cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Offering a Candidate Answer: An Information Seeking Strategy

Interactants use a variety of strategies to seek information from one another. One strategy involves incorporating a Candidate Answer in a query. In using this strategy, a speaker provides a model of the type of answer that would satisfy his/her purpose‐for‐asking. Supplying a model is useful when a speaker wants to guide, direct, or assist a respondent in providing particular information. In offering a Candidate Answer, a speaker can display having knowledge and familiarity of a circumstance. A Candidate Answer can be read as revealing the speaker's attitude toward, and expectations of, relevant others.
CsrA modulates levels of lipoproteins and key regulators of gene expression critical for pathogenic mechanisms of Borrelia burgdorferi.

Carbon storage regulator A (CsrA) is an RNA binding protein that has been characterized in many bacterial species to play a central regulatory role by modulating several metabolic processes. We recently showed that a homolog of CsrA in Borrelia burgdorferi (CsrABb, BB0184) was upregulated in response to propagation of B. burgdorferi under mammalian host-specific conditions. In order to further delineate the role of CsrABb, we generated a deletion mutant designated ES10 in a linear plasmid 25-negative isolate of B. burgdorferi strain B31 (ML23). The deletion mutant was screened by PCR and Southern blot hybridization, and a lack of synthesis of CsrABb in ES10 was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Analysis of ES10 propagated at pH 6.8/37°C revealed a significant reduction in the levels of OspC, DbpA, BBK32, and BBA64 compared to those for the parental wild-type strain propagated under these conditions, while there were no significant changes in the levels of either OspA or P66. Moreover, the levels of two regulatory proteins, RpoS and BosR, were also found to be lower in ES10 than in the control strain. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of total RNA extracted from the parental strain and csrABb mutant revealed significant differences in gene expression consistent with the changes at the protein level. Neither the csrABb mutant nor the trans-complemented strain was capable of infection following intradermal needle inoculation in C3H/HeN mice at either 103 or 105 spirochetes per mouse. The further characterization of molecular basis of regulation mediated by CsrABb will provide significant insights into the pathophysiology of B. burgdorferi.
Magnetics design for active transient voltage compensator

This paper is mainly focused on how to design the transformer to meet the requirements of active transient voltage compensator (ATVC) circuit. The FEM transformer design method is discussed in detail. ATVC is a solution to the challenging transient requirement of VRM under high slew rate load current. It only works in transient periods and the main VR operates in low frequency which results in high efficiency. In the steady state, the transformer is just a paralleled large filter inductor. In transient periods, ATVC acts as a transformer, injecting or absorbing high slew rate current that is determined by the transformer leakage inductance. The numerical FEM method is used to design the transformer according to the transformer's actual working conditions. The accurate and frequency dependable transformer magnetizing inductance value and the leakage inductance value of each winding can be decided from the FEM results directly. The simulation and experiment results verify this transformer design. The circuit slew rate can reach the 0.11A//spl mu/s.
Multitrophic Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 on Understory Plant and Arthropod Communities

Rising levels of atmospheric [CO2] will directly affect the responses and community composition of plants. However, few studies have examined how these changes to plant communities will alter insect communities that rely on them. Here, we report on a study that examined the community-level responses of plants, herbivores, detritivores, predators, parasitoids, and omnivores to increased [CO2] at a Free Air Carbon Enrichment (FACE) facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We found that aboveground net primary productivity for the five dominant plant species in the understory community, C:N ratios of leaf tissue for four of the five dominant understory taxa, amounts of herbivory, and arthropod abundance and richness across all trophic groups did not differ between ambient and elevated CO2 plots. Abundance and richness of particular trophic groups were higher in ambient than in elevated CO2 plots. There were also strong temporal effects on community composition, but no distinct treatment effects. These results, although preliminary, suggest that community-level responses to future atmospheric [CO2] are likely to be species- and trophic-group specific.
Advertiser’s Guide to Choosing Effective Trademarks

This short paper provides the basics of choosing a proper brand, or trademark, for a business. Discussed are the different types, with their advantages and disadvantages. Also discussed is the tendency to use descriptive marks, which are probably the hardest to protect, to the opposite extreme, or "fanciful marks", which have no inherent connection to a product but are the easiest to protect from infringement, and probably will cost more due to the cost of advertising to make the public aware of the brand name.
Construction and Iteration-Complexity of Primal Sequences in Alternating Minimization Algorithms

