cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Basel Turning Banks into Public Utilities

As every commercial banker, savings banker and credit union officer knows Basel III will be phased in over the 2015-2019 period. These regulations will affect not only Spanish banks but banks from over 100 countries worldwide -- in large part because of IMF and World Bank “conditionality” for loans. In this paper I briefly discuss the major features of the new Basel III accord. I will also discuss the two key factors that will have severe effects on future bank profitability, in particular, as I will argue in more detail later, they can be expected to radically reduce the ability of banks to leverage their equity and to engage in traditional forms of “financial intermediation,” i.e., borrowing short-term and lending long term so as to earn a borrowing-lending spread. As I will argue in the next few years, bank ROE’s can be expected to be reduced to the 8-10% range, a range common among “safe” public utilities such as gas and electric companies. Indeed, this raises the questions as to how will banks make a profit in the Basel III era?
A Conceptual Framework for Examining Color Preference, Importance and Categorization in a Multiattribute Context – A Comparative Approach

This paper develops a conceptual framework that investigates the salience of color in the presence of price, brand name and quality, using two distinct products, and examines the subsequent differences in purchase behaviors and color preferences between Black and Caucasian males and females. A conjoint analysis revealed significant differences in the perceived relative importance among the four attributes, differences were evident for general and product specific color preferences and relationships among past/intended purchase behaviors were established. Implications for future research on an "antecedent color choice model" are introduced.
Non-censored rib fracture data during frontal PMHS sled tests.

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to obtain non-censored rib fracture data due to three-point belt loading during dynamic frontal post-mortem human surrogate (PMHS) sled tests. The PMHS responses were then compared to matched tests performed using the Hybrid-III 50th percentile male ATD.Methods: Matched dynamic frontal sled tests were performed on two male PMHSs, which were approximately 50th percentile height and weight, and the Hybrid-III 50th percentile male ATD. The sled pulse was designed to match the vehicle acceleration of a standard sedan during a FMVSS-208 40 kph test. Each subject was restrained with a 4 kN load limiting, driver-side, three-point seatbelt. A 59-channel chestband, aligned at the nipple line, was used to quantify the chest contour, anterior-posterior sternum deflection, and maximum anterior-posterior chest deflection for all test subjects. The internal sternum deflection of the ATD was quantified with the sternum potentiometer. For the PMHS tests, a total of 23 sing...
'What We Have Seen…': Higher Education in the Dominican Tradition

A thesis: Dominican colleges and universities should be schools of ophthalmology. To develop this thesis, this essay begins with a brief reflection on 1 Jn 1:1-4, and then considers contemplation as a journey into vision. Following that are focal points from the tradition that might help name what is or should be distinctive about Dominican higher education. After a brief description of what is meant by tradition, the essay looks at the context and motivation for the Order of Preachers. It then explores the Dominican way of seeing reality through two lenses: tradition and the signs of the times. Continuing the discussion of focal points, the essay notes the importance of common study and briefly describes characteristic emphases in the Dominican intellectual tradition. Finally, this paper reflects on education in the Dominican tradition specifically as: (1) discourse toward a common sense and (2) education toward the common good.
Police Responses to Violent Crime: Reconsidering the Mobilization of Law

This work advances the relatively limited literature pertaining to police clearances of serious violent crimes by comparing and contrasting the correlates of homicide clearance with clearance of no...
IGRT and Hypofractionation for Primary Tumors

Advancements in radiation planning and delivery have resulted in the ability to safely deliver higher doses per fraction to the tumor while also sparing normal tissue. Known as hypofractionated radiation therapy (HRT), or stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR), this technique has been developed in multiple sites outside the brain, including lung, prostate, and pancreas. Accompanying such treatment is some form of image guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Localization of these tumors requires high quality soft tissue imaging, in addition to the ability to ascertain tumor location during radiation delivery. This chapter will outline the role of IGRT as it pertains to HRT treatment schemes for various malignancies.
Group identity as a source of threat and means of compensation: Establishing personal control through group identification and ideology

Compensatory control theory proposes that individuals can assuage threatened personal control by endorsing external systems or agents that provide a sense that the world is meaningfully ordered. Recent research drawing on this perspective finds that one means by which individuals can compensate for a loss of control is adherence to ideological beliefs about the social world. This prior work, however, has largely neglected the role of social groups in defining either the nature of control threat or the means by which individuals compensate for these threats. In four experiments (N = 466) we test the possibility that group-based threats to personal control can be effectively managed by defensively identifying with the threatened group and its values. We provide evidence for the specificity of these effects by demonstrating that defensive identification and ideology endorsement are specific to the content of the group-based threat.
Calcium intercalation into layered fluorinated sodium iron phosphate

