cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of oxidative stress biomarkers in urine of cooks exposed to three types of cooking-related particles

Abstract Objectives To evaluate how exposure to deep-frying oils, repeated frying oil (RFO) and restaurant waste oil (RWO) affects emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxidative stress in male restaurant workers. Methods The study participants included 236 male restaurant workers in 12 restaurants in Shenzhen. Airborne particulate PAHs were measured over 12 h on each of two consecutive work days. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) measurements were used to indicate cooking oil fumes (COF) exposure, and urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were adopted as oxidative stress markers. Results The production and emission rates of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and PM 2.5 were higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. The concentrations of summed PAHs were in the order of RFO-frying group > RWO-frying group > deep-frying group > unexposed control group. Urinary 1-OHP was found to be a significant predictor of elevated urinary MDA and 8-OHdG concentrations (all, P P P P Conclusions Concentrations of urinary 1-OHP, MDA and 8-OHdG reflect occupational exposure to PAHs from COFs and oxidative stress in restaurants workers. Exposure to RFO may cause increased oxidative DNA damage, and exposure to RWO might cause increased lipid peroxidation.
Off-line programming and path generation for robot manipulators

An interactive computer graphics system has been developed which allows an operator to more readily plan and evaluate robot tasks. The program gives the operator the ability to plan and preview manipulator motions on a graphics screen prior to commanding the robot to execute the desired function. The motion planning and path evaluation algorithms developed for the system serve as a basis for the development of autonomous control algorithms to be utilized in materials handling and logistics support operations. This system is currently operational at Belvoir RD&E Center’s Robotics Laboratory, providing host control for two Cincinnati Milacron industrial robots. The robotics facility serves as a test bed for continuing research in the areas of materials handling, logistics support and countermine technology.
Classification and Identification of Soils

The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) To review and compare existing soil classifications used in civil engineering, with emphasis on their limitations; (2) to present a new soil grouping ten...
Shift or Stasis| Questioning Global Communication Power — Introduction

Over the past 50 years, both policy and research debates have at times raged over how change and power should be interpreted in global communication. This introduction to the Special Section titled “Global Communication Power: Shift or Stasis?” makes the case for the need to explore this question from fresh vantage points. It frames critical and creative pathways for thinking about and rethinking current transformations in global media. The introduction, then, provides an overview of the contributions and draws recurring themes together, posing key questions for further research.
Evaluation of whey, milk, and delactosed permeates as salt substitutes

Whey and milk permeates are by-products of high-protein dairy powder manufacture. Previous work has shown that these permeates contribute to salty taste without contributing significantly to sodium content. The objective of this study was to explore the sensory characteristics and compositional analysis of permeates from different milk and whey streams and a low-sodium product application made from them. Skim milk, Cheddar, cottage, and Mozzarella cheese whey permeates were manufactured in triplicate, and delactosed whey permeate was obtained in triplicate. Composition (protein, fat, solids, minerals) was conducted on permeates. Organic acid composition was determined using HPLC. Volatile compounds were extracted from permeates by solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A trained sensory panel documented sensory attributes of permeates and cream of broccoli soups with and without salt or permeates followed by consumer acceptance testing (n=105) on the soups. Cottage cheese whey permeate contained a higher lactic acid content than other permeates, which has been shown to contribute to a higher salty taste. Cottage cheese whey permeate also contained potato or brothy and caramel flavors and sour and salty tastes, whereas delactosed whey permeate had high intensities of cardboard and beefy or brothy flavors and salty taste. Milk, Cheddar, and Mozzarella cheese whey permeates were characterized by sweet taste and cooked milky flavor. Permeates with higher cardboard flavor had higher levels of aldehydes. All permeates contributed to salty taste and to salty taste perception in soups; although the control soup with added salt was perceived as saltier and was preferred by consumers over permeate soups. Soup with permeate from cottage cheese was the least liked of all soups, likely due to its sour taste. All other permeate soups scored at parity for liking. These results demonstrate the potential for milk, whey, and delactosed permeates from different whey streams to be used as salt substitutes in product applications.
Americans’ Well-Being: Specific Life Concerns

We have traced the structure of peoples’ evaluations of well-being and established a framework for understanding the integration of these judgments. We will now look at these data from a simple, descriptive point of view to see what they tell us about well-being in the United States. This chapter presents the distributions (and arithmetic means) of responses from our complete national samples of American adults.1 The results tell us much about how Americans evaluate many different aspects of their lives. (Chapter 9 focuses on differences in well-being among subgroups of the American population and Chapter 10 considers evaluations of life-as-a-whole.)
TGFβ2-induced outflow alterations in a bioengineered trabecular meshwork are offset by a rho-associated kinase inhibitor

Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) cytokine family have long been associated with affecting several cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. Of particular interest to this work, TGFβ2 has been linked to most types of glaucomas as a potential fibrotic agent that can cause elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Given that the trabecular meshwork (TM) provides most of aqueous humor outflow resistance in the eye, an in vitro bioengineered human TM (HTM) model has been created and validated by analyzing effects of TGFβ2 on transcellular pressure changes and outflow facility. These changes were correlated with several biological alterations induced by this cytokine, including ECM production and overexpression of HTM-marker myocillin. Furthermore, this TM model has been used to extend current knowledge of gene expression of cytokines involved in TGFβ-induced ECM turnover over time. In particular, the ability for a ROCK-inhibitor to diminish the effect of TGFβ on TM was demonstrated. This work supports the notion that anti-fibrotic activities of ROCK-inhibitors could counteract the elevation of IOP and increased strain observed in glaucomatous TM.
Assessment of influenza A neuraminidase (subtype N1) potency by ELISA

Antibodies that inhibit neuraminidase (NA) activity of influenza virus provide resistance against disease and have been associated with milder epidemics. Although studies have demonstrated a correlation between NA inhibition antibody titers and vaccine efficacy, neither the quantity nor form of NA is measured in seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines. In this report, we describe development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) that are suitable for quantitation of the native form of NA of subtype N1. The assays use mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 1H5 and CD6 to capture NAs of viruses, and a different mAb 4E9 to detect bound antigen. The 1H5-capture ELISA detects NAs of seasonal and pandemic H1N1 viruses as well as H5N1 viruses and has a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 5.5ng/mL for seasonal H1N1A/Brisbane/59/2007 NA. The CD6-capture ELISA is specific for NA of the 2009 pandemic viruses with a LOQ of 67ng/mL for A/California/07/2009 NA. The ELISA signals in both assays are proportional to NA enzymatic activity and correlate with NA immunogenicity. The ELISAs we describe may expedite the development of NA-based influenza vaccines by providing a practical assay to measure NA potency.
Quantitative Morphology–Performance Correlations in Organic Solar Cells: Insights from Soft X‐Ray Scattering

Organic/polymer semiconductors provide unique possibilities and flexibility in tailoring their optoelectronic properties to match specific application demands. One of the key factors contributing to the rapid and continuous progress of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is the control and optimization of photoactive-layer morphology. The impact of morphology on photovoltaic parameters has been widely observed. However, the highly complex and multilength-scale morphology often formed in efficient OPV devices consisting of compositionally similar components impose obstacles to conventional morphological characterizations. In contrast, due to the high compositional and orientational sensitivity, resonant soft X-ray scattering (R-SoXS), and related techniques lead to tremendous progress of characterization and comprehension regarding the complex mesoscale morphology in OPVs. R-SoXS is capable of quantifying the domain characteristics, and polarized soft X-ray scattering (P-SoXS) provides quantitative information on orientational ordering. These morphological parameters strongly correlate the fill factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (Voc), as well as short-circuit current (Jsc) in a wider range of OPV devices, including recent record-efficiency polymer:fullerene solar cells and 12%-efficiency fullerene-free OPVs. This progress report will delineate the soft X-ray scattering methodology and its future challenges to characterize and understand functional organic materials and provide a non-exhaustive overview of R-SoXS characterization and its implication to date.
Bacterial degradation of gastrointestinal mucins. II. Bacterial origin of fecal ABH(O) blood group antigen-destroying enzymes.

Summary The source of ABO blood group antigendestroying enzymes in mammalian stools was investigated. 1.The stools of conventional rats but not those of germ-free rats contained blood group-destroying (BGD) enzyme activity. 2.BGD enzyme activity was present in fecal homogenates of conventional rats and developed in liquid anaerobic bacterial cultures of stool and cecal contents during their incubation at 37 C. Homogenates of stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestinal mucosa, and mucosa of cecum and colon possessed no demonstrable BGD enzyme activity. 3.Jejunal mucosa from one human subject whose stools consistently contain BGD enzyme activity had no demonstrable BGD enzyme activity. It is concluded that fecal blood groupdestroying enzyme activity arises from intestinal microorganisms.
Cloning and expression of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene of Escherichia coli in Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus gasseri

The Escherichia coli sodA gene encoding the antioxidant enzyme Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), was cloned in the expression vector pMG36e. This vector has a multiple cloning site down-stream of a promoter and Shine-Dalgarno sequences derived from Lactococcus. The protein-coding region of sodA from E. coli was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, using a thermocycler and Taq DNA polymerase before cloning into pMG36e. When introduced into E. coli, the recombinant plasmid expressed the predicted fusion protein, both in the presence and absence of oxygen. The expression of the fusion protein in E. coli was verified by SOD assays, activity gels and Western blots. The recombinant plasmid was also introduced into Lactococcus lactis, which contains a resident SOD, and into Lactobacillus gasseri, which is devoid of SOD. Transformed lactococci expressed an active SodA fusion protein plus an active hybrid protein composed of subunits of the Lactococcus and the recombinant E. coli enzymes. Transformants of L. gasseri expressed only the fusion SodA protein, which was enzymatically active.
Improving Risk Analysis

