cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 19838: The Atypical Cadherin Fat1 Suppresses Vascular Smooth Muscle Mesenchymal Markers and Limits Atherosclerosis

Introduction: Fat1 controls vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth and migration. In recent studies, we found increased Fat1 expression in atherosclerotic lesions from apoE-/- (KO) mice, and identified vimentin, an intermediate filament protein and mesenchymal marker, as a novel Fat1 interactor also expressed in SMCs. Hypothesis: Fat1 regulation of SMCs limits atherosclerosis, at least in part via Fat1 effects on vimentin. Methods: We generated fat1SMC-KO; apoE double knockout (DKO) mice, fed them a high fat diet for 24 weeks, and assessed atherosclerosis analyzing aortic roots and brachiocephalic arteries (BCA) for lesion area, immunohistochemical features, and gene expression. Results: DKO mice (N=10) exhibited larger lesions at the aortic root (80837.0±7942.4) and BCA (36017.2±10496.4) compared to KO controls (64190.2±6539.1 and 19462.9±5246.3, respectively, p<0.05). DKO lesions had larger fibrous caps (40.6±5.5%, N=7) and necrotic cores (30.3±3.2%, N=8) compared to KO samples (26.3±2.9 and 21.6±2.2%...
The Impact of Patient-Initiated Subspecialty Review on Patient Care.

Abstract Purpose To determine the effect of subspecialty review of breast imaging on patients without a diagnosis of breast cancer who self-referred for a second opinion. Methods Institutional review board–approved retrospective review was performed of 415 breast imaging studies submitted to our cancer center for second-opinion review by 245 patients in 2014, excluding cases without follow-up or change in original BI-RADS 0 assessment. One hundred forty-seven patients with 176 lesions were included. Original and second-opinion interpretations and recommendations were compared with histopathology or follow-up imaging. Results Ninety-six of 176 (55%) lesions were reported as suspicious in the original interpretation. Second-opinion review was discordant with the original interpretation in 82 of 176 (47%) lesions. Second-opinion review downgraded 24 of 96 (25%) lesions originally reported as suspicious to benign or probably benign, averting biopsy of these lesions. Second-opinion review upgraded 31 of 80 (39%) lesions originally reported as benign or probably benign to suspicious. A total of 87 lesions were biopsied yielding malignancy in 23 (26%) biopsies. Twenty-eight of 87 (32%) biopsies performed were recommended after second-opinion review, with 8 of 28 (29%) of these biopsies yielding cancer. Eight of 23 (35%) cancers detected represented malignancy not initially detected in the original interpretation. Conclusion Second-opinion review is valuable in patients pursuing a breast imaging specialist’s opinion, even before they are diagnosed with breast cancer. Second-opinion review disagreed with the original interpretation for 47% of lesions, averted 25% of originally recommended biopsies, and detected cancer in 29% of additional biopsies recommended. Thirty-five percent of cancers diagnosed after second-opinion review were not initially detected in the original interpretation.
Effect of Hemodynamic Shear on Arachidonic Acid Metabolism of Vascular Endothelium

Pathological conditions such as ischemia or postischemic recirculation stimulate the activity of cellular phospholipases, resulting in the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids [10, 13]. AA serves as the precursor for several biologically active substances, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The accumulation of these AA metabolites in cerebral tissue is believed to promote inflammation, edema formation, and decrease in blood flow.
Robust Segmentation of Unconstrained Online Handwritten Documents.

A segmentation algorithm, which can detect different regions of a handwritten document such as text lines, tables and sketches will be extremely useful in a variety of applications such as retrieval, translation and genre classification. However, this task is extremely challenging for handwritten documents, which vary considerably in their structure and content. In this paper, we describe a robust segmentation method to detect the regions in an unstructured on-line handwritten document. We utilize the temporal information in on-line documents along with its spatial layout to improve the segmentation results. The properties of handwritten strokes are computed using a spline-based representation. We compute the most likely segmentation of the handwritten page using a Stochastic Context Free Grammar based parser. The regions considered in this work include paragraphs, text lines, words, and non-text regions.
Galileo and Reasoning ex Suppositione : the Methodology of the two New Sciences

Galileo has been seen, from the philosophical point of view, alternately as a Platonist whose rationalist insights enabled him to read the book of nature because it was written in ‘the language of mathematics,’ and as an experimentalist who used the hypothetico-deductive methods of modern science to establish his new results empirically (McTighe, 1967; Settle, 1967; Drake, 1970; Shapere, 1974). Both of these views present difficulties. In this paper I shall make use of recent historical research to argue that neither is correct, that the method utilized by Galileo was neither Platonist nor hypothetico-deductivist, but was basically Aristotelian and Archimedean in character. This method, moreover, was not merely that of classical antiquity, but it had been emended and rejuvenated in the sixteenth century, and then not by Greek humanist Aristotelians or by Latin Averroists but rather by scholastic authors of the Collegio Romano whose own inspiration derived mainly from Thomas Aquinas. Other influences, of course, were present, and these came from other medieval and Renaissance writers, but these need not concern us in what follows.
VISUALIZATION OF POST-PROCESSED CFD DATA IN A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

