cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memory behavior of an X11 window system

We used memory reference traces from a DEC Ultrix system running the X11 window system from MIT Project Athena and several freely available X11 applications to measure different aspects of memory system behavior and performance. Our measurements show that memory behavior for X11 workloads differs in several important ways from workloads more traditionally used in cache performance studies. User instruction cache behavior is a major component in overall memory system delays, with significant competition within and between address spaces. User TLB miss rates are up to a factor of two higher than other ill-behaved integer workloads. Write-buffer stalls, data cache behavior, and uncached memory reads can be problematic for microbenchmarks, but they are not an issue for the realistic applications we tested.
Diagenetic Processes Near the Sediment-Water Interface of Long Island Sound.I. Decomposition and Nutrient Element Geochemistry (S, N, P)

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on diagenetic processes near the sediment–water interface of Long Island Sound (LIS). Analysis of the solid phase in this study shows extensive and comparable production of sulfide fixed as FeS (acid-volatile sulfide) in all areas of LIS. Deep-water stations show extensive loss of solid-phase sulfide either prior to or after conversion of FeS to FeS2 (pyrite). All stations show similar seasonal variation in pore-water profiles near the sediment-water interface. These are periodic and repeatable from year to year. A two-dimensional transport-reaction model incorporating both radial transport into burrows and vertical diffusion is presented. This model is capable of predicting both the form and magnitude of pore-water profiles extraordinarily well at all stations. A one-dimensional model in which an effective transport coefficient is used to account for the influence of reworking and burrow construction on solute movement is less satisfactory in predicting the observed profiles. Equilibrium calculations indicate that HPO2−4 concentrations, in some cases, may be saturated with respect to various Ca, Mn, and Fe phosphates. The chapter demonstrates that the chemical composition of the bioturbated zone of marine sediments, like that of any natural body, represents a balance between transport and reaction processes taking place within and around it.
Instabilities of Miscible Interfaces

An overview is presented over instabilities in fluid flows with miscible interfaces. Specifically, the discussion focuses on recent results for a) interfacial instabilities in miscible core-annular flows, b) gravitational and viscously driven instabilities in Hele-Shaw cells, and c) interfacial instabilities in both homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media displacements.
EGF cell surface receptor quantitation on ocular cells by an immunocytochemical flow cytometry technique.

A method is presented for the rapid flow cytometric determination of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor densities on the surface of cultured ocular cells. The technique uses a biotinylated monoclonal antibody directed against the EGF receptor in conjunction with a streptavidin-bound fluorochrome and requires the specific fluorescence per cell to be measured as a function of ligand and receptor concentration. Because the measurement is noninvasive and restricted to cell surface-bound material, the cells can be kept in a physiologic environment, even at the moment of assay. Calculated receptor densities ranged from 5142/cell (infant human corneal endothelium) to 35,678/cell (infant human keratocytes) to >5 X 10 5 /cell for an A431 control cell line. Species and donor age differences were noted, as was transient receptor downregulation after EGF administration. Flow cytometry represents a valuable time saving procedure for large scale applications while providing the same level of sensitivity as standard radioimmunoassays. This technique is applicable to quantitation of other growth factor cell surface receptors and could greatly expand the use of flow cytometry in the research laboratory. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2053-2062,1992
Behavioral Subtypes of Attention Deficit Disorder

This article reviews research on three behavioral subtypes of attention deficit disorder (ADD): without hyperactivity (ADD/WO), with hyperactivity (ADDH), and with hyperactivity and aggression (ADDHA). Children with ADDHA appear to be at increased risk to have oppositional and conduct disorders, whereas children with ADD/WO tend to show symptoms such as anxiety and depressed mood. Children in the three subtypes have similar rates of learning disabilities, but all have higher rates than found in control groups. Teacher and parent ratings are more sensitive than laboratory measures in differentiating the subtypes. Follow-up studies strongly suggest more adverse outcomes for ADDHA children.
Adenoviral early region 4 is required for efficient viral DNA replication and for late gene expression.

Abstract H2dl808 is a defective deletion mutant of human adenovirus 2 lacking most of transcriptional early region 4. Although the mutant can be grown in the complementing cell line W162, it is defective in human cell lines normally used to propagate adenovirus. In such nonpermissive cells, H2dl808 exhibits a severe defect in late gene expression, accumulating very small amounts of viral late messages and producing correspondingly small amounts of viral late proteins. H2dl808 also exhibits a defect in viral DNA synthesis: 24 h after infection, H2dl808-infected nonpermissive cells contain five- to sevenfold less viral DNA than those cells infected with wild-type adenovirus. H2dl808-infected nonpermissive cells eventually accumulate a significant amount of viral DNA. However, the rate of synthesis of viral proteins late in mutant infection remains much lower than that observed in wild-type infection at a time when DNA accumulation is comparable. Thus, the mutant's late protein synthesis defect is probably not due solely to its reduced accumulation of viral DNA. Finally, H2dl808 is much less efficient than wild-type virus in the inhibition of host cell protein synthesis in infections of nonpermissive cells. These observations imply roles for early region 4 products in several aspects of the viral growth cycle, including DNA replication, late gene expression, and host cell shutoff.
Site-specific integration of the temperate bacteriophage phi adh into the Lactobacillus gasseri chromosome and molecular characterization of the phage (attP) and bacterial (attB) attachment sites.

