cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a large fragment produced by proteolysis of human immunoglobulin M with papain.

Abstract The controlled digestion of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) (Patient Dau.) with papain in the presence of 0.002 m mercaptoethylamine resulted in the release of a basic subunit-like fragment which we designated IgMp. It resembled the subunit (IgMs) produced by mild reduction of IgM in the following ways. The molecular weight (186,000) and sedimentation coefficient (6.2 to 6.5 S) of IgMp were similar to those of IgMs. IgMp contained light chains and a large portion of each of its µ chains. IgMp was antigenically identical with IgMs and IgM when tested with specific anti-IgM antiserum. The mobilities of IgMp and IgMs in agarose seemed to be virtually identical. In contrast, IgMp did not possess the free sulfhydryl groups which were found on IgMs. It was concluded that IgMp was formed from IgM by proteolysis of the µ chains near the carboxyl terminus. The fragment retained intact its interchain disulfide bonds.
Noninvasive estimation of central venous pressure in anesthetized dogs by measurement of hepatic venous blood flow velocity and abdominal venous diameter

Determination of central venous pressure (CVP) is relevant to patients with right heart disease, hypovolemia, and following intravenous fluid therapy. We hypothesized that changes in CVP in dogs could be predicted by measurements of hepatic vein diameter, caudal vena cava (CVC) diameter, and hepatic venous flow velocities. Nine healthy American Foxhounds were anesthetized. Following baseline recordings, intravenous fluids were administered to increase CVP. Volume administration created treatment periods with CVP ranges of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm Hg. Flow velocities in the right medial hepatic vein were recorded using pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound. Hepatic vein, CVC, and aorta diameters were determined with B-mode ultrasound. Variables were compared across the treatment periods by ANOVA for repeated measures. Relationships between CVP, Doppler, and B-mode variables were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlations, multiple linear regression, and repeated measures linear regression. The a-, S- and v-wave velocities were augmented significantly with volume loading. The best part (semipartial) correlation coefficients predicting increasing CVP were identified with v-wave velocity (0.823), S-wave velocity (-0.800), CVC diameter (0.855), and hepatic vein diameter (0.815). Multiple linear regression indicated that CVP in this study could be predicted best by a combination of CVC and hepatic vein diameter and the v-wave velocity (r = 0.928). Ultrasound imaging identified gallbladder and pancreatic edema consistently, likely related to acute volume loading. These findings may be applicable in the assessment of volume status, dogs with right heart disease, and during serial monitoring of dogs receiving fluid or diuretic therapy.
Applications of input-output analysis to energy problems.

A brief outline of the U. S. input- output system and data base is given. An input-output table gives a detailed picture of the flow of goods and services that individual industries buy from and sell to each other in a particular year. The system was used in estimating the impact of 1973- 1974 petroleum shortages on output, employment, and prices. The system was also used to analyze the long- term economic effects of prospective changes in energy technology. A comprehensive study is Wassily Leontief's worldwide model. Its scope includes agriculture and other resources and will include input-output tables of 40 sectors for 15 regions of the world. (MCW)
Application of laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy techniques to the monitoring of single cell response to stimuli

Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) combines optical trapping with micro-Raman spectroscopy to enable label-free biochemical analysis of individual cells and small biological particles in suspension. The integration of the two technologies greatly simplifies the sample preparation and handling of suspension cells for spectroscopic analysis in physiologically meaningful conditions. In our group, LTRS has been used to study the effects of external perturbations, both chemical and mechanical, on the biochemistry of the cell. Single cell dynamics can be studied by performing longitudinal studies to continuously monitor the response of the cell as it interacts with its environment. The ability to carry out these measurements in-vitro makes LTRS an attractive tool for many biomedical applications. Here, we discuss the use of LTRS to study the response of cancer cells to chemotherapeutics and bacteria cells to antibiotics and show that the life cycle and apoptosis of the cells can be detected. These results show the promise of LTRS for drug discovery/screening, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and chemotherapy response monitoring applications. In separate experiments, we study the response of red blood cells to the mechanical forces imposed on the cell by the optical tweezers. A laser power dependent deoxygenation of the red blood cell in the single beam trap is reported. Normal, sickle cell, and fetal red blood cells have a different behavior that enables the discrimination of the cell types based on this mechanochemical response. These results show the potential utility of LTRS for diagnosing and studying red blood cell diseases.
Parameter estimation in a stationary autoregressive process with correlated multiple observations

Abstract An autoregressive process is proposed to model time series data with multiple observations at each time point. The joint autocorrelation function for the model has a product form, the first factor being the autocorrelation function for a stationary AR( p ) process and the second factor involving a constant intraclass correlation ρ. The least-squares and the Gaussian maximum likelihood estimators of the autoregression parameters θ =( θ 1 ,…, θ p ) T and the intraclass correlation ρ are presented and their limit distributions are derived.
Algebraic Properties of Symmetric and Partially Symmetric Boolean Functions

