cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Edge and Double-Edge Cracks in a Fully Anisotropic Strip

The mode I and II stress intensity factors in a fully anisotropic infinite strip with a single-edge or double-edge crack configuration are obtained from an approach based on the continuous dislocation technique. The elastic solution of a single dislocation in an anisotropic half plane is used in conjunction with an array of dislocations along the boundary of the infinite strip, which is supposed to be traction-free, to provide the solution of a single dislocation in an anisotropic infinite strip. The dislocation densities of the dislocation array are determined in such a way that the traction forces generated by the dislocation array cancel the residual tractions along the boundary due to the single dislocation in the half plane. The stress field of a single dislocation in the infinite strip is thus a superposition of that of the single dislocation and the dislocation array in the half plane. This solution is then applied to calculate the mixed mode I and II stress intensity factors for a single-edge and a double-edge crack in the anisotropic strip, by replacing the cracks with a series of dislocations and satisfying the crack surface traction-free conditions. To illustrate the results, typical material data for graphite/epoxy were used in a unidirectional construction with the fiber orientation, θ, measured from the load direction (perpendicular to the crack direction), varying between 0 and 90 degrees. It is found that the effect of anisotropy on the mode I stress intensity factor is significant between 30 and 60 degrees and depends strongly on the relative crack length, being larger for cracks of relative larger length. The mode mixity, defined such that it is zero for pure mode I and 90 degrees for pure mode II, is significant between 40 and 70 degrees, and is in general between zero and 20 degrees.
Exercise training-induced lowering of inflammatory (CD14+CD16+) monocytes: a role in the anti-inflammatory influence of exercise?

Exercise training or higher levels of physical activity are known to exert anti-inflamma- tory effects. CD14CD16 monocytes are potent producers of inflammatory proteins, and elevated levels of these "inflammatory" monocytes have been implicated in disease development. Little is known about the influence of exercise training on this cell population. On the basis of their physical activity pattern, male and female subjects, 65-80 years old, were assigned to a physically active (PA; n15) or inactive (PI; n15) group. The PI group performed 12 weeks (3 days/week) of endurance (20 min at 70-80% heart-rate reserve) and resis- tance exercise training (eight exercises, two sets at 70-80% of one repetition maximum). Subjects in the PA group maintained their habitual activity level. Flow cytometry was used to determine mono- cyte phenotype and monocyte TLR4 expression. ELISAs were used to measure whole blood, LPS- stimulated TNF- production, and serum C-reac- tive protein (CRP). At baseline, the PA group had a lower percentage of CD14CD16 monocytes and lower unstimulated production of TNF- than the PI group. CD14CD16 monocyte percent- age and 1 ng/ml LPS-stimulated TNF- production were reduced after the PI group underwent 12 weeks of exercise training. PI subjects also had higher TLR4 expression on classical monocytes, but there were no significant exercise training-in- duced changes in monocyte TLR4 expression. The PA group had significantly lower serum CRP than the PI group. Physical activity was associated with lower CD14CD16 monocyte percentage and LPS-stimulated TNF- production. Exercise train- ing-induced reductions in CD14CD16 mono- cytes may contribute to the anti-inflammatory ef- fects of exercise training. J. Leukoc. Biol. 84: 1271-1278; 2008.
Time Scales of Layered Soil Moisture Memory in the Context of Land-Atmosphere Interaction

Abstract The time scales of layered soil moisture memory in the Common Land Model (CLM) coupled with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, version 3 (NCAR CCM3) have been examined using a 50-yr climate simulation. Such soil moisture memory has been characterized in terms of the spatial, seasonal, and vertical variations of 1-month-lag autocorrelation coefficients and the corresponding e-folding decay time scales. To understand this land memory mechanism, in terms of the variations that occur in the model, a cross-spectral analysis has been applied to the soil moisture profile with precipitation (P), runoff (R), evapotranspiration (ET), transpiration, and the residual of P − ET − R, respectively, together with an examination of the surface water budget of the annual cycle. These collectively provide physical insights on time scales of layered soil moisture memory in the context of land–atmosphere interaction. The major findings are: 1) soil moisture memory in warm climates c...
Chemical and thermal shrinkage in thermosetting prepreg

Abstract A methodology for predicting residual cure deformation and stresses in composite laminates during cure is proposed. The technique employs an unbalanced cross-ply strip denoted as a “bi-lamina” strip to measure the in situ development of chemical and thermal shrinkage deformation during a specified thermal cycle. The constitutive model of the composite material was developed based on self-consistent micro-mechanical homogenization with variable resin thermo-mechanical material properties during the cure cycle. The resin properties were determined as a function of cure and temperature using different experimental techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry, digital image correlation, rheometry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The predicted bending deflection profiles of the strip agreed closely with experimental observations. The proposed methodology can be used to validate the material model of the resin and composite during the cure cycle.
Rule Base Completion in Fuzzy Models

