cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Epiphytic Lichens for Receptor Modeling in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR): A Pilot Study

The use of measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lichens was evaluated in a pilot study as a tool for receptor modeling of air pollution from mining and oil extraction activities in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR). Lichen samples (Hypogymnia physodes) were collected at 20 locations within 150 km of the mining and oil extraction center located near Fort McKay. Samples were cleaned, homogenized using a cryogenic impactor, and extracted with cyclohexane. Extracts were cleaned up using Florisil solid-phase extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC/MS). Total PAHs (20 compounds) ranged from 52 to 350 μg/kg, comparable to values reported from other studies of PAHs in lichens. Analysis of air samples collected using polyurethane foam or dichotomous air sampler filters showed that PAHs were dominated by naphthalene and 3-ring congeners, whereas lichen samples from comparable locations yielded significant contributions from 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs. The concentration of total PAHs in lichen samples and the relative contribution of higher ring number PAHs both decreased with increasing distance from the mining and oil extraction centers, consistent with less efficient vapor-phase transport of the less-volatile higher ring number PAHs. PAH congener profiles for samples varied depending on distance from the mines. Principal components analysis incorporating analytical data from a variety of matrices indicated multiple factors contribute to PAH content in a given sample. Measurements of metals in the 20 lichen samples showed significant correlations (r2 > 0.8, p < 0.05) between crustal element levels and total PAHs. Taken together, the results suggest that PAH concentrations and profiles in lichens depend on influences from multiple sources and transport mechanisms. A more fully validated approach is needed to develop an understanding of sampling and analytical variability and bias, and a review of recent research in this area indicates that this is a significant gap in many lichen-PAH biomonitoring studies.
Chapter 2 - Metallurgical Properties of Thin Conducting Films

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the metallurgical properties of thin conducting films. It describes the important aspects of microstructure, adhesion, oxidation, diffusion, and interaction in thin films of polysilicon, pure metal films, alloy metal films, suicides, and amorphous metal films with the help of theoretical background and experimental results relevant to very-large-scale-integration metallization. It also discusses the importance of grain boundaries in oxidation, diffusion, and interaction. The trends toward lower temperature processing will enable the applications of thin films that are unacceptable for high processing temperatures. Alloy metal films and multilayered structures will be used to enhance electromigration, adhesion, or provide diffusion barrier characteristics. Oxidation of polysilicon and suicides at lower processing temperatures will be studied to grow good quality thin oxide for isolation.
Atmospheric Pressure Helium Plasma Treatment of Ultrahigh Modulus Polyethylene Fibres

UHMPE fibres were treated for 0, 1, and 2 min respectively by atmospheric pressure He plasma on a capacitivelycoupled device at a frequency of 7.5 kHz and He pressure of 3430 Pa. The 2-min He plasm...
HEIDL: Learning Linguistic Expressions with Deep Learning and Human-in-the-Loop.

While the role of humans is increasingly recognized in machine learning community, representation of and interaction with models in current human-in-the-loop machine learning (HITL-ML) approaches are too low-level and far-removed from human’s conceptual models. We demonstrate HEIDL, a prototype HITL-ML system that exposes the machine-learned model through high-level, explainable linguistic expressions formed of predicates representing semantic structure of text. In HEIDL, human’s role is elevated from simply evaluating model predictions to interpreting and even updating the model logic directly by enabling interaction with rule predicates themselves. Raising the currency of interaction to such semantic levels calls for new interaction paradigms between humans and machines that result in improved productivity for text analytics model development process. Moreover, by involving humans in the process, the human-machine co-created models generalize better to unseen data as domain experts are able to instill their expertise by extrapolating from what has been learned by automated algorithms from few labelled data.
The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine administered at three distinct subcutaneous dosing protocols in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of the standard cytarabine (Ara-C) protocol (50 mg/m2 subcutaneously every 12 hr for 2 days) used for dogs with neuroinflammatory disease and compare it to two more practical protocols (a single 200 mg/m2 subcutaneous dose and two 100 mg/m2 subcutaneous doses every 12 hr). Four client-owned dogs previously diagnosed with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin were administered three distinct Ara-C protocols with a 21-day washout between each protocol. A complete blood count was performed seven days after each dosing protocol to assess for clinically relevant myelosuppression. No adverse events were observed. Plasma Ara-C concentrations were measured using a validated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry assay. The mean maximal concentrations in this study were 4,230, 9,293, and 16,675 ng/ml for a single dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/m2 , respectively. There was a linear relationship between dose and drug exposure. Drug exposure was similar regardless of the dosing protocol when the total dose was analyzed, with an area under the concentration versus time curve of 37,026, 38,465, and 32,510 ng × hr/ml for 50, 100, and 200 mg/m2 , respectively.
Sharing the Responsibility for Nursing Student Retention

