cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical problems in organizing student into groups

Five experiences with organizing student groups for semester-long electrical engineering design education projects are discussed. While having continually tried to improve the process, the bad experiences have been informative as well. Current grouping algorithms focus on personality types along with performance in specific courses-both attitude and grades. Apportioning points within the groups is also discussed.
Inference on Categorical Data

In this chapter we present some methods for treatment of categorical data. The methods involve the comparison of a set of observed frequencies with frequencies specified by some hypothesis to be tested. In Section 14.1 the hypothesis is that one categorical variable has a specific distribution. A test of such a hypothesis is called a test of goodness of fit.
Estimating Intestinal Mucosal Permeation of Compounds Using Caco‐2 Cell Monolayers

Step-by-step protocols are provided in this unit for the measurement of apparent permeability coefficients of compounds using Caco-2 cell monolayers as an in vitro model of the intestinal mucosa. Procedures for culturing the cells and transmonolayer transport studies are also included. Critical issues for successfully estimating intestinal mucosal permeation of drugs are discussed. Step-by-step protocols are provided in this unit for the measurement of apparent permeability coefficients of compounds using.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Epoxidation of Olefins Using Hydrogen Peroxide: Growing Prominence and Expanding Range

Publisher Summary Among the many methods for synthesizing epoxides, Lewis acid catalyzed olefin epoxidation provides a special combination of capabilities including gentle and green processing and selectivity of multiple kinds. The subject has contributed both to the understanding of important basic science and a large and growing inventory of impressive oxidation reactions. Some big challenges have been met by Lewis acid catalysts, but it has yet to provide the underlying science in a major industrial process. Historically, the cost of hydrogen peroxide has been a limitation, but recent developments, especially the on-site and/or in situ generation of H 2 O 2 has been demonstrated for promising alternative processes, especially in the light olefin epoxidation industry. For commodity chemicals, costs and environmental issues are accompanied by other related challenges such as catalyst durability and productivity that thwart otherwise elegant processes. The case of the long known and arguably unique catalyst methyltrioxorhenium for light olefin oxidation is explored in this context. Attention is also directed to the growing realization that, in combination with the right ligands, late transition metal elements, including manganese and iron also catalyze olefin epoxidation reactions. Ordinarily manganese and iron perform epoxidations by the oxygen rebound mechanism of Groves, and engage in one-electron redox chemistry. To produce only epoxides in reacting with many common olefins, the activated catalyst must not abstract hydrogen atoms that would open radical routes to other products. Ligand design has produced highly selective Mn(IV) catalysts capable of converting many olefins into their oxides but limited in their ability to initiate radical processes by hydrogen abstraction.
Transposing a matrix without incurring additional storage

Transposing a rectangular matrix without incurring additional storage (i.e. transposing the matrix in place) consists of decomposing the absolute locations of the matrix into disjoint cyclic subgroups. Any element of the subgroup can be used as a primer to generate all the locations of the elements in the transposed matrix using a recursive operation or mapping to be precisely defined. The cyclic subgroup generators are the only additional storage required. The method has been implemented in both APL and FORTRAN. >
Molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolaemia from structure of LDL receptor module.

The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is responsible for the uptake of cholesterol-containing lipoprotein particles into cells1,2. The amino-terminal region of LDLR, which consists of seven tandemly repeated, ∼40-amino-acid, cysteine-rich modules (LDL-A modules), mediates binding to lipoproteins3,4. LDL-A modules are biologically ubiquitous domains, found in over 100 proteins in the sequence database5. The structure of ligand-binding repeat 5 (LR5) of the LDLR, determined to 1.7 a resolution by X-ray crystallography and presented here, contains a calcium ion coordinated by acidic residues that lie at the carboxy-terminal end of the domain and are conserved among LDL-A modules. Naturally occurring point mutations found in patients with the disease familial hypercholesterolaemia6 alter residues that directly coordinate Ca2+or that serve as scaffolding residues of LR5.
A liquid-helium-cooled grating spectrometer for far infrared astronomical observations

A liquid-helium-cooled grating spectrometer has been developed for low-resolution far-infrared spectrometric measurements of astronomical sources conducted by the 30-cm NASA Lear Jet telescope. Simple MOSFET coupled transimpedance preamplifiers were adopted for the spectrometer design. The infrared spectrometer has resolving powers from 10 to 150 over the wavelength range from 45 to 115 microns.
Just compress and relax: Handling missing values in big tensor analysis

