cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Absolute Number Densities From Shapes of Atomic Fluorescence Curves of Growth

A general-purpose computer program has been developed to calculate atomic fluorescence curves of growth (COG) for a wide variety of cases and particularly for the experimentally interesting cases where the excitation source spectral bandwidth is not much different from the absorption linewidth in typical flames and plasmas. Calculations over a wide range of the variables which affect the shape of the COG in the high-number-density region show that the point of departure from linearity can be used to predict the absolute number density in the atomizer cell. For resonance atomic fluorescence, the point at which the experimental curve of growth is twofold below the low-density linear asymptote invariably occurs at a k0L (peak absorption coefficient × absorption pathlength) product of 2 ± 1. Number densities can easily be determined to within an order of magnitude accuracy, even when such variables as source spectral width, collection geometry, and damping parameter are totally unknown. In favorable circumstances, where such variables are well known, accuracies of ±10% may be obtained. The calculated curves of growth are in excellent agreement with several COGs which have been experimentally obtained.
Thrombospondin 2 levels are increased in aged mice: consequences for cutaneous wound healing and angiogenesis.

Abstract The inhibitor of angiogenesis, thrombospondin 2 (TSP2), belongs to a group of matricellular proteins that are induced in response to injury and modulate the healing of dermal wounds. Thus, TSP-2-null mice display abnormal connective tissue architecture and increased angiogenesis in the dermis, and heal wounds at an accelerated rate. In this study, we report that the content of TSP2 is increased in the uninjured skin of aged mice. Furthermore, in primary dermal fibroblasts, TSP2 expression is increased both as a function of the age of the donor and days in culture. To determine the significance of the increased TSP2 in aged mice (two years or older), we performed full-thickness excisional wounds and compared their healing in aged and young (3–4 months) wild-type and TSP2-null mice. Gross morphological examination of wounds indicated that aged TSP2-null mice healed faster than their aged wild-type counterparts, but healing in aged mice was always sub-optimal in comparison to that in young animals. Surprisingly, despite the increase in TSP2, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis, in wounds in aged mice, the vascular density of these wounds was not reduced in comparison to that in young animals. However, immunohistochemical analysis of healing wounds revealed a shift in the peak content of TSP2, from day 10 in young mice to day 14 or later in aged mice, and there was a corresponding delay in the expected increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 levels in aged TSP2-null mice. We suggest that the delay in expression of TSP2 and MMP2 in the wounds of aged mice could contribute to their impaired rate of wound healing.
Some experimental results on ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) as biomimetic sensors and actuators

This paper discusses a number of recent findings in connection with ion-exchange polymer-noble metal composites (IPMC) as biomimetic sensors and actuators. These smart composites exhibit characteristics of both actuators and sensors. Strips of these composites can undergo large bending and flapping displacement if an electric field is imposed across their thickness. Thus, in this sense they are large motion actuators. Conversely by bending the composite strip, either quasi-statically or dynamically, a voltage is produced across the thickness of the strip between the two conducting electrodes attached. Thus, they are also large motion sensors. The output voltage can be calibrated for a standard size sensor and correlated to the applied loads or stresses. They can be manufactured and cut in any size and shape and in particular in the form of micro sensors and micro actuators for MEMS applications. In this paper first the sensing capability of these materials is reported. The preliminary results show the existence of a linear relationship between the output voltage and the imposed displacement for almost all cases. Furthermore, the ability of these ionic polymer-metal composites as large motion actuators and robotic manipulators is presented. Several muscle configurations are constructed to demonstrate the capabilities of these IPMC actuators. This paper further identifies key parameters involving the vibrational and resonance characteristics of sensors and actuators made with IPMC's. When the applied signal frequency is varied, so does the displacement up to a point where large deformations are observed at a critical frequency called resonant frequency where maximum deformation is observed. Beyond which the actuator response is diminished. A data acquisition system was used to measure the parameters involved and record the results in real time basis. Furthermore, reported in this paper are load characterization of such active polymer composites made with a noble metal such as platinum. The results showed that these actuators exhibit good force to weight characteristics in the presence of low applied voltages. Finally, reported are the cryogenic properties of these muscles for possible use by NASA in a harsh outer space environment of a few Torrs and temperatures of the order of -140 degrees Celsius. These muscles are shown to work quite well in such harsh cryogenics environment and thus present a great potential as sensors and actuators that can operate at cryogenic temperatures.
Proof and evolutionary analysis of ancient genome duplication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Whole-genome duplication followed by massive gene loss and specialization has long been postulated as a powerful mechanism of evolutionary innovation. Recently, it has become possible to test this notion by searching complete genome sequence for signs of ancient duplication. Here, we show that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae arose from ancient whole-genome duplication, by sequencing and analysing Kluyveromyces waltii, a related yeast species that diverged before the duplication. The two genomes are related by a 1:2 mapping, with each region of K. waltii corresponding to two regions of S. cerevisiae, as expected for whole-genome duplication. This resolves the long-standing controversy on the ancestry of the yeast genome, and makes it possible to study the fate of duplicated genes directly. Strikingly, 95% of cases of accelerated evolution involve only one member of a gene pair, providing strong support for a specific model of evolution, and allowing us to distinguish ancestral and derived functions.
THE COSTS OF CARING FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN A MANAGED CARE SETTING: EVIDENCE FROM A LARGE NATIONAL CLAIMS DATABASE

