cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Reactions of Persons With the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract The psychosocial impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) on patients follows the situational distress model of crisis, transitional state, and deficiency state. Repeated cr...
Further Evidence Supporting a Cause and Effect Relationship Between Blood Transfusion and Earlier Cancer Recurrence

Studies of associations between perioperative blood transfusions and later recurrence of solid tumors have yielded conflicting results. A previous analysis of transfused patients suggested that recurrence was associated with transfusion of whole blood as opposed to red blood cell concentrates. Additional analyses were performed on patients with cancers of the colon, rectum, cervix, and prostate to determine if patients receiving whole blood, red blood cells only, or no transfusions had differing outcomes. Patients receiving 1 unit or more of whole blood had uniformly poor outcomes compared with nontransfused patients (p less than 0.001). In contrast, patients receiving only red blood cells had progressively worse recurrence and death rates with increasing numbers of transfusion, suggesting the presence of a dose-effect relationship. Employing multivariate techniques, blood transfusion of less than or equal to 3 units that included any whole blood were independently and significantly associated with earlier recurrence (p = 0.003) and death due to cancer (p = 0.02). Transfusions of less than or equal to 3 units of blood comprised solely of red blood cell concentrates were associated with no greater risk of recurrence than that seen in patients receiving no transfusion (p = 0.50). These results provide a potential explanation for the disparate results reported in studies of blood transfusion and cancer outcome. The marked difference in outcome seen between patients receiving a few units of red blood cells and comparable patients receiving even one unit of whole blood are consistent with the hypothesis that transfusion of stored blood plasma causes earlier tumor recurrence in some instances. Strategies for reducing these risks might include avoidance of whole blood transfusions when only 1-3 units are required, more conservative transfusion practice, use of autologous blood transfusions, and perhaps, use of red blood cells washed free of plasma and white cell debris. Clinical trials to test these hypotheses are urgently needed.
Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody, KR-P8, That Detects a New Prostate-Specific Marker

This report characterizes a prostate-specific monoclonal antibody, KP-P8, which was prepared against the human prostate cell line PC3. The antigen detected by KR-P8 was identified on the surfaces of 90% of cells of the PC3 line, as well as on 67% of cells of the Du-145 prostate line, but it was absent from the surfaces of normal peripheral blood leukocytes and cells of a number of lymphoblastoid lines. As judged by immunoperoxidase staining techniques, KR-P8 reacted with the glandular epithelium of all specimens of normal, benign hypertrophic, and malignant prostate glands tested. However, no reactivity was noted with numerous other human tissues including normal bladder, lung, liver, kidney, testis, colon, parotid gland, thyroid gland, and spleen. These results indicate that the antigen detected by KR-P8 is prostate organ-specific. Competitive blocking studies showed that the antibody did not recognize the previously described prostate-specific antigen or the alpha-Pro-3 antigen described by other investigators. The KR-P8 antibody also did not bind to purified prostatic acid phosphatase. The presence of the KR-P8 antigen was demonstrated in cell-free preparations of dilute seminal plasma by radioimmunoassay, indicating that this antigen is secreted by the glandular cells of the prostate gland. The clinical significance of this marker was demonstrated by its ability to identify prostate metastases of the lymph node.
Is Cervical Spondylosis an Occupational Hazard for Urologists

Summary— Amongst 248 urologists who spend a substantial amount of their operative work performing endoscopic procedures and who were surveyed with reference to symptoms of cervical spondylosis, 118 admitted that they were, or had been, troubled by such symptoms (47.6%). A control group of 113 General Practitioners matched for age at qualification had no significantly fewer symptoms (43.4%). Similar numbers in each group had a history of neck injury, often of a sporting nature, and also had similar incidences of symptoms including pain down the arm. Significantly more urologists have current severe symptoms and more frequent attacks of trouble. Urologists offered a variety of advice on how to ameliorate these symptoms, which included attention to posture, the need for self-controlled motorised endoscopic tables, an endoscopic stool with wheels and the limitation of the number of transurethral prostatectomies per operating list.
A Small Molecular Weight Growth Inhibitory Factor in Tissue Culture Supernatants

A small molecule in tissue culture supernatants has growth inhibitory effects on the parent and other cells. Supernatants from stationary phase cultures of a human normal lymphoid cell line (No. 802) inhibited the growth of the parent cells even when the latter were in optimal concentrations. The inhibitory activity was associated with small molecular weight fractions prepared by filtration. Fractions with materials smaller than 5000 daltons were the most active. Growth inhibition was observed also with fractions smaller than 2000 and 1000 daltons. Similar growth inhibition of parent cells was observed with the small molecular weight fractions of supernatants from the human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CCRF-SB, the human lung Ca cell line A-549 and from a mouse leukemia L1210 line. The latter were inhibited only in the absence of serum. The fractions from all 3 human cell lines inhibited the cells from all human lines indicating a lack of tissue specificity. The fractions from the human 802 line and the mouse L1210 line did not inhibit the cell growth of each other. Species specificity, however, cannot as yet be considered established.
How motivation matters: Conceptual alignment of individual and opportunity as a predictor of starting up

•We empirically investigate the importance of individual–opportunity alignment.•We test our hypothesis using the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics II data.•Misalignment of motivations–expectations is detrimental to the founding of new firms.•Our results indicate the role of entrepreneur-opportunity fit is significant.
Efficient Techniques for Crowdsourced Top-k Lists.

