cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear Rank and Signed Rank Statistics

Let {X ni , F ni } be as in (2.2.23) and {c ni } be p × 1 real vectors. The rank and the absolute rank of the i th residual for 1 ≤ i ≤ n, u ∈ ℝ p , are defined, respectively, as $$ \begin{array}{l} R_{iu} = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {I(X_{nj} - u'c_{nj} \le X_{ni} - u'c_{ni} )} , \\ R_{iu}^ + = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {I(|X_{nj} - u'c_{nj} | \le |X_{ni} - u'c_{ni} |)} \\ \end{array} $$ (3.1.1) % MathType!End!2!1! Let ϕ be a nondecreasing real valued function on [0,1] and define $$ \begin{gathered} Td(\phi ,u) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {d_{ni} \phi \left( {\frac{{R_{iu} }} {{n + 1}}} \right),} \hfill \\ T_d^ + (\phi ,u) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {d_{ni} \phi ^ + \left( {\frac{{R_{iu}^ + }} {{n + 1}}} \right)s(X_{ni} - u'c_{ni} ),} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (3.1.2) for u ∈ ℝ p , where $$ \phi ^ + (s) = \phi ((s + 1)/2),0 \le s \le 1;s(x) = I(x > 0) - I(x < 0). $$
Motivations to Pursue Accreditation in Children's Mental Health Care: A Multiple Case Study

Accreditation is a growing, worldwide phenomenon that has spread to a range of industries and fields, including nonprofit social services and mental health care. Thousands of organizations are accredited, but it is not known what is driving the growth of this phenomenon. Using a multiple case study design, this exploratory study aimed to understand children's mental health agencies' motivations to pursue accreditation. In-depth interviews, focus groups, document reviews, and limited observations were conducted at five children's mental health agencies that had recently undergone or were undergoing the Council on Accreditation process. Agencies were influenced by external factors, such as policies that require accreditation, wanting to assert their positions in the field, and the need to increase funding opportunities. Other factors were internal, related to agency leadership using accreditation as a platform for change and agencies' genuine intent to improve services. Implications for agencies, accreditors, and future research are offered.
Microtubule-associated protein 2 alters the dynamic properties of microtubule assembly and disassembly.

The influence of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) on the dynamics of microtubule assembly and disassembly from axonemal fragments was characterized in vitro in solutions of pure tubulin and varying concentrations of MAP2. A mechanistic description of interactions between MAP2 and individual microtubules was developed from analysis of recorded images obtained by video-enhanced differential-interference-contrast light microscopy. MAP2 decreased the rates and lengths of shortening events and decreased the frequency of transitions between growth and shortening over a wide range of concentrations, thereby producing the increases in net microtubule growth previously described by light-scattering techniques. Increases in rates and lengths of elongation phases, as well as rescue frequencies (i.e. transition from shortening to growth), were observed under conditions in which microtubules are expected to be saturated with MAP2. During early stages of nucleated assembly, MAP2 greatly increased the number of microtubules growing from a given axoneme and caused elongation of "curved" structures which may be sheet-like microtubules.
Methanogenesis in big soda lake, nevada: an alkaline, moderately hypersaline desert lake.

Incubated sediment slurries from Big Soda Lake, Nevada, produced significant levels of CH4, and production was inhibited by 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid and by autoclaving. Methane production was stimulated by methanol, trimethylamine, and, to a lesser extent, methionine. Surprisingly, hydrogen, acetate, and formate amendments provided only slight or no stimulation of methanogenesis. Methane production by sediment slurries had a pH optimum of 9.7. A methanol-grown enrichment culture containing a small, epifluorescent coccus as the predominant organism was recovered from sediments. The enrichment grew best when FeS or autoclaved sediment particles were included in the media, had a pH optimum of 9.7, and produced 14CH4 from 14CH3OH. The methane formed by methanolgrown enrichment cultures was depleted in 13C by 72 to 77‰ relative to the methanol.
Pediatric Primary Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome (PTCS): New Insights From Detailed Endocrine Assessments (S39.001)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between anthropometrics and secondary sexual characteristics in primary pediatric PTCS, using pediatric-specific endocrine assessments. BACKGROUND: Obesity, sex, and pubertal status influence the risk for pediatric PTCS; however, previous studies were limited by their use of age-dependent assumptions regarding puberty. DESIGN/METHODS: At a tertiary pediatric hospital, an electronic database search using ICD9 code 348.2 along with a neuro-ophthalmologist’s database (GTL) identified 398 cases of possible PTCS. Retrospective data were collected using bioinformatics-based and manual abstraction and stored using a secure web-based application (www.project-redcap.org). Tanner staging and standardized growth charts were used to determine development of secondary sexual characteristics and age-/sex-specific height, weight, and BMI Z-scores. Exploratory principal component and k-means clustering analyses were performed to identify clinical sub-groups. RESULTS: Using updated PTCS diagnostic criteria (2013), interim analysis of 230 records identified 47 cases of definite primary PTCS (67% female, mean age 12.5±4.0 yrs). Mean BMI Z-score (±SD) was 1.15±1.27 (n=30). There was a strong positive association between BMI Z-score and age (r=0.69, p<0.001; n=30). Tanner staging for pubic hair was available in 12 cases. Two cases were Tanner I. Cases in Tanner II+III were taller for age and sex compared with cases in Tanner IV+V (p=0.03). Clustering analysis identified 3 groups: [1] Childhood (7yrs), 43% female, normal weight, [2] Adolescent (12yrs), 69% female, overweight, tall, and [3] Older adolescent (17yrs), 90% female, obese. Cases with confirmed Tanner II+III and IV+V segregated into Groups 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Previously two cohorts of pediatric PTCS have been described: young, normal weight cohort, equally male and female [our Group 1], and an older, obese, and female cohort [our Group 3]. We illustrate that overweight, early adolescent females with evidence of endogenous androgen production (Tanner II+III pubic hair) and growth acceleration (tall stature for age) may represent a previously unrecognized subset of pediatric PTCS patients, providing insight into the endocrine pathogenesis of this complex condition. Study Supported by: 5-K12-DK-94723-2 (SEM) Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sheldon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burrows has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chilutti has nothing to disclose. Dr. McCormack has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liu has received personal compensation for activities with Ipsen as a consultant.
Theory of Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions

The problem I am going to discuss is an old one, and I don’t think it needs a great deal of convincing to show you it’s an important one. The problem is how to construct field theories of the weak interaction which make sense, and in particular, how to construct theories in which divergences either do not appear at all, or can be eliminated in a physically reasonable way.
Intracellular Calcium and Cell Death during Ischemia in Neonatal Rat White Matter Astrocytes In Situ

The major pathological correlate of cerebral palsy is ischemic injury of CNS white matter. Histological studies show early injury of glial cells and axons. To investigate glial cell injury, I monitored intracellular Ca2+ and cell viability in fura-2-loaded neonatal rat white matter glial cells during ischemia. Fura-2 fixation combined with immunohistochemistry revealed that fura-2-loaded cells were GFAP+/O4− and were therefore a population of neonatal white matter astrocytes. Significant ischemic Ca2+ influx was found, mediated by both L- and T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ influx via T-type channels was the most important factor during the initial stage of ischemia and was associated with significant cell death within 10–20 min of the onset of ischemia. The Na+–Ca2+exchanger acted to remove cytoplasmic Ca2+throughout the ischemic and recovery periods. Neither the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores nor influx via glutamate-gated channels contributed to the rise in intracellular Ca2+ during ischemia. Ischemic cell death was reduced significantly by removing extracellular Ca2+ or by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The exclusively voltage-gated Ca2+ channel nature of the Ca2+influx, the role played by T-type Ca2+ channels, the protective effect of the Na+–Ca2+ exchanger, and the lack of significant Ca2+ release from intracellular stores are features of ischemia that have not been reported in other CNS cell types.
Improved preparations of alkyne nitriles, acetates, and alcohols. Application to the synthesis of the sex pheromone components of the Douglas fir tussock moth and peach fruit moth

One-pot conversions of terminai alkynes to cyanoethylated and cyanopropylated alkynes are described. Reactions of these nitriles with Grignard reagents produced alkynones, the reductions of which gave alkenones. The described routes provide 3-step syntheses of several insect sex or stimulatory pheromones, namely, those of the peach fruit moth (Carposina niponensis Walsingham), Douglas fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata [McDunnough]), and housefly (Musca domestica L.). Additionally, potentially useful one-pot processes for the preparation of hydroxyalkylated and acetoxyalkylated alkynes are reported.
The Shimmering Dam

This piece is an attempt to understand physical structures intertextually and to map mental forms and biographical fragments onto architectural objects. It stands language games and postures of articulation next to one another to produce meaning through differentiation and creative negation.
Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): effects of radiation and inherited sterility on mating competitiveness

Normal and irradiated laboratory-reared Heliothis zea (Boddie) moths were released in screened field cages and in fields of tobacco and cotton. The nocturnal activities and incidence of mating of laboratory-reared and wild moths were observed. Laboratory-reared moths irradiated with 10 krad and released in field cages were competitive with nonirradiated laboratory-reared moths. The competitiveness of irradiated moths was not altered by the time interval (5 and 30 h) between irradiation and release, the mating status of the male, or by the time interval (24 and 48 h) between mating and release. Normal and irradiated, laboratory-reared males released in the field in either the presence or absence of laboratory-reared females were not significantly different in their nocturnal behavior and mating competitiveness. The interaction of wild and laboratory-reared moths was largely limited to wild males mating with laboratory-reared females.
Characterization of ICESat/GLAS waveforms over terrestrial ecosystems: Implications for vegetation mapping