Abstract Student retention continues to be a major concern for nursing programs. Although many colleges have devoted additional resources to increase student retention rates, thus far, these measures have not resulted in a significant improvement. This article provides suggestions for the role faculty can play in helping students make it through a critical make-or-break time for nursing students—the first semester of nursing school.
locStra: Fast analysis of regional/global stratification in whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies

Abstract locStra is an R-package for the analysis of regional and global population stratification in whole genome sequencing studies, where regional stratification refers to the substructure defined by the loci in a particular region on the genome. Population substructure can be assessed based on the genetic covariance matrix, the genomic relationship matrix, and the unweighted/weighted genetic Jaccard similarity matrix. Using a sliding window approach, the regional similarity matrices are compared to the global ones, based on user-defined window sizes and metrics, e.g. the correlation between regional and global eigenvectors. An algorithm for the specification of the window size is provided. As the implementation fully exploits sparse matrix algebra and is written in C++, the analysis is highly efficient. Even on single cores, for realistic study sizes (several thousand subjects, several million RVs per subject), the runtime for the genome-wide computation of all regional similarity matrices does typically not exceed one hour, enabling an unprecedented investigation of regional stratification across the entire genome. The package is applied to three WGS studies, illustrating the varying patterns of regional substructure across the genome and its beneficial effects on association testing.
Q methodology in learning, design, and technology: an introduction

An important element of good design, instructional or otherwise, is awareness of and being empathetic to the needs, wants, interests, values, and opinions of the intended audience. Typical approaches to learning about the subjective viewpoints of a particular audience have included survey instruments based on Likert-type items and open-ended questions, interviews, and focus groups. This article presents an overview of another approach using Q methodology. Q methodology is specifically designed to reveal and study subjectivity within a group of people in a systematic way using both quantitative and qualitative data. Q methodology offers designers with the means to identify a small number of profiles representing distinct points of view among the intended audience on a given topic. After presenting an overview of the historical and theoretical underpinnings of Q, several examples are provided to illustrate Q’s potential to improve design within the field of learning, design, and technology. Critiques of Q methodology are also described.
Considering the role of urban types in coproduced policy guidance for sustainability transitions

The imperative to massively and quickly scale sustainability transitions in urban areas globally stands in tension with the sustained commitments required of grounded coproduction efforts that seek to deliver locally credible, relevant, and legitimate pathways for place-specific transitions. Is it possible to develop policy guidance that meets the magnitude of the urban transitions challenge while still leveraging the benefits of coproduction? We suggest that coproducing urban transitions guidance around relevant types of cities, as compared to specific individual cities, offers a potential pathway for scaling the impact of such guidance. However, little work has been done to explicitly interrogate how concepts of credibility, relevance and legitimacy are implicated by relying on urban types in coproduction processes. In this frontiers discussion, we describe what greater emphasis on the use of types and proxies in urban transitions coproduction might entail. Elaborating the concept of ‘coproduction-by-proxy’, we articulate six key premises and draw on two real-world instances of science-policy dialogue to illustrate its operative features. This frontiers discussion aims to supply more structured language for framing debate about whether, and how best, to strategically construct and deploy urban types in coproduction processes for developing urban transitions guidance, with an emphasis on maximizing generalization and impact, while maintaining both technical and political credibility. The discussion argues that exploring the role (and limits) of urban types and proxies in coproduction processes is a key frontier for the iterative science and practice of urban transitions, with implications for advancing both overall urban systems knowledge and place-specific sustainability transitions.
Impact of Maintaining Assessment Emphasis on Three-Dimensional Learning as Organic Chemistry Moved Online.

The affordances given to a structured, timed, and proctored paper exam are not as readily applicable in a digital medium. Accordingly, the rapid shift from in-person to online enactments may have f...
Metaeconomics as Behavioral Economics and the Focus on Happiness

Metaeconomics is a relative of Buddhist economics, through seeing the essential interdependence among people, and with the Spaceship Earth System. Metaeconomics is also related to Behavioral Economics, both drawing upon and contributing to the empirical testing and findings in same. Empirical propositions coming out of Behavioral Economics are explored in the context of Metaeconomic framing and Dual Interest Theory. Due to it being quite empirical, it also helps put new understanding into puzzles, like just what is happiness, anyway. Metaeconomics posits that happiness is about finding balance in Ego and Empathy, each respectively underlying Self- & Other-interest. Happiness on a larger scale comes from such balance within each person, leading to an overall higher attainment of same at the level of Market and Government, on the path to a happier capitalism.
Werkgruppe VI.B: Sinfonie concertanti

Sinfonia concertante C-Dur fur 2 Violoncelli soli, Flote solo, Fagott solo, 2 Oboen, 2 Horner, 2 Violinen, Viola, Bass.
Selective ablation of cochlear hair cells promotes engraftment of human embryonic stem cell-derived progenitors in the mouse organ of Corti.

