cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychopathy increases perceived moral permissibility of accidents.

Psychopaths are notorious for their antisocial and immoral behavior, yet experimental studies have typically failed to identify deficits in their capacities for explicit moral judgment. We tested 20 criminal psychopaths and 25 criminal nonpsychopaths on a moral judgment task featuring hypothetical scenarios that systematically varied an actor’s intention and the action’s outcome. Participants were instructed to evaluate four classes of actions: accidental harms, attempted harms, intentional harms, and neutral acts. Psychopaths showed a selective difference, compared with nonpsychopaths, in judging accidents, where one person harmed another unintentionally. Specifically, psychopaths judged these actions to be more morally permissible. We suggest that this pattern reflects psychopaths’ failure to appreciate the emotional aspect of the victim’s experience of harm. These findings provide direct evidence of abnormal moral judgment in psychopathy.
Sonographic Assessment of Fetal Male Genitalia

The genitalia was visualized as a part of the general fetal anatomical survey during prenatal ultrasound of more than 2210 fetuses between the ages of 16 to 42 weeks. The sex detection rate for 1200 male fetuses was more than 93%. No testicular descent was present before 20 weeks but was seen as early as 22 weeks; 98% of fetuses showed descent of one or both testes at about 35 weeks. Moderate hydrocele was detected in 5% of fetuses of 30 weeks gestation or older. No abnormality was found in a patient with bilateral neonatal testicular torsion during prenatal ultrasound. The authors believe a brief examination of fetal genitalia may identify abnormalities of fetal gender and detect more serious conditions such as scrotal hernia and prenatal testicular torsion, which requires surgical intervention at birth.
The Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium lpf, bcf, stb, stc, std, and sth Fimbrial Operons Are Required for Intestinal Persistence in Mice

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium causes human infections that can frequently be traced back through the food chain to healthy livestock whose intestine is colonized by the pathogen. Little is known about the genes important for intestinal carriage of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium in vertebrate animals. Here we characterized the role of 10 fimbrial operons, agf, fim, lpf, pef, bcf, stb, stc, std, stf, and sth, using competitive infection experiments performed in genetically susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (CBA) mice. Deletion of agfAB, fimAICDHF, lpfABCDE, pefABCDI, bcfABCDEFG, stbABCD, stcABCD, stdAB, stfACDEFG, or sthABCDE did not reduce the ability of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium to colonize the spleen and cecum of BALB/c mice 5 days after infection. Similarly, deletion of agfAB, fimAICDHF, pefABCDI, and stfACDEFG did not result in reduced recovery of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium from fecal samples collected from infected CBA mice over a 30-day time period. However, S. enterica serotype Typhimurium strains carrying deletions in lpfABCDE, bcfABCDEFG, stbABCD, stcABCD, stdAB, or sthABCDE were recovered at significantly reduced numbers from the feces of CBA mice. There was a good correlation (R2 = 0.9626) between competitive indices in the cecum and fecal samples of CBA mice at 30 days after infection, suggesting that the recovery of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium from fecal samples closely reflected its ability to colonize the cecum. Collectively, these data show that six fimbrial operons (lpf, bcf, stb, stc, std, and sth) contribute to long-term intestinal carriage of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium in genetically resistant mice.
Management of convulsive status epilepticus in children

Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is the commonest neurological emergency in children, and is potentially life-threatening. The main principles of management encompass good basic life support, terminating the seizure with suitable drugs, and identifying and treating the underlying cause. The outcome is dependent on the aetiology of CSE and the duration of seizure. National resuscitation guidelines in the United Kingdom now focus on the importance of rapid recognition and treatment of CSE, with appropriate escalation of care involving intensive care at an earlier stage. In recent years, use of other drugs are being explored in various centres as part of the acute management of CSE including sodium valproate, levetiracetam and lacosamide. This ongoing research will provide further fundamental evidence-based information in shaping future guidelines for the optimal management of CSE in children.
Brand Choice and Purchase Frequency Revisited: An Application to Recreation Behavior

The role that total purchases play in determining the choice among brands has been considered in microeconomic theory for quite some time, but for traditional goods only. Consumption of outdoor recreation is an unusual good, most often measured using an individual's recreational trip. Adding the trips made on a number of choice occasions seems the obvious way to aggregate this good, but doing so leads to several problems in defining a meaningful price index. The Hicks-Leontief conditions for aggregation suggest that trips to destinations may be thought of as brand choices on consumption occasions, andthe continuous analogue to total purchases may in fact be the individual's total travel. An empirical example of the model is used to estimate welfare impacts for a group of anglers.
The Central Effects of a Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor (Nω - Nitro - L - Arginine) on Blood Pressure and Plasma Renin

