cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expert PanelDebate: Therapy for a Patient with Platinum-Resistant/Refractory Recurrent Ovarian Cancer Should Be Selected Based on Results of an In Vitro Drug Sensitivity/Resistance AssayPRO: Therapy for a Patient with Platinum-Resistant/Refractory Recurrent Ovarian Carcinoma Should Be Selected Based on the Result of an In Vitro Chemoresistance Assay

General Debate Background Ovarian cancers are the second most frequent group of invasive malignancies of the female genital tract (an estimated 21,650 new cases in 2008); however, the lack of an effective early diagnostic test for ovarian cancer results in ovarian cancers accounting for more deaths than the other 2 major gynecologic cancers combined (an estimated 15,520 deaths in 2008).1 Stage distribution at diagnosis explains the lethality of ovarian cancer because 75%-80% of cases present as stage 111-IV (advanced) disease and require systemic therapy as the mainstay of treatment. Although the success rate with initial systemic therapy has improved, the majority of patients will exhibit recurrent or persistent disease during the course of their disease and will require management beyond initial therapy. There are 4 distinct patient populations with newly diagnosed disease: large-volume residual advanced disease, small-volume residual advanced disease, high-risk limited disease, and low-risk limited disease. The recurrent disease population will come from these 4 groups. Patients with large-volume residual advanced disease (2 1 residual neoplastic masses > 2 centimeters in diameter) have a probability of recurrence at 10 years that ranges from 80% to 90%. Those with small-volume residual advanced disease (no residual masses > 2 centimeters in diameter) exhibit a recurrence rate at 10 years of 60% to 70%. Patients with limited disease at high risk for recurrence (1 of the following high-risk features: grade 2 or 3 disease, disease on the surface of the ovary, disease outside the ovary, positive peritoneal cytology, or the presence of ascites) have a probability of recurrence by 10 years of 20%-25%, whereas those at low risk for recurrence (none of the high-risk features) exhibit a probability of recurrence of only 10% by 10 years. If the relative frequencies of each
Quaternary and Tertiary Structures of Isometric RNA Viruses

Small spherical RNA viruses infecting members of all five biological kingdoms have been subjects of biophysical studies for decades (Kaper, 1975; Argos and Johnson, 1984). Isolated from their hosts, these obligate parasites are homogeneous chemical entities that are now studied at atomic resolution using x-ray crystallography. In the crystal the virus exists in a resting or dormant state, however, particles released from dissolved crystals are fully infectious. Many viruses form crystalline inclusion bodies within their hosts (Martelli and Russo, 1977), suggesting that crystalline aggregates are a natural and stable state for storing virus particles. In the dormant state the viral capsid protects the nucleic acid from degradation and is essentially a storage protein. During other stages of the virus life cycle, the capsid protein participates in a variety of functions; some are listed in Table I. Although relatively few viruses have been investigated at atomic resolution (Table II), a clear pattern has emerged relating the quaternary structures of different virus capsids (Fig. 1) and the tertiary structures from different virus subunits (Fig. 2). Beyond the striking similarities there are differences in these virus structures that reflect unique strategies evolved for accomplishing required functions. In this paper the current understanding of the relationship between the structures of simple RNA viruses and their function will be discussed using, as examples, three structures recently determined in our laboratory (Hosur et al., 1987; Stauffacher et al., 1987; Chen et al., 1988). An introductory section on the structure determination of one of these viruses (beanpod mottle virus) will describe some of the modern methods of virus x-ray crystallography.
Thermoregulation in the Squirrel Monkey

The squirrel monkey is an endotherm, an organism capable of maintaining a stable internal body temperature in the face of rather wide fluctuations in the temperature of the environment. Thermoregulation in endotherms is accomplished by fine adjustments in appropriate autonomic response systems, by which the body gains or loses heat, acting in concert with a wide range of behavioral maneuvers that provide a hospitable microclimate for the animal. Whenever possible, the behaviorally generated microclimate is thermally neutral, a situation that maximizes the economy of energy stores and water in the body, and minimizes the involvement of autonomic mechanisms. Thus, the description of thermoregulation in any endotherm involves detailed knowledge of thermoregulatory behavior, both instinctive and learned, and of individual autonomic processes of heat production and heat loss. As we shall see, the particular autonomic response that may be operative at a given time is dictated by the environmental temperature: i.e., squirrel monkeys shiver in the cold and sweat in the heat, but not the reverse, and they will avoid doing either one if an efficient behavioral maneuver is available to them.
Partnerships Enhancing Practice: A Preliminary Model of Technology-Based Peer-to-Peer Evaluations of Teaching in Higher Education.