Symmetric and partially symmetric functions are studied from an algebraic point of view. Tests are given for detecting these properties. A more general approach involving the concept of ?-symmetric functions is given. A canonical form is derived for ?-symmetric functions which leads to synthesis procedures that improve results of Shannon.
Estimation of Evapotranspiration Across the Conterminous United States Using a Regression with Climate and Land-Cover Data

Sanford, Ward E. and David L. Selnick, 2012. Estimation of Evapotranspiration Across the Conterminous United States Using a Regression with Climate and Land-Cover Data. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12010 Abstract: Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important quantity for water resource managers to know because it often represents the largest sink for precipitation (P) arriving at the land surface. In order to estimate actual ET across the conterminous United States (U.S.) in this study, a water-balance method was combined with a climate and land-cover regression equation. Precipitation and streamflow records were compiled for 838 watersheds for 1971-2000 across the U.S. to obtain long-term estimates of actual ET. A regression equation was developed that related the ratio ET/P to climate and land-cover variables within those watersheds. Precipitation and temperatures were used from the PRISM climate dataset, and land-cover data were used from the USGS National Land Cover Dataset. Results indicate that ET can be predicted relatively well at a watershed or county scale with readily available climate variables alone, and that land-cover data can also improve those predictions. Using the climate and land-cover data at an 800-m scale and then averaging to the county scale, maps were produced showing estimates of ET and ET/P for the entire conterminous U.S. Using the regression equation, such maps could also be made for more detailed state coverages, or for other areas of the world where climate and land-cover data are plentiful.
Clinical Experience with Norepinephrine (NE) Infusions in Critically Ill Newborns. 856

Some newborns, especially those who are very premature, are hypotensive in the first few days of life despite good general support, adequate vascular volume, good myocardial contractility, a closed or insignificant ductus arteriosus, steroid treatment, and 20 mcg/kg/min of dopamine. These babies are often presumed to be septic (or too immature), even if cultures are negative, and they usually die.
Solution Procedures for the Lot‐Streaming Problem

Lot streaming is the process of splitting a job into sublots so its operations can be overlapped and its progress accelerated. We present a computationally efficient procedure for solving the m-machine, two-sublot problem, and we discuss the bottleneck insights that emerge from the analysis. We also examine heuristic approaches for more than two sublots and discuss computational results for these procedures.
Ein Beitrag zur Theorie der Wellen in freien Gasstrahlen

Es wird nachgewiesen, das im Innern ebener Gasstrahlen schiefe Verdichtungsstose auftreten konnen, die die Symmetrie des Stromungsvorgangs storen. Daraus wird gefolgert, das die bisherige Auffassung, die eine Ausbildung regelmasiger Wellen in solchen Gasstrahlen annimmt, nicht allgemeingultig sein kann. It is demonstrated that inclined shocks of compression may appear in the interior of plane gas jets, and disturb the symmetry of the current. Hence it is concluded that the opinion hitherto existing cannot prove right in general, namely that regular waves are arising in such gas jets.
Epitaxial Planarization Using Ion Beam Assisted Deposition

CeO2 thin films have been deposited on patterned (100) LaAlO3 substrates using ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) with ion beam energies between 350 and 500eV. Deposition temperatures were varied between 400°C and 600°C and deposition rates from 0.2A/s to 1.2A/s. Both normal and off-normal incidence ion bombardment have been studied. A trend towards planarization is observed when the ion to atom ratio is adjusted to obtain the proper degree of etching. The planarization mechanism for normal incidence bombardment appears to be similar to that previously observed for bias sputtering. X-ray diffraction shows that an initial layer of evaporated epitaxial CeO2 is required for continued epitaxial development during IBAD processing. The extent of planarization via off-normal ion incidence can be related to the direction of the ion beam with respect to the patterned features. X-ray pole figure measurements show that these films possess an in-plane orientation that is directly related to the ion beam parameters.
The Dark Side: Stigma in Purpose-Built Senior Environments

This paper focuses on stigma in collective living environments for older adults. We contrast two design profiles, a purpose-built campus which opened in 1997, and an older setting that grew by accretion over decades. The separation by care levels in both sites is reflected in their cultures as residents and staff relate to levels of care through a vocabulary of fear. Residents of the independent living building on the purpose-built campus refer to the assisted living building as “the dark side.” In this setting we observe stigma assigned to a place in the built environment. By contrast, the older setting features a less-structured clustering of independent living and assisted living. We have observed less stigma associated with levels of care in this older building. Grounding our analysis in data drawn from ongoing ethnographic research, we focus on the built environment as it relates to stigma in the social environment.
Surface modification of polymers with self-assembled molecular structures: multitechnique surface characterization.

