cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Duty to Disobey Illegal Nuclear Strike Orders

This Article argues there is a legal duty to disobey illegal nuclear strike orders. Failure to carry out this duty may result in criminal and civil liability.Because nuclear weapons are quantitatively and qualitatively different from conventional weapons, typical legal calculations regulating their use under the laws of war or humanitarian law, as well as human rights law, change along with the change in weaponry. At least five “unique characteristics” of nuclear weapons ominously distinguish them from conventional weapons in ways that promise only to increase civilian death and suffering. First, quantitatively, the blast power, heat, and energy generated far outstrip that of conventional weapons, likely rendering nuclear weapons indiscriminate. Second, qualitatively, the radiation released is so powerful that it damages DNA and causes death and severe health defects throughout the entire lives of survivors as well as their children. Third, nuclear weapons make virtually impossible humanitarian assistance to survivors at the blast scene struggling to survive, leading to more suffering and death. Fourth, damage to the environment may produce not only devastating environmental harm itself but also widespread famine and starvation. Fifth, nuclear weapons cause long-lasting multi-generational psychological injury to survivors of the blast. All of these factors weigh heavily against the humanitarian goals of the law of war and human rights law, which are designed chiefly to prevent and reduce civilian death and suffering. These humanitarian and human rights rules require distinction between combatants and civilians, proportionality in attack, military necessity, prevention of unnecessary suffering and superfluous injury, and prevention of the arbitrary loss of life. This Article’s thesis largely boils down to: If conventional weapons can be used to achieve the same or similar military objectives as nuclear weapons in proximity to civilians, and nuclear weapons are ordered to be used instead, that order may be manifestly illegal, leading to war crimes for which actors can be liable if they obey the illegal order. This universal customary international law applies both to state and non-state actors alike.
Differences In Male Collegiate And Recreationally Trained Soccer Players On Balance, Agility, And Vertical Jump Performance

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the differences in collegiate and recreationally trained soccer players in sprint, vertical jump, and balance performance. Methods : Twenty-one soccer players, twelve Division II collegiate and nine recreationally trained volunteered to participate. Session one acted as a familiarization day, where the participants were familiarized with testing day protocols. During testing day, participants performed a dynamic warm-up, followed by balance measurements, three countermovement vertical jumps, and pro-agility shuttle test. Results : There were no significant (p>0.05) differences between groups in the all balance variables. Collegiate soccer players had a significantly (p 0.05) differences in groups in all other variables. Conclusion : These results indicate that collegiate, Division II, soccer players had greater vertical jumping and sprinting velocities when compared to recreationally trained soccer players. These results may have been impacted by the lack of resistance training background in either of the two groups. With the addition of more time on a collegiate resistance training program, it is very likely the Division II athletes will see a significant increase in all balance, sprint, and vertical jump performance measures compared to recreationally trained players who receive little to no specialized resistance training.
Designing Game “Belajar Hanacaraka” As A Javanese Script Learning Media

This paper discusses the design of games used as a medium of learning. The learning material is about Javanese script, which is taught from elementary to high school. Although it has been taught since elementary school, but not many students have mastered this material. The method of delivering the material used by the lecturers is usually by lecturing so that students become tired and bored, because they are forced to remember without understanding the basic concepts. The lack of an attractive and modern learning tool becomes another obstacle to the difficulty of studying the Javanese script. Games usually used as entertainment, now can be used for learning. Through the game, the learning process becomes more fun. Therefore it will be designed an educational game used for learning Javanese script. But to design the right educational game, research is needed. With the presence of this game is expected players can learn Javanese script material while playing.
CLOTS IN THE LUNGS, A BLOCK IN THE HEART

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common condition frequently seen by health care providers. Electrocardiogram (EKG) changes in PE include sinus tachycardia, right bundle branch block and occasionally a S1-Q3-T3 pattern. Complete heart block is a rare complication of a PE. We present a case of a
Development of quantitative screen for 1550 chemicals with GC-MS.

With hundreds of thousands of chemicals in the environment, effective monitoring requires high-throughput analytical techniques. This paper presents a quantitative screening method for 1550 chemicals based on statistical modeling of responses with identification and integration performed using deconvolution reporting software. The method was evaluated with representative environmental samples. We tested biological extracts, low-density polyethylene, and silicone passive sampling devices spiked with known concentrations of 196 representative chemicals. A multiple linear regression (R2 = 0.80) was developed with molecular weight, logP, polar surface area, and fractional ion abundance to predict chemical responses within a factor of 2.5. Linearity beyond the calibration had R2 > 0.97 for three orders of magnitude. Median limits of quantitation were estimated to be 201 pg/μL (1.9× standard deviation). The number of detected chemicals and the accuracy of quantitation were similar for environmental samples and standard solutions. To our knowledge, this is the most precise method for the largest number of semi-volatile organic chemicals lacking authentic standards. Accessible instrumentation and software make this method cost effective in quantifying a large, customizable list of chemicals. When paired with silicone wristband passive samplers, this quantitative screen will be very useful for epidemiology where binning of concentrations is common. Graphical abstract A multiple linear regression of chemical responses measured with GC-MS allowed quantitation of 1550 chemicals in samples such as silicone wristbands.
Synchronization in Multiple Processor Systems