ABSTRACTPurpose:: We examined the direct costs of erectile dysfunction (ED) empirically.Materials and Methods:: A naturalistic cohort study was done in 285,436 patients with ED and 51 health plans that covered 28 million lives nationwide from 1999 through 2001. Based on claims that had an ED related diagnosis code, procedure code or medication code we categorized the cost structure of ED care and calculated the annual costs of ED care per patient with ED, per user and per member monthly for individual and for all categories of ED care.Results:: A patient with ED in a health plan spent about an average of $83.91 in 1999, $95.41 in 2000 and $119.26 in 2001 for ED care. In 2001, 37.08% of ED care costs per patient with ED were spent on phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor therapy, 14.36% were spent on physician office visits, 10.19% were spent on diagnosis procedures, 8.45% were spent on testosterone hormone therapy, 3.85% were spent on penile prosthesis implantation, 4.41% were spent on intracavernous...
Turbulent shear layers and wakes

This paper considers the lectures on turbulent shear layers and wakes presented and discussed at the Marseille meeting in 1961 and provides our perspective on progress in understanding the mechanics of these flows since that time. The initial discussion is based on the understanding in 1961 gained from prior work. Particular emphasis is then placed on the subsequent experimental revelation of the large-scale vortical structure (coherent structure) found to be essential to understanding the mechanics of the turbulent shear layer. Critical insight into the mechanics that determines the growth rate (the shear stress), for example, is provided by the Biot–Savart relationship. Conclusions are drawn from the experiments and some unresolved questions posed. This is followed by a discussion of plane wakes. Four regions of the plane wake are identified and experimental results on the large-scale structure are discussed. Again emphasis is placed on the vorticity and the vorticity fluxes that contribute directly to the derivative of the principal Reynolds stress. Results from numerical calculations offer new insights into the mechanics, especially through the vorticity and vorticity fluxes that could not previously be measured. For this case too, conclusions are drawn and outstanding questions posed.
The Ionization Potential of Molecular Hydrogen

A description is given of a mass spectrograph designed to work with gases at very low pressures. The metal parts are made entirely of tantalum and tungsten enclosed in an all glass system which may be baked out quite thoroughly, making it possible to work with gases at pressures of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ mm. The apparatus has been applied to the study of the ionization potential of molecular hydrogen yielding a value of 15.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 volts. A discussion of all the previous measurements of this quantity is given.
Genetic control of the response of SJL-J mice to LDH virus infection.

Evidence has been obtained to indicate that the unique response of SJL/J mice to infection with the lactate dehydrogenase virus is a recessive trait under the control of a single gene at an autosomal locus. It is postulated that this gene has an effect on the function of the reticuloendothelial system.
Effect of supplementing zinc oxide and biotin with or without carbadox on nursery pig performance

A 28-d nursery experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing zinc oxide and biotin with or without a feed-grade antimicrobial agent (carbadox) on nursery pig performance, and plasma and fecal Zn concentrations. One hundred ninety-two crossbred pigs (initial BW = 5.94 +/- 0.03 kg; age = 17 +/- 2 d) were weaned and allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments based on BW, sex, and ancestry in a randomized complete block design (3 pigs/pen and 8 replications). Dietary treatments consisted of supplementation of ZnO at 0 or 3,000 mg/kg, d-biotin at 0 or 440 microg/kg, and carbadox at 0 or 55 mg/kg of diets in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and phase 2 (d 14 to 28) nursery diets were fed in meal form. Fecal samples were collected weekly, and blood samples were collected at d 0, 14, and 28 to determine fecal and plasma Zn concentrations, respectively. The basal diet contained 165 mg/kg of Zn as ZnSO(4) and 220 microg/kg biotin as d-biotin. Pigs supplemented with 440 microg/kg of d-biotin, independent of antibiotic and ZnO additions, had greater overall ADG (P = 0.02) than pigs fed no supplemental d-biotin postweaning. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected when pigs were supplemented with 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO or 55 mg/kg of carbadox. When pigs were fed 55 mg/kg of carbadox without supplemental biotin, plasma Zn concentration was less, whereas when biotin and carbadox were supplemented to nursery pig diets, plasma Zn concentrations did not decrease as with feeding carbadox alone (biotin x carbadox, P < 0.001). During wk 2, pigs fed 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO and 440 microg/kg of d-biotin had greater fecal Zn concentrations than pigs fed diets with only 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO (Zn x biotin, P = 0.04). In addition, pigs supplemented with 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO in combination with carbadox and d-biotin had greater fecal Zn concentrations compared with pigs fed diets containing no additional Zn during wk 2 (Zn x biotin x carbadox, P = 0.04). Fecal Zn concentrations increased over time (P < 0.001), and pigs fed supplemental ZnO had greater (P < 0.001) fecal Zn concentrations. These results indicate that feeding nursery pigs 440 microg/kg of d-biotin improved ADG, independent of zinc and carbadox supplementation, as well as increasing Zn excretion.
Performance of Garments Related to Initial Cost and Care

