cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arthropod communities on hybrid and parental cottonwoods are phylogenetically structured by tree type: Implications for conservation of biodiversity in plant hybrid zones

Although hybridization in plants has been recognized as an important pathway in plant speciation, it may also affect the ecology and evolution of associated communities. Cottonwood species (Populus angustifolia and P. fremontii) and their naturally occurring hybrids are known to support different plant, animal, and microbial communities, but no studies have examined community structure within the context of phylogenetic history. Using a community composed of 199 arthropod species, we tested for differences in arthropod phylogenetic patterns within and among hybrid and parental tree types in a common garden. Three major patterns emerged. (1) Phylogenetic diversity (PD) was significantly different between arthropod communities on hybrids and Fremont cottonwood when pooled by tree type. (2) Mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and net relatedness index (NRI) indicated that communities on hybrid trees were significantly more phylogenetically overdispersed than communities on either parental tree type. (3) Community distance (Dpw) indicated that communities on hybrids were significantly different than parental species. Our results show that arthropod communities on parental and hybrid cottonwoods exhibit significantly different patterns of phylogenetic structure. This suggests that arthropod community assembly is driven, in part, by plant-arthropod interactions at the level of cottonwood tree type. We discuss potential hypotheses to explain the effect of plant genetic dissimilarity on arthropod phylogenetic community structure, including the role of competition and environmental filtering. Our findings suggest that cottonwood species and their hybrids function as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) that affect the assembly and composition of associated arthropod communities and deserve high priority for conservation.
Promoting second-order historical domain knowledge through recursive and collaborative professional development

Abstract This paper describes a thirteen-month, Lesson Study-type professional development project that sought to form and support a community of in-service social studies teachers who could design and implement lessons informed by second-order historical domain knowledge. Here, the researcher reports on the experiences of a subgroup of participants, three secondary history teachers, as they planned, taught, revised, and re-taught a collaborative research lesson. The teachers increasingly incorporated second-order historical domain knowledge into their respective practice: facilitating students׳ use of historical photographs as evidence to begin to answer a compelling question. Findings also suggest the teachers began to effectively support students׳ abilities to make claims about the past. Implications include: the foregrounding of compelling questions during planning, and the need for explicit guidance to help teachers analyze student work products.
Outcomes after periviable ultrasound-indicated cerclage.

Background: Cerclage placed for a sonographically short cervix has been shown to reduce the risk of preterm delivery in women with a history of prior preterm birth. While short cervix is traditiona...
Principal Perceptions of New Teacher Effectiveness

Relatively little research has been conducted on the professional satisfaction of principals with recently hired beginning teachers. This study surveyed principals to learn their perspectives on th...
A mechanistic approach to individual differences in spatial learning, memory, and navigation

Abstract Navigation is a complex task that depends on the processes of perception, learning, memory, and reasoning to be successful. Given this complexity, it is not surprising that humans (and other species) vary dramatically in their approach and success at navigation. This wide range of abilities has been of great interest to the field of human spatial cognition. In addition, spatial navigation is a cross-species phenomenon that can speak to a variety of learning and memory processes. Therefore, understanding individual differences in this domain can offer a wide range of insights that affect many behaviors in the real world. A cognitive framework that gives precedent to the flexible use of spatial information and explicit or declarative learning processes has driven much of the work on individual differences in navigation in humans. However, animal models of basic learning mechanisms may also offer substantial insight into individual differences in both how well people navigate their surroundings and in the strategies or styles that they bring to bear on the navigational problems. This mechanistic approach may offer a stronger foundation for not only how individual differences might emerge but also how they interact with differences in the environments and goals that drive our need to learn, remember, and navigate in the world.
Shifting Practices, Shifting Selves: Negotiations of Local and Global Cultures Among Adolescents in Northern Thailand.

Around the world, adolescents increasingly grow up as members of local and global cultures. Little is known, however, about how precisely adolescents in rapidly globalizing societies blend local and global cultures. Interviews with 40 (16- to 19-year old) Thai adolescents, evenly divided between rural and urban communities, were analyzed alongside participant observation data for the interplay between local and global linguistic and dietary practices. Results revealed that urban adolescents inhabited differentiated selves, alternating between local and global practices based on interactional partner. The activation of each assisted them in navigating-and in some cases, reshaping-hierarchies encountered in everyday relationships. Findings contribute to the developmental science of globalization and point to the utility of interrogating cultural practices as sites of self-negotiation in rapidly changing cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The use of Current Data in Ocean Outfall Design

Some of the ways in which current meter data can aid in the design of ocean outfalls are discussed. Examples are given, which include time series analyses of currents obtained in Puget Sound, near Alki Point, the prediction of initial dilution of San Francisco, the prediction of far field dilution and transport in Southern California coastal waters, and prediction of the visitation frequency, or transport probability, off Alki Point.
Gambling, Drugs, and Sex: New Drug Trends and Addictions in Honolulu, Hawaii, 1998

