cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct and indirect costs of employees with treatment-resistant and non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder

AbstractObjective:Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) imposes substantial cost from the perspective of employers. The objective of this study was to assess direct healthcare costs and indirect (disability and medical-related absenteeism) costs associated with TRD compared with non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD).Methods:Employees with one or more inpatient, or two or more outpatient/other MDD diagnoses (ICD-9-CM: 296.2x, 296.3x) from 2004 through 2007, ages 18–63 years, were selected from a claims database. Employees who initiated a third antidepressant following two antidepressant treatments of adequate dose and duration or who met published TRD criteria were classified as TRD likely (N = 2312). The index date was the date of the first antidepressant, starting 1/1/2004. The control group was an age- and sex-matched cohort of employees with MDD but without TRD. All had continuous eligibility during the 6-month pre-index (baseline) and 24-month post-index (study) period. McNemar tests ...
Applications Of Microprocessors In Optical Astronomy

Some applications of microprocessors at Lick Observatory are discussed. These include the use of an MOS Technology 6502 controlling a floppy disc to exactly emulate a magnetic tape (DECtape) system on our PDP-8I mini-computers. Other microprocessor applications in operation or under development include spectrograph controllers and an inexpensive control system for the Shane 3 meter Telescope. We also describe features of a new system for developing and debugging microprocessor controlled equipment. Our experience indicates that the costs of completing specialized equipment with hard-wired logic or with microprocessor logic are similar. A main advantage of the microprocessor appears to be that since the fraction of the cost devoted to hardware is so small, it will be economic to provide complete back-up systems for easy and rapid maintenance in difficult environments.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Short-term stability and muscle adaptation after mandibular advancement surgery with and without suprahyoid myotomy in juvenile Macaca mulatta

The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term adaptations that occur within the mandible and anterior digastric muscle complex after mandibular advancement with and without suprahyoid myotomy in 20 juvenile rhesus monkeys. The results showed that the animals that did not undergo myotomy experienced relapse equivalent to 13% of the surgical advancement. Those animals that underwent a myotomy of the digastric muscle complex showed complete stability of the surgical lengthening of the mandible. Both groups of animals grew normally after the fixation period when compared to age-matched control animals. Analysis of adaptations within the digastric muscle complex was performed with the use of radiopaque muscle and tendon markers. The results showed an immediate lengthening of the entire digastric muscle complex with mandibular advancement surgery in the group that underwent advancement without myotomy. Further analysis showed that most lengthening in these animals occurred at the connective tissue interfaces of the complex--at the muscle-bone and muscle-tendon interfaces. No significant changes in sarcomere or fiber length were found in the group that did not undergo myotomy, although there was a significant shortening of muscle fibres resulting from loss of serial sarcomeres in the myotomy group. Comparison of histochemical characteristics of the anterior digastric muscle before and after surgery revealed the following findings: (1) there were no significant differences in percentage of composition between control and experimental muscles; (2) despite fixation of the jaws and myotomy, there was no evidence of atrophy of the anterior digastric muscle at any experimental interval; and (3) the type I fibers of the anterior digastric muscle underwent significant stretch-induced hypertrophy after lengthening. The results of this study support the hypothesis that tension produced by stretching of the connective tissues associated with the digastric muscle complex can contribute to postsurgical relapse of the surgically advanced mandible. However, no adverse effect on future growth of the mandible was observed from stretching the digastric muscle complex by mandibular advancement surgery in juvenile subjects.
Larval assemblages of large and medium-sized pelagic species in the Straits of Florida

Abstract Critical gaps in our understanding of the distributions, interactions, life histories and preferred habitats of large and medium-size pelagic fishes severely constrain the implementation of ecosystem-based, spatially structured fisheries management approaches. In particular, spawning distributions and the environmental characteristics associated with the early life stages are poorly documented. In this study, we consider the diversity, assemblages, and associated habitat of the larvae of large and medium-sized pelagic species collected during 2 years of monthly surveys across the Straits of Florida. In total, 36 taxa and 14,295 individuals were collected, with the highest diversity occurring during the summer and in the western, frontal region of the Florida Current. Only a few species (e.g. Thunnus obesus, T. alalunga, Tetrapturus pfluegeri ) considered for this study were absent. Small scombrids (e.g. T. atlanticus, Katsuwonus pelamis, Auxis spp.) and gempylids dominated the catch and were orders of magnitude more abundant than many of the rare species (e.g. Thunnus thynnus, Kajikia albida ). Both constrained (CCA) and unconstrained (NMDS) multivariate analyses revealed a number of species groupings including: (1) a summer Florida edge assemblage (e.g. Auxis spp., Euthynnus alleterattus , Istiophorus platypterus ); (2) a summer offshore assemblage (e.g. Makaira nigricans, T. atlanticus, Ruvettus pretiosus, Lampris guttatu s); (3) an ubiquitous assemblage (e.g. K. pelamis, Coryphaena hippurus, Xiphias gladius ); and (4) a spring/winter assemblage that was widely dispersed in space (e.g. trachipterids). The primary environmental factors associated with these assemblages were sea-surface temperature (highest in summer-early fall), day length (highest in early summer), thermocline depth (shallowest on the Florida side) and fluorescence (highest on the Florida side). Overall, the results of this study provide insights into how a remarkable diversity of pelagic species spatially and temporally partition spawning within a region that is characterized by dynamic oceanography and strong habitat gradients.
Stable carbon isotope constraints on mixing and mass balance of CO2 in an urban atmosphere: Dallas metropolitan area, Texas, USA

