cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceiving Your Appetite

Whether you feel hungry or full is regulated by the central nervous system (CNS), which monitors whole body energy balance and guides food-intake behavior. Cerebral insulin is a known appetite supressant; however, the mechanisms underlying this effect are still unclear. Jauch-Chara et al. now propose an inverse correlation between intranasal insulin administration–mediated brain energy induction and subsequent food intake. Brain energy levels seem to correlate with food consumption in humans. For instance, cerebral energy content, as measured by molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr), is negatively associated with body mass in humans. Because intranasal insulin administration, which can elevate insulin levels in the cerebrospinal ﬂuid, results in inhibition of food intake in normal fasting men, the authors hypothesized that intranasally administrated insulin increases cerebral energy content and thus suppresses appetite. Cerebral energy content was analyzed in 15 normal-weight healthy men with an average age in their 20s by using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Intranasal insulin treatment after 8 hours of fasting considerably increased cerebral high-energy phosphate content, indicating that this treatment modulates the brain’s energy supply. In contrast, this insulin treatment correlated with a subsequent reduction in free-choice calorie consumption. This finding suggests that insulin regulates appetite by controlling the brain’s energy levels, thus establishing a systemic metabolic homeostasis. In addition, the effect of intranasal insulin treatment on cerebral energy content and appetite gives further insight into potential cures for diseases related to body weight dysregulation. Although the impact of intranasal insulin administration on the hypothalamic appetite center is unclear, the fact that this relatively convenient administration affects cerebral energy content and appetite will be informative in the development of therapeutics that combat obesity. K. Jauch-Chara et al. , Intranasal insulin suppresses food intake via enhancement of brain energy levels in humans. Diabetes , 14 May 2012 (10.2337/db12-0025). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2012/05/08/db12-0025.abstract
Adult age differences in the rate of processing expectancy information

Two experiments were conducted using a four-choice visual search task to examine the influence of processing rate on adult age differences in the use of expectancy information. In the first experiment, older adults (M age = 71.6 years) showed benefits and costs, and younger adults (M age = 20.6 years) showed only costs when advance knowledge about the location of the imperative stimulus was derived from a priori probabilistic information. However, the older adults were unable to use expectancy information (a precue) which preceded the imperative stimulus by 250 ms, whereas young adults showed both benefits and costs of precue information. In Experiment 2, the interval between precue onset and imperative stimulus onset was varied (350, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 ms) for younger (M age = 19.74 years) and older adults (M age = 69.16 years). Older adults used precue information efficiently only when the precue-imperative stimulus interval was 750 ms or longer. These findings suggest that age-related slowing of processing rate can affect the extent to which briefly presented precue expectancy information is used by older adults.
Assessment of esophageal transit of liquid.

We note with interest the report by Ham et al. (1985) comparing methods for the analysis of liquid-radionuclide esophageal transit studies, with emphasis on functional images. These included condensed images with a temporal and a spatial dimension, and images displaying quantitative parameters derived from the original dynamic information on a pixel-to-pixel basis. A number of techniques being possible, such comparative investigations are surely warranted. We too have evaluated several methods (Klein 1983; Klein and Wald 1984) and, like Ham et al., have shown that condensed images (adapted from Svedberg 1982) are useful for depicting intraesophageal retrograde motion and other phenomena. We have favored supplementing these quantitatively derived but qualitatively evaluated functional images with objective quantitative measurements of global esophageal transit. Our analysis of a swallow of liquid draws on a model of rapid and residual components, the latter component remaining stable in amount until the subject's second swallow. A finite residual component complicates the calculation of transit parameters, as does retrograde motion, when individual regions of the esophagus are assessed. By resolving the two components and by examining the whole organ, these problems can be obviated (Klein and Wald 1985a). Our quantitative parameters include (1) the mean transit time of the rapid component and (2) the residual fraction. The mean transit time is computed from the appropriate curve using the same area-over-height formula (Zierler 1965) that Ham et al. (1985) applied regionally in one of their functional images. The residual fraction is the percentage of the total dose that constitutes the residual component. We have found a high residual fraction that persists during multiple swallows to be the most sensitive index of abnormality (Klein and Wald 1984). A similar observa-
Ethnic Origin Should Be Considered When End-Tidal Breath Carbon Monoxide Measurements Are Used to Predict the Development of Hyperbilirubinemia in Healthy Term Infants

Ethnic Origin Should Be Considered When End-Tidal Breath Carbon Monoxide Measurements Are Used to Predict the Development of Hyperbilirubinemia in Healthy Term Infants
When the end is the beginning? Or when the biblical past is the political present: Some thoughts on ancient Israel, “post‐exilic Judaism,” and the politics of biblical scholarship

