cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of interfacial free energies and associated temperature coefficients in 304 stainless steel

Abstract The method of zero creep of small diameter 304 stainless steel wires coupled with scanning and transmission electron (shadowgraphic) microscopy of grain boundary-surface intersection grooves was used to measure average values for the surface free energy, Fs, and the grain boundary free energy, γgb, at temperatures of 1060°, 1160°, 1260° and 1360°C, from which the temperature coefficients of the specific interfacial free energies, dF s dT and dγ gb dT were measured to be −1.760 and −0.890 ergs/ cm2 °C respectively. Mean values of coherent twin boundary free energy/grain boundary free energy ratios, γ tb γ gb , were determined for low-torque twin-grain boundary intersections in thin foils of 304 stainless steel using techniques of transmission and diffraction electron microscopy as 0.016, 0.017, 0.024 and 0.024 at 910°, 985°, 1060° and 1180°C, and values of γgb substituted at temperatures from the measured values of γgb to obtain average coherent twin boundary free energies at temperature. From this data, the temperature coefficient of twin boundary free energy was determined to be +0.007 ergs/cm2°C. By assuming the temperature coefficients measured at elevated temperatures to extend linearly to room temperature, room temperature (25°C) values of Fs − 3975 ergs/cm2, γgb − 1670 ergs/cm2 and γtb − 10 ergs/cm2 were obtained; and the room temperature value of stacking-fault free energy, γ sf , was determined to be 20 ergs/cm2 by multiplying γtb by a factor of two. The differences in sign for the temperature coefficients of surface and grain boundary free energies compared with the temperature coefficient of twin boundary free energy suggests a phenomenologically different segregation thermodynamics at these interfaces.
Anemia of chronic disease: past, present, and future.

ANEMIA AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Anemia is common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease [1–9]. The risk for developing anemia is several times higher in those with CKD as compared to the general United States population [9], and recent evidence indicates that anemia develops earlier in CKD than previously thought, especially in diabetic nephropathy [5]. The cause of anemia in CKD is multifactorial, including erythropoietin deficiency, decreased responsiveness to erythropoietin, shortened red blood cell survival, iron deficiency, and chronic inflammation [10]. Observational studies indicate that anemia in CKD is associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease [11], hospitalization for cardiac disease [12], death from congestive heart failure (CHF) [2], and all-cause mortality [1, 12, 13]. Anemia is a modifiable risk factor in patients with CKD; however, several studies indicate that treatment of anemia in the predialysis and dialysis populations is suboptimal [6, 7, 14, 15]. Cardiac disease at onset of dialysis is common, including concentric and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in 75%, coronary artery disease in 15%, overt systolic dysfunction in 15%, and dysrhythmia in 7% [3]. Erythropoietin deficiency plays a major role in anemia and treatment with exogenous erythropoietin can completely correct anemia in many with CKD. Treatment of anemia has been associated with improvement in quality of life in CKD patients before and after initiation of dialysis [16]. In addition, treatment of anemia improves hemoglobin level and quality of life and has been shown to reduce progression of LVH. However, clinical erythropoietin treatment to normalize hemoglobin in patients on dialysis has not demonstrated reduction in mortality or morbidity [17, 18]. Thus, treatment with erythropoietin to improve anemia has not been shown to definitively reduce cardiovascular mortality or improve cardiac function in those with preexisting cardiac disease. Little is known about the effects
External Beam Radiation Therapy Enhances Local Control in Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis

Purpose Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare proliferative disorder of the synovium with locally aggressive behavior. We reviewed our experience using radiation therapy in the treatment of PVNS. Materials and Methods Seventeen patients with 18 sites of PVNS were treated with radiation between 1993 and 2007. Cases were retrospectively reviewed for patient information, treatment parameters, complications, and outcome. Seven sites were primary presentations and 11 were recurrent with an average of 2.5 prior surgical interventions. The most common location was the knee joint (67%). Cytoreductive surgery was performed before radiation therapy in 16/18 sites with all having proven or suspected residual disease. Radiation was delivered using 4–15 MV photons with an average total dose 34 Gy (range, 20–36 Gy). Seventeen of 18 sites (94%) had postradiotherapy imaging. Results With average follow-up of 46 months (range, 8–181 months), initial local control was achieved in 75% (12/16) of the sites with prior cytoreductive surgery (mean time to recurrence, 38 months). Ultimate local control was 100% after repeat resection (mean follow-up, 61 months). Two additional sites without prior cytoreductive surgery showed growth after radiotherapy (mean time to documented growth, 10.5 months). Seventeen of the 18 involved joints (94%) were scored as excellent or good PVNS-related function, one site (5%) as fair function, and no site with poor function. No patient required amputation; and there were no Grade 3/4 treatment-related complications. Conclusion Postoperative external beam radiation is effective in preventing disease recurrence and should be offered following maximal cytoreduction to enhance local control in PVNS.
Molecular cloning and expression of the gene encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.

