cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recharge processes drive sulfate reduction in an alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate

Abstract Natural attenuation of contaminants in groundwater depends on an adequate supply of electron acceptors to stimulate biodegradation. In an alluvial aquifer contaminated with leachate from an unlined municipal landfill, the mechanism of recharge infiltration was investigated as a source of electron acceptors. Water samples were collected monthly at closely spaced intervals in the top 2 m of the saturated zone from a leachate-contaminated well and an uncontaminated well, and analyzed for δ 18 O, δ 2 H, non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC), SO 4 2− , NO 3 − and Cl − . Monthly recharge amounts were quantified using the offset of the δ 18 O or δ 2 H from the local meteoric water line as a parameter to distinguish water types, as evaporation and methanogenesis caused isotopic enrichment in waters from different sources. Presence of dissolved SO 4 2− in the top 1 to 2 m of the saturated zone was associated with recharge; SO 4 2− averaged 2.2 mM, with maximum concentrations of 15 mM. Nitrate was observed near the water table at the contaminated site at concentrations up to 4.6 mM. Temporal monitoring of δ 2 H and SO 4 2− showed that vertical transport of recharge carried SO 4 2− to depths up to 1.75 m below the water table, supplying an additional electron acceptor to the predominantly methanogenic leachate plume. Measurements of δ 34 S in SO 4 2− indicated both SO 4 2− reduction and sulfide oxidation were occurring in the aquifer. Depth-integrated net SO 4 2− reduction rates, calculated using the natural Cl − gradient as a conservative tracer, ranged from 7.5 × 10 − 3 to 0.61 mM·d − 1 (over various depth intervals from 0.45 to 1.75 m). Sulfate reduction occurred at both the contaminated and uncontaminated sites; however, median SO 4 2− reduction rates were higher at the contaminated site. Although estimated SO 4 2− reduction rates are relatively high, significant decreases in NVDOC were not observed at the contaminated site. Organic compounds more labile than the leachate NVDOC may be present in the root zone, and SO 4 2− reduction may be coupled to methane oxidation. The results show that sulfur (and possibly nitrogen) redox processes within the top 2 m of the aquifer are directly related to recharge timing and seasonal water level changes in the aquifer. The results suggest that SO 4 2− reduction associated with the infiltration of recharge may be a significant factor affecting natural attenuation of contaminants in alluvial aquifers.
Presenting with an iPad

This column provides an overview of using Apple's iPad tablet computers to make presentations. Display features of both the original iPad and the second generation iPad are discussed. Hardware options are reviewed, followed by several software applications for presenting different types of content. Coverage includes the different ways various apps present on the original iPad versus the iPad 2.
Sixty Million Jobs and the People's Revolution: The Liberals, The New Deal, and World War II

(1968). Sixty Million Jobs and the People's Revolution: The Liberals, The New Deal, and World War II. The Historian: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 578-598.
Dissociation kinetics of hydrogen-passivated (111) Si-SiO2 interface defects.

This paper is concerned with the chemical kinetics of the transformation of hydrogen-passivated interface defects (H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ centers) into paramagnetic ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ centers (\ensuremath{\cdot}Si?${\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$) at the (111) Si-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface under vacuum thermal annealing. Float-zone (111) silicon substrates were oxidized in dry oxygen at 750 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to a thickness of 500 \AA{}, passivated with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ (${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$) at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for 3 h (4 h), and then vacuum thermal annealed at temperatures ranging from 500 to 595 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The results of this analysis indicate that the kinetic process is described by a first-order rate equation d[H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$]/dt=-${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{d}}$[H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$] where ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{d}}$=${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{d}0}$exp(-${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{d}}$/kT). An activation energy of 2.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 eV with a preexponential factor ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{d}0}$ of approximately 1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ was obtained. The reaction rate is reduced if the samples are passivated with deuterium instead of hydrogen. These results suggest that the chemical process is due to the thermal decomposition of the H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ center into ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ centers and atomic hydrogen. Although the activation energy for the diffusion of interstitial oxygen in silicon is also 2.56 eV, a rate-limiting step involving this mechanism is inconsistent with the hydrogen isotope effect as well as other considerations. Comparison of the activation energies for the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ passivation of the ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ center and dissociation of the H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ center are shown to be chemically and energetically equivalent to the dissociation of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule as originally indicated by Myers and Richards. Thus, the reverse passivation reaction, H+H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$+${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, and the reverse dissociation reaction, H+${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$, are exo- thermic reactions that proceed with very little thermal activation in the presence of atomic hydrogen.
Adaptation to substrate - and lack of it - in rock outcrop plants: Sedum and Arenaria.

