cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbital invasion by pituitary adenoma.

tip of the tonometer prism only when the to­ nometer prism is almost fully pushed into the body of the tonometer by contact with the patient's eye. Additionally, the cobalt-blue fil­ ters covering the light sources are easily dis­ lodged, further reducing the amount of blue light to excite fluorescence. In clinical use the illumination of the tonometer is so dim that the room lights must be dimmed in order to use the instrument.1 The poor illumination of the to­ nometer head may produce hypofluorescence of the fluorescein in the precorneal tear film, causing underestimation of the intraocular pressure.2"4 One of us (R.S.) modified the Mark II model of Perkins tonometer to provide substantially increased illumination of the tonometer head. The two 2.7 May lights that usually illuminate the tonometer head were replaced with two Welch-Allyn 3100 halogen bulbs. Blue filter caps to cover the halogen bulbs were fashioned from aluminum tubing and the same type of blue filter as the Perkins tonometer (Eastman Kodak Wratten 47B). The angle of the light sources was unchanged from the original de­ sign. This modification is shown in the Figure. A widening of the case at the site of the exit of the halogen bulbs was made to accommodate the increased diameter of the new light sources. The two 1.35-V mercury cells or four 1.5 V AA batteries that normally power the Perkins to­ nometer were replaced by a 3.5-V Welch-Allyn nickel-cadmium battery to match the voltage of the halogen bulbs. With these modifications the brightness of the illumination of the tonometer head is mark­ edly increased. The fluorescent ring produced by tonometer-corneal contact is easily seen without dimming the room lights and is bright­ er than that seen by using a slit-lamp mounted tonometer. The tonometer head position has less of an effect on the brightness of the fluores­ cent rings. These changes eliminate underillumination of the tonometer prism and minimize any underestimation of the intraocular pres­ sure, that might occur from underillumination, making the Perkins tonometer easier to use and more accurate.
The M-Machine multicomputer

The M-Machine is an experimental multicomputer being developed to test architectural concepts motivated by the constraints of modern semiconductor technology and the demands of programming systems. The M-Machine computing nodes are connected with a 3-D mesh network; each node is a multithreaded processor incorporating 9 function units, on-chip cache, and local memory. The multiple function units are used to exploit both instruction-level and thread-level parallelism. A user accessible message passing system yields fast communication and synchronization between nodes. Rapid access to remote memory is provided transparently to the user with a combination of hardware and software mechanisms. This paper presents the architecture of the M-Machine and describes how its mechanisms attempt to maximize both single thread performance and overall system throughput. The architecture is complete and the MAP chip, which will serve as the M-Machine processing node, is currently being implemented.
Evidence for the role of instantons in hadron structure from lattice QCD

Cooling is used as a filter on a set of gluon fields sampling the Wilson action to selectively remove essentially all fluctuations of the gluon field except for the instantons. The close agreement between quenched lattice QCD results with cooled and uncooled configurations for vacuum correlation functions of hadronic currents and for density-density correlation functions in hadronic bound states provides strong evidence for the dominant role of instantons in determining light hadron structure and quark propagation in the QCD vacuum.
Rational synthesis of covalently bonded organic-inorganic hybrids

Hybrid materials based on covalently linked inorganic polyoxometalates (POMs) and organic species containing a delocalized pi system have drawn increasing attention. These hybrids, traditionally prepared by cluster assembly approaches that lack predictability and controllability, can now be synthesized through common organic reactions by using organically functionalized POM clusters as building blocks. This minireview highlights some of the most recent advances on a particular type of hybrids where the organic and inorganic components are connected by an imido linkage.
Combustion synthesis of Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−x and La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−x nanopowders for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes

Abstract Nanopowders of Sm 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3− x (SSC) and La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3− x (LSC) compositions, which are being investigated as cathode materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), were synthesized by a solution–combustion method using metal nitrates and glycine as fuel. Development of crystalline phases in the as-synthesized powders after heat treatments at various temperatures was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Perovskite phase in LSC formed more readily than in SSC. Single-phase perovskites were obtained after heat treatment of the combustion synthesized LSC and SSC powders at 1000 and 1200 °C, respectively. The as-synthesized powders had an average particle size of ∼12 nm as determined from X-ray line broadening analysis using the Scherrer equation. Average grain size of the powders increased with increase in calcination temperature. Morphological analysis of the powders calcined at various temperatures was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
TRANSFORMATIONS OF q-BOSON AND q-FERMION ALGEBRAS

We investigate the algebras satisfied by q-deformed boson and fermion oscillators, in particular the transformations of the algebra from one form to another. Based on a specific algebra proposed in recent literature, we show that the algebra of deformed fermions can be transformed to that of undeformed standard fermions. Furthermore, we also show that the algebra of q-deformed fermions can be transformed to that of undeformed standard bosons.
Guilty as Charged: The Trial of Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori for Human Rights Violations

