cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy efficiency of a micro-generation unit of electricity from biogas of swine manure

Abstract The containment in pig farming generates a large volume of effluent that can be treated by anaerobic digestion. To use the biogas generated in the process, in electricity generation, a better understanding of the variables involved is necessary. The objective of this study was the evaluation of biogas production parameters, power generation, performance of the generator group in the biogas conversion into electric energy and the avoided cost of electric energy of a pig farming property. Parameters of concentration, biogas production and consumption, and generation of electric energy were monitored, and the information generated was stored in a database. The results have indicated an average daily production of 443 m3, with an average of 0.10 m3 of biogas per pig and an average concentration of 68% methane. The average of electric energy generation was 324.5 kWh/day, and the efficiency of the generator was 17% with an average active power of 70 kW and a daily operation of 6.5 h. The avoided cost by self-consumption of electric energy generated in the property was R$ 13718.20, and during the monitoring period there was a total generation of electric energy of 70.5 MWh, of which 26.6 MWh were exported to the distribution network. The study also emphasizes that the appropriate choice of sensors and the methodology for monitoring and collecting data continuously could lead to an important data to use in correlated studies concerning generation of electricity from biogas.
Photosynthesis in Whole Plants of Chondrus crispus

Photosynthesis in whole plants of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse was measured by 14C uptake under various light intensities and temperature regimes. In plants collected from waters of 6° to 7°C, photosynthesis did not increase with light intensity over a range of 200 to 2400 foot candles (ft-c). However, in plants collected from waters of 10° to 12°C, the rate of photosynthesis was lower over the range 200 to 1400 ft-c but, at 2000 ft-c, increased to a level similar to that of the 6° to 7°C plants. Ethanol-soluble and insoluble fractions showed similar patterns.
Other therapeutic psychiatric uses of superficial brain stimulation

Abstract The majority of literature on superficial brain stimulation for the treatment of psychiatric conditions is focused on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depressive disorder. Given its versatility and mode of action, TMS use has been now extended to other psychiatric disorders including anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders, and disorders of executive function. In this chapter we review the rationale and available evidence for the use of TMS as a treatment option in conditions other than major depression – post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, catatonia, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Although the rationale for its use in the treatment of the above-mentioned conditions is strong, the available evidence is mixed and limited. At this juncture no definitive conclusions or recommendations can be drawn; however, given the existing positive signals and the significant limitations of the presented evidence, further research is warranted to assess the actual role of TMS in the treatment of psychiatric conditions other than unipolar depression.
Drivers of Green Supply Chain Management Practices and their Impact on Firm Performance: A Developing Country Perspective

The purpose of this paper is to identify the drivers of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices among the manufacturing firms of a developing country, and to examine the impact of GSCM practices on firms’ economic and environmental performance. A structural equation model is developed to study the hypothesized relationships between three drivers and GSCM practices. Furthermore, the relationship between GSCM practices and firm’s economic and environmental performance is also investigated. A sample of manufacturing firms is taken from the companies listed in the local stock exchange. Cross-sectional data of 80 responses from these manufacturing firms is collected. The developed model is tested through Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. Results show that customer’s pressure and firm’s internal drive (enviropreneurship) positively impacts the adoption of GSCM practices whereas the relationship between governmental legislation GSCM practices adoption is not significant. GSCM practices positively impact the supply chain buying firm’s economic and environmental performance.
Infant mental health and institutionalised children

In this article, foundational ideas for investing in infant mental health as well as institutionalised children are explored. In infant mental health, there are three foundational ideas (1) stressful life experience can harm brain development during pregnancy and in the first months of life; (2) the parent-infant relationship can moderate at least in part the effects of this stress; (3) nurses and other health workers can support the infant-parent relationship and in that way promote healthy development of the child and of the adult the child will become. The author, Alexander Harrison, describes a model to support the parent-infant relationship in the form of training in infant mental health offered by a non-profit, Supporting Child Caregivers (SCC) to nurses and other health workers. In addition to the training, an SCC team is exploring the development of ‘nudges’, strategies to encourage the sustainability of the training. In working with institutionalised children, Monisha Nayar-Akhtar describes problems that are encountered in the care of the children and proposes alternative ways of viewing the care and management of these children. Drawing from cultural and social theorists, these ideas while acknowledging the insights provided by attachment theory, offer socio and culturally informed ideas that broaden our understanding of working with institutionalised children in the South Asian regions of the world.
Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis Involving the Neck: Radiology-Pathology Correlation

