cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colonizing Language? Missionaries and Gikuyu Dictionaries, 1904 and 1914

Driven by the linguistic and material imperatives of the civilizing mission, early twentieth-century British missionaries sought to reduce Gikuyu, a language spoken in much of central Kenya, to a systematic code of words and phrases. Two of them—A.R. Barlow, a sometime renegade Presbyterian layman, and A.W. MacGregor, a conservative Anglican—produced Gikuyu grammars in what MacGregor described as a “tentative” effort to ameliorate the linguistic difficulties of European settlers and Christian evangelists. This essay is an attempt to read these two dictionaries as historical texts, highlighting the ways in which they embodied the complexities and contingencies built into colonial hegemony. In the first instance, I argue that the dictionaries were functional tools of colonizing power. As John and Jean Comaroff have shown, missionaries' linguistic interventions were an integral part of the classifying project of colonial control: by insisting on rational modes of debate, and by defining the language in which the debate took shape, missionaries coercively imposed a hegemonizing trajectory onto cultural exchange. Following the Comaroffs, I outline the ways in which these grammars worked to colonize the language of Gikuyu subjects by creating and imposing linguistic meaning through the dictionary. At the same time, I suggest that these dictionaries were more than functional tools of missionary enterprise. The dictionaries sit uncomfortably at the point of contact between missionary linguistic power and Gikuyu discourse: if the dictionary was to be useful for missionary purposes, then its authors were necessarily compelled to enter into the idiomatic lexicon of local conversations over power, property, and wealth.
Modeling Criminal Law

I am delighted to participate in the celebration of this major new work. I was especially delighted because the first and last article that I have published dealing directly with either the substantive criminal law or the philosophy of punishment was the very first article I ever published.1 Since that time, my scholarship went in the direction of epistemology, rationality, formal v. informal decision tools, regulating complex systems, and so on. When I received this invitation, I exalted over the fact that those who do such heavy jurisprudential lifting finally had come to realize the significance of paying attention to the accuracy and utility of their models, the manner in which they handled informational demands, the potential and limits of cognition all the things in short that interest me. And so I began reading in great anticipation of that section of the book dealing with such issues, and imagine my delight when on page 322 of a 324-page tome, I found it! There was a paragraph with its own subsection number and title: "Burdens of Proof and Evidentiary Rules." And not just its own title, but an ITALICIZED title at that. Some might think a single paragraph in a 324-page book might suggest a slighting of the topic, but I immediately saw to the contrary. Our authors whom we are celebrating had seen that, like the entire universe can be seen in a flower, so too the entire legal universe can be seen in a single paragraph dealing with evidentiary matters; and
Thermomechanical Formation an Thermal Sensing of Nanometer-Scal Indenatations in PMMA Thin Films for Parallel and Dense AFM Data Storage

Thermomechanical writing occurs as Joule-heated, cantilevered tips imprint nanometer-scale inden (bits) in a 50-nm-thick polymer (PMMA) film. Thermal data reading incorporates the same cantilevers operated in a mode to detect a temperature change when a tip follows the contour of a previously written bit. Binnig et.al [1] demonstrated single-cantilever writing and rading density at 400 Gbit/in 2 . A micromachined 32 × 32 cantilever array has been fabricated [2] and has demonstrated parallel read/write operation at 150 Gbi/in in 2 [3]. Although much progress has been made to develop a thermomechanical data storage device [4], the fundamental process of thermomechanical storage processes by applying atomic force microscope (AFM)-based force detection during thermal operation. We examined the thermomechanics of polymer indentation with respect to time and temperature of interaction. This work impacts the operation of AFM cantilevens for combined thermal writing and reading and understnding of fundamental polymer mesoscopic transport.
The Tully-Fisher Relation in Coma and Virgo Cluster S0 Galaxies

We use the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) to compare the behavior of S0 and late-type spiral galaxies. We determine circular velocities based on stellar kinematics derived from stellar absorption line spectroscopy for 10 S0's in the Coma Cluster and eight S0's in the Virgo Cluster. We combine these results with similar measurements of 13 Coma S0 galaxies obtained previously. We find that there is only a small offset, ΔmH ~ 0.2, in the H-band luminosity at a given circular velocity, vc ~ 200 km s-1, between S0 and late-type spirals. This result implies a similar total H-band mass-to-light ratio (within an effective radius) among disk galaxies of different Hubble types. As the older stellar population in S0's is dimmer, this suggests a somewhat larger fraction of stellar mass in these S0's than in late-type spirals. We also find that the relation between (I- and H-band) luminosity and vc for the S0 galaxies is at best poorly defined and has a scatter of ~1 mag, significantly larger than the TFR for late-type spirals, where the observed I- and H-band scatter is σ ~ 0.3–0.5 mag. This substantial scatter confirms the original findings of Dressler & Sandage and is similar to that found in a study by Neistein and coworkers of 18 nearby S0 galaxies in the field where σI ~ 0.7 mag, but differs from the small scatter found by Mathieu and coworkers, σI ~ 0.3 mag, for six nearby S0's. Our results suggest that differing formation histories can lead to S0's with diverse properties and that S0's are more likely to be the outcomes of minor mergers or some "preprocessing" in groups of galaxies falling into clusters, rather than simply late-type spirals that have been stripped of their gas but are kinematically preserved. We suggest that it is likely that many mechanisms, such as slow encounters, tidal interactions, and gas stripping, may have occurred in the lifetimes of the galaxies and produced the heterogeneous class of S0's that are observed today.
Mineral Catalysis and Prebiotic Synthesis: Montmorillonite-Catalyzed Formation of RNA