This paper discusses the development of a virtual reality (VR) interface for the visualization of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) data. The application, VR-CFD, provides an immersive and interactive graphical environment in which users can examine the analysis results from a CFD analysis of a flow field in three-dimensional space. It has been tested and implemented with virtual reality devices such as the C2, head mounted display (HMD) and desktop VR. The application is designed to read PLOT3D structured grid data and to display the flow field parameters using features such as streamlines, cutting planes, iso-surfaces, rakes, vector fields and scalar fields. Visualization Toolkit (VTK), a data visualization library, is used along with OpenGL and the C2 VR interface libraries, to develop the application. Analysts and designers have used VRCFD to visualize and understand complex three-dimensional fluid flow phenomena. The combination of three-dimensional interaction capability and the C2 virtual reality environment has been shown to facilitate collaborative discussions between analysts and engineers concerning the appropriateness of the CFD model and the characteristics of the fluid flow.
Generalized Reliability Methodology Applied to Brittle Anisotropic Single Crystals

A generalized reliability model was developed for use in the design of structural components made from brittle, homogeneous anisotropic materials such as single crystals. The model is based on the Weibull distribution and incorporates a variable strength distribution and any equivalent stress failure criteria. In addition to the reliability model, an energy based failure criterion for elastically anisotropic materials was formulated. The model is different from typical Weibull-based models in that it accounts for strength anisotropy arising from fracture toughness anisotropy and thereby allows for strength and reliability predictions of brittle, anisotropic single crystals subjected to multiaxial stresses. The model is also applicable to elastically isotropic materials exhibiting strength anisotropy due to an anisotropic distribution of flaws. In order to develop and experimentally verify the model, the uniaxial and biaxial strengths of a single crystal nickel aluminide were measured. The uniaxial strengths of the and crystal directions were measured in three and four-point flexure. The biaxial strength was measured by subjecting plates to a uniform pressure in a test apparatus that was developed and experimentally verified. The biaxial strengths of the single crystal plates were estimated by extending and verifying the displacement solution for a circular, anisotropic plate to the case of a variable radius and thickness. The best correlation between the experimental strength data and the model predictions occurred when an anisotropic stress analysis was combined with the normal stress criterion and the strength parameters associated with the crystal direction.
A Cloud-Monitoring Service for Manufacturing Environments

Abstract Cloud application services are being implemented in all areas of engineering. Manufacturing engineering could benefit from the implementation of cloud-technologies that lead to an improved production and product-cost reduction. This paper proposes the development of a flexible, scalable, versatile, highly affordable and open-source cloud-platform for implementing sensor networks in support of advanced manufacturing. In particular, a two-layer-network architecture is present and explained through real applications in the area of advanced manufacturing. Two case studies present the collection, storage, and sharing of data over the network. Results show the successful integration of communication protocols across the cyber physical system as well as the reliability of the platform and its ability to log data. This architecture has the potential of generating great impact on the new area of digital manufacturing.
Hybrid methods for radiation transport using diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta and space-time discontinuous Galerkin time integration

Abstract In this work, we describe extensions of a hybrid method for time-dependent linear, kinetic radiation transport problems to high-order time integration schemes of the diagonally-implicit Runge–Kutta (DIRK) and space–time discontinuous Galerkin (STDG) types. The hybrid methods are constructed by splitting the radiation flux into collided and uncollided components to which low- and high-resolution discrete ordinates approximations are applied. The efficiency of hybrid methods constructed using DIRK, STDG, integral deferred correction (IDC), and implicit Euler schemes is compared using a test problem in one-dimensional slab geometry containing material discontinuities. It is observed that (i) higher-order methods are more efficient than the implicit Euler method, often by an order of magnitude or more; (ii) third-order methods yield solutions of a given error in roughly half the time of the second-order method of the same type; and (iii) for a given order of accuracy it is found that the most efficient class of time integration scheme is STDG, followed by DIRK, with IDC the least efficient, for the test problem considered. Two test problems in two-dimensional xy-geometry are used to compare the computational efficiency of hybrid and standard discrete ordinates methods constructed with DIRK and STDG integrators. We observe that replacing a standard discrete ordinates method using an angular quadrature of order N with a hybrid discrete ordinates method using angular quadratures of order 2N and N / 2 for the uncollided and collided fluxes, respectively, usually reduces overall solution time by a factor of 2 or more while simultaneously reducing the resulting solution error by a factor of 2 or more for the test problems considered.
Abstract 385: MTAP gene deficiency creates vulnerability to anti-folate therapy in urothelial bladder carcinoma