Abstract The concentrations and δ13C values of atmospheric CO2 were measured in ∼150 air samples collected at 8 sites in the Dallas metropolitan area over the period August 1998 to December 1999. Measured concentrations (C) of atmospheric CO2 ranged from 369 to 475 ppm, while the δ13C values ranged from –12.0 to –8.1‰. These values contrast with a “global” concentration at the time of this study of approximately 367 ppm and a corresponding δ13C value of about –8.0‰. δ13C was linearly correlated with 1/C for samples collected at heights of ∼2 m at 3 sites adjacent to streets with significant automobile traffic. Extrapolation of this two-component mixing line to 1/C=0 yielded a δ13C value of about –27‰ for the CO2 input—i.e., the same as that of gasoline. A simple box model, incorporating photosynthesis, respiration, and anthropogenic addition of CO2, indicates that differences between downwind and upwind concentration-weighted δ13C values ( Δ [ C ∗ δ13C]) of atmospheric CO2 may be linearly correlated with downwind and upwind differences in concentration ( C d ∗ − C u ∗ ), where C ∗ is reported as mol/m3. The model predicts that measurable effects of photosynthetic withdrawal of atmospheric CO2 are manifested by data arrays with slopes more positive than about –16. This effect of photosynthesis is evident in a linear array of “warm weather”, Dallas atmospheric CO2 data (slope of –12.7‰). Collectively, the data for all 8 sites exhibited considerable scatter about binary mixing lines that depict the addition of CO2 from combustion of natural gas and gasoline. However, when model slopes (m) were calculated for binary mixing between a “background” atmospheric CO2 and each individual sample, it was found that, in general, m increases with decreasing temperature. The effects of photosynthesis and respiration complicate this relationship, but the overall pattern suggests that, as temperature decreases, the proportion of anthropogenic CO2 derived from combustion of natural gas increases. This increase appears to reflect increased use of natural gas for home heating, etc., in cooler weather. Therefore, seasonally changing patterns of fossil fuel use are detectable in the atmospheric CO2 of this urban environment.
Effect of soil temperature and drought on peanut pod and stem temperatures relative to Aspergillus flavus invasion and aflatoxin contamination

Peanut stem and pod temperatures of plants growing in irrigated, drought, drought-heated soil, and drought-cooled soil treatments were determined near the end of the growing season. Mean soil temperatures of the treatments during this period were 21.5°, 25.5°, 30° and 20 °C, respectively. Peanut stem temperatures in all drought treatments reached a maximum of ca. 40 °C and for 6–7 h each day were as much as 10 °C warmer than irrigated peanut stems. Pod temperatures in drought-heated soil and drought treatments were ca. 34 °C and 30 °C, respectively, for several hours each day. As pod temperatures approached the optimum for A. flavus growth (ca. 35 °C), the proportion of kernels colonized and aflatoxin concentrations increased. Increased plant temperature without accompanying pod temperature increases (drought-cooled soil) resulted in colonization percentages and aflatoxin concentrations only slightly higher than those of the irrigated peanuts.
Studies on the complex formed between bacitracin A and divalent cations

