cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements and predictions of a liquid spray from an air-assist nozzle

Droplet size and gas velocity were measured in a water spray using a two-component Phase/Doppler Particle Analyzer. A complete set of measurements was obtained at axial locations from 5 to 50 cm downstream of the nozzle. The nozzle used was a simple axisymmetric air-assist nozzle. The sprays produced, using the atomizer, were extremely fine. Sauter mean diameters were less than 20 microns at all locations. Measurements were obtained for droplets ranging from 1 to 50 microns. The gas phase was seeded with micron sized droplets, and droplets having diameters of 1.4 microns and less were used to represent gas-phase properties. Measurements were compared with predictions from a multi-phase computer model. Initial conditions for the model were taken from measurements at 5 cm downstream. Predictions for both the gas phase and the droplets showed relatively good agreement with the measurements.
The relationship of personal financial status to the utilization of community mental health centers in rural appalachia

As a follow-up to an aggregate study of the relationship of economic factors to the utilization of mental health facilities, this study, using individual data, attempted to determine the associative strengths of income factors--welfare and unemployment--for utilization of community mental health centers (CMHCs) in rural Appalachia. On the basis of the earlier study and of previous studies of social class and utilization of CMHCs it was hypothesized that for this sample of 151 clients of eight CMHCs in Ohio and West Virginia, unemployment and welfare factors would be most strongly associated with utilization. A multiple regression analysis indicated that when compared to other independent variables, such as life satisfaction, demographic, and personal factors, receipt of food stamps was the most important factor in relating to utilization; this relationship was considerably stronger when the more rural areas were separated for analysis. Some relationship between employment status and utilization was also found. The results are discussed in terms of unique patterns of social service dependency in more rural Appalachia.
SURVEYING CERRO DE MOCTEZUMA, CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO

Cerro de Moctezuma is conspicuous for having the only known habitation (El Pueblito) on a hill in the Casas Grandes Valley and has drawn the attention of explorers and archaeologists for more than a century. The first systematic mapping project at Cerro de Moctezuma is presented and evaluated against settlement system data from the Casas Grandes region. The results of the project show that the hill has a greater variety and number of features than most nearby settlements. These findings indicate that Cerro de Moctezuma was a specialized site related to the ritual and political structure that emanated from the preeminent center of Paquime.
Noncompact source effect on the prediction of tone noise from a fan rotor

A comparison is made between the conventional compact source prediction for airfoil sound radiation and the rigorous prediction based on distributed sources along the airfoil chord. The theoretical analysis performed is for a single airfoil and cascaded airfoils immersed in a sinusoidally varying convected gust field. The pressure field around a single airfoil in supersonic gust flows is also studied. In subsonic flows the phase change of unsteady lift along the chord of a single airfoil reduces the sound radiation significantly in the upstream direction and increases the downstream radiation compared to the compact source prediction. In supersonic flows the compact source prediction gives substantial error in the region just behind the Mach wedge originating from the leading edge, while it approaches the noncompact source results far downstream from the airfoil. In the case of cascaded airfoils the compact source prediction overestimates the upstream radiation by as much as 20 dB depending on frequency and interblade phase.
Spontaneous cartilage degeneration in guinea pigs

Spontaneous degeneration of the knee joint cartilage in male Hartley guinea pigs was studied by light microscopy in animals aged 3-18 months. Unilateral focal degeneration, characterized by chondrocyte death and proteoglycan loss with surface fibrillation, was observed on the medial tibial plateau in 2 of 5 guinea pigs that were 3 months old. The incidence and severity of the lesions increased with age, and by 12-18 months of age, all animals had moderate-to-severe degeneration of the medial tibial plateau, femoral condyle, and meniscus. Lesions were not present on the lateral aspect of the knee joint in any of the animals.
Cell cycle effects resulting from inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor c-Met in regenerating rat livers by RNA interference

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor c-Met are involved in liver regeneration. The role of HGF and c-Met in liver regeneration in rat following two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx) was investigated using RNA interference to silence HGF and c-Met in separate experiments. A mixture of 2 c-Met-specific short hairpin RNA (ShRNA) sequences, ShM1 and ShM2, and 3 HGF-specific ShRNA, ShH1, ShH3, and ShH4, were complexed with linear polyethylenimine. Rats were injected with the ShRNA/PEI complex 24 hours before and at the time of PHx. A mismatch and a scrambled ShRNA served as negative controls. ShRNA treatment resulted in suppression of c-Met and HGF mRNA and protein compared with that in controls. The regenerative response was assessed by PCNA, mitotic index, and BrdU labeling. Treatment with the ShHGF mixture resulted in moderate suppression of hepatocyte proliferation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed severe suppression of incorporation of BrdU and complete absence of mitosis in rats treated with ShMet 24 hours after PHx compared with that in controls. Gene array analyses indicated abnormal expression patterns in many cell-cycle- and apoptosis-related genes. The active form of caspase 3 was seen to increase in ShMet-treated rats. The TUNEL assay indicated a slight increase in apoptosis in ShMet-treated rats compared with that in controls. Conclusion: The data indicated that in vivo silencing of c-Met and HGF mRNA by RNA interference in normal rats results in suppression of mRNA and protein, which had a measurable effect on proliferation kinetics associated with liver regeneration. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Spin frustration and metamagnetic behavior in a molecular‐based quasi‐1D ferrimagnetic chain: (MnTPP)(TCNE)

