cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Les villages tanzaniens ujamaa 40 ans plus tard : moralisation et commémoration du collectivisme

Entre 1967 et 1977, quelque 10 millions de Tanzaniens ont ete deplaces de leur terre affermee et regroupes dans des villages ujamaa (litteralement, familyhood) bâtis par suite d’une decision gouvernementale, donnant lieu ainsi a l’un des plus vastes programmes de reinstallation de l’histoire. Le president Julius Nyerere, « pere » et philosophe du socialisme tanzanien, a justifie la villagisation en alleguant qu’elle permettrait d’ameliorer la prestation de services de base a la population, tels que des cliniques medicales, des ecoles et de l’eau potable. Or, dans la foulee de l’abandon progressif du programme et du discours socialistes au milieu des annees 1980, le sort de ces villages demeure dans une large mesure inconnu. Comment les villageois evaluent-ils de nos jours la vie dans ces villages comparativement a ce qu’elle etait a l’epoque socialiste? Quels elements de la cooperation communale, s’il s’avere que celle‑ci a veritablement existe, ont ete maintenus? Cet article fait etat d’une enquete realisee aupres de residants d’anciens villages ujamaa de la region de Mwanza. Leurs temoignages apportent certaines reponses a ces questions et sont mis en contexte dans une plus vaste analyse de la politique agricole tanzanienne sous les regimes socialiste et postsocialiste.
Airway dilator muscle activity and lung volume during stable breathing in obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Objectives: Many patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have spontaneous periods of stable flow limited breathing during sleep without respiratory events or arousals. In addition, OSA is often more severe during REM than NREM and more severe during stage 2 than slow wave sleep (SWS). The physiological mechanisms for these observations are unknown. Thus we aimed to determine whether the activity of two upper airway dilator muscles (genioglossus and tensor palatini) or end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) differ between (1) spontaneously occurring stable and cyclical breathing and (2) different sleep stages in OSA.
Assessing advantages and barriers to telemedicine adoption in the practice setting: A MyCareTeam(TM) exemplar.

Purpose Telemedicine is an evolving field that holds great potential to improve patient outcomes. The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties core competencies now require all nurse practitioners (NPs) to be competent utilizing telemedicine to address various patient and healthcare system needs. While telemedicine offers advantages to patient care, adoption of new technologies can be challenging. Data sources An assessment of perceived advantages and barriers to MyCareTeam, an online diabetes management system, was conducted at an adult diabetes clinic. Two survey questionnaires were developed based on the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory. The surveys were administered to patients in the clinic waiting room and sent to all clinical staff via an e-mail link. Conclusions The findings of this project suggested a novel way to classify patients with regard to their use of the technology with implications for practice. Recommendations include outreach to enhance knowledge and awareness of MyCareTeam, reinforcing the full scope of the system, and improved technical support. Implications for practice DOI theory is a framework that may be utilized by NPs as a tool for assessing advantages and barriers to telemedicine applications in the practice setting in order to identify strategies to promote adoption and use.
Transparent autonomization in CORBA

Increasingly, software systems are constructed by integrating and composing multiple existing applications. The resulting complexity increases the need for self-management of the system. However, adding autonomic behavior to composite systems is difficult, especially when the constituent components are heterogeneous and they were not originally designed to support such interactions. Moreover, entangling the code for self-management with the code for the business logic of the original applications may actually increase the complexity of the systems, counter to the desired goal. In this paper, we address autonomization of composite systems that use CORBA, one of the first widely used middleware platforms introduced more than 17 years ago that is still commonly used in numerous systems. We propose a model, called Adaptive CORBA Template (ACT), that enables autonomic behavior to be added to CORBA applications automatically and transparently, that is, without requiring any modifications to the code implementing the business logic of the original applications. To do so, ACT uses ''generic'' interceptors, which are added to CORBA applications at startup time and enable autonomic behavior to be introduced later at runtime. We have developed ACT/J, a prototype of ACT in Java. We describe a case study in which ACT/J is used to introduce three types of autonomic behavior (self-healing, self-optimization, and self-configuration) to a distributed surveillance application.
Integrated data store-metodologie di trattamento dei grandi archivi di informazione

The first part of this paper describes the I.D.S. technique. This allows retrieval, insertion and repeal of informations in a rapid and compact way through chains and levels of records defined as Master and Details.
Spectroscopic and leaching studies of solidified toxic metals

Abstract Portland cement samples containing the soluble nitrates of the priority pollutant metals chromium, lead, barium, mercury, cadmium, and zinc are being investigated using thermogravimetric (TGA) and fourier transform infrared techniques (FTIR). The major vibrational bands of the carbonate, sulfate, silicate, water, and nitrate species are tabulated and discussed in comparison to uncontaminated cement. In addition, results of leaching studies on the above samples containing sulfide and phosphate additives are reported.
Self-reversed magnetization carried by titanomaghemite in oceanic basalts

