cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey of city ordinances and local enforcement regarding commercial availability of tobacco to minors in Minnesota, United States.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent and nature of local ordinances to regulate tobacco sales to minors, the level of enforcement of local and state laws concerning tobacco availability to minors, and sanctions applied as a result of enforcement. DESIGN: Tobacco control ordinances were collected in 1993 from 222 of the 229 cities greater than or equal to 2000 population in Minnesota, United States. In addition a telephone survey with the head of the agency responsible for enforcement of the tobacco ordinances was conducted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence or absence of legislative provisions dealing with youth and tobacco, including licensure of tobacco retailers, sanctions for selling tobacco products to minors, and restrictions on cigarette vending machines, self-service merchandising, and point-of-purchase advertising; and enforcement of these laws (use of inspections and "sting" operations, and sanctions imposed on businesses and minors). RESULTS: Almost 94% of cities required tobacco licences for retailers. However, 57% of the cities specified licences for cigarettes only. Annual licence fees ranged from $10 to $250, with the higher fees adopted in the previous four years. More than 25% of the cities had adopted some kind of restriction on cigarette vending machines, but only six communities had banned self-service cigarette displays. Three cities specified a minimum age for tobacco sales staff. Fewer than 25% of police officials reported having conducted compliance checks with minors or in-store observations of tobacco sales to determine if minors were being sold tobacco during the current year. Police carrying out compliance checks with youth were almost four times as likely to issue citations as those doing in-store observations. More than 90% of police reported enforcement of the law against tobacco purchase or possession by minors, and nearly 40% reported application of penalties against minors. CONCLUSIONS: Almost 75% of the cities have done nothing to change policies or enforcement practices to encourage compliance with tobacco age-of-sale legislation, and only a few of the remaining cities have adopted optimal policies. In addition, officials in Minnesota cities are much more likely to use enforcement strategies against minors who buy tobacco than against merchants who sell tobacco.
Investigation of Dielectric Flashover in an SF6 Filled Laser Triggered Gas Switch

A study of dielectric flashover in SF6 in a laser triggered gas switch (LTGS) is reported. Flashover occurring on the inside of the insulating barrier of the switch leading to the eventual failure of the switch was studied. The University of Missouri - terawatt test stand is testing the trigger section of a LTGS to understand and improve the flashover characteristics of these switches. A Rimfire LTGS was modified to operate with a trigger gap voltage of 938 kV. The modified switch was tested repeatedly over a range of pressures to examine the sensitivity of switch flashover to several parameters. The aspects of the switch that were tested include triple points both due to asymmetrical torque on the endplates, and due to gaps between the insulator and endplate, and the effect of slower voltage risetime. An analysis of the early findings of this study is presented.
Temperature-Dependent Development of Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Under Constant and Variable Temperatures

Development of immature stages of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, on dry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. ‘Maine Yellow eye’), was assessed at six constant temperatures from 15 to 30°C. Relationships between temperature and developmental rate were described by linear degree-day and nonlinear biophysical models. Minimum threshold values in the degree-day model for the egg, larval, and pupal stages were 8.6, 7.6, and 9.3°C, respectively. Development of the egg, first, second, third, and fourth instars, and pupae required 98.2, 61.7, 50.5, 60.6, 105.9, and 90.3 degree-days, respectively. First-instar developmental data were fit to a two-parameter biophysical model; egg, secondo, third-, and fourth-instar and pupal developmental data were fit to a four-parameter biophysical model with high temperature inhibition. Two laboratory experiments with thermoperiodic regimes and observations from field cage studies showed that the degree-day model resulted in more accurate predictions than the biophysical model.
Model for Deposition of Volcanic Ash and Resulting Bentonite

A “mushroom cloud” model describes the depositional features of volcanic ash (and resultant bentonite beds) from highly explosive volcanoes. The model is represented as an expanding disk-shaped cloud from which deposition occurs. The model contains an original particle-sized distribution, allows areal expansion of the distribution in a turbulent atmosphere, and aggregation of particles due to water and static electricity in the volcanic cloud. Evaluation of the model yields elongate tongue-like deposits whose lateral and downwind spread is a function mainly of wind velocity and cloud height, but its dimensions are affected significantly by particle aggregation. Histograms of particle sizes from several positions on an ash bed show change of modal sizes and skewness in hypothetical ash beds. The hypothetical distributions show close affinities to particle sizes in real ash beds.
Preindustrial-Control and Twentieth-Century Carbon Cycle Experiments with the Earth System Model CESM1(BGC)