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is an uncommon autoimmune condition characterized by fever, leukopenia, and neck swelling. Diagnostic imaging, including ultrasound and CT, typically demonstrates conglomerates of enlarged cervical lymph nodes with hypervascular cortices and areas of necrosis. Ultimately, the diagnosis is confirmed with the histopathologic findings of paracortical coagulative necrosis with karyorrhectic debris, abundant histiocytes, and absence of neutrophils. Other potential etiologies, such as other causes of infectious lymphadenitis, tuberculosis, lymphoma, and systemic lupus erythematosus, must be excluded. These features are exemplified in this sine qua non radiology–pathology correlation article.
Sustainable Development: Some Philosophic and Ethical Concerns

Starting in the 1960s and progressing through the 1970s, an important revision had begun in regard to the advocacy of unbridled economic growth and industrialization. The need to pay heed to environmental concerns in any process of economic progress was beginning to be recognized during this period. The greater awareness of the ecological consequences of economic growth has, with time, led to the current promotion of development in the LMICs as qualified by the word “sustainable”. Noting that multiple environmental crises confront the world now with consequences that could, in the extreme, even threaten all life on earth, it is sought here to address at least briefly some of the environmental challenges facing the LMICs. The philosophical concerns that arise within the new paradigm of “sustainable development” are also examined. The contention of some Western scholars now is that at least in the past few centuries, anthropocentrism with its many philosophic references to the roots of Western civilization in ancient Greece has become a dominant attitude in the Western world and that attitude stands in the way of a sustainable approach to progress. However, it is also recognized that non-anthropocentric philosophy is already entrenched in many Asian cultures.
Empirical Evidence on Asymmetric Monetary Transmission in Europe

The theoretical models in the previous chapters illustrated that the partial sources of asymmetric monetary transmission in Europe identified in Chapter 2 do not easily map into differences in the overall strength of monetary transmission. This chapter reviews the empirical evidence on asymmetries in the overall effects of monetary policy in Europe. In view of the importance for the ECB policy-making, numerous studies have produced a large and quickly growing body of empirical evidence on asymmetric monetary transmission in Europe. While the following presentation and discussion provides an overview of different approaches and results, it concentrates on four countries: France, Germany and Italy as the most important EMU member countries, which taken together account for almost three quarters of aggregate European output and on the UK, which is the most important outsider.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers predict frontotemporal dementia trajectory

Author(s): Ljubenkov, Peter A; Staffaroni, Adam M; Rojas, Julio C; Allen, Isabel E; Wang, Ping; Heuer, Hilary; Karydas, Anna; Kornak, John; Cobigo, Yann; Seeley, William W; Grinberg, Lea T; Spina, Salvatore; Fagan, Anne M; Jerome, Gina; Knopman, David; Boeve, Brad F; Dickerson, Bradford C; Kramer, Joel; Miller, Bruce; Boxer, Adam L; Rosen, Howard J | Abstract: ObjectiveThe prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain, total tau, phosphorylated tau181, and amyloid beta1-42 was examined in frontotemporal dementia subtypes.MethodsWe compared baseline biomarkers between 49 controls, 40 patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, 24 with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia, and 26 with nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia. Linear mixed effect models were used to assess the value of baseline biomarkers in predicting clinical and radiographic change in patient cohorts over multiple yearly follow up visits.ResultsNeurofilament light chain concentrations were lowest in controls. Elevated baseline neurofilament light chain predicted faster worsening in clinical severity, frontotemporal volume and frontotemporal fractional anisotropy in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia. High total tau similarly predicted faster progression in nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia. In behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, higher phosphorylated tau181 predicted faster clinical progression whereas lower amyloid beta1-42 predicted faster volumetric and fractional anisotropy reduction. Neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated tau181 were of greater predictive value in patients with tau pathology as compared to TDP-43 pathology. Baseline neurofilament light chain correlated with baseline clinical severity and frontotemporal volume in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Baseline total tau correlated with baseline clinical severity in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia.InterpretationHigh cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain predicts more aggressive disease in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia. Total tau, phosphorylated tau181, and amyloid beta1-42 also predict some measures of disease aggressiveness in frontotemporal dementia.
The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945

Why have nuclear weapons not been used since Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945? Nina Tannenwald disputes the conventional answer of 'deterrence' in favour of what she calls a nuclear taboo - a widespread inhibition on using nuclear weapons - which has arisen in global politics. Drawing on newly released archival sources, Tannenwald traces the rise of the nuclear taboo, the forces that produced it, and its influence, particularly on US leaders. She analyzes four critical instances where US leaders considered using nuclear weapons (Japan 1945, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Gulf War 1991) and examines how the nuclear taboo has repeatedly dissuaded US and other world leaders from resorting to these 'ultimate weapons'. Through a systematic analysis, Tannenwald challenges conventional conceptions of deterrence and offers a compelling argument on the moral bases of nuclear restraint as well as an important insight into how nuclear war can be avoided in the future.
Complex spatiotemporal behavior and coherent excitations in critically-coupled chains of neural circuits.