Abstract Self-reversal, the remarkable ability of some rocks to acquire a magnetization antiparallel to the Earth's magnetic field, was of great interest in the 1950s and 1960s, but it was subsequently found to be rare, limited to a few hemoilmenite-bearing igneous rocks. Here we show through thermal demagnetization experiments that pillow basalts from the northwestern Pacific Ocean lacking hemoilmenite contain two nearly antiparallel components of natural remanent magnetization. Partial thermoremanent magnetization experiments indicate that the component isolated at lower temperatures is a self-reversal of the primary magnetization. The self-reversal is carried by titanomaghemite formed by low temperature oxidation. Because maghemitization of oceanic crust is ubiquitous, self-reversals may be an important factor contributing to the decrease with age in marine magnetic anomaly amplitudes observed for crust formed during the last 30 million years.
Idiopathic dilatation of the common bile ductin childhood

Summary A case of idiopathic dilatation of the common duct in a 4-year-old girl with successful operation is reported. The importance of considering the condition in recurrent jaundice in childhood is emphasized.
Information retrieval of more than text

Information retrieval has been primarily concerned with text and text-like data. Image-handling reminds us that information retrieval should have a broader scope, and it did in the neglected work of European pioneers such as Paul Otlet and Suzanne Briet. The terminology of “multimedia” needs attention to distinguish phenomena, facts, representations, forms of expression, and physical medium. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diode-pumped Yb:KYW femtosecond laser frequency comb with stabilized carrier-envelope offset frequency

We describe the detection and stabilization of the carrier envelope offset (CEO) frequency of a diode-pumped Yb:KYW (ytterbium-doped potassium yttrium tungstate) femtosecond oscillator that is spectrally centered at 1033 nm. The system consists of a diode-pumped, passively mode-locked femtosecond laser that produces 290 fs pulses at a repetition rate of 160 MHz. These pulses are first amplified, spectrally broadened and temporally compressed to 80 fs, and then launched into microstructured fiber to produce an octave-spanning spectrum. An f-2f nonlinear interferometer is employed with the broadened spectrum to detect and stabilize the CEO frequency through feedback to the pump laser current. These results demonstrate that such a Yb-doped tungstate laser can provide an efficient, compact, high-repetition-rate optical frequency comb with coverage from 650–1450 nm.
A prospective study of the epidemiology of colitis and colon cancer in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Spontaneous colitis and colon cancer in the cotton- top tamarin have been shown to resemble human ulcerative colitis and its associated cancer. The effect of environment and diet on the evolution of the disease was studied in animals from birth to 5 years of age. METHODS: Newborn tamarins were assigned to three groups reared in (1) a colony in which colitis was highly prevalent and fed a standard diet; (2) an isolation unit and fed a standard diet or one of two semipurified diets; and (3) a multispecies nursery, returned to the colony, and fed the same semipurified diets. Mucosal biopsy specimens from the descending colon were taken at 4-month intervals. RESULTS: Acute colitis and chronic mucosal changes were significantly higher in the colony than in the isolation unit. Diet had no effect on acute colitis, but chronic mucosal changes were significantly higher in animals fed a standard diet than semipurified diets. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that acute colitis was associated with environment. Factors in the environment, including a transmissible agent, are discussed. Chronic mucosal changes were modified by diet. Cancer was associated with acute colitis and chronic changes and seems to be associated with diet. (Gastroenterology 1996 Jan;110(1):102-15)
Cognitive and behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in psychiatric populations: A systematic review

Insomnia is highly co-morbid with psychiatric disorders, making it a frequent issue in treatment planning in psychiatric clinics. Research has also shown that although insomnia may originally precede or be a consequence of a psychiatric disorder, insomnia likely becomes semi-independent, and may exacerbate those disorders if it is not addressed, leading to reduced treatment response. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is now recommended as the first line of treatment of primary insomnia. The research reviewed below indicates that CBT-I in patients with co-morbid depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse disorders is generally effective for insomnia and sometimes the co-morbid disorder as well. Although more research is needed before definitive recommendations can be made, it appears as though CBT-I is a viable approach to treating the patient with co-morbid insomnia and psychiatric disorders.
Rate of Fat Uptake by Intestinal Lymphatics.

