cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Movements of H+, K+, and Na+ during energy-dependent uptake and retention of Ca++ in rat liver mitochondria

Abstract There is no influence of Na+ or K+ on the rate and stoichiometry of energy-linked Ca++ accumulation and H+-extrusion by mitochondria, nor is this process accompanied by stoichiometric movement of Na+ and K+ between mitochondria and medium. However, K+ was found to stimulate the efflux of accumulated Ca++, the linked stoichiometric influx of H+ and the swelling of the mitochondria, whereas in an all-Na+ medium the accumulated Ca++ was maintained in a steady-state for long periods, without swelling of the mitochondria. This investigation was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.
Laryngeal mechanisms in speech: The contributions of Jan Gauffin

Jan Gauffin was an early user of fiber optics which allowed him to discover that laryngeal structures above the glottal level are involved in speech. His research led him to postulate three independently controlled mechanisms: fundamental frequency control, glottal adduction/abduction, and laryngealization, the latter derived from the protective closure function. He argued that phonetic theory must be revised to account for the main phonation types of the world's languages. He saw them as combinations of two interacting dimensions: adduction/abduction and laryngealization. Secondly he gave the aryepiglottic sphincter an explanatory role in accounting for the production of low pitch and downward pitch inflections. During his lifetime his work received limited attention. However, later laryngoscopic research has confirmed and extended his thinking and findings. His contribution was a pioneering one.
Oxidative Chemistry in the GFP Active Site Leads to Covalent Cross-Linking of a Modified Leucine Side Chain with a Histidine Imidazole: Implications for the Mechanism of Chromophore Formation.

The mechanism of chromophore biosynthesis in green fluorescent protein (GFP) is triggered by a spontaneous main chain cyclization reaction of residues 65-67. Here, we demonstrate that the initially colorless Y66L variant, designed to trap chromophore precursor states, is oxidatively modified to generate yellow chromophores that absorb at 412 and 374 nm. High- and low-pH crystal structures determined to 2.0 and 1.5 A resolution, respectively, are consistent with pi-orbital conjugation of a planar Leu66-derived adduct with the imidazolinone ring, which is approximately 90 and 100% dehydrated, respectively. Time-, base-, and oxygen-dependent optical properties suggest that the yellow chromophores are generated from a 338 nm-absorbing intermediate, interpreted to be the Y66L analogue of the wild-type GFP chromophore. Generation of this species is catalyzed by a general base such as formate, and proceeds via a cyclization-oxidation-dehydration mechanism. The data suggest that a hydration-dehydration equilibrium exists in the cyclic form of the peptide, and that dehydration is favored upon extensive conjugation with the modified side chain. We conclude that the mechanism of GFP chromophore biosynthesis is not driven by the aromatic character of residue 66. In the low-pH X-ray structure, a highly unusual cross-link is observed between His148 and the oxidized Leu66 side chain, suggesting a conjugate addition reaction of the imidazole nitrogen to the highly electrophilic diene group of the yellow chromophore. The reactivity described here further expands the chemical diversity observed in the active site of GFP-like proteins, and may allow for covalent attachment of functional groups to the protein scaffold for catalytic purposes.
Developing a tissue donation advocacy program in a rural emergency department.

Although major strides have been made with regard to organ and tissue donation, there continues to be a lack of available donors. Currently more than 100,000 persons are awaiting a life-saving transplant, and 1 million others have conditions such as blindness, dermal burns, and malfunctioning heart valves that could be improved with a tissue transplant. Because approximately 40 persons can benefit from just one donor and because many families are comforted knowing that their loved one was able to help others in need, tissue donation efforts are a priority for health care professionals. A limited number of emergency departments across the United States have developed programs in which nurses introduce tissue donation to families after cardiac death occurs. The concept of emergency nurse–initiated tissue donation dialogues with family members is relatively new. As a result, few resources, literature, and programs are available, and thus guidance and support in the development of future programs are needed. This article discusses the development and implementation of a tissue donation advocacy program in a rural emergency department. Planning, training, and recommendations for others wishing to implement a similar program are highlighted. Preliminary outcome information and planned evaluations are included.
RECENT ADVANCES IN SAFETY TESTING OF LIVE ORAL POLIOVIRUS VACCINES. • 979

