cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial variables in children and teens of extended families identified through bipolar affective disorder probands.

Objectives: This multi-site study investigated the frequency of risk-related variables for developing an affective disorder using a within-pedigree control group. We wished to determine the effect of life events, social relationships, self-perceived competence, and aspects of home environment for youngsters from extended families with loading for bipolar disorder. Using a within-family contrast group, we address the following two issues: (1) Do offspring or their parents from families who do and do not have an affected parent report differences (i) in home environment? (ii) in frequency and type of offspring life events? and (iii) in social relations and self-perception? and (2) Do children or their parents who do or do not have an affective disorder report differently on these areas? Methods: Juvenile offspring (n = 50) and their parents from 14 bipolar pedigrees were assessed. Structured interviews and self- or parent-reported instruments were used to compare offspring with an affected first-degree relative to those without and to compare offspring with or without an affective disorder. Results: Only one significant psychosocial difference was found between offspring with or without a parent with an affective disorder but several were found between offspring who themselves did or did not have an affective disorder. These differences are in the areas of the need for discipline, social support, and dependent negative life events. Conclusions: The findings identify potential early psychosocial markers for affective disorder in high risk offspring.
Vocal affect expression as an indicator of affective response

This research is designed to validate the measurement of vocal affect expression as an accurate indicator of affective responses. Subjects who support legalized abortion read aloud either proattitudinal or counterattitudinal statements. Their recorded voices were digitized, standardized against their own baseline vocal parameters, and analyzed for differences in mean and range of fundamental frequency between the pro-attitudinal and counterattitudinal conditions. Subjects with strong initial attitudes exhibited the expected pattern of negative affect while reading counterattitudinal material. However, subjects with initial attitudes moderate in strength exhibited an unexpected pattern of negative affect when reading pro-attitudinal information. Written measures of the affective and evaluative components of attitudes toward: abortion and; a measure of mood were employed to validate the voice measure.
Content-Adaptive Coding and Delay-Aware Rate Control for a Multi-Camera Wireless Surveillance Network

One of the challenges in supporting multiple video streams over a small wireless network is appropriate rate control at each video source. Two rate adaptation approaches are proposed in this paper, to meet both quality and latency requirements while achieving overall efficiency. Encoding frame rate is adapted according to the importance of the video contents; quantization parameter for each frame is dynamically adjusted based on complexity of the current frame and past observations of end-to-end delay. Simulation results for a multi-camera surveillance application show the effectiveness of the proposed network-adaptive rate control in a live coding and streaming scenario. Compared to conventional methods combining TCP-friend rate control (TFRC) at the transport layer and video encoder rate control at the application layer, the proposed scheme improves the average PSNR of received video by 0.3-3.5 dB while also achieving less fluctuation in the video quality
Current bereavement theory: Implications for art therapy practice

Abstract In a recent survey of art therapists affiliated with the American Art Therapy Association (American Art Therapy Association, I. (2007). Newsletter, XL. American Art Therapy Association, INC., pp. 23), bereavement/grief was listed as one of the top 10 specialties of practicing art therapists. Despite the apparent popularity of this kind of work, publications suggest that stage-based approaches to grief still seem to be the norm (Finn, C. A. (2003). Helping students cope with loss: incorporating art into group counselling. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 28, 155–165; Hiltunen, S. M. S. (2003). Bereavement, lamenting and the prism of consciousness: Some practical considerations. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 30, 217–228) regardless of the recent theoretical and empirical advances in bereavement. Instead of seeing the natural process of grief as something that must be experienced in stages, the more recent theories (Neimeyer, R. A. (1998). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping. NY: McGraw-Hill; Stroebe, M. S., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process of model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23(3), 197–224) focus on finding meaning in the aftermath of loss and describe the process in a more complex way. These approaches fit well with the art therapist's orientation towards externalizing, facilitating insight and understanding in the client. The article describes these newer approaches to bereavement and provides clinical and theoretical implications for art therapists working in grief/bereavement.
Distinct Cooling Histories of Apollo 15 Basalts

