cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonspeech Oral Movements and Oral Motor Disorders: A Narrative Review

Purpose Speech and other oral functions such as swallowing have been compared and contrasted with oral behaviors variously labeled quasispeech, paraspeech, speechlike, and nonspeech, all of which o...
Stratified reporting of high sensitivity troponin I assay is associated with suboptimal management of patients with acute coronary syndrome and intermediate troponin elevation.

Background Newer troponin assays provide high sensitivity and precision and are reported in a stratified manner by some laboratories. We sought to investigate the clinical impact of such reporting in the treatment of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods We identified patients presenting with suspected ACS over a one-year period. Patients were stratified based on their peak troponin I values within 24 hours of admission into the following categories as reported by our laboratory: troponin value ≤0.03 ng/ml, which is reported as normal (negative troponin group), troponin value 0.04–0.29 ng/ml, which is reported as suggestive of myocardial damage (intermediate troponin group), and troponin value ≥0.3 ng/ml which is reported as indicative of myocardial necrosis (high troponin group). Results Plasma troponin concentrations were ≤0.03 ng/ml in 77 patients (68.7%), 0.04–0.29 ng/ml in 18 patients (16.1%), and ≥0.30 ng/ml in 17 patients (15.2%). Patients in the intermediate troponin group had thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk scores that were similar to that of the high troponin group. Despite this, patients in the intermediate troponin group were almost 50% less likely to receive coronary angiography, anticoagulation, and clopidogrel when compared to the high troponin group. Conclusion Patients in the intermediate troponin group that meet the guideline definition of acute myocardial infarction are less likely to receive optimal medical and invasive therapy as compared to the high troponin group even though TIMI risk scores were similar in the two groups.
HDD navigation system

Car navigation systems have been evolving since the first type GPS navigation system was launched. The increasing amount of map data and related information have been stored on CD-ROM disks and DVD-ROM disks. In the latest HDD navigation system, the map data is stored on HDD, so the driver can operate navigation and the passenger in the rear seats can enjoy watching DVD-video at the same time. We describe the basic technologies of the HDD car navigation system that has many functions for operating as a navigation and music server. The functions provided by the system include a three-dimensional map using a geometry engine on a graphic display controller (GDC), route guidance, voice recognition of the navigation commands and encoding and decoding of music stored on the HDD.
Effect of Nitrogen Rate and the Environment on Physicochemical Properties of Selected High-Amylose Rice Cultivars

Genetic marker haplotypes for the Waxy and alk genes are associated with amylose content and gelatinization temperature, respectively, and are used by breeders to develop rice cultivars that have physicochemical properties desired by the parboiling and canning industries. Cultivars that provide consistent processing quality across diverse production environments are important to the industry. This study determined if measures of processing quality differed among cultivars, fertility treatments, and production environments. Nine cultivars having high amylose content (>23.0%) but with different Waxy and alk haplotypes were evaluated in three environments and using three nitrogen fertility levels. Although environment and fertility levels significantly (P < 0.05) impacted protein content, gelatinization temperatures, and peak, trough, and final paste viscosities, cultivars performed consistently across production environments and fertility applications. Differences were observed among cultivars in paste visc...
Algorithms for Black-Box Fields and their Application to Cryptography

We introduce the notion of a black box field and present several algorithms for manipulating such fields. Black box fields arise naturally in cryptography and our algorithms have several cryptographic implications. First, our results show that any algebraically homomorphic cryptosystem can be broken in sub-exponential time. The existence of such cryptosystems was posed as an open problem in [12]. Second we show that over elliptic (or hyperelliptic) curves the hardness of computing discrete-log implies the security of the Diffie-Hellman protocol. This provable security of the Diffie-Hellman protocol over elliptic curves demonstrates an additional advantage of elliptic curve cryptosystems over conventional ones. Finally, we prove that manipulating black box fields over the rationals is as hard as factoring integers.
Functionalized polyacetals, 1. Copolymerization of trioxane with 1,3-dioxep-5-ene and properties of the resulting copolymer

1,3,5-Trioxane (1) and 1,3-dioxep-5-ene (2) were copolymerized with BF3OEt2 at 65°C. The products, after base hydrolysis, were characterized by 13C and 1H NMR and were found to assume the chemical structure 4 of a copolymer containing oxymethylene and oxy-2-butenylene units with 4-hydroxy-2-butenyl and methoxy end groups, with the ratio of hydroxy-2-butenylene to methoxy end groups varying with experimental conditions. The copolymer demonstrates crystallinity and thermal stability comparable to poly(trioxane-co-ethylene oxide)s. Copolymer melting point was observed to decrease with increasing comonomer incorporation. The upper limit for incorporation of the comonomer 2 was found to be ca. 4 mol per cent. Viscosity and end group analysis (by 1H NMR) indicate molecular weights in the range of 104 to 105. The comonomeric unit demonstrates the ability to act as both a stopper against unzipping and as a trap for certain degrading agents.
Effective interaction parameter between branched and linear polystyrene

