cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who serves the underserved? Predictors of physician care to medically indigent patients:

Using a national sample of 466 doctors, this work is the first to determine how sociodemographic characteristics, family lives, educational experiences and work environments combine over the life course to shape physician attitudes and behaviors toward serving the medically indigent. Survey data reveal that most physicians have positive experiences with indigent patients, and feel responsible for providing care for the needy. On average, one-quarter of doctors' patients are medically indigent, and physicians provide six hours of charity care per week. Multivariate regression and path analyses indicate that disparate social forces predict humanitarian attitudes and behaviors of physicians. Physician attitudes toward the indigent are shaped largely by socializing forces, including medical education and relationships with mentors. In contrast, care of indigent patients is driven by physician attitudes and by characteristics of medical practice such as specialty and practice setting. Implications for scholarship and for medical education, practice and health policy are discussed.
Onset and evolution of a wavy instability in shaken sand

Abstract A novel small wavelength instability occurs in experiments for vertically shaken ( z = a cos( ωt )) sand, for small particle diameters d and when gas effects are important. At onset, the energy (aω) 2 gd is proportional to a d , as previously found for traveling waves. The instability begins as a surface perturbation with wavelength λ 0 ∼ 6 mm; subsequently λ grows exponentially in time.
Effects of Surfactants on Water Transport in W1/O/W2 Emulsions

The effects of oil-soluble and water-soluble surfactants on water transport rates in W1/O/W2 emulsions under osmotic pressure were studied at the single-globule level by using capillary video-microscopy technique. By changing the constitution of the internal aqueous compartment W1, the intervening oil O, and the outer aqueous suspending phase W2, these effects were further studied for different controlling water transport mechanisms. Experiments were conducted at visual contact, when water is mainly transported via hydrated surfactants, and at no visual contact, in which case water migration occurs primarily in the forms of spontaneously emulsified droplets and reverse micelles. Water transport rates were found to rise linearly with increasing oil-soluble surfactant concentration in the oil phase over a significant range, irrespective of the transport mechanism, though the effects are more pronounced when water is transported via hydrated surfactants. In contrast to the system-stabilizing effect of the oi...
Increased expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) following focal cerebral infarction in the rat

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a polypeptide with potent trophic effects on brain neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. In the current study, we used Northern blotting, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical techniques to examine bFGF expression in brain following focal infarction due to permanent occlusion of the proximal middle cerebral artery in mature Sprague-Dawley rats. We found a four-fold increase in bFGF mRNA in tissue surrounding focal infarcts at 1 day after ischemia. In situ hybridization showed that this increase was found throughout several structures in the ipsilateral hemisphere, including frontoparietal, temporal, and cingulate cortex, as well as in caudoputamen, globus pallidus, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle. Increased bFGF mRNA expression was associated with cells having the distinct morphological appearance of astroglia in these structures. Immunohistochemistry showed an increase in the size and number of bFGF-immunoreactive (IR) nuclei in these same structures, as well as a shift from nuclear to nuclear plus cytoplasmic localization of immunoreactivity, beginning at 1 day, and peaking at 3 days after ischemia. Double immunostaining identified bFGF-IR cells as astroglia in these structures. (An exception was the piriform cortex, in which both increased bFGF mRNA levels and increased bFGF-IR was found in neurons at 1 day after ischemia). Overall, the peak of increased bFGF expression preceded the peak in expression of the astroglial marker GFAP within the ipsilateral hemisphere. Increased bFGF expression may play an important role in the glial, neuronal, and vascular changes occurring after focal infarction.
Instability of an articulated cantilever induced by an impinging airjet

Abstract Experimental results on instability modes of an articulated cantilever, subjected at its free end to an impinging airjet, are presented and compared with linearized numerical estimates. It is reconfirmed that when the surface upon which the airjet impinges is smooth, then the loss of stability occurs by buckling, whereas, with certain metal mesh and sandpaper backing placed on this surface, the loss of stability is by flutter (oscillations with increasing amplitude). With direct and careful measurement of the applied resultant loads, good correlation between the numerical estimates and the experimental results is obtained.
5-(5-(6-[11C]methyl-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-3-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-1H-indole as a potential PET radioligand for imaging cerebral α7-nAChR in mice

Abstract The radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of 5-(5-(6-[11C]methyl-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-3-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-1H-indole [11C]rac-(1), a potential PET tracer for α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChR), are described. Syntheses of the nonradioactive standard rac-1 and corresponding desmethyl precursor 7 were achieved in several reaction steps. Radiomethylation of 7 with [11C]CH3I afforded [11C]rac-1 in an average radiochemical yield of 30 ± 5% (n = 5) with high radiochemical purity and an average specific radioactivity of 444 ± 74 GBq/μmol (n = 5). The total synthesis time was 30 min from end-of-bombardment. Biodistribution studies in mice showed that [11C]rac-1 penetrates the blood–brain barrier and specifically labels neuronal α7-nAChRs.
Case-Based Reasoning Approaches for Gas Turbine Trip Diagnosis

