cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution of cardiac potentials around the chest in one hundred and three normal men.

Chest leads farther right to V1 and farther left to V6 have been suggested, and are increasingly used, for diagnosis of right ventricular or posterior wall lesions. Normal standards are provided for the regional distribution of seven arbitrarily defined patterns and amplitudes of main deflections, in five positional groups, in 15 leads around the chest, resulting in statistical evaluation of 600 electrocardiographic items. In general, the results favor a much more conservative interpretation than has been noted in the past. Some implications to electrocardiographic theory are discussed.
Prior victimization: a risk factor for child sexual abuse and for PTSD-related symptomatology among sexually abused youth

The experience of prior victimization (sexual and nonsexual) was found to increase children's risk for experiencing later child sexual abuse (CSA) in a national random sample of 2,000 American children aged 10-16 years. Prior victimization predicted subsequent CSA even when background variables (child's gender, race, age, geographic location, quality of relationship with parents, and relative level of violence in the home community) were controlled for. In addition, the prior victimization of a family member also predicted later CSA. Among children who experienced CSA, prior victimization increased the level of post-traumatic stress symptomatology, even after demographic factors and characteristics of the CSA episode (e.g., severity of the assault, severity of injury, fear of death or serious injury) were included in the model. These results suggest that prior victimization is a factor that needs to be addressed by educators who design CSA prevention interventions and by mental health professionals who counsel child victims of sexual abuse.
Immunohistochemical detection of GLUT1, p63 and phosphorylated histone H1 in head and neck squamous intraepithelial neoplasia: evidence for aberrations in hypoxia-related, cell cycle- and stem-cell-regulatory pathways.

Aim : Most epithelial malignancies are characterized by multistep progression from preinvasive/intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive malignancy. Detection and grading of early squamous intraepithelial neoplasia may at times be problematic. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of immunomarkers GLUT1, phospho-histone H1 and p63 to detect such early lesions. Methods : Sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from 27 cases of squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, 26 associated with invasive carcinoma, were immunostained with anti-p63 (4A4; Santa Cruz), anti-GLUT1 (Chemicon) and anti-phospho-histone H1 (monoclonal 12D11) and compared with normal, hyperplastic and immature squamous metaplastic epithelium. Results : Normal epithelium displayed phospho-histone H1 in scattered parabasal cells; p63 in the basal one-quarter to one-half of epithelium; and GLUT1 negativity or weak/equivocal mid-epithelial GLUT1+ foci. In hyperplasia phospho-histone H1+ cells were also limited to the parabasal layer; p63 positivity was essentially identical to that in normal epithelium; GLUT1 characteristically stained basal cells in rete-like areas. p63 staining in squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (grade 1) was indistinguishable from normal epithelial staining; in contrast, squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (grade 3) was readily apparent, with up to full-thickness p63 positivity. Squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (grade 1) was readily distinguishable from normal epithelium with both phospho-histone H1 and GLUT1 immunostaining; both markers were detected in cell layers above the parabasal layer. With both, progressively higher cell layers stained in proportion to the severity of the intraepithelial neoplasia, up to full thickness positivity in grade 3 squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. Squamous metaplasia and grade 3 squamous intraepithelial neoplasia were not distinguishable with p63 (both showed full-thickness staining) but were readily distinguishable with GLUT1 and phospho-histone H1 stains. GLUT1 appeared to be the most sensitive marker for all grades of intraepithelial neoplasia. Conclusion : Altered expression of all three markers was a common finding in squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, hence, dysregulation of cell cycle-promoting cyclin-dependent kinases (phospho-histone H1), altered stem cell regulatory pathways (p63) and enhancement of hypoxia-sensing pathways (GLUT1) are all early alterations in the progression of squamous malignancy of head and neck origin. A panel of all three may be a useful means of detecting squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.
Parental Nurturance Promotes Reading Acquisition in Low Socioeconomic Status Children

Research Findings: Children require cognitive skills (e.g., phoneme awareness, verbal intelligence) and environmental resources (e.g., stimulation, print exposure) to acquire reading. This investigation examined the additional contribution of parental nurturance to literacy development during the transition from preschool to elementary school. Participants were 77 children attending Head Start, their primary caregivers, and their teachers. A variety of methods were used to measure nurturance (e.g., self-report, laboratory observation, home observation) and reading achievement (e.g., standardized testing and teacher report). Approximately 3½ years later, 52 families and 39 teachers were available for repeat assessments of children's reading achievement. After controlling for the variance accounted for by prior reading ability, phonological awareness, verbal reasoning ability, and home academic stimulation, parental nurturance made a significant unique contribution to children's growth in reading achievemen...
Assessment of a problem-centered second-grade mathematics project.

