cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
War and the Birth of the Nation State

The rise of the nation-state is assigned by most historians a central role in the economic growth of Europe. Most recently Douglass North and Robert Thomas have argued that sustained economic growth was made possible only by institutional changes which, themselves, were a consequence of the rise of the nationstate. Thus it is clear that a complete model of the economic growth of Europe will have to account for the rise of the nation-state. That is.the humble task of this paper.
Achievement Motivation in Adolescents: The Role of Peer Climate and Best Friends.

Using M. L. Maehr's (1984) theory of personal investment, the authors investigated associations among perceived peer relationships and achievement motivation during science class. Middle school and high school students (N = 253) completed a self-report questionnaire assessing peer classroom climate, achievement-related beliefs and values of a best friend, achievement goals, social goals, and self-efficacy. Regression analyses indicated that perceived peer relationship variables explained variance in achievement motivation. Adolescents who perceived being valued and respected by classmates were more likely to report adaptive achievement motivation. Reports of adaptive achievement motivation were also related to having a good quality friendship and a best friend who values academics. Having a poor quality friendship and perceiving classmates to be resistant to school norms were related to reports of maladaptive achievement motivation.
Constrained Least-Squares Synthesis of Coefficients for Arrays of Sensors and FIR Digital Filters

A general method is presented for synthesizing weighting coefficients for arrays of sensors or for finite-impulse-response (FIR) digital filters. The beam pattern of the array or the frequency response of the digital filter is a weighted, least mean-square (LMS) approximation to a desired function, subject to constrained pattern values at specified points. The method is applied to the problem of producing beam patterns of a line array for the rejection of interfering point sources. For this case, we show that adaptive array processing can be based on modification of the roots of the array polynomial.
A mouse submandibular sialomucin containing both N- and O-glycosylic linkages

Abstract A sialomucin from mouse submandibular glands was treated with mild base-Me2SO. This treatment cleaves O-glycosylically linked oligosaccharides, but preserves the integrity of the protein core. After treatment with mild base-Me2SO, 49.2% (by weight) of the oligosaccharides were removed from the polypeptide; they were composed of residues of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -galactose, sialic acid, and d -galactose. These oligosaccharides were linked O-glycosylically via 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -galactose. Chromatography of the base-Me2-SO-treated mucin on Sephacryl S-300 indicated that the protein core, with its base-resistant oligosaccharides, is a single, high-molecular-weight species. The mild-base-resistant linkages remaining on the protein core (50.8% of the total carbohydrates by weight) also contained d -mannose. The presence of these mild-base-resistant linkages, and the formation of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucitol following treatment with m NaOH- m NaBH4, confirmed the presence of N-glycosylic linkages.
A set of 4D pediatric XCAT reference phantoms for multimodality research.

Purpose: The authors previously developed an adult population of 4D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantoms for multimodality imaging research. In this work, the authors develop a reference set of 4D pediatric XCAT phantoms consisting of male and female anatomies at ages of newborn, 1, 5, 10, and 15 years. These models will serve as the foundation from which the authors will create a vast population of pediatric phantoms for optimizing pediatric CT imaging protocols. Methods: Each phantom was based on a unique set of CT data from a normal patient obtained from the Duke University database. The datasets were selected to best match the reference values for height and weight for the different ages and genders according to ICRP Publication 89. The major organs and structures were segmented from the CT data and used to create an initial pediatric model defined using nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces. The CT data covered the entire torso and part of the head. To complete the body, the authors manually added on the top of the head and the arms and legs using scaled versions of the XCAT adult models or additional models created from cadaver data. A multichannel large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping algorithm was then used to calculate the transform from a template XCAT phantom (male or female 50th percentile adult) to the target pediatric model. The transform was applied to the template XCAT to fill in any unsegmented structures within the target phantom and to implement the 4D cardiac and respiratory models in the new anatomy. The masses of the organs in each phantom were matched to the reference values given in ICRP Publication 89. The new reference models were checked for anatomical accuracy via visual inspection. Results: The authors created a set of ten pediatric reference phantoms that have the same level of detail and functionality as the original XCAT phantom adults. Each consists of thousands of anatomical structures and includes parameterized models for the cardiac and respiratory motions. Based on patient data, the phantoms capture the anatomic variations of childhood, such as the development of bone in the skull, pelvis, and long bones, and the growth of the vertebrae and organs. The phantoms can be combined with existing simulation packages to generate realistic pediatric imaging data from different modalities. Conclusions: The development of patient-derived pediatric computational phantoms is useful in providing variable anatomies for simulation. Future work will expand this ten-phantom base to a host of pediatric phantoms representative of the public at large. This can provide a means to evaluate and improve pediatric imaging devices and to optimize CT protocols in terms of image quality and radiation dose.
Geocoronal hydrogen studies using Fabry–Perot interferometers, part 1: Instrumentation, observations, and analysis

