cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are multisystemic disorders that are characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and ischemic manifestations, resulting from platelet agglutination in the arterial microvasculature. Until the introduction of plasma-based therapy, TTP was associated with a mortality rate greater than 90%. Current outcomes of TTP and HUS have improved dramatically with the use of plasma exchange, which should be initiated promptly at diagnosis. Recent evidence suggests that deficiency of a specific plasma protease responsible for the physiologic degradation of von Willebrand factor plays a pathogenic role in a substantial proportion of familial and acute idiopathic cases of TTP. Although multiple triggers, such as infection, drugs, cancer, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, and pregnancy, are recognized, knowledge of the pathogenesis of TTP and HUS in relationship to these disorders remains incompletely understood and continues to evolve. While uncommon, TTP and HUS are of considerable clinical importance because of their abrupt onset, fulminant clinical course, and high morbidity and mortality in the absence of early recognition and treatment.
Systems analysis and design

Dr. Ashenhurst set the tone of the session by saying that the panel would discuss systems analysis in the industrial management sense, "With a view toward coordinating educational programs with management needs".
Coherent Synchrotron Relaxation Oscillation in an Electron Storage Ring

Detailed observations of the slow fluctuation of the stored beam in the NBS 280 MeV electron storage ring (SURF II) reveal a relaxation-type oscillation, in which brief intervals of dipole mode bunch oscillation alternate with relatively long recovery intervals free of coherent oscillations. A simple phase modulation model of the dipole oscillation shows that an infinite number of modulation sidebands develop around each RF harmonic of the beam. These vary in amplitude as the oscillation grows, giving the appearance of turbulence. The model reveals a self-limiting feedback mechanism which limits the growth of the oscillation. Graphic data illustrating this behavior will be presented.
Characteristics of aspen infected with heartrot: Implications for cavity-nesting birds

Phellinus tremulae is an important fungal decay agent common to aspen and a critical component to the cavity-nesting bird complex found in western aspen stands. Little information exists on the conditions that facilitate infection and spread of P. tremulae in aspen forests. I used Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data to explore the relationships of several tree and stand characteristics to the presence and frequency of P. tremulae in aspen measured across several western states of the United States. Results suggest a strong relationship between tree age, tree diameter, and compacted crown ratio with infection frequency in trees while stand purity, canopy cover and stand age had a positive relationship with the occurrence of P. tremulae in forest stands containing aspen. Logistic regression modeling identified stand age as the only variable that increased the odds of predicting infection at the stand-level while all tree-level variables were included in the tree model. Data also show that infection rates in the study area were lower than in other parts of aspen's range, and that average size of infected trees was smaller in the study area than those reported elsewhere. These results have important implications to management of aspen for wildlife, especially for birds that use decayed aspen for nesting.
Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are among the most distressing adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy. They can lead to both physical and psychological complications if uncontrolled. The exact mechanism for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is not known; it is thought to occur through numerous neuronal pathways acting on different sites. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are broken down into 3 phases: acute, delayed, and anticipatory. The incidence of each phase depends largely on the chemotherapy agent used and is primarily treated with different antiemetic agents. Pharmacists can assist in optimizing antiemetic use by selecting appropriate antiemetics based on the emetogenicity of the cancer treatment and helping to individualize therapy to each patient’s specific needs.
Effect of temperature on the B- to C-type olivine fabric transition and implication for flow pattern in subduction zones

Abstract The effect of temperature on the B- to C-type fabric transition in olivine was investigated by large-strain shear deformation experiments. A new series of deformation experiments was conducted at 1273–1373 K, 2.0 GPa and strain-rates ranging from 3.8 × 10−4 to 3.2 × 10−5 s−1 under water-saturated conditions, and combined with previous results at 1473 K, the influence of temperature on deformation fabrics was investigated. Two types of olivine fabrics were identified, one in which the olivine [0 0 1] axis is subparallel to the shear direction and the (0 1 0) plane is parallel to the shear plane (B-type), and another one in which the [0 0 1] axis is parallel to the shear direction and the (1 0 0) plane is parallel to the shear plane (C-type). The B-type olivine fabric occurs at higher stress than the C-type, but the stress magnitude at which the B- to C-type fabric transition occurs decreases significantly with decreasing temperature. The temperature dependence of the transition stress is parameterized using a range of exponential flow law that is constrained by the experimental study. When the experimental results are extrapolated to lower temperatures, the fabric transition between B- and C-type is predicted to occur at ∼1 MPa and ∼1000 K. This prediction is consistent with the olivine fabrics in naturally deformed peridotites found in plate-convergent regions. The present study indicates that when some amounts of water (>200 ppm H/Si) are present, the B-type fabric will dominate in low temperature regions of the upper mantle whereas the C-type (or E-type) fabric will dominate at high temperatures. The complex seismic anisotropy in subduction zones can be explained by changes in the dominant type of olivine fabrics caused by spatial variations in physical and chemical variables, such as temperature and water content rather than by complexities in mantle wedge flow pattern.
Regime Shifts in Lake Ecosystems: Pattern and Variation