In higher education, current teaching evaluation models typically involve senior faculty evaluating junior faculty. However, there is evidence that peer-to-peer junior faculty observations and feed...
Torsional Response of Rigid Embedded Foundation

A series representation is obtained for the harmonic torsional response of a rigid massless semi-ellipsoidal foundation embedded in an elastic half space and subjected to the action of both an exte...
Effects of Amphetamine Sulfate on Activity Level of Green Sunfish

Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) were randomly assigned to one of four groups with 13 fish to a group. Fish in one group received an injection (intraperitoneal) of 0.5 mg/kg of amphetamine sulfate; fish in a second group received an injection of 1.5 mg/kg amphetamine sulfate; and fish in the third group received an injection of 2.5 mg/kg of the drug. Fish in the fourth group received an injection of sterile water. Five-min. observations were taken prior to injection, and 25, 60, 120, and 180 min. after injection. The fish were observed individually in aquaria which had been divided into a system of grids by drawing lines on the glass sides with a black marking pencil. Activity was used as the dependent variable and was defined as the number of times a fish crossed the grid lines during a five minute observation session. The three groups receiving amphetamine sulfate injection were found to differ significantly from the control group for all post-injection observation sessions. Some differences were also found between drug dosages.
The Voyage of Thought: Navigating Knowledge across the Sixteenth-Century World

The Voyage of Thought is a micro-historical and cross-disciplinary analysis of the texts and contexts that informed the remarkable journey of the French ship captain, merchant, and poet, Jean Parmentier, from Dieppe to Sumatra in 1529. In tracing the itinerary of this voyage, Michael Wintroub examines an early attempt by the French to challenge Spanish and Portuguese oceanic hegemony and to carve out an empire in the Indies. He investigates the commercial, cultural, and religious lives of provincial humanists, including their relationship to the classical authorities they revered, the literary culture they cultivated, the techniques of oceanic navigation they pioneered, and the distant peoples with whom they came into contact. Ideal for graduate students and scholars, this journey into the history of science describes the manifold and often contradictory genealogies of the modern in the early modern world.
MRP2 and the Transport Kinetics of Cysteine Conjugates of Inorganic Mercury

Human exposure to mercuric species occurs regularly throughout the world. Mercuric ions may accumulate in target cells and subsequently lead to cellular intoxication and death. Therefore, it is important to have a thorough understanding of how transportable species of mercury are handled by specific membrane transporters. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the transport kinetics of cysteine (Cys)-S-conjugates of inorganic mercury (Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys) at the site of the multidrug resistance-associated transporter 2 (MRP2). In order to estimate the maximum velocity (V max) and Michaelis constant (K m) for the uptake of Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys mediated by MRP2, in vitro studies were carried out using radioactive Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys (5 μM) and inside-out membrane vesicles made from Sf9 cells transfected with MRP2. The V max was estimated to be 74.3 ± 10.1 nmol mg protein−1 30 s−1 while the K m was calculated to be 63.4 ± 27.3 μM. In addition, in vivo studies were utilized to measure the disposition of inorganic mercury (administered dose 0.5 μmol kg−1 in 2 mL normal saline) over time in Wistar and TR¯ (Mrp2-deficient) rats. These studies measured the disposition of mercuric ions in the kidney, liver, and blood. In general, the data suggest that the initial uptake of mercuric conjugates into select target cells is rapid followed by a period of slower uptake and accumulation. Overall, the data indicate that MRP2 transports Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys in a manner that is similar to that of other MRP2 substrates.
Porous Uranium Diphosphonate Frameworks with Trinuclear Units Templated by Organic Ammonium Hydrolyzed from Amine Solvents.

By varying solvent systems, the solvothermal treatment of uranyl nitrate and methylenediphosphonic acid (H4PCP) afforded three new porous uranyl-organic frameworks (UOFs). All were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and formulated as (Et2NH2)2[(UO2)3(PCP)2](H2O)2.5 (1), (MeNH3)(H3O)[(UO2)3(PCP)2(H2O)3] (2), and [Na(H2O)4](H3O)[(UO2)3(PCP)2(H2O)2](H2O)5 (3). These compounds crystallize with three-dimensional anionic frameworks containing U(VI) and distinct cationic species due to in situ solvent hydrolysis. The solvent systems diethylformamide (DEF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolindone (NMP), and the additive sodium vanadate (Na3VO4) significantly impact the resultant structures, affording diethyl ammonium, methyl ammonium, and sodium cations captured in channels of the anionic frameworks of 1–3. In 1, a trinuclear U3O18 unit formed by three uranyl polyhedra that share edges is connected into a three-dimensional framework. Compound 2 has a three-dimensional framework formed from a uranyl-me...
Reduced-density-matrix description of decoherence and relaxation processes for electron-spin systems: Applications to trapped atomic systems in optical lattices, semiconductor quantum dots, and vacancy defect centers in solids

