cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A discontinuous enrichment method for capturing evanescent waves in multiscale fluid and fluid/solid problems

Abstract An evanescent wave is produced when a propagating incident wave impinges on an interface between two media or materials at a sub-critical angle. The sub-scale nature of such a wave makes it difficult to be captured computationally. In this paper, the Discontinuous Enrichment Method (DEM) developed in [C. Farhat, I. Harari, L.P. Franca, The discontinuous enrichment method, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 190 (2001) 6455–6479; C. Farhat, I. Harari, U. Hetmaniuk, A discontinuous Galerkin method with Lagrange multipliers for the solution of Helmholtz problems in the mid-frequency regime, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 192 (2003) 1389–1419; C. Farhat, I. Harari, U. Hetmaniuk, The discontinuous enrichment method for multiscale analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 192 (2003) 3195–3210; C. Farhat, R. Tezaur, P. Weidemann-Goiran, Higher-order extensions of a discontinuous Galerkin method for mid-frequency Helmholtz problems, Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 61 (2004) 1938–1956; C. Farhat, P. Wiedemann-Goiran, R. Tezaur, A discontinuous Galerkin method with plane waves and Lagrange multipliers for the solution of short wave exterior Helmholtz problems on unstructured meshes. New computational methods for wave propagation, Wave Motion 39(4) (2004) 307–317; L. Zhang, R. Tezaur, C. Farhat, The discontinuous enrichment method for elastic wave propagation in the medium-frequency regime, Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 66 (2006) 2086–2114; R. Tezaur, C. Farhat, Three-dimensional discontinuous Galerkin elements with plane waves and Lagrange multipliers for the solution of mid-frequency Helmholtz problems, Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 66 (2006) 796–815] is extended to a class of evanescent wave problems. New DEM elements are constructed by enriching polynomial approximations with free-space evanescent solutions in order to achieve high accuracy for problems with fluid/fluid or fluid/solid interfaces on which evanescent waves may occur. The new DEM elements are applied to the solution of various two-dimensional model problems with evanescent waves. Their performance is observed to be better than that of the basic Helmholtz type DEM elements, and superior to that of the classical higher-order polynomial finite element method.
Tall fescue seed extraction and partial purification of ergot alkaloids

Many substances in the tall fescue/endophyte association (Schedonorus arundinaceus/Epichloe coenophiala) have biological activity. Of these compounds only the ergot alkaloids are known to have significant mammalian toxicity and the predominant ergot alkaloids are ergovaline and ergovalinine. Because synthetically produced ergovaline is difficult to obtain, we developed a seed extraction and partial purification protocol for ergovaline/ergovalinine that provided a biologically active product. Tall fescue seed was ground and packed into several different sized columns for liquid extraction. Smaller particle size and increased extraction time increased efficiency of extraction. Our largest column was a 114 × 52 × 61 cm (W×L×D) stainless steel tub. Approximately 150 kg of seed could be extracted in this tub. The extraction was done with 80% ethanol. When the solvent front migrated to bottom of the column, flow was stopped and seed was allowed to steep for at least 48 h. Light was excluded from the solvent from the beginning of this step to the end of the purification process. Following elution, ethanol was removed from the eluate by evaporation at room temperature. Resulting syrup was freeze-dried. About 80% recovery of alkaloids was achieved with 18-fold increase in concentration of ergovaline. Initial purification of the dried product was accomplished by extracting with hexane/water (6:1, v/v) and the hexane fraction was discarded. The aqueous fraction was extracted with chloroform, the aqueous layer discarded, after which the chloroform was removed with a resulting 20-fold increase of ergovaline. About 65% of the ergovaline was recovered from the chloroform residue for an overall recovery of 50%. The resultant partially purified ergovaline had biological activities in in vivo and in vitro bovine bioassays that approximate that of synthetic ergovaline.
Measurability And Physical Laws

I propose and motivate a new account of fundamental physical laws, the Measurability Account of Laws (MAL). This account has a distinctive logical form, in that it takes the primary nomological concept to be that of a law relative to a given theory, and defines a law simpliciter as a law relative to some true theory. What makes a proposition a law relative to a theory is that it plays an indispensable role in demonstrating that some quantity posited by that theory is measurable. In Section 1, I motivate the project of seeking a philosophical account of fundamental physical laws, as opposed to laws of nature in general. In Section 2, I motivate seeking an account with the distinctive logical form of the MAL. In Section 3, I present the MAL and illustrate the way it works by applying it to a simple example.
Differences in X-Chromosome Transcriptional Activity and Cholesterol Metabolism between Placentae from Swine Breeds from Asian and Western Origins

