cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence excitation and propagation through brain phantom gelatins: measurements and potential applications

We have investigated the utility of 0.6% agarose gels as surrogate materials for brain tissues in optical propagation studies for possible diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Centimeter-scale layers of the gel exhibited a Beer's law attenuation factor, δ, of ≈0.2 mm−1 for incident illumination via a pulsed LED (100 Hz) at 405 nm. This result was different by only about a factor of 3 from the effective penetration depth at similar wavelengths through in vitro samples of the gray (cortical) matter of human brain, as measured by others. Then, films of the thermographic phosphors La2O2S:Eu, Mg4FGeO6:Mn, YAG:Cr and variants of the latter were formed on aluminum substrates and the fluorescence of these samples was stimulated and observed through layers of the gel up to 4 cm thick. In all cases, the fluorescence was easily excited and distinguishable above the background. The results demonstrate that this gel might serve as an inexpensive and robust test bed for exploratory studies of neurological modalities involving propagation of optical signals within brain tissues.
Enolate alkylations with diethylbutadiene phosphonate-II

Abstract An effect by the cation has been observed in the reactions of aldehyde enolates with 1-diethylphosphinyl-1,3-butadiene.
Repulsive Axon Guidance: Abelson and Enabled Play Opposing Roles Downstream of the Roundabout Receptor

Drosophila Roundabout (Robo) is the founding member of a conserved family of repulsive axon guidance receptors that respond to secreted Slit proteins. Little is known about the signaling mechanisms which function downstream of Robo to mediate repulsion. Here, we present genetic and biochemical evidence that the Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase and its substrate Enabled (Ena) play direct and opposing roles in Robo signal transduction. Genetic interactions support a model in which Abl functions to antagonize Robo signaling, while Ena is required in part for Robo's repulsive output. Both Abl and Ena can directly bind to Robo's cytoplasmic domain. A mutant form of Robo that interferes with Ena binding is partially impaired in Robo function, while a mutation in a conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine that can be phosphorylated by Abl generates a hyperactive Robo receptor.
Reflex inhibition and reflex strength

In Experiment 1, the amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex in rats was shown to increase linearly with increases in the intensity of the eliciting stimulus (Se). A preliminary stimulus (Si), a light flash, inhibited the reflex. The amplitude of the reflex was reduced by an equal amount regardless of Se intensity. In Experiment 2, the amplitude of the same reflex was shown to have a biphasic relation to the intensity of a white noise background (Sn) and reflex amplitudes peaked at the intermediate noise levels. Although the vigor of the reflex elicited in the presence of the most intense noise approximated that elicited by the weak Se in Experiment 1, in this condition the reflex was unaffected by the occurrence of the otherwise inhibitory light flash. It has been previously hypothesized that the decrement in reflex vigor obtained at high Sn results because sensory masking of Se by Sn reduces the effective intensity of Se. The different effect of Si in these two conditions suggests that this hypothesis is incorrect. A hypothetical neural model was devised to account for the difference between the two reflexes in their susceptibility to a preliminary stimulus, and the model was extended to other effects of stimulus strength and background noise on reflexive behavior.
The dsy10 Mutation of Arabidopsis results in desynapsis and a general breakdown in meiosis

The proper pairing and recombination of chromosomes during prophase is essential for the formation of gametes during meiosis. As part of studies to identify genes required for homologous chromosome pairing and recombination during meiosis in plants, we characterized a number of T-DNA-tagged, male-sterile mutants of Arabidopsis. Preliminary cytological studies on one line, 7219 which is male and female sterile, suggested that the mutation may disrupt meiosis and result in the formation of aberrant microsporocytes and microspores. In this report we present the results of a detailed analysis of meiosis in microsporocytes of sterile plants to elucidate the nature of the 7219 mutation. Analysis indicates that the mutation usually results in a desynaptic phenotype, with ten sister chromatids observed prior to metaphase I in most cells. Based on this, we named the mutation dsy10. The presence of several other meiotic defects suggests that dsy10 may not be a typical desynaptic mutant.
Isolation and characterization of Ehrlichia chaffeensis RNA polymerase and its use in evaluating p28 outer membrane protein gene promoters

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a tick-transmitted rickettsial pathogen responsible for an important emerging disease, human monocytic ehrlichiosis. To date how E. chaffeensis and many related tick-borne rickettsial pathogens adapt and persist in vertebrate and tick hosts remain largely unknown. In recent studies, we demonstrated significant host-specific differences in protein expression in E. chaffeensis originating from its tick and vertebrate host cells. The adaptive response of the pathogen to different host environments entails switch of gene expression regulated at the level of transcription, possibly by altering RNA polymerase activity. In an effort to understand the molecular basis of pathogen gene expression differences, we isolated native E. chaffeensis RNA polymerase using a heparin-agarose purification method and developed an in vitro transcription system to map promoter regions of two differentially expressed genes of the p28 outer membrane protein locus, p28-Omp14 and p28-Omp19. We also prepared a recombinant protein of E. chaffeensis σ70 homologue and used it for in vitro promoter analysis studies. The possible role of one or more proteins presents in E. chaffeensis lysates in binding to the promoter segments and on the modulation of in vitro transcription was also assessed. Our experiments demonstrated that both the native and recombinant proteins are functional and have similar enzyme properties in driving the transcription from E. chaffeensis promoters. This is the first report of the functional characterization of E. chaffeensis RNA polymerase and in vitro mapping of the pathogen promoters using the enzyme. This study marks the beginning to broadly characterize the mechanisms controlling the transcription by Anaplasmataceae pathogens.
NMR relaxation and linewidths in a series of alkoxyazoxybenzenes

