cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase 2 Enzyme Induction by the Major Metabolite of Oltipraz

Treatment for 48 h of murine Hepa 1c1c7 cells in culture with the cancer chemopreventive oltipraz (1) followed by addition of CD(3)I and immediate cell lysis yields, by LC/MS analysis, three isotopomers of the methylated pyrrolopyrazine (2), a known human metabolite of oltipraz. The major isotopomer (58%) is the one containing two CD(3)- groups attached to the pendant sulfur atoms of the pyrrolopyrazine ring, the others containing one CD(3)- and one CH(3)- group or two CH(3)- groups. It is concluded from this that the unmethylated pyrrolopyrazine (4) is the major metabolite of oltipraz. Prodrugs 5 and 6, which have been shown to rapidly generate 4 in the presence of GSH at physiological pH, induce the phase 2 enzyme NQO1 in Hepa 1c1c7 cells with potencies on par with oltipraz itself: CD(NQO1) = 14.4 +/- 1.3, 20.1 +/- 4.6, and 23.6 +/- 1.6 microM for oltipraz, 5, and 6, respectively. Pretreatment of oltipraz, 5, and 6 in cell culture media with 1 mM GSH, which is shown to immediately convert 5 and 6 to 4, followed by incubation with Hepa 1c1c7 cells shows similar potencies for oltipraz and the (decomposed) produrgs, with CD(NQO1) = 18.0 +/- 4.4 microM for 5, 17.8 +/- 0.2 microM for 6, and 13.5 +/- 1.4 microM for oltipraz. Treatment with compound 6 of murine hepatoma cells containing a luciferase gene under the control of the antioxidant response element (ARE) from the mouse heme oxygenase (ho-1) gene elicits induction of luciferase activity, CD = 35.8 +/- 2.8 microM, somewhat greater than the potency than oltipraz itself. Western blots of nuclear proteins isolated from Hepa 1c1c7 cells and probed with anti-Nrf2 indicate that as compared to vehicle DMSO, compound 6 stimulates nuclear translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol. From this study, it is concluded that the major metabolite of the cancer chemopreventive oltipraz is a phase 2 enzyme inducer of comparable potency that activates the ARE and initiates nuclear translocation of transcription factor Nrf 2.
Effect of nuclear shape of neutron rich isotopes in heavy ion reactions.

The effect of projectile shape on cross sections and momentum distributions of fragments from heavy ion reactions is studied. We propose a new approach that implements the underlying symmetries of each isotope with a few parameters directly in the density. Various densities and their nuclear structure are analyzed in the reactions of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{11}\mathrm{Be}$, and $^{11}\mathrm{C}$ on a carbon target. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Nuclear structure studies of 93Nb using the 93Nb(n, n′γ) and 93Nb(p, p′γ) reactions

Abstract The energy level structure of 93Nb is investigated with the 93Nb(n, n′γ) reaction and with Coulomb excitation. In particular, the data indicate doublets at 808 and 809 keV as well as 952 and 980 keV. A consistent set of spins has been determined for all levels with energies less than 1.5 MeV. The spin assignments mainly based upon a comparison of the measured and calculated neutron inelastic scattering excitation functions and γ-ray transition rates are in qualitative agreement with shell-model calculations.
Movement in the information technology for development debate: How can it meet the challenges of global competition?

There is an awareness that the developing world needs to build up its resources of skills and experience as they relate to Information Technology [8,10]. This awareness in not new. The transfer of technology has been the concern of development experts hoping to bridge the “North-South Divide” for over two decades [3]. Debates have since taken place suggesting that Information Technology (IT) is relevant to development objectives on the one hand and there are real issues that constrain the impact in Information Technology’s ability to meet development objectives [2,4,6]. In part this debate has been facilitated by the rapid growth of electronic networks across the world and the opportunities that have emerged as a result. There was a sense that the disparities between infrastructures of wealthy and poor countries could be overcome by developing electronic network infrastructures [9]. It has been suggested that electronic communication networks could provide a general resource and a means to exploit information, skill and expertise which are so greatly lacking in areas such as sub-saharan Africa [11]. In more recent years, the use of Internet infrastructures and the World Wide Web has changed the nature of the IT for Development debate. The growth of the Internet has brought about the creation of an on-line “marketplace” which brings together people and organizations from different parts of the world [5]. New opportunities have opened up for companies in the developed world to work with developing countries. These include, 1) sourcing strategies enabling access to skill and expertise, 2) provision of critical services such as Health Care and 3) better management of natural resources such as land. Outsourcing strategies using high speed Internet connections have given western companies access to cheap highly qualified skill and better standards of living for the people in developing countries. Web based access to health care professionals and medication enables the provision of health services in rural communities. Farmers in India are able to access new developments in land management through the web and order seeds through a village internet enabled village computer [10]. Yet, it is still uncertain
Production of Recombinant Human Monocyte/Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitor (rM/NEI)

