cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
7.14 Processes, Transport, Deposition, and Landforms: Slides

Landslides are deposits of rock, debris, and earth that have moved down a slope by gravity. The five major types of landslides based on movements are falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. This chapter describes slides, which are landslides that move on a failure or slip surface down a slope. Two main types of slides are rotational slides where movement occurs along a curved surface and translational slides where movement is along a planar failure surfaces. Composite slides are a combination of the first two types where the upper part of the slide shows mainly rotation, but the lower part is mainly translational. A complex slide is where a slide transitions into a flow. Reactivation of ancient slides continues to be a problem as increased numbers of people continue to move onto these surfaces, and the potential of people losing their homes due to landslides has increased.
Stars and Stardom in Investigative Cinema: The Movies of Gian Maria Volonté and Gael García Bernal

Gian Maria Volonte became famous interpreting real-life figures of postwar Italy whose beliefs were antithetical to those of his left-wing persona. The study focuses on the two versions, a decade apart (in 1976 and 1986), of Aldo Moro, the Christian Democrats president who was assassinated by Red Brigades in 1978. Volonte shot his last movies in Latin America, and it was a Mexican star that kept this heritage alive. Gael Garcia Bernal played Ernesto Che Guevara in The Motorcycle Diaries while also appearing in commercials for Nike and Levi’s. Bernal’s stardom is one in which idealism, rebellion, and commerce coexist. In Even the Rain and No, Bernal self-reflexively problematizes his global popularity, following in Volonte’s tradition.
Evidence-based Palliative Care Approaches to Non-pain Physical Symptom Management in Cancer Patients.

Objective To review effective approaches for non-pain symptom management for cancer patients focusing on treatment of nausea and vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, anorexia/cachexia, fatigue, and dyspnea. Data Sources Peer-reviewed articles, clinical practice guidelines, professional organization position statements. Conclusion Oncology nurses are key advocates for optimal symptom management. Maximizing palliation of symptoms improves quality of life and prolongs survival. Implications for Nursing Practice To provide an evidence-based approach to symptom management, oncology nurses require a deep understanding of symptom pathophysiology while anticipating side effects, educating patients and caregivers, considering psychosocial/spiritual factors, exploring treatment expectations, and clarifying goals of treatment.
Advanced charging infrastructure for enabling electrified transportation

Abstract Electric vehicle (EV) proliferation relies on robust charging infrastructure deployment and operational advances that require cooperation among multiple stakeholders invested in supporting growth in EV adoption. While growth in EV adoption is influenced by the availability of charging infrastructure, the decisions necessary to successfully roll out such infrastructure are multi-dimensional and cross individual stakeholder's comfort zone. In this paper, we present experiences and lessons learned of a multi-year multi-institution effort to deploy advanced charging infrastructure for increasing EV adoption in the state of Utah. Three distinct charging infrastructure cases are studied in this paper: residential charging, public charging in electrified highways, and electrified public transportation through electric buses. Each of these charging infrastructure present unique challenges and decision criteria for different stakeholders involved in the process. This paper highlights the role of decision makers in addressing and overcoming the challenges to EV proliferation and provides charging infrastructure utilization data to support such strategies.
Binding of Cr2-transferrin to Transferrin Receptor Enhances the Rate of Chromium Loss and Is Dependent on the Conformation of Transferrin (P24-053-19)

Transferrin, Tf, the protein transports iron from the blood to the tissues via endocytosis, is believed to also transport chromium(III), Cr(III). Recently, the release of Cr(III) from Tf has been postulated to be too slow for appreciable quantities of Cr(III) to be released during the lifetime of an endosome. The objective of this work was to measure the rate of Cr(III) release from human serum Tf as a function of Tf confirmation and as the transferrin-transferrin receptor (TfR) complex. Cr(III) was added to apoTf in a buffered solution at pH 7.4 containing 25 mM bicarbonate at 37 °C. After time intervals, ultraviolet spectra were collected, or aliquots were removed and frozen for analysis by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, which can distinguish free Cr(III) and Cr(III) bound to the two metal binding sites of Tf. To model the acidification of the endosome that triggers release of metal ions from Tf, the Cr(III)₂-Tf solutions were acidified by the addition of hydrochloric acid to pH 4.5 or 5.5. At time intervals after acidification, samples were again analyzed by ultraviolet and EPR spectroscopies. Similar studies were performed in the presence of Tf receptor, which binds two equivalents of Cr(III)₂-Tf. The loss of Cr(III) from the two metal-binding sites of Tf occur at different rates. Different confirmations of the Cr₂-Tf complex exist depending on the conditions of Cr₂-Tf formation. The conformation that forms rapidly under physiological conditions loses Cr(III) faster than conformations that form over longer periods of time. Binding of Cr(III)₂-Tf to TfR facilitates the release of Cr. The conformation of Cr(III)₂-transferrin that forms under physiological conditions when complexed with transferrin receptor can release Cr at physiologically significant rates consistent with transferrin serving as the major Cr(III) transport agent between the blood stream and tissues. The University of Alabama College of Arts and Sciences Research Award.
Natural brown adipose expansion and remission of hyperglycemia in obese SM/J mice

