cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of coffee, and tea to anemia among NHANES II participants

Abstract The association of coffee and tea consumption to anemia was investigated among 11,684 19 to 74 year old NHANES II participants. Anemia was assessed among 5.3% of the subjects when 2 of the 4 haematologic parameters (TS, EP, MCV, Hb) were below the acceptable value. Two logistic regression models were tested to examine the relationship between the probability of anemia and coffee and tea consumption when controlling for other dietary variables and demographic factors. Model one examined the relationship between coffee and tea consumption when dietary variables (iron and ascorbic acid), and age and sex were included. Contrary to laboratory findings of positive association between tea and coffee intake and anemia, average daily consumption of 3.7 cups of tea and coffee was significantly (P
Discriminating Dyes in Soil with Color Image Analysis

Dyes are useful tools for revealing flow patterns, but because analysis of dyes is time-consuming and often only qualitative, soil scientists have not used them to their full advantage. We developed a method for discriminating dyed from undyed soil in the field and for determining the dye concentration from point to point. The method requires a 35-mm camera, a specially constructed camera stand for uniform illumination during field work, and a color scanner. Working with Brilliant Blue FCF dye on a gray (chroma of one) soil, we determined dye concentrations 2.0 g L -1 , analysis was more problematic due to dye precipitating out of solution onto the soil surface, but we obtained an r 2 of 0.70. Use of this method allows convenient and rapid quantitative analysis of dye concentration and other color contrast patterns.
The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in patients undergoing echocardiography for clinical reason.

Abstract Background The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) has been reported to be 2.4% according to the Framingham Heart Study. However larger trials have found the prevalence of MVP to be less than 1.5%. We studied the prevalence of MVP using a large echocardiographic database. Method We retrospectively analyzed 24,265 echocardiograms performed between 1984 and 1998 for clinical reason. The total prevalence of MVP was calculated and stratified based on gender. Results The database included 12,926 female and 11,339 male patients. The echocardiographic prevalence of MVP was 0.4% in females and 0.7% in males. The prevalence was 0.6% overall. Conclusion In the largest sample studied to date, the prevalence of MVP was lower than what was previously reported, with similar findings in both genders.
In Situ Phylogenetic Structure and Diversity of Wild Bradyrhizobium Communities

Bacteria often infect their hosts from environmental sources, but little is known about how environmental and host-infecting populations are related. Here, phylogenetic clustering and diversity were investigated in a natural community of rhizobial bacteria from the genus Bradyrhizobium. These bacteria live in the soil and also form beneficial root nodule symbioses with legumes, including those in the genus Lotus. Two hundred eighty pure cultures of Bradyrhizobium bacteria were isolated and genotyped from wild hosts, including Lotus angustissimus, Lotus heermannii, Lotus micranthus, and Lotus strigosus. Bacteria were cultured directly from symbiotic nodules and from two microenvironments on the soil-root interface: root tips and mature (old) root surfaces. Bayesian phylogenies of Bradyrhizobium isolates were reconstructed using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the structure of phylogenetic relatedness among bacteria was examined by host species and microenvironment. Inoculation assays were performed to confirm the nodulation status of a subset of isolates. Most recovered rhizobial genotypes were unique and found only in root surface communities, where little bacterial population genetic structure was detected among hosts. Conversely, most nodule isolates could be classified into several related, hyper-abundant genotypes that were phylogenetically clustered within host species. This pattern suggests that host infection provides ample rewards to symbiotic bacteria but that host specificity can strongly structure only a small subset of the rhizobial community.
Gender differences in the health related quality of life of older adults with heart failure

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to explore whether gender differences exist in health-related quality of life for older adult men and women with heart failure. Design A secondary data analysis was conducted on an existing dataset of heart failure patients. The original study used an exploratory, correlational longitudinal design. Subjects 138 subjects (69 men and 69 women) with heart failure completed both data points of the study. Results Men and women were similar on the number and types of heart failure-related symptoms they experienced. Twenty-seven percent of the subjects could be classified as depressed. The men had better physical functioning than the women did with gender making a greater contribution to physical functioning than age or marital status. Twenty-three percent of the subjects were rehospitalized 4 to 6 weeks after the initial hospital discharge. Conclusions This study showed that the health related quality of life for older men and women with heart failure is significantly impacted by heart failure. Older men and women have similar heart failure symptoms, depression, and rehospitalization following a hospital admission for heart failure. Both older men and older women with heart failure have impairments in their physical functioning with older women more physically impaired than older men.
The Endocannabinoid System: Potential for Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk

Obesity is associated with increased risk for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (1). Recent studies indicate that the body protects itself from weight loss by lowering energy expenditure (2,3). Both energy consumption and energy expenditure are regulated by hormones from a number of organs that act on the brain, as well as neural signals emanating from the brain itself. The adipocyte-derived protein, leptin, is an adiposity signal that reduces food intake by activating leptin receptors in the hypothalamus (4,5). Gut-derived hormones, such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and ghrelin, act in concert with central mechanisms to regulate food intake (6). Other hormones and substrates, including insulin and fatty acids, modulate satiety and hunger by crossing the blood–brain barrier and signaling metabolic pathways in the hindbrain and hypothalamus (7). Lifestyle modification is the initial intervention for obesity, with emphasis on reducing calorie intake and increasing physical activity; pharmacotherapy may be indicated for certain cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors (8). Weight-loss pharmacotherapy is recommended when BMI is ≥27 in the presence of obesity-related risk factors and when BMI is ≥30 in the absence of associated risk factors (1,9). This review focuses on the link between the biology of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 receptor) system and body-weight regulation, as well as clinical data from studies of the first CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant.
Structure and Relative Thermal Stability of Mesoporous (La,Sr)MnO3 Powders Prepared Using Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly Methods

LaMnO3 and (La,Sr)MnO3 were prepared as mesoporous powders using sol-gel methods that incorporated evaporation-induced self-assembly of surfactants as structure-directing agents. The precursor and surfactant concentrations, surfactant character (mainly molecular weight), aging humidity, and annealing temperature were all found to influence the specific surface area of the powders, which were maximized at 50 and 46 m2/g for LaMnO3 and (La,Sr)MnO3, respectively. Increased metal nitrate contents in the initial sol composition and increased relative humidity during aging led to products having increased specific surface areas owing to increased mesoporosity. The lower molecular weight surfactant CTAB was found to generate higher specific surface area powders than those generated using the larger molecular weight nonionic surfactants P-123 and F-127. On the other hand, the relative thermal stability of the mesoporous powders, annealed at 750°C for 100 h, increased with the molecular weight of surfactant. Mesoporous powders having promising thermal stability and surface areas in the 20–25 m2/g range were easily obtainable using P-123 and F-127, indicating that high surface area electrocatalysts with mesoporous microstructures can be prepared for high temperature applications.
explaining the present: theoretical dilemmas in processual ethnography

1987 American Ethnological Society Distinguished Lecture, presented at the Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas
Novel Method to Quantify Neuropil Threads in Brains from Elders With or Without Cognitive Impairment

Pathological alterations in dendrites and axons (i.e., neuritic pathologies) occur in the normal aging brain as well as in brains from elders with mild cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative dementia. These alterations may correlate with clinical measures of cognitive abilities, but the contribution of neuropil threads (NTs), which constitute 85-90% of cortical tau pathology, has not been clear because of the lack of quantitative methodologies. We combined quantitative fractionation and image analysis to devise a strategy for measuring the burden of tau-rich NTs in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex of brains from elders with and without cognitive impairment, including dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the basis of data presented here using this novel strategy, we conclude that this quantitative imaging technique will facilitate efforts to determine the behavioral correlations of neuritic lesions in AD and other brain disorders.
Learning Semantic Correspondences with Less Supervision

A central problem in grounded language acquisition is learning the correspondences between a rich world state and a stream of text which references that world state. To deal with the high degree of ambiguity present in this setting, we present a generative model that simultaneously segments the text into utterances and maps each utterance to a meaning representation grounded in the world state. We show that our model generalizes across three domains of increasing difficulty---Robocup sportscasting, weather forecasts (a new domain), and NFL recaps.
Provenance-driven data dissemination in disruption tolerant networks

Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are characterized by low node density, unpredictable node mobility and lack of global network information. Most of the current research efforts in DTNs focus on data forwarding, but only limited work has examined the problem of providing effective access of fused information to mobile users. In this paper, we examine a QoI metric — provenance (“to come from”) — which enables a user to establish trust in an information product that is obtained by fusing raw data from one or more information sources (with varying degrees of trust). In particular, we examine a semi-ring model for provenance that allows us to quantify and compare “provenance levels” and propose a novel approach to support provenance queries in DTNs using a cooperative in-network caching approach. To address the challenges of opportunistic network connectivity in DTNs, our basic idea is to intentionally cache both data and its provenance at a set of Network Central Locations (NCLs), which can be easily accessed by other nodes in the network. We propose an effective scheme which ensures appropriate NCL selection based on a probabilistic selection metric, and furthermore coordinate multiple caching nodes to optimize the tradeoff between quality (provenance level), data accessibility and caching overhead. By extensive trace-driven simulations, we show that our proposed caching scheme significantly improves the performance of data access, in terms of the provenance level and data access delay, compared to existing schemes.
Silicon nanowires as photoelectrodes for carbon dioxide fixation.

