cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiating Instability of a Meridional Boundary Current

Abstract A linear stability analysis of a meridional boundary current on the beta plane is presented. The boundary current is idealized as a constant-speed meridional jet adjacent to a semi-infinite motionless far field. The far-field region can be situated either on the eastern or the western side of the jet, representing a western or an eastern boundary current, respectively. It is found that when unstable, the meridional boundary current generates temporally growing propagating waves that transport energy away from the locally unstable region toward the neutral far field. This is the so-called radiating instability and is found in both barotropic and two-layer baroclinic configurations. A second but important conclusion concerns the differences in the stability properties of eastern and western boundary currents. An eastern boundary current supports a greater number of radiating modes over a wider range of meridional wavenumbers. It generates waves with amplitude envelopes that decay slowly with distan...
Effect of postharvest handling practices on phytochemical concentrations and bioactive potential in wild blueberry fruit

In this study, we quantified anthocyanin (ANC), proanthocyanidin (PAC), and chlorogenic acid (CA) concentrations in wild blueberry fruit (WBB) exposed to a variety of postharvest handling practices relevant to consumers and to industry. Additionally, we analyzed the bioactive potential of WBB subjected to common culinary preparations such as baking, boiling, and microwaving. Levels of ANC, PAC, and CA in individually quick frozen (IQF) WBB that had been subjected to temperature fluctuations, which are often encountered during distribution and handling for retail sales, dropped by approximately 8, 43, and 60%, respectively, compared to an IQF WBB composite that was stored continuously from harvest at −80 ◦ C. Baking IQF WBB reduced ANC, PAC, and CA concentrations by 11.2, 14.6, and 10.6%, respectively, and boiling decreased ANC, PAC, and CA concentrations by a minimum of 7.4, 14.4, and 36.8%, respectively. Microwaving IQF WBB for 1 minute increased ANC concentrations by 12.9% but exposure to 3 and 5 minutes resulted in significant decreases (29.8 and 81.6%, respectively). PAC concentrations in IQF WBB exposed to microwaves for 1, 3, and 5 minutes decreased by 14.3, 5.4, and 87.1%, respectively, whereas CA concentrations were not significantly impacted. At a concentration of 25g/ml, baked and boiled IQF WBB extracts maintained the ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells. Extracts of WBB that were microwaved for 1 or 3 minutes retained bioactivity in our model for inflammation, while those microwaved for 5 minutes were unable to inhibit LPS-induced ROS.
Autoregulation of the systemic circulation in conscious rats.

Autoregulation of blood flow in various organ systems is a well-documented phenomenon. However, the net effect of these regional autoregulatory responses on the systemic circulation has not been studied in conscious rats despite the now extensive use of rats in cardiovascular research. The ability of the systemic circulation to autoregulate cardiac output has been proposed to play an important role in the development of increased vascular resistance in volume-dependent forms of hypertension. To better understand these events, we characterized responses to acute increases and decreases in blood volume in conscious areflexic rats that were chronically instrumented with arterial and venous catheters and an electromagnetic flow probe around the ascending aorta. Neurohumoral blockade was achieved with chlorisondamine (10 mg/kg), methscopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), captopril (1.0 mg/kg), and d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)arginine vasopressin (10 micrograms/kg). Mean arterial pressure was restored to normal levels with a constant i.v. norepinephrine infusion, which resulted in normal values of cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood gases. Blood volume expansion (0.9 ml i.v. blood infusion for 6 minutes) increased cardiac output 9 +/- 1% and mean arterial pressure 30 +/- 3% and caused a 22 +/- 2% increase in total peripheral resistance (n = 7). Blood volume contraction (6-minute withdrawal of 0.9 ml of blood) decreased cardiac output 12 +/- 1% and mean arterial pressure 26 +/- 4%, which resulted in a 16 +/- 4% decrease in total peripheral resistance (n = 8). The slopes of the pressure-flow relationships during volume expansion were 0.24 and 0.41 during volume contraction, as compared with a nonautoregulating system (slope = 1) and a completely autoregulating system (slope = 0).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review

It was believed that the cause of the cognitive decline exhibited by human and non-human primates during normal aging was a loss of cortical neurons. It is now known that significant numbers of cortical neurons are not lost and other bases for the cognitive decline have been sought. One contributing factor may be changes in nerve fibers. With age some myelin sheaths exhibit degenerative changes, such as the formation of splits containing electron dense cytoplasm, and the formation on myelin balloons. It is suggested that such degenerative changes lead to cognitive decline because they cause changes in conduction velocity, resulting in a disruption of the normal timing in neuronal circuits. Yet as degeneration occurs, other changes, such as the formation of redundant myelin and increasing thickness suggest of sheaths, suggest some myelin formation is continuing during aging. Another indication of this is that oligodendrocytes increase in number with age. In addition to the myelin changes, stereological studies have shown a loss of nerve fibers from the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres of humans, while other studies have shown a loss of nerve fibers from the optic nerves and anterior commissure in monkeys. It is likely that such nerve fiber loss also contributes to cognitive decline, because of the consequent decrease in connections between neurons. Degeneration of myelin itself does not seem to result in microglial cells undertaking phagocytosis. These cells are probably only activated when large numbers of nerve fibers are lost, as can occur in the optic nerve.
Responses of T2–T4 spinal neurons to stimulation of the greater splanchnic nerves of the cat

