cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the yardangs at Rogers Lake, California

Yardangs are streamlined, wind-eroded hills common to most deserts. Yardangs at Rogers Lake, Mojave Desert, California, have streamlined forms characteristic of objects eroded by moving fluids, a teardrop shape that approaches an ideal 1:4 width-to-length ratio. In wind-tunnel simulations, miniature forms of various shapes changed sequentially by (1) erosion of the windward corners, (2) erosion of the windward slope, (3) erosion of the leeward corners and flanks, and (4) erosion of the leeward slope. Prominent mechanisms in yardang evolution apparently are abrasion at the windward end and deflation and reverse air flow near the middle and at the downstream end. Width-to-length ratios of yardangs are grossly similar to those of some fluvial and glacial streamlined landforms. The low kinetic energy of wind relative to ice and water, the erosional resistance to wind of most rocks, the rarity of long-term, unidirectional winds, and the presence of running water, topographic roughness, and vegetation all limit the abundance of yardangs.
Molecular evidence for trypanosomatids in Culex mosquitoes collected during a West Nile virus survey

Abstract Adult mosquitoes were previously collected and tested for West Nile virus during an intense WNV outbreak in 2003–2004 along the Cache la Poudre River in Colorado, USA. A subset of these mosquitoes was also tested for infection with trypanosomatids using nested PCR to amplify 18S rRNA. Of the 69 pools of Culex pipiens that were screened for both pathogens, 4.3% were positive for WNV and 11.6% tested positive for trypanosomes; no pools were found to be co-infected with both pathogens. One hundred and forty-three pools of Culex tarsalis, considered to be the principal WNV vector in this area, were tested in the same manner. 7.7% were positive for WNV and 20.3% of these pools tested positive for trypanosomes. Five pools of C. tarsalis were found to be co-infected with both pathogens, which was approximately 2.2 times more frequent than would be expected if these pathogens are independent of each other. Sequencing and maximum parsimony analysis of 18S rRNA revealed that four of the isolates arise in or near clades of described avian trypanosomes, likely indicating that these are vectored pathogens between birds and mosquitoes. Unexpectedly, the majority (24/28, 86%) of our positive samples form their own separate clade within the order Trypanosomatida with 100% bootstrap support. We have identified a potential new clade of trypanosomatids that exist within important mosquito vectors and discuss the potential ecological connections between these trypanosomes, arboviruses and mosquitoes.
Modulation of taste responsiveness and food preference by obesity and weight loss

Palatable foods lead to overeating, and it is almost a forgone conclusion that it is also an important contributor to the current obesity epidemic - there is even talk about food addiction. However, the cause-effect relationship between taste and obesity is far from clear. As discussed here, there is substantial evidence for altered taste sensitivity, taste-guided liking and wanting, and neural reward processing in the obese, but it is not clear whether such traits cause obesity or whether obesity secondarily alters these functions. Studies with calorie restriction-induced weight loss and bariatric surgery in humans and animal models suggest that at least some of the obesity-induced alterations are reversible and consequently represent secondary effects of the obese state. Thus, both genetic and non-genetic predisposition and acquired alterations in taste and reward functions appear to work in concert to aggravate palatability-induced hyperphagia. In addition, palatability is typically associated with high energy content, further challenging energy balance regulation. The mechanisms responsible for these alterations induced by the obese state, weight loss, and bariatric surgery, remain largely unexplored. Better understanding would be helpful in designing strategies to promote healthier eating and prevention of obesity and the accompanying chronic disease risks.
Changes in ovarian morphology and serum hormones in the rat after treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone

This investigation was designed to study ovarian and hormonal changes in the rat after treatment with dehydroeplandrosterone (DHEA). We identified a heterogeneous experimental group of animals with respect to ovarian histology: group I, corpora lutea (Cls) + cysts; group II, CLs + no cysts; group III, no CLs + cysts; group IV, no CLs + no cysts. Histological sections of these ovaries showed healthy and atretic follicles in different stages of cytomorphosis and degeneration. The aforementioned histological groups were also heterogeneous according to their hormonal profiles. Serum androgens, estrogens, and prolactin concentrations are significantly increased in DHEA-treated animals as compared with controls. There was no significant difference in follicle stimulating hormone between rats with cysts and rats without cysts after DHEA treatment. After 20 days of DHEA treatment, rats with CLs have very high levels of luteinizing hormone. Luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels are significantly higher in rats with cysts than in rats without cysts after 10 days of DHEA treatment. As has been shown in this inquiry, androgens and estradiol levels in rats with cysts after DHEA treatment are higher than those in rats without cysts after DHEA treatment. Therefore, this study suggests that the ovarian cystic condition developed after DHEA treatment in rats, is associated with higher levels of circulating androgens, estradiol, and prolactin.
Public service in the private sector: Private loan originator participation in a public mortgage program

