cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of spring flow in the uplands of Matalom, Leyte, Philippines

Abstract In order to assess the reliability of the springs near Matalom, Leyte, Philippines as a sustainable source of drinking water, we measured precipitation and outflow of five small and two large springs for the region for a period of a year and analyzed the recession spring flow data. Although monthly spring flow follows a similar pattern to that of the rainfall, the regression relationship between both parameters is poor except for the smallest spring. To determine the dry season spring flow behavior, we analyzed the spring flow data with a mechanistic recession flow model originally developed for prediction of stream drought flow in the northeastern U.S. by Brutsaert and Nieber in 1977. The model describes the dry season spring flow well assuming that the aquifer behaves as a linear reservoir. The analysis shows that the flow “half-life” for the springs is about one month. By adding the individual spring flows to derive a watershed outflow we were able to evaluate how well the simple watershed geometry underlying the analysis of Brutsaert and Nieber [Regionalized drought flow hydrographs from a mature glaciated plateau. Water Resour Res 1977;13(3):637–43] applies to the more complex watersheds.
The polybasic region that follows the plant homeodomain zinc finger 1 of Pf1 is necessary and sufficient for specific phosphoinositide binding.

The plant homeodomain (PHD) zinc finger is one of 14 known zinc-binding domains. PHD domains have been found in more than 400 eukaryotic proteins and are characterized by a Cys4-His-Cys3 zinc-binding motif that spans 50-80 residues. The precise function of PHD domains is currently unknown; however, the PHD domains of the ING1 and ING2 tumor suppressors have been shown recently to bind phosphoinositides (PIs). We have recently identified a novel PHD-containing protein, Pf1, as a binding partner for the abundant and ubiquitous transcriptional corepressor mSin3A. Pf1 contains two PHD zinc fingers, PHD1 and PHD2, and functions to bridge mSin3A to the TLE1 corepressor. Here, we show that PHD1, but not PHD2, binds several monophosporylated PIs but most strongly to PI(3)P. Surprisingly, a polybasic region that follows the PHD1 is necessary for PI(3)P binding. Furthermore, this polybasic region binds specifically to PI(3)P when fused to maltose-binding protein, PHD2, or as an isolated peptide, demonstrating that it is sufficient for specific PI binding. By exchanging the polybasic regions between different PHD fingers we show that this region is a strong determinant of PI binding specificity. These findings establish the Pf1 polybasic region as a phosphoinositide-binding module and suggest that the PHD domains function down-stream of phosphoinositide signaling triggered by the interaction between polybasic regions and phosphoinositides.
An optimal hierarchical clustering algorithm for gene expression data

Microarrays are used for measuring expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. Clustering algorithms are used on gene expression data to find co-regulated genes. An often used clustering strategy is the Pearson correlation coefficient based hierarchical clustering algorithm presented in [Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 95 (25) (1998) 14863-14868], which takes O(N^3) time. We note that this run time can be reduced to O(N^2) by applying known hierarchical clustering algorithms [Proc. 9th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 1998, pp. 619-628] to this problem. In this paper, we present an algorithm which runs in O(NlogN) time using a geometrical reduction and show that it is optimal.
Bone resorption and prosthodontics.

Abstract The phenomenon of bone resorption and its importance to dentistry, specifically prosthodontics, have been briefly reviewed. At a skeletal level, bone resorption is thought to be controlled by the opposing actions of parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin. The importance of vitamin D and phosphate in this mechanism was discussed. Bone resorption is thought to occur as a result of the release of lysosomes from osteolytic cells. The enzymes contained in the lysosomes cause a removal of the mineral portion of bone followed by a dissolution of the organic matrix. Local control of bone resorption in response to mechanical stimulus requires a biologic transducer to translate pressure into a tissue reaction. In bone, it is thought that this message may be transmitted by either a piezoelectric effect or by alteration of solubility of hydroxyapatite crystals when stressed.
Analysis of the Cell Adhesion Molecule Sticks-and-Stones Reveals Multiple Redundant Functional Domains, Protein-Interaction Motifs and Phosphorylated Tyrosines That Direct Myoblast Fusion in Drosophila melanogaster

