cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure-driven gas flow in viscously deformable porous media: application to lava domes

The behaviour of low-viscosity, pressure-driven compressible pore fluid flows in viscously deformable porous media is studied here with specific application to gas flow in lava domes. The combined flow of gas and lava is shown to be governed by a two-equation set of nonlinear mixed hyperbolic–parabolic type partial differential equations describing the evolution of gas pore pressure and lava porosity. Steady state solution of this system is achieved when the gas pore pressure is magmastatic and the porosity profile accommodates the magmastatic pressure condition by increased compaction of the medium with depth. A one-dimensional (vertical) numerical linear stability analysis (LSA) is presented here. As a consequence of the pore-fluid compressibility and the presence of gravitation compaction, the gradients present in the steady-state solution cause variable coefficients in the linearized equations which generate instability in the LSA despite the diffusion-like and dissipative terms in the original system. The onset of this instability is shown to be strongly controlled by the thickness of the flow and the maximum porosity, itself a function of the mass flow rate of gas. Numerical solutions of the fully nonlinear system are also presented and exhibit nonlinear wave propagation features such as shock formation. As applied to gas flow within lava domes, the details of this dynamics help explain observations of cyclic lava dome extrusion and explosion episodes. Because the instability is stronger in thicker flows, the continued extrusion and thickening of a lava dome constitutes an increasing likelihood of instability onset, pressure wave growth and ultimately explosion.
Degradation and in vivo evaluation of polycaprolactone, poly(ε-caprolactone-co-L-lactide), and poly-L-lactic acid as scaffold sealant polymers for murine tissue-engineered vascular grafts.

Aim: This study evaluates scaffold degradation and neotissue formation as a function of sealant polymer composition in tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs). Materials & methods: Scaffolds fabricated from polyglycolic acid core and sealant composed of polycaprolactone (PCL), poly-L-lactic-acid (PLLA) or 50:50 copolymer poly(e-caprolactone-co-L-lactide) (PCLA) were analyzed in vitro using accelerated degradation and scanning electron microscopy, and in vivo following implantation in a murine inferior vena cava interposition model. Results: In vitro and in vivo characterization revealed statistically greater degradation of PCLA compared with both PCL and PLLA scaffolds, with similar neotissue formation across all groups. The wall thickness of PLLA TEVGs was statistically greater than PCL TEVGs at 2 weeks postimplant. Conclusion: Results of this study can be used to inform the rational design of future TEVGs.
Equitable Sharing and Democratic Theory

This article argues that a truly democratic society must adhere to a principle of equitable sharing, meaning that all the benefits and detriments of social life must be distributed in an equitable manner among all members of society. The argument derives from an examination of John Locke’s libertarianism, John Mill’s utilitarianism, and John Rawls’ egalitarianism, all of which contain forms of equitable sharing of which aspects appear in the philosophical underpinnings and historical development of this society. Related articles argue that plausible readings of the society’s founding documents, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, support a requirement of equitable sharing, and that the Supreme Court has a viable and legitimate role to play in implementing equitable sharing.
Electrophysiology Translational Considerations in Cardio-Oncology: QT and Beyond.

With improved screening and the advent of many novel therapeutics, patients with cancer are living longer and often surviving their disease. Cardiovascular complications have significant impact on both short- and long-term morbidity and mortality in these patients. While a great deal of attention has been paid to cardiomyopathy and heart failure, many other cardiotoxicities can occur, often at higher rates. Arrhythmias are a particularly common cardiovascular complication of cancer therapeutics and can range from benign to life threatening. Moreover, management of these rhythm disturbances can be challenging in cancer patients for various reasons including drug interactions, as well as underlying hematologic and metabolic disturbances. In this review, we describe the most common therapeutics associated with arrhythmias in cancer patients and provide a discussion about the potential basic and translational mechanisms leading to the development of the various rhythm disturbances which may help to guide prevention and treatment decisions. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02928497
Analytical errors in biosensors employing combined counter/pseudo-reference electrodes

Abstract The performance of the reference electrode is sometimes overlooked in the development of new electrochemical biosensors, which may result in a significant reduction in function even under standard operating conditions. This paper investigates the worst-case analytical errors, mainly addressed through finite element modelling and further supported by experimental data. The specific case of a two-electrode mediated amperometric biosensor utilizing Ag/AgCl as a combined counter and pseudo-reference electrode was modelled numerically. The reference electrode was found to shift 5 mV for every 20 mM change in analyte concentration. In addition, a gradual increase with time was observed. This deviation in reference potential resulted in a lowering of the current magnitude with increasing analyte concentration due to the operating potential of the working electrode being shifted closer to the reversible potential of the electrode reaction. The analytical deviation was measured to 14% away from the ideal value following a titration curve from 5 mM to 25 mM over 150 s. The combined counter/pseudo-reference electrode was further studied experimentally during current load in a ferro/ferricyanide mediator system and compared to that of using separate counter and pseudo-reference electrodes. A linear 7 mV μA−1 cm−2 potential shift-to-current relation was deduced for the former case, whereas the potential remained stable when separate reference and counter electrodes were used.
Correlated structural evolution within multiplex networks