The potential speedup provided by multiprocessors and distributed systems has motivated their widespread use in recent years. Several mechanisms exist to synchronize tasks that execute on different processors, but share data and resources. In a hard real-time context, however, these synchronization mechanisms need to have bounded blocking durations. Only then can the deadlines of tasks be guaranteed. Unfortunately, as illustrated in Chapter 2, a direct application of commonly used synchronization primitives like semaphores, monitors or message-passing mechanisms such as the Ada rendezvous can lead to uncontrolled priority inversion where a higher priority task is blocked by a lower priority task for an indefinite period of time. This chapter studies the class ofpriority inheritance protocolsfor synchronizing tasks executing in parallel on multiple processors. Thedistributed priority ceiling protocoland themultiprocessor priority ceiling protocolare priority inheritance protocols for use in distributed systems and shared memory multiprocessors respectively. Both protocols not only bound the duration of blocking but also prevent deadlocks. These properties allow us to derive a set of sufficient conditions under which a set of periodic tasks using one of these protocols will be schedulable.
A simple mucus test for cancer screening

Comparative and correlative studies of the pathology and pathogenesis of colon cancer in animal models and human disease have resulted in conceptualization of 'field effect" theory and identification of markers that are expressed early during carcinogenesis. This assimilated body of knowledge has resulted in development of a simple rectal mucus test for colon cancer screening. The marker galactose-N acetylgalactosamine (Gal-GalNAC) is expressed in the rectal mucus of patients with colonic cancer or precancerous lesions and is detected by enzymatic oxidation (10 minutes) followed by color reaction (1 minute). The high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, as well as the cost-effectiveness of this test makes it a great tool in our strategies for early detection, hence control of colon cancer. Because of its high accuracy (as opposed to the fecal occult blood tests), it would reduce the number of unnecessary colonoscopies, thereby decreasing the total national health-care cost to the society. Similar expression of this marker in cancers of breast, lungs, prostate, pancreas, makes it a potentially useful general cancer screening test.
A Feature Based Method for Rigid Registration of Anatomical Surfaces

The problem is: given two three-dimensional (3D) triangulated surfaces A, B find the best rigid transformation that brings surface A as close as possible to surface B. The most commonly used method in the literature is iterative closest point (ICP). ICP uses either the whole surface description or feature points on the surfaces. The drawback of ICP is that it requires a good initial estimation to achieve convergence. This paper proposes a variation of ICP, randomized iterative closest curve (RICC). The input of RICC is feature curves of the input surfaces. The input surfaces, in our examples, are 3D triangulated brain structures. The feature curves are mathematically based shape features, crest lines that have anatomical significance on brain structures. The advantage of RICC versus ICP is that it does not need an initial estimation to converge to a global minimum. Also, RICC exploits the structurally meaningful feature lines instead of using just the points that are structurally meaningless. Randomization is used to boost its performance in hard cases. Experimental results show that RICC achieves fast convergence in all cases, regardless of input surfaces’ pose.
A simple and inexpensive quantitative technique for determining chemical sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chemical sensitivity, growth inhibition in response to a chemical, is a powerful phenotype that can reveal insight into diverse cellular processes. Chemical sensitivity assays are used in nearly every model system, however the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides a particularly powerful platform for discovery and mechanistic insight from chemical sensitivity assays. Here we describe a simple and inexpensive approach to determine chemical sensitivity quantitatively in yeast in the form of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) using common laboratory equipment. We demonstrate the utility of this method using chemicals commonly used to monitor changes in membrane traffic. When compared to traditional agar-based plating methods, this method is more sensitive and can detect defects not apparent using other protocols. Additionally, this method reduces the experimental protocol from five days to 18 hours for the toxic amino acid canavanine. Furthermore, this method provides reliable results using lower amounts of chemicals. Finally, this method is easily adapted to additional chemicals as demonstrated with an engineered system that activates the spindle assembly checkpoint in response to rapamycin with differing efficiencies. This approach provides researchers with a cost-effective method to perform chemical genetic profiling without specialized equipment.
Carrier-envelope phase sensitive inversion driven by few-cycle pulse pairs

The response of a two-level system to a few-cycle pulse pair has been investigated with a special focus on the relation between population inversion and the carrier-envelope phases (CEPs) of the two pulses. The goal is to explore possible schemes of coherent control based on sequential ultrafast pulses. Simulation results indicate a close CEP-inversion relation, which stems from the coherent nature of the interaction. The impact of the pulse amplitudes is evaluated and is shown to create weak-field and strong-field interaction regions with drastically different characteristics. The important role of carrier-wave Rabi flopping in defining these characteristics is also analyzed. Finally, advantages of the method and experimental realization are discussed.
Marijuana Use among Young Adults: Who Quits and Why?