Montmorillonite, a clay mineral formed by the weathering of volcanic ash, may have played a central role in the evolution of life. Because of its structure, montmorillonite tends to adsorb organic compounds and this contributes to its ability to catalyze a variety of organic reactions critical to scenarios of life's origins. We have shown experimentally that RNA molecules bind efficiently to clays and that montmorillonite can catalyze the formation of longer molecules (oligomers), thus lending support to the RNA world hypothesis. This theory proposes that life based on RNA preceded current life, which is based on DNA and protein.
FALCAUSTRA GREINERI N. SP. (NEMATODA: KATHLANIIDAE) FROM ORLITIA BORNEENSIS (TESTUDINES: EMYDIDAE)

Falcaustra greineri n. sp. from the large intestine of the turtle Orlitia borneensis is described and illustrated. Falcaustra greineri represents the 23rd Oriental species assigned to this genus and is distinguished from other Oriental species by the distribution pattern of caudal papillae (6 preanal, 0 adanal, 14 postanal, and 1 median), length of spicules (1.07-1.33 mm), and absence of pseudosucker.
Semantics in the perception of verticality.

Seymour has shown recently that people take less time to judge that the word above correctly describes the spatial position of a small circle drawn above a large reference square than they do for the word below and the circle below the square. Seymour has attributed this asymmetry to the tendency for people to invariably scan a picture from top to bottom. In the present study, the first experiment confirms Seymour's results, but the next three demonstrate that the asymmetry Seymour found cannot be accounted for by an attentional-scanning process. Instead, it is proposed that people interpret the words above and below as abstract symbols at a first stage of processing, interpret the pictures above and below as abstract symbols at an independent second stage, and compare these two sets of symbols at an independent third stage. In support of this model, the results show, for example, that above is interpreted about 80 msec. faster than below at the first stage quite independently of what happens at the second and third stages. The asymmetry Seymour found is therefore attributable to the difference in the interpretation times of above and below at the first stage of processing.
Effect of age and body size on selected temperature by juvenile wood turtles (Glyptemys insculpta)

Abstract In an aquatic thermal gradient of 15–30 °C, 3-, 6-, and 12-month-old juvenile wood turtles ( Glyptemys insculpta ) acclimated to 20 °C selected the warmest temperature available (30 °C) and avoided the coldest temperatures available (15 and 18 °C). Mean selection of chambers differed between control and gradient tests across all temperatures except 27 °C. Turtles of all age classes relocated between chambers less often when the gradient was present than during control tests. Six- and 12-month-old turtles selected 30 °C more frequently, and selected colder temperatures less frequently, than 3-month-old turtles, suggesting that the ability to select preferred temperatures is better developed in older hatchlings.
A preliminary account of colura (Hepaticae, Lejeuneaceae) in Australia

Four species of Colura not previously reported from Australia are: C. acroloba (Mont.) Jovet-Ast, C. ari Steph., C. conica (Sande Lac.) Goeb., and Colura queenslandica sp. nov. A key to all ten species occurring in Australia is provided. Saccate lobules of C. simplicior are described and illustrated for the first time. The name Colura sect. Lingua Jovet-Ast ex Thiers is validated.
Fossils reject climate change as the cause of extinction of Caribbean bats

We combined novel radiocarbon dates of bat fossils with time-scaled ecological niche models (ENM) to study bat extinctions in the Caribbean. Radiocarbon-dated fossils show that late Quaternary losses of bat populations took place during the late Holocene ( 10 ka). All bat radiocarbon dates from Abaco (Bahamas) that represent extirpated populations are younger than 4 ka. We include data on six bat species, three of which are Caribbean endemics, and include nectarivores as well as insectivores. Climate-based ENMs from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present reflect overall stability in distributions, with suitable climatic habitat being present over time. In the absence of radiocarbon dates, bat extinctions had been presumed to take place during the last glacial-interglacial transition (ca. 10 ka). Now we see that extirpation of bats on these tropical islands is more complex than previously thought and primarily postdates the major climate changes that took place during the late Pleistocene-Holocene transition.
Self-Control and Social Bonds: A Combined Control Perspective on Deviance

With longitudinal data from a sample of adult male drug offenders, this study tested 4 aspects of social bonding (attachment, involvement, religious commitment, and moral belief) and association with substance-using peers as outcomes of low self-control and as mediators of the relationship between low self-control and drug use. Low self-control was negatively related to social bonds and positively related to drug use and association with substance-using peers. The relationship between low self-control and drug use was fully mediated by moral belief and association with substance-using peers. These results support the utility of integrating self-control and social bonding perspectives on deviance.
Steroid effects on fibrinogen synthesis by cultured embryonic chicken hepatocytes.