Version1oftheCommunityEarth SystemModel, in theconfigurationwhereitsfullcarboncycleis enabled, is introduced and documented. In this configuration, the terrestrial biogeochemical model, which includes carbon‐ nitrogen dynamics and is present in earlier model versions, is coupled to an ocean biogeochemical model and atmospheric CO2 tracers. The authors provide a description of the model, detail how preindustrial-control and twentieth-century experimentswere initialized andforced, and examine thebehavior of the carbon cyclein those experiments. They examinehow sea- and land-to-air CO2fluxescontributetotheincreaseofatmosphericCO2in the twentieth century, analyze how atmospheric CO2 and its surface fluxes vary on interannual time scales, including how they respond to ENSO, and describe the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 and its surfacefluxes. While the model broadly reproduces observed aspects of the carbon cycle, there are several notable biases, including having too large of an increase in atmospheric CO2 over the twentieth century and too small of a seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 in the Northern Hemisphere. The biases are related to a weak response of the carbon cycle to climatic variations on interannual and seasonal time scales and to twentieth-century anthropogenic forcings, including rising CO2, land-use change, and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen.
Survey and host fitness effects of red-cockaded woodpecker blood parasites and nest cavity arthropods

Blood parasites and nest cavity arthropods associated with the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) were surveyed and the impact of blood-feeding arthropods on woodpecker fitness traits was assessed. Five woodpeckers (8%) were infected with unidentified microfilariae, and 1 woodpecker (2%) was infected with 2 species of haemoproteid (Haemoproteus velans and Haemoproteus borgesi). This is the first record of haemoproteids in this species and the first observation of H. borgesi in North America. We collected representatives of at least 6 families of mites and 12 families of primarily commensal insects from woodpecker cavities. Only a few specimens of blood-feeding insects were recovered. The mite Androlaelaps casalis was the most common hematophagous arthropod (prevalence = 76%, mean density = 51 ± 7 mites/cavity). The number of A. casalis mites increased with cavity age but there was no association between the number of mites and the number of woodpecker eggs laid or the number of hatchlings or fled...
Advances in the treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is a refractory malignancy with limited treatment options at tumor recurrence. Only a small proportion of patients survive 2 years or longer with the current standard of care. Gene expression profiling can segregate newly diagnosed patients into groups with different prognoses, and these biomarkers are being incorporated into a new generation of personalized clinical trials. Using the experience from recently completed large scale, multi-faceted, randomized glioblastoma clinical trials, a new clinical trial paradigm is being established to move promising therapies forward into the newly diagnosed treatment setting. Upcoming trials using the immune check-point inhibitors are an example of this changing paradigm and these and other immunotherapies have potential as promising new treatment modalities for newly diagnosed GB patients.
Safety analysis of primary bariatric surgery in patients on chronic dialysis

Due to the steady increase in patients on chronic dialysis, more of these patients are undergoing elective operations. The literature on safety and postoperative outcomes in dialysis-dependent patients following elective bariatric surgery is scant. We compared the 30-day major morbidity and mortality rates in dialysis-dependent (DD) and non-dependent (ND) patients after primary bariatric surgery. From American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, we identified patients, who underwent primary bariatric surgery between 2005 and 2013. Thirty-day postoperative outcomes were compared between DD and ND patients. Logistic regression was used to determine the prognostic impact of dependence on chronic dialysis on the 30-day postoperative outcomes. Two hundred and thirty-four DD and 113,677 ND patients were analyzed. DD patients had a higher baseline risk profile compared to ND patients. Thirty-day mortality rates for DD and ND patients were 0.43 and 0.11 %, respectively (P = 0.134). DD patients had a higher 30-day major morbidity compared to ND patients (5.98 vs. 2.31 %; P < 0.001, respectively). Despite a crude OR of 2.70 (95 % CI 1.57–4.63) after adjusting for confounding, dependence on dialysis was not found to be an independent predictor of major morbidity. Primary bariatric surgery is safe in patients dependent on dialysis with an acceptable 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality. Even though dependence on dialysis does not independently increase the risk of 30-day adverse outcomes following primary bariatric surgery, the comorbid conditions in this patient population render them at risk. The higher prevalence of major morbidities in this group is mainly due to the impact from older age, male sex, higher BMI, cardiac comorbidities, and hypertension.
Highlights of Veterinary Entomology—1952–1977

Certainly the years from 1952–77. those spanning the 1st quarter century of ESA. have been exciting ones for workers in veterinary entomology, for we have seen the development of new concepts that have brought about a modest revolution in the control of livestock insects. The DDT era of entomology was still in full bloom in 1952, and ectoparasite control depended almost entirely on the use of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Credit should be given to the scientists who developed recommendations for the practical use of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides for livestock insect control. Their recommendations were based on the awareness of the importance of toxicity, tissue residues, and the environmental impact on the ultimate usefulness of a particular chemical.
Aging and the Arts Online: Lessons Learned From Course Development and Implementation