We introduce a new weighted averaging scheme using "Fenchel-type" operators to recover primal solutions in the alternating minimization-type algorithm (AMA) for prototype constrained convex optimization. Our approach combines the classical AMA idea in \cite{Tseng1991} and Nesterov's prox-function smoothing technique without requiring the strong convexity of the objective function. We develop a new non-accelerated primal-dual AMA method and estimate its primal convergence rate both on the objective residual and on the feasibility gap. Then, we incorporate Nesterov's accelerated step into this algorithm and obtain a new accelerated primal-dual AMA variant endowed with a rigorous convergence rate guarantee. We show that the worst-case iteration-complexity in this algorithm is optimal (in the sense of first-oder black-box models), without imposing the full strong convexity assumption on the objective.
Comments on: “On the sound attenuation in fluid due to the thermal diffusion and viscous dissipation” [Phys. Lett. A 379 (2015) 1799–1801]

Abstract We point out and correct the erroneous expression for what Hu et al. term the ‘sound attenuation coefficient’ (i.e., a s ) that appears in their recent Letter [Phys. Lett. A 379 (2015) 1799–1801].
Modeling gamma-ray dose rate from a spent pressurized water reactor fuel assembly

Gamma-ray dose rate distribution around a pressurized water reactor spent-fuel assembly is studied using the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code (MCNP) version 4a. A detailed rod-by-rod modeling ...
Updated Perspectives on Educational Diagnosticians' Understanding of Reading Assessments

Chappell, Stephens, Kinnison, and Pettigrew (2009) conducted a study investigating educational diagnosticians knowledge of early reading development. Our study replicated the work of Chappell et al. through a mixed methods design that investigated educational diagnosticians’ perceptions and knowledge of early reading development. Additionally, our study sought to gain a better understanding of how educational diagnosticians selected assessment instruments. Our findings suggested that educational diagnosticians may lack understanding of the early developmental processes of reading and that there may be limited use of diagnostic assessment instruments when evaluating students who are struggling to read.
Spezifische Viscositätserhöhung und Kolloidzustand der Serumeiweißkörper: II. Mitteilung

1. Auf Grund der bisherigen Erfahrungen, welche bei Anwendung der seinerzeit angegebenen Methode zur Beurteilung des physikalischen Zustandes des Serums aus der Viscositat gewonnen wurden, und nach einer nochmaligen Auseinandersetzung des Zweckes der Methode werden die theoretischen und praktischen Grundlagen derselben eingehend, kritisch und unter Vergleichung mit anderen ahnlichen Methoden besprochen.
The Geographic Range of Interaction Spheres During the Colonization of New Zealand (Aotearoa): New Evidence for Obsidian Circulation in Southern New Zealand

ABSTRACTDuring the colonization of remote Pacific Islands, founding communities forged novel interaction spheres within newly settled archipelagos. We report on new research on the geographic range of interaction spheres in the first centuries of occupation of New Zealand based on geochemical source identifications from obsidian assemblages found along the coast of the Otago region in the southern South Island. Results suggest that while there is evidence for interaction spanning the entire archipelago, logistical limitations on long-distance mobility along the long north-south axis of New Zealand appear to have developed early on and may be important in understanding the development of territories later in Māori culture history.
O’Neill’s Journey: Biography

Eugene O’Neill’s life, up to the time he became a dramatist and perhaps even after that time, provides the kind of material from which movies are made. Adventures at sea, gold prospecting, destitute on waterfronts of South America and New York City, prodigious consumption of alcohol, quick marriage and abandonment of wife and child, a suicide attempt, tuberculosis — the stuff of romance, screenplay by Jack London or Victor Hugo. The romance, however, is informed by a dark undercurrent, feelings of guilt and despair, an atmosphere of doom — the stuff of tragedy, screenplay by August Strindberg or Ingmar Bergman. Ideally O’Neill’s biography should be written, either at sea or in a dark room, by a writer combining the talents and urges of London and Hugo and Strindberg and Bergman. Perhaps this is another way of saying that O’Neill’s biography should be written by someone like O’Neill himself — and, in a sense, it was. Throughout his career, in bits and pieces or in large chunks, in fleeting allusions or in whole plays like Long Day’s Journey, O’Neill has written himself into his plays. With the possible exception of Strindberg, O’Neill is the most autobiographical of dramatists, which explains in part why his plays are often approached by way of biography.
Psychopathology in Fragile X Syndrome

The physical and behavioral features of the fragile X syndrome are reviewed in a paper from the Child Development Unit and Behavioral Sciences Department, Children’s Hospital, Denver.
Five Wise Men: African American Males Using Urban Critical Literacy to Negotiate and Navigate Home and School in an Urban Setting.

