cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of d − f correlation on the mixed-valence properties of cerium systems: The f -band problem

The d-integral correlation model, proposed by Liu and Ho to explain the double-peak photoemission spectrum of Ce, has been used to examine the integral-band problem in Ce-based mixed-valence materials. The problem is solved in the spinless approximation and under the assumption that the integral-level occupancy is nearly 1 on every Ce site. Two sets of d-integral hybridized bands, corresponding to the two screening states of integral/sup 0/ sites, have been found, and each set has two branches. At zero temperature, the upper branch of the upper set of bands has real energies, while all three other branches have complex energies. At finite temperatures, the quasiparticles in the upper branch also acquire a finite level width. This effect gives rise to a d-integral interaction contribution to the electrical resistivity whose temperature dependence satisfies a simple scaling relation. 15 references, 3 figures.
A Probabilistic Analysis of the Dynamics and Predictability of Tropical Cyclogenesis

Abstract Using methods unique for tropical cyclone studies in peer-reviewed literature, this study examines the dynamics and predictability of a nondeveloping tropical disturbance in the Gulf of Mexico during the 2004 hurricane season. Short-range ensemble forecasts are performed with a mesoscale model at low resolution with parameterized moist convection and at high resolution with explicit convection. Taking advantage of discrepancies between ensemble members, statistical correlation is used to elucidate why some ensemble members strengthen the disturbance into a tropical cyclone or hurricane and others do not. It is found that the two most important factors in the initial conditions for genesis in this case are the presence of deep moisture and high CAPE. These factors combine to yield more active initial convection and a quick spinup during the first 6–12 h. Because these factors result in quicker genesis in some ensemble members than others, they are also the primary source for spread early in the en...
Direct-Bandgap InAs Quantum-Dots Have Long-Range Electron−Hole Exchange whereas Indirect Gap Si Dots Have Short-Range Exchange

Excitons in quantum dots manifest a lower-energy spin-forbidden “dark” state below a spin-allowed “bright” state; this splitting originates from electron−hole (e-h) exchange interactions, which are strongly enhanced by quantum confinement. The e-h exchange interaction may have both a short-range and a long-range component. Calculating numerically the e-h exchange energies from atomistic pseudopotential wave functions, we show here that in direct-gap quantum dots (such as InAs) the e-h exchange interaction is dominated by the long-range component, whereas in indirect-gap quantum dots (such as Si) only the short-range component survives. As a result, the exciton dark/bright splitting scales as 1/R2 in InAs dots and 1/R3 in Si dots, where R is the quantum-dot radius.
The number of generators for the product of an ideal with its inverse

Let (R,m) be a commutative one-dimensional Noetherian local domain. Assume the integral closure satisfying asymptotic condition where b is a strictly positive C∞ function on the unit sphere in R2. is a discrete valvation ring and the residue fields of R and are the same. Let I be a non-principal ideal of R. A question, motivated by the work of Auslander in the early 1960's, is whether the torsion submodule of I ⊗R I−1 is always non-zero. In this paper we investigate the stronger condition, μR(I)μR(I−1) greater than sign μR(II −1)(where μ denotes the number of generators). We will show this inequality holds whenever the multiplicity of R is at most four.
Adsorption of Atrazine and Alachlor to Aquifer Material and Soil

Atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methyl)-1,3,5 triazine-2,3-diamine] and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide] are agricultural herbicides used in large quantities and, as a consequence, are common contaminants in groundwater and surface water. The retention of these herbicides in soils and their degradation in aqueous environments is highly dependent upon their adsorption to solid surfaces. The adsorption of atrazine and alachlor was investigated on three typical Kansas and underlying aquifers known to be vulnerable to contamination. More alachlor was adsorbed to the soils and sediments than atrazine. The adsorption coefficients for atrazine were 2 to 5 times higher for soils than for aquifer sediments. For alachlor, the adsorption coefficients were 4 to 20 times higher for soil than for aquifer solids. Both linear and Freundlich isotherms represented the adsorption data well in all cases. The slope of the Freundlich isotherms, 1/n, was close to one, with the exception of alachlor adsorption onto the Topeka aquifer sediment (1/n = 0.67). The Kd values found in these studies were comparable to the lower range of those reported in the literature.
Inorganic carbon requirements of natural populations and laboratory cultures of some Chesapeake Bay phytoplankton

The rates of photosynthetic carbon fixation for some natural populations of Chesapeake Bay phytoplankton and for unialgal cultures of species isolated from those populations follow hyperbolic saturation kinetics with respect to total inorganic carbon concentrations. The apparent half-saturation constants, Kc, measured by 14C uptake are close to and in some cases larger than ambient concentrations of total inorganic carbon, indicating that inorganic carbon can be a limiting nutrient in eutrophic systems. Addition of bicarbonate ion to incubation bottles increased the measured 14C uptake rates by factors as high as 2.5 for natural samples and 4.5 for laboratory cultures.
When Close Enough Is Close Enough

2? + V526 = 3. Teacher: Please show me your solution to this problem. Student: Sure. At first I was confused, but then I had a great idea. I just used my calculator. Both sides of the equation evaluate to 1.732050808. So they're the same! Teacher: Hmm. That's a good idea, but it doesn't really answer the question. You see, your calculator can display only 10 digits. It's possible that these two numbers agree to 10 decimal places, but aren't equal. Student: Get out! I don't believe that two expressions that agree to that many digits could be different. Teacher: Actually, they could. Let me give you an example. Do you have your calculator with you? Student: Yes. Teacher: Excellent. Please calculate
Women, aging, and cancer.

