cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term sediment accumulation in the Middle Jurassic–early Eocene Cordilleran retroarc foreland-basin system

The late Middle Jurassic–early Eocene (∼ 120 m.y.) sediment-accumulation history of the Cordilleran foreland basin in northern Utah exhibits a sigmoidal pattern on a rate vs. time plot, with moderate rates of accumulation during late Middle Jurassic, very low net rates during Late Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous, increasingly rapid rates during Early-middle Cretaceous, and low rates during Late Cretaceous–early Eocene time. This pattern is consistent with deposition in a prograding foreland-basin system that comprised integrated back-bulge, forebulge, foredeep, and wedge-top depozones. The upper Middle Jurassic represents the back-bulge depozone; the Upper Jurassic was deposited on the eastern flank of a flexural forebulge; the basal Cretaceous unconformity is the result of eastward migration of the forebulge; the thick, Lower-middle Cretaceous succession represents the foredeep depozone; and the Upper Cretaceous–early Eocene embodies the syndepositionally deformed wedge-top depozone. Previous models that explain Middle-Late Jurassic stratigraphic patterns in terms of foredeep subsidence (alone) and a Late Jurassic hiatus in crustal shortening in the Cordilleran orogen are shown to be neither necessary nor supported by evidence from the Cordilleran hinterland.
A Field Test for the Cues of Disapause in a Freshwater Copepod

The freshwater calanoid copepod Diaptomus sanguineus switches each year in spring from making eggs that hatch immediately to making diapausing eggs that rest in lake sediments for an extended period. In lakes and ponds containing planktivorous fish, the timing of the switch is highly consistent between years and comes at the theoretically optimal time (late March) to avoid intense summer predation. In fishless ponds the timing comes 1—2 mo later. We investigate here the environmental cues used by the copepods to time the switch to diapause. Through the use of both field and laboratory manipulations, we show that temperature and photoperiod play central roles as diapause stimuli. A field manipulation of fish density failed to reveal either a direct induction of diapause or any more subtle effects of fish occurrence on diapause timing. The copepods made immediately hatching eggs under short—day or low—temperature conditions, and diapausing eggs under long days or high temperatures. There appears to be variation between individuals in their responses to temperature and photoperiod so that similar diapause phenologies are produced by different sensitivities to the environmental cues.
Gender role conflict, instrumentality, expressiveness, and well-being in adult men.

This study examined gender roles and gender role conflict in relation to a broad range of indices of psychological well-being in men. Eighty-eight community adult primarily white men (median age = 50) completed ten inventories assessing masculine role constructs and measures of psychological well-being. Whereas instrumentality continued to be the strongest correlate of traditional measures of well-being, the canonical analysis confirmed the Sharpe and Heppner 1991 study indicating that at least two roots or variates are needed to understand psychological well-being in men, and that expressivity and emotional well-being accounts for a third of the variance in adult men. The results also suggest a weak association between gender role conflict and psychological well-being. Implications and future research are discussed.
Novel studies of spin-polarized electrons emitted during grazing incidence ion reflection at magnetic surfaces

Abstract Using a new technique, spin-polarized electron emission spectroscopy (SPEES) and electron capture spectroscopy (ECS), the electron spin polarization (ESP) at the topmost surface layer of ferromagnetic materials is investigated. All surfaces are well characterized using AES, LEED, RHEED and STM. Nonzero ESP is found at remanently magnetized surfaces of atomically clean, amorphous Fe 80 B 20 and (110)-surface-oriented Ni picture-frame single crystals. The angle-resolved energy distribution of the ion-induced emitted electrons is strongly different from that of electron-induced secondary electrons and contains most valuable information on the surface magnetic structure of Ni(110) and on the spin dependence of various electronic transition processes occurring at surfaces. The ESP of electrons (energies between 9 and 12 eV) emitted during grazing-angle ion reflection amounts to + 5.5% which is close to the total net Ni-magnetization of +5.6%.
Feasibility of an accurate dynamic standard for water flow

Abstract We used NIST’s primary water flow standard to study the feasibility of accurately determining mass flow rates m of water “dynamically”, that is from the time derivative of the weight W of the collection tank: m D = ( d W / d t ) / g . When data for a constant flow in the range 10 kg/s m S 60 kg/s was averaged over 40 s, the average dynamic flow rate 〈 m D 〉 , agreed with the static standard m S within the noise, ( 〈 m D 〉 / m S − 1 ) = 0.00015 ± 0.00033 . (The uncertainty is the standard deviation of one measurement.) These results are consistent with arguments that d W / d t is only weakly sensitive to jet entering the collection tank and to the turbulence inside the tank. We conclude that further study of a dynamic flow standard for larger flows is justified. A dynamic standard can use a conventional diverter that is much simpler than the uni-directional diverter with collector/bypass unit that was designed and built for NIST’s primary, static standard.
Role of acid efflux during growth promotion of primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. by hormones and light.