The quantum dynamics of many-electron spin systems is investigated using a reduced-density-matrix description. Applications of interest include trapped atomic systems in optical lattices, semiconductor quantum dots, and vacancy defect centers in solids. Complimentary time-domain (equation-of-motion) and frequency-domain (resolvent-operator) formulations are self-consistently developed. The general non-perturbative and non-Markovian formulations provide a fundamental framework for systematic evaluations of corrections to the standard Born (lowest-order-perturbation) and Markov (short-memory-time) approximations. Particular attention is given to decoherence and relaxation processes, together with spectral-line broadening phenomena, that are induced by interactions of many-electron spin systems with photons, phonons, nuclear spins, external electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields. Within the framework of a quantum-open-systems (reduced-density-operator) approach, these processes are treated either as ...
Navigating emotions and relationship dynamics: family life review as a clinical tool for older adults during a relocation transition into an assisted living facility.

Objective: Relocation for the purpose of receiving care may be one of the more challenging transitions for older adults. The purpose of this study was to facilitate a family life review (FLR) sessi...
Municipal Disclosure Timeliness and the Cost of Debt

A longstanding concern for municipal bond investors is the lack of timely financial statement disclosures. Municipalities are held to lower disclosure standards than corporations. Using continuing disclosure dates for audited financial statements, we find bond issuers with slower disclosure have higher secondary market yields and spreads, less frequent secondary market trading, and are less likely to issue new bonds. We observe that future disclosure is largely predictable based on past disclosure and that disclosure often improves prior to new bond issuances. When municipalities do not capitalize on the benefits of timely disclosure, economic consequences are imposed on bondholders and taxpayers.
Map location of the Escherichia coli origin of replication

Working with restriction fragments obtained directly from the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome, the EcoRI-HindIII restriction map of the section of the chromosome containing the replication origin has been extended by 14 kilobase pairs (kb) to cover 56kb. Within this newly mapped portion, the liv and rrnC cistrons have been identified by (1) hybridization of individual restriction fragmenents to the ilv-transducing phage λdilv5 and (2) a comparison of the restriction map of this region with the EcoRI map of λdilv5 and the HindIII map of the plasmid pJC110, a ColE1-ilv hybrid. The replication origin is located approximately 30 kb from the ilvE gene and 20 kb from the rrnC 16S rRNA cistron. This places the origin near 82.7 min on the genetic map, close to uncA.
Governance, Regulation and Powers on the Internet: Property and commons in internet governance

This paper re-examines the property-commons dichotomy as it applies to Internet governance. Its main point is that commons and property are not mutually exclusive, totalizing principles for economic organization, but merely different methods of organizing access to resources. These two methods can and often do co-exist, and are often interdependent and mutually reinforcing. As an extension of this approach, the paper pays careful attention to the specific political economy factors that sustain or advance commons-like arrangements in telecommunications and Internet governance. Using four case studies, it finds that "the commons" as an institutional option is rarely implemented as the product of communitarian compacts or a sharing ethic. It is more likely to be an outcome of interest group contention. A commons is a way for an alliance of non-dominant actors to "neutralize" a strategic resource that is, or might be, controlled by a dominant actor.The paper begins with a conceptual discussion of commons and exclusive property in informational and network goods. Next, the paper examines four case studies involving the interaction of commons and private property. The first case is about equal access arrangements in long distance telephony in the U.S.; the next is about the Internet protocols and the end-to-end principle; the third is about network neutrality; the last is about domain names and IP address governance. Three of these four case studies were selected because they cover the three fundamental areas where policy issues related to exclusive rights might arise in Internet governance.
Let Fifty Flowers Bloom: Transforming the States into Laboratories of Environmental Policy

The fundamental problem with existing approaches to environmental regulation is that they are excessively centralized. As such, they exhibit most of the failings of Soviet-style command-and-control systems: excessive rigidity, inefficiency, diminishing marginal returns, poor prioritization, and so on. Given these problems, the most essential reforms of environmental policy are those that decentralize decision-making authority and responsibility. While state regulators are on the frontlines for the enforcement of much environmental regulation, key priority-setting and decision-making authority remains centralized in Washington, D.C. Genuine ecological experimentation, starting at the state and local level, is required to bring about the next generation of environmental reforms. This paper outlines one possible proposal to reform environmental policy by reopening the states as laboratories of environmental policy. Part II of this paper fleshes out the argument for decentralization, highlighting why vesting primary authority for most pollution control problems in the hands of state and local governments is preferable to maintaining control in Washington, D.C. Part III discusses some of the "reinvention" and decentralization efforts to date, and how they have failed to foster sufficient innovation to address current environmental needs. These failures suggest the need for more dramatic reform than has been considered to date. Part IV outlines a specific policy proposal: environmental forbearance. This proposal, modeled on the flexibility-enhancing provisions of the Communications Act, would provide states a means of getting legal authority to develop and implement new environmental policy ideas and set new environmental priorities. Part V discusses the dominant critiques of devolving regulatory authority to the states and how, if at all, these criticisms should impact the forbearance proposal.
Functional influence-based approach to identify overlapping modules in biological networks