A simple, one-step procedure for generating ordered, crystalline methylene chains on polymeric surfaces via urethane linkages was developed. The reaction of dodecyl isocyanate with surface hydroxyl functional groups, catalyzed by dibutyltin dilaurate, formed a predominantly all-trans, crystalline structure on a cross-linked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) substrate. Allophanate side-branching reactions were not observed. Both X-ray photoelectron spectrocopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry show that the surface reaction reached saturation after 30 min at 60 °C. Unpolarized Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection showed that, after 30 min, the stretching frequencies, νCH2,asym and νCH2,sym, decreased and approached 2920 and 2850 cm-1, indicative of a crystalline phase. The distance between two hydroxyl groups is roughly 4 A. A tilt angle of 33.5° ± 2.4° was estimated by dichroic ratios measured in polarized ATR according to the two-phase and Harrick thin film appr...
An unconditionally stable rotational velocity-correction scheme for incompressible flows

We present an unconditionally stable splitting scheme for incompressible Navier-Stokes equations based on the rotational velocity-correction formulation. The main advantages of the scheme are: (i) it allows the use of time step sizes considerably larger than the widely-used semi-implicit type schemes: the time step size is only constrained by accuracy; (ii) it does not require the velocity and pressure approximation spaces to satisfy the usual inf-sup condition: in particular, the equal-order finite element/spectral element approximation spaces can be used; (iii) it only requires solving a pressure Poisson equation and a linear convection-diffusion equation at each time step. Numerical tests indicate that the computational cost of the new scheme for each time step, under identical time step sizes, is even less expensive than the semi-implicit scheme with low element orders. Therefore, the total computational cost of the new scheme can be significantly less than the usual semi-implicit scheme.
Long term function, quality of life and pouch survival rates after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for indeterminate colitis

RESULTS: There were only 4 postoperative bleeding complications (0.8%) and 1 thromboembolic event (0.2%) in a whole cohort. In the APT and non-APT groups, 5-year DFS rates were 75.5% and 77.7%, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 1⁄41.377, P1⁄40.207); 5-year OS rates were 68.8% and 78.9%, respectively (HR1⁄40.605, P1⁄40.213). Multivariate analysis showed that female gender (HR1⁄42.099, P1⁄40.001), intraoperative RBC transfusion (HR1⁄42.499, P1⁄40.003), TNM StageIII (HR1⁄42.143, P1⁄40.005) and perioperative chemotherapy (HR1⁄40.467, P1⁄40.005) were significant prognostic factors for DFS. Reduced OS rates were found to be independently associated with poor performance status (HR1⁄44.006, P1⁄40.001), history of heart failure (HR1⁄42.382, P1⁄40.006), history of percutaneous coronary intervention (HR1⁄42.562, P1⁄40.02), TNM StageIII (HR1⁄42.087, P1⁄40.01) and intraoperative RBC transfusion (HR1⁄42.477, P1⁄40.005), but APT was not a significant factor for either DFS or OS.
The relation of lightness and stereoscopic depth in a simple viewing situation.

The effect of stereoscopic depth on perceived lightness was studied using a simple, achromatic stimulus arrangement. In Experiment 1, depth/lightness interactions were sought between a single test field and a single induction field. In Experiment 2, depth/lightness interactions were looked for between a single test field and two induction fields. Stimuli were presented on a computer screen and viewed with a stereoscope. The subjects reported perceived lightness of the achromatic test field by rating its apparent blackness along a dimension of 0%–100%. In Experiment 1, they reported lightness judgments of the test field across 13 perceived depth levels and 8 contrast levels. In Experiment 2, they gave lightness judgments of the test field across 7 perceived depth levels and 16 contrast levels. We were particularly interested in observing the generality of Gilchrist’s coplanar ratio hypothesis. The results showed that when stereopsis and contrast levels are the available cues, depth and lightness percepts are independent, and it is retinal ratios, not coplanar ratios, that dictate lightness perception. We conclude that before the relative depth location of an object is determined, its lightness value is known through sensory-level processes.
Terahertz Pioneer: Thomas G. Phillips “The Sky Above, the Mountain Below”

Presents an interview with Thomas G. Philips, a pioneer in terahertz science and astronomy.
Aerodynamics of cross-flow fans and their application to aircraft propulsion and flow control

Abstract Cross-flow fans offer unique opportunities for distributed propulsion and flow control due to their potential for spanwise integration in aircraft wings. The fan may be fully or partially embedded within the wing using a variety of possible configurations. Its inlet may be used to ingest the boundary-layer flow, and its high-energy exhaust flow may be injected into the wake at the wing trailing edge for drag reduction or vectored thrust. Cross-flow fans are high-pressure coefficient machines, so they can be diametrically compact. However, their efficiency is fundamentally limited by unavoidable recirculation flows within the impeller at all flight speeds, and by additional compressibility losses at high speeds. This article reviews the fundamental aerodynamics and flow regions of cross-flow fans using a simple mean-line analysis to examine the basic energy transfer and loss processes. Experimental data for fans intended for aircraft application are then reviewed and compared to calculations using unsteady Navier–Stokes methods, showing the state-of-the art in flow field and performance prediction capability. Alternative prediction methods where blade action is modeled in terms of body-force or vortex elements are discussed, including challenges in handling arbitrary non-uniform, unsteady blade flows for various design configurations. The article concludes with a review of cross-flow fan propulsion and flow control concepts that have been investigated by various researchers, and with discussions on future challenges in their application.
Benchmarking the perioperative process. I. Patient routing systems: A method for continual improvement of patient flow and resource utilization