Abstract Biblical scholarship cannot be separated from its social and political context. Scholars such as Lemche, Davies, Thompson and Whitelam are to be commended for calling attention to the politics of Biblical scholarship in relation to the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict. However, they argue for a radical separation between a pre‐exilic “Israel” and a post‐exilic “Judaism.” This model first arose in nineteenth century Germany, where it served both to inscribe a common German Protestant identity and to promote the dissolution of a separate German Jewish identity. The terms “Israel” and “Judaism” are misunderstood and misapplied. The primary sources and archaeological evidence, read within the methodological framework of the above scholars, do not support this model of rupture, but instead suggest a model general continuity.
Substratum cavities affect growth-plasticity, allometry, movement and feeding rates in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

SUMMARY We assessed the influence of rock cavities, or pits, on the growth dynamics and behavior of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . In a paired-designed, laboratory experiment, sea urchins were assigned to sandstone blocks that were either ‘Flat’ or had a ‘Pit’ drilled into the center. At the start, both groups were approximately the same shape and size. In just 2 months, the shapes of the tests were significantly different between the two treatments, with the Pit urchins having an increased height:diameter profile. This result demonstrates the plastic nature of the sea urchin test and that, despite its apparent rigidity, it is capable of deforming during growth. In addition, the presence of pits modified behavior and food consumption as well as allometric growth of the test and Aristotle9s lantern. Sea urchins on Pit sandstone blocks tended to stay in the cavities and not move about the flat areas, whereas individuals on Flat blocks changed position. Sea urchins in the Pit treatment consumed less food and had relatively larger demipyramids (the ‘jaw’ ossicle in Aristotle9s lantern). These morphological and allometric changes occurred over a short time-period (8–20 weeks). We conclude that microhabitat is an important factor in controlling the behavior and growth dynamics of the bioeroding sea urchin S. purpuratus .
A note from Francisco H. G. Ferreira, outgoing editor-in-chief

It has now been just over two years since I took over as editor in chief of the Journal of Economic Inequality. During this period, we have continued to build on the solid foundations laid by Jacques Silber and Jean-Yves Duclos, our previous editors. The Journal’s impact factor has continued to grow, and is now higher than those of a number of older, more established journals in the field. Submissions have risen to over 180 in 2013—about one every other day. As a result, despite a growing page budget, the journal’s acceptance rate has had to continue to decline. Most importantly, I feel that we have continued to publish a number of very interesting papers, some of which will make a lasting contribution to how the profession understands inequality. The Forum, Book Review and Rediscovered Classics sections have continued to flourish, under the superb stewardship of Nora Lustig (Tulane University), Xavi Ramos (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona) and Peter Lambert (University of Oregon), respectively. Most recently, following our editorial board meeting in Bari (Italy), we have also renewed the Editorial Board, and expanded our cadre of Associate Editors, bringing in Markus Jantti, of Stockholm University. Markus joins an excellent group of Associate Editors, comprising Andrea Brandolini (Bank of Italy), Valentino Dardanoni (Universita di Palermo), Cacilia Garcia-Penalosa (Aix-Marseille University) and Buhong Zheng (University of Colorado, Denver). Over the last two years, these four public-spirited scholars have contributed to the Journal very generously with their time and expertise, and I have felt truly privileged to work alongside them. For various professional regions, I have resigned as Editor in Chief on January 31, 2014. I am delighted to report that Professor Stephen Jenkins, of the London School of Economics, has kindly agreed to replace me, and took over the helm on February 1st. Prof. Jenkins needs no introduction to anyone working on issues of economic inequality. He was appointed to the position by our publishers, Springer, following detailed consultations with the Society for the Study of Economic Inequality (ECINEQ). The Society, the publishers and I are truly
Ambient molecular imaging and depth profiling of live tissue by infrared laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Mass spectrometry in conjunction with atmospheric pressure ionization methods enables the in vivo investigation of biochemical changes with high specificity and sensitivity. Laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) is a recently introduced ambient ionization method suited for the analysis of biological samples with sufficient water content. With LAESI mass spectrometric analysis of chimeric Aphelandra squarrosa leaf tissue, we identify the metabolites characteristic for the green and yellow sectors of variegation. Significant parts of the related biosynthetic pathways (e.g., kaempferol biosynthesis) are ascertained from the detected metabolites and metabolomic databases. Scanning electron microscopy of the ablated areas indicates the feasibility of both two-dimensional imaging and depth profiling with a ∼350 µm lateral and ∼50 µm depth resolution. Molecular distributions of some endogenous metabolites show chemical contrast between the sectors of variegation and quantitative changes as the ablation ...
Feasibility study for communication over Power Distribution Networks of microprocessors

