cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Set-Theoretic Model Reference Adaptive Control Architecture with Partially Adjustable Strict Performance Guarantees: A Command Governor Approach

A new set-theoretic model reference adaptive control architecture is reported with partially adjustable strict performance guarantees on a subset of the system error vector. The proposed framework involves a two-level constructive design framework. First, we introduce an auxiliary state dynamics and develop the auxiliary system error vector between the states of an uncertain dynamical system and the states of this auxiliary dynamics. This allows a control designer to independently weight each auxiliary system error vector element while enforcing strict performance guarantees on the norm of this auxiliary system error vector. Next, we utilize a command governor mechanism. This mechanism drives a feasible user-selected system subset states to a close and user-controllable neighborhood of their equivalent reference model subset states in order to achieve easily adjustable strict performance guarantees on partial system errors. A numerical example complements the presented architecture.
Robustness of the stratospheric pathway in linking the Barents-Kara Sea sea ice variability to the mid-latitude circulation in CMIP5 models

This study investigates the robustness of the stratospheric pathway in linking the sea ice variability over the Barents-Kara Sea in late autumn and early winter to the mid-latitude circulation in the subsequent winter. Two groups of models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) archive, one with a well-resolved stratosphere (high-top models) and the other with a poorly-resolved stratosphere (low-top models) are explored to distinguish the role of the stratospheric pathway. The results show that, collectively, high-top models are able to capture the persistent mid-latitude circulation response in the subsequent winter. The response in low-top models is, however, weaker and not as long-lasting most likely due to lack of stratospheric variability. Analysis of eddy heat flux reveals that stronger vertical wave propagation leads to a stronger response in stratospheric polar vortex in high-top models. In particular, it shows that zonal wave-2 eddy heat flux is crucial in leading to a stronger linear constructive interference with the climatological waves in high-top models. The results find that multi-model ensemble of CMIP5 high-top models is able to capture the prolonged impact of sea ice variability on the mid-latitude circulation and out performs the low-top models in this regard. Our study suggests that the representation of the stratosphere in climate models plays an important role in amplifying and extending the mid-latitude circulation response.
Probabilistic Forecasting of Snowfall Amounts Using a Hybrid between a Parametric and an Analog Approach

AbstractForecast uncertainty associated with the prediction of snowfall amounts is a complex superposition of the uncertainty about precipitation amounts and the uncertainty about weather variables...
The problems of transformative experience

Laurie Paul has recently argued that transformative experiences pose a problem for decision theory. According to Paul, agents facing transformative experiences do not possess the states required for decision theory to formulate its prescriptions. Agents facing transformative experiences are impoverished relative to their decision problems, and decision theory doesn’t know what to do with impoverished agents. Richard Pettigrew takes Paul’s challenge seriously. He grants that decision theory (in its traditional state) cannot handle decision problems involving transformative experiences. To deal with the problems posed by transformative experiences, Pettigrew proposes two alterations to decision theory. The first alteration is meant to handle the problem posed by epistemically transformative experiences, and the second alteration is meant to handle the problem posed by personally transformative experiences. I argue that Pettigrew’s proposed alterations are untenable. Pettigrew’s novel decision theory faces both formal and philosophical problems. It is doubtful that Pettigrew can formulate the sort of decision theory he wants, and further doubtful that he should want such a decision theory in the first place. Moreover, the issues with Pettigrew’s proposed alterations help reveal issues with Paul’s initial challenge to decision theory. I suggest that transformative experiences should not be taken to pose a problem for decision theory, but should instead be taken to pose a topic for ethics.
Update on energies and widths in Be 13

I have compared new experimental information on resonances in $^{13}\mathrm{Be}$ with results of theoretical calculations. For the $1/{2}^{+}$ resonance at 0.86 MeV, the reported width of 1.70(15) MeV is considerably larger than the single-particle limit of 1.3 MeV. For the first $5/{2}^{+}$, the calculated width and ${2}^{+}$ branching ratio for neutron decay are both in rough agreement with the data. I discuss the possibility that events from decay of the second $5/{2}^{+}$ to $^{12}\mathrm{Be}({2}^{+})$ could contribute to the 0.86-MeV peak. If the 4.0-MeV resonance is indeed $3/{2}^{+}$, then its width should be considerably larger than reported.
Asexual and Non-Asexual Respondents from a U.S. Population-Based Study of Sexual Minorities.