Women over 65 bear high risk for developing cancer. The risk for developing most cancers grows'with increasing age. Of the 1.13 million people estimated to develop cancer in 1992,362,000 (32 percent) will be women over 65 years old (American Cancer Society, 1992). The few early detection and prevention programs that have focused on this age group have found that the women often have problems with utilization, misconceptions, and plain lack of correct information. Treatment for women over 65 with cancer may differ from that for younger women because of age bias, comorbidity, stage of disease at time of diagnosis, and a lack of research on women of this age. Even quality of life and survivorship for the woman over 65 become issues due to the lack of knowledge about how women over 65 view these concepts. The Healthy People 2000 Report has developed goals for a healthier society by the year 2000. The priority areas in relation to cancer include reduction in cigarette smoking, dietary changes, greater utilizat...
XUV Photometer System (XPS): Overview and Calibrations

The solar soft X-ray (XUV) radiation is highly variable on both short-term time scales of minutes to hours due to flares and long-term time scales of months to years due to solar cycle variations. Because of the smaller X-ray cross sections, the solar XUV radiation penetrates deeper than the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths and thus influences the photochemistry and ionization in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The XUV Photometer System (XPS) aboard the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) is a set of photometers to measure the solar XUV irradiance shortward of 34 nm and the bright hydrogen emission at 121.6 nm. Each photometer has a spectral bandpass of about 7 nm, and the XPS measurements have an accuracy of about 20%. The XPS pre-flight calibrations include electronics gain and linearity calibrations in the laboratory over its operating temperature range, field of view relative maps, and responsivity calibrations using the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The XPS in-flight calibrations include redundant channels used weekly and underflight rocket measurements from the NASA Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Energetics-Dynamics (TIMED) program. The SORCE XPS measurements have been validated with the TIMED XPS measurements. The comparisons to solar EUV models indicate differences by as much as a factor of 4 for some of the models, thus SORCE XPS measurements could be used to improve these models.
Mechanical characterization at intermediate strain rates for rate effects on an epoxy syntactic foam

Abstract An intermediate strain-rate mechanical testing technique was developed through proper modifications of a hydraulically driven loading frame (MTS 810) and a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The modified MTS and SHPB were used to obtain valid stress–strain data for an epoxy syntactic foam at intermediate strain rates in the order from 10 −1 to 10 2 s −1 . Additionally, lower and higher strain-rate characterization of the foam material was conducted, such that the compressive stress–strain data of the syntactic epoxy foam were obtained at strain rates from 0.005 to 2150 s −1 without any gap in the intermediate strain-rate range. The syntactic epoxy foam exhibited nonlinear strain-rate dependency of failure strength.
Obsessive compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: frequency and clinical features.

Abstract Objective Prior studies have evaluated the occurrence and clinical effects of obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms in schizophrenia with varied results. This study systematically assessed the frequency and clinical impact of OC symptoms among outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Method One hundred subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were evaluated with a 20-question detailed screen for the presence of OC symptoms. The severity of OC symptoms was assessed with the Yale Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Fifty-eight patients participated in subsequent assessments comparing schizophrenia severity (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) functional status (Social and Occupational Functioning Scale) and resource utilization (psychiatric hospitalization) of OC ( N =21) and non-OC ( N =37) patients. Results Thirty percent of patients exhibited two or more OC symptoms, and 19% had at least moderate OC symptoms (Y-BOCS score ≥ 16). Twenty-three percent met full DSM-IV criteria for OCD. There were no differences observed between the OC and non-OC groups on any of the clinical outcomes. OC symptoms were developed prior to the onset of schizophrenia in only 28% of patients. Conclusions Nearly one-third of patients exhibited clinically significant OC symptoms in this systematic, cross-sectional assessment. However, OC symptoms did not appear to impact the clinical outcome of patients. In most cases, OC symptoms began concurrently with or after the onset of the psychotic disorder. Studies are needed to define the relevance and pathological basis for the co-occurrence of OC symptoms in persons with schizophrenia.
Foundations of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences by TEDDLIE, CHARLES, & ABBAS TASHAKKORI

A review of the book "Foundations of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences," by Charles Teddlie and Abbas Tashakkori is presented.
On Reassembling One's Life: Overcoming Disability in the Academic Environment

