cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fair and prompt

These are the two words that came to me, reflecting on the 20th anniversary of RNA. Of course, they are also both venerable doctrines in the law (yet often not met). They are founding and operating principles of RNA. As a finishing PhD student in the spring of 1968 I submitted my first paper (“Use of Diphenylamine as a Colorimetric Reagent for RNA”) to Analytical Biochemistry. A few weeks later, when I was at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, a letter arrived. It was from the editor and simply said “Your paper is accepted.” No review(s). Thus did I begin to entertain the notion that maybe this was how submitting and publishing papers goes. Of course, as conveyed in the title of Arthur C. Clarke's sci-fi book “Childhood's End,” my halcyon fantasy was soon dashed as I went on to submit and publish additional papers from both my PhD thesis and early post-doc days. As I recently thought about my experiences submitting to and publishing in RNA, having received Tim's kind invitation for us to offer perspectives, I quickly realized how very fair-minded and prompt the review process has always been. It has felt as if there has been an unwritten principle, perhaps there only sotto voce, that when any of our manuscripts is submitted, a sense of community prevails and that while no guarantees can or should be made, a spirit of camaraderie is there. This is what a journal founded by, and controlled by, the leaders of a profession is all about. At the 1994 RNA Processing meeting in Madison, the building momentum for a journal culminated, as did the selection of an editor. There were antecedent factors, most notably the founding of the RNA Society a year earlier (if you haven't, do read Olke Uhlenbeck's engaging account in the August 2005 Society newsletter). The years have passed quickly and triumphantly. RNA has consistently been at the forefront of how our field has been evolving, whether with papers on the chemistry side (RNA atomic structure/catalysis) or on regulation (e.g., microRNAs), to mention only two of the more revolutionary dimensions of our field. Meanwhile, the journal has also kept pace with all the sub-fields that were breaking at the time of its founding, such as the dissection of the spliceosome (which had been previously constrained in the foggy hnRNP era), the fascinating world of alternative splicing, the small RNA-protein complexes such as the Ro RNPs, the beguiling array of RNA covalent modifications, and increasing coverage of cell biology-oriented papers on RNA (closest to my heart since the 1990s). I am grateful to RNA for its editorial panache, which I have consistently seen as an author of research papers, as well of invited essays, meeting reports and book reviews (all subjected to review, as they should be), as well as when seeing the thoughtful decision letters on manuscripts on which I have been a referee. All done so well. Happy 20th to our journal, and to our leader Tim!
Ruthenium half-sandwich complexes as protein kinase inhibitors: an N-succinimidyl ester for rapid derivatizations of the cyclopentadienyl moiety.

Cyclopentadienyl half-sandwich ruthenium complexes have been demonstrated to be promising scaffolds as protein kinase inhibitors. In order to rapidly identify derivatives which display modified pharmacological properties, we developed the synthesis of an organoruthenium compound bearing an N-succinimidyl ester at the cyclopentadienyl moiety. The quenching of this activated ester with a library of primary amines, followed by testing of the resulting amide library, led to the identification of organometallic Pim-1 and GSK-3 inhibitors with improved potencies and kinase selectivities.
A universal phase space for particles in Yang-Mills fields

Given a principal G-bundle P over M and a Hamiltonian G-space Q, one may construct the reduced symplectic manifold (T*P x Q)0. When a connection on P is chosen, this manifold becomes a bundle over T*M with fibre Q. It is shown that this bundle is precisely the phase space constructed by Sternberg for a classical particle in a Yang-Mills field.
When actions speak louder than words: Implicational schemata and the attribution of ability.

Abstract Three studies are reported that investigated observer attributions of ability. In these studies, observers were exposed to an actor who either provided an overt portrayal (demonstration) of his level of ability at a task or provided only a verbal portrayal (description) of his level of ability. The level of skill suggested by the actor's behavior and the situational demands surrounding the behavior were systematically manipulated. The results indicated that when observers witnessed an overt portrayal of the actor's ability, dispositional inferences of ability based on the actor's skillful behavior were less affected by situational demands than were inferences based on unskillful behavior. When observers were given only a verbal portrayal of the actor's ability, however, dispositional inferences based on skillful and unskillful behavior were affected to an equal extent by situational demands. Further analyses attempted to relate dispositional inferences to causal attributions. The research was discussed within the framework of a schematic model of dispositional attribution.
Sugar concentration and detoxification of clarified biomass hydrolysate by nanofiltration