Ten second-grade classes participated in a year-long project in which instruction was generally compatible with a socioconstructivist theory of knowledge and recent recommendations of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. At the end of the school year, the 10 project classes were compared with 8 nonproject classes on a standardized achievement test and on instruments designed to assess students' computational proficiency and conceptual development in arithmetic, their personal goals in mathematics, and their beliefs about reasons for success in mathematics. The levels of computational performance were comparable, but there were qualitative differences in arithmetical algorithms used by students in the two groups. Project students had higher levels of conceptual understanding in mathematics; held stronger beliefs about the importance of understanding and collaborating; and attributed less importance to conforming to the solution methods of others, competitiveness, and task-extrinsic reasons for success. Responses to a questionnaire on pedagogical beliefs indicated that the project teachers' beliefs were more compatible with a socioconstructivist perspective than were those of their nonproject colleagues.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy of early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: phase I study.

Purpose: A Phase I dose escalation study of stereotactic body radiation therapy to assess toxicity and local control rates for patients with medically inoperable Stage I lung cancer. Methods and Materials: All patients had non–small-cell lung carcinoma, Stage T1a or T1b N0, M0. Patients were immobilized in a stereotactic body frame and treated in escalating doses of radiotherapy beginning at 24 Gy total (3 × 8 Gy fractions) using 7–10 beams. Cohorts were dose escalated by 6.0 Gy total with appropriate observation periods. Results: The maximum tolerated dose was not achieved in the T1 stratum (maximum dose = 60 Gy), but within the T2 stratum, the maximum tolerated dose was realized at 72 Gy for tumors larger than 5 cm. Dose-limiting toxicity included predominantly bronchitis, pericardial effusion, hypoxia, and pneumonitis. Local failure occurred in 4/19 T1 and 6/28 T2 patients. Nine local failures occurred at doses ≤16 Gy and only 1 at higher doses. Local failures occurred between 3 and 31 months from treatment. Within the T1 group, 5 patients had distant or regional recurrence as an isolated event, whereas 3 patients had both distant and regional recurrence. Within the T2 group, 2 patients had solitary regional recurrences, and the 4 patients who failed distantly also failed regionally. Conclusions: Stereotactic body radiation therapy seems to be a safe, effective means of treating early-stage lung cancer in medically inoperable patients. Excellent local control was achieved at higher dose cohorts with apparent dose-limiting toxicities in patients with larger tumors.
DNA Damage Differentially Activates Regional Chromosomal Loci for Tn7 Transposition in Escherichia coli

The bacterial transposon Tn7 recognizes replicating DNA as a target with a preference for the region where DNA replication terminates in the Escherichia coli chromosome. It was previously shown that DNA double-strand breaks in the chromosome stimulate Tn7 transposition where transposition events occur broadly around the point of the DNA break. We show that individual DNA breaks actually activate a series of small regional hotspots in the chromosome for Tn7 insertion. These hotspots are fixed and become active only when a DNA break occurs in the same region of the chromosome. We find that the distribution of insertions around the break is not explained by the exonuclease activity of RecBCD moving the position of the DNA break, and stimulation of Tn7 transposition is not dependent on RecBCD. We show that other forms of DNA damage, like exposure to UV light, mitomycin C, or phleomycin, also stimulate Tn7 transposition. However, inducing the SOS response does not stimulate transposition. Tn7 transposition is not dependent on any known specific pathway of replication fork reactivation as a means of recognizing DNA break repair. Our results are consistent with the idea that Tn7 recognizes DNA replication involved in DNA repair and reveals discrete regions of the chromosome that are differentially activated as transposition targets.
Degradation of Casein Fractions by Rennet Extract

Abstract The proteolytic activity of commercial rennet on purified fractions of α s - and β -casein was studied. Products of proteolysis, soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid, were examined by gel-filtration and by absorbancy at 280m μ . Residual casein fractions were determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Rennet enzymes appear to preferentially degrade α s -casein. β -casein evidently is more resistant to rennet proteolysis than α s -casein. These findings confirm results of our studies with whole casein and suggest that successful rennet substitutes need to have the delicate differential proteolytie characteristics of rennet.
Preferences for crop production practices among conventional and alternative farmers