We report an experimental observation of spin frustration and metamagnetic behavior in a quasi‐1D ferrimagnetic chain, (MnTPP)+(TCNE)−. Metastability, hysteresis effects, and irreversibility of thermal and magnetic histories are observed in magnetization measurements. The ‘‘memory’’ phenomenon is seen in the temperature dependence of the thermoremanent and isothermal remanent magnetization. This system may be relevant to the magnetic behavior of the quantum/classical spin chains. The isothermal M(H) at T=2.25 K supports a first order transition which may be related to effects of local anisotropy.
Comment on “HST2 Mediates SIR2-Independent Life-Span Extension by Calorie Restriction”

Calorie restriction (CR) increases life span in yeast independently of Sir2. Lamming et al. (Reports, 16 September 2005, p. 1861) recently proposed that Sir2-independent life-span extension by CR is mediated by the Sir2 paralogs Hst1 and Hst2. Contradictory to this, we find that CR greatly increases life span in cells lacking Sir2, Hst1, and Hst2, which suggests that CR is not mediated by Sir2, Hst2, or Hst1.
Measurement and characterization of proteins by color reactions.

Abstract Two of the more sensitive methods for the determination of protein, one involving reduction of Folin's heteropolyphosphate reagent, and the other, binding of a sulfonphthalein dye, have been investigated. Improved versions of the two methods have been presented, together with the results obtained on 18 protein preparations. Without the use of microanalytical techniques, approximately 1 mg of protein is needed for duplicate determinations by both methods. The results show that different proteins cover a wide range of values in each case and that there is no uniform correlation between the two parameters measured. Therefore, the ratio of the two parameters may serve as a distinetive analytical characteristic for individual proteins or protein mixtures. Significant quantitative measurements depend on prior determination of the reactivity constants of the proteins being measured. The reactivity changes produced by exposure to alkali were also found to be distinctive for different proteins and for the two methods. Different commercial preparations of the same protein species gave resembling, but not identical, results.
Applying metadata models to unstructured content of construction documents: A view-based approach

The construction industry uses both structured and unstructured information for communication, whether they are in paper or electronic format. As the paradigm begins to shift from using paper-based media to electronic media, the difference between structured and unstructured data becomes more prominent as computers are more adept at handling structured data or information. The challenge is the effective management of both types of information in a fragmented data environment. To maintain efficiency and flexibility for project participants, this paper discusses a method by applying metadata modeling to the creation of views towards unstructured information related to building components, construction process or project management information. By using this method project participants may be able to quickly locate relevant information needed to understand and process a construction document such as an Request for Information (RFI). This study finds that by utilizing industry standards such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) it is technically feasible to develop such a method. However, further studies are needed to validate the idea and the system in practice.
Changing Restorative Traditions: The Use of Bases and Liners

Are bases and liners becoming obsolete? Dr. Leinfelder discusses the pros and cons of these restorative agents.
Mortality after vascularized pancreas transplantation

Abstract Background: Previous studies have questioned the safety of vascularized pancreas transplantation (PTX), particularly because diabetes is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and cardiac death. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the timing and causes of death after PTX was performed. From April 1989 through December 1995, 196 PTXs were performed in 186 diabetic patients including 134 simultaneous kidney-PTXs, 59 solitary PTXs, and 3 combined liver-PTXs. All patients underwent whole organ PTX with bladder drainage, received triple or quadruple immunosuppression, and had a minimum follow-up of 1 year (mean 3.8 years). Results: A total of 22 patients (12%) died at a mean of 19 months after PTX. Infection was the most common cause of early death, whereas the majority of late deaths were due to cardiac causes. In the 8 deaths caused by infection, 6 were associated with operative complications, but only 2 received excessive immunosuppression for rejection. In the 10 cardiac deaths, 6 patients were older than 40 years at the time of PTX and 4 had experienced pancreas graft loss before death. Four-year actuarial patient survival was 92% after simultaneous kidney-PTX and 87% after solitary PTX. Conclusions: In this series, the mortality rate after PTX was 12%, with infection, myocardial infarction, and sudden death accounting for over 80% of deaths. Deaths from infection most commonly occurred early and were associated with operative complications, whereas cardiac deaths usually were late and related to recipient age or preceded by pancreas graft loss. Future strategies aimed at reducing mortality after PTX should emphasize appropriate recipient selection and target prevention of operative complications. (Surgery 1998;124:823-30.)
Nanoporous S-Layer Protein Lattices. A Biological Ion Gate with Calcium Selectivity