An endothelium-derived relaxing factor has been identified as nitric oxide (NO). Peripheral and central administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors result in an increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity and an increase in blood pressure. The goal of our study was to determine if the increase in blood pressure following central NO synthase inhibition with NM-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) is caused by the release of renin. Six groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Group I (control) received intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Groups II & III received i.c.v. L-NNA, 5 & 15 μg/min. respectively. Group IV was treated with intravenous L-NNA, 15 μg/min. Group V, after bilateral nephrectomy, received i.c.v. L-NNA, 15 μg/min. Group VI received i.c.v. L-arginine, 60 μg/min. and i.c.v. L-NNA, 15 μg/min., simultaneously. Plasma renin concentration was measured in groups I, III, IV & V. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly increased in groups II, III & V, i.e., following i...
Pathology of Locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) Poisoning in Sheep; Sequential Development of Cyloplasmie Vacuolation in Tissues

Sheep experimentally poisoned by ingestion of Astragalus letiginosus developed cytoplasmic vacuolation of the proximal tubular epithelia within 4 days after beginning of the experiment. Neuronal vacuolation occurred by day 8 and had progressed to neuronolysis by day 16.
Estimating convective atmospheric boundary layer depth from microwave radar imagery of the sea surface

Abstract Kilometer-scale mottling seen on real and synthetic aperture radar imagery of the sea surface can be linked to the presence of microscale cellular convection (thermals) spanning the marine atmospheric boundary layer. In the current study, it is hypothesized that the typical scale of the mottling, found via standard Fourier spectral analysis, can be used to estimate the depth of the convective marine atmospheric boundary layer (zi) using a modified form of traditional mixed-layer similarity theory for these thermals’ aspect ratio. The hypothesis linking the typical scale of mottling to zi is substantiated using previously published boundary layer results and supporting meteorological and oceanographic data from a number of case studies.
Grandma's Rule with Group Contingencies—A Cost-Efficient Means of Classroom Management:

A stop watch and a stop clock were utilized in two different versions of a classroom incentive program designed to reduce student disruptions and increase on-task behavior during a small group instructional format, in this case a reading circle. The present study investigated: (a) whether the two procedures would be effective in reducing disruptions and increasing task orientation among those students outside the reading circle who are relatively unsupervised by the teacher without being intrusive into the teacher's conducting his or her lesson and (b) whether the more expensive stop clock would be incrementally effective compared to the stop watch in order to justify the additional cost of the stop clock. A multiple baseline design with a reversal of the stop clock condition was employed with students of five regular elementary classrooms serving as subjects. Results indicated that both techniques reduced disruptions and that there was no systematic difference in effectiveness between the two procedures.
Proposing a taxonomy and model of interruption

Interruptions not only decrease performance but can also cause human errors that lead to catastrophic events. Interruptions in high-risk industries such as aviation and nuclear power plants have been studied extensively because of catastrophic events such as power plant shut downs and plane crashes. In contrast, healthcare has a limited understanding of interruption despite the frequent occurrence of medical errors; often leading to adverse events and mortality. We reviewed and integrated previously published literature in healthcare to propose a taxonomy and model of interruptions. This taxonomy will help us categorize and understand interruptions in healthcare. The model depicts interrupted task performance and possible error states when resuming an interrupted task.
HEDONIC ESTIMATION APPLIED TO THE FARMLAND MARKET IN GEORGIA

Ab.r(ract Farmlandoffered for its productiveor consumptiveW+lUC may be viewed as a class of goods characteristicof product differentiation. Usingthe generalizedt30x-cox transformation,an unrestrictedhedonicmodelwas employed(o deriveImplicitvaluationsof parcel attributes. Results suggest that [he signitlcance and level of importanceof a[tributcson land pricing dependson the spatialextent of markek in Georgia. Differencesin the productiveor consumptiveuse of farmland may imply (hat dlfferent factorsand functionalformsare appropriateto different farmlandmarkets.
Integration of rehabilitation and acupuncture in the treatment of a professional musician with temporomandibular joint dysfunction

This case study describes the use of acupuncture in a professional musician with myogenic temporomandibular dysfunction. The 3-year history of symptoms was associated with persistent episodic tension-type headaches. Acupuncture was used for trigger point release, primarily of the masticatory muscles, in conjunction with exercise therapy. After 8 weekly acupuncture sessions, the patient's pain had completely resloved, headaches had resolved and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale showed significant improvements.
Multipacting study of the RF window at the Advanced Photon Source

Multipacting current can cause breakdowns in high power RF components such as input couplers, waveguide windows, and higher-order mode (HOM) dampers. To understand and prevent the loss of a ceramic window or an input coupler in the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring RF cavity, the multipacting phenomenon is being investigated experimentally. This paper begins with a description of simple model, presents a hardware design, and concludes with measurement of multipacting. Multipacting is explored in conjunction with conditioning the cavities and interaction with the stored beam.
MEME: an adaptive email-based information sharing system for educational institutions