We propose techniques that obtain top-k lists of items out of larger itemsets, using human workers to perform comparisons among items. An example application is to short-list a large set of college applications using advanced students as workers. A method that obtains crowdsourced top-k lists has to address several challenges of crowdsourcing: there are constraints in the total number of tasks due to monetary or practical reasons; tasks posted to workers have an inherent limitation on their size; obtaining results from human workers has high latency; workers may disagree on their judgments for the same items or provide wrong results on purpose; and, there can be varying difficulty among tasks of the same size. We describe novel efficient techniques and explore their tolerance to adversarial behavior and the tradeoffs among different measures of performance (latency, expense and quality of results). We empirically evaluate the proposed techniques using simulations as well as real crowds in Amazon Mechanical Turk. A randomized variant of the proposed algorithms achieves significant budget saves, especially for very large itemsets and large top-k lists, with negligible risk of lowering the quality of the output.
Equitable Rent Division

How should a group of roommates allocate the rooms and contributions to rent in the house they lease? Economists have provided partial answers to this question in a literature that spans the last 40 years. Unfortunately, these results were developed in a non-linear fashion, which obscures them to the non-specialist. Recently, computer scientists have developed an interest in this problem, advancing from an algorithmic complexity perspective. With this new interest gaining traction, there is an evident need for a coherent development of the results in economics literature. This article does so. In particular, we build connections among results that were seemingly unrelated and considerably simplify their development, fill in non-trivial gaps, and identify open questions. Our focus is on incentives issues, the area in which we believe economists have more to contribute in this discussion.
Persistent Norovirus Contamination of Groundwater Supplies in Two Waterborne Outbreaks

Microbiological contamination of groundwater supplies causes waterborne outbreaks worldwide. In this study, two waterborne outbreaks related to microbiological contamination of groundwater supplies are described. Analyses of pathogenic human enteric viruses (noroviruses and adenoviruses), fecal bacteria (Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp.), and indicator microbes (E. coli, coliform bacteria, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, heterotrophic plate count, somatic and F-specific coliphages) were conducted in order to reveal the cause of the outbreaks and to examine the effectiveness of the implemented management measures. Moreover, the long-term persistence of noro- and adenovirus genomes was investigated. Noroviruses were detected in water samples from both outbreaks after the intrusion of wastewater into the drinking water sources. In the outbreak I, the removal efficiency of norovirus genome (3.0 log10 removal) in the sand filter of onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS) and during the transport through the soil into the groundwater well was lower than the removal efficiencies of E. coli, coliform bacteria, intestinal enterococci, and spores of C. perfringens (6.2, 6.0, > 5.9, and > 4.8 log10 removals, respectively). In the outbreak II, cleaning of massively contaminated groundwater well and drinking water distribution network proved challenging, and noro- and adenovirus genomes were detected up to 3 months (108 days). The long-term persistence study showed that noro- and adenovirus genomes can remain detectable in the contaminated water samples up to 1277 and 1343 days, respectively. This study highlights the transport and survival properties of enteric viruses in the environment explaining their potency to cause waterborne outbreaks.
LATERALISATION IN REVERSE TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY: BONE GRAFT AND A LONG STEM OUTDISTANCES METAL – OPPOSES