Bacitracin A is a peptide antibiotic which forms stoichiometric complexes with divalent cations, including Ni2+ and Zn2+. In this paper it is shown that the metal-bacitracin complex contains a group which has a pKa near pH 5.5. Deprotonation of the group is concomitant with the aggregation and precipitation of the metal-bacitracin complex. Bacitracin A, in the absence of metals, does not contain any group which has a pKa in this range. It is postulated that this group is the N-terminal amino of isoleucine, which was previously postulated not to be directly involved in metal coordination based on proton release measurements. An attempt was made to demonstrate directly that the N-terminal amino group is not coordinated to the metal by examining the reactivity of this group with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate. It was clearly shown that bound metals protect the N-terminal amino group from reacting with this reagent. It is speculated that this metal-protection results from a combination of factors, including steric hindrance.
The Southwest Academy of Management: in search of diversity research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the 2007 meeting of the Southwest Academy of Management (SWAM) that incorporated content related to gender and diversity.Design/methodology/approach – SWAM offers a track each year that includes gender and diversity research. For the 2007 meeting gender and diversity was combined with human resources, careers, and social issues in management.Findings – One paper introduced a new form of surface‐level (observable) diversity – military status. There were two diversity‐related papers, one looking generally at the importance of cultural differences in global management systems and the other focusing on cultural differences between the USA and Mexico. The final paper incorporating diversity issues focused on the influence of cultural differences within student teams on individual learning.Originality/value – The diversity papers included in this conference showed a focus on diversity introduced through globalization, which is of value in highlighting the need...
A model for outpatient treatment of young adolescents with anorexia nervosa

The recent literature is reviewed and interpreted as supporting the view that anorexia nervosa is a disorder with discrete subgroups. Two cases are presented which suggest that one particular subgroup of anorexics shares a common dynamic of failure to resolve the issues inherent in the rapprochement crisis of the separation-individuation sequence. The reworking of residuals from the rapprochement crisis, particularly the union of “good” and “bad” self, modulation of omnipotence, and integration of hostility, are essential aspects of therapy with these anorexics. The treatment of choice for anorexics in this subgroup is described as an outpatient team approach which separates medical from psychotherapeutic interventions, adolescent therapy from that of parents, and avoids hospitalization if at all possible.
Using Industrial Summer Intern Programs as a Tool for Engineering Education

Global competition and rapid changes in technology are creating a greater need for cooperation between academia and industry. One well-established tool for promoting cooperation is the summer intern program. Unfortunately, there is limited literature regarding how these programs promote engineering education. This paper documents the objectives, methodology, and results of Project ProbeSM—a unique summer intern program offered by American Electric Power (AEP) to provide qualified engineering students with meaningful education and work experiences in electric power generation under the direct supervision of engineering faculty. This program attempts to foster cooperation between academia and the power industry, enhance the education of future engineers in areas of critical need to the industry, provide a breadth of “real-life” experiences for the development of engineering faculty, and benefit the host corporation. It is hoped that Project Probe could serve as the basis for a viable model for development of similar programs.
Free Frank: A Black Pioneer on the Antebellum Frontier

The story of Free Frank is not only a testament to human courage and resourcefulness but affords new insight into the American frontier. Born a slave in the South Carolina piedmont in 1777, Frank died a free man in 1854 in a town he had founded in western Illinois. His accomplishments, creditable for any frontiersman, were for a black man extraordinary.We first learn details of Frank's life when in 1795 his owner moved to Pulaski County, Kentucky. We know that he married Lucy, a slave on a neighboring farm, in 1799. Later he was allowed to hire out his time, and when his owner moved to Tennessee, Frank was left in charge of the Kentucky farm. During the War of 1812, he set up his own saltpeter works, an enterprise he maintained until he left Kentucky. In 1817 he purchased his wife's freedom for $800; two years later he bought his own liberty for the same price. Now free, he expanded his activities, purchasing land and dealing in livestock.With his wife and four of his children, Free Frank left Kentucky in 1830 to settle on a new frontier. In Pike County, Illinois, he purchased a farm and later, in 1836, platted and successfully promoted the town of New Philadelphia. The desire for freedom was an obvious spur to his commercial efforts. Through his lifetime of work he purchased the liberty of sixteen members of his family at a cost of nearly $14,000.Goods and services commanded a premium in the life of the frontier. Free Frank's career shows what an exceptional man, through working against great odds, could accomplish through industry, acumen, and aggressiveness. His story suggests a great deal about business activity and legal practices, as well as racial conditions, on the frontier.Juliet Walker has performed a task of historical detection in recreating the life of Free Frank from family traditions, limited personal papers, public documents, and secondary sources. In doing so, she has added a significant chapter to the history of African Americans.
Low frequency epr surface probe based on dielectric resonator

