cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The political economy of the Euro crisis: Cognitive biases, faulty mental models, and time inconsistency

Abstract This paper discusses a number of major factors that led to the euro crisis and the failure of officials to deal with it effectively. It is argued that a good deal of these deficiencies in policy can be explained by a combination of faulty mental models, time-inconsistency problems, and cognitive biases such as wishful thinking. The project of European integration has brought great economic benefits and fulfilled the founders’ hopes that the European economies would become so tied together that war would be unthinkable. In creating the euro, however, they failed to recognize that monetary integration is fundamentally different from trade integration and that the group of euro countries as a whole did not come close to meeting the criteria for an optimum currency area. Furthermore the institutional infrastructure created for the euro was far too weak to head off emerging problems and to deal effectively with the crisis once it broke out.
Continuous genomic monitoring of multiple myeloma patients to identify patients of high risk for poor prognosis.

e20035Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is heterogeneous from symptoms, mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression, to the treatment outcome. Besides age and tumor stage, prognostic models based o...
Sums of Squares and the Preservation of Modularity under Congruence Restrictions

If s is a fixed positive integer and n is any nonnegative integer, let r s (8n + s) be the number of solutions of the equation $$x_1^2 + x_2^2 + ... + x_s^2 = 8n + s$$ in integers x 1, x 2,…, x s , and let r s * (8n + s) be the number of solutions of the same equation in odd integers. Alternatively, r s * (8n + s) is the number of ways of expressing n as a sum of triangular numbers, i.e., the number of solutions of the equation $$\frac{{{y_1}({y_1} - 1)}}{2} + \frac{{{y_2}({y_2} - 1)}}{2} + ... + \frac{{{y_s}({y_s} - 1)}}{2} = n$$ in integers y l, y 2,…,y s . It is known that for 1 ≤ s ≤ 7 there exists a positive constant c s such that $${r_s}(8n + s) = {c_s}{r_s}^*(8n + s)$$ for all nonnegative integers n. In this paper we prove that if s > 7, then no constant c s exists such that (*) holds, even for all sufficiently large n. The proof uses the theory of modular forms of weight s/2 and appropriate multiplier system on the group Γ0(64) and the so-called principle of the preservation of modularity under congruence restrictions.
Comparison between single linkage and average linkage clustering techniques in forming machine cells

Abstract This paper compares the single linkage and average linkage clustering techniques when applied to the machine cells formation problem and points out the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
The Material Ghost: Films and Their Medium

Gilberto Perez's love of film dates back to his childhood in Havana, "a great town for going to the movies". His favourite theatre was the Capri, which showed an astonishing variety of films from all over the world. And his regular companion at the movies was his father, a doctor who brought a passion for literature and the arts to his enjoyment of film - and passed that sensibility to his son. "I grew up with the movies as art", writes Perez, "and with art not as something stuffy and affected but as something vital, like the movies". In "The Material Ghost", Perez draws on his lifelong love of the movies as well as his work as a film scholar to write an engaging study of films and filmmakers and the nature of the art form. For Perez, film is complex and richly contradictory - a medium both lifelike and dreamlike, both documentary and fictional, where real details create imaginary worlds, where figures appear before us like actors on a stage and yet are removed from us like characters in a novel. He investigates these complexities by discussing a breathtaking range of works from the earliest days of cinema to the present. From the silent era, he explores the work of Keaton and Chaplin, Griffith and Eisenstein, the haunting anxiety of Murnau's "Nosferatu" and the epic lyricism of Dovzhenko's "Earth". From the classic era of sound cinema, he discusses the searching realism of Jean Renoir and the memorable westerns of John Ford, Bunuel's corrosive documentary "Land Without Bread" and Hitchcock's mesmerizing "Vertigo". From the sixties and seventies, he examines the shifting parables of Jean-Luc Godard and the arresting uncertainty of Antonini's "Eclipse", Straub and Huillet's reflective "History Lessons" and such explosive Hollywood films as "The Wild Bunch" and "The Godfather". He also comments on the current scene, including the refashioned gangster films of Martin Scorsese and the philosophical realism of the Iranian filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami.
Commentary on Cunningham et al. (2015): Essential chemical controls‐miracle from a black box?

Keywords: Cocaine; drug control; drug markets; drug policy; essential chemical control; market disruption
Role of nerve growth factor-like protein in the paracrine regulation of prostate growth.

