cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teleseismic surface wave tomography in the western U.S. using the Transportable Array component of USArray

[1] Fundamental mode Rayleigh waves recorded by the Transportable Array component of EarthScope/USArray from January 2006 through April 2007 are used to generate phase velocity maps at periods from 25 to 100 sec across the western U.S., including Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada and western Idaho. At short periods (25–33 s), low velocity anomalies are observed in western Washington, western and central Oregon, northern California, the southern Sierra Nevada and the Snake River Plain. At intermediate and long periods (50–100 s), high velocities are seen in the Cascades, the southern Central Valley of California, California's Transverse Range, and the Columbia River Flood Basalt Province. The phase velocity maps are consistent with those obtained from ambient noise tomography at comparable periods. Short period phase velocities from ambient noise tomography and the longer-period phase velocities from teleseismic tomography, therefore, present natural data sets to invert jointly 3-D structure across the western U.S.
Physicomathematical aspects of some problems of organic form

In connection with previous mathematical studies on cell polarity, the possible application of the results obtained before to different embryological phenomena is discussed. Methods for a quantitative mathematical approach to such phenomena as gastrulation, formation of different folds, closing of a half blastula, etc. are outlined.
Students’ understanding and application of the area under the curve concept in physics problems

This study investigates how students understand and apply the area under the curve concept and the integral-area relation in solving introductory physics problems. We interviewed 20 students in the first semester and 15 students from the same cohort in the second semester of a calculus-based physics course sequence on several problems involving the area under the curve concept. We found that only a few students could recognize that the concept of area under the curve was applicable in physics problems. Even when students could invoke the area under the curve concept, they did not necessarily understand the relationship between the process of accumulation and the area under a curve, so they failed to apply it to novel situations. We also found that when presented with several graphs, students had difficulty in selecting the graph such that the area under the graph corresponded to a given integral, although all of them could state that ``the integral equaled the area under the curve.'' The findings in this study are consistent with those in previous mathematics education research and research in physics education on students' use of the area under the curve.
Mercury: Host-side flash caching for the data center

The adoption of flash memory in high volume consumer products such as cell phones, tablet computers, digital cameras, and portable music players has driven down flash costs and increased flash quality. This trend is pushing flash memory into new applications, including enterprise computing. In enterprise data centers, servers containing flash-based SolidState Drives (SSDs) are becoming common. However, data center architects prefer to deploy shared storage over direct-attached storage (DAS). Shared storage offers superior manageability, availability, and scalability compared to DAS. For these reasons, system designers want to reap the benefits of direct attached flash memory without decreasing the value of shared storage systems. Our solution is Mercury, a persistent, write-through host-side cache for flash memory. By designing Mercury as a hypervisor cache, we simplify integration and deployment into host environments. This paper presents our experience building a host-side flash cache, an architectural analysis of possible cache attachment points, and a performance evaluation using enterprise workloads. Our results show a 26% improvement in the bandwidth observed by the Jetstress benchmark and a 500% improvement in the I/O rate of an enterprise workload.
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist suppresses stress-induced locomotor activity in an amphibian

Intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF; 25 ng) given to male rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) stimulated locomotor activity tested in a circular arena starting 35 min after the injection. The CRF receptor antagonist, alpha-helical CRF9-41 (ahCRF; 250 or 500 ng), injected icv concurrently with CRF blocked CRF-induced locomotor activity. In contrast, icv injection of ahCRF had no effect on spontaneous locomotor activity. Other studies examined the effect of ahCRF on the elevated locomotor activity that was observed when the animals were stressed (handled or placed in warm water). The CRF antagonist dose dependently attenuated the response to either handling or warm stress tested 2 hr after drug treatment. We also examined the effect of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, clonidine, on spontaneous and CRF-induced locomotor activity. Clonidine injected icv dose dependently suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity but not CRF-induced locomotor activity. These studies support the hypothesis that endogenous CRF is involved in mediating stress-induced locomotor activity and indicate that the effects of CRF on locomotor activity are independent of activation of the alpha 2-adrenergic system.
Mechanical properties of hybrid composites using finite element method based micromechanics

Abstract A micromechanical analysis of the representative volume element of a unidirectional hybrid composite is performed using finite element method. The fibers are assumed to be circular and packed in a hexagonal array. The effects of volume fractions of the two different fibers used and also their relative locations within the unit cell are studied. Analytical results are obtained for all the elastic constants. Modified Halpin–Tsai equations are proposed for predicting the transverse and shear moduli of hybrid composites. Variability in mechanical properties due to different locations of the two fibers for the same volume fractions was studied. It is found that the variability in elastic constants and longitudinal strength properties was negligible. However, there was significant variability in the transverse strength properties. The results for hybrid composites are compared with single fiber composites.
Using Control And Vision For Space Applications

