cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decentralized water reuse planning: Evaluation of life cycle costs and benefits

Abstract The objective of this paper is to comparatively evaluate the life cycle costs and expected monetary benefits of decentralized greywater reuse systems. Specifically, added life cycle costs and estimated life cycle monetary benefits of satellite and onsite greywater reuse systems are evaluated in comparison with the prevailing centralized systems. Centralized systems refer to the traditional form of water delivery where one centralized treatment plant treats and distributes potable water to a large service area through a water distribution network while a sewer network collects used water for treatment at a centralized wastewater treatment plant before the wastewater effluent is disposed into the environment. Satellite greywater reuse systems collect raw greywater at neighborhood or district level for treatment and re-distribution for non-potable uses within the same neighborhood or district. Onsite greywater reuse systems collect raw greywater for treatment on the premises of where it is produced after which it is re-distributed for permitted non-potable use on the same premises. Infrastructure needs and associated life cycle cost information for both types of greywater reuse systems are appropriately modeled or synthesized from literature. The skeletal layout of a real-world water distribution network is adapted for performing the cost-benefit analysis in this study. Finally, sensitivity of the cost-benefit tradeoff associated with satellite and onsite greywater reuse adoption scenarios is evaluated for various uncertainties associated with technological evolution, policy incentives, and planning schemes. Given that several states in the U.S. are expected to face water shortages in the near future, this paper will provide guidance to water utilities and policy makers in planning of future water supply alternatives.
Velocities for spatio-temporal point patterns

Abstract Point patterns gathered over space and time are receiving increasing attention in the literature. Examples include incidence of disease events, incidence of insurgent activity events, or incidence of crime events. Point pattern models can attempt to explain these events. Here, a log Gaussian Cox process specification is used to learn about the behavior of the intensity over space and time. Our contribution is to expand inference by introducing the notion of the velocity of a point pattern. We develop a velocity at any location and time within the region and period of study. These velocities are associated with the evolution of the intensity driving the spatio-temporal point pattern, where this intensity is a realization of a stochastic process. Working with directional derivative processes, we are able to develop derivatives in arbitrary directions in space as well as derivatives in time. The ratio of the latter to the former provides a velocity in that direction at that location and time, i.e., speed of change in intensity in that direction. This velocity can be interpreted in terms of speed of change in chance for an event. The magnitude and direction of the minimum velocity provides the slowest speed and direction of change in chance for an event. We use a sparse Gaussian process model approximation to expedite the demanding computation for model fitting and gradient calculation. We illustrate our methodology with a simulation for proof of concept and with a spatio-temporal point pattern of theft events in San Francisco, California in 2012.
Capitalist Views and Religion

We examine how religious affiliation and strength of religious beliefs are associated with support for free-market capitalism. A new dataset created with an innovative online survey platform includes more detailed data than has been used in prior studies. Protestants and Catholics are on the whole found to be similar in their view of markets. Christians are found to be more pro-market than those who are not religious. Separate from affiliation, religiosity is positively correlated with support for free markets. Further, significant variation in views of free markets is seen according to education, gender, income level, and early life family structure.
Adapting a Compilation of Implementation Strategies to Advance School-Based Implementation Research and Practice

Schools, like other service sectors, are confronted with an implementation gap, with the slow adoption and uneven implementation of evidence-based practices (EBP) as part of routine service delivery, undermining efforts to promote better youth behavioral health outcomes. Implementation researchers have undertaken systematic efforts to publish taxonomies of implementation strategies (i.e., methods or techniques that are used to facilitate the uptake, use, and sustainment of EBP), such as the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) Project. The 73-strategy ERIC compilation was developed in the context of healthcare and largely informed by research and practice experts who operate in that service sector. Thus, the comprehensibility, contextual appropriateness, and utility of the existing compilation to other service sectors, such as the educational setting, remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to initiate the School Implementation Strategies, Translating ERIC Resources (SISTER) Project to iteratively adapt the ERIC compilation to the educational sector. The results of a seven-step adaptation process resulted in 75 school-adapted strategies. Surface-level changes were made to the majority of the original ERIC strategies (52 out of 73), while five of the strategies required deeper modifications for adaptation to the school context. Six strategies were deleted and seven new strategies were added based on existing school-based research. The implications of this study's findings for prevention scientists engaged in implementation research (e.g., creating a common nomenclature for implementation strategies) and limitations are discussed.
Prolapse of Orbital Fat through the Inferior Orbital Fissure: Description, Prevalence, and Assessment of Possible Pathologic Associations