Abstract Nuclear spin relaxation, rotating frame relaxation, and second-moment linewidth studies have been used to study ordering and dynamics in the solid and mesophases of a series of 4,4′-(bis)alkoxyazoxybenzenes. Results were obtained for both heating and cooling curves. Heptyloxyazoxybenzene smectic C phase second-moment data show a thermal hysteresis and a simple model is developed to explain the results. T1 and T1ϱ do not show thermal hysteresis but T1ϱ is sensitive to the nematic-smectic C transition. A phase transition in the solid phase of butyloxyazoxybenzene, indicated by previous infrared studies, is not evident in T1 and second-moment data for that compound.
Spray droplet velocity and energy in intermittent flow from hydraulic nozzles

Intermittent operation of a hydraulic atomization nozzle has been investigated as a potential method for flow control without distortion of droplet size spectra. This study investigated the effects of intermittent flow on the droplet velocity and energy within spray clouds from flat-fan nozzles. Spray cloud specific energy and kinetic energy median diameter, an energy analogue to the volume median diameter were developed as indicators of agricultural spray cloud behaviour. Droplet velocity and energy were slightly reduced and kinetic energy median diameter increased as intermittency increased. A doubly asymptotic, exponential function accurately described the relationship between droplet velocity and size in intermittent sprays from stationary nozzles. Simple adaptation of a continuous spray model to intermittent spray clouds did not result in accurate prediction of spray droplet velocities.
Justice for Whom?: Assessing Humanist Criminology as a Catalyst for Change in the Criminal Justice Apparatus

Humanist perspectives on criminology incorporate the role of the state in affecting basic justice processes. Separate scholarly work by Alfred McClung Lee, Richard Quinney, and others set the stage for viable alternatives embodied in peacemaking and restorative justice. Tie-ins between critical humanist criminology critiques, basic sociology views toward society, and current developments in alternative justice models are assessed. An evaluation of how humanist criminology has transformed conceptions of community participation (as stressed in the original humanist sociology perspective) will serve as an integral analysis in assessing the impact of social justice models.
Chloride current induced by alcohols in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

We have recently demonstrated that ethanol and longer-chain alcohols (n-alcohols) enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced chloride currents before desensitization takes place. The potencies of n-alcohols increase with lengthening of the carbon chain. We now report that n-alcohols induce chloride currents by themselves in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in primary culture. The whole cell variation of the patch clamp techniques was used to record currents as induced by external application of alcohols and other test compounds. Ethanol, n-butanol, n-hexanol and n-octanol induced inward currents with their potencies increasing in that order. The potencies were approximately one order of magnitude less than those to augment GABA-induced currents. The maximum amplitudes of currents induced by the alcohols were less than those produced by GABA. The n-octanol-induced currents were carried largely by chloride ions because the reversal potentials were changed according to the Nernst chloride potential as the internal chloride concentration was changed. Bicuculline and picrotoxin suppressed the n-octanol-induced current, and chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital augmented the n-octanol-induced current. Therefore, the alcohol-induced chloride currents flow through the chloride channels associated with the GABAA receptors. When applied after the GABA-induced current was desensitized to a lower level, n-octanol suppressed rather than augmented the current. Thus, n-alcohols mimic barbiturates in augmenting the GABA-induced currents and in generating chloride currents by themselves. These actions of both agents may play a role in causing anxiolytic, sedative and/or anesthetic effects.
Simple Colloids in Simple Environments Explored in the Past, Complex Nanoids in Dynamic Systems to be Conquered Next: Some Enigmas, Challenges, and Strategies

