cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capacity loss of non-aqueous Li-Air battery due to insoluble product formation: Approximate solution and experimental validation

Abstract In this paper, we present a study of Lithium (Li)-air battery capacity by accounting for the voltage loss associated with the electrode passivation and transport resistance caused by insoluble product formation. Two regimes are defined, in which approximate formulas are developed to explicitly evaluate the battery capacity, along with extensive validation against experimental data of various cathode properties and materials from our and several other groups. The dependence of battery capacity on the surface coverage factor, tortuosity, and Damkohler numbers (Da) is explicitly expressed and discussed. The formulas provide a guideline for experimentalists and practitioners in air cathode design, analysis, and control.
Horizon and Portfolio Investment Constraints in Agricultural Cooperatives

Though horizon and portfolio problems are commonly thought to limit cooperatives’ ability to capitalize on investment opportunities, empirical inquiry into the existence of these constraints is sparse, and recent conceptual arguments suggest that the horizon problem in particular may be less severe than commonly believed. Using surveys of members of three cooperatives, this study investigates the extent to which indicators of potential horizon and portfolio problems influence members’ preferences for cooperative investment in value-added processing technology. The evidence points to the existence of three types of horizon problems and two types of portfolio problems influencing cooperative members’ investment preferences.
Ubiquity or not ubiquity: That is the question

The nature of population structure in eukaryotic microbes has been the subject of intense debate, but until recently the tools to test these hypotheses were either problematic (e.g., allozymes that cannot detect all genetic changes) or beyond financial and technological limits of most laboratories (e.g., high throughput sequencing). In a recent issue of Molecular Ecology, Craig et al. (2019) use a genomic approach to investigate the population structure of a model alga, the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Figure 1). Using high throughput sequencing, read mapping, and variant calling, they detected strong signals of differentiation at a continental scale, while local patterns of admixture were complex. Population genomic techniques such as these have not been used extensively in studies of microbial eukaryotes and the fields of conservation genetics and evolution stand to benefit vastly from the adoption of these techniques to studies of diverse protist lineages.
Identification and characterization of Schizophyllum commune type I metacaspases.

Abstract The role of programmed cell death in filamentous fungi is not well-understood, but is important due to the role of fungi in opportunistic infections. Plants, fungi and protozoa do not have caspase genes, but instead express the homologous proteins denoted metacaspases. To better understand the role of metacaspases in fungi we present an analysis of the sequences and activities of all five Type I metacaspases from Schizophyllum commune (ScMC), a mushroom-forming basiodmycete that undergoes sexual reproduction. The five Type I metacaspases of S. commune can be divided into two groups based on sequence similarity. Enzymes both with and without the N-terminal prodomain are active, but here we report on the constructs without the prodomains (Δpro). All five ScMCΔpro proteins show the highest enzymatic activity between pH 7 and 8 and require calcium for optimal activity. Optimal Ca2+ concentrations for ScMC1Δpro and ScMC2Δpro are 50 mM, while ScMC3, ScMC4Δpro and ScMC5Δpro activity is optimal around 5 mM calcium. All five S. commune metacaspases have similar substrate specificity. They are most active with Arg in the P1 position and inactive with Asp in the P1 position.
Neither Peddlers nor War: Unraveling 180 Years of Historical Literature on Pernambuco's "Peddlers' War," 1710-1711

This historiographical “tour” essay examines the many meanings that have been ascribed to Pernambuco’s “Peddlers’ War” (1710-1711) in nearly 200 years of historical literature. Looking across generations and intellectual paradigms (Marxist, liberal, Brazilian nationalist, and Pernambucan regionalist), it shows that 1710-1711 has stood for a nativist and perhaps a republican movement against the Portuguese, a fracturing between the mercantile bourgeoisie and planter class, or as a symbol of Pernambuco’s historic rebelliousness in the wake of oppression by outsiders. Focusing primarily on Pernambucan debates, it also examines the seasoned, if brief, reflections on the event by colonial historians beyond Brazil—including an unpublished 1957 US dissertation—that suggests how much the discussion of the events of 1710-1711 has to tell us about shifting currents of intellectual and political life in Pernambuco.
Jens Walther’s Abstieg vom Zauberberg (1997): A Literary Reflection on the World of Publishing in the Postmodern World

The world of book publishing is currently undergoing a major paradigm shift, but this was already fully under way in the 1990s. In the German novel Abstieg vom Zauberberg, published in 1997 by an anonymous author under the pseudonym Jens Walther, we are given an excellent insider view of the concrete situation within literary publishing houses and how they operate behind the scene and in public to secure the best possible titles and to fend off manuscripts that appear to be trivial literature. The author proves to be highly educated in the history of German and western literature at large and also demonstrates great expertise regarding book fairs, book reviews, and book prizes, framing all this by a somewhat twisted love story involving a young author, Anna Becker, and two men, first the young Johannes Rieger, then his father Helmut Rieger, both representing the fictional publishing house Engsfeld.
Disease burden of cancer in Hangzhou from 2006 to 2015