Abstract The energy density and cost of battery systems, relative to the current state-of-the art, can be improved by developing alternative chemistries utilizing multivalent working ions such as calcium. Many challenges must be overcome, such as the identification of cathode materials with high energy density and an electrolyte with a wide electrochemical stability window that can plate and strip calcium metal, before market implementation. Herein, the feasibility and cycling performance of Ca2+ intercalation into a desodiated layered Na2FePO4F host is described. This is the first demonstration of Ca2+ intercalation into a polyanionic framework, which implies that other polyanionic framework materials may be active for Ca2+ intercalation. Although substantial effort is expected in order to develop a high energy density cathode material, this study demonstrates the feasibility of Ca2+ intercalation into multiple host structures types, thereby extending opportunities for development of Ca insertion host structures, suggesting such a cathode material can be identified and developed.
Teaching Residents How to Talk About Death and Dying: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Barriers and Randomized Educational Intervention:

Objectives:We present a pilot study exploring the effects of a brief, 30-minute educational intervention targeting resident communication surrounding dying in the intensive care unit (ICU). We soug...
Another World"¦ Inside This One

Continental philosophy has long been concerned with the question of transcendence, a fact attributable in part to the historical significance of phenomenology and the legacy of debates surrounding transcendental idealism, the epoche, the status of the world and of other people, and, at least for some philosophers, the question of God. The question takes different forms in Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, Levinas, Derrida, Marion, and others working in this tradition, but it remains an abiding concern for each of them. Over time the persistence of this issue has formed a body of work that constitutes a kind of center of gravity"”one among several"”that characterizes continental thinking. Keywords: Immanence, transcendence, wilderness, abstraction, Henry David Thoreau, Henry Bugbee, Annie Dillard
Energy Curriculum Development Guidelines

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the energy curriculum development guidelines. The curriculum should reflect the intent, capabilities, resources, and interests of the institution where the program will take place, and of the teachers who will implement the curriculum and/or play a role in its development. Many teachers may have difficulty teaching energy topics due to their lack of conceptual understanding and/or involvement. Energy educators or school energy curriculum design teams should pay particular attention to the important activity of designing curriculum goals. The curriculum goal must focus on student's learning. Curriculum goal-setting should not be accomplished without a careful assessment of organizational capability. Schools need to assess their present capability to begin energy education programs, based on their recent experiences in energy, educational, and community development programming. Energy education programs that need in-service teacher training should select a particular training program or institution carefully, for in-service teacher training programs in the energy field cover a wide range of subjects and teaching methodologies.
Die produktionsreife Anwendung

Wir wissen jetzt, was man bei der Entwicklung einer Anwendung zu beachten hat, und haben auch ein Vorgehensmodell behandelt, wie man eine gegebene Anwendung schnell und sicher realisieren kann. Dieses Kapitel wird sich nun mit einigen Randbedingungen befassen, die man bei der Einfuhrung einer Anwendung beachten sollte.
Religion and Sustainability in Global Civil Society: Some Basic Findings from Rio+20

This paper presents basic empirical research about the role of religion and religious actors in the global politics of sustainability. Drawing on insights from three overlapping fields of study—environmental politics, religious transnationalism, and religion and ecology—this study analyzes data gathered through ethnographic interviews with representatives of religious non-governmental organizations at the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, known as Rio+20. These interviews asked respondents to discuss their understanding of the meaning, role, and position of religion within civil society efforts to address sustainability concerns. Content analysis of interview responses suggests that religious actors hold divergent views about the salience of religion to global sustainability politics. The central finding is that the boundary between religious and secular civil society groups is a permeable one.
Limitations on Embedding in Coordinate Structures