Effective maintenance, repair and design improvements of gas turbines require the classification of turbine automatic shutdown events into actionable categories. In particular, analysis is required at two distinct points in the life cycle of a shutdown event. The first evaluation is at the time of the shutdown when an initial assessment of the cause and the appropriate action must be decided as quickly as possible to return the turbine to service. At the time of the event, the primary sources of data are information collected from the sensors and control system. A second assessment is often performed as a post-event evaluation using additional information to validate the cause. General Electric created Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) tools to perform these classifications automatically. The first CBR tool, which works at the time of the event, was deployed in 2004. The second CBR tool was placed in operation in 2006.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
CO2 and other trace gases

The first in a series of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) multidisciplinary colloquiums emphasizing interactions of global processes of the earth system was held at JPL (Pasadena, Calif.) on January 15, 1987. This JPL Colloquium on Global Interactions, titled “Carbon Dioxide and Other Trace Gases,” focused upon the role of the ocean and biosphere in global greenhouse warming and upon opportunities for space research missions. As illustrated in Figure 1, the spatial and time scales of this phenomenon encom-passes the globe and is of the order of 100 years. Greenhouse warming is the culmination of many phenomena interacting on different time and space scales.
Solidification of an alloy in a cavity cooled through its top surface

Abstract An experimental study on the phenomenon of solidification of a binary alloy (water and ammonium chloride) in a cavity cooled through its top wall is reported. Three distinct regions exist in the cavity during the solidification process. A region occupied by the solid, a region occupied by the liquid and a mixed phase region (mushy zone) consisting of a complex combination of dendrites and liquid. The mixed phase region is of considerable extent, often larger than that of the solid. The growth of the solid/mush interface and the mush/liquid interface with time as well as the temperature distribution in the cavity are determined in the course of the study for a host of initial concentrations. The temperature field in the mixed phase and the solid regions is conduction dominated. This, despite the fact that the mushy region is permeable and allows for flow within it. Apparently, in the experiments of this study the flow in the mush is not sufficiently strong to render convection the main heat transfer mode in the mush. In the liquid phase a bicellular flow field exists. The flow has an effect on the shape of the mush/liquid interface. This effect, however, is weak and the interface remains predominantly flat especially for higher concentrations. Double diffusive convection takes place in the liquid region because ammonium chloride is constantly released into the liquid as the solidification progresses downwards, after it started in the vicinity of the top wall. Salt fingers are clearly visible penetrating into the liquid region. The thickness of the mushy zone generally increases with time. Increasing the initial concentration of the alloy reduces the thickness of the mixed phase region.
Exploiting sentiment homophily for link prediction

Link prediction on social media is an important problem for recommendation systems. Understanding the interplay of users' sentiments and social relationships can be potentially valuable. Specifically, we study how to exploit sentiment homophily for link prediction. We evaluate our approach on a dataset gathered fro Twitter that consists of tweets sent in one month during U.S. 2012 political campaign along with the "follows" relationship between users. Our first contribution is defining a set of sentiment-based features that help predict the likelihood of two users becoming "friends" (i.e., mutually mentioning or following each other) based on their sentiments toward topics of mutual interest. Our evaluation in a supervised learning framework demonstrates the benefits of sentiment-based features in link prediction. We find that Adamic-Adar and Euclidean distance measures are the best predictors. Our second contribution is proposing a factor graph model that incorporates a sentiment-based variant of cognitive balance theory. Our evaluation shows that, when tie strength is not too weak, our model is more effective in link prediction than traditional machine learning techniques.
Laminar flame speeds of methane-air mixtures under reduced and elevated pressures

Abstract Using the counterflow methodology, the laminar flame speeds of methane-air mixtures have been accurately determined over the pressure range of 0.25–3 atm and over extensive lean-to-rich concentration ranges. These flame speeds are then compared with the numerically calculated values obtained by using various published kinetic schemes of either the C1 mechanism or the full C2 mechanism. Two such schemes show very close agreement with the experimental data. However, available information cannot further differentiate the relative superiority between them for flame speed calculations, especially the importance of C2 reactions for moderately rich situations. Two reduced mechanisms are also deduced through sensitivity analysis and are expected to be useful for flame speed calculations and approximate flame structure studies.
An evaluation of intravenous vitamin k for warfarin reversal: are guideline recommendations being followed?