In the United States, housing policies focused on assisting low-income families towards homeownership have resulted in the creation of publicly subsidized affordable mortgage programs. Private lenders and their employees (loan originators) are often the key point of contact to connect low-income borrowers to these public programs. But why would loan originators offer borrowers public loan programs, particularly when such programs provide no additional (and sometimes reduced) direct financial compensation to the private lenders and potentially increased workloads? One possible rationale, and the one investigated here, is that loan originators may be diversely motivated towards public service and the advancement of the public interest. Though Alhough a great deal of research focuses on public service motivation among public sector employees, few studies investigate the tendency toward public service motivation and action in the private sector. Here we draw from surveys of private lenders to test a model and hypotheses about how private lenders’ associations, perceptions and values are related to voluntary participation in a government program. Our analysis highlights the importance of public associations, perceptions of government and public values in explaining the behavior of private sector employees. Our findings contribute to the literature on public service and public values and our understanding of how private organizations access government programs to advance the public good
EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL HOMOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE LIVER

Until the present time, whole-organ hepatic homotransplantation has been a disappointing procedure, both in experimental animals and in man. The operation itself carries a high immediate risk, especially in the dog, which is peculiarly subject to an anoxic hepatic injury termed “outflow block.” In reported canine experiments, the majority of animals have failed to recover from the acute effects of operation. Because of the fact that it has not been possible to obtain a consistently satisfactory preparation, evaluations of the efficacy of immunosuppressive regimens for the prevention of rejection have never been published. In the following remarks, attention will be directed to the influence of therapy with azathioprine, or azathioprine plus prednisone, upon the rejection process in dogs and in five patients receiving hepatic homografts after removal of their own livers. Since efforts to obtain long-term survival were eventually futile in both groups, an analysis of the reasons for failure will be attempted. Finally, alternative solutions will be presented which are designed to avoid the many pitfalls that have thus far precluded success.
Effect of hypophysectomy on serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in rat.

After hypophysectomy, rat serum dopamine—beta—hydroxylase (DBH) activity rose continuously and doubled within 5 weeks. The increase in DBH levels was not reversed by replacement doses of ACTH. Vasopressin reduced the increased levels of serum DBH activity in hypophysectomized rats to those found in sham—operated control animals, but had no effect on serum enzyme activity in sham—operated controls. Three days after the last vasopressin injection, serum DBH activity in hypophysectomized animals again reached pretreatment levels. Intravascular volume seems to be a major factor in controlling serum DBH activity. It appears that the reduced intravascular volume and subsequent sympathetic neuronal hyperactivity resulting from the diabetes insipidus induced by hypophysectomy accounts for the elevated levels of serum DBH. (Endocrinology 92: 1543, 1973)
Country-of-Origin Effects of Foreign Investments in the People's Republic of China

This paper investigates the existence of country-of-origin effects occurring in foreign investments in the People's Republic of China. The eclectic theory of international production posits that the pattern of foreign investments should vary by country of origin. This aspect of the eclectic theory is difficult to test directly, especially in developing countries, because of the relatively small numbers of foreign investment projects in a single country. The data used in this research cover 1,665 Sino-foreign joint ventures (JVs) from 1979 to 1985, allowing a more reliable test of this aspect of the theory. Statistical evidence suggests that country-of-origin effects are indeed present in foreign investment activities in China.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND CHOLESTEROL IN THE BLOOD IN EXPERIMENTAL ANÆMIA

In experimental anemia produced by phenylhydrazine and acetyl-phenylhydrazine, the volume of the average red corpuscle is increased. This change is associated with a disproportionate increase of the water content of the corpuscles. However, the swelling is accompanied by an increase, rather than by a decrease, of the cholesterol content of the corpuscles.
Recovery as a function of the degree of amnesia due to protein synthesis inhibition

Retrograde amnesia following inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis has generally been explained as either a failure of consolidation or impairment of a retrieval mechanism. Major evidence for the retrieval hypothesis is provided by studies which utilize a reminder (usually footshock) to attenuate the effect of the protein inhibitor. To examine this question, mice were injected subcutaneously with anisomycin (1 mg/animal, 7 mg/animal, or 1 mg/animal every 2 hr x 7) and given one training trial in a passive avoidance box. All animals received a single retention test on each of four consecutive days, starting either 1, 7, or 21 days after training. One-half of the mice in each group received a footshock reminder 1 hr after their initial test. The footshock reminder did not attenuate the inhibitor-induced amnesia, but multiple testing did produce partial recovery in animals demonstrating some memory of training (both Saline and Anisomycin animals). Animals injected with anisomycin whose testing began 1 day after training demonstrated partial recovery irrespective of drug dosage level. The extent of amnesia and recovery were dependent upon both drug dosage and training-test interval. Implications for the consolidation and retrieval hypotheses are discussed.
Differential-associative Processing: A New Strategy for Learning Highly-similar Concepts

