cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Restricted Feeding on Fatness, Efficiency, and the Relationship Between Fatness and Efficiency in Broilers

Abstract The growth, efficiency of feed utilization, and carcass fatness of broilers under a regimen of severely restricted feed consumption that was limited to the level of a population similar in size and fatness to a 1950 broiler were evaluated. The effects of this restriction were determined on the relationship of carcass fatness and the efficiency of feed utilization. The study consisted of four treatment groups: broilers, full-fed from hatching to 7 wk of age (B-FF); Athens-Canadian randombreds, full-fed from hatching to 7 wk of age (AC-FF); broilers with feed consumption restricted to that of the AC-FF from 3 days to 7 wk of age (B-R7); and broilers with feed consumption restricted from 3 days to 4 wk of age (B-R4) to that of the AC-FF group and returned to feed available for ad libitum consumption from 4 to 7 wk of age. Four-week body weights of the restricted groups were reduced to 41% of the B-FF group; the 7-wk weights, to 45%. Although a large amount of compensatory growth occurred from 4 to 7 wk in the B-R4 group, even that was not sufficient to result in 7-wk weights comparable to those of the B-FF group. The compensatory growth resulted in a greatly improved efficiency of feed utilization, compared to full-fed controls. Correlations of body weight and gain with efficiency were similar for all the treatment groups. The 7-wk proportion of abdominal fat for the B-R7 group was reduced to 22% for the B-FF group, while that of the B-R4 group was twice the level of the B-R7 group. Differences in efficiency were associated with differences in both abdominal and carcass fat. This relationship was consistent for all treatment groups. However, abdominal and carcass fat were significantly correlated (.4) with the feed-conversion ratio only in the B-FF group.
On Native Ground: Transnationalism, Frederick Douglass, and "The Heroic Slave"

Beginning with a reconsideration of the symbolic ending of “The Heroic Slave,” where Madison Washington and his compatriots find themselves in the Bahamas and not the United States, this article works through Frederick Douglass’s understanding of national affiliation. Taking two specific problems in his imagination—the rhetoric of democracy and transnationalism—I reassess the concept of national affiliation for African Americans when political citizenship is denied. Through its protagonist, Washington, who is thoroughly versed in the vocabulary of United States nationalism, “The Heroic Slave” discloses the incongruence between the rhetoric of nationalism and its materialization as a failure of democratic enactment. The text also intimates Douglass’s increasing recognition of transnationalism as an affective system of imagined belonging based on either a shared belief (in democracy) or racial contingency. By deterritorializing cultural belonging, “The Heroic Slave” depicts the liminal position of African A...
Transport of radioactivity from eye to visual cortex in the mouse.

Abstract After injection of tritiated proline into the mouse eye, radioactive protein was axonally transported in the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate body. Five hours after its initial appearance in the geniculate, labeled protein also began to appear in the visual cortex. Thereafter, the amount of labeled protein in the cortex was closely related to the amount in the geniculate, during the arrival in the geniculate of both the fast and slow components of axonal protein transport (and possibly an intermediate component as well). The proportion of protein accumulating in visual cortex relative to that in the geniculate steadily increased with time. The rate of increase was identical in normal mice and in mutant mice in which electrical activity of the optic nerve was probably reduced because of the absence of visual receptors. It appeared likely, therefore, that the rate accumulation in the visual cortex was unrelated to electrical activity. Leucine and glucosamine were less satisfactory than proline for demonstrating the cortical accumulation, and fucose was better than proline. The tentative picture emerging from these experiments is that there is a constant transfer of protein from the labeled optic axons to neuronal elements in their vicinity. This transfer is not related to the process of synaptic transmission.
Forensic 3D scene reconstruction

Traditionally law enforcement agencies have relied on basic measurement and imaging tools, such as tape measures and cameras, in recording a crime scene. A disadvantage of these methods is that they are slow and cumbersome. The development of a portable system that can rapidly record a crime scene with current camera imaging, 3D geometric surface maps, and contribute quantitative measurements such as accurate relative positioning of crime scene objects, would be an asset to law enforcement agents in collecting and recording significant forensic data. The purpose of this project is to develop a feasible prototype of a fast, accurate, 3D measurement and imaging system that would support law enforcement agents to quickly document and accurately record a crime scene.
Infrared measurements of the ClO radical

Abstract High-resolution infrared spectra of the fundamental (v = 1–0) and first overtone (v = 2–0) bands of the ClO ( X 2 Π 3 2 , 2 Π 1 2 ) radical have been observed using a Fourier transform spectrometer and a diode laser. Frequencies and relative absorption line intensities have been measured and analyzed. An improved set of rovibrational constants for both 35ClO and 37ClO and a table of line positions and intensities are given. Relative intensity measurements are used to determine the rotational dependence of the intensities, and thereby determine the Herman-Wallis effect. An integrated band intensity of 11.3 ± 2.0 cm−2 atm−1 is determined for v = 1–0 from the first Herman-Wallis constant in a manner independent of any concentration determination.
Updated US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposure to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis

Occupational exposure to potentially infectious agents has received great attention because of the advent of HIV and the growing awareness of the possible serious clinical ramifications of hepatitis C. However, there are more than 20 diseases that have been linked to needle-stick injury. The latter group of illnesses are beyond the scope of this chapter but should be considered when developing institutional policies or when providing care for exposed health care personnel (HCP). The following guidelines apply to any health care worker (HCW; e.g., employees, students, contractors, attending clinicians, public safety workers, volunteers).
A pearl diver deals a poker hand

A new algorithm is presented for generating a random sequence of m different integers in the range 1.. n.
Development and validation of a chiral LC method for analysis of the four stereoisomers of 1045U85 in plasma

A method for analysis of the four stereoisomers of 1045U85 in rat plasma was developed and validated. The method involved liquid extraction of 1045U85 and an internal standard (propranolol) from plasma, followed by reaction with a chiral derivatizing reagent, GITC. The diastereoisomeric products were then separated by reversed-phase LC. The range of quantitation was 9.828-0.121 micrograms ml-1 for total 1045U85 (3.440-0.042 micrograms ml-1 for the RR and SS isomers, and 1.474-0.018 micrograms ml-1 for the RS and SR isomers). Specificity of the method for 1045U85 was demonstrated using spiked plasma samples as well as plasma samples from dosed animals. Extraction recovery of 1045U85 and propranolol was greater than 95%, and the derivatization reaction was shown to be complete. Accuracy (% bias) ranged from -2.6 to 3.9% for total 1045U85 and from -4.7 to 14.1% for the individual stereoisomers. Precision (% RSD) was 3.8-8.7% for total 1045U85 and 2.9-16.5% for the individual isomers. Plasma samples stored at -70 degrees C were stable for 19 weeks. The method has been used to determine plasma 1045U85 concentrations in nonclinical studies with this compound.
Slicing, Fitting and Linking (SFL): A Modular Triangulation Approach

ABSTRACT Slicing-Fitting-Linking (SFL) is a fast triangulation technique that guarantees building a closed mesh with consistentnormals. The proposed technique can be used with different surface reconstruction cues such as laser scanner, stereo, SF5, and CT/MRI. The output of SFL can be in the form of STL files that are suitable for most rapid prototypingmachines. The technique has three tasks. The first task is to slice the 3D data points into 2D cross sections parallelto each other. The second task is to fit a curve to the data points of each cross section. The third task is to link the fitted curves to form the mesh. A detailed description of the algorithm is presented in this paperKeywords: Triangulation, surface reconstruction, deformable contours, geometric modeling. 1. INTRODUCTION Computer-aided geometric design and computer-aided manufacturing systems are used in numerous industries todesign and create physical objects from digital models. However, the reverse problem, that of inferring a digitaldescription from an existing physical object, has received much less attention. We refer to this problem as reverse-engineering. There are various properties of a 3D object that one may be interested in recovering, including its
The distribution of marked dermal cells from small localized implants in limb regenerates

Numerous experiments have demonstrated that skin has a profound influence on the pattern of limb regeneration in urodeles. In this investigation, the fate during regeneration of marked cells derived from narrow strips of skin inserted into different positions around the limb circumference has been followed. Skin strips were taken from triploid axolotls and transplanted into diploid sibling animals. The distribution of trinucleolate cells was determined at the site of amputation and in the regenerated limb. The results indicate that at the time of amputation marked cells appear to be localized to the graft, whereas in the regenerated marked cells may be found at all proximal-distal levels and at any position around the circumference of the limb. These results are discussed in terms of a possible mechanism for distal outgrowth.
I.—Restoration of some European Dinosaurs, with Suggestions as to their Place among the Reptilia

For several years I have been engaged in investigating the Dinosaurs of North America, where these extinct reptiles were very abundant during the whole of Mesozoic time. The results of my study have been published from time to time, and I have already had the honour of presenting some of these to the British Association. In carrying out this investigation so as to include the whole group of Dinosaurs, wherever found, and bringing all under one system of classification, it has been necessary for me to study the remains discovered in Europe, and I have made several visits to this country for that purpose.
Kinetic properties of membrane-bound and Triton X-100-solubilized human brain monoamine oxidase.

