cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agency Perspectives on Transition to Participatory Forest Management: A Case Study From Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT India's Joint Forest Management (JFM) policy, in which government forest agencies and local communities jointly manage forests, has been touted as a successful strategy in helping both forests and people. Its efficacy in the field, however, is uneven. Although government forest departments are charged with implementing JFM, very little is known about their perspectives on this policy. Assessment of foresters' perspectives on JFM in Tamil Nadu, India, revealed that despite foresters' motivation toward implementing this policy, uncertain incentives and institutional complexities make the task complex and difficult. While decentralized decision making in the Tamil Nadu Forest Department could help mitigate the situation, the department's culture that limits feedback in the system stands as a strong barrier against organizational adaptation. Hence, pragmatic strategies for promoting participatory forest management should focus first on improving the institutional conditions of foresters' work in orde...
Effect of Heart Rate on Aortic Insufficiency as Measured by a Dye-Dilution Technique

Measurements of the distance a labeled particle of blood travels back up the descending aorta during a single diastole have been carried out at two different heart rates in each of three patients with aortic insufficiency. From these measurements, the ratios of back flow per unit time at the slow heart rate to backflow at the faster heart rate were found to be 1.61, 1.71, and 1.75. From an analysis of the hemodynamic factors involved, it seems likely that backflow is overestimated at the slow heart rates by this technique due to the development of laminar flow late in diastole.
In vivo single-shot three-dimensionally localized multiple quantum spectroscopy of GABA in the human brain with improved spectral selectivity.

Abstract A single-shot multiple quantum filtering method is developed that uses two double-band frequency selective pulses for enhanced spectral selectivity in combination with a slice-selective 90°, a slice-selective universal rotator 90°, and a spectral-spatial pulse composed of two slice-selective universal rotator 45° pulses for single-shot three-dimensional localization. The use of this selective multiple quantum filtering method for C 3 and C 4 methylene protons of GABA resulted in improved spectral selectivity for GABA and effective suppression of overlapping signals such as creatine and glutathione in each single scan, providing reliable measurements of the GABA doublet in all subjects. The concentration of GABA was measured to be 0.7 ± 0.2 μmol/g (means ± SD, n = 15) in the fronto-parietal region of the human brain in vivo.
Chemical, crystallographic and stable isotopic properties of alunite and jarosite from acid-hypersaline Australian lakes

Abstract Chemical, crystallographic and isotopic analyses were made on samples containing alunite and jarosite from the sediments of four acid, hypersaline lakes in southeastern and southwestern Australia. The alunite and jarosite are K-rich with relatively low Na contents based on chemical analysis and determination of unit cell dimensions by powder X-ray diffraction. Correcting the chemical analyses of fine-grained mineral concentrates from Lake Tyrrell, Victoria, for the presence of halite, silica and poorly crystalline aluminosilicates, the following formulas indicate best estimates for solid-solution compositions: for alunite, K0.87Na0.04(H3O)0.09(Al0.92Fe0.08)3(SO4)2(OH)6 and for jarosite, K0.89Na0.07(H3O)0.04(Fe0.80Al0.20)3(SO4)2(OH)6. The δD-values of alunite are notably larger than those for jarosite from Lake Tyrrell and it appears that the minerals have closely approached hydrogen isotope equilibrium with the acidic regional groundwaters. The δD results are consistent with a fractionation ∼60–70‰ between alunite and jarosite observed in other areas. However, interpretation of δD results is complicated by large variability in fluid δDH2O from evaporation, mixing and possible ion hydration effects in the brine. δD-values of water derived from jarosite by step-wise heating tend to be smaller at 250°C, at which temperature hydronium and other non-hydroxyl water is liberated, than at 550°C, where water is derived from the hydroxyl site, but the differences are not sufficiently different to invalidate measurements of total δD obtained by conventional, single-step heating methods. δ34S-values for alunite and jarosite from the four lakes (+19.7 to +21.2‰ CDT) and for aqueous sulfate from Lake Tyrrell (+18.3 to +19.8‰) are close to the values for modern evaporites ( +21.5 ±0.3‰ ) and seawater ( +20±0.5‰ ) and are probably typical of seawater-derived aerosols in arid coastal environments. δ34-S-values slightly smaller than that for seawater may reflect a minor contribution of sulfate from pyrite oxidation in the Parilla Sand or a reservoir effect from removal of gypsum enriched in 34S. δ18OSO4-values for alunite from three Western Australia lakes (+17.8 to +18.3‰ V-SMOW), for alunite and jarosite from Lake Tyrrell (+22.6 to +24.9‰) and for aqueous sulfate from Lake Tyrrell (+17.3 to +19.0‰) are much larger than the average value for seawater (+9.6‰). The data suggest an approach to 18O-16O equilibrium between aqueous sulfate and groundwater, which is known from experimental studies to be possible at low pH and low temperatures, but has not been previously documented in nature. A residence time of ∼0.1–1 kyr for sulfate in acidic water (pH 3–4) is needed to achieve the apparent partial oxygen exchange, using previously published data of R.M. Lloyd.
Carcinoembryonic antigen and cystic fibrosis protein in blood from cystic fibrosis homozygotes and heterozygote carriers.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) activity was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood from cystic fibrosis (CF) homozygotes, heterozygote carriers of CF, normal healthy controls, and other patient controls with carcinomas involving gastrointestinal organs. All samples were also screened by electrofocusing for cystic fibrosis protein (CFP), a metabolic marker previously shown to be associated with the CF gene. Significantly increased levels of CEA activity were found in all CFP-positive groups; however, with one exception all patient controls with marked increases in CEA activity were CFP-negative. Immunodiffusion of perchloric acid extracts of CEA-like material from heterozygote carrier blood indicated that the CEA-like material, which was elevated in homozygotes and heterozygotes for CF, showed only partial identity with two separate CEA preparations obtained from colon carcinomas and was not identical to either A, B, or O (H) blood group substances. This glycoprotein material did, however, react with three different anti-CRA antisera. Our finding of an abnormally increased glycoprotein in cystic fibrosis, taken together with previous reports demonstrating abnormalities in the carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins found in various exocrine secretions in CF, further suggests that the primary defect in this disease is manifested partly as a defect in glycoprotein metabolism. This defect may result from an abnormality in one or more of the glycosyltransferases, possibly caused by a more primary defect in polyamine metabolism.
Univalent positive polynomial maps and the equilibrium state of chemical networks of reversible binding reactions

