cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Rights and Article 6 of the Paris Agreement: Ensuring Adequate Protection of Human Rights in the SDM and ITMO Frameworks

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement recognizes the right of Parties to cooperate in the implementation of their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) through both market- and non-market-based approaches. One market-based approach is outlined in Article 6.2 which provides for “the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes [(ITMOs)] towards” NDCs. This is widely seen as establishing a “bottom-up” approach, whereby “mitigation outcomes,” representing emission reduction credits, can be transferred internationally and then become ITMOs. It can be contrasted with other market-based approaches that are “top-down,” involving centralized programs supporting emission reduction projects. One such program is created in Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement which establishes a new “mechanism to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and support sustainable development” (sustainable development mechanism or SDM). Under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement, in making use of ITMOs, Parties must “promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity.” Similarly, under Article 6.4, the SDM is intended to “support” and “foster” sustainable development. While that phrase is not defined in the agreement, several Parties have argued that it requires the protection and promotion of human rights, consistent with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. That argument is supported by the recognition, in the preamble to the agreement, that Parties should “respect, promote, and consider their respective obligations on human rights” when taking action to address climate change. This creates an overarching expectation that Parties will, in implementing the agreement, take steps to protect human rights. This paper identifies, describes, and explores different approaches to ensuring human rights are protected in the context of Article 6. We consider, as one possible approach, whether and how social and environmental safeguards could be incorporated into the rules governing ITMOs and the SDM. We find that there is a compelling policy rationale for incorporating safeguards into both the ITMO and SDM frameworks, not only to prevent human rights abuses, but also to ensure the success of ITMO and SDM programs and projects. However, the legal basis for incorporating safeguards is somewhat uncertain, particularly in the context of the ITMO regime. That issue, along with the scope, substance, and enforcement of safeguards, is explored in this paper.
Who Buys Slow Fashion: A Study of Lifestyle Characteristics and Motivating Factors among Young Consumers

This study identifies slow fashion consumers and profiled them by lifestyle characteristics and motivating factors. Sustainability consciousness, and need for uniqueness were examined as the external and internal motivating factors for slow fashion acceptance respectively. Examined lifestyle characteristics included self-expression, style confidence, brand orientation, price-quality orientation, and social media involvement. An online survey with a hypothetical slow fashion line was developed as an instrument to examine slow fashion acceptance. Data was collected at two universities resulting in a sample size of 218. Research findings indicate that young slow fashion adopters have a higher need for uniqueness, prefer well-known fashion brands, and are willing to pay premium prices for the quality. Also, slow fashion adopters tend to be highly involved with social media. Implications were provided.
Active cell-matrix coupling regulates cellular force landscapes of cohesive epithelial monolayers

Epithelial cells can assemble into cohesive monolayers with rich morphologies on substrates due to competition between elastic, edge, and interfacial effects. Here we present a molecularly based thermodynamic model, integrating monolayer and substrate elasticity, and force-mediated focal adhesion formation, to elucidate the active biochemical regulation over the cellular force landscapes in cohesive epithelial monolayers, corroborated by microscopy and immunofluorescence studies. The predicted extracellular traction and intercellular tension are both monolayer size and substrate stiffness dependent, suggestive of cross-talks between intercellular and extracellular activities. Our model sets a firm ground toward a versatile computational framework to uncover the molecular origins of morphogenesis and disease in multicellular epithelia. Cells sense their extracellular environment using focal adhesions, which can be imagined as mechanical linkages. While mechanobiological research mostly focuses on single cells, a team led by Sulin Zhang at Pennsylvania State University explored how multicellular ensembles transmit and distribute traction forces. The authors develop a thermodynamic model and validate predictions by experimental measures including traction force microscopy. They find that at the monolayer outline focal adhesions generate high traction force through interaction with the extracellular substrate, whereas cells in the centre of the sheet experience low traction force but have elevated cellular stress levels. This model will help to decipher how the local environment influences cellular decisions and will spur research on more complex problems of epithelial tissues, such as morphogenesis or collective migration.
Local Anesthesia for Dermatologic Surgery

Knowledge of local anesthesia is critically important to perform dermatologic surgery. The objective of this article is to provide an updated review of local anesthesia. The principles of local anesthesia as it pertains to dermatologic surgery are reviewed. New methods of delivering local anesthesia are also presented. Local anesthetics are safe, effective drugs that provide transient insensibility to pain in a limited area of skin. There are a variety of methods of inducing local anesthesia which can be tailored to the requirements of the contemplated procedure. Local anesthetics allow dermatologists to perform a range of procedures safely. Recent developments in topical anesthetics and in tumescent local anesthesia have provided the dermatologic surgeon other methods of delivering local anesthesia.
Click Here for Silicon