Many natural, engineered, and social systems can be represented using the framework of a layered network, where each layer captures a different type of interaction between the same set of nodes. The study of such multiplex networks is a vibrant area of research. Yet, understanding how to quantify the correlations present between pairs of layers, and more so present in their co-evolution, is lacking. Such methods would enable us to address fundamental questions involving issues such as function, redundancy and potential disruptions. Here we show first how the edge-set of a multiplex network can be used to construct an estimator of a joint probability distribution describing edge existence over all layers. We then adapt an information-theoretic measure of general correlation called the conditional mutual information, which uses the estimated joint probability distribution, to quantify the pairwise correlations present between layers. The pairwise comparisons can also be temporal, allowing us to identify if knowledge of a certain layer can provide additional information about the evolution of another layer. We analyze datasets from three distinct domains---economic, political, and airline networks---to demonstrate how pairwise correlation in structure and dynamical evolution between layers can be identified and show that anomalies can serve as potential indicators of major events such as shocks.
Transdisciplinary research, Indigenous knowledge, and wicked problems

On the Ground • Knowledge is not in our heads but arises out of our relations with the environment we inhabit. This implies cognitive diversity in our knowledge systems. • Expertise is not enough for solving the major problems of the third millennium and difference (another way of thinking) is just as important. • Transdisciplinarity is achieved through collaborative and participatory research processes that cogenerate insights by communities of social practice working in tandem with communities of enquiry. • Time is a unique experience that reflects relationality and flexibility in its sociocultural context. • This framework may assist with climate change adaptation at the local level.
Improving mental health education in nursing school.

ABSTRACT Nurses are at the forefront of providing care to individuals with mental illness in various healthcare settings, yet the World Health Organization and others have found that many nurses are inadequately prepared to provide mental health care. This article discusses the nurse's role in providing care to individuals with mental illness and the importance of integrating more mental health education into undergraduate nursing curricula.
A Sociological Overview of Cortisol as a Biomarker of Response to the Social Environment

Cortisol is a stress hormone that is reactive to social stress and thus should be of use to sociologists interested in understanding specific processes related to the broad category of “threats to the social self”. In this paper I use cortisol as a case study to explore the utility of biomarkers for elucidating the relationship between the social environment and human biology. I focus on cortisol because it is a stress hormone that reacts in particular to social stress, and therefore could be of special interest to sociologists. I first discuss the relationship between the social environment and cortisol response. Then I briefly review sociological literature that uses cortisol as a measure. Finally, I provide an overview of how to use cortisol in research projects. This overview addresses some of the basic questions that are typically asked by social scientists who are considering taking cortisol measures in their own work.
Managerial Ethics and the Ethical Role of the Manager

The ethical dimension of management is determined by the social role that managers are understood as playing. For example, (i) Managers are agents acting on behalf of a principal or client; (ii) Managers are trustees for various corporate constituencies; and (iii) Managers are partners with governmental officials in an integrated system of political authority. If managers are agents acting on behalf of a principal/client, the moral dimension of management is the same as in any agency relationship. Managers of corporations are often thought to be agents of shareholders, but the law does not support this claim. The core of the “stakeholder” model holds that, morally, managers have the status of trustees not only for the shareholders but also for other groups – most importantly, employees, customers, suppliers, and neighbors of corporate facilities. Another way to understand the social role of managers looks at managers serving employees. In the government sphere, legitimate authority is authority that serves the interests of those over whom it is exercised. If so, then managers should be regarded not as servants of the shareholders or the stakeholders, but as servants of the employees. On all these ways of understanding the social role of managers, the moral structure of managerial decision-making is the same. There is some goal that managers are understood as being responsible for promoting, and there are constraints, deriving from rights, on what managers may do to promote these goals. Keywords: agency theory; “agency problem”; law of corporations; duties of agents; moral dimension of management; fiduciary duty; model of agency; model of trusteeship; stakeholder theory; utilitarianism; managerial authority
Pricing strategies for resort fees: consumer preferences favor simplicity