THE ridges and valleys of the Fra Mauro region on the Moon consist of a blanket of ejecta from the impact which created the Imbrium basin approximately 1,200 km away. The estimated thickness of the blanket at the Apollo 14 landing site is 40 to 80 m (ref. 1). The rocks returned from the landing site are predominantly friable breccias which include fragments of Imbrium basalt mixed with regolith. Some of the fragments may be older breccias which were formed by impacts before the Imbrium event. The two largest basaltic rocks returned are 14310 (3,439 g) and 14053 (251 g). Basalt 14310 has an intersertal texture (grain size 0.1 to 0.5 mm) and is at least 60% plagioclase (Ab5–20Or1–4 An75–95), 35 to 40% ortho and clinopyroxene; there are also small amounts of ilmenite, troilite, ulvospinel, glass metallic iron and so on3,4. This rock is chemically similar to the feldspathic basalts which may be lunar highland material5. It has also been suggested that it may have been crystallized at Fra Mauro in near-surface conditions from a remolten pocket in the ejecta blanket6. Basalt 14053 has an ophitic texture (grain size 0.5 to 2 mm) and contains 40 to 45% plagioclase (Ab10–20Or1–5 An75–90), 45 to 50% clinopyroxene and small amounts of olivine, ilmenite, cristobalite, troilite, ulvospinel, metallic iron, glass and so on3. This rock is probably a clast from a boulder of diameter 1 to 2 m which is a breccia2. Texture and composition are similar to those of Mare basalts as returned, for example, from Oceanus Procellarum.
Detection and Measurements of Air Pollutants and Constituents by Millimeter-Wave Microwave Spectroscopy

The properties of millimeter-wave spectrometers as highly specific and sensitive experimental research tools for monitoring gaseous pollutants of interest in pollution research are presented. A spectrometer system operating at frequencies in the vicinity of 70 GHz and employing a semi-confocal Fabry-Perot resonator as the sample cell is described. The resonator is voltage tuned by means of a piezoelectric transducer which enables it to track the microwave source frequency. The operation and performance of the spectrometer are discussed and illustrated by measurements of diluted samples of sulfur dioxide. The noise from the microwave source, the absorption cell and the receiver, which ultimately limits the achievable sensitivity are discussed along with considerations for future sensitivity improvements.
Skeletal muscle contractions stimulate cGMP formation and attenuate vascular smooth muscle myosin phosphorylation via nitric oxide

Nitric oxide generated by neuronal nitric oxide synthase in contracting skeletal muscle fibers may regulate vascular relaxation via a cGMP-mediated pathway. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase content is greatly reduced in skeletal muscles from mdx mice. cGMP formation increased in contracting extensor digitorum longus muscles in vitro from C57 control, but not mdx mice. The increase in cGMP content was abolished with N G -nitro-L-arginine. Sodium nitroprusside treatment increased cGMP levels in muscles from both C57 and mdx mice. Skeletal muscle contractions also inhibited phenyl- ephrine-induced phosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin regulatory light chain. Arteriolar dilation was attenuated in contracting muscles from mdx but not C57 mice. NO generated in contracting skeletal muscle may contribute to vasodilation in response to exercise. z 1998 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
Estimation of spectral power laws in time uncertain series of data with application to the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 δ18O record

[1] Errors in the timing assigned to observations degrade estimates of the power spectrum in a complicated and nonlocal fashion. It is clear that timing errors will smear concentrations of spectral energy across a wide band of frequencies, leading to uncertainties in the analysis of spectral peaks. Less understood is the influence of timing errors upon the background continuum. We find that power law distributions of spectral energy are largely insensitive to errors in timing at frequencies much smaller than the Nyquist frequency, though timing errors do increase the uncertainty associated with estimates of power law scaling exponents. These results are illustrated analytically and through Monte Carlo simulation and are applied in the context of evaluating the power law behavior of oxygen isotopes obtained from Greenland ice cores. Age errors in layer counted ice cores are modeled as a discrete and monotonic random walk that includes the possibility of biases toward under- or overcounting. The δ18Oice record from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 is found to follow a power law of 1.40 ± 0.19 for periods between 0.7 and 50 kyr, and equivalent results are also obtained for other Greenland ice cores.
Motor and plume particle size measurements in solid propellant micromotors

Particle size distributions were measured in the chamber, nozzle, and plume of a subscale solid propellant rocket motor. A significant reduction in the mean size of the aluminum/aluminum oxide particles occurred within the motor chamber. The mass fraction of small particles (<2 ft) at the nozzle entrance was less than 10%. Also, most particles were smaller than 50 ft, although a few as large as 85 ft were present. In the converging and throat portions of the nozzle it appeared that particle breakup dominated over collision coalescence. Collision coalescence was observed to occur more dominantly in the supersonic nozzle flow. At the nozzle exit the particle mean size was usually less than 2.5 ft. The particle size distributions were bimodal or trimodal, with the larger particles concentrated near the plume centerline. Because of the short nozzle residence times it is not known whether or not these results are also applicable to full-scale motors. The mean size of the small A12O3 particles in the plume edges was less than 0.5 ft in diam, with an index of refraction of 1.64 ± 0.04 (apparently y-Al2O3), independent of propellant composition, motor operating conditions and nozzle geometry.
Measurements of degradation to intelligibility in simulcast systems