Coordinate structures have traditionally been analyzed as having no internal structure other than the sequencing of their members. In particular, the possibility that the members of coordinate structures may themselves be coordinate structures has not been widely recognized. Those who have recognized the possibility of such embedding of coordinate structures have assumed that there are no limits on the depth of such embedding, just as there are no limits on the depth of embedding in subordinate structures. However, coordinate-structure embedding in English occurs only in order to prevent coordinate structures from containing distinct connectives (e.g., and and or), distinct junctures (breaks) between members, and sequences of members in which the first is introduced by a connective while the second is not. In order to prevent these conditions from arising, the depth of coordinate-structure embedding does not have to exceed 2. This limitation on coordinate-structure embedding must be dealt with by the grammars of natural languages; it is not simply a performance limitation. Standard generative mechanisms (finite-state, phrase-structure, and transformational grammars, including recently proposed analyses of coordinate structures based on the minimalist program) do not provide an adequate account of this limitation. On the other hand, a theory of constraint satisfaction such as optimality theory, in which ranked constraints select the optimally structured outputs for given inputs made up of members, connectives, and junctures, does do so. A detailed optimality theoretic analysis of coordinate structures in English is proposed which accounts for the limitation on coordinate-structure embedding, as well as several other properties of those structures, and of their interactions with subordinate constructions.
Vertical Zonation and Niche Breadth of Tidal Marsh Plants Along the Northeast Pacific Coast

The distribution patterns of sessile organisms in coastal intertidal habitats typically exhibit vertical zonation, but little is known about variability in zonation among sites or species at larger spatial scales. Data on such heterogeneity could inform mechanistic understanding of factors affecting species distributions as well as efforts to assess and manage coastal species and habitat vulnerability to sea-level rise. Using data on the vertical distribution of common plant species at 12 tidal marshes across the US Pacific coast, we examined heterogeneity in patterns of zonation to test whether distributions varied by site, species, or latitude. Interspecific zonation was evident at most sites, but the vertical niches of co-occurring common species often overlapped considerably. The median elevation of most species varied across marshes, with site-specific differences in marsh elevation profiles more important than differences in latitude that reflect regional climate gradients. Some common species consistently inhabited lower or higher elevations relative to other species, but others varied among sites. Vertical niche breadth varied more than twofold among species. These results indicate that zonation varies by both site and species at the regional scale, and highlight the potential importance of local marsh elevation profiles to plant vertical distributions. Furthermore, they suggest that coastal foundation species such as marsh plants may differ in their vulnerability to sea-level rise by being restricted to specific elevation zones or by occurring in narrow vertical niches.
The Oxford handbook of megaproject management

Governing authorities across the globe are embarking upon major infrastructure projects, also known as megaprojects, at an astonishing pace. Local areas are proceeding partly in the quest for new o...
Effective Green Alliances: An analysis of how environmental nongovernmental organizations affect corporate sustainability programs

While corporate sustainability is attaining more spotlight, the role environmental nongovernmental organizations (ENGOs) play in corporate sustainability programs (CSPs) continues to be ambivalent. Some ENGOs take on policing roles towards CSPs, whereas others form “Green Alliances” with corporations to enhance their CSPs. This paper takes a deep dive into CSPs, ENGOs, and communication problems associated with CSPs, namely, reporting inadequacies and greenwashing. Potential angles from which ENGOs can help foster or enhance corporate sustainability are then identified and examined. This empirical study examines several factors to improve corporate sustainability through partnerships with ENGOs. From the survey results, the top areas in which ENGOs can influence CSPs are determined—these include external value creation and the identification and monitoring of corporate negative environmental impact. There is evidence found in support of a correlation between trust in ENGOs and the perceived effectiveness of Green Alliances.
Improved quality of life following constraint-induced movement therapy is associated with gains in arm use, but not motor improvement.

Background. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CI therapy) is one of few treatments for upper extremity (UE) hemiparesis that has been shown to result in motor recovery and improved quality of li...
Do Vaccines Cause Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

Natural viral infections such as influenza, varicella, measles, mumps and rubella are associated with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Thus, influenza, varicella, measles, mumps and rubella vaccines prevent ITP by protecting against natural infection. Measles-containing vaccines can very rarely cause ITP within 6 weeks of vaccination in children. However, these vaccines prevent many more cases of ITP than they cause. Influenza vaccines do not cause ITP. Other vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S. have not been shown to cause ITP.
Joint Optimization of Waveform and Quantization in Spectral Congestion Conditions

In a distributed radar system, signals observed by receive sensors are sent to a remote processing center (PC) via limited-capacity channels. We refer to this architecture as cloud radar as it is reminiscent of the cloud radio access in cellular communications. The communication between the sensors and the PC is intrinsic to the system, but the cloud radar is also required to operate over a spectrum partially shared with extrinsic communication devices and services. We formulate a problem of designing the transmitted waveform and the quantization schemes at the sensors such as to optimize a target detection metric subject to the capacity limitations, spectrum sharing and some other constraints. In particular, mutual information serves as a proxy detection metric. Numerical results demonstrate that joint optimization of the waveform and compression schemes outperforms separate designs.
Teacher Unionization and Student Academic Performance: Looking beyond Collective Bargaining:

This paper investigates the relationship between teachers unions and students’ academic performance. We examine nationally representative data and use a more comprehensive measure of teacher unioni...
Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide by Phase-Transfer Catalysis

Summary The portable electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from air and water would enable greater utilization of this versatile green oxidant in applications ranging from environmental remediation to portable sanitation. Currently, electrochemical H2O2 synthesis is hampered by the lack of low-cost, non-toxic catalysts that selectively reduce O2 to H2O2 and the lack of low-energy methods for separating the produced H2O2 from the electrolyte media. Herein, we show that a disulfonated anthraquinone can simultaneously catalyze the selective conversion of O2 to H2O2 and shuttle between immiscible aqueous and organic phases via ion exchange. We exploit both of these properties in a flow system to assemble an all-Earth-abundant prototype device for the continuous generation and separation of H2O2 into an electrolyte-free water stream. The combination of molecular redox mediation and phase-transfer catalysis demonstrated here has broad implications for the electrochemical synthesis and isolation of value-added chemicals and fuels.
The Macbeth of the American West: Tragedy, genre and landscape in Breaking Bad:

This article explores the AMC television series, Breaking Bad (2008–2013), through the lens of tragedy as it pertains to the American West (both the physical place and the west as a narrative symbo...
Poetics of the Fairy Tale Princess: Products, Problems, & Possibilities / Poésie de la princesse des contes de fées : produits, problèmes et possibilités

Abstract: In the following paper, the authors analyze the prevalence of princess culture in the literature, film, and visual culture of young people. An art educator, art historian, and professor of English literature, the authors propose creative interventions through alternative resources and readings. Focusing on foundations of media studies and literature of Fairy-Tale Studies and girlhood studies, this interdisciplinary collaboration investigates complex creative predicaments of girlhood and princess media. Utilizing Princess Aurora and Sleeping Beauty as a case study and focal point, the authors discuss their collaborative arts research intended to explore problems and possibilities of princess culture. Keywords: Art Education; Arts Research; Fairy Tales; Media Studies, Princesses.Resume : Les auteurs analysent la prevalence de la culture des princesses dans la litterature, les films et la culture visuelle des jeunes. Les auteures, une educatrice artistique, une historienne et une professeure de litterature anglaise, proposent des actions creatives par le biais de ressources et lectures alternatives. Axee sur les fondements de l’etude des medias et sur la litterature liee a l’etude des contes de fees et de la jeunesse feminine, cette collaboration interdisciplinaire se penche sur les difficultes creatrices complexes des histoires de jeunesse feminine et de princesses. A partir d’une etude de cas de la princesse Aurora et de la Belle au bois dormant, les auteurs utilisent leur recherche artistique concertee pour analyser les problemes et les possibilites de cette culture des princesses.Mots-cles : education artistique ; recherche artistique ; contes de fees ; etude des medias, princesses.
Fibrosarcoma with sarcomatosis and metastasis in a FeLV-negative cat.

A 6-year-old, spayed female, mixed shorthair cat presented to the emergency service at The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center for evaluation of hypercalcemia, a right eye mass, and multiple intrathoracic and intra-abdominal masses. Cytologic evaluation of one of the abdominal masses revealed a uniform population of large, anaplastic mesenchymal cells found individually, in loose aggregates, and occasionally associated with pink, extracellular matrix. The cytology was consistent with a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm, with primary consideration given to fibrosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma. The cat was euthanized and histopathology confirmed disseminated fibrosarcoma. Fibrosarcoma comprises 12%-41% of feline cutaneous tumors and affects cats at a mean age of 9.6 years. Three manifestations of fibrosarcoma predominate in cats: spontaneous solitary fibrosarcoma, vaccine-induced/injection site fibrosarcoma, and oncogene-induced (FSV) fibrosarcoma. The history, signalment, and results from diagnostics performed did not support solitary fibrosarcoma or injection-induced sarcoma. Although some criteria fit with virally induced fibrosarcoma, such as age and the presence of multiple fibrosarcomas, the neoplastic population was negative for FeLV IHC. The presence of fibrosarcomas throughout the pleural and peritoneal cavity was most compatible with sarcomatosis and the distant metastasis of an unidentified primary neoplasm. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of sarcomatosis in a FeLV-negative cat.
Interprofessional Education and Training

