cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pipeline Dredge Analytical Program with Comparison to Field Data

A clear understanding of pipeline dredge production capacity provides dredge operators and dredging project planners with the capability to accurately and effectively determine a project’s cost and duration. Dredge pump and pipeline hydraulics coupled with slurry transport principles present a complex and challenging engineering system requiring specialized knowledge and understanding of how the system will operate. This study determines how well the theoretical principles of hydraulics and slurry transport govern the actual pipeline dredging process, compared with dredge pump and pipeline instrumentation data. Results indicate that the delivered pipeline slurry mixture incurred more friction losses during transport than water alone. This study further determines the maximum pumping capability of the dredge pump in terms of its maximum dredging depth and maximum pipeline length. These results determine that the pipeline dredge operated well within its operating limits during the case study. Overall, the c...
Clinical gestalt and the prediction of massive transfusion after trauma

Abstract Introduction Early recognition and treatment of trauma patients requiring massive transfusion (MT) has been shown to reduce mortality. While many risk factors predicting MT have been demonstrated, there is no universally accepted method or algorithm to identify these patients. We hypothesised that even among experienced trauma surgeons, the clinical gestalt of identifying patients who will require MT is unreliable. Methods Transfusion and mortality outcomes after trauma were observed at 10 U.S. Level-1 trauma centres in patients who survived ≥30 min after admission and received ≥1 unit of RBC within 6 h of arrival. Subjects who received ≥10 units within 24 h of admission were classified as MT patients. Trauma surgeons were asked the clinical gestalt question “Is the patient likely to be massively transfused?” 10 min after the patients arrival. The performance of clinical gestalt to predict MT was assessed using chi-square tests and ROC analysis to compare gestalt to previously described scoring systems. Results Of the 1245 patients enrolled, 966 met inclusion criteria and 221 (23%) patients received MT. 415 (43%) were predicted to have a MT and 551(57%) were predicted to not have MT. Patients predicted to have MT were younger, more often sustained penetrating trauma, had higher ISS scores, higher heart rates, and lower systolic blood pressures (all p Conclusion Data from this large multicenter trial demonstrates that predicting the need for MT continues to be a challenge. Because of the increased mortality associated with delayed therapy, a more reliable algorithm is needed to identify and treat these severely injured patients earlier.
Prospects for gas imports in the U. S. energy market

In addition to domestic considerations, future levels of gas imports into the U.S. market will be shaped to an important extent by the policies of gas exporters. Exporters must understand that the U.S. will remain one of the world's major gas producers for the foreseeable future and that U.S. import needs will be modest in relative terms compared to those of other industrialized countries. The history of U.S. gas imports from Canada and Algeria makes clear that imported gas must be competitively priced with other available energy sources and that market forces will be a central element in determining the level of imported gas.
Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Mediates Intracellular Degradation of Apolipoprotein B†

Newly synthesized apolipoprotein B (apoB) is degraded by a proteolytic process in the pre-Golgi compartment that can be inhibited by N-acetyl-L-leucinyl-L-leucinyl-L-norleucinal (ALLN) but not by several other protease inhibitors. We have tested the hypothesis that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in the intracellular degradation of apoB in liver cells. We found that inhibitors of proteasomes blocked the degradation of apoB in cultured human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Protein degradation by proteasomes is ATP-dependent, and ATP depletion by dinitrophenol and 2-deoxyglucose also inhibited apoB degradation in these cells. Furthermore, the intracellular human apoB isolated by immunoprecipitation was shown to react specifically with anti-ubiquitin antibody by immunoblotting. This result was corroborated by sequential immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins by anti-human apoB and anti-ubiquitin antisera. In contrast, secreted apoB was not ubiquitinated. The amount of intracellular ubiquitinated apoB was increased by the proteasome inhibitors, ALLN and carbobenzoxyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-norvalinal-H (MG115). Our findings suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is one mechanism for the intracellular degradation of apoB.
Introduction to the 33rd Annual IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium

The six papers in this special issue were originally presented at the 2011 Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (CSIC) Symposium, held in Waikoloa, Hawaii, October 16-19, 2011.
Examples of Franciscan Complex mélanges in the northernmost California Coast Ranges, a retrospective

A variety of melanges exist within the Franciscan Complex of the northernmost California Coast Ranges. The Cowan melange classification is employed in their description. Classic turbidite broken formation is Type I melange that has suffered coaxial layer-parallel extension prior to folding. Type II melange (stratally disrupted interbedded sequences of radiolarian chert, black argillite, hyaloclastite, and pillow basalt) exists as melange blocks and/or thrust fault-bounded slabs. Type III melange (block-in-matrix mixes of greenstone, chert, limestone, keratophyre, tonalite, turbidites, and blueschist) may have emplaced diapirically and/or by sediment gravity-flow. Type IV melange (block-in-matrix mixes developed along shear zones) with blocks of chert, greenstone, gabbro, sandstone, and conglomerate in metapelitic or serpentinite gouge is associated with major faults. An example of the latter consists of omphacite-bearing tectonic blocks in serpentinite in an area of imbricate thrust faulting of South Fork...
Computer simulation of steady-state glutamate metabolism in rat brain