One of the major gaps in the empirical literature comparing conventional and organic farmers is the degree to which conventional farmers would prefer or can be motivated to use reduced-input practices comparable to those of alternative agriculturalists. This paper presents the results of a 1987 survey of a random sample of New York farm operators and a two-thirds sample of the membership list of the New York State chapter of the Natural Organic Farmers Association (NOFA-NY). The results show that while conventional farmers tend to have a lower preference for reduced-input practices than do alternative agriculturalists (NOFA-NY members), conventional farmers tend to prefer pest- and disease-resistant crop varieties, nonpurchased, on-farmproduced sources of fertility, and nonchemical means of disease control over high-input, chemically-based production practices. The largest differences between conventional and alternative agriculturalists are with respect to preferences for weed control practices. For six of the eight practices assessed, operators of small farms (annual gross sales less than 40,000 or more) and alternative agriculturalists. There was, however, virtually no difference between conventional and organic farmers in their tillage practice preferences; similar percentages of the NOFA members and commercial-scale farmers preferred minimum tillage practices, while the percentage of small farmers preferring to use as few tillage operations as possible was lower than that of both commercialscale and organic farmers. Differences between conventional and organic farmers in their production practice preferences are far smaller than differences in their environmental orientations.
PARLO: parallel run-time layout optimization for scientific data explorations with heterogeneous access patterns

The size and scope of cutting-edge scientific simulations are growing much faster than the I/O and storage capabilities of their run-time environments. The growing gap is exacerbated by exploratory, data-intensive analytics, such as querying simulation data with multivariate, spatio-temporal constraints, which induces heterogeneous access patterns that stress the performance of the underlying storage system. Previous work addresses data layout and indexing techniques to improve query performance for a single access pattern, which is not sufficient for complex analytics jobs. We present PARLO a parallel run-time layout optimization framework, to achieve multi-level data layout optimization for scientific applications at run-time before data is written to storage. The layout schemes optimize for heterogeneous access patterns with user-specified priorities. PARLO is integrated with ADIOS, a high-performance parallel I/O middleware for large-scale HPC applications, to achieve user-transparent, light-weight layout optimization for scientific datasets. It offers simple XML-based configuration for users to achieve flexible layout optimization without the need to modify or recompile application codes. Experiments show that PARLO improves performance by 2 to 26 times for queries with heterogeneous access patterns compared to state-of-the-art scientific database management systems. Compared to traditional post-processing approaches, its underlying run-time layout optimization achieves a 56% savings in processing time and a reduction in storage overhead of up to 50%. PARLO also exhibits a low run-time resource requirement, while also limiting the performance impact on running applications to a reasonable level.
Positive dimensions of mental health.

Several papers in this issue address positive experiences in aging and the measurement and meaning of positive emotions. With no pun intended, this is a positive development for the field. For a lo...
N-rich and dilute-nitride GaN x (AsSb) 1-x on InP substrates

GaAsNSb alloys have been demonstrated using MOCVD growth over a wide span of nitrogen composition. Dilute-nitride alloys hold potential for mid-IR emission using GaAsSbN/GaAsSb type-II QWs.
Hepatocyte and Kupffer cell functions during liver regeneration in streptozotocin‐diabetic rats

The insulinoprivic influence of acute severe streptozotocin diabetes on liver regeneration in rats was evaluated by determining liver weights as well as hepatocyte and Kupffer cell functional capacities. Functional capacities were assessed by bromosulfophthalein uptake for hepatocytes and carbon phagocytosis for Kupffer cells. Evaluation immediately after partial hepatectomy revealed a 66% reduction of liver mass, a 63% decrease in hepatocyte bromosulfophthalein removal, and a 65% decline in Kupffer cell carbon phagocytosis. Per cent recovery at 48-hr posthepatectomy was considerably greater for carbon phagocytosis than for bromosulfophthalein removal by regenerating livers. This apparent difference in functional recovery was likely due in part to enhanced non-Kupffer cell carbon phagocytosis. No significant differences of the three regeneration indices were noted for untreated streptozotocin-diabetic rats compared to nondiabetic animals. However, insulin administration to fasted streptozotocin diabetics significantly stimulated liver regeneration above that of untreated fasted rats and almost equivalent to that of pair-fed animals. Fasted rats had in general slower liver regeneration than pair-fed animals as expected. Furthermore, insulin administration to fasted nondiabetic rats after partial hepatectomy caused severe hypoglycemia and resulted in a further depression of liver regeneration.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Updated

• This brief review of the rapidly developing research on vascular smooth muscle presents the state of the art as I see it from within my own frame of reference. For a more objective, detailed insight into the workings of vascular smooth muscle, several substantial reviews and compendiums may be read (1-7). CONTRACTILE PROTEINS The mechanical events responsible for the contraction of vascular smooth muscle are associated with its contractile proteins. These proteins not only develop the mechanical force responsible for the contraction but also act as the enzyme that catalyzes the release of energy by which this force is developed. They are both the spark plug and the piston of the contractile machine. The contractile proteins of vascular smooth muscle are arranged in well-organized thick and thin filaments (8-10). The thick filaments, presumably bundles of myosin molecules, average 15.5 nm in diameter and have lateral projections suggestive of cross-bridges extending toward adjacent thin filaments. The thin filaments, presumably fibrous actin, average 5-8 nm in diameter and appear to be attached to dense bodies that are usually connected to the cell membrane. Contraction of vascular smooth muscle most probably is effected by some version of the Huxley sliding filament mechanism. The most easily interpretable studies of the functions of the contractile proteins are those performed in isolation with the determinants of the enzymatic and physical responses tightly controlled. There is a qualitative similarity between the actomyosin of vascular smooth muscle and the actomyosin of skeletal muscle (11) evidenced by the observation that a hybrid actomyosin can be prepared by combining myosin from one of these types of muscle with actin from the other; this
The Role of Higher Education Institutions in Innovation and Economic Development