Abstract The behavior of colloids is governed to a great extent by their interactions with various chemicals which in turn are influenced by their surface properties including electrostatic charge. In the past, mechanisms of charge generation on simple solids, such as oxides, and salt types, such as calcite, and adsorption of simple species, such as chlorides, alkyl sulfonates, and water-soluble polyelectrolytes, on them have been explored and well understood. Microstructures of adsorbed layers have been probed using spectroscopic, electrokinetic, and scanning microprobe techniques and the proposed aggregation of surfactants and polymers at interfaces to form solloids 1 (“Surface cOLLOIDS” such as hemimicelles) has been verified. Interactions in simple systems have also received considerable attention. The challenge now lies in understanding complex real-life systems consisting of mixed multicomponent solids in media containing a variety of organic and inorganic species. The most exciting results will possibly come from studies of the colloidal behavior of dynamic natural colloids such as microbes. In this treatise some of the enigmas in real life systems and the challenges involved in understanding and utilizing them are explored. Future colloids and nanoids 2 will be designed so that the adsorbed layers, like the living entities, will respond to external perturbations and reorient/reconform themselves for optimum behavior. Based on the dynamics, one can envisage novel materials and processes that will perform a specific function in response to externally controlled perturbations. These novel systems will find applications for functional coatings and films, signal transmission devices, nanoelectronic circuits, and drug delivery and toxin extraction.
Ethanol Suppresses Endotoxin But Not Platelet Activating Factor‐Induced Hypotension and Nitric Oxide

Ethanol (ETOH) inhibits the immune response to endotoxemia. The early stage of endotoxin (LPS)-induced shock is associated with an acute phase cardiovascular depression (APCD). Release of platelet activating factor (PAF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) with upregulation of nitric oxide (NO) production may initiate the APCD. Since ETOH inhibits induction of NO synthase (iNOS) mNRA by LPS, we postulate that ETOH may mask the APCD associated with endotoxemia. To test this, Sprague-Dawley rats (280-320 g, n = 5-6/group) were given LPS [0.75 mg/kg, intravenously (i.v.)] or PAF (10 to 150 micrograms/kg, i.v.) 30 min after administration of sterile saline (PBS), BN-5073 a mixed PAF antagonist (0.50 microgram/kg, i.v.), or ETOH [2.2-5.5 g/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)]. Cardiovascular parameters and plasma concentrations of nitrate and nitrite (RNI), ETOH, TNF alpha, and neutrophil (PMN) generation of RNI were measured. LPS and PAF both produced APCD. LPS-induced APCD was associated with tachycardia, elevated plasma TNF alpha and RNI, and ex vivo generation of RNI by PMNs. ETOH and BN-50730 prevented LPS-induced APCD and increases in RNI and TNF alpha. ETOH, however, increased the mortality associated with APCD. PAF produced only hypotension, bradycardia and elevated plasma levels of TNF alpha. ETOH and LNMMA did not affect PAF-induced APCD. BN-50730 inhibited PAF-induced APCD and plasma TNF alpha. We conclude that 1) ETOH inhibits the APCD and induction of NO characteristic of endotoxemia and 2) ETOH-induced suppression of LPS-mediated APCD may be mediated in part by suppression of release of intracellular PAF. Ethanol may increase the morbidity and mortality of endotoxemia by masking the hypotension and humoral changes characteristic of early endotoxemia thereby delaying appropriate therapy and by diminution of the protective effects of endogenous NO.
The effects of storage time variations on the forward resistance of silicon p + -n-n + diodes at microwave frequencies

Minority-carrier storage times in p+-n-n+diodes have been measured over a wide range of diode diameters and forward currents. The reduction of the storage time by surface recombination and by high-level charge injection has been observed. By increasing the diode diameter, a significant increase in the storage time is achievable. The decrease in storage times at high injection levels explains the dependence of the diode's forward resistance upon forward drive at microwave frequencies.
Establishment of primary cultures of ovine abomasal cells

A procedure is described for preparation of primary cultures of epithelial-like cells from the mucosa of the abomasum of young sheep.
Symptom Relief After Large-Volume Thoracentesis in the Absence of Lung Perfusion

The physiologic basis for relief from dyspnea after therapeutic thoracentesis remains poorly understood. Here, we describe the case of a 46-year-old man with large recurrent pleural effusion with absent perfusion to the affected lung who experienced dramatic dyspnea relief after large-volume thoracentesis. This patient's improvement in breathlessness cannot be attributed to improved gas exchange and suggests the primary physiologic basis for the relief in dyspnea is a change in respiratory system mechanics or work of breathing.
Rethinking Visual Anthropology

Rethinking Visual Anthropology. Marcus Banks and Howard Morphy. eds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. 306 pp.
Facial Expression Recognition

This chapter introduces recent advances in facial expression analysis and recognition. The first part discusses general structure of AFEA systems. The second part describes the problem space for facial expression analysis. This space includes multiple dimensions: level of description, individual differences in subjects, transitions among expressions, intensity of facial expression, deliberate versus spontaneous expression, head orientation and scene complexity, image acquisition and resolution, reliability of ground truth, databases, and the relation to other facial behaviors or nonfacial behaviors. We note that most work to date has been confined to a relatively restricted region of this space. The last part of this chapter is devoted to a description of more specific approaches and the techniques used in recent advances. They include the techniques for face acquisition, facial data extraction and representation, facial expression recognition, and multimodal expression analysis. The chapter concludes with a discussion assessing the current status, future possibilities, and open questions about automatic facial expression analysis.
Biomechanical effects of harvesting bone graft with the Reamer/Irrigator/Aspirator

The reamer/irrigator/aspirator (RIA) is a means of harvesting bone graft from the intramedullary canal of the femur. It is a one-pass flexible reamer that limits embolic debris by aspirating the contents of the intramedullary canal as the reamer passes distally. We hypothesize that reaming a structurally sound femur will not degrade its material properties sufficiently to warrant post-reaming fixation or altered weight-bearing status. Using cadaveric femurs, half of which were reamed with the RIA to 15 mm, specimens were tested in torsion and showed that there was not a significant change in mean torsional stiffness and mean torsional rigidity. Based on this, we concluded that use of the RIA for purposes of harvesting bone graft did not significantly affect a femur's biomechanical properties.
Comparison of outcomes in cancer patients treated within and outside clinical trials: conceptual framework and structured review.

