cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite element analysis of a mandibular model

A two-dimensional finite element model of a mandibular quadrant was used to examine the stresses and displacements resulting from a 100 N load placed as follows: (i) distributed on the second molar, (ii) concentrated at 30 degrees to the vertical on the second molar, and (iii) distributed on the second premolar and second molar. Each tooth was supported by periodontal ligaments, cortical and cancellous bone. The modulus and Poisson's ratios for each material were selected from accepted values. The principal stresses were determined throughout the model, with special emphasis being placed for elements in the immediate vicinity of the teeth mentioned above. It was found that for the case where the load was uniformly distributed on the second molar the stresses sigma min were mostly compressive (-) in nature while sigma max were mostly tensile (+). In the case where the load was concentrated and at 30 degrees to the vertical, the magnitude of the stresses were three to five times greater and the pattern less uniform than those resulting from the distributed load. The concentrated load at 30 degrees to the vertical resulted in higher bending stresses than the distributed load and hence higher sigma max stresses.
Early postnatal alcohol exposure produced long-term deficits in brain weight, but not the number of neurons in the locus coeruleus

The locus coeruleus (LC), a small nucleus in the pontine tegmentum with clusters of norepinephrine (NE) containing neurons, projects to more brain regions than any other nucleus in the central nervous system. Therefore, any neuroanatomical deficits in the LC may have wide-ranging functional implications. Previous studies have shown that heavy alcohol exposure during development can damage several brain regions receiving extensive innervation from the LC (e.g., cerebellum and olfactory bulb). In this study, we examined the effects of early alcohol exposure during development on neuronal numbers in the LC of the adult rat. Sprague-Dawley rat pups were reared using artificial rearing techniques during the brain growth spurt period (part of the third trimester equivalent). The pups in the alcohol group received 4.5 g/kg per day in two of their 12 daily feedings from postnatal days (PDs) 4-9. Gastrostomy and suckle control groups were also included. On PD 90, the animals were sacrificed and their brains were processed for stereological cell counting. Whole brain weight, the number of neurons in the LC, the volume and neuronal density of the LC were assessed. There was a significant reduction in whole brain weight of the alcohol group compared with that of the gastrostomy control group, demonstrating a long lasting effect of alcohol on overall brain growth. Nevertheless, there were no differences in neuronal number, density and volume of the LC between alcohol and gastrostomy groups. Results were discussed in relation to the issues of temporal and regional vulnerabilities.
Superhydrophobicity-Enabled Interfacial Microfluidics on Textile

Capillary-driven microfluidics, utilizes the capillary force generated by fibrous hydrophilic materials (e.g., paper and cotton) to drive biological reagents, has been extended to various biological and chemical analyses recently. However, the restricted capillary-driving mechanism persists to be a major challenge for continuous and facilitated biofluidic transport. In this abstract, we have first introduced a new interfacial microfluidic transport principle to automatically and continuously drive three-dimensional liquid flows on a micropatterned superhydrophobic textile (MST). Specifically, the MST platform utilizes the surface tension-induced Laplace pressure to facilitate the liquid motion along the fibers, in addition to the capillary force existing in the fibrous structure. The surface tension-induced pressure can be highly controllable by the sizes of the stitching patterns of hydrophilic yarns and the confined liquid volume. Moreover, the fluidic resistances of various configurations of connecting fibers are quantitatively investigated. Furthermore, a demonstration of the liquid collection ability of MST has been demonstrated on an artificial skin model. The MST can be potentially applied to large volume and continuous biofluidic collection and removal.
Biosynthesis of d-Alanyl-Lipoteichoic Acid: The Tertiary Structure of apo-d-Alanyl Carrier Protein†,‡

The D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) allows the Gram-positive organism to modulate its surface charge, regulate ligand binding, and control the electromechanical properties of the cell wall. The incorporation of D-alanine into LTA requires the D-alanine:D-alanyl carrier protein ligase (AMP-forming) (Dcl) and the carrier protein (Dcp). The high-resolution solution structure of the 81-residue (8.9 kDa) Dcp has been determined by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR. An ensemble of 30 structures was calculated using the torsion angle dynamics approach of DYANA. These calculations utilized 3288 NOEs containing 1582 unique nontrivial NOE distance constraints. Superposition of residues 4-81 on the mean structure yields average atomic rmsd values of 0.43 +/- 0.08 and 0.86 +/- 0.09 A for backbone and non-hydrogen atoms, respectively. The solution structure is composed of three alpha-helices in a bundle with additional short 3(10)- and alpha-helices in intervening loops. Comparisons of the three-dimensional structure with the acyl carrier proteins involved in fatty acid, polyketide, and nonribosomal peptide syntheses support the conclusion that Dcp is a homologue in this family. While there is conservation of the three-helix bundle fold, Dcp has a higher enthalpy of unfolding and no apparent divalent metal binding site(s), features that distinguish it from the fatty acid synthase acyl carrier protein of Escherichia coli. This three-dimensional structure also provides insights into the D-alanine ligation site recognized by Dcl, as well as the site which may bind the poly(glycerophosphate) acceptor moiety of membrane-associated LTA.
The Role of Vestibular Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Meniere's Disease