Background: The methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene encodes an essential enzyme for the salvage pathway of adenosine synthesis and is frequently lost in different types of cancer including urothelial bladder carcinoma. Therefore, MTAP-deficient tumors are theoretically very sensitive to anti-folate agents such as pemetrexed that can effectively block the de novo pathway of adenosine synthesis and as a result, create a state of synthetic lethality. We thus hypothesize that tumor MTAP gene deficiency is associated with response to pemetrexed therapy in bladder cancer. Methods: In this study, we investigated MTAP gene deficiency rates in the TCGA database and confirmed MTAP protein loss by immunohistochemistry using a tumor tissue microarray containing bladder tumor tissues from 151 patients. We then performed in vitro and in vivo studies using MTAP-proficient and MTAP-deficient human bladder cancer cell lines. Functional loss of MTAP was verified with mass spectrometry, which detects its substrate methylthioadenosine (MTA) levels. We also correlated these pre-clinical studies with clinical response data on patients with metastatic bladder cancer treated with pemetrexed. Results: We identified that 27.8% bladder cancer patients have MTAP protein deficiency, which is consistent with exome sequencing data from the TCGA database. In vitro data showed MTAP-deficient human bladder cancer cell lines were significantly more sensitive to pemetrexed, with IC50 at least 40 times lower than MTAP-proficient cell lines. Subsequent knockdown of the MTAP gene in MTAP-proficient cell lines increased sensitivities to pemetrexed treatment. Consistent with the in vitro data, pemetrexed significantly inhibited the growth of MTAP-deficient or knockdown xenograft tumors but not MTAP-proficient tumors. Furthermore, 4 of 4 (100%) patients with MTAP-deficient metastatic bladder cancer responded to pemetrexed treatment, whereas only 1 of 11 (9%) patients with MTAP-proficient metastatic bladder cancer responded to pemetrexed. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that MTAP gene loss in urothelial bladder cancer leads to a metabolic state of synthetic lethality with pemetrexed therapy. Therefore, bladder tumor MTAP loss should be further investigated as a potential biomarker for selection of patients for anti-folate therapy. Citation Format: Jianfeng Chen, Omar Alhalabi, Guangchun Han, Wei-Lien Wang, Xin-Qiao Zhang, Jian H. Song, Lidia P. Lopez, Sumankalai Ramachandran, Anh G. Hoang, Tyrone Garnett, Matthew Campbell, Amishi Y. Shah, Jennifer Wang, Arlene O. Siefker-Radtke, Shi-Ming Tu, Mark Titus, Charles C. Guo, Gary E. Gallick, Eleni Efstathiou, William F. Benedict, Christopher J. Logothetis, Thai H. Ho, Linghua Wang, Jianjun Gao. MTAP gene deficiency creates vulnerability to anti-folate therapy in urothelial bladder carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 385.
Is future shareholder activism associated with current financial reporting quality? Evidence from the US

We examine whether future shareholder activism is associated with current financial reporting quality. Activism refers to actions taken by shareholders to change firm policies and practices. If issues are present in an investee’s financial reports, we expect shareholders to act to improve information quality and governance. Following prior literature, we adopt governance proposals as our measure of activism and a portfolio of measures as our proxies for financial reporting quality. Depending on specification, we find governance proposals are positively associated with abnormal audit fees, abnormal accruals, the use of a non-Big N auditor, internal control issues, and restatements.
Applying a neural circuit taxonomy in depression and anxiety for personalized psychiatry

Abstract With advances in technologies for imaging the human brain in action, it is now possible to envision an approach to precision psychiatry that is informed by high-definition assessments of brain circuit dysfunctions. Meta-analyses and other syntheses of large functional imaging datasets have identified macroscale brain circuits implicated in core human functions of self-reflective processing, perception of salience, negative and positive affective processing, attention, and cognitive control. These are functions that are disrupted in mood and anxiety disorders. We propose that the broad diagnostic categories of depressive disorder and anxiety disorders may be comprised of multiple subtypes that arise from characteristic profiles of dysfunction in at least six macroscale circuits: default mode, salience, negative affective, positive affect (reward), attention, and cognitive control. Emerging evidence suggests that such subtypes may relate to symptom-behavioral phenotypes, provide probes for understanding mechanisms of disease and treatment response, and help predict treatment outcomes. We envision a clinic of the future in which practitioners and researchers alike would have access to neural subtypes that are quantified by reproducible circuit definitions, relative to clinical and healthy norms, and used as a tool in the armamentarium for precise tailoring of treatment choices.
Maternal plasma proteomics in a rat model of pregnancy complications reveals immune and pro-coagulant gene pathway activation.

