cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub-Synchronous Resonance Damping using Battery Energy Storage System

This paper proposes a sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) mitigation controller for battery energy storage system (BESS). It is a fact that series compensated long transmission lines may interact with the generator shaft and cause SSR oscillations. With the high penetration of BESS in smart grids, auxiliary damping controllers can be designed in order to contribute to the SSR mitigation in wind farms or synchronous generators. This paper designs a damping controller for a grid connected BESS using the wide area measurement system (WAMS) data. The designed damping controller will be supplemented to the active power control of the BESS. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis is conducted to analyze the performance of the designed damping controller. Time domain simulations with MATLAB/Simpscape toolbox on the modified IEEE second benchmark model (SBM) are performed to support the claims.
Development and evaluation of a method for segmentation of cardiac, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue from Dixon magnetic resonance images

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved into the gold standard for quantifying excess adiposity, but reliable, efficient use in longitudinal studies requires analysis of large numbers of images. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a segmentation method designed to identify cardiac, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in Dixon MRI scans. The proposed method is evaluated using 10 scans from volunteer females 18- to 35-years old, with body mass indexes between 30 and 39.99 kg / m 2 . Cross-sectional area (CSA) for cardiac adipose tissue (CAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and VAT, is compared to manually-traced results from three observers. Comparisons of CSA are made in 191 images for CAT, 394 images for SAT, and 50 images for VAT. The segmentation correlated well with respect to average observer CSA with Pearson correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) values of 0.80 for CAT, 0.99 for SAT, and 0.99 for VAT. The proposed method provides accurate segmentation of CAT, SAT, and VAT and provides an option to support longitudinal studies of obesity intervention.
The Intimations of a Post-Capitalist Society in Marx’s Critique of Political Economy

This chapter seeks to show that Marx’s critique of capital, exchange value, and abstract universal labour time is grounded in an emancipatory vision of a post-capitalist society that has been overlooked by many of his critics and followers. While Marx never indulged in writing “blueprints of the future”—least of all on Capital, which is clearly aimed at delineating the logic of capital in capitalist society—the depth of his critique of its mystifying forms provides vital intimations concerning the nature of life after capitalism. Marx’s concept of the transcendence of value production goes much further than specifying the need to abolish private property and “anarchic” exchange relations. Revisiting Marx’s critique of political economy from the vantage point of what it suggests about a future communist society can assist the effort of working out a central theoretical challenge facing us today—developing a viable concept of the alternative to capitalism.
Electron-beam ion source/trap charge breeders at rare-isotope beam facilities

At accelerator facilities, charge breeders convert ion beams of low charge states (mostly singly charged) into multiply charged ion beams to extend the energy range of beams accelerated and delivered to experiments. A field of application that has grown over the past decades is charge breeding of rare-isotope beams (RIBs). RIBs are of interest in nuclear physics and astrophysics to study nuclear structure and the origin of the chemical elements. Several postaccelerators at RIB facilities in operation and under construction employ electron-beam ion source and trap (EBIS/T) breeders. Compared with other breeding techniques, EBIS/Ts have many advantages: high efficiency, fast and variable breeding times, small beam emittances, and high beam purity. This publication reviews the use of EBIS/T breeders at RIB facilities with a particular emphasis on their use for postacceleration along with advances in related fields.
Poetry, Identity, and Family: An Interview with Amal Kassir Conducted by Nina Zietlow

Amal Kassir is a 23-year-old Syrian-American spoken word poet and artist. Kassir has performed in 10 countries and over 45 cities and has conducted workshops, given lectures, and recited her poetry in venues ranging from youth prisons to orphanages, refugee camps to universities, and churches to community spaces. She hopes to take part in the global effort to support literacy in war-struck areas and refugee camps and runs a project called More than Metaphors that focuses on helping to educate displaced Syrian children. Recipient of multiple awards, including the Grand Slam at the Brave New Voices International Youth Competition, Kassir has performed on the TED stage and been featured on the PBS NewsHour.
Relations Between Acute Effects of Alcohol on Response Inhibition, Impaired Control over Alcohol Use, and Alcohol‐Related Problems

