cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MOSFET's fabricated in laser-recrystallized Silicon on Quartz using selectively absorbing dielectrical layers

MOSFET's were fabricated in laser-recrystallized silicon islands on fused quartz substrates using a standard n-channel self-registered poly-gate process. Selective absorption obtained with patterned dielectric films was used to control the shape of the melt front during recrystallization of patterned LPCVD polysilicon islands. IR imaging of the laser-heated region was used to optimize and monitor the melt front shape. Devices with various channel lengths and widths were fabricated and the dependence of threshold voltage, channel mobility, and subthreshold leakage on recrystallization conditions and device dimensions were studied. Devices with and without back-channel implants were compared on the same wafer and for the same laser annealing conditions. The back-channel implant consistently reduced the subthreshold leakage to less than 1 pA/µm.
PRISM: indexing multi-dimensional data in P2P networks using reference vectors

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems research has gained considerable attention recently with the increasing popularity of file sharing applications. Since these applications are used for sharing huge amounts of data, it is very important to efficiently locate the data of interest in such systems. However, these systems usually do not provide efficient search techniques. Existing systems offer only keyword search functionality through a centralized index or by query flooding. In this paper, we propose a scheme based on reference vectors for sharing multi-dimensional data in P2P systems. This scheme effectively supports a larger set of query operations (such as k-NN queries and content-based similarity search) than current systems, which generally support only exact key lookups and keyword searches.The basic idea is to store multiple replicas of an object's index at different peers based on the distances between the object's feature vector and the reference vectors. Later, when a query is posed, the system identifies the peers that are likely to store the index information about relevant objects using reference vectors. Thus the system is able to return accurate results by contacting a small fraction of the participating peers.
Analysis of dispersion and impedance properties of infrared impedance surfaces

A stratified structure which supports the propagation of infrared surface waves is designed. The dispersion and impedance characteristics of the surface waves are studied in detail for an array of square patches. The field propagation of basic TE and TM modes at different frequencies are studied. The impedance of the unit cell is evaluated for the frequency of 28.24 THz (λ=10.6 μm).
Configuration-shape-size optimization of space structures by material redistribution

This project investigates the configuration-shape-size optimization (CSSO) of orbiting and planetary space structures. The project embodies three phases. In the first one the material-removal CSSO method introduced by Kikuchi and Bendsoe (KB) is further developed to gain understanding of finite element homogenization techniques as well as associated constrained optimization algorithms that must carry along a very large number (thousands) of design variables. In the CSSO-KB method an optimal structure is 'carved out' of a design domain initially filled with finite elements, by allowing perforations (microholes) to develop, grow and merge. The second phase involves 'materialization' of space structures from the void, thus reversing the carving process. The third phase involves analysis of these structures for construction and operational constraints, with emphasis in packaging and deployment. The present paper describes progress in selected areas of the first project phase and the start of the second one.
Pathologic duodenogastric reflux associated with persistence of symptoms after cholecystectomy

Background. The aim of this study was to determine whether increased duodenograstric reflux contributes to postcholecystectomy symptoms. Methods. Gastric pH monitoring, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, gastric emptying scans, and gastric acid analysis were performed in asymptomatic (n=10) and in symptomatic (n=27) patients after cholecystectomy. Normal subjects (n=20), patients with dyspepsia related to gastric acid hypersecretion (n=20), patients with reflux gastritis after gastric surgery (n=10), and patients with confirmed primary pathologic duodenogastric reflux (n=10) were studied as controls. Symptomatic patients also underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Results. Symptomatic patients had significantly increased interprandial gastric exposure to pH Conclusions. This study suggests that excessive duodenogastric reflux may be responsible for persistence of symptoms after cholecystectomy.
Assessing the measurement invariance of latent job satisfaction ratings across survey administration modes for respondent subgroups: A MIMIC modeling approach

To date, many studies have assessed the measurement invariance of a wide variety of measures across Internet and paper-and-pencil conditions; however a relative dearth exists in the literature investigating measurement invariance across administration modes for differing subgroups of respondents. Using MIMIC modeling, this study assessed whether gender and age of the respondent systematically influenced responding according to administration mode above and beyond measurement invariance. Consistent with past research, this study demonstrated that job satisfaction ratings were indeed measurement invariant across Internet and paper-and-pencil conditions, however, older respondents tend to differentially rate job satisfaction according to administration mode. Implications are discussed.
Optimal control of a magnetic bearing without bias flux using finite voltage