Regime Shifts in Lake Ecosystems: Pattern and Variation. By Stephen R. Carpenter. International Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany. 2003. 1,999 pages. 40 euros. Freshwater lakes have been f...
Infrared Nonlinear Optical Materials Based On Molecular Photoisomerization

Infrared Nonlinear Optical Materials based onMolecular PhotoisomerizationbyJames S. ShirkDepartment of ChemistryIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicago, I1. 60616andNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, D.C. 20375ABSTRACTA class of organic molecules which will photoisomerize when irradiated intoresonances in the 2.7 -3.4 micron region is described. These are single photonreactions which can have a high quantum efficiency and which can lead to opticalnonlinearities. The optical properties of host -guest materials containing suchphotoisomerizable compounds are discussed.1. INTRODUCTIONRecently it has been discovered that several classes of organic molecules willphotoisomerize when irradiated into resonances in the 2.5 -3.5 micronregion
Comparison of Si surface roughness measured by atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry

Measurements of Si surface roughness by atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry have been performed over a wide range of conditions. Advanced methods of data analysis have been applied to both techniques leading to a quantitative comparison of root‐mean‐square (rms) roughness to the ellipsometric paramter Δ. Differences in Δ are observed for surfaces with the same rms roughness, but different roughness spectral densities, as expected from theory.
Of Sport, Time and Money: An Economic Approach to Sport Participation:

Sport is a time consuming activity and... "time is money". In this socio-economic study on sport participation in Flanders (Belgium), the price of time is calculated by the wages earned by the sport participants. For each of the fifteen sports selected, representative quotas of sixty male participants were interviewed by questionnaire (n=900). The different sports show different time consumption rates and their practitioners have quite divergent income levels. Consequently, the price of time differs considerably from one sport to another. However, further analysis shows that time does not really affect the hierarchy of financial costs of sports. It is therefore doubtful that the price of time for certain sports has a major influence on the consumers' choice for a particular sport.
Pasteurization of Colostrum Reduces the Incidence of Paratuberculosis in Neonatal Dairy Calves

In the present study, the potential benefits of feeding pasteurized colostrum were demonstrated in calves born to dams naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Calves were separated at birth from their dams and randomly allocated into a group fed either the colostrum of their dam (DC; n = 6), followed by feeding the milk of the dam for 3 wk and then milk replacer, or into a group fed pooled pasteurized colostrum (PC; n = 5) from healthy noninfected dams, followed by milk replacer. At 6 wk of age, calves were weaned onto calf starter, housed together, and fed in a similar manner throughout the rest of the 12-mo study. Calves were necropsied at the end of the study, and 25 tissue sites were sampled from each animal and cultured for M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Sixteen of the 25 tissue sites were positive for calves across both treatment groups, with 14 of the 16 tissue sites positive for DC calves and 9 of the 16 tissue sites positive for PC calves. The degree of colonization within a tissue was low and variable for calves within treatment groups, and fecal shedding of M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis was minimal during the 12-mo study. As a measure of the early immune response to infection, blood obtained from calves was stimulated in vitro with M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis antigen preparations, and IFN-Upsilon secretion was measured. Antigen-specific IFN-Upsilon was consistently greater throughout the study in DC calves (0.95 +/- 0.19) compared with PC calves (0.43 +/- 0.10). Although long-term benefits are unknown, these results indicate that feeding a source of colostrum from paratuberculosis-free dams may decrease the initial exposure of neonates to M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis, perhaps decreasing dissemination of infection over time.
Sensor-Centric Data Reduction for Estimation With WSNs via Censoring and Quantization

Consider a wireless sensor network (WSN) with a fusion center (FC) deployed to estimate signal parameters from noisy sensor measurements. If the WSN has a large number of low-cost, battery-operated sensor nodes with limited transmission bandwidth, then conservation of transmission resources (power and bandwidth) is paramount. To this end, the present paper develops a novel data reduction method which requires no inter-sensor collaboration and results in only a subset of the sensor measurements transmitted to the FC. Using interval censoring as a data-reduction method, each sensor decides separately whether to censor its acquired measurements based on a rule that promotes censoring of measurements with least impact on the estimator mean-square error (MSE). Leveraging the statistical distribution of sensor data, the censoring mechanism and the received uncensored data, FC-based estimators are derived for both deterministic (via maximum likelihood estimation) and random parameters (via maximum a posteriori probability estimation) for a linear-Gaussian model. Quantization of the uncensored measurements at the sensor nodes offers an additional degree of freedom in the resource conservation versus estimator MSE reduction tradeoff. Cramer-Rao bound analysis for the different censor-estimators and censor-quantizer estimators is also provided to benchmark and facilitate MSE-based performance comparisons. Numerical simulations corroborate the analytical findings and demonstrate that the proposed censoring-estimation approach performs competitively with alternative methods, under different sensing conditions, while having lower computational complexity.
Arthroscopic Synovectomy in Hemophilic Arthropathy of the Knee