Abstract Development of efficient unit operations is critical in order to design economically viable processes for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals and fuels. Here the use of nanofiltration membranes for concentration of sugars in a lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate has been explored. In addition, simultaneous removal of compounds such as acetic acid, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural and furfural which are inhibitory to the microorganisms used in the subsequent fermentation step has also been investigated. Dead-end filtration experiments have been used to test a number of commercially available nanofiltration membranes under a range of operating conditions. Model feed streams as well as real hydrolysates have been tested. The results obtained here indicate that both concentration of sugars and removal of hydrolysis degradation products are feasible. However careful selection of the membrane and operating conditions are essential. The introduction of a nanofiltration step for concentration of sugars and removal of hydrolysis degradation products could enable the development of a continuous process for biomass hydrolysis.
Measurement of absolute radiation intensities in the vacuum-ultraviolet region

A method for calibrating vacuum-ultraviolet monochromators for measurement of absolute radiation intensities is described. It is based on calculating the brightness of an optically thin spectral line in the far ultraviolet from the brightness of a visible line originating from the same upper level. A grazing incidence monochromator and a Seya–Namioka monochromator were calibrated at a number of wavelengths between 1640 and 231 A, using line pairs of hydrogen and ionized helium. Light sources used to obtain these lines are described. Problems of measurement and sources of error, particularly in the case of hydrogenlike spectra, are discussed.
X-Ray Image Intensifiers

The statistical quality of a fluoroscopic examination can be improved without an increase in the dose of radiation delivered to the patient by using an image intensifier to raise the light flux reaching the retina and by further increasing the luminance of the image to the level of photopic vision. All currently used x-ray image intensifiers attempt to accomplish both of these purposes, but, in addition, these devices form the basis of modern television transmission of fluoro-scopic images, cineradiography, and small format ( 70-105 mm ) photography of the image intensifier output image.
Cortical dopamine in schizophrenia: Strategies for postmortem studies

Many of the symptoms of schizophrenia appear to involve dysfunction of the cognitive processes mediated by the neural circuitry of the cerebral cortex. The application of modern neuroscience techniques to the study of postmortem human brain specimens provides a powerful approach for exploring the manner in which cortical circuitry may be disrupted in schizophrenia. In this paper, we describe a strategy for the conduct of postmortem investigations of schizophrenia that involves (1) the use of a nonhuman primate model to guide the design and interpretation of studies in humans; (2) the detailed characterization of the normal organization of neural systems in the human cerebral cortex, and the range of inter-individual variations in that organization; and (3) the testing of specific hypotheses about the disruption of that organization in schizophrenia. The application of this strategy, and its value in overcoming some of the potential pitfalls of postmortem studies, is demonstrated in a series of investigations designed to test the hypothesis that dopamine neurotransmission is impaired in the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia.
Venal Interchanges: Shelley's Queen Mab and Literary Property

British pirate publishers in the Romantic period competed not only for sales in the book market, but to establish a more democratic model for the ownership of texts. Attention to the material conditions and the motivations of the parties involved in producing illegitimate editions reveals how Romantic authorship was shaped by interactions between copyright law, authors' impressions of their rights, and the pirates' ability to subvert those prior claims. The texts and paratexts of some of the many unauthorized editions of Percy Shelley's Queen Mab (1813) will illustrate how the political and commercial intentions of radical publishers often counteracted Shelley's goals while working against the structure of the bookselling industry. Out of these very conflicts emerged the conceptions of that poem and, more broadly, the ideology of Romantic authorship that the radical political movement and later scholars came to know.
Evaluating Variance in Cost-Benefit Perceptions of RFID Systems in the Supply Chain Sector

Since the introduction of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, retailers such as Wal-Mart have pushed their suppliers for adoption. The Cost-Benefit justification for retailers is more direct and stronger than it is for other supply chain sectors, especially manufacturers, who bear the cost of affixing tags. Their cost-benefit scenario improves if the technology can be used to streamline the manufacturing process. Prior studies have noted this imbalance in the costs and benefits between Supply Chain entities, and even conducted case studies to examine specific industries. No studies were found to attempt to capture the comparative perceptions of the costs and benefits across the supply chain echelons. This paper therefore attempts to explore and understand the variance in perceived costs and benefits for the use of RFID systems by managers of organizations on different echelons of the supply chain. The study is based on 210 responses to a validated instrument used in prior research on novel information technology.
A Review of Construction and Demolition Debris Regulations in the United States

Construction and demolition (C&D) debris comprises a significant portion of the solid waste stream in the United States. Because C&D debris is largely regulated at the state level, the requirements for C&D debris disposal facilities vary from state to state. A review of state regulations was conducted to determine C&D debris disposal facility requirements, including specific requirements for liners, leachate collection, groundwater monitoring, location restrictions, operator training, waste spotters, final cover, financial assurance, and recycling. This review found that little consistency exists in the regulation of C&D debris facilities among states. Twenty-three states require liners, while 27 require groundwater monitoring. Seventeen states reported having regulations pertaining to recycling C&D debris. Several states are currently in the process of reviewing and updating their C&D debris regulations, an indication of the greater recognized importance of this fraction of the solid waste stream.
Immobilized cell biocatalyst activation and pseudo‐steady‐state behavior: Model and experiment

