cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic studies of cancer cell mitochondria- and NQO1-mediated redox activation of beta-lapachone, a potentially novel anticancer agent

Beta-lapachone (beta-Lp) derived from the Lapacho tree is a potentially novel anticancer agent currently under clinical trials. Previous studies suggested that redox activation of beta-Lp catalyzed by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) accounted for its killing of cancer cells. However, the exact mechanisms of this effect remain largely unknown. Using chemiluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping techniques, this study for the first time demonstrated the real-time formation of ROS in the redox activation of beta-lapachone from cancer cells mediated by mitochondria and NQO1 in melanoma B16–F10 and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cancer cells. ES936, a highly selective NQO1 inhibitor, and rotenone, a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain (METC) complex I were found to significantly block beta-Lp meditated redox activation in B16–F10 cells. In HepG2 cells ES936 inhibited beta-Lp-mediated oxygen radical formation by ~ 80% while rotenone exerted no significant effect. These results revealed the differential contribution of METC and NQO1 to beta-lapachone-induced ROS formation and cancer cell killing. In melanoma B16–F10 cells that do not express high NQO1 activity, both NOQ1 and METC play a critical role in beta-Lp redox activation. In contrast, in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells expressing extremely high NQO1 activity, redox activation of beta-Lp is primarily mediated by NQO1 (METC plays a minor role). These findings will contribute to our understanding of how cancer cells are selectively killed by beta-lapachone and increase our ability to devise strategies to enhance the anticancer efficacy of this potentially novel drug while minimizing its possible adverse effects on normal cells.
Solar activity and cosmic radiation

Several years ago it was suggested that the sun might be responsible for the sofier component of cosmic radiation. It was further noted that an extremely lowfrequency electromagnetic radiation which was supposed to be of solar origin might cause cosmic radiation. Some modiflcations of the original concept have now become necessary. Most workers have taken for granted that the solar cosmic rays originate simultaneously with flare phenomenon. Even in violent fiares the energies of individual atoms are small. The production of cosmic rays requires some physical process capable of imparting high energy to a tew atoms. A process of ihis sort can occur only in regions of relatively low density. The comparatively high coronal density seems to preclude the possibiliiy of a process of this sont. As the wave moves into the low-pressure upper corona the above process might occur. (A.C.)
What's next in high-performance computing?

We can trace the evolution from Crays, to clusters, to supercomputing centers. But where does it go from here?
Interpreting Community Effects on Youth Educational Attainment

Longitudinal data from 1,128 respondents in the National Survey of Children are used to examine factors that help explain the higher rates of school dropout and lower rates of high school graduation in socioeconomically distressed communities. The authors find that approximately one third of the observed positive effect of community socioeconomic disadvantage on high school discontinuation can be explained by the educational behaviors of peers, a result broadly consistent with epidemic models of neighborhood effects. A smaller proportion of the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic status on youth educational attainment can be attributed to youth's lower educational aspirations and higher rates of residential mobility in poor neighborhoods. Despite their centrality to theories of neighborhood effects, adolescents' delinquent behavior, attachment to school and parents, and parental control over adolescent behavior do little to mediate the impact of community disadvantage on high school dropout and graduation.
Optimal vaccine distribution in a spatiotemporal epidemic model with an application to rabies and raccoons

Abstract We formulate an S–I–R (Susceptible, Infected, Immune) spatiotemporal epidemic model as a system of coupled parabolic partial differential equations with no-flux boundary conditions. Immunity is gained through vaccination with the vaccine distribution considered a control variable. The objective is to characterize an optimal control, a vaccine program which minimizes the number of infected individuals and the costs associated with vaccination over a finite space and time domain. We prove existence of solutions to the state system and existence of an optimal control, as well as derive corresponding sensitivity and adjoint equations. Techniques of optimal control theory are then employed to obtain the optimal control characterization in terms of state and adjoint functions. To illustrate solutions, parameter values are chosen to model the spread of rabies in raccoons. Optimal distributions of oral rabies vaccine baits for homogeneous and heterogeneous spatial domains are compared. Numerical results reveal that natural land features affecting raccoon movement and the relocation of raccoons by humans can considerably alter the design of a cost-effective vaccination regime. We show that the use of optimal control theory in mathematical models can yield immediate insight as to when, where, and what degree control measures should be implemented.
Laser cooling of a microcantilever using a medium finesse optical cavity

A 75 mm optical cavity was formed using a microcantilever for one mirror. A finesse of 55 was achieved, not limited by diffraction around the cantilever. The microcantilever was passively laser cooled from 300 K to 50 K.
Spinning strings in AdS5×S5: A worldsheet perspective