PROBLEM The Brown Norway (BN) rat is a model of T-helper 2 immune diseases, and also a model of pregnancy disorders that include placental insufficiency, fetal loss, and pre-eclampsia-like symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma proteomic/cytokine profile of pregnant BN rats in comparison to that of the Lewis (LEW) rat strain. METHOD OF STUDY Plasma proteomics differences were studied at day 13 of pregnancy in pooled plasma samples by differential in-gel electrophoresis, and protein identification was performed by mass spectrometry. Key protein findings and predicted cytokine differences were validated by ELISA using plasma from rats at various pregnancy stages. Proteomics data were used for ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). RESULTS In-gel analysis revealed 74 proteins with differential expression between BN and LEW pregnant dams. ELISA studies confirmed increased maternal plasma levels of complement 4, prothrombin, and C-reactive protein in BN compared to LEW pregnancies. LEW pregnancies showed higher maternal plasma levels of transthyretin and haptoglobin than BN pregnancies. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that BN pregnancies are characterized by activation of pro-coagulant, reactive oxygen species, and immune-mediated chronic inflammation pathways, and suggested increased interleukin 6 and decreased transforming growth factor-β1 as potential upstream events. Plasma cytokine analysis revealed that pregnant BN dams have a switch from anti- to pro-inflammatory cytokines with the opposite switch observed in pregnant LEW dams. CONCLUSION Brown Norway rats show a maternal pro-inflammatory response to pregnancy that likely contributes to the reproductive outcomes observed in this rat strain.
Who Cares about Laughter? Margaret Cho and Her “Spect-allies” in PsyCHO

This paper examines Margaret Cho’s 2015 PsyCHO stand-up comedy act and argues that Cho’s stand-up performance disrupts sexual and ethnic belonging in the United States while formulating a utopic co...
Designing Large-Scale Metasurfaces with Parameterized Adjoint Optimization

We present the details of a metasurface design method based on adjoint optimization and finite-difference time-domain simulation. Instead of meta-atom topology, our method optimizes parameterized meta-atoms that can be readily fabricated. As proof-of-concept, we design large, high-efficiency metalenses which outperform conventionally designed counterparts.
Optimization of Case Reviews in Different Practice Settings

Surgical pathology and cytopathology diagnoses determine in large part the patient’s disease and subsequent treatment. Many pathology departments for many reasons have implemented a second review of cases on selected types of specimens or disease types. Questions remain concerning the best method of instituting a review process so that a department can efficiently review cases without expending extensive additional effort and resources. This chapter discusses relevant information demonstrating that case reviews do lead to error reduction. The level and methods of review are discussed. Each laboratory must assess the material examined for potential risk and determine its own procedures for case reviews. Reviews are best performed temporally in close proximity to case sign-out so that patients are not impacted if diagnostic changes are made. While the optimal level of review is not known, studies have demonstrated that prevalent reviews are in the range of 8–10 % in the majority of pathology departments studied.
General Strain Theory and The White Shadow

Many of the events presented in the television series, The White Shadow (CBS, 1978–1981), concerned Ken Reeves, a basketball coach at an inner city high school in Los Angeles, managing the strains tackled by his players on a near-daily basis. This chapter will demonstrate via Robert Agnew’s (Pressured into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. Roxbury Publisher, 2006) general strain theory how Reeves utilized methods of direct social control in preventing his players from turning to crime in response to their troubling circumstances.
Surface Thermodynamics and Vibrational Entropy

As with bulk material, a few thermodynamic variables determine the stability and equilibrium properties of solid surfaces. Since the environment at the surface is typically very different from that in the bulk, as a result of the lack of symmetry created by the presence of the surface, thermodynamics plays an important role in determining surface structure and dynamics. The quantity of interest here is the surface free energy, which inherently includes the contribution of vibrational (and configurational) entropy. Given the existence of surfaces vibrational modes whose features are distinct from those in the bulk, and dependent on local surface geometry and electronic structure, the emphasis in this chapter is on the characteristics of vibrational entropy, which, in turn, affect surface thermodynamical quantities that are in excess of values in the bulk. Special attention is paid to characteristics of vibrational density of states of low and high Miller index surfaces and their contribution to vibrational entropy, and, hence, to thermodynamical functions. In fact, it is argued that the distinguishing features in the vibrational density of states, namely enhancement of the number of modes at low frequencies and appearance of modes above the bulk band, highlight the impact of the undercoordinated atoms at surfaces, steps, and kink sites and lead to variations in the local surface electronic structure. The characteristics found on high Miller index surfaces in particular pave the way for understanding vibrational dynamics of nanoparticles. Contact is made with experimental data where available.
Public library connectivity and rural broadband in the United States: A literature review

In the United States, public technology funding is distributed differently across state lines. This impacts service and access to information particularly as it pertains to critical broadband access. Funding and service trends have changed, especially as it relates to public libraries, with some modifications working to their advantage and some to their detriment. As information is increasingly moving online, libraries are struggling to opt into an infrastructure that will best meet the needs of their users. This is especially true in rural areas that have a very small tax base, and yet need to provide access to e-government and other key information so that their communities can be a part of a democratic society. The National Broadband Plan and the Universal Service Fund are both politically controversial measures to try to address these needs, and are used as an illustration of how these programs can impact access in the states. The author will also explore demographics, grant programs and private telecommunication interests in rural areas, where the only access point to online information may be at the local library.
Chasing the Cannon: A Tail's View of, and Requests to, the Dog