Approximation theory based on fuzzy sets provides a mathematical tool for modeling complex systems. A fuzzy model is defined by a family of rules whose antecedents consist of fuzzy sets that partition the input domain of the system. An incomplete model is obtained when the information used to construct the model is insufficient to produce rules for each possible input condition. Rule base completion generates new rules by utilizing the similarity of the antecedents of the existing rules to the conditions for which the rule base specifies no action or response. The effectiveness of completion as a tool for building fuzzy models is demonstrated by two applications. The first incorporates completion into an algorithm that learns fuzzy rules from training data and the second uses completion to modify rules in an adaptive fuzzy system.
Freedom of Speech and the Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Tort

Twenty years ago, Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell held that even outrageous, severely distressing speech is constitutionally protected, at least when it deals with a matter of public concern, and is said about a public figure. In this short essay, I argue - in the context of Snyder v. Phelps, which will be argued in Fall 2010 before the U.S. Supreme Court - that the same must apply to all speech on a matter of public concern. Whatever the merits of the public/private figure distinction when it’s applied to false statements of fact, it ought not be applied to opinions, however outrageous they might be. As the Court held in Hustler, “‘[o]utrageousness’ in the area of political and social discourse has an inherent subjectiveness about it which would allow [government actors] to impose liability on the basis of the [actors’] tastes or views.” And the same is true whether the plaintiff is a public figure or a private one.Likewise, I argue that the other arguments sometimes used to defend liability in Snyder v. Phelps - the invasion of privacy argument, the argument that the defendants’ speech interfered with plaintiff’s own religious freedom, and the argument that liability for speech near funeral picketing rests on the time, place, and manner of speech and not its viewpoint - can’t suffice to overcome the defendants’ First Amendment arguments. Contemptible as defendants’ speech is, it can’t be restricted through the vague, content-based, and potentially viewpoint-based emotional distress tort. And this is true even though narrow and content-neutral limits on picketing immediately outside a funeral might well be constitutional.
Field Studies of the Orientation Cue Hierarchy of Nocturnal Songbird Migrants

Tracking radar, surveillance radar, and visual observation of free-flying nocturnal migrants in the United States are revealing relationships among several compass cues. Whereas passerine migrants in the southeastern United States selectively flew downwind even under clear skies, downwind flight in seasonally inappropriate directions in the northeastern United States occurred only under solid overcast that prevented the birds from seeing both stars and the sun near the time of sunset. The hypothesis that a view of either stars or the sun near sunset is sufficient to allow the birds to perform “correct” orientation was supported by data from experimentally released birds.
Decay of the 12 O ground state

The previously measured decay of the ground state of {sup 12}O was reanalyzed based on new experimental and theoretical results for the ground state of {sup 11}N. In the previous analysis no evidence for diproton emission was found and the measured large decay width was inconsistent with sequential proton decay via the intermediate system of {sup 11}N. The recent results on {sup 11}N show evidence that the ground state of {sup 11}N is at substantially lower energy allowing for a consistent explanation of the two-proton decay of {sup 12}O in terms of sequential proton emission. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
The echo of things: The lives of photographs in the Solomon Islands by Christopher Wright

In The Echo of Things, Christopher Wright presents a compelling and thick ethnographic description of the uses and meanings of photography for the people of Roviana Lagoon in the Solomon Islands, S...
Oviposition of the Alfalfa Weevil in Wisconsin

Fall oviposition by Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) under ambient outdoor temperatures never surpassed 2% of the yearly egg output; less than 37% of the females of any age group matured sexually to lay eggs. Spring oviposition in southern Wisconsin (43°18'N) peaked in late May or early June during the 3-year study. Females from DeKalb, Illinois (41°50'N), caged outdoors in Wisconsin, averaged 1562.5 eggs/♀ in the spring of 1969. Wisconsin weevils, reared from larvae of June 1969, produced 567 eggs/♀ in the spring of 1970. Adults from larvae of June and July 1970 averaged 488.5 and 822.2 eggs/♀ in the spring of 1971, respectively. One female from 1969 deposited 1873 eggs over 2 autumns and 2 springs. Field-collected females isolated outdoors from males in the spring laid viable eggs over a period of 119 days. Three females retained viable sperm for at least 9 months.
The Gamma Matrix to Summarize Dense and Sparse Data Sets for Big Data Analytics

