cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free Body Analysis, Beam Mechanics, and Finite Element Modeling of the Mandible of Alligator mississippiensis

The mechanical behavior of mammalian mandibles is well-studied, but a comprehensive biomechanical analysis (incorporating detailed muscle architecture, accurate material properties, and three-dimensional mechanical behavior) of an extant archosaur mandible has never been carried out. This makes it unclear how closely models of extant and extinct archosaur mandibles reflect reality and prevents comparisons of structure-function relationships in mammalian and archosaur mandibles. We tested hypotheses regarding the mechanical behavior of the mandible of Alligator mississippiensis by analyzing reaction forces and bending, shear, and torsional stress regimes in six models of varying complexity. Models included free body analysis using basic lever arm mechanics, 2D and 3D beam models, and three high-resolution finite element models of the Alligator mandible, incorporating, respectively, isotropic bone without sutures, anisotropic bone with sutures, and anisotropic bone with sutures and contact between the mandible and the pterygoid flange. Compared with the beam models, the Alligator finite element models exhibited less spatial variability in dorsoventral bending and sagittal shear stress, as well as lower peak values for these stresses, suggesting that Alligator mandibular morphology is in part designed to reduce these stresses during biting. However, the Alligator models exhibited greater variability in the distribution of mediolateral and torsional stresses than the beam models. Incorporating anisotropic bone material properties and sutures into the model reduced dorsoventral and torsional stresses within the mandible, but led to elevated mediolateral stresses. These mediolateral stresses were mitigated by the addition of a pterygoid-mandibular contact, suggesting important contributions from, and trade-offs between, material properties and external constraints in Alligator mandible design. Our results suggest that beam modeling does not accurately represent the mechanical behavior of the Alligator mandible, including important performance metrics such as magnitude and orientation of reaction forces, and mediolateral bending and torsional stress distributions. J.Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Programming language and tools for automated testing

Software testing is a necessary and integral part of the software quality process. It is estimated that inadequate testing infrastructure cost the US economy between $22.2 and $59.5 billion. We present Sulu, a programming language designed with automated unit testing specifically in mind, as a demonstration of how software testing may be more integrated and automated into the software development process. Sulu's runtime and tools support automated testing from end to end; automating the generation, execution, and evaluation of test suites using both code coverage and mutation analysis. Sulu is also designed to fully integrate automatically generated tests with manually written test suites. Sulu's tools incorporate pluggable test case generators, which enables the software developer to employ different test case generation algorithms. To show the effectiveness of this integrated approach, we designed an experiment to evaluate a family of test suites generated using one test case generation algorithm, which exhaustively enumerates every sequence of method calls within a certain bound. The results show over 80% code coverage and high mutation coverage for the most comprehensive test suite generated.
Challenging dominant discourses across geographies in early childhood.

Meyers & Kroeger situate two young writers in current ideologies of childhood and literacy and argue for creating dialogic classroom spaces in which children can be recognized by themselves, other children, and teachers as literate. Duckles & Larson build on the authors' attention to the potential constraints of dominant discourses and highlight the role of researchers to uncover and document spaces in which they are being challenged. From a study of the everyday science practices of 17 families with young children, they present evidence of parents and children challenging dominant cultural autonomous models of science that dichotomize school and everyday science, that situate pathways to success only in schools, and situate young children (and many adults) as peripheral and passive participants. The contested spaces of these homes can provide insights into how to support hybrid practices and create pathways to successful engagement with science across multiple geographies and across the lifespan. The aut...
Unclean Lips: Obscenity, Jews, and American Culture. By Josh Lambert. (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2014. Pp. xi, 263. $35.00.)

In this book the author cheerfully overturns previous reticence about drawing attention to the variety and significance of the influence American Jews have exerted on the production, dissemination,...
Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication: Pitfalls and Pearls in Going from Learning Curve to Expert

The Nissen fundoplication was first reported 60 years ago and is now usually performed laparoscopically. As it is a functional operation, surgeons must understand the technical principles of the Nissen fundoplication that result in good clinical outcomes for their patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. This chapter enunciates these general principles as well as detailing specific technical aspects of the procedure that may facilitate developing mastery of the operation.
Evaluating Technical Efficiency of Nursing Care Using Data Envelopment Analysis and Multilevel Modeling.