Objective To study the role of vestibular rehabilitation is treating patients with Meniere’s disease. Methods We examined all Meniere’s patients presenting to our tertiary care specialized vestibular clinic during a 1-year period. All patients underwent a standardized history and physical examination, a complete auditory-vestibular test battery, and a set of physical therapy tools to measure balance function. Results A subset of patients suffered from disequilibrium or unsteadiness between attacks. Once the acute fluctuating symptoms of Meniere’s were controlled in this group of individuals, all of them underwent vestibular physical therapy and demonstrated significant improvement in balance function on both objective and self-report tests. Conclusions Due to the fluctuating nature of the disorder, vestibular physical therapy has had a limited role in the treatment of Meniere’s disease. In general, rehabilitation has been used only as a postoperative treatment for the acute vertigo seen after vestibular neurectomy or labyrinthectomy. This is the first report advocating the role of vestibular physical therapy in a group of patients receiving medical therapy of intraear medicines (other that gentamicin).
Onset of linear field dependence of the transverse magnetoresistance in a polycrystalline metal

Abstract The linear field dependence of the transverse magnetoresistance of a polycrystalline uncompensated metal with an open Fermi surface is said to arise from a contrast between extended and truly open orbits. We show that in the intermediate-field regime this is incorrect for Cu at least, where the linear dependence is initiated by the transition to the high-field condition of electrons in closed orbits.
Prolonged deterioration of ischemic brain energy metabolism and acidosis associated with hyperglycemia: Human cerebral infarction studied by serial 31P NMR spectroscopy

We report on a patient with a large ischemic hemispherical stroke studied serially by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Persistent hyperglycemia was associated with prolonged acidosis in ischemic brain and failure of high-energy phosphate metabolism to recover. These in vivo human data support the concept that hyperglycemia adversely affects ischemic brain metabolism, pH, and clinical outcome.
Visual field deficits in cats reared with cyclodeviations of the eyes.

Visual fields of ten cats which had one or both eyes rotated at 8 days of age were measured by two forms of perimetry and compared to visual fields of two normal cats and of four cats with monocular rotations at 16 days, 3 months or 6 months of age. All animals showed excellent localization of visual stimuli and responded to the actual location of stimuli in space rather than to the retinal locus normally associated with that location. In cats with monocular rotations, the field of the normal eye was always normal, extending from 90 ° ipsilateral to 30 ° contralateral. Cats with rotations of one eye at 3 or 6 months of age had essentially normal fields in the rotated eye as well, while cats with surgery at 8 or 16 days had restricted horizontal fields. They responded only to stimuli in the ipsilateral hemifield; they were blind in the contralateral hemifield. Their superior and inferior visual fields were normal. The field deficits related consistently to visual field coordinates and not to the angle or direction of rotation. In cats with binocular rotations the visual field of at least one eye extended across the midline. Thus, the extent of the field depended upon sensorimotor experiences of the cat both before and after surgery. It is argued that these monocular field deficits have a central origin, not a retinal one.
Scientists not immune to partisanship.

The Editorial by B. Alberts (“A scientific approach to policy,” 5 December 2008, p. [1435][1]) persists in promoting a long-refuted notion that scientists constitute an apolitical elite that will, by bypassing partisanship and ideology, improve policy-making. Although the three “scientific
Uma interpretação da economia bizantina

(primeiro paragrafo do artigo) Acreditando ser valida a aplicacao do moderno instrumental de analise economica a epocas passadas, tentaremos verificar na historia bizantina a existencia daquilo que se convencionou chamar de crescimento economico. Devemos, no entanto, atentar para que a utilizacao de conceitos modernos a periodos cujas oticas eram, claro, diferentes da nossa, nao distorcam a realidade historica. Para tanto, deve-se procurar compreender como os homens de um determinado momento historico viam sua propria epoca, como encaravam a economia e quais eram suas espectativas a respeito. Seguros assim de que nao estaremos impingindo nossos valores a outros tempos, poderemos entao lancar mao dos modernos metodos de estudo, entendendo que eles nos darao apenas uma interpretacao atual sobre uma epoca que absolutamente nao via as coisas deste prisma. Assim, o historiador tera a sua disposicao uma especie de denominador comum que permitira uma verdadeira historia comparada das economias e nao apenas uma enumeracao e descricao dos fatos e dados economicos passados.
Cancer of the ovary; results of experiments in 79 cases.

