cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Queuing Network Model Human Processor (QNMHP): An Engineering Approach for Modeling Cognitive Performance

Human performance modeling approaches (HPMAs) that are comprehensive and computational are particularly useful for system development. Current comprehensive approaches have strengths in modeling a person's actions, but lack mathematical foundations that inherently yield information about the time and capacity related performance of the human in the system. This paper proposes a complementary approach called the Queuing Network Model Human Processor (QNMHP) that combines elements of the GOMS/Model Human Processor approach with the mathematical concept of queuing networks. A general queuing network representing the human and methodology for using this network are discussed in light of current efforts to model a steering task.
Synthesis of 125I labeled N-succinimidyl p-iodobenzoate for use in radiolabeling antibodies

A new method is reported for the synthesis of N-succinimidyl p-([125127I]iodobenzoate (NS-p-IB) from N-succinimidyl p-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzoate via an iodination-destannylation reaction. The tin precursor was obtained in 70% overall yield from p-bromobenzoyl chloride after a four-step synthesis. The radiochemical yield of NS-p-[125I]IB was 75%. Conjugation of NS-p-[125I]IB to rabbit IgG or bovine serum albumin gave yields of 52 and 60% respectively. In vitro the radiolabeled proteins in serum at 37 °C showed <1% deiodination by 24 h. In vivo the stability of mouse IgG (MIgG) labeled with NS-p-[125I]IB was superior to MIgG radioiodinated in the presence of chloramine-T.
Ultrafast Excited-State Energy Migration Dynamics in an Efficient Light-Harvesting Antenna Polymer Based on Ru(II) and Os(II) Polypyridyl Complexes

A detailed study of the excited state energy migration dynamics that take place within an assembly of Ru(II) and Os(II) polypyridyl complexes linked together through a polymer backbone is presented. The energy migration process is initiated by the photoexcitation of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition in one of the Ru(II) complexes and terminated by energy transfer to a lower energy Os(II) trap. Energy transfer sensitization of Os(II) can occur in a single step if the excited state is formed adjacent to a trap, or after a series of hops between isoenergetic rutheniums prior to reaching a trap. The dynamics of the energy transfer process are followed by monitoring the growth of Os(II)* luminescence at 780 nm. The kinetics of the growth are complex and can be fit by a sum of two exponentials. This kinetic complexity arises both from the presence of a distribution of donor−acceptor distances and the variety of time scales by which Os(II)* can be formed. We have augmented the time-resolved e...
JUVENILES IN ADULT PRISONS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

ABSTRACT The number of juveniles in adult correctional facilities will continue to grow as states turn to the adult criminal justice system as one solution to increasing violent juvenile crime rates. Many questions regarding transfer and its consequences have been and are being researched. One seemingly unexplored area of research focuses on the adult system's response to these young newcomers. This research suggests that correctional administrators have some serious concerns regarding the placement of youth into adult correctional facilities, as well as concerns about what the system does and does not offer to these transferred youth.
ALCOHOL SYNTHESIS FROM CO AND H2 OVER MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE. THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND PROMOTION BY POTASSIUM CARBONATE

Abstract Molybdenum Dilsulfide is an active catalyst for the formation of alkanes from CO + H2. Addition of K2CO3 as a promoter greatly increases the selectivity to alcohols. The alcohol production is also dependent on the pressure, higher pressures of either CO or H2 lead to significant increases in the alcohol yield. In particular, at 2000 p.s.i.g. and 250°C, a catalyst with 30% by weight K2CO3 produces a total alcohol yield of 90%, mostly methanol.
Microsystem for in vitro primary and secondary immunization of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocytes with hapten-carrier conjugates.

Abstract Methods are described for the in vitro generation and detection of antibody-secreting cells (PFC) from channel catfish. Hapten-specific PFC can readily be enumerated by an indireect plaque assay employing rabbit antiserum to catfish Ig and guinea pig complement. A modified Mishell-Dutton-type culture system was developed for effectively generating significant in vitro anti-hapten PFC responses with catfish leukocytes at 27°C. The classical hapten-carrier effect and primary responses to both TI and TD antigens were demonstrable with catfish cells. Variables found to be important with catfish cells included the serum supplement, cell densities and, to a lesser extent, antigen form. Optimistically these methods will prove useful in attempts to delineate the functional roles of different lymphocyte subpopulations in fish.
Processing of the major leftward mRNA of coliphage lambda