quality improvement purposes. Tertiary education institutions that look at detailed ranking data for benchmarking purposes can use specific indicators to understand the determinants of their performance and then work toward improving the quality of teaching and research. At the government level, use rankings to stimulate a culture of quality. In countries that do not yet have a well-established quality assurance system, rankings can be used as a proxy for quality. Similarly, at the international level, in the absence of a single global quality assurance agency, ranking systems take on some characteristics of a quality regulator for international students. Use rankings as one of the instruments available to inform stakeholders. Rather than being considered as the ultimate measure of quality and/or relevance, rankings should be complemented by information on accreditation and labor market outcome data collected through surveys of employers and tracer surveys. The results of league tables can also serve to generate a national debate about long-term strategic priorities and policies for tertiary education.
A 1-GHz logic circuit family with sense amplifiers

This paper describes a newly developed logic circuit family based on dual-rail bit lines and sense amplifiers that is used extensively in a 1.0-GHz, single-issue, 64-bit PowerPC integer processor, gigahertz unit test site (guTS). The family consists of an incrementor, a count-leading-zero, a rotator, and a read-only memory. Each macro consists of a leaf-cell array, dual-rail bit lines, a row of sense amplifiers, a control block, and peripheral circuits. A common read-out scheme sensing the differential voltage of dual-rail bit lines is used. The hardware was fabricated in a 0.25-/spl mu/m drawn channel length, six-metal-layer (Al) CMOS technology (1.8-V nominal VDD). Wafer testing was performed using a probe card. The macros were tested cycle by cycle by scanning the input data to the read/write address latches and data latches, and scanning the result out from the output receiving latches. Functional testing was performed on guTS macros at frequencies up to 1.0 GHz at 25/spl deg/C with nominal VDD (1.1 GHz for the ROM).
High levels of phosphorylated MAP kinase are associated with poor survival among patients with glioblastoma during the temozolomide era

We investigated whether high levels of activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-MAPK) were associated with poor survival among patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma during the temozolomide era. Nuclear p-MAPK expression of 108 patients with GBM was quantified and categorized in the following levels: low (0%-10%), medium (11%-40%), and high (41%-100%). Independent predictors of overall survival were determined using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Our study included 108 patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Median age was 65 years, and 74% had high Karnofsky performance status (KPS ≥ 80). Median overall survival among all patients was 19.5 months. Activated MAPK expression levels of <10%, 11%-40%, and ≥ 41% were observed in 33 (30.6%), 37 (34.3%), and 38 (35.2%) patients, respectively. Median survival for low, medium, and high p-MAPK expression was 32.4, 18.2, and 12.5 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed 2.4-times hazard of death among patients with intermediate p-MAPK than low p-MAPK expression (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; P = .02); high-expression patients were 3.9 times more likely to die, compared with patients with low p-MAPK (HR, 3.9; P = .007). Patients aged ≥ 65 years (HR, 2.8; P = .002) with KPS < 80 (HR, 3.1; P = .0003) and biopsy or partial resection (HR, 1.9; P = .02) had higher hazard of death. MGMT and PTEN expression were not associated with survival differences. This study provides quantitative means of evaluating p-MAPK in patients with GBM. It confirms the significant and independent prognostic relevance of p-MAPK in predicting survival of patients with GBM treated in the temozolomide era and highlights the need for therapies targeting the p-MAPK oncogenic pathway.
Human Papillomavirus and its Role in Cervical Carcinoma

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the human papillomavirus and its role in cervical carcinoma. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes warts and various cancerous and precancerous lesions in men and women. It has been established that HPV infection is the etiological agent of cervical cancer, which affects almost half a million women worldwide and has a 50% mortality rate. Detection of HPV infection is also essential for epidemiological studies to understand the natural history of HPV infection and the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. High-risk HPV infection is necessary for the development of cervical cancer. Molecular HPV testing has been shown to be useful for the management of women with equivocal cytology results (ASCUS) among women of all ages. Several studies also suggest that molecular HPV assays will be useful for the detection of residual or recurrent disease after treatment of CIN2+ lesions. Combined with visual screening, HPV testing can be used as a primary screening tool in resource-poor settings. In the near future, PCR-based HPV detection methods will be commercially available and used in clinical settings. Novel technologies, which can quantitate HPV viral load and genotype, will increase the usefulness of HPV testing in the clinical management of cervical neoplasia.
Development of mHealth system for supporting self-management and remote consultation of skincare.