A new surface probe for low frequency in vivo EPR studies was designed and constructed based on a dielectric resonator. Dielectric resonators previously have been used in X-band EPR for small samples to take advantage of its well separated microwave magnetic and electric field distributions and high Q. In this work we have built a dielectric resonator for use as a surface probe for in vivo EPR at low frequency (1.2 GHz). The core of the probe was a commercially available dielectric ceramic resonator supported by a PTFE ring. The resonator was coupled to a 50 Ω line by an inductive loop which was interfaced by a quarter wave length transformer. The quarter wave length transformer improved the matching and stabilized the resonant frequency. The resonator was surrounded by a silver coated brass shielding. The shielding blocked the penetration of the field modulation and therefore there was no contribution from any intrinsic EPR signal from the dielectric material. The Q factor before loading samples was 3,600 which was much higher than the Q factors of ∼ 1000 obtained by other types of surface probes. The use of animals or biological samples decreases the Q factor to about 330 but this is at least two times higher than occurs with other types of surface probes. The sensitivity of the dielectric surface probe in air decreased more slowly than with other types of surface probes. This would be especially useful for in vivo studies in which the animal has an irregular surface at the site(s) of measurement and/or there is a significant air gap between the probe and the animal. This dielectric resonator can be inexpensively constructed and is robust, and sensitive for in vivo EPR spectroscopy and imaging.
Automatic Compensation For Array And Phasefront Distortion In Microwave Imaging

This paper describes a wavefront compensator applicable to microwave imaging antennas that are so large as to be inevitably distorted. Measurements are made of the radiation field due to a single point source located in the general direction in which imaging is performed. Feed-back-controlled circuitry focuses the array upon, the source notwithstanding the unknown a priori distortions within the array. The paper concentrates upon tolerances and system limitations. An experimental example of a two-dimensional radar map with nearly dif-fraction limited resolution is given. The 3 cm wavelength array was 40 m in length and the element position errors exceeded 1 wavelength in all dimensions.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sexual knowledge and children's literature: William Blake's songs of innocence and of experience and Jamila Gavin's Coram boy

Today's educator is in the difficult position of deciding what to teach adolescents; indeed, is sometimes essentially silenced by proscription of the topic. William Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Experience and Jamila Gavin's Coram Boy might help a teacher approach the topic of sexuality. William Blake's Songs of Innocence (1789) and Songs of Experience (1794) must be understood in the light of the then newly emerging genre of children's literature. Yet the subject matter, sexuality, drinking, child labour and poverty, might be thought sometimes to be inappropriate for children. His poems and images are often drawn from other contexts and often have an ironic meaning. In particular, the Calvinist children's teachings of Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley forged strong reactions in Blake. The Charity School Movement and the establishment of charitable institutions like orphanages assumed an authoritarian stance over poor children. Blake challenges the assumptions of his culture through his poems. Jamila Gav...
Seismic Reflection Views of a Blind Thrust Fault System Using Earthquake Data

The main purpose of this work is to depict the reflectivity structure of a blind thrust fault system using earthquake data. This is possible because acoustic imaging using earthquake sources allows us to produce reflection views of the crust. Aftershock recordings of the 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake have the spatial sampling needed to image local structures at a resolution comparable to the average distance between the events. Results show the potential of aftershock stacked sections in defining major reflectors in two and three dimensions beneath San Fernando Valley. Processing of data from a few events identifies reflective structures by hinting at prominent shallowly-dipping features. A reflective portion of the crust, between 5-7 s (two-way time), suggests the location of what we call the 18 km Reflector Also, strong reflections at about 10 s hint at the possible location of what we identify as the Moho near 30 km depth. Aftershock stacked and migrated sections enable us to test the existence of major structures proposed in balanced cross sections, and to define the existence and location of possible blind thrust faults. They complement current efforts on seismic reflection imaging above the Northridge earthquake hypocentral region, and integrated geological and geophysical investigation of blind thrust faults in the area.
STEADY STATE PLASMA TRANSPORT IN A COROTATION-DOMINATED MAGNETOSPHERE

We present a model for plasma trans- port in a rotat i on-dominated magnet os pher e (e.g., Jupiter) containing an internal plasma source (e.g., Io). We make a distinction between magnetic flux tubes filled with outward moving plasma and less dense flux tubes that move in to compensate. In the outer region where the heavier tubes are effectively iso- lated, their motion is described by a pair of coupled differential equations which have ana- lytic solutions in the small velocity approxima- tion. In a steady state, conservation of flux- tube plasma content requires that the fraction of mass-loaded flux tubes be a function of the radial outflow speed. Similar equations govern the motion in the inner region where heavy flux tubes predominate and lighter tubes are isolated. This raises the possibility of net outward radial transport even when the radial gradient of average flux-tube content is posi- tive. In the outer region where heavy flux tubes are isolated, the average steady-state flux shell content decreases outward as the inverse square of radial distance.
Augmenting inertial navigation with image-based motion estimation

Numerous upcoming NASA missions need to land safely and precisely on planetary bodies. Accurate and robust state estimation during the descent phase is necessary. Towards this end, we have developed an approach for improved state estimation by augmenting traditional inertial navigation techniques with image-based motion estimation (IBME). A Kalman filter that processes rotational velocity and linear acceleration measurements provided from an inertial measurement unit has been enhanced to accommodate relative pose measurements from the IBME. In addition to increased state estimation accuracy, IBME convergence time is reduced while robustness of the overall approach is improved. The methodology is described in detail and experimental results with a 5 DOF gantry testbed are presented.
High infectious risk organ donors in kidney transplantation: Risks, benefits, and current practices