Abstract Upon induction of λN + lysogens, synthesis of the major leftward transcript ( p L mRNA) is initiated at the p L promoter and terminated about 7500 nucleotides downstream, somewhere in the J-att region. Up to half of this transcript can be recovered as about 36 S RNA, as assayed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The rest of the mRNA was comprised of fragments of about half and quarter or less that size down to 4–5 S RNA pieces. When a λN − lysogen is induced, only 12 S RNA (about 800 nucleotides long) and 4–5 S fragments, all derived from the p L - N - t L region, are recovered. Two of the 4–5 S RNA fragments, which arise from the p L -proximal segment of the p L - N - t L region have been isolated and characterized. The 5′-terminal fragment, designated 1 1 °, contains up to 71 nucleotides, including the 5′-pppA-U-C-A-Gp sequence, and ends with the 3′-OH terminus of variable length, as if partially digested by a 3′-to-5′ exonuclease. The next fragment, designated l 1 (4.5 S), is a rather stable fragment of the p L RNA between the 89th and about the 190th nucleotide (counted from the 5′ end) which accumulates after prophage induction and has a defined 5′-pG-G-Up end probably complementary to its 3′ terminal sequence. Fingerprinting of the purified p L -proximal RNA fragments, synthesized both under N + or N − conditions, and sequence comparison with the previously analyzed p L -RNA synthesized in vitro by purified RNA polymerase, reveals that both the in vivo and in vitro synthesized p L RNAs are initiated at the same startpoint. Furthermore, this comparison revealed that a sequence about 17 nucleotides long between positions 72 and 88 was missing in our gels, as if excised endonucleolytically from the hairpin structure (Fig. 8). One interpretation of our results is that the p L -RNA is transacribed as one large mRNA molecule, over 7500 nucleotides long for λN + and about 800 nucleotides long for λN − ; these transcripts are then processed endonucleolytically, probably by RNA III endonuclease, to produce smaller fragments. The N -region RNA is processed to 4–5 S fragments which, with the exception of the so-called 4.5 S l 1 RNA fragment, are rapidly degraded, probably by a 3′-to-5′ exonuclease.
The effectiveness of treatment of lymph nodes in cancers of the pyriform sinus and supraglottis

Abstract Three hundred and twelve patients with pyriform sinus or supraglottic cancer were reviewed with respect to effectiveness of therapy upon nodal control. All patients had a minimum 3-year follow-up. Combined modality therapy (radiotherapy and surgery) conferred a higher neck control rate for both NO/N1 and N2/N3 nodes than moderate dose (50 to 60 Gy) radiotherapy alone. Neck dissection appeared to be a significant component of therapy for all neck stages. Fixed nodes, a subset of N2/N3 disease with a very poor prognosis, required combined modality therapy for the best nodal control rates. Downstaging to pNO with pre-operative radiotherapy provided superior nodal control and survival rates.
Terrific Majesty: The Powers of Shaka Zulu and the Limits of Historical Invention

Acknowledgements Orthographic and Terminological Notes Abbreviations Map Introduction 1. Painted Chests, Academic Body Servants, and Visions of Modern Airlines: Shaka in Contemporary Discourses 2. The Origins of the Image of Shaka 3. The Men Who Would be Shaka: Shaka as a Model for the Natal Native Administration 4."The Establishment of a Living Source of Tradition": James Stuart and the Genius of Shakan Despotism 5. Shaka as Metaphor, Memory, and History in Apartheid South Africa 6."The Government Resembles Tshaka" Glossary Notes Bibliography Index
Sea-ice thickness distribution of the Bellingshausen Sea from surface measurements and ICESat altimetry

Abstract Although sea-ice extent in the Bellingshausen-Amundsen (BA) seas sector of the Antarctic has shown significant decline over several decades, there is not enough data to draw any conclusion on sea-ice thickness and its change for the BA sector, or for the entire Southern Ocean. This paper presents our results of snow and ice thickness distributions from the SIMBA 2007 experiment in the Bellingshausen Sea, using four different methods (ASPeCt ship observations, downward-looking camera imaging, ship-based electromagnetic induction (EM) sounding, and in situ measurements using ice drills). A snow freeboard and ice thickness model generated from in situ measurements was then applied to contemporaneous ICESat (satellite laser altimetry) measured freeboard to derive ice thickness at the ICESat footprint scale. Errors from in situ measurements and from ICESat freeboard estimations were incorporated into the model, so a thorough evaluation of the model and uncertainty of the ice thickness estimation from ICESat are possible. Our results indicate that ICESat derived snow freeboard and ice thickness distributions (asymmetrical unimodal tailing to right) for first-year ice (0.29±0.14 m for mean snow freeboard and 1.06±0.40 m for mean ice thickness), multi-year ice (0.48±0.26 and 1.59±0.75 m, respectively), and all ice together (0.42±0.24 and 1.38±0.70 m, respectively) for the study area seem reasonable compared with those values from the in situ measurements, ASPeCt observations, and EM measurements. The EM measurements can act as an appropriate supplement for ASPeCt observations taken hourly from the ship’s bridge and provide reasonable ice and snow distributions under homogeneous ice conditions. Our proposed approaches: (1) of using empirical equations relating snow freeboard to ice thickness based on in situ measurements and (2) of using isostatic equations that replace snow depth with snow freeboard (or empirical equations that convert freeboard to snow depth), are efficient and important ways to derive ice thickness from ICESat altimetry at the footprint scale for Antarctic sea ice. Spatial and temporal snow and ice thickness from satellite altimetry for the BA sector and for the entire Southern Ocean is therefore possible.
CORRELATIONS OF DAILY ACTIVITY WITH AVIAN CHOLERA MORTALITY AMONG WILDFOWL