S-layer protein lattice fragments isolated from the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans were adsorbed onto chemically modified silicon substrates to produce nanoporous membranes containing uniformly sized pores with dimensions between 2 and 7 nm. The gating characteristics of the nanoporous membranes toward various ionic species were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Our results reveal that the immobilized S-layers undergo a strong interaction with cations, especially Ca2+ ions. We observed for the first time ionic currents flowing through the nanoporous regions of the protein, pointing to an ion transport mechanism of gating. Our observations suggest that ion transport is mainly due to the presence of an electrical gradient inside the pores. The origin of the observed selectivity is discussed.
Calculating Topological Entropy

The attempt to find effective algorithms for calculating the topological entropy of piecewise monotone maps of the interval having more than three monotone pieces has proved to be a difficult problem. The algorithm introduced here is motivated by the fact that if f: [0, 1] → [0, 1] is a piecewise monotone map of the unit interval into itself, thenh(f)=limn→∞ (1/n) log Var(f n), where h(f) is the topological entropy off, and Var(f n) is the total variation off n. We show that it is not feasible to use this formula directly to calculate numerically the topological entropy of a piecewise monotone function, because of the slow convergence. However, a close examination of the reasons for this failure leads ultimately to the modified algorithm which is presented in this paper. We prove that this algorithm is equivalent to the standard power method for finding eigenvalues of matrices (with shift of origin) in those cases for which the function is Markov, and present encouraging experimental evidence for the usefulness of the algorithm in general by applying it to several one-parameter families of test functions.
The use of insulin dynamics in the evaluation of streptozotocin therapy of malignant insulinomas.

ABSTRACT Streptozotocin, an antibiotic with diabetogenic and antitumor effects, was administered to two patients with malignant insulinomas and the effects on insulin secretion and glucose dynamics were evaluated. One patient, who had a dramatic alleviation of hypoglycemic episodes with normalization of fasting plasma glucose and insulin values, continued to have mild abnormalities in her responses to oral leucine. The second patient had an equivocal clinical response with some improvement in fasting plasma insulin and glucose levels, but no improvement in her response to tolbutamide. It is concluded that: (1) streptozotocin is the most effective agent currently available for the treatment of malignant insulinomas; (2) plasma glucose and insulin responses to glucose, tolbutamide, and leucine are useful in evaluating the therapeutic response to this agent; and (3) a treatment regimen can be designed for some patients which will result in tumor regression with minimal toxicity and minimal diabetogenic effec...
Axial and radial ion cloud compression: coupling of magnetron and cyclotron motion to axial motion in a segmented cubic Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance ion trap

Abstract A segmented cubic ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) ion trap configuration that generates an r.f. electric excitation potential of approximately xz (two-dimensional quadrupolar) symmetry near the center of the trap is proposed. A new ion excitation/detection scheme is based on the analysis of image current induced by the combination of axial and azimuthal (cyclotron and magnetron) ion motions on the same electrode configuration. Ions may thereby be resonantly excited or detected at each of the combination frequencies ωz + ω−, ωz − ω−, ω+ + ωz, and ω+ − ωz, in which ωz is the axial (i.e. z-motion) frequency, ω− is the magnetron frequency, and ω+ is the reduced cyclotron frequency. The trajectory of an ion subjected to resonant xz excitation is derived analytically with provision for collisional damping. For example, when ions are excited at the frequency ωz + ω−, magnetron motion is periodically interconverted into axial motion. The coupling of magnetron and axial motions in presence of ion/neutral collisions (treated analytically as a frictional damping force) provides a method for axialization and cooling of heavy ions. Conditions for such coupling and cooling are analyzed in detail: under representative experimental conditions, magnetron-to-axial conversion may be achieved by xz quadrupolar excitation amplitude of just a few millivolts. Combination of the present method and previously demonstrated azimuthal (xy) quadrupolar excitation should result in both axial and radial compression of an ion cloud for improved Fourier transform ICR sensitivity and mass resolution.
Moderation of grazing behavior of beef cattle by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.)