Values of the effective interaction parameter (χ) between regular, long-branched polystyrene chains and their linear analogues were measured with small-angle neutron scattering for several star-branched chains and one comb-type polymer. The contribution to this interaction due to architecture alone increases monotonically with star functionality for the set of polymers studied here. The interaction appears to be less sensitive to variations in arm size than would be expected from fluctuation theory predictions by G. H. Fredrickson, A. Liu, and F. S. Bates (Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2503) for a purely entropic interaction due to architecture. The change in χ with the volume fraction of the star in the blend is in agreement with the theory, however. The magnitudes of the interaction in the star/linear blends are small enough that bulk phase separation is unlikely, whereas that in the comb/linear blend is about 20 times higher for the same number of arms. Thus, bulk phase separation can be readily expected for comb/linear blends at commercially relevant values of molecular weights. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2549–2561, 2001
Experimental study of aerogel Cherenkov detectors for particle identification

Abstract A feasibility study of using silica aerogel as a radiator in a threshold Cherenkov counter was done in preparation for an upgrade of the CLEO detector at CESR. The detector design requires separation of kaons from pions in the momentum range of 0.7–2.8 GeV/ c with statistical resolving power of 10 −4 and ability to operate the device in a 1.5 T magnetic field. This note summarizes the results of an R&D and simulation studies as well as a conceptual design that satisfies such requirements.
Barbour Terrace Revisited: Ellison Orr's 1938 Survey in Modern Perspective

Ellison Orr’s 1938 investigation of the Glenwood locality included surveys and test excavations at a lower Pony Creek valley site that were only briefly reported, and the recovered artifacts were never analyzed. Maps, artifacts, and documentation from the site are analyzed, indicating a multi-component occupation in the upper stratum of an alluvial fan with most materials related to a Nebraska phase component. Later excavations encountered earthlodge remains near Orr’s excavations, indicating that Barbour Terrace is part of an extensive complex of Nebraska phase houses at the mouth of Pony Creek that may be considered a village. That Nebraska phase houses are associated with exterior activity areas is supported by Orr’s excavations.
A kinetic study of pig liver glucose dehydrogenase

Abstract The steady state kinetics of pig liver glucose dehydrogenase with NAD, NADP, d -glucose, and d -xylose as substrates is reported. Alternate substrate, product inhibition, and dead-end inhibition studies support an ordered Bi Bi mechanism as is the case with arabinose (fucose) dehydrogenase from the same source. Only NADH acts as an inhibitor, whereas NADPH, xylolactone, and gluconolactone exhibit no product inhibition. Insulin and glucagon have no effect on glucose dehydrogenase kinetics in vitro .
Option prices for groundwater protection

Abstract This paper reports results from a contingent valuation study of households' willingness-to-pay pay to prevent uncertain, future nitrate contamination of a potable supply of groundwater. The functional form of the corresponding logit model is derived from utility maximization theory. Probability of future demand, change in the probability of future supply, and an attitudinal score for interests in the well-being of future generations are significant, positive determinants of option prices. Several implications of these results for aquifer management policy are highlighted.
Robust Dictionary Attack of Short Simple Substitution Ciphers

Simple substitution ciphers are a class of puzzles often found in newspapers, in which each plaintext letter is mapped to a fixed ciphertext letter and spaces are preserved. In this article, a system for automatically solving them is described even when the ciphertext is too short for statistical analysis, and when the puzzle contains non-dictionary words. The approach is based around a dictionary attack; several important performance optimizations are described as well as effective techniques for dealing with non-dictionary words. Quantitative performance results for several variations of the approach and two other implementations are presented.
$\chi^2$ Random Fields in Space and Time

This paper introduces some χ 2 random functions, which are not homogeneous (stationary) in general, but contain the stationary case as a special case, and whose correlation structures are nonparametric and flexible so that many parametric forms can be specified. The mean square differentiability of such χ 2 random function is discussed. We also make the comparison of two χ 2 random functions through their finite-dimensional Laplace transforms.
Ring-opening reactions of ethylene oxide on Pd(110) surfaces

Abstract Ethylene oxide (EO) reactions on Pd(110) surfaces were investigated under ultra-high vacuum conditions using temperature programmed reaction/desorption. EO adsorbed on clean Pd(110) at 120–260 K underwent ring-opening, leading to the formation of methane at 325 K. The ratio of methane to CO produced exhibited a dependence on coverage. Furthermore, deuterium coadsorption experiments produced methane containing up to two deuterium atoms, suggestive of the presence of hydrocarbon species less hydrogen-rich than methyl groups on the surface. There was also evidence of C2 hydrocarbon dehydrogenation at ca. 450 K, reminiscent of ethylene dehydrogenation on the clean Pd(110) surface. These observations are consistent with the release of CH2 species in the course of EO decomposition on this surface. However, this is in contrast with acetaldehyde decarbonylation on the clean Pd(110) surface, where decarbonylation appears to lead to the release of methyl species on the surface. Studies of EO decomposition on oxygen-precovered Pd(110) surfaces indicated that the EO oxidation does not proceed via carboxylate intermediates; rather the epoxide decomposes to CO, which combines with oxygen on the surface to produce carbon dioxide. Again, in the light of the oxidation chemistry of acetaldehyde on oxygen-precovered metal surfaces, where acetate intermediates are formed, it is suggested that ring-opening of EO on Pd(110) does not proceed via isomerization to an acetaldehyde intermediate, but occurs by sequential CO and CC scission reactions.
VORTEX INITIATION DURING DYNAMIC STALL OF AN AIRFOIL

