cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No Reparation Without Taxation: Applying the Internal Revenue Code to the Concept of Reparations for Slavery and Segregation

In the article, Professors Andre Smith and Carlton Waterhouse explore the interesting and rich relationship between reparations and the tax law scholarship. Employing a rich dialogical style, the authors move fluidly between the theoretical and practical aspects of both reparations and tax law in a way that brings both areas of research together. Beyond the slavery reparations tax scams of the earlier part of the decade, the authors reveal an intriguing and important relationship between reparations and the United States tax code previously unexplored. The authors accomplish this in two distinct ways. They begin with an examination of reparations proposals for America’s legacy of slavery that range from individual monetary compensation to the creation of educational and other trust funds for beneficiaries. For each of the proposals considered the authors assess the tax consequences of the particular form of reparations proposed. Drawing on earlier research published by Professor Waterhouse, the authors consider a reparations program of institutional development within Black communities – with or without government support – that calls on African Americans and others to pool their resource to repair the harms of slavery and segregation. In this section, the authors discuss the laws of tax exemption and charitable organizations and whether tax exempt status may be conferred upon organizations whose stated goals are to repair the community of a particular race. Here, the article extends the work of David Brennan, in Race and Equality Across the Law School Curriculum: The Law of Tax Exemption, in which he asks whether a non-profit organization can keep its section 501(C)(3) status if it restricts its grant making, hiring and board membership based on race. The article’s second major contribution is an intriguing investigation of the tax code as a viable mechanism for providing governmental reparations. They find that using tax benefits such as credits, deductions, exclusions and exemptions the tax code can provide an effective and efficient system for distributing governmental reparations to intended beneficiaries.
Five Steps in Latent Curve and Latent Change Score Modeling with Longitudinal Data

This paper describes a set of applications of one class of longitudinal growth analysis - latent curve (LCM) and latent change score (LCS) analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques. These techniques are organized in five sections based on Baltes & Nesselroade (1979). (1) Describing the observed and unobserved longitudinal data. (2) Characterizing the developmental shape of both individuals and groups. (3) Examining the predictors of individual and group differences in developmental shapes. (4) Studying dynamic determinants among variables over time. (5) Studying group differences in dynamic determinants among variables over time. To illustrate all steps, we present SEM analyses of a relatively large set of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The inclusion of all five aspects of latent curve modeling is not often used in longitudinal analyses, so we discuss why more efforts to include all five are needed in developmental research.
A Study Abroad to Nicaragua: Measuring Cultural Competence in Speech and Language Pathology Students

Purpose Cultural competence is key to the successful provision of speech, language, and audiologic services. This article summarizes the challenges, strategies, and lessons learned during a study a...
The Conscripted Curriculum and the Reproduction of Racial Inequalities in Contemporary U.S. Medical Education

In their attempt to address racial disparities in the provision of healthcare, the U.S. medical profession has reproduced racial inequalities of their own. In this article, I draw upon interview data with medical educators and students to detail how medical educators routinely offload the instruction on the social underpinnings and consequences of race onto students, particularly students of color. I develop the concept of the conscripted curriculum to capture how students' social identities are utilized by educators in the professionalization process. While there are exceptions in curricular approaches, most educators create the conscripted curriculum by eliciting students to share their social experiences with race in the small group setting while only providing students with didactic material on biological understandings of race. As a result, students of color report experiencing more emotionally exhausting and unrewarded labor than their white peers, and educators further devalue the social implications of race for healthcare.
Selection Rules for Chemical Bonding

The four possible modes of bonding in a four electron-three orbital system C-L are shown below.
Author Correction: Photoredox catalysis using infrared light via triplet fusion upconversion.

In Fig. 1c of this Letter, the orange axis label of the graph should have read ‘FDPP upconversion photoluminescence (AU)’ instead of ‘TTBP upconversion photoluminescence (AU)’. This has been corrected online.
New parameterized quantum integral inequalities via η-quasiconvexity

We establish new quantum Hermite–Hadamard and midpoint types inequalities via a parameter $\mu \in [0,1]$ for a function F whose $|{}_{\alpha }D_{q}F|^{u}$ is η-quasiconvex on $[\alpha ,\beta ]$ with $u\geq 1$ . Results obtained in this paper generalize, sharpen, and extend some results in the literature. For example, see (Noor et al. in Appl. Math. Comput. 251:675–679, 2015; Alp et al. in J. King Saud Univ., Sci. 30:193–203, 2018) and (Kunt et al. in Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exactas Fis. Nat., Ser. A Mat. 112:969–992, 2018). By choosing different values of μ, loads of novel estimates can be deduced. We also present some illustrative examples to show how some consequences of our results may be applied to derive more quantum inequalities.
Development of Predictive Equations for Nocturnal Hypertension and Nondipping Systolic Blood Pressure.