Messaging systems are essential for circulating information within an organization, yet currently the e-mail-based exchange of information does not take advantage of technologies that could change several aspects of the way people share information and knowledge. In this paper we discuss functionality and technologies of an adaptive messaging system. Potentially, messaging systems could be utilized in a number of different modes. They help users to distribute information based on certain explicit of implicit criterions. They can help to find the recipient or a group of recipients for a message to be sent. Proactive information delivery based on information semantics and user profiles is another feature. Finally, messaging systems can influence corporate culture by creating dynamic knowledge sharing communities and supporting complex interactions between the users. Those users who created groups will become group administrators.
Living and Learning Critical Literacy in the University Classroom

As a young child I experienced schooling in a Montessori school, Catholic school, public school, and private school. My grandfather was a professor in the Philippines and my mother was an early primary school teacher in the Philippines, and in Canada where I grew up.
Pediatric Cardiomyopathy: New Insight Into Potential Disease Mechanisms∗

Cardiomyopathies are clinically heterogeneous disorders that impair heart function. Although cardiomyopathies can occur at any age, pediatric cardiomyopathies in particular have an annual incidence of 1.13 cases in 100,000 children younger than 18 years of age and 8.34 cases per 100,000 infants [(1
Gene Silencing Therapy Against Cancer

Over the past 25 yr, gene silencing therapy derived from nucleic acid-based molecules has evolved from bench research to clinical therapy. The recent discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), a mechanism by which double stranded RNAs mediate sequence-specific gene silencing, provided a new tool in the fight against cancer. The application of RNAi technology in basic cancer research will facilitate the identification and validation of potential therapeutic targets for cancer, and the elucidation of the molecular pathways governing cancer growth and development. RNAi technology could be further developed into therapeutics for cancer by selectively silencing aberrantly activated oncogenes. However, major challenges of delivery, specificity and efficacy need to be overcome before siRNAs can be used as therapeutic agents.
Dynamic neuroimaging on a dedicated cardiac SPECT system

1430 Objectives To investigate the feasibility of measuring kinetic parameters of neurotransmitters using a high-sensitivity cardiac SPECT instrument. Methods High-count projections of three compartments (left and right striata and background) of a brain phantom were acquired on the Spectrum Dynamics D-SPECT, a dedicated cardiac SPECT system. These data were used to synthesize projection datasets for calculation of Cramer-Rao bounds (CRB) on precision of striatal and background activity concentration estimates for points on the expected I-123-altropane striatal and occipital time-activity curves (TAC) for normal subjects. 500 noisy TAC were generated, with variances at each time point determined by the appropriate CRB, for three temporal sampling rates (3-, 6-, and 12-min acquisitions). More finely sampled TAC were similarly generated using CRB based on estimation from individual projections. Estimates of binding potential (BP) were derived for each noise realization by nonlinear least squares fitting to a published model. Results For data acquired on this high-sensitivity instrument, precise (~3% standard deviation) estimates of BP from image datasets were obtained for all but the coarsest temporal sampling rate. Although the fitting procedure did not converge in this case for estimation from complete image datasets, it was still possible to estimate BP directly from individual projection data. Conclusions High-sensitivity cardiac SPECT systems can be used for quantitative brain imaging and, furthermore, for direct estimation, from individual projections, of kinetic parameters of fast tracers that concentrate in a small number of brain structures. Research Support This research was supported by the NIH under grants R01 EB 000802 and R01 EB 001989.
USC Hercules Program for Return to the Moon

The Vision In order to reinvigorate the human space program, captivating ideas that enthrall the public imagination are needed, those that restore space as that unique and awesome arena of interdisciplinary human endeavor, portraying new hope and a glorious future for all of humanity. The HERCULES race is such an idea. It involves a series of progressively harder races that culminates in a race on the lunar surface. The competition will excite people in all walks of life and enhance innovation. The public gets involved by either competing in the races directly, or by interacting with the crews. Use of cameras and media is heavily emphasized to better connect the public to “immerse them” in what’s going on. It also provides a big resource to tap, into given advertising and associated revenues. Corporations can become sponsors of these race teams, and new companies, ones that have never before been engaged in space activity, will bring new blood and work on the race. This momentum and infrastructure buildup will not end with the race but rather used as a new beginning for future missions including a viable lunar economy with mining, transportation, and tourism at its core.
Instrumentation for Flow Measurements in Turbomachine Rotors

Flow measurements taken on the rotors of turbomachines are of great value for improved understanding and advancement of design techniques. On-rotor experiments have been limited in the past because of instrumentation problems, especially with the data transmission system. Recent advances in miniature electronic systems and transducer technology have produced a renewed interest in this area. These considerations are discussed, and research on a telemetry-type data transmission system is described with experimental verification using a strain gage on an axial-flow fan blade.Copyright © 1972 by ASME
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND-WAVES GENERATED IN THE LABORATORY