Using a U.S. population-based sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) and other sexual minority (e.g., queer-identified) people, we compared those who identified as asexual (n = 19; 1.66%) and those who were non-asexual (n = 1504; 98.34%). Compared to non-asexual respondents, asexual respondents were more likely to be women or gender non-binary and belong to a younger (ages 18–27) cohort. Asexual individuals were also less likely to have had sex in the past 5 years, compared to non-asexual men, women, and gender non-binary participants, and also reported lower levels of sexual attraction to cisgender men and women than non-asexual women and men, respectively. However, asexual participants did not differ from non-asexual participants in being in an intimate relationship. Asexual respondents felt more stigma than non-asexual men and women, and asexuals reported more everyday discrimination than did non-asexual men. Asexual and non-asexual respondents did not differ in their sense of connectedness to the LGB community. Asexual and non-asexual respondents were as likely to be out to all family, all friends, and all co-workers, but fewer asexual participants were out to all healthcare providers than non-asexual men. The two groups were similar in general well-being, life satisfaction, and social support. In conclusion, asexual identity is an infrequent but unique identity, and one that has the potential to expand the concept of queer identity as well as to destabilize the foregrounding of sexual behavior.
Theory of spin waves in a hexagonal antiferromagnet

We construct a field-theoretic description of spin waves in hexagonal antiferromagnets with three magnetic sublattices and coplanar ${120}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ magnetic order. The three Goldstone modes can be separated by point-group symmetry into a singlet ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ and a doublet $\mathbit{\ensuremath{\beta}}$. The ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ singlet is described by the standard theory of a free relativistic scalar field. The field theory of the $\mathbit{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ doublet is analogous to the theory of elasticity of a two-dimensional isotropic solid with distinct longitudinal and transverse ``speeds of sound.'' The well-known Heisenberg models on the triangular and kagome lattices with nearest-neighbor exchange turn out to be special cases with accidental degeneracy of the spin-wave velocities. The speeds of sound can be readily calculated for any lattice model. We apply this approach to the compounds of the ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}X$ family with stacked kagome layers.
Neuroplasticity in Corticolimbic Brain Regions in Patients after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Context Fear has been cited as the primary barrier for return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Understanding the neural factors contributing to fear after ACLR may help identify interventions for this population. Objective The objective of this study was to characterize the underlying neural substrate of injury-related fear in patients after ACLR versus healthy matched controls during a picture imagination task (PIT) consisting of sports-specific images and activities of daily living images. Design Case-Control Study Setting: Research Laboratory Patients or Other Participants: A total of 24 right-hand dominant participants (12 left-sided ACLR and 12 controls) were enrolled. Participants underwent full brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Main outcome measure(s) Functional data were acquired with Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) echoplanar imaging. Independent t-tests were used to identify significant between group differences in BOLD signal changes during all images of the PIT. Paired t-tests were used to examined differences in BOLD signal change between sports-specific images and activities of daily living (ADLs) in the ACLR group. Results Increased activation in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and the mediodorsal thalamus (MDT) were observed during PIT in the ACLR group. Inability to suppress the default mode network (DMN) in the ACLR group was observed. The ACLR group exhibited increased activation in the cerebellum and inferior occipital regions during the sports-specific task when compared to ADLs, but no other regions of interest demonstrated statistically significant differences. Conclusion These findings suggest that ACLR patients may be more disposed to processing fear, anxiety, and/or pain for sports-specific activities and activities of daily living. Psychosocial interventions may be warranted after ACLR to reduce injury-related fear and mitigate potentially maladaptive neuroplasticity after ACLR.
We Are Not in This World Alone: On Drawing Close, Animal Stories, and a Multispecies Sense of Place

As well as being embodiments of larger histories, literary animals are significant in their own right because they bring their own histories and stories onto the page with them. Reading literary animals carefully reminds us that they originate in material reality and are not exclusively symbolic, that they are metonymic as well as metaphorical. In this chapter, I outline my methodology of reading animals through the concept of “drawing close”, which brings forward a relationship between race and animals. I then apply my methodology to Mohsin Hamid’s novel Exit West and his short story “The Kites Are Leaving”. Though the novel tells a seemingly human story about global migration crises, alongside the story of the main characters, Nadia and Saeed, I focus on the presence of hawks to argue that Hamid tells a parallel story about migration and vulnerability that is distinctly animal. I explore how the raptors in Hamid’s works express an identification between migrants and animals, and envisions a multispecies sense of place—that works against human exceptionalism and circulates around respect and coexistence—by thinking of human and animal migrations alongside each other.
Acridones Are Highly Potent Inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites.

Acridone derivatives, which have been shown to have in vitro and in vivo activity against Plasmodium spp, inhibit Toxoplasma gondii proliferation at picomolar concentrations. Using enzymatic assays, we show that acridones inhibit both T. gondii cytochrome bc1 and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and identify acridones that bind preferentially to the Qi site of cytochrome bc1. We identify acridones that have efficacy in a murine model of systemic toxoplasmosis. Acridones have potent activity against T. gondii and represent a promising new class of preclinical compounds.
JAK Inhibitors In Dermatology: A Comprehensive Review, Part 1.