SUMMARY For many students concepts like fluid and crystallized intelligence are difficult to learn because they have highly-similar definitions that are easy to confuse. The challenge of learning these highlysimilar, yet often confused concepts is further complicated by the fact that students are tested on exams about differences between the concepts. In this theoretically-motivated research we test a new strategy for learning highly-similar pairs of concepts, called differential-associative processing. The results revealed that performance on multiple-choice questions was higher when students learned highly-similar concepts using differential-associative processing rather than a strategy of their own choice, text-based elaboration, or identifying similarities and differences. The results also revealed that students spontaneously transferred differential-associative processing to a neutral control condition. Taken as a whole, the present study supports differential-associative processing as a useful strategy for learning similar concepts. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journalists’ Incentives and Media Coverage of Elite Foreign Policy Evaluations

Scholars have long recognized that public support for presidential uses of military force depends critically on elite support. Similarly, scholars have argued that the media “index” their coverage of foreign policy to reflect the responses of partisan (particularly congressional) elites. We argue that journalists’ choices also play an important role by systematically (and predictably) skewing the elite rhetoric presented to the public. In particular, we argue that criticism of the president by his own party is disproportionately likely to be broadcast—particularly in unified government—and that such criticism should be exceptionally persuasive to citizens. To separate the media’s independent effect from that of the actual tenor of elite discourse, as presented in the news, we investigate all interviews with members of Congress on network television Sunday morning political interview shows between 1980 and 2003. We then determine which comments were selected for inclusion on the evening news and compare th...
Relationship of Protein-Glutathione Mixed Disulfide and Thioltransferase in H2O2-Induced Cataract in Cultured Pig Lens

Abstract It has been previously shown in H2O2-induced cataract model in the rat lens that protein-GSH (PSSG) formation precedes protein–protein disulfide (PSSP) conjugation and lens opacity. This elevated PSSG spontaneously reduces to a normal level when H2O2is removed. To verify if thioltransferase (TTase), an enzyme that is known in other tissues to dethiolate PSSG, takes part in this recovery process, we examined the relationship of PSSG and TTase in this cataract model. To ensure enough tissue would be available for various biochemical studies, H2O2induced cataract in pig lens was established and validated with the rat lens model. The study was divided into two parts. One part was to examine the effect of H2O2concentration, ranging from 0.1 m M –10 m M , during 24 hr. Another part was to study the H2O2(1.5 m M ) induced cataract progression and recovery, parallel to the long-term study in rat lenses reported previously. These lenses were compared for transparency, wet weight, GSH, PSSG levels and the activity of two redox regulating enzymes, glutathione reductase (GR) and TTase. For the most part, pig lens responded to oxidation parallel to the rat lens except that a higher concentration of H2O2was needed to achieve the same results. Damage induced by H2O2was concentration dependent. In general TTase activity and GSH level were depleted with a concomitant increase in PSSG. The D50(50% damage) for GSH in pig lens was 1.5 m M H2O2(0.5 m M for rat lens) which was chosen for further studies in cataract progression and recovery. At 1.5 m M H2O2, pig lens showed superficial opacity within 24 hr and deeper cortical opacity in 48 hr. The pre-exposed lens became less cloudy when H2O2was removed from the medium. Incubation of the lens in 1.5 m M H2O2for one day also induced 50% GSH depletion and four fold PSSG elevations. This accumulated PSSG was dethiolated spontaneously in the absence of H2O2, similar to the findings in the rat lens and human lens models. In contrast protein-cysteine (PSSC) showed little change and did not respond to the recovery condition. TTase lost 50% activity in these lenses during 24-hr H2O2exposure but regained most of it under recovery. The study on rat lens showed similar results as before, therefore only data on the relationship of TTase activity to PSSG level during cataract development and recovery is reported here. It was found that in the H2O2(0.5 m M )-exposed rat lenses, the TTase activity was depleted but PSSG accumulation was accelerated within 8 hr. Both recovered quickly (within 8 hr) as soon as the oxidant was removed. Therefore, protein thiolation and dethiolation processes in the cultured rat or pig lenses display a mirror image with the activity pattern of TTase. Based on the close relationship between lens TTase and PSSG indicated above, it is speculated that TTase may regulate PSSG and maintain it at a low concentration in situ. This repair process may contribute to the improved transparency during recovery. Further studies are planned to substantiate this hypothesis.
A Quantitative Model for the Coupled Diffusion of Phosphorus and Point Defects in Silicon

