cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instrumental Networks for Monitoring Short-Period Tectonic Motions in Seismic Zones

Abstract For some years the monitoring of crustal movements in seismic zones has consisted mainly of periodic resurvey measurements using triangulation, trilateration, leveling, and gravity measurements. The frequency of remeasurements has been limited by the costs. Some fixed instruments have contributed also, such as creepmeters, tidegages, and devices for measuring tilts in lake levels. A number of inexpensive, shallow-borehole tiltmeters were installed recently in the U.S.A., but so far the noise level due to local ground motions appears to be fairly high for many instruments. Volumetric strainmeters are being used in several countries. 700 meter long laser strainmeters and a superconducting gravimeter have been in operation for several years at one site in California. Other simpler strainmeters and tiltmeters exist at a number of locations in seismic zones. Recently there has been increased interest both in trying to obtain frequent observations with fixed instruments and in reducing the noise level. Long-baseline liquid tiltmeters, deep-borehole tiltmeters, superconducting gravimeters, multi-wavelength laser distance-measuring devices, and laser strainmeters are capable of improved accuracy. However, they are more expensive than most previously used instruments. An additional future possibility is to use signals from the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites to monitor networks of points. The accuracy would be limited almost completely by uncertainty in the water-vapor corrections along the various satellite-to-ground propagation paths. It seems possible that 1 cm accuracy for detecting baseline changes with very low false alarm rates can be achieved by using water-vapor radiometers at many of the sites, provided that sufficient accuracy can be achieved with the radiometers. Highly mobile instruments are being constructed in the U.S.A. which will use the spread-spectrum GPS signals as noise sources for long baseline radio interferometry. Initial tests using the reconstructed carrier Doppler method instead have been carried out at another laboratory. Tests utilizing the reconstructed carrier phase method are planned by two groups. The cost of using GPS receivers in the survey mode seems likely to be low, but how expensive receivers plus radiometers for use in fixed locations will be, is not yet known.
Application of Remote Sensing to Plant Health and Productivity Determination

It has been found that a close relationship exists between the spectral reflectance and the health as well as the productivity of soybean canopies. Basing on this property, a remote sensing method was used to assess the plant productivity and health, which was able to cover a large area simultaneously. In this project, aerial images and reflectance measurements were obtained from two soybean fields located in Story Country, Iowa during summer 2000 and 2001. Aerial image were taken on both infrared band and color band. An eight-band radiometer was used to obtain the reflectance reading at ground level, which ranged from 460-nm to 810-nm. A study on aerial-radiometer data relation for two continuous years was carried out. The reflectance measurement from radiometer served as ground truth. Also, the calibration procedure for aerial image was applied. Because the atmospheric distortion became more pronounced when the aerial image was taken at higher altitude. Scattering and absorption will affect the image intensity which indirectly affect our analysis. The red, green and blue ground cloths were put beside the fields when the aerial image was taken. They are used as references to evaluate color distortion in the red, blue and green bands respectively.
“A Black Benefit”: Racial Prejudice Among White Welfare Recipients in a Low-Income Neighborhood

ABSTRACT Welfare has been stigmatized as a benefit for poor African-Americans, in particular for blacks accused of sexual promiscuity and a weak work ethic. Stigma has been found to demoralize welfare recipients, alienate middle-class voters who resent tax expenditures for public assistance, and fuel conservative support for legislation limiting welfare. This article describes another aspect of the stigmatization of welfare as a “black benefit”—the belief by some poor whites that they have experienced racial discrimination when trying to access cash assistance and other benefits. Drawing on data gathered as part of a larger, 18-month qualitative study, this article examines how impoverished whites in Philadelphia view welfare receipt and race. Ugly racial epithets and stereotypes were typically used when describing frustration over lack of access to welfare and other social services.
On the Origin of Species in Flowering Plants

THE origin of species is the origin of the difference between two species. The existence of a peculiar difference between good species, which does not exist between varieties, has long been realised by systematists and others. This essential difference expresses itself, in part, in flowering plants, in the abortion of pollen and ovules in the hybrids, which springs, in typical cases: (a) from a different distribution of genes between two or more chromosome pairs; so that vital genes are omitted after the reduction division in some or all of the groups of chromosomes of the F1 of the cross. An example of this is probably afforded by the crosses of certain species of Stizolobium (Mucuna) (Zeitsch. f. ind. Abst. u. Vererb., pp. 303–342, 1914), two non-homologous chromosomes appearing to have interchanged genes in one of the species. In the second case (b) the attraction between chromosomes which should be homologous fails in the reduction divisions of the F1 plant, so that non-conjunction (Journal of Genetics, 1925) takes place with regard to one or more pairs. Thus there is an absence of vital chromosomes or the presence of extra chromosomes in some of the pollen and ovules. This is illustrated by the two cannas “Austria” and “Italia”, which belong no doubt, as their history states, to the F1 of species crosses. In “Austria”, for example, the 18 single chromosomes show only 1–3 pairs at the reduction divisions. All the other chromosomes segregate at random, so that no more than one pollen-grain or embryo-sac out of thousands contains only the 9 chromosomes from one parent, and survives. In the cross of radish and cabbage, as Karpechenko (Journal of Genetics, vol. 14, pp. 375–396, 1924) has lately shown, chromosome conjugation is absent. This has also been shown in certain Digitalis crosses.
Introduction: Speech and Oral Culture in Early Modern Europe and Beyond