Abstract Ground-based Fabry–Perot observations of the solar excited Balmer α emission line of neutral atomic hydrogen have become one of the primary means of studying the distribution and behavior of hydrogen in the thermosphere+exosphere. This first of two companion papers on “Geocoronal Hydrogen Studies Using Fabry–Perot Interferometers”, will outline the technique of Fabry–Perot spectroscopy as applied to geocoronal hydrogen. Representative high spectral resolution data sets will be discussed which will serve to highlight advances in instrumentation and in the interpretation of geocoronal Balmer α intensity and line profile observations. A second companion paper will address long-term observations of the Balmer α emission.
Determination of Mark–Houwink–Sakurada Constants for Measurements of the Molecular Weights by Gel Permeation Chromatography I. On the Generalization of Mathematical Procedure

Fourteen equations in terms of molecular weights and intrinsic viscosity are shown to determine Mark–Houwink–Sakurada (MHS) constants on the basis of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), six equations being for determination from one sample, four from two samples, and four by the method of least squares. These equations are examined, using the data obtained for poly(methyl methacrylate). It is pointed out that the determination of MHS constants from one sample is very sensitive to the measured condition of GPC, and thus we should get good GPC data. Using two samples, the reasonable MHS constants are obtained when the weight-and viscosity-average molecular weights are known. Using more than two samples, the MHS constants are determined by the method of least squares. It is shown that the MHS equation obtained previously under a given condition is transferred to a MHS equation under another condition by GPC where the viscosity-average molecular weights calculated by the former equation are used. Further, using the GPC data obtained under good conditions, good MHS constants can be determined when the number-and weight-average molecular weights are known.
An interactive, visual simulator for the DLX pipeline

We have built an interactive, visual pipeline simulator, called dlxview, for the DLX instruction set and pipeline described in Computer Architecture A Quantitative Approach by Hennessy and Patterson [1]. This software provides animated versions of key figures and tables from the text and allows the user to readily follow details of pipeline activity as a code is simulated, to vary pipeline implementation, and to compare performance across different pipeline designs.The software package requires a system running Unix and X11, with Tcl/Tk installed, and using the GNU gcc compiler is recommended. A 256 color display with 1024x768 pixels is best for display, due to the detailed diagrams of the DLX pipeline. The software has been designed to run on a variety of platforms and has been tested on Solaris 2.3, SunOS 4.1.1, HP-UX 9.0, DEC OSF/1 4.0, and Linux kernel 1.2.1. DLXview is available at http://yara.ecn.purdue.edu/~teamaaa/dlxview/
'Belonging' in the cosmopolitan imaginary

L'A. examine la maniere dont la solidarite sociale - et sa manifestation individuelle dans un sentiment d'appartenance a des dispositifs culturels ou sociaux specifiques - est marginalisee et souvent stigmatisee dans l'imaginaire asocial des nouvelles variantes cosmopolites du liberalisme. Il s'interroge sur le statut possible de la culture ou de l'ethnicite dans ce type de theorie, autre qu'en tant que stigmatisation de l'alterite, plus ou moins toleree : la theorie cosmopolite peut-elle valoriser l'humanite non seulement dans l'abstrait, mais dans la variete concrete de ses modes de vie ? Selon l'A., les liberaux cosmopolites souvent ne reconnaissent pas les conditions sociales de leur propre discours. Il soutient egalement qu'une approche qui part des individus et traite la culture comme contingente ne peut rendre justice aux revendications legitimes faites au nom de communautes et aux raisons qui fondent l'importance encore actuelle des attachements en profondeur a des solidarites particulieres, quelle qu'en soit la forme (nation, ethnicite, communaute locale, religion). Finalement, si le comopolitisme n'est pas l'ennemi universel des solidarites particulieres, certaines de ses theories meritent d'etre ameliorees de ce point de vue. [Reponses des auteurs]
William Tindale—First English Puritan

Four hundred years ago this autumn William Tindale was executed at Vilvorde, a few miles south of Antwerp. So ended an adventurous career which began some forty years earlier in the soft western vales of Gloucestershire. The family acres, while not too broad, made possible a university education, which resulted in the youth becoming an Oxford M. A. in 1515. More important, it brought him in contact with the works of Erasmus, whose ardent disciple he became. Settling in his native region as chaplain and tutor to one of the important county families, he soon distinguished himself as a champion of the new learning. In this work he found himself handicapped by lack of suitable English books. He therefore translated his Dutch master's Enchiridion, and resolved to answer the great humanist's call for vernacular scriptures available to the masses. But the church authorities of his diocese were hostile, and, in any case, for such work he needed greater facilities than those of a country parish.
BACITRACIN DISC SCREENING OF THROAT CULTURES FROM 1976 PEDIATRIC OUTPATIENT POPULATION

In the year 1976, 9614 outpatient throat cultures were received in the Babies Hospital Bacteriology Laboratory. Cultures were plated on sheep blood agar with bacitracin disc applied and incubated overnight at 35° C. in a GASPAK anaerobic jar. 60% had no beta hemolytic colonies. Of the 40% with beta hemolytic colonies, 16% required further identification, 7% by replate, 9% by fluorescent antibody (FA). 21% of all cultures and 52% of all cultures with beta hemolytic colonies were presumptive Group A Strep (group 3). The ratio of Presumptive Group A Strep to non Group A Strep cultures was remarkably consistent month by month. Group 1 - no beta hemolytic colonies Group 2 - beta hemo col, bacitracin resistant or FA negative Group 3 - beta hemo col, bacitracin sensitive or FA positive
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY DETERMINATION OF RADIOACTIVE FORMIC ACID.