On a high fat diet, obese SM/J mice initially develop metabolic dysfunction, including impaired glucose tolerance and elevated fasting glucose. These abnormalities resolve spontaneously by 30 weeks of age despite persistence of obesity. The mice dramatically expand their brown adipose depots as they resolve glycemic dysfunction. They also expand their pancreatic islet populations and improve beta cell function. When the brown adipose depot is removed from normoglycemic high fat-fed mice, fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance revert to unhealthy levels. This occurs naturally and spontaneously on a high fat diet, with no temperature or genetic manipulation. We identified 267 genes whose expression changes in the brown adipose when the mice resolve their unhealthy glycemic parameters, and find the expanded tissue has a healthier expression profile. Understanding the physiologic and genetic underpinnings of this phenomenon in SM/J mice will open the door for innovative therapies aimed at improving glycemic control.
Growth recovery lines: a specific indicator of child abuse and neglect?

Growth recovery lines are radiodense lines in long bones reported to be indicators of stress. The purpose of this study was to understand the distribution, quantity and associations of growth recovery lines in children ages 0–24 months with high and low risk for child maltreatment. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children ages 0–24 months who had skeletal surveys and an assessment for maltreatment. Growth recovery lines, fractures and osteopenia were assessed independently by two pediatric radiologists blinded to the abuse likelihood. Of the 135 children in this study, 58 were in the low-risk group, 26 were in the neglect group, and 51 were in the physical abuse group. Children in the neglected and physically abused groups had 1.73 times (95% confidence interval [CI] of 1.16, 2.59), P=0.007) and 1.84 times (95% CI 1.28, 2.63, P<0.001) more growth recovery lines than the low-risk group, respectively. Growth recovery lines occurred at an earlier age in the neglect group (age interaction P=0.03) and abuse group (age interaction P=0.01) compared to the low-risk group. The specificity for maltreatment in children with at least 10 growth recovery lines in the long bones was greater than 84%, while sensitivity was less than 35%. The most common locations for growth recovery lines were distal radius, proximal tibia and distal tibia. In the absence of a known major stressor, physical abuse and neglect should be considered in children younger than 24 months with at least 10 growth recovery lines.
Allergen-induced tRNA halves repress focal adhesion of airway smooth muscle cells

In the pathogenesis of asthma, inflammatory mediators cause structural and functional changes in resident airway cells including airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Here, we report that intranasal treatment of mice with house dust mite (HDM) highly upregulated the expression of tRNA half molecules in asthmatic lungs. The 5′-tRNA haves contain a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate (cP) and thus belong to cP-containing RNAs (cP-RNAs). Capturing the whole cP-RNA transcriptome using cP-RNA-seq revealed the global upregulation of not only tRNA halves but also the cP-RNAs derived from mRNAs and rRNAs. Our investigation of the biological significance of the major upregulated 5′-tRNA half species in human primary ASM cells revealed that the 5′-tRNA halves repress autophosphorylation at Tyr416 of Src protein kinase, a key regulator of the cellular focal adhesion pathway, leading to reduction of ASM cellular focal adhesion. These results assign a novel role as a protein modification modulator to tRNA half molecules and unveil a tRNA-engaged pathway in the molecular pathogenesis of asthma.
Basic suture technique: Instructional videos explaining suturing for medical students in a qualitative study.

Abstract Background Understanding basic surgical skills is important for medical students prior to entering residency regardless of future specialty. In these videos we provide instruction for suturing as it relates to skin closure. Material and methods Instructional videos were created by the senior faculty (R.A. and M.K.) to teach medical students at the University of Louisville suturing techniques. Results Entering and exiting the needle at an angle of 90° or greater allows for tissue eversion. Inadequate eversion of tissue or inadequate angling of the needle will lead to tissue inversion. When suturing uneven edges, a deep bite on the low side and a shallow bite on the high side will allow for appropriate tissue leveling. For buried sutures, skin eversion with substantial dermal bites and proper knot location is essential. Conclusion Understanding the basics of skin apposition will provide students with knowledge about primary wound healing and prepare them for residency.
An Empirical Asset Pricing Model Accommodating the Sector-Heterogeneity of Risk