In one ASIC division at Agilent, the issue of integrating in-house and commercial EDA solutions into a usable design flow is a full-time job. Here, new methods are introduced to complement a family of existing techniques which are "silicon proven" and trusted by designers. In fact, the design flow itself is well established and, in most large chipcompanies, contains many in-house strategies. However, because silicon and design technology always changes, a matter of normal business is periodically adapting the flow to a new advancement or requirement in the tools or procedures. Some of the complications which arise when introducing a new tool/technique into the flow are due to instability of the "new" solution, incompatibility among tools from different sources, the disruption of methodology and accustomed procedures, and time lags due to customer/technical support shortcomings.
Immunopathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury

Pathophysiologically, the classification of acute kidney injury (AKI) can be divided into three categories: (1) prerenal, (2) intrinsic, and (3) postrenal. Emerging evidence supports the involvement of renal tubular epithelial cells and the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in the pathogenesis of intrinsic AKI. Pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, hypoxia inducible factors, toll-like receptors, complement system, oxidative stress, adhesion molecules, cell death, resident renal dendritic cells, neutrophils, T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer T cells, cytokines, and secreted chemokines contribute to the immunopathogenesis of AKI. However, other immune cells and pathways such as M2 macrophages, regulatory T cells, progranulin, and autophagy exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and facilitate kidney tissue repair after AKI. Thus, therapies for AKI include agents such as anti-inflammatory (e.g., recombinant alkaline phosphatase), antioxidants (iron chelators), and apoptosis inhibitors. In preclinical toxicity studies, drug-induced kidney injury can be seen after exposure to a nephrotoxicant test article due to immune mechanisms and dysregulation of innate, and/or adaptive cellular immunity. The focus of this review will be on intrinsic AKI, as it relates to the immune and renal systems cross talks focusing on the cellular and pathophysiologic mechanisms of AKI.
The Ontology of the Individual Modalities

After profiling the broad ontological distinctions separating the modalities and their basic distinctions, it is possible to clarify the ontology of the individual modalities. All of the six modalities have a determinate range of independence. Instead of stressing so much what separates the modalities, the following discussion is intended to look within each of them, apply the idea of the self-image and likeness, and integrate Ingardian ideas of ontological in/determinacy. In addition, technical media will be discussed, but only generically, to the degree that broad ontological distinctions can be made.
Policing Women to Protect Fetuses: Coercive Interventions During Pregnancy

Women are routinely subjected to penetrating surveillance during pregnancy. On the surface, this may appear to flow from a cultural commitment to protect babies – a cultural practice of “better safe than sorry” that is particularly vigilant given the vulnerability of fetuses and babies. In reality, pregnancy occasions incursions against human rights and well-being that would be anathema in other contexts. Our cultural practices concerning risk in pregnancy are infused with oppressive norms about women’s responsibility for pregnancy outcomes and the demands of extreme self-sacrifice from women to protect their fetuses. Of particular concern is our culture’s willingness to enforce norms concerning risk during pregnancy using coercive measures including forced cesarean sections and criminal penalties for exposing fetuses to risk. This chapter will consider assaults on self-determination, bodily integrity and privacy inherent in such interventions, as well as the structural violence and “mangled pieties” (Wallace DF. Authority and American usage. In: Consider the lobster and other essays. Little, Brown and Company, New York, 2006, 114) that buttress such practices in our unjust society.
Residual gravity jitter effects on fluid processes

In this paper, as an example of the effects of g-jitter on fluid processes, the generation of mean solute transport during directional solidification as a result of oscillatory g-jitter is described. The frequency, amplitude and the spatial orientation of the acceleration vector all play an important role in determining the response of the system. For example, for residual accelerations where the acceleration oscillates about positive and negative of a fixed direction, the orientation of this direction relative to the density gradient determines whether a mean flow is generated in the system. The mean flow produces a mean compositional non-uniformity. Also, for sinusoidally oscillating accelerations, even when the mean flow is negligible, a mean compositonal non-uniformity will generally still arise whenever the phase difference, phi(sub v) - phi(sub D), between the oscillating velocity and composition fields is different from 90 deg.
Use of cervical cancer preventive services among US women aged 21–29: an assessment of the 2010 Affordable Care Act rollout through 2018