The focus of this research was on the use of ethnographic methods and sociological techniques to access a hidden population of active street drug addicts in a major capital city. Selection was based on (1) a self-report of a current addiction to crack–cocaine, crystal methamphetamine, and/or heroin and (2) frequent the “Chinatown” district in Honolulu, Hawaii. Legitimate businesses are noted as openly marketing drug paraphernalia, while drug treatment programs capitalize on medical insurance reimbursements from addicts. Food stamp fraud was quite prevalent as food stamps were being traded for (1) food, (2) money, (3) alcohol, (4) tobacco (5) drugs, and (6) sex. Pornographic movie theaters and illegal gambling houses contribute to illegal drug use and prostitution by providing convenience to traffic narcotics and privacy for the purchase of sex. Due to the expense of drug addiction, those involved in prostitution reported that condom use was negotiable and price-dependent, which posed a greater risk for AIDS and HIV transmission. Prescriptions written by mental health outreach programs resulted in a proliferation of certain drugs causing illegal distribution and use among street addicts. The research findings indicate a predominantly sociological explanation of drug addiction in which the acquisition of drug-using behavior was a social learning experience.
Biopharmaceutical Validation: an overview

General validation principles are explained. Documentation requirements and the practical organisation of a validation project are described. The specific considerations for qualifying biopharmaceutical equipment and processes are described.
Acceptance and consumption of crystalline fructose menu items by institutionalized elderly persons

Data were collected from self-feeding mentally alert residents, 65 persons who did not have diabetes and 24 with diabetes, from a long-term-care facility. Subjects, aged 54 to 97 years, were able to eat in the dining room over a 2-month period. Acceptance and consumption of a standard portion of sucrose-sweetened and low-calorie items on cycle menus for residents with or without diabetes were studied for the first month. During the second month, crystalline fructose was substituted. Interviewers asked residents to complete a 5-point Likert-type scale for each menu item studied
Lyapunov Descriptions of Integral-Input-to-State-Stability for Systems with Delays*

The integral-input-to-state stability is one of the central stability notions for nonlinear systems. Many applications of this stability property were based on the Lyapunov approach. The main concern of this work is to provide the existence of Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals for the integral-input-to-state stability for systems with time delays.
Confidence among Silicon Valley Venture Capitalists Q3 2017–Q4 2018: Trends, Insights, and Tells

Thus, our confidence in the future will help determine the future—for better or worse. VCs, financiers of innovation and new venture creation, have a longer-term time horizon than most other investment executives, so their confidence about the future will tend to have impacts on the economy that affect all of us. Silicon Valley VCs, who are making investment decisions in the global heart of innovation in particular, have been shown to exert a strong influence on the evolution of business, so their outlook may be a significant factor in determining the future. To develop a quantitative index and qualitative commentary of trends and insights, Silicon Valley Venture Capitalist Confidence Index™ Research Reports have tracked VC confidence about the future entrepreneurial environment among about 30 VCs since Q1 2004. This article reviews Silicon Valley VC confidence over the six quarters from Q3 2017 to Q4 2018 in the context of concurrent economic indicators and finds that increasing VC sentiment tends to be based on improvements in exit opportunities and new technology disruptions that create new markets, while decreasing VC sentiment is linked to high valuations, rising costs of business, rising competition for talent, and uncertainty in the macro environment. VC confidence also appears to correspond to CEO confidence, perhaps due to the operational focus of VCs. Because VC confidence in the future entrepreneurial environment tends to impact their business decisions today (e.g., investments in new ventures), tracking VC confidence and the factors that drive it may provide unique and valuable insights to private and public market participants. TOPICS:Real assets/alternative investments/private equity
Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of the Interaction of Adenine with Pyridoxine at Physiological pH

Spectroelectrochemical techniques were used to probe the interaction of adenine with pyridoxine at pH 7.0. Analysis of UV-visible absorption of the adenine-pyridoxine complex at 260 nm using the Lineweaver–Burk double reciprocal plot produced a linear graph indicating a 1 : 1 mode of interaction between the compounds and a binding constant of 29.1. Change in the background current and broadening of adenine and pyridoxine cyclic voltammetry (CV) oxidation peaks at 1.0 V and 0.8 V, respectively, compared to the CV of the individual compounds is indicative of an interaction. The Raman shift of the coupled –C(11)H2-OH bending and in-plane N(7)-H mode at 1235 cm−1 to 1215 cm−1 of pyridoxine and the shift to the lower wavenumber of the adenine –N(10)H2 rocking band from 942 to 906 cm−1 confirm that the adenine exocyclic amino group and its purine nitrogen atom N(7) interacts with pyridoxine O(12) via the formation of hydrogen bonds. Strong enhancement of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) bands pertaining to adenine and the bathochromic shift of the normal Raman band due to the adenine ring breathing mode observed at 722 cm−1 in the spectrum of adenine, to 732 cm−1 in the SERS spectrum of aqueous adenine-pyridoxine indicates that the complex adsorbs onto the Ag nanoparticle surface with the adenine portion possessing a perpendicular orientation.
Kerner @ 50 Looking Forward; Looking Back