Wind-wave characteristics were recorded in the laboratory for the primary purposes of (a) analysis of the probability distribution of wave height and wave period with wind speed, water depth, and fetch length as major parameters, and (b) comparison of the test results with existing theory and empirical formulae. An important aspect of this study was to test the validity of the Tucker and Draper method (Draper, 1966) for the presentation of ocean wave data as applicable to wave-data analysis for simulated wind waves. It was interesting to note that some corrections were necessary when the method proposed by Draper at the 10th Coastal Engineering Conference was used for analyzing waves generated in the laboratory. Approximately a positive 20% correction was necessary for this study in which the wave spectra distribution is of very narrow range, the wave width parametere = V1-(T /T ) varles from 0.25 to 0.50, where Tc and T2 represent crest wave period ana zero-crossing wave period, respectively. However, only a negative 5% correction was necessary when the method was used to analyze sea waves (e = 0 73 to 0 76) measured off the shoreline near Look Laboratory Therefore, it was concluded that the Tucker and Draper Method is quite feasible for engineering purposes in analyzing wind-waves having a spectral width parameter of 0.60 to 0.75 The experimental data were compared with those wave heights predicted by the Darbyshire formulas (Francis, 1959) developed for ocean waves. A significant correction factor was necessary for laboratory waves produced by low-speed wi nds. The "fetch graph" was prepared and compared with those developed theoretically by Hino (1966) and empirically by Ijima and Tang (1966) at the 10th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Tokyo, Japan Comparison was also made with the previous empirical formulae by Bretschneider (1951, 1957), Sverdrup and Munk (1947), and Wilson (1961,1962). The experimental results compared well with the Hino theory for both wave heights and wave periods, and fairly well with Bretschneider's fetch graph for wave heights The difference in the comparison of wave data with other investigators is illustrated in this paper. It is recommended that further study be made with emphasis on (a) theoretical and experimental studies of wind-wave characteristics on pre-existing waves, particularly moving storms, (b) wave-energy spectra involving stochastic characteristics and extreme values of wind waves
Pregnancy-associated severe sepsis.

Purpose of reviewThis article examines the contemporary knowledge and uncertainties about the burden of pregnancy-associated severe sepsis (PASS), and its manifestations, management, and outcomes.Recent findingsThere are relatively sparse data on PASS, related in part to infrequent reports and varyi
Art therapies and dementia care: A systematic review

Despite steadfast interest in the use of arts therapies (ATs) with individuals who have dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), a systematic review of the literature has not been conducted. This paper aims to critique this evidence base, including music, visual arts, drama, and dance/movement therapies between the years 1990 and 2010, and make suggestions on how it can be strengthened. The review addresses four questions: (1) What is the focus of the empirical base on using AT with persons who have DAT? (2) (How) have these studies been designed and evaluated? (3) What findings are reported? (4) What does this tell us about the potential of AT for enriching the lives of people with dementia? This analysis reveals that systematically designed, documented, and evaluated AT studies are scarce. Information on research design, operational concepts, measurement tools, and methods of evaluation/analysis are vague, if provided. Disagreement exists about the utilization of theoretical concepts and measurement/eval...
Contamination state of Salmonella in raw meat products and analysis of its drug resistance

Objective:To study the contamination state,serotype distribution and drug resistance of Salmonella in raw meat products of five types in Haiyan agricultural market,and to provide the scientific basis for the prevention of foodborne diseases and the choice of clinical antibacterials.Methods: Examination methods according to national standards GB/T 4789.4-2003,the medicine sensitive experiment uses the K-B law,and judgmentting result based on NCCLS.Results: A total of 31 strains of Salmonella were isolated from the 357 samples from 2008 to 2009,and the detection rate of Salmonella was 8.68%.Strains of Salmonella were detected in raw meat products of various types,there was the highest positive rate of Salmonella in raw rabbit meat and raw pork,there was 10.53% and 10.19%.31 strains of Salmonella were identified and were divided into B group,C group,E group and 10 serotypes,the types of main Salmonella were S.typhimurium and S.derby,the constitution ratio were 32.26% and 22.58%.Drug sensitivity test showed that 31 strains of Salmonella has high drug resistance to 19 kinds of antibiotics,except for completely sensitive to cefotaxime,cefepime and cefoxitin.,the hightest drug resistance rates were ampicillin(54.84%)and tetracycline(51.61%).Resistant strains occupied the 80.65% and resistant strains more than eight kinds occupied the 25.81% in 31 strains of Salmonella.Conclusion: There is a widespread pollution of Salmonella in raw meat products of five types in Haiyan county,serotype distribution are various,there is a tendency resistancing many kinds of antibiotics.It is necessary to further public hygiene supervision and monitoring in in raw meat products of agricultural market and to monitoring antibiotic,to prevent poisoning and outbreaks by drug-resistant strains of Salmonella on a food borne.
Science and Research Development in Hospital Affiliated to University: Challenges and Strategies