This study explores a psychosocial concept coined by the author referred to as “Urban Critical Literacy” (UCL). UCL is an emergent four-step strategy employed by five African American young men as ...
Plasticity of vagal afferent signaling in the gut

Vagal sensory neurons mediate the vago-vagal reflex which, in turn, regulates a wide array of gastrointestinal functions including esophageal motility, gastric accommodation and pancreatic enzyme secretion. These neurons also transmit sensory information from the gut to the central nervous system, which then mediates the sensations of nausea, fullness and satiety. Recent research indicates that vagal afferent neurons process non-uniform properties and a significant degree of plasticity. These properties are important to ensure that vagally regulated gastrointestinal functions respond rapidly and appropriately to various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Similar plastic changes in the vagus also occur in pathophysiological conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, resulting in abnormal gastrointestinal functions. A clear understanding of the mechanisms which mediate these events may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders due to vago-vagal pathway malfunctions.
Determining the Limits of Microbial Life at Subzero Temperatures

Determining the low-temperature limit of life is a challenge complicated by the reduced availability of liquid water as water freezes and by the low rates of diffusion and reaction brought on by low temperatures. And yet, many microorganisms are able to grow at temperatures of −2 °C to 4 °C and many also survive much lower temperatures of −80 °C to −196 °C. A variety of approaches for determining the low-temperature limit of life are examined in this chapter and relevant data are reported. Theoretical approaches investigate the presence of liquid water at temperatures below 0 °C as well as universal laws of biology which may inform the low-temperature limits of life. Both reductionist and holistic experimental approaches reveal the known limits of cellular components, processes, and whole cells with multiple lines of evidence suggesting that cell reproduction occurs down to temperatures of −20 °C. Finally, observational studies of microorganisms in low-temperature environments of the polar regions expose how the low-temperature limit of life is entangled with other factors (perhaps inextricably) and that time at low temperatures may limit evolution and cold adaptation of terrestrial life.
Religious and Political Identities

Religion has become a group identity with sociopolitical consequences. To explore the political attitudes and behaviors of British Evangelicals, Hatcher conducts an original survey and focus groups in ten Evangelical congregations across Britain. It is clear that religion is their strongest identity; however, they shun the label “Evangelical” for its negative connotations. Moreover, statistical analysis reveals that religious identity is not predictive of political identity for British Evangelicals. They are just as likely to be Left, Right, or Center and largely reject partisan affiliation. In their own words, the party system does not offer a good fit for the social and political views of British Evangelicals.
Sleeper cells: The stringent response and persistence in the Borreliella (Borrelia) burgdorferi enzootic cycle

Infections with tick-transmitted Borreliella (Borrelia) burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, represent an increasingly large public health problem in North America and Europe. The ability of these spirochetes to maintain themselves for extended periods of time in their tick vectors and vertebrate reservoirs is crucial for continuance of the enzootic cycle as well as for the increasing exposure of humans to them. The stringent response mediated by the alarmone (p)ppGpp has been determined to be a master regulator in B. burgdorferi. It modulates the expression of identified and unidentified open reading frames needed to deal with and overcome the many nutritional stresses and other challenges faced by the spirochete in ticks and animal reservoirs. The metabolic and morphologic changes resulting from activation of the stringent response in B. burgdorferi may also be involved in the recently described non-genetic phenotypic phenomenon of tolerance to otherwise lethal doses of antimicrobials and to other antimicrobial activities. It may thus constitute a linchpin in multiple aspects of infections with Lyme disease borrelia, providing a link between the micro-ecological challenges of its enzootic life-cycle and long-term residence in the tissues of its animal reservoirs, with the evolutionary side effect of potential persistence in incidental human hosts.
When Cyclic Coordinate Descent Outperforms Randomized Coordinate Descent

The coordinate descent (CD) method is a classical optimization algorithm that has seen a revival of interest because of its competitive performance in machine learning applications. A number of recent papers provided convergence rate estimates for their deterministic (cyclic) and randomized variants that differ in the selection of update coordinates. These estimates suggest randomized coordinate descent (RCD) performs better than cyclic coordinate descent (CCD), although numerical experiments do not provide clear justification for this comparison. In this paper, we provide examples and more generally problem classes for which CCD (or CD with any deterministic order) is faster than RCD in terms of asymptotic worst-case convergence. Furthermore, we provide lower and upper bounds on the amount of improvement on the rate of CCD relative to RCD, which depends on the deterministic order used. We also provide a characterization of the best deterministic order (that leads to the maximum improvement in convergence rate) in terms of the combinatorial properties of the Hessian matrix of the objective function.
Developing a Healing Environment for Broken Souls of Patients With Life-Threatening Illnesses and Their Caregivers

What a privilege it is to be able to touch those sacred spaces in the soul of each person that we encounter everyday. Patients with life-threatening illnesses can struggle with physical, emotional, and existential and spiritual concerns and the suffering of caregivers. A key goal of our supportive and palliative care teams is to alleviate patient and caregiver suffering. When caring for patients with advanced and terminal illness, the spirituality of each member of the palliative care team becomes a single collective spirituality or soul with common goals, values, and belonging, with a main goal of providing the best care for patients and caregivers in the alleviation of suffering. Embracing the spiritual care into our daily practice is a common effort and a service provided by each member of the team. Our role as members of the collective soul is to preserve human dignity and raise up the broken souls of patients living with life-threatening illness by creating healing environments.
Morphology, Chain Folding and C-LC Transitions in Liquid Crystal Polymer Single Crystals