(...) In greenhouse tests of soil type tolerance, A. patula showed strong ecotypic adaptation, with limestone and sandstone populations each growing poorly on the other's native substrate. In contrast, all S. pulchellum populations were strongly inhibited by nonlimestone soils, either acidic (sandstone, granite, shale) or basic (dolomite), even when the nonlimestone soil was its native habitat. Thus, this species shows neither broad ecological tolerance nor ecotypic adaptation. (...)
Impacts of Wall–Target Interaction on Matched Illumination Waveforms for TWRI

The impacts of wall–target interaction on matched illumination waveforms for through-the-wall radar imaging are examined via finite-difference time-domain simulation. Returns from various wall–target scenarios are considered as a function of the target-to-wall separation in order to examine the effectiveness of the so-called primary-wave target response in the matched illumination implementation. The primary-wave target response is shown to effectively maximize the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) in through-wall radar applications where the wall–target interaction is minor, and the primary-wave response closely resembles the full-wave target response, which contains all wall–target interactions. The ability of the primary-wave target response to maximize the SINR can be degraded by relatively minor errors in the wall–target transfer function caused by the incomplete wall–target physics inherent to the scheme. In such cases, the resulting matched illumination waveform spectrum is generally characterized by narrowband energy concentrated at suboptimal frequencies.
Treatment of psychotic children in a classroom environment: I. Learning in a large group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate systematically the feasibility of modifying the behavior of autistic children in a classroom environment. In the first experiment, eight autistic children were taught certain basic classroom behaviors (including attending to the teacher upon command, imitation, and an elementary speaking and recognition vocabulary) that were assumed to be necessary for subsequent learning to take place in the classroom. Based on research documenting the effectiveness of one-to-one (teacher-child ratio) procedures for modifying such behaviors, these behaviors were taught in one-to-one sessions. It was, however, found that behaviors taught in a one-to-one setting were not performed consistently in a classroom-sized group, or even in a group as small as two children with one teacher. Further, the children evidenced no acquisition of new behaviors in a classroom environment over a four-week period. Therefore, Experiment II introduced a treatment procedure based upon “fading in” the classroom stimulus situation from the one-to-one stimulus situation. Such treatment was highly effective in producing both a transfer in stimulus control and the acquisition of new behaviors in a kindergarten/first-grade classroom environment.
Topological analysis of chaotic dynamical systems

Topological methods have recently been developed for the analysis of dissipative dynamical systems that operate in the chaotic regime. They were originally developed for three-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems, but they are applicable to all ‘‘low-dimensional’’ dynamical systems. These are systems for which the flow rapidly relaxes to a three-dimensional subspace of phase space. Equivalently, the associated attractor has Lyapunov dimension d L,3. Topological methods supplement methods previously developed to determine the values of metric and dynamical invariants. However, topological methods possess three additional features: they describe how to model the dynamics; they allow validation of the models so developed; and the topological invariants are robust under changes in control-parameter values. The topological-analysis procedure depends on identifying the stretching and squeezing mechanisms that act to create a strange attractor and organize all the unstable periodic orbits in this attractor in a unique way. The stretching and squeezing mechanisms are represented by a caricature, a branched manifold, which is also called a template or a knot holder. This turns out to be a version of the dynamical system in the limit of infinite dissipation. This topological structure is identified by a set of integer invariants. One of the truly remarkable results of the topological-analysis procedure is that these integer invariants can be extracted from a chaotic time series. Furthermore, self-consistency checks can be used to confirm the integer values. These integers can be used to determine whether or not two dynamical systems are equivalent; in particular, they can determine whether a model developed from time-series data is an accurate representation of a physical system. Conversely, these integers can be used to provide a model for the dynamical mechanisms that generate chaotic data. In fact, the author has constructed a doubly discrete classification of strange attractors. The underlying branched manifold provides one discrete classification. Each branched manifold has an ‘‘unfolding’’ or perturbation in which some subset of orbits is removed. The remaining orbits are determined by a basis set of orbits that forces the presence of all remaining orbits. Branched manifolds and basis sets of orbits provide this doubly discrete classification of strange attractors. In this review the author describes the steps that have been developed to implement the topological-analysis procedure. In addition, the author illustrates how to apply this procedure by carrying out the analysis of several experimental data sets. The results obtained for several other experimental time series that exhibit chaotic behavior are also described. [S0034-6861(98)00304-3]
A Robust, Self-Tuning CMOS Circuit for Built-in Go/No-Go Testing of Synthesizer Phase Noise

As one way of reducing the reliance on mixed signal testers for circuits with small analog content, researchers have proposed built-in self-test (BiST) techniques that target specific parameters of analog circuits. Most BiST techniques for phase locked loops (PLL) aim at measuring the timing jitter through precise on-chip clocks and/or additional computation of measured specs. In this paper, we propose a built-in test circuit to perform go/no-go testing for in-band PLL phase noise. Our circuit measures the band-limited, low frequency noise power at the input of the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) which is translated as the high frequency phase noise at the output of the PLL. Our circuit contains a self calibration sequence based on a simple sinusoidal input to make it robust to process variations. The circuit is implemented using 0.8mum CMOS process with the equivalent area of roughly 800 2-input minimum size NAND gates. Monte Carlo simulations have confirmed that the test circuit can robustly detect noise levels that are above the specified fail level
Role of synaptosomal Na-accumulation in transmitter release.

