cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interplay of Homologous Recombination and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacterial Speciation

Bacteria experience recombination in two ways. In the context of the Biological Species concept, allelic exchange purges genic variability within bacterial populations as gene exchange mediates selective sweeps. In contrast, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) increases the size of the population's pan-genome by providing an influx of novel genetic material. Here we discuss the interplay of these two processes, with an emphasis on how they allow for the maintenance of genotypically cohesive bacterial populations, yet allow for the separation of these populations upon bacterial speciation. In populations that maintain genotypic similarity by frequent allelic exchange, horizontally transferred genes may initiate ecological barriers to genetic exchange. The resulting recombination interference allows for the accumulation of neutral mutations and, consequently, the imposition of a pre-mating barrier to gene transfer.
On-board Processing to Advance the PanFTS Imaging System for Earth Observation

This paper describes the on-board processing approach for PanFTS, an imaging spectrometer designed to observe the Earth atmosphere from geosynchronous orbit.
Shock-Boundary Layer Interaction due to a Sharp Unswept Fin in a Mach 2 Flow

An experimental study on the interaction of a swept shock wave, generated by a sharp fin, with a turbulent boundary layer is presented. An un-swept fin is placed in a Mach 2 flow where the interaction strength is varied by changing the angle of attack (α) from 10◦ to 15◦. This corresponds to flowfields that are weakly separated (α = 10◦) to fully separated (α = 15◦). Surface oil-flow is used to study the topography of the flowfield. Detailed velocity field measurements using two component Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) are used to examine the structure of the interaction in a conical reference frame. Two slices of the velocity field at a distance of 1.5 in and 2.0 in from the fin apex (moving along the shock) are examined herein. Typical flow features, including the lambda-shock structure, the slip line and the separation bubble with reverse flow are clearly seen. The velocity field obtained confirm the quasi-conical behavior as well as the physical models developed earlier for this flowfield, which had mainly relied on detailed flow visualizations. To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides direct quantitative measurements of this flow in the appropriate quasi-conical frame of reference.
Discussion on Outer Cover Parts of Car Anti-rust Methods

Introduced common rust types and reasons of outer stamping parts in SGMW press shop,especially from the raw material,anti-rust oil,manual operation,depositary environment and die maintenance,this paper describes the common anti-rust methods of outer stamping parts.
Graduate education in clinical laboratory science is the glass half full or half empty

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 2007 and 1990 data on the number and characteristics of programs offering graduate level degrees in Clinical Laboratory Science. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANT: Data were collected from published sources (Directory of Graduate Programs for Clinical Laboratory Practitioners) and analyzed at the University of Minnesota. Specific data regarding the kinds of advanced programs and the number of graduates per year, the number of program openings and closures, program requirements were collected, as well as data regarding the number and employment of graduates of Master9s degree programs at two long-standing public institutions. INTERVENTION: Not Applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The tabulation of degree, program, and graduate data, together with the first position taken by graduates of two M.S. programs. RESULTS: The numbers of graduate level programs and graduates decreased between 1990 and 2007, from 39 to 28 identified Master9s level programs, but with only a slight increase from two to five doctoral programs. Several prominent and historically important Master9s level programs have closed since the first edition (1990) of the Directory. Detailed analysis of the data from two Master9s level programs showed that the first positions for graduating students were predominantly research related and in the same state as the degree-granting institution. CONCLUSION: The number of advanced programs and graduates are relatively small in clinical laboratory science; however M.S. graduates are successful in obtaining positions. These positions are predominantly geographically related to the degree-granting institution, indicating an intellectual and economic impact of the programs in the regions they are located. ABBREVIATIONS:ASCLS = American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science; CLS = Clinical Laboratory Science; ASMT = American Society for Medical Technology; TOEFL = Test of English as a Foreign Language.
Advanced Cu-Cu thermocompression bonding methodology for future 3DICs

A high-precision Cu-Cu bonding system for three-dimensional integrated circuit (3DIC-) fabrication adopting a new precision methodology is proposed. For Cu-Cu bonding, temperature and pressure controllability are key factors for overlay accuracy and bonding quality. A new pressure profile control system is applied in the thermocompression bonding process. The temperature characteristics of the bonding unit are analyzed using an FEM loop model of the core module, linked with a temperature control circuit utilizing the control algorithm in the actual bonding tool. Experimental results show that overlay accuracy is 230 nm or better for Cu-Cu permanent bonding. These developments will contribute to the fabrication of future 3DICs.
Analysis of complex postextirpative deformity.

