cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary care and psychiatry

Primary care has become the hope of this decade for more effective and less expensive personal health care. The primary care physician may be a general internist, general pediatrician or family practitioner but the concept often focuses on the new specialty of family practice. There has been an impressive increase in the number of young physicians entering this field. A large proportion (20–40%) of patients of the primary care physician have diagnosable psychiatric illness. Recent surveys found that 58% of all visits for mental disorder were made to primary care physicians instead of psychiatrists. Family practitioners do not refer most of these patients to psychiatrists because of dissatisfaction with the lack of collaboration, slow responsiveness in terms of seeing the patients, failure to receive reports and lack of demonstrated effectiveness of psychiatric treatment. Often the family practitioner will treat psychiatric problems himself or will refer to a non-psychiatric mental health practitioner (psychologist or social worker). This paper reviews the interaction of psychiatrists with primary care physicians. It suggests a curriculum for post-graduate and continued medical education about psychiatric illness and discusses styles of more effective collaboration between primary care doctors the psychiatrists. It describes the present and potential difficulties caused by the diversion of hopes for behavioral medicine to become a discipline wherein physicians treat those behavioral disorders which influence physical health. Instead the behavioral scientist may see this new field as a pathway into the hospital from which to seek active medical staff membership and independent admission and treatment privileges. Hopefully, these “turf” and economic issues will get worked out as psychiatrists reaffirm their medical identities, participate with other physicians in hospital staff activities and alter their practice styles so as to contribute to the overall health care of our total society. To do otherwise would deprive patients of needed psychiatric skills.
Dimensional Reduction of Superstring Models

Compactification of ten-dimensional supergravity on Calabi—Yau manifolds (as recently proposed by Candelas, Horowitz, Strominger, and the author) gives n = 1 supergravity theories in four dimensions. This paper is devoted to working out the Kahler potential and superpotential which arise.
Antisense oligonucleotides: strategies for delivery

Abstract The development of antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents has progressed significantly over the past 10–15 years. In order for antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to become effective therapeutic agents, improvement in the delivery and distribution of these compounds must occur. In addition to therapeutic uses, antisense oligonucleotides should allow for the characterization of discrete receptor and enzyme subtypes and their splice variants—identified by molecular cloning—for which there are no selective inhibitors. Improving entry to the CNS with antisense compounds will prevent the brain and spinal cord from becoming a reservoir for viruses such as HIV. This paper reviews recent and prospective mechanisms by which antisense oligonucleotides can be efficiently delivered.
Analysis of the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II in Drosophila.

We have characterized RpII215, the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II in Drosophila melanogaster. DNA sequencing and nuclease S1 analyses provided the primary structure of this gene, its 7 kb RNA and 215 kDa protein products. The amino-terminal 80% of the subunit harbors regions with strong homology to the β′ subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and to the largest subunits of other eukaryotic RNA polymerases. The carboxyl-terminal 20% of the subunit is composed of multiple repeats of a seven amino acid consensus sequence, Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser. The homology domains, as well as the unique carboxyl-terminal structure, are considered in the light of current knowledge of RNA polymerase II and the properties of its largest subunit. Additionally, germline transformation demonstrated that a 9.4 kb genomic DNA segment containing the α-amanitinresistant allele, RpII215 C4 , includes all sequences required to produce amanitin-resistant transformants.
Selective expression of RAG-2 in chicken B cells undergoing immunoglobulin gene conversion

Abstract Chickens create their immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoires during B cell development in the bursa of Fabriclus by intrachromosomal gene conversion. Recent evidence has suggested that Ig gene conversion may involve cis -acting DNA elements related to those involved in V(D)J recombination. Therefore, we have examined the potential role of the V(D)J recombination activating genes, RAG-1 and RAG-2, in regulating chicken Ig gene conversion. In contrast to the coexpression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 observed in mammalian B cells that undergo V(D)J recombination, chicken B cells isolated from the bursa of Fabricius express high levels of the RAG-2 mRNA but do not express RAG-1 mRNA. The developmental and phenotypic characteristics of the bursal lymphocytes and chicken B cell lines that express RAG-2 mRNA demonstrate that selective RAG-2 expression occurs specifically in B cells undergoing Ig diversification by gene conversion. These data suggest that RAG-2 plays a fundamental role in Ig-specific gene conversion.
d-Electrons and two active thin film devices for achieving a solar energy economy

Abstract In this paper, the marriage of condensed matter science and solar energy technologies will be illustrated by two closely related active thin film devices, a variable reflectivity electrochromic window and a high energy density rechargeable (or secondary) thin film battery. Each device can significantly assist in achieving a solar energy economy. The primary focus of this paper is the important role of d-electrons in two candidate thin film materials, tungsten oxide and lithium cobalt oxide, that could be utilized in one or in both the devices, respectively.
Airport surveillance requirements validation using Monte Carlo simulation