The 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided millions of people with health insurance coverage and facilitated routine cancer screening by requiring insurers to cover preventive services without cost-sharing. Despite greater access to affordable cancer screening, Pap testing has declined over time. The aim of this study is to assess participation in Pap test and HPV vaccination, and adherence to guidelines as outlined by the American Cancer Society (ACS) from the 2010 ACA provision eliminating cost-sharing for preventive services. Using multi-year responses from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we examined the association between the ACA and participation in and adherence to Pap testing and HPV vaccination behaviors as set by the ACS. The sample included women aged 21–29 who completed the survey between 2008 and 2018 (every other year) and who live in 24 US States (N = 37,893). Results showed significant decreases in Pap testing rates but increases in the uptake of the HPV vaccine series for all age groups and across all demographics. Post-ACA year significantly predicted increases in HPV + Pap co-testing participation and adherence. Women with health insurance coverage were more likely to engage in both behaviors. Findings raise concerns around declines in the proportion of women receiving and adhering to Pap testing guidelines. A need exists for research to examine the role of increases in HPV vaccination uptake on decreases in Pap testing. Moreover, effective strategies should target increases in cervical cancer screening uptake among women vaccinated against HPV.
The importance of pre-operative imaging and 3-D printing in transcatheter tricuspid valve-in-valve replacement.

Pre-operative multimodality imaging has become an integral part of the planning and execution of transcatheter heart valve procedures. 3D printing of a patient-specific cardiac model is a novel addition to these procedures. This case report discusses the use of pre-operative multimodality imaging, intra-operative fusion imaging, and 3D printing as valuable adjuncts in the planning and simulation of complex structural heart procedures. We describe the case of a 44-year-old woman with prior tricuspid bioprosthetic valve replacement and mechanical mitral valve replacement who presented with dyspnea and palpitations. The patient was diagnosed with severe tricuspid bioprosthestic valve failure, was deemed high risk for surgical re-intervention, and subsequently underwent successful tricuspid valve-in-valve replacement with a SAPIEN XT valve.
Exploratory analysis of factors affecting levels of home deliveries before, during, and post- COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected shopping behavior and has accelerated the adoption of online shopping and home deliveries. We administered an online survey among the population in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro Metropolitan area on household and demographic characteristics, e-commerce preferences and factors, number of deliveries made before and during the COVID-19 lockdown, and number of deliveries expected to make post-pandemic. In this research, we conduct an exploratory analysis of the factors that affect home delivery levels before, during, and post-COVID-19. There was a significant increase in home deliveries during the COVID-19 lockdown relative to the before COVID-19 period. A high proportion of the households that made less than three deliveries per month before the pandemic stated they would order more online post-pandemic. A majority of the households that ordered more than three deliveries per month before COVID-19 are expected to revert to their original levels post-pandemic. The two variables most positively affecting the likelihood of online shopping were access to delivery subscriptions and income. Tech-savvy individuals are expected to make more home delivery orders post-pandemic compared to before and during COVID-19. Health concerns positively increase the likelihood of ordering online during the pandemic and post-pandemic. Older and retired individuals are less likely to use online deliveries. However, the likelihood of older and retired individuals ordering more home deliveries increased during the pandemic lockdown. Households with disabled members, single workers, and respondents concerned about online experience and health are more likely to be first-time online shoppers during the pandemic.
A mid-throughput HBV replication inhibition assay capable of detecting ribonuclease H inhibitors

Abstract The hepatitis B virus (HBV) ribonuclease H (RNaseH) is a promising but unexploited drug target. Inhibiting the RNaseH blocks viral reverse transcription by truncating the minus-polarity DNA strand, causing accumulation of RNA:DNA heteroduplexes, and abrogating plus-polarity DNA synthesis. Screening for RNaseH inhibitors is complicated by the presence of the minus-polarity DNA strand even when replication is fully inhibited because this residual DNA can be detected by standard screening assays that measure reduction in total HBV DNA accumulation. We previously developed a strand-preferential qPCR assay that detects RNaseH replication inhibitors by measuring preferential suppression of the viral plus-polarity DNA strand. However, this assay employed cells grown in 6- or 12-well plates and hence was of very low throughput. Here, we adapted the assay to a 96-well format and conducted a proof-of-principle screen of 727 compounds. The newly developed assay is a valuable tool for anti-HBV drug discovery, particularly when screening for RNaseH inhibitors.
Measuring supports from learning assistants that promote engagement in active learning: evaluating a novel social support instrument