[1] ICESat/GLAS laser altimetry data have become increasingly utilized for vegetation mapping and canopy characterization. Waveform shapes are dependent upon complex relationships between several factors on the illuminated surface including topography, brightness, clouds, satellite pointing, laser energy, footprint size, shape and orientation, and vegetation height and position within the footprint. However, the understanding of these factors is presently unclear. We first examine the simple case introduced into the GLAS waveform by laser retro-reflectors placed at White Sands, New Mexico, as a proxy for vegetation height detection. We observed that the 1/e2 energy distribution was only an approximation and that strong reflectors contribute to the returned energy beyond the estimated parameters. The precise position of the corner cube reflector within each footprint coupled with laser pointing angle is an important factor on the estimated vegetation height. Next we examine the implications of vegetation structure and surface topography on the waveform shape and derived elevations, compared with data from an airborne lidar system at Freeman Ranch, Texas, which has been targeted by ICESat since 2005. Small-footprint waveforms were combined to synthesize the energy distribution within a GLAS footprint, and they compared well (>90% correlation) to the GLAS waveforms. The GLAS-estimated canopy heights compared well (μ = 0.21 m) to the airborne lidar estimates during leaf-on conditions. However, GLAS-estimated ground elevations are biased by ∼1 m compared to airborne lidar in vegetated regions. In this landscape, the GLAS-energy ratio (canopy-to-ground energy) was a good indicator (R2 = 0.74) of the amount of woody cover within the footprint.
ON SOURCE-BASED ROUTE COMPUTATION FOR QUICKEST PATHS UNDER DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH CONSTRAINTS

Routing in the newer generation of network transmission methods may be performed at various levels of the IP stack such as datagram, TCP stream, and application levels. It is important in the use of these methods to compute the routes that minimize the end-to-end delays for the specific routing mechanism. We formulate an abstract network path computation problem, the dynamic quickest path problem, to encompass a number of message forwarding mechanisms including circuit switching, Internet Protocol, and their variations. This problem deals with the transmission of a message from a source to a destination with the minimum end-to-end delay over a network with propagation delays and dynamic bandwidth constraints on the links. The available bandwidth for each link is specified as a piecewise constant function. We present for each message forwarding mechanism or mode an algorithm to compute a path with the minimum end-to-end delay for a given message size. Our algorithms with suitable network restrictions have polynomial time complexity in the size of the network and total number of segments in the bandwidth list.
Morphological differences of the carotid body among C57/BL6 (B6), A/J, and CSS B6A1 mouse strains.

The C57/BL6 (B6) mouse strain exhibits post-hypoxic frequency decline and periodic breathing, as well as greater amount of irregular breathing during rest in comparison to the A/J and to the B6a1, a chromosomal substitution strain whereby the A/J chromosome 1 is bred onto the B6 background (Han et al., 2002; Yamauchi et al., 2008a,b). The hypothesis was that morphological differences in the carotid body would associate with such trait variations. After confirming strain differences in post-hypoxic ventilatory behavior, histological examination (n = 8 in each group) using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed equivalent, well-defined tissue structure at the bifurcation of the carotid arteries, an active secretory parenchyma (type I cells) from the supportive stromal tissue, and clustering of type I cells in all three strains. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemical staining revealed a typical organization of type I cells and neurovascular components into glomeruli in all three strains. Image analysis from 5 μm sections from each strain generated a series of cytological metrics. The percent carotid body composition of TH+ type I cells in the A/J, B6 and B6a1 was 20 ± 4%, 39 ± 3%, and 44 ± 3%, respectively (p = 0.00004). However, cellular organization in terms of density and ultrastructure in the B6a1 is more similar to the B6 than to the A/J. These findings indicate that genetic mechanisms that produce strain differences in ventilatory function do not associate with carotid body structure or tyrosine hydroxylase morphology, and that A/J chromosome 1 does not contribute much to B6 carotid body morphology.
Calculated volumes of individual shield volcanoes at the young end of the Hawaiian Ridge

Abstract High-resolution multibeam bathymetry and a digital elevation model of the Hawaiian Islands are used to calculate the volumes of individual shield volcanoes and island complexes (Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, the Maui Nui complex, and Hawaii), taking into account subsidence of the Pacific plate under the load of the Hawaiian Ridge. Our calculated volume for the Island of Hawaii and its submarine extent (213 × 103 km3) is nearly twice the previous estimate (113 × 103 km3), due primarily to crustal subsidence that had not been accounted for in the earlier work. The volcanoes that make up the Island of Hawaii (Mahukona, Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa, Kilauea and Loihi) are generally considered to have been formed within the past million years, and our revised volume for the island indicates that magma supply rates are greater than previously estimated, 0.21 km3/yr as opposed to ∼ 0.1 km3/yr. This result also shows that compared with rates calculated for the Hawaiian Islands (0–6 Ma, 0.095 km3/yr), the Hawaiian Ridge (0–45 Ma, 0.017 km3/yr), and the Emperor Seamounts (45–80 Ma, 0.010 km3/yr), magma supply rates have increased dramatically to build the Island of Hawaii.
Impact of PACS On The Organization Of Radiology Departments