We tested the hypothesis that wildfowl activities can influence the risk of avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida infection) for susceptible birds at Centerville, Humboldt County, California (USA). Avian cholera mortality characteristics from past epizootics were correlated with variations in flock size, habitat use and 11 feeding and nonfeeding behaviors among six empirically defined groups of wildfowl: American coots (Fulica americana), tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus), American wigeon (Anas americana), northern pintails (A. acuta), northern shovelers (A. clypeata)/mallards (A. platyrhynchos), and teal (A. discors, A. crecca, A. cyanoptera). The position of these wildfowl groups in past mortality sequences was directly correlated with mean flock size, time spent on land, and time spent grazing on land or in shallow water. We propose that variations in bird density, habitat use and frequency of grazing may serve as predisposing factors to avian cholera among wildfowl.
Presence of embryonic myosin in normal postural muscles of the adult rat

Indirect immunofluorescence was used to localize embryonic myosin heavy chains in soleus, adductor longus, tibialis anterior, plantaris, and extensor digitorum longus muscles of 6-month-old rats. A monoclonal antibody (2B6), specifically recognizing rat embryonic myosin, was applied to unfixed, transverse, frozen sections. The number of embryonic myosin-positive (EMP) extrafusal fibers was expressed as a percentage of the total number of fibers. EMP extrafusal fibers were only seen in the soleus and adductor longus muscles, both postural muscles. Approximately 1% of the soleus muscle fibers appeared positively stained for embryonic myosin. The majority of such fibers had a small diameter (< 500 mu2), appeared intensely fluorescent, and typically contained central nuclei. Re-expression of embryonic myosin due to spontaneous fiber denervation is not a likely factor in this study, since alpha-bungarotoxin and N-CAM localization were restricted to the motor end-plate region of EMP fibers. Since embryonic myosin was shown to disappear in all normal-sized myofibers by 2 to 3 months of age, the results suggest that the EMP extrafusal fibers seen in postural muscles of 6 to 12-month-old animals are regenerating myofibers. We speculate that a small number of muscle fibers may be regenerating in normal, adult postural muscles, in response to fiber damage possibly caused by excessive recruitment or overloading.
Selective Botulinum Chemodenervation of the Scalene Muscles for Treatment of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Patients with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) who improve temporarily after anesthetic blockade of the anterior scalene muscles have been shown to improve after ultimate surgical decompressions at the interscalene triangle. Anesthetic blockade of the scalene muscles, even with the addition of steroids, however, rarely produces any prolonged relief as patients are awaiting definitive surgery. The present study was undertaken to determine if more effective and prolonged relief might be obtained with electrophysiologically and fluoroscopically guided selective injection of the scalene muscles with botulinum toxin, which has been used in the past for treating conditions associated with spasm of cervical muscles. In 14 of 22 patients (64%) with a clinical diagnosis of TOS, there was more than a 50% reduction of symptoms measured by a 101-point scale for at least 1 month after botulinum chemodenervation of the scalene muscles. Only 4 of the 22 patients (18%) had a 50% reduction of symptoms for at least 1 month after injection with lidocaine and steroids. In no patient were the results of lidocaine and steroid injection superior to botulinum chemodenervation. Chemodenervation had a mean duration of effect of 88 days. No significant side effects were encountered with botulinum chemodenervation except for mild transient dysphagia in two cases. These results appear to demonstrate that botulinum chemodenervation of the scalene muscles may be helpful in alleviating symptoms in patients with TOS awaiting definitive surgical decompression.
Thermodynamic Tetragonal Phase Stability in Sol−Gel Derived Nanodomains of Pure Zirconia

Nanocrystalline (15−30 nm) and submicron-sized (500−600 nm) zirconia (ZrO2) particles are synthesized using the sol−gel technique. The metastable tetragonal phase is stabilized at room temperature ...
Voltage stability analysis of multi-infeed AC/DC power system based on multi-infeed short circuit ratio

The definitions of multi-infeed short circuit ratio (MSCR) were analyzed in the paper, which were proved to be equal. The relation between MSCR and traditional short circuit ratio (SCR) was discussed, and it came to a conclusion that the traditional SCR is the particular case of MSCR. Then, the decoupled model of MSCR system was presented in the paper, and based on it, the index of multi-infeed critical short circuit ratio (MCSCR) was given, which could be used as a criteria for weighing the strength of the system. Simulation results show that it is effective to use MSCR for denoting the level of voltage stability.
Considerations in treatment choice for metastatic breast cancer