SummaryMeasurements of the rate of fat uptake by the intestinal lymphatics showed that when dogs were fed 25 g of olive oil by mouth the total lipids in the thoracic duct lymph remained elevated above fasting levels for more than 24 hours. When the olive oil was introduced directly into the duodenum, the lymph was cleared of excess lipid in 13 hours. That the excess lipid in postcibal lymph probably represents fat which has been directly contributed by absorption from the intestine was shown by the failure to observe a significant increase in thoracic duct lymph lipid content in response to infusing a large volume of milky chyle intravenously. These results suggest that absorption of fat continues for more than 24 hours after its oral administration and is associated with a slow and prolonged delivery of fat by the stomach into the upper intestine. Stomach-fed dogs returned a significantly higher percentage of the fed fat in the lymph in 24 hours than did duodenum-fed dogs suggesting that the retention of...
Socializing Undergraduates to the MFT Field

In this article we outline the facilitation of a marriage and family therapy (MFT) course that introduces undergraduates to MFT theory, research, and professional development. We also examine students’ reports on the influence of the course relative to their development of graduate training aspirations and desired pursuit of MFT as a potential career. Additionally, students offered reflections about what most inspired their learning and attention towards MFT as a potential profession. Results indicate that the course aided students in career path discernment, preparation for MFT graduate program entrance, and socialization to develop future professional relationships with MFTs.
Moisture Sorption Characteristics of Ground Sunflower Nutmeat and its Products

Moisture sorption characteristics of sunflower nutmeat products (ground nutmeat, meal, protein concentrate and protein isolate) were investigated at temperatures 10°C, 20°C and 30°C, and the results were analyzed according to various sorption isotherm models. The best-fit models were the G.A.B. (Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer) model for the ground nutmeat and the cubic polynomial model for the meal, the protein concentrate and the protein isolate. The Chen-Clayton model was the best-fit model for describing temperature effect in all the materials studied. The G.A.B. monolayer values were higher than the B.E.T. monolayer values for the materials studied.
Carbohydrates: United Atom AMBER* Parameterization of Pyranoses and Simulations Yielding Anomeric Free Energies

The success of molecular modeling using classical potential functions (i.e force field calculations) rests heavily on the availability of specific, high-quality parameters that accurately describe the gas phase potential surface of the molecular system under study, on solvent models that reliably reproduce the effect of the medium, and on simulation methods that sample all significantly populated conformations of the entire system with the correct statistical weights. In this paper we present a set of molecular mechanics parameters that were developed using ab initio molecular orbital calculations to model pyranoses in the context of the AMBER* force field in the molecular modeling package MacroModel 5.0. These parameters were tailored to reproduce the quantum mechanical conformational energies of certain small molecules that were taken as models for common substructures in monosaccharides. Solvent was included as the GB/SA continuum model for water. The sampling problem was solved for these systems using...
Escape of DNA from mitochondria to the nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

THE migration of genetic information from ancestral prokaryotic endosymbionts into eukaryotic nuclei is thought to have had an important role in the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts1–6. Here we describe an assay for the detection of movement of DNA between mitochondria and the nucleus in yeast. Because recom-binant plasmid DNA replicates after transformation into mitochondria of yeast strains lacking endogenous mitochondrial DNA7 we were able to propagate the nuclear genetic marker URA3 in mitochondria. As expected, the wild-type URA3 gene in mitochondria failed to complement the uracil auxotrophy (Ura-) caused by a nuclear ura3 mutation. But selection of Ura+ pro-totrophs from a Ura- strain carrying URA3 on a plasmid in its mitochondria enabled us to detect plasmid movement to the nucleus. Conversely, as the plasmid used also contained the mitochondrial gene COX2 required for respiratory growth, we were able to set up corresponding selections to detect migration of DNA from the nucleus to the mitochondria. Our results show that, in yeast, DNA escapes from mitochondria and appears in the nucleus at a surprisingly high frequency ( ˜2 x 10-5 per cell per generation). But the rate at which DNA makes the journey in the opposite direction—nucleus to mitochondria—is apparently at least 100,000 times less.
Elderly surgical patients: are there gaps in residency education?

Background Geriatric education is essential to ensure the competency of residents caring for the aging population. This study assesses and correlates resident and faculty perceptions of resident geriatric-related competencies to clinical care. Methods A survey was sent to 40 general surgery residents and 57 faculty members. Five clinical care markers were identified for chart audit. A retrospective chart audit was performed of 22 injured elderly patients. Results Among the respondents, 30 of 40 (75%) residents and 22 of 57 (39%) faculty completed the survey. Residents rated their competency higher than faculty on all competency-related questions (p = 0.0002). The following 4 questions had a mean faculty rating below acceptable: screening guidelines, delirium management, contraindicated medications, and medication adjustments. On chart review: code status was documented in 7 of 22 (32%) patients and goals of care in 1 of 22 (5%) patients. Pain control included rib block or epidural in 14 of 22 (64%) patients. Contraindicated medications were prescribed in 13 of 22 (59%) patients. Conclusion A competency-based needs assessment of geriatric training in a general surgery residency has identified educational "gaps." This needs assessment supports implementation of geriatric education initiatives in our general surgery program.
Equations of motion for two-phase flow in a pin bundle of a nuclear reactor