Summary The results of treatment in a small series of cases of cancer of the ovary are reported : 11·8 per cent of 59 cases which were given at least one post-operative course of irradiation were arrested for five years. In addition, about one-half of all the irradiated cases showed worth-while palliation following treatment. These results are inferior to some reported in the literature, and a little superior to others. They could presumably have been improved by earlier diagnosis, more radical surgical treatment, plus more extensive radiological therapy. Complete hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy had not been performed in all our cases, and is definitely the operation of choice. Roentgen radiation to tolerance was given in less than half. While granting that these results could be improved, it must be observed that some of the figures published in the literature are sufficiently high to raise a reasonable question regarding the criteria used for the histological diagnosis of malignancy. It is generally agreed that the criteria for ovarian tumours are not yet very precise. It is therefore probable that some series contain larger proportions of questionably malignant tumours than do others. Post-operative irradiation appears to increase the 5-year survival rate to a significant degree in ‘ comparable ' series of cases. Most authors recommend that irradiation be given in all except clearly localized Stage I lesions ; perhaps it should be used even in those when the microscopical examination reveals a very anaplastic growth. The optimum dosage and technique will vary according to the presumed extent of residual tumour, the type of that tumour, the size of the patient, and the tolerance to irradiation. A tumour dose of 1500–2500 r in 20–30 days is desirable as an initial course in the average case. Subsequent treatment should be given as indicated by the individual circumstances. As many as 2 or 3 such courses are feasible over a period of several years, but the initial course is probably the most important one in irradiation control. ‘ Routine ' post-operative treatment is not recommended. In well-differentiated Stage I lesions and in advanced or terminal Stage IV cases, irradiation should probably be omitted. In most other cases, carefully individualized post-operative roentgentherapy will aid in increasing comfort and prolonging life.
Selling the state: State branding as a political resource in South Africa

While states have long marketed themselves to promote tourism and economic development, we are now witnessing their use of modern marketing techniques as an explicit political tool. In essence, states are creating and deploying a ‘brand’ to advance foreign policy goals. I examine how South Africa has attempted to use its Brand South Africa campaign, a public–private programme administered by the quasi-governmental International Marketing Council of South Africa, to achieve specific foreign policy objectives. I discuss why South Africa might use this tool, how it has been successful and what its limitations might be.
Structure of minimum-time control law for robotic manipulators with constrained paths

The authors address the problem of the structure of minimum-time control (MTC) of robotic manipulators along a specified geometric path subject to hard control constraints. By using the extended Pontryagin minimum principle (EPMP) and a set of parameterized robot dynamic equations, it is shown that the structure of the minimum-time control law requires that one and only one control torque is always in saturation on every finite time interval along its time-optimal trajectory, while the rest of the torques are adjusted so that the path constraint on the motion is not violated. This is in contrast to the point-to-point minimum-time control law, which requires that at least one of the control torques is always in saturation. Simulation results are presented to verify the structure of the MTC law. >
Counterpropagating second-harmonic generation: a new technique for the investigation of molecular chirality at surfaces

The theoretical and experimental investigation of a new chiral second-harmonic generation technique that utilizes a counterpropagating optical geometry was conducted. The counterpropagating optical geometry employed here can effectively separate the chiral and achiral contributions to the SH emission, which cannot be easily accomplished under a copropagating geometry. The technique was applied to an experimental investigation of the molecular adsorption of (R)-(+)-1, 1′-bi-2-naphthol to a planar-supported lipid bilayer of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphotidylcholine. A strong chiral second-harmonic generation response was observed when a single enantiomer intercalated into the membrane, but showed no chiral response when equal concentrations of the enantiomers were present in the bilayer.
Comparison of primary closure of incisional hernias in horses with and without the use of prosthetic mesh support.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Repair of incisional hernias in horses has been described previously; however, this report describes the outcome of primary closure of incisional hernias in a large number of horses and compares these results with those of mesh implantation. Objective: To report the perioperative care, complications and long-term outcome of primary closure of incisional hernias in horses and to compare these results with a second population of horses in which prosthetic mesh was used. Methods: Medical records of horses undergoing an incisional herniorrhaphy between 1998 and 2009 were reviewed. Information obtained included case details, factors from the initial surgery that contributed to the hernia formation, method of hernia repair and outcome. Comparisons between horses with and without mesh were made using logistic regression. Results: Thirty-eight horses with primary closure and 9 horses with mesh implantation met inclusion criteria. Long-term follow-up for cases in which a mesh was not used was available for 25 cases; of these, 21 horses (84%) had a normal cosmetic appearance and 4 (16%) had a visible defect. There was no significant difference between the 2 repair methods in terms of age, sex, breed, weight, size of the hernia, number of defects, timing of the repair or cosmetic outcome. Horses in which a mesh was used had significantly longer duration of surgery and hospitalisation, and were significantly more likely to develop post operative complications while having a longer duration of convalescence prior to return to use. Conclusions: Primary apposition of incisional hernias in horses without the use of mesh support appears to result in a good cosmetic outcome while avoiding the complications associated with mesh implantation in this population of horses. Potential relevance: Surgical time, duration of hospitalisation, and post operative complications may be reduced by using this technique of primary repair and avoiding mesh implantation.
Self-Selection in Home Choice: Use of Treatment Effects in Evaluating Relationship Between Built Environment and Travel Behavior