Individuals with spina bifida (SB) are vulnerable to chronic skin complications such as wounds on the buttocks and lower extremities. Most of these complications can be prevented with adherence to self-care routines. We have developed a mobile health (mHealth) system for supporting self-care and management of skin problems called SkinCare as part of an mHealth suite called iMHere (interactive Mobile Health and Rehabilitation). The objective of this research is to develop an innovative mHealth system to support self-skincare tasks, skin condition monitoring, adherence to self-care regimens, skincare consultation, and secure two-way communications between patients and clinicians. In order to support self-skincare tasks, the SkinCare app requires three main functions: (1) self-care task schedule and reminders, (2) skin condition monitoring and communications that include imaging, information about the skin problem, and consultation with clinician, and (3) secure two-way messaging between the patient and clinician (wellness coordinator). The SkinCare system we have developed consists of the SkinCare app, a clinician portal, and a two-way communication protocol connecting the two. The SkinCare system is one component of a more comprehensive system to support a wellness program for individuals with SB. The SkinCare app has several features that include reminders to perform daily skin checks as well as the ability to report skin breakdown and injury, which uses a combination of skin images and descriptions. The SkinCare app provides reminders to visually inspect one’s skin as a preventative measure, often termed a “skin check.” The data is sent to the portal where clinicians can monitor patients’ conditions. Using the two-way communication, clinicians can receive pictures of the skin conditions, track progress in healing over time, and provide instructions for how to best care for the wound. The system was capable of supporting self-care and adherence to regimen, monitoring adherence, and supporting clinician engagement with patients, as well as testing its feasibility in a long-term implementation. The study shows the feasibility of a long-term implementation of skincare mHealth systems to support self-care and two-way interactions between patients and clinicians.
Supplementation with leucine does not prevent development of obesity in rats fed a high fat diet (258.5)

Excess dietary fat consumption has been implicated in the development of obesity and diabetes. Obesity can be characterized by a disproportionate increase in fat mass. However, if muscle mass can b...
Bulk arc strain, crustal thickening, magma emplacement, and mass balances in the Mesozoic Sierra Nevada arc

Quantifying crustal deformation is important for evaluating mass balance, material transfer, and the interplay between tectonism and magmatism in continental arcs. We present a dataset of >650 finite strain analyses compiled from published works and our own studies with associated structural, geochronologic, and geobarometric information in central and southern Sierra Nevada, California, to quantify the arc crust deformation. Our results show that Mesozoic tectonism results in 65% arc-perpendicular bulk crust shortening under a more or less plane strain condition. Mesozoic arc magmatism replaced ∼80% of this actively deforming arc crust with plutons requiring significantly greater crustal thickening. We suggest that by ∼85 Ma, the arc crust thickness was ∼80 km with a 30-km-thick arc root, resulting in a ∼5 km elevation. Most tectonic shortening and magma emplacement must be accommodated by downward displacements of crustal materials into growing crustal roots at the estimated downward transfer rate of 2–13 km/Myr. The downward transfer of crustal materials must occur in active magma channels, or in “escape channels” in between solidified plutons that decrease in size with time and depth resulting in an increase in the intensity of constrictional strain with depth. We argue that both tectonism and magmatism control the thickness of the crust and surface elevation with slight modification by surface erosion. The downward transported crustal materials initially fertilize the MASH zone thus enhancing to the generation of additional magmas. As the crustal root grows it may potentially pinch out and cool the mantle wedge and thus cause reduction of arc magmatism.
Chemical Stress-Relaxation and Other Studies on Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Abstract The aging of styrene—butadiene rubber (SBR) was studied by three methods: stress relaxation, infrared spectroscopy, and swelling measurements, with the purpose of supplying information pertinent to understanding the basic mechanism of its aging. Stress-relaxation measurements in air and nitrogen at elevated temperatures indicated that atmospheric oxygen is the principal cause of chemical stress relaxation of SBR, rather than heat. Intermittent stress-relaxation measurements showed scission and crosslinking occurring simultaneously during network breakdown, and it was concluded that random scission in the backbone is indicated to take place in preference to scission in the crosslinks. Activation energies obtained from relaxation rates at several temperatures was 28 ± 0.5 kcal, comparable to literature values of 30 ± 2 kcals. The rates of carbonyl and hydroxyl group formation in SBR in air at various temperatures were determined by ir spectroscopy, both induction and maximum rates, νm, being measur...
Considerations of the retention index concept