Abstract Grazing beef cows ( Bos taurus L.) were exposed to stable fly ( Stomoxys calcitrans L.) and their reactions were related to ingestive behavior. Three concatenated latin squares (4 × 4) were used to evaluate the effects of stable flies on the behavior of Angus cows grazing vegetative tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv Johnstone) in screened enclosures. Four populations (0, 50, 100 and 150) of starved, laboratory-reared stable flies were released into each enclosure at 15 min intervals during 1 h grazing meals. Mean numbers of alighted stable flies increased linearly with treatment level up to 125 per animal and up to 46 on forelegs and up to 7 on hindlegs. Dorsal and ventral trunk surfaces each supported up to 35 alighted flies. Alighted fly numbers increased on all major body sectors as grazing meals progressed: when 150 stable flies were released, there were 25, 44, 56 and 63 flies on forelegs during successive quarters. Releases of up to 150 stable flies caused linear increases in fly-induced movements of heads (to 1.9 min −1 ), ears (to 4.5 min −1 ), skin twitches (to 18 min −1 per side), tail swishes (to 36 min −1 ), forelegs (to 1.4 min −1 ) and hindlegs (to 0.8 min −1 ). Stable flies caused linear increases in herbage dry matter (DM) intake (0.50–0.58 kg (100 kg body-weight (BW)) −1 h −1 ), and bite DM mass (from 1.0–1.4 g) and a linear decline in rate of biting (from 41-35 bites min −1 ). Cows visited 3.2, 3.9, 4.3 and 3.4 feeding stations min −1 ingesting 16.1, 12.6, 10.9 and 16.0 g DM per feeding station when four pulses of 0, 50, 100 and 150 stable flies were released, respectively. Blood intake of engorged stable flies declined from 9.3 to 8.1 mg, either indicating competition between flies for feeding stations or deterrent actions of their hosts disturbed their feeding. Moderation of ingestive behavior of cows was attributed to annoyance of low populations of alighted flies. In the presence of stable flies, cattle may accelerate herbage intake and reduce grazing times.
Metamorphosis of the insect nervous system: changes in morphology and synaptic interactions of identified neurones.

The nervous system of holometabolous insects directs the behaviour of three radically different stages, the larva, pupa and adult. In some cases, larval neurones degenerate during metamorphosis and are replaced in the adult by neurones derived from retained embryonic neuroblasts1,2, but many larval neurones are retained and undergo a morphological and synaptic reorganization which allows them to perform new functions in the adult3,4. This cellular rearrangement, however, creates a problem in that the developing adults continue to display pupal-like behaviour even after the neurones attain their adult form. We show here that in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, the adult function of a neurone is prevented from being expressed precociously by the persistence of inhibitory influences that are removed abruptly at adult emergence.
Turbulent reactive mixing with a series-parallel reaction: Effect of mixing on yield

The yield of a nonpremixed series-parallel reaction at complete conversion was measured in a turbulent, tubular-flow reactor with single and multijet feeds. The yield of the intermediate decreased as mixing was slowed relative to the chemical kinetics, either by decreasing the Reynolds number, or by using a less efficient mixing device, or by increasing the feed concentration. Four models, a modified slab model, a modified stretch model, the Harada mass transfer model, and a new closure model, adequately predict the yield when chemical and mixing kinetics are known from independent measurements of the conversion of acid-base reactions. Without modification, the original slab and stretch models are unable to account for the earlier observed invariance of conversion to Schmidt number of very rapid, single-step reactions or to satisfactorily predict the yield of the series-parallel reaction.
Analog Circuit Design for ADCs

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Architectural Considerations Building Blocks Circuit Nonidealities Modulator Component Design Considerations System-Level Considerations Layout Considerations Design Examples Conclusion This chapter contains sections titled: References
Thermal stability and phase transformation of electrochemically charged/discharged LiMnPO4 cathode for Li-ion batteries

Electrochemically active LiMnPO4 nanoplates at lithiated/delithiated state were subjected to thermal stability and phase transformation evaluations for safety as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries. The phase transformation and oxygen evolution temperature of delithiated MnPO4 were characterized using in situ hot-stage X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry-mass spectroscopy (TGA-DSC-MS), transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX).
Historical background to the asbestos problem