Active learning supports student performance, but can be challenging to implement in large courses. The Learning Assistant (LA) Program is a growing intervention to support students in large active learning classrooms. This program places advanced undergraduates who have training in pedagogical methods in active learning classrooms to interact with and support students during in-class activities. LAs increase student performance, but the mechanism behind this is still unclear. Social support is a promising framework to help elucidate the types and extent of assistance LAs provide to students and begin exploring the “how” behind LAs effectiveness. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument measuring undergraduate students’ perceptions of the social supports for active learning available to them in the classroom. This instrument was based on both the broader social support literature and the literature on what factors encourage students to engage deeply in active learning. To provide initial evidence of validity, the instrument was completed in six sections of General Chemistry I at one R1 university. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to determine the internal structure of the instrument. Then the instrument’s relationship to engagement in active learning was evaluated as another form of validity evidence. These analyses best supported a three-factor instrument that included five items representing supportive feedback provided during active learning (appraisal support), eight items representing emotional support during active learning, and six items representing the communications of norms and values related to active learning (informational support). All three factors were individually correlated with three measures of engagement. In regression analyses with all three factors measured together, only informational support predicted changes in two of the three measures of engagement. This study supports the use of the Perception of Social Supports for Active Learning (PSSALI) instrument to understand students’ perceptions of the supports they are receiving to engage in active learning in chemistry courses. One implication of this work is that in order to increase engagement, learning assistants should clearly communicate the value of active learning and the classroom norm of active participation.
Using implicit attitudes of exercise importance to predict explicit exercise dependence symptoms and exercise behaviors

Abstract Objectives “Fast” (i.e., implicit) processing is relatively automatic; “slow” (i.e., explicit) processing is relatively controlled and can override automatic processing. These different processing types often produce different responses that uniquely predict behaviors. In the present study, we tested if explicit, self-reported symptoms of exercise dependence and an implicit association of exercise as important predicted exercise behaviors and change in problematic exercise attitudes. Design We assessed implicit attitudes of exercise importance and self-reported symptoms of exercise dependence at Time 1. Participants reported daily exercise behaviors for approximately one month, and then completed a Time 2 assessment of self-reported exercise dependence symptoms. Method Undergraduate males and females (Time 1, N = 93; Time 2, N = 74) tracked daily exercise behaviors for one month and completed an Implicit Association Test assessing implicit exercise importance and subscales of the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ) assessing exercise dependence symptoms. Results Implicit attitudes of exercise importance and Time 1 EDQ scores predicted Time 2 EDQ scores. Further, implicit exercise importance and Time 1 EDQ scores predicted daily exercise intensity while Time 1 EDQ scores predicted the amount of days exercised. Conclusion Implicit and explicit processing appear to uniquely predict exercise behaviors and attitudes. Given that different implicit and explicit processes may drive certain exercise factors (e.g., intensity and frequency, respectively), these behaviors may contribute to different aspects of exercise dependence.
Nucleotide Sequence of the Envelope Gene of Gardner-Arnstein Feline Leukemia Virus B Reveals Unique Sequence Homologies with a Murine Mink Cell Focus-Forming Virus

The nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene and the adjacent 3′ long terminal repeat (LTR) of Gardner-Arnstein feline leukemia virus of subgroup B (GA-FeLV-B) has been determined. Comparison of the derived amino acid sequence of the gp70-p15E polyprotein to those of several previously reported murine retroviruses revealed striking homologies between GA-FeLV-B gp70 and the gp70 of a Moloney virus-derived mink cell focus-forming virus. These homologies were located within the substituted (presumably xenotropic) portion of the mink cell focus-forming virus envelope gene and comprised amino acid sequences not present in three ecotropic virus gp70s. In addition, areas of insertions and deletions, in general, were the same between GA-FeLV-B and Moloney mink cell focus-forming virus, although the sizes of the insertions and deletions differed. Homologies between GA-FeLV-B and mink cell focus-forming virus gp70s is functionally significant in that they both possess expanded host ranges, a property dictated by gp70. The amino acid sequence of FeLV-B contains 12 Asn-X-Ser/Thr sequences, indicating 12 possible sites of N-linked glycosylation as compared with 7 or 8 for its murine counterparts. Comparison of the 3′ LTR of GA-FeLV-B to AKR and Moloney virus LTRs revealed extensive conservation in several regions including the “CCAAT” and Goldberg-Hogness (TATA) boxes thought to be involved in promotion of transcription and in the repeat region of the LTR. The inverted repeats that flanked the LTR of GA-FeLV-B were identical to the murine inverted repeats, but were one base longer than the latter. The region of U3 corresponding to the approximately 75-nucleotide “enhancer sequence” is present in GA-FeLV-B, but contains deletions relative to AKR and Moloney virus and is not repeated. An interesting pallindrome in the repeat region immediately 3′ to the U3 region was noted in all the LTRs, but was particularly pronounced in GA-FeLV-B. Possible roles for this structure are discussed.
A grid authentication system with revocation guarantees

Credential revocation is a critical problem in grid environments and remains unaddressed in existing grid security solutions. We present a novel grid authentication system that solves the revocation problem. It guarantees instantaneous revocation of both long-term digital identities of hosts/users and short-lived identities of user proxies. With our approach, revocation information is guaranteed to be fresh with high time-granularity. Our system employs mediated RSA (mRSA), adapts Boneh’s notion of semi-trusted mediators to suit security in virtual organizations and propagates proxy revocation information as in Micali’s NOVOMODO system. Our approach’s added benefits include a configuration-free security model for end-users of the grid and fine-grained management of users’ delegation capabilities.
Deuterodecarboxylation: A convenient method for the preparation of labeled pyridines