Objective In this study, we examined: (1) differences among never, current, and former young adult marijuana users; and (2) reasons for use and cessation. Methods We conducted interviews with 57 young adults (including 46 marijuana users) enrolled in a longitudinal study of 3418 young adults and a survey in this cohort (N = 2866). Participants reporting former but not current use on the survey (N = 607) completed the Reasons for Marijuana Cessation section. Results Interview data indicated reasons for initiating (or not initiating) use, continued use, and quitting. The Reasons for Marijuana Cessation scale included 2 factors: (1) Instrumentality and 2) Social/Legal reasons. Conclusions These findings might inform theoretical frameworks upon which marijuana cessation occurs and direct future intervention studies.
Effects of past language experience and present language context on the shape bias in Spanish‐English bilingual children

English-monolingual children develop a shape bias early in language acquisition, such that they more often generalize a novel label based on shape than other features. Spanish-monolingual children, however, do not show this bias to the same extent (Hahn & Cantrell, 2012). Studying children who are simultaneously learning both Spanish and English presents a unique opportunity to further investigate how this word-learning bias develops. Thus, we asked how Spanish-English bilingual children (Mage = 21.31 months) perform in a novel-noun generalization (NNG) task, specifically examining how past language experience (i.e. language exposure and vocabulary size) and present language context (i.e. whether the NNG task was conducted in Spanish or English) influence the strength of the shape bias. Participants completed the NNG task either entirely in English (N = 16) or entirely in Spanish (N = 16), as well as language understanding tasks in both English and Spanish to ensure that they understood what the experimenter was asking them to do. Parents completed a language exposure survey and vocabulary checklists in Spanish and English. There was a significant interaction between condition and choice type: Bilingual children in the English condition showed a shape bias in the NNG task, but bilingual children in the Spanish condition showed no reliable biases. No measures of past language experience were related to NNG task performance. These results suggest that when learning new words, bilingual children are attuned to the regularities of the present language context, and prior language experiences may play a more secondary role.
Conclusion: The Five Rules of Trump

Spitzer offers five rules the he argues explain Donald Trump’s decisions and actions as president. The rules, derived from Trump’s business career, are explicated by applying them to Trump’s handling of the issue of gun policy. They also provide a framework for examining the findings of the other chapters in the book, including addressing presidential lying, threats to the Constitutional Order, unilateral powers, and court actions. Finally, the case of Trump is examined for the numerous avenues of future presidency research suggested by this unprecedented presidency.
High Performance ${\beta}$ -Ga 2 O 3 Nano-Membrane Field Effect Transistors on a High Thermal Conductivity Diamond Substrate

To suppress severe self-heating under high power density, we herein demonstrate top-gate nano-membrane ${\beta }$ -gallium oxide ( ${\beta }$ -Ga2O3) field effect transistors on a high thermal conductivity diamond substrate. The devices exhibit enhanced performance, with a record high maximum drain current of 980 mA/mm for top-gate ${\beta }$ -Ga2O3 field effect transistors and 60% less temperature increase from reduced self-heating, compared to the device on a sapphire substrate operating under identical power density. With improved heat dissipation, ${\beta }$ -Ga2O3 field effect transistors on a diamond substrate are validated using an ultrafast high-resolution thermoreflectance imaging technique, Raman thermography, and thermal simulations.
Avoid Missing the Effect

Given the amount of time, money and effort that is spent on developing new algorithms and information systems, surprisingly little time is used to teach how to conduct a valuable evaluation. When evaluation is discussed, the focus is often on avoiding Type I errors, where a nonexistent effect is incorrectly accepted as existing. In contrast, this chapter focuses on Type II errors, where an existing effect is missed.
Association of mechanism of injury with overtriage of injured youth patients as trauma alerts.