The Janus kinase- signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) intracellular signaling pathway is utilized by many pro-inflammatory molecules to mediate downstream effects and activate gene transcription. Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway contributes to a number of inflammatory dermatoses, and clinical trials and smaller studies have demonstrated the efficacy of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of a variety of dermatologic conditions. Herein we review the use of JAK inhibitors for the treatment of a wide range of dermatologic diseases in a two-part review series.
Lola" in the Holy Quran Analytical Grammatical Study "Selected Models"

: Lula is one of the most important tools of the grammatical requirement in the Holy Quran. Because of its significant impact in the statement of the most important meanings of the verse in which it was received and its linguistic and grammatical significance. The study dealt with the most important opinions of the sculptors in a statement of the meaning of "Lula" types and aspects of the literature, and then take samples of the types of "Lula" in the Koran and studied analytical grammar based on the most important grammar books and interpretations. Therefore, the research included an introduction and a preface, in which the statement of the meaning of "Lula" and its composition and what its useful grammar and how to enter the types of sentences in Arabic. The research dealt with two topics: The first topic dealt with two requirements: First: the statement of the aspects of "Lula" Arabism and the difference in the grammar and its implications. The second requirement also included the non-incident in the answer to "Lula" and the separation of the word "Lula" and the act of "if," or conditional sentence or what is the name turned away from the case if the name appeared after him. The second topic included two requirements: First: to study the significance of the models of "Lula" types in the Koran comprehensive analytical study and the second requirement: Include a schedule of the number of times in which the "Lola" types of the Koran.
Building a Customer Inquiry Database System

Organizations invest in customer database software to keep customer data safe and secured. That also allows them to increase operational efficiency of business. In this article, the authors will discuss development of a customer inquiry database system for use by small businesses. The proposed database system is destined to store customer information, inquiries, and company product information. The authors have designed and developed user interfaces UI using the state of the art software development technology and developed business intelligence BI capability using this system. This article provides a holistic view of building a customer inquiry database system. Existing literature or database system books talk about these topics partially as opposed to our approach of an integrated view of customer inquiry system.
SU-E-T-255: Development of a Michigan Quality Assurance (MQA) Database for Clinical Machine Operations

Purpose: A unified database system was developed to allow accumulation, review and analysis of quality assurance (QA) data for measurement, treatment, imaging and simulation equipment in our department. Recording these data in a database allows a unified and structured approach to review and analysis of data gathered using commercial database tools. Methods: A clinical database was developed to track records of quality assurance operations on linear accelerators, a computed tomography (CT) scanner, high dose rate (HDR) afterloader and imaging systems such as on-board imaging (OBI) and Calypso in our department. The database was developed using Microsoft Access database and visual basic for applications (VBA) programming interface. Separate modules were written for accumulation, review and analysis of daily, monthly and annual QA data. All modules were designed to use structured query language (SQL) as the basis of data accumulation and review. The SQL strings are dynamically re-written at run time. The database also features embedded documentation, storage of documents produced during QA activities and the ability to annotate all data within the database. Tests are defined in a set of tables that define test type, specific value, and schedule. Results: Daily, Monthly and Annual QA data has been taken in parallel with established procedures to test MQA. The database has been used to aggregate data across machines to examine the consistency of machine parameters and operations within the clinic for several months. Conclusion: The MQA application has been developed as an interface to a commercially available SQL engine (JET 5.0) and a standard database back-end. The MQA system has been used for several months for routine data collection.. The system is robust, relatively simple to extend and can be migrated to a commercial SQL server.
Guillain-Barré syndrome in children.

In industrialized nations with widespread immunization programs, Guillain-Barre syndrome is the most common cause of acute paralytic illness in children and adults. The incidence of the disease has been estimated to range from 0.5 to 1.5 in 100,000 in individuals less than 18 years of age. Approximately 15% of children with Guillain-Barre syndrome develop respiratory failure and require mechanical ventilatory support. Prospective randomized treatment trials in childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome are wanting; however, smaller case series studies using historical controls suggest that both plasmapheresis and administration of human immunoglobulin could be helpful in reducing morbidity in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome. The prognosis for recovery in children is generally excellent, with the majority of children achieving a complete functional recovery within 6 months from the onset of illness. Studies using an animal model of human Guillain-Barre syndrome, experimental allergic neuritis, have expanded our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and suggest new directions for exploration in the treatment of this disorder.
Cash flow variability and firm's pension choice

Abstract When financial markets are imperfect or financial distress is costly, firms may choose to reduce their risk by lowering financial or operating leverage. This paper examinines the role of operating leverage in the firm's pension choice. Contributions to defined contribution plans are more flexible than contributions to defined benefit plans. Firms may therefore reduce their operating leverage by selecting a defined contribution plan. I find empirical support for this hypothesis which is robust to controls for labor market factors and the continuing trend toward defined contribution pension plans.
Permeability barrier to hydrophilic solutes in Mycobacterium chelonei.