Stock returns are generally difficult to explain, as they are comprised of many discrete channels of risk. Empirical asset pricing models (EAPM), such as the Fama-French five-factor model (FF5), have been used to partition these channels across a series of systematic risk factors, such as company size (total market equity), value (book-to-market ratio), investment, and operating profitability. Prior EAPMs only accounted for how such factors contributed to risk at the market-level, ignoring any potential variation across sector. This study developed a sector-heterogenous model (SHM) which directly accounts for this variation by generalizing the Fama-French methodology to sector-subsets of stocks. The results demonstrated that risk is meaningfully heterogenous across sectors for each of the factors in the FF5, with different subgroups of factors being statistically significant within each sector. In a direct comparison of explanatory power, the SHM outperformed the FF5 and improved adjusted R2 by an average of 5% for stocks across all sectors. Several applications of sector-heterogeneity were then demonstrated for stock-picking purposes, including a high-beta portfolio strategy using the SHM-beta which outperformed the S&P 500 in backtesting. This study concludes that meaningful sector-heterogeneity exists in market risk. This information is materially useful to investors.
Machine Learning in Anomaly Detection: Example of Colluded Applications Attack in Android Devices

The paper investigates the feasibility of using machine learning (ML) applications for an anomaly-based unknown attack detection by monitoring system parameters on resource-constrained Android mobile devices. It introduces colluded applications example as a use case of unknown sophisticated attacks, examines its formalization models and possible scenarios as well as develops the machine learning classifiers for its detection. We investigate multiple attack cases and record them to produce datasets characterizing a memory consumption and a CPU cores clock speed changes during the attacks that could be employed to design classifiers based on ML techniques. For the attack detection, a few ML classifiers are presented and examined. The classifiers employ various ML techniques and models, such as feed-forward neural network and long short-term memory. Model performance in detecting multiple attack scenarios are presented. Classification models compared against various criteria.
Degradation mechanism of lead-vanado-iodoapatite in NaCl solution

Abstract Degradation mechanism of lead-vanado-iodoapatite (IAPT) in NaCl solution at 90 °C was investigated through systematic characterization of surface morphology, microstructure and microchemistry evolution of the alteration layer. Nano-scale characterization indicated that IAPT crystals degraded from grain boundaries toward inner grains, forming ultrafine Cl-bearing crystallites. A coupled interface dissolution-reprecipitation replacement mechanism and the ion exchange between Cl− and I− across the degradation zone may together play roles in determining the nano-scale degradation behavior of IAPT. This work highlights the degradation through multiple reactions and elemental transport across the liquid-solid and solid-solid interfaces at length scales from sub-millimeter to nanoscale.
Conclusion: Keeping the Conversation Going

After a brief summary of the book’s findings, this chapter encourages all stakeholders—persons with dementia, caregivers, practitioners, and researchers—to continue these important conversations to further help all persons experiencing dementia in their own ways. Suggestions for furthering these dialogues are modeled through databases, networks, and other collaborative research venues. Additionally, the chapter invites readers to share their experiences, observations, findings and to jointly pursue projects so that we may better understand the consequences of dementia. To that end, the editor of this volume offers to serve as mediator between information and people, connecting those experiencing dementia within their personal lives, researchers, and practitioners in order that they may benefit from the different knowledge each group can share.
Large anomalous Nernst and inverse spin-Hall effects in epitaxial thin films of kagome semimetal Mn 3 Ge

Synthesis of crystallographically well-defined thin films of topological materials is important for unraveling their mesoscale quantum properties and for device applications. ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{Ge}$, an antiferromagnetic Weyl semimetal with a chiral magnetic structure on a kagome lattice, is expected to have enhanced Berry curvature around Weyl nodes near the Fermi energy, leading to large anomalous Hall/Nernst effects and a large spin-Hall effect. Using magnetron sputtering, we have grown epitaxial thin films of hexagonal $\mathrm{D}{0}_{19}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{Ge}$ that are flat and continuous. Large anomalous Nernst and inverse spin-Hall effects are observed in thermoelectric and spin-pumping devices. The anomalous Nernst signal in our ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{Ge}$ films is estimated to be 0.1 \ensuremath{\mu}V/K and is comparable to that in ferromagnetic Fe, despite ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{Ge}$ having a weak magnetization of $\ensuremath{\sim}3.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{Mn}$ at room temperature. The spin-mixing conductance is $90.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{nm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at the $\mathrm{Py}/{\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{Ge}$ interface, and the spin-Hall angle in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{Ge}$ is estimated to be about eight times of that in Pt.
HIV-1 Tat and morphine differentially disrupt pyramidal cell structure and function and spatial learning in hippocampal area CA1: Continuous versus interrupted morphine exposure

