cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutive modeling of shape memory polymer based self-healing syntactic foam

Abstract In a previous study, it was found that the shape memory functionality of a shape memory polymer based syntactic foam can be utilized to self-seal impact damage repeatedly, efficiently, and almost autonomously [Li G., John M., 2008. A self-healing smart syntactic foam under multiple impacts. Comp. Sci. Technol. 68(15–16), 3337–3343]. The purpose of this study is to develop a thermodynamics based constitutive model to predict the thermomechanical behavior of the smart foam. First, based on DMA tests and FTIR tests, the foam is perceived as a three-phase composite with interfacial transition zone (interphase) coated microballoons dispersed in the shape memory polymer (SMP) matrix; for simplicity, it is assumed to be an equivalent two-phase composite by dispersing elastic microballoons into an equivalent SMP matrix. Second, the equivalent SMP matrix is phenomenologically assumed to consist of an active (rubbery) phase and a frozen (glassy) phase following Liu et al. [Liu, Y., Gall, K., Dunn, M.L., Greenberg, A.R., Diani J., 2006. Thermomechanics of shape memory polymers: uniaxial experiments and constitutive modeling. Int. J. Plasticity 22, 279–313]. The phase transition between these two phases is through the change of the volume fraction of each phase and it captures the thermomechanical behavior of the foam. The time rate effect is also considered by using rheological models. With some parameters determined by additional experimental testing, the prediction by this model is in good agreement with the 1D test result found in the literature. Parametric studies are also conducted using the constitutive model, which provide guidance for future design of this novel self-healing syntactic foam and a class of light-weight composite sandwich structures.
Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on nucleic acid and protein synthesis and viability in HeLa cells

Abstract 1. A mitotically synchronized population of HeLa cells was exposed to 5-bromodeoxyuridine for 3-h intervals spaced over the entire division cycle. The maximum loss in cell viability took place when the exposure to 5-bromodeoxyuridine occurred during the interval when the rate of DNA synthesis was a maximum. 2. Following a 24-h exposure to the analog, DNA synthesis was inhibited in the subsequent replication cycle whereas RNA and protein synthesis was slightly reduced. 3. The activity of DNA polymerase (deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) and uridine kinase (ATP:uridine 5′phosphotransferase) was reduced by a significantly large percentage relative to changes in total cellular protein. This may imply alteration in functional protein consequent to the replacement of DNA thymine by 5-bromouracil.
Production and applications of monoenergetic polarized positron beams

The generation and applications of monoenergetic, high intensity, spin-polarized positron (e+) beams are reviewed. Techniques for obtaining highly polarized beams are discussed. Applications include studies of surface and bulk magnetism, studies of optically active molecules, tests of discrete symmetries, and polarized antiproton production.
Molecular genetics and diagnosis of thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is a common type of endocrine malignancy, and its incidence has been steadily increasing in many regions of the world. Initiation and progression of thyroid cancer involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, of which mutations leading to the activation of the MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways are crucial. Common mutations found in thyroid cancer are point mutation of the BRAF and RAS genes as well as RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ chromosomal rearrangements. The mutational mechanisms seem to be linked to specific etiologic factors. Chromosomal rearrangements have a strong association with exposure to ionizing radiation and possibly with DNA fragility, whereas point mutations probably arise as a result of chemical mutagenesis. A potential role of dietary iodine excess in the generation of BRAF point mutations has also been proposed. Somatic mutations and other molecular alterations have been recognized as helpful diagnostic and prognostic markers for thyroid cancer and are beginning to be introduced into clinical practice, to offer a valuable tool for the management of patients with thyroid nodules.
All-NDR crossbar logic

We propose new crossbar circuits in which the logic functionality, signal restoration, and connectivity are all performed by similar bistable two-terminal devices with negative differential resistance (NDR) in one of the states. The gate isolation challenge is met by using device's nonlinearity together with a multiphase clocking scheme. A preliminary evaluation shows that for at least some applications, the all-NDR approach enables circuit density and data throughput higher than those of hybrid CMOL FPGA ICs.
Therapeutic Contract Program: preliminary report on a behavioral alternative to the token economy.

Abstract The token economy has been the primary model for the behavioral management of inpatient populations. However, this basically operant approach seldom emphasizes the development of cognitive-coping skills to help patients more effectively manage stressors that result in hospitalization. The Therapeutic Contract Program (TCP) is described as an inpatient-treatment strategy that is designed to help foster such cognitive-coping and self-control skills. While external structure is provided by components of this program, subprograms of the TCP have as their goal the development of internally-attributed coping skills and self-perceptions of competence. This preliminary report describes the structure of the TCP, as well as planned and in-progress measures of program participation and treatment outcome.
Continued operation notation for symbol manipulation and array processing