This paper describes Monte Carlo simulation results for validating airport surveillance requirements. A fast-time ATC simulator was used to assess the effect on airport efficiency and aircraft safety as surveillance parameters were varied. The results were used to identify the minimum surveillance performance needed to meet operational efficiency and safety requirements.
HYDROXYPROLINE‐INDUCED CHANGES IN FORM, APICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND CELL WALL PROTEIN IN THE LIVERWORT PLAGIOCHILA ARCTICA

Hydroxy-L-proline induces phenovariation in Plagiochila arctica Bryhn & Kaal. (Plagiochilaceae) similar to that previously induced by this compound in representatives of three other families of leafy liverworts (i.e., Cephaloziaceae, Jungermanniaceae and Scapaniaceae). Because the pattern of phenovariation in P. arctica was uniform and persistent over relatively long incubation periods, adequate material for chemical analysis and reliable material for histological analysis could be obtained for the first time. These analyses revealed interesting correlations between form, cellular "behavior," and wall chemistry in normal and phenovariant plants. The correlations interpreted in the context of available information suggest, as a working hypothesis, that hydroxyproline-proteins regulate several aspects of morphogenesis in leafy liverworts by suppressing growth and development at critical times in highly localized areas. To TEST an hypothesis that proline-hydroxyproline metabolism might play a critical role in regulating apical development in leafy liverworts (Basile, 1965), hydroxy-L-proline (hyp), an antagonist of this area of metabolism, was supplied to gametophytes of Scapania nemorosa at different ontogenetic stages. The result was profound, but only temporary modifications in morphogenetic patterns occurred. The changes in patterns were manifest in changes in phyllotaxy, leaf morphology, branching modes, and, consequently, gametophyte symmetry (Basile, 1967). All these morphological characters are given
Influence of water conductivity on amphibian occupancy in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Investigation of amphibian occupancy at potential breeding sites can provide information about the distribution and relative abundance of species, as well as insights into habitat relationships across large areas such as national parks. Based on previous research in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), we hypothesized that the probability of amphibian occupancy increases with water conductivity. We conducted amphibian surveys with habitat measurements at 235 wetland sites in the GYE in 2002, thereby locating breeding populations of boreal toads (Anaxyrus boreas), boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata), Columbia spotted frogs (Lithobates luteiventris), and barred tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium). Repeat surveys provided detection probabilities, which allowed for unbiased estimates of occupancy. The boreal chorus frog was the most common amphibian in the GYE, with breeding populations occupying approximately 48% of the sites, followed by Columbia spotted frog (35%), barred tiger salamander (14%), and boreal toad (13%). Occupancy corrected for detection probability averaged 36% higher (range 27%–50%) than naive estimates of occupancy. Detection rates ranged from 0.65 to 0.78 for the 4 species. Modeling of habitat covariates indicated that higher conductivity was positively associated with toad occupancy but negatively associated with chorus frog occupancy; Columbia spotted frog and barred tiger salamander occupancy was little influenced by water conductivity. Fish presence had a negative effect on occupancy of barred tiger salamanders and boreal chorus frogs. These results may help managers in the GYE manage and conserve important breeding habitat for amphibians, particularly if longterm monitoring efforts indicate declines in amphibian populations.
Measles seroprevalence and vaccine response in HIV-infected adults

Measles in HIV-infected patients can be a severe, even fatal, illness. The prevalence of measles seropositivity in HIV-infected adults and the durability of these antibody levels are uncertain. A prospective survey of 210 HIV-infected adults found that 95% of the adults had demonstrable antibodies using a standard ELISA technique. Seropositivity was no different in patients with CD4 counts over 400, from those with more advanced disease and CD4 counts under 200 (p = 0.8). Six seronegative patients were vaccinated and had serial antibody determinations: two of six (33%) patients had a durable positive antibody response at 1 year, and none had any observed toxicity. Vaccination of the identified measles-seronegative HIV-infected adults who are at high risk for measles is recommended, but a measurable antibody response may be expected in only a minority of cases.
What holds academically able teachers in the profession? A study of three teachers

This article examines the career trajectories and biographies of three women who completed the same graduate preservice program in elementary education. While two have become successful teacher leaders, the third has moved in and out of teaching. This inquiry draws on a ten‐year longitudinal study of one of these teachers, positioning that teacher’s story in the context of two others from the same program in order to describe the layered process of socialization as a continuous reconstruction of personal and professional knowledge through the years encompassing teacher education and into the early years of teaching. Such an approach seeks specifically to understand what holds academically oriented students in a profession fraught with high dropout rates, especially among their peers who have graduated from top public and private universities with a strong demonstration of academic skills and content area knowledge. A focus on the retention of academically able teachers offers insight into the larger and w...
Are non-semantic morphological effects incompatible with a distributed connectionist approach to lexical processing?