Summary Background Many oncologists believe that patients with cancer who enrol in clinical trials have better outcomes than those who do not enrol. We aimed to assess the empirical evidence that such a trial effect exists. Methods We developed a conceptual framework for comparison of trial and non-trial patients. We then did a comprehensive literature search to identify studies that compared outcomes between these groups. We critically evaluated these studies to assess whether they provide valid and generalisable support for a trial effect. Findings We identified 26 comparisons, from 24 published articles, of outcomes among cancer patients enrolled and not enrolled in clinical trials. 21 comparisons used retrospective cohort designs. 14 comparisons provided some evidence that patients enrolled in trials have improved outcomes. However, strategies to control for potential confounding factors were inconsistent and frequently inadequate. Only eight comparisons restricted non-trial patients to those meeting trial eligibility criteria. Of these, three noted better outcomes in trial patients than in non-trial patients. Children with cancer, patients with haematological malignant disease, and patients treated before 1986 were disproportionately represented in positive studies. Interpretation Despite widespread belief that enrolment in clinical trials leads to improved outcomes in patients with cancer, there are insufficient data to conclude that such a trial effect exists. Until such data are available, patients with cancer should be encouraged to enrol in clinical trials on the basis of trials’ unquestioned role in improving treatment for future patients.
Major element chemistry of ocean island basalts — Conditions of mantle melting and heterogeneity of mantle source

article i nfo We estimate average compositions of near-primary, 'reference' ocean island basalts (OIBs) for 120 volcanic centers from 31 major island groups and constrain the depth of lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) at the time of volcanism and the possible depth of melt-mantle equilibration based on recently calibrated melt silica activity barometer. The LAB depth versus fractionation corrected OIB compositions (lava compositions, X, corrected to Mg# 73, XOIB #73 , i.e., magmas in equilibrium with Fo90, if olivine is present in the mantle source) show an increased major element compositional variability with increasing LAB depths. OIBs erupted on lithospheres b40 km thick approach the compositions (e.g. SiO2 #73 , TiO2 #73 , (CaO/Al2O3) #73 )o f
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVELS FOR SELECTED MILITARY FUEL VAPORS

The following is a summary of the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences report entitled Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors. That report was prepared in response to a request from the U.S. Navy to review the toxicity data on two jet-propulsion (JP) fuels JP-5 and JP-8 and diesel fuel marine (DFM), and determine the scientific validity of the Navy's proposed 8-h permissible exposure limits (PELs) and 15- min short-term exposure limits (STELs) for all three fuels. The report was prepared by the National Research Council Subcommittee on Permissible Exposure Levels for Military Fuels. The roster of the subcommittee is as follows. SUBCOMMITTEE ON PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVELS FOR MILITARY FUELS Rogene F. Henderson (Chair), Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA Dean E. Carter, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA Charles E. Feigley, University of South Carolina, School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA Nat...
Effect of aviation snip design and task height on upper extremity muscular activity and wrist posture.

Hand tools described as ergonomic in design are intended to reduce exposure to physical risk factors associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Additionally, using the right tool for the job is believed to reduce exposure and, consequently, risk of disease. Sheet metal workers frequently use a cutting tool called aviation snips when fabricating and installing ductwork. The purpose of this laboratory simulation study was to determine the effect of (1) aviation snip design; and (2) work height on muscle activity, wrist posture, and user satisfaction among sheet metal workers. We hypothesized that specific aviation snips designs would be most appropriate for use at specific heights. Twenty-three sheet metal workers used three different designs of aviation snips to make curved cuts in sheet metal placed both at waist height and shoulder height. Conventional circular snips, straight snips, and an alternate design of offset snips were used. Upper extremity muscle activity was measured with surface ...
Human Papillomavirus E7 Induces Rereplication in Response to DNA Damage