The radiologist serves as a consultant to other physicians in the practice of clinical medicine; the image obtained and the reported interpretation of that image represent the service rendered and are therefore of major importance (medically, legally and economically) to the radiologist. Because many radiology departments are organized along subspecialty lines or (in the case of a single department serving several institutions) along combined institutional and subspecialty lines, many patients may undergo diagnostic evaluation sequences in which several studies are performed and multiple simultaneous consultations may result. In the past, the lack of availability of multiple copies of the study (for multiple interested parties) has prevented the effective tailoring of subsequent examinations until the prior exam results were available; the advent of digital networks for PACS may result in a significant change in this procedure and, accordingly, in the pattern of interpretation, internal referral and organization of radiology departments. In addition, since clinicians may have access to studies directly and, possibly, prior to official interpretation, the nature of the relationship between the clinician and the radiologist may be altered by PACS.
The Alemania rockfall dam : A record of a mid-holocene earthquake and catastrophic flood in northwestern Argentina

A prehistoric rockfall, probably caused by an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 or greater, blocked Rio de las Conchas 2 km upstream from Alemania (Salta Province, Argentina) in the southern part of the Cordillera Oriental. The rockfall created a dam that formed a lake at least 16 km long. Shells of Biomphalaria, preserved in the lake sediments and, dated by radiocarbon, established the time of this event to be about 5500–6000 years ago. When the natural dam failed, probably either by piping or overtopping, the lake drained catastrophically, eroding a trench through the chaotic mass of sandstone rubble.
Influenza and parainfluenza respiratory viral infection requiring admission in adult lung transplant recipients.

Background Although influenza and parainfluenza viruses commonly cause respiratory tract infections in the community, their incidence and clinical implications in adult lung transplant recipients have received little attention. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of influenza and parainfluenza viral infections in adult lung transplant recipients at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Results Between January 1989 and March 1999, 39 cases (single-lung 25, double-lung 14) of influenza or parainfluenza respiratory viral infection were identified at a mean of 1.7 years (SD+/-1.4) after transplantation. The mean length of admission was 7 days. The cases included 15 patients with influenza (A, 11; B, 4) and 24 with parainfluenza (para1, 7; para2, 2; para3, 15). The median age at diagnosis was 48 years; there were 19 females and 20 males. Symptoms were reported in 30 patients and lasted for a median of 7 days before admission. These included cough (64%), shortness of breath (56%), and temperature elevation (33%). Chest infiltrates were seen in 14 (36%) patients, and 5 (13%) of them required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Viral pneumonia was diagnosed in 10 (5 influenza and 5 parainfluenza) patients, and concurrent bacterial pneumonia occurred in 4 patients. Transbronchial biopsy was performed in 36 patients, of whom 23 (64%) showed some degree of acute allograft rejection. Conclusion Influenza and parainfluenza respiratory viral infections are associated with significant morbidity in adult lung transplant recipients. Active vaccination programs and the development of new antiviral agents active against these viruses are important for prevention.
Packed bed versus microreactor performance in autothermal reforming of isooctane

Abstract The performance of a Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalyst for the autothermal reforming of isooctane is evaluated and compared using typical packed bed reactors, steel microreactors, and quartz microreactors. Microchannel reactor systems have in recent years been proposed as attractive alternatives to traditional catalytic packed bed reactors due to their improved heat and mass transfer properties. The microreactors employed in this study are comprised of stackable layers, with FeCrAlloy metal foams serving as catalyst substrate. To deploy the Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalyst in the microreactors, the metal foam substrates were coated with a catalyst washcoat formulation. Several factors are discussed that may influence the microreactor performance, with emphasis on the different contributions of heat transfer mechanisms between the active reaction zone and its surroundings, the materials of construction, and reactor aspect ratio. Heat effects were found to be particularly important in determining performance for the steel microreactors.
Anomalous course of the intracranial internal carotid artery into the orbit: case report

In this report, a case of anomalous internal carotid artery looping into the orbital apex is presented. The patient was a 41-year-old man with sudden onset headache, suggestive of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Imaging with CT demonstrated a perimesencephalic distribution of blood. Cerebral angiography confirmed non-aneurysmal, perimesencephalic SAH, but incidentally noted an anomalous left internal carotid artery with a course into the orbital cone. This is the only known example of this anatomic variation. Potential embryological explanations are discussed.
The vibrations and rotations of the pseudogaussian oscillator

Abstract In this paper we discuss the energy levels and wavefunctions of a rotating diatomic molecule using a three-parameter model potential called the pseudogaussian potential which is reasonably behaved for both small and large internuclear separations. The solutions to this model problem provide a reasonable description of the rotating diatomic molecule and also will be useful in discussing large amplitude vibrations in triatomic and larger molecules. A comparison is made with the Morse oscillator.
Lipid composition of the copepod Calanus hyperboreas from the Arctic Ocean. Changes with depth and season