To gain insight into differences in placental physiology between two swine breeds noted for their dissimilar reproductive performance, that is, the Chinese Meishan and white composite (WC), we examined gene expression profiles of placental tissues collected at 25, 45, 65, 85, and 105 days of gestation by microarrays. Using a linear mixed model, a total of 1,595 differentially expressed genes were identified between the two pig breeds using a false-discovery rate q-value ≤0.05. Among these genes, we identified breed-specific isoforms of XIST, a long non-coding RNA responsible X-chromosome dosage compensation in females. Additionally, we explored the interaction of placental gene expression and chromosomal location by DIGMAP and identified three Sus scrofa X chromosomal bands (Xq13, Xq21, Xp11) that represent transcriptionally active clusters that differ between Meishan and WC during placental development. Also, pathway analysis identified fundamental breed differences in placental cholesterol trafficking and its synthesis. Direct measurement of cholesterol confirmed that the cholesterol content was significantly higher in the Meishan versus WC placentae. Taken together, this work identifies key metabolic pathways that differ in the placentae of two swine breeds noted for differences in reproductive prolificacy.
A new method for the evaluation of reaction kinetics of immobilized enzymes investigated in single enzyme--Sepharose beads by microfluorometry.

Abstract A microfluorometric method is described which allows the turnover of fluorescein diacetate in single esterase-Sepharose beads to be measured by fluorometry of the reaction product fluorescein within the gel bead. The method also provides information on radial product profiles. Analogies with living cells as models of immobilized enzyme particles are discussed.
Typhoon June (1975) viewed by a scanning microwave spectrometer

Data were collected by the scanning microwave spectrometer onboard Nimbus 6 during the June 1975 typhoon in the Philippine Sea. The spectrometer was equipped with channels centered on 22.23 GHz (a water vapor band), 31.65 GHz (a transmittance window), and 52.85, 53.85, and 55.45 GHz (an oxygen band). Temperature maps, derived from oxygen band measurements, showed that the typhoon eye had a single peak varying in amplitude with time. Water line and window measurements were used to develop a coordinate system having mutually orthogonal atmospheric variables of column water-vapor content and cloud liquid-water content. Vapor measurements showed a maximum around the intensifying typhoon with a more developed structure during typhoon development. Values were extrapolated for surface wind speed and cloud liquid water vapor content by assuming the troposphere to be saturated with respect to the water vapor in the typhoon. Comparisons with infrared cloud imagery and aircraft flight data show different time variations, attributed to poor typhoon-eye resolution in the microwave images.
Effects of aldrin-transdiol — A metabolite of the insecticide dieldrin — On nerve membrane

Abstract The dieldrin metabolite aldrin-transdiol (5 × 10 −5 M) caused a blockae of the action potential and a depolarization of squid giant axon membrane. Under voltage clamp conditions the peak transient (sodium) current was suppressed to a much greater extent than the steady-state (potassium) current. The leakage current was increased by aldrin-transdiol. Dieldrin itself (10 −4 M) did not have any significant effect on squid giant axons. The present results strongly support the hypothesis that the insecticide dieldrin is firts converted to aldrin-transdiol before it can exert its neurotoxic action.
The use of radial distribution and pair‐correlation functions to analyze and describe biological aggregations

Patterns are pervasive in nature with many examples being found in both living and inanimate systems. While researchers recognize the importance of the behavior of individuals to the structure and shape of an aggregation, a major hurdle in describing aggregated organisms has been the difficulty of tracking the movement of individuals over time. Here we present an innovative application of an analytical technique derived from statistical mechanics (a subfield of physics) to describe the spatial distribution of grouped organisms. Radial distribution and pair-correlation functions are traditionally used by physicists to describe inert particle dynamics. This novel biological application allows one to infer the behavioral characteristics of individuals within a group based solely on the spatial distribution of the aggregate population. Additionally, the method allows one to determine the correlation length, the average maximum distance over which one individual may exert an influence on another member of the aggregation. The analytical technique presented here is also important in that it minimizes two problems that typically plague studies of grouped organisms: it eliminates the need to track the movements of individuals, and it partially takes into account the presence of occluded individuals. This technique also permits quantitative comparison between aggregations formed under various environmental and/or experimental conditions. Thus, this technique may be of value to resource managers, ecologists, and others working with grouped organisms (e.g., plankton swarms, schooling fish, flocking birds, or migratory mammals) who seek to gain information about factors influencing the structure and behavior of such groups.
Surf-zone ChlorophyllaVariability at Cassino Beach, Southern Brazil

Abstract Chlorophyll a , water temperature, salinity, seston weight and dissolved inorganic nutrients (silicate, phosphate, nitrite+nitrate) were measured every other day between 30 April and 31 July 1987, in the surf-zone at a fixed point of the exposed sandy beach Cassino (32°10′S, 52°10′W). Chlorophyll a variability showed two phases: (1) from 30 April to mid-May chlorophyll a concentration was variable but high, with concentrations up to 1647 μg l −1 , and brown coloured patches of the surf-zone diatom Asterionellopsis glacialis were conspicuous with cell concentration up to 7·09 10 8 cells l −1 ; (2) from mid-May to the end of July chlorophyll a concentration was low and brown coloured patches were not observed. The results of this study indicate that the mesoscale variability of chlorophyll a and accumulation of patches is primarily controlled by exogenous meteorological factors such as wind direction and velocity, where southerly onshore winds act as the main factor accumulating cells in the surf-zone at Cassino Beach.
Bounds for symmetric elliptic integrals