The author listed the main problems which affiliated hospital was facing,such as the insufficiency of national government funds input,heavy medical and teaching duty,individual values changing under the market economy and the own correlated factors.Corresponding strategies were put forward to promote the sustainable development of hospitals affiliated to university,which included alleviating burdens for the scientific researcher,strengthening the personnel training,building up the scientific researching team,increasing investment in scientific research and reward,focusing more on platform construction,assessing scientific research achievements and so on.
Research on a complex collection agent for coal slurry

This paper takes wash oil as the main raw material in order to make a new complex collection agent for coal slurry by optimization.The flotation tests show that the complex agent can improve the flotation effect of coal slurry and reduce the production cost,so it can be used in production of coal flotation.
Teaching professionalism in graduate medical education: What is the role of simulation?

Background We systematically reviewed the literature concerning simulation-based teaching and assessment of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education professionalism competencies to elucidate best practices and facilitate further research. Methods A systematic review of English literature for “professionalism” and “simulation(s)” yielded 697 abstracts. Two independent raters chose abstracts that (1) focused on graduate medical education, (2) described the simulation method, and (3) used simulation to train or assess professionalism. Fifty abstracts met the criteria, and seven were excluded for lack of relevant information. The raters, 6 professionals with medical education, simulation, and clinical experience, discussed 5 of these articles as a group; they calibrated coding and applied further refinements, resulting in a final, iteratively developed evaluation form. The raters then divided into 2 teams to read and assess the remaining articles. Overall, 15 articles were eliminated, and 28 articles underwent final analysis. Results Papers addressed a heterogeneous range of professionalism content via multiple methods. Common specialties represented were surgery (46.4%), pediatrics (17.9%), and emergency medicine (14.3%). Sixteen articles (57%) referenced a professionalism framework; 14 (50%) incorporated an assessment tool; and 17 (60.7%) reported debriefing participants, though in limited detail. Twenty-three (82.1%) articles evaluated programs, mostly using subjective trainee reports. Conclusion Despite early innovation, reporting of simulation-based professionalism training and assessment is nonstandardized in methods and terminology and lacks the details required for replication. We offer minimum standards for reporting of future professionalism-focused simulation training and assessment as well as a basic framework for better mapping proper simulation methods to the targeted domain of professionalism.
Three-dimensional printing for quality management in device closure of interatrial communications.

We report the case of a 48-year-old male who was found to have an atrial septal defect (ASD) of the secundum type with evidence of moderate right heart load requiring elective device closure. Intraprocedural balloon-sizing showed an average stretched diameter of 16 mm. The decision was made to implant a …
Corannulene-Adorned Molecular Receptors for Fullerenes Utilizing the π–π Stacking of Curved-Surface Conjugated Carbon Networks. Design, Synthesis and Testing

This brief review outlines recent developments in synthetic methodologies leading to the preparation of efficient molecular receptors for binding fullerenes via the concave–convex π–π stacking of the carbon cages with the corannulene pincers. A simple molecular modelling approach allows for a quick a priori assessment of the affinity of the receptor toward fullerenes. NMR titrations and isothermal titration calorimetry provide the association constants of the receptors with fullerenes in solution, and the X-ray crystal structures of the dimeric and trimeric inclusion complexes exhibit the leading structural motif of stacking of the curved-surface carbon networks in these supramolecular associates. 1 Introduction 2 Bis- and Tris-Corannulene Receptors for Fullerenes 2.1 The Synthetic Tools 2.2 Bis-Corannulene Receptors 2.2.1 Corannulene Twin: A Failure 2.2.2 Buckycatcher I: A Breakthrough 2.3 Other Fullerene Receptors with Corannulene Pincers 2.3.1 Polymeric Materials Containing Corannulene Fragments 2.3.2 Bis-Corannulene Clips with Flexible Tethers 2.4 Is Three Better than Two? Increasing the Number of Pincers 2.4.1 Three Corannulene Pincers on a Cyclotriveratrelene Tether 3 Beyond Buckycatcher I: Engineering the Tethers 3.1 Design 3.2 Buckycatcher II 3.3 Bis-Corannulene Receptors Based on Klarner Tethers – Reaching the Affinity Limits 4 Future Directions: Into the Aqueous Phase and on Solid Supports 5 Summary
London equation for monodromy inflation