Working in interprofessional teams is best practice in providing services to individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In order to provide quality Interprofessional Care (IPC) for individuals with ASD and their families, associated healthcare professionals need a foundation for practice based in interprofessional training. This training can be achieved through Interprofessional Education (IPE). This chapter, which is divided into three sections, focuses on IPE and training with an emphasis on ASD. Section 1, Teamwork in Interprofessional Care and Education, addresses team science, how to effectively work in groups, and the link between IPC and service provision for individuals with ASD. Section 2, The Details of IPE, addresses the who, what, where, when, and why of IPE and outlines its various components. Section 3, A Detailed Example of an IPE Program, discusses the federally funded Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) program, including exploring relevant historical information and a specific example of one LEND program. The chapter concludes with a brief conclusion and recommendations.
DMA-tudor interaction modules control the specificity of in vivo condensates

Summary Biomolecular condensation is a widespread mechanism of cellular compartmentalization. Because the ‘survival of motor neuron protein’ (SMN) is required for the formation of three different membraneless organelles (MLOs), we hypothesized that at least one region of SMN employs a unifying mechanism of condensation. Unexpectedly, we show here that SMN’s globular tudor domain was sufficient for dimerization-induced condensation in vivo, while its two intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) were not. The condensate-forming property of the SMN tudor domain required binding to its ligand, dimethylarginine (DMA), and was shared by at least seven additional tudor domains in six different proteins. Remarkably, asymmetric versus symmetric DMA determined whether two distinct nuclear MLOs – gems and Cajal bodies – were separate or overlapping. These findings show that the combination of a tudor domain bound to its DMA ligand – DMA-tudor – represents a versatile yet specific interaction module that regulates MLO assembly and defines their composition.
Does the potential safety risk affect whether particular construction hazards are recognized or not

Abstract Introduction: Evidence from the global construction industry suggests that an unacceptable number of safety hazards remain unrecognized in construction workplaces. Unfortunately, there isn’t a sufficient understanding of why particular safety hazards remain unrecognized. Such an understanding is important to address the issue of poor hazard recognition and develop remedial interventions. A recent exploratory effort provided anecdotal evidence that workers often fail to recognize safety hazards that are expected to impose relatively lower levels of safety risk. In other words, the research demonstrated that the underlying risk imposed by a safety hazard can affect whether a hazard will be recognized or not. Method: The presented research focused on empirically testing this preliminary finding. More specifically, the study tested the proposition that Construction workers are more likely to recognize safety hazards that impose higher levels of safety risk than those that impose relatively lower levels of safety risk. The research goals were accomplished through a number of steps. First, a set of 16 construction case images depicting a variety of construction operations that included a number of known safety hazards was presented to a panel of four construction safety experts. The experts were tasked with examining each of the known safety hazards and providing a rating of the relative safety risk that the individual hazards impose. Having obtained an estimate of the underlying safety risk, a hazard recognition activity was administered to 287 workers recruited from 57 construction workplaces in the United States. The hazard recognition activity involved the examination of a random sample of two construction case images that were previously examined by the expert panel and reporting relevant safety hazards. Results: The results of the study provided support for the proposition that workers are more likely to recognize hazards that impose relatively higher levels of safety risk. Practical Applications: The findings of the study can be leveraged to improve existing hazard recognition methods and develop more robust interventions to address the issue of poor hazard recognition levels.
Solids, Liquids, and Surfaces

So far in this part of the book, we have pretended that molecules are small in size (containing no more than a few atoms) and in the aggregate are found only in gaseous phases. It is time now to recognize several important further facts of molecular life—that molecules are also found in solid, liquid, and surface phases, and that they can be large and very large, perhaps containing thousands of atoms. In this chapter we see molecules in solids, in liquids, and on surfaces. The next chapter discusses large-sized molecules (macromolecules).
3D Muscle Deformation Mapping at Submaximal Isometric Contractions: Applications to Aging Muscle