Abstract Recent studies in this laboratory, requiring the determination of the carbon bound tritium of formic acid, have led to the development of a simple and rapid modification of the well-known procedure for the formation of the p -bromophenacylformate derivative. The present paper describes the conditions of the reaction and provides documentation for the accuracy of the specific activity measurements.
Linear and non-linear optical properties of lead nanometer dimension metal particles in silica formed by ion implantation

Abstract Nanometer dimension metal colloid-glass composites were fabricated by ion implantation of Pb in silica. The samples were implanted with nominal doses of 3, 6 and 12 × 1016 ions/cm2. The optical absorption was measured from 200 to 900 nm and found to increase with increasing dose. The non-linear index of refraction was measured using the z-scan technique. The non-linear response, 1.0 × 10−10 ⩽ n2 ⩽ 6.8 × 10−10 cm2/W increased with increasing dose. Both the linear and non-linear response are due to the presence of the nanometer dimension Pb metal particles.
Effects of plant growth regulators applied to the roots of hydroponically grown Taxus × media plants on the production of taxol and related taxanes

Abstract Taxus × media cultivars/varieties ( n = 14) (purchased from Heasley's Nurseries, Butler, Pennsylvania) were screened for taxol, cephalomannine, and 10-deacetyltaxol content in their needles and roots. Overall, the mature roots of cv. Hicksii and var. Number 8 had the highest levels of taxol (424 and 427 mg/kg dry weight, respectively), while in the needles, the highest amounts were found in cv. Fieldii and var. Number 8 (231 and 249 mg/kg dry weight, respectively). Treating hydroponically grown cv. Hicksii plants with 100 μM gibberellic acid (GA) or 1000 μM chlorocholine chloride (CCC) decreased root growth by approximately 38, and 22%, respectively, while treating with 100 μM CCC increased root growth by 22%, compared to control plants. However, none of the treatments resulted in a greater than 9% increase in shoot growth compared to control plants, when evaluated over a 24 week period. Overall, the 100 μM CCC treatment promoted the highest root mass, root-to-shoot ratio, growth index, root volume, average root diameter, and total root length. The roots of plants treated with 1000 μM CCC and 10 μM ANC exhibited the highest amount of taxol, 332 ± 32 and 334 ± 34 mg/kg on a dry weight basis, respectively, compared to control plants (195 ± 32 mg/kg). However, none of the treatments had dramatic effects on the amount of taxol, cephalomannine, or 10-deacetyltaxol in needle and bark samples. In order to evaluate the overall effect of these treatments, the concentration of taxol, cephalomannine, and 10-deacetyltaxol found in the roots need to be expressed as a function of concentration and total root mass, because the different treatments significantly affected only root growth. Accordingly, the highest amounts were found in the roots of the plants treated with 100 μM CCC (430 μg per plant, compared to 308 μg per control plant). This increase merely represents the increased root growth observed with the 100 μM CCC treatment. CCC seems to have enhanced the process of secondary growth in the roots, as shown in scanning electron micrographs. Since the roots of plants treated with 100 and 1000 μM CCC contained higher concentrations of taxol, it appears that the process of secondary growth was responsible for the increase in taxol content.
Fast stochastic predictive control for building temperature regulation

This paper presents a nonlinear stochastic model predictive control (MPC) approach to building thermal temperature regulation. The control objective is to minimize energy consumption while bounding the probability of thermal comfort violations using prediction of weather and occupancy. We exploit the structure of the bilinear thermal network model and propose a partial closed-loop control scheme. This allows analytical computation of the predicted state variance matrices and easy reformulation of the stochastic MPC problem into a nonlinear program (NLP). We present a tailored sequential quadratic programming method to solve the NLP by exploiting its sparsity. Simulation results show good performance and computational tractability of the resulting scheme.
Recent glacial history and paleoclimate of the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes

Abstract Radiocarbon dates of glacial deposits in the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes are used to place the observed phases of glaciation in a common chronological framework. The climatic conditions that may determine modern snowline are examined in order to understand the types of climatic forcing to which glaciers may have been sensitive in the past. Also considered are independent proxies of climatic change, including pollen sequences, lake-level history, and ice-core data. Late-Pleistocene glaciation in central Peru between 24 ka and 12 ka BP appears to have occurred during colder and perhaps drier conditions. In Bolivia a glacial maximum is dated to Phases of late-Holocene glaciation in Peru that correspond in part to the Little Ice Age in the northern hemisphere appear to have been caused by a combination of colder and wetter conditions. An overall warming trend may be the cause for the retreat of many glaciers in the region since the mid-19th century.
Motor current signature analysis during accelerated life testing of form wound induction motors

The work presented in this paper describes motor accelerated thermo-mechanical aging and helps set the stage for on-line monitoring/data analysis as an effective means to detect a fault as electrical machine develops it and identify its type in real time. As a first step towards this goal, Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) is applied to the data collected during accelerated thermo-mechanical aging of a formed wound induction motor tested to failure. The characteristic frequencies corresponding to detecting broken bars, stator inter-turn shorts, static/dynamic eccentricities and gradual degradation of the machine insulation are identified and sought from the collected data. To accomplish this accelerated aging, the motor was started/stopped frequently and subjected to overload in a steady state manner to subject it to severe thermo-mechanical stresses. Detailed analysis of experimental data is presented. It is hoped that this effort would pave the way for future work where on-line monitoring and diagnostics become a standard tool for life extension, lower maintenance cost, condition based loading, etc. for electrical assets.
Expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and its ligands, EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha, in human fallopian tubes.

Although human uterus is known to contain epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptors, it is virtually unknown whether human fallopian tubes, which are an anatomical continuation of the uterus, also contain them. Therefore, the present studies investigated whether EGF and its structural and functional homolog, i.e. transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and their common receptor are expressed in human fallopian tubes. Human fallopian tubes contain major 10.5-kilobase (kb) and minor 6.0-kb receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, a single 5.0-kb EGF mRNA transcript, and a single 170-kilodalton receptor protein. The transcripts, along with their corresponding proteins and TGF-alpha protein, are present in ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells, tubal smooth muscle, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelium. The cellular distribution and reproductive state dependency of these three regulatory molecules varied. For all of them, however, ampullary segments contained more than isthmus; proliferati...
Application of Mie theory to large particle

Mie theory has been applied to large particles of size one to 50 microns in diameter. Our results indicate: 1. The angular dependent part of the scattering coefficient is relatively constant over the small angles between 0-10 degrees. Thus we expect a small variation in the intensity of the scattered photons. 2. The amplitude dependent parts of the scattering coefficients which are functions of particle size and the index of refraction show cyclic resonance effects for large particles. 3. Comparing our results with known experimental work it can be concluded that Mie theory does not predict the scattering properties properly at smaller angles between 0-0.4 degrees.
Wireless sensor placement for reliable and efficient data collection

Sensors can be paired with radio units and deployed to form a wireless ad-hoc sensor network. Actual deployments must consider the coverage that can be achieved with a given number of sensors: this coverage varies with the range of the radios and the maximum allowable distance between any point in the area and the nearest sensor. Deployments must also preserve connectivity in spite of possible failure or energy depletion in a subset of the units. This paper presents and analyzes a variety of regular deployment topologies, including circular and star deployments as well as deployments in square, triangular, and hexagonal grids.
Phenobarbital induction and acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: resistance in the obese Zucker rodent.

The obese Zucker rodent appears to lack a significant induction response after phenobarbital pretreatment. Induction of the hepatic cytochrome P-450 system with phenobarbital is known to enhance acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of phenobarbital enzyme induction on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in the obese and lean Zucker rodent. A preliminary study was performed evaluating the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in both the obese and lean Zucker rats. Data were utilized to calculate appropriate loading doses of acetaminophen during the subsequent hepatotoxicity study. Phenobarbital enzyme-inducing regimens were administered p.o. to achieve similar steady-state phenobarbital plasma concentrations. Control rats received appropriate placebo solutions. Serum hepatic transaminase enzymes and histologic evidence of hepatocellular necrosis were utilized to evaluate hepatic damage after p.o. administration of 1300 mg of acetaminophen to both obese and lean Zucker rats. Obese Zucker control animals had approximately 2.5 times the total hepatic glutathione content compared to their lean control (164.9 +/- 43.2 vs. 65.3 +/- 18.4 mumol/whole liver). Obese Zucker animals receiving only acetaminophen showed a trend toward a reduced incidence of hepatocellular necrosis compared to similarly treated lean littermates. Obese Zucker rodents pretreated with phenobarbital had an even more pronounced resistance to acetaminophen-induced hepatocellular necrosis (P less than .01) when compared to similarly treated lean littermates. Thus, acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is reduced in the obese Zucker rat and pretreatment with phenobarbital offers further protection against hepatocellular damage. We suggest that the previously unrecognized increase in hepatic glutathione plays a major role in the resistance of the obese Zucker rat to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity.
Formation of male pronuclei in partitioned human oocytes.