Abstract By performing Eulerian area averaging over a channel area of the local continuity, momentum and energy equations for single phase turbulent flow, assuming each phase in two-phase flows to be continuum but coupled by the appropriate “jump” conditions at the interface, the corresponding axial macroscopic balances for two-fluid model in a pin bundle are obtained. To determine the crossflow, a momentum equation in transverse (to the gap between the pins) direction is obtained for each phase by carrying out Eulerian segment averaging of the local momentum equation, where the segment is taken parallel to the gap. By considering the mixture as a whole, a diffusion model based on drift-flux velocity is formulated. In axial direction it is expressed in terms of three mixture conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy with one additional continuity equation for the vapor phase. For the determination of crossflow, transverse momentum equation for a mixture is obtained. It is discussed that the previous formulation of the two-phase flow based on the “slip” flow model and integral subchannel balances using finite control volumes is inadequate in the following respects: (a) The model is heuristic and a priori assumes the order of magnitude of the terms. An excellent example of this provided by the manner in which the form of transverse momentum equation has evolved since its first crude form. (b) The model is incomplete and incorrect when applied to two-phase mixtures in thermal non-equilibrium such as during accidental depressurization of a water cooled reactor. It is demonstrated that the governing equations presented here are based on very formal and sound physical basis and are indispensable if physically correct methods are desired for analyzing two-phase flows in a pin bundle.
The arithmetic theory of quadratic forms

The MAA is pleased to re-issue the early Carus Mathematical Monographs in ebook and print-on-demand formats. Readers with an interest in the history of the undergraduate curriculum or the history of a particular field will be rewarded by study of these very clear and approachable little volumes. This monograph presents the central ideas of the arithmetic theory of quadratic forms in self-contained form, assuming only knowledge of the fundamentals of matric theory and the theory of numbers. Pertinent concepts of p-adic numbers and quadratic ideals are introduced. It would have been possible to avoid these concepts but the theory gains elegance as well as breadth by the introduction of such relationships. Some results and many of the methods are here presented for the first time. The development begins with the classical theory in the field of reals from the point of view of representation theory, for in these terms many of the later objectives and methods may be revealed. The successive chapters gradually narrow the fields and rings until one has the tools at hand to deal with the classical problems in the ring of rational integers. The analytic theory of quadratic forms is not dealt with because of the delicate analysis involved. However, some of the more important results are stated and references given.
Capsule Commentary on Strong et al., Work–Life Balance in Academic Medicine: Narratives of Physician-Researchers and Their Mentors

The ability to balance professional and family responsibilities remains a challenge for most working adults. This is even more so for physicians, who experience a higher level of burnout and work-life balance dissatisfaction compared to their non-medical counterparts.1 Dissatisfaction with work–life balance is highest for physicians at the forefront of medical care, including family medicine, general internal medicine and emergency medicine.1 As one may expect, the subset of physicians who combine clinical responsibilities with research activities experience an even greater level of work-life balance issues. Strong et al.2 qualitatively assessed work–life balance among physicians in academic medicine through telephone interviews of 100 physician recipients of NIH K08 or K23 awards and 28 of their mentors. Interview participants were asked about family structure, effects of family and personal demands on careers success as well as institutional policies influencing work–life balance. Their results showed that while the new generation of academic physicians seems to be more cognizant of maintaining work–life balance than the “older,” work–life balance remains challenging due to work demands and inadequate job flexibility. Even when supervisors offer flexible scheduling and time off, many female academic physicians are hesitant to make use of these offers due to societal and gender stereotypes. They do not want to be perceived as being on the “mommy track”. It is clearly not enough for employers to simply offer flexibility in work scheduling or time off; a concerted effort to de-stigmatize these opportunities and encourage employees to utilize them is necessary to overcome societal beliefs and expectations that have been entrenched through generations. Furthermore, physician researchers who achieve work–life balance need to take an active role in mentoring the younger generation. Physician peer mentoring has been shown to improve both academic productivity and personal life.3,4 In addition, the individual physician must take the initiative to plan ahead and communicate effectively5 with those in the professional as well as the personal arena. Attaining the elusive balance between work and life is important and requires continued effort from both institutions and individuals.
Radionuclide production with > 70-MeV proton accelerators: current and future prospects☆