Data summarization is an essential mechanism to accelerate analytic algorithms on large data sets. On the other hand, array DBMSs enable scalable computation with large matrices. With that motivation in mind, we propose a parallel array operator, based on a specific form of matrix multiplication, that computes a comprehensive data summarization matrix. By deriving equivalent equations based on the summarization matrix, statistical methods are adapted to work in two phases: (1) Parallel summarization of the data set in one pass; (2) Iteration exploiting the summarization matrix in many intermediate computations. We prove our summarization matrix captures essential statistical properties of the data set and it allows iterative algorithms to work faster in main memory, by decreasing the number of times the data set is scanned, and by reducing the number of CPU operations. Specifically, we show our summarization matrix benefits statistical models, including PCA, linear regression, and variable selection. From a systems perspective, we carefully study the efficient computation of the summarization matrix on the SciDB parallel array DBMS and how to exploit it in the R language statistical system. To achieve best performance, we introduce two specialized array operators for dense and sparse data sets, respectively. We present an experimental evaluation comparing SciDB, R, a columnar DBMS (a fast SQL engine), and Spark (a popular Hadoop system). Our experiments show R working together with SciDB eliminates main memory and performance limitations from R. More importantly, our R+SciDB prototype is significantly faster and more scalable than Spark and the columnar DBMS.
Simulation Study on Electromagnetic Transient of Single Circuit ±800 kV DC Transmission Line and Double Circuit of 500kV AC Transmission Lines Erected on Same Tower

Based on concrete operational condition of single circuit ±800 kV DC transmission line and double circuit 500 kV AC transmission lines erected on the same tower,by means of simulating various serious faults occurred in AC and DC transmission systems the detailed electromagnetic transient simulation is performed to research the interaction between AC and DC transmission systems.Considering different positions on the tower where the transmission lines are erected and the lengths of transmission lines,the impacts of such a erection mode,namely single circuit ±800 kV DC transmission line and double circuit 500kV AC transmission lines on the same tower, on overvoltage levels of DC and AC transmission lines as well as the impacts on the secondary arc current and the recovery voltage of AC transmission lines are respectively studied. Simulation results show that such a erection mode of transmission lines slightly affects respective overvoltage levels of UHVDC and EHVAC transmission lines,thus the insulation coordination schemes for separately erected UHVDC transmission line and EHVAC transmission line can be continually utilized.When non-transposed EHVAC transmission line,configured with high voltage reactor at one terminal,is erected on the same tower with UHVDC transmission line,the EHVAC transmission line has to be faced with such a situation that the secondary arc current is difficult to be extinguished,thus it is necessary to consider countermeasure during the design.
Standing in Another’s Shoes: How Agents Make Life-and-Death Decisions for Their Principals

A growing literature addresses the poor fit of classic agency theory to management settings. For example, where classic theory considers discretion the avenue through which agents exercise self-interest at the expense of their principals, alternative perspectives identify discretion as the reason some principals enter an agency relationship in the first place—to take advantage of agent expertise and to respond to uncertain contingent events. This paper examines relationships in which agents enjoy considerable discretion and have limited, conflicting, or ambiguous guidance from their principals, characteristic of many governance and organizational settings and professional relationships. It draws on observational research in two intensive care units, where principals (patients) lack capacity to specify their objectives and cannot control, monitor, incentivize, converse with, or fire the agent charged with making life-and-death medical decisions on their behalf. Observing agents at the bedside provides a ra...
Cosmology and Astrophysics from Relaxed Galaxy Clusters V: Consistency with Cold Dark Matter Structure Formation

This is the fifth in a series of papers studying the astrophysics and cosmology of massive, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters. Our sample comprises 40 clusters identified as being dynamically relaxed and hot in Papers I and II of this series. Here we use constraints on cluster mass profiles from X-ray data to test some of the basic predictions of cosmological structure formation in the Cold Dark Matter (CDM) paradigm. We present constraints on the concentration--mass relation for massive clusters, finding a power-law mass dependence with a slope of $\kappa_m=-0.16\pm0.07$, in agreement with CDM predictions. For this relaxed sample, the relation is consistent with a constant as a function of redshift (power-law slope with $1+z$ of $\kappa_\zeta=-0.17\pm0.26$), with an intrinsic scatter of $\sigma_{\ln c}=0.16\pm0.03$. We investigate the shape of cluster mass profiles over the radial range probed by the data (typically $\sim50$kpc--1Mpc), and test for departures from the simple Navarro, Frenk & White (NFW) form, for which the logarithmic slope of the density profile tends to $-1$ at small radii. Specifically, we consider as alternatives the generalized NFW (GNFW) and Einasto parametrizations. For the GNFW model, we find an average value of (minus) the logarithmic inner slope of $\beta=1.02\pm0.08$, with an intrinsic scatter of $\sigma_\beta=0.22\pm0.07$, while in the Einasto case we constrain the average shape parameter to be $\alpha=0.29\pm0.04$ with an intrinsic scatter of $\sigma_\alpha=0.12\pm0.04$. Our results are thus consistent with the simple NFW model on average, but we clearly detect the presence of intrinsic, cluster-to-cluster scatter about the average.
SU-G-IeP4-07: Feasibility of Low Dose 18FDG PET in Pediatric Oncology Patients