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A few patterns of orbital fat prolapse have been described. Some are associated with disease, and others may mimic a neoplasm. We have observed prolapse of orbital fat into the infratemporal fossa via the inferior orbital fissure on MR imaging. The clinical relevance of this finding, if any, is unknown. The purposes of this study were to describe the MR imaging appearance of orbital fat prolapse through the inferior orbital fissure, to estimate the prevalence of this finding, and to assess possible pathologic associations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this retrospective study of 228 orbital MR imaging examinations, 3 neuroradiologists independently assessed the presence of prolapse on high-resolution T1-weighted images. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus, and interobserver agreement was calculated. Patient demographics, indications for imaging, and pertinent clinical history were recorded. One-way analysis of variance and the Fisher exact test were used to assess possible associations between prolapse and specific patient characteristics. RESULTS: Orbital fat prolapse through the inferior orbital fissure was observed in 20/228 patients (9%). This finding was unilateral in 11 patients (55%) and bilateral in 9 patients (45%). There was no significant association with age, sex, obesity, Graves disease, hypercortisolism, prior orbital trauma, proptosis, or enophthalmos. Interobserver agreement was 90%. CONCLUSIONS: Prolapse of orbital fat into the infratemporal fossa via the inferior orbital fissure is a relatively common finding on orbital MR imaging that has no identified pathologic association. Neuroradiologists should recognize this finding so as not to report it as pathologic.
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS: A PRIMER

Human economic activities (production and consumption) have caused environmental damage and degradation. Environmental economics involves applying the tools of economics to address environmental issues. It studies economic effects and their consequences for human well-being and the natural environment. Environmental economics can help us properly understand the value of the environment and take action to preserve and improve it. This paper provides a brief introduction to environmental economics.
Northern Yellowstone Mule Deer Seasonal Movement, Habitat Selection, and Survival Patterns

We determined the movement patterns and survival rates of 85 radio-marked adult female Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) wintering on the Northern Yellowstone Winter Range (NYWR). We assessed seasonal movement and distribution patterns and individual fidelity to those patterns, along with seasonal habitat selection and survival rates. Twenty-three percent of the deer were nonmigratory, remaining on the winter range year-round, and 77% were migratory, moving 10–104 km from winter to summer ranges. No deer switched between migratory and nonmigratory status. All migratory deer that were monitored for ≥2 years exhibited traditional movement patterns and utilized the same winter and summer ranges in all years. Mean winter and summer home range sizes for migratory deer were 1076 ha (SE 129) and 1527 ha (SE 249), respectively, and mean home range size for resident deer was 3100 ha (SE 902). There was a dichotomy in winter habitat use, with one group of deer selecting cultivated and grassland vegetation land cover classes and a second group of deer selecting shrubland and grassland vegetation land cover classes. A dichotomy in summer habitat use was evident between those deer selecting for unburned forest and avoiding all burned land cover classes and those deer selecting for moderate and high burn intensity land cover classes and avoiding unburned forest. We estimated annual mean survival at 0.813 (SE 0.028) and found no differences in survival rates among migratory deer, nonmigratory deer, or deer exhibiting differences in winter or summer habitat selection patterns.
High-fat diet induces time-dependent synaptic plasticity of the lateral hypothalamus.

Abstract Objective Orexin (ORX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus are critical regulators of energy homeostasis and are thought to differentially contribute to diet-induced obesity. However, it is unclear whether the synaptic properties of these cells are altered by obesogenic diets over time. Methods Rats and mice were fed a control chow or palatable high-fat diet (HFD) for various durations and then synaptic properties of ORX and MCH neurons were examined using ex vivo whole-cell patch clamp recording. Confocal imaging was performed to assess the number of excitatory synaptic contacts to these neurons. Results ORX neurons exhibited a transient increase in spontaneous excitatory transmission as early as 1 day up to 1 week of HFD, which returned to control levels with prolonged feeding. Conversely, HFD induced a delayed increase in excitatory synaptic transmission to MCH neurons, which progressively increased as HFD became chronic. This increase occurred before the onset of significant weight gain. These synaptic changes appeared to be due to altered postsynaptic sensitivity or the number of active synaptic contacts depending on cell type and feeding duration. However, HFD induced no change in inhibitory transmission in either cell type at any time point. Conclusions These results suggest that the effects of HFD on feeding-related neurons are cell type-specific and dynamic. This highlights the importance of considering the feeding duration for research and weight loss interventions. ORX neurons may contribute to early hyperphagia, whereas MCH neurons may play a role in the onset and long-term maintenance of diet-induced obesity.
Robotically-aligned optical coherence tomography with 5-degree of freedom eye tracking for subject motion and gaze compensation (Conference Presentation)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized diagnostics in ophthalmology. However, OCT traditionally requires an operator and patient cooperation to align a scanner with the subject’s eye and image a specific location of the retina. We have developed a robot-mounted OCT scanner that automatically aligns with the subjects’ eye by compensating motion and gaze. In addition to using face and pupil tracking feedback to align the scanner, the system uses gaze feedback to track a retinal region of interest, such as the fovea. We demonstrate our system by tracking the fovea of human eyes subject to physiological motion and gaze change.
Anharmonic Frequencies of (MO)2 and Related Hydrides for M = Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Ca, and Ti and Heuristics for Predicting Anharmonic Corrections of Inorganic Oxides.