Background Trauma alert criteria include physiologic and anatomic criteria, although field triage based on injury mechanism is common. This analysis evaluates injury mechanisms associated with pediatric trauma alert overtriage and estimates the effect of overtriage on patient care costs. Methods Florida’s Agency for Health Care Administration inpatient and financial data for 2012–2014 were used. The study population included mildly and moderately injured patients aged 5–15 years brought to a trauma center and had an International Classification of Diseases-based Injury Severity Score survival probability ≥0.90, a recorded mechanism of injury, no surgery, a hospital stay less than 24 hours, and discharged to home. Overtriaged patients were those who had a trauma alert. Logistic regression was used to analyze the odds of overtriage relative to mechanism of injury and multivariable linear regression was used to analyze cost of overtriage. Results Twenty percent of patients were overtriaged; yet these patients accounted for 37.2% of total costs. The mechanisms of injury related to firearms (OR 11.99) and motor vehicle traffic (2.25) were positively associated with overtriage as a trauma alert. Inpatient costs were 131.8% higher for overtriaged patients. Discussion Firearm injuries and motor vehicle injuries can be associated with severe injuries. However, in this sample, a proportion of patients with this mechanism suffered minimal injuries. It is possible that further identifying relevant anatomic and physiologic criteria in youth may help decrease overtriage without compromising outcomes. Level of evidence Economic, level IV.
Brand Name or Equal: Without "Equal," It's Not Competitive

One of the more common rules in federal government procurement is that the Government may describe its needs to the private sector by specifying a “brand name” product, as long as the Government adds the words “or equal” to the brand name and articulates the product’s salient physical, functional, or performance characteristics that are essential to the Government’s needs. This broadens the potential for competition and helps reduce the government's reliance on unduly restrictive specifications. Two recent examples - one the subject of a GAO bid protest decision, the other a recently posted commercial-item procurement - suggest that, while some basic, longstanding, foundational issues in federal procurement remain largely unchanged, that doesn't mean they are not ignored.
Integration of Multiple Resolution Data in 3D Chromatin Reconstruction Using ChromStruct.

The three-dimensional structure of chromatin in the cellular nucleus carries important information that is connected to physiological and pathological correlates and dysfunctional cell behaviour. As direct observation is not feasible at present, on one side, several experimental techniques have been developed to provide information on the spatial organization of the DNA in the cell; on the other side, several computational methods have been developed to elaborate experimental data and infer 3D chromatin conformations. The most relevant experimental methods are Chromosome Conformation Capture and its derivatives, chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing techniques (CHIP-seq), RNA-seq, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and other genetic and biochemical techniques. All of them provide important and complementary information that relate to the three-dimensional organization of chromatin. However, these techniques employ very different experimental protocols and provide information that is not easily integrated, due to different contexts and different resolutions. Here, we present an open-source tool, which is an expansion of the previously reported code ChromStruct, for inferring the 3D structure of chromatin that, by exploiting a multilevel approach, allows an easy integration of information derived from different experimental protocols and referred to different resolution levels of the structure, from a few kilobases up to Megabases. Our results show that the introduction of chromatin modelling features related to CTCF CHIA-PET data, histone modification CHIP-seq, and RNA-seq data produce appreciable improvements in ChromStruct’s 3D reconstructions, compared to the use of HI-C data alone, at a local level and at a very high resolution.
COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health.

Background: Since the dawn of cities, the built environment has both affected infectious disease transmission and evolved in response to infectious diseases. COVID-19 illustrates both dynamics. The...
Transiting Through the Antiquities Market

The antiquities market repeatedly raises concerns about money laundering, forgeries, and illicit trafficking. Auction houses’ and dealers’ roles in these activities are heavily studied, but there has been little research looking at connections between these market participants. We show the potential for social network analysis illuminate new aspects of the art market. In this case study, we track 30,000 individual items based on catalogued provenance information indicating their prior transit through various auction houses and dealers. The network inferred from these data allows us to address basic questions about the structure of the antiquities market, such as the rate of transit for items in the market, the pathways taken by items between auction houses, and the relationship between sale outcomes and re-appearance at auction. There are two types of objects that reappear at auction: those that failed to sell and are re-auctioned very quickly, and those that are held by a collector for about a decade before returning to auction. We also show that private dealers play a relatively important role in “vetting” certain objects, lending them legitimacy. Finally, we discuss additional uses of social network analysis and possible data sources for future art market researchers.
Efficacy of aliskiren, compared with angiotensin II blockade, in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice: should the combination therapy be a focus?