Conventional active magnetic bearings (AMB) are operated using a bias current (or flux) to achieve greater linearity and dynamic capability. Bias, however, results in undesirable rotating losses and consequent rotor heating. While control without bias flux is an attractive alternative, it is considerably more complex due to both force slew rate limitations and actuator non-linearity. In this paper, optimal control of a magnetic bearing without bias is investigated. A single-degree-of-freedom system consisting of a mass and two opposing electromagnets is considered. The optimal control problem is examined for a cost function that penalizes both poor regulation and rotational energy lost. Though a standard optimization procedure does not directly yield an analytical solution, it does show that the optimal control is always bang–bang including possibly a singular arc. First, the minimum time problem is solved for a simple switching law in three dimensional state space. A non-standard, physics-based approach is then employed to obtain an optimal solution for the general problem. The final result is an optimal variable structure feedback controller. This result provides a benchmark which can be used for evaluation of the performance of a practical feedback controller designed via other methods. The practical controller will be designed to support a flexible rotor and achieve robustness and optimally reject disturbance. This result may also be applied to many other applications which contain opposing quadratic actuators. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Glories-and other degenerate points of the action

We present a path-integral computation of the cross section at, and near, glory angles. We treat glory as an example of a generalized WKB method for solving problems where the critical points of the action are degenerate. We then classify the degeneracies of the rainbow, glory, and conservation-law type.
Tissue reaction to expanded polytetrafluoroethylene suburethral sling for urinary incontinence: Clinical and histologic study

Objective: The use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene suburethral sling for recurrent urinary incontinence has shown an excellent cure rate but a number of complications. This study was designed to evaluate patients who had tissue reaction or removal of the sling, to determine potential causes, clinical course, and eventual outcome. Study design: A retrospective review of consecutive charts was completed for 115 patients who had suburethral sling surgery with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. Patients having tissue reaction or removal of sling material were identified, and eight removed sling specimens were analyzed histologically with Milligan's trichrome, hematoxylin and eosin, fibrin, Brown-Brenn bacteria, and Dahl's calcium stains. Results: Twenty-four patients had reactions to the sling material, and 23 slings were eventually removed. Seventeen of 23 patients having sling removal remained continent. Histologic evaluations revealed gram-positive cocci in all expanded polytetrafluoroethylene patch interstices. Fibrous tissue, fibroblasts, and collagen were present in one half of specimens. Conclusion: There is a 23% reaction or removal rate for expanded polytetrafluoroethylene suburethral sling procedures. Seventeen of 23 patients remained continent in spite of sling removal. Histologic studies showed gram-positive cocci in the patch interstices, although prophylactic antibiotic coverage did not prevent infection and cultures from the vaginal or abdominal reaction sites did not reveal a significant growth of organisms. Patients need to be aware of the high complication rate for this suburethral sling procedure, and physicians need to work further to modify sling materials and techniques to reduce complications.
Heart block and rash

*Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, †Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and ‡Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Reprint Address: David F. M. Brown, MD, Bulfinch 105, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
Educational Card Games to Teach Pharmacotherapeutics in an Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience

Objective. To implement and assess the effectiveness of card games to teach pharmacotherapeutic topics to pharmacy students and to determine the relationship between students' assessment scores and...
Comparing U.S. GNP volatility across exchange rate regimes: An application of spahe cracking

Abstract Providing empirical evidence regarding the increased or decreased volatility of domestic real gross national product (GNP) measures following the change from a fixed to a flexible exchange rate regime has proved difficult. Comparing the volatility of GNP measures across the two regimes in conventional ways begs the question. The question is not whether the volatility of the measure has changed, but rather whether the volatility is different than it otherwise would have been. This paper introduces the cosine-squared cepstrum to provide evidence that U.S. real GNP has been less volatile since 1973 than it would have been had the fixed exchange rate regime continued.
The Cognitive Processes Mediating Acceptance of Advertising

The process of advertising influence is modeled in terms of an array of cognitive responses to the message, and a methodology for directly measuring these mediators is introduced. Research indicate...
Physiological characterization of juvenile Chinook salmon utilizing different habitats during migration through the Columbia River Estuary.

Abstract Although off-channel habitats in the estuaries of large rivers impart many benefits to fish that rear within them, it is less clear how these habitats benefit migrating anadromous species that utilize these habitats for short periods of time. We evaluated the physiological correlates (nutritional condition, growth, and smoltification) of habitat utilization (main-channel vs. off-channel) by juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha during emigration. Fish from the off-channel had higher condition factor scores and relative weights than fish from the main-channel throughout the study period. Plasma triglyceride and protein concentrations were significantly different between habitat types and across the sampling period, suggesting that fish utilizing the off-channel habitats were compensating for energy losses associated with emigration as compared to main-channel fish. Growth potential (RNA to DNA ratio) did not vary by habitat or sampling period, presumably due to short residency time. There were no differences in osmoregulatory capacity (gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity) based on habitat type. Our results indicate that short-term off-channel habitat use may mitigate for energy declines incurred during migration, but likely does not impart significant gains in energy stores or growth.
Single-center experience with pediatric laparoscopic extravesical reimplantation: safe and effective in simple and complex anatomy.