The article presents an overview of the design and application of a real-time patient routing system, based on barcode and local area network technology, that was designed to track the progress of patients during the perioperative process. We present data on all patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. Patients' progress during their surgical stay was recorded at 17 strategic events using this real-time patient tracking technology. These times were used to identify inefficiencies in the perioperative process by identifying bottlenecks and areas of high variation. We found that both raw and actual operating room (OR) utilization efficiency was less than 50%. Points of high variation in a patient's progress occurred during the time from admit to the hospital until the patient was ready for the OR; the time from when a patient was ready for the OR until they were called for; and the time a patient spends in the OR preoperative holding room. Causes for variation were identified and, traced back to individual procedures, activities, and work processes. Multidisciplinary improvement teams were created to improve the pinpointed problem areas. The real-time patient routing system is a process that has proven to be highly valuable to all participants in the surgical process in bringing about rational, data driven efficiencies in perioperative services. This process has the potential to facilitate multidisciplinary cooperation in efforts to contain and reduce costs of perioperative services.
Integration of real-time planning and control in an unstructured manufacturing workcell

In this paper, we consider the problem of real-time planning and control of a robot manipulator in an unstructured workspace. The task we consider is to control the manipulator, such that the end-effector follows a path on an unknown surface, with the aid of a single camera assumed to be uncalibrated with respect to the robot coordinates. To accomplish a task of this kind, we propose a new control strategy based on multisensor fusion. We assume that three different sensors, i.e. encoders mounted at each joint of the robot with 6 d.o.f., a force-torque sensor mounted at the wrist of the manipulator and a visual sensor with a single camera fixed to the ceiling of the workcell, are available. Also, we assume that the contact point between the tool grasped by the end-effector and the surface is frictionless. To describe the proposed algorithm that we have implemented, first of all we decouple the vector space of control variables into two subspaces, and use one of the subspaces for controlling the magnitude o...
A possible pre-zollinger-ellison state: report on a novel lesion.

Abstract Objective To describe a patient with a potential harbinger of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Methods We present a case of a 29-year-old woman with persistent galactorrhea and gastric distress, who was a member of an extensive multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) I kindred. Both clinical and laboratory findings are reviewed. Results Laboratory studies were notable for persistent hypercalcemia and increased levels of parathyroid hormone and fasting pancreatic polypeptide. Because of nonspecific upper gastrointestinal distress, which was sometimes responsive to antacids, the patient underwent further diagnostic evaluation. Baseline gastrin levels were normal. A secretin challenge test yielded normal results. At upper endoscopy, visual findings in the stomach and duodenum were unremarkable. A raised nodule (4 by 2 by 2 mm) was removed from an otherwise normal-appearing duodenum as a routine biopsy procedure. The acinar architecture, the inconspicuous nucleoli, and the granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm of the cells were diagnostic of a neuroendocrine tumor. Histologic immunohistochemical staining was positive for gastrin but negative for pancreatic polypeptide. RNA studies were not technically possible. Subsequently, serum pancreatic polypeptide levels normalized. The patient ultimately had hyperplastic parathyroid glands resected. Conclusion The duodenal lesion may be a very early gastrinoma, a preclinical manifestation of the Zollinger- Ellison syndrome. The role of early resection of such lesions remains to be determined. (Endocr Pract. 1997; 3:353-356)
Corn susceptibility to corn leaf aphids and common corn smut after herbicide treatment.

Corn plant roots exposed to amine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at dosages of 5, 20, 80, and 320 ppm applied to the soil surface in pots were infested with the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), and injected with the common com smut pathogen, Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda, in the laboratory. Aphids were about 45% more abundant on com plants treated with 5 and 20 ppm (20 ppm equivalent to about 1 liter of 2,4-D formulation/ha) than on the untreated corn plants. The weight of common corn smut galls on corn plants treated with 20 and 80 ppm was more than twice that of galls on untreated plants.
Update on therapy for melanoma: opportunities for patient selection and overcoming tumor resistance

The incidence of malignant melanoma is rising faster than any other malignancy. Although earlier stage patients can be cured with surgical resection with or without adjuvant therapy, a significant number of patients go on to develop disseminated disease. Currently, limited therapeutic options exist for patients with metastatic melanoma. Recent studies suggest that patient selection is feasible and may enable the restriction of treatment to those most likely to benefit. Additionally, several potential mechanisms of tumor resistance have been identified creating opportunities for circumventing them. This article will review current strategies for patient selection and overcoming therapeutic resistance. These strategies hold the promise of extending the clinical benefits of current therapies as well as facilitating the development of additional and more active treatments.
Notes for a theory of the Command Economy

(1963). Notes for a theory of the Command Economy. Soviet Studies: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 101-123.
Characterization of rat liver mitochondria depleted of inner membrane components by chloramphenicol treatment of regenerating rat liver.