We consider a map f=(f"1,...,f"n):R">="0^n->R">="0^n given for x=(x"1,...,x"n) byf"i(x)=x"[email protected]"i(x"i)[email protected][email protected]@[email protected]"ia"@ax^@a where I is a finite subset of Z">="0^n, a"@a is a constant in R">="0 for each @[email protected]?I, and @j"1,...,@j"n are differentiable order-preserving functions R">="0->R">"0. We prove that f is a bijection. Surjectivity arises as a consequence of the Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem. For injectivity, we show that the Jacobian matrix of f is everywhere a P-matrix and we then apply the Gale-Nikaido Global Univalence Theorem. With @j"[email protected]"n=1, f is a positive polynomial map of interest in the study of chemical networks of reversible binding reactions. For these, we propose notions of elementary and composite species and of normal and complete networks. Many networks in pharmacology and other fields fall in these classes. We prove that their equilibrium states and detailed-balanced states coincide and are unique with respect to total concentrations of elementary species. The map f gives rise to an equation that has a unique solution which gives the equilibrium state. We also prove that concentrations always converge to the equilibrium state, thereby settling for complete networks the Global Attractor Conjecture, which affirms this property for the larger class of complex-balancing networks.
An advantage for the evolution of male haploidy and systems with similar genetic transmission

In arthropods and rotifers a variety of genetic systems share the common property that males transmit only their mother's genome while females transmit genomes of both parents. Many of these have long been recognised because of the haploidy of males, but there are also some species in which males are diploid and yet transmit only the maternal genome. It is shown that the evolution of these maternal-genome-transmitting males (“haploid” males) is governed by the simple selective principle that maternal alleles occur at twice the frequency in gametes of haploid sons as in gametes of diploid sons. Under a simple constraint on the fitness of haploid males, selection favours mothers which produce haploid sons merely because they transmit maternal alleles at a greater rate than do diploid sons. The advantage to mothers in producing haploid sons is at the expense of the paternal genome, which is not transmitted by haploid sons. There is therefore counter-selection on fathers to produce diploid sons, and if the right genetic variation arises this countering selection will revert male haploidy to diploidy. These arguments apply to large, random-mating populations but not necessarily to inbred populations.
Knowledge from the Margins: W. Montague Cobb's Pioneering Research in Biocultural Anthropology

W. Montague Cobb became the first African American to receive a doctorate in physical anthropology in the United States (1932). He was also among the first U.S. physical anthropologists to demonstrate a commitment to biocultural integration and racial equality in his research. Nonetheless, very few European American physical anthropologists responded to or utilized Cobb's work. This continued after bioanthropology took on a more biocultural focus in the 1980s, some 50 years after Cobb's first studies of this kind. In this essay, I highlight Cobb's research and writing from the first decades of his career to illustrate his contribution to developing biocultural perspectives in physical anthropology. As a result, I hope to move Cobb from the margins to the center of discussions about methodological and theoretical developments in bioanthropology over the past 30 years.
The Corruption of Breast Milk in Alexandre Hepp’s Le Lait d’une autre

This article explores the negative representation of breast-feeding in Alexandr­e Hepp’s novel Le Lait d’une autre, published in 1891. It provides an overview of the wet-nursing industry and perceptions of wet-nurses in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, followed by a comparison of the portrayal of breast milk in Hepp’s novel and in a more widely known novel by Emile Zola, Fecondite, published in 1899. Through a detailed analysis of Hepp’s novel, the article shows that the narrator depicts both the milk of the abusive wet-nurse as well as that of the selfish mother as menacing and violent; in both cases, breast milk symbolizes the dangers of unrepressed female sexuality.
Recurrent basal cell carcinoma treated with cryosurgery.

