cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectrofluorimetric analysis of 7-hydroxycoumarin binding to bovine phenol sulfotransferase.

Abstract Phenol sulfotransferases (SULT1s, EC 2.8.2.1) catalyze sulfuryl group transfer from 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the hydroxyl oxygen of aromatic acceptor substrates. Previous work with the bovine SULT1A1 has utilized the highly fluorescent substrate 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC, umbelliferone) as an acceptor substrate [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 261 (1999) 815]. Here we report that adenosine-3′,5′-bisphosphate (PAP)-dependent binding of 7-HC to bSULT1A1 can be observed due to the appearance of a 400–420-nm shoulder in the emission spectrum, using an excitation wavelength of 280 nm. This emission was observed by placing 7-HC in ethanol, which is consistent with bSULT1A1 phenol binding site hydrophobicity. Titrations with 7-HC indicate a Kd for 7-HC of 0.58 μM and substoichiometric binding to the homodimeric enzyme. The bSULT1A1:PAP:7-HC complex could be disrupted with pentachlorophenol (PCP), titrations with which indicated 0.5 equivalents per enzyme subunit. Titrations of enzyme plus 7-HC with PAP also indicated 0.5 equivalents per enzyme subunit. These results suggest a model of homodimeric bSULT1A1 in which subunit interactions favor half-site reactivity in the formation of a dead end complex.
Cooperative transmission for cognitive radio networks using mutual-information accumulation

In cognitive radio networks, secondary users (SUs) have to control their transmission power so that the interference to primary users' (PUs) are tolerable. Under this situation, SUs will transmit at a relatively low power level experiencing high bit error rate with limited coverage range. To address this problem, cooperative transmission using mutual information accumulation is introduced to cognitive radio networks. To be specific, resource allocation problem in such a network is investigated and is factored into two sub-problems, each of which can be solved efficiently. The simulation results show that mutual information accumulation can significantly decrease the delay of a cognitive radio network especially in the scenario where the PU has a tight interference power constraint.
Harnessing solar pressure to slew and point large infrared space telescopes

Large astronomical Gossamer telescopes in space will need to employ large solar shields to safeguard the optics from solar radiation. These types of telescopes demand accurate controls to maintain telescope pointing over long integration periods. We propose an active solar shield system that harnesses radiation pressure to accurately slew and acquire new targets without the need for reaction wheels or thrusters. To provide the required torques, the solar shield is configured as an inverted, 4-sided pyramidal roof. The sloped roof interior surfaces are covered with hinged “tiles” made from piezoelectric film bimorphs with specular metallized surfaces. Nominally, the tiles lie flat against the roof and the sunlight is reflected outward equally from all sloped surfaces. However, when the tiles on one roof pitch are raised, the pressure balance is upset and the sunshade is pushed to one side. By judicious selection of the tiles and control of their lift angle, the solar pressure can be harvested to stabilize the spacecraft orientation or to change its angular momentum. A first order conceptual design performance analysis and the results from the experimental design, fabrication and testing of piezoelectric bimorph hinge elements will be presented. Next phase challenges in engineering design, materials technology, and systems testing will be discussed.
On the influence of orientation pinning on growth selection of recrystallisation

Abstract With the help of techniques for local orientation determination it has been proved that the recrystallisation textures of Al-alloys evolve by a preferred formation of some orientations at characteristic nucleation sites and a subsequent growth selection of distinct orientations out of this spectrum of nucleus orientations. As an alternative to the standard explanation of a favoured growth of grains with a special orientation relationship to the deformed matrix (e.g. 40° 〈111〉), recently the concept of “orientation pinning” has been proposed, which considers that the growth selection is determined by special orientation relationships being disfavoured (low-angle and twin grain boundaries). The present paper reviews the two rivalling theories of oriented nucleation and oriented growth to explain recrystallisation textures and addresses the new approach of orientation pinning. New EBSD-results on commercial purity Al which substantiate a growth selection of the exact cube-orientation out of the nucleus spectrum available in the cube-bands and the R-orientation out of the nucleus spectrum of the grain boundaries are presented. A semi-quantitative model to simulate the effect of orientation pinning on the evolution of recrystallisation textures is introduced. The results are discussed in view of growth selection and the 40° 〈111〉 orientation relationship.
CALCULATION OF THE MINOR COMPONENTS OF A MAGNETIC FIELD.