Abstract Deuterodecarboxylation, the replacement of a COOD group by a D atom, proceeds with high specificity in good yields for a series of pyridine-2-carboxylic acids. Isomeric pyridine-carboxylic acids require higher temperatures to achieve decarboxylation and give multiply deuterated products. Positions adjacent to the ring N are especially favored in the H—D exchange reactions. The role of ylid intermediates is discussed. It is suggested that the decarboxylation method of labeling may be applicable to a wide variety of heterocyclic systems. A statistical method is given for calculating a mass distribution from NMR data for a sample of partially deuterated pyridines.
Not-so-Great Weight: Treaty Deference and the Article 10(a) Controversy

For the past twenty-one years, federal courts interpreting Article 10(a) of the Hague Service Convention have arrived at opposite conclusions about whether the provision authorizes litigants to serve process on foreign defendants directly through the mail. The dispute arises because of ambiguous wording in the Article, which states that litigants may “send judicial documents” by mail, but says nothing of “service.” At first blush, the dispute appears to turn on dueling principles of statutory interpretation: courts that adhere rigidly to text do not allow direct mail service, whereas courts that look past text, to intent, do. This Note argues, however, that the controversy is explained by a problem particular to treaty interpretation: when the executive branch renders its opinion on the meaning of a treaty, federal courts do not have a principled standard by which to weigh the amount of deference due to this opinion. This Note argues that the Skidmore standard, of administrative law, best fills the gap.
Segmentation-assisted compression of multimedia documents

Block-based compression algorithms have found widespread use in image and video compression standards. Algorithms such as JPEG, however, while very effective in compressing continuous tone images, do not perform well in compressing multimedia documents which contain text and graphics. With a growing number of applications using images with a high content of both continuous tone data and text, e.g. color facsimile data and educational videos, requires the need for a good compression algorithm. In this paper we present a modified JPEG algorithm for compressing such mixed-mode images which occur in multimedia documents. The algorithm is based on the classification of a block as a kind of text or an image block depending on its DCT coefficients. There can be anywhere from 2 to 256 classes. With such a classification, the same compression algorithm can be applied except that different quantization matrices are used for the different type of blocks. The compression algorithm also uses different entropy codes for the different type of blocks. Simulation results show that the modified JPEG algorithm achieves upto 3 dB gain in PSNR compared to JPEG on multimedia documents.
Is the origin of type 1 diabetes in the gut

In type 1 diabetes, insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas are destroyed by immune-mediated mechanisms. The manifestation of the disease is preceded by the so-called pre-diabetic period that may last several years and is characterized by the appearance of circulating autoantibodies against beta-cell antigens. The role of the gut as a regulator of type 1 diabetes was suggested in animal studies, in which changes affecting the gut immune system modulated the incidence of diabetes. Dietary interventions, alterations in the intestinal microbiota and exposure to enteric pathogens, regulate the development of autoimmune diabetes in animal models. It has been demonstrated that these modulations affect the gut barrier mechanisms and intestinal immunity. Because the pancreas and the gut belong to the same intestinal immune system, the link between autoimmune diabetes and the gut is not unexpected. The gut hypothesis in the development of type 1 diabetes is also supported by the observations made in human type 1 diabetes. Early diet could modulate the development of beta-cell autoimmunity; weaning to hydrolysed casein formula decreased the risk of beta-cell autoimmunity by age 10 in the infants at genetic risk. Increased gut permeability, intestinal inflammation with impaired regulatory mechanisms and dysregulated oral tolerance have been observed in children with type 1 diabetes. The factors that contribute to these intestinal alterations are not known, but interest is focused on the microbial stimuli and function of innate immunity. It is likely that our microbial environment does not support the healthy maturation of the gut and tolerance in the gut, and this leads to the increasing type 1 diabetes as well as other immune-mediated diseases regulated by intestinal immune system. Thus, the interventions, aiming to prevent or treat type 1 diabetes in humans, should be targeting the gut immune system.
Three-Dimensional Evolution of a Magnetic Flux Tube Emerging into the Solar Atmosphere