Tests were run to determine the degree of degradation to intelligibility caused by implementation of simulcast versus single transmitter systems. Test involved running vehicles with observers over predetermined routes through simulcast and nonsimulcast systems. Observers' ratings showed that the degradation to intelligibility due to simulcast was slight.
Effect of prostaglandin E1 on hepatic cyclic AMP activity, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Abstract Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) failed to stimulate rat liver cyclic AMP (cAMP), induce hyperglycemia, glycogenolysis or lipolysis or prevent epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia in isolated perfused rat liver, even though other known glycogenolytic agents (glucagon and epinephrine) activated cAMP in this same system. The data do not support a physiologic role for PGE1 on hepatic glycogenolysis or lipolysis. Although the effects of PGE1 on gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, ureogenesis or amino acid transport in isolated perfused liver were not investigated, if PGE1 is subsequently found to influence these metabolic parameters, such alterations would probably occur independent of a change in cAMP activity.
A channeled ion energy loss study of the surfactant-mediated growth of Ge on Si(100)

Abstract Scattered ion energy distribution for the system Sb/Ge/Si(100) are studied using transmission ion channeling. One monolayer (ML) of Sb was deposited on the clean Si(100) surface prior to deposition of one ML of Ge at 350°C. Experimental energy distributions for the , {110}, and “random” directions are compared with simulated energy distributions obtained by overlapping trial absorbate positions (relative to bulk positions) with ion positions in the channel at the beam-exit surface. Ion positions and energies are calculated via a Monte Carlo simulation of channeling that incorporates a model for channeled ion energy loss. We find that the energy distributions clearly show that the surfactant, Sb, moves to the surface upon Ge deposition at 350°C. Further, our results are consistent with the sites recently reported by Grant et al. [Surf. Sci. 316 (1994) L1088], for Sb deposited on Ge/Si(100), namely, tilted Sb dimers on Ge asymmetrically displaced from bulk sites.
Use of tone offset to facilitate reaction time to light onset

Four Ss participated in a visual discriminative reaction time (RT) task to explore the phenomenon of intersensory facilitation. Previous research has indicated that RT to a joint visual-auditory event is more rapid than RT to the visual component alone, even when the auditory component is noninformative. In the present study, a tone offset was used in place of the usual affirmative event (click). The results indicated that RT was more rapid when the tone offset in conjunction with the occurrence of the visual event as compared to when the tone remained on throughout the trial. The effect was comparable in magnitude to that obtained in prior studies using an affirmative auditory event.
Excited deterministic walk in a random environment

Excited deterministic walk in a random environment is a non-Markov integer-valued process $(X_n)_{n=0}^{\infty}$, whose jump at time $n$ depends on the number of visits to the site $X_n$. The environment can be understood as stacks of cookies on each site of $\mathbb Z$. Once all cookies are consumed at a given site, every subsequent visit will result in a walk taking a step according to the direction prescribed by the last consumed cookie. If each site has exactly one cookie, then the walk ends in a loop if it ever visits the same site twice. If the number of cookies per site is increased to two, the walk can visit a site $x$ arbitrarily many times before getting stuck in a loop, which may or may not contain $x$. Nevertheless, we establish monotonicity results on the environment that imply large deviations.
ESTIMATING THE SUCCESS OF TRAJECTORY FORECASTS1

A common tool in response to oil spills is trajectory forecasting. While the essential equations of oil spill trajectory modeling have not changed in four decades, the assessment of their effectiveness has only recently undergone quantitative analysis. The authors assert that estimating the success of any forecast can be approached in two different ways: (1) operationally, where the measured location of the spill is used to evaluate previous forecasts and improve the trajectory model in future forecasts, and (2) assessing the utility of the forecast, where spill location dependent cleanup decisions are affected by the model results, either favorably or unfavorably. The challenge of determining operational success often lies in the method of estimating trajectory error in a defensible way that incorporates the uncertainty inherent in the reported slick observations and highlights the flaws in either the intrinsic model parameters or environmental input. The authors discuss the limitations of simply using t...
The morphology of phenolic polymers enzymatically synthesized in surfactant microstructures

Abstract Currently, there is much interest in materials synthesis through biomimetic pathways [1,2]. Biological and biomimetic routes to polymer and particle synthesis lead to materials with novel structural properties that can be replicated with rather high fidelity [3]. We report morphological characteristics of the enzymatic synthesis of phenolic polymers in the microstructured environment of water-in-oil microemulsions or reversed micelles. The enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, is encapsulated in the micelles. The synthesis appears to be an example of interfacial polymerization as the monomer partitions to the micelle oil-water interface. The final polymer has the interesting morphology of interconnected spherical particles. The microstructured environment appears to play an important role in morphology development, and a high surfactant to monomer ratio (> 3:1) allows the formation of spherical morphologies.
A Market Test for Natural Monopoly in Local Exchange.