Approximately 9% of deceased kidney donors are classified by the Centers for Disease Control as high infectious risk donors (HRDs), donors thought to be at increased risk for having HIV infection. While the use of HRDs expands the organ supply, there is a small risk of infectious transmission. All donors are tested for antibodies to a variety of viral infections including HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus; however, infections acquired in the weeks to months before death may not be serologically detectable, but will likely be transmitted to the recipient. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) shortens the window between acquisition of infection and serologic detectability, from approximately 22 days to 9 days for HIV and from 66 days to 7 days for HCV. Nucleic acid testing has not been universally adopted because it is expensive, time consuming, and has a higher rate of false positives compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which might lead to discarding viable organs. Further studies are needed to quantify the risk of infectious transmission from HRDs, identify patients on the waitlist who would most benefit from HRD receipt, and guide NAT policies.
Epicardial Conductors Can Lower the Defibrillation Threshold in Rabbit Hearts

During a defibrillation shock, epicardial conductors can introduce antistimulatory effects due to lowering of the voltage gradient in myocardial tissue under the conductor and stimulatory effects due to membrane polarization near edges. We hypothesized that increasing the area of conductors increases the defibrillation threshold (DFT), while increasing the amount of stimulatory edge of conductors decreases the DFT. To test this, we measured the DFT in excised rabbit hearts with and without sets of rectangular conductors having 250 or 500 mm2 area and 100, 200, or 400 mm length of edges perpendicular to the line intersecting the shock electrodes. Unlike previous reports in which conductors increased or did not change DFT, present results indicate a conductor geometry having area of 250 mm2 and edge of 200 mm decreases the DFT. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that stimulatory effects of the edge of a conductor can enhance defibrillation shock efficacy.
Where Do Alphas Come From?: A New Measure of the Value of Active Investment Management

The value of active investment management is traditionally measured by alpha, beta, tracking error, and the Sharpe and information ratios. These are essentially static characteristics of the marginal distributions of returns at a single point in time, and do not incorporate dynamic aspects of a manager's investment process. In this paper, I propose a new measure of the value of active investment management that captures both static and dynamic contributions of a portfolio manager's decisions. The measure is based on a decomposition of a portfolio's expected return into two distinct components: a static weighted-average of the individual securities' expected returns, and the sum of covariances between returns and portfolio weights. The former component measures the portion of the manager's expected return due to static investments in the underlying securities, while the latter component captures the forecast power implicit in the manager's dynamic investment choices. This measure can be computed for long-only investments, long/short portfolios, and asset allocation rules, and is particularly relevant for hedge-fund strategies where both components are significant contributors to their expected returns, but only one should garner the high fees that hedge funds typically charge. Several analytical and empirical examples are provided to illustrate the practical relevance of these new measures.
Optical coherence tomography based on intensity correlations of quasi-thermal light

We show theoretically that the longitudinal resolution of conventional optical coherence tomography can be improved by a factor of √2 when a two-photon (as opposed to a single-photon) sensitive detector is used, and we present preliminary supporting results.
ATP Production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Flagella by Glycolytic Enzymes

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are long, thin organelles, and diffusion from the cytoplasm may not be able to support the high ATP concentrations needed for dynein motor activity. We discovered enzyme activities in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellum that catalyze three steps of the lower half of glycolysis (phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase). These enzymes can generate one ATP molecule for every substrate molecule consumed. Flagellar fractionation shows that enolase is at least partially associated with the axoneme, whereas phosphoglycerate mutase and pyruvate kinase primarily reside in the detergent-soluble (membrane + matrix) compartments. We further show that axonemal enolase is a subunit of the CPC1 central pair complex and that reduced flagellar enolase levels in the cpc1 mutant correlate with the reduced flagellar ATP concentrations and reduced in vivo beat frequencies reported previously in the cpc1 strain. We conclude that in situ ATP synthesis throughout the flagellar compartment is essential for normal flagellar motility.
Participation of Very Old Adults in Health Care Decisions

Background. Some elderly people receive tests or interventions from which they have low likelihood of benefit or for which the goal is not aligned with their values. Engaging these patients in the decision process is one potential approach to improve the individualization of care. Yet some clinicians perceive and some survey data suggest that older adults prefer not to participate in the decision-making process. Those preferences, however, may be formed based on an experience in which factors, such as communication issues, were barriers to participation. Our goal was to shed light on the experience of very old adults in health care decision making from their own point of view to deepen our understanding of their potentially modifiable barriers to participation. Design and Methods. Semistructured interviews of participants aged 80 and older (n = 29, 59% women and 21% black) were analyzed using the constant comparative method in a grounded theory approach to describe decision making in clinic visits from th...
The evolution of a psychiatric emergency crisis intervention service in a medical emergency room setting.