In this paper I discuss my process of academic rehabilitation after suffering severe disruption after the (sudden) onset of severe vision impairment (legal blindness). The paper is somewhat anecdotal, I give examples of specially designed assistive technologies that helped rehabilitation in various phases of academic teaching, research, student advising, and paper presentation at academic conferences. A particular view on the nature of the concept of disability is offered and dissatisfaction is voiced with the current social theory view of disability as the result of social oppression. The theme emphasized in this paper is one of searching for independence and self-help to facilitate reintegration into academe and society. Exception is taken to the red herrings of political correctness and power politics as relevant schema for examining disability concepts.
Biobased interpenetrating polymers networks derived from oligomerized soybean oil and polydimethylsiloxane

A series of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) with different compositions were prepared from silylated oligomerized soybean oil and silanol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane. Oligomerization of soybean oil was achieved by heating it with a catalyst in a Parr reactor at elevated temperatures. Vinyltrimethoxysilane was then grafted onto the oligomerized oil. Crosslinked films were obtained from solutions as the silanol groups between the two immiscible components condensed to form stable siloxanes linkages resulting in an entangled network characterized by microphase separation typical to IPNs. The crosslink density between the dispersed phase and the continuous phase was calculated from the average particle size of the dispersed phase. The mechanical and thermal properties were also studied and were found to be directly related to the composition and the crosslink density. These IPN resins can be used as high release liners, low friction materials, soft-feel coatings or as convenient one-package protective coatings. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41709.
A Prize for Membrane Magic

The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to James Rothman, Randy Schekman, and Thomas Sudhof "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells". I present a personal view of the membrane trafficking field, highlighting the contributions of these three Nobel laureates in a historical context.
Utilization of white potatoes in CELSS.

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) have a strong potential as a useful crop species in a functioning CELSS. The cultivar Denali has produced 37.5 g m−2 d−1 when grown for 132 days with the first 40 days under a 12-h photoperiod and a light:dark temperature cycle of 20°C: 16°C, and then 92 days under continuous irradiance and a temperature of 16°C. Irradiance was at 725 μmol m−2 s−1 PPF and carbon dioxide at 1000 μmol mol−1. The dried tubers had 82% carbohydrates, 9% protein and 0.6% fat. Other studies have shown that carbon dioxide supplementation (1000 μmol mol−1) is of significant benefit under 12-h irradiance but less benefit under 24 h irradiance. Irradiance cycles of 60 minutes light and 30 minutes dark caused a reduction of more than 50% in tuber weight compared to cycles of 16 h light and 8 h dark. A diurnal temperature change of 22°C for the 12-h light period to 14°C during the 12-h dark period gave increased yields of 30% and 10% for two separate cultivars, compared with plants grown under a constant 18°C temperature. Cultivar screening under continuous irradiance and elevated temperatures (28°C) for 8 weeks of grown indicated that the cvs Haig, Denali, Atlantic, Desiree and Rutt had the best potential for tolerance to these conditions. Harvesting of tubers from plants at weekly intervals, beginning at 8 weeks after planting, did not increase yield over a single final harvest. Spacing of plants on 0.055 centers produced greater yield per m2 than spacing at 0.11 or 0.22 m2. Plants maintained 0.33 meters apart (0.111 m2 per plant) in beds produced the same yields when separated by dividers in the root matrix as when no separation was made.
Noise exposure potentiates the subcellular distribution of nucleotide excision repair proteins within spiral ganglion neurons

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a defensive mechanism that limits genomic stress through genetically distinct cascades that employs Cockayne syndrome-A (CSA), the xeroderma pigmentosum-C (XPC) and the xeroderma pigmentosum-A (XPA) proteins. Noise exposure induces stress within the spiral ganglia. Therefore, it was posited that noise exposure would mobilize NER proteins within spiral ganglion neurons. Long-Evans rats were exposed to noise (105 dB SPL/4 h) and cochlear impairment was verified (pre-post DPOAE recordings) then the animals were euthanized via intravascular perfusion for temporal bone harvesting, immunohistochemistry and quantification of intracellular protein distribution. The results revealed that under normal (quiet) conditions the majority (∼60%) of spiral ganglion neurons do not express NER proteins, however, a subpopulation (∼40%) was NER positive. The overall number of reactive neurons stayed the same following noise exposure but there was significant (p < 0.01) subcellular redistribution of NER proteins. For instance, neurons within the apex exhibited significant (p < 0.01) nuclear accumulation of CSA while neurons within the base revealed significant (p < 0.05) nuclear accumulation of XPC. This spatial heterogeneity suggests a difference in genome defense repertoire between apical and basal coils of the cochlea. Furthermore, noise exposure depleted XPA from the nucleus regardless of location along the cochlear spiral. These findings provide a novel mechanism for interpreting noise-induced neuronal stress.
Thinking and Writing With Ontological Time in Qualitative Inquiry