Natural photosynthesis harvests the energy in solar light to power chemical reactions and uses CO2 as the carbon source. Because light as an energy source is free and abundant, chemical reactions similar to photosynthesis have major fundamental and practical implications.[1-2] Indeed, significant efforts have been attracted to this research goal. The majority of attention for photochemical reactions that transform CO2 have focused primarily on conversion into fuels.[3-4] How to learn from photosynthesis and devise reaction routes for the synthesis of useful organic compounds receives relatively underwhelmed considerations.[5] Drawing inspiration from the mechanisms found in dark reactions of photosynthesis and using p-type Si nanowires as a photocathode, here we show that highly specific reactions can be readily carried out to produce α-hydroxy acids by photoreduction of aromatic ketones, followed by CO2 fixation. Powered by solar light, this reaction is in close resemblance to natural photosynthesis, and different from its electrochemical analogues. The carboxylation products of two of the substrates examined in this communication serve as precursors to nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID), ibuprofen and naproxen.[6]
Retrospective evaluation of inhaled prostaglandins in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Study Objectives. To determine whether use of inhaled alprostadil (PGE1) or epoprostenol (PGI2) significantly improved oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and to determine whether differences between the two drugs exist with regard to oxygenation, duration of mechanical ventilation and hospitalization, adverse effects, and survival. Design. Retrospective chart review. Setting. A 360-bed tertiary care teaching facility with medical and surgical intensive care units. Patients. Twenty-seven patients admitted to the hospital who received either PGI2 or PGE1 for a primary or secondary diagnosis of ARDS. Measurements and Main Results. Seventeen patients received inhaled PGE1 and 10 received inhaled PGI2. There were no significant changes in the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2):fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and in the PaO2, from baseline to any time point that was analyzed during treatment, for patients receiving either PGE1 (p=0.2120 and 0.3399, respectively) or PGI2 (p=0.1655 and 0.0784, respectively). Conclusion. No statistically significant improvement in oxygenation was observed in patients receiving either PGE1 or PGI2. In addition, no significant differences were found between the two prostaglandins for the variables studied. Until positive results from large, prospective studies are available, we recommend that these inhaled prostaglandins not be used to treat ARDS.
In vivo effects of sex hormones on aortic elastin and collagen dynamics in castrated and intact male rats.

The effect of estradiol and testosterone on aortic elastin and collagen dynamics was studied in five groups of male rats treated as follows: Group I, castrated, cottonseed oil; Group II, castrated, testosterone; Group III, castrated, estradiol; Group IV, intact, cottonseed oil; Group V, intact, estradiol. After 3 weeks of treatment 25 μCi [14C]proline was injected intraperitoneally into each rat and rats from each group were killed at 3 h and 3 weeks. Specific activity of hydroxyproline in both elastin and collagen of aortas was determined. In elastin, testosterone and estradiol caused a decrease in specific activity from 3 h to 3 weeks in Groups II through V, as compared to castrated oil treated rats of Group I. In collagen, specific activity declined in Groups II, III, and V, as compared to Groups I and IV. Specific activity of hydroxyproline in elastin and collagen from the castrated, oil-treated rats did not change between 3 h and 3 weeks. The most marked and significant effects were seen in the aorta...
ATHENIAN ATIMIA AND LEGISLATION AGAINST TYRANNY AND SUBVERSION

Following the idea first expressed by Heinrich Swoboda, there is a general perception that the meaning of ἀτιμία in Athens eventually evolved from the original ‘outlawry’, when an ἄτιμος was liable to being deprived of his property and slayed with impunity if he returned to the land from which he had been banished, into a certain limitation on civic status, which has often been rendered as a ‘disfranchisement’. Specific outcomes of this later form of ἀτιμία varied depending on the dating and circumstances of individual cases, thereby giving rise to theories of a so-called full – or ‘total’ – and partial ἀτιμία. Still, whether it was viewed as ‘full’ or ‘partial’, this ἀτιμία did not inflict the death penalty. The precise dating of the transformation of ἀτιμία has also been debated, with opinions ranging from pre-Solonian times (L'Homme-Wery) to the late sixth (Swoboda, Hansen, Manville) or the late fifth century (Scafuro). While the exact dating is unknown, this transformation was definitely over in the fifth century, when inscriptions and literary texts mentioned punishment by ἀτιμία alongside the death penalty and the confiscation of property. Thus, according to Raphael Sealey, ἀτιμία evolved ‘from a more severe to a milder sense’, and Alick R.W. Harrison pointed to the evidence that, by the fourth century, any willing Athenian could seize an ἄτιμος who happened to be in Athenian territory and surrender him to the θeσμοθέται, instead of killing him.
Factors Controlling Photosynthetic Productivity in a Population of Cladophora Fracta (Chlorophyta)