Five patients with chronic hemophilic arthropathy of the knee underwent arthroscopic synovectomies between June of 1980 and June of 1981. Four of the five patients have had no spontaneous bleeds and have had no recurrence of synovial hypertrophy. Two of these patients did have a trauma-induced bleed. One patient, who did not have a posteromedial synovectomy, had a persistent posteromedial synovial hypertrophy which was the site of recurrent bleeds, requiring a repeat synovectomy. All patients obtained their preoperative range-of-motion, and only two patients required manipulation. No complications occurred as a result of these arthroscopic synovectomies. From this preliminary report, arthroscopic synovectomy in the hemophilic knee proved to be a safe and effective procedure.
Restaurant Revenue Management

We develop two classes of optimization models to maximize revenue in a restaurant (while controlling average waiting time as well as perceived fairness) that may violate the first-come-first-serve (FCFS) rule. In the first class of models, we use integer programming, stochastic programming, and approximate dynamic programming methods to decide dynamically when, if at all, to seat an incoming party during the day of operation of a restaurant that does not accept reservations. In a computational study with simulated data, we show that optimization-based methods enhance revenue relative to the industry practice of FCFS by 0.11% to 2.22% for low-load factors, by 0.16% to 2.96% for medium-load factors, and by 7.65% to 13.13% for high-load factors, without increasing, and occasionally decreasing, waiting times compared to FCFS. The second class of models addresses reservations. We propose a two-step procedure: Use a stochastic gradient algorithm to decide a priori how many reservations to accept for a future time and then use approximate dynamic programming methods to decide dynamically when, if at all, to seat an incoming party during the day of operation. In a computational study involving real data from an Atlanta restaurant, the reservation model improves revenue relative to FCFS by 3.5% for low-load factors and 7.3% for high-load factors.
Scanning Behavior in the Medicinal Leech Hirudo verbana

While moving through their environment, medicinal leeches stop periodically and wave their head or body back and forth. This activity has been previously described as two separate behaviors: one called ‘head movement’ and another called ‘body waving’. Here, we report that these behaviors exist on a continuum, and provide a detailed description of what we now call ‘scanning’. Scanning-related behavior has been thought to be involved in orientation; its function has never before been assessed. While previous studies suggested an involvement of scanning in social behavior, or sucker placement, our behavioral studies indicate that scanning is involved in orienting the leech towards prey stimuli. When such stimuli are present, scanning behavior is used to re-orient the leech in the direction of a prey-like stimulus. Scanning, however, occurs whether or not prey is present, but in the presence of prey-like stimuli scanning becomes localized to the stimulus origin. Most likely, this behavior helps the leech to gain a more detailed picture of its prey target. The display of scanning, regardless of the presence or absence of prey stimuli, is suggestive of a behavior that is part of an internally driven motor program, which is not released by the presence of sensory stimuli. The data herein include first steps to understanding the neural mechanisms underlying this important behavior.
Crystals of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of parainfluenza virus contain triple-stranded helices.

Abstract When purified dimers of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase molecules released by protease digestion from three strains of human parainfluenza virus 1 were used in crystallization trials, long thin needle crystals formed. Electron microscopic analysis of these needle crystals revealed that they are composed of stacks of triple-stranded helices with each strand of the helix made up of subunits of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. To our knowledge, this is the first direct demonstration of the assembly of protein subunits into large triple-stranded helices. An understanding of the organization of these triple helices may shed light on the structural properties of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase molecules that cause them to form these helices.
Advancing Cybersecurity Education

The incoming department editor discusses trends over the past five years of the Education department and current and new topics she'd like to see going forward in an attempt to advance the art and practice of cybersecurity education.
Evaluation of parameters for nonlinear thermodynamic models

A method based on the maximum likelihood principle has been developed for the determination of model parameters from experimental data when all the measured variables are subject to error. In addition to the best estimates of the parameters, this method also yields information useful in selection of appropriate models and evaluation of the accuracy of the data. Application of the method is illustrated in the reduction of binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data.
Interference Effects in High-Energy Bremsstrahlung from Crystals