A brief account is given of a notational device that is very useful in the formal representation of syntaxes, string relationships and string transformation procedures and also of computing procedures that deal with arrays of functions of many variables. The device consists of the use of certain “continued operation” or “collective” symbols that are analogous to the summation symbol ∑ and continued multiplication symbol ∏ of conventional mathematics.
Toxicological Profile, Current Use, and Regulatory Issues on EDTA Compounds for Assessing Use of Sodium Iron EDTA for Food Fortification

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of disodium and calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) for direct addition to food. The international nutrition community is interested in obtaining approval for the use of sodium iron(III) EDTA (NaFeEDTA) for dietary iron fortification because of its high iron bioavailability, its enhancement of intrinsic food iron uptake, and its stability under storage and food preparation conditions. A major concern in the United States has been the presumed extensive use of EDTA in the American food supply. Recently, an update of the estimated exposure to EDTA suggests that the exposure is much lower than previously assumed. This reduction may allow new uses of NaFeEDTA in food. The following issues are discussed in relation to the possible use of NaFeEDTA: toxicological profile of EDTA compounds, acceptable daily intake of EDTA, and estimated daily intake of EDTA in the United States.
Analysis of three-dimensional movement using Fourier descriptors

Recent improvements in Fourier descriptor (FD) shape analysis enable rapid identification of three-dimensional objects using FD feature vectors derived from their boundaries. In three-dimensional shape analysis, it is essential to preserve all information to achieve good performance. In the real-time situation it is, of course, equally important to use a computationally efficient method. The method of three-dimensional shape analysis using normalized Fourier descriptors is information preserving, yet is as fast as previous suboptimum methods. In addition, the feature vector has a linear property, allowing to interpolate between library projections and effectively define a continuum of library projections rather than a finite set. This method is applied to the analysis of sequential data varying in resolution and orientation relative to the camera. Computational considerations are discussed, and it is seen that real-time implementation of the method is feasible.
A finite-element method for interfacial surfactant transport, with application to the flow-induced deformation of a viscous drop

A Galerkin finite-element method is developed for solving the transport equation governing the evolution of the surface concentration of an insoluble surfactant over a stationary or evolving fluid interface. The numerical procedure is implemented on an unstructured three-dimensional surface grid consisting of six-node curved triangular elements. Numerical investigations show that the finite-element method is superior to a previously developed finite-volume method for both convection- and diffusion-dominated transport, and especially when the interfacial grid is coarse and steep gradients arise due to local accumulation. The numerical methods for surface transport are combined with a boundary-element method for Stokes flow, and dynamical simulations are performed to illustrate the possibly significant effect of the surface equation of state relating the surface tension to the surfactant concentration on the deformation of a viscous drop in simple shear flow.
A phase II study evaluating bevacizumab in combination with fixed-dose rate gemcitabine and low-dose cisplatin for metastatic pancreatic cancer: is an anti-VEGF strategy still applicable?

Background: The role of bevacizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth factor, in the treatment of pancreatic cancer remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to determine safety and efficacy in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer receiving bevacizumab in combination with fixed-dose rate (FDR) gemcitabine and low-dose cisplatin. Methods: Eligible patients received gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 at FDR infusion (10 mg/m2 per minute), cisplatin 20 mg/m2, and bevacizumab 10 mg/kg, on days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Patients were monitored by computed tomography scans every two cycles and monthly serum CA19-9 measurements. Results: Of 52 patients eligible for analysis, ten (19.2%) had an unconfirmed response and 30 (57.7%) had stable disease. Of 35 patients with elevated baseline CA19-9 levels, 20 (57.1%) had ≥50% biomarker decline during treatment. Median time to tumor progression was 6.6 months and median survival was 8.2 months (estimated 1-year survival, 36%). Grade 3/4 toxicities possibly related to bevacizumab included thromboembolic events (15.1%), hypertension (13.2%), gastrointestinal bleeding (9.4%), cardiac events (7.5%), and bowel perforation (5.7%). Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor levels and circulating tumor cell concentration did not correlate with overall survival, either at baseline or after 2 months of therapy. Conclusions: This bevacizumab-containing study regimen is modestly effective in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, although occasional serious complications may occur. Given the negative results of CALGB 80303, future efforts should be focused on identifying those specific patients who are most likely to benefit from bevacizumab-based therapy.
Lithium-induced alterations in parathyroid cell function: insight into the pathogenesis of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism.