Abstract The temperate bacteriophage phi adh integrates its genome into the chromosomal DNA of Lactobacillus gasseri ADH by a site-specific recombination process. Southern hybridization analysis of BclI-digested genomic DNA from six relysogenized derivatives of the prophage-cured strain NCK102 displayed phage-chromosomal junction fragments identical to those of the lysogenic parent. The phi adh attachment site sequence, attP, was located within a 365-bp EcoRI-HindIII fragment of phage phi adh. This fragment was cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis revealed striking features common to the attachment sites of other site-specific recombination systems: five direct repeats of the sequence TGTCCCTTTT(C/T) and a 14-bp inverted repeat. Oligonucleotides derived from the sequence of the attP-containing fragment enabled us to amplify predicted junction fragment sequences and thus to identify attL, attR, and attB. The core region was defined as the 16-bp sequence TACACTTCTTAGGAGG. Phage-encoded functions essential for site-specific insertion of phage phi adh were located in a 4.5-kb BclI fragment. This fragment was cloned in plasmid pSA34 to generate the insertional vector pTRK182. Plasmid pTRK182 was introduced into L. gasseri NCK102 by electroporation. Hybridization analysis showed that a single copy of pTRK182 had integrated at the attB site of the NCK102 erythromycin-resistant transformants. This is the first site-specific recombination system described in lactobacilli, as well as the first attP-based site-specific integration vector constructed for L. gasseri ADH.
Studies on the stability of 125I-purified porcine zona antigen (PPZA) obtained by chloramine-T glucose oxidase with lactoperoxidase and N-bromosuccinimide lodination procedures

A purified pig zona antigen (PPZA) was labeled with 125I by chloramine-T (CL-T), glucose oxidase with lactoperoxidase (GO-LP), and N-bromosuccinimide (N-BS) iodination procedures. The 125I-PPZA fractions thus obtained were reconstituted to a concentration of 25,000 dpm/0.1 ml and tested at weekly intervals for binding capacity to a fixed dilution (1:400,000) of PPZA antibody. The 125I-PPZA obtained by the N-BS procedure showed greater stability compared to that obtained by CL-T and GO-LP methods. The nonspecific binding levels for the N-BS and GO-LP methods were comparable and significantly lower than for the CL-T method.
Exploring the Design of the Magnetic–Electrical Interface for Nanomagnet Logic

Nanomagnet logic (NML) has received increasing attention as an alternative information processing technology given the potential for low energy dissipation, a relatively advanced experimental state of the art, and intangibles such as inherent radiation hardness and nonvolatility. In order to facilitate the integration of NML-based circuits with transistor-based circuits, a magnetic-electrical interface (MEI) is needed. This paper focuses on the output portion of MEI design, i.e., converting signals from the magnetic domain to the electrical domain. The basic idea of an MEI output is to employ fringing fields from an NML device to set the magnetization state of the free layer of a magnetic tunnel junction. A detailed study of four different MEI output designs is presented which considers metrics such as the clock energy required to set the output state, the magnetoresistance ratio, etc. Simulation-based analysis reveals the pros and cons of each design. A design where multiple NML devices (i.e., free layers) share a large synthetic antiferromagnet is most promising based on our simulation-based, quantitative analysis.
A partnership between biology and engineering

This article explores the potentially beneficial outcomes of a partnership between systems biology and synthetic biology. This assessment is a challenge due to the vague definition and unrealistic claims made for systems biology, as well as by the lack of an explicitly stated distinction between synthetic biology and the engineering of biological systems practiced since the development of recombinant DNA. Here, I suggest that one might be able to add meaning to the concept of systems biology by remembering older conceptions of experimental systems. In biology, the original word used for the study of system function is physiology. It may be possible in the near term to understand the quantitative physiology of certain intracellular systems. I then try to determine the distinguishing attributes of synthetic biology. Any body of theory and experimental capability that enables quantitative prediction of a system’s behavior will be applicable to synthetic biology in that it will enable prediction of the behavior of human-designed biological artifacts before those are instantiated in DNA code. If the practitioners are honest with one another about the limits of their abilities, this intersection of science and engineering can spur the development of both.
Clinical outcome in patients receiving systemic therapy for metastatic sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: A retrospective analysis☆ ☆