We focus on the massive gauge theory formulation of axion monodromy inflation. We argue that a gauge symmetry hidden in these models is the key mechanism protecting inflation from dangerous field theory and quantum gravity corrections. The effective theory of large-field inflation is dual to a massive $U(1)$ 4-form gauge theory, which is similar to a massive gauge theory description of superconductivity. The gauge theory explicitly realizes the old Julia-Toulouse proposal for a low-energy description of a gauge theory in a defect condensate. While we work mostly with the example of quadratic axion potential induced by flux monodromy, we discuss how other types of potentials can arise from the inclusion of gauge-invariant corrections to the theory.
Theorizing Language Attitudes Existing Frameworks, an Integrative Model, and New Directions1

Since the innovative work of Labov and Lambert in the 1960s, scholars have approached the study of language attitudes from a variety of perspectives. Multi-disciplinary research has significantly enhanced our understanding of the cognitive and affective variables that shape language attitudes and communicative behaviors. After reviewing this empirical work, the chapter examines the major theoretical models that have emerged in this field of inquiry. A new integrative model of language attitudes is then proposed, along with suggestions for future research with respect to sense-making.
On the Perception of Complexity and Its Implications

This chapter explores the burden of complexity by considering the possibility that the system design community has been struggling with the consequences of a deep-rooted assumption concerning our core definition of a system.Recent research into individual and organizational mindsets suggests that “big assumptions” represent beliefs in our mental models of the world that are viewed as accurate representations of the way things are and are taken for granted as true. The intent of this chapter is to offer an alternative treatment of complexity in system design by extracting our community’s viewpoint—the mental construction we perceive the world through—such that we are able to look at it less subjectively. To do so, the chapter frames a normative comparative study to assess the ability of any viewpoint to successfully facilitate system design. The assurance of the design process and the correctness and completeness of the solution to resolve the need form the basis of the evaluation criteria. The study compares two viewpoints against the evaluation criteria: a prevailing viewpoint derived from our deep-rooted assumption, and a viewpoint built around an alternative view of systems. The results show that the prevailing viewpoint becomes increasingly unsatisfactory as systems exceed the capability and capacity of the practitioner to comprehend, and therefore brings into question the validity of our deep-rooted assumption for the design of complex systems. The analysis further suggests that the system design community has been actively compensating for the insufficiency of its models, which can create a perception of complexity as significant to design. On the other hand, the alternative viewpoint demonstrates theoretical agreement with the evaluation criteria regardless of scale and scope and shows the potential for systematic solution derivation, suggesting that the alternate definition of systems might form a more suitable basis for the design of “complex” systems. The seemingly insurmountable problems we experience with the burden of “complexity” may have a path to resolution, but only if we choose to accept the implications that our struggles may be self-imposed.
Reassessing wanting and liking in the study of mesolimbic influence on food intake.

Humans and animals such as rats and mice tend to overconsume calorie-dense foods, a phenomenon that likely contributes to obesity. One often-advanced explanation for why we preferentially consume s...
Electrical characterization of textured interpoly capacitors for advanced stacked DRAMs

The authors present and discuss the C-V, I-V and TDDB (time-dependent dielectric breakdown) characteristics of textured interpoly capacitors fabricated with different process conditions. It is concluded that the combination of a rough storage electrode with a dielectric that has a bulk-limited conduction offers a considerable increase in capacitance while improving device reliability. Textured stacked capacitors (TSTCs) are proposed for the manufacture of 64-Mb DRAMs. Compared to other advanced stacked capacitor concepts, the approach drastically reduces process complexity and topography. >
An Active Analysis and Crowd Sourced Approach to Social Training

Interactive narrative (IN) has increasingly been used for social skill training. However, extensive content creation is needed to provide learners with flexibility to replay scenarios with sufficient variety to achieve proficiency. Such flexibility requires considerable content creation appropriate for social skills training. The goal of our work is to address these issues through developing a generative narrative approach that re-conceptualizes social training IN as an improvisation using Stanislavsky’s Active Analysis (AA), and utilizes AA to create a crowd sourcing content creation method. AA is a director guided rehearsal technique that promotes Theory of Mind skills critical to social interaction and decomposes a script into key events. In this paper, we discuss AA and the iterative crowd sourcing approach we developed to generate rich, coherent content that can be used to develop a generative model for interactive narrative.
The Politics of the University

Our starting thesis is that the university is not the name of an institution. It is the name of a particular universitas, that is, an association of scholars and students, which means precisely of people who are not members (not yet, or no longer, members) of a professional, civic, religious, or economic institution, or organization (e.g. guild, religious order, civil service, or administration), people who do not gather around some defined production aim or under some defined rule, but around some “thing”.
Treatment for Trauma Affected African American Veterans