Single crystals, suitable for electron microscopy and diffraction, have been grown from the quiescent and sheared “liquid crystal” state and solution for several random terpolymer polyester LCPs having a nearly equimolar amount of a flexible segment dicarboxylate (4–7 CH2), oxybenzoate and dioxyphenyl. In all cases, in thin films and on free surfaces, folded chain lamellae are observed. High temperature electron diffraction has permitted characterization of the transition behavior and structure of the liquid crystal state. Permanganate etching permitted characterization of the interior of molded, extruded or spun samples; extended chain lamellae are observed. The results suggest chain folding in the nematic state in the thin films and on surfaces, with chain folding also possible in the bulk followed by chain extension. Related observations on crystals of a semi-flexible polyether LCP and polyoxybenzoate type homo-and copolymer LCPs are outlined.
Stabilized 2-Norbornyl Cations

The position that the importance of neighboring group participation should diminish as an incipient cationic center is stabilized by substitution1 appears to be generally accepted.2 Consequently, we undertook to synthesize representative 2-norbornyl systems containing a stabilizing p-anisyl group at the 2-position in order to establish its effect on the exo :endo rate and product ratios.
DNA Repair and Transcription in Premature Aging Syndromes

The human progeroid disorders Cockayne syndrome (CS) and Werner syndrome (WS) exhibit several clinical features that are associated with normal aging. With the recent cloning of the Werner syndrome (WRN) gene, and with the information that this gene, the CS complementation group B (CS-B) gene, and some XP gene products are putative helicases and involved in nucleic acid metabolism, further understanding the molecular deficiency in these disorders is a high priority. Helicases are involved in a number of DNA metabolic activities including transcription, replication and DNA repair. These human disorders provide excellent model systems for studies on aging. The patients have many signs and symptoms of normal aging, but they are segmental progeroid diseases, indicating that some features of normal aging are not seen. The function of the CS-B and WRN proteins appear to be at the crossroads of aging, DNA repair, DNA replication, and transcription, and hence these studies nicely combine our mechanistic interest in basic processes with our interest in aging. CS (Group B), WRN, and other age-related disorders (Bloom, Xeroderma pigmentosum Groups B and D) carry mutations in related genes characterized by conserved motifs of sequence homology. Some proteins of this family have been demonstrated to be DNA-dependent ATPases, a subset of which have also been shown to be helicases. Proteins of this family are involved in various aspects of chromosome metabolism. The molecular defects responsible for the clinical phenotypes of these diseases remain to be determined, but presumably relate to the functional activities of these conserved proteins. In addition, specific protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions are likely to play critical roles in cellular function. Cells derived from CS patients are deficient in a special type of DNA repair, transcription coupled DNA repair, but they also appear to be defective in basal transcription. The diverse functions of the CSB protein are under intense study. Werner syndrome cells may have subtle defects in DNA repair, and possibly also in transcription. The biochemical clarification of the precise role(s) of these gene products is likely to provide very significant clues into the mechanism of aging.
Technical Note: Acceleration of online adaptive replanning with automation and parallel operations

Purpose Limited by various human interventions and manual operations, the routine practice of online adaptive replanning (OLAR) is time consuming and impractical with the current planning technology. To accelerate OLAR and to minimize human efforts, the methods and software tools are developed to automate OLAR workflow and to use parallel processing during OLAR. Methods Speedy online adaptive replanning SOLAR, a software tool, was developed to automate the OLAR workflow and to implement parallel operation in plan generation and contour editing. The SOLAR tool is designed to automate and monitor the operation of OLAR on multiple client workstations and to allow parallel manual contour editing and plan generation with multiple workstations. The performance of the SOLAR tool was tested on selected prostate and pancreatic cancer cases. Results The SOLAR system has been tested in the clinical environment. With the automation and parallel operations, the operation time for OLAR can be reduced by 70%, allowing OLAR to be completed within 10 min for the tested prostate cancer cases and within 15 min for the pancreatic cancer cases. The SOLAR system generated superior plans compared to the standard repositioning method. Conclusion SOLAR software was developed to accelerate online adaptive replanning workflow with automation and parallel operations. By reducing the time and human intervention, thus, reducing potential human error, the SOLAR solution would improve the practicality of OLAR.
Brain Activation During Passive and Volitional Pedaling After Stroke.