Abstract Purpose: Minimally invasive approaches to the surgical management of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) have become more prominent over the last 10 years with progress in both endoscopic and laparoscopic/robotic surgery. We hypothesized that laparoscopic extravesical detrussoraphy (LED) for the management of VUR in children with complex bladders and/or bilateral VUR was safe and effective. Subjects and Methods: Under institutional review board approval we evaluated the charts of all patients seen at our institution over the last 8 years who had undergone LED for the management of VUR. We evaluated demographic variables, surgical variables, and postoperative results. Postoperative bladder function was examined in the patients as well as need for secondary procedures. Patients with complex bladders included all patients who had previous surgery on the affected side, neurogenic bladders, and duplex or complex anatomy. Results: Ninety-eight patients with 144 ureters were treated during this time period. The...
Penelope Eckert, Linguistic variation as social practice. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. Pp. xvi, 240. Hb $62.95, pb $28.95.

The first quotation on the back cover of this book begins, “This long-awaited volume demonstrates that Eckert is the sociolinguist.” Some people have expressed the view that this is an unusually strong statement. Since I wrote it myself, I am faced with the clear choice in this review of defending it or apologizing for it.
High-speed rotor losses in a radial eight-pole magnetic bearing : Part 2-analytical / empirical models and calculations

The continual increase in the use ofmagnetic bearings in various capacities, including high-speed aerospace applications such as jet engine prototypes, dictates the need to quantify power losses in this type of bearing. The goal of the present study is to develop and experimentally verify general power loss equations for the high-speed operation of magnetic bearings. Experimental data from a large-scale test rotor have been presented in Part I of this study. Analytical/empirical predictions are presented here for the test bearings, a pair of eight-pole planar radial bearings, for comparison to the experimental results from Part I. Expressions for the four loss components, eddy current, alternating hysteresis, rotating hysteresis, and windage, are also presented. Analytical/empirical predictions for the test bearings at three different bias flux levels demonstrate good correlation with corresponding experimental data. Throughout most of the speed range the dominant loss mechanism appears to be eddy currents.
On the Possible Link between Tropical Convection and the Northern Hemisphere Arctic Surface Air Temperature Change between 1958 and 2001

AbstractThis study presents mechanisms for the polar amplification of surface air temperature that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) between the periods of 1958–77 (P1) and 1982–2001 (P2). Using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) reanalysis data, it is found that over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean, the winter surface warming arises from dynamic warming (stationary eddy heat flux and adiabatic warming). Over the ice-free Arctic Ocean between the Greenland and the Barents Seas, downward infrared radiative (IR) flux is found to dominate the warming.To investigate whether the difference in the flow between P1 and P2 is due to changes in the frequency of occurrence of a small number of teleconnection patterns, a coupled self-organizing map (SOM) analysis of the 250-hPa streamfunction and tropical convective precipitation is performed. The latter field was specified to lead the former by 5 days. The results of the analysis showed that the P2 − P1 trend arises from a de...
Feeling and Dealing: Teaching White Students about Racial Privilege.

Abstract In order to determine to what extent a one-semester course in multicultural education could help white teacher education students develop a white anti-racist identity, interview data and course writings from five participants enrolled in Education 205 were collected and then analyzed qualatively according to attitudes and behaviours described in Helms (1990) [Black and white racial identity: Theory, research and practices. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press] model of white racial identity development. Results indicate that Education 205 seemed to served as a catalyst for development of students' racial identities, but more than one course is needed to guide and support white students as they progress towards further development of a positive white anti-racist identity.
DNA binding activity of the fetal Alz-50 clone 1 (FAC1) protein is enhanced by phosphorylation

Fetal Alz-50 clone 1 (FAC1) is a novel DNA binding protein with altered expression and subcellular localization during neuronal development and degeneration. FAC1 localizes to the cell body and neurites in undifferentiated neurons during development and in degenerating neurons during Alzheimer's disease progression. In the normal adult brain FAC1 is present predominantly in the nucleus of cortical neurons. When in the nucleus FAC1 has been shown to repress transcription by binding a specific DNA sequence. In the present study we demonstrate that the affinity of FAC1 for the identified DNA sequence is dramatically enhanced when FAC1 is phosphorylated. Phosphatase treatment of neuroblastoma nuclear extracts reduces FAC1 DNA binding affinity. Finally, inhibition of cellular serine/threonine phosphatases results in increased FAC1 DNA binding activity. These data suggest that FAC1 DNA binding activity is dependent upon and regulated by phosphorylation signals in the cell.
Histamine release by compound 48/80: Evidence for the depletion and repletion of calcium using chlortetracycline and45calcium