The flow field around an oscillating airfoil is evaluated numerically, using the stream function‐vorticity formulation of the Navier‐Stokes equations. An algebraic turbulence model, adapted from the Baldwin‐Lomax model, is included in solving the time‐averaged Reynolds equations. Computed pressure distribution for turbulent flow past a stationary airfoil is compared with measurements. Finally, for the oscillating airfoil cases, the computations are performed in order to determine the history of pressure distribution and to identify the nature of the vortex initiation on the suction surface for laminar and turbulent flow. Our results for laminar flow show that minute circular shaped vortices are formed on the surface prior to the dominant vortex formation. Flattened vortices are formed on the surface in turbulent flow, prior to the formation of the dominant large vortex structure.
Turbulent Vortex Ring/Free Surface Interaction

The interaction of turbulent vortex rings that approach a clean water surface under various angles is experimentally investigated. The temporal evolution of the vortex rings with an initial Reynolds number of Re_0 = 7500 is characterized by the laminar/turbulent transition and asymptotic relaminarization of the flow. Using the shadowgraph technique, two major flow cases were identified as a result of the vortex-ring/free-surface interaction: a trifurcation case that results from the interaction during the transition stage, and a bifurcation case that evolves during the fully-developed turbulent stage. In contrast to the laminar interaction, the turbulent bifurcation pattern is characterized by the reconnection and mutual interaction of many small-scale structures. Simultaneous digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) and shadowgraph measurements reveal that the evolution of the small-scale structures at the free surface is strongly dominated by the bifurcation pattern, which in turn is a consequence of the persisting laminar sublayer in the core regions of the reconnected turbulent vortex loops.
Nanogeometry: Beyond drug delivery

Nanoparticles can control the basic functions of cells, and potentially kill cancer cells, by virtue of their size alone without the need for drugs.
Number of siblings and intellectual development: The resource dilution explanation.

The resource dilution model posits that parental resources are finite and that as the number of children in the family increases, the resources accrued by any one child necessarily decline. Siblings are competitors for parents' time, energy, and financial resources and so the fewer the better. Even one sibling is too many. The author describes the general elements of the dilution position and assesses its merits for explaining the effect of siblings on one component of the educational process--tests of intellectual development. The author identifies critical flaws in recent critiques of the dilution position and concludes that dilution continues to provide the most promising explanation for why children with few siblings score higher on tests of cognitive skills than children with many siblings.
Cloud Seeding and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning

Abstract During the summers of 1958 to 1962, convective clouds over a mountain range in southeastern Arizona were seeded by means of airborne silver-iodide generators. The data collected do not allow a conclusion that the seeding influenced the amount of cloud-to-ground lightning.
Ultrastructure of ristocetin aggregated normal human platelets: tortuous boundaries and swollen granules.

The effects of ristocetin on human platelets were investigated by aggregometry and electron microscopy. We confirmed the finding that ristocetin induces platelet aggregation. Biphasic platelet aggregation, such as is observed with ADP, was also seen with ristocetin. The gross appearance of ristocetin aggregated specimens differed markedly from those induced by ADP or collagen. On electron microscopic examination the boundaries of the aggregated platelets were noted to be extremely tortuous with electron dense lines between membranes, and there were many swollen α-granules. At the periphery of the aggregates, the platelets were markedly degranulated. The plasma membranes of degranulated platelets were occasionally lysed. Morphological alterations of platelets exposed to ristocetin appeared to continue even after maximum aggregation, as recorded in the aggregometer, had been achieved.
ARTSense: Anonymous reputation and trust in participatory sensing

With the proliferation of sensor-embedded mobile computing devices, participatory sensing is becoming popular to collect information from and outsource tasks to participating users. These applications deal with a lot of personal information, e.g., users' identities and locations at a specific time. Therefore, we need to pay a deeper attention to privacy and anonymity. However, from a data consumer's point of view, we want to know the source of the sensing data, i.e., the identity of the sender, in order to evaluate how much the data can be trusted. “Anonymity” and “trust” are two conflicting objectives in participatory sensing networks, and there are no existing research efforts which investigated the possibility of achieving both of them at the same time. In this paper, we propose ARTSense, a framework to solve the problem of “trust without identity” in participatory sensing networks. Our solution consists of a privacy-preserving provenance model, a data trust assessment scheme and an anonymous reputation management protocol. We have shown that ARTSense achieves the anonymity and security requirements. Validations are done to show that we can capture the trust of information and reputation of participants accurately.
PARALLEL IMPLEMENTATION FOR SOLVING THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS ON A CELL-CENTERED, UNSTRUCTURED GRID