Abstract Using functions suggested by a simple model of a magnet, we are able to fit the measured values of its main component, and then predict the values of the minor components. The method is accurate and computationally simple. It should be useful in computing the fields of large aperture magnets with large fringing fields now used in particle physics.
Effect of Days Open on Economic Aspects of Current Lactation

Abstract Multiple regression equations were derived from data for 6,351 Holsteins for first lactations and 17,978 later lactations. Within herds each day open between 40 and 140 days of lactation resulted in an average of 4.5kg less annual milk during current lactations of first-calf heifers and 8.6kg less for cows in later lactations.
Social Equity: Its Legacy, Its Promise

Social equity is rooted in the idea that each person is equal and has inalienable rights. Because of America's unique blend of social, religious, economic, and political characteristics, we value this concept despite, or perhaps because of, the simultaneous tensions of a capitalist economy, which requires inequality, set within a democratic constitutional system, which assumes equality. The impossibility of simultaneously achieving inequality and equality produces episodic “corrections.” This was the case in the tumultuous 1960s, a period when the usually tame notion of equity gave rise to heated debate and resulted in calls for social change. Now, tumult in the form of economic inequality, unemployment, and globalization is a harbinger of renewed interest. This article explains the roots of the concept, its contemporary understandings, and its relevance to emerging issues.
DIFFERENCE IN BEHAVIOR OF INFLUENZA A AND B VIRUSES IN INFANT RATS: VIRAL MULTIPLICATION IN NASAL TURBINATES AND POTENTIATION OF BACTEREMIC INFECTION WITH H. INFLU-ENZAE TYPE B

Previous work by Michaels, Myerowitz and Klaw (J.Infect. Dis. in press) showed that the intranasal dose of H. influenzae type b (HIB) required to produce bacteremia and meningitis in about 50% of infant rats was reduced 100-fold when animals were first given influenza A virus (Port Chalmers strain). Similar results have recently been obtained with A/England and A/Victoria viruses. As a part of a study of virus attenuation, 2 day old rats were given 105-107 egg infective doses (EID) of either A/Victoria (A/V) or B/Hong Kong (B/HK) viruses intranasally. At 5 days of age all rats were given 105-106 colony forming units (cfu) of HIB intranasally. HIB bacteremia was found at 7 days of age in 52/97 rats given A/V virus, but in only 3/49 rats given B/HK virus. Bacteremia was detected in none of 38 control rats. In a single experiment, 2 day old rats were given almost identical doses of virus (105.6 EID of A/V or 105.7 EID of B/HK), but the virus titer in nasal turbinates 48 hours later was over 100 times higher for A/V than for B/HK virus. At 5 days of age rats were given 106 cfu of HIB. Subsequent bacteremia was detected in 4/9 rats given A/V and in none of 11 rats given B/HK. The lower turbinate virus titers and lack of potentiation of HIB infection in rats with influenza B as compared to influenza A virus is consistent with epidemiologic observations suggesting that influenza B is often a mild disease in humans.
Calcium and facilitation at two classes of crustacean neuromuscular synapses.

The closer muscle of the crab, Chionoecetes, has at least two classes of excitatory neuromuscular synapses. In one class of synapses an action potential depolarizing the synaptic region releases much more transmitter if it has been preceded recently by another action potential. The other class of synapses shows this property, called facilitation, to a far lesser extent. Immediately after one conditioning stimulus the level of facilitation is similar in both classes. The rate of the ensuing decay of the facilitation is the critical factor differentiating the two classes of synapses. The relationship between external Ca++ concentration and transmitter release is similar for both classes of synapses. The slope of a double logarithmic plot of this relationship varies from 3.1 between 5 and 10 mM Ca++ to 0.9 between 30 and 40 mM Ca++. Facilitation does not significantly change when tested in external Ca++ concentrations ranging from 7 to 30 mM. The extracellularly recorded nerve terminal action potential does not increase in amplitude during facilitation. The results suggest that the mechanism of synaptic facilitation is similar for both classes of synapses and occurs after the stage in transmitter release involving Ca++.
Antiapoptotic Signaling via MCL1 Confers Resistance to Caspase-3-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death in the Pregnant Human Uterine Myocyte

Our group has previously identified elevated levels of nonapoptotic active caspase 3 (CASP3) accompanied by increased prosurvival, antiapoptotic signaling in the pregnant mouse uterus during late gestation. We speculated that increased antiapoptotic signaling desensitized the pregnant uterine myocyte to the apoptotic action of uterine CASP3. This current study examines the mechanism by which the pregnant myocyte gains resistance to the apoptotic effects of increased uterine CASP3. Using both primary human pregnant fundal myometrial cultures and the telomerase-immortalized human uterine myocyte cell line (hTERT) as our model systems, uterine myocytes were exposed to UV irradiation and Fas ligand to stimulate both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Stimulation of either the intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic pathways resulted in elevated levels of uterine myocyte CASP3. However, apoptotic cell death was restricted to CASP3 activated by intrinsic stimulation via UV light. In contrast Fas ligand-me...
Bone morphogenetic proteins and noggin: Inhibiting and inducing fungiform taste papilla development