BackgroundVitamin K antagonists (eg, warfarin) remain the mainstay of anticoagulation therapy in the United States, with over 22 million prescriptions being filled annually. Unfortunately, warfarin...
Using a Computer-Based Version of the Beer Game: Lessons Learned:

Multiperson board games are being used in both business and academia to enhance education and training. These games compress time and space to enable the players to experience the consequences of their decisions. The dynamic interactions between multiple players create a complex and unpredictable business scenario that is difficult to replicate with other exercises. However, most board games are difficult to administer and require the players to concentrate on detailed rules and procedures in addition to the primary decisions required at each move. This article describes the lessons learned from the use of a computer-based implementation of a popular business board game: the Beer Game.
Elimination of periodic coefficients from the equations of motion of asymmetric shafts in anisotropic bearings

A method is given for eliminating periodic coefficients from rotordynamic systems in which imperfections are accounted for simultaneously in the stationary and rotating components. It is well known that periodic coefficients are unavoidable in such systems whether the equations of motion are formulated in the stationary frame or the rotating frame of reference. Since such equations are more difficult to solve compared to those with constant coefficients, it is desirable to devise a transformation procedure which eliminates periodic coefficients from the governing equations. In this paper, such a procedure is presented. A considerable simplification is thereby obtained of the equations of motion of rotating machinery in which imperfections exist stators and rotors.
Golden rule calculation of reaction product vibronic state distributions

Abstract A resonance decay model of bimolecular exchange reactions successfully treats product vibronic state distributions. Product vibronic population inversions are controlled by the extent of product structural change which occurs as reaction energy is released.
Developing new parallelization techniques for emerging HPC architectures and life science applications

Parallelization of chemistry and drug discovery codes to leverage emerging High-Performance Computing (HPC) architectures is a difficult task. However, it is a task that is required for one to be able to simulate biologically important molecular systems which are not accessible with current technology. In addition to parallelizing existing chemistry and drug discovery codes, it is important to explore at the same time new methodologies that address limitations in methods currently being used for molecular simulations. In this study we combine speed and accuracy by parallelizing a new promising explicit polarization (X-Pol) method, which is a method that addresses several limitations in today's methodologies. The explicit polarization (X-Pol) method, also called the X-Pol potential, provides a method for treating both bonded and nonbonded interactions using electronic structure theory. Bonded interactions are treated by an iterative self-consistent field method, and nonbonded interactions are treated by electronic embedding. In this approach partial charges are obtained using electronic structure methods applied to the individual fragments. When the method is applied to a protein, the fragments are defined as peptide units. In our research we intend to use of peptide fragments as defined in the X-Pol method as the basic units for parallelization. The peptide fragments are mapped onto a HPC hybrid architecture where shared-memory processors are interconnected by a customized or standard network. In our method a pre-selected number of fragments are parallelized via shared-memory algorithms, while message-passing algorithms are used across processors for neighboring fragments.
Familial dyskeratotic comedones.

Summary Familial dyskeratotic comedones (FDC), an autosomal dominant condition, was first described by Carneiro, Dickson & Knox (1972) in four members of one family. A further case, with a brother similarly affected, is described here.
From QTL mapping to genes: the long and winding road.

Diseases governed by single-gene defects, inherited as classical Mendelian traits, have succumbed in increasingly rapid succession to gene mapping (“positional cloning”) approaches. With the availability of nearly complete human genome sequences, the requisite effort has been substantially reduced for new positional cloning efforts. Many disease susceptibilities, or predisposing conditions such as obesity or low bone density, have a strong genetic component but are inherited in a non-Mendelian manner. Such “complex traits” remain as the last great frontier in genetic analysis, and the challenges in their resolution remain formidable. Nonetheless, because so much of our genetic risk profile involves complex inheritance, and because of the mechanistic insights afforded by knowledge of the genes that govern complex traits, the argument for their pursuit is compelling. The promise of these endeavors lies not only in the realm of risk estimation, but above all, in the potential to engender new therapeutic approaches. Despite expressions of impatience and skepticism as to their utility, complex diseases have recently begun to yield to the force of sustained research effort, coupled to advances in methodology. By the end of 2001, at least 29 mammalian genes could be regarded as having been identified by way of initial discovery as quantitative trait loci (QTLs), although a less generous accounting might note that a number of these early successes benefited from the appearance of strong functional candidates lying within a region of positional candidacy. In reality, of course, essentially all positional cloning efforts employ a hybrid strategy in which candidates defined by location are prioritized based on both position and the apparent plausibility of a functional role. Truly novel genes underlying a QTL—ones that would not have been “rounded up with the usual suspects”—may thus require longer to pin down than those also implicated by function. Still, if you want to begin with a truly unbiased screen based on the phenotypes associated with natural alleles, QTL mapping is your only option.
Articulated thoughts of type A and B individuals in response to social criticism