Objective To investigate the disease burden of malignancies in Hangzhou in 2006-2015, and provide information for the prevention and control of cancer. Methods Data regarding deaths due to malignancies in Hangzhou in 2006-2015 was collected from general surveillance information. The main disease burden and population distribution of malignancies were determined by analyzing Potential years of life lost (PYLL), Potential years of life lost rate (PYLLR), standardized potential years of life lost (SPYLL), average years of life lost (AYLL), etc. Results PYLL and SPYLL for overall cancer were 733 811.0 years and 540 794.4 years, respectively, while PYLLR and AYLL were 12.9‰ and 13.1 year/person respectively. The top 5 cancers by PYLL were liver cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, and leukemia accounting for 67.5% of overall PYLLR. The disease burden of malignant cancer was higher among male than female subjects. The peak of disease burden occurred in middle-aged and elderly patients. PYLL rate, SPYLL rate, and AYLL from 2011 to 2015 were lower than those from 2006 to 2010, except for cervical cancer. Conclusion Comprehensive control measures should be carried out for the malignancies with a greater burden. Key words: Neoplasms; Burden of disease; Years of life lost
Petrographic microfacies classification with deep convolutional neural networks

Petrographic analysis is based on the microscopic description and classification of rocks and is a crucial technique for sedimentary and diagenetic studies. When compared to hand specimens, thin sections provide better and more accurate means for analysis of mineral proportion, distribution, texture, pore space analysis, and cement composition. Most petrographic analysis relies on visual inspection of rock thin sections under a microscope, a task that is laborious even for experienced geologists. Large projects with a tight time frame requiring the analysis of a large amount of thin sections may require multiple petrographers, thereby risking the introduction of inconsistency in the analysis. To address this challenge, we explore the use of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) as a tool for acceleration and automatization of microfacies classification. We make use of transfer learning based on robust and reliable CNN models trained with a large amount of non-geological images. With a relatively small number of labeled thin sections used in “fine-tuning” training we are able to adapt CNN models that achieve low error levels (<5%) for the classification of microfacies from the same dataset, and moderate results (<40%) for the classification of microfacies of thin sections from different datasets. These alternate datasets differ from the training data on two independent factors: the thin sections are from different formations and are prepared by different laboratories. While becoming widely accepted as a useful tool in the biological and manufacturing disciplines, CNN is currently underutilized in the geoscience community; we foresee an increase of use of such techniques to help accelerate and quantify a wide variety of geological tasks.
Ex vivo electroretinograms made easy: performing ERGs using 3D printed components.

Key points Rod and cone photoreceptors convert light into electrochemical signals that are transferred to second order cells, initiating image-forming visual processing. Electroretinograms (ERGs) can detect the associated light-induced extracellular transretinal events, allowing for physiological assessment of cellular activity from morphologically intact retinas. We outline a method for economically configuring a traditional patch-clamp rig for performing high signal-to-noise ex vivo ERGs. We accomplish this by incorporating various 3D printed components and by modifying existing light pathways in a typical patch-clamp rig. This methodology provides an additional set of tools to labs interested in studying the physiological function of neuronal populations in isolated retinal tissue. Abstract Rod and cone photoreceptors of the retina are responsible for the initial stages in vision and convey sensory information regarding our visual world across a wide range of lighting conditions. These photoreceptors hyperpolarize in the presence of light and subsequently transmit signals to second-order bipolar and horizontal cells. The electrical components of these events are experimentally detectable, and in conjunction with pharmacological agents, can be further separated into their respective cellular contributions using electroretinograms (ERGs). Extracellular activity from populations of rods and cones generate the negative-going a-wave, while ON-bipolar cells generate positive-going b-waves. ERGs can be performed in vivo or alternatively using an ex vivo configuration, where retinas are isolated and transretinal photovoltages are recorded at high signal-to-noise ratios. However, most ERG set-ups require their own unique set of tools. We demonstrate how, at low cost, to reconfigure a typical patch-clamp rig for ERG recordings. The bulk of these modifications require implementation of various 3D printed components, which can alternatively aid in generating a stand-alone ERG set-up without a patch-rig. Further, we discuss how to configure an ERG system without a patch-clamp rig. Compared to in vivo ERGs, these are superior when measuring small responses, such as those that are cone-evoked or those from immature mouse retinae. This recording configuration provides high signal-to-noise detection of a-waves (300-600 µV) and b-waves (1-3 mV), and is ultimately capable of discerning small (1-2 µV) photovoltages from noise. These quick and economical modifications allow researchers to equip their technical arsenal with an interchangeable patch-clamp/ERG system.
Exploring Edge Computing for Multitier Industrial Control