With the recent move toward competency-based gerontology education, incorporating humanities and arts will be necessary for accreditation. This article describes the pedagogical approaches and lessons learned during 5 years of development and implementation of an asynchronous online course in Aging and the Arts. Fifty graduate and undergraduate students participated in the course over five semesters. Discipline diversity increased subsequent to designation as a fine arts general education course. Students expressed appreciation for multimedia resources, an initial fear of creating a wiki, and online redundancy was reduced through increased community engagement that also augmented application in real-world settings. The visual nature of arts and aging lends itself to a compelling and interactive online course experience that can be adapted to synchronous, hybrid, and face-to-face formats. Opportunities for community engaged learning will increase as art programs for older adults become more prevalent.
Male Boll Weevils are More Attractive than Cotton Plants to Boll Weevils

The definite preference of over wintered and late-season Anthonomus grandis Boheman for male weevils compared with that for fruiting cotton suggests that the pest may be less attracted to weevil-free cotton than to cotton containing male weevils that have found the plant by random flight or because of a short-range response to a plant attractant. Traps baited with live male weevils or with a synthetic male pheromone may thus prove a possible new method of control and/or eradication of boll weevils and a valuable method of making surveys to detect small, incipient populations of boll weevils formerly not easily surveyed.
Flight Testing of a 1-DOF Variable Drag Autonomous Descent Vehicle

This paper details the hardware development and testing of an autonomous descent vehicle. The developed vehicle utilizes a circular parachute and wind data to control the landing location. The benefit of this system over alternative precision aerial delivery techniques is the envisioned ability to use the large inventory of circular parachutes already in use for uncontrolled cargo and personnel deliveries with minimal training or system modifications. Parachute control is obtained via reversibly reefing of the canopy, thereby modifying the descent speed. For this study, the parachute size is assumed to be constant for the remainder of the descent; however, the desired parachute size computation is periodically updated to assist in reducing landing errors due to inaccurate wind data. A small mechanical reeling system has been developed, comprising a microcomputer, RF modem, electronic speed controller, and an electric motor. The hardware is coupled with a quarter-spherical canopy with four suspension lines, similar to those used in automotive drag racing. The combined weight of the parachute-payload system is 53.5N (12.0lb). Flight testing was conducted using a small single engine aircraft (Cessna 172), with preliminary flight testing conducted using an Arcturus T-20 UAV. Release ceilings were approximately 3050m (10,000ft) MSL. Typically, dropsondes were used to collect predicted wind for the descent vehicle. The time needed to collect the wind data, upload it into the descent vehicle software, takeoff, and reach the desired deployment location was approximately two hours. Preliminary testing of the parachute-payload system was performed to determine the appropriate control gains for the motor angle control routine to achieve the desired descent rate. Release altitudes were between 450m (1,500ft) and 610m (2,000ft) AGL. Using Zeigler-Nichols gain tuning rules and an experimental step response, gains were determined for both a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. Additional testing was conducted to verify the ability of these control gains to achieve a desired descent speed prior to flight testing the full path planning system and control algorithm. Flight testing results demonstrate the ability for the autonomous descent vehicle (ADV) to successfully navigate towards a target line segment when using accurate wind prediction data. As previously published results have noted, when the predicted wind data is inaccurate, the vehicle is not always capable of improving the landing location accuracy compared to an uncontrolled parachute. Additional considerations in developing a descent rate control system for use in circular parachutes are also presented.
Effect of Aerosol Inhalation with Chinese Herbs on Interferon-γ,and Interleuldn-4 in Asthmatic Model Rats

Objective To study the effect of aerosol inhalation with Chinese herbs on airway inflammation in asthmatic model rats and its immunological mechanism.Methods Wistar rats,aged 8-10 weeks,were divided into the TCM group,the aerosol Dexamethasone (Dex1) group,the injection Dexamethasone (Dex2)group,the asthmatic model group and the nor- mal group.The asthmatic model was established by ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide.Treatment was conducted in the challenge stage,aerosol inhalation with the solution made by Chinese herbs as apricot seed,licorice root,etc.was given to the TCM group,aerosol inhalation and injection of dexamethasone to the Dex1 and Dex2 groups respectively,and normal saline to the model and the normal group.White blood cell count and differentiation in bronchalveolar lavage fluid (BALF),levels of interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)in supemate of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)culture,and the OVA special IgE antibody in blood plasma were measured.Results As compared with the mod- el group,percentage of eosinophil (EOS)in BALF,OVA special IgE antibody,and IL-4 in PBMC culture were significantly lower in the TCM,Dexl and Dex2 groups,and comparison between the three group also showed significant difference.IFN- γ level in the model group was the lowest (P0.05,P0.01)and in the Dex2 group was the highest,comparison of TCM group with Dexl and Dex2 groups also showed significant difference(P0.05,P0.01).Conclusion The solu- tion of Chinese herbs used in this study has anti-inflammatory effect,it could significantly reduce the levels of EOS and OVA special IgE,with the efficacy similar to that of aerosol inhalation of dexamethasone,and the effect is related with the regulation of IFN-γ and IL-4.
Assaying Cooperativity of Protein–DNA Interactions Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