This review is intended to discuss the evolution of the solar magnetic field emerging from the solar interior into the exterior with a focus on its dynamical behavior. Since emerging magnetic field goes through the dramatically changing environment ranging from a highly dense interior to a tenuous atmosphere, various dynamical processes become involved in the evolution. From a theoretical point of view, numerical simulations have been developing as a useful tool to study dynamical processes related to flux emergence. We first infer the state of magnetic field in the solar interior which is used as the preemergence state of flux-emergence simulaiton. We then show several fundamental physical processes obtained by simulations and discuss how recent theoretical modeling of emerging magnetic field has progressed to explain observations. As a topic of current interest, we also discuss the relation between flux emergence and large-scale solar activity such as coronal mass ejections.
Using Stories in Dynamically Oriented Clinical Social Work

Abstract This paper uses concepts from discourse analysis to understand the meaning making functions of narrative in clinical treatment and to describe the interactive processes through which these functions are achieved. “Negotiative” and “heuristic” narrative processes are described as they occur in ordinary conversation. The relevance of these concepts to clinical practice is then explored using case material.
Post Graduation Assessment Of Learning Outcomes

The objective of this work is to suggest a process for improving the assessment of educational outcomes in universities. Improved accountability and assessment has become an important direction in academic institutional research, but the underlying question –how best to accomplish this goal is an open question. A framework is first described which promotes the categorization of academic assessment. Based on this framework, a preliminary instrument was developed and piloted. The results of this study are reported and plans for future efforts are described.
Atrial Fibrillation: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Options

From the Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY. Address reprint requests to Himani V. Bhatt, DO, MPA, Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574. E-mail: Himani.bhatt@mountsinai.org © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1053-0770/2601-0001$36.00/0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2015.05.058 INTRODUCTION TO ATRIAL FIBRILLATION – PREVALENCE, INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS
Chromosome Studies in Wild Populations of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. II. Relationship of Inversion Frequencies to Latitude, Season, Wing-Loading and Flight Activity.

In the midwestern and eastern U.S. populations of Drosophila melanogaster, the Standard gene arrangements show higher frequencies in the north than in the south. In a Missouri population, and to a lesser extent in a south Texas population, the frequencies of Standard chromosomes regularly rise during the cold season and drop during the warm season, thus paralleling the north-south frequency differences. In the Missouri population in 1976 and 1978, wild males were tested for their ability to fly to bait at different ambient temperatures. In both years, males flying in nature in the temperature range of 13° to 15° showed significantly higher frequencies of Standard chromosomes than did those flying in the 16° to 28° range. Wild males flying at 13° to 15° also have different thorax/wing proportions and significantly lower wing-loading indices than do those flying at 16° to 28°. Moreover, wild flies homozygous Standard in 2R and/or 3R have significantly lower wing-loading indices than flies carrying inversions in these arms. Thus, wild flies with high frequencies of Standard chromosomes are karyotypically northern, are selectively favored during the cold season, have a relatively low wing-load and are most capable of flying at critically low ambient temperatures.—In summary, in Missouri, presence or absence of the common cosmopolitan inversions is an important factor in low temperature adaptation, and at least part of the adaptive mechanism involves control of thorax/wing proportions and thus control of wing-loading.
The Influence of Dietary Fat Levels and Environmental Temperature on Digestible Energy and Absorbability of Animal Fat in Catfish Diets

A study was conducted on the effects of three dietary levels of animal fat (5%, 10%, and 15%) and two environmental temperatures (23 and 28 degrees) on the digestible energy (DE) and apparent absorbability (AA) of animal fat in diets of 150 g catfish. Results obtained by the use of the chromic oxide indicator technique demonstrated that at 28 degrees and substitution levels up to 10% of diet, animal fat had a DE value of 7,000 kcal/kg and an AA of 94%. At the 15% level of substitution, both DE and AA were substantially reduced. At each level of substitution, DE and AA values were considerably lower in fish reared at 23 degrees. At supplemental levels up to 10% of diet, the DE and AA values for catfish at 23 degrees were 6,130 kcal/kg and 70%, respectively. Results from this study reconfirmed previous growth data which indicated that animal fat is an excellent dietary energy source for catfish which are reared at optimum temperatures.
Techniques of appropriation in music of John Cage

Artists in the second half of the twentieth century, explained John Cage in 1965, have a unique opportunity to “think of past literature as material rather than art.” It is not surprising that Cage would welcome “borrowings” from the past, since he consistently advocated using the “entire field of sound.” Moreover, it is noteworthy that, in the 1960s, creative artists from a variety of disciplines began to work under similar aesthetic assumptions. During the same period, for example, Robert Rauschenberg created a series of paintings incorporating a vast array of contemporary images with photographic reproductions of classic works. Today such appropriations are a recurrent feature of much late twentieth-century art, music, film, and literature. Appropriation and its allied techniques of quotation, parody, and pastiche have also been a focus of postmodernist cultural theory. This paper places Cage's musical appropriations within this larger artistic and intellectual context. Through a study of Cheap Imitati...
Application of the Risk Principle to Female Offenders