AbstractIn March 1968, following a year of violent urban rebellions, the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders concluded that the United States was “moving toward two societies, one Black...
Minstrel Scandals; or, the Restorative White Properties of Blackface

In early 2019, a photograph from the 1984 medical school yearbook of Virginia Governor Ralph Northam featuring a blackfaced figure and a figure in a KKK hood sparked a minstrel scandal. Northam iss...
Why Is Reconciling Divergent Views a Challenge

Reconciling divergent accounts is a metacognitive task of a high order. It entails deep thinking about the thought processes of other people, as represented in multiple accounts that may be at odds...
A Sequential Detection Theory for Statistically Periodic Random Processes

Periodic statistical behavior of data is observed in many practical problems encountered in cyber-physical systems and biology. A new class of stochastic processes called independent and periodically identically distributed (i.p.i.d.) processes is defined to model such data. An optimal stopping theory is developed to solve sequential detection problems for i.p.i.d. processes. The developed theory is then applied to detect a change in the distribution of an i.p.i.d. process. It is shown that the optimal change detection algorithm is a stopping rule based on a periodic sequence of thresholds. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate that a single-threshold policy is not strictly optimal.
Prevalence of and risk factors for intravenous catheter infection in hospitalized cattle, goats, and sheep

Background Intravenous catheter (IVC) use in hospitalized ruminants is a common procedure. Limited information is available describing complications associated with IVCs. Hypotheses Prevalence of IVC infections in hospitalized ruminants is >50%. Intravenous catheters maintained for >5 days are more likely to be infected than those maintained for Animals Thirty-four cattle, 39 goats, and 33 sheep were hospitalized in a university teaching hospital. Methods Prospective observational study. The IVCs from cattle, goats, and sheep admitted for medical and surgical procedures were randomly selected and submitted for bacteriological culture and susceptibility testing. Results Prevalence values (95% confidence interval) of infected catheters were 61.8 (45.5, 78.1), 51.3 (35.3, 66.7), and 42.4% (25.2, 58.8) in cattle, goats, and sheep, respectively. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp was the most frequently isolated bacterium. Catheter type/placement technique was a significant (P = .03) predictor of IVC infection in goats but not in cattle (P = .65) and sheep (P = .47). Antibiotic use and reason for catheter placement were not significant predictors of IVC infection in all species. Catheters maintained for >4 days had a higher likelihood of being infected than those maintained for Conclusions and clinical importance Clinicians should consider replacing catheters maintained for >4 days to reduce IVC infection.
Engineering Play, Mathematics, and Spatial Skills in Children with and without Disabilities

Research Findings: Engineering play is a new framework for understanding constructive block building as a design process. The current study examined associations between engineering play with woode...
Relationships Among Noncognitive Factors and Academic Performance: Testing the University of Chicago Consortium on School Research Model:

In response to interest in the role of noncognitive factors in academic performance, several theoretical models have been developed; however, there have been few empirical attempts to validate thos...
High resolution transcranial acoustoelectric imaging of current densities from a directional deep brain stimulator

Objective: New innovations in deep brain stimulation (DBS) enable directional current steering – allowing more precise electrical stimulation of the targeted brain structures for Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and other neurological disorders. While intra-operative navigation through MRI or CT approaches millimeter accuracy for placing the DBS leads, no existing modality provides feedback of the currents as they spread from the contacts through the brain tissue. In this study, we investigate transcranial acoustoelectric imaging (tAEI) as a new modality to non-invasively image and characterize current produced from a directional DBS lead. tAEI uses ultrasound (US) to modulate tissue resistivity to generate detectable voltage signals proportional to the local currents. Approach: An 8-channel directional DBS lead (Infinity 6172ANS, Abbott Inc) was inserted inside three adult human skulls submerged in 0.9% NaCl. A 2.5MHz linear array delivered US pulses through the transtemporal window and focused near the contacts on the lead, while a custom amplifier and acquisition system recorded the acoustoelectric (AE) interaction used to generate images. Main Results: tAEI detected monopolar current with stimulation pulses as short as 100 µs with an SNR ranging from 10 – 27 dB when using safe US pressure (mechanical indices <0.78) and injected current of ~2 mA peak amplitude. Adjacent contacts were discernable along the length and within each ring of the lead with a mean radial separation between contacts of 2.10 and 1.34 mm, respectively. Significance: These results demonstrate the feasibility of tAEI for high resolution mapping of directional DBS currents using clinically-relevant stimulation parameters. This new modality may improve the accuracy for placing the DBS leads, guide calibration and programming, and monitor long-term performance of DBS for treatment of Parkinson's disease.
IX – Polar Coordinates