A chronological conception of time appears to implicitly guide most, if not all, of qualitative research. Chronological time is so pervasive and powerful that it operates essentially unnoticed, functioning as a kind of grand narrative in qualitative inquiry. Ontological time is introduced as a counterpart to chronological time and is shown to function as the “outside” of chronological time. Ontological time, however, cannot be experienced or thought: It consists of a past that never took place and a future that can never arrive. Deleuze’s formulation of ontological time as Aion is discussed, and Joyce’s final novel, Finnegans Wake, is examined as an example of writing that strives to incorporate ontological time. Portmanteau words and writing that takes into account the role and movement of Aion are then examined as two specific ways in which qualitative writing can be informed by an ontological conception of time.
ELECTRON INTERACTION IN THE GMR IN MULTILAYERS IN THE CPP GEOMETRY

Abstract We discuss the effect of electron interaction on the GMR in multilayers in the perpendicular geometry.
Use of tree structures for processing files

In data processing problems, files are frequently used which must both be searched and altered. Binary search techniques are efficient for searching large files, but the associated file organization is not readily adapted to the file alterations. Conversely, a chained file allocation permits e 1 cient alteration but cannot be searched efficiently. A file organized into a tree-like structure is discussed, and it is shown that such a file may both be searched and altered with times proportional to s logsN, where N is the number of file items and s is a parameter of the tree. It is also shown that optimizing the value of s leads to a search time which is only 25 per cent slower than the binary search. The tree organization employs two data chains and may be considered to be a compromise between the organizations for the binary search and the chained file. The relation of the tree organization to multidimensional indexing and to the trie structure is also discussed.
Impact of the underlying mutation and the route of vector administration on immune responses to factor IX in gene therapy for hemophilia B.

Immune responses to factor IX (F.IX), a major concern in gene therapy for hemophilia, were analyzed for adeno-associated viral (AAV-2) gene transfer to skeletal muscle and liver as a function of the F9 underlying mutation. Vectors identical to those recently used in clinical trials were administered to four lines of hemophilia B mice on a defined genetic background [C3H/HeJ with deletion of endogenous F9 and transgenic for a range of nonfunctional human F.IX (hF.IX) variants]. The strength of the immune response to AAV-encoded F.IX inversely correlated with the degree of conservation of endogenous coding information and levels of endogenous antigen. Null mutation animals developed T- and B-cell responses in both protocols. However, inhibitor titers were considerably higher upon muscle gene transfer (or protein therapy). Transduced muscles of Null mice had strong infiltrates with CD8+ cells, which were much more limited in the liver and not seen for the other mutations. Sustained expression was achieved with liver transduction in mice with crm− nonsense and missense mutations, although they still formed antibodies upon muscle gene transfer. Therefore, endogenous expression prevented T-cell responses more effectively than antibody formation, and immune responses varied substantially depending on the protocol and the underlying mutation.
G × E: A NIAAA Workshop on Gene‐Environment Interactions

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) sponsored a May 2002 workshop on gene-environment interaction (G x E) research to identify potential roadblocks to further research and to propose solutions to those roadblocks, to optimize investigative opportunities and multidisciplinary or multi-institution collaborations, and to explore ways that NIAAA can facilitate G x E studies. Sessions included panels on animal models; phenotypes; genetic findings in humans; study designs and analytical methods; and assessment of environmental risk. Key among the identified challenges to progress in G x E research were issues of study design and sampling strategies; logistic and methodological costs and constraints; availability and understanding of data analysis techniques; potential stigmatization of study populations; and organizational/bureaucratic structures that are inadequate to address the unique needs of large-scale, multicenter, longitudinal projects. Participants proposed a series of recommendations to address these issues. Session coordinators included: Gayle Boyd, Kendall Bryant, Page Chiapella, Vivian Faden, David Goldman, and Antonio Noronha. Session participants included: Laura Almasy, Henri Begleiter, Raul Caetano, Bruce Dudek, Mary Dufour, Cindy Ehlers, Mary-Anne Enoch, Joel Gelernter, David Goldman, Bridget Grant, Lorraine Gunzerath, Deborah Hasin, Andrew Heath, Victor Hesselbrock, J. Dee Higley, Shirley Hill, Kerry Jang, Raynard S. Kington, Rick Kittles, George Koob, Kenneth Leonard, Ting-Kai Li, Jeffrey Long, William McBride, Matthew McGue, Kathleen Merikangas, Tamara Phillips, Bernice Porjesz, Carol Prescott, Theodore Reich, John Rice, Richard Rose, Charmaine Royal, Arnold Sameroff, Marc Schuckit, Kenneth Sher, Renee Sieving, Robert Taylor, Michael Windle, and Robert Zucker.
Minimum creep rate from primary creep using strain relaxation and recovery test

Abstract Minimum creep rate and ‘irreversible’ viscous strain rate, evaluated by strain relaxation and recovery test, during primary creep in a nickel-based Waspaloy at 732 °C (0.62Tm) are shown to obey the same power-law with a stress exponent of 11 from 450 to 650 MPa. Viscous strain rate exhibits a continuous stress dependency from 315 to 725 MPa.
Response to Doniger