Background Prior work indicates that pedaling-related brain activation is lower in people with stroke than in controls. We asked whether this observation could be explained by between-group differences in volitional motor commands and pedaling performance. Methods Individuals with and without stroke performed passive and volitional pedaling while brain activation was recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The passive condition eliminated motor commands to pedal and minimized between-group differences in pedaling performance. Volume, intensity, and laterality of brain activation were compared across conditions and groups. Results There were no significant effects of condition and no Group × Condition interactions for any measure of brain activation. Only 53% of subjects could minimize muscle activity for passive pedaling. Conclusions Altered motor commands and pedaling performance are unlikely to account for reduced pedaling-related brain activation poststroke. Instead, this phenomenon may be due to functional or structural brain changes. Passive pedaling can be difficult to achieve and may require inhibition of excitatory descending drive.
Comparison of Two Nondestructive Evaluation Technologies for the Condition Assessment of Bridge Decks

Selection of the appropriate condition assessment tool to meet the decision-making needs for preservation, maintenance, and repair (PM&R) actions can be difficult, because different nondestructive ...
Estimating Renal Function in Drug Development: Time to Take the Fork in the Road

Renal function is the most commonly applied patient-specific quantitative variable used to determine drug doses. Measurement of renal function is not practical in most clinical settings; therefore, clinicians often rely on estimates when making dosing decisions. Similarly, renal function estimates are used to assign subjects in phase 1 pharmacokinetic studies, which inform dosing in late-phase clinical trials and ultimately the product label. The Cockcroft-Gault estimate of creatinine clearance has been the standard renal function metric; however, this paradigm is shifting toward the Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases (MDRD) estimate of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The proportion of approved new drug labels with dosing recommendations based on the MDRD equation was 16.7% in 2015, 70.0% in 2016, and 46.7% in 2017. Disharmonious recommendations from the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency will continue to increase this heterogeneity in the assessment of renal function in drug development and negatively impact industry, health systems, and clinicians. In this review, we discuss the current regulatory guidance for the conduct of renal impairment pharmacokinetic studies and review the implications of this guidance across the medication use system with 3 recently approved antibiotics: ceftazidime/avibactam, delafloxacin, and meropenem/vaborbactam. Finally, we suggest measuring GFR in phase 1 studies and employing the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation to integrate data across clinical trials. This will help to harmonize CKD staging, population pharmacokinetic analyses, and dosing by estimated renal function.
Knick-knack PADIMAC.

In this issue of Blood , Chapman et al 1 have derived a 7-gene expression signature that predicts whether a newly diagnosed myeloma patient will respond to treatment with bortezomib when autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is not considered as part of the upfront therapy.
Gratitude in Sport: Positive Psychology for Athletes and Implications for Mental Health, Well-Being, and Performance

This chapter focuses on the potential benefits of gratitude cultivation and expression in the sport context, as it pertains to the positive mental health and well-being of individual athletes and teams. Positive psychology interventions (PPIs) that aim to cultivate grateful thoughts, feelings, and actions have demonstrated positive effects on mental and physical health among youth, college-age, and adult populations. Some of these benefits include increased life satisfaction, social connectedness, positive affect, resilience, altruism, better quality of sleep, and reduced psychological distress. Specifically, in the athletic population, recent research has shown that athletes who have higher levels of gratitude also report greater social support, life and sport satisfaction, team cohesion, and lower levels of burnout. Framed within the context of Fredrickson’s Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions, the author will discuss how gratitude can broaden athletes’ perspectives by noticing the good, and build their resources by increasing the perception of available support. The literature on gratitude PPIs to date will be discussed, considering specific implications for athletic populations. Potential applications for sport psychologists and other practitioners working in a performance context will be provided. Finally, the author will provide caveats and considerations of implementing gratitude PPIs among sport and performance populations, including limitations of the current body of literature, contextual factors, and future directions. Overall, this chapter emphasizes that the utilization of positive psychology in sport may be advantageous for athletes, coaches, and teams, and calls for further empirical study and applied focus in this area.
Supporting Children’s Engagement in Active Dissemination Practices

Within the field of education, the publication and dissemination phases of research findings are typically concerned with sharing results within a larger community of researchers and practitioners. A central, but often overlooked, aspect of participatory research with children is their sustained engagement in analysis, presentation, and publication phases of the work. As a counter to traditional dissemination practices, this chapter examines active forms of project dissemination that can involve young children in substantial and meaningful ways. The chapter discusses possibilities for children’s active involvement in the local display and public dissemination of participatory research. The chapter is centered around the presentation of a case study documenting a participatory Photovoice project with young learners. The children’s experiences during the project are described and detailed in an effort to understand the ways in which the Photovoice methodology can be utilized to support the participation of young children in the processes of data review and analysis.
Voices of hope: A feasibility study of telephone recovery support.