In applications of tensor analysis, missing data is an important issue that is usually handled via weighted least-squares fitting, imputation, or iterative expectation-maximization. The resulting algorithms are often cumbersome, and tend to fail when the percentage of missing samples is large. This paper proposes a novel and refreshingly simple approach for handling randomly missing values in big tensor analysis. The stepping stone is random multi-way tensor compression, which enables indirect tensor factorization via analysis of compressed `replicas' of the big tensor. A Bernoulli model for the misses, and two opposite ends of the tensor modeling spectrum are considered: independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) tensor elements, and low-rank (and in particular rank-one) tensors whose latent factors are i.i.d. In both cases, analytical results are established, showing that the tensor approximation error variance is inversely proportional to the number of available elements. Coupled with recent developments in robust CP decomposition, these results show that it is possible to ignore missing values without losing the ability to identify the underlying model.
Collaborative resilience: moving through crisis to opportunity

edited by Bruce Evan Goldstein, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, 2012, 416 pp., US$27.00 (paperback), ISBN-978-0-262-51645-7 On 15 December 2012, many were surprised by the headlines reading, Elementa...
Acoustic Resonances in Cylinder Bundles Oscillating in a Compressible Fluid

This paper deals with an analytical study on acoustic resonances of elastic oscillations of a group of parallel, circular, thin cylinders in an unbounded volume of barotropic, compressible, inviscid fluid. The perturbed motion of the fluid is assumed due entirely to the flexural oscillations of the cylinders. The motion of the fluid disturbances is first formulated in a three-dimensional wave form and then casted into a two-dimensional Helmholtz equation for the harmonic motion in time and in axial space. The acoustic motion in the fluid and the elastic motion in the cylinders are solved simultaneously. Acoustic resonances were approximately determined from the secular (eigenvalue) equation by the method of successive iteration with the use of digital computers for a given set of the fluid properties and the cylinders' geometry and properties. Effects of the flexural wavenumber and the configuration of and the spacing between the cylinders on the acoustic resonances were thoroughly investigated.
Critical Current Suppression in a Superconductor by Injection of Spin-Polarized Carriers from a Ferromagnet

The critical current of a thin film of the high- ${T}_{c}$ superconductor ${\mathrm{DyBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, when incorporated in a heterostructure in which it is separated from a ferromagnetic underlayer of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2/3}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ by an undoped ultrathin ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ film, has been found to be strongly suppressed by current flowing in the ferromagnetic film. A control experiment with a Au film replacing the ferromagnet did not show such a response, and resistive heating was ruled out by additional measurements. The effect would appear to be caused by pair breaking associated with spin-polarized carriers being injected into the superconductor.
Population genetic structure in the redefined vermilion rockfish (Sebastes miniatus) indicates limited larval dispersal and reveals natural management units

Recent studies have revealed that the vermilion rockfish Sebastes miniatus is a cryptic species pair. The splitting of this species impacts stock size estimates and draws attention to the unintende...
Good to the last drop? Millikan stories as "canned" pedagogy.

In recent literature, the famous Millikan oil-drop experiment appears as a case of “good scientific judgment” on the one hand, and scientific misconduct on the other. This article discusses different interpretations of the fact that Nobel laureate Robert Millikan’s notebooks show that he eliminated a number of oildrops in his published 1913 paper on the charge of the electron, while reporting that he had included all the drops. Starting with the common source of all Millikan stories, historian of physics Gerald Holton’s 1978 paper, I discuss recent “canned” versions of Millikan-as-misbehaver in books on scientific fraud. Then I examine some versions of Millikan-as-good-scientist, particularly the reconstruction by historian of physics Allan Franklin, and the views of some practicing physicists. Finally, we have an instructive head-on collision between the two standard treatments of Millikan. The problem with canned stories is not only insufficient information; we also lack a realistic evaluation of the role of ethics in science. As a fundamentally knowledge-seeking enterprise, science may harbor an inherent, perhaps irresolvable, conflict between scientific and ethical concerns.
Persistent photoconductivity in free-standing layers of n-AlGaAs

Abstract Persistent photoconductivity has been observed in free-standing epitaxial layers of n -AlGaAs. Values of Hall electron mobility and concentration have also been measured. The present results demonstrate that the major part of persistent photoconductivity is a bulk effect, characteristic of AlGaAs, and it does not require the presence of a heterointerface with GaAs. Electron mobility is about one-fourth of the theoretically calculated value; therefore, a reassessment of alloy scattering strengths is required.
Role of vacuum pressure and port locations on flow front control for liquid composite molding process

In this paper, the influence of air pressure gradients at the flow front, due to the presence of two air vents under different vacuum pressures, is investigated for Liquid Composites Molding (LCM) Processes such as Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM). An analytical model is introduced to predict the pressure distribution. It is suggested that the air pressure variation along the flow front can be used to control the flow front progression during the injection molding processes. The parametric studies identify a simple relationship that captures the most important process physics, which in practice can be implemented for flow front control.
Urachal remnant perforation during umbilical vein catheterization in a newborn

Urachal remnants are uncommon congenital anomalies of the bladder that can be injured during attempted catheterization of an umbilical artery or vein. We present the case of a newborn boy who developed urinary ascites after undergoing an attempted umbilical vein catheterization. He subsequently underwent successful surgical repair of a perforated urachal remnant.
Gallbladder Wall Thickening in Preeclampsia