We examine the leading Regge string states relevant for semi-classical spinning string solutions. Using elementary RNS techniques, quadratic terms in an effective Lagrangian are constructed which describe massive NSNS strings in a space-time with five-form flux. We then examine the specific case of AdS5 ×S 5 , finding the dependence of AdS “energy” (E0) on spin in AdS (S), spin on the sphere (J), and orbital angular momentum on the sphere (∇a∇ a ).
A Friend in Need The Role of Friendship Quality as a Protective Factor in Peer Victimization and Bullying

This study examined friendship quality as a possible moderator of risk factors in predicting peer victimization and bullying. Children (50 boys and 49 girls, ages 10 to 13 years) reported on the quality of their best friendship, as well as their bullying and victimization tendencies. Parents reported on their child’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors, in addition to bullying and victimization tendencies. Results indicated that externalizing problems were related to bullying behavior; however, friendship quality moderated this relation such that among children with externalizing behaviors, a high-quality friendship significantly attenuated bullying behavior. Internalizing problems and low friendship quality were significantly related to victimization; however, friendship quality did not moderate the relation between internalizing problems and victimization. Implications for interventions based on these findings are discussed.
Intracellular Vibrio parahaemolyticus Escapes the Vacuole and Establishes a Replicative Niche in the Cytosol of Epithelial Cells

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a globally disseminated Gram-negative marine bacterium and the leading cause of seafood-borne acute gastroenteritis. Pathogenic bacterial isolates encode two type III secretion systems (T3SS), with the second system (T3SS2) considered the main virulence factor in mammalian hosts. For many decades, V. parahaemolyticus has been studied as an exclusively extracellular bacterium. However, the recent characterization of the T3SS2 effector protein VopC has suggested that this pathogen has the ability to invade, survive, and replicate within epithelial cells. Herein, we characterize this intracellular lifestyle in detail. We show that following internalization, V. parahaemolyticus is contained in vacuoles that de- velop into early endosomes, which subsequently mature into late endosomes. V. parahaemolyticus then escapes into the cyto- plasm prior to vacuolar fusion with lysosomes. Vacuolar acidification is an important trigger for this escape. The cytoplasm serves as the pathogen's primary intracellular replicative niche; cytosolic replication is rapid and robust, with cells often contain- ing over 150 bacteria by the time of cell lysis. These results show how V. parahaemolyticus successfully establishes an intracellu- lar lifestyle that could contribute to its survival and dissemination during infection. IMPORTANCE The marine bacterium V. parahaemolyticus is the leading cause worldwide of seafood-borne acute gastroenteritis. For decades, the pathogen has been studied exclusively as an extracellular bacterium. However, recent results have revealed the pathogen's ability to invade and replicate within host cells. The present study is the first characterization of the V. parahaemo- lyticus' intracellular lifestyle. Upon internalization, V. parahaemolyticus is contained in a vacuole that would in the normal course of events ultimately fuse with a lysosome, degrading the vacuole's contents. The bacterium subverts this pathway, escap- ing into the cytoplasm prior to lysosomal fusion. Once in the cytoplasm, it replicates prolifically. Our study provides new in- sights into the strategies used by this globally disseminated pathogen to survive and proliferate within its host.
Live Donor Partial Hepatectomy for Liver Transplantation: Is There a Learning Curve?

Background: Donor safety is the first priority in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Objective: To determine the characteristics and outcome of live liver donors who underwent donor hepatectomy from January, 1997 to May, 2007 at Massachusetts General Hospital. Methods: 30 patients underwent LDLT between January, 1997 and May, 2007 at our institution. Results: The type of graft was the right lobe (segments 5-8) in 14, left lobe (segments 2-4) in 4, and left lateral sector (segments 2 and 3) in 12 patients. The mean donor age was 36 (range: 26-57) years. The mean follow-up was 48 (range: 18-120) months. No deaths occurred. Overall, 8 (26.6%) patients experienced a total of 14 post-operative complications. Donor complications based on graft type were as follows: left lateral sector (16.7%), left lobe (25%), and right lobe (35.7%). The experience was divided into two periods 1997-2001 (n=15) and 2002-2007 (n=15). Overall complications during 2 periods were 40% and 13.3%, respectively (p<0.001). The incidence of grade III complication also significantly decreased; 66.7% vs 33.3% (p<0.01). Conclusion: Partial hepatectomy in living donors has a learning curve which appears to be approximately 15 cases. This learning curve is not restricted to the surgeons performing the procedure but involves all aspects of patient care.
Eruptive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and psoriasis: Response to cetuximab

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (CSCCs) comprise 20-30% of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), and continue to increase in incidence. We report a case of a patient with severe psoriasis who had recurrent and eruptive CSCCs on her leg, which were successfully treated with cetuximab and radiotherapy. The patient had successful long-term clearance of her skin tumours, with the additional finding of resolution of psoriasis while on cetuximab therapy.
Expert systems that satisfy model-solver-data independence