The larval body wall muscles of Drosophila melanogaster arise by fusion of founder myoblasts (FMs) and fusion-competent myoblasts (FCMs). Sticks-and-Stones (SNS) is expressed on the surface of all FCMs and mediates adhesion with FMs and developing syncytia. Intracellular components essential for myoblast fusion are then recruited to these adhesive contacts. In the studies herein, a functional analysis of the SNS cytodomain using the GAL4/UAS system identified sequences that direct myoblast fusion, presumably through recruitment of these intracellular components. An extensive series of deletion and site-directed mutations were evaluated for their ability to rescue the myoblast fusion defects of sns mutant embryos. Deletion studies revealed redundant functional domains within SNS. Surprisingly, highly conserved consensus sites for binding post-synaptic density-95/discs large/zonula occludens-1-domain-containing (PDZ) proteins and serines with a high probability of phosphorylation play no significant role in myoblast fusion. Biochemical studies establish that the SNS cytodomain is phosphorylated at multiple tyrosines and their site-directed mutagenesis compromises the ability of the corresponding transgenes to rescue myoblast fusion. Similar mutagenesis revealed a requirement for conserved proline-rich regions. This complexity and redundancy of multiple critical sequences within the SNS cytodomain suggest that it functions through a complex array of interactions that likely includes both phosphotyrosine-binding and SH3-domain-containing proteins.
CRF-deficient mice respond like wild-type mice to hypophagic stimuli.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been implicated in physiological processes associated with stress, including changes in feeding behavior. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of CRF and urocortin have been shown to depress feeding, and antagonism of CRF receptors has been reported to attenuate hypophagic responses to many treatments, suggesting that brain CRF may mediate these responses. We have now studied feeding behavior of mice lacking the CRF gene (CRFko), comparing them to wild-type (CRFwt) mice. Feeding was assessed in nondeprived mice by measuring the intake of sweetened milk in a 30-min period and the food pellet intake over 24 h. ICV administration of CRF or urocortin (1 μg, but not lower doses) depressed milk and food pellet intake in normal mice. Physical restraint for 30 min, or administration of mouse interleukin-1β (mIL-1β, 100 ng, IP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg, IP), or the serotonergic agonist (d-fenfluramine, 4 mg/kg, IP) reliably reduced milk intake. LPS also reduced food pellet intake. The responses to restraint, IL-1, LPS, and fenfluramine were indistinguishable between the CRFwt and CRFko mice. These results suggest that CRF is not essential for the reduction in sweetened milk intake that occurs following restraint, LPS, IL-1, or d-fenfluramine administration to mice.
Arterial perfusion imaging-defined subvolume of intrahepatic cancer.

Purpose To assess whether an increase in a subvolume of intrahepatic tumor with elevated arterial perfusion during radiation therapy (RT) predicts tumor progression after RT. Methods and Materials Twenty patients with unresectable intrahepatic cancers undergoing RT were enrolled in a prospective, institutional review board–approved study. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) was performed before RT (pre-RT), after delivering ∼60% of the planned dose (mid-RT) and 1 month after completion of RT to quantify hepatic arterial perfusion. The arterial perfusions of the tumors at pre-RT were clustered into low-normal and elevated perfusion by a fuzzy clustering-based method, and the tumor subvolumes with elevated arterial perfusion were extracted from the hepatic arterial perfusion images. The percentage changes in the tumor subvolumes and means of arterial perfusion over the tumors from pre-RT to mid-RT were evaluated for predicting tumor progression post-RT. Results Of the 24 tumors, 6 tumors in 5 patients progressed 5 to 21 months after RT completion. Neither tumor volumes nor means of tumor arterial perfusion at pre-RT were predictive of treatment outcome. The mean arterial perfusion over the tumors increased significantly at mid-RT in progressive tumors compared with the responsive tumors ( P =.006). From pre-RT to mid-RT, the responsive tumors had a decrease in the tumor subvolumes with elevated arterial perfusion (median, −14%; range, −75% to 65%), whereas the progressive tumors had an increase of the subvolumes (median, 57%; range, −7% to 165%) ( P =.003). Receiver operating characteristic analysis of the percentage change in the subvolume for predicting tumor progression post-RT had an area under the curve of 0.90. Conclusion The increase in the subvolume of the intrahepatic tumor with elevated arterial perfusion during RT has the potential to be a predictor for tumor progression post-RT. The tumor subvolume could be a radiation boost candidate for response-driven adaptive RT.
Spontaneous splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis

Abstract Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare but life-threatening complication of infectious mononucleosis. Patients typically present with acute abdominal pain most marked in the left lower abdomen. Occasionally the pain is referred to the left shoulder and preceded by “flu-like” symptoms. Palor, orthostasis, and tachycardia can also be observed. Because abdominal pain and tachycardia are unusual in uncomplicated cases of infectious mononucleosis, the possibility of spontaneous splenic hematoma or rupture must be considered. The case presented here typifies the clinical manifestations of this entity and illustrates appropriate management.
Revised UV extinction coefficients for nucleoside‐5′‐monophosphates and unpaired DNA and RNA

Ultraviolet absorption provides the nearly universal basis for determining concentrations of nucleic acids. Values for the UV extinction coefficients of DNA and RNA rely on the mononucleotide values determined 30-50 years ago. We show that nearly all of the previously published extinction coefficients for the nucleoside-5'-monophosphates are too large, and in error by as much as 7%. Concentrations based on complete hydrolysis and the older set of values are too low by approximately 4% for typical RNA and 2-3% for typical DNA samples. We also analyzed data in the literature for the extinction coefficients of unpaired DNA oligomers. Robust prediction of concentrations can be made using 38 microg/A260 unit for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) having non-repetitive sequences and 40-80% GC. This is superior to currently used predictions that account for nearest-neighbor frequency or base composition. The latter result in concentrations that are 10-30% too low for typical ssDNA used as primers for PCR and other similar techniques. Methods are described here to accurately measure concentrations of nucleotides by nuclear magnetic resonance. NMR can be used to accurately determine concentrations (and extinction coefficients) of biomolecules within 1%.
Genetics: The rate of human mutation