Selective release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cellsin vitro was induced by compound 48/80 (1 μg/ml). Most of the release (75–80%) occurred in a calcium(Ca)-free medium but optimum release was obtained in the presence of 0.9 mM Ca. The release in Ca-free medium still occurred after 180 min incubation. However, prolonged incubation (180 min) in a medium containing chelating agents (EDTA or EGTA) resulted in complete inhibition of histamine release, loss of fluorescence seen with chlortetracycline (CTC) and loss of previously loaded45Ca from the mast cells. Addition of Ca to these cells resulted in rapid restoration of fluoresence with chlortetracycline. There was also a rapid uptake of45Ca. Partial depletion of cellular Ca (60 min incubation with EDTA) reduced the rate as well as the amount of histamine release by compound 48/80. These data provide direct evidence for the depletion of cellular Ca which is utilized by compound 48/80 to induce histamine release.
On the relation between the velocity coefficient and boundary value for solutions of the one-dimensional wave equation

The one-dimensional acoustic wave equation is a simple model of wave propagation in layered media. As such, it is used in theoretical seismology to study the relation between sound velocity and the surface response or seismogram (boundary value) as a simple instance of the reflection seismology problem. Questions about the nature of the dependence of boundary values on the velocity coefficient in the wave equation arise naturally in this context, particularly in connection with perturbational techniques. The authors study the dependence on the velocity coefficient of boundary values for solutions of the one-dimensional wave equation. They present estimates for both the Lipschitz continuity and the linearization error for the map between velocity coefficient and boundary value. In particular, they show that this relation is Lipschitz continuous for velocities in H2 and differentiable for velocities in H3. They also discuss the anomalous smoothness of this map in 'oscillatory' directions, which helps explain a key idea in reflection seismology.
Toward a solution of the learning paradox: emergent properties and neurological principles of constructivism

Overview. If the constructivist doctrine that complex cognitive structures are actively constructed by the learner is accepted, a key question arises. How can a simple structure generate another more complex structure? As current constructi vist theory of<ers no satisfactory answer to this question, we are left with what has been called the "learning paradox". We offer here a theoretical solution of the learning paradox by suggesting that complex cognitive structures which guide behaviors with novel emergent properties arise from combinations of simpler structures in a way analogous to the way phenomena with emergent proprieties arise in the natural sciences. Grossberg's neural modeling principles of learning are discussed as a way in which more complex neural networks arise spontane ously from combinations of simpler neural networks when given normal environ mental stimulation, thus showing how the learning paradox can be solved.
Photodynamic detection and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma

In this study the fluorescence intensity of photosensitizer in squamous cell tumors were quantified in terms of the tumor resolution rate. A He-Cd laser (442 nm - 17 mW) with a 600 micrometers core silica fiber was used for excitation. The same fiber was used for fluorescence acquisition and an optical multichannel analyzer (EG&G, OMA III) was used to analyze the fluorescence. Twelve days after carcinoma inoculation fluorescence signal from the tumor and skin (1 cm radius from the tumor) at the 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock positions were recorded. Benzoporphyrin Derivative (QLT, Canada -- 2 mg/kg of body weight) was then injected into the tail vein. The drug was photoactivated with a 690 nm modified argon pump cw-dye laser (Medtech) operating at 140 mW/cm2 for 15 mins. LIFS is capable of localizing in situ malignancy and evaluating photosensitizers for photodynamic fluorescence detection and therapy of tumors.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High Sensitivity Plastic-Substrate Photonic Crystal Biosensor

A photonic crystal biosensor incorporating a nanomolded porous dielectric is fabricated for the first time on a flexible polysulfone substrate. The plastic substrate necessitates several changes to the fabrication procedure, including reduced processing temperatures. The resulting structure shows excellent response uniformity across a large area in the steady state as well as for perturbations of the bulk and near-surface dielectric permittivity. Kinetic binding data for a representative biomolecular assay demonstrate robust sensor operation.
Participation Versus Procedures in Non‐Union Dispute Resolution

This study examines the resolution of conflict in non-union workplaces. Employee participation in workplace decision making and organizational dispute resolution procedures are two factors hypothesized to influence the outcomes of conflicts in the non-union workplace. The adoption of high involvement work systems is found to produce an organizational context in which both triggering events for conflict, such as disciplinary and dismissal decisions, and dispute resolution activities, such as grievance filing and appeals, are reduced in frequency. Dispute resolution procedures have mixed impacts. Greater due process protections in dispute resolution procedures in non-union workplaces are associated with increased grievance filing and higher appeal rates but do not have significant impacts on the precursors to conflict. This study provides evidence of substantial organizational-level variation in non-union conflict resolution, suggesting the importance of expanding the predominant individual and group-level focus of current conflict management research to include more organizational-level factors. It also supports the importance to non-union employee representation of direct participation strategies involving employee involvement in the workplace, in addition to procedures that provide for off-line representation.
Nonstoichiometry in rare-earth fluorides