Abstract Studies in animals and man have suggested that steroid hormones are capable of increasing fibrinogen production by the liver. A culture system, established from 16 day old chicken embryo livers, which favors the growth of hepatic parenchymal cells, was adapted for the study of the synthesis of fibrinogen. Cultured hepatic parenchymal cells were shown to produce immunochemically identifiable fibrinogen which could be quantitated by electroimmunoassay. Fibrinogen production was linear during the 24 hr employed for study. Control cultures of different experiments produced 0.7–2.0 μg of fibrinogen per 100 μg of cell protein during 24 hr. Variation within the control cultures of each experiment was small (SEM ± 0.03–0.09). Addition of certain natural and substituted steroids to the tissue culture system produced a significant increase in fibrinogen production within the 24 hr observation period. The following steroids increased fibrinogen production 21–60% above control values, at the concentrations indicated: Cortisol (10 −8 , m , p −8 , m , p −9 , m , p −9 , m , p −4 , m , p
Factors influencing nonindustrial private forest landowners' policy preference for promoting bioenergy

Abstract Woody biomass has gained considerable attention in the U.S. as a feedstock for producing renewable bioenergy. Though these resources are generally not cost competitive with fossil fuels under current technology and market conditions, they are likely to generate numerous socioeconomic and environmental benefits to the entire nation. Since the positive externalities associated with wood-based bioenergy production are not fully accounted for in the market place, policy incentives could play an important role in its promotion in the future. Nonindustrial private forests (NIPFs) of the southern United States, representing a large percentage of timberlands in the nation, are often viewed as potential sources of woody biomass for future bioenergy production. It is therefore critical to understand landowners' policy preferences for promoting wood-based bioenergy. This study examines policy alternatives preferred by landowners for promoting wood-based bioenergy and utilizes binary logit models to identify the factors influencing these policy preferences. The results indicate that landowners in general prefer tax based policies over direct subsidy support. A significant relationship was observed between landowners' decision to support or not to support different policy instruments and their income, age, distance of residence from the forest, size of the forest owned, size of trees in the forests, forest management objectives, and previous experience of using government cost-share programs.
Optimizing offshore transmission links for marine renewable energy farms

The advantages of combining offshore wind and wave energy into a single farm include reduced hours of zero power output and reduced inter-hour variability. Both advantages facilitate grid integration of variable renewables. The power output profile of a combined farm is substantially different from a 100% offshore wind energy farm or a 100% wave energy farm. The different power output profile of combined farms with a higher frequency of hourly power output near the annual capacity factor potentially allows a reduction in the capacity of the offshore transmission system. The transmission capacity reduction is balanced by the curtailment of energy during the few hours a year that a combined farm generates at full power. An optimization of the transmission capacity for various generation mixes of wind and wave was investigated, and results show that the optimal transmission capacity for a 1000 MW combined farm is approximately 80 MW less than either a 100% wind or 100% wave energy farm.
The NEUGEN neutrino event generator

Abstract In this note we describe NEUGEN, a neutrino event generator and cross section library that has been used by the Soudan 2 and MINOS collaborations.
Succeeding in the communiputer age: Technology and the marketing mix

Abstract In the past, big companies created wealth through their ability to marshal resources for their advantage. Today, smaller, swifter companies gain market share through responsiveness to their customers. Danger lurks in public access forums, thus raising the expectations of customer service. The purpose of the article is to help identify those areas where readers can pioneer the use of technology to gain strategic advantage. The relatively low price of high-tech gadgets allows millions more to participate. Inexpensive data will allow those who master technology the ability to “act big” while being agile, thus improving their marketing efforts.
Building Institutional Trust in Germany: Relative Success of the Gülen and Milli Görüş

Transnational Islamic organizations play a significant role in the lives of Germany's substantial Turkish Muslim population. Nonetheless the relation between these movements and German authorities is far from uniform. While the Milli Gorus is the largest Turkish transnational Islamic movement in Germany, the much smaller Gulen Hareketi (Gulen movement) has been significantly more successful in gaining the acceptance of local and national authorities. While traditional explanations argue that the Gulen movement's “liberal,” “educational Islam” has much more appeal to Western officials than the Milli Gorus's “anti-integrative,” “political Islamism,” this paper argues that institutional structure of the two movements has historically been a more important factor than their ideological platforms in whether they can gain the trust of German authorities. The learning centers and interfaith dialogue centers of the Gulen movement in Europe served as open, accessible, and neutral sites for German officials to visi...
Factors associated with second-hand smoke exposure in young inner-city children with asthma.