About half the people infected with HIV have neurocognitive deficits that often include memory impairment and hippocampal deficits, which can be exacerbated by opioid abuse. To explore the effects of opioids and HIV on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron structure and function, we induced HIV-1 Tat expression in transgenic mice for 14 d and co-administered time-release morphine or vehicle subcutaneous implants during the final 5 d (days 9-14) to establish steady-state morphine levels. Morphine was withheld from some ex vivo slices during recordings to begin to assess the initial pharmacokinetic consequences of opioid withdrawal. Tat expression reduced hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability at lower stimulating currents. Pyramidal cell firing rates were unaffected by continuous morphine exposure. Behaviorally, exposure to Tat or high dosages of morphine impaired spatial memory Exposure to Tat and steady-state levels of morphine appeared to have largely independent effects on pyramidal neuron structure and function, a response that is distinct from other vulnerable brain regions such as the striatum. By contrast, acutely withholding morphine (from morphine-tolerant ex vivo slices) revealed unique and selective neuroadaptive shifts in CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability and dendritic plasticity, including some interactions with Tat. Collectively, the results show that opioid-HIV interactions in hippocampal area CA1 are more nuanced than previously assumed, and appear to vary depending on the outcome assessed and on the pharmacokinetics of morphine exposure. Significance Statement HIV-1 transgenic mice were co-exposed to Tat and morphine to explore opioid-HIV interactions in hippocampal area CA1. Spatial memory was impaired by both Tat and morphine. Tat expression reduced the firing rate of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons at lower stimulating currents irrespective of morphine exposure. Exposure to Tat and steady-state levels of morphine acted in a largely independent manner to alter pyramidal neuron structure, function, and associated behavior. This makes CA1 distinct from other regions such as the striatum. Alternatively, withholding morphine (from morphine-tolerant ex vivo slices) revealed unique, but subtle, neuroadaptive shifts in pyramidal neuronal excitability and dendritic plasticity, suggesting that opioid-HIV interactions in the hippocampus are markedly influenced by the pharmacokinetics of opioid exposure.
Sentiment and stock returns: The SAD anomaly revisited.

NOTICE: This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Banking & Finance. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 34, Issue 6, June 2010. DOI:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.11.027
Community Intent to Activate Emergency Medical Services May Be Associated with Regional tPA Treatment.

INTRODUCTION Acute stroke treatments are underutilized in the USA. Enhancing stroke preparedness, the recognition of stroke symptoms, and intent to call emergency medical services (EMS) could reduce delay in hospital arrival thereby increasing eligibility for time-sensitive stroke treatments. Whether higher stroke preparedness is associated with higher tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment rates is however uncertain. We therefore set out to determine the contribution of stroke preparedness to regional variation in tPA treatment. METHODS The region was defined by hospital service area (HSA). Stroke preparedness was determined by using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey questions assessing stroke symptom recognition and intent to call 911 in response to a stroke. We used Medicare data to determine the percentage of tPA-treated hospitalized stroke patients in 2007, 2009, and 2011, adjusting for number of stroke hospitalizations in each HSA (primary outcome). We performed multivariate linear regression to estimate the association of regional stroke preparedness on log-transformed tPA treatment rates controlling for demographic, EMS, and hospital characteristics. RESULTS The adjusted percentage of stroke patients receiving tPA ranged from 1.4% (MIN) to 11.3% (MAX) of stroke/TIA hospitalizations. Across HSAs, a median (IQR) of 86% (81-90%) of responses to a witnessed stroke indicated intent to call 911, and a median (IQR) of 4.4 (4.2-4.6) out of 6 stroke symptoms was recognized. Every 1% increase in an HSA's intent to call 911 was associated with a 0.44% increase in adjusted tPA treatment rate (p = 0.05). Lower accuracy of recognition of stroke symptoms was associated with higher adjusted tPA treatment rates (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There was little regional variation in intent to call EMS and stroke symptom recognition. Intent to call EMS and stroke symptom recognition are modest contributors to regional variation in tPA treatment.
Pantothenate kinase activation relieves coenzyme A sequestration and improves mitochondrial function in mice with propionic acidemia.

Propionic acidemia (PA) is a rare autosomal-recessive metabolic disease that arises from mutations in propionyl-CoA (C3-CoA) carboxylase. Reduced enzyme activity slows C3-CoA metabolism, leading to...
Pancreatic expression of interferon-gamma protects mice from lethal coxsackievirus B3 infection and subsequent myocarditis.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and has been associated with many environmental risk factors1. Recent evidence has indicated the involvement of pathogens such as viruses as causative agents, and specifically identified the coxsackievirus B serogroup as the leading culprit2,3. Not only has coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) been identified from patients with cardiovascular disease4, but also infection of mice with CB3 strains can reproduce human clinical heart disease in rodents5,6. Several mechanisms have been proposed in an attempt to distinguish between pathology mediated by direct viral destruction of cardiac muscle cells7,8 or by the virus-induced immune response directed at infected myocytes9,10,11 or at ‘mimicked’ epitopes shared between viral and cardiac antigens12,13,14. To distinguish between these mechanisms, we infected a unique mouse that diminishes the extent of infection and spread of the virus, but allows complete immunity to the virus. Transgenic mice expressing interferon-γ in their pancreatic β cells failed to develop CB-3-induced myocarditis. This work challenges the idea of the function of the immune response and ‘molecular mimicry’ in the CB-3-induced autoimmune myocarditis model, and instead favors the idea of virus-mediated damage. These results emphasize the benefit of reducing the level of viremia early during infection, thereby reducing the incidence of virus-mediated heart damage and autoimmunity.
Piezoelectric actuator optimization for simultaneous aircraft cabin noise and vibration control

The use of the piezoelectric (PZT) actuator optimization for simultaneous aircraft cabin noise and vibration control is effective in reducing both noise and vibration. The study explores PZT elements into different control groups as means to simplify the control systems while increasing the control authority. A genetic algorithm is developed to optimize the noise and vibration separately and independently. By the application of Pareto cooperative optimization approach the present work can be extended to both noise and vibration reduction performance.
Loss of epithelial RelA results in deregulated intestinal proliferative/apoptotic homeostasis and susceptibility to inflammation.

