cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of maltosyl, beta‐cyclodextrinyl, glucosaminyl, and glucosamineoctaosyl derivatives of beta‐lactoglobulin

beta-Lactoglobulin was modified to various degrees with maltose or beta-cyclodextrin using the cyclic carbonate method and with glucosamine or glucosamine-octaose using the carbodiimide method. Up to 65% of the amino or the carboxyl groups of b-LG were glycosylated using the two methods, respectively. Up to 32 maltose residues were coupled to b-LG using the cyclic carbonate method while up to 16.6 glucosamine residues were coupled to b-LG using the carbodiimide method. This resulted because more than one disaccharide was attached to each group of b-LG that was modified. Even so, the coupling efficiency of the active compound was higher for the carbodiimide derivative than for the cyclic carbonate derivative. The electrophoretic analyses of the glycosylated proteins indicated that a heterogeneous population of protein molecules was formed during modification. The electrophoretic mobility of maltosyl-beta-lactoglobulin derivatives was essentially unchanged while the mobility of glucosaminyl-beta-lactoglobulin derivatives decreased as the extent of modification increased. The glycosylated proteins were suitable for studying their structural and functional properties.
Illegal Appended Enterprises: Selling the Lines

In this paper, we explore the notion of illegal appended enterprise, an illegal business activity attached to a legal host business by an independent entrepreneur. We focus upon the symbiotic relation between host and appendage with specific attention to the problems necessarily addressed by the successful illegal operator: legal pressure, rival entrepreneurs, customer control, and host attempts at limiting the operation. While the entrepreneur employs several mechanisms to master the sales environment, the key to success lies in the power and selfrestraint found in the illegal merchants' subculture. We illustrate the various aspects of illegal appended enterprises through detailed analysis of a prototype of such operations—selling the lines at bingo games.
National Institutions and the Globalized Political Economy of Technological Change: An Introduction

In the last three decades research across the social sciences has made great advances in the political economy of technological change. Nonetheless, many of these insights are solely tied to national, sometimes regional, explanations of industrial R&D and innovation rates. Meanwhile, the impacts of the international system, and of the actions of individual countries, on technological changes across many countries, are increasingly more pronounced. It is therefore imperative that we expand our theoretical conceptualizations. For these reasons we have gathered, in this special issue, economists, political scientists, geographers, and sociologists to explore in a comparative way what we view as some of the critical areas for research at two different level of analysis—business and nations. This introduction will outline their major research themes and provide a brief history of the debate.
On the modeling of thermo-mechanical phase transformations in solids

The present paper represents an effort to model coupled thero-mechanical effects in the mcroscopic response of solids that arise from the occurrence of phase transformations. A Helmholtz free energy potential is constructed to describe the response of the thermoelastic material to be considered. Apart from some considerations pertaining to properties of the hypothetical material, the analysis is carried out in the context of a simple problem, idealized from an experiment, in which an annular cylinder is deformed to a state of radially symmetric, finite anti-plane shear in the presence of differing inner and outer surface temperatures. After constructing all radially symmetric weak solutions involving at most a single surface of discontinuity of strain or temperature gradient, we determine the implications for quasi-static motions of the second law of thermodynamics. In particular, the results concerning creep as predicted by the present model are in qualitative agreement with the results of the motivating experiment.
Aging-related occurrence in Ashkenazi Jews of leukocyte heteroplasmic mtDNA mutation adjacent to replication origin frequently remodeled in Italian centenarians.

Abstract Our previous observation that a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) homoplasmic C150T transition adjacent to the heavy strand replication origin at position 151 is greatly increased in frequency in Italian centenarians, as compared to the rest of the population, has prompted us to analyze a genetically distinct population to determine how robust the association of the C150T mutation with longevity is. In particular, we have analyzed leukocyte mtDNA from three groups of an Ashkenazi Jew population, namely, a large number (124) of female centenarians and near-centenarians (95–108 years-old), their mixed gender offspring, and mixed gender control subjects. This analysis revealed a very low incidence of the C150T transition in the probands and the other two groups, and by contrast, the fairly high frequency of a homoplasmic T152C transition and of a homoplasmic T195C transition in all three groups of subjects. Furthermore, most significantly, an aging-related increase in incidence of the heteroplasmic T152C transition, presumably resulting from somatic events, was demonstrated in the Ashkenazi Jews. The T152C transition was not associated with a change in the replication origin at position 151, unlike the C150T transition in the Italian centenarians.
Contraception for individuals with sickle cell disease: a systematic review of the literature