EARLY BEGINNINGS Asbestos has been known in various forms and used for different purposes since prehistoric times. In Finland, for example, pottery dating from 2500 B.C. has been found to incorporate asbestos (presumably anthophyllite) fibers, and Busmanoid pottery attributed to stone-age times (before the middle of the first century B.C.) has been found containing amphibole in the region ranging from southern Sudan to northern Kenya (70, 93). Finnish peasants are also reported to have used asbestos rock to pack crevices in their log huts from time immemorial. One of the earliest historical records tells of the use of asbestos wick in a gold lamp for the goddess Atbene in the fourth to fifth century B.C. At the turn of that century Theophrastus described the persistence of the wick after the oil was burned off, and Strabo and Plutarch continue the story (28, 44, 84). Herodotus, writing about 456 B.C., remarks on the use of an asbestos cloth for retaining the ashes of the dead during cremation, and Pliny in the first century A.D. calls it the funeral dress of kings. Such a shroud is reported to have been recovered from a pre-Augustinian tomb (23b, 44, 50). Plutarch described other articles into which the material was woven. One form of the Greek word oau@~os signified “unquenchable;” the perpetuity of the flame given by wicks containing asbestos would have justified the appelation. The concept of indestructibility seems to have been added to the connotation later. Some confusion has resulted from another formrjao/Iaoro~ of the same word that signified what today we would call slaked lime (95). The term “amiantos” and its variations, common in mediterranean countries, also has a confused etymology. Lithos amiantos is said to be the original term, as used by the Greeks to indicate a rock unstained, untainted, or undefiled, referring presumably to the cleansing of asbestos material by fire (19). It has been suggested, however, that the Karpasian flax referred to by Pausanius (second century A.D.) came from a village in Cyprus known as Amianto, which might be the town of Amiandos near which chrysotile has been found in recent times. In England, the term “amianthus” survived until the end of the 19th century, when the word “asbestos” took its place. In France today, “amiante” is used at least as frequently as “asbeste.” The property of being unconsumed and even purified by fire is emphasized in the account given by Marco Polo (ca. 1250 A.D.) of a cloth reputed to be of salamander skin, but actually consisting of “amianto” prepared from rock by a process that persisted well into the nineteenth century (50). Apparently a similar account given some 150 years earlier did not attract antiquarian interest (48). The story of Charlemagne’s tablecloth and the impression made on guests when he threw it into the fire has been many times recounted in recent literature (21, 50).
Explaining the Pace of Foreclosed Home Sales during the US Foreclosure Crisis: Evidence from Atlanta

As the US foreclosure crisis approached its climax in 2007 and 2008, the buildup of lender-owned homes had been building for some time. Around this time, however, lenders began selling homes, especially low-value properties, at a much faster pace, releasing them into local housing markets. This paper examines the sales of foreclosed single-family homes into the Atlanta market from January 2005 through early 2009. A primary goal is to understand the drivers of such sales. A proportional hazards model is used to identify factors affecting the time that homes spend as ‘real estate owned’ properties, with a special focus on low-value properties. We find that the pace of sales of low-value properties accelerated during 2007 and, especially, in late 2008 and early 2009, and the rate varied based on lender type, neighborhood characteristics, and submarket location. These findings have implications not simply for understanding real estate markets more broadly, but especially for housing market recovery and neighb...
A monoclonal antibody, raised against rat embryo hippocampus, identifies a nuclear protein enriched in hippocampal and other neurons of the adult rat brain

We report characteristics of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) produced by immunizing mice against rat embryo hippocampus, and its cellular distribution in the brains of adult and embryonic rats. This antibody, designated as MAb 4A4, brightly stained granular and pyramidal neurons of the adult rat hippocampus, as well as some cortical neurons. Also, MAb 4A4 labeled granular and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum with less intensity. While glial cells were labeled relatively faintly. At embryonic day 18 in the rat, most brain neurons, primitive neuroepithelium, connective tissues and glia were labeled with this antibody, indicating that the expression of 4A4 antigen is regulated developmentally. The 4A4 antigen appeared to be localized to the nucleus of cells except in choroid plexus in which the focal membrane staining was observed. The nuclear localization of 4A4 antigen was further confirmed by the staining of cultured cell lines with MAb 4A4. Western blot analysis demonstrated a single band of the 4A4 antigen from cultured cells, with an apparent molecular weight of 220 kDa. Both the molecular weight and the distribution of the 4A4 antigen in the embryonic and adult rat brain and cultured cells suggest that this antigen is a novel nonhistone nuclear type, which is preferentially expressed in neurons of the rodent brains and is under developmental regulation.
Darwin, Wallace, and the Descent of Man

As soon as I had become, in the year 1837 or 1838, convinced that species were mutable productions, I could not avoid the belief that man must come under the same law. Accordingly I collected notes on the subject for my own satisfaction, and not for a long time with any intention of publishing. Although in the Origin of Species, the derivation of any particular species is never discussed, yet I thought it best, in order that no honourable man should accuse me of concealing my views, to add that by the work in question "light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history." It would have been useless and injurious to the success of the book to have paraded without giving any evidence my conviction with respect to his origin.'
Predominant sexually transmitted diseases among different age and ethnic group of indigent sexually active adolescents attending a family planning clinic