A abstract. Cladophora fracta is the dominant filamentous alga in the littoral zone of Shoe Lake, Oakland County, Michigan. Seasonal and diurnal in situ productivity studies were combined with perturbations of several environmental parameters conducted in situ and in the laboratory to determine the factors that control primary productivity in this population. In situ net photosynthetic carbon fixation ranged from 0.26 to 5.39 mg g-1-h-1, with seasonal maxima in spring and fall and diurnal patterns generally, but not always, correlating with daily insolation patterns. Phosphorus and nitrogen were above limiting concentrations throughout the year, and C. fracta was unresponsive to experimental P and N enrichments. The seasonal productivity correlated most strongly with total alkalinity (inorganic carbon content) and pH, and experimental enrichment of inorganic carbon stimulated photosynthesis during the summer. C. fracta was characterized in the laboratory as basically a C3 plant on the basis of very low levels of C4 acids in early 14C photosynthetic products and light saturation of photosynthesis below 30 klx. In situ experiments showed oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis, but photorespiration was not directly demonstrable by evaluation of 14CO2 release, and the CO2 compensation point was low. Release of organic photosynthate was stimulated by high oxygen, but the effect was maximal during spring and fall growth peaks rather than in the summer. Optimal photoperiod was experimentally determined to be relatively short (8 h), which correlated with the fall and spring maxima in productivity and carbon availability. Temperature in situ was below the experimentally determined optimum for photosynthesis in both spring and summer, and was associated with daily patterns of photosynthesis more closely than with the seasonal pattern. Epiphytic flora on C. Jracta reduced organic carbon release to a small extent and contributed to a slight enhancement of community productivity. The productivity of C. fracta during the ice-free growing season in Shoe Lake appears to be limited principally by inorganic carbon and by oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. C.fracta competes significantly on the basis of rapid growth capability early in the season coincident with maximal carbon availability and later possibly by minimization of photorespiration.
The lognormal distribution as a model for bio-optical variability in the sea

The lognormal distribution is presented as a useful model for bio-optical variability at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A parametric statistical framework is presented for using the lognormal model to assess the effects of heterogeneity and scale on closure. Variability at small scales affects but is unresolved by large-scale measurements. An assumed lognormal distribution allows one to integrate over small-scale variability to predict large-scale measurements. Examples are presented to demonstrate how knowledge of the variance can be incorporated into models to relate measurements made at different scales.
How Well Do Physicians Use Electronic Information Retrieval Systems?: A Framework for Investigation and Systematic Review

Objective.—Despite the proliferation of electronic information retrieval (IR) systems for physicians, their effectiveness has not been well assessed. The purpose of this review is to provide a conceptual framework and to apply the results of previous studies to this framework.Data Sources.—All sources of medical informatics and information science literature, including MEDLINE, along with bibliographies of textbooks in these areas, were searched from 1966 to January 1998.Study Selection.—All articles presenting either classifications of evaluation studies or their results, with an emphasis on those studying use by physicians.Data Extraction.—A framework for evaluation was developed, consisting of frequency of use, purpose of use, user satisfaction, searching utility, search failure, and outcomes. All studies were then assessed based on the framework.Data Synthesis.—Due to the heterogeneity and simplistic study designs, no meta-analysis of studies could be done. General conclusions were drawn from data where appropriate. A total of 47 articles were found to include an evaluation component and were used to develop the framework. Of these, 21 articles met the inclusion criteria for 1 or more of the categories in the framework. Most use of IR systems by physicians still occurs with bibliographic rather than full-text databases. Overall use of IR systems occurs just 0.3 to 9 times per physician per month, whereas physicians have 2 unanswered questions for every 3 patients.Conclusions.—Studies comparing IR systems with different searching features have not shown that advanced searching methods are significantly more effective than simple text word methods. Most searches retrieve only one fourth to one half of the relevant articles on a given topic and, once retrieved, little is known about how these articles are interpreted or applied. These studies imply that further research and development are needed to improve system utility and performance.
Rethinking Standing in Patent Challenges

Patents have become a serious business risk. They issue from the Patent and Trademark Office in record-breaking quantity and are aggressively enforced by patent trolls. But many patents are likely to be invalid; and even those which are valid are likely to be narrower than their owners claim. Firms investing in innovation would find it desirable to clear their respective fields of invalid or overbroad patents prior to making their investments, and there is great social value in reducing the number of such patents. But the path to determining the validity or scope of issued patents runs through the courts, and in recent years the Federal Circuit has developed special standing rules for patent challengers that allow access to the courts only when it appears that an infringement suit is temporally or legally proximate. In this Article, I criticize this “proximity” criterion on conceptual, doctrinal, and normative grounds and provide a comprehensive account of standing to challenge the scope and validity of patents. Conceptually, I argue that because patents are a form of regulation, their effects sweep more broadly than the Federal Circuit currently appreciates. When the risk of infringement liability deters business and investment activities, the affected parties can bring a “quiet title” action to obtain certainty about the validity or scope of adverse patents. I then argue as a doctrinal matter that there is no reason to treat patent challenges differently from other cases. Applying traditional principles of constitutional and prudential standing broadens the range of potential plaintiffs. Finally, I justify this result on normative grounds because the Federal Circuit’s restrictive approach creates a misalignment between those who have incentives to challenge patents and those who have access to the courts. Allowing challenges by a broader range of plaintiffs will result in more socially valuable validity litigation.
Performance Engineering and Management Method — A Holistic Approach to Performance Engineering