Abstract The evolution of a modern day multidisciplinary psychiatric service in the emergency room of the CGH has been described. The importance of administrative and organizational factors has been underlined. There has been a focus on the delivery component of such a service with reference to the training and support necessary to the morale and growth of team members and ultimately to the delivery of quality care in a most stressful area. A return to careful clinical thinking about emergency room patients has been suggested. Brief mention was made of beginning attempts at research and evaluation of the operation. There have been comments on movement towards a county-wide psychiatric service and, finally, some suggestions as to what would constitute an ideal service.
A Hierarchical Model of Visual Rivalry

Binocular rivalry is the alternating percept that can result when the two eyes see different scenes. Recent psychophysical evidence supports an account for one component of binocular rivalry similar to that for other bistable percepts. We test the hypothesis that alternation can be generated by competition between top-down cortical explanations for the inputs, rather than by direct competition between the inputs. Recent neurophysiological evidence shows that some binocular neurons are modulated with the changing percept; others are not, even if they are selective between the stimuli presented to the eyes. We extend our model to a hierarchy to address these effects.
Epidemiology of adolescent total knee arthroplasty patient and a comparison to adult patient demographics

Background/Objective: An increasing prevalence of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures among the adolescent population makes it critical to establish a greater understanding of the patient and hospital demographics of this population. The purpose of this study is to compare inpatient demographics between the adolescent and adult populations as well as assess patient and hospital demographics at which adolescent TKA procedures are performed. Methods: Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) and Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database were used to retrieve data for all TKA patients under 20 years and over the age of 65, respectively. Variables analyzed included patient age, gender, ethnicity, primary diagnosis, length of stay, primary payer status, total hospital charges, complication rates, and hospital status. Results: The study found a significant increase in procedure frequency (156 to 448), complication rates (3.51% to 17.61%), and total charges ($38,776 to $128,811) for adolescent TKA patients. Some trends in demographics and outcomes for adolescent TKAs differed from their adult counterparts, as the primary diagnosis, hospital status, gender, and payer status. Additionally, the number of procedures, complication rates, length of stay, and charges were all significantly higher in adolescent than in adult TKAs. Conclusions: Although the TKA procedure rates are rising in the adolescent population, the lack of available demographic information limits the efficacy of the procedure in the younger population, presenting a challenge for health-care providers. Further studies should focus on whether epidemiological disparities, which have been noted in adults, also exist in the adolescent patient population.
LOW-DIVERSITY, LATE MAASTRICHTIAN AND EARLY DANIAN PLANKTIC FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES OF THE EASTERN TETHYS

The eastern Tethys, from Israel to Egypt, experienced unusually adverse environmental conditions for planktic foraminifera during the last two million years of the Maastrichtian, as evident by very low species richness, blooms of opportunistic Guembelitria species in surface waters, dominance of low-oxygen-tolerant heterohelicids in subsurface waters, and near absence of deeper dwelling globotruncanids. Comparison of southern Israel (Mishor Rotem section) with central Egypt (Gebel Qreiya section) reveals that adverse conditions intensified towards the south with foraminiferal assemblages mimicking stress conditions of the early Danian, dominated (75–90%) by Guembelitria blooms. Faunal assemblages indicate an expanded oxygen minimum and dysoxic zone throughout the region, though at the greater depths represented by localities of southern Israel, bottom waters remained aerobic. Primary productivity was extremely low, as indicated by stable isotopes and low total organic content in sediments. These adverse environmental conditions are likely related to the regional paleobathymetry of the tectonically active Syrian Arc that spans Syria to Egypt. The paleorelief of intra-shelf and intra-slope basins of the Syrian Arc, with their differential rates of subsidence and sedimentation, active folding and faulting, likely controlled the intensity of circulation, upwelling, watermass stratification and the extent of the oxygen minimum zone. The late Maastrichtian rapid climate and sea level changes exacerbated these conditions.
Finding abbreviations in biomedical literature: three BioC-compatible modules and four BioC-formatted corpora

BioC is a recently created XML format to share text data and annotations, and an accompanying input/output library to promote interoperability of data and tools for natural language processing of biomedical text. This article reports the use of BioC to address a common challenge in processing biomedical text information—that of frequent entity name abbreviation. We selected three different abbreviation definition identification modules, and used the publicly available BioC code to convert these independent modules into BioC-compatible components that interact seamlessly with BioC-formatted data, and other BioC-compatible modules. In addition, we consider four manually annotated corpora of abbreviations in biomedical text: the Ab3P corpus of 1250 PubMed
The Textualizing Functions of Writing for Organizational Change