The mechanism whereby Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitors such as ouabain trigger transmitter release in a calcium-independent manner remains obscure. We have examined the possible role of intra-synaptosomal sodium ion accumulation in ouabain-induced acetylcholine (ACh) release by: 1) Measuring22Na accumulation in cat cortical synaptosomes in the presence of ouabain, A23187, veratridine, or strophanthidin over the same time course in which we previously determined their effects on ACh release; and 2) measuring synaptosomal22Na accumulation and ACh-release in the presence of ouabain plus tetrodotoxin in normal or calcium-free buffer. Our results indicate that tetrodotoxin-dependent22Na accumulation is at least partially responsible for ouabain-induced ACh release in normal and calcium-free media, but that this ion-accumulation per se is not sufficient to elicit release with other secretogogues.
Inferring propeller inflow and radiation from near-field response, Part 2 : Empirical application

Data analysis techniques were previously developed for rotating machinery that predicted the far-field radiation, inferred inflow characteristics, and defined the near-field/far-field acoustic Green's function based on measurements of the pressure near field (Minniti, R. J., Blake, W. K., and Mueller, T. J., Inferring Propeller Inflow and Radiation from Near-Field Response, Part 1: Analytic Development, AIAA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2000, pp. 1030-1036). The techniques are applied to a free-running propeller in subsonic flow. As a first case, the propeller ingesting large-scale, mean-flow distortions as would be present downstream of stators or inlet guide vanes was considered. This simplified case allowed qualitative analysis in the time domain and complimenting quantitative analysis in the frequency domain. In addition, the case acted as a calibrating configuration to map the frequency response of the individual blades to the incoming flow by varying the number of distortions present and the rotational speed of the propeller. Based on the results of the first case, the analysis was extended to the propeller ingesting grid-generated turbulence. Because of the complex nature of the flow, all analysis was completed in the frequency domain. By the use of the techniques in Inferring Propeller Inflow and Radiation from Near-Field Response, Part 1: Analytic Development, an estimate of the blade summation gain was used to complete the direct solution of the aeroacoustic problem and predict the acoustic far field from a measurement of the ingested flow. Additionally, the inflow character was inferred from the near-field measurements.
Thin film graphite electrodes with low stress generation during Li-intercalation

Abstract We report here the development of thin film ‘graphite’ electrodes for Li-ion batteries, with near theoretical Li-intercalation/de-intercalation capacity (∼372 mAh/g). These films, synthesized by chemical vapor deposition at a relatively low temperature of 1000 °C, exhibit strong graphitic order with the basal planes oriented parallel to the Ni current collector. During galvanostatic cycling, in-situ stress measurements show that full lithiation corresponds to the development of only modest in-plane compressive stresses of ∼ −250 MPa. These stresses are more than an order of magnitude lower than expected, which should promote long cycle life.
The Potential of Selenium in the Treatment of Cancer

Current research shows that selenium is effective in the prevention of cancer. This research also shows that selenium slows tumour growth and helps to prevent the spread of metastases. Thus, selenium has a promising role as an adjuvant in the treatment of cancer. Yet no human trials using selenium in the treatment of cancer are being conducted. Over forty years ago Emanuel Revici developed highly nontoxic and effective selenium compounds and used them on patients with reportedly good results. Given the growing evidence of our failure in the war on cancer, the time is long overdue to merge these two lines of research.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTERVIEWERs' PREINTERVIEW IMPRESSIONS TO SELECTION AND RECRUITMENT OUTCOMES

Many interviewers must handle the competing demands of assessment and recruitment when conducting interviews. Both interviewers and applicants in a college placement setting provided their perceptions of each other and the interview process. The present study explored possible mediators and moderators of the relationship of interviewers' preinterview impressions of applicants to their postinterview impressions of the same applicants, as well as the effects on recruiting success. Consistent with a process model of the interview (Dipboye, 1982), preinterview impressions were positively related to postinterview impressions. Several other predictions were not supported, however, and suggestions are made for modifications in the process model and directions for future research.
A Simple Multiperiod Minimum Risk Hedge Model