An attempt is made to understand the negative results of Panofsky and Saxena and the positive results of Frisch and Olson in terms of the theory of the interference effects in high-energy bremsstrahlung from crystals worked out by \"Uberall. Several of the theoretical approximations are examined in detail: the validity of the Born approximation, the calculation of temperature effects, the validity of the closure approximation for the crystal lattice, and the use of the Debye form for the lattice vibration spectrum. It is concluded that all of these are justified, except that a partial failure of the Born approximation may be responsible for the nonappearance of the central minimum in the Frisch-Olson experiment. Crystal imperfections and multiple and inelastic scattering of the primary electrons are also considered briefly, but are found to be unimportant. No explanation is found for the Panofsky-Saxena results. The interference should be enhanced by making the primary electron energy as large as possible and the ratio of photon to electron energy as small as possible. In the case of a diamond-type crystal the [110] direction for the electron beam is to be preferred to either the [100] or the [111] direction. Little advantage is to be gained from cooling the crystal.
Olefin oxidation by zeolite-encapsulated Mn(salen)+ complexes under ambient conditions

Zeolite-encapsulated manganese complex of the salen ligand [N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylidene-aminato)] was synthesized, and its catalytic activity toward various olefins was examined. Iodosylbenzene was chosen to be the terminal oxidant. Oxidation products, which included the epoxide, alcohol, and aldehyde, are formed from cyclohexene, styrene, and trans- and cis-stilbene. In comparison with catalysis by Mn(salen)+ complexes in solution, encapsulation lowers the rate of reaction considerably, but provides for selective oxidation based on olefin size and ability to penetrate the zeolite cages.
Gastroparesis: What is the Current State-of-the-Art for Evaluation and Medical Management? What are the Results?

Gastroparesis is a chronic motility disorder that leads to delayed gastric emptying and negatively impacts morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. This paper provides an overview of the pathophysiology leading to symptoms in gastroparesis, discusses tests for diagnosis, and examines the evidence behind different treatment options for gastroparesis. Although delayed gastric emptying is the cardinal finding in gastroparesis, other physiologic abnormalities may contribute to the pathogenesis of symptoms. Gastric emptying scintigraphy is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastroparesis but novel tests are currently available. Although metoclopramide is the only FDA approved medication to treat gastroparesis, alternative therapeutic options are available and should be tailored according to symptoms as well as physiologic abnormalities.
Bacteremia Associated With Toothbrushing and Dental Extraction

Background— Antibiotic prophylaxis recommendations for the prevention of infective endocarditis are based in part on studies of bacteremia from dental procedures, but toothbrushing may pose a greater threat. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence, duration, nature, and magnitude of endocarditis-related bacteremia from single-tooth extraction and toothbrushing and to determine the impact of amoxicillin prophylaxis on single-tooth extraction. Methods and Results— In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 290 subjects were randomized to (1) toothbrushing, (2) single-tooth extraction with amoxicillin prophylaxis, or (3) single-tooth extraction with identical placebo. Blood was drawn for bacterial culturing and identification at 6 time points before, during, and after these interventions. The focus of our analysis was on bacterial species reported to cause infective endocarditis. We identified 98 bacterial species, 32 of which are reported to cause endocarditis. Cumulative incidence of en...
Capillary electrophoretic determination of acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid in synthetic peptide samples

Abstract Synthetic peptide samples may contain counter-ions such as acetate or trifluoroacetate as a result of their method of preparation. Furthermore, because acetic acid (HOAc) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are frequently used reagents in peptide synthesis, these acids may be found in synthetic peptide samples as impurities. This paper describes a method validation to determine HOAc and TFA in synthetic peptide samples by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using an internal standard (I.S.) with indirect UV detection. Typical analytical parameters such as precision, linearity, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection and ruggedness were evaluated during the validation. In addition, the contents of HOAc and TFA in two synthetic opioid peptide samples, TIPP[ψ] and Orphanin FQ, were determined using the validated method. A unique feature of the method is that it offers determination of both acids in a single assay using a common I.S. The method is very efficient because of relatively short electrophoretic migration times (typically 2 to 8 min) for the acids investigated. This paper also discusses the factors that affect precision in a CE assay.
Effects of toluene exposure on the spontaneous cortical activity in rats.

Abstract Effects of toluene on the electroencephalogram (EEG) and its power spectra were measured during a 2-hr exposure in a dynamic inhalational chamber in rats. Rats were exposed to one of six graded concentrations (110.6, 162.5, 432, 676, 1558, 2730 ppm) of toluene on different days. It was found that the duration of waking (W) was increased with a decrease in duration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep even at 110.6 ppm. Duration of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was decreased with an increase of W and a decrease of REM sleep at 162.5 ppm. Dose-related effects were noted in higher concentrations. The power of δ frequency band was increased with a decrease of θ frequency band power at hr 1 of exposure to 676 ppm during REM sleep recorded from the visual cortex. The power of θ frequency band was also decreased at hr 2 of exposure at 432 ppm. During W and NREM sleep power spectra were not changed significantly. Results indicate that the changes of EEG are a sensitive measure of the effects of toluene on the central nervous system (CNS).
Quantum dots: An optical point of view