Abstract The present study analyzed a group of 113 sexually active, indigent female adolescents attending a family planning clinic, for age, ethnic, or racial trends in the recovery of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis , Mycoplasma species, and Ureaplasma urealyticum . The overall recovery rate for N. gonorrhoeae was 8112 (7.1%), with the highest rate occurring in black patients (782, 8.5%). The overall recovery rate for C. trachomatis was 31113 (27.4%), with the highest rate occurring in Hispanics (721, 33.3%). The isolation of C. trachomatis was evenly divided among patients grouped by reason for visit, Neisseria gonorrhoeae , on the other hand, was isolated more frequently from patients coming for a sexually transmitted disease screen than from those attending for other reasons. There was a significant ( p U. urealyticum when compared to younger age groups. Factor associated with venereal disease prevalence in our teenage indigent population as well as implications for the future reproductive health of such patients are discussed.
Prediction of fat in intact cereal food products using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy ‡

To evaluate the feasibility of an intact product approach to the near-infrared (NIR) determination of fat content, a rapid acquisition spectrometer, with an InGaAs diode-array detector and custom built sampling device, was used to obtain reflectance spectra (1100–1700 nm) of diverse cereal food products. Fat content reference data were obtained gravimetrically by extraction with petroleum ether (AOAC Method 945.16). Using spectral and reference data, partial least-squares regression analysis was applied to calculate a NIR model (n = 89) to predict fat in intact cereal products; the model was adequate for rapid screening of samples, predicting the test samples (n = 44) with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 11.8 (range 1.4–204.8) g kg−1 and multiple coefficient of determination of 0.98. Repeated repacking and rescanning of the samples did not appreciably improve model performance. The model was expanded to include samples with a broad range of particle sizes and moisture contents without reduction in prediction accuracy for the untreated samples. The regression coefficients for the models calculated indicated that spectral features at 1165, 1215 and 1395 nm, associated with CH stretching in fats, were the most critical for model development. Published in 2005 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biophysical Characterization of Pluripotent Stem Cell Mass Accumulation Rate and Intracolony Motion

Despite the potential high impact of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) research in developmental biology, cancer biology, and regenerative medicine, surprisingly little is known about how hPSCs grow, divide, and respond to their environment. In this talk, we will introduce live cell interferometery (LCI) as a new, biophysical measurement approach for precisely quantifying hPSC colony mass distributions and growth rates (Figure 1A,B,D,F). LCI is a quantitative phase microscopy technique in which the phase shift of light as it passes through and interacts with matter inside a cell is measured. Our measurements with LCI show that retinoic acid-induced differentiation minimally slows the rate of mass accumulation, a surprising result considering the large metabolic and proliferative changes associated with the transition away from the pluripotent state. We also present methods to quantify the rate and coordination of intracolony motion from colony mass distribution measurements (Figure 1 C,G). Differentiated colonies exhibit a significantly slower rate of mass motion and significantly less coordination of motion, a previously unknown behavior that may provide new information on the health and differentiation potential of available hPSC lines.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Two anti-obesity hopefuls and their safety

Obesity is a worldwide health problem. One obstacle faced by health care professionals is the lack of available medications. As discussed in the recent review by Derosa and Maffioli [1], the develo...
Public organizations: A value-conflict view

That values are at the core of public administration is a notion that has gained popularity and credibility in recent years. From this perspective, public administrators have become inextricably involved in both adjusting to and promoting institutionalized values. Certain values shaping public organizations may, however, be distinctive in quality and magnitude from those of private organizations. Our purpose in this essay is to suggest criteria for identifying the distinctive values of public organizations, to propose and define three such values, to briefly examine the dynamics of change engendered by value conflicts and dilemmas, and to speculate on the theoretical and practical implications of our proposed values framework. In the process an inchoate perspective is outlined in which values occupy the centerpiece of inquiry in public administration.
Muslim "Homegrown" Terrorism in the United States: How Serious Is the Threat?

Since the September 11 attacks, analysts and public officials have expressed growing concern about the potential of Muslim citizens and residents of the United States to plot attacks within the country's borders—a phenomenon sometimes referred to as “homegrown” terrorism. To assess this apparent threat, it is necessary to examine what is known about the willingness and capacity of Muslim Americans to execute deadly attacks in the United States. Three conditions, either alone or together, could contribute to an increasing threat of homegrown terrorism. The first concerns what is known about the radicalization of Muslim Americans and whether a surge in arrests in 2009 indicates a growing trend in Muslim American terrorism. The second relates to the capacity of aspiring militants to avoid detection as they prepare attacks. The third depends on the skills of aspiring terrorists and therefore their capacities to execute increasingly sophisticated attacks. The analysis should be generally reassuring to those co...
High performance tunnel injection InGaN/GaN quantum Dot light emitting diodes emitting in the green (λ=495 nm)