Background Hearing loss affects 25% of the population at ages 60-69 years. Loss of the hair cells of the inner ear commonly underlies deafness and once lost this cell type cannot spontaneously regenerate in higher vertebrates. As a result, there is a need for the development of regenerative strategies to replace hair cells once lost. Stem cell-based therapies are one such strategy and offer promise for cell replacement in a variety of tissues. A number of investigators have previously demonstrated successful implantation, and certain level of regeneration of hair and supporting cells in both avian and mammalian models using rodent pluripotent stem cells. However, the ability of human stem cells to engraft and generate differentiated cell types in the inner ear is not well understood. Methods We differentiate human pluripotent stem cells to the pre-placodal stage in vitro then transplant them into the mouse cochlea after selective and complete lesioning of the endogenous population of hair cells. Results We demonstrate that hair cell ablation prior to transplantation leads to increased engraftment in the auditory sensory epithelium, the organ of Corti, as well as differentiation of transplanted cells into hair and supporting cell immunophenotypes. Conclusion We have demonstrated the feasibility of human stem cell engraftment into an ablated mouse organ of Corti.
Terminology in morphological anomalies of the cerebellum does matter

Neuroimaging plays a key role in the diagnostic work-up of morphological abnormalities of the cerebellum. Diagnostic criteria for numerous morphological anomalies of the cerebellum are based on neuroimaging findings. Various morphological patterns have been described on neuroimaging including cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar agenesis, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar dysplasia, cerebellar dysmorphia, and cerebellar atrophy. These patterns have specific differential diagnoses. The familiarity with the diagnostic criteria is mandatory for a correct diagnosis and a targeted work-up to avoid unnecessary investigations. A correct diagnosis is essential for early therapy, prognosis, and counseling of the affected children and their family.
Nictitating membrane resection in the horse: A comparison of long-term outcomes using local vs. general anaesthesia

Summary Reasons for performing study: Neoplasia, for which surgical excision is a frequent treatment, is the most common disease of the equine nictitating membrane. There is little long-term follow-up information available to the practitioner regarding the long-term effects of nictitating membrane excision on ocular health. No information is available to compare recurrence of primary neoplasia of the nictitating membrane after excision with local or general anaesthesia. Objectives: To evaluate the long-term complications of nictitating membrane resection in horses; recurrence of neoplasia of the nictitating membrane when nictitating membrane resection is performed under local vs. general anaesthesia and if the method of anaesthesia used to permit resection of the affected membrane influences the recurrence of neoplasia of the nictitating membrane after complete nictitating membrane resection. Methods: Records of 26 horses receiving resection of the nictitating membrane for primary neoplasia of the nictitating membrane 1999–2009 were reviewed. Clinical examination findings, surgical procedure, anaesthesia type, histopathological findings and details of adjunctive treatment were recorded. Owners were contacted via telephone regarding post operative outcomes. Data were analysed using a Fisher's exact test (P<0.05). Results: The most common long-term complication of nictitating membrane excision was mild ocular discharge. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histopathological diagnosis. Recurrence of neoplasia was uncommon (2/26 horses). No significant difference in the number of horses experiencing recurrence of neoplasia was detected between groups receiving general anaesthesia vs. those receiving local anaesthesia. Conclusions: Resection of the nictitating membrane in horses following local anaesthesia is not associated with increased risk of recurrence of neoplasia compared with excision under general anaesthesia. Resection of the nictitating membrane is not associated with any long-term ocular side effects and can be an effective modality for cure of primary neoplasia of the nictitating membrane in selected cases.
Crystal structure of form II of cholesteryl palmitelaidate at 295 K.

Form II for cholesteryl palmitelaidate (trans-9-hexadecenoate) (C43H74O2) is monoclinic P2(1) with a = 12.745(3), b = 9.006(2), c = 18.153(4) A, beta = 96.63 (2) degrees, Z = 2. The X-ray crystal structure of form II has been determined from 2506 reflections of which 2126 gave (F greater than 2 sigma). The data up to sin theta/lambda = 0.44A-1 (Dmin = 1.14 A) were measured with CuK alpha radiation from a sealed tube. These were supplemented up to sin theta/lambda = 0.52 A-1 (Dmin = 0.96 A) by measurements on the same crystal using a rotating anode X-ray source. The electron density was diffuse in the ester chain and the atoms of the cholesteryl tail were found to be disordered. The tail and the chain atoms were refined by restrained least squares methods to give R = 0.087 and Rw = 0.10 for reflections with F greater than 2 sigma. Crystal forms I and II represent two standard structure types already characterized for fatty acid esters of cholesterol. In form II, the ester chain is almost fully extended as is also the case for one of the two independent molecules (A) in form I. In form II, the chains pack loosely together for most of their length. M.s. amplitudes of thermal vibration for the chain C-atoms are almost uniform along the entire chain (approximately 0.25 A2 at 295 K). In form I, the proximal part of the A chain is surrounded by rigid cholesteryl groups. In this region, C-atom m.s. amplitudes are much reduced (approximately 0.10 A2) but they increase to about 0.5 A2 at the distal end of the chain where packing is very loose.
From Confusion to Love: Russell Hoban’s The Mouse and His Child as Phenomenological Novel