The low-frequency vibrational fundamentals of D2h inorganic oxides are readily modeled by heuristic scaling factors at fractions of the computational cost compared to explicit anharmonic frequency computations. Oxygen and the other elements in the present study are abundant in geochemical environments and have the potential to aggregate into minerals in planet-forming regions or in the remnants of supernovae. Explicit quartic force field computations at the CCSD(T)-F12b/cc-pVTZ-F12 level of theory generate scaling factors that accurately predict the anharmonic frequencies with an average error of less than 1.0 cm-1 for both the metal-oxygen stretching frequencies and the torsion and antisymmetric stretching frequencies. Inclusion of hydrogen motions is less absolutely accurate but is similarly relatively predictive. The fundamental vibrational frequencies for the seven tetra-atomic inorganic oxides examined presently fall below 876 cm-1 and most of the hydrogenated species do as well. Additionally, ν6 for the SiO dimer is shown to have an intensity of 562 km mol-1, with each of the other molecules having one or more frequencies with intensities greater than 80 km mol-1, again with most in the low-frequency infrared range. These intensities and the frequencies computed in the present study should assist in laboratory characterization and potential interstellar or circumstellar observation.
Image Sequence Analysis

In this research, we work on image sequences of the YUV format. The YUV coordinate system is adopted in the PAL and SECAM color television systems which are used in many countries. It consists of the luminance Y and two color components U and V as defined below [57]: $$U = \frac{{({B_N} - Y)}}{{2.03}} = 0.493({B_N} - Y),$$ (6.1) $$V = \frac{{\left( {{R_N} - Y} \right)}}{{1.14}} = 0.877({R_N} - Y),$$ (6.2) where B N and R N are intensities of the blue and red colors, respectively. Each of the three coordinates is represented with 8 bits so that there are 256 grey levels for each coordinate.
Molecular mechanism for the interaction between human CPSF30 and hFip1

Most eukaryotic pre-mRNAs must undergo 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation prior to their export from the nucleus. A large number of proteins in several complexes participate in this 3'-end processing, including cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) in mammals. The CPSF30 subunit contains five CCCH zinc fingers (ZFs), with ZF2-ZF3 being required for the recognition of the AAUAAA poly(A) signal. ZF4-ZF5 recruits the hFip1 subunit of CPSF, although the details of this interaction have not been characterized. Here we report the crystal structure of human CPSF30 ZF4-ZF5 in complex with residues 161-200 of hFip1 at 1.9 A resolution, illuminating the molecular basis for their interaction. Unexpectedly, the structure reveals one hFip1 molecule binding to each ZF4 and ZF5, with a conserved mode of interaction. Our mutagenesis studies confirm that the CPSF30-hFip1 complex has 1:2 stoichiometry in vitro. Mutation of each binding site in CPSF30 still allows one copy of hFip1 to bind, while mutation of both sites abrogates binding. Our fluorescence polarization binding assays show that ZF4 has higher affinity for hFip1, with a K d of 1.8 nM. We also demonstrate that two copies of the catalytic module of poly(A) polymerase (PAP) are recruited by the CPSF30-hFip1 complex in vitro, and both hFip1 binding sites in CPSF30 can support polyadenylation.
The effects of superconductor–stabilizer interfacial resistance on quenching of a pancake coil made out of coated conductor

We present the results of numerical analysis of normal zone propagation in a stack of YBa2Cu3O7 − x coated conductors which imitates a pancake coil. Our main purpose is to determine whether the quench protection quality of such coils can be substantially improved by increased contact resistance between the superconducting film and the stabilizer. We show that with increased contact resistance the speed of normal zone propagation increases, the detection of a normal zone inside the coil becomes possible earlier, when the peak temperature inside the normal zone is lower, and stability margins shrink. Thus, increasing contact resistance may become a viable option for improving the prospects of coated conductors for high Tc magnet applications.
Student enrollment decisions and academic success: evaluating the impact of classroom space design