Previous research has supported the significance of the principles of effective intervention in correctional treatment. The risk principle suggests that intensive correctional interventions be reserved for higher risk offenders. Increasingly, there is discussion about the application of the risk principle to specialized populations, such as female offenders. The purpose of this article is to test the risk principle on a sizeable sample of female offenders involved in community corrections in a midwestern state. Findings suggest that the risk principle is applicable to women as higher risk female offenders who participated in residential treatment showed lower probability of recidivism than a risk-controlled comparison group, while lower-risk women increased in likelihood of re-arrest after exposure to the same treatment. Results contribute to the growing literature on effective treatment interventions for female offenders.
Public Employees With High Levels of Public Service Motivation: Who Are They, Where Are They, and What do They Want?

More than a decade ago, Perry and Wise popularized the concept of public service motivation. Yet today, still little is known about public employees with high levels of public service motivation. This study sought to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the relationship that exists between public service motivation and the personal characteristics, management level, and monetary preferences of public employees. The findings reveal that public service motivation is significantly related to the gender, education level, management level, and monetary preferences of public employees. The implications of this study and areas of future research are discussed.
Circulatory Resuscitation With Left Ventricular Assist Device Support Reduces Interleukins 6 and 8 Levels

Abstract Background. Elevated tumor necrosis factor serum levels have been reported in patients with severe congestive heart failure. This study was designed to characterize the cytokine profile in patients with acute circulatory collapse. Methods. Blood drawn from 14 consecutive patients within 24 hours before undergoing left ventricular assist device placement and after at least 30 days of mechanical assistance or before transplantation was assayed for levels of interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Results. Interleukin 6 level was elevated in 11 (79%), interleukin 8 in 10 (71%), and tumor necrosis factor in 2 (14%) of the 14 patients. After hemodynamic recovery, interleukin 6 levels decreased from 33.6 ± 9 pg/mL to 11.3 ± 4 pg/mL ( p = 0.05) and interleukin 8 levels decreased from 122 ± 34 pg/mL to 19.7 ± 8 pg/mL ( p = 0.005). Tumor necrosis factor-α levels did not vary significantly; they were associated with infection in 2 left ventricular assist device recipients and normalized after left ventricular assist device support. All patients had resolution of circulatory shock after mechanical support and had improvement in parameters of end-organ function. Conclusions. Circulatory shock treated with left ventricular assist device placement is associated with a proinflammatory response similar to that seen in septic shock. The decrease in cytokine serum levels that follows hemodynamic recovery suggests that these cytokines may be markers of tissue damage and may modulate cardiac dysfunction. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:971–4)
L ∞ Structures on Spaces with Three One-Dimensional Components

Abstract L ∞ structures have been a subject of recent interest in physics, where they occur in closed string theory and in gauge theory. This paper provides a class of easily constructible examples of L n and L ∞ structures on graded vector spaces with three one-dimensional components. In particular, it demonstrates a way to classify all possible L n and L ∞ structures on V = V m ⊕ V m+1 ⊕ V m+2 when each of the three components is one-dimensional. Included are necessary and sufficient conditions under which a space with an L 3 structure is a differential graded Lie algebra. It is also shown that some of these differential graded Lie algebras possess a nontrivial L n structure for higher n.
Seizure-associated induction of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor in the rat brain

Abstract In order to assess the role of neuronal activity in the regulation of the fibroblast growth factor system, we examined changes in levels of basic fibroblast growth factor and the expression of its receptor-1 following seizures. Epileptiform activity was induced by kainate injection and the rats displaying seizures were killed 3,6, 12 and 24 h after injection. To identify basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 immunoreactivity, we used a monoclonal antibody that binds to the biological active form of basic fibroblast growth factor and a monoclonal antibody that recognizes fibroblast growth factor receptor-1. In normal brain tissue, fibroblast growth factor staining was widely distributed throughout the brain and appeared to be localized within the nucleus of astrocytes. Starting 6 h after seizures, there was a progressive increase in basic fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity. The seizure-induced effect on basic fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity was expressed in astrocytes as an enlargement of the nucleus and a spreading of the staining to the processes. This phenomenon was particularly strong in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 immunoreactivity was virtually absent in control brain tissue. By 3 h post-seizure induction, there was an increase in fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 immunoreactivity in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. After 6 h, fibroblast growth factor receptor-1-positive cells appeared in the stratum oriens along the CA1, CA2 and CA3 hippocampal subfields. This effect gradually expanded to other brain regions and by 24 h fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 immunoreactivity was distributed throughout the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Fluorescent double labelling indicated that the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 immunoreactivity was expressed in astrocytes. At 24 h, some fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 immunoreactivity was also observed in neuron-like cells located throughout the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Since our results indicate that seizure activity modulates the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 levels, it is also possible that physiological stimulation might have similar effects. In addition, our results suggest that the fibroblast growth factor system may have a role in plasticity events triggered by physiological activity.
Reconciling Pacific 410 and 660 km discontinuity topography, transition zone shear velocity patterns, and mantle phase transitions