1 On 7 April 2009, Alberto Fujimori, president of Peru from 1990 to 2000, was found guilty of grave human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years in prison - the maximum penalty allowed by Peruvian law. The prosecution and conviction of Fujimori mark a watershed in efforts to achieve accountability after atrocity in Peru and across the globe. This article explores the factors that made the Fujimori trial possible. It briefly examines the global shift in norms favoring accountability for human rights violations that facilitated the extradition and prosecution of Fujimori, the interactions between these global norm shifts and local efforts to achieve accountability for grave human rights violations, and the specific domestic factors in Peru favoring prosecution. The article analyzes the Fujimori trial in terms of both process and outcome, and highlights its implications for politics in Peru and beyond, as well as for the broader field of transitional justice.
Bank Performance around the Introduction of a Section 20 Subsidiary

As of 1987, commercial banks in the United States were allowed to establish Section 20 subsidiaries to conduct investment-banking activities. A concern of regulators was that these activities would result in a decrease in performance of commercial banks relative to the risk being undertaken. This paper examines the performance of commercial banks around the establishment of a Section 20 subsidiary. We find that Section 20 activities undertaken by banks result in increased industryadjusted operating cash f low return on assets, due mainly to revenues from noncommercial-banking activities. Further, risk measures for the sample banks do not change significantly. REGULATORY BARRIERS AND RESTRICTIONS governing the operations of the U.S. financial system have often inhibited a depository institution’s ability to operate in one area of the financial services industry and expand its product set into other areas. Specifically, the 1933 Banking Act ~the Glass‐Steagall Act! sought to impose a rigid separation between commercial banking and investment banking. Particularly, regulators noted concerns about the possible increase in riskiness and decrease in profitability that may arise when commercial banking and investment banking activities are affiliated in one organization. For most of the 1933 through 1963 period, commercial banks and investment banks generally appeared to be willing to abide by the letter and spirit of the Glass‐Steagall Act. Between 1963 and 1987, however, banks challenged restrictions on their ability to underwrite securities such as municipal revenue bonds, commercial paper, and mortgage-backed securities. In most cases, the courts eventually permitted these activities for commercial banks. With this de facto erosion of the Glass‐Steagall Act by legal interpretation, the Federal Reserve Board in April 1987 allowed commercial bank holding companies ~BHCs!—such as First Union Corporation, the parent of First * Cornett and Ors are from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and Tehranian is from Boston College. The authors wish to thank Pierluigi Balduzzi, Alan Marcus, Rene Stulz, and an anonymous referee for their comments. We are also grateful to Elijah Brewer, III, and Susan Yuska for assistance in obtaining Y-9 data and to Karen Rowland, who prepared the manuscript.
Rh-Catalyzed Formation of Dioxolanes from α-Alkyl Diazoesters: Diastereoselective Cycloadditions of Carbonyl Ylides with Selectivity over β-Hydride Elimination

Described here is a diastereoselective Rh-catalyzed method for the preparation of dioxolanes from alpha-alkyl-alpha-diazoesters. This represents the first general method for generating carbonyl ylides from alpha-diazoesters that possess beta-hydrogens, as such diazo compounds typically give rise to alkenes via beta-hydride elimination. Subsequent cycloaddition with aromatic aldehydes gives tetrasubstituted dioxolanes with unusually high diastereoselectivity. A model is set forth to explain the diastereoselectivity of the cycloaddition.
Extremely stereoselective alkylation of 3-siloxy-β-lactams and its applications to the asymmetric syntheses of novel 2-alkylisoserines, their dipeptides, and taxoids

Abstract New and efficient synthetic routes to 2-alkylisoserines, their dipeptides and 2′-alkyl-taxoids were synthesized from enantiopure 3-alkyl-β-lactams 3 which were obtained through extremely distereoselective alkylation of β-lactams 2 .
Power filters for gravitational wave bursts: network operation for source position estimation

A method is presented to generalize the power detectors for short bursts of gravitational waves that have been developed for single interferometers so that they can optimally process data from a network of interferometers. The performance of this method in the estimation of the position of the source is studied using numerical simulations.
Cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women with previous gestational hypertension.

Context: Epidemiological studies indicate that gestational hypertension (Gh) during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. However, it is unclear whether particular metabolic and hemodynamic characteristics are related to this risk. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate endothelial function and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in healthy, normotensive women with previous pregnancy complicated by Gh. Design, Setting, and Participants: Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD; endothelium dependent) and nitroglycerin-induced dilatation (endothelium independent) were measured in 15 subjects with previous Gh and in 15 controls with previous normal pregnancies. Lipid panel, glucose, insulin, homocysteine, and androgens were also measured. Results: FMD was significantly reduced in women with previous Gh compared with controls (P < 0.0001), whereas nitroglycerin-induced dilatation was comparable in both groups. Gh women showed increased fast...
Probing Reionization with the 21 cm Galaxy Cross-Power Spectrum