Abstract The kinetic properties of membrane-bound and Triton X-100-solubilized human brain mitochondrial type A and B monoamine oxidase were examined. These studies reveal that the K m values for phenylethylamine and benzylamine, type B monoamine oxidase substrates, were only slightly increased by the solubilization procedure. The K m value for 5-hydroxytryptamine, a type A monoamine oxidase substrate, was similarly increased by treatment with Triton X-100. The K m values for oxygen with all three amine substrates were unaffected by solubilization of the oxidase. Similarly, the optimum pH for deamination of substrates for the B isoenzyme was essentially unaltered in the solubilized preparation as compared to the membrane-bound enzyme whereas that for 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism was decreased from pH 8.5 to approximately 7.75 on solubilization. The energy of activation with all three substrates was altered on solubilization of the oxidases with Triton X-100. The energy of activation for the B monoamine oxidase substrates increased whereas that for 5-hydroxytryptamine decreased. These data support the contention that the lipid environment surrounding the two forms of monoamine oxidase controls, in part, the activity and kinetic properties of the enzymes.
Improving Fuel Economy inHeavy-Duty Vehicles

In September 2011, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) jointly promulgated the first-ever federal regulations mandating improvements in fuel economy among heavy-duty commercial vehicles (HDVs). Although much more complex than the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards for light-duty vehicles, the rules employ many of the same concepts and regulatory strategies. While regulatory familiarity can be advantageous for almost all interested parties, the approach also has weaknesses. In this issue brief, the authors describe fuel economy technologies for the trucking sector, its economic structure, the details of the new fuel economy regulations for heavy-duty trucks, and the controversies they sparked. They also cite problems with the underlying cost–benefit analysis of the regulation and highlight some flaws of this form of regulation. The authors conclude by suggesting a variety of alternative, more market-oriented approaches that might work better.
Tissue refractive index as marker of disease

The gold standard in histopathology relies on manual investigation of stained tissue biopsies. A sensitive and quantitative method for in situ tissue specimen inspection is highly desirable, as it would allow early disease diagnosis and automatic screening. Here we demonstrate that quantitative phase imaging of entire unstained biopsies has the potential to fulfill this requirement. Our data indicates that the refractive index distribution of histopathology slides, which contains information about the molecular scale organization of tissue, reveals prostate tumors and breast calcifications. These optical maps report on subtle, nanoscale morphological properties of tissues and cells that cannot be recovered by common stains, including hematoxylin and eosin. We found that cancer progression significantly alters the tissue organization, as exhibited by consistently higher refractive index variance in prostate tumors versus normal regions. Furthermore, using the quantitative phase information, we obtained the spatially resolved scattering mean free path and anisotropy factor g for entire biopsies and demonstrated their direct correlation with tumor presence. In essence, our results show that the tissue refractive index reports on the nanoscale tissue architecture and, in principle, can be used as an intrinsic marker for cancer diagnosis.
Stimulation of ecdysteroidogenesis by small prothoracicotropic hormone: role of calcium.

Prothoracicotropic hormones (PTTHs) stimulate synthesis and secretion of ecdysteroids by insect prothoracic glands. In Manduca sexta, PTTH exists as two size variants, small and big PTTH. Experiments were performed to assess the possible role of cyclic AMP in small PTTH signal transduction. cAMP analogs, or agents that increase intracellular cAMP, stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. Small PTTH enhanced glandular cAMP levels; the rise in cAMP preceded an increase in ecdysteroid secretion. Prothoracic glands accumulated less cAMP when treated with small PTTH than when treated with big PTTH. A phosphodiesterase inhibitor (1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine) (MIX) increased the amount of cAMP in glands treated with small but not big PTTH, suggesting that glandular phosphodiesterase activity may be elevated in the presence of small PTTH. PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroid secretion was suppressed by a cAMP antagonist (Rp-cAMPS). The effects of small and big PTTH on ecdysteroidogenesis were non-additive. The combined results suggest that cAMP is employed as a second messenger by both prothoracicotropins, and that there may be subtle differences in their respective mechanisms of action.
Effects of plant species on each other's pollination: Is community structure influenced?

Pollination is one of the most important aspects of the life histories of most vascular plants. Until recently, there has been a broad consensus that heterospecific neighbors compete for pollinators, that this competition leads to phenological divergence, and that divergence leads to structured communities. New work is revealing a more complex web of interactions.
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) as a High-Throughput Assay for Coupling Reactions. Arylation of Amines as a Case Study

A solution-phase assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was developed for high-throughput screening of palladium catalyzed aminations of aryl halides. Dansylpiperazine was used as the fluorescent component and a chloro- or bromoarene tagged with an azodye as the quenching partner. Fluorescence intensities of reaction aliquots correlated linearly with reaction yield after dilution to appropriate concentrations. A library of 119 phosphine and heterocyclic carbene ligands was evaluated in duplicate reactions of two combinations. In general, the FRET assay displayed excellent reproducibility, with less than 5% of the duplicate experiments showing significant variability in yields. Among reactions producing greater than 50% yield, the average percent uncertainty was just 5%. For a small subset of sterically hindered ligands, differences in yields between 10 and 20% were observed between the substrates bearing dyes for the FRET assay and substrates that are unfunctionalized. However, the r...
Measuring and monitoring occupancy with an RFID based system for demand-driven HVAC operations