Background Alcohol consistently impairs response inhibition in the laboratory, and alcohol impairment of response inhibition may lead to excess consumption or increases in intoxicated risk behavior, both of which contribute to risk for alcohol-related problems. To our knowledge, no prior studies have examined relations between alcohol impairment of response inhibition and either impaired control over alcohol (i.e., inability to adhere to predetermined drinking limits) or real-world alcohol-related problems. The current study addressed this gap in the literature. Methods Young adult social drinkers (N = 215, 76% male) participated in a between-subjects, placebo-controlled alcohol challenge study and completed self-reports approximately 2 weeks later. Multilevel models were used to examine the hypothesis that alcohol impairment of response inhibition would indirectly lead to alcohol-related problems through impaired control over alcohol use. Results Greater alcohol-induced impairment of response inhibition and impaired control over alcohol use were both significant predictors of alcohol-related problems. However, greater alcohol-induced response inhibition was not a significant predictor of impaired control over alcohol use. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating relationships between alcohol impairment of response inhibition and real-world alcohol-related problems and the first to address relationships between alcohol impairment of response inhibition and impaired control over alcohol use. These results suggest that impaired control over alcohol use may result from deficits in the trait ability to control behavior rather than deficits in alcohol-induced response inhibition. Regardless, results suggest that alcohol impairment of response inhibition and impaired control over alcohol are both worthwhile intervention targets.
The Role of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in the Treatment of Childhood Intoxication: A Single-Center Experience.

Objectives Therapeutic plasma exchange is used to treat neurologic, hematological, renal, and autoimmune diseases with a known or suspected etiopathogenesis. However, there is incomplete understanding of the use of therapeutic plasma exchange in pediatric cases of intoxication. This study investigated 5 years of experience with therapeutic plasma exchange to treat intoxication cases. Design A retrospective, case series, single-center study. Setting PICU of Baskent University, Dr. Turgut Noyan Teaching, and Medical Research Center Hospital in Adana, Turkey. Patients Fourteen patients diagnosed with intoxication who underwent therapeutic plasma exchange between January 2013 and January 2018. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Data pertaining to 14 patients, including their medical history (exposure to drugs/toxicants), demographics, initial presentation, and severity of clinical symptoms (requirement of mechanical ventilation, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and the pediatric severity of illness score [Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction] were retrospectively reviewed. The most common indication for therapeutic plasma exchange was multiple drug intoxication, followed by amitriptyline, Amanita phalloides mushroom, carbamazepine, mercury, verapamil, and botulism. All patients underwent therapeutic plasma exchange and two patients underwent hemodialysis before therapeutic plasma exchange. There was no mortality or complications related to the therapeutic plasma exchange procedure. Clinical improvement was observed after therapeutic plasma exchange in 13 of the 14 patients; one patient with verapamil intoxication died. Conclusions Therapeutic plasma exchange appears to be safe and effective for treating pediatric cases of intoxication, including multidrug and amitriptyline intoxication, and is associated with significant recovery in the majority of severely affected patients. Treatment of intoxication with therapeutic plasma exchange should be guided primarily by the properties of the causative toxic substances/drugs, and consideration of patient age, the severity of clinical symptoms, Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction score and response to initial supportive and antidotal treatment.
Sobre as verdades vividas das atmosferas: as qualidades de contextos existenciais

This article starts from Dewey’s claim that neglect of context is the single greatest disaster that philosophical thinking can incur. It explores the heuristic value of Dewey’s notion of a context not just for philosophy but for thinking and living as a whole. Contexts have deep existential power in as much as we have embodied ourselves in them. Contexts work behind our backs, as determining backgrounds, influencing in extensive ways as fore-structures our forms of feeling, our patterns of action, and the idioms in which we describe ourselves and our worlds. Dewey also thinks of contexts as kinds of atmospheres or hazes and connects them with the defining qualities of the problematic situations in which we find ourselves. I support Dewey’s argument with analytical tools supplied by Michael Polanyi’s analysis of embodiment and the tacit nature of premises and by Gernot Bohme’s exploration of the notion of atmospheres and toned spaces. Recognition of the various kinds of contexts in which people live and out of which they speak is essential for arriving at the kinds of trust that reduce the appeal to force and make possible agreement in common meanings while recognizing the existential roots of difference.
The Atlantic Slave Trade

This survey is a synthesis of the economic, social, cultural, and political history of the Atlantic slave trade, providing the general reader with a basic understanding of the current state of scholarly knowledge of forced African migration and compares this knowledge to popular beliefs. The Atlantic Slave Trade examines the four hundred years of Atlantic slave trade, covering the West and East African experiences, as well as all the American colonies and republics that obtained slaves from Africa. It outlines both the common features of this trade and the local differences that developed. It discusses the slave trade's economics, politics, demographic impact, and cultural implications in relationship to Africa as well as America. Finally, it places the slave trade in the context of world trade and examines the role it played in the growing relationship between Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. This new edition incorporates the latest findings of the last decade in slave trade studies carried out in Europe and America. It also includes new data on the slave trade voyages which have just recently been made available to the public.
FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT FRACTURE OF METAL