Abstract Objectives Sarcomatoid metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) represents an aggressive subset of disease, and a definitive therapeutic strategy is lacking. We seek to define outcomes associated with systemic therapy (including immunotherapy, cytotoxic therapy, and targeted agents) for sarcomatoid mRCC, with attention to novel prognostic schema. Materials and methods From an institutional database including 270 patients with mRCC, we identified 34 patients with documented sarcomatoid features. Within this cohort, we assessed 21 patients who received systemic therapy. Survival was assessed in the overall cohort and in subgroups divided by clinicopathologic characteristics, including the extent of sarcomatoid features, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) risk criteria, Heng criteria, and the nature of systemic therapy rendered. Results Of the 21 patients assessed, 2 patients received chemotherapy, 7 patients received immunotherapy, and 12 patients received targeted agents as their first line treatment. Median overall survival (OS) in the overall cohort was 18.0 months (95% CI 6.9–22.0). By MSKCC criteria, patients with poor-risk disease had a median OS of 4.7 months, compared with 20.1 months for patients with intermediate-risk disease [hazard ratio (HR) 0.02, 95%CI 0.003–0.15; P = 0.0001]. A similar difference in median OS was seen poor- and intermediate-risk groups when stratifying by Heng criteria (HR 0.17, 95%CI 0.001–0.12). There was no significant difference in survival in patients with sarcomatoid predominant disease vs. nonpredominant disease (HR 0.62, 95%CI 0.23–1.65; P = 0.34), nor was there a difference amongst patients who received targeted therapies vs. nontargeted therapies (HR 1.0, 95%CI 0.61–1.40; P = 0.36). Conclusions Compared with previous series and prospective trials assessing patients with sarcomatoid mRCC, the observed survival was prolonged. Although both Heng and MSKCC risk scores may be useful in determining prognosis, further studies are needed to identify relevant biomarkers and define the optimal therapeutic strategy for this disease.
Using tomography for ubiquitous sensing

By embedding sensors in mobile devices, it is possible to exploit the ubiquitous presence of these devices to construct applications for large-scale sensing and monitoring of environmental phenomena. To this end, we present Environmental Tomography, a novel approach in which mobile devices participate in the collection of aggregate sensor readings along roads or sidewalks, and these aggregates are used to reconstruct an estimate of the contaminant distribution throughout a region. We demonstrate how our data collection process preserves user location privacy and is robust to sensor and location reading errors. We also show how the estimation process can be formulated as a convex optimization problem that incorporates the physical dynamics of the phenomenon of interest. We study the performance of Environmental Tomography using various road network layouts and realistic models of pollution. Results indicate that estimates generated from path aggregates are of comparable accuracy to estimates generated from significantly greater numbers of individual sensor readings.
On the spanning tree packing number of a graph: a survey

Abstract The spanning tree packing number or STP number of a graph G is the maximum number of edge-disjoint spanning trees contained in G . We use an observation of Paul Catlin to investigate the STP numbers of several families of graphs including quasi-random graphs, regular graphs, complete bipartite graphs, cartesian products and the hypercubes.
The incidence of acute urinary retention secondary to BPH is increasing among California men.

Current epidemiological patterns of adverse events of clinical BPH remain unclear. We investigated trends in acute urinary retention (AUR) associated with BPH in a large, population-based cohort. We utilized the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Database to examine 3 724 016 emergency room (ER) visits in California among men aged ⩾ 50 years from 2007 to 2010. Outcomes included AUR for which BPH was the primary diagnosis, AUR for which BPH was a secondary diagnosis and urethral catheterization for AUR. We generated adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) using multivariate logistic regression to determine longitudinal trends. A total of 17 023 men presented with a diagnosis of BPH-associated AUR, the unadjusted incidence of which increased from 4.00 per 1000 ER visits in 2007 to 5.23 per 1000 ER visits in 2010 (P<0.001). In adjusted analyses, primary AUR (ORadj=1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–1.32; P<0.001) and secondary AUR (ORadj=1.80; 95% CI, 1.62–2.00; P<0.001) increased 25% and 80%, respectively. Urethral catheterization for primary (ORadj=1.30; 95% CI, 1.22–1.39; P<0.001) and secondary (ORadj=1.82; 95% CI, 1.57–2.11; P<0.001) AUR increased 30% and 82%, respectively. Asian race (P<0.001), Hispanic race (P<0.001) and commercial insurance (P<0.001) were associated with significantly increased risks of AUR and urethral catheterization. Between 2007 and 2010, the observed incidence of BPH-associated AUR increased substantially in a large and ethnically diverse male population of the United States.
Time of day influences memory formation and dCREB2 proteins in Drosophila

Many biological phenomena oscillate under the control of the circadian system, exhibiting peaks and troughs of activity across the day/night cycle. In most animal models, memory formation also exhibits this property, but the underlying neuronal and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The dCREB2 transcription factor shows circadian regulated oscillations in its activity, and has been shown to be important for both circadian biology and memory formation. We show that the time-of-day (TOD) of behavioral training affects Drosophila memory formation. dCREB2 exhibits complex changes in protein levels across the daytime and nighttime, and these changes in protein abundance are likely to contribute to oscillations in dCREB2 activity and TOD effects on memory formation.
Broadening effect on magnetothermal oscillations in 2-D electron systems