Sonographic examination of the gallbladder in two patients with preeclampsia and right upper quadrant pain demonstrated notable thickening of the gallbladder wall. The sonographic abnormality and clinical symptoms completely resolved after delivery and/or medical management of the preeclampsia. This finding is probably secondary to the hypoalbuminemia characteristic of preeclampsia and should not be mistaken for intrinsic gallbladder disease. ( JAMA 1985;253:71-73)
The Conflict over the Rashba's Herem on Philosophical Study: A Political Perspective*

The ban restricting the study of Greek philosophy, promulgated during the summer of 1305 by R. Solomon ben Adret (Rashba) and his colleagues in Barcelona, is one of the better known events of medieval Jewish history. The bitter conflict surrounding this ban is extensively documented in Minhat Qena'ot, a collection of letters edited by Abba Mari of Lunel, one of the protagonists of that conflict and an ally of ben Adret. Yet there is still no consensus among scholars about the proper interpretation of this dramatic episode.1 What follows is a suggestion of a new framework in which to evaluate the events of 1305.
Impact response of aluminum corrugated core sandwich panels

Abstract The mechanisms of projectile penetration of extruded 6061T6 aluminum alloy sandwich panels with empty and alumina filled, triangular corrugated cores have been experimentally investigated using zero obliquity, 12.7 mm diameter hard steel projectiles whose diameter was about a half that of the core's unit cell width. We find that low momentum impacts are laterally deflected by interactions with the inclined webs of the empty core. Complete penetration occurred by shear-off within the impacted front face sheet, followed by stretching, bending and tensile fracture of the core webs and finally shear-off within the back face sheet. This combination of mechanisms was less effective at dissipating the projectiles kinetic energy than the shear-off (plugging) mechanism of penetration of the equivalent solid aluminum panel. Inserting ballistic grade alumina prisms in the triangular cross section spaces of the corrugated core significantly increased the panel's ballistic resistance compared to the empty panel. The presence of the hard ceramic led to severe plastic deformation and fragmentation of the projectile and comminution and macroscopic fracture of the ceramic. The Al/Al2O3 hybrid panel ballistic limit was reached when pairs of parallel cracks formed in the rear face sheet at core web-face sheet nodes. The separation distance between these cracks was dependent upon the location of the impact with respect to that of the web-face sheet nodes. Nodal impacts resulted in pairs of fractures that were separated by one cell width and a critical velocity below that of the equivalent solid plate. Impacts mid-way between pairs of nodes resulted in back face sheet crack pairs separated by twice the cell width, and a critical velocity higher than the equivalent solid plate. Using X-ray tomography we show this resulted from the formation of oval (not circular) cross section fracture conoids in the ceramics. The conoid angle was about 60° in the extrusion direction but only 30° in the transverse direction. This observation may have interesting consequences for a panel's resistance to a second, close proximity impact.
Effect of Preconditioning on Collagen Fiber Recruitment: Inhomogeneous Properties of Rat Supraspinatus Tendon

Cyclic preconditioning is a commonly accepted initial component of any tendon testing protocol. Preconditioning provides tendons with a consistent “history” and stress-strain results become repeatable allowing for rigorous evaluation and comparison. While it is widely accepted that preconditioning is important, changes that occur during preconditioning are not well understood. Micro-structural alterations, such as re-arrangement of collagen fibers, is one proposed mechanism of preconditioning [1,4]. However, this mechanism has not been examined. Therefore, the objective of this study is to locally measure: 1) fiber re-alignment during preconditioning, stress relaxation and tensile testing and 2) corresponding mechanical properties, to address mechanisms of preconditioning as well as tissue nonlinearity and inhomogeneity in the rat supraspinatus tendon. We hypothesize that 1) fiber re-alignment will be greatest in the toe region, but will also occur during preconditioning and 2) mechanical properties and initial collagen fiber alignment will be greater in the midsubstance location of the tendon compared to the tendon-to-bone insertion site.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Adult and developmental myosin heavy chain isoforms in soleus muscle of aging Fischer Brown Norway rat