A build-up of reserve lipid, predominantly wax esters, occurred during the summer in the copepod Calanus hyperboreas, collected off an Arctic ice-island. This lipid storage was correlated with a phytoplankton bloom and was followed by a progressive decrease of lipid from 2.1 mg per individual in September to 0.4 mg in June. There was a rapid decrease in lipid utilization between October and December, followed by much slower decreases until June. Lowered respiration rates or the availability of different types or quantities of food in the winter and spring are possible explantions for the slower rate of lipid use. Laboratory starvation experiments for up to 90 days correlated with results from the field. Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of the lipids showed that both the alcohols and fatty acids of the wax esters were highly variable with season and depth, whereas the phospholipid fatty acids were not affected by changes in these parameters. Only summer samples bad wax esters with a phytoplankton-like fatty acid composition, and upper water winter copepods had wax esters with little polyunsaturation. The deep-water winter copepods had a very different wax-ester composition from the upper water samples, with a predominance of hexadecanol (all other copepod samples had 20:1 and 22:11 as the principal alcohols) and a high content of polyunsaturated acids. Deep-water C. hyperboreas may differ in food habits and life history from those in the upper water community.
Beyond the conventional transistor

Abstract Recent progress in continuing CMOS scaling is accomplished by introducing new device structures and new materials. This paper reviews recent progress in new technology features for silicon CMOS. With the imminent perceived “end” of CMOS device scaling, there is renewed interest in other non-silicon-FET based device and system architectures. We will discuss the merits of various proposed devices and fabrication techniques and suggest areas for further study.
The Unique Role of Psychiatric Organizations and Societies in Professional Development

The AAP is a professional society dedicated to the advancement of psychiatric education and of professional development, scholarship, and leadership in academic psychiatry. The AAP serves to foster excellence, commitment, and interest in academic psychiatry through educational innovation, research, and collegial dialogue and collaboration.
On the Development of a High-Frequency Radar Cross Section Model for Mixed Path Ionosphere–Ocean Propagation

An analytic high-frequency (HF) radar cross section model for ionosphere–ocean propagation is presented. Based on earlier work, an expression for the first-order received electric field after a single scatter from each of the ionosphere and sea surface is derived and reduced to integral form. The field integrals are taken to the time domain, with the source field being that of a vertically polarized pulsed dipole antenna. Subsequently, the first-order radar cross section for the mixed path mode of ionospheric clutter is developed. The ionosphere reflection coefficient used in the analysis is assumed to be a stochastic process with an associated spectral density function to account for phase variations along the surface associated with nonuniformity of the signal path. Simulation results for the new cross section are also provided. It is shown numerically that the expected magnitude of the ionosphere clutter, under reasonable assumptions, exceeds the dominant first-order ocean clutter for the same apparent range by 50–60 dB. Further, it is spread in Doppler, depending on the ionosphere horizontal velocity and reflecting path nonuniformity. Also, this component can be presented from a certain minimum range, depending on ionosphere virtual height, to the maximum radar range.
Laminectomy for multi-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy: Review of surgical indications, technique, and outcomes

The surgical management of multi-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) continues to garner debate within the spine community with regards to optimal management. Options include anterior and posterior decompression, with several options available to the surgeon in either approach. The objective of this article is to review the indications, surgical technique, and outcomes of laminectomy with fusion and instrumentation in the management of multi-level CSM.
α- and βCaMKII: Inverse Regulation by Neuronal Activity and Opposing Effects on Synaptic Strength

Abstract We show that α and βCaMKII are inversely regulated by activity in hippocampal neurons in culture: the α/β ratio shifts toward α during increased activity and β during decreased activity. The swing in ratio is ∼5-fold and may help tune the CaMKII holoenzyme to changing intensities of Ca 2+ signaling. The regulation of CaMKII levels uses distinguishable pathways, one responsive to NMDA receptor blockade that controls αCaMKII alone, the other responsive to AMPA receptor blockade and involving βCaMKII and possibly further downstream effects of βCaMKII on αCaMKII. Overexpression of αCaMKII or βCaMKII resulted in opposing effects on unitary synaptic strength as well as mEPSC frequency that could account in part for activity-dependent effects observed with chronic blockade of AMPA receptors. Regulation of CaMKII subunit composition may be important for both activity-dependent synaptic homeostasis and plasticity.
Platelet transcriptome and cardiovascular disease.

Platelet hyper-reactivity is likely to play a role in cardiovascular disease, but there are no standardized tests to evaluate platelet responsiveness. A ‘platelet chip’ (a synthetic oligonucleotide microarray representing all platelet-restricted genes) is under development as a tool for high-throughput characterization of platelet-based bleeding and clotting disorders. In future, platelet gene profiling may be used to improve thrombohemorrhagic risk assessment and to guide antiplatelet therapy for patients at risk of cardiovascular disease.
EXCITATION FUNCTIONS FOR PROTON-INDUCED REACTIONS WITH COPPER

Proton bombardment at energies up to 100 Mev have been carried out in the Harvard University cyclotron using targets of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$O and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$O. Absolute cross sections of the ($p, n$), ($p, 2n$), ($p, \mathrm{pn}$), and ($p, p2n$) reactions of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ and the ($p, 3n$), ($p, 4n$), ($p, \mathrm{pn}$), ($p, p3n$), and ($p, p4n$) reactions of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$ have been determined using the ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(p, pn){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ and ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(p, 3pn){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ reactions to monitor the proton beam. An estimate of the ratio of level densities for odd-odd and even-even nuclei is made.
Mass spectrometric analysis during the vapor deposition of amorphous silicon