Experience has shown that there is no one “silver bullet” for achieving acceptable performance in IT solutions. Early performance models help us ask the right questions but may not be as accurate as we would like in predicting future performance and capacity utilization. Performance testing of the solution once it is built gives us more accurate information, but may occur too late in the life cycle to permit fixing persistent performance problems in a timely manner. The Performance Engineering and Management Method (PEMM), first proposed by IBM in 1998, integrates these and other techniques into the Information Technology (IT) solution development life cycle, yielding a more comprehensive approach to addressing the risks related to IT performance, capacity and scalability. This paper provides an overview of the major themes of PEMM, including examples of its application and potential synergy to be gained by combining PEMM with other disciplines such as Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL ) Capacity Management.
Epithelial downgrowth after clear cornea phacoemulsification. Report of Two cases and review of the literature

Abstract Objective To report two cases of diffuse epithelial downgrowth after clear cornea phacoemulsification and to review the different treatment options for this ominous disease. Design Two interventional case reports. Methods Retrospective review of two eyes from two different patients in whom epithelial downgrowth developed 7 and 3 months after uneventful clear cornea phacoemulsification. In the first case, the epithelial invasion seemed to be growing from the temporal incision site onto the corneal endothelium toward the visual axis. Cryotherapy was applied to the affected cornea, with control of the growing membrane. A penetrating keratoplasty was performed to restore visual function. In the second patient, the membrane was attached to the iris and posterior cornea and was confirmed by diagnostic argon laser photocoagulation. This case was surgically treated with en bloc excision and a corneoscleral graft. Main outcome measures Visual acuity at the final follow-up visit. Results Surgical treatment of the epithelial downgrowth was different for both patients. In the postoperative period, a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/60 and 20/30 was achieved in each case. No regrowth of the membrane was observed. Conclusions Treatment of epithelial downgrowth is controversial. We present two cases of epithelialization of the anterior chamber with either clinical or histologic confirmation after clear cornea sutureless phacoemulsification. Surgical treatment should be attempted promptly to obtain a good visual prognosis.
Comparing and contrasting White and African American participants' lived experiences in drug court

ABSTRACTDrug courts are designed to offer treatment in lieu of incarceration for nonviolent offenders who have substance use disorders. Recent evidence has suggested the African American participants are less likely to graduate drug court than their White counterparts. This qualitative study interviewed 38 participants from a midwestern drug court to compare and contrast Whites' (n = 22) and African Americans' (n = 16) lived experiences in the program in order to learn about the factors that may contribute to racial disparities in outcomes. Findings suggest that both White and African American participants felt that the drug court team was supportive and compassionate and wanted them to succeed in the program. White participants found managing the demands of drug court with other obligations they had to be a noticeable challenge, and they also reported continued alcohol use in the program even though the program required total abstinence. African Americans were most critical of the quality of substance ab...
Sacred violence or strategic faith? Disentangling the relationship between religion and violence in armed conflict

Why are religious conflicts more violent than non-religious conflicts? Research has argued that religion pushes partisans toward violence. However, existing research suffers from widespread problems of measurement validity and fails to confront the possibility of endogeneity in the relationship between religion and violence. This article develops a more precise measure of the relevance of religion to conflict based on the use of religious rhetoric by political organizations. With this approach in mind, this article disentangles the causal sequence linking religious rhetoric and violence using annually coded data on the rhetoric of 495 organizations worldwide from 1970 through 2012. The analysis finds a strong general correlation between religious rhetoric and violence. However, past use of religious rhetoric does not increase the likelihood that an organization will participate in violence or the overall intensity of conflict. On the contrary, previous participation in violence makes an organization more ...
Impacts of the Diurnal Radiation Cycle on the Formation, Intensity, and Structure of Hurricane Edouard (2014)