In studies with polioviruses (PV) isolated from infected children, Sabin, seeking suitable strains to attenuate for live oral PV vaccine (OPV), derived substrains with exceptionally low virulence for monkeys inoculated intraspinally-the species and route of inoculation most sensitive to residual neurovirulence. Because OPV strains tend to undergo partial genetic reversion, it is important to verify that live vaccine preparations retain all markers of attenuation, especially lack of neurovirulence. For many years US federal regulations have required that each monovalent virus pool be tested for neurovirulence by injection into the spinal cords of monkeys before incorporation into trivalent OPV. Monkey neurovirulence testing (MNVT) is expensive and uses very large numbers of animals-testing for a single lot of trivalent OPV requiring 88 monkeys or more. We have studied three tests that might eventually reduce the reliance on MNVT if not replace it: 1) A molecular assay to detect increased content in PV vaccine of those virions with revertant mutations at sites in the viral genome thought to be responsible for neurovirulence (“mutant analysis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme cleavage”/MAPREC). 2) Intraspinal inoculation of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the human PV-receptor gene and susceptible to infection with PV. 3) Increased replication of neurovirulent strains of type-3 PV in cultures of interferon-treated human neuroblastoma cells. MAPREC and Tg-mouse tests successfully detected preparations of type-3 OPV (the least stable type of OPV most often incriminated in vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis) that had failed MNVT. The neuroblastoma test recently showed promise in detecting revertant type-3 OPV. Both MAPREC and Tg-mouse tests are currently subjects of multi-center studies coordinated through the World Health Organization.
The vitamin d receptor: A primitive steroid receptor related to thyroid hormone receptor☆

We have previously reported the cloning and sequencing of both the chicken and human vitamin D3 receptor cDNAs. A comparison of their deduced amino acid sequence with that of the other classic steroid hormone receptors and the receptor for thyroid hormone indicates that there are two regions of conservation between these molecules. The first is a 70 amino acid, cysteine-rich sequence (C1), the second region (C2) is a 62 amino acid region located towards the carboxyl terminus of the proteins. In other systems the former has been identified as a region responsible for DNA binding activity, whereas the latter represents the NH2-terminal boundary of the hormone binding domain. We present here evidence utilizing eucaryotic expression of cDNA encoding the hVDR C1 domain, followed by a DNA cellulose chromatography assay, which confirms that the DNA binding activity resides in this region of the receptor for vitamin D3. Additionally, the vitamin D3 receptor contains a 60 amino acid portion at its carboxyl terminus (C3) which exhibits homology with the receptor for thyroid hormone. Conservation in this region of the molecule is found only between homologous or closely related receptors. This indicates a relationship between the vitamin D3 receptor and the receptor for thyroid hormone and may suggest that they evolved from a single primordial gene.
Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in nulliparous women

Abstract Objective: To determine differences between vaginally parous and nulliparous women presenting with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Methods: Seven hundred forty eight consecutive referrals with urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse, 62 of whom were nulliparous, were included in the analysis. Five hundred thirty-seven (72%) had urinary incontinence and 235 (31%) had at least stage III pelvic organ prolapse. Each subject had standard history, physical examination, and multichannel urodynamic testing. Differences between parous and nulliparous women were compared using parametric and nonparametric analysis of variance and the χ 2 test with Yates correction where appropriate. Results: The only significant demographic difference between the groups was that parous women had more previous continence and prolapse surgery. There were significant differences in distribution of diagnoses according to parity, with the nulliparas much less likely to have pelvic organ prolapse. Among incontinent women without prolapse, nulliparas were significantly more likely to have pure detrusor instability. Of those with pure genuine stress incontinence, nulliparas were older, had less anterior vaginal wall descent, less bladder neck mobility, narrower genital hiatus and perineal body measurements, and lower maximum urethral closure pressures. Of those with pure detrusor instability, the only difference was that nulliparas were significantly younger. For women with stage III pelvic organ prolapse or worse, no significant difference in any measured characteristic was noted. Conclusion: Nulliparous women were less likely to present with pelvic organ prolapse and those with urinary incontinence differed little from incontinent parous women.
Effects of solar particle events on the energetic particle populationin the earth's magnetosphere

Solar particle events affect the radiation environment in space through the immediate appearance of energetic particles in regions of space usually devoid of such particles and also through subsequent perturbations of the trapped radiation zones. These perturbations are associated "with magnetic storms and occur a few days after a solar event. Solar particles with energies >50 kev have access to the earth's polar caps; solar protons with energies >1 Mev reach the synchronous altitude. Magnetic storms change the fluxes of trapped particles by orders of magnitude, with the changes generally being larger at higher altitudes.
IODP Deep Biosphere Research Workshop report - a synthesis of recent investigations, and discussion of new research questions and drilling targets

Abstract. During the past decade, the IODP (International Ocean Discovery Program) has fostered a significant increase in deep biosphere investigations in the marine sedimentary and crustal environments, and scientists are well-poised to continue this momentum into the next phase of the IODP. The goals of this workshop were to evaluate recent findings in a global context, synthesize available biogeochemical data to foster thermodynamic and metabolic activity modeling and measurements, identify regional targets for future targeted sampling and dedicated expeditions, foster collaborations, and highlight the accomplishments of deep biosphere research within IODP. Twenty-four scientists from around the world participated in this one-day workshop sponsored by IODP-MI and held in Florence, Italy, immediately prior to the Goldschmidt 2013 conference. A major topic of discussion at the workshop was the continued need for standard biological sampling and measurements across IODP platforms. Workshop participants renew the call to IODP operators to implement recommended protocols.
A Rorschach Investigation of the Reading Process