A compressible, two-dimensional, unstructured-grid Navier-Stokes solver has been developed for subsonic viscous flows. Pseudo-time preconditioning is applied to improve low Much number convergence for primitive as well as conserved variables. The scheme was implemented on a workstation and on the Ncube2s, which utilizes the multiple-instruction, multiple-data (MIMD) approach to parallel computing. A detailed description of the implementation procedure for an unstructured-grid flow solver on a MIMD computer is given. Test cases include steady as well as unsteady flows.
SubMAP: aligning metabolic pathways with subnetwork mappings

We consider the problem of aligning two metabolic pathways Unlike traditional approaches, we do not restrict the alignment to one-to-one mappings between the molecules of the input pathways We follow the observation that in nature different organisms can perform the same or similar functions through different sets of reactions and molecules The number and the topology of the molecules in these alternative sets often vary from one organism to another In other words, given two metabolic pathways of arbitrary topology, we would like to find a mapping that maximizes the similarity between the molecule subsets of query pathways of size at most a given integer k We transform this problem into an eigenvalue problem The solution to this eigenvalue problem produces alternative mappings in the form of a weighted bipartite graph We then convert this graph to a vertex weighted graph The maximum weight independent subset of this new graph is the alignment that maximizes the alignment score while ensuring consistency We call our algorithm SubMAP (Subnetwork Mappings in Alignment of Pathways) We evaluate its accuracy and performance on real datasets Our experiments demonstrate that SubMAP can identify biologically relevant mappings that are missed by traditional alignment methods and it is scalable for real size metabolic pathways. Availability: Our software and source code in C++ is available at http://bioinformatics.cise.ufl.edu/SubMAP.html
Basic Evaluation of Female Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence is a common disorder that is frequently underreported because of its social implications. Although several types of urinary incontinence are recognized, they can be generally classifed as failure of the bladder to store or failure of the urethral mechanism. A systematic approach for the evaluation of incontinence that includes history, physical examination, basic laboratory tests, and often urodynamic evaluation, offers the most comprehensive assessment of the etiology of incontinence.
Congenital stem cell dysfunction associated with Turner-like phenotype.

involved, abscesses form underneath intact skin. Absence of fluctuation in such lesions may occasionally be due to lack of pus, but more often is due to the deep location of the abscess. We could determine the absence or presence of pus, often in copious amounts, only upon incising lesions. Local t reatment recommended in this disease has been limited to the application of gentamicin to necrotic skirt lesions in burned patients? The cases reported here illustrate the importance of local drainage in order to promote rapid healing. We recommend that incision and drainage be routinely incorporated in the therapeutic management of Pseudomonas sepsis with ecthymatous lesions.
Safety, efficacy, and stability indices of LASEK correction in moderate myopia and astigmatism

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the visual outcomes and complications in low to moderate levels of myopia and astigmatism treated with laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) with a focus on postoperative recovery. Setting: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Methods: A retrospective analysis of a case series of eyes treated with LASEK from 1996 to July 2002 with a follow-up of 2 years was performed. The LASEK technique involved creating an epithelial flap with 25 to 45 seconds of exposure to 20% alcohol, ablating the corneal surface using 3 different excimer lasers and nomogram adjustment, and repositioning the flap and applying a bandage contact lens. The main outcome measures were uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), efficacy index, manifest refraction, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), safety index, retreatment rate, and complications. Results: One hundred seventy-one eyes (85 right eyes and 86 left eyes) of 105 patients were studied. Preoperatively, the mean spherical equivalent was −2.99 diopters (D) ± 1.43 (SD) (range −0.38 to −7.75 D) and the mean cylinder, −0.78 ± 0.73 D. The UCVA ranged from 20/800 to 20/32, and the BSCVA ranged from 20/63 to 20/16; the median was 20/20. One week postoperatively, 96% of eyes had a UCVA of 20/40 or better but definitive visual recovery took more than 4 weeks in some eyes. Approximately 95% of eyes were within ±1.0 D of emmetropia after 4 to 52 weeks; the remaining 5% did not show major deviations. At 4 to 52 weeks, only 1 eye was overcorrected by more than 1.0 D of manifest refraction. The safety index remained close to 1.0 for the follow-up after 4 weeks. The efficacy index displayed a plateau at 0.9 from 1 month to 1 year. No serious complication (including recurrent erosion syndrome) was encountered. The mean follow-up was 31 weeks, and the retreatment rate was 2.9% up to 2 years of follow-up. Conclusions: The long-term safety and effectiveness of LASEK for the correction of low to moderate myopia and astigmatism were demonstrated. The treatment effect stabilized after 4 weeks.
How Human Tumor Viruses Make Use of Autophagy