Although the intensive use of angiotensin II blockade (ACEI or ARB), progression of diabetic nephropathy is common. A feedback increase in renin production often accompanies angiotensin II blockade. We therefore examined whether aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, confers better renoprotection than angiotensin II blockade and whether the addition of aliskiren to an ACEI or ARB would enhance the efficacy in slowing the progression of glomerulosclerosis in diabetes. Untreated db/db mice developed progressive mesangial matrix expansion and albuminuria between weeks 18 and 22, associated with reduction of WT-1 immunopositive podocytes and nephrin and podocin production and induction of desmin and B7-1 generation and renal expression of TGFs1, PAI-1, fibronectin and type IV collagen. Treatment with aliskiren at 30 mg/kg/d inhibited the increases in albuminuria and markers of renal fibrosis and the changes that are indicative of podocyte injury seen in the db/db mice. Notably, the therapeutic effect of aliskiren was similar to that of either enalapril or valsartan given alone at maximally effective doses. Combined therapy caused the loss of 10% ~ 16.6% of db/db mice, yielded no further reduction in renal fibrosis and podocyte injury but further reduced albuminuria and renal production of TNFα, Nox2 and p47phox and urine MCP-1 and malondialdehyde levels, the markers of renal inflammation and oxidative stress. These results suggest that aliskiren, enalapril and valsartan are equally effective in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The use of combination therapy with aliskiren and ACEI/ARB may not be strongly supported.
Molding: Short‐Fiber Composites, Flow Processing

A short-fiber composite consists of a polymer matrix reinforced by fibers of much smaller length compared to the overall dimensions of the fabricated structure. These reinforced polymers were developed to fill the mechanical property gap between the continuous-fiber laminates used as primary structures by the aircraft and aerospace industry and the neat polymers used in non-load-bearing applications. In particular, short-fiber composites are handled as bulk suspensions and can be easily formed into complex-shaped structures by processes such as transfer, compression, and injection molding. The molding processes for all short-fiber systems involve a modest amount of flow through channels or mold cavities of different geometries. The complex microstructure and morphology that are produced depend on many parameters, such as the range of fiber lengths and diameters, fibers interaction with the mold walls and with each other during flow, heat transfer in the mold, and mold geometry. As the microstructure produced is related to the flow-processing route of the fiber-filled suspensions and the geometry of the mold, by exercising control over the flow processing, one can tailor the microstructure of the composite to the required application. So, in this article, a discussion on the rheology of fiber suspension, fiber orientation modeling, and fiber degradation during molding process is presented. Keywords: short-fiber composites; continuous-fiber composites; molding; flow processing; reinforced polymers
Handbook of Rural Studies

The Handbook of Rural Studies sets an ambitious agenda as a cross-disciplinary, international compendium of the more theoretically driven strains of recent intellectual thought dealing with the rur...
Structure-Activity Relationships of the Peptide Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonist Zyklophin

The dynorphin (Dyn) A analogue zyklophin ([N-benzyl-Tyr(1)-cyclo(d-Asp(5),Dap(8))]dynorphin A(1-11)NH2) is a kappa opioid receptor (KOR)-selective antagonist in vitro, is active in vivo, and antagonizes KOR in the CNS after systemic administration. Hence, we synthesized zyklophin analogues to explore the structure-activity relationships of this peptide. The synthesis of selected analogues required modification to introduce the N-terminal amino acid due to poor solubility and/or to avoid epimerization of this residue. Among the N-terminal modifications, the N-phenethyl and N-cyclopropylmethyl substitutions resulted in analogues with the highest KOR affinities. Pharmacological results for the alanine-substituted analogues indicated that Phe(4) and Arg(6), but interestingly not the Tyr(1) phenol, are important for zyklophin's KOR affinity and that Arg(7) was important for KOR antagonist activity. In the GTPγS assay, while all of the cyclic analogues exhibited negligible KOR efficacy, the N-cyclopropylmethyl-Tyr(1) and N-benzyl-Phe(1) analogues were 28- and 11-fold more potent KOR antagonists, respectively, than zyklophin.
Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) position statement: SBM supports increased efforts to integrate community health workers into the patient-centered medical home.

Integrating community health workers (CHWs) into health care systems has been associated with enhanced patient experience, improved population health, and reduced costs and unnecessary utilization of resources. Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), care provided by CHWs is eligible for reimbursement. However, optimal integration of CHWs into health care requires purposeful implementation. This health policy brief is focused on the benefits of integrating CHWs specifically into the patient-centered medical home (PCMH). CHWs in the PCMH can serve as primary providers of culturally relevant information and advocacy, assist providers in understanding the influence of patients’ environment on disease management, and enhance motivation for self-care management among patients with chronic diseases. Despite the important role of CHWs, there are some barriers to integration into existing systems of care. The Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) recommends overcoming these barriers by establishing standards that ensure a skilled CHW workforce, clearly defining roles for CHWs, and expanding the scope of reimbursable prevention and primary care services to include those provided by CHWs.
Reye Study Criticized