A multiperiod hedging model is developed that is simpler than other multiperiod models in the literature. The model permits periodic adjustment of the hedge while minimizing the producer's profit variance. Minimum risk hedge ratios are calculated for steers, cows, hogs, corn, and soybeans using the full model with hedge adjustments every two months. These ratios are compared to those using the model without periodic hedge adjustments and to a simple single-period model. The results suggest that simple models may work well for simple hedges, while the full model is best for more complex hedging situations such as cross hedges. Our purpose in this paper is to develop a multiperiod hedging model in which the hedge can be updated each period. Other multiperiod hedging models (e.g., Anderson and Danthine, Karp) have substantial data requirements which limit their use as viable hedging tools. Our aim is to develop a simpler model that will have practical application. The model is used to calculate minimum risk hedge ratios for steers, cows, hogs, corn, and soybeans, and these ratios are compared with hedge ratios based on a multiperiod model in which the hedge cannot be adjusted each period. Simple minimum risk hedge ratios also are computed for each commodity and compared with the other ratios.
Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness

This study evaluated behavioral and self-report indices of impulsiveness in pathological gambling substance abusers (n=27), non-pathological gambling substance abusers (n=63), and non-pathological gambling/non-substance abusing controls (n=21). The Bechara card task measured preferences for decks of cards that ranged in magnitude and probability of delayed and immediate rewards and punishers. The Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI) assessed orientation to the future, the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale evaluated sensation seeking, and the Eysenck and Barratt scales measured impulsivity. A Principal Components analysis revealed that these personality measures comprised three distinct measures of impulsivity: impulse control, novelty seeking and time orientation. Linear contrast analyses revealed that substance abuse and pathological gambling resulted in additive effects on the impulse control and time orientation factors, but not on the novelty-seeking scale. Performance on the card task did not correlate with any of the three factors derived from the personality scale scores, but the presence of both substance abuse and pathological gambling had an additive effect on preferences for decks containing greater immediate gains but resulting in large punishers and overall net losses. These results provide further evidence of an association among substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsivity.
Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism Development: a Literature Review with Implications for Tourism Planning

Planners are increasingly turning to tourism as a viable economic development strategy, as many communities experience industrial restructuring. Consequently, many residents are exposed to tourism for the first time, whereas established destinations experience increasing volumes of tourists. Planners are now challenged with understanding how the public perceives tourism in order to gain local support for tourism projects and initiatives. By exploring the literature on resident attitudes toward tourism development, this article examines (1) resident attitudes toward tourism in relation to socioeconomic factors; (2) spatial factors; (3) economic dependency; (4) resident and community typologies; (5) measuring residents’ attitudes tourism development; and (6) theoretical perspectives such as community attachment, social exchange theory, and growth machine theory. This literature review provides planners with a basis for initiating citizen participation processes related to tourism issues and identifying grou...
Vulnerability modeling for sub-Saharan Africa: An operationalized approach in Malawi

This study addresses the need for a policy-relevant climatic vulnerability model in sub-Saharan Africa, where data is typically poor and people are exposed to a wide range of environmental and socioeconomic stressors that are unique to the region. This research applies a multi-scale, multi-indicator methodology that allows policy-makers and experts flexibility to contextualize causal factors in the modeling process through selection of evidence-based variables of vulnerability. This process is easily scaled to stakeholders needs, whether at a state, district or local level. This article provides a framework to assist stakeholders and policy-makers in Malawi to determine what drives vulnerability at a household level, which areas in the country are most vulnerable and where development solutions should be applied. As financial assistance related to climate adaptation increases rapidly in Africa, this article presents timely results for Malawi and an auspicious methodology that can assist other vulnerable countries.
Phylogenies and quantitative characters

Systematists and evolutionary geneticists don't often talk to each other, and they routinely dispaiage each other's work as being of little relevance to evolution. Systematists sometimes invoke the punctuationist argument that most evolutionary change does not occur by individual selection and hence that within-population phenomena are largely irrelevant to evolution. They sometimes make the pattern-cladist contention that evolutionary processes cannot be inferred from any observation about pattern, nor can any knowledge of evolutionary processes inform inferences about pattern. More frequently systematists feel, with considerable justification, that evolutionary geneticists have simply failed to concern themselves with morphological characters and data on differences between species. Evolutionary geneticists in turn dismiss the idea that studies comparing species anciently diverged, using morphological characters far removed from the level of the gene and using nonquantitative methods, can either be sound in their inferences of pattern or can shed much light on evolutionary processes. Changes in the methods of collecting and analyzing data are invalidating some of these views. Molecular data, such as nucleic acid sequences, give us observations at the gene level that are comparable across many species, and consideration of these data has drawn population geneticists across the species boundary. The availability of microcomputers and digitizers is leading to more quantitation of morphological data by systematists, and the field of
Drosophila Male-Specific Lethal 2 Protein Controls Sex-Specific Expression of the roX Genes