The white-light-(WL) induced enlargement of dicotyledonous leaf cells is known to occur via an acid-growth mechanism; i.e., WL causes leaf cells to excrete protons which lead to an increase in wall extensibility and thus cell enlargement. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and N6-benzyladenine (BA) also induce leaf cell enlargement. To see if they also act via acid-induced cell wall loosening, a comparison has been made of WL-, GA3-and BA-induced growth of strips, taken from primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants raised in continuous red light for 10 d. White light, GA3 and BA all increased wall extensibility as measured by the Instron technique, and this change preceded the increase in growth rate. However, whereas WL induced significant proton excretion, neither GA3 nor BA caused any acidification of the apoplast. Furthermore, neutral buffers, which effectively inhibited the growth induced by WL, were without effect on growth promoted by either GA3 or BA. These results indicate that while WL, GA3 and BA all initiate growth in bean leaves by altering cell-wall properties, GA3 and BA do so through some wall loosening mechanism other than wall acidification. Neither gibberellin nor cytokinin is likely to play a major role in light-induced cell enlargement of dicotyledonous leaves.
Effect of young-of-the-year walleye (Percidae: Stizostedion vitreum) on plankton dynamics and water quality in ponds

To understand the impact of young-of-the-year (YOY) fish on food web dynamics and water quality, we stocked larval walleye (9 mm TL) (Stizostedion vitreum) in six experimental ponds using two fish densities (10 and 50 fish m−3) with three replicates. At high fish density, the average abundances of cladocerans and copepods and the Secchi depth were lower whereas abundances of rotifers and algae, gross primary productivity (GPP), pH and total phosphorus concentration were higher than at low fish density. Fish impact on bacterial abundance, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, however, was not significant. The within treatment measurements of all variables except GPP were significantly different over time. Our results indicate that YOY walleye predation at high density can affect plankton community by reducing large zooplankton biomass and water clarity, and increasing phytoplankton abundance. The impact of YOY piscivorous fish on plankton should be considered when biomanipulation is applied for improvement of water quality.
Gamma-ray sensitivity of oocytes of immature mice.

Sensitivity of oocytes of l0-day-old mice to radiationinduced cell death was estimated by counting surviving cells 72 hr after Co₆₀ gamma-ray exposures of 0, l, 3, 5, 7, l0, 15, and 25 r. An LD₅₀ of 8.4 r, with 95% confidence limits of 7.2 and 9.7 r has been estimated for stage I, and an LD₅₀ of 9.4 r, 95% confidence limits of 6.7 and l4.9 r, was obtained for stage 2 oocytes. Acute irradiation was more effective than chronic exposure in both young and adult females. After chronic exposure, survival is higher in the adult than for equivalent oocyte stages of young mice. This could result either from higher radiation sensitivity of oocytes of 7 to l4-day-old females, or from more efficient repair mechanisms in adult females. Oocytes in later stages of follicular development appeared to be more resistant in both immature and adult females. This result is in agreement with the fertility pattern of irradiated female mice and indicates highest resistance for more mature follicle stages. These data are discussed in relation to changes in fertility response of the mouse at different fetal and early postnatal oocyte stages. The possibility that radiation might have extremely severe effects onmore » the ovary at particularly sensitive periods of development in other species is emphasized. (auth)« less
Promotion of microtubule assembly in vitro by taxol

TAXOL (Fig. 1) was isolated from the plant Taxus brevifolia (western yew) by Wani et al., who reported that the molecule has antitumour activity in several experimental systems1. In our laboratory we have found that taxol, a low molecular weight neutral compound, completely inhibits division of exponentially growing HeLa cells at low concentrations of drug (0.25 µM) that have no significant effects on DNA, RNA or protein synthesis during a 4-h incubation with the cells. HeLa cells incubated with taxol for 20 h are blocked in late G2 and/or M (ref. 2). We report here that taxol acts as a promoter of calf brain microtubule assembly in vitro, in contrast to plant products such as colchicine and podophyllotoxin, which inhibit assembly. Taxol decreases the lag time for microtubule assembly and shifts the equilibrium for assembly in favour of the microtubule, thereby decreasing the critical concentration of tubulin required for assembly. Microtubules polymerised in the presence of taxol are resistant to depolymerisation by cold (4 °C) and CaCl2 (4 mM).
A business of medicine curriculum for medical students.

to be involved in curriculum organisation. As a result, the representatives designed the entire course for September 2001)September 2002. The representatives felt they had gained deep insight into their own learning needs and curriculum management skills. They found the experience liberating, although stressful at times. Such a bold intervention has not previously been described in the medical education literature. Although it requires a degree of risk taking by those charged with curriculum design, it engenders in adult learners a responsibility for their own learning and makes the curriculum dynamic and responsive.
Consensus in a Precambrian garden