In the past few years, a number of federal regulatory programs have come to make use of quantitative risk assessments to provide information for policy decisions. But, current methods of risk assessment are flawed in a number of respects. Risk assessments are costly in time and effort; they often result in vague and unusable estimates; and it is difficult to separate the good ones from the bad ones because the probabilistic predictions are not observed for many years. Because of these facts, it is difficult for the assessors themselves to identify and learn from their mistakes.
Wavelet domain multi-view active learning for hyperspectral image analysis

This paper introduces a new wavelet based active learning approach for hyperspectral image (HSI) analysis. Specifically, it uses a redundant wavelet transform (RDWT) to construct a multi-view active learning framework for hyperspectral classification. We show that a wavelet decomposition provides a unique multi-view framework that results in improved active learning and classification, and apply the proposed method to a benchmark hyperspectral dataset. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method compared to traditional learning methods, including random sampling, margin sampling, and multi-view active learning based on correlated subsets of contiguous bands.
Consensus of interacting particle systems on erdös-rényi graphs

Interacting Particle Systems---exemplified by the voter model, iterative majority, and iterative k-majority processes---have found use in many disciplines including distributed systems, statistical physics, social networks, and Markov chain theory. In these processes, nodes update their "opinion" according to the frequency of opinions amongst their neighbors. We propose a family of models parameterized by an update function that we call Node Dynamics: every node initially has a binary opinion. At each round a node is uniformly chosen and randomly updates its opinion with the probability distribution specified by the value of the update function applied to the frequencies of its neighbors' opinions. In this work, we prove that the Node Dynamics converge to consensus in time Θ(n log n) in complete graphs and dense Erdos-Renyi random graphs when the update function is from a large family of "majority-like" functions. Our technical contribution is a general framework that upper bounds the consensus time. In contrast to previous work that relies on handcrafted potential functions, our framework systematically constructs a potential function based on the state space structure.
Paternity and the Paradigms of Possibility: Comparing Two Fatherhood Programs in American Prisons

Traditional gender roles have created a longstanding expectation that men in America should provide financial stability and discipline within their families (Coltrane 1996; Kann 2005). More recently, there is an increasing belief that men should also nurture their children (Coltrane 1996; Kaufman 2013). Balancing these expectations can be challenging, even for men who have not been separated from their children through imprisonment (Coltrane and Adams 2008; Cooper 2000). While in prison, prisoners are largely excluded from both the provider and nurturer role and are often defined—by actors in the criminal justice and the larger public—as “bad” men who have little to offer their children. Furthermore, the structure of prison demands masculine practices that confirm incarcerated men’s parental unfitness: namely, the will and capacity to hurt, emotional coldness, and physical isolation from children (Sabo et al. 2001).
A Power Efficient SAR Algorithm for High Resolution ADCs

The design of a successive approximation analog-to-digital converter with dynamic redundancy algorithm is proposed. The dynamic redundancy algorithm reduces comparator pre-amplifier activity by completing conversions at an accelerated speed and powering-down early. When bit decisions are restricted to incomplete settling in the DAC and comparator pre-amplifier, errors in the SAR algorithm will occur. The dynamic redundancy algorithm examines the digital word for these errors. Once the algorithm detects errors, the SAR ADC continues the successive approixmation algorithm through an auxiliary DAC. The architecture is shown through simulation to reduce comparator pre-amplifier activity down to 28% in comparison to architectures with uniform timing algorithms.
Improving NER in Arabic Using a Morphological Tagger.

We discuss a named entity recognition system for Arabic, and show how we incorporated the information provided by MADA, a full morphological tagger which uses a morphological analyzer. Surprisingly, the relevant features used are the capitalization of the English gloss chosen by the tagger, and the fact that an analysis is returned (that a word is not OOV to the morphological analyzer). The use of the tagger also improves over a third system which just uses a morphological analyzer, yielding a 14\% reduction in error over the baseline. We conduct a thorough error analysis to identify sources of success and failure among the variations, and show that by combining the systems in simple ways we can significantly influence the precision-recall trade-off.
Specialized Neurotransmitter Transporters in Astrocytes