Abstract Landau level broadening reduces considerably the amplitude of the temperature oscillations in 2-D electron systems when the magnetic field is changed adiabatically, but the oscillations are still much larger than the 3-D case.
Thermodynamic and structural properties of methanol-water mixtures: experiment, theory, and molecular simulation

Abstract We report a combined experimental, theoretical and molecular simulation study of the thermodynamics and structure of water-methanol mixtures. FTTR spectroscopic measurements in both the fundamental and overtone regions of the O-H stretch have been made over a wide range of concentration and temperature to obtain information on the energy of hydrogen-bonding and the concentrations of monomeric OH species. Theoretical work has been based on an extension of the cluster expansion theory of Wertheim. The FTIR measurements aid in determining the necessary intermolecular force parameters. The theory is used to predict the thermodynamic properties of both pure and mixed fluids, with particular emphasis on the excess properties of the mixture. Comparisons with experiment show moderately good agreement for this complex mixture. We also report Monte Carlo simulations for this mixture, using OPLS potentials for methanol-methanol and methanol-water interactions and several different potentials for the water-water interaction. We find that the resulting excess properties are sensitive to the water-water potential chosen. The CC potential for water gives quite good agreement with the experimental data.
A secretin i.v. infusion activates gene expression in the central amygdala of rats.

For the last 100 years secretin has been extensively studied for its hormonal effects on digestion. Recent observations that the deficits in social reciprocity skills seen in young (3-4-year-old) autistic children are improved after secretin infusions suggest an additional influence on neuronal activity. We show here that i.v. administration of secretin in rats induces Fos protein expression in the neurons of the central amygdala as well as the area postrema, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, external lateral parabrachial nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. However, secretin infusion did not induce Fos expression in the solitary tract nucleus or paraventricular nucleus, regions normally activated by related peptides such as cholecystokinin. The peak blood levels of secretin that induce Fos protein expression in rat brain are similar to the peak blood levels observed during i.v. treatment with secretin in humans. The amygdala is known to be critical for developing reciprocal social interaction skills and abnormalities in this brain region have been demonstrated in autistic children.
Reduction of Moniliformin in Corn by Heat Processing

: The effects of autoclaving, baking, extrusion, frying, and roasting on the stability of moniliformin (MON) in spiked (5 μg/g of MON) corn-based food products were investigated. Roasting corn meal at 218 °C for 15 min had the most significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on the reduction of MON (44.6%). Autoclaving creamed corn at 121 °C for 65 min resulted in only 10% reduction of MON. Reductions of MON ranging from 5.4 to 28.9% were observed when corn chips were prepared from spiked masa. MON was reduced by 42.2% when corn muffins were baked and by 26.7% when corn grits were extruded. Overall, MON showed heat stability similar to or greater than other Fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1
Clinician and Parent Perspectives on Parent and Family Contextual Factors that Impact Community Mental Health Services for Children with Behavior Problems

The present study employed qualitative methods to examine multiple stakeholder perspectives regarding the role of parent and family contextual factors on community child mental health treatment for children with behavior problems. Findings suggest agreement between clinicians and parents on the number, types and importance of parent and family factors in children’s mental health services; however, stakeholders differed in reports of which factors were most salient. Specifically, clinicians endorsed most factors as being equally salient, while parents described a few salient factors, with parental stress and inadequate social support being the most frequently discussed. These qualitative data further elucidate the context of community services and have implications for evidence-based practice implementation and improving community care.
Coadsorption-induced site changes: Bridging hydrogen from CO and H on Rh(100)

Abstract High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy is used to establish that heating a Rh(100) surface with 0.5 atomic monolayer (ML) CO bound in top sites coadsorbed with 1.0 ML H bound in 4-fold sites (a saturation CO exposure to a previously H saturated surface) to 160 K results in a surface consisting entirely of bridge-bound CO and bridge-bound hydrogen. The implications of the bridge-bound hydrogen on the temperature programmed desorption of the (CO on H)/Rh(100) system are discussed.
Correlates of horn and antler shape in bovids and cervids

Using analyses that control for phylogeny, we examine whether the shapes of horns and antlers in ungulates are related to style of fighting, environmental factors, mating and social systems, or are simply arbitrary. Many of the predictions that relate horn shape to species' fighting tactics and to their mating and social systems are supported. Bovids with tips facing inwards are likely to wrestle with their horns, be monogamous and solitary, whereas those with tips facing out tend to be polygynous and live in large groups. Smooth horns are used for stabbing, and are found in females of polygynous species living in large groups. In female bovids, twisted horns are found in large species and are used in wrestling whereas, in male bovids, straight horns are found in solitary species. Finally, deer with more than five antler tines tend to be large and to fight by fencing. There was little support for shape of horns and antlers being related to environmental factors, nor were shapes arbitrary as might be expected if they had arisen through female choice. Body size had little effect on these results. In general, monogamous solitary bovids have straight inwardly facing horns whereas polygynous group-living species demonstrate a wide variety of horn shapes.
Where has all the service gone