Is the incumbent local exchange carrier (LEC) a natural monopolist? The analysis indicates that the LEC cost function is not supportable: LECs appear to be either nonsustainable natural monopolies or non natural monopolies over the set of services they currently offer. However, recent technological changes suggest that whether LECs are natural monopolies over their current offerings is immaterial for policy making, because competitors are enjoying economies of scope in offering both LEC and non LEC services. Based on these results, deregulation of LECs is discussed in a Type I/Type II error framework.
Continually evaluating similarity-based pattern queries on a streaming time series

In many applications, local or remote sensors send in streams of data, and the system needs to monitor the streams to discover relevant events/patterns and deliver instant reaction correspondingly. An important scenario is that the incoming stream is a continually appended time series, and the patterns are time series in a database. At each time when a new value arrives (called a time position), the system needs to find, from the database, the nearest or near neighbors of the incoming time series up to the time position. This paper attacks the problem by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to efficiently find the cross correlations of time series, which yields, in a batch mode, the nearest and near neighbors of the incoming time series at many time positions. To take advantage of this batch processing in achieving fast response time, this paper uses prediction methods to predict future values. FFT is used to compute the cross correlations of the predicted series (with the values that have already arrived) and the database patterns, and to obtain predicted distances between the incoming time series at many future time positions and the database patterns. When the actual data value arrives, the prediction error together with the predicted distances is used to filter out patterns that are not possible to be the nearest or near neighbors, which provides fast responses. Experiments show that with reasonable prediction errors, the performance gain is significant.
Additional comments on a problem in concurrent programming control

Professor Dijkstra's ingenious construction [Solution of a Problem in Concurrent Programming Control, Comm. ACM 8 (Sept. 1965), 569] is not quite a solution to a related problem almost identical to the problem he posed there, and Mr. Hyman's "simplification" for the case of two computers ]Comm. ACM 9 (Jan. 1965), 45] hardly works at all. I hope that by this letter I can save people some of the problems they would encounter if they were to use either of those methods.
Aspect in Network Security Risk: A System Ruin Problem

The probability of ruin plays a crucial role in determining the Network Security Risk. The stable rate, initial stable values, together with ruin time, ruin function will be discussed in the directions of mapping to the Security Systems. As the stable rate becomes larger, the observation is the probability of ruin will be smaller. Random walk, Brownian motion and the connection with Network Security Risk also will be addressed. People can use the model to determine the implementation structure of the Network Security Systems to prevent intrusions.
Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 enhances coagulation and diminishes fibrinolytic vulnerability in subjects exposed to warfarin.

Abstract Introduction It has been recently demonstrated that a carbon monoxide releasing molecule (tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer; CORM-2) enhances coagulation and attenuates vulnerability to fibrinolysis in normal and hemophiliac human plasma. We tested the hypothesis that plasma obtained from warfarin-treated subjects would demonstrate improved coagulation and decreased fibrinolytic vulnerability following exposure to CORM-2. Materials and Methods Anonymous donor plasma samples with international normalized ratios (INR) values ranging from 1.5-5.4 were exposed to 0 or 100 µM CORM-2 and activated with tissue factor (12 samples). Additional samples within the same INR range were exposed to 0 or 100 µM CORM-2 and 0 or 100 U/ml tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) to assess fibrinolytic vulnerability (8 samples). Thrombelastographic data were collected until either clot strength stabilized or clot lysis occurred as appropriate. Results and Conclusions In the absence of tPA, all but one sample (INR=1.5) demonstrated a marked increase in the velocity of clot formation (40-577%) and strength (42-180%) following CORM-2 exposure. Of interest, in the presence of tPA, all samples (including the previously unresponsive sample) were noted to have an increase in the velocity of clot formation and strength, coupled with a prolonged onset to maximal rate of clot lysis (60-242%) and increased clot lysis time (74-149%). As with normal and hemophilic plasma, both enhancement of coagulation and attenuation of fibrinolysis occur following CORM-2 exposure in plasma from warfarin-treated subjects. Future investigation must determine if carbon monoxide releasing molecules could be used therapeutically to control bleeding in warfarin-treated patients.
Integrating Operations and Marketing Perspectives of Product Innovation: The Influence of Organizational Process Factors and Capabilities on Development Performance

This paper adopts a multidisciplinary view of innovation by integrating operations and marketing perspectives of product development. The conceptual framework builds on the resource-based view of the firm and organizational information-processing theory to characterize relationships among organizational process factors, product development capabilities, critical uncertainties, and operational/market performance in product development projects. Data from a cross-sectional sample of 120 completed development projects for assembled goods is analyzed via a two-stage hierarchical moderated regression approach. The findings show that: 1 the organizational process factors studied are associated with achievement of operational outcome targets for product quality, unit cost, and time-to-market; 2 achievement of operational outcomes aids the achievement of market outcomes, in turn suggesting that development capabilities are indeed valuable firm resources; and 3 these relationships are robust under conditions of technological, market, and environmental uncertainty. This article provides practical insight into how product development projects can be better managed for operational and market success. Additionally, this article sets a theoretical and empirical basis for future research on the influence of organizational process factors and capabilities on diverse product-innovation outcomes.
Use of xeroradiography for length determination in endodontics