A comprehensive analysis of human spontaneous mutation has revealed a strong influence of paternal age, suggesting a link between an increasing number of older fathers and the rise in disorders such as autism. See Article p.471 De novo mutations are important both as sources of diversity in evolution and for their immediate impact on diseases. Scientists at deCODE genetics and their colleagues have used whole-genome sequencing data from 78 Icelandic parent–offspring trios to study mutation rates in humans at the genome-wide level. They find that diversity in the mutation rate of single nucleotide polymorphisms is dominated by the age of the father at the time a child is conceived. For each year increase in the father's age at conception, the number of mutations increases by about two, and once the effects of random variation are accounted for the father's age is estimated to explain almost all of the remaining variation in the de novo mutation counts. Furthermore, the results show that demographic transitions that affect the age at which males reproduce can have a considerable effect on the rate of mutations, and consequently on the risk of diseases such as schizophrenia and autism.
Statistical bias in optimized VBM

The recent discovery of methodological flaws in experimental design and analysis in neuroscience research has raised concerns over the validity of certain techniques used in routine analyses and their corresponding findings. Such concerns have centered around selection bias whereby data is inadvertently manipulated such that the resulting analysis produces falsely increased statistical significance, i.e. type I errors. This has been illustrated recently in flv1RI studies, with excessive flexibility in data collection, and general experimental design issues. Current work from our group has shown how this problem extends to generic voxel-based analysis (and certain technique derivatives such as tract- based spatial statistics) using fractional anisotropy images derived from diffusion tensor imaging. In this work, we demonstrate how this circularity principle can potentially extend to the well-known optimized voxel-based morphometry technique for assessing cortical density differences whereby the principal cause of experimental corruption is due to normalization strategy. Specifically, the popular sum­ of-squared-differences (SSD) metric explicitly optimizes statistical findings potentially inflating type I errors. Additional experimentation demonstrates that this problem is not restricted to the SSD metric but extends to other commonly used metrics such as mutual information, neighborhood cross correlation, and Demons.
Role of cavities and hydration in the pressure unfolding of T4 lysozyme.

It is well known that high hydrostatic pressures can induce the unfolding of proteins. The physical underpinnings of this phenomenon have been investigated extensively but remain controversial. Changes in solvation energetics have been commonly proposed as a driving force for pressure-induced unfolding. Recently, the elimination of void volumes in the native folded state has been argued to be the principal determinant. Here we use the cavity-containing L99A mutant of T4 lysozyme to examine the pressure-induced destabilization of this multidomain protein by using solution NMR spectroscopy. The cavity-containing C-terminal domain completely unfolds at moderate pressures, whereas the N-terminal domain remains largely structured to pressures as high as 2.5 kbar. The sensitivity to pressure is suppressed by the binding of benzene to the hydrophobic cavity. These results contrast to the pseudo-WT protein, which has a residual cavity volume very similar to that of the L99A–benzene complex but shows extensive subglobal reorganizations with pressure. Encapsulation of the L99A mutant in the aqueous nanoscale core of a reverse micelle is used to examine the hydration of the hydrophobic cavity. The confined space effect of encapsulation suppresses the pressure-induced unfolding transition and allows observation of the filling of the cavity with water at elevated pressures. This indicates that hydration of the hydrophobic cavity is more energetically unfavorable than global unfolding. Overall, these observations point to a range of cooperativity and energetics within the T4 lysozyme molecule and illuminate the fact that small changes in physical parameters can significantly alter the pressure sensitivity of proteins.
Induction of Xenopus Oocyte Meiotic Maturation by MAP Kinase

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of the protein kinases activated during meiotic maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The c-Mosxe protein kinase, which has been shown to be sufficient to promote germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in meiosis I, can directly activate MAP kinase kinase in vitro and leads to the activation of MAPK in vivo. Recently we have shown that constitutively activated MAPK induces metaphase arrest when injected into one blastomere of a two-cell embryo. This arrest mimics the natural arrest of vertebrate unfertilized eggs in second meiotic metaphase due to cytostatic factor and c-Mosxe activity. We show here that microinjection of constitutively activated thiophosphorylated MAPK into resting oocytes is able to activate maturation-promoting factor (MPF) and promote GVBD. These results strongly support the hypothesis that MAPK plays an important role in the pathway that links c-Mosxe to the activation of MPF.
A bar code reader IC