It is shown that existing relational database technologies can be used to construct expert systems that satisfy model-solver-data independence. The authors first describe the Arizona State University Model Management System (ASUMMS). They then describe how to incorporate expertise (knowledge) into the ASUMMS modeling environment. Finally, a prototype expert system for forecasting using relational database technologies is discussed. >
Genetic Determinants of Cell Type-Specific Poliovirus Propagation in HEK 293 Cells

The ability of poliovirus to propagate in neuronal cells can be reduced by introducing appropriate nucleotide substitutions into the viral genome. Specific mutations scattered throughout the poliovirus genome yielded the live attenuated vaccine strains of poliovirus. Neuron-specific propagation deficits of the Sabin strains are partially encrypted within a confined region of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), which carries attenuating point mutations in all three serotypes. Recently, high levels of neurovirulence attenuation were achieved with genetically engineered polioviruses containing heterologous IRES elements. This is exemplified with poliovirus recombinants replicating under control of a human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2) IRES element. We have carried out experiments delineating the genetic basis for neuronal IRES function. Neuronal dysfunction of the HRV2 IRES is determined mainly by IRES stem-loop domain V, the locus for attenuating point mutations within the Sabin strains. Neuronal incompetence associated with HRV2 IRES domain V is substantially more pronounced than that observed with the attenuating IRES point mutation of the Sabin serotype 1 vaccine strain. Mix-and-match recombination of polio and HRV2 IRES domain V suggests that the attenuation phenotype correlates with overall structural features rather than primary sequence. Our experiments have identified HEK 293 cells as a novel system for the study of neuron-specific replication phenotypes of poliovirus. This cell line, originally derived from embryonic human kidney, has recently been described to display neuronal characteristics. We report propagation properties in HEK 293 cells for poliovirus recombinants with attenuated neurovirulence in experimental animals that corroborate this observation.
A CASH‐FLOW CONCEPT OF PROFIT

THE TRADITIONAL THEORY of the firm is based on the assumption that the firm acts in the stockholders' interests and that the stockholders are interested in profit, so that the objective of the firm is to maximize profit. There have been many theoretical discussions of the concept of profit but there is no consensus of opinion as to the precise definition of this theoretical construct.' Nevertheless the theory of the firm has been based on the assumption of profit maximization, and profit has been thought of (loosely) as the difference between the revenue received from the product sold and the payments made to the productive factors which together produced that product. This concept of profit has been difficult to apply to investment decisions, and wealth maximization and cash-flow concepts have been developed in connection with this problem. This paper presents a cash-flow concept of profit which is associated with the cash-flow theory of stock value. This concept of profit has three desirable properties which make it more useful than the traditional concept. (1) It can be used in decisionmaking within the firm since profit maximization is in the stockholders' interest. (2) The profit of the firm coincides with the stockholders' income in each time-period. (3) Past profit can be measured from market values so that it is an objective measure of performance. Net cash flows are defined in Section II as the cash flows between the firm and its stockholders. The value of the stock is then the present value of the future net cash flows. In Section III cash-flow profit is defined as the increase in the stock value plus the net cash flow of the period. If the expectations for the period are observed and those for the future are unchanged, a normal profit is made on the initial stock value (investment). If expectations change, pure profits arise. The cash-flow concept is then compared to the traditional concept. Section IV is concerned with the handling of depreciation, a concept which is not required in cash-flow analysis. It is shown that depreciation expenses understate capital costs unless implicit interest is charged on the book value of net worth. It follows in Section V that the traditional
Handling Triple Hidden Terminal Problems for Multichannel MAC in Long-Delay Underwater Sensor Networks

In this paper, we investigate the multichannel MAC problem in underwater acoustic sensor networks. To reduce hardware cost, only one acoustic transceiver is often preferred on every node. In a single-transceiver multichannel long-delay underwater network, new hidden terminal problems, namely, multichannel hidden terminal and long-delay hidden terminal (together with the traditional multihop hidden terminal problem, we refer to them as "triple hidden terminal problems”), are identified and studied in this paper. Based on our findings, we propose a new MAC protocol, called CUMAC, for long-delay multichannel underwater sensor networks. CUMAC utilizes the cooperation of neighboring nodes for collision detection, and a simple tone device is designed for distributed collision notification, providing better system efficiency while keeping overall cost low. Analytical and simulation results show that CUMAC can greatly improve the system throughput and energy efficiency by effectively solving the complicated triple hidden terminal problems.
Low Cost, Single-ended, 2M Ohm Input Impedance 98dB Stereo Audio A/D Converter With a Novel Front-end Sampling Network