DNA-binding proteins play essential roles in many cellular processes. Understanding on a molecular level how these proteins interact with their cognate sequences can provide important functional insights. Here, we describe a band shift assay in agarose gel to assess the mode of protein binding to a DNA molecule containing multiple protein-binding sites. The basis for the assay is that protein-DNA complexes display retarded gel electrophoresis mobility, due to their increased molecular weight relative to free DNA. The degree of retardation is higher with increasing numbers of bound protein molecules, thereby allowing resolution of complexes with differing protein-DNA stoichiometries. The DNA is radiolabeled to allow for visualization of both unbound DNA and all the different DNA-protein complexes. We present a quantitative analysis to determine whether protein binding to multiple sites within the same DNA molecule is independent or cooperative.
Silver Diamine Fluoride in Pediatric Dentistry Training Programs: Survey of Graduate Program Directors.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate practice, teaching, and perceived barriers to the use of silver diamine fluoride and other caries control agents in U.S. pediatric dentistry residency programs. Methods A 14-question survey regarding use and teaching of caries control agents was sent via email to residency program directors in 2015. Survey participants responded, using a web-based survey tool, by completing a paper and pencil survey instrument, or by interview. Results Surveys were completed by 74 directors or associate directors (87 percent adjusted response rate). More than a quarter (25.7 percent) reported use of silver diamine fluoride, with 68.9 percent expecting to increase use. The use of silver diamine fluoride was not associated with region or program type. Programs reported commonly used caries control agents of fluoride varnish (100 percent), acidulated phosphate fluoride foam (48.6 percent), silver nitrate (9.5 percent), and povidone iodine (1.3 percent). Most felt silver diamine fluoride should be used only with high-risk patients (89.2 percent), and the majority agreed it could be used in primary and permanent teeth. The most frequently reported barrier to use of silver diamine fluoride was parental acceptance (91.8 percent). Conclusions Silver diamine fluoride is being rapidly adopted in graduate pediatric dentistry training programs, with the majority expecting to incorporate it into their teaching clinics and curricula.
The Theory of Planned Behavior as it predicts potential intention to seek mental health services for depression among college students

ABSTRACTBackground: Between 9.5% and 31.3% of college students suffer from depression (American college health association national college health assessment II: reference group executive summary spring 2013. Amer. Coll. Health Assoc. 2013; Eagan K, Stolzenberg EB, Ramirez JJ, Aragon, MC, Suchard, RS, Hurtado S. The American freshman: national norms fall 2014. Higher Educ. Res. Inst.; 2015). Universities need to understand the factors that relate to care-seeking behavior. Objective: Across 3 studies, to relate attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control to intention to seek mental health services, and to investigate barriers to care-seeking. Participants: University college students (N = 845, 64% female, 26% male, and 10% unspecified). Methods: New measures were created in Studies 1 and 2, and were examined using structural equation modeling in Study 3. Results: Partially consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, I, Fishbein, M. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Beha...
Bone and Joint Sepsis

Although antibiotics have virtually eliminated the mortality associated with bone and joint sepsis, the morbidity continues becuase of delay in diagnosis and inadequate treatment. The diagnosis needs an organized approach that ends when all reasonable attempts to isolate the organism have been made. Treatment requires a two-pronged attack: the correct antibiotics to kill the bacteria, and surgery to debride the material that causes the inflammatory response.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Anticholinergics Versus Botox for Urgency Urinary Incontinence: Results From the Anticholinergic Versus Botox Comparison Randomized Trial.

Author(s): Visco, Anthony G; Zyczynski, Halina; Brubaker, Linda; Nygaard, Ingrid; Xu, Xiao; Lukacz, Emily S; Paraiso, Marie Fidela; Greer, Jerod; Rahn, David D; Meikle, Susan F; Honeycutt, Amanda A | Abstract: ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness of Botox and anticholinergic (AC) medications for the management of urgency urinary incontinence (UUI).MethodsCost and effectiveness data were analyzed from participants in the Anticholinergic versus Botox Comparison randomized trial of daily AC medication versus 100 U of intradetrusor Botox injection. Societal costs included the following: treatment costs, patient costs, and medical and nonmedical utilization during the 6-month trial. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were calculated based on questionnaire-derived utility measures and annualized based on data collected at baseline through 6 months. We also estimated the average direct costs for each treatment through 9 months - the duration of time when approximately half the Botox participants maintained adequate symptom control.ResultsData were analyzed on the 231 women who completed a 6-month follow-up in the Anticholinergic versus Botox Comparison trial (119 AC and 112 Botox). The mean reduction in UUI episodes per day was not significantly different per group. The cumulative mean direct costs through the first 6 months also were similar: $1339 for the AC group and $1266 for the Botox group with AC costs exceeding Botox costs after 5 months. Both groups had considerable QALY gains. Annualizing the 6-month trial results to a 12-month measure, the AC and Botox groups averaged 0.702 and 0.707 QALYs, respectively. Estimates through 9 months favored Botox, showing that AC participants incurred a higher cost per month of adequate symptoms control ($305) compared with Botox participants ($207).ConclusionsBotox and AC medications have similar costs and effectiveness in the first 6 months of UUI treatment. If costs and outcomes are considered through 9 months, Botox may have significantly lower costs but similar UUI symptom control as AC.
Genetic Basis for Classification of CNS Malformations