Recombinant human monocyte/neutrophil elastase inhibitor (rM/NEI) was expressed with a baculovirus expression system. The purified recombinant protein was shown to inhibit human neutrophil elastase by the formation of a stable equimolar complex, as had been shown for M/NEI isolated from monocyte-derived cell lines. rM/NEI was remarkably stable in aqueous buffers from pH 6 to pH 8, but not in buffers below pH 6. rM/NEI activity was stable when subjected to freeze-thaw cycles and low temperature storage in Tris or phosphate buffers. rM/NEI could also be lyophilized without significant loss of activity. A 1.6-g batch of greater than 95% purity in rM/NEI was obtained by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography with yields of 7 to 8 mg per liter of cultured insect cells. Methods and protocols were chosen for compatibility with large-scale cGMP production and were suitable for biochemical characterization and preclinical evaluation of rM/NEI as a therapeutic agent for cystic fibrosis. The availability of large amounts of purified rM/NEI will facilitate clinical evaluation of rM/NEI for prevention of the elastase-mediated destruction of lung tissue associated with the morbidity and mortality of cystic fibrosis.
Frequency of input effects on word comprehension of children with specific language impairment.

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) are known to have limited lexicons. Previous studies implicate a possible processing problem, in the form of a limited ability to comprehend new wor...
AN AUTO-ADJUSTING SHAPING PROCEDURE

A variable interval (VI) schedule is described that automatically adjusts the programmed rates of reinforcement in accordance with the rates of responding of subjects during the two immediately preceding 30-sec time intervals. The schedule prescribes that as rate of responding decreases, programmed reinforcement rate increases, and that when rate of responding increases, reinforcement rate decreases. Thus, programmed reinforcement rate is adjusted continuously until some target value is reached. Ten rats were exposed to this procedure five times a day at 1-h intervals. The target, set at VI 120 sec, was reached by most subjects within 4 days of training. Subsequently, all subjects responded consistently during five daily 1-h sessions with VI 120 sec. This procedure speeds up the training of subjects on long VI schedules and substantially reduces the time and effort spent observing the subjects and adjusting the schedule parameter value during the early development of responding.
Deuterium effect on the T1-state lifetime of propanal vapor: Support for three classes of alkyl aldehydes

Reciprocal lifetimes, extrapolated to zero pressure (tau/sub 0//sup -1/), and rate constants of self-quenching (k/sub q/) for propanal and propanal-d/sub 1/ have been measured with a flash (laser)-sensitized biacetyl phosphorescence technique. Both tau/sub 0//sup -1/ and k/sub q/ decrease with deuteration. The 4.4-fold reduction in tau/sub 0//sup -1/ is intermediate in size and is consistent with a previously proposed classification scheme for alkyl aldehydes and ketones.
Heuristic sensitivity analysis in a combinatoric environment: An exposition and case study

Abstract Sensitivity orpost-optimality analysis investigates the effect of parametric changes on heuristic robustness and solution quality. This approach is relatively unexplored for combinatorial optimization problems, and yet is of considerable interest in analyzing performance characteristics of heuristic approaches. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) develop the semantics and rationale of parametric analysis within the combinatoric environment; (2) present as an example the design and implementation of sensitivity analysis procedures for a newly developed heuristic — theVariable-Depth-Search Heuristic (VDSH) — to solve the Generalized Assignment Problem (GAP). The concepts and methodology discussed in this paper may as well be applied to other heuristics, or in developing a heuristic sensitivity analysis procedure for a large-scale optimization method.
A geophysical investigation of the Peru-Chile Trench

Abstract Twenty-six profiles of topography, free-air gravity anomaly, and total intensity magnetic anomaly across the Peru-Chile Trench are presented and discussed. The trench is obliterated as a topographic feature south of about 40°S, but a well-defined negative gravity belt and seismic reflection profiles indicate that the trench continues as a structural feature at least into the Drake Passage. The trench can be broadly divided into two main provinces, the main sediment-free province which extends from 8°S to 32°S and the sedimentary province which extends from 33°S to 57°S. Three other minor provinces are also defined. A free-air gravity anomaly map of the offshore area of the entire west coast of South America is presented. A secondary negative gravity belt is found that roughly parallels the prominent negative gravity belt associated with the trench. This secondary belt is thought to be a reflection of the Bolivar Geosyncline which lies very near the present coast of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Studies incorporating seismic refraction and reflection measurements and gravity measurements indicate a pronounced crustal thinning beneath the offshore flank of the trench. Crustal thicknesses beneath the axis of the trench appear to be normal for the transition region of an ocean-continent margin. Seismic refraction measurements and continuous gravity observations are in close mutual agreement. It is suggested that the trench may originate by high angle normal faulting near the base of the continental slope accompanied by a downward flexure of the crust further offshore. The gravity data indicate that there are no radical variations in the crustal structure along the entire length of the western continental margin of South America. The magnetic anomalies cannot be correlated over large distances. The magnetic signature is considerably smoother over the shoreward flank of the trench than over the offshore flank and the trench axis roughly defines the boundary. This points to a sharp contrast in the magnetic state of the material underlying the two flanks of the trench. The relatively large amplitudes of some observed magnetic anomalies strongly suggest that they are not produced primarily by induced magnetization of bodies in the crust. In certain areas the observed anomalies correlate well with the basement topography. There is good evidence that some of these anomalies are caused by remanent magnetization of magnitude many times larger than the predicted induced magnetization and in a direction opposite to the earth's present field.
The N-linked Oligosaccharides of the β-Subunit of Rabbit Gastric H,K-ATPase: Site Localization and Identification of Novel Structures†