Lateralization of the reverse arthroplasty may be desirable to more effectively tension the remaining rotator cuff, decrease scapular notching, improve the cosmetic appearance of the shoulder, and improve stability as well as the arc of motion prior to impingement. There are two primary options to lateralise a reverse shoulder arthroplasty: bone graft with a long post (BIO-RSA) vs. using metal. The two metal options generally include a thicker glenosphere or a thicker glenoid baseplate. Potential benefits of a BIO-RSA include lateralization of the glenoid center of rotation but without placing the center of rotation lateral to the prosthetic-bone interface. By maintaining the position of the center of rotation, the shear forces at the prosthesis-bone interface are lessened and are converted to compressive forces which will minimise glenoid failure. Edwards et al. performed a prospective study on a bony increased offset reverse arthroplasty. Among the 18 shoulders in the BIO-RSA group, the incidence of notching was 78% compared to controls 70%. The graft completely incorporated in 12 (67%), partially incorporated in 4 (22%), and failed to incorporate in 2 (11%). Frankle et al. reported on the minimum 5-year follow-up of reverse arthroplasty with a central compression screw and a lateralised glenoid component. The survivorship was 94% at 5 years. There were seven (9%) cases of scapular notching and no patient had glenoid baseplate loosening or baseplate failure. The authors noted that the patients maintained their improved function and radiographic results at a minimum of five years. In summary, lateralisation of the glenosphere is an attractive option to improve the outcome of reverse arthroplasty. Benefits of lateralisation with metal rather than bone graft include elimination of concern over bone graft healing or resorption. In addition, the procedure has the potential to be more precise with the exact offset amount known pre-operatively as well as improved efficiency of the procedure. Preparing the graft takes additional OR time and there is variable quality of the bone graft.
Systematic Evaluation of Statistical Methods for Identifying Looping Interactions in 5C Data.

Summary Chromosome-Conformation-Capture-Carbon-Copy (5C) is a molecular technology based on proximity ligation that enables high-resolution and high-coverage inquiry of long-range looping interactions. Computational pipelines for analyzing 5C data involve a series of interdependent normalization procedures and statistical methods that markedly influence downstream biological results. A detailed analysis of the trade-offs inherent to all stages of 5C data analysis has not been reported. Here, we provide a comparative assessment of method performance at each step in the 5C analysis pipeline, including sequencing depth and library complexity correction, bias mitigation, spatial noise reduction, distance-dependent expected and variance estimation, statistical modeling, and loop detection. We discuss methodological advantages and disadvantages at each step and provide a full suite of algorithms, lib5C, to allow investigators to test the range of approaches on their own 5C data. Principles learned from our comparative analyses can be applied to protein-independent proximity ligation-based data, including Hi-C, 4C, and Capture-C.
Sensitivity to Physical Activity Predicts Daily Activity Among Pain-Free Older Adults.

Objective Prior research indicates that older adults with knee osteoarthritis have increased sensitivity to physical activity (SPA) and respond to physical activities of stable intensity with increases in pain. Whether SPA is present in healthy older adults without chronic pain and predicts functional outcomes remains relatively unexplored. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of SPA in healthy older adults in response to a standardized walking task, and whether SPA was associated with temporal summation of pain, pain-related fear of movement, and functional outcomes. Methods Fifty-two older adults without chronic pain completed self-reported measures of activity-related pain and physical function, completed the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), underwent quantitative sensory testing to measure temporal summation of heat pain, and wore an accelerometer for one week to measure physical activity behavior. Subjects rated overall bodily discomfort (0-100 scale) prior to and during each minute of the 6MWT. An SPA index was created by subtracting the initial bodily discomfort ratings from the peak ratings. Results Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that bodily discomfort significantly increased across the walking task, with approximately 60% of the sample experiencing SPA. Hierarchical regressions indicated that greater SPA was associated with fewer average steps per day and greater activity-related pain. Additionally, analyses revealed that temporal summation of pain and pain-related fear of movement significantly predicted the degree of SPA on the walking task. Conclusions These findings shed light on potential mechanisms underlying SPA in older adults and suggest that SPA might be a risk factor for reduced physical activity.
Alienage Classifications and the Denial of Health Care to DREAMers

In the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”), passed in 2010, Congress provided that only “lawfully present” individuals could obtain insurance through the Marketplaces established under the Act. Congress left it to the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) to define who is “lawfully present.” Initially, HHS included all individuals with deferred action status, which is an authorized period of stay but not a legal status. After President Obama announced a new policy of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (“DACA”) in June 2012, however, HHS amended its regulation specifically to exclude DACA recipients from the definition of “lawfully present.” The revised regulation denied DREAMers—undocumented immigrants brought to the United States as children—access to affordable health care, while providing it to similarly situated individuals who had been granted deferred action through other means. This Article examines whether the exclusion of DREAMers from the ACA violates equal protection principles, highlighting critical inconsistencies and gaps in the case law on standards of review for alienage classifications. A circuit split exists about whether non-legal permanent residents are ever entitled to strict scrutiny, and the extent of the Executive’s power over immigration remains unclear, as does the allocation of power within the executive branch. In addition, courts are divided about the standard of review that applies when states discriminate against noncitizens pursuant to a federal statute. All of these issues complicate the analysis and underscore the need to reevaluate an unraveling tiered approach to judicial review.  B.A., Yale University; J.D., Harvard Law School. Professor of Law and Director of the Immigrant Rights Clinic, Texas A&M University School of Law. Washington University Open Scholarship 1272 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [VOL. 93:1271
Impact of Behavioral Factors on Performance of Multi‐Server Queueing Systems