Ninety-five metaphase II human oocytes, aged in vitro for either one day or for two days, and five fresh immature oocytes with no visible germinal vesicle nucleus were partitioned into small cytoplasts after removal of the zona pellucida and exposure to cytochalasin B. Seventy-one metaphase II and four immature oocytes were used as intact zona-free controls. The cytoplasts derived from each partitioned oocyte and all the zona-free whole oocytes were exposed to normal or subfertile donor sperm and later assessed for signs of male pronucleus development. A total of 711 fragments (an average of 8 fragments per partitioned egg) with a mean diameter of about 50 μm were produced from the 100 partitioned oocytes. When exposed to normal sperm, 76% of the 1-day-old metaphase II fragments, 67% of the 2-day-old metaphase II fragments, and 83% of the immature oocyte fragments were fertilized. The mean number of decondensing nuclei per partitioned oocyte was 11.9 for the 1-day-old metaphase II oocytes, 6.4 for the 2-day-old metaphase II oocytes, and 13 for the immature oocytes. The mean number of decondensing nuclei per a whole zona-free oocyte was 5.6 for the 1-day-old metaphase II oocytes (p < 0.05), 6.7 for the 2-day-old metaphase II oocytes (NS), and 13 for the immature oocytes. When exposed to subfertile sperm, 54% of the 1-day-old metaphase II fragments and 28% of the 2-day-old metaphase II fragments were fertilized. The mean number of decondensing nuclei per partitioned oocyte was 8.8 for the 1-day-old metaphase II oocytes and 2.7 for the 2-day-old metaphase II oocytes. The mean number of decondensing nuclei per a whole zona free oocyte was 4.5 for the 1-day-old metaphase II oocytes (p < 0.05) and 2.4 for the 2-day-old metaphase II oocytes (NS). Over 50% of the penetrated fragments contained a single decondensing sperm ; the number of decondensations within each was related to the fragment diameter. Fragments containing a single sperm head were more prevalent when their diameter was 40-50 μm for normal sperm and 50-60 μm for subfertile sperm. The present study demonstrates that when human oocytes are partitioned into several small membrane-bound fragments, each fragment retains the ability to fuse with sperm and to support apparently normal sperm head decondensation and pronucleus formation.
Preparatory object rotation as a human-inspired grasping strategy

Humans exhibit a rich set of manipulation strategies that may be desirable to mimic in humanoid robots. This study investigates preparatory object rotation as a manipulation strategy for grasping objects from different presented orientations. First, we examine how humans use preparatory rotation as a grasping strategy for lifting heavy objects with handles. We used motion capture to record human manipulation examples of 10 participants grasping objects under different task constraints. When sliding contact of the object on the surface was permitted, participants used preparatory rotation to first adjust the object handle to a desired orientation before grasping to lift the object from the surface. Analysis of the human examples suggests that humans may use preparatory object rotation in order to reuse a particular type of grasp in a specific capture region or to decrease the joint torques required to maintain the lifting pose. Second, we designed a preparatory rotation strategy for an anthropomorphic robot manipulator as a method of extending the capture region of a specific grasp prototype. The strategy was implemented as a sequence of two open-loop actions mimicking the human motion: a preparatory rotation action followed by a grasping action. The grasping action alone can only successfully lift the object from a 45-degree region of initial orientations (4 of 24 tested conditions). Our empirical evaluation of the robot preparatory rotation shows that even using a simple open-loop rotation action enables the reuse of the grasping action for a 360-degree capture region of initial object orientations (24 of 24 tested conditions).
Modeling and Control of Aggregate Air Conditioning Loads for Robust Renewable Power Management

This paper examines the problem of demand-side energy management in smart power grids through the setpoint control of aggregate thermostatic loads. This paper models these loads using a novel partial differential equation framework that builds on existing diffusion- and transport-based load modeling ideas in the literature. Both this partial differential equation (PDE) model and its finite-difference approximations are bilinear in the state and control variables. This key insight creates a unique opportunity for designing nonlinear load control algorithms with theoretically guaranteed Lyapunov stability properties. This paper's main contribution to the literature is the development of the bilinear PDE model and a sliding mode controller for the real-time management of thermostatic air conditioning loads. The proposed control scheme shows promising performance in adapting aggregate air conditioning loads to intermittent wind power.
Compiler-Directed Code Restructuring for Improving Performance of MPSoCs

One of the critical goals in code optimization for multi-processor-system-on-a-chip (MPSoC) architectures is to minimize the number of off-chip memory accesses. This is because such accesses can be extremely costly from both performance and power angles. While conventional data locality optimization techniques can be used for improving data access pattern of each processor independently, such techniques usually do not consider locality for shared data. This paper proposes a strategy that reduces the number of off-chip references due to shared data. It achieves this goal by restructuring a parallelized application code in such a fashion that a given data block is accessed by parallel processors within the same time frame, so that its reuse is maximized while it is in the on-chip memory space. This tends to minimize the number of off-chip references since the accesses to a given data block are clustered within a short period of time during execution. Our approach employs a polyhedral tool that helps us isolate computations that manipulate a given data block. In order to test the effectiveness of our approach, we implemented it using a publicly-available compiler infrastructure and conducted experiments with twelve data-intensive embedded applications. Our results show that optimizing data locality for shared data elements is very useful in practice.
Effects of backend processing on counter-doped n/sup +/ poly-Si resistance