Chemotherapy treatment choices for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) have become increasingly complex as therapeutic options multiply. In addition, the more frequent use of adjuvant chemotherapy coupled with the introduction of new standard adjuvant therapies has made these choices more difficult. Another issue that remains unsettled is whether to employ combination therapy or to use each agent singly until its value is exhausted. The results of recent studies investigating this issue have revealed higher response rates, time to tumor progression and, in some cases, improved overall survival with doublet therapy. However, there was no planned crossover in these trials and, as such, the absolute benefits of doublet therapy remain undetermined. The future of therapy for MBC appears to be combining effective single-agent chemotherapy with novel biologic agents. For example, compared with paclitaxel alone, therapy comprising paclitaxel plus bevacizumab produced a doubling of response rate and progression-free survival. However, similar data are required for both the first- and the second-line setting, and for other chemotherapy agents, for example, docetaxel and navelbine. Trastuzumab is the treatment of choice for patients with HER2-positive tumors. Its use in combination with chemotherapy, particularly the taxanes, is well established. However, much remains to be learned about biologic agents; for example, trials need to establish whether these therapies should be continued at the time of progression or whether other treatments should be given in their place. A recent study in patients whose disease had progressed after trastuzumab and chemotherapy and who were subsequently given lapatinib, has reported promising outcomes for this agent. When presented with the many options that are now available for the treatment of MBC, we must keep in mind the primary goal of such treatment: palliation of disease with minimal toxicity. Furthermore, a concurrent requirement for prolongation of survival is now commonplace. However, it is clear that there is currently no "gold standard" treatment for MBC, although the future of therapy appears to be the combination of effective single agents with novel biologic therapies.
Stability of cosmological solutions in f ( R ) models of gravity

We reconcile seemingly conflicting statements in the literature about the behavior of cosmological solutions in modified theories of gravity where the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian for gravity is modified by the addition of a function of the Ricci scalar, $f(R)$. Using the example of $f(R)=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{4}/R$ we show that only such choices of $f(R)$ where ${\mathrm{d}}^{2}f/\mathrm{d}{R}^{2}g0$ have stable high-curvature limits and well-behaved cosmological solutions with a proper era of matter domination. The remaining models enter a phase dominated by both matter and scalar kinetic energy where the scalar curvature remains low.
Simple method for the generation of organ and vessel contours from roentgenographic or fluoroscopic images.

A simple method for outlining or contouring any area defined by a change in film density or fluoroscopic screen intensity is described. The entire process, except for the positioning of an electronic window, is accomplished using a small computer having appropriate softwave. The electronic window is operator positioned over the area to be processed. The only requirement is that the window be large enough to encompass the total area to be considered.
Analysis of three-dimensional turbulent wakes by a momentum integraltechnique

L'analyse est valable aussi bien pour les sillages proches que lointains. La seule hypothese utilisee est l'existence d'une similitude dans les profils de vitesse. Application aux sillages d'une plaque plane, d'un profil aerodynamique, d'une cascade d'aubes et d'aubes de rotor. Bon accord avec les donnees experimentales
Fluorescent proteins as biosensors by quenching resonance energy transfer from endogenous tryptophan: Detection of nitroaromatic explosives

Ensuring domestic safety from terrorist attack is a daunting challenge because of the wide array of chemical agents that must be screened. A panel of purified fluorescent protein isoforms (FPs) was screened for the ability to detect various explosives, explosive simulants, and toxic agents. In addition to their commonly used visible excitation wavelengths, essentially all FPs can be excited by UV light at 280 nm. Ultraviolet illumination excites electrons in endogenous tryptophan (W) residues, which then relax by Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to the chromophore of the FP, and thus the FPs emit with their typical visible spectra. Taking advantage of the fact that tryptophan excitation can be quenched by numerous agents, including nitroaromatics like TNT and nitramines like RDX, it is demonstrated that quenching of visible fluorescence from UV illumination of FPs can be used as the basis for detecting these explosives and explosive degradation products. This work provides the foundation for production of an array of genetically-modified FPs for in vitro biosensors capable of rapid, simultaneous, sensitive and selective detection of a wide range of explosive or toxic agents.
Calculations for steady propagation of a generic ram accelerator configuration

This study describes a methodology and gives analysis to determine the steady propagation speed of a projectile fired into a gaseous mixture of fuel and oxidizer. So that numerical results can be analytically verified in limiting cases, a simple model and geometry are used: the steady supersonic flow of an in viscid, calorically perfect, ideal, reacting gas with high activation energy over an unconfined symmetric double wedge is considered. Typical predicted flow fie Ids consist of a lead inert oblique shock followed by a thick induction zone, thin reaction zone, rarefaction, and trailing oblique shock. The reaction strengthens the lead shock to the extent that the far-field wave angle is that of a Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) oblique detonation. Propagation speeds are found that give rise to shocks of such strength as to induce the reaction zone to be in a region that allows the combustion-induced thrust to balance the wave drag. For a fixed heat release greater than a critical value, two steady propagation speeds are predicted. The solution at the higher Mach number is stable to quasistatic perturbations, whereas the solution at the lower Mach number is unstable. The steady solutions are superdetonative in that the projectile velocities that give rise to force balances are greater than the CJ velocity for a detonation wave aligned normal to the direction of projectile motion. This methodology can be applied to analyze devices that have more complex geometries, such as the ram accelerator or oblique detonation wave engine.
Are Effects of Emotion Expression on Trait Impressions Mediated by Babyfaceness? Evidence From Connectionist Modeling