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is an advantageous non-parametric technique for evaluating relative efficiency of performance. This article describes use of DEA to estimate technical efficiency of nursing care and demonstrates the benefits of using multilevel modeling to identify characteristics of efficient facilities in the second stage of analysis. Data were drawn from LTCFocUS.org, a secondary database including nursing home data from the Online Survey Certification and Reporting System and Minimum Data Set. In this example, 2,267 non-hospital-based nursing homes were evaluated. Use of DEA with nurse staffing levels as inputs and quality of care as outputs allowed estimation of the relative technical efficiency of nursing care in these facilities. In the second stage, multilevel modeling was applied to identify organizational factors contributing to technical efficiency. Use of multilevel modeling avoided biased estimation of findings for nested data and provided comprehensive information on differenc...
Game-theoretic distributed control with information-theoretic security guarantees

Abstract This paper investigates the synthesis of distributed algorithms to solve a class of convex games. We first propose a distributed algorithm which enables abstract decision-makers and dynamically coupled linear physical systems to asymptotically identify a Nash equilibrium. By using secure multiparty computation, we then propose a distributed information-theoretically secure algorithm such that the convergence property is maintained and simultaneously the exchanged data of a decision-maker is kept private from semi-honest decision-makers.
Differences Across Contexts Minority Stress and Interpersonal Relationships for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Women

Minority stressors encountered by lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) women are inherently connected to contextual experiences. Although there is a growing body of research on the benefits of gaining ...
‘On the outskirts of the Empire’: Joseph Brodsky and Lithuania

ABSTRACTThis article explores the role of Lithuania in Joseph Brodsky’s life and works before and after his exile from Russia in 1972. As a former Soviet republic, Lithuania represented an intermediary space for Brodsky both culturally and geographically, contributing to his realization that it was a ‘rehearsal’ for his actual emigration. However, Brodsky’s notion of Lithuania changes when, after 1972, instead of representing a simulacrum of the ‘abroad,’ the poet sees Lithuania as a ‘home’ from afar. Emigration, in Brodsky’s case, thus became a realization of the myth of exile implicit in his earlier texts about Lithuania.
Multiple Dimensions of Bureaucratic Discrimination: Evidence from German Welfare Offices

A growing experimental literature uses response rates to fictional requests to measure discrimination against ethnic minorities. This article argues that restricting attention to response rates can lead to faulty inferences about substantive discrimination depending on how response dummies are correlated with other response characteristics. We illustrate the relevance of this problem by means of a conjoint experiment among all German welfare offices, in which we randomly varied five traits and designed requests to allow for a substantive coding of response quality. We find that response rates are statistically indistinguishable across treatment conditions. However, putative non-Germans receive responses of significantly lower quality, potentially deterring them from applying for benefits. We also find observational evidence suggesting that discrimination is more pronounced in welfare offices run by local governments than in those embedded in the national bureaucracy. We discuss implications for the study of equality in the public sphere.
TRAKTEXT: Investigating writing processes using eye-tracking technology:

The purpose of this research was to provide a brief review of existing writing research methodologies, describe a new methodology in the investigation of writing, and demonstrate how this new metho...
Thinking Strategically: Analysis: Tools of thought

It is commonly known that success in any profession depends on the possession of both domain-specific knowledge (facts) and domain-specific techniques (tools). For example, a civil engineer must know about building materials, construction regulations, etc., as well as techniques for calculating buckling of columns and other factors. It is generally believed that there is an unbridgeable gulf between disciplines such that a person needs considerable retraining to change professions. While this is true for the domain-specific knowledge component of professional expertise, it is not entirely true for the techniques or tools of problem solving. Many tools of analysis are in fact quite similar across fields. A profession that shows this clearly is applied mathematics, whose practitioners apply their mathematical techniques across many different disciplines. Philosophers also may span many disciplines, but it is more difficult to verify that they do so successfully. Business leaders are similarly often able to successfully run several different types of business. In the arts, some individuals seem able to master multiple media (such as a singer/songwriter/dancer/actor). The reason that some individuals can exhibit such versatility is that they can carry over their methods of reasoning, of problem solving, and of analysis from one field or problem to another. Even within a field, the creative and innovative professional generalizes across problems, whereas the plodder can only solve problems if they closely match problems whose solution has already been worked out.
mTECs Aire on the side of caution.