A quantum dot is usually charged by inserting electrons. But electrons can also be removed from a neutral dot. Unexpectedly, positively charged dots are different from highly charged negative ones, which have their own peculiarities.
Atypical rapid progression of osteoarticular amyloidosis involving the hip in a patient on hemodialysis using polyacrylonitrile membranes

Amyloidosis related to dialysis is a well-known complication affecting many organ systems, in particular the musculoskeletal system. In 1985 Shirahama et al. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 53:705-709, 1985) identified beta-2 microglobulin (MG) as the offending constituent by using protein purification techniques. Amyloidosis has been increasing in prevalence because of longer life spans and increased chronic medical conditions such as end-stage renal disease. When dialysis-related amyloidosis involves the musculoskeletal system, it affects the shoulder girdle, the so called shoulder pad sign, the wrist, hip, knee, and spine (Resnick, Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders, 4th edn., pp. 2054–2058 and 2176–2183, 2002). Other osteoarticular manifestations of amyloidosis include osteoporosis, lytic lesions, and pathologic fractures. It has been well documented that the prevalence of amyloid is dependent on duration of dialysis—over 90% in patients on dialysis for over 7 years (Jadoul, Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:61–64, 1998). However, a recent changeover to high-flux membranes used in hemofiltration has been reported to delay its onset (Campistol et al., Contrib Nephrol 125:76-85, 1999). We report on the radiographic, nuclear medicine, and computed tomography (CT) findings of osteoarticular amyloidosis involving the hip, and sequence its atypical rapid onset. The imaging, histopathological findings, and differential diagnosis are discussed.
Neutron-diffraction study and modeling of the lattice parameters of a NiAl-precipitate-strengthened Fe-based alloy

Abstract The lattice misfit between the body-centered cubic α -Fe matrix and the B2-ordered NiAl-type β ′ precipitates is a parameter of significant importance in controlling the creep resistance of precipitate-strengthened ferritic steels. However, the measurement of the lattice misfit is complicated due to the fact that the fundamental reflections of α and β ′ phases almost completely overlap. In this study, neutron diffraction is used to determine the lattice parameters of these two phases in a Fe–18.9 Al–9.8 Cr–13 Ni–1.8 Mo (atomic percent, at.%) alloy as a function of temperature. The accuracy of the measurement at room temperature is verified by high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The comparison between these two techniques is discussed in terms of the difference in superlattice intensity. Furthermore, using the phase compositions determined by atom probe tomography, models are proposed to predict the lattice parameters of both phases at room temperature as a function of their compositions. The results are in very good agreement with those obtained experimentally.
Computational analysis of the extracellular domain of the Ca2+-sensing receptor: An alternate model for the Ca2+ sensing region

The extracellular Ca2+ sensing receptor (CaSR) belongs to Class C G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which include receptors for amino acids, γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate neurotransmitters. CaSR has been described as having an extended sequence containing a Ca2+ binding pocket within an extracellular amino (N)-terminal domain, called a Venus Fly Trap (VFT) module. CaSR is thought to consist of three domains: 1) a Ca2+−sensory domain, 2) a region containing 7 transmembrane (TM) helices, and 3) a carboxy (C)-terminal tail. We find that SPOCTOPUS (a combination of hidden Markov models and artificial neural networks) predicts that Homo sapiens CaSR contains two additional TM helices (190D – G210; 262S–E282), with the second TM helix containing a pore-lining region (265K – I280). This predicts that the putative Ca2+ sensory domain is within an extracellular loop, N-terminal to the highly conserved heptahelical bundle. This loop contains both the cysteine-rich domain (537V – C598) and a 14 residue “linker” sequence (599I – F612) thought to support signal transmission to the heptahelical bundle. Thus domain 1 may contain a 189 residue N-terminal extracellular region followed successively by TM-1, a short intracellular loop, TM-2 and a 329 residue extracellular loop; rather than the proposed 620 residue VFT module based on crystallography of the N-terminal region of mGluR1. Since the topologies of the two proteins differ, the published CaSR VFT model is questionable. CaSR also contains multiple caveolin-binding motifs and cholesterol-binding (CRAC/CARC) domains, facilitating localization to plasma membrane lipid rafts. Ion sensing may involve combination of pore-lining regions from CaSR dimers and CaSR-bound caveolins to form ion channels capable of monitoring ionized Ca2+ levels.
Workfare, welfare, agency, and well-being

Workfare programs are state-instituted programs that require able-bodied persons with children of school age who wish to claim welfare payments to participate in job training programs, and, eventually, to enter the work force. The philosophy of workfare is based on the value of work and the goal of self-determination. However, as a mandatory program for welfare recipients, workfare requires of those recipients certain duties which, according to those who challenge workfare, interfere with the freedom to choose what one will do with one's life. Whether some form of workfare will be adopted as part of our national welfare system remains to be seen. What the debate about such a program suggests is that welfare, in itself, by ignoring the necessity of security and education for full human agency, neither satisfies basic needs nor prepares its recipients for any life other than that of dependency. With all its difficulties workfare nevertheless presents an alternative to welfare that, at least in theory, more closely identifies its purpose with the values of our society.
Physiologic disposition and uricosuric effect of a keto analog of oxyphenhutazone (G.29701)