Russell Hoban’s famous children’s novel, The Mouse and His Child, centers around a child’s quest for family, community, and self-awareness. This paper works to describe the novel as philosophical insofar as the novel takes up themes and elements of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s essay “The Child’s Relations with Others.” Because the mouse and his father are joined at the hands, because they find their motion to be a problem, and because they work through ambiguity toward a loving community, the novel puts particular emphasis on what Merleau-Ponty calls intercorporeality and the way a child’s perception of ambiguity can lead to a non-pathological engagement with others in a loving, thoughtful way. Ultimately, this paper argues that the novel ought to be read and taught to children because it represents to them the emotion, language, and desire of a child as being a catalyst even for adult growth.
Permissive introduction and anchoring in altering perceptual-judgmental processes and the impact of a persuasive communication

Abstract Previous research on the influence of external anchors on judgment of a persuasive communication has produced conflicting results. Permissive introduction to a communication is investigated in this study for its importance in judgmental responses and subsequent opinion effects, and is used to account for the previous inconsistent results concerning anchoring. Following anchoring or permissive introduction or both, subjects judged the position advocated in a communication dealing with treatment of juvenile delinquents and registered their own opinions on the issue. The data support the hypothesis that permissive introduction alters judgment of the communicator's position, whereas anchors alone do not produce a significant difference. Opinion effects are consistent with the judgmental results and indicate that the more extreme the perceived stand advocated in the communication, the greater the opinion change. The effects of a permissive introduction are discussed in terms of alternative hypotheses of an atmosphere effect or salience for alternative attitudinal stands.
Pore-network study of methane hydrate dissociation

A two-dimensional pore-network model based on invasion percolation is used to study the patterns obtained from the release of methane during the dissociation of methane hydrates (without including dissociation kinetics) caused by a sudden pressure reduction in the system below the hydrate equilibrium pressure. The concept of the critical gas saturation S(gc) (volume fraction of the gas phase at the onset of bulk gas flow) is introduced to analyze gas hydrate dissociation. The effects of throat-size distribution (corresponding to off-shore oceanic sediments or on-shore sediments under permafrost), applied pressure difference across the network, and initial hydrate saturation on the resulting gas patterns and on the critical gas saturation are examined to determine the possibility of producing methane. As expected, large throat sizes or wide throat distributions, large pressure drops, and higher initial hydrate saturation act as promoters for the production of the released gas. For typical deep ocean sediments with small pore sizes and low hydrate saturation, it may be difficult to produce methane resulting from hydrate dissociation.
Temperature/Humidity sensitivity of sustained-release formulations containing Kollidon SR

The effects of temperature and humidity on tablets containing Kollidon SR have been evaluated using diphenhydramine HCl as a model drug. Exposure of tablets to ICH accelerated stability condition (40 degrees C/75%RH) in an open dish resulted in rapid increases in tablet hardness, accompahied by step-wise decreases in dissolution rate. Such a change can be observed as fast as an hour upon exposure. The tablet matrix appears to rapidly absorb atmospheric moisture, as demonstrated by tablet weight gain and moisture adsorption isotherms. Exposure to 25 degrees C/60%RH similarly resulted in increases in tablet hardness, although with minimal impact on dissolution. Potential implications of such rapid moisture uptake during aqueous film-coating were further evaluated by spraying either water or an Opadry solution in a coating pan. Exposure of Kollidon SR tablets to the aqueous coating process indeed resulted in noticeable changes in both hardness and dissolution. Application of the Opadry solution appears to affect tablet behavior to a lesser degree, compared to water, most likely due to protection via formed barrier film. Attention needs to be paid to the extreme sensitivity of Kollidon SR matrix tablets to temperature and moisture during product development.
Cost-effectiveness of prolonged thromboprophylaxis after cancer surgery.

Background Consensus guidelines recommend prolonged thromboprophylaxis for up to 4 weeks after major abdominopelvic cancer operations. Several factors impede widespread adoption of these guidelines. These include lack of awareness, cost, increased bleeding complications, increased incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and poor patient compliance.
Relationship characteristics and sexual risk-taking in young men who have sex with men.