A single-ended multibit delta-sigma stereo audio ADC is presented. A 3rd-order single-loop 10-level feed forward delta-sigma modulator is implemented. A feed forward stage and a rough/fine input sampling scheme combined with a novel front-end sampling network allows wide dynamic range at lower power, smaller die size and larger than 2M ohm input impedance. A second order mismatch shaper removes any nonlinearity or tones caused by element mismatch in the feedback DAC. It achieves 98dB dynamic range and 105dB THD with 0.5k ohm of source impedance while dissipating 60mW @5v. The chip occupies 2-mm2 area in 0.25um-process and fits into a tiny 10-pin TSSOP package.
Cross-polarized light scattering from a wavy surface with a rough overlayer

We attempt to explain Hillebrecht’s data, as reported by Raether [ H. Raether , Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings ( Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988), pp. 74– 81], for normal-incidence light scattering off Ag surfaces with small roughness. We use a two-scale-roughness tilt model consisting of a homogeneous, isotropic overlayer of varying thickness on a wavy surface. This model predicts that, for normal incidence, the angular dependence of cross-polarized scattering from Ag is approximately the same for the sp and ps components. Such a behavior is seen in Hillebrecht’s data, except at large scattering angles, and is not reproduced by earlier theories. To obtain the experimental sp/ps ratio of approximately 0.5, we must assume that the dielectric constant of the overlayer is approximately two thirds of the bulk value, accounting for surface effects.
The Role of Economic Resources and Remarriage in Financial Assistance for Children of Divorce

Rarely can we view marital disruption and remarriage from the perspective of both exspouses despite the need to do so for understanding processes that leave many children without adequate support. Here, pairs of ex-spouses are tracked over time to observe the flow of resources from an absent father to his former family, how it shifts as the marital, economic, and geographic circumstances of the two ex-spouses change, and the extent to which it could be increased. This longitudinal view of the determinants of the flow is supplemented with a cross-sectional one. Although data limitations preclude definitive conclusions, the analysis suggests that remarriage by the custodial mother prompts sizable reductions in child support but remarriage by the absent father has no appreciable effect. Child support increases modestly with the absent father's income, but absent fathers tend to pay considerably less than maximal equitable levels of child support.
Association of age, sex, and race with body iron stores in adults: analysis of NHANES III data.

Abstract Background This study examined age-, sex-, and race- related increases in body iron stores that have been implicated in disease and the relative utility of the serum ferritin versus the percentage of transferrin saturation for population-based estimation of iron status. Methods and Results Serum ferritin levels were examined by age, sex, and race, and values were compared with the percent transferrin saturation in 20,040 individuals >17 years of age from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) database. Body iron stores reflected by serum ferritin levels rose in the late teens in men and after menopause in women. This rise was more rapid and maximum ferritin levels were greater for blacks than whites and Hispanics of comparable age and sex. The distribution of values for the serum ferritin differed from the percent transferrin saturation. Conclusions Different patterns of iron accumulation exist according to age, sex, and race. Serum ferritin levels reflect graded, population-based differences in body iron stores, but the percentage of transferrin saturation does not. The hypothesis that iron accumulation may contribute to higher morbidity and mortality rates can be tested in clinical trials of calibrated reduction of body iron stores in defined disease settings. (Am Heart J 2000;140:98-104.)
The current epidemiological revolution in veterinary medicine. Part II

Abstract The nature of the current epidemiological revolution in veterinary medicine is considered in terms of the previous evolution of tactics for livestock disease management, and future prospects for epidemiological surveillance as the ‘core’ activity for public and private practice of preventive veterinary medicine.
Cosmological perturbations in inflationary-universe models

We study the growth of energy-density perturbations in inflationary-universe models, applying an extension of Bardeen's gauge-invariant framework derived in a previous paper. The complete analysis is exemplified in the case of the ''new inflationary universe'' of Linde and Albrecht and Steinhardt. For this model we obtain the following result: the amplitude of energy-density fluctuations at horizon crossing is of order 50, far too large to match with the usual pictures of galaxy formation. Our result agrees with other published analyses. We conclude that the amplification of energy-density perturbations is determined by the change in the equation of state between initial and final Hubble radius crossing. It is, however, independent of the phase structure between the two crossings. In particular, it is independent of the reheating mechanism. We also derive a simple formula which describes the complete evolution of perturbations outside the horizon whenever entropy and anisotropic stress perturbations are unimportant. Finally, we comment on previous published methods and discuss their limitations.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Attachment Glycoprotein Contribution to Infection Depends on the Specific Fusion Protein