The alteration in pharmacologic action attending the introduction of a keto group into the side chain of oxyphenbutazone to form keto-oxyphenbutazone (G-29701) include loss of antirheumatic and sodium retaining properties of the parent compound and appearance of uricosuric action correlated with the much greater acidity of the molecule (pKa 2.3). Comparison with sulfinpyrazone (Anturan) or zoxazolamine (Flexin) shows G-29701 to have a comparable unicosuric potency witb a significantly longer half life of 8 hours. Le alterationes in le action pharmacologic que resulta del introduction de un gruppo ceto intra le catena lateral de oxyphenbutozona, i.e. del formation de ceto-oxyphenbutazona (G-29701), include le perdita del proprietates antirheumatic e natrio-retenente del composito de base e le apparition de un action uricosuric que es correlationate con le multo plus grande aciditate del molecula (pKa 2, 3). Un comparation con sulfinpyrazona (Anturan) o con zoxazolamina (Flexin) demonstra que G-29701 ha un comparabile potentia uricosuric sed un significativemente plus longe periodo de medic valor (8 horas).
Theoretical analysis of non-steady-state, pulse introduction membrane extraction with a sorbent trap interface for gas chromatographic detection

Polymeric membranes have been used for extraction of organic compounds from an aqueous matrix, where the analysis is carried out on-line using a GC, a HPLC, or a mass spectrometer. High extraction selectivity and permeation rate can be achieved by choosing an appropriate membrane and optimum operating conditions. The sample can be introduced either continuously or as a pulse into the membrane. The former approach is based on steady-state permeation, while the latter is not. In this paper, pulse introduction membrane extraction is presented for on-line gas chromatography using a sorbent trap as an interface. A mathematical model that incorporates boundary layer effects has been developed, and the process parameters that affect sensitivity and lag time have been studied. It is observed that there is a trade-off between sensitivity and lag time; larger sample volume and lower flow rate enhance sensitivity but also increase lag time.
Sacrificed on the Altar of Public Safety: The Policing of Latino and African American Youth

Past research has grounded young people's experiences with the police in their neighborhoods and schools, yet lacking from the literature is how the interconnection between these two domains contributes to the hypercriminalization of Latino and African American youth. Forty interviews were conducted with nondelinquent Latino and African American youth who reside in disadvantaged and high-crime neighborhoods. Youths' reports suggest a tidal wave of violence throughout their neighborhoods and schools, coupled with heavy surveillance and policing. Policy implications are discussed in terms of the school to criminal justice pipeline prevalent in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Relaxation in ferret ventricular myocytes: unusual interplay among calcium transport systems.

Transport systems responsible for removing Ca2+ from the myoplasm during relaxation in isolated ferret ventricular myocytes were studied using caffeine-induced contractures. Internal calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured with the fluorescent calcium indicator indo-1, and the results were compared with our recent detailed characterizations in rabbit and rat myocytes. Relaxation and [Ca2+]i decline during a twitch in ferret myocytes were fast and similar to that in rat myocytes (i.e. half-time, t 1/2 approximately 100-160 ms). During a caffeine-induced contracture (SR Ca2+ accumulation prevented), relaxation was still relatively fast (t 1/2 = 0.57 s) and similar to relaxation in rabbit supported mainly by a strong Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange. When both the SR Ca2+ uptake and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange are blocked (by caffeine and 0 Na+, 0 Ca2+ solution) relaxation in the ferret myocyte is remarkably fast (approximately 5-fold) compared with rabbit and rat myocytes. The decline of the Cai2+ transient was also fast under these conditions. These values were similar to those in rat under conditions where relaxation is due primarily to Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange. Additional inhibition of either the sarcolemmal Ca(2+)-ATPase or mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake caused only modest slowing of the relaxation of caffeine-induced contracture in 0 Na+, 0 Ca2+ (t 1/2 increased to approximately 3 s). In rabbit myocytes the relaxation t 1/2 is slowed to 20-30 s by these procedures. Even when the systems responsible for slow relaxation in rabbit ventricular myocytes are inhibited (i.e. sarcolemmal Ca(2+)-ATPase and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake) along with the SR Ca(2+)-ATPase and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange, relaxation and [Ca2+]i decline in ferret myocytes remain rapid compared with rabbit myocytes. Ca2+ taken up by mitochondria in rabbit myocytes during a caffeine contracture in 0 Na+, 0 Ca2+ solution gradually returns to the SR after caffeine removal, but this component appears to be much smaller in ferret myocytes under the same conditions. We tested for possible residual Ca2+ transport by each of the four systems which suffice to explain Ca2+ removal from the cytoplasm in rabbit (SR Ca(2+)-ATPase, Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange, sarcolemmal Ca(2+)-ATPase and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake). We conclude that there is an additional calcium transport system at work in ferret myocytes. For this additional system, our results are most compatible with a trans-sarcolemmal Ca2+ transport, but neither a cation exchanger nor a Ca(2+)-ATPase with characteristics like that in other cardiac cells. This additional system appears able to transport Ca2+ nearly as fast as the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange in rat ventricular myocytes.
Simultaneous Determination of Human Plasma Immunoreactive β-Lipotropin, γ-Lipotropin, and β-Endorphin Using Immune-Affinity Chromatography*