At the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, the course of life on Earth underwent a dramatic change that culminated in the rise of predators and other complex animals, a group of paleontologists agreed at a conferece last week. Just prior to 590 million years ago, the ecology of life in the oceans was very simple; soft-shelled multicellular animals called Ediacara lived in apparent harmony with vast mats o f bacteria and algae that covered the seafloor, dependent on the photosynthesis or chemosynthesis of their one-celled hosts for their existence. According to the consensus reached by the scientists, this symbiotic and apparently global “Garden of Ediacara” fell early in the Cambrian Period, as the mats declined and food chains multiplied with new animals that, for the first time in Earth's history, preyed on other living things.
Interactivity Concepts Examined: Response Time, Hypertext, Role Taking, and Multimodality

This paper elaborates on the interactivity concept and theorizes the impact of this feature on new media message processing. The early part of this paper aims to solidify a conceptual definition of interactivity. To do so, it examines many interactive components of the new medium and discusses the potential value of current interactivity concepts. For relevant conceptualizations, potential interactions with other characteristics of the medium are also inspected. The latter part of the paper focused on the empirical evidence of interactivity concepts within the limited scope of human-computer interaction.
Mechanism of Voltage Gating in Potassium Channels

The mechanism of ion channel voltage gating-how channels open and close in response to voltage changes-has been debated since Hodgkin and Huxley's seminal discovery that the crux of nerve conduction is ion flow across cellular membranes. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we show how a voltage-gated potassium channel (KV) switches between activated and deactivated states. On deactivation, pore hydrophobic collapse rapidly halts ion flow. Subsequent voltage-sensing domain (VSD) relaxation, including inward, 15-angstrom S4-helix motion, completes the transition. On activation, outward S4 motion tightens the VSD-pore linker, perturbing linker-S6-helix packing. Fluctuations allow water, then potassium ions, to reenter the pore; linker-S6 repacking stabilizes the open pore. We propose a mechanistic model for the sodium/potassium/calcium voltage-gated ion channel superfamily that reconciles apparently conflicting experimental data.
“The revolt against war”; Jane Addams’ rhetorical challenge to the patriarchy

This article investigates Jane Addams’ July 9, 1915, address to Carnegie Hall as well as the contextual infrastructure of the presentation. Using elements of myth, the authors identify prominent themes in Addams’ address and in the criticism/context surrounding the speech. The threat Addams presented to prevalent myths, including contemporary understandings of the role of the soldier, nationalism, and patriarchal structure, provides a new perspective on the relationship between myth, culture and ideology.
Marital status and quality of life in patients with esophageal cancer or Barrett's esophagus: the mayo clinic esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus registry study.

Patients with esophageal carcinoma (EC) report deficits in quality of life (QOL), depending on the extent of malignant disease and the goals of treatment at the time of QOL measurement. To quantify the association of marital status and changes in QOL over time in patients with EC and patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). Eligible patients in the Mayo Clinic Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Barrett’s Esophagus Registry completed QOL assessments at baseline and approximately 1 year later. QOL was determined with a ten-point linear analog self-assessment scale evaluating overall QOL and 12 subscales. Overall, 489 BE patients and 212 EC patients were evaluated. Married EC patients reported higher baseline QOL in legal concerns (8.1 vs. 7.1; p = .04) and friend and family support (9.3 vs. 8.4; p = .02) than single EC patients. Over time, married EC patients had a decrease in pain frequency QOL compared to single EC patients (−0.9 vs. +0.6; p = .02), with other QOL measures being stable. Married BE patients showed higher social activity QOL at baseline than single BE patients (7.5 vs. 6.9; p = .02); QOL was stable over time between the marital status groups. Minor, but statistically significant, changes were reported regarding QOL in two categories at baseline and over time among married and single patients with EC. Minor differences may be present between married and single EC patients regarding spiritual QOL at baseline and in overall physical well-being QOL at baseline and over time, although these differences did not reach statistical significance.
The rate of MgADP binding to and dissociation from acto-S1

Abstract The rate of binding and dissociation of MgADP from its ternary complex with actin and S1 was measured by following the extent to which fixed concentrations of MgADP slow down MgATP-induced dissociation of acto-S1. The solution of the equations describing this process shows that at any MgADP concentration the apparent rate of acto-S1 dissociation should be proportional to a square root of the equilibrium constant for MgADP dissociation and to MgATP concentration. By measuring the apparent rate of acto-S1 dissociation as a function of MgATP concentration, the rate of MgADP binding and dissociation were determined as 5 · 10 6 M −1 · s −1 and 1400 s −1 , respectively. These rates were unchanged by modification of SH 1 thiol of S1 by a variety of fluorescence and spin-labels, but dissociation rate was drastically reduced when SH 1 was labelled with 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein.
Inverse reactions and the statistical evaporation model: Ingoing-wave boundary-condition and optical models.