Fungiform papillae are epithelial specializations that develop in a linear pattern on the anterior mammalian tongue and differentiate to eventually contain taste buds. Little is known about morphogenetic and pattern regulation of these crucial taste organs. We used embryonic rat tongue, organ cultures to test roles for bone morphogenetic proteins, BMP2, 4 and 7, and antagonists noggin and follistatin, in development of papillae from a stage before morphological initiation (E13) or from a stage after the pre-papilla placodes have formed (E14). BMPs and noggin proteins become progressively restricted to papilla locations during tongue development. In E13 cultures, exogenous BMPs or noggin induce increased numbers of fungiform papillae, in a concentration-dependent manner, compared to standard tongue cultures; BMPs, but not noggin, lead to a decreased tongue size at this stage. In E14 cultures, however, exogenous BMP2, 4 or 7 each inhibits papilla formation so that there is a decrease in papilla number. Noggin substantially increases number of papillae in E14 cultures. Using beads for a highly localized protein delivery, papillae are inhibited in the surround of BMP-soaked beads and induced in large clusters around noggin-soaked beads. Follistatin, presented in culture medium or by bead, does not alter papilla formation or number. In all fungiform papillae that form under various culture conditions, the molecular marker, sonic hedgehog, is within each papilla. However, the BMP inhibitory effect on papillae is not prevented by disrupting sonic hedgehog signaling through addition of cyclopamine to cultures. BMPs and noggin alter cell proliferation in tongue epithelium in opposite ways, demonstrated with Ki67 immunostaining. We propose that the BMPs and noggin, colocalized within papilla placodes and the fungiform papillae per se, have opposing inhibitory and activating or inducing roles in papilla development in linear patterns. We present a model for these effects.
Insertion vs. site epimerization with singly-bridged and doubly-bridged metallocene polymerization catalysts

Abstract A statistical model has been employed to determine the unidirectional site epimerization probability, e , during propylene polymerization with the following C 1 -symmetric metallocene precatalysts activated with MAO (MAO = methylaluminoxane): doubly-bridged rac -(1,2-SiMe 2 ) 2 {η 5 -C 5 H 2 -4-(CHMe(CMe 3 ))}{η 5 -C 5 H-3,5-(CHMe 2 ) 2 }ZrCl 2 ( 1 ) and (1,2-SiMe 2 ) 2 {η 5 -C 5 H 2 -4-(1 R ,2 S ,5 R -menthyl)}{η 5 -C 5 H-3,5-(CHMe 2 ) 2 }ZrCl 2 ( 2 ); and singly-bridged Me 2 C(3-(2-adamantyl)-C 5 H 3 )(C 13 H 8 )ZrCl 2 ( 3 ) and Me 2 Si(3-(2-adamantyl)-C 5 H 3 )(C 13 H 8 )ZrCl 2 ( 4 ). For 1 /MAO a steep tacticity dependence on monomer concentration was found, as e increased from 0.114 to 0.909 as [C 3 H 6 ] decreased from 12.5 M to 0.5 M; similarly, e increased for 2 /MAO from 0.177 to 0.709. For 3 /MAO, e was moderately responsive to an increase in polymerization temperature, as e increased from 0.000 to 0.485 from T p = 0–90 °C ([C 3 H 6 ] = 1.1 M). Similarly, e increased for 4 /MAO from 0.709 to 0.913 from T p = 0–40 °C; at higher temperatures, bidirectional site epimerization was implicated.
Dragma Hippomanicum III: Novitates Californicae

Two new taxa are described from California:Astragalus (sect.Flexuosi)shevockii from the Sierra Nevada in Tulare County representing a new subsect.Shevockiani; andA. lentiginosus var.piscinensis from an alkaline spring in Mono County. Rediscovery in Nevada of long-lostA. lentiginosus var.sesquimetralis and a new station for the same in Inyo County, California are reported.
The Rett syndrome in males

Two young males in their thirties are reported with a clinical history and examination indistinguishable from typical females with the Rett syndrome. Both had normal early development. The first patient had a regression by the end of the second year. He was late in walking, had prominent hand-wringing from the age of 4 years, and non-progressive dystonia from the age of 14 years. He is still ambulatory. Seizures which started at the age of 18 months have been easily controlled. The second patient has had a severe seizure disorder since the age of 7 months. In his early teens, he lost ambulation and his height and weight fell below the 2nd percentile. He has severe foot dystonia without spasticity. Both patients have a normal head size and no evidence of atrophy on a CT scan of the brain. Both had kyphoscoliosis in their teens. It is difficult to evaluate the incidence of such cases. Little attention being paid to the normal early development, they hide behind vague diagnoses such as cerebral palsy, static encephalopathy, and behavior disorder. Dystonia is often confused with spasticity, the lack of paralysis is not appreciated, apraxia and hand wringing are assumed to be self stimulatory behaviors.
Effects of Molecular Weight and Flow Rate on Stress‐Induced Migration of Polystyrene

Abstract A simple scaling relation was proposed to predict the effects of molecular weight and flow rate on the stress‐induced migration of polymer molecules subjected to simple shear flow. The predicted results were compared with experimental measurements in thermal field‐flow fractionation (ThFFF). Retentions were measured for linear polystyrene samples with molecular weight up to thirty million. The experimental results were consistent qualitatively with the predictions.
Elevated‐Temperature‐Delayed Failure of Alumina Reinforced with 20 vol% Silicon Carbide Whiskers