On a distributed connectionist approach, morphology reflects a learned sensitivity to the systematic relationships among the surface forms of words and their meanings. Performance on lexical tasks should thus exhibit graded effects of both semantic and formal similarity. Although there is evidence for such effects, there are also demonstrations of morphological effects in the absence of semantic similarity (when formal similarity is controlled) in morphologically rich languages like Hebrew. Such findings are typically interpreted as being problematic for the connectionist account. To evaluate whether this interpretation is valid, we carried out simulations in which a set of morphologically related words varying in semantic transparency were embedded in either a morphologically rich or impoverished artificial language. We found that morphological priming increased with degree of semantic transparency in both languages. Critically, priming extended to semantically opaque items in the morphologically rich la...
EFFECT OF CHLORINATING CHILL WATER ON BROILER NECK SHELF‐LIFE

The feasibility of improving broiler neck shelf-life by chlorinating chill water with sodium hypochlorite at 65 and 190 ppm residual chlorine was investigated. An initial reduction in bacterial counts was obtained with both concentrations, but a residual effect on counts was obtained only with 190 ppm chlorine during 20 days of storage at 2°C ± 1. This additional count reduction was somewhat off-set by a residual chlorine odor in the product. Because of the high level of organic matter found in giblet and neck flume and chill water coupled with little or no improvement in shelf-life of necks chilled in water containing 65 ppm residual chlorine, it was concluded the use of 50 ppm or less chlorine in chiller input water as recommended by FDA and FSQS, would not result in effective bactericidal action. Other means will have to be sought to extend shelf-life of giblets.
Mutations induced by ethyl methanesulfonate in maize

Abstract “Single-locus mutations” were induced frequently and almost exclusively by treating seeds or young seedlings of I Sh Wx stocks of Zea mays with aqueous solutions of ethyl methanesulfonate, while X-irradiation of pollen produced a high proportion of “multiple-locus mutations”.
Smoking is associated with shortened airway cilia.

Background Whereas cilia damage and reduced cilia beat frequency have been implicated as causative of reduced mucociliary clearance in smokers, theoretically mucociliary clearance could also be affected by cilia length. Based on models of mucociliary clearance predicting that cilia length must exceed the 6–7 µm airway surface fluid depth to generate force in the mucus layer, we hypothesized that cilia height may be decreased in airway epithelium of normal smokers compared to nonsmokers. Methodology/Principal Findings Cilia length in normal nonsmokers and smokers was evaluated in aldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded endobronchial biopsies, and air-dried and hydrated samples were brushed from human airway epithelium via fiberoptic bronchoscopy. In 28 endobronchial biopsies, healthy smoker cilia length was reduced by 15% compared to nonsmokers (p<0.05). In 39 air-dried samples of airway epithelial cells, smoker cilia length was reduced by 13% compared to nonsmokers (p<0.0001). Analysis of the length of individual, detached cilia in 27 samples showed that smoker cilia length was reduced by 9% compared to nonsmokers (p<0.05). Finally, in 16 fully hydrated, unfixed samples, smoker cilia length was reduced 7% compared to nonsmokers (p<0.05). Using genome-wide analysis of airway epithelial gene expression we identified 6 cilia-related genes whose expression levels were significantly reduced in healthy smokers compared to healthy nonsmokers. Conclusions/Significance Models predict that a reduction in cilia length would reduce mucociliary clearance, suggesting that smoking-associated shorter airway epithelial cilia play a significant role in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced lung disease.
Management of complex structural engineering objects in a relational framework

To structure the development of an integrated building design environment, the global representation of the design data may best be organized in terms of hierarchies of objects. In structural engineering design we deal with large sets of independent but interrelated objects. These objects are specified by data. For an engineering design data base the system must be able to model the objects composing the design as well as to manage effectively the design data. The data base management system therefore needs to have some knowledge of the intended use of the data, and must provide an abstraction mechanism to represent and manipulate objects. Much recent research in engineering data bases focuses on object management for specific tasks but gives little attention to the shareability of the underlying information. This paper describes an architecture for the management of complex engineering objects in a sharable, relational framework. Potential application of this approach to object management for structural engineering analysis and design is discussed.
Comparisons of power for some exact multinomial significance tests

Two small-sample tests (proposed by Tate and Clelland and by Chapanis respectively) of hypotheses about the parameters of the multinomial distribution, where $$f(x|p) = n!\prod\limits_{i = 1}^k {\frac{{p_i^{x_i } }}{{x_i !}}} $$ are described. A proof is given that a test of the form $$R = \frac{{\smallint f(x|p)g(p)dp}}{{f(x|p_0 )}}$$ whereg(p) ≥ 0 andp0 is the vector ofp's specified by the hypothesis, is admissible. It is shown that the Tate and Clelland test is obtained by settingg(p) equal to a constant for allp and is therefore admissible. The Chapanis test is shown to have power less than or equal to the power of the Tate and Clelland test for (k=n=3) and (k=3,n=4).
Silicone gel: a new treatment for burn scars and contractures