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of malignant neoplasia in men. Considerable evidence has accumulated suggesting that paracrine interactions between stromal cells and epithelial cells mediate, in part, the growth and development of the prostate. A nerve growth factor-like protein secreted by stromal cells has been implicated in the paracrine regulation of prostate epithelial tumor cell growth in vitro. This prostate-derived nerve growth factor-like protein differs from the known members of the neurotrophin family of proteins, and may represent a prostate-specific form of this family of gene products
Indole and Tryptophan Metabolism: Endogenous and Dietary Routes to Ah Receptor Activation

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor recognized for its role in xenobiotic metabolism. The physiologic function of AHR has expanded to include roles in immune regulation, organogenesis, mucosal barrier function, and the cell cycle. These functions are likely dependent upon ligand-mediated activation of the receptor. High-affinity ligands of AHR have been classically defined as xenobiotics, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins. Identification of endogenous AHR ligands is key to understanding the physiologic functions of this enigmatic receptor. Metabolic pathways targeting the amino acid tryptophan and indole can lead to a myriad of metabolites, some of which are AHR ligands. Many of these ligands exhibit species selective preferential binding to AHR. The discovery of specific tryptophan metabolites as AHR ligands may provide insight concerning where AHR is activated in an organism, such as at the site of inflammation and within the intestinal tract.
Effect of minor alloying additions on glass formation in bulk metallic glasses

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent work on the effect of minor alloying additions on glass formation in bulk metallic glasses. Recently, minor alloying addition or microalloying technology has shown to have dramatic effects on the glass formation and thermal stability of many bulk metallic glasses. This technology basically involves adding small amounts of alloying additions (usually, less 2 at%) to existing bulk metallic glasses for the purpose of further improving their glass forming ability. Experimental evidences indicate that alloying additions of small atoms with atomic radius 0.16 nm (such as Y and Sc) are most effective in enhancing glass forming ability. The beneficial effects of these elements are discussed in terms of physical metallurgy principles.
Structure elucidation with lanthanide induced shifts. 7—development of a reliable method for structure evaluation and the application to organic nitriles

A useful and reliable procedure has been developed for the evaluation of the structures of organic nitriles using lanthanide shift reagents. The procedure is based on a statistical comparison of the experimental lanthanide induced shifts (LIS) with values which are predicted with the pseudocontact equation for a proposed structure. The experimental LIS are obtained by nonlinear regression analysis of the chemical shifts observed in the presence of varying amounts of the shift reagent, Eu(fod)3. The precise geometry for a proposed structure is obtained from molecular mechanics calculations. The LIS are then predicted with the pseudocontact equation using k=976.6 and a europium-nitrogen bond length of 2.50 A. (Detailed arguments are presented in support of these values.) The carbon-nitrogen-europium array is approximately linear, although small distortions from linearity are both expected and observed.
Physical and biological considerations for the use of nonaqueous solvents in oral bioavailability enhancement

This review addresses the use of nonaqueous solvents as components of oral formulations in discovery and preclinical studies. Pharmacology, pharmacokinetic, and safety studies are frequently conducted with solution formulations that use a solvent to solubilize poorly aqueous soluble drugs. The physical chemical basis for solubilization and the precipitation of solubilized drug following administration both contribute to the utility of nonaqueous solvent solutions as oral vehicles. While many of these solvents are considered nontoxic, they are not completely inert biologically. The effects of common nonaqueous solvents on the structural integrity of the epithelia, the inherent permeability of and flux across the GI membrane, the activity of efflux and metabolic enzymes, and the effects on GI motility and GI transit times will be described through an examination of available literature. The practical relevance of these factors to the development of early formulations will be examined critically and suggestions made for the suitability of nonaqueous solvents for a variety of purposes.
Multifield Optimization Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy for Head and Neck Tumors: A Translation to Practice

Background We report the first clinical experience and toxicity of multifield optimization (MFO) intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for patients with head and neck tumors. Methods and Materials Fifteen consecutive patients with head and neck cancer underwent MFO-IMPT with active scanning beam proton therapy. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) had comprehensive treatment extending from the base of the skull to the clavicle. The doses for chemoradiation therapy and radiation therapy alone were 70 Gy and 66 Gy, respectively. The robustness of each treatment plan was also analyzed to evaluate sensitivity to uncertainties associated with variations in patient setup and the effect of uncertainties with proton beam range in patients. Proton beam energies during treatment ranged from 72.5 to 221.8 MeV. Spot sizes varied depending on the beam energy and depth of the target, and the scanning nozzle delivered the spot scanning treatment “spot by spot” and “layer by layer.” Results Ten patients presented with SCC and 5 with adenoid cystic carcinoma. All 15 patients were able to complete treatment with MFO-IMPT, with no need for treatment breaks and no hospitalizations. There were no treatment-related deaths, and with a median follow-up time of 28 months (range, 20-35 months), the overall clinical complete response rate was 93.3% (95% confidence interval, 68.1%-99.8%). Xerostomia occurred in all 15 patients as follows: grade 1 in 10 patients, grade 2 in 4 patients, and grade 3 in 1 patient. Mucositis within the planning target volumes was seen during the treatment of all patients: grade 1 in 1 patient, grade 2 in 8 patients, and grade 3 in 6 patients. No patient experienced grade 2 or higher anterior oral mucositis. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first clinical report of MFO-IMPT for head and neck tumors. Early clinical outcomes are encouraging and warrant further investigation of proton therapy in prospective clinical trials.
Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in children: arsenic or ATRA.