My admiration for the late Fred Rodell gives me an excuse, if not a reason, for keeping the number of footnotes in this document as small as possible. Otherwise I would, of course, have footnote references to the other articles in this Symposium, particularly Jerry Barron's article, "Capturing the Canon." Those articles have provided us with both an excellent overview of developments in the casebooks and rationales for the decisions of casebook authors. There are as many "canons" of constitutional law as there are constitutional courses. Each student studies a canon that consists of the cases and materials used in her course. The student believes that the materials presented by the professor, discussed in class, and "tested" on the examination constitute the principles that every law student and lawyer should know. It's my guess that the vast majority of professors who teach constitutionallaw do not supplement the casebook materials with additional cases, or anything else. Most professors create a canon for their students by choosing a casebook and selecting the sections of the casebook that will be covered in the course.
A formula related to the Frobenius problem in two dimensions

Given positive integers a 1,…, a n with gcd(a 1, …, a n ) = 1, we call an integer t representable if there exist nonnegative integers m 1, …, m n such that \( t = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {m_j a_j } . \)
A low-complexity issue queue design with speculative pre-execution

Current superscalar architectures inherently depend on an instruction issue queue to achieve multiple instruction issue and out-of-order execution. However, the issue queue is implemented as a centralized structure and mainly causes globally broadcasting operations to wake up and select the instructions. Therefore, a large issue queue ultimately results in a low clock rate along with a high circuit complexity. This paper proposes Speculative Pre-Execution Assisted by compileR (SPEAR), a low-complexity issue queue design. SPEAR is designed to manage the small issue queue more efficiently without increasing the queue size. To this end, we have first recognized that the long memory latency is one of the factors which demand a large queue, and we aim at achieving early execution of the miss-causing load instructions using another hierarchy of an issue queue. We speculatively pre-execute those miss-causing instructions as an additional prefetching thread.
Phytotoxic compounds from Typha domingensis P.

Cattails make up the genusTypha of the family Typhaceae, and are probably the most familiar of all wetland plants in the world. Their brown flower clusters can be seen at the edges of ponds, rivers, lakes, or just about any place where there is shallow, standing water for at least part of the year. Cattails are tall, erect plants that may grow to 6 to 8 feet tall. They usually grow along the shoreline but may also grow in water 3 to 4 feet deep. Creeping rootstalks and seeds spread cattails. Different species of cattail occur commonly in wet soil, marshes, swamps, and shallow fresh and brackish waters throughout the world. The genus consists of 10 species that have significant differences in physical appearance, allowing for identification. The broad-leafed cattail, T.domingensis,is widely distributed in southern Florida. The species has long pistillate, separated from the upper stamen, and the blades are broad and less convex than other species occurring in the area, such as Tlatifolia [1].
A simple chemical method for the measurement of plasma angiotensin.

SummaryA simple method for measurement of plasma renin, angiotensin concentration, and angiotensinase activity is presented, based on competition of labeled angiotensin and endogenous angiotensin for the plasma angiotensinase enzyme. Both the accuracy and sensitivity of the method are limited by the specific radioactivity of the labeled angiotensin used.
The stability of an area-preserving mapping

In many cases, the evolution of a Hamiltonian system can be represented by an area-preserving mapping of the plane onto itself. The stability or instability of the dynamical system is reflected in the derived mapping. The mappingT(x, y)=(x', y'): $$\begin{gathered} x\prime = x + a(y - y^3 ) \hfill \\ y\prime = y - a(x\prime - x\prime ^3 ) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ was studied in order to determine methods of readily compartmentalizing the plane into regions of stable and unstable behavior under many applications ofT, without resorting to costly and frequently inaccurate methods requiring computation of thousands of maps. The concept of separatrices, which exist for perfectly integrable systems, is replaced by the more general idea of extended eigenvectors from hyperbolic fixed points of the mappings, where the eigenvectors are those of the matrix representing the mapping linearized in the neighborhood of the fixed point. It was demonstrated by Bartlett that these extended eigenvectors, or eigencurves, from neighboring hyperbolic fixed points, may intersect each other to form intricate networks of intersecting loops. This area will be stable if the ratio of loop area to cell area is very small, of the order of 10−5 for the above mapping. Generally, if the oscillation cannot be seen, one should act as if the entire area of the cell is stable.
Rapid Quantitation of Verapamil in Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic assay procedure using a fluorescence detector for the quantitative determination of verapamil in plasma without extraction was developed. After precipitating the protein with acetonitrile, the resulting supernatant liquid was injected onto the column for analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 reversed phase column and the eluting solvent was the isocratic mixture of methanol, acetonitrile and pH 3.0 glycine buffer (1:4:5). With this mobile phase the drug and its internal standard were well separated from the interference of the plasma sample. The average recovery of verapamil from 3 replicate samples of different concentration (100–600 ng/mL) were 95.5 ± 5.68%. The minimum amount of verapamil detectable by this method was 40 ng/mL of sample. The elimination half-life (β-phase) of this drug in rabbits was found to be 3.7 hours.
Does the proton contain a pointlike diquark