The role of self-selection in shaping travel patterns, by affecting one's home location choice, is a critical issue. Developers, planners, and policy makers regularly debate to what extent the built environment and land use patterns can alleviate roadway congestion, greenhouse gas emissions, and myriad other urban problems. A study illustrates the use of Heckman's latent index model to ascertain travel impacts of neighborhood type in Austin, Texas. Under this approach, self-selection is formulated as sample selection bias in receiving a treatment. Here, treatment is defined to be one's residence in a suburban or rural zone, rather than Austin's central business district (CBD) and nearby urban zones. This approach of treatment or no-treatment is a meaningful advance in models of self-selection effects and requires estimation of three straightforward models. Depending on model specification used, results suggest that at least half (58% to 90%) of the differences in vehicle miles traveled observed between si...
Access to Speech-Language Pathology Services for African-American Clients with Aphasia: A Qualitative Study

The purpose of this article is to report the perceptions and experiences of family members of five African-American clients with aphasia as they accessed speech-language pathology services. Client ...
Generic electric machine thermal model development using an automated finite difference approach

The paper has shown the development of a generic model for the thermal analysis of stator geometries that when base lined against a standard thermal analysis program has shown similar accuracy and reduced computational time. This paper has also shown a technique for transforming typical stator geometries to a simplified geometry in polar coordinates.
A field study of retrolental fibroplasia in Maryland.

A field study of prematures born in Maryland in 1952 showed that 5.5% of infants with a birth weight under 2000 grams had residual lesions of retrolental fibroplasia. This was almost four times the incidence in the only other similar report in the literature. Approximately half of the cases identified possessed some useful vision in the better eye. The incidence of residual lesions within each weight group was highest in those infants with the shortest periods of gestation. The disease was two to three times more frequent in babies cared for in the five top ranking hospitals than in the other 41 hospitals, and there was a direct relationship between the proportion of infants with residual lesions and the length of incubator care.
Target detection in multispectral images using the spectral co-occurrence matrix and entropy thresholding

Relative entropy thresholding techniques have been used for segmentation of objects from background in gray-level images. These techniques are related to entropy-based segmentations computed for the statistics of a spatial co-occurrence matrix. For detection of spectrally active targets such as chemical vapor clouds in multispectral or hyperspectral imagery, a spectral co-occurrence matrix is employed. Using the entropy of various regions of the matrix, thresholds can be derived that will segment an image family based on the spectral characteristics of the intended target. Experiments are presented that show the detection of a chemical vapor cloud in multispectral thermal imagery. Several manners of dividing the co-occurrence matrix into regions are explored. Thresholds are determined on both a local and global basis and compared. Locally generated thresholds are treated as a distribution and separated into classes. The point of class separation is used as a global threshold with improved results.
Estimation of 3-D motion using eigen-normalization and expansion matching

This correspondence describes a novel approach to three-dimensional (3-D) motion estimation of planar objects based on eigen-normalization, expansion matching (EXM), and a scaled orthographic projection model. Our approach leads to a comprehensive temporal description of all the degrees of freedom in 3-D (three rotations and three translations). Experiments with video streams show robust estimation of the real 3-D rotations and translations of the objects in motion.
Capsule Commentary on Paul et al., Size Misperception Among Overweight and Obese Families