This invited commentary is addressed at the paper by George et al1 on 'treatment of childen with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with arsenic trioxide –'published in this issue of Leukemia. Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) is a unique disorder, characterized by a translocation involving the PML gene on chromosome 15 and the retinoic acid receptor – RAR- gene on chromosome 17 giving rise to the classic translocation t(15;17)(q22;q21) and the PML-RAR fusion protein.2 Less frequent are associations of RAR with PLZF on chromosome 11 giving rise to t(11;17)(q23;q21)3 and the NPM gene on chromosome 5 giving rise to t(5;17)(q35;q21);4 rarely t(15;17) may not directly involve RAR as in t(15;17)(q13;q12).5 Morphologic variants include the microgranular variant (M3v) and the agranular variant. All of these cytogenetic and morphologic variants have been described in children as well as in adults and thus from a cytogenetic and morphologic perspective the disease appears to be homogeneous in adults and children.6 Yet some clinical differences have been observed, for example, high white counts and the M3v variant appears to be more common in children;7, 8, 9 and internal tandem duplication of the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) is less common in childhood.10 While the overall outcome with ATRA-based regimens appears to be the same, there is an increased incidence of headaches and the more ominous pseudotumor cerebri in children with ATRA.9 Additional concerns with current APL therapies for children are the risks for cardiotoxicity (acute and delayed) associated with the high cumulative doses of anthracyclines (up to 600 mg/M2 of daunorubicin) included in the chemotherapy component of some of the combined adult-pediatric APL studies. Thus, further improvements are necessary in the therapy of APL in children.
Cerebrovascular complications in interventional cardiology

Abstract Today, over 1 million coronary interventions are performed in the United States. Cerebrovascular complications during interventional cardiology procedures are rare; however, they can have devastating consequences. This review will address cerebrovascular complications during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with either stenting or balloon angioplasty in the era of powerful anticoagulation therapy. Also, we will seek to address neurological complications following valvuloplasty.
Automating case definitions using literature-based reasoning

Background: Establishing a Case Definition (CDef) is a first step in many epidemiological, clinical, surveillance, and research activities. The application of CDefs still relies on manual steps and this is a major source of inefficiency in surveillance and research. Objective: Describe the need and propose an approach for automating the useful representation of CDefs for medical conditions. Methods: We translated the existing Brighton Collaboration CDef for anaphylaxis by mostly relying on the identification of synonyms for the criteria of the CDef using the NLM MetaMap tool. We also generated a CDef for the same condition using all the related PubMed abstracts, processing them with a text mining tool, and further treating the synonyms with the above strategy. The co-occurrence of the anaphylaxis and any other medical term within the same sentence of the abstracts supported the construction of a large semantic network. The ‘islands’ algorithm reduced the network and revealed its densest region including the nodes that were used to represent the key criteria of the CDef. We evaluated the ability of the “translated” and the “generated” CDef to classify a set of 6034 H1N1 reports for anaphylaxis using two similarity approaches and comparing them with our previous semi-automated classification approach. Results: Overall classification performance across approaches to producing CDefs was similar, with the generated CDef and vector space model with cosine similarity having the highest accuracy (0.825±0.003) and the semi-automated approach and vector space model with cosine similarity having the highest recall (0.809±0.042). Precision was low for all approaches. Conclusion: The useful representation of CDefs is a complicated task but potentially offers substantial gains in efficiency to support safety and clinical surveillance.
Aerodynamic efficiency of wings in rain

Measurements of lift, drag, and moment coefficients were obtained for a rectangular planform wing with wettable and nonwettable surface coatings in light to moderate rain. Comparisons with surfacewater flow patterns show that the degradation of aerodynamic efficiency caused by rain depended on the location of rivulet formation and on the diameter of these rivulets. Drag forces increase with increasing diameter of rivulets. Lift forces decrease with a longer film-convection region. Wing surfaces with wettable coatings had thinner films, flatter thinner rivulets, and flatter droplets that resulted in the least loss in lift-to-drag ratio caused by rain, despite longer film-convection regions. Droplet and rivulet diameters are found to be more important to aerodynamic performance than the location of rivulet formation.
Surface radiation properties from electromagnetic theory

Electromagnetic theory of surface radiation properties, analyzing specular reflectance of optically smooth surfaces
Growth of zinc whiskers

Abstract A study has been made of the growth of zinc whiskers by vapor deposition of a pure phase in the presence of an inert gas. Whiskers of much greater length were obtained in the presence of a foreign gas than by vacuum deposition. The whisker diameters diminished with increasing inert-gas pressure. The whisker-growth process was strongly affected by small amounts of active gaseous impurities. The growth behavior was consistent with, although not necessarily unique to, dendritic growth from screw dislocations in large zinc crystals.
Endogenous growth in a cross-section of countries