Computer models of that portion of the metabolism of rat brain involving glutamic acid, glutamine, glutathione, and related substances (in a physiological steady state) have been constructed, based on experimental work in which tracer amounts of glutamate-14C and glutamine-14C were injected into the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Most experimental points were duplicated to within experimental error. As the volume of cerebrospinal fluid is different from that of brain, a model accurate for concentration was distorted in amount, and conversely; however, both possessed similar properties. The existence of a rapidly metabolized and rapidly interconvertible complex of substances is indicated: glutamine, one-sixth of the glutamate and one-fifth of the glutathione (these substances being compartmented) and the glutamate and glutamine of the cerebrospinal fluid. Radioactivity slowly moves from this complex to other compounds (γ-amino butyric acid, the remainder of the glutamate and glutathione, etc.). A possible function of the glutamate compartmentation as a stability mechanism is discussed, and a possible method of determining the physical location of the actively metabolizing complex is described.
Semi-Groups of Nonlinear Transformations

Throughout this paper, X denotes a real Banach space, X* denotes the dual of X, and C denotes a subset of X. By an operator in X, we will mean a transformation A with domain D(A) and range R(A) contained in X. By ™(C), we mean the collection of all transformations from C into C.
The genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome: what are the common factors?

Genetic discovery in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome has made significant progress in the past decade. The two disorders are phenomenologically, epidemiologically, and probably pathophysiologically related; however, as with most neuropsychiatric disorders, gene discovery has been challenging. Genetic epidemiology studies support the existence of susceptibility genes in both disorders, and more extensive genome-wide studies are under way. Gene pathways involving neurotransmitter (serotonin, dopamine, glutamate) and neurodevelopment (synaptic, homeobox) domains have been examined, but more complex genetic mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This review addresses the current state of genetic research in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome, emphasizing commonalities between the disorders. Questions on common genetic substrates, the use of endophenotypes, and the utility of genetic data to inform pharmacologic treatment are also addressed.
Induction of apoptosis in human follicular thyroid cancer cells by the histone deacetylase inhibitors TSA and FK228

Abstract Introduction: The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a heterogeneous group of compounds that alter the chromatin structure of neoplastic cells, causing cell-cycle arrest, redifferentiation, and apoptosis. TSA and FK228 are structurally different HDAC inhibitors that have been used for the treatment of several cancers in laboratory and clinical trials. The effects of TSA and FK228 on apoptosis have not been fully characterized or quantitated. We studied the effects of TSA and FK228 on apoptosis in a human follicular thyroid cancer cell line (FTC-236). Methods: We treated FTC-236 cells with TSA (25–100 ng/ml) and FK228 (0.1–1 ng/ml). Apoptosis was measured at 24 and 48 hours after treatment using annexin V-FITC labeling and flow cytometry. RNA was extracted at 24 and 48 hours and real-time PCR was performed to measure gene expression levels of bcl-2 and bcl-xl, two pro-survival proteins that function in the regulation of apoptosis. Results: At 48 hours after treatment, 6.4% of TSA-treated FTC-236 cells underwent apoptosis; 25.7% of FK228-treated cells underwent apoptosis in the same time period (p Conclusions: TSA and FK228 have differing effects on apoptosis and pro-survival gene expression in FTC-236 cells. A better understanding of the effects of HDAC inhibitors on apoptosis will allow clinicians to design treatment regimens based on the genetic profiles and tumor behavior of the targeted malignancies.
Bibliography of Monographs and Surveys on Shells

Modern shell technology may be traced back to the fundamental work on Kirchhoff and Love in the second half of the nineteenth century, and the building of the first Zeiss-Dywidag barrel-vault shell roofs in the 1920s. Since then, considerable work has been done on the theory, analysis, modeling and construction of shells. The expanded use of shell structures resulted from the increased knowledge about their behavior and their efficient load-carrying capabilities, as well as from the availability of new materials for their construction (eg, reinforced and prestressed concrete; light alloys; and fibrous composites). Since 1928 over 411 books and monographs and over 98 conference proceedings have been published on the subject. For the benefit of the readers of Applied Mechanics Reviews, all the monographs, textbooks and conference proceedings are arranged in chronological order. Also, a partial list of survey papers is given at the end. The papers are listed in chronological order.
Educational opportunities within the NASA specialized center of research and training in gravitational biology

The NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training (NSCORT) in Gravitational Biology was established at Kansas State University, supported through NASA's Life Science Division, Office of Space Science and Applications. Educational opportunities, associated with each of the research projects which form the nucleus of the Center, are complemented by program enrichments such as scholar exchanges and linkages to other NASA and commercial programs. The focus of this training program, and a preliminary assessment of its successes, are described.
Immunoplacental therapy, a potential multi-epitope cancer vaccine