Instruction based on active learning is being promoted in higher education by the creation of new collaborative teaching and learning spaces, but capacity does not yet exist for all courses to be held in these new spaces. In this study, we examined how students choose between sections of the same course, with the same materials and techniques used by the same instructor, delivered in a collaborative teaching and learning space compared with a lecture-theater space. We also measured how the factors used in enrollment decision-making, and the subsequent learning experiences in the chosen environment, are associated with student attitudes related to learning chemistry. We collected student survey data from undergraduate students enrolled in Organic Chemistry II using items from the Colorado Learning Attitudes toward Science Survey for Chemistry and questions about the enrollment process. Students also responded to in-class prompts at the end of the semester about several different factors that could have influenced their decision to enroll in their section of the course. We combined these student responses with other data to create structural equation models for how the design of the teaching and learning space is associated with decision-making factors or attitudes about learning chemistry. Our models showed correlations among space enrollment, aspects of student identity, decision-making factors, and attitudes toward learning chemistry. These results suggest that students are self-sorting between the various learning spaces, which demonstrates a need for further research into the drivers of these sorting patterns over time.
The Effect of Blood Viscosity on Shear-Induced Hemolysis using a Magnetically Levitated Shearing Device

Introduction: Blood contacting medical devices, including rotary blood pumps, can cause shear-induced blood damage that may lead to adverse effects in patients. Due in part to an inadequate understanding of how cell-scale fluid mechanics impact red blood cell membrane deformation and damage, there is currently not a uniformly accepted engineering model for predicting blood damage caused by complex flow fields within ventricular assist devices (VADs). Methods: We empirically investigated hemolysis in an axial Couette flow device typical of a rotary VAD to expand our current understanding of shear-induced blood damage in two ways. First, we used a magnetically levitated device to accurately control the shear rate and exposure time experienced by blood and to minimize the effects of other uncharacterized stresses. Second, we explored the effects of both hematocrit and plasma viscosity on shear-induced hemolysis to characterize blood damage based on the viscosity-independent shear rate, rather than on shear stress. Results: Over a shear rate range of 20,000-80,000 1/s, the Index of Hemolysis was found to be largely independent of hematocrit, bulk viscosity, or the suspension media viscosity. Conclusion: It is recommended that future investigations of shear-induced blood damage report findings with respect to the viscosity-neutral term of shear rate, in addition to the bulk whole blood viscosity measured at an appropriate shear rate relevant to the flow conditions of the device.
Selective targeting of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway reduces α-synuclein spreading in vitro and in vivo.

Pathways to control the spreading of α-synuclein (α-syn) and associated neuropathology in Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are unclear. Here, we show that preformed α-syn fibrils (PFF) increase the association between TLR2 and MyD88, resulting in microglial activation. The TLR2-interaction domain of MyD88 (wtTIDM) peptide-mediated selective inhibition of TLR2 reduces PFF-induced microglial inflammation in vitro. In PFF-seeded A53T mice, the nasal administration of the wtTIDM peptide, NEMO-binding domain (wtNBD) peptide, or genetic deletion of TLR2 reduces glial inflammation, decreases α-syn spreading, and protects dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting NF-κB. In summary, α-syn spreading depends on the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and it can be reduced by nasal delivery of wtTIDM and wtNBD peptides. The mechanisms underlying the spreading of α-synuclein in various α-synucleinopathies are unclear. Here, the authors show that targeting the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway can reduce α-synuclein spreading, reduce neuroinflammation, and protect dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in mouse models
Parallelization of a Genetic Algorithm for Curve Fitting Chaotic Dynamical Systems

This paper is focused on parallelization of a genetic algorithm for a chaotic dynamical system analysis procedure employed in a curve-fitting method for modeling chaotic time series using MPI programming. Relatively good parallel performance is obtained. An experimental turbulent velocity time series is modeled using the parallelized genetic algorithm, and the modeled time series compares favorably with the laboratory measurements.
Purification and properties of a component of histidine transport in Salmonella typhimurium. The histidine-binding protein J.

Abstract The purification of the J histidine-binding protein, a component of high affinity histidine transport in Salmonella typhimurium, is described. A mutant strain producing elevated levels of this protein is used as the optimal source of this protein. The purification involves a modified osmotic shock procedure, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and isoelectric focusing. The final preparation is homogeneous by several criteria. The J protein has a molecular weight of 25,000 by gel filtration and 26,000 by sedimentation equilibrium. Histidine binding is reversible, with a dissociation constant for the J protein-histidine complex of 0.15 µm. The J protein at saturating substrate (10-6 m histidine) maximally binds 1 molecule of histidine per molecule protein. Histidine binding decreases slightly at high ionic strength, and decreases with increase in pH. Binding activity is relatively stable to boiling. The protein has an isoelectric pH of 5.5 and an amino acid composition representative of S. typhimurium protein. The J protein is located near the cell surface, as indicated by its release by osmotic shock and during spheroplast formation. The J protein has no detectable enzymatic activity. In addition to the J protein, osmotic shock treatment releases three separable components which bind histidine.
Bayesian spatial extreme value analysis to assess the changing risk of concurrent high temperatures across large portions of European cropland

There is strong evidence that extremely high temperatures are detrimental to the yield and quality of many economically and socially critical crops. Fortunately, the most deleterious conditions for agriculture occur rarely. We wish to assess the risk of the catastrophic scenario in which large areas of croplands experience extreme heat stress during the same growing season. Applying a hierarchical Bayesian spatial extreme value model that allows the distribution of extreme temperatures to change in time both marginally and in spatial coherence, we examine whether the risk of widespread extremely high temperatures across agricultural land in Europe has increased over the last century. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immune control of HIV: the obstacles of HLA and viral diversity.