In this paper, we explore use of the Power Distribution Network (PDN) of a microprocessor as a communication channel for testing, debug, and diagnosis purposes. Feasibility of the proposed communication method is studied through direct measurements of microprocessor PDNs. Decoupling capacitors attached to the package make the PDN a low pass filter. However, the parasitic inductance of a decoupling capacitor becomes more significant beyond the self-resonant frequency, and our measurements on Intel microprocessor PDNs indicate that pass bands exist at frequencies beyond several 100 MHz. Impulse ultra wideband signals are a good candidate for communications over PDNs.
Concepts and applications of EEG analysis in aviation performance evaluation

Quantitative studies of the human EEG during signal detection, flight simulation and actual flight performance tasks are reviewed here from the perspective of basic animal research on the neurophysiological and functional correlates of relevant rhythmic patterns. Evidence is examined which relates distinct EEG frequency changes to psychomotor behavior, signal processing and intrinsic attentional modulation during complex performance. Findings indicate that the EEG can provide a valid and objective index for mental effort but, in addition, may reveal task-related cognitive resource allocation, task mastery and task overload.
Ethnicity and Stroke Beware of the Fallacies

The role of ethnicity in stroke has been the subject of a considerable number of published reports. A quick Medline search detected 454 citations on “ethnicity and stroke,” 386 on “stroke in blacks,” 251 on “stroke in African Americans,” and 74 on “stroke in Hispanics,” of which only a few can be mentioned here.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 There even exists a journal dedicated to ethnicity and health.13 However, the assumption that ethnicity is an isolated epidemiological variable delineating clinically distinct disease subgroups is controversial.14 15 16 17 The very concept of the word may be confounded with race (“black”), a common language or culture (“Hispanic”), a shared geographic origin (“Asian”), or a presumed common descent with diffuse boundaries (“Caucasian”). Ethnic categories are usually not defined in scientific reports, which results in dubious findings that are difficult to compare.18 The idea that a socially defined variable may reveal biological differences is fallacious, leading dangerously to biological determinism.15 For example, the genetic variation between races, traditionally classified on phenotype, is only slightly greater (10%) than that between nations (6%), and much larger within a local population (84%).18 19 Moreover, the genes responsible for skin color are few and are not associated with genetic markers for disease.14 Ethnicity as a variable may be too greatly influenced by cultural attitude and therefore biased. In the past, this attitude led to the entire invention of diseases on the basis of race. At a time when the genetic …
The small-sample power of Durbin's h test revisited

Abstract The small-sample power of several tests for serial correlation in regression models with lagged dependent variables is investigated. In contrast to other studies in the literature, it is found from size-adjusted power comparisons that the Durbin-Watson d test was generally the best test in tests against the alternative of positive serial correlation in the model disturbances, while the t test was generally best in tests against negative autocorrelation. The h test, when adjusted for the size of the test, performed relatively poorly.
Taurocholate Transport by Rat Liver Sinusoidal Membrane Vesicles: Evidence of Sodium Cotransport

To elucidate the first step in the vectorial transport of bile acids by the liver, plasma membrane vesicles were isolated from rat liver by differential and sucrose-Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. The membranes were selectively enriched 20-fold in Na+,K+−ATPase activity, a marker of sinusoidal plasma membranes. Electron microscopy of pellets from sinusoidal membrane fraction did not reveal other organelles. The initial rate of taurocholate uptake by the membrane vesicles was stimulated by a sodium gradient but not by a potassium gradient (Naoutside> Nainside). Sodium-dependent uptake of taurocholate was inhibited at low temperature (0oC), reduced by decreasing intravesicular space, and showed transstimulation in tracer exchange experiments indicating that uptake into vesicles, rather than binding to membranes, was occurring. Sodium-dependent taurocholate transport by the vesicles exhibited saturation kinetics with respect to taurocholate (apparent Km = 56 μM, Vmax = 0.65 nmoles per mg × 15 sec at 100 mM NaNO3 and 25oC) and sodium (apparent Km = 48 mM at 50 μM taurocholate). Other cations, such as lithium and choline, did not replace sodium in its stimulatory action. Sodium-dependent taurocholate uptake was selectively inhibited by cholic acid and probenecid. When the electrical potential difference across the vesicle membrane was altered by anion replacement, a more negative intravesicular potential inside the vesicles stimulated and a more positive potential inhibited sodium-dependent taurocholate transport. These data indicate the presence of a taurocholate-sodium cotransport system in the sinusoidal membranes of rat hepatocytes. This sodium-cotransport system probably participates in sodium-dependent uptake of bile acids into the hepatocyte. Bile acid secretion in the liver can be classified as secondary active transport.
Improving the public health workforce: Evaluation of a training course to enhance evidence-based decision making