In order to define the permeability barrier to hydrophilic molecules in mycobacteria, we used as a model a smooth, beta-lactamase-producing strain of Mycobacterium chelonei. The rates of hydrolysis of eight cephalosporins by intact and sonicated cells were measured, and the permeability coefficient (P) was calculated from these rates by the method of Zimmermann and Rosselet (W. Zimmermann and A. Rosselet, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 12:368-372, 1977). P ranged from (0.9 +/- 0.3) x 10(-8) (benzothienylcephalosporin) to (10 +/- 3.3) x 10(-8) cm/s (cephaloridine); i.e., the P values were lower than those reported for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by 1 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. The permeability barrier was shown to reduce drastically the stream of drug molecules entering the cell, allowing the rather low level of beta-lactamase (0.1 U/mg of protein with penicillin G) to decrease radically the concentration of the drug at the target; this explains the poor in vitro activities of the beta-lactams against M. chelonei. We also estimated P for small, hydrophilic molecules (glucose, glycerol, glycine, leucine), by studying their uptake kinetics. The values found, ranging from 15 x 10(-8) to 490 x 10(-8) cm/s, were consistent again with a very low permeability of M. chelonei cell wall. The permeation of cephalosporins was not very dependent on the hydrophobicity of the molecules or on the temperature, suggesting a hydrophilic pathway of penetration for these molecules.
The nature of randomness

Purpose – In this two‐part series, this paper seeks to consider certain intriguing aspects of randomness, the basic mathematical concept used to model financial risk and other unknown quantities in the physical world.Design/methodology/approach – Part 1 applies concepts from quantum physics and algorithmic information theory to distinguish between knowable complexity and unknowable complexity.Findings – In Part 1, it is found that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle can be used to provide concrete examples of random variables, and that the Kolmogorov/Chaitin notion of algorithmic complexity can be used to define the formal concept of randomness.Originality/value – The two‐part series explores the underlying nature of randomness in terms of both its physical/mathematical properties and its role in human cognition.
Effects of a drilling fluid on the development of a teleost and an echinoderm.

Offshore petroleum drilling operations introduce large quantities of drilling fluids (muds) into the marine environment. These drilling fluids are aqueous suspensions of various compositions pumped down the center of the drill bit. They provide the drilling process with lubrication, a suspending medium for the chips of material being drilled through, cooling, antibacterial action, protection against loss of oil or gas, and prevention of intrusion of water into the bore hole. Changes in the composition of the drilling fluid are made as new problems are encountered. During the drilling program, and particularly at its completion, portions or all of the drilling fluid may be discharged into the surrounding waters. This discharge can amount to significantly large quantities in the vicinity of a drilling platform. The impact of drilling fluids on marine and estuarine environments is unknown due to the paucity of toxicological studies which have been conducted (TAGATZ et ai. 1978). Among those aspects of living systems which need examining for sensitivity to these fluids are the earliest stages of development. We report here on the initial phases of studies on the effects of a drilling fluid sample on development of a teleost and an echinoderm embryo.
On-Demand Electrochemical Release of Nucleic Acids

Electrochemical protocols for releasing DNA from electrode surfaces are discussed. These protocols make use of the negative potential of nucleic acids for modulating electrically their interfacial properties. The miniaturization, surface-tailoring, safety, simplicity, convenience, automation, and low-cost advantages of electrochemical systems, coupled with the lack of immune reactions, make the electrical route a very attractive gene-delivery alternative. In particular, the use of DNA-modified microelectrodes holds promise for delivering the genetic material to specific locations at selected times. Such on-demand electrochemical removal of DNA should find important applications, besides gene therapy, including the localization of DNA onto tiny surfaces, design of ‘active’ scanning probe tips (e.g., SECM, STM) which release the DNA locally while scanning over the surface, controlled introduction of DNA to various analytical systems, or fundamental studies related to DNA interactions. Several protocols for releasing DNA and DNA-lipid complexes from gold and carbon microelectrodes under potential control are described, along with surface characterization techniques for monitoring the removal process. Fundamental and technological issues facing the development of DNA electrochemical carriers are discussed.
Analysis of the free-fall behavior of liquid-metal drops in a gaseous atmosphere