Abstract The gaseous species produced by the electron beam evaporation of silicon from conventional copper and carbon hearths were studied by utilizing a residual gas analyzer. At low evaporation rates about 13% of the silicon evaporates as molecules containing two to seven atoms. The percentage of clusters increases only slightly with rate, indicating that their heat of evaporation differs only slightly from that of the silicon atoms. Additional molecules, predominantly Si2C, occur if vitreous carbon liners are used. The resulting carbon contamination of the amorphous silicon films (about 1.5 mol.%) was confirmed by electron microprobe analysis. A discussion is given concerning the influence of cluster deposition on the growth of amorphous silicon films.
Group fusions and minimum group sizes in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Six unequivocal cases of group fusion occurred between 1984 and 1988 in a declining population of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. In each case, the remaining group members abandoned their territory and joined a neighboring group shortly after the group lost its penultimate adult. Because the number of juveniles did not appear to influence the timing of fusion, only adults (both males and females) appear able to maintain vervet groups as cohesive units. After examining the relative contributions of adults and juveniles to groupliving, we infer that intergroup competition may be more important than predation avoidance in determining the timing of fusions.
Rat pineal S‐antigen: Sequence analysis reveals presence of α‐transducin homologous sequence

S-antigen (S-Ag) is a soluble, highly antigenic protein, the administration of which induces autoimmune uveitis. This protein is found in the retina and pineal. Retinal S-Ag from three species has been sequenced. In this study rat pineal S-Ag was sequenced. Clones were isolated from a rat pineal λgt11 cDNA library by probing with a 300 bp fragment of mouse retinal S-Ag cDNA containing the 5′-coding region. The largest clone isolated (RPS-118; 1364 bp) contained the entire coding sequence. Comparison of the rat pineal and mouse retinal S-Ag nucleotide sequences indicated a high homology (95%). The deduced amino acid sequence was found to contain 403 residues (≌44 992 Da). Comparison of the rat pineal and mouse retinal S-Ag amino acid sequences also revealed high homology (97%). The similarity of both the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of rat pineal and mouse retinal S-Ag indicates that expression of the S-Ag gene in both tissues is similar. Further analysis of the rat pineal S-Ag sequence indicated that it contained essentially the same major uveitopathogenic region of S-Ag present in bovine retina; minor uveitopathogenic sites were somewhat different. As is true of retinal S-Ag, rat pineal S-Ag contains the same consensus phosphoryl-binding site present in many GTP/ GDP-binding proteins and a homologous sequence found in the C-terminus of α-transducin. These sequences may play a role in the action of pineal S-Ag in transmembrane signal transduction.
Automatic loop interchange

Parallel and vector machines are becoming increasingly important to many computation intensive applications. Effectively utilizing such architectures, particularly from sequential languages such as Fortran, has demanded increasingly sophisticated compilers. In general, a compiler needs to significantly reorder a program in order to generate code optimal for a specific architecture.Because DO loops typically control the execution of a number of statements, the order in which loops are executed can dramatically affect the performance of a machine on a particular section of code. In particular, loop interchange can often be used to enhance the performance of code on parallel or vector machines.Determining when loops may be safely and profitably interchanged requires a study of the data dependences in the program. This work discusses specific applications of that theory to loop interchange. This theory is described as it has been implemented in PFC (Parallel Fortran Converter) -- a program which attempts to uncover operations in sequential Fortran code that may be safely rewritten as vector operations.
Steam distillation of a single component hydrocarbon liquid in porous media

Abstract Steam distillation of a single component hydrocarbon liquid in a one-dimensional porous medium of infinite domain was studied both theoretically and experimentally. Theory was developed to describe the spatial distributions of the hydrocarbon concentration in the vapor phase, and of the liquid hydrocarbon and water saturations. A similarity solution was obtained for the case of a single component hydrocarbon where the steam quality and injection rate were constant. The characteristic velocity of the distillation zone was found to depend on the residual saturation of the hydrocarbon liquid, and the thermodynamic properties of water and the hydrocarbon liquid. The scaling between the lengths of the mass transfer zone and the variable water saturation region was characterized by appropriate dimensionless parameters. In addition to verifying the analytical predictions, experimental results allowed the determination of the mass transfer coefficient which was found to increase linearly with the saturation of the liquid hydrocarbon.
Estados em vias de integração e de desintegração

Neste artigo os autores levantam a seguinte tese: os paises constituidos por federacoes multietnicas, em processo de transicao de autoritarismo para a democracia, tem maior probabilidade de manter sua uniao politica se as primeiras eleicoes e tomadas de voto, desse periodo transacional, forem eleicoes de carater nacional (geral, de toda a Uniao) ao inves de eleicoes regionais ou provinciais. A tese apresentada e defendida pela analise comparada dos casos de Espanha e de ex-Uniao Sovietica e Iugoslavia.
SOFT X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY IN 100-1000 EV REGION AT THE ALS