ABSTRACT Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen causing acute lower respiratory tract disease in children. The RSV attachment glycoprotein (G) is not required for infection, as G-null RSV replicates efficiently in several cell lines. Our laboratory previously reported that the viral fusion (F) protein is a determinant of strain-dependent pathogenesis. Here, we hypothesized that virus dependence on G is determined by the strain specificity of F. We generated recombinant viruses expressing G and F, or null for G, from the laboratory A2 strain (Katushka RSV-A2GA2F [kRSV-A2GA2F] and kRSV-GstopA2F) or the clinical isolate A2001/2-20 (kRSV-2-20G2-20F and kRSV-Gstop2-20F). We quantified the virus cell binding, entry kinetics, infectivity, and growth kinetics of these four recombinant viruses in vitro . RSV expressing the 2-20 G protein exhibited the greatest binding activity. Compared to the parental viruses expressing G and F, removal of 2-20 G had more deleterious effects on binding, entry, infectivity, and growth than removal of A2 G. Overall, RSV expressing 2-20 F had a high dependence on G for binding, entry, and infection. IMPORTANCE RSV is the leading cause of childhood acute respiratory disease requiring hospitalization. As with other paramyxoviruses, two major RSV surface viral glycoproteins, the G attachment protein and the F fusion protein, mediate virus binding and subsequent membrane fusion, respectively. Previous work on the RSV A2 prototypical strain demonstrated that the G protein is functionally dispensable for in vitro replication. This is in contrast to other paramyxoviruses that require attachment protein function as a prerequisite for fusion. We reevaluated this requirement for RSV using G and F proteins from clinical isolate 2-20. Compared to the laboratory A2 strain, the G protein from 2-20 had greater contributions to virus binding, entry, infectivity, and in vitro growth kinetics. Thus, the clinical isolate 2-20 F protein function depended more on its G protein, suggesting that RSV has a higher dependence on G than previously thought.
Estimation of nonmechanical VO2 in isolated rabbit heart: comparison of mechanical unloading and BDM method

To understand the mechaneoenergetics of heart muscle, it is important to be able to accurately partition energy consumption into its two major components, that used for nonmechanical activity [mainly excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling and basal metabolism] and that used for mechanical activity (cross-bridge cycling). In most experiments in the beating heart, this has been accomplished by assuming that the unloaded oxygen consumption (VO2) represents nonmechanical VO2 and subtracting it from total VO2 to yield mechanical VO2. However, unloaded VO2 is "contaminated" by an uncertain amount of energy consumption for cross-bridge cycling under unloaded conditions. We recently, reported an alternative method to estimate nonmechanical VO2 using the negative inotropic drug 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), which, in theory, should not include cross-bridge cycling-related energy consumption. In the present study, we compared changes in unloaded VO2 and the BDM estimate of nonmechanical VO2 as E-C coupling was varied by changing the perfusate Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) in the isolated rabbit heart. An isolated, red blood cell-perfused, isovolumically contracting balloon in left ventricle preparation was employed. In one group (n = 8), contractility (maximal elastance), unloaded VO2, and the BDM estimate of nonmechanical VO2 were assessed at a perfusate [Ca2+] of 2.5 mM and then at 5.0 mM. In a second group (n = 6), perfusate was 1.0 and 2.5 mM. The change in contractility in each group as [Ca2+] was increased was comparable. Unloaded VO2 was systematically greater than the BDM estimate of nonmechanical VO2 under all conditions. However, the absolute change in both estimates was similar in both groups. In conclusion, over the range of perfusate [Ca2+] employed in this study, changes in unloaded VO2 and the BDM estimate of nonmechanical VO2 are similar. These results support the use of unloaded VO2, which is easier to measure and has less estimation error in individual cases than the BDM-derived value for nonmechanical VO2, as an accurate index of change in E-C coupling energy consumption.
Instanton effects in lattice models of bosonic symmetry-protected topological states

Bosonic symmetry-protected topological (SPT) states are gapped disordered phases of matter possessing symmetry-preserving boundary excitations. It has been proposed that, at long wavelengths, the universal properties of an SPT system are captured by an effective nonlinear sigma model field theory in the presence of a quantized topological $\ensuremath{\theta}$ term. By studying lattice models of bosonic SPT states, we are able to identify, in their Euclidean path integral formulation, (discrete) Berry phases that hold relevant physical information on the nature of the SPT ground states. These discrete Berry phases are given intuitive physical interpretation in terms of instanton effects that capture the presence of a $\ensuremath{\theta}$ term on the microscopic scale.
MMPI-2 Item Endorsements in Dissociative Identity Disorder vs. Simulators