Abstract We observe that the depths of the 410 and 660 km seismic discontinuities are, on average, slightly positively correlated globally. This is due in large part to a modestly depressed 660 km discontinuity and a large depression of the 410 km discontinuity across the Pacific. The Clapeyron slope (dP/dT), the change in pressure (depth) of a phase transition with a change in temperature, can be used to predict the depth of a phase transformation assuming lateral temperature variations. The phase change of olivine to β-spinel is well understood experimentally, almost certainly produces the 410 km discontinuity, and has a positive Clapeyron slope. At the base of the transition zone, both the olivine component of the mantle (γ-spinel) and the pyroxene component (garnet) transform to perovskite and periclase. Observations of 660 km discontinuity depths are often consistent with the negative Clapeyron slope of the γ-spinel to perovskite and periclase transition, with an apparent anti-correlation with the depth of the 410 km discontinuity. However, under the Pacific, the depression of the 410 km discontinuity and slow seismic velocities indicate that the mantle is warmer than average. Using a negative Clapeyron slope for the perovskite-forming reaction, the 660 km discontinuity is predicted to be shallow in this region. However, we observe that it is either depressed or has little deflection from its average depth. We find that if the Clapeyron slope associated with the 660 km discontinuity changes sign from negative to positive between 1920 and 2020 K, we can explain the correlation of discontinuity structure with seismic velocities in the transition zone. This shift in sign is in accord with the dominant 660 km transition-forming reaction shifting from γ-spinel to garnet near this temperature.
Independent Practice Associations And Physician-Hospital Organizations Can Improve Care Management For Smaller Practices

Pay-for-performance, public reporting, and accountable care organization programs place pressures on physicians to use health information technology and organized care management processes to improve the care they provide. But physician practices that are not large may lack the resources and size to implement such processes. We used data from a unique national survey of 1,164 practices with fewer than twenty physicians to provide the first information available on the extent to which independent practice associations (IPAs) and physician-hospital organizations (PHOs) might make it possible for these smaller practices to share resources to improve care. Nearly a quarter of the practices participated in an IPA or a PHO that accounted for a significant proportion of their patients. On average, practices participating in these organizations provided nearly three times as many care management processes for patients with chronic conditions as nonparticipating practices did (10.4 versus 3.8). Half of these proce...
Social indicators of sustainable progress for higher education

A core element of sustainability is improving the welfare of humankind. This chapter examines the development of social indicators that can help institutions monitor and demonstrate progress in their social performance.
Racism and the Working Class

a nineteenth and twentieth century matter, indeed. The ancient world would have laughed at such a distinction. The Middle Age regarded skin color with mild curiosity; and even up into the eighteenth century we were hammering our national manikins into one, great, and Universal Man, with fine frenzy which ignored color and race even more than birth. Today we have changed all that, and the world in a sudden, emotional conversion has discovered that it is white and by that token, wonderful!1
Rare Earth and Other Elemental Abundances in the Allende Meteorite

Allende Type III carbonaceous chondrite, examining rare earth and other elemental abundances
Studies of Tissue Response to Injections of Enzymes

Since 1893, activation of the serum proteolytic enzymes has been accomplished by a variety of methods and agents. Activation of the serum proteolytic enzyme by means of streptokinase, the beta hemolytic streptococcal kinase, has been recently demonstrated. The significant plasma and tissue hexosamine changes, as well as the subcutaneous "nodules" which developed at the injection sites, resemble those observed in the trypsin treated group. Although trypsin and the serum proteolytic enzyme are not identical, they have many characteristics in common.
Magnetic seed field generation from electroweak bubble collisions with bubble walls of finite thickness

Building on earlier work, we develop an equation-of-motion method for calculating magnetic seed fields generated from currents arising from charged ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ fields in bubble collisions during a first-order primordial electroweak phase transition allowed in some proposed extensions of the standard model. The novel feature of our work is that it takes into account, for the first time, the dynamics of the bubble walls in such collisions. We conclude that for bubbles with sufficiently thin surfaces the magnetic seed fields may be comparable to, or larger than, those found in earlier work. Thus, our results strengthen the conclusions of previous studies that cosmic magnetic fields observed today may originate from seeds created during the electroweak phase transition, and consequently that these fields may offer a clue relevant to extensions of the standard model.