Recent studies have shown that the processing speed of employees in service‐based queueing systems is impacted by various behavioral factors. However, there is limited analytical work to investigate how these behavioral factors affect the overall performance of different queueing system designs. In this study, we focus on the response of human servers to the design and congestion level of the queueing system in which they operate. Specifically, we incorporate two behavioral factors into multi‐server analytical queueing models: (1) server speedup due to increase of workload, and (2) server slowdown due to social loafing when multiple workers share the workload. We evaluate how these factors affect the performance of both the multi‐server single‐queue (SQ) and multi‐server parallel‐queue (PQ) system and the relative superiority of each system with respect to the number of customers in queue and the expected wait time in queue. We show that the impact of workload‐dependent speedup can be decomposed into a direct effect and indirect effect on system performance. The direct effect leads to a reduced queue size due to increased expected service rate, while the indirect effect decreases queue size due to the “smoothing” effect. We quantify the performance impacts associated with both behavioral factors, illustrate the conditions where each effect dominates, and derive threshold values for these behavioral effects beyond which PQ systems outperform SQ systems. We also consider strategic routing and its impact on the performance of PQ systems. Our analytical contributions and numerical analyses offer important managerial guidance regarding the choice of the queueing system design and provide a theoretical foundation for future research in behavioral queueing.
FamPlex: a resource for entity recognition and relationship resolution of human protein families and complexes in biomedical text mining.

For automated reading of scientific publications to extract useful information about molecular mechanisms it is critical that genes, proteins and other entities be correctly associated with uniform identifiers, a process known as named entity linking or “grounding.” Correct grounding is essential for resolving relationships among mined information, curated interaction databases, and biological datasets. The accuracy of this process is largely dependent on the availability of machine-readable resources associating synonyms and abbreviations commonly found in biomedical literature with uniform identifiers. In a task involving automated reading of ∼215,000 articles using the REACH event extraction software we found that grounding was disproportionately inaccurate for multi-protein families (e.g., “AKT”) and complexes with multiple subunits (e.g.“NF- κB”). To address this problem we constructed FamPlex, a manually curated resource defining protein families and complexes as they are commonly encountered in biomedical text. In FamPlex the gene-level constituents of families and complexes are defined in a flexible format allowing for multi-level, hierarchical membership. To create FamPlex, text strings corresponding to entities were identified empirically from literature and linked manually to uniform identifiers; these identifiers were also mapped to equivalent entries in multiple related databases. FamPlex also includes curated prefix and suffix patterns that improve named entity recognition and event extraction. Evaluation of REACH extractions on a test corpus of ∼54,000 articles showed that FamPlex significantly increased grounding accuracy for families and complexes (from 15 to 71%). The hierarchical organization of entities in FamPlex also made it possible to integrate otherwise unconnected mechanistic information across families, subfamilies, and individual proteins. Applications of FamPlex to the TRIPS/DRUM reading system and the Biocreative VI Bioentity Normalization Task dataset demonstrated the utility of FamPlex in other settings. FamPlex is an effective resource for improving named entity recognition, grounding, and relationship resolution in automated reading of biomedical text. The content in FamPlex is available in both tabular and Open Biomedical Ontology formats at https://github.com/sorgerlab/famplex under the Creative Commons CC0 license and has been integrated into the TRIPS/DRUM and REACH reading systems.
A Suite of Transgenic Driver and Reporter Mouse Lines with Enhanced Brain-Cell-Type Targeting and Functionality

Modern genetic approaches are powerful in providing access to diverse cell types in the brain and facilitating the study of their function. Here, we report a large set of driver and reporter transgenic mouse lines, including 23 new driver lines targeting a variety of cortical and subcortical cell populations and 26 new reporter lines expressing an array of molecular tools. In particular, we describe the TIGRE2.0 transgenic platform and introduce Cre-dependent reporter lines that enable optical physiology, optogenetics, and sparse labeling of genetically defined cell populations. TIGRE2.0 reporters broke the barrier in transgene expression level of single-copy targeted-insertion transgenesis in a wide range of neuronal types, along with additional advantage of a simplified breeding strategy compared to our first-generation TIGRE lines. These novel transgenic lines greatly expand the repertoire of high-precision genetic tools available to effectively identify, monitor, and manipulate distinct cell types in the mouse brain.
BLADE: Filter learning for general purpose computational photography

The Rapid and Accurate Image Super Resolution (RAISR) method of Romano, Isidoro, and Milanfar is a computationally efficient image upscaling method using a trained set of filters. We describe a generalization of RAISR, which we name Best Linear Adaptive Enhancement (BLADE). This approach is a trainable edge-adaptive filtering framework that is general, simple, computationally efficient, and useful for a wide range of problems in computational photography. We show applications to operations which may appear in a camera pipeline including denoising, demosaicking, and stylization.
Evaluating the 1931 CIE color‐matching functions