The effects of thermal and implant processing on phosphine-doped n/sup +/ polysilicon are investigated. These effects include growth of an analog capacitor dielectric, pre- and post-S/D implant conditions and ambients, P/sup +/ implant species, and double-level metal processing. In particular, the effects on counter-doped polysilicon are investigated. Both elemental and electrical analysis were performed to characterize these effects. By minimizing post-metal heat treatment, and protecting the polysilicon from excessive boron incorporation, low-resistance contacts can be made to counter-doped n/sup +/ poly. >
Oversensing in a newly implanted dual-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: what is the mechanism?

56-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease, evere ischemic cardiomyopathy, and resuscitated sudden cariac death underwent elective implantation of a dual-chamber mplantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The generator as a Guidant Vitality 2 Dr T165. A bipolar active fixation trial lead was positioned in the atrial appendage. A Reliance Active Fix Dual Coil RV integrated bipolar lead was posiioned in the distal right ventricular septum. Parameters after mplant for the atrial lead included a pacing threshold of 0.4 V t 0.5 ms, P-wave sensing of 2 to 3 mV, and impedance of 584 . The ventricular lead had a pacing threshold of 0.6 V at 0.5 s, R-wave sensing of 18 to 24 mV, and impedance of 666 . radycardia programming was DDD 50 to 100, paced AV elay of 240 ms, and sensed AV delay of 200 ms. Atrial and entricular sensitivity were 0.3 mV. The atrial and ventricular lectrogram sources were programmed to Atip-Aring and tip-Vring, respectively. After successful defibrillation threshld testing, discrete, random oversensing was noted on the entricular channel (Figure 1). What is the etiology of the versensing? There was no physiologic cardiac correlate for the sensed vents on surface ECG or the shock electrogram. Fluorocopically, the ventricular and atrial leads appeared to be in table positions. The noise was not reproducible with agressive pocket and lead manipulation or with isometric uscle tensing. The noise showed no relationship to respiation. No physical defects of the lead were apparent upon nspection. No source of electromagnetic interference was etected. Each set-screw was evaluated and found to be ecurely engaged. All lead pins were fully seated in the onnector block. The ventricular lead was disconnected and ested with the pace/sense analyzer and then reconnected to he generator when no abnormalities were detected. Ranom episodic oversensing continued.
Photometry of Remote Galaxy Clusters

New data on the colors of galaxies in distant, rich clusters of galaxies are presented. Of seven clusters examined having z
Correction to "Linear and logarithmic capacities in associative neural networks"

For original article see ibid., vol.35, no.3, p.558-68, May 1989. The authors thank Jinwen Ma, Jianwei Wu, and Qiansheng Cheng for pointing out the overcount in the original proof.
Exploiting structure in positioning of nonsymmetric signals

One of the most crucial emerging challenges in lithography is achieving rapid and accurate alignment under a wide variety of conditions brought about by different processing steps. Current alignment algorithms assume symmetric alignment signals. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on subspace decomposition of alignment signals. We assume that the process-induced asymmetries are small enough so that only linear effects need to be considered. We first find the subspace of alignment signals using a set of signals with pre-known positions. The position of a new signal is calculated considering that, if shifted correctly, it will lie in the same subspace of previous signals. Since this method exploits the structure of the signals, it results in more accurate measurement of the position. Simulation results show that the alignment error is about an order of magnitude smaller than that achieved with conventional maximum likelihood or phase-fitting approaches.
Response of beams to propagating boundary excitation

An exact solution is presented for the transient response of viscously damped Bernoulli-Euler beams with arbitrary boundary conditions that are subjected to directly applied dynamic loads in addition to arbitrary support motion. It is shown that, for certain system characteristics, the wave-like progression of the disturbance may have a significant influence on the structural response of such beams. /Author/
Reconstructive Memory, Psychology of

Memories are reconstructions of past events, not perfect recordings. These reconstructions can be accurate, but may also contain errors. Since the early 1900s, researchers have investigated memory processes in the laboratory and have demonstrated that reconstructions occur regardless of whether memories are retrieved after short or long periods. Reconstructive errors in memory retrieval have been shown in memory for basic objects (e.g., words, prose, pictures) and naturalistic materials (e.g., scenes, events). The implication is that understanding how memories are recollected requires considering the complex interaction of individuals' preexisting knowledge, beliefs, experiences, and goals.
Androgen-response elements in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: implications for treatment development

Many attempts have been made to derive genetic signatures for progressive prostate cancer for both prognostic and therapeutic purposes. These investigations have resulted in the discovery of many pathways, but the signatures exhibit heterogeneity and restricted reproducibility. A thorough and disciplined analysis of genes with androgen-response elements that are expressed in progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer is an integral step towards the development of new therapeutic or diagnostic targets. We discuss the effects of bona-fide downstream targets of the androgen receptor on cellular proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and angiogenesis, and consider the clinical potential of these targets.
Neonatal familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia: cord blood cholesterol in 1800 births.