Copyright: © 2014 Johnson OJ. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. African Americans have participated in every war fought by or with the United States and have suffered both during the war and when they return home [1]. Currently, African Americans make up 17% of the total U.S. military fighting force while comprising only 13.60% of the total U.S. population [2]. The stressors that African American military servicemen experience are both multi-layered and interconnected. Like many veterans, African Americans return to American soil often feeling isolated, unsupported and alone. However, for Black soldiers and veterans, the compounded stress of experiencing mental health challenges associated with the horrors of combat, facing institutional racism, and having to struggle to acquire necessary resources and supports upon returning home can be far too much to endure. It is important for clinicians to understand the unique cultural experiences of African American veterans in order for culturally competent treatment to be provided. In this article, we contend that identifying culturally salient components of complex psychological trauma in African American veterans and active duty soldiers contributes to substantial differences in clinical conceptualizations, assessment, and clinical treatment interventions for this population. Additionally, we posit that understanding culturally specific reactions to trauma exposure, namely, the compounded nature of combat-related PTSD and cultural trauma (i.e., ‘Post Trauma Slavery Syndrome’ or the ‘African American Psychic Trauma’), may provide important insights into specific vulnerabilities and expressions of illness that could inform treatment planning and delivery.
Gustavo Giovannoni: The Complete Architect

Gustavo Giovannoni (1873–1947) was a key figure in the fields of architecture, urbanism, and conservation during the first half of the twentieth century in Italy. Neglected after the Second World War, when advocates for modernist architecture preferred to highlight members of the Rationalist movement that Giovannoni opposed, his work and ideas are now being re-evaluated for their timely insights on contested questions related to architecture, urbanism, and heritage conservation. This paper examines his theory and practice, including key passages from his writings translated into English for the first time, and descriptions of some of his professional contributions. Apart from the inherent interest of his work, it is a remarkable exemplification of his own ideal of l’architetto integrale—“the complete architect”—which he, more than anyone, seems to have realized.
Abstract 217: Sildenafil (Viagra)-Induces Protection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Cardiomyocytes and Isolated Perfused Heart Through Activation of cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase and Phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2 and GSK-3{beta}

Background: Sildenafil (SIL), a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterese type-5 (PDE-5) induces remarkable protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. PDE-5 inhibition increases cGMP levels that in turn activate cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). However, the cause and effect relationship of PKG in SIL-induced cardioprotection and novel downstream targets activated through PKG remain unknown. Methods & Results: Ventricular myocytes were isolated from adult male ICR mice and exposed to 40 min of simulated ischemia (SI) with or without 1 hr pre-incubation of SIL (1 μM). Myocyte necrosis and apoptosis were determined after 1 hr or 18 hrs of reoxygenation (RO), using trypan blue or TUNEL assay, respectively. Pretreatment with SIL protected cardiomyocytes after SI-RO (necrosis 15.1 ± 2.2% and apoptosis 4.7 ± 0.4%, n = 4, p Conclusion: Activation of PKG by sildenafil treatment plays an essential role in protection against I-R injury. Moreover, phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2 and GSK3β appears to be intimately linked with PKG-dependent survival pathway.
Rapid resolution of carbohydrate isomers via multi-site derivatization ion mobility-mass spectrometry

Identifying small sugar isomers can be challenging by ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) alone due to their small collision cross section differences. Herein, we report IM-MS results for multi-site, covalent carbohydrate derivatization with 3-carboxy-5-nitrophenylboronic acid (3C5NBA). Following reaction in aqueous solutions at room temperature, 3C5NBA reacts with each mono- or disaccharide molecule to yield products that each have a distinguishable mobility signature. The reaction was rapid and resulted in the detection of products within 5 min after 3C5NBA was mixed with the analyte. Eight disaccharides that varied in linkage, composition, and configuration (α or β) as well as four monosaccharides, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose and D-fructose, were included in this study. The derivatives’ drift times showed significant shifts, with up to 3-fold gains in resolution when compared to previous literature reports. Moreover, the specific MS/MS fragmentation information gathered from these sugar derivatives provided further validation of the isomers’ structures.
LHX2 Mediates the FGF-to-SHH Regulatory Loop during Limb Development

During limb development, fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) govern proximal⁻distal outgrowth and patterning. FGFs also synchronize developmental patterning between the proximal⁻distal and anterior⁻posterior axes by maintaining Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in cells of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) in the distal posterior mesoderm. Shh, in turn, maintains Fgfs in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) that caps the distal tip of the limb bud. Crosstalk between Fgf and Shh signaling is critical for patterned limb development, but the mechanisms underlying this feedback loop are not well-characterized. Implantation of Fgf beads in the proximal posterior limb bud can maintain SHH expression in the former ZPA domain (evident 3 h after application), while prolonged exposure (24 h) can induce SHH outside of this domain. Although temporally and spatially disparate, comparative analysis of transcriptome data from these different populations accentuated genes involved in SHH regulation. Comparative analysis identified 25 candidates common to both treatments, with eight linked to SHH expression or function. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LHX2, a LIM Homeodomain transcription factor, is an intermediate in the FGF-mediated regulation of SHH. Our data suggest that LHX2 acts as a competency factor maintaining distal posterior SHH expression subjacent to the AER.
World Heritage and Sites of Conflict: How the War on Terror Is Affecting Heritage in Peshawar, Pakistan