An intrinsic, unstructured model has been utilized to describethe startup dynamics of a continuous Caalginate-immobilized Zymomonas mobilis (ATCC 10988) fermentation. This model predicts, at least qualitatively, transients in the fermenter effluent glucose, ethanol, and biomass concentrations as well as radial gradients in immobilized-cell concentration and activity within the gelbiocatalysts. Predicted intrabiocatalyst gradients in immobilized-cell specific growth rate were used to calculate the corresponding gradients in intracellular RNA level based on a reported linear relationship between the two. Mathematical simulations of immobilized biomass concentration profiles and RNA content were verified using a novel, scanning microfluorimetry technique.
Inferences about homeowners' sociability: Impact of christmas decorations and other cues

Abstract Previous research suggests that U.S. residents may use holiday decorations on their home's exterior to communicate friendliness and cohesiveness with neighbors. In the present research, we examine whether strangers (naive raters) can accurately identify the more friendly residents, and what aspects of the homes' exteriors contribute to their impressions. We also examine the possibility that residents who decorate for Christmas but who have few friends on the block may be using the decorations and other cues as a way of communicating their accessibility to neighbors. Participants rated residents based only on photographs of their home and front yard. Stimulus homes had been preselected to represent the four cells of a two by two factorial design crossing the presence/absence of Christmas decorations with the resident's self-rated social contact with neighbors (low/high). As expected, a main effect for the decorated factor indicated that raters used Christmas decorations as a cue that the residents were friendly and cohesive. Decoration interacted with sociability in a complex but interpretable way. In the absence of Christmas decorations, raters accurately distinguished between the homes of sociable and nonsociable residents; in open ended comments, they attributed their impressions to the relatively more ‘open’ and ‘lived in’ look of the sociable residents' homes. When Christmas decorations were present, raters actually attributed greater sociability to the nonsociable residents, citing a more open appearance as the basis for their judgments. The results support the idea that residents can use their home's exterior to communicate attachment and possibly to integrate themselves into a neighborhood's social activities.
Effect of Perineal Self-Acupressure on Constipation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND The efficacy of perineal self-acupressure in treating constipation is uncertain.
Ion mobility measurements of nondenatured 12-150 kDa proteins and protein multimers by tandem differential mobility analysis-mass spectrometry (DMA-MS).

The mobilities of electrosprayed proteins and protein multimers with molecular weights ranging from 12.4 kDa (cytochrome C monomers) to 154 kDa (nonspecific concanavalin A hexamers) were measured in dry air by a planar differential mobility analyzer (DMA) coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). The DMA determines true mobility at atmospheric pressure, without perturbing ion structure from that delivered by the electrospray. A nondenaturing aqueous 20 mM triethylammonium formate buffer yields compact ions with low charge states, moderating polarization effects on ion mobility. Conversion of mobilities into cross-sections involves a reduction factor ξ for the actual mobility relative to that associated with elastic specular collisions with smooth surfaces. ξ is known to be 1.36 in air from Millikan’s oil drop experiments. A similar enhancement effect ascribed to atomic-scale surface roughness has been found in numerical simulations. Adopting Millikan’s value ξ = 1.36 and assuming a spherical geometry yields a gas-phase protein density ρp = 0.949 ± 0.053 g cm−3 for all our protein data. This is substantially higher than the 0.67 g cm−3 found in recent low-resolution DMA measurements of singly charged proteins. DMA-MS can distinguish nonspecific protein aggregates formed during the electrospray process from those formed preferentially in solution. The observed charge versus diameter relation is compatible with a protein charge reduction mechanism based on the evaporation of triethylammonium ions from electrosprayed drops.
A model of left ventricular dysfunction caused by intracoronary adriamycin

Abstract Experimental evaluation of new therapy for congestive heart failure has been hampered by the lack of a simple and reliable animal model of heart failure. This study was undertaken to develop a canine model of chronic left ventricular dysfunction. A left thoracotomy was performed in 9 adult mongrel dogs. A 1.5-mm Silastic (Dow Corning) catheter with an attached subcutaneous access port was positioned in the left main coronary artery. Six animals received five weekly infusions of Adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride) (10 mg/wk), and 3 received saline solution. Hemodynamic studies were performed before insertion of the catheter and 2 weeks after completion of the infusions. In animals that received Adriamycin, rest ejection fraction declined from 0.54 ± 0.03 to 0.35 ± 0.03, cardiac output fell from 5.6 ± 0.6 to 3.9 ±0.5 L/min, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume increased from 76 ± 9 to 99 ± 12 mL ( p
Pakistani Nationalism and the State Marginalisation of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan

This paper examines the relationship between nationalism, state formation, and the marginalisation of national minorities through an historical focus on Pakistani state's relationship with the Ahmadiyya community, a self-defined minority sect of Islam. In 1974, a constitutional amendment was enacted that effectively rendered the Ahmadiyya community a non-Muslim minority, in spite of claims by the community that it was Muslim and hence not a minority. This paper attempts to account for this anti-Ahmadiyya state legislation by arguing that the genealogy of the idea of a Pakistani state is key for understanding the politics of exclusion of the Ahmadiyya community from ‘Muslim citizenship’ - that is, who is and isn't a Muslim.
Applications of the JARS Method to Study Levee Sites In Southern Texas And Southern New Mexico

We apply the joint analysis of refractions with surface waves (JARS) method to several sites and compare its results to traditional refraction-tomography methods in efforts of finding a more realistic solution to the inverse refractiontraveltime problem. The JARS method uses a reference model, derived from surface-wave shear-wave velocity estimates, as a constraint. In all of the cases JARS estimates appear more realistic than those from the conventional refraction-tomography methods. As a result, we consider, the JARS algorithm as the preferred method for finding solutions to the inverse refraction-tomography problems.
Dome Window and Mount Design for a 5 MWth Solar Receiver

Abstract Large windows are being evaluated for use in high temperature concentrated solar receivers to reduce radiative and convective losses, maintain a differential pressure, and separate reactants from ambient air in receivers for chemical processing. The design of a 1.7 meter diameter fused silica dome window is evaluated for its ability to maintain acceptable stresses when exposed to pressure differentials and large heat loads from solar irradiation and re-radiation from inside the receiver. The dome must be able to withstand the operational pressure differential of 0.5 MPa where the efficiency of the solar receiver combined with a recuperated gas turbine is maximized, and glass temperatures upwards to 800 °C may be observed. Brittle materials like glass need the tensile stresses to be reduced to maximize the reliability of the dome window. However, glass does not possess a characteristic strength and it is dependent on the flaw size. Careful attention to the dome mount must be taken to minimize tensile bending stresses that can cause a catastrophic or rapid failure while maintaining an environmental seal. The Weibull failure probability method is used to arrive at a projected lifetime of the window under a constant state of stress. This stress is used to determine the maximum design stresses allowed during operation of the solar receiver. Window heat fluxes from a Monte Carlo Ray Trace of the heliostat field and receiver re-radiation is utilized to couple the thermal mechanical effects of the window and its mount. A finite element analysis (FEA) is presented evaluating the stresses when considering the heat absorption in the window from transmitted light and re-radiation from within the solar receiver, combined with the applied pressure differential between the solar receiver and atmospheric conditions. The preliminary design of the window shape, thickness, and mounting strategy is presented.
Laser-pumped coherent x-ray free-electron laser

In a laser-pumped x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) an intense laser field replaces the magnetic wiggler field of a conventional FEL. Depending on the intensity and quality of both the electron beam and pump laser, the Thomson backscattered radiation can be coherently amplified. In a conventional FEL the generation of x rays requires electron beam energies in the multi-GeV range. In a laser-pumped x-ray FEL, electron beam energies in the multi-MeV range would be sufficient. To generate coherent x rays with this mechanism a number of physics and technology issues must be addressed. Foremost among these are the stringent requirements placed on the electron beam quality and brightness as well as on the pump laser. The seed radiation for the laser-pumped FEL is the laser-induced spontaneous radiation. The evolution of incoherent radiation into coherent radiation as well as the power gain lengths associated with the coherent x rays are analyzed and discussed. There is excellent agreement between our analytical results and GENESIS simulations for the radiated power, gain length, conversion efficiency, linewidth, and saturation length. These issues, as well as others, necessary to achieve coherent amplified x rays in a laser-pumped FEL are discussed. While a coherent x-ray source would have a number of attractive features, the requirements placed on both the electron beam and pump laser are extremely challenging.
Cytopathogenicity and plaque formation with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

Summary and ConclusionsAt first it was thought that 40 passages of the virus in chick tissue had increased its cytopathogenicity to the point where plaque production could occur. However ability of non-adapted strain to produce plaques refutes this conclusion. In retrospect it appears that no actual change in virus had occurred during serial passage, but the observation that CPE could be regularly produced after as long as 12 days led to use of above procedure and successful production of plaques appearing with this virus at relatively late time of 12 days after inoculation. The sudden appearance of plaques seems unusual; apparently the final change of CPE, resulting in loss of neutral red staining, must occur very suddenly with this system, resulting in overnight appearance of plaques.Figure
Continuous nebulized racemic epinephrine for bronchiolitis