A wear study, which included 30 different men's shirts varying in color and price, was con ducted to determine the long-term effects of washing temperature and the price/quality relationships with respect to garment performance. After 40 wash/wear cycles, there were few differences in color change, appearance, and soil removal resulting from laundering in hot water as compared to warm water. Little color transfer was found during the washing process. The wear study results and laboratory measurements of color change, wrinkle recovery, seam strength, and fabric strength were related to shirt price. The lower-priced shirts were found generally to have better overall perfor mance than the higher-priced garments.
Effects of Central Decisions on Local Livelihoods in Indonesia: Potential Synergies Between the Programs of Transmigration and Industrial Forest Conversion

In addition to well-documented negative effects (e.g., environmental degradation and ethnic conflict) Indonesia's central government programs of transmigration and industrial forest management subvert indigenous rights (even if unintentionally) through appropriation of forested land and migrant subsidies. Although central control can be an effective strategy for resource management, Indonesia's programs have undercut their own objectives and may interact synergistically to increase population pressure, reduce available land, and intensify land use conflicts on the outer islands. Empirical data are needed to evaluate the interactions between transmigration and forest conversion and to design appropriate management strategies that incorporate local as well as central controls.
C4 GENE EXPRESSION

▪ Abstract C4 plants, including maize, Flaveria, amaranth, sorghum, and an amphibious sedge Eleocharis vivipara, have been employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that control C4 photosynthesis gene expression. Current evidence suggests that pre-existing genes were recruited for the C4 pathway after acquiring potent and surprisingly diverse regulatory elements. This review emphasizes recent advances in our understanding of the creation of C4 genes, the activities of the C4 gene promoters consisting of synergistic and combinatorial enhancers and silencers, the use of 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions for transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations, and the function of novel transcription factors. The research has also revealed new insights into unique or universal mechanisms underlying cell-type specificity, coordinate nuclear-chloroplast actions, hormonal, metabolic, stress and light responses, and the control of enzymatic activities by phosphorylation and reductive proc...
The Volume of Atoms on the Protein Surface: Calculated from Simulation, using Voronoi Polyhedra

Abstract We analyze the volume of atoms on the protein surface during a molecular-dynamics simulation of a small protein (pancreatic trypsin inhibitor). To calculate volumes, we use a particular geometric construction, called Voronoi polyhedra, that divides the total volume of the simulation box amongst the atoms, rendering them relatively larger or smaller depending on how tightly they are packed. We find that most of the atoms on the protein surface are larger than those buried in the core (by∼6%), except for the charged atoms, which decrease in size, presumably due to electroconstriction. We also find that water molecules are larger near apolar atoms on the protein surface and smaller near charged atoms, in comparison to “bulk” water molecules far from the protein. Taken together, these findings necessarily imply that apolar atoms on the protein surface and their associated water molecules are less tightly packed (than corresponding atoms in the protein core and bulk water) and the opposite is the case for charged atoms. This looser apolar packing and tightly charged packing fundamentally reflects protein-water distances that are larger or smaller than those expected from van der Waals radii. In addition to the calculation of mean volumes, simulations allow us to investigate the volume fluctuations and hence compressibilities of the protein and solvent atoms. The relatively large volume fluctuations of atoms at the protein-water interface indicates that they have a more variable packing than corresponding atoms in the protein core or in bulk water. We try to adhere to traditional conventions throughout our calculations. Nevertheless, we are aware of and discuss three complexities that significantly qualify our calculations: the positioning of the dividing plane between atoms, the problem of vertex error, and the choice of atom radii. In particular, our results highlight how poor a “compromise” the commonly accepted value of 1.4 A is for the radius of a water molecule.
Kullback-Leibler distance optimization for artificial chemo-sensors