In this paper, we present algorithms that address the real-time robotic visual tracking (eye-in-hand configuration) of satellites that move in 2-D space. To achieve our objective, we combine computer vision techniques, for detection of motion, with simple control strategies. The problem has been formulated from the systems theory point of view. This facilitates the extension of the algorithm to 3-D space. A cross-correlation technique (SSD optical flow) is used for computing the vector of discrete displacements and is combined with an appropriate control scheme to calculate the required motion of the space robotic system. Shared and traded control modes enable the integration of the human operator with the autonomous tracling modules. In this way, the human operator can intervene and correct the tracking motion through a joystick. The performance of the proposed algorithms has been tested on a real system, the CMU DD Arm 11, and the results are presented in this paper.
Whole Wheat Protein as an Amino Acid Source for Chicks

Abstract ALTHOUGH a quarter or more of the total protein of a chick mash is usually supplied by the cereal grains and their by-products, comparatively little is known regarding the amounts of essential amino acids which these grains furnish to the diet. Corn gluten meal, in which most of the non-bran proteins of corn are concentrated, has been studied as an amino acid source for chicks (Grau, 1946). Since wheat protein concentrates, such as commercial gluten, contain only a comparatively small fraction of the total proteins contained in wheat, a wheat product was prepared which included as much of the total wheat protein as possible. This concentrate was then fed to chicks in a diet in which all the protein of a 20 percent protein diet was provided by wheat. METHODS The wheat protein concentrate was obtained by forming a dough from wheat which had been finely ground in a buhr . . .
Voltage‐sensor mutations in channelopathies of skeletal muscle

Mutations of voltage-gated ion channels cause several channelopathies of skeletal muscle, which present clinically with myotonia, periodic paralysis, or a combination of both. Expression studies have revealed both loss-of-function and gain-of-function defects for the currents passed by mutant channels. In many cases, these functional changes could be mechanistically linked to the defects of fibre excitability underlying myotonia or periodic paralysis. One remaining enigma was the basis for depolarization-induced weakness in hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) arising from mutations in either sodium or calcium channels. Curiously, 14 of 15 HypoPP mutations are at arginines in S4 voltage sensors, and recent observations show that these substitutions support an alternative pathway for ion conduction, the gating pore, that may be the source of the aberrant depolarization during an attack of paralysis.
Abu Ghraib, the security apparatus, and the performativity of power

The critical discourse on U.S. military detainee abuse at Abu Ghraib prison has been dominated by Weberian-style arguments (a bureaucracy gone wrong, insufficient or badly applied administrative rules, or individuals acting as cogs in a machine). We argue that Michel Foucault's “security apparatus” provides a more insightful model for understanding the Abu Ghraib phenomenon. According to this model, the prison becomes a nodal point in an information-gathering nexus confronting unforeseen, emergent, and unclear events, a place where power is less disciplinary than improvisational, exercised through practical judgments about uncertain situations. The performance of such power at Abu Ghraib included the use of photography and acts that, we claim, resemble M. M. Bahktin's negative carnivalesque. [Abu Ghraib, security apparatus, improvisational power, photography, carnivalesque]
Identification of Mob2, a Novel Regulator of Larval Neuromuscular Junction Morphology, in Natural Populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Although evolutionary changes must take place in neural connectivity and synaptic architecture as nervous systems become more complex, we lack understanding of the general principles and specific mechanisms by which these changes occur. Previously, we found that morphology of the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) varies extensively among different species of Drosophila but is relatively conserved within a species. To identify specific genes as candidates that might underlie phenotypic differences in NMJ morphology among Drosophila species, we performed a genetic analysis on one of two phenotypic variants we found among 20 natural isolates of Drosophila melanogaster. We discovered genetic polymorphisms for both positive and negative regulators of NMJ growth segregating within the variant line. Focusing on one subline, that displayed NMJ overgrowth, we mapped the phenotype to Mob2 [Monopolar spindle (Mps) one binding protein 2)], a gene encoding a Nuclear Dbf2 (Dumbbell formation 2)-Related (NDR) kinase activator. We confirmed this identification by transformation rescue experiments and showed that presynaptic expression of Mob2 is necessary and sufficient to regulate NMJ growth. Mob2 interacts in a dominant, dose-dependent manner with tricornered but not with warts, to cause NMJ overgrowth, suggesting that Mob2 specifically functions in combination with the former NDR kinase to regulate NMJ development. These results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of identifying genetic variants affecting NMJ morphology in natural populations of Drosophila. These variants can lead to discovery of new genes and molecular mechanisms that regulate NMJ development while also providing new information that can advance our understanding of mechanisms that underlie nervous system evolution.
Eye-in-hand stereo visual servoing of an assistive robot arm in unstructured environments