NF-κB plays a central, proinflammatory role in chronic intestinal inflammation, yet recent work suggests a predominantly protective function for this transcription factor group in some cell types of the intestine. We herein describe the conditional deletion of the NF-κB RelA gene in murine intestinal epithelia and determine its function in homeostatic control of enterocyte proliferation/apoptosis and susceptibility to colonic inflammation. Mice lacking RelA in ileal and colonic enterocytes were born in expected Mendelian ratios, and RelA-null epithelia differentiated normally. Spontaneous intestinal disease and death occurred with low penetrance in neonates lacking epithelial RelA. IκBα and IκBβ were significantly diminished in RelA-null epithelia, and endotoxin challenge revealed elevated p50 and c-Rel DNA binding activity as compared with controls. Deletion of RelA resulted in diminished expression of antimicrobial (defensin-related cryptdin 4, defensin-related cryptdin 5, RegIIIγ) and antiapoptotic, prorestitution genes (Bcl-x L , RegIV, IL-11, IL-18), and basal rates of epithelial apoptosis and proliferation were elevated. Mice lacking colonic RelA were sensitive to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Although experimental colitis enhanced proliferation in cells lacking RelA, sustained epithelial cell apoptosis precluded mucosal healing and decreased animal survival. We conclude that activation of RelA is required for homeostatic regulation of cell death and division in intestinal epithelia, as well as for protection from development of severe, acute inflammation of the intestine.
Ranks Are Not Bypassed, Rituals Are Not Negated: The Dionysian Corpus on Return

Modern readings of the Dionysian corpus often subordinate its hierarchical treatises to its theological treatises. Two unfortunate consequences follow: one, the thetic positions and aphairetic removals of the Divine Names and Mystical Theology bypass or transcend the hierarchical ranks and hierurgical rituals of the Celestial Hierarchy and Ecclesiastical Hierarchy. Second, the return to God occurs through apophatic abstraction rather than sacramental performance. This article interprets the Dionysian corpus differently, offering four arguments why Dionysian negative theology is not the means by which ranks and rituals are negated or abandoned but rather a means by which they are affirmed and accomplished.
Investigating Students’ Reception and Production of Normalizing Discourses in a Disability-Themed Advanced Composition Course

In this article. I report on an IRB-approved auto-ethnographic study of a disability studies-themed rhetoric and compositon course that I designed and taught at a midsize Midwestern university. This study examines students multimodal life-writing compositions, "normal commonplace books (journals of students' encounteres with the assumptions--or commonplaces-- of normacy), and classroom discussion, asking: How do students' use normalizing discourses in relation to disability and other marginalized identity categories? And, how might educators pedagogically intervene in such discourses? Ultimately, I found that exploring "discourses of normalcy" might help educators access students' experiences with disability, and consequently, redress the hegemony of the norm. The study revealed that students were more likely to use normalizing discourses in their written responses rather than in class discussions. Similarly, the instructor intervened in these problematic discourses in written feedback rather than verbally in classroom exchanges. The study also proved that after exposure to critical disability studies, students were more willing to discuss other social issues relating to race, sexuality, religion, and class. In keeping with the aims of the special issue, the results of this study suggest one way to teach disability studies content to a variety of audiences, and details an approach used by a teacher-researcher to study a DS classroom.
Unlearning Implicit Social Biases During Sleep

Although people may endorse egalitarianism and tolerance, social biases can remain operative and drive harmful actions in an unconscious manner. Here, we investigated training to reduce implicit racial and gender bias. Forty participants processed counterstereotype information paired with one sound for each type of bias. Biases were reduced immediately after training. During subsequent slow-wave sleep, one sound was unobtrusively presented to each participant, repeatedly, to reactivate one type of training. Corresponding bias reductions were fortified in comparison with the social bias not externally reactivated during sleep. This advantage remained 1 week later, the magnitude of which was associated with time in slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement sleep after training. We conclude that memory reactivation during sleep enhances counterstereotype training and that maintaining a bias reduction is sleep-dependent.
Some more comments on 'folate deficiency in chronic pancreatitis'.