The decline in real customer service parallels corporate USA’s fascination with customer care management – elaborate technologies and processes that spin the wheels of service without actually serving anyone. The author criticizes these new economy service models and demonstrates from first‐hand experience the values of the old economy. He includes a number of novel ways for approaching defect‐free service in any business.
Collaboration of UIMS designers and human factors specialists

Conception d'un systeme de gestion d'interface utilisateur (User interface management system). Collaboration entre le concepteur et le specialiste en ergonomie
Multiplicity features of porous catalytic pellets—III. Uniqueness criteria for the lumped thermal model

Exact uniqueness criteria are presented for a porous catalytic pellet in which a p-th order exothermic reaction occurs using a lumped thermal model, which accounts for intraparticle concentration gradients and assumes that the pellet temperature is uniform but different from that of the surrounding fluid. In addition, we determine the boundaries of the parameter regions in which five solutions exist in either cylindrical or spherical pellets.
Temporal sequence of motor disturbances and increased cerebellar glutamic acid decar☐ylase activity following 3-acetylpyridine lesions in adult rats

Adult male rats were administered 75 mg/kg of the neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine to produce lesions of the inferior olive-climbing fiber projection to the cerebellum. At selected times ranging from 6 h to 43 days postlesion, rats were evaluated for motor dysfunction, and glutamic acid decar☐ylase (GAD) activity was determined in the deep cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar vermis. In the deep nuclei non-monotonic changes in GAD activity were found following climbing fiber destruction. Initially, there was a steady increase in GAD activity which peaked at 38% above control values 14 days postlesion. GAD activity then slowly declined, although it remained significantly above control levels at 43 days postlesion, the latest time point examined. In the vermis, GAD activity was significantly increased at 4 days postlesion (+8%) and remained at approximately this level throughout the experiment. The initial behavioral effects of climbing fiber loss induced hypotonia and ataxia with severely reduced mobility. With time, the ataxia and hypotonia decreased and movements such as mud-walking and pivoting developed. As these behaviors diminished, other novel conditions such as movement-associated tremor and hopping appeared. These results are discussed in the context of the previously reported effects of climbing fiber lesions on the firing rates of Purkinje cells and deep nuclei cells.
A Review of Dose Rate Dependent Effects of Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Irradiations

The literature has been reviewed in order to arrive at firm conclusions regarding total dose test procedures. The most important results are that there is little evidence for true dose rate effects for rates less than 10 rad/min. Hence a Cobalt-60 simulation of space radiation effects is completely valid if the irradiation bursts are greater than a few minutes. Further, the effects of on-going annealing in low-dose rate space environments are equivalent to that observed for irradiating and waiting the appropriate time for measurement. Hence fast measurement times following the irradiation are not necessary nor are extended low dose-rate radiation periods. Retention of bias throughput is important but need not be used when other experiments show no bias-dependent effects for a given process run.
Room-temperature phosphorescence and fluorescence of nitrogen heterocyclics adsorbed on silica gel chromatoplates.

Abstract The room-temperature phosphorescence of benzoƒ]quinoline and phenanthridine has been enhanced considerably by spotting HBr—ethanol solutions of the compounds onto silica gel chromatoplates. Acridine showed no room-temperature phosphorescence but gave very strong fluorescence on silica gel chromatoplates. The analytical aspects are discussed, and some evidence is provided for the interactions of the compounds with the substrate.
Selective Breeding of Salmonid Fishes

This paper deals with selective breeding of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), rainbow-steelhead hybrids, and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). After 38 years of selection male rainbow trout reach maturity their first year at an average weight of 680 g. Females mature their second year at an average weight of 4.5 kg and produce about 9,000 eggs. Top production was from a 3-year-old female who produced 23,489 eggs. Interracial crosses produced rainbow-steelhead hybrids that grew faster than the steelhead stock but slower than the rainbow stock. Improvements in chinook salmon have been made through selective breeding. Egg production for the 3-year-old females has increased from an average of 3,800 per female in 1960 to about 5,400 in 1969.
Separating routing and forwarding: A clean-slate network layer design

We present a ”clean-slate” design for a network-layer routing and forwarding system intended to address short-comings of the current Internet Protocol. Our design separates routing from both forwarding and topology discovery; requires only a flat, topology-independent namespace; and allows for policies of both users and service providers to be supported. Channels serve as the primary abstraction, allowing the network topology to be viewed at multiple levels of abstraction using the same identifiers. In this paper we present the basic design, which is based on loose source routing. Our routing and forwarding scheme is part of a larger project to produce a “clean-slate” network layer design.
Electrolyte osmosis through capillaries