AbstractThis work examines the impacts of the diurnally varying radiation cycle on the formation, intensity, structure, and track of Hurricane Edouard (2014) at different stages of its life cycle through convection-permitting simulations. During the formation stage, nighttime destabilization through radiative cooling may promote deep moist convection that eventually leads to the genesis of the storm, while a tropical cyclone fails to develop in the absence of the night phase despite a strong incipient vortex under moderately strong vertical wind shear. The nighttime radiative cooling further enhances the primary vortex before the storm undergoes rapid intensification. Thereafter, the nighttime radiative cooling mainly increases convective activities outside of the primary eyewall that lead to stronger/broader rainbands and larger storm size during the mature stage of the hurricane; there is, however, less impact on the hurricane’s peak intensity in terms of maximum 10-m surface wind speed. The control for...
Abstract A86: Psychosocial and genetic determinants of cigarette experimentation in Mexican heritage youth

Mexican American youth have the highest rates of smoking experimentation. We have previously confirmed several psychosocial factors including cognitive susceptibility to smoking, outcome expectations, risk taking tendencies, family influence and demographic characteristics, as risk factors for experimentation in these youth. In this study, we evaluated the incremental value of adding select variants of two candidate genes in the dopamine pathway implicated in the smoking phenotype. Participants were Mexican origin youth recruited from a large population‐based cohort study in Houston, TX, who provided prospective data on cigarette experimentation yearly for five years. Psychosocial data on family influence, risk taking tendencies and outcome expectations were elicited at two time points‐baseline and final follow‐up. At baseline, all participants provided buccal samples, from which DNA was extracted and genotyped for 27 genetic variants in the dopamine receptor DRD2, and Dopamine Transporter (DAT) genes. Of the 1002 youth in the current analysis, 52% were girls, 66% were born in the US, average age at baseline was 11.8 (SD=0.8) years, 78% reported being highly acculturated, and 22% reported being new experimenters (i.e. first experimented with cigarettes only subsequent to the baseline survey). Two SNPs were associated with experimentation: rs10052016 (p Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A86.
An Analysis of Dispersion and Dissipation Properties of Hermite Methods and its Application to Direct Numerical Simulation of Jet Noise

The dissipative and dispersive properties of Hermite methods are analyzed by a modified equation approach and by direct computation of the dispersion relations for the discrete modes of the scheme. The two approaches lead to the same results for well-resolved modes but are quantitatively different at the finest scales. The resolution requirements, obtained from the analysis, for Hermite schemes are compared to those of typical high-resolution difference formulas. The results from the analysis are also used to predict the resolution requirements for a simulation at Re � 3600. The validity of the prediction is confirmed by numerical experiments.
Diel Periodicity of Feeding, Mating, and Oviposition of Adult Chrysopa cornea

The diel periodicity of feeding, mating, and ovipositional activity of field and laboratory-reared populations of adult Chrysopa carnea Stephens was studied from June 2 to Aug. 15, 1975. Between 9 AM and 6 PM, the adults were mostly inactive and were found primarily in shady areas, usually on the undersides of leaves. Most of the feeding occurred between 6 and 10 PM and between 2 and 9 AM; peak feeding activity occurred between 7 and 8 AM. Mating took place primarily between 7 PM and 2 AM; major activity occurred between 8 and 10 PM, and another small peak occurred between 8 and 9 AM. Most ovipositional activity took place between 8 PM and 1 AM; peak activity was be- tween 9 and 10 PM, and a lesser peak took place between 2 and 3 AM. Most males did not mate until they were 3-4 days old. Males remated readily after a 2-4 day resting period. Some females mated when they were 3 days old, but most were 4 days old at the time of their 1st mating. Only 3 of 15 ♀-remated during a 30-day test period, and they were all confined with more than 1 ♂. Other behavioral activities such as grooming, aggression, and trophallaxis were common preceding copulation. However, these activities were also associated with other types of behavior.
The first (1943) Summer Session of the School of Alcohol Studies, Yale University

Education as a means of prevention of inebriety was suggested, as far back as in 1838, by Grindrod in his famous Bacchus. The same idea has been reiterated, in the course of the last hundred years, by numerous writers on that subject. Some temperance societies turned this suggestion to practical use, particularly in the United States. That every state in the Union requires by law the teaching of the effects of alcohol in elementary or high schools, or both, is entirely the merit of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. The latter organization created a division devoted to education on alcohol and narcotics which has trained many workers in this field.Scientists engaged in alcohol research, on the other hand, contented themselves with statements to the effect that the ever-progressing research around alcohol should be made available to the general public, and that scientific education on matters pertaining to alcohol should be carried on. They did not, however, actually take concrete steps to effect this...
Keys to Successful Labral Repair

Glenoid labrum injuries are commonly encountered when caring for the overhead athlete. This chapter will elucidate the initial approach to assessing patients with suspected labral pathology along with the various treatment options currently used. In addition, surgical tips and tricks and the current philosophical trends in regard to treatment of labral tears will be discussed. Furthermore, this chapter will describe the latest technological and surgical modalities that surgeons have available to tackle these challenging injuries.
Management of femoral pseudoaneurysms.