Reconstruction in the oncologic setting requires of the plastic surgeon a careful and concise thought process. Analysis of a complex deformity/ dysfunction is problem solving, and postextirpative reconstruction is simply a variation of the same theme. An analysis model has been developed (“Here-There”) that can be useful as a guide for the process of analysis as well as a teaching model for residents.
Outbreaks of medically unexplained physical symptoms after military action, terrorist threat, or technological disaster

Medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) may present a challenge to clinicians, disaster response organizations, and scientists after future military actions, terrorist threats, or technological disasters. Polarized public discussion over science, policy, and media evidence following such incidents may reinforce the notion of cover-ups, create mutual doctor-patient mistrust, amplify symptom-related psychosocial distress and disability, and lead to unnecessary use of services. Under these circumstances, the clinician must always show respect, empathy, and validation for a patient's concerns. A skeptical attitude may induce efforts by patients to prove their symptoms are real. If MUPS are discounted as a non-problem, they may become a much bigger public health problem when patients feel their symptoms and concerns have been discounted by unfeeling government clinicians, and patient horror stories become grist for media and political mills.
Infiltrative carcinoma of the vulva: Results of surgical treatment

During a 40 year period 374 patients with infiltrative carcinoma of the vulva were evaluated. Some form of radical surgery was the treatment chosen for 278 patients. The absolute 5 year survival rates for all clinical stages treated with some form of radical surgery was 66.8 per cent with a corrected rate of 73.9 per cent. The corrected 5 year survival rate for patients treated with radical vulvectomy and groin lymphadenectomy approximated 80 per cent and if the regional lymph nodes were negative, it approximated 93 per cent. The size of the primary lesion and the incidence of regional lymph node metastases seemed directly related. Lymph node involvement itself significantly reduced the chance for survival. Furthermore, the inaccuracy of preoperative evaluation of the groin lymph nodes approximated 25 per cent. The assumption that a lesion is "early" does not justify less than radical surgery. Conversely, the "advanced" lesion when geographically localized can be treated quite satisfactorily with pelvic exenteration. The treatment of choice is discussed.
How to Use Multiple CPUs on a Node with Little Effort

There are two ways to convert scalar Fortran code to vise multiple CPUs on SMP nodes. One is to use Directives and the other is to use Pthreads. I discuss both these methods with simple examples.
The Supratentorial Mass in an Adult

36-year-old male Pain in right eye CT of orbits demonstrated left frontal abnormality Normal neurologic exam
Abstract PL03-02: The AML genome(s)

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. These cells have been shown to accumulate random mutations as a function of time; however, some of these mutations are non-random and can cause the expansion of the stem cells that contain them, creating a benign ‘preleukemic’ state that has recently been dubbed “Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential” (CHIP). As these clones expand, they can occasionally acquire additional mutations that create a profound advantage for these cells, yielding an AML “ founding clone”. Founding clones generate subclones that have unique properties that are probably defined by the specific mutations that they contain. These subclones, found in virtually all AML cases, shape the responses of AML patients to therapy, and often contribute to relapse. Clonal heterogeneity is therefore a hallmark of AML at presentation, and approaches to assess risk of relapse must take this into account. Further, approaches to cure this disease will probably require successful targeting of the mutations that initiate the disease, which are the only ones that are found in all the cells within the tumor. Frequently, the initiating mutations that expand the preleukemic clone are persistent when patients are in clinical remission, strongly suggesting that these events are important for relapse. The precise mechanisms by which canonical initiating events predispose to AML are largely unknown, but many of these mutations do cause significant changes in the epigenome that are probably relevant for pathogenesis. Citation Format: Timothy J. Ley. The AML genome(s). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr PL03-02.
Chapter 12 - Structural Colors: Nano-optics in the Biological World

This chapter covers basic concepts of color science. The chapter illustrates how 3-D assemblies leading to a plethora of colors are handled in nature. This atypical color chemistry chapter will invoke ideas that lead to the design of useful colorants. The intent of this chapter is to provide a summary of the various intriguing optical phenomena that have attracted the attention of scientists like Newton, Rayleigh and Michelson in the context of color science. An attempt was made to point out the interesting and fascinating color effects that can be found in nature. Significant progress has been made in the area of colorless (interference) pigments producing angle-dependent color that can be used widely. The focus of this chapter is on color due to physical structures and not colors due to absorption. Water occupies a special place in the discussion of color, even though its color results from absorption. This is due to the fact that the selective absorption in the red part of the visible spectrum promotes transitions to high overtones leading to highly excited vibrations.
Building better bones with biologics - a new approach to osteoporosis?