The free fall of a liquid-metal drop and heat transfer from the drop to its environment are described for both a gaseous atmosphere and vacuum. A simple model, in which the drop is assumed to fall rectilinearly with behavior like that of a rigid particle, is developed first, then possible causes of deviation from this behavior are discussed. The model is applied to describe solidification of drops in a drop tube. Possible future develop-ments of the model are suggested.
QUADRATIC DYNAMICS IN MATRIX RINGS: TALES OF TERNARY NUMBER SYSTEMS

We describe the quadratic dynamics in certain three-component number systems, which like the complex numbers, can be expressed as rings of real matrices. This description is accomplished using the properties of the real quadratic family and its various first- and second-order phase and parameter derivatives. We demonstrate that the fundamental dichotomy of defining the Mandelbrot set either in terms of filled Julia sets or in terms of the orbit of the origin extends to these ternary number systems.
Isolated Atrial Infarction in a Patient with Single Vessel Disease of the Sinus Node Artery

Atrial infarction is found in approximately 17 percent of autopsy-proven cases of myocardial infarction, but is a frequently missed clinical diagnosis. The antemortem diagnosis of atrial infarction occurring in the absence of ventricular infarction has not been previously reported. We present a patient with ischemic chest discomfort associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Electrocardiographic and enzymatic changes were consistent with atrial infarction. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated single vessel critical stenosis at the origin of the sinus node artery. Combined atrial and ventricular infarction occurs frequently and should be considered in the setting of paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmias occurring early in the course of ventricular myocardial infarction. Lone atrial infarction is a rare but distinct clinical entity. The tetrad of typical ischemic chest discomfort, paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmia, P-Ta segment shifts, and elevated cardiac enzyme levels without evidence for ventricular infarction strongly suggests isolated atrial infarction.
Product Quality in Computerized Business Simulations

Quality is defined as the absence of defects. Models and procedures that address product quality in production, in a modeled market, and in a real market are presented For production, the proposed ...
Computer-aided Detection: The Impact of Machine Learning Classifier and Image Feature Selection on Scheme Performance

Computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) schemes have been developed and applied to detect suspicious lesions depicted on biomedical images. After identifying initial candidates for the targeted suspicious lesions, most CAD schemes use a pre-trained multi-image-feature based machine learning classifier to classify these candidates into two groups of positive and negative detections. Although a large number of image features and machine learning classifiers have been developed and tested using different image databases, selecting the optimal image features and a machine learning classifier remains a challenged issue in CAD development. In this study, we assembled two independent image datasets for training and testing. We optimized four machine learning classifiers (namely, artificial neural network, support vector machine, Bayesian belief network, and k-nearest neighbor algorithm), which were trained and tested using the same dataset with two sets of image features. The results showed that using the first feature set, the case-based classification performance of four classifiers measured with the normalized areas under FROC-type performance curves (AUCs) ranged from 0.925 to 0.943 without statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). When using the second image feature set, AUC values of four classifies significantly reduced to the range from 0.886 to 0.903 (p < 0.01). This study suggested that although these four classifiers were built based on different machine learning concepts, their actual performance levels were likely to converge to the similar level when using the same image features and an independent testing dataset. Thus, selecting image features rather than a machine learning classifier plays a more important role in determining CAD performance.
Conservation therapy in T1-T2 breast cancer: past, current issues, and future challenges and opportunities.

PURPOSETo assess the significance of patient age, race, tumor-related prognostic parameters, status of surgical excision margins, and irradiation boost on incidence of ipsilateral breast relapse, and to review current issues in the management of T1-T2 breast cancer patients with conservation therapy
Numerical studies of the effect of initial conditions on the quantum yield in sensitized luminescence

Abstract The effect of initial conditions involved in the creation of the exciton through illumination on the quantum yield of sensitized luminescence in molecular crystal is investigated numerically. The dependence of the effect on the degree of the coherence of exciton motion and on the size of the crystal is discussed. And, the initial spatial distribution of the exciton corresponding to the maximum effect is analyzed.
Photocurrent enhancement by multilayered porphyrin sensitizers in a photoelectrochemical cell.

Multilayer Zn(II) tetraphenylporphyrin chromophores, assembled using copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), provide a new sensitization scheme that could be useful in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We report on the photoelectrochemical responses of multilayer films of Zn(II) 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-ethynylphenyl)porphyrin (1) assembled on planar ITO substrates operating as a p-type DSSC using three different redox mediators. The traditional I–/I3– redox couple results in the greatest short circuit current densities (JSC) but very low open circuit potentials (VOC). The use of cobalt sepulchrate ([Co(sep)]2+/3+) and cobalt tris-bipyridine ([Co(bpy)3]2+/3+) as redox mediators generates higher VOC values, but at the expense of lower photocurrents. These results highlight the inherent differences in the interactions between the redox mediator and Zn(II) tetraphenylporphyrin multilayer films. Increasing the porphyrin content through multilayer growth proved to be effective in increasing the perfor...
The effect of window shading design on occupant use of blinds and electric lighting