Files inserted and secured in forty-seven canals of maxillary and mandibular cadaver jaw sections were radiographed by conventional and xeroradiographic means, with the use of positioning devices and beam-guiding instruments. Measurements of the radiographically interpreted distance and the actual distance of files from the anatomic apex were made and compared. The data were analyzed by use of the Student's t test. There was no statistically significant difference between conventional and xeroradiographic methods. Xeroradiographs were subjectively judged better than conventional radiographs for maximum visualization of dental structures important to endodontics. Radiation levels needed for quality radiographs were found to be less with the xeroradiographic process.
RURAL ASSISTANCE LEVELS: THE INFLUENCE OF POLICIES AND WORLD PRICE CHANGES

Two aspects of effective rates of assistance for Australian agricultural industries are examined. The long-term rate, rather than the rate for a single year, is determined and a rationale is sought for the pattern of assistance that emerges. Second, the influence of exogenous factors (as represented by changes in world prices) on assistance rates is examined. Assistance elasticities are calculated for the major agricultural commodities and estimates made of the likely change in the pattern of assistance rates from any general world price change. In addition, commodities with assistance rates potentially very different from existing rates are identified. Price transmission elasticities are also derived to indicate the degree of insulation that the various policies provide for each commodity.
The Significance and Characteristics of the Personal Activity Cloud on Exposure Assessment Measurements for Indoor Contaminants

The influence of personal activity sources on exposure to indoor contaminants is defined and demonstrated using data from occupational and residential studies. The ratios of measurements from personal exposure monitors to those made by microenvironmental exposure monitors are summarized to be typically 3 to 10 for occupational settings and 1.2 to 3.3 for residential settings. The ratios are shown to be lognormally distributed, and dependent primarily on the proximity of the source to the receptors. Current models are reviewed for possible application to the prediction of indoor concentration gradients and future model development and validation studies are suggested. (Copyright (c) 1991 Danish Technical Press, DK-Copenhagen.)
Insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 receptors in rat small intestine following massive small bowel resection. Analysis by binding, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry.

This study was undertaken to correlate changes in insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 receptors in enterocytes both during the phase of active hyperplasia (protocol 1) and the phase of initiation of hyperplasia (protocol 2) induced by 60% proximal jejunoileal resection in rats. Hormone binding to purified receptor preparations, indirect immunofluorescence analysis by flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to identify receptor changes. Insulin and IGF-2 receptor binding were increased in the intestine two days after surgery and prior to increased cell mass. The number of cells expressing insulin and IGF-1 receptors increased two-and three-fold between 12 and 36 hr after resection, whereas IGF-2 receptors were maintained throughout the 48-hr period. A significant increase in immunoreactive IGF-2 receptors in both the villus and crypt regions of the jejunum and ileum was observed 12 hr after resection, and this increase was maintained in the crypt region of the jejunum through 48 hr. Therefore, insulin and IGF-2 receptors appear to be important in the initiation of cellular hyperplasia following resection.
Feature Extraction in IR Images Via Synchronous Video Detection

IR video images acquired by scanning imaging radiometers are subject to several problems which make measurement of small temperature differences difficult. Among these problems are 1) aliasing, which occurs When events at frequencies higher than the video frame rate are observed, 2) limited temperature resolution imposed by the 3-bit digitization available in existing commercial systems, and 3) susceptibility to noise and background clutter. Bandwidth narrowing devices (e.g. lock-in amplifiers or boxcar averagers) are routinely used to achieve a high degree of signal to noise improvement for time-varying 1-dimensional signals. We will describe techniques which allow similar S/N improvement for 2-dimensional imagery acquired with an off the shelf scanning imaging radiometer system. These techniques are iplemented in near-real-time, utilizing a microcomputer and specially developed hardware and software . We will also discuss the application of the system to feature extraction in cluttered images, and to acquisition of events which vary faster than the frame rate.
Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: International Relations Meets International Law

Custom, Power and the Power of Rules, Michael Byers (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998). 224 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-521-63289-7), $54.95; paper (ISBN: 0-521-63408-3), $19.95. Book reviewed: Byers, Michael Custom, Power and the Power of Rules
Transcriptomic characterization of the immunogenetic repertoires of heteromyid rodents