Lower and upper bounds for the four standard incomplete symmetric elliptic integrals are obtained. The bounding functions are expressed in terms of the elementary transcendental functions. Sharp bounds for the ratio of the complete elliptic integrals of the second kind and the first kind are also derived. These results can be used to obtain bounds for the product of these integrals. It is shown that an iterative numerical algorithm for computing the ratios and products of complete integrals has the second order of convergence.
Plato and the Modern American “Right”: Agendas, Assumptions, and the Culture of Fear

Madness is something rare in individuals—but in groups, parties, peoples, ages it is the rule. —Friedrich Nietzsche (1886/2003, 156) One of the most memorable parts of the Republic is Plato's (1992...
Numerical methods applicable to laser refraction through a caustic

Numerical computation of laser beam refraction may involve difficulties associated with ray paths through a caustic, where first-order amplitude values become infinite. We choose the special test case of a stratified gas, and compare the results obtained by numerical integration of the ray differential equations with both asymptotic results and direct numerical solution of the exact wave equation. A final section evaluates the numerical solution of a parabolic approximation to the Helmholtz equation, with particular reference to the effect of the caustic. The final conclusion is that, with appropriate safeguards, any of these methods can effectively deal with the presence of a caustic surface.
Ultrasonographic findings in hips with a positive Ortolani sign and their relationship to Pavlik harness failure.

Background: In developmental dysplasia, Pavlik harness treatment of hips with a positive Ortolani sign fails in up to 40% of such patients; however, no study has described factors for failure associated with ultrasonographic parameters. The goal of this study was to describe unique ultrasonographic markers in hips with a positive Ortolani sign that are associated with Pavlik harness failure. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all patients less than six months old who were treated for developmental dysplasia of the hip with a Pavlik harness from 1991 to 2005 at a single institution. Inclusion criteria for this study were patients with a hip that was dislocated but reducible (a positive Ortolani sign), treatment with a Pavlik harness, and an ultrasound examination performed within four weeks after the initiation of treatment. The initial coronal ultrasound studies were graded with use of the Graf classification, the percentage of femoral head coverage, labral morphology, and two new measurements: superior femoral head displacement relative to the labrum and total femoral head displacement. Results: Eighty-five patients with 115 hips fitting the inclusion criteria were identified. Pavlik harness treatment was successful in seventy-two hips (63%) and failed in forty-three hips (37%). Increased beta angle, decreased femoral head coverage, an inverted labrum, decreased superior femoral head displacement relative to the labrum, and decreased total femoral head displacement were significantly correlated with Pavlik harness failure (p < 0.001 for all). A finding of 0° of superior femoral head displacement relative to the labrum was seen in 98% of the hips with successful Pavlik harness treatment. Total femoral head displacement of less than −30° was found in 89% of the hips with a failure of Pavlik harness treatment. Conclusions: We identified two new objective measurements on static ultrasound examinations of the hip that are associated with the outcome of Pavlik harness treatment in patients with developmental dysplasia and a positive Ortolani sign. A femoral head positioned below the labrum is strongly associated with success of the Pavlik harness treatment, whereas a hip with a femoral head that is located substantially superior and lateral to the labrum is associated with Pavlik harness treatment failure. The presence of a deficient cartilaginous anlage and an inverted labrum may provide a pathoanatomical explanation for Pavlik harness treatment failure. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
RETURN ANALYSIS ON EQUIPMENT PAYOUT

SUMMARY This paper develops a method for computing a return ratio which can be of use in investment analysis. Definitions of some of the conventional return on assets calculations are given and the advantages of the proposed method are discussed, especially in regard to comparison of competing investments which involve different time periods. In the proposed method, an instantaneous return ratio is calculated. As a result, the return ratio becomes a function of time from which an average return is derived. Finally, comparisons of this method with those usually used are made, and the mathematical consistency of the method is established.
Factors Associated With Radiologists' Adherence to Fleischner Society Guidelines for Management of Pulmonary Nodules

Purpose In 2005, the Fleischner Society guidelines (FSG) for managing pulmonary nodules detected on CT scans were published. The aim of this study was to evaluate adherence to the FSG, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables that may contribute to adherence. Methods Radiology reports were randomly obtained for 1,100 chest and abdominal CT scans performed between January and June 2010 in a tertiary hospital's emergency department and outpatient clinics. An automated document retrieval system using natural language processing was used to identify patients with pulmonary nodules from the data set. Features relevant to evaluating variation in adherence to the FSG, including age, sex, race, nodule size, and scan site (eg, the emergency department) and type, were extracted by manual review from reports retrieved using natural language processing. All variables were entered into a logistic regression model. Results Three hundred fifteen reports were identified to have pulmonary nodules, 75 of which were for patients with concurrent malignancies or aged 4-mm to 6-mm nodule group ( P = .04) and progressively diminishing for smaller and bigger nodules. Conclusions Pulmonary nodules are prevalent findings on chest and abdominal CT scans. Although most radiologists recommend follow-up imaging for these findings, recommendations for pulmonary nodules were consistent with the FSG in 34% of radiology reports. Nodule size demonstrated an association with guideline adherence, after adjusting for key variables.
1700 METABOLIC EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE ADMINISTRATION IN THE ASPHYXIATED NEWBORN RAT