To the Editor: Drs. Doniger and Simon of the Neurotrax Corporation cite inaccuracies related to their test, Mindstreams, in our review paper published in this journal in November 2008. We thank them for their careful reading of the paper and would like to respond to their concerns. Firstly, any such review article is a reflection of the data available at one point in time, which is typically at least several months prior to publication. Further, as stated in our Methods section, we relied on database search strategies to identify publications of interest; unfortunately items such as technical reports by the U.S. Navy are overlooked by such methods. The 2008 paper they cite was indeed referenced in our discussion, but as that paper dealt with ease of use rather than additional normative data, those analyses were not part of our table. Results that included other diagnostic groups were reported in the context of comparisons to Alzheimer's populations in those studies, as with the CANTAB (Parkinson's disease) and the COGDRAS-D (Huntington's disease), and so were deemed appropriate for inclusion. Similarly, the scores for “Administration/Interface” as described in our appendix rely on interface design as well as degree of assistance required, rather than on the undoubted clinical benefit of having an examiner present. The inaccuracy regarding number of subtests was based on an article describing the Mild Impairment Battery wherein one subtest (Verbal Function) subsumes two tasks, naming and rhyming. We apologize for this confusion. In any case, Mindstreams received the highest rating for comprehensiveness and depth of the battery. While our stated inclusion and rating criteria may be particular to this review, we stand by them as a reasonable approach to this emerging field. Finally, we hope that readers of our review will use it as a basis for further investigation of any of these or other computerized test batteries, rather than as a final word of recommendation or criticism.
Defect centers in chemical-mechanical polished MOS oxides

Defect centers generated in vacuum-ultraviolet irradiated chemical-mechanical polished oxides have been characterized using electron paramagnetic resonance and C-V analysis. Both oxide trap E{sub {gamma}} and interface trap P{sub b0} centers were detected in unpolished and polished oxides. In addition, another interface defect center known as the P{sub b1} center was only identified in the polished oxides, suggesting that the polishing process altered the SiO{sub 2}/Si interface.
Discharge cleaning and plasma purity in ISX-B

Two simply measured parameters are shown to be useful in characterizing the vacuum vessel and plasma cleanliness and in predicting plasma performance in the ISX-B tokamak. It is demonstrated that the parameter Pradne, measured at the start of each tokamak discharge, is related to both the available operating space (Ip, ne) with Ohmic heating and the energy confinement times achieved with neutral beam injection. An assessment of Pradne on both a shot-to-shot and a day-to-day basis then determines the changing cleanliness of the plasma. It is further shown that Pradne can be predicted by the results of a residual gas analysis performed after discharge cleaning; specifically, it is directly proportional to the fractional concentration of water vapor.
Production of targeted aromatics by using Diels–Alder classes of reactions with furans and olefins over ZSM-5

In this paper we study the co-feeding of olefins (ethylene and propylene) with a series of furanic compounds (furan, 2-methylfuran, furfural, and furfuryl alcohol) over ZSM-5 catalyst in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor at a temperature range of 450–600 °C. We show the importance of Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions when olefins are co-fed with furanics over ZSM-5. Co-feeding propylene with furan (C4 diene) increased the toluene aromatic selectivity from 22% to 59%. Similarly, co-feeding propylene with 2-methylfuran (C5 diene) increased the xylenes aromatic selectivity from 9% to 27%. Co-feeding of ethylene with furans did not change the aromatics selectivity. The increase of toluene selectivity was also observed in the co-feeding of propylene with furfural and fufuryl alcohol. Furfural and furfuryl alcohol both underwent decarbonylation reactions to produce CO and furan. The reaction conditions that maximize Diels–Alder products were a propylene to 2MF molar ratio of 1 at 450 °C. Increasing the temperature to 600 °C increased the selectivity of benzene, toluene and CO. Decreasing the temperature to 300 °C increased the coke yield and decreased the xylene yield. The xylene selectivity went through a maximum at a propylene to 2-methylfuran molar ratio of 1 : 1.
Social Science, Geophilosophy and Inequality

This chapter begins with a treatment of the inauspicious debut of social science in Hawaii, noting how it aided and abetted colonization. However, although much of the analysis is aimed at elucidating current political issues in Hawaii, its organizing concern is with a general critique of the historical role of social and political science “knowledge.” Accordingly, much of the chapter deals with a trajectory of discourses on political analysis, nation–building, and equality throughout the twentieth century, to which the primary contributions have been from American social science. Finally, I turn to a way of theorizing inequality that challenges the predicates of state–centric discourses on rights and equality before the law.
Working on the positive emotional attractor through training in health care

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to link complexity theory to the intentional change process by examining the role of emotional attraction. A research study currently underway on intentional change theory (ICT) in a healthcare context is presented.Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses the concept of “attractors” from complexity theory to suggest that emotion affects the process of intentional change in different ways dependent upon whether the emotion is positive or negative. Determination of the emotion in this way proposes the existence of either a positive emotional attractor (PEA) or a negative emotional attractor (NEA). The paper discusses positive psychology's perspective on the differential impacts of positive and negative emotion. The paper also outlines an ongoing research project at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center which examines the concept of PEA and its effect on diabetes self‐management as well as its consequent role in improved health.Findings – A review of the literature and sub...
Potassium acetate by fermentation with Clostridium thermoaceticum