The field of tumor immunology has made great advancements in recent years. A retrospective analysis of previous vaccine strategies combined with present knowledge may provide additional insight in this treatment modality. This article provides a review of immunoplacental therapy (IPT), a cancer vaccine consisting of chorionic villi extractions from the human placenta after a live full-term delivery. This therapy was first introduced in the 1970s by Valentin I. Govallo, M.D., Ph.D., who noted the immunological similarities between pregnancy and cancer. The goal of cancer immunotherapy, according to Govallo, is to view the fetal allograft as an "impregnating tumor" and create an immunological state in the oncological patient analogous to a spontaneous abortion in a pregnant women. The placenta shares identical growth mechanisms, antigenic determinants, and immune-escape properties with cancer cells; this includes numerous tumor-associated antigens, angiogenic growth factors, complement regulatory proteins, and defective apoptotic mechanisms which aid in their survival. Placental vaccination may function as a multi-epitope vaccine; the body recognizes the placental antigens of this vaccine as foreign, and thus stimulates a cross reactive humoral and cell-mediated immune response targeting cancer tumor-associated antigens as well as proteins that aid in cancer angiogenesis, complement regulation, and apoptotic resistance. With recent advancements in molecular and cellular cancer immunology, the model introduced by Govallo may provide an important strategic approach to cancer immunotherapy.
Dark matter in the universe: where, what, and why?

The universe is pervaded by non-luminous matter. Observations at many wavelengths, and on many length scales, yield a reasonably good picture of the amount of dark matter and its distribution. In very broad terms, the larger the scale we survey, the larger the fraction of gravitating mass that does not emit its fair share of light. The range is from about 50% in the solar neighbourhood (the nearest few hundred parsecs?) to 99% or more in the largest clusters and superclusters of galaxies (ten million or more parsecs across). Observations do not, so far, tell us what that dark matter is made of, or even whether it is all the same kind of thing. Candidates that cannot currently be ruled out include tiny stars, stellar remnants, some kinds of black holes, neutrinos with rest masses 10−5 to 10−4 of the electron mass, and still more exotic kinds of particles (photinos, gravitinos, axions, majorons, Higgsinos—) that interact at most weakly with normal matter. © 1988 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Intraventricular rerouting for transposition of the great arteries with posterior aorta: Ventricular septal defect creation and total resection of the infundibular septum

Atypical transposition of the great arteries (TGA), in which the aorta was situated posteriorly and the pulmonary artery (PA) was situated anteriorly, was reported in 1971. In this TGA with a posterior aorta, the aorta rises from the right ventricle (RV) but retains fibrous aortic-mitral continuity, and the PA arises from a muscular conus above the left ventricle (LV). The principal surgical options are arterial or atrial switch combined with the ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure. In this anomaly, the VSD assumes a slit form, and the infundibular septum (IS) interferes with the LV-aorta route by the good alignment of the IS and the intraventricular septum (Figure 1, A), which makes the biventricular repair with intraventricular rerouting difficult in cases with pulmonary stenosis (PS). We performed intraventricular rerouting by subpulmonary VSD creation and total resection of the IS for this disease complicated by PS (Figure 1, B). In this report, our procedure is described and discussed.
Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS): Rationale, Design, and Methods

ABSTRACT Objective: The Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Study is a publicly funded clinical trial designed to compare the therapeutic benefits, safety, and tolerability of risperidone, olanzapine, and molindone in youths with early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The rationale, design, and methods of the Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Study are described. Method: Using a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design at four sites, youths with EOSS (ages 8-19 years) were assigned to an 8-week acute trial of risperidone (0.5-6.0 mg/day), olanzapine (2.5-20 mg/day), or molindone (10-140 mg/day). Responders continued double-blind treatment for 44 weeks. The primary outcome measure was responder status at 8 weeks, defined by a 20% reduction in baseline Positive and Negative Symptom Scale scores plus ratings of significant improvement on the Clinical Global Impressions. Secondary outcome measures included assessments of psychopathology, functional impairment, quality of life, and medication safety. An intent-to-treat analytic plan was used. Results: From February 2002 to May 2006, 476 youths were screened, 173 were further evaluated, and 119 were randomized. Several significant study modifications were required to address safety, the use of adjunctive medications, and the termination of the olanzapine treatment arm due to weight gain. Conclusions: The Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Study will inform clinical practice regarding the use of antipsychotic medications for youths with early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Important safety concerns emerged during the study, including higher than anticipated rates of suicidality and problems tapering thymoleptic agents before randomization.
Predicting the present with search engine data

Many businesses now have almost real time data available about their operations. This data can be helpful in contemporaneous prediction ("nowcasting") of various economic indicators. We illustrate how one can use Google search data to nowcast economic metrics of interest, and discuss some of the ramifications for research and policy. Our approach combines three Bayesian techniques: Kalman filtering, spike-and-slab regression, and model averaging. We use Kalman filtering to whiten the time series in question by removing the trend and seasonal behavior. Spike-and-slab regression is a Bayesian method for variable selection that works even in cases where the number of predictors is far larger than the number of observations. Finally, we use Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to sample from the posterior distribution for our model; the final forecast is an average over thousands of draws from the posterior. An advantage of the Bayesian approach is that it allows us to specify informative priors that affect the number and type of predictors in a flexible way.
Adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: who is doing it and why?