Fiber type shifts in aging skeletal muscle have been studied with myofibrillar ATPase histochemistry and gel electrophoresis, but less commonly with immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical study of myosin heavy chains (MHCs) in single myofibers yields additional information about aged skeletal muscle. Furthermore, many studies of aging rodent skeletal muscle have been performed on fast-MHC-predominant muscle and in several different strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunohistochemically MHC characteristics in the slow-MHC-predominant soleus muscle in the Fischer Brown Norway F1 hybrid aging rat (FBN). Three age groups of FBN rats were studied: 12 months, 30 months, and 36 months. Soleus muscles were excised, quick-frozen, and stained immunohistochemically for slow, fast, developmental, and neonatal MHC isoforms. Cross-sections were evaluated for the number and cross-sectional areas of fibers expressing each isoform. Single myofibers in soleus muscles of the aged rats showed significantly greater amounts of coexpression of slow and fast MHC than did younger animals. This change began by 30 months of age, but did not reach statistical significance until 36 months of age. The soleus from 36-month-old rats also expressed greater amounts of developmental MHC than did the other groups. These developmental MHC-positive myofibers also coexpressed either slow or slow and fast MHC. The age-related increase in MHC coexpression of slow with fast isoforms may indicate a fiber type shift suggestive of denervation that outpaces reinnervation. The developmental MHC-positive fibers provide evidence of ongoing myofiber remodeling in the oldest rats in the midst of the fiber degeneration of aging.
Linear-scaling quantum mechanical calculations of biological molecules: The divide-and-conquer approach

The divide-and-conquer technique for linear-scaling quantum mechanical calculations is reviewed. The method divides a large system into many subsystems, determines the density matrix of each subsystem separately, and sums the corresponding subsystem contributions to obtain the total density matrix and the energy of the system. There is a uniform chemical potential to allow transfer of electrons between subsystems and to insure the normalization of the electron density. The implementation of the method for semiempirical quantum chemistry Hamiltonians is described. The review describes the application to the study of the catalytic mechanisms of cytidine deaminase, an enzyme which accelerates the rate of hydrolytic deamination of cytidine to uridine. The linear-scaling quantum mechanical calculations determined the active species of the ground-state complex and the structure of the reaction transition-state analog complex.
Women Incarcerated in 1960, 1970, and 1980 Implications of Demographic, Educational, and Personality Characteristics for Earlier Research

Changes in the population of female prisoners at a local reformatory over a 20-year period were investigated by comparing demographic, educational, and personality characteristics of women admitted to the reformatory in 1960, 1970, and 1980. Although the data suggested an increase in more violent crimes over time, comparable differences on other variables were largely absent. Women admitted to the reformatory in 1980 did not differ from women admitted in 1960 in age, educational level, mental ability, or MMPI scores. Women admitted in 1970 did obtain higher achievement scores, but it was concluded that the characteristics of this prison population had remained relatively stable, thus increasing confidence in the relevance and usefulness of earlier research in developing a model of female criminality. Language: en
“A Patrimony for the Children”: Low-Income Homeownership and Housing (Im)Mobility in Latin American Cities

Data are presented from a 2007 restudy of some 300 low-income self-builder owner households across eight settlements in Bogota and Mexico City originally interviewed in the early and late 1970s, published in the mid-1980s (Gilbert and Ward 1985). Framed within a longitudinal perspective, the article analyzes the level of turnover of household owners living in irregular settlements over a period of thirty years; the current (2007) housing arrangements of households in dwellings and on plots; and the expectancies of ownership and inheritance of (now) adult children and grandchildren. The findings from the resurvey show minimal land-use changes and that more than 80 percent of the original families remain living on the lot. Densities have increased significantly, as has the average number of households sharing the lot. In Mexico City, sharing a lot is almost exclusively done with close kin (adult children), whereas in Bogota it is both kin as well as renters. Self-estimated property values and tax office ass...
Option value, telecommunications demand, and policy

Abstract Demand estimation and welfare analysis for telecommunications services have often been plagued by apparent inconsistencies between actual consumer behavior and standard economic theory. The latter posits that consumers will subscribe to services when their consumer's surplus exceeds the subscription price. This paper presents an alternative model of subscription behavior under uncertainty. Drawing on the option value literature, we show that expected consumer's surplus is generally not an adequate basis for subscription decisions. We present an empirical example in which option value significantly improves demand estimation. We discuss policy implications, including possible ‘market failures’ in which socially beneficial new technology is not deployed.
A Reverse Transcriptase—Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Diagnosis of Turkey Coronavirus Infection

This study reports on the development of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the specific detection of turkey coronavirus (TCoV). Of the several sets of primers tested, 1 set of primers derived from the P gene and 2 sets derived from the N gene of TCoV could amplify the TCoV genome in the infected samples. The RT-PCR was sensitive and specific for TCoV and did not amplify other avian RNA and DNA viruses tested except the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). To overcome the problem of IBV amplification, a set of separate primers was designed from the spike protein gene of IBV. The RT-PCR under the same conditions as above could effectively differentiate between TCoV and IBV. The closely related bovine coronavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs were differentiated from TCoV using the same RT-PCR with slight modifications. The results of RT-PCR correlated well with the results of the immunofluorescent test for the same samples tested at the Purdue University Animal Disease Laboratory, West Lafayette, Indiana. The nucleotide sequence and projected amino acid sequence comparison of the P gene of different isolates of TCoV from 5 different states in the United States revealed a close association among the different isolates of TCoV.
Differential Effects of Collagen in Oral Tissues and Skin by Protein-Energy Malnourished Newborn Rats and Lactating Dams*