Potassium acetate is currently made by reacting petroleum-based acetic acid with potassium hydroxide. An alternate process, anaerobic fermentation of dextrose with Clostridium thermoaceticum, could be used and could possibly be cheaper. Growth characteristics and productivity of the fermentation were optimized to maximize acetate concentration in the broth. The effects of pH, type, and concentrations of nutrients and reducing agents were also evaluated. Corn steep liquor and stillage from an ethanol plant were effective and much cheaper substitutes for yeast extract. Preconcentrating the cells by ultrafiltration improved productivity, resulting in an acetic acid concentration of 53.6 g/L in 50 h at pH 6.5 using corn steep liquor. Sodium sulfide could be substituted for cysteine as the reducing agent with yields greater than 0.9 g acetic acid/g glucose.
Solubilization of lignocellulosic materials by gamma radiolysis

Lignocellulosic plant materials were treated with various swelling agents and exposed to gamma radiation emitted from cobalt 60 or cesium 137. At 50 Mrads or above, the lignocellulosic materials were extensively hydrolyzed and formed a thick paste or liquid, depending upon the amount of liquid used. The hydrolysate was dark brown and had a sweet molasseslike odor. As much as 46% total sugar and 7.5% reducing sugar per dry weight of sugarcane bagasse could be obtained by this method. The majority of the soluble carbohydrate appeared to be disaccharides or larger molecules.
Termination layer variations on the cleaved (0001) surface determined by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Cleaved (0001) surfaces of the hexagonal tungsten bronze, Rb 1 3 WO 3 , were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Cleavage produces flat terraces with micron-scale dimensions that are separated by straight surface steps with heights equal to one half or one unit cell. High resolution images show that the well-ordered surface layers are occasionally interrupted by point defects. Two different contrast patterns with the periodicity of the bulk structure were observed and assigned to two different termination layers. The presence of different termination layers is an expected consequence of the cleavage process. Comparing the constant current STM images with ideal structures indicates that in this case image contrast is dominated by differences in the relative vertical positions of the surface atoms.
Counterfeit detection for new and old currency designs

To test the effectiveness of counterfeit deterrence features recently introduced in US currency, observers were asked to discriminate genuine from counterfeit bills using a two-alternative forced-choice task. In Experiment 1, observers judged $100s with the new and old designs after receiving training in the deterrence features of each design. The counterfeits were representative of two common print processes: inkjet and offset printing. Judgments were made on whole bills, on individual features with the whole bill unmasked, and on individual features with only that feature visible. In Experiment 2, different observers judged $100s without any training. They then were trained and judged $50s and $20 bills. Taken together, the two experiments indicate that people are good at detecting counterfeits, that inkjet counterfeits are easier to detect than offset counterfeits, and that counterfeits of the newly designed bills are easier to detect than counterfeits of the older series. The design improvement was greatest with $100 bills and, to a lesser extent, $50 bills. Improvement was minimal with $20 bills, very likely because observers were very accurate for both series of $20s. Finally, some deterrence features were more useful than others in aiding discriminations.
Modulation of the time course of fast EPSCs and glutamate channel kinetics by aniracetam

It is generally accepted that glutamate serves as the neurotransmitter at most excitatory synapses in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Synaptic release of glutamate may trigger a fast and a slow excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). The slow EPSC is mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels, whereas the fast EPSC is mediated by non-NMDA receptor channels. The nootropic agent aniracetam selectively and reversibly slows the desensitization kinetics of non-NMDA channels and lengthens their single-channel open times. Antiracetam also modulates the kinetics of the fast EPSC in a manner that mirrors its action on the kinetics of the non-NMDA channels. These results support the hypothesis that the properties of the non-NMDA glutamate channels rather than the rate of neurotransmitter clearance are the primary determinants of the kinetics of the fast EPSC in the mammalian CNS.
Hydrothermal synthesis and structures of the novel niobium phosphates Ba2[NbOF(PO4)2] and Ba3[Nb3O3F(PO4)4(HPO4)](H2O)7

The new niobium phosphates Ba2[NbOF(PO4)2] (1) and Ba3[Nb3O3F(PO4)4(HPO4)](H2O)7 (2) have been synthesized in single crystal form by hydrothermal reactions at mild temperatures. Their crystal structures determined from X-ray diffraction data are based on defected derivatives of the NbO(H2O)PO4 layers found in hydrated niobium phosphate. The niobium phosphate layers in 1 or 2 can be derived by removing one half or one quarter of the NbO6 octahedra from the NbO(H2O)PO4 layer, respectively. In compound 1 the layers are separated and are held together by interlayer Ba-O and Ba-F bonds while in 2 the layers are linked by interlayer PO4 tetrahedra to form a framework structure.
DRDB: towards distributed real-time database services for time-critical active applications