A new method of treatment for burn scar management is outlined using silicone gel sheets (Spenco Corporation MD-3071). The method has been applied to 42 patients with burns of varying degree and maturity. The results have been successful in all cases. The mode of action of the gel is unknown, but it does not rely on pressure. The method can easily be tailored to the individual needs of the scar and the patient. Individual initiative and a flexible approach to its use are advocated.
A Major Constituent of Brown Algae for Use in High-Capacity Li-Ion Batteries

The identification of similarities in the material requirements for applications of interest and those of living organisms provides opportunities to use renewable natural resources to develop better materials and design better devices. In our work, we harness this strategy to build high-capacity silicon (Si) nanopowder–based lithium (Li)–ion batteries with improved performance characteristics. Si offers more than one order of magnitude higher capacity than graphite, but it exhibits dramatic volume changes during electrochemical alloying and de-alloying with Li, which typically leads to rapid anode degradation. We show that mixing Si nanopowder with alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from brown algae, yields a stable battery anode possessing reversible capacity eight times higher than that of the state-of-the-art graphitic anodes.
Synthesis and characterization of the rare-earth Dion-Jacobson layered perovskites, APrNb2O7 (A = Rb, Cs and CuCl).

The new double-layered perovskites, APrNb2O7 (A = Rb, Cs) have been prepared by a high temperature ceramic method. Rietveld refinement of X-ray powder diffraction data confirmed the orthorhombic and tetragonal structures, respectively; RbPrNb2O7 was refined in space group Imma (a = 5.4534(7) A, b = 22.012(1) A, c = 5.4549(7) A) and CsPrNb2O7 in P4/mmm (a = 3.8668(2) A, c = 11.163(1) A). (CuCl)PrNb2O7, topochemically prepared by replacement of Rb+/Cs+ with CuCl+, contains a 2D Cu–Cl network between the PrNb2O7 slabs (orthorhombic space group Pbam, a = 7.7328(6) A, b = 7.7113(4) A and c = 11.6706(3) A). The parent compounds both show paramagnetic behavior μeff (Rb) = 3.34(1)μB and μeff (Cs) = 3.60(2)μB while the (CuCl)PrNb2O7, paramagnetic (μeff = 4.020(8)μB) down to 20 K, exhibits antiferromagnet-like behavior below 20 K.
Incidence, management, and prevention of perioperative complications of GreenLight HPS laser photoselective vaporization prostatectomy: experience in the first 70 patients.

Abstract Purpose: We report the incidence, prevention, and management of perioperative adverse events in patients treated with GreenLight HPS™ laser photoselective vaporization prostatectomy (PVP)....
Environmental pollutant 5-chlorouracil is incorporated in mouse liver and testes DNA

Abstract Our aquatic environment contains 5-chlorouracil and 5-chlorouridine among other chloro-organics as a result of chlorination of sewage. Mice ingesting 5-chlorouracil in their drinking water incorporate the base heavily in the liver and testes DNA. Another related metabolite, 5-chlorodeoxyuridine, is 5 times more potent than 5-bromodeoxyuridine in inducing sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Diastolic mitral annular velocityduring the development of heart failure

Abstract Objectives We sought to investigate the mechanism of reduced diastolic mitral annular velocity with diastolic dysfunction, despite elevated left atrial (LA) pressure. Background The peak rate of left ventricular (LV) early diastolic filling (E) and velocity of the mitral annulus due to long-axis lengthening (EM) are reduced in mild diastolic dysfunction. With more severe dysfunction, E increases in response to increased LA pressures. In contrast, EMdecreases, despite increased LA pressure. Methods We studied eight dogs instrumented to measure LA pressure, LV pressure, and internal dimensions during the progressive development of heart failure (HF) produced by rapid pacing. Results Early diastolic filling decreased after four days of pacing from 114 ± 32 to 88 ± 22 ml/s (p Conclusions With slowed relaxation during the development of HF, EMis reduced and delayed so that it occurs after early, rapid filling. Thus, with slowed relaxation, EMdoes not respond to the early diastolic LA to LV pressure gradient, because it occurs when LV pressure is greater than or equal to LA pressure.
Retrieval feedback in MEDLINE.

Objective : To investigate a new approach for query expansion based on retrieval feedback. The first objective in this study was to examine alternative query-expansion methods within the same retrieval-feedback framework. The three alternatives proposed are: expansion on the MeSH query field alone, expansion on the free-text field alone, and expansion on both the MeSH and the free-text fields. The second objective was to gain further understanding of retrieval feedback by examining possible dependencies on relevant documents during the feedback cycle. Design : Comparative study of retrieval effectiveness using the original unexpanded and the alternative expanded user queries on a MEDLINE test collection of 75 queries and 2,334 MEDLINE citations. Measurements : Retrieval effectivenesses of the original unexpanded and the alternative expanded queries were compared using 11-point-average precision scores (11-AvgP). These are averages of precision scores obtained at 11 standard recall points. Results : All three expansion strategies significantly improved the original queries in terms of retrieval effectiveness. Expansion on MeSH alone was equivalent to expansion on both MeSH and the free-text fields. Expansion on the free-text field alone improved the queries significantly less than did the other two strategies. The second part of the study indicated that retrieval-feedback-based expansion yields significant performance improvements independent of the availability of relevant documents for feedback information. Conclusions : Retrieval feedback offers a robust procedure for query expansion that is most effective for MEDLINE when applied to the MeSH field.
Optimal Scheduling in Graphical Modeling Environments