To explore the hypothesis that individuals with Type A behavior pattern have an underlying sensitivity to social criticism, the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations paradigm was used to examine differences in articulated cognitions between Types A and B individuals in response to simulated taped situations involving social criticism and nonevaluative stress. Individuals with Type B behavior pattern (as measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey) and extreme Type Bs (as measured by the structured interview) engaged in significantly more self-supportive self-talk than Type A individuals in response to social criticism. Types A and B subjects did not differ in their responses to the nonevaluative situation. These findings provide some support for the notion that sensitivity to criticism is a component of Type A. However, the prediction that Type As would respond with more self-deprecating or hostile cognitions than Type Bs was not confirmed.
Gauge spinor superfield as scalar multiplet

Abstract A chiral spinor superfield, with an appropriate gauge invariance, describes a scalar multiplet consisting of a scalar, an antisymmetric-tensor gauge field, a Weyl spinor, and no auxiliary fields.
Nicotinic cholinergic receptor in brain detected by binding of α-[3H]bungarotoxin

α-[3H]Bungarotoxin was prepared by catalytic reduction of iodinated α-bungarotoxin with tritium gas. Crude mitochondrial fraction from rat cerebral cortex bound 40 · 10−15 −60 · 10−15 moles of α-[3H]bungarotoxin per mg of protein. This binding was reduced by 50% in the presence of approx. 10−6 M d-tubocurarine or nicotine, 10−5 M acetylcholine, 10−4 M carbamylcholine or decamethonium or 10−3 M atropine. Hexamethonium and eserine were the least effective of the drugs tested. Crude mitochondrial fraction was separated into myelin, nerve endings, and mitochondria. The highest binding of toxin per mg of protein was found in nerve endings, as well as the greatest nhibition of toxin binding of d-tubocurarine. Binding of α-[3H]bungarotoxin to membranes obtained by osmotic shock of the crude mitochondrial fraction indicates that the receptor for the toxin is membrane bound. 125I-Labeled α-bungarotoxin, prepared with Na 125I and chloramine T, was highly specific for the acetylcholine receptor in diaphragm, however, it was less specific and less reliable than α-[3H]bungarotoxin in brain. We conclude that a nicotinic cholinergic receptor exists in brain, and that α-[3H]bungarotoxin is a suitable probe for this receptor.
Methotrexate: An Effective Agent for Treating Cancer and Building Careers. The Polyglutamate Era

This paper chronicles developments in the laboratory of Dr. Bruce Chabner during the period 1978-1981. Initial work demonstrated that methotrexate is taken up by human breast cancer cells by a high affinity, carrier-mediated energy-dependent transport system similar to that described in murine leukemia cells. Conversion of methotrexate to a high molecular weight polyglutamate metabolite was also demonstrated to occur in human breast cancer cells. Polyglutamates became the predominant form of intracellular drug, both free in the cytosol and bound to dihydrofolate reductase, during a 24 h exposure to clinically achievable methotrexate concentrations. Intracellular retention of polyglutamates led to prolonged suppression of thymidine synthesis and loss of cell viability after removal of extracellular drug. This work identified methotrexate polyglutamates as biologically active enzyme inhibitors in human tumor cells and launched a series of investigations on the interaction of these derivatives with folate-requiring enzymes.
Boredom proneness in anger and aggression: effects of impulsiveness and sensation seeking

The present study was a replication and extension of Rupp and Vodanovich's (1997) work on the role of boredom proneness in anger expression and aggression. In addition to replicating their primary analyses, impulsiveness and sensation seeking were included to determine the potential impact of these variables on the relationships between boredom proneness and anger and aggression. Two hundred and twenty-four college student volunteers completed measures of boredom proneness, impulsiveness, sensation seeking, anger expression, and aggression. Findings were consistent with Rupp and Vodanovich (1997) but demonstrated more pervasive effects of external boredom proneness on aggression. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the relationships between external boredom proneness and trait anger, anger expression/control, and aggression persisted even after accounting for impulsiveness and sensation seeking. Boredom due to a lack of external stimulation predicted one's propensity to experience anger, maladaptive anger expression, aggression, and deficits in anger control.
Internal models in sensorimotor integration: perspectives from adaptive control theory.