Abstract The influence of column temperature on the retention index values is discused in general terms. It was found that on squalane liquid phase and for hydrocarbon samples, a linear relationship can be assumed between retention index and temperature while on polar liquid phases, these plots seem to show some curvature. Retention index vs . temperature plots permit the better utilization of published data, reveal some general rules in the temperature dependency of different sdubstances and help in the choice of the proper analysis temperature and in the identification of unknown mixtures.
TUTORIAL: Recent Progresses in Optical Metamaterials

I will discuss a few recent experiments demonstrating intriguing phenomena associated with Metamaterials. These include subdiffraction limit imaging and focusing, low-loss and broad-band negative-refraction of visible light, negative-index metamaterials and the first cloak operating at optical frequencies; an all-dielectric “carpet cloak” with broad-band and low-loss performance. I will also present our recent demonstration of a deep sub-wavelength plasmonic laser.
Principles of Field Crop Production with Reduced Tillage Systems

Reduced tillage systems minimize tillage to create as favorable an environment as possible to maintain or enhance crop production while providing for effective soil and water conservation. Plant residues are retained on the soil surface and herbicides are used to control weeds where tillage is not performed.
Preserving Nanomorphology in YSZ Scaffolds at High Temperatures via In Situ Carbon Templating of Hybrid Materials

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% Y2O3) scaffolds, with surface areas up to 68 m2/g, were prepared by sintering hybrid inorganic-organic propylene oxide (PO) gels in an argon atmosphere between 1050°C and 1350°C. During sintering, a hard carbon template forms in situ that preserves the scaffold nanomorphology. The carbon template is completely removed postsinter by heating in air to 700°C. Surface areas of 24, 14, 3.2, and 2.4 m2/g were achieved for argon sintering temperatures of 1050°C, 1150°C, 1250°C, and 1350°C, respectively. By adding glucose to the gel formulation, the amount of carbon template increases from 4 to 59 wt% and the surface area increases from 14 to 68 m2/g. Remarkably, the surface area only decreases to 59 m2/g upon heating to 900°C in air. This in situ carbon templating approach offers a flexible platform to create and preserve highly desirable surface areas and nanomorphologies while sintering at high temperatures. The utility of this approach to improve low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell electrode performance is discussed.
Monitoring results of hepatitis B virus antibody level among healthy children in Xianyang City from 2009-2010

[Objective]To understand the immune level of hepatitis B among healthy children in Xianyang City,provide a scientific basis for effective development of hepatitis B vaccination at the basic level.[Methods]By using stratified random sampling and simple random sampling,the blood samples were collected from 258 children aged 0-8 years old,and anti-HBs was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).[Results]The anti-HBs positive rate of children aged 0-8 years old was 57.36% in Xianyang City.The anti-HBs positive rate of lower age group was higher than that of the higher age group,and 3 years old and 8 years old were the peaks of anti-HBs positive rate.[Conclusion]The anti-HBs positive rate of children under 12 months is not high in Xianyang City.It is necessary to carry out the supplementary immunization of hepatitis B vaccine among children aged 0-8 years old to improve the anti-HBs level in children.
Paradoxes of reservation-based intersection controls in traffic networks

Abstract Reservation-based intersection control is a revolutionary idea for using connected autonomous vehicle technologies to improve intersection controls. Vehicles individually request permission to follow precise paths through the intersection at specific times from an intersection manager agent. Previous studies have shown that reservations can reduce delays beyond optimized signals in many demand scenarios. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that signals can outperform reservations through theoretical and realistic examples. We present two examples that exploit the reservation protocol to prioritize vehicles on local roads over vehicles on arterials, increasing the total vehicle delay. A third theoretical example demonstrates that reservations can encourage selfish route choice leading to arbitrarily large queues. Next, we present two realistic networks taken from metropolitan planning organization data in which reservations perform worse than signals. We conclude with significantly positive results from comparing reservations and signals on the downtown Austin grid network using dynamic traffic assignment. Overall, these results indicate that network-based analyses are needed to detect adverse route choices before traffic signals can be replaced with reservation controls. In asymmetric intersections (e.g. local road-arterial intersections), reservation controls can cause several potential issues. However, in networks with more symmetric intersections such as a downtown grid, reservations have great potential to improve traffic.
Lymph Node Metastasis Status in Breast Carcinoma Can Be Predicted via Image Analysis of Tumor Histology.