Abstract The maximal decline of adenosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase (ATPase; EC 3.6.1.3) in mitochondria from regenerating rat liver on treatment with chloramphenicol occurs between 48 and 72 h after partial hepatectomy. The depleted mitochondria are well coupled, exhibiting a respiratory control ratio of about 7 with succinate. These mitochondria are fully sensitive to rutamycin for the inhibition of succinate state 3 respiration. In frozen-thawed mitochondria there is a 60% reduction in ATPase activity, and of this remaining ATPase activity only 50% is sensitive to rutamycin. The titers for release of succinate state 4 respiration and ATPase activity by 5-Cl, 3-tert-butyl, 2′-Cl, 4′-NO2-salicylanilide are decreased, and the efficiency of the uncoupler is increased. The antimycin titer for inhibition of succinate state 3 respiration is decreased. In all cases where a decrease in activity or titer was observed it is about the same (50%), suggesting inhibition at a common site for these parameters.
Gate Array Packaging—The Forgotten Problem

As semi‐custom devices increase in complexity, much time is being devoted to solving the problems of automating their design. The associated problems of packaging are being overlooked. The increasing pin count is becoming a major problem. Surface mount components and hybrid circuits are proposed as a solution.
Time quilt: scaling up zoomable photo browsers for large, unstructured photo collections

In the absence of manual organization of large digital photo collections, the photos ' visual content and creation dates can help support time-based visual search tasks. Current zoomable photo browsers are designed to support visual searches by maximizing screenspace usage. However, their space-filling layouts fail to convey temporal order effectively. We propose a novel layout called time quilt that trades off screenss-pace usage for better presentation of temporal order. In an experimental comparison of space-filling, linear timeline, and time quilt layouts, participants carried out the task of finding photos in their personal photo collections averaging 4,000 items. They performed 45% faster on time quilt.Furthermore, while current zoomable photo browsers are designed for visual searches,this support does not scale to thousands of photos: individual thumbnails become less informative as they grow smaller. We found a subjective preference for the use of representative photos to provide an overview for visual searches in place of the diminishing thumbnails.
Measuring Horizontal Curve Vehicle Trajectories and Speed Profiles: Pneumatic Road Tube and Video Methods

AbstractHorizontal curves present drivers with numerous tasks that, if not performed while approaching and negotiating the curve, may result in a roadway departure crash. A vehicle’s lateral position within the lane and its speed are two indicators of interest from safety and operational perspectives. These can and have been measured simultaneously at multiple locations along the curve. However, researchers face the challenge of collecting operational data while minimizing impacts on driver behavior, and developing robust, efficient, and accurate means to obtain the data. This paper presents the findings of a series of pilot studies on closed and open courses that investigated the effectiveness and accuracy of pneumatic road tubes and digital video cameras for collecting such data. Closed-course studies investigated a single data collection station setup, whereas an open-course study investigated multiple data collection stations on a horizontal curve. The data were reduced manually and automatically, and...
Solvation Ultrafast Dynamics of Reactions. 12. Probing along the Reaction Coordinate and Dynamics in Supercritical Argon

In this paper, our focus is on the influence of the solvent density on the caging, recombination dynamics, and the nature of the reaction coordinate of iodine in supercritical argon at pressures of 0−2500 bar. Femtosecond probing with widely tunable pulses allows us to directly resolve the geminate recombination of iodine atoms and the subsequent relaxation processes. A nonzero recombination yield is found at argon pressures as low as 200 bar, and this yield increases strongly with increasing solvent density. The mechanism involves recombination onto the A/A‘ states. At high pressures, a large fraction of the iodine atoms undergo an ultrafast “in-cage” recombination which is measured on the subpicosecond time scale at 2500 bar of argon. In addition, a fraction of the iodine atoms break through the solvent cage and begin a diffusive motion through the rare-gas solvent. Experimental evidence is presented and indicates that this diffusive motion leads to reencounters and subsequent recombination of the geminate iodine pair. This diffusive recombination occurs on a significantly longer time scale than the rapid “in-cage” recombination. The newly-formed iodine molecules undergo vibrational relaxation within the A/A‘ state, and the dynamics of this process and its dependence on the solvent density are revealed. A key concept here is the solvent density-induced control of the rigidity of the first solvent shell surrounding the dissociating iodine atoms. As shown before [Liu et al. Nature 1993, 364, 427], such studies of solvation present a unique opportunity of examining the microscopic influence of the solvent structure on reaction dynamics in clusters and solutions.
Characteristic Features of the Exotic Superconductors: Evidence for a Common Pairing Mechanism

We report on a comprehensive examination of the exotic superconductors (the materials so-labelled by Uemura and co-workers), to determine as far as possible the true systematics among their many anomalous features. In the crystal-chemistry aspects as well as in the electronic properties, we find features which appear to be universal for these materials, and also features which are clearly not universal but which are common enough to be considered typical for these materials. A number of implications are presented. It appears that all of these materials are sharing some ''new'' pairing mechanism, usually in addition to the conventional phonon mechanism.
Multi-source quantitative photoacoustic tomography in a diffusive regime