Internal models and adaptive controls are empirical and mathematical paradigms that have evolved separately to describe learning control processes in brain systems and engineering systems, respectively. This paper presents a comprehensive appraisal of the correlation between these paradigms with a view to forging a unified theoretical framework that may benefit both disciplines. It is suggested that the classic equilibrium-point theory of impedance control of arm movement is analogous to continuous gain-scheduling or high-gain adaptive control within or across movement trials, respectively, and that the recently proposed inverse internal model is akin to adaptive sliding control originally for robotic manipulator applications. Modular internal models' architecture for multiple motor tasks is a form of multi-model adaptive control. Stochastic methods, such as generalized predictive control, reinforcement learning, Bayesian learning and Hebbian feedback covariance learning, are reviewed and their possible relevance to motor control is discussed. Possible applicability of a Luenberger observer and an extended Kalman filter to state estimation problems—such as sensorimotor prediction or the resolution of vestibular sensory ambiguity—is also discussed. The important role played by vestibular system identification in postural control suggests an indirect adaptive control scheme whereby system states or parameters are explicitly estimated prior to the implementation of control. This interdisciplinary framework should facilitate the experimental elucidation of the mechanisms of internal models in sensorimotor systems and the reverse engineering of such neural mechanisms into novel brain-inspired adaptive control paradigms in future.
CREM monitoring: a wireless RF application

Recent security lapses within the Department of Energy laboratories prompted the establishment and implementation of additional procedures and training for operations involving classified removable electronic media (CREM) storage. In addition, the definition of CREM has been expanded and the number of CREM has increased significantly. Procedures now require that all CREM be inventoried and accounted for on a weekly basis. Weekly inventories consist of a physical comparison of each item against the reportable inventory listing. Securing and accounting for CREM is a continuous challenge for existing security systems. To address this challenge, an innovative framework, encompassing a suite of technologies, has been developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to monitor, track, and locate CREM in safes, vaults, and storage areas. This Automated Removable Media Observation and Reporting (ARMOR)framework, described in this paper, is an extension of an existing PNNL program, SecureSafe. The key attributes of systems built around the ARMOR framework include improved accountability, reduced risk of human error, improved accuracy and timeliness of inventory data, and reduced costs. ARMOR solutions require each CREM to be tagged with a unique electronically readable ID code. Inventory data is collected from tagged CREM at regular intervals and upon detection of an access event. Automated inventory collection and report generation eliminates the need for hand-written inventory sheets and allows electronic transfer of the collected inventory data to a modern electronic reporting system. An electronic log of CREM access events is maintained, providing enhanced accountability for daily/weekly checks, routine audits, and follow-up investigations.
Classification and Misclassification of Sensory Monofixation in Intermittent Exotropia

Purpose The course of intermittent exotropia and response to surgery may depend on whether there is underlying monofixation. The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of sensory monofixation in intermittent exotropia using different stereotests and to determine the risk of misclassifying monofixation based on a single administration of each test. Design Retrospective case review of children with intermittent exotropia. Methods Forty-four children were identified for whom Preschool Randot, Frisby, and Titmus stereoacuity were measured at a single examination. Ninety-two children were identified with near stereoacuity measured on 2 sequential visits (Preschool Randot, n=73; Frisby, n=66; and Titmus, n=40). Monofixation was defined as stereoacuity worse than previously published age-referenced normal thresholds, bifixation was defined as at least 40 arc seconds, and uncertain was defined as within normal range for age but worse than 40 arc seconds. Results In children measured by all 3 tests on the same visit, sensory monofixation occurred in 36% using Preschool Randot, in 48% using Titmus, and in 55% using Frisby ( P > .1 for each comparison). There was poor agreement between Frisby and Preschool Randot when classifying monofixation in individual patients ( P = .05). In children measured on sequential visits, misclassification occurred in 5% with Preschool Randot, in 13% with Titmus, and in 23% with Frisby (Preschool Randot vs Frisby, P = .005). Conclusions Classification of monofixation depends on the stereotest used. Regardless of the stereotest, there is a risk of misclassifying monofixation on a single assessment. Potential misclassification needs to be considered in clinical practice and in study design.
“Commanding English”: An effective program model

Commanding English, a unique program of communications skills courses packaged into an integrated whole, enables students whose native language is not English to develop the skills to function as competently as native speakers. The success of this program is dependent on the integration of its courses within a logical learning structure; the close coordination of effort of teaching, tutoring, and administrative personnel; and the support of the college administration. The program successfully retains 77 to 90% of its students with a 92.3 to 98.5% attendance rate and an average GPA of 3.28 in Commanding English courses. Upon completing the program, students transfer into mainstream programs throughout the University.
Synthesis and Corrosion Resistance of High-Silica Zeolite MTW, BEA, and MFI Coatings on Steel and Aluminum