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) (also referred to herein as self-injury) consists of a broad class of behaviors defined by direct, deliberate, socially unacceptable destruction of one’s own body tissue without intent to die.1 NSSI is distinguished from suicide attempts, which refer to direct efforts to intentionally end one’s own life, as the two differ in their correlates and functions,2,3 and yet they co-occur at high rates.4 NSSI is also termed self-injurious behavior, self-mutilation, and deliberate self-harm and spans a wide range of behaviors. These include, but are not limited to, skin cutting, burning, picking or interfering with wound healing, punching oneself or objects, and inserting objects under the skin. While the most commonly described form of NSSI is cutting, many other forms of self-injury have been identified and may be used by an individual.5,6 Regardless of whether investigating a clinical or nonclinical population, the number of lifetime NSSI acts engaged in varies widely, ranging from single episodes to hundreds of them.5–7
Hydrogen-bonded conformation of hyaluronate oligosaccharide fragments in aqueous solution

Abstract The hydrogen bonding in hyaluronate oligosaccharide fragments was studied in aqueous solution using hydrogen-tritium exchange techniques. The data reveal an acetamido hydrogen exchange rate that is 5–6-fold slower than that seen in model compounds. The magnitude of the slowing is interpreted as reflecting the participation of an acetamido hydrogen in a relatively labile intramolecular hydrogen bond.
Vacancy formation energy near an edge dislocation: A hybrid quantum-classical study

In this work, the formation energy of a single vacancy in aluminum at different distances from an edge dislocation core is studied using a new, hybrid ab initio-classical potential methodology. Such an approach allows us to conduct large-scale atomistic simulations with a simple classical potential (embedded atom method (EAM), for instance) while simultaneously using the more accurate ab initio approach (first principles quantum mechanics) for critical embedded regions. The coupling is made through shared shells of atoms where the two atomistic modeling approaches are relaxed in an iterative, self-consistent manner. The small, critical region is relaxed using all electron density functional theory (DFT) and the much larger cell in which this is embedded is relaxed using a minimization algorithm with EAM potentials.
FLASH PHOTOLYSIS OF FLAVINS‐III. REOXIDATION OF PHOTOREDUCED FLAVINS BY QUINONE*,†

— The three-component system, glycerol: flavin: p-benzoquinone, was examined as a model for mitochondrial electron transport. A sequential electron transfer was observed in which photoproduced FMNH is reoxidized by benzoquinone.
Coronary artery vasospasm and emotional stress: A hypothetical link to atherosclerosis

Abstract A large body of evidence suggests that psychosocial behaviour may contribute to the formation of coronary heart disease. It is proposed that emotionally-induced coronary vasospasm leads to the development of coronary atherosclerosis. This hypothesis is based on two observations: a) coronary vasospasm is present at the site of organic lesions and may be antecedent to the development of the atherosclerotic plaque, and b) emotional stress results in an alpha adrenergically mediated increase in coronary vascular resistance.
Achievement of in utero retention of calcium and phosphorus accompanied by high calcium excretion in very low birth weight infants fed a fortified formula.

Calcium and phosphorus retention was evaluated in 13 very low birth weight infants who were fed an experimental formula designed to deliver quantities of calcium and phosphorus sufficient to meet the intrauterine accretion rates for these minerals. Retention of calcium and phosphorus in slight excess of these rates was achieved without any apparent difficulties for the infants. Blochemical measurements demonstrated normal serum calcium (9.8±8 mg/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (242±51.6 IU) values. However, there was evidence of high tubular reabsorption of phosphate (98.1%±3.3%), hypercalcluria (7.2±3.8 mg/kg/d), and a relatively low serum phosphorus concentration (5.7±0.6 mg/dL). This biochemical picture is similar to that seen in phosphorus deficiency except for the low alkallne phosphatase activity. The latter finding, in concert with the high retention of calcium and phosphorus in these balance studies, makes such a diagnosis unlikely. We speculate that this blochemical picture is the result of an inappropriately high calcium/phosphorus ratio.
Supercritical fluid extraction of limonoid glucosides from grapefruit molasses.