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a novel hybrid medical imaging technique that aims to combine the large contrast of optical coefficients with the high-resolution capabilities of ultrasound. We assume that the first step of PAT, namely the reconstruction of a map of absorbed radiation from ultrasound boundary measurement, has been done. We focus on quantitative photoacoustic tomography, which aims at quantitatively reconstructing the optical coefficients from knowledge of the absorbed radiation map. We present a non-iterative procedure to reconstruct such optical coefficients, namely the diffusion and absorption coefficients, and the Gruneisen coefficient when the propagation of radiation is modeled by a second-order elliptic equation. We show that PAT measurements allow us to uniquely reconstruct only two out of the above three coefficients, even when data are collected using an arbitrary number of radiation illuminations. We present uniqueness and stability results for the reconstructions of two such parameters and demonstrate the accuracy of the reconstruction algorithm with numerical reconstructions from two-dimensional synthetic data.
SPATIALLY-RESOLVED TEMPERATURES IN LASER MIXING NOZZLES USING LASER SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY

Optical techniques for measuring the temperature in three-dimensional supersonic reactive flows have typically depended on line shape measurements using laser absorption spectroscopy. However, absorption over extended path lengths in flows with symmetric turbulent eddies can lead to systematically high extracted temperatures, due to Doppler shifts resulting from flow along the absorption path. To eliminate these problems and provide full three- dimensional spatial resolution, a variant of laser saturation spectroscopy has been developed and demonstrated in a small supersonic nozzle. In particular, individual rotational lines in the visible I2 X 1 Σg + →B 3 Π(0u + ) transition have been utilized to develop a diagnostic to support the Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser, the weapon aboard the Airborne Laser. Techniques for extracting the temperatures from the collection of Doppler broadened hyperfine transitions within a 1-2 GHz range are assessed and limitations on the accuracy of the temperature measurements are evaluated. F
“With just one click”: online health information is abundant, but can it be trusted?

Earlier this year, Harris Interactive reported that nearly 100 million individuals use the Internet to search for health information.1 They do so, on average, 3 times a month, mostly using a portal or search engine. For those who do go online, the Internet offers searchers instant access to thousands of web pages offering health information—all with the click of a computer mouse. This vast array of informational resources presents both opportunities and challenges for consumers and health care providers.2 Access to the latest scientific information will hopefully allow consumers to make more informed decisions about their health care. But because almost anyone can make a web site available through the Internet, the types of information that can be found can vary significantly.3 How do consumers know whether they can trust what they find? This study by Zingmond and colleagues examines the types of web-site content offered by acute care hospitals in California. Of the 390 hospitals examined, 331 (85%) offered some type of a web site. The researchers also report that 70% of those web sites provided some form of health information, and 22% offered access to information regarding clinical trials. The researchers also compared web site characteristics by profit status and network affiliation. They found that hospitals with a for-profit status were less likely to provide health-related content on their web site than hospitals with a nonprofit status. Although the Internet may be a useful tool for hospitals and health care providers to fill the information gap for their patient populations, many questions remain regarding how to use this technology in a way that is helpful to both patients and health care providers. The variation in the types of content found by Zingmond and associates indicates that many hospitals are trying to take advantage of this new digital technology. Their findings also suggest that future research is needed to help content developers design and assess online informational resources that are of true benefit to patients and their families.
The in vitro fermentation of carbohydrates by two species of cestodes and one species of acanthocephala.

Abstract Under anaerobic conditions, the tapeworms, Hymenolepis diminuta and Oochoristica symmetrica , ferment glucose and galactose, at least partially, to acidic end-products. The fermentation of mannose and xylose by the former and of mannose by the latter is somewhat equivocal. The acanthocephalan, Moniliformis dubius , ferments glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose and maltose to acidic catabolites. No evidence of the acidic fermentation of a variety of other carbohydrate substrates by these helminths has been found. Phlorizin, non-competitively, inhibits the fermentation of glucose by H. diminuta but has no effect on the fermentation of glucose, mannose, fructose, and maltose by M. dubius . Dibromophlorizin inhibits glucose and galactose fermentation by H. diminuta but has no influence on sugar fermentation by M. dubius . These glucosides inhibit galactose fermentation but not glucose fermentation by O. symmetrica . The fermentation of glucose and fructose by M. dubius is inhibited by p -chloromecuribenzoic acid but not by iodoacetic acid. Quinacrine inhibits the fermentation of glucose and galactose by O. symmetrica and glucose fermentation by H. diminuta ; whereas, acriflavine inhibits glucose fermentation but not galactose fermentation by these cestodes.
Reaction of tungsten hexafluoride with Si and TiN surfaces