Abstract We estimate two versions of Romer’s model of endogenous technological change that allow for population growth and human capital accumulation. In one of these versions, estimates from international cross-sectional data yield parameter values that are consistent with prior information, and tests of overidentifying restrictions are not rejected. Trade openness increases the effectiveness with which human capital generates new knowledge, and improves the model’s predictive performance. The Romer model represents a valuable template on which to build more sophisticated models of endogenous long-run growth without scale effects.
Creatine kinase B is necessary to limit myoblast fusion during myogenesis

Myoblast fusion is critical for proper muscle growth and regeneration. During myoblast fusion, the localization of some molecules is spatially restricted; however, the exact reason for such localization is unknown. Creatine kinase B (CKB), which replenishes local ATP pools, localizes near the ends of cultured primary mouse myotubes. To gain insights into the function of CKB, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify CKB-interacting proteins. We identified molecules with a broad diversity of roles, including actin polymerization, intracellular protein trafficking, and alternative splicing, as well as sarcomeric components. In-depth studies of α-skeletal actin and α-cardiac actin, two predominant muscle actin isoforms, demonstrated their biochemical interaction and partial colocalization with CKB near the ends of myotubes in vitro. In contrast to other cell types, specific knockdown of CKB did not grossly affect actin polymerization in myotubes, suggesting other muscle-specific roles for CKB. Interestingly, knockdown of CKB resulted in significantly increased myoblast fusion and myotube size in vitro, whereas knockdown of creatine kinase M had no effect on these myogenic parameters. Our results suggest that localized CKB plays a key role in myotube formation by limiting myoblast fusion during myogenesis.
Formation of gas bubbles at horizontal orifices

Air bubbles were formed in water and in mineral oil by use of single, circular, horizontal, square-edged orifices facing upward. Twenty orifices were tested, ranging from 0.017 to 0.79 cm. (0.0067 to 0.31 in.) in radius. Incieasms the whime, of the gas chamber below the orifice (over the range of 4 to 4,000 cc.) was found to increase the bubble size. The gas-chamber volume was minimized in most of the work in order to confine attention to the effects of orifice size and gas-flow rate. The liquid containers were large enough to eliminate significant wall effects, and operations were conducted at atmospheric pressure. The gas-flow rate was varised from about 0.01 to about 250 cc./sec. over the course of the work. At relatively low rates, the orifices generally formed single “static” bubbles, the volumes of which were proportional to the surface tension and orifice radius and independent of the gas-flow rate. At high flow rates the bubble frequency became high and the bubble volume became proportional to the gas-flow rate and independent of the surface tension. The bubble frequency reached a maximum value for each orifice, this value being a function of the orifice radius. For air bubbles in water, the correlation of the maximum bubble frequency, nm bubbles/sec., with the orifice radius, r cm., and the air-flow rate, q cc./sec., was found to be nm = 9.1q0.13/r0.43. The maximum frequencies ranged from about 25 bubbles/sec. for the largest orifices to about 75 bubbles/sec. for the smallest orifices used. It was found that consecutive bubbles paired or coalesced in definite ways in certain ranges of the gas-flow rate. A description is given of this bubble behavior, based on stroboscopic and photographic observation.
Inter-subunit cross-linking of methylamine dehydrogenase by cyclopropylamine requires residue αPhe55

Cyclopropylamine is a mechanism-based inhibitor of the quinoprotein methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) from Paracoccus denitrificans. The resulting inactivation is accompanied by the formation of a covalent cross-link between the α and β subunits of MADH. The results of site-directed mutagenesis studies indicate that Phe55 on the α subunit is required for this process. No cross-linking is seen with αF55A or αF55I MADH mutants. In contrast, with αF55E MADH cross-linking of subunits is observed. These results suggest a novel mechanistic role for a phenylalanine residue and the possible importance of protein dynamics in this enzyme mechanism.
DOING TIME: A CASE STUDY OF A NORTH CAROLINA YOUTH INSTITUTION

ABSTRACT The culture of the prison has not been studied much in the past forty years. Not since the time of Clemmer in the 1930s, and Sykes in the 1950's, and several small studies in the 60s and 70s have there been many in-depth studies on what prison life is like, meaning the culture, daily life, and other aspects of prison life (Zaitzow, 1999). The inmate subculture helps inmates cope with the special circumstances of prison life by providing ways of thinking, feeling, and acting for all aspects of prison life. Much research and debate have centered on the factors influencing the development of this subculture. However, instead of arguing which model of inmate subculture is correct (the deprivation model vs. the importation model) it makes better sense to look at the inmate subculture as a dynamic system affected by a variety of factors both within and outside the prison (Thomas & Petersen, 1977). The purpose of the present investigation was to generate new knowledge about daily life and the unique cul...
A saw-cutting test for estimating stress intensity at a rail web crack due to residual stresses