Two studies provided evidence that bolsters the Marsh, Adams, and Kleck hypothesis that the morphology of certain emotion expressions reflects an evolved adaptation to mimic babies or mature adults. Study 1 found differences in emotion expressions' resemblance to babies using objective indices of babyfaceness provided by connectionist models that are impervious to overlapping cultural stereotypes about babies and the emotions. Study 2 not only replicated parallels between impressions of certain emotions and babies versus adults but also showed that objective indices of babyfaceness partially mediated impressions of the emotion expressions. babyface effects were independent of strong effects of attractiveness, and babyfaceness did not mediate impressions of happy expressions, to which the evolutionary hypothesis would not apply.
Trauma Mediators Favor Differentiation of Monocytes to Macrophage Rather Than to Dendritic Cells

A monocyte antigen presenting cell (APC) dysfunction after trauma has been repeatedly suggested as being involved in post-injury immunosuppression [1, 2]. Conversely, over-activated ‘angry’ monocytes/macrophages have been implicated in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome as pivotal producers of exaggerated inflammatory cytokines [3, 4, 5]. The post-injury development of increased monocyte production of inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-l, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, parallels depressed monocyte antigen presenting functions and decreased immunostimulatory cytokines, like IL-12 and IL-15. This seems to be a paradox. How can severe trauma simultaneously increase and decrease normal monocyte function? Severe tissue trauma generates substance P leakage from disrupted nerve endings, complement activation products, coagulation system products, platelet activating factor (PAF) production after hypoxia, gut derived endotoxin release, and a variety of other mediators [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. One unifying characteristic of these trauma generated products is their ability to activate monocyte/macrophage inflammatory monokines and monocyte to macrophage differentiation [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. However, recent evidence demonstrates that, unlike lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which activates both pro- and anti-inflammatory monokine gene induction, some of the other trauma-induced mediators have a restricted monocyte activation capacity, preferentially inducing a more restricted set of monocyte pro-inflammatory genes [17, 18, 19].
Enteral nutrient intake level determines intestinal protein synthesis and accretion rates in neonatal pigs

Our objective was to determine the minimum enteral intake level necessary to increase the protein accretion rate (PAR) in the neonatal small intestine. Seven-day-old piglets received an equal total daily intake of an elemental diet, with different proportions given enterally (0, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). After 7 days, piglets were infused intravenously with [(2)H(3)]leucine for 6 h, and the fractional protein synthesis rate (FSR) was measured in the proximal (PJ) and distal jejunum (DJ) and the proximal (PI) and distal ileum (DI). The jejunal FSR increased from 45%/day to 130%/day between 0 and 60% enteral intake, whereas the FSR in the ileum was less sensitive to enteral intake level. At 0% enteral intake, PAR was significantly negative in the PJ, DJ, and PI (range -70 to -43 mg/day) and positive in the DI (49 mg/day), whereas intestinal protein balance occurred at 20% enteral intake. At 100% enteral intake, the PAR was greatest in the DI, even though the rates of protein turnover were 50% lower than in the PJ. We conclude that there is net intestinal protein loss at 0% enteral intake, protein balance at 20% enteral intake, and maximal intestinal protein accretion at 60% enteral intake.
Distributed algorithms for shortest-path, deadlock-free routing and broadcasting in Fibonacci cubes

Distributed routing and broadcasting algorithms for the Fibonacci cube are presented. The routing algorithm is shown to find shortest and deadlock-free paths. Two communication models are considered for the broadcasting. It is shown that the all-port broadcasting algorithm is optimal in terms of minimized routing steps. An upper bound is obtained for the one-port broadcasting algorithm, which is shown to be optimal for certain cases. The time complexities of the all- and one-port broadcasting algorithms are examined. >
Concentrations of Glycolytic Enzymes and Other Cytosolic Proteins in the Diffusible Fraction of a Vertebrate Muscle Proteome

We used a novel microvolumetric technique based on protein diffusion to characterize the subproteome of muscle that consists of diffusible proteins, including those involved in cell metabolism. Muscle fiber segments were mechanically demembranated under mineral oil and transferred into drops of relaxing solution. After the fiber segment was depleted of diffusible proteins, the content of each drop and residual segment was analyzed by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified through peptide mass fingerprinting and quantified using purified protein standards. Ten of the most abundant cytosolic proteins, distinguished by their ability to readily diffuse out of the skinned fiber, were glycolytic enzymes whose concentrations ranged from 2.6 ± 1.0 g liter−1 (phosphoglucose isomerase) to 12.8 ± 1.1 g liter−1 fiber volume (pyruvate kinase). The concentrations of the other five most abundant cytosolic proteins were as follows: glycogen phosphorylase, 6.0 ± 2.3 g liter−1; phosphoglucose mutase, 2.2 ± 0.2 g liter−1; adenylate kinase, 1.6 ± 1.3 g liter−1; phosphocreatine kinase, 6.6 ± 2.6 g liter−1; and parvalbumin, 0.7 ± 0.4 g liter−1. Given the molecular weight and subunit number of each enzyme, the combined concentration of the 15 most abundant cytosolic proteins was 82.3 g liter−1; the volume fraction was 0.093. The large volume fraction of diffusible proteins favors nonspecific interactions and associations, particularly if the glycolytic enzymes and diffusible phosphocreatine kinase are restricted to the I-band as previous studies suggest. The relative molar concentration of glycolytic enzymes is roughly consistent with a stoichiometry of 1:2 for enzymes catalyzing the hexose and triose sugar reactions, respectively, a stoichiometry that may favor metabolic channeling of intermediates during glycolysis. Our results indicate that subcellular fractionation of muscle proteins, in which cytosolic constituents are distinguished by their ability to diffuse readily from demembranated cells, is a promising microvolumetric technique that allows conclusions to be drawn about native protein-protein interactions based on concentration and stoichiometry.
Job access and employment among low-skilled autoless workers in US metropolitan areas