V. Parpura and P.G. Haydon (eds.), Astrocytes in (Patho)Physiology of the Nervous System, 69 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79492-1_4, © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 In the central nervous system (CNS), synaptic neurotransmission is a fundamental and critical process for neurons to receive and process information. In this process, neurotransmitters, the chemical signals, are released from presynaptic neuronal terminals upon stimulus to activate receptors on postsynaptic membranes. The inactivation of most released neurotransmitters occurs via efficient reuptake of neurotransmitters into the presynaptic nerve terminal and/or adjacent glial cells. Astrocytes, the most abundant cell in the CNS, express various transporter proteins on the plasma membrane for the uptake of neurotransmitters, forming an indispensable unit of functional synaptic neurotransmission. Transporters are vital for the normal CNS physiology by maintaining neurotransmitter homeostasis, modulating synaptic transmission and preventing neurological damage induced by the imbalance of neurotransmitters. The distribution and functional importance of neurotransmitter transporters in neurons or astrocytes varies by individual neurotransmitters. For
Recognition of Patterns

This chapter describes the recognition of patterns. Recognition can be regarded as a basic attribute of living organisms. A pattern is a description of an object. Recognition of patterns is a basic activity of all living organisms. The ability to recognize patterns is a necessary part of survival. In the animal kingdom, one's survival depends upon his ability to recognize a friend and a foe. An infant learns to recognize its mother's face and voice at an early age. One can recognize people from an analysis of their hand-writing, fingerprints, and voice prints. Acts of recognition can be divided into two major types: recognition of concrete items and recognition of abstract items. Recognition of spatial and temporal patterns using one's visual and aural sensory apparatus belongs to the former type. Examples of spatial patterns are alphanumeric characters, fingerprints, and pictures. Temporal patterns include speech waveforms, electrocardiograms, time series, and target signatures. Recognition of conceptual patterns, such as the proof of a theorem, belongs to the latter type. The subject of pattern recognition spans a number of disciplines.
Related and Emerging Topics

In this last chapter of the book, we briefly present few results on some topics related to robust control of uncertain systems, not necessarily cast in the time domain state space framework, as well as a recent emerging research direction related to robust control of state space systems, namely, “eco-inspired” robustness analysis and design.
New test for assessing visual performance following corneal refractive surgery

Corneal refractive surgery can cause, at least in some subjects, significant degradation or retinal image quality as a result of increased aberrations and / or scattered light. Measurement of retinal image degradation is not easy to carry out and its effect on visual performance is difficult to quantify. A new test based on contrast acuity assessment (CAA) has been developed. The test is simple, easy to use and identifies those subjects that fall outside the
Napa Immunization Study: Immunization Rates for Children with Publicly Funded Insurance Compared with those with Private Health Insurance in a Suburban Medical Office

Introduction: Healthy People 2020 set a goal to increase the proportion of children who receive the recommended doses of Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis, polio, measles mumps and rubella, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, varicella and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines to 80% from the 2009 baseline rate of 69%. The purpose of this study is to compare the recommended immunization rates for low-income children insured through publicly funded health insurance (PFI) to the rates for children with private health insurance (PHI) in a suburban medical office. Methods: The immunization rates and health access measures of 109 children ages 24 to 48 months who had PFI were compared with 300 children of the same age with PHI in the same medical practice. Results: Overall immunization rates for the study population were very high and exceeded the Healthy People 2020 goals for full immunization. Children with PFI had lower rates of immunization and fluoride prescriptions; however the differences were only significant in the cohort of children age two years. By three years of age, the immunization rates and the fluoride prescription rates were similar. There were no significant differences in health outcomes for Spanish-speaking compared with English-speaking children. Discussion: Barriers to successful immunization practices and strategies to overcome those barriers are discussed. Conclusion: The successful immunization practices and secondary outcomes in this study are a reflection of the integrated care model in this practice that facilitates comprehensive, coordinated, and accessible care for patients and allows physicians and support staff to practice culturally sensitive and compassionate care—the definition of a medical home.
Accumulation of Jail Incarceration and Hardship, Health Status, and Unmet Health Care Need Among Women Who Use Drugs.

Abstract Background Jail is frequently described as a “revolving door,” which can be profoundly destabilizing to people moving in and out of the system. However, there is a dearth of research attempting to understand the impacts of the accumulation of incarceration events on women who use drugs. We examined the association of the frequency of jail incarceration with hardship, perceived health status, and unmet health care need among women who use drugs. Methods Our community-based sample included women who use heroin, methamphetamine, crack cocaine, and/or powder cocaine (N = 624) in Oakland, California, from 2012 to 2014. Poisson regression models with robust variances were built to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios between the frequency of jail incarcerations and measures of hardship, perceived health, and unmet health care need, adjusting for a set of a priori specified covariates. Results We observed associations between high levels of jail frequency and higher levels of homelessness (p = .024), feeling unsafe in their living situation (p = .011), stress (p = .047), fair to poor mental health (p = .034), unmet mental health care need (p = .037), and unmet physical health care need (p = .041). We did not observe an association between jail frequency and unmet subsistence needs score or fair to poor physical health. Conclusions We observed associations between higher levels of jail frequency and a higher prevalence of hardship, poor mental health, and unmet health care need. Our findings suggest areas for additional research to untangle the impacts of frequent incarceration on women's health and well-being.
Illness Narrative: Janice's Story.