Occupant use of interior shading devices is one of the most influential factors in the admission of daylight into the buildings. Based on a number of observations, occupants don't adjust shading devices frequently, and once lowered, the blinds are left in place for days or even weeks leading to reduced energy savings from daylight. Previous shade control behavior studies focus on environmental conditions such as transmitted vertical irradiance to predict the deployment of the shades; while there have been very few studies focusing on the factors that affect the raising of the interior shading devices by the occupants. This paper examines the effect of an interior lightshelf system on occupants' use of blinds and electric lighting. The results suggest that in identical environmental conditions, occupants whose workstations were located within the lightshelf zone demonstrated a lower window occlusion than those who were located in the area with conventional windows. Additionally, occupants in the lightshelf zone used less electric lighting than those in regular window design area.
Effect of the 80-Hour Workweek on Resident Burnout

Hypothesis With the introduction of the newly mandated restrictions on resident work hours, we expected improvement in subjective feelings of personal accomplishment and lessened emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Design Residents and faculty members completed an anonymous online Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (3rd ed; Consulting Psychologist Press Inc, Palo Alto, Calif) and work-hour registry before and after implementation of new restrictions. Setting Urban, university-based department of surgery. Participants All house staff (n = 37) and faculty (n = 27). Intervention Introduction of new Institutional Standards for Resident Duty Hours 2003. Main Outcome Measure Resident work hours and levels of emotional exhaustion, perceived degree of depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Results Resident work hours per week decreased from 100.7 to 82.6 ( P P P >.05). Conclusions Despite successful reductions in resident work hours, measures of burnout were not significantly affected. However, important clinical activities such as time spent in the operating room, clinic, and making rounds were maintained. Formal in-hospital education time was reduced.
A lower and upper bounds version of a variational inequality

Abstract Introducing the concept of extremal subset to solve one open problem raised in [1]: find the conditions for a lower and upper bounds version of a variational inequality. A few applications are given.
Extraction of pharmacophore information from high-throughput screens.

Abstract Two major advances have been made in the computational perception and utilization of pharmacophores in compound libraries, both real and virtual. Firstly, a hierarchical set of filtering calculations has emerged that can be used to efficiently partition a library into a trial set of pharmacophores. This sequential filtering permits large libraries to be efficiently processed, as well as compounds judged as ‘hits’ to be analyzed in great detail. Secondly, new and extended methods of QSAR (quantitative structure–activity relationship) analysis have evolved to translate pharmacophore information into QSAR models that, in turn, can be used as virtual high-throughput screens for activity profiling of a library.
Veridicality and stability of retarded adolescents' perceptions of normals' acceptance and rejection.

Sun2mnry.-34 normals perceived by I5 retardates (enrolletl in a junior high school special class) as friends and five perceived as rejecting were interviewed individually twice. Normals first identified 3 friends and 3 persons they disliked in other classes in the school. In the second inrerview, normals described retardates from photographs. Retardates' perceptions of friendship were atfirmed by 17, and of rejection by 3 normals. Two months later, only 4 of the retardates did not name the same normals as friends or as reiecring them. The sociometric stanls of mentally retarded persons has been studied with such frequency and such consistent results (a low, b~~t positive correlation with mental ability for both normals and retardates) that Dencler and Mackler (1962) suggest a moratorium. Insofar as school-age retardates are concerned, the most freq~~ently cited study is that of Johnson (1950) in which 39 retardates among the 698 children he studied accounted for 40% of the most rejected pupils in 25 regular classes. However, two of the retardates were sociometric stars. In contrast, the focus in the present study was on retardates enrolled in a special class in a junior high school, as the perceivers, and the purpose was to ascertain the veridicality and stability of their perceptions of normals' friendship and rejection. The polar items of Johnson's ( 1950) sociometric questionnaire were ~~tilized to identify those normals in the regular grades whom the retardates perceived as friends and those they perceived as rejecting. But, in order to speak of a response as veridical, as Horwitz (1958) emphasizes, some "objective basis" must be specified with respect to which the response is or is not veridical. The normals' reciprocation of the retardates' perceptions was the criterion of veridicality.
International relations and domestic structures: Foreign economic policies of advanced industrial states

Recent writings on problems of the international economy have focused attention primarily on changes in the international system. This paper attempts to show that foreign economic policy can be understood only if domestic factors are systematically included in the analysis. The paper's first part groups the recent literature into three paradigms which distinguish between three international effects. The second part offers a comparison of the differences between a state-centered policy network in France and a society-centered network in the United States. The third part of the paper combines the arguments of the first two and analyzes French and American commercial, financial, and energy policies as the outcome of both international effects and domestic structures. These case studies show that domestic factors must be included in an analysis of foreign economic policies. The paper's main results are analyzed further in its fourth part.
From Social Interaction to Higher Psychological Processes. A Clarification and Application of Vygotsky’s Theory

Vygotsky’s notions of speech, language and thought have recently begun to receive more attention in the west, but some of his basic distinctions are not well understood. The first part of this paper d
The power Application vacuum switch

Vacuum switching, which has attracted considerable attention recently in the public utility field, is actually far from a new concept. Much of the work done over the past 35 years in the development of the vacuum switch is reviewed.
Molecular depth profiling of multilayer polymer films using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.