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on polar coordinates. In the polar coordinate system, a fixed point O in a plane is selected and called the pole. From this fixed point, one draws a fixed half-line OX, which is called the polar axis. It is customary to draw the polar axis horizontally to the right. By choosing a scale unit on the polar axis, the length of each line segment in the plane is specified. Every point P in the plane is assigned coordinates (r, θ) where r is the length of the vector and θ is the measure of an angle with initial side along the polar axis and terminal side along . The r, θ are the polar coordinates of P. The distance r is called the radius vector or polar distance. The angle θ is called the polar angle or vectorial angle. Considering the curves whose equations are of the forms r = a + b sin θ and r = a + b cos θ. If a > b, then curve is usually called a limacon but more appropriately called an eccentric. If a = b, the curve is called a cardioids. This chapter also illustrates the intersections of polar curves with examples.
A Constant Current Based Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) Synchronous Motor Drive Control Strategy

Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machines are widely used in automotive applications for their wide-speed range operation and low maintenance cost. The proposed Constant Current based IPM motor drive control strategy can achieve seamless transition between non-field-weakening and field-weakening regions while keeping a large output EM torque. The detailed control block diagram is presented and a pump-back system is proposed to verify control effectiveness. PLECS simulations have been conducted to compare the performance of the proposed control strategy with the curve fitting based method proposed in the previous work. A 5 kW three-phase motor drive inverter prototype has been built based on current industrial requirements, and the prototype power density has reached 92 W/inch3. Meanwhile, Insulated Metal Substrate (IMS) board and single-layer layout technique are used for better heat dissipation. Pump-back system experiments have been performed and the results are presented.
“So How’s Your Childhood Going?” A Historian of Childhood Confronts Her Own Archive

This chapter is an experimental reflection on historical methods for reading child-produced sources found in the archive; it uses Albarran’s own childhood diary from 1986 as a starting point. Albarran theorizes research methodologies in the context of writing child-centered history by pairing what the author knows now, with the benefit of hindsight, with what the child knower of the past documented. She is, and is not, the “same” subject as her child self. The diary is read under conditions similar to those in which decontextualized child-produced sources are encountered by historians in the archive to demonstrate the slipperiness of interpretation of such sources. Finally, the author subjects her 1980s American childhood to a comparative analysis with contemporary diaries produced in Chile under a violently oppressive dictatorship to shed light on the relativity of trauma as a quotidian part of child life. This self-critical reflection illustrates the role that the historian can play in mediating self-narratives in the broader context of geopolitical events and very different global positionalities.
New twists in actin-microtubule interactions.

Actin filaments and microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers that participate in many vital cell functions including division, morphogenesis, phagocytosis, and motility. Despite the persistent dogma ...
Effects of mutations in the central helix of troponin C on its biological activity.

To investigate the role of the central helix of skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC), five deletion mutants (Dobrowolski, Z., Xu, G.Q., and Hitchcock-DeGregori, S.E. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5703-5710) of chicken TnC in the D/E linker region (K87EDAKGKSEEE97), dEDA, dKG, dKGK, dSEEE, and dKED-AKGK, were assayed for their ability to regulate muscle contraction by testing their effectiveness in restoring force and Ca2+ regulation to TnC-depleted rabbit skinned skeletal muscle fibers. By comparison with rabbit skeletal TnC, wild-type TnC, and chicken TnC, all mutants except dKG equally restored force development and Ca2+ regulation to TnC-depleted skinned muscle fibers. In contrast, approximately 4 times more dKG than rabbit skeletal TnC was required to reach 50% force restoration. Also, the pCa50 for dKG activation of force was significantly decreased. Thus, most of the TnC mutants that we studied did not have significantly altered biological activity in the skinned fiber assay. However, the 2-residue deletion in the central helix (dKG) significantly affected TnC activity. This deletion would be expected to produce a 160 degree rotation in the alpha-helix versus 60 degrees for dKGK and dEDA, 40 degrees in dSEEE, and 20 degrees in dKEDAKGK. Therefore, the change in orientation of the two Ca2(+)-binding domains appears to be a major parameter affecting TnC activity. The shift in the Ca2+ dependence in force activation may result from the inability of the Ca2(+)-specific domain to properly interact with its binding site on troponin I, an interaction which is known to increase the affinity of TnC for Ca2+ (Potter, J.D., and Gergely, J. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4628-4633). In addition, the length of the central helix of TnC, Gly92, and the negatively charged cluster, EEE, appear not to be crucial for TnC activity.
Limit Cycle Computation and Stability for Multivariable Nonlinear Systems