The development of an effective vaccine for HIV requires a better understanding of immune responses. The challenge is to contain HIV in the context of individual host genetics and the ever increasing diversity of HIV.
Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology: Classification of igneous rocks

INTRODUCTION Much has been written about the classification of igneous rocks, and many older petrology texts devote lengthy chapters to this topic. Historically, in any of the natural sciences, classification is extremely important because it forms the basis on which the science grows. At first, definitions are necessary simply to permit communication. The organizing and systematizing of the defined quantities then lead to the development of genetic models that attempt to explain the apparent order revealed by the classification. At this stage, modification of some of the original definitions may improve the classification by simplifying the genetic models. Through such reiterations it is hoped the order in classifications can be made to match more closely the order that presumably exists in nature. Some classifications have approached this goal more closely than others, whereas some have completely failed and are no longer used. To the uninitiated, the subject of classification may appear shrouded in controversy. It has, indeed, involved considerable debate as classifications evolved. But today the matter raises little controversy and does not warrant lengthy consideration. What is required of a modern classification of igneous rocks? First, it must provide definitions of rock types that are easy to apply. Second, it should not introduce divisions or groupings that are unnatural; that is, ones that violate basic physical chemical laws, such as those of thermodynamics. Finally, the classification should be consistent with present models of the genesis of rocks.
JSWE submission suggestions for statistical methods

DURING THE LAST YEAR, articles submitted to the Journal of Social Work Education (JSWE) were not only reviewed through standard chan nels but, as is the custom of some medical journals (e.g., BMJ), the Editor-in-Chief asked that relevant submissions be statistically re viewed and detailed comments provided to the authors. Through this process, JSWE's sta tistical reviewers have developed a set of good practice guidelines, which are set forth below. The guidelines fall into three general areas: (1) description of the sample and data, (2) discus sion of statistical model choice and test statis tics used, and (3) model interpretation and presentation of results. It is the opinion of the statistical review ers that developing guidelines for good prac tice in empirical research is more relevant now than ever. The information technology revolution over the last 15 years has made available to researchers huge and complex administrative databases and an ever-grow ing arsenal of computer-intensive statistical procedures. Although these tools and data are becoming widely available and easy to use, it is critical to understand both the con tent of the data and the capability and limita tions of the statistical tools employed in or der to maintain the quality of social work research.
Toward a multihomogeheous model for a temporal database

In a conventional database, out of date information is deleted from time to time to keep the database up-to-date. In some applications it is not appropriate to discard old information. In a temporal database, time values are associated with each data item to indicate its period of validity. We propose a model for temporal databases within the framework of classical relational database theory. Our basic model is homogeneous in the sense that the periods of validity of all the attributes in a given tuple of a temporal relation are identical. The model is realized as a temporal parameterization of static relations. The concepts of normal forms, dependencies, etc., can be extended to our model, allowing the proper initial structuring of the database. We develop relational algebra and tuple calculus for our model and prove their equivalence. We generalize the homogeneous model to a multihomogeneous model which allows us to model a significant part of the real world.
Online convergence factor tuning for robust cooperative distributed economic dispatch

Solving economic dispatch problem (EDP) in a distributed way has attracted lots of attention in recent years due to its scalability and robustness to single points of failure. Robust distributed system Incremental Cost Estimation (RICE) algorithm has been proposed to solve the classic EDP in a distributed way considering communications information losses. However, assuring the stability of the algorithm without knowing the global information of the system is a challenging issue. This paper provides a distributed online approach to tune a certain parameter of the algorithm called “convergence factor” using only local information to assure the algorithm is stable. To do this, a local energy function is defined for each agent. As the algorithm proceeds, each agent uses a decaying mechanism to tune its convergence factor to ensure that its local energy function is within a certain bound. The summation of local energy functions represents an energy function for the entire network. Therefore, if each agent uses the tuning mechanism, the energy of the system would be forced to be constrained and the system will become stable. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified through several case studies.
Fabrication issues for multiple layers of SOI MOSFET devices

Two basic concerns for the fabrication of multiple layers of SOI (MLSOI) devices, namely, thermal budget and SOI island thickness are discussed in this paper. To electrically characterize the dopant lateral diffusion in thin SOI films, a lateral N+ N N+ test structure was designed and simulated using TSUPREM-4 and MEDICI to investigate and measure the lateral diffusion in the SOI films. Simulation shows that the dopant profile in the thin SOI film is nice, straight and perpendicular to the silicon and SiO/sub 2/ interface. The SOI film thickness of small sized islands can be determined by employing a simple Transmission Line Model (TLM) structure.
Determination of galactose in blood.