The low penetration depth and high sputter rates obtained using polyatomic primary ions have facilitated their use for the molecular depth profiling of some spin-cast polymer films by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In this study, dual-beam time-of-flight (TOF) SIMS (sputter ion, 5 keV SF5+; analysis ion, 10 keV Ar+) was used to depth profile spin-cast multilayers of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and trifluoroacetic anhydride-derivatized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (TFAA−PHEMA) on silicon substrates. Characteristic positive and negative secondary ions were monitored as a function of depth using SF5+ primary ion doses necessary to sputter through the polymer layer and uncover the silicon substrate (>5 × 1014 ions/cm2). The sputter rates of the polymers in the multilayers were typically less than for corresponding single-layer films, and the order of the polymers in the multilayer affected the sputter rates of the polymers. Multilayer samples with...
ADATOM DENSITIES ON GAAS : EVIDENCE FOR NEAR-EQUILIBRIUM GROWTH

We examine the equilibrium of a compound semiconductor surface under molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) conditions, both theoretically and experimentally. For GaAs, the Ga chemical potential and adatom density depend sensitively on As pressure as well as temperature. Our results suggest that MBE growth may take place under conditions much closer to equilibrium than has been believed. We also show that standard one-component models cannot, even in principle, reproduce both the adatom density and its temperature dependence.
Parallel image processing based on an evolution equation with anisotropic gain: integrated optoelectronic architectures

Algorithms and integrated optoelectronic architectures for parallel image processing and adaptive optics applications are proposed and analyzed. Image processing is performed on the basis of an evolution equation with anisotropic gain that is introduced. The key components of the image-processing scheme are a coherent optical system for on-the-fly image-edge detection and an analog very large scale integration system for parallel implementation of the evolution equation with anisotropic gain. Examples of video data processing for edge enhancement, imaging through turbulent media, depth estimation from visual data, and motion tracking are presented.
Collaboration Activities and Competencies of Secondary School Special Educators: A National Survey.

A national survey of 1000 secondary school special educators serving students with mild disabilities (i.e., learning disabilities, behavior disorders, mild mental retardation) was conducted to determine the current status of the knowledge and skills of secondary school special educators to engage in collaboration and to identify the frequency and topics of their collaborative interactions with special educators, general educators, and community service providers. Responses from 407 educators suggested that a large portion of special educators interacted frequently with general educators and other special educators, most often for the purpose of sharing information. The respondents reported interacting infrequently with community service providers. The educators perceived themselves to have an average to above average level of competence for a majority of the identified collaboration competencies. The implications of tbe findings for the development of preservice preparation and staff development programs ...
In Vitro Study of Cholesterol Metabolism in the Calf Aorta

The calf's aorta, has been maintained in vitro for prolonged periods under aseptic conditions. Studying the aorta's function as regards cholesterol biosynthesis, accumulation and release, under the experimental conditions of hyper and normal blood pressure, estrone administration, and dilutions of serum have led to the conclusion that cholesterol metabolism can be markedly altered by these conditions and that there may be factors or systems normally present in blood which regulate lipid metabolism in the organ.
Defective inducer T-cell function before the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Abstract To investigate the possible role of CD4 + T lymphocyte immunoregulatory abnormalities in the pathogenesis of human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDD), we studied the in vitro function of CD4 + helper/inducer and suppressor/inducer T-cell subpopulations in 25 high risk non-diabetic individuals who tested positive for islet-cell antibodies (ICA). Helper-inducer T-cell function, as measured in the pokeweed mitogen T-B co-culture system, was decreased in the ICA + subjects in comparison to controls. This abnormality in helper/inducer T-cell function was present for both IgG ( P =0.0001) and IgM ( P =0.004) secretion by B cells. Diminished helper/inducer function correlated with ICA titer (Pearson correlation coefficient −0.44) with subjects having an ICA titer ≥40 JDF units demonstrating the most significant disturbances in function ( P =0.01). The helper/inducer T-cell subset percentage was also decreased in ICA + subjects when compared to matched controls (30±3% vs 39±2%; P =0.02). The abnormality in helper/inducer function was intrinsic to the CD4 + CD45RA + subset and was not simply due to diminished numbers of helper/inducer T-cells added in the co-culture experiments, since the defect persisted when CD4 + CD45RA − helper/inducer T-cells were purified and added to B cells as the only source of T-cell help. Our results indicate that ICA + subjects have functional defects in the helper/inducer subpopulation of CD4 + T-cells. This abnormality may contribute to the pathogenesis of IDD and may provide a novel marker for identifying persons at risk for developing IDD.
Adrenal medullary cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase: Lack of activation by the calcium-dependent regulator