A method is presented for the analysis of limit cycle behavior in a class of high order multivariable systems with multiple nonlinearties. Limit cycle solutions are obtained using harmonic balance methods. The stability of the limit cycle is determined using techniques of variational calculus as well as topological considerations. The concept of a consistent perturbation is discussed and linear transformations are used to simplify the process of limit cycle stability determination.
Query Processing in Broadcasted Spatial Index Trees

The broadcasting of spatial data together with an index structure is an effective way of disseminating data in a wireless mobile environment. Mobile clients requesting data tune into a continuous broadcast only when spatial data of interest and relevance is available on the channel and thus minimize their power consumption. A mobile client experiences latency (time elapsed from requesting to receiving data) and tuning time (the amount of time spent listening to the channel). This paper studies the execution of spatial queries on broadcasted tree-based spatial index structures. The focus is on queries that require a partial traversal of the spatial index, not only a single-path root-to-leaf search. We present techniques for processing spatial queries while mobile clients are listening to a broadcast of the tree. Our algorithms can handle clients with limited memory, trees broadcast with a certain degree of replication of index nodes, and algorithms executed at the clients may employ different data structures. Experimental work on R*-trees shows that these techniques lead to different tuning times and different latencies. Our solutions also lead to efficient methods for starting the execution of a query in the middle of a broadcast cycle. Spatial query processing in a multiple channel environment is also addressed.
Information-Seeking 2.0. The Effects of Informational Advantage

This article begins to shed light on how informational advantage affects the use of new media for information-acquisition and assessment. Drawing on material culled from one-on-one and small-group interviews with high school students in an agricultural region of California, the article examines high achievers committed to academic excellence in preparation for college. However, while they share the same educational goals, not all of these students have access to the same informational resources. Informationally advantaged students’ access to new media, traditional media, and social networks distinguishes them from their informationally disadvantaged counterparts who lack access to both online and offline resources. Examination reveals how these disparities in access to informational resources have consequences for the students’ capacity to assess information relevant to schoolwork as well as college planning. Students with plentiful media resources adopt autonomous strategies vis-a-vis the assessment of information for both schoolwork and college searches. By contrast, students without informational resources are forced by necessity to rely on others, ultimately leading them to develop a dependence on trusted opinions in order to assess information. In relating informational environments to these assessment strategies, the article reveals the repercussions of informational advantage for schoolwork and college planning activities increasingly dominated by online resources.
Learning cooperation from human-robot interaction

We present an approach to human-robot interaction that facilitates the robot’s interaction with humans, permitting the robots to benefit from the humans and learn about cooperation. The approach is based on an abstract behavior representation that allows humans to freely interact with the robots without the use of a predefined vocabulary of words, gestures or signs, and also enables the robots to get useful information from this interaction.
The Yimas Language of New Guinea

The Yimas Language of New Guinea. William A. Foley. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. 490 pp.
Mahayana Buddhism and Gross National Happiness in Bhutan

In 1972, the fourth King of Bhutan announced that Gross National Happiness was more important than Gross Domestic Product. In this paper, the basic conceptual features of Mahayana Buddhism are discussed particularly as they relate to the Mahayana Buddhist view of happiness. The primary purpose of Mahayana Buddhism is to spread happiness and compassion to everyone in the world. This includes that by awakening to the Ultimate Truth, one obtains greater clarity and insight about the true nature of the universe, leading to internal peace and happiness. As this paper shows, the goal of modern Gross National Happiness is also based on Mahayana Buddhist principles to increase happiness for everyone. This occurs through governmental policies and programs that promote material needs balanced with becoming enlightened.
Rethinking the Concept of Exclusion in Patent Law

Patent law’s broad exclusionary rule is one of its defining features. It is unique within intellectual property as it prohibits acts of independent creation. Even if a second inventor had no connection or aid from an initial inventor, patent law allows the first inventor to stop the second. Even though a number of pressing problems can be traced to this rule, it remains untouchable; it is thought to be essential for incentivizing invention. But is it really our only choice? And why is it so different from our otherwise widespread reliance on free entry and competition in markets? The current rule and its anti-competitive stance are defended as being economically necessary as well as being administratively manageable. This article questions both of these justifications. As an alternative, the article explores a narrower type of exclusion suggested by Learned Hand some fifty years ago. The article finds that his reform ideally could provide for the same set of inventive projects (if not more) as the current rule while it could avoid many of the pitfalls bedeviling the current system. Learned Hand’s suggested rule models itself on copyright where infringement extends only to copyists and thus allows generally free entry and competition. Interestingly, despite the competitive pressures and their reduction in the magnitude of the reward to the initial inventor, this ‘free entry system’ can provide for the same set of inventive projects as the current rule and because of the competitive pressures, it can do so with improved social welfare. Furthermore as to administration, though there are surely difficulties in both monitoring and adjudicating such a copying-based patent rule, there are important unappreciated self-enforcement benefits. Though far from advocating an immediate doctrinal change, these results suggest at least a conceptual reorientation wherein prevention of copying and its resulting economic undercutting and not the per se prevention of competition become the ideal goals of the patent system. Rather than being a necessary economic and administrative feature, patent law’s broad conceptualization of exclusion may be an artifact that we would jettison if only we could.
Evaluation of AAV-mediated expression of Chop2-GFP in the marmoset retina.