Abstract From preaching to academic discussion, from intimate conversation to the circulation of rumors in the marketsquare, the exchange of ideas and information in the early modern world was predominantly and overwhelmingly by word of mouth. Despite the growing impact of the printing press, texts themselves circulated and were received in a context that was pervasively oral. The majority of the population communicated primarily in speech rather than in writing, and even when they accessed written texts, they were most likely to do so through the mediation of speech by listening to others read out loud. Many literary and scholarly genres moreover, from poetry to theater, were conceived for oral diffusion. From the Renaissance interest in the study of classical rhetoric to conversation manuals, from civic decrees punishing blasphemy to the preoccupation with rumors and the collection of word-of-mouth testimonies in judicial settings, this was a culture that thought deeply about talk.
Assessing Ecological Resources for Remediation and Future Land Uses on Contaminated Lands

Increasingly, the public and governmental agencies are concerned about remediating and reclaiming contaminated sites. Understanding the ecological resources on-site and valuing those resources in terms of future uses is important for determining suitable future land uses. In this article, we suggest the major categories of natural resource information required by managers, policy makers, and the general public for making initial future land-use determinations. We then use a dataset of 25 Department of Energy (DOE) sites slated for remediation to explore whether such data are readily available and whether the data can be used to assess natural resource value. Although information is available for almost all sites on federally endangered and threatened species, this information is less available for state-listed species. Biodiversity information is available only for some sites for birds (N = 17), mammals (N = 15), reptiles (N = 14), amphibians (N = 13), and plants (N = 11) and is almost nonexistent for invertebrates (N = 2). Some information is available for invasive species (N = 9). The number of available habitats is directly related to total acres and nonindustrial acres. Biodiversity of birds, mammals, and reptiles (but not amphibians) is directly related to both total acres and total nonindustrial acres of sites. These data suggest that even over a wide geographical area (from eastern to western United States), biodiversity relates to habitat size and number of habitats available. This information will be useful not only to DOE managers but also to natural resource trustees, ecologists, state and federal regulators, and the general public in the discourse over future uses of these lands.
Cysteine and glutathione metabolism in organ-cultured rat corneas.

The capability of organ-cultured rat corneas to metabolize cysteine and synthesize glutathione was assessed by use of radioactive L-cyst(e)ine. Metabolites from protein-free tissue extracts were separated and quantified by HPLC, using radioisotope and ultraviolet detectors.Most of the radioactivity detected in the rat cornea was found in three areas of the HPLC elution profile: 1) reduced glutathione, 2) cystine and 3) in a rapidly eluting area (the ‘five-minute' area) consisting of several unidentified peaks. The proportion of radioactivity found within the five-minute area increased with time of incubation and became the dominant radioactive peak area by 48 hours of incubation. In contrast to rat lens extracts, the synthesis of glutathione in rat cornea formed a minor portion of the L-cysteine metabolic products. The unlabeled reduced glutathione concentration was relatively stable over a 48-hour incubation period.Synthesis of glutathione was prevented by 0.3 mM buthionine sulfoximine, resulting in more...
Shorebird patches as fingerprints of fractal coastline fluctuations due to climate change

The Florida coast is one of the most species-rich ecosystems in the world. This paper focuses on the sensitivity of the habitat of threatened and endangered shorebirds to sea level rise induced by climate change, and on the relationship of the habitat with the coastline evolution. We consider the resident Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus), and the migrant Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) and Red Knot (Calidris canutus) along the Gulf Coast of Mexico in Florida. We analyze and model the coupled dynamics of habitat patches of these imperiled shorebirds and of the shoreline geomorphology dictated by land cover change with consideration of the coastal wetlands. The land cover is modeled from 2006 to 2100 as a function of the A1B sea level rise scenario rescaled to 2 m. Using a maximum-entropy habitat suitability model and a set of macroecological criteria we delineate breeding and wintering patches for each year simulated. Evidence of coupled ecogeomorphological dynamics was found by considering the fractal dimension of shorebird occurrence patterns and of the coastline. A scaling relationship between the fractal dimensions of the species patches and of the coastline was detected. The predicted power law of the patch size emerged from scale-free habitat patterns and was validated against 9 years of observations. We predict an overall 16% loss of the coastal landforms from inundation. Despite the changes in the coastline that cause habitat loss, fragmentation, and variations of patch connectivity, shorebirds self-organize by preserving a power-law distribution of the patch size in time. Yet, the probability of finding large patches is predicted to be smaller in 2100 than in 2006. The Piping Plover showed the highest fluctuation in the patch fractal dimension; thus, it is the species at greatest risk of decline. We propose a parsimonious modeling framework to capture macroscale ecogeomorphological patterns of coastal ecosystems. Our results suggest the potential use of the fractal dimension of a coastline as a fingerprint of climatic change effects on shoreline-dependent species. Thus, the fractal dimension is a potential metric to aid decision-makers in conservation interventions of species subjected to sea level rise or other anthropic stressors that affect their coastline habitat.
Competitive, proton-coupled, alkali metal cation transport across polymer-supported liquid membranes containing sym-(decyl)-dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxyacetic acid: Variation of the alkyl 2-nitrophenyl ether membrane solvent