In Reply.— I appreciate Dr Hall9s thoughtful and thorough critique of our article. I will address each of her points to show that our conclusions are just as logical and based on as much scientific data as her alternate interpretations. First, Reye syndrome should be the same disease in Australia (and anywhere else in the world) as it is in the United States. As Hall points out, our series1 is remarkably similar not only to the original series of Reye et al2 but also to her own series in Great Britain,3 studies from Asia,4 a study from Ireland,5 a recent study from Spain,6 a report from France,7 and a recent study from West Germany.8
Adaptive Control of Undetected Radio Frequency Interference With a Spaceborne Microwave Radiometer

In microwave radiometric remote sensing, undetected radio frequency interference (RFI) can adversely affect the accuracy of the science products. A method is presented to adaptively tune the parameters of an RFI detection algorithm which controls the equivalent brightness temperature of undetected RFI. The method is adaptive in the sense that it adjusts to variations in the RFI environment, e.g., from high RFI conditions near some population centers to low RFI conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The RFI environment is characterized by inferring the distribution of low-level undetected RFI from that of high-level detected RFI using appropriate scaling arguments. The resulting tuned algorithm adjusts its detection threshold to equalize the brightness temperature calibration bias due to RFI at the expense of the now variable measurement precision (noise equivalent delta temperature). This tradeoff between calibration bias and measurement precision can be represented as a modified version of the classic receiver-operating-characteristic curve. The radiometer on the Aquarius/SAC-D mission is used as an example.
Granitic Rocks of the Mt. Barcroft Quadrangle, Inyo Batholith, California-Nevada

Granitic rocks underlie 120 square miles of the Mt. Barcroft quadrangle portion of the Inyo batholith, California-Nevada. The Barcroft and Cabin Granodiorite plutons make up 18 per cent of this granitic area; the Cottonwood Porphyritic Adamellite pluton, 28 per cent; the McAfee Ad-amellite pluton, which is texturally divisible into a fine-grained, a medium-grained, and a porphyritic facies, 51 per cent; and the isolated Leidy and Sage Hen Adamellite plutons, 3 per cent. These units, sampled on a 1-mile grid and by traverses across contacts, are in sharp intrusive contact with each other and with the sedimentary rocks. The plutons were intruded in a mafic-to-felsic sequence into low-grade metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. The Pellisier Granite, which became a classic example of granitization after G. H. Anderson9s 1937 article on the northern Inyo Range, consists of several separate units in this area. These units include some that are metamorphic but not granitic (schists and gneisses) and the two distinctive plutons of granodiorite. The “pseudo-sedimentary structure in granite” described by Anderson (1937, p. 10) is not related to any sedimentary structure but is the result of banding due to repeated uplift on a recent fault. The granodiorite portions of the Pellisier Granite are separated from the sedimentary rocks by a sheared zone and a narrow aureole of contact metamorphism rather than by broad transitional zones as described by Anderson. Plagioclase compositions are homogeneous within plutons and range from an average of An 35 in the granodiorites to An 23 in the major adamellite. Variations in modal compositions and normative compositions calculated from modes are directly related to the experimentally located thermal valley which controls the compositions of liquids in the system SiO 2 –NaAlSi 3 O 8 –KAlSi 3 O 8 . Only limited areas of migmaties and gneisses occur, and these are regarded as by-products of magmatic intrusion. It is apparent that this classic area of “extensive” granitization can no longer be cited as evidence of the metamorphic origin of granite.
Needs assessment of runaway females in Iran from an occupational therapy perspective.

The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess, from an occupational therapy perspective, the occupational performance needs of runaway females between 15 and 33 years old, residing in the state-run shelters in Mashhad, Iran. The inclusion criteria were: (1) participants who were 15 years old or above; (2) participants who resided in one of the state-run shelters in Mashhad; and (3) participants who could read, comprehend and write in Farsi. A written survey was completed by 44 runaway females (response rate: 36.6%). The findings revealed the occupational needs of this population to be as follows: vocational needs to find a meaningful job, emotional needs to manage depression and hopelessness, social participation needs to manage family and peer/friend relationships and peer interactions with the opposite sex to find an appropriate mate and educational needs to continue their education. Participants were from one area of Iran, so the results of the study cannot be generalized to runaway females residing in shelters in other areas of the country. Future research could include a qualitative design to explore more in-depth needs of this population. Also, a larger population of runaway females nationwide should be included in a study to increase generalizability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic imaging of the pediatric airway