Purpose – The purpose of this study is twofold: to determine hotel customers’ preference among hotel amenities pricing strategies, specifically a bundled, all-inclusive charge in the form of a resort fee, a limited choice resort fee at a lower price or a la carte pricing, and to determine whether hotel customer prefer bundled or partitioned pricing when faced with a mandatory resort fee. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey of participants aged 18 years and older who had taken an overnight leisure trip in the past six months is conducted. A fixed-choice set conjoint analysis is performed to analyze the 353 usable surveys. Findings – Results of this conjoint analysis show that 67 per cent of respondents prefer bundled pricing over partitioned pricing. Respondents also show higher utility for no resort fee and paying for amenities based on usage instead of being forced to pay a mandatory resort fee. Practical implications – Guest preferences for pricing strategies can provide hotel operators with ...
Buddhist Manuscript Cultures in Premodern Japan

Recent discoveries and scholarship on Japanese Buddhist manuscripts have illuminated new areas of research and raised previously unexplored questions in Buddhist studies and East Asian religions. This article introduces some of the recent finds and approaches to these materials. It focuses on three sets of sources: scriptorium documents from an imperial treasure house known as the Shōsōin, canonical manuscripts (issaikyō) based on texts translated or composed in China, and sacred works (shōgyō) produced and collected by Japanese monks for use in temple life. In addition to surveying these sources and the most influential secondary literature on them, this article proposes methodological alternatives to philological studies by focusing on what I call ritual, curricular, social, and material approaches.
Pressure and voidage gradients in vertical gas-solid risers

Abstract The customary practice of inferring average voidage from measurements of vertical pressure gradients may lead to significant errors at the transition between the dense and the dilute regions of a circulating fluidized bed riser. In this context, a one-dimensional model is developed to account for rapid variations of vertical voidage in these calculations In particular, the model explains the discrepancy observed by Arena et. al between the voidage profiles inferred from pressure gradients and those measured by quick-closing valve technique. The significance of this effect is discussed.
X-ray diffraction topography of deformation accompanying laser drilling of silicon

Abstract X-ray diffraction topography was used to study laser drilling of (001) silicon. Double crystal, Lang projection and section topography were used to characterize the deformation surrounding holes drilled with a Nd/YAG laser operated at various energy densities. Scanning electron microscopy showed significantly different hole wall morphologies, and the relationship between these structures and the resulting strain field was investigated. This preliminary study indicated the feasibility of using section topography to quantify and map the different components of strain around laser-drilled holes in silicon.
On the psychology of young women: Two clinical monographs-introduction.

These two splendid monographs give us reason to be optimistic about the immediate future of work on the psychology of youth and adolescence: not only because of the youthfulness of the authors (they are both still in their 20s), and not only because of the considerable merits of the studies themselves, but also because they signal the emergence of some much needed departures in our collective strategy of inquiry. Let me say what I think these are. 1. These are studies of young women. Any student of work in our field can sense the degree to which we have, for the most part tacitly, neglected the psychology of women. Any close student will further sense that many of our general theories of personality are, again tacitly, masculine theories, in that they provide schemas of action and experience which "fit" mainly or only the behavior and sensibility of the male. There are many signs that we may be moving beyond such parochialism. Some of the credit is no doubt due to the impetus provided by the Women's Liberation Movement. Unfortunately, much of this latter work is politicized and thus deeply tendentious. To see women (or any other group) as mere vessels of typing and oppression is to reduce human complexity and, ironically, to exchange the simple-mindedness of the past for new and more fashionable forms of simple-mindedness. The studies which follow, though by no means free of hypothesis, are blessedly free of tendentiousness. 2. These are studies of normal young women. For both good and
Cartilage Choristoma (Soft Tissue Chondroma): A Rare Presentation in the Lower Lip

Cartilage choristoma (soft tissue chondroma) is an ectopic cartilaginous tissue that is rarely found in oral mucosa. Awareness of such disease entity will guide proper diagnosis and treatment. A case of cartilage choristoma occurring in the lower lip of an 8-year-old child is reported. Potential pathogenetic mechanism and the histologic features of this unusual condition are further discussed.
Reactive power scheduler for voltage regulation of distributed energy systems

A new reactive power scheduler control algorithm for the distributed voltage regulation with PQ inverters is proposed in this research. An elegant approach to achieve voltage regulation in utility grid is proposed through appropriate control of the renewable energy systems. PQ inverter capable of producing the reactive power is used to either achieve local voltage regulation or produce the reactive power commanded from the outer voltage regulator in the upper hierarchy of the grid management system. The proposed PQ scheduler and PQ inverters will work harmoniously in the local substation with minimum communication interface. The proposed control techniques achieve efficient utilization of the PQ inverters with maximum efficiency. The proposed energy network and the control algorithms are modeled at the system level to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system architecture.
Comparative aspects of software complexity metrics and program modules — a multidimensional scaling approach