An evidence-based public health (EBPH) course was developed in 1997 by the Prevention Research Center at Saint Louis University School of Public Health to train the public health workforce to enhance dissemination of EBPH in their public health practice. An on-line evaluation of the course was conducted among participants who attended the course from 2001 to 2004 to determine the impact the course had on the implementation of EBPH within their Respective public health agencies (n = 107). The majority of these individuals were program directors, managers, or coordinators working in state health departments. Results from the evaluation Revealed that 90 percent of participants indicated that the course helped them make more informed decisions in the workplace. Respondents identified improvement in their ability to communicate with their coworkers and Read Reports. When asked to identify potential barriers, participants specified that time constraints were the biggest impediment to using EBPH skills in the workplace. These data suggest the importance of professional training opportunities in EBPH for public health practitioners. Future endeavors should focus on overcoming the barriers to the dissemination of EBPH.
Pattern detection and the two-dimensional fourier transform: Circular targets

Abstract Contrast thresholds for circular J 0 targets and rectilinear sine-wave gratings behave quite differently as functions of spatial frequency; the ratio of the two thresholds varies as the first power of the frequency. This behavior is predicted by a model in which the threshold is governed, not by local contrast or any other feature in the stimulus domain, but rather by the component of maximum magnitude in the two-dimensional Fourier transforms of these stimulus patterns.
Educating for Peace: A Case Study of a Constructivist Approach to Understanding Peace through Artistic Expression

This paper discusses a project called “Making a PEACE of Paper,” which illustrates how children can explore the meaning and idea of peace through art while, at the same time, understanding other cultures in a meaningful and respectful way. It describes how students can use art and technology to overcome spatial boundaries and exchange creative ideas with students in another country. It also considers how to create ‘shared spaces’ that may help students from different backgrounds to better understand each other’s cultures. The visual art and technology projects, methods, and pedagogy discussed in this paper can be replicated by teachers and community peace educators easily and with minimal (if any) costs. Through this project, teachers and community peace educators may explore what ‘a peaceful future’ means to students and how they think this may be attained. This project provides an engaging framework for students to share ideas, discover meaning, and advance their own understanding of peace through collaboration, dialogue, and creation of artworks that represent their ideas. It is flexible and adaptable to various contexts, age groups, and settings. It also provides a model for authentic student voice in learning, extensive higher-level thinking, and a platform for collectively reaching new insights. The goal of this project is to provide a compelling way to allow students to “see” peace in a transformed way that will help lead to a more peaceful society. It is hoped that this project will motivate teachers and community educators to create a new vision of teaching this topic of peace.
Influence of exercise training and age on uncoupling protein mRNA expression in brown adipose tissue

The ability to regulate body temperature diminishes with age. Exercise training is known to increase cardiovascular performance, and there is some evidence of a cross-adaptation between exercise and cold tolerance in young rats. The present study was designed to examine the effects of physical training by treadmill running on the capacity for brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis in young and old rats. To this end, we assessed BAT uncoupling protein (UCP) mRNA expression in sedentary and exercise-trained 5- and 25-mo-old F-344 rats. The amount of UCP mRNA, whether expressed as per unit RNA or per BAT, did not change with either age or training. These data indicate that there is no cross-adaptation by exercise on adaptive thermogenesis in BAT in either young or old rats.
Heparin binding directs activation of T cells against adeno-associated virus serotype 2 capsid

Activation of T cells to the capsid of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 2 vectors has been implicated in liver toxicity in a recent human gene therapy trial of hemophilia B. To further investigate this kind of toxicity, we evaluated T-cell responses to AAV capsids after intramuscular injection of vectors into mice and nonhuman primates. High levels of T cells specific to capsids of vectors based on AAV2 and a phylogenetically related AAV variant were detected. Vectors from other AAV clades such as AAV8 (ref. 3), however, did not lead to activation of capsid-specific T cells. Through the generation of AAV2-AAV8 hybrids and the creation of site-directed mutations, we mapped the domain that directs the activation of T cells to the RXXR motif on VP3, which was previously shown to confer binding of the virion to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). Evaluation of natural and engineered AAV variants showed direct correlations between heparin binding, uptake into human dendritic cells (DCs) and activation of capsid-specific T cells. The role of heparin binding in the activation of CD8(+) T cells may be useful in modulating the immunogenicity of antigens and improving the safety profile of existing AAV vectors for gene therapy.
An optimal two-copy routing scheme in a communication network

The authors consider a static routing problem in a network with failure-prone links. Two copies of each externally generated message are sent from the source to the destination along two disjoint paths with the objective of reducing the delay resulting from retransmissions of unsuccessful packets. They formulate an optimal-routing problem using a suitable delay function. This results in a nonlinear programming problem of minimizing the delay over routing assignment under certain constraints. Specifically, they impose a disjoint-path constraint on the route assignment. This nonlinear program is solved by an iteration method incorporating a combinatorial algorithm. The solution converges to the global minimum for a convex objective function over a convex feasible region. >
On higher ground: ethical reasoning and its relationship with error disclosure