Alumina composites reinforced with 20 vol% SiC whiskers were exposed to applied stresses in four- point flexure at temperatures of 1000{degrees}, 1100{degrees}, and 1200{degrees}C in air for periods of up to 14 weeks. At 1000{degrees} and 1100{degrees}C, an apparent fatigue limit was established at stresses of {approx}75% of the fast fracture strength. However, after long-term ({gt}6 weeks) tests at 1100{degrees}C, some evidence of crack generation as a result of creep cavitation was detected. At 1200{degrees}C applied stresses as low as 38% of the 1200{degrees}C fracture strength were sufficient to promote creep deformation and accompanying cavitation and crack generation and growth resulting in failures in times of {lt}250 h.
Osteoblastic Bone Flare on F18-FDG PET in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients Receiving Bevacizumab in Addition to Standard Chemotherapy

Positron emission tomography (PET) is used routinely to follow therapeutic response in patients treated for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In responding patients it is generally expected that the observed decrease in fluorodeoxyglucose uptake should be similar in all lesions. In other disease entities though, isolated cases have been documented of asynchronous increases in activity in metastatic bone lesions ("bone flare") despite evidence of therapeutic response or stability in other lesions. Here, we describe four NSCLC cases in which the results of interim PET scans were misleading due to osteoblastic flare phenomenon. In all four cases, patients were treated with bevacizumab in addition to standard chemotherapy. All four patients developed isolated worsening of their skeletal metastases on PET/CT (computed tomography) analysis (increase in fluorodeoxyglucose activity) despite apparent response or stable disease elsewhere. Subsequent scans confirmed that the "worsening" was transient, consistent with a flare response. Awareness of the phenomena is important for physicians treating NSCLC patients, particularly with bevacizumab.
Older adults and exercise: path analysis of self-efficacy related constructs.

Background Despite the potential benefits of exercise, rates of exercise among older adults remain low. Self-efficacy expectation is the strongest correlate of exercise behavior or exercise behavior change. Objectives To develop and test the predictive ability of a model of exercise among older adults. Method The model's constructs related to exercise and self-efficacy included outcome expectancy, perceived barriers to exercise, perceived health, age, and lifelong leisure exercise among adults 65 to 100 years years of age (N=147). Data were collected by personal interview and analyzed with path analysis. Results Self-efficacy expectation had a strong direct effect on exercise. Outcome expectancy contributed little to exercise in the model. Perceived barriers and self-efficacy expectation, followed by age, exerted the most total influence on exercise scores. Conclusions Lifelong leisure exercise exerts its influence on exercise through self-efficacy beliefs, further emphasizing the importance of efficacy. Also important are perceived barriers to exercise. Further research should examine self-efficacy expectations, perceived barriers, and age as predictors of exercise among older adults at different stages of health behavior change.
Coordinated vehicle platoon control: Weighted and constrained consensus and communication network topologies

This paper introduces a new method for enhancing highway safety and efficiency by coordinated control of vehicle platoons. One of our aims is to understand influence of communication network topologies and uncertainties on control performance. Vehicle deployment is formulated as a weighted and constrained consensus control problem. Algorithms are introduced and their convergence properties are established. The main advantages of the methods are demonstrated, including using local control to achieve a global deployment so that communication complexity is reduced; scalability to accommodate dynamic changes of the member vehicles and communication networks; robustness against road conditions and communication uncertainties.
Multipixel Techniques for Frequency-Domain Photon Migration Imaging

The ability to map interior optical properties of a highly scattering medium from exterior measurements of light propagation is afforded by optical tomography. In this communication, we describe the problem of optical tomography, the techniques of photon migration measurements necessary to accomplish it, and the development of multipixel measurements for rapid collection of optical signals. These multipixel measurements are shown to provide detection of contrast owing to the optical properties of absorption and fluorescence associated with dye-laden heterogeneities embedded in a tissue-like scattering medium. From these rapid measurements, successful reconstruction of an interior optical property map may now be possible with clinically realistic data acquisition times. Applications for the technology arise for biomedical optical imaging for the in vivo detection of disease and the diagnosis of tissue (bio-) chemistry.
Nonlinear Valve Train Dynamics Simulation With a Distributed Parameter Model of Valve Springs

A simulation model of valve train dynamics was developed in order to investigate the vibrational behavior of a valve train under heavy normal load, especially for heavy-duty diesel engines. The nonlinear multi-degree-of-freedom model developed for this study uses input data resulting from the kinematic analysis. The valve spring was modeled as a distributed parameter system rather than a lumped mass system. The stiffness constants of each valve train component were theoretically obtained as nonlinear values. The partial differential equation describing the motion of the spring and the ordinary differential equations for other components, which were considered as a lumped mass system, were solved simultaneously without any iterations by using the numerical Time Marching Step method. The results of this simulation, which treated the elastic characteristics of each component as nonlinear, were more accurate than the previous studies that used simple linear elastic models.
Laboratory measurements of reservoir rock from the Geysers geothermal field, California

