cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological Assessment of Older Children

In recent years, the field of child neuropsychology has undergone tremendous growth. There has been a burgeoning interest in the neuropsychological assessment of children with disorders of the central nervous system, systemic medical illnesses, neurodevelopmental and related learning disabilities, and psychiatric disorders (Taylor & Fletcher, 1990). Recent surveys indicate that a significant proportion of neuropsychologists now devote most of their clinical services to children and adolescents (Putnam & DeLuca, 1990; Slay & Valdivia, 1988; Sweet & Moberg, 1990). The special concerns of these neuropsychologists are reflected in the substantial and growing literature devoted to the scientific and applied aspects of child neuropsychology (e.g., Baron, Fennell, & Voeller, 1995; Obrzut & Hynd, 1986a, 1986b; Pennington, 1991; Reynolds & Fletcher-Janzen, 1989; Rourke, Bakker, Fisk, & Strang, 1983; Rourke, Fisk, & Strang, 1986; Spreen, Risser, & Edgell, 1995; Yeates, Ris, & Taylor, in press.
Timing Variations in Two Balkan Percussion Performances

Many songs and dance pieces from the Balkan Peninsula employ aksak meter, in which two categorically different durations, long and short, coexist in the sequence of beats that performers emphasize and listeners move to. This paper analyzes the durations of aksak beats and measures in two recorded percussion performances that use a particular aksak beat sequence, long-short-short. The results suggest that the timing of beats varies in conjunction with factors including melodic grouping and interaction among members of a performing ensemble and audience. Timing variation linked to melodic groups occurs on a solo recording of a Macedonian Romani folk song. The performer, Muzafer Bizlim, taps an ostinato while singing, and the timing of his taps seems to mark some local and large-scale group boundaries. Melodic organization also seems relevant to the timing of beats and measures on a recording of Bulgarian percussionist Mitko Popov playing the tŭpan , a double-headed bass drum, in a small folk music ensemble. In Popov’s performance, however, timing differences might be related to characteristics of the ensemble dynamic, such as the coordination of multiple musical participants. These interpretations generate possibilities for future study of timing variations in relation to rhythm and meter. Supplemental files available for this article: Audio Example 1 and Audio Example 2
An ultrafast refolding protocol for producing cell surface immunoreceptors and viral receptors (VIR5P.1029)

Functional cell surface immunoreceptors and viral receptors are often a cumbersome and time-consuming process and a bottleneck step that limits detailed biochemical and functional characterization of this important class of molecules. Here we introduce an ultrafast procedure that can be used to refold inclusion-body-based immunoreceptor and viral receptors within one day from the point of harvesting culture, a speed equivalent to soluble protein production. The protocol utilizes modular on-column Ni-NTA purification followed by efficient on-column refolding. We demonstrated the utility of this method for multiple immunoreceptors and viral surface receptors, including host immunoreceptors MHC class I chain A (MICA) and NKp46 and viral receptors UL144 and UL146. The method can be easily adapted into high throughput format for structure biology, chemical biology, and proteomics screenings.
Photoperiodic Induction of Wing Morphs in the Waterstrider Limnoporus canaliculatus (Gerridae: Hemiptera)

The influence of photoperiod on wing morph induction was studied in the wing-dimorphic waterstrider Limnoporus canaliculatus Say. The winged morph was strongly induced under a short 12:12 (L:D) stationary photoperiod and to a greater degree by a single transfer from a long (16:8) to a short, stationary photoperiod (12:12) at hatch. Morph frequencies obtained in the transfer from a long to a short photoregime closely approximated those in a natural population during the fall, when the winged morph is almost exclusively produced. Long, stationary daylength or a single change from short to long daylength resulted in an equivalent, maximal production of the wingless morph in the laboratory. These results are consistent with the maximal production of the wingless morph during late June–July in the field when daylength is longest. Continuous change in daylength (incremental or decremental) elicited no important effect on morph induction beyond that elicited by a single change in daylength. Parental chilling, field generation of the parent (summer versus fall), or environmentally-induced wing phenotype of the parent did not affect morph induction in progeny. Developmental stages that were sensitive to photoperiod were exclusively or nearly exclusively restricted to the egg-second stadium. Several key aspects of photoperiodically mediated morph induction in L. canaliculatus are inconsistent with the general model of morph induction proposed for waterstriders.
Effect of LSD-25 on Activity Level of the Hooded Rat