Purpose: To evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of low dose FDG PET in pediatric oncology patients using virtual dose reduction as well as true patients PET/CT scans. Methods: Wholebody 18F-FDG PET/CT of 39 clinical pediatric patients (0.16±0.06MBq/kg) were scanned on a Gemini TF 64 system at 75±5 min post FDG injection using 3min/bed. Based on the 180s/bed listmode PET data, subsets of total counts in 120s, 90s, 60s, 30s and 15s per bed position were extracted for PET reconstruction to simulate lower dose PET at 2/3th, 1/2th, 1/3th, 1/6th and 1/12th dose levels. PET/CT scans of Jaszczak PET phantom with 6 hot hollow spheres varying with sizes and contrast ratios were performed (real PET versus simulated PET) to validate the methodology of virtual dose PET simulation. Region of interests (ROIs) were placed on lesions and normal anatomical tissues with quantitative and qualitative assessment performed. Significant lower FDG dose PET/CT of 5 research adolescents were scanned to validate the proposal and low dose PET feasibility. Results: Although all lesions are visible on the 1/12th dose PET, overall PET image quality appears to be influenced in a multi-factorial way. 30%–60% dose reduction from current standard of care FDG PET is recommended to maintain equivalent quality and PET quantification. An optimized BMI-based FDG administration is recommended (from 1.1±0.5 mCi for BMI 30). A linear lowest “Dose-BMI” relationship is given. SUVs from 1/12th to full dose PETs were identified as consistent (R2 = 1.08, 0.99, 1.01, 1.00 and 0.98). No significant variances of count density, SUV and SNR were found across certain dose ranges (p<0.01). Conclusion: Pediatric PET/CT can be performed using current time-of-flight systems at substantially lower PET doses (30–60%) than the standard of care PET/CT without compromising qualitative and quantitative image quality in clinical.
Tissue colonization and circulating T lymphocytes in laying hens upon oral challenge with Salmonella enterica serovars.

Abstract Evaluating the potential of Salmonella serovars for tissue colonization and egg contamination in laying hens is critical due to widespread consumption of poultry and egg-containing products. The 2009 FDA Egg Rule was implemented to target the eradication of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis (SE) from layers; however, other Salmonella serovars, such as Heidelberg (SH) and Typhimurium (ST), have also been associated with poultry-related outbreaks. We conducted this study to see if serovars other than SE could colonize in laying hens, cause egg contamination, and modulate circulating T-cell populations. Laying hens were orally gavaged with 107 colony forming units (CFU) of SE, SH, or ST and assessed for colonization in spleen, ovaries, and oviduct 10 d postchallenge. Splenic colonization was similar for all the serovars; however, colonization of ovaries and oviducts was significantly higher with SH compared to SE and ST. Furthermore, SH challenge resulted in egg contamination, while SE and ST did not result in contaminated eggs. Phenotypic evaluation of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed significant reduction in CD4 cells in SH-challenged birds and lower CD8α and CD8β cells in SE-challenged birds compared to controls. Our data showed that non-SE serovars have equal or higher potential to colonize reproductive tissues of laying hens and may be accompanied by altered lymphocyte populations.
Parallelizing Nonlinear Least-Squares Regression with Application to Analyses of Microalgae

ABSTRACTNonlinear least-squares regression is a valuable tool for gaining chemical insights into complex systems. Yet, the success of nonlinear regression as measured by residual sum of squares (RSS), correlation, and reproducibility of fit parameters strongly depends on the availability of a good initial solution. Without such, iterative algorithms quickly become trapped in an unfavorable local RSS-minimum. For determining an initial solution, a high-dimensional parameter space needs to be screened, a process that is very time-consuming but can be parallelized. Another advantage of parallelization is equally important: After determining initial solutions, the used processors can be tasked to each optimize an initial guess. Even if several of these optimizations become stuck in a shallow local RSS-minimum, other processors continue and improve the regression outcome. A software package for parallel processing-based constrained nonlinear regression (RegressionLab) has been developed, implemented, and teste...
Charity auctions in the experimental lab

To transform donations “in kind” into cash, charities of all sizes use auctions and raffles. Despite this, neither the theory nor the practice of efficient fund-raising – and, in particular, charity auctions – has received sufficient attention from economists, especially the fact that participation in fund-raisers is endogenous. We describe, in detail, the design and implementation of an experiment to examine 15 charity auction mechanisms. While some of the mechanisms have already received attention from both theorists and empiricists, ours is the first comprehensive examination of all existing mechanisms and the first to explore the potential of a few new formats. Our analysis focuses on participation differences among the formats and how theory and supplemental survey data can help explain some of these differences.
Which Hinge Epistemology

The paper explores the idea of a “hinge epistemology,” considered as a theory about justification (and knowledge) which gives center-stage to Wittgenstein’s notion of hinges . First, some basic methodological considerations regarding the relationship between merely exegetical work on Wittgenstein’s texts and more theoretically committed work are put forward. Then, the main problems raised in On Certainty and the most influential interpretative lines it has given rise to so far are presented and discussed. In light of the initial methodological considerations, some contemporary attempts at developing Wittgenstein’s ideas in an anti-skeptical direction, such as Crispin Wright’s and Michael Williams’s, are considered. Their intrinsic merits notwithstanding, it is argued that they fail to take proper measure of Wittgenstein’s own position. In closing, an alternative version of hinge epistemology is put forward and points of contact and disagreement with Wittgenstein’s own views are highlighted.
Cardiovascular Effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants

Twenty-four pediatric studies, published from various centers between 1967 and 1996, involving 730 children and adolescents treated with imipramine, amitryptiline, desipramine, or nortryptiline, were surveyed for cardiovascular side effects at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
Flipping coins: an activity for introducing computational thinking to non-computer science majors: demonstration

In this demo, I will present an activity that I use to introduce computational thinking in my non-majors course and outreach talks at high schools. I do this by first talking about what modeling and simulation are and why they are useful. Following this explanation, I introduce a variant of a problem about Alice and Bob. In the original problem, Alice and Bob take turns flipping a coin until one of them gets heads and wins. If Alice goes first, what is the probability that she wins? In class, I introduce this variant of the problem: "Bob suggests to Alice that they play a game. They will take turns flipping a coin until one of them wins by getting heads. The winner will then receive a dollar from the loser. If Bob says he will always let Alice go first, should Alice play the game?" While this problem is trivial for those comfortable with basic probability and familiar with geometric sequences, most of my students who are not computer science majors are not comfortable with math. Thus, I explain that although the problem can be solved with some math, instead we should first model the problem. Once we have modeled the problem, I have my students get some intuition by pairing off and having each pair play the game 20 times. I collect the results and discuss how so few trials are not sufficient to draw conclusions. Finally, I run a simulation that runs the game one million times and demonstrates that Alice should win 2/3 of the time and thus should play the game.
Knowledge insufficient: the management of haemoglobin SC disease

Although haemoglobin SC (HbSC) accounts for 30% of sickle cell disease (SCD) in the United States and United Kingdom, evidence-based guidelines for genotype specific management are lacking. The unique pathology of HbSC disease is complex, characterized by erythrocyte dehydration, intracellular sickling and increased blood viscosity. The evaluation and treatment of patients with HbSC is largely inferred from studies of SCD consisting mostly of haemoglobin SS (HbSS) patients. These studies are underpowered to allow definitive conclusions about HbSC. We review the pathophysiology of HbSC disease, including known and potential differences between HbSS and HbSC, and highlight knowledge gaps in HbSC disease management. Clinical and translational research is needed to develop targeted treatments and to validate management recommendations for efficacy, safety and impact on quality of life for people with HbSC.
The supramolecular organization of the cytoskeleton during fertilization.

Fertilization represents the extremes in cytoskeletal organization and the complexity of motile systems. On one hand, the cytoskeleton of the sperm is reduced to that of two polarized fibers: the 9+2 microtubules of the axoneme emanating from the base of the centrioles and, following the acrosome reaction, the microfilaments of the acrosomal process extending in the opposite direction. On the other hand, the egg at fertilization has a vast array of complex behaviors including the de novo assembly of a true cytoskeleton. The repertoires of both gametes include microtubule-mediated and microfilament-mediated motions, all of which are required for the successful completion of fertilization, i.e., the merging of the maternal and paternal genomes. For these reasons, and since the motile apparatuses of the sperm and egg are readily accessible to isolation and ionic manipulations, the study of motility and cytoskeletal rearrangements in gametes has played and will continue to play an important role in our understanding of the cytoskeleton and its means for transducing motion.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Exocyclic Tetrasubstituted Vinyl Halides via Ru-Catalyzed Halotropic Cycloisomerization of 1,6-Haloenynes

Herein, a ruthenium-catalyzed cycloisomerization that transforms 1,6-haloenynes into 5-membered carbo- and heterocycles that bear exocyclic, stereodefined, tetrasubstituted vinyl halides is reported. The reaction is insensitive to air and water, tolerates a variety of functional groups, and proceeds with good to excellent stereoselectivity and yield.
Summary of Cassini Acoustic Criteria Development Using Titan IV Flight Data

The Cassini spacecraft is being developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to orbit and explore the planet Saturn, its rings, and satellites. Cassini will be launched on a Titan IV and boosted out of Earth orbit by a Centaur. This paper discusses the development of Cassini acoustic criteria using Titan IV flight data. Factors affecting the development of Cassini acoustic criteria using corrected Titan IV flight data1 include the statistical methods used to account for spatial and flight-to-flight variations, the use of maximax spectra, data corrections for acoustic pressure increases near the payload fairing surfaces, and corrections for payload fill factor effects. Separate acoustic criteria were developed for the two launch sites.
Sediment unmixing using detrital geochronology