Limonoid glucosides (primarily limonin 17-β-d-glucopyranoside, LG) were extracted from grapefruit molasses by supercritical fluid extraction using a supercritical carbon dioxide−ethanol (SC CO2−ethanol) system. Extraction conditions to maximize the yield of LG were determined by varying pressure, temperature, ethanol concentration, and extraction time. The highest yield of LG at 0.61 mg/g molasses was obtained at a pressure 48.3 MPa, a temperature of 50 °C, 10% ethanol (XEth = 0.1), and 40 min of extraction time at a flow rate of 5.0 L/min. The results demonstrated that SC CO2 extraction of limonoid glucosides from grapefruit molasses has practical significance for commercial production. Keywords: Citrus; health; limonin 17-β-d-glucopyranoside; Box−Behnken design; response surface analysis
Incremental compilation of optimized code

Although optimizing compilers have successfully been used to reduce the size and running times of compiled programs, present incremental compilers only support the incremental update of unoptimized code. In this work, we extend the notion of incremental compilation to include optimized code. Techniques to incrementally compile locally optimized code, given intermediate code modifications are developed using a program representation based on flow graphs and dags. A model is designed to represent both unoptimized and optimized code and to maintain an optimizing history. Changes to the optimized code which either destroy optimizations or create conditions for further optimizations are incorporated into the model and the optimized code without recompiling unaffected optimizations.
Identification of IgE- and IgG-binding epitopes on αs1-casein: Differences in patients with persistent and transient cow's milk allergy

Abstract Background: Cow's milk allergy (CMA) affects 2.5% of children less than 2 years of age, but about 80% become clinically tolerant within the first 3 years of life. Casein is one of the major allergens responsible for CMA and seems to play an important role in persistent allergy. Previous studies on egg allergy suggested that linear epitopes are associated with long-lasting food allergy. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify IgE- and IgG-binding epitopes on α s1 -casein and to determine whether the patterns of epitope recognition are associated with the natural history of CMA. Methods: According to the known amino acid (AA) sequence, 96 overlapping decapeptides representing the entire length of α s1 -casein were synthesized on a cellulose-derived membrane. Sera from 24 children with milk allergy were used to identify IgE- and IgG-binding epitopes. Results: Six major and 3 minor IgE-binding, as well as 5 major and 1 minor IgG-binding, regions on α s1 -casein were identified. Two IgE-binding regions (AA 69-78 and AA 173-194) were recognized by the majority of patients over 9 years of age with persistent allergy (67% and 100%, respectively) but by none of the children less than 3 years of age who are likely to outgrow CMA. No differences in IgG binding between the groups were observed. Conclusion: There appears to be a difference in epitope recognition between patients with different natural histories of CMA. Screening for IgE antibodies to these epitopes may be useful in identifying children who will have persistent milk hypersensitivity. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:379-83.)
Consequences of leptonic isopin

Abstract Assuming only three leptons, the leptonic isospin and strangeness of the Nagoya model are derived uniquely from a few fundamental premisses. The extension of weak interaction selection rules is discussed and experimental consequences derived. All predictions are consistent with available experimental information.
Melatonin: a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of migraine

It is generally accepted that migraine is caused by a primary biochemical disorder of the central nervous system involving neurotransmitters, specifically serotonin. The pathogenetic mechanism triggered by external and internal stimuli is not well explained or understood. This article points to the possibility that the pineal gland, a primary source of central serotonin and melatonin, contributes significantly to migraine attacks.
On Cultural Creativity in the Ethiopian Diaspora

This brief introduction to the essays in this volume offers commentary on the conference that generated them while expanding on its central theme, "creative incorporation," drawn from the author's 1974 book, Greater Ethiopia. The essay provides a provisional semantic matrix that defines four types of creativity: in problem-solving; in finding new ways to combine existing elements; to provide for spontaneous expression of energies; and to invent novel forms. The conclusion suggests that all of these processes occur among Ethiopians in diaspora, where they are inflected by the intensity that Ethiopians manifest in their attitude toward their homeland. (14 January 2009)
Smoking status in the initial weeks of quitting as a predictor of smoking-cessation outcomes in pregnant women

Abstract Objective Any smoking during the initial 2 weeks of attempting to quit predicts poor short- and longer-term outcomes in the general population of cigarette smokers. The present study examined whether that rule applies to pregnant women. Methods Data were obtained from 129 women participating in clinical trials on smoking-cessation examining the efficacy of voucher-based incentives delivered contingent on biochemically-verified abstinence or a control condition wherein incentives were given independent of smoking status. Smoking status was assessed in weeks 1 and 2 of the cessation effort and again at an end-of-pregnancy assessment scheduled at weeks 28–32 gestation using self-report and biochemical verification. Results Smoking in weeks 1 or 2 predicted smoking at the end-of pregnancy assessment independent of treatment condition. There was a 79% and 92% chance that those who smoked in weeks 1 or 2 would be classified as smokers at end-of-pregnancy in the contingent-incentive and control conditions, respectively. Conclusions Clinicians assisting pregnant women trying to quit smoking may want to monitor progress in the initial weeks of the cessation effort and consider enhancing/changing the intervention when smoking is detected.
Geriatric alcohol abuse: a national epidemic.