Abstract Alkali metal cation transport across porous polypropylene-supported liquid membranes containing a lipophilic crown ether carboxylic acid in a series of alkyl 2-nitrophenyl ethers has been studied. Both the efficiency and selectivity of cation transport are influenced by alkyl group variation in the membrane solvent. For homologous series of normal alkyl and isoalkyl 2-nitrophenyl ethers, the dielectric constant of the membrane solvent provides the best correlation with the cation transport rate. In terms of the efficiency and selectivity of cation transport, 2-nitrophenyl pentyl and hexyl ethers surpass 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether.
Unsupportive Social Interactions, Availability of Social Support, and Coping: Their Relationship to Mood Disturbance among African Americans Living with Hiv:

This study examined the relationship between perceptions of the availability of social support and enacted unsupportive social interactions relative to anxious and depressive mood among African Americans with HIV (N = 116). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that greater satisfaction with the availability of social support was associated with lower levels of mood disturbance. In addition, HIV-related unsupportive responses received from other people accounted for a significant portion of unique variance in mood disturbance, beyond that accounted for by the availability of positive social support. As predicted, the direction of the association was that greater levels of unsupportive social interactions were related to more mood disturbance. Results also indicated that the level of HIV-related unsupportive social interactions was positively related to the use of the coping strategy of disengagement/denial, which, in turn, was associated with greater mood disturbance.
Pioglitazone treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus when combined with portion control diet modifies the metabolic syndrome

Results: Forty-eight of fifty-one randomized subjects completed the study. Patients treated with Pio þ ADA gained 2.15 � 1.09 kg (meanSD) compared with a weight loss of 2.59 � 1.25 kg (p < 0.05) in the Pio þ PC group, and a weight loss of 3.21 � 0.7 kg (p < 0.05) in the Met þ ADA group. Waist circumference and visceral adipose tissue decreased significantly more in the Pio þ PC group than in the Pio þ ADA group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly increased in the Pio þ PC group compared with the Met þ ADA group. Pioglitazone reduced insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)) more than metformin. No significant differences between groups were seen for glucose, insulin, HbA1c or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Conclusions: Pio þ PC,preventedweightgain,reducedwaistcircumferenceandvisceralfatcomparedwithPio þ ADAdiet.
Characterization of microsatellite markers flanking FBN1: Utility in the diagnostic evaluation for Marfan syndrome

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue with marked interfamilial and intrafamilial variation in phenotype. The primary defect in affected patients resides in the gene for fibrillin-1 (FBN1) on 15q21. Linkage analysis has shown no locus heterogeneity in the classic phenotype, although substantial allelic heterogeneity exists. Recently it has been shown that the size of the gene is approximately 200 kb. These and other factors have precluded routine mutation screening for presymptomatic and prenatal diagnosis. Previously we described four intragenic microsatellite polymorphisms that can be used for haplotype segregation analysis. The utility of this approach is limited because the markers do not fully span the gene and show incomplete informativeness, with 16% homozygosity for the most common haplotype. We have now identified and localized highly polymorphic microsatellite markers that fall within 1 Mb of FBN1. Complete haplotype heterozygosity was observed in a population of 50 unrelated control individuals when the flanking markers and existing intragenic polymorphisms were used in combination. We demonstrate the utility of haplotype segregation analysis in the presymptomatic diagnosis and counseling of families showing atypical or equivocal manifestations of MFS.
Prenatal cigarette smoke exposure causes hyperactivity and aggressive behavior: role of altered catecholamines and BDNF.