Industrial automation traditionally relies on local controllers implemented on microcontrollers or programmable logic controllers. With the emergence of edge computing, however, industrial automation evolves into a distributed two-tier computing architecture comprising local controllers and edge servers that communicate over wireless networks. Compared to local controllers, edge servers provide larger computing capacity at the cost of data loss over wireless networks. This article presents switching multitier control (SMC) to exploit edge computing for industrial control. SMC dynamically optimizes control performance by switching between local and edge controllers in response to changing network conditions. SMC employs a data-driven approach to derive switching policies based on classification models trained based on simulations while guaranteeing system stability based on an extended Simplex approach tailored for two-tier platforms. To evaluate the performance of industrial control over edge computing platforms, we have developed WCPS-EC , a real-time hybrid simulator that integrates simulated plants, real computing platforms, and real or simulated wireless networks. In a case study of an industrial robotic control system, SMC significantly outperformed both a local controller and an edge controller in face of varying data loss in a wireless network.
Overview of the Every Student Succeeds Act and Introduction to the Yearbook

The ESSA reaffirmed our nation's commitment to equal educational opportunity for all Americans. Despite our nation's commitment, we continue to witness glaring gaps in educational achievement for m...
The Monoclonal Antibodies αS-HCL 1 (αLeu-14) and αS-HCL 3 (αLeu-M5) Allow the Diagnosis of Hairy Cell Leukemia

To define cell surface antigens associated with hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and to gain better insight into the origin of this disease, we developed monoclonal antibodies against spleen cells of a patient with this disease. Although none of these antibodies alone proved specific for the leukemic cells, two of them, designated αS-HCL 1 (aLeu-14) and αS-HCL 3 (αLeu-M5) were found to be valuable in the diagnosis of HCL when used in combination. αS-HCL 1 recognizes an antigen associated with >95% of B cells in the peripheral blood. Biochemical analysis identified this antigen as a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 150,000 daltons (150 kilodaltons). αS-HCL 1 expression on hairy cells is markedly increased when compared with normal B lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood, tonsils, and spleens. αS-HCL 3 reacts with an antigen present on hairy cells but also on monocytes, macrophages, in a lower density on neutrophils, and a small percentage (
Microglial transcription profiles in mouse and human are driven by APOE4 and sex.

Summary Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). APOE4 is known to affect the function of microglia, but to what extent this gene drives microglial gene expression has thus far not been examined. Using a transgenic mouse model of AD that expresses human APOE, we identify a unique transcriptional profile associated with APOE4 expression. We also show a sex and APOE interaction, such that both female sex and APOE4 drive expression of this gene profile. We confirm these findings in human cells, using microglia derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMGL). Moreover, we find that these interactions are driven in part by genes related to metal processing, and we show that zinc treatment has APOE genotype-dependent effects on iMGL. These data identify a sex- and APOE4-associated microglial transcription profile and highlight the importance of considering interactive risk factors such as sex and environmental exposures.
ChromeBat: A Bio-Inspired Approach to 3D Genome Reconstruction

With the advent of Next Generation Sequencing and the Hi-C experiment, high quality genome-wide contact data are becoming increasingly available. These data represents an empirical measure of how a genome interacts inside the nucleus. Genome conformation is of particular interest as it has been experimentally shown to be a driving force for many genomic functions from regulation to transcription. Thus, the Three Dimensional-Genome Reconstruction Problem (3D-GRP) seeks to take Hi-C data and produces a complete physical genome structure as it appears in the nucleus for genomic analysis. We propose and develop a novel method to solve the Chromosome and Genome Reconstruction problem based on the Bat Algorithm (BA) which we called ChromeBat. We demonstrate on real Hi-C data that ChromeBat is capable of state-of-the-art performance. Additionally, the domain of Genome Reconstruction has been criticized for lacking algorithmic diversity, and the bio-inspired nature of ChromeBat contributes algorithmic diversity to the problem domain. ChromeBat is an effective approach for solving the Genome Reconstruction Problem.
Are Global, International, and Foreign Language Studies Connected?

Many U.S. universities tout internationalization as central to their educational mission and often invest heavily in international education not only at home, but also abroad. One would expect foreign language study to play a central role in the internationalization of today’s students’ higher education experience. Yet, paradoxically, the rise of international education at U.S. universities and colleges has coincided with reductions or even eliminations of secondary and post-secondary language programs. This chapter argues that discontinuous discourses and practices in foreign language departments have helped marginalize them at the very moment when they should operate front and center, and have separated them from natural allies: international and global studies. The analysis concludes with proposals for curricular collaborations and innovations that can reposition language departments as an indispensible partner in higher education internationalization.
The RanGEF Bj1 promotes prospero nuclear export and neuroblast self-renewal.