Elevated scores on some MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory-2) validity scales are common among patients with dissociative identity disorder (DID), which raises questions about the validity of their responses. Such patients show elevated scores on atypical answers (F), F-psychopathology (Fp), atypical answers in the second half of the test (FB), schizophrenia (Sc), and depression (D) scales, with Fp showing the greatest utility in distinguishing them from coached and uncoached DID simulators. In the current study, we investigated the items on the MMPI-2 F, Fp, FB, Sc, and D scales that were most and least commonly endorsed by participants with DID in our 2014 study and compared these responses with those of coached and uncoached DID simulators. The comparisons revealed that patients with DID most frequently endorsed items related to dissociation, trauma, depression, fearfulness, conflict within family, and self-destructiveness. The coached group more successfully imitated item endorsements of the DID group than did the uncoached group. However, both simulating groups, especially the uncoached group, frequently endorsed items that were uncommonly endorsed by the DID group. The uncoached group endorsed items consistent with popular media portrayals of people with DID being violent, delusional, and unlawful. These results suggest that item endorsement patterns can provide useful information to clinicians making determinations about whether an individual is presenting with DID or feigning.
The Role of Discriminative Stimuli on Response Patterns in Resurgence

University students partitioned in four groups were treated to a four-phase resurgence preparation in which three response sequences were sequentially acquired in the first three phases and tested for serial positioning effects and response variability in terminal resurgence phase. For the three test groups, three colored backgrounds served as the contextual stimuli that corresponded to the acquisition of the response sequences in the initial three phases. In the final resurgence phase, all response sequences were placed on extinction. The three test groups were re-presented a respective colored background found in one of the earlier acquisition phases. The fourth group did not involve any colored background throughout the entire experiment. Across all three test groups, the highest acquired response sequence proportion was correlated with the discriminative stimulus present in the resurgence phase. The no-color group without contextual change across phases showed recency and primacy effects consistent with those found in serial position studies. Moreover, the presence of the discriminative stimulus in the resurgence phase resulted in less variable response sequences relative to the no-color group. These findings support the role of discriminative stimuli in the manner with which response patterns are organized in resurgence.
Implementation Science Workshop: Engaging Patients in Team-Based Practice Redesign - Critical Reflections on Program Design.

Center for Patient Partnerships, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Medical Foundation, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; John D. Stoeckle Center for Primary Care Innovation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Peeling away the layers of the onion: on layers, inflection and domains in Icelandic compounds

In Icelandic there are two different types of modifiers within compounds, inflected and uninflected, and the inflected modifiers appear to be peripheral to the uninflected ones. In this article, it is proposed that this is an effect of compounding being required to combine elements of the same type or size. The inflected modifiers, containing more structure than the uninflected ones, cannot be merged at the same level as uninflected modifiers. This article also explores two other issues of domainhood within the compound. One being the establishment of domains for morphophonological processes, where it is proposed that the boundaries of morphophonological domains are determined by the edge of the extended projection of the root. The second one being that of special meaning, where it is shown that exocentric compounds with inflected modifiers have exclusively non-compositional meaning, whereas exocentric compounds with uninflected modifiers could have either compositional or non-compositional meaning.
Thermal Reactions of LiPF6 with Added LiBOB Electrolyte Stabilization and Generation of

The effect of thermal storage on 1.0 M LiPF 6 in 1:1:1 ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate with 5 wt % added lithium bisoxalatoborate [LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 LiBOB] was investigated. Thermal storage of LiPF 6 initiates disproportionation reactions of LiBOB, which generate LiBF 4 , lithium difluorooxalatoborate [LiBF 2 (C 2 O 4 ), LiF 2 OB], and lithium tetrafluorooxolatophosphate [LiPF 4 (C 2 O 4 ), LiF 4 OP]. The synthesis and characterization of LiF 4 OP are presented along with a preliminary electrochemical investigation of LiF 4 OP-based electrolytes.
Clinical laboratory scientists' view of the competencies needed for current practice.

Objective To provide a current description of competent clinical laboratory scientists (CLSs) that can be used as a guide for educators, practitioners, and students. Design A survey of clinical laboratory science (CLS) practitioners was developed to assess current work settings and important competencies in those settings. The survey also addressed graduate school enrollment and the impact of multi-skilling on current practice. Settings and participants 135 graduates of the Division of Clinical Laboratory Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1987 to 1996. Main outcome measures Participants' responses to questions about their current job titles, clinical specialty, type of institution, multi-skilling, graduate school enrollment, and the competencies they considered important for their jobs were analyzed to provide a description of current practice. Results The response rate for the survey was 73%. The majority of the respondents were employed as staff CLSs in medium to large hospitals. Thirteen percent of the respondents indicated that they had graduate degrees and an additional 13% were currently enrolled in a graduate or professional program. Fourteen percent of the respondents reported that they were working in the laboratory profession and were performing some health care skills not included in the CLS program. The graduates described 15 major areas of competence important for current clinical practice. The skill or competency mentioned most frequently by the respondents was interpersonal skills followed by flexibility. Competence in technical and scientific skills was ranked third and problem solving abilities was ranked fourth. Conclusion The results of this study describe a CLS practitioner who is able to communicate well with others as a team member; flexible and open to change in the work environment; technically component; able to solve problems and correlate clinical information; organized; and involved in the management and leadership of the clinical laboratory. This description can help educators design curricula, guide practitioners' self assessment, and inform students who are considering a career in CLS.
The Psychology of Good and Evil: Commentary: Human Destructiveness and the Refugee Experience