There is currently a major crisis in osteoporosis therapy.1 Despite effective treatments to prevent fractures, too few patients receive therapy. Furthermore, those who do get treated often stop taking medication prematurely. To understand this paradox and the potential importance of the article by Cosman et al. now published in the Journal,2 a brief historical perspective is required. Until the development and approval of bisphosphonates, which are antiresorptive agents, in the mid-1990s, few effective therapies existed for osteoporosis.3 Bisphosphonates rapidly became the standard of care for osteoporosis and remained so for 15 years. During that time, a relatively small but clinically . . .
Enhancing Cultural Humility through Critical Service-Learning in Teacher Preparation.

AbstractTo provide opportunities for preservice teachers to move beyond the limitations of their life experiences, the teacher preparation program at the University of Vermont has worked to advance service-learning experiences that push preservice teachers to examine their own identities and biases by providing them with opportunities to interact with others whose life experiences are different than their own. The goal of these experiences is to assist the preservice teachers in recognizing how their emerging practice, which is entrenched within their own positionality, impacts individuals that they work with as well as the broader community. This interpretive study examined outcomes of the experience through the lens of cultural humility. This study affirms the need to be explicit about practice, particularly as it relates to critical pedagogy to advance social justice. It also offers a glimpse into how teacher preparation programs may construct learning experiences to support the development of cultural...
“Homeland Security” at Home

Homeland Security began at the national level in the United States after the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001. The concept can be extended to the very basic level of protecting literal homesteads. This paper explores the application of Systems of System concepts developed by the United States’ Department of Defense (DoD) to the problem of homestead defense at the homestead level. It outlines the problem, the applications of the DoD concept, the selected solution, and the results and recommendations.
Optimal Length of Follow-up for the Detection of Unsuccessful Pediatric Pyeloplasty: A Single-Center Experience

Objectives To assess the optimal length of follow-up for patients undergoing both open and minimally invasive pyeloplasties to ensure prompt detection of a recurrent obstruction. There are no standard guidelines on ideal follow-up and imaging post-pediatric pyeloplasty currently. Methods A retrospective chart review identified 264 patients (<18 years old) who underwent pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction between April 2002 and December 2014. Ultrasound was obtained every 3-4 months for the first year following pyeloplasty and thereafter at discretion of treating physician. Patient characteristics including symptoms and imaging were reviewed. Results Of the 264 patients, 72% were male with mean age of 51 months and follow-up of 26.8 months. Approximately 73% followed-up to three years. Fourteen patients (5.3%) had a recurrent obstruction. Among the failures, 85% were diagnosed and underwent successful redo-pyeloplasty within three years. The six infants with recurrence (43% of all unsuccessful surgeries) were diagnosed within three years of the initial surgery. Patients undergoing a minimally invasive procedure were less likely to be followed for more than three years compared to an open procedure (p<0.001). Patients with severe hydronephrosis preoperatively were followed longer (p=0.031). Age at surgery and type of surgical approach (p<0.01) were significant predictors of length of follow-up in a negative binomial regression. Conclusions Based on the results, a minimum of three years of follow-up is necessary to detect the majority of recurrent obstructions. Amongst those who require a secondary pyeloplasty, younger patients with severe hydronephrosis are at an increased risk of recurrence.
Fermented Foods in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: An Overview

Fermentation is the second oldest known method used for food preservation after drying, and is used for food processing a vast array of meats and fish, dairy, legumes, cereal grains, fruits and vegetables, as well as by-products of each of these categories. Fermented foods and beverages are gaining tremendous attention globally because of their natural, nutritional, and potential functional utility for health promotion. Specific claims about the health benefits of fermented foods and beverages should be based on accurate evidence-based scientific information. One major challenge for epidemiological studies, biomedical studies, and clinical nutrition intervention trials is the lack of dietary biomarkers associated with consumption of fermented foods. Details regarding the daily amount or consumption level of a fermented food or beverage needs to be further understood in humans. An accurate assessment of fermented food bioavailability of the bioactive compounds is also required for stronger linkages to health promotion or disease prevention actions. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to highlight fermented foods and beverages with an emphasis on those that have scientific information available regarding their bioactive constituents, and those which have been studied for specific host mechanisms in animals and for human health.
Learning-Based Spatiotemporal Regularization and Integration of Tracking Methods for Regional 4D Cardiac Deformation Analysis

Dense cardiac motion tracking and deformation analysis from echocardiography is important for detection and localization of myocardial dysfunction. However, tracking methods are often unreliable due to inherent ultrasound imaging properties. In this work, we propose a new data-driven spatiotemporal regularization strategy. We generate 4D Lagrangian displacement patches from different input sources as training data and learn the regularization procedure via a multi-layered perceptron (MLP) network. The learned regularization procedure is applied to initial noisy tracking results. We further propose a framework for integrating tracking methods to produce better overall estimations. We demonstrate the utility of this approach on block-matching, surface tracking, and free-form deformation-based methods. Finally, we quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate our performance on both tracking and strain accuracy using both synthetic and in vivo data.
Interpersonal Bonding & ICT-Enabled Service Co-creation: EHR & Nurse-patient Relationships