Abstract Umbilical cord blood cholesterol was measured in 1800 consecutive unselected live births in a general hospital. Mean cholesterol (± 1 SD) was 63.8 ± 18.7, range 20–196 mg 100 ml . Cord blood cholesterol levels greater than 100 mg 100 ml (mean cord blood cholesterol ± 2 SD) were arbitrarily identified as elevated. Sixty-five neonates had cord blood cholesterol levels greater than 100 mg 100 ml . Of these 65 infants, both parents could be studied in 26 kindred, the mother only in 23 kindred, and neither parent in 16 kindred. Of the 26 parent pairs, nine mothers and two fathers were found to have Type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Of the 23 mothers of illegitimate, hypercholesterolemic infants, three were found to have Type II hyperlipoproteinemia. An infant and similarly affected mother or father with Type II hyperlipoproteinemia were then identified in 14 of 1800 consecutive live births. Five of ten siblings born to these 14 kindred had Type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Measurement of umbilical cord blood cholesterol in unselected populations offers promise in early diagnosis of neonatal and familial Type II hyperlipoproteinemia and should provide an opportunity for early therapy in a pediatric and young adult population prior to development of symptomatic or anatomic atherosclerosis.
Thermodynamic Model for the Effect of Post-entrapment Crystallization on the H2O–CO2 Systematics of Vapor-saturated, Silicate Melt Inclusions

Melt inclusions (MI) represent the best source of information concerning the pre-eruptive volatile contents of magmas. If the trapped melt is enriched in volatile species, following trapping the MI may generate a vapor bubble containing volatiles that have exsolved from the melt.Thermodynamic modeling of vapor-saturated albitic composition (NaAlSi3O8) MI shows that the CO2 content of the melt phase in the MI is sensitive to small amounts of post-entrapment crystallization (PEC), whereas the H2O content of the melt is less sensitive to PEC. During PEC, CO2 is transferred from the melt to the vapor phase and the vapor bubble may contain a significant amount, if not most, of the CO2 in the MI.The contrasting behaviors of H2O and CO2 during PEC lead to H2O^CO2 trends that are similar to those predicted for open-system degassing during magma ascent and decompression.Thus, similar H2O^CO2 trends may be produced if (1) vapor-saturated MI are trapped at various depths along a magmatic ascent path, or (2) MI having the same volatile content are all trapped at the same depth, but undergo different amounts of PEC following trapping. It is not possible to distinguish between these two contrasting interpretations based on MI volatile data alone. However, by examining the volatile trends within the context of other geochemical monitors of crystallization or magma evolution progress, it may be possible to determine whether the volatile trends were generated along a degassing path or if they reflect various amounts of PEC in an originally homogeneous melt inclusion assemblage. The volatile trends resulting from PEC of MI described in this study are directly applicable to silica-rich (granitic) MI trapped in non-ferromagnesian host phases, and are only qualitatively applicable to more mafic melt compositions and/or host phases owing to modifications resulting from Fe exchange with the host and to post-entrapment re-equilibration processes.
Magnetization Transfer Imaging of the Extracranial Head and Neck

Magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) of head and neck lesions is a fertile area of research that has yet to see its potential fulfilled. While a few promising articles on the uses of this technique for evaluating masses in the cervical region have been published, magnetization transfer imaging has not been accepted as a routine methodology for head and neck MR imaging. Part of the reason widespread use has not gained favor is that the emphasis in the literature has centered around predicting the histology of lesions and, in the feeling of many, no imaging study is going to obviate the need for histologic sampling of most head and neck masses. In the opinion of this author, MTI research must shift from predicting histology to defining tumor margins and distinguishing “reactive, edematous change” from neoplastic infiltration. Only then will the technique make significant clinical inroads.
Treatise on man

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Edited by Steve Jones, Robert D. Martin and David R. Pilbeam. Cam-bridge University Press: 1992. Pp. 506. a£60, $$95.
Image processing for the grid: a toolkit for building grid-enabled image processing applications

Analyzing large and distributed image datasets is a crucial step in understanding the structural and functional characteristics of biological systems. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a toolkit that allows rapid and efficient development of biomedical image analysis applications in a distributed environment. This toolkit employs the Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK) and Visualization Toolkit (VTK) layered on a component-based framework. We present experimental results on a cluster of workstations.
The Practice of Systems Engineering: A Foundation for Technical Leadership