The calculation of transmission coefficients for emitted particles is fundamental to applications of the statistical evaporation model for the decay of the compound nucleus. In this work we compare the usual type of optical-model calculation of transmission coefficients for neutron, proton, deuteron, triton, and alpha particles with corresponding ingoing-wave boundary-condition calculations. In the latter case the transmission coefficients simply give the probability for transmission through the real potential barrier. This comparison highlights features that are specific to the optical model such as transparency, shape resonances, and peripheral absorption. It also draws attention to the issue of whether simple barrier transmission coefficients are more appropriate for use in the statistical evaporation model.
Acquisition of materials from Third World countries for U.S. libraries

Abstract Several major problems are encountered by libraries and book dealers in acquiring materials from Third World countries. Some of the difficulties are beyond solution, but others can be ameliorated by sound library and dealer acquisition practices.
Ten-Year Trends in Cigarette Smoking among Young Adults, 1986–1996: The CARDIA Study

Abstract PURPOSE: To calculate ten-year smoking trends in a longitudinal cohort of young adults, and to characterize trends by race, sex, education, and birth cohort. METHODS: Data on cigarette smoking have been collected for ten years (1986–1996) from 5115 black and white men and women, aged 18–30 years, participating in the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Regression analysis adjusting for intra-person correlation over time and weighting for factors affecting follow-up was used to estimate change in smoking rates. RESULTS: Overall, smoking rates declined in white women (−0.50%/year, p p = 0.03). Rates remained stable in black women and increased in black men (0.37%/year, p = 0.01). Declining rates were generally observed in white women of all educational levels and birth cohorts and in several subgroups of white men. Increasing rates among black men could be attributed primarily to increasing rates in the youngest birth cohort. Among black men and women, prevalence of smoking in 1986 was considerably lower in the youngest birth cohort compared to the oldest; however, the increasing rates of change in smoking rates observed among the youngest birth cohorts (and decreasing rates in the oldest) lessened the disparity in prevalence rates across birth cohorts by 1996. Smoking initiation rates were highest among black men; cessation rates were highest among white women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm that declines in smoking prevalence are not occurring across all groups, and reveal populations in special need of targeted interventions, particularly young black men.
Changes in structure, composition, and nutrients during 15 years of hurricane-induced succession in a subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico.

The trajectory of hurricane-induced succession was evaluated in a network of forest plots measured immediately before and 3mo, 5, 10, and 15yr after the direct impact of a Category 4 hurricane. Comparisons of forest structure, composition, and aboveground nutrients pools were made through time, and between species, lifehistory groups and geomorphic settings. The hurricane reduced aboveground biomass by 50 percent, causing an immediate decrease in stem density and diversity indices among all geomorphic settings. After 15yr, basal area and aboveground biomass returned to pre-hurricane levels, while species richness, diversity indices, and stem densities exceeded pre-hurricane levels. Differences in species composition among geomorphic settings had not returned after 15yr but differences in stem densities and structure were beginning to emerge. Significant differences were observed in the nutrient concentration of the three species that comprised the most aboveground biomass, and between species categorized as secondary high-light species and primary, low-light species. Species whose abundance was negatively correlated with the mature forest dominant also had distinct nutrient concentrations. When total aboveground nutrient pools were compared over time, differences in leaf nutrients among species were hidden by similarities in wood nutrient concentrations and the biomass dominance of a few species. The observed successional trajectory indicates that changes in species composition contributed to fast recovery of aboveground biomass and nutrient pools, while the influence of geomorphic setting on species composition occurs at time scales 415yr of succession.
Partisan Competition and the Efficiency of Lawmaking in American State Legislatures, 1991-2009

Does partisan competition explain why some legislatures are more efficient at processing legislation than others? This article argues that legislative parties’ strategic incentives and capabilities...
Homeostatic Proliferation Plus Regulatory T-Cell Depletion Promotes Potent Rejection of B16 Melanoma

Purpose: To investigate the antitumor efficacy of T-cell anergy reversal through homeostatic proliferation and regulatory T-cell (Treg) depletion in a clinically relevant murine adoptive immunotherapy model. Experimental Design: B16 melanoma cells were engineered to express the model SIYRYYGL (SIY) antigen to enable immune monitoring. Tumor-specific T cells expanded in tumor-challenged wild-type hosts but became hyporesponsive. To examine whether lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation could reverse tumor-induced T-cell anergy, total splenic T cells were transferred into lymphopenic RAG2 −/− mice or control P14/RAG2 −/− mice. Tumor growth was measured, and SIY-specific immune responses were monitored using ELISPOT and SIY/K b tetramers. To determine whether Treg depletion could synergize with homeostatic proliferation, RAG2 −/− mice received total or CD25-depleted T cells, followed or preceded by B16.SIY challenge. This approach was further investigated in wild-type mice lymphodepleted with sublethal total body irradiation. Results: Adoptive transfer of total splenic T cells into RAG2 −/− mice moderately affected the growth rate of B16.SIY. As Treg expansion occurred in tumor-bearing mice, CD25 + T cells were depleted from total T cells before adoptive transfer. Interestingly, transfer of CD25-depleted T cells into RAG2 −/− mice resulted in potent rejection of B16 melanoma in both prophylactic and short-term preimplanted tumor settings and was associated with maintained T-cell effector function. Using a clinically applicable approach, wild-type mice were lymphodepleted using sublethal total body irradiation, which similarly supported tumor rejection upon transfer of CD25-depleted T cells. Conclusions: Our results indicate that combined CD25 depletion and homeostatic proliferation support a potent antitumor immune response—an approach with potential for clinical translation.
Beyond Path Dependence: Explaining Healthcare Reform and Its Consequences