versus Concrete Approaches Hypothesis 6 Good readers, as compared to poor readers, will have more success in identifying percepts couched in abstract terms as opposed to a more concrete presentation. Hypothesis 7 Good readers, as compared to poor readers, will have more success responding with both a similarity and a difference to identical stimuli. Hypothesis 8 Poor readers, in contrast to good readers, will respond to identical stimuli on a con crete conceptual level. Hypothesis 9 Good readers, in contrast to poor readers, will tend to react initially to stimuli by per ceiving similarities between two percepts rather than their different qualities.
Separation of Cytokinins from Danish Cabbage by Column Chromatography on Insoluble Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Chromatography of partially purified extracts of Danish cabbage (Brassica oteraeea var. capitata L.) heads on poly- vinyjpyrrolidone columns using a weak phosphate buffer indicated a cytokinin complex containing nine components active in the modified Amaranthus betacyanin bioassay. Similar elution patterns were obtained with extracts of four different cabbage varieties but varietal differences occurred in the bio- logical activity from each component peak. Paper and thin-layer chromatography indicated the presence of both zeatin and zeatin riboside in the extracts but the other cytokinin-active eomponents were not identified. Separation of sweet-corn extracts by this technique indicated that most of the cytokinin activity occurred in the elution volume where zeatin and zeatin riboside would normally occur.
Cytokines in Crohn's colitis

Background Increasing evidence points to a pathologic role for cytokines in Crohn's colitis. Levels of cytokines are increased in diseased segments of colon in Crohn's colitis, but no one has studied the concentration of cytokines in clinically and histologically nondiseased segments. Methods Mucosal biopsies were obtained from 7 patients with active segmental Crohn's colitis and from 7 controls without inflammatory bowel disease. The concentration of Interleukin (IL)-lβ, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 in patients and controls were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and compared. Histologic sections were also performed to confirm diseased and nondiseased segments of colon. Results The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were significantly higher in the involved segments of colon (10.3 ± 4.1, 3.7 ±1.0, 34.4 ± 6.9 picograms [pg] per mg) when compared to controls (1.8 ± 0.5, 1.1 ± 0.5, 5.3 ±1.0 pg/mg). The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-8 (8.5 ± 2.9, 5.3 ± 1.2, 26.3 ± 8.8 pg/mg) in normal appearing segments of colon of patients with Crohn's colitis were also significantly higher than in controls, whose IL-2 level was 2.0 ± 0.5 pg/mg. IL-lβ and IL-8 were significantly more concentrated in both the involved and uninvolved colonic segments of patients with Crohn's colitis compared to controls. IL-2 and IL-6 were also more concentrated in Crohn's patients than in controls, but not significantly. The differences in interleukin concentrations between involved and uninvolved segments of colon in patients with segmental Crohn's colitis were not significant. Conclusions Although Crohn's colitis is often a segmental disease, concentrations of IL-lβ and IL-8 are increased throughout the entire colon. These observations reinforce the hypothesis that Crohn's colitis involves the whole colon even when this is not apparent clinically or histologie ally.
Alienation in the patient role: source of ambivalence and humor in comic get well cards.

Summary The humorous themes of over 300 comic get well cards are analyzed to reveal sources of tension or strain in the patient role. The author uses a model of alienation as a way of categorizing these themes. Corresponding to the four aspects of alienated labor as specified by Marx, alienation in the patient role is divided into the following four aspects: alienation from medical providers (domination and indifference), alienation of self from body (powerlessness or impotence), alienation from treatment (meaninglessness), alienation from responsibilities (self-estrangement). Each of these categories gets further broken down into sub-categories reflecting the specific sources of ambivalence and humor expressed in the comic get well cards. Using Merton's scheme of social structure and anomie, the author develops the logical possibilities in the patient role: compliant patient,‘problem’patient, malingerer, fatalist and rebel. These categories refer to the consequences of either accepting or rejecting the goal of getting well and the (alienating) means as indicated above required by the American system of medical care. Most of the humor of the get well cards falls primarily under the category that characterizes the‘problem’patient: accepting the goal of getting well but rejecting or ridiculing the alienating means.
Chemical exposure of embryos during the preimplantation stages of pregnancy: Mortality rate and intrauterine development☆