Previous studies have indicated that ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGlc PPase) from the cyanobacteriumAnabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is more similar to higher-plant than to enteric bacterial enzymes in antigenicity and allosteric properties. In this paper, we report the isolation of theAnabaena ADPGlc PPase gene and its expression inEscherichia coli. The gene we isolated from a genomic library utilizes GTG as the start codon and codes for a protein of 48347 Da which is in agreement with the molecular mass determined by SDS-PAGE for theAnabaena enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence is 63, 54, and 33% identical to the rice endosperm small subunit, maize endosperm large subunit, and theE. coli sequences, respectively. Southern analysis indicated that there is only one copy of this gene in theAnabaena genome. The cloned gene encodes an active ADPGlc PPase when expressed in anE. coli mutant strain AC70R1-504 which lacks endogenous activity of the enzyme. The recombinant enzyme is activated and inhibited primarily by 3-phosphoglycerate and Pi, respectively, as is the nativeAnabaena ADPGlc PPase. Immunological and other biochemical studies further confirmed the recombinant enzyme to be theAnabaena enzyme.
Outcome of patients with end-stage renal disease admitted to the intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical course of patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and to compare the performance of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) in predicting their outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study consisted of patients with ESRD admitted to 3 ICUs between January 1, 1997, and November 30, 2002. Data on demographics, APACHE III score, SOFA score, development of sepsis and organ failure, use of mechanical ventilation, and mortality were collected. RESULTS Of the 476 patients with ESRD who underwent dialysis during the study period, 93 (20%) required admission to the ICU. The most common ICU admission diagnosis was gastrointestinal bleeding. The first day median (interquartile range) APACHE III score, SOFA score, and APACHE III predicted hospital mortality rate were 64 (47–79), 6 (5–8), and 12.9% (4.2%-30.8%), respectively. The observed ICU, hospital, and 30-day mortality rates were 9%, 16%, and 22%, respectively. Nonrenal organ failure developed in 48 patients (52%) and sepsis in 15 patients (16%). Mechanical ventilation was required in 26 patients (28%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the first-day APACHE III probability of hospital death in predicting 30-day mortality was 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.68–0.86) compared with 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.55–0.76) for the SOFA score ( P =.16). CONCLUSIONS The observed hospital mortality of patients with ESRD admitted to the ICU is relatively low. There is no statistically significant difference in the performance of APACHE III and SOFA prognostic models in discriminating between 30-day survivors and nonsurvivors.
TU‐G‐217A‐02: Voxel‐Based Residual Analysis of High Spectral and Spatial Resolution (HiSS) MRI of Breast Lesions

Purpose: To extend CADx techniques for High Spectral and Spatial Resolution (HiSS) breast MRI, and to assess the ability of the Lorentzian‐fit‐ subtraction residual maxima of the water resonance spectra to distinguish between benign and malignant breast lesions on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis. Methods: HiSS high resolution spectroscopic MR images were collected under an IRB‐approved protocol. To analyze HiSS data, we fit a Lorentzian curve to a 25 bin (140 Hz) region of the proton‐resonance spectra in each lesion, centered at the water resonance and normalized to the water peak height. After subtracting this fit from each spectrum, the maximum residual value in nine spectral bins from +22.4 to +67.2 Hz to the right of the water peak was recorded with its corresponding frequency bin. We automatically excluded voxels in each lesion with maximum residual lower than 60% of the maximum residual in the entire lesion in order to eliminate voxels with off‐peaks close to or below the noise floor. These residual maxima were evaluated on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis, for each frequency bin based on the known diagnosis (9 malignant; 8 benign cases) and the performance of this single feature was assessed using ROC analysis.Results: In the task of distinguishing between voxels in malignant and benign lesions, analysis across all nine spectral bins yielded an AUC value of 0.96 ± 0.007. AUC values within specific spectral bins ranged from 0.72 at 5.6 Hz from the water peak to 1.0 at 60.6 Hz ‐ noting that the latter could be artificially high due to our limited database. Conclusions: We have presented a technique utilizing a voxel‐based approach to HiSS spectral analysis, with potential for use in the diagnosis of cancerous breast lesions. We are currently extending this method to include lesion‐based classification rather than voxel‐based evaluation. M.L. Giger is a stockholder in R2 Technology/Hologic, has equity in Quantitative Insights, and receives royalties from Hologic, GE Medical Systems, MEDIAN Technologies, Riverain Medical, Mitsubishi and Toshiba. G.S. Karczmar has an institutional research agreement with Philips Healthcare. It is the University of Chicago Conflict of Interest Policy that investigators disclose publicly actual or potential significant financial interest that would reasonably appear to be directly and significantly affected by the research activities.
A study of computer-based task performance under thermal stress.