Methods for controlling execution order in traditional textbased languages such as C and Fortran are well established. The transition to graphical programs has revealed some of the hidden issues inherent in any scheduling routine, specifically data dependency and data protection (in multirate systems). Graphical programming languages provided built-in diagnostics that allow users to analyze the data dependencies to develop optimal schedules from a data propagation perspective. This paper examines one heuristic that can be used to develop an optimal schedule for an arbitrary model.
Next-generation hollow retroreflectors for lunar laser ranging

The three retroreflector arrays put on the Moon 40 years ago by the Apollo astronauts and the French-built arrays on the Soviet Lunokhod rovers continue to be useful targets, and have provided the most stringent tests of the Strong Equivalence Principle and the time variation of Newton’s gravitational constant, as well as valuable insight into the Moon’s interior. However, the precision of the ranging measurements are now being limited by the physical size of the arrays and a new generation of retroreflectors is required to make significant advances over current capabilities. Large single-cube retroreflectors represent the most promising approach to overcoming current limitations, and hollow retroreflectors in particular have the potential to maintain their good optical performance over the nearly 300 K temperature swing that occurs during the lunar cycle. Typically, epoxies are used for aligning and bonding hollow retroreflectors, but their thermal stability will predominantly be limited by the difference of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the epoxy and the glass. A relatively new bonding method known as hydroxide catalysis bonding (HCB) has been used to adhere complex optical components for space-based missions. HCB has an extremely thin bond, a low CTE, and a high breaking strength that makes it an ideal candidate for bonding hollow retroreflectors for lunar laser ranging (LLR). In this work, we present results of a feasibility study of bonded Pyrex and fused silica hollow retroreflectors using both epoxy and HCB methods, including the results of thermally cycling the hollow retroreflectors from 295 to 185 K. Finally, we discuss the potential for using these retroreflectors for future LLR.
Customizing IP cores for system-on-chip designs using extensive external don't-cares

Traditional digital circuit synthesis flows start from an HDL behavioral definition and assume that circuit functions are almost completely defined, making don't-care conditions rare. However, recent design methodologies do not always satisfy these assumptions. For instance, third-party IP blocks used in a system-on-chip are often over-designed for the requirements at hand. By focusing only on the input combinations occurring in a specific application, one could resynthesize the system to reduce its area and power consumption. Therefore we extend modern digital synthesis with a novel technique, called SWEDE, that uses external don't-cares present implicitly in existing simulation-based verification environments for circuit customization. Experiments indicate that SWEDE scales to large ICs with half-million input vectors and handles practical cases well.
Fatigue behavior of irradiated thin-section Type 348 stainless steel at 550 F (288 C)

Fatigue life and crack growth rate comparisons have been made of irradiated and unirradiated specimens of Type 348 stainless steel as a function of total strain amplitude. Notched specimens were cycled at resonance in reverse bending in dry air at constant amplitude, and crack growth rates were determined from changes in resonant frequency of vibration. Neutron irradiation to a fluence of 1.5 x 10 2 1 n/cm 2 > 0.1 MeV produces approximately an order of magnitude increase in fatigue life at a total strain of 0.20 percent. At lower strains irradiated fatigue life appears to approach an endurance limit and the increase in life becomes very large. The effects on life are attributed to decreased crack growth rates in the irradiated material. Thus, the results in dry air indicate that the fatigue performance at 550 F (288 C) of thin-section reactor components of Type 348 stainless steel should not be reduced by irradiation characteristic of pressurized water reactors. The influence of water vapor on the fatigue characteristics of irradiated Type 348 stainless steel is being investigated in a separate study.
Dreaming as Interaction

Rather than regarding dreams as "things" or property, and grammatically treating them as nouns, the suggestion is to formulate a dream as an activity, label it "dreaming" and more specifically accept dreaming as interactional. For dreaming to be of importance, several psychological factors must be considered, including retention and selection, as well as external factors, such as to whom dreams are reported and their style of communication. Examples from anthropological writers on dreams are provided. It is noted that societal beliefs about dreams tend to influence the amount and types of dreams that are communicated.
Transcriptional regulation of membrane lipid homeostasis in Escherichia coli.