In this exploratory study, we investigate the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in providing (or hindering) interpersonal bonds between service providers and service recipie...
Depth-Resolved Physicochemical Characteristics of Active Layer and Permafrost Soils in an Arctic Polygonal Tundra Region

Author(s): Wu, Y; Ulrich, C; Kneafsey, T; Lopez, R; Chou, C; Geller, J; McKnight, K; Dafflon, B; Soom, F; Peterson, J; Hubbard, S | Abstract: Permafrost physicochemical parameters play a key role in controlling the response of permafrost carbon to climate change. We studied the physicochemical parameters of permafrost in an Arctic tundra region to evaluate (1) how soil parameters vary with depth and whether and how they are interrelated, (2) whether and how permafrost soil differs from its overlaying active layer, and (3) whether soil property-depth relationships are different across geomorphic features (e.g., low, flat, and high centered polygons). We also explored the possible biogeochemical processes that led to these soil characteristics and how they may affect biogeochemical reactions upon permafrost thaw. We observed (1) consistent relationships between soil property and depth and between major parameters, (2) large contrasts of key soil parameters between active layer and permafrost, indicative of potentially different response of the permafrost carbon to warming when compared to the active layer, and (3) a correlation between soil hydraulic conductivity and topographic features that impacts soil hydrologic processes. Our analysis suggests that the permafrost has a marine-derived chemical signature that differs from the active layer and shapes the physicochemical fingerprints of the different geomorphic features. Specifically, we revealed the unique signatures of the high center polygons, indicative of possible microbial activity at depth (g1nm). Our study suggested consistent key soil parameter-depth correlations while demonstrating complex lateral and vertical variabilities. These results are valuable for identifying approaches to upscale point-based measurements and for improving model parameterization to predict permafrost carbon behavior and feedback under future climate.
Efficacy of online training for improving camp staff competency

Preparing competent staff is a critical issue within the camp community. This quasi-experimental study examined the effectiveness of an online course for improving staff competency in camp healthca...
Identifying sub-populations via unsupervised cluster analysis on multi-edge similarity graphs

Pathologies like autism and schizophrenia are a broad set of disorders with multiple etiologies in the same diagnostic category. This paper presents a method for unsupervised cluster analysis using multi-edge similarity graphs that combine information from different modalities. The method alleviates the issues with traditional supervised classification methods that use diagnostic labels and are therefore unable to exploit or elucidate the underlying heterogeneity of the dataset under analysis. The framework introduced in this paper has the ability to employ diverse features that define different aspects of pathology obtained from different modalities to create a multi-edged graph on which clustering is performed. The weights on the multiple edges are optimized using a novel concept of 'holding power' that describes the certainty with which a subject belongs to a cluster. We apply the technique to two separate clinical populations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), where the multi-edged graph for each population is created by combining information from structural networks and cognitive scores. For the ASD-control population the method clusters the data into two classes and the SCZ-control population is clustered into four. The two classes in ASD agree with underlying diagnostic labels with 92% accuracy and the SCZ clustering agrees with 78% accuracy, indicating a greater heterogeneity in the SCZ population.
Characterizing the distribution of low-makespan schedules in the job shop scheduling problem

We characterize the search landscape of the job shop scheduling problem (JSSP), with a focus on schedules whose makespan is optimal or near-optimal. Building on previous work on the 'big valley' distribution of local optima, we use special branch and bound algorithms to examine in greater detail the extent to which JSSP search spaces conform to the intuitive picture conveyed by the words 'big valley'. We also examine how this changes as a function of the job:machine ratio. We find that for square JSSPs, low-makespan schedules are tightly clustered in a small region of the search space, and the size of this region decreases as the makespan gets closer to optimality. As the job:machine ratio increases beyond 1, however, low-makespan schedules become dispersed throughout the search space. We discuss the reasons for this and provide analytical results for two limiting cases. We close with an examination of neighborhood exactness in the JSSP, which illustrates some limitations of the big valley picture for JSSP landscapes.
Transcranial Doppler Sonography and Stroke