Abstract Building energy management and the necessity to reduce overall energy consumption is becoming an increasingly important topic. Especially in dynamic environments, where the setting and occupancy keep changing, knowing occupancy information, including the number and identities of the occupants and where they are located, can be beneficial in energy management as well as other application areas including safety, security and emergency response. In particular, occupancy information has a direct impact on various aspects of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, such as heat loads, system running time, required heating, cooling and distribution of conditioned air, and preferred temperature set points. Energy-saving strategies can be carried out in response to real-time occupancy changes. In this paper, an RFID based occupancy detection system is proposed to support demand-driven HVAC operations by detecting and tracking multiple stationary and mobile occupants in multiple spaces simultaneously. The proposed system estimates the thermal zone where each occupant is located, and reports the number of occupants for each thermal zone in real time. The field tests yielded an average zone level detection accuracy of 88% for stationary occupants and 62% for mobile occupants. For scattering analysis, averages distances to corresponding centroids were 1.45 m and 3.24 m for stationary and mobile occupants, respectively. In order to explore the benefits of demand-driven HVAC operations, current HVAC work procedures are examined, major energy consumers in HVAC systems are identified and quantified, and energy-saving strategies are presented. This study aims to support reducing the consumption of the HVAC systems by integration of the occupancy detection system and the demand-driven HVAC operation strategies.
Aristocratic and Gentry Women, 1460–1640

This essay surveys both the external and internal developments that have shaped work on late medieval and early modern English aristocratic women in the last century. Feminism and the position of women have played a crucial role in determining the level of interest in and interpretations of the subject. The development of related fields such as family history, feminist theory, and women’s studies has also profoundly affected the evolution of the field and current work on it.
Arsenic pentafluoride-doped polyacetylene: Chemical composition of the dopant species

Abstract Elemental analyses have been performed on seventeen different samples of cis -rich (CH) x film treated with AsF 5 vapor in order to gain an understanding of the doping reaction and the nature of the dopant species. The bulk composition of the doped film is extremely sensitive to relatively minor variations in doping procedure and/or purity of the AsF 5 . Fourteen of the samples contained only carbon, hydrogen, arsenic and fluorine, resulting in an empirical formula of [CH(AsF q ) y ] x . The As:F ratio varied in different samples from 1:5.02 to 1:6.00. Three samples contained oxygen, their composition being consistent with the empirical formula [CH(HAsF 5 OH) y ] x . The nature of the dopant species is discussed.
Magnetism versus superconductivity: molecular-field theory

Within the context of molecular-field theory we analyze the thermodynamics of magnetic superconductors over the whole ($T$,$H$) plane. The conditions for the coexistence of a long-range magnetic order (including ferromagnetic order) and superconductivity are given. Specific heat and static susceptibility are calculated and anomalies associated with the occurrence of a coexistence phase are observed. Good qualitative agreement with experiments is found and several predictions are made.
Enhanced photocatalytic water splitting activity of carbon-modified TiO2 composite materials synthesized by a green synthetic approach

Abstract We report a green and facile approach for the preparation of carbon-modified (C-modified) TiO2 composite materials by hydrothermal synthesis followed by pyrolytic treatment. The resultant materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physisorption studies, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic performances of these materials were evaluated by calculating the amount of hydrogen evolved from the decomposition of water under solar simulated irradiation conditions. An improvement was achieved from no H2 evolution at all with the bare TiO2, to an evolution of 0.21 mL g−1 h−1 from a composite material modified with an optimum carbon loading of 3.62%. These results suggested that the interaction of carbon with predominantly rutile form of TiO2 can promote shallow trapping of photogenerated electrons in the oxygen vacancies. This phenomenon consequently enhances the photocatalytic activity by minimizing charge carrier recombination, a characteristic demonstrated by fluorescence quenching of the TiO2 emission.
Nicotinic acid loading of normal cows: effects on blood metabolites and excretory forms.

Abstract Oral administration of 160 g nicotinic acid in 4 doses to normally fed, lactating cows resulted in declines followed by rebound elevations in plasma nonesterified fatty acids. Urine volume increased 8 to 16 hr after nicotinic acid administration. Urinary N′-methylnicotinamide and nicotinamide excretion accounted for only 6.5 g of the 160 g nicotinic acid given. The main excretory form during the 56-hr sampling was the unaltered nicotinic acid which accounted for 53.2 g of the administered dose.
Longitudinal study of viewing smoking in movies and initiation of smoking by children