Background: Reduced parathyroid sensitivity to changes in calcium (Ca 2+ ) has been observed in patients treated with lithium (Li + ). In order to investigate this desensitization phenomenon, the effect of Li + on cytosolic calcium (Ca i 2+ ) regulation was examined. Methods: Transmembrane signal transduction and Ca 2+ sequestration were investigated in bovine parathyroid cells by measuring changes in [Ca i 2+ ] in response to 5 mmol/L magnesium (Mg 2+ ), 0.5 to 2.5 mmol/L Ca 2+ , 25 μmol/L adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and 1 μmol/L ionomycin in cells pretreated with 1 to 10 mmol/L lithium chloride (LiCl) and control cells. Measurement of Ca i 2+ was made using fura-2. Results: Increases in [Ca i 2+ ]in response to Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were blunted following overnight culture with as low as 1 mmol/L LiCl. In normocalcemic medium, 1 mmol/L Ca 2+ produced an 81% increase in [Ca i 2+ ] in control cells compared with a 58% increase in cells pretreated with LiCl ( P i 2+ ] were similar in lithium-treated and control cells (78% versus 82%, P > 0.1). The ATP produced increases in [Ca i 2+ ] from 225 ± 9 nmol/L to 366 ± 10 nmol/L in control cells, compared with 221 ± 7 nmol/L to 308 ± 10 nmol/L in cells pretreated with 5 mmol/L LiCl ( P i 2+ ] were unaffected by Li + . Conclusions: We concluded that the in vitro desensitizing effects of Li + occur at therapeutic concentrations, but only in the presence of Ca 2+ in concentrations that induce transmembrane signaling; and that Li + blunts increases in [Ca i 2+ ] related to cation and ATP-induced transmembrane signal transduction without affecting ionomycin-releasable Ca 2+ stores.
A Scalable Addressable Positive-Dielectrophoretic Cell-Sorting Array

We present the first known implementation of a passive, scalable architecture for trapping, imaging, and sorting individual microparticles, including cells, using a positive dielectrophoretic (p-DEP) trapping array. Our array-based technology enables “active coverslips” where, when scaled, many individually held cells can be sorted based upon imaged spatial or temporally variant characteristics. Our design incorporates a unique “ring-dot” p-DEP trap geometry organized in a row/column array format. This trap design, implemented in a two-level metal process, provides strong and highly spatially localized holding fields enabling single-cell capture for all traps in the array. We release individual trapped microparticles during sorting using a passive transistor-independent approach where we electrically ground the row and column electrodes associated with specific traps in the array. The demand for chip-to-world electrical connections in our arrays scales proportionally with the square root of the number of ...
Effect of Various Gums on Skimmilk and Purified Milk Proteins

Abstract Reactions of gums with skimmilk and with purified proteins were investigated using polyacrylamide gel (PAG) electrophoresis and centrifugation. Some gums caused no reaction with milk proteins, some caused wheying-off or coprecipitation that could be disrupted merely by dilution, and some caused a strong protein-gum interaction. Of the gums tested, only carrageenan, furcellaran, and algin altered any protein electrophoretic pattern. Carrageenan and furcellaran completed κ -casein, preventing it from entering PAG. All three gums altered the migration pattern of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on PAG-urea-2-mercaptoethanol (PAG-urea-ME). Carrageenan and furcellaran caused sedimentation during centrifugation of α s - and β -casein in the presence of Ca ++ and of κ -casein with or without Ca ++ . Centrifugation of algin-protein mixtures did not alter them. Except for BSA, no whey proteins were measurably affected by these gums. Locust bean, guar, tragacanth, karaya, and carboxymethylcellulose gums caused wheying-off or coprecipitation, but electrophoretic migration of proteins was unaffected. Arabic, acacia, and larch gums had no measurable effect on any milk proteins. The effects of percentage of carrageenan and of the pH of the reaction mixtures were investigated and R f s of individual proteins on PAG, PAG-urea-ME, PAG-urea, and PAG-ME were measured.
The effects of gender and achievement domain on two cognitive indices of strivings in personal accomplishments

Abstract The effects of gender and the domain of achievement experience on college students' cognitions concerning personal accomplishments (their goals and the locus of their performance evaluation standards) were assessed. Achievement goals can be placed along dimensions pertaining to whether competition is stressed or the extent to which fulfilling social relationships are goals. Performance evaluation standards reflect intrinsic (self-defined) standards, or evaluations in reference to other persons (extrinsic standards). Analyses using measures of achievement standards and goals revealed the expected gender differences in the use of intrinsic performance standards and competitive goals. Effects for achievement domain (scholastic, social, personal growth) showed that (a) students reported competitive goals in relation to scholastic accomplishments, whereas social goals characterized accomplishments in the social domain, (b) competitive goals did not characterize accomplishments involving personal growth, and (c) both types of standards (intrinsic and extrinsic) were more heavily endorsed with respect to scholastic and personal growth activities than to social accomplishments. These results were discussed in relation to theories of gender effects on achievement motivation and the importance of accounting for achievement domain in theories of achievement motivation.
MEMS reliability, characterization, and test

Successful production of MEMS devices in a volume-manufacturing environment requires high reliability, efficient process and product characterization, and cost-effective testing capabilities. Integration of process engineering, design, yield engineering, reliability, characterization and test from the early development phases through to product release and into manufacturing is an effective model for success in the MEMS industry. An integrated process/product approach utilizing quality systems and high volume manufacturing is critical to producing a reliable part; proper data collection, careful interpretation and fast feedback are the backbone of a stable fabrication and product line. Elimination of process and design-related failure mechanisms through statistical analysis and understanding of physics of failure, and a well-executed defect reduction program will result in a high yielding, profitable and reliable production line. Accurate characterization and testing of MEMS mechanical structures and electrical circuitry on one chip requires understanding the complex interactions of electro-mechanical behavior. This model of efficient production and test for a reliable cost-effective product is not new, however, successful application of this model to high volume MEMS manufacturing is not common. The continuous dedication of a talented, versatile, and experienced workforce is required to make this a reality.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Distribution and directional fabric of ash-flow sheets in the northwestern Mogollon Plateau, New Mexico.