A gas sensor optimization method for odor discrimination is introduced in this paper. The method deals with a performance index widely used in the information theory, namely the Kullback-Leibler distance (KL-distance), which gives a quantitative measure of mutual difference between two probability distributions. We argue that optimizing this index over the controllable operating parameter namely β (i.e., the operating temperature) of a single sensor will allow maximizing the spread of the odor-class prototypes (i.e., the class centers) in the feature space so that a better discrimination of odorants will be possible. We demonstrate on a sample dataset that finely tuning the operating temperature of a metal oxide sensor based on the suggested criterion not only yields a substantial improvement in classification performance but also warns about the existence of temperatures that cause a total confusion in the odor discrimination.
Protein-synthetic machinery beneath postsynaptic sites on CNS neurons: association between polyribosomes and other organelles at the synaptic site

Previous studies have demonstrated that polyribosomes are selectively positioned beneath postsynaptic sites on CNS neurons. In spine-bearing neurons, these polyribosomes are selectively localized at the base of the spines, and occasionally within spine heads. The present study evaluates whether there are relationships between the polyribosomes and other organelles of the postsynaptic cytoplasm, including membranous cisterns and spine apparatuses. Dendritic spines from the dentate gyrus and hippocampus of the rat were analyzed at the electron-microscopic level in 2 ways. First, relatively thick sections were prepared for electron microscopy, and spines were photographed in stereo using a goniometer stage. Second, conventional serial thin sections were taken, and spines were reconstructed. From the stereo photographs and serial reconstructions, we determined the proportion of polyribosomes that was associated with membranous cisterns. We also counted the number of ribosomes per cluster to determine whether there were differences between polyribosomes in different intradendritic locations, or between free polyribosomes and polyribosomes on cisternal membranes. From the serially reconstructed spines we determined the incidence of polyribosomes, membranous cisterns, and spine apparatuses, and evaluated the relationships between these organelles. We found that in both the dentate gyrus and hippocampus, about 50% of the polyribosomes that were present beneath the base of spines were associated with membranous cisterns. Polyribosomes that were present in the head of the spine were rarely associated with a cistern, however. The overall incidence of polyribosomes was similar in spines with spine apparatuses and spines without a spine apparatus.
Measurements of Multicast Service Discovery in a Campus Wireless Network

Applications using multicast service discovery protocols, such as iTunes, have become increasingly popular. However, multicast service discovery protocols generate significant network traffic overhead, especially in a wireless network. We measure and analyze the traffic of one of the most widely deployed multicast service discovery protocols, DNS-SD/mDNS, in a campus wireless network where a single multicast domain serves a large number of users. We define three service discovery models which correspond to different service discovery behaviors. We compare these three models in terms of packet overhead and service discovery delay for different network sizes and service lifetime assumptions. The measurement shows that mDNS traffic consumes about 13 percent of the total bandwidth of the network.
Dual-reflector antenna sidelobe control through a dielectric loaded subreflector

A technique is presented for the control of the sidelobe characteristics of dual-reflector antennas. The effectiveness of the subreflector loading was examined numerically. The antenna was analyzed using physical optics surface current integration. >
Optically pumped four-level infrared laser based on intersubband transitions in multiple quantum wells: feasibility study

The feasibility of optically pumped infrared laser based on the intersubband transitions in multiple quantum wells is studied theoretically. The criteria for population inversion and efficient lasing operations are established. A system consisting of a superlattice with four quantum wells per period is proposed and shown to satisfy the criteria. The relaxation processes are investigated, giving the electron-phonon interaction a rigorous theoretical treatment. It is shown that in the proposed structure, optical gain in excess of 300 cm/sup -1/ can be realized under practical pumping conditions. Modification and optimization of the proposed laser are discussed. >
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in T cells plays an indispensable role in immunity to Leishmania major by mediating Th1 cell homing to the site of infection

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling pathway mediates the biological functions of IFN-γ. We have previously shown that the STAT1 pathway is indispensable for host resistance against Leishmania major infection. In this study, we examined the role of STAT1 in lymphocytes and specifically CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mediating immunity against L. major by transferring T cells from wild-type (WT) and STAT1−/− C57BL/6 mice into Rag2−/− C57BL/6 mice. Rag2−/− mice reconstituted with unfractionated STAT1−/− splenocytes (B cells and T cells) failed to mount an efficient Th1 response after L. major infection, produced more IL-4, and developed large lesions full of parasites. In contrast, Rag2−/− mice reconstituted with WT (STAT1+/+) splenocytes mounted a Th1 response and developed self-resolving lesions. Studies using Rag2−/− recipients that received a combination of purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from WT or STAT1−/− mice revealed that STAT1 deficiency in CD4+ T cells, but not in CD8+ T cells, leads to development of chronic, nonhealing lesions and systemic dissemination of parasites into the spleen after L. major infection. Further studies using Rag2−/− recipients of WT Thy1.1+ and STAT1−/− Thy1.2+ T cells showed that STAT1 in CD4+ T cells was not required for Th1 differentiation during L. major infection. However, it was critical for up-regulation of CXCR3 on CD4+ T cells and their migration to the regional lymph node and the cutaneous site of infection. Together, these studies indicate that the STAT1 pathway in CD4+ T cells plays a critical role in immunity against L. major by controlling the migration of Th1 cells to the site of infection rather than their generation. Further, they reveal an essential role for CD4+ T cell STAT1 in preventing systemic dissemination of L. major infection.—Barbi, J., Snider, H. M., Bhardwaj, N., Lezama-Davila, C. M., Durbin, J. E., Satoskar, A. R. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in T cells plays an indispensable role in immunity to Leishmania major by mediating Th1 cell homing to the site of infection.
Measurement of testosterone in infant fecal samples.