The transcription factor Aire restrains the transcriptional duration and amplitude of tissue-specific self-antigens by opposing the activity of the chromatin remodeler Brg1—a process required for immune tolerance.
Cross-domain and multi-task transfer learning of deep convolutional neural network for breast cancer diagnosis in digital breast tomosynthesis

We propose a cross-domain, multi-task transfer learning framework to transfer knowledge learned from non-medical images by a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to medical image recognition task while improving the generalization by multi-task learning of auxiliary tasks. A first stage cross-domain transfer learning was initiated from ImageNet trained DCNN to mammography trained DCNN. 19,632 regions-of-interest (ROI) from 2,454 mass lesions were collected from two imaging modalities: digitized-screen film mammography (SFM) and full-field digital mammography (DM), and split into training and test sets. In the multi-task transfer learning, the DCNN learned the mass classification task simultaneously from the training set of SFM and DM. The best transfer network for mammography was selected from three transfer networks with different number of convolutional layers frozen. The performance of single-task and multitask transfer learning on an independent SFM test set in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.78±0.02 and 0.82±0.02, respectively. In the second stage cross-domain transfer learning, a set of 12,680 ROIs from 317 mass lesions on DBT were split into validation and independent test sets. We first studied the data requirements for the first stage mammography trained DCNN by varying the mammography training data from 1% to 100% and evaluated its learning on the DBT validation set in inference mode. We found that the entire available mammography set provided the best generalization. The DBT validation set was then used to train only the last four fully connected layers, resulting in an AUC of 0.90±0.04 on the independent DBT test set.
Levels of Explanation and Translation Expertise

The observable activity of translation, the series of text comprehension and text production bursts we identify as translation, is the result of the activation of complex underlying cognitive systems. In the conduct of research it is often useful to approach such complex systems using a ‘levels of explanation’ framework. This paper considers David Marr’s (1982) three levels of explanation as they might apply to understanding translation and translation expertise more robustly. In cognitive translation studies to date, we have not really extended our understanding of expertise much past the second (algorithmic/representational) level in Marr’s scheme; we have failed to grapple as effectively as we might with the problem of how the second generation computationalist expertise constructs we adopted almost twenty years ago could be integrated with, for instance, connectionist neural network models of the mind, creating a third generation of expertise models. This paper offers some frameworks laying out how that end might be achieved using, for instance, symbolic connectionism and implementational connectivism. Further, it argues that given the overtly symbolic nature of translation language processing, cognitively-oriented translation scholars are uniquely suited to benefit from approaches that bridge the divide between symbol processing models and connectionist ones.
Note on the power law of forgetting

Power functions (e.g., f(t) = at b ) describe the relationships among many variables observed in nature. One example of this is the power law of forgetting: The decline in memory performance with time or intervening events is well t by a power function. This simple functional relationship accounts for a great deal of accumulated data. In this note, we consider a simple yet general memory model in which all items decay monotonically in strength, but at dieren t rates. To translate between continuous changes in strength and actual memory for events we assume a simple strength threshold for remembering. We prove a limit theorem for this model: as time grows large and memories decay, the empirical forgetting function approaches a power function under very general conditions. Power forgetting emerges for almost any monotonically decreasing strength function (including linear and exponential cases). We also illustrate by way of simulations that the power function provides an excellent t to the entire time-course of the forgetting function, not just its limiting behavior.
Phase Transitions of Monolayer Films Adsorbed on Graphite

Intensive structural and thermodynamic studies in the last decade revealed that the phase diagrams of monolayer film physisorbed on graphite, despite the vast number of adsorbates, are found to fall into three general categories.
Differences in Tertiary Glaucoma Care in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System.

Importance Glaucoma is a common cause of visual impairment in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system, but to our knowledge, no data exist concerning tertiary glaucoma care (ie, laser and filtering surgery). Objective To determine whether the rate of tertiary glaucoma care differs among veterans cared for through the 4 different eye care delivery models that are present in the VA: optometry-only clinics, ophthalmology-only clinics, clinics with optometry and ophthalmology functioning as a single integrated clinic with ophthalmology as the lead, and clinics with optometry and ophthalmology functioning as separate clinics. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective review of the Veterans Health Administration Support Service Center database, 490 926 veterans with a glaucoma-related diagnosis received care from 136 VA medical centers during fiscal year 2016. Demographic and baseline clinical factors,International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, andCurrent Procedural Terminologycodes, and the rates of glaucoma surgery procedures were extracted from the database. The organizational structure of each VA eye clinic was obtained. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed for log percent for laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), laser trabeculoplasty (LTP), and filtering surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures Rates of LPI, LTP, and filtering surgery. Results Of the 490 926 veterans with a glaucoma-related diagnosis, 465 842 (94.9%) were male, 309 677 (63.1%) were white, and 203 243 (41.4%) were aged 65 to 74 years. The rate of LPI was 0.30%, 0.28%, 0.67%, and 0.69% in optometry-only clinics, ophthalmology-only clinics, integrated clinics, and separated clinics, respectively (P Conclusions and Relevance Disparities exist in the use of tertiary glaucoma services within the VA, and different care delivery models may play a role. Outcomes of glaucoma care for the different models of eye care delivery were not analyzed in this study.
Playing the Taxonomic Cupid: Matching Pistillate and Staminate Conspecifics in Dioecious Clusia (Clusiaceae)