The cross-correlation between high-redshift galaxies and 21 cm emission from the high-redshift intergalactic medium promises to be an excellent probe of the Epoch of Reionization. On large scales, the 21 cm and galaxy fields are anticorrelated during most of the reionization epoch. However, on scales smaller than the size of the H II regions around detectable galaxies, the two fields become roughly uncorrelated. Consequently, the 21 cm galaxy cross-power spectrum provides a tracer of bubble growth during reionization, with the signal turning over on progressively larger scales as reionization proceeds. The precise turnover scale depends on the minimum host mass of the detectable galaxies, and the galaxy selection technique. Measuring the turnover scale as a function of galaxy luminosity constrains the characteristic bubble size around galaxies of different luminosities. The cross-spectrum becomes positive on small scales if ionizing photons fail to escape from low-mass galaxies, and these galaxies are detectable longward of the hydrogen ionization edge, because in this case some identifiable galaxies lie outside the ionized regions. The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) and Low Frequency Array can potentially measure the 21 cm galaxy cross-spectrum in conjunction with mild extensions to the existing Subaru survey for z = 6.6 Lyα emitters. A futuristic galaxy survey covering a sizable fraction of the MWA field of view (~800 deg2) can probe the scale dependence of the cross-spectrum, constraining the filling factor of H II regions at different redshifts during reionization, and providing other valuable constraints on reionization models.
A new synthetic route to aminophosphines

Abstract The reactions of R2PPR2 (R = Me, Et, Ph) and (MeP)5 with Me3−nAs(NMe2)n (n = 1, 2, 3) and of Me2PPMe2 with Me2AsNR′2 (R′ = Et, Prn, and Pri) were investigated as a function of time at room temperature using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. For the diphosphine/Me2AsNR′2 reactions, the NMR spectral data suggest a reaction pathway involving the initial formation of R2PAsMe2 and the respective acyclic dialkylaminophosphine, R2PNR′2. The PAs intermediate then symmetrizes to R2PPR2 and Me2AsAsMe2, the parent aminoarsine is completely consumed, and additional R2PNR′ is formed. The relative rate of aminophosphine production is dependent upon the nature of the substituent on the phosphorus and nitrogen atoms. For systems involving MeAs(NMe2)2 and As(NMe2)3 as reactants, the intermediates could not be characterized, but the products were the expected aminophosphine and (MeAs)5 or elemental arsenic, respectively. (MeP)5 reacts to give MeP(NMe2)2 and the expected AsAs bonded species. A comparison of the reactivity of these systems with analogous diarsine/aminoarsine systems is discussed. The results of the NMR study were utilized in designing a convenient, high yield, synthetic route to acyclic aminophosphines.
A note on dilaton absorption and near-infrared D3 brane holography

We consider the first subleading terms in the low-energy cross section for the absorption of dilaton partial waves by D3-branes. We demonstrate that these corrections, computed previously via supergravity, can be reproduced exactly in a worldvolume calculation using a deformation of = 4 SYM theory by a dimension eight chiral operator. The calculation does not depend on how the theory is regularized. This result provides another hint that holographic duality between the D3-brane worldvolume theory and the corresponding supergravity solution may be valid beyond the near horizon limit.
Enantioselective synthesis of an intermediate for the intramolecular Diels-Alder construction of 11-ketosteroids

Abstract The optically active indanepropionic acid, 1 , is prepared via a short and stereoselective sequence. This material is used in an enantioselective route to adrenosterone, 4 .
STELLAR CLUSTERS IN THE NGC 6334 STAR-FORMING COMPLEX

The full stellar population of NGC 6334, one of the most spectacular regions of massive star formation in the nearby Galaxy, has not been well sampled in past studies. We analyze here a mosaic of two Chandra X-ray Observatory images of the region using sensitive data analysis methods, giving a list of 1607 faint X-ray sources with arcsecond positions and approximate line-of-sight absorption. About 95% of these are expected to be cluster members, most lower mass pre-main-sequence stars. Extrapolating to low X-ray levels, the total stellar population is estimated to be 20,000-30,000 pre-main-sequence stars. The X-ray sources show a complicated spatial pattern with ~10 distinct star clusters. The heavily obscured clusters are mostly associated with previously known far-infrared sources and radio H II regions. The lightly obscured clusters are mostly newly identified in the X-ray images. Dozens of likely OB stars are found, both in clusters and dispersed throughout the region, suggesting that star formation in the complex has proceeded over millions of years. A number of extraordinarily heavily absorbed X-ray sources are associated with the active regions of star formation.
Flooding strategy for target discovery in wireless networks

In this paper, we address a fundamental problem concerning the best flooding strategy to minimize cost and latency for target discovery in wireless networks. Should we flood the network only once to search for the target, or should we apply a so-called "expansion ring" mechanism to reduce the cost? If the "expansion ring" mechanism is better in terms of the average cost, how many rings should there be and what should be the radius of each ring? We separate wireless networks based on network scale and explore these questions. We prove that two-ring and three-ring schemes can reduce the cost of flooding compared to a single attempt, and we provide a general formula to determine good parameters for the two-ring and three-ring hop-based flooding schemes. Through simulations, we show that choosing flooding parameters according to our techniques gives performance close to that of ideal flooding schemes. Afterwards, we extend our work from the single target discovery problem to the multi-target discovery problem. We show that a properly chosen searching radius can save much more searching cost than a simple radius selection scheme for multi-target discovery problems.
A Search for Features in Early-Type Galaxies