Abstract Sediment mixing within sediment routing systems can exert a strong influence on the preservation of provenance signals that yield insight into the effect of environmental forcing (e.g., tectonism, climate) on the Earth's surface. Here, we discuss two approaches to unmixing detrital geochronologic data in an effort to characterize complex changes in the sedimentary record. First, we summarize ‘top-down’ mixing, which has been successfully employed in the past to characterize the different fractions of prescribed source distributions (‘parents’) that characterize a derived sample or set of samples (‘daughters’). Second, we propose the use of ‘bottom-up’ methods, previously used primarily for grain size distributions, to model parent distributions and the abundances of these parents within a set of daughters. We demonstrate the utility of both top-down and bottom-up approaches to unmixing detrital geochronologic data within a well-constrained sediment routing system in central California. Use of a variety of goodness-of-fit metrics in top-down modeling reveals the importance of considering the range of allowable that is well mixed over any single best-fit mixture calculation. Bottom-up modeling of 12 daughter samples from beaches and submarine canyons yields modeled parent distributions that are remarkably similar to those expected from the geologic context of the sediment-routing system. In general, mixture modeling has the potential to supplement more widely applied approaches in comparing detrital geochronologic data by casting differences between samples as differing proportions of geologically meaningful end-member provenance categories.
Teachers' and Parents' Knowledge about Disabilities and Inclusion in Nigeria

Abstract There has been a gradual move toward the inclusion of students with disabilities in Nigeria promoted by the National Policy of Education, as well as polices emerging from UNESCO; however, ...
On Abandoning Hypothesis Testing in Environmental Standard Compliance Assessment

We use basic characteristics of statistical significance test to argue the abandonment of hypothesis testing in environmental standard (or criterion) compliance assessment. The typical sample size used for environmental assessment is small, and the natural variation of many water quality constituent concentrations is high. These conditions lead to low statistical power of the hypothesis tests used in the assessment process. As a result, using hypothesis testing is often inefficient in detecting noncompliance. When a noncompliance is detected, it is frequently due to sampling or other types of error. We illustrate the problems using two examples, through which we argue that these problems cannot be resolved under the current practice of assessing compliance one water at a time. We recommend that the hypothesis testing framework be replaced by a statistical estimation approach, which can more effectively leverage information from assessments on similar waters using a probabilistic assessment approach.
Subseasonal Forecasting with an Icosahedral, Vertically Quasi-Lagrangian Coupled Model. Part II: Probabilistic and Deterministic Forecast Skill

AbstractSubseasonal forecast skill of the global hydrostatic atmospheric Flow-Following Icosahedral Model (FIM) coupled to an icosahedral-grid version of the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (iHYCOM) ...
Pseudomonas PB1-Like Phages: Whole Genomes from Metagenomes Offer Insight into an Abundant Group of Bacteriophages

Despite the abundance, ubiquity and impact of environmental viruses, their inherent genomic plasticity and extreme diversity pose significant challenges for the examination of bacteriophages on Earth. Viral metagenomic studies have offered insight into broader aspects of phage ecology and repeatedly uncover genes to which we are currently unable to assign function. A combined effort of phage isolation and metagenomic survey of Chicago’s nearshore waters of Lake Michigan revealed the presence of Pbunaviruses, relatives of the Pseudomonas phage PB1. This prompted our expansive investigation of PB1-like phages. Genomic signatures of PB1-like phages and Pbunaviruses were identified, permitting the unambiguous distinction between the presence/absence of these phages in soils, freshwater and wastewater samples, as well as publicly available viral metagenomic datasets. This bioinformatic analysis led to the de novo assembly of nine novel PB1-like phage genomes from a metagenomic survey of samples collected from Lake Michigan. While this study finds that Pbunaviruses are abundant in various environments of Northern Illinois, genomic variation also exists to a considerable extent within individual communities.
Recent IBA-2 Calculations: A Theoretical Study of the Tungsten Isotopes

Much work has been carried out recently in the application of the so-called IBA-2 model1,2 (the Interacting Boson Approximation (IBA) formulation of the model for both protons and neutrons interacting with each other) to nuclei throughout the medium to heavy mass region. We will report in detail only on our calculations for the tungsten isotopes and refer those interested in other such investigations to the literature.2,3
Impact of intervention strategies to reduce UVR exposure

It has been well documented in this book and elsewhere that skin cancer is a significant and, in many parts of the world, growing health problem (see Chapters 1 and 5) [1]. While skin cancer is among the most common cancers, it is also one of the most preventable. Behavioral recommendations for primary prevention of skin cancer aim to reduce exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The most often recommended behavioral strategies for reducing UVR exposure include: limit time spent in the sun, avoid the sun during peak hours, use a broad spectrum sunscreen when outside, wear protective clothing (hats, shirts, pants) and sunglasses, seek shade when outdoors, and avoid sunburn (Chapter 13).
Unsteady Transonic Flow Past “Non-Unique” Airfoils