Rock samples taken from two outcrops, as well as rare cores from three well bores at the Geysers geothermal field, California, were tested at temperatures and pressures similar to those found in the geothermal field. Both intact and 30/sup 0/ sawcut cylinders were deformed at confining pressures of 200-1000 bars, pore pressure of 30 bars and temperatures of 150/sup 0/ and 240/sup 0/C.Thin-section and X-ray analysis revealed that some borehole samples had undergone extensive alteration and recrystallization. Constant strain rate tests of 10/sup -4/ and 10/sup -6/ per sec gave a coefficient of friction of 0.68. Due to the highly fractured nature of the rocks taken from the production zone, intact samples were rarely 50% stronger than the frictional strength.This result suggests that the Geysers reservoir can support shear stresses only as large as its frictional shear strength. Velocity of p-waves (6.2 km/sec) was measured on one sample. Acoustic emission and sliding on a sawcut were related to changes in pore pressure. b-values computed from the acoustic emissions generated during fluid injection were typically about 0.55. An unusually high b-value (approximately 1.3) observed during sudden injection of water into the sample may have been related to thermal cracking.
Review of the current status of the mei-9a test for chromosome loss in Drosophila melanogaster: An assay with radically improved detection capacity for chromosome lesions induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), dimenthylnitrosamine (DMN), and especially diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and procarbazine

A review of previous findings as well as new data are included in the present paper on recent investigations by Zimmering and co-workers regarding a radical improvement in the detection capacity of the conventional test for chromosome loss to assay for induced chromosome lesions/breakage. The improvement has been achieved through the use of mei-9a repair-deficient P1 females to which treated males are mated. 4 compounds have been tested including MMS, DMN, DEN and procarbazine. Not only has the mei-9a test yielded significantly higher frequencies of induced chromosome loss with MMS and DMN than the conventional test, preliminary data, in fact, providing evidence of a positive response in the mei-9a test at a concentration one order of magnitude below that producing no effect in the conventional test, but, more critically, it has permitted detection of highly significant increases in induced chromosome loss with DEN and procarbazine, compounds proving negative in the conventional tests for chromosome loss and heritable translocations at all concentrations employed including those producing substantial to high frequencies of recessive lethals.
Death anxiety: “State” or “trait”?

Investigated relative effects of hypnosis, alpha biofeedback, prestige suggestion, and silence in attenuating experimentally induced increases in death anxiety. Forty female undergraduate Ss at Louisiana State University were tested on four measures of death anxiety: "Emotional" associations to "death" words, association response latencies to "death" vs. "neutral" words, Death Anxiety Scale, and Death Concern Scale. Ss then were assigned to four treatments: (1) Hypnosis, with anxiolytic post-hypnotic relaxation suggestions; (2) Nonhypnotic anxiolytic prestige suggestions; (3) EEG alphacontingent biofeedback; and (4) a 15-minute waiting period. After treatments, Ss viewed a tape-slide presentation that emphasized personal death and overestimated its probability from various causes. Ss then were retested on death anxiety measures, forms of which were counterbalanced within groups. Analysis of variance (at .05 and .01 confidence levels) failed to differentiate groups on either increases or decreases of death anxiety. It was concluded that death anxiety may be a "trait" as opposed to a "state" phenomenon.
Regionalization and the Construction of Ephemeral Co-Location

This essay investigates the role of ephemeral co-location within practices of regionalization as a potential response to the increasingly commodified, mediated, and militarized experience of public space. An “epilogue” to the articles gathered for this special issue, this essay outlines five characteristics of regionalization: active resistance, selective deployment, shared aesthetics, common identity, and augmented reality.
Evoked response 'forward masking' functions in chinchillas.

Abstract Evoked potentials were obtained from the inferior colliculus of awake chinchillas using a ‘forward masking’ stimulus paradigm. The response was elicited using a brief probe tone presented 10 dB above threshold. Forward masking functions were then measured by determining the intensity of the masker needed to produce a 50% reduction in evoked response amplitude over a range of time intervals between masker offset and probe onset. The time course of forward masking was evaluated by fitting an exponential function to the results. The average time constant values of forward masking functions ranged from 50 to 90 ms. Although the constants at 0.5 and 8.0 kHz were somewhat longer than those at the midfrequencies, the differences were not statistically significant. The evoked response forward masking functions were quite similar to those obtained psychophysically; this suggests that it may be an efficient method of estimating the time course of forward masking in difficult to test subjects.
Evidence on the Market's Underestimation of Foreign Earnings Persistence

Can a hedging strategy consistently generate profits by exploiting a drift in returns following the announcement of large changes in the foreign earnings of U.S. multinational firms? Results of this study indicate such a strategy produces positive profits on average, but the returns vary considerably from year to year and are negative in two of eight years examined. A market-neutral hedge portfolio based on announced changes in foreign earnings represents not a pure arbitrage opportunity, but rather a potentially risky style of investment.
Adaptive Cache Bypassing for Inclusive Last Level Caches