Objectives: This study reports the validation of a noninvasive method for repeated assessment of testosterone from infant fecal samples. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from cotton diaper liners, subjected to methanol extraction, and assayed using a modified commercial testosterone RIA kit. Results: Method validity was supported by a recovery near 100%, a sensitivity of 1.23 pg/ml, and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variations less than 10 and 15%, respectively. Testosterone was detected in all samples from male and female infants aged 2 weeks to 15 months. Conclusions: Fecal assessment is supported as a novel, non-invasive tool for studying testosterone during early human development. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Film Energy: Process and Metanarrative in Dziga Vertov's The Eleventh Year (1928)

With the possible exception of Stride, Soviet [Shagai, Sovet] (1926), The Eleventh Year [Odinnadtsatyi] (1928), Dziga Vertov’s most important film on the great early Soviet theme of electrification and the first of his three Ukrainian productions, is probably the least known and least frequently discussed of Vertov’s major silent documentary features.1 Inaccessibility is surely the prime reason for this neglect: to my knowledge, the film has never been released in any home viewing format in any country, and prints are available in only a few archives worldwide.2 Beyond this, The Eleventh Year, for all the complexity of its montage, imparts a rather simple agitational message, as befits its fundamental purpose as propaganda for the Soviet state’s drive toward industrialization and electrification.3 Beginning with a nearly wordless account of humans and machines collectively overcoming nature’s stony inertia to mobilize water and coal for human (specifically, agricultural and
Contamination levels in blood samples drawn from the injection intravenous line.

Purpose: Securing two intravenous lines, one for injection and one for blood sampling, can be nearly impossible in compromised patients, therefore, a need exists to quantify the potential error when simplified techniques are employed. Method: Two venous catheters were placed. 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-glucose (FDG) was infused through one of the catheters. Venous blood samples were drawn from each line. Triplicate aliquots of plasma were analyzed in duplicate. Results: Concentrations from the infusion line were 2.0% higher than the concentrations from the noninfusion line. The average error was 3.3%, 2.0%, and 0.7% higher for the first, second, and third samples, respectively. Conclusions: Blood sampling through the infusion catheter is a viable alternative to the placement of separate venous catheters. Sampling from the injection catheter, even with tubing flush and replacement, will potentially incur small (generally < 10%) overestimations in concentration in initial samples. Subsequent sampling reduces the error to essentially zero by the third sample.
Adaptation to Industrialization: German Workers as a Test Case

Historians, in their somewhat defensive perusal of sociology for sweeping theoretical statements, perhaps underestimate the careful, often narrow, empiricism of much sociological research. Sociologists unearth facts for subsequent historians to work on and sometimes to interpret more broadly. Historical sociologists to the contrary, fact-grubbing services are mutual in the two disciplines. German sociologists were the first to study the social effects of industrialization extensively. By the early twentieth century, when masses of workers were still entering factory industry for the first time, sociologists were ready to investigate the process of adaptation through systematic interviews. British researchers in the same period, besides being dedicated amateurs for the most part, focused on the urban poor and on material conditions too exclusively still. French efforts were even more scattered. Maurice Halbwachs did some valuable studies of consumption patterns, while Le Play and his school contributed rather conservative portraits of individual workers. For purposes of understanding the working class in manufacturing, German sociological research was long unrivaled.
Evidence for a Life-Span Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity

3. R. Fendrich, CM. Wessinger, and M.S. GazI zaniga, Residual vision in a scotoma: Implications for blindsight, Science, 258, 1489-1491 (1992). 4. J.L. Barbur, J.D.G. Watson, R.S.j. Frackow iak, and S. Zeki, Conscious visual perception with out V1, Brain, 116, 1293 (1993). 5. A. Cowey and P. Stoerig, The neurobiology of blindsight, Trends in Neurosciences, 14, 140 (1991). 6. H.T. Rodman, CG. Gross, and T.D. Al bright, Afferent basis of visual response properties in area MT of the macaque: I. Effects of striate cortex removal, Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 2033 (1989). 7. A. Cowey, P. Stoerig, and V.H. Perry, Trans neuronal retrograde degeneration of retinal ganglion cells after damage to striate cortex in macaque mon keys: Selective loss of P-beta cells, Neuroscience, 29,65 (1989). 8. D.C Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Pen guin Press, London, 1991). 9. L. Weiskrantz, j.L. Barbur, and A. Sahraie, Parameters affecting conscious versus unconscious visual discrimination with damage to the visual corI tex (V1), Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A., 92, 6122-6126 (1995).
Geographic Distribution of, and Genetic Variation in, the Wood Roach Cryptocercus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae) in the United States

Members of the genus Cryptocercus are subsocial, xylophagous cockroaches that inhabit temperate forests of the Nearctic and Palaearctic. Seven species are recognized worldwide: five in the United States, and one each in Russia and China. Four (Cryptocercus darwini Burnside, Smith and Kambhampati, Cryptocercus garciai Burnside, Smith and Kambhampati, Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder, Cryptocercus wrighti Burnside, Smith and Kambhampati) of the five species in the United States occur in the Appalachian Mountains and one (Cryptocercus clevelandi Byers) occurs in the Pacific Northwest. Previous studies have indicated that the distribution of the Appalachian species is allopatric; however, three of the four species occurred within a few kilometers of one another. Therefore, an intensive survey was undertaken in southwestern North Carolina and northern Georgia to determine if the species distributions are indeed allopatric or if there are zones of sympatry. With regard to C. clevelandi, previous studies have included samples from only a handful of locations in the western United States. Therefore, an extensive survey was undertaken in Oregon and California to map the geographic distribution of C. clevelandi and estimate genetic variation within and among populations. Our surveys indicated that three (C. darwini, C. garciai, C. wrighti) of the four Appalachian species have overlapping distributions in southwestern North Carolina and northern Georgia, a finding that raises the possibility of the existence of hybrid zones. Genetic variation among samples collected in Oregon and California indicated that, unlike the eastern United States, there is only one species of Cryptocercus in the western United States. In addition, we found that the distribution of C. clevelandi is considerably more patchy than that of the Appalachian species.
I’m Like You, Just Not In That Way: Tag Networks to Improve Collaborative Filtering

Collaborative filtering aims to predict a person’s preferences by examining the preferences of similar people. Many collaborative filtering algorithms rely on a coarse notion of similarity, which assumes that if two people are sufficiently simiar in a few specific areas, each is likely to make good recommendations for the other in most areas. Our trust in the opinions of others, though, is rarely absolute; we often tend to trust recommendations from certain people in certain areas. In this paper we develop an algorithm which reflects this notion. Rather than capturing taste information at the user level, we capture taste at the topic level by making use of tags: arbitrary words or phrases which are often used to group online content. Previous attempts to improve collaborative filtering using tag information have attempted to determine tag meanings, and as a result have depended upon complex semantic analyses. Our algorithm avoids these complications by focusing instead on the clusters which tags establish. Using tags in this way provides a significant improvement in the accuracy of recommendations without a commensurate loss in coverage. These tag clusters also give rise to networks which can be exploited to further improve recommendation results.
Empirical Evidence of Systems Change in Supported Employment

Supported employment emerged rapidly after the onset of federal incentives for state systems change in 1985. This expansion was influenced by local innovations, policy initiatives, and legislation as well as by fiscal incentives. Nonetheless, states have implemented supported employment with variable success. This article reviews state outcomes in implementing supported employment in order to identify states that have excelled in implementing supported employment and to consider the possible relationship of supported-employment outcomes to economic, sociopolitical, and cultural factors. This initial analysis suggests that a variety of factors influenced the federal systems-change strategies for the implementation of supported employment across states.
A Simple Transflective LCD for Mobile Applications

A double-cell-gap transflective liquid crystal display (TR-LCD) based on 63.6deg twisted nematic mode is proposed. With only one uniaxial positive A-film in transmissive region, this normally black TR-LCD exhibits several attractive features, such as high optical efficiency, low operation voltage, acceptable viewing angle, and good cell gap tolerance. Moreover, the electro-optical characteristics of reflective and transmissive regions match with each other well. Its fabrication process is fairly simple and it is suitable for mobile applications.
Hierarchical design of decentralized receding horizon controllers for decoupled systems

In our recent paper (2004), we have proposed a method for designing decentralized receding horizon controllers (RHC). Each RHC controller is associated to a different node and computes the local control inputs based only on the states of the node and of its neighbors. For such a decentralized scheme, stability and feasibility can be ensured in different ways, by modifying cost, constraints and communications structure. In this paper, we focus on decentralized RHC control design through hierarchical decomposition. A certain priority is assigned to each node of the graph and nodes with high priorities compute control laws for nodes with lower priorities. We study how to ensure stability and feasibility of such scheme when the explicit feasibility domains of the decentralized RHC are available. Moreover, we propose a hierarchical RHC control scheme with stability and feasibility guarantees.
Emulation techniques for microcontrollers with internal caches and multiple execution units