Abstract Background Women with sickle cell disease have an increased risk of pregnancy-related complications and need safe, effective contraceptive methods to prevent unintended pregnancy. Study Design We conducted a systematic review to examine the safety of hormonal and intrauterine contraceptive use among women with sickle cell disease. Results Eight articles met the inclusion criteria. The evidence was of fair to poor quality and suggested that progestin-only and combined hormonal contraception had no effect on frequency of sickle crises or other adverse events and no effect on hematologic parameters associated with sickle crises. No studies examined the risk of thromboembolism in combined hormonal contraceptive users with sickle cell disease. There was insufficient evidence to comment on the safety of intrauterine contraception. Conclusion While data are limited, there is no evidence to suggest that hormonal contraceptive use among women with sickle cell disease is associated with an increased risk of clinical complications.
Sternotomy and portal triad division for cadaver donor nephrectomy

Modification of the en bloc resection of kidneys for cadaveric kidney transplant patient is described. A median sternotomy and division of the portal triad provide excellent exposure of the upper aorta above the celiac axis. This approach has been used in 40 cadaveric donors with no complications.
Potential heating effect in the gravid uterus during MR HASTE imaging

Our purpose was to evaluate if temperature changes occur in maternal or fetal tissues during HASTE imaging. Methods: Pregnant pigs were scanned with the HASTE technique, and temperatures were measured with phase maps and temperature probes inserted into the amniotic fluid and fetal brain. Results: Fiberoptic probes showed that no heating occurred in fetal tissues or amniotic fluid during HASTE imaging. Conclusion: Our current HASTE protocols do not deposit a significant amount of heat in the gravid uterus. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:856–861. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Air-cooling system for metal oxide semiconductor controlled thyristors employing miniature heat pipes

Different cooling methods for metal oxide simeiconductor controlled thyristors (MCTs) are discussed, and an air-cooling system employing miniature heat pipes as thermal spreaders is proposed. Theoretical analyses show that the proposed air-cooling system outperforms many single-phase liquid-cooling systems. A cooling scheme involving installation of miniature heat pipes in the mounting surface of MCTs for single-phase liquid cooling is also described. For the fabrication of miniature heat pipes, an electricdischarge-machining (EDM) wire-cutting method is introduced, which can be used to directly fabricate miniature heat pipes into the heat sink as an integral part of the cooling system. A miniature heat pipe sample is fabricated employing the proposed EDM wire-cutting method and is tested under different working conditions. Experimental results show that the miniature heat pipe works well, with an effective thermal conductance more than 100 tunes that of copper. The EDM wire-cutting method developed in this article provides a new heat pipe fabrication method that can be used not only for MCT cooling, but for many other applications as well.
Solution Properties of Partially Fluorinated Unsaturated Esters and Surface Properties of Polyester Coatings Containing Partially Fluorinated Unsaturated Esters as Cross-linkers

Simple, reactive amphiphilic molecules were prepared by condensation of perfluorooctylethyl alcohol with elaidic, oleic, and linoleic acids. The fluorinated, unsaturated esters were found to be surface active in polyester and urethane-modified alkyd coatings. In addition, they function much like typical drying oils used in these coatings through oxidative cross-linking. The surfaces of the coatings were examined by contact angle goniometry and X-ray photoelectron and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The solution properties of these fluorinated derivatives were studied by measurement of surface tension isotherms, vapor pressure osmometry, and variable temperature 19F NMR spectroscopy in n-butyl acetate solution. Analysis of the data revealed that aggregation is occurring at low (<10-1 mol/L) solute concentration. The aggregates were small and ranged between 3 and 7 monomer units. Analysis of the variable temperature 19F NMR data for the linoleic acid ester gave thermodynamic parameters for a...
A computer application for calculation of the Ego Impairment Index.

A computerized application of the Ego Impairment Index, a measure developed by Perry and Viglione in 1991 to assess functioning of the ego via Rorschach scoring variables is described.
The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Serial Memory: List Learning by Pigeons and Monkeys

The study of cognitive processes in animals provides a unique opportunity to investigate the phytogeny and ontogeny of cognition. Much of our understanding of human cognition derives from the intensive study of adult human subjects. Serial learning provides an instructive example. Since Ebbinghaus, experiments on serial learning have been performed almost exclusively on subjects who have had much experience learning lists by virtue of their formal and informal education. Recent research on serial learning in pigeons and monkeys provides a new perspective on this fundamental skill, which does not require language and which appears to he phylogeneticalty quite old. This research has also revealed qualitative differences in how pigeons and monkeys represent lists they learn to produce and provided opportunities to observe the development of list-learning strategies starting with a subject's first list.
The role of symbols in mathematical communication: the case of the limit notation

Symbols play crucial roles in advanced mathematical thinking by providing flexibility and reducing cognitive load but they often have a dual nature since they can signify both processes and objects of mathematics. The limit notation reflects such duality and presents challenges for students. This study uses a discursive approach to explore how one instructor and his students think about the limit notation. The findings indicate that the instructor flexibly differentiated between the process and product aspects of limit when using the limit notation. Yet, the distinction remained implicit for the students, who mainly realised limit as a process when using the limit notation. The results of the study suggest that it is important for teachers to unpack the meanings inherent in symbols to enhance mathematical communication in the classrooms.
Un-Silencing the Past: The Writings of Toussaint Louverture