Abstract Calcium-dependent regulator, a calcium-binding protein isolated from brain and adrenal medulla, has been shown to activate a brain calcium-sensitive cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. To determine if this protein has the same role in the adrenal medulla, the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of adrenal medulla was characterized. Neither crude nor partially purified adrenal medullary phosphodiesterase was inhibited by EGTA or stimulated by calcium and the calcium-dependent regulator, whereas similar brain preparations displayed sensitivity to these agents. As the calcium-dependent regulator does not appear to stimulate adrenal medullary cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, alternate roles of this protein in adrenal medulla are suggested.
Effect of water vapor on thermally grown alumina scales on bond coatings

Abstract The role of water vapor on thermal barrier coating (TBC) performance has been investigated for both Pt-modified aluminide and Pt-diffusion bond coatings by characterizing the alumina scale after exposures at 1150 °C. For both types of bond coatings, the average oxide scale thickness formed in dry O 2 at 1150 °C was lower than that formed in wet air, especially for air + 10%H 2 O. In all cases, the average thickness was higher beneath the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coat. Characterization of the alumina scale formed without a YSZ top coat showed differences in morphology and Hf- and Ta-rich oxide precipitates at the gas interface depending on the environment. With and without water vapor, the β-(Ni,Pt)Al coatings showed a martensitic structure with 10–50 nm α-Cr(Re) precipitates. Alumina grain boundary segregation of Y and Hf from the superalloy substrate was easier to detect for the Pt-diffusion coatings.
Contrast enhancement maps for lung lesions imaged on CT

The purpose of this research was to use contrast enhanced spiral CT and image processing techniques to provide physiological information about the blood supply of lung lesions. This is useful for assessing solitary pulmonary nodules as well as evaluating treatment efficacy for lung cancer patients using tumor angiogenesis inhibition factors. A dynamic, contrast-enhanced spiral CT protocol was used to acquire a series of scans through the lesion both prior to contrast injection as well as at t equals 45, 90, 180 and 300 s post-injection. Lesion boundaries were then segmented for a single representative image at each time. After registration, the enhancement for each voxel was determined by subtracting the attenuation values of the pre-contrast reference voxels from the post-contrast values. Enhancement maps were then generated using these difference values. The mean and standard deviation enhancement values for each lesion were also measured. From preliminary analysis, the mean enhancement value was 100 plus or minus 24 HU for malignant lesions and 55 plus or minus 33 HU for benign lesions. Enhancement maps were generated and color-coded to demonstrate the variation of enhancement within lesions. This work presents preliminary results using contrast enhanced spiral CT imaging to detect differences between enhancing and non-enhancing lesions.
Conformal Field Theory Couplings for Intersecting D-branes on Orientifolds

We present a conformal field theory calculation of four-point and three-point correlation functions for the bosonic twist fields arising at the intersections of D-branes wrapping (supersymmetric) homology cycles of Type II orientifold compactifications. Both the quantum contribution from local excitations at the intersections and the world-sheet disk instanton corrections are computed. As a consequence we obtain the complete expression for the Yukawa couplings of chiral fermions with the Higgs fields. The four-point correlation functions in turn lead to the determination of the four-point couplings in the effective theory, and may be of phenomenological interest.
Extended similarity trees

Proximity data can be represented by an extended tree, which generalizes traditional trees by including marked segments that correspond to overlapping clusters. An extended tree is a graphical representation of the distinctive features model. A computer program (EXTREE) that constructs extended trees is described and applied to several sets of conceptual and perceptual proximity data.
Elevation of plasma phenylalanine levels during pregnancies of women heterozygous for phenylketonuria

The heterozygote for phenylketonuria has already been shown to have a reduced capacity to handle a phenylalanine load. Pregnancy with its resultant positive nitrogen balance adds a measurable stress to the heterozygote with regard to the handling of phenylalanine. Maternal phenylalanine concentrations during pregnancy could not be used to clarify the status of the newborn, nor could concentrations in cord sera. The phenylalanine concentration in the infant's serum 5 to 7 days after birth is a better indicator of the status of the newborn.