Background Nocturnal hypertension, defined by a mean asleep systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (BP) ≥120/70 mm Hg, and nondipping SBP, defined by an awake‐to‐asleep decline in S...
Self-esteem, Acculturative Stress, and Marijuana Use Among Hispanic College Students:

Previous research has found mixed results regarding the association between acculturation and substance use in Hispanic populations. Additional research is warranted to examine relations among face...
Integrated Resource Management Through Mathematical Optimization Techniques

Linear programming can be used to assess the economic impact of health issues and management for beef cattle operations. The current model shows that substantial increases in relative profit may be achieved by Increasing the ratio of cows per bull for breeding. A 3% increase in profit is projected by moving from a bull to cow ratio of 1 :25 to 1 :40. In addition, the distribution of calvings over the calving season can have dramatic effects on the profitability of the operation. A prolonged calving season (147 days) can result in an operation only 77% as profitable as an operation with a 63-day calving season. A calf death loss of 15% is projected to result in an operation only 87% as profitable as an operation with a 4% death loss.
Review of Unspoken (2017)

‘Unspoken’ is a point-of-view documentary directed by Emma Zurcher-Long, Geneva Peschka, and Julia Ngeow. The film explores Emma’s relationship with spoken and written language, and challenges viewers to disrupt their preconceptions about autism and autistic people. Emma, a 14-year-old Autistic girl with “unreliable speech”, engages us not just through typed words, but through the artistry of film-making and music - inviting us with all the senses we might have to access the fullness of her voice debut.
A consultation with feedback approach to supporting fidelity to a peer-delivered intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder:

Background:Despite promising findings regarding the safety, fidelity, and effectiveness of peer-delivered behavioral health programs, there are training-related challenges to the integration of pee...
Not just another ACL paper: the importance of 'Outcomes of single bundle arthroscopic anterior crucial ligament reconstruction in a limited resource setting'.

Approximately 85% of the world’s population lives in developing countries, and the impact of musculoskeletal disease and injury in these countries is enormous, greater than that of tuberculosis, diarrhoea and malaria combined.1 There are tremendous difficulties in the delivery of adequate orthopaedic care,2 and extremely limited data and very few articles are available on the outcomes. The researchers from these areas are even fewer.3 4 Clinician-researchers face significant challenges, including the lack of resources, infrastructure and experience intreating patients and in performing research.5 As a result, the research into the care provided in these countries is significantly under-reported and researchers underrepresented. What is role of a global orthopaedic journal like JISAKOS? The mission of this journal is to ‘engage and advance the knowledge and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases and disorders’ by publishing ‘high-quality peer-reviewed original research and systematic reviews from the international community of orthopaedic surgeons and sports medicine physicians’. One of the unique aspects of this journal is a commitment to the international community, reflecting the wide variety of experience and conditions treated. Seemingly similar anatomic injuries may occur under widely varying conditions and be treated with different techniques and rehabilitation. Functional outcomes and goals may be different. However, we can use the common tools of scientific evaluation to perform a robust assessment of treatment. Sherchan, Rai and colleagues have performed a rigorous scientific study of 194 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction patients in Nepal, a country of limited resources.6 Although ACL reconstruction is relatively ‘routine’ and has been extensively studied, typically papers reflect the experience of well-funded medical centres in highly developed countries and reflect a bias towards positive results. This paper is different in many ways. Nepal is considered ‘among the least developed countries in the …
Spectral Compression and Broadening using Time-Varying Cavities

We propose and analyse the use of time-varying cavities for spectral compression and spectral broadening, with potential applications in quantum networking. Our time-varying cavities rely on rapid electro-optic switching of input/output coupling.
Dual polarity voltage imaging reveals subthreshold dynamics and concurrent spiking patterns of multiple neuron-types

Genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators are ideally suited to reveal the millisecond-scale interactions among and between distinct, targeted cell populations. However, current indicator families lack the requisite sensitivity for in vivo multipopulation imaging. We describe high-performance green and red sensors, Ace-mNeon2 and VARNAM2, and their reverse response-polarity variants, pAce and pAceR. Our indicators enable 0.4-1 kHz voltage recordings from >50 neurons per field-of-view in awake mice and ~30-min continuous imaging in flies. Using dual-polarity multiplexed imaging, we uncovered behavioral state-dependent interactions between distinct neocortical subclasses, as well as contributions to hippocampal field potentials from non-overlapping projection neuronal ensembles. By combining three mutually compatible indicators, we demonstrate concurrent triple-population voltage imaging. Our approach will empower investigations of the dynamic interplay between neuronal subclasses at single-spike resolution.
Syntrophotalea acetylenivorans sp. nov., a diazotrophic, acetylenotrophic anaerobe isolated from intertidal sediments