Abstract Substance abuse is a widely identified problem in our society. Alcohol abuse is the most problematic, yet most undertreated. Primary care practitioners often do not screen the geriatric population appropriately for at-risk drinking, so the condition goes undiagnosed. This oversight is complicated by the fact that many manifestations of alcohol abuse do not present themselves until well into the disease process. This article explores the practitioner's role in geriatric alcohol abuse assessment and treatment and the impact of geriatric alcohol abuse on society. (Geriatr Nurs 2003;24:152-4)
The effectiveness of state-level tobacco control interventions: a review of program implementation and behavioral outcomes.

▪ Abstract In 2001, nearly one billion dollars will be spent on statewide tobacco control programs, including those in California, Massachusetts, Arizona, and Oregon, funded by cigarette tax revenues, and the program in Florida, funded by the state's settlement with the tobacco industry. With such large expenditures, it is imperative to find out whether these programs are working. This paper reviews the effectiveness of the statewide tobacco control programs in California, Massachusetts, Arizona, Oregon, and Florida. It focuses on two aspects of process evaluation—the funding and implementation of the programs and the tobacco industry's response, and four elements of outcome evaluation—the programs' effects on cigarette consumption, adult and youth smoking prevalence, and protection of the public from secondhand smoke. The paper formulates general lessons learned from these existing programs and generates recommendations to improve and inform the development and implementation of these and future programs.
Population structure and eigenanalysis

Current methods for inferring population structure from genetic data do not provide formal significance tests for population differentiation. We discuss an approach to studying population structure (principal components analysis) that was first applied to genetic data by Cavalli-Sforza and colleagues. We place the method on a solid statistical footing, using results from modern statistics to develop formal significance tests. We also uncover a general “phase change” phenomenon about the ability to detect structure in genetic data, which emerges from the statistical theory we use, and has an important implication for the ability to discover structure in genetic data: for a fixed but large dataset size, divergence between two populations (as measured, for example, by a statistic like FST) below a threshold is essentially undetectable, but a little above threshold, detection will be easy. This means that we can predict the dataset size needed to detect structure.
Which Product Will Survive To Be Standard?: Technology Adoption And The Role Of Governments

While several surveys on technology diffusion have been undertaken, few attempts have been made to synthesize existing research to provide a framework for examining the role of governments. Is government intervention really required to remedy market failures caused by network externalities? This paper covers recent developments in this area, focusing on works in stochastic evolutionary game theory. We relate the results of equilibrium selections to the role of governments. JEL classification: L1, L53 Keywords: Path Inefficiency; Market Failure; Network Externalities
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR DISCHARGE MEDICATION PRESCRIBING FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING PCI OR ICD IMPLANT PROCEDURES IN THE NATIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DATA REGISTRY

The NCDR® ICD RegistryTM and CathPCI Registry® have identified important gaps in appropriate discharge medication prescribing for patients undergoing ICD and PCI procedures. American College of Cardiology Foundation recently submitted medication-prescribing measures from these registries to
Simultaneous Imaging of Exhaust Gas Residuals and Temperature During HCCI Combustion

Abstract Simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of exhaust residuals and temperature has been applied throughout the intake and compression strokes of an IC engine for two different kinetically controlled combustion strategies. The first strategy was traditional homogeneous-charge compression-ignition (HCCI) combustion where intake air heating and a diesel-like fuel ( n -heptane) were used in conjunction with a homogeneous fuel distribution. The second combustion strategy studied was HCCI with a large negative-valve overlap (NVO) and direct injection of fuel during the NVO period. The evolution of the in-cylinder EGR and temperature distributions was measured, and the extent of EGR and temperature non-uniformity at the latest imaging timing determined. For traditional HCCI combustion the resulting distributions of EGR and temperature in-cylinder just prior to combustion achieved a uniform state with 1 σ distribution widths of 2.2 mole fraction % for the EGR distribution and 4.9 K for the temperature distribution. Operation with large NVO had significantly wider EGR and temperature distributions just prior to combustion owing to the large level of retained exhaust gases with 1 σ distribution widths of 6.2 mole fraction % for the EGR distribution and 24.5 K for the temperature distribution. The results illustrate that EGR retention can result in significant stratification in the temperature and EGR distributions, and as such may be capable of altering combustion phasing and duration for kinetically controlled combustion strategies.
Development of a concept inventory test for signal and power integrity in electronic design