Contrary to most slave revolts, the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) has left a rich archival record that includes documents written by the dominant classes as well as by the people of African descent. Of these, the most notable author was Toussaint Louverture, who during the 1790s wrote hundreds of letters, pamphlets, and proclamations (a few of them in his own hand) in an effort to shape official and public opinion in France and Saint-Domingue (Haiti). Particularly worthy of note is a 21-page memoir that Louverture wrote shortly before his death and that defended his public record as governor of Saint-Domingue.
Preferred orientation of NiAl2O4 spinel grown on sapphire

Abstract The orientation relationships between the spinel nickel aluminate (NiAl 2 O 4 ) and the aluminum oxide single crystal from which it is grown have been investigated. A variety of sapphire surface orientations were used. The nickel source was primarily nickel vapor, but nickel metal was also used. The large grained spinel layer growing in contact with the sapphire is highly textured, and a thinner fine grained layer on its outer surface is only lightly textured. Two principal textures were observed: for sapphire surfaces oriented near the basal plane, the {111} spinel is parallel to the (0001) sapphire; for surfaces oriented away from the basal plane the {111} spinel is parallel to the {1120} sapphire. In both cases the directions 〈110〉 spinel and 〈1010〉 sapphire are aligned. Considerable twinning and several secondary textures have also been seen.
Output regulation of strongly coupled symmetric composite systems

Abstract This paper discusses a class of symmetric composite systems with strong interconnections. It is shown that the solvability of state or error feedback regulator problems for the overall systems can be checked by testing the solvability of a set of equations of order equal to twice the order of each isolated subsystem.
The Association between Moderate Alcoholic Beverage Consumption and Serum Estradiol and Testosterone Levels in Normal Postmenopausal Women: Relationship to the Literature

The major source of endogenous estrogens in postmenopausal women is the aromatization of androgens to estrogens; because alcohol is known to increase aromatization, the relationship between moderate alcoholic beverage consumption and serum estradiol levels was evaluated in 128 normal postmenopausal women. Alcohol intake was based on a composite of self-report and food record information. Among the 78.8% of women reporting alcohol use, weekly intake was 4.8 +/- 0.6 drinks. Among abstainers, estradiol levels were 100.8 +/- 12.1 pmol/liter, significantly lower than in alcohol users, 162.6 +/- 11.9 pmol/liter. Significant bivariate correlations were found between the logarithm of estradiol and total weekly drinks. In multiple linear regression analyses inclusion of alcohol as a variable increased the amount of explained variation in estradiol. Similar findings were demonstrable when the crude estimator of aromatization, the estradiol:testosterone ratio logarithm was the dependent variable. Together, these findings suggest that moderate alcohol use is an important factor for postmenopausal estrogen status and may offer a partial explanation for the reported protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption with respect to postmenopausal cardiovascular disease risk.
Correlation of activities of the phosphatase of the urine and serum of normal and cirrhotic persons

Abstract The urinary excretion of acid and alkaline phosphatase in normal and cirrhotic men was correlated with the serum activities of these enzymes. Both serum and urine alkaline phosphatases were frequently elevated in cirrhosis and related to the severity of the disease. In normal men there was an inverse correlation between the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase and its clearance, suggesting the serum as a source. The increased excretion in cirrhosis could be due to changes in renal function or to renal damage. The activity of serum acid phosphatase is relatively constant in normal men whereas the urinary excretion is variable. In patients with cirrhosis, the urinary acid phosphatase activity is less variable and is in the low range. It is unlikely that the serum and the urine acid phosphatases are from the same source.
Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor prolongs small intestinal graft preservation and survival.

Organ preservation solutions currently used for cold storage of human donor organs are less effective in preserving small intestinal grafts than other organ grafts. The maximal safe period of cold preservation for human small intestinal graft is only about 6 hours. The pathology of preserved and reperfused small intestinal grafts is characterized by mucosal autolysis and sloughing. The authors speculated that the preservation/reperfusion injury results from a proteinase/proteinase-inhibitor imbalance in the graft that favors tissue degradation. This study evaluates whether the addition of an alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-PI) to the preservation solution can improve graft survival after small bowel transplantation. Forty small intestinal grafts (20 cm long) were harvested from Lewis rats. The grafts were divided randomly into three groups and were preserved in one of the following solutions: normal saline (NS) (n = 10), alpha-1-PI (25 mg/mL; n = 20), or proteinase-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) (25 mg/mL; n = 10). After 12-hour cold storage in the respective solutions, the grafts were transplanted orthotopically into syngeneic recipients. Full-thickness graft biopsies were performed before and 1 hour after revascularization. The effectiveness of preservation was judged by graft histopathology and recipient survival. Histological studies showed that there was less mucosal autolysis and sloughing of the grafts in the alpha-1-Pl group than in the other two groups. All recipients in the NS and BSA groups died of graft failure within 7 days (NS: median, 4 days; range, 2 to 5 days; BSA: median, 6 days; range, 4 to 7). However, 60% (12 of 20) of the recipients in the alpha-1-PI group survived more than 90 days (median, > 90 days; range, 4 to > 90 days; P < .005 v NS or BSA groups, log-rank method). These data suggest that the inclusion of alpha-1-PI in the preservation solution may enhance graft integrity and improve the surgical outcome after small bowel transplantation.
The impact of anti-takeover charter amendments on expectations of future earnings and takeover activity