Brain injury resulting from birth asphyxia has been correlated with elevated CNS lactate levels. This study investigated the metabolic response of newborn rat pups to a glucose bolus given during normoxic recovery from asphyxia at birth. Three groups were studied: Group A-G, asphyxiated in 5% O2 first 20 min of life, given glucose 1 g/kg at 20 min; Group A-S asphyxiated as group A-G but given saline at 20 min; Group C-G kept in room air from birth, given glucose at 20 min. Blood and brain tissue were obtained at birth, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min. Plasma glucose peaked in all groups at 40 min age (A-G, 230±16; A-S, 100±4; C-G, 156±12 mg/dl; p<.001 for intergroup comparisons); whereas blood lactate was maximum in each group at 20 min (A-G, 18.9±0.7; A-S, 17.4±1.5; C-G, 9.9±1.2 mM/1; p=NS A-G vs A-S, p<.001 A-G or A-S vs C-G). Blood lactate/ pyruvate ratios also peaked at 20 min. Brain lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratios correlated directly with simultaneous blood values, with 20-min brain lactates being A-G 13.9±0.8, A-S 14.4±0.5 and C-G 7.1±0.9 mM/kg tissue; p=NS A-G vs A-S, p<.001 A-G or A-S vs C-G. Brain glucose reserves decreased with asphyxia and increased with glucose administration. Thus provision of glucose after an hypoxic insult increased available glucose but did not adversely affect tissue lactate or lactate/pyruvate ratios.
195Pt NMR of Platinum Electrocatalysts: Friedel−Heine Invariance and Correlations between Platinum Knight Shifts, Healing Length, and Adsorbate Electronegativity

The influence of a series of different ligands (H, O, S, CN-, CO, and Ru), electrochemically adsorbed onto carbon-supported nanoscale Pt particles, has been investigated by 195Pt NMR, in an electrochemical environment. The NMR Knight shifts from atoms in the interior of the particles are invariant to surface ligand adsorption, as expected by the Friedel−Heine invariance theorem. However, the shifts of the surface and subsurface atoms vary over a ∼11000 ppm range for the adsorbates investigated. The Knight shifts of the surface and subsurface platinum atoms, obtained by using an NMR layer-model simulation, linearly map the electronegativity of the adsorbate. These observations permit the derivation of a correlation between the “healing length” of the Pt metal, a parameter indicating how fast the bulk metal properties are recovered when moving in from the surface, and the electronegativity of the adsorbate, providing a new probe of electrocatalyst and heterogeneous catalyst surface electronic structure.
Formalin Fumigation of Hatchers by the Cheesecloth Method

Abstract EARLY studies on incubator sanitation and the use of formalin for fumigation have been reviewed by Bushnell and Payne (1931). The common procedure previous to 1932 was to liberate formaldehyde as a fumigant by pouring formalin over potassium permanganate. Graham and Michael (1932, a, b,) presented data which showed that formalin fumigation was more efficient when the formalin was evaporated from cheesecloth than when it was poured over potassium permanganate. Less than 50 percent as much formalin was required by the cheesecloth method, in two fumigations, to give the same results as obtained by the potassium permanganate method, in three fumigations. Furthermore, the use of potassium permanganate was eliminated. Since the extensive studies reported by Graham and associates (1932a, b) (1933a, b) (1936a, b, c, d) (1937), incubator models have been changed and separate hatchers have come into general use. Some hatcherymen have been using the early recommendations for incubator . . .
Gamma rays from globular clusters

Globular clusters are known to contain a relatively large number of pulsars whose individual and collective emission in the X-ray and gamma-ray energy bands may be detectable by the instruments on board the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO), ROSAT, and possibly SIGMA. We discuss the several types of high-energy emission expected from isolated and interacting binary pulsars in globular clusters. Individual or collective high-energy emission from isolated pulsars is expected to be too low to be detected with current instruments. However, a class of high-luminosity hidden millisecond pulsars enshrouded in the evaporating material from irradiated companion stars can produce unpulsed shock emission detectable by the high-sensitivity instruments of ROSAT and CGRO. Establishing upper limits of high-energy emission from globular clusters will be valuable in constraining models for the formation of cluster millisecond pulsars.
Active-site mobility inhibits reductive dehalogenation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane by cytochrome P450cam

Recent studies by Wackett and co-workers have shown that cytochrome P450cam is capable of reductively dehalogenating hexachloroethane at a significant rate, but that no appreciable dehalogenation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane is observed. A growing body of evidence indicates that differences in intrinsic reactivity can not completely explain this observation. We therefore explored the possible role of differences in preferred binding orientation and in active-site mobility. A detailed analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories with each of these substrates bound at the active site of P450cam is presented. While the dynamics and overall time-average structure calculated for the protein are similar in the two trajectories, the two substrates behave quite differently. The smaller substrate, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, is significantly more mobile than hexachloroethane and has a preferred orientation in which the substituted carbon is generally far from the heme iron. In contrast, for hexachloroethane, one of the chlorine atoms is nearly always in van der Waals contact with the heme iron, which should favor the initial electron transfer step.
Sex reassignment: male to female to male.