OBJECTIVE To develop a method whereby axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis can be predicted without ALN dissection, via computational image analysis of routinely acquired tumor histology. STUDY DESIGN We employed digital image processing to stratify patients based on the histological attributes of the primary tumor. We extracted image features that capture the nuclear and architectural properties of the specimen. We then used a novel machine learning algorithm to transform image features into a scalar score that provided not only a metastasis prediction but also the certainty of classification. RESULTS We applied this procedure to 101 patients with a ground truth established by histological examination of the lymph nodes and found that 68.3% of the cohort could be classified, exhibiting a correct prediction rate of 88.4%. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate a technique that potentially can be used to supplant existing surgical methods to determine ALN metastasis status, thereby reducing patient morbidity associated with over-treatment.
Biogeochemical and microbial seasonal dynamics between water column and sediment processes in a productive mountain lake: Georgetown Lake, MT, USA

Montana Institute on Ecosystems (0739054); National Science Foundation (1338040); MSU Undergraduate Scholars Program
Response and recovery: A quantitative approach to emergency management

The last decade has shown a compelling need for a model to measure effectively how communities fare in overcoming unexpected hazards. Many entities, including the UN, have made relevant contributions in this area. However, a majority of these organizations have proposed and implemented mechanisms that only assess qualitative aspects (such as the presence and completeness of emergency plans) of the community in question, thus making assessment highly subjective and difficult to standardize. This paper presents a resiliency score framework that reflects the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recovery continuum phases and aligns with current Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP) standards. The developed model includes operational and quantifiable metrics that will support the assessment of a community's recovery process by emergency management and community leaders.
High-speed PCAP configuration scrubbing on Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoCs

Configuration scrubbing is a technique used for repairing Single Event Upsets (SEUs) within the configuration memory of an FPGA. Scrubbing approaches have been developed using hardware external to the FPGA communicating through a configuration port and using hardware within the FPGA by communicating with an internal configuration port (ICAP). More recent FPGAs such as the Xilinx Zynq 7-Series SoCs provide internal programmable processors that can configure the FPGA logic very rapidly using an internal Processor Configuration Access Port (PCAP). These SoC/FPGAs also provide automatic internal scrubbing through the use of high-speed readback and configuration error correction. This paper presents a novel form of FPGA configuration scrubbing for the Zynq-7000 SoC family by combining the high-speed PCAP configuration port with internal scrubbing. This novel scrubber corrects single-bit upsets in several microseconds and detects these upsets in 8 ms.
An optimized approach for community detection and ranking

Community structures and relation patterns, and ranking them for social networks provide us with great knowledge about network. Such knowledge can be utilized for target marketing or grouping similar, yet distinct, nodes. The ever-growing variety of social networks necessitates detection of minute and scattered communities, which are important problems across different research fields including biology, social studies, physics, etc. Existing community detection algorithms such as fast and folding or modularity based are either incapable of finding graph anomalies or too slow and impractical for large graphs. The main contributions of this work are twofold: (i) we optimize the Attractor algorithm, speeding it up by a factor depending on complexity of the graph; i.e. the more complex a social graph is, the better result the algorithm will achieve, and (ii) we propose a community ranker algorithm for the first time. The former is achieved by amalgamating loops and incorporating breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm for edge alignments and to fill in the missing cache, preserving a constant of time equal to the number of edges in the graph. For the latter, we make the first attempt to enumerate how influential each community is in a given graph, ranking them based on their normalized impact factor.
Reflections on Africa and International Criminal Law

The relationship between African states and the emerging international criminal law regime appears to be at a crossroads. The African Union has repeatedly criticized the International Criminal Court (ICC) since the indictment of the Sudanese head of state, Omar al Bashir. The indictments of Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto, who post-indictment became respectively Kenya’s President and Deputy President, heightened this tension. Threats of mass withdrawals of African states from the Rome Treaty initially looked like standard political bluster and grandstanding from isolated individuals, but now appear to have gained some support within the region. There are credible indications that South Africa, the country often viewed as the continent’s leader in the areas of international human rights and justice, is seriously debating whether to withdraw from the Rome Treaty. This article argues for a more nuanced approach to the conflict between the international criminal legal system and Africa. First, it argues that the search for an African conception of justice overly simplifies the sophisticated views of justice found in Africa and distracts from a more nuanced approach to understanding the conflict between Africa and the international criminal legal system. Second, it highlights the socio-political and structural dynamics that create a framework of disempowerment and injustice that helps to better understand this conflict. Third, it discusses the issue of head of state immunity as an example of this conflict. Fourth, and finally, it argues that much of the international response to African proposals for a regional international criminal court have assumed that such proposals are primarily concerned with protecting entrenched governments and heads of state. While this article does not claim that such interests are not at play, it argues that such a focus has overshadowed other significant elements of these African proposals – elements that are better explained by the current political and power dynamics of the international system.
Photo and Video Methods in Organizational and Managerial Communication Research

In this article, I introduce photo and video methods (PVM) to organizational communication. PVM have rarely been used in organizational communication research but offer advantages through providing...
Flow Control Protocols for Resilient Supply Networks