We document the progress in the design and implementation of a motion control strategy that exploits visual feedback from a narrow baseline stereo head mounted in the hand of a wheelchair mounted robot arm (WMRA) to recognize and grasp textured ADL objects for which one or more templates exist in a large image database. The problem is made challenging by kinematic uncertainty in the robot, imperfect camera and stereo calibration, as well as the fact that we work in unstructured environments. The approach relies on separating the overall motion into gross and fine motion components. During the gross motion phase, local structure on an object around a user selected point of interest (POI) is extracted using sparse stereo information which is then utilized to converge on and roughly align the object with the image plane in order to be able to pursue object recognition and fine motion with strong likelihood of success. Fine motion is utilized to grasp the target object by relying on feature correspondences between the live object view and its template image. While features are detected using a robust real-time keypoint tracker, a hybrid visual servoing technique is exploited in which tracked pixel space features are utilized to generate translational motion commands while a Euclidean homography decomposition scheme is utilized for generation of orientation setpoints for the robot gripper. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.
Stochastic model of intraflagellar transport

We present a stochastic model of filament growth driven by the motor-assisted transport of particles along the filament. We show how the growth can be analyzed in terms of a sequence of first passage times for a particle hopping between the two ends of the filament, and use this to calculate the mean and variance of the length as a function of time. We determine how the growth depends on the waiting time density of the underlying hopping process, and highlight differences in the growth generated by normal and anomalous transport, for which the mean waiting time is finite and infinite, respectively. In the case of normal transport, we determine the length at which there is a balance between particle-driven assembly and particle-independent disassembly of the filament. The existence of such a balance point is thought to provide a mechanism for flagellar length control.
Markov-Renewal Programming. I: Formulation, Finite Return Models

A special structure in dynamic programming which has been studied by Bellman, Blackwell, D'Epenoux, Derman, Howard, Manne, Oliver, Wolfe and Dantzig, and others is the problem of programming over a Markov chain This paper extends their results and solution algorithms to programming over a Markov-renewal process---in which the intervals between transitions of the system from state i to state j are independent samples from a distribution that may depend on both i and j. For these processes, a general reward structure and a decision mechanism are postulated, the problem is to make decisions at each transition to maximize the total expected reward at the end of the planning horizon. The paper is divided into two parts. This part describes the properties of Markov-renewal processes, the reward structure, and the decision process. Algorithms for finite-horizon, and infinite-horizon models with discounting are presented. The second part will investigate the models that have infinite return.
Regularized emission image reconstruction using imperfect side information

The authors report a preliminary investigation of a spatially variant penalized-likelihood method for tomographic image reconstruction based on a Gibbs penalty. The penalty weights are determined from structural side information, such as the locations of anatomical boundaries in high-resolution magnetic resonance images. Such side information will be imperfect in practice, and a simple simulation demonstrates the importance of accounting for the errors in boundary locations. The authors discuss methods for prescribing the penalty weights when the side information is noisy. Simulation results suggest that even imperfect side information is useful for guiding spatially variant regularization. >
A Wireless Implantable Multichannel Microstimulating System-on-a-Chip With Modular Architecture

A 64-site wireless current microstimulator chip (Interestim-2B) and a prototype implant based on the same chip have been developed for neural prosthetic applications. Modular standalone architecture allows up to 32 chips to be individually addressed and operated in parallel to drive up to 2048 stimulating sites. The only off-chip components are a receiver inductive-capac- itive (LC) tank, a capacitive low-pass filter for ripple rejection, and arrays of microelectrodes for interfacing with the neural tissue. The implant receives inductive power up to 50 mW and data at 2.5 Mb/s from a frequency shift keyed (FSK) 5/10 MHZ carrier to generate up to 65 800 stimulus pulses/s. Each Interestim-2B chip contains 16 current drivers with 270 muA full-scale current, 5-bit (32-steps) digital-to-analog converter (DAC) resolution, 100 MOmega output impedance, and a voltage compliance that extends within 150 and 250 mV of the 5 V supply and ground rails, respectively. It can generate any arbitrary current waveform and supports a variety of monopolar and bipolar stimulation protocols. A common analog line provides access to each site potential, and exhausts residual stimulus charges for charge balancing. The chip has site potential measurement and in situ site impedance measurement capabilities, which help its users indicate defective sites or characteristic shifts in chronic stimulations. Interestim-2B chip is fabricated in the AMI 1.5 mum standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process and measures 4.6 x 4.6 x 0.5 mm. The prototype implant size including test connectors is 19 X 14 x 6 mm, which can be shrunk down to <0.5 CC. This paper also summarizes some of the in vitro and in vivo experiments performed using the Interestim-2B prototype implant.
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Clinical Mental Health Counseling