In this paper, we develop and analyze models for the coupled diffusion of dopants and point defects, since such models have been observed to display the qualitative aspects of high concentration phosphorus diffusion profiles such as the characteristic "kink and tail." We begin by describing a general model for phosphorus diffusion via dopant/defect pairs assuming local equilibrium for electronic processes, but not for chemical processes. Using this system, along with parameters based on experimental data previously reported in the literature, we test common model assumptions. Our analysis concludes that dopant/defect pairing reactions are near local equilibrium, but that defect recombination reactions are not. We then use a simplified model, based on the assumption that the pairing reactions are near equilibrium to simulate phosphorus profiles. By including diffusion of phosphorus via negatively‐charged phosphorus/vacancy pairs, in addition to diffusion via phosphorus/interstitial pairs which dominates in intrinsic materials, we are able to match experimental phosphorus diffusion profiles with surface concentrations ranging from intrinsic to solid‐solubility at 900 and 1000°C, while remaining consistent with the broad range of previously observed behavior of phosphorus and point defects in silicon.
Day-to-day discrimination and health among Asian Indians: a population-based study of Gujarati men and women in Metropolitan Detroit.

This study examined the relationship between experiences of day-to-day discrimination and two measures of health among Gujaratis, one of the largest ethnic groups of Asian Indians in the U.S. Data were collected via computer-assisted telephone interviews with a random sample of Gujarati men and women aged 18–64 in Metropolitan Detroit (N = 423). Using structural equation modeling, we tested two gender-moderated models of the relationship between day-to-day discrimination and health, one using the single-item general health status and the other using the 4-item emotional wellbeing measure. For both women and men, controlling for socio-demographic and other relevant characteristics, the experience of day-to-day discrimination was associated with worse emotional wellbeing. However, day-to-day discrimination was associated with the single-item self-rated general health status only for men. This study identified not only gender differences in discrimination-health associations but also the importance of using multiple questions in assessing perceived health status.
Turning a deaf ear: a test of the manipulating androgens hypothesis in house wrens

The manipulating androgens hypothesis (MAH) proposes that female birds increase the level of testosterone (T) in their eggs to promote greater offspring begging, and thereby elicit increased provisioning by their mates. We examined the effect of a positive in ovo manipulation of T on provisioning by house wren, Troglodytes aedon, parents, and concomitantly examined the begging response of nestlings. We also examined the mass of nestlings throughout their growth to assess the effect of T on their development, and three measures of nest performance: hatching success, nestling survival and the proportion of nestlings that fledged. Nestlings hatching from T-injected eggs begged more than nestlings hatching from control (oil-injected) eggs early in the nestling period, but not later in the nestling period. However, treatment had no effect on the levels of parental provisioning or nestling mass gain, nor any effect on hatching success or nestling survival. There was a significant increase in parental provisioning rate, but a decline in the size of prey taken to the nest over the course of the breeding season, which was likely the result of declining environmental quality. Our results support neither the MAH, nor the expectation that nestlings should grow at different rates in relation to in ovo titres of T.
Tolerance and reverse tolerance to toluene inhalation: effects on open-field behavior

Rats were exposed by inhalation to extremely high concentrations of toluene vapors twice daily for six weeks, as an animal model of organic solvent abuse. At preset intervals during repeated exposure, the rats were exposed to test concentrations of toluene and effects on behavior in an open field were measured. Concentration-effect curves were determined during Weeks 4 to 6 of repeated exposure. Tolerance to toluene was measured as a decreased response to the test exposure and a shift of the concentration-effect curve to the right. Reverse tolerance was measured as an increased response to the test exposure and a shift of the concentration-effect curve to the left. Results demonstrated that the effects of repeated exposure to toluene showed behavioral selectivity: tolerance developed to ataxia, hindlimb myoclonus, and inhibition of rearing, whereas reverse tolerance developed to headshakes and increased locomotor activity.
In memory of the news and of our selves: The art of Adrian Piper

(1991). In memory of the news and of our selves: The art of Adrian Piper. Third Text: Vol. 5, No. 16-17, pp. 39-64.
The destruction of Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocysts in vitro by amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata: an ultrastructural study.

Abstract Some of the ultrastructural features of the in vitro destruction of the mother sporocyst of Schistosoma mansoni by amoebae ( Nuclearia sp.) isolated from the pericardial sacs of Biomphalaria glabrata are described. The interaction involves (1) the attachment of the amoeba plasma membrane to the tegumental membrane of the sporocyst, (2) penetration of the tegument by a single cell process containing only a finely granular cytoplasm, (3) the lytic destruction of the sporocyst tissues, and (4) their removal by phagocytosis. Since the amoebae retain their lysosomal complement, the mechanisms of sporocyst penetration and lysis are unknown. Myelin figures and multivesiculate and residual bodies are frequently seen in amoebal secondary lysosomes. Cell organelles and body components of the sporocysts are phagocytosed by amoebae attached to their surfaces, located inside the body or elsewhere in the vicinity of the disintegrating sporocyst.
Language Learning and the Social Sciences