Abstract In a number of solid state systems with localized conduction band states and excitonic states, sharp features in absorption spectra were observed. We have measured the x-ray absorption spectra from borides, nitrides, and some calcium and titanium compounds using BL 6.3.2, an entrance slitless bend magnet beamline operating in the 50–1000 eV region, equipped with a Hettrick-Underwood type varied line space (VLS) grating monochromator. As an example, absorption measurement of selected compounds in B-K (∼190 eV), CaL (∼350 eV), and TiL (∼460 eV) x-ray region will be presented along with their accurate energy positions.
Impact of Managerial Dependencies on Ethical Behavior

This study explores if managerial dependencies and organizational independence impact ethical behavior of employees. Survey data was collected from 203 employees working for three hospitals in Midwestern and Northwestern United States. Managerial dependencies like specialized expertise, political connections, and performance visibility significantly impacted ethical behavior. Organizational independence and ethical behavior of peers also had a significant impact on ethical behavior. Implications of this study for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Evaluated Crop Evapotranspiration over a Region of Irrigated Orchards with the Improved ACASA–WRF Model

AbstractAmong the uncertain consequences of climate change on agriculture are changes in timing and quantity of precipitation together with predicted higher temperatures and changes in length of growing season. The understanding of how these uncertainties will affect water use in semiarid irrigated agricultural regions depends on accurate simulations of the terrestrial water cycle and, especially, evapotranspiration. The authors test the hypothesis that the vertical canopy structure, coupled with horizontal variation in this vertical structure, which is associated with ecosystem type, has a strong impact on landscape evapotranspiration. The practical result of this hypothesis, if true, is validation that coupling the Advanced Canopy–Atmosphere–Soil Algorithm (ACASA) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) models provides a method for increased accuracy of regional evapotranspiration estimates.ACASA–WRF was used to simulate regional evapotranspiration from irrigated almond orchards over an entire gr...
REAL-WORLD ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS FOR REAL-TIME GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (RT-GIS).

Many issues related to incorporating real-time spatial information within Geographic Information Systems (GIS) need to be investigated. It can be established that the concept of real-time in relation to the input, analysis, display, and output of complex spatial information depends directly on specific user applications. This dependency has been evident throughout the Naval Research Laboratory's development of a real-time GIS for hydrographic surveys. This paper contrasts the issues and requirements observed for this application with those of vector moving-map displays for high-speed aeronautical applications. It also attempts to quantify the influence of various factors and impacts affecting real-time response to specialised applications like vector moving-map displays.
Prey capture phase of feeding behavior in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina: neuronal mechanisms.

The prey capture phase of feeding behavior in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina consists of an explosive extrusion of buccal cones, specialized structures which are used to catch the prey, and acceleration of swimming with frequent turning and looping produced by tail bend. A system of neurons which control different components of prey capture behavior in Clione has been identified in the cerebral ganglia. Cerebral B and L neurons produce retraction of buccal cones and tightening of the lips over them — their spontaneous spike activities maintain buccal cones in the withdrawn position. Cerebral A neurons inhibit B and L cells and produce opening of the lips and extrusion of buccal cones. A pair of cerebral interneurons C-BM activates cerebral A neurons and synchronously initiates the feeding motor program in the buccal ganglia. Cerebral T neurons initiate acceleration of swimming and produce tail bending which underlies turning and looping during the prey capture. Both tactile and chemical inputs from the prey produce activation of cerebral A and T neurons. This reaction appears to be specific, since objects other than alive Limacina or Limacina juice do not initiate activities of A and T neurons.
Benthic foraminiferal evidence for reduced deep-water circulation during sapropel deposition in the eastern Mediterranean

Abstract An analysis of deep-sea benthic foraminifera from six eastern Mediterranean piston cores was carried out to determine the faunal response to the deposition of sapropel S5, formed between 125,000 and 116,000 yrs B.P. The pre-S5 population is the most diverse, being composed of miliolids, Articulina tubulosa, Gyroidina spp., and various rotaliids. An assemblage found near the base and top of S5 is dominated by Chilostomella mediterranensis, Globobulimina affinis , and Bolivina spp, and the post-S5 fauna is dominated by A. tubulosa and Gyroidina spp. The faunal data are interpreted in terms of the microhabitat preferences of the fauna, based on living (stained) benthic foraminiferal data and associated morphological characteristics from the North Atlantic. Epifaunal species dominate pre-S5 and post-S5 sediments and are associated with low organic carbon values ranging from 0.1 to 0.4%. Infaunal species, occurring near or within sapropel layers, are found with organic carbon values of >0.7% and live in environments characterized by low dissolved oxygen levels. The dominance of epifaunal species within the pre-S5 and post-S5 sediments is interpreted to reflect low levels of food in a well-oxygenated environment, while the low abundance and dominance of infaunal taxa at the base and top of S5 reflects low food and low oxygen conditions. Although an increase in surface productivity may have occurred immediately preceding and during the deposition of S5, the critical factor in deposition of sapropel S5 is anoxia resulting from reduced ventilation of the deep waters. The similarity of the faunal patterns in the six cores suggests that bathyal environmental conditions were uniform in the eastern Mediterranean at depths ranging from 2042 to 3150 m during deposition of sapropel S5.
Search Engine Marketing: Why it benefits us all