A self-contained bar-code reader chip, using analog switched-capacitor techniques, will be described. Circuit employs a standard Si-gate digital CMOS process to combine an on-chip photodiode with preamplification, rejection of background illumination, and ac-coupled detection.
An evaluation of intermediate-dose ketoconazole in hormone refractory prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives: The management of hormone refractory prostate cancer remains controversial. Among the options, second-line hormonal therapy is commonly used. We investigated the efficacy of ketoconazole, an inhibitor of testicular and adrenal androgen biosynthesis, for treating patients with advanced hormone refractory prostate cancer. Methods: The study comprised 38 patients with progressive disease despite combined androgen blockade. Treatment consisted of intermediate-dose ketoconazole (300mg three times daily) and replacement hydrocortisone. Patients were monitored clinically and with serial PSA measurements every 3 months. The principal endpoint was PSA response. Results: Of the 38 patients, 21 (55.3%) showed a decrease in PSA >50% (95% confidence interval 38.3%–71.4%) with a median duration of 6 months (range 3–48 months). A PSA reduction >50% was seen in 21 of 34 patients (61.8%) with established metastases. Thirteen patients (34.2%), all of whom had metastases, exhibited a PSA decrease >80% (95% confidence interval 19.6%–51.4%) with a median duration of 9 months (range 3–48 months). Age, PSA at diagnosis, Gleason score and bone scan result were not significantly associated with response to ketoconazole treatment in univariate or multivariate analyses. For the entire study group, the median time to progression was 5 months (range 0–27 months) and the median survival was 12 months (range 3–48 months). Overall, 12 patients (31.6%) reported toxicity related to intermediate-dose ketoconazole but only 6 patients (15.8%) discontinued therapy due to intolerable side effects. Conclusion: It is apparent from this study that a reasonable percentage of patients failing standard hormonal therapy respond favourably to intermediate-dose ketoconazole and that toxicity is mild. In the absence of studies demonstrating better survival with chemotherapy, we believe that a trial of ketoconazole should be considered when progression occurs on hormone therapy.
The effect of polymer chain length on the thermodynamics of acrylate/cyanobiphenyl mixtures

The effect of polymer molecular mass on the phase behaviour and solubility limits of polymer/liquid crystal mixtures is studied for blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the small‐molecule liquid crystal, 4′‐octyl‐4‐biphenylcarbonitrile (8CB). The phase diagrams from optical microscopy show a limit to the effect of increasing polymer molecular mass. The Flory–Huggins theory (FH) for polymer solutions is used to extract the interaction parameter, χ, from the phase diagrams. The initial FH fits are performed with the assumption that χ is independent of polymer molecular mass, but result in poor correlation to the microscopy data. When χ is allowed to scale with M w, however, the FH fits are consistent with the limiting molecular mass behaviour. This result represents, to our knowledge, the first time that this scaling behaviour has been observed in polymer/liquid crystal blends. The solubility limit, β, of 8CB in PMMA for each polymer molecular mass is also determined and, when compared with the re...
Surface Pressure Response to Elevated Tidal Heating Sources: Comparison of Earth and Mars

Modern atmospheric tidal theory has shown that the dominance of the terrestrial semidiurnal surface pressure oscillation, relative to its diurnal counterpart, is the result of the elevated heating source generated by solar heating of stratospheric ozone. Observations of the daily surface pressure variation at the Viking Lander 1 site on Mars reveal a similar predominance of the semidiurnal surface pressure oscillation only during the onset of a Martian great dust storm. Application of a classical, analytic tidal model to the Viking Lander 1 data indicates that elevating the effective heat source due to solar heating of airborne dust by a few kilometers during the onset of a Martian great dust storm can account for the observed semidiurnal surface pressure variation.
Serial evaluation of left ventricular function in congestive heart failure by measurement of peak aortic blood acceleration

Abstract Peak acceleration of blood in the ascending aorta, an index of global systolic left ventricular (LV) function, can be measured noninvasively using a continuous wave Doppler velocimeter applied suprasternally. The feasibility of this approach as a tool for detecting improvement of LV function was studied in 16 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Measurements were made daily for 6 consecutive days. The daily variability of peak acceleration examined in 11 normal subjects was ±2 m/s/s. In 11 of 16 patients with CHF, peak acceleration increased more than 2 m/s/s by day 6 compared with day 1 (group 1). In 5 of 16 patients, peak acceleration remained unchanged (group 2). In group 1, peak acceleration was 11 ± 1 m/s/s on day 1 and Increased to 16 ± 1 m/s/s on day 6 (p
Length of time in tissue culture can affect the selected glyphosate resistance mechanism

Usually, stepwise selection of plant suspension cultures with gradually increasing concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate results in the amplification of the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS; EC 2.5.1.19) gene that leads to resistance by increasing EPSPS mRNA and enzyme activity. We show that glyphosate selection with newly initiated suspension cultures can produce resistant lines with resistance mechanisms other than gene amplification and that usually as the cultures age gene amplification becomes the predominant mechanism. Gene amplification did not occur in 3 lines selected from 5-month-old Datura innoxia Mill. cultures but did occur in all 10 lines selected after 52 months. Selection with Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco) less than 5 months old produced 2 lines out of 24 with no EPSPS amplification while all 17 lines selected from older cultures contained amplified genes. Lines selected from the oldest culture (35 years) also exhibited amplification of several different genes, indicating the expression of different EPSPS genes or an enhanced gene amplification incidence. None of the 15 lines selected from 2 different 5-month-old Daucus carota L. (carrot) lines exhibited amplification while amplification led to the resistance of all 7 lines selected from one of the original carrot lines (DHL) after 3 years. However, the other line (Car4) was exceptional and produced only non-amplified lines (9 of 9) after 8 years in culture. These results show that plant tissue cultures change with time in culture and that several different new mechanisms can result in glyphosate resistance.
Log-polar-based framework for mobile vehicle tracking with road follower