We calculate the proton mass and the diquark radius in a previously given relativistic bound-state model. The radius of the diquark turns out to be \ensuremath{\approxeq}0.6 F. This argues against a pointlike-diquark quark structure for the proton.
Comparative Analysis of Two Techniques for Determining the Rheological Properties of Fluid Mud Suspensions

Rheological analyses of fluid mud suspensions from three different estuarine and near shore coastal environments showed little variability when processed as Newtonian (fixed shear rates) and non-Newtonian (variable shear rates), the former as used by Brookfield Engineering Company and the latter according to Krieger and Maron (1954). Superimposed flow behavior curves and rheograms, constructed as both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, showed little deviation from each other. While individual shear rates at each rpm may differ, the overall viscous relationships (i.e., yield stress, ‘apparent’ viscosities, and flow behavior) are nearly identical. If non-Newtonian flow behavior is assumed, we suggest that the data analysis be performed according to Krieger and Maron (1954). If only general behavior patterns are desired, the Newtonian data analysis appears quite adequate.
Statistical Analysis and Optimization of Asynchronous Digital Circuits

This paper presents a statistical framework to analyze the performance of CMOS digital circuit in the presence of process variations considering a variety of timing methodologies. We first develop an analytical model that accurately predicts the circuit variability across a wide range of supply voltage and logic depth in 65nm CMOS technology. We then present a statistical analysis model to estimate the respective performance overheads of synchronous, asynchronous bundled-data and dual-rail timing schemes under process variations. The proposed analysis framework combining variability and statistical performance models, enables designers to efficiently evaluate energy and delay performances of CMOS digital circuit, and determine the optimal timing strategy, pipeline depth and supply voltage in the presence of variability.
Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions in Tinnitus Patients

Abstract Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are believed to be the products of active cochlear mechanics. They are generally associated with relatively intact outer hair cell function. OAEs usually decrease or become undetectable when hearing loss of cochlear origin exceeds 40-50 dB HL. Subjective tinnitus is a perception of sound without detectable corresponding source. It is most often seen in patients with hearing loss. It is also frequently seen in patients with head injuries. Studies have suggested that the prevalence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions(SOAEs) is lower in patients with hearing loss and tinnitus than in normal population. There have also been reports on association between tinnitus and SOAEs of unusually high amplitudes, which can be controlled by aspirin administration. The current paper is a preliminary review of clinical data collected from a group of tinnitus patients in an attempt to elucidate on the relationship between SOAEs and tinnitus from a clinical point of view. Audiometric, tinnitus and SOAE data from 59 patients seen at the Oregon Health & Science University Tinnitus Clinic were retrospectively studied. Fifty-four of these 59 patients showed sensorineural hearing loss of various degrees at the time of evaluation, mostly affecting high frequencies. SOAEs were detected in 26 ears (22%) of 18 patients(30.5%). There was no difference in SOAE prevalence between male and female patients. SOAEs were recorded in four of the five patients whose pure tone thresholds were within normal limits up to 8000 Hz. SOAEs appeared to be recorded at a higher rate in patients whose tinnitus started following motor vehicle accidents or head injuries(5/10) than in other patients. Time course of tinnitus did not appear to affect SOAE detection rate. There were no correlations between SOAE frequency and matched tinnitus pitch or frequency of maximum hearing loss. Significance of these findings is discussed.
The Development and Characterization of Resistance to Carbamate Insecticides in the House Fly, Musca domestica

Two subcolonies of a house fly strain of near normal susceptibility to all insecticides except to members of the cyclodiene group were selected with Isolan® (1-isopropyl-3-methylpyrazolyl-(5)-dimethylcarbamate) and Compound III (3-isopropylphenyl N -methylcarbamate), respectively, during all life stages. After 20 generations of selection with Isolan, a 7- and 19.5-fold resistance to this compound was present in adults and larvae, respectively. Selection with Compound III resulted, respectively, in > 50- and 7.5-fold resistance in these stages. Injection of Compound III indicated a 4.9-fold level of adult resistance. Cross-resistance in the selected strains was nearly complete to carbamates of the general formula where R- was either 2-isopropyl, S-isopropyl, 2-isopropoxy, or 3- tert -butyl; to Pyrolan® (1-phenyl-3-methylpyrazolyl-(5)-dimethylcarbamate); and to Sevin® (1-naphthyl N -methylcarbamate). Cross-resistance to 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl N -methylcarbamate and phenyl N,N -dimethylcarbamate was approximately 10- and S-fold, respectively. Both carbamate-selected strains showed low cross-tolerance ((3-fold) to DDT, Prolan®(1,1-bis ( p -chlorophenyl)-2-nitropropane), parathion, Chlorthion®( O -(3-chloro-4-nitrophenyl) O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate) and dicapthon, and higher cross-tolerance or low cross-resistance (3-to 6-fold) to methoxychlor, malathion, Diazinon® ( O, O -diethyl 0-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate), ronnel and allethrin. Chlorinated hydrocarbon and organophosphorus insecticide-resistant strains manifested cross-resistance levels toward carbamates approximating those exhibited by the carbamate-selected strains. In all cross-resistance tests, some specificity within the N -methyl and N,N -dimethyl carbamate groups was evident. Cross-tolerance to either Isolan or Compound III in combination with piperonyl butoxide (1:5 ratio) was <6- and <3-fold, respectively, in all resistant strains, regardless of history of exposure. Selection of the Compound III-resistant strain for eight additional generations with Compound III plus piperonyl butoxide resulted in only threefold tolerance to this combination.
Computers, design & Monsanto