The gastric H,K-ATPase is responsible for acid secretion by parietal cells. Its beta-subunit is a glycoprotein which is exposed to the harsh, acidic environment of the stomach. The location and structural features of the N-linked oligosaccharides were determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI/MS) (in conjunction with mass composition analysis and exoglycosidase digestions), Edman degradation, and monosaccharide composition analysis. All seven N-linked sequons at positions 99, 103, 130, 146, 161, 193, and 222 were fully glycosylated. An unusual restricted array of oligosaccharides was observed at individual Asn residues. Asn99 was modified exclusively with oligomannosidic-type structures (Man6GlcNAc2-Man8GlcNAc2). Asn193 contained both oligomannosidic (Man5GlcNAc2-Man8GlcNAc2) and lactosamine-type structures, indicating significant "leakiness" in the pathway which converts oligomannose to lactosamine-type at a single glycosylation site. MALDI/MS with collision-induced dissociation was required to demonstrate that sequons separated by a single residue (99Asn-Ile-Ser-Asp-Asn-Arg-Thr105) were modified with only oligomannose and lactosamine structures, respectively. Analysis of the total oligosaccharide pool using MALDI/MS and exoglycosidase analysis revealed 24 lactosamine species (bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary structures), with all branches terminated in alpha-linked Gal residues, most possessing a single Fuc residue. Nine novel oligosaccharides contained multiple alpha-linked Gal residues per branch. Bi- and triantennary structures, with and without lactosamine repeats, were observed at Asn146 and Asn161. Tetraantennary structures with lactosamine repeats were found only at Asn130, and this site also contained most of the structures with multiple alpha-linked Gal residues per branch.
Empathy and the salesperson: A multidimensional perspective

Prior studies of empathy have yielded conflicting findings regarding the effectiveness of empathy in improving salesperson performance. This article integrates a multidimensional conceptualization of empathy from the psychology literature with existing theory from marketing literature to suggest that perspective taking, empathic concern, emotional contagion, and controlling behaviors will differentially effect salesperson performance. Responses from a survey of business-to-business salespeople indicate that empathy has both positive and negative effects. Implications of the findings are explored. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Short Communication boundary‐fitted co‐ordinates for the asymptotic friction factors and nusselt numbers of laminar flows inside straight ducts with irregular, singly connected cross‐sections

This paper presents a simple computational procedure for the laminar, fully established velocity and temperature in straight ducts with irregular, singly connected cross‐sections by virtue of a control volume discretization of the momentum and energy equations in boundary‐fitted co‐ordinate systems. The combined procedure has been applied to a large group of ducts whose cross‐sections possess different levels of difficulty. The numerical predictions for the pressure drop (friction factor) and the convective heat transfer coefficient (Nusselt number) have been reported for a sub‐class of ducts with curved sides and sharp corners utilizing various grid sizes.
Whole Cell Impedance Analysis of Metastatic and Non-Metastatic Cancer Cells

We have developed a micro electrical impedance spectroscopy (?EIS) system and utilized it for analyzing highly-metastatic and poorly-metastatic head and neck cancer (HNC) cell lines. The device is composed of 16 arrays of impedance analysis sites, with each site capable of capturing a single cell and analyzing its electrical impedance spectrum. Electrical impedance measurements on the highly-metastatic HNC cell line 686LN-M4e and the poorly-metastatic HNC cell line 686LN were conducted over a frequency range of 40 Hz to 10 MHz. The phase part of the impedance spectrums from the 686LN-M4e and 686LN cells showed clear difference. This result indicates that the ?EIS system can be used to distinguish the metastatic status of HNC cell lines.
The driving force for electromigration of an atom adsorbed on simple metal surface

Abstract The effective “wind” force for electromigration of an atom near a jellium metal surface is calculated as a function of adsorption distance. The calculation embodies a momentum transfer model due to Huntington, Grone, and Fiks, and is performed for the case of a sodium atom near a jellium substrate with r s corresponding to that of sodium. Although the scattering potential is not determined self-consistently, the results for the free atom, the screened interior atom, and the bare surface self-consistent density functional formalism are used to help construct reasonable scattering potentials. The cross section for electron scattering from surface adatoms is obtained from an accurate solution of the scattering problem, whose solutions satisfy a sum rule similar to the Friedel sum rule for spherically symmetric potentials. The results seem to indicate for the example chosen that the wind force on the atom rises substantially from its bulk value as the atom moves through the surface, goes through a maximum, then decreases to zero quickly as the atom moves into the vacuum.
A comparison of procedures for fractionating hepatic chromatin