Objective: To review the clinical course of patients with bronchiolitis treated with racemic epinephrine by continuous nebulization (CNR).Design: Retrospective chart review.Setting: A 20 bed pediatric intensive care unit in a tertiary care children's hospital.Subjects: Five patients (median age, 4 months; range, 2 months to 16 months) with severe bronchiolitis as defined by clinical scores of 5 or greater.Interventions: In addition to supportive care that included oxygen, hydration, and nasal suctioning, racemic epinephrine was administered by continuous nebulization.Measurements and main results: Racemic epinephrine was given by continuous nebulization for 44.2±29 hours without any adverse events. No increase in heart rate or blood pressure was seen from CNR. No rebound effect was seen when CNR was discontinued.Conclusion: CNR is easy to administer and is well tolerated. It should be considered for patients with severe bronchiolitis.
87 LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 12 AND 24 MONTHS: A COGNITIVE PREDICTOR

The ages of attainment of expressive language milestones were elicited from parents of 96 middle class children at each well child visit from birth to 24 months. Mean frequency of milestone recall was 83%. Stanford Binet (SB) and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Tests (PPVT) were administered at 36 months of age: IQscores (mean ± SD) were 114 ± 11 and 112 ± 14, respectively. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between each milestone and test are noted in the Table. The ages of attainment of these milestones show a significant inverse correlation, p<.05, with three-year cognitive and language ability. Similar significant correlations were noted with the Vineland, Griffith and subtests of the McCarthy Scales. Sequential milestones of increasing vocabulary sizeand phrase complexity under two years can aid in early prediction of intellectual function.
Technological equity: an international perspective of e-government and societal divides

The following paper looks at technological equity from an international perspective. Utilising survey data of international municipal Web portals as well as existing United Nations data, this research evaluates existing divides throughout the world. We also note that there exists a relationship between the digital divide and other societal divides. Therefore, we conclude that the 'digital divide' should continue to fall within the discussion of social equity, given the continued dependence of government to provide service via the internet.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone increases the amount of messenger ribonucleic acid for gonadotropins in ovariectomized ewes after hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection.

To investigate the role of GnRH in regulating the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins, GnRH (250 ng/6 min every other hour for 7 days) or saline was administered to ovariectomized (OVX) ewes after hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection (HPD). Blood samples were collected from all HPD ewes on the day before and the day after HPD and on days 1 and 7 of GnRH or saline. At the end of day 7, anterior pituitary glands were removed for analysis of hormone, receptor, and mRNA content. The amount of mRNA for gonadotropins was lower (P 0.05) to those measured in OVX ewes. The amount of mRNA for LH0 was higher (P < 0.05) in GnRH-treated HPD ewes than in saline-treated HPD ewes, but lower (P < 0.05) than that in OVX ewes. The pituitary content of LH and FSH was lower (P < 0.05) in saline-treated HPD ewes than in OVX ewes. Administration of GnRH to...
Beyond the OPAC: creating different interfaces for specialized collections in an ILS system

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the experiment in creating featured collection web sites from specialized data in the Voyager integrated library system (ILS). The specialized interfaces for different collections aim to offer flexible collection‐driven web presentations for easier resource discovery and increased user attention.Design/methodology/approach – The Faculty Research Showcase and Women's Studies Video Resources web sites at Wichita State University (WSU) Libraries are discussed. The paper addresses the model used to create the web sites: selecting data from Oracle database, presenting SQL query results, and creating the web sites using ASP, XHTML and CSS for browsing and search. The alternative approach of using XML, XPath and ASP.NET is also discussed. Some features of the public web sites such as linking each record back to the online public access catalog (OPAC) and adding both really simple syndication (RSS) feeds and cover images using both syndetic and locally‐created graphics are add...
XPA impacts formation but not proteasome-sensitive repair of DNA–protein cross-links induced by chromate

DNA–protein cross-links (DPCs) are caused by a large number of human carcinogens and anti-cancer drugs. However, cellular processes involved in decreasing a burden of these genotoxic lesions remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the impact of nucleotide excision repair (NER), which is a principal repair pathway for bulky DNA adducts, and the main cellular reducers on removal of chromium(VI)-induced DPC. We found that standard and ascorbate-restored cultures of isogenic XPA-null (NER deficient) and XPA-complemented human fibroblasts had very similar repair of Cr–DPC (60–65% average DPC removal after 24 h). However, XPA absence caused depletion of G1 and accumulation of G2 cells at low Cr(VI) doses, suggesting that Cr–DPC were not a significant cause of cell cycle perturbations. Interestingly, although pro-oxidant metabolism of Cr(VI) in glutathione-depleted cells generated significantly fewer DPC, they were repair resistant irrespective of the NER status of cells. Inhibition of proteasome activity by MG132 abolished DPC repair in both XPA-null and XPA-complemented cells. XPA loss caused two to three times higher initial DPC formation, demonstrating the importance of NER in removal of the precursor lesions. Our results indicate that human NER is not involved in removal of Cr–DPC containing non-histone proteins but it acts as a defence mechanism against these large lesions by preventing their formation. Therefore, individual differences in NER activity are expected to alter sensitivity but not persistence of DPC as a biomarker of hexavalent Cr.
The significance of wing pattern diversity in the Lycaenidae: mate discrimination by two recently diverged species