The inherent, dynamic, and structural behaviors of complex biological networks in a topological perspective have been widely studied recently. These studies have attempted to discover hidden functional knowledge on a system level since biological networks provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of biological processes and molecular functions within a cell. Functional modules can be identified from biological networks as a sub-network whose components are highly associated with each other through links. Conventional graph-theoretic algorithms had a limitation in efficiency and accuracy on functional modules detection because of complex connectivity and overlapping modules. Whereas partition-based or hierarchical clustering methods produce pairwise disjoint clusters, density-based clustering methods that search densely connected sub-networks are able to generate overlapping clusters. However, they are not well applicable to identifying functional modules from typically sparse biological networks. Recently proposed functional influence-based approach effectively handles the complex but sparse biological networks, generating large-sized overlapping modules. This approach is based on the functional influence model, which quantifies the influence of a source vertex on each target vertex. The experiment with a real protein interaction network in yeast shows that this approach has better performance than other competing methods. A better understanding of higher-order organizations that are identified by functional influence patterns in biological networks can be explored in many practical biomedical applications.
Two populations with multiple sclerosis. Clinical and demographic characteristics.

Cross-sectional data from 1,793 cases of definite or probable multiple sclerosis (MS) identified in an extensive population survey in King and Pierce (K-P) Counties, Washington and Los Angeles (LA) County, California, were analyzed. Compared to the U.S. population as a whole, patients were more likely to be divorced and to have more years of schooling. The prevalence of MS was higher for females, and for northern-born, regardless of sex. Reconstructed age-, sex-specific incidence rate estimates for natives of the two areas showed a much higher peak annual incidence occurring in an older age group in K-P than in LA. Earliest symptoms in both areas were numbness in the legs, double vision, and loss of vision in one or both eyes. Weakness in arms, speech difficulties, and urinary incontinence tended to be late symptoms. The overall assessment of disability levels showed more than half of the patients to be fully ambulatory at the time of the first interview, with a somewhat higher proportion of each sex severely disabled in California. The ages of onset tended to be younger in LA than in K-P. The earlier onset of disease and the higher proportion of patients with high disability in Los Angeles County suggest that the course of disease is more malignant in this low-prevalence area.
Pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome in a rheumatoid arthritis patient with swollen calf and persistent itching: a case report.

Baker’s cyst is a benign lesion that results from degenerative or inflammatory diseases of the knee joint. When Baker’s cyst ruptures, it may simulate deep vein thrombosis known as Pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome with calf pain, swelling and redness. Pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome without thrombus in popliteal veins has distinct treatment choice than deep vein thrombus. In this report, we presented a 47 year-old male rheumatoid arthritis patient with complaints of redness, pain and swelling on his right calf. Pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome was diagnosed due to ruptured Baker’s cyst. We used musculoskeletal ultrasound for both differential diagnosis and treatment of pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome. Ultrasonography revealed massive fluid collection within muscle layers. 280 cc inflammatory fluid was aspirated simultaneously. We also emphasized the importance of ultrasonography in diagnosis and treatment of Pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome with this report.
Sex differences in early sensorimotor processing for speech discrimination

Sensorimotor activity in speech perception tasks varies as a function of context, cognitive load, and cognitive ability. This study investigated listener sex as an additional variable. Raw EEG data were collected as 21 males and 21 females discriminated /ba/ and /da/ in quiet and noisy backgrounds. Independent component analyses of data from accurately discriminated trials identified sensorimotor mu components with characteristic alpha and beta peaks from 16 members of each sex. Time-frequency decompositions showed that in quiet discrimination, females displayed stronger early mu-alpha synchronization, whereas males showed stronger mu-beta desynchronization. Findings indicate that early attentional mechanisms for speech discrimination were characterized by sensorimotor inhibition in females and predictive sensorimotor activation in males. Both sexes showed stronger early sensorimotor inhibition in noisy discrimination conditions versus in quiet, suggesting sensory gating of the noise. However, the difference in neural activation between quiet and noisy conditions was greater in males than females. Though sex differences appear unrelated to behavioral accuracy, they suggest that males and females exhibit early sensorimotor processing for speech discrimination that is fundamentally different, yet similarly adaptable to adverse conditions. Findings have implications for understanding variability in neuroimaging data and the male prevalence in various neurodevelopmental disorders with inhibitory dysfunction.
Imaging of Pediatric Disorders of the Shoulder