Abstract Exposure of CD-1 mouse embryos at the eight- to 16-cell stage for 1 hour to methylmethanesulfonate (MMS; 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 nM) produced DNA breakage and interfered with embryonic development in a dose-related manner. MMS-exposed blastocysts were transferred to oviducts of untreated recipient female mice, and the conceptuses were allowed to develop to term. MMS exposure resulted in an increased intrauterine death rate, although the number of implantation sites was not decreased. Surviving MMS-treated offspring showed intrauterine growth retardation, but there was no increase in the incidence of gross abnormalities. Intrauterine growth retardation, without an increase in gross abnormalities, was also observed in the offspring of pregnant New Zealand White rabbits dosed during the preimplantation stages of pregnancy with an “environmental cocktail” composed of ethanol, nicotine, caffeine, sodium salicylate, and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT). When the compounds were tested individually, nicotine and DDT were the only two that produced intrauterine growth retardation. DDT-treated 8-day rabbit conceptuses were smaller than controls and showed abnormal persistence of preimplantation proteins in the yolk sac fluid. These results suggest that exposure to chemicals during the preimplantation stages of pregnancy may result in a cessation of growth and development before implantation or during later intrauterine development. Damage can be repaired but it may result in offspring that show intrauterine growth retardation without gross abnormalities.
Prediction and evaluation of solar particle events based on precursor information

Abstract Protection from the radiation effects of solar particle events for deep space mission crews requires a warning system to observe solar flares and predict subsequent charged particle fluxes. Such a system relates precursor information observed in each flare to the intensity, delay, and duration of the subsequent Solar Particle Event (SPE) at other locations in the solar system. A warning system of this type is now in operation at the NOAA Space Environment Services Center in Boulder, Colorado for support of space missions. It has been used to predict flare particle fluxes at the earth for flares of Solar Cycle 22. The flare parameters used and the effectiveness of the current warning system, based on Solar Cycle 22 experience, are presented, with an examination of the shortcomings. Needed improvements to the system include more complete observations of solar activity, especially information on the occurrences of solar mass ejections; and consideration of the effects of propagation conditions in the solar corona and interplanetary medium. Requirements for solar observations and forecasting systems on board the spacecraft are discussed.
Defining the extent and nature of cytogenetic events in prostatic adenocarcinoma: Paraffin FISH vs. metaphase analysis

Abstract A comparative study of primary prostatic tumors utilizing conventional metaphase analysis of prostate tumor cultures and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue sections revealed significant differences in type and extent of cytogenetic aberrations. Clonal trisomy 7 was identified in two tumors by metaphase analysis of prostate cultures, but not confirmed in either case by FISH analysis. True gain of chromosome 8 was revealed by FISH analysis in malignant epithelium of four tumors but not in adjacent normal or hyperplastic glands. Neither gain nor loss of this chromosome was observed by metaphase analysis in any of the tumors. Significant monosomy and nullisomy of chromosome 10 was identified in one case by FISH, but no cells with gain or loss of chromosome 10 were observed by metaphase analysis. Significant loss of the Y chromosome was revealed in one tumor by FISH, but no cells with −Y were identified by metaphase analysis. Clonal loss of the Y chromosome was identified in two other tumors by metaphase analysis. Paraffin FISH analysis of these tumors revealed overall monosomy in both, although in one tumor there was extensive nodular loss of the Y chromosome. Paraffin FISH analysis permits identification of cytogenetic aberrations in areas identified as carcinoma (CaP), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This technique appears more informative in defining the true extent and nature of cytogenetic aberrations in prostate cancer than metaphase analysis of prostate tumor cultures.
A Self-Energized Sensor for Wireless Injection Mold Cavity Pressure Measurement: Design and Evaluation

This paper presents the modeling, design, and experimental validation of a self-energizedsensor system for pressure measurement in the injection mold cavity using ultrasound asthe information carrier. The sensor extracts energy from the polymer melt pressure anddiscretizes the pressure information into ultrasonic pulses for wireless transmissionthrough the mold to a remote receiver. Analytical and numerical models are presented forthree constituent components of the sensor: the energy converter, the threshold modulator,and the signal transmitter. Quantitative results were obtained to guide the parametricdesign of each constituent component. Simulations and experimental studies have vali-dated the functionality of each individual component, as well as the sensor as an inte-grated unit. In addition to the injection mold pressure measurement, the sensing techniquedeveloped is applicable in a broad range of process monitoring applications where highpressure ﬂuctuations occur. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1767850#
Ringed and bearded seal densities in the eastern Chukchi Sea, 1999–2000

Aerial surveys were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to estimate the densities of ringed (Phoca hispida) and bearded (Erignathus barbatus) seals in the eastern Chukchi Sea. Survey lines were focused mainly on the coastal zone within 37 km of the shoreline, with additional lines flown 148–185 km offshore to assess how densities of seals changed as a function of distance from shore. Satellite-linked time-depth recorders were attached to ringed seals in both years to evaluate the time spent basking on the ice surface. Haulout patterns indicated that ringed seals transitioned to basking behavior in late May and early June, and that the largest proportion of seals (60–68%) was hauled out between 0830 and 1530 local solar time. Ringed seals were relatively common in nearshore fast ice and pack ice, with lower densities in offshore pack ice. The average density of ringed seals was 1.91 seals km−2 in 1999 (range 0.37–16.32) and 1.62 seals km−2 in 2000 (range 0.42–19.4), with the highest densities of ringed seals found in coastal waters south of Kivalina and near Kotzebue Sound. The estimated abundance of ringed seals for the entire study area was similar in 1999 (252,488 seals, SE=47,204) and 2000 (208,857 seals, SE=25,502). Bearded seals were generally more common in offshore pack ice, with the exception of high bearded seal numbers observed near the shore south of Kivalina. Bearded seal densities were not adjusted for haulout behavior, and therefore, abundance was not estimated. Unadjusted average bearded seal density was 0.07 seals km−2 in 1999 (range 0.011–0.393) and 0.14 seals km−2 in 2000 (range 0.009–0.652). Levels of primary productivity, benthic biomass, and fast ice distribution may influence the distributions of ringed and bearded seals in the Chukchi Sea. Information on movement and haulout behavior of ringed and bearded seals would be very useful for designing future surveys.
Elucidating the elite: mechanisms of control in HIV-1 infection