Focusing on low-skilled workers, I present an empirical analysis of the relationship between transit-based job accessibility and employment outcomes for workers without automobiles. The metropolitan areas examined are Boston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. Two essential components of the analysis are the calculation of refined job-access measures that take into account travel modes as well as the supply and demand of the labor market, and the incorporation of job-access measures into multinomial logit models. The results indicate that improved transit-based job accessibility significantly augments both the probability of being employed and the probability of working 30 hours or more per week for autoless workers in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Further, in these two areas, job accessibility has a greater effect for autoless workers than for auto-owning workers. Job accessibility plays a more significant role in employment outcomes for autoless workers in San Francisco and Los Angeles, highly auto-depend...
PET imaging-based evaluation of aerosol drugs and their delivery devices: nasal and pulmonary studies

Three-dimensional (3-D) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of inhaled radiolabeled aerosol in the nasal or pulmonary regions provides an in vivo measurement of drug distribution using the drug itself as the tracer. Repeated or dynamic PET scans over the time after inhalation provides us with further information about the fate of the deposited drug. These quantitative measurements are sufficient to describe the performance of a drug or device and they are obtained in a noninvasive fashion, which cannot be achieved by using any other methods. Using this PET-imaging paradigm, we conducted a sequence of drug studies to evaluate the performance of aerosol drugs and delivery devices; to compare the performance of similar drugs from different manufacturers; to assess the similarity between different formulations and propellants for the same drug; to appraise delivery devices such as spacers and nebulizers, etc. This paper reviews only the imaging and data analysis techniques developed for the above-mentioned studies that include multi-modality image registration, region definition and region-based data analysis, and nonregion-based data analysis. We separated the techniques into nasal and pulmonary studies because of the uniqueness of each group. Specific drugs or devices are not identified and no result about drug performance is given because the imaging and data analysis methodology, which is the focus of this paper, applies to all these studies regardless of the drugs or their delivery devices. The quantitative data are used as the scientific basis for evaluation although we also developed visualization techniques to enhance the results drawn from the data.
Structure function: Theory, ultrasonic measurement, and histology

Ultrasonic scattering is determined by not only the properties of individual scatterers, but also the correlation among scatterer positions. The role of scatterer spatial correlation is significant for dense medium, but has not been fully understood. The effect of scatterer spatial correlation may be modeled by a structure function (three-dimensional Fourier transform of the scatterer positions) as a frequency-dependent factor in the backscatter coefficient (BSC) expression. To study the structure function, we have performed three steps: 1) we developed theoretical structure function models that take into account the polydispersity of spherical scatterers; 2) we developed the cell pellet biophantom technique to estimate the structure function from ultrasound backscattered data (11 – 105 MHz); 3) we developed algorithms for estimating the structure function from histology, independent of the acoustic measurements. The acoustically estimated and histologically estimated structure functions show consistent frequency dependency, which demonstrates the correlation between acoustically estimated structure function and scatterer position distribution observed in histology. Furthermore, fitting the theoretical polydisperse structure function model to the experimental structure functions yielded relatively accurate cell radius estimates (error < 16%). Our results suggest that the structure function is required for accurately modeling the acoustic scattering in dense medium.
Nonvalue of the Initial Microbiological Studies in the Management of Nonsevere Community-Acquired Pneumonia*

Study objective: To assess the value of the initialmicrobiological studies (MBS), consisting of sputum Gram's stains, sputum cultures, and blood cultures, in the etiologic diagnosis ofcommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) without comorbidity. Design: A prospective study of 74 adult patientshospitalized with nonsevere CAP empirically treated according to the, American Thoracic Society guidelines (ATS-GL) and evaluated with, Gram's stains and cultures of valid sputum specimens and bloodcultures. Setting: University-affiliated communityhospital. Results: Gram's stain of a valid sputumspecimen failed to identify the etiologic agent in all patients. Sputumcultures identified pathogens in only four patients (5%). The resultsof all blood cultures were negative. All patients responded to theinitial empiric antibiotic coverage selected according to the ATS-GL, and the results of the initial MBS had no clinical impact. Conclusion: The initial MBS, such as sputum Gram's stains, sputum cultures, and blood cultures, have no value in the management ofnonsevere CAP without comorbid factors.
Understanding reliability implication of hardware error in virtualization infrastructure