Electrolyte-osmosis through porous membranes is investigated using the capillary model for the membrane. The electrical double layers which form because of the charge on the walls of the pore, together with the concentration gradient of the electrolyte across the pore, generate the driving forces responsible for osmosis. The basic equations that govern the flow of electrolyte solution through the pore (i.e., momentum, convective-diffusion, and Poisson-Boltzmann equations) are solved numerically to relate the characteristics of the osmotic flow (solute and solvent fluxes, osmotic reflection coefficient, and hydraulic permeability coefficient) to the characteristics of the pores (surface charge, radius, and length) and to the concentrations c I and c II of the bulk solutions on both sides of the membrane. The effect of the electric field and the radial dependence of electrical potential, concentration, and pressure inside the pores are taken into account in the analysis. The effect of an imposed pressure gradient between the two reservoirs, acting in the same direction as the concentration gradient, is examined to establish the domains of osmosis and reverse osmosis. The role of a pressure gradient applied against the concentration gradient is also considered. The influence of the unequal diffusion coefficients for anions and cations (diffusional potential) on the osmotically driven flows is studied by comparing the osmotic flow velocity of KCI solutions with those of KBrO 3 and NaCl. Lastly, the effect of an impermeable nonionic solute, added to the salt solutions on the osmotic flow rate and electrolyte flux, is evaluated. The paper provides a unified treatment for osmosis and reverse osmosis.
An Ergonomic Evaluation of Conventional Roll and Pre-Cut Commercial Tapes

The purpose of this study was to ergonomically evaluate the pre-cut tape as compared to the conventional roll tape. In order to achieve that purpose, a full-scale ergonomic evaluation was performed. A factorial experiment was performed with two tape types (pre-cut and conventional), two types of dispensers (portable and table dispensers), two dispenser positions (horizontal and vertical), and two types of taping orientation directions (horizontal and vertical). Thirty subjects representing three age groups (young, middle, and old) were chosen to participate in the study. Continuous recording of the hand deviation (ulnar and radial) and hand flexion extension angles using a Thought Technology goniometer and the Flex-comp software was performed during the course of the study. Also the time to finish the task of taping was recorded using the Flex-comp software. The study results showed that the mean deviation angle associated with the pre-cut tape is less than that of conventional roll tape. Also, it was fou...
Lasers For Thermonuclear Fusion And Their Properties

A discussion of the laser system requirements for fusion applications is presented. A comparison between the photolytic atomic iodine and electron beam pumped rare gas oxide laser systems are made in the context of a fusion laser system. The use of spontaneous and superfluorescent emission from selected rare gas halogen exciplex systems to pump high average power atomic iodine lasers is explored with emphasis on the pump source kinetics in relation to amplifier design.
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SELVESTER SCORE IN ESTIMATING INFARCT SIZE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

We have previously reported from our institution outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) based on mode of arrival i.e., fully automated pathway for pre-hospital ECG transmission (STAT-MI pathway) versus other. We now report on the use of ECG Selvester score (SS) in
Efficient Simulation for Testing Loss of Separation Algorithms

Given increased air traffic and the possible use of autonomous vehicles, there is interest in the verification of separation algorithms. Because of the complexity of the environment and the presence of perturbations, a candidate approach is simulation and Monte Carlo. There are several desirable properties of the simulation: realism, portability, transparency, and efficiency. This paper is an initial effort using MATLAB to study a separation algorithm. An original separation algorithm was developed to make this project independent of any other effort. The algorithms and program were effective enough and efficient enough that the project will proceed.
Plasma and tissue kallikrein in arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

To ascertain the participation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, we used two rat models resembling rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Proteoglycan-polysaccharide from group A streptococcus (PG-APS) produced chronic destructive inflammation and systemic response in the genetically suceptible Lewis rat, in the joints when injected intraperitoneally and in the bowel when injected into the gut wall. In both models, the KKS is activated, as evidenced by decreased prekallikrein, factor XI and high molecular weight kininogen. A specific plasma kallikrein inhibitor, Bz-Pro-Phe-boroarginine, reverses the plasma changes as well as the clinical gross and microscopic pathology of both the experimental arthritis and the inflammatory bowel diasease in the genetically susceptible rats. We have also shown that the tissue kallikrein system is involved in the intestinal inflammatory changes. Intestinal tissue kalikrein (ITK) is localized in goblet cells in both normal and inflamed tissue. In chronic granulomatous inflammation, ITK is localized in macrophages. ITK decreases in chronic inflammation, probably due to secretion, since the mRNA is unchanged. Kallikrein binding protein, the ITK inhibitor, decreases due to enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Both plasma and tissue kallikrein are appealing targets for drug therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Service-Learning and Standards-Based Instruction in Middle Schools