A modification of the orcinol procedure of Bruckner has been developed to permit rapid analysis of galactose in blood. The method is sensitive to increased amounts of galactose in blood filtrates, but accurate estimations of low concentrations are difficult because of interfering substances. Calculation of results has been simplified by the use of constants. Their derivations are given.
Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen fertilization on nitrate reductase activity in sweetgum and loblolly pine trees in two temperate forests

Nitrogen (N) availability is a major factor limiting plant production in many terrestrial ecosystems and is a key regulator of plant response to elevated CO2. Plant N status is a function of both soil N availability and plant N uptake and assimilation capacity. As a rate-limiting step in nitrate assimilation, the reduction of nitrate is an important component of plant physiological response to elevated CO2 and terrestrial carbon sequestration. We examine the effects of elevated CO2 and N availability on the activity of nitrate reductase, the enzyme catalyzing the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, in two temperate forests—a closed canopy sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) plantation in Tennessee (Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)) and a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stand in North Carolina (Duke). Both CO2 and N enrichment had species specific impacts on nitrate reductase activity (NaR). Elevated CO2 and N fertilization decreased foliar NaR in P. taeda, but there were no treatment effects on L. styraciflua NaR at ORNL or Duke. NaR in 1-year P. taeda needles was significantly greater than in 0-year old needles across treatments. P. taeda NaR was negatively correlated with bio-available molybdenum concentrations in soils, suggesting that CO2 and N-mediated changes in soil nutrient status may be altering soil-plant N-dynamics. The variation in response among species may reflect different strategies for acquiring N and suggests that elevated CO2 may alter plant N dynamics through changes in NaR.
TACI-BLyS signaling via B-cell-dendritic cell cooperation is required for naive CD8+ T-cell priming in vivo.

We demonstrated that B-cell–dendritic cell (DC) interactions via transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand (CAML) interactor (TACI) and B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) provide an early signal critical to generate adequate numbers of mature antigen presenting cells (APCs) to prime naive CD8+ T cells (CTLs) in vivo. Evidence that B cells are required for efficient CTL generation in mice and that reconstitution with wild-type but not TACI-knockout B cells restored normal CTL responses support our conclusion. Moreover, low doses of a TACI fusion protein (TACI-Fc) that express the extracellular domain of TACI (amino acid [aa] 1-126) restored CTL priming in B-cell–deficient mice in vivo and induced DC maturation in vitro. In fact, following interactions with B cells, splenic DCs rapidly express the CD86 costimulatory molecule, to an extent comparable to the exposure to antigenic stimuli. BLyShigh peptide-pulsed bone marrow–derived DCs, used as vaccines in vivo, cannot generate CTLs in B-cell–deficient and TACI-deficient mice, strongly supporting a need for B-cell–DC cooperation through TACI-BLyS during CTL first encounter with antigens in vivo.
Materials and designs for high-temperature infrared photon detectors

Infrared photon detectors have significant advantages over other technologies due to their fast response times and multispectral detection capabilities. However, background- limited performance is typically not achieved without significant cooling of the detectors. We discuss several strategies from improving their high-temperature performance. They are: (1) the suppression of radiative recombination using photon recycling, (2) the suppression of both radiative and Auger recombination with carrier depletion, and (3) the suppression of Auger recombination using band structure engineering in strained layer superlattices. All three effects provide significant enhancements in detectivities. We focus on extending present-day bulk HgCdTe technology to bulk and strained layer superlattice-based HgCdTe high-temperature detectors.
Interaction of multiple factors with a GC‐rich rlement within the mitogen responsive region of the human transferrin receptor gene

Nuclear factors from HeLa cells were isolated by elution of DNA-cellulose bound proteins with a double stranded synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the region from −34 to −79 of the human transferrin receptor (TR) gene promoter. The eluted proteins were further purified and separated from the oligonucleotide by ion exchange chromatography. Proteins within the resulting fraction bound with specificity to the TR promoter. Retardation gel analysis and competition with specific double-stranded oligonucleotides show that multiple factors present in this fraction compete for binding within the same region of the TR promoter. Footprinting experiments demonstrate that these factors contact a GC-rich element that is within the region that is required for enhanced expression of the gene in proliferating cells. One of the factors protects an extended DNA sequence but, still contacts the GC-rich element.
Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in Newborn Mouse Lungs under Hypoxic Conditions