We investigate a critically-coupled chain of nonlinear oscillators, whose dynamics displays complex spatiotemporal patterns of activity, including regimes in which glider-like coherent excitations move about and interact. The units in the network are identical simple neural circuits whose dynamics is given by the Wilson-Cowan model and are arranged in space along a one-dimensional lattice with nearest neighbor interactions. The interactions follow an alternating sign rule, and hence the “synaptic matrix” M embodying them is tridiagonal antisymmetric and has purely imaginary (critical) eigenvalues. The model illustrates the interplay of two properties: circuits with a complex internal dynamics, such as multiple stable periodic solutions and period doubling bifurcations, and coupling with a “critical” synaptic matrix, i.e., having purely imaginary eigenvalues. In order to identify the dynamical underpinnings of these behaviors, we explored a discrete-time coupled-map lattice inspired by our system: the dynamics of the units is dictated by a chaotic map of the interval, and the interactions are given by allowing the critical coupling to act for a finite period τ, thus given by a unitary matrix U = exp ⁡ ( τ 2 M ). It is now explicit that such critical couplings are volume-preserving in the sense of Liouville’s theorem. We show that this map is also capable of producing a variety of complex spatiotemporal patterns including gliders, like our original chain of neural circuits. Our results suggest that if the units in isolation are capable of featuring multiple dynamical states, then local critical couplings lead to a wide variety of emergent spatiotemporal phenomena.We investigate a critically-coupled chain of nonlinear oscillators, whose dynamics displays complex spatiotemporal patterns of activity, including regimes in which glider-like coherent excitations move about and interact. The units in the network are identical simple neural circuits whose dynamics is given by the Wilson-Cowan model and are arranged in space along a one-dimensional lattice with nearest neighbor interactions. The interactions follow an alternating sign rule, and hence the “synaptic matrix” M embodying them is tridiagonal antisymmetric and has purely imaginary (critical) eigenvalues. The model illustrates the interplay of two properties: circuits with a complex internal dynamics, such as multiple stable periodic solutions and period doubling bifurcations, and coupling with a “critical” synaptic matrix, i.e., having purely imaginary eigenvalues. In order to identify the dynamical underpinnings of these behaviors, we explored a discrete-time coupled-map lattice inspired by our system: the dy...
Sigmund Freud on Psychopathology in Everyday Life

Sigmund Freud’s book on the psychopathology of everyday life deals with seemingly trivial things like slips of the tongue, forgetting people’s names, and mistakes in speech. He offers an example from his own experience, forgetting someone’s name, and explains why things like that happen. The topics he deals with are all connected to our psychic lives, material stored in our unconscious, and unconscious imperatives that shape our behavior. The work of Charles Brenner is cited to explain, in some detail, the psychoanalytic approach to forgetting people’s names.
The Multi-Dimensionality of Comparative Advertising: Implications for the Federal Trade Commission:

Not until the dimensionality of comparative advertising is identified, empirically examined, and incorporated into clear policy statements, can the FTC's goal of a better-informed consumer be reali...
Implementing an Optimal Mechanism under Adverse Selection: An Environmental Policy Application

Mechanism design models typically conclude by characterizing an optimal allocation schedule based on the principal's beliefs regarding agent value functions and the distribution of agent types. This article addresses the question of how a principal can develop these beliefs given a standard cross-sectional data set in which agents' input-output choices are observable, but their underlying heterogeneity is not. I employ the methodology to evaluate strategies for reducing the cost of a voluntary program that reduces cultivation on environmentally-sensitive farmland.
Participatory E-Planning With Civic Crowdfunding: Donor Background, Involvement, and Social Capital Outcomes

Civic crowdfunding, or recruiting participants and collecting financial donations online for local development projects with public benefits, is an increasingly popular method for participatory e-Planning at the neighborhood scale. However, little is known about the donors' backgrounds, project involvement, or social capital outcomes. This article reports on a survey of 154 donors to ten such projects that finds that they are geographically diverse, are older and whiter than the project tracts, report some volunteering activities, and experience modest changes to social capital outcomes. The article discusses implications of the findings, such as how practitioners can ensure inclusion of diverse people and encourages participation among donors, and what future research is needed.
Liability: When Things Go Wrong in an Increasingly Interconnected and Autonomous World: A European View