Under some conditions of transonic free stream Mach number and angle of attack, multiple solutions have been found for the steady, inviscid flow past some airfoils. These multiple solutions have been found for steady potential flows by Steinhoff & Jameson [[9]], and for the Euler equations by Jameson [[5]]. Although convincing numerical evidence for the existence of these multiple solutions has been presented by the authors of these studies and others (e.g., [[8]]), the stability of these solutions has not been studied, nor has the effect of this phenomenon on unsteady motions in the neighborhood of the non-unique regime been considered. The present study investigates the unsteady behavior for transonic flow past one of these airfoils-the Jameson J-78-numerically, using a dual-time stepping (temporally sub-iterated) implicit multigrid scheme [[4]] to solve the unsteady Euler equations.
Landscape-Scale Conservation And Management Of Montane Wildlife: Contemporary Climate May Be Changing The Rules

Both paleontological and contemporary results have suggested that montane ecosystems to be systems of relatively rapid faunal change compared to many valley-bottom counterparts. In addition to experiencing greater magnitudes of contemporary change in climatic parameters than species in other ecosystems, mountain-dwelling wildlife must also accommodate often greater intra-annual swings in temperature and wind speeds, poorly developed soils, and generally harsher conditions. Research on a mountain-dwelling mammal species across 15 yrs of contemporary data and historical records from 1898-1956 suggest that pace of local extinctions and rate of upslope retraction have been markedly more rapid and governed by markedly different dynamics in the last decade than during the 20th century. This may mean that understanding past dynamics of species losses may not always help predict patterns of future loss. Given the importance of clinal variability and ecotypic variation, phenotypic plasticity, behavioral plasticity, and variation in climatic conditions, for widely-distributed species’ geographic ranges to be determined by different factors in different portions of their range is not uncommon. Consequently, greatest progress in understanding distributionalchange phenomena will occur with coordinated, landscape-scale research and monitoring. Landscape Conservation Cooperatives and Climate Science Centers are newly emerging efforts that may contribute greatly to such broad-scale investigations, e.g., climate-wildlife relationships. Based on our empirical findings and our review of related literature, we propose tenets that may serve as foundational starting points for mechanism-based research at broad scales to inform management and conservation of diverse montane wildlife and the ecosystem components with which they interact.
Providing help and advice in task oriented systems

This paper describes current work at the University of Pennsylvania centered around providing intelligent help raid advice to users of interactive task oriented systems. This work focuses on three general themes: (1) Help systems should be active rather than passive; (J) help systems should contain explicit models of the user, the task and the system utility being used and (3) the help system shoulJ engage in an interactive dialogue with the user in order to identify the information he really needs. An experimental UV, system, WIZARD, has been implemented for the VAX/VMS' operating system to explore some of these issues.
The Action Research Paradigm: An Alternative Approach in Negotiation

The action research model has been widely used by practitioners in many social science fields as a practical problem-solving method. Unique to the action research paradigm is that it allows research and practice to coexist and cowork simultaneously in problem solving. Due to increasingly complex relationships between governments, organizations, groups, and individuals, scholars and practitioners of negotiation are mandated to address and resolve different types of disputes by using various negotiation models and techniques to thoroughly understand and study the underlying foundations of these conflicts. This paper attempts to investigate the potential applications of the action research model as an appropriate tool for the negotiation as a process of dispute settlement.
An elevated hematogenous photosensitizer in the preterm neonate

PURPOSE Human blood contains low levels of protoporphyrin IX (PP IX), a photoactive compound that produces reactive oxygen species when exposed to light. It has been proposed that photoactivation of PP IX and subsequent generation of potentially tissue-damaging reactive oxygen may be a mechanism of retinal injury in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The purpose of this study is to determine an association between blood PP IX level and infant birth-weight and gestational age. METHODS Erythrocyte PP IX levels were measured from the umbilical cord blood of 31 neonates, both full term and preterm. Birthweights and gestational ages were recorded. RESULTS PP IX levels in infants weighing 1000 grams (125 micrograms/dl, n = 24; P < 0.02). CONCLUSION Elevated PP IX levels may place preterm neonates at increased risk for photosensitizing retinal injury.
Liver X Receptors Suppress Activity of Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathways To Oppose Gammaherpesvirus Replication

Gammaherpesviruses are oncogenic pathogens that persist in ~95% of the adult population. Cellular metabolic pathways have emerged as important regulators of many viral infections, including infections by gammaherpesviruses that require several lipid synthetic pathways for optimal replication. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors that are critical regulators of cellular fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis pathways. Not surprisingly, LXRs are attractive therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Here we describe an antiviral role for LXRs in the context of gammaherpesvirus infection of primary macrophages. We show that type I interferon increased LXR expression following infection. Surprisingly, there was not a corresponding induction of LXR target genes. Rather, LXRs suppressed the expression of target genes, leading to decreased fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, two metabolic pathways that support gammaherpesvirus replication. This report defines LXR-mediated restriction of cholesterol and lipid synthesis as an intrinsic metabolic mechanism to restrict viral replication in innate immune cells.IMPORTANCE Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis pathways of the host play important roles in diverse biological systems. Importantly, these two metabolic pathways are also usurped by a number of viruses to facilitate viral replication. In this report, we show that suppression of these pathways by liver X receptors in primary macrophages creates an intrinsic antiviral state that attenuates gammaherpesvirus replication by limiting viral access to the two metabolic pathways.
Forecasting big time series: old and new