A new classification of malformations of the nervous system based on patterns of genetic expression integrated with descriptive morphogenesis is proposed by specialists in pediatric neurology, neuropathology and embryology at the University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, now at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
Coincident alcohol dependence and depression increases risk of suicidal ideation among Army National Guard soldiers

Abstract Purpose Suicide rates among military service members have risen dramatically, while drivers remain poorly understood. We examined the relationship between coincident alcohol dependence and depression in shaping risk of suicidal ideation among National Guard forces. Methods We performed a longitudinal analysis using a randomly selected, population-based sample of Ohio Army National Guard soldiers. Telephone-based surveys of 1582 soldiers who participated in both wave 1 (2008–2009) and wave 2 (2009–2010) were analyzed. Results Odds ratios (ORs) for suicidal ideation among those with versus without alcohol dependence were similar among nondepressed (OR = 3.85 [95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.18–12.52]) and depressed individuals (OR = 3.13 [95% CI = 0.88–11.14]); multiplicative interaction was not observed. In contrast, the risk differences (RDs) among those with versus without alcohol dependence diverged for those without depression (RD = 0.04 [95% CI = 0.02–0.07]) compared with those with depression (RD = 0.11 [95% CI = 0.06–0.18]); strong evidence of additive interaction was observed. Conclusions We found that alcohol dependence and depression interact statistically in shaping risk for incident suicidal ideation among Army National Guard service members. A high-risk prevention approach including population-based screening for suicidality among patients with alcohol dependence, depression, and particularly those with both conditions is warranted in military populations.
A: Reviews: History

Morocco Under King Hassan, Stephen O. Hughes, Reading, UK, Ithaca Press, 2001, ISBN 0863722857 (hbk) Morocco under King Hassan is an historical account of events in the Kingdom of Morocco from the ...
Developing an Introductory Radiology Clerkship at Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract Purpose In recent years, several well-known medical schools in the United States have partnered with foreign institutions to promote the post-graduate model of medical education and the concept of the academic medical center. One such example is Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine (PUGSOM) in Malaysia, founded in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 2010 with the hope of setting a new standard for biomedical research and patient-centered care in Southeast Asia. One issue for educators at PUGSOM was how best to integrate radiology into the clinical curriculum. Given radiology׳s global importance, a core clerkship was proposed; however, a major challenge lay in creating content that was rigorous and relevant to the Malaysian setting. Methods After interviewing practicing Malaysian radiologists, attending medicine ward rounds, and performing a literature review of successful radiology curricula, two senior American medical students from Johns Hopkins developed a two-week introductory clerkship combining experiential learning with online, case-based lectures featuring diseases and technology pertinent to the Malaysian environment. Results/discussion To our knowledge, this is the first example of a course developed by medical students in the United States for medical students in the developing world. The project serves as an example of the type of mutually beneficial international exchange intended by global partnerships in medical education.
BreakPoint Surveyor: a pipeline for structural variant visualization.

Summary BreakPoint Surveyor (BPS) is a computational pipeline for the discovery, characterization, and visualization of complex genomic rearrangements, such as viral genome integration, in paired-end sequence data. BPS facilitates interpretation of structural variants by merging structural variant breakpoint predictions, gene exon structure, read depth, and RNA-sequencing expression into a single comprehensive figure. Availability and implementation Source code and sample data freely available for download at https://github.com/ding-lab/BreakPointSurveyor, distributed under the GNU GPLv3 license, implemented in R, Python and BASH scripts, and supported on Unix/Linux/OS X operating systems. Contact lding@wustl.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Vortex Lattice of Anyons in Strongly Correlated Systems

The CuO new high-temperature superconductors1 are Mott insulators spin 1/2 antiferromagnets2. Doping the CuO layers by substituting Sr or La destroys the magnetic order leading to a spin liquid with a metal conductivity at zero temperature. In the undoped system the strong Coulombic repulsion leads to a correlation gap. After doping we obtain a metal (this is similar to the semiconductors with the difference that the gap is due to strong Coulombic repulsion). The magnetism is destroyed by doping. One obtains a disordered magnetic phase which is different from the paramagnetic phase. This new phase is called quantum spin liquid. A known example of such a spin liquid is the Heisenberg spin 1/2 in one dimension. The excitations are chargeless spin 1/2 particles with a linear energy momentum relation.
Mind the Gap: Bridging Disability Studies and Bioarchaeology—An Introduction

Bioarchaeology—the meticulous study of archaeologically derived human remains—provides us with an empirical dataset that can be used to explore how past variations in social organization affected human bodies.
Factors associated with residential mobility during pregnancy.