Janice was alert and competent and able to provide informed consent to me. I had discussed with Janice and obtained her permission to share her narrative with my colleagues and to include it in a p...
Analysis of Murine Embryonic Cardiovascular Phenotype

This chapter provides basic details regarding the morphologic and physiologic phenotyping of mouse embryos. Critical attention must be paid to gestational timing and morphologic staging based on existing standards. Despite widely available resources for generating targeted genetic models in mice, the resources for CV phenotyping are limited at present. The technical challenges of generating reproducible data across a range of experimental models and techniques may justify the development of regional centers equipped to perform these studies on a subcontract or service basis. Obviously, greater details are always available in print, by phone, or by email ktobiO@pop.uky.edu or bke110@pop.uky.edu.
P22 Development of Cultural Competence in Dietetics and Nutrition Students: Is Cultural Humility the Missing Link?

Background Cultural competence is a key component of dietetics and nutrition curriculum due to the increase in diversity in the United States. Few studies have been completed in the dietetics and nutrition field to determine best practices in curriculum development to increase cultural awareness and competence of students. Objective The purpose of this study is to determine dietetics and nutrition faculty perceptions of their students’ cultural competence and to determine best practices for educating and training students to become culturally competent professionals. Study Design, Settings, Participants Seven dietetics and nutrition faculty were interviewed about their perceptions of cultural competence in students and their thoughts on how to best deliver cultural competence training to students. Interviews were conducted using an in-depth, semi-structured interview process and were recorded with permission of the participant. Measurable Outcome/Analysis The interviews ranged in length from 19-40 minutes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and resulted in 58 pages of transcripts. During the transcription process, the investigator engaged in a constant comparative method of data analysis and axial coding. Results The importance of cultural humility emerged as a prominent theme throughout the interviews with dietetics and nutrition faculty. Subthemes of cultural humility included communication and sharing, encounters and opportunities, continual reflection and lifelong process. Faculty discussed the importance of students communicating with individuals from a different culture throughout the curriculum. Faculty and students sharing also emerged as important throughout the curriculum. Encounters with individuals from different cultures and faculty arranging opportunities for students to engage in cross-cultural interactions emerged as an important subtheme. Lastly, faculty frequently discussed the importance of cultural competence being a lifelong process. Conclusion Cultural humility is missing from current cultural competence frameworks and should be considered as an additional construct to the current cultural competency framework and added to the curriculum for dietetics and nutrition students. Funding None.
Military-civilian residential segregation and military member psychological distress in Kentucky counties

The objective of this study was to estimate and map the distribution of veteran psychological distress (PD) in Kentucky counties and examine the relationship between veteran PD prevalence rates and military-civilian residential segregation (MCRS) in Kentucky counties. We used data from the 2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health to conduct small area estimation of the prevalence of PD among military veterans in Kentucky’s 120 counties. MCRS was calculated in each county using Wong’s (J Urban Geography 20(7):635–647, 1999) deviational ellipse. We examined the relationship between veteran PD prevalence and MCRS in Kentucky counties using multiple linear regression. Results showed that the average indirect synthetic estimate of PD in Kentucky was 5.027%, however, we observed substantial geographic variation in these rates. After controlling for county-level covariates, counties with greater MCRS had an increase in veteran PD prevalence, b = 0.547 (95% CI 0.051, 0.983). Rural health care and public health practitioners may need to become more cognizant of patients’ veteran status and sensitized to risk factors that alert them to responsive treatment options and referrals to applicable evidence-based interventions.
A Complementary Laboratory Exercise: Introducing Molecular Structure–Function Topics to Undergraduate Nursing Health Professions Students

In both 2016 and 2019, the NCLEX-RN (National Council Licensure Examination – RN computerized exam) test plan outlined 15% of content as “pharmacological and parenteral therapies”. The test plan also includes physiological sciences. The topics of pharmacology encompass the review of drug action in living organisms, such as humans. As such, reviewing correlations of molecular structure and functional groups is a recurrent topic in pharmacological education and prerequisite courses. Many nursing students are required to participate in a specific curriculum, prior to matriculation, which covers pharmacology as it pertains to healthcare. The interdisciplinary topics of healthcare and chemistry, advanced pharmacology, pharmaceuticals, and biochemical pathways in human physiology are apparent in multiple undergraduate nursing program curricula. Here, we have an opportunity for the development of a first year Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) chemistry for health professions course that would introduce molecular structure–function relations concerning pharmacological topics and human physiology chemical pathways. A chemistry computer lab exercise was design to complement undergraduate health professions nursing school chemistry classroom lectures on molecular structure–function relations. Online 2D molecular drawing software was employed as a tool for visualizing a list of molecules to primarily help students understand OTC (over-the-counter) drug “active ingredient” structure pertaining to drug function and biological agents in human physiology. Student responses highlight positive feedback to this useful exercise and further recommendation for use in ongoing undergraduate health professions courses.
Maximizing prediction of orphan genes in assembled genomes