Most psychopharmacological studies investigating the behavioral effects of LSD-25 have reported a decrement in operant performance ( 2 ) . Before we can accept these results as unequivocal, however, parametric investigations of the drug's effects on behavior must be conducted across a wide range of species. In the present study we chose general activity as a response measure for it is easily adapted to work with most species and eliminates time-consuming training procedures. Ss were 1 0 adult female Long-Evans rats about 8 0 days old. The apparatus was a standard laboratory activity wheel modified to record a fifth of a revolution in either direction. Illumination was provided by a 150-w bulb, located 4 ft. above the apparatus. All Ss were placed on a 23-hr.-food-and-water deprivation schedule for 1 2 days before the experiment. Deprivation continued during the experiment. Each S received both LSD and saline solutions in a counterbalanced design. All Ss received 0.5-cc intraperitoneal injections of LSD-25 (0.1 mg/cc) and normal saline on successive days. Each S was tested for 30 min. at the same time each day. A 10-min. period in which S was housed in a cage adjacent to the activity wheel preceded the test period to allow time for the drug to cake effect. At the end of testing, S was rerurned to his home cage. Ss were fed 3 hr. later. The data were cast into a 2 X 2 Latin square, and an analysis of variance performed. Ss injected with LSD-25 produced significantly fewer revolutions than those receiving saline (F = 13.2, df = 1/17, f i < .01) . N o significant order effect was found. Thus, LSD25 had a decremental effect on general activity which agrees with other studies of operant behavior ( 3 ) . A more adequate design would include various dosages and a second control group which would have received no injections to allow evaluation of effects of injection on S's general accivity. Although our results indicate that the measure of activity is certainly adequate for our purposes, stabilimetric measures of activity (1) may, however, prove more useful for comparative purposes.
Day-night differences in the response of the pineal gland to swimming stress

AbstractThe effect of swimming stress on pineal N-acetyltransferase activity, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity, and melatonin content was studied during the day and night in adult male rats. At night, elevated pineal activity was suppressed by light exposure before the animals swam. During the day, swimming for 2 hr did not stimulate NAT activity unless the animals were pretreated with desmethylimipramine (DMI), a norepinephrine uptake blocker. Pineal melatonin content after daytime swimming exhibited a weak rise, unless DMI was injected, in which case melatonin levels showed a highly significant increase. Swimming at night caused a greater (compared to daytime levels) increase in NAT activity in both noninjected and DMI-injected rats. Melatonin levels at night were highly significantly stimulated (compared to daytime values) even without pretreatment of the rats with DMI. The greater response of the rat pineal to swimming stress at night may relate either to an increase in the number of...
Randomized controlled trial of the effects of a trunk stabilization program on trunk control and knee loading.

ABSTRACTBackgroundMany athletic maneuvers involve coordination of movement between the lower and upper extremities, suggesting that better core muscle use may lead to improved athletic performance and reduced injury risk.PurposeTo determine to what extent a training program with quasistatic trunk st
The Fermentation of Xylose by Bacteria of the Aerogenes, Paratyphoid B. and Typhoid Groups

In previous papers we have recorded results which show that xylose is fermented by Lactobacillus pentoaceticus with the production of almost equal amounts of acetic acid and lactic acid, and traces of alcohol and carbon dioxide. Approximately 80-9C^ of the sugar consumed may be accounted for by the two acids, acetic and lactic. Toward the aldohexose sugars, we noted these organisms behaved in a different manner; the end products are chiefly alcohol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and a small amount of acetic acid. Studies have since been made on the products of the fermentation of xylose by bacteria of the aerogenes-typhoid group, the results of which are presented in this report.
Ageing with spinal cord injury : cross-sectional and longitudinal effects

Study design: Longitudinal and cross-sectional. Objective: To determine whether, for studies of ageing with a spinal cord injury, the cross-sectional differences in outcomes across both age and years post injury (YPI) differ from the longitudinal change. Setting: Two SCI centres in England: the National Spinal Injuries Centre in Aylesbury, and the Regional Spinal Injuries Centre in Southport. Methods: A total of 315 people who sustained spinal cord injuries prior to 1971 underwent comprehensive health and psychosocial status interviews at one or more of the study assessments (1990, 1993, 1996, and 1999). A range of continuous and dichotomous outcomes was analyzed to detect both cross-sectional differences by age and average individual changes over multiple measurements. Results: Frequently, outcomes changed longitudinally without showing any cross-sectional differences. Cross-sectional age was more commonly associated with the worsening of a condition while cross-sectional YPI was commonly associated with improvement. After controlling for cross-sectional effects, psychological measures generally showed minor deterioration, measures of community integration both improved and deteriorated, upper extremity pain increased, lower enxtremity pain decreased, and participants tended to quit smoking. Conclusion: Using longitudinal findings that control for cross-sectional differences produces a more complete description of ageing with a spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord (2001) 39, 301–309.
Ongoing advances in quantitative PpIX fluorescence guided intracranial tumor resection(Conference Presentation)