ABSTRACTOur objective was to determine the factors associated with residential moving during pregnancy, as it may increase stress during pregnancy and affect birth outcomes. Data were obtained from...
GABA and Glutamate Synaptic Coadaptations to Chronic Ethanol in the Striatum.

Alcohol (ethanol) is a widely used and abused drug with approximately 90% of adults over the age of 18 consuming alcohol at some point in their lifetime. Alcohol exerts its actions through multiple neurotransmitter systems within the brain, most notably the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. Alcohol’s actions on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission have been suggested to underlie the acute behavioral effects of ethanol. The striatum is the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia that plays a role in motor and reward systems. The effect of ethanol on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission within striatal circuitry has been thought to underlie ethanol taking, seeking, withdrawal and relapse. This chapter reviews the effects of ethanol on GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission, highlighting the dynamic changes in striatal circuitry from acute to chronic exposure and withdrawal.
Overview of Experimental Approaches for Study of Drug Metabolism and Drug-Drug Interactions

Publisher Summary Generally, drug metabolites are more rapidly excreted than the parental compounds; in the absence of metabolism, the drug would remain in the body for long periods of time. Thus, metabolism could impact both the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of a drug. Different rates of metabolism could therefore alter the efficacy of a drug. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that when these agents are administered at doses that invariably result in some degree of systemic toxicities, they are the most effective at tumor cell killing. In cases where drugs have wide therapeutic indexes because of low toxicities, metabolism would only affect the clearance of the drug from the body and not the toxicity or efficacy. Therefore, drug-drug interactions would not be significant. Among the drug-metabolizing P450s, the CYP1A family, CYP2E1, CYP4, and P450s are the well-conserved with respect to their substrate specificities. However, these P450s show little activity toward drugs and are mostly active against carcinogens, toxins, and, in the case of the CYP4A P450s, fatty acids. The usual goal of determining how a compound is metabolized is to first identify the primary metabolites produced by human enzyme preparations and the specific P450 forms that will carry out the metabolism in vivo . It is now possible to determine that human P450 and transferase will be responsible for metabolizing a particular drug. The immediate impact of these studies lies in predicting drug interactions when two drugs that are co-administered are metabolized by the same P450 form.
Influence of the Diet’s Macronutrient Composition on Weight Maintenance

Changes in nutritional and life-style conditions have led to a progressive rise in the incidence of obesity during this century, first in affluent and now in less industrialized societies as well. The development of an increasingly sedentary life-style, the multiplication of the variety of foods offered and their increased availability throughout the day (Sclafani, 1993, Rolls et al., 1981) as well as the increased proportion of dietary energy provided by fat and sugar (Danforth, 1985) are generally thought to be major factors in contributing to the obesity epidemic. Guidelines for improving health and for limiting excessive weight gain indeed emphasize recommendations to increase physical activity, to reduce the amounts of fat in the diet, as well as to replace sugar-containing products by foods providing complex carbohydrates along with more dietary fiber. A high fat content can contribute to excessive weight gain by increasing the energy-density of foods and by enhancing their hedonic characteristics (Drewnowski et al., 1991; Rolls and Shide, 1992), particularly because the body does not regulate the fat balance with nearly the same accuracy as it does the protein and carbohydrate balances (Flatt, 1987; Abbott et al., 1988, SchŸtz et al., 1989). Yet fat, as well as protein and carbohydrate, must be oxidized in amounts commensurate with those provided by the diet, if body composition and body weight are to be maintained. The main purpose of the discussion presented here is to assess the impact of variations in dietary fat content on the achievement of macronutrient balances and on weight maintenance. It will become apparent, however, that the phenomena which need to be considered to understand this issue also help to understand how other factors, such as food palatability and availability, as well as exercise and hormonal changes affect body weight regulation.
Variation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for germination and seedling vigor at suboptimal temperatures: and laboratory and field response to selection within six alfalfa populations

Successful establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the early spring, particularly with no-till seeding, requires rapid germination and vigorous growth at cool temperatures. This study was conducted (i) to evaluate the extent of variation among ten alfalfa cultivars, 'Marathon' red clover (Trifoliumpratense L.), and 'Norcen' birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus comicukuus L.) for germination time (GT) and initial radicle growth rate (IRGR) at three temperatures considered suboptimal for germination; (ii) to evaluate variation among seed lots within seven alfalfa cultivars for GT at 5 and 10 C; and (iii) to determine if field emergence was correlated with traits measured in the laboratory. The IRGR of cultivars increased with temperature and the GT of cultivars decreased, as did the GT of seed lots within cultivars. When seed lots within cultivars were evaluated, differences among cultivars for GT were seen only at 5 C. Both GT and IRGR measured in the laboratoiy were correlated with field emergence 8 d after planting at one of two locations tested. Cultivars with superior laboratory GT and IRGR may perform better under cool field conditions. Abbreviations: GT = Germination Time; IRGR = Initial Radical (jrowth Rate; FD = Fall Dormancy.
Left frontotemporal effective connectivity during semantic feature judgments in patients with chronic aphasia and age-matched healthy controls