Though there is a scarcity of literature on teaching pedagogy in counselor education, accountability in teaching future counselors is a responsibility of all counselor educators. Though no two educators are identical, there are some commonalities in the approaches used to effectively engage students in learning and gaining the knowledge, skills, and awareness needed to ensure optimal professional counselor efficacy. This chapter focuses on defining the signature pedagogy in counselor education. It will provide detailed examples from a SoTL project in the clinical mental health counseling discipline along with plans for analysis and future discussion on whether the chosen pedagogical methods and assignments are effective in increasing student's knowledge, skills, and awareness. The author will also discuss the goals of implementing SoTL practices within counselor education and reflect on the process of engaging in a SoTL project.
Phenylthio radical catalyzed rearrangement of acetoxyalkenyl epoxides to acetoxyalkenyl cyclopentanols

Abstract Exposure of cyclic acetoxyalkenyl exposides to a catalytic amount of PhS· initiates a tandem radical induced expoxide fragmentation-H· abstraction-cyclization process that results in a net isomerization to bicyclic enolacetates.
Beyond Micro-Teaching: Some First Steps in Individualizing Preservice Training for Foreign Language Teachers

relative frequency on morphological facts rather than on syntactic relations. Thus, it is not reasonable to offer such lists as prima facie condemnations of the proposed resequencing of tense presentation offered in this section since such lists ignore completely the basis for such resequencing. It may, of course, be true that lists of structural frequency provide the best guide for the order of presentation of grammatical material. Certainly, frequency lists cannot be totally disregarded; however, slavish adherence to them under conditions which tend to conceal grammatical facts from the second language learner can not be countenanced. The second of the arguments against resequencing given above would appear to be more serious. While many, if not most, of the verbs of the second and third conjugations have synonyms among the verbs of the first conjugation (or can be paraphrased in a reasonable manner), there are some verbs in these two conjugations which affect the choice of verbs of the first conjugation to be taught. Thus, it makes little sense to teach the verb acheter if vendre will not be presented for, perhaps, six months more. However, the number of such cases is not large, and may, indeed, prove to be of little importance. In any case, it should be possible to offer these few verbs at an early stage as irregular forms and thereby avoid the problem.
Performance evaluation of SRAM cells in 22nm predictive CMOS technology

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) units are often directly integrated onto the same die with the microprocessors and influence the design metrics significantly. SRAM often consumes large percentages of the die size and their leakages significantly contribute to the static power dissipation of those chips. The main objective of this article is to characterize the speed and power consumption of five different SRAM cells in a predictive high performance 22nm transistor process and in a predictive low power 22nm transistor process. The five types of studied cells are traditional 6T, gated-ground 7T, full Self- Controlled Voltage Level (SVL) 12T, SVL 9T Footed, and SVL 9T Headed. The simulation results indicate that the timing behavior of SRAM cells are largely the same but power dissipation, leakage power in particular, vary significantly in 22nm technology. The gated-ground 7T cells are deemed superior in the high performance process, while traditional 6T cells are deemed the best in the low power process.
Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors: Carcinoid Tumors, Atypical Carcinoids, Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, and Small Cell (Undifferentiated) Carcinoma

The spectrum of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors is very wide, encompassing several diagnostic entities. Their classification is quite complex, as is the terminology. Some neoplasms are encountered more frequently than are others. Not all are identified in cytologic specimens, especially the preneoplastic neuroendocrine lesions that are included in the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) and International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) classification of the lung tumors. This chapter will focus only on neoplasms that are more frequently encountered, including: (1) typical carcinoid tumor; (2) atypical carcinoid tumor; (3) large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma; and (4) small cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma. These four neoplasms present a spectrum of morphologic features ranging from benign-appearing uniform cellular patterns to highly anaplastic ones. Their biologic behavior likewise ranges from that of a benign protracted course in typical carcinoid to an aggressive one with a fatal outcome, as seen in large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas. Despite the differences, pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors share several features: namely, their origin (Kulchitsky cells), certain morphologic features (e.g., neuroendocrine growth patterns), and positive reactivity to most neuroendocrine markers. They all ultrastructurally exhibit dense core neurosecretory granules, and some are associated with ectopic hormone production.
Conclusions and Policy Implications for Aging in Rural Places

The greying of populations has the potential to be divisive or to be a benefit to rural places and communities. The age, sex, race/ethnic and immigrant composition of the 65 years of age and older population is discussed in terms of both challenges and opportunities for rural areas. The diversity of the aging population, in particular, is considered as well as issues related to transportation and amenities in rural places.
Quantifying the Growth of Rhizobia

This chapter deals with routine enumeration techniques for pure cultures of rhizobia. The total or direct count is performed using the microscope. Optical density measurements are used to estimate the number of cells in broth culture. The viable count is accomplished through plating methods. The mean generation times of a Rhizobium sp. and a Bradyrhizobium sp. in broth culture are computed.
Association of Childhood Economic Hardship with Adult Height and Adult Adiposity among Hispanics/Latinos. The HCHS/SOL Socio-Cultural Ancillary Study.