Abstract Rat hepatic chromatin was fractionated into three components, a slow sedimenting fraction, a fast sedimenting fraction, and a fraction designated pelleted chromatin using either glycerol gradient centrifugation, or selective MgCl 2 precipitation. An enhanced amount of nascent RNA was found to be associated with both the slow sedimenting chromatin and the MgCl 2 soluble chromatin. The nascent RNA was shown to be physically complexed with the chromatin DNA on the glycerol gradient. The slow sedimenting chromatin also had a significantly greater in vitro template activity when compared to the fast sedimenting and the pelleted chromatin. A direct comparison of the MgCl 2 and glycerol gradient procedures demonstrated an overlap of 60–85% in the corresponding chromatin fractions. The pelleted chromatin was shown to be partially composed of chromatin that was not converted to a less dense conformation by extensvie sonication. Furthermore, studies indicated that less of the DNA isolated from the pelleted chromatin was available for transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase when compared to the slow and fast sedimenting chromatin. We conclude that the pelleted chromatin is not an artifact of the fractionation procedure, but may contain DNA base sequences not found in the other two chromatin fractions. These methods should be useful in reproducibly obtaining chromatin fractions demonstrating many of the biochemical characteristics of euchromatin and heterochromatin.
The stages of type 1A diabetes

We can now predict the development of type 1 diabetes in man because it is a chronic autoimmune disorder with defined stages of disease. We can also readily prevent the disorder in animal models. A major goal is safe prevention in man, and for this we will almost certainly need a better understanding of pathogenesis, coupled with rigorous clinical trials.
A note on approximate controllability of semilinear systems

Abstract For the following distributed parameter semilinear system, x = Ax + f(x) + Bu , Naito [5] showed that under suitable hypotheses, approximate contrallability is attainable if | f ( x ) | ≤ M (1 + | x |) α , for some M ≥ 0 and some α ϵ[0,1). In this paper, this condition is simplified to requiring only that lim | x | → ∞ | f ( x )|/| | x | = 0 . In addition, a uniform Lipschitz continuity assumption on f is replaced by requiring f being locally Lipschitz continuous.
CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE PRODUCED BY TRITIUM-LABELED THYMIDINE IN TRADESCANTIA PALUDOSA.

The fragmentation of chromosomes in the root tips of Tradescantia paludosa as produced by tritium-labeled thymidine was measured. As many as 31 fragments per 100 cells occurred in roots grown for 4 to 8 hours in 1 or 2 mu c/ ml H/sup 3/-thymidine and then transferred a isothpefree solutions for further growth before collection. The highest fragment frequency could be correlated with the period during which the maximum amount of H/sup 3/thymidine was incorporated into the chromosomes. Up to 72 fragments per 100 cells at anaphase were demonstrated after continuous exposure of root tips to 1 mu / ml H/sup 3/- thymidine for times up to 56 hours. The mitotic index dropped sharply in roots that had been exposed to 1 mu c/ml of H/sup 3/-thymidine for periods over 8 hours. Cells that absorb large quantities of H/sup 3/-thymidine as indicated by autoradiographs are seemingly disturbed in their development and are delayed or prevented from entering mitosis. Autoradiographs of roots that had been exposed to 1 mu c/ml H/sup 3/-thymidine for 24 to 56 hours showed that the average grain count over dividing nuclei increased as the fragmentation appearing at anaphase increased. Approrimations of the dose delivered to themore » nuclei by the endogenous radiation from the tritium were made by two different methods; however, the esti mates showed poor agreement Confident calculations of the dose probably await the determinations of the efficiency of the beta rays in producing an autoradiograph. These findings would indicate that investigators utilizing tritiated substances should interpret their results with caution for the endogenous radiation delivered to a cell may be great enough to cause considerable chromosome breakage and presumably other forms of genetic damage as well as significant changes in cellular physiology. (auth)« less
Critical slowing down in an anisotropic ferromagnet

Abstract The temperature dependence of the decay rates of the long wavelength spin fluctuations in a ferromagnet with an easy plane of anisotropy is calculated for the upper critical region ( T > T c ). The results are compared with recent measurements made on terbium by Als-Nielsen et al.
Coded aperture computed tomography

Diverse physical measurements can be modeled by X-ray transforms. While X-ray tomography is the canonical example, reference structure tomography (RST) and coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging (CASSI) are examples of physically unrelated but mathematically equivalent sensor systems. Historically, most x-ray transform based systems sample continuous distributions and apply analytical inversion processes. On the other hand, RST and CASSI generate discrete multiplexed measurements implemented with coded apertures. This multiplexing of coded measurements allows for compression of measurements from a compressed sensing perspective. Compressed sensing (CS) is a revelation that if the object has a sparse representation in some basis, then a certain number, but typically much less than what is prescribed by Shannon's sampling rate, of random projections captures enough information for a highly accurate reconstruction of the object. This paper investigates the role of coded apertures in x-ray transform measurement systems (XTMs) in terms of data efficiency and reconstruction fidelity from a CS perspective. To conduct this, we construct a unified analysis using RST and CASSI measurement models. Also, we propose a novel compressive x-ray tomography measurement scheme which also exploits coding and multiplexing, and hence shares the analysis of the other two XTMs. Using this analysis, we perform a qualitative study on how coded apertures can be exploited to implement physical random projections by "regularizing" the measurement systems. Numerical studies and simulation results demonstrate several examples of the impact of coding.
A new penetration equation for ballistic limit analysis