This essay reviews recent developments in the field of health policy. It identifies a variety of frameworks brought forward to explain the enactment of health reform, including pivotal politics, path dependence, and multiple streams. It further identifies various challenges for the implementation of reform with a particular focus on state–federal relations and cost containment.
Immunomodulatory Effects of (n-3) Fatty Acids: Putative Link to Inflammation and Colon Cancer

Chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer are closely linked. Although the overall mechanisms of inflammation-associated gastrointestinal carcinogenesis are complex, it is clear that antiinflammatory therapy is efficacious against neoplastic progression and malignant conversion. From a dietary perspective, fish oil containing (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has antiinflammatory properties, but for years the mechanism has remained obscure. Of relevance to the immune system in the intestine, we showed that (n-3) PUFA feeding alters the balance between CD4+ T-helper (Th1 and Th2) subsets by directly suppressing Th1 cell development (i.e., clonal expansion). This is noteworthy because Th1 cells mediate inflammatory diseases and resistance to intracellular pathogens or allergic hypersensitivity, and Th2 cells mediate resistance to extracellular pathogens. Therefore, any changes induced by (n-3) PUFAs in T-cell subset balance and function are important because the outcome is expected to suppress the development of autoimmune diseases and possibly the occurrence of colon cancer. Precisely how the immunomodulatory effects of (n-3) PUFAs influence inflammation-associated colonic tumor development is the subject of an ongoing investigation.
Quality of Research Design Moderates Effects of Grade Retention on Achievement: A Meta-Analytic, Multilevel Analysis

The present meta-analysis examines the effect of grade retention on academic outcomes and investigates systemic sources of variability in effect sizes. Using multilevel modeling (MLM), the authors investigate characteristics of 207 effect sizes across 22 studies published between 1990 and 2007 at two levels: the study (between) and individual (within) levels. Design quality is a study-level variable. Individual-level variables are median grade retained and median number of years postretention. Quality of design is associated with less negative effects. Years postretention is negatively associated with retention effects, and this effect is stronger for studies using grade comparisons versus age comparisons. The results challenge the widely held view that retention has a negative impact on achievement. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Web 2.0 in teaching-learning multiculturalism

As the use of technology becomes widespread, more and more advancements are being created to enable people to participate interactively in many global societies. Web 2.0 is a new technology that has tremendous possibilities for social collaboration. Multicultural education has huge potential to help in the fight against racism, and to enable people to become active members of a democratic global society. It helps diverse students to gain the knowledge, develop the attitudes, and acquire the skills they need to take part in today's multicultural society. Based on many advanced, interactive, and interoperability features, Web 2.0 tools could be an appropriate media for users to build many virtual collaborative societies for free. Participants from different corners of the world are able to participate in virtual communities simultaneously to practice effective multiculturalism. This paper covers the feasibility of using Web 2.0 technologies in the teaching and learning of multiculturalism, and presents a conceptual framework for its effective implementation.
Pacific biosciences sequencing technology for genotyping and variation discovery in human data

Pacific Biosciences technology provides a fundamentally new data type that provides the potential to overcome some limitations of current next generation sequencing platforms by providing significantly longer reads, single molecule sequencing, low composition bias and an error profile that is orthogonal to other platforms. With these potential advantages in mind, we here evaluate the utility of the Pacific Biosciences RS platform for human medical amplicon resequencing projects. We evaluated the Pacific Biosciences technology for SNP discovery in medical resequencing projects using the Genome Analysis Toolkit, observing high sensitivity and specificity for calling differences in amplicons containing known true or false SNPs. We assessed data quality: most errors were indels (~14%) with few apparent miscalls (~1%). In this work, we define a custom data processing pipeline for Pacific Biosciences data for human data analysis. Critically, the error properties were largely free of the context-specific effects that affect other sequencing technologies. These data show excellent utility for follow-up validation and extension studies in human data and medical genetics projects, but can be extended to other organisms with a reference genome.
Few-body Studies at the High Intensity γ-Ray Source (HIγS)