Abstract Background: Although there are reports of cure rates achieved by cryosurgery for primary basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), there are few data on the cryosurgical treatment of recurrent BCCs. Objective: Our purpose was to discuss case selection, cryosurgical management, and results of therapy. Methods: Cryosurgery was performed in 54 patients with 56 recurrent BCCs. The treatment consisted of aggressive freezing including an adequate margin of surrounding tissue. Results: Wound healing was favorable and the cosmetic results were excellent. Two recurrences were found and were referred for Mohs micrographic surgery. Conclusion: We conclude that cryosurgical treatment of selected recurrent BCCs yields results that compare favorably with other methods of treatment. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:82–84.) .
Beyond Habit and Convention: Visual Literacy and the VRC

Special Libraries, Special Challenges is a column dedicated to exploring the unique public services challenges that arise in libraries that specialize in a particular subject, such as law, medicine, business, and so forth. In each column, the author will discuss public service dilemmas and solutions that arise specifically in given subject libraries, while drawing links to how such issues affect librarianship in general. Special or subject-matter librarians interested in authoring a piece for this column are invited to contact Melissa K. Aho at aho@umn.edu. Amanda Rybin is the Associate Director of the Visual Resources Center in the Department of Art History at the University of Chicago. She holds a BA in Art History and Creative Writing and an MLIS from the University of Denver. Her email is: arybin@uchicago.edu. The University of Chicago VRC may be found at: http://arthistory.uchicago.edu/vrc.
A practical approach to restoring occlusion for edentulous patients. Part I: Guiding principles of tooth selection

The least complicated approach in treatment should be the guiding principle in occlusal reconstruction. Such an approach initially requires one to develop a philosophy of occlusion. Most dentists have developed a philosophy as a result of experience or have built on a philosophy presented to them in dental school. The philosophy suggested by the authors requires (1) centric occlusion to be established at centric jaw relation, (2) an absence of deflective occlusal contacts in lateral and protrusive movements, (3) a posterior tooth form with enough cusp height to permit adjustment of the occlusion by selective grinding, and (4) a natural and pleasing appearance in the restoration. Once the conditions of a philosophy have been established, the dentist must then choose a concept of occlusal treatment. Balanced or nonbalanced occlusal contacts are the two concepts most often proposed in providing complete denture service. Balanced occlusion is defined as “an occlusion of teeth which presents a harmonious relation of occluding surfaces in centric and eccentric positions within the functional range.“2 A nonbalanced concept strives for a maximum planned contact or intercuspation of the teeth at centric occlusion without emphasizing the contact relationship in the eccentric positions. Most dentists usually become
Effects of cross-pollination on dry matter accumulation, nutrient partitioning and grain yield of maize hybrids grown under different levels of N fertility.

This study was initiated to investigate the relationship between increased kernel sink capacity and fertiliser N use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L). Two hybrids differing in yield potential, Pioneer brand 3732 (P3732) and B73 × Mo17, were grown on field plots with four levels of N fertiliser. The kernel sink of P3732 was modified by cross-pollinating P3732 with pollen from B73 × Mo17. Vegetation and kernal samples collected from the N treatments at mid-silk and at 30, 45 and 60 days post-pollination (DPP) were analysed for accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and N content. Grain yield was also determined. Modification of the P3732 endosperm genotype through cross-pollination significantly increased kernel weight, kernel protein content and grain yield at each level of N treatment, indicating an improvement in fertiliser N use efficiency due to an increased sink demand. All three levels of N application produced similar effects on the accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and N in plant parts for both endosperm genotypes. Since the harvest index observed at 30, 45 and 60 DPP was similar between sib- and cross-pollinated plants, the additional nutrients translocated into developing kernels of P3732 cross-pollinated plants were mainly derived from increases in duration of dry matter production and N uptake by vegetative tissues rather than from improved partitioning efficiency.
Percolation flux and transport velocity in the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Abstract The percolation flux for borehole USW UZ-14 was calculated from 14 C residence times of pore water and water content of cores measured in the laboratory. Transport velocity is calculated from the depth interval between two points divided by the difference in 14 C residence times. Two methods were used to calculate the flux and velocity. The first method uses the 14 C data and cumulative water content data directly in the incremental intervals in the Paintbrush nonwelded unit and the Topopah Spring welded unit. The second method uses the regression relation for 14 C data and cumulative water content data for the entire Paintbrush nonwelded unit and the Topopah Spring Tuff/Topopah Spring welded unit. Using the first method, for the Paintbrush nonwelded unit in borehole USW UZ-14 percolation flux ranges from 2.3 to 41.0 mm/a. Transport velocity ranges from 1.2 to 40.6 cm/a. For the Topopah Spring welded unit percolation flux ranges from 0.9 to 5.8 mm/a in the 8 incremental intervals calculated. Transport velocity ranges from 1.4 to 7.3 cm/a in the 8 incremental intervals. Using the second method, average percolation flux in the Paintbrush nonwelded unit for 6 boreholes ranges from 0.9 to 4.0 mm/a at the 95% confidence level. Average transport velocity ranges from 0.6 to 2.6 cm/a. For the Topopah Spring welded unit and Topopah Spring Tuff, average percolation flux in 5 boreholes ranges from 1.3 to 3.2 mm/a. Average transport velocity ranges from 1.6 to 4.0 cm/a. Both the average percolation flux and average transport velocity in the PTn are smaller than in the TS/TSw. However, the average minimum and average maximum values for the percolation flux in the TS/TSw are within the PTn average range. Therefore, differences in the percolation flux in the two units are not significant. On the other hand, average, average minimum, and average maximum transport velocities in the TS/TSw unit are all larger than the PTn values, implying a larger transport velocity for the TS/TSw although there is a small overlap.
Enzymatic phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in organic solvents: An examination of selected commercially available lipases