Abstract Smoking during pregnancy is associated with a variety of untoward effects on the offspring. However, recent epidemiological studies have brought into question whether the association between neurobehavioral deficits and maternal smoking is causal. We utilized an animal model of maternal smoking to determine the effects of prenatal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure on neurobehavioral development. Pregnant mice were exposed to either filtered air or mainstream CS from gestation day (GD) 4 to parturition for 4 h/d and 5 d/wk, with each exposure producing maternal plasma concentration of cotinine equivalent to smoking
Disparities in the Food Environments of New York City Public Schools

Background Studies of the food environment near schools have focused on fast food. Research is needed that describes patterns of exposure to a broader range of food outlet types and that examines the influence of neighborhood built environments. Purpose Using data for New York City, this paper describes the prevalence of five different food outlet types near schools, examines disparities by economic status and race/ethnicity in access to these food outlets, and evaluates the extent to which these disparities are explained by the built environment surrounding the school. Methods National chain and local fast-food restaurants, pizzerias, small grocery stores (“bodegas”), and convenience stores within 400 m of public schools in New York City were identified by matching 2005 Dun & Bradstreet data to 2006–2007 school locations. Associations of student poverty and race/ethnicity with food outlet density, adjusted for school level, population density, commercial zoning, and public transit access, were evaluated in 2009 using negative binomial regression. Results New York City's public school students have high levels of access to unhealthy food near their schools: 92.9% of students had a bodega within 400 m, and pizzerias (70.6%); convenience stores (48.9%); national chain restaurants (43.2%); and local fast-food restaurants (33.9%) were also prevalent within 400 m. Racial/ethnic minority and low-income students were more likely to attend schools with unhealthy food outlets nearby. Bodegas were the most common source of unhealthy food, with an average of nearly ten bodegas within 400 m, and were more prevalent near schools attended by low-income and racial/ethnic minority students; this was the only association that remained significant after adjustment for school and built-environment characteristics. Conclusions Nearly all New York City public school students have access to inexpensive, energy-dense foods within a 5-minute walk of school. Low-income and Hispanic students had the highest level of exposure to the food outlets studied here.
Cooperative and Competitive Protein Interactions at the Hsp70 Promoter

Drosophila heat shock factor (HSF) binds to specific sequence elements of heat shock genes and can activate their transcription 200-fold. Though HSF has an acidic activation domain, the mechanistic details of heat shock gene activation remain undefined. Here we report that HSF interacts directly with the general transcription factor TBP (TATA-box binding protein), and these two factors bind cooperatively to heat shock promoters. A third factor that binds heat shock promoters, GAGA factor, also interacts with HSF and further stabilizes HSF binding to heat shock elements (HSEs). The interaction of HSF and TBP is explored in some detail here and is shown to be mediated by residues in both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal portions of HSF. This HSF/TBP interaction can be specifically disrupted by competition with the potent acidic transcriptional activator VP16. We further show that the acidic domain of the largest subunit of Drosophila RNA polymerase II (Pol II) associates with TBP in vitro and is specifically displaced from TBP upon addition of HSF. The region of TBP that mediates both HSF and Pol II acidic domain binding maps to the conserved carboxyl-terminal repeats and depends on at least one of the TBP residues known to be contacted by VP16 and to be critical for transcription activation. We discuss these findings in the context of a model in which HSF triggers hsp70 transcription by freeing the hsp70 promoter-paused Pol II from the constraints on elongation caused by the affinity of Pol II for general transcription factors.
Overview of the lunar laser communications demonstration

The Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD), a project being undertaken by MIT Lincoln Laboratory and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, represents NASA's first attempt to demonstrate optical communications from a lunar orbiting spacecraft to an Earth-based ground receiver. The LLCD space terminal will be flown on the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft, presently scheduled to launch in 2013. LLCD will demonstrate downlink optical communications at rates up to 620 Mbps, uplink optical communications at rates up to 20 Mbps, and two-way time-of-flight measurements with the potential to perform ranging with sub-centimeter accuracy. We describe the objectives of the LLCD program and discuss key technologies employed in the space and ground terminals.
Response of an alumina fiber-reinforced aluminum composite to combined tension torsion

Aluminum coupons reinforced undirectionally with continuous alumina fibers were loaded in combined tension-torsion. Experimental results indicate that the super-imposition of a 0.0025 shear strain reduced the tensile strain to failure by 67 percent. Similarly, the superposition of a 0.0007 tensile strain reduced the shear strain to failure by 81 percent. It was inferred that applying the torque first and then the axial load or the axial load first and then the torque, had no significant affect on the failure envelope. The shear modulus was estimated to be 50.56.GPa.
Rearrangement of Bis(o-thiocarbonyl) Disulphides

IN recent work1 we showed that bis(1,2-o-isopropylidene-3-o-thiocarbonyl-α-D-glucofuranose) disulphide rearranged on standing in basic organic solvents to give equimolar amounts of carbon disulphide, elemental sulphur, 1,2-o-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose, and 1,2-o-isopropyli-dene-α-D-glucofuranose 5,6-thionocarbonate. That work has now been extended to an investigation of bis(o-thio-carbonyl) disulphide derivatives (referred to as xanthides) of 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, and 1,6-dihydroxy alkanes.
Design and fabrication of a compact lidar telescope