The complexity of modern processors has placed the concepts of efficient program debugging and visibility of the internal busses at odds with each other. When bus cycles occur on the internal busses, extra work has to occur in order to see these cycles on the external busses. Other problems arise in that making all bus cycles visible on the external busses causes the MPC500 to operate in serialized mode. Much of the efficiency of modern processors comes from being able to execute the instructions in an out-of-order execution model. Because the MPC500 has multiple execution units, several instructions can be processed at the same time. Serialization of the program flow would mean that only one instruction could be executed at a time. By putting the necessary status and control signals on the microcontroller, program flow can be determined by also capturing all the bus cycles that are external and then comparing expected program flow to an assembly language listing. Thus, the dual problems of debugging the machine in real time and having continuous external visibility of all cycles on the external bus is resolved.
Robust user context analysis for multimodal interfaces

Multimodal Interfaces that enable natural means of interaction using multiple modalities such as touch, hand gestures, speech, and facial expressions represent a paradigm shift in human-computer interfaces. Their aim is to allow rich and intuitive multimodal interaction similar to human-to-human communication and interaction. From the multimodal system's perspective, apart from the various input modalities themselves, user context information such as states of attention and activity, and identities of interacting users can help greatly in improving the interaction experience. For example, when sensors such as cameras (webcams, depth sensors etc.) and microphones are always on and continuously capturing signals in their environment, user context information is very useful to distinguish genuine system-directed activity from ambient speech and gesture activity in the surroundings, and distinguish the "active user" from among a set of users. Information about user identity may be used to personalize the system's interface and behavior -- e.g. the look of the GUI, modality recognition profiles, and information layout -- to suit the specific user. In this paper, we present a set of algorithms and an architecture that performs audiovisual analysis of user context using sensors such as cameras and microphone arrays, and integrates components for lip activity and audio direction detection (speech activity), face detection and tracking (attention), and face recognition (identity). The proposed architecture allows the component data flows to be managed and fused with low latency, low memory footprint, and low CPU load, since such a system is typically required to run continuously in the background and report events of attention, activity, and identity, in real-time, to consuming applications.
Morphology and Morphotypes of the Hawaiian River Shrimp, Macrobrachium grandimanus

The morphology and morphotypes of the Hawaiian river shrimp, Macrobrachium grandimanus Randall, 1840 (Caridea: Palaemonidae), are examined in this study. This species has a dense aggregation of setae (termed “setal patch”) located on the major second cheliped and the function of this setal patch is unknown. Because previous research documented that this setal patch is not associated with grooming behaviors, a morphological study with detailed examination of the morphology of the second chelipeds was conducted using SEM and a dissecting microscope. Using morphometrics, three ontogenetic morphotypes within M. grandimanus were identified: females, small symmetrical males, and large asymmetrical males. There are morphometric differences and setation differences between small and large individuals as well as differences between the sexes. The setal patch is associated with large males, so while the function still remains unknown we present hypotheses about its function in behavioral and life history traits of these large males.
FEMORAL OSTEOMYELITIS AND OSTEOSARCOMA IN A DOG

An eight-year-old, female, spayed Golden Retriever was referred to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital for a persistent lameness of 9 days duration. The initial diagnosis made by cytology and culture was Clostridium spp osteomyelitis of the right femoral head and neck. After approximately 1 month of treatment with ampicillin, it was noted radiographically that the lesion was progressing. An excision arthroplasty was done. Histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed osteogenic sarcoma. This case documents the importance of bone biopsy in differentiating osteomyelitis from a primary bone tumor.
Age and correlation of Late Triassic tetrapods from southern Poland