Abstract A saw-cutting test, where the rail web is cut longitudinally and the curvatures of the split ends are measured, can provide a quantitative criterion for unstable web fracture due to residual stresses. The change in curvature of the split ends is used to estimate the stress intensity K I that would act on a web crack at the saw-cut location. The stress intensity K I can then be compared with the critical stress intensity K Ic . Obtaining K I from curvatures is a simple procedure requiring curvature measurement using, for example, a dial gage mounted on a bar, and an algebraic calculation. Stress intensities were calculated from deflection data supplied by the Association of American Railroads (AAR) using this procedure for three rail specimens. The resulting values of stress intensity I along the rail were 30–50 ksi√in., 60–80 ksi√in., and 30–50 ksi√in., which are comparable to fracture toughnesses K Ic for rail of from 25–50 ksi√in. (27–55 MPa√m).
Cooperative collection development between selective U.S. depository libraries

Abstract Active cooperative collection development by selective U.S. Government Printing Office depository libraries has been neglected as a means by which meaningful economies in staff and space can be realized while still maintaining, or even broadening, the quality of the depository collection. Based on a cooperative framework between the depository collections at Carleton and St. Olaf colleges, a model is offered to other selective depositories. The concept of cooperation is particularly timely during periods of fiscal exigency, as well as in light of the fact that over half of all depositories are within ten miles of another depository.
Episodic hypertension caused by recurrent renal artery lesions following transplantation: a case report.

A kidney transplant patient developed recurrent hypertension on two successive occasions associated with lesions of the renal artery. The first episode of hyper tension was caused by renal artery ste nosis and was surgically corrected; the second was caused by a sizable pseudo- aneurysm at the site of arterial anasto mosis which was resected, and arterial continuity was successfully re-estab lished.
Oviposition site guarding by male walnut flies and its possible consequences for mating success

Field studies showed that male Rhagoletis juglandis and R. boycei flies guard egg-laying punctures (and the eggs within) on host walnut (Juglans major) fruit and defend those sites from conspecific and heterospecific males. In field experiments with artificially punctured fruit,as well as field observations on unmanipulated fruit, males were consistently more likely to be sighted and stayed longer on damaged fruit than on undamaged fruit. On artificially punctured fruit, they consistently spent more time in the vicinity of a puncture than expected by chance alone. Males together on damaged fruit were more likely to engage in contests over those fruit than males together on undamaged fruit. Copulations were consistently more frequent for either species on damaged than undamaged fruit, both in observations of unmanipulated fruit and in artificial puncture experiments. Analyses which controlled for the longer male residence time on damaged fruit suggested strongly that copulations were consistently achieved at higher per capita rates on damaged than on undamaged fruit, indicating that puncture-guarding functions to increase access to females. An exception to the pattern in male mating success was noted at a site where both species used host fruit on the same trees. In this case, R. juglandis males were only slightly more common on punctured fruit than on control fruit and male success in copulation did not differ significantly between the two types of fruit. This anomalous result was apparently due to an almost absolute advantage enjoyed by R. boycei males in on-fruit contests with R. juglandis males. A likely basis for improvements in mating success associated with puncture guarding was a propensity for females to deposit eggs into existing punctures. Both in observations of unmanipulated fruit and in artificial puncture experiments, females consistently attempted oviposition more often in damaged than undamaged fruit. In artificial puncture experiments, both species at both sites deposited most clutches in damaged fruit. Mating generally took place as females initiated oviposition. The possible functions of puncture use by females as well as alternative functions of puncture guarding by males are discussed.
The "monster" in South Africa.

At the same time that Charlize Theron was being acclaimed in her native home of South Africa for her performance in the film Monster I was invited to be among the first delegation of nurses from the United States to South Africa to work together to strategize community interventions to combat the "monster" in Africa--HIV. It was an honor for me to be a member of this delegation focused on HIV-related issues on a continent severely plagued by the deadly virus. The visit in March of 2004 was supported by People to People International to South Africa. The focus of the delegation was to promote cultural understanding enhance communication promote peace among nations propose efforts to break stereotypes and create dialogue. We had long and intense discussions with various employees of South African agencies who represented numerous health care specialties. These agencies included the Department of Healths National HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Unit the Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit the University of Pretorias Center for the Study of AIDS AIDS Care Training and Support Rural Community Initiative LoveLife Youth Center Medicines sans Frontiers (MSF; Doctors Without Borders) Mothers to Mothers-to-Be (U.S. funded) and the Treatment Action Campaign. Our visit with the U.S. ambassador to South Africa Cameron Hume at the U.S. Embassy displayed our government to be very concerned over the HIV crisis in South Africa. (excerpt)
Ground-state depleted solid-state lasers: principles, characteristics and scaling