A male patient planned and achieved sex-reassignment surgery which subsequently proved to have been performed prematurely. Postoperatively, the patient experienced a sudden change of conviction and was confronted with the realization that he could not live as a woman. Threatened by suicide, he finally found a resolution to his dilemma by reverting to the male role. Similar mistakes in the future can be avoided if patients are required to rehabilitate in the new gender role prior to the irreversible step of genital surgery.
An Investigation of the Psychometric Properties of the MMPI–2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales With Mental Health Inpatients

In this study, we compared the internal psychometric properties and external correlates of the MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 2001; Tellegen et al., 2003) Restructured Clinical (RC) scales and corresponding MMPI-2 non-K-corrected Clinical scales in a sample of 280 men and 264 women admitted to inpatient psychiatric units. We evaluated the internal psychometric properties of the RC and Clinical scales by intercorrelation analyses and alpha coefficients. We investigated external correlates of scores from the RC and Clinical scales using selected chart variables, selected Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (Derogatis, 1983, 1994) items, and clinician ratings on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (Overall & Gorham, 1988). Results showed psychometric support for the RC scales in terms of improved intercorrelation patterns and comparable or greater alpha coefficients. Further, external correlational analyses revealed varying degrees of evidence of improvement in convergent and discriminant validity.
Mechanisms Responsible for Soybean Yield Response to Equidistant Planting Patterns

Increased soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] yields in narrow rows can occur without an increase in light interception during reproductive growth. Experiments were conducted for 3 yr in the field to investigate mechanisms responsible for this response. Two Maturity Group IV cultivars (Pennyrile, indeterminate growth habit, and Ripley, determinate growth habit) were grown in 0.76-m rows or an equidistant planting pattern (each plant 0.2 m from all neighboring plants) at a population or 27 plants m −2 . Seeds were planted on 5 June 1990, 22 May 1991 and 15 May 1992. The experiment included irrigated and nonirrigated treatments; however, rainfall was above normal every year, and there was no effect or irrigation on yield. Light interception at growth stage R2 was higher (14%) in the equidistant pattern for both cultivars but there was no difference at growth stage R5. Yield or Ripley in the equidistant pattern was significantly higher (9-19%) than the rows every year, while Pennyrile showed a significant increase only in 1990. The increase in yield occurred because of an increase in seeds per square meter; seeds per square meter was significantly linearly related to fertile nodes (nodes with at least one normal pod) per square meter for Ripley (r 2 = 0.42), but not Pennyrile. Ripley showed an increase in fertile nodes per square meter in the equidistant pattern but Pennyrile did not. The data suggest that the increase in seeds per square meter occurred as a result of a more efficient utilization of assimilate associated with more nodes per square meter
Radiative cascade of highly excited hydrogen atoms in strong magnetic fields

We have studied the radiative decay of atomic hydrogen in strong magnetic fields of up to $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$. We have followed the radiative cascade from completely $l,m$ mixed distributions of highly excited states as well as from distributions that involve highly excited states with $\ensuremath{\mid}m\ensuremath{\mid}\ensuremath{\sim}n$. We have found that the time it takes to populate the ground state is not affected by the magnetic field for the initial states with $n\ensuremath{\lesssim}20$. For higher $n$ manifolds, the electrons in the most negative $m$ states are substantially slowed down by the magnetic field resulting in a much longer lifetime. We show that less than 10% of the antihydrogen atoms with $n\ensuremath{\sim}35$ generated in antihydrogen experiments at $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ will decay to their ground states before they hit the wall of the vacuum container unless they are trapped. We have also found that the decay time is mainly determined by the fraction of atoms that were initially in highest negative $m$ states due to the fact that only $\ensuremath{\mid}\ensuremath{\Delta}m\ensuremath{\mid}+\ensuremath{\mid}\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\mid}=1$ transitions are allowed in the magnetic field. We give a semiclassical method for calculating the decay rates for circular states and show that when the initial states have high-$\ensuremath{\mid}m\ensuremath{\mid}$, semiclassical rates agree with the full quantum mechanical rates within a couple of percent for states with effective $n\ensuremath{\gtrsim}20$.
Language disabilities in children: Perceptual correlates

Although language disabilities in children manifest themselves as a failure to develop linguistic skills normally at or near the expected age, the underlying etiology of this prevalent developmental disorder is not well understood. Recent research studies provide empirical evidence that demonstrates a preponderance of basic perceptual disorders in some children with developmental language delay. These studies are reviewed and the possible role of specific perceptual impairments in various language disorders is discussed.
Why is the adrenal adrenergic