In patients with progressive disease, untreated HIV-1 infection is characterized by high viral loads and decreasing CD4(+)T cell counts which lead to opportunistic infection and other AIDS-defining illness. A rare subset of patients termed 'elite controllers' (ECs) maintain control over viremia and often retain normal CD4(+)T cell levels without treatment with antiretroviral drugs. For the most part these patients are infected with replication-competent, fit virus. Factors such as strong, polyfunctional cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and retention of T cell proliferative ability appear to be important in control of HIV-1. Defining what enables ECs to control viral replication will aid in the development of effective vaccine and treatment regimens. This review will discuss differences between ECs and progressors while emphasizing recent findings on the immunological response of ECs to HIV-1.
Statistical analysis of hierarchical stochastic models: Examples and approaches

This paper introduces and illustrates the concept of hierarchical or random parameter stochastic process models. These models arise when members of a population each generate a stochastic process governed by certain parameters and the values of the parameters may be viewed as single realizations of random variables. The paper treats the estimation of the individual parameter values and the parameters of the superpopulation distribution. Examples from system reliability, pharmacokinetic compartment models, and criminal careers are introduced; a reliability (Poisson process-exponential interval) process is examined in greater detail. An explicit, approximate, robust estimator of individual (log) failure rates is presented for the case of a long-tailed (Studentt) superpopulation. This estimator exhibits desirable limited shrinkage properties, refusing to borrow unjustified strength. Numerical properties of such estimators are described more fully elsewhere.
A Sensitivity Analysis of Variable-Base Budgeting

In variable-base budgeting an organization's resources are partitioned into two categories, those allocated to decision making and those allocated to implementation, and both sets of resources are further subdivided as necessary-between departments, across time stages, etc. The purpose of the budgeting effort is to maximize an expected return, which depends on that part of the organization's resources allocated to implementation, net of risk, which is reduced by allocating resources to decision making. In a previous paper it was shown that zero-base budgeting, in which substantial resources are allocated to decision making, is optimal only under certain conditions, one of which is that management resources must be costless. Since these conditions seldom obtain in the real world, it seems reasonable to examine the sensitivity of the risk/return performance of a zero-base strategy with respect to deviations from the conditions for which that strategy is optimal. The principal conclusion of the research reported here is that the mesa phenomenon-the relative insensitivity of the outcome of resource allocation decisions in the neighborhood of the optimum-applies to the allocation of management resources as well.
OXIDE FILM FORMATION AND OXYGEN ADSORPTION ON COPPER IN AQUEOUS MEDIA AS PROBED BY SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

The electrode potential-dependent formation of oxygen species on copper in noncomplexing aqueous media, encompassing oxide phase films and adsorbed oxygen/hydroxide, are explored at different pH values by means of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). This technique provides a monolayer-sensitive in- situ vibrational probe, which can follow potential-dependent surface speciation on voltammetric or longer time scales. In alkaline NaClO4 electrolytes (pH 13), the cyclic voltammetric peaks associated with copper oxide phase-film formation and removal are correlated quantitatively with simultaneously acquired SER spectral sequences. The latter indicate the sequential formation of Cu2O and then mixed Cu2O/Cu(OH)2 layers, diagnosed by the appearance of metal−oxygen lattice vibrations at 625/525 and 460 cm-1, respectively. The potential-dependent speciation is in concordance with the Pourbaix diagram, certifying the “bulk-phase” nature of the films. The Raman band intensity−film thickness correlation (the ...
Hearing Conservation Training of Industrial Technology Teachers

Studies have shown the hazards of noise-induced hearing loss for industrial technology teachers and students. A teachers guide and materials were developed and workshops conducted for audiologists ...
Kinetics of the reaction between vinyl radical and ethylene

Abstract The C 2 H 3 + C 2 H 4 reaction was studied using the laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectrometry technique at T = 625–950 K and bath gas (helium) densities of (6–12) × 10 16 atom cm −3 . Reaction rate constants can be described by the expression k 1 = 10 −11.69 ± 0.44 exp (−(2830 ± 790) K/ T ) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . C 4 H 6 and C 4 H 7 were detected as primary products; thermal stability of C 4 H 7 at 950 K indicates that it is a delocalized radical. The experimental results are compared with predictions obtained in master equation modeling based on the potential energy surface of Miller (J. Phys. Chem. A 108 (2004) 2268).
Effect of thermotropic phase transitions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine on the formation of mixed micelles with Triton X-100