Search engines are playing an increasingly important role in Internet marketing and commerce. Having once been sidelined by the major portals in favor of other ‘sticky’ features such as news, search is once again central to portal strategies. Yahoo has recently spent almost US $2 billion acquiring other search technology providers to compete with Google more directly. The world-wide search market is forecast to grow from US $2.1 billion in 2003 to US $7 billion by 2007. However, against the background of a rapidly consolidating search market, there are increasingly sophisticated technology tools and approaches to utilizing search engines to achieve marketing goals.
Fast liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of pharmaceutical compounds.

Abstract We present fast LC–MS–MS analyses of multicomponent mixtures containing flavones, sulfonamides, benzodiazepines and tricyclic amines. Using a short microbore HPLC column with small particle size, five to eight compounds were partially resolved within 15 to 30 s. TurboIonSpray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interfaces were well suited to tolerate the higher eluent flow-rates of 1.2 to 2 ml/min. The methods were applied to biological sample matrices after clean-up using solid-phase or liquid–liquid extraction. Good precision and accuracy (average 8.9 and 97.7%, respectively) were achieved for the determination of tricyclic amines in human plasma. Benzodiazepines were determined in human urine with average precision of 9% and average accuracy of 95% for intra- and inter-assay. Detection limits in the low ng/ml range were obtained. An example for 240 injections per hour of demonstrated the feasibility of rapid LC–MS–MS analysis.
The dynamics of strategic information flows in stock markets

We model a stock market with multiple stocks in a dynamic setting. Multiple informed traders receive new and heterogeneous information about the stocks in each period and use this information strategically. We characterize the decay rate of the information as it is incorporated into prices. The presence of multiple assets speeds information release by providing more channels for market makers to acquire information and incorporate that information in prices. The result is not only that profits are reduced in multi-asset settings, but that information release tilts toward new information relative to old information, reducing the profits that can be acquired by privately informed traders.
Genetic Association between Reduced P300 Amplitude and the DRD2 Dopamine Receptor A1 Allele in Children at High Risk for Alcoholism

Abstract Background: There is evidence that both reduction in P300 amplitude and the presence of the A1 allele are risk markers for alcoholism. We hypothesized that demonstration of a relationship between the marker and the trait in young children who had not begun to drink regularly would provide evidence for dopaminergic mediation of the reduction in P300 often seen among high-risk children. A previous association between the A1 and the P300 amplitude in screened controls supports the hypothesis that this association occurs in the general population. Methods: Children were assessed using both visual and auditory paradigms to elicit event-related potentials (ERPs). The P300 component of the ERP was investigated with respect to the genetic variation of the Taq1A D2 receptor in these children. Results: Genetic association between a marker locus (Taq1 A RFLP near the D2 receptor locus) and the amplitude of P300 was found to be present in 58 high-risk children and their relatives (a total of 100 high-risk individuals). Conclusions: A higher proportion of children from alcoholic families may exhibit lower P300 because more of these children carry the A1 allele than is seen in the normal population.
State Mandated Accounting, Auditing and Finance Practices and Municipal Bond Ratings

The accounting, auditing, and finance practices of municipal governments often are legally constrained by regulations imposed by state governments under whose jurisdiction cities are created. These practices may impact on municipal security risks and returns, either directly in the bond market or indirectly through such market intermediaries as bond rating agencies. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of state mandates on municipal bond ratings.
Photo-bleaching and photon saturation in flow cytometry.

In flow cytometry, small particles travel at a high speed through a bright light spot. The high light intensity at the point of measurement causes measurable photon saturation. This observation indicates that the rate at which individual dye molecules emit photons is close to the maximum emission rate. Despite the short exposure time, individual molecules may go through a few hundred excitation cycles while they are in the light beam. The absorbed light dose causes significant dye destruction. This article presents experimental procedures to determine the extent of photon saturation and photo-bleaching of dyes bound to cell nuclei in a flow cytometer. Measurements of Hoechst and propidium iodide bound to chromatin show that the amount of dye bleached per emitted photon is the same at low and high illumination intensities. This finding indicates that photon emission and dye destruction are both the result of the absorption of single excitation photons. The experimental observations allow rough estimates of the lifetime of the excited state and the lifetime of the molecule. The lifetime of the Hoechst 33258 bound to DNA is estimated to be 100 excitation-relaxation cycles. The average propidium iodide molecule lasts ∼ 200 excitation-relaxation cycles. The theoretical considerations show that the optimal illumination conditions are different for bleaching and nonbleaching dyes. Aoa optical arrangement for high precision measurements of bleaching dyes is presented. Published 1992 by Wiley-Liss, Inc.