The use of colorimetry within industry has grown extensively in the last few decades. Central to many of today's instruments is the CIE system, established in 1931. Many have questioned the validity of the assumptions made by Wright1 and Guild,2 some suggesting that the 1931 color-matching functions are not the best representation of the human visual system's cone responses. A computational analysis was performed using metameric data to evaluate the CIE 1931 color-matching functions as compared to with other responsivity functions. The underlying assumption was that an optimal set of responsivity functions would yield minimal color-difference error between pairs of visually matched metamers. The difference of average color differences found in the six chosen sets of responsivity functions was small. The CIE 1931 2° color-matching functions on average yielded the largest color difference, 4.56 ΔE. The best performance came from the CIE 1964 10° color-matching functions, which yielded an average color difference of 4.02 ΔE. An optimization was then performed to derive a new set of color-matching functions that were visually matched using metameric pairs of spectral data. If all pairs were to be optimized to globally minimize the average color difference, it is expected that this would produce an optimal set of responsivity functions. The optimum solution was to use a weighted combination of each set of responsivity functions. The optimized set, called the Shaw and Fairchild responsivity functions, was able to reduce the average color difference to 3.92 ΔE. In the final part of this study a computer-based simulation of the color differences between the sets of responsivity functions was built. This simulation allowed a user to load a spectral radiance or a spectral reflectance data file and display the tristimulus match predicted by each of the seven sets of responsivity functions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 316–329, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10077
Does Knowing Your FICO Score Change Financial Behavior? Evidence from a Field Experiment with Student Loan Borrowers

One in five consumer credit accounts incur late fees each quarter. Evidence on the efficacy of regulations to improve behavior through enhanced disclosure of financial product attributes is mixed. ...
Adaptation in plant genomes: Bigger is different

Here we have proposed the functional space hypothesis, positing that mutational target size scales with genome size, impacting the number, source, and genomic location of beneficial mutations that contribute to adaptation. Though motivated by preliminary evidence, mostly from Arabidopsis and maize, more data are needed before any rigorous assessment of the hypothesis can be made. If correct, the functional space hypothesis suggests that we should expect plants with large genomes to exhibit more functional mutations outside of genes, more regulatory variation, and likely less signal of strong selective sweeps reducing diversity. These differences have implications for how we study the evolution and development of plant genomes, from where we should look for signals of adaptation to what patterns we expect adaptation to leave in genetic diversity or gene expression data. While flowering plant genomes vary across more than three orders of magnitude in size, most studies of both functional and evolutionary genomics have focused on species at the extreme small edge of this scale. Our hypothesis predicts that methods and results from these small genomes may not replicate well as we begin to explore large plant genomes. Finally, while we have focused here on evidence from plant genomes, we see no a priori reason why similar arguments might not hold in other taxa as well.
Bridge to Bigpush or Backwash? Market Integration, Reallocation, and Productivity Effects of Jamuna Bridge in Bangladesh

This paper uses a quasi-experimental study of a major bridge construction in Bangladesh to understand the effects of a large reduction in trade costs on the pattern of structural change and agricultural productivity. The paper develops a spatial general equilibrium model with a core and two hinterlands at the opposite sides separated by rivers, and allows for productivity gains through agglomeration in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The model yields insights different from the standard core-periphery and trade models: (i) the newly connected hinterland may experience higher population density and agricultural productivity despite significant de-industrialization; (ii) even with increased specialization in agriculture, the share of agricultural employment may decline when interregional trade requires local services (such as processing and trading); and (iii) the strongest effects on employment structure are felt not necessarily in the areas next to the bridge but in the areas that move out of autarky as a result of the bridge. The empirical estimation uses doubly robust estimators in a difference-in-difference design where the comparison hinterland comes from a region which was supposed to be connected to the core (capital city) by the proposed, but not yet constructed, Padma bridge. In the short run, there is significant labor reallocation from agriculture to services in the connected hinterland, but no perceptible effects on the employment share of manufacturing, population density, and night-lights. In the long run, the labor share of manufacturing declines in the treatment hinterland and increases in the core. However, there are significant positive effects on population density, night light luminosity, and agricultural yields in the treatment hinterland which contradict backwash effects of the bridge. The effects of the bridge on intersectoral labor allocation are spatially heterogeneous, with relatively weak effects in the areas close to the bridge.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND THE CONSUMER BANKRUPTCY DECISION

I examine the influence of neighbors on the consumer bankruptcy decision using administrative bankruptcy records linked to the 2000 Decennial Census. Two empirical strategies remove unobserved common factors that affect identification. The first strategy uses small geographical areas to isolate neighborhood effects, and the second strategy identifies the effect using past bankruptcy filers who moved states. The findings from both strategies reinforce each other and confirm the role of social influence on the bankruptcy decision. Having a past bankruptcy filer move into the block from a different state increases the likelihood of filing by 10%. (JEL D12, K35)
Agriculture, Aid, and Economic Growth in Africa.