Hardware errors are no longer the exceptions in modern cloud data centers. Although virtualization provides software failure isolation across different virtual machines (VM), the virtualization infrastructure including the hypervisor and privileged VMs remains vulnerable to hardware errors. Making matters worse is that such errors are unlikely bounded by virtualization boundary and may lead to loss of work in multiple guest VMs due to unexpected and/or mishandled failures. To understand reliability implication of hardware errors in virtualized systems, in this paper we develop a simulation-based framework that enables a comprehensive fault injection study on the hypervisor with a wide range of configurations. Our analysis shows that, in current systems, many hardware errors can propagate through various paths for an extended time before an observed failure (e.g., whole system crash). We further discuss the challenges of designing error tolerance techniques for the hypervisor.
Van Alen: A Reasonable Consistency

In Van Alen, the Tax Court held that the duty of consistency required that two of the decedent’s children use the section 2032A basis valuation figures to determine gain on the sale of their interest in the decedent’s ranch, which was left to them in trust. The siblings had argued that their stepmother erroneously completed their father’s estate tax return.
Reduced Time Approach to Curing Kinetics, Part I: Dynamic Rate and Master Curve from Isothermal Data

Abstract A reduced time approach has been used to predict nonisothermal curing kinetics based on isothermal kinetic data. This approach makes it clear that the conversion in a kinetic process is a ...
Debiasing Statutory Interpretation

Recent scholarship on statutory interpretation has disrupted prevailing wisdom about the prospects of methodological consensus. Not only have several state systems apparently attained internal stability via methodological stare decisis, a consensus method has also emerged across state lines: a methodology organized into hierarchical ‘stages’ of analysis, beginning with text, and then moving onto other tools only after findings of ambiguity. This Article offers a novel “positive psychological theory,” linking methodological stare decisis to the rise of staging: staging re-frames statutory interpretation to mitigate a pervasive cognitive bias that psychologists call coherence-based reasoning. Unmitigated, this bias tends to foster methodological disunity. Staging facilitates methodological stare decisis by debiasing statutory interpretation.
Ultra-Low-Leakage and High-Performance Logic Circuit Design Using Multiparameter Asymmetric FinFETs

Recently, multigate field-effect transistors have started replacing traditional planar MOSFETs to keep pace with Moore’s Law in deep submicron technology. Among different multigate transistors, FinFETs have become the preferred choice of the semiconductor industry owing to low fabrication cost, superior performance, lower leakage, and design flexibility. The back and front gates of a FinFET can either be shorted or remain independent, leading to two modes of operation: Shorted-Gate (SG) and Independent-Gate (IG). For a given mode of operation, the physical parameters of the FinFET can either be symmetric or asymmetric in nature. In this article, for the first time, we analyze multiparameter asymmetric SG FinFETs and illustrate their potential for implementing logic gates and circuits that are both ultra-low-leakage and high-performance simultaneously. We restrict this work to SG devices because IG FinFETs (symmetric/asymmetric) suffer from severely degraded on-current, which makes them unattractive for high-performance designs. We first compare head-to-head all viable single- and multiparameter symmetric/asymmetric SG FinFETs. Among all such FinFETs, the traditional SG (which are symmetric in nature), Asymmetric Workfunction Shorted-Gate (AWSG), and Asymmetric Workfunction-Underlap Shorted-Gate (AWUSG) FinFETs show the most promise. We characterize these devices under process variations in gate length (LG), fin thickness (TSI), gate-oxide thickness (TOX), gate underlap (LUN), and gate-workfunction (ΦG) as well as supply voltage (VDD) variations, followed by a gate-level leakage/delay analysis at different temperatures. Although AWSG FinFETs consume very low leakage power, they do suffer from performance degradation relative to SG FinFETs. Similarly, our study reveals that no other single-parameter asymmetric FinFET provides a good combination of low-power and high-performance design. We show that gates/circuits based on AWUSG FinFETs are faster, yet consume much less leakage power and less area than gates/circuits based on traditional SG FinFETs. We observe 53.4p (30.2p) maximum (average) reduction in total power at temperature T = 348K while meeting the same delay constraint, with 14.2p (13.5p) reduction in area for AWUSG circuits relative to SG circuits. At T = 373K, we see 68.6p (46.9p) maximum (average) reduction in total power.
The Role of Big Data in the Management of Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Analysis of large-volume data holds promise for improving the application of precision medicine to sleep, including improving identification of patient subgroups who may benefit from alternative therapies. Big data used within the health care system also promises to facilitate end-to-end screening, diagnosis, and management of sleep disorders; improve the recognition of differences in presentation and susceptibility to sleep apnea; and lead to improved management and outcomes. To meet the vision of personalized, precision therapeutics and diagnostics and improving the efficiency and quality of sleep medicine will require ongoing efforts, investments, and change in our current medical and research cultures.
Pioneers in the Development of Advertising