Background There is broad consensus that disclosure of harmful medical errors is vital to improve safety and is ethically required. Although most physicians-in-training are taught ethics, there have been no empirical studies on whether ethical reasoning is related to disclosure. We examined whether scores on a test of ethical reasoning were associated with greater willingness to disclose errors. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of house officers in internal medicine at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Ethical reasoning was assessed using the Defining Issues Test, V.2 (DIT-2). Higher DIT-2 scores are associated with more sophisticated ethical reasoning, and scores tend to improve after formal ethical training. Respondents were then given a medical error scenario with multiple scripted disclosure options. Ethical reasoning scores were compared for different levels of disclosure. Results A total of 29 out of 127 medicine residents completed the survey (response rate=22.8%). The 41% of residents who would explicitly tell a patient that, ‘an error happened’ had significantly higher DIT-2 scores than those who would not (51.1 vs 31.6, p<0.01) . Higher DIT-2 scores were found in the 62% of residents who would give the most detail about the error (44.8 vs 31.2, p=0.04) and in the 71% of residents who would take personal responsibility (43.5 vs 27.9, p=0.03). Conclusions Ethical reasoning scores were associated with acknowledging an error, providing more detailed explanations and taking personal responsibility. The low response rate may limit generalisability. Nevertheless, taken together with prior studies showing that ethical reasoning can be taught and measured, our findings suggest that ethical training may help to improve disclosure of medical errors.
Washingtonian Agrarianism: Antebellum Reformers and the Agrarian Image of George Washington

Abstract Nineteenth-century agricultural reformers held up George Washington as a model farmer in order to secure national legislation to aid the farm sector. Washington represented the ideals that they hoped to imbue in the farmers who were to supposedly benefit from this legislation such as the organic laws that created the United States Department of Agriculture and land-grant colleges. This essay examines the characteristics of Washington as well as the backgrounds of those using his image to find that the movement for the farm legislation of 1862 was far from a grassroots, populist movement because of the elitist origins of the reformers.
Biomarkers of Response to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Working Group: Standardization for Use in the Clinical Trial Setting

The body of literature on the correlations between molecular assessments and patient outcomes after treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors continues to grow. It will be important in the future to determine how to most effectively integrate molecular assays that assess the likelihood of therapeutic benefit into clinical practice. Although EGFR-targeted therapies such as erlotinib have been approved for use without molecular testing, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and mutational analyses of the EGFR gene have all been proposed as candidates to help predict response or survival benefit from EGFR-targeted therapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Further prospective validation from ongoing randomized studies will be needed to fully determine which assays are best to help predict patient outcome. In addition, it will be critical for these assays to undergo standardization before widespread clinical use. The Molecular Assays in NSCLC Working Group, under the sponsorship of Genentech Inc, Roche Pharmaceuticals, and OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc, was convened to evaluate the available molecular assays for use in the clinical trial setting and provide recommendations for application and interpretation of these tests for future clinical trials. Recommendations of the Molecular Assays in NSCLC Working Group for the use of EGFR molecular assays are presented and include guidelines for tissue storage, handling, and processing. Recommendations for the standardization of molecular assays are also discussed.
Partial state estimation for electricity grids

Power system operators rely critically on state estimation for verification, fault detection and localization, and re-dispatch under contingency operations. In current practice, power system data within a control area such as voltages, phases, real and reactive power flows and injections, are relayed to the operator using SCADA systems. State estimation is formulated as an over-determined weighted nonlinear least squares problem and the solver of choice is the Newton-Raphson method. Two critical issues are: (a) estimate quality, due to data latency or convergence to false local minima, and (b) computation time, due to the large number of state variables involved. In this paper, we explore techniques to accelerate state estimation by computing state estimates at a small subset of buses using limited measurements from the power subsystem of interest. These could be operator selected “important” buses which connect to “important” lines with significant real power transfer. Our techniques are inspired by uncertainty quantification methods. The influence of power flows from exogenous buses is treated as uncertainty which defines a feasible set of state variables consistent with available measurements. The state estimation problem can be cast as a non-convex optimization problem. We use a surrogate model relaxation and Shor's rank relaxation to obtain state estimates and associated error bounds at user-defined confidence levels.
Milky platelet concentrate: a second look