Time series forecasting is a key ingredient in the automation and optimization of business processes: in retail, deciding which products to order and where to store them depends on the forecasts of future demand in different regions; in cloud computing, the estimated future usage of services and infrastructure components guides capacity planning; and workforce scheduling in warehouses, call centers, factories requires forecasts of the future workload. Recent years have witnessed a paradigm shift in forecasting techniques and applications, from computer-assisted model- and assumption-based to data-driven and fully-automated. This shift can be attributed to the availability of large, rich, and diverse time series data sources, posing unprecedented challenges to traditional time series forecasting methods. As such, how can we build statistical models to efficiently and effectively learn to forecast from large and diverse data sources? How can we leverage the statistical power of "similar" time series to improve forecasts in the case of limited observations? What are the implications for building forecasting systems that can handle large data volumes?The objective of this tutorial is to provide a concise and intuitive overview of the most important methods and tools available for solving large-scale forecasting problems. We review the state of the art in three related fields: (1) classical modeling of time series, (2) scalable tensor methods, and (3) deep learning for forecasting. Further, we share lessons learned from building scalable forecasting systems. While our focus is on providing an intuitive overview of the methods and practical issues, we also present technical details underlying these powerful tools.
Response of Ligustrum × ibolium, Photinia × fraseri, and Pyracantha koidzumii ‘Wonderberry’ to XE-1019 and Pruning

Abstract The use of XE-1019 (uniconazole) [(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol] was investigated as an alternative to pruning of container-grown Ligustrum × ib...
Geo-locating Drivers: A Study of Sensitive Data Leakage in Ride-Hailing Services.

Increasingly, mobile application-based ride-hailing services have become a very popular means of transportation. Due to the handling of business logic, these services also contain a wealth of privacy-sensitive information such as GPS locations, car plates, driver licenses, and payment data. Unlike many of the mobile applications in which there is only one type of users, ride-hailing services face two types of users: riders and drivers. While most of the efforts had focused on the rider’s privacy, unfortunately, we notice little has been done to protect drivers. To raise the awareness of the privacy issues with drivers, in this paper we perform the first systematic study of the drivers’ sensitive data leakage in ride-hailing services. More specifically, we select 20 popular ride-hailing apps including Uber and Lyft and focus on one particular feature, namely the nearby cars feature. Surprisingly, our experimental results show that largescale data harvesting of drivers is possible for all of the ridehailing services we studied. In particular, attackers can determine with high-precision the driver’s privacy-sensitive information including mostly visited address (e.g., home) and daily driving behaviors. Meanwhile, attackers can also infer sensitive information about the business operations and performances of ride-hailing services such as the number of rides, utilization of cars, and presence on the territory. In addition to presenting the attacks, we also shed light on the countermeasures the service providers could take to protect the driver’s sensitive information.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Women Veterans’ Partner Violence Perpetration: the Roles of Interpersonal Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

Significant research has focused on intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among women Veterans, yet much less is known about women Veterans’ IPV perpetration. Although military sexual trauma (MST) is a predictor of IPV victimization, military sexual assault (MSA), a component of MST, may predict especially adverse consequences for women Veterans. This study examined the unique effects of MSA on IPV victimization of, and perpetration by, women Veterans, and investigated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and prior IPV victimization as potential mediators of IPV perpetration. Participants included 187 women Veterans drawn from a larger web-based survey. We assessed the two components of MST (MSA and harassment) at Time 1 (T1), PTSD symptoms at Time 2 (T2), IPV victimization at T2 and Time 3 (T3), and IPV perpetration at T3. MSA predicted multiple subtypes of IPV victimization and perpetration, whereas harassment predicted neither. Those who reported MSA were more likely to experience T3 psychological and sexual IPV victimization, with PTSD symptoms significantly mediating this path. MSA was also directly related to T3 psychological IPV perpetration and indirectly related to physical and sexual IPV perpetration through PTSD symptoms. MSA was directly related to T2 PTSD symptoms while T2 IPV victimization was directly related to T3 IPV perpetration. These findings underscore that women Veterans’ IPV perpetration may be in response to their own IPV victimization through self-defense and/or due to their PTSD symptoms. Results support prevention, screening, and treatment for IPV victimization and PTSD symptoms to lower risk of future IPV revictimization and perpetration.
Review of Interventions Supporting Secondary Students with Intellectual Disability in General Education Classes

Instruction and support for students with intellectual disability in general education classes should be informed by research-based interventions. In this systematic review, we examined the focus a...