Abstract The growth of the partnership between the engineer and computer is traced as seen from the perspective of engineers within a chemical company. First the elements in the partnership are discussed, then the nature of the computing environment within Monsanto Company is reviewed and finally some of the software that arose as a result of the interaction between the engineer and the computer in this environment is viewed.
AT&T switching systems: An overview

The state of switching in AT&T reflects the state of the business in telecommunications. Both have been transformed by the effects of globalization, deregulation, the merging of technologies and industries, and the growing demand for customized solutions and rapid response to customer needs. When AT&T installed the first 5ESS® digital switch in 1982, the role of that state-of-the-art system was local switching of voice over wireline loops. Today, the traffic handled by the 5ESS switch includes data, graphic images, and video as well as voice, and the system's role has broadened to include local/toll, operator services, international gateway, intelligent network, and wireless communications applications. Another instance of an industry trend reflected directly in AT&T switching is the GlobeView™ — 2000 Broadband System, the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) system introduced by AT&T in 1993. ATM embodies the merging of computer and communications technology, and it enables network providers to meet the new demands of converging markets by handling high-quality video, highspeed data, multimedia, and voice on a single platform. This issue of the AT&T Technical Journal, dedicated entirely to switching, provides a snapshot of the state of the art and insight into the state of the business.
Characterizing Readmission in Ulcerative Colitis Patients Undergoing Restorative Proctocolectomy

Postoperative readmissions increase costs and affect patient quality of life. Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients are at a high risk for hospital readmission following restorative proctocolectomy (RP). The objective of this study is to characterize UC patients undergoing RP and identify causes and risk factors for readmission. A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained institutional database was performed. Postoperative readmission rates and reasons for readmission were examined following RP. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate for risk factors associated with readmission. Of 533 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 18.2 % (n = 97) were readmitted within 30 days while 22.7 % (n = 121) were readmitted within 90 days of stage I of RP. Younger patient age (OR 1.825, 95 % CI 1.139–2.957), laparoscopic approach (OR 1.943, 95 % CI 1.217–3.104), and increased length of initial stay (OR 1.155, 95 % CI 1.090–1.225) were all associated with 30-day readmission. The most common reason for readmission was dehydration/ileus/partial bowel obstruction, with 10 % of patients readmitted for this reason within 30 days. Patients undergoing restorative proctocolectomy are at high risk for readmission, particularly following the first stage of the operation. Novel treatment pathways to prevent ileus and dehydration as an outpatient may decrease the rates of readmission following RP.
Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models

This special issue of Journal of Communication is devoted to theoretical explanations of news framing, agenda setting, and priming effects. It examines if and how the three models are related and what potential relationships between them tell theorists and researchers about the effects of mass media. As an introduction to this effort, this essay provides a very brief review of the three effects and their roots in media-effects research. Based on this overview, we highlight a few key dimensions along which one can compare, framing, agenda setting, and priming. We conclude with a description of the contexts within which the three models operate, and the broader implications that these conceptual distinctions have for the growth of our discipline. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00326.x In 1997, Republican pollster Frank Luntz sent out a 222-page memo called ‘‘Language of the 21st century’’ to select members of the U.S. Congress. Parts of the memo soon spread among staffers, members of Congress, and also journalists. Luntz’s message was simple: ‘‘It’s not what you say, it’s how you say it’’ (Luntz, in press). Drawing on various techniques for real-time message testing and focus grouping, Frank Luntz had researched Republican campaign messages and distilled terms and phrases that resonated with specific interpretive schemas among audiences and therefore helped shift people’s attitudes. In other words, the effect of the messages was not a function of content differences but of differences in the modes of presentation. The ideas outlined in the memo were hardly new, of course, and drew on decades of existing research in sociology (Goffman, 1974), economics (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), psychology (Kahneman & Tversky, 1984), cognitive linguistics (Lakoff, 2004), and communication (Entman, 1991; Iyengar, 1991). But Frank Luntz was the first professional pollster to systematically use the concept of framing as a campaign tool. The Democratic Party soon followed and George Lakoff published Don’t Think of an
RESTORATION OF NORMAL LIPID AND AMINOACID METABOLISM IN DIABETIC PATIENTS TREATED WITH A PORTABLE INSULIN-INFUSION PUMP