A multivariate statistical procedure called multidimensional scaling is used to study the relationship of various software complexity metrics and program modules. The program modules that make up a software system are analysed and their effects towards the overall characteristics of a software are viewed. This multidimensional scaling technique is applied to a sample data set. The scaling procedure clustered the similar and dissimilar software complexity metrics. Program modules with low complexity and few errors clustered together, while modules which were complex were isolated. This technique shows promise in the identification of complex modules that potentially contain disproportionate errors prior to the testing phase. The ability of the scaling techniques to cluster similar and dissimilar characteristics is explained and graphically presented.
The low cycle fatigue deformation response of a single-crystal superalloy at 650 °C

The cyclic stress-strain response and the associated deformation structure of the single crystal nickel-base superalloy PWA 1480 were investigated. Specimens of various crystallographic orientations were tested in low-cycle fatigue (LCF) at 650 C, resulting in a significant tension-compression anisotropy in initial yield strength associated with the shearing of gamma-prime precipitates by dislocation pairs, and a LCF cyclic hardening of the crystals associated with dislocation interactions occurring in the gamma phase. In specimens deforming by slip on a single slip system, dislocations of the primary slip system accumulated in the gamma matrix and formed seesile entanglements. In specimens deforming by slip on several slip systems, the dislocations of the different operative slip systems intersected in the gamma matrix and formed sessile arrangements.
ATTRITION EVALUATION FOR SELECTED AGGLOMERATED FOOD POWDERS: THE EFFECT OF AGGLOMERATE SIZE AND WATER ACTIVITY

Investigation of the attrition of agglomerates is very important for assessing the agglomerate strength, compaction characteristics, and quality control. A one-term exponential attrition index model and the Hausner ratio were used to study the effects of agglomerate size and water activity on the attrition kinetics of some selected agglomerated food powders. It was found that the agglomerate size and water activity played significant roles in affecting the attrition: the larger the agglomerate size and the higher the water activity, the higher the attrition index under the same tap number. The Hausner ratio was well correlated with the attrition index at high tap numbers and might be used as a simple index to evaluate attrition severity for agglomerates. Knowing the effects of agglomerate size and water activity is very useful to minimize the attrition phenomenon during the handling and processing of agglomerated powders.
The osmium isotopic composition change of Cenozoic sea water as inferred from a deep-sea core corrected for meteoritic contributions

A detailed study was made of the oceanic 187Os/186Os variation through the Cenozoic by using a hydrogen peroxide leaching procedure on a pelagic clay core from the North Pacific (Long Lines-44 GPC3). A 6% H2O2 solution was used. The range of 187Os/186Os obtained by this procedure was between 2 and 8.2. A milder leach (0.15% H2O2) in three out of four samples yielded a slightly higher 187Os/186Os value than the stronger leach implying that the stronger leach released some meteoritic Os with 187Os/186Os of 1. Using published 3He concentrations in GPC3 and cosmic dust 3He and Os fluxes to deep-sea sediments, the extraterrestrial Os concentration was estimated for each core segment and subtracted to yield “corrected” values of 187Os/186Os. The results based on the milder leaching protocol and the 3He correction protocol yield similar values. The “corrected” ocean water 187Os/186Os pattern for the past 25 million years is similar to that obtained by other workers and is compatible with other results for the entire Cenozoic. The variation with time in GPC3, uniquely, provides a statigraphic signature for the Paleogene.
Managerial compensation in midwestern grain and farm supply firms

Total compensation—which includes base salary, benefits, and bonus—for a sample of 177 retail agribusiness managers in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio is analyzed. Standard categorical analysis and regression techniques are used to explain variation in managerial compensation. Firm sales volume, profitability, number of branch facilities, and managerial experience are important determinants of total compensation. Several issues are identified which merit further research.
Spurious results from Fourier analysis of data with closely spaced frequencies

It is shown how erroneous results can occur using some period-finding methods, such as Fourier analysis, on data containing closely spaced frequencies. The frequency spacing accurately resolvable with data of lengthT is increased from the standard value of about 1/T quoted in the literature to approximately 1.5/T.
The Aye of the Beholder: Susceptibility to Sexism and Beautyism in the Evaluation of Managerial Applicants1