3D strain or strain rate tensor mapping comprehensively captures regional muscle deformation. While compressive strain along the muscle fiber is a potential measure of the force generated, radial strains in the fiber cross-section may provide information on the material properties of the extracellular matrix. Additionally, shear strain may potentially inform on the shearing of the extracellular matrix; the latter has been hypothesized as the mechanism of lateral transmission of force. Here, we implement a novel fast MR method for velocity mapping to acquire multi-slice images at different % maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for 3D strain mapping to explore deformation in the plantar-flexors under isometric contraction in a cohort of young and senior subjects. 3D strain rate and strain tensors were computed and eigenvalues and two invariants (maximum shear and volumetric strain) were extracted. Strain and strain rate indices (contractile and in-plane strain/strain rate, shear strain/strain rate) changed significantly with %MVC (30 and 60% MVC) and contractile and shear strain with age in the medial gastrocnemius. In the soleus, significant differences with age in contractile and shear strain were seen. Univariate regression revealed weak but significant correlation of in-plane and shear strain and shear strain rate indices to %MVC and correlation of contractile and shear strain indices to force. The ability to map strain tensor components provides unique insights into muscle physiology: with contractile strain providing an index of the force generated by the muscle fibers while the shear strain could potentially be a marker of lateral transmission of force.
Food Price Shocks and Household Consumption in Developing Countries: The Role of Fiscal Policy

This paper studies whether fiscal policy plays a stabilizing role in the context of import food price shocks. More precisely, the paper assesses whether fiscal policy dampens the adverse effect of import food price shocks on household consumption. Based on a panel of 70 low and middle-income countries over the period 1980-2012, the paper finds that import price shocks negatively and significantly affect household consumption, but this effect appears to be mitigated by discretionary government consumption, notably through government subsidies and transfers. The results are particularly robust for African countries and countries with less flexible exchange rate regimes.
Clothing and Export Diversification: Still a Route to Growth for Low-Income Countries?

Can the clothing sector be a driver of export diversification and growth for today's low-income countries as it was in the past for countries that have graduated into middle income? This paper assesses this issue taking into account key changes to the market for clothing: the emergence of India and especially China as exporting countries; the rise of global production chains; the removal of quotas from the global trading regime but the continued presence of high tariffs and substantial trade preferences; the increasing importance of large buyers in developed countries and their concerns regarding risk and reputation; and the increasing importance of time in defining sourcing decisions. To assess the importance of the factors shaping the global clothing market, the authors estimate a gravity model to explain jointly the propensity to export clothing and the magnitude of exports from developing countries to the EU and US markets. This analysis identifies the quality of governance as an important determinant of sourcing decisions and that there appears to be a general bias against sourcing apparel from African countries, which is only partially overcome by trade preferences.
Poleward shift and intensified variability of Kuroshio-Oyashio extension and North Pacific Transition Zone under climate change

The climate variability of the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension (KOE) and North Pacific Transition Zone (NPTZ) exerts a strong control on marine populations that are sensitive to the strong productivity gradients between the subtropical and subpolar recirculation gyres. In observations, the relationship between KOE, NPTZ and productivity is evident in the first two dominant covariability modes between sea surface height and Chlorophyll-a anomalies, which are associated with a meridional shift in the location of the KOE (e.g. shift mode 1) and an intensification of the mean circulation of the KOE (e.g. intensification mode 2). To understand the projected impacts of anthropogenic forcing on the NPTZ, we examine these two dominant modes of variability in the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) and an ensemble of climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparing Project (CMIP5-E) under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP8.5). A significant poleward shift has been found in the KOE mean location associated with an equivalent shift of the Aleutian Low atmospheric pressure system. Superimposed to the changes of the mean, we find a significant increase (15–20%) in the variability of the shift mode in both the CESM-LE and CMPI5-E suggesting that variation in the meridional position of the NPTZ are also becoming stronger. These changes in variance of the shift mode are linked to an increase variability of the atmospheric forcing.
Biological signatures of emotion regulation flexibility in children: Parenting context and links with child adjustment

Emotion regulation (ER) is a key facet of positive adjustment throughout the lifespan. Recent theoretical and empirical innovations suggest that current methods for assessing ER are limited, because they measure discrete strategy use instead of ER flexibility and are insensitive to ecologically valid social contexts that influence ER. This is particularly important for studying the impact of parenting on ER development during childhood. The current study (N = 93; 47 females; Mage = 6.98, SD = 1.12) examined child ER flexibility during a directed reappraisal task (DRT) with two parenting contexts: passive parent presence or active scaffolding. Two biological signatures of ER flexibility were measured: respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of physiological flexibility; and the late positive potential (LPP), an index of neurocognitive flexibility. Emotion regulation behavior was observed during a frustrating wait, and parents reported on child ER and adjustment. Greater ER flexibility indexed via the LPP and RSA both predicted observed ER during the frustrating wait, but only RSA predicted parent-reported trait ER and fewer adjustment problems. Emotion regulation flexibility indexed by the LPP was bolstered by parent presence and scaffolding of child ER during the DRT, but RSA measures were not sensitive to parenting context. Taken together, the results provide converging evidence for the conceptualization of ER in terms of physiological and neurocognitive flexibility in childhood. Furthermore, among school-aged children, while physiological flexibility broadly predicted parent-reported child adjustment, neurocognitive flexibility may be context-sensitive and predictive of concurrent observed ER.
Former substance abusing women, interpersonal relationships and social cognition: Social comparison & sober housemate harmony predict women's abstinence-specific efficacy.