Signal and power integrity in electronic design is not an easy subject to teach as it involves both electrical circuit and electromagnetic field as well physical structure of active and passive components. Great effort has been made to develop teaching and evaluating materials for the subject in engineering schools, especially at undergraduate level. This paper describes our work on the development and evaluation of a concept inventory test on signal and power integrity. Major concepts of signal and power integrity are discussed and our justification in making the concept inventory test is presented. The test has been shown to be a good tool to teach high speed digital electronic design at PCB and system levels. The usefulness of the test in evaluating a graduate-level class on signal and power integrity is presented from the data obtained from a pretest and post-test given to students of the class. The data shows the average of 13% grade improvement from the pre-test to post-test. The individual grade changes vary from −17% to 44%. Another set of test results from a Chinese university also shows clear improvement of student grades of a post-test over a pre-test.
Designing compact classifiers for rotation-free recognition of large vocabulary online handwritten Chinese characters

We present a study of designing compact multiple-prototype based classifiers for rotation-free recognition of online handwritten Chinese characters. Several versions of Rprop algorithms are adopted to optimize a sample-separation-margin based minimum classification error objective function. Split vector quantization technique is used to compress classifier parameters and a fast-match tree is used for efficient recognition. A new preprocessing technique is proposed to achieve rotation-free recognition capability. Promising benchmark results are reported on an online handwritten character recognition task with a vocabulary of 27,720 characters.
The existence of Ni3MSb phases in ternary nickel-M-antimony systems (where “M” represents aluminum, gallium, or indium)

Phases of the nominal composition Ni{sub 3}MSb (where M'' represents aluminum, gallium, or indium) were found to occur in their respective ternary systems. They were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and were found to exhibit the B8{sub 1.5'} crystal structure, similar to that of Ni{sub 3}GaAs. These phases were shown by differential thermal analysis (DTA) to be stable between room temperature and their melting points, which were determined to be {gt}1150 {degree}C, 1066 {degree}C, and 1091 {degree}C for Ni{sub 3}AlSb, Ni{sub 3}GaSb, and Ni{sub 3}InSb, respectively. An analysis of their respective constituent binary systems suggested that these phases were not true ternary compounds, but rather represented specific compositions of extensive solid solutions of constituent binary phases. Speculations were made as to the solution behavior of these phases. The Ni{sub 3}MSb phases were predicted to form initially in nickel/MSb diffusion couples, in an analogy to what is observed in nickel/GaAs diffusion couples.
Pattern recognition of cardiac arrhythmias using two intracardiac channels

New techniques of arrhythmia detection using morphology of the waveform have shown promise in correctly detecting fatal arrhythmias. Morphologic analysis of two channels, atrial and ventricular, has the potential of improving the ability of the algorithm to distinguish arrhythmias. This study uses correlation waveform analysis of intracardiac electrograms from the right ventricular apex and the high right atrium to define a two dimensional feature space with linear decision boundaries created from a training set by a least squares minimum distance classifier. The total set represented 16 patients. This method correctly discriminated 48/48 cycles of sinus rhythm, 47/48 of ventricular tachycardia (VT), 39/48 of atrial tachycardia and 40/48 of VT with retrograde, and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction. Performing this technique on two intracardiac electrograms appears to reliably differentiate various arrhythmias and warrants further study. >
A Fiber-Optic Current Sensor for Lightning Measurement Applications

An optical-fiber sensor based on Faraday Effect is developed for measuring total lightning electric current. It has many unique capabilities not possible with traditional current sensors. Designed for aircraft installation, the sensor is lightweight, non-conducting, structure-conforming, and is immune to electromagnetic interference, hysteresis and saturation. It can also be used on windmills, lightning towers, and can help validate lightning detection network measurements. Faraday Effect causes light polarization to rotate when the fiber is exposed to a magnetic field in the direction of light propagation. Thus, the magnetic field strength can be determined from the light polarization change. By forming closed fiber loops and applying Ampere's law, measuring the total light rotation yields the total current enclosed. The broadband, dual-detector, reflective polarimetric scheme allows measurement of both DC component and AC waveforms with about 60 dB dynamic range. Three sensor systems were built with different sensitivities from different laser wavelengths. Operating at 850nm, the first system uses twisted single-mode fiber and has a 150 A - 150 KA range. The second system operates at 1550nm, uses spun polarization maintaining fiber, and can measure 400 A - 400 KA. Both systems were validated with rocket-triggered lightning measurements and achieved excellent results when compared to a resistive shunt. The third system operates at 1310nm, uses spun polarization maintaining fiber, and can measure approximately 300 A - 300 KA. High current measurements up to 200 KA were demonstrated at a commercial lightning test facility. The system was recently installed on an aircraft and flown near icing weather conditions.
Street Credentials and Management Backgrounds: Careers of Nonprofit Executives in an Evolving Sector

The nonprofit sector is confronting a potential leadership deficit and mounting pressures to become more efficient and businesslike. To begin to assess how these tensions influence pathways to leadership, this study investigates the professional backgrounds and nonprofit experience of leaders in the sector. Analysis demonstrates that some leaders have management credentials and management experience, but many advance in the nonprofit sector through substantive experience alone. Even though some nonprofit executives have spent most of their careers in the public sector or the business sector, the study also demonstrates that a nonprofit ethic matters a great deal for leadership. These findings suggest that substantive experience and dedication to the nonprofit sector constitute primary pathways to leadership in the sector, raising many questions about the role of management expertise and the evolution of leadership in the sector.
The significance of genic balance to endosperm development in interspecific crosses