Cache hierarchy designs, including bypassing, replacement, and the inclusion property, have significant performance impact. Recent works on high performance caches have shown that cache bypassing is an effective technique to enhance the last level cache (LLC) performance. However, commonly used inclusive cache hierarchy cannot benefit from this technique because bypassing inherently breaks the inclusion property. This paper presents a solution to enabling cache bypassing for inclusive caches. We introduce a bypass buffer to an LLC. Bypassed cache lines skip the LLC while their tags are stored in this bypass buffer. When a tag is evicted from the bypass buffer, it invalidates the corresponding cache lines in upper level caches to ensure the inclusion property. Our key insight is that the lifetime of a bypassed line, assuming a well-designed bypassing algorithm, should be short in upper level caches and is most likely dead when its tag is evicted from the bypass buffer. Therefore, a small bypass buffer is sufficient to maintain the inclusion property and to reap most performance benefits of bypassing. Furthermore, the bypass buffer facilitates bypassing algorithms by providing the usage information of bypassed lines. We show that a top performing cache bypassing algorithm, which is originally designed for non-inclusive caches, performs comparably for inclusive caches equipped with our bypass buffer. The usage information collected from the bypass buffer also significantly reduces the cost of hardware implementation compared to the original design.
The dapE-encoded N-succinyl-l,l-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase from Haemophilus influenzae is a dinuclear metallohydrolase.

The Zn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra, of the dapE-encoded N-succinyl-l,l-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase (DapE) from Haemophilus influenzae have been recorded in the presence of one or two equivalents of Zn(II) (i.e. [Zn_(DapE)] and [ZnZn(DapE)]). The Fourier transforms of the Zn EXAFS are dominated by a peak at ca. 2.0 A, which can be fit for both [Zn_(DapE)] and [ZnZn(DapE)], assuming ca. 5 (N,O) scatterers at 1.96 and 1.98 A, respectively. A second-shell feature at ca. 3.34 A appears in the [ZnZn(DapE)] EXAFS spectrum but is significantly diminished in [Zn_(DapE)]. These data show that DapE contains a dinuclear Zn(II) active site. Since no X-ray crystallographic data are available for any DapE enzyme, these data provide the first glimpse at the active site of DapE enzymes. In addition, the EXAFS data for DapE incubated with two competitive inhibitors, 2-carboxyethylphosphonic acid and 5-mercaptopentanoic acid, are also presented.
Use of antimicrobials to prevent postoperative infection in patients with cataracts.

Despite the high frequency of cataract surgery, there are still no definitive studies on antibiotic prophylaxis against endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Most surgeons follow an empiric approach. The results of several recent studies shed additional light on this complex topic. There is better
Flow-regulated lymphatic vasculature development and signaling

The role of blood flow in regulating signaling pathways and gene expression in the blood vasculature is well known. Recent studies have identified equally important roles of flow-mediated signaling in the lymphatic circulation including control of lymphatic vascular growth, remodeling, regeneration and maintenance of the lymphatic fate. In this review, we summarize these advances focusing on the role of fluid dynamics in control of lymphatic vasculature formation.
Circle detection for extracting eddy size and position from satellite imagery of the ocean

Evaluates the ability of several circle detectors to define the size and position of warm and cold eddies in oceanographic satellite imagery. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer channel 4 (10.3-11.3 /spl mu/m) or sea surface temperature test images are reduced to binary edge images. Six different circle detectors are then applied to the edge images. The automated results are compared to eddies defined by a trained analyst. >
Architectural and Functional Commonalities between Enhancers and Promoters

With the explosion of genome-wide studies of regulated transcription, it has become clear that traditional definitions of enhancers and promoters need to be revisited. These control elements can now be characterized in terms of their local and regional architecture, their regulatory components, including histone modifications and associated binding factors, and their functional contribution to transcription. This Review discusses unifying themes between promoters and enhancers in transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.
An accelerated time domain finite difference simulation scheme for three‐dimensional transient electromagnetic modeling using geometric multigrid concepts

The fact that the transient electromagnetic (TEM) field is smoothed gradually in space with time allows for a reduced spatial sampling rate of the EM field. On the basis of concepts known from multigrid methods, we have developed a restriction operator in order to map the EM field and the material properties from a fine to a coarser finite difference mesh during a forward field simulation with an explicit time-stepping scheme. Two advantages follow. First, the grid size can be reduced. Field restriction involves reducing the number of grid nodes by a factor of 2 for each Cartesian direction. Second, as can be seen from the Courant-Friedrichs-Levy condition, the larger grid spacing allows for proportionally larger time step sizes. After field restriction, a material averaging scheme is employed in order to calculate the underlying effective medium on the coarse simulation grid. Example results show a factor of up to 5 decrease in solution run time, compared to a scheme that uses a constant grid. Key to the accuracy of the approach is knowledge of the proper time range to restrict the fields. An adequate criterion to decide during run time when to restrict involves an error measure for the locations of interest between the fields on the fine mesh and the restricted fields.
The gait of Australopithecus.