In this study, additional evidence of the impact of anti-takeover amendments on firm earnings and subsequent takeover activity is presented. It is found that analysts' projections of financial performance measures do not appear to be altered by the adoption of anti-takeover amendments. Additionally, it is found that the anti-takeover charter amendments do not impact either takeover activity or takeover premiums following their adoption. Thus, anti-takeover amendments appear to have few, if any, consequences to shareholders. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TREATMENT OF COLORECTAL CANCER : HEPATIC METASTASIS

Almost one-third of patients dying from colorectal cancer have tumor limited to the liver. Systemic chemotherapy is the appropriate palliative management of patients with metastases to the liver and other sites. For many patients with isolated hepatic metastases, systemic chemotherapy is also the most appropriate treatment. However, results with systemic chemotherapy indicate that one-third or less of patients will respond to such treatments, and long-term survival is rare. In this report we provide information concerning the natural history of colorectal hepatic metastases, followed by the expected benefits with systemic chemotherapy. This information provides background for the regional therapeutic strategies of surgical resection, cryosurgery, and hepatic artery chemotherapy. We discuss the selection factors appropriate for such treatments, morbidity and mortality, and the potential long-term benefits of such approaches. The last section focuses on surgical considerations in hepatic resection and hepatic artery chemotherapy. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
East African Studies Program, Syracuse University

Rapid social, economic, and political developments on the continent of Africa since 1950 made it almost impossible for general African Studies Programs in the United States to keep up with new knowledge and events. In order to fill the growing need for more sharply defined Programs, Syracuse University, through the Maxwell Graduate School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, established in September 1962 the East African Studies Program with Dr Fred G. Burke as director.
Multistep contributions to 11B(h, α)10B from 8.0 to 12.0 MeV

Abstract Various improvements to the usual distorted-wave Born approximation description of direct reactions on light nuclei are investigated, using 11 B(h, α) 10 B as an example, and including finite-range effects, compound nuclear contributions, and deformation as well as inelastic process in the entrance and exit channels. It is found that only the inelastic processes and deformation play an important role, and that their inclusion, via the coupled-channel Born approximation, very satisfactorily describes the available data in shape and magnitude.
Immediate effects of spinal manipulation on thermal pain sensitivity: an experimental study

Background The underlying causes of spinal manipulation hypoalgesia are largely unknown. The beneficial clinical effects were originally theorized to be due to biomechanical changes, but recent research has suggested spinal manipulation may have a direct neurophysiological effect on pain perception through dorsal horn inhibition. This study added to this literature by investigating whether spinal manipulation hypoalgesia was: a) local to anatomical areas innervated by the lumbar spine; b) correlated with psychological variables; c) greater than hypoalgesia from physical activity; and d) different for A-delta and C-fiber mediated pain perception.
Effects of cyclosporine on human endothelial cell cultures.

Reports of vascular changes in renal biopsies of transplant patients treated with cyclosporine prompted review of our own renal biopsies and examination of human endothelial cell cultures exposed to cyclosporine in vifro. Endothelial cells were isolated from human umbilical cords by collagenase digestion and cultured in Medium 199 with Earle's salts plus 20% pooled human serum in the absence of antibiotics. Cultures exposed to cyclosporine (0,0.4, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 pglml) for 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days were subsequently fixed in 29'0 glutaraldehyde in 0.1 hi cacodylate buffer. Vascular thrombosis was seen in renal biopsies of cyclosponneand azathioprine-treated patients but the incidence was the same in both groups. No change in the morphology of endothelial cell cultures was observed until 7 days when an increase in size and number of cytoplasmic inclusions became apparent in both control and cyclosporine-treated cultures. By electron microscopy, these inclusions were identified as secondary lysosomes. Their number and size increased with the length of time in culture but did not appear to correlate with the concentration of cyclosporine in the medium. No other morphologic change was identified. It is concluded that the appearance of increased numbers of secondary lysosomes in human endothelial cell cultures is a function of culture age as opposed to cyclosponne exposure. Furthermore, the data indicate that small vessel thrombosis is not specific to treatment with cyclosponne.
Life-long moderate caloric restriction prolongs reproductive life span in rats without interrupting estrous cyclicity: effects on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone/luteinizing hormone axis.