How can foreign aid to agriculture support economic growth in Africa? This paper constructs a geographically-indexed applied general equilibrium model that considers pathways through which aid might affect growth and structural transformation of labor markets in the context of soil nutrient variation, minimum subsistence consumption requirements, domestic transport costs, labor mobility and constraints to self-financing of agricultural inputs. Using plausible parameters, the model is presented for Uganda as an illustrative case. Three stylized scenarios demonstrate the potential economy-wide impacts of both soil nutrient loss and replenishment, and how foreign aid can be targeted to support agricultural inputs that boost rural productivity and shift labor to boost real wages. One simulation shows how a temporary program of targeted official development assistance (ODA) for agriculture could generate, contrary to traditional Dutch disease concerns, an expansion in the primary tradable sector and positive permanent productivity and welfare effects, leading to a steady decline in the need for complementary ODA for budget support.
The man within the breast, the supreme impartial spectator, and other impartial spectators in Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments

Adam Smith infused the expression ‘impartial spectator’ with a plexus of related meanings, one of which is a super-being, which bears parallels to monotheistic ideas of God. As for any genuine, ide...
Probabilistic approaches to cleaning the Ganges in Varanasi to attract tourists

We study two probabilistic approaches to cleaning the Ganges river when the underlying goal is to use the cleanup to sustain tourism in Varanasi, India. The first approach models the idea that because resources are scarce and cleanup is costly, not all pollutants in the Ganges can be removed. Therefore, a cleaning agency first establishes a benefit-cost ratio rule and then it uses this rule to remove from the Ganges only those pollutants whose removal satisfies the ratio rule. In contrast, the second approach focuses on removing all pollutants from the Ganges but the emphasis now is on the frequency of cleanup given that pollutants accumulate temporally and hence water quality deteriorates over time. Finally, we compare and contrast these two approaches and discuss the connections between the two approaches and the sustainability of tourism in Varanasi.
Advancing Ethical Stem Cell Research with CRISPR

The purpose of this review is to highlight opportunities to incorporate Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) into stem cell research in ways that may alleviate long-standing ethical conflicts in biomedical research. CRISPR has been incorporated into stem cell research that aims to understand developmental biology, model disease, test drugs, and develop therapies. In all of these domains, using CRISPR may alleviate, exacerbate, or create ethical conflicts. This review highlights ways in which CRISPR may facilitate more ethical research. Genetically editing stem cells using CRISPR may lead to more ethical research by reducing reliance on animals used in disease modeling and drug screening research and reducing uncertainty ahead of first-in-human uses of stem cell therapies.
Investment Slowdown in Denmark: Diagnosis and Policy Options

Total investment in Denmark has experienced a sharp slowdown following the global financial crisis. This slowdown has coincided with a decline in labor productivity and expansion of the current account surplus. This paper presents stylized facts summarizing the investment slowdown followed by an empirical analysis identifying its drivers. The results suggest that the decline in output has contributed to investment slowdown, consistent with predictions of the accelerator model. However, other factors, including high leverage and structural rigidities in product markets, also played a role.
Large-Scale Analysis of Physical-Layer Security in Multi-User Wireless Networks

We derive the asymptotic ergodic secrecy sum rate (ESSR) of block diagonalization precoding for physical-layer security in downlink multi-user wireless networks that use artificial noise. First, we derive the ESSR of the system. Then, we derive the power allocation and the asymptotic ESSR as the number of antennas increases. After, we derive an approximate expression for the optimum ratio of the number of transmit antennas to the number of receive antennas ( $\Psi $ ). We then introduce the user dropping factor (UDF) as a means to derive the optimum number of users in the system under different scenarios and then derive the asymptotic optimum UDF, which gives the optimum number of scheduled users. We also study the effect of imperfect channel state information and derive a closed-form ESSR. Simulation results show that these precoders outperform channel inversion (CI) and regularized CI schemes in terms of the ESSR at all SNRs. We also show that as the number of receive antennas of each user increases, the asymptotic ESSR gap also increases.
Stress of a Spatially Uniform Dislocation Density Field