This article examines the role of writing during an attempt at organizational change. Through the investigation of conversational and writing practices used by members of a project team at a high-tech corporation, the article argues that writing has a textualizing function. In the context of members’work toward organizational change, writing served as a textualizing practice that documented, fixed, and stabilized ideas developed in conversation. Written forms that create general truths out of individual experiences help both to define the organizational change to come and to create the change as an object to be distributed and consumed by organizational members. The results of the study describe how writing helps to stabilize organizational reality to enable change to occur.
Elevated carbon dioxide affects fruit flavor in field-grown strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch)

The effect of elevated carbon dioxide on fruit quality and aroma volatile composition in field-grown strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) was studied. Elevating the ambient CO2 concentration (ambient + 300, and ambient +600 µmol mol−1 CO2) resulted in high fruit dry matter, fructose, glucose and total sugar contents and low citric and malic acid contents. High CO2 growing conditions significantly enhanced the fruit content of ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, methyl butanonate, hexyl acetate, hexyl hexanoate, furaneol, linalool and methyl octanoate. Thus, the total amounts of these compounds were higher in berries grown in CO2-enriched conditions than those grown in ambient conditions. The highest CO2 enrichment (600 µmol mol−1) condition yielded fruit with the highest levels of these aroma compounds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Normal minimal erythema dose responses in patients with suspected photosensitivity disorders.

SummaryPurpose Our study identified the most common diagnoses in patients with a history of photosensitivity or with a photodistributed eruption and normal minimal erythema dose (MED) responses. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the diagnoses and phototest results of 319 patients who were phototested at the New York University Photomedicine Section of the Charles C. Harris Skin and Cancer Pavilion from 1993 to 2009. Patients were phototested if they had a history of photosensitivity or had an eruption with a distribution that suggested photosensitivity. Results The majority of patients with normal MEDs were diagnosed with polymorphous light eruption, followed by contact or photocontact dermatitis, photodistributed dermatitis not otherwise specified (idiopathic), solar urticaria and photoexacerbated atopic dermatitis. Discussion The clinical history of photosensitivity and physical findings remain as important metrics in the diagnosis of patients with photodistributed dermatoses and normal MEDs.
Decentralized Entity-Level Modeling for Coreference Resolution

Efficiently incorporating entity-level information is a challenge for coreference resolution systems due to the difficulty of exact inference over partitions. We describe an end-to-end discriminative probabilistic model for coreference that, along with standard pairwise features, enforces structural agreement constraints between specified properties of coreferent mentions. This model can be represented as a factor graph for each document that admits efficient inference via belief propagation. We show that our method can use entity-level information to outperform a basic pairwise system.
The relationship between carbonic anhydrase activity and zinc content of erythrocytes in normal, in anemic and other pathologic conditions.

A good correlation exists between zinc content and carbonic anhydrase activity of the red blood cells under all conditions studied, including anemia and polycythemia. In almost all patients with anemias other than pernicious anemia, both zinc and carbonic anhydrase levels were lowered in parallel fashion. These changes were proportional to decreases in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte counts so that both zinc and carbonic anhydrase values per unit of RBC were in the normal range. In a few instances of anemia associated with leukemia and in one of sickle cell anemia, neither zinc content nor carbonic anhydrase activity was decreased in proportion to the anemia; in these cases the zinc and carbonic anhydrase levels per unit of blood were both elevated to the same degree. Patients with pernicious anemia showed no decrease in absolute values for zinc and carbonic anhydrase activity in spite of marked lowering of hematocrit and hemoglobin levels and of erythrocyte count. Accordingly, both zinc concentration and carbonic anhydrase activity per unit of blood were elevated, often to a marked degree. These increases were parallel, varying inversely with the degree of anemia; when they regressed under treatment, both did so at the same rate. There are no methods available for estimating carbonic anhydrase concentration; all methods now in use measure only the activity of the enzyme. It is suggested that zinc concentration could be used as an indicator of carbonic anhydrase content of the red blood cells. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Drs. Joseph C. Aub and Ira T. Nathanson were kind enough to refer several patients for study. Dr. Byrl J. Kennedy was most helpful in regard to obtaining samples of blood. The technical work was performed by Miss Mary Lou Roney, Betty Hickey and Marion Taylor.
The effects of refractoriness and conduction velocity on spatial organization in a computer model of atrial fibrillation