AMONG the writers of early books on ad< vertising we find copy-writers, agents, advertising managers, editors of periodicals, collegiate teachers of psychology, and authors of correspondence school textbooks. Each made significant contributions and drew help from the others. Before I895, little effort was devoted to the serious study of the problems or principles of advertising. About that time, a number of talented business and academic men became actively engaged in developing more scientific and effective advertising procedures. They wrote books and articles to publicize their efforts. By 1910, an impressive body of advertising facts and principles had been discovered and classified. Publication records indicate that fewer than 10 books on the technique of advertising were in print fifty years ago. Four books were written between I895 and I900. During the next 10 years, at least 75 volumes on advertising were published,1 and these books were especially rich in original ideas. It is the purpose of this article to summarize and evaluate the contributions of some of the outstanding pioneer writers of advertising literature. Only books written before I9IO have been considered. If any early volumes containing significant original work have been over-
System-wide Fleet Assessment of NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Technologies and Concepts for Fuel Burn and CO 2

A method for assessing the impact of vehicle technologies and new aircraft concepts at the fleet level is presented. Various aspects of the method constitute a departure from standard practice intended to address known shortcomings and advance the state of the art. In particular, an operational activity growth routine is implemented where operational sets are grown to match top-level and airport level forecasts that are fully balanced for all origindestination airport pairs. The proposed approach also features a novel fleet evolution scheme where replacements are devised on the basis of mission capabilities for aircraft types rather than on seat-classes, and the retirement of aircraft is applied to models introduced beyond the reference year. Surrogate models of fuel burn are regressed from gold-standard modeling tools, and are shown to be suitable for system-wide assessments on the basis of model representation accuracy. Fleet assessment results are shown for various technology
The Onset of H + Ketene Products from Vinoxy Radicals Prepared by Photodissociation of Chloroacetaldehyde at 157 nm.

We investigate the unimolecular dissociation of the vinoxy radical (CH2CHO) prepared with high internal energy imparted from the photodissociation of chloroacetaldehyde (CH2ClCHO) at 157 nm. Using a velocity map imaging apparatus, we measured the speed distribution of the recoiling chlorine atoms, Cl((2)P3/2) and Cl((2)P1/2), and derived from this the resulting distribution of kinetic energy, P(ET), imparted to the Cl + vinoxy fragments upon dissociation. Using conservation of energy, the distribution of kinetic energy was used to determine the total internal energy distribution in the radical. The P(ET) derived for the C-Cl bond fission presented in this work suggests the vinoxy radicals are mostly formed in the A state. We also took ion images at m/z = 42 and m/z = 15 to characterize the branching between the unimolecular dissociation channels of the vinoxy radical to H + ketene and methyl + CO products. Our results show a marked change in the branching ratio between the two channels from the previous study on the photodissociation of chloroacetaldehyde at 193 nm by Miller et al. (J. Chem. Phys., 2004, 121, 1830) in that the production of ketene is now favored over the production of methyl. To help analyze the data, we developed a model for the branching between the two channels that takes into account how the change in rotational energy en route to the products affects the vibrational energy available to surmount the barriers to the channels. The model predicts the portion of the C-Cl bond fission P(ET) that produces dissociative vinoxy radicals, then predicts the branching ratio between the H + ketene and CH3 + CO product channels at each ET. The model uses Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus rate constants at the correct sums and densities of vibrational states while accounting for angular momentum conservation. We find that the predicted portion of the P(ET) that produces H + ketene products best fits the experimental portion (that we derive by taking advantage of conservation of momentum) if we use a barrier height for the H + ketene channel that is 4.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mol higher than the isomerization barrier en route to CH3 + CO products. Using the G4 computed isomerization barrier of 40.6 kcal/mol, this gives an experimentally determined barrier to the H + ketene channel of 44.6 kcal/mol. From these calculations, we also predict the branching ratio between the H + ketene and methyl + CO channels to be ∼2.1:1.
Omics Metadata Management Software (OMMS)

UNLABELLED Next-generation sequencing projects have underappreciated information management tasks requiring detailed attention to specimen curation, nucleic acid sample preparation and sequence production methods required for downstream data processing, comparison, interpretation, sharing and reuse. The few existing metadata management tools for genome-based studies provide weak curatorial frameworks for experimentalists to store and manage idiosyncratic, project-specific information, typically offering no automation supporting unified naming and numbering conventions for sequencing production environments that routinely deal with hundreds, if not thousands of samples at a time. Moreover, existing tools are not readily interfaced with bioinformatics executables, (e.g., BLAST, Bowtie2, custom pipelines). Our application, the Omics Metadata Management Software (OMMS), answers both needs, empowering experimentalists to generate intuitive, consistent metadata, and perform analyses and information management tasks via an intuitive web-based interface. Several use cases with short-read sequence datasets are provided to validate installation and integrated function, and suggest possible methodological road maps for prospective users. Provided examples highlight possible OMMS workflows for metadata curation, multistep analyses, and results management and downloading. The OMMS can be implemented as a stand alone-package for individual laboratories, or can be configured for webbased deployment supporting geographically-dispersed projects. The OMMS was developed using an open-source software base, is flexible, extensible and easily installed and executed. The OMMS can be obtained at http://omms.sandia.gov. AVAILABILITY The OMMS can be obtained at http://omms.sandia.gov.