No abstract available. Image: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Nashville, TN, USA.
A T-matrix approach for EM scattering by a perfectly conducting periodic surface

The novel use of a Fourier exponential representation of the field induced on a perfectly conducting periodic surface is shown to yield a T-matrix which is numerically stable for deeply corrugated surfaces. Whereas the Rayleigh hypothesis limited the maximum slope of the surface to less than 0.448 in Waterman's original T-matrix scheme [1], our T-matrix is applicable even when the maximum slopes are of the order of 1.5.
Use of clonidine in children with autism spectrum disorders

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often exhibit sleep and behavioral disorders. Treatment of sleep disorders can be difficult in these children. Clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist, has been shown to be effective in reducing impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity, as well as in serving as a sedative for medial procedures. An open labeled retrospective study of clonidine in treatment of insomnia, and/or hyperactivity, inattention, mood disorder, and aggressive behaviors was conducted using parent reports of sleep initiation and maintenance, as well as behaviors prior and during clonidine treatment. Clonidine was effective in reducing sleep initiation latency and night awakening, to a less degree in improving attention deficits hyperactivity, mood instability and aggressiveness in this cohort of 19 children with ASD. The side effects were largely tolerable. Further evaluation with placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial of clonidine use in ASD will provide more insight into the clinical efficacy and safety of the medicine in ASD.
Introduction to thermal transport

The relentless increase in the thermal loads imposed on devices and materials structures is driving renewed interest among materials scientists and engineers in the area of thermal transport. Applications include thermal barrier coatings on turbine blades, thermoelectric coolers, high-performance thermal transfer liquids, and heat dissipation in microelectronics. These, and other applications, demand not only ever more efficient thermal management, but also a better fundamental understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms.
Intraspecific fighting during late pregnancy and lactation in rats and effects of litter removal

Female rats (Experiment 1A) were tested for aggression against an adult male intruder in a home-cage test situation at several-day intervals from Day 18 of gestation through Day 21 of lactation. The peak frequencies of attacks and bites and the lowest latency to the first attack occurred on Day 9 of lactation, with concomitant increases in subordinate behaviors by the intruders occurring at that time. Virgin females (Experiment 1B) isolated for comparable periods of time in the test cage showed no differences in fighting levels as a function of length of residence in the home cage. Removal of the litter 4 hr prior to aggression testing on either Day 9 or 10 of lactation (Experiment 2) resulted in significant decreases in fighting levels by lactating females and in significant decreases in subordinate behaviors by intruders. These studies demonstrate that high levels of intraspecific aggression are exhibited during lactation in the rat and that the aggression is dependent upon stimuli from the litter for its expression.
Tularemia presenting as a unilateral pleural effusion in a metropolitan city

We report a young patient who went on a camping trip to a local park in a metropolitan area complaining of chest pain. On further investigations, he was found to have left sided pleural effusion. Thoracentesis revealed alkaline PH and the fluid was an exudate. The culture grew Francisella tularensis. The patient was treated with streptomycin with marked clinical improvement.
Arago spot and turbulent distortions

Arago spot is a small bright spot that is formed in the shadow of the circular obscurer. The coherent nature of the Arago spot makes it susceptible to the turbulence-induced distortions of the incident wave. We describe the formation of the Arago spot for the using the narrow-angle Fresnel optics diffraction, and develop a simple equation for the field and irradiance distributions in the center of the shadow area behind an obscurer. We calculate the average irradiance distribution, random wander variance and scintillation index of the Arago spot using the Markov approximation for optical propagation in turbulence. Using the same technique we extend the single obscurer results to the Arago spot observed in the image of the annular aperture typical for the Cassegrain-type telescopes. The statistics of the Arago spot distortions can be used for the estimation of the turbulence strength on the propagation path. We suggest an optical design of a build-in sensor that allows monitoring of the turbulent conditions without interfering with the principal function of the optical system.
Classification of multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (M-FISH) image using regularized multinomial logistic regression

In this paper, we applied a regularized multinomial logistic regression (RMLR) for multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (M-FISH) image analysis, in order to better classify chromosomes. The RMLR integrates complementary information from multi-channel M-FISH images and considers the relationship of these data between different channels. We compared the model with two other regression models, e.g., multinomial logistic regression (MLR) and sparse multinomial logistic regression (SMLR). We show that the correct classification ratio of chromosomal region by the RMLR model is almost 93%, compared with 90% and 76% by the MLR and SMLR model when tested in a comprehensive M-FISH image database that we established and the p-value of these three models indicating that the RMLR model can significantly improve the accuracy of M-FISH image analysis.
Stability of o-phthalaldehyde-sulfite derivatives of amino acids and their methyl esters: electrochemical and chromatographic properties