Objectives. To examine the association of social and environmental factors with levels of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, as measured by salivary cotinine, in young inner-city children with asthma. Methods. We used data drawn from a home-based behavioral intervention for young high-risk children with persistent asthma post-emergency department (ED) treatment (N = 198). SHS exposure was measured by salivary cotinine and caregiver reports. Caregiver demographic and psychological functioning, household smoking behavior, and asthma morbidity were compared with child cotinine concentrations. Chi-square and ANOVA tests and multivariate regression models were used to determine the association of cotinine concentrations with household smoking behavior and asthma morbidity. Results. Over half (53%) of the children had cotinine levels compatible with SHS exposure and mean cotinine concentrations were high at 2.42 ng/ml (SD 3.2). The caregiver was the predominant smoker in the home (57%) and 63% reported a total h...
Choquet integral representations of nonlinear filters with applications to ladar image processing

The paper describes the application of Choquet integral filters to automatic object detection in laser radar (LADAR) imagery. Choquet integrals are nonlinear integrals with respect to non-additive measures. These integrals can be used to represent typical nonlinear filters such as order statistic filters, linear combination of order statistic filters, weighted median filters and others. A Choquet integral filter is characterized by a measure. The representation of these filters as integrals with respect to measures provides an opportunity for optimizing the filters by finding optimal measures. Both optimal and heuristic filters are designed and compared on real data.
A molecular interpretation of stress corrosion in silica

The mechanical strength of many glasses and ceramic materials decreases with time under static loading and ambient environments. This strength loss is associated with slow growth of pre-existing surface flaws due to a stress-corrosion process. To make long-term strength predictions for ceramic components, it is important to understand the stress-corrosion mechanism. We have studied stress corrosion in vitreous silica exposed to water and several non-aqueous environments and report here that environments which enhance stress corrosion are composed of molecular groups with electron donor sites on one end and proton donor sites at the other. These results suggest a detailed chemical model for the interaction of the environment with mechanically strained bonds in the solid at the tip of a crack. The proposed model also has implications for the long-term strength behaviour of a wide variety of brittle materials.
Multi-physics Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for subsurface flows

In CO 2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers, contaminant transport in subsurface, or oil or gas recovery, we often need to forecast flow patterns. In the flow forecasting, subsurface characterization is an important step. To characterize subsurface properties we establish a statistical description of the subsurface properties that are conditioned to existing dynamic (and static) data. We use a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm in a Bayesian statistical description to reconstruct the spatial distribution of two important subsurface properties: rock permeability and porosity. The MCMC algorithm requires repeatedly solving a set of nonlinear partial differential equations describing displacement of fluids in porous media for different values of permeability and porosity. The time needed for the generation of a reliable MCMC chain using the algorithm can be too long to be practical for flow forecasting. In this paper we develop computationally fast and effective methods of generating MCMC chains in the Bayesian framework for the subsurface characterization. Our strategy consists of constructing a family of computationally inexpensive preconditioners based on simpler physics as well as on surrogate models such that the number of fine-grid simulations is drastically reduced in the generation MCMC chains. We assess the quality of the proposed multi-physics MCMC methods by considering Monte Carlo simulations for forecasting oil production in an oil reservoir.
The trans-activation of herpes simplex virus gene expression: comparison of two factors and their cis sites.

Abstract In herpes simplex virus-infected cells, gene expression is tightly regulated. In this review, we compare the properties of two trans -activating factors which regulate the expression of viral genes. The first, α trans -minducing factor (αTIF) is a structural component which induces the 5 α genes, the first set of genes transcribed after infection. αTIF requires for induction a cis -acting site present in promoter-regulatory domains of all α genes. The cis site binds 2 host proteins, αH1 and αH2-αH3. These host proteins have a maximum bound molecular weight of 110 000 and 64 000, respectively. DNase 1 protection assays indicate that αH1 protects the entire cis site, whereas αH2-αH3 binds the 3′ domain of the cis site. The methylation interference assays indicate that the contact points of αH1 and αH2-H3 are at the 5′ and 3′ termini of the cis site, respectively. Both proteins can bind to the cis site concurrently. αTIF does not bind directly to DNA but was shown to be present in DNA-protein complexes. The binding of αTIF to these DNA-protein complexes requires the participation of αH1. In contrast to αTIF, the product of the α4 gene, a protein 163 000 in apparent molecular weight binds to DNA directly and regulates genes both positively and negatively. The data indicate that α4 protein can bind to at least 2 binding sites differing in nucleotide sequence and which can be present in promoters, across the transcription initiation sites, and in 5′ transcribed non-coding sequences. The regulatory functions of the α4 protein may reflect both the nature and location of the binding site. The biological implications of the viral trans -acting proteins are discussed.
Mechanisms of Ampicillin Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae Type B