Abstract Effects of electrical stimulation of the greater splanchnic nerves on T2–T4 spinal neurons were determined in 16 cats anesthetized with α-chloralose. Of 77 neurons responding to somatic stimuli, 65 (84%) were excited, inhibited, or both excited and inhibited by splanchnic input. Each of the splanchnic responsive cells also was responsive to electrical stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent fibers. All but one neuron with left splanchnic input also received input from the right splanchnic nerve. Short- and long-latency excitatory responses were observed after splanchnic stimulation. The cell response to splanchnic stimulation was greatly inhibited by a conditioning stimulus applied to the other splanchnic nerve. A similar, although weaker, interaction occurred between splanchnic and cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent fibers. The activity of 17 cells was inhibited by repetitive stimuli applied to one or both splanchnic nerves. Cells were found in laminae I, IV, V, VII, and VIII. These data provide the first evidence for splanchnic modulation of upper thoracic dorsal horn neurons.
Motor nerve palsy following primary total hip arthroplasty.

Background: Nerve palsy is a potentially devastating complication following total hip arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively identify risk factors for, and the prognosis associated with, a motor nerve palsy following primary total hip arthroplasty. Methods: Between 1970 and 2000, 27,004 primary total hip arthroplasties were performed at our institution. Forty-seven patients (0.17%) with postoperative motor nerve dysfunction were identified by a review of the complications log of a total joint database. The medical record of each patient provided the data for this study. The average age of the patients was fifty-seven years at the time of surgery. The patients had serial clinical examinations for a minimum of two years, or until neurologic recovery or death. The nerve palsies were classified as complete or incomplete, and only patients with objective motor weakness were included in the study. The limb lengths were measured on preoperative and postoperative radiographs, and those data were then compared with the limb lengths in a matched cohort of patients who had not sustained a nerve injury after a primary total hip arthroplasty. The extent of neurologic recovery, the need for braces or walking aids, and the use of medications for neurogenic pain were evaluated. Results: There were twenty-nine complete motor nerve palsies (sixteen peroneal, eleven sciatic, and two femoral) and eighteen incomplete motor nerve palsies (fourteen peroneal, three sciatic, and one femoral). A preoperative diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (p = 0.0004) or posttraumatic arthritis (p = 0.01), the use of a posterior approach (p = 0.032), lengthening of the extremity (p < 0.01), and cementless femoral fixation (p = 0.03) were associated with a significantly increased odds ratio for the development of a postoperative motor nerve palsy. Of the twenty-eight patients with a complete palsy who were available for follow-up, only ten (36%) had complete recovery of motor strength, which took an average of 21.1 months. Seven of the eighteen patients with an incomplete palsy fully recovered their preoperative strength. Twenty-one patients required walking aids, and fifteen required permanent use of an ankle-foot orthosis. Five patients required daily medication for chronic neurogenic pain. Conclusions: Motor nerve palsy is uncommon following primary total hip arthroplasty. A preoperative diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip or posttraumatic arthritis, the use of a posterior approach, lengthening of the extremity, and use of an uncemented femoral implant increased the odds ratio of sustaining a motor nerve palsy. The majority of the motor nerve deficits in our series, whether complete or incomplete, did not fully resolve. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Short-term effects of a prescribed burn on songbirds and vegetation in mountain big sagebrush

I measured songbird abundance and vegetation cover in and around a 420-ha prescribed burn in a mountain big sagebrush community located at 2133 m elevation. Data were collected during the 3rd growing season after the fire. Brewer's Sparrow and Sage Thrasher occurred in lower abundance on sites that were largely or completely burned relative to sites that were outside the fire perimeter or within unburned islands of shrubs. The number of Brewer's Sparrow detections was linearly related to remaining sagebrush cover. In contrast, Horned Lark occurred at higher abundances on sites where shrub cover had been removed in the prescribed burn. Cover of perennial grasses and cover of 4 of the 5 most common forbs was greater on burned sites than on unburned sites.
The Relation of Endocrine Function to Resistance and Immunity. II. The Independence of Cevitamic Acid and Complement Following Alterations in Thyroid Function in the Rabbit.