High-silica zeolite ZSM-12Na n (Al n Si 28-n O 56 )∼4H 2 O with n = 2 (MTW), Beta Na n (Al n Si 64-n O 128 ) with n = 7 (BEA), and ZSM-5 Na n (SiO 96-n O 192 )∼16H 2 O with n < 27 (MFI) coatings were synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization without seeding using a new two-silica method on Al-alloy (Al-2024-T3 and Al-6061-T4) and stainless steel (SS-304). The pure-silica MTW and BEA coatings synthesized in this study have not been previously reported. All coatings are continuous and have excellent adhesion The as-synthesized zeolite coatings were tested by a dc polarization technique and found to he highly corrosion resistant in severely corrosive acidic (0.5 M H 2 SO 4 aqueous solution) and alkaline (0.1 M NaOH aqueous solution) media. In particular, a pure-silica MFI coating of only a few hundreds of nanometers thickness was formed within a relatively short crystallization time (e.g., 15 min), and was shown to provide sufficient protection against corrosion.
“They Were Strangers Who Loved Me”: Discussions, Narratives, and Rituals During Korean Adoptees’ Initial Reunions with Birth Families

The present study examines Korean adoptees’ initial reunions with their birth families. Using Galvin’s (2006) framework of boundary management, this project examined the discussions, narratives, and rituals that took place during these reunions. In-depth interviews revealed that participants wanted to absolve their birth families of guilt for placing them up for adoption and to know whether they bore any similarities to their birth families. Birth families were reported to apologize, express love for participants, convey gratitude toward adoptive families, and offer advice. Knowing their story of birth and relinquishment was important to most participants, and although birth families were reported to share this information, the narratives were sometimes perceived as incoherent. Participants also reported experiencing rituals, which included extended touch, exchanging gifts, going on outings, learning culture, and performing symbolic family acts. Results from the study suggest that engaging in these intern...
An Integrated Approach to Dynamic Analysis of the Ring Spinning Process Part II: With Air Drag

The dynamics of the ring spinning process has been re-analyzed as a coupled set of subproblems; the solutions are obtained numerically. The analyses in Part I and II of this series deal with the case of an uncontrolled balloon. In Part I the effects of air drag as well as gravitational and Coriolis accelerations are ignored. In Part II the effects of air drag are included. These analyses differ from the earlier ones in their choice of the relevant boundary conditions; the ones used here are presumed more realistic. Shapes of the spinning balloons are derived from the conditions of dynamic equilibrium of the yam, from pig-tail to wind-point, as well as that of the traveler. Non-dimen sionalization of the problem, is based on two physical lengths, which allows easy comparison of the balloon shapes for widely different dynamic conditions (including collapsed balloons) on the same plot. Tension distributions along the yarn path can be predicted. Similarly, mass of the traveler required for a specified yam ten...
Design of Compliant Bamboo Poles for Carrying Loads

Carriage of heavy loads is common in developing countries and can impart large repetitive forces on the body that could lead to musculoskeletal fatigue and injury. Compliant bamboo poles have been used to carry heavy loads in Asia for generations and could be a low-cost, sustainable, and culturally acceptable way to minimize the forces acting on the body during load carriage. Experimental evidence of running with a 15 kg load suspended from a pair of compliant poly(vinyl chloride), or PVC, poles shows that the poles act as a vibration-isolating suspension, which can reduce the peak forces on the body during locomotion. However, it is currently not well-understood how to design and optimize poles for load carrying such that the peak forces on the body are minimized during carrying. Further, current users of bamboo poles do not have a reliable way to measure forces on the body and so cannot empirically optimize their poles for force reduction. Our objective is to determine the geometric and material design parameters that optimize bamboo poles for load carriage and to develop recommendations that could make it easier for load carriers to fabricate well-suited poles. Our approach is to synthesize a predictive model of walking and running from the field of biomechanics, which can predict the peak forces on the body as a function of pole stiffness, with a bending beam model of the bamboo pole that relates pole geometry and material to the effective pole stiffness. We first check our model’s ability to predict the experimental results from a well-established study with PVC poles. We then extend the predictive design study to include a wider range of stiffness values and pole geometries that may be more effective and realistic for practical load carrying situations. Based on stiffness, deflection, strength, and pole mass design constraints, we specify an appropriate range of dimensions for selecting bamboo poles to carry a 15 kg load. The design methodology presented could simplify the selection and design of bamboo carrying poles in order to reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal injury. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4028757]
Social networks and community support: Sustaining women in need of community-based adult education programs

This chapter focuses on women in need of community education programs, specifically general educational development (GED), English as a second language (ESL), adult basic education (ABE), and workforce development. The author explores social networks and learning programs necessary for facilitating the transition of this group of women to sustainable employment.
Effect of Wyodak coal properties on hydroliquefaction reactivity