Imaging of the pediatric airway is complex and may be crucial, especially when obstruction is suspected. The anatomic differences in the pediatric airway make this population prone to airway obstruction when compared to adults. The correct choice of imaging modality as well as appropriate positioning are keys to providing maximal anatomic detail and rapid information about the patient’s airway. This article discusses the principle of imaging of the pediatric airway and presents the imaging of common congenital, inflammatory/infectious, and acquired entities found in the pediatric population.
A review of accelerated conditioning for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Abstract A newly fabricated polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell usually needs a so-called break-in/conditioning/incubation period to activate it and reach its best performance. Typically, during this activation period the cell performance increases gradually, and then reaches a plateau without further increase. Depending on the membrane electrode assemblies, this process can take hours and even days to complete, which consumes a considerable amount of hydrogen fuel, leading to a higher operating cost. To provide for accelerated conditioning techniques that can complete the process in a short time period, this paper reviews established conditioning protocols and reported methods to condition PEM single cells and stacks, in an attempt to summarize available information on PEM fuel cell conditioning and the underlying mechanisms. Various techniques are arranged into two categories: on-line conditioning and off-line conditioning. For each technique, the experimental procedure and outcomes are outlined. Finally, weaknesses of the currently used conditioning techniques are indicated and further research efforts are proposed.
Pipeline Politics: America, TAPLINE, and the Arabs

The Arabian American Oil Company's plan to build a pipe-line from eastern Saudi Arabia to the Mediterranean seemed to many an ideal project for business-government cooperation. A sound business project for the company would give American policymakers more and cheaper oil to aid plans to rebuild Western Europe, as well as a significant presence in the Middle East. Events in that tumultuous region, however, soon embroiled both the company and the U.S. government in a more complex relationship than had been envisioned.
Resource extraction, international trade and production with the resource

Abstract The paper analyses the optimal growth of a small economy that extracts an exhaustible resource both for domestic production and export purposes. It is shown that when the exogenously given resource price is constant, extraction for export will stop in finite time whereas extraction for domestic production will continue. Yet, if the resource price increases exponentially, extraction will continue to support both sectors.
Rodent models for carcinoma of the colon.

Rodent models for colon cancer have contributed information on many aspects of the disease that may be applicable to prevention and treatment. Data of major importance on factors that retard or enhance tumorigenesis are now within reach. There are several basic research needs in the further development of animal models. Major questions, such as the controversies over the role of dietary fat and fiber, will be resolved only if investigators use comparable, consistent regimens and protocols, report full results, and use comparable endpoint and statistical analyses. If the deceptively simple controversies in the animal models can be resolved, we shall have powerful tools for further investigation of carcinogenesis in the intestine.
Lymphokine-activated killer cells derived from murine bone marrow: age-associated difference in precursor cell populations demonstrated by response to interferon.

We have previously demonstrated that the majority of precursor cells of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in spleens from both young and old mice reside in the natural killer (NK) cell or pre-NK cell populations. In the present study, we examined the induction of LAK cell activity in bone marrow cells from young and old mice and its modulation by interferon (IFN). Bone marrow cells from either young (6–9 weeks) or old (20–26 months) mice were cultured with 1000 U/ml of human recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) for 5 days. The cells were harvested and tested for their cytotoxicity against NK-resistant fresh tumor cells (MCA-102) in a 51Cr release assay. As with spleen cells, bone marrow cells from old and young mice developed comparable levels of activity. Phenotypic analysis showed that virtually all of the LAK precursor cells were asialo GM1+ and most of the effector cells expressed Thy-1, regardless of the age of the mice. Inclusion of IFN-γ during the culture with rIL-2 augmented the activity induced in bone marrow of young mice, but, in contrast, inhibited the generation of LAK activity from bone marrow cells of old mice. These results demonstrate a differential sensitivity of LAK precursor (or pre-NK) cells of old and young mice to interferon.
Efficient syntheses of a variety of labeled compounds from acetylene[14C2]

Acetylene[14C2] is shown to be a useful starting material for the synthesis of a number of 14C-labeled intermediates and small molecules. Its facile preparation from inexpensive barium carbonate[14C] and the range of transformations it undergoes allow the efficient syntheses of 2-propyn-[2,3-14C2]-1-ol, 2-propen[2,3-14C2]-1-ol, 2-propen[G-14C]yl-isothiocyanate, 2-butanone[1,2-14C2], furan[3,4-14C2], p-dioxane[U-14C], and various other intermediates.
Stepping up to assume greater organizational leadership: How public relations professionals are poised to lead the telecommuting charge in the new millennium

The author explored the impact that telecommuting, or cybercommuting, has on the current corporate climate and details the need for a greater organizational leadership position for public relations professionals in managing the virtual office work force.The author used information gathered from a qualitative study that detailed the job tasks and responsibilities associated with the telecommuter and analyzed the impact of technology in redefining the work environment.Finally, the author, using a systems theory approach to detail how trained public relations professionals are ideally suited to take on greater organizational leadership roles in managing the telecommuting environment thus enabling organizations to reap greater benefits from the virtual office setting.
Multi-fluid modeling of large parallel plasma flows in the tokamak scrape-off layer