The MSL complex of Drosophila upregulates transcription of the male X chromosome, equalizing male and female X-linked gene expression. Five male-specific lethal proteins and at least one of the two noncoding roX RNAs are essential for this process. The roX RNAs are required for the localization of MSL complexes to the X chromosome. Although the mechanisms directing targeting remain speculative, the ratio of MSL protein to roX RNA influences localization of the complex. We examine the transcriptional regulation of the roX genes and show that MSL2 controls male-specific roX expression in the absence of any other MSL protein. We propose that this mechanism maintains a stable MSL/roX ratio that is favorable for localization of the complex to the X chromosome.
Habitat use and ecological interactions of an introduced and a native species of Anolis lizard on Grand Cayman, with a review of the outcomes of anole introductions

Since its introduction ten years ago, Anolis sagrei has spread over much of Grand Cayman and is now more common in some habitats than the native anole, A. conspersus. Interspecific differences in body size, perch height, and microclimatic preference may have facilitated the colonization. Nonetheless, competition may be occurring between the species; comparisons with studies of habitat use prior to the arrival of A. sagrei indicate that in open habitats, where A. sagrei is now abundant, A. conspersus perches higher, but in closed habitats, where A. sagrei is absent, no change in perch height is evident. Review of data concerning 23 Anolis introductions indicates that the presence or absence of an ecologically similar native species may be an important determinant of colonization success or failure.
A statistical model for system components selection

The proposed research is aimed at enhancing system design productivity by exploiting the principle of “design and reuse” to its full potential. Specifically, we present a statistical model for selecting from a component library the optimal components for a network-on-chip architecture such that to satisfy certain system performance requirements. Our model is based on regression analysis and Taguchi's optimization technique. The model estimates the relationship between system performance and component attributes, to help the architect in the component selection process. Having such a model in the system design phase will allow the architect not only to make informed decisions when selecting components but also to exchange components with similar characteristics to fine tune system performance.
Population demography of Gray Catbirds in the suburban matrix: sources, sinks and domestic cats

Understanding factors that limit the productivity and survival of birds in rapidly changing human-dominated landscapes are key to managing future population persistence. To date, few studies have quantified both nest success and post-fledging survival for birds breeding within the suburban matrix. Here, we estimated nest success and juvenile post-fledging survival for Gray Catbirds (Dumatella carolinensis) and used those site-specific parameters to model source–sink dynamics at three sites in suburban Washington DC (USA). Cumulative nest success probability varied substantially among suburban sites and indicated that in some cases suburban habitats may provide suitable breeding sites for passerine birds. In addition, we documented the effects of sex and brood size on post-fledging survival rates and determined the role of predation on dispersing fledglings. Like nest success, estimates of post-fledging juvenile survival also varied among sites and highlight the importance of site-specific demographic estimates in urban habitats. Predation accounted for 79% of all mortalities, with 47% of known predation events attributable to domestic cats (Felis catus). Our models of source–sink dynamics underscore the importance of seasonal recruitment parameters for calculating population growth rate and subsequent persistence. This study provides parameter estimates for two critical life history stages in the avian annual cycle in the suburban matrix and posits that predation drives differential nest and post-fledging survival within human-dominated environments.
Sociotechnical Narratives in Rural, High-Poverty Elementary Schools: Comparative Findings from East Texas and South India.

The article’s purpose is to compare case studies of computer technology use at two rural elementary schools across two international settings. This study uses the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory to guide this comparative investigation of how elementary school teachers and students in East Texas and South India construct meaning for computer technology. Building off of SCOT theory, the article also introduces the term, “sociotechnical narratives” as part of the analysis of the meaningful descriptions of ways that social groups use tools in relationship to their wider social context. The article found that even though the two settings, East Texas and Rural Karnataka, are about as far apart geographically as they are culturally, similar sociotechnical narrative emerged. The sociotechnical narrative includes: (1) A shared hope in the opportunity and possibilities with computer technology, (2) the development of literacy skills, and (3) similarity in knowledge tasks for the future. The study’s comparative research design provides greater depth in analyzing the meaning and uses for computer technology among students and teachers in rural, high-poverty areas across international contexts.
Studies on the coronary microcirculation by direct visualization

Abstract With use of high speed cinematography of the coronary microcirculation, countercurrents and asymmetric capillary arrangement were found. This has far-reaching importance for the oxygenation of the heart muscle and makes doubtful previous calculations for the oxygen transport from the capillary to the surrounding tissue. Recruitment, denoting an increase in the number of capillaries, was observed with a rise in perfusion pressure in the arrested heart and after the administration of nitroglycerin in the beating heart. It can occur in the presence of autoregulation. Definite patterns of red cell velocity in the capillaries of the left atrium emerged. Nicotine and nitroglycerin had little effect on red cell velocity. However, after hemorrhage alone, and following the administration of nitroglycerin after hemorrhage, marked changes in red cell velocity were seen. Hemorrhage alone caused a marked diminution in red cell velocity; hemorrhage followed by nitroglycerin reversed red cell velocity to normal values despite a persistent diminution in blood pressure. Two major peaks in red cell velocity were observed, the first, large peak immediately preceding or at the onset of ventricular systole, the second small peak immediately after ventricular systole. Some alterations in this pattern were seen after hemorrhage and after the administration of nitroglycerin.
Evaluation and comparison of fault-tolerant software techniques