Sex-typed college students (16 males and 16 females) and androgynous college students (16 males and 16 females) evaluated the resumes of fictitious applicants for a managerial position described as requiring interpersonal competencies. The applicant's physical attractiveness, qualifications, and sex were systematically varied in the resumes. Five-way analyses of variance were performed on the hiring decisions about the applicants and the perceived attractiveness, masculinity, femininity, and social desirability of the applicants. Hiring preferences were shown for attractive over unattractive applicants, for wellqualified over less qualified applicants, and among these preferred groups, males were favored over females. The subject's sex-role orientation predictably moderated the effect of the applicant's attractiveness but not the effect of the applicant's sex. Sex-typed subjects committed “beautyism” more than androgynous subjects did. The applicants' sex, qualifications, and attractiveness affected how they were perceived in terms of sex-role attributes as well as sex-irrelevant, socially desirable traits. Theoretical implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Sprint Interval Training Effects on Aerobic Capacity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sprint interval training (SIT) involving repeated 30-s “all out” efforts have resulted in significantly improved skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, maximal oxygen uptake, and endurance performance. The positive impact of SIT on cardiorespiratory fitness has far-reaching health implications. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to determine the effects of SIT on aerobic capacity. A search of the literature was conducted using the key words ‘sprint interval training’, ‘high intensity intermittent training/exercise’, ‘aerobic capacity’, and ‘maximal oxygen uptake’. Seventeen effects were analyzed from 16 randomized controlled trials of 318 participants. The mean ± standard deviation number of participants was 18.7 ± 5.1. Participant age was 23.5 ± 4.3 years. The effect size calculated for all studies indicates that supramaximal-intensity SIT has a small-to-moderate effect (Cohen’s d = 0.32, 95 % CI 0.10–0.55; z = 2.79, P < 0.01) on aerobic capacity with an aggregate improvement of ~3.6 mL·kg−1·min−1 (~8 % increase). The effect is moderate to large in comparison with no-exercise control groups (Cohen’s d = 0.69, 95 % CI 0.46–0.93; z = 5.84, P < 0.01) and not different when compared with endurance training control groups (Cohen’s d = 0.04, 95 % CI −0.17 to 0.24; z = 0.36, P = 0.72). SIT improves aerobic capacity in healthy, young people. Relative to continuous endurance training of moderate intensity, SIT presents an equally effective alternative with a reduced volume of activity. This evaluation of effects and analysis of moderating variables consolidates the findings of small-sample studies and contributes to the practical application of SIT to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and health.
Design of Direct Methanol Micro Fuel Cell Fluidic Systems

Direct methanol micro fuel cells offer higher power density than advanced batteries. In this system, micro scale fluid handling becomes necessary. Designs of advanced microfluidic systems including micro valves, pumps and CO2 Gas bubble-Liquid separators, and flow channels are provided. MEMS-based special fabrication processes are utilized. Since all the fluidic components are fabricated with a common procedure, they are all fabricated together on the same silicon wafer at the same time. This assures the full fluidic system integration, which shall reduce the cost and enhance the reliability of the direct methanol micro fuel cell system.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Oxidant Injury in PC12 Cells—A Possible Model of Calcium “Dysregulation” in Aging: I. Selectivity of Protection Against Oxidative Stress

Previous research has suggested that the initial effects of cellular free radical neurotoxic insult involve large increases in intracellular Ca2+. However, the exact role of oxidative stress on the various parameters involved in these increases has not been specified. The present experiments were performed to examine these parameters in PC12 cells exposed to 5, 25, or 300 microM H2O2 for 30 min in growth medium alone or containing either nifedipine (L-type Ca2+ antagonist), conotoxin (N-type antagonist), Trolox (vitamin E analogue), or alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone (nitrone trapping agent; PBN). The concentrations of H2O2 were chosen by examining the degree of cell killing induced by exposure to graded concentrations of H2O2. The 5 and 25 microM concentrations of H2O2 produced no significant cell killing at either 30 min or 24 h after treatment, whereas the 300 microM concentration produced a moderate degree of cell killing that did not increase between the two times. Fluorescent imaging was used to visualize intracellular Ca2+ changes in fura-2-loaded cells. Baseline (pre-30 mM KCl) Ca2+ levels were increased significantly by H2O2 treatment (e.g., 300 microM, 200%), but the rise in the level of free intracellular Ca2+ after KCl stimulation (i.e., peak) was decreased (e.g., 300 microM, 50%) and the cell's ability to sequester or extrude the excess Ca2+ (i.e., Ca2+ recovery time) after depolarization was decreased significantly. All compounds prevented baseline Ca2+ increases and, with the exception of conotoxin, antagonized the peak decreases in Ca2+. It is interesting that after 300 microM H2O2 exposure, only Trolox was partially effective in preventing these deficits in recovery. Conotoxin increased the decrement recovery in the absence of H2O2. However, in cells exposed to 5 or 25 microM H2O2, conotoxin as well as the other agents were effective in preventing the deficits in recovery.
Finite element modeling of transverse impact on a ballistic fabric

A 3D finite element analysis model is created using LS-DYNA to simulate the transverse impact of a rigid right circular cylinder onto a square patch of plain-woven Kevlar fabric. The fabric is modeled to yarn level resolution and relative motion between yarns is allowed. A frictional contact is defined between yarns and between the fabric and the projectile. Three different boundary conditions are applied on the fabric: four edges left free; two opposite edges clamped; four edges clamped. Results from the modeling effort show that during initial stage of the impact, the projectile velocity drops very quickly. There exists an abrupt momentum transfer from the projectile to the local fabric at the impact zone. When the impact velocity is low, the fabric boundary condition plays an important role at later stages of the impact. It significantly affects the fabric deformation, stress distribution, energy absorption and failure modes. When the impact velocity is high enough to cause the yarns to break instantaneously, the fabric fails along the periphery of the impact zone and the fabric boundary condition does not take any effects.
In vitro assembly of a positioned nucleosome near the hypersensitive region in simian virus 40 chromatin.