Near-sonic plasma flows along magnetic field lines have been observed in the far scrape-off layer of some tokamaks. Such flows are simulated with multi-fluid edge transport code UEDGE and the results for Alcator C-Mod and NSTX tokamaks are presented. The important role of asymmetric intermittent cross-field transport and magnetic configuration in generating near-sonic flows is highlighted. The effect of large parallel flows on divertor detachment and main chamber recycling is discussed.
Environmental packaging of fiber-optic integrated circuits

This paper describes a novel packaging design for a lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulator. The modulator is mounted to the bottom of a miniature carrier using elastic supports to minimize transmission of bending, random vibration and shock loads. Optical fibers are threaded from the modulator ends to the outside world via tubular feed- throughs located to allow for thermal expansion of the carrier without inducing stress on the fibers. An electric current board is attached to the carrier, and wire bonds from the board to the modulator provide the required voltages. The total package envelope is less than 0.41 in3 in volume. A major design goal was to achieve a hermetically sealed package, using all-metallic seals wherever possible. The package cover is resistance-seam-welded over the carrier top. However, as an intermediate step in the development process, the optical fibers are sealed with epoxy at the feed-through locations, rather than with solder seals to metallized fibers, which would provide a true hermetic seal. The paper provides supporting analysis performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the design, including the epoxy seals, as well as experimental test results which validate the design.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Anticult Initiative and Hong Kong Christianity's Turn from Religious Privilege:

Excluding others from membership tends to reveal the instability of anyone's terms of belonging in society. Hong Kong's Anticult Initiative of 2001 sought to establish the legal difference between ...
Chromatin Remodeling by Imitation Switch (ISWI) Class ATP-dependent Remodelers Is Stimulated by Histone Variant H2A.Z

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes rearrange nucleosomes by altering the position of DNA around the histone octamer. Although chromatin remodelers and the histone variant H2A.Z colocalize on transcriptional control regions, whether H2A.Z directly affects remodeler association or activity is unclear. We determined the relative association of remodelers with H2A.Z chromatin and tested whether replacement of H2A.Z in a nucleosome altered the activity of remodeling enzymes. Many families of remodelers showed increased association with H2A.Z chromatin, but only the ISWI family of chromatin remodelers showed stimulated activity in vitro. An acidic patch on the nucleosome surface, extended by inclusion of H2A.Z in nucleosomes and essential for viability, is required for ISWI stimulation. We conclude that H2A.Z incorporation increases nucleosome remodeling activity of the largest class of mammalian remodelers (ISWI) and that it correlates with increased association of other remodelers to chromatin. This reveals two possible modes for regulation of a remodeler by a histone variant.
Growth, structural, optical and electrical study of ZnS thin films deposited by solution growth technique (SGT)

Abstract ZnS thin films have been deposited onto glass substrates at temperature 90 °C by solution growth technique (SGT). The deposition parameters were optimized. Triethanolamine (TEA) was used as a complexing agent for uniform deposition of the thin films. The elemental composition of the film was confirmed by energy dispersive analysis by X-ray (EDAX) technique. Structure and surface morphology of as-deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. XRD patterns reveal that as-deposited thin films were amorphous in nature; while the obtained precipitate powder was polycrystalline in nature. SEM results revealed that deposited ZnS material has ∼120 ± 20 nm average grain size and the spherical grains are distributed over the entire glass substrate. Low surface roughness was found to be 2.7 nm from AFM studies. Transmission spectra indicate a high transmission coefficient (∼75%) with direct band gap energy equal to 3.72 eV while indirect band gap was found to be 3.45 eV. A photoluminescence (PL) study of the ZnS at room temperature (300 K) indicates a strong luminescence band at energy 2.02 eV.
Agroforestry systems and soil surface management of a tropical alfisol

Effects of three agroforestry systems were evaluated on changes in soil chemical properties over a period of 12 consecutive crops of maize-cowpea rotation grown on a tropical Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Measurements of soil chemical properties for 0–5 cm depths were made over a period of 5 consecutive years from 1982 through 1986. Six treatments studied were plow-till, no-till, Leucaena hedgerows established on the contour at 4-m and 2-m spacing and Gliricidia hedgerows established at 4-m and 2-m spacings.
Fibrous trabeculae in the liver of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Summary In the mature alligator, fibrous trabeculae run from the portal areas and capsule through the hepatic parenchyma. The extent of these trabeculae becomes clear only after staining for collagen with, for example, Fast green or Picrosirius red. The trabeculae are less well developed in young caiman. The alligator's liver might use the trabeculae to withstand thrashing of the body.