energy resources in support of movement.
Is pluralism about truth inherently unstable

Although it’s sometimes thought that pluralism about truth is unstable—or, worse, just a non-starter—it’s surprisingly difficult to locate collapsing arguments that conclusively demonstrate either its instability or its inability to get started. This paper exemplifies the point by examining three recent arguments to that effect. However, it ends with a cautionary tale; for pluralism may not be any better off than other traditional theories that face various technical objections, and may be worse off in facing them all.
An ESCA study of the bridging to non-bridging oxygen ratio in sodium silicate glass and the correlations to glass density and refractive index

Abstract The bridging and non-bridging oxygens in a series of sodium silicate glasses (Na2O varying from 15 to 40 mole percent) have been measured by means of the high resolution ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) technique. The room temperature density and refractive index of these glasses were also measured. The ESCA results of the bridging to non-bridging oxygen ratio agree very well with the values calculated from the glass composition by assuming that all oxygens associated with sodium are non-bridging oxygens. Based on this assumption, a model was derived describing the bridging to non-bridging oxygen ratio as a function of glass composition. The glass density and the refractive index calculated based on this model are in excellent agreement with the experimentally measured values. The glass structure was also discussed based on the ESCA results.
Nanoscale spectroscopy with optical antennas

Optical antennas made of gold nanoparticles are used to enhance the spectroscopic response of single molecules. With a scannable optical half-wave antenna in the form of a gold nanorod we achieve a spatial resolution of 20nm in fluorescence imaging. We explore simultaneous fluorescence and Raman enhancement of dye molecules in the junction of two gold nanoparticles and find similar enhancements as a function of interparticle distance for both fluorescence and Raman scattering. We compare our results with theoretical predictions and provide possible explanations.
A new concept for liquid metal-steam generators utilizing thermal convection tubes

Abstract A new concept for a liquid metal heated steam generator for use with liquid metal fast breeder reactors is presented. The new system eliminates several of the more serious problems associated with single pass shell and tube heat exchangers which have been proposed for this application. Separation of boiler and superheat stages is accomplished in the new system as well as increased protection against sodium-water reactions and the elimination of an intermediate, sodium-sodium, heat exchanger. The steam generator employs natural circulation boiling tubes (thermal convection tubes) as a means of transferring heat from primary sodium to water. A method of analysis of these tubes is presented, and the results as applied to a 3000 MW steam generation system are given.
Guided Autobiography with the Elderly

Inspired by my experiences as a leader and instructor of various forms of life review groups and classes, this article provides the reader with a conceptual and experiential introduction to the uses of guided autobiography with the elderly. Functions and forms of and guidelines and methods for guided autobiography are examined. Seen as a historical and psychological process, guided autobiography is considered from a gerontological perspective. Specific topics and techniques for the facilitation of the life review process are recommended.
Male and Female Parental Roles in the Western Gull under Different Environmental Conditions

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4086120?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.
MP-17.07: Endogenously expressed sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) mediates the steroid response of prostate cancer cells

Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a protein that binds plasma androgens and estrogens, participates in the initial steps of a membrane based steroid signaling pathway in human prostate cells. We have recently shown that SHBG is locally expressed in prostate cells. Here, we used microarray analysis of human LNCaP prostate cancer cells that are engineered to inducibly overexpress SHBG to investigate whether locally expressed SHBG regulates the activation of membrane based androgen signaling through the SHBG receptor, RSHBG, and/or intracellular activation of the androgen receptor (AR). We hypothesize that alterations of endogenous SHBG expression in prostate cancer, such as those presumed to be accompanied by deletion of the linked p53/SHBG gene locus on chromosome 17p13.1, can affect androgen signaling through RSHBG and the AR, thus contributing to cancer progression.
Pulmonary Vein Stenosis Complicating Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: Clinical Spectrum and Interventional Considerations

Ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation are being performed with increasing frequency. One of the most serious complications is the development of pulmonary vein stenosis, which occurs in 1% to 3% of current series. The presentation of pulmonary vein stenosis varies widely. The majority of patients are symptomatic although specific referral bias patterns can affect this. Symptoms may include dyspnea or hemoptysis or may be consistent with bronchitis. These symptoms are affected by the number of stenotic veins as well as the severity of the stenosis. The more severe the stenosis and the greater number of stenosed veins result in more symptoms. Because of the variability in symptoms, clinicians must have heightened sensitivity to the presence of the condition. Diagnostic tests of value include magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography. Although echocardiography has been used, it does not usually provide adequate assessment. Progression of stenosis is unpredictable and may be rapid. The specific anatomy of the stenosis varies widely and affects management. Because of the presence of antral fusion of the origin of the left superior and left inferior pulmonary vein, a stenosis involving 1 or the other can impinge and affect outcome. In this setting, bifurcation techniques familiar to interventional cardiology are very helpful. Controversy currently exists about the optimal treatment approach. The use of balloons and larger stents (approximately 10 mm) results in more optimal results than just balloon angioplasty alone; however, even with stent implantation, recurrent restenosis may occur in 30% to 50% of patients. Follow-up of these patients typically involves computed tomography imaging to document restenosis. If significant restenosis is identified, it should be treated promptly because of the potential for progression to total occlusion.
Repair of redundant memories by reduced covering

In the proposed approach, repair is implemented by deletion of either rows and/or columns on which faulty cells lie. These devices are commonly referred to as redundant memories, because redundant columns and rows are added. The repair algorithm is based on a fault counting technique and on a reduced covering approach. The innovative feature is that reduced covering permits an heuristic, but efficient criterion to be included in the selection of the rows and/or columns to be deleted. >
A Context Pattern Induction Method for Named Entity Extraction

We present a novel context pattern induction method for information extraction, specifically named entity extraction. Using this method, we extended several classes of seed entity lists into much larger high-precision lists. Using token membership in these extended lists as additional features, we improved the accuracy of a conditional random field-based named entity tagger. In contrast, features derived from the seed lists decreased extractor accuracy.
Synchronization in real time multimedia data delivery

A simultaneous real-time data delivery (SRTDD) control scheme that is based on a real application scenario developed in the Multimedia Communications Research Laboratory at the University of Ottawa is addressed. SRTDD refers to simultaneously delivering multimedia data in different data streams belonging to the same time interval. It is one of the basic synchronization problems involved in multimedia distributed systems. The details of the SRTDD problem are investigated. Based on the new control scheme for multimedia data delivery constraints on the size of the synchronization control unit are obtained. The segment delivery protocol is developed. A practical segmentation method is introduced for real-time voice and video. A performance analysis of the delivery protocol with this segmentation method is also conducted. >
Characterizing White Matter Tract Degeneration in Syndromic Variants of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

Background Different clinical syndromes can arise from Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, including dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), logopenic primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA). Objective To assess similarities and differences in patterns of white matter tract degeneration across these syndromic variants of AD. Methods Sixty-four subjects (22 DAT, 24 lvPPA, and 18 PCA) that had diffusion tensor imaging and showed amyloid-β deposition on PET were assessed in this case-control study. A whole-brain voxel-based analysis was performed to assess differences in fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity across groups. Results All three groups showed overlapping diffusion abnormalities in a network of tracts, including fornix, corpus callosum, posterior thalamic radiations, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus. Subtle regional differences were also observed across groups, with DAT particularly associated with degeneration of fornix and cingulum, lvPPA with left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus, and PCA with posterior thalamic radiations, superior longitudinal fasciculus, posterior cingulate, and splenium of the corpus callosum. Conclusion These findings show that while each AD phenotype is associated with degeneration of a specific structural network of white matter tracts, striking spatial overlap exists among the three network patterns that may be related to AD pathology.
Marketing practices of vapor store owners

Objectives. We examined the marketing strategies for local vapor stores in a large metropolitan area in Oklahoma.Methods. Vapor store owners or managers (n = 33) participated in individual interviews regarding marketing practices in 2014. We asked owners about their marketing strategies and the groups they targeted. We transcribed the interviews and analyzed them for themes.Results. Store owners used a variety of marketing strategies to bring new customers to their stores and keep current customers coming back. These marketing strategies showed many parallels to tobacco industry strategies. Most owners engaged in some form of traditional marketing practices (e.g., print media), but only a few used radio or television advertising because of budget constraints. Owners used social media and other forms of electronic communication, pricing discounts and specials, and loyalty programs. Owners also had booths at local events, sponsored community events, and hosted them in their stores. Owners attempted to targe...
Diameter-dependent kinetics of activation and deactivation in carbon nanotube population growth