Dioecious reproduction, in which unisexual flowers are developed in separate individuals, is an uncommon characteristic that has evolved multiple times independently in angiosperms. Nearly all species in the neotropical genus Clusia are dioecious and most of them are incompletely known because only one sexual morph, either the staminate or the pistillate individual, has been described. Here we explored the variability in chloroplast regions atpF intron, matK, ndhA intron, petL-psbE, rpl16 intron, as well as the nrDNA ITS to evaluate conspecificity between staminate and pistillate individuals within the genus Clusia. Our results indicate that phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference based on nrDNA ITS data is a suitable approach to assess whether sexual morphs are conspecifics and to estimate species phylogenetic position within the genus. Staminate and pistillate individuals were effectively identified for Clusia araracuarae, C. lundellii, C. stenophylla, and C. uvitana. Distribution maps as well as full morphological descriptions for these species are provided along with comments on their phylogenetic relationships.
Improving heat transfer in fused deposition modeling with graphene enhances inter filament bonding

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) serves as a promising manufacturing technique that can efficiently build complex structures and complicated designs. However, the printed prototypes using FDM lack isotropic and robust mechanical properties required for large scale manufacturing. In this study, we seek to develop new polymeric materials for improved FDM processing by examining the use of graphene as a filler for PLA to enhance thermal conductivity, and correlate these changes to its impact on thermal evolution during printing, inter-filament voids, and mechanical properties of the fabricated samples. These results show that the addition of graphene to PLA filament improves inter-filament bonding because of improved thermal conductivity, where the improved thermal transport translates to longer times at elevated temperatures. This results in more inter-filament diffusion of the polymers that manifests as stronger filament-filament interfaces, more robust and isotropic samples and fewer inter-filament voids. However, the improvement only occurs at lower graphene loadings (∼0.5%) because at higher loadings any increase in inter-filament polymer diffusion appears to be slowed by the presence of the graphene sheets – a well-known phenomenon in polymer nanocomposites. Thus, the results presented here indicate that using fillers with high thermal conductivity provides pathways to tailor the thermal transport and profile during printing, effectively controlling heat transfer and offering a rational method to optimize the inter-filament interfaces and structural mechanical properties of printed structures.
Chapter 7 – Lockout-tagout

Publisher Summary Lockout-tagout (LOTO) program focuses on two types of facility personnel—those designated as authorized personnel, specifically authorized and trained to perform LOTO on particular machines, and those designated as affected personnel, other employees who, though do not perform LOTO, may be affected by the actual conduct of procedures associated with LOTO. The overall development of an energy control program is often the responsibility of the plantwide safety officer, regulatory compliance officer, plant engineer, or the director of the human resources department. Sometimes, the supervisor of the maintenance department, or the supervisor of the department in which the actual maintenance service is performed, or the production supervisor is given important if not sole operational authority for its implementation. Prior to developing any energy control procedures, the safety officer must identify all machines or equipment in which the unexpected energizing, start up or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury during servicing or maintenance. During the identification of machines and equipment for including in the LOTO program, the safety officer is strongly advised to coordinate directly with plant engineers, machine operators, and maintenance personnel. It is also important that machines and equipment should be included in the LOTO program on the basis of their potential for releasing hazardous energy and not on the basis of any other consideration.
Cross-Presentation of Tumor Antigens Is Ruled by Synaptic Transfer of Vesicles among Dendritic Cell Subsets.

Migratory dendritic cells (DCs) in tumors transport antigens and share them with lymph node resident DCs through cross-presentation. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Ruhland et al. demonstrate that transport and transfer of tumor antigens in vesicles is a dominant pathway to load resident DCs for presentation to T cells.
Genome-Wide Mapping of DNA Methylation 5mC by Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP)-Sequencing

Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation is a large scale purification technique. It enables the isolation of methylated DNA fragments for subsequent locus-specific or genome-wide analysis. Here we describe an immunoprecipitation protocol using a monoclonal mouse anti 5-methyl-cytidine antibody followed by next-generation sequencing (MeDIP-Seq).
Nephrology and Urology

Renal and urologic emergencies are frequently encountered in the emergency department, and an excellent understanding of these conditions is imperative. These drawings will help you better understand renal failure, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney stones, testicular torsion, and priapism are also discussed in this chapter.
Inpatient and Residential Treatment of Violence Aggression