The Relational Theory of Addiction hypothesizes that women's substance abuse SUD development and (SA) recovery experiences differ from men's because of women's tendency to form nested self-concepts and increased relative desire for close interpersonal connections. We suggest that these two differences may have a dynamic and complex influence on recovery success, particularly for women living in group sober homes. This project uses Relational and Social Cognitive Theories as theoretical springboards to investigate the link between Tendency to Engage in Automatic Negatively Affected Social Comparisons (TEANSAC) and Sober Housemate Harmony (SHH) on women's individual perceptions of Abstinence Specific Self-Efficacy (ASSE). We administered short surveys to women (N = 25) that had recently left inpatient SA treatment and were currently living in a group sober home to assess TEANSAC, SHH and ASSE. Results illustrated that higher TEANSAC scores predicted lower ASSE scores. However, SHH did not predict ASSE scores. Finally, an interaction effect was found in which SHH moderated the relationship between TEANSAC and ASSE. Specifically, we found that highly harmonious sober homes may buffer against the negative effects of increased TEANSAC scores. This project suggests that social cognitive and interpersonal variables may be important factors to consider for women's long-term recovery success.
The old guard: CEO age and corporate litigation

Abstract Recent studies have indicated that older Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) tend to be more capable, ethical, and risk-averse as compared to their younger counterparts. Keeping this in mind, we use a unique hand-collected data on corporate lawsuits to examine whether CEO age influences corporate litigation. After controlling for several important variables and employing several estimation techniques, we find that firms with older CEOs face fewer lawsuits. The results continue to hold when we decompose lawsuits into securities and non-securities lawsuits. Decomposing the sample firms into high-tech and labor-intensive firms, we find the negative relationship between CEO age and corporate litigation to be more pronounced in labor-intensive firms. Our results are especially relevant in the post-SOX regulation period suggesting that older CEOs enforce regulations and reduce litigation risks for their firms. Overall, our results uncover an important channel through which firms can mitigate corporate litigation, namely older CEOs.
Divine order and secular social science in Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America

Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America can be read as an extended anthropological comparison of hierarchical and egalitarian societies (‘aristocracies’ and ‘democracies,’ in his terms). In it...
Effectiveness of Bimodal Versus Unimodal Alerts for Distracted Drivers

Twenty-two participants drove a simulated vehicle while engaged in a low or high working memory load task and responded to signals presented in auditory, visual and tactile modalities or their bimodal combinations by pressing on the brake. Signals were designed to be of low or high urgency in both unimodal and bimodal combinations. High urgency and bimodal signals were responded to faster than their low urgency and unimodal counterparts. Fewer bimodal signals were missed overall. This bimodal advantage was particularly significant relative to unimodal signals of low urgency in the high working memory load condition. Together these results indicate that hazard mapping can most effectively be obtained by designing with both the perceived urgency level of the signal and modal plurality in mind.
Bile acid metabolism

Bile acids are synthesised from cholesterol by the liver and are the major end products of cholesterol catabolism. Bile acid homoeostasis is dependent on hepatic de novo synthesis and an intact enterohepatic circulation, by means of which bile acids emptied into the small intestine are efficiently reabsorbed and sent back to the liver for resecretion into bile. As such, most of the biliary bile acids were previously secreted and had undergone enterohepatic cycling. In addition to acting as detergents to facilitate digestion and absorption of dietary lipids, bile acids play important roles in cholesterol homoeostasis, in hepatic bile formation and biliary excretion of lipids, and as signalling molecules to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism. This chapter reviews the pathways for biosynthesis, transport and metabolism of bile acids. The regulation of bile acid homoeostasis and their role as signalling molecules is also discussed.
Polyomavirus DNA is damaged in target cells during cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated killing.