A novel class of rare-earth-doped solid-state lasers is described. The ground-state depleted laser is pumped by an intense (more than tens of kW cm−2) narrow-band (less than a few nm) laser source and is characterized by: (1) an unusually low laser ion doping density (5 to 10×1018ion cm−3), (2) an unusually large fractional excited population inversion density (4 to 8×1018 ion cm−3, or >75%), (3) a gain element that is optically thick at the pump wavelength and (4) a gain element that has a substantially uniform gain distribution due to a bleaching of the pump transition at the pump intensity utilized. These features enable efficient room-temperature operation of rare-earth-ion laser transitions terminating on the ground manifold. The relationships between laser parameters (cross-sections, saturation fluences and fluxes, bleaching wave velocities, etc.) are given and laser performance scaling relationships are presented and discussed.
The Response of Superpressure Balloons to Gravity Waves

Abstract Analytic solutions of a balloon's response to simultaneous variations of the vertical wind speed and the density are obtained using Fourier expansion methods. It is assumed that density and wind are in phase quadrature. The balloon's response depends on wave period, density and wind amplitudes, and static stability. When density and wind amplitudes are related as in a gravity wave the amplitude of the balloon's velocity response varies from about 75 to 105% of the wind amplitude as the lapse rate condition varies from isothermal to adiabatic, for a typical wave period (13.8 min) and air motion amplitude (30 cm s−1). Further, balloon phase leads air motion phase by ∼30° for adiabatic lapse, but lags the air motion by ∼25° for isothermal lapse conditions at this wave period. For very long period waves the balloon asymptotically approaches a true isopycnic tracer (with some phase shift) for high static stability, but not for low static stability.
Vortex unwinding in a turbulent boundary layer

The vortex unwinding method is used as a tool in performing vortex cancellation in a turbulent boundary layer. Sufficient reduction in the isotach variation was achieved to verify the usefulness of this technique, for the cases of both wall turbulence control and horseshoe vortex alleviation. More detailed measurements of vortex strength and position improve the optimization process and increase the amount of vortex unwinding.
Hose-Modulation Instability of Laser Pulses in Plasmas.

A laser pulse propagating in a uniform plasma or a preformed plasma density channel is found to undergo a combination of hose and modulation instabilities, provided the pulse centroid has an initial tilt. Coupled equations for the laser centroid and envelope are derived and solved for a finite-length laser pulse. Significant coupling between the centroid and the envelope, harmonic generation in the envelope, and strong modification of the wake field can occur. Methods to reduce the growth rate of the laser hose instability are demonstrated.
creative imagination and imagery

This article examines our state of knowledge on the creative process. The author has not confined himself to education/ psychology sources. The creative process starts with imagery and has limitless vehicles for expression. The most prominent are language, music and painting. The author concludes by drawing attention to the woefully undersubscribed areas where further research is needed.
The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia

1. Introduction 2. The discovery of the Bronze Age 3. The neolithic of South-east Asia and China 4. Central Thailand 5. The Mekong Valley 6. The Red and Zijang River valleys and coastal Vietnam 7. The Yunnan Plateau 8. External relationships of the South-east Asian Bronze Age: China, India and Island South-east Asia 9. Discussion and conclusions.
Unfolding the Mutational Landscape of Human Melanoma

Over the preceding two decades, sophisticated sequencing techniques have been used to characterize the genetic drivers of adult melanoma. However, our understanding of pediatric melanomas is still rudimentary. In this report, we comment on a thorough multi-platform analysis of common pediatric melanoma subsets, including pediatric conventional melanoma (CM), congenital nevus-derived melanoma (CNM), and Spitzoid melanoma (SM), contributed by Lu et al.
Feminist Scholarship in Archaeology

Archaeologists have been slow to embrace feminist scholarship. Although most still avoid the term "feminism," an archaeology of gender has emerged and thrived. This article explores the history of women and feminism in archaeology, examines a few of the central issues addressed by feminist and gender-oriented archaeologists, briefly addresses equity issues for women archaeologists, and identifies some future directions.
Mitochondria, oxidative DNA damage, and aging

Protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and from mitochondrial oxidative damage is well known to be necessary to longevity. The relevance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to aging is suggested by the fact that the two most commonly measured forms of mtDNA damage, deletions and the oxidatively induced lesion 8-oxo-dG, increase with age. The rate of increase is species-specific and correlates with maximum lifespan. It is less clear that failure or inadequacies in the protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and from mitochondrial oxidative damage are sufficient to explain senescence. DNA containing 8-oxo-dG is repaired by mitochondria, and the high ratio of mitochondrial to nuclear levels of 8-oxo-dG previously reported are now suspected to be due to methodological difficulties. Furthermore, MnSOD −/+ mice incur higher than wild type levels of oxidative damage, but do not display an aging phenotype. Together, these findings suggest that oxidative damage to mitochondria is lower than previously thought, and that higher levels can be tolerated without physiological consequence. A great deal of work remains before it will be known whether mitochondrial oxidative damage is a “clock” which controls the rate of aging. The increased level of 8-oxo-dG seen with age in isolated mitochondria needs explanation. It could be that a subset of cells lose the ability to protect or repair mitochondria, resulting in their incurring disproportionate levels of damage. Such an uneven distribution could exceed the reserve capacity of these cells and have serious physiological consequences. Measurements of damage need to focus more on distribution, both within tissues and within cells. In addition, study must be given to the incidence and repair of other DNA lesions, and to the possibility that repair varies from species to species, tissue to tissue, and young to old.
Banach-valued probability measures