RP-HPLC coupled with 16-channel coulometric electrode array detection was used to monitor the decomposition of five amino acid o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)-sulfite derivatives (Ala, Arg, Glu, Ser, Tyr) and their methyl ester derivatives as well. At fixed OPA and sulfite concentrations inclusion of methanol and EDTA in the derivatization media has increased most effectively the room temperature stability of both derivatives measured at pH 9.2 (amino acids) and pH 8.2 (methyl esters). Decreases in product concentrations by 6% have occurred after more than 15 h for amino acid derivatives and 8 h for methyl ester derivatives. The oxidation potential maxima for OPA-sulfite derivatives of amino acids were found at 600 mV while the same methyl ester derivatives had 60-120 mV higher maxima with the exception of tyrosine. The detector responses were found to be linear in the studied 0.1-10 microM concentration range for both derivative forms and their detection limit was 100-200 fmol injected on the column. The RP-HPLC retention of amino acid methyl ester OPA-sulfite derivatives was very similar to the amino acid OPA-2-mercaptoethanol ones while the more polar amino acid OPA-sulfite derivatives were eluted earlier (k' < 1) under the same chromatographic conditions.
An integrated method of kinematic, force, power flow, and efficiency analyses for 3-D epicyclic gear trains

A unified and simplified technique is introduced to perform kinematic, force, power flow, and efficiency analyses for either planar or bevel (3-D) epicyclic gear trains. The method relies on an accurate spatial kinematic analysis using graph theory. It improves on existing techniques used separately for force, power flow, and efficiency analyses, combining and streamlining them into one straightforward procedure to aid in the design process. The technique is readily automated and has been implemented in a computer spreadsheet program. Examples are presented for illustration of the method.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The electron transport system in nitrogen fixation by azotobacter. IV. Some oxidation-reduction properties of azotoflavin.

The oxidation-reduction potentials (E1 and E2) of azotoflavin determined by equilibration with indicator dyes were −464 and −270 mV, respectively, at pH 7.7. The reduction of azotoflavin to the semiquinone was greatly stimulated by catalytic concentrations of methyl viologen and was observed with three diverse reducing systems: dithionite, illuminated chloroplasts, and NADPH plus ferredoxin-NADP reductase. The rate of semiquinone oxidation was increased 10- to 15-fold by methyl viologen at 6.25 × 10−6 M. Biological activity of azotoflavin in the nitrogenase reaction was considerably stimulated by addition of low concentrations of azotobacter ferredoxin or methyl viologen. The joint requirement for azotoflavin and ferredoxin for maximal nitrogenase activity is discussed in reference to recent suggestions on renaming azotoflavin.
Simple two-laser optical heterodyne system with large transmitter-local oscillator isolation

A method for frequency locking the transmitter and the local oscillator lasers with large optical isolation in a field environment is reported.
Periodic error quantification for non-constant velocity motion

Abstract This paper describes a procedure for analyzing non-stationary (variable frequency content) periodic error signals obtained during accelerating or decelerating motion. This capability is important due to the recent interest in real-time compensation of periodic error for precision positioning systems. In order to apply the spatial Fourier transform to the non-stationary signal, the constant time interval signals are resampled by linear interpolation using a constant spatial interval. Numerical and experimental results are provided for constant acceleration and sinusoidal motion profiles.
Dietary protein, urea nitrogen appearance and total nitrogen appearance in chronic renal failure and CAPD patients

Dietary protein, urea nitrogen appearance and total nitrogen appearance in chronic renal failure and CAPD patients. This study was carried out to examine the mathematical relationships between the urea nitrogen appearance (UNA), total nitrogen appearance (TNA) and dietary nitrogen intake (DNI) in patients with chronic renal failure. Studies were conducted in 20 nondialyzed patients with advanced chronic renal failure (CRF) who were fed 27 constant protein diets for 24.8 ± 9.5 days (SD) and eight patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), who ingested 13 constant protein diets for 20.3 ± 4.9 days. All patients lived in a hospital research ward throughout the study and underwent full nitrogen balance measurements. Data were analyzed after patients attained equilibrium or near equilibrium with each dietary protein intake. In the CRF patients, using the mean values obtained during the equilibrium phase, there was a direct and precise correlation between the TNA and UNA, where TNA g/day = 1.19 UNA g/day + 1.27 g/day, r = 0.948. The correlation between DNI and UNA was also highly significant, but less precise, with somewhat greater 95% confidence intervals: DNI g/day = 1.20 UNA g/day + 1.74 g/day, r = 0.865. The relationship between DNI and TNA was not much more precise: DNI g/day = 0.97 TNA g/day + 0.65 g/day, r = 0.880. With the CAPD patients, the relationships were as follows: TNA g/day = 0.94 UNA g/day + 5.54 g/day, r = 0.956; DNI g/day = 0.97 UNA g/day + 6.80 g/day, r = 0.705; DNI g/day = 1.07 TNA g/day + 0.63 g/day, r = 0.760. For the CAPD patients, the lowest 95% confidence intervals were also found for the correlation between TNA and UNA. Thus, in both CRF and CAPD patients, the TNA is highly and precisely correlated with the UNA. The DNI is also significantly correlated with UNA and TNA, but the relationship is less precise. In both of these two groups of patients, the difference between the regression equations for TNA versus UNA and DNI versus UNA was, to a substantial degree, accounted for by the intercept.
Characterization of a 32-element linear self-mixing detector array for an FM/cw ladar