I was in the midst of writing The Roots of Evil: The Psychological and Cultural Origins of Genocide and had finished an analysis of the “autogenocide” in Cambodia, when I was invited to attend a meeting of the seminar on Southeast Asia in which students wrote essays about their life experiences. I heard one student describe in personal terms the horrors in Cambodia that I knew so well from my research. But the tragedy of students from other Southeast Asian countries was also manifest in this meeting: young people, children and adolescents, fearing for their lives or in the hope of greater security and human dignity left their countries, alone or with their families. Being a refugee is a tragically common human experience. Unfortunately, repression and violence that lead people to escape from their own country and seek refuge elsewhere have always existed. It is all too frequent in our century. Huge numbers of people were displaced and became stateless in Europe during the first part of the century. Millions of people became refugees in the wake of the Second World War. But this saga seems never ending, and the flow of those seeking refuge continues. creating refugees: the origins of repression, torture, mass killings A group of young Cambodian students in Paris, all members of the French Communist party, comrades in Communist study groups, became political associates and, ultimately, associates in designing a vision of a society that they attempted to fulfill by genocide.
Falls Risks and Prevention Behaviors Among Community-Dwelling Homebound and Non-Homebound Older Adults

The objectives were to examine falls risk factors to determine how the magnitude of risk may differ between homebound and non-homebound older adults, and to describe falls prevention behaviors and participation in falls prevention education. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with convenience samples of community-dwelling older adults recruited through Meals on Wheels programs (homebound, n = 80) and senior centers (non-homebound, n = 84) in North Carolina. Data were collected during home visits and included an interview and medication inventory. Multivariate negative binomial regression with robust variance estimation modeled risk factors for falls. Risk factors for falls observed in both the homebound and non-homebound populations are consistent with what is known in the literature. However, the magnitude of the risk was higher in the homebound than in the non-homebound population with respect to vision impairments, number of high-risk and over-the-counter medications, and use of walking aids .Few participants reported participating in a falls prevention program.
A Bayesian model of the aggregate interference power in cognitive radio networks

Interference is one of the critical factors that affects the performance of cognitive radio networks. In these networks, secondary users are allowed to use the primary user channel with the condition that they cause no interference to it. Interference power received at the primary user is impacted by a number of parameters, including nodes transmit powers, distance between the primary user and the other nodes, path loss, and shadowing. A number of techniques have been proposed to model the interference power. However, these techniques do not consider the uncertainty associated with these parameters. Therefore, a model that deals with the uncertainty affecting the aggregate interference power is needed. In this paper, a Bayesian model is proposed to probabilistically describe how a number of factors affect the aggregate power of interference.
Dynamics of ultrafast laser induced damage in single crystal Ni-based superalloy during machining

Pump-probe imaging of femtosecond pulsed laser ablation was performed to investigate the mechanical shock induced on an intermetallic superalloy CMSX-4 during femtosecond laser machining. Time resolved shadowgraphic images were collected of the shock wave produced in the air above the target following laser exposure (0–10.3 nanoseconds). The dimensions of the shock wave were measured as a function of delay time and laser fluence (1.27 J/cm2 – 62.8 J/cm2). Time-resolved shadowgraphic images of the ablation event will be presented, and the corresponding damage morphology as a function of incident laser fluence will be discussed.
Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease

Atherosclerotic events, congestive heart failure and sudden cardiac death occur frequently in CKD patients. CKD is a risk factor for incident cardiovascular events and an adverse prognostic factor if a cardiovascular event occurs. Diminution in GFR is associated with modification of atherogenic, arteriosclerotic and cardiomyopathic processes at multiple levels. Cardiovascular risk factors include traditional atherogenic and CKD-related metabolic and hemodynamic risk factors. Risk factor intervention includes control of blood pressure, RAAS blockade, treatment of dyslipidemias, smoking cessation, antiplatelet therapies and control of hyperglycemia. Individualization of therapy is necessary as benefits and harms exist for each treatment. Efficacious treatments for congestive heart failure and atherosclerotic disease are available. The indications for coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous vascular stenting for atherosclerotic stenotic disease are the same regardless of renal function, but the outcomes are worse in CKD than in non-CKD patients.
Multivariate soil fertility relationships for predicting the environmental persistence of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-tricyclohexane (RDX) among taxonomically distinct soils.