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities often display problem behaviors, including aggression. Sometimes, aggression, or other problem behaviors, can become so severe that more intensive supports and treatment are necessary. In such cases, individuals may undergo assessment and treatment of aggression in inpatient and residential settings. In this chapter, we describe a general assessment and treatment process for aggressive behaviors that may be well suited for inpatient and residential settings. Recommendations for improving client outcomes through assessment modifications, staff and caregiver training, and treatment generalization are also discussed.
The Role of Statins in the Setting of HIV Infection

HIV-infected individuals are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other HIV-related co-morbidities. This is due in part to dyslipidemia associated with antiretroviral therapy and increased inflammation and immune activation from chronic HIV infection. Statins not only have potent lipid-lowering properties but are also anti-inflammatory and immunomodulators. Studies suggest that statin therapy in the HIV-infected population may decrease the risk of CVD and other non-AIDS-defining co-morbidities. This review summarizes the recent literature on statin use in the HIV setting.
Isolation of proteins by heat-induced extraction from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and preparation of tryptic peptides for mass spectrometric analysis.

This unit describes a method of isolating of proteins from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue for mass spectrometry analysis. Heat-induced antigen retrieval is the basis of the protein extraction strategy presented in this protocol. This protocol may be used to identify nuclear, cytosolic, and membrane proteins from FFPE tissues extracted from tissue blocks or slides. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 90:10.26.1-10.26.7. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: peptide extraction; formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue; mass spectrometry; protein identification
Population differentiation in the tiller architecture of Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae) in relation to habitat

Grass tillers grow by addition of modular units known as phytomers. Differences in phytomer organ size produce subindividual variation with potential adaptive value. Here, patterns in organ mass along tillers in the invasive annual Microstegium vimineum are related to habitat and tiller architecture. In an earlier study, seed families were collected from two populations: one from a sunny, woodland edge and the other from a shady understory in New Jersey, USA. Plants from these seeds were grown in a greenhouse. Phytomers along primary tillers were divided into culms, leaves, and cleistogamous or chasmogamous spikelets and seeds, dried and weighed. These data were used to examine the quantitative genetics of subindividual variation among families and populations, and the relationship of tiller fitness (based on total seed mass) to the mean or subindividual variance of phytomer traits. Phytomer position along a tiller was the major determinant of organ mass. Leaf mass increased from basal to upper nodes; cleistogamous reproductive mass decreased from upper to lower nodes. Phytomer organs were heaviest in the population from the sunny habitat. Family explained < 18% of variation in organ mass. Tiller fitness was positively correlated with mean culm, and leaf mass, but negatively correlated with coefficients of variation. Field-collected tillers showed evidence of selection for increased leaf mass. Subindividual variation in M. vimineum is mostly due to phytomer position along a tiller and the prevailing light environment. Differentiation between sunny and shady populations suggests selection favors heavier phytomer leaves and culms, especially in the shady understory where this species is most invasive.
Defense Authorization: The Senate's Last Best Hope

For the past 49 years, defense authorizations bills have passed the super-majoritarian Senate. In an era in which authorizations are largely non-existent, how does the Senate Armed Services committee continue to find ways to pass the defense authorization bill? This paper is based on over 20 in-person interviews with current and former Senate defense staffers. It provides a description of the defense authorization process in the Senate, and also explains why Senate Armed Services has been so successfull in enacting the defense authorization bill for decades.
A phospholipase specific for sphingomyelin from Clostridium perfringens.

Abstract An enzyme that hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine has been purified from the growth medium of Clostridium perfringens. The activity of the enzyme is stimulated about 2-fold by magnesium chloride and by diethyl ether. The activity of the enzyme is completely inhibited by 10-3 m ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or 10-3 m calcium chloride. Lysolecithin and dipalmitoyl lecithin are hydrolyzed at about 10% of the rate of sphingomyelin. No hydrolysis of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, or phosphatidylinositol is detected. The enzyme does not catalyze the exchange of phosphorylcholine-14C into sphingomyelin.
Automatic verification of linear controller software

We consider the problem of verification of software implementations of linear time-invariant controllers. Commonly, different implementations use different representations of the controller’s state, for example due to optimizations in a third-party code generator. To accommodate this variation, we exploit input-output controller specification captured by the controller’s transfer function and show how to automatically verify correctness of C code controller implementations using a Frama-C/Why3/Z3 toolchain. Scalability of the approach is evaluated using randomly generated controller specifications of realistic size.
Significant reduction in red blood cell transfusions in a general hospital after successful implementation of a restrictive transfusion policy supported by prospective computerized order auditing.