Individual ash-flow sheets distributed over wide areas in the Mogollon-Datil volcanic province can be delineated and related by flow direction techniques to specific source cauldrons. Two major mid-Tertiary ash flows in the Mogollon Plateau have measurable microscopic directional fabric indicative of primary flow direction imprinted in the ash-flow sheets during late-stage laminar flow. Regional stratigraphic relationships and flow patterns of the ash-flow sheets indicate a late Tertiary origin of the Mogollon Plateau depression. They also show that Basin-Range faulting in southwestern New Mexico was not initiated until after emplacement of the younger ash flow (23 m.y. B.P.). Directional fabric is an inherent property of many calc-alkalic ash-flow sheets and measurement of preferred orientation provides a powerful tool in unravelling the geologic history of complex volcanic terrane.
MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF THIN-FILM GROWTH

The epitaxial growth of thin films has been studied by molecular-dynamics computer simulation. In these simulations atoms are projected towards a temperature-controlled substrate, and the equations of motion of all atoms are solved for a given interaction potential. The calculations give insight into the microscopic structure of thin films, the dynamics of the adsorption process, and they help answer the way in which substrate temperature, form of the substrate, flux of impinging atoms, and form of the interaction potential, affect epitaxial growth. Simulations were performed for monatomic and binary systems with spherically symmetric atomic interactions, and for systems in which the atoms are interacting via a three-body potential to simulate the epitaxial growth of silicon.
Reducing the drying shrinkage of cement paste by admixture surface treatments

Surface treatment of carbon fibers and/or silica fume by silane prior to using these admixtures in cement paste increases the effectiveness of these admixtures for reducing the drying shrinkage. Silane treatment of fibers is more effective than dichromate treatment or ozone treatment.
Synthesis and coordination chemistry of topologically constrained azamacrocycles

Abstract Bridging superstructures added to small azamacrocycles, through the accompanying additional topological constraint, enhance the characteristic that makes azamacrocycles indispensable ligands for transition metal coordination including biomimetic chemistry: high complex stability. This review begins by briefly revisiting the coordination chemistry concepts leading to this advantage over less topologically complex ligands. Then, it details the approaches used to synthesize such bridged azamacrocycles, including direct organic synthesis, the use of templates, protection/deprotection chemistry, and various condensation reactions. The example of a specific ligand type and its transition metal complexes, which are useful for biomimetic applications, illustrates the potential of the field and lead to some general conclusions.
Reducing S duality to T duality.

The infrared limit of D=4, N=4 Yang-Mills theory with compact gauge group G compactified on a two-torus is governed by an effective superconformal field theory. We conjecture that this is a certain orbifold involving the maximal torus of G. Yang-Mills S duality makes predictions for all correlators of this effective conformal field theory. These predictions are shown to be implied by the standard T duality of the conformal field theory. Consequently, the Montonen-Olive duality between electric and magnetic states reduces to the standard two-dimensional duality between momentum and winding states. \textcopyright{} 1995 The American Physical Society.
A bioassy to measure fertilization competence of human spermatozoa

OBJECTIVE: To test a biomarker-based assay to diagnose sperm function which specifically predicts the ability to capacitate and fertilize. DESIGN: We assessed ganglioside GM1 localization in sperm as a biomarker to quantify the sub-population that could respond to capacitating stimuli and become fertilization competent. Specific patterns of sperm GM1 localization were quantified in basal and capacitating conditions on semen samples of consenting men with the aim of predicting fertilizing ability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semen parameters were evaluated according to WHO 2010 criteria. Samples were scored via fluorescence microscopy for GM1 localization patterns reflecting capacitation status in at least 200 sperm incubated under both standard and capacitating media. Based on preliminary data and normal timing of human sperm capacitation within 4hrs, we made observations at 1, 2, and 3hrs. Men were categorized as having normal or abnormal capacitation based on pattern frequencies compared to our reference ranges, and then clinical outcomes followed to assess predictive ability. RESULTS: In all tested men (n 1⁄4 63), average semen parameters were 58.1 20 x10/ml, motility of 47.8 8%, and normal morphology of 2.7 1%. We identified 31 men with scores matching the normal reference group, with baseline GM1 patterns of 17%-22%-28% in standard and 26%31%-38% in capacitating media, respectively. We identified 32 men with below reference values of 15%-20%-24% in standard and 20%-25%-29% in capacitating media. Semen parameters were comparable between the two groups. The population with normal range GM1 patterns had an IUI pregnancy rate of 45.2% (14/31) of which 8 (25.8%) generated at least one fetal heartbeat. Three additional couples in this group became pregnant on their own. For men with below-reference GM1 patterns, the IUI clinical pregnancy rate was only 6.3% (2/32; P1⁄4 0.03). In this cohort, 13 underwent ICSI and 6 became pregnant (46.2%). CONCLUSION: The GM1 assay reflected sperm fertilizing ability and could identify men prone to IUI failure irrespective of semen parameters. Assay results may guide selection of optimal ART treatment. Supported by: BioAccelerate NYC Prize through the Partnership Fund of New York City (A.J. Travis, Cornell). Dr. Travis taught methods to the Palermo lab, who independently recruited patients, performed assays and analyzed results.
A Review of Literature Relating to Visual Fatigue