During childhood, the structures of the shoulder become progressively ossified. Their contour, however, is similar to the ossified structures of the adult. There are physis at the chondro-osseous junction of the glenoid and the base of the coracoid which can be confused with injuries. The acromion ossifies in an oblique fashion and there is never a coronal oriented physis joining the posterior to the anterior acromion. The humeral epiphysis has multiple ossification centers that become fatty during the first year of life. The physis of the proximal humerus has a uniform thickness and is separated from the rest of the bone by a well-defined zone of provisional calcification.
Impact of Gender on Outcomes Following Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Objective:The purpose of this study is to use a large, nationally representative vascular database to assess differences in patient characteristics, aortic neck anatomy, and outcomes between men an...
A structural equation modeling approach to understanding pathways linking survivorship care plans to survivor-level outcomes

Several high-profile organizations have mandated the delivery of survivorship care plans (SCPs) despite mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness of SCPs on key survivor-level outcomes. There is a need to understand the types of survivor-level outcomes the SCPs are likely to change. Informed by existing frameworks and the literature, the objective of this study was to understand the pathways linking the receipt of a SCP to key survivor-level outcomes including patient-centered communication (PCC), health self-efficacy, changes in health behaviors, and improvements in overall health. We used structural equation modeling to test the direct and indirect pathways linking the receipt of an SCP to patient-centered communication (PCC), health self-efficacy, and latent measures of health behaviors and physical health in a nationally representative sample of breast and colorectal cancer survivors from the Health Information National Trends Survey. The receipt of an SCP did not have a significant effect on key survivor-level outcomes and was removed from the final structural model. The final structural model fit the data adequately well (Chi-square p value = 0.03, RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = .88, and WRMR = 0.73). PCC had a significant direct effect on physical health but not on health behaviors. Health self-efficacy had a significant direct effect on physical health and health behaviors. The receipt of an SCP alone is unlikely to facilitate changes in PCC, health self-efficacy, health behaviors, or physical health. A SCP is a single component of a larger model of survivorship care and should be accompanied by ongoing efforts that promote PCC, health self-efficacy, and changes in health behaviors resulting in improvements to physical health.
An Overview of Chinese Thinking About Deterrence

All major powers undertake deterrence behaviour, as an integral part of their foreign and security policy. This includes the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The PRC, however, comes from a different strategic tradition than the United States; therefore, understanding Chinese views of deterrence has become salient. This is complicated by the evolution in Chinese thinking about deterrence, as it has sought to incorporate various elements of national power.
Exploiting Technologies in the Emerging Bioeconomy

Because of the developments in industrial biotechnology, sugar has emerged as a potential feedstock through the engineered microbe route to generate a range of chemicals. This has become possible because of the advancement of metabolic engineering toolbox that includes omics technologies, computational system biology, protein engineering and synthetic biology. The toolbox encourages the metabolic pathways in production of desired molecule to be formed. The technology has helped several biotech start-ups, whereby bioengineered microbes produce a variety of platform chemicals from sugar-starch-dependent feedstocks in many cases. CRISPR, the latest in gene editing technology, is widely recognized as a major development in genetic engineering. A great opportunity exists for the millers to diversify their revenue streams through exploiting new technologies emerging in the sector. The chapter provides an overview of the dynamics of the bio-based product sector which is maturing and which has the potential to drive a company’s competitiveness and more precisely sustainability of the sugar industry.
Collegiate Marching Band Artists Experience High Core Body Temperatures during Rehearsals and Performances

CONTEXT No research has investigated thermoregulatory responses and exertional heat illness (EHI) risk factors in marching band (MB) artists performing physical activity in high environmental temperatures. OBJECTIVE Examine core temperature (Tc) and EHI risk factors in MB artists. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Three rehearsals and 2 football games for 2 NCAA Division I MBs. PARTICIPANTS Nineteen volunteers completed the study (female = 13, males = 6; age = 20.5 ± 0.9 years; weight = 75.0 ± 19.1 kg; height = 165.1 ± 7.1 cm). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured Tc pre-, post-, and every 15 minutes during activity and recorded wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and relative humidity (RH) every 15 minutes. Other variables included activity time and intensity, ground surface, hydration characteristics (fluid volume, sweat rate, urine specific gravity, percent body mass loss [%BM]), and medical history (eg, previous EHI, medications). Statistical analysis included descriptives (mean ± standard deviation), comparative analyses determined differences within and between days, and linear regression identified variables that significantly explained Tc. RESULTS Mean rehearsal time = 102.8 ± 19.8 minutes and game time = 260.5 ± 47.7 minutes. Max game Tc (39.1 ± 1.1°C) was significantly higher than rehearsal (38.4 ± 0.7°C, P = .003). The highest max game Tc = 41.2°C. Participants consumed significantly more fluid than their sweat rates (P < .003), which minimized %BM loss, particularly during rehearsals (-0.4 ± 0.6%). Mean game %BM loss = -0.9 ± 2.0%; however, 63.6% of the time, participants reported hypohydrated to game day. Max Tc was significantly predicted by max WBGT, max RH, ground surface, using mental health medications, and hours of sleep (adjusted R2 = 0.542, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Marching band artists experience high Tc during activity and should have access to athletic trainers who can implement EHI prevention and management strategies.
A Low-Frequency Motionless Magnetic Antenna Based on Permanent Magnet