Abstract Traditional models of neural reorganization of language skills in patients with chronic stroke-induced aphasia (PWA) propose activation of reperfused or spared left hemisphere tissue results in the most favorable language outcomes. However, these models do not fully explain variable behavioral recovery patterns observed in chronic patients. Instead, investigation of connectivity patterns of critical network nodes may elucidate better-informed recovery models. In the present study, we combined fMRI and dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to examine effective connectivity of a simple three-node left hemisphere network during a semantic feature decision task in 25 PWA and 18 age-matched neurologically intact healthy controls. The DCM model space utilized in Meier, Kapse, & Kiran (2016), which was organized according to exogenous input to one of three regions (i.e., left inferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularis [LIFGtri], left posterior middle temporal gyrus [LpMTG], or left middle frontal gyrus [LMFG]) implicated in various levels of lexical-semantic processing, was interrogated. This model space included all possible combinations of uni- and bidirectional task-modulated connections between LIFGtri, LMFG and LpMTG, resulting in 72 individual models that were partitioned into three separate families (i.e., Family #1: Input to LIFGtri, Family #2: Input to LMFG, Family #3: Input to LpMTG). Family-wise Bayesian model selection revealed Family #2: Input to LMFG best fit both patient and control data at a group level. Both groups relied heavily on LMFG's modulation of the other two model regions. By contrast, between-group differences in task-modulated coupling of LIFGtri and LpMTG were observed. Within the patient group, the strength of activity in LIFGtri and connectivity of LpMTG → LIFGtri were positively associated with lexical-semantic abilities inside and outside of the scanner, whereas greater recruitment of LpMTG was associated with poorer lexical-semantic skills.
Accommodating thermal features of commercial building systems to mitigate energy consumption in Florida due to global climate change

Abstract Space cooling plays a major role in the commercial building energy consumption due to hot and humid climate in Florida. Although many studies have found that global warming would cause a decrease in heating requirements and an increase in cooling requirements, few of the studies propose mitigation of the cooling demands of the buildings. This study explores the mitigation measures, which include the thermal resistance features of wall and roof systems, visible and solar transmittance values of glazing material, thermal conductivity of windows, and set point temperatures of commercial buildings in Florida. The cooling demands are simulated by using the projected climate weather data in the periods between 2020 to 2100 in different cities. The cooling demands are reduced at various rates between 1% and 5% in all studied building types and in all climate zones by changing the thermal resistances of roofing systems from R-12/14/16 to R-19/21 and wall systems from R-13 to R-19/21. Increasing the wall thermal resistance features is more efficient in mitigating the cooling demands of buildings than increasing the thermal resistance features of roofing systems. In addition, the average values of visible transmittance and solar transmittance of glazing materials and thermal conductivity of windows for a high-rise apartment are suggested to be 0.3, 0.2 and 0.3 respectively.
Romancing the City: Three Urbanization(s) of Green Internationalism

This chapter builds on the conclusions of Chapter 3, using the metaphor of “romance” to assess the rise of cities as they have engaged states and international organizations, and vice versa. While international affairs have environmentalized, global environmentalism in turn has strongly urbanized in recent decades. The discussion thus presses the case for how urban space was steadily reconceptualized after the denouement of the Cold War as a “global solution” to ecological challenges. One major implication is that political ecologies have now “delocalized” and “upscaled,” a process that has caused its own tensions and political contradictions. Attention is paid to signature initiatives like Local Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the rise of inter-municipal policy networks, and recent “smartness” discourses. In particular, the chapter identifies three distinctive kinds of urbanizations: international, transnational, and smart. Each section considers major world cities to help illustrate synoptic themes. Cape Town, Los Angles, and Melbourne receive special treatment, respectively.
National Cancer Database Comparison of Radical Cystectomy vs Chemoradiotherapy for Muscle‐Invasive Bladder Cancer: Implications of Using Clinical vs Pathologic Staging

PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that bladder preservation therapy consisting of definitive chemoradiotherapy (chemoRT) results in similar overall survival rates to radical cystectomy/chemotherapy when balancing baseline patient characteristics and initial (preoperative) clinical stage. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 7,322 patients with stage II-IV, M0 bladder cancer who were treated with cystectomy/chemo (N = 5,664) or definitive chemoRT (N = 1,658) were identified from the National Cancer Database. Baseline patient characteristics were compared using Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon's rank sum tests. Cox regressions were used to investigate for variables significantly correlated with overall survival (OS). OS was compared between cystectomy/chemo vs chemoRT before and after propensity score matched pair analyses using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. RESULTS Patients who underwent cystectomy/chemo were significantly younger than ones treated with definitive chemoRT (mean age 63.7 vs 75.2; P < 0.001). Age, race, Charlson/Deyo Comorbidity Score (CDCS), clinical stage, insurance status, and type of facility significantly correlated with OS (P < 0.05 for all covariates). Patients treated with cystectomy/chemo were younger, healthier with better CDCS, and more likely treated at academic facilities. Before matched pair analyses, OS was significantly better when treated with cystectomy/chemo (3 year 56.4%; 5 year 45.9%) compared to chemoRT (3 year 47.3%; 5 year 33.2%) (P < 0.001); 28.6% of patients undergoing cystectomy were upstaged at the time of surgery. After matched pair analyses matching age, race, sex, CDCS, clinical (presurgical) stage, insurance, and facility type (N = 1,750), OS was no longer significantly different between cystectomy/chemo (3 year 52.1% and 5 year 41.0%) vs chemoRT (3 year 53.3% and 5 year 40.1%) (P = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with cystectomy/chemo were significantly younger and healthier compared to those treated with chemoRT. Once these factors were accounted for in propensity score matched pair analyses using clinical stage, overall survival was not significantly different between cystectomy/chemo and an organ-sparing approach with definitive chemoRT.
A National Survey on Depression, Internalized Homophobia, College Religiosity, and Climate of Acceptance on College Campuses for Sexual Minority Adults

Sexual minority persons have an increased risk for negative mental health outcomes in adulthood. This seems to largely be due to experiences of stigma in social settings. This study sought to under...
Interactive Bulletin Boards Capture Your Students' Interest.

This article describes simple techniques for adding interactive elements to bulletin boards to not only capture students' interest, but to also help further their knowledge of key physical educatio...
Behavioral rhythm, sleep, and mood disturbances in newly admitted nursing home residents.

Older adults entering a nursing home face many physical and psychosocial challenges, all at a point in life when their bodies may be least equipped to handle such adversity. Data for the present study were collected for 186 incoming residents from 6 nursing homes over the course of 1 year. Fifty-six participants were interviewed at the earliest possible time point following admission and rest-activity data were collected via actigraphy for 1 week, after which participants were interviewed a second time. Newly admitted residents in this sample were functionally dependent, highly medicated, and diagnosed with many conditions associated with sleep and/or mood disturbances. Sleep disorders appear to be underreported or underdiagnosed on the Minimum Data Set (MDS) which documented only 5.9% of patients with sleep-related diagnoses. A large number of residents, 63%, reported sleep disturbances consistent with clinical sleep pathology. The MDS indicated that 7.4% were prescribed hypnotics but this figure is deceiving in regard to medication use for sleep. Medication administration records showed 35% used sleep-related medications, and 39% of patients reported using medications to sleep. Consistent with other studies, these nursing home residents received inadequate bright light exposure with an average of 11 minutes at or above 1000 lux per day and none above 2000 lux. Approximately 35% were diagnosed with depression on the MDS. Self-reports showed approximately 29% with mild and 32% with moderate to moderately severe depression. A primary aim of this study was to identify sleep timing changes during the transition to the nursing home because adjustment to this type of change can be difficult for older adults. The average change in sleep timing fell between 1 and 2 hours, with a range from 0 to 6½ hours. As expected, participants preferred morning activity which is consistent with other studies of older adults and may reflect an age-related advance of the endogenous circadian rhythm. On average, all chronotypes experienced advances in sleep timing which is consistent with our hypothesis that the early morning routine typical of nursing homes would require residents to modify their sleep routines. Greater evening preference predicted a larger advance in sleep timing. Sleep phase changes are an important concern, particularly in light of the widespread rest-activity rhythm disturbances found in this setting and this study confirmed that rest-activity rhythms are disturbed in incoming nursing home residents. Another aim was to investigate the role of social rhythms, or the frequency and regularity of a daily routine, during this transition. A unique pattern of relationships was found among rest-activity rhythms, social rhythms, sleep and mood in the presence of certain types of sleep timing changes. This was not identified or explained based on the hypothesized model proposed in this study. Future studies should further evaluate these relationships based on a more nuanced model that accounts for the type (bed- versus…
On odd rainbow cycles in edge-colored graphs

Abstract Let G = ( V , E ) be an n -vertex edge-colored graph. In 2013, H. Li proved that if every vertex v ∈ V is incident to at least ( n + 1 ) ∕ 2 distinctly colored edges, then G admits a rainbow triangle. We prove that the same hypothesis ensures a rainbow l -cycle C l whenever n ≥ 432 l . This result is sharp for all odd integers l ≥ 3 , and extends earlier work of the authors for when l is even.