Closely related species of lycaenid butterflies are determinable, in part, by subtle differences in wing pattern. We found that female wing patterns can act as an effective mate-recognition signal in some populations of two recently diverged species. In field experiments, we observed that males from a Lycaeides idas population and an alpine population of L. melissa preferentially initiate courtship with conspecific females. A morphometric study indicated that at least two wing pattern elements were important for distinguishing the two species: hindwing spots and orange crescent-shaped pattern elements called aurorae. We deceived male L. idas into initiating courtship with computer generated paper models of heterospecific females when these pattern elements were manipulated, indicating that the wing pattern elements that define the diversity of this group can be effective mate recognition signals.
Contracts for higher-order functions

Assertions play an important role in the construction of robust software. Their use in programming languages dates back to the 1970s. Eiffel, an object-oriented programming language, wholeheartedly adopted assertions and developed the "Design by Contract" philosophy. Indeed, the entire object-oriented community recognizes the value of assertion-based contracts on methods.In contrast, languages with higher-order functions do not support assertion-based contracts. Because predicates on functions are, in general, undecidable, specifying such predicates appears to be meaningless. Instead, the functional languages community developed type systems that statically approximate interesting predicates.In this paper, we show how to support higher-order function contracts in a theoretically well-founded and practically viable manner. Specifically, we introduce λcon, a typed lambda calculus with assertions for higher-order functions. The calculus models the assertion monitoring system that we employ in DrScheme. We establish basic properties of the model (type soundness, etc.) and illustrate the usefulness of contract checking with examples from DrScheme's code base.We believe that the development of an assertion system for higher-order functions serves two purposes. On one hand, the system has strong practical potential because existing type systems simply cannot express many assertions that programmers would like to state. On the other hand, an inspection of a large base of invariants may provide inspiration for the direction of practical future type system research.
Advancing Research in Organizational Communication Through Quantitative Methodology

This article showcases current best practices in quantitative organizational communication research. We emphasize their value in exploring issues of the day and their relation to other research approaches. Materials are presented around four themes: systematic development and validation of measures, including the use of mixed methods; multiple levels of analysis; the study of change and development over time; and relationships among people, units, organizations, and meanings.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDATIVE FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES FROM THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS L.)

Five flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the butanol-soluble fraction of thyme extracts. Their structures were determined by spectral analyses (NMR, MS). Their antioxidant activity was evaluated in two models (DPPH radical scavenging and Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity). The most active compounds were found to be eriodictyol-7-rutinoside and luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside.
Maintenance of Ambulation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy The Role of the Orthopedic Surgeon

As the processes of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy advance, contractures about joints in the lower extremities progress until an unstable base of support secondary to equinovarus and weakened pelvic balance produced by hip flexion prohibit ambulation. Properly timed surgery and bracing have helped some patients to extend significantly their ability to ambulate. Because severe weakness can result from prolonged restraint, operative procedures must permit immediate mobilization without fear of excessive pain or wound dehiscence. The primary aims of surgery are to maintain standing balance and prolong independent ambulation. Conditions requiring surgical correction are lower extremity flexion contracture, metatarsus adductus, and rigid forefoot equinocavovarus. Techniques designed to improve these deformities and permit early postoperative mobilization include subcutaneous release of contracted tendons and percutaneous removal of cancellous bone with corrective manipulation of the feet. Postoperative plastic bracing enhances balance through mild knee flexion and ischial seating. Maintenance of the upright posture extends the ability of these patients to attend to their tasks of daily living. In addition, these techniques offer a method of prolonging ambulation in the patient with pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy. In so doing, confinement to a wheelchair with its inevitable downhill course may be significantly postponed.
Self-reported attentional control differentiates the major factors of psychopathy

The dual-deficit model identifies unique correlates of the two major factors associated with psychopathy (Patrick, 2007). Factor 1 is associated with deficits in amygdala-mediated emotion, while Factor 2 is related to deficits in higher-order cognitive processes. Research suggests that attention to environmental and contextual cues is critical for emotion and cognition (Ochsner & Gross, 2005). Therefore, and by extension, attention may also be important to deficits in both Factor 1 and Factor 2. The present study utilizes a sample of male prisoners in order to examine the relationship between self-reported attentional control (Derryberry & Reed, 2002) and the major factors of psychopathy, as assessed by three different methods. Across all three measures, Factor 1 is associated with superior attentional control, whereas Factor 2 is related to inferior attentional control. Furthermore, results provide support for the external validity of three commonly used methods for assessing psychopathy. We propose that anomalous attentional control may contribute to both major symptom clusters associated with psychopathy.
On the value locality of store instructions