The biophysical properties of membrane phospholipids are controlled by the composition of their constituent fatty acids and are tightly regulated in Escherichia coli. The FabR (fatty acid biosynthesis repressor) transcriptional repressor controls the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane by regulating the expression of the fabB (β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I) and fabA (β-hydroxydecanoyl-ACP dehydratase/isomerase) genes. FabR binding to a DNA palindrome located within the promoters of the fabB and fabA genes required the presence of an unsaturated acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) or acyl-CoA and was antagonized by saturated acyl-ACP or acyl-CoA. The FabR-dependent repression of fabB and fabA by exogenous unsaturated fatty acids confirmed the role for FabR in responding to the acyl-CoA pool composition, and the perturbation of the unsaturated:saturated acyl-ACP ratio using a specific inhibitor of lipid A formation verified FabR-dependent regulation of fabB by the acyl-ACP composition in vivo. Thus, FabR plays a key role in controlling the membrane biophysical properties by regulating gene expression in response to the composition of the long-chain acyl-thioester pool. This mechanism ensures that a balanced composition of fatty acids is available for incorporation into the membrane via the PlsB/PlsC acyltransferases.
A divided branch: Legislative chambers and the varied effects of party strength on policy outcomes in the American states:

State legislatures have received considerable attention as drivers of policy outcomes, but research designs typically paint this branch of government with broad strokes. Studies that investigate the influence of party control or party strength on public policy often fail to conceptualize the upper and lower legislative chambers as unique bodies. But policy enactments at the state level depend on two chambers that are not carbon copies of one another. Using pension funding, health care and immigration reform as illustrations, this study demonstrates that altering models to include party measurements for both chambers can lead to substantively different conclusions about the effect of partisanship on policy outcomes. Further differences arise when binary measures of majority control are used instead of continuous measures of party strength. If accurate inferences are to be drawn from empirical models, these findings suggest scholars must conceptualize legislative measurement with due care.
Psychological disorders in gastrointestinal disease: epiphenomenon, cause or consequence?

Background Psychological disorders have been associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) for decades in the absence of other objective etiology. However, such associations are also evident in other chronic diseases with more clearly defined pathogenesis such as ulcerative colitis. In this study, we examined the prevalence and severity of psychological disorders among IBS and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients relative to healthy controls. Methods A review was conducted of English-language literature to identify case-control studies reporting the prevalence of depression or anxiety in IBS and UC populations relative to healthy controls. Our primary endpoint was the pooled prevalence or average score of depression or anxiety in an IBS or UC population relative to healthy control. Results Seven case-control studies evaluating IBS and three evaluating UC were included. All IBS and UC studies reported excess prevalence and severity of depression as well as anxiety, relative to healthy controls. The prevalence of depression in excess of healthy controls was 39% in UC casecontrol trials and 33% in IBS studies, and excess anxiety was present in UC (42%) and IBS (19%) case-control trials as well. Anxiety and depression scores were higher (representing more severe symptoms) in both UC and IBS patients compared to healthy controls. Conclusions Anxiety and depressive disorders are associated with both IBS and UC. The nonspecific association between these psychological and gastrointestinal disorders could suggest that chronic gastrointestinal illness might affect psychosocial behavior.
Video: Ultrasound-guided intervention at the posterior hip.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this video article is to demonstrate sonographic anatomy at the posterior hip and to describe a number of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that may be performed at this location with sonographic guidance. Injection techniques at the piriformis muscle, ischial bursa, hamstring origin, and ischiofemoral space are described and demonstrated. CONCLUSION. Ultrasound is well adapted to the evaluation and treatment of conditions encountered at the posterior hip. Sonographic guidance is a useful tool that allows a trained operator to safely and effectively perform a range of injections. VIDEO. Ultrasound-Guided Intervention at the Posterior Hip.
The Transmission Interface of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Multidrug Transporter Pdr5: Val-656 Located in Intracellular Loop 2 Plays a Major Role in Drug Resistance

Pdr5 is a major ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multidrug transporter regarded as the founding member of a fungal subfamily of clinically significant efflux pumps. When these proteins are overexpressed, they confer broad-spectrum ultraresistance. To better understand the evolution of these proteins under selective pressure, we exposed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain already overexpressing Pdr5 to a lethal concentration of cycloheximide. This approach gave mutations that confer greater resistance to a subset of transport substrates. One of these mutations, V656L, is located in intracellular loop 2 (ICL2), a region predicted by structural studies with several other ABC transporters to play a critical role in the transmission interface between the ATP hydrolysis and drug transport domains. We show that this mutation increases drug resistance, possibly by altering the efficiency with which the energy from ATP hydrolysis is used for transport. Val-656 is a conserved residue, and an alanine substitution creates a nearly null phenotype for drug transport as well as reduced ATPase activity. We posit that despite its unusually small size, ICL2 is part of the transmission interface, and that alterations in this pathway can increase or decrease resistance to a broad spectrum of drugs.
A combined computational-experimental study of dynamic responses to olfactory input in a glomerular circuit