A prototype compact off-axis reflective lidar telescope has been designed and fabricated for remote sensing of atmospheric winds from space and airborne platforms. The 250 mm aperture telescope consists of two mirrors and a collimating lens to achieve a very compact size, without any central obscuration.It has no internal focal point to prevent air breakdown, and the pupil relay optics has also been eliminated. This paper presents the results of optical design and sensitivity analysis along with the predicted performance. The major design issues for lidar systems, particularly the one that utilizes coherent detection for higher sensitivity and Doppler frequency extraction, are the wavefront quality, polarization purity, and a minimum backscattering off the reflective surfaces. These design issues along with the other optical characteristics of this lidar telescope are presented. The effect on the wavefront quality of the tilt, decentration and axial spacing tolerances for the mirrors, collimating lens and quarter wave plate is discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Olfactory Imprinting in a Precocial Mammal

WE wish to describe a new approach to the study of imprinting in mammals. As far as precocial mammals are concerned, only the reverse phenomenon of “maternal imprinting” on the neonatal young has been repeatedly investigated in sheep and goats1–4. Shipley5 “imprinted” guinea-pigs to a wooden block and showed this to be a gradual learning process.
Nitrogen balance during intermittent dialysis therapy of uremia

Daily measurements of nitrogen balance were made at two levels of protein intake in five patients undergoing chronic intermittent dialysis therapy. During ingestion of high (1.4 g/kg of body wt) protein intake, nitrogen balance was positive on nondialysis days and negative on dialysis days, so that cumulative balance for the week of study was not different from zero. During ingestion of low (0.5 g/kg) protein intake, nitrogen balance was approximately zero on nondialysis days but was again negative on dialysis days, so that cumulative balance for this period was negative. The negative nitrogen balance observed on dialysis days was associated with a higher rate of urea nitrogen generation (Gu, g/24 hr, determined by a kinetic model of urea nitrogen in dialysis patients) that was most evident in the hours immediately following dialysis. Net protein catabolic rate (PCR, g/24 hr), derived from total nitrogen mass balance equations, correlated very closely with Gu:Gu = 0.154 PCR - 1.7, r = 0.96. This relationship agreed well with previous observations made in nondialyzed uremic patients under more steady-state conditions. These studies demonstrate that nitrogen balance is negative on dialysis days regardless of protein intake, and that Gu is higher on dialysis days. The negative nitrogen balance could result from amino acid loss in dialysate and from increased protein catabolism stimulated by loss of glucose into dialysate.
The states of 117Sn

Abstract Gamma rays emitted in the decay of 2.8 h 117 Sb have been investigated with 2.5 to 45 cm 3 Ge(Li) detectors. Gamma rays of energies (and relative intensities) 158.5 (99.6), 553.2 (0.07), 846.2 (0.04), 861.7 (0.29), 1004.5 (0.22), 1020.6 (0.09), 1021.0 (0.10), 1287.6 (0.026), 1339.5 (0.009), 1420.1 (0.016), 1446.4 (0.051) and 1578.0 (0.018) keV have been observed. On the basis of energy sums, relative intensities and two-dimensional Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) coincidence experiments, states are placed in 117 Sn at 0 ( 1 2 + ), 158.5 ( 3 2 + ), 711.7 ( 7 2 + ), 1004.5 ( 3 2 + ), 1020.2 ( 5 2 + ), 1179 ( 5 2 + ), 1446.4 ( 3 2 + , 5 2 + ), 1498.0 ( 5 2 + , 3 2 + ) and 1578.3 keV ( 5 2 + , 3 2 + ). The spin assignments and limits have been made on the basis of log ƒt values and relative photon intensities from 117 Sb decay, which were aided in some cases by 117 In decay, and also by information gleaned from nuclear reaction data. The structures of the states are discussed in terms of current nuclear models, and the behavior of these states is followed as a function of neutron number.
Infinity is Thine: Proprietorship and the Transcendental Sublime in Traherne and Emerson

The Beautiful in nature is connected with the form of the object, which consists in having boundaries. The Sublime, on the other hand, is to be found in a formless object, so far as in it or by occ...
Homochiral imperative of molecular evolution

An evaluation of some common misconceptions of the racemic state in combination with an articulation of principles for the spontaneous generation and amplification of chirality leads to the conclusion that homochirality in nature is a stereochemical imperative. Chirality 10:24–27, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Do recent seizures and recent changes in antiepileptic drugs impact performances on neuropsychological tests in subtle ways that might easily be missed