Aminolevulinc-acid induced protoporphyrin IX (ALA-PpIX) is being investigated as a biomarker to guide neurosurgical resection of brain tumors. ALA-PpIX fluorescence can be observed visually in the surgical field; however, raw fluorescence emissions can be distorted by factors other than the fluorophore concentration. Specifically, fluorescence emissions are mixed with autofluorescence and attenuated by background absorption and scattering properties of the tissue. Recent work at Dartmouth has developed advanced fluorescence detection approaches that return quantitative assessments of PpIX concentration, which are independent of background optical properties. The quantitative fluorescence imaging (qFI) approach has increased sensitivity to residual disease within the resection cavity at the end of surgery that was not visible to the naked eye through the operating microscope. This presentation outlines clinical observations made during an ongoing investigation of ALA-PpIX based guidance of tumor resection. PpIX fluorescence measurements made in a wide-field hyperspectral imaging approach are co-registered with point-assessment using a fiber optic probe. Data show variations in the measured PpIX accumulation among different clinical tumor grades (i.e. high grade glioma, low grade glioma), types (i.e. primary tumors. metastases) and normal structures of interest (e.g. normal cortex, hippocampus). These results highlight the contrast enhancement and underscore the potential clinical benefit offered from quantitative measurements of PpIX concentration during resection of intracranial tumors.
Glucose Transporters in Cardiac Metabolism and Hypertrophy

The heart is adapted to utilize all classes of substrates to meet the high-energy demand, and it tightly regulates its substrate utilization in response to environmental changes. Although fatty acids are known as the predominant fuel for the adult heart at resting stage, the heart switches its substrate preference toward glucose during stress conditions such as ischemia and pathological hypertrophy. Notably, increasing evidence suggests that the loss of metabolic flexibility associated with increased reliance on glucose utilization contribute to the development of cardiac dysfunction. The changes in glucose metabolism in hypertrophied hearts include altered glucose transport and increased glycolysis. Despite the role of glucose as an energy source, changes in other nonenergy producing pathways related to glucose metabolism, such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and pentose phosphate pathway, are also observed in the diseased hearts. This article summarizes the current knowledge regarding the regulation of glucose transporter expression and translocation in the heart during physiological and pathological conditions. It also discusses the signaling mechanisms governing glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes, as well as the changes of cardiac glucose metabolism under disease conditions.
Problems and Solutions for Interprofessional Education in North American Dental Schools

Interprofessional education (IPE) is a relatively new part of dental education. Its implementation is mandated by accreditation standards, but it is also essential to good patient care. Diverse dental schools from various regions of North America outline problems they have faced in IPE and the solutions that they have found to surmount these problems. Commonalities and unique features of these problems and solutions are discussed.
Cardiovascular nanomedicine: Challenges and opportunities

Nanomedicine is a multidisciplinary field that integrates concepts of nanotechnology and medicine. More specifically, nanomedicine covers development of nanovectors, nanostructure surfaces, nanomaterials and nanoelectronics for improving diagnosis, therapy and monitoring of disease as well as tissue regeneration. This chapter begins with a brief historical overview of the field of nanomedicine, and introduces the concepts of nanomedicine with a specific focus on potential benefits for detection and management of cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). We review nanomaterials for molecular and magnetic resonance imaging aimed at detecting CVD as early as possible, with the goal of ultimately imaging disease at the level of a single cell. Molecularly targeted therapeutic nanovectors developed to provide localized and more efficient therapies with fewer side effects are discussed. Lastly, we examine how medical devices based on nanomaterials and nanoscale technologies are being developed for identification of new and precise quantification of known disease biomarkers for early diagnosis of CVD such as myocardial infarction and vulnerable plaque. Though cardiovascular nanomedicine is still in its infancy, there is a great hope that new innovations in imaging, biomaterials, tissue-targeted nanovectors, biosensors, and personalized therapies can offer physicians new avenues to improve patient care.
An Ontology-Enabled Natural Language Processing Pipeline for Provenance Metadata Extraction from Biomedical Text (Short Paper)

Extraction of structured information from biomedical literature is a complex and challenging problem due to the complexity of biomedical domain and lack of appropriate natural language processing (NLP) techniques. High quality domain ontologies model both data and metadata information at a fine level of granularity, which can be effectively used to accurately extract structured information from biomedical text. Extraction of provenance metadata, which describes the history or source of information, from published articles is an important task to support scientific reproducibility. Reproducibility of results reported by previous research studies is a foundational component of scientific advancement. This is highlighted by the recent initiative by the US National Institutes of Health called “Principles of Rigor and Reproducibility”. In this paper, we describe an effective approach to extract provenance metadata from published biomedical research literature using an ontology-enabled NLP platform as part of the Provenance for Clinical and Healthcare Research (ProvCaRe). The ProvCaRe-NLP tool extends the clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System (cTAKES) platform using both provenance and biomedical domain ontologies. We demonstrate the effectiveness of ProvCaRe-NLP tool using a corpus of 20 peer-reviewed publications. The results of our evaluation demonstrate that the ProvCaRe-NLP tool has significantly higher recall in extracting provenance metadata as compared to existing NLP pipelines such as MetaMap.
Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein

ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the exporter class harness the energy of ATP hydrolysis in the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) to power the energetically uphill efflux of substrates by a dedicated transmembrane domain (TMD). Although numerous investigations have described the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis and defined the architecture of ABC exporters, a detailed structural dynamic understanding of the transduction of ATP energy to the work of substrate translocation remains elusive. Here we used double electron-electron resonance and molecular dynamics simulations to describe the ATP- and substrate-coupled conformational cycle of the mouse ABC efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp; also known as ABCB1), which has a central role in the clearance of xenobiotics and in cancer resistance to chemotherapy. Pairs of spin labels were introduced at residues selected to track the putative inward-facing to outward-facing transition. Our findings illuminate how ATP energy is harnessed in the NBDs in a two-stroke cycle and elucidate the consequent conformational motion that reconfigures the TMD, two critical aspects of Pgp transport mechanism. Along with a fully atomistic model of the outward-facing conformation in membranes, the insight into Pgp conformational dynamics harmonizes mechanistic and structural data into a novel perspective on ATP-coupled transport and reveals mechanistic divergence within the efflux class of ABC transporters.
Kinase Inhibitor Screening in Myeloid Malignancies

Kinase pathways are primary effectors of many targeted therapy approaches for cancer. Kinase pathways can be dysregulated by mechanisms far more diverse than chromosomal rearrangements or point mutations, which drove the initial application of kinase inhibitors to cancer. Functional screening with kinase inhibitors is one tool by which we can understand the diversity of target kinases and candidate drugs for patients before fully understanding the mechanistic rationale for kinase pathway dysregulation. By combining functional screening with genomic data, it is also possible to accelerate understanding of these mechanistic underpinnings.
IMPACT OF THE RED FLOUR BEETLE, TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM (HERBST), ON SUPPRESSION OF THE ALMOND MOTH, CADRA CAUTELLA (WALKER), BY THE PARASITIC WASPS, BRACON HEBETOR SAY AND VENTURIA CANESCENS (GRAVENHORST)

The effectiveness of two parasitic wasps, Bracon hebetor Say and Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst), in suppressing populations of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker) was tested separately in 44...
Monogenic Hashimoto thyroiditis associated with a variant in the thyroglobulin (TG) gene.

Abstract Background Risk of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is strongly heritable. Multiple genes confer increased risk for AITD, but a monogenic origin has not yet been described. We studied a family with apparent autosomal dominant, early onset Hashimoto thyroiditis. Methods The family was enrolled in an IRB-approved protocol. Whole exome sequencing was used to study the proband and an affected sibling. The identified variant was studied in other family members by Sanger sequencing. Results We identified a previously unreported splice site variant in the thyroglobulin gene ( TG c.1076-1G > C). This variant was confirmed in all affected family members who underwent testing, and also noted in one unaffected child. The variant is associated with exon 9 skipping, resulting in a novel in-frame variant transcript of TG . Conclusion We discovered a monogenic form of AITD associated with a splice site variant in the thyroglobulin gene. This finding raises questions about the origins of thyroid autoimmunity; possible explanations include increased immunogenicity of the mutated protein or thyroid toxicity with secondary development of anti-thyroid antibodies. Further study into the effects of this variant on thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity are warranted.
Bayesian Test for Detecting False Data Injection in Wireless Relay Networks

We develop the Bayesian test for detecting the relay misbehavior (false data injection) at the packet level in lossy one-way wireless relay networks. The proposed approach exploits overheard erroneous packet from the source as a reference in verifying the correctness of relayed packet at the destination. We derive the probability of false alarm and missed detection as a function of the overhearing error rate, the number of bits modified in a packet, and the packet length. We show that the probability of false alarm and missed detection decreases as the packet length increases and converges to zero, regardless of the overhearing error rate, if the packet length is sufficiently long.
Perception of physical attractiveness when consuming and not consuming alcohol: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elucidating why people drink and why drinking can lead to negative psychosocial consequences remains a crucial task for alcohol researchers. Because drinking occurs typically in social settings, broader investigation of the associations between alcohol and social experience is needed to advance understanding of both the rewarding and hazardous effects of alcohol use. This review aimed to (a) estimate alcohol's relation to the perception of others' physical attractiveness and (b) suggest theoretical and methodological considerations that may advance the study of this topic. METHODS Systematic review of Scopus and PsycInfo databases was conducted to identify experimental and quasi-experimental studies, with either between- or within-subjects designs, that assessed attractiveness ratings provided by individuals who had and had not consumed alcohol (k = 16 studies, n = 1811). A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate alcohol's aggregate association with physical attractiveness perceptions. Separate a priori secondary analyses examined alcohol's associations with perception of opposite-sex (k = 12 studies) and same-sex (k = 7 studies) attractiveness. RESULTS The primary analysis indicated that alcohol was related significantly to enhanced attractiveness perceptions [d = 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.05-0.32, P = 0.01; I2 = 5.28, 95% CI = 0.00-39.32]. Analysis of alcohol's association with perception of opposite-sex attractiveness similarly yielded a small, significant positive association (d = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.16-0.44, P < 0.01; I2 = 17.49, 95% CI = 0.00-57.75). Alcohol's relation to perception of same-sex attractiveness was not significant (d = 0.04, 95% CI = -0.18 to 0.26, P = 0.71; I2 = 54.08, 95% CI = 0.00-81.66). CONCLUSIONS Experimental and quasi-experimental studies suggest that consuming alcohol may have a small effect of increasing perceived attractiveness of people of the opposite sex.
Synthesis of a new disulfide Fmoc monomer for creating biologically susceptible linkages in peptide nucleic acid oligomers

Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) are one of many synthetic mimics of DNA and RNA that have found applications as biological probes, as nano-scaffold components, and in diagnostics. In an effort to use PNA as constructs for cellular delivery we investigated the possibility of installing a biologically susceptible disulfide bond in the backbone of a PNA oligomer. Here we report the synthesis of a new abasic Fmoc monomer containing a disulfide bond that can be incorporated into a PNA oligomer (DS-PNA) using standard solid phase peptide synthesis. The disulfide bond survives cleavage from the resin and DS-PNA forms duplexes with complementary PNA oligomers. Initial studies aimed at determining if the disulfide bond is cleavable to reducing agents while in a duplex are explored using UV thermal analysis and HPLC.
Effect of Additives on the Microstructure of Electroplated Tin Films

Electroplated tin films are important for several technologies such as microelectronics, Li-ion batteries, and corrosion-resistant coatings. In this paper, we demonstrate that the microstructure of tin films can be precisely controlled by addition of certain combinations of organic additives to a methanesulfonic acid based electroplating bath. Tin films are deposited on a copper substrate by varying the concentrations of two such additives, namely, hydroquinone and gelatin. The plating process is characterized by linear sweep voltammetry and insights into the resulting microstructure are obtained using imaging by scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the addition of hydroquinone alone results in non-uniform tin films having significant dendrites and does not affect the hydrogen gas evolution during electroplating. The addition of gelatin alone is found to suppress the evolution of hydrogen gas and affects the film nucleation process that controls its grain morphology, but also creates pinholes in the film and sludge in the bath. A combination of the two additives, however, yields a highly uniform grain structure with little to no dendrite formation and a delayed onset of hydrogen gas evolution, which is highly desirable during the electroplating process. Experiments are carried out that show that the mechanism of tin film nucleation and growth during electroplating is altered in the presence of the additives, where gelatin suppresses the tin nucleation rate (thereby controlling the grain size) as well as the formation of large dendrites; while hydroquinone, acting as an antioxidant, prevents pinholes, creates a uniform film, and avoids sludge formation in the presence of gelatin. This work demonstrates a path to control electroplated tin microstructures by varying bath chemistries and process parameters which will prove highly useful to industry.
Rapid Identification of Functional Pyrrolysyl-tRNA Synthetases via Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting

The orthogonal pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNACUA pair and their variants have provided powerful tools for expanding the genetic code to allow for engineering of proteins with augmented structure and function not present in Nature. To expedite the discovery of novel pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) variants that can charge non-natural amino acids into proteins site-specifically, herein we report a streamlined protocol for rapid construction of the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase library, selection of the functional PylRS mutants using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and subsequent validation of the selected PylRS mutants through direct expression of the fluorescent protein reporter using a single bacterial strain. We expect that this protocol should be generally applicable to rapid identification of the functional PylRS mutants for charging a wide range of non-natural amino acids into proteins.
Spectral Multiplier Operators with Respect to the Gaussian Measure

In this chapter, we study spectral multiplier operators for Hermite polynomial expansions. First, we consider Meyer’s multiplier theorem, which is one of the most basic and most useful results for Hermite expansions. Then, we consider spectral multipliers of Laplace transform type. In both cases, we prove their boundedness in Lp(γd), for 1 < p < ∞. For the case of spectral multipliers of Laplace transform type, we also study the boundedness in the case p = 1. Finally, we discuss the fact that the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator has a bounded holomorphic functional calculus.
Hot thermal universe endowed with massive dark vector fields and the Hubble tension