The vast majority of HIV transmissions occur in the context of a sexual dyad (CDC, 2010b), but most research is focused on individuals as the unit of analysis (Karney, et al., 2010; Zea, Reisen, Poppen, & Bianchi, 2009). Recent research has highlighted the value of considering relationship factors as predictors of HIV transmission and as the unit for intervention. Sullivan and colleagues (2009) reported that among men who have sex with men (MSM) 68% of HIV transmissions were in the context of a main sex partnership, which is defined by the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System as “someone who you feel committed to above all others” (p. 1155). This was contrasted with only 32% of HIV transmissions in the context of casual sex partnerships, which contradicted traditional thinking that casual relationships should be the unit for interventions among MSM. Disparities in HIV prevalence between Black and White MSM have also been poorly explained by individual behavior (Millett, Flores, Peterson, & Bakeman, 2007), and one study of young MSM aged 23-29 found that partner characteristics partially accounted for the race difference (Bingham et al., 2003). In particular, this research indicated that having had an older, Black male partner helped to explain the racial disparity in HIV rates. Taken together, these studies illustrate the value of research on characteristics of relationships and partners that may be related to HIV risk. The current study explored the effects of relationship and partner characteristics on the frequency of unprotected sex among young MSM, who account for nearly 70% of all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses among all adolescents and young adults in the U.S. (CDC, 2010a). The CDC has estimated that HIV diagnosis rates among MSM are 60 times the rate in other men and 54 times the rate in women (Purcell et al., 2010). Furthermore, young MSM (ages 13 to 24) showed the highest increase in new infections between 2001 and 2006 (CDC, 2008), with a 93% increase among young Black MSM. Our approach in the current study builds on prior work showing that HIV risk behaviors differ not only between individuals, but also across relationships and occasions of sex (e.g., Cooper, 2010; Mustanski, 2007; Zea et al., 2009). These studies have demonstrated that the majority of variability in condom use is within individuals, who may have protected sex with one partner but engage in unprotected sex with a different partner or in a different context. Here we focused on the sexual partnership as the unit of analyses; our approach extends the methodology used in past cross-sectional studies of adult MSM by using a longitudinal design that allowed for the inclusion of more partnerships over a longer timeframe (e.g., Zea et al., 2009). Past studies have also generally focused on one relationship factor at a time (Gorbach & Holmes, 2003), and we extended that work by simultaneously considering multiple relationship and partner characteristics, thereby estimating the relative importance of each factor when considered in conjunction with other factors.
Distinct ALK-rearranged and VCL-negative papillary renal cell carcinoma variant in two adults without sickle cell trait.

Distinct ALK-rearranged and VCL-negative papillary renal cell carcinoma variant in two adults without sickle cell trait
Regulatory Feedback Programs in the Apoptotic Decision-Making of Her2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells in Response to HER2 Inhibition

HER2 overexpression drives tumorigenesis in a large subset of breast cancers and pharmacological inhibition of this receptor tyrosine kinase is currently used in the clinic for these patients. While all of the cancer cells within the tumor are dependent on HER2 signaling, treatment with HER2 inhibitors results in the establishment of two separate populations; cells that undergo apoptosis and cells that survive. The mechanisms underlying the decision-making processes are not well understood.In this study, HER2 positive breast cancer cell lines were utilized to model the signaling and gene expression changes in distinct populations of inhibitor-treated breast cancer cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that lapatinib induces a gene expression program that is comprised of both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic genes. This provides the possibility that differential gene expression in the apoptotic and surviving populations may account for the commitment to cell fate. To directly test this, BT474 cells (a cell line derived from the tumor of a HER2-positive breast cancer patient) were treated with the small-molecule HER2 inhibitor, lapatinib (TykerbTM), for 24 hours, labeled with AnnexinV-FITC (apoptotic marker), and sorted using FACS. Differential gene expression analysis demonstrated that the surviving population had dramatic increases in the levels of several genes including irs2. IRS2 is an adaptor protein that may be able to bypass HER2 and signal to the major growth pathways. Ongoing experiments are further characterizing the temporal profile of this induction in the two populations. Experiments using siRNA to silence FOXO3a have demonstrated that the induction of irs2 is mediated by this Forkhead-family transcription factor. These results provide the basis for a model where HER2 inhibition differentially modulates gene expression in a cell population, thereby driving distinct cell fates.
The BMP family member Gdf7 is required for seminal vesicle growth, branching morphogenesis, and cytodifferentiation.

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions play an important role in the development of many different organs and tissues. The secretory glands of the male reproductive system, including the prostate and seminal vesicles, are derived from epithelial precursors. Signals from the underlying mesenchyme are required for normal growth, branching, and differentiation of the seminal vesicle epithelium. Here, we show that a member of the BMP family, Gdf7, is required for normal seminal vesicle development. Expression and tissue recombination experiments suggest that Gdf7 is a mesenchymal signal that acts in a paracrine fashion to control the differentiation of the seminal vesicle epithelium.
Guessing the extreme values in a data set: a Bayesian method and its applications

For a large number of data management problems, it would be very useful to be able to obtain a few samples from a data set, and to use the samples to guess the largest (or smallest) value in the entire data set. Min/max online aggregation, Top-k query processing, outlier detection, and distance join are just a few possible applications. This paper details a statistically rigorous, Bayesian approach to attacking this problem. Just as importantly, we demonstrate the utility of our approach by showing how it can be applied to four specific problems that arise in the context of data management.
Women as Politicians: The Social Background, Personality, and Political Careers of Female Party Leaders