THE RECENT DISCOVERY of the relation of the cevitamic acid level to complement concentration in the blood serum of the guinea pig by Ecker and his co′workers (i) is an important contribution to the understanding of comple′ment. The reports of these investigators formed the basis of an editorial in The Journal of the American Medical Association (2). A direct correlation between the complement concentration and the cevitamic acid level was found under various experimental conditions. A vitamin C deficient diet produced a drop in complement parallel to that of cevitamic acid in the serum. The addition of vitamin C to the diet not only relieved the scurvy but increased the complement titer. This work on the guinea pig is so well founded that in studies of complement concentration it is obviously necessary to control the vitamin C level.
Negative regulation of RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation in RAW264.7 Cells by estrogen and phytoestrogens.

Abstract We studied estrogen effects on osteoclastic differentiation using RAW264.7, a murine monocytic cell line. Differentiation, in response to RANKL and colony-stimulating factor 1, was evaluated while varying estrogen receptor (ER) stimulation by estradiol or nonsteroidal ER agonists was performed. The RAW264.7 cells were found to express ERα but not ERβ. In contrast to RANKL, which decreased ERα expression and induced osteoclast differentiation, 10 nm estradiol, 3 μm genistein, or 3 μm daidzein all increased ERα expression, stimulated cell proliferation, and decreased multinucleation, with the effects of estrogen ≥ daidzein > genistein. However, no estrogen agonist reduced RANKL stimulation of osteoclast differentiation markers or its down-regulation of ERα expression by more than ∼50%. Genistein is also an Src kinase antagonist in vitro, but it did not decrease Src phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells relative to other estrogen agonists. However, both phytoestrogens and estrogen inhibited RANKL-induced IκB degradation and NF-κB nuclear localization with the same relative potency as seen in proliferation and differentiation assays. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the direct effects of estrogen on osteoclast precursor differentiation and shows that, in addition to effecting osteoblasts, estrogen may protect bone by reducing osteoclast production. Genistein, which activates ERs selectively, inhibited osteoclastogenesis less effectively than the nonselective phytoestrogen daidzein, which effectively reproduced effects of estrogen.
Time- and space-resolved studies of shock compression molecular dynamics

Two kinds of experiments are described, that measure the dynamical effects of shock compression on molecules with high time and space resolution. Time resolution is obtained using ultrafast nonlinear coherent vibrational spectroscopy. Space resolution greater than the diffraction limit is obtained by building in nanostructures of known dimensions. In the first experiments, 100 ps laser flash heating is used to suddenly vaporize Al nanoparticles embedded in reactive oxidizing polymers nitrocellulose (NC) and Teflon. The hot nanoparticles react with a surrounding shell of oxidizer and generate spherical shock waves > 10 GPa. The propagation of shock-induced chemistry in time and over distances ranging from 50 to 1,000 nm is measured and discussed. In the second experiment, femtosecond laser-driven planar shock waves run through a molecular monolayer of linear hydrocarbon chains. The methyl –CH3 groups that terminate the chains form a plane ∼1.5 A thick. The C–H stretching vibrations of these groups are monitored as the shock front passes over. A combination of experiment and molecular simulations shows that chains with odd (15) numbers of carbon atoms become shorter by bending behind the shock front, whereas chains with even numbers (18) of carbon atoms undergo mechanical failure and shorten by forming gauche defects.
Adaptive Control of Flexible Active Composite Manipulators Driven by Piezoelectric Patches and Active Struts With Dead Zones

Simultaneous adaptive positioning and vibration control of a flexible active composite manipulator with two piezoelectric patches and an active strut are investigated in this paper. First, the configuration of the manipulator is described, and then its dynamics is analyzed. An adaptive fuzzy logic control (AFLC) strategy and an independent modal space adaptive control (IMSAC) scheme are proposed for the active strut motion control and for the manipulator vibration control, respectively. In the AFLC, an adaptive input scaling concept is introduced to adaptively adjust the input of a traditional fuzzy logic controller. As a result, an inverse dead zone is gained to compensate the existing strut dead zone and overcome the dead zone effects. In the IMSAC, a novel adaptive feedback control scheme is developed using the adaptive filtered-x algorithm that is commonly used for adaptive feedforward control. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the AFLC can provide very accurate positioning control with a relative steady-state positioning error of 0.06%, and that the IMSAC raises the damping ratios of the first two modes of the flexible manipulator 10 times and substantially suppresses the vibration induced by the manipulator motion.
Using aptamers evolved from cell-SELEX to engineer a molecular delivery platform

We report a chemically modified construct of the Sgc8 aptamer, selected against CEM cells, conjugated to an activator platform for stimulated release of molecules at the tumor surface using DNA template assisted functional group transfer reactions (DTGTR).
Finite Sample Convergence Rates of Zero-Order Stochastic Optimization Methods