Effects of protein-energy malnutrition were studied in newborn rats and their dams. Upon delivery, dams received 6%, 12% or 20% protein diets. At Day 15 pups received 14C(U)-proline. The posterior tongue, hard palatal mucosa, soft palatal mucosa and skin were analyzed for collagen and counts incorporated (collagen synthesis, that is, the rate of 14C-proline converted to 14C-hydroxy-proline into gingival collagen). These regions of the dams were also removed to study collagen content. Although soft palatal mucosal collagen of newborns in the 6% and 12% protein groups was decreased, that of skin in the 6% protein group was increased. No such differences were observed in tongue and hard palatal mucosa. Counts incorporated was decreased in the tongue, soft palatal mucosa and skin, but not in hard palatal mucosa. Collagen contents of tongue and hard palatal mucosa and skin of the dams showed no differences, whereas that of soft palatal mucosa in the 6% protein groups was increased. Effects of protein-energy malnutrition on oral tissues and skin were therefore different between newborns and lactating dams. Furthermore, one part of oral mucosa is affected differently from other parts of mucosa and in both, degree of malnutrition has different influences.
Dispersive dielectrics and time reversal: free energies, orthogonal spectra, and parity in dissipative media.

Free energies of dissipative media are reviewed. Then we use free-energy-optimal excitation and de-excitation fields to generate a dielectric's time-reversal spectrum, with several properties: a) The spectrum generalizes the time-reversal parity from ``even'' and ``odd'' of conservative systems to an interval $[\ensuremath{-}1,+1]$ of ``time-reversal eigenvalues'' $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ in dissipative media. b) It yields eigenmodes that are complete: any state of the medium is optimally excitable or de-excitable by them. c) These excitations are orthogonal with respect to the work function of the medium and, so, d) characterize field excitations for the given medium that, when superimposed, only do work on the medium, not on each other via the medium-field interaction mechanism. Notions of en masse potential and kinetic energy in the dissipative medium arise through even $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=+1)$ and odd $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=\ensuremath{-}1)$ parity, but also other energy notions via alternative parity $(|\ensuremath{\lambda}|l1)$ under time reversal.
Evolution of Genome Size in Duckweeds (Lemnaceae)

To extensively estimate the DNA content and to provide a basic reference for duckweed genome sequence research, the nuclear DNA content for 115 different accessions of 23 duckweed species was measured by flow cytometry (FCM) stained with propidium iodide as DNA stain. The 1C-value of DNA content in duckweed family varied nearly thirteen-fold, ranging from 150 megabases (Mbp) in Spirodela polyrhiza to 1,881 Mbp in Wolffia arrhiza. There is a continuous increase of DNA content in Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia that parallels a morphological reduction in size. There is a significant intraspecific variation in the genus Lemna. However, no such variation was found in other studied species with multiple accessions of genera Spirodela, Landoltia, Wolffiella, and Wolffia.
Natural Convection From a Porous Cavity With Sublayers of Nonuniform Thickness: A Lumped System Analysis

A numerical study has been performed to further investigate the flow and temperature fields in layered porous cavity. The geometry considered is a two-dimensional square cavity comprising of three or four vertical sublayers with nonuniform thickness and distinct permeability. The cavity is subjected to differential heating from the vertical walls. The results obtained are used to further evaluate the capacity of the lumped-system analysis in the prediction of heat transfer results of layered porous cavities. It has been found that predictions by the lumped-system model are reasonably good for the range of Rayleigh numbers encountered in engineering applications. In addition, the predictions improve when the number of sublayers increases as well as the sublayer thickness becomes more uniform. Thus, it proves that the lumped-system analysis can offer a quick estimate of heat transfer result from a layered porous cavity with reasonable accuracy.
Organellar vs cellular control of mitochondrial dynamics

Mitochondrial dynamics, the fusion and fission of individual mitochondrial units, is critical to the exchange of the metabolic, genetic and proteomic contents of individual mitochondria. In this regard, fusion and fission events have been shown to modulate mitochondrial bioenergetics, as well as several cellular processes including fuel sensing, ATP production, autophagy, apoptosis, and the cell cycle. Regulation of the dynamic events of fusion and fission occur at two redundant and interactive levels. Locally, the microenvironment of the individual mitochondrion can alter its ability to fuse, divide or move through the cell. Globally, nuclear-encoded processes and cellular ionic and second messenger systems can alter or activate mitochondrial proteins, regulate mitochondrial dynamics and concomitantly change the condition of the mitochondrial population. In this review we investigate the different global and local signals that control mitochondrial biology. This discussion is carried out to clarify the different signals that impact the status of the mitochondrial population.
Toothbrush ingestion by bulimics may require laparotomy

Two girls accidentally swallowed their toothbrush while inducing emesis; both had bulimia. Early removal of the brush is advised to prevent complications. Endoscopic removal is the preferred method, but because of the toothbrush's geometric qualities, surgical retrieval is often required.
Microscopic and Spectroscopic Methods Applied to the Measurements of Nanoparticles in the Environment