Abstract High-resolution proton magnetic resonance techniques at 220 MHz have previously been employed to show that the addition of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 to aqueous dispersions of unsonicated egg phosphatidylcholine converts the phospholipid from bilayer structures to mixed micellar structures containing Triton X-100. These techniques have now been employed to follow the transformation of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers to mixed micelles at three different temperatures: 20, 37 amd 49 °C. This synthetic phospholipid in aqueous dispersions undergoes thermotropic phase transitions and the results obtained here show that the formation of mixed micelles is more favorable at 37 and 49 °C than at 20 °C where the phospholipid is in a gel phase. An approximate phase diagram for the Triton X-100-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine water system is presented on the basis of the proton magnetic resonance results and a determination of the cloud point of the samples. Reported differences in the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A 2 towards egg phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at different temperatures are interpreted in terms of the temperature dependence of mixed micelle formation characterized by the proton magnetic resonance studies reported here.
Laminar Boundary Layer Interaction With an Unsteady Passing Wake

An investigation was conducted to study the unsteady effects of a moving wake as it passes over a laminar boundary layer in a stagnation region. Arguments are presented which show that in this region, the wake-induced unsteadiness may be treated, for the most part, as an inviscid, unsteady freestream which impresses itself on the boundary layer flow. As a result, the boundary layer equations remain valid and, for relatively small oscillations, a solution to the equations may be obtained using standard perturbation techniques. A related experiment is then described and the results are examined in light of this analytical approach.Copyright © 1990 by ASME
Analysis of microvolatiles in brandy: relationship between methylketone concentration and Cognac age

Headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to identify and quantify four odd-numbered methylketones in commercial Cognac brandies. These ketones are in part responsible for the desirable and complex characteristic called ‘rancio charentais’ or ‘Cognac rancio’ which is found in grape brandies aged in oak barrels for several decades. The ketones 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone and 2-tridecanone form through β-oxidation and decarboxylation of long-chain fatty acids originating from yeast metabolism. The concentrations of these ketones increased with Cognac age classification in the 42 brandies analysed, and 2-heptanone was present at the highest concentration in most samples. The average concentrations and rates of formation decreased with increasing chain length. Total concentrations ranged from 21 to 328 µg l−1. The esters propyl octanoate and ethyl octanoate followed the same trend as the methylketones and appear to play an additional role in the formation of the rancio character. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Dissecting Capella's Corona: GHRS Spectra of the Fe XXI λ1354 and He II λ1640 Lines from Each of the Capella Stars*

We report on moderate (λ/Δλ = 20,000) and high (λ/Δλ = 90,000) resolution spectra of the 104-day period Capella binary system (HD 34029) obtained with Hubble Space Telescope's Goddard High-Resolution Spectrometer (GHRS) on 1995 September 9 and 1996 April 9. The observations include a long-duration, moderate-resolution spectrum of the coronal Fe XXI λ1354 line and both moderate- and high-resolution spectra of the He II λ1640 multiplet. Our objective in observing the Fe XXI line formed at T = 1 × 107 K is to determine for the first time the line shape parameters and the contribution of each star's corona. This is feasible because the GHRS can resolve the 53 km s-1 radial velocity separation of the stars. Our analysis led to four surprising results: (1) The contribution of the slowly rotating G8 III star to the total Fe XXI λ1354 flux is similar to that of the more active rapidly rotating G1 III star, in contrast to other UV lines formed at lower temperatures. (2) The centroid velocities of the Fe XXI lines from both stars are near their respective photospheric radial velocities. Thus, there is no evidence for downflows or winds, and the hot coronal plasma must be confined, presumably by strong, closed magnetic fields. This is the first direct kinematic evidence for magnetic confinement in the corona of a giant star. (3) The line widths are thermal, indicating very low turbulence (ξ < 23 km s-1) compared with the 54 km s-1 thermal speed. (4) Our analysis of Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) spectra that include four Fe XXI lines shows that the volume emission measures of these lines are about a factor of 3 smaller than for the λ1354 line, which was observed several months after the closest EUVE observation. We consider possible explanations for this discrepancy and conclude that variability of the high-temperature coronal emission is the most likely explanation. We observed the He II λ1640 line twice with a time separation of 7 months, corresponding to about 2 orbital periods. The profiles are nearly identical, except for a large difference in flux near the expected radial velocity of the G8 III star. We believe that the broad He II emission produced by the G1 star is formed mostly by collisional excitation in its transition region, while the emission from the G8 star is produced predominantly by a photoionization/recombination process driven by EUV radiation from the G8 star's corona. The He II λ1640 flux that we measure from the G8 star is consistent with predictions based on EUVE flux measurements. The decrease in the λ1640 emission from the G8 star between the phase 0.73 and 0.78 measurements indicates that its EUV radiation is variable, as is observed by EUVE.
Women in Studies of Aging: A Critique and Suggestion