Restricting food intake to 60% that of ad libitum-fed rats results in an extended life span, reduced incidence of age-related diseases, and delayed reproductive senescence. We used this animal model to further elucidate the mechanisms whereby reproductive senescence is delayed. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (7 wk old) were calorically restricted (CR; n = 70) to 60% of the ad libitum (AL) intake measured in control rats (n = 70). Rats were individually housed under a 14L:10D cycle and fed daily within 1.5 h of lights-off. Body weights were monitored every 2 wk, and vaginal lavage was performed until rats were ovariectomized (OVX). Two weeks after OVX, when rats were 4, 12, or 18 mo of age, blood samples were taken via jugular cannulae every 6 min for 3 h, and the plasma was assayed for rat LH. The resulting profiles were examined through use of Cluster analysis for mean LH concentrations, LH pulse amplitude, and interval between LH pulses. CR rats grew at a slower rate, and then maintained body weights at approximately 76% that of AL controls between 4 and 17.5 mo of age. The onset of persistent estrus was delayed by 4 mo in CR rats. Average cycle length was longer (p < 0.01) by less than 0.5 days in CR compared with AL rats between 3.5 and 5.5 mo of age but not different between 6.5 and 11.5 mo. Mean levels of LH in OVX rats decreased with age (p < 0.01), increased with caloric restriction ( p < 0.05), and decreased with declining cycling status of the animal prior to OVX (regular [reg] vs. irregular ir] vs. persistent estrus [pe]; p < 0.05). The increased mean LH due to caloric restriction was attributed to an increase in mean pulse amplitude and not to a decrease in time interval between LH pulses. From these data we conclude that the beneficial effects of caloric restriction on reproductive longevity may be acting at the level of the hypothalamus and/or pituitary to enhance LH secretion and do not require a delay in puberty or a period of acyclicity.
Paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder in the elite athlete: experience at a large division I university.

Objectives/Hypothesis To review our experience at a large division I university with the diagnosis and management of paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder (PVFMD) in elite athletes. Study Design A single institution retrospective review and cohort analysis. Methods All elite athletes (division I collegiate athletes, triathletes, and marathon runners) with a diagnosis of PVFMD were identified. All patients underwent flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL) to confirm the diagnosis of PVFMD. The type of PVFMD therapy was identified and efficacy of treatment was graded based on symptom resolution. Results Forty-six consecutive athletes with PVFMD were identified. A total of 30/46 (65%) were division 1 collegiate athletes and 16/46 (35%) were triathletes or marathon runners. In comparison to a nonathlete PVFMD cohort, athletes were less likely to present with a history of reflux (P < 0.01), psychiatric diagnosis (P < 0.01), dysphonia (P < 0.01), cough (P = 0.02), or dysphagia (P < 0.01). The use of postexertion FFL provided additional diagnostic information in 11 (24%) patients. Laryngeal control therapy (LCT) was recommended for 45/46. A total of 36/45 attended at least one LCT session and 25 (69%) reported improvement of symptoms. Additionally, biofeedback, practice-observed therapy, and thyroarytenoid muscle botulinum toxin injection were required in three, two, and two patients, respectively. Conclusion The addition of postexertion FFL improves the sensitivity to detect PVFMD in athletes. PVFMD in athletes responds well to LCT. However, biofeedback, practice-observed therapy, and botulinum toxin injection may be required for those patients with an inadequate response to therapy. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 124:1425–1430, 2014
Thermal shock and drop test performance of lead-free assemblies with no-underfill, corner-underfill and full-underfill