When populations evolve under disparate environmental conditions, they experience different selective pressures that shape patterns of sequence evolution and gene expression. These may be manifested in genetic and phenotypic differences such as a diverse immunogenetic repertoire in species from tropical latitudes that have greater and/or different parasite burdens than more temperate species. To test this idea, we compared the transcriptomes of one tropical species (Heteromys desmarestianus) and two species from temperate latitudes (Dipodomys spectabilis and Chaetodipus baileyi) from the Heteromyidae. We did so in a search for positive selection on sequences and/or differential expression, while controlling for phylogenetic history in our choice of species. We identified 127,812 contigs and annotated 34,878 of these, identifying immune genes associated with interleukins, cytokines, and the production of mast cells. We identified 632 genes that were upregulated in H. desmarestianus (8.7% of genes tested) and 492 (6.7%) that were downregulated. Gene ontology terms including “immune response” were associated with 31 (4.9%) of the 632 upregulated genes. We found preliminary evidence for positive selection on three genes (Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N, Krueppel-like factor 10, and Spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 1) along the H. desmarestianus lineage. Overall our findings pinpoint genes in species from disparate environments that are on different evolutionary trajectories in terms of expression levels and/or nucleotide sequence. Our data indicate there are significant differences in the expression of genes among the spleen transcriptomes of these species and that a number of these differentially expressed genes do not show the same pattern of differential expression in another tissue type. This points to the possibility of expression differences between these species specific to the spleen transcriptome.
Relational statistical deformation models for morphological image analysis and classification

As medical imaging datasets continue to grow, interest in effective ways to analyze the statistical properties and data variability within those datasets has surged. Accurate analysis of the morphological statistical properties of a group of images has proven to be extremely important in medical imaging. This paper introduces Relational Statistical Deformation Models, or RSDMs, as a generic modeling technique to capture the morphological statistical deformation properties of a collection of images. Deformation fields, such as those obtained from non-linear registration techniques, are used to learn the morphological properties of a group of images and to train a statistical model capable of solving multiple imaging tasks such as image classification. To compensate for noise and registration errors, RSDM treats each local deformation as a random variable and builds the statistical model as a Markov Random Field (MRF). Once an RSDM model has been created, the same model can be used to solve multiple imaging tasks such as image classification, diagnosis, generation, and denoising. The focus of this paper is to introduce RSDM models and illustrate their effectiveness in image classification tasks. To show the advantages and limitations of RSDMs, a collection of brain MR images was used to create a model to automatically identify subjects with Alzheimer's.
Enzyme Replacement Therapy and Fabry Kidney Disease

for agalsidase alfa is 0.2 mg/kg and for agalsidase beta it is 1.0 mg/kg body weight. Approval for both agents was based on Orphan Drug provisions with the use of surrogate end points, 8 such as clearing of vascular endothelial deposits, 11 and symptomatic improvement of pain scores. 12 Furthermore, when ERT was initiated in patients with relatively mild disease, there appeared to be favorable responses in terms of slowing or preventing serious organ dysfunction. 12,13 Less favorable results have been reported in open-label, longitudinal studies in patients with more advanced kidney disease, particularly with overt proteinuria. 14,15 These concerns are echoed by the recently published results of a Phase IV, randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled trial, in which 82 patients with initial glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values 55 mL/min/1.73 m 2 did quite well compared with their placebo control group, but those with more severe disease and proteinuria were not as clearly benefited by ERT. 16 Interpretation of this study is complicated by a baseline imbalance in the urine protein excretion between the placebo group and the agalsidase beta group, 16 and the relatively small number of patients included in what was designed to be an outcome study. 17 Proteinuria has emerged as an important risk factor for progression of kidney involvement in a number of kidney diseases, 18 including Fabry disease. 13 The significance of proteinuria in patients with Fabry disease and the limitations of ERT in addressing this issue have recently been examined. A common thread in all of the published outcome studies with agalsidase alfa 15,19 and agalsidase beta 11,13,14,16,20 is that ERT at the currently approved doses simply does not impact urinary protein excretion. The association between pathologic changes (eg, focal and global glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis) and proteinuria is not surprising. 20,21 To date, however, there has been no systematic attempt to reduce the proteinuria and slow the progression of kidney GFR decline in Fabry disease with antiproteinuric therapy, as has been so successful in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and other forms of proteinuric kidney disease. 22,23 A number of patients in the various trials 11,13‐16,19,20 were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), but in none of these studies was systematic reduction of urinary protein excretion identified as a primary or secondary objective. 16 Post hoc analysis of the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Study would stongly support the primary goal of reducing urinary protein and albumin excretion to a target level, perhaps even more importantly than achieving a fixed goal for systolic
Irradiance of Horizontal Quartz-Halogen Standard Lamps