Abstract To determine whether abnormalities of lipid and aminoacid metabolism observed in diabetes are corrected when plasma-glucose levels are restored to normal, eight insulin-dependent diabetics were treated for 7-14 days with a portable infusion pump which delivers insulin subcutaneously in basal (between-meal) doses with pulse-dose increments before meals. Mean plasma-glucose (206±24 mg/dl during conventional insulin treatment) fell to 89±3 mg/dl at day 7 and 84±2 mg/dl at day 14 of pump treatment; glycosuria was eliminated. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were elevated during conventional insulin treatment but fell to normal after 7 days of pump treatment. Plasma-levels of branched-chain aminoacids were 50-60% above control levels during conventional treatment but fell to normal after 7 days of pump therapy. Aminoacids were reduced from their high postprandial levels to normal values after insulinpump treatment. In addition to restoring plasma-glucose to normal, treatment of diabetes with a portable insulin-infusion system results in restoration of normal lipid and aminoacid metabolism. Long-term use of this system may determine whether metabolic changes resulting from insulin lack cause the complications of diabetes.
PVT relations in He4 near the melting curve and the λ-line

Measurements on Hes/up 4/, from 1 to 2 deg K, were made of the melting pressure, the volume change on melting, and the compressibility and thermal expansion coefficients of the liquid near melting. The alpha - gamma transformation in the solid was studied, and values of the transformation pressure and associated volume change are reported. The PVT properties of the liquid in the high pressure region of the lambda -line were investigated. The compressibility vs pressure has a maximum at the lambda -pressure, and the thermal expansion vs temperature has a minimum at the lambda -temperature. The thermal expansion is negative below (T lambda + 0.08) deg K, Estimates indicate negative values for the thermal expansion in the solid. (auth)
Graduating Pediatrics Residents' Reports on the Impact of Fatigue Over the Past Decade of Duty Hour Changes

Abstract Objective Concern about resident and patient safety has led to changes in Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education requirements over the past decade, with duty hour limitations in 2003 and 2011. This study examines pediatric residents' experiences on the impact of fatigue before, during, and after this time. Methods An annual survey of graduating pediatrics residents was administered to a national, random sample in 2002, 2004, and 2013. Respondents were asked about the impact of fatigue. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to compare differences between survey years. Results The combined response rate for all 3 years was 62.6% (1,251 of 2,000). In multivariable analyses, residents were less likely in both 2004 and 2013 than in 2002 to fall asleep during an educational conference (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41–0.91 and aOR 0.32, 95% CI 0.22–0.45, respectively) and to fall asleep while driving from work (aOR 0.55, 95% CI 0.37–0.81 and 0.43, 95% CI 0.31–0.60, respectively). Residents were less likely in 2004 than in 2002 to report making an error in patient care due to fatigue (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27–0.76); however, in 2013 resident report of making an error in patient care due to fatigue returned to levels similar those reported in 2002. Conclusions Surveys of graduating pediatrics residents over the past decade (2002–2013) indicate overall reduced fatigue effects. During this same time frame, however, reports about making patient care errors improved but then returned to a level not significantly different from 2002, a finding warranting further exploration.
Effects of experimental torsion of the spermatic cord on Leydig cell function in the guinea pig testis: An ultrastructural stereological analysis

An ultrastructural stereological analysis of Leydig cells of the guinea pig testis was carried out following surgically induced testicular torsion. Morphometric analyses of the Leydig cells of the experimental group of animals revealed an increase in the nucelar and mitochondrial volume and a decrease in the lipid volume, in comparison to those in the Leydig cells of the control group of animals. We believe that these changes in the Leydig cells of the experimental group of animals are indicative of cellular hypertrophy. The possible mechanisms of the Leydig cell hypertrophy in the guinea pig testis following the induction of spermatic cord torsion are discussed.
EHD Film Thickness Behavior in DMA Bearings. Part II—Experimental Results

Experimental EHD film thickness results are presented for DMA bearings operating at simulated space flight conditions in high vacuum. Short-term and long-term tests were conducted to investigate the effects of oil viscosity and composition, and bearing race roughness and cage design. It was found that a continuous film separation at the ball-race contacts was maintained in bearings with an outer ring-riding cage design and a medium-viscosity oil (225 cs at. 25°C)for over 12 500 h without noticeable wear, pitting or torque increase. Use of a low-viscosity oil (54 cs at 25°C) and the same cage design caused two bearing seizures at about 4000 h. However, a ball-riding cage design gave no such failure with the same low-viscosity oil up to 4440 h of operation. Presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting, in Dearborn, Michigan, April 17–20, 1978