Abstract Many real-time systems are now being used in safety-critical applications, in which human lives or expensive machinery may be at stake. As real-time systems continue to evolve, their applications become more complex, and often require timely and predictable access to massive amounts of data. This need for advanced data management functionalities in real-time systems poses formidable intellectual and engineering challenges to database researchers and practitioners. Transactions in real-time database systems should be scheduled considering both data consistency and timing constraints. In addition, a real-time database must adapt to changes in the operating environment. The effects of scheduling decisions, and concurrency control mechanisms on real-time database systems have typically been demonstrated in a simulated environment. In this paper we present a real-time database server, called DRDB, which provides an operational platform for research in real-time distributed database issues. Current research issues involving the development of run-time estimates for use in scheduling decisions, temporal functionality, and our efforts in supporting active applications are also discussed.
Contiguity to male foetuses affects morphology and behaviour of female mice.

DURING studies on the role of gonadal hormones in aggressive behaviour of mice, we observed large variations in both the morphology and behaviour of females. At birth, variation was evident with respect to the principal external sex-differentiating marker—distance between the anus and the genitals, with some females being difficult to distinguish from males. Moreover, a significant proportion of females, upon reaching adulthood, were more responsive to androgen than others, exhibiting male-like aggressive behaviour more quickly following its administration. These observations led to the speculation that a certain proportion of females had been masculinised naturally during prenatal development. We present here data which show that such masculinisation does occur and that it is mediated by proximity to male foetuses.
Biological invasions: Linking the aboveground and belowground consequences

Abstract The 9th biennial meeting of the Soil Ecology Society held in Palm Springs, CA in May 2003, addressed the theme of “Invasive species and soil ecology”. This meeting prompted interest in pursuing this special issue of Applied Soil Ecology, which includes papers presented at the meeting and other papers contributed after the meeting. This paper highlights some of the major issues addressed at the meeting and in the subsequent papers published in this special issue, and also provides a conceptual framework for examining interactions between aboveground and belowground invasions.
In vivo and in vitro ketamine exposure exhibits a dose-dependent induction of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein in rat neurons.

Abstract Anesthetic doses of ketamine induce apoptosis, as well as gene expression of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), a putative homeodomain transcription factor in rat pups (P7). This study investigated if ketamine induced ADNP protein in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo using primary cultures of cortical neurons and neonatal pups (P7). In vivo immunohistochemistry demonstrated a sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine increased ADNP in the somatosensory cortex (SCC) which was previously identified to be damaged by repeated exposure to anesthetic doses of ketamine. Administration of low-dose ketamine prior to full sedation prevented caspase-3 activation in the hippocampus and SCC. Primary cultures of cortical neurons treated with ketamine (10 μM–10 mM) at 3 days-in vitro (3 DIV) displayed a concentration-dependent decrease in expanded growth cones. Furthermore, neuronal production and localization of ADNP varied as a function of both ketamine concentration and length of exposure. Taken together, these data support the model that ADNP induction may be partially responsible for the efficacy of a low-dose ketamine pre-treatment in preventing ketamine-induced neuronal cell death.
Inhibition of neurite outgrowth following intracellular delivery of anti-GAP-43 antibodies depends upon culture conditions and method of neurite induction

NB2/dl neuroblastoma cells acquire a neuronal phenotype in response to several differentiating agents, including dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and the withdrawal of serum. As shown previously, antibodies to the growth-associated protein, GAP-43, introduced intracellularly using a lipid carrier, blocked the differentiation induced by dbcAMP. Antibodies to GAP-43, at a low concentration, also blocked neurite outgrowth induced by serum withdrawal when cells were grown on a relatively unadhesive substrate. On more adhesive substrates such as poly-L-lysine and laminin, however, anti-GAP-43 antibodies had less of an effect on neurite outgrowth. Previous studies have shown that the increased adhesivity of laminin allows a small but significant population of neurites to grow from serum-deprived cells, even in the presence of the microtubule-depolymerizing drug, colchicine. The outgrowth of this population of neurites was blocked by antibodies to GAP-43. These results are in conformity with recent studies showing that the requirement for GAP-43 in neuritogenesis may be related to membrane adhesiveness, and may contribute to an understanding of some of the apparent discrepancies in the literature concerning the involvement of GAP-43 in neuronal differentiation.
Detection of Cardiac Abnormalities in Elite Black and White Athletes Still Not Black and White