Abstract We reveal that the collective growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forests by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is governed by the size-dependent catalytic behavior of metal nanoparticles, which can be quantitatively related to the activation and deactivation kinetics of subpopulations of CNTs within the forest. We establish this understanding by uniquely combining real-time forest height kinetics with ex situ synchrotron X-ray scattering and mass-attenuation measurements. The growing CNT population is divided into subpopulations, each having a narrow diameter range, enabling the quantification of the diameter-dependent population dynamics. We find that the mass kinetics of different subpopulations are self-similar and are represented by the S-shaped Gompertz model of population growth, which reveals that smaller diameter CNTs activate more slowly but have longer catalytic lifetimes. While competition between growth activation and deactivation kinetics is diameter-dependent, CNTs are held in contact by van der Waals forces, thus preventing relative slip and resulting in a single collective growth rate of the forest. Therefore, we hypothesize that mechanical coupling gives rise to the inherent tortuosity of CNTs within forests and possibly causes structural defects which limit the properties of current CNT forests in comparison to pristine individual CNTs.
Characterizing Bias in Population Genetic Inferences from Low-Coverage Sequencing Data

The site frequency spectrum (SFS) is of primary interest in population genetic studies, because the SFS compresses variation data into a simple summary from which many population genetic inferences can proceed. However, inferring the SFS from sequencing data is challenging because genotype calls from sequencing data are often inaccurate due to high error rates and if not accounted for, this genotype uncertainty can lead to serious bias in downstream analysis based on the inferred SFS. Here, we compare two approaches to estimate the SFS from sequencing data: one approach infers individual genotypes from aligned sequencing reads and then estimates the SFS based on the inferred genotypes (call-based approach) and the other approach directly estimates the SFS from aligned sequencing reads by maximum likelihood (direct estimation approach). We find that the SFS estimated by the direct estimation approach is unbiased even at low coverage, whereas the SFS by the call-based approach becomes biased as coverage decreases. The direction of the bias in the call-based approach depends on the pipeline to infer genotypes. Estimating genotypes by pooling individuals in a sample (multisample calling) results in underestimation of the number of rare variants, whereas estimating genotypes in each individual and merging them later (single-sample calling) leads to overestimation of rare variants. We characterize the impact of these biases on downstream analyses, such as demographic parameter estimation and genome-wide selection scans. Our work highlights that depending on the pipeline used to infer the SFS, one can reach different conclusions in population genetic inference with the same data set. Thus, careful attention to the analysis pipeline and SFS estimation procedures is vital for population genetic inferences.
Routing strategies for a hybrid network architecture

Recent developments in BISDN are possible due to the advances made in high-speed optical fiber communication and high-capacity packet switch design. However, due to the high cost of physical deployment of fiber cables, the optical fiber backbone network is usually closer to a tree topology than a densely connected one. This in turn implies that an average information packet has to be processed by a large number of intermediate switches and hence, the packet switches have to be of enormous size. The authors adapt a previously proposed (M. Gerla et al., 1989) and the associated network to reduce the processing burden and hence, the load and size of the packet switches. They then propose routing algorithms for this hybrid network architecture and using simulation, present the performance results of those algorithms. >
PML, PLZF and NPM genes in the molecular pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of myeloid leukemia that in the USA and Italy alone affects more than 3,000 individuals every year. APL is characterized by three distinct and unique features: i) accumulation in the bone marrow of tumor cells with promyelocytic features; ii) invariable association with specific translocations which always involve chromosome 17 and the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) locus; iii) exquisite sensitivity of APL blasts to the differentiating action of retinoic acid (RA). From this point of view APL has become the paradigm for therapeutic approaches utilizing differentiating agents. The last five years have been crucial for the understanding of the molecular basis of APL. RAR alpha translocates in 99% of cases to a gene located on chromosome 15 that we initially named myl and is now known as PML. In a few cases RAR alpha variably translocates to chromosome 11, where it fuses to the PLZF gene or to a gene, also on 11, which has not yet been characterized. In addition, RAR alpha is also found translocated to chromosome 5, where it fuses to the NPM gene. The cloning of variant translocations in APL and comparative analysis of their associated products is crucial for the understanding of the molecular etiopathogenesis of the disease. Functional analysis of the various fusion proteins as well as RAR alpha partners is revealing strikingly common features beneath a misleading structural heterogeneity which unravels a possible unifying molecular mechanism towards APL leukemogenesis.
Prognostic Variables in Osteosarcoma: A Multi-Institutional Study