Drosophila larval neuroblasts are a model system for studying stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we report a novel role for the Drosophila gene Bj1 in promoting larval neuroblast self-renewal. Bj1 is the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Ran GTPase, which regulates nuclear import/export. Bj1 transcripts are highly enriched in larval brain neuroblasts (in both central brain and optic lobe), while Bj1 protein is detected in both neuroblasts and their neuronal progeny. Loss of Bj1 using both mutants or RNAi causes a progressive loss of larval neuroblasts, showing that Bj1 is required to maintain neuroblast numbers. Loss of Bj1 does not result in neuroblast apoptosis, but rather leads to abnormal nuclear accumulation of the differentiation factor Prospero, and premature neuroblast differentiation. We conclude that the Bj1 RanGEF promotes Prospero nuclear export and neuroblast self-renewal. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 485–493, 2015
Analysis of lymphatic protein data: IV. Comparison of the different methods used to estimate reflection coefficients and permeability-surface area products

The reflection coefficients (σ) and permeability surface area products ( PS ) were estimated for total plasma proteins in dog-paw lymph. σ and PS values were estimated using several existing mathematical formulations. σ and PS were functions of lymph flow at levels below 10 μl/min. As lymph flow increased to high values, σ approached 0.90 and PSΔC approached 0 for all analyses. At low-lymph-flow states convection provides for 70% of the protein transport and diffusion only 30%. At high lymph flows, protein transport is predominantly convective and diffusion appears to approach zero. The same results were obtained using lymph collected from flexed and unflexed paws.
Characterization of Functional Messenger RNA Splice Variants of BRCA1 Expressed in Nonmalignant and Tumor-derived Breast Cells

BRCA1 has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in many cases of inherited breast and ovarian cancer. Recent data suggest that multiple splice forms of BRCA1 exist, but the structure and function of these alternative transcripts have not been elucidated. By sequence analysis of reverse transcription-PCR products, we have determined that a major splice form of BRCA1 expressed in malignant and nonmalignant breast epithelial cells contains an in-frame deletion of 3309 nucleotides from exon 11. A second alternative splice event results in the in-frame deletion of the 123 nucleotides that make up exons 9 and 10. These splice variants are found on polysomes and are therefore predicted to encode 80-85-kDa BRCA1-derived proteins lacking approximately 60% of the internal amino acids that constitute full-length BRCA1.
Das Wahlrecht zum Unterhaus

Die Art und Weise wie die Regierung ihr Amt erlangt, bestimmt sich je nach der historisch gegebenen Staats- und Regierungsform durch Erblichkeit — die dynastische Monarchie —, durch gewaltsame Eroberung der Macht — die zeitgenossische Diktatur —, oder durch die rationelle Technik der Wahl — die moderne Demokratie. In letzterem Fall kann die Wahl unmittelbar durch das als Wahlerschaft organisierte Volk erfolgen, wie etwa in den Vereinigten Staaten1 oder in der franzosischen funften Republik (seit der Verfassungsanderung von 1962), oder aber indirekt, wie es in den meisten parlamentarisch regierten Staaten der Fall ist: Die Wahlerschaft wahlt eine in der Regel im voraus gesetzlich festgelegte Anzahl von Vertretern — die Nationalreprasentation —, und diese designiert dann ihrerseits, durch eine Wahl oder eine sonstige konkludente Handlung, nach Masgabe der Parteigruppierung im Parlament die jeweils amtierende Regierung. Die letztere Modalitat gilt in Grosbritannien. Wahlen und die sie betreibenden politischen Parteien sind also in einer als pluralistische Demokratie gestalteten Massengesellschaft die unentbehrlichen Motoren des politischen Prozesses. Das dem Burger zustehende Wahlrecht ist das Mittel, durch welches er unmittelbar oder mittelbar an der Bestellung der Regierung teilnimmt und sie letzten Endes bestimmt. In einer vollausgebildeten Demokratie mus das Wahlrecht seinerseits so gestaltet sein, das es eine echte Reprasentation der Gesamtnation und nicht etwa nur bestimmter Klassen oder Schichten ermoglicht.
PCR primers for an aldolase-B intron in acanthopterygian fishes

Background Nuclear DNA sequences provide genetic information that complements studies using mitochondrial DNA. Some 'universal' primer sets have been developed that target introns within protein-coding loci, but many simultaneously amplify introns from paralogous loci. Refining existing primer sets to target a single locus could circumvent this problem.
THE APPLICATION OF STATE SPACE BOUNDARIES IN THE SAFETY EVALUATION OF COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS

This paper describes how the state of space boundaries from field operational test data can be used to evaluate the potential benefits of longitudinal collision avoidance systems. The state space boundary metric provides an enhanced measure of relative hazardousness. It integrates measures related to range, range rate, and deceleration level. This allows for more direct safety inferences to be made particularly in pre-crash scenarios.
*-representations on Banach *-algebras