The adrenal gland is the body's primary source for epinephrine production and release, and the chromaffin cells that comprise the adrenal medulla possess all of the catecholamine biosynthetic machinery, including phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme synthesizing epinephrine from norepinephrine. In most species, epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the predominant neurotransmitter/neurohormone expressed by chromaffin cells. Present knowledge about "what makes the adrenal adrenergic" is derived from studies of normal and neoplastic adrenal medullary tissue and cells, with the PNMT gene serving as a marker of adrenergic function. The preference for adrenergic expression occurs, in part, because of the juxtaposition of adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex, as the cortex provides high circulating levels of glucocorticoids to the medulla. However, although glucocorticoids and the activated glucocorticoid receptor clearly are critical elements, they are apparently not the sole components defining the adrenergic phenotype. Other factors may include several transcriptional activators of the PNMT gene: Egr-1, AP2, Sp1, and MAZ. The existence of transcription factors that silence PNMT expression in noradrenergic cells has also been postulated. Understanding the requirements for adrenergic expression may provide important insights and potential therapies for disorders in which adrenergic/catecholaminergic dysfunction leads to illnesses refractory to present treatment strategies.
Rotational-flow analysis of plane right-angle bends

Nach einem Verfahren, das als “Methode der gefrorenen Wirbel” bezeichnet wird, werden ebene Stromungen durch einen Krummer berechnet. Der Grundgedanke des Verfahrens besteht darin, die Wirbelstarke naherungsweise als eine Funktion der Stromfunktion allein anzusetzen. Man wird so auf eine Poisson-Gleichung fur die Stromfunktion gefuhrt. Die Rechnungen werden durchgefuhrt fur Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen im Eintrittsquerschnitt, die der ausgebildeten laminaren und turbulenten Stromung entsprechen. Am Beispiel der Laminarstromung wird der Einfluss vorgegebener Wirbelverteilungen und Ausflussbedingungen auf die Stromung in den verschiedenen Bereichen des durchstromten Raumes untersucht. Bei den Berechnungen mit Geschwindigkeitsprofilen, die der turbulenten Stromung entsprechen, wurden zudem die Einflusse der Krummung und der Art der Zustromung betrachtet, wobei der Krummungsradius vom 0,75fachen bis zum 4fachen der Kanalbreite variiert wurde. Das Verhaltnis des Mittelwertes der Geschwindigkeit im Eintrittsquerschnitt zur Geschwindigkeit in der Mitte dieses Querschnittes erweist sich dabei als ein hydrodynamisch charakteristischer Parameter, wahrend die Annahmen uber die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung am Austritt nur von geringfugigem Einfluss sind. Bei scharfer Krummung und ungleichmassigen Geschwindigkeitsprofilen tritt Stromungsablosung an der Aussenwand auf. Ablosungserscheinungen an der Innenwand — die praktisch beobachtet werden — liefert diese Theorie nicht, womit die Grenzen ihrer Anwendbarkeit in Erscheinung treten.
Compensation of Wave Actuator Dynamics for Nonlinear Systems

The problem of stabilization of PDE-ODE cascades has been solved in the linear case for several PDE classes, whereas in the nonlinear case the problem has been solved only for the transport/delay PDE, namely for compensation of an arbitrary delay at the input of a nonlinear plant. Motivated by a specific engineering application in off-shore drilling, we solve the problem of stabilization of the cascade of a wave PDE with a general nonlinear ODE. Due to the presence of nonlinearities of arbitrary growth and the time-reversibility of the wave PDE, and due to the possibility of using arguments based on Lyapunov functionals or explicit solutions, several stability analysis approaches are possible. We present stability results in the $H_{2}\times H_{1}$ and $C^{1}\times C^{0}$ norms for general nonlinear ODEs, as well as in the $H_{1}\times L_{2}$ norm for linear ODEs. We specialize our general design for wave PDE-ODE cascades to the case of a wave PDE whose uncontrolled end does not drive an ODE but is instead governed by a nonlinear Robin boundary condition (a “nonlinear spring,” as in the friction law in drilling). This is the first global stabilization result for wave equations that incorporate non-collocated destabilizing nonlinearities of superlinear growth. We present two numerical examples, one with a nonlinear ODE and one with a nonlinear spring at the uncontrolled boundary of the wave PDE.
Functional mapping of an AcNPV immediately early gene which augments expression of the IE-1 trans-activated 39K gene

Abstract An early gene which augments the expression of the delayed early/late 39K gene of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) was identified by functional mapping. Transient expression of the plasmid p39CAT, containing the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase coding sequences under the control of the promoter of the 39K protein, was observed in cells cotransfected with AcNPV DNA digested with several restriction endonucleases. However, when p39CAT was cotransfected with viral DNA digested with Bg /II restriction endonuclesse, no CAT activity could be detected. To map the location of the Bg /II-sensitive sequences required for efficient expression of 39CAT, p39CAT and Bg /II-digested viral DNA were contransfected with a Pst l library of AcNPV DNA. The Pst l-N fragment restored 39CAT activity. A major early 1.3-kb transcript from this fragment was mapped by S1 nuclease analysis. Transient assay experiments indicated that this major transcript of the Pst l-N fragment was produced by an immediate early gene, named IE-N. The Pst l-N fragment alone did not activate expression of p39CAT but was required when IE-1 was present in limiting quantities.
Patterns of ancestry and genetic diversity in reintroduced populations of the slimy sculpin: implications for conservation