By means of ftactal analysis, the fractal dimension with relation to the impacttoughness, impact fracture characteristics and microstructures of steel under low temperatureimpact have been investigated. Experimental results show that the logarithms of impact tough-ness increase monotonically with the increase of fractal dimension. The microstructures havea great influence on the fractal dimension. There is a certain correlation between the fractaldimension and fracture mechanism.
Informality in Paraguay : Macro-Micro Evidence and Policy Implications

Paraguay’s economy features a high degree of informality. Based on different estimation approaches, informal activity represents more than half of total employment in Paraguay, a higher rate than those observed in its Latin American and the Caribbean peers. Theoretical and empirical considerations support the notion that regulations, enforcement policies, and government effectiveness are the ultimate determinants of informality. In all of these areas Paraguay performs weakly compared to regional peers. Using household and enterprise surveys, we find that Paraguay’s informal sector absorbs the most vulnerable workers but affects negatively medium and large firms in the formal sector. DSGE model simulations suggest that the optimal combination of policies to reduce informality is not straightforward, and needs to reflect the specific circumstances and objectives of the country.
M2e conjugated gold nanoparticle influenza vaccine displays thermal stability at elevated temperatures and confers protection to ferrets.

Abstract Currently approved influenza vaccines are not only limited in breadth of protection but also have a limited shelf-life of 12–18 months when stored under appropriate conditions (2–8 °C). Inadvertent alteration in storage temperatures during manufacturing, transportation, distribution until delivery to patient, can damage the vaccine thus reducing its efficacy. A thermally stable vaccine can decrease the economic burden by reducing reliance on refrigeration system and can also enhance outreach of the vaccination program by allowing transportation to remote areas of the world where refrigerated conditions are scarce. We have previously developed a broadly protective influenza A vaccine by coupling the highly conserved extracellular region of the matrix 2 protein (M2e) of influenza A virus to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and upon subsequent addition of toll-like receptor 9 agonist – CpG, as an adjuvant, have shown its breadth of protection in a mouse model. In this study, we show that the vaccine is thermally stable when stored at 4 °C for 3 months, 37 °C for 3 months and 50 °C for 2 weeks in its lyophilized form, and later it was possible to readily reconstitute it in water without aggregation. Intranasal vaccination of mice using reconstituted vaccine induced M2e-specific IgG and IgG subtypes in serum similar to the freshly formulated vaccine, and fully protected mice against lethal influenza A challenge. Immunization of ferrets intranasally or intramuscularly with the vaccine induced M2e-specific IgG and there was reduced virus level in nasal wash of ferrets immunized through intranasal route.
Stochastic optimization of distributed generator location and sizing in an islanded utility microgrid during a large-scale grid disturbance

Abstract Natural disaster-prone locations can experience widespread power outages when the disasters cause large-scale damage to the existing power grid. Such damages can hinder a utility company’s ability to provide power to essential public resources (e.g., hospitals, grocery stores, fire, police and gas stations) of the utility’s serviced area. Backup generators, which provide power to these essential public resources during the outage, have limited capacities and can suffer from such failures as well. Microgrids, defined as localized power grids that can operate independent of the main grid, can help utilities provide disaster relief power supply to the essential public resources to improve their resiliency during the outage. This research investigates a multi-source capacitated facility location coverage problem (MS-CFLCP) that models a utility-owned microgrid that is operating independent of the main grid due to a large-scale main grid disturbance. The developed MS-CFLCP optimizes the location, sizing, assignment and the number of distributed generators (DGs) within the utility-owned microgrid, and aims to minimize the following total costs of the microgrid: (1) investment costs; (2) operation and maintenance costs; (3) distance traveled for power supply costs; (4) the unmet demand penalty costs; and (5) excess DG penetration penalty costs. The MS-CFLCP is solved with two-stage stochastic programming while considering the uncertainty in DG power output and essential resource demand. A budget constraint is included to capture practical financial considerations of the utility company when establishing the microgrid. We apply the model to a case study, using solar/photovoltaic-based DGs, to show its effectiveness and benefit to utilities.
Strontium Containing Perovskites and Related Conductive Electronic Ceramics

Considerable interest attaches to conductive electronic ceramics, principally perovskites or perovskite-related materials, for use as electrodes in MHD, molten electrolyte and ambient temperature electrochemical applications. Predominant among these perovskites are those containing strontium. As early as 1968/9 Meadowcroft1, 2 advocated the use of lanthanum strontium chromite as a MHD electrode material, earlier investigations by Jonker3, 4 having identified the electrical and magnetic properties of rare earth perovskites and the advantages deriving from the addition of strontium. Galasso 5 has reviewed the preparation and properties of a very wide range of perovskites. More recently Takahashi and others 7 have investigated oxygen ion conduction in nonstoichiometric perovskites.
Interconnecting Content and Community: A Qualitative Study of Secondary Mathematics Teachers.