The severe loss of photoreceptors in retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa could result in partial or complete blindness.1,2 As a new strategy for treating blindness caused by retinal degeneration, we have reported the feasibility of restoring light sensitivity to photoreceptor-deficient retinas in rodents by expressing channelopsin-2 (Chop2) in inner retinal neurons.3 Chop2 is a microbial opsin that, upon binding with retinal chromophore, forms a directly light-gated cation channel termed ChR2 (Chop2 retinalidene).4 Recent studies have demonstrated the long-term stability of the expression of ChR2 in inner retinal neurons5 and the restoration of certain vision-driven behavior in rodents.6,7 Thus, converting inner retinal neurons into photosensitive cells is a promising approach to restoring vision after the death of photoreceptors. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have become the most promising gene delivery system for gene therapy in many inherited and acquired retinal diseases.8 rAAV-mediated gene delivery through subretinal injection has been successfully used to target transgenes to photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial cells both in nonhuman primates (macaque)9–14 and humans.15–17 For restoring retinal light sensitivity after photoreceptor degeneration, it is necessary to target ChR2 to surviving inner retinal neurons. Studies in rodents have shown that the intravitreal injection of rAAV driven by ubiquitous promoters can mediate the robust expression of ChR2 in the inner retinal neurons.3,18,19 There are also clinical benefits of targeting photoreceptors through intravitreal administration.20,21 However, there have been no detailed studies of rAAV-mediated transgene expression in inner retinal neurons in nonhuman primates through intravitreal injection.22 The evaluation of the rAAV-mediated transduction efficiency of Chop2 in the retina of nonhuman primates through intravitreal administration would be an important step in developing ChR2-based gene therapy in humans. The marmoset is a diurnal New World primate that has been used as a preclinical model for the evaluation of gene transfer methods.23 It has also been used extensively as a nonhuman primate model of the eye and visual system. It possesses diffraction-limited eyes with paraxial optical characteristics similar to those found in human eyes.24 The eyes have foveas,24 and the structure, and developmental sequence of the retina are similar to those of humans.25,26 The anatomy and physiology of the marmoset retina27–32 and central visual system33–39 have also been extensively investigated. In this study, we examined the efficacy and function of the rAAV-mediated expression of a fusion construct of channelopsin-2 (Chop2) and green fluorescent protein (GFP), Chop2-GFP, with ubiquitous promoters in the retina of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, through intravitreal administration.
Hydrolysis of triglycerides in the isolated perfused rat lung

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hydrolysis of saturated and unsaturated triglycerides by lung lipoprotein lipase and to measure the incorporation of triglyceride fatty acids into lung tissue lipids. Lipolytic activity was studied in the isolated ventilated rat lung, perfused for 100 min in a recycling system with Krebs Ringer bicarbonate containing bovine serum albumin, 5.6 mM glucose, and 1.5 or 10 mM triglyceride. Saturated triglycerides were hydrolyzed at significantly (p<0.05) lower rates than unsaturated triglycerides; tricaprylin, trimyristin and tripalmitin were hydrolyzed at 8.1+1.8, 5.4+1.5 and 9.5+1.8 μmol free fatty acids/g dry wt/100 min, respectively, whereas triolein and trilinolein were hydrolyzed at 20.2+1.8 and 20.6+0.3 μmol free fatty acids/g dry wt/100 min, respectively. The polyunsaturated triglycerides, trilinolein and triarachidonin were hydrolyzed at even higher rates (44.3+3.0 and 50.9+5.4 μmol free fatty acids/g dry wt/100 min, respectively). Intralipid infused at a concentration of 10 mM triglyceride was hydrolyzed at a significantly higher rate than at 1.5 mM triglyceride (58+6.3 μmol free fatty acids/g dry wt/100 min vs 16.6+1.7 μmol free fatty acids/g dry wt/100 min, respectively). Labeled unsaturated triglycerides were broken down at significantly higher rates than labeled saturated triglycerides. Incorporation of triglyceride-fatty acid into lung lipid was greater into neutral lipids than into phospholipids. The data suggest that (a) the factors that appear to affect lung lipoprotein lipase activity are composition and concentration of circulating triglyceride, (b) uptake of fatty acids into the tissue was proportional to the rate of hydrolysis of the emulsion, and (c) triglyceride-fatty acids could therefore be used by the lung for metabolic needs.
Differential range measurement of the interaction of 238U with 400 GeV protons.