The reaction of WF6 with Si and TiN surfaces has been investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy. On Si(100), the reaction of WF6 leads to a W thin film whose thickness increases exponentially with temperature and with an activation energy of 0.95 eV. The reaction is linear with WF6 exposure, resulting in a reaction rate of about 1 A s−1 of deposited W at T = 500°C and 4 Pa WF6 pressure. On TiN, the reaction of WF6 at 4 Pa does not lead to W film growth at the temperatures 400°C < T < 500°C and exposure times 20 s < t < 400 s. Instead, the W intermixes throughout the TiN film in a non-activated process.
Prophylactic Positive End-Expiratory Pressure and Reduction of Postoperative Blood Loss in Open-Heart Surgery

Abstract Background . Various strategies have been introduced to minimize transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery. One strategy is the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) postoperatively. Currently, PEEP is used in many centers to control increased mediastinal chest-tube drainage. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the prophylactic application of a PEEP of 10 cm H 2 O compared with a PEEP of 5 cm H 2 O in the immediate postoperative period reduces mediastinal chest-tube output without causing clinically significant hemodynamic compromise. Methods . We prospectively studied 84 elective coronary artery bypass grafted patients and randomized treatment groups to a PEEP of 5 or 10 cm H 2 O. Forty-four patients were assigned a PEEP of 5 cm H 2 O and 40 patients received a PEEP of 10 cm H 2 O. Results . Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative demographics were similar between groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the 5 cm H 2 O PEEP group and the 10 cm H 2 O PEEP group with regard to chest-tube output at 6 hours, at 24 hours, or in total output. There was no statistical difference in hemoglobin levels immediately postoperatively, at 8 hours, or at 36 hours. Conclusions . This study demonstrates that the use of postoperative PEEP levels of 10 cm H 2 O, although safe, does not reduce chest-tube output or transfusion requirements.
Determinants of business success and accounting information use in the la Beauce region of Quebec

Abstract The la Beauce region of southern Quebec is a culturally homogenous area known for the success and dynamism of its industrial enterprises. As trade barriers are reduced in Canada and the impact of foreign competition increases, businesses in la Beauce and other regions will need to continually improve operational efficiency, a process typically aided by the use of accounting information. Contingency theory suggests that cultural and environmental attributes may affect financial performance and the use of information. Therefore, selected attributes of la Beauce businesses and personal characteristics of la Beauce owners/managers were examined by a questionnaire survey and personal interviews to identify potential determinants of business success, accounting information use, and the presence of professionally trained accountants on staff. Research findings indicate that business size and economic pressures are the key determinants of accounting information use. In addition, accounting information use is not contingent on the presence of accountants and is not highly correlated with business success in this region.
Donor antigen-presenting cells are important in the development of obliterative airway disease

Abstract Objective: Obliterative airway disease, which resembles obliterative bronchiolitis histologically, develops in murine heterotopic tracheal allografts. Chimeric tracheas were used to examine whether donor-type antigen-presenting cells are important in the development of obliterative airway disease. To separate the contributions of CD4 + and CD8 + direct pathways, we transplanted tracheas from knockout mice lacking major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II antigens. Methods: Chimeric tracheas were created via bone marrow transplantation in fully MHC-mismatched combinations. Tracheas from naive B6, autologously reconstituted B6, chimeric B6 bearing recipient-type C3H antigen-presenting cells, MHC class I knockout B6 (B6 I– ), MHC class II knockout B6 (B6 II– ), or C3H mice were transplanted into C3H recipients. The tracheas were harvested at days 14 and 28. Results: At day 28, isografts showed no occlusion, normal respiratory epithelium, and minimal infiltrates. Naive or autologously reconstituted B6, B6 I– , and B6 II– tracheas showed minimal occlusion at day 14 but contained intraepithelial infiltrates. By day 28, the naive or autologously reconstituted B6 tracheas had occlusion of 69.5% ± 11.6% (mean ± standard error of the mean), and in comparison, B6 I– and B6 II– tracheas had occlusions of 53.0% ± 16.3% and 52.2% ± 15.9%, respectively ( P = .20, .19). In chimeric B6 tracheas, minimal occlusion was seen at day 14 and remained 33.6% ± 16.2% ( P = .039) at day 28. Subtle epithelial changes and minimal infiltrates were seen. Conclusions: Obliterative airway disease appears to involve donor-type antigen-presenting cells and develops in the absence of either MHC class I or II antigens. These findings suggest that either CD8 + or CD4 + direct allorecognition is important in the development of obliterative airway disease. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:1070-7)
Estimates for W±, Z0, and μ-pair production in the asymptotically-free parton model☆

Curves are presented for massive μ-pair, W± and Z0 production from proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies between 100 and 600 GeV assuming mW ≈ 60 GeV and mZ ≈ 77.5 GeV. The calculations are done using a generalization of the Drell-Yan formula to asymptotically free quantum chromodynamics. The cross sections are large and interesting, and in many cases the asymptotic freedom estimates exceed the naive quark parton model calculations.
Time-ordered networks reveal limitations to information flow in ant colonies.