Abstract Background Substance use disorders (SUDs) are chronic disorders frequently managed with crisis stabilization or short-term treatment. To improve rates of sustained remission from SUD, there is a need to shift the existing treatment paradigm away from an acute care model and toward a model of ongoing recovery management. Telephone recovery support (TRS) is a promising recovery management tool, consisting of weekly calls from volunteers, including peer workers, to people in recovery to offer support and connect participants with resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate feasibility and acceptability of a TRS program in Central Kentucky, United States. Methods: Participants (n = 506) were recruited for the program from a variety of settings, such as sober living/halfway houses, drug court, residential treatment transitional living, and outpatient and intensive outpatient treatment. For each call, participant status (e.g., experiencing psychosocial stressors, concerned about relapse) was recorded. To assess acceptability, we performed semi-structured interviews with participants (n = 7), which were subsequently transcribed and analyzed via content analysis. Results: Volunteers completed 35.7% of calls (a completed call was defined as either answered or returned) with 88% of participants reporting being okay, 9% reporting psychosocial stressors, and 3% reporting relapse or concerns about relapse. Participants reported that TRS provided a felt sense of support and consistent recovery engagement, and appreciated that volunteers took the initiative to reach out to them. Multiple participants reported a desire to increase the frequency of TRS contact. Conclusion: TRS holds promise as a resource to promote long-term recovery support. More research is needed to determine the efficacy and adequate dosing of TRS calls.
Radiology Case 10

The hip joint is a major weight-bearing, ball-and-socket joint comprised of the acetabulum and proximal femur. The fracture mechanism depends on the segment of the femur involved but generally can occur with a hip dislocation, high-energy axial load such as a motor vehicle accident, repetitive stress fracture in athletes, or fall in the case of an elderly patient. With loss of bone density and trabecular bone, such as in the case of osteoporosis, the supportive tensile and compressive forces of the femoral neck are compromised and are susceptible to fractures.
Maize canopies under two soil water regimes: II. Seasonal trends of evapotranspiration, carbon dioxide assimilation and canopy conductance, and as related to leaf area index

Abstract Seasonal course of evapotranspiration and of canopy CO2 assimilation are determined by interactions among the plant, aerial, and soil factors over time and culminate in the total water requirement and primary productivity of a crop. In this study, maize was grown for two seasons in large fields under two contrasting soil water regimes (WET and DRY), and monitored for canopy water vapor and CO2 fluxes with the Bowen-ratio/energy-balance/CO2 gradient technique (BREB+). Soil CO2 efflux was quantified and added to the canopy CO2 flux to obtain canopy net assimilation rate (An). Trends in daily integrals of evapotranspiration (E) and daily averages of midday An, spanning the period from 10 days before tasseling to nearly full senescence, are presented along with data on trends in soil water status, leaf water potential, and green leaf area index (LAI). Also presented are data on midday photosynthesis of the upper exposed leaves. Aerodynamic conductance for the crop was calculated from wind data. Canopy conductance was calculated using the Penman–Monteith big leaf model. Over the season but before senescence became substantial, the mean midday conductance of the aerodynamic segment of the plant-atmosphere transport path was slightly higher than that of the canopy segment of the transport path. The wind pattern on most days were such, however, that E may be said to be more under the influence of air motion in the morning, but more under the influence of the canopy in the afternoon [Steduto, P., Hsiao, T.C., 1998a. Maize canopies under two soil water regimes: I. Diurnal patterns of energy balance, carbon dioxide flux and canopy conductance. Agric. For. Meteorol. 89, 173–188]. One view of the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum was obtained by examining the links among soil and plant water status, LAI, canopy conductance (gcw), E and An over the season. E and An declined only when gcw fell below a threshold range of 10 to 20 mm s−1, for the WET as well as the DRY treatment. The midvalue of the threshold was 15 mm s−1, a value in agreement with the very limited data in the literature. Significance of this threshold is discussed in terms of crop coefficients in the estimation of crop E and in the use of the Penman Monteith equation for the estimation of reference E. The fall in gcw over time was largely due to the decline in LAI as the crop matured or as the result of early senescence induced by water deficit. A plot of gcw vs. LAI revealed that during the senescence phase gcw was lower for the DRY than the WET treatment at any given LAI, a difference that may be attributed to lower stomatal conductance under water stress. Overall, however, canopy processes appeared to be largely dictated by LAI for our conditions where water stress developed gradually over a long period.
Twinning in cattle: I. Foundation animals and genetic and environmental effects on twinning rate.