Age assignments of Triassic tetrapod fossils can be achieved by direct reference to a scheme of Triassic land-vertebrate faunachrons (LVFs) that correlates Triassic tetrapod fossil assemblages to each other based solely on the tetrapod fossils. Correlation of Triassic tetrapod assemblages to the standard global chronostratigraphic scale (SGCS, the “marine timescale”) is a separate cross correlation between the vertebrate biochronology and marine biochronology that usually relies on other data (e. g., palynostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, radioisoto- pic ages) to be completed. Late Triassic tetrapod fossils in southern Poland are found at two stratigraphic positions, the Krasiejow and Lisowice levels. The tetrapod assemblage of the Krasiejow level is assigned to the early Adamanian LVF based primarily on the stratigraphic overlap of the phytosaur Parasuchus with the Adamanian index aetosaur Stagonolepis . The amphibians Cyclotosaurus and Gerrothorax , a Proterochersis -like turtle and the aetosaur Paratypothorax from the Lisowice level indicate it is assignable to the Revueltian LVF. Cross correla- tions to the SGCS are less definitive, but suggest that the Krasiejow level is late Carnian and the Lisowice level is early/middle Norian. However, this correlation of the Krasiejow level is confounded by disagreements over correlation of the marine Carnian–Norian boundary to nonmarine strata. Indeed, the possibility that the Krasiejow tetrapods fill a gap in the early Norian record of tetrapods merits consideration. Such difficulties emphasize the value of correlating tetrapod assemblages to each other using a land-vertebrate biostratigraphy/biochronology, instead of immediately attempting the more problematic correlation to the SGCS.
New Integrability Conditions for Classifying Holonomic and Nonholonomic Systems

This paper presents new integrability conditions for classifying holonomic and nonholonomic systems using the Frobenius Theorem in differential forms. Some of the previous results in the literature give sufficient conditions only. The results in this paper give necessary and sufficient conditions. The contribution of this paper is that it shows a new application of the Frobenius Theorem in differential forms for solving an integrability condition problem in systems and control area.
Evolution of the Classification of Sleep Disorders

The classification of sleep disorders has evolved over the years from a very symptom-based classification with essential three parts: insomnias, sleepiness, and abnormal events at night. Recent classification systems have tried to develop a classification based upon pathophysiology; however, a lack of understanding of the pathophysiological basis for many of the sleep disorders has prevented a pure pathophysiological classification. The International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems (ICD) provides a largely symptom-based classification for epidemiological and mortality reasons, whereas the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) classification of the sleep disorders is a simplified version with the main features discussed for the benefit of psychiatrists. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) contains the most comprehensive classification of the sleep disorders, and it is the classification used by sleep specialists.
Identification guide to the shallow water (0–200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight

Octocoral diversity is well documented in the tropical western Atlantic and Indo–Pacific, but it has been several decades since a thorough species account of the shallow South Atlantic Bight region was produced (northwestern Atlantic between Cape Hatteras, NC and Cape Canaveral, FL, USA). Through the use of material from the NMNH and SERTC Octocorallia (=Alcyonaria) collections, this work documents the presence of 28 species of octocorals recorded in the shallow (0–200 m) South Atlantic Bight and reports five new range extensions. Included are illustrated keys to the species, synonymies, species images and remarks, and SEM images of sclerites from described species without previously published sclerite imagery. A brief history of previous work and discussion of octocoral morphology are also included.
P4.026 Indian Boarding School Experience and HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Urban Two-Spirit American Indian/Alaska Natives

Background As part of a systemic effort of assimilation between the late 19 th and mid-20 th centuries, thousands of American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) children were placed in residential Indian boarding schools. To understand the impact of forced attendance in Indian boarding schools on HIV risk, we explored sexual risk behaviours, STI diagnosis, and substance misuse among AIAN two-spirit (gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender) adults who had attended Indian boarding school as children compared to those with no history of boarding school. Methods The current investigation was part of a comprehensive multi-site, cross-sectional national health survey of 447 AIAN two-spirit people from seven metropolitan areas in the U.S. To minimise selection bias, multiple sampling strategies were used including targeted, partial network, and respondent-driven sampling (RDS) techniques. Results Eighty-two (22.9%) respondents had a history of Indian boarding school attendance. Compared to others, respondents who attended boarding school were more likely to have a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence (58.5% vs. 44.9%, p p p p p p p Conclusion Findings from this study provide some of the first data on boarding school experience and HIV risk among an urban two-spirit AIAN community sample and underscore the need for increased HIV/STI prevention efforts in AIAN communities. In addition, advanced statistical models are needed that identify mediational pathways to health outcomes and risk behaviours.
Interpolity Pottery Exchange in the Tuxtla Mountains, Southern Veracruz, Mexico

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) of Coarse Orange jars demonstrates economic exchange among the Classic period political capitals of Totocapan, Matacapan, and Teotepec in the Tuxtla Mountains of southern Veracruz, Mexico. Matacapan, in particular, displays evidence of intensive pottery production at large workshops at the southern margin of the site. Comoapan (Area 411) and Area 199 present configurations of kilns, ceramic densities, and assemblage characteristics that suggest production for exchange beyond the site's boundaries. Both of these production facilities specialized in the production of Coarse Orange jars, a well-made and decorated utilitarian ceramic ware. While these products were traded to sites in the Tepango Valley, different paste recipes of the Coarse Orange type were also produced locally. Of broader concern, I examine the articulation of these regional exchange relationships with the interregional interactions previously documented among Tuxtlas groups and others in central Mexico and the Gulf Coast.