A visual-visual dual computer task was designed to test the effect of the thermal environment on dual task performance. The temperatures selected for testing were 20 and 35 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). 34 volunteers were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 temperature conditions. Individual differences in single task performance were controlled by equating the baselines of single task performance. Once individual differences in single task capacity were controlled, statistically significant differences in performance were demonstrated. Mean accuracy was computed over a 1-hr testing period in each temperature condition. Participants’ mean accuracy in the 35° condition (38.18%) was substantially lower than in the 20° condition (50.88%).
Responses of potatoes to solution pH levels with different forms of nitrogen

Abstract Four nutrient culture experiments were conducted to determine the responses of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to varied solution pH levels with nitrogen supplied as NO3 −, NH4 +, and mixed NO3 −/NH4 + (1/1) at the same total N concentration of 4 mM. In the first and second experiments, pH levels were maintained at 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 7.5 with separate NO3 − and NH4 +. In the third experiment, pH levels were provided at 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 6.5, 7 with mixed NO3 −/NH4 +. In the fourth experiment, pH levels of 5 and 6 were maintained in combination with NO3 −, NH4 +, and mixed NO3 −/NH4 +. Plants were grown in trays filled with quartz gravel and fed with non‐recirculating nutrient solutions at the flow rate of 4 ml min−1. The plants were grown for 28 days after transplanting of tissue culture plantlets. With mixed nitrogen, plant growth as total dry weight, leaf area and tuber number per plant was essentially similar at pH 4.5 to 7, and decreased only at pH 4. With either nitrogen form alone, however, p...
Cytochrome P450 17 (CYP17) is involved in endometrial cancinogenesis through apoptosis and invasion pathways

Cytochrome P450 17 (CYP17) encodes cytochrome P450c17α, an enzyme with 17α-hydroxylase and 17, 20-lyase activities involved in estradiol biosynthesis. Here we examine the role of CYP17 gene in endometrial carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemistry staining of endometrial carcinoma and corresponding uninvolved tissues showed that CYP17 is upregulated in endometrial cancers (15 of 24, 62.5%). To understand the functional significance of this upregulation, we silenced CYP17 gene by introduction of siRNA into endometrial cancer cell line KLE followed by functional studies. Further, to understand the molecular basis of the role of CYP17, we profiled the expression of key pathway-specific genes and identified several components of the apoptosis and invasion pathways that are potentially regulated by CYP17. Silencing of CYP17 caused decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Significantly, CYP17 depletion leads to downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), indicating induced apoptosis. Also, attenuation of CYP17 decreased the cellular invasion ability and regulated expression of several invasion pathway components such as melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), matrix metallopeptidase 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3). In conclusion, this is the first report documenting that upregulation of CYP17 in endometrial cancers play a crucial role in endometrial carcinogenesis by targeting multiple components of apoptosis and invasion pathways. Further studies are required to understand the detailed mechanisms underlying CYP17-mediated regulation of these components.
Recent progress in epitaxy of Hg-HTS thin films on oxides and metals

We recently developed a cation-exchange process and using it obtained high-quality epitaxial Hg-based high-temperature superconducting films. Unlike the conventional thermal-reaction process that needs to comply with the stringent requirements of chemical phase equilibrium, cation exchange was found to be a simple kinetic process that can be carried out in a large processing window based on the principle of atomic perturbation. Since this process can be carried out in a large processing window of the Hg-vapor partial pressure, we further developed a batch process for scaling up Hg-HTS tapes in long length and a crucible technique for scaling up to large area.
Laser-surface adsorbate interactions: Thermal versus photoelectronic excitation of Mo(CO)6 on Si(111).

Abstract : Laser induced electronic excitation of adsorbed Mo(CO)6 followed by Carbon Monoxide desorption is observed to occur on Si(111)7x7 irradiated with 257 nm (4.8 eV) laser radiation. The process is shown to be completely non-thermal in nature. In contrast, irradiation with 514 nm radiation is found to be identical to resistively heating the crystal. Adsorption does not quench the gas phase UV absorption-decomposition process, nor does it open up new excitation mechanisms that allow decomposition to occur in the visible region of the spectrum.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 1995

This article summarizes the 753 titles of theses and dissertations completed in family and consumer sciences in colleges and universities throughout the United States in 1995. The tables present information by institution and by subject matter.
Effect of SWCNT on Tribological Behavior of Polymeric Nanocomposite