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary but not sufficient for cervical carcinogenesis. Genomic instability caused by HPV allows cells to acquire additional mutations required for malignant transformation. Genomic instability in the form of polyploidy has been demonstrated to play an important role in cervical carcinogenesis. We have recently found that HPV-16 E7 oncogene induces polyploidy in response to DNA damage; however, the mechanism is not known. Here we present evidence demonstrating that HPV-16 E7-expressing cells have an intact G2 checkpoint. Upon DNA damage, HPV-16 E7-expressing cells arrest at the G2 checkpoint and then undergo rereplication, a process of successive rounds of host DNA replication without entering mitosis. Interestingly, the DNA replication initiation factor Cdt1, whose uncontrolled expression induces rereplication in human cancer cells, is upregulated in E7-expressing cells. Moreover, downregulation of Cdt1 impairs the ability of E7 to induce rereplication. These results demonstrate an important role for Cdt1 in HPV E7-induced rereplication and shed light on mechanisms by which HPV induces genomic instability.
Fitting In but Getting Fat Identity Threat and Dietary Choices Among U.S. Immigrant Groups

In two experiments, we tested the hypothesis that pressure felt by U.S. immigrant groups to prove they belong in America causes them to consume more prototypically American, and consequently less healthy, foods. Asian Americans were three times more likely to report a prototypically American food as their favorite after being asked whether they spoke English than when they had not been asked; in contrast, questioning the English abilities of White Americans had no effect on their reports (Experiment 1). Also, Asian Americans ordered and ate dishes that were more American and contained an average of 182 additional calories and 12 extra grams of fat when their American identity was directly challenged than when their American identity was not challenged (Experiment 2). Identity-based psychological processes may help explain why the diets of U.S. immigrant groups tend to decline in nutritional value with longer residence in the United States and over generations.
Multidisciplinary Approach to Reduce the Risk of Morbidity and Mortality Related to Placenta Accreta

Poster Presentation Background Placenta previa and accreta can be life threatening and have a high risk of morbidity for mother and infant. The incidence of placenta accreta has increased significantly during the last 30 years. Multidisciplinary planning may reduce the risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommended a planned preterm cesarean hysterectomy with the placenta left in situ. Case A 36‐year‐old, G3P1 woman at 32 weeks gestation was admitted to the antepartum unit with a diagnosis of complete placenta previa and placenta accreta. A multidisciplinary approach was used to plan for a scheduled cesarean with hysterectomy. Multidisciplinary meetings were used to prepare staff for potential complications. The woman was transferred to labor and delivery (L&D) at 36 3/7 weeks gestation. The woman was taken to the operating room (OR) where she received an epidural and had ureteral stents placed per urology. She was then transferred to interventional radiology where arterial balloons were placed. The woman was transferred back to L&D OR for delivery accompanied by the radiologist who prepared to inflate the balloons as needed. The blood bank prepared for the case with four units of blood in the OR and 14 units on hold. After the woman was placed under general anesthesia and the neonatal team was present, the OR team proceeded with the cesarean. A viable infant was born with Apgar scores of 3, 6, 9, and weight of 2520 grams. The placenta was left in situ and the hysterectomy was completed. The woman received 500 ml of albumin and two units of packed red blood cells. The estimated blood loss was 750 ml. The woman had an uneventful recovery and was discharged three days later. Conclusion Although it is not always possible to prepare for an emergent patient who presents to the L&D unit with an acute bleeding episode due to an abnormal placentation, the admission of this woman to the antepartum unit at 32 weeks gestation and multidisciplinary planning ensured that the woman and infant had safe passage. It is essential that all providers be aware of the potential complications and the potential interventions. It is imperative that preparation for massive transfusion is in place and that all necessary equipment is available.
FACTOR: A Hierarchical Methodology for Functional Test Generation and Testability Analysis

Test sets for path delay faults in circuits with largenumbers of paths are typically generated for path delayfaults associated with the longest circuit paths. We showthat such test sets may not detect faults associated with thenext-to-longest paths. This may lead to undetected failuressince shorter paths may fail without any of the longestpaths failing. In addition, paths that appear to be shortermay actually be longer than the longest paths if the procedureused for estimating path length is inaccurate. Wepropose a test enrichment procedure that increasessignificantly the number of faults associated with thenext-to-longest paths that are detected by a (compact) testset. This is achieved by allowing the underlying test generationprocedure the flexibility of detecting or not detect-ingthe faults associated with the next-to-longest paths.Faults associated with next-to-longest paths are detectedwithout increasing the number of tests beyond thatrequired to detect the faults associated with the longestpaths. The proposed procedure thus improves the qualityof the test set without increasing its size.
Maternal exposure to methotrexate and birth defects: A population-based study

Methotrexate is an anti-folate medication that is associated with increased risk of multiple birth defects. Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a case-control study of major birth defects in the United States, we examined mothers exposed to methotrexate. The study population included mothers of live-born infants without major birth defects (controls) and mothers of fetuses or infants with a major birth defect (cases), with expected dates of delivery between October 1997 and December 2009. Mothers of cases and controls were asked detailed questions concerning pregnancy history, demographic information, and exposures in a telephone interview. Approximately 0.06% (n = 16/27,623) of case and 0.04% (n = 4/10,113) of control mothers reported exposure to methotrexate between 3 months prior to conception through the end of pregnancy. Of the 16 case infants, 11 (68.8%) had a congenital heart defect (CHD). The observed CHDs included atrial septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, valvar pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defects (VSDs), and total anomalous pulmonary venous return. One case infant had microtia in addition to a VSD and another had VACTER association. Exposed cases without a CHD had one of the following birth defects: cleft palate, hypospadias, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, or craniosynostosis. Based on a limited number of methotrexate-exposed mothers, our findings support recent case reports suggesting an association between early pregnancy exposure to methotrexate and CHDs. Because of the rarity of maternal periconceptional exposure to methotrexate, long-term, population-based case-control studies are needed to confirm these findings and better evaluate the association between methotrexate and birth defects.
Bifurcation analysis of a menstrual cycle model reveals multiple mechanisms linking testosterone and classical PCOS.