We are conducting a search for dust lanes, incipient stellar disks and bars, and other deviations from elliptical symmetry in a sample ~ 250 early-type galaxies. Division by a model galaxy image is a very powerful enhancement technique for this type of work.
Bringing Efficiency to Materials Synthesis: The Philosophy of Click Chemistry

We open this Essay by paying homage to Sir John Cornforth, who was inspirational to the establishment of click chemistry as one of the most rapidly growing areas of research in materials synthesis. In two distinct ways, the influence of this giant of 20th century chemistry was of fundamental and practical importance. First, the philosophy of Professor Cornforth permeates modern materials chemistry. Cornforth saw himself as a molder of basic building blocks, ‘As a carpenter or carver learns to work with the grain of wood or bone, I learned that each substance has its own nature and can be easy or difficult to handle according to the procedure chosen’.[1] In addition, Cornforth appreciated the goal of efficiency in chemical synthesis, ‘The ideal chemical process is that which a one-armed operator can perform by pouring the reactants into a bath tub and collecting pure product from the drain hole’. Modularity and efficiency are inherent in polymer synthesis, but the explicit appreciation by Cornforth of the importance of both in the preparation of complex, multifunctional systems helped to inaugurate an important era of modern materials chemistry. Second, in 2002 the inaugural Cornforth Symposium was held at the University of Sydney and two of us (Sharpless and Hawker) were honored to be the inaugural lecturers. While polymer chemistry was recognized from the first as an important inspiration for (and potential beneficiary of) the click concept,[2] it was during the symposium and surrounding discussions that the real promise of click chemistry in materials synthesis first began to be appreciated. Initial scribbling of possible research directions quickly became firm outlines of a series of collaborative studies between the Scripps groups and the Hawker group, and these studies helped to lay the foundation for the exploitation of azide/alkyne coupling as a valuable new synthetic technique in synthetic chemistry. A two-way exchange
Manganese Chloride as an Efficient Catalyst for Selective Transformations of Indoles in the Presence of a Keto Carbonyl Group

Catalysis by manganese chloride tetrahydrate was found to be effective for the selective transformation of indoles, with which the desired acid-catalyzed reaction could be promoted and, at the same time, a side reaction that also needs assistance of acid, the electrophilic reaction of indole with the co-existing keto carbonyl group, does not occur. Some acid-catalyzed reactions, such as the ring-opening reaction of 2-alkoxy-3,4-dihydropyran with indole, and transesterification of β-keto ester with an alcohol that contains a C-3 unsubstituted indole fragment, could be performed smoothly by using manganese chloride as catalyst. A new multicomponent reaction of indole, 3,4-dihydropyran and β-keto ester was also developed with catalysis by manganese chloride.
Can Gravitons be Detected

Freeman Dyson has questioned whether any conceivable experiment in the real universe can detect a single graviton. If not, is it meaningful to talk about gravitons as physical entities? We attempt to answer Dyson’s question and find it is possible concoct an idealized thought experiment capable of detecting one graviton; however, when anything remotely resembling realistic physics is taken into account, detection becomes impossible, indicating that Dyson’s conjecture is very likely true. We also point out several mistakes in the literature dealing with graviton detection and production.
Solutions of extended supersymmetric matrix models for arbitrary gauge groups

Abstract Energy eigenstates for N = 2 supersymmetric gauged quantum mechanics are found for the gauges groups SU ( n ) and U ( n ). The analysis is aided by the existence of an infinite number of conserved operators. The spectum is continuous. Eigenstates at zero coupling for N > 2 are also presented, a case which is relevant for the conjectured description of M theory in the infinite momentum frame.
Triangles in Space or Building (and Analyzing) Castles in the Air

We show that the combinatorial complexity of all non-convex cells in an arrangement of n (possibly intersecting) triangles in 3-space is O(n7/3+d), for any d>0, and that this bound is almost tight in the worst case. Our bound significantly improves a previous nearly cubic bound of Pach and Sharir. We also present a (nearly) worst-case optimal randomized algorithm for calculating a single cell of the arrangement, analyze some special cases of the problem where improved bounds (and better algorithms) can be obtained, and describe applications of our results to translational motion planning for polyhedra in 3-space.
Critical points of functions on singular spaces

Abstract We compare and contrast various notions of the “critical locus” of a complex analytic function on a singular space. After choosing a topological variant as our primary notion of the critical locus, we justify our choice by generalizing Le and Saito's result that constant Milnor number implies that Thom's a f condition is satisfied.
Crystal and molecular structure of aquadibromo[2-(2-pyridyl)quinolinyl]manganese(II), and the relation between structure and magnetic properties of manganese(II) complexes