Eight commercial lipase preparations were examined for the ability to hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (PC) in hexane solutions. Only the enzymes fromHumicola lanuginosa, Rhizopus delemar andCandida rugosa displayed appreciable activity. Solvent polarity was the largest single factor affecting activity. TheH. lanuginosa sample was most active in polar solvents. TheR. delemar preparation was most active in polar (2-hexamone) and nonpolar (decane) solvents and least active in solvents of intermediate polarity (hexane). The solvent dependence of the activity of theC. rugosa enzyme varied with the ratio of substrate to enzyme. Different degrees of activity were retained by the three enzymes after passive immobilization on Celite, controlled-pore glass, polypropylene and Amberlite XAD-7 resins. No single resin yielded the best retained activity for all three preparations. When examined in 2-octanone, hexane and isooctane, the Celite-immobilizedR. delemar andH. lanuginosa enzymes exhibited highest activity in 2-octanone, while immobilizedC. rugosa was most active in isooctane. The water content at which maximum activity was observed was relatively independent of solvent polarity and the amount of catalyst but was proportional to the amount of PC in the reaction. The retention of activity by immobilizedRhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme) during multiple hydrolytic cycles required a reduction in the water content of the system below that yielding optimal activity in a single cycle.
A topographical study of persuasive play in digital games

Expanding the bounds of digital educational games, this research describes the characteristics of games designed to modify player perspective, understanding, interests, activities or opinions. These persuasive play games include social impact games, games for change, and others games designed to persuade players. In summary the characteristics of 150 such games are reported through three broad categories of development, design and play experience. This summary of results focuses on digital play and proves effective at providing a topographical view of the state of play designed for extrinsic action and understanding. The focus of this research is the design and development characteristics of such games.
Chromium-Based Regulations Applicable to Metal Finishing Industries in the United States: A Policy Assessment

This article seeks to briefly evaluate the context behind the development of regulations related to chromium pollution control in metal finishing industries. The available evidence suggests the possibility of elevation of the issue to the agenda for agency rule-making, and subsequent implementation can occur even in the absence of focusing events. Based on historical evidence, this article illustrates that gradual accumulation of knowledge of harmful effects of chromium over the period of decades has been instrumental in the formulation and implementation of standards and guidelines to regulate chromium in the environment under major statutes such as the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and so on. The implementation of command and control regulations has resulted in appreciable reduction of chromium released into the environment, thereby minimizing the impact on human health and the environment. However, achieving full compliance from metal finishing industries is still an illusion. There are examples of violations committed by industries. In response to this realization, policy evolution in the chromium pollution control domain has occurred in two directions: (1) gradual replacement of existing standards with more stringent standards and guidelines and (2) emphasis on multimedia, voluntary, and participatory approaches to improve compliance. But the results from the latter are not as dramatic as previously envisioned. Borrowing from the experience of the Common Sense Initiative (CSI), this article argues that consensus-based, multistakeholder collaboration can be a policy development tool.
Young Adult Literature Research in the 21st Century

The study of young adult literature (YAL) as both an art form and teaching tool is in its infancy. Barely 50 years old, this emerging genre began to establish a presence in the canon of both classical and popular literature. As a developing field of inquiry, however, YAL struggles for legitimacy and prestige. The purpose of this article is to issue a call to educational researchers to shift the focus of current YAL research from teaching the content (text analysis research) to that of student learning in the classroom (empirical research). Doing so would increase the legitimacy and influence of the genre and establish its jurisdiction within the educational research arena as a valuable and viable subject worthy of investigation.
Cooperative packet scheduling via pipelining in 802.11 wireless networks