BACKGROUND. Previous studies showed an association between viewing of smoking in movies and initiation of smoking among adolescents. However, all studies except one were cross-sectional, and none updated movie smoking exposure prospectively or assessed its influence on children. METHODS. We enrolled elementary school students, 9 to 12 years of age, in a longitudinal study to assess the influence of movie smoking exposure on smoking initiation among children. Movie smoking content was coded for the most popular movie releases; exposure was assessed by asking children which movies they had seen, on the basis of unique lists of 50 movies sampled randomly from top box office hits and video rentals. Data collection occurred in 3 waves (the baseline survey and 2 follow-up surveys), ∼1 year apart. Movie lists were updated for each data collection wave, to reflect recent releases. Movie smoking exposure was analyzed in relation to smoking initiation by the end of the study period. RESULTS. Approximately 80% of the children9s smoking exposure occurred through movies rated G, PG, or PG-13. Children9s movie smoking exposure predicted smoking initiation significantly, after adjustment for multiple covariates including child and parent characteristics. The relative risks were 1.09, 1.09, and 1.07 for a 1-decile increase of movie smoking exposure measured at the baseline, second, and third data collection waves, respectively. The adjusted attributable risk of smoking initiation attributable to movie smoking exposure was 0.35. CONCLUSION. Our study, which is the first to enroll children in elementary school and to update movie smoking exposure longitudinally, indicates that early exposure has as much influence on smoking risk as does exposure nearer the outcome. Overall, movie smoking may be responsible for at least one third of smoking initiation for children in this age group.
In vitro influence of fatty acids on the mitochondrial urea cycle enzymes and substrate inhibition following polychlorinated biphenyl treatment.

Abstract Fatty acids inhibit mitochondrial Carbamyl Phosphate Synthesase (CPS I) and Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) when preincubated with liver homogenates. Aroclor 1254 given intraperitoneally at 100 mg kg 24 hr causes an apparent inhibition of CPS I and OTC by their substrates and an increase in liver size. The correlation of inhibition of OTC and enlargement of the liver indicates that Aroclor 1254 treatment inhibits the mitochondrial urea cycle enzymes both directly, and indirectly by increasing the content of fatty acids and triglyceride accumulation.
Effect of Metals on the Electronic Communication through a Molecular Wire Model

Two triosmium complexes of 1,4-bis(ferrocenyl)-1,3-butadiyne, Os3(CO)10(μ3-FcC4Fc) (2) and Os3(CO)11(μ3-FcC4Fc) (3) (Fc = (C5H5)Fe(C5H4)), have been prepared and structurally characterized. In 2 one of the triple bonds of the butadiyne grouping is coordinated as a triple bridge to a triangle of three osmium atoms. In 3 the triosmium cluster is opened and is coordinated as a linear chain to both triple bonds. The electronic communication measured via redox potentials of the ferrocenyl groups indicates that the metal atoms increase the electronic communication in 3 and decrease it in 2.
Inactivation of Endotoxin by Polymyxin B

The limulus gelation assay was utilized to investigate endotoxin inactivation by a number of antibiotics in vitro. Endotoxin activity was sharply reduced by polymyxin B and sodium colistimethate. The effect of the polymyxin was not significantly inhibited by 0.001 M calcium or 90% serum. Crude endotoxins from a variety of aerobic gram-negative bacteria, including several not previously studied, could be inactivated 1 or more logs by as little as 1 μg of polymyxin B per ml, whereas Bacteroides fragilis endotoxin was poorly detoxified. A 10,000-fold range in the relative susceptibility of different endotoxins to inactivation by polymyxin B was found. The endotoxin most susceptible to polymyxin B was derived from an organism resistant to polymyxin B by disk sensitivity testing, suggesting that the bacteriocidal and endotoxin detoxifying properties of polymyxin need not be directly related.
Justifying forceful resistance to ethnic separatism: The case of Russia versus Chechnya, 1994–96

This article examines how states try to mobilize mass and elite support for wars against ethnic separatists, and what factors affect their success in this effort, using the 1994–96 Russian‐Chechen conflict as a case study. It argues that governments fighting ethnic separatists usually appeal to three sets of normative principles to gamer support for this effort: democracy and rights, law and order, and territorial integrity and unity. After showing how the Yeltsin government relied on these principles in its campaign to justify the war, the article examines and explains the extent to which these appeals were successful.
Prebiotics Have Limited Effects on Nutrient Digestibility of a Diet Based on Fish Meal and Soybean Meal in Goldfish

Abstract This study evaluated four prebiotics: GroBiotic-A (a mixture of partially autolyzed brewers yeast, dairy ingredient components and dried fermentation products), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and the fructooligosaccharide (FOS) inulin on digestibility of diets based on fish meal and soybean meal by goldfish Carassius auratus. A basal diet was formulated with 50% of the protein provided by dehulled, solvent-extracted, soybean meal and the other 50% by menhaden Brevoortia sp. fish meal. Each prebiotic was supplemented to the basal diet at 1% by weight. A diet containing all of its protein from menhaden fish meal also was prepared as a control diet. Chromic oxide was added to the diets at 1% by weight. Each diet was fed to adult goldfish in duplicate 110-L aquaria for 8 weeks. The dried fecal material from each aquarium was pooled over time and analyzed for protein, lipid, organic matter, and chromium in order to compute coefficients of apparent digestibility. Genomic DNA...
Back propagation on Warp