Viruses commandeer regulatory pathways of their hosts to optimize their success as cellular parasites. The human tumor viruses, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) all affect autophagy for their own ends. EBV and KSHV regulate it during latent infections, a phase when no progeny virus is produced, while HBV and HCV use autophagy to promote their productive infections. Here we shall compare and contrast how these human tumor viruses regulate autophagy and what they gain by the appropriation of this cellular pathway.
Web-based visual analytics for extreme scale climate science

In this paper, we introduce a Web-based visual analytics framework for democratizing advanced visualization and analysis capabilities pertinent to large-scale earth system simulations. We address significant limitations of present climate data analysis tools such as tightly coupled dependencies, inefficient data movements, complex user interfaces, and static visualizations. Our Web-based visual analytics framework removes critical barriers to the widespread accessibility and adoption of advanced scientific techniques. Using distributed connections to back-end diagnostics, we minimize data movements and leverage HPC platforms. We also mitigate system dependency issues by employing a RESTful interface. Our framework embraces the visual analytics paradigm via new visual navigation techniques for hierarchical parameter spaces, multi-scale representations, and interactive spatio-temporal data mining methods that retain details. Although generalizable to other science domains, the current work focuses on improving exploratory analysis of large-scale Community Land Model (CLM) and Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) simulations.
Juvenile desipramine reduces adult sensitivity to imipramine in two behavioral tests

The behavioral effects of adult imipramine administration were examined in female rats treated with desipramine as juveniles (JDES), treated with saline as juveniles (JSAL), and untreated as juveniles (JUNT). In the forced swimming test, the juvenile groups displayed similar behavioral effects of imipramine when administered short term following a pretest forced swimming exposure. Similar effects of imipramine were observed when administered long term prior to the only test exposure. When rats were not given a pretest forced swimming test exposure, short-term imipramine had no effect on JDES rats but did influence JSAL and JUNT rats. In the open-field test, short- and long-term imipramine treatment affected the behavior of JUNT and JSAL rats. Short-term imipramine treatment influenced open-field behavior of JDES animals, but long-term imipramine treatment had no effect. These results suggest that JDES treatment may permanently alter the neural mechanism underlying the behavioral effects of antidepressant treatment.
Dynamics of a Laser-Irradiated Adatom.

Abstract The dynamics of an adsorbed atom irradiated by an I.R. laser in resonance with a single pair of states of the vibrational adbond is studied. Using a non-perturbative treatment for the laser-adbond interaction, a master equation is derived, which governs the time evolution of the populations of the laser-dressed states of the adbond. The effect of resonant heating and laser-induced desorption, as an example of a possible laser-induced surface process, is discussed.
Global multistage, multispectral sampling capabilities in the late 1990s with sensors on Landsat 7 and the EOS AM1 platform

In 1998, two significant components of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth program, Landsat 7 and the first Earth Observing System, morning equator-crossing platform (EOS AM1), are each scheduled to be launched into 705 km, sun-synchronous orbits. Landsat 7 will carry the enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) sensor, while the premier instrument on the EOS AM1 platform will be the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS). In addition, NASA is currently assessing an option to fly a Landsat ocean color instrument (LOCI) on the Landsat 7 spacecraft along with the ETM+. The Landsat ETM+ will: (a) cover a ground swath of 185 km, (b) provide 30 m multispectral coverage over six bands in the visible (VIS), near infrared (NIR), and shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions, as well as a 15 m panchromatic (PAN) band and a 60 m thermal IR (TIR) band, and (c) yield global repeat coverage every 16 days. By contrast, the LOCI, would, if flown: (a) cover a usable ground swath of approximately equals 2000 km, (b) provide approximately equals 1.1 km spatial resolution at nadir in eight VNIR bands equivalent to those of the SeaWIFS instrument, (c) yield global coverage every two days at 12 bit quantization and with four available gain settings such that unsaturated radiance data could be collected over land surfaces, and (d) be tiltable +/- 20 degree(s) along-track to minimize sunglint effects over water bodies. The MODIS sensor on the EOS AM1 platform will: (a) cover a ground swath of 2048 km, (b) provide approximately equals 1 km spatial resolution at nadir in 29 bands covering the VNIR, SWIR, and TIR regions at 12 bit quantization, plus two VNIR bands at 250 m and five VNIR/SWIR bands at 500 m spatial resolution, and (c) yield complete global coverage every two days. Plans call for the two spacecraft to be placed in a same-day orbit, spaced 30 minutes apart, i.e., equatorial crossing times of 10:00 a.m. for Landsat 7 and 10:30 a.m. for EOS AM1. Thus, multispectral data having both high (30 m) and medium-to-coarse (250 m - 1000 m) spatial resolution will be acquired repetitively on a global basis under nearly identical atmospheric and plant physiological conditions. It is expected that significant benefits will be realized by utilizing these data in a multistage, multispectral sampling approach. In fact, NASA has recently endorsed the concept of jointly flying an advanced technology TM-class instrument with MODIS on the EOS AM2 platform scheduled for launch in 2004. Much of the following text was extracted from a white paper (Sellers and Williams, 1994) that was instrumental in leading NASA Headquarters to endorse this concept.
Nonlinear processes involved in particle acceleration in solar flares