The evolutionary rapid emergence of new genes gives rise to "orphan genes" that share no sequence homology to genes in closely related genomes. These genes provide organisms with a reservoir of genetic elements to quickly respond to changing selection pressures. Gene annotation pipelines that combine ab initio machine-learning with sequence homology-based searches are efficient in identifying basal genes with a long evolutionary history. However, their ability to identify orphan genes and other young genes has not been systematically evaluated. Here, we classify the phylostrata of curated Arabidopsis thaliana genes and use these to assess the ability of two of the most prevalent annotation pipelines, MAKER and BRAKER, to predict orphans and other young genes. MAKER predictions are highly dependent on the RNA-Seq evidence, predicting between 11% and 60% of the orphan-genes and 95% to 98% of basal-genes in the annotated genome of Arabidopsis. In contrast, BRAKER consistently predicts 33% of orphan-genes and 98% of basal-genes. A less used method to identify genes is by directly aligning RNA-Seq data to the genome sequence. We present a Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) approach, called BIND, that mitigates the under-prediction of orphan genes. BIND combines BRAKER predictions with direct evidence-based inference of transcripts based on RNA-Seq alignments to the genome. BIND increases the number and accuracy of orphan gene predictions, identifying 68% of Araport11-annotated orphan genes and 99% of the conserved genes.
A Case of Valproate-Induced Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy.

A 56-year-old Caucasian male with a history of seizure disorder on long-term prophylaxis with valproate presented with altered mental status, aggressive behavior, decreased oral intake, and frequent myoclonic jerking movements. Electrolyte and other basic metabolic lab testing, liver function testing, and imaging studies were negative for acute abnormalities or infection, though ammonia levels returned markedly elevated, and he also had a macrocytic anemia despite having normal folate and B12 levels. Following discussions with neurology, his valproate was felt to be the inducing factor for his hyperammonemic encephalopathy. After discontinuation of valproate and changing to a new anti-seizure medication, he soon returned to his neurologic baseline. This case report evaluates his presentation and current literature on hyperammonemic encephalopathy induced by valproate.
David Oliver: Covid-19 should increase our commitment to publicly funded and provided healthcare.

The BBC reports that the UK has been hit hardest by covid-19 among the G7 nations.1 Over the 11 peak pandemic weeks it had the highest increases in deaths, deaths per 100 000 population, and excess deaths as a proportion of usual levels. This is not a set of league tables anyone should be proud to top. Mark Littlewood, director of the libertarian Institute for Economic Affairs,2 tweeted that “this is more evidence that the NHS is pretty much the worst healthcare system in the Western world. Once we look at all the info, there may be a good case for going for an EU-style more marketised system.”3 But was he justified in co-opting the UK’s pandemic performance in support of this cause? The IEA claims that other systems in developed nations also provide fairly universal healthcare, where fees from individuals account for a low …
Albuterol Delivery In-Line With a Heated High-Flow Nasal Cannula System Designed for Home Use

Background: Delivery of albuterol in-line with heated high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) using a vibrating mesh nebulizer is frequently used in the hospital setting. HHFNC systems are now available for home use, however efficacy of aerosol delivery with these devices is unknown. Methods: An anatomically correct pediatric model of a spontaneously breathing 5-year old child was connected in series to a filter (lung dose), and to a breathing simulator (tidal volume 200 mL, breathing frequency 20, inspiratory time 0.9 s). An AIRVO 2 HHFNC system (Fisher & Paykel) was connected to an Optiflow Junior 2 XL cannula, and operated at 5 and 15 L/min. A Solo vibrating mesh nebulizer (Aerogen) was placed between the circuit and the cannula using a proprietary adapter or regular t-piece adapter. The heating chamber was modified to allow placement of the nebulizer in the dry or in the wet side of the humidifier. Four units of the nebulizers loaded with 10 mg/2 mL of albuterol were tested. Albuterol mass was measured via spectrophotometer, and reported as percentage of loading dose. Results: See table. Conclusions: Aerosol delivery in-line with a heated high flow nasal cannula system designed for home use was inefficient except when a t-piece adapter was used between the circuit and the cannula. Lower flow improved aerosol delivery for the same system.
From Ventilators to Vaccines: Reframing the Ethics of Resource Allocation.