The HIγ S facility is making it possible to perform studies of few body systems at a new level of accuracy and precision. A study of the photodisintegration of the deuteron using 100% linearly polarized beams at 14 and 16 MeV has determined the splittings of the three p-wave amplitudes involved in this process for the ﬁrst time. These results show that the relativistic contributions, which when included in the theory lead to a positive value of the GDH integrand above 8 MeV, are valid. The near threshold data on the photodisintegration of the deuteron provide results which are used to extract the forward spin-polarizability of the deuteron for the ﬁrst time. The experimental value is in good agreement with a recent eﬀective ﬁeld theory calculation. Measurements of the absolute diﬀerential cross section of the 3 He(γ ,n)pp reaction have been completed at three γ -ray energies. The measurements were made at incident γ-ray energies of 12.8, 13.5, and 14.7 MeV. It has been found that the shape of the outgoing neutron energy distribution at a given scattering angle at 12.8 MeV disagrees with current theoretical predictions. At these energies, the shape is consistent with a phase-space-only shape. At the higher energies, the measurements agree with theory.
RF plasma source for heavy ion beam charge neutralization

Highly ionized plasmas are being used as a medium for charge neutralizing heavy ion beams in order to focus the ion beam to a small spot size. A radio frequency (RF) plasma source has been built at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in support of the joint Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to study ion beam neutralization with plasma. The goal is to operate the source at pressures /spl sim/10/sup -5/ Torr at full ionization. The initial operation of the source has been at pressures of 10/sup -4/-10/sup -5/ Torr and electron densities in the range of 10/sup 8/-10/sup 11/ cm/sup -3/. Recently, pulsed operation of the source has enabled operation at pressures in the 10/sup -6/ Torr range with densities of 10/sup 11/ cm/sup -3/. Near 100% ionization has been achieved. The source has been integrated with the NTX facility and experiments have begun.
Deep brain stimulation, personal identity and policy

A range of implantable brain-interfacing devices (IBIDs) is currently in use and development for the treatment of movement disorders and disorders of mood, behaviour and thought. These include cochlear implants, deep brain stimulation (DBS), prosthetic limbs, and optogenetic interventions (the combined use of genetics and optics to control individual cells). While implantable non-brain devices, such as implantable cardioverter defibrillators, began receiving US Food and Drug Administration approval in 1980, the development of IBIDs is recent, with the approval of DBS for Parkinson's disease in 1997. The expansion in use of IBIDs from neurological to psychiatric conditions is even more recent, with current trials underway for a range of disorders including depression, OCD, addiction, Alzheimer's disease and Tourette's syndrome. Emerging applications of existing IBIDs and new devices in development differ from currently approved devices and applications in two potentially crucial ways: 1) They target conditions traditionally seen as psychiatric; and/or 2) They target and modify functions or traits tied closely to agency, personal identity and personhood. As such, understanding patients' and caregivers' conceptions of personal identity in the context of disease and treatment is important not only for the informed consent process, but also for questions of public policy.
Optimal Vibration Suppression of a Flexible Structure Using Piezoceramic Actuators

This paper presents the optimal linear quadratic regulator control scheme for vibration suppression of a flexible structure using piezoceramic actuators. The PZT patches are bonded near the fixed end of flexible steel cantilever beam. The dynamic model of the flexible steel cantilever beam is derived. The optimal linear quadratic regulator control is experimentally verified on a flexible beam using xPC Target real-time system, showing that it has satisfactory performance in vibration suppression. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods achieve effective vibration suppression results
ACS Chemical Neuroscience Molecule Spotlight on Telcagepant (MK-0974)

Telcagepant (MK-0974) is a novel calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist currently undergoing clinical trials for migraine (http://www.merck.com/research/pipeline/home.html). MK-0974 is currently being studied in phase III clinical trials.
Electro-Fluid Four-Way On-Off Pneumatic Valve

The development of an electro-fluid fourway on-off pneumatic valve is described. The design utilizes two permanent magnet valving elements between ferromagnetic nozzles; coils around the nozzles are energized to cause the permanent magnets to switch from one nozzle to the other. The valve can direct fluid flow to one of two loads alternately. It consumes electrical power during switching only; once the switch has been completed no further electrical power is required. Furthermore, the first stage of the valve only consumes air during switching, no steady state fluid power is consumed by this stage.
Implementation of precise interrupts in pipelined processors

An interrupt is precise if the saved process state corresponds with the sequential model of program execution where one instruction completes before the next begins. In a pipelined processor, precise interrupts are difficult to achieve because an instruction may be initiated before its predecessors have been completed. This paper describes and evaluates solutions to the precise interrupt problem in pipelined processors. The precise interrupt problem is first described. Then five solutions are discussed in detail. The first forces instructions to complete and modify the process state in architectural order. The other four allow instructions to complete in any order, but additional hardware is used so that a precise state can be restored when an interrupt occurs. All the methods are discussed in the context of a parallel pipeline struck sure. Simulation results based on the CRAY-1S scalar architecture are used to show that, at best, the first solution results in a performance degradation of about 16%. The remaining four solutions offer similar performance, and three of them result in as little as a 3% performance loss. Several extensions, including virtual memory and linear pipeline structures, are briefly discussed.
Annual Review of US Stock Market - Year 2011