We consider derivative-free algorithms for stochastic optimization problems that use only noisy function values rather than gradients, analyzing their finite-sample convergence rates. We show that if pairs of function values are available, algorithms that use gradient estimates based on random perturbations suffer a factor of at most √d in convergence rate over traditional stochastic gradient methods, where d is the problem dimension. We complement our algorithmic development with information-theoretic lower bounds on the minimax convergence rate of such problems, which show that our bounds are sharp with respect to all problem-dependent quantities: they cannot be improved by more than constant factors.
Impacts of Climate Variation and Catchment Area on Water Balance and Lake Hydrologic Type in Groundwater-Dominated Systems: A Generic Lake Model

Lakes are a major geologic feature in humid regions, and multiple lake hydrologic types exist with varying physical and chemical characteristics, connections among lakes, and relationships to the landscape. The authors developed a model of water fluxes through major components of groundwater-dominated lake catchments in a region containing thousands of lakes, the Northern Highland Lake District (NHLD) of northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The model was calibrated with data from widely differing lakes using the same set of simple equations to represent the hydrologic type, water residence time, and amount and timing of stream and groundwater flows of representative lakes in today's climate. The authors investigated the sensitivity of the water balance of a set of three connected
String Extension Learning

This paper provides a unified, learning-theoretic analysis of several learnable classes of languages discussed previously in the literature. The analysis shows that for these classes an incremental, globally consistent, locally conservative, set-driven learner always exists. Additionally, the analysis provides a recipe for constructing new learnable classes. Potential applications include learnable models for aspects of natural language and cognition.
Friction and wear of various polymer pairs used for label and wiper in labeling machine

Abstract Labels should be to affixed containers without defects for a positive corporate image. Conformal contact between labels and containers can be made when suitable friction occurs at the label/wiper interface. For an understanding of friction in various label/wipe pairs, load, speed, and varnish coating effect were studied. Effect of load and speed was elucidated from frictional heating and formation of tribofilm, which are contributors to polymer friction. In typical loading conditions, there was no load or speed kinetic friction dependence because of insufficient frictional heating. Under extreme conditions, friction increases with speed and load because of frictional heating. Static friction does not vary with load. Lower shear strength PTFE tape wiper showed lower friction but higher wear than HDPE coating.
Contrast-Enhanced Sonography for Monitoring Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a mainstay in treating soft tissue sarcomas. Soft tissue sarcomas can show an increase in size and central necrosis, with a decrease in the viable tumor, as an initial response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Thus, the maximum tumor diameter may not reliably assess the response to this therapy. Contrast-enhanced sonography may address this limitation. We evaluated 4 patients with soft tissue sarcomas by contrast-enhanced sonography, performed concomitantly with conventional imaging (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomography). Quantitative analysis was also performed on 1 sarcoma. A viable, enhancing tumor versus tumor necrosis was nearly identical on contrast-enhanced sonography and conventional imaging. Preliminary results demonstrate potential for contrast-enhanced sonographic monitoring of soft tissue sarcomas during neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Theoretical Model of a Hollow Cathode Insert Plasma

A 2-D axisymmetric model of the plasma in the insert region of a hollow cathode is presented. The level of sophistication included in the model is motivated in part by the need to determine quantitatively plasma fluxes to the emitter surface. The ultimate goal is to assess whether plasma effects reduce the life of impregnated inserts compared to those documented throughout the 30-50 year history of vacuum cathode technologies. Results from simulations of a 1.2-cm diameter cathode operating at a discharge current of 25 A, and a gas flow rate of 5 sccm, show that approximately 13 A of electron current, and 4 A of ion current return to the emitter surface. The total emitted electron current is approximately 38 A. Comparisons with plasma measurements suggest that anomalous heating of the plasma due to two-stream instabilities is possible near the orifice region. The model predicts heavy species temperatures as high as 2880 K and peak voltage drops at the emitting surface not exceeding 8 V.
Levels of Organizational Responsibility in a New Faculty Orientation Program

This study established topic priorities for planning a workshop for new faculty members at the university level.
A Comparison of the Performance of Freshmen and Sophomores in a Beginning Course in Psychology