Background: An important function of many complex networks is to inhibit or promote the transmission of disease, resources, or information between individuals. However, little is known about how the temporal dynamics of individuallevel interactions affect these networks and constrain their function. Ant colonies are a model comparative system for understanding general principles linking individual-level interactions to network-level functions because interactions among individuals enable integration of multiple sources of information to collectively make decisions, and allocate tasks and resources. Methodology/Findings: Here we show how the temporal and spatial dynamics of such individual interactions provide upper bounds to rates of colony-level information flow in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus. We develop a general framework for analyzing dynamic networks and a mathematical model that predicts how information flow scales with individual mobility and group size. Conclusions/Significance: Using thousands of time-stamped interactions between uniquely marked ants in four colonies of a range of sizes, we demonstrate that observed maximum rates of information flow are always slower than predicted, and are constrained by regulation of individual mobility and contact rate. By accounting for the ordering and timing of interactions, we can resolve important difficulties with network sampling frequency and duration, enabling a broader understanding of interaction network functioning across systems and scales.
TH‐D‐304A‐01: Development of Multi‐Parametric Molecular Imager by Integrating Overhauser‐Enhanced MRI (OMRI) with Prepolarized MRI (PMRI)

Purpose: To develop a multi‐parametric molecular imager to assess tumor hypoxia and redox status by integrating Overhauser‐enhanced MRI (OMRI) with prepolarized MRI (PMRI). Method and Materials: PMRI system acquires anatomic MR images comparable to conventional MRI. With a moderate hardware augmentation of the PMRI, we implemented field‐cycled OMRI and obtained electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)images of nitroxide spin probes. Phantoms were made of 2‐cc tubes filled with pure water, <5‐mM solutions of 3‐carbamoyl‐PROXYL. A custom MRI console was used to insert 25‐W EPR radiofrequency (RF) pulses that enhanced NMR signal of the coupled water protons. A saddle coil (3.5 cm diameter, 2.5 cm length) tuned to 186 MHz was used as the EPR irradiator. To elicit the Overhauser effect, each NMR RF pulse (2.23 MHz) was preceded by the EPR RF pulse during a low field‐cycled interval. Free induction decay (FID) was observed at the EPR B0 swept from 4.2 mT to 9.5 mT. For OMRI, the low‐field cycle was fixed at 4.8 mT to exploit the low‐frequency hyperfine peak of the nitroxide. Generic gradient‐echo 0.05‐T MR images were obtained with either prepolarization or Overhauser enhancement. Results: FID acquisition of a 2.5‐mM nitroxide phantom identified three hyperfine lines of 14 N at 4.8, 6.2 and 8.1 mT. Each peak represented an enhancement factor of 13 with 300‐ms EPR RF pulse. Increasing enhancements were observed with longer durations of EPR irradiation, which indicated 0.71‐s T1 of the phantom. We observed similar intensities of water and <5‐mM nitroxide solutions from 0.15‐T PMRI. The OMRI showed characteristic EPR intensities and clearly separated the 2.5‐mM and 5‐mM nitroxide phantoms from the water phantom. Conclusion: The integrated OMRI‐PMRI system demonstrated sensitivity to both EPR and NMR. The imager can potentially acquire physiological information in small animals accurately co‐registered with high‐quality anatomic NMRimages.
Identifying Cost-Effective CO2 Control Levels for Amine-Based CO2 Capture Systems

Studies of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) from coal-fired power plants typically assume a capture efficiency near 90%, although the basis for a particular choice usually is not discussed. Nor do studies systematically explore a range of CO2 capture efficiencies to identify the most cost-effective levels of CO2 control and the key factors that affect such levels. An exploration of these issues is the focus of this paper. As part of the United States Department of Energy's Carbon Sequestration Program, we have developed an integrated modeling framework (called IECM-cs) to evaluate the performance and cost of alternative CCS technologies and power systems in the context of plant-level multipollutant control requirements. This paper uses IECM-cs to identify the most cost-effective level of CO2 control using currently available amine-based CO2 capture technology for PC plants. Two general cases are of interest. First, we examine the effects of systematically increasing the CO2 capture efficiency of an amine-bas...
The patent ductus arteriosus; observations from 412 surgically treated cases.

A patent ductus arteriosus can be recognized with a high degree of accuracy by auscultation and simple office examination. Electrocardiographic and fluoroscopic studies are helpful, but it is rarely necessary to employ more elaborate and expensive forms of investigation. While the condition seldom causes serious incapacitation in early life, it is apt to be accompanied by a very high percentage of serious complications in later life. These facts give strong backing to the conviction that it is desirable to operate upon all children possessing a patent ductus—even though they are asymptomatic at the time—because it is technically much easier to perform a surgical closure of the vessel in this period. Ligation or suture-ligation is successful in a high proportion of cases, but a complete division of the vessel is the ideal method of therapy. In a consecutive series of 369 cases of division there have been no deaths from hemorrhage. The total mortality rate has been 2.1 per cent. For patients who had no comp...