The United States has never experienced the grim realities of a resource-limited healthcare environment like that brought by COVID-19. Dire projections of overwhelmed ICUs introduced the public to ...
Melatonin for Acute Treatment of Migraine in Children and Adolescents: A Pilot Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVE To determine what dose of melatonin is most effective for treating migraine acutely in children and adolescents. BACKGROUND Acute migraine medications may not work for all patients and may cause side effects. Melatonin is effective for migraine prevention in adults and has been used acutely for procedural pain in children. Our goal was to determine whether a "high" or "low" dose of melatonin is more effective for treating migraine acutely in youth. METHODS In this pilot, randomized, open-label, single-center, dose-finding trial, children and adolescents aged 4-17 years with episodic migraine were randomized to "high-dose" or "low-dose" dose melatonin (<40 kg: 4 mg vs. 1 mg; ≥40 kg: 8 mg vs. 2 mg). The primary outcome measure was change in mean pain score between time 0 and 2 hours. Secondary outcomes included 2-hour pain-relief and pain-freedom rates. RESULTS Eighty-four participants (n = 42 per group) were enrolled in this study. Mean (SD) participant age was 11.8 (3.5) years and 55% (46/84) were female. Mean (SD) headache days/month was 5.6 (3.8). Sixty-six (79%) participants provided outcome data and were included in the analyses, n = 24 in the high-dose group and n = 22 in the low-dose group. The drop-out rate was 43% (18/42) in the high-dose group vs. 48% (20/42) in the low-dose group. Mean (SD) change in pain intensity at 2 hours was -2.7 (2.1) cm in the high-dose group vs. -2.3 (2.1) cm in the low-dose group (p = .581), a difference of 0.4 cm (95% CI: -1.17 to 1.92). Two-hour pain-freedom rate was 41% (7/17) vs. 27% (4/15) in the high-dose vs. low-dose groups (p = .415), and 2-hour pain-relief rate was 94% (16/17) vs. 80% (12/15), (p = .482). There were no serious adverse events. Napping occurred in the majority (67% (14/21) high dose vs. 47% (9/19) low dose). Higher mg/kg dose of melatonin and napping were each independently associated with greater headache benefit. CONCLUSIONS As an acute treatment for pediatric migraine, both low and high doses of melatonin were associated with pain reduction; however, study drop-out was high. Higher dose and napping after treatment predicted greater benefit.
Protein and Ornithine-δ-aminotransferase Turnover in Chang's Liver Cells

The activity of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase in Chang's liver cells in suspension culture decreased an average of 35% during 24-hour incubation in medium lacking an essential amino acid. Under the same conditions the amount of protein per cell changed very little. Protein turnover did take place however in these cells incubated in nutritionally deficient media at the rate of about 1% per hour. Concentrations of cycloheximide or puromycin low enough to permit cell survival inhibited only by 20 to 25% the incorporation of 14C-leucine into protein of cells incubated in arginine-free media. These concentrations of cycloheximide or puromycin effectively checked the synthesis of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase in cells incubated in a complete medium and maximized the decrease of enzymic activity in cells in deficient media. Actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, or 8-azaguanine at concentrations permitting cell survival inhibited the decrease of activity of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase in cells incubated in deficient media. Significant inhibitions of this decrease of activity were obtained also when high concentrations of ornithine, lysine, valine, or methionine were added to the deficient medium.
Lessons from accidents during tunnel construction

Abstract The number and complexity of tunnel systems will surely increase with ever increasing population and urbanization. Although most tunnel construction projects have been completed safely, there have been several incidents that have resulted in delays, cost overruns, and sometimes more significant consequences such as injury and loss of life. In this paper we present a database of tunnel accidents that occurred during construction containing 206 cases that were collected from a combination of literature review, newspapers, and correspondence with tunneling experts around the world. This paper describes the data collection and the results of the data analysis. The study of the accidents in the database made it possible to identify and categorize accidents into different types, typical causes, and consequences, as well as identify the scenarios in which these events (accidents) are more likely to occur. The analysis of the database shows that unexpected ground conditions are often the main reason for tunneling accidents during construction. Despite recent efforts made to improve existing tunneling technologies, forecasting ground conditions in tunneling remains the most challenging task in tunneling because of significant uncertainties related to the subsurface. The study of the different cases of the database made it possible to identify different scenarios, in which these events are most likely to occur. As a result of the analysis, influence diagrams were constructed for each type of accident containing the main factors, and the interactions between them. To emphasize: the objectives of the paper are: 1. To provide information on tunnel accidents and the related data collection process and 2. Present a process with which the information can be systematically evaluated.
The 13-year bleed: Exuberant amyloid angiopathies, angiodysplasias, and acquired coagulopathies of the gut.

Amyloidosis is a disorder characterized by extracellular deposits of proteins that are prone to aggregate and form insoluble fibrils. Amyloid deposits limited to a single organ or tissue without th...
Vocal modulation in human mating and competition.