Abstract InGaN/GaN self-organized quantum dots with density of (2−5)×10 10 cm −2 , internal quantum efficiency of 32% and a reduced recombination lifetime of 0.6 ns were grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The photoluminescence spectra of the dots peak at 495 nm at 300 K. The characteristics of tunnel injection InGaN/GaN quantum dot light emitting diodes are presented. The current density at maximum efficiency is 90.2 A/cm 2 , which is superior to equivalent multiquantum well devices.
NO EVIDENCE FOR AN ALLELOPATHIC ROLE OF OKADAIC ACID AMONG CIGUATERA-ASSOCIATED DINOFLAGELLATES

Serine/threonine protein phosphatases are regulatory enzymes critical to growth and replication in eukaryotes. Okadaic acid (OA), a potent serine/ threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor, has been well studied in vertebrates; however, little is known about the role this phycotoxin plays in the ecology of its producer, the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima Ehrenberg. The frequency and diversity of toxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates suggests that toxin production might play a role in competition among algal species. To assess the role of OA in growth competition, dinoflagellate species that co-occur with P. lima were grown in medium preconditioned by P. lima. Exudates from P. lima inhibited the growth of three of the four co-occurring species. All four dinoflagellate species were found to possess protein phosphatases that are inhibited by low concentrations of OA (IC50∼5 nM). Furthermore, when treated in culture for 24 h with either purified OA or medium preconditioned by P. lima, their protein phosphatase activity was substantially inhibited. In contrast, P. lima’s protein phosphatase activity was refractory to OA both in vitro and in culture. To determine whether its growth inhibitory action was dependent on its phosphatase inhibitory activity, the P. lima-preconditioned medium was fractionated by HPLC and fractions tested for growth-inhibitory and protein phosphatase–inhibitory activity. We found that the two activities reside in different fractions. These results suggest that although OA has growth-inhibitory potential against other microalgae, it does not represent the major growth-inhibitory activity found in P. lima’s medium.
Comments on ‘High-dimensional model representation for structural reliability analysis’ by R. Chowdhury, B. N. Rao and A. M. Prasad, Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2009; 25:301–337

The authors of the paper published in Commun. Numer. Methods Eng. (2009; 25:301–337) have claimed to present a new computational tool entailing high-dimensional model representation for structural reliability analysis. This letter demonstrates that the underlying reliability method already exists and was originally developed in the Xu and Rahman paper, published in Probabilist. Eng. Mech. (2005; 20:239–250). The authors do not acknowledge the contribution of Xu and Rahman and convey the impression that they are developing the method for the very first time. Instead, the authors have reinvented the wheel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of PET in Identifying Hilar (N1) Lymph Node Involvement in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Implications for the Radiation Oncologist

Materials/Methods: All patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC between 1995 and 2008 were evaluated. Patients who underwent preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were excluded. Patients who did not undergo preoperative PET imaging at our institution, those who had primary tumors that extended to the hilum, and those with no hilar nodal sampling were also excluded. All PET studies were interpreted by an attending nuclear medicine radiologist and were scored as positive or negative in the hilum/peribronchial area based on visual analysis alone. A two-sided Fisher’s exact test compared patient subgroups.
The Role of Pharmacogenetics in Selection of Breast Cancer Treatment

Tumor characteristics have traditionally played a predominant role in adjuvant therapy recommendations for women with breast cancer. The role of host genetic factors, which impact drug metabolism, drug transportation, and possibly breast cancer outcomes, in treatment decision making has only recently been recognized. Genetic polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene and pharmacologic inhibition of the enzyme have been associated with altered tamoxifen metabolism, adverse event profile, and clinical benefit. Data from prospective studies should ideally be available before CYP2D6 genotype testing can be recommended for the general population. Inter-individual response to therapy has also been observed with use of the aromatase inhibitors, various chemotherapeutic agents, and other targeted therapies. This article reviews the available evidence regarding the impact of pharmacogenetic variation on the drug-response phenotype of these agents.
RhD Isoimmunization and Current Management Modalities

Objective : To review the literature on current perspectives and treatment of RhD isoimmunization. Data Sources : A search was conducted on MEDLINE and CINAHL, and supplemental articles/bulletins were obtained from cited references and the Web site of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Recent texts also were reviewed. Key search words: isoimmunization, Rho (d) immune globulin, fetal erythroblastosis, intrauterine blood transfusions, alloimmunization. Study Selection : Articles and comprehensive works from indexed Journals in the English language relevant to key words and published after 1995 were evaluated. Historically relevant periodicals and texts were also reviewed and selected. Data Extraction : Data were extracted and organized under the following headings: testing of the antepartum patient, antepartum treatment of isoimmunization, testing of the postpartum patient, anti-D immune globulin, antepartum anti-D immune globulin prophylaxis, other antepartum and obstetric indications for anti-D immune globulin administration, postpartum anti-D immune globulin prophylaxis, nursing implications, and future possibilities. Data Synthesis : RhD isoimmunized pregnancies continue to contribute to worldwide perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This review describes the basic knowledge necessary to care for these pregnancies and the current management modalities. Conclusions : The management options for RhD compromised gestations continue to evolve almost as quickly as technological advances are made. Multiple areas of research in this field have surfaced, and nurses can become valuable members of these research teams. The literature also indicates that with the available knowledge and resources, the current rate of RhD isoimmunization can be further decreased with closer adherence to proposed management guidelines by all health care professionals.
Anomalous left circumflex coronary artery: “Normal” variant of uncertain clinical and pathologic significance