National curriculum standards call for meaningful teaching and learning that are developmentally appropriate and that help all students reach proficiency not only in basic skills but also in higher order thinking skills and real-world application of skills. Service-learning (SL) is among recommendations from educators for including real-world experiences into students' education. The paucity of research and mixed findings on academic outcomes from K-12 SL led the author to examine opportunity-to-learn conditions and practices of 2,164 teachers in 271 middle schools involved in school improvement. The author analyzed teacher reports to determine (a) attitudes and beliefs toward SL; (b) extent to which teachers implemented SL; and (c) relationships between teachers' attitudes and beliefs, SL, and standards-based instructional practices. Although teachers believed that SL was essential for effective education, most teachers used SL infrequently. One-way multivariate analysis of variance revealed that teacher...
Chromosomal abnormalities in low grade chondrosarcoma and a review of the literature

Abstract In this study, cytogenetic analysis of two low-grade chondrosarcomas revealed relatively simple chromosomal complements with structural rearrangements involving chromosomes 1, 6, and 12 [46,XY,add(16)(q24)[3]/46,XY,t(1;20)(q21; q11),t(6;17)(q23; q23)[3]/46,XY,t(4;14)(q12;q24),t(5;6)(q12;p21) [2] and 45,XYt(12;16)(q13;q24),−14[17]/44,idem,add(4)(p16),−17,[2] respectively]. Previously published reports of chondrosarcoma have revealed structural abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 6, 9, 12, and 15 as common. Also, a correlation between the simplicity or complexity of the abnormalities seen and histologic grade has been suggested. The findings of the current study support these earlier observations.
Neutral pion measurements in polarized proton collisions from PHENIX at RHIC

Abstract The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) started operation as a polarized proton collider in December, 2001 with transverse-spin beams. This report presents the preliminary result for the absolute neutral pion production cross section at s =200 GeV in the mid-rapidity region by the PHENIX experiment. We compare this result to the prediction of a next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculation. The measurement of the neutral pion asymmetries in this run and in future runs are also discussed.
Injuries and the Cost of Falls Among Older Adults—How Pharmacists Can Help:

Fall-related injuries are a serious public health issue among older adults. In addition to having a significant impact on our economy, these injuries are associated with considerable morbidity. Each year, 1 out of every 3 adults aged 65 and older fall; of these adults, 10% to 20% sustain serious injuries such as fractures or head traumas. Such injuries account for about 6% of medical expenditures for adults 65 years and older. Pharmacist interventions can prevent falls, thereby improving the quality of life of these older adults, preserving their independence, and significantly reducing health care costs.
Exploiting Problem Structure as a Search Heuristic

Recent empirical and theoretical studies have shown that simple parameters characterizing constraint satisfaction problems predict whether they have a solution and the cost to solve them, on average. This paper examines the effectiveness of using these predictions as a heuristic for solving the graph coloring problem. Specifically, by adding some global information on the consequences of various choices, the use of these parameters can reduce the search required to find a solution. Current limitations of this approach, due to the high variance associated with the predictions, are also presented. More generally, observations of universal behaviors analogous to physical phase transitions can be applied to improve search methods.
Scratching and Grinding of a Machinable Glass-Ceramic with Weak Interfaces and Rising T-Curve

The scratching and grinding response of a machinable mica-containing glass-ceramic is examined relative to the base glass. The influence of weak interfaces and a rising toughness curve (T-curve) on machinability and damage modes is investigated. A profound manifestation of these characteristics is a change in the nature of subsurface damage from macroscopic fracture in the base glass to distributed microfracture in the glass-ceramic. As a result, the mechanism of material removal changes from extension of macrocracks in the base glass to microfracture and dis-lodgement of the mica grains in the glass-ceramic. High removal rates in scratching compare with low forces in grinding of the glass-ceramic. The removal rates and the grinding forces are found to correlate with the short-crack toughness instead of the conventional long-crack toughness. Abrasive machining of ceramics possessing weak grain boundaries and interfaces and associated rising T- curve behavior is discussed in light of these results.
Classification of posture and activities by using decision trees

Obesity prevention and treatment as well as healthy life style recommendation requires the estimation of everyday physical activity. Monitoring posture allocations and activities with sensor systems is an effective method to achieve the goal. However, at present, most devices available rely on multiple sensors distributed on the body, which might be too obtrusive for everyday use. In this study, data was collected from a wearable shoe sensor system (SmartShoe) and a decision tree algorithm was applied for classification with high computational accuracy. The dataset was collected from 9 individual subjects performing 6 different activities—sitting, standing, walking, cycling, and stairs ascent/descent. Statistical features were calculated and the classification with decision tree classifier was performed, after which, advanced boosting algorithm was applied. The computational accuracy is as high as 98.85% without boosting, and 98.90% after boosting. Additionally, the simple tree structure provides a direct approach to simplify the feature set.
Central trajectories of type II (thin) fibers of the auditory nerve in cats