Four implementations of fault-tolerant software techniques are evaluated with respect to hardware and design faults. Project participants were divided into four groups, each of which developed fault-tolerant software based on a common specification. Each group applied one of the following techniques: N-version programming, recovery block, concurrent error-detection, and algorithm-based fault tolerance. Independent testing and modeling groups analyzed the software. The testing group subjected it to simulated design and hardware faults. The data were then mapped into a discrete-time Markov model developed by the modeling group. The effectiveness of each technique with respect to availability, correctness, and time to failure given an error, as shown by the model, is contrasted with measured data. The model is analyzed with respect to additional figures of merit identified during the modeling process, and the techniques are ranked using an application taxonomy. >
Investigation of barium evaporation and diffusion in fluorescent lamps

Summary form only given. The lifetime of fluorescent lamps is typically restricted by the lifetime of their electrodes. During normal operation, the work function lowering emitter material (primarily Ba) is released from the cathode due to evaporation and sputtering. For lifetime prognosis the understanding and quantification of the barium transport in the electrode region is essential. Therefore, the transport of barium atoms and ions has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the experimental part the density of 'ground-state' barium atoms and ions was measured time-resolved by laser induced fluorescence (LIF) in a short distance from the hot spot of a clear-ended T8 lamp driven at 25 kHz. Furthermore, corresponding resonance lines were recorded by optical emission spectroscopy. As an example the ground state density of barium atoms measured by LIF at a distance of 0.5 mm from the hot sport during 'normal' operation is shown in Fig. la. The density strongly decays in the cathode phase due to ionization. During fast shorting of the lamp voltage for about 4 ms the atomic barium density escalates and saturates after a few msec, as shown in Fig. lb. This so-called blanking method was first introduced by R. Garner [R.C. Garner, ICOPS 2008] for electron density measurements.In contrast to density measurements on 'normal' operating lamps, the blanking method reduces the influences of the surrounding plasma in the cathode region on barium atoms (excitation and ionization) and stops sputtering. This is used to separate and quantify the effect of barium evaporation.
Deaf Parents and Their Hearing Children

The focus of this review article is on families with Deaf parents and hearing children. We provide a brief description of the Deaf community, their language, and culture; describe communication patterns and parenting issues in Deaf-parented families, examine the role of the hearing child in a Deaf family and how that experience affects their functioning in the hearing world; and discuss important considerations and resources for families, educators, and health care and service providers.
Basophil phenotypes in chronic idiopathic urticaria in relation to disease activity and autoantibodies.

Potentially pathogenic IgG autoantibodies to IgE or its receptor, FceRIα, have been detected in ~40% of chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) patients. CIU patients' basophils display distinct altered FceRIα-mediated degranulation. CIU patients with basophil histamine release in response to polyclonal goat anti-human IgE ≥10% are classified as CIU responders (CIU-R) and n =35), 55% of CIU-NR ( n =29), and 57% of non-CIU subjects ( n =23), whereas IgG anti-IgE was present in 43% of CIU-R, 45% of CIU-NR, and 30% of non-CIU subjects. Both the autoantibody levels and the functional basophil phenotype remained stable in subjects with active disease ( n =16), whereas there was an enhancement in basophil function as subjects evolved into a state of remission ( n =6), which appears independent of the presence of autoantibody. IEMAs detected a similar frequency of autoantibodies in CIU-R, CIU-NR, and non-CIU subjects. Basophil function may be independent of IEMA-detected autoantibodies.
In Defense of Positivist Research Paradigms

Although positivism means different things to different people, it is not difficult to identify research paradigms that would be clearly identified as positivist by friends and foes of positivism alike. I briefly describe one such paradigm and identify its principal features. I argue that even outspoken critics of positivist research–such as Elliot Eisner, Frederick Erickson, Henry Giroux, and Thomas Popkewitz–are logically committed to propositions that can be tested only by means of positivist research paradigms.
Calcium Hydroxide Deposition in the Near Interfacial Zone in Plain Concrete