Energy spectra of products with A = 47--143 emitted at 90 to the beam in the interaction of /sup 238/U with 400 GeV protons were obtained from measured differential ranges. The products can be divided into two groups: those showing a single dominant energetic component and those with an additional low-energy component. The energetic component was fit with a thermal fragment emission model and is consistent with binary fission and, for the lightest products, with fragmentation. The low-energy component is consistent with a deep spallation mechanism.
Physiological effects of the TASER® C2 conducted energy weapon

In previous studies, exposure to conducted energy weapons (CEWs) (such as TASER International’s Advanced TASER X26 device) resulted in leg muscle contraction, acidosis, increased blood electrolytes, and other biochemical and physiological changes. In the current study, experiments were performed to examine the effects of exposures to TASER International’s “C2” CEW, which is specifically marketed to civilian rather than law-enforcement users. Ten pigs (Sus scrofa) were sedated with an intramuscular injection of Telezol (tiletamine HCl and zolazepam HCl) and intubated. General anesthesia was maintained with an IV propofol infusion. Applications of the C2 device for 30 s resulted in extensive muscle contraction and significant increases in heart rate and hematocrit, and in blood levels of pCO2, lactate, glucose, and potassium, sodium, and calcium ions. Significant decreases were observed in blood oxygen saturation, pO2, and pH. Qualitatively, many of these changes were consistent with previous reports in the literature dealing with studies of muscle stimulation or exercise. The changes in blood pCO2, pO2, electrolytes, lactate, and pH, however, were greater than in a previous study of three repeated 5-s exposures to the X26 CEW commonly used by law-enforcement personnel. On the basis of the results, potential detrimental effects due to use of the “citizen-version” TASER C2 CEW may be more likely than limited intermittent applications of the X26 CEW.
Optimal placement of warehouse cross-aisles in a picker-to-part warehouse with class-based storage

Given a picker-to-part warehouse having a simple rectilinear aisle arrangement with north–south storage aisles and east–west travel aisles (or “cross-aisles”), this article investigates the optimal placement of the cross-aisles as a consequence of the probability mass function of the order pick points, as determined by the storage policy. That is, what placement of the cross-aisles will result in a minimal expected path length for the picker? An analytical solution procedure is developed for the optimal placement of a single middle cross-aisle for a given storage policy. A simplifying assumption is made as regards picker routing, but arbitrary non-random storage policies are considered. The solution procedure is generalized to a method for multiple cross-aisles. Some example problems are solved and a simulation study is used to measure the impact of the assumptions made to generate the method.
Overcompensation Stimulation: A Mechanism for Hormetic Effects

Whether hormetic responses result from a direct or an overcompensation type of stimulatory response has been an unresolved and contentious issue in both radiation and chemical toxicology. The goal of the present article is to identify numerous examples of overcompensation stimulation in the biological/biomedical literature and to evaluate their descriptive and quantitative features. The findings provide support for the hypothesis that hormetic dose-response relationships from a broad array of biological models can occur after an initial disruption in homeostasis. The finding also demonstrates the significant role of temporal factors in the assessment of dose response relationships.
A relationship between 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and bcl-xL expression in murine pro-B lymphocytic FL5.12 cells.

Inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) have been found to induce apoptosis. The current study examined the expression of FLAP and bcl family proteins and the induction of apoptosis in interleukin-3-dependent control and bcl-x L-overexpressing FL5.12 cell lines after treatment with MK886, a specific FLAP inhibitor. FL5.12 cells contained a substantial amount of FLAP protein and mRNA but surprisingly had no measurable 5-lipoxygenase protein or 5-, 12-, or 15-lipoxygenase activity. The basal level of FLAP protein in cells overexpressingbcl-x L was 70% less than in controls. FLAP disappeared 4 h after withdrawal of interleukin-3 in bcl-x L cells but not in control cells, which underwent apoptosis. A dose- and time-response study revealed that 5 nmol of MK886/106 cells was sufficient to induce apoptosis both in control and bcl-x L cells, respectively, but to different degrees. bcl-xL and bcl-2 proteins, but not bax or FLAP, were decreased by 4 h after 5 nmol of MK886/106 cells in both cell lines, although the higher levels of bcl-xL in overexpressors took longer to disappear. This early loss of bcl-xL and bcl-2 was not attributable to generalized proteolysis, as shown by Coomassie Blue staining and by the maintenance of bax. Caspase-3 was activated 2 h after MK886 treatment in control cells but not in bcl-x L cells. Inhibition of caspase-3 decreased MK886-induced apoptosis by 50% in control cells. Inhibition of this caspase after MK886 treatment was unable to prevent the loss of bcl-xL in control cells but did provide partial protection for the loss of the transfected form, but not the endogenous form, in overexpressing cells. These data indicate that MK886 induces extensive apoptosis that is partially caspase-3 dependent and may be related to a rapid loss of bcl-xL. Although caspase-3 inhibitors had no effect on the loss of bcl-xL, other caspases or protease systems may still be involved. The absence of 5-lipoxygenase in cells containing FLAP, the lower level of FLAP in bcl-xL cells, the apoptosis-inducing activity of MK886, and the rapid loss of bcl-xL and bcl-2 proteins after treatment with MK886 strongly indicate that FLAP has activities unrelated to lipoxygenase and suggest a possible functional or regulatory link between these proteins, which share similar subcellular localizations.
Thermal conduction in doped single-crystal silicon films