The value of the Hubble constant inferred from Planck measurements of anisotropies in the cosmic-microwave background is at $4.4\ensuremath{\sigma}$ tension with direct astronomical measurements at low redshifts. Very recently, it has been conjectured that this discrepancy may be reconciled if a small fraction of the dark matter is described by three mutually orthogonal vector fields of the same mass. We study the thermal description of this model and use the observationally inferred primordial fractions of baryonic mass in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ to constrain its phase space. We show that while the sterile vector fields may help to alleviate a little bit the existing tension in the measurements of the Hubble parameter, they cannot eliminate the discrepancy between low- and high-redshift observations.
Three-dimensional hierarchical nanoporous copper via direct ink writing and dealloying

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanoporous Cu (3DHNP-Cu) is synthesized using a combination of direct ink writing (DIW) based 3D printing, thermal sintering, and chemical dealloying of Mn–Cu alloys. Through tuning processing conditions such as ink composition and cooling rate (after sintering), with consideration of Mn loss during sintering, 3DHNP-Cu with fully bicontinuous nanostructures and negligible residual Mn can be produced after dealloying. The 3DHNP-Cu is comprised of structural features that span seven orders of magnitude, where DIW digitally controls macroscale porous features, thermal sintering and degradation of the binding polymer determines microscale porous features, and dealloying gives rise to nanoscale pores.
Converting Conventional Agriculture to Poplar Bioenergy Crops: Soil Chemistry

ABSTRACTWoody bioenergy is a viable source of alternative energy; however, questions remain on how purpose-grown bioenergy feedstock production management impact surface soil chemistry. In order to...
Fresh versus Photo-recalcitrant Secondary Organic Aerosol: Effects of Organic Mixtures on Aqueous Photodegradation of 4-Nitrophenol

In the atmosphere, brown carbon (BrC) molecules can contribute to photochemistry and to the warming and evaporation of cloud droplets. The lifetimes of BrC molecules in these cloud droplets are not...
Towards An Integrated Optical Transient Utility

The ongoing optical time-domain astronomy surveys are routinely reporting fifty transient candidates per night. Here, I investigate the demographics of astronomical transients and supernova classifications reported to the Transient Name Server in the year 2019. I find that only a tenth of the transients were spectrally classified. This severe "bottleneck" problem should concern astronomers and also funding agencies. The bottleneck will get worse by a factor of 20 (or more) once LSST comes on line. We need to fundamentally rethink the purpose of surveys for transients. Here, after undertaking a detailed investigation of this issue I offer some solutions. Going forward, astronomers will employ two different methodologies: (1) multi-band photometric method which is well suited to the study of very large, many tens of thousands, samples of faint transients; (2) spectral classifications of thousands of bright transients found in shallow and nightly cadenced wide-field photometry surveys and transients associated with galaxies in the local Universe. The latter program, in addition to unearthing new types of transients and offering astronomers opportunities to undertake extensive follow up of interesting transients, is needed to set the stage for the former. Specifically, I suggest a globally coordinated effort to spectrally classify a complete sample of bright supernovae (< ~19.5 mag) and transients within the local Universe (< 200 Mpc) The proposed program is within reach -- thanks to the on-going wide-field surveys, the development of novel spectrographs tuned for classification, great improvements in throughput of spectrographs and the increasing availability of robotic telescopes.
Mutational Analysis of the Putative Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) Binding Interface on its Type II Receptor, AMHR2