A new computationally efficient framework for vehicle tracking on a mobile platform is proposed. The principal component of the framework is the log-polar transformation applied to video frames captured from a standard uniformly sampled format camera. The log-polar transformation provides two major benefits to real-time vehicle tracking from a mobile vehicle platform moving along a single or multi-lane road. First, it significantly reduces the amount of data required to be processed since it collapses the original Cartesian video frames into log-polar images with much smaller dimensions. Second, the log-polar transformation is capable of mitigating perspective distortion due to its scale invariance property. This second aspect is of interest for vehicle tracking because the target vehicle appearance is preserved for all distances from the observer (camera). This works however only if the center of log-polar transformation is coincident with the vanishing point of perspective view. Therefore, a road following algorithm is proposed to keep the center of log-polar transform on the vanishing point at every video frame compensating for the carrying vehicle movements. Since the algorithm is intended to be used in the mobile embedded devices, it is developed to achieve both mathematical simplicity and algorithmic efficiency while avoiding computationally expensive mathematical functions. The use of trigonometric and exponential functions is minimized comparing to the log-Hough transform traditionally used in log-polar space. This new algorithm focuses on straight radial line fragments, thus shifting its mathematical engine to the linear equations' domain.
Concentration dependence of water dynamics in poly(ethylene oxide)/water solutions from molecular dynamics simulations

We have performed molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in order to investigate the influence of the polymer on water dynamics. Simulations were performed on 12 repeat unit CH3-capped PEO chains (530 Da) at 318 K covering a composition range (polymer weight fraction) from 0.17 to 1.0. The simulations employed an ab initio quantum-chemistry-based PEO/water and PEO/PEO force field together with the TIP4P (four-point transferable intermolecular potential) water model. Water translational and rotational diffusion were found to slow monotonically, whereas water−water and water-ether hydrogen bond lifetimes increased with increasing polymer concentration. The slowing of water dynamics in PEO/water solutions was associated with PEO−water interactions that are moderated in concentrated solutions by the formation of water clusters. Water translational motion could be ascribed to a combination of free water (water not involved with PEO hydration) that exhibited bulklike w...
The seventh cruise of the Carnegie

On the afternoon of November 29, 1929, there ended tragically the last of the seven world-cruises of the non-magnetic ship Carnegie of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. During the three cruises in the Pacific Ocean of the brigantine Galilee chartered by the Institution from 1905 to 1908 and during the first six cruises of the Carnegie in all oceans from 1909 to 1921, chief emphasis had been placed upon the magnetic and electric programs to develop the distribution-surveys in terrestrial magnetism and electricity over the oceans, with only a moderate amount of oceanographic and meteorological observations. The seventh cruise of the Carnegie was planned to determine magnetic secular-variation, to extend the atmospheric-electric survey, and to undertake comprehensive work in physical, chemical, and biological oceanography following a program developed and already described by Fleming and Ault (Program of scientific work on Cruise VII of the Carnegie 1928–31, Zs. Ges. Erdk., Erganzungsheft v. 3, 41–55, 1928). Nearly one-half of the cruise as planned had been completed upon the arrival of the Carnegie at Apia, November 28, 1929, and the extensive scientific program of observation in terrestrial magnetism, terrestrial electricity, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography, marine biology, and marine meteorology had been realized practically in every detail. The development of practical technique and instrumental appliances for oceanographic work aboard a sailing vessel had been outstandingly successful.
Sexual and reproductive behavior of women with HIV infection.

The care of HIV-infected women extends beyond viral suppression and the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections. To optimize both the quality of care and to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in the community the provider must be aware of the patients sexual risk behaviors and should have an understanding of how to help reduce the frequency with which these behaviors occur. This article describes knowledge about sexual and reproductive behavior in HIV-positive women and as summarizes knowledge about the social and psychological context of this behavior. Women with HIV have the same motivations for engaging in sexual behavior and the same barriers in implementing consistent condom use as do those who are at risk for the disease. They also may have additional concerns about implementing safe sexual behavior that are specific to the disease such as fears of partner violence as a function of disease disclosure. For these reasons it is important to understand the prevalence of these risk behaviors and to address them to the extent possible within the clinical setting. Several useful approaches are included.
Threshold Voltage and Field for Metal Filament Formation in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

Electrical switching due to metallic filament formation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) is studied in metal/a-Si:H/metal structures. We examine the effects of a-Si:H switch layer thickness, applied voltage and polarity, metal contact material, and contact interface properties. For switching, the voltage applied to the contacts must be large enough to establish: 1) a minimum threshold voltage of about 2V at the contacts and 2) a bias field of about 1 MV/cm in the bulk. Changing contact material and polarity strongly affects the switching behavior.
Acute Episodic Inflammatory Lesions of the Mucous Membrane and Skin