Previous studies have identified a nucleosome near a potential late boundary for the nuclease-hypersensitive region in simian virus 40 chromatin. We have performed in vitro reconstitution analysis to determine whether the underlying DNA sequence encodes for the assembly of this nucleosome and applied hydroxyl radical and DNase I footprinting techniques to examine the structure of the reconstituted nucleosome. Both methods revealed the formation of a precisely positioned nucleosome in vitro, on a fragment spanning the strong in vivo nucleosome location site determined previously in the viral chromatin. The center of the positioned nucleosome maps between nucleotide 384 and 387 on simian virus 40 DNA. The corresponding nucleosome core includes the major-late transcription site (12 base-pairs within the core), the MspI site, and a segment shown previously to adopt a bent structure in the absence of proteins. The hydroxyl radical produces a strikingly well-defined cleavage pattern over the bent DNA incorporated in nucleosomes. The dominant periodicity of DNA in this nucleosome is 10·26 base-pairs per turn. The distribution of the ·OH cut sites in the positioned nucleosome provides strong support for models in which the minor grooves of the A/T-rich tracts are oriented toward the histone core while the minor grooves of the G/C-rich sequences are facing outward.
Fitness effects of two facultative endosymbiotic bacteria on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and the blue alfalfa aphid, A. kondoi

The effects of two bacterial endosymbionts, designated PASS and PAR, were evaluated on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera:Aphididae), in which they occur facultatively, and on the blue alfalfa aphid, A. kondoi Shinji, in which these bacteria have not been found in natural populations. Subclones of pea aphids and blue alfalfa aphids, derived from parent aphid clones that did not contain PASS or PAR, were infected with one or both bacteria, generating PASS- and/or PAR-positive subclones with minimal genetic differences from the parent clones. Under laboratory conditions at 20 °C, PAR consistently reduced the fecundity (by between 19 and 60%) of subclones derived from three different parent pea aphid clones on bur clover, Medicago hispida Gaertn. PAR had intermediate effects on pea aphids reared on sweet pea, Lathyrus odoratus L., and had no significant effect on pea aphids on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. The effect of PASS was either neutral or negative, depending on parent clone as well as host plant. Also at 20 °C, PASS reduced fecundity (70–77%) and longevity (40–48%), and increased the age of first reproduction (by up to 1.5 days) of blue alfalfa aphid reared on alfalfa and clover. PAR had a less dramatic effect (e.g., 30–39% reduction in fecundity) on these traits of blue alfalfa aphid. In contrast, PAR and PASS increased the fitness of pea aphid subclones of one parent clone reared for three generations at 25 °C on each of the three test plants. Without facultative bacteria, fecundity of the parent clone was reduced to a mean total of 35. However, this ameliorative effect of facultative bacteria at 25 °C was not found for two other sets of parent clones and their derived subclones. Alate production in pea aphids was significantly increased in large populations of two PASS- and PAR-positive subclones relative to their parent clones. Attempts to transmit PASS or PAR horizontally, i.e., from aphid to aphid via feeding on host plants (bur clover), were unsuccessful.
Making sense of 3-D printing: Creating a map of additive manufacturing products and services

Abstract Given the attention around additive manufacturing (AM), organizations want to know if their products should be fabricated using AM. To facilitate product development decisions, a reference system is shown describing the key attributes of a product from a manufacturability stand-point: complexity, customization, and production volume. Complexity and customization scales enable the grouping of products into regions of the map with common levels of the three attributes. A geometric complexity factor developed for cast parts is modified for a more general application. Parts with varying geometric complexity are then analyzed and mapped into regions of the complexity, customization, and production volume model. A discrete set of customization levels are also introduced. Implications for product development and manufacturing business approaches are discussed.
Words to Die For: The Influence Tactics of Terrorist Leaders

This research investigates the ways in which leaders of ideological organizations use words, imagery, and vision to influence radical and sustainable action among followers in a sample of Violent E...
Cyclic nucleotide levels in light- and dark-adapted ground squirrel whole eyes

Abstract Concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were measured in whole eyes from ground squirrels. Light- and dark-adaptation had no apparent effect on the level of either cyclic nucleotide. However, ischemia markedly elevates the level of cyclic AMP, but not cyclic GMP. These data suggest that regulation of cyclic nucleotides in cone-dominant retinas differs from that in rod-dominant retinas.
Protective Role of TNF-α in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection In Vitro and In Vivo