The publication of the National Council ofTeachers of Mathematics initial Standards(1989) has acted as a catalyst to beginreforming the way mathematics is taught in theUSA. However, the literature regarding reformmovements suggests that changing oureducational systems requires overcoming manybarriers and is thus difficult to achieve.Reform in mathematics education, like reformmovements in other areas of education, has thusbeen slow to take hold. One structure that hasbeen shown to support educational reform,particularly instructional reform, has beenteacher community. This paper discusses aprofessional development intervention thatattempted to start a professional communityamong a group of secondary mathematics teachersthrough in-service work on mathematical problemsolving and technology. The results of thisstudy suggest that the use of mathematicalcontent explorations in professionaldevelopment settings provides a means to helpmathematics teachers build professionalcommunities. Together, these two components –mathematical content explorations and teachercommunity – provided these secondarymathematics teachers with a strong foundationfor engaging in the reform of their mathematicsclasses.
Toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus crystal toxin to adult mosquitoes

Adult Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were killed by alkaline-solubilized Bacillus sphaericus toxin when it was introduced by enema into the midgut of the insect but not when it was administered orally. Adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were not affected by the toxin.
Development of an Algorithm to Predict Vertical Heat Transfer Through Ceiling/Floor Conduction

This paper describes a new algorithm of the Consolidated Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (CFAST) fire model and compares the results with data from real-scale fire tests conducted aboard the ex-USS Shadwell, the U.S. Navy's Research and Development Damage Control Platform. The new phenomenon modeled in this work is the conduction of heat in the vertical direction. The Shadwell tests chosen for validation purposes were part of the Internal Ship Conflagration Control (ISCC) Program. The work focuses on four compartments of the ship that were vertically aligned. The temperatures of the compartments and the decks between them were compared with model predictions. The predictions were very close to the experimental results for all compartments, although the temperatures rise in the topmost compartment was barely above ambient.
Burn‐In and Screening

The sections in this article are 1 Terminology 2 Burn-In Distributions 3 Performance Criteria 4 Cost Functions 5 General Optimization Result 6 Preservation Results 7 Burn-In and Mixture Models 8 Eventual Monotonicity of Failure Rates of Mixtures
Quantitative and qualitative differences in guanine nucleotide binding protein activation by formyl peptide and leukotriene B4 receptors

Formyl peptides and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) stimulate disparate neutrophil functional responses and second messenger generation. The hypothesis that differences in receptor-guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G protein) interaction account for the disparate responses was examined using HL-60 granulocyte plasma membranes. The quantity of receptor-coupled G proteins was determined by guanosine 5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) equilibrium binding in the presence or absence of f-Met-Leu-Phe and/or LTB4. About one-third of the total GTP gamma S binding sites were coupled to f-Met-Leu-Phe receptors, to LTB4 receptors, and to receptors when both ligands were added simultaneously. The dissociation constant of GTP gamma S-binding sites in the presence of LTB4 was significantly greater than that in the presence of f-Met-Leu-Phe. f-Met-Leu-Phe shifted the GDP dose-inhibition curve for GTP gamma S binding further to the right than did LTB4. The apparent initial rate of GTP hydrolysis and GTP gamma S binding stimulated by f-Met-Leu-Phe was significantly greater than that stimulated by LTB4. There were significantly more formyl peptide receptors than LTB4 receptors, however, formyl peptide and LTB4 receptor density did not differ under GTP gamma S binding assay conditions. The rate of GTP hydrolysis stimulated by LTB4 was not increased in membranes containing twice the LTB4 receptor density. We conclude that formyl peptide receptors stimulate more rapid activation of a common pool of G proteins than LTB4 receptors because of a significantly reduced affinity of formyl peptide receptor-activated G proteins for GDP.
Inhibition of Replication of Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus by Actinomycin

Abstract Lactic dehydrogenase virus replicated rapidly in monolayers of primary mouse embryo cells and reached a titer of 108 mean infective dose per ml within 18 h after infection. Despite the high virus yield, cytopathology was not observed. Examination of the tissue culture media failed to reveal any evidence of interferon, but the virus was found to be as sensitive to mouse interferon as vesicular stomatitis virus. Incubation of mouse embryo cells with actinomycin D markedly inhibited viral replication, whereas cytosine-β-d-arabinofuranoside and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine had no effect on replication. These findings indicate that new DNA synthesis is not required but suggest that the intact function of cellular DNA may be required for lactic dehydrogenase virus replication.
Partial stability of general dynamical systems under arbitrary initial z-perturbations