We describe two fast back-propagation algorithms for a linear array of processors. Results of the implementation of both algorithms on Warp, a ten processor, programmable systolic array computer, are reviewed and compared with back-propagation implementations on other machines. Our fastest Warp simulator is about 11 times faster at simulating the NETtaik text-to-speech network than the fastest back-propagation simulator previously reported in the literature. This fast simulator on Warp is being used routinely in autonomous navigation experiments, image processing experiments and speech recognition experiments at Carnegie Mellon. Our results indicate that linear systolic array machines can be efficient neural network simulators.
Negative and Positive Disability-related Events and Adjustment of Parents with Acquired Physical Disabilities and of their Adolescent Children

This study merged stress-and-coping research with the social model of disability to describe the most frequently experienced disability-related events experienced by 19 parents with acquired physical disabilities and their adolescent children, and examined the relations between these events, severity of disability, and psychological adjustment. Parents and adolescents reported many more positive than negative disability-related events, although parents reported significantly more negative events than did their children. Frequency of parents’ experienced negative disability-related events correlated significantly with self-reported anxiety, depression, and weaker feelings of parental self-efficacy, with their reports of adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems, and with adolescents’ self-reports of depression, anxiety, and lower self-esteem. Frequency of adolescents’ negative disability-related events correlated significantly with self-reported depression and lower self-esteem, and approached significance with self-reported anxiety. There were no significant associations between parents’ positive events and self-reported or adolescent adjustment. Total frequency of adolescents’ positive events correlated significantly with less parent-reported anxiety. There were several significant associations between parental rating of severity of disability and number of physical limitations with their and their children’s adjustment. Implications for understanding the daily effects of parental physical disability on parents and their adolescent children are discussed, and recommendations are suggested for prevention interventions.
The role of INI1 and the SWI/SNF complex in the development of rhabdoid tumors: Meeting summary from the workshop on childhood atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors

A workshop on childhood atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation of the United States, was held on January 29, 2001 in Bethesda, Maryland. Drs. Malcolm Smith, Jaclyn Biegel, and Roger Packer hosted the meeting. There were 22 participants from 14 institutions. The sessions were designed to review what was known about the biology and clinical behavior of rhabdoid tumors and to begin to develop treatment strategies that might be effective against this clinically aggressive group of malignancies. This report summarizes the biology sessions from the meeting. A detailed summary of the discussions regarding diagnostic studies and the roles for radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and bone marrow or stem cell transplant in the treatment of rhabdoid tumors will be published separately.
Pregastric stimulation and cholecystokinin are not sufficient for the meal size-intermeal interval correlation in the rat.

Abstract Male albino rats with gastric fistula ate liquid food at the midpoints of the day or night phases of a 12:12 cycle after 3-hr food deprivation. During normal eating with fistula closed, rats (n=18) ate a mean meal size (MS) of 5.1 ml followed by a mean intermeal interval (IMI) of 67.2 min during the day, and rats (n=7) ate a MS of 3.0 ml followed by an IMI of 26.8 min at night. The MS and subsequent IMI correlated positively both in the day and night. When rats sham fed the first time with fistula open, the sham-fed MS was larger and IMI was shorter than were MS and IMI, respectively, when the fistula was closed during the night and day, and the MS-IMI correlation was absent in the day and night. When rats sham fed after intraperitoneal injection of 20% pure cholecystokinin (CCK) (day: 30 U/kg; night: 60 U/kg), sham-fed MS and IMI were not different from normal MS and IMI, respectively, when the fistula was closed during the night and day, but CCK failed to restore a normal MS-IMI correlation in the day or night. These results show that while certain food-contingent stimuli are potent for eliciting postprandial satiety including intermeal interval, preabsorptive pregastric stimuli and cholecystokinin may not be of major importance for the correlation between meal size and postprandial intermeal interval in the rat.
Eddy covariance fluxes of acyl peroxy nitrates (PAN, PPN and MPAN) above a Ponderosa pine forest