The crystal and molecular structure of the title complex has been determined by heavy-atom techniques. Crystal are monoclinic, a= 8.172(3), b= 11.868(4), c= 16.456(5)A, β= 98.83(4)°, space group P21/c. The structure was refined by least squares to R 8% for 1 577 reflections measured by diffractometer. The complex consists of well-isolated units of five-co-ordinated MnII molecules. permitting no significant magnetic exchange interaction between neighbouring paramagnetic centres. Comparison with a related structure [Mn2(biq)2Cl4](biq = 2.2′-biquinolyl) indicates that the presence of the co-ordinated water molecule (Mn–O 2.27 A) prevents dimerisation of the complex via bromide bridges. The MnN2X2(X = Br or Cl) chromophore in this type of complex seeks out an extra ligand to become distorted trigonal bipyramidal five-co-ordinate.
On the Hagedorn transition and collective dynamics of D0-branes

Banks, Fischler, Klebanov and Susskind have proposed a model for black hole thermodynamics based on the principle that the entropy is of order the number of particles at the phase transition point in a Boltzmann gas of D0-branes. We show that the deviations from Boltzmann scaling found in d<6 noncompact spatial dimensions have a simple explanation in the analysis of self-gravitating random walks due to Horowitz and Polchinski. In the special case of d=4 we find evidence for the onset of a phase transition in the Boltzmann gas analogous to the well-known Hagedorn transition in a gas of free strings. Our result relies on an estimate of the asymptotic density of states in a dilute gas of D0-branes.
The Submillimeter Array

The submillimeter array, a collaboration between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics of Taiwan, is a pioneering radio-interferometer made up of eight 6-meter diameter antennas designed for high angular resolution astronomical observations of the cool universe throughout the major atmospheric windows from about 200 to 900 GHz. Each antenna houses a single cryostat, with an integrated cryocooler that can cool eight heterodyne receivers to 4 K. Four receiver bands are available: 180-250 GHz, 266-355 GHz, 320-420 GHz, and 600-700 GHz, and simultaneous observations are possible in any pair of high and low frequency receiver bands.
Broad absorption-line time variability in the QSO CSO 203

We present spectroscopy of the BALQSO CSO 203 during four epochs over a 17-month time span. These data show three distinct levels in the broad absorption lines (BALs) of Si IV 1397A and C IV 1549A. We also note possible variations in the N V 1240A and Al III 1857A absorption troughs. A broad-band monitoring effort during this period shows that the continuum level remained constant to within 10 percent. We argue that the triggering mechanism for the absorption-line changes is most likely synchronous with the continuum source photons; however, no correlation with the central source has yet been found. The observed variations are consistent with changes in the ionization level in the broad absorption-line region (BALR). We discuss possible mechanisms for these changes and the implications for the structure of the BALR.
How to write correct programs and know it

There is no foolproof way to ever know that you have found the last error in a program. So the best way to acquire confidence that a program has no errors is never to find the first one, no matter how much it is tested and used. It is an old myth that programming must be an error-prone, cut-and-try process of frustration and anxiety. The new reality is that you can learn to consistently write programs which are error free in their debugging and subsequent use. This new reality is founded in the ideas of structured programming and program correctness, which not only provide a systematic approach to programming but also motivate a high degree of concentration and precision in the coding subprocess.
Theory of Edge Detection

A theory of edge detection is presented. The analysis proceeds in two parts. (1) Intensity changes, which occur in a natural image over a wide range of scales, are detected separately at different scales. An appropriate filter for this purpose at a given scale is found to be the second derivative of a Gaussian, and it is shown that, provided some simple conditions are satisfied, these primary filters need not be orientation-dependent. Thus, intensity changes at a given scale are best detected by finding the zero values of delta 2G(x,y)*I(x,y) for image I, where G(x,y) is a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution and delta 2 is the Laplacian. The intensity changes thus discovered in each of the channels are then represented by oriented primitives called zero-crossing segments, and evidence is given that this representation is complete. (2) Intensity changes in images arise from surface discontinuities or from reflectance or illumination boundaries, and these all have the property that they are spatially. Because of this, the zero-crossing segments from the different channels are not independent, and rules are deduced for combining them into a description of the image. This description is called the raw primal sketch. The theory explains several basic psychophysical findings, and the operation of forming oriented zero-crossing segments from the output of centre-surround delta 2G filters acting on the image forms the basis for a physiological model of simple cells (see Marr & Ullman 1979).
Stereotypic Crimes: How Group-Crime Associations Affect Memory and (Sometimes) Verdicts and Sentencing

Abstract Stereotype-based judgments in the legal system can be particularly damaging. In Experiment 1, we surveyed 179 participants to assess which of 55 crimes they viewed as stereotypical of 13 groups of people. Stereotypic crimes based on ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and age were found. We used these results to create crime scenarios for Experiments 2 and 3 that unconfounded crime stereotypicality and crime violence. We then examined the effects of stereotypic crimes with black or white defendants on mock jurors’ memories and decisions. Memory biases were found in line with the stereotypic crimes. Offenders’ verdicts and sentences were sometimes biased by stereotypic crimes. By unconfounding crime stereotypicality and violence, the results also demonstrate how violence influences biases in memories and decisions.
Thermal decomposition of 7-isopropylidene-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane: evidence for allene oxide and cyclopropanone intermediates