Abstract The genetic mechanisms associated with ampicillin resistance in strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b were investigated. In experiments concerned with transfer of total deoxyribonucleic acid in vitro, expression of resistance by wild-type strains occurred at a frequency of about 10%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ampicillin for the transformed strains was similar to that of the resistant donor strains, and resistance in transformants was associated with acquisition of the ability to produce beta-lactamase. Exposure to 39 μg of acridine per ml for 18 h cured resistance at a frequency of 80%, and there was spontaneous loss of resistance after repeated subculture of some strains. Analysis by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density gradient centrifugation demonstrated the presence of extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid in the resistant strains, providing further evidence that the resistance factor is plasmid mediated.
Statistically significant forecasting improvements: how much out-of-sample data is likely necessary? ☆

Abstract Testing the out-of-sample forecasting superiority of one model over another requires an a priori partitioning of the data into a model specification/estimation (‘training’) period and a model comparison/evaluation (‘out-of-sample’ or ‘validation’) period. How large a validation period is necessary for a given mean square forecasting error (MSFE) improvement to be statistically significant at the 5% level? If the forecast errors from each model are NIID and these errors are independent of one another, then the 5% critical points for the F distribution provide the answer to this question. But even optimal forecast errors from well-specified models can be serially correlated. And forecast errors are typically substantially crosscorrelated. For such errors, a validation period in excess of 100 observations long is typically necessary in order for a 20% MSFE reduction to be statistically significant at the 5% level. Illustrative applications using actual economic data are given.
Factor analysis of metabolic syndrome components in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study: examination of factors by race-sex groups and across time.

Purpose This study tests hypotheses of one-, two-, three-, and four-factor models of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and assesses the consistency and fit of the factor models 10 years later using confirmatory factor analysis in a large biracial sample of men and women. Methods With the use of data from the baseline and year-10 exams of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, confirmatory factor analysis was performed overall and for race- and sex-specific groups for one-, two-, three-, and four-factor MetS models in 3403 white and black men and women at baseline and in 2532 white and black men and women 10 years later. Metabolic risk variables used in the factor analysis were insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, triceps skinfolds, and uric acid. Results Three- and four-factor models of MetS achieved excellent fits of the data, ranging from 0.92 to 0.96 for race- and sex-specific models and from the baseline to year-10 exams. Conclusions The results suggest that MetS factors are consistent across time and race-sex groups. When investigating the MetS, it is necessary to evaluate race-sex groups.
Long-term insect herbivory slows soil development in an arid ecosystem

Although herbivores are well known to alter litter inputs and soil nutrient fluxes, their long-term influences on soil development are largely unknown because of the difficulty of detecting and attributing changes in carbon and nutrient pools against large background levels. The early phase of primary succession reduces this signal-to-noise problem, particularly in arid systems where individual plants can form islands of fertility. We used natural variation in tree-resistance to herbivory, and a 15 year herbivore-removal experiment in an Arizona pinon-juniper woodland that was established on cinder soils following a volcanic eruption, to quantify how herbivory shapes the development of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) over 36-54 years (i.e., the ages of the trees used in our study). In this semi-arid ecosystem, trees are widely spaced on the landscape, which allows direct examination of herbivore impacts on the nutrient-poor cinder soils. Although chronic insect herbivory increased annual litterfall N per unit area by 50% in this woodland, it slowed annual tree-level soil C and N accumulation by 111% and 96%, respectively. Despite the reduction in soil C accumulation, short-term litterfall-C inputs and soil C-efflux rates per unit soil surface were not impacted by herbivory. Our results demonstrate that the effects of herbivores on soil C and N fluxes and soil C and N accumulation are not necessarily congruent: herbivores can increase N in litterfall, but over time their impact on plant growth and development can slow soil development. In sum, because herbivores slow tree growth, they slow soil development on the landscape.
Pupping-site fidelity among individual Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) at Chiswell Island, Alaska

Pupping-site fidelity (defined as pupping within 5.8 m of a previous location in ≥2 years) in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) was investigated during the breeding seasons from 2001 to 2005 at Chiswell Island, a small rookery in the Gulf of Alaska. Density of females was minimal with 54–80 pups born. Photo-identification of individuals and GPS points, including elevation of the rookery, were used to determine locations of 297 births. Sixty-four percentage (35/55) of the females exhibited pupping-site fidelity, and mean frequency of site fidelity was greater for females that gave birth >3 times. Fifty percentage of the births occurred at 22% of the locations for all years, indicating that multiple births occurred at some locations throughout the breeding season. Competition or aggression among females for specific pupping locations before birth was not observed, and there was no temporal order of pupping locations used, indicating that the rookery was not overcrowded and that many su...
Determination of glucose utilization in coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)]with (6-3H)- and (U-14C)-glucose☆