The study examined the association of childhood and current economic hardship with anthropometric indices in Hispanic/Latino adults, using data from the HCHS/SOL Socio-cultural ancillary study (N = 5,084), a community-based study of Hispanic/Latinos living in four urban areas (Bronx, NY, Chicago, IL, Miami, FL, and San Diego, CA). Childhood economic hardship was defined as having experienced a period of time when one’s family had trouble paying for basic needs (e.g., food, housing), and when this economic hardship occurred: between 0–12, 13–18 years old, or throughout both of those times. Current economic hardship was defined as experiencing trouble paying for basic needs during the past 12 months. Anthropometry included height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and percentage body fat (%BF). Complex survey linear regression models were used to test the associations of childhood economic hardship with adult anthropometric indices, adjusting for potential confounders (e.g., age, sex, Hispanic background). Childhood economic hardship varied by Hispanic background, place of birth, and adult socio-economic status. Childhood economic hardship during both periods, childhood and adolescence, was associated with shorter height. Childhood economic hardship was associated with greater adiposity among US born individuals only. Current economic hardship was significantly associated with all three measures of adiposity (BMI, WC, %BF). These findings suggest that previous periods of childhood economic hardship appear to influence adult height more than adiposity, whereas current economic hardship may be a better determinant of adult adiposity in Hispanics.
The Politics of Agriculture in the United States

AN APPRAISAL of the political significance of American fXA agriculture requires an initial warning. American agriculture is extremely diverse. Some 27 million persons live on nearly six million farms, the census tells us. But these people are spread throughout the United States, vary widely in resources commanded and goods produced, and belong to three general farm organizations and a host of commodity groups-or belong to none at all. Sometimes farm organizations quarrel with each other and have serious internal difficulties. Clashes of economic interest are frequentbetween dairy farmers and producers of vegetable oils for margarine, within the ranks of dairy farmers as to who may produce for the urban fresh whole milk market, between ranchers and cattle feeders, between corn-hog farmers and dairy producers for feed, among cotton growers in South Carolina and Texas and California. Much the same can be said for "industry" or "labor," or for Congress, or the administration. For example, What was the administration's policy toward business combination in June, 1950? The Federal Trade Commission, the Justice Department, and the Commerce Department exhibited a remarkable range of attitudes on the subject! Yet, with proper caution, we can refer to agriculture in politics-as well as to these other groups and institutions. Why does it make sense to talk about the political significance of American agriculture? The primary reason is that the bulk of commercial farmers agree in principle that government should support farm prices, taking almost any measures necessary to that end, and that also it should help farmers economically in other ways. Further, this agreement is manifested in a willingness to act, and in the creation of strong farm organizations able to influence government. The significance of farmers in politics, given this fundamental agreement among them, is further underlined by the favorable political position of farmers and their representatives in our governmental institutions. The upshot is that government has been pushed-and has pushed itself-far into providing services, credit, commodity loans, market regulation, and production con-
Steady states of spin distributions in the presence of spin-orbit interactions

In the presence of spin-orbit interactions, the steady state established for spin distributions in an electric field is qualitatively different from the steady state for charge distributions. This is primarily because the steady state established for spin distributions involves spin precession due to spin-orbit coupling. We demonstrate in this work that the spin density matrix in an external electric field acquires two corrections with different dependencies on the characteristic momentum-scattering time. One part is associated with conserved spins, diverges in the clean limit, and is responsible for the establishment of a steady-state spin density in electric fields. Another part is associated with precessing spins, is finite in the clean limit, and is responsible for the establishment of spin currents in electric fields. Scattering between these distributions has important consequences for spin dynamics and spin-related effects, in general, and explains some recent puzzling observations, which are captured by our unified theory.
Collagen-derived matricryptins promote inhibitory nerve terminal formation in the developing neocortex