The Internet of Things (IoT) potentially offers society not only economic advantage but also gains in product quality and safety. At the same time, IoT (in conjunction with related technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, to which we collectively refer as IoT/AI/ML) may open new potential product safety and liability exposures. What problems might be anticipated? Are potential exposures dealt with adequately by existing legal and policy measures, or do they call for some re-thinking of existing law and regulation? The European Union (EU) has adopted a common approach to two key groups of policy instruments in order to facilitate trade of goods and services throughout the EU: (1) product safety regulation, which establishes standards to which goods must conform; and (2) liability regulation, which enables consumers to recover their costs if they are harmed or injured due to a malfunctioning product (or potentially a defective service). Both are important, but our focus here is on liability.
Detection of Collaboration: Relationship Between Log and Speech-Based Classification

Research in the field of collaboration shows that students do not spontaneously collaborate with each other. A system that can measure collaboration in real time could be useful by, for example, helping the teacher locate a group requiring guidance. To address this challenge, my research focuses on building and comparing collaboration detectors for different types of classroom problem solving activities, such as card sorting and hand writing. I am also studying transfer: how collaboration detectors for one task can be used with a new task. Finally, we attempt to build a teachers dashboard that can describe reasoning behind the triggered alerts thereby helping the teachers with insights to aid the collaborative activity. Data for building such detectors were collected in the form of verbal interaction and user action logs from students’ tablets. Three qualitative levels of interactivity was distinguished: Collaboration, Cooperation and Asymmetric Contribution. Machine learning was used to induce a classifier that can assign a code for every episode based on the set of features. Our preliminary results indicate that machine learned classifiers were reliable.
The Self-Efficacy to Communicate about Sex and Intimacy (SECSI) scale: psychometric assessment in women treated for cancer

The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary validation of the psychometric performance of the newly developed Self-Efficacy to Communicate about Sex and Intimacy (SECSI) scale in a sample of women treated for cancer. Partnered women (n = 250) who had received treatment for cancer completed an online survey that included the SECSI scale and measures of health-related quality of life, depression, anxiety, sexual function, sexual distress, self-efficacy for sexual functioning, sexual behaviors, relationship satisfaction, and satisfaction with sexual communication. Sociodemographic and clinical cancer characteristics data were collected. High internal consistency and strong test–retest reliability of the SECSI scale were shown with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.94 and test–retest reliability of r = 0.82, respectively. Construct validity of the SECSI scale, including discriminant, convergent, and divergent validity, was supported except regarding hypothesized relationships between SECSI scores and participant age and time since treatment. The SECSI scale is a valid, reliable measure for use with partnered women treated for cancer. Clinicians working with cancer survivors who may be at risk for difficulties communicating about sex and intimacy needs after cancer treatment may use this scale to identify women who would benefit from interventions to increase their confidence to communicate with their partner. The SECSI scale fills an important gap in ability to assess self-efficacy to communicate about sex and intimacy.
Evaluating the effects of connected vehicle weather and work zone warnings on truck drivers' workload and distraction using eye glance behavior

This study acts in support of the Wyoming Department of Transport (WYDOT) connected vehicle pilot efforts in the deployment of effective, safe, and user-centered connected vehicle (CV) applications...
Multistage comparative PAC learning and control

In this paper, we develop adaptive PAC (probably approximately correct) learning methods with applications to design control strategy for uncertain systems. The proposed PAC learning methods mimic the adaptive learning behavior of human being to accumulate evidence step by step and make decisions based on available observations. In the proposed methods, new comparative inferential techniques are developed to quickly eliminate inferior hypotheses. We demonstrate that the proposed PAC learning methods are substantially more efficient in finding the optimal hypothesis with pre-specified level of confidence and accuracy. The proposed PAC learning methods can be applied to the design of robust controllers, where the uncertain parameters of the relevant system is sampled to obtain training examples for the learning process.
Factors Impacting Physician Referral To and Patient Attendance at Weight Management Programs Within a Large Integrated Health System.

Identifying which patients receive referrals to and which ones attend weight management programs can provide insights into how physicians manage obesity. To describe patient factors associated with referrals, which primarily reflect physician priorities, and attendance, which reflects patient priorities. We also examine the influence of the individual physician by comparing adjusted rates of referral and attendance across physicians. Retrospective cohort study. Adults with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 who had a primary care visit between 2015 and 2018 at a large integrated health system Referrals and visits to programs were collected from the EHR in 2019 and analyzed in 2019–2020. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to identify the association between patient characteristics and (1) receiving a referral, and (2) attending a visit after a referral. We compared physicians’ adjusted probabilities of referring patients and of their patients attending a visit. Our study included 160,163 adults, with a median BMI of 35 kg/m2. Seventeen percent of patients received ≥ 1 referral and 29% of those attended a visit. The adjusted odds of referral increased 57% for patients with a BMI 35–39 (versus 30–34) and 32% for each comorbidity (p < 0.01). Attending a visit was less strongly associated with BMI (aOR 1.18 for 35–39 versus 30–34, 95% CI 1.09–1.27) and not at all with comorbidity. For the physician-level analysis, the adjusted probability of referral had a much wider range (0 to 83%; mean = 19%) than did the adjusted probability of attendance (range 27 to 34%). Few patients attended a weight management program. Physicians vary greatly in their probability of referring patients to programs but not in their patients’ probability of attending.
Washed waste incineration bottom ash as a raw ingredient in cement production: Implications for lab-scale clinker behavior