The nanoscale structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has unique properties. These nanostructured additives can induce unusual characteristic in many polymer matrix. In one of our recent experiments, it was found that when adding SWCNTs into a polyimide (PI) matrix, friction becomes a function of the concentration of the additive. In this research, we analyze the behavior of the SWCNTs-PI nano-composite using an approximation approach. We report that the frictional behavior of the nanocomposite is dominated by the elastic and plastic deformation through randomly dispersed SWCNTs under different loading conditions. At low concentration of SWCNTs, its elasticity dominates the properties of composite while at higher concentration, plastic behavior of tubes plays a major role in describing the properties of composite.© 2008 ASME
CONVECTION DRIVEN BY THE NONUNIFORM ABSORPTION OF THERMAL RADIATION AT THE FREE SURFACE OF A STAGNANT POOL

This is a study of the flow driven by the buoyancy effect associated with the non-uniform volumetric absorption of a spatially uniform flux of thermal radiation that impinges on a body of fluid. The nonuniform absorption of radiation is due to the presence of regions of relative turbidity (coloring, suspension of particulates, algae) that alter the optical properties of the fluid. Focusing on the earliest stages of buoyancy-driven flow in the immediate vicinity of a relatively absorptive region, this study shows that the flow acquires a double-counterflow structure and that its effect is to rearrange the fluid so that increasingly warmer layers are positioned closer to the free surface. Analytically, the phenomenon is investigated on the basis of scale analysis and an asymptotic solution that is valid for vanishingly small times or Grashof numbers. Numerical experiments performed in a shallow two-dimensional layer confirm the flow structure and scaling trends anticipated theoretically.
Prolactin bioassay before and after treatment with nortriptyline

Abstract Serum prolactin has been measured in patients with depression before and after treatment with antidepressants. Some, but not all, investigators have reported increased prolactin levels; however, these have been measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) only. We investigated both serum prolactin RIA and the rat lymphoma Nb2 (Noble strain 2 ) bioassay for prolactin in 13 patients with major depression before and 1 to 2 weeks after treatment with nortriptyline. There were no significant differences with either measure. The relative Nb2 bioactivity of prolactin appears to be unaffected by treatment with nortriptyline.
Leaky-wave dispersion behavior on a grounded ferrite slab waveguide

In this letter, leaky-wave dispersion behavior is studied for a grounded biased-ferrite slab waveguide. The full-wave analysis encompasses space-wave leaky modes, surface waves, and magnetostatic modes supported by a ferrite slab as the magnetic bias field varies in strength. In particular, as the bias field increases from a null value the TE leaky-wave cutoff frequencies of the isotropic slab split into two cutoff frequencies, resulting in complicated dispersion behavior of the corresponding forward and backward leaky waves. TM modes are unaffected by variation in the strength of the bias field for this orientation.
Comparison of Chemical Components of Cell Walls of Brucella abortus Strains of Low and High Virulence

Amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid components of cell walls of Brucella abortus strain 19A (low virulence) and strain 2308 (high virulence) were compared by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and by use of an amino acid analyzer. A total of 15 amino acids were detected by both chromatographic methods. Each amino acid was present in greater amounts in strain 2308 than in strain 19A when equal amounts of hydrolysates of cell wall and endotoxin-containing preparations were analyzed. A component with the same R(F) value as ethanolamine was present in strain 2308 cell wall hydrolysates but was not revealed by TLC of strain 19A cell wall hydrolysates. This component was not detected with the amino acid analyzer. TLC of cell walls tagged with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene prior to hydrolysis showed that phenylalanine was a terminal amino acid in cell walls of B. abortus strains 19A and 2308, B. suis strain 1776, and B. melitensis strain 2500. Carbohydrates detected in cell walls of strains 19A and 2308 by TLC were tentatively identified as glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and galactose. Colorimetric tests were also positive for 2-keto-3-deoxy-octulosonic acid, heptose, and dideoxyhexose. At least seven lipid components were detected by TLC of ether extracts of cell walls of strains 19A and 2308. It is suggested that one or more lipids is important in maintaining cell wall structure, because isolated cell walls rapidly became fragmented after exposure to ether.
RFICs for reduced size, cost and power consumption in handheld wireless transceivers

The high volume potential of existing and proposed wireless Personal Communications Systems in the 800-2500 MHz frequency range presents tremendous challenges and opportunities to designers and suppliers of RFICs. Amplifiers, oscillators, frequency converters and synthesizers are now required to operate from lower supply voltages, consume less current and reduce their physical size while meeting aggressive targets for performance, quality, cost and uniformity. This paper describes Silicon Bipolar and GaAs RFIC process technologies which are particularly well suited to this market. Furthermore, the roles of existing and future RFICs, hybrid modules and discrete devices for a typical RF system architecture in a half-duplex digital radio are discussed. Some key technical constraints that impact the performance of RFIC components at supply voltages of 3V or less are also illustrated in detail.
Prenatal hazardous substance use and adverse birth outcomes.