A new method is introduced for generating electromagnetic waves. In this proposed method, a permanent magnet is used as a flux source and its stored magnetic energy is then modulated by altering the reluctance of the surrounding material through time-varying electric current. This approach uses the nonlinear B-H curve of magnetic material to saturate and desaturate the magnet's surrounding environment resulting in a time-varying magnetic field.
Optimal Frobenius light cone in spin chains with power-law interactions

In many-body quantum systems with spatially local interactions, quantum information propagates with a finite velocity, reminiscent of the "light cone" of relativity. In systems with long-range interactions which decay with distance $r$ as $1/r^\alpha$, however, there are multiple light cones which control different information theoretic tasks. We show an optimal (up to logarithms) "Frobenius light cone" obeying $t\sim r^{\min(\alpha-1,1)}$ for $\alpha>1$ in one-dimensional power-law interacting systems with finite local dimension: this controls, among other physical properties, the butterfly velocity characterizing many-body chaos and operator growth. We construct an explicit random Hamiltonian protocol that saturates the bound and settles the optimal Frobenius light cone in one dimension.
A Generalized Approach for Reducing Expensive Distance Calls for A Broad Class of Proximity Problems

In this paper, we revisit a suite of popular proximity problems (such as, KNN, clustering, minimum spanning tree) that repeatedly perform distance computations to compare distances during their execution. Our effort here is to design principled solutions to minimize distance computations for such problems in general metric spaces, especially for the scenarios where calling an expensive oracle to resolve unknown distances are the dominant cost of the algorithms for these problems. We present a suite of techniques, including a novel formulation of the problem, that studies how distance comparisons between objects could be modelled as a system of linear inequalities that assists in saving distance computations, multiple graph based solutions, as well as a practitioners guide to adopt our solution frameworks to proximity problems. We compare our designed solutions conceptually and empirically with respect to a broad range of existing works. We finally present a comprehensive set of experimental results using multiple large scale real-world datasets and a suite of popular proximity algorithms to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approaches.
Reframing Transitional Justice: Memory, Interdisciplinarity, and Transformative Ways of Seeing

This essay reviews the following works: The El Mozote Massacre: Human Rights and Global Implications. By Leigh Binford. Revised and expanded ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016. Pp. 400. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780816532162. Stories of Civil War in El Salvador: A Battle over Memory. By Erik Ching. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. 362. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469628660. The Politics of Transitional Justice in Latin America: Power, Norms, and Capacity Building. By Ezequiel A. Gonzalez-Ocantos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. $18.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781108799089. The Feathers of Condor: Transnational State Terrorism, Exiles and Civilian Anticommunism in South America. By Fernando Lopez. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016. Pp. 375. £57.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781443897099. Eruptions of Memory: The Critique of Memory in Chile, 1990–2015. By Nelly Richard. Translated by Andrew Ascherl. Pp. xxvi + 189. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018. Pp. 224. $22.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781509532285. Exile, Diaspora, and Return: Changing Cultural Landscapes in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. By Luis Roniger, Leonardo Senkman, Saul Sosnowski, and Mario Sznajder. Pp. 304. $82.00 hardcover. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. ISBN: 9780190693961. Surviving State Terror: Women’s Testimonies of Repression and Resistance in Argentina. By Barbara Sutton. New York: New York University Press, 2018. Pp. v + 325. $35.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781479829927. Memory, Truth, and Justice in Contemporary Latin America. Edited by Roberta Villalon. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017. Pp. vi + 274. $41.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781442267251.
Jeff Kingston, ed., Critical Issues in Contemporary Japan

Jeff Kingston’s compilation of essays Critical Issues in Contemporary Japan moves the reader beyond ‘sound bite’ journalism towards a nuanced appreciation of Japanese life in the second decade of t...
A Procedural Focus and a Relationship Focus to Algebra: How U.S. Teachers and Japanese Teachers Treat Systems of Equations

This chapter explores two contrasting ways of presenting algebra by looking at key differences across the presentation of simultaneous equations to students in eighth-grade. The examples are from a qualitative analysis of the 1995 TIMSS Video Study data including eighth-grade mathematics instruction in Japan and the United States covering topics on simultaneous equations. The U.S. lesson example shows a procedural approach to this topic, where students focus on getting answers through a series of routine steps. In contrast, the Japanese lesson highlights a strong focus on building generalized solution methods and understanding relationships represented in systems of equations. A discussion of key differences as they relate to important ideas in understanding algebra compared to how it was treated in the classrooms follows the examples.
Microbial degradation of polyethylene glycols.

Mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraethylene glycols and polyethylene glycols (PEG) with molecular weight up to 20,000 were degraded by soil microorganisms. A strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa able to use a PEG of average molecular weight 20,000 was isolated from soil. Washed cells oxidized mono and tetraethylene glycols, but O2 consumption was not detectable when such cells were incubated for short periods with PEG 20,000. However, the bacteria excreted an enzyme which converted low- and high-molecular-weight PEG to a product utilized by washed P. aeruginosa cells. Gas chromatography of the supernatant of a culture grown on PEG 20,000 revealed the presence of a compound co-chromatographing with diethylene glycol. A metabolite formed from PEG 20,000 by the extracellular enzyme preparation was identified as ethylene glycol by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The Structure of Domestic Politics: Assessing the Obstacles to a Grand Strategy of Restraint

In recent policy debates, realists have urged a grand strategy of “restraint” or “offshore balancing” on the United States. Policymakers have largely ignored them. This paper explains why. To advise that America should adopt restraint implies that it can do so. I argue that as a result of the lack of powerful structural pressures on the United States, as well as the alignment of domestic foreign policy inputs within it, Washington is unlikely to adopt a grand strategy of restraint. Ironically, structural realists should pay more attention to the structure of domestic politics if they seek dramatic changes in U.S. grand strategy.
CD34 expression by murine hematopoietic stem cells mobilized by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Controversy has existed about CD34 expression by hematopoietic stem cells. We recently reported that CD34 expression reflects the activation state of stem cells by using a murine transplantation model. It has been generally held that mobilized blood stem cells express CD34.However, it has also been reported that mobilized stem cells and progenitors are in G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle. To address the state of CD34 expression by the mobilized stem cells, we again used the mouse transplantation model. We prepared CD34− and CD34+ populations of nucleated blood cells from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor–treated Ly-5.1 mice and assayed each population for long-term engrafting cells in lethally irradiated Ly-5.2 mice. The majority of the stem cells were in the CD34+population. The CD34 expression by mobilized stem cells was reversible because re-transplantation of Ly-5.1 CD34− marrow cells harvested from the Ly-5.2 recipients of CD34+-mobilized stem cells 8 months posttransplantation revealed long-term engraftment. These results may support the use of total CD34+ cells in mobilized blood as a predictor for engraftment and CD34 selection for enrichment of human stem cells.
New study in millimeter wave resonator using rigorous analysis

The direct and efficient transverse transmission line (TTL) method is used to analyse the unilateral fin-line resonators. Computational programs are developed in Fortran and Power Station MATLAB 5.0, and the results for the unilateral fin line resonator are presented for different parameters including substrate thickness, and length and width of the slot resonator, in 2D and 3D.
Disability and Latin American Cultural Studies: A Critique of Corporeal Difference, Identity and Social Exclusion

This essay explores th e shift from a social model to social-constructivist model in the burgeoning field of disability studies within Latin American cultural studies. It does so by examining Latin American literature and culture beginning in the 1980s and its increasing focus on theories of exclusion within the particular framework of human rights. The first part of this essay centers on the experience of the disabled body, and corporeal difference more broadly, in Susan Antebi ’ ' s Carnal Inscriptions (2009), the first text in Latin American cultural studies dedicated solely to disability. The second part of this essay looks at Argentina ’ ' s Disability Rights Network (REDI, Red por los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad ), which defines disability primarily through disabled people's exclusion from the workforce. Both of these conversations, I argue, ultimately fold into each other by reconceptualizing disability as an issue of human rights exclusion, and not necessarily one of class exploitation. In this way, this essay suggests that this focus on the human rights model obfuscates a clearer reading of the intersection between disability and exploitation in Latin America. The last part of the essay points to some potential directions the field might take with respect to Latin America in order to overcome the limitations of this human rights model, limitations that include not only the increasing emphasis on the social construction of disability but also the widespread disregard for challenging a system that produces economic exploitation for disabled and able-bodied alike.
Cyclic taurine analogs: Synthesis and effects on ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake in rat retina

Abstract Syntheses of (±) trans - and (±) cis -2-aminocyclohexane sulfonic acid (TAHS and CAHS) and (±) trans -2-aminocyclopentane sulfonic acid (TAPS) were achieved. In solution, the preferred conformations of TAHS and CAHS have been determined by high field NMR to be diequatorial and equatorial (sulfonic acid moiety)-axial (amino moiety) respectively. When these agents were evaluated as cyclic analogs of taurine in rat retina, TAHS and TAPS inhibited ATP-dependent calcium uptake in the micromolar range, whereas CAHS stimulated calcium uptake in the millimolar range in a manner similar to taurine. TAHS and TAPS are the most potent inhibitors of ATP-dependent calcium uptake in the rat retinal preparation yet reported.
A Preponderance of Polyps: Sequelae of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis.