We develop results for partial stability of general dynamical systems under arbitrary initial z-perturbations with respect to y-invariant sets defined on metric space, using stability preserving mappings. Our results are applicable to a much larger class of systems than existing results, including to dynamical systems that cannot be determined by the usual classical (differential) equations. Furthermore, in contrast to existing results which pertain primarily to the analysis of equilibria, the present results apply to y-invariant sets (including equilibria as a special case). We apply our results in the analysis of a class of discrete event systems (a computer load balancing problem).
Event Studies Using Forward-Looking Information

Traditional event study methods use regression models to estimate market models and conduct statistical tests. We present a method based on option-implied information about the distribution of stock returns and the co-movement with return factors. This method decreases the reliance on historical market information, uses more contemporaneous inputs, and avoids potential bias from standard regression approaches. We derive this method for one- and two-factor models and provide illustrations of how it compares to the historical and in-sample approaches. We discuss empirical implementation issues and situations where this forward-looking approach might be most appropriate.
Hybrid dynamical systems, or HDS: The ultimate switching experience

In previous work I have concentrated on formalizing the notion of a hybrid system as switching among an indexed collection of dynamical systems. I have also studied in some depth the modeling, analysis, and control of such systems. Here, I give a quick overview of the area of hybrid systems. I also briefly review the formal definition and discuss the main approaches taken in the study of hybrid systems. Finally, I elucidate issues in each of the research areas in light of previous results.
Purified neonatal plasmacytoid dendritic cells overcome intrinsic maturation defect with TLR agonist stimulation.

Neonates are more susceptible than adults to viral and bacterial diseases. We hypothesized that plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the cells that provide large amounts of IFN-α in response to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists, are defective in neonates. To assess the intrinsic functionality of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from neonates we compared IFN-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells derived from neonates versus adults in both whole blood and in purified plasmacytoid dendritic cells. TLR9-stimulation of whole blood from adults and neonates resulted in comparable amounts of IFN-α production. However, we observed small but significant differences in IFN-α production from purified CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells from neonates after stimulation with the TLR9 ligand CpG-DNA. Furthermore, we assessed surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules on plasmacytoid dendritic cells after stimulation. While purified CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells from adults up-regulated co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 with IL-3 alone those from neonates required the addition of CpG-DNA to reach adult levels. Therefore, the intrinsic deficiencies of neonatal plasmacytoid dendritic cells can be mitigated by TLR9 agonists. These results are consistent with the observation that vaccines that effect strong adjuvant activity on dendritic cells can induce protective responses in neonates.
Distance learning with digital video

The use of emerging multimedia technologies in education will cause a major shift in the educational services paradigm that promises major advantages over present analog distance learning systems. However, the difficulties encountered with the simultaneous introduction of new services and new technologies often impede the accomplishment of set goals. A more prudent and feasible first step might well be to use the new technologies while following existing paradigms. Such a step will then facilitate the transition to new services that capitalize on the new technologies. Abiding by this principle, researchers at Stanford are developing a prototype on-line distance learning system based on recent advances in digital video compression, video servers, and multimedia networking to deliver live and stored video lectures and seminars to students at their desktops. For the sake of concreteness, we are designing this system with the Stanford University Instructional Television Network in mind, as a first step beyond existing video-based instructional services. The prototype system and extensions, however, are general enough to apply to other environments and application domains. >
Molecular characterization of six variant Fcgamma receptor class I (CD64) transcripts.

Abstract In humans, three distinct but closely related classes of receptors that bind the Fc portion of IgG (FcγRI, II, and III) have been identified. FcγRI can bind monomeric IgG with high affinity and has a unique third extracellular domain (EC3). Three very similar genes have been characterized for FcγRI (A, B, C). Although the sequences are remarkably similar, a number of coding-region differences discriminate between the genes and amongst their transcripts. Six distinct FcγRI transcripts were analysed. Three transcripts, one from each gene, contain all six exons. Only the gene A transcript appears to encode a bona fide high affinity receptor, a three Ig-domain membrane spanning receptor that can bind monomeric IgG. Stop codons in the EC3 domains of the gene B and gene C isoforms would be predicted to generate secreted receptors. Three transcripts are alternatively spliced isoforms, one from gene A and two from gene B. One gene B transcript encodes a two Ig-domain transmembrane receptor which has structural characteristics of a low affinity FcγR.
PDF neuron firing phase-shifts key circadian activity neurons in Drosophila

Our experiments address two long-standing models for the function of the Drosophila brain circadian network: a dual oscillator model, which emphasizes the primacy of PDF-containing neurons, and a cell-autonomous model for circadian phase adjustment. We identify five different circadian (E) neurons that are a major source of rhythmicity and locomotor activity. Brief firing of PDF cells at different times of day generates a phase response curve (PRC), which mimics a light- mediated PRC and requires PDF receptor expression in the five E neurons. Firing also resembles light by causing TIM degradation in downstream neurons. Unlike light however, firing-mediated phase-shifting is CRY-independent and exploits the E3 ligase component CUL-3 in the early night to degrade TIM. Our results suggest that PDF neurons integrate light information and then modulate the phase of E cell oscillations and behavioral rhythms. The results also explain how fly brain rhythms persist in constant darkness and without CRY.
Head Movement Dynamics Constrained by Fick Gimbals