Abstract The saturated endoperoxide derived from 6,6-dimethylfulvene was shown to be a unique source of an allene oxide and a cyclopropanone: inter- and intramolecular trapping experiments provided permissive evidence that such intermediates are indeed operative in the thermal isomerizations of fulvene endoperoxides.
Template-directed synthesis of donor/acceptor [2]catenanes and [2]rotaxanes

The synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecular compounds has advanced by leaps and bounds since the early days of statistical methods and covalent-directing strategies. Template-directed synthesis has emerged as the method of choice for the construction of increasingly complex and functional [2]catenanes and [2]rotaxanes. In particular, mechanically interlocked molecules employing π-donating and π-accepting recognition units have been produced with remarkable efficiencies and show great promise in technologies as diverse as molecular electronics and drug delivery.
Non-manifold surface reconstruction from high-dimensional point cloud data

We present an algorithm capable of reconstructing a non-manifold surface embedded as a point cloud in a high-dimensional space. Our algorithm extends a previously developed incremental method and produces a non-optimal triangulation, but will work for non-orientable surfaces, and for surfaces with certain types of self-intersection. The self-intersections must be ordinary double curves and are fitted locally by intersecting planes using a degenerate quadratic surface. We present the algorithm in detail and provide many examples, including a dataset describing molecular conformations of cyclo-octane.
Information and control issues of adaptable, programmable assembly systems for manufacturing and teleoperator applications

Abstract This paper discusses three aspects of teleoperator research and development at Draper Lab: early—teleoperator-oriented creation of new system architecture, and new control and sensor modes; current—industrially oriented work on mechanical assembly based on combining the teleoperator work with thorough analyses of tasks, information, control and technological sophistication; and finally—some recommendations for structuring future research programs for teleoperator system development based on applying the above research results to new and challenging applications.
Abortion, Contraception, and Population Policy in the Soviet Union

A pesar de su sesgo antimaltusiano, la actual doctrina sovietica muestra claramente que la regulacion del tamano y del crecimiento de la poblacion es uno de las funciones del estado, Dos medidas recientes de la Union Sovietica: la relegalizacion del aborto y un nuevo impulso a la difusion del uso de meiodos contraceptivos deberian considerarse como anti-natalistas. Por otra parte, todas las declaraciones recientes de la Union Sovietica destacan quela tasa de natalidad actualde los Soviets, quees bastante alta, deberia mantenerse o aumentarse. Datos recientes dados a conocer en fuentes sovieticas indican que la tasa de aborto en la U.R.S.S. seria tan alta como en ninguna parte del mundo mientras que la practica de la contracepcion es relativamente poco frecuente. Todavia mas, en anos recientes la fecundidad de las mujeres rusas casadas ha sufrido aparentemente un descenso substancial. Se piensa que el regimen sovietico podria preferir teoricamente una tasa de natalidad superior a la actual, pero queno estaria dispuesto a pagar el precio que ello significaria. En consecuencia, las actuales companas sovieticas en contra de la excesiva frecuencia de los abortos y en favor de la contracepcion no se consideran una contradiccion de su politica de poblacion, sino unicamente una manera mas satisfactoria de regular la natalidad.
Regioselective Addition of Grignard Reagents to Substituted Tropones

Abstract Methyl magnesium bromide has been reacted with a variety of substituted tropones to establish addition regioselectivity patterns. High levels of selectivity were observed in each case examined, and the resultant dihydrotropones were easily converted into highly substituted cycloheptatrienes.
Synthesis and evaluation of novel organoelement resists for EUV lithography

EUV lithography is to date the most promising NGL technology for the sub-50nm technology node. In this work, we have designed and synthesized several types of organoelement resists with minimum oxygen content for high transparency. Either silicon or boron was incorporated in the resist structures to improve both etch resistance and transparency. In the exposure studies, it was possible to image the silicon-containing polymers to 22.5 nm line/space patterns using EUV interferometry. A second type of EUV transparent resist platform was studied involving boron-containing polymers. Carborane carboxylic acid was attached to a copolymer backbone to introduce boron atoms with controlled structure attachment level. In a preliminary study, these polymers could be imaged by 248nm exposure. Effect of structure on line edge roughness is also to be included in the discussion.
Dynamic class-based queue management for scalable media servers

Real-time media servers are becoming increasingly important due to the rapid transition of the Internet from text- and graphics-based applications to multimedia-driven environments. In order to meet these ever increasing demands, real-time media servers are responsible for supporting a large number of clients with a heterogeneous mix of quality of service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, we propose a dynamic class-based queue management scheme that effectively captures the trade-off between scalability and QoS granularity in a media server. We examine the adaptiveness of the scheme and its integration with the existing schedulers. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme through extensive simulation studies.
THE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AS QUANTUM KNOTS IN ELECTROWEAK THEORY