Abstract Target cell DNA damage is an early event in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing. It has been hypothesized that this DNA damage may serve as one mechanism of destroying viral genetic material inside infected cells. We directly examined the fate of viral DNA in target cells during CTL-mediated lysis. Polyomavirus DNA in transfected murine P815 mastocytoma targets was digested along with cellular DNA into oligonucleosome-sized fragments, although intact forms, possibly virion-associated DNA, were also present. In infected BALB/3T3 murine fibroblasts, which normally undergo single-stranded nicks when killed by CTL, polyomavirus DNA was converted to relaxed forms in the presence of CTL. These results suggest that the fate of the viral DNA depends on the stage of the viral life cycle and corresponds to the fate of the host cell DNA. Cleavage of the viral genome prior to assembly may thus be an important mechanism in specific antiviral immunity.
The plot thickens: how thrombin modulates blood clotting.

The tide of the blood coagulation cascade turns by a switch in thrombin specificity. Two new structures reveal how thrombomodulin's EGF domains flip the switch by blocking old substrates and docking new ones.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Report of a case with the unusual features of hypofibrinogenemia and leukopenia.

Summary A case of thrombotic thrombocytopenicpurpura with the unusual features of hypofibrinogenemia, leukopenia, and serum leukoagglutinins is presented. The use of renal biopsy as a diagnostictool in TTP is discussed and the hazards emphasized. The patient appears to have been helpedby corticosteroid therapy, and has survived for 22 months to date.
Identification of an extracellular 130-kDa protein involved in early cardiac morphogenesis.

Abstract Previous studies indicate that the transformation of cardiac endothelium into mesenchyme is dependent upon a developmentally regulated signal expressed by its associated myocardium. This process can be mimicked in culture by substituting a non-cytolytic EDTA extract of embryonic heart tissue for the presence of myocardium. Polyclonal antibodies (ES1) generated against the EDTA-extractable proteins both localized to the cardiac extracellular matrix preceding the transformation of endothelium and blocked this process in culture. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that ES1 antigens participate in the formation of cardiac mesenchyme. The present study was undertaken to prepare cDNA and antibody probes for individual ES1 antigens to better characterize their involvement in this important morphogenetic event. An expression library was constructed in Uni-ZAP using poly(A+) RNA from embryonic cardiocyte cultures that had been shown previously to secrete proteins that engender the formation of cardiac mesenchyme. Screening of this expression library with ES1 antibodies resulted in several clones, one of which ("ES1-2.1a") is described in this report. ES1-2.1a has a 2.6-kilobase pair insert, the sequence of which exhibits no apparent homology to those in data banks. A fragment (852 base pairs) from the 5' region of ES1-2.1a cDNA was subcloned into the expression vector pGEX-2T, and a 20-kDa fragment of the resulting protein used to prepare affinity-purified antibodies. Immunoblotting detected a 130-kDa protein ("ES/130") in two preparations that elicit mesenchyme formation, i.e. EDTA extracts of embryonic hearts and conditioned medium of cardiocyte cultures. Functional studies showed that antibodies to ES/130 inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of cardiac endothelium in culture. Immunohistochemistry of cardiocyte cultures localized ES/130 protein to the vacuolar system and secretory granules. By polymerase chain reaction analysis, the message for ES/130 was detected in the developing heart just prior to and during mesenchyme formation. These results are consistent with ES/130 being involved at a critical step in the initiation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of cardiac endothelium.
Interest Groups, Political Institutions and Strategic Choices: What Influences Institutional Lobbying Strategies?

This paper investigates the strategic choices interest groups make in choosing which political institutions to lobby given their internal resources (lobbying staff, budget, group type) and external political environment they face. Interest groups are more likely to lobby Congress than the White House, but does this pattern change when political control of American political institutions change? Will interest groups gain greater access to presidential administration officials under conditions of divided government where American political institutions are engaged in political moves and countermoves that allow interest groups to take advantage of the political climate? This study utilizes lobbying disclosure report datasets from 1999-2009 that have been made available as a result of the 1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act and subsequent updates made by Congress in 2007. This period includes various configuration of party control of American political institutions, which allows for testing the conditions under which interest groups will lobby both the Presidency and Congress. In this first round of data collection and analysis, the findings show that group internal resources and the political environment significantly impact decisions to lobby political institutions. These findings will be important to assessing the strategic context of interest group lobbying and the conditions under which different groups can gain access to multiple political institutions to make their case to policymakers.