The first consideration in the treatment of erythema multiforme is to search for and eliminate a possible underlying cause. Mild cases require little treatment. Severe forms of the disease must receive prompt, active therapeutic measures. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance must be corrected, secondary bacterial infections must be combated with topical or systemic antibiotics, and large doses of systemic corticosteroids are used for short periods. Without treatment, lesions can persist for many weeks. Mild forms of the disease, which constitute most of the cases, usually subside in a few days to two to three weeks without sequelae. Severe forms persist for three to six weeks longer; sequelae include neurologic changes, corneal opacities, blindness, conjunctival, vaginal, or preputial synechiae, and esophageal strictures. Mortality of all forms has been reported as less than 0.5% but severe cases, at approximately 10%. Recurrences are likely in approximately 25% of the cases; the pattern is variable, chronic, and episodic.
Condensation products from the anionic radicals of C60 and the common solvent: Hexamethylphosphoramide

Both freshly sublimed C 6 0 and "off-the-shelf' C 6 0 were reduced with the alkali metals in hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). When pure C 6 0 is reduced to its trianion radical, it condenses with a molecule of HMPA to yield C 6 0 3-(HMPA)_, which exhibits a typical EPR pattern for a system with a doublet multiplicity and hyperfine splitting from the 3 1 P (a 3 1 P = 0.93 G). When Rb or Cs serves as the reducing metal, hyperfine is observed from the metal cation (a 1 3 3 Cs = 0.78 G, a 8 7 Rb = 1.393 G), which is involved in tight ion association with the P=O moiety (C 6 0 3-(HMPA)_,M + ). The small cations do not form intimate ion pairs, and both C 6 0 3-(HMPA)_ and C 6 0 3-(HMPA) 2 are present in solution when M = Na or Li. The latter species exhibits an EPR splitting from two 3 1 Ps. The "off-the-shelf" C 6 0 contains C 1 2 0 O as an impurity. Extensive reduction of this impurity results in a charged multianionic state where very large splittings from three 3 1 Ps are observed.
The Jurassic fossil plant record of the UK area

Plant life in the UK area during the three major epochs of the Jurassic (Early, Mid and Late) is discussed with emphasis on some of the groups that played an important role and/or were first described from British sediments. Palaeobotanists usually include the Rhaetian (late Triassic) in their discussions of the Early Jurassic because the Triassic/Jurassic extinction event is not very distinct in fossil floras. Rhaetian floras are often similar to Early Jurassic ones, and this overview starts with Rhaetian examples. Early Jurassic floras are rare as most of England and Wales was covered by a shallow sea at this time. However, Mid Jurassic floras are well known and diverse, especially those from Yorkshire and Stonesfield in Oxfordshire; smaller floras have been described from Scotland as well. Our knowledge about Late Jurassic floras comes mainly from Scotland and southern England.
The effect of a surface oxide film on torsional relaxation

Abstract The effect of a surface oxide film on the torsional relaxation of polycrystalline cadmium wires was investigated. The phenomenon of reversal when the film is removed during relaxation, known as the abnormal after-effect, is shown to be a reproducible effect directly dependent on the presence and elastic properties of a surface film. Various physical parameters, such as metallurgical history of the metal, film conditions and time functions, are varied in relaxation tests to show this dependence. An explanation of the abnormal after-effect is given in terms of a two-component mechanical model. An equivalent explanation of the abnormal after-effect may be given in terms of the dislocation barrier theory.
Recognizing majority on a one-way mesh

Abstract The two-dimensional majority language is the set of all two-dimensional arrays with 0/1 entries in which there are more 1's than 0's. We show that this language can be recognized by a two-dimensional bounded cellular automaton using only one-way communication between neighboring cells. The recognition can occur within diameter time.
“Humans Cannot Communicate”—Unravelling the Mental Knots of Niklas Luhmann

DiMaggio, P. J. and W. W. Powell. 1991. Introduction (pp. 1–38) in Powell, W. W. and P. J. DiMaggio (eds) The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. DiMaggio, P. J. and W. W. Powell. 1991. ‘‘The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields’’ (pp. 63–82) in Powell, W. W. and P. J. DiMaggio (eds) The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Foucault, M. 1980. Power/Knowledge. London, UK: Vintage. Garfinkel, H. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Latour, B. 2005. Reassembling the Social. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Law, J. 2004. After Method: Mess in Social Science Research. London, UK: Routledge. Meyer, J. W. and B. Rowan. 1991. ‘‘Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony (pp. 41–62) in Powell, W. W. and P. J. DiMaggio (eds) The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Powell, W. W. and P. J. DiMaggio, eds. 1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Scott, W. R. and J. W. Meyer. 1991. ‘‘The Organization of Societal Sectors: Propositions and Early Evidence’’ (pp. 108–140) in Powell, W. W. and P. J. DiMaggio (eds) The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots into silica microspheres.