A unit of apheresis PLTs was collected from a 35-year-old volunteer donor after a high-fat meal-a hamburger for lunch. The donor weighs 270 lbs. A follow-up call revealed that he has been diagnosed with elevated cholesterol in the past. Previous apheresis PLT donations were not lipemic. A complete blood count result was acceptable for PLT donation criteria. The apheresis procedure was completed successfully. On gross evaluation of the unit at the transfusion medicine service, the appearance of the PLT concentrate was yellowish white, commonly described as "milky." PLT concentrates from donors who recently have eaten a fatty meal are often observed to be milky. Chemistries obtained from a sample taken from the PLT concentrate concluded that the triglyceride level was elevated to 1303 mg per dL (normal range, 35-160 mg/dL) with a normal cholesterol level. Although PLT concentrates with this visual appearance are considered acceptable for transfusion, some of our clients such as nurses and patients often question their safety and verify their acceptability and quality before infusion by calling the transfusion service. This particular unit was discarded. We believe that it may be timely to reconsider and have a second look at our donation practices. Should we advise donors to refrain from eating fatty foods before donation? This is an important issue for donor health, selection, and recipient confidence. In the United Kingdom, such donations are not released for issue. The donor of a milky unit is advised not to eat fatty food before donation.
Behavior Support Strategies in Early Childhood Settings: Teachers' Importance and Feasibility Ratings.

The current study investigated early childhood professionals' opinions regarding the use of behavioral supports for children with challenging behavior. Participants included early childhood special...
Two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopy

A new method for performing high-frequency, visible FM spectroscopy by using low-frequency detection is demonstrated. By using this technique, a detection limit of 323 μTorr m (path length) has been established for atmospheric-pressure-broadened NO2. This corresponds to a differential absorption of 1.0 × 10−5.
Prediction of ground‐water levels on basis of rainfall and temperate correlations

A method for predicting ground-water levels in the glacial-outwash deposits in the Ohio River valley near Louisville involves development of curves by graphical correlation to define the effects of winter precipitation and winter temperature on recharge to the water table, and to determine the decline of the water table as water leaks into the Ohio River. Recharge occurs in the winter when evaporation and transpiration are at a minimum and when the soil is at or near field capacity. Several months is required for the water to percolate through about 60 feet of alluvium to reach the water table.
A Novel Sustained Vector Technique for the Detection of Hardware Trojans

Intentional tampering in the internal circuit structure by implanting Trojans can result in disastrous operational consequences. While a faulty manufacturing leads to a nonfunctional device, effect of an external implant can be far more detrimental. Therefore, effective detection and diagnosis of such maligned ICs in the post silicon testing phase is imperative, if the parts are intended to be used in mission critical applications. We propose a novel sustained vector methodology that proves to be very effective in detecting the presence of a Trojan in an IC. Each vector is repeated multiple times at the input of both the genuine and the Trojan circuits that ensures the reduction of extraneous toggles within the genuine circuit. Regions showing wide variations in the power behavior are analyzed to isolate the infected gate(s). Experimental results on ISCAS benchmark circuits show that this approach can magnify the behavioral difference between a genuine and infected IC up to thirty times as compared to the previous approaches.
Erkennung und Vorbeugung von Bleivergiftung

Es ist seit langem bekannt, das viele Stoffe eine harmlose — vielleicht sogar wohltatige — Wirkung auf den tierischen Organismus ausuben konnen, wenn sie in kleinen Mengen in den Korper gelangen, das sie jedoch schadlich oder gar todlich wirken, wenn sie in groseren Mengen aufgenommen werden. Mit der Erkenntnis des praktisch allgegenwartigen Vorkommens von Blei im Boden, in Nahrungsmitteln, in Getranken, in den Geweben der Tiere sowie in den Geweben und Ausscheidungen des Menschen wurde es klar, das Blei in diese Grappe von Stoffen gehort. Die qualitativen und quantitativen Vorgange beim normalen Bleiaustausch im Korper sind an anderer Stelle beschrieben worden (4, 5, 6, 7, 8), und es ist nicht notig, sie hier im einzelnen zu erortern. Immer und immer wieder, so lange, bis es vollig begriffen wird, mus jedoch darauf hingewiesen werden, welche praktische Bedeutung diese Vorgange fur die Erkennung einer Bleieinwirkung gefahrlichen Ausmases und fur die Diagnose der Bleivergiftung besitzen.
A dynamic associative processor for machine vision applications

The use of massively parallel associative processors as coprocessors for accelerating machine vision applications is considered. They achieve very fine granularity, as every word of memory functions as a simple processing element. A dense, dynamic, content-addressable memory cell supports fully parallel operation, and pitch-matched word logic improves arithmetic performance with minimal area cost. An asynchronous reconfigurable mesh network handles interprocessor communication and image input/output, and an area-efficient pass-transistor circuit counts and prioritizes responders. Some applications are discussed. >
Pulp Reaction to a Polycarboxylate Cement in Monkeys

Pulp response to a polycarboxylate cement was evaluated microscopically in 48 teeth with intact dentin floors, and in 55 teeth with exposed pulps. The innocuous effect of polycarboxylate cements on the pulp was substantiated, although its use for pulp capping is not recommended.
Do diuretics and aldosterone receptor antagonists improve ventricular remodeling