Anomalous origin of the left circumflex artery from the aorta is generally viewed as a benign coronary arterial anomaly. Three such cases are reported in which the anomalous artery was totally occluded. Although coronary atherosclerosis was present in all three cases, the proximal segment of the anomalous circumflex vessel was particularly severely affected in each patient. Two patients had a myocardial infarct in the distribution of the aberrant vessel. Accurate angiographic diagnosis is needed before cardiac surgery is performed, whether for valve replacement or myocardial revascularization, because this variant may be less benign than one believed.
Comparative effects of synthetic enkephalinamides and morphine on abstinence responses in morphine-dependent mice

The effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of two synthetic enkephalinamides, D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide and D-Met2-Pro5-enkephalinamide, were compared with those of morphine on abstinence responses in morphine dependent mice. Mice were rendered dependent by morphine pellet implantation for three days. When administered six hours after pellet removal, both enkephalinamides and morphine reversed the naloxone-induced abstinence jumping response. On a molar basis, D-Met2-Pro5-enkephalinamide was the most potent compound and morphine was the least potent. Thus, substitution of D-Methionine in the two-position and prolineamide in five-position of the naturally occurring enkephalins, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin resulted in potent compound. The enkephalinamides and morphine also prevented hypothermia when injected immediately after or six hours after morphine withdrawal (pellet removal).
Predicting solid-state heats of formation of newly synthesized polynitrogen materials by using quantum mechanical calculations.

We present density functional theory level predictions and analysis of the basic properties of newly synthesized high-nitrogen compounds together with 3,6-bis(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (BTT) and 3,3′-azobis(6-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine) (DAAT), for which experimental data are available. The newly synthesized high-nitrogen compounds are based on tricycle fused 1,2,4-triazine and 1,2,4,5-tetrazine heterocycles. In this work, the molecules BTT and DAAT have been studied in order to validate the theoretical approach and to facilitate further progress developments for the molecules of interest. Molecular structural properties are clarified, and IR spectra predictions are provided to help detection of those compounds in the experiment. The energy content of the molecules in the gas phase is evaluated by calculating standard enthalpies of formation, by using a special selection of isodesmic reaction paths. We also include estimates of the condensed-phase heats of formation and heats of sublimation in the framework of the Politzer approach. The obtained properties are consistent with those new high-nitrogen compounds being a promising set of advanced energetic materials.
Growth of chiral single-walled carbon nanotube caps in the presence of a cobalt cluster

Density functional theory is used to simulate nanotube growth by addition of a pair of carbon atoms to a composite chiral nanotube cap/cobalt cluster system, with caps corresponding to near-armchair (6, 5), (7, 5) and near-zigzag (9, 1) nanotubes. Two different carbon addition processes are evaluated: in the first, the new carbon atoms are located in the vicinity of the armchair site of the cap rim, and thus this process provides insight into the root-growth mechanism; in the second the carbon atoms are initially located under the cobalt cluster, and thus this process helps one to evaluate the dissolution of carbon inside the metal cluster. The geometric evolution and energetics of the system are used to explain features of the mechanism of nanotube growth. The root-growth reaction is shown to occur by displacement of a cobalt atom initially interacting with the armchair site while the added carbon atoms bond to each other forming a new hexagonal ring, whereas the carbon dissolution process shows formation of dimers inside the cluster only for the (6, 5) system. The energetics for both steps reveals that the dissolution stage is probably controlling the overall nanotube growth rate.
The rostral projection of small diameter primary afferents in Lissauer's tract

Abstract The rostral projection of Aδ and C primary afferents in Lissauer's tract (LT) was studied by assessing how far, rostrally, axons entering at a given level could be activated by electrical stimulation. Sural Aδ primary afferents in LT exhibited a rostral projection at least as far as the L 3 /L 4 border, 4 segments rostral to their segment of entry (S 1 dorsal root). C-fibers from the sural nerve projected in LT less than 2 segments rostral to their segment of entry. It is concluded that small afferent fibers can project appreciable distances along the spinal cord to bring them into regions not normally responsive to natural stimulation of the receptive field of such fibers.