This is a report of a multi-institutional study of all patients with osteosarcoma who were seen at 13 comprehensive cancer centers from July 1, 1977, to December 31, 1982. Follow-up extended to 9 years; a minimum of 3 years was obtained for greater than 90% of the patients. All patients with osteosarcoma were considered, but only those with tissue confirmation who had had at least part of their first course of treatment at one of the 13 institutions were included. There were 543 patients. In a search for prognostic indicators, 38 patient characteristics, three treatment categories, and an institutional variable were studied. A combination of nine of these constituted the best indicator of survival. They were morphology (two parts), site of primary cancer (two parts), spread of tumor, grade and size of tumor, duration of symptoms, weight loss of greater than 4.5 kg (10 lb), swelling at primary site, and lytic appearance. Unexpectedly, treatment was not one of the indicators of survival. A prognostic score was developed in which the coefficients were obtained from the Cox regression (step-down) method. Each patient had a score (S) and an observed survival time that together provided the expected risk of death for that patient. Although this was not a randomized study, treatments were compared before and after adjusting for characteristics identified as prognostic. Three treatments differed little: surgery alone, surgery plus chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy followed in 1-4 months by surgery. Patients with amputations and those with resections had similar death rates, but the observed progression rates differed widely. However, when the rates were adjusted for prognostic characteristics, the difference disappeared. Complete surgery (if osteosarcoma existed within surgical margins) was no better than incomplete surgery (if osteosarcoma existed beyond surgical margins) with respect to death but, as would be expected, complete surgery was much better with respect to disease progression.
Modification of a Previously Described Arteriovenous Malformation Model in the Swine: Endovascular and Combined Surgical/Endovascular Construction and Hemodynamics

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The rete mirabile in swine has been proposed as an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) model for acute experimental studies through surgical creation of a large carotid-jugular fistula. This report describes two endovascular modifications to simplify the surgical creation and provides hemodynamic parameters for the AVM model. METHODS: An AVM model was created in 29 animals to study n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate polymerization kinetics. The common carotid artery (CCA) was punctured and a guiding catheter was inserted tightly into the origin of the ascending pharyngeal artery (APA). The CCA was ligated proximal to the catheter to create a pressure drop across the rete, which represented the AVM nidus. The catheter hub was opened whenever needed and served as the venous drainage of the AVM nidus. The contralateral APA served as the arterial feeder. Instead of the surgical ligation of the CCA, a temporary balloon occlusion was performed in three animals. RESULTS: A mean pressure gradient of 14.9 ± 10.5 mm Hg (range, 4–42 mm Hg) was measured across the rete. The mean flow rate was 30.4 ± 14.2 mL/min (range, 3.5–46 mL/min), as measured at the venous drainage. CONCLUSION: The endovascular and combined surgical-endovascular rete AVM model in swine is easy to construct and is less time-consuming than are the currently used models for acute experimental studies. Hemodynamic parameters can be monitored during the entire experiment and correspond to values found in human cerebral AVMs.
Community, Population, and Organization Effects on Innovation: A Multilevel Perspective

Two distinct themes emerge from the Special Research Forum on Innovation and Organizations. One group of articles develops an expanded view of the influence of context on organizations' ability to innovate. Together, the articles offer a complex multilevel view of context as including elements ranging from the dominant strategy of an organization to the social-psychological antecedents of creativity. A second group of articles provides a community and population perspective on the diffusion of innovations. We suggest the possibility of a union between the context and industry dynamics approaches. As we contemplated editing this Special Research Forum on Innovation and Organizations, we observed that a plethora of books on innovation had been written in recent years. Our collections had grown dramatically during the 1990s as the topic took on increasing practical and theoretical significance. This vibrant literature covered topics and concepts ranging from paradigm shifts, through intrapreneurship, intelligent organizations, mastering change, and time-based competition. Most of these works were in good currency, enjoying unparalleled popularity among managers and enviable citation rates among scholars. Surely such a wealth of information signaled the arrival of a dominant theoretical model of innovation in organizations. Whereas each book and article made its own valuable contribution, we were disappointed to discover that no dominant theoretical perspective had emerged to integrate the multiple streams of innovation research. Unlike other evolving fields of organizational inquiry, such as organizational economics, contingency theory, organizational ecology, and institutional theory, innovation research demonstrates little in the way of common theoretical underpinnings to guide its development. Although these other approaches are not free from internal debate, each has at its core conceptual principles and advocates that drive its theoretical and empirical development.
Comparison of Host Suitability of Western Wheat Aphid with the Russian Wheat Aphid