Abstract The role of proton accelerators (i.e. cyclotrons) in the production of medical radionuclides is increasing as a result of new trends in medical research and due to clinical needs associated with the expanding field of positron emission tomography (PET). Accelerators also produced radionuclides needed in single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). Modern high-intensity H − cyclotrons are now commercially available, allowing the use of simultaneous beams, as well as a highly reliable operation. Furthermore, new accelerator-based methods for the production of several useful positron emitters and for the large-scale production of 99m Tc and 99 Mo, are being investigated. Based on new data, an ample supply for both PET and SPECT radiopharmaceuticals is feasible and may be obtained from centralized regional facilities operating a modern accelerator. For these facilities, an accelerator capable of delivering > 70-MeV protons is, by far, the best overall choice. This rationale is explained here and supported with a summary of radionuclide production data. An increasing role for modern proton accelerators in nuclear medicine and other applications is believed to be scientifically proven and forthcoming although further research and development of the technical and economical basis are required.
Comparison of intra-articular drilling and diode laser treatment for arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints in normal horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Anecdotal reports suggest that laser-facilitated arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints improves the prognosis compared with intra-articular drilling but no objective comparisons have been performed. Objectives: To evaluate intra-articular drilling and laser-facilitated arthrodesis using in situ and in vivo techniques. Methods: Fourteen cadaver limbs were evaluated in situ for chondrocyte viability after both surgical techniques. In vivo, one randomly selected limb was subjected to laser-facilitated arthrodesis and the other underwent intra-articular drilling in 6 normal horses. Clinical examinations were performed at 1, 3 and 5 months. Two horses were subjected to euthanasia at 1, 3 and 5 months. Results: Significantly more chondrocyte death was observed with laser-facilitated arthrodesis compared to drilling, but the overall degree suggested only a focal effect. In vivo, both groups demonstrated minimal post operative morbidity. There was more evidence of arthrodesis seen at all time points with intra-articular drilling. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that changes associated with ultimate arthrodesis occur earlier after intra-articular drilling of the distal tarsal joints than laser-facilitated arthrodesis, although clinically affected horses may respond differently. Potential relevance: Intra-articular drilling may provide earlier arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints, but not necessarily a better long-term result.
Bringing the state in: A commentary on welfare states and social inequality

Abstract A long and extensive line of welfare state research reveals that the state is both a cause and consequence of social stratification. However, the findings of this research have largely been ignored in the literature on social stratification and mobility. Similarly, welfare state scholars largely work without reference to the research on social stratification and mobility. The papers presented in the volume are an important first step towards integrating the literatures these complementary literatures. In this commentary, I push these articles further by revealing linkages between the papers that are not fully developed in papers themselves. In particular, I highlight two ways in which the papers in this issue can be productively linked to raise new questions or provide new insight into old problems. I then discuss the reasons why and productive ways in which these two large and stand-alone literatures can be integrated. I end the commentary with a section describing productive avenues for future research that integrates both literatures.
Synthesis and enzymatic activation of N-[Nα-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-Nδ-hemiphthaloyl-l-ornithiny]-l-phenylalanine, a candidate for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT)

Abstract N -[ N α -(4-Amino-4-deoxypteroyl)- N δ -hemiphthaloyl- l -ornithinyl]- l -phenylalanine ( 1 ), a carboxypeptidase A (CPA) cleavable prodrug was synthesized for use in an antibody directed strategy to improve the therapeutic selectivity of N α -(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)- N δ -hemiphthaloyl- l -ornithine ( 2 ), an extremely potent nonpoly-glutamatable DHFR inhibitor which is also highly cytotoxic. Compound 1 was shown by HPLC analysis to give a >99% yield of 2 upon incubation with bovine CPA (bCPA) for 20 min at 25 °C. In a spectrophotometric kinetic assay with 50 μM dihydrofolate as the competing substrate in the presence of 65 μM NADPH, 1 +bCPA stoichiometrically inhibited recombinant human DHFR (rhDHFR) with a K i of 0.35 pM. In contrast, 1 without bCPA was a poor inhibitor of rhDHFR ( K i >10 μM). In a 72 h growth inhibition assay against cultured CCRF-CEM human leukemic lymphoblasts, the growth inhibitory activities of 1 +bCPA, 2 +bCPA, and 2 alone were the same (IC 50 1.3–1.4 nM), whereas 1 in the absence of bCPA was >100-fold less potent (IC 50 155 nM).
Secure distributed estimation in cyber-physical systems

Distributed estimation is where the state of a dynamical system is to be estimated via a collection of geographically dispersed measurements over a sensor network. In order to implement the estimator, the sensors, in addition to sensing, implement a simple data fusion protocol that relies on inter-sensor communication. In this paper, we study distributed estimation of cyber-physical systems when there is an adversarial attack on the sensed and communicated information. We propose a novel methodology to address the detection of such attacks, and further incorporate appropriate remedial actions in the estimator. Our methodology is based on the notions of local consistency and nodal consistency and is further reinforced by the exploiting the underlying physical-layer in the cyber-physical description.
Plasminogen and antithrombin III deficiencies in the childhood nephrotic syndrome associated with plasminogenuria and antithrombinuria