The tendency of social gerontologists to compare the male and female experiences of aging is examined. The conclusion that aging is more problematic and traumatic for men than for women is discussed. A contrasting view, expressed in feminist writings and supported in some measure by demographic and statistical data, is presented. The divergence between these two positions is shown to be related to theoretical and methodological assumptions. The social gerontologists' use of role theory is a major focus of the critique. A phenomenological approach is suggested as more appropriate for probing the private sphere in which much of the female experience is defined.
Theory of dissociative recombination of d(3h) triatomic ions applied to h+3.

The dissociative recombination (DR) of Hions is a fundamental process in diffuse interstellar clouds. It is also the simplest triatomic ion and for this reason its theoretical description can serve as a prototype for other polyatomic ions. Meanwhile, experimental determina- tions of the recombination rate vary widely, which has resulted in some controversy and confusion (1). Until recently, it has seemed unlikely that this problem could be resolved by theoretical studies, because the mechanism of HDR was still not known. In a recent study (2), we presented evidence that the inclusion of Jahn-Teller coupling can produce a DR rate that overlaps the range of experimental observations. The goal of the present study is to present a fully quantum theoretical method that can describe DR in Hand other triatomic mole- cules, including the full, three-dimensional motion of the rotating, vibrating, and dissociating nuclei. In this Letter, we address a number of problems that have hindered a full description of DR in Huntil now: (i) In contrast to diatomics, the vibrational degrees of freedom have three dimensions. (ii) Symmetry-breaking Jahn-Teller effects have not previously been treated, de- spite evidence of their importance from H3 photoabsorp- tion studies. (iii) The lone dissociative electronic surfaces of H3 that are energetically accessible at low energy fail to cross the ground state ionic potential surface, which was believed in the past to result in very low DR rates. Such molecules require a theoretical method that can correctly describe indirect recombination via intermediate Rydberg state pathways. (iv) The multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT) description of complicated molecular Rydberg state interactions has been applied to treat the dissociation of diatomic molecules (3,4), but it has not yet been able to describe dissociative channels for triatomics. (v) The rotational degrees of freedom, rarely included in DR calculations, even for diatomics, could play a significant role in H � . This is because DR is thought to
Studies on the Contribution of Human Cytomegalovirus UL21a and UL97 to Viral Growth and Inactivation of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Reveal a Unique Cellular Mechanism for Downmodulation of the APC/C Subunits APC1, APC4, and APC5

UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) deregulates the cell cycle by several means, including inactivation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Viral proteins UL97 and UL21a, respectively, affect the APC/C by phosphorylation of APC/C coactivator Cdh1 and by inducing the degradation of subunits APC4 and APC5, which along with APC1 form the APC/C platform subcomplex. The aim of this study was to further characterize the mechanism of APC/C inactivation and define the relative contributions of UL21a and UL97 to APC/C substrate accumulation and to viral growth. We show that in uninfected cells, UL21a but not UL97 can disrupt APC/C function, leading to the accumulation of substrates. We find that UL21a is necessary and sufficient to induce the degradation of APC1, in addition to the previously reported APC4 and APC5. We also demonstrate that there is a previously unreported cellular mechanism for a specific decrease in the levels of all three platform subunits, APC1, APC4, and APC5, upon the depletion of any one of these subunits or of subunit APC8. Finally, we show that at a low multiplicity of infection, either UL97 or UL21a can partially complement a growth-defective mutant virus lacking both UL21a and UL97, with significantly greater benefit afforded by the expression of both proteins. This double mutant also can be partially rescued by inactivation of the APC/C using small interfering RNAs against specific subunits. These results further our understanding of HCMV's interaction with the cell cycle machinery and reveal a new cellular pattern of APC/C subunit downmodulation. IMPORTANCE HCMV lytic infection subverts the host cell cycle machinery in multiple ways. A major effect is inactivation of the APC/C, which plays a central role in the control of cell cycle progression. This study provides further insight into the mechanism of inactivation. We discovered that the APC1 subunit, which along with APC4 and APC5 form the platform subcomplex of the APC/C, is an additional target of the degradation induced by HCMV protein UL21a. This study also shows for the first time that there is a unique cellular process in uninfected cells whereby depletion of APC1, APC4, APC5, or APC8 recapitulates the pattern of HCMV-mediated APC/C subunit degradation.
Point defect diffusivites in San Carlos olivine derived from reequilibration of electrical conductivity following changes in oxygen fugacity