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is investigating a ladar architecture based on FM/cw radar principles, whereby the range information is contained in the low-frequency mixing product derived by mixing a reference ultra-high frequency (UHF) chirp with a detected, time-delayed UHF chirp. ARL is also investigating the use of unique self-mixing detectors that have the ability to internally detect and down-convert light signals that are amplitude modulated at UHF. When inserted into the ARL FM/cw ladar architecture, the self-mixing detector eliminates the need for wide band transimpedance amplifiers in the ladar receiver thereby reducing both the cost and complexity of the system. ARL has fabricated a 32 element linear array of self-mixing detectors and incorporated it into a breadboard ladar using the ARL FM/cw architecture. This paper discusses the basic theory of detector operation, a description of the breadboard ladar and its components, and presents some fundamental measurements and imagery taken from the ladar using these unique detectors.
Sociological Awareness of the Campus: A Review Article*

SOCIOLOGISTS are writing an increasing amount about various parts of higher education. Fundamentally and briefly, these can generally be described as topical, normative, discursive and frequently interesting. The total impact of this growing list must vary with the background of the reader. While each is informative and most contain shrewd insights, the list indicates only a personal and not a theoretical concern with higher education. We have finally begun the scrutiny of the complex organization where most of us are domiciled. That is to say, the publications seem to warrant the inference that more and more sociologists are concerned about higher education, but scarcely any have been cast in a framework commensurate with our state of knowledge and methodological sophistication. When the Academic Man (Wilson, 1942) first appeared, Wilson's style of research was appropriate to the task. It was scholarly, normative in places, insightful and carried the weight of the personal observer. At that time, the theories of organization which could be appropriate to research today were not available. Moreover, in the interim, the clash between theory and research-neither well defined-subsided, and general sophistication in both methods and techniques developed. Some volumes appeared between Wilson and the current crop. Typical of these was The Academic Market Place (Caplow and McGee, 1958). While a certain effort at systematic research was revealed, most empirical observations seemed somewhat independent of the statistical or sampling design. Certainly more credance could be given to the typologies developed, however related they were to the role of the observant participant. Sociological theories were not particularly advanced during this period.
Why Isn't My Professor Using Graphics in the Freshman Programming Course?

A new approach to teaching computer programming to freshmen is discussed. The course is designed to heighten student interest through the use of computer graphics programming. The students are given a relatively small number of programming tools and must create increasingly elaborate images on the screen as their knowledge of basic computer programming develops and their own personal collection of library routines grows. The lab problems culminate in a demonstration of a periodic waveform constructed from its Fourier Series coefficients.
Integrating Fire Behavior and Pedestrian Mobility Models to Assess Potential Risk to Humans from Wildfires Within the U.S.–Mexico Border Zone∗

Wildfires create a risk to pedestrians traveling through rural areas, because they might not be aware of the presence of a wildfire or its direction and rate of spread until is too late to successfully evacuate. In wildland areas of southern San Diego County, immigrants crossing the U.S.–Mexico border and border security agents are particularly at risk to wildfires. The objective of this study is to develop a framework of analysis and associated tools for examining the combined behavior of wildfires and pedestrian mobility to assess the potential threat of fire to pedestrians in wildland areas. Outputs from a geographic information system (GIS) overlay model for determining potentially dangerous fire zones, the Wildland–Urban Interface Evacuation (WUIVAC) model, and a model of pedestrian mobility in wildland areas were combined to generate wildfire risk to pedestrian maps. The key technical contributions of the study are the development and testing of the pedestrian mobility model and the framework and lo...
Effects of papaverine pilocarpine and epinephrine on fistulized rabbit conjunctiva.

SUMMARY Pretreatment with pilocarpine hydrochloride has been demonstrated to increase the number of myofibroblasts in fistulized conjunctiva in rabbits. To determine if this observation is related to changes in the conjunctival vasculature that may be linked to pilocarpine, we evaluated the effects of a vasodilator and a vasoconstrictor in comparison with pilocarpine hydrochloride. Twenty Dutch-belted rabbits, with five rabbits per group, were treated in a masked fashion in both eyes with topical solutions of 4% pilocarpine hydrochloride, 0.3% papaverine, a combination of 4% pilocarpine and 2% epinephrine, or artificial tears for 3 months. Four of five rabbits in each group underwent thermal sclerostomies in both eyes; the fifth rabbit in each group served as a nonsurgical control. The mean number of myofibroblasts per high-power field was greater in the surgical eyes treated with pilocarpine (6.35 $pM 0.48) or papaverine (9.22 $pM 0.44) than in the eyes treated with both epinephrine and pilocarpine (4.80 $pM 0.70) or artificial tears (5.20 $pM 0.40). These results suggest that the vasoactive properties of topical agents can increase or limit the number of myofibroblasts following filtration surgery.