Abstract Requirements for nonrelativistic electron accelaration in solar flares are reviewed. Candidate mechanisms for the primary energy release in flares, steady-state reconnection and the tearing mode instability, are examined to see to what extent they can satisfy these requirements. By examining direct electric field acceleration and electron plasma wave acceleration into their nonlinear phases it is concluded that at most 0.1% of the flare energy can be deposited into nonthermal streaming electrons with the primary energy release mechanisms as they have been proposed and analyzed. Implications for hard X-ray emission models and ion acceleration are given.
DNA replication: Driving past four-stranded snags

Unusual DNA structures, such as G-quadruplexes, can stall DNA replication with drastic consequences for the cell. The Pif1 helicase family of enzymes has evolved to disentangle these structures efficiently. See Article p.458 Pif1 family DNA helicases are highly conserved, from bacteria to humans. Virginia Zakian and colleagues show that in yeast, human PIF1 can unwind a four-stranded structure known as a G-quadruplex. In doing so, it suppresses the genomic instability that arises at such structures. The ability of the human protein to complement in yeast demonstrates the importance of this activity throughout evolution. In addition, this instability is associated with a previously unrecognized type of complex genetic–epigenetic event.
The metabolic syndrome, biomarkers, and the acculturation-health relationship among older Mexican Americans.

OBJECTIVE To examine the acculturation-health relationship using metabolic syndrome biomarkers. METHOD Cross-sectional sample data. PARTICIPANTS 1,789 Mexican Americans (60 years and older) from northern California. MAIN OUTCOME Biomarkers (waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipids) were used to construct the metabolic syndrome indicator using American Heart Association criteria. MAIN PREDICTOR: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II scores. RESULTS Higher acculturation scores were associated with a significantly lower risk for the metabolic syndrome for foreign-born, but not U.S.-born, Mexican Americans. CONCLUSION Immigrant health advantages over U.S.-born Mexican Americans are not evident in older adulthood. Higher acculturation was associated with lowered metabolic syndrome risk among older foreign-born Mexican Americans. This suggests that the prevailing acculturative stress hypothesis may not apply to the health of older adults and that any negative relationship between acculturation and health found in younger adults may yield to different developmental health influences in later adulthood.
Liquid Microjunction Surface Sampling Probe Fluid Dynamics: Computational and Experimental Analysis of Coaxial Intercapillary Positioning Effects on Sample Manipulation

A coaxial geometry liquid microjunction surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP) enables direct extraction of analytes from surfaces for subsequent analysis by techniques like mass spectrometry. Solution dynamics at the probe-to-sample surface interface in the LMJ-SSP has been suspected to influence sampling efficiency and dispersion but has not been rigorously investigated. The effect on flow dynamics and analyte transport to the mass spectrometer caused by coaxial retraction of the inner and outer capillaries from each other and the surface during sampling with a LMJ-SSP was investigated using computational fluid dynamics and experimentation. A transparent LMJ-SSP was constructed to provide the means for visual observation of the dynamics of the surface sampling process. Visual observation, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, and experimental results revealed that inner capillary axial retraction from the flush position relative to the outer capillary transitioned the probe from a continuous sampling and injection mode through an intermediate regime to sample plug formation mode caused by eddy currents at the sampling end of the probe. The potential for analytical implementation of these newly discovered probe operational modes is discussed.
Edgel templates for fast planar object detection and pose estimation

We describe a method to select edgels and to calculate gradient orientation-based template descriptors for edgel features. An edgel is selected within a grid block based on gradient magnitude; its position and orientation are used to determine a canonical frame where the descriptor is computed based on quantized orientation. The resulting descriptor is efficiently matched using logical operations. We demonstrate the use of the resulting edgel detection and description method for planar object detection and pose estimation.
A note on generation of V-shaped sequences

Abstract Many sequencing problems require generation of V-shaped sequences instead of all permutation sequences. This paper demonstrates a method for generating a complete set of such sequences. A proof is given demonstrating that the set is unique. A computer listing in BASIC is provided.
The hard truths about soft power

While the concept of soft power has rapidly moved from the academic theory to ubiquitous political buzzword, it has, to this point, not received adequate critical assessment. Because of this, the soft power has been misused and misunderstood despite the cautions of its proponents. This article attempts to provide a critical analysis of soft power, developing a rigorous epiction of its conceptual core, delineating its scope and limitations, and uncovering implicit assumptions and implications that have thus far served to confuse, rather than clarify the soft power’s theoretical and practical contributions.
Emotional Eating, Nonpurge Binge Eating, and Self-Efficacy in Healthy Perimenopausal Women.