Abstract This paper describes the central projections of thin fibers of the auditory nerve in cats. Both thin (type II) and thick (type I) fibers are labeled by extracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the auditory nerve. Type I and almost all type II fibers bifurcate upon reaching the auditory nerve root of the cochlear nucleus. For a given bundle of auditory nerve fibers labeled by a discrete injection of HRP, bifurcations of type II and type I fibers are restricted to a narrow region of the nerve root. After the bifurcation, the pathways of type II branches within the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) are similar to those of type I branches. This similarity in bifurcation and course of type I and type II fibers was observed in the ventral as well as dorsal parts of the ventral cochlear nucleus. The complete axonal course of most type II fibers could not be reconstructed, however, due to fading of the reaction product. Type II fibers produce very few collaterals in the cochlear nucleus (CN), but possess many ‘en passant’ swellings along their main processes and collaterals. Compared with type II fibers previously studied in mice (Berglund and Brown, 1989; 1994; Brown and Ledwith, 1990), cat type II fibers are similar in their general projections within the main body of the nucleus and in the frequency of ‘en passant’ swellings per length of fiber, but cat fibers have a higher percentage of ‘complex’ or pedunculated ‘en passant’ swellings.
Distribution and Degradation of Sublethal Doses of I125 Labeled Endotoxin from Salmonella enteritidis in Mice

SummaryThe distribution of radioactivity after injection of endotoxin labeled with 51Cr and 125I was quite different. The 51Cr, labeling chiefly the core polysaccharide, was retained by the liver while 125I, labeling chiefly lipid A, was rapidly excreted by the kidney, stomach, and salivary glands probably as free iodide. Stomach slices, but not liver or spleen slices, split 125I from labeled endotoxin in vitro suggesting that the stomach may play a role in endotoxin degradation. The radioactivity of 125I labeled endotoxin was excreted more rapidly by immunized than nonimmunized animals.
RADIO FREQUENCY--MICROWAVE DOUBLE RESONANCE AS A TOOL IN THE ANALYSIS OF MICROWAVE SPECTRA

Abstract The practical application of radio frequency-microwave double resonance as a spectroscopic technique in the analysis of microwave spectra has been investigated. Application of a high-power amplitude-modulated radio-frequency field to a gaseous sample in a waveguide cell provides a means of detecting microwave transitions, analogous to the situation in microwave-microwave double resonance. The sensitivity of the technique compares favorably with that of Stark modulation. Near-symmetric top molecules with allowed K-type doublet transitions are especially amenable to the technique. Accidental near degeneracies of dipole-connected rotational levels in asymmetric top molecules are also useful. A description of a radio frequency-microwave double resonance spectrometer is given together with a discussion of the special problems associated with radio frequency circuits. Applications of the technique are discussed with examples.
Microstructural development in physical vapour-deposited partially stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings

Abstract The effects of processing parameters of physical vapour deposition on the microstructure of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) thermal barrier coatings have been experimentally investigated. Emphasis has been placed on the crystallographic texture of the PSZ coatings and the microstructure of the top surface of the PSZ coatings as well as the metal-ceramic interface. The variations in the deposition chamber temperature, substrate thickness, substrate rotation and vapour incidence angle resulted in the observation of significant differences in the crystallographic texture and microstructure of the PSZ coatings.
Stack splitting: a technique for efficient exploitation of search parallelism on share-nothing platforms

We study the problem of exploiting parallelism from search-based AI systems on share-nothing platforms, i.e., platforms where different machines do not have access to any form of shared memory. We propose a novel environment representation technique, called stack-splitting, which is a modification of the well-known stack-copying technique, that enables the efficient exploitation of or-parallelism from AI systems on distributed-memory machines. Stack-splitting, coupled with appropriate scheduling strategies, leads to reduced communication during distributed execution and effective distribution of larger grain-sized work to processors. The novel technique can also be implemented on shared-memory machines and it is quite competitive. In this paper we present a distributed implementation of or-parallelism based on stack-splitting including results. Our results suggest that stack-splitting is an effective technique for obtaining high performance parallel AI systems on shared-memory as well as distributed-memory multiprocessors.
Reality TV, Faking It, and the Transformation of Personal Identity

In her paper, "Reality TV, Faking It, and the Transformation of Personal Identity," Joanne Morreale examines the hybrid makeover, game, and reality TV show Faking It as a cultural form that portrays the transformation of personal identity through performance. Morreale argues that the contents and performance of the show intensify the link between consumer culture and the fabrication of identity by teaching that fulfillment comes from becoming, rather than having, a commodity. In the show, participants learn to perform new selves that are perceived as "better." Faking It thus puts on display the processes of fabrication whereby the self is created and is best understood through the logic of simulation rather than representation. Joanne Morreale, "Reality TV, Faking It, and the Transformation of Personal Identity" page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.2 (2005):