Abstract 1. 1. The rates of glucose utilization in juvenile coho salmon were estimated with (6-3H)-and (U-14C)-glucose. 2. 2. Estimates of glucose utilization averaged 0.43 and 0.35 mg/min per kg body weight with (6-3H)-and (U-14C)-glucose respectively; these values are much lower than observed in homoiothermic animals.
Evaluation of nonlinearity and complexity in SSTs systems

This paper addresses the complexity and nonlinear dynamics that may arise in solid state transformers (SST). SST in contrast to the conventional transformer is prone to nonlinear and complex dynamics due to incorporation of power electronic (PE) converter and devices. This is because of nonlinear nature, interdependence and coupling, and feedbacks (e.g. control) of these converters. In this paper, the nonlinear and complex behavior of a SST connected to the power grid will be investigated by presenting some test results in normal or extreme operation of system. Then a methodology of complexity quantification will be proposed, which is a refinement of a popular measure called approximate entropy (ApEn). This methodology will be used to interpret some complex behavior of SST system. The detailed model and control scheme of SST including AC/DC rectifier, Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter and DC/AC inverter are developed to enable dynamic system level simulation.
Integer knapsack problems with set-up weights

The Integer Knapsack Problem with Set-up Weights (IKPSW) is a generalization of the classical Integer Knapsack Problem (IKP), where each item type has a set-up weight that is added to the knapsack if any copies of the item type are in the knapsack solution. The k-item IKPSW (kIKPSW) is also considered, where a cardinality constraint imposes a value k on the total number of items in the knapsack solution. IKPSW and kIKPSW have applications in the area of aviation security. This paper provides dynamic programming algorithms for each problem that produce optimal solutions in pseudo-polynomial time. Moreover, four heuristics are presented that provide approximate solutions to IKPSW and kIKPSW. For each problem, a Greedy heuristic is presented that produces solutions within a factor of 1/2 of the optimal solution value, and a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) is presented that produces solutions within a factor of ? of the optimal solution value. The FPTAS for IKPSW has time and space requirements of O(nlog?n+n/? 2+1/? 3) and O(1/? 2), respectively, and the FPTAS for kIKPSW has time and space requirements of O(kn 2/? 3) and O(k/? 2), respectively.
Can oculocutaneous albinism be diagnosed prenatally

A study of scalp and forearm skin biopsies from normally pigmented fetuses of gestational ages 16 to 28 weeks has indicated that prenatal diagnosis of albinism is a theoretical possibility. Pigment is not present in cells of the epidermis but can be found in hair follicles at the bulbous peg stage in the scalp only. Such hair follicles are present in the scalp as early as 16 weeks gestation. The findings indicate that prenatal diagnosis of albinism could be made on a scalp biopsy within the second trimester of pregnancy.
Relevance of final-state nucleon-nucleon charge exchange in inclusive (π,πN) reactions

The Sternheim-Silbar linear transport model for calculating the effect of final-state charge exchange of the struck nucleon in (..pi..,..pi..N) reactions has been reexamined. It is demonstrated that for /sup 12/C, the effect ranges from only 10% at low pion energies to 4% at the (3,3) resonance and plays a minor role in determining the magnitude of the inclusive cross sections. A semiclassical linear transport model is used to calculate the ..pi../sup -//..pi../sup +/ ratio for a clean, one-step nucleon knockout. Unlike the Sternheim-Silbar calculation these results are in very good agreement with intranuclear cascade model predictions.
Organization of the bilingual lexicon: Categorical versus alphabetic cuing in Russian-English bilinguals

The mechanism by which Russian native speakers store and retrieve Russian and English words from lexical memory was investigated in two experiments in which fluency of retrieval was compared for categorical and alphabetic cues. We hypothesized that fluency in Russian would be higher for categorical cues but that fluency in English would be higher for alphabetical cues because native language words would have been stored by meaning, while second-language words would have been stored according to dictionary usage. Subjects retrieved more Russian than English words with categorical cues, but their retrieval was the same for the two languages with alphabetic cues. In addition, fluency was greater overall with alphabetical than categorical cues. We attributed the greater fluency in Russian with the categorical cues to the early age at which the concepts were acquired, which made them more accessible in the native language. These findings support the idea that access codes for words may vary depending upon how they are originally learned.
The development of a sulfur dioxide continuous monitor incorporating a piezo-electric sorption detector

Abstract Several efforts to utilize quartz crystals as detectors have been successful. After a particular coating is evaluated for detection of either a class of compounds or a specific compound, the coated crystal must then be incorporated within some type of instrumentation which will give the desired signal or response. The authors, in addition to efforts directed toward improving the triethanolamine coated crystal for SO 2 detection, have designed and constructed an instrument capable of utilizing such a detector. While the instrument is designed as a continuous monitor, it can also be used as an intermittent sampler. The instrument provides a millivolt readout for recording the signal.
“Clamber not you up to the casements”: On ghetto views and viewing