Spectral irradiance calibrations often require that irradiance standard lamps be oriented differently than the normal calibration orientation used at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and at other standards laboratories. For example, in solar measurements the instruments are generally upward viewing, requiring horizontal working standards for minimization of irradiance calibration uncertainties. To develop a working standard for use in a solar ultraviolet intercomparison, NIST determined the irradiance of quartz-halogen lamps operating in the horizontal position, rather than in the customary vertical position. An experimental technique was developed which relied upon equivalent lamps with independent mounts for each orientation and a spectroradiometer with an integrating sphere whose entrance port could be rotated 90° to view either lamp position. The results presented here are limited to 1000 W quartz-halogen type lamps at ultraviolet wavelengths from 280 nm to 400 nm. Sources of uncertainty arose from the lamps, the spectroradiometer, and the lamp alignment, and increased the uncertainty in the irradiance of horizontal lamps by less than a factor of two from that of vertical NIST standard lamps. The irradiance of horizontal lamps was less than that of vertical lamps by approximately 6 % at long wavelengths (400 nm) to as much as 12 % at the shortest wavelengths (280 nm). Using the Wien radiation law, this corresponds to color temperature differences of 15.7 K and 21.3 K for lamps with clear and frosted envelopes, respectively.
A procedure for evaluating human-computer interface development tools

Human-computer interface development tools are interactive systems that support production and execution of the human-computer interface. With their recent proliferation, evaluations and comparisons are constantly done, but without a formal, structured approach. Addressing these problems is difficult, largely because of the relative newness of such tools, because of the many different kinds of systems that are called UIMS, and because of their inherent complexity. These tools are complex because human-computer interfaces, which produce tools, are complex.
Gas-source MBE growth of Ga(In)NP/GaP structures and their applications for red light-emitting diodes

Abstract We have studied the effects of N incorporation in Ga(In)P and explored their applications for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The GaInNP epilayers were grown on (1 0 0) GaP substrates by gas-source MBE using an RF nitrogen radical beam source. Red LEDs based on GaN 0.011 P 0.989 /GaP double-heterostructure grown on (1 0 0) GaP substrates were successfully fabricated. Compared to conventional AlGaInP LEDs, this LED eliminates etching of the GaAs substrate and wafer-bonding of a transparent GaP substrate. Partially relaxed GaN 0.011 P 0.989 active layers, however, degraded the emission efficiency. Incorporation of In in GaN 0.015 P 0.985 alloy to lattice-match to GaP not only maintains the direct band gap, but also improves the sample structural quality and increases the integrated PL intensity by 40%, compared to GaN 0.015 P 0.985 .
On the Castelnuovo-Severi inequality for Riemann surfaces

Some consequences of equality in the Castelnuovo-Severi inequality are discussed. In particular, it is shown that if a Riemann surface of genus ten, W10, admits four coverings of tori, each in three sheets, then W10 admits an elementary abelian group of order 27. By previous work this last result is then characterized by the vanishing of certain thetanulls. An elementary discussion of the direct product of monodromy groups is an essential part of the proofs.
Nonevents and Adult Well-Being

Abstract Both the nonoccurrence of positive expected life events (nonevents) and their role in adulthood have received little research attention, even though nonevents have potential to impact lives profoundly. To obtain data on the experience of nonevents and their perceived impact, we developed the Life Experiences Assessment Form (LEAF). In three exploratory studies, 62%–95% of participants reported the experience of one or more nonevents. Using different measures of well-being in the three studies, there was a trend in which persons reporting more nonevents had lower indices of well-being. A stronger relationship was present between perceiving nonevents as having a negative impact and lower well-being scores. These relationships persisted when negative affectivity was controlled. Overall, nonevents were perceived as having less personal impact than events that had occurred. Nonevents appear to be related to adult well-being.
Can Irrational Become Unconstitutional? NCLB's 100% Presuppositions

This article identifies two presuppositions underlying No Child Left Behind’s (NCLB) system of adequate yearly progress. The first is that each state must bring 100% of its students up to proficiency on state tests by the 2013‐14 school year. The second is that each student’s test score must effectively be treated by the state as if his or her school were 100% responsible for that score. The article demonstrates that these two 100% presuppositions are unsupportable and then explores the NCLB rules in the context of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, which prohibits the government from arbitrary exercises of power.
Effects of Long‐Term Passaging of BTI‐Tn5B1–4 Insect Cells on Growth and Recombinant Protein Production

The BTI-Tn-5B1-4 insect cell line from Trichopulsi ni has enabled better secretion and higher productivity of recombinant proteins in the baculovirus expression system. An early passage stock of this cell line is compared here to the commercially available "High Five" cell line stock. The early passage Tn5B1-4 cells grew to over 11 x 10(6) cells/mL and expressed 2.5-fold more recombinant secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) than the High Five cells. While the specific productivity on a cell number basis was only slightly higher, the early passage Tn5B1-4 cells maintained this productivity at higher cell densities, increasing their volumetric productivity to 50 microg/mL under elevated oxygen conditions. We propose that the difference in these two stocks of cells is the length of time they have been cultured, 130 total passages for the early passage versus 360 passages for the High Five cells. This conclusion is supported by the facts that the early passage Tn5B1-4 cells are smaller in diameter by 4 micron, smaller in cellular protein content (206 versus 270 microg of protein/10(6) cells), have an increased propensity to clump in suspension culture, and are less susceptible to dispersion of these clumps by dextran sulfate compared to the High Five cells.
Household Mouse Allergen Exposure Predicts Asthma Morbidity in Inner-city Pre-School Children