Activation during atrial fibrillation (AF) is reentrant and a function of the tissue conduction velocity and refractory period distribution. The authors propose that such reentrant behavior imposes a measurable spatial organization on activity during AF, and that the amount of spatial organization is a function of both conduction velocity and refractory period distribution. To test this hypothesis, the authors used the spatial correlation length (L/sub c/), to measure the extent of spatial organization in a cellular automaton computer model of AF (based on the original work of Moe, 1964). The dependence of spatial organization on mean refractory period, conduction velocity and dispersion of refractoriness was examined. It was demonstrated that L/sub c/ increased with increasing mean refractory period and increasing conduction velocity, but decreased with large dispersion of refractoriness. >
Landscape variation in C sources of scraping primary consumers in streams

AbstractWe studied variation in C and energy flow in stream food webs by examining primary consumer diets and potential food sources at 8 sites of different drainage areas in the South Fork Eel River drainage. Both heptageniid mayfly nymphs and Glossosoma caddisfly larvae are considered scrapers in traditional functional feeding group classification, but past studies suggested that they differed in their relative use of terrestrial and algal C in some streams. In our study, microscopic examination and stable C isotope ratios (δ13C) suggested an increasing contribution of algae to both epilithic biofilms and fine particulate organic matter as stream drainage area and productivity increased. The proportion of algal cells in biofilms of small, unproductive streams was low, and biofilm δ13C values were similar to those of terrestrial detritus, suggesting that biofilms were composed primarily of heterotrophic microorganisms. Glossosoma larvae fed selectively on algae where it was scarce within the biofilms of ...
Precipitation Hardening in Ceramics

The science of “heat treatment”, i.e., the control of microstructure by use of subsolidus reactions involving changes of composition or symmetry or both, and attendant improvement of properties, has received less attention in ceramic systems than in metallic systems. (Typically, little microstructural control is available in ceramics after they have been sintered.) However, modification of properties through controlled heat treatment has much potential in ceramics; this paper summarizes results of one such study — precipitation hardening in spinel.
RNase P enzymes: divergent scaffolds for a conserved biological reaction.

Ribonuclease P (RNase P) catalyzes the maturation of the 5′ end of precursor-tRNAs (pre-tRNA) and is conserved in all domains of life. However, the composition of RNase P varies from bacteria to archaea and eukarya, making RNase P one of the most diverse enzymes characterized. Most known RNase P enzymes contain a large catalytic RNA subunit that associates with one to 10 proteins. Recently, a protein-only form of RNase P was discovered in mitochondria and chloroplasts of many higher eukaryotes. This proteinaceous RNase P (PRORP) represents a new class of metallonucleases. Here we discuss our recent crystal structure of PRORP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana and speculate on the reasons for the replacement of catalytic RNA by a protein catalyst. We conclude, based on an analysis of the catalytic efficiencies of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and PRORP enzymes, that the need for greater catalytic efficiency is most likely not the driving force behind the replacement of the RNA with a protein catalyst. The emergence of a...
Platitudes and Comparisons: A Critique of Current (Wrong) Directions in Risk Communication

The current directions in risk communication research and practice have been staked out by Covello and Allen’s “seven cardinal rules”1 and by Covello, Sandman and Slovic’s guide to the use of risk comparisons.2 We argue that these directions lead to increased conflict over risk management rather than to effective risk communication. The “seven cardinal rules” are wrong because they are platitudes that assume an idealized state in which the public is as involved and concerned about the hazard as its managers are. The guide to the use of risk comparisons is wrong because it assumes that risk comparisons are as useful to the public as they are to hazard managers. These errors in plotting the path of risk communication result from the adoption of the hazard manager’s frame or way of defining the risk problem rather than the appropriate public frame. These two frames differ on three basic dimensions: (1) level of involvement, (2) degree of personal relevance, and (3) level of information processing ability. Hazard managers tend to be high on these dimensions, most members of the public low. Risk comparisons, therefore, are appropriate for communicating with hazard managers but not with the public. A map of alternative directions toward effective public risk communication is provided.
Behavior of folding sandwich panel structures: Impact of ground conditions, anchorage, and panel warping

Abstract Rapidly erectable, folding structures comprised of sandwich panels offer light-weight, energy efficient sheltering solutions. Field implementation requires better understanding of the impact of the erection conditions and fabrication errors on behavior, including (1) out-of-level ground conditions, (2) number/location of ground anchors, and (3) fabrication-related warping of panels. This paper investigates the behavior of a folding sandwich panel (fiber-reinforced polymer faces and foam core) structure using an experimentally validated finite element model to perform parametric studies that focus on variable out-of-level ground conditions, anchorages, and panel warping. Ultimately, this paper addresses research gaps required for field implementation and provides design recommendations.