Abstract. During the Biosphere Effects on AeRosols and Photochemistry EXperiment 2007 (BEARPEX-2007), we observed eddy covariance (EC) fluxes of speciated acyl peroxy nitrates (APNs), including peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) and peroxymethacryloyl nitrate (MPAN), above a Ponderosa pine forest in the western Sierra Nevada. All APN fluxes are net downward during the day, with a median midday PAN exchange velocity of −0.3 cm s−1; nighttime storage-corrected APN EC fluxes are smaller than daytime fluxes but still downward. Analysis with a standard resistance model shows that loss of PAN to the canopy is not controlled by turbulent or molecular diffusion. Stomatal uptake can account for 25 to 50% of the observed downward PAN flux. Vertical gradients in the PAN thermal decomposition (TD) rate explain a similar fraction of the flux, suggesting that a significant portion of the PAN flux into the forest results from chemical processes in the canopy. The remaining "unidentified" portion of the net PAN flux (~15%) is ascribed to deposition or reactive uptake on non-stomatal surfaces (e.g. leaf cuticles or soil). Shifts in temperature, moisture and ecosystem activity during the summer – fall transition alter the relative contribution of stomatal uptake, non-stomatal uptake and thermochemical gradients to the net PAN flux. Daytime PAN and MPAN exchange velocities are a factor of 3 smaller than those of PPN during the first two weeks of the measurement period, consistent with strong intra-canopy chemical production of PAN and MPAN during this period. Depositional loss of APNs can be 3–21% of the gross gas-phase TD loss depending on temperature. As a source of nitrogen to the biosphere, PAN deposition represents approximately 4–19% of that due to dry deposition of nitric acid at this site.
CXCR4/SDF1 mediate hypoxia induced chondrosarcoma cell invasion through ERK signaling and increased MMP1 expression

Chondrosarcoma is a disease that does not respond to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy and expression of MMP1 is a marker for a poor prognosis. The mechanism of increased MMP1 expression in chondrosarcoma is not completely known. Our goal is to identify molecular pathways that could serve as therapeutic targets. Chondrosarcoma become hypoxic as they grow, are capable of eliciting an angiogenic response, and typically metastasize to the lungs. The present study determined the effect of hypoxia and specifically HIF-1a on expression of CXCR4 and MMP1 and their role in chondrosarcoma cell invasion. CXCR4 and its ligand, SDF1, are upregulated in primary chondrosarcoma tumors compared to normal articular cartilage, and CXCR4 was upregulated in chondrosarcoma cell line JJ compared to normal chondrocytes. Hypoxia and specifically HIF-1a increased CXCR4 and MMP1 expression in JJ cell line and chondrosarcoma invasion in vitro. The hypoxia mediated increase in MMP1 expression and chondrosarcoma invasion could be inhibited by siRNA directed at HIF-1a or CXCR4, the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100, as well as with ERK inhibitor U0126 and ERK siRNA. Chondrosarcoma cell invasion is increased by hypoxia induced expression of CXCR4 and MMP1 and is mediated by HIF-1a and ERK. Both invasion and MMP1 can be inhibited with CXCR4 blockade, suggesting that CXCR4/SDF1 signaling may be a therapeutic target for chondrosarcoma.
Honoring the spirit of research within: The yoga and more (CAM) research interest group

This article explores the means and methods by which nurses can become actively involved in the search for answers through the research process. It presents one unique example that illustrates research involvement for nurses and other healthcare providers at all levels of practice with a focus on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The establishment of the Yoga and More (CAM) Research Interest Group (RIG) at a research-intensive college of nursing, and the members’ involvement in a funded pilot study on yoga for lung cancer survivors is presented. The starting point included establishing the research questions and potential solutions, and reinforces the belief that research promotes improved care, better patient outcomes, enhanced quality of life, and increased satisfaction among care providers. In addition, we provide an example of how active involvement in the research process with supportive mentorship promotes “learning-in-action” and stimulates continued interest and growth in the research process. The development and evolution of this innovative research initiative is discussed from a theoretical, methodological and personal perspective with implications for nurses seeking to become involved in the research process.
DeepStealth: Leveraging Deep Learning Models for Stealth Assessment in Game-Based Learning Environments

A distinctive feature of intelligent game-based learning environments is their capacity for enabling stealth assessment. Stealth assessments gather information about student competencies in a manner that is invisible, and enable drawing valid inferences about student knowledge. We present a framework for stealth assessment that leverages deep learning, a family of machine learning methods that utilize deep artificial neural networks, to infer student competencies in a game-based learning environment for middle grade computational thinking, Engage. Students’ interaction data, collected during a classroom study with Engage, as well as prior knowledge scores, are utilized to train deep networks for predicting students’ post-test performance. Results indicate deep networks that are pre-trained using stacked denoising autoencoders achieve high predictive accuracy, significantly outperforming standard classification techniques such as support vector machines and naive Bayes. The findings suggest that deep learning shows considerable promise for automatically inducing stealth assessment models for intelligent game-based learning environments.
Causes for discharge of military working dogs from service: 268 cases (2000–2004)