A man in his fourth decade with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and previous colectomy due to colon adenocarcinoma underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to investigate 3 days of nausea, epigastric abdominal pain, and coffee ground emesis; no source of bleeding was found. During the endoscopy, patchy mucosal abnormalities throughout the duodenum were identified and biopsied (Figure 1). The abnormalities raised concern for duodenal polyposis. The polyps were innumerable and coalescent in appearance (Figure 2). Histology showed tubulovillous adenomas with low-grade dysplasia. According to Spigelman’s classification, the patient had numerous circumferential (>20; 3 points), large (>10 mm; 3 points), and tubulovillous (2 points) duodenal polyposis with low-grade dysplasia (1 point).1 The 9-point score corresponded to stage IV duodenal polyposis. He was discharged with plans for outpatient endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) of the duodenal polyposis; however, a few weeks later, he presented again with nausea and vomiting, and was admitted due to concerns for partial small bowel obstruction. Radial EUS evaluation of these circumferential duodenal polyps revealed mucosal involvement without deeper invasion. Nodes sampled during EUS were adenocarcinoma with histologic appearance similar to his former colorectal adenocarcinoma, suggesting a metastatic etiology, not a new primary duodenal cancer. Due to the complicated hospital course and the extent of his metastatic disease, the patient opted for palliative care and passed away shortly thereafter.
Millimeter and submillimeter observations of nearby radio galaxies

Radio galaxies are often observed to be strong long wavelength infrared sources. Twenty-six radio galaxies with strong compact cores were observed at wavelengths near 1 mm with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The detections and upper limits establish the presence of excess infrared emission for almost all of the galaxies in the sample. The exceptions are the BL Lac objects, which have smooth continuous spectra from radio to infrared wavelengths. The spectral energy distributions of the infrared emission from the radio galaxies favor a thermal origin due to emission from cool interstellar dust. The amounts of dust inferred to be present approach those observed in large spirals.
Comparison of Acceptance Criteria for Ultrasonic Inspection of ASME CC 2235, Dutch Standard TO 98-54 and API RP 579

This paper provides a comparison between the acceptance criteria for ultrasonic inspection for new pressure vessels using ASME Code Case 2235-3, Dutch Standard Report TO 98-54 on Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) and API RP 579 Fitness-for-Service. Two case studies using all three standards are performed for two recently constructed pressure vessels. The differences for all three standards are discussed and recommendations for standardization are made.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Discrete-time adaptive control of deterministic fast time-varying systems

In this note, the earlier work of Xie and Evans on discrete-time adaptive control for deterministic time-varying systems is extended to the case of approximating the plant parameters by the truncated Taylor series. When the plant parameters are polynomials of time, the algorithm will ensure that the closed-loop system is globally convergent and globally stable. It is shown that this scheme is able to control fast time-varying plants more successfully than some previous schemes.
Benign testicular tumors in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Abstract The association between testicular tumors/nodules and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) has been previously reported. From 1960 to 1989, three patients (13 to 18 years old) with long-standing CAH developed testicular masses. Two patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency were diagnosed in the neonatal period while one other with 11-hydroxylase deficiency was diagnosed at 3 years of age when he presented with sexual precocity. In all three patients, medical compliance was poor. The testicular masses were bilateral in two patients and unilateral in one, measured 1 to 2 cm, and occupied only the upper half of the testicle. Testicular biopsy specimens were obtained after at least 6 months of evidence of compliance with the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) suppressive medication and failure of the nodules to regress. On gross examination the masses appeared to be firm yellow brown nodules. Light microscopy showed interlacing strands, cords, and rests of cells resembling interstitial (Leydig) cells but with no Reinke crystal-loids. Electronmicroscopy in all patients showed variable amounts of both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the later with occasional dilated cisternae. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 6 years. No further surgical treatment has been necessary. There has been no evidence of recurrence, distant metastases, or secondary malignancies during the time of follow-up. These findings suggest that testicular tumors may develop from chronic excessive ACTH stimulation of a putative pluripotential testicular cell, a Leydig cell, or an adrenal cortical rest. Unlike other testicular tumors these do not require orchiectomy as the initial form of therapy.
Thermotropic, side-chain ordered polymeric coatings: gas permeability switching via a thermal stimulus

Rapid access to large areas of stimuli-responsive materials is attractive in the field of membrane science for purification systems and molecular valves. Thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) systems show sharp property changes through the smectic–LC transition induced by temperature. Comparison of similar amorphous and liquid crystalline systems allows for the elucidation of the characteristics of the LC phase. Lightly crosslinked C6F13 and C8F17 perfluorinated side-chain acrylate networks were UV cured as thin films resulting in amorphous and thermotropic liquid crystalline thin films, respectively. Thermal and morphological characterization indicates a restructuring of the liquid crystalline phase through the isotropic transition giving rise to an increase in transport and free volume properties. The amorphous film showed no dramatic change in transport or free volume properties.