829 Household Mouse Allergen Exposure Predicts Asthma Morbidity in Inner-city Pre-School Children E. C. Matsui1, P. A. Eggleston1, J. A. Krishnan2, P. Breysse3, C. Rand2, G. B. Diette2; 1Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 2Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 3Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. RATIONALE: Mouse allergen is commonly found in inner-city homes, but there are few data linking it to asthma morbidity. METHODS: Preschool children with asthma (N= 150) were recruited from inner-city Baltimore and underwent allergy skin testing. Bedroom dust samples were collected for analysis of Mus m 1 at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Medication use, symptoms, and health care use were assessed at the same time points. RESULTS: The mean age was 4.4 y, 58% were males, and 92% were African American. 68% were atopic and 17% were sensitized to mouse. All bedrooms had detectable settled dust Mus m 1 (median [IQR]: 2.5 g/g [0.5-8.8]). In longitudinal analyses, mouse-sensitized children exposed to > 0.5 g/g of Mus m 1 were more likely to be hospitalized (OR 4.3; 95% CI 1.0-19.1), visit the emergency department (OR 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.9), and have an unscheduled doctor’s visit (OR 3.9; 95% CI: 1.88.3) for asthma. Exposed and sensitized children were also more likely to report daily beta-agonist use (OR 3.4; 95% CI: 1.6-7.4), more symptom days (IRR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3-2.6), and more nights of symptoms (IRR 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.8) than the others. These findings persisted after adjustment for age, sex, atopy, and cockroach allergen sensitization and exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Among mouse-sensitized children, exposure to higher levels of Mus m 1 predicts poor asthma control and asthma-related health-care utilization. Funding: NIEHS, EPA, NIAID
An index and model of human response to air quality

This study undertook an empirical Investigation of human response to air quality. Home interviews of 475 respondents living in 22 neighborhoods of Los Angeles County had elicited information on respondent socioeconomic characteristics, behavioral patterns, and measures of human response to air quality. This data base was then augmented with nine measures of actual air quality for six time frames for each neighborhood. An observer-based air quality index (OBAQI) was constructed based upon which combination of air quality variables correlated best with the percentage of neighborhood respondents who perceived “smoggy air.” The best combination (OBAQI 3) consisted of prevailing visibility, O3, and SO2, each measured as the annual number of days that a selected standard had been equalled or exceeded. Subsequently, multiple regression models were constructed using this index as a predictor of aggregated perception of air quality. In addition to a general model for all neighborhoods, separate models were constru...
Characterization of Supported Membranes on Topographically Patterned Polymeric Elastomers and Their Applications to Microcontact Printing

This article describes the fluorescence microscopy and imaging ellipsometry-based characterization of supported phospholipid bilayer formation on elastomeric substrates and its application in microcontact printing of spatially patterned phospholipid bilayers. Elastomeric stamps, displaying a uniformly spaced array of square wells (20, 50, and 100 μm linear dimensions), are prepared using poly(dimethyl)siloxane from photolithographically derived silicon masters. Exposing elastomeric stamps, following UV/ozone-induced oxidation, to a solution of small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles results in the formation of a 2D contiguous, fluid phospholipid bilayers. The bilayer covers both the elevated and depressed regions of the stamp and exhibits a lateral connectivity allowing molecular transport across the topographic boundaries. Applications of these bilayer-coated elastomeric stamps in microcontact printing of lipid bilayers reveal a fluid-tearing process wherein the bilayer in contact regions selectively tra...
Electronically controlled mechanical seal for aerospace applications--Part 2: Transient tests

An electronically controlled mechanical seal for use as the purge gas seal in a liquid oxygen turbopump has been fabricated and tested under transient operating conditions. The thickness of the lubricating film is controlled by adjusting the coning of the carbon face. This is accomplished by applying a voltage to a piezoelectric actuator to which the carbon face is bonded. The seal has been operated with a closed-loop control system that utilizes either the leakage rate or seal face temperature as the feedback. Both speed and pressure transients have been imposed on the seal. The transient tests have demonstrated that the seal is capable of maintaing low leakage rates while limiting face temperatures.
Tool planning models for flexible manufacturing systems

Although the tool loading problem for Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs) has been analyzed in the past, the tool planning problem, the basis of tool management, has largely been ignored. In this paper, the interface between tool planning and the FMS loading and routing decisions is analyzed. It is shown that tool policy has a pronounced effect on the flexibility and the planned makespan of an FMS. A tool planning model is developed and integrated into an overall FMS detailed tool loading and part routing procedure. This model while considerably reducing the number of tools required (by 55%) matches the performance of a policy that equips each machine with all tools in terms makespan, routing flexibility, and tool productivity.