This work measures the thermal conductivities along free-standing silicon layers doped with boron and phosphorus at concentrations ranging from 1×1017 to 3×1019 cm−3 at temperatures between 15 and 300 K. The impurity concentrations are measured using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and the thermal conductivity data are interpreted using phonon transport theory accounting for scattering on impurities, free electrons, and the layer boundaries. Phonon-boundary scattering in the 3-μm-thick layers reduces the thermal conductivity of the layers at low temperatures regardless of the level of impurity concentration. The present data suggest that unintentional impurities may have strongly reduced the conductivities reported previously for bulk samples, for which impurity concentrations were determined from the electrical resistivity rather than from SIMS data. This work illustrates the combined effects of phonon interactions with impurities, free electrons, and material interfaces, which can be particularly...
Thermomechanical flow of He II through porous bodies

Abstract The thermomechanical flow of He II through a porous body has been studied by means of a variational principle. For a given porosity, the flow is a maximum for uniform pores. For actual pores the flow is always less, the reduction being primarily determined by the constriction at bottle-necks. It is shown that the thermomechanical mass flow of He II can be inferred from a measurement at room temperature of the electric current flow through the interstices of the porous body when they are filled with a conducting medium.
Reactions of excess hydrogen at a Si ( 111 ) surface with H termination: First-principles calculations

Hydrogen reactions with silicon substrates is an established technique for the study and control of surface morphology. Here, we report the results of first-principles calculations on the trapping and depassivation reactions involving excess hydrogen $(x\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{H})$ at a fully H-passivated $\mathrm{Si}(111)$ surface. We find that $x\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{H}$ atoms can depassivate $\mathrm{Si}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{H}$ bonds with a small barrier of $0.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, or they can get trapped in very stable configurations that comprise of a dihydride and a vicinal $\mathrm{Si}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{H}$ bond. Desorption of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules from these complexes has an activation energy of $1.68\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, which can account for pertinent experimental data. We discuss also the effect of strain on the possibility of altering the $x\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{H}$ surface profile.
Graves, Caves, and Refugees: An Essay in Microhistory:

Building on previous interpretation of the graffiti from Khirbet Beit Lei, this article argues that a larger number of Iron Age graffiti found in graves and caves in Judah, or ostensibly from such, may be interpreted as expressions of refugees hiding from enemies. It explores the concerns, status, and situations of the refugees, correlating them with literary (biblical) texts reflecting similar language and concerns, or referring to people of similar status and in similar situations. The lapidary utterances, this article argues, give immediacy, while the literary expressions supply imaginative and aesthetic richness to the common concerns. Material, epigraphic, and literary sources from later centuries, and archaeological sources from much earlier, suggest that the historical experience of such refugees was perennial, indeed permillennial, in ancient Palestine.
Anxiety disorders: new developments in old age.

We are pleased to provide a guest editorial to this 5th special issue on geriatric anxiety in the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (previous issues: January 2005, August 2007, October 2008, June 2009). Until about 10 years ago, geriatric anxiety disorders largely escaped clinicians' and researchers' attention for a variety of reasons that were specified in the first AJGP special issue in anxiety disorders 1 ; namely, anxiety disorders do not commonly present in geriatric psychiatry settings unless comorbid with depression or dementia, the disorders are difficult to detect and diagnose in this age group, many anxiety disorders (such as social phobia) typically present early in life, and many if not most anxious elders are reluctant to participate in treatment. Despite these obstacles to detection, diagnosis, and treatment, significant progress has been made in understanding the course, prognosis, and treatment of anxiety disorders in elderly. It is reasonable to ask now: what do we know, and what do we still need to know?
Media Commedia: The Roman Forum Project

The authors discuss what they term “media commedia”: performance works melding comedic performance traditions with new media technologies. They focus on The Roman Forum Project, a series of mixed-reality performance projects they produced whose subject is contemporary American politics and media as seen through the eyes of ancient Romans. They discuss the developing relationship between the Internet and public discourse; their use of avatars to explore the boundaries between performance and identity; their use of the Internet as an improvisational space; and the mise en abyme effects of working with mixed realities (including textbased virtual worlds).