The design of workstations with visual displays has become the subject of considerable interest and concern during the past few years. One area of concern relates to the assumption that long term viewing of such displays at close focal distances may contribute to visual fatigue. A second is the effect on the human visual system of the frequent changes in surface illumination associated with display units used in combination with hard copy documents. As a consequence of these and other concerns, the popular press has published articles that have aroused the interest of various scientific organizations regarding the subject of these effects. This paper discusses a review of some of the literature regarding a limited aspect of this issue, namely the accommodation and pupillary systems as they relate to long term viewing of visual display units.
Nitrogen limitation of Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides as determined by tissue analysis

The critical nitrogen concentration of Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides (van Goor) Silva was 1.90% on a dry weight basis. Internal nitrogen levels of thalli collected from three Rhode Island populations ranged from 0.75±0.08 to 3.72±0.08%. Internal nitrogen content was minimal in summer and maximal in winter, indicating nitrogen limitation during the summer and nitrogen storage during the winter. Part of this nitrogen storage appeared to support new growth of C. fragile in the spring. Carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios were inversely related to the internal nitrogen concentration. Low internal nitrogen content indicated nitrogen limitation better than C:N ratios because the C:N ratio could be influenced by both carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
A Kinetic Model for Nosiheptide in Batch Fermentation Process

The bioprocess is a complexity in which microorganisms grow by consuming substrate and producing some useful product. The influence of substrate, inhibitor and biomass on this process was studied. And the biomass growth model, the substrate consumption model and the production generation model were built on the base of a batch fermentation process. Many conditional factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, the agitator speed and aeration quantity were also introduced. The result of simulation by MATLAB 6.5 is consistent with that of the experiment in the nosiheptide batch fermentation process
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP27 Induces p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling and Apoptosis in HeLa Cells

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) protein ICP27 has been implicated in a variety of functions important for viral replication including host shutoff, viral gene expression, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and apoptosis inhibition. In the present study we sought to examine the functions of ICP27 in the absence of viral infection by creating stable HeLa cell lines that inducibly express ICP27. Here, we characterize two such cell lines and show that ICP27 expression is associated with a cellular growth defect. The observed defect is caused at least in part by the induction of apoptosis as indicated by caspase-3 activation, annexin V staining, and characteristic changes in cellular morphology. In an effort to identify the function of ICP27 responsible for inducing apoptosis, we show that ICP27 expression is sufficient to activate p38 signaling to a level that is similar to that observed during wild-type HSV-1 infection. However, ICP27 expression alone is unable to lead to a strong activation of JNK signaling. Using chemical inhibitors, we show that the ICP27-mediated activation of p38 signaling is responsible for the observed induction of apoptosis in the induced cell lines. Our findings suggest that during viral infection, ICP27 activates p38 and JNK signaling pathways via two distinct mechanisms. ICP27 directly activates p38 signaling, leading to stimulation of the host cell apoptotic pathways. In contrast, robust activation of JNK signaling by ICP27 requires one or more delayed early or late viral gene products and may be associated with the inhibition of apoptosis.
Romantic jealousy and affairs: Research and implications for couple therapy

Romantic jealousy is often experienced after a situation is interpreted as threatening to one's intimate relationship and can involve elements of other emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness. An individual experiencing jealousy may engage in a number of behaviors and thought processes aimed at reducing jealousy or keeping the relationship intact. However, these cognitions and behaviors may not achieve either of these goals and may escalate problems in the relationship. We review the theoretical and empirical jealousy literature and integrate the research findings with existing models of couple therapy. Assessment and treatment guidelines are offered on the basis of theory, research, and clinical practice. Future research directions are also discussed.
Nasopharyngeal adenocarcinomas: a clinicopathologic study of 44 cases including immunohistochemical features of 18 papillary phenotypes