The most common type of femoral false aneurysm is anastomotic; the second most common type is traumatic, having an iatrogenic origin. Noninfected femoral false aneurysms of 2 cm or less can be watched and operated upon when they show growth. The operative technique of false aneurysmorrhaphy varies according to the problems of the particular patient.
Motivation Level and Memory for Motivational Events

Naive rats were runway trained daily with a regular series of reward events. The first trial of a series ended with a small reward (1 ml of 4% sucrose solution). The second trial ended with a large reward (1 ml of 32% sucrose), and the third trial ended with a nonreward (30-sec confinement in an unbaited goalbox). There were two such (4-32-0) series administered each day with an interval between the trials in a series of about 20 sec. The interval between series was about 20 min. Experimental conditions were arranged in a 2 by 2 factorial design: (1) Some animals were given sucrose solutions (32% on even days and 4% on odd days) for 1 hour in their home cages following daily training, others were not, and (2) some animals were trained sated. Others were trained at 85% of their free-feeding body weights. Satiation was accomplished by allowing animals 1.5-hr free access to food just before daily training began. Animals in all conditions developed a strong tendency to approach the terminal nonreward of the series more slowly than they approached the other series elements. After 32 days of training on 4-32-0, the first two series elements were reversed (32-4-0), a procedure which quickened the slow approach to nonreward in the deprived animals, but not in the sated animals. Whether experience in the home cage with the sucrose solutions occurred or not made no difference in performance on these problems. These results imply that memory representations of motivational (reward) events were employed as cues for upcoming rewards in hungry, but not sated, rats.
Malamud: The Still, Sad Music

Any doubts we may have had about Bernard Malamud’s stature as a modern master should be dispelled by this collection of his stories. This personal selection of twenty-five stories presents Malamud at his best: as a writer of eloquent and poignant vignettes. Though Malamud has published seven novels, each one touched with his distinctive melancholy grace, the short story remains the purest distillation of his abiding Leitmotif: the still, sad music of humanity. Typically, the Malamud story is an epiphany of disappointment and failure, a document of the half-life — the shabby region of mediocre existence just a notch above pure disaster — bathed in the melodies of despair, the taut, concise adagios of woe. By and large, however, Malamud’s range of characters and situations has been too narrow to sustain longer constructions. Lacking variety and any feel for the architecture of sustained fiction, his novels hold the note of sorrow too long, until what had begun as a lamentation ends as a kvetch. But in the short story, Malamud achieves an almost psalm-like compression. He has been called the Jewish Hawthorne, but he might also be thought a Jewish Chopin, a composer of preludes and nocturnes in prose.
Energy sharing and energy co-construction of the communication network

This paper is based on the current situation of Chinese telecommunications network infrastructure, propose the technical solutions of power expansion, tenants expansion, tenants management, battery expansion and battery hybrid use management in the sharing and co-construction power site, the management methods of independent charged, independent discharging and hybrid use for different batteries and the modular design ideas for new sites and modification sites.
Damascene stud local interconnect in CMOS technology

Localized interconnects are key to reducing the cell size of SRAMs as well as providing improved densities for logic circuits. A planar local interconnect featuring a damascene W stud metallurgy is described. Features of the damascene process include borderless contacts to both wordlines and diffusion, contact to the local interconnect, reduced topography, and low resistivity. The borderless contact feature is accomplished by incorporation of an etch stop. Chemical-mechanical polishing is used to planarize the dielectric passivation and W fills. >
Yttrium-90 radioembolization for colorectal cancer liver metastases in KRAS wild-type and mutant patients: Clinical and ccfDNA studies

Patients with unresectable, chemo-refractory colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) have limited local treatment options. We report our institutional experience on the efficacy of resin-based yttrium-90 (90Y) radioembolization for the treatment of CRCLM and our findings on associated circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) studies. A total of 58 patients treated with 90Y for CRCLM at the Medstar Georgetown University Hospital had a median survival of 6 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.55‑7.45 months] after treatment, with a 12-month survival rate of 33%. The median survival from treatment stratified by mutational status was longer in the wild-type (WT) as compared to the KRAS mutant patients at 7 vs. 5 months, but did not achieve statistical significance (p=0.059). Median tumor local control duration after 90Y treatment was 2 months (95% CI, 0.34‑3.66 months) for the entire cohort and was longer in the WT vs. the mutant patients (2 vs. 1 month, respectively, p=0.088). Plasma was prospectively collected from a subset of 9 patients both before and after single lobe treatment, and ccfDNA concentration and fragmentation index (FI) were measured using quantitative PCR and atomic-force microscopy (AFM). In the WT and KRAS mutant patients, DNA FI was reduced from a median of 0.73-0.65 after treatment. A reduction in DNA FI after single lobe treatment was associated with an improved overall survival (p=0.046). Analysis by AFM of paired pre- and post-treatment samples from KRAS mutant and WT patients revealed a larger average decrease in fragment size in the WT patients (p=0.013). 90Y radioembolization extends local control for CRCLM, however, KRAS mutant tumors may be more radio-resistant to treatment. Changes in the FI of patients following treatment were noted and may be evaluated in a larger study for relevance as a biomarker of response.
HIV Risk Perception, HIV Knowledge, and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Transgender Women in South Florida