We describe the synthesis of magnetic and fluorescent silica microspheres fabricated by incorporating maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (MPs) and CdSe/CdZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) into a silica shell around preformed silica microspheres. The resultant ∼500 nm microspheres have a narrow size distribution and show uniform incorporation of QDs and MPs into the shell. We have demonstrated manipulation of these microspheres using an external magnetic field with real-time fluorescence microscopy imaging.
Polyamine-activated protein phosphatase activity in HeLa cell nuclei

Protein phosphatase activity towards endogenous nuclear substrates in sonicates of isolated nuclei was activated 2-4-fold by spermine. Exogenous casein was dephosphorylated by these preparations only in the presence of spermine. Activation by spermine was half maximal at about 0.1 mM. Spermidine also activated, with half maximal stimulation at 1mM; putrescine activated poorly. Mg++ and Ca++ appeared to activate the same phosphatase activity but were only 50% as effective as spermine. Spermine activation was inhibited by 200 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaF, or 40 mM beta-glycerol phosphate. Nuclear phosphatase activity, with or without spermine, was inhibited 50% by inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 1. These observations suggest that protein phosphatase 1 is a major nuclear protein phosphatase and that its activity against endogenous nuclear substrates is activated by physiological concentrations of spermine.
Stratigraphic Facies Prediction and Recognition in Young Offshore Basins from Studies of Fossil Environments: ABSTRACT

Basic principles of stratigraphy provided by Cambrian paleontology have analogies with Pacific Coast Oligocene, Pliocene, and other rocks. Re-examination of concepts from the time of Hutton (1795) and restudy of the complete fossil record are proposed to interpret the geologic history of new areas of petroleum exploration. The doctrine of uniformitarianism in sedimentary processes, and uniformitarian biologic laws, provide the key to solution of stratigraphic problems if they are combined with the principle of uniqueness of environments (Nairn, 1965). Stromatolite reef occurrences from the Precambrian of Glacier National Park (Rezak, 1957) to the Recent of Shark Bay, Australia (Logan, 1961), with oolite, glauconite, and shoal sediment features, illustrate the first principle (unchanging physical geologic processes). Palmer's biomere concept (1965) for benthonic trilobites and his Upper Cambrian agnostid studies, and the Middle Cambrian agnostid studies of Robison (1964), provide analogy with benthonic and nekto-planktonic fossils of any age under the second principle (uniformitarian biologic laws). The stratigraphic limitation of the fossil biomere in Cambrian, Oligocene, or Pliocene by historical events, by the migration from eurybathyal to stenobathyal habitats, and by the effect of cyclical climatic events on evolution or extinction shows the third principle (uniqueness of environments). Analogous examples of the fundamental principles are provided by Foraminifera in benthonic uvigerinid biomeres in the Oligocene of the Pacific Coast. Analogy with cyclothems is found in correlations between cyclical climatic stages of the Pliocene planktonic Globigerina pachyderma (Bolli, 1950) in the Los Angeles and Ventura basins, California (Bandy, 1961), and synchronous climatic history in Japan (Kobayashi and Shikama, 1961). Correlation of cyclical historical events rather than reliance only on syntax of animal or plant fossils is important for regional correlations and sedimentary-facies studies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 650------------
Strangers in a Strange Lab: How Personality Shapes Our Initial Encounters with Others, by W. Ickes

(2009). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (220 pp., $39.95, hb, ISBN 978-0-19-537295-3) There has been extensive interest and research into how individuals behave upon initially meeting others...
Editorial: A Message from the Incoming Editor-in-Chief

MOBILE computing and systems have become almost an integral part of the daily lives of the people in developed as well as developing countries. Its usage and applications have extended way beyond communication needs, and the proliferation of sensing components has opened a broader scope of application domains. Reliance on a variety of applications running on mobile devices has been growing at a fast rate. The trend is likely to continue both in scope as well as adoption rates. It is thus very critical for research and innovation to keep up with the pace of increasing demands in performance, quality, privacy, security, and other aspects of mobile computing. I am truly honored to be taking over as the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing (TMC) at a time when the signifi cance of the topic is rising at a fast pace. I am deeply grateful to the TMC Steering Committee for giving me this opportunity to shepherd the community’s premier publication venue for the next three years. The past Editors-in-Chief, Tom La Porta, Nitin Vaidya, Mani Srivastava, and Ramesh Govindan, have nurtured and elevated the status of TMC and I will strive to further enhance the value and reputation of the journal. I also take this opportunity to introduce Professor Srikanth Krishnamurthy, who will be working with me as the Associate Editor-in-Chief. I am very thankful to Srikanth and looking forward to working with him as a team. His short biography and photo are included below. TMC has already been established as the leading journal for mobile computing. Although the journal has one of the highest impact factors, the delay from submission to publication hovers around the longest ones among the Computer Society transactions. Challenges for the future include a drastic reduction of the time to publication while enhancing the quality further. In the context of both of these issues, some highly reputed conferences in the area are posing as competition to TMC. We should try to leverage the success of these conferences by ensuring the quality of research is matured further for archival publication in TMC. Partnering with some of the leading conferences for joint publication could be one option. The concept of “journal-fi rst-conference-second” could be also analyzed to fi nd a viable solution. I would also like to continue the efforts of Ramesh Govindan in expanding the topical coverage of TMC to system-level issues including security, applications, and the mobile sensing domains. In order to achieve all of the above mentioned goals, I am seeking help and participation from the authors, reviewers, readers, editors, and the IEEE Computer Society’s publishing staff. I will always be grateful for your help and support.
Novel statistical network model: the hyperbolic distribution