Abstract Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash has a similar chemical composition to traditional cement kiln feed components, making it a potentially viable replacement for traditional materials in the absence of deleterious components invariably present in ash. This supposition should be confirmed by lab-scale experimentation prior to full-scale implementation. This study explores lab-scale cement manufacturing using varying replacement percentages of unwashed and water-washed MSWI bottom ash. The use of unwashed MSWI ash as a kiln feed is associated with a considerable decrease in tricalcium silicate content. Each replacement percentage of washed bottom ash incorporation resulted in an approximate tricalcium silicate content of 45%, while unwashed bottom ash specimens had tricalcium silicate contents of approximately 35%. Aluminate concentrations in ash-amended clinkers were considerably higher than reference clinkers, which may require additional gypsum to ensure proper setting. The effects of mineralogical differences were reflected in cement reactivity. Unwashed MSWI ash-amended specimens should be monitored for chloride and alkali content. Results of this study highlight the simultaneous impact of washed and unwashed MSWI bottom ash addition as kiln feed on clinker formation, and the special considerations for clinker production and behavior. The addition of MSWI ash as cement kiln feed is beneficial provided it is washed and appropriately controlled below 8% to reduce deleterious phase composition.
On State-Independent Policies in Network Revenue Management

Problem definition: We study the following seminal stochastic multiproduct dynamic-pricing problem, analyzed originally in Gallego and Van Ryzin (1997) – GVR, for short. A firm has a finite inventory of a set of resources needed to produce products that can be sold over a finite horizon. The demand for each product arrives according to a Poisson process for which the rate, at any time, is a function of the current prices of all the products. The firm's goal is to obtain a pricing policy that maximizes its expected revenue over the sales horizon. Results and Managerial implications: GVR's analysis of the above problem implicitly assumes that the demand-price relationship is separable among the products (that is, the demand rate of a product depends only on its own price and is independent of the prices of the other products). However, for pricing problems in many industries, e.g. fashion retail and travel, the separability assumption does not hold (due to, say, substitution or complementarity among the products). In this paper, we derive GVR's results for the more general setting where the demand-price relationship need not be separable. Specifically, we analyze two state-independent policies and show that they are both asymptotically optimal. Similar to GvR, we consider a sequence of scaled versions of the original problem in which the demand-arrival rates of the products and the capacities of the resources are both scaled by a factor $k\in \mathbb{N}$, and show that an upper bound on the optimal revenue scales proportional to $k$, while the optimality gaps of the two policies scale proportional to $\sqrt{k}$. This ''square root effect'' is widely viewed as a cornerstone in Network Revenue Management. Our analysis introduces a bounding technique that uses a Poisson concentration inequality – this technique can potentially be applied to other OM problems.
High-Throughput Screening for Positive Allosteric Modulators Identified Potential Therapeutics against Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition

The current standard of care for treatment of organophosphate (OP) poisoning includes pretreatment with the weak reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor pyridostigmine bromide. Because this drug is an AChE inhibitor, similar side effects exist as with OP poisoning. In an attempt to provide a therapeutic capable of mitigating AChE inhibition without such side effects, high-throughput screening was performed to identify a compound capable of increasing the catalytic activity of AChE. Herein, two such novel positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of AChE are presented. These PAMs increase AChE activity threefold, but they fail to upshift the apparent IC 50 of a variety of OPs. Further development and optimization of these compounds may lead to pre- and/or postexposure therapeutics with broad-spectrum efficacy against pesticide and nerve agent poisoning. In addition, they could be used to complement the current therapeutic standard of care to increase the activity of uninhibited AChE, potentially increasing the efficacy of current therapeutics in addition to altering the therapeutic window.
BASF: Measurability – A Prerequisite of Shared Value Creation in Agriculture