We explore a knot model of the elementary particles that is compatible with electroweak physics. The knots are quantized and their kinematic states are labeled by , irreducible representations of SUq(2), where j = N/2, m = w/2, m′ = (r+1)/2 and (N, w, r) designate respectively the number of crossings, the writhe, and the rotation of the knot. The knot quantum numbers (N, w, r) are related to the standard isotopic spin quantum numbers (t, t3, t0) by (t = N/6, t3 = -w/6, t0 = -(r+1)/6), where t0 is the hypercharge. In this model the elementary fermions are low lying states of the quantum trefoil (N = 3) and the gauge bosons are ditrefoils (N = 6). The fermionic knots interact by the emission and absorption of bosonic knots.
Correction of Static Pressure on a Research Aircraft in Accelerated Flight Using Differential Pressure Measurements

Abstract. A method is described that estimates the error in the static pressure measurement on an aircraft from differential pressure measurements on the hemispherical surface of a Rosemount model 858AJ air velocity probe mounted on a boom ahead of the aircraft. The theoretical predictions for how the pressure should vary over the surface of the hemisphere, involving an unknown sensitivity parameter, leads to a set of equations that can be solved for the unknowns – angle of attack, angle of sideslip, dynamic pressure and the error in static pressure – if the sensitivity factor can be determined. The sensitivity factor was determined on the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft by comparisons with the error measured with a carefully designed sonde towed on connecting tubing behind the aircraft – a trailing cone – and the result was shown to have a precision of about ±10 Pa over a wide range of conditions, including various altitudes, power settings, and gear and flap extensions. Under accelerated flight conditions, geometric altitude data from a combined Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) system are used to estimate acceleration effects on the error, and the algorithm is shown to predict corrections to a precision of better than ±20 Pa under those conditions. Some limiting factors affecting the precision of static pressure measurement on a research aircraft are discussed.
Vacancy migration in the kagomé Ising ferromagnet

We report a theoretical study of the temperature-dependent magnetic contributions to the free enthalpy, entropy, and enthalpy of vacancy migration for a kagome ferromagnetic Ising system. The a priori knowledge of the exact solutions of spin correlations for the perfect kagome structure enables us to determine the thermodynamic functions at all temperatures. The entropy and enthalpy diverge at the critical temperature T c , whereas the free enthalpy shows rapid change around the critical temperature and remains finite up to very high temperatures.
Evaluating Specification Tests in the Context of Value-Added Estimation

AbstractWe study the properties of two specification tests that have been applied to a variety of estimators in the context of value-added measures (VAMs) of teacher and school quality: the Hausman test for choosing between student-level random and fixed effects, and a test for feedback (sometimes called a “falsification test”). We discuss theoretical properties of the tests to serve as background, and propose parsimonious one-degree-of-freedom versions. An extensive simulation study provides important further insight into the VAM setting. Unfortunately, although both the Hausman and feedback tests have good power for detecting the kinds of nonrandom assignment that can invalidate VAM estimates, they also reject in situations where estimated VAMs perform very well in terms of ranking teachers. Consequently, the tests must be used with caution when student tracking is used to form classrooms.
Overcoming the Insolubility of Carbon Nanotubes Through High Degrees of Sidewall Functionalization

The use of carbon nanotubes in materials applications has been slowed due to nanotube insolubility and their incompatibility with polymers. We recently developed two protocols to overcome the insoluble nature of carbon nanotubes by affixing large amounts of addends to the nanotube sidewalls. Both processes involve reactions with aryl diazonium species. First, solvent-free functionalization techniques remove the need for any solvent during the functionalization step. This delivers functionalized carbon nanotubes with increased solubility in organic solvents and processibility in polymeric blends. Additionally, the solvent-free functionalization process can be done on large scales, thereby paving the way for use in bulk applications such as in structural materials development. The second methodology involves the functionalization of carbon nanotubes that are first dispersed as individual tubes in surfactants within aqueous media. The functionalization then ensues to afford heavily functionalized nanotubes that do not re-rope. They remain as individuals in organic solvents giving enormous increases in solubility. This protocol yields the highest degree of functionalization we have obtained thus far-up to one in nine carbon atoms on the nanotube has an organic addend. The proper characterization and solubility determinations on nanotubes are critical; therefore, this topic is discussed in detail.
A combined infratemporal and posterior fossa approach for the removal of giant glomus tumors and chondrosarcomas

Giant glomus jugulare tumors with a large posterior fossa extension are considered either inoperable or at least requiring of a two-stage operation. Likewise, the surgical approach and treatment for chondrosarcomas of the temporal bone are controversial. We describe a combined approach in which, with the aid of microsurgical and laser techniques, such tumors can be removed in one stage. The surgical approach involves a lateral infratemporal approach combined with a posterior fossa craniectomy. This technique was used in seven cases: five glomus jugulare tumors and two chondrosarcomas. There were no deaths, and surgical morbidity consisted of weakness in the facial nerve in four of these patients and gastrointestinal hemorrhage and respiratory distress syndrome in one patient.
Coloring complexes and arrangements