The endosperm has played a significant role in the evolution of angiosperms because of its physiological and genetic relationships to the embryo. One manifestation of this evolutionary role is its abnormal development in interploidy crosses. It is now established that the endosperm develops abnormally in interploidy-intraspecific crosses when the maternal: paternal genome ratio deviates from 2∶1 in the endosperm itself. We propose an Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) hypothesis to explain endosperm development in both interploidy-intraspecific and interspecific crosses. Each species is assigned an EBN on the basis of its crossing behavior to a standard species. It is the EBN which determines the effective ploidy in the endosperm of each species, and it is the EBNs which must be in a 2∶1, maternal:paternal ratio. The EBN of a species may be determined by a few genes rather than the whole genome. This hypothesis brings most intraspecific-interploidy and interspecific crossing data under a single concept with respect to endosperm function. The implications of this hypothesis to isolating mechanisms, 2n gametes, the evolution of disomic polyploids, and reciprocal differences in seed development are discussed.
GRAND computer conferencing-what have we learned?

GRANDiose, a distributed application system running on cooperating servers throughout a computer network, is presented. Its purpose is to enhance, broaden, and speed the transfer of information among people by using the power of computers and the connective breadth of computer networks. The initial design of its computer conferencing application and some of the thinking behind the design are discussed. The comments received from users over a three-year period are categorized and analyzed. Some of the significant observations are summarized. >
Trivalent Arsenic Inhibits the Functions of Chaperonin Complex

The exact molecular mechanisms by which the environmental pollutant arsenic works in biological systems are not completely understood. Using an unbiased chemogenomics approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found that mutants of the chaperonin complex TRiC and the functionally related prefoldin complex are all hypersensitive to arsenic compared to a wild-type strain. In contrast, mutants with impaired ribosome functions were highly arsenic resistant. These observations led us to hypothesize that arsenic might inhibit TRiC function, required for folding of actin, tubulin, and other proteins postsynthesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that arsenic treatment distorted morphology of both actin and microtubule filaments. Moreover, arsenic impaired substrate folding by both bovine and archaeal TRiC complexes in vitro. These results together indicate that TRiC is a conserved target of arsenic inhibition in various biological systems.
Does Percentage of Latinas/os Affect Graduation Rates at 4-Year Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs), Emerging HSIs, and Non-HSIs?:

As the population of college-aged Latinas/os grows, the number of Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs) increases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the percentage of Latinas/os has...
Optimal dose of peginterferon and ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C

Summary. Chronic hepatitis C affects 170 million people worldwide, including up to 4 million people in the United States. The current standard of care therapy with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) while highly successful in patients with genotype 2 and 3 infection, allows for sustained virologic response in 42–46% of treatment-naive genotype 1 patients, comprising about 70% of cases of chronic hepatitis C in the USA. While awaiting approval of Specifically Targeted Antiviral Therapy for HCV (STAT-C) agents, which will require the completion of additional clinical trials, it is important to optimize the dose and duration of currently available treatment modalities, namely PEG-IFN and RBV, for treatment of CHC. Results of several recent trials evaluating optimal dosing of RBV and higher than standard dosing of PEG-IFN in treatment-naive genotype 1 patients, as well as data from retreatment trials with “induction” doses of PEG-IFN or high-dose RBV in prior non-responders to IFN-based therapy will be reviewed here. The possibility of shorter duration of therapy for genotype 2 and 3 patients based on recent publications and presentations will be discussed as well.
Photoperiodic Induction of Reproductive Diapause in the Predator Geocoris uliginosus (Hemiptera: Geocoridae)

Abstract The critical photoperiod for diapause induction in the predator Geocoris uliginosus (Say) and the stage/instar(s) sensitive to diapause-inducing photoperiods were determined in the laboratory. Six photoperiods were used for the critical photoperiod experiment (all at 24 ± 1°C): 10:14, 11:13, 12:12, 13:11, 14:10, and 15:9 (L:D) h. The critical photoperiod was ≈13.2 h of light d−1. At 12:12 and 11:13 h, 86–88% of the population entered diapause, whereas 20% or less entered diapause at longer daylength. To determine the stage/instar(s) sensitive to diapause-inducing photoperiods, cohorts of bugs were reciprocally switched between two photoperiods, 15:9 (not diapause-inducing) and 11:13 h (diapause-inducing), at the beginning of the second, third, fourth, and fifth instar, and at the beginning of the adult stage. A given cohort was switched only once during the experiment. Two additional cohorts were reared as controls under the respective photoperiods with no switching throughout the experiment. Exp...