Large-scale engineering projects are often in the news, especially when they fail to realize the value promised. Often these failures result in multibillion-dollar cost overruns, and usually “complexity” is blamed for the failure. But even if complexity is the proximate cause, the underlying cause is probably a failure to establish truly beneficial projects initially, and to address risk as the project proceeds. These problems arise from a complex blend of technological and sociological factors that are often apparent to people involved in establishing and executing projects, and yet a principal method for dealing with them receives very little attention. What is offered here is a perspective on why “technical leadership” is so critical to the success of complex engineering projects, and how the practice of effective systems engineering enhances and enables such leadership.
Pannier: A Container-based Flash Cache for Compound Objects

Classic caching algorithms leverage recency, access count, and/or other properties of cached blocks at per-block granularity. However, for media such as flash which have performance and wear penalties for small overwrites, implementing cache policies at a larger granularity is beneficial. Recent research has focused on buffering small blocks and writing in large granularities, called containers, but it has not explored the ramifications and best strategies for caching compound blocks consisting of logically distinct, but physically co-located, blocks. Containers may have highly diverse blocks, with mixtures of frequently accessed, infrequently accessed, and invalidated blocks.We propose and evaluate Pannier, a flash cache middleware that provides high performance while extending flash lifespan. Pannier uses three main techniques: (1) leveraging block access counts to manage cache containers, (2) incorporating block liveness as a property to improve flash cache space efficiency, and (3) designing a multi-step feedback controller to ensure a flash cache does not wear out in its lifespan while maintaining performance. Our evaluation shows that Pannier improves flash cache performance and extends lifespan beyond previous per-block and container-aware caching policies. More fundamentally, our investigation highlights the importance of creating new policies for caching compound blocks in flash.
The Experiences of a VISTA Volunteer in New Mexico

My college work term was unique for several reasons. First, it was a year long rather than four months and, second, when I joined vista I had no idea that it was to be a work term at all. I then thought I had left Beloit College forever. If I were to give the primary reason for joining vista, it would be that I wanted to stay out of the army, since most male vista workers of draft age are occupationally de ferred. Later I discovered that many men join for this reason. This is not meant to suggest that the volunteers are not dedi cated to their jobs. It is a comment, though, on a strange situation that exists in the United States today. Youths volun teer to serve their country through vista in order to escape the tyranny of the Selec tive Service system. Vista training lasts six weeks. I trained for 3i/£ weeks at the University of Oregon in Eugene, 3 days at the Office of Economic Opportunity's regional headquarters in Aus tin, Texas, and two weeks on the job in Albuquerque, New Mexico. As I try to remember what I learned in training, I draw a large blank. It was not
Finding Locally Optimal, Collision-Free Trajectories with Sequential Convex Optimization

We present a novel approach for incorporating collision avoidance into trajectory optimization as a method of solving robotic motion planning problems. At the core of our approach are (i) A sequential convex optimization procedure, which penalizes collisions with a hinge loss and increases the penalty coefficients in an outer loop as necessary. (ii) An efficient formulation of the no-collisions constraint that directly considers continuous-time safety and enables the algorithm to reliably solve motion planning problems, including problems involving thin and complex obstacles. We benchmarked our algorithm against several other motion planning algorithms, solving a suite of 7-degree-of-freedom (DOF) arm-planning problems and 18-DOF full-body planning problems. We compared against sampling-based planners from OMPL, and we also compared to CHOMP, a leading approach for trajectory optimization. Our algorithm was faster than the alternatives, solved more problems, and yielded higher quality paths. Experimental evaluation on the following additional problem types also confirmed the speed and effectiveness of our approach: (i) Planning foot placements with 34 degrees of freedom (28 joints + 6 DOF pose) of the Atlas humanoid robot as it maintains static stability and has to negotiate environmental constraints. (ii) Industrial box picking. (iii) Real-world motion planning for the PR2 that requires considering all degrees of freedom at the same time.
Neuroanatomical correlates of vestibular function.

Neuroanatomical data revealed by new neuroanatomical techniques over the past decade, have clarified the central connections of the peripheral vestibular sense organs. A knowledge of this information is important in the clinical evaluation of vestibular disorders. The reflex connections of the semicircular canals serve vestibulocerebellar, vestibulo-ocular, commissural, and vestibulospinal pathways. The central connections of the utricular macula are primarily in a descending direction to the motor neurons of the entire length of the spinal cord. These form the basis for vestibulospinal reflexes which are characteristically associated with utricular function. Additional central connections provide the basis for vestibulo-ocular responses to utricular activity. Finally, the saccule has reflex connections both to the upper spinal cord to a minor degree and to extraocular nuclei that serve vertical and oblique eye movements. The minor vestibular group Y nucleus provides a commissural reflex connection for th...
Force Perception before and after Maximal Voluntary Contraction

Capacity to match a low level of elbow flexion force maintained in the control arm was measured in the experimental arm in 16 subjects before and after maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Prior to...