The proliferation of 802.11a/b/g based wireless devices has fueled their adoption in many domains -- some of which are unforseen. Yet, these devices lack native support for some of the advanced features (such as service differentiation, etc.) required in specific application domains. A subset of these features relies on cooperative scheduling whereby nodes cooperate among each other to effectively manage resources such as power, throughput and interference in wireless networks. The trajectory of evolution in these devices has been primarily through new extension standards (such as 802.11e/s etc.) that offer support for these features. Plagued with long design cycles and cost overhead to upgrade, this process of upgrading creates an uphill task to users who want to use their wireless devices for different applications. In this paper, we argue that such cooperative scheduling extensions can be supported using a new layer on top of the existing MAC layer. We propose a 2½- pipeline architecture as a generic mechanism to create such domain specific extensions and propose two such protocols, SPARTA (power conservation) and ARGOS (throughput guarantees) over the native 802.11/b/g MAC layer.
Scene-based cross-comparison of SNPP-VIIRS and Aqua-MODIS over oceanic waters

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP) (SNPP) was launched in October 2011 to continue monitoring the globe in a similar fashion as the heritage sensors, such as the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This paper applies a scene-based technique to examine in-orbit radiometric stability of VIIRS relative to Aqua MODIS. The cross-comparison is made over global deep ocean waters. This cross-comparison allows for a comprehensive examination of the sensors’ radiometric responsivity at relatively low signal levels (over oceanic waters). The study is further extended to L2/L3 products, including remote sensing reflectance and the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of waters under investigation, derived from the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance (L1B). The temporal analyses give insights into the trends in the relative radiometric stability and the resulting discrepancies in the corresponding products.
Panama Canal: how critical to U.S. grain exports?

The administration and operation of the Panama Canal was transferred to the Republic of Panama on December 31, 1999. Shipping and agricultural interests indicate new Canal management may increase tolls in an effort to maximize revenues, and some fear mismanagement may eventually result in Canal closure. Analysis show increasing tolls would reduce exports via U.S. Gulf ports, increase exports via U.S. Pacific Northwest ports, reduce quantities transiting the Canal, and increase maritime movements to East Asia via Africa’s Cape of Good Hope. The U.S. role in Asia’s corn and soybean markets would decline; however, total U.S. exports would be reduced no more than 2%. Results suggest a revenue-maximizing Canal operator could substantially increase revenues by adjusting tolls up by $2/ton on corn-laden vessels and $1/ton on soybean-laden vessels. This would lower U.S. corn and soybean revenues by about $160 million. If the Canal were to be closed, it is projected that revenues of U.S. corn and soybean producers would decline $303 million per year. [EconLit citations: L910, L920] © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ongoing reform of U.S. telecommunications policy

Abstract In February 1996, the U.S. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This bill marks a fundamental change in the regulatory paradigm for telecommunications from one of protecting monopoly to one of promoting competition. This article surveys some of the major components of regulatory reform set in motion by the bill, particularly the unbundling of local exchange telephone networks in order to facilitate competitive entry.
Interfetal heart rate and size variation in first-trimester multifetal pregnancies and heart rate of surviving fetuses after fetal reduction.

The objective of this study was to determine the variation in first-trimester fetal size and fetal heart rates in multifetal pregnancies, and to study the effect of fetal reduction on the surviving fetal heart rate. Fetal crown-rump length and fetal heart rates were measured in 44 patients with multifetal pregnancies who underwent fetal reduction. The heart rates of the surviving fetuses were also measured immediately after, and 1 h following the procedure. A total of 143 fetuses were evaluated prior to reduction and 75 fetuses following the procedure. There was no significant difference in crown-rump length between fetuses of the same gestation. The interfetal fetal heart rate variation between fetuses of the same gestation, expressed as a standard deviation, was 4.78 ± 0.51 beats/min (mean standard deviation ± standard error of the mean) before reduction; this was a significantly greater variation than could be attributed to error in the measurement of heart rate. In the surviving fetuses, the mean heart rate did not change. However, immediately after the reduction, interfetal heart rate variation was abolished, but was observed again 1 h after the reduction. We conclude that in first-trimester multifetal pregnancies (1) there is no significant difference in fetal crown-rump length; (2) there is interfetal variation in heart rates; and (3) fetal reduction has only a limited effect on the heart rates of surviving fetuses. Copyright © 1997 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
SQUARE ROOT OF A RELATIVISTIC TOP

Abstract A new classical supersymmetric physical system, which is an extension of the usual supersymmetric point-particle system, is studied. I start by considering a Regge trajectory constraint of the form P μ P μ − ( m 2 0 R 2 ) 1 2 Σ μν Σ μν + m 2 0 ≈ 0 , where Pμ is the linear momentum, Σμν is the internal angular momentum of a spinning particle and m0 and R are constants of motion. I use the method of Teitelboim to find the square root of such a trajectory. An interesting result is that in addition to the usual anticommuting variables θμ associated with the momentum Pμ, I obtain new anticommuting variables θμν associated with the internal angular momentum Σμν.
Immunology and endometriosis.