Abstract Human head can be modeled as a perfect sphere with rotations actuated by external torques. Orientation of the head can be designated by an axis and an angle describing counterclockwise rotation required to arrive at that orientation starting from an initial primary orientation. This axis of orientation is governed by a law proposed in the 19 th century by Donders and subsequently by Listing, that essentially restricts the axis to lie in a surface. We define a suitable Riemannian metric on the space of orientations and head movement trajectories are obtained by solving the associated Euler Lagrange's equation. Various choices of the Donders’ surface would dictate different trajectories that connect two orientations of the head. This paper explores a choice of Donders’ surface derived from Fick Gimbals, wherein the line between the two eyes remains horizontal, as the head moves. Originally, Fick had studied such head movements using a gimbal – hence the name. Various modifications of the Fick gimbal system have also been considered.
A Note on the use of Appraisal Data in Indexes of Performance Measurement

This paper demonstrates that even when unbiased appraisals of market value are used in measuring the investment performance of real estate portfolios, a bias in the rate of return or index is present. Further, in the case where the appraisal errors are serially independent, the bias is always positive. The potential for bias in a standard rate of return formula is described. Some implications for portfolio formation and investment manager comparisons are discussed.
Polities, territory and historical change in Postclassic Matlatzinco (Toluca Valley, central Mexico)

Abstract Historical interpretation of political dynamics in pre-conquest central Mexico from indigenous records is fraught with difficulties. Beyond the basic challenges involved in interpreting fragmentary evidence is the fact that the majority of evidence comes from the dominant imperial polity (Tenochtitlan) and paints a biased and overly generalized view of political and social dynamics in provincial areas. We present a reconstruction of the political geography of the Toluca Valley of central Mexico in Aztec times that avoids these biases by focusing not on the events described in native histories, but on the individual towns and their spatial locations. We find that a theoretical perspective that defines political entities by networks and relations among people more adequately captures the historical situation than traditional models that define polities based on territory and boundaries.
Understanding the Brain's Emergent Properties

In this paper, we discuss the possibility of applying rule abstraction, a method designed to understand emergent systems, to the physiology of the brain. Rule abstraction reduces complex systems into simpler subsystems, each of which are then understood in terms of their respective subsystems. This process aids in the understanding of complex systems and how behavior emerges from the low-level interactions. We believe that this technique can be applied to the brain in order to understand the mind and its essential cognitive phenomena. Once a sufficient model of the brain and mind is created, our framework could then be used to build artificial general intelligence that is based on human intelligence.
Memory Formalism for Quantum Control of Dynamic Localization

An exact evaluation of memory functions to describe dynamic localization and excitation transfer in a small quantum system is provided to clarify the connection between two recently reported phenom...
On the existence and structure of stationary states for a nonlinear Klein-Gordan equation

Abstract A countably infinite number of distinct solutions u n (x, t) = e iλ n t v n (¦ x ¦) of the nonlinear Klein-Gordan equation u tt = Δu − m 2 u + g ¦u ¦ σ u , defined in R 3 , are shown to exist if and only if 0 σ g > 0. Here λ n are real numbers tending to ∞, and v n (¦ x ¦) are real-valued functions decaying exponentially at ∞. The solutions u n ( x , t ) are shown to be of positive energy and their stability properties are studied by energy considerations.
Water quality characteristics of two reservoir lakes in eastern Connecticut, USA

The Mansfield Hollow Lake (MHL) and Willimantic Reservoir (WR) are two reservoirs located in eastern Connecticut in the north-eastern USA. The MHL was constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers in 1952, being primarily fed by the Fenton, Mount Hope and Natchaug Rivers. The WR lies downstream from the Mansfield Hollow Dam. The physical and chemical characteristics of MHL, WR, and the three streams discharging into them were intensively evaluated during four sampling quarters in 2001 and 2002. This study focused on possible sources of eutrophication, and occurrence of trace amounts of selected priority pollutants, in the sediments and waters of MHL and WR. Analytical results for total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus and chlorophyll-a indicated that, in terms of eutrophication status, the waterbodies can be classified as mesotrophic. Comparison of the analytical results in this study to historical limnological data reported for lakes in southern New England and eastern Connecticut indicates that the median levels of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved inorganic carbon, calcium, magnesium, and iron measured in this study were higher than previously reported median values.
β-Adrenoceptor agonist accelerates recovery from inactivation of calcium-dependent action potentials