We study notions of abounded linear functionals and representable functionals on Banach *-algebras. An equivalence between these two is established for general Banach *-algebras. In particular, we characterize gbounded linear functionals on Banach *-algebras with approximate identity and isometric involution. In addition, we prove a result on representation of abounded positive linear functionals in terms of cyclic vectors for the corresponding *-representation.
An Invitation to String Theory

These lectures are supposed to give a point of entry into that vast web of related ideas that go under the name "string theory". I start with a more or less qualitative introduction to gravity as a field theory and sketch how one might try to quantize it. Quantizing gravity using the usual techniques of field theory will turn out to be unsuccessful, and that will be a motivation for trying an indirect approach: string theory. I present bosonic string theory, quantize the closed string in the light cone gauge and show that one of the states in the closed string Hilbert space can be interpreted as a graviton. I will end with some general qualitative ideas on slightly more advanced topics.
PULMONARY FUNCTION IN THE NEWBORN INFANT II. Perfusion—Estimation by Analysis of the Arterial-Alveolar Carbon Dioxide Difference

The arterial-alveolar tension gradient for CO2 has been investigated in 17 normal new born infants and in 15 with some degree of respiratory distress. Whereas the normal infants had virtually no Pco2 gradient from pulmonary capillary to alveolus, an average difference of 13.9 mm Hg was detected in sick infants. This gradient for Pco2 is caused by increased alveolar (and total physiological dead space, the relative amount of which closely parallels the clinical course of the disease. The data obtained indicate the increase in alveolar dead space to be largely due to poor perfusion of ventilated alveoli. In severely ill infants more than 60% of ventilated alveoli appear to be under-perfused.
Effects of controlled drainage on the hydrology of drained pine plantations in the North Carolina coastal plain

Abstract This paper presents results of a 5 year study to characterize the hydrology (rainfall, interception, evapotranspiration (ET), soil water storage, drainage rate, lateral seepage, and water table fluctuations) of three identical drained, pine-forested watersheds in Carteret County, North Carolina. During the 2 year calibration period (1988–1989), all three watersheds were operated in conventional drainage mode with the weirs in the outlet ditch approximately 1.0 m below the soil surface. About 17% of the total rainfall was intercepted and subsequently evaporated and 53% was removed by transpiration and evaporation from the soil during this period. Drainage removed about 28% and the remaining 3% was lost by lateral seepage. During the 3 year controlled drainage treatment period (1990–1993), drainage in Watershed 2, managed for tree growth, was reduced to 21% of gross rainfall as compared with 30.5% for Watershed 1 under free drainage. Watershed 3, managed to minimize offsite impacts, yielded 26% of gross rainfall as drainage. Interception loss accounted for about 14.5% of the gross rainfall. ET amounts computed as the residual in a water balance, were 50%, 60%, and 55% of total rainfall for Watersheds 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The effects of controlled drainage on water table depths, drainage and ET were demonstrated for seasonal and year-to-year variation in rainfall. The controlled drainage treatments affected both drainage volumes and daily peak outflow rates. The treatment in Watershed 3 was more effective in reducing peak outflow rates.
THE IDENTITY OF A MYSTIC: THE CASE OF SA'ID SARMAD, A JEWISH-YOGI-SUFI COURTIER OF THE MUGHALS

Sa'id Sarmad's dargah (saint's tomb) dominates the entryway to Delhi's imposing Jama Masjid. But Sarmad was a Jew, both by birth and affirmation. He was also, according to his Rubaiyat , "a follower of the Furqan (i.e., a Sufi), a (Catholic) priest, a (Buddhist) monk, a Jewish rabbi, an infidel, and a Muslim." Indeed, it is hard to imagine a mystic with a more complex confessional identity. This paper explores both Sarmad's apparently contradictory religious self-identification and the complex religious context which Sarmad found in seventeenth-century North India. It will trace Sarmad's spiritual path as it meandered between Judaism, Islam and Hinduism, as recorded in his poetry and in the hagiographical ( taskira ) traditions which surround him, and will contribute to the discussion of the relationship between the mystic and his or her religion of birth or adoption.
Vacuum UV CD of the low‐salt Z‐forms of poly(rG‐dC)·poly(rG‐dC), and poly(dG‐m5dC)·poly(dG‐m5dC)

The vacuum CD spectra of poly(rG-dC)·poly(rG-dC) and poly(dG-m5dC)·poly(dG-m5dC) have been obtained for the low-salt Z-conformations of both polymers. The spectra are very similar to those for the high-salt Z-forms. This behavior is consistent with the suggestion that the low- and high-salt Z-forms are comprised of different proportions of ZI- and ZII-conformations.
Bilobar atelectasis after difficult tracheal intubation