Problem: Accumulating data suggests that aberrant immune responses during retrograde menstruation may be involved in the development of endometriosis. Method of Study: The role of immunology in the etiology of endometriosis is reviewed and summarized from the available literature. Results: Immunologic factors may affect a woman's susceptibility to implantation of exfoliated endometrial cells. Immune alterations include increased number and activation of peritoneal macrophages, decreased T cell reactivity and natural killer cell cytotoxicity, increased circulating antibodies, and changes in the cytokine network. Conclusion: There is substantial evidence that immunologic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and endometriosis-associated infertility. Decreased natural killer cell cytotoxicity leads to an increased likelihood of implantation of endometriotic tissue. In addition, macrophages and a complex network of locally produced cytokines modulate the growth and inflammatory behavior of ectopic endometrial implants.
Etiology and treatment of childhood depression: a biopsychological perspective.

Abstract Depression in children has become a well-accepted entity today, 1–6 but its existence was denied by even experienced clinicians a generation ago. It is a disorder with diverse physical manifestations. These include disturbances of appetite, abnormalities in body weight, and multiple somatic complaints, such as headaches and vague abdominal7 and chest pains.8 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed), (DSM-III),9 describes the criteria for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder as follows: a dysphoric mood or pervasive loss of interest or pleasure, plus four of the following eight symptoms: (1) changes in appetite or weight, (2) sleep difficulty, (3) loss of energy, (4) psychomotor agitation or retardation, (5) loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities, (6) feelings of self-reproach or guilt, (7) complaints or evidence of diminished ability to concentrate or think, and (8) recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Although no distinction is made among children, adolescents, and adults concerning the essential features of depressive disorders, the text of DSM-III does describe differences in associated features for different age groups. Affective disorders are classified as either primary or secondary,10 depending on whether or not the individual had a preexisting psychiatric disorder.11 Carlson and Cantwell5 have recently shown that this dichotomy may also be a useful one for childhood depression. Another familiar classification employs the unipolar—bipolar dichotomy.12,13 The endogenous-reactive classification offers a third, albeit controversial, view of categorizing depressive disorders.11 Malmquist's14 classification of depression has as its basis an association with organic disease, deprivation syndrome, difficulty with individuation, latency type, or adolescent types. Currently, affective disorders are considered to comprise a heterogenous group in adults. All of the preceding classification schemes have some15–26 degree of validation behind them from family studies, natural history studies, biologic correlates, and responses to various types of treatment. In this paper, we discuss the etiology and treatment of childhood depression from both biologic and psychologic perspectives.
Analysis of Chemical Data by Computer Modeling

Abstract The rapidly increasing power and availability of small computers have made sophisticated numerical analysis of data a routine feature of modem chemistry. Analytical computations that would have been too time consuming on a mainframe computer of 20 years ago have become commonplace on the laboratory microcomputers of today. On the other hand, some mainframe computer centers promise to offer “low-end supercomputing” by the early 1990s. This capability should further broaden the scope of feasible data analysis methods. Highly integrated measurementkomputation systems are evolving concurrently with the ongoing revolution in computing technology partly because many instrumental measurements require mathematical treatment of raw data to make it more intelligible to the chemist. Data analysis packages are integral components of many modem commercial instruments used in chemistry. Mathematical operations may include transforming raw data into a more desirable form, removing unwanted instrumental backgrou...
Phosphatidylethanolamine Is Required for in Vivo Function of the Membrane-associated Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli

Experiments with mutant Escherichia coli cells lacking phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as a membrane component (DeChavigny, A., Heacock, P. N., and Dowhan, W. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5323-5332) were carried out to establish whether or not PE is necessary for full function of the lac permease in vivo. The Vmax for active transport of both lactose (in cells lacking beta-galactosidase, lacZ) and the unhydrolyzable lactose analog, methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (TMG), by mutant cells lacking PE was reduced 5-10-fold relative to cells containing PE, while the Km for the uptake of both substrates was the same in both types of cells. The low rate of TMG and lactose uptake by PE-deficient cells was unaffected by the presence of a protonophore (uncoupler) and for TMG uptake was on the order of the greatly reduced rate of uptake in uncoupler-treated cells containing PE. The rate of entry of lactose into lacZ+ derivatives of both types of cells, as a measure of facilitated diffusion, was nearly the same. The Km for lactose (lacZ cells) and TMG transport in PE-deficient cells was unaffected by the presence of an uncoupler which had a small effect on Vmax. In PE-containing cells these kinetic parameters for TMG transport were reduced by an uncoupler to the level found with PE-deficient cells while an uncoupler reduced lactose uptake by PE-containing (lacZ) cells to below measureable levels. Inverted membrane vesicles made from both types of cells could be loaded with TMG, but energizing TMG-loaded vesicles by ATP only induced rapid, uphill, permease-dependent efflux of TMG from PE-containing vesicles. The decrease in apparent active transport activity of cells with no PE was not due to a change in membrane permeability, to a reduced delta microH+ (proton electrochemical gradient) across the cell membrane, or to a reduced level of membrane-associated lac permease protein. These results suggest that in the absence of PE the lac permease cannot couple substrate uptake to delta microH+ in order to effect accumulation of substrate and as a result only carries out facilitated diffusion.
Wide Bandgap Fluorinated Silicon-Carbide-Nitride Films Using NF3

Amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide has been studied extensively because of its properties as a wide bandgap material. However, a large amount of methane is needed to deposit the material. Also, the high carbon content of these films poses some problems. The addition of NF 3 to the gas stream results in wide bandgap films with a substantial reduction in the required CH 4 flow for deposition. Amorphous SiC x N y :H:F films were prepared using rf glow discharge decomposition of silane, methane, and nitrogen trifluoride in a parallel-plate stainless steel reactor. Gas flow rate and power density were varied. For a gas mixture containing 6% NF 3 and 78% CH 4 , FTIR measurements reveal a reduction in C-H peak heights at 2960 cm -1 and 2880 cm -1 with respect to the Si-H peak at 2080 cm -1 indicating a smaller carbon content in the film. The C-H peaks shift to higher wavenumbers with increasing NF 3 . The use of NF 3 increases the bandgap from 2.6 to 3.14 eV while reducing the refractive index from 2.12. to 1.87. A maximum deposition rate of 625 A/min was achieved. This should be compared to the very low deposition rate of 18 A/min for comparable bandgap Si-C films deposited using 97% methane in silane. Increasing the deposition power density resulted in a larger bandgap and a smaller refractive index.
Tool Runout Estimation Using Feed Force Spectral Components

Cutter Runout is the eccentricity caused by a combination of imperfections in the cutting tool, tool holder, and spindle. While magnitudes of cutter runout are generally small (e.g 10 μm), the effect is noticeable in high tolerance finishing operations, and can cause significant variations in the force experienced on a multi tooth cutter. The goal of this research is to design and evaluate an indirect runout estimation method, using feed force components at the spindle and tooth passing frequency. The accuracy of the method is evaluated for a range of cutting conditions for 4 and 6 tooth helical flat end mills. The standard error of the runout estimation method for 27 test cases was determined to be 7.1 μm. The error was skewed by several data points from a 6 tooth cutter. Additional testing is needed with 2, 3 and 5 tooth cutters.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Spin Fluctuations in Nearly Antiferromagnetic Metals

It is shown theoretically that the linear contribution to the specific heat enhanced by spin fluctuations in nearly antiferromagnetic metals exhibits no logarithmic increase as the critical boundary is approached, nor does a term like ${T}^{3}\mathrm{ln}T$ in the specific heat exist, in contrast to the case of nearly ferromagnetic metals.
Agricultural phosphorus and water quality: a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency perspective

Pollution of lakes, rivers, and estuaries from agricultural sources of P is a major water quality problem in the USA. This paper explains the regulatory and nonregulatory programs developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to implement its legal mandate to control water pollution from these sources. The Clean Water Act defines concentrated animal feeding operations as point sources of pollution that are required to obtain permits to discharge into waters of the USA. All other agricultural sources are considered nonpoint and are not regulated under federal law. The USEPA provides grant money to the states to develop and implement nonpoint source programs. The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 requires coastal states to adopt nonpoint management measures that are backed by enforceable policies and mechanisms. For water bodies that continue to be impaired despite the basic implementation of these laws and other programs, states are required to develop a total maximum daily load (TMDL). The TMDL process is the quantitative basis for reaching water quality standards. The USEPA is putting a new emphasis on controlling nutrient pollution sources to meet the goal of the Clean Water Act.
Enzymatic Synthesis of trans-Free Structured Margarine Fat Analogues Using Stearidonic Acid Soybean and High Stearate Soybean Oils

Enzymatic synthesis of trans-free structured margarine fat analogues from stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil and high stearate soybean oil was optimized using response surface methodology. The independent variables considered were the substrate molar ratio (2–5), temperature (50–65 °C), time (6–22 h), and enzymes (Lipozyme® TLIM and Novozym® 435). The dependent variables were mol% stearic acid incorporation and mol% SDA content. A good-fit model was constructed using regression analysis with backward elimination and verified by a Chi-square test. Desirable and optimal products composition were achieved at 50 °C, 18 h, 2:1, using Lipozyme TLIM, with 15.6 mol% stearic acid and 9.2 mol% SDA in the product and at 58 °C, 14 h, 2:1, using Novozym 435, with 14.8 mol% stearic acid and 6.4 mol% SDA. Using optimal conditions, structured lipids (SL) were synthesized in a 1 L stir-batch reactor and free fatty acids removed by short-path distillation. SL were characterized for their fatty acid profile, sn-2 positional fatty acids, triacylglycerol profile, polymorphism, thermal behavior, and solid fat content. The SL had a desirable fatty acid profile, physical properties, and a suitable β′ polymorph content. These SL could be used as margarine fat analogues and an alternative to partially hydrogenated fat.
Regional differences in μ1-binding of [3H][d-Ala2,d-Leu5]-enkephalin: Comparisons of thalamus and cortex in the rat