A biomechanical analysis of the pelvic and femoral samples available for Australopithecus is presented. No feature of these samples was found to distinguish their gait pattern from that of modern man or to differ in the two presently recognized allomorphs of Australopithecus. Morphological differences between Australopithecus and modern man appear to be the result of different degrees of encephalization rather than any difference in locomotor adaptation.
3D target tracking by UAVs subject to measurement uncertainties

This paper proposes an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based approach to track a moving target UAV in 3D. The state of the target UAV is estimated from the range, azimuth, and elevation angle measurements that are assumed to be available from a ground based sensor or from on-board seeker antenna. The chaser vehicle states are also estimated using onboard sensors, namely GPS + IMU. These estimated states (chaser and the target) are utilized in a nonlinear guidance law which provides signals for the velocity, flight path, and course/heading angle to the chaser so as to track the target vehicle. It is to be mentioned that the guidance controller onboard the chaser was designed based on a backstepping like technique. All process and measurement noise are modelled as zero-mean Gaussian processes with known covariances. The performance of the combined estimation and guidance algorithm is shown via extensive simulation.
Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Formation at ER Exit Sites Regulates ER Export

The mechanisms that regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit-site (ERES) assembly and COPII-mediated ER export are currently unknown. We analyzed the role of phosphatidylinositols (PtdIns) in regulating ER export. Utilizing pleckstrin homology domains and a PtdIns phosphatase to specifically sequester or reduce phosphorylated PtdIns levels, we found that PtdIns 4-phosphate (PtsIns4P) is required to promote COPII-mediated ER export. Biochemical and morphological in vitro analysis revealed dynamic and localized PtsIns4P formation at ERES. PtdIns4P was utilized to support Sar1-induced proliferation and constriction of ERES membranes. PtdIns4P also assisted in Sar1-induced COPII nucleation at ERES. Therefore, localized dynamic remodeling of PtdIns marks ERES membranes to regulate COPII-mediated ER export.
But I Am Computer Literate: I Passed The Test

Generic terms such as “computer literacy,” “computer competency” and “technology literacy” have been used for decades as measures of one’s aptitude with computer and information technology. Many disregarded the ambiguity of these terms while erratic exposure to ever-changing computer technology rendered itself as computer literacy. With an increasing focus on organizations now administering technology literacy tests, educators need to be more cognizant of the computer and information literacy assessments and the implications of these assessments for the core information systems course in business schools.
Restless Legs Syndrome: The Devil Is in the Details

Sleep-related movement disorders represent a cluster of conditions involving physical movements, typically irresistible or involuntary, which occur during sleep or periods of rest. Once classified as parasomnias, these movement disorders are considered a distinct category in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition (ICSD-3). Although sometimes misconstrued as benign, these disorders may represent serious medical problems, often leading to a decreased quality of life (QoL) through impaired sleep, chronic fatigue, insomnia, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Of these, restless legs syndrome (RLS) is the most common and is the focus of this chapter. Periodic limb movements (PLMS) and period limb movement disorder (PLMD) will also be discussed briefly as they are both related to RLS and are often present within the RLS differential diagnosis. To provide a clinical reference, the chapter opens with a vignette, providing the stage for discussion of the key elements that should be considered when evaluating and treating patients who present with these sleep-related motor complaints.
The Recognition and Destruction of Metastatic Cells by Tumoricidal Macrophages

The most devastating aspect of cancer is the propensity of malignant cells to spread from a primary site to distant organs, where new lesions develop. Indeed, the majority of deaths from cancer are attributed to the continued proliferation of metastases that are resistant to conventional therapeutics. There are several reasons for the failure of treatment for established metastasis. By the time of diagnosis of primary tumors, metastasis may have already occurred, but the lesions are often too small to be detected. Second, the anatomic location of many metastases may limit the effective dose of therapeutic agents that can be delivered to the lesions without being toxic to normal tissues. The third, and most formidable, problem is the heterogeneous nature of malignant neoplasms, which leads to the rapid biological diversification of tumor cells and to the development of resistance to conventional therapy (1,2).
Changes in Default Alarm Settings and Standard In-Service are Insufficient to Improve Alarm Fatigue in an Intensive Care Unit: A Pilot Project

Background: Clinical alarm systems safety is a national concern, specifically in intensive care units (ICUs) where alarm rates are known to be the highest. Interventional projects that examined the effect of changing default alarm settings on overall alarm rate and on clinicians’ attitudes and practices toward clinical alarms and alarm fatigue are scarce. Objective: To examine if (1) a change in default alarm settings of the cardiac monitors and (2) in-service nursing education on cardiac monitor use in an ICU would result in reducing alarm rate and in improving nurses’ attitudes and practices toward clinical alarms. Methods: This quality improvement project took place in a 20-bed transplant/cardiac ICU with a total of 39 nurses. We implemented a unit-wide change of default alarm settings involving 17 parameters of the cardiac monitors. All nurses received an in-service education on monitor use. Alarm data were collected from the audit log of the cardiac monitors 10 weeks before and 10 weeks after the change in monitors’ parameters. Nurses’ attitudes and practices toward clinical alarms were measured using the Healthcare Technology Foundation National Clinical Alarms Survey, pre- and postintervention. Results: Alarm rate was 87.86 alarms/patient day (a total of 64,500 alarms) at the preintervention period compared to 59.18 alarms/patient day (49,319 alarms) postintervention ( P =.01). At baseline, Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP), Pair Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs), and Peripheral Capillary Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) alarms were the highest. ABP and SpO2 alarms remained among the top three at the postproject period. Out of the 39 ICU nurses, 24 (62%) provided complete pre- and postproject survey questionnaires. Compared to the preintervention survey, no remarkable changes in the postproject period were reported in nurses’ attitudes. Themes in the narrative data were related to poor usability of cardiac monitors and the frequent alarms. The data showed great variation among nurses in terms of changing alarm parameters and frequency of replacing patients' electrodes. Despite the in-service, 50% (12/24) of the nurses specified their need for more training on cardiac monitors in the postproject period. Conclusions: Changing default alarm settings and standard in-service education on cardiac monitor use are insufficient to improve alarm systems safety. Alarm management in ICUs is very complex, involving alarm management practices by clinicians, availability of unit policies and procedures, unit layout, complexity and usability of monitoring devices, and adequacy of training on system use. The complexity of the newer monitoring systems requires urgent usability testing and multidimensional interventions to improve alarm systems safety and to attain the Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goal on alarm systems safety in critical care units. [JMIR Hum Factors 2016;3(1):e1]
Video Bioinformatics Methods for Analyzing Cell Dynamics: A Survey