Acute intra-operative collapse of a lobe without apparent cause is rare. We report a case of transient bilobar atelectasis that developed without any apparent cause after a difficult tracheal intubation in a healthy young patient. Intrabronchial obstruction was ruled out by bronchoscopy. The bilobar atelectasis developed acutely and resolved quickly with mechanical ventilation. The characteristics of the lung collapse were atypical, suggesting either its reflex nature or acute reduction of lung volume owing to intubation-induced coughing. We present a review of the mechanisms of atelectasis.
The isobar-doorway theory for pion-nucleus interactions

Abstract Pion-nucleus scattering and reactions are treated in a theory which explicitly introduces the pion-nucleon resonances. Using a separation in Hilbert Space, doorway states of isobar-nuclear systems are introduced and nonresonant processes are clearly separated from resonance interactions. With one choice of doorway states a multiple scattering series is derived which corresponds to the conventional theory with binding energy and other corrections included. When another choice the isobar-doorway model is derived, with parameterization explicitly related to specific dynamic effects, our framework provides a phenomenological model for treating meson-nucleus interactions to all orders. Moreover, the parameters of the model have clear theoretical significance which can extend our knowledge of strong interactions physics. A numerical study is given for elastic scattering.
Algebraic and invariance properties of the group of isometries

Abstract In this paper we investigate the algebraic structure of the isometry group of several classical Banach spaces, namely, symmetric sequence spaces, C p ( H ) ( 1 ≤ p ∞ , p ≠ 2 ), L ( l p , l r ) , 1 ≤ p , r ∞ , and bounded operators L ( H ) endowed with Chan–Li–Tui unitarily invariant ( c , p ) -norms. We also identify the isometrically invariant subspaces for each of theses settings.
When the witch doctors agree: The family support act and social science research

In 1986 the author was recruited by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan to draft new federal welfare reform legislation for the 100th Congress. The result was the Family Support Act of 1988. From the beginning it was planned that the bill would reflect the best knowledge available about helping poor families make the transition from dependence on welfare to independence and work. In contrast to the experience of the 1970s, when the “Witch Doctors” of social science seemed unable to agree on appropriate policies, research made a difference for FSA. The education, training, and work requirements in the legislation were substantially influenced by the evaluations of welfare-to-work programs conducted by the Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, and the conduct of MDRC in the dissemination of these results contributed significantly to the effort's political success. Whether this marks a new phase in the connection between social policy and research is uncertain.
Apparent Distortions in Photography and the Geometry of Visual Space

In this paper I contrast the geometric structure of phenomenal visual space with that of photographic images. I argue that topologically both are two-dimensional and that both involve central projections of scenes being depicted. However, I also argue that the metric structures of the spaces differ inasmuch as two types of “apparent distortions”—marginal distortion in wide-angle photography and close-up distortions—which occur in photography do not occur in the corresponding visual experiences. In particular, I argue that the absence of marginal distortions in vision is evidence for a holistic metric of visual space that is spherical, and that the absence of close-up distortions shows that the local metric structure possesses a dynamic variable curvature which is dependent upon the distance away of objects being viewed at a given time.
An accurate adjustable applicator for magnetic resonance imaging-based stereotactic procedure using the Leksell G frame.

OBJECTIVE: An applicator system for the Leksell G frame was constructed to enable accurate placement of the frame for stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and successful stereotactic surgery. The applicator prevents inaccurate placement of the fiducial box on the patient's head and prevents contact of the frame holder with the patient's shoulder while in the MRI unit. It also helps to ensure optimal positioning of desired targets within the three-dimensional stereotactic space defined by the frame. METHODS: The applicator is made of transparent acrylic plates, which simulate the fiducial box that is attached to the frame for the preoperative stereotactic MRI study. An air cuff at the top supports the frame at any desired height and makes minute adjustments possible. Side cuffs help to keep the frame at the desired position from right to left. Indicators attached to the frame for the anterior fiducial plate prevent potential contact of the plate with the anterior posts and help avoid a poor fit caused by bending of the frame from excessive torque on the cranium fixation screws. Indicators for the MRI frame holder on the foot screws predict potential collision of the holder with the patient's shoulder before actually applying the holder on the frame. The applicator shows the range and limits of the Leksell stereotactic arc. RESULTS: This applicator system has been used effectively in more than 89 MRI-based functional stereotactic procedures. These include pallidotomy, thalamotomy, implantation of deep brain stimulators, and implantation of depth electrodes. It has functioned well and has facilitated excellent operative results in these cases. CONCLUSION: This simple frame applicator eliminates the need for reapplication of the stereotactic frame and additional imaging studies, thus providing successful and appropriate frame placement for stereotactic surgery.
Further studies on catecholamine synthesis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: catecholamine synthesis in the central nervous system.