The human voice is dynamic, and people modulate their voices across different social interactions. This article presents a review of the literature examining natural vocal modulation in social cont...
Organizing the sequencing of processes

The difficult part of many computer applications is the design and implementation of control mechanisms which allow the necessary calculations to be performed at exactly the right time or in exactly the right logical sequence. Designing systems of this kind involves the designer in a variety of unusually interesting problems, and requires blending classical design approaches with techniques peculiar to computational control applications. This paper presents three examples of such applications and describes the approach adopted for each. The classical design steps are then discussed, and elements peculiar to computational control are highlighted by illustrations drawn from the three sample systems.
Local decisions and optimal distributed detection in mobile wireless sensor networks

A set of mobile wireless sensors observe the environment as they move about and make decisions based on their observations. They send/relay their decisions to a sensor, called the Cluster-Head (CH), that has requested all decisions made about observations from a given region during a specified time-interval. There are two sources of error facing the multi-hop cluster of sensors that results from this scenario: observations are corrupted by noise and transmissions suffer communication errors. Once the sensors' decisions have reached the CH, the optimal maximum a posteriori (MAP) detector is known to be a weighted order statistic of these noisy decisions. We characterize the performance and energy usage of this decision fusion algorithm by: determining when local fusion reduces the CH's decision error rate and characterizing the tradeoff between the energy saved by compression of local decisions and the performance of the decision algorithm. Large deviation techniques, simulations and direct calculation are used to determine the performance of these strategies and to demonstrate that hybrids of them perform best.
A GTP-binding protein activates chloride channels in a renal epithelium.

Although G proteins have been shown to regulate cation channels, regulation of Cl- channels by G proteins has not been demonstrated directly. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to examine whether a G protein regulates Cl- channels in the apical membrane of rabbit kidney CCD cells grown in culture. Previous studies showed that this channel is activated by adenosine and protein kinase C and has a single channel conductance of 305 picosiemens. The PCl-:PNa+ is 9:1 and the PCl-:PHCO3- is 2:1 (Schwiebert, E.M., Light, D.B., Dietl, P., Fejes-Toth, G., Naray-Fejes-Toth, A., and Stanton, B. (1990) Kidney Int. 37,216). In the present study, Cl- channels in the apical membrane of CCD cells were studied by the patch clamp technique. GTP and guanosine 5'-O(3-thiophosphate) (GTP gamma S), a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, increased the single channel open probability (Po). In contrast, guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiophosphate), a nonhydrolyzable analog of GDP, and pertussis toxin (PTX) decreased the Po. GTP gamma S, but not GTP, reversed PTX inhibition of the channel. The alpha i-3-subunit of Gi increased the Po in both untreated and PTX-treated membrane patches. Because GTP gamma S activated the Cl- channel in the presence of H8, a protein kinase inhibitor, we conclude that the G protein does not activate the channel by stimulating a protein kinase. Thus, a PTX-sensitive G protein activates a Cl- channel in the apical membrane of renal CCD cells.
An empirical assessment of the factor proportions explanation of multinational sales

This paper provides empirical evidence that challenges the factor proportions explanation of multinational activity. The same tests on intra-industry ratios and total volumes that were used to demonstrate that a substantial part of trade is explained by factor proportions and income similarities rather than differences are applied to affiliate sales with surprisingly similar results. Some support for the factor proportions hypothesis is derived by comparing affiliate production destined for export to the parent's market, which is the category of activity most likely to be motivated by factor proportions considerations, with that destined for sale in the local market. Affiliate production destined for export home is moderately more responsive to factor proportions differences. However, the two types of activity differ more in their responses to transport costs and destination market income. Overall, the evidence suggests that only a small part of multinational activity into and out of the U.S. in the late 1980s can be explained by factor proportions differences.
Colloquium: Geometry and optimal packing of twisted columns and filaments

This Colloquium presents recent progress in understanding constraints and consequences of close-packing geometry of filamentous or columnar materials possessing nontrivial textures, focusing, in particular, on the common motifs of twisted and toroidal structures. The mathematical framework is presented that relates spacing between linelike, filamentous elements to their backbone orientations, highlighting the explicit connection between the interfilament metric properties and the geometry of non-Euclidean surfaces. The consequences of the hidden connection between packing in twisted filament bundles and packing on positively curved surfaces, like the Thomson problem, are demonstrated for the defect-riddled ground states of physical models of twisted filament bundles. The connection between the ``ideal'' geometry of fibrations of curved three-dimensional space, including the Hopf fibration, and the non-Euclidean constraints of filament packing in twisted and toroidal bundles is presented, with a focus on the broader dependence of metric geometry on the simultaneous twisting and folding of multifilament bundles.
Pain and pain medication use in community-dwelling older adults.

Background: Pain is a common symptom and significant problem for older adults; up to one half of community-dwelling older adults have pain that interferes with normal function.