Food production is the industry, which has largest number of products and production characteristics that are designated to be sustainable. However, its manifestation varies greatly for different value chains in food production. For example, there are different expectations for fresh produce on the one hand and processed fruit and vegetables on the other hand. In an environment of numerous sustainability valuations the demand for a widely accepted set of indicators and their measurability is therefore rather high. The development and marketing of sustainable solutions is key for BASF’s corporate strategy and subsequently also a guiding principle for the department Agricultural Solutions. BASF tried to enable a realistic and precise mapping of the food value chain through AgBalance™. Measurability of sustainability can be central for recurrent improvement toward a more sustainable agriculture. The prerequisite for this is the translation of complex life cycle assessments into the reality of farmers and to provide them with concrete recommendations for action.
Introduction to Planetary Geomorphology: Planetary geomorphology methods

Introduction For many years, the study of the geomorphology of the Earth was primarily descriptive. In the middle of the twentieth century, the emphasis shifted to a more process-oriented approach, with the goal of understanding the reasons behind a landform’s appearance. The analysis of planetary surfaces has gone through a similar history. When the first close-up images of the Moon and planets were obtained, their surfaces were described, and some attempts were made to interpret their origin and evolution. Unfortunately, some of these attempts were rather immature. Planetary scientists with a geology background drew on their experiences with Earth, taking a simplified “analog” approach; i.e., if it looks like a volcanic crater, it must be of volcanic origin. Scaling the sizes of features and considerations of planetary environments took a back seat to the simple “look alike” answer. As the Apollo program drew to a close in the early 1970s and the exploration of the full Solar System emerged, planetary geomorphology became more process-oriented, with attempts to take differences in planetary environments into account, while maintaining fundamental geologic principles. In this chapter, the following question will be addressed: how can one study the geology of a planet or satellite without actually going there? This will include the approaches used in planetary geomorphology and the types of data that are commonly available for the study of planetary surfaces.
Comparison of SEA and PFFEA predictions of in-air and underwater radiated noise from a ring-stiffened cylinder

The in-air and underwater experiments performed with a ring-stiffened cylinder are described. Broadband excitation was employed for the measurement of input mobility's response along with the resulting radiated noise in-air and underwater. These data were compared by statistical energy analysis (SEA) and power flow finite element analysis (PFFEA). The radiated noise predictions were made with a boundary element based post-processing software. SNAP, embodiment of PFFEA, underpredicted exterior radiated noise while SEAM, a software implementation of SEA, underpredicted interior noise.
Developing Peer Groups for the Oregon University System: From Politics to Analysis (and Back).

In the fall of 1997, institutional research staff in the central office of the Oregon University System were asked to build a set of peer comparators for the state's seven diverse public universities. The peer groups were to serve the analytic needs of budgeting, performance measurement, and trend analysis. Because of several critical political issues requiring interinstitutional unity, the peer groups had to be developed and implemented with the participation and support of the seven university presidents. In addition, the peer groups had to be understood and accepted by board members, legislators, and the governor's office. Through a process that combined detailed statistical information with a sensitivity to the political dynamics and judgments of campus presidents and staff, the system office developed a set of peer groups that found acceptance in both the political and analytical environments. Ten conditions that contribute to the creation of peer groups on a systemwide basis are identified and offered as guidance to other university systems.
Making a Statement About Private Securities Litigation: The Merits and Implications of the Supreme Court's Janus Capital Case

In June 2011, the Supreme Court decided its latest case concerning the right of investors to sue for securities fraud under Rule 10b-5. The case, Janus Capital Group v. First Derivative Traders, completes a trio of cases beginning in 1994 which severely limit the scope of this private cause of action. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court in Janus determined that only the entity with “ultimate authority” over a given statement can be its “maker” for purposes of Rule 10b-5. As a result, investors in mutual funds and arguably other securities are left with little remedy for fraud, a consequence that has drawn significant criticism to this decision.Responding to such criticism, this Note examines the merits of the approaches taken in the majority and dissenting opinions, and argues that the case was decided correctly under an accurate construction of current securities laws. Next, this Note predicts that the Court’s ruling will be applied broadly, drastically limiting liability for corporate officers and management under Rule 10b-5. Finally, this Note addresses potential measures of rectifying what is currently a lack of remedy for investors in securities. It then concludes by advocating that Congress expand the authority of the Securities and Exchange Commission to compensate defrauded investors for their losses.
Cellular Site in Bacillus subtilis of a Nuclease Which Preferentially Degrades Single-Stranded Nucleic Acids

Birnboim, H. C. (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, N.Y.). Cellular site in Bacillus subtilis of a nuclease which preferentially degrades single-stranded nucleic acids. J. Bacteriol. 91:1004–1011. 1966.—A nuclease, identified by a marked preference for single-stranded nucleic acids, has been demonstrated in extracts of Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme was associated with the cell wall-membrane fraction of mechanically disrupted cells and was released from cells which had been converted to protoplasts by lysozyme. The nuclease activity prepared by the latter procedure was found to be activated and solubilized by treatment with trypsin. The enzyme had about 2% activity on native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as compared with denatured DNA. By use of CsCl analytical density gradient ultracentrifugation, this preparation was shown to degrade denatured DNA selectively in mixtures of native and denatured DNA.
Pulmonary embolism in chronic kidney disease: a lethal, overlooked and research orphan disease.