A wide array of lead-free alloys is available in the market and distinguishing one over the other is not an easy task. Several factors have to be considered before making a choice. Reliability under both thermal and mechanical conditions is one such factor. This experimental research aims at making a comparison of the different lead-free solder ball alloys for area array and advanced packages, assembled using lead-free solder paste. Package reliability will be compared for No-underfill, Corner-underfill and Full-underfill. Assembly reliability was evaluated by subjecting the assemblies to 30 mechanical drops in the as-assembled(AS) condition and after 200 and 500 thermal shock cycles (TS). The scope of this paper is limited to the performance evaluation for area array packages (UCSP, PBGA676, PBGA1156, PoP, CVBGA). Solder ball alloy for the area array packages include SAC305, SAC405, SAC105 and SnAg. The solder paste used for the assembly is SAC305 with Type 3 solder particle size. Three different PCB surface finishes, electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG), SnPb hot air solder level (HASL), and immersion silver (ImAg) are used. Different solder ball alloys and surface finish combinations will provide data to compare intermetallic thickness. Assembly reliability was evaluated by subjecting the assemblies to 30 mechanical drops in the as-assembled condition and after 200 and 500 thermal shock cycles. After each drop the components were checked for the continuity of the total daisy chain. The number of drops for the first failure was used in analyzing the performance of the components for various combinations. Since each component had many independent daisy chains, the failure of the individual daisy chains was later used in determining the location of the failure and how it progressed. Test results gathered for no-underfill, corner-underfill and full-underfill assemblies indicate SnAg alloys for the solder balls to be performing better than the SAC305 and SAC405 alloys for PBGA676, irrespective of the PCB pad surface finish. The location on the PCB could have had an influence on these packages. An improvement in drops to failure was also observed for some packages with corner-underfill. But with full-underfill the improvement was observed for all packages. It was also observed that UCSP failed to withstand 500 thermal shock cycles for no-underfill and corner-underfill assemblies. But the package was able to withstand 500 cycles of thermal shock for full-underfill assemblies. Solder joint analysis reveals pad cratering and crack formation to be the root cause for failure. These packages were also cross-sectioned in order to record the changes in intermetallic thickness. This paper will provide a detailed analysis of the findings.
Of Indians and Terrorists: How the State and Local Elites Construct the Mapuche in Neoliberal Multicultural Chile*

This paper examines the production of neoliberal multiculturalism in Chile as well as ideas about race, ethnicity and nation mobilised among local elites in the Chilean South. It argues that the process of creating neoliberal multicultural citizens is not only imposed from above, but also informed by local histories, attitudes and social relationships. Official neoliberal multiculturalism is shaped by transnational and national priorities, and involves constructing some Mapuche as terrorists while simultaneously promoting multicultural policies. Local elites contribute to the shape that neoliberal multiculturalism takes on the ground by actively feeding into the terrorist construction but refusing to consent to multicultural values. Altogether, understanding neoliberal multiculturalism depends on examining the transnational, the national and the local, and discerning the ways in which social forces at each level reinforce, interact with and depart from one another.
Competencies for Information Professionals in Learning Labs and Makerspaces

An increasing number of libraries and museums provide transformative learning spaces, often called “Learning Labs” and “Makerspaces.” These spaces invite users to explore traditional and digital media, interact with mentors and peers, and engage in creative projects. For these spaces and programs to be sustainable, it is essential that they are staffed by qualified professionals and support staff. This research study investigated the competencies required for the successful performance of professionals in library and museum learning spaces. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with professionals working in leading learning spaces in the U.S. The findings include top competencies (e.g., ability to learn, adapt to new situations, collaborate, serve as an advocate, and serve diverse people) and skills (e.g., management, program development, grant writing, technology, and facilitating learning) required for professionals, as well as relevance of higher education to prepare them for their current positions. The study generated curricular design implications for LIS educators with an emphasis on teaching and learning with technologies.
The Duplicated Deacetylases Sir2 and Hst1 Subfunctionalized by Acquiring Complementary Inactivating Mutations

Protein families are generated by successive rounds of gene duplication and subsequent diversification. However, the paths by which duplicated genes acquire distinct functions are not well characterized. We focused on a pair of duplicated deacetylases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sir2 and Hst1, that subfunctionalized after duplication. As a proxy for the ancestral, nonduplicated deacetylase, we studied Sir2 from another yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis. We compared the interaction domains of these deacetylases for the Sir transcriptional silencing complex, which acts with ScSir2, and the Sum1 repressor, which acts with ScHst1, and found that these interaction domains have been retained over the course of evolution and can be disrupted by simple amino acid substitutions. Therefore, Sir2 and Hst1 subfunctionalized by acquiring complementary inactivating mutations in these interaction domains.
Optimization of subarray amplitude tapers

Large phased array antennas are very expensive to build. A way to cut the costs is to make more efficient feed networks. One efficient feed network for a low sidelobe array consists of amplitude tapering at the subarray level while keeping the individual elements in the subarray uniformly weighted. In this way, subarrays could be mass produced and tested. Unfortunately, grating lobes ruin the low sidelobes in the far field pattern. An improvement to this approach is to find an amplitude taper that is constant for each subarray. Thus, all the elements in a subarray are tapered, but the taper is the same (or a mirror image) for each subarray. This approach yielded excellent results for a linear array. This paper improves the previous approach by using a genetic algorithm to design the amplitude tapers for both the elements in the subarrays and the subarray outputs for linear and planar arrays. Because genetic algorithms can optimize a large number of parameters, both linear and planar subarrayed antennas can be optimized.
The Impact of Disparate Levels of Marketplace Inclusion on Consumer–Brand Relationships