Background Our hospital transfusion policy was recently revised to recommend single-unit red blood cell transfusion (RBC TXN) for nonbleeding inpatients when the hemoglobin (Hb) level is not more than 7 g/dL. Our computerized provider order entry system was reconfigured to provide real-time decision support using prospective computerized order auditing based on the most recent Hb level and to remove the single-click ordering option for 2-unit RBC TXNs to enhance compliance. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of these changes on hospital transfusion practice. Study Design and Methods This study analyzed the total number of transfusion events, proportion of single and 2-unit transfusions and the Hb transfusion trigger in the preimplementation period (October 2011-March 2012) compared to the postimplementation period (October 2012-March 2013). Results In the postimplementation period the total number of RBC units transfused/1000 patient-days decreased from 60.8 to 44.2 (p < 0.0001). The proportion of 2-unit TXNs decreased from 47% to 15% (p < 0.0001). We also observed significant decreases in pretransfusion Hb triggers. Conclusion Implementation of restrictive transfusion policy supported by prospective computerized order auditing has resulted in significantly decreased RBC utilization at our institution.
The effects of test compaction on fault diagnosis

The effect of test compaction on fault diagnosis is experimentally investigated. Results for combinational and sequential circuits indicate that the diagnostic resolution achieved by compacted tests is only minimally lower than that for uncompacted tests. Furthermore, the diagnostic resolution of the compacted tests can be enhanced to be the same or better than that for the uncompacted rests while still retaining compactness.
Intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses in humans – response to exercise and the environment

Abstract Intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) have been known to exist in human lungs for over 60 years. The majority of the work in this area has largely focused on characterizing the conditions in which IPAVA blood flow (QIPAVA) is either increased, e.g. during exercise, acute normobaric hypoxia, and the intravenous infusion of catecholamines, or absent/decreased, e.g. at rest and in all conditions with alveolar hyperoxia (FIO2 = 1.0). Additionally, QIPAVA is present in utero and shortly after birth, but is reduced in older (>50 years) adults during exercise and with alveolar hypoxia, suggesting potential developmental origins and an effect of age. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of QIPAVA are only beginning to be understood and therefore these data remain controversial. Although evidence is accumulating in support of important roles in both health and disease, including associations with pulmonary arterial pressure, and adverse neurological sequelae, there is much work that remains to be done to fully understand the physiological and pathophysiological roles of IPAVA. The development of novel approaches to studying these pathways that can overcome the limitations of the currently employed techniques will greatly help to better quantify QIPAVA and identify the consequences of QIPAVA on physiological and pathophysiological processes. Nevertheless, based on currently published data, our proposed working model is that QIPAVA occurs due to passive recruitment under conditions of exercise and supine body posture, but can be further modified by active redistribution of pulmonary blood flow under hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions.
Plugging One Text Into Another: Thinking With Theory in Qualitative Research

In this article, the authors describe the work of their recently published book, Thinking with Theory in Qualitative Research: Viewing Data Across Multiple Perspectives. The purpose of this article is to show how they use theory to think with their data (and use data to think with theory) in order to accomplish a reading of data that is both within and against interpretivism. The authors put to use a concept picked up from Deleuze and Guattari to capture their thinking with theory in qualitative research: “plugging in.” They engage “plugging in” as a machinic process that works against conventional coding in qualitative data interpretation and analysis by explaining and enacting the methodological maneuvers taken up in their thinking with theory. The authors conclude that “plugging in” positions both data and theory as machines and reveals both their supple substance and their machinic potential to interrupt and transform other machines, other data, and other knowledge projects.
T cell origin of human macromolecular insoluble cold globulin.

THYMUS-DERIVED (T) lymphocytes are a heterogeneous cell population in terms of their function and the surface antigens they express. In the mouse, a subpopulation of sensitised T cells is cytotoxic for allogeneic or modified syngeneic target cells by virtue of recognition of histocompatability antigens, that is, H-2K and H-2D (refs 1 and 2). These cytotoxic T lymphocytes express a specific antigen of the Ly antigen series, Ly-2,3 (refs 3 and 4). Another subpopulation of T cells mediate responses in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the graft-versus-host reaction4,5. These cells recognise immune response associated antigen (Ia) and possess another antigen of the Ly series, Ly-1 (refs 4 and 5). In addition, separate classes of T cells mediate helper and suppressor regulatory effects on antibody response and also have distinctive Ly membrane markers4,6,7. Although membrane proteins such as immunoglobulin and B-cell antigens are specific to bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes in humans, there are few well characterised proteins that serve to distinguish human T cells8–12. We have recently identified a glycoprotein synthesised in mouse thymocytes and splenocytes13,14. This protein has been termed macromolecular insoluble cold globulin (MICG) to describe its major physicochemical properties. It has a molecular weight of 225,000, is insoluble in the cold in non-ionic detergents and has the electrophoretic mobility of a β globulin. MICG has also been shown to be the exclusive product of T lymphocytes15. This report describes the characterisation of a similar protein in human T cells.
Detection of effects of nuclear genes on susceptibility to Helminthosporium maydis race T by a root cap cell bioassay for HMT-toxin