Objective: Assess the relative effects of a variety of illicit and licit drugs on risk for adverse birth outcomes. Methods: We used data from two large prospective investigations, and a novel analytic method, recursive partitioning class analysis to identify risk factors associated with preterm birth and delivering a small for gestational age infant. Results: Compared to cocaine and opiate non-users, cocaine users were 3.53 times as likely (95% CI: 1.65-7.56; p = 0.001) and opiate users 2.86 times as likely (95% CI: 1.11-7.36; p = 0.03) to deliver preterm. The odds of delivering a small for gestational age infant for women who smoked more than two cigarettes daily was 3.74, (95% CI: 2.47-5.65; p<0.0001) compared to women who smoked two or less cigarettes daily and had one previous child. Similarly, less educated, nulliparous women who smoked two or fewer cigarettes daily were 4.12 times as likely (95% CI: 2.04-8.34; p < 0.0001) to have a small for gestational age infant. Conclusions: Among our covariates,...
The Renewal of Chinese Marxism: Debates over the Character of the Political Economy

This is a study of those Chinese political economists and political philosophers in the early 1950s who sought to distance China's transition to socialism from the Soviet model for development. Writing for the leading economic and philosophical journals, Xin Jianshe [New Construction] and Xuexi [Study], these theorists attempted to apply Mao's 1937 call for a sinified Marxism to their contemporary reality by insisting upon a national strategy for socialist construction. Their arguments provided a source for the later break with the Soviet command economy. And it is the emphasis upon Chinese solutions to national problems that forms a line that connects this past with China's present.
Emotional Reactivity to Negative Adult and Peer Events and the Maintenance of Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: a Daily Diary Design

Emotional reactivity to negative interpersonal events has been consistently linked with depressive symptoms in studies with adults. However, little is known about the role that emotional reactivity plays in the maintenance of depressive symptoms during adolescence. A structured diary, administered to 132 economically disadvantaged adolescents (53 % female, 76 % African American) at age 14, measured adolescent daily reports of negative events involving parents, teachers, and peers and ratings of negative and positive affect. We examined the relationship between emotional reactivity (changes in negative and positive affect that correspond with negative events) and the maintenance of depressive symptoms between ages 13 and 15. We also tested unique effects of different types of emotional reactivity, depending on the type of interpersonal event. Results provided support for the emotional reactivity model for negative teacher events: heightened reactivity to negative teacher events was related to the maintenance of depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that adolescents’ emotional reactivity to teachers has important implications for the continuity of depressive symptoms during early adolescence for disadvantaged youth.
Tax normalizations, the marginal cost of funds, and optimal environmental taxes

Abstract Prior results on second-best optimal environmental taxes fail to hold under alternative tax normalizations, partly because the marginal cost of funds varies with the tax normalization. However, under any normalization, the optimal environmental tax typically lies below marginal damages.
Data MULEs: modeling a three-tier architecture for sparse sensor networks

This paper presents and analyzes an architecture to collect sensor data in sparse sensor networks. Our approach exploits the presence of mobile entities (called MULEs) present in the environment. MULEs pick up data from the sensors when in close range, buffer it, and drop off the data to wired access points. This can lead to substantial power savings at the sensors as they only have to transmit over a short range. This paper focuses on a simple analytical model for understanding performance as system parameters are scaled. Our model assumes two-dimensional random walk for mobility and incorporates key system variables such as number of MULEs, sensors and access points. The performance metrics observed are the data success rate (the fraction of generated data that reaches the access points) and the required buffer capacities on the sensors and the MULEs. The modeling along with simulation results can be used for further analysis and provide certain guidelines for deployment of such systems.
“We Don't have Time for Social Change” Cultural Compromise and the Battered Woman Syndrome

This article explores how the acceptance of the battered woman syndrome as the explanation for why abusive relationships continue can be understood as a cultural compromise. The syndrome's portrayal of battered women as passive victims resulted in an exclusive definition of who “counts” as a victim. It further emphasized many abused women's weaknesses rather than their resourcefulness and overlooked the plights of a great variety of women in need of help. More important, it placed emphasis on individualized solutions for domestic violence rather than addressing structural inequalities in American society. These issues ultimately led to a critique by other advocates of the battered woman syndrome as an inadequate and flawed explanation for domestic violence. Yet despite its weaknesses, the syndrome allowed advocates the chance to appeal to the larger public and, ultimately, begin the process of alleviating structural inequalities.
Identification of acanthamoeba in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens

Acanthamoeba species infect humans occasionally and act as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised individuals. This study demonstrates the application of cytocentrifugation as an aid to identification of Acanthamoebae. In addition, certain staining procedures clearly optimized visualization of characteristic amoebic features. This was demonstrated by adding amoebae from laboratory cultures to bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. In preparations stained by the Papanicolaou, trichrome, or hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) procedures, the discrete deeper staining nucleolus was the most distinctive feature. The vacuolated cytoplasm also aided in the identification of amoebae. These features were less apparent and often distorted following staining of Acanthamoeba species with the Hema III and Giemsa procedures. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, inc.
Effects of Housing Codes on Local Housing Markets

Housing codes are typically instituted in order to raise the average level of housing quality in a community. However, in doing so, the institution of a housing code likely has effects on other housing characteristics. Using data from municipalities in North Carolina, this study finds that municipalities with housing codes have higher average occupancy densities among all households and lower homeownership rates among low-income households, but housing codes have no statistically discernible effect on housing values and expenditures. The results suggest that housing codes are not costless; most importantly, codes force consumers to trade housing quantity for quality.
The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion

This article defines the construct of self-compassion and describes the development of the Self-Compassion Scale. Self-compassion entails being kind and understanding toward oneself in instances of pain or failure rather than being harshly self-critical; perceiving one's experiences as part of the larger human experience rather than seeing them as isolating; and holding painful thoughts and feelings in mindful awareness rather than over-identifying with them. Evidence for the validity and reliability of the scale is presented in a series of studies. Results indicate that self-compassion is significantly correlated with positive mental health outcomes such as less depression and anxiety and greater life satisfaction. Evidence is also provided for the discriminant validity of the scale, including with regard to self-esteem measures.
Memory and Matthew Shepard Opposing Expressions of Public Memory in Television Movies

In March 2002, two different movies about the murder of gay University of Wyoming student Matthew Shepard appeared on NBC and HBO. NBC's The Matthew Shepard Story falls into the movie-of-the-week genre and drafts a public memory of gay men that reinforces heteronormativity. HBO's The Laramie Project eschews the television movie genre and provides an alternative public memory that expresses a more progressive vision of gays and lesbians. This article highlights how public memory develops in a series of iterations or drafts that appear first in television and print journalism and then dramatized television treatments. If journalism is the first draft of public memory, then television movies are the second draft, and the public memories television movies express are shaped—and constrained—when they follow generic conventions.
Merging two gene-expression studies via cross-platform normalization

Motivation: Gene-expression microarrays are currently being applied in a variety of biomedical applications. This article considers the problem of how to merge datasets arising from different gene-expression studies of a common organism and phenotype. Of particular interest is how to merge data from different technological platforms. Results: The article makes two contributions to the problem. The first is a simple cross-study normalization method, which is based on linked gene/sample clustering of the given datasets. The second is the introduction and description of several general validation measures that can be used to assess and compare cross-study normalization methods. The proposed normalization method is applied to three existing breast cancer datasets, and is compared to several competing normalization methods using the proposed validation measures. Availability: The supplementary materials and XPN Matlab code are publicly available at website: https://genome.unc.edu/xpn Contact: shabalin@email.unc.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Excitation of multiphonon giant resonance states in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

We investigate the excitation of multiphonon states in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. A semiclassical formalism is used to determine the one-step and two-step Coulomb excitation of the double-phonon GDR × GDR excitation. The excitation cross sections of the L = 0 and L = 2 states are determined separately with the use of sum rules for estimating corresponding matrix elements. The nuclear contributions to the excitation process are also calculated and shown to be small. The widths of final and intermediate states are taken into account; physical problems related to the spreading width of the double-phonon states are discussed in detail. The recent experimental data are discussed and compared to our calculations.
Wind Array Power Prediction for Improved Operating Economics and Reliability

A methodology for predicting wind power variations one or more hours ahead is developed. This prediction method is required for unit commitment and generation control strategies that have been developed to provide economic and reliable operation for utilities with large wind penetrations. The methodology utilizes a set of meteorological towers that encircle the wind turbine clusters at a radius of 100 miles. The prediction methodology must determine (1) the direction of propagation of the meteorological event, (2) the subset of meteorological towers that are in the direction of motion of the meteorological event and thus are to be used in the prediction, (3) the delays between the prediction sites in the wind turbine cluster and the selected subset of reference sites in the ring of meteorological towers to be used for prediction, and (4) the parameters of the predictive model that predicts wind speed based on weighted delayed wind speed measurements at the selected reference sites.
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IN THE BRYOZOAN LEIOCLEMA PUNCTATUM (HALL, 1858) FROM MISSISSIPPIAN EPHEMERAL HOST MICROCOMMUNITIES