Abstract While most racial discrimination has manifested historically as explicit exclusion, its contemporary iteration may be an implicit failure to include. Both forms of discrimination affect the way racial minorities interact with the marketplace. After providing a conceptual grounding in relevant literature, the authors propose a novel examination of how American minority groups perceive brands in ways that are similar to one another but different from majority American consumers. Using the research paradigm advanced by Fiske and her colleagues on perception and stereotyping, the authors find that there are differences in brand perceptions between racial groups, suggesting that disparate levels of marketplace access have impactful, systematic consequences for minority consumers.
Web-Based Cases in Strategic Marketing

Case analyses have been widely used in many different settings as a pedagogical tool that provides realistic analogs for encouraging students to develop managerially relevant skills. This article extends the traditional use of published cases and describes the development of Web-based cases for use in marketing courses. Web-based cases require the student to develop a current case by determining relevant company and industry material from Internet sources, identifying a problem, and providing analysis. Through this method, the student becomes more active in the learning process by being, in effect, both case writer and analyzer. This new type of case is compared with traditional cases, and feedback from the instructor and from students is provided. As an adjunct to traditional published cases, Web-based cases offer up-to-date, diverse case material that presents students with challenging, real-word experiences.
Skill transfer in a simulated underactuated dynamic task

Machine-mediated teaching of dynamic task completion is typically implemented with passive intervention via virtual fixtures or active assist by means of record and replay strategies. During interaction with a real dynamic system however, the user relies on both visual and haptic feedback in order to elicit desired motions. This work investigates skill transfer from assisted to unassisted modes for a Fitts' type targeting task with an underactuated dynamic system. Performance, in terms of between target tap times, is measured during an unassisted baseline session and during various types of assisted training sessions. It is hypothesized that passive and active assist modes that are implemented during training of a dynamic task could improve skill transfer to a real environment or unassisted simulation of the task. Results indicate that transfer of skill is slight but significant for the assisted training modes.
Open Information Extraction Using Wikipedia

Information-extraction (IE) systems seek to distill semantic relations from natural-language text, but most systems use supervised learning of relation-specific examples and are thus limited by the availability of training data. Open IE systems such as TextRunner, on the other hand, aim to handle the unbounded number of relations found on the Web. But how well can these open systems perform? This paper presents WOE, an open IE system which improves dramatically on TextRunner's precision and recall. The key to WOE's performance is a novel form of self-supervised learning for open extractors -- using heuristic matches between Wikipedia infobox attribute values and corresponding sentences to construct training data. Like TextRunner, WOE's extractor eschews lexicalized features and handles an unbounded set of semantic relations. WOE can operate in two modes: when restricted to POS tag features, it runs as quickly as TextRunner, but when set to use dependency-parse features its precision and recall rise even higher.
Surgical treatment of pulmonary artery sling and tracheal stenosis

Background Pulmonary artery sling is a rare vascular ring and is commonly associated with tracheal stenosis. Symptomatic newborns and infants with these complex lesions have a high mortality rate without surgical intervention. The ideal operation remains controversial, with debate focusing on the need for left pulmonary artery for reimplantation and the technique of tracheal reconstruction. Methods From 1983 to 2003, 14 patients with pulmonary artery sling (mean age, 7 months; range, 6 days to 27 months) underwent repair of pulmonary artery sling alone (6 patients), tracheoplasty alone (1 patient), and pulmonary artery sling repair with tracheoplasty (7 patients). Preoperatively, 7 patients were intubated, 2 had VATER (vertebral, anal, tracheal, esophageal, and radial anomalies) syndrome, and 2 patients had agenesis of the right lung. The left pulmonary artery was reimplanted at the ductal insertion site in 13 patients. One patient had left pulmonary artery translocation. Tracheoplasty employing extracorporeal circulation consisted of autologous pericardial patch (6 patients) or slide tracheoplasty (2 patients). Six patients with pulmonary artery sling and mild tracheal stenosis required only left pulmonary artery reimplantation. Concomitant procedures included closure of atrial septal defect (4 patients), ventricular septal defect (4 patients), and shunt for Fallot's tetralogy (2 patients). Results There were 2 hospital deaths (2 of 14;14%) from abdominal sepsis (1) and renal failure (1). Reoperations included diaphragm plication (2), tracheostomy (1), and bronchoscopy with laser resection of granulation tissue (5 patients: 2 slide, 3 pericardium). Follow-up was complete in all patients (mean, 42 months) with 1 late death from fungal sepsis. At follow-up, all left pulmonary artery anastomoses were patent by echocardiography, and no patient has required reoperation for trachea reconstruction. Conclusions These data demonstrate that tracheal repair is not always necessary in the presence of pulmonary artery sling; that agenesis of the right lung is not a contraindication to successful complete repair; and that simultaneous correction of intracardiac defects can be safely performed in selected patients. This study suggests that in newborns and infants, pericardial patch and slide tracheoplasty are effective methods for trachea reconstruction.
Experimental results for slow-speed testing