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated SFB93T, was isolated from the intertidal sediments of South San Francisco Bay, located near Palo Alto, CA, USA. SFB93T was capable of acetylenotrophic and diazotrophic growth, grew at 22-37 °C, pH 6.3-8.5 and in the presence of 10-45 g l-1 NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that SFB93T represented a member of the genus Syntrophotalea with highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Syntrophotalea acetylenica DSM 3246T (96.6 %), Syntrophotalea carbinolica DSM 2380T (96.5 %), and Syntrophotalea venetiana DSM 2394T (96.7 %). Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 3.22 Mbp and a DNA G+C content of 53.4 %. SFB93T had low genome-wide average nucleotide identity (81-87.5 %) and <70 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization value with other members of the genus Syntrophotalea. The phylogenetic position of SFB93T within the family Syntrophotaleaceae and as a novel member of the genus Syntrophotalea was confirmed via phylogenetic reconstruction based on concatenated alignments of 92 bacterial core genes. On the basis of the results of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, a novel species, Syntrophotalea acetylenivorans sp. nov., is proposed, with SFB93T (=DSM 106009T=JCM 33327T=ATCC TSD-118T) as the type strain.
Trade-offs in Augmented Reality User Interfaces for Controlling a Smart Environment

Smart devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are replacing or being incorporated into traditional devices at a growing pace. The use of digital interfaces to interact with these devices has become a common occurrence in homes, work spaces, and various industries around the world. The most common interfaces for these connected devices focus on mobile apps or voice control via intelligent virtual assistants. However, with augmented reality (AR) becoming more popular and accessible among consumers, there are new opportunities for spatial user interfaces to seamlessly bridge the gap between digital and physical affordances. In this paper, we present a human-subject study evaluating and comparing four user interfaces for smart connected environments: gaze input, hand gestures, voice input, and a mobile app. We assessed participants’ user experience, usability, task load, completion time, and preferences. Our results show multiple trade-offs between these interfaces across these measures. In particular, we found that gaze input shows great potential for future use cases, while both gaze input and hand gestures suffer from limited familiarity among users, compared to voice input and mobile apps.
Constructing the Resistivity-to-Sediment-Type Transform for the Interpretation of Airborne EM Data

A novel Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based methodology was developed for the transformation of resistivity, derived from airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data, into sediment type. This methodology...
Lectures on Linear Partial Differential Equations

This book is a reader-friendly, relatively short introduction to the modern theory of linear partial differential equations. An effort has been made to present complete proofs in an accessible and self-contained form. The first three chapters are on elementary distribution theory and Sobolev spaces with many examples and applications to equations with constant coefficients. The following chapters study the Cauchy problem for parabolic and hyperbolic equations, boundary value problems for elliptic equations, heat trace asymptotics, and scattering theory. The book also covers microlocal analysis, including the theory of pseudodifferential and Fourier integral operators, and the propagation of singularities for operators of real principal type. Among the more advanced topics are the global theory of Fourier integral operators and the geometric optics construction in the large, the Atiyah-Singer index theorem in Rn , and the oblique derivative problem.
Importance Truncated No Core Shell Model

The NCSM has been very successful at describing light nuclei (\(A \le 6\)), and in some cases, has also been able to describe nuclei in the middle of the p-shell (see [1] for an extensive list of results). However, NCSM calculations in the middle or in the upper part of the p-shell (\(A \ge 10\)) become very difficult to perform. Currently, interesting nuclei such as the Carbon or Oxygen isotopes are beyond the capabilities of the NCSM. To extend our calculations to the start of the sd-shell, is an even more challenging task. It is possible to do some exploratory calculations for the start of the sd-shell, in which \(N_\mathrm{max}\le 4\), but fully converged results will be out of reach for many years. We remind the reader that by fully converged results, we mean calculations which are free of the two NCSM parameters (\(N_\mathrm{max}\) and \(\hbar \Omega \)).
MC3D: Motion Contrast 3D Scanning

Structured light 3D scanning systems are fundamentally constrained by limited sensor bandwidth and light source power, hindering their performance in real-world applications where depth information is essential, such as industrial automation, autonomous transportation, robotic surgery, and entertainment. We present a novel structured light technique called Motion Contrast 3D scanning (MC3D) that maximizes bandwidth and light source power to avoid performance trade-offs. The technique utilizes motion contrast cameras that sense temporal gradients asynchronously, i.e., independently for each pixel, a property that minimizes redundant sampling. This allows laser scanning resolution with single-shot speed, even in the presence of strong ambient illumination, significant inter-reflections, and highly reflective surfaces. The proposed approach will allow 3D vision systems to be deployed in challenging and hitherto inaccessible real-world scenarios requiring high performance using limited power and bandwidth.
Hyper Th17 responses in IL-17R knockout is regulated by segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) (MUC4P.857)