Hypoxia impairs normal neonatal pulmonary artery remodeling and alveolar development. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), which regulates collagen breakdown, is important during development. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that hypoxia attenuates the normal postnatal increase in MMP-2 and evaluate alveolar development and pulmonary arterial remodeling in Mmp2−/− mice. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), Mmp2+/−, Mmp2−/−, and MMP-inhibited (with doxycycline) mice were exposed to hypoxia (12% O2) or air from birth to 2 wk of age. Pulmonary arterial remodeling, alveolar development, and vascular collagen and elastin were evaluated. MMP-2 was estimated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, and zymography. We observed that 1) in WT mice, hypoxia led to thicker-walled pulmonary arteries and impaired alveolarization, accompanied by decreased MMP-2 and increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2); 2) Mmp2−/− mice in air had thicker-walled arteries, impaired alveolarization, and increased perivascular collagen and elastin compared with WT; 3) hypoxia further inhibited alveolarization but did not alter arterial thickening in Mmp2−/− mice. Mmp2+/− and MMP-inhibited mice also had thicker-walled arteries than WT in air, but alveolarization was not different. We conclude that hypoxia reduces the postnatal MMP-2 increase in the lung, which may contribute to abnormal pulmonary arterial remodeling and impaired alveolarization.
Neutron equivalent doses and associated lifetime cancer incidence risks for head & neck and spinal proton therapy

In this work we have simulated the absorbed equivalent doses to various organs distant to the field edge assuming proton therapy treatments of brain or spine lesions. We have used computational whole-body (gender-specific and age-dependent) voxel phantoms and considered six treatment fields with varying treatment volumes and depths. The maximum neutron equivalent dose to organs near the field edge was found to be approximately 8 mSv Gy−1. We were able to clearly demonstrate that organ-specific neutron equivalent doses are age (stature) dependent. For example, assuming an 8-year-old patient, the dose to brain from the spinal fields ranged from 0.04 to 0.10 mSv Gy−1, whereas the dose to the brain assuming a 9-month-old patient ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 mSv Gy−1. Further, as the field aperture opening increases, the secondary neutron equivalent dose caused by the treatment head decreases, while the secondary neutron equivalent dose caused by the patient itself increases. To interpret the dosimetric data, we analyzed second cancer incidence risks for various organs as a function of patient age and field size based on two risk models. The results show that, for example, in an 8-year-old female patient treated with a spinal proton therapy field, breasts, lungs and rectum have the highest radiation-induced lifetime cancer incidence risks. These are estimated to be 0.71%, 1.05% and 0.60%, respectively. For an 11-year-old male patient treated with a spinal field, bronchi and rectum show the highest risks of 0.32% and 0.43%, respectively. Risks for male and female patients increase as their age at treatment time decreases.
Home Study Course: Autumn 2000

j Objective: The Home Study Course is intended for the practicing colposcopist or practitioner who is seeking to develop or enhance his or her colposcopic skills. The goal of the course is to present colposcopic cases that are unusual or instructive in terms of appearance, presentation, or management, or that demonstrate new and important knowledge in the area of colposcopy or pathology. Participants may benefit from reading and studying the material or from testing their knowledge by answering the questions. j ACCME Accreditation: The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to sponsor continuing medical education for physicians. The ASCCP designates this continuing medical education activity for 1 credit hour in Category I of the Physician’s Recognition Award of the American Medical Association. Credit is available for those who choose to apply. The Home Study Course is planned and produced in accordance with the ACCME’s Essential Areas and Elements.
Auxin Induced Product Inhibition of Pectin Transeliminase as Shown by Ozonolysis.

As a result of its high concentration in the middle lamella and its ability to bind cations, pectin has long been thought of as the intercellular cementing substance of plants (6, 5). More recently, additional evidence has been obtained in support of this hypothesis by the finding that enzymes known to degrade pectin are effective in the separation of plant cells (8, 11, 12). Inasmuch as pectin is unique among polysaccharides in being particularly labile in neutral solutions (1, 3), it was thought that non-enzymic degradation might play an important role in determining the ability of pectin to persist as an effective intercellular cement. This paper will describe experiments in which pectin has been submitted to ozonation. Previous experiments (2) demonstrated that the degradation products of pectin heated at pH 6.8 were effective inhibitors of pectin transeliminase (PTE). This was shown to be particularly true in the presence of. IAA and its analogs. Among the maior products of such buffer degraded pectin are terminally located A 4:5 unsaturated uronic acids (3). It is proposed that small amounts of these unsaturated compounds are present in commercial pectins. The effect of preferential degradation of these double bonds by ozone will be described, and evidence will be adduced to show that inhibition of PTE by IAA depends on formation of a triple complex between PTE, IAA, and the unsaturated uronide.
Activation of the Protein Kinase Akt/PKB by the Formation of E-cadherin-mediated Cell-Cell Junctions EVIDENCE FOR THE ASSOCIATION OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE WITH THE E-CADHERIN ADHESION COMPLEX