Steingrimsson's coloring complex and Jonsson's unipolar complex are interpreted in terms of hyperplane arrangements. This viewpoint leads to short proofs that all coloring complexes and a large class of unipolar complexes have convex ear decompositions. These convex ear decompositions impose strong new restrictions on the chromatic polynomials of all finite graphs. Similar results are obtained for characteristic polynomials of submatroids of type ? n arrangements.
Blocked regular fractional factorial designs with minimum aberration

This paper considers the construction of minimum aberration (MA) blocked factorial designs. Based on coding theory, the concept of minimum moment aberration due to Xu (2003) for unblocked designs is extended to blocked designs. The coding theory approach studies designs in a row-wise fashion and therefore links blocked designs with nonregular and supersaturated designs. A lower bound on blocked wordlength pattern is established. It is shown that a blocked design has MA if it originates from an unblocked MA design and achieves the lower bound. It is also shown that a regular design can be partitioned into maximal blocks if and only if it contains a row without zeros. Sufficient conditions are given for constructing MA blocked designs from unblocked MA designs. The theory is then applied to construct MA blocked designs for all 32 runs, 64 runs up to 32 factors, and all 81 runs with respect to four combined wordlength patterns.
Lipophilic derivatives of cyclam as new inhibitors of tumor cell growth

Two new lipophilic tetraazamacrocycles were prepared and, in contrast to non-lipophilic analogs, found to be potent inhibitors of tumor cell growth in vitro with IC50 values below 10 micromolar.
Comparison of a cavity solar receiver numerical model and experimental data

Results from a numerical model of axisymmetric solar cavity receivers are compared with experimental data for tests of a novel test bed receiver in the Saudi National Laboratories solar furnace. The computed energy transfer rates and temperatures are compared with the experimental data for different receiver geometries, aperture sizes, and operating conditions. In general, the agreement between the numerical model and the experimental data is better for the small-to-midsized apertures than for the large apertures. The analysis indicates that for the larger apertures, the convective heat losses are overpredicted. It also suggests that these losses could be better characterized. Sensitivity analyses show that both the total solar energy input rate and the convective heat-loss coefficient significantly affect the receiver thermal performance and that the distribution of the input solar flux significantly affects the temperature distribution in the receiver.
The mixed problem in L p for some two-dimensional Lipschitz domains

We consider the mixed problem, $$\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \Delta u = 0 \quad & {\rm in }\, \Omega\\ \frac{\partial u }{\partial \nu} = f_N \quad & {\rm on }\, {\rm N} \\ u = f_D \quad & {\rm on}\,D \end{array} \right.$$ in a class of Lipschitz graph domains in two dimensions with Lipschitz constant at most 1. We suppose the Dirichlet data, f D , has one derivative in L p (D) of the boundary and the Neumann data, f N , is in L p (N). We find a p 0 > 1 so that for p in an interval (1, p 0), we may find a unique solution to the mixed problem and the gradient of the solution lies in L p .
Detector dead-time effects and paralyzability in high-speed quantum key distribution

Recent advances in quantum key distribution (QKD) have given rise to systems that operate at transmission periods significantly shorter than the dead times of their component single-photon detectors. As systems continue to increase in transmission rate, security concerns associated with detector dead times can limit the production rate of sifted bits. We present a model of high-speed QKD in this limit that identifies an optimum transmission rate for a system with given link loss and detector response characteristics.
Hobby-Eberly Telescope low-resolution spectrograph J-band camera

This paper presents the design of a near IR camera for the 9.2 m Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) Low Resolution Spectrograph (LRS), which will cover the wavelength range 0.85 to 1.35 micrometers . The LRS-J, an upgrade to the existing LRS, replaces the optical camera with an f/1 camera optimized for the J-band. The instrument design is strongly motivated by the desire to observe galaxies at 1 < z < 2, where the principal strong spectral features used to measure redshifts are shifted into the J-band. Since we are primarily interested in wavelengths up to 1.35 micrometers , mating the cryogenically cooled camera to the warm LRS spectrograph does not result in enough thermal background emission to compromise its performance. LRS-J represents a rapid and cost-effective way to enable multi-object near-IR spectroscopy on a very large telescope.
Measurements of the Turbulent Transport of Heat and Momentum in Convexly Curved Boundary Layers: Effects of Curvature, Recovery and Free-Stream Turbulence

The effects of streamwise convex curvature, recovery, and freestream turbulence intensity on the turbulent transport of heat and momentum in a mature boundary layer are studied using a specially designed three-wire hot-wire probe. Increased freestream turbulence is found to increase the profiles throughout the boundary layer on the flat developing wall. Curvature effects were found to dominate turbulence intensity effects for the present cases considered. For the higher TI (turbulence intensity) case, negative values of the turbulent Prandtl number are found in the outer half of the boundary layer, indicating a breakdown in Reynolds analogy.