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) or Mullerian inhibiting substance is a unique member of the TGF-β family responsible for development and differentiation of the reproductive system. AMH signals through its own dedicated type II receptor, anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type II (AMHR2), providing an exclusive ligand-receptor pair within the broader TGF-β family. In this study, we used previous structural information to derive a model of AMH bound to AMHR2 to guide mutagenesis studies to identify receptor residues important for AMH signaling. Nonconserved mutations were introduced in AMHR2 and characterized in an AMH-responsive cell-based luciferase assay and native PAGE. Collectively, our results identified several residues important for AMH signaling within the putative ligand binding interface of AMHR2. Our results show that AMH engages AMHR2 at a similar interface to how activin and BMP class ligands bind the type II receptor, ACVR2B; however, there are significant molecular differences at the ligand interface of these 2 receptors, where ACVR2B is mostly hydrophobic and AMHR2 is predominately charged. Overall, this study shows that although the location of ligand binding on the receptor is similar to ACVR2A, ACVR2B, and BMPR2; AMHR2 uses unique ligand-receptor interactions to impart specificity for AMH.
Laboratory tests and intervention of early renal damage in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Objective To investigate the efficacy of laboratory tests in the renal damage early diagnosis of children with Henoch-Schoalein purpura (HSP) and clinical effect of early intervention.Methods For the 143 HSP patients with normal repeated urine routine test findings,renal function biomarkers including urinary proteins ( immunoglobulin G (IgG),micro-albumin ( MA ),transferrin (TRF),a1 -microglobulin ( α1 -MG),β2-Microglobulin (β2-MG) ) and urinary enzymes ( N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase ( NAG ),γ-glutamyltransferase (y-GT) ) were detected to investigate the details of renal function changes.One hundred and thirty-one HSP patients,who had abnormal laboratory test findings of renal function biomarkers mentioned above,were randomly divided into control group ( n =65 ) and intervention group ( n =66 ),and both groups received comprehensive treatment including cimetidine,loratadine and calcium agents.However,66 patients in intervention group received low-dose heparin via micropump-based continuous intravenous infusion and regular oral diammonium glycyrrhizinate treatment.Sixty-five patients were enrolled in control group,without further treatment.Results Among the 143 patients with normal urine routine examination,131 cases (91.61％ ) had abnormal findings of renal function biomarkers.After therapy either for 2 months or 4 months,urine protein and urine enzymes were lower than before treatment,and the difference was significant (P ＜ 0.01 ).In the control group only β2-MG,NAG,γ-GT3 indexes significantly lowered at the end of 2 months ( P ＜0.01 ),and all parameters were significantly decreased at the end of 4 months ( P ＜0.01 ).Furthermore,Intervention group had lower levels of renal function biomarkers at the end of 2 months or 4 months,as compared with the control group,showing significant difference ( P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01 ).Urinary IgG,MA,TRF,NAG recovered rapidly in the intervention group after 4 months and almost returned to the normal,but urinary α1-MG,β2-MG,γ-GT recovered slowly and still remained abnormal after 4 months due to the varying severity.After treatment for 4 months,the rate of urine testing abnormalities was higher in the control group than in the intervention group (36.92％ vs 6.10％ ),and the difference was significant (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Combined detection of renal function biomarkers is helpful for early diagnosis of renal damage in HSP patients.Early intervention with heparin and diammonium glycyrrhizinate can prevent kidney damage,delay disease progress.Early diagnosis and early intervention should be emphasized for the treatment strategy of the renal damage of children with HSP. Key words: Henoch-Schonlein purpura; Renal damage; Early diagnosis; Intervention; Children
Transcending the Schumpeter-Kirzner Dichotomy: The Role of the Entrepreneur in Carl Menger’s Theory of Price

What is the role of the entrepreneur in Carl Menger’s account of the market process? Modern entrepreneurship theory is broadly divided into two types. The Schumpeterian account of entrepreneurship takes an equilibrium state of affairs as an analytic starting point from which the entrepreneur disrupts the existing equilibrium through technological innovation. The Kirznerian account of entrepreneurship begins from disequilibrium to illustrate the equilibrating role of the entrepreneur through arbitrage. While some working within the Austrian tradition have found Menger’s account to be lacking in precisely the entrepreneurial role that would become a distinctive contribution of the school, we demonstrate that Menger implicitly accounts for entrepreneurship in his theory of price formation. In doing so, we argue that Carl Menger’s account of entrepreneurship transcends the distinction between the Kirznerian and Schumpeterian entrepreneur by incorporating not only price adjusting behavior (i.e. arbitrage) but also non-price adjusting behavior (i.e. product differentiation; variations in quantity and quality; institutional innovation). To the extent that Schumpeterian and Kirznerian entrepreneurship are distinct categories in the history of economic thought, we show how both have roots in the pioneering efforts of Carl Menger, the founder of the Austrian School.
The determinants of federal and state enforcement of workplace safety regulations: OSHA inspections 1990–2010

We explore the determinants of inspection outcomes across 1.6 million Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) audits from 1990 through 2010. We find that discretion in enforcement differs in state and federally conducted inspections. State agencies are more sensitive to local economic conditions, finding fewer standard violations and fewer serious violations as unemployment increases. Larger companies receive greater lenience in multiple dimensions. Inspector issued fines and final fines, after negotiated reductions, are both smaller during Republican presidencies. Quantile regression analysis reveals that Presidential and Congressional party affiliations have their greatest impact on the largest negotiated reductions in fines.
National Marketing Gone Unintentionally Global: Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Pharmaceutical Products and the Internet

Take a moment to recall the last time you saw a prescription medication advertised on television or the radio. What was your perception of the information conveyed in the advertisement? Did you believe the claims the advertisement made? Now, take a moment to think about the last time you logged on to the Internet to research a medical symptom you, a family member, or a friend had experienced. Did you trust the information you found on the Internet, and if so, did you act upon it in some way? You are probably aware of, at least, a few people who have acted upon information they learned over the Internet regarding a prescription medication. Such actions may have been as casual as discussing the information with a friend, or as direct as going to a physician to request the researched medication. Pharmaceutical advertising is an immense (and influential) business.1 In 2009 the biopharmaceutical industry spent $4.5 billion on direct-to-consumer (“DTC”) advertising in such media as television, radio and the Internet.2 DTC advertising of pharmaceutical products has become an expected phenomenon in American life.3 This is not so in other countries, as only the U.S. and New Zealand allow DTC advertising of pharmaceutical products in any medium.4 However, searching for health information on the Internet is a widespread practice, both in the United States (“U.S.”)5 and in Europe.6 One study found that much of the health
Jonas Kurlberg and Peter M. Phillips, eds., Missio Dei in a Digital Age