Purpose: To examine the relationships among nonpurge binge eating, emotional eating, and diet-related self-efficacy in perimenopausal women, a population at risk for weight gain. Design of Study: D...
Downscattered neutron imaging

Images with 14 MeV neutrons of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) D,T fusion show the regions of most intense fusion burn, while images based on lower-energy “downscattered” neutrons can reveal regions of nonburning D,T fuel. The downscattered images can help to understand ICF implosion dynamics. Recording downscattered images is difficult because the images are relatively weak, and because they may be obscured by residual “afterglow” of more intense 14 MeV images. The effect of afterglow can be estimated by adding a sequence of images for neutron energies from 14 MeV down to the downscatteed energy of interest. The images will be subject to decay factors which depend on the time response of the neutron scintillator. Preliminary analyses suggest that afterglow will not prevent the recording of useful downscattered images.
Noncoercive Psychiatry: An Oxymoron Reflections on Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry

The practice of psychiatry rests on two pillars: mental illness and involuntary mental hospitalization. Each of these elements justifies and reinforces the other. Traditionally, psychiatric coercion was unidirectional, consisting of the forcible incarceration of the individual in an insane asylum. Today, it is bidirectional, the forcible eviction of the individual from the mental hospital (which has become his home) supplementing his prior forcible incarceration in it. So intimate are the connections between psychiatry and coercion that noncoercive psychiatry, like noncoercive slavery, is an oxymoron.
Membrane-permeant chelators can attenuate Zn2+-induced cortical neuronal death.

Abstract Chelating extracellular Zn2+ with the membrane-impermeant Zn2+ chelator, CaEDTA, can inhibit toxic Zn2+ influx and subsequent neuronal death. However, this drug does not cross the blood–brain barrier. In the present study, we explored the ability of two membrane-permeant Zn2+ chelators to inhibit Zn2+-induced death of cultured cortical neurons. Addition of either the high affinity (KD=10−15.6) Zn2+ chelator, N, N, N’, N’, tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) etylenediaminepentaethylene (TPEN), or the low affinity (KD=10−6) Zn2+ chelator, 1-hydroxypyridine-2-thione (pyrithione), to the culture medium following exposure to extracellular Zn2+ reduced subsequent neuronal death, even if chelator administration was delayed by up to 1 h. Indeed, some delay was essential for neuroprotection with pyrithione, as co-administration of pyrithione together with extracellular Zn2+ increased levels of [Zn2+]i and cell death compared to the levels induced by Zn2+ alone. TPEN, but not pyrithione, was intrinsically toxic at high concentrations, likely due to excessive chelation of [Zn2+]i, as this intrinsic toxicity was reduced by prior addition of extracellular Zn2+. These data point to a potential therapeutic role for membrane-permeant Zn2+ chelators, perhaps especially possessing low Zn2+ affinity, in attenuating neuronal death after certain acute insults.
Tocopherol requirements of rats by means of the hemolysis test.

SummaryThe sensitivity of the red blood cells of tocopherol-deficient rats to the hemolyzing action of dialuric acid in vitro has been applied to the study of tocopherol requirements. Rats which ha...
Densitometric-HPTLC method development and analysis of anthocyanins from acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) berries and commercial products

A high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed for the quantification of two anthocyanins, viz., cyanidin-3- O-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, from the berries of Euterpe oleracea Mart., commonly referred to as “acai” and dietary supplements claiming to contain acai. The extraction efficiency of anthocyanins from acai fruit pulp using acidified methanol was optimized using sonication techniques. Chromatographic separation of the selected anthocyanins was achieved with silica gel 60F254 HPTLC plates using ethyl acetate-formic acid-acetic acid-water (10:1.1:1.1:2.6 v/v) as the mobile phase. Quantification of anthocyanins was carried out using a densitometric reflection/absorption mode at 520 nm. Polynomial calibration curves were plotted for the concentration range of 100–500 ng spot−1 for both compounds and produced good correlation coefficients >0.99. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, and repeatability. The method’s accuracy was evaluated by a recovery study conducted at two different concentrations. The average recovery was found to be 100 to 102%. The specificity of the method was confirmed using retention factor (RF) and spectral correlation.
Three-Body Nuclear Problem with Repulsive Core Forces

A variational calculation of the binding energy of the triton has been carried out using the Gartenhaus potential. The results indicate that this potential leads to an unbound ground state of the three-nucleon system; this result is attributable to the even-parity tensor potential which is relatively large in magnitude compared to the weakly attractive even-parity central potential. Since this property is also a characteristic of the Signell-Marshak potential, it too should lead to an unbound triton.
Heat transfer including particle and gas radiation in subsonic MHD diffuser-II