It can be shown that the stress produced by a spatially uniform dislocation density field in a body comprising a linear elastic material under no loads vanishes. We prove that the same result does not hold in general in the geometrically nonlinear case. This problem of mechanics establishes the purely geometrical result that the $\mathop{\mathrm{curl}}\nolimits $ of a sufficiently smooth two-dimensional rotation field cannot be a non-vanishing constant on a domain. It is classically known in continuum mechanics, stated first by the brothers Cosserat (SIAM J. Appl. Math. 25(3):483–491, 1973), that if a second order tensor field on a simply connected domain is at most a curl-free field of rotations, then the field is necessarily constant on the domain. It is shown here that, at least in dimension 2, this classical result is in fact a special case of a more general situation where the curl of the given rotation field is only known to be at most a constant.
Weaning of Moderately Preterm Infants from the Incubator to the Crib: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective To assess whether length of hospital stay is decreased among moderately preterm infants weaned from incubator to crib at a lower vs higher weight. Study design This trial was conducted in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Infants with gestational ages 29-33 weeks, birthweight Results Of 1565 infants screened, 885 were eligible, and 366 enrolled—187 to the 1600-g and 179 to the 1800-g group. Maternal and neonatal characteristics did not differ among weight groups. Length of hospital stay was a median of 43 days in the lower and 41 days in the higher weight group (P = .12). Growth velocity from completion of weaning to discharge was higher in the lower weight group, 13.7 g/kg/day vs 12.8 g/kg/day (P = .005). Groups did not differ in adverse events. Conclusions Among moderately preterm neonates, weaning from incubator to crib at a lower weight did not decrease length of stay, but was safe and was accompanied by higher weight gain after weaning. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT02160002 .
Political lobbying, insider trading, and CEO compensation

Abstract In this study, we determine why CEOs from lobbying firms receive higher pay compared to their non-lobbying peers. We investigate whether insider trading can explain high CEO pay. Using hand-collected firm-level lobbying data, we examine whether CEOs from lobbying firms engage in insider trading after sponsored bills are introduced and passed in the U.S. Congress. Our results show that the number of CEO stock transactions from lobbying firms correlates with bills being passed, which yields higher compensation packages. In addition, we find that lobbying benefits firm performance. Lobbying firms receive more government contracts, which increases firm value. Overall, lobbying benefits both CEOs and shareholders.
Spectrum Sharing Protocols based on Ultra-Narrowband Communications for Unlicensed Massive IoT

Ultra-narrowband (UNB) communications is an emerging paradigm that tackles two challenges to realizing massive Internet-of-things (IoT) connectivity over the unlicensed spectrum: the intra-network sharing, i.e., how the spectrum is shared among IoT devices, and the inter-network sharing, i.e., the coexistence of the IoT network with other incumbent networks. Specifically, intra-network sharing is enabled by using extremely narrowband signals to connect a massive number of IoT devices without any prior network synchronization. Further, to enhance robustness to incumbent interference, each IoT packet is sent multiple times, each at a different frequency within a single band. Nevertheless, the interplay between intra-network sharing and inter-technology coexistence at a large scale remains unclear. Thus, in this paper, we develop an analytical framework to model and analyze UNB networks. We use stochastic geometry to derive the probability of successful transmission, identifying the impact of intra- and inter-network interference on the performance. In addition to analyzing the existing single-band access protocols, we present two multiband schemes, where each BS listens to a single band for practical implementation. Different access protocols are further compared in terms of the transmission capacity, i.e., the maximum number of IoT devices a UNB protocol can support in the presence of incumbent networks. Simulation results are provided to validate the derived closed-form expressions. It is shown that the diversity achieved by sending multiple transmissions is beneficial when the interference is dominated by the incumbent network. Further, multiband access, where each packet is sent over a different band, provides an additional diversity gain, enabling the UNB network to support a very large number of IoT devices. The gains, in success probability and transmission capacity, are higher when devices are not restricted to connect to a single base station.
Analyzing relationship: twitter tweet frequency with the stock prices of telecom companies

Twitter is a widely used online social media and it has been used to discover the relationship between data. We investigate whether the daily number of tweets that mention any of the 4 telecom companies - Verizon, T-Mobile, ATT and Sprint vis-a-vis stock prices. The datasets we studied are Twitter frequency (tweets that mention the name of either of the companies) and stock prices for a period of 14 days. We carried out ETL (Extract, Transform, and Load) process to obtain clean and refine data sets for analyzing. We have discarded the data of ATT and Sprint later because their names were shown in another event during that period and not reflected the real data of these two companies. The Tweepy library of python is used to connect to Twitter Streaming API and download the tweets from Twitter.
What We Can Learn From the Energetic Levels of Insects: A Guide and Review