Abstract We report the results of a systematic survey of the rare-earth fluoride systems at 1500°C. Stable fluorite phases with ideal composition LnF 2 were observed in the Sm, Eu, and Yb systems. A compound with this structure was also observed in the Tm system, but equilibrium was not established. The stable composition range of this phase in the Sm and Eu systems extends from LnF 2.00 to LnF 2.00 A second phase of unresolved structure extends from LnF 2.25 to LnF 2.25 in the Sm and Eu systems. Additional unresolved phases are also present in the Yb system. SmF 3 (orthorhombic) is stoichiometric within experimental error. The lattice parameters of the fluorite phases decrease as fluorine is added. Bulk density measurements and X-ray densities indicate that the defect structure is due to F − interstitials. With the possible exception of the Pr and Nd systems, where slight color changes were observed in the LnF 3 , no reactions occur between Ln and LnF 3 at temperatures to 1600°C. Mossbauer spectra of the Eu system indicate that the europium is in either a Eu 2+ or Eu 3+ state for all phases in the system. The relaxation time for any charge transfer process is greater than 10 −8 sec (the lifetime of the 151 Eu nuclear excited state). Mossbauer spectra are consistent with the existence of the intermediate phases mentioned above. A few observations were made on mixed systems containing Sm + Pr and Sm + Nd fluorides.
Chemical composition of the Howardite Parent Body deduced from Kapoeta primary 'mafic' magmas

Chemical data are presented for three 'mafic' clasts extracted from the Kapoeta howardite. Bulk compositions and petrologic observations suggest that two of these lithic clasts represent olivine-plagioclase bearing orthopyroxenites. Chondrite-relative refractory large ion lithophile abundances of two of the clasts are inferred to represent primary Mg-rich magmas produced by extensive (greater than about 70%) partial melting of a source composition indistinguishable from the silicate fraction of average CH-CL ordinary chondrites, with the exception of the depletion of the alkalis Na and K by a factor of 13 + or - 1 in the source composition. A metal-free and volatile depleted Kapoeta Parent Body (KPB) is subsequently deduced and is shown to compare very well with other similarly derived Achondrite Parent Body and Howardite Parent Body estimates but not to parent body estimates derived from inferences based on eucrite phase equilibrium studies. Other implications suggest that the KPB is heterogeneous with respect to Fe/Mg ratios.
Numerical simulation of compressible gas flow and heat transfer in a microchannel surrounded by solid media

In this study, a numerical model is developed to investigate the coupled compressible gas flow and heat transfer in a microchannel surrounded by solid media. To accommodate the varying flow cross-section, the compressible gas flow model is established in a non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. An iterative numerical procedure is employed to solve the coupled heat transfer and gas flow equations. The computer code for the compressible gas flow is first validated against two test problems, and then extended by including the heat conduction in the solid media. The effect of the inlet Mach number on the Nusselt number is examined. It is found that the pressure difference from the pyrolysis front to the heated surface is induced essentially by the gas addition from the channel wall, instead from the pyrolysis front. The necessity of accounting for the gas compressibility is clearly demonstrated when severe heating is applied. The pressure distribution obtained along the channel axial direction is useful for further structural analysis of composite materials.
Generic Hockey-Stick Model for Estimating Benchmark Dose and Potency: Performance Relative to BMDS and Application to Anthraquinone

Benchmark Dose Model software (BMDS), developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, involves a growing suite of models and decision rules now widely applied to assess noncancer and cancer risk, yet its statistical performance has never been examined systematically. As typically applied, BMDS also ignores the possibility of reduced risk at low doses (“hormesis”). A simpler, proposed Generic Hockey-Stick (GHS) model also estimates benchmark dose and potency, and additionally characterizes and tests objectively for hormetic trend. Using 100 simulated dichotomous-data sets (5 dose groups, 50 animals/group), sampled from each of seven risk functions, GHS estimators performed about as well or better than BMDS estimators, and a surprising observation was that BMDS mis-specified all of six non-hormetic sampled risk functions most or all of the time. When applied to data on rodent tumors induced by the genotoxic chemical carcinogen anthraquinone (AQ), the GHS model yielded significantly negative estimates of net potency exhibited by the combined rodent data, suggesting that—consistent with the anti-leukemogenic properties of AQ and structurally similar quinones—environmental AQ exposures do not likely increase net cancer risk. In addition to its simplicity and flexibility, the GHS approach offers a unified, consistent approach to quantifying environmental chemical risk.
Watts-level, short all-fiber laser at 1.5 µm with a large core and diffraction-limited output via intracavity spatial-mode filtering