A personal narrative is presented that explores the author's experience of being required to learn two foreign languages as a political science major and of witnessing the decline of required language acquisition in the social sciences field.
Polymerization of terminal diynes by niobium(V) catalysts

Terminal diynes of formula HC≡CH(CH2)nC≡CH (n = 4,6,8), and 1,4-diethynylbenzene were polymerized by the cyclotrimerization catalyst NbCl5. The new materials were characterized by nmr spectrometry and molecular weight measurements, and possess very high thermal degradation properties.
ACTION OF RECEIVER AND ACTIVATOR MODULES OF UHPA IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF THE ESCHERICHIA COLI SUGAR PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Summary Induction of the sugar-phosphate transport system in Escherichia coli by external glucose-6-phosphate is regulated by the UhpABC regulatory proteins. UhpA protein is required for uhpT transcription and is related to response regulators of two-component regulatory systems. UhpA and its homologues appear to be composed of two modules: the receiver module which contains the putative site of phosphorylation, and the activation module whose predicted helix-turn-helix motif is related to that present in many transcription activators. The roles of the two modules were examined by analysis of the regulatory consequences of uhpA deletion mutations generated by in vitro manipulations and missense mutations selected for independence from the requirement for UhpB kinase activity. Deletion of even seven amino acids from the C-terminus resulted in complete loss of transcription activation at the uhpT promoter. Overexpression of all C-terminal truncations that left intact the receiver module (residues 1–120) exhibited strong dominant-negative interference with a chromosomal uhpA+ allele. The genetic requirements for interference indicated that the overexpressed receiver module competed with intact UhpA for phosphate residues carried on UhpB. The site of phosphorylation of UhpA is not necessary for uhp activation by over-expressed UhpA but is necessary for UhpA action at normal levels of UhpA or for interference by the truncated species.
Fluorescence studies of pyrenealdehyde adsorbed within zeolite supercages

Abstract The absorption and fluorescence of pyrenealdehyde have been utilized to probe the nature of sites in solid zeolites that adsorb aromatic molecules. In addition to substantial spectral shifts, excimer formation is found for pyrenealdehyde adsorbed on type Na+Y zeolites. A similar enhancement of excimer formation is noted for γ-cyclodextrins in aqueous solutions of pyrenealdehyde.
SUBMERGED CAGE CULTURE OF FISH IN SUPERSATURATED THERMAL EFFLUENT

A primary drawback for cage culture in heated effluent has been extensive mortalities due to gas bubble disease. This malady, endemic to power plant effluent, is caused by supersaturation of atmospheric gases in water. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of hydrostatic pressure as a possible remedy for gas bubble disease in the discharge canal of a Galveston Bay, Texas, steam-electric plant. Seven estuarine fishes, pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), black drum (Pogonias cromis), red drum (?Sciaenops ocellata), Atlantic spade-fish (Chaetodipterus faber), and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), were caged at the surface and bottom of the 3 m-deep discharge canal where total gas saturation frequently exceeded 120% during winter months. Survival in surface cages averaged 1% after 2 weeks, while survival in bottom cages averaged 81% after 12 weeks. No supplemental food was allotted, but an abundance of small organisms was continually sluiced down the discharge canal through the cages. Winter growth rates generally surpassed those of comparable species cultured elsewhere in the cooling water system at ambient temperature and fed a prepared ration. As discharge water temperature approached 35°C, growth rates declined. Other factors affecting growth were cage mesh size, species type, and size of individuals. All fish were maintained in the heated effluent until thermal death to determine the upper lethal temperature limits. These results indicate that submerged cage culture in power plant effluent might offer a significant savings to the culturist by increasing winter growth rates without the expense of feeding.
Defining Best Value for Construction Manager/General Contractor Projects: The CMGC Learning Curve

AbstractConstruction manager/general contractor (CMGC) project delivery is rapidly being implemented to deliver the full gamut of highway projects across the United States. One issue that must be resolved before a public transportation agency can advertise a CMGC contract is whether or not to include price in the selection scheme, and if so, how much weight the price component will carry versus all other evaluation criteria. This paper discusses the results of research into this topic based on an analysis of the experience of 26 public transportation agencies on 36 CMGC projects in 14 U.S. states. The paper finds that there is a learning curve that can be mapped as the change in price factor weight over time as an agency gains experience with CMGC, and details that finding via a case study of the Utah Department of Transportation’s CMGC program. The paper concludes that non–price factors, such as the CMGC contractor’s approach to the preconstruction phase, are more important than price factors and should ...
RELATING TESTS GIVEN TO DIFFERENT SAMPLES