Blockade or genetic deletion of IL-17RA resulted in marked increases in IL-17 response by T-cells. We hypothesize that the hyper Th17 response in IL-17 deficient mice is due to alterations of the gut microbiome particularly overgrowth of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). Our data shows that Il17ra-/- and Il17rc-/- mice have overgrowth of SFB (10 fold higher than WT.Taconic), suggesting a critical role of IL-17 signaling in SFB colonization. Higher SFB colonization in Il17ra-/- and Il17rc-/- mice results in expansion of IL-17A and IL-22 producing Th17 cells. As further evidence that this expansion was not T-cell intrinsic, we observed similar frequencies of IL-17 producing cells in WT and Il17ra-/- when naive T-cells were polarized in vitro to Th17 cells. Furthermore, vancomycin depletion of SFB in Il17ra-/- mice resulted into fewer Th17 cells in the lamina propria and spleen, suggesting gut microflora responsible for hyper Th17 response. SFB-colony free WT mice with intact IL-17 signaling can control SFB overgrowth but IL-17 deficient mice could not following SFB inoculation. To further define the role of IL-17 in SFB colonization, we have generated SFB-free Il17ra conditional knockout (Il17rafl/flxe2a cre) mice. SFB-free Il17rafl/flxe2a cre mice are devoid of hyper Th17 responses, and SFB inoculation resulted into acquisition of hyper Th17 phenotype as observed in Il17ra-/-. Our data suggest that IL-17 signaling regulates SFB colonization and associated Th17 responses.
Kinetic Properties of Allosteric Adenosine Monophosphate Nucleosidase from Azotobacter vinelandii

Abstract Highly purified, stable preparations of adenosine monophosphate nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.4) have been studied by initial velocity kinetics in order to determine the kinetic parameters of the enzyme and the relationships between the substrate and modifier sites. The results indicate that AMP nucleosidase contains interdependent modifier sites which can be occupied by MgATP2-, ATP4-, or MgPPi to give catalytically competent enzyme-activator complexes. MgATP2- is the most effective activator with ATP4- and MgPPi being less effective. The presence of saturating concentrations of activator increased the initial velocity from 100- to 400-fold over that in the absence of activator. The Hill coefficients for all three activator species are between 2.5 and 3.5 and are not affected by the concentration of AMP, the substrate of the reaction. The substrate sites exhibit interdependent kinetic behavior only at low activator concentrations and give linear double reciprocal plots of initial velocity as a function of AMP concentration at higher concentrations of activator. At high concentrations of the substrate, AMP, apparent substrate inhibition occurs. Kinetic results are consistent with this inhibition occurring by AMP combination at the modifier sites, thereby displacing the activator. Such inhibition occurs with each of the activators tested. Kinetic studies of the inhibition by AMP showed that the enzyme complex with AMP saturating at both the substrate and modifier sites retains a basal level of activity. This finding was substantiated by the demonstration of equivalent basal activity in the absence of activators. Kinetic studies of the activator-free AMP hydrolysis were consistent with the substrate sites maintaining a low rate of hydrolytic activity when the modifier sites are unoccupied. Saturation of the modifier sites with AMP leads to an increase in the rate of hydrolysis at the substrate sites. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by low concentrations of inorganic phosphate and by higher concentrations of sulfate. This inhibition occurs by competition with respect to the modifier site. From the kinetic parameters obtained, it is suggested that AMP nucleosidase is regulated in vivo by the intracellular ratios of MgATP2- and inorganic phosphate.
A Review of “Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership”

Ethical leadership is very much on the minds of many individuals, especially with the recent display of public anger in regard to the degree of risk taking undertaken by those in the financial indu...
Phase Formation of Sodium Bismuth Titanate Perovskite During Solid-State Processing

Phase formation of sodium bismuth titanate (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 or NBT) during the calcination process is investigated using in situ high-temperature diffraction. Reactant oxide and carbonate powders were heated from room temperature to 700°C and diffraction patterns were measured sequentially and continuously in 60 s intervals during heating using a laboratory X-ray powder diffractometer with a curved position-sensitive detector. A small fraction of a transient phase was observed in the range of 500°–650°C and attributed to a reaction between Bi2O3 and TiO2. A diffusion-dependent particle conversion mechanism is proposed for the formation of NBT in which the Bi2O3 particle and structure transforms into the perovskite phase.
Here’s Looking at You

This study represents the beginning of a systematic effort to utilize eye-movement responses in order to better understand individuals’ processing strategies during the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM). Eye movements reflect moment-by-moment spatial and temporal processing of visual information and represent a useful approach for studying the RIM with potential clinical implications. Thirteen participants responded to the Rorschach while eye movements were being monitored. Several eye-movement indices were studied which reflect different aspects of information processing. Differences among the Rorschach cards were found for several eye-movement indices. For example, fixation durations were longer during a second viewing of the cards than during the first. This is consonant with an attempt to acquire conceptually difficult information, as participants were reinterpreting the cards. Results are discussed in terms of visual information processing strategies during the RIM and the potential usefulness of eye mo...
Upper mantle heterogeneities and dynamics