Odorant-evoked input to and output from the mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) is temporally dynamic. Olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) inputs are tightly coupled to the respiratory cycle, and inhalation-evoked input bursts occur with durations, rise times, latencies, and strengths (amplitudes) that vary across glomeruli (for the same odorant) and also in individual glomeruli for different odorants [1]. The temporal spread of sensory input following a single inhalation (~100-300 ms) is comparable to the range of discrimination times for different olfactory tasks [2,3], consistent with these dynamics being important in shaping odor perception. Similarly diverse temporal patterns of activity occur at the level of output from the OB, among mitral cells (MCs), whose firing patterns express strong temporal structure organized around the respiratory cycle and modulated by odorant presentation; significant odor information is carried in these temporal patterns across the MC population. We investigate these temporal dynamics using a computational model of the ORN-MC circuit that uses a single-compartment, Hodgkin-Huxley-style MC model [4]. The input to the model MC is taken from recordings of odorant-evoked calcium influx into the presynaptic terminals of ORNs of awake, head-fixed rats engaged in an olfactory discrimination task [1,5]. This calcium signal is converted to an excitatory synaptic input for the model MC having a temporal signature that presumably closely reproduces that of the signal received by real MCs. The response dynamics of the MC model are strongly shaped by the input signal (Figure ​(Figure1).1). We explore how these dynamics vary for different odorants, synaptic strengths, and intrinsic MC parameters. We also investigate the response of a variant circuit that incorporates a mediating external tufted cell model between the ORN and MC [6]. Figure 1 Sniffing and odor-evoked ORN input (top) imaged from an awake rat; ORN input is used to drive a model MC (bottom). Each sniff-evoked burst of ORN input elicits a burst of action potentials in the model MC.
Heterogenous photocatalytic oxidation of dilute toluene-chlorocarbon mixtures in air

At 1–2 ms residence time, the photocatalytic oxidation of dilute (10–750 mg m−3) mixtures of toluene and 1,1,3-trichloropropene (TCP) or perchloroethylene (PCE) in air increased the toluene conversion to 100% from the pseudo-steady single-component toluene feed levels of 10%–20%. A chain mechanism involving chlorine radical attack of the toluene and halogenate, previously proposed by Luo and Ollis (J. Catal., 00 (1994) 00-00) for toluene-trichloroethylene mixtures, is extended to rationalize the current results. The conversion enhancement occurred at low toluene concentrations (up to 22 mg m−3) and high TCP/PCE levels. Increasing the toluene concentration to 43 mg m−3 completely quenched the TCP oxidation chain mechanism, giving the same toluene conversion as observed for the toluene-only feeds. The possible enhancement of toluene conversion in toluene-halomethane (methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride) mixed feeds was examined. Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform were ineffective as toluene promoters, and were not photo-oxidized themselves, either alone for mixtures. Methylene chloride photo-oxidation occurred at very modest rates and conversion, and toluene-methylene chloride mixtures exhibited only a slight enhancement of toluenece conversion. Catalyst deactivation was observed with all toluene feeds. Both chlorocarbon addition (TCP, PCE) and humidification slowed, but did not eliminate, deactivation.
A short survey of automated reasoning

This paper surveys the field of automated reasoning, giving some historical background and outlining a few of the main current research themes. We particularly emphasize the points of contact and the contrasts with computer algebra. We finish with a discussion of the main applications so far.
Cultural Transmission Among Aka Pygmies

Eisen, E., andJ. Hanrahan 1972 Selection for Sexual Dimorphism in Body Weight in Mice. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 25:1015-1024. Felsenstein, J. 1985 Phylogenies and the Comparative Method. American Naturalist 125:1-15. Gaulin, S., and L. Sailer 1984 Sexual Dimorphism in Weight Among Primates: The Relative Impact of Allometry and Sexual Selection. International Journal of Primatology 5:515535. Gould, S. 1980 Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging? Paleobiology 6:119130.
Hospice in Nursing Homes: A Facility-Level Analysis of the Distribution of Hospice Beneficiaries

Since 1989, the Medicare hospice benefit has been available to terminally ill individuals residing in nursing homes. We first describe the evolution and nature of hospice care for nursing home residents. We then utilize recent On-line Survey and Certification of Automated Records data on a national sample of Medicare/Medicaid certified nursing homes, merged with hospice Provider of Service and Area Resource File information, to examine the distribution of hospice beneficiaries in nursing homes. Bivariate analyses provide descriptive comparisons of homes with 0%, 0.1-4.9%, and 5%+ residents on the hospice benefit. Multinomial logistic regression reveals the influence of organizational, market, and environmental factors on the proportion of beneficiaries in nursing homes. Results indicate that significant numbers of homes have hospice patients and that these institutions may have strong incentives to convert residents to the Medicare hospice benefit.
The human larynx at the end of the embryonic period proper. I. The laryngeal and infrahyoid muscles and their innervation

The larynx at stage 23 (about 27-32 mm C-R, 8 postovulatory weeks) is being studied in detail, and findings on the musculature and its innervation are presented here. Serial sections of six embryos all belonging to the one developmental stage were investigated and compared, and graphic reconstructions were made from five of the specimens. All the infrahyoid and most of the major laryngeal muscles are present, and their innervation follows closely the adult pattern. The ary-epiglottic and thyro-epiglottic apparently may or may not be identifiable. The vocalis is beginning to differentiate and is noted here in the embryonic period proper for the first time. The histological degree of development of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles is not as advanced as that of adjacent muscles in the neck, including the infrahyoid group. Variation within this one stage of development are small but definite. They include differences in the position, level, and shape of the skeletal components, and the precise position and extent of development of some of the muscles.
Gamma-tocotrienol protects hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in mice after total-body irradiation.