See also Ocak G, van Stralen KJ, Rosendaal FR, Verduijn M, Ravani P, Palsson R, Leivestad T, Hoitsma AJ, Ferrer-Alamar M, Finne P, De Meester J, Wanner C, Dekker FW, Jager KJ. Mortality due to pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke among incident dialysis patients. This issue, pp 2484–93.
Diamondback terrapins as indicator species of persistent organic pollutants: Using Barnegat Bay, New Jersey as a case study

The diamondback terrapin's (Malaclemys terrapin) wide geographic distribution, long life span, occurrence in a variety of habitats within the saltmarsh ecosystem, predatory foraging behavior, and high site fidelity make it a useful indicator species for contaminant monitoring in estuarine ecosystems. In this study fat biopsies and plasma samples were collected from males and females from two sites within Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, as well as tissues from a gravid female and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), which are terrapin prey. Samples were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), chlorinated pesticides, and methyl-triclosan. Terrapins from the northern site, Spizzle Creek, closest to influences from industrial areas, had higher POP concentrations for both tissues than terrapins from the less impacted Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge. Sex differences were observed with males having higher contaminant concentrations in fat and females in plasma. PCB patterns in terrapin fat and plasma were comparable to other wildlife. An atypical PBDE pattern was observed, dominated by PBDEs 153 and 100 instead of PBDEs 47 and 99, which has been documented in only a few other turtle species. The typical PBDE patterns measured in mussels, terrapin prey, suggests that the terrapin may efficiently biotransform or eliminate PBDE 47 and possibly PBDE 99. Plasma contaminant concentrations significantly and positively correlated with those in fat. This study addresses several aspects of using the terrapin as an indicator species for POP monitoring: site and sex differences, tissue sampling choices, maternal transfer, and biomagnification.
Research in computational epidemiology

The emerging new area referred to as computational science or science done on a computer adds a third dimension to the traditional methods of theoretical and experimental approaches. Counterparts to computational science such as computational linguistice, computational engineering and others arc beginning to take roots. Naturally, new research paths and opportunities in computational epidemiology must also be explored. One of the major challenges in epidemiologic research is the issue of how to realistically and effectively handle complex bioepidemiologic dynamics involving interactions between humans or animals, etiological agents and the multiple array of environmental and socioeconomic determinants which affect these populations. To understand the behavior of such complex biological systems, it is useful to devise computer based simulation models. Computational epidemiologic approaches now provide alternative avenues to classical laboratory and/or field experimental methods. Systems which may be impractical because they are too large, or, not feasible because the cost is too prohibitive can now be simulated realistically. In the past obtaining solutions to biomathematical equations with any degree of complexity was impossible. However, the availability of powerful computers now makes the quantitative analysis of such systems feasible and indeed practical. With this in mind our research at Tuskegee University has focused on: a) Epidemiologic modelling and expert systems, and, b) Hypertext/hypermedia based epidemiologic knowledge management. The case studies for our research involve the bioepidemiologic dynamics of two complex host-parasite systems of trypanosoma and schistosoma. The ultimate goal is to develop resources and methodologies based on computational technology to advance epidemiologic research. The paper will address the methodological issues and findings as well as questions related to configuring an appropriate research workstation for computational epidemiology.
MobileAds: advertisement on mobile devices

We study the requirements and challenges that arise in the mobile advertisement applications, which are more and more anticipated and will bring great societal and economic impact in the future. The goal of advertisement is to reach largest possible target population. Hence, we propose a reliable and robust message propagation protocol in this paper.
Theory and operational characteristics of the magnetic valve for solids (MVS). III. external coil design

Abstract This paper presents a study of the effect of magnet core dimensions on the minimum number of ampere-turns (NI) required to successfully operate an External Coil Magnetic Valve for Solids. A simple theory is developed to explain the variation of NI with respect to the magnet core dimensions, and a design equation based on the theory and experimental results, which predicts NI as a function of the magnet core dimensions, is presented.
Increased apoptosis of peripheral blood neutrophils is associated with reduced incidence of infection in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock.