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes substantial morbidity in young children and immunocompromised adults, yet its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Because the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) may be important in host response to viral infection, HEp-2 cells were treated with TNF-α and mice were given TNF-α antibody before RSV infection. Pretreatment of HEp-2 cells with TNF-α inhibited RSV replication as determined by cytopathic effect. Respiratory syncytial virus-infected BALB/c mice treated with antibody to TNF-α had greater maximal weight loss and slower recovery time than control mice. These results suggest a protective role for TNF-α in RSV infection.
Outcomes, Expectations, and Complications Overview for the Surgical Treatment of Adult and Pediatric Spinal Deformity

Abstract The aim of this article was to summarize current literature on surgical treatment of pediatric and adult spinal deformity with regard to clinical outcomes and surgical complications. When surgery is considered for treatment of spinal deformity, it is important for both the physician and patient to appreciate the outcome objectives, have reasonable expectations, and understand the potential for adverse events. We conducted a comprehensive search of the English literature from the years 2000–2011 using Medline for articles related to the surgical treatment of spinal deformity, using selected terms. We reviewed abstracts and restricted them to those focused on surgical treatment of spinal deformity. We included clinical outcomes measures and overall complications rates, and reviewed corresponding manuscripts. For pediatric and adult spinal deformity, we identified 8 and 17 manuscripts, respectively, that included preoperative and postoperative assessments of outcomes measures. The vast majority of reported studies demonstrated that operative treatment has the potential to produce significant improvement of health-related quality of life. Surgical treatment of pediatric scoliosis, including idiopathic, neuromuscular, and congenital, had reported complication rates ranging from 4.4% to 15.4%, 17.9% to 48.1%, and 8.3% to 31%, respectively. Surgical treatment of adult scoliosis had reported overall complication rates ranging from 10.5% to 96%. The number of high-quality studies that provide assessment of the outcomes of surgery for pediatric and adult scoliosis remains limited; further study is needed. Available studies suggest that in selected patients, surgical treatment offers potential for improvement of health-related quality of life. The current literature also demonstrates the risks that accompany surgical procedures for the correction of spinal deformity. It is important that spinal deformity patients considering surgical treatment have appropriate expectations not only of the potential benefits it may offer, but also of the risks inherent to such procedures.
Playing a crusader role or just playing by the rules? Role conceptions and role inconsistencies among environmental journalists

Environmental journalists have historically struggled between journalistic objectivity and environmental advocacy. But the roles they embrace are based not only on their individual conceptions but ...
Determining the Impact of External Stressors on Laparoscopic Skills and Performance

Objective: Literature indicates that external stressors may impair surgical performance. As compared with traditional open surgery, laparoscopic surgical procedures have been rated as more stressful, requiring greater concentration. The ability to operative effectively under stress is a hallmark of surgical expertise, and should be addressed in surgical training. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of external stressors on laparoscopic skills of Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents.
The Use of Computers in the Design of Color Television Receivers

The introduction of Large Scale Integration (LSI) into color television receivers requires the design engineer to make greater use of the computer to ensure that the highest yield is achieved (the larger the number of devices in an array the lower the yield). The computer is to be considered only as another tool and not a source of magic answers. The use of both linear and nonlinear programs (e.g. INAP, INREAL, KENSEN, CORNAP, SCEPTRE, CIRCUS and ECAP) are discussed. A new approach to the design of a 44 mHz IF will be outlined. This approach points the way toward single chip design.
The transfer matrix method for lattice proteins—an application with cooperative interactions

Abstract The transfer matrix method for generating lattice conformations of proteins is explained and applied to lattice proteins having high-level cooperativity to represent hydrophobic interactions. The main advantage of the method is the extremely efficient attrition-free generation and enumeration of compact conformations. We review the application of the method for the generation and complete, exact enumeration of all conformation for linear and cyclic chains in 2D on the square lattice and in 3D on the cubic lattice. We show for compact conformations that the growth of the chain in a piecewise way, cross-section by cross-section, is much more efficient than the traditional linear chain growth. We discuss an extension of the method by including information about the amino acid sequence. We develop a Zimm–Bragg [J Chem Phys 31 (1959) 476–85]-like theory of hydrophobic cluster formation by using the transfer matrix method. We show that the transfer matrix approach to the generation and averaging over chain conformations can be formulated as an algebraic problem. We show also how the transfer matrix method can be extended to off-lattice proteins.
Allelopathic effects of fescue on the growth of sweetgum