Objective—To determine causes for discharge of military working dogs (MWDs) from service. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—268 MWDs. Procedures—Records of all MWDs approved for discharge from December 2000 through November 2004 were evaluated for cause of discharge. Results—23 dogs had been obtained through the Department of Defense breeding program but had failed to meet prepurchase or certification standards. The remaining 245 (120 German Shepherd Dogs, 100 Belgian Malinois, and 25 dogs of other breeds) had been purchased as adults or obtained through the breeding program and had passed prepurchase and certification standards. Eighty-five of the 245 (34.7%) adult dogs were 1 to < 5 years old at discharge, and 160 (65.3%) were ≥ 5 years old at discharge. The proportion of adult dogs < 5 years old at discharge that were German Shepherd Dogs (69.4%) was significantly greater than the proportion of adult dogs ≥ 5 years old at discharge that were German Shepherd Dogs (38.1%). Within the subgroup of ...
Conventional and High-Speed Intravital Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy of Microvasculature, Lymphatics, and Leukocyte- Endothelial Interactions

The ability to determine various functions of genes in an intact host will be an important advance in the postgenomic era. Intravital imaging of gene regulation and the physiological effect of the gene products can play a powerful role in this pursuit. Intravital epifluorescence microscopy has provided powerful insight into gene expression, tissue pH, tissue pO2, angiogenesis, blood vessel permeability, leukocyte-endothelial (L-E) interaction, molecular diffusion, convection and binding, and barriers to the delivery of molecular and cellular medicine. Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) has recently been applied in vivo to overcome three drawbacks associated with traditional epifluorescence microscopy: (i) limited depth of imaging due to scattering of excitation and emission light; (ii) projection of three-dimensional structures onto a two-dimensional plane; and (iii) phototoxicity. Here, we use MPLSM for the first time to obtain high-resolution images of deep tissue lymphatic vessels and show an increased accuracy in quantifying lymphatic size. We also demonstrate the use of MPLSM to perform accurate calculations of the volume density of angiogenic vessels and discuss how this technique may be used to assess the potential of antiangiogenic treatments. Finally, high-speed MPLSM, applied for the first time in vivo, is used to compare L-E interactions in normal tissue and a rhabdomyosarcoma tumor. Our work demonstrates the potential of MPLSM to noninvasively monitor physiology and pathophysiology both at the tissue and cellular level. Future applications will include the use of MPLSM in combination with fluorescent reporters to give novel insight into the regulation and function of genes.
A Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Two Energy-Efficient Office Buildings

A post-occupancy evaluation was made of two energy-efficient office buildings four years after initial occupancy. Building operators, owners, engineers and architects were interviewed to understand how decisions were madethat ultimately affected the energy performance of the two buildings. Tenants were surveyed to assess their satisfaction with their work environment. Findings from the study have shown how different goals and expectations on the part of the principal players led to decisions that have influenced major aspects of the buildings' performance. Interior designers and tenants have negated the energy-saving potential of the daylighting, marketing staff have altered the window characteristics, building operators have operated the building on schedules different from those envisioned by the designers, and building code officials have restricted tenant use of the atria. While many of the findings are specific to these two buildings, the general findings are applicable to office buildings in general, specifically that the operation and use of the building are often more important than the design in determining the overall performance.
History of Computer-Assisted Surgery

When computer-assisted surgery was introduced in the early 1990s, the interest of orthopedic specialists was first focused on robotics. In 1995, when we started with computer navigation for the placement of pedicle screws at Ruhr University Bochum, no-one could imagine that this method would gain entry into orthopedic theaters. It involved timeconsuming planning and required preoperative computed tomography (CT); moreover, pairedpoint and surface matching during the operation was difficult for the surgeon (◘ Fig. 1.1).
Recursive Update Filtering for Nonlinear Estimation

Nonlinear filters are often very computationally expensive and usually not suitable for real-time applications. Real-time navigation algorithms are typically based on linear estimators, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and, to a much lesser extent, the unscented Kalman filter. This work proposes a novel nonlinear estimator whose additional computational cost is comparable to (N-1) EKF updates, where N is the number of recursions, a tuning parameter. The higher N the less the filter relies on the linearization assumption. A second algorithm is proposed with a differential update, which is equivalent to the recursive update as N tends to infinity.
Arousal and stress response across the menstrual cycle in women with three perimenstrual symptom patterns

The purpose of this study was to compare arousal levels and stress response across menstrual cycle phases in women with three perimenstrual symptom patterns. Women with low symptom severity (LS, N = 28), were compared with those with a premenstrual syndrome (PMS, N = 15) and premenstrual magnification (PMM, N = 19) pattern across postmenses and premenses phases. Each woman was assessed during relaxation and in response to mental task and symptom imaging stressors during a postmenses and premenses day. Results of baseline skin conductance (SCL), electromyogram (EMG), and finger temperature (T) demonstrated arousal premenses in women with the PMS pattern, but not in women with the LS pattern. In addition, women with the PMS pattern experienced increased EMG and SCL response to stressors premenses. Women with the PMM pattern experienced a rise in finger temperature premenses, opposite the pattern of the women with LS or PMS. These results support development of symptom management strategies to reduce arousal and modulate stress response for women with PMS who seek help for their symptoms. In addition, the difference in arousal and stress response observed in women with PMS and PMM support development of different symptom management strategies for these two groups of women.