Summary: Purpose: The possibility that a recent seizure or a recent change in antiepileptic medication might produce an occult change in neuropsychological performance is of interest, and especially so in the context of evaluation for epilepsy surgery. Such an evaluation is often done in a setting of video-EEG monitoring where a strong effort is made to produce seizures as quickly as possible with abrupt changes in medication, alterations in sleep, etc., which could impact the validity of neuropsychological findings. Methods: A total of 126 adults were studied who had seizures of strictly temporal origin (47 right, 79 left) and whose recent medication history and seizure occurrence prior to testing was as clear as possible. All were tested with an extensive neuropsychological battery with great attention to giving tests only when the patients appeared clinically not to be suffering from recent seizures (seizures occurring on the day of testing or on the day prior to testing) or medication change effects. The cognitive correlates of side of seizures were also evaluated in order to provide a strength-of-effect comparison with recency of AED changes and seizures. Results: Findings from three-way ANOVA showed a possible slight adverse effect of recent AED change, no effects of recent seizures, and a sizeable relationship with side of seizures. A simultaneous consideration of all three of these variables did not provide additional findings of interest. Conclusions: Although it is not possible to completely rule out some subtle cognitive effects of recent changes in medication or recent seizures, this investigation does not provide evidence for such effects when the neuropsychological evaluation is conducted carefully with no testing during any questionable or definite postictal periods.
Discovery of bisamide-heterocycles as inhibitors of scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI)-mediated lipid uptake

A new series of potent inhibitors of cellular lipid uptake from HDL particles mediated by scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI) was identified. The series was identified via a high-throughput screen of the National Institutes of Health Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (NIH MLSMR) that measured the transfer of the fluorescent lipid DiI from HDL particles to CHO cells overexpressing SR-BI. The series is characterized by a linear peptidomimetic scaffold with two adjacent amide groups, as well as an aryl-substituted heterocycle. Analogs of the initial hit were rapidly prepared via Ugi 4-component reaction, and select enantiopure compounds were prepared via a stepwise sequence. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggest an oxygenated arene is preferred at the western end of the molecule, as well as highly lipophilic substituents on the central and eastern nitrogens. Compound 5e, with (R)-stereochemistry at the central carbon, was designated as probe ML279. Mechanistic studies indicate that ML279 stabilizes the interaction of HDL particles with SR-BI, and its effect is reversible. It shows good potency (IC50=17 nM), is non-toxic, plasma stable, and has improved solubility over our alternative probe ML278.
Significance of environment and chronology on distribution of 16 elements (Na to Sr) in the shells of living oysters

Abstract Although use of the shells of bivalves has been suggested for monitoring metals in natural waters, little is known of the relationship of environmental conditions and age of molluscs with the concentration and distribution of elements in the shells. This report covers technical aspects as well as some preliminary results for an experiment designed to provide information of the effects of these parameters. Using in-air and -helium PIXE, monthly analyses, covering a 7 month period, have been made on new shells of 10 young American oysters growing in each of three habitats: (I) filtered Atlantic seawater, fed cultured algae; (II) as for I with addition of silt from the Broadkill estuary; and (III) Broadkill estuary. Weekly analyses were also performed on particulates collected on 0.45 μm pore filters. After the 7 month period oysters were sacrificed, and soft tissues dried to constant weight and analyzed. Although definitive conclusions cannot be drawn until the study is completed, results demonstrate certain effects which suggest further experimentation.
On Estimating Hurricane Return Periods

Interest in hurricane risk usually focuses on landfalling events of the highest intensity, which cause a disproportionate amount of hurricane-related damage. Yet assessing the long-term risk of the most intense landfalling events is problematic because there are comparatively few of them in the historical record. For this reason, return periods of the most intense storms are usually estimated by first fitting standard probability distribution functions to records of lower-intensity events and then using such fits to estimate the highintensity tails of the distributions. Here the authors attempt a modest improvement over this technique by making use of the much larger set of open-ocean hurricane records and postulating that hurricanes make landfall during a random stage of their open-ocean lifetime. After testing the validity of this assumption, an expression is derived for the probability density of maximum winds. The probability functions so derived are then used to estimate hurricane return periods for several highly populated regions, and these are compared with return periods calculated both from historical data and from a set of synthetic storms generated using a recently published downscaling technique. The resulting return-period distributions compare well to those estimated from extreme-value theory with parameter fitting using a peaks-over-threshold model, but they are valid over the whole range of hurricane wind speeds.
The numerical decomposition of turbulent fluctuations in a compressible boundary layer

In many flows the turbulence is weakly compressible even at large Mach number. For example, in a compressible boundary layer Ma<5, the differences relative to an incompressible boundary layer understood as being caused by density variations that accompany variations temperature across the layer. Turbulent fluctuations in a boundary layer are therefore expected to be dominated by the effects nonconstant temperature, and low Mach number theories in which fluctuations are not dominant should be applicable to the fluctuating field. However, the analysis of compressible boundary layer DNS data reveals presence of significant acoustic fluctuations. To distinguish acoustic and thermal effects, a numerical decomposition procedure compressible boundary layer fluctuations is applied to determine the and nonacoustic fluctuations. Except for very near the wall, where decomposition procedure is not valid, it is found that the fluctuations are only weakly coupled to the acoustic fluctuations at numbers as high as 6.
Traitement endovasculaire d'un faux-anévrysme de l'artère axillaire sur lésions d'hyperextension