Abstract Previous attempts to detect effects of nuclear genes on susceptibility of corn to Helminthosporium maydis, race T, with several bioassays for the pathotoxin produced by this pathogen (HMT-toxin) have yielded conflicting results. Ten Texas male sterile corn lines, differing in susceptibility to H. maydis race T, were tested for sensitivity to HMT-toxin using a recently developed bioassay based on lethal effects on isolated root-cap cells. Susceptibility to H. maydis, race T, was found to be generally correlated with sensitivity to HMT-toxin. Preliminary results with two other phytotoxins suggest that this root cap cell bioassay should provide a rapid, accurate and economical method of testing agricultural chemicals or other agents for phytotoxicity.
Generating object locators from a training ensemble

We discuss and present preliminary results about an algorithm which is trained to locate objects in images. The algorithm determines the parameters for a generalized Hough transform based on training images. Our training images consist of binary edge images from noisy imagery and identified points and boundaries for the objects being located in this imagery. The resulting generalized Hough transform will find objects of the same type at a wide variety of scales and any orientation present in the training data.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structure and function of hemocyanin from thalassinid shrimp

The subunit structure, association equilibria, and oxygen binding of the hemocyanins of three thalassinid shrimp have been investigated. The organismsCallianassa californiensis, Callianassa gigas andUpogebia pugettensis are found in similar but distinct habitats in a limited region. All of the hemocyanins exhibit a common pattern of subunit structure, but differ in details of the response of that structure to variations in ionic environment. All three are heterogeneous in polypeptide chain composition, but have quite different distributions of components. The oxygen binding of the twoCallianassa hemocyanins is virtually identical under conditions approximating physiological; that ofUpogebia, which shows lower tolerance to anoxia, is significantly different. These similarities and differences are discussed in terms of the physiological requirements of the species.
The stability of MacCormack's method for the scalar advection equation

We show that MacCormack's method for the scalar advection equation ut = aux+buy is stable if (aΔt/Δx)2 + (bΔt/Δy)2 ≤ 2 1+18 −2≈18. This bound on the mesh ratios is not optimal, since numerical sampling shows that .3266 will do when (aΔt/Δx)2 = (bΔt/Δy)2.
Effects of temperature and fasting on the rate of sinking of Hydra oligactis1

Sinking rates of Hydra oligactis Pallas reared at lo”, 15”, and 25°C were determined in a water column at lo”, 21”, and 26°C after fasting intervals ranging from 24 to ~500 h. The rearing temperature (T,.), water temperature during sinking (T,), duration of fasting (I?,), and body conformation (N,) (i.e. body length, tentacle length, and tentacle orientation) all significantly correlated with sinking rate. The linear regression model: sinking rate (cmms-‘) = 0.684 - 0.03238, - O.O0055F, - O.O0959T,. + O.O0711T, accounted for 85% of the observed variability. IIydra density (g*cc-‘) was inversely related to rearing temperature and decreased from 1.030 g* cc-’ for animals reared at 10°C and 1.025 for those reared at 25°C to a plateau of 1.017 g.cc-’ for both rearing temperatures after 200 h and 80 h of fasting for hydras reared at 10” and 25°C. Hydra size also was inversely related to rearing temperature ranging from >lOO pg (dry wt) per single hydra at 10°C to 30 pg dry wt at 25°C. Hydra size decreased with fasting to ~10 pg dry wt. Changes in hydra density and surface area:volumc ratio account for 80 and 97% of the change in sinking rate of fasting hydras reared at 10°C and 25°C. Hydras are especially susceptible to planktonic existence during spring and fall turnover and may become dispersed throughout lakes, but during summer stratification the increased sinking rates would significantly reduce the potential for their lateral transport in the epilimnion.
Pursuit of the Elusive Antecedents: Action Research Unveils Factors Influencing Technology Adoption by Small Law Firms

Given their role in the business service sector in the United States, law firms are significant in terms of employment and revenue. Despite its size, only limited management research has examined this business service sector. This research examined technology adoption by attorneys and law firms, using action research to discover unique variables, and uses the findings to propose an expanded Technology Acceptance Model.
The FoxO code