Abstract Nasopharyngeal adenocarcinomas (NPACs) are uncommon neoplasms with a diverse histomorphology and clinical behavior. The purpose of our study was to better understand the clinicopathologic characteristics of NPACs and to identify the histologic and immunohistochemical features that distinguish the subtypes of papillary NPACs. We conducted a retrospective review of 44 cases of NPACs accessioned between 1985 and 2000. We obtained follow-up information for all patients. We identified 24 females and 20 males, ranging in age from 9 to 74 years (median, 50 years). There were 28 salivary gland type, 13 conventional low-grade papillary NPACs of surface origin, and 3 metastatic adenocarcinomas, 2 thyroid and 1 lung. We performed immunohistochemical studies in 18 papillary NPACs. Two of the low-grade papillary NPACs simulated thyroid carcinoma; they expressed CK7, CK19, and TTF-1 but were negative for thyroglobulin. Polymorphous low-grade papillary NPACs expressed diffuse reactivity to S-100, whereas low-grade papillary NPACs were negative or focally positive. All patients with low-grade NPACs were alive at 5 to 20 years. In contrast, 18 (64.2%) of the 28 patients with salivary gland–type NPACs had died of the disease or were living with disease at follow-up. Primary NPACs can be classified by their morphology and clinical behavior into 2 groups: surface origin type and salivary gland type. Papillary NPACs can be identified by their histology and selective immunohistochemical expression. Pathologist should distinguish the different types of NPACs because their treatment and prognosis differ.
AMC: amyoplasia and distal arthrogryposis

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a heterogeneous condition defined as multiple congenital joint contractures in two or more body areas. The common pathogenesis is impaired fetal movements. Amyoplasia, the most frequent form, is a sporadically occurring condition with hypoplastic muscles and joint contractures. Distal arthrogryposis (DA) syndromes are often hereditary, and joint involvement is predominantly in the hands and feet. In a Swedish study, 131 patients with arthrogryposis were investigated. The most frequent diagnoses were amyoplasia and DA. In amyoplasia, muscle strength was found to be more important than joint range of motion (ROM) for motor function. In DA, muscle weakness was present in 44 % of investigated patients. The clinical findings were found to be highly variable between families and also within families with DA. Fetal myopathy due to sarcomeric protein dysfunction can cause DA. An early multidisciplinary team evaluation of the child with arthrogryposis for specific diagnosis and planning of treatment is recommended. Attention should be directed at the development of muscle strength with early stimulation of active movements. Immobilization should be minimized.
Social Support and Feelings of Hostility Among Released Inmates

There is broad consensus that the strains of imprisonment and unsupported release affect offenders’ mental health and operate to the detriment of their chances of successful reintegration. Drawing on data from 208 male inmates, the authors examine the mediating and moderating influences of social support on the links between inmates’ perceptions of prison conditions and other background variables on parolees’ feelings of hostility—a factor theoretically linked to reoffending—upon release. The results demonstrate that social support partially or completely mediates background characteristics and conditions the influence of prison perceptions on released inmates’ levels of hostility.
Photosynthetic Measurements with the Idea Spec: an Integrated Diode Emitter Array Spectrophotometer/Fluorometer

In vivo spectrophotometry, a non-invasive, nondestructive technique that relies on the leaf’s endogenous chromophores, has become an essential tool for understanding the photosynthetic response of plants to environmental stresses. Based on the pulsed-light spectrophotometer approach, and capitalizing on recent advances in optics and light emitting diode (LED) technology, we have developed an in vivo spectrophotometer capable of measuring absorbance changes of less than 3 × 10−5 absorption units and microsecond time resolution. The instrument can also simultaneously measure chlorophyll (or other) fluorescence signals with background or saturating actinic light, e.g. PAM fluorometry or induction curves, to give measurements of antenna and photosystem II efficiencies. We use a solid-state light source containing multiple LEDs for both measuring and actinic stimulation and direct the light to the leaf through non-focusing optics, allowing near-simultaneous multi-wavelength measurements useful for signal deconvolution.
Nonrheumatoid Inflammatory Arthroses of the Hand and Wrist

Various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions affecting joints of the hand and wrist can present with symptoms similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. The most common of these nonrheumatoid arthroses are psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis. Management of these and several other conditions is typically medical in nature and continues to evolve with the development of biologically targeted medications. Surgical treatment is not frequently used but can be efficacious for severe cases to alleviate symptoms and correct deformities.
Safety and Feasibility of Transradial Access for Visceral Interventions in Patients with Thrombocytopenia.