Sports are “hot.” The average cost of a 30-second advertisement at the 2014 Super Bowl was $4 000 000,1 and millions of fans worldwide spent much of their February 2014 watching the Sochi Winter Olympics and its advertising. Sports cardiology is also hot. The American College of Cardiology in 2011 established a section dedicated to sports and exercise cardiology, and now there are several sports cardiology sessions during its annual meeting. Additional heat in sports cardiology comes from for the controversy regarding whether the screening of young athletes for sports participation requires an ECG. European colleagues favor ECG screening primarily because of a 2006 observational study demonstrating reduced cardiovascular deaths among screened athletes and no decrease in a nonathletic comparison population.2 At least 2 subsequent articles3,4 failed to corroborate a reduction in events with ECG screening. Article see p 1637 Scientific debate is unlikely when the evidence and its interpretation are clear. As usual, this controversy is among experts with different opinions on the quality of the data on how to protect athletes. Most evidence suggest that the annual risk of a sports-related cardiovascular death is 1 in 200 0005 to 900 0006 participants per year, but 1 study in an earlier edition of Circulation found a yearly death rate of 1 per 3100 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I male basketball players or 1 death per 800 athletes over a college career,7 a figure high enough, if true, to question the value of the sport. There is also debate as to whether finding asymptomatic but potentially life-threatening conditions will actually save lives and not simply subject athletes to more tests resulting …
Diagnosis and treatment of seventy‐two cases of hoarse voice

(1945). Diagnosis and treatment of seventy‐two cases of hoarse voice. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 189-202.
Collagen tubes: Role in superiosteal contour augmentation

Abstract Collagen-contained implants of particulate hydroxylapatitc (C-HA) were compared to implants of hydroxylapatitc alone (HA). The collagen-contained implant was more rapidly and more firmly attached to the recipient site and demonstrated more consistent particle consolidation than implants of HA alone. Additionally, the collagen did not interfere with the favorable properties of the particulate hydroxylapatie. Results are excellent for the (C-HA) implant and warrant further investigation in both animals and in man.
Animal Foraging and Investors’ Portfolios: Why the Decision Similarity?

This article identifies striking similarities between animal foraging and investment behaviors of educated investors. For example, animals and investors are loss averse, have poorly diversified food or investment portfolios, and imitate the selection behavior of others. Building upon well developed research indicating that humans use a dual decision process, the argument is made that the parallel between these behaviors arises because of the similar complexity of the decision types and an evolutionary inclination in such circumstances to rely on intuitive, affective, and imitative choice procedures.
Rendering a personalized photo-real talking head from short video footage

In this paper, we propose an HMM trajectory-guided, real image sample concatenation approach to photo-real talking head synthesis. An audio-visual database of a person is recorded first for training a statistical Hidden Markov Model (HMM) of Lips movement. The HMM is then used to generate the dynamic trajectory of lips movement for given speech signals in the maximum probability sense. The generated trajectory is then used as a guide to select, from the original training database, an optimal sequence of lips images which are then stitched back to a background head video. The whole procedure is fully automatic and data driven. For as short as 20 minutes recording of audio/video footage, the proposed system can synthesize a highly photo-real talking head in sync with the given speech signals (natural or TTS synthesized). This system won the first place in the A/V consistency contest in LIPS Challenge(2009), perceptually evaluated by recruited human subjects.
A Clockwork Hypothesis: Synaptic Release by Rod Photoreceptors Must Be Regular

We can see at light intensities much lower than an average of one photon per rod photoreceptor, demonstrating that rods must be able to transmit a signal after absorption of a single photon. However, activation of one rhodopsin molecule (Rh*) hyperpolarizes a mammalian rod by just 1 mV. Based on the properties of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel and data on [Ca2+] in the rod synaptic terminal, the 1 mV hyperpolarization should reduce the rate of release of quanta of neurotransmitter by only ∼20%. If quantal release were Poisson, the distributions of quantal count in the dark and in response to one Rh* would overlap greatly. Depending on the threshold quantal count, the overlap would generate too frequent false positives in the dark, too few true positives in response to one Rh*, or both. Therefore, quantal release must be regular, giving narrower distributions of quantal count that overlap less. We model regular release as an Erlang process, essentially a mechanism that counts many Poisson events before release of a quantum of neurotransmitter. The combination of appropriately narrow distributions of quantal count and a suitable threshold can give few false positives and appropriate (e.g., 35%) efficiency for one Rh*.
MONTAGUE AND RINALDI AND MELTZER, KATZIR-COHEN, MILLER AND RODITI: A CRITICAL COMMENTARY

One purpose of this commentary is to highlight what I found to be some of the most intriguing findings of the two stud- ies reported. In keeping with the tenets of critical theory, however, in this commentary I also raise questions about the unacknowl- edged but complicating factors of race, class, and gender and sug- gest that important information might be obscured in these (and other) research reports when authors do not report on such vari- ables. A major contribution of both of these studies is their explo- ration of how students' and teachers' thinking (and by implication, feelings) help to define the educational environment, particularly students' beliefs and actual behaviors. Finally, I suggest that quanti- tative studies cannot alone provide the depth of information that we need as a field to learn about the productive, generative role of educational practice. Qualitative investigations - especially life his- tories, interview studies, and ethnographies - could complement this line of research in important ways, mostly by allowing the cur- rent, more complicated picture of both self-concept and classroom dynamics to be studied.