Abstract: Currently, thousands of commercially available products contain engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). Because numerous nanoparticles (NPs) are being used in products that will be in contact with water or directly used in water treatment processes, these materials will undoubtedly reside, at least temporarily, in bodies of water. Given the widespread use of NPs and ENPs in consumer goods, a large portion of these materials will soon go into the waste stream, potentially to soil and sediments or added directly to agricultural lands via biosolids. Possible impacts of ENPs on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are of great concern. Preliminary data from several research groups have shown that ENPs may have a direct impact on food safety and the food chain. However, our knowledge about detection and characterization of NPs in the environment, especially aquatic environments, is still in its infancy. This review includes the most recent literature about the methods applied to the measurement of NPs and ENP...
Human papilloma virus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A growing epidemic

The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing despite a decrease in tobacco use. Almost 20–30% of patients with OPSCC do not have the traditional risk factors of smoking and alcohol use and in a vast majority of these patients, the human papilloma virus (HPV) appears to drive the malignant transformation. HPV induced malignant transformation is attributed to two viral oncogenes and their non-structural protein products (E6 and E7). These two proteins appear to affect carcinogenesis by their inhibitory effects on p53 and retinoblastoma proteins (Rb). Patients with HPV mediated OPSCC seem to have a better prognosis compared to their non-HPV counterparts. However, in the absence of strong evidence, standard of care at this time for OPSCC does not differ based on HPV status. Current research is focused on the role of de-escalation of treatment and elucidation of prognostic markers in this unique population. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of HPV mediated OPSCC and details the current evidence in the management of these patients.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing Issues Related to the Hardwood Log Sawmill

This paper evaluates the issues associated with the computer integration of the various technologies now available to hardwood log sawmills, so that these technologies will cooperate in helping the sawmill achieve better lumber yield. The concept of computer integration, and the current sawmill setup, are reviewed. A model of a computer-integrated hardwood sawmill is described. Issues concerning the integration of both hardware and software are also discussed.
Finite element analysis for grinding and lapping of wire-sawn silicon wafers

Abstract Silicon wafers are the most widely used substrates for semiconductors. The falling price of silicon wafers has created tremendous pressure on silicon wafer manufacturers to develop cost-effective manufacturing processes. A critical issue in wafer production is the waviness induced by wire sawing. If this waviness is not removed, it will affect wafer flatness and semiconductor performance. In practice, both lapping and grinding have been used to flatten wire-sawn wafers. Although grinding is not as effective as lapping in removing waviness, it has many other advantages over lapping (such as higher throughput, fully automatic, and more benign to environment) and has great potential to reduce manufacturing cost of silicon wafers. This paper presents a finite element analysis (FEA) study on grinding and lapping of wire-sawn silicon wafers. An FEA model is first developed to simulate the waviness deformation of wire-sawn wafers in grinding and lapping processes. It is then used to explain how the waviness is removed or reduced by lapping and grinding and why the effectiveness of grinding in removing waviness is different from that of lapping. Furthermore, the model is used to study the effects of various parameters including active-grinding-zone orientation, grinding force, waviness wavelength, and waviness height on the reduction and elimination of waviness. Finally, the results of pilot experiments to verify the model are discussed.
Pragmatic function of Japanese mimetics in the spoken discourse of varying emotive intensity levels

Abstract This study explores how the use of Japanese mimetics correlates with the emotive level of different spoken registers. Emotive levels in discourse vary in terms of emotive intensity determinants, i.e., Subjectivity, Politeness, and Involvement. Three role-plays (SELF, GOSSIP, and POLICE) and one monologue (REPORT) were systematically compared for the analysis. The use of mimetics positively correlated with the emotive intensity level of discourse in the order of SELF as the highest, followed by GOSSIP and POLICE. Subjectivity and Involvement levels were also found to be significant for the frequency of mimetics in conjunction with emotive intensity level; however, the Politeness level was not. A further breakdown of lexical, phonological, and morpho-syntactic aspects of mimetics, as well as discourse structure, was examined in conjunction with the emotive intensity level. The variables that positively correlated with a higher intensity of emotivity of discourse were: gi-jyoo-go (psychomimes) in lexical taxonomy; the use of single independent mimetics and verbs in morpho-syntax; long vowels, final glottalization, and middle geminations in phonetics; and high emotive intensity level of response to the speech turn including mimetics in discourse structure. However, the nominal use of mimetics was found to negatively correlate with emotive intensity level of discourse.
Reform and resistance: a consideration of space, scale and strategy in legal challenges to welfare reform