Reintroductions are a common approach for preserving intraspecific biodiversity in fragmented landscapes. However, they may exacerbate the reduction in genetic diversity initially caused by population fragmentation because the effective population size of reintroduced populations is often smaller and reintroduced populations also tend to be more geographically isolated than native populations. Mixing genetically divergent sources for reintroduction purposes is a practice intended to increase genetic diversity. We documented the outcome of reintroductions from three mixed sources on the ancestral composition and genetic variation of a North American fish, the slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus). We used microsatellite markers to evaluate allelic richness and heterozygosity in the reintroduced populations relative to computer simulated expectations. Sculpins in reintroduced populations exhibited higher levels of heterozygosity and allelic richness than any single source, but only slightly higher than the single most genetically diverse source population. Simulations intended to mimic an ideal scenario for maximizing genetic variation in the reintroduced populations also predicted increases, but they were only moderately greater than the most variable source population. We found that a single source contributed more than the other two sources at most reintroduction sites. We urge caution when choosing whether to mix source populations in reintroduction programs. Genetic characteristics of candidate source populations should be evaluated prior to reintroduction if feasible. When combined with knowledge of the degree of genetic distinction among sources, simulations may allow the genetic diversity benefits of mixing populations to be weighed against the risks of outbreeding depression in reintroduced and nearby populations.
Microarray gene analysis of the liver in a rat model of chronic, voluntary alcohol intake

The mechanisms underlying alcoholic liver disease are not fully understood. It has been established that alcohol interferes with transcriptional and translational regulatory steps of cell function. To understand such an effect, assessment of alcohol-induced changes in the simultaneous expression of a large number of genes may prove very useful. The purpose of the current study was to test a large number of genes (∼8,700) for possible changes in expression induced by alcohol alone or in addition to treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a putative mediator of alcohol effects on the liver. Male rats were fed an alcohol-containing liquid diet (Lieber–DeCarli) for 14–15 weeks, injected with Escherichia coli LPS (0.8 mg·kg 1 ), and killed 24 h later. Blood samples were taken for determination of plasma liver enzyme activity, and liver samples were obtained for histologic evaluation and total RNA extraction. Total RNA was analyzed for gene expression (Rat Toxicology U34 Array; Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Of 8,740 genes on the microchip, 2,259 were expressed in the liver. Seven hundred ninety-eight genes underwent significant changes induced by either alcohol or LPS, but listed in this article are only those that significantly increased or decreased expression twofold or more. The genes were assigned to functional groups and reviewed. Gene changes were discussed from two viewpoints: relevance to established hypotheses of alcohol and LPS mechanisms of action and revealing of novel mechanisms of alcohol-induced liver injury. Application of DNA microarray technology to the study of alcoholinduced liver injury generated novel theoretical and experimental approaches to alcohol-induced liver injury. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Hypnotherapy of Psychogenic Hearing Loss in Children

(1958). Hypnotherapy of Psychogenic Hearing Loss in Children. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 9-13.
Characterization of Novel Virulent Broad-Host-Range Phages of Xylella fastidiosa and Xanthomonas

The xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of several plant diseases, most notably Pierce's disease of grape and citrus variegated chlorosis. We report the isolation and characterization of the first virulent phages for X. fastidiosa, siphophages Sano and Salvo and podophages Prado and Paz, with a host range that includes Xanthomonas spp. Phages propagated on homologous hosts had observed adsorption rate constants of ~4 × 10(-12) ml cell(-1) min(-1) for X. fastidiosa strain Temecula 1 and ~5 × 10(-10) to 7 × 10(-10) ml cell(-1) min(-1) for Xanthomonas strain EC-12. Sano and Salvo exhibit >80% nucleotide identity to each other in aligned regions and are syntenic to phage BcepNazgul. We propose that phage BcepNazgul is the founding member of a novel phage type, to which Sano and Salvo belong. The lysis genes of the Nazgul-like phage type include a gene that encodes an outer membrane lipoprotein endolysin and also spanin gene families that provide insight into the evolution of the lysis pathway for phages of Gram-negative hosts. Prado and Paz, although exhibiting no significant DNA homology to each other, are new members of the phiKMV-like phage type, based on the position of the single-subunit RNA polymerase gene. The four phages are type IV pilus dependent for infection of both X. fastidiosa and Xanthomonas. The phages may be useful as agents for an effective and environmentally responsible strategy for the control of diseases caused by X. fastidiosa.
Oxygen utilization by elk calves during horizontal and vertical locomotion compared to other species