The width of geochemical and residual elevation anomalies along the Mid-Ocean Ridge System decrease as both the distance between migrating ridge segments and related hotspots and the local geochemical dispersion in the anomalies increase. These observations provide further evidence that flows of mantle plumes in the upper mantle are deflected by migrating ridge sinks once they override hotspots.
Three dimensional turbulent wall jets

Jets issuing tangentially to an impermeable flat surface from orifices of finite aspect ratio are termed three-dimensional wall jets. The turbulent flow of viscous incompressible fluid associated with such wall jets has been investigated analytically. Results are presented for the wall jets issuing from orifices of various shapes and several aspect ratios. The maximum velocity shows three regions of decay. The potential core region is followed by a characteristic decay region where maximum velocity decays in a manner dependent on the shape and aspect ratio of the orifice. Following this region, there is a radial wall jet type maximum velocity decay region. All three-dimensional wall jets issuing from any arbitrary cross-sectional orifice decay in a similar manner in this radial decay region. The half-velocity width grows faster in the transverse direction than in a direction normal to the flat surface. The analytical results agree reasonably well with existing experimental results. On appelle jets a trois dimensions sur la paroi ceux qui sont emis tangentiellement a une surface plane et impermeable a partir d'orifices ayant un allongement (aspect ratio) fini. On a etudie d'une maniere analytique l'ecoulement turbulent d'un fluide visqueux et incompressible associe auxdits jets. On presente les resultats dans le cas de jets emis sur la paroi a partir d'orifices de differentes formes et de plusieurs allongements. On constate que la vitesse maximale diminue dans trois regions: le secteur du centre potentiel est suivi d'une region caracteristique de decroissement (celui-ci depend de la forme et de l'allongement de l'orifice), puis d'une autre semblable mais ou le jet sur la paroi est de type radial. Tous les jets a trois dimensions emis sur la paroi qui proviennent d'un orifice arbitraire decroissent de la měme maniere dans cette derniere region. La demi-vitesse croot en largeur plus vite dans le sens transversal que dans une direction perpendiculaire a la surface plane. Les resultats analytiques concordent raisonnablement bien avec les donnees experimentales actuelles.
Phenytoin: Plasma levels and behavioral changes associated with suppression of auditory evoked potentials in the cat

Abstract Phenytoin (PHT) administration caused near total or total suppression of auditory evoked field potentials and brainstem auditory evoked potentials at mean plasma levels of 28.1–30.5 μg/ml. The suppression lasted for a mean of 53.5 hr and was accompanied by ataxia and other signs of PHT toxicity. Visual evoked field potentials were not consistently affected. This action may be mediated by effects on peripheral auditory receptor mechanisms.
Scattering effects in terahertz reflection spectroscopy

Recent advances in ultrafast optical laser technology have improved generation and detection of energy within the terahertz (THz) portion of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. One promising application of THz spectroscopy is the detection of explosive materials and chemical or biological agents. This application has been motivated by initial measurements that indicate that explosives may have unique spectral characteristics in the THz region thus providing a discernible fingerprint. However, since THz wavelengths are 10's to 100's of microns in scale, rough interfaces between materials as well as the granular nature of explosives can cause frequency-dependent scattering that has the potential to alter or obscure these signatures. For reflection spectroscopy in particular the measured response may be dominated by rough surface scattering, which is in turn influenced by a number of factors including the dielectric contrast, the angle of incidence and scattering, and the operating frequency. In this paper, we present measurements of THz scattering from rough surfaces and compare these measurements with analytical and numerical scattering models. These models are then used to predict the distortion of explosive signatures due to rough surface interfaces with varying surface height deviations and correlation lengths. Implications of scattering effects on the performance of THz sensing of explosive materials are presented and discussed.
A new retinoid-binding protein with a low molecular weight.

Abstract Cellular retinoid-binding proteins and nuclear receptors may mediate the intracellular transport and the action of retinoids in the control of differentiation and tumorigenesis. We report a new retinoid-binding protein (Ret BP) with a molecular size of 4,000 that binds retinol, retinoic acid, and some of their derivatives. Purification of Ret BP from chick skin cytosol involved DEAE-Sephadex, Sephadex G-100, and Mono Q column chromatography. The Ret BP-retinoid complex eluted at 195 mM NaCl during Mono Q column chromatography using a 0–300 mM NaCl gradient. Superose-12 column chromatography indicated a molecular size of 4,000 for Ret BP. The binding protein showed a p I of 6.8 on electrofocusing in ampholines of pH 3–10. Ret BP may act as an affinant for retinoids in the cell, and may serve to dispense the ligands to their respective functionally active sites.
Structural Model for Deoxycytidine Deamination Mechanisms of the HIV-1 Inactivation Enzyme APOBEC3G