Foundation cows were selected using prior records from one of two sources, private herds or other projects at the Research Center. Comparing twinning rates before and after selection, the repeatability was lower for those from the first (.08) than for those from the second (.16) source with a combined value of .12. Realized heritability of single-parity twinning rate estimated from selection of parents and response in daughters of foundation females was .06. Paternal half-sib estimate of heritability of twinning rate was .02 +/- .07. Estimates of repeatability computed from calving records of females born in the project indicate that permanent environmental effects on twinning rate in cattle are small. Mean calving rate of females born in the project was 1.11 in the data set that included all data and 1.09 in the data set that excluded females from highly selected parents. Twinning rate was greater (P less than .05) in fall than in spring calving (1.13 vs 1.06). Data on twinning rate of a sample of the Swedish Friesian breed were summarized. Mean twinning rate of the Swedish Friesian breed is 2.57%. Age adjusted mean twinning rate of daughters of 32 half-sib sons of one particular Swedish Frieisan sire averaged 5.4% and ranged from .9% to 13.6%. There was no indication of a bimodal distribution, which would be expected if a single gene with a major effect on twinning rate were segregating. The estimated genetic standard deviation (sigma-xn) for mean twinning rates of the 32 sire progeny groups was 1.8%. Observed range among son progenies was .127 or 7.2 sigma-xn, in reasonable agreement with the hypothesis that twinning rate in this population is inherited as a quantitative trait.
Global Suicide Rate Among YoungstersIncreasing Significantly

Suicide is a major public health problem and a leading cause of death among the persons 10 – 24 years in the United States...
Building Kilobots In-house for Shape-Formation

This paper presents the building procedures of Kilobots, one kind of small robots with a 33-mm diameter, for shape formation and potentially other swarm robotics simulations in a large scale. This paper describes the challenges and solutions in building and debugging Kilobots, as well as the planned shape formation operation. Kilobots are built in-house using reflow soldering for surface mount components and hand soldering for through-hole components. A systematic debugging procedure, as well as the most commonly seen issues and their solution are described based on building and testing experience. In shape formation, phototaxis (moving towards or away from light) can be the driving force in the reductive approach, and yet the original Kilobot design allows such movement only in a dark room, because the ambient light sensor output is saturated at a low illumination level. An experiment is conducted to examine the saturation lux level versus the phototransistor's collector resistance, and a new value of collector resistance is proposed and implemented in our Kilobots, to ease the experiment lighting condition, making it more lenient and convenient than before, even at daylight.
Bargaining strategies for governance complex games

Global governance complexes offer member states opportunities for “regime shifting”: playing off an institutional forum against another with the goal of improving one’s relative bargaining position. I probe the internal validity of this strategy. The model makes two contributions to the governance complex literature. Formally, first, the analysis goes beyond current “outside-option” models of regime shifting, involving a permanent break of negotiations, to “inside-option” models, involving temporary disagreements. Substantively, second, the article models two scenarios of regime shifting, one that works for the weak and another that works for the powerful, and then “tests” the claim held by some in the literature that powerful countries are more likely to avail themselves of the possibility of regime shifting than weaker countries. I conclude that regime shifting is more likely to work for the weak than for the strong.
Subpixel target implantation to assess pansharpening performance on hyperspectral datasets

Target detection is one of the most important applications utilizing the rich spectral information from hyperspectral imaging systems. Data fusion algorithms applied on hyperspectral datasets address the inherent spatial-spectral resolution tradeoff in these imaging systems by combining spectral information from hyperspectral data with spatial information from hi-res panchromatic or multispectral images (e.g., hi-res RGB). This paper presents the first attempt at using an iterative target implantation technique as a modification to Wald's protocol to assess the performance of data fusion algorithms in target detection tasks. More specifically, this paper looks at how the sharpening process localizes and discriminates the subpixel target from its background, and characterizes an image-wide detectability of any single subpixel target independent of location in the image. We used NNDi use as our pansharpener to perform HRPAN+LRHSI data fusion and the adaptive coherence estimator (ACE) as our target detector. Results show that our methodology is effective at assessing (1) how the sharpening process enhances target-background separability within any 5x5 window anywhere on the image and (2) how the sharpening process enhances the detectability of a single subpixel target over the entire hyperspectral image.
Early pandemic COVID-19 case growth rates increase with city size