Suppose a collection of standard tests is given to all subjects in a random sample, but a different new test is given to each group of subjects in nonoverlapping subsamples. A simple method is developed for displaying the information that the data set contains about the correlational structure of the new tests. This is possible to some extent, even though each subject takes only one new test. The method uses plausible values of the partial correlations among the new tests given the standard tests in order to generate plausible simple correlations among the new tests and plausible multiple correlations between composites of the new tests and the standard tests. The real data example included suggests that the method can be useful in practical problems.
Therapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma with an Oncolytic Adenovirus Expressing HSV-tk

Abstract Currently available therapeutic modalities for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), such as radical surgery, high-dose radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are of limited efficacy. Overall survival has not significantly improved over the past 30 years; thus, HNSCC represents a promising target for new therapeutic approaches, such as gene therapy. A major obstacle to the development of effective suicide gene therapy strategies that rely on in situ transduction of tumor cells is the poor distribution of the vector throughout the tumor. To address this problem we evaluated the use of Ad.OW34, an E1b 55 kD and HSV- tk -carrying, replication-competent adenoviral vector that has a wild-type adenovirus phenotype in replicating cells, in combination with ganciclovir (GCV) as a treatment for HNSCC xenografts in nude mice and compared its efficacy with that of a standard replication-deficient adenovirus expressing HSV- tk (Ad.TK). In this model, Ad.OW34 had a significantly greater antitumor effect than the traditional Ad.TK vector, administered alone or in combination with GCV. Interestingly, GCV did not further enhance the oncolytic efficacy of Ad.OW34. GCV also aborts viral replication and thus represents a fail-safe feature of this vector not found in wild-type adenovirus.
The Rotation of the Solar Atmosphere

A model of the solar atmosphere is presented in which we discuss the conservation of angular momentum for the two basic states in which the solar gas can be: namely, either confined by closed field lines or outflowing along open magnetic field lines. It can be shown that the boundary conditions are in general different for these two cases. From this we obtain the results that in the closed configuration the gas can corotate at the solar surface with the magnetic field lines and its angular velocity will then increase with height, whereas for a gas flowing along an open field line the angular velocity will decrease. An exception to the latter case can be found where the open magnetic field lines are strongly nonradial and where the density is a slowly varying function of radius. In such regions the angular velocity may initially increase with height, reach a maximum and then decrease.
Rural Nonfarm Employment and Income Diversification in Colombia

Abstract Using data for rural households from Colombia we find that off-farm employment contributes a significant share (45% on average) to household income but that the importance of off-farm income and returns to household labor vary over the income distribution. Analysis reveals significant gains from specialization but—for households able to specialize—no systematic differences in returns to labor between farm and nonfarm sources. We conclude that, in Colombia, there is no conflict between development of the farm and the nonfarm sector but that, to maximize gains from nonfarm development and reduce the scope for undesirable distributional consequences, policies enabling households to specialize might be called for.
Molecular sequences derived from Paleocene Fort Union Formation coals vs. associated produced waters: Implications for CBM regeneration

Coalbed methane regeneration is of increasing interest, and is gaining global attention with respect to enhancement of gas recovery. The objective of this study is to determine if there are differences in methanogen nucleic acid sequences associated with low rank coals from the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, in comparison with sequences that can be recovered from coal bed-associated produced waters. Based on results obtained to date, the sequences from the coals appear to be associated with putatively deep-rooted thermophilic autotrophic methanogens, whereas the sequences from the waters are associated with thermophilic autotrophic and heterotrophic methanogens. The recovered sequences associated with coal thus appear to be both phylogenetically and functionally distinct from those that are more closely associated with the produced water. To be able to relate such recovered sequences to organisms that might be present and possibly active in these environments, it is suggested that direct observation, followed by isolation and single cell-based physiological/molecular analyses, be used to characterize methanogenic consortia possibly associated with coals and/or produced waters. It is also important to characterize the microenvironment where these microbes might be found, in both ecological and geological contexts, to be able to develop effective, ecologically relevant coalbed methane regeneration processes.
Acidification of the Lower Mississippi River

Abstract Nonpoint-source pollutants are implicated in the global acidification of fresh waters. Our ability to differentiate the effects of point-source and nonpoint-source pollution on the acidification of large rivers is limited. Most studies of point-source discharges have been concerned with municipal programs for reducing biochemical oxygen demand, bacterial counts, and total phosphorus; few have addressed acidification of rivers. Because of the meager information on the role of nonpoint-source and industrial pollution in the acidification of large rivers, we examined long-term trends (and cyclic seasonal events) in pH, alkalinity, and selected ions in the lower Mississippi River basin from 1958 to 1986. Time-series analyses disclosed significant declines in pH and alkalinity and increases in strong acid anions in the lower 300 km (industrial corridor) of the lower Mississippi River. However, upstream from most industry on the Mississippi River and throughout the Atchafalaya River, where agricultural...
A Study of Student Interactions During Asynchronous Mathematical Problem Solving