A new penetration equation for ballistic limit analysis (BLA) of a projectile–target pair is developed and presented. A critical review of the classic BLA (CBLA) has identified that the CBLA penetr...
Texture development and anisotropic deformation of zircaloys

Abstract This paper is a review of the texture development in zirconium alloys (in the form of thick walled tube reduced extrusion or TREX, thin-walled tubing and sheets) of importance to light and heavy water nuclear reactor technology along with the resultant anisotropic mechanical properties. Quantitative characterization of texture and mechanical anisotropy are emphasized leading to procedures useful to fabricators in optimizing textures for good formability as well as for acceptable in-service performance. A brief history of the development of zirconium alloys is presented followed by texture development and characterization. Mechanical anisotropy is discussed in terms of transverse contractile strain ratios from which the formability ( B parameter) is derived. Results on the effect of annealing temperature as well as test temperature on anisotropy parameters are presented. The review concludes with a brief summary of texture effects on creep, stress corrosion cracking and hydride formation. Recent advances in fuel cladding bring out the challenges in characterizing the texture and anisotropy due to Nb additions and microstructural gradients in the new Zircaloys™ , 1 such as Zirlo™ , 2 , Duplex™ , 3 and Triclad ™ , 4 .
Simultaneous metering and dispensing of multiple reagents on a passively controlled microdevice solely by finger pressing

In this work, we report a novel design of a passively controlled, finger-driven microfluidic circuit for the metering and delivery (MaD) of a liquid reagent. The proposed design modularized the fluidic circuit for a single reagent's MaD so that it can be multiplexed conveniently for the MaD of an arbitrary number of reagents solely by finger pressing. The microdevice has comparable accuracy with pipettes and we have demonstrated its applicability in the preparation of biochemical assays. The proposed design of the modularized, structurally “stackable” fluidic circuit provides a reference in designing future single-pressure-source-driven, passively controlled multi-liquid handling microfluidic platforms.
Freshwater habitat associations between pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum (O. keta) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in a watershed dominated by sockeye salmon (O. nerka) abundance

To understand the interplay between habitat use and contemporary anadromous Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., distributions we explored the habitat associations of three species, pink (O. gorbuscha), chum (O. keta) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in streams of the Wood River system of Bristol Bay, Alaska, where sockeye salmon (O. nerka) are numerically dominant. We developed models to investigate the occurrence of nondominant salmon in relation to habitat characteristics and sockeye salmon density, using four decades of salmon presence and abundance data. The frequency of occurrence and abundance of nondominant species increased with watershed drainage area and stream depth and decreased with sockeye salmon density. The range of occurrence varied from nonexistent to perennial for the other species in sockeye-dominated streams. Increasing watershed area resulted in larger stream habitat area and deeper habitats, allowing for the sympatric occurrence and persistence of all salmon species. The relationships between habitat and the presence of these Pacific salmon help define their requirements but also remind us that the patterns of presence and absence, within the overall ranges of salmon species, have yet to be fully understood.
The separation of palladium and platinum by ion flotation

Differences in the ion flotation properties of palladium(II) and platinum(IV) chloro complexes in aqueous solutions are used to achieve separations of these metals. The anionic chloro complex PtCl2-6 is floated selectively with cationic surfactants of the type, RNR'3Br, from solutions of PdCl2-4 and various concentrations of hydrochloric acid. The palladium(II) does not float from solutions of ⩾ 3.0 M HCl and the platinum(IV) floated from these solutions can be recovered free of palladium. However, the separation is incomplete as much of the platinum(IV) is also unfloated from these solutions. Quantitative separations are obtained by conversion of the palladium(II) to the cationic ammine, Pd(NH3)42+ with aqueous ammonia prior to flotation. The anionic chloro complex of platinum(IV) is unaffected by the presence of ammonia and is floated quantitatively with the surfactant n-hexadecyltri-n-propylammonium bromide from 0.01 M ammonia solutions.
Upmarket and Downmarket OFDI in Response to Reforms

We analyze the impact of the level of pro-market reforms on outward FDI. Pro-market reforms are the transformation of institutional frameworks and regulations required for markets to function properly. Building on the institution-based view, we propose that higher levels of reforms in the home country induce domestic firms to improve their competitiveness to international levels, enabling them to invest abroad and become multinationals. Moreover, we argue that the level of reforms in the home country influences the destination of their investment, with higher levels of reforms enabling firms to become more internationally sophisticated competitors and invest upmarket in more advanced countries than their home country. We test these arguments on a sample of 45,291 bilateral OFDI flows covering most of the globe from 1995-2010.
Fighting the memory wall with assisted execution

Assisted execution is a form of simultaneous multithreading in which a set of auxiliary "assistant" threads, called nanothreads, is attached to each thread of an application. Nanothreads are lightweight threads which run on the same processor as the main (application) thread and help execute the main thread as fast as possible. Nanothreads exploit resources that are idled in the processor because of hazards due to program dependencies and memory access delays.Assisted execution has the potential to alter the current trade-offs between static and dynamic execution mechanisms. Nanothreads can monitor and reconfigure the underlying hardware, can emulate hardware and can profile applications with little or no interference to improve the program on-line or off-line.We demonstrate the power of assisted execution with an important application, namely data prefetching to fight the memory wall problem. Simulation results on several SPEC95 benchmarks show that sequential and stride prefetching implemented with nanothreads performs just as well as ideal hardware prefetchers.
Lymphocytes, Jim Gowans and in vivo veritas.