Abstract The effect of Wyodak coal properties on liquefaction reactivity as measured by distillate yield and cyclohexane conversion has been investigated. Spot samples of four Wyodak subbituminous coals from the Anderson and Canyon coal seams in the Powder River Basin of NE Wyoming were liquefied in microautoclave and batch reactor experiments. Runs were made using two different Wyodak coal-derived solvents. Emphasis in this work was directed toward correlation of C 4 -700 K distillate yield and cyclohexane conversion as functions of measurable physical, chemical and petrographic properties of the feed coal. Reactivity rankings were found to be the same using either measure of coal reactivity. However, the data indicated that distillate yields were a function of both solvent quality and feed coal properties. For each solvent studied, selected coal properties, including carbon content, total and organic sulphur content, vitrinite content and total reactive maceral (vitrinite plus exinite) content, were found to give statistically significant correlations with distillate production and cyclohexane conversion. Pyritic and sulphate sulphur contents did not appear to enhance liquefaction yield or conversion at the reaction conditions studied. However, any catalytic effects due to pyrite or sulphate sulphur may have been masked by the use of two high quality liquefaction solvents.
Potato quality XVIII : The distribution of radioiron in the potato tuber and its significance in after-cooking darkening

Radiotracer techniques were used to study the distribution of iron in intact potato tuber sections. Autoradiographs of longitudinal tuber sections show that iron is particularly concentrated at the stem end of the tuber just below the periderm. Accumulation of radioiron in other tissues, i.e. internal phloem and vascular ring, is shown by autoradiographs of tuber cross-sections. Radioiron was also found to be concentrated in meristematic areas, especially at lateral buds. A parallel is noted between areas of iron accumulation and areas in the tuber reported to be associated with after-cooking darkening. The distribution of iron is probably more important than previously realized in determining the distribution of after-cooking darkening in individual potato tubers.
History of domestic violence among male patients presenting to an urban emergency department.

Abstract. Objective: To establish the prevalence of domestic violence committed by women against male patients presenting to an urban ED for any reason. Methods: This was a prospective survey in which male patients of legal age presenting to the ED over a 13-week period were interviewed. Patients answered a series of six questions adapted from the George Washington University Universal Violence Prevention Screening Protocol. Patients who could not speak English, those refusing to participate, those unable to give informed consent, and those meeting regional criteria for major trauma were excluded. Results: Of 866 male patients interviewed, 109 (12.6%) had been the victims of domestic violence committed by a female intimate partner within the preceding year. Victims were more likely to be younger, single, African American, and uninsured. The most common forms of assault were slapping, grabbing, and shoving (60.6% of victims). These were followed by choking, kicking, biting, and punching (48.6%), or throwing an object at the victim (46.8%). Thirty-seven percent of cases involved a weapon. Seven percent of victims described being forced to have sex. Nineteen percent of victims contacted the police; 14% required medical attention; 11% pressed charges or sought a restraining order; and 6% pursued follow-up counseling. Conclusions: Almost 13% of men in this sample population had been victims of domestic violence committed by a female intimate partner within the previous year. Further attention to the recognition and management of domestic violence committed by women against men may be warranted.
Optimally localized estimation of the fractal dimension

We present a method for making accurate measurements of the instantaneous fractal dimension of (1) images modeled as fractal Brownian surfaces, and (2) images of physical surfaces modeled as fractal Brownian surfaces. Fractal Brownian surfaces have the property that their apparent roughness increases as the viewing distance decreases. Since this true of many natural surfaces, fractal Brownian surfaces are excellent candithtes for modeling rough surfaces. To obtain accurate local values of the fractal dimension, spatio-spectrally localized measurements are necessary. Our method employs Gabor filters, which optimize the conflicting goals of spatial and speciral localization as constrained by the functional uncertainty principle. The outputs from multiple Gabor filters are fitted to a fractal power-law curve whose parameters determine the fractal dimension. The algorithm produces a local value of the fractal dimension for every point in the image. We also introduce a variational technique for producing a fractal dimension function which varies smoothly across the image. This technique is implemented using an iterative relaxation algorithm. A test of the method on 50 synthetic images of known global fractal dimensions shows that the method is accurate with an error of approximately 4.5% for fractal Brownian images and approximately 8.5% for images of physical fractal Brownian surfaces.
Derivations of relative biological effectiveness for the high-let radiations produced during boron neutron capture irradiations of the 9L rat gliosarcoma in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Purpose: Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values for the high linear-energy-transfer particles produced during boron neutron capture therapy have generally been based on theoretical considerations or on in vitro experiments. The purpose of this study was to independently determine RBE values for all of the boron neutron capture therapy dose components. Methods and Materials: Clonogenic cell survival data were obtained for 9L rat gliosarcoma cells irradiated in the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor thermal neutron beam both in vitro and as an intracerebral tumor. These data were analyzed using the linear quadratic model for cell survival to derive measured RBE values for all beam components and for a number of different boron compounds. Results: In the absence of boron, the combined effects of the protons from the nitrogen capture, 14 N(n,p) 14 C, and the fast neutron scatter, 1 H(n,n′)p, reactions generated RBEs of 3.7 in vitro and 3.2 in an in vivo/in vitro excision assay, compared to 250 kVp X rays using an end point of 1% cell survival. Apparent RBEs for the 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction products were calculated from cell survival data following reactor irradiations in the presence of the amino acid p-boronophenylalanine, the sulfhydryl dodecaborate monomer or dimer, or boric acid. Apparent RBEs for the 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction ranged from 1.2 to 9.8 depending on which boron compound was used. RBEs from the in vitro studies were consistently higher than from the in vivo/in vitro studies. Under any conditions, the apparent RBE for the 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction with p -boronophenylalanine was higher than that with any other boron compound tested. Conclusions: Generally accepted RBE values for the fast neutron and 14 N(n,p) 14 C reaction components of the total dose are too low. The apparent RBEs calculated for the 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction were compound-dependent and consistent with differences in the distribution of 10 B relative to glioma cell nuclei.
Reach of the CERN Large Hadron Collider for gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking models