APOBEC3G (Apo3G) is a single-stranded DNA-dependent deoxycytidine deaminase, which, in the absence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral infectivity factor, is encapsulated into HIV virions. Subsequently, Apo3G triggers viral inactivation by processively deaminating C→U, with 3′→5′ polarity, on nascent minus-strand cDNA. Apo3G has a catalytically inactive N-terminal CD1 domain and an active C-terminal CD2 domain. Apo3G exists as monomers, dimers, tetramers, and higher order oligomers whose distributions depend on DNA substrate and salt. Here we use multiangle light scattering and atomic force microscopy to identify oligomerization states of Apo3G. A double mutant (F126A/W127A), designed to disrupt dimerization at the predicted CD1-CD1 dimer interface, predominantly converts Apo3G to a monomer that binds single-stranded DNA, Alu RNA, and catalyzes processive C→U deaminations with 3′→5′ deamination polarity, similar to native Apo3G. The CD1 domain is essential for both processivity and polarity. We propose a structure-based model to explain the scanning and catalytic behavior of Apo3G.
The Brauer–Clifford group of G-rings

Abstract In previous work, the author introduced the Brauer–Clifford group of certain G -algebras. This group is useful because to every irreducible character of a normal subgroup of a finite group, one can associate a unique element of a specific Brauer–Clifford group, and this element controls the Clifford theory of this character in its ambient group. In the present paper, we define the Brauer–Clifford group of G -rings. This new definition only requires us to discuss tensor products over the underlying G -ring, and it is simpler than the earlier one. We prove that the new definition yields a group which is canonically isomorphic to the Brauer–Clifford group of a corresponding suitable G -algebra.
Evaluation of early reperfusion and IV tPA therapy using diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI

Objective: To characterize the effects of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) therapy and early reperfusion on diffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) changes observed following acute ischemic injury. Methods: Twelve patients were evaluated prospectively using echo planar DWI and bolus tracking PWI. Six patients received IV rt-PA 0.9 mg/kg and were compared with six patients who did not. Patients receiving rt-PA were initially imaged (T1) 3 to 5 hours postictus (mean, 4 hours 20 minutes) whereas those not treated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) were imaged 4 to 7 hours postictus (mean, 5 hours, 25 minutes). Follow-up imaging was performed 3 to 6 hours (T2), 24 to 36 hours (T3), 5 to 7 days (T4), and 30 days (T5) after the first scan in all patients. Lesion volumes were measured on both DWI and time-to-peak maps constructed from PW images. Results: PWI was performed successfully at T1 and T3 in 11 of 12 patients. In the group that received IV tPA, initial PWI volumes were less than DWI volumes in five of six patients (83%), whereas only one of five patients (20%) not receiving tPA had PWI Conclusion: Early reperfusion is seen more frequently with IV tPA therapy. In addition, the study showed that ADC may undergo early increases that are tied closely to reperfusion, and marked ADC heterogeneity may exist within the same lesion. Early reperfusion is seen more frequently with IV tPA therapy.
Gold-Speckled Multimodal Nanoparticles for Noninvasive Bioimaging

In this report the synthesis, characterization, and functional evaluation of a multimodal nanoparticulate contrast agent for noninvasive imaging through both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is presented. The nanoparticles described herein enable high resolution and highly sensitive three-dimensional diagnostic imaging through the synergistic coupling of MRI and PAT capabilities. Gadolinium (Gd)-doped gold-speckled silica (GSS) nanoparticles, ranging from 50 to 200 nm, have been prepared in a simple one-pot synthesis using nonionic microemulsions. The photoacoustic signal is generated from a nonuniform, discontinuous gold nanodomains speckled across the silica surface, whereas the MR contrast is provided through Gd incorporated in the silica matrix. The presence of a discontinuous speckled surface, as opposed to a continuous gold shell, allows sufficient bulk water exchange with the Gd ions to generate a strong MR contrast. The dual imaging capabilities of the particles ...
SINDECS-R: A robotic work cell simulator

A GASP based simulator has been developed as a tool for examining both robotic work cell layout problems and part flow control problems. The unique modeling requirements for such a simulator are described and demonstrated.
A family with Hoyeraal–Hreidarsson syndrome and four variants in two genes of the telomerase core complex†‡

We describe an African American family with Hoyeraal-Hreidarrson syndrome (HHS) in which 2 TERT mutations (causing P530L and A880T amino acid changes) and two in the DKC1 variants (G486R and A487A) were segregating. Both genes are associated with dyskeratosis congenita and HHS. It was important to determine the importance of these mutations in disease pathogenesis to counsel family members. From genetic analysis of family members, telomere length and X-inactivation studies we concluded that compound heterozygosity for the TERT mutations was the major cause of HHS and the DKC1 G486R variant is a rare African variant unlikely to cause disease.
The correlation of polluted air with tree growth and lung disease in humans