Transradial access (TRA) has shown lower morbidity and decreased bleeding complications compared to transfemoral access. This study evaluates the safety and feasibility of TRA in thrombocytopenic patients undergoing visceral interventions. Patients who underwent visceral interventions via the radial artery with platelet count less than or equal to 50,000/µL were included in the study. Outcome variables included technical success, access site, bleeding, transfusion, and neurological complications. From July 1, 2012, to May 31, 2015, a total of 1353 peripheral interventions via TRA were performed, of which 85 procedures were performed in 64 patients (mean age 62.2 years) with a platelet count <50,000/µL (median 39,000/µL). Interventions included chemoembolization (n = 46), selective internal radiation therapy (n = 30), and visceral embolization (n = 9). Technical success was 97.6 % with two cases of severe vessel spasm requiring ipsilateral femoral crossover. There was no major access site, bleeding, or neurological adverse events at 30 days. Minor access site hematomas occurred in five cases (5.9 %) and were treated conservatively in all cases. Pre-procedural platelet transfusions were administered in 23 (27.1 %) cases. There was no statistically significant difference in access site or bleeding complications between the transfused and nontransfused groups. Transradial visceral interventions in patients with thrombocytopenia are both feasible and safe, possibly without the need for platelet transfusions.
Isoprostanes and Other Nonenzymic Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Derived Lipid Mediators in the Brain

Isoprostanes (IsoPs) are prostaglandin-like mediators generated nonenzymically by free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of esterified γ-linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), adrenic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in vivo (Fig. 7.1). The minimum requirement for the synthesis of isoprostanes is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with three contiguous, methylene-interrupted double bonds (Basu, 2004; Nishio et al., 2006).
An Isolated Occurrence of Pyractomena ecostata (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in the Mid-Atlantic with New Records from New Jersey and Delaware

Abstract Pyractomena ecostata is an uncommon firefly primarily associated with brackish tidal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of Florida. A geographically isolated occurrence is known from coastal southern New Jersey. Herein, we report 2 unpublished locality records from Kent County, DE, that expands the range of the Mid-Atlantic population into the Delaware Bay Estuary. We also report a previously unpublished modern-day record from Cape May County, NJ, perhaps the first New Jersey specimen secured since 1898. These data bring the total known number of Mid-Atlantic collection sites to 6. Although the species is very rare in the Mid-Atlantic, the disjunct population remains extant and therefore should be considered a significant inventory and conservation target due to impending sea-level rise and the spread of the invasive Phragmites australis (Common Reed).
The Influence of Penicillin in the Diet of White Leghorn Hens upon Production and Shell Quality of Eggs

ABSTRACT AN EXCELLENT and thorough review of antibiotic influence upon egg production has recently been presented by Branion et al. (1956). Additional review herein is limited to antibiotic investigations concerned with calcium utilization and egg shell quality. Migcovsky et al. (1951), using radioactive calcium, reported that penicillin increased calcium deposition in the tibia. Lindblad et al. (1952) obtained results indicating that aureomycin improved the utilization of calcium and phosphorus. Ross and Yacowitz (1954) reported significant increases in bone calcification of chicks fed 2.5 grams penicillin per ton of feed. Increased plasma calcium in male chicks was reported by Bogdoroff and Shaffner (1954) when penicillin was fed. These workers also obtained improvement in shell quality of eggs from yearling hens during July and August as measured by specific gravity. No improvement resulted when penicillin was fed to pullets during September to November. Gabuten and Shaffner (1954) conducted 2 experiments of relatively short . . .
Video Quality of Service Monitoring for Digital Television Systems

The use of compression has allowed transmission systems to carry multiple digital audio and video channels, which has fostered complex systems for delivery of programs to the customer. These systems need to be monitored to ensure quality of service using simple control methods within the facility. This is achieved by using test equipment that is networked together to provide monitoring stations. A two-tier approach is used for the testing: First, determination of observable picture defects within the program needs to be calculated by the system to ensure picture quality. Second, protocol analysis is used to verify conformance of the syntax to the standard in order to ensure correct decoding of the picture. This paper discusses how such systems can be implemented within a digital television system.
Prevalence, Etiology and Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis: A Survey of Periodontists in the United States

Background: Currently, information available on the exact prevalence and standard therapeutic protocol of peri-implant diseases is insufficient. The aim of this survey was to investigate the perceived prevalence, etiology, and management of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis by periodontists in the United States.Methods: A twenty-question survey was developed. Periodontists currently practicing in the United States were contacted by an e-mail that contained a link to access the survey.Results: Two hundred eighty periodontists (79.3% males; 62.9% with >10 years in practice, 75.7% in private practice) completed the survey. Most (96.1%) of the participants were placing implants (58.3% for >10 years and 32.4% >150 implants/year). The majority reported that the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis in their practices is up to 25% but is higher in the general US population and that up to 10% of implants must be removed due to peri-implantitis. There was agreement among contributing ...
CAUSE ANALYSIS OF SUPERHEATER TUBE RUPTURE FOR ONE GAS FURNACE