Heat transfer in subsonic MHD diffusers, by convection and by gas and slag particle radiation, is analyzed by simultaneously solving the radiation transport equation and the quasi-three-dimensional gasdynamic equations. The efficiency factors for extinction and scattering by particles are calculated from the Mie theory. For a reference diffuser geometry, the heat transfer by convection is found to be 25 MW, and the radiative heat transfer varies from 44 MW to 79 MW, depending on the rate of ash carryover into the channel. Results reveal that the heat transfer is sensitive to the ash carryover into the channel, slag particles spectrum, electrical conductivity of ash, gas composition, and wall emissivity. It is observed that, because of multiple scattering, the particles shield the short wavelength radiation emitted by potassium atoms. The impacts of heat transfer enhancement by gas radiation in the channel and by gas-plus-particles radiation in the diffuser on MHD system design are assessed. It is suggested that, from the system design point of view, the diffuser be regarded as a part of the radiant boiler. No significant effect of radiation enhancement on the ability to decompose NO/sub x/ is anticipated.
Changes in triglyceride composition of white and brown adipose tissues during developing cold acclimation of the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus.

Abstract 1. 1. Studies by gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography of hamster subscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), perirenal White fat (PWF) and inguinal white fat (IWF) indicate that the level of oleic acid is elevated in BAT, PWF and IWF by day 6 of an 18-day cold exposure. PWF and IWF appear to become more unsaturated than BAT during this same time period. 2. 2. These results correlate well with changes in food and water consumption and body weight which are used as indicators of developing cold acclimation. 3. 3. Perhaps this rapid change in composition of brown and white adipose tissue maintains flexibility and facilitates the increased utilization of depot lipid.
A Detailed Description of the Implementation of Inpatient Insulin Orders With a Commercial Electronic Health Record System

In the setting of Meaningful Use laws and professional society guidelines, hospitals are rapidly implementing electronic glycemic management order sets. There are a number of best practices established in the literature for glycemic management protocols and programs. We believe that this is the first published account of the detailed steps to be taken to design, implement, and optimize glycemic management protocols in a commercial computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system. Prior to CPOE implementation, our hospital already had a mature glycemic management program. To transition to CPOE, we underwent the following 4 steps: (1) preparation and requirements gathering, (2) design and build, (3) implementation and dissemination, and (4) optimization. These steps required more than 2 years of coordinated work between physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and programmers. With the move to CPOE, our complex glycemic management order sets were successfully implemented without any significant interruptions in care. With feedback from users, we have continued to refine the order sets, and this remains an ongoing process. Successful implementation of glycemic management protocols in CPOE is dependent on broad stakeholder input and buy-in. When using a commercial CPOE system, there may be limitations of the system, necessitating workarounds. There should be an upfront plan to apply resources for continuous process improvement and optimization after implementation.
Large eddy simulation-based analysis of entropy generation in a turbulent nonpremixed flame

Abstract LES (large eddy simulation) is employed for prediction and analysis of entropy generation in turbulent combustion. The entropy transport equation is considered in LES. This equation contains several unclosed entropy generation terms corresponding to irreversible processes: heat conduction, mass diffusion, chemical reaction and viscous dissipation. The SGS (subgrid scale) closure of these effects is provided by a methodology termed the En-FDF (entropy filtered density function), which contains complete statistical information about SGS variation of scalars and entropy. In the En-FDF, the effects of chemical reaction and its associated entropy generation appear in closed forms. The methodology is applied for LES of a nonpremixed jet flame. Predictions show good agreements with the experimental data. Analysis of entropy generation shows that heat conduction and chemical reaction are the main sources of irreversibility in this flame. The sensitivity of individual entropy generation effects to turbulence intensity is studied.
A pointwise convergence for Sobolev space functions

Abstract Let 1 Ω⊂R n is an open set, and Δ is the Laplacian operator. We will show that there is a sequence of positive constants cj such that for every f in the Sobolev space W k,p (Ω) , lim r→0 1 r 2m |B(x,r)| ∫ B(x,r) f(y)− ∑ j=0 m−1 c j r 2j Δ j f(x) dy=c m Δ m f(x) for all x∈Ω except on a set whose Bessel capacity Bk−2m,p is zero.
Reflecting Absence or Presence? Public Space and Historical Memory at Ground Zero:

Ever since 9/11, the nation has attempted to come to grips with the day and its commemoration. At each relevant site—the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and the field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania where Flight 93 crashed—memorials are either in place or in progress. Decisions about how to mark the events in which these locations figured, however, have proven anything but unifying for stakeholders. In particular, the people of New York have engaged in debates, often quite heated ones, concerning the future fate of the site of the World Trade Center bombings, an area at the north end of Manhattan’s financial district now known worldwide as Ground Zero. After a design competition in which applicants proposed plans for the land’s future use, a decision was made to go forward with Daniel Libeskind’s master site plan, which featured the Freedom Tower, an underground memorial, and Michael Arad’s plaza design for “Reflecting Absence,” a space of tribute including demarcation of the footprints of the original twi...