Since plasma ACTH, β-lipotropin [β-LPH-(l–91)], γ-lipotropin (γ-LPH: [β-LPH-(l–58)]), and β-endorphin (β-EP: [β-LPH-(61–91)]) are all derived from a common precursor molecule, their quantification in the same plasma under basal and stimulatory conditions should help to elucidate factors involved in their secretion and regulation. A sequential immune affinity chromatographic procedure was used to separate immunoreactive β-LPH, γ-LPH, and β-EP on individual patient samples. Basal morning plasma concentrations [femtomoles per ml (to convert values to picograms per ml, femtomoles per ml values are multiplied by 10 for β-LPH, by 5.8 for jβLPH, by 4.5 for ACTH, and by 3.4 for β-EP; n = 19; mean ± SEM)] were: β- LPH, 6.1 ± 0.8; γ-LPH, 4.4 ± 0.5; and ACTH, 11.1 ± 1.3. β-EP was undetectable (<1.5 fmol ml-1) in 7 of the 19 basal samples. The mean ± SEM for the 12 remaining samples was 2.3 ± 0.2. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia and Pitressin administration were associated with nearly equivalent increments of immunoreac...
Mast Cell Survival and Activation by IgE in the Absence of Antigen: A Consideration of the Biologic Mechanisms and Relevance

Mast cells are not only major effector cells in allergy and host defense against parasites and bacteria but also important cellular components in other immune responses. Recent studies on the effects of monomeric IgE on mast cell survival and activation have made an impact on our view of the IgE binding to its high-affinity receptors, Fc epsilonRI. Traditionally, IgE binding to Fc epsilonRI has been considered as a passive action of "sensitization" before receptor aggregation by Ag. However, recent studies indicate that at high concentrations some monoclonal IgEs have effects on mast cells similar to or identical to those induced by IgE+Ag stimulation. These effects may be due to induction of Fc epsilonRI aggregation by these IgEs in the absence of Ag. This review will synthesize recent findings of the heterogeneity of IgEs in their ability to induce survival and activation events, their mechanisms, the potential in vivo significance of IgE-Fc epsilonRI interactions, and the implications of the mouse studies to human diseases.
Construction of self-complementary graphs

Given a graph H with 2p vertices, the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a self-complementary graph G of order 4p containing a pair of edge disjoint subgraphs H1 and H2 such that H ? H1 and H ? H2 is presented. An algorithm that generates all such self-complementary graphs is also presented.
Enhanced solid-state multispin metrology using dynamical decoupling

We use multipulse dynamical decoupling to increase the coherence lifetime (T2) of large numbers of nitrogenvacancy (NV) electronic spins in room temperature diamond, thus enabling scalable applications of multispin quantum information processing and metrology. We realize an order-of-magnitude extension of the NV multispin T2 in three diamond samples with widely differing spin impurity environments. In particular, for samples with nitrogen impurity concentration 1 ppm, we extend T2 to >2 ms, comparable to the longest coherence time reported for single NV centers, and demonstrate a tenfold enhancement in NV multispin sensing of ac magnetic fields.
An organic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) field-effect transistor fabricated by spin coating and reactive ion etching

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been fabricated by the simple and low-cost fabrication processes of spin coating and reactive ion etching (RIE) with poly(styrenesulfonate) doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as the p-type semiconductor, poly(4-vinylphenol) as the gate dielectric layer, and polypyrrole (PPy) as the electrodes of gate, source, and drain. The dielectric, semiconductor, gate, and source/drain layers are deposited by low-cost spin coating and patterned with the RIE technique using an aluminum thin film as the mask. The electrical characteristics of the device and the influence of PPy on the device performance have been investigated by comparing two types of OFETs with different gates, PPy as one gate and low-resistivity silicon as the other gate in an ambient atmosphere at room temperature. The OFET with PPy as the gate has a field-effect mobility of 0.58 /spl times/ 10/sup -4/ cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s with threshold voltage of -13.3 V and subthreshold slope of 6.77 V/decade.
Simple assumptions on age composition lead to erroneous conclusions on the nature of density dependence in age-structured populations.