On 29 March 1516 the Venetian Senate ordered all Jews residing in the city to move behind the walls of the ghetto. The mandate stipulated that Jews would be watched by Christian guards twenty-four hours a day and restricted by a nighttime curfew. In such a surveilled space, Venice’s ghetto windows played an integral role in the complex and interactive networks constituting the city and its constituency. The singular status of ghetto architecture—especially the injunctions regarding its fenestration—provides an opportunity to explore the processes of ghettoization that partitioned a population and monitored the activities of Jews and Christians alike. Windows produced spatial occasions for looking and being looked at that reinforced social difference and created profound cultural fissures. This article studies the windows of the Venetian ghetto and the city’s ongoing claims to obstruct them in the early modern period. To study the window is to study the demarcation between public good and private plurality, between the citizen and the subordinated Other.
Introduction to Analytics and Design-Led Innovations and Management Minitrack

There is a need to apply robust research findings in the appropriate management and organizational contexts related to analytics and intuitive thinking, and how to connect creativity and innovation with design. The purpose of this minitrack is to explore the challenges, issues and opportunities related to analytics and design-led innovations and management, from conceptualization to practical implementation.
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: complications and outcomes after spinal fusion.

Objective There is little information about in-hospital complication rates, adverse outcomes, and mortality after spinal fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). The aim of this study was to report inpatient mortality, complications, and outcomes on a national level. Methods We used the National Inpatient Sample to identify 58,115 admissions of patients with CSM who underwent spinal fusion in the United States from 1993 to 2002. Multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the effects of patient and hospital characteristics on outcomes such as mortality, complications, discharge disposition, and length of stay. Results A total of 58,115 patients with CSM underwent spinal fusion with an average mortality rate of 0.6%, a complication rate of 13.4%, and a mean length of stay of 4 days. Pulmonary (3.6%) and postoperative hemorrhages or hematomas (2.3%) were the most common complications reported. One postoperative complication led to a 4-day increase in mean length of stay, increased the mortality rate 20-fold, and added more than $10,000 to hospital charges. Multivariate analysis identified age, comorbidity, and admission type as the main predictors of mortality, complication rate, and adverse outcome. Patients aged > or =85 or 65 to 84 years had respective 44- and 14-fold increases in mortality, compared with patients in the 18- to 44-year age group. Patients older than 84 years had a 40-fold increase in adverse outcomes and a 5-fold likelihood of medical complications. Patients with three or more comorbidities had an increased risk of medical complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.98), adverse discharge (OR, 2.17), and in-hospital mortality (OR, 2.36). Elective admissions were associated with much lower rates of mortality (OR, 0.28), complication (OR, 0.68), and adverse outcome (OR, 0.26). Complications were greater for posterior fusion (16.4%) versus anterior fusion (11.9%) procedures. Anterior fusions were associated with a greater incidence of dysphagia (3%) and hoarseness (0.21%). Cervical spondylosis patients who presented without myelopathy had a much lower incidence of complications (6.3%). Conclusions We provide a national estimate of inpatient complications and outcomes after spinal fusion for CSM patients in the United States. We demonstrate the impacts of age, complications, and medical comorbidities on the outcome of surgery for patients with this common disorder. We provide complication rates stratified by age and medical comorbidities for elderly patients who present with CSM who need spinal fusion.
Dissociation of the electrophysiological correlates of familiarity strength and item repetition

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to investigate the relationship between the familiarity strength of recognition memory test items (pictures of animate and inanimate objects) and a putative ERP correlate of familiarity, the mid-frontal 'old/new' effect. A modified Remember/Know task was used in which subjects endorsed items as 'remembered' if any detail of the study presentation could be retrieved and, if not, judged the old/new status of the item using a 4-point confidence scale ('confident old' to 'confident new'). Studied test items elicited a mid-frontal old/new effect that varied according to the rated familiarity of the eliciting item. Thus, prior findings that the mid-frontal effect is graded according to familiarity strength are not attributable to the confounding influence of study status, as has been suggested. ERPs elicited by studied and unstudied items that were rated equally familiar differed in the same latency range as that occupied by the mid-frontal old/new effect. Furthermore, the scalp topography of this repetition effect differed significantly from the topography of the mid-frontal effect. The findings suggest that ERPs elicited by recognition memory test items are modulated during the 300-500 ms latency range both by the familiarity strength of the item and, separately, by an implicit memory process that acts independently of the processes supporting familiarity-driven recognition judgments.
Return of a normal functioning spleen after traumatic splenectomy.