Abstract We analyzed the radioprotective effects of gamma-tocotrienol (GT3) on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells (HPCs) in sublethally irradiated mice. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that radiation depleted HPCs (c-Kit+, Lin−) to 40% at days 2 and 4 after total-body irradiation (TBI) in all treatment groups. The HPC numbers in GT3-treated mice recovered almost completely (90%) at day 7 but remained depleted in vehicle-treated mice (30%) even at day 13 after TBI. An in vitro colony-forming assay on sorted HSCs (Lin−, Sca1+, c-Kit+) indicated that TBI reduced the number of colonies to 40% and 50% at day 17 and 60, respectively, in vehicle-treated groups compared to unirradiated controls (naive). GT3-treated irradiated mice maintained higher numbers of colonies (86% and 80% compared to naive mice), thereby preserving the self-renewable capacity of HSCs. Histopathology of sternal bone marrow indicated more regenerative microfoci for myeloid cells and megakaryocytes and higher overall cel...
A water-immersible 2-axis scanning mirror microsystem for ultrasound andha photoacoustic microscopic imaging applications

Fast scanning is highly desired for both ultrasound and photoacoustic microscopic imaging, whereas the liquid environment required for acoustic propagation limits the usage of traditional microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanning mirrors. Here, a new water-immersible scanning mirror microsystem has been designed, fabricated and tested. To achieve reliable underwater scanning, flexible polymer torsion hinges fabricated by laser micromachining were used to support the reflective silicon mirror plate. Two efficient electromagnetic microactuators consisting of compact RF choke inductors and high-strength neodymium magnet disc were constructed to drive the silicon mirror plate around a fast axis and a slow axis. The performance of this water-immersible scanning mirror microsystem in both air and water were tested using the laser tracing method. For the fast axis, the resonance frequency reached 224 Hz in air and 164 Hz in water, respectively. The scanning angles in both air and water under ±16 V DC driving were ±12°. The scanning angles in air and water under ±10 V AC driving (at the resonance frequencies) were ±13.6° and ±10°. For the slow axis, the resonance frequency reached 55 Hz in air and 38 Hz in water, respectively. The scanning angles in both air and water under ±10 V DC driving were ±6.5°. The scanning angles in air and water under ±10 V AC driving (at the resonance frequencies) were ±8.5° and ±6°. The feasibility of using such a water-immersible scanning mirror microsystem for scanning ultrasound microscopic imaging has been demonstrated with a 25-MHz ultrasound pulse/echo system and a target consisting of three optical fibers.
Burst-Mode Synthesis Path Walkthrough

Before proceeding to the new optimal sequential algorithms, it is useful to consider a basic non-optimal synthesis flow. This chapter briefly walks through a burst-mode asynchronous synthesis path. Each step of asynchronous synthesis is illustrated using a simple burst-mode specification as a running example. Here, optimal solutions are not presented, but rather the focus is on the basic requirements at each step. Later chapters formalize the correctness requirements, as well as introduce optimal algorithms, for each step.
The Mind of the Master Class: Unity and Diversity among the Faithful

In my Father's house are many mansions. … I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me. —John, 14:2, 6 The slaveholding South took pride in its religious toleration, and Jews and Catholics freely attested that they found the South more hospitable than the North. Even religious skeptics could advance in politics and social life as long as they committed no gross indiscretions. Especially in South Carolina and Georgia, any number of prominent men admitted to agnosticism or were strongly suspected of being free thinkers without suffering ostracism. A good many colonial southern planters, much like their contemporaries among European aristocrats, eschewed religion but at the risk of encouraging social disorder. Voltaire himself wanted his lawyer, tailor, valet, and even his wife to believe in God: “If they do I shall be robbed less and cheated less.” He asked dinner companions who flaunted unbelief in front of servants if they wanted their throats cut. Touring the mid–nineteenth-century South, both the slavery apologist Solon Robinson and the antislavery Frederick Law Olmsted found religiously skeptical planters who, convinced that religion was necessary for the maintenance of social order, publicly expressed little of their private views. In 1851 John Hill Wheeler, a historian, portrayed seventeenth-century North Carolina as a bastion of religious toleration. On Governor William Tryon, “He was free from all religious intolerance, as he was destitute of any religious principles.”
Wrong Words Part 2

When lawyers use incorrect words or let typographical errors creep into their writing, they harm their credibility. This piece lists some commonly misused words -- with correct usages -- and some common typos to avoid.