Abstract 1. 1. The cost of locomotion by 5 elk calves (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) was expressed by the following equations: M = 0.38 + 0.22 V on the level, M = 0.61 + 0.27 V on a 4.2° incline up, M = 0.45 + 0.20 V on a 4.2° incline down, M = 0.81 + 0.34 V and M = 0.46 + 0.15 V on 11.7° incline up and down correspondingly (M = ml O2/ghr, V = km/hr). 2. 2. The net cost of locomotion on the level for mammals was found to be S = 6.35 W−0.34 (S = ml O2/g km, W = weight in g). 3. 3. A method to compare the efficiency of moving on inclines for different animals is suggested.
Digital imaging of sediment cores for archives and research

A system is described for digitally imaging split sediment cores that is relatively inexpensive, simple, and provides an image of the core that can be used for quantitative measurements as well as for archiving. The system is composed of a Macintosh computer equipped for 24-bit color, a large-volume storage medium, a Hi-8 video camera, and a digital framegrabber.
Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of sublingual buprenorphine, alone or in combination with naloxone: lack of dose proportionality.

Objective: Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone combinations are effective pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence, but doses are considerably greater than analgesic doses. Because dose-related buprenorphine opioid agonist effects may plateau at higher doses, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of expected therapeutic doses. Design: The first experiment examined a range of sublingual buprenorphine solution doses with an ascending dose design (n = 12). The second experiment examined a range of doses of sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone tablets along with one dose of buprenorphine alone tablets with a balanced crossover design (n = 8). Participants: Twenty nondependent, opioid-experienced volunteers. Methods: Subjects in the solution experiment received sublingual buprenorphine solution in single ascending doses of 4, 8, 16 and 32mg. Subjects in the tablet experiment received sublingual tablets combining buprenorphine 4, 8 and 16mg with naloxone at a 4: 1 ratio or buprenorphine 16mg alone, given as single doses. Plasma buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine and naloxone concentrations and pharmacodynamic effects were measured for 48–72 hours after administration. Results: Buprenorphine concentrations increased with dose, but not proportionally. Dose-adjusted areas under the concentration-time curve for buprenorphine 32mg solution, buprenorphine 16mg tablet and buprenorphine/naloxone 16/4mg tablet were only 54 ± 16%, 70 ± 25% and 72 ± 17%, respectively, of that of the 4mg dose of sublingual solution or tablet. No differences were found between dose strengths for most subjective and physiological effects. Pupil constriction at 48 hours after administration of solution did, however, increase with dose. Subjects reported greater intoxication with the 32mg solution dose, even though acceptability of the 4mg dose was greatest. Naloxone did not change the bioavailability or effects of the buprenorphine 16mg tablet. Conclusion: Less than dose-proportional increases in plasma buprenorphine concentrations may contribute to the observed plateau for most pharmacodynamic effects as the dose is increased.
Information Flow Based Decomposition of Decision-Making Problems Involving Partial Observability

Abstract Industrial planning and scheduling decisions are often inter-dependent. For example, planning level capacity allocation decisions affect production scheduling. While independent decision rules fail to address the above mentioned inter-dependence, simultaneous consideration of all interactions leads to a very large problem, which is oftentimes computationally intractable. In this study, we demonstrate, in the context of a machine maintenance problem for a reentrant flow system, a middle-ground approach by recognizing paths of strong information flow and then systematically decomposing the problem to be able to obtain a computationally tractable problem yielding a near-optimal decision policy. In the process, we make combined use of rigorous probability theories, approximate dynamic programming and simulation based rules.
Attributional conflict between managers and subordinates: An investigation of leader-member exchange effects

The present study investigated the discrepancies, or conflict, between the attributions of leaders and members as a function of LMX quality and explored the relation between attributional conflict and subordinate job satisfaction, perceptions of equity, and turnover intentions. Data for the study were provided by 141 supervisor-subordinate dyads from the managerial ranks of a large manufacturing organization. Both parties of the dyad made attributions for subordinate loyalty, affect, and contributions, member behaviors identified as critical in previous LMX research. Limited support emerged for the hypothesis that attributional conflict would be greater in dyads where subordinates reported lower rather than higher LMX quality. Findings suggested that attributional discrepencies are due, in part, to the tendency of leaders to make more favorable attributions for subordinates reporting higher LMX quality than for subordinates reporting lower LMX quality. Results also revealed that, while attributional conflict was negatively related to subordinate satisfaction and perceptions of equity and positively related to turnover intentions, attributional conflict did not predict subordinate work outcomes when the effects of LMX quality were controlled. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Structure and function of endothelial caveolae.

Caveolae are spherical invaginations of the plasma membrane and associated vesicles that are found at high surface densities in most cells, endothelia included. Their structural framework has been shown to consist of oligomerized caveolin molecules interacting with cholesterol and sphingolipids. Caveolae have been involved in many cellular functions such as endocytosis, signal transduction, mechano-transduction, potocytosis, and cholesterol trafficking. Some confusion still persists in the field with respect to the relationship between caveolae and the lipid rafts, which have been involved in many of the above functions. In addition to all these, endothelial caveolae have been involved in capillary permeability by their participation in the process of transcytosis. This short review will focus on their structure and components, methods used to determine these components, and the role of caveolae in the transendothelial exchanges between blood plasma and the interstitial fluid.