Abstract The morphologic expression of microenvironmental variation is difficult to document in fossil ecosystems and therefore is poorly understood. However, documentation of environmental sources of variation in the phenotype is essential for meaningful studies of microevolution and speciation. A fossil assemblage from the Mississippian (Valmeyeran) Warsaw Formation near St. Louis, Missouri, provides necessary conditions to evaluate microenvironmentally induced phenotypic variation in the Paleozoic trepostome bryozoan Leioclema punctatum (Hall, 1858). Specimens of L. punctatum, found as fragments in 22 discrete piles, were collected in their entirety from a weathered surface. Each pile contained 20–200+ branch fragments of L. punctatum, which were all originally attached to large, soft-bodied hosts (sponges?). Multiple attachment bases were found in most piles, indicating that 1) multiple L. punctatum colonies (genotypes) are represented in each pile, and 2) each pile represents a near contemporaneous, ...
The future of GME funding: a closer look at new Institute of Medicine recommendations.

![Figure][1] The recent report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommending dramatic changes to the financing and governance of graduate medical education (GME) funding over the next decade has spurred much discussion and debate about the potential impact on both trainees and patients [(1
The Futile Debate Over the Morality of the Death Penalty: A Critical Commentary on the Steiker and Sunstein-Vermueule Debate

The current issue of the Stanford Law Review reveals (or at least may spark) a surprising resurgence of interest in the morality of the death penalty, an interest different from the empirical inquiry into the effectiveness and reliability of capital punishment as a penological tool. With her deontological moral outlook, noted abolitionist Professor Carol Steiker takes aim at Professors Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermuele's consequentialist argument that if recent studies showing the significant deterrent impact of the death penalty are valid, then we are morally bound to accept capital punishment as a government crime-fighting tool. I contend that a deontological critique of the Sunstein-Vermeule claim, which is rooted in consequentialist ethics, must fail when it comes to the moral question of capital punishment. Steiker's effort to debunk Sunstein and Vermeule's bold contention nicely illuminates why abstract moral theorizing is futile when it comes to capital punishment. She agrees with Sunstein and Vermeule that we must abandon the act-omission distinction when it comes to evaluating the moral worthiness of government policy options. I show that Steiker's concession to abandon the act-omission distinction - a distinction crucial to deontology - dooms her critique of Sunstein and Vermeule's consequentialist claim that the death penalty is morally obligatory. I also show that Sunstein and Vermuele's argument is pure question-begging, that their collapse of the act-omission distinction to drive their moral argument smuggles in the unproved assumption that the death penalty is already morally justified. The lesson here is that moral claims about the death penalty arising from a deontological or consequentialist foundation inevitably collapse under the weight of real life. This 6,000-word article calls for continued focus on the realities of the death penalty as a practice, and thus discourages futile argumentation over that practice by resorting to abstract moral theorizing.
Poor Response to Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation

Poor response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is associated with low estradiol and follicular response to gonadotropins, reduced number of retrieved oocytes and available embryos for transfer and unsatisfactory IVF outcomes. The prevalent opinion is that it represents an early stage of ovarian senescence. Poor responders are difficult to identify prior to gona­dotropin stimulation and are generally resistant to a multitude of intervention strategies.
Incidence of Arthropod Predators in Different Soybean Cropping Systems

The seasonal incidence of nabids, Nabis spp., big-eyed bugs, Geocoris spp., minute pirate bugs, Orius spp., and spiders was examined in conventional, drill-, and double-crop-planted soybean in two localities in eastern Virginia during 1979 and 1980. Population densities of these predators were not sufficiently abundant during the sampling period in 1979 to make statistical comparisons. During 1980, Nabis spp., primarily N. roseipennis Reuter, were significantly more numerous in conventional and drill-planted fields. Geocoris spp., primarily G. punctipes (Say), were significantly higher in conventionally planted fields in Westmoreland County and in drill-planted fields in Richmond County. At both locations, Geocoris were most abundant in the earliest planted fields and were not commonly encountered in double-cropped fields. There were significantly more spiders in the drill-planted fields in Richmond County, and a similar trend was apparent at the other sampling location. Other Arthropod predators commonly encountered in soybean fields included: Podisus maculiventris (Say), Stiretrus anchorago (F.), Hippodamia tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say), Hippodamia convergens Guer., Zelus spp., Sinea spp., Arilus spp., Chrysopa spp., and mantids. No comparisons between population densities in different soybean cropping systems were determined for these species. Population densities of predators in untreated soybean fields were significantly higher during the first six weekly sampling periods than densities in fields treated with disulfoton (1.2 kg of Al/ha) in the furrow at planting.
Trapping for the Japanese Beetle (Popilliajaponica Newman) During the Seasons 1929 and 1930