Three of four patients with the childhood nephrotic syndrome were found to have low plasma plasminogen concentrations; all four had low plasma antithrombin III concentrations. In the two patients who were tested, urinary concentrations of these proteins exceeded the plasma concentrations. As the urinary losses of plasminogen and antithrombin III decreased over the course of illness, the plasma concentrations of antithrombin III and plasminogen rose. One patient had multiple thromboembolic episodes. We conclude that deficiencies of antithrombin III and plasminogen, probably secondary to urinary excretion of these proteins, may contribute to the thrombotic diathesis associated with nephrotic syndrome.
Equine Nfectious Anemia: Detection of Infectious Virus-Antibody Complexes in Me Serum

The sera of horses with persistent infection by equine infectious anemia virus were examined for the presence of infectious virus-antibody complexes, Virus-containing sera were treated with rabbit anti-equine gamma globulin, rabbit anti-equine albumin, and normal rabbit serum. Infectivity remaining in the supernates was titrated in primary equine leukocyte cultures. In 2 of 3 sera anti-gamma globulin precipitated at least 2 log10 of viral infectivity using the anti-albumin and normal rabbit serum treatments as controls. This demonstrates that in some sera EIA virus circulates as an immune complex with antibody, possibly enhancing its ability to persist in the host by providing a continued source of virus for reinfection.
Multiple diseases in carrier probability estimation: accounting for surviving all cancers other than breast and ovary in BRCAPRO.

Mendelian models can predict who carries an inherited deleterious mutation of known disease genes based on family history. For example, the BRCAPRO model is commonly used to identify families who carry mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2, based on familial breast and ovarian cancers. These models incorporate the age of diagnosis of diseases in relatives and current age or age of death. We develop a rigorous foundation for handling multiple diseases with censoring. We prove that any disease unrelated to mutations can be excluded from the model, unless it is sufficiently common and dependent on a mutation-related disease time. Furthermore, if a family member has a disease with higher probability density among mutation carriers, but the model does not account for it, then the carrier probability is deflated. However, even if a family only has diseases the model accounts for, if the model excludes a mutation-related disease, then the carrier probability will be inflated. In light of these results, we extend BRCAPRO to account for surviving all non-breast/ovary cancers as a single outcome. The extension also enables BRCAPRO to extract more useful information from male relatives. Using 1500 familes from the Cancer Genetics Network, accounting for surviving other cancers improves BRCAPRO’s concordance index from 0.758 to 0.762 (p = 0.046), improves its positive predictive value from 35% to 39% (p < 10−6) without impacting its negative predictive value, and improves its overall calibration, although calibration slightly worsens for those with carrier probability < 10%.
Breit-Pauli energy levels and transition rates for nitrogen-like and oxygen-like sequences

Breit-Pauli results for energy levels, lifetimes, and Lande gj factors have been determined for all levels up to 2p 2 3d of the nitrogen-like sequence (Z = 7-17) and 2p 3 3d of the oxygen-like sequence (Z = 8-20). Exceptions are some lower members of the sequence where the spectrum included only those levels below the second 2p 2 4s term in the case of N-like or 2p 3 4s in the case of O-like. The computed energy and E1, E2, Ml, M2 transition data between all levels, including convergence of the LS line strength for both length and velocity forms, may be viewed at a website. In this paper, critically evaluated transition data is presented for N I, O II, Mg VI, and Si VIII (N-like sequence) and O I, Ne III, Mg V, and Si VII (O-like) for E1 transitions including uncertainty estimates. The accuracy of energy levels is determined by comparison with experiment. Transition rates with uncertainties are compared with experiment and other theory.
ID Activities and Project Success: Perceptions of Practitioners.

Instructional development (ID) models are intended to serve as guides to successful ID practice. There is increasing evidence, however, that most practicing instructional designers do not strictly adhere to the prescriptions found in typical ID models. Rather, ID practice seems to be characterized by selective use of the design activities contained in the models. This study examined the relationship between the inclusion of various ID activities and the perceived success of ID projects. Based on face-to-face and telephone interviews with 40 practicing designers involved in 77 ID projects, it appears that designers' perceptions of project success are a function of neither how many ID activities (derived from typical ID models) are completed, nor how thoroughly the activities are completed.
The nephrology interdisciplinary team: an education synergism

Patients with kidney disease often have a poor understanding of their condition. The interdisciplinary team can effectively educate these patients to slow disease progression and enhance self-management. The kidney community needs large, well-designed studies to determine the best way to educate patients and hopefully stem the tide of a rapidly increasing population of kidney patients. Congress authorized payment to eligible providers for kidney disease education for Medicare beneficiaries. However, this benefit is not being optimally used. In addition, reimbursement denials were 14-17% in 2011 and 20-23% in 2012. This is more than 4 times the usual Medicare denial rate for current procedural terminology (CPT) codes.
Antidepressant treatment during social challenge prior to 1 year of age affects immune and endocrine responses in adult macaques