The history of the teaching of psychology as a separate subject does not go back much more than a half century. It entered the col lege scene, in this country at least, as some thing one took at the end of the philosophy curriculum, and it was usually called some thing like mental or moral philosophy. When separate departments of psychology were set up, the courses were first open only to juniors and seniors. As the curriculum ex panded, the elementary course was moved down to the sophomore year, at which point it has been very nearly fixed for the last twenty-five years. A relatively small number of institutions offer it to freshmen and an even smaller number of secondary schools teach psychology. One is led to wonder why this halt at the sophomore level should have occurred. It might be that certain work in zoological sci ence has been considered prerequisite to the study of psychology, although we rarely find such a statement in college catalogues. Some have claimed that more than freshman maturity is needed, but this position seems no more logically taken with respect to psychol ogy than any other subject matter in the college curriculum. A more important reason than these positions would seem to be that the places in the first-year students' pro grams have been so generally pre-empted by required courses in longer-established disci plines: foreign language, mathematics, his tory, English, and the older sciences. Whichever of these answers be correct, the question still remains whether sophomores do any better in elementary psychology than freshmen, and if so, why? It is with an approach to this problem that the present study is concerned. In 1937 the home economics curriculum at Rhode Island State College was changed, for certain administrative reasons, so that a re quired one-semester course in psychology, formerly given in the first semester of the sophomore year, was moved to the first * This study was conducted at Rhode Island State College. semester of the freshman year. During the first year of the new arrangement both fresh men and sophomores in the curriculum were enrolled in the course. The freshmen, who numbered forty-four, were in a section by themselves. The thirty-seven sophomore home economics students were in a section totalling sixty-five, which also included students from the sophomore, junior and senior classes of other curriculums in the college. All stu dents in the course used the same text; they listened to lectures that were approximately the same; the same general procedure was followed in class meetings, with the same demonstrations and experiments. The only planned difference between the freshmen and the others was that more attention was given in the freshmen section to the matter of how to study for a college course, and this course in particular. All students took the same ob jective quizzes and examinations, including the final examination.
Survey on health knowledge level of residents in Miyun District of Beijing City in 2011

[Objective]To understand the health knowledge level and variation tendency among residents in Miyun District,and provide evidence for government to develop health policy and intervention strategies.[Methods]Multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method was adopted to select 2 out of 31 neighborhood committees in 2 subdistricts,5 out of 334 villages in 17 towns.The questionnaire developed for Beijing residents' health knowledge level monitoring was adopted for door-to-door survey.[Results]The awareness rate of health knowledge was 70.8% among surveyed residents,the health behavior formation rate was 65.3%.[Conclusion]The mission of health education shoulders heavy responsibilities in Miyun Districts.It is necessary to strongly advocate and actively promote health promotion and education,to make good use of the mass media TV,to improve the awareness of health knowledge among residents,and promote healthy living habit formation.
A prime a day keeps calories away: The effects of supraliminal priming on food consumption and the moderating role of gender and eating restraint.

Abstract The link between intentions and action in weight control is weaker than previously thought, so recent research has called for further investigation of ways to improve weight control that bypass conscious intentions. Priming has been shown to have effects on individual behavior in a variety of contexts by influencing subconscious cognition. This paper investigates the effects of semantic priming using healthy body image, goal-oriented words on food consumption. The moderating role of both restrained eating and gender is investigated. 161 participants were involved in an experiment using a novel version of a scrambled sentence priming game. The outcome measure was the number of kilocalories consumed, examined using a between subjects ANCOVA with priming, gender, restrained eating index, self-reported BMI, and two interaction terms (priming x gender, and priming x restrained eating index). There was no main effect of priming but there was an interaction of priming with gender. Females consumed significantly fewer kilocalories after being exposed to priming words related to a healthy body image (i.e. “slim”, “fit,”) compared to females receiving the neutral prime, with a medium effect size (d = 0.58). The body image prime did not significantly affect food intake for males, nor did it have a differential effect on restrained eaters. This study shows that priming can be an effective method for influencing females to reduce food intake, regardless of whether they are restrained or unrestrained eaters. Future studies could investigate whether different priming words related to a male’s healthy body image goal (i.e. “buff,” “muscles,” etc.) would similarly reduce food intake for males.
Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Two Strains of Arctic Char Fed Diets Formulated with Low Fish Oil Inclusion in a Recirculating Aquaculture System

AbstractArctic Char Salvelinus alpinus is a highly desirable species for aquaculture due to their fast growth, culture conditions, and reputation as a sustainably produced fish as a result of closed containment culture. A study was conducted to evaluate performance and highly unsaturated fatty acid retention in two Arctic Char stocks—one commercial stock and one from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)—fed one of three diets containing different lipids (27% total): 11% fish oil and 11% soy–canola (diet 1, reference diet), 5% fish oil and 18% canola oil (diet 2), and 5% fish oil and 17% poultry oil (diet 3). Protein sources did not vary among the diets, and the lipid sources for the reference diet were similar to those included in commercial grower diets. After 250 d, fish from the USDA stock (1,736 ± 28 g [mean ± SE]) had significantly higher average weight, approximately 510 g greater, compared with the commercial stock (1,226 ± 19 g). Average weight gain was not significantly different among the d...
Fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems

Abstract: From the very beginnings of time mankind has been intrigued with the potential applications of light and the possibilities that it could bring about. The origins of optical fibers probably go back to mid 19th century when the scientists tried to guide, bend, and transmit the light from one location to another. Now, optical fibers have found widespread usage in telecommunications as well as in medical and sensing applications. This article provides a summary review of principles involved in sensing with optical fibers and specific methods more prevalently employed in industrial applications. In particular, the focus will be on the specific applications of fiber optic sensors to civil structures.
Critiques of Centralized Control, 1930s–1970s

Standardization provided a stamp of approval and a level of acceptance and stability. The characteristics of the language would no longer be subject to the whims of a single organization. There would be an industry-wide voice in the definition of features and the timing of their introduction. – Martin Greenfield, “History of FORTRAN Standardization,” 1982 By the middle decades of the twentieth century, the architects and engineers of communication networks understood that standardization provided a powerful strategy and tool kit for control. In the early twentieth century, ATT these critiques also began to build alternatives to the status quo that would take power out of the hands of Bell System employees and put it into the hands of a more diverse group of engineers, regulators, and users.
Realignment and Converging Results

By the 1980s presidential and House results were beginning to come together. The correlation between results was low during the 1960s and 1970s, but in 1980 the association began to increase, and by 2008 it was close to the level that prevailed in the early 1900s. Why and how did that happen? If results were converging, what was happening to incumbents? The simple answer as to why the presidential–House correlation increased is that the number of split-district outcomes declined. A split district is one in which the presidential and House winners differ. The difference that creates this split could be small. It is possible that a presidential candidate might lose a district with 49 percent and the House candidate could win the district with 51 percent of the vote, creating a difference of two percentage points. Although the difference might be small, over the last century split-outcome districts have averaged much larger deviations of House results from presidential results than for non-split districts. Figure 10.1 indicates the average absolute value deviation of House results from presidential results for split and non-split districts. From 1900 through 1916 the differences between the two types of districts were minimal. Beginning in 1920 and continuing through 1988 the average deviation increased significantly, rising from somewhat over 10 to the high 20s. Then in 1992 it declined, and has fluctuated between 15 and 20 since then. For non-split districts the deviations of House results from presidential results has been relatively constant and much lower.
Adequacy of physician documentation and correlation with assessment of transfusion appropriateness: a follow-up study in the setting of prospective audits and patient blood management

BACKGROUND A previous study in our hospitals correlated suboptimal documentation and failure to justify transfusions. In light of implemented blood-conservation strategies, including patient blood management (PBM) and prospective audits (PAs), we performed a follow-up study. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We reviewed prospectively audited red blood cell (RBC) transfusions received by adult patients from January to July 2014. Survey forms were used to assess the level of documentation and to classify documentation as adequate, intermediate, or inadequate. Transfusions were deemed justified or not by comparisons with hospital transfusion guidelines. We also analyzed the effect of implemented blood-conservation strategies on our hospital transfusion rates and costs from 2009 to 2015. RESULTS During the study period, there were 259 prospectively audited transfusion events (TEs) (one or more RBC units transfused to a patient), of which we reviewed 94 TEs (36.3%) in 87 patients. TEs with suboptimal (intermediate and inadequate) documentation accounted for 46.8% of the reviewed TEs, of which 81.8% could not be justified compared with 18.0% of nonjustified, adequately documented TEs. The correlation between suboptimal documentation and failure to justify transfusion was significant (p < 0.001). This correlation remained even in a comparison between the site with a PBM program and the sites without such a program. Overall transfusion rates declined after the introduction of PA, although the decline was only statistically significant at the sites with a PBM program. CONCLUSION Suboptimal transfusion documentation remains problematic and is highly correlated with nonjustifiable transfusions. Newly adopted approaches to minimize blood transfusions have not improved transfusion documentation and corresponding out-of-guideline transfusions, although overall transfusions have been reduced by PA, particularly in the setting of a PBM program.
Early Childhood Intervention Programs: A Reanalysis.

As changes in family structure and working patterns lead to decreased adult supervision of children, the nature of effective intervention programs is an increasingly important issue. The absence of...
Friends of the Wild Swan v. Ashe

In Friends of the Wild Swan v. Ashe, the District Court of Montana reviews the reasonableness of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s delayed preparation of the Canada lynx recovery plan. Environmental organizations brought the action for declaratory and injunctive relief pursuant to the ESA and the APA. In applying the “TRAC factors” and the “rule of reason,” the U.S. District Court for the District of Montana held that the Service’s twelve-year delay was unreasonable. The court ordered the Service propose a schedule, which the court will set as firm after review.
UNINTERRUPTED NON-VITAMIN K ANTAGONIST ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS VERSUS WARFARIN IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC IMPLANTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICE IMPLANTATION: A META-ANALYSIS

Background: Uninterrupted use of anticoagulation is currently preferred over bridging therapy during cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation. However, there is limited experience with uninterrupted non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC) in this setting. We performed a
Measuring arithmetic: A psychometric approach to understanding formatting effects and domain specificity.