The so-called “Japanese beetle trap” using a bait having geraniol as a base was used during the seasons 1929 and 1930. Approximately 17,563 traps were used in 1929, and 25,583 in 1930, at an average cost for material and operation of $1.66 per trap in 1929, and $1.63 in 1930. This does not include cost of assembled trap.
Immune Response of Amebiasis and Immune Evasion by Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of amebiasis. It is estimated approximately 1% of humans are infected with E. histolytica, resulting in an estimate of 100,000 deaths annually. Clinical manifestations of amebic infection range widely from asymptomatic to severe symptoms, including dysentery and extra-intestinal abscesses. Like other infectious diseases, it is assumed that only ~20% of infected individuals develop symptoms, and genetic factors of both the parasite and humans as well as the environmental factors, e.g., microbiota, determine outcome of infection. There are multiple essential steps in amebic infection: degradation of and invasion into the mucosal layer, adherence to the intestinal epithelium, invasion into the tissues, and dissemination to other organs. While the mechanisms of invasion and destruction of the host tissues by the amebae during infection have been elucidated at the molecular levels, it remains largely uncharacterized how the parasite survive in the host by evading and attacking host immune system. Recently, the strategies for immune evasion by the parasite have been unraveled, including immunomodulation to suppress IFN-γ production, elimination of immune cells and soluble immune mediators, and metabolic alterations against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to fend off the attack from immune system. In this review, we summarized the latest knowledge on immune reaction and immune evasion during amebiasis.
Use of Practice Parameters as Standards of Care and in Health Care Reform: A View From the American Medical Association

Guidelines that are standards of care could limit the creative initiatives to find ways of caring for patients which do not conform to traditional medical practice but result in good outcomes. Physicians would likely feel hemmed in by guidelines that constitute an express legal standard of care and would be afraid to deviate from them except under the auspices of carefully controlled research protocols.
Adventures in Small Molecule Fragment Screening by X-ray Crystallography

Since its conception in the early 1990s, fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has become established as a powerful tool for identifying new, chemically tractable pharmacophores. Unlike traditional methods that focus primarily on initial potency, FBDD stresses efficiency of binding and exploration of a highly diverse chemical space. Small fragment library sizes (∼1,000 compounds) and the weak binding affinity of fragments have spurred the use of biophysical methods not readily applicable to screening of traditional compound libraries (greater than 100,000 compounds). X-ray crystallography is a powerful, yet under-appreciated, biophysical method for systematic identification of small molecule binding and discovery of potential inhibitory sites in a macromolecular target. Indeed, due to tremendous improvements in methodologies and technologies involved in X-ray data collection and analysis, it is now possible to collect data on a complete fragment library for a given macromolecular target during a single trip to a current generation synchrotron. Here we highlight some key insights and innovations learned from fragment screening campaigns targeting influenza and HIV-1 polymerases.
Explaining Post-Wall Change in German Foreign Policy

The puzzles of German foreign policy discussed in the previous chapter represent important policy ’shifts,’ and these shifts cry out for explanation. In the three cases that follow this chapter, I show how Germany’s post-Wall behavior deviated significantly from its behavior in the previous four decades. In this chapter, I approach the central questions of this book from the standpoint of theory. After describing a number of alternative theoretical positions, I present the theory of ‘embedded hegemony.’
IR spectroscopy, soil analysis applications

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is an established analytical tool for studying soil. The sensitivity of FTIR spectroscopy to local structural environments of infrared active soil components offers a multitude of applications that complement conventional soil science analytical techniques and provide unique insights. Its applications include identification and structural characterization of soil minerals, including phyllosilicates and metal oxides, monitoring pedogenic processes, characterizing soil organic matter composition, and measuring and characterizing the interactions of molecules, such as ions and organic compounds, with minerals. The recent development of attenuated total reflectance techniques has unlocked a new frontier in the potential of FTIR spectroscopy to resolve processes, including kinetics, occurring in aqueous conditions and at liquid–surface interfaces.
Evaluating Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Quantification of Human Genomic DNA: Lifting the Traceability Fog.

Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) end point platforms directly estimate the number of DNA target copies per reaction partition, λ, where the partitions are fixed-location chambers (cdPCR) or aqueous droplets floating in oil (ddPCR). For use in the certification of target concentration in primary calibrant certified reference materials (CRMs), both λ and the partition volume, V, must be metrologically traceable to some accessible reference system, ideally, the International System of Units (SI). The fixed spatial distribution of cdPCR chambers enables real-time monitoring of PCR amplification. Analysis of the resulting reaction curves enables validation of the critical dPCR assumptions that are essential for establishing the SI traceability of λ. We know of no direct method for validating these assumptions for ddPCR platforms. The manufacturers of the cdPCR and ddPCR systems available to us do not provide traceable partition volume specifications. Our colleagues at the National Institute of Standard...