We examine signals for sparticle production at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) within the framework of gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking models with a low SUSY breaking scale for four different model lines, each of which leads to qualitatively different signatures. We first examine the reach of the LHC via the canonical ${E}_{T}$ and multilepton channels that have been advocated within the MSUGRA framework. Next, we examine special features of each of these model lines that could serve to further enhance the SUSY signal over standard model backgrounds. We use ISAJET to evaluate the SUSY reach of experiments at the LHC. We find that the SUSY reach, measured in terms of ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}},$ is at least as large, and sometimes larger, than in the MSUGRA framework. In the best case of the co-NLSP scenario, the reach extends to ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}}g~3$ TeV, assuming 10 ${\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of integrated luminosity.
Developing a set of indicators for measuring information-oriented performance

Abstract Improving the performance of tools people use to manage, for example information systems, requires establishing methods for measuring the performance of those tools. We develop performance measures for one category of management tools, information documents. The concepts of good, bad, and useful information and data are used to build measures for the effectiveness, quality, and productivity of an information document. Application of the measures is illustrated.
A light- and electron-microscopic study of a temporal-lobe ganglioglioma

Abstract A temporal-lobe ganglioglioma was surgically removed from a 13-year-old boy who had psychomotor seizures for 4 years. By light microscopy, the ganglion cells were encompassed in a rich network of fibrous connective tissue. They merged with areas composed of sparser neuronal cells and numerous fibrillary astrocytes. The ganglionic and astrocytic areas contained many tiny eosinophilic granules, and proteinaceous globules which measured from 1 to 10 μ and often formed circular aggregates measuring up to 60 μ. By electron microscopy, three main cell types were seen: 1. (1) Ganglion cells, whose cytoplasm and processes frequently contained dense-core vesicles measuring from 1250 to 1800 A. These cells were sometimes found in synaptic contact with adjacent processes. The dilated nerve cell processes often contained concentrically laminated bodies resembling those reported in experimental axonal reaction and degeneration. Some of these bodies may represent degenerative changes in the dense-core vesicles. Larger autophagic vacuoles, occasionally containing a dense-core vesicle, were also found. 2. (2) Glial cells with processes filled with filaments. The filaments sometimes merged with amorphous electron-dense material (Rosenthal fibers). In addition these cells contained many autophagic vacuoles, which were sometimes included within considerably larger membrane-bound profiles. On the basis of light microscopy both could represent protein inclusions. A number of neuroepithelial cells and processes could not be classified. 3. (3) A third cell type, probably mesenchymal, adjacent to abundant collagen fibrils and to convoluted basement-membrane material which often surrounded cell processes. The morphological features of this tumor are discussed in the context of the suggestion that central ganglion cell neoplasms may originate on a hamartomatous basis from ectopic autonomic neural tissue.
Bronchoscopic findings and treatment in congenital tracheo‐oesophageal fistula

Summary Bronchoscopy was performed in 161 patients with oesophageal atresia or tracheo-oesophageal fistula without atresia between 1983 and 1991 at The Children's Hospital, Cologne, Germany. Twelve patients had oesophageal atresia without fistula, and seven patients had tracheo-oesophageal fistula without atresia. In the 149 patients with congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula a total of 154 fistulae were found. In the five patients with two fistulae the second was detected in one patient only during primary anastomosis, and in the other four patients by bronchoscopy up to 18 years after the original operation. The study group comprised 113 newborn infants and 48 patients admitted for evaluation of severe airway problems. A very high proportion (89%) of the newborn infants had an associated abnormality of the respiratory tract. In the other 48 patients, all showed a tracheobronchial abnormality. Fourteen of these patients required tracheal surgery and 12 improved following oesophageal surgery. A comparison between the incidence of the types of oesophageal atresia previously described and this series showed a marked difference, which is probably due to greater precision of the location of the fistula demonstrated by bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopy should be undertaken in all patients with oesophageal atresia with a tracheo-oesophageal fistula.