We introduce and study the notion of Banach-valued probability measures on a compact semitopological semigroup. In particular, we prove that these measures are nontrivial idempotents and convolution is separately continuous. We give an example of a Banach-valued measure where the support may not be simple; though for any idempotent measure the support is a closed simple subsemigroup.
POTENTIAL POWER AND POWER USE: AN INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR

behavioral tactics. Results indicate that structural position, measured as an individual's network centrality and level in the organizational hierarchy, and behavior-use of assertiveness, ingratiation, exchange, upward appeal, rationality, and coalition formation-relate independently and significantly to others' perceptions of the individual's power. In addition, structure partially mediated the relationship between behavior and power, and the behavioral strategies partially mediated the structure-power relationship. Significant interaction effects were also found. The study of power in organizations has been both plagued and blessed by the multitude of theories and approaches that have been offered. Although the variety of approaches makes convergence difficult, consideration of its subtle complexities leads to a more comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of power. However, the proliferation of conceptual subtleties has also resulted in a fragmentation of empirical research (Astley & Sachdeva, 1984). Nowhere is this more evident than in the research agendas of organizational psychologists, who take a micro-level view, and organizational sociologists, who take a macro-level view. Micro research has focused on the behavior of individuals, macro research on the larger organizational context. In investigating power in organizations, the micro-macro split is exemplified in the distinction between potential power and power use.
Influence of baseline ejection fraction and success of thrombolysis on mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction.

The efficacy of streptokinase (STK) thrombolytic therapy was prospectively evaluated in 77 consecutive patients presenting within 9 hours of onset of acute myocardial infarction. Serial left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) was assessed by radionuclide ventriculography, initially (acute) and at 1 month (late). The role of initial LVEF was examined by comparing patients with an acute LVEF ≥50% (type I) with those with LVEF
Effect of methylthiouracil and iodide on the iodinated constituents of thyroid tissue in Graves' disease

ABSTRACT The distribution of radioiodine amongst the various iodinated constituents of thyroid tissue was determined chromatographically in patients with Graves' disease who had been treated with methylthiouracil for twenty days and then with iodide alone for ten days before thyroidectomy. Specimens of normal tissue from euthyroid patients with adenoma of the thyroid were used as controls. In the tissue from patients with hyperthyroidism the proportion of inorganic radioiodide was higher (28.8 per cent) than normal (8.1 per cent) and the ratio of radiomonoiodotyrosine to radiodiiodotyrosine (M/D) was higher (2.2) than normal (0.68). The latter could be explained in most cases by a block in iodine organification leading to a deficiency of iodine for the formation of diiodotyrosine. In 2 hyperthyroid patients, however, there was no apparent block in the organification of iodine. This block in the conversion of monoiodotyrosine to diiodotyrosine in the hyperthyroid human subject might have been the result of...
New clues to actin function in chromatin regulation

Since the discovery that actin and actin-related proteins (ARPs) reside in the nucleus as integral subunits of chromatin-modifying and chromatin-remodeling complexes, efforts to uncover their roles in chromatin regulation have met with limited success. In a new study, the previously mysterious helicase-SANT–associated (HSA) domain found in many chromatin regulatory complexes is shown to act as a module that directs recruitment and contributes to the action of actin and ARPs in chromatin regulation.
Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolic Rate in the Conscious, Freely Moving Rat: The Effects of Hypercapnia, and Acute Ethanol Administration

We propose a simple method that can be used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2), and cerebral glucose consumption (CMRglu) in the conscious, freely moving rat. The method is based on the classical Kety-Schmidt approach, and uses a chronic cannula in the confluens sinuum. We tested the method by investigating the response of CBF, CMRO2, and CMRglu to hypercapnia and used the approach to investigate the effects of acute alcohol administration. Severe hypercapnia (PaCO2 approximately 80 mmHg) increased the CBF by a factor of 3.5, decreased the CMRO2 by 30%, and had no significant effect on the CMRglu. Under normocapnic conditions moderate blood alcohol levels (100-200 mg%) caused no significant effects on CBF, CMRO2, or CMRglu, but high blood alcohol levels (250-400 mg%) decreased all three parameters by approximately 25%. Under hypercapnic conditions high blood alcohol levels had no effect on CBF, CMRO2, and CMRglu.
Calculated Isotope Effect for Diffusion in Solid Argon