Many of us are familiar with the World Heritage List; we understand it as an inventory of natural and cultural heritage sites that are deemed to be of universal importance as unique and special places in mankind’s collective cultural identity. These sites are afforded international consideration and protection. In this brief chapter I consider the formation of this list, its goals, and the process by which heritage sites are advanced toward World Heritage consideration. I examine one heritage site, the Walled City of Peshawar, Pakistan, and its as yet unrealized journey toward UNESCO heritage designation in a climate of political, social, and economic unrest.
The Value of GH and IGF-I Measurements in the Management of Acromegaly

Measurements of growth hormone (GH) and the GH-dependent peptide insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are essential for diagnosing and managing acromegaly. The IGF-I level can be easily measured as a single, random sample, and when done properly and compared to a well-characterized, age-adjusted normative database, elevation of the serum IGF-I level is a sensitive and specific indicator for the presence of acromegaly or persistent disease after therapy. The most common approach to GH assessment is to assess the degree of GH suppression after oral glucose administration (oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]). Failure of GH to fall into the range expected for the healthy population, along with an elevated IGF-I, is confirmatory of active acromegaly. To distinguish active acromegaly from remission, an OGTT nadir GH cut-off of 1 μg/L has been found to be reliable for use with some GH assays, but this cut-off may be as low as 0.3 μg/L with others. Because GH assays are heterogeneous, uniform, clinically relevant GH criteria for acromegaly are difficult to establish. Caveats exist to the testing of GH or IGF-I and therefore the validity of reliance on the measurement of either of these alone remains controversial. In some settings, the acromegaly patient is monitored by the IGF-I level alone, and in others, a combined assessment is preferred, although discrepant results are not uncommon. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the value of GH and IGF-I measurements in the diagnosis and monitoring of acromegaly during therapy.
Advanced pelvic organ prolapse and routine health screening.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether patients with advanced pelvic-organ prolapse (POP) were less likely than controls to obtain screening Papanicolaou (Pap) test, mammography, and colonoscopy. STUDY DESIGN Records were reviewed from 7/2/2010 through 4/22/2011. We identified patients with advanced POP, defined as prolapse > or = 4 cm beyond the hymenal ring, and made age- and parity-matched controls from patients whose prolapse was or = 4 cm beyond the hymenal ring were equally as likely to obtain routine health screening as age- and parity-matched controls whose POP measured <4 cm.
Evaluation of Pulse Oximetry in Healthy Brachycephalic Dogs

Brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) is characterized by increased upper airway resistance due to conformational abnormalities occurring in brachycephalic dogs (BD). In this prospective study, we evaluated pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial blood gas values in 18 healthy BD and compared these values with those of 18 healthy mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs (MDD). All dogs were assigned a BAS score based on an owner questionnaire. Inclusion criteria included presentation to the hospital for a problem unrelated to the respiratory system and unremarkable blood analyses and physical examination. In awake dogs, SpO2 values were obtained from a minimum of two sites. Dogs were then sedated, and SpO2 values were obtained again concurrently with an arterial blood gas sample. The SpO2 values were significantly lower in BD compared with MDD, but there were no statistically significant differences between BD and MDD for any arterial blood gas parameters. Based on the BAS score, BD who were moderately BAS-affected (n = 5), had significantly lower arterial saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen values on arterial blood gas when compared with MDD (n = 18). Although BD had statistically lower SpO2 values than MDD, the mean SpO2 values for both groups were within the normal range.
Structure, characterization, and catalytic properties of open-metal sites in metal organic frameworks

Metal organic framework materials (MOFs) offer a unique opportunity for investigating active sites that have either previously not been studied from a catalytic standpoint or have only been evaluated as homogeneous catalysts. One of the common themes in MOF research is a metal site endowed with labile ligands that can be eliminated to create a coordinatively unsaturated site, referred to as an open-metal site. Despite the ubiquitous nature of these sites, relationships between their atomic-level structure and catalytic properties are just beginning to emerge. This review summarizes the structure, characterization, and catalytic properties of three prototypical MOFs with open-metal sites (MIL-100/101, Cu-BTC, and UiO-66), with the goal of better identifying open questions in the MOF catalysis literature. Structure–catalytic property relationships for these three MOFs are discussed, with an emphasis on the effect of metal oxidation state, site proximity, defect density, and ligand functionalization on catalytic rates and selectivities.