The FoxO family of Forkhead transcription factors plays an important role in longevity and tumor suppression by upregulating target genes involved in stress resistance, metabolism, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. FoxO transcription factors translate a variety of environmental stimuli, including insulin, growth factors, nutrients and oxidative stress, into specific gene-expression programs. These environmental stimuli control FoxO activity primarily by regulating their subcellular localization, but also by affecting their protein levels, DNA-binding properties and transcriptional activity. The precise regulation of FoxO transcription factors is enacted by an intricate combination of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination, and binding protein partners. An intriguing possibility is that FoxO PTMs may act as a 'molecular FoxO code' read by selective protein partners to rapidly regulate gene-expression programs. The effective control of FoxO activity in response to environmental stimuli is likely to be critical to prevent aging and age-dependent diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes.
The normal and abnormal esophageal electrocardiogram, with particular reference to myocardial infarction

Abstract 1. 1. The standard leads, a selected precordial lead (IV), and selected esophageal leads from the ventricular (EV) and auricular (EA) levels were taken on four normal subjects, in one case of anterior infarction, and in ten cases of posterior myocardial infarction. 2. 2. Similar studies were made on ten other patients who had a history, physical signs, or something else to suggest myocardial disease, in order to differentiate the abnormalities which they presented from the more specific electrocardiographic indications of coronary occlusion. 3. 3. Study of two typical cases of posterior myocardial infarction by means of the roentgenkymograph yielded no information. 4. 4. The esophageal ventricular electrocardiograms which were characteristic of posterior myocardial infarction closely resembled precordial electrocardiograms which were characteristic of anterior myocardial infarction, and vice versa. 5. 5. In some cases in which the standard lead electrocardiograms were equivocal, a definite diagnosis of posterior myocardial infarction was made by means of the esophageal juxtaventricular leads. 6. 6. The ventricular complex of the esophageal juxta-auricular electrocardiogram was often found to be altered in cases of myocardial disease.
Medication Management and Neuropsychological Performance in Parkinson's Disease

Medication non-adherence is associated with chronic disease and complex medication schedules, and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients also frequently have cognitive impairments that may interfere with effective medication management. The current study quantitatively assessed the medication management skills of PD patients and probed the neurocognitive underpinnings and clinical correlates of this skill. A total of 26 men with PD completed a neuropsychological battery and a modified version of the Hopkins Medication Schedule (HMS), a standard test of a person's ability to understand and implement a routine prescription medication. Estimated adherence rates from performance on the HMS were low. Memory, executive functioning, and processing speed were strongly related to different components of the HMS. A range of neuropsychological abilities is associated with the ability to understand and implement a medication schedule and pillbox in individuals with PD.
Spin proximity effect in ultrathin superconducting Be-Au bilayers

We present a detailed study of the effects of interface spin-orbit coupling on the critical field behavior of ultrathin superconducting Be/Au bilayers. Parallel field measurements were made in bilayers with Be thicknesses in the range of d=2-30 nm and Au coverages of 0.5 nm. Though the Au had little effect on the superconducting gap, it produced profound changes in the spin states of the system. In particular, the parallel critical field exceeded the Clogston limit by an order of magnitude in the thinnest films studied. In addition, the parallel critical field unexpectedly scaled as [FORMULA: SEE TEXT], suggesting that the spin-orbit coupling energy was proportional to Delta0/d2. Tilted field measurements showed that, contrary to recent theory, the interface spin-orbit coupling induces a large in-plane superconducting susceptibility but only a very small transverse susceptibility.
Multicritical Behavior at the Kosterlitz-Thouless Critical Point*

Abstract A multicritical critical point for the two dimensional planar model is analyzed by studying an exactly soluable limit of a related model—the generalized Villain model. The statistical mechanics of this model is written in terms of vortex and symmetry breaking excitations. In these terms, the problem reduces to a kind of two dimensional problem with interacting electric charges and magnetic monopoles. In this form, the problem is manifestly self-dual. The multicritical behavior is exhibited in a three-dimensional phase space in which the axes are the coupling strength of a “square” symmetry breaking which favors four possible directions for the planar model vectors. The analysis of this multicritical point shows that it is the intersection of at least six critical lines—each with continuously varying critical indices. Two of these lines are described by the exactly soluable gaussian model. The other four are isomorphic to one another, and each one has—as a point on the line—a critical point of the Ashkin-Teller model. We argue that each of these lines might be in an equivalent universality class to the line of critical points which occurs in the Baxter and Ashkin-Teller models. We make a suggestion about which point on these critical lines might be in the same universality class as our multicritical point. Correlation functions at the intersection point are calculated and used to develop an expansion of critical indices about this point. This expansion gives a potential method for calculating the critical behavior along the critical lines of the model.