This paper presents slow-speed testing results for two test chip experiments at Stanford CRC: Murphy and ELF35. The test speed for slow-speed testing is 1/3 of the characterized speed, at which the circuit-under-test (CUT) can operate. At nominal supply voltage, 3 out the 116 defective Murphy CUTs escaped slow-speed testing. In the ELF35 experiment, I out of the 218 defective combinational CUTs escaped slow-speed testing. The experimental data also show that the number of test escapes depends more on the quality of the applied test sets, than on the test speed at which the test sets were applied We also evaluated the effectiveness of VLV testing at characterized speed. Our results show that it missed only one defective Murphy CUT. It detected all the defective ELF35 combinational CUTs. The one defective Murphy CUT that escaped VLV testing at characterized speed is a suspected resistive open. Schmoo characterization results show it can be detected by VLV testing at characterized speed if lot-to-lot re-characterization is done to determine the VLV testing speed.
Adaptive space division multiplexing: an improved link layer protocol for inter-vehicle communications

Current link layer protocols for safety-related inter-vehicle communication networks suffer from significant scalability and security challenges. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) approaches produce excessive transmission collisions at high vehicle densities and are vulnerable to a variety of denial of service (DoS) attacks. Explicit time slot allocation approaches tend to be limited by the need for a fixed infrastructure, a high number of control messages, or poor bandwidth utilization, particularly in low-density traffic. This paper presents a novel adaptation of the explicit timeslot allocation protocols for IVC networks. The protocol requires no control messages, provides protection against a range of DoS attacks, significantly improves bandwidth utilization, and automatically adjusts the timeslot allocation in response to changes in vehicle densities.
Temperature dependence of RKKY interaction

Abstract The temperature dependence of RKKY coupling is shown to decrease much slower than the conventional zero-temperature RKKY coupling for a certain range of the distance between two magnetic ions. The magnitude of the coupling, but not the sign, can change significantly as the temperature arises. We discuss implication of such temperature dependence on laser-induced magnetization dynamics and predict a temperature dependence of the interlayer coupling in magnetic multilayers.
Retaking the Test

Data-driven teaching and learning is common sense in education today, and it is common sense that these data should come from standardized tests. Critiques of standardization either make no constructive suggestions for what to use in place of the tests or they call for better, more scientifically rigorous, reliable, and authentic forms of testing. This article aims to critique the underlying logic of testing within neoliberal education by a return to the question of the ontology of testing as such. We do this by distinguishing the practices and technologies used in current testing from the fundamentally educational and philosophical aspect of human experience that critical theorist Avital Ronell (2005) calls the “test drive.” Posing the test drive against the current testing regime will allow us to reclaim health, personality, and taste from the high-stakes notion of testing that prevails today.
Environmentally induced differential amplification of mitochondrial populations.

Resistance to the drug rutamycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase, has been shown to be cytoplasmically inherited in a mouse fibroblast line (TL) on fusion of the cytoplast (enTL) with a nucleated recipient A9 [Lichtor & Getz (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 324-328]. The cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) so formed may be readily grown in the presence [CY(+)] or absence [CY(-)] of rutamycin. The ATPase of TL mitochondria is similarly resistant to rutamycin whether grown in the presence or absence of antibiotic. The ATPase of CY(+) mitochondria is resistant to rutamycin, but CY(-) mitochondrial ATPase is sensitive to rutamycin. Nevertheless, CY(-) can be readily grown in rutamycin after a brief lag. The pH optima of mitochondrial ATPase are 8.0 for A9 and CY(-) cells and 7.5 for TL cells, whereas the pH optimum for CY(+) spans the optima of A9 and TL. The TL mitochondrial NADH-cytochrome c reductase is resistant to rotenone, whereas that of A9 mitochondria is sensitive to this agent. CY(-) and CY(+) mitochondria are sensitive and resistant respectively to rotenone. Growth of cybrids in rutamycin for 2 weeks results in a 2-3-fold increase in mitochondrial mass, measured on the basis of electron microscopic morphometry, mitochondrial membrane enzyme assays, mass of cardiolipin, and quantification of mitochondrial DNA. These data suggest that the cybrid harbours two populations of mitochondria and that the proportions of the two populations dramatically influence morphology, growth and mitochondrial phenotype in the cybrid. Selective pressure appears to induce these changes through the differential amplification of mitochondria.
A Brief History of Angina Pectoris: Change of Concepts and Ideas

The history of angina pectoris may be considered in three developmental periods. The first extended from antiquity into the late middle ages during which numerous descriptions of clinical symptoms appeared that, in retrospect, were likely angina pectoris but at the time were not associated with a disease of the heart. The period from the late middle ages to the early 20th century brought about the correlation between angina pectoris and a pathological state of the coronary vessels. Finally, since the 1930s there has been the development of pathophysiological concepts of angina pectoris which now focus on an impaired relation between the work performed by the heart and the oxygen supply to the heart through the coronary circulation.