Weight misperception, or failure to recognize the presence of overweight status or obesity, is recognized as a barrier to interventions promoting improved nutrition and physical activity, and as a potential contributor to the childhood obesity epidemic.1 Recent data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2012 suggest that weight misperception is highly prevalent among children/adolescents, with more than two-thirds of overweight and almost one-half of obese U.S. children/adolescents aged 8–15 believing they were the right weight.2 However, little is understood about intergenerational weight perceptions within at-risk families, particularly when considering children’s perceptions of their parents’ weight. Paul et. al. examined the relationship between weight status and 1) self-awareness of body size; 2) perceptions of body size across generations (child’s perceptions of mother and vice versa); and 3) body size dissatisfaction in a cross-sectional study of predominantly Hispanic mother–child pairs recruited from an urban university clinic.3 One particularly novel finding is that children in the cohort often misclassified the weight status of their mothers, particularly when their mothers were overweight or obese. This finding suggests that a child’s weight misperception may not be limited to his or her own body size, but may extend to misperceptions about family members and may be passed intergenerationally. As children misperceive obesity as normal weight for themselves and their mothers, they may be more tolerant of greater weight or weight gain over time. These findings suggest weight misperception as a potential mechanism by which obesity “spreads” across social networks.4 While information on prevalent cardiovascular risk factors among the mothers was provided, there were no data available on health beliefs in the study population. It would be interesting to see whether attitudes about overall health status and risk for obesity-related chronic diseases varied based on body-size perceptions among the mothers and/or children. Prior work suggests that obese adults with weight misperception also underestimate the risk of obesity-associated comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular events.5 Overall, this study reinforces the need to develop interventions that acknowledge and address cultural standards of weight for diverse populations if we are to stem the tide of obesity in the United States.
Brillouin spectroscopy of macromolecular solutions

Brillouin spectroscopy was evaluated as an experimental method for measuring the molecular weights of macromolecules. This evaluation included an examination of instrumental parameters, sample preparation, and spectral analysis. The Brillouin peaks were found to be independant of solute concentration for dilute solutions, in accordance with the assumptions of Miller's approximate theory. This theory was used to calculate molecular weights of five standard polystyrene samples. These values compared well with molecular weights derived from regular photometric light scattering and viscosity measurements.
Signal Pattern Recognition for Damage Diagnosis in Structures

In this article, a signal-based pattern-recognition approach is used for structural damage diagnosis with a single or limited number of input/output signals. The approach is based on extraction of the features of the structural response that present a unique pattern for each specific damage case. In this article, frequency-based features and time-frequency-based features were extracted from measured vibration signals by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) in order to form one-dimensional or two-dimensional patterns, respectively. Three pattern-matching algorithms including correlation, least-square distance, and Cosh spectral distance were investigated for pattern matching. The results showed that features of the signal for different damage scenarios could be uniquely identified by these transformations, and suitable correlation algorithms could perform pattern matching that identified both damage location and damage severity. Meanwhile, statistical issues for more complex structures as well as the choice of wavelet functions are discussed.
Reconfiguring a modular robot into a humanoid formation: A multi-body dynamic perspective on motion scheduling for modules and their assemblies

In this paper, we study the scheduling architecture that enables an assembly of mobile modules to reconfigure into a humanoid formation with a manipulator arm. The investigated problem arises from the articulated nature of the formation which involves multiple degrees of freedom, thus requiring a control approach that synchronizes the actuators' motion during shape metamorphosis. Using the principles of motion kinematics and caterpillar tracks modeling, we present a coherent solution which we further validate on a sample three-module formation of STORM (Self-configurable and Transformable Omni-directional Robotic Modules). Simulation results on MSC ADAMS CAR validate the feasibility of the synchronization architecture, and offer further insight into the dynamic dependencies of coupled motions.
A Multiprocessor Server-Based Scheduler for Soft Real-Time Tasks with Stochastic Execution Demand

We utilize a multiprocessor server-based approach to schedulea general class of soft real-time systems with stochastic execution demands, when bounded average-case tardiness is sufficient for schedulability. A key feature of the task model considered here is that the stochastic execution-time demands can have arbitrary amounts of dependence within pre-specified time intervals of bounded length. This is an important practical step forward from requiring complete independence of execution times between successive jobs of the same task. Our main result does not require the scheduler to know the execution time of each job in advance, and requires only average-case utilization to be bounded by the number of processors. This constraint is mild compared to constraints on worst-case utilization because in multiprocessor systems, worst-case execution times may be orders of magnitude higher than average-case execution times.
Edema-induced changes in tumor cell surviving fraction and tumor control probability in 131Cs permanent prostate brachytherapy implant patients