Abstract In Altoona, Pennsylvania, a study was done to correlate the incidence of lung cancer and pulmonary emphysema to air pollution. Spatial distributions of relative sulfur dioxide concentrations were calculated for Altoona through a pollution model based on the Pasquill-Gifford equation of diffusion using the city's climatological and source distributions. A statistical analysis was done comparing the incidence of lung disease with concentrations of sulfur dioxide. A positive correlation was indicated. Lateral growth rates of trees throughout the city were analyzed to compare with the concentration patterns obtained from the pollution model. Areas showing past stunting of tree growth coincided reasonably with those areas shown numerically to be polluted.
Sacral insufficiency fractures

Abstract Insufficiency fractures of the sacrum commonly occur as a result of osteoporosis, usually without a history of trauma. If a high index of suspicion is not present, subtle findings on radiograph may be missed. As the mean age of the population increases, this entity will become more frequent. Metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, corticosteroids, malignancies, and irradiation are other predisposing factors to sacral insufficiency fractures. Patients may present with acute back pain or radiculopathy that simulates compression fractures, metastatic disease, herniated nucleus pulposus, and spinal stenosis. In this report we review the literature on sacral insufficiency fractures and discuss the spectrum of clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging findings, associated disorders, and response to therapy.
Optical Brain Imaging to Enhance UAV Operator Training, Evaluation, and Interface Development

As the use of unmanned aerial vehicles expands to near earth applications and force multiplying scenarios, current methods of operating UAVs and evaluating pilot performance need to expand as well. Many human factors studies on UAV operations rely on self reporting surveys to assess the situational awareness and cognitive workload of an operator during a particular task, which can make objective evaluations difficult. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIR) is an emerging optical brain imaging technology that monitors brain activity in response to sensory, motor, or cognitive activation. fNIR systems developed during the last decade allow for a rapid, non-invasive method of measuring the brain activity of a subject while conducting tasks in realistic environments. This paper investigates deployment of fNIR for monitoring UAV operator's cognitive workload and situational awareness during simulated missions. The experimental setup and procedures are presented with some early results supporting the use of fNIR for enhancing UAV operator training, evaluation and interface development.
In Situ X-ray Diffraction Study of the Phase Transition of Nanocrystalline In(OH)3 to In2O3

Single-crystalline indium oxide (In2O3) nanocubes were successfully prepared via dehydration of indium hydroxide (In(OH)3) nanocubes synthesized by a hydrothermal method. In situ x-ray diffraction patterns of the phase transition were obtained. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the morphology of the In2O3 nanocrystallites was the same as that of their precursors, In(OH)3 nanocrystallites. The reported method, the dehydration of In(OH)3 nanocrystallites prepared by a hydrothermal method, shows a simple and effective synthesis route for In2O3 nanostructured materials.
Temperatures and Energy Partition for Grinding with Vitrified CBN Wheels

An investigation is reported of the temperatures and energy partition for grinding with vitrified CBN wheels. Temperature distributions were measured in the subsurface of hardened bearing steel workpieces using an embedded thermocouple during grinding with a water soluble fluid at specific removal rates from 5 to 60 mm2/s. The energy partition to the workpiece and heat flux distribution within the grinding zone were estimated using temperature matching and inverse heat transfer analyses. In all cases, the maximum grinding zone temperature rise was less than 120°C. The energy partition to the workpiece was found to be only 4.0 to 8.5%. Such low energy partitions are consistent with a thermal model which takes into account conduction to the workpiece, conduction to the abrasive grains, and cooling of the workpiece by the fluid at the grinding zone.
Mentoring and Leadership Development

Abstract Today's technology-based society and the vast influx of new information make leadership development a necessity. Many of the world's finest and most successful leaders have trusted mentors. Mentoring has emerged as a means to cultivate the leadership skills of current and future leaders. Mentoring has a rich history and harbors immense learning potential, which is supported by the theories and concepts of prominent researchers and philosophers such as Vygotsky, Rogoff, and Bruner. Mentors take on various roles and, like chameleons, transform their roles to fit the needs of their mentees, including becoming coaches, supporters, counselors, educators, and sponsors. The benefits of both mentors and mentees are extensive, ranging from increased self-esteem, awareness, insight, and professional skills to reduction of stress. While the benefits to mentoring are immense, personal and societal constraints such as time, incompatibility, and inadequate training show that engaging in mentoring takes immense...
Motivation and Mathematics Achievement: A Comparative Study of Asian-American, Caucasian-American, and East Asian High School Students