Resilience is a dynamic property of SNs. The ability of a SN to minimize the effect of disruptions on its performance depends on the interaction between its structural properties and the set of flow control protocols used to dynamically assign and re-assign flow and resources. Hence, SN design should not only be concerned with the structural or control aspects in isolation but rather with the integrated design of these and their seamless interaction. Flow control protocols manage digital, physical, and service flows, and communication exchanges, among and within SN agents in order to conduct operations under normal and disrupted conditions, without altering existing SN structure. In this chapter, the three main types of flow control in SNs—sourcing control, internal resource control, and distribution control—are characterized and their interrelation with SN structural characteristics is discussed within the SN formalism introduced in Chap. 2. Several examples from literature illustrate applications that belong to each of the three protocol types.
Porcine Urinary Bladder Matrix for Management of Infected Radiation Mastectomy Wound

We present a case report on the successful healing of a Pseudomonas infection wound in a 52-year-old female with morbid obesity, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and a history of tobacco use, who presented with Stage IIIA (T3, N2, Mo) infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to her bilateral skin-sparing total mastectomies with right axillary sentinel lymphadenectomy. She also had staged reconstruction with temporary breast implants and plans for deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps. Two months after chest wall and regional nodal radiation therapy, she developed a marked soft tissue reaction to radiation. She underwent over 10 right chest wall open wound radical debridements resulting in a tissue defect of 25 cm in length, by 20 cm in width, by 10 cm in depth. Despite surgical debridement, intravenous antibiotics, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, colistin spray therapy, and heat lamp therapy, the infection failed to resolve and the wound failed to heal. She was left with an open wound that was extremely painful and required chronic pain management with opioids. The patient later was found to have developed a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas infection in her wound. However, the experimental placement of a porcine bladder matrix (ACell©, Inc., Columbia, MD) on the wound resulted in the complete relief of pain just three days after the application of the product. After two weekly applications of ACell
Cage activity in the California antelope ground squirrel

Cage activity of six California antelope ground squirrels was measured twice daily (morning and night) under six levels of ambient illumination (dark, less than 1.0, 2.5, 5.0,. 25.0, 50.0 ft c). Analysis of variance indicated that the Ss were significantly more active in the morning than at night under all levels of illumination. In addition, the Illumination by Time of Day interaction was significant. Increasing levels of illumination produced decreasing cage activity in the morning, but did not significantly affect cage activity at night. Results are discussed in comparison to earlier measures of cage activity with the nocturnal Virginia opossum.
Lingering radioactivity at the Bikini and Enewetak Atolls.

Abstract We made an assessment of the levels of radionuclides in the ocean waters, seafloor and groundwater at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls where the US conducted nuclear weapons tests in the 1940's and 50's. This included the first estimates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) derived from radium isotopes that can be used here to calculate radionuclide fluxes in to the lagoon waters. While there is significant variability between sites and sample types, levels of plutonium (239,240Pu) remain several orders of magnitude higher in lagoon seawater and sediments than what is found in rest of the world's oceans. In contrast, levels of cesium-137 (137Cs) while relatively elevated in brackish groundwater are only slightly higher in the lagoon water relative to North Pacific surface waters. Of special interest was the Runit dome, a nuclear waste repository created in the 1970's within the Enewetak Atoll. Low seawater ratios of 240Pu/239Pu suggest that this area is the source of about half of the Pu in the Enewetak lagoon water column, yet radium isotopes suggest that SGD from below the dome is not a significant Pu source. SGD fluxes of Pu and Cs at Bikini were also relatively low. Thus radioactivity associated with seafloor sediments remains the largest source and long term repository for radioactive contamination. Overall, Bikini and Enewetak Atolls are an ongoing source of Pu and Cs to the North Pacific, but at annual rates that are orders of magnitude smaller than delivered via close-in fallout to the same area.
Diversity and Popularity in Organizations and Communities

This paper examines social groupings whose structure depends only on the distribution of ability to attract attention. When people‘s attention is a scarce resource, those individuals who are rated highest by a large number of other individuals will have to ration their attention, resulting in constraints on the social structure of the group. The incidence of popular individuals by that definition reflects the extent to which individuals agree on who their highest-rated colleague is. We propose three basic distributions or ways to generate the matrix of perceived ability so as to yield popularity profiles that can be parametrically adjusted to match observations. We demonstrate that each of these assumption sets leads to a slightly different correlation between the value of the assumption‘s parameter and the set of observable popularity patterns. Since popularity, in real life, often determines such things as power, centrality, over-utilization and perhaps reduced accessibility, having more realistic ways of representing it is important for modeling and understanding virtual organizations and communities.