The time dependence of electrical conductivity following step changes in oxygen fugacity has been used to deduce the diffusivities of the dominant point defects in pyroxene-buffered San Carlos olivine. Nonlinear least squares fits of the data indicate that two relaxation times (τ) are present in the conductivity-time records. The effective diffusivity calculated from the slower τ agrees with values reported for the chemical diffusivity of metal vacancies (VMe‖). The effective diffusivity calculated from the faster τ coincides with that measured for analogous changes in strain rate (έ) following step changes in fO2. This faster diffusivity has tentatively been associated with the chemical diffusivity of silicon vacancies (VSi‖‖). These results imply that defects on the tetrahedral and octahedral sublattices of olivine may reequilibrate independently. Furthermore, changes in electrical conductivity and strain rate resulting from changes in thermodynamic conditions are initiated by reequilibration of the faster of these defects.
Carbon‐13 NMR studies of 1‐aryl‐3‐phenyl‐2‐thioxo‐4‐imidazolidinones. Conformational isomerism and substituent effects

Characteristic 13C chemical shift ranges and substituent shifts of heterocyclic ring carbon atoms have been identified for a number of 1-aryl-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinones. 13CNMR spectra may be used to detect slow internal rotation about the aryl CN-1 bond in compounds with diastereomeric rotational isomers; many corresponding carbon atoms in the rotamers have distinctly different chemical shifts. The δ-effects originating from aryl ortho substituents are both electronic and steric in origin.
Laser method for absolute velocity calibration of Mössbauer spectrometers

Abstract The velocity of a Mossbauer drive is converted into a beat frequency of Doppler shifted lines of a laser beam. The counting of this frequency allows a precise velocity calibration.
Freeze/thaw characteristics of a copper/water heat pipe - Effects of noncondensible gas charge

The freeze/thaw characteristics of a copper/water heat pipe of rectangular cross section were investigated experimentally to determine the effect of variations in the amount of noncondensible gases present. The transient internal temperature profiles in the liquid channel are presented along with contours of the frozen fluid configuration obtained through visual observation
Teaching Religious Doubt with Toulmin's Model of Reasoning

. Teaching students to doubt, that is, to “test,” theological arguments as one might test any other kind of knowledge is challenging in that the warrant for such testing is not immediately clear. Stephen Toulmin, Richard Rieke, and Allan Janik's model of reasoning provides a conceptual framework that demonstrates the logical relationships between a claim, its grounds, warrants, and backing for warrants. Against such a model, the instructor and students may study religious claims, both biblical and theological, with the aim of analyzing the ways such claims find support or a lack of support depending upon the particular ways that claims and evidence have competing warrants. Several pedagogical benefits ensue. First, students see that the validity for theological claims rests as much upon warrants as it does upon grounding. Second, searching for ancient warrants privileges historical-critical investigation. Third, competing warrants for contradictory theological claims summon pedagogical metaphors of process and development.
Outrageous Events: Don't Count Them Out

In his insightful News Focus article, “CERN's gamble shows perils, rewards of playing the odds” (29 Sept., p. [2260][1]), Charles Seife discusses a paradox of “three-sigma” and “five-sigma” findings in the experiments of physicists and astronomers. Findings that are statistically significant to three standard deviations (that is, three sigma) theoretically occur less than one chance in 1000 if a hypothesis of no effect is true. Yet, Seife quotes particle physicist John Bahcall, “Half of all three-sigma results are wrong.” Seife comments, “To a statistician, such vagaries may seem absurd.” Actually, to statisticians the phenomenon is common. The problem usually is that the probability model under which the significance level is calculated is wrong. An example is the phenomenon Mosteller and Wallace referred to as the “outrageous event” ([1][2], [2][3]). An outrageous event is one that is unexpected and is not included in the probability model that yields a multi-sigma answer—like the “systematics” Seife mentions that tripped up astronomer Peter Van de Kamp and others (in the case of Van de Kamp, changes in a telescope lens assembly were the source of evidence for a wobbly star and hence an extrasolar planet). When Muhammed Ali was boxing, Mosteller liked to give the example of himself, Fred Mosteller, contending with Ali for the world heavyweight title. Although Ali would be heavily favored in the odds, he could trip over his shoelaces rushing from his corner and be out cold, with Fred the winner on a technicality! The serious point is that a small probability of a finding cannot in practical terms ever be smaller than the probability of the “outrageous events” that could produce the finding. Another example pertinent to the paradox is this: The more data one searches through to find a “finding,” the more opportunity there is to reach three sigmas ([3][4]). 1. [↵][5]1. F. Mosteller, 2. D. Wallace , Applied Bayesian and Classical Inference: The Case of the Federalist Papers, ed. 2 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984), p. 90. 2. [↵][6]1. S. Fienberg 2. et al. in A Statistical Model: Frederick Mosteller's Contributions to Statistics, Science, and Public Policy (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990), p. 257. 3. [↵][7]See articles and citations on “Multiple Comparisons” in S. Kotz, N. Johnson, C. Read, Eds., Encyclopedia of the Statistical Sciences (Wiley, New York, 1988). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.289.5488.2260 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [7]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text"