This study examined the motivation and mathematics achievement of Asian-American, Caucasian-American, and East Asian students. Subjects were 304 Asian-American, 1,958 Caucasian-American, 1,475 Chinese (Taiwan), and 1,120 Japanese eleventh graders (mean age = 17.6 years). Students were given a curriculum-based mathematics test and a questionnaire. Mathematics scores of the Asian-American students were higher than those of Caucasian-American students but lower than those of Chinese and Japanese students. Factors associated with the achievement of Asian-American and East Asian students included having parents and peers who hold high standards, believing that the road to success is through effort, having positive attitudes about achievement, studying diligently, and facing less interference with their schoolwork from jobs and informal peer interactions. Contrary to the popular belief that Asian-American students' high achievement necessarily takes a psychological toll,they were found not to report a greater frequency of maladjustive symptoms than Caucasian-American students.
Mobility handling in MAC for wireless ad hoc networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are becoming popular in a wide variety of applications. In a WSN, sensor nodes can be static or mobile, depending on applications. Handling mobility in a sensor network can pose interesting challenges in sensor protocol design, and special algorithms are needed to adapt to mobility in the network. In this paper, we survey the current state of art in handling mobility in sensor networks. We first study how mobility affects the design of different layers in the sensor network architecture, and then take a closer look at mobility handling in the MAC layer. We also describe the results of simulations that we conducted to compare and analyze existing mobility-aware MAC protocols. Finally, we discuss open issues in dealing with mobility in sensor networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithography-free approach to highly efficient, scalable SERS substrates based on disordered clusters of disc-on-pillar structures

We present a lithography-free technological strategy that enables fabrication of large area substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with excellent performance in the red to NIR spectral range. Our approach takes advantage of metal dewetting as a facile means to create stochastic arrays of circular patterns suitable for subsequent fabrication of plasmonic disc-on-pillar (DOP) structures using a combination of anisotropic reactive ion etching (RIE) and thin film deposition. Consistent with our previous studies of individual DOP structures, pillar height which, in turn, is defined by the RIE processing time, has a dramatic effect on the SERS performance of stochastic arrays of DOP structures. Our computational analysis of model DOP systems confirms the strong effect of the pillar height and also explains the broadband sensitivity of the implemented SERS substrates. Our Raman mapping data combined with SEM structural analysis of the substrates exposed to benzenethiol solutions indicates that clustering of shorter DOP structures and bundling of taller ones is a likely mechanism contributing to higher SERS activity. Nonetheless, bundled DOP structures appeared to be consistently less SERS-active than vertically aligned clusters of DOPs with optimized parameters. The latter are characterized by average SERS enhancement factors above 107.
Identification of MET10-932 and Characterization as an Allele Reducing Hydrogen Sulfide Formation in Wine Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A vineyard isolate of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, UCD932, was identified as a strain producing little or no detectable hydrogen sulfide during wine fermentation. Genetic analysis revealed that this trait segregated as a single genetic determinant. The gene also conferred a white colony phenotype on BiGGY agar (bismuth-glucose-glycine-yeast agar), which is thought to indicate low basal levels of sulfite reductase activity. However, this isolate does not display a requirement for S-containing amino acids, indicating that the sulfate reduction pathway is fully operational. Genetic crosses against known mutations conferring white colony color on BiGGY agar identified the gene leading to reduced H2S formation as an allele of MET10 (MET10-932), which encodes a catalytic subunit of sulfite reductase. Sequence analysis of MET10-932 revealed several corresponding amino acid differences in relation to laboratory strain S288C. Allele differences for other genes of the sulfate reduction pathway were also detected in UCD932. The MET10 allele of UCD932 was found to be unique in comparison to the sequences of several other vineyard isolates with differing levels of production of H2S. Replacing the MET10 allele of high-H2S-producing strains with MET10-932 prevented H2S formation by those strains. A single mutative change, corresponding to T662K, in MET10-932 resulted in a loss of H2S production. The role of site 662 in sulfide reduction was further analyzed by changing the encoded amino acid at this position. A change back to threonine or to the conservative serine fully restored the H2S formation conferred by this allele. In addition to T662K, arginine, tryptophan, and glutamic acid substitutions similarly reduced sulfide formation.
Bicuculline infused into the hamster ventral tegmentum inhibits, while sodium valproate facilitates, sexual receptivity

Progesterone's (P) actions on both the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are essential for sexual receptivity in female hamsters. Evidence suggests that progesterone's actions in the hamster VMH may be genomic while those in the VTA may be mediated nongenomically, via GABAA. Ovariectomized female hamsters were bilaterally implanted with cannulae aimed toward the VTA. One week after surgery, animals were SC injected with 10 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) and 40 h later with 200 or 500 μg P. At hour 43.5, 50 ng bicuculline, a GABAA antagonist, was infused into each available cannula. Control animals received 0.5 μl sterile saline vehicle, or no infusion. At hour 44, animals were tested for sexual receptivity in an observation arena with a sexually experienced male. Histology revealed that only animals with bicuculline infused into the VTA had reduced lordosis durations compared to controls. Other animals, primed with EB and 200 μg progesterone, showed a facilitation of sexual receptivity after infusion into the VTA of 50 μg sodium valproate, a GABAA transaminase inhibitor. These results suggest that GABAA plays a necessary role in the mechanism of progesterone's actions on sexual receptivity in hamster VTA.