This paper examines the law as a mechanism for resisting neoliberal policy change through a consideration of legal challenges to welfare reform in the United States. The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 marked a sea change in both the content and scale of the American social welfare system. It has entailed a downward shift in policy creation and administration from the national to the state and local level, and conveys a heavy emphasis on the “responsibility” of single mothers to engage in waged labor. In addition to changing the scale at which the social welfare system operates, welfare reform has changed how the more oppressive aspects of this policy might be resisted. While some legal advocates are challenging welfare reform by working within the “policy scale”, others are invoking national level protections by appealing to Civil Rights legislation. By working against the scale imposed by neoliberal social policy, Civil Rights legislation presents the possibility for advocates to “re-scale responsibility” from that of single mothers to submit to wage labor in order to survive, to the government’s responsibility to protect its citizens against identity-based discrimination. Herein, I argue both that the law can serve as an important mechanism for re-focusing the scale of resistance in efforts to challenge oppressive social policy; and that even in the face of policy that imposes a local scale, the national level holds potential as an important terrain of resistance.
Transneuronal Degeneration of Beta Retinal Ganglion Cells in the Cat

Transneuronal retrograde degeneration of retinal ganglion cells was investigated following neonatal visual cortex ablation in the cat. After a survival time of at least 18 months, retinal ganglion cells projecting to the thalamus were labelled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Filled ganglion cells were classified into $\alpha $, $\beta $ and $\gamma $ types on the basis of dendritic morphology. In normal cats, $\alpha $ cells made up 8-10% of the total population in the sample area, $\beta $ cells made up 64-67% and $\gamma $ cells made up 23-27%. In retinae of visual cortex-ablated cats, normal numbers of $\alpha $ and $\gamma $ cells were present, but the $\beta $ cell population was depleted by 90% of normal. Thalamic projections of surviving retinal ganglion cells were investigated by anterograde transport of tritiated proline injected into the eye. In these animals, ablation of visual cortex resulted in almost complete degeneration of laminae A and A1 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. In the radioautographic material, projections from the retina to the degenerated parts of laminae A and A1 were barely detectable. Survival of some ganglion cell populations and death of others after neonatal visual cortex ablation may be explained in terms of the pattern of projections of the different cell types. We conclude that the majority of $\beta $ cells degenerate following visual cortex ablation because of removal of cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus which form their sole or principal target. Alpha and $\gamma $ cells and 10% of $\beta $-cells survive because of extensive collateral projections to targets other than cells of the laminae A and A1 of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
Stratification of Patients According to Prior Cardiopulmonary Disease and Probability Assessment Based on the Number of Mismatched Segmental Equivalent Perfusion Defects* Approaches to Strengthen the Diagnostic Value of Ventilation/Perfusion Lung Scans in Acute Pulmonary Embolism

A categorical diagnosis of "high probability" or "intermediate probability" encompasses a spectrum of diagnostic probabilities of pulmonary embolism (PE) that is not communicated to the referring physician. The diagnostic value of ventilation/perfusion lung scans, in the present investigation, was strengthened by use of a table to determine the likelihood of PE in individual patients on the basis of the observed number of mismatched segmental equivalent perfusion defects. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that stratification of patients according to the presence or absence of prior cardiopulmonary disease may enhance the ventilation/perfusion scan assessment of the probability of PE among both of these clinical categories of patients. Data were derived from the collaborative study of the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED). Ventilation/perfusion lung scans were evaluated in 378 patients with acute PE and 672 patients in whom suspected PE was excluded. Among patients with no prior cardiopulmonary disease, > or = 1.0 mismatched segmental equivalents was indicative of PE in 102 of 118 (86 percent) vs 113 of 155 (73 percent) among patients with prior cardiopulmonary disease (p or = 2 mismatched segmental equivalents were required to indicate > or = 80 percent probability of PE. Stratification on the basis of the presence or absence of prior cardiopulmonary disease, therefore, enhanced the ability of ventilation/perfusion scan readers to assign an accurate positive predictive value and specificity to individual patients based on the observed number of mismatched segmental equivalent defects. Among patients with no prior cardiopulmonary disease, fewer mismatched segmental equivalent defects were required to indicate a high probability of PE than were required by PIOPED criteria. The findings from some of these patients, by PIOPED criteria, would have indicated intermediate probability. Some indeterminate probability readings, therefore, will be eliminated among patients stratified with no prior cardiopulmonary disease.
Trends in mode of delivery of twin gestations in the united states