Abstract A system of 16 differential equations is described which models hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle focusing on the effects of the androgen testosterone (T) on follicular development and on the synthesis of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pituitary. Model simulations indicate two stable menstrual cycles – one cycle fitting data in the literature for normal women and the other cycle being anovulatory because of no LH surge. Bifurcations with respect to sensitive model parameters illustrate various characteristics of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a leading cause of female infertility. For example, varying one parameter retards the growth of preantral follicles and produces a “stockpiling” of these small follicles as observed in the literature for some PCOS women. Modifying another parameter increases the stimulatory effect of T on LH synthesis resulting in reduced follicular development and anovulation. In addition, the model illustrates how anovulatory and hyperandrogenic cycles which are characteristic of PCOS can be reproduced by perturbing both pituitary sensitivity to T and the follicular production of T. Thus, this model suggests that for some women androgenic activity at the levels of both the pituitary and the ovaries may contribute to the etiology of PCOS.
Conjunctive representations, the hippocampus, and contextual fear conditioning.

The context in which events occur can be represented as both (1) a set of independent features, the feature representation view, and (2) a set of features bound into a unitary representation, the conjunction representation view. It is assumed that extrahippocampal (e.g., neocortical) areas provide a basis for feature representations, but the hippocampal formation makes an essential contribution to the automatic storage of conjunctive representations. We develop this dual-representation view and explore its implications for hippocampal contributions to contextual fear conditioning processes. To this end, we discuss how our framework can resolve some of the conflicts in the recent literature relating the hippocampus to contextual fear conditioning. We also present new data supporting the role of a key mechanism afforded by conjunctive representations—pattern completion (the ability of a subset of a memory pattern to activate the complete memory)—in contextual fear conditioning. As is implied by this mechanism, we report that fear can be conditioned to the memory representation of a context that is not actually present at the time of shock. Moreover, this result is predicted by our computational model of cortical and hippocampal function. We suggest that pattern completion demonstrated in animals and by our model provides a mechanistic bridge to human declarative memory.
Cardiovascular effects produced by systemic injections of nitro blue tetrazolium in the rat

Nitro blue tetrazolium is a powerful electron acceptor which is widely used to localize NADPH-dependent flavin-containing enzymes known as NADPH diaphorases. By accepting electrons, nitro blue tetrazolium is known to inhibit the activity of these enzymes. The present study examined the effects of intravenous nitro blue tetrazolium on arterial blood pressure and regional blood flows in urethane-anesthetized rats. Nitro blue tetrazolium (0.1-5 mol/kg) produced a dose-dependent hypotension and differential effects on regional hemodynamics including decreases in hindquarter and mesenteric vascular resistances and a marked increase in renal resistance. These results demonstrate that systemic administration of nitro blue tetrazolium produces profound hemodynamic effects, the mechanisms of which remain to be elucidated.
Effects of composted swine manure on weed seedbank

Deep-bedded hoop structures where pigs are raised on a thick layer of crop residues represent a promising swine production system that allows recycling of farm waste products. A field study was conducted to evaluate the impact of swine compost on weed seedbank abundance, seed persistence, and seedling emergence. Experiments were conducted from 1998 to 2001 in a chisel plow corn–soybean–winter wheat rotation. In the fall of 1998, and before compost application, weed seedbank abundance, species composition, and viability were characterized. Annual weed seed inputs attributed to compost were assessed between 1998 and 2000 and seedbanks were characterized again in the fall of 2001. Giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, common waterhemp, and Pennsylvania smartweed comprised 99.5 and 80.7% of seeds detected in the seedbank and compost, respectively. Between 1 � 1 and 169 � 48 weed seeds m � 2 of soil surface
Localization of a stationary source within a uniform circular sensor array

The problem of source localization and angle of arrival estimation using linear and planar antenna arrays has been addressed broadly. Techniques such as MUSIC and ESPRIT have been developed to solve these types of problems. In this paper we develop a technique to locate a stationary source within a uniformly spaced circular sensor array. With this arrangement, source signals emitting far from one sensor can still be effectively detected by an opposing sensor in the array. We first develop a mathematical model for this type of source-sensor arrangement followed by simulation using the Polak-Ribiere Conjugate Gradient optimization technique. It is observed that for well-correlated sensors, the Polak-Ribiere Conjugate Gradient approach with strict Wolfe-Powell conditions for convergence can accurately solve the source localization problem.
Comparative Biology of Uncinaria Spp. in the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) and the Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) in California