The US stock market ended a mixed year 2011 on a flat note. The volatile swings during the year were mainly driven by the concerns and efforts to contain the debt crisis in Europe. The paper analyzes the performance of the major stock indices in US market for the year 2011 and compares it with the performance of the major world indices. The paper commences with the review of three main indexes namely Dow Jones, S&P 500 and Nasdaq Composite over the period Jan 2011 to Dec 2011. It also compares the different sectors of US equity market and analyzes the volatility and volume in the market during the same period.
The Trade-Offs from Pattern Bargaining

Pattern bargaining is a negotiating strategy that is often employed by industry-wide unions in oligopolistic industries to set wages. The conventional wisdom is that pattern bargaining "takes labor out of competition" and therefore softens bargaining between the union and firms, resulting in higher industry wide wages. However, this does not explain why firms agree to pattern bargaining. We introduce a dynamic model in which the agents face uncertainty about the relative product-market positions of the firms and compare the trade-offs involved in adopting different bargaining mechanisms. We show that with sufficient heterogeneity in non-labor costs, there are situations in which both the union and the firms prefer pattern bargaining. We also show that in such situations, the adoption of pattern bargaining harms consumers. This provides an explanation as to how pattern bargaining can arise in equilibrium and why there is often strong political opposition to it.
A fully automated portable gas chromatography system for sensitive and rapid quantification of volatile organic compounds in water

This paper presents the design, assembly and characterization of a fully automated portable gas chromatography system coupled with a purge-and-trap system for the sensitive and rapid field analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water samples. The VOCs were firstly purged by helium gas in the micro-fabricated preconcentrator/injector and then injected into the downstream capillary column and photoionization detector for separation and detection. The purge-and-trap conditions were optimized to efficiently extract VOCs from water samples. The calibration of 6 VOCs with concentrations ranging from 1 μg L−1 to 500 μg L−1 showed excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99). Detection limits (3σ) of sub-μg L−1 (or sub-parts-per-billion level) were achieved, which are orders of magnitude lower than the maximum contaminant level (MCL) established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The separation of 26 analytes (in a vapor pressure range from 0.087 Torr to 180 Torr) in a water sample in less than 15 minutes was also demonstrated. Finally, the optimized system was applied to field analysis of a groundwater sample in an environmental remediation site. The quantified results agreed well with those obtained by an analytical lab using standard analytical methods and instruments. Our system offers a lab-on-a-chip solution for sensitive and rapid water analysis compliant with the EPA sample collection method. It will have a wide range of applications in environmental monitoring, industries and healthcare.
ANALYSIS ON DYNAMIC GAMES OF SUPERVISION OF COMMERCIAL BANKS'CORRUPTION

Financial corruption exists prevailingly in China, and the violating operations in banking have nearly been a "standardized dealing . Through solving a two-stage dynamic game, the paper reaches the following conclusions. First, because of the steep rise on the cost, it is not advisable to intensify the force of supervision. Second, it is better to enhance the probability of penalization. Finally, another effective method is to shorten the time lag.
The Principle of the Work of the Indraught of the Foreign Brains in the Higher Learning

The principle of the indraught of the foreign brains in the higher learning includes six aspects: serving our development of the colleges and universities;retaining the foreign experts according to our demand;the professors being the principal part of the work;benefiting both sides from the work and avoiding the harm;digesting,absorbing,improving,and innovating;in pursuit of the efficiency of the work.
1033 Reducing secondary injury of farmers with disabilities when using tractors: technology

Background Farmers are very resilient and resourceful. After experiencing an injury that limits their mobility, they will often fabricate an adaptation that will enable them to return to farming. A review of homemade and commercial assistive technology products will be shown. The discussion will include the pros and cons of the different solutions in relation to re-injury and secondary injury. Methods Through a project that assists farmers with disabilities and chronic health conditions, we have aided over 150 individuals to date with worksite accommodations and modifications. Once a farmer enters the program, a worksite assessment is completed that analyses tasks necessary to perform their job. After reviewing how the tasks are currently being performed, recommendations are made for safer and more effective alternatives that often involve adaptive equipment. Results Farmers, when faced with disabilities and chronic health conditions, are very resourceful and will find creative ways to complete their tasks. However, many of these solutions may not be the safest alternative and often commercial solutions are more effective. The majority of the farmers in the project were unaware of technologies available to them. Implementation of the recommended solutions indicated a reduction of re-injury and the occurrence of secondary injuries. Conclusions Farmers with disabilities and service professionals need to be aware of the various assistive technologies available. By using proper adaptive equipment and implementing worksite modifications, farmers can safely do many of the tasks they did before their illness or injury.
The impact of smoking cues in antismoking messages among intermittent and light smokers