Splenectomy renders a patient susceptible to infection by encapsulated bacteria and calls for long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. But splenic function can return.
Pollution in an Urban Bayou: Magnitude, Spatial Distribution and Origin

Bayou Texar in Pensacola, FL, receives pollutants from a variety of sources, presumably including two USEPA's Priorities List sites. To evaluate the potential negative impacts of pollution in this type of setting, we determined the level and distribution of some of the pollutants in the bayou and identified the most likely sources for them. Results show that fluoride, a tracer for a contaminated groundwater plume from one of the Priorities List sites, enters sediments in the northern part of the bayou and migrates into the water. Radium in the bayou most likely also emanates from the contaminated groundwater plume. However, 228Ra/226Ra isotope ratios indicate that the radium enters the plume from the aquifer matrix, and thus does not originate directly at the Priorities List site. PAHs of creosote origin are known to have been released by the second Priorities List site but apparently they do not affect the sediments of the bayou because ratios of individual PAHs show that they are derived from combustion. The concentrations of the PAHs are slightly higher in the northern part of the bayou. Unlike other pollutants, most metals exceed their probable effects level (PEL) in many places in the bayou. The highest concentrations are observed in the northern part of the bayou. Low metal concentrations in monitoring wells and in deep sediments in the bayou suggest that the metals do not come from the groundwater plume. Sediment transport analysis shows that sediments are trapped in the northern part of the bayou. Consequently, long term accumulation explains the observed high concentrations of heavy metals, and other sediment bound pollutants, in the northern part of Bayou Texar. Pollutant concentrations vary greatly spatially, demonstrating the importance of geographical analysis for this type of environmental research.
Educational Policy Making and the Courts: An Escherian Point of View

Educational Policy Making and the Courts' reports the results of an extensive study seeking to unite theory and fact as they relate to the role of courts in social change. Authors Michael Rebell and Arthur Block have drawn their conclusions from four in-depth legislative and judicial case studies and from content analysis of documents in 65 federal district court cases involving public school policy other than desegregation. Because of the authors' goal of open reporting and the context in which the work appeared, Educational Policy Making (EPAC) provides its readers as much with a perception of the difficulties of quantitative method as with an understanding of the capacity and legitimacy of the court's role in implementing change in public school policy. Change has become a commonplace of the 30 years since Brown v. Board of Education.2 From 1954 to 1974, the United States struggled with changes in the racial composition of its schools and the racial and sexual composition of its work force, with the voting rights of its public, and with public reaction to its international involvements. In those 20 years, the executive, the judiciary and the legislature acted-and failed to act-but public attention focused on outcome and substance more than on process. While courts were taking a more active part in social change, critics viewed this judicial process as a departure from the norm rather than as action necessitating a new description. The time had arrived for a thorough scrutiny of the judicial process in social change. Writing in 1976, Abrahm Chayes proposed a model of the judicial role in what he termed "public law litigation."3 Chayes argued that an honest view of the court's activity would reveal the involvement of many parties rather than two bipolarly opposed parties, remedies that were compensatory and
Tri­carbonyl(η6-1,3-di­methyl­benzene)­chromium

The title compound, [Cr(1,3–Me2C6H4)(CO)3], exhibits the three-legged piano stool structure expected for a metal tri­carbonyl with an η6-coordinated arene. The compound displays mirror symmetry in the solid state.
Los orígenes jurídicos del sistema político imperial español y su influencia en las Américas

This paper examines the legal and political nature of the Spanish empire in America and its medieval origins. In order to offer a new approach to study the relationship between Spain and its American possessions, this paper proposes a review of the Spanish legal tradition. The study of the evolution of the concepts of sovereignty, representation and jurisdiction obtained to determine the constituent elements of the relationships between the various political entities as a mechanism for understanding the development of the political culture of Latin America. According to the characteristics of the political legal system in the colonial era, the dispensation of justice and judicial practice formed the core of the relationship between the imperial authority and its peripheries. The article argues that judicial practice was full of political meaning and became a means of inclusion and representation.
Topoisomerase II and histone deacetylase inhibitors delay the G2/M transition by triggering the p38 MAPK checkpoint pathway.

When early prophase PtK1 or Indian muntjac cells are exposed to topoisomerase II (topo II) inhibitors that induce little if any DNA damage, they are delayed from entering mitosis. We show that this delay is overridden by inhibiting the p38, but not the ATM, kinase. Treating early prophase cells with hyperosmotic medium or a histone deacetylase inhibitor similarly delays entry into mitosis, and this delay can also be prevented by inhibiting p38. Together, these results reveal that agents or stresses that induce global changes in chromatin topology during G2 delay entry into mitosis, independent of the ATM-mediated DNA damage checkpoint, by activating the p38 MAPK checkpoint. The presence of this pathway obviates the necessity of postulating the existence of multiple “chromatin modification” checkpoints during G2. Lastly, cells that enter mitosis in the presence of topo II inhibitors form metaphase spindles that are delayed in entering anaphase via the spindle assembly, and not the p38, checkpoint.