Abstract Catecholamine levels, turnover rates and in vivo synthesis rates were measured in the brainstems of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two normotensive strains, Wistar/NIH and Wistar/Kyoto. All these parameters of catecholamine metabolism were lower in SHR than in the Wistar/NIH but similar to those in the Wistar/Kyoto, the parent strain of SHR. Examination of the three biosynthetic enzymes in the conversion of tyrosine to norepinephrine indicated that all three strains had similar levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity but that the SHR and the Wistar/Kyoto had markedly reduced dopa decarboxylase activity. In vivo synthesis studies using labeled tyrosine and dopa, however, indicated that the decreased synthesis rate in the SHR as compared to Wistar/NIH is the result of decreased amounts of tyrosine entering the catecholamine pool.
What themes in pornography lead to perceptions of the degradation of women

We assessed ratings of nine themes in commercial pornography to test feminist theory about what is degrading to women in pornography. Ninety‐four female and 89 male college student volunteers rated nine brief excerpts of sexually explicit material. Seven of the nine themes depicted two types of inequalities—active subordination and status inequality; one theme depicted female indiscriminate availability; and one theme depicted equal sex. Participants viewed the themes either with or without accompanying definitions. Consistent with feminist theory, both men and women who viewed the excerpts rated active subordination more degrading than status inequalities and both types of inequalities more degrading than sexually explicit material with equality, with one qualification. Women rated all inequalities and availability more degrading than equal sex, whereas men rated active subordination themes and status inequalities more degrading than nonreciprocated sex, female availability, and equal sex. In general, vi...
Kr spectra from an electron-beam ion trap: 300 nm to 460 nm

Kr spectra from 300 nm to 460 nm produced in an electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) are reported in this work. The spectra include magnetic dipole (M1) transitions from Kr XXIII and Kr XXII, as well as electric dipole (E1) lines of Kr II and Kr III. Two new capabilities of the EBIT at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, time resolved data acquisition and extracted ion analysis, are used to aid in the charge state identification.
Animal manures as feedstuffs: Broiler litter feeding trials

Abstract The use of broiler litter as a feedstuff was evaluated on the basis of results of feeding trials reported in the literature. Although the method of preparing or processing the broiler litter as a feed constituent (drying, composting or ensiling) influences its value, this assessment indicated that broiler litter has value as a feedstuff. The maximum level of incorporating broiler litter into ruminant rations, on the basis of animal performance, varied from 1% to about 50% of a ration. Generally, the optimum level of incorporating broiler litter into rations was less than 20%. However, it was incorporated at higher levels without adversely affecting animal performance. Broiler litter had an economic value as a feedstuff that equalled or exceeded its value as a fertiliser.
Seasonal changes in neuron numbers in the hippocampal formation of a food-hoarding bird: the black-capped chickadee.

The volume of the hippocampal formation (HF) in black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) varies across the seasons, in parallel with the seasonal cycle in food hoarding. In this study, we estimate cell density and total cell number in the HF across seasons in both juveniles and adults. We find that the seasonal variation in volume is due to an increase in the number of small and large cells (principally neurons) in the fall. Adults also have lower neuron densities than juveniles. Both juveniles and adults show an increase in cell density in the rostral part of the HF in August and a subsequent decrease toward October. This suggests that the net cell addition to the HF may already start in August. We discuss the implications of this early start with respect to the possibility that the seasonal change in HF volume is driven by the experience of food hoarding. We also speculate on the functional significance of the addition of neurons to the HF in the fall.
Characterization of Organically Bound Oxygen Forms in Lignites, Peats, and Pyrolyzed Peats by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Solid-State 13C NMR Methods

A combination of XPS and solid-state 13C NMR techniques have been used to characterize organic oxygen species and carbon chemical/structural features in peats, pyrolyzed peats, lignites, and other coals. Both the 13C NMR and XPS results show the same ordering for the amount of aromatic carbon, higher ranking coals > lignites > peats. In general the value for H/C decreases as the percent of aromatic carbon increases. For pyrolyzed peats, the H/C level is higher than lignites and other coals of comparable levels of aromatic carbon. This is likely due to significant differences in the carbon structural framework of these materials. A van Krevelen plot, based on elemental H/C data and XPS derived O/C data, shows the well-established pattern for peats, lignites, and other coals. In general, O/C decreases as the percent of aromatic carbon increases, with the expected magnitude ordering, peats > lignites > higher ranking coals. Most of the H/C values of pyrolyzed peats are higher than coals at comparable O/C. A ...
Mode Evolution of Cyclic Symmetric Rotors Assembled to Flexible Bearings and Housing