Studies on several aspects of the life cycle of hookworms (Uncinaria spp.) in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) were conducted on material collected on San Miguel Island (SMI), California and at The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Examination of Z. californianus intestines for adult hookworms and feces for eggs revealed that longevity of these parasites in pups is about 6–8 mo, and infections are probably not present in older sea lions. Parasitic third-stage larvae (L3) were recovered from the ventral abdominal tissue of Z. californianus, suggesting transmammary transmission. Callorhinus ursinus pups had no hookworm eggs in their feces or adult worms (except for 1 probable contaminant) in their intestines in the fall and early winter, revealing that adult Uncinaria spp. are spontaneously lost at <3 mo of age of the pups. Sand samples from rookeries, used by both Z. californianus and C. ursinus, on SMI were nega...
MRI-Guided Biopsy

Most image-guided biopsies are performed under CT or ultrasound guidance. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has advantages over these imaging modalities in terms of lesion localization, multiplanar imaging capabilities, and real-time imaging without the radiation risk of computed tomography. The tradeoffs include limited availability of interventional MRI systems and MRI-compatible needles and devices. In addition, MRI-guided biopsies are currently more expensive. This chapter outlines the basic principles of MRI-guided biopsies.
Flow cytometric analysis of nitric oxide production in human neutrophils using dichlorofluorescein diacetate in the presence of a calmodulin inhibitor

Dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation assay measures hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is a derivative of superoxide anion. We found that a calmodulin antagonist, W-13, which is known to inhibit superoxide anion generation enhanced the capacity of human neutrophils to oxidize DCFH. To investigate this discrepancy we studied the role of nitric oxide (NO) in DCFH oxidation. Pure NO was capable of oxidizing DCFH, and the product formed had spectral properties identical to oxidized DCFH produced by H2O2. The arginine analog, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), which inhibits NO production, in combination with W-13 completely inhibited the stimulus-induced increase in DCFH oxidation. We conclude that the oxidation of DCFH in human neutrophils can occur by either H2O2 or NO.
PTFE-Membrane Flow Reactor for Aerobic Oxidation Reactions and Its Application to Alcohol Oxidation

A “tube-in-shell” membrane flow reactor has been developed for aerobic oxidation reactions that permits continuous delivery of O2 to a liquid-phase reaction along the entire length of the flow path. The reactor uses inexpensive O2-permeable PTFE (“Teflon”) tubing that is compatible with elevated pressures and temperatures and avoids hazardous mixtures of organic vapor and oxygen. Several polymeric materials were tested, and PTFE exhibits a useful combination of low cost, chemical stability and gas diffusion properties. Reactor performance is demonstrated in the aerobic oxidation of several alcohols with homogeneous Cu/TEMPO and Cu/ABNO catalysts (TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-N-oxyl and ABNO = 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N-oxyl). Kinetic studies demonstrate regimes where the overall rate is controlled by the kinetics of the reaction or the transport of oxygen through the tube wall. Near-quantitative product yields are achieved with residence times as low as 1 min. A parallel, multitube reactor e...
Trade or Business in the United States: What Domestic Activity Suffices to Conduct a Foreign Trade or Business 'in' the United States?

Whether a particular set of activities constitute the conduct of a trade or business within the United States is a pressing question for many foreign taxpayers. The answer determines what form of U.S. taxation, if any, applies to many foreign taxpayers. The article examines the body of case law and IRS rulings and concludes that, in the international context, this question needs to be bifurcated into two distinct inquiries: - Is the foreign taxpayer engaged in a trade or business? - Is the conduct of the trade or business in the United States? The answer to the former question is quantitative. Are the taxpayer's activities sufficiently regular, continuous, and considerable to constitute a trade or business? Once the existence of a trade or business is established, however, no minimum quantum of U.S. activity is necessary to bring a foreign trade or business into the United States. The answer to the second question is qualitative. In addition to the analysis producing this conclusion, the article illustrates its application in a number of specific fields of economic activity.
Effect of temperature and exposure time on cold hardiness of primary buds during the dormant season in `Concord', `Norton', `Vignoles' and `St. Vincent' grapevines

SummaryPrimary bud cold hardiness in `Concord', `Norton', `Vignoles', and `St. Vincent' grapevines was studied at Southwest Missouri State University Research Campus in Mountain Grove, Missouri, USA. Canes from mature vines were exposed to 210, 25, 0, 10 or 20°C for 2, 4, 6 or 8.d in early December, late January, and early March during the 1998–99 winter season. Cold hardiness of primary buds was in¯uenced by temperature, exposure time, and dormant period. Temperatures of 10 or 20°C had similar deacclimating effects on primary bud cold hardiness of all cultivars during the entire winter. Cold hardiness of primary buds exposed to 0¼ was greater than that of buds exposed to 10 or 20°C only in early March for all cultivars and late January for `Concord'. Exposure to 0°C was as deacclimating as that to 10 or 20°C otherwise. Cold hardiness of primary buds becomes more sensitive to temperature as dormancy progresses. Longer exposure was advantageous for cold hardiness of primary buds only at 25 or 210°C. `Conco...
Determination of Carcinogenic Arylamine N-Oxidation Phenotype in Humans by Analysis of Caffeine Urinary Metabolites