We report over 2 W of single spatial-mode output power at 1.5 µm from an 8-cm-long, large-core phosphate fiber laser. The fiber has a numerical aperture of ?0.17 and a 25?µm-wide core, heavily doped with 1% Er+3 and 8% Yb+3. The laser utilizes a scalable evanescent-field-based pumping scheme and can be pumped by as many as eight individual multimode pigtailed diode laser sources at a wavelength of 975 nm. Nearly diffraction-limited laser output with a beam quality factor M2?1.1 is achieved by use of a simple intracavity all-fiber spatial-mode filter. Both spectrally broadband and narrowband operation of the laser are demonstrated.
The Major Surface Glycoprotein Expression Sites of Two Special Forms of Rat Pneumocystis carinii Differ in Structure

Pneumocystis carinii forma specialis carinii has a unique locus called the UCS, which controls surface antigen variation by acting as the expression site for a family of genes encoding isoforms of the major surface glycoprotein (MSG). Every MSG mRNA begins with 380 nucleotides copied from the UCS locus. This UCS leader sequence is necessary for initiation of translation and for protein processing. Given the UCS's importance in P. carinii f. sp. carinii, it was of interest to examine the UCS locus in the related P. carinii f. sp. ratti. The first 380 nucleotides of P. carinii f. sp. ratti MSG mRNAs were 59% identical to the P. carinii f. sp. carinii UCS. However, the DNA encoding the P. carinii f. sp. ratti UCS was not unique in the genome. Instead, only the first 97 nucleotides came from a unique locus and the remainder from >/=7 loci. These data suggest that the two organisms may use different mechanisms to generate surface variation.
Evaluating Market and Environmental Impacts of an N+3 Supersonic Aircraft

NASA’s Supersonics Project suggests that by 2035 an \N+3 generation" supersonic transport aircraft could be developed, produced and in operation. This study presented in this paper explored how a 100-passenger N+3 supersonic transport (SST) developed by Lockheed Martin Advanced Development Programs would interact with the existing subsonic eet and how its operations would impact environmental emissions. Through an
Birefringence and computational studies of a polystyrene Boger fluid in axisymmetric stagnation flow

A polystyrene-based Boger fluid was studied in axisymmetric tube flow past an obstruction using flow birefringence. The shear and elongational rheology of the test fluid was typical of that observed in Boger fluids, and was fit to a FENE-P dumbbell model and an empirical two-mode Giesekus model. The FENE-P model predicts stress-optical failure owing to finite extensibility, and is capable of independent predictions of stress and flow birefringence in both simple and complex flows. Flow birefringence measurements in homogenous shear demonstrated surprising robustness of the stress-optical rule, even at rates where the polymer stress showed shear thinning and the FENE-P model predicts stress-optical failure. Viscoelastic flow simulations using the two-mode Giesekus model and assumption of the validity of the stress-optical rule were reasonably effective at predicting flow birefringence measured in forward stagnation flow. However, FENE-P simulations were less effective, due to the poor description of steady shear normal stress data which also obscured predicted consequences of finite extensibility to the flow birefringence. In rear stagnation flow, converged simulations could not be obtained at the experimental Weissenberg numbers. There are experimental indications of a flow instability in rear stagnation flow.
Examining the Push—Pull Method of Blood Sampling From Central Venous Access Devices

The placement of a central venous access device (CVAD) has revolutionized supportive care for pediatric cancer patients. The CVAD is used to administer chemotherapy/biotherapy, blood products, total parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, and many other supportive medications. CVADs also provide the ability to obtain blood samples without the trauma associated with venipuncture. Frequent blood sampling is often needed to monitor the side effects and response of the cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the most common method requires discarding blood (0.5-10 mL, depending on the institution's protocol) with each lab draws, for various reasons. For pediatric oncology patients, this can result in a large volume of blood being discarded and subsequently increase the need for blood transfusions. Repeated exposure to allogeneic (donor) blood products can put this patient population at additional risk for alloimmunization and febrile reactions. The purpose of this study is to test the limits of agreement between laboratory values (chemistry panel 18 and complete blood count) obtained using the push-pull and standard methods of blood sampling from CVADs in pediatric oncology patients.
Response of both sexes of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to virgin females and to synthetic pheromone

. 1. Male and female Trichoplusia ni were caught at three locations in California in 1974 and 1975, in traps baited with virgin female T. ni or with synthetic female pheromone. 2. 71% of the females were captured between 20.00 and 21.00 hours; only 22% of the males. 3. Both mated and unmated females were trapped. 4. Comparisons of live trap vs. dead trap catches suggest that females are responding to the virgin females (or synthetic pheromone) and not to a combination of stimuli from the first trapped males plus female pheromone.
Contributions of S Corporation Debased Debt to Charity: Opportunities, Problems, and Policy Questions Abound with Double Dipping