Value locality, a recently discovered program attribute that describes the likelihood of the recurrence of previously-seen program values, has been studied enthusiastically in the recent published literature. Much of the energy has focused on refining the initial efforts at predicting load instruction outcomes, with the balance of the effort examining the value locality of either all register-writing instructions, or a focused subset of them. Surprisingly, there has been very little published characterization of or effort to exploit the value locality of data words stored to memory by computer programs. This paper presents such a characterization, proposes both memory-centric (based on message passing) and producer-centric (based on program structure) prediction mechanisms for stored data values, introduces the concept of silent stores and new definitions of multiprocessor false sharing based on these observations, and suggests new techniques for aligning cache coherence protocols and microarchitectural store handling techniques to exploit the value locality of stores. We find that realistic implementations of these techniques can significantly reduce multiprocessor data bus traffic and are more effective at reducing address bus traffic than the addition of Exclusive state to a MSI coherence protocol. We also show that squashing of silent stores can provide uniprocessor speedups greater than the addition of store-to-load forwarding.
Importance of Atypical Pathogens of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

The atypical clinical presentation of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was first recognized and reported by astute clinicians 50 years ago. The cause of pneumonia in this group eventually was shown to be Mycoplasma pneumoniae. More recently, Chlamydia pneumoniae also has been recognized as a cause of CAP. Legionella has been lumped together with M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae because of its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. This group of organisms is susceptible to the macrolides, tetracycline, and the newer fluoroquinolones. However, Legionnaires' disease frequently presents a more acute clinical picture than either mycoplasmal or chlamydial infections. Recent data suggest that in the Medicare population hospitalized with pneumonia, morbidity and mortality can be decreased if initial therapy includes coverage for atypical pathogens (i.e., macrolides or fluoroquinolones). Unfortunately, few studies use culture methodology for atypical pathogens. Future studies of the efficacy of macrolide or fluoroquinolone therapy for CAP should include aggressive diagnostic studies for M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and Legionella species.
Investigation of antimicrobial activity of photothermal therapeutic gold/copper sulfide core/shell nanoparticles to bacterial spores and cells

Au/CuS core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) were designed as a new type of transducer agent for photothermal therapy (PTT), with attractive features of easy preparation, low cost and small size for targeting. This paper studied for the first time the intrinsic antimicrobial activity of Au/CuS NPs to B. anthracis spores and cells in addition to its PTT effect. It was found that Au/CuS NPs were highly efficient in inactivating B. anthracis cells, but not effective to the spores. Treatment with NPs at ~0.83 μM for 30 min achieved a 7 log reduction in viable cells. The antimicrobial effect was both NPs concentration and treatment time dependent. SEM imaging and the efflux of DNA test demonstrated the damage of cell membrane after NPs treatment, yet further research is necessary to fully understand the precise inactivation mechanism. The Au/CuS NPs had strong antimicrobial activity to B. anthracis cells, which showed a great potential to be an effective antimicrobial agent to bacterial cells.
Design of a Smith-Purcell radiation bunch length diagnostic

We present the design of a Smith-Purcell radiation diagnostic to measure the micro bunch length of a 20MeV, 17 GHz electron bunch train. The bunch length can be determined by measuring the frequency and angular distribution of the emitted radiation as proposed by Nguyen[1]. The beam is produced by a 17 GHz, 50 MeV/m traveling wave (TW) accelerator built by Haimson Research Corporation (HRC). The high operating frequency of this accelerator allows for the production of ultra-short bunches of about 180 femtoseconds. We will present detailed calculations of the optimization of the experimental system and of the expected bunch length resolution.
Mapping the frontal sinus ostia using virtual endoscopy.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine the relative location of the frontal sinus opening to other frontal cells using virtual endoscopy; and to assess whether the relative location of the frontal sinus ostium can be predicted. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of high-resolution computed tomography scans from 50 adult patients without frontal sinus disease or previous sinus surgery. Methods: Using virtual endoscopy software, 100 frontal recesses were mapped for the presence and relative position of the frontal sinus ostium to the following cells: agger nasi (ANC); frontal bullar; frontal types 1, 2, and 3; supraorbital ethmoid; suprabullar; and intersinus septal cells. Results: ANC and frontal type 3 cells were present in 92% and 45% of frontal recesses, respectively. All other cell types had a prevalence of ≤25%. Fifty percent of recesses had two rows of ostia anterior to posterior (AP), and the frontal opening was anterior in 52%. When there were three rows of cells AP (39%), the frontal opening was in the center in 64% of cases. Thirty-five percent of recesses had two rows of ostia medial to lateral (ML), and the frontal opening was medial 80% of the time. When there were three rows of openings ML (45%), the frontal opening was in the center 56% of the time. Conclusions: The frontal sinus recess is variable and complex. Virtual endoscopy can be used to analyze the frontal recess and assist in presurgical planning. Although there is variability in the ostial configuration present in the frontal recess, the probable position of the frontal sinus ostium can be predicted. Laryngoscope, 2012
Filaggrin deficient mice exhibit Th17-dominated skin inflammation and permissiveness to epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigen

Background Filaggrin is important for skin barrier function and is mutated in 15% to 20% of patients with atopic dermatitis. Objective To examine whether filaggrin deficiency predisposes to skin inflammation and epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigen. Methods Skin histology in filaggrin-deficient flaky tail (ft)/ft mice and wild-type controls was assessed by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry. Cytokine mRNA expression was examined by quantitative RT-PCR. Serum antibody levels and splenocyte secretion of cytokines were measured by ELISA. Results The ft/ft mice developed eczematous skin lesions after age 28 weeks and a progressive increase in serum IgE and IgG 1 levels. Normal-appearing skin from 8-week-old ft/ft mice had epidermal thickening and increased dermal infiltration with CD4 + cells and expression of mRNA for IL-17, IL-6, and IL-23, but not IL-4, IL-13, or IFN-γ. Lesional skin of 32-week-old ft/ft mice exhibited qualitatively similar, but more pronounced, changes, and elevated IL-4 mRNA levels. Epicutaneous application of ovalbumin to shaved skin of 8-week-old ft/ft mice, but not WT mice, resulted in increased epidermal thickening, dermal infiltration by CD4 + cells but not eosinophils, and expression of IL-17, IL-6, IL-23, IL-4, and IFN-γ, but not IL-5 or IL-13, mRNA. Splenocytes from epicutaneously sensitized ft/ft mice, but not controls, secreted cytokines in response to ovalbumin stimulation, and their sera, but not those of controls, contained ovalbumin-specific IgE and IgG 1 antibodies. Conclusion Filaggrin-deficient mice exhibit T H 17-dominated skin inflammation and eczematous changes with age, and are permissive to epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigen.
Phase Separation in Rotating 3He-4He Solutions

It is by now well accepted that ions interact with vortex lines through a hydrodynamic potential of the sort first suggested by Donnelly.1 This potential is essentially the hydrodynamic kinetic energy deficit in the system associated with the presence of the ion in the vicinity of the vortex line. Donnelly1 and Donnelly and Roberts2 treated the capture of an ion by a vortex line by considering the ion as a Brownian particle immersed in a gas of quasiparticles and involved in a process of sedimentation into the vortex potential wells. These ideas lead to reasonable agreement with the experimental capture cross-section data obtained by Douglass,3 Tanner,4 and Springett, et al. 5—but only over a very narrow temperature region. At the higher temperatures, above ~1.6K, thermal activation out of the vortex well gives rise to an apparent cross-section much smaller than predicted (the temperature corresponding to the appearance of this phenomenon is termed the “lifetime edge”). At lower temperatures, below ~1.4K, the cross-section is also much smaller than predicted for reasons which, when we started our investigation, were not at all clear.6 We became interested in this anomaly and began a series of experiments to probe this problem as well as other details of the ion-vortex interaction.
Data visualization for truth maintenance in clinical decision support systems

Abstract Background and objectives The goal is to inform proactive initiatives to expand the knowledge base of clinical decision support systems. Design and setting We describe an initiative in which research informationists and health services researchers employ visualization tools to map logic models for clinical decision support within an electronic health record. Materials and methods We mapped relationships using software for social network analysis: NodeXL and CMAP. We defined relationships by shared observations, such as two Arden rules within medical logic modules that consider the same clinical observation, or by the presence of common keywords that were used to label rules according to standardized vocabularies. Results We studied the Child Health Improvement through Computer Automation (CHICA) system, an electronic medical record that contains 170 unique variables representing discrete clinical observations. These variables were used in 300 medical logic modules (MLM's) that prompted health care providers to deliver preventive counseling or otherwise served as clinical decision support. Using data visualization tools, we generated maps that illustrate connections, or lack thereof, between clinical topics within CHICA's MLMs. Conclusions The development of such maps may allow multiple disciplines commonly interacting over EMR platforms, and various perspectives (clinicians, programmers, informationists) to work more effectively as teams to refine the EMR by programming logic routines to address co-morbidities or other instances where domains of medical knowledge should be connected.