The study is designed to investigate the effect of edema on the delivered dose, tumor cell surviving fraction (SF), and tumor control probability (TCP) in the patients of prostate cancer who underwent (131)Cs permanent seed implantation. The dose reduction, the SF, and the TCP for edematous prostate implants were calculated for 31 patients who underwent real-time (131)Cs permanent seed implantation for edema half-lives (EHL), ranging from 4 days to 34 days and for edema magnitudes (M0) varying from 5% to 60% of the actual prostate volume. A dose reduction in (131)Cs implants varied from 1.1% (for EHL = 4 days and M(0) = 5%) to 32.3% (for EHL = 34 days and M(0) = 60%). These are higher than the dose reduction in 125I implants, which vary from 0.3% (for EHL = 4 days and M(0) = 5%) to 17.5% (for EHL = 34 days and M(0) = 60%). As EHL increased from 4 days to 34 days and edema magnitude increased from 5% to 60%, the natural logarithmic value of SF increased by 4.57 and the TCP decreased by 0.80. Edema induced increase in the SF and decrease in the TCP in (131)Cs seed implants, is significantly more pronounced in a combination of higher edema magnitude and larger edema half-lives than for less edema magnitude and lower edema half-lives, as compared for M(0) = 60% and EHL = 34, and M(0) = 5% and EHL = 4 days.
Effect of time and storage conditions on albumen quality of eggs from hens fed vanadium

Abstract This experiment was conducted to study the albumen quality of eggs from 60-wk-old hens fed 0 or 10 ppm supplemental vanadium (V) as influenced by storage conditions and length of storage time as well as the effect of V feeding and withdrawal on albumen quality over time. After hens were fed V for 23 d, eggs were collected and stored in the laying house at ambient temperature or in a cooler (15.5°C, 60% relative humidity) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 d. Eggs were then broken, and Haugh units (HU) were calculated. Hens fed V had poorer albumen quality than eggs from birds fed the control diet (62.5 vs. 72.1 HU, respectively). Eggs stored in the layer house had poorer albumen quality than those stored in the cooler (63.9 vs. 70.7 HU, respectively). Increasing storage time also had a detrimental effect on albumen quality. Quality declined more rapidly in eggs stored at ambient temperature than in the cooler, but it was not influenced by dietary V. Thus, there was no 3-way interaction as hypothesized. After 7 d of feeding hens 10 ppm V, their eggs had poorer albumen quality than eggs from hens fed the control diet. Time analysis indicated that the significant negative effect to albumen quality occurred in V-fed hens on d 1, 2, 5, and 12 of supplementation. When these hens were then switched to the control diet after 30 d of V supplementation, albumen quality continued to decline for 2 d but did not differ by d 6 from that of eggs from hens given the control diet.
Individual differences in cognitive flexibility predict poetry originality

To be successful at creative tasks, people are often required to think flexibly by selectively switching from one cognitive strategy to a more optimal strategy when presented with changing environmental cues [1]. In this study, we measured differences in students' cognitive flexibility, and then examined how well flexibility predicted performance on a subsequent creative task, a Haiku poem. Cognitive flexibility was measured using two variables found in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). Measures of cognitive flexibility predicted the Haiku poem's originality that students created. The results of this study suggest that cognitive flexibility may play an important role in creative writing and in predicting an individual's level of creativity. Implications are discussed.
Stability of whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine during coating onto metal microneedles

Immunization using a microneedle patch coated with vaccine offers the promise of simplified vaccination logistics and increased vaccine immunogenicity. This study examined the stability of influenza vaccine during the microneedle coating process, with a focus on the role of coating formulation excipients. Thick, uniform coatings were obtained using coating formulations containing a viscosity enhancer and surfactant, but these formulations retained little functional vaccine hemagglutinin (HA) activity after coating. Vaccine coating in a trehalose-only formulation retained about 40-50% of vaccine activity, which is a significant improvement. The partial viral activity loss observed in the trehalose-only formulation was hypothesized to come from osmotic pressure-induced vaccine destabilization. We found that inclusion of a viscosity enhancer, carboxymethyl cellulose, overcame this effect and retained full vaccine activity on both washed and plasma-cleaned titanium surfaces. The addition of polymeric surfactant, Lutrol® micro 68, to the trehalose formulation generated phase transformations of the vaccine coating, such as crystallization and phase separation, which was correlated to additional vaccine activity loss, especially when coating on hydrophilic, plasma-cleaned titanium. Again, the addition of a viscosity enhancer suppressed the surfactant-induced phase transformations during drying, which was confirmed by in vivo assessment of antibody response and survival rate after immunization in mice. We conclude that trehalose and a viscosity enhancer are beneficial coating excipients, but the inclusion of surfactant is detrimental to vaccine stability.
The European Union and Forms of State: Westphalian, Regulatory or Post-Modern?