This study was conducted to investigate the quality and nature of the students' interactions during asynchronous online problem solving in two sections of College Algebra taught by the author. In a shared-work section, students worked independently for an initial phase and had access to classmates' work during a follow-up phase. Students in the other section worked on the same assignments in designated small groups. The student work was used to develop a general coding scheme for asynchronous interaction and a refined coding scheme to determine whether a student used classmates' work, the level of individual contribution, and the relative correctness of the solutions. In both sections, the students tended to work independently, using classmates' work to compare answers or get assistance, but the small-groups section displayed a higher level of participation and interaction, including traditional forms of interaction such as asking questions and responding to group members.
Compressive properties of zone-directionally solidified β-NiAl and its off-eutectic alloys with chromium and tungsten

Abstract The ordered intermetallic compound β-NiAl and its pseudo-binary off-eutectic alloys with 1 at.% tungsten and 9.7 at.% chromium were directionally solidified (DS) in the ‘floating-zone’ mode, and tested for compressive strength and fracture behavior in the temperature range 300–800 K. The dual-phase structures created by the DS of ternary NiAl alloys led to improvements in both the compressive strength and the ductility. The room-temperature (300 K) 0.2% compressive yield strength (CYS) of DS NiAl(W) (623 MPa) is larger than the CYS of DS NiAl(Cr) (565 MPa) and DS NiAl (435 MPa). The CYS of the three alloys dropped with increasing test temperature, and at 800 K, the CYS values for the three materials were comparable (356, 315 and 344 MPa for NiAl, NiAl(W) and NiAl(Cr), respectively). All the DS alloys exhibited greater than near-zero ductility of polycrystalline β-NiAl at room-temperature, with the fracture strain being the largest for the DS NiAl(Cr) (16.6%), followed by DS NiAl(W) (9.8%) and DS NiAl (7.33%). The strength and ductility data and fractography of test specimens suggest that ductile-phase toughening and second-phase strengthening are responsible for the observed improvements in the ductility and strength of NiAl. Limited tensile tests on the DS NiAl and DS NiAl(Cr) indicate that the CYS is greater than the tensile yield strength.
Influence of Condition and Habitat use on Survival of Post-Fledging Songbirds

Abstract. Habitat quality of a bird's breeding grounds has been typically evaluated by investigating patterns in nesting success, whereas events that follow fledging have been largely ignored. One especially overlooked aspect of breeding-habitat quality is how habitat affects the survival of young birds after they leave the nest, a period when mortality is notoriously high. We studied survival of fledglings of two mature-forest species, the Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) and Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorum), to identify intrinsic (e.g., age, condition) and extrinsic (e.g., habitat structure) factors that influence survival. From 2004 to 2007, we radio-tagged 51 Ovenbird and 60 Worm-eating Warbler fledglings in southeast Ohio. We recorded the birds' locations daily and compared vegetation structure at the fledglings' and paired random locations. Using known-fate models in program MARK, we calculated post-fledging survival to be 65% for the Ovenbirds (51 days after fledging) and 67% for the Worm...
Magnetic resonance imaging and management of a pineal region dermoid

We report the case of a 19-year-old man harboring a pineal region dermoid, of which only eight other cases have been reported. A diagnosis was made with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which showed a marked high signal intensity on both T-1 and T-2 weighted images that is consistent with the lipid character of the lesion. Residual tumor could be seen on postoperative MR images. MRI is an accurate, noninvasive modality for the diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of these tumors.
Influence of Temperature of Measurement on Creep Phenomena in Glycinin Gels

Gels made from heated soybean glycinin were analyzed by creep measurements at various temperatures (10–90°C). The creep curves obtained upon compression were simulated by a five component model which included an elastic, a viscous, a plastic, and two viscoelastic components. The contribution of the plastic component to gel softness decreased with increasing temperature, while the contribution of the elastic component concurrently increased. The existence of the plastic components suggested that glycinin gels consist of a network of associated molecules and that compression irreversibly changed the packing arrangement of the glycinin particles. The decrease in contribution of the plastic components at high temperatures indicated that the network structure is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions.
Trapping and rotating microparticles and bacteria with moiré-based optical propelling beams

We propose and demonstrate trapping and rotation of microparticles and biological samples with a moire-based rotating optical tweezers. We show that polystyrene beads, as well as Escherichia coli cells, can be rotated with ease, while the speed and direction of rotation are fully controllable by a computer, obviating mechanical movement or phase-sensitive interference. Furthermore, we demonstrate experimentally the generation of white-light propelling beams and arrays, and discuss the possibility of optical tweezing and particle micro-manipulation based on incoherent white-light rotating patterns.
Performance of an ICU teleradiology system using computed radiography input