The isotope effect was calculated for diffusion in solid argon using a formalism developed by Glyde. The computed values of $\ensuremath{\Delta}K$ are 0.99 for self-diffusion via a single-vacancy mechanism, 0.88 for self-diffusion via a divacancy mechanism, 0.999 for neon impurity diffusion via single vacancies, and 0.94 for krypton impurity diffusion via single vacancies. These calculated values are compared with experimental data and suggest that diffusion in solid argon may be via either a single-vacancy or divacancy mechanism; neither the calculations nor the experiments are sufficiently precise to establish the mechanism with certainty.
A Comparison between Coronal Emission Lines from an Isothermal Spectrum Observed with the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer and CHIANTI Emissivities

The present paper compares off-disk spectral observations of the solar corona in the ranges 307-379 and 513-633 A with theoretical emissivities calculated using the CHIANTI database. The observed spectra were recorded by the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory using the normal-incidence portion of the instrument. Using line-ratio techniques, we first measure the electron temperature and density in the emitting region, verifying that it is nearly isothermal. Next, we use an emission-measure analysis to compare measured spectral line intensities with predictions from the CHIANTI database. This comparison allows us to assess the quality of the CHIANTI data for the brightest coronal lines in the 307-379 and 513-633 A spectral ranges. As a result, we are able to (1) select lines and ions for which the agreement between theory and observation is good, (2) identify a few lines that are blended, and (3) stress inconsistencies between a few lines and theory, thus showing where improvements to atomic data and transition probabilities are necessary.
Dipole Polarizability of the Neutral Carbon Atom and the Dipole-Dipole Interaction between Carbon Atoms

Many-body perturbation theory is used to calculate the dipole polarizability ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$ of the neutral carbon atom in its $^{3}P$ ground state. The result is 2.38 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$ in lowest order. When correlations are included by calculating higher-order terms in the perturbation expansion, we obtain the value 1.54 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3}$ for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$ averaged over ${M}_{L}$ values. A calculation of the coefficient of the ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ term in the van der Waals interaction between two carbon atoms each in the $^{3}P$ ground state is also reported.
Wrist Splint for Upper Motor Neuron Paralysis

To the Editor: There are a number of concerns with the study published by Stroke written by Lannin et al.1 The concerns are: (1) the randomization; (2) the title; (3) the sample of stroke participants; (4) the volar splint; and (5) the splinting groups with the wrist and fingers in a “neutral” and in an “extended position.” Randomization was based on the diagnosis and time from onset, not the degree of spasticity. Therefore, it is obvious that change in flexor tendon extensibility and possible effectiveness of splinting were not significant. The randomization should be based on the degree of spasticity because it is independent of the time from onset. It was vital that the intervention groups in the study, that is “neutral” and “45° extended,” were first classified based on the degree of spasticity as …
Pallidal and tegmental inhibition of oscillatory slow waves and unit activity in the subthalamic nucleus.

Summary Two cell types have been found in the subthalamic nucleus of barbiturate anesthetized cats. Most neurons (90%) show regular spontaneous activity which is inhibited by pallidal stimulation, and are designated ‘A’ type cells. ‘B’ type cells are not spontaneously active, but respond to pallidal stimulation with a long latency, high frequency burst of spikes. In the locally anesthetized animal ‘A’ type cells fire irregularly and show driven action potentials preceding the onset of inhibition evoked by pallidal stimulation. ‘B’ cells are spontaneously active in the absence of barbiturates. In the zona incerta and Forel's fields, no ‘B’ type cells were seen in anesthetized animals, but were present in locally anesthetized preparations. Cells in the subthalamic nucleus were not driven by sciatic nerve stimulation, but units elsewhere in the subthalamus were. Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area of Tsai produces both ‘A’ and ‘B’ type responses in the subthalamic nucleus. The latency for the discharge in ‘B’ type cells is about half that following pallidal stimulation. Inhibition of subthalamic cells by tegmental stimulation is associated with an evoked potential showing a prominent positive wave, while pallidal stimulation does not produce a focal potential. The relation of single unit discharge to the grossly recorded slow wave activity seen in the subthalamic nucleus and ventral tegmental area of barbiturate anesthetized cats is discussed.
Systematic review on sleep disorders and obstetric outcomes: scope of current knowledge.

Objective To assess the current state of knowledge regarding sleep disorders and their relationship to obstetric outcomes. Study Design A systematic literature review of the previous two decades (1991 to 2010) was conducted. The exposure was sleep disorders during pregnancy, and the outcomes of interest were feto-infant morbidity and maternal complications. Results Sleep apnea, snoring, and sleep quantity/duration were identified as the most frequently examined sleep disorders among pregnant women. Although our review found that studies examining the impact of sleep disorders on feto-infant outcomes were lacking, previous research indicates that such disorders may enhance the risk of preterm birth. Additionally, the current body of evidence suggests that sleep disorders adversely impact maternal health, increasing the likelihood of preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes. Conclusion Existing research points to the potentially harmful effects of sleep disorders on obstetric outcomes. The limited research in this arena highlights the need for further studies regarding the nature and strength of this relationship. Given the multiple dimensions of sleep and pregnancy, multivariate research approaches that incorporate biological and psychosocial factors are warranted.