Abstract Typically, μ 1 -sites represent approximately 25–35% of binding in rat brain homogenates. Competition studies indicated that approximately 60% of [ 3 H][ d -Ala 2 , d -Leu 5 ]-enkephalin ([ 3 H]DADLE) binding in the thalamus was inhibited by low concentrations of morphine (2–5 nM). This high proportion of μ 1 -binding was anticipated based upon the low levels of δ-sites and the high levels of μ 1 -sites in this region observed in autoradiography studies. In contrast, morphine lowered [ 3 H]DADLE binding by only approximately 5–15% in the cortex, a region known to possess large amounts of δ- and few μ 1 -receptors. These results support previous autoradiography studies and illustrate the advantages of using tissue regions in the characterization of opiate receptor subtypes.
Advances in photoemission spectroscopy of f-electron materials

Abstract The recent capability to perform angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) with improved energy and angle resolution over a wide photon energy range has provided new information about f-electron systems. Results for two rather different systems, 5f-electron heavy fermion metal URu2Si2 and 4f-electron mixed-valent SmB6 are compared and contrasted.
Role of blood viscosity in the production of innocent ejection murmurs

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that may participate in the production of innocent ejection murmurs. Although it is known that ejection murmurs are produced by turbulent flow, the cause of turbulence in subjects with innocent murmurs has not been determined. The viscosity and the density of blood are factors that participate in the production of turbulence. Therefore, their role in the production of innocent ejection murmurs was investigated in 40 healthy young women, aged 18 to 22 years. Fourteen subjects had an innocent murmur; 26 had no murmur. All had a normal hematocrit (37 ml/100 ml or greater); none were anemic. However, the subjects with an innocent murmur had a significantly lower hematocrit (P < 0.01), and consequently the viscosity of blood in these subjects was lower (0.038 ± 0.001 versus 0.042 ± 0.001 poise) (P < 0.001). The density of blood and the estimated stroke volume were similar in both groups. These observations suggest that young women with an innocent murmur may have a lower viscosity of blood than those without a murmur. The increased turbulence caused by the decreased viscosity may contribute to causing inaudible ejection murmurs to exceed the threshold of audibility.
Release of prostaglandin E-2 in bovine brain endothelial cells after exposure to three unique forms of the antifungal drug amphotericin-B: role of COX-2 in amphotericin-B induced fever

Common formulations of amphotericin-B include a deoxycholate colloidal suspension (d-Amph), an amphotericin-B lipid complex (Ablc), and a liposomal product (l-Amph). The clinical incidence of infusion related fever is highest with d-Amph, intermediate with Ablc, and lowest with l-Amph. In the present study, we measured the activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and subsequent release of prostaglandin E-2 (PgE-2) from brain microvessel endothelium treated with these three formulations of amphotericin-B. Primary cultured bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells (BBMEC) were exposed to d-Amph, Ablc and l-Amph at concentrations that can be achieved in the plasma of patients receiving the drug. Media samples from the cells were collected and analyzed for PgE-2. Release of PgE-2 from BBMEC monolayers treated with l-Amph was similar to cells receiving culture media alone. In contrast, Ablc and d-Amph caused significantly greater release of PgE-2 from BBMEC monolayers compared to controls receiving culture media alone. PgE-2 release after d-Amph treatment was similar in magnitude to that observed with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western blot analysis indicated significant induction of COX-2 expression in BBMEC following LPS, Ablc or d-Amph treatment. Furthermore, PgE-2 release following exposure of BBMEC monolayers to either LPS or the various amphotericin-B formulations was reduced by the addition of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398. These studies indicate that amphotericin-B induces COX-2 expression in brain microvessel endothelium resulting in release of fever producing PgE-2. The magnitude of PgE-2 release from BBMEC following exposure to various amphotericin-B formulations mirrors the clinical observations regarding amphotericin-B induced fever and serves as initial support for the clinical use of COX-2 inhibitors to reduce amphotericin-B fever.
Measurements of vocal fold tissue viscoelasticity: Approaching the male phonatory frequency range

Viscoelastic shear properties of human vocal fold tissues have been reported previously. However, data have only been obtained at very low frequencies (⩽15 Hz). This necessitates data extrapolation to the frequency range of phonation based on constitutive modeling and time-temperature superposition. This study attempted to obtain empirical measurements at higher frequencies with the use of a controlled strain torsional rheometer, with a design of directly controlling input strain that introduced significantly smaller system inertial errors compared to controlled stress rheometry. Linear viscoelastic shear properties of the vocal fold mucosa (cover) from 17 canine larynges were quantified at frequencies of up to 50 Hz. Consistent with previous data, results showed that the elastic shear modulus (G′), viscous shear modulus (G″), and damping ratio (ζ) of the vocal fold mucosa were relatively constant across 0.016–50 Hz, whereas the dynamic viscosity (η′) decreased monotonically with frequency. Constitutive c...