Abstract After nearly a century of use in numerous munition platforms, TNT and RDX contamination has turned up largely in the environment due to ammunition manufacturing or as part of releases from low-order detonations during training activities. Although the basic knowledge governing the environmental fate of TNT and RDX are known, accurate predictions of TNT and RDX persistence in soil remain elusive, particularly given the universal heterogeneity of pedomorphic soil types. In this work, we proposed overcoming this problem by considering the environmental persistence of these munition constituents (MC) as multivariate mathematical functions over a variety of taxonomically distinct soil types, instead of a single constant or parameter of a specific absolute value. To test this idea, we conducted experiments where the disappearance kinetics of TNT and RDX were measured over a >300 h period in taxonomically distinct soils. Classical fertility-based soil measurements were log-transformed, statistically decomposed, and correlated to TNT and RDX disappearance rates ( k -TNT and k -RDX ) using multivariate dimension-reduction and correlation techniques. From these efforts, we generated multivariate linear functions for k parameters across different soil types based on a statistically reduced set of their chemical and physical properties: Calculations showed that the soil properties exhibited strong covariance, with a prominent latent structure emerging as the basis for relative comparisons of the samples in reduced space. Loadings describing TNT degradation were largely driven by properties associated with alkaline/calcareous soil characteristics, while the degradation of RDX was attributed to the soil organic matter content – reflective of an important soil fertility characteristic. In spite of the differing responses to the munitions, batch data suggested that the overall nutrient dynamics were consistent for each soil type, as well as readily distinguishable from the other soil types used in this study. Thus, we hypothesized that the latent structure arising from the strong covariance of full multivariate geochemical matrix describing taxonomically distinguished “soil types” may provide the means for potentially predicting complex phenomena in soils.
Adjuvant Sunitinib in High-Risk Patients with Uveal Melanoma: Comparison with Institutional Controls

Purpose To compare overall survival in high-risk patients with primary uveal melanoma who received adjuvant sunitinib with institutional controls. Design Retrospective cohort. Participants Selection criteria were (1) monosomy 3 and 8q amplification by cytogenetic or DecisionDx-UM Class 2 and (2) monosomy 3 and large tumor size (T3-4 by American Joint Committee on Cancer classification). Exclusion criteria were date of diagnosis before 2007 or after 2013 and age Methods A cohort of patients who intended to receive adjuvant sunitinib for 6 months was compared with institutional historical controls with the same risk factors. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the outcome. Propensity score was used to adjust for nonrandom assignment to sunitinib. Main Outcome Measures Overall survival. Results From the Wills Eye Hospital Oncology Service Uveal Melanoma Cytogenetic Database (N = 1172), 128 patients fulfilled the selection and exclusion criteria. Median follow-up was 52.7 months (range, 0.26–108 months). A total of 54 patients received sunitinib. Their median age was 56 years (range, 29–81 years), and 48% were men. A total of 74 historical controls in the same risk category were identified. Their median age was 62 years (21–80 years), and 48% were men. Patients in the sunitinib group had worse cytogenetic or molecular features (monosomy 3 and 8q amplification or class 2 87% vs. 57%; P P = 0.001), and were younger. There were 51 deaths, 14 (26%) in the sunitinib group and 37 (50%) in the control group. In the univariate analysis, the sunitinib group had longer overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.29–0.99; P = 0.041). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, interaction between use of sunitinib and age as a dichotomous variable was highly significant ( P = 0.003). The following variables were statistically associated with prediction of overall survival: cytogenetic/molecular status ( P = 0.015), T-size category ( P = 0.022), gender ( P = 0.040), and adjuvant sunitinib in patients aged P = 0.004). Results were confirmed by propensity score analysis. Conclusions In this retrospective study, the use of sunitinib in the adjuvant setting was associated with better overall survival.
Epigenetic Modifications: Insight into Oligodendrocyte Lineage Progression, Regeneration and Disease

Myelination by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system permits high-fidelity saltatory conduction from neuronal cell bodies to axon terminals. Dysmyelinating and demyelinating disorders impair normal nervous system functions. Consequently, an understanding of oligodendrocyte differentiation that moves beyond the genetic code into the field of epigenetics is essential. Chromatin reprogramming is critical for steering stage-specific differentiation processes during oligodendrocyte development. Fine temporal control of chromatin remodeling through ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers and sequential histone modifiers shapes a chromatin regulatory landscape conducive to oligodendrocyte fate specification, lineage differentiation, and maintenance of cell identity. In this Review, we will focus on the biological functions of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers and histone deacetylases in myelinating oligodendrocyte development and implications for myelin regeneration in neurodegenerative diseases.