Epidemiological studies have shown wide variation in human urinary bladder and colo-rectal cancer incidences that may arise in part from genetic differences in susceptibility to carcinogenic arylamines. The hepatic N-oxidation of several primary arylamines, regarded as an important activation step leading to carcinogenesis, is catalyzed selectively by human liver cytochrome P-450 PA; and several studies have indicated that considerable inter-individual variability in P-450PA exists in human populations. Recently, we have shown that hepatic microsomal caffeine 3-demethylation, the initial major step in caffeine disposition in humans, is also selectively catalyzed by human P-450PA. Thus, caffeine 3-demethylation activity in humans may be used as an indirect measure of carcinogenic arylamine N-oxidation activity. In this study, we have developed a metabolic phenotyping procedure to assess caffeine-3-demethylation proficiency. A 200-μ1 urine sample, obtained between 4–5 hours after an individual has consumed 50–100 mg caffeine (as coffee or soft drink), is analyzed by an HPLC method that quantifies caffeine and its 14 metabolites. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that a molar ratio of 1,7-dimethylxanthine/caffeine in this urine sample reflects quasi-steady state blood levels and closely approximates hepatic caffeine 3-demethylation activity.
Trade-offs in lean vs. outsourced supply chains

Lean supply chain management is well established, effective in improving inventory control as well as leading to greater quality. Continuous improvement obtained from lean implementation is expected to lead to better learning, yielding added profitability over time. However, the growth of global supply chains lead to increased complexity and variability, which may not always favour the lean management style. Impact on total cost is often difficult to precisely estimate, in part due to high levels of uncertainty with respect to disaster and catastrophe, changing governmental regulation around the world, and in part due to increased variability from longer supply lines. We examine some of the cost impacts of lean systems vs. outsourcing policies with assumed purchasing cost advantages through simulation of a global supply chain with detailed inventory factors, and compare relative profit impact. These results are used to argue that in some circumstances strategic considerations such as lower purchasing cost...
The University of Michigan Sarcoma Survivorship Clinic: Preventing, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Illness for Improved Survival and Long-Term Health

The Children's Cancer Survivorship Study reports more chronic illnesses in sarcoma survivors than other pediatric cancers. Chemotherapy and radiation put survivors at risk for developing chronic illnesses, including heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and kidney failure. Sarcoma survivors may have a reduced life expectancy and signs of heart disease in their 30s and 40s. Since these medical problems occur much later in the general population, they often go undetected or misdiagnosed in sarcoma survivors, creating delays in intervention and treatment. The good news is that these chronic illnesses can often be prevented or minimized. The most common adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiation is coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD has a number of risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia. These risk factors are modifiable with lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise, and/or pharmacological intervention. By identifying and managing risk factors like hypertension early, we in turn reduce the risk for CAD and prolong survival. This is well established in the general population; there is no reason a priori not to apply it to sarcoma survivors. Sarcoma survivors should be followed by physicians who understand the late effects and outcomes of sarcoma treatment. The University of Michigan Sarcoma Survivorship Clinic provides long-term care for sarcoma survivors by preventing, diagnosing, and treating the adverse long-term physical and psychological effects associated with sarcoma survivorship.
Interaction Effect of Ad Puffery and Ad Skepticism on Consumer Persuasion

ABSTRACTA 2 × 2 experiment was conducted to test the interaction effects of ad puffery and consumer ad skepticism on consumer persuasion using print ads for jeans. High ad skeptics (i.e., those more skeptical of ads) held a more positive attitude toward the ad than low ad skeptics (i.e., those less skeptical of ads) when a puffed (i.e., exaggerated) ad was viewed. Conversely, low ad skeptics had greater purchase intentions than high ad skeptics when a nonpuffed (i.e., nonexaggerated) ad was viewed.
IS HISTORY REPEATING ITSELF?——FROM US' "URBAN RENEWAL" TO CHINA'S "OLD CTIY RECONSTRUCTION"

It is worthy for having a comparison between urban renewal in the United States from the 1950s to 1960s and inner-city redevelopment in China since the late 1980s.It finds that both programs use government authority and subsidies to make large-scale private or quasi-private investment attractive in the name of ameliorating living conditions.Despite the similarities,America's urban renewal was an program in which the local government and downtown business interests cooperated to boost declining inner-cities that were competing with burgeoning suburbs.In contrast,China's redevelopment has been propelled by emerging local elites using decentralized state power to pursue fast growth in rising real estate markets.