A novel statistical model, the one-dimensional hyperbolic distribution, is proposed for network traffic activity. This includes the modelling of network traffic performance and descriptive parameters, organised as probability distribution functions of activity monitored during an observation window. This model promises accurate representation in a compact manner, of particular interest in statistical anomaly intrusion detection systems. The hyperbolic distribution has been tested in modelling several performance parameters in data traces of IP traffic collected from various actual network environments, including the campus LANs of the New Jersey Institute of Technology and the WAN of the Bergen County Cooperative Library Network System (BCCLNS), as well as simulated client-server LANs. By fitting the model parameters to the experimental data, it is shown that this analytic model performs significantly better than the models currently in common use, such as the Weibull, Pareto, normal and lognormal distributions.
Early- and late-replicating deoxyribonucleic acid complexes in HeLa nuclei.

Abstract The DNA which replicated early in the period of DNA synthesis in synchronized cultures of HeLa cells was labeled with [3H]thymidine. After several generations of random growth the cells were resynchronized and exposed to bromodeoxyuridine for various portions of the DNA-synthesis period. The 3H label was carried in the bromodeoxyuridine-containing, heavy hybrid of the DNA that replicated early in the second synchronized cell cycle.
Accelerated sintering in phase-separating nanostructured alloys

Sintering of powders is a common means of producing bulk materials when melt casting is impossible or does not achieve a desired microstructure, and has long been pursued for nanocrystalline materials in particular. Acceleration of sintering is desirable to lower processing temperatures and times, and thus to limit undesirable microstructure evolution. Here we show that markedly enhanced sintering is possible in some nanocrystalline alloys. In a nanostructured W–Cr alloy, sintering sets on at a very low temperature that is commensurate with phase separation to form a Cr-rich phase with a nanoscale arrangement that supports rapid diffusional transport. The method permits bulk full density specimens with nanoscale grains, produced during a sintering cycle involving no applied stress. We further show that such accelerated sintering can be evoked by design in other nanocrystalline alloys, opening the door to a variety of nanostructured bulk materials processed in arbitrary shapes from powder inputs.
The magnetic effects of brecciation and shock in meteorites. I - The LL-chondrites

The magnetic behavior of eight LL chondrites is analyzed in detail, and some implications for their modes of formation and evolutionary history are examined. Petrographic features of the specimens are described, and their initial magnetic characteristics are discussed. The demagnetization behavior of the initial magnetization is investigated along with the saturation remanence behavior and paleomagnetic-field intensities. The results indicate that a magnetic field of 0.01 to 0.1 Oe may have been present during postimpact cooling and that severe shock metamorphism may have given rise to the observed magnetic moments and behavior, even in the absence of ambient magnetic fields.
Quenching Mechanisms and Kinetics of α-Tocopherol and β-Carotene on the Photosensitizing Effect of Synthetic Food Colorant FD&C Red No. 3

Effects of FD&C Red No. 40, Red No. 3, Yellow No. 5, Yellow No. 6, Green No. 3, Blue No. 1 and Blue No. 2 on 0.03M soybean oil oxidation in acetone at 25 °C under light were studied by measuring headspace oxygen depletion. As Red No. 3 increased from 0 to 5, 20, 100 and 200 ppm, the headspace oxygen was reduced by 2 to 70, 73, 77 and 77%, respectively, for 4 h. Only Red No. 3 acted as a photosensitizer to produce singlet oxygen in the oil. The quenching rates of α-tocopherol and β-carotene for the singlet oxygen by Red No.3 were 4.1 × 10 7 M -1 s -1 and 7.3 × 10 8 M -1 s -1 , respectively. When β-carotene was below 1.86 × 10 -6 M, β-carotene quenched singlet oxygen, but it quenched both singlet oxygen and Red No. 3 at or above 3.72 × 10 -6 M. However, α-tocopherol quenched singlet oxygen only. Les colorants alimentaires peuvent agir en photosensibilisateurs a cause de leurs nombreuses doubles-liaisons. Les objectifs de cette etude sont d'evaluer, d'une part, l'effet des colorants alimentaires synthetiques approuves par la FDA sur l'oxydation d'huile de soja soumis a la lumiere dans un systeme modele et d'autre part, les mecanismes d'inhibition et les cinetiques de l'α-tocopherol et le β-carotene sur l'oxydation de l'huile de soja photosensibilisee par le colorant synthetique.
Frequency tuning of medial-olivocochlear-efferent acoustic reflexes in humans as functions of probe frequency.

The medial-olivocochlear (MOC) acoustic reflex is thought to provide frequency-specific feedback that adjusts the gain of cochlear amplification, but little is known about how frequency specific th...