The voltage-activated Ca2+ channel in cardiac muscle plasma membranes is regulated by β-adrenoceptor agonist, presumably by cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of membrane proteins associated with this channel [2, 3, 12, 13]. In chick ventricle, we find that isoproterenol accelerates the recovery from inactivation of the maximum rate of rise (Vmax) of Ca2+-dependent action potentials without changing the steady-state inactivation of (Vmax). These results confirm and extend those of others [14] who found that β-adrenoceptor agonists accelerated the repriming kinetics of bullfrog atrial Ca2+ current (iCa) channels. Patch clamp experiments showed that β-adrenoceptor agonists change the kinetics of iCa channels so as to increase the probability that an iCa channel is available to open, primarily by reducing the intervals between bursts of channel openings [3, 12, 13]. It is concluded that the altered kinetics of iCa channel repriming caused by β-adrenoceptor agonist in multicellular preparations is consistent with the action of these drugs in increasing the probability of channel opening and the time spent in the open state.
Embodying science: A feminist perspective on learning

Depuis deux decennies, la contribution des femmes a l'enseignement scientifique aspire a provoquer de profonds changements sur la facon dont on comprend la science, le programme d'enseignement, l'evaluation, le contexte social des classes de science, et la formation des enseignants. La premiere preoccupation des feministes etaient au depart l'absence ou la sous-representation des femmes dans les matieres scientifiques, principalement dans le superieur. L'auteur constate aujourd'hui la considerable reduction de ces differences...
Angiitis of the central nervous system

Angiitis, or vasculitis, is defined as inflammation of the blood vessels that may result in damage to the vessel walls or vascular occlusion, and causes ischemic injury to the organ tissues served by the affected blood vessels. Angiitis may occur without a known cause (primary angiitis) or it may occur as a manifestation of a diverse group of underlying disease (secondary angiitis).
Some Aspects of Cognitive Functioning in Suicidal Children

Abstract Three groups of children, suicidal, chronically ill, and normal, aged 6-12, were studied, focusing on the relation between some aspects of cognitive inflexibility and suicidal behavior. Inflexibility was defined in terms of the ability to give an alternative solution to a dilemma about life and death that is different from one's own. The degree to which each child perceived death as attractive, an important determinant in children's suicidal behavior, was also obtained. The data were analyzed in terms of the chi-square (relations between group and ability to give alternatives), a discriminant analysis, and series of correlations (between degree of attraction to death and ability to give alternatives). The results indicate that suicidal children gave fewer alternatives than normal or chronically ill children, at least with regard to issues of life and death, and that there is a significant correlation between attraction to death and the inability to give alternatives for suicidal children only.
Institutionalizing Ethical Research

Stark combines a history of rules for the treatment of human subjects in biomedical research with firsthand observations of institutional review boards.
Astrocyte-specific protein and radial glia in the cerebral cortex of newborn rat

HERE we show that radial glia directing neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex during development can respond to injury with the production of a protein specific to astrocytes, and may thus be regarded as an early form of the mature astrocyte.
Timing of ostomy reversal in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis.

Introduction Most neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) requiring laparotomy have bowel resection and intestinal diversion. At present, there is no consensus regarding the best time for enterostomy reversal. Our aim is to determine if there is any difference in outcomes of infants whose enterostomy was reversed early versus late. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with NEC admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at a large urban children's hospital from 2002 to 2010. The patients underwent operative intervention with creation and subsequent reversal of stomas. Patient characteristics, operative characteristics, and postoperative care were recorded. Results A total of 206 neonates were diagnosed with NEC and 44 met the inclusion criteria. Seven had ostomies reversed within 8 weeks, 20 underwent reversal 8 to 12 weeks after initial operation, and 17 underwent ostomy reversal greater than 12 weeks from creation. Early reversal did not affect the incidence of total parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis ( p = 0.16), length of parenteral nutrition ( p = 0.12), or ability to reach full enteral nutrition ( p = 0.30). Ventilator days were not different ( p = 0.08). We found no difference in contamination at laparotomy ( p = 0.61) or adhesions at reversal ( p = 0.73). Mortality rate ( p = 0.15) and complications following reversal ( p = 0.25) were not different. Conclusion There is no advantage to early or late enterostomy reversal in the endpoints studied.
Predictors of posttraumatic stress among victims of motor vehicle accidents.