Using multitrait, multimethod data, and confirmatory factor analysis, the current study examined the effects of arithmetic item formatting and the possibility that across formats, abilities other than arithmetic may contribute to children’s answers. Measurement hypotheses were guided by several leading theories of arithmetic cognition. With a sample of 1,314 third grade students (age M = 103.24 months, SD = 5.41 months), Abstract Code Theory, Encoding Complex Theory, Triple Code Theory, and the Exact versus Approximate Calculations Hypothesis were evaluated, using 11 measures of arithmetic with symbolic problem formats (e.g., Arabic numeral and language-based formats) and various problem demands (e.g., requiring both exact and approximate calculations). In general, results provided support for both Triple Code Theory and Encoding Complex Theory. As predicted by Triple Code Theory, arithmetic outcomes with language formatting, Arabic numeral formatting, and estimation demands (across formats) were related but distinct from one another. As predicted by Encoding Complex Theory, executive attention was a direct predictor of all arithmetic outcomes. Language was no longer a direct predictor of arithmetic outcomes when executive attention was accounted for in the model; however, a strong and enduring relationship between language and executive attention suggested that language may play a facilitative role in reasoning during numeric processing. These findings have important implications for assessing arithmetic in educational settings and suggest that in addition to arithmetic-focused interventions, interventions targeting executive attention, language, and/or the interplay between them (i.e., internal speech during problem-solving) may be a promising avenues of mathematical problem-solving intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
After Şahin v. Turkey and S.A.S. v. France: Scarves, Strategy and State Actors

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has been criticized for applying the margin of appreciation doctrine (MoA) in Sahin v. Turkey (2005) and S.A.S. v. France (2014), two cases that dealt with restrictions on religious attire. This article aims to show that the ECtHR has not played a decisive role in shaping laws and policies on veiling in France or Turkey. Instead, thanks to the significance of veiling and given opportunities to make strategic use of the ECtHR’s judgments, Member State actors in France and Turkey have been able to pursue agendas that have taken their countries in two distinct directions. Examining the aftermath of, each, Sahin v. Turkey and S.A.S. v. France is essential to understanding both the limitations of the ECtHR’s influence and the way in which MoA judgments are filtered and shaped by Member State politics.
Evaluation of Spanwise Variable Impedance Liners with Three-Dimensional Aeroacoustics Propagation Codes

Three perforate-over-honeycomb liner configurations, one uniform and two with spanwise variable impedance, are evaluated based on tests conducted in the NASA Grazing Flow Impedance Tube (GFIT) with a plane-wave source. Although the GFIT is only 2" wide, spanwise impedance variability clearly affects the measured acoustic pressure field, such that three-dimensional (3D) propagation codes are required to properly predict this acoustic pressure field. Three 3D propagation codes (CHE3D, COMSOL, and CDL) are used to predict the sound pressure level and phase at eighty-seven microphones flush-mounted in the GFIT (distributed along all four walls). The CHE3D and COMSOL codes compare favorably with the measured data, regardless of whether an exit acoustic pressure or anechoic boundary condition is employed. Except for those frequencies where the attenuation is large, the CDL code also provides acceptable estimates of the measured acoustic pressure profile. The CHE3D and COMSOL predictions diverge slightly from the measured data for frequencies away from resonance, where the attenuation is noticeably reduced, particularly when an exit acoustic pressure boundary condition is used. For these conditions, the CDL code actually provides slightly more favorable comparison with the measured data. Overall, the comparisons of predicted and measured data suggest that any of these codes can be used to understand data trends associated with spanwise variable-impedance liners.
Predictors of burnout in critical care nurses.

Objective To develop a conceptual path model to explain the effects of a set of personal and occupational independent variables and the dependent variables of situational stress, job stress, job satisfaction, and job motivation on burnout among critical care nurses. Design A prospective descriptive study using a conceptual path model. Setting Nine hospitals in the northeastern, northwestern, north central, and southern regions of Florida. Sample Three hundred female critical care nurses employed in the nine hospitals who had worked full-time for at least 3 months. Instruments Subjects were administered a demographic and work survey instrument, the Daily Hassles Instrument, the Psychological Hardiness Test, the Job Diagnostic Inventory, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results Path analysis of a burnout model resulted in a causal progression of situational stress, job stress, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion (which is a component of burnout). The results showed that commitment to career, health difficulties, psychologic hardiness, work load satisfaction, dealing with others at work, job security, and job satisfaction had a significant effect on emotional exhaustion. Conclusion Seven variables had a significant effect on emotional exhaustion, which is a component of burnout, and explained 34% of the variance. The three most significant effects on emotional exhaustion were commitment to career, dealing with others at work and job satisfaction. Health difficulties, psychologic hardiness, work load satisfaction, and job security had a modest effect on emotional exhaustion.
The Unexpected Art of Mathematics