The macroscopic analysis,physico-chemical analysis,electron microscopic analysis,and energy spectroscopic analysis have been carried out for specimens of the superheater tube ruptured during the time of start-up after shutdown of one gas furnace used to supply heat in one power plant,results shows that the openings,microfissures,and oxides of grain boundary corrosion are main causes leading to brittle rupture of materials.At the same time,it has been pointed out that the rupture of lower elbow bend on the superheater is mainly due to micro-damage existing in the material proper and oxygen corrosion resulted from conservation after shutdown.The factor in two said aspects intensifies stress corrosion after putting the boiler into operation,and finally resulting in brittle rupture.
Research and Application of Nitrous Oxide Catalytic Decomposition

To set up a new type multi-mode propulsion system for small satellite, British Surrey Company has started to research nitrous oxide catalytic decomposition since 1990. The research emphasis is restartable nitrous oxide monopropellant thruster suitable for keeping the position and phase of small satellite. The size of the catalyst bed is decided by the catalyst bed pack coefficient and axial temperature distribution. It is suggested that adopting the Ergun formula estimates the pressure drop in catalyst bed. The most flux of the propellant depends on the self-pressurizing ability of the nitrous oxide supply system.
Dietary Intake of Energy and Animal Foods and Endometrial Cancer Incidence The lowa Women's Health Study

To assess the relations of dietary intake of energy and animal foods to endometrial cancer risk, dietary analyses were performed using data from a prospective cohort study of over 23,000 postmenopausal Iowa women who responded to a mailed questionnaire in 1986 and were followed through the end of 1992 for cancer incidence and total mortality. Usual intakes of 127 food items were measured by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. After 7 years of follow-up, 216 incident endometrial cancer cases had been ascertained. There was no statistically significant association of dietary intake of energy and most animal foods with endometrial cancer incidence over the 7-year follow-up period. Stratified analyses, however, suggested that intake of energy from plant foods may be inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk in the latter years of follow-up (trend test, p = 0.03), while high intake of energy and foods from animal sources related to slightly, but not statistically significantly, elevated risks of this cancer in the earlier years of follow-up. The only significant dose-response relation observed in food group analyses was for processed meat and fish, for which a significant 50% excess risk of endometrial cancer was found among women in the highest versus the lowest tertile of intake. This study suggests that dietary intake of energy and most animal foods is not related to or is only weakly related to the risk of endometrial cancer among postmenopausal US women.
The lung in systemic vasculitis

Pulmonary vasculitis is usually caused by one of three disorders: (1) Wegener's granulomatosis (WG); (2) Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), or allergic angiitis and granulomatosis; or (3) a nonspecific small vessel systemic necrotizing vasculitis (SNV), or microscopic polyarteritis. WG, the most common cause of lung vasculitis, has features of a granulomatous vasculitis of the upper airway and lung and widespread small vessel vasculitis involving the kidneys and other organs. The features of pulmonary WG overlap with those of malignancy and infectious granulomatous lung disease; accurate diagnosis generally requires open lung biopsy. CSS is defined by the triad of asthma, eosinophilia, and systemic vasculitis. Easily accessible tissues should be biopsied, but the clinical features are so distinctive that tissue biopsy is not invariably required for diagnosis. CSS must be differentiated from other diseases that cause pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, including infections. Nonspecific SNV causes diffuse alveolar hemorrhage due to pulmonary capillaritis. Concomitant segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis is almost always present. Diagnosis is made by renal biopsy, compatible extrarenal features, exclusion of nonimmune causes of lung hemorrhage, and exclusion of WG to the extent possible.
Prevention Services with Persons Living with HIV

In July 2010, the administration released a national strategic plan for HIV prevention and President Obama referred to the development and implementation of National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS) as one of the administration’s top HIV/AIDS policy priorities. The plan noted the reduction of new HIV incidence as a primary goal. In order to meet this goal, an immediate expansion of prevention efforts among the population of people living with HIV is critical. It is the intent of this chapter to provide a definition of “Prevention with Positives” (PwP) and highlight how this approach is important for achieving the goals of the NHAS. The chapter will also focus on behavioral risk reduction PwP services by examining the scope and costs of unmet needs, and the possible benefit of meeting these needs. In conclusion, some areas which require further exploration and research necessary to achieve the national strategic plan will be highlighted.
Machine Learning for Brain Image Segmentation

In this chapter, we review a variety of algorithms developed by different groups for automatically segmenting structures in medical images, such as brain MRI scans. Some of the simpler methods, based on active contours, deformable image registration, and anisotropic Markov Random Fields, have known weaknesses, which can be largely overcome by learning methods that better encode knowledge on anatomical variability. We show how the anatomical segmentation problem may be re-cast in a Bayesian framework. We then present several different learning techniques increasing in complexity until we derive two algorithms recently proposed by the authors. We show how these automated algorithms are validated empirically, by comparison with segmentations by experts, which serve as independent ground truth, and in terms of their power to detect disease effects in Alzheimer’s disease. We show how these methods can be used to investigate factors that influence disease progression in databases of thousands of images. Finally we indicate some promising directions for future work.