LISA RICE, ROBERT BONEBRAKE, MICHAEL BARSOOM, Creighton University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Omaha, Nebraska OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the trends in delivery mode of twin gestations in the United States from 1990 and 2000 and neonatal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: This is a population-based retrospective cohort study evaluating all twin deliveries in the US, occurring in 1990 and 2000, identified using the CDC/NCHS natality database. Exclusion criteria were EGA ! 24 weeks, !500 g, placenta previa and major fetal anomalies. Variables evaluated were maternal demographics, obstetric history, intrapartum and neonatal outcomes. Primary outcome was mode of delivery. Secondary outcomes included 5 minute Apgar !5, respiratory distress(RDS), need for ventilatory support, and birth injury. Descriptive statistics using two-tailed Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests were used with significance at p !0.05. RESULTS: 44,400 and 56,788 twin gestations from 1990 and 2000, respectively, were included. There were significantly more primary CS in 2000 regardless of fetal presentation. In 1990, there were significantly more infants with 5 minute Apgars ! 5. In 2000, there were significantly more cases of RDS, need for ventilatory support, and birth injury. Analyzing the data from 2000 by mode of delivery, CS was associated with a significant reduction in birth injuries and 5 minute Apgars !5 compared to vaginal delivery. This persisted when controlled for EGA. There was significantly more RDS and need for ventilatory support in the CS group, which persisted when controlled for presentation. CONCLUSION: This demonstrates the dramatic shift in the mode of delivery for twin gestations from 1990 to 2000, specifically in VTX/VTX twins. More twin gestations were delivered by CS in 2000, regardless of presentation. There was a significant rise in the number of CS performed for VTX/VTX presentation. CS was associated with a significant decrease in birth injuries and 5 minute Apgars ! than 5 compared to vaginal twins. There was noted to be an increase in RDS and ventilatory support in the CS group. Based on this data, CS in VTX/VTX twin gestations appear to be associated with fewer birth injuries and 5 minute Apgars !5.
Advances in echocardiography

Echocardiography is an exceptionally useful technique for diagnosing cardiovascular disease in small animals. It is noninvasive and provides a wealth of data concerning cardiac morphology and function. For many patients, echocardiography is the definitive diagnostic tool. A well-performed study coalesces the findings of the physical examination, electrocardiogram, and radiographs into a clearly defined diagnosis on which treatment decisions can be based. More so than other diagnostic techniques, echocardiography is highly operator dependent and relies on the proper acquisition and interpretation of results by an examiner who is familiar with the principles, capabilities, and limitations of ultrasound imaging. This article reviews the basics of echocardiography, measurement of cardiac dimensions, and assessment of cardiac function. Within these sections, emerging technologies that expand the capabilities of the echocardiographic examination are introduced.
Dynamic Economic Relationships Among Grain-Based U.S. Food Prices

Time series techniques are used to discern how monthly U.S. feed, meat, processed food, and wholesale food prices have dynamically responded to grain price movements. Reported dynamic attributes of grain-related price responses include reaction times, monthly response patterns, response durations, and related price response multipliers. Dynamic monthly history of the last 15 years would have a rise/fall in U.S. grain price, from a change in U.S. grain exports, elicit increases/decreases in U.S. feed, processed food, and wholesale food prices. These responses in grain-related prices would start within a month after the grain price shock, would be far less than one-for-one responses, and would endure for three to six months after the grain price shock. Effects on the price of U.S. meat generally would be indeterminant. The grain-related price system was estimated as both a vector autoregression and vector error-correction model, and both models generated results which were mutually reinforcing.
A Synthesis of 20 Years of Research on Sexual Risk Taking Among Asian/Pacific Islander Men Who Have Sex With Men in Western Countries.

Over the past two decades, there has emerged a body of literature documenting a number of risk factors associated with Asian/Pacific Islander men who have sex with men’s unsafe sexual behaviors. Th...
Bayesian Method for Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network Analysis

A new methodology is developed to analyze existing monitoring networks. This methodology incorporates different aspects of monitoring, including vulnerability/probability assessment, environmental health risk, the value of information, and redundancy reduction. A conceptual framework for groundwater quality monitoring is formulated to represent the methodology's context. Relevance vector machine RVM plays a basic role in this conceptual framework, and is employed to reduce redundancy and to create probability map of contaminant distribution, and accordingly to estimate the expected value of sample information. Disability adjusted life years approach of the global burden of disease is used for quantifying the health risk consequences. This is demonstrated through a case study application to nitrate contamination monitoring in the West Bank, Palestine. The results obtained from the RVM analysis showed that an overlap error of less than 30% were obtained based on using around 30% of the monitoring sites 170 relevance vectors. This reflects the importance of the RVM as a useful model for improving the efficiency of monitoring systems, both in terms of reducing redundancy and increasing the information content of the collected data. However, in this application, the results of health risk assessment and the evaluation of monitoring investments were less encouraging due to the minimal elasticity of the nitrate health effect with respect to monitoring information and uncertainty.
Developing a New Model for Cross-cultural Research: Synthesizing the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action

This article discusses the development of a new model representing the synthesis of two models that are often used to study health behaviors: the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action. The new model was developed as the theoretic framework for an investigation of the factors affecting participation by Mexican migrant workers in tuberculosis screening. Development of the synthesized model evolved from the concern that models used to investigate health-seeking behaviors of mainstream Anglo groups in the United States might not be appropriate for studying migrant workers or persons from other cultural backgrounds.