There is no evidence that loop diuretics improve ventricular remodeling in patients with heart failure. Aldosterone receptor antagonists, which have an effect on natriuresis and diuresis, especially in conjunction with an angiotensin converting enzyme–inhibitor, have been shown to improve ventricular remodeling in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The mechanisms for this beneficial effect and a reduction in death due to progressive heart failure seen in the randomized aldosterone evaluation study (RALES) is likely related to the effect of aldosterone receptor antagonism on myocardial collagen formation and ventricular hypertrophy. Further proof of this hypothesis should be forthcoming from the results of the Eplerenone Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS) early in 2003 in which the aldosterone receptor antagonist eplerenone is being evaluated in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction post myocardial infarction.
Knowing When You've Brought Them in: Scientific Genre Knowledge and Communities of Practice

Increasingly, researchers in the learning sciences are appealing to notions of community to shape the design of learning technologies and curricular innovations. Many of these designs, including those in the area of project-based science, show strong promise; but, it is a challenging matter to understand the influences of these innovations in a detailed enough fashion to refine them over time. This work demands sensitive, theoretically grounded ways to assess the depth to which particular facets of innovations help enculturate students into communities of discourse and practice. Taking genre theory and the sociology of science as points of departure, I demonstrate a unique approach to the problems of developing and assessing students' understanding of persuasive practices in the scientific community. The research I discuss revolves around students' use of a professional scientific genre of scientific writing, the Research Article or Introduction, Methods, Results, Discission (IMRD) report (Swales, 1990), ...
Splicing of a group II intron involved in the conjugative transfer of pRS01 in lactococci.

Analysis of a region involved in the conjugative transfer of the lactococcal conjugative element pRS01 has revealed a bacteria] group II intron. Splicing of this lactococcal intron (designated Ll.ltrB) in vivo resulted in the ligation of two exon messages (ltrBE1 and ltrBE2) which encoded a putative conjugative relaxase essential for the transfer of pRS01. Like many group II introns, the Ll.ltrB intron possessed an open reading frame (ltrA) with homology to reverse transcriptases. Remarkably, sequence analysis of ltrA suggested a greater similarity to open reading frames encoded by eukaryotic mitochondrial group II introns than to those identified to date from other bacteria. Several insertional mutations within ltrA resulted in plasmids exhibiting a conjugative transfer-deficient phenotype. These results provide the first direct evidence for splicing of a prokaryotic group II intron in vivo and suggest that conjugative transfer is a mechanism for group II intron dissemination in bacteria.
Temporal Aspects of Homes

There are many ways of studying homes, each focusing on a different aspect, such as physical qualities, satisfaction, use patterns, and phenomenological experiences. Our thesis is that, central to any of these aspects of homes, and therefore integral to the distinction between house and home,are the temporal qualities of linear and cyclical time and their subordinate qualities of salience, scale, pace, and rhythm. The goal of this chapter is to propose a general framework that describes these key temporal qualities in the context of a broader transactional orientation. The chapter has four major sections: (1) a description of the transactional world view and of the home as a transactional unity; (2) a discussion of the proposed temporal framework bolstered by examples from a variety of societies; (3) two case studies that demonstrate the application of the framework; and (4) potential research and practical implications of the model.
Amenorrhea and Anovulation

When the temperature chart and biopsy show a lack of ovulation, more intensive investigation must be carried out to identify the cause, so that appropriate therapy might be instituted.
The Single Case Study as Intellectually Ambitious Inquiry

In the canons of social science research the single case study, when compared with quantitative forms of research or multiple case studies, is ordinarily judged to be lacking in rigor, comparability, and replicability. The single case study is an extremely valuable method of social science research when used for the purpose of analyzing how people frame and solve problems. This, however, is a weak defense for the use of the single case study in public management research. A considerably stronger defense of this methodobgy is presented here, demonstrating the capability of the single case study to support empirical generalizations. Drawing on the schema and analysis of ]erry L. Mashaw and Charles E. lindbloom, I demonstrate the capability of the single case study to produce empirical generalizations regarding administrative rationality, professional treatment, and normative reasoning.
Teaching Big Data with a Virtual Cluster

Both industry and academia are confronting the challenge of big data, i.e., data processing that involves data so voluminous or arriving at such high velocity that no single commodity machine is capable of storing or processing them all. A common approach to handling big data is to divide and distribute the processing job to a cluster of machines. Ideally, a course that teaches students how to work with big data would provide students access to a cluster for hands-on practice. However, a cluster of physical, on-premise machines may be prohibitively expensive, particularly at smaller institutions with smaller budgets.In this report, we summarize our experiences developing and using a virtual cluster in a big data mining and analytics course at a small private liberal arts college. A single moderately-sized server hosts a cluster of virtual machines, which run the popular Apache Hadoop system. The virtual cluster gives students hands-on experience and costs less than an equal number of physical machines. It is also easily constructed and reconfigured. We describe our implementation, analyze its performance characteristics, and compare costs with physical clusters and the Amazon Elastic MapReduce cloud service. We summarize our use of the virtual cluster in the classroom and show student feedback.
A Stable Heterokaryon of Endothia parasitica