This article sets out to chart the evolving institutional structure of the EU, in the context of theories about forms of state. ‘Forms of state’ are taken to be conceptually possible expressions of political authority organized at the national and transnational levels, here dealt with as emphases and qualities to be accented rather than phenomena to be sorted into categories. The EU is examined in the light of three stylized state forms - the Westphalian state, the regulatory state and the post-modem state. Each of these captures important elements of the evolution of the EU, and provides support for analysis of its development as a form of ‘international state’. Such an analysis implies attention not only to forms of state, but also to related concepts such as government and governance which give leverage on the exploration of ‘international state forms’. Conclusions are drawn about the power of the three ‘metaphors’ used, and the relationship to possible empirical studies.
Soil, Snow, Weather, and Sub-Surface Storage Data from a Mountain Catchment in the Rain–Snow Transition Zone

Abstract. A comprehensive hydroclimatic data set is presented for the 2011 water year to improve understanding of hydrologic processes in the rain–snow transition zone. This type of data set is extremely rare in scientific literature because of the quality and quantity of soil depth, soil texture, soil moisture, and soil temperature data. Standard meteorological and snow cover data for the entire 2011 water year are included, which include several rain-on-snow (ROS) events. Surface soil textures and soil depths from 57 points are presented as well as soil texture profiles from 14 points. Meteorological data include continuous hourly shielded, unshielded, and wind-corrected precipitation, wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, and incoming solar and thermal radiation data. This data is often viewed as "forcing data", and is gap filled and serially complete. Sub-surface data included are hourly soil moisture data from multiple depths from seven soil profiles within the catchment, and soil temperatures from multiple depths from two soil profiles. Hydrologic response data include hourly stream discharge from the catchment outlet weir, continuous snow depths from one location, intermittent snow depths from 5 locations, and snow depth and density data from ten weekly snow surveys. Snow and hydrologic response data are meant to provide data on the catchment hydrologic response to the weather data. This data is mostly presented "as measured" although snow depths from one sensor and streamflow at the catchment outlet have been gap filled and are serially complete. Though the weather, snow, and hydrologic response data only covers one water year, the presentation of the additional subsurface data (soil depth, texture, moisture, and temperature) makes it one of the most detailed and complete hydro-climatic data sets from the climatically sensitive rain–snow transition zone. The data presented are appropriate for a wide range of modeling (energy balance snow modeling, soil capacitance parametric modeling, etc.) and descriptive studies. Data is available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.819837 .
Electromagnetic wave scattering by many small particles

Scattering of electromagnetic waves by many small particles of arbitrary shapes is reduced rigorously to solving linear algebraic system of equations bypassing the usual usage of integral equations. The matrix elements of this linear algebraic system have physical meaning. They are expressed in terms of the electric and magnetic polarizability tensors. Analytical formulas are given for calculation of these tensors with any desired accuracy for homogeneous bodies of arbitrary shapes. An idea to create a “smart” material by embedding many small particles in a given region is formulated.
The Buddha mushroom: Conservation behavior and the development of institutions in Bhutan ☆

Abstract Common pool resource management institutions can be an effective means by which communities can regulate resource use. While we are gaining a greater understanding of the characteristics that are associated with successful institutions, we know less about why and how such institutions emerge and what role individual behaviors play in this process. The bottom-up emergence of institutions may depend on the patterns of heterogeneity in the cooperative behaviors of individual resource users. Likewise, the emerging institutions serve to constrain subsequent resource collection behaviors and alter those patterns. Because institutions both emerge from, and alter, the behaviors of individual resource users, it is useful to view the relationship between the two levels from a coevolutionary perspective. Here, I focus on the motivations for the adoption of conservation behavior and discuss how these behaviors can impact emerging institutions. This study is based on the harvest of a newly utilized, commercially valuable mushroom in two communities (geogs) in Bhutan. I examined which collectors exhibited each of two cooperative conservation behaviors, willingness to reduce one's harvest and punishment of non-compliant harvesting techniques and determined the traits associated with these behaviors. Using logistic regression I found that predictors from each of four domains, namely, economic factors, attitudes/values, knowledge/perceptions of resource scarcity, and social capital, are important for fostering conservation behavior. Other regarding values, high and low levels of wealth, perceptions of resource scarcity, and education are positively associated with a willingness to reduce ones harvest. Selfish values, high and low levels of wealth, and low levels of trust are associated with punishment. Changes in these individual characteristics may affect the frequency of cooperative acts and subsequently influence the success of the emerging institutions. As such, identifying the traits associated with the behaviors exhibited by individuals is an important step in understanding the dynamics of institutional evolution. Because this study captures perceptions and behaviors in the early stages of the harvest it can be used as the baseline for a longitudinal study exploring the coevolutionary dynamics between individual level behaviors and community level resource management institutions.
The Effects of Public Policy on Private Charity

What do we know empirically about the government's impact on private charitable giving? This article surveys several disparate literatures and data sources on the reaction of private citizens to their most frequent interactions with the public sector. These studies suggest that charitable giving is negatively affected by most tax reforms, receipt ofwelfare payments, government funding of nonprofit activities, and rising confidence in government. These and other findings have implications for policy.
On supporting mobility and multihoming in recursive internet architectures