Jim Gowans opened a new era of immunology by combining physiological in vivo studies with prospective enrichment of small lymphocytes, validating the clonal selection theory, discovering lymphocyte homing and recirculation, and training others to follow.
Effect of spatial separation of stimulation sites on ventricular refractoriness during programmed electrical stimulation

Abstract To determine if electrical stimulation during the basic ventricular drive train introduces local effects that influence ventricular refractoriness during endocardial stimulation in humans, 10 patients were studied. With a hexapolar catheter with 3 mm interelectrode distances positioned at the right ventricular apex, the ventricular functional and effective refractory periods were determined for unipolar cathodal stimuli of 2 and 5 times diastolic threshold. Stimulation was performed with both the scanning extrastimulus (S 2 ) and basic ventricular drive stimuli (S 1 ) delivered to the same site and to sites separated by 6 mm. The functional refractory period was not changed by delivering the basic drive and extrastimuli to the same as opposed to separate sites (273.5 ± 16 vs 273.5 ± 19 msec during stimulation at 2 times threshold and 270 ± 16 vs 270 ± 18 msec at 5 times threshold; p = NS). The longest S 1 –S 2 interval at which S 2 failed to capture (effective refractory period) was longer by 5.5 ± 8.2 msec at twice threshold (0.05 p p
A note on coating thermal noise for arbitrary-shaped beams

Advanced LIGO's sensitivity will be limited by coating noise. Though this noise depends on beam shape, and though non-Gaussian beams are being seriously considered for advanced LIGO, no published analysis exists to compare the quantitative thermal noise improvement alternate beams offer. In this paper, we derive and discuss a simple integral which completely characterizes the dependence of coating thermal noise on shape. The derivation used applies equally well, with minor modifications, to all other forms of thermal noise in the low-frequency limit.
Effects of Cumulus Convection on the Structure and Growth of the Mixed Layer over South Florida

Abstract Composites of rawinsonde observations of the subcloud layer over south central Florida obtained during the 1975 Florida Area Cumulus Experiment are presented. At a single location south of Lake Okeechobee three soundings per day were released, whenever possible, at approximately 1000, 1300 and 1600 LST during July and August. Soundings have been stratified according to the state of the weather in the vicinity of the release site and time of day. Weather conditions over the south Florida peninsula during the summer period normally ranged from undisturbed (no convective activity) in the morning to highly disturbed (intense convection with precipitation downdrafts) during the afternoon. Analysis of 47 soundings that ascended into clear air shows rapid growth of the mixed layer beginning 2–3 h after sunrise until shortly before noon, the approximate time of the onset of convective precipitation downdrafts over the peninsula. From the application of simple mixed-layer theory, it is evident that signif...
Regulation of bile acid synthesis: pathways, nuclear receptors, and mechanisms.

Cholesterol degradation to bile acids in the liver can be initiated by either cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) of the classic (neutral) pathway, or by mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) of the alternative (or acidic) pathway. In the classic pathway, modification of the sterol nucleus including saturation of the double bond, epimerization of the 3b-hydroxyl group, and hydroxylation at the 7a and 12a-positions precedes oxidative cleavage of the side chain. In the alternative pathway, side-chain oxidation precedes steroid ring modification.
Cell-mediated delivery of nanoparticles: Taking advantage of circulatory cells to target nanoparticles

Cellular hitchhiking leverages the use of circulatory cells to enhance the biological outcome of nanoparticle drug delivery systems, which often suffer from poor circulation time and limited targeting. Cellular hitchhiking utilizes the natural abilities of circulatory cells to: (i) navigate the vasculature while avoiding immune system clearance, (ii) remain relatively inert until needed and (iii) perform specific functions, including nutrient delivery to tissues, clearance of pathogens, and immune system surveillance. A variety of synthetic nanoparticles attempt to mimic these functional attributes of circulatory cells for drug delivery purposes. By combining the advantages of circulatory cells and synthetic nanoparticles, many advanced drug delivery systems have been developed that adopt the concept of cellular hitchhiking. Here, we review the development and specific applications of cellular hitchhiking-based drug delivery systems.
Juvenile hormone analog binding in Manduca epidermis

Abstract Of a series of derivatives of JH I and methoprene, iodovinylmethoprenol (IVMA) proved most active ( ed 50 s of 3.2 pmol and 20 nM in the Manduca black larval assay and in the prevention of the 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced change to pupal commitment in the epidermis in vitro , respectively). When incubated with nuclei isolated from day 1 fifth instar abdominal epidermis, [ 125 I]IVMA bound specifically to two components with K d s of 4 and 59 nM. This binding was competed by IVMA and methoprene but not by JH I; similar binding by [ 3 H]JH I was not competed by IVMA or methoprene. Specific binding of IVMA was not found in pupally committed epidermis from wandering larvae, but it reappeared in pupal abdominal and thoracic epidermis but not in the wings. Culture of day 2 fifth instar epidermis with 20-hydroxyecdysone to cause pupal commitment caused the loss of the IVMA nuclear binders whereas culture in the absence of hormortes had no effect, indicating that 20HE in the absence of JH downregulates JH receptors.
Enhanced field control of second‐harmonic generation in compositionally asymmetrical quantum wells