Ausmus, B. S., and M. Witkamp. 1973. Litter and soil microbial dynamics in a deciduous forest stand. USAEC Rep. No. EDFB-IBP 73-10, Oak Ridge National Lab. Cromack, K. Jr., P. Sollins, W. C. Graustein, K. Speidel, A. W. Todd, G. Spycher, C. Y. Li, and R. L. Todd. 1979. Calcium oxylate accumulation and soil weathering in mats of the hypogeous fungus Hysterangium crassum. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11: 463-468.
Chlorpromazine-induced glucose intolerance in the mouse.

SummaryIntraperitoneally administered chlorpromazine produced a dose-related increase in blood glucose levels in the mouse. The magnitude of the hyperglycemic response is related to liver glycogen levels, since fasting depleted liver glycogen and attenuated the hyperglycemic response. Mice quickly develop tolerance to the hyperglycemic effect of CPZ and 18 hr after a single dose of chlorpromazine a second dose of the drug is not hyperglycemic. Tolerance to chlorpromazine-induced hyperglycemia does not impart tolerance to the hyperglycemic effects of either epinephrine or alloxan. Chlorpromazine was also found to reduce glucose tolerance in mice, but the reduced glucose tolerance is not completely antagonized by pretreatment with CPZ.The authors thank Mrs. Judith Stilwell for providing excellent technical assistance.
Behavior of Magneto-Rheological Fluids Subject to Impact and Shock Loading

Investigations on the design of controllable magneto-rheological (MR) fluid devices have focused heavily on low velocity and frequency applications. The extensive work in this area has led to a good understanding of MR fluid properties at low velocities and frequencies. However, the issues concerning MR fluid behavior in impact and shock applications are relatively unknown. To investigate MR fluid properties in this regime, a drop-tower was developed to subject MR fluid dampers to impulsive loads. The drop-tower design uses a guided drop-mass, which is released from variable heights to achieve different impact energies. The nominal drop-mass is 55 lb and additional weight may be added to reach a maximum of 500 lb. The nominal drop-mass of 55 lb was used throughout this study. Five drop-heights were investigated, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 inches, corresponding to impact velocities of 86, 127, 182, 224 and 260 in/s. Two fundamental MR damper configurations were tested, a single-stage, double-ended piston and a two-stage, mono-tube with nitrogen accumulator. Both dampers operate in the valve flow mode and contain MRF-128 TD fluid from Lord Corporation. The results indicate that the two damper configurations exhibit different force-displacement characteristics during impulsive loading. For the single-stage, double-ended damper, the peak force occurs close to the beginning of the impact. Conversely, the two-stage, mono-tube damper does not reach the peak force until after the nitrogen accumulator bottoms out. To verify this behavior, a theoretical model of the accumulator is derived and compared to the experimental data. The results also show that for a given impact velocity, the peak force does not depend on the current supplied to the damper. Since increasing the supply current causes an increase in the apparent yield stress, it was anticipated that the peak force would depend on the supply current as well. This disagreement is hypothesized to be the result of the fluid inertia preventing the fluid from accelerating fast enough to accommodate the rapid piston displacement. Thus, the peak force is primarily attributed to fluid compression, rather than the resistance to flow associated with the fluid passing through the magnetic field. It is important to note that this study is in its early stages and only preliminary conclusions are presented. Follow up publications will include additional results and modeling, and attempt to relate device design and MR fluid properties to dynamic behavior.© 2003 ASME
On the Use of Kriging Models to Approximate Deterministic Computer Models

The use of kriging models for approximation and metamodel-based design and optimization has been steadily on the rise in the past decade. The widespread usage of kriging models appears to be hampered by (1) the lack of guidance in selecting the appropriate form of the kriging model, (2) computationally efficient algorithms for estimating the model’s parameters, and (3) an effective method to assess the resulting model’s quality. In this paper, we compare (1) Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Cross-Validation (CV) parameter estimation methods for selecting a kriging model’s parameters given its form and (2) and an R2 of prediction and the corrected Akaike Information Criterion for assessing the quality of the created kriging model, permitting the comparison of different forms of a kriging model. These methods are demonstrated with six test problems. Finally, different forms of kriging models are examined to determine if more complex forms are more accurate and easier to fit than simple forms of kriging models for approximating computer models.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A Review of “The Strategy Bridge: Theory for Practice and Perspectives on Strategy” and "Perspectives on Strategy"

Given that the practice of strategy is absolutely critical to successful statecraft, one might be tempted to assume that the word itself invariably is used in a highly disciplined manner. That, unf...