The western wheat aphid, Diuraphis tritici (Gillette), and the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), are pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Both species share similar distribution patterns in the United States. However, D. noxia is a perennial economic pest of wheat, whereas D. tritici is, at most, an occasional economic pest of wheat. The economic importance of D. noxia depends in part on its ability to use alternative plant species as over summering hosts. We studied the survival and reproduction of D. tritici on numerous cool- and warm-season grasses, legumes, and forbs, and also compared D. tritici with D. noxia on some common Bromus spp. and Agropyron spp. to see if the 2 aphid species differ in their reproduction and survivorship on the same grass species. D. tritici survived on 36 of 40 cool-season grass species, 7 of 19 warm-season grass species, and none of the 33 legumes or 13 forbs. The natality of D. tritici compared with D. noxia on several species of brome grasses and wheat grasses was generally significantly lower for D. tritici than D. noxia. D. tritici preferred wheat compared with 3 other cereals, whereas wheat and barley were equally suitable as hosts for D. noxia . Rye, Secale cereale L., was essentially a nonhost for D. tritici . After 14 d, aphid populations were significantly higher for D. noxia on all 4 cereals compared with D. tritici populations on the same hosts. In a separate experiment to compare damage of D. tritici with D. noxia on different growth stages of wheat, we found that D. tritici was significantly more deleterious than D. noxia to the yield potential and yield components of wheat, particularly when infestation occurred at the 7-leaf plant growth stage and the jointing growth stage. The economic importance of D. noxia compared with D. tritici to U.S. wheat production may be caused in part by its ability to survive and increase on cool-season grasses and cereals better than D. tritici .
Characterization, Analysis, and Implementation of Integrated Bandstop Structures on Ultra-Wideband Archimedean Spiral Antenna

A subsection of the radiating spiral arm, placed in parallel, induces a bandstop response at a notch frequency proportional to the resonant length of the strip. Detailed parametric study on the effect of variation of design parameters for an Archimedean spiral antenna and the resonant parallel strip (RPS) is presented. Empirical analysis on phase velocity on the radiating spiral arms allows characterization of RPS in terms of its resonant length. Identified systematic relation between design parameters and filter response is applied to design an antenna for the 3.1–10.5 GHz operating band with the notch response over the IEEE 802.11a band, 5.15–5.95 GHz. Successful implementation is demonstrated through performance comparison between simulated and experimental results.
“Born Black and Male”: Counseling leaders’ self-discovery of strengths

Africentric/Afrocentric psychology frames the interview findings on five African-American male leaders in a racial, ethnic, and culturally diverse counseling association. The consensual qualitative research method was used to extrapolate themes from the five interviews. Africentric cultural strengths suggested in the themes are (a) autogeny, (b) primacy of the person in the context of community, (c) consubstantiality of primordial substance, (d) perpetual evolution, and (e) living forever. Two themes related to counseling practice are (f) social justice and (g) cultural empathy. Common trends in statements across interviews are illustrated with rich quotations and summaries. Although the framework of continental African world view facilitated understanding a few African-American male counseling leaders, the study evidences a larger universal human dimension of individuals’ pain, resilience, self-discovery of strengths, and leadership bound to a collective self-concept by which leadership can take place bo...
English Archaisms in Pennsylvania German

Among the various dialects established in colonial America, Pennsylvania German occupies a unique position. As a non-English dialect, located in the midst of notably different varieties of col­ loquial English, it absorbed and preserved a number of features of English which have since become obsolete, substandard, or at least strictly regional.1 An examination of English loan words in Pennsylvania German, therefore, permits us to make certain enlightening conjectures as to the manner in which loan words such as these are to be studied and evaluated. In an article published in 1938, Professor Herbert Penzl dis­ cussed the preservation in Pennsylvania German of an early modern English pronunciation of Middle English a before r.2 His study reminds us, among other things, of two very significant facts: (1) a given dialect, existing and operating within a struc­ tural system of its own, tends to perpetuate its loan words in the same form in which they were borrowed, or at least in a form com­ patible with its own development; and (2) archaisms, preserved as loan words in such a dialect, often become legitimized as “na­ tive” forms once they are dissociated from their bilingual equiva­ lents. In this connection, we note that a non-English dialect such as Pennsylvania German is not subject to the same corrective influences as an English dialect in an area where English is the standard language. Penzl was particularly interested in the Pennsylvania German pronunciation of such words as start and parlor, where the a is frequently pronounced as a low-front vowel. Although the quality of this vowel varies a good deal, there is little doubt that the Pennsylvania German pronunciation is a genuine archaism, a specimen of earlier English in fossilized form, and not merely an adaptation of one phonemic system to another.3 Penzl’s reluctance