There are moments so rare as to bring with them a different kind of time. An event occurs so charged with emotion and intensity that one’s biological clock stops, the background fades away, and the thing itself is seen frozen and close-up as through a zoom lens. You can hear the turn of the key as the scene locks itself deep inside your brain.
Emergency Department Management of Acute Bacterial Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Purpose of Review Acute skin infections are a common Emergency Department presentation. Changes in microbial resistance to antibiotics have resulted in changes in management of these infections. This paper seeks to highlight these changes in management of cellulitis and abscesses with the new emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcal aureus.
Machine learning in neuroimaging: Progress and challenges.

It has been a privilege to serve the Neuroimage community as a Handling Editor, with primary focus on machine learning, over the past six years. As I step down, I was asked to provide my thoughts on the evolution of the field over the past 10–15 years, as well as its potential future challenges and directions. It is exciting to reflect back on the spectacular growth of this field over the past decade (Fig. 1), and to ponder on some of the challenges faced currently by the field, and which are likely to become central points of investigation in the upcoming decade. Open in a separate window Fig. 1. Publications obtained from Pubmed with the following search query: ("MRI” OR “Magnetic Resonance Imaging” OR "Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging" OR "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging" OR "Diffusion Tensor Imaging" OR "FDG-PET” OR "Amyloid-PET” OR “multimodal" OR "neuroimaging") AND (“brain”) AND (“Machine learning” OR “pattern classification”), on September 5, 2018. This plot reflects the exponential growth of adoption of these methods in neuroimaging.
Environmental framing on Twitter: Impact of Trump’s Paris Agreement withdrawal on climate change and ocean acidification dialogue

The role of social media in communicating emerging environmental issues has received little attention. One such issue is ocean acidification (OA), the process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) acidifie...
Variables of importance in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database predictive of heart transplant waitlist mortality.

The prelisting variables essential for creating an accurate heart transplant allocation score based on survival are unknown. To identify these we studied mortality of adults on the active heart transplant waiting list in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database from January 1, 2004 to August 31, 2015. There were 33 069 candidates awaiting heart transplantation: 7681 UNOS Status 1A, 13 027 Status 1B, and 12 361 Status 2. During a median waitlist follow-up of 4.3 months, 5514 candidates died. Variables of importance for waitlist mortality were identified by machine learning using Random Survival Forests. Strong correlates predicting survival were estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum albumin, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ventricular assist device, mechanical ventilation, peak oxygen capacity, hemodynamics, inotrope support, and type of heart disease with less predictive variables including antiarrhythmic agents, history of stroke, vascular disease, prior malignancy, and prior tobacco use. Complex interactions were identified such as an additive risk in mortality based on renal function and serum albumin, and sex-differences in mortality when eGFR >40 mL/min/1.73 m. Most predictive variables for waitlist mortality are in the current tiered allocation system except for eGFR and serum albumin which have an additive risk and complex interactions.
Cloud Microphysics Across Scales for Weather and Climate

Cloud microphysics describes the evolution of condensed water in the atmosphere and is critical for weather and climate. This chapter describes the methods used for representing microphysical processes in weather and climate models, from explicit bin schemes used for small-scale simulation up to bulk treatments often used in global models. Of particular importance is how the cloud microphysical treatments are coupled to the rest of the cloud schemes in a numerical model that includes clouds. The key issues include the presentation of sub-grid inhomogeneity in humidity and dynamics. In addition, treatment of cold clouds in a “mixed phase” where liquid and ice may co-exist is important. We discuss current approaches including more comprehensive representations of ice and snow, treatment of rimed ice (graupel or hail), and coupling to unified turbulence schemes. Finally, we discuss possible paths forward for simulating cloud microphysics.
PBAC: Provision-based access control model

Over the years a wide variety of access control models and policies have been proposed, and almost all the models have assumed “grant the access request or deny it.” They do not provide any mechanism that enables us to bind authorization rules with required operations such as logging and encryption. We propose the notion of a “provisional action” that tells the user that his request will be authorized provided he (and/or the system) takes certain actions. The major advantage of our approach is that arbitrary actions such as cryptographic operations can all coexist in the access control policy rules. We define a fundamental authorization mechanism and then formalize a provision-based access control model. We also present algorithms and describe their algorithmic complexity. Finally, we illustrate how provisional access control policy rules can be specified effectively in practical usage scenarios.