Understanding cellular and subcellular interrelations, spatiotemporal dynamic activities, and complex biological processes from quantitative microscopic video is an emerging field of research. Computational tools from established fields like computer vision, pattern recognition, and machine learning have immensely improved quantification at different stages—from image preprocessing and cell segmentation to cellular feature extraction and selection, classification into different phenotypes, and exploration of hidden content-based patterns in bioimaging databases. This book chapter reviews state of the art in all these stages and directs further research with references from the above-established fields, including key thrust areas like quantitative cell tracking, activity analysis, and cellular video summarization, for enhanced data mining and video bioinformatics.
Who and What You Know: Social and Human Capital in Black Middle-Class Economic Decision-Making

There has been considerable quantitative research examining the significant wealth and asset differences between blacks and whites, indicating that factors such multigenerational inheritance and homeownership have formed these differences. However, there is limited qualitative research on the subject, particularly examining the intrinsic factors that influence the decision-making process. Part of the process for gaining wealth and asset attainment is presumed to take place through social and human capital. This qualitative study examines the manner in which the influences of social and human capital shape black middle-class wealth and asset decision-making. Twenty-nine in-depth interviews with black middle-class c from three metropolitan cities were completed to provide insight into the factors that influence their economic decision-making. Results indicate black social and human capital are interrelated in the process of decision-making and play an important role in the understanding of contemporary wealth and asset decision-making for black middle-class families.
Purinergic agonists, but not cAMP, stimulate coupled granule fusion and Cl- conductance in HT29-Cl.16E

Cl- conductance and capacitance were simultaneously measured in the mucin-secreting cell line, HT29-Cl.16E (Cl.16E), and its sister cell line, HT29-Cl.19A (Cl.19A), which lacks mucin granules. Purinergic stimulation by extracellular ATP transiently increased Cl- conductance in both cell lines with similar peak increases of 0.92 and 1.00 nS/pF in Cl.16E and Cl.19A cells, respectively (baseline of 0.08 nS/pF). Cell capacitance increased only in Cl.16E cells (17% above baseline of 22 pF in Cl.16E and 1% above baseline of 18 pF in Cl.19A cells). Wortmannin inhibited the purinergically activated Cl- conductance and capacitance increases in Cl.16E by 50 and 80%, respectively, but had no effects in Cl.19A cells. In Cl.16E cells, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) signaling increased Cl- conductance from 0.08 to 0.52 nS/pF without changing capacitance. Cl- secretion in Cl.16E monolayers was additive in response to supramaximal stimulation of purinergic receptors and adenylyl cyclase, even though granule fusion is nine times greater with purinergic than adenylyl cyclase stimulation. In conclusion, 1) wortmannin does not directly inhibit activation of Cl- conductance, 2) at least 50% of purinergically activated Cl- conductance in Cl.16E is associated with granule fusion, and 3) cAMP-activated Cl- conductance is not associated with granules.
Field Evaluations of Soil and Foliar Insecticides for Control of the Sugarbeet Root Maggot

Good control of Tetanops myopaeformis (ROder) was obtained when granular insecticides were applied to the at planting time or when foliar sprays were directed at the adult flies when they emerged. In 1966, a relatively dry, warm year, the best materials gave 84% control of the maggot and increased yields up to 39%. Better control of the maggots was obtained in 1967, but yields were not increased. Stormy, cool weather was favorable for beet growth and unfavorable for fly activity during emergence. Consequently, the maggot populations were large enough to reduce yields. Granular formulations of Bay 37289 (O -ethyl 0-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphos-phonothioate), Stauffer N-2790 (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphos-phonodithioate), Bay 25141 ( O, O -diethyl O-[p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl] phosphorothioate), diazinon, phorate, UC-21149 (2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O -(methy]-carbamoyl)oxime), and carbofuran were the most promising in 1966 gave yield increases of 4 tons per Foliar sprays directed at the adult flies at the peak of acre. However, the plots were too small to show any differences between individual materials. In 1967 on acre-sized sized or larger plots, malathion emulsion gave the best control. On a 584-acre experiment, ultra-low-volume technical malathion gave 97% reduction in fly populations and yield increases of 3–4 tons.