Women attaining high levels of political party leadership in California are the focus of this interdisciplinary study of personality and politics. The energies of female politicians tend to be directed toward a career within the political party. Compared to male leaders, they less often fashion a political career around the goal of public office and a political career serves less frequently as an integral part of a broad social career. Female leaders tend to express the forceful, effective, and socially ascendant style in an earnest, sobersided, and ambivalent manner; male leaders express the same personal style in a more easy-going, direct, and uncomplicated way. The interplay among personality, sex-role typing, and political career is discussed.
Localization of repetitive proline-rich proteins in the extracellular matrix of pea root nodules

Early responses of legume roots toRhizobium inoculation include new cell wall synthesis and induction of some putative wall protein genes. Although the predicted amino acid sequences of several early nodulins indicate that they encode proline-rich proteins (PRPs), the proteins have been neither isolated nor has their presence been demonstrated in cell walls. We have used polyclonal antibodies against PRP2 from soybean to identify and localize proline-rich proteins in pea nodules. On immunoblots, several PRPs were detected, ranging from less than 20 kDa to 110 kDa. Immunocytochemistry revealed that tissues of the vascular cylinder contained abundant PRPs, particularly in the secondary cell walls of xylem elements and phloem fibers. PRPs were also found within the primary wall of the nodule endodermis and within Casparian strips of the vascular endodermis. Of symbiotic importance, PRPs were a prominent component of the infection thread matrix in newly infected root cells and in nodules. PRPs were also secreted by cells in the uninfected nodule parenchyma, where they were found occluding intercellular spaces outside the middle lamella. Despite structural conservation among members of this class of cell wall proteins, PRPs were targeted to distinct layers of the extracellular matrix dependent upon cell type, and may thus play separate roles in the biology of plant cells. The putative functions and the potential for interactions between PRPs and other wall polymers are discussed.
Electrophoretic quantitation of nucleic acids without amplification by single-molecule imaging.

We have developed a novel high-performance quantitative assay for unamplified nucleic acids that is based on single-molecule imaging. The apparatus is a simple but highly sensitive single-molecule detection system that uses a normal CCD camera instead of an image-intensified CCD camera. After the DNA molecules in a sample were labeled with YOYO-1, they were induced to migrate electrophoretically in a polymer solution and imaged. No chemical or biochemical amplification was required. Direct quantitation of the sample by counting molecules was possible, because the number counted over the measurement period was directly proportional to the concentration of DNA molecules in the sample. Nonspecifically labeled impurities that would degrade the sensitivity of the assay were successfully reduced and discriminated from the DNA molecules by differences in electro-phoretic mobility. By using β-actin DNA (838 bp) as a model sample, we demonstrate that this protocol was fast (10-min measurement period), highly sensi...
Production Functions for Chickpea, Field Pea, and Lentil in the Central Great Plains

cum aestivum L.) is needed to diversify and enhance dryland crop rotations in the central Great Plains. This study was conducted to complicate the system when a new crop’s maturity and determine the potential of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea harvest period interfere with timely winter wheat estab(Pisum sativum L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) as such rota- lishment in mid to late September. A short-season letional legumes based on yield responses to water and soil water extrac- gume that could be planted early would provide rotation patterns. The legumes were planted under a line-source gradient tional benefits such as N fixation, increased soil organic irrigation system to provide a range of available water conditions. matter, and increased surface soil stability; sufficient Soil water content, crop water use, and seed yield were measured to time for late summer rains to recharge the surface soil determine relationships between water use and yield. Distributions water for good winter wheat establishment; and alleviaof estimated yields were produced using these relationships and the tion of monoculture insect, disease, and weed problems local historical rainfall record. Chickpea exhibited the greatest rate
Quasilinear saturation of forced current sheet tearing modes

Numerical studies of tearing modes in a nearly singular forced current sheet equilibrium (Liewer and Payne, 1990) show that the modes saturate quasilinearly when the width of the magnetic island formed by the reconnection is on the order of several times the linear mode width which scales as approximately (kS) exp -2/5, where S is the Lundquist number and k is the wavenumber. The modes saturate quasilinearly by flattening the current profile, converting magnetic energy into plasma energy. The longer wavelength modes, which saturate at higher levels, release the most energy. These modes may, nonlinearly, play a role in coronal heating when sharp current sheets form as a result of global magnetic stresses.
Archaeal lipids record paleosalinity in hypersaline systems