The current outbreak of COVID-19 poses an unprecedented global health and economic threat to interconnected human societies. Strategies for controlling the outbreak rely on social distancing and face covering measures which largely disconnect the social network fabric of cities. We demonstrate that early in the US outbreak, COVID-19 spread faster on average in larger cities and discuss the implications of these observations, emphasizing the need for faster responses to novel infectious diseases in larger cities.
Tissue factor upregulation is associated with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop severe/critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with thrombosis. OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2--induced upregulation of tissue factor (TF) expression may be responsible for thrombus formation in COVID-19. METHODS: We compared autopsy lung tissues from 11 patients with COVID-19--associated ARDS with samples from 6 patients with ARDS from other causes (non-COVID-19 ARDS) and 11 normal control lungs. RESULTS: Dual RNA in situ hybridization for SARS-CoV-2 and TF identified sporadic clustered SARS-CoV-2 with prominent co-localization of SARS-CoV-2 and TF RNA. TF expression was 2-fold higher in COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 ARDS lungs (P = .017) and correlated with the intensity of SARS-CoV-2 staining (R2 = .36, P = .04). By immunofluorescence, TF protein expression was 2.1-fold higher in COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19 ARDS lungs (P = .0048) and 11-fold (P < .001) higher than control lungs. Fibrin thrombi and thrombi positive for platelet factor 4 (PF4) were found in close proximity to regions expressing TF in COVID-19 ARDS lung, and correlated with TF expression (fibrin, R2 = .52, P < .001; PF4, R2 = .59, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that upregulation of TF expression is associated with thrombus formation in COVID-19 lungs and could be a key therapeutic target. Correlation of TF expression with SARS-CoV-2 in lungs of COVID-19 patients also raises the possibility of direct TF induction by the virus.
Early identification and diagnosis of epilepsy related to fever sensitivity

Febrile seizures are the most common nervous system disease in childhood, and most children have a good prognosis. However, some epilepsy cases are easily induced by fever and are characterized by "fever sensitivity", and it is difficult to differentiate such cases from febrile seizures. Epilepsy related to fever sensitivity includes hereditary epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, Dravet syndrome, and PCDH19 gene-related epilepsy. This article mainly describes the clinical manifestations of these three types of epilepsy and summarizes their clinical features in the early stage of disease onset, so as to achieve early identification, early diagnosis, and early intervention to improve prognosis.
Epilogue (The Fundamental Theorems and the CAPM)

This chapter studies the static fundamental theorems of asset pricing and the CAPM for two reasons. First, because they are of historical interest. Second, because they highlight the advances and insights obtained from the dynamic models studied in this book. This chapter provides a new derivation of the static CAPM using the martingale approach.
Social Media Distancing: An Opportunity to Debug our Relationship with our Algorithms

Digital communication became the saving backbone of human connection during social distancing lockdowns of COVID-19. At the same time, the intensification of human dependency on its digital tools also revealed many aspects of the downsides of algorithmically-mediated communication. Just as the lack of an easy exit strategy for the pandemic has called for the combination of solutions, a more sustainable relationship with our algorithms will require complementary measures. Top-down and bottom-up. It will require changes in the industry and thoughtful regulation. It will require technological innovation and personal responsibility in a collective action of ‘social media distancing.’ It does not mean to stop algorithmic interactions, but to sanitize them. As with a necessary trip to the grocery store during lockdowns, it becomes important to increase awareness that everyone is a potential victim and vector of diffusion for digital harms. In this seven-chapter article, we ask how to seize the current situation to develop a more healthy relationship with our digital algorithms?
Missing the forest for the fracking: Wilderness as ideology and simulacrum in Pennsylvania parks

Abstract Wilderness has been conceptualized as an ideology and simulacrum, and wilderness refers to specific expectations of the landscape it is attributed to including ideas of land untouched by humans. In the USA and other countries, parks are often synonymous with wild lands and wilderness. The perception of parks as wilderness increasingly comes into conflict with efforts to perform extractive industry on these lands such as hydraulic fracturing or fracking. Using a case study of fracking in Pennsylvania and how the industry was banned from expansion within State Parks and State Forests, we argue that parks are symbols of wilderness and that industrial activity within parks damages the perception of these spaces as protected land. Wilderness as an ideology and simulacrum can be a powerful tool for aiding in protection of wild spaces such as those within park boundaries and bolsters support for moving these lands primarily to being for tourism and recreation.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of extracellular heat shock protein 72: A potential biomarker for bacterial meningitis in children

Extracellular heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) is an endogenous danger signal and potential biomarker for critical illness in children. We hypothesized that elevated levels of extracellular Hsp72 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with suspected meningitis could predict bacterial meningitis. We measured extracellular Hsp72 levels in the CSF of 31 critically ill children with suspected meningitis via a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fourteen had bacterial meningitis based on CSF pleocytosis and bacterial growth in either blood or CSF culture. Seventeen children with negative cultures comprised the control group. CSF Hsp72 was significantly elevated in children with bacterial meningitis compared to controls. Importantly, CSF Hsp72 levels did not correlate with the CSF white blood cell count. On receiver operator characteristic analysis, using a cut-off of 8.1 ng/mL, CSF Hsp72 has a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 94% for predicting bacterial meningitis. We therefore conclude that CSF extracellular Hsp72 levels are elevated in critically ill children with bacterial meningitis versus controls. Hsp72 potentially offers clinicians improved diagnostic information in distinguishing bacterial meningitis from other processes.