Objectives Transgender women experience a variety of factors that may contribute to HIV risk. The purpose of this study was to explore links among HIV risk perception, knowledge, and sexual risk behaviors of transgender women. Design and Sample A descriptive, correlational study design was used. Fifty transgender women from the South Florida area were enrolled in the study. Measures Transgender women completed a demographic questionnaire and standardized instruments measuring HIV risk perception, knowledge, and sexual risk behaviors. Results Transgender women reported low levels of HIV risk perception, and had knowledge deficits regarding HIV risk/transmission. Some participants engaged in high-risk sexual behaviors. Predictors of sexual risk behaviors among transgender women were identified. Conclusions More research is needed with a larger sample size to continue studying factors that contribute to sexual risk behaviors in the understudied population of transgender women. Evidence-based guidelines are available to assist public health nurses in providing care for transgender women. Nurses must assess HIV perception risk and HIV knowledge and provide relevant education to transgender women on ways to minimize sexual risk.
Low bone mineral density risk factors and testing patterns in institutionalized adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

BACKGROUND Adults with intellectual or developmental disability (ID/DD) have multiple risks for low bone mineral density (BMD) without formal guidelines to guide testing. We sought to identify risk factors and patterns of BMD testing among institutionalized adults with ID/DD. METHODS We evaluated risk factors for low BMD (Z-/T-score < -1) and patterns of BMD testing among adults with ID/DD receiving care at a state-run residential facility. Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher's exact and Pearson's chi-squared tests were used as appropriate. RESULTS Of the 140 eligible patients, only 44% ever had BMD testing of which 89% had low BMD. Median age at diagnosis was 42 years old. Individuals with low BMD were more likely to be older, non-weight bearing, Caucasian and have severe cognitive delay. CONCLUSIONS Adults with ID/DD in this facility had a high prevalence of low BMD. Further studies are needed to better characterize risk factors and inform screening within this high-risk population.
The alliance building game: Bringing strategic alliances to life

Over the past 30-plus years, the concept of strategic alliances has increased in importance to academics, management practitioners, and students. While there have been high levels of academic study...
Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous ZnCl2 Solutions at High Temperatures and High Pressures

The thermal conductivity of H{sub 2}O + ZnCl{sub 2} solutions was measured over the temperature range 293--473 K using a parallel-plate apparatus. Data cover the pressure range from 0.1 to 100 MPa. Measurements were made on six isobars, namely, 0.1, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 MPa. The concentrations studies were 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt % ZnCl{sub 2}. The accuracy of the measurements was estimated to be {+-}1.6%. The effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on the thermal conductivity behavior was studied. The thermal conductivity shows a linear dependence on pressure and concentration at all isotherms for each concentration. Along each isobar a given concentration shows the thermal-conductivity maximum at temperatures between 405 and 417 K. The measured values of thermal conductivity are compared with the experimental and correlation results of other investigators. The experimental results for the H{sub 2}O + ZnCl{sub 2} system confirm the results obtained by others. The constant-composition curves are not parallel to those for pure water at high pressures and high concentrations. A new correlation which yields the correct temperature, pressure, and concentration behavior of thermal conductivity is proposed. The pressure and temperature coefficients of the thermal conductivity have been studied.
High β effects on cosmic ray streaming in galaxy clusters

Diffuse, extended radio emission in galaxy clusters, commonly referred to as radio halos, indicate the presence of high energy cosmic ray (CR) electrons and cluster-wide magnetic fields. We can predict from theory the expected surface brightness of a radio halo, given magnetic field and CR density profiles. Previous studies have shown that the nature of CR transport can radically effect the expected radio halo emission from clusters (Wiener et al. 2013). Reasonable levels of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave damping can lead to significant CR streaming speeds. But a careful treatment of MHD waves in a high $\beta$ plasma, as expected in cluster environments, reveals damping rates may be enhanced by a factor of $\beta^{1/2}$. This leads to faster CR streaming and lower surface brightnesses than without this effect. In this work we re-examine the simplified, 1D Coma cluster simulations (with radial magnetic fields) of Wiener et al. (2013) and discuss observable consequences of this high $\beta$ damping. Future work is required to study this effect in more realistic simulations.