S corporation losses may be utilized even though they exceed the shareholder's stock basis if the shareholder has made loans directly to the corporation. The basis of debt is reduced in the same way that stock basis is reduced by the flow‐through of losses. The contribution of such reduced or zero basis debt obligations to a charity will result in a charitable contribution deduction equal to the fair market value of the debt if the debt is a capital asset held for more than a year. The contribution of zero basis debt may result in the double deduction of basis; first to absorb pass through losses and secondly as a charitable contribution deduction. This strategy may prove advantageous in special circumstances but there are numerous timing and other issues that the tax advisor must recognize or risk unexpected tax consequences and professional embarrassment. Congressional intent and tax policy issues encouraging charitable contributions are examined in the context of S corporation debt.
Paroxysmal Ventricular Tachycardia with Second Degree V-A Block and Reciprocal Rhythm

An instance of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia with retrograde conduction is presented. This occurred in a patient in the terminal stage of arteriosclerotic heart disease. The electrocardiograms obtained during this period, representative portions of which are illustrated, were unique in that reciprocal beats and fusion beats were noted; the latter being unusual because of the origin and site of fusion of the impulses. A hitherto unreported abnormality of the retrograde P wave is also described and illustrated.
The Structure of Shift-Invariant Subspaces of L2(Rn)☆

Using the range function approach to shift invariant spaces in L2(Rn) we give a simple characterization of frames and Riesz families generated by shifts of a countable set of generators in terms of their behavior on subspaces of l2(Zn). This in turn gives a simplified approach to the analysis of frames and Riesz families done by Gramians and dual Gramians. We prove a decomposition of a shift invariant space into the orthogonal sum of spaces each of which is generated by a quasi orthogonal generator. As an application of this fact we characterize shift preserving operators in terms of range operators and prove some facts about the dimension function.
Next-state functions for finite-state vector quantization

In this paper, a finite-state vector quantizer called Dynamic Finite-State Vector Quantization (DFSVQ) is investigated with regard to its subcodebook construction. In DFSVQ each input vector encoded by a small codebook, called subcodebook, is created from a much larger codebook called supercodebook. The subcodebook is constructed by selecting (reordering procedure) a set of appropriate codevectors from the supercodebook. The performance of the DFSVQ depends on this reordering procedure, therefore, several reordering procedures are introduced and their performances are evaluated in this paper. The reordering procedures that are investigated are the conditional histogram, address prediction, vector prediction, nearest neighbor design, and the frequency usage of codevectors. The performance of the reordering procedures are evaluated by comparing their hit ratios (the number of blocks encoded by the subcodebook) and their computational complexity. Experimental results are presented for both still images and video. It is found that for still images the conditional histogram performs the best and for video the nearest neighbor design performs the best.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Imitation proteoglycans improve toughness of double network hydrogels

Abstract Although tough double network hydrogel (DN gel) has been fabricated for years, the practical applications haven't achieved. One of the reasons is the limited polymer choices. The recent researches indicated that the addition of the Proteoglycans (PG), a heavily glycosylated protein, can make soft DN gel tough. However, the extract of natural PG and synthesize of its substitute are expensive and time consuming. In this work, chondroitin sulfate coated carbon nanotube (CS-T), a nanostructure biomimic PG, was synthesized to make soft hydrogel tough. 295% and 360% enhancements have been found on compressive strength and toughness after adding small amount of CS-T, respectively. As the PG plays a critical role in the cartilage to resist compression and maintain microstructure, this novel nanostructure paves an affordable way to produce substitutes for load-bearing tissue and multi-functional hydrogel.
Enforcing Rights Generated In Court-Connected Mediation--Tension Between The Aspirations of a Private Facilitative Process and the Reality of Public Adversarial Justice

This article advances the thesis that the number of recent cases and the nature of the claims by parties complaining about their experiences in court-connected mediations suggest that it is time to reassess the courts’ role in supervising and regulating the mediation processes that judges have incorporated into the pre-trial process. The dissonance between the mediation community’s aspirational goals for a conciliatory process and the judicial system’s singular focus on settling cases has not assured a fair process. The courts’ reluctance to supervise the mediation process, for fear that it will become less efficient in getting rid of cases, creates a virtually unregulated enclave of adversarial activity within a process loosely defined as conciliatory and facilitative. This dissonance can create, and has created, both confusion and an unfair process. This article covers the following areas: enforcing mediated settlement agreements, judicial approach, legislative response, commentators on flexible contract principles mixed with bright-line rules, imposing rigid bright-line rules to a process premised on self-determination, tension between contract principles and mediation’s goals, and regulation of the process.
Clinical Significance of Cardiac Arrhythmias Detected During Exercise