L'evolution des techniques endoluminales, l'amelioration dans la conception des stents, et la diminution de taille des catheters porteurs ont augmente le potentiel therapeutique des stents couverts dans les lesions arterielles traumatiques. L'amelioration de la flexibilite des stents couverts, leur taux reduit de fracture, et une plus grande variete de longueurs et de diametres ont augmente leur polyvalence et permettent leur usage aux niveaux axillaire et sous-clavier. Le traitement chirurgical a ciel ouvert des lesions arterielles traumatiques intra-thoraciques et de l'epaule presente une morbidite et une mortalite significatives. En evitant le site du traumatisme aigu par l'utilisation des techniques interventionnelles endovasculaires, le traitement par stent couvert est devenu une option therapeutique concurrentielle a la chirurgie ouverte. Nous rapportons le cas d'un patient ayant presente un faux-anevrysme traumatique de l'artere axillaire par un mecanisme peu commun, qui a ete repare en employant un stent couvert de polytetrafluoroethylene.
Paleomagnetism and tectonic significance of Eocene basalts from the Black Hills, Washington Coast Range

The Black Hills, located about 15 km west of Olympia, constitute one of several large basement uplifts in the Washington Coast Range. The oldest rocks exposed in this west-dipping homocline consist of early to middle Eocene basalt flows and breccias with minor sedimentary interbeds, which are correlated with the Crescent Formation in the northern Olympic Peninsula. K/Ar geochronology of five basalt samples yields an average age of 53.1 ± 2.0 m.y. B.P., or early Eocene. A total of 263 paleomagnetic cores were collected from 37 sites. All sites were cleaned using AF demagnetization, and 35 sites were corrected for measured and inferred tilt. The mean direction of these sites was virtually unchanged by applying tectonic corrections, although the precision was slightly improved. No flattening or steepening of inclination is apparent, although the mean declination of the 35 sites is easterly discordant with respect to the expected early Eocene declination for “stable” North America by 28.7° ± 15.4°. This discordance indicates that the Black Hills have rotated clockwise about 29° since early Eocene time. The Black Hills basalts show significantly less rotation than Eocene rocks in the Oregon Coast Range, but they show nearly the same amount as analogous basalts in the southwestern Washington Coast Range and latest Eocene to late Oligocene volcanic rocks in the Oregon-Washington Cascade Range. Thus, the rotations of coastal Oregon and Washington, while identical in direction, differ significantly in amount, suggesting that the entire Coast Range block, from the Olympic Peninsula to north of the Klamath Mountains, has not been a coherent terrane since early Eocene time. Several tectonic models are discussed that involve accretion and independent clockwise rotation of two or more Coast Range blocks, or “microplates,” in response to episodic periods of underthrusting and extensive right-lateral shear along the Farallon-North America plate boundary during early and middle Tertiary time. The easterly discordances of declination that are observed in almost all Tertiary rocks sampled in the Oregon-Washington Coast and Cascade Ranges reflect a composite of differential rotation during accretion of the Coast Range seamount terrane, followed soon afterward by large-scale rotation of the western margin of the Pacific Northwest in response to oblique subduction and consequent distributed shear.
RETENTION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS DURING SPRAY DRYING OF CHEDDAR CHEESE

The effect of processing variables, such as total solids, atomization pressure and inlet drying air temperature, on the retention of free fatty acids (FFA) in Cheddar cheese during spray drying was investigated. A cheese homogenate was prepared with minimum heat treatment and spray dried at a feed temperature of approximately 43°C. The retention of FFA increased with molecular weight under all drying conditions. In the absence of emulsifying salts, a lower total solids content in the homogenate fed to the dryer increased the retention of FFA. For example, the maximum retention of butyric acid at 30% T.S. and at 4% T.S. was about 60% and 35%, respectively. In addition, higher atomization pressures and higher inlet drying air temperatures decreased the retention of FFA. Emulsifying salts were effective, especially at 40% T.S., in increasing the retention of FFA. These results could be predicted from the selective diffusion theory of the retention of volatile compounds.
Wait for the Second Marshmallow? Future-Oriented Thinking and Delayed Reward Discounting in the Brain

Humans tend to discount the value of delayed rewards. Peters and Buchel show in this issue of Neuron that the ability to appraise the value of such future rewards improves when future-oriented cognitive processes in the brain are recruited using personally relevant information. These results provide the platform for exciting new questions.
Amphiphilic Cup-Shaped [(4-Alkylphenyl)azo]-Substituted Calixarenes: Self-Assembly and Host−Guest Chemistry at the Air−Water Interface