The near interfacial zone in plain concrete, as seen by back-scatter electron microscopy, is characterized by calcium I hydroxide (CH) deposition and large pores. CH was deposited around many of the aggregate particles, irrespective of rock type as irregular but conspicuous coatings. The common thickness of the CH coating was about 2–3 μm, but occasionally it thinned or thickened to form lenslike deposits up to 8 μm wide. A greater amount of CH was encountered in zones confined between close-packed aggregates where the precipitated CH bridged the spaces between aggregates. It is suggested that the formation of the CH coating combined with the presence of large pores makes this region vulnerable to solution ingress and chemical attack.
Problematizing Cultural Stereotypes in TESOL

Mitchell, J. (1994). Sex kills. On Turbulent Indigo [CD]. Los Angeles, CA: Reprise Records/Crazy Crow Music. Morgan, D. (2003, August 10). A debate over U.S. 'empire' builds in unexpected circles [Electronic version]. Washington Post, p. A3. Retrieved October 20, 2003, from http://www.truthout.org/docs_03/081203G.shtml Murphy, B. (2003, April 5). Neoconservative clout seen in U.S. Iraq policy. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved October 20, 2003, from http://www.jsonline.com/news /gen/apr03/131523.asp Pennycook, A. (1994). The cultural politics of English as an international language. London: Longman. Pennycook, A. (Ed.). (1999). Critical approaches to TESOL [Special-topic issue]. TESOL Quarterly, 33(3). Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical applied linguistics: A critical introduction. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Conforming to and Resisting Dominant Gender Norms: How Male and Female Nursing Students Do and Undo Gender

Much existing research has shown that men are able to construct and enact masculine identities in female-dominated occupational contexts. However, few studies have examined the experiences of both men and women in these occupations. Furthermore, few studies attend to how men and women in these occupations both conform to and resist gender norms. In this study, I draw on the undoing gender frameworks developed by Deutsch and Butler to address the limitations mentioned above. Most notably, this study attends to the ways in which male and female nursing students do gender by conforming to dominant gender norms, as well as undo gender by resisting these norms. The main contribution of this study is thus to show the multiple ways through which gender can be done and undone in the professional training of both male and female nurses. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of attending to both women and men in research on female-dominated occupations and of examining both similarities and differences in the gender performances of men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Ritz method for dynamic analysis of large discrete linear systems with non-proportional damping

Real and complex Ritz vector bases for dynamic analysis of large linear systems with non-proportional damping are presented and compared. Both vector bases are generated utilizing load dependent vector algorithms that employ recurrence equations analogous to the Lanczos algorithm. The choice of static response to fixed spatial loading distribution, as a starting vector in recurrence equations, is motivated by the static correction concept. Different phases of dynamic response analysis are compared with respect to computational efficiency and accuracy. It is concluded that the real vector basis approach is approximately eight times more efficient than the complex vector basis approach. The complex vector basis has some advantages with respect to accuracy, if the excitation is of piecewise linear form, since the exact solution can be utilized. In addition, it is demonstrated that both Ritz vector bases, real and complex, possess superior accuracy over the adequate eigenvector bases.
Understanding Wireless Mobile Systems: A Simplified Simulation Approach

Simulation is a widely used technique in understanding and analyzing the properties and behavior of wireless networks. Simulation models abound in the wireless domain. Most of these models suffer from an abundance of parameters. Different models might use different parameters. Moreover, even for common parameters, there are no universally accepted standard values. This makes the task of analyzing simulation results a complicated one.We propose a framework to address this problem. One component of our framework is based on the reduction of the vast parameter space to a smaller, more compact one that encompasses only a few essential parameters. These parameters try to aggregate other parameters and hide the specifics of the underlying system, thereby easing the task of evaluating simulation results.The other component is based on a novel concept called steady state utilization which tries to capture the inherent capacity of a network. Using steady state utilization as the maximum potential capacity (without loss) of a network, we show how it can be used in the task of comparing results from different simulation models.
Nuclear Import of Histone Deacetylase 5 by Requisite Nuclear Localization Signal Phosphorylation

Histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), a class IIa deacetylase, is a prominent regulator of cellular and epigenetic processes that underlie the progression of human disease, ranging from cardiac hypertrophy to cancer. Although it is established that phosphorylation mediates 14–3-3 protein binding and provides the essential link between HDAC5 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling and transcriptional repression, thus far only four phospho-acceptor sites have been functionally characterized. Here, using a combinatorial proteomics approach and phosphomutant screening, we present the first evidence that HDAC5 has at least 17 in vivo phosphorylation sites within functional domains, including Ser278 and Ser279 within the nuclear localization signal (NLS), Ser1108 within the nuclear export signal, and Ser755 in deacetylase domain. Global and targeted MS/MS analyses of NLS peptides demonstrated the presence of single (Ser278 and Ser279) and double (Ser278/Ser279) phosphorylations. The double S278/279A mutation showed reduced association with HDAC3, slightly decreased deacetylation activity, and significantly increased cytoplasmic localization compared with wild type HDAC5, whereas the S278A and S1108A phosphomutants were not altered. Live cell imaging revealed a deficiency in nuclear import of S278/279A HDAC5. Phosphomutant stable cell lines confirmed the cellular redistribution of NLS mutants and revealed a more pronounced cytoplasmic localization for the single S279A mutant. Proteomic analysis of immunoisolated S278/279A, S279A, and S259/498A mutants linked altered cellular localization to changes in protein interactions. S278/279A and S279A HDAC5 showed reduced association with the NCoR-HDAC3 nuclear corepressor complex as well as protein kinase D enzymes, which were potentiated in the S259/498A mutant. These results provide the first link between phosphorylation outside the known 14–3-3 sites and downstream changes in protein interactions. Together these studies identify Ser279 as a critical phosphorylation within the NLS involved in the nuclear import of HDAC5, providing a regulatory point in nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling that may be conserved in other class IIa HDACs—HDAC4 and HDAC9.
Did American Manufacturers Discriminate Against Immigrants Before 1914

Several accounts have documented the difficult employment experiences of immigrants in manufacturing industries around the turn of the twentieth century. A recent quantitative study, however, has asserted that wage differentials between immigrants and natives were the result of differences in skill, and not discrimination. We examine the same data on a less aggregative level, and our regression analysis indicates that the so-called “new” immigrants received lower wages than either “old” immigrants or natives—even after standardizing for worker skills and industry characteristics. An analysis of a second data set confirms the finding of discrimination.
Group A streptococcal sepsis and ovarian vein thrombosis after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery.

BACKGROUND Group A streptococcal puerperal sepsis is an uncommon peripartum infection that can quickly progress to a fulminant, multisystemic infection and life-threatening toxin-mediated shock. This infection can be asymptomatic during a short hospital stay after a routine delivery. Early treatment with antibiotics might not alter the course of tissue destruction caused by the exotoxin A. METHODS Literature searches were performed using the key words "puerperal infections," "streptococcal infections," "septic sacroiliitis," "postpartum septic arthritis," and "postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis." After patient consent was obtained, a report was prepared documenting the disease course, diagnosis, and treatment of a case of puerperal sepsis with multiple serious complications. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Puerperal sepsis occurs when streptococci colonizing the genital tract or acquired nosocomially invade the endometrium, adjacent structures, lymphatics, and bloodstream. A lack of symptoms early in the course of infection is common; later, minor somatic complaints can quickly progress to septic shock as effects of the exotoxin A are manifest. Women who complain of fever, pelvic pain, or unexplained systemic symptoms in the early postpartum period should have a detailed history and physical examination. All sites of suspected infection should be cultured. If sepsis is suspected, diagnostic imaging includes chest radiographs, contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scans, or magnetic resonance imaging to rule out ovarian vein thrombosis, pelvic abscess, or sacroiliac septic arthritis. Broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage must be initiated immediately after collection of cultures. Clindamycin plus a beta-lactam antibiotic is preferred for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.
Historical wetlands in Oregon's Willamette Valley: Implications for restoration of winter waterbird habitat

Abstract Before agricultural expansion in the 19th century, river valleys of North America supported expanses of wetland habitat. In restoring these landscapes, it is important to understand their historical condition and biological function. Synthesizing historical primary accounts (from explorers, travelers, settlers, and farmers) with contemporary knowledge of these wetland systems, we developed a profile of the wetlands and their use by nonbreeding waterbirds (e.g., waterfowl, wading birds, and shorebirds) within the Willamette Valley, Oregon, ca. 1840. We found evidence for three types of wetlands used by non-breeding waterbirds in fall, winter, and spring: emergent wetlands, riverine wetlands, and wetland prairie. The most extensive wetland type was wetland prairie, which functioned as fall/winter habitat for waterbirds, but only while native Kalapuyans managed the region with fire. Since the mid-1800s, four species, in particular, have decreased their use of the Willamette Valley: trumpeter swan (C...
Measurement of three dimensional distributions of hydrogen in thin samples using the 15 N hydrogen profiling method

The use of the 15N+1H→12C+4He+γ-ray resonant nuclear reaction, with 4He particles recorded in plastic track detectors, is described as a method of measuring full three dimensional distributions of H in thin samples. To use this reaction to measure H concentrations, the sample is bombarded with 15N ions at an energy greater than the resonance energy at which the reaction occurs. As these ions penetrate the sample, they lose energy and reach the resonance energy at some depth. The yield of 4He particles from the reaction is proportional to the concentration of hydrogen at that depth. By recording the He particles in plastic track detectors, an autoradiograph of the lateral hydrogen distribution at the resonance depth is obtained. Limitations and potentials of this method are discussed along with some measurements of distributions of H ion implanted into silicon.