Objective: Based on the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing, this study explored the effects of smoking cues in antismoking Public Service Announcements (PSAs) on message processing among intermittent/light smokers and nonsmokers.Method: A 2 (smoking cues: present vs. absent) × 2 (smoking status: smokers vs. nonsmokers) mixed experimental design was conducted. Self-report measures and two physiological measures including skin conductance and heart rate were examined.Results: Messages with smoking cues generated higher levels of arousal (F = 4.57, p = .04), attention (F = 2.51, p = .04), positive message evaluation (F = 28.70, p < .001) and less intent to smoke (F = 26.60, p < .001). Intermittent and light smokers had much stronger reactions to messages containing tobacco-related visuals, including arousal (F = 4.10, p = .04), perceived ad effectiveness (F = 9.24, p = .03) and intent to smoke (F = 22.98, p < .001).Implication: The antismoking arguments may have suppressed cue-in...
Decreased Urethral Volume Is Comparable to Funneling as a Predictor of Intrinsic Sphincter Deficiency.

Objectives The aims of this study were to determine the association between x-ray funneling and ultrasound urethral sphincter complex measurements and to compare the reliability of funneling versus urethral volume measurement in the detection of intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). Methods This was a retrospective analysis, which included 54 stress incontinent women dichotomized into those with (1) ISD and (2) no ISD. The presence of bladder neck funneling was diagnosed by fluoroscopic images obtained at the time of video-urodynamics testing. Measurements of the urethral sphincter complex were obtained from ultrasound volumes. Reliability measures were obtained for both funneling and urethral volume measurements. Results Rhabdomyosphincter length and area were found to be smaller in patients with funneling compared with those with no funneling (P = 0.0161, P = 0.0359). The urethral volume was significantly smaller in the ISD versus no-ISD group (P = 0.0002). For those who had funneling, the ISD group had smaller urethral volume compared with the no-ISD group (P = 0.0019). For those who did not have funneling, the ISD group still had a smaller urethral volume compared with the no-ISD group (P = 0.0054). An ultrasound urethral volume of less than 3.5 cm had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 64% for the presence of ISD, whereas x-ray funneling had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 73%. Conclusions Smaller rhabdomyosphincter length and area on ultrasound are associated with x-ray funneling. Ultrasound urethral volume of 3.5 cm as a cutoff provides the same reliability as x-ray funneling for the diagnosis of ISD.
Three-dimensional collagen matrix induces a mechanosensitive invasive epithelial phenotype

A critical step in breast cancer progression is local tissue invasion, during which cells pass from the epithelial compartment to the stromal compartment. We recently showed that malignant leader cells can promote the invasion of otherwise non-invasive epithelial follower cells, but the effects of this induced-invasion phenomenon on follower cell phenotype remain unclear. Notably, this process can expose epithelial cells to the stromal extracellular matrix (ECM), which is distinct from the ECM within the normal epithelial microenvironment. Here, we used a 3D epithelial morphogenesis model in which cells were cultured in biochemically and mechanically defined matrices to examine matrix-mediated gene expression and the associated phenotypic response. We found that 3D collagen matrix promoted expression of mesenchymal genes including MT1-MMP, which was required for collagen-stimulated invasive behavior. Epithelial invasion required matrix anchorage as well as signaling through Src, PI3K, and Rac1, and increasingly stiff collagen promoted dispersive epithelial cell invasion. These results suggest that leader cell-facilitated access to the stromal ECM may trigger an invasive phenotype in follower epithelial cells that could enable them to actively participate in local tissue invasion.
Proximal methylation features associated with nonrandom changes in gene body methylation

Gene body methylation at CG dinucleotides is a widely conserved feature of methylated genomes but remains poorly understood. The Arabidopsis thaliana strain Cvi has depleted gene body methylation relative to the reference strain Col. Here, we leverage this natural epigenetic difference to investigate gene body methylation stability. Recombinant inbred lines derived from Col and Cvi were used to examine the transmission of distinct gene body methylation states. The vast majority of genic CG methylation patterns are faithfully transmitted over nine generations according to parental genotype, with only 1–4% of CGs either losing or gaining methylation relative to the parent. Genic CGs that fail to maintain the parental methylation state are shared among independent lines, suggesting that these are not random occurrences. We use a logistic regression framework to identify features that best predict sites that fail to maintain parental methylation state. Intermediate levels of CG methylation around a dynamic CG site and high methylation variability across many A. thaliana strains at that site are the strongest predictors. These data suggest that the dynamic CGs we identify are not specific to the Col–Cvi recombinant inbred lines but have an epigenetic state that is inherently less stable within the A. thaliana species. Extending this, variably methylated genic CGs in maize and Brachypodium distachyon are also associated with intermediate local CG methylation. These results provide new insights into the features determining the inheritance of gene body methylation and demonstrate that two different methylation equilibria can be maintained within single individuals.