A Du Pont Linx computed radiography (CR) system and associated radiology image viewing station (RIVS) were evaluated with respect to CR image data transfer and image quality performance. Image transfers were compared with conventional film digitizers and CR film processing. Image quality was determined using limiting spatial resolution and low contrast detectability. Processing times differed for CR film output and softcopy display on the RIVS station, ranging between 2 and 10 minutes depending on whether single or batch processing was being used. In general, images from the CR were available on the RIVS display within 100 to 160 seconds compared with a minimum of 270 seconds for producing CR film images. Low contrast detectability performance for CR films was strongly influenced by choice of CR image processing algorithm. In general, there was very little difference between CR film and the corresponding images displayed on a RIVS. Digitization of film and subsequent review on a RIVS, however, generally showed a marked deterioration in low contrast detectability performance.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gender differences in parent–child bonding: implications for understanding the gender gap in delinquency

The consensus of contemporary research indicates that adolescents who have healthy relationships with their parents are less likely to be involved in delinquency. While a great deal of research points to the importance of the parent–child bond in reducing delinquent involvement, few studies have explored gender as a construct that might contribute to our understandings of how the parent–child bond affects adolescent delinquency. Because most research suggests that sons and daughters have different relationships with their parents, it is likely that there are gender differences in the parent–child bond. In addition, such gender variations in the parent–child bond may contribute to significant differences in delinquency. In the current project, I utilize a large sample of adolescents to explore the ways gender differences in the parent–child bond contribute to the gender gap in delinquency. This study extends on prior research by examining several constructs related to the parent–child bond including emotio...
Nonconvex rigid bodies with stacking

We consider the simulation of nonconvex rigid bodies focusing on interactions such as collision, contact, friction (kinetic, static, rolling and spinning) and stacking. We advocate representing the geometry with both a triangulated surface and a signed distance function defined on a grid, and this dual representation is shown to have many advantages. We propose a novel approach to time integration merging it with the collision and contact processing algorithms in a fashion that obviates the need for ad hoc threshold velocities. We show that this approach matches the theoretical solution for blocks sliding and stopping on inclined planes with friction. We also present a new shock propagation algorithm that allows for efficient use of the propagation (as opposed to the simultaneous) method for treating contact. These new techniques are demonstrated on a variety of problems ranging from simple test cases to stacking problems with as many as 1000 nonconvex rigid bodies with friction as shown in Figure 1.
Nutrient Management Strategies

Abstract Large dairies on relatively small land bases are rich in nutrients, which sometimes accumulate in excess of crop use. Twenty-six silage corn fields in the Willamette Valley, Oregon were sampled over a 2-yr period. Soils at approximately 40% of the sites contained NO 3 N in excess of crop need. Excess amounts of P and K were measured from the same fields. Unused plant nutrients can be potential pollutants or animal health risks. Nutrient accumulation on dairy farms can be reduced by eliminating or reducing commercial fertilizer and reducing the net accumulation of on-farm nutrients from purchased feed. Each dairy should produce as much of its feed as possible to reduce the importation of nutrients in feed and the cost of purchased feed. Dairy producers must match plant nutrient need and uptake with crop growth and distribute nutrients on land as needed. A program of monitoring nutrient need and sufficiency through analysis of manure, soil, and plant tissue allows nutrient distribution to be matched to crop need.
Cyber-physical security for smart cars: taxonomy of vulnerabilities, threats, and attacks

As the passenger vehicles evolve to be "smart", electronic components, including communication and intelligent software, are continuously introduced to new models and concept vehicles. The new paradigm introduces new features and benefits, but also brings new security concerns.Smart cars are considered cyber-physical systems (CPS) because of their integration of cyber- and physical-components. In recent years, various threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks have been discovered from different models of smart cars. In the worst-case scenario, external attackers may remotely obtain full control of the vehicle by exploiting an existing vulnerability. In this poster, we examine smart car security from a CPS' perspective, and derive a taxonomy of threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks. We demonstrate a systematic model of smart car security by distinguishing between cyber, cyber-physical, and physical (C-CP-P) components and their interactions. We present our reflections on how the systematic model and taxonomy could be utilized to help the development of effective control mechanisms.
Dynamic rank acquisition via rateless compute-and-forward

It is by now well-known that significant gains are possible in network communication if users exploit the multiaccess and broadcast aspects of the wireless medium through cooperation. Many cooperative schemes focus on how to exploit the statistical dependencies between transmitted and received signals. However, it has recently become clear that it is sometimes advantageous to exploit the algebraic structure of the signals through the use of structured codes. Here, we develop a rateless scheme for relays in a network to gather equations of transmitted messages to pass along to the destinations. Equations whose coefficients are closer to the fading coefficients can be decoded sooner by the relays.