Abstract We present an ecologically based biomarker method for estimating past salinity, especially in hypersaline conditions. The relative amounts of acyclic diether and tetraether membrane lipids synthesized by Archaea correlate with salinity from 0–250 practical salinity units (psu) in modern settings. We examined the preservation of this lipid biomarker–salinity relationship in ancient sedimentary organic matter using samples from two sequences of marls and diatomites deposited just prior to the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Salinity estimates were consistent with expected absolute salinity, as well as the amplitude of variations leading up to the Messinian Salinity Crisis. This lipid biomarker approach to salinity reconstruction complements existing paleosalinity proxies because (i) Archaea survive and thrive over a broad salinity range, well beyond that of haptophyte algae and other plankton which form the microfossil record and (ii) it provides fine salinity resolution for the wide range broadly defined as hypersaline. With the proxy, there is the potential to provide novel insights into salinity variation within desiccating basins in climatically sensitive seas (e.g. Dead Sea, Permian Delaware Basin), evolution of brines, timing of onset of hypersaline conditions and evaporite deposition.
The eggs and half-eggs of Arbacia punctulata and the plutei, as photographed by ultraviolet, visible and infrared light

Abstract Normal and centrifuged eggs, the halves obtained by strong centrifugal force and the plutei of Arbacia have been photographed with visible, ultraviolet (1,537A) and infrared (8,000–10,000A) light. Differences in appearance with these different light sources are described and some of the photographs reproduced.
Loss of TGF-β type II receptor in fibroblasts promotes mammary carcinoma growth and invasion through upregulation of TGF-α-, MSP- and HGF-mediated signaling networks

Stromal fibroblasts regulate epithelial cell behavior through direct and indirect cell–cell interactions. To clarify the role of TGF-β signaling in stromal fibroblasts during mammary development and tumorigenesis, we conditionally knocked out the TGF-β type II receptor gene in mouse mammary fibroblasts (Tgfbr2fspKO). Tgfbr2fspKO mice exhibit defective mammary ductal development, characterized in part by increased ductal epithelial cell turnover associated with an increase in stromal fibroblast abundance. Tgfbr2fspKO mammary fibroblasts transplanted with mammary carcinoma cells promote growth and invasion, which is associated with increased activating phosphorylation of the receptors: erbB1, erbB2, RON, and c-Met. Furthermore, the increased receptor phosphorylation correlates with increased secretion of the cognate ligands by Tgfbr2fspKO fibroblasts. Treatment of tumor cells with fibroblast-conditioned medium leads to increased tumor cell proliferation and motility, which are blocked by addition of pharmacologic inhibitors of TGF-α signaling or neutralizing antibodies to macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), HGF, or c-Met. These studies characterize a significant role for stromal TGF-β signaling in mammary tissue homeostasis and mammary tumor progression via regulation of TGF-α, MSP, and HGF signaling pathways.
A comparison of signaled vs. unsignaled free-operant avoidance in wild and domesticated rats

Three experiments compared the performance of domesticated hooded rats and nondomesticated black rats under signaled and unsignaled free-operant leverpress avoidance. There was no difference between groups in asymptotic shock rates under unsignaled avoidance; however, the black rats avoided much more successfully when the signal was present, while the hooded rats showed little or no improvement. When a longer signal was employed (10 vs. 5 sec), the effects were essentially the same. The black rats generally had higher response rates, and this difference was most pronounced in extinction, where the hooded rats made very few responses. The domesticated rats received a disproportionately large number of shocks early in the session (warm-up) under unsignaled avoidance, but this tendency was much less pronounced for the black rats. However, both groups showed appreciable amounts of warm-up during signalled avoidance. The findings are discussed in terms of differences in levels of activation/arousal between domesticated and nondomesticated animals.
Genotype-Climatic and Other Interaction Effects for Productive Responses in Holsteins,

Abstract Season of calving had important effects on the shape of the lactation curve, affecting peak milk yield, persistency, and lactation lengths in a Louisiana Holstein herd. Feeding regime and age at calving also had marked effects. Plane of nutrition appeared to have more important effects on components of the lactation curve than did season of calving. Most interaction effects were small. Lactation milk yield for Holstein cows in five Louisiana herds calving in the hot season of the year was consistently from 200 to 300 kg (5 to 8%) less than that for cows calving during cool and mild seasons. Yields during the first 90 days of lactation were 10 to 14% less. Interactions of sire by season of calving for part and whole lactation milk and milk fat yields accounted for less than 1% of the total variance. Interactions of cow by season of calving were of the same general magnitude. Thus, genotype-climatic interactions for milk production for Holstein cattle under Louisiana conditions are not important enough to consider in the selective breeding program.
The role of a behavioral health medical director in medicaid managed care.

Health expenditures in the United States continue to rise even when compared to inflation. As a share of the gross domestic product (GDP), health spending has increased from 5% in 1960 to over 16% in 2006 [1]. To stop this trend many states have contracted with managed care companies to manage the health benefits of all or some of their Medicaid recipients. The hope is that such management will allow for appropriate allocation of health care dollars while improving the overall quality of care. Although this move to managed care has been embraced by many recipients of care, many providers of care, especially in the arena of behavioral health, may remain antagonistic towards and suspicious of Medicaid managed care companies. The author describes why she decided to leave direct clinical care to pursue a career in Medicaid managed care. She discusses the key aspects of her role as a Behavioral Health Medical Director, focusing on her role in ensuring the appropriate allocation of health care resources. She highlights some difficulties that she faces in accomplishing her task, and discusses some of the causes of those difficulties.
Adrenal responses in high and low ACTH response lines of chickens during acute heat stress.