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has further promoted the worldwide use of digital technology. This book is a timely collection of essays concerned with the impact of a digital age on missions, and it gathers the voices of experts and practitioners from academic institutions, churches, and mission organizations. The contributors to this book provide remarkable perspectives on current missiology and digitality, missional practice in a digital world, and digital technology in mission within social and political spheres. Readers from both evangelical and academic backgrounds will encounter new explorations of the theory and practice of missions in the digital age.
Predischarge Prediction of Readmission After Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Derivation and Validation of a Risk Prediction Score

Ninety-day hospital readmission rates following cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) range from 20 to 40%. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple score to predict readmissions following CRS/HIPEC. Using a prospectively maintained database, we retrospectively reviewed clinicopathologic, perioperative, and day-of-discharge data for patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC for peritoneal surface malignancies between 2010 and 2018. In-hospital mortalities and discharges to hospice were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to identify predictors of unplanned readmission, with three-quarters of the sample randomly selected as the derivation cohort and one-quarter as the validation cohort. Using regression coefficient-based scoring methods, we developed a weighted 7-factor, 10-point predictive score for risk of readmission. Overall, 1068 eligible discharges were analyzed; 379 patients were readmitted within 90 days (35.5%). Seven factors were associated with readmission: stoma creation, Peritoneal Cancer Index score ≥ 15, hyponatremia, in-hospital major complication, preoperative chemotherapy, anemia, and discharge to nursing home. In the validation cohort, 25 patients (9.2%) were categorized as high risk for readmission, with a predicted rate of readmission of 69.3% and an observed rate of 76.0%. The score had fair discrimination (area under the curve 0.70) and good calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit p-value of 0.77). Our proposed risk score, easily obtainable on day of discharge, distinguishes patients at high risk for readmission over 90 days following CRS/HIPEC. This score has the potential to target high-risk individuals for intensive follow-up and other interventions.
Fleet Speed Profile Optimization for Autonomous and Connected Vehicles

Cost optimization is a major concern for autonomous electric vehicles. This optimization problem becomes complicated if a group of vehicles as a fleet move along the road. Optimization based on the leading vehicle to generate the fleet speed profile might not guarantee the overall minimum cost of the fleet. In this paper, an optimization algorithm for a fleet of autonomous electric vehicles is proposed using the total cost of the fleet to generate the optimum speed profile so that the overall cost of the fleet is reduced. Maintaining a safe distance with the adjacent vehicles and safe lane changing on a multilane road depends on the accuracy of decision making based on the data coming from the embedded sensors in the autonomous vehicle. Both of those two cases can be satisfied easily if the vehicles are moving as a group on the same fleet speed where the individual speed of each vehicle can be adjusted based on the relative distance with the leading vehicle. An artificial intelligence (AI) based realistic autonomous electric vehicle modeling considering all the route conditions is provided in this paper, and optimization is done for a fleet of two vehicles where the physical models of the vehicles are different from each other. The proposed optimization algorithm shows a reduction of the total cost for the fleet compared to the optimization done based on only the leading vehicle’s cost.
Reenvisioning cross-sectional at-a-station hydraulic geometry as spatially explicit hydraulic topography

Transect-based hydraulic geometry is well established but depends on a complex set of subjective fieldwork and computational decisions that sometimes go unexplained. As a result, it is ripe for reenvisioning in the light of the emergence of meter-scale, spatially explicit data and algorithmic geospatial analysis. This study developed and evaluated a new spatially explicit method for analyzing discharge-dependent hydraulics coined ‘hydraulic topography’ that not only increases accuracy but also eliminates several sample- and assumption-based inconsistencies. Using data and hydrodynamic simulations from the regulated, gravel–cobble-bed lower Yuba River in California, power functions were fitted to discharge-dependent average width, depth, and depth-weighted velocity for three spatial scales and then their corresponding exponents and coefficients were compared across scales and against ones computed using traditional approaches. Average hydraulic values from cross sections at the segment scale spanned up to 1.5 orders of magnitude for a given discharge. Transect-determined exponents for reach-scale depth and velocity relations were consistently over- and underestimated, respectively, relative to the hydraulic topography benchmark. Overall, 73% of cross-sectional power regression parameters assessed fell between 10 and 50 absolute percent error with respect to the spatially explicit hydraulic topography baseline. Although traditional transect-based sampling may be viable for certain uses, percent errors of this magnitude could compromise engineering applications in river management and training works.