Inhibitory synapses comprise only ∼20% of the total synapses in the mammalian brain but play essential roles in controlling neuronal activity. In fact, perturbing inhibitory synapses is associated with complex brain disorders, such as schizophrenia and epilepsy. Although many types of inhibitory synapses exist, these disorders have been strongly linked to defects in inhibitory synapses formed by Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. Here, we discovered a novel role for an unconventional collagen—collagen XIX—in the formation of Parvalbumin+ inhibitory synapses. Loss of this collagen results not only in decreased inhibitory synapse number, but also in the acquisition of schizophrenia-related behaviors. Mechanistically, these studies reveal that a proteolytically released fragment of this collagen, termed a matricryptin, promotes the assembly of inhibitory nerve terminals through integrin receptors. Collectively, these studies not only identify roles for collagen-derived matricryptins in cortical circuit formation, but they also reveal a novel paracrine mechanism that regulates the assembly of these synapses.
Production of Oxalic Acid by Sclerotium Cepivorum During Infection of Onion

Sclerotium cepivorum, causal agent of white rot of onion, produced oxalic acid in culture and in infected onion tissue. The concentration of oxalic acid in infected onion sets was 3.3 mg per gram initial dry weight of onion tissue by 12 da after inoculation, at which time maceration of the onion sets was essentially complete. It is suggested that maceration of onions by S. cepivorum may be by synergistic action of oxalic acid and endopolygalacturonase, as has been shown in diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
"Stereoelectronic umpolung": converting a p-donor into a σ-acceptor via electron injection and a conformational change.

The para-OMe functional group, usually regarded as a conjugative p-donor, acts as an efficient hyperconjugative σ-acceptor in reductive cycloaromatization reactions. This apparent reversal of electronic properties is associated with a conformational change that aligns the σ*O–C orbital with the adjacent aromatic system and provides stabilization to the developing negative charge in the TS of the dianionic cyclization of enediynes. The chameleonic character of the OMe group illustrates the important role of negative hyperconjugation in anionic processes.
Autoinhibition of Conidium Germination in an Isolate of Bipolaris

Investigations on an isolate of Bipolaris sp. demonstrate that this fungus displays autoinhibition of conidium germination. Filtrates from 3-7-da-old agitated liquid cultures permitted germination in less than 5% of the conidia tested. Addition of nutrients to 5-da filtrates failed to overcome inhibition completely. The inhibitory activity of filtrates was unchanged by freezing, autoclaving, or concentration. An inverted-culture bioassay showed that the time course for the production of inhibitory factors in agar cultures was similar to that seen in liquid cultures, and that comparable patterns were observed when different carbon and nitrogen sources were tested. The germination of conidia of six Deuteromycetes and the sporangiospores of one zygomycete was delayed or inhibited when incubated on inverted-agar cultures of Bipolaris. Bipolaris conidia incubated on the upper surface of an actively growing colony yielded 3-5% germination at the center of the colony and 95-99% germination over the colony margin and uncolonized medium. Conidia incubated at densities greater than 10 X 102 spores/ml exhibited decreased germination percentages compared to more dilute suspensions. Growth of germ tubes was not as susceptible to the action of inhibitory filtrates as was conidium germination, and it was shown that conidia which had passed the latent period in germination were no longer susceptible to the inhibitor.
The western-type diet induces anti-HMGB1 autoimmunity in Apoe(-/-) mice.

Background and aims Anti-HMGB1 autoimmunity plays a role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Because SLE increases atherosclerosis, we asked whether the same autoimmunity might play a role in atherogenesis.
Structured Abstract: Toward an Understanding of Customer Citizenship Behavior—The Context of Airline Services (An Extended Abstract)

Customers often act in a service context by voluntarily helping other customers and the firm. This voluntary helping behavior is termed customer citizenship behavior in the service literature. Customer citizenship behavior (CCB) involves behavior that is outside of the customer’s required role for service delivery and consumption, but that is unsolicited, helpful, and constructive toward other customers and the firm (Bove et al. 2009). For example, customers may help other customers find a product and complete a survey for the firm (Groth 2005).
Corrosion Behavior of Mild Steel in Sour Environments at Elevated Temperatures

The objective of this work was to determine the corrosion rate of mild steel and characterize the corrosion products in sour environments at temperatures ranging from 80°C to 200°C. First, a H2S–H2O water chemistry model was developed based on available literature for a closed system at high temperature. Then, H2S corrosion tests were conducted at 80°C, 120°C, 160°C, and 200°C with an exposure time of 4 d. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) and weight loss (WL) methods were used to measure the corrosion rates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy microanalysis (SEM/EDS) were used to characterize the corrosion products and surface morphology. The results show that the initial corrosion rates increased with temperature then decreased as they achieved steady state. The corrosion product was comprised of two distinct layers. The inner corrosion product was always an iron oxide layer (hypothesized to be Fe3O4), while mackinawite, troilite, pyrrhot...
Don't tell me what to do! The anti-ought-to self and language learning motivation