The results presented here show that field control of second‐harmonic generation (SHG) can be substantially enhanced in compositionally asymmetrical wells. In an optimized step well the magnitude of second order susceptibility for moderate field (±80 kV/cm) is 2 orders of magnitude larger than that in the square well with the same applied field. Numerical results are presented for SHG at a CO2 wavelength for a square, graded, and step well.
G-CSF versus GM-CSF for stimulation of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) and leukocytes in healthy volunteers: comparison of efficacy and tolerability

This study compared two recombinant human (rh) hematopoietic growth factors in healthy volunteers for stem cell stimulation. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, n=9) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, n=8) was given subcutaneously for 5 days (5 microg/kg/day). Controls (n=5) received no growth factor. Laboratory parameters and side effects were monitored for 8 days. Within 24 h, both cytokines led to a rapid increase of leukocytes, the majority of which were granulocytes. Compared with the controls (n=5), the increase on day 5 in the G-CSF/GM-CSF groups was 37-/10-fold (CD34+ cells), 5.2-/2.4-fold (leukocytes), 7.2-/3.0-fold (granulocytes), 7.4-/4.4-fold (monocytes), 1.7-/1.1-fold (lymphocytes), 9.8-/2.7-fold (basophils), 2.3-/9.6-fold (eosinophils), and 1.9-/1.6-fold (reticulocytes). The mobilization of myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes coincided with the pronounced increase of CD34 + PBPC observed on day 4. Serum levels of uric acid (UA) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) increased under G-CSF, and platelets decreased after G-CSF discontinuation. Rash at the injection site occurred in 50% of the GM-CSF-treated volunteers. Seven volunteers in the GM-CSF group and six in the G-CSF cohort complained of flu-like symptoms, including musculoskeletal pain. We conclude that, in terms of tolerance and mobilization of CD34+ cells and leukocytes, G-CSF is superior to GM-CSF, but higher levels of UA and LDH and late decrease in platelets make monitoring of these parameters necessary.
Tracheal diverticula after tracheoesophageal fistula repair: case series and review of the literature.

Abstract Background Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is the most common congenital tracheal abnormality, frequently associated with esophageal atresia. Respiratory symptoms are associated with all types of TEF, even after surgical repair of the fistula. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) with aspiration of gastric contents, structural instability of the airways (tracheomalacia), abnormal respiratory epithelium, abnormal esophageal motility, recurrent TEF, and esophageal stenosis contribute to postsurgical complications. Methods We review 7 patients between 4 and 14 years of age with a history of TEF repair and persistent or worsening respiratory symptoms despite conventional airway clearance techniques and treatment of GER. Results Bronchoscopic evaluation in all 7 patients revealed tracheomalacia and a diverticulum on the posterior wall of the trachea at the fistula repair site. Conclusion We hypothesize that the diverticula impaired airway clearance and contributed to persistent respiratory symptoms. Possible mechanisms for the diverticulum contributing to poor airway clearance include facilitating the pooling of secretions and acting as a "barrier" to the lower airway clearance mechanism. The diagnosis of a diverticulum should be considered early in patients with persistent respiratory symptoms after management of GER and tracheomalacia. Early obliteration of tracheal diverticula might improve respiratory status in some patients.
Simultaneous comparison of pre- and post-microanastomotic hemodynamic profiles using a Tandem Doppler Probe

The use of High-Frequency Pulsed Doppler Ultrasound (HFPDU) for evaluation of microvascular hemodynamics is well established. Due to technical limitations of existing probes, quantitation of anastomotic stenoses and detailed waveform analyses are difficult to perform and impractical for clinical use. We present a new Tandem Doppler Probe (TDP) for simple and accurate study of blood flow in vessels smaller than 1 mm in diameter. Its unique ability to compare the pre- and post-anastomotic waveforms simultaneously allows for quantitative detection of anastomotic narrowing of as little as 5%, as well as identification of subtle pathologic anastomotic waveform changes not seen with single probes. Such early and precise delineation of anastomotic problems in the operating room can provide an invaluable, objective assessment of the technical adequacy of the anastomoses as well as an important baseline for later post-operative monitoring of free-tissue transfers with implantable Doppler devices.
Surgical outcomes following the endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure.