Disturbances of cardiac rhythm are commonly observed during exercise testing and may provide information of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic importance (1–7). Data demonstrating an association between ventricular ectopy and increased risk of cardiac disease and sudden death have stimulated interest in the clinical significance of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias. This chapter will review the electrophysiologic response of the cardio-circulatory system to exercise and current knowledge of the significance of exercise-induced arrhythmias in the identification and prognosis of cardiac disease.
Caudal distraction by rat snakes (Colubridae, Elaphe ): a novel behavior used when capturing mammalian prey

Caudal movement in snakes may serve either a predatory (e.g., caudal luring) or defensive (eg., rattling, aposematism) function. I describe a new behavioral pattern of tail movement in snakes. Gray rat snakes ( Elaphe obsoleta spiloides ) foraging on small mammals ( Mus domesticus ) moved their tails in an erratic, whiplike fashion after detecting their prey in the vicinity. The thrashing movement in the horizontal plane was audibly and visually obvious, resulting in displacement of leaf litter around the tail. All subjects displayed the behavior, but not in all foraging episodes. Shorter durations of caudal distraction resulted in greater predator success during the 1st attempt at prey capture. Caudal distraction may facilitate prey capture by gray rat snakes by direction the attention of prey away from the approaching head of the snake.
Epithelium-Derived Wnt Ligands Are Essential for Maintenance of Underlying Digit Bone

Clinically, many nail disorders accompany bone deformities, but whether the two defects are causally related is under debate. To investigate the potential interactions between the two tissue types, we analyzed epithelial-specific β-catenin-deficient mice, in which nail differentiation is abrogated. These mice showed regression of not only the nail plate but also of the underlying digit bone. Characterization of these bone defects revealed active bone resorption, which is suppressed by Wnt activation in osteoblast and osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, we found that Wntless expression, essential for Wnt ligand secretion, was lacking in the β-catenin-deficient nail epithelium and that genetic deletion of Wntless (Wls) in the nail epithelium led to the lack of Wnt activation in osteoblast and osteoclast precursors and subsequently led to defective regression of the underlying digit bone. Together, these data show that epithelial Wnt ligands can ultimately regulate Wnt signaling in osteoblast and osteoclast precursors, known to regulate bone homeostasis. These results reveal a critical role for the nail epithelium on the digit bone during homeostatic regeneration and show that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is critical for this interaction.
The Long Term Effectiveness of Drug Treatment Court on Reducing Recidivism and Predictors of Voluntary Withdrawal

While drug treatment courts (DTCs) in the United States have proliferated, there is a shortage of research on their long term effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effectiveness of a DTC and predictors of withdrawal. Retrospective data were analyzed from adults offered admission into a Midwestern DTC. Those who graduated from the program (N = 95), voluntarily withdrew (N = 35), or voluntarily declined (N = 16) entry were compared. Various measures of recidivism were gathered up to on average 3.5 years after graduation, withdrawal, or decline. Outcomes for graduates were superior to the other two groups on almost all measures of recidivism even after controlling for demographic and background variables. Younger age of first arrest and lesser maximum class of prior offense were found to predict a higher likelihood of withdrawal. Findings confirm previous research regarding the effectiveness of DTCs though further study regarding the predictors of withdrawal is warranted.
Cellular Localization of CMV Infection by Simultaneous Immunohistochemical Staining and DNA Hybridization

A method for confirming cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of endothelial cells is described. Endothelial cell cultures infected with CMV strain AD169 and CMV-infected tissue samples were stained for CMV DNA and factor VIII antigen using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Results ob­ tained were blue cytoplasmic staining for factor VIII and red nuclear DNA staining. We were able to directly observe CMV infection of the endothelium. Modification of this technique to allow the use of other antigens and DNA probes will allow important observations of nucleic acid production and antigen expression.
epidemiological characteristics of motor traffic injuries in 2011,in Songjiang district,Shanghai

[Objective]To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of motor traffic injuries in Songjiang District of Shanghai City,and provide the theoretical basis for prevention and control of the injury.[Methods]Three hospitals were selected as national sentinel surveillance spots,the motor traffic injuries treated there for the first time from January 1st 2011to December 31st 2011 were collected as national injury surveillance report card.[Results] A total of 5490 motor traffic injuries were reported,the male to female ratio was1.30∶ 1.The largest number of cases was in 25-44 yeas age group(42.82%).Songjiang permanent residents accounted for 31.83%,while foreign provinces and cities residents was 66.22%.The injuries most occurred in September(10.02%),the peak incidence was at the mid of June.Business servers personnel,production of transport equipment operators and related workers,professional and technical personnel were the most vulnerable population,and its percentages were 32.46%,17.74%,14.17%,respectively.Most injuries happened during their driving or by vehicles.[Conclusion]The effective strategies and comprehensive interventions should be established to against motor vehicle collisions for migrant young labor people during their driving or by vehicles in Songjiang District.