As the Internet has evolved and grown, an increasing number of nodes (hosts or autonomous systems) have become multihomed, i.e., a node is connected to more than one network. Mobility can be viewed as a special case of multihoming-as a node moves, it unsubscribes from one network and subscribes to another, which is akin to one interface becoming inactive and another active. The current Internet architecture has been facing significant challenges in effectively dealing with multihoming (and consequently mobility), which has led to the emergence of several custom point-solutions. The Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA) was recently proposed as a clean-slate solution to the current problems of the Internet. In this paper, we present a specification of the process of ROuting in Recursive Architectures (RORA). We also perform an average-case cost analysis to compare the multihoming/mobility support of RINA, against that of other approaches such as LISP and Mobile-IP. Extensive experimental results confirm the premise that the RINA architecture and its RORA routing approach are inherently better suited for supporting mobility and multihoming.
RF sensing of grain and seed moisture content

A brief review is presented on the electrical properties of cereal grains and their use in sensing moisture content of grain and seed. The basic principles are described for using radio-frequency (RF) (including high frequencies and microwaves) dielectric properties, or permittivity, of grain for sensing moisture through their correlation with moisture content. The development of density-independent functions of the permittivity is explained. The findings of recent research are summarized, which indicate that reliable density-independent moisture content determinations can be realized by on-line RF measurements. Development of these techniques will provide useful instruments for on-line monitoring of moisture content in flowing grain and other particulate materials to manage moisture content, prevent spoilage in storage and transport, improve processing, and provide information important for yield determinations in precision agriculture applications.
Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes

Background: Social environmental influences on human health are well established in the epidemiology literature, but their functional genomic mechanisms are unclear. The present study analyzed genome-wide transcriptional activity in people who chronically experienced high versus low levels of subjective social isolation (loneliness) to assess alterations in the activity of transcription control pathways that might contribute to increased adverse health outcomes in social isolates. Results: DNA microarray analysis identified 209 genes that were differentially expressed in circulating leukocytes from 14 high- versus low-lonely individuals, including up-regulation of genes involved in immune activation, transcription control, and cell proliferation, and down-regulation of genes supporting mature B lymphocyte function and type I interferon response. Promoter-based bioinformatic analyses showed under-expression of genes bearing anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid response elements (GREs; p = 0.032) and over-expression of genes bearing response elements for pro-inflammatory NF-κB/Rel transcription factors (p = 0.011). This reciprocal shift in pro- and antiinflammatory signaling was not attributable to differences in circulating cortisol levels, or to other demographic, psychological, or medical characteristics. Additional transcription control pathways showing differential activity in bioinformatic analyses included the CREB/ATF, JAK/STAT, IRF1, C/ EBP, Oct, and GATA pathways. Conclusion: These data provide the first indication that human genome-wide transcriptional activity is altered in association with a social epidemiological risk factor. Impaired transcription of glucocorticoid response genes and increased activity of pro-inflammatory transcription control pathways provide a functional genomic explanation for elevated risk of inflammatory disease in individuals who experience chronically high levels of subjective social isolation.
Effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor buprofezin on survival and development of immatures of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).

Effects of buprofezin (Applaud), a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on survival and development of eggs, three instars, and pupae of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) were determined in the laboratory. Buprofezin at three tested concentrations (100, 500, and 1,000 mg [AI]/liter) did not affect the viability and development of eggs when the eggs were treated, or third instars and pupae when those stages were treated. Although the degree of effects by buprofezin on larvae varied with instar, buprofezin at the higher concentrations (500 and 1,000 mg [AI]/liter) reduced survival rates 17–47% and prolonged the overall development from first instars to adult emergence by 2 or 3 d when first instars were treated, indicating that the first instar is the most vulnerable stage. When second instars were treated, the survival of C. rufilabris from second instars to pupae was not significantly affected. However, the developmental time from second instar to adult emergence was longer in the treatments with the highest concentration (1,000 mg [AI]/liter) than that with the lowest concentration (100 mg [AI]/liter). The compatibility of buprofezin with natural enemies in integrated pest management programs is discussed.
Inclusion of Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms

Inclusion in the context of schooling is a belief that all students should be included in the general-education classroom. It may be found worldwide. The inclusion movement has been influenced by legal mandates, as well as social and educational reform. Proponents have based their arguments on legal, moral, educational/social, and political grounds. Opponents express concern about the impact of inclusion on teachers, students, and schooling in general. Empirical studies indicate that students with and without disabilities can benefit from inclusion and that most general educators, special educators, and family members support inclusive practices. This article focuses on the inclusion of students with special needs in general-education classrooms.