This paper is to study how the vibration modes of a cyclic symmetric rotor evolve when it is assembled to a flexible housing via multiple bearing supports. Prior to assembly, the vibration modes of the rotor are classified as "balanced modes" and "unbalanced modes. " Balanced modes are those modes whose natural frequencies and mode shapes remain unchanged after the rotor is assembled to the housing via bearings. Otherwise, the vibration modes are classified as unbalanced modes. By applying fundamental theorems of continuum mechanics, we conclude that balanced modes will present vanishing inertia forces and moments as they vibrate. Since each vibration mode of a cyclic symmetric rotor can be characterized in terms of a phase index (Chang and Wickert, "Response of Modulated Doublet Modes to Travelling Wave Excitation, " J. Sound Vib., 242, pp. 69-83; Chang and Wickert, 2002, "Measurement and Analysis of Modulated Doublet Mode Response in Mock Bladed Disks, " J. Sound Vib., 250, pp. 379-400; Kim and Shen, 2009, "Ground-Based Vibration Response of a Spinning Cyclic Symmetric Rotor With Gyroscopic and Centrifugal Softening Effects, " ASME J. Vibr. Acoust. (in press)), the criterion of vanishing inertia forces and moments implies that the phase index by itself can uniquely determine whether or not a vibration mode is a balanced mode as follows. Let N be the order of cyclic symmetry of the rotor and n be the phase index of a vibration mode. Vanishing inertia forces and moments indicate that a vibration Mode will be a balanced Mode if n ≠ 1, N -1, N. When n = N, the vibration Mode will be balanced if its leading Fourier coefficient vanishes. To validate the mathematical predictions, modal testing was conducted on a disk with four pairs of brackets mounted on an air-bearing spindle and a fluid-dynamic bearing spindle at various spin speeds. Measured Campbell diagrams agree well with the theoretical predictions.
Quality improvements in extruded meshes using topologically adaptive generalized elements

In this dissertation, a novel method to extrude near-body meshes from surface meshes of arbitrary topology that exploits topologically adaptive generalized elements to improve mesh quality is presented. Specifically, an advancing layer algorithm to generate near-body meshes which are appropriate for viscous fluid flows is discussed. First, an orthogonal two-layer algebraic reference mesh is generated. The reference mesh is then smoothed using a locally three-dimensional Poisson-type mesh generation equation that is generalized to smooth extruded meshes of arbitrary surface topology. Local quality improvement operations such as edge collapse, face refinement, and local reconnection are performed in each layer to drive the mesh toward isotropy. An automatic marching thickness reduction algorithm is used to extrude from multiple geometries in close proximity. A global face refinement algorithm is used to improve the transition from the extruded mesh to the void-filling tetrahedral mesh. A few example meshes along with quality plots are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithms developed.
Analysis of the polar flagellar gene system of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus has dual flagellar systems adapted for locomotion under different circumstances. A single, sheathed polar flagellum propels the swimmer cell in liquid environments. Numerous unsheathed lateral flagella move the swarmer cell over surfaces. The polar flagellum is produced continuously, whereas the synthesis of lateral flagella is induced under conditions that impede the function of the polar flagellum, e.g., in viscous environments or on surfaces. Thus, the organism possesses two large gene networks that orchestrate polar and lateral flagellar gene expression and assembly. In addition, the polar flagellum functions as a mechanosensor controlling lateral gene expression. In order to gain insight into the genetic circuitry controlling motility and surface sensing, we have sought to define the polar flagellar gene system. The hierarchy of regulation appears to be different from the polar system of Caulobacter crescentus or the peritrichous system of enteric bacteria but is pertinent to many Vibrio and Pseudomonas species. The gene identity and organization of 60 potential flagellar and chemotaxis genes are described. Conserved sequences are defined for two classes of polar flagellar promoters. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of mutant strains with defects in swimming motility coupled with primer extension analysis of flagellar and chemotaxis transcription provides insight into the polar flagellar organelle, its assembly, and regulation of gene expression.
Fading Channel Prediction for Mobile Radio Adaptive Transmission Systems

Adaptive transmission methods can potentially aid the achievement of high data rates required for mobile radio multimedia services. To realize this potential, the transmitter needs accurate channel state information (CSI) for the upcoming transmission frame. In most mobile radio systems, the CSI is estimated at the receiver and fed back to the transmitter. However, unless the mobile speed is very low, the estimated CSI cannot be used directly to select the parameters of adaptive transmission systems, since it quickly becomes outdated due to the rapid channel variation caused by multipath fading. To enable adaptive transmission for mobile radio systems, prediction of future fading channel samples is required. Several fundamental issues arise in the design and testing of fading prediction algorithms for adaptive transmission systems. These include complexity, robustness, choice of an appropriate channel model for algorithm validation, channel estimation and noise reduction required for reliable prediction, and design and analysis of adaptive transmission methods aided by fading prediction algorithms. We use these criteria in the review of recent advances in the area of fading channel prediction. We also demonstrate that reliable fading prediction makes adaptive transmission feasible in diverse wireless communication systems.