Lipids and carbohydrates have long been measured in organisms with various techniques. The microseparation and calorimetric method for quantifying lipids with a vanillin reagent, and glycogen and sugars with an anthrone reagent in mosquitoes described by Van Handel have been adapted widely for many insect species. Given the common use of this technique and variety of applications, a review is warranted. First, the procedure and adaptations are described, followed by other procedures available for quantifying energetic reserves. Next, practical logistics for running assays are discussed for new users. Previously, these assays have been reviewed for studying the sugar feeding behavior of biting flies and parasitoids. This review will survey a wider variety of applications from 85 papers with an emphasis on publications since 2004. For example, nutrient assays have been applied to establish the baseline energetic reserves of insects under various conditions, evaluating habitat manipulation programs, to better understand maternal allocation, overwintering and mating behavior, and flight energetics.
Ultrahigh-strength AISI-316 austenitic stainless steel foils through concentrated interstitial carbon

Abstract This research explores intrinsic properties of the carbon-rich subsurface zone (“case”) that low-temperature carburization generates in an austenitic stainless steel (AISI-316). Foils of this steel were carburized to obtain concentrated interstitially dissolved carbon distributed uniformly throughout their thickness. Compared to the as-received foils, such “through” carburization increases the ultimate tensile strength to 3 times, the yield strength to 4 times, and Young's modulus to 1.5 times, respectively. On the other hand, the strain to failure decreases to (9 ± 1) × 10−3. For comparison, foils with larger thickness were carburized as well. Those foils retained a core of low carbon level. Decreasing the ratio of mean carbon depth to foil thickness was found to decrease the ultimate tensile strength, the yield strength, and Young's modulus, while increasing the strain to failure. Tensile testing partially carburized foils to failure confirmed ductility in the core, but revealed reduced ductility in the carbon-rich zone near the surface. On the surface, intergranular cracks were observed to propagate perpendicular to the tensile direction, indicating brittle fracture initiated by crack nucleation at grain boundaries. The isolated concentrated solid solution of interstitial carbon in austenite can be regarded as a new material with exceptional properties, particularly ultrahigh tensile strength, high yield strength, and high Young's modulus.
Disruption of Cortical Dopaminergic Modulation Impairs Preparatory Activity and Delays Licking Initiation

Dysfunction of motor cortices is thought to contribute to motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known on the link between cortical dopaminergic loss, abnormalities in motor cortex neural activity and motor deficits. We address the role of dopamine in modulating motor cortical activity by focusing on the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) of mice performing a cued-licking task. We first demonstrate licking deficits and concurrent alterations of spiking activity in ALM of head-fixed mice with unilateral depletion of dopaminergic neurons (i.e., mice injected with 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle). Hemilesioned mice displayed delayed licking initiation, shorter duration of licking bouts, and lateral deviation of tongue protrusions. In parallel with these motor deficits, we observed a reduction in the prevalence of cue responsive neurons and altered preparatory activity. Acute and local blockade of D1 receptors in ALM recapitulated some of the key behavioral and neural deficits observed in hemilesioned mice. Altogether, our data show a direct relationship between cortical D1 receptor modulation, cue-evoked, and preparatory activity in ALM, and licking initiation.
High-resolution endomicroscopy with a spectrally encoded miniature objective.

Fiber bundle endomicroscopy techniques have been used for numerous minimally invasive imaging applications. However, these techniques may provide limited spatial sampling due to the limited number of imaging cores inside the fiber bundle. Here, we present a custom-fabricated miniature objective that can be coupled to a fiber bundle and can overcome the fiber bundle’s sampling threshold by utilizing the spectral encoding concept. The objective has an NA of 0.3 and an outer diameter of 2.4 mm, and can yield a maximum spatial resolution of 2 μm. The objective has been validated against a USAF resolution target and ex vivo tissue samples, and as a result yielded images with higher resolution and more details after the spectral encoding concept was employed.
Annual survey of ruthenium and osmium for the year 1985

I. Mononuclear Complexes.. (a) Organometallkz Porphyrin and Cafborane Complexes (b) Complexes of Phosphorus Liiands (c) Hydrides.. (d) Carbonyls.. (e) Nitrosyfs and Other Nitrogen Lllands.. (f) Sulfur Donors (g) Formyl and Related Cl Liar& (h) Alkyl, Aryl Complexes.. (i) Alkylidene, Alkylffyne Complexes.. (j) rc-Complexes
Financial Incentives to Avoid Major Quality Problems in a Supply Chain

Manufacturers who outsource components incur risks as well as benefits. If the supplied product has a major quality defect, the adverse effect on the manufacturer's reputation reduces its market share. This paper presents a discrete-time model of a buyer who collaborates with a sole supplier to avoid quality problems by paying a higher per-unit purchase price to the supplier and/or paying the supplier a lump sum contingent on the absence of a major quality defect. Analytical results include an optimal risk-posture policy for which the buyer should use only one of these financial incentives or the other, and computational results provide insights about the relationship of that optimal policy to various parameters.