E-cadherins are surface adhesion molecules localized at the level of adherens junctions, which play a major role in cell adhesiveness by mediating calcium-dependent homophylic interactions at sites of cell-cell contacts. Recently, E-cadherins have been also implicated in a number of biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, cell recognition, and sorting during developmental morphogenesis, as well as in aggregation-dependent cell survival. As phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and Akt play a critical role in survival pathways in response to both growth factors and extracellular stimuli, these observations prompted us to explore whether E-cadherins could affect intracellular molecules regulating the activity of the PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling cascade. Using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells as a model system, we show here that engagement of E-cadherins in homophylic calcium-dependent cell-cell interactions results in a rapid PI 3-kinase-dependent activation of Akt and the subsequent translocation of Akt to the nucleus. Moreover, we demonstrate that the activation of PI 3-kinase in response to cell-cell contact formation involves the phosphorylation of PI 3-kinase in tyrosine residues, and the concomitant recruitment of PI 3-kinase to E-cadherin-containing protein complexes. These findings indicate that E-cadherins can initiate outside-in signal transducing pathways that regulate the activity of PI 3-kinase and Akt, thus providing a novel molecular mechanism whereby the interaction among neighboring cells and their adhesion status may ultimately control the fate of epithelial cells.
Development of leaps in dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) calves

Leaping is a highly conspicuous behavior in cetaceans that may function in cooperative hunting and social bonding, thereby converging with forms of intra-specific communication present in other social mammals. However, few studies have analyzed the ontogeny of leaping, an important aspect in determining the adaptive significance of this behavior. The objective of our study was to quantify the ontogeny of leaping in dusky dolphins, a highly acrobatic species that engages in a variety of aerial displays. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) leap frequency changes with calf age, (2) frequency of leap type varies with calf age and (3) frequency of leap type varies by behavioral state. Data were collected off Kaikoura, New Zealand through boat-based group focal follows of nursery groups from October 2006–May 2007. We analyzed data from 73 nursery group encounters according to age category (young calf, yearling) and season (early, late). Early young calves leapt less frequently than late young calves (p<0.01), but leap frequency did not appear to differ among older calves. Calves learned noisy leaps first, followed by clean leaps, then coordinated leaps, and finally acrobatic leaps as indicated by the positive correlations between week (i.e., calf age) and frequency of clean (p<0.01), acrobatic (p<0.01) and coordinated (p<0.05) leaps. The relationship between behavioral state and frequency of leap type was not significant. These results indicate that nursery groups represent an important environment for healthy physical and social development of calves. Furthermore, while calves appear to learn the mechanics of leaping individually, they appear to learn the context in which the leaps are performed from conspecifics. This indicates that, as for other socially-complex mammals such as other cetaceans, primates, and social carnivores, social learning may be an important component in the ontogeny of dusky dolphin behavior.
Fate of herpesvirus DNA in embryos and tadpoles cloned from Lucké renal carcinoma nuclei

Summary The Lucke renal carcinoma of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, has a herpesvirus aetiology. Lucke tumour nuclei inserted into enucleated frogs' eggs produce development to the swimming tadpole stage. Tissue from these tumour nuclear transplant animals can be induced to survive and differentiate further by allografting to normal tadpoles. We wished to ascertain whether the aetiological agent, the Lucke tumour herpesvirus (LTV), persists in the animals produced by tumour nuclear transplantation. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a 1·2 kbp Hind III restriction fragment of LTV DNA in whole animal homogenates prepared from tumour nuclear transplant tadpoles and normal tadpoles fertilized in vitro. The LTV fragment was not present in the majority (31 of 34) of the cloned animals derived from tumour nuclei, nor was it present in any of five normal tadpoles. Either the 1·2 kbp fragment of LTV DNA was eliminated from most of the cloned animals during the massive reprogramming of the neoplastic genome initiated by insertion of the tumour nuclei into egg cytoplasm, or the nuclei selected for transplantation were primarily those lacking this fragment of LTV DNA. The limited development of the tumour nuclear tadpoles was probably not due to the presence of these viral sequences, but rather reflected the limited plasticity of the tumour cell genome as assayed by nuclear transplantation. Failure to detect the 1·2 kbp fragment of LTV DNA in the majority of mitotic progeny of the Lucke tumour genome does not imply that other parts of the viral genome do not persist. The determination of which parts of the LTV genome are required for tumorigenesis awaits further research. The procedures used in this study can be exploited to evaluate which LTV sequences associated with oncogenesis are silenced during the normal differentiation process.
PLEASURE AND ITS CONTENTS

The Forms of Violence: Narrative in Assyrian Art and Modern Culture by Leo Bersani and Ulysse Dutoit, New York: Schocken Books, 1986, 136 pp., 5 b. and w. ills., £17.95