Ecologists have debated the nature of density dependence in natural populations for decades, and efforts to detect density dependence from time series of abundance data have paralleled these debates. Yet due to the correlative nature of time series data, these undertakings have been statistically problematic. Most analyses of density dependence have focused on simple population models (i.e., non-overlapping generations), but in reality most vertebrates exhibit more complex life histories, and this complexity has been incorporated into population models in a variety of ways. Unfortunately, adding complexity to population models can further exacerbate efforts to detect density dependence. We examined the effect of adding age structure when inadequate data exist in support; to demonstrate this effect, we adopted Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) as our study organism. Most salmon populations are semelparous and have variable age at maturity. Salmon populations (and many other fish species populations) are typically modeled in terms of numbers of recruits arising from spawners in a given brood year. Recruits are enumerated as they return as adults to spawn, and proper assignment of recruits to brood year requires age information. Unfortunately, while adult counts are common, detailed age information is not. A common practice is to apply long-term averages of age composition to returning adults to "reconstruct" time series of recruits. Here, by conducting simulations and analyzing data from natural populations, we demonstrated that this practice leads to a biased portrayal of density dependence by overestimating recruits from small spawning classes and underestimating recruits from large spawning classes. Also, productivity was overestimated and variance was underestimated, which could lead to overly optimistic predictions of extinction risk or overharvesting.
Congress, Lawmaking, and the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1971–2000

Lawmaking studies and evaluations of competing accounts of policy change cannot easily assess the nature of policy change due to the difficulty of locating the status quo and proposals relative to the preferences of critical political actors. Focusing on activity involving the Fair Labor Standards Act, I investigate how the attempted and successful policy change between the 92nd Congress (1971–72) and the 106th Congress (1999–2000) compares to the predicted lawmaking activity according to dominant lawmaking models. Characterizing the incidence and magnitude of policy change over nearly 30 years reveals that policy change is rarer and smaller than current theories predict. Change occurs when the status quo is more extreme than the preferences of the pivot most supportive of the status quo according to supermajoritarian models, but there are many instances where similarly extreme status quos are left unchanged. Moreover, when change occurs, it exhibits a strong status quo bias and the outcome is often indistinguishable from the preferences of the pivot who most prefers the status quo.
Expanding the range of 'druggable' targets with natural product-based libraries: an academic perspective.

Existing drugs address a relatively narrow range of biological targets. As a result, libraries of drug-like molecules have proven ineffective against a variety of challenging targets, such as protein–protein interactions, nucleic acid complexes, and antibacterial modalities. In contrast, natural products are known to be effective at modulating such targets, and new libraries are being developed based on underrepresented scaffolds and regions of chemical space associated with natural products. This has led to several recent successes in identifying new chemical probes that address these challenging targets.
Re-dispatching generation to increase power system security margin and support low voltage bus

This article proposes a new method to increase a power system's security margin and/or support its low voltage bus by re-dispatching generator outputs, using a normal vector found at a voltage collapse boundary or a low voltage boundary (LVB). This method uses the normal vector as an indicator to change the generation direction so that more power can be transferred before reaching a boundary of a critical limit such as the voltage collapse boundary or LVB, etc. The method has been tested in the simulation on several systems and shows predicted results. It can be applied to many practical power systems to enhance the system's security, or to increase the system's transfer capability. It also provides technical guidance for an open access transmission in a deregulated environment, when bidding results are shown as generation patterns.
On Computational Approaches to Metaphor and Analogy

The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which concerns itself with designing and building machines — usually in the form of computer programs capable of exhibiting ‘intelligent’ behavior, has not been oblivious to the role of metaphor and analogy in creativity and problem solving, two of the major processes requiring intelligence. But its focus has not exactly been on similarity-creating metaphors and creative analogies. The term ‘metaphor’ in the AI literature is almost always used restrictively to refer to the instances of metaphor in language. In this narrower sense, metaphor has received rather scanty attention in AI. Moreover, the few attempts that have been made to model metaphors have all been comparison-theoretic in spirit. That is, they all assume that the basis of any metaphor is some underlying similarity between the source and the target, and then they either set out to compute the similarity, or take the similarity as explicitly given and set out to use this information to determine the meaning of a metaphorical phrase. Clearly, while such approaches address the mode of similarity-based metaphor, and to some extent suggestive metaphor, they leave similarity-creating metaphors completely out in the cold. Perhaps, this should not be surprising given the state-of-the-art of Natural Language Processing (NLP), which still remains in its infancy in spite of all the advances of the past thirty years. There are many key issues surrounding literal and conventional meanings that have not yet been fully and satisfactorily incorporated in any NLP system. Similarity-creating metaphors, having to do with novel and creative uses of words and phrases, have remained an unreachable and unrealistic goal. I present a brief overview of the NLP approaches to metaphor in Section 2.