Abstract Drawing on Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST), this study explores the motivational profiles of two L1-English-speaking advanced language learners of Chinese and Arabic. Through narrative inquiry, this study investigates the dynamic nature of each learner's language learning journey. Data were collected via interviews, which took place in informal environments. The interview instructions encouraged participants to tell their language learning story; there was no prompting of the “motivation” theme on the part of the interviewer; however, there was a focus on the implications of the “other” dimension (external influences, such as specific individuals and contexts). As such, this study examines the dynamicity of the potentially synergistic relationships of the ought-to and anti-ought-to selves. The main findings show that the anti-ought-to self has a “dominant” relationship with the context, in contrast to the “submissive” relationship of the ought-to self; the findings also illustrate the dynamicity of the psychological aspects of self, as these selves fluctuate throughout the language learning experience. Implications of this study include the importance of language educators understanding the relationship of the context to motivational development and change. The results also indicate that the anti-ought-to self could be the missing link to explanatory value of the L2MSS.
A Longitudinal Examination of the Directional Effects between Relationship Quality and Well-Being for a National Sample of U.S. Men and Women

The interaction between relationship quality and individual well-being has commonly been examined using a negative conceptualization of these constructs (e.g., relationship aggression and depression, respectively). The present study examines the direction of association between individual well-being and relationship quality. Specifically, we examined if this direction differed based on positive and negative conceptualizations of individual (i.e., life satisfaction and depression) and relationship (i.e., relationship satisfaction and conflict) well-being and how this differed for men and women. Using a series of cross-lagged path analyses across three time points, we found that relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction were mutually influential over time, but life satisfaction was only predictive of later conflict. Further, depression predicted both later relationship conflict and relationship satisfaction. Regarding gender differences, life satisfaction and relationship satisfaction exhibited a cyclical relationship for men but not for women. For women, but not men, depression was related to later relationship satisfaction. Taken together, these results suggest that nuances exist in the association between relationship quality and individual well-being depending on the conceptualization of the construct (negative vs. positive) and gender. More specifically, it appears that life satisfaction, or positive conceptualizations of well-being, may be more relevant to men’s relationship quality whereas depression, or negative conceptualizations of well-being, may be more relevant to women’s relationship quality. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Maximizing quality class time using computers for a flipped classroom approach

This study presents a two-course sequence of graduate instructional design courses that were developed and implemented using a flipped classroom model for both online and face-to-face contexts. This model is an instructional strategy that reverses what is traditionally done at home and what is done at school, such as watching video lectures at home and working authentic problems in class. The presentation will 1) demonstrate how the two courses were designed and developed, 2) share findings from student responses on surveys regarding perceptions and satisfaction with the new model, and 3) discuss the successes and challenges of implementing these courses.
Axial magnetic field injection in magnetized liner inertial fusion

MagLIF is a fusion concept using a Z-pinch implosion to reach thermonuclear fusion. In current experiments, the implosion is driven by the Z-machine using 19 MA of electrical current with a rise time of 100 ns. MagLIF requires an initial axial magnetic field of 30 T to reduce heat losses to the liner wall during compression and to confine alpha particles during fusion burn. This field is generated well before the current ramp starts and needs to penetrate the transmission lines of the pulsed-power generator, as well as the liner itself. Consequently, the axial field rise time must exceed hundreds of microseconds. Any coil capable of being submitted to such a field for that length of time is inevitably bulky. The space required to fit the coil near the liner, increases the inductance of the load. In turn, the total current delivered to the load decreases since the voltage is limited by driver design. Yet, the large amount of current provided by the Z-machine can be used to produce the required 30 T field b...
Rituals and Stereotypies

This group of behaviors constitutes third core feature of ASD. ABA is the most effective means of addressing the problems. The specific problems and research based interventions will be addressed.
State-space formulation for functional differential equations of neutral-type

We have extended earlier results concerning the well-posedness of FDEs on product spaces. In particular, we have presented sufficient conditions for the well-posedness of a large class of functional differential equations (NNFDE). This class contains the “standard” neutral and retarded functional differential equations and many weakly singular integro-differential equations. It appears that results in this paper can be applied to infinite delay problems by using proper weighting on the state-space.
Syntax-Guided Termination Analysis

We present new algorithms for proving program termination and non-termination using syntax-guided synthesis. They exploit the symbolic encoding of programs and automatically construct a formal grammar for symbolic constraints that are used to synthesize either a termination argument or a non-terminating program refinement. The constraints are then added back to the program encoding, and an off-the-shelf constraint solver decides on their fitness and on the progress of the algorithms. The evaluation of our implementation, called Freq-Term, shows that although the formal grammar is limited to the syntax of the program, in the majority of cases our algorithms are effective and fast. Importantly, FreqTerm is competitive with state-of-the-art on a wide range of terminating and non-terminating benchmarks, and it significantly outperforms state-of-the-art on proving non-termination of a class of programs arising from large-scale Event-Condition-Action systems.
Field evaluation of a dual rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus and treponemal syphilis rapid test in community-based clinics in Los Angeles and New York.