Abstract Antidepressants are widely used in treating depression and other behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Little is known about the long-term effects of these agents, particularly on physiological systems. The effects of previous antidepressant treatment during a social challenge in 9-month-old rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) on their adult immune and endocrine responses were studied. Prior to the social challenge, the monkeys were reared either by their mother or in a peer group. Monkeys were treated with either a serotonergic agonist (fluoxetine), a noradrenergic agonist (desipramine), or saline during social separation. Non-separated, saline-treated monkeys served as control monkeys. In order to evaluate immune effects of early antidepressant treatment, adult monkeys were immunized with a novel antigen, tetanus toxoid. Blood samples were collected prior to and at 4–5-day intervals for 28 days after immunization. Plasma total immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), complement levels (C3 and C4), tetanus antibody titers, and cortisol were assessed. Antibody levels were lowest in monkeys treated with antidepressants regardless of specific drug treatment or early rearing condition. Drug-treated subjects had elevated plasma immunoglobulins and complement protein levels. Cortisol was also highest in drug-treated subjects. These results should be considered when prescribing commonly used antidepressants for treatment of childhood disorders.
Carbon isotope discrimination as an index of tall fescue-endophyte association response to light availability and defoliation

Abstract Tall fescue [ Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire] is adapted to the diverse growing conditions of humid, temperate agro-ecosystems. A mutualistic endophytic symbiont ( Neotyphodium coenophialum , [Morgan-Jones et Gams] Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin) contributes to this resilience, but at the same time compromises grazing livestock health. Novel endophytes that do not produce ergo-alkaloids were developed to circumvent livestock health issues, but the response of novel associations to site conditions and management practices, such as partial shade and repeated defoliation, is unclear. We conducted a field experiment with tall fescue to determine if carbon isotope discrimination ( Δ ) could be used to characterize host–endophyte association responses to site and management. Plants infected with either the native or novel non-ergogenic endophyte, or that were endophyte free were clipped to typical pasture (5 cm) or silvopasture (10 cm) residual sward heights each time mean canopy height reached 20 cm. The Δ of tall fescue was inversely related to light availability. Greater variation in Δ occurred when plants were clipped to a 5 rather than a 10 cm residue height. This trend persisted throughout the growing season and was similar whether Δ was expressed relative to potential evapotranspiration (ET o ), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) or an index of herbage nutritive value (expressed as energy relative to crude protein). Host–endophyte association did not affect Δ . This might be attributable to relatively mild growing conditions occurring in the central Appalachian region of the USA, irrespective of site conditions, or the minimal cost of hosting endophyte. Carbon isotope discrimination responses for tall fescue agree with previous observations on Δ and light availability, and might be a useful means to assess silvopastoral management practices.
Pseudomyasthenic crisis in a delayed grief reaction

Case report A 48-year-old woman developed problems with easy fatigability and bilateral ptosis which gradually worsened over the next eight months to the extent that they prevented her from doing housework and participating in her usual church activities. She eventually sought medical advice from her family physician who performed a Tensilon test-with a "questionably positive" result-and administered neostigmine, with a "mildly positive" response. She was referred to a neurologist who repeated the Tensilon test with "equivocal" results, and performed electromyographic (EMG) testing, which had normal results. A computerized tomography scan of her mediastinum revealed a "questionable thymoma" and she underwent thymectomy. Progress notes reported "slight increase in strength" for the first few weeks postoperatively, but she then became markedly worse until she could barely move and could not open her eyes. Her vital capacity dropped to 0.7 L (22% of the level expected at her age) and she was intubated and placed on a respirator.
TU-EE-A1-03: Dosimetric and Clinical Benefits of Image Guided Patient Setup for Hypofractionated Radiotherapy (HFRT)in Lung

Purpose: To estimate the clinical advantages of reduced field margins made possible by image guided patient setup and monitoring. Method and Materials: The limitations in patient setup using skin marks and the uncertainties of intrafractional motion are well known. In this study, kV cone‐beam images were taken before and after treatment on 10 lung patients (1–3 fractions/patient). Pre and post treatment images were registered according to bone and to tumor. In 4 of 10 patients we observed GTV shifts, intrafractional motion, and/or differences between bony and tumor registrations exceeding 5mm and as large as 16mm. These 4 patients were retrospectively replanned using GTV‐PTV margins of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm, on the assumption that Image Guidance (IG) enables such reductions compared to conventional patient setup. The same optimization constraints and beams were used as in the original plans. Lung V20, dmean (mean physical dose), fdam (functional damage model), and NTCP were calculated for HypoFractionated (HF) prescriptions of 12Gy×4f, 20Gy×3f, and 30Gy×1f. Results: For a small tumor in the lateral apex,little clinical gain was found by reducing field margins from 20 to 5 mm even for the highest prescription doses with dmean <5Gy, V20<8%, fdam<0.09, and NTCP<0.25 for all treatment plans. For a larger tumor near midline even a modest HF dose (12Gy×4f) resulted in dmean of 24Gy and fdam=0.43 for 20mm margins. These parameters could be reduced to 10 Gy and 0.23 respectively with IG and 5mm margins. Conclusions: The use of IGRT for HFRT in lung is beneficial to some but not all patients.For small peripheral tumors reduced field margins made possible by IGRT result in real but clinically minimal benefits. For larger, more mobile tumors, the benefits of IG setup and reduced field margins enable significant dose escalation, making more patients eligible for such treatments.
Irritant dermatitis as a model of inflammation