OBJECTIVE: This study identified factors that predict individual vulnerability to psychological trauma by examining the relationships among situation and person variables and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 1, 6, and 12 months after a serious motor vehicle accident (MVA). METHODS: Background characteristics, exposure variables (ie, injury severity and accident characteristics), and psychosocial variables (ie, perceived loss of control, social support, and coping) were used to predict symptoms of PTSD and recovery in 115 injured MVA victims. All participants were injured during the MVA and provided data prospectively over the course of a year after their accidents. RESULTS: Along with background and exposure variables, use of wishful thinking coping distinguished between victims with and without symptoms of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial variables such as wishful thinking coping can be used to identify MVA victims who are at risk of developing chronic posttraumatic stress and warrant further investigation. Language: en
Prediction of residual stresses and distortion in carbon fiber-epoxy composite parts due to curing process using finite element analysis

To predict the final geometry of carbon fiber-epoxy composite parts, a methodology is introduced that takes into account cure kinetics, cure shrinkage, thermal strains, tool-part interface, and development of mechanical properties during cure. These parameters affect process-induced residual stresses and distortion in the parts. A module was developed for each mechanism and a fully 3D coupled thermomechanical finite element analysis was utilized. To validate the simulation results, a square composite panel was fabricated and its pattern of distortion was obtained. The simulated distortion pattern agreed well with the actual pattern obtained from the experiments. Parallel processing and optimization of the developed codes were used resulting in 94% reduction in the computational time. The proposed methodology proved to be accurate and time-efficient in predicting the final geometry of the parts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Spinal epidural hematoma progressing to brown-sequard syndrome: Report of a case

Abstract A 51-yr-old woman was transferred to the emergency department with nonspecific interscapular pain and a progressive right-sided hemiparesis. Physical examination and laboratory examination revealed moderate right-sided hemiparesis, with no other fecal neurologic deficits. A computed axial tomography scan of the brain was negative. Emergency arteriography revealed bilateral highgrade fibromuscular dysplasia involving the origins of the left and right common carotid arteries. The patient was admitted with the presumptive diagnosis of embolic cerebrovascular accident. Subsequently, the patient developed a left-sided sensory deficit, and magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine revealed a C5-T2 epidural hemorrhage. The patient underwent emergent surgical evacuation of the clot and recovered without incident. Spinal epidural hematomas are rare and typically present as cord compressions with or without pain rather than as unilateral hemiplegia.
Mycorrhiza-like interaction by Morchella with species of the Pinaceae in pure culture synthesis.

Isolates from two species of Morchella were tested for ability to form mycorrhizae in pure culture synthesis with Arbutus menziesii, Larix occidentalis, Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa, andPseudotsuga menziesii. Ectomycorrhizal structures (mantle and Hartig net) formed with the four species of the Pinaceae but not with A. menziesii. Results are compared to previous studies on morel mycorrhizae and discussed in an ecological context.
Resistance vs recovery: morphological strategies of coral reef sponges

Summary 1 An inverse association between ability to regenerate and structural complexity (i.e. internal differentiation and integration), illustrated by comparisons among animal phyla, suggests a dichotomy between suites of morphological traits that promote recovery from damage vs traits that promote resistance to damage. 2 The phylum Porifera is particularly suited for exploration of relationships among regeneration, resistance to damage and complexity. Sponges are noted for their structural simplicity and great facility at regeneration, relative to members of all other animal phyla; but sponge species vary widely in ability to recover from damage, and in overall morphology and skeletal properties. 3 Morphological strategies related to resistance to damage and recovery from damage were explored using data on the amount and type of damage incurred by 576 sponge individuals representing 67 species in a major hurricane. Five weeks of monitoring each individual for continued deterioration or recovery demonstrated an inverse relationship between the extent of injuries dealt by the storm and recovery success. 4 A trade-off between morphological strategies that promote resistance to damage vs those that promote efficient recovery could result in the disproportionate and permanent loss of resistant species, as these poor recoverers are increasingly overwhelmed by multiple simultaneous challenges.
Distraction of clinicians by smartphones in hospitals: a concept analysis.

Aim To report an analysis of the concept of distraction of clinicians by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals. Background In the healthcare literature, the concept of distraction of clinicians by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals has no consistent definition. Design Concept analysis. Data sources Journal articles published from 2003–2014. Methods Rodgers’ Evolutionary Concept Analysis Method was used to analyse the concept of distraction of clinicians by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals. Results This analysis led to a definition of distraction of clinicians by smartphones as the interruption of a hospital clinician's primary task by the internally or externally initiated use of their smartphone or other mobile device. There are six attributes of distraction by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals. These attributes are: (1) an experience by a clinician; (2) an intrusion into a primary clinical task; (3) discontinuity of the clinical task; (4) externally or internally initiated; (5) situated in a healthcare setting; and (6) mediated by a smartphone or other mobile device. Conclusion Use of the definition and the defining attributes of distraction of clinicians by smartphones will increase the validity and reliability of future studies. It will be extended to form a classification system of distractions within a framework of clinical practice, which will be used to unify and standardize future research studies.