Summary Objective We aimed to describe the relationship between early peripheral leukocyte apoptosis and incidence of subsequent infection in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock (T/HS). Methods T/HS patients requiring emergency surgery were prospectively enrolled. Nucleosome ELISA and TUNEL staining were performed on peripheral blood drawn pre-operatively, post-operatively and at 24 h. Subjects were followed for 30 days or until death or hospital discharge to record all episodes of infection. Results Forty-one subjects were enrolled. Six died within 24 h of surgery and were not included in the analysis. Nucleosome levels peaked post-operatively and dropped to baseline levels at 24 h ( p = 0.03). TUNEL analysis revealed that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) accounted for 72% of apoptotic leukocytes; the remaining apoptotic cells were mainly lymphocytes. Increased post-operative leukocyte apoptosis was associated with decreased systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) severity. Seventeen of the 35 survivors (48.6%) developed infections, while 18 (51.4%) did not. Pre-operative and post-operative nucleosome levels were 2.5 and 3 times higher, respectively, in T/HS patients who did not develop infection compared to those who did. Increased nucleosome levels were associated in particular with protection against sepsis (p=0.03) and multiple infections ( p = 0.01). Conclusion Peripheral blood PMN apoptosis in the early resuscitative period is associated with decreased incidence of subsequent infection in T/HS patients.
Intrapartum Intrauterine Fetal Demise with Normal Umbilical Cord Blood Gas Values at Birth

A case is presented in which a fetus was delivered by cesarean section for failure to progress and a “nonreassuring heart rate tracing” in which the Apgar scores were unexpectedly 0 at 1, 5, and 10 minutes. Resuscitation was unsuccessful after 30 minutes. The venous cord gas was normal and the arterial blood gas was not consistent with intrapartum asphyxia. At the time of surgery, the placenta appeared grossly normal. The autopsy was entirely normal. This case raises questions about our understanding of intrauterine fetal demise and suggests an approach to future research.
Estimating the direct rebound effect for on-road freight transportation

Abstract Energy and environmental concerns have spawned new policies aimed at reducing emissions and fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) worldwide. While such policies intend to reduce HDV energy consumption and emissions, energy savings that reduce transportation costs may lead to increased demand for HDV transportation services. Increased HDV transportation, in turn, can result in increased energy use and emissions—i.e., a direct “rebound effect.” This paper provides a critical review of the literature related to the HDV rebound effect. Results of this review demonstrate that the lack of focused studies in this area combined with the variability and heterogeneity of the trucking sector limit general understanding of the HDV rebound effect. Currently, the studies that do exist often create biased or erroneous rebound effect estimates by inappropriately relying on freight elasticities or applying metrics that omit important elements of fuel consumption. Research following a more transparent and coherent approach can improve estimates of the rebound effect from policy measures to improve HDV energy efficiency.
Atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Systematic review of review papers 2009-2011. An update for clinicians.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder and a plethora of new data has been published from clinical trials and national epidemiological databases in the last three years. In the United Kingdom Atomoxetine is currently the only licensed non-stimulant medication. As part of a systematic review of atomoxetine data Jan 2009–June 2011 formal searches found 750 citations. From these 13 met criteria for either review or systematic review papers and contained clinical data synthesis on atomoxetine. No individual review paper alone would be sufficient for clinicians to be updated at that time on all clinical aspects of atomoxetine data. The crucial data relating to clinical parity of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in trials and meta-analysis where relevant confounding biases are removed are not often discussed. Systematic review of complex data is critical for ADHD clinicians and will need regular updating due to the large volume of new data.
Pathogenesis of kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

Purpose of reviewA combination of systemic autoimmunity and tissue response to immune injury underlie renal involvement in lupus erythematosus. In this review, we discuss recent literature investigating pathogenetic mechanisms of lupus glomerulonephritis.Recent findingsIn lupus glomerulonephritis, g
A “taxpayers' revolution” and economic rationality

Public officials at the federal, state and local levels have shown some concern over the likelihood of a "taxpayers revolution". The Internal Revenue Service has reported unprecedented delays in the collection of tax revenues [4, p. 6]. Bond issues when put to a vote on state and local referenda have more often than not been defeated even when destined for the heretofore sacrosanct area of education.1 Using indifference curve analysis J. M. Buchanan and M. Flowers [1] indicate how the taxpayer can be forced into disequilibrium by government policies and begin to show resistance to paying taxes and hostility towards increased public spending. However, they limit themselves to placing the taxpayer in a state of disequilibrium but not in a state of revolution. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the point at which the taxpayer moves from merely disequilibrium to revolution. When the revolution arrives taxpayers will not only reject whenever possible all attempts to expand government expenditures but will demand that additional public goods be provided through private arrangements. In addition it is shown that such revolution, far from being irrational, is consistent with economic rationality.