Irritant dermatitis is a common clinical entity with at least 11 phenotypes. The pathogenesis has been studied in humans as well as animals. Mechanisms including proinflammatory cytokines, arachidonic acid metabolism, oxidative stress and Langerhans cell mobilization are involved in irritant dermatitis. This article summarizes current knowledge of the mechanisms of irritant dermatitis and its implication as a model of inflammatory diseases.
Comparison of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery and Percutaneous Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation for Treatment of Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis

Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes for drug-eluting stents (DES) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) stenosis. Background Expert guidelines recommend coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery for the treatment of significant stenosis of the unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) if the patient is eligible for CABG; however, treatment by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is common. Methods Details of patients (n = 343, ages 69.9 ± 11.9 years) undergoing coronary revascularization for ULMCA stenosis (April 2003 to January 2007) were recorded. A total of 223 patients were treated with CABG (mean [interquartile range]: follow-up 600 [226 to 977) days) and 120 by PCI (follow-up 362 [192 to 586) days). The hazard ratios (HRs) for death and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were calculated incorporating propensity score adjustment. Survival comparisons were conducted in propensity-matched subjects (n = 134), and in low- and high-risk subjects for CABG. Results Patients treated by PCI were more likely to be ≥75 years of age (49% vs. 33%; p = 0.005), and of greater surgical risk (Parsonnet score 17.2 ± 11.2 vs. 13.0 ± 9.3; p l 0.001) than patients treated by CABG. Overall, the propensity-adjusted HR for death was not statistically different (HR 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89 to 4.19, p = 0.10), but MACCE was greater in the PCI group (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.32, p = 0.05). In propensity-matched individuals, neither survival nor MACCE-free survival were different. Survival was equivalent among low-risk candidates, but PCI had a tendency to inferior survival in high-risk candidates (Ellis category IV, log-rank p = 0.05). Interaction testing, however, failed to demonstrate a difference in outcomes of the 2 revascularization techniques as a function of baseline risk assessment. Conclusions Overall, the propensity-adjusted risk of mortality for treatment of ULMCA disease does not differ between PCI- and CABG-treated groups. There appears to be sufficient equipoise that a randomized clinical trial to compare the techniques would not be ethically contraindicated.
A constructivist perspective on information-processing theories of mathematical activity

Abstract A distinction is made between weak and strong research programs in cognitive science, the latter being characterized by an emphasis on the development of runnable computer programs. The paper focuses on the strong research program and initially considers situations in which it claims to have advanced our understanding of mathematical activity. It is concluded that the program's characterization of students as environmentally driven systems leads to: (a) a treatment of mathematical activity in isolated, narrow, formal domains; (b) a failure to deal with relevance, common sense, and context, and (c) a separation of conceptual thought from sensory-motor action. Taken together, these conclusions imply a failure to deal adequately with the issue of mathematical meaning. In general, the program's primary focus appears to be on programmable mechanisms rather than fundamental problems of mathematical cognition. The purview of the discussion is then widened to consider the strong program's difficulties in dealing with social interaction, intellectual communities, and the hidden curriculum. It is noted that instructional implications derived from this program typically involve the organization of mathematical stimuli that make explicit or salient the relevant properties of a propositional mathematical environment. Finally, it is argued that some members of the strong program have recently acknowledged that it has limitations. The possibility of a rapprochement in which the strong program is supplanted by a form of social constructivism is discussed.
Early detection of ovarian tumors using ultrasound

Ovarian cancer can be treated with a very good prognosis if detected in the early stages, but not after it has advanced. Transvaginal ultrasound is capable of identifying changes in ovarian size and structure, and thereby detects early ovarian malignancies. This view has generated four major trials on transvaginal ultrasound detection: the Kentucky, PLCO, UKCTOCS, and SCSOCS trials. Each is sufficiently different to warrant examination. The Kentucky, UKCTOCS and SCSOCS trials report a shift to early stage detection. The Kentucky trial reports a survival benefit, while follow-up survival analysis is pending in the UKCTOCS and SCSOCS trials. Details of these trials are presented including definitions, inclusions/exclusions, analytic structure (intention-to-treat vs per protocol), performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value), extent of screeningrelated treatment, time from screening to treatment, length of follow-up and survival versus mortality analysis. Qu...