Chromophoric, amphiphilic [(4-alkylphenyl)azo]-substituted calixarenes 1−4 form stable monolayers at the air−water interface of a Langmuir trough. Monolayer limiting areas and collapse pressures are controlled with changes in pH and electrolyte concentration of the subphase. At pH = 8.2 or higher, deprotonation of the hydroxyls of the calixarene produces more polar headgroups, which result in larger mean molecular areas and increases in film collapse pressures. Similar effects result from increasing the concentration of electrolyte in the subphase. Effects of potential guests on monolayer assembly of [(4-alkylphenyl)azo]-substituted calixarenes at the air−water interface were investigated. The limiting area of tetrakis[(4-octylphenyl)azo]calix[4]arene decreases in the presence of N,N,N-trimethylanilinium iodide while no change is detected for tetramethylammonium iodide or N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(2-naphthyl)ammonium iodide. Interactions of the amphiphilic calixarenes and potential ammonium guests are discussed.
Archaeological Geology of the Turner Site Complex, Hamilton County, Ohio:

For more than 150 years, the age of the Turner site complex has been based on the seriation of artifacts and geometry of the earthworks. Seriation failed to provide meaningful relative dates becaus...
Phase diagram of the extended Hubbard model in one spatial dimension.

La diffusion Umklapp est responsable du comportement tricritique. On calcule les exposants critiques au point critique et le long de la raie critique separant les phases d'onde de densite de charge et de spin
Quality Assurance in Online Content Literacy Methods Courses

As institutions offer more online courses in their teacher certification and literacy master's programs, research is needed to address issues of quality assurance in online instruction. This multicase study analyzes qualitatively elements for addressing quality assurance of the implementation of an online content literacy teacher education course offered at two different universities. Students' online discussion board posts responding to course readings, partner feedback on literacy intervention lessons, and course evaluations were examined using Erickson's (1986) multistage inductive analysis. The analysis made visible opportunities for students to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate course materials and activities in relation to their discipline. Some students questioned the textual authority of the course readings, materials, and activities as they related to their disciplines. Student critiques of the online format and insights gained from our qualitative analysis are shared.
Bipolar I affective disorder: predictors of outcome after 15 years.

Background: Robust predictors of long-term outcome in bipolar affective disorder would have substantial importance to both clinicians and researchers. Such predictors are not available, however, perhaps because of the limitations of previous efforts to find them. Methods: In this study, 113 patients with bipolar affective disorder were followed semiannually for 5 years and annually for a subsequent 15 years. Of these, 23 (20.4%) had a poor long-term outcome indicated by the presence of mania or major depressive disorder throughout the 15th year. Results: Among the baseline demographic and clinical variables tested, only active alcoholism and low levels of optimum functioning in the preceding 5 years characterized poor outcome patients. The persistence of depressive symptoms in the first 2 years of follow-up predicted depressive symptoms 15 years later but the early persistence of manic symptoms seemed to have no predictive value. A regression analysis eliminated alcoholism as an independent predictor. Thus, only poor optimal functioning in the 5 years before baseline assessment, and the persistence of depressive symptoms in the two subsequent years, were independently associated with poor, long-term prognosis. Limitations: Patients were recruited at tertiary care centers and sampling was therefore biased toward greater severity and chronicity. As is true of all naturalistic studies of course, treatment was not controlled. Conclusion: These findings suggest the existence of a poor outcome, depression-prone subtype of bipolar affective disorder.
Development of serotonin, substance P and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in mouse medullary raphe grown in organotypic tissue culture: developmental regulation by serotonin

Abstract Substance P (SP) and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) are co-localized with serotonin (5-HT) in cells of the medullary raphe nuclei. In order to examine the factors that control development of multiple neurotransmitters within individual brain nuclei, we have grown presumptive raphe nuclei in organotypic tissue culture, an environment in which mammalian embryonic brain is easily accessible and manipulable. Tissue was obtained from E13 mice. A discrete midline segment of the rhombencephalon was dissected intact or was separated into ‘rostral’ (RR) and ‘medullary’ (MR) fragments. Tissue was explanted onto collagen coverslips and grown for up to two weeks in Maximow depression chambers. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis, was barely detectable at explantation. During the first week in culture, however, TPH activity increased 7-fold. After two weeks, TPH activity increased almost 2.5-fold above the one-week level. Immunocytochemical analysis of the cultures confirmed a widespread distribution of 5-HT-positive cells and fibers throughout the explant. SP, monitored by radioimmunoassay, was detected after two days in culture, and attained a level of111.7 ± 9.8 pg/culture after two weeks. TRH activity was similarly elevated after two weeks in vitro. Therefore, developmental increases in TPH, SP, and TRH occurred in culture, mimicking the condition in vivo. RR and MR fragments, when grown apart on separate coverslips, developed 1.57–2.26 times the TPH activity that developed in the undivided piece. Inclusion of 1 μM pargyline in the fragments restored TPH to control levels. The effect of pargyline was blocked by methiothepin, suggesting autoreceptor-mediated regulation. By contrast, SP activity was additive, the amount of SP present in the whole piece being equal to the sum of the RR and MR fragments. Pargyline did not affect the development of TRH or SP. These data suggest that factors (particularly autoreceptor-mediated interactions) affecting the development of 5-TH in the cultures do not act simultaneously to affect peptide development.