Abstract Lines of chickens, selected for seven generations according to their high and low responsiveness to ACTH, were acclimatized to 24°C and 45% relative humidity (RH) and then subjected to acute heat stress (45°C and 45% RH). No differences in plasma corticosterone were found between high- and low-response lines when the chickens were in a nonheated environment. During the heat stress episode there were significant elevations of plasma corticosterone in both lines, but the response of high lines was significantly greater. This response was shorter lived in the high line than in the low line. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were greater in the low-response line maintained at moderate temperature; but during acute heat stress, the elevation of this amine was greater and more rapid in the high-response line. Plasma epinephrine levels were not significantly different in the two lines when maintained at moderate temperature; however, levels were elevated more rapidly in the high-response line than in the low-response line during heat stress. No differences between lines for adrenal norepinephrine and epinephrine were observed in chickens maintained at moderate temperature, and heat stress had no significant effect on adrenal norepinephrine level. There were, however, significant reductions in adrenal epinephrine levels during acute heat stress, but rates of decline were essentially the same for both the high- and the low-response lines. The data indicated that in the domestic fowl, the adrenal cortical response may precede the adrenal medullary response in chickens that are subjected to acute heat stress. The inherent differences between response lines may have been due to differences in their abilities to maintain an extended responsiveness to the imposed stress.
Zeta function of self-adjoint operators on surfaces of revolution

In this article we analyze the zeta function for the Laplace operator on a surface of revolution. A variety of boundary conditions, separated and unseparated, are considered. Formulas for several residues and values of the zeta function as well as for the determinant of the Laplacian are obtained. The analysis is based upon contour integration techniques in combination with a WKB analysis of solutions of related initial value problems.
Effect of level of dysfunction of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) on overconsumption and binge-like eating of a palatable dessert in mice.

Dysfunction of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) leads to hyperphagia and overweight and has been correlated with obesity and binge-eating in humans. We examined in mice the effect of MC4R dysfunction on development of overconsumption and body weight gain. Wild type (WT) mice, homozygous MC4R knockout (MC4RKO), and carrier (MC4RHET) mice were provided with ad libitum access to moist chow (1:1 powdered Purina 5001 to tap water, 1.67 kcal/g) and daily 8 h access to sugar fat whip (SFW; 2:1 vegetable shortening to sugar, 7.35 kcal/g). MC4RKO mice increased their caloric intake and gained weight. This is indicative of a role of MC4R in maintaining caloric balance and adjusting to the consumption of palatable foods. MC4RHET mice ate similarly to WT mice, which, unlike rats, maintained caloric balance. This suggests that studies of MC4RKO mice may be a more valid model of human overconsumption. We also examined the effect of MC4R dysfunction on binge-like eating patterns in a protocol similar to Corwin's group (Dimitriou et al., 2000). We provided female mice either daily (low restriction, LR) or every-other-day (high restriction, HR) 2 h access to SFW. HR mice of all genotypes showed evidence of binge-like eating, but only MC4RKO mice gained weight. This suggests that a lack of MC4R functioning may not be necessary for the development of binge-like eating, but may be associated with the obesity related to it.
BRAIN LEAD LEVELS IN HEMORRHAGIC LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY

Lead (Pb) encephalopathy in the newborn rat is characterized by hemorrhage restricted to the cerebellum. This was produced by giving 7 day old rats 0.5ml 1% 210Pb-acetate by gastric tube daily x 7. This resulted on day 14 in significantly higher Pb levels in the cerebellum than cerebrum (10.1 ± 4.0 vs 5.0 ± 1.2μg Pb/gm)(M ± SD). Since red blood cells (RBC) contain much Pb, it was unclear whether the higher cerebellar levels reflected extravasation of RBC or increased capillary permeability to Pb. This was resolved by labelling RBC by prior injection of 59Fe and quantitation of RBC trapping in brain. Pb administration resulted in a significant increase in RBC sequestration in the cerebellum (from control levels of 10.1 ± 1.1 to 49.3 ± 27.8μl RBC/gm), but little change in the cerebrum (from 9.5 ± 1.0 to 10.9 ± 1.1μl/gm). This increased retention of RBC accounted for 62.7 ± 24.2% of the Pb in the cerebellum and 29.1 ± 7.9% in the cerebrum. The remaining Pb represented the actual concentration of Pb in cerebellum (3.6 ± 2.4μg/gm) and cerebrum (3.6 ± 0.9μg/gm). Thus, the level of Pb in hemorrhagic regions of the brain proved to be identical to that in unaffected regions. The restriction of hemorrhage to the cerebellum despite the uniform distribution of Pb in the brain indicates that the cerebellar capillaries are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of Pb.