The height growth of field-planted sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) seedlings was reduced where residual fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb. Var. Ky. 31) from previous agricultural experimentation was present. Interference (competition+allelopathy) effects of fescue on the growth of sweetgum were tested in the greenhouse. Fescue seeded into pots containing sweetgum seedlings resulted in dry weight reduction of sweetgum from 29 to 95%. Elimination of the competitive effect through the use of a stairstep apparatus implicated an allelopathic mechanism in the interference of sweetgum growth by fescue. Leachates from the rhizosphere of live fescue, dead fescue roots, and dead fescue leaves resulted in reduction up to 60% in dry matter production of sweetgum seedlings. Chemical analysis of sweetgum seedlings from the stairstep experiment suggested impaired adsorption of phosphorus and nitrogen by seedlings treated with fescue leachates.
Emergence of clonal hematopoiesis in the majority of patients with acquired aplastic anemia.

Acquired aplastic anemia (aAA) is a nonmalignant disease caused by autoimmune destruction of early hematopoietic cells. Clonal hematopoiesis is a late complication, seen in 20–25% of older patients. We hypothesized that clonal hematopoiesis in aAA is a more general phenomenon, which can arise early in disease, even in younger patients. To evaluate clonal hematopoiesis in aAA, we used comparative whole exome sequencing of paired bone marrow and skin samples in 22 patients. We found somatic mutations in 16 patients (72.7%) with a median disease duration of 1 year; of these, 12 (66.7%) were patients with pediatric-onset aAA. Fifty-eight mutations in 51 unique genes were found primarily in pathways of immunity and transcriptional regulation. Most frequently mutated was PIGA , with seven mutations. Only two mutations were in genes recurrently mutated in myelodysplastic syndrome. Two patients had oligoclonal loss of the HLA alleles, linking immune escape to clone emergence. Two patients had activating mutations in key signaling pathways (STAT5B (p.N642H) and CAMK2G (p.T306M)). Our results suggest that clonal hematopoiesis in aAA is common, with two mechanisms emerging—immune escape and increased proliferation. Our findings expand conceptual understanding of this nonneoplastic blood disorder. Future prospective studies of clonal hematopoiesis in aAA will be critical for understanding outcomes and for designing personalized treatment strategies.
The lesson of the SSC.

The scientists who mourn the death of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) project but claim there are no lessons to learn (J. Mervis, C. Seife, “Lots of reasons, but few lessons,” News Focus, 3 Oct., p. 38) are wrong. If big science were paid for by scientists, no more justification would
Emission Mechanism of Cold-Cathode Arcs

A new theory for the electron emission mechanism of cold-cathode arcs is proposed in which excited atoms play a predominant role as a source for ion generation in the vicinity of the cathode surface. The processes of resonance ionization of excited atoms at the cathode surface and of ionization of excited atoms in the strong electric field at the cathode surface are considered.Special emphasis is given to the dispersed (or $D$-type) arc which operates with a relatively low emission current density. An analysis of the $D$ type of arc is given based on the proposed theory. Recent studies of this arc are shown to corroborate the theory.The rapid decrease of electron plasma temperature and population of excited atoms during arc-current interruption offer an explanation for the short extinguishing time of cold-cathode arcs.
The influence of breathing oxygen-rich atmospheres on human respiratory exchange during severe muscular work and recovery from work

In the development of the various simplified forms of respiration appara tus at the Nutri t ion Labora tory during the past two decades the closed-circuit principle has predominated. In this type of apparatus it is impossible to maintain the oxygen content of the air constant throughout a given respiration experiment. Since the li terature is full of challenging s ta tements with regard to the effects on metabolism of breathing oxygen, it was necessar3~ for us to establish whether the concentration of oxygen used in the closed-circuit apparatus causes an abnorm al metabolism. Until this point was settled, the use of the closed-circuit apparatus was on an uncertain foundation, for if it should be demonstrated tha t the rate of oxygen consumption varies depending upon the oxygen content of the inhaled air, it would be necessary to maintain a constant percentage of oxygen in the system throughout the entire experimental period. Consequently a series of experiments was made by the Nutri t ion Laborato~:r with the closed-circuit respiration apparatus in which the oxygen content of the air varied from 21 to 95 per cent. Two hundred and ninety-two experiments on-six human subjects showed tha t the per minute oxygen consumption was the same whether ordinary outdoor air or air containing 40, 60, or 90 per cent oxygen was inhaled 1 There was not the slightest detrimental effect upon the mechanics of respiration, and in no instance was there any hint of abnormal developments. The heart rate, however, was lowered when air of high oxygen content was inhaled. This finding regarding the heart rate has been subsequently confirmed by P a r k i n s o n ~ and Barach z. (See page 270.) In all these experiments the subject was resting quietly, without physical exercise. The advantages of the closed-circuit apparatus made it desirable to apply this method to the s tudy of metabolism during muscular work. Hundreds of observations during fairly severe muscular