Objective: We performed a systematic review of 97 patients in whom an entirely endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) was performed. We studied the safety, efficacy, need for revision surgery, and rate of complication following an EMLP. Study Design: The study design was a retrospective chart analysis. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review and patient survey of 97 patients who underwent an EMLP at our institution from January 1999 to March 2006. Main outcomes measured were the need for revision surgery including an osteoplastic flap (OPF), improvement in patients' symptoms, and rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Results: The most common indication for the procedure was chronic frontal sinusitis and/or formation of mucocele. The frontal recess and floor of the frontal sinus were the most common areas of persistent disease. CSF leak rate was 1% (1/97) and was managed successfully at the time of surgery without any long-term sequelae. Twenty-two (23%) patients required revision surgery. Three (3%) patients required revision with an OPF. Some degree of symptomatic clinical improvement was reported by 98% (95/97) of patients. Conclusion: EMLP is a safe and effective surgical alternative to OPF for patients with recalcitrant frontal sinus disease. Major complications are rare. A large percentage of patients may require revision surgery.
Modelling of dual-gate MESFETs with second gate forward biased

Drain characteristics of dual-gate MESFETs with the second gate positively biased have been analysed on the basis of Pucel.s model. A diode in series with a resistor was proposed to model the positively biased gate. The simulated characteristics agree well with the experimental curves.
Maternal parenting stress and mothers' reports of their infants' mastery motivation

Mastery motivation is a psychological force that stimulates an individual to attempt to master a task that is challenging to him or her. This prospective longitudinal study examined the relationship between maternal stress, using the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, and infant mastery motivation, using the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire, for 150 mother-infant pairs assessed at both 6- and 18-months of age. Infants of mothers with elevated stress levels at 6 months tended to show lower mastery motivation at 18 months (standardized beta=-.46, p=.001). Conversely, infants with lower general competence (standardized beta=-.24, p=.021) and lower persistence during social interactions with other children (standardized beta=-.18, p=.037) at 6 months of age had mothers with elevated total stress at 18 months of age. Implications for programs which simultaneously intervene with child and mother are discussed.
Three-locus and four-locus QTL interactions influence mouse insulin-like growth factor-I.

A previous analysis of serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels in a mouse population (n = 961) derived from a cross of (BALB/cJ × C57BL/6J) F1 females and (C3H/HeJ × DBA/2J) F1 males docu...
Planar collisionless jet impingement on a specular reflective plate

This paper presents a fundamental gas-kinetic study on a high speed planar rarefied jet impinging on a flat plate of specular reflections. Based on previous collisionless planar free jet results, it is straightforward to obtain jet impingement flowfield solutions, and jet impingement for specular reflective plate surface properties. Several direct simulation Monte Carlo simulation results are provided and they validate these analytical solutions of rarefied planar jet flows. The results can find applications in many disciplines, such as materials processing, molecular beams, and space engineering.
Master regulatory GATA transcription factors: mechanistic principles and emerging links to hematologic malignancies

Numerous examples exist of how disrupting the actions of physiological regulators of blood cell development yields hematologic malignancies. The master regulator of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells GATA-2 was cloned almost 20 years ago, and elegant genetic analyses demonstrated its essential function to promote hematopoiesis. While certain GATA-2 target genes are implicated in leukemogenesis, only recently have definitive insights emerged linking GATA-2 to human hematologic pathophysiologies. These pathophysiologies include myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia and an immunodeficiency syndrome with complex phenotypes including leukemia. As GATA-2 has a pivotal role in the etiology of human cancer, it is instructive to consider mechanisms underlying normal GATA factor function/regulation and how dissecting such mechanisms may reveal unique opportunities for thwarting GATA-2-dependent processes in a therapeutic context. This article highlights GATA factor mechanistic principles, with a heavy emphasis on GATA-1 and GATA-2 functions in the hematopoietic system, and new links between GATA-2 dysregulation and human pathophysiologies.
Electrical properties of Paramecium caudatum : all-or-none electrogenesis

Specimens of Paramecium immersed in solutions of CaCl2 show graded electrogenesis in response to imposed transmembrane current. However, when BaCl2 in a final concentration of 0.25 mM is added to a 1 mM CaCl2 solution, an outward current pulse of 10-10 amp or greater elicits an all-or-none transient reversal in membrane potential having a duration of about 40 msec. An increase of [Ba++] results in (a) lower resting potential, (b) positive shift in critical firing level, (c) increased overshoot of the action potential, (d) decreased hyperpolarizing afterpotential, and (e) increased duration of the action potential (a.p.). If [Ca++] is increased along with [Ba++] so as to keep the ratio √[Ba++]/√[Ca++] constant, the same results are obtained except that the duration of the a. p. remains unaltered. Thus, effects a-d appear to be related to [Ba++] and not to [Ca++] or [Cl-]. The degree of overshoot in 1 mM Ca is linearly related to log [Ba++] with a slope of approximately 22 mv. With the ratio [Ba++]/[Ca++] constant, the slope closely approaches the ideal value of 29 mv. The evidence indicates that prolongation of the action potential is due to a delayed onset of Ba inactivation, and that this in turn is a function of surface-bound Ba. Other features of the action potential are absolute refractoriness during its rising and plateau phases, relative refractoriness lasting several seconds, and repetitive firing in response to steady current depolarization. The response is unaffected by TTX and TEA. Mn prolongs the action potential. Sr has an action similar to Ba, whereas the addition of K, Na, Rb, or Mg to the basic calcium medium is unaccompanied by all-or-none electrogenesis.