Abstract Introduction Dual human immunodeficiency virus/syphilis rapid diagnostic devices can play an important role in prevention efforts. The field performance of the INSTI Multiplex HIV-1/HIV-2/Syphilis Antibody Test (Multiplex) was evaluated. Methods Fingerstick whole blood was tested using the rapid test. A fourth-generation HIV laboratory assay and treponemal-specific laboratory assays were used as reference. Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) was used to stratify treponemal results. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results Overall, 274 patients participated. Sensitivity of the Multiplex for detection of HIV was 98.8% (95% CI, 93.4–100%), and specificity was 100% (95% CI, 98.1–100%). Sensitivity for detection of syphilis antibodies was 56.8% (95% CI, 44.7–68.2%), and specificity was 98.5% (95% CI, 95.7–99.7%). Sensitivity for treponemal antibodies improved with increasing RPR and was 100% (95% CI, 78.2–100%) among samples with RPR titers ≥1:8. Conclusions The Multiplex showed excellent performance for detection of HIV antibodies and increasing sensitivity for detection of treponemal antibody with increasing RPR titer.
Information Changes Everything: Implications for Society

This chapter explores the social implications of the patterns introduced earlier in the book. Efficiency in pricing and in the allocation of goods means more of us get what we really want, more of the time. That’s good. However, this efficiency comes with a price. It dramatically reduces what we traditionally call fairness , and this will become worse. We are not all viewed as equal by companies, and they will increasingly be able to treat us differently. They will have the information needed to dramatically reduce fairness. Should we accept this? Should we change our definition of fairness? Or do we need new social policies? In our new online world, every text you send, every search you make, every step you take, they’ll be watching you. But where do we draw the line? Big data aggregators note everything we do, and we can’t be certain that their use of the information helps us. Should we care? Should we protect ourselves from the integration, reuse, and sale of personal information? This chapter and the next one end the book with some suggestions for privacy regulation and proposes a few simple measures we can take to protect our own privacy and the privacy of our families.
Social context in police legitimacy: giving meaning to police/community contacts

The history of policing in the United States is a history of tension between the police and the public, especially in marginalised communities, where the legitimacy of the police and their interven...
Sexuality and Menopause: Unique Issues in Gynecologic Cancer.

ABSTRACT Objective To provide current evidence on treatment- and disease-related sexual health concerns of women with gynecologic cancers. Data Sources Literature from 2006–2017 from MEDLINE, and PubMed databases. Conclusion There are both physiologic and psychosocial sexual health sequelae among women treated for gynecologic cancer, including induced menopause. The management of symptoms requires communication between provider and patient because the effects can be long lasting and directly affect the patient's quality of life. Implications for Nursing Practice Assessment of and communication about potential sexual health changes should begin at the time of diagnosis of gynecologic malignancies and continue through survivorship.
The Unanswered Question in Tufts: What Was the Purchaser’s Basis?

Decided by the Supreme Court in 1983, Tufts v. Commissioner answered the question left open by the famous footnote 37 in Crane v. Commissioner (1947): when property encumbered by a nonrecourse liability is disposed of, it makes no difference in determining amount realized that the property’s value has declined substantially below the amount of the outstanding principal. As long as the nonrecourse obligation was a true loan to begin with, Crane stands for the proposition that the full amount of the obligation should be included in amount realized. Tufts, however, did not address how such a liability (i.e., one greater than the value of the property nominally securing the property) should be treated in the hands of the property’s purchaser - whether the Crane basis rule permits including the entire amount of the liability in basis; whether the basis should be limited to the property’s fair market value; or whether the basis should be zero on the ground that, for the purchaser, the liability is not a true loan at all. This article considers the three possibilities and comes out in favor of the last one.
Eavesdropping on a heterospecific alarm call in the giant root-rat (Tachyorytes macrocephalus), an important prey of the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis)

The giant root-rat of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia has been reported to have a mutualistic relationship with a passerine, which involves eavesdropping on its alarm call. We tested this in a field playback experiment. Besides the alarm call, we included two sounds potentially acting as alarm cues and one as a control. Little reaction of root-rats was detected to the bird alarm call. However, intensive reaction was detected to an alarm call of the black-clawed brush-furred rat, a social rodent often occupying root-rats’ burrows. This result is understandable given the two rodents have the same principal predator, the Ethiopian wolf.