This chapter describes transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) and stroke. TCD is a noninvasive bedside method used for the evaluation of intracranial cerebral hemodynamics and may provide rapid and reliable data regarding the cause of stroke. TCD is also used to assess the degree of arterial vasospasm, evaluate patients with suspected brain death, and assist in the diagnosis of arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Transcranial Doppler is commonly used to detect abnormalities in cerebral hemodynamics among patients with cerebrovascular diseases, although its clinical usefulness has not been universally accepted. The use of TCD is becoming routine in detecting intracranial arterial lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of TCD for stenosis of a particular vessel varies in different studies. Platelet thrombi, air emboli, or atheromatous materials can be recognized by the examiner with the characteristic sound that they produce during the TCD study. The preoperative detection of high-intensity transient signals with TCD may help identify subgroups of patients with symptomatic as well as asymptomatic high grade carotid artery stenosis, as well as the hemodynamic changes during carotid endarterectomy or cardiac bypass surgery. It is suggested that the use of contrast agents and the new generation TCD machines with B-mode capabilities may enhance the utility of the technique.
General Linear Groups, Steinberg Groups, and K-Groups

This chapter starts with a quick review of some relevant algebra. It then turns to the study of the linear groups over a ring R. The general linear groups, the elementary linear groups, and the linear congruence groups are introduced and their basic properties are established. It is proved for a commutative R and n ≥3 that the elementary group E n (R) is normal in GL n (R). Later the “stable” analogues GL(R) and E(R) are constructed, their normal subgroups are characterized, and the various K1 are defined. Then the linear Steinberg groups St(R) and its important subgroups are developed and it is proved that St(R) is the universal central extension of E(R). Finally, there will be a study of the K-groups K2 and K2,n, the “symbols” in these groups, and an exact sequence relating K1(R) and K2(R). Throughout this chapter, the ring R is understood to be arbitrary unless specific additional assumptions are made.
Authentication of Processor Hardware Leveraging Performance Limits in Detailed Simulations and Emulations

As the need for secure and trusted computation escalates, hardware architecture, in addition to traditional software techniques, is playing an increasingly important role in securing computer systems. Hardware serves as a foundation for trust in software; software security mechanisms can be compromised if hardware is insecure. Moreover, trusted hardware is starting to provide new security features. Recent Intel microprocessors are enhanced with Trusted eXecution Technology (TXT) [8] and many computing systems are already equipped with a trusted platform module (TPM) [22].
New Patterns in Global History: A Review Essay on Strange Parallels by Victor Lieberman

A Review Essay on Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830. Volume 2: Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands by Victor Lieberman (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Political geography, public policy and the rise of policy analysis

This paper discusses the importance of considering the geographic context in policy-making and highlights the necessity of incorporating policy analysis in the study of political geography. We begin with a brief review of literature on political geography and a categorization of scale issues. This is contrasted with views of the policy process typically used by policy analysts. The result is a shift from theory to operational considerations which often leads to a loss of the important spatial dimension. Two simple applied cases studies are presented on how geographic factors affect public policy analysis and how applied public policy studies can be carried out with sensitivity to geographic considerations. The two case studies are regional income convergence and the rise of regional transportation management institutions. The first is analytic in character while the second has a policy evolution perspective but both indicate how the application of a geographic perspective invigorates policy analysis.
Of MICs and Men.

In medicine, we often collect data that lie on a quantitative spectrum. However, dealing with shades of gray is always complex. To simplify decision making, we reduce values to binary descriptors, ...
Fine specificity of NKT cells against GD3 ganglioside and identification of GM3 as an inhibitory NKT cell ligand

5118 GD3, a ganglioside expressed on melanoma, is the only tumor-associated glycolipid described so far that can induce a CD1d-restricted NKT cell response. We analyzed the fine specificity of GD3-reactive NKT cells and discovered that immunization with GD3 induced two populations of GD3-reactive NKT cells. One population was CD4+CD8- and was specific for GD3; the other population was CD4-CD8- and cross-reacted with GM3 in a CD1d-restricted manner. GD3-reactive NKT cells did not cross-react with GM2, GD2 or lactosylceramide indicating the T-cell receptors that react with GD3 recognize glucose-galactose linked to at least one N-acetyl-neuraminic acid but will not accommodate a terminal N-acetylgalactosamine. Immunization with GM2, GM3, GD2, or lactosylceramide did not induce an IL-4 or IFN-γ NKT cell response against these glycolipids. Co-immunization or GM3-loaded with GD3-loaded APCs suppressed the NKT cell response to GD3 in a CD1d-restricted manner. This suppressive effect was specific for GM3 and was a local effect lasting 2-4 days. In vitro, GM3-loaded APCs also suppressed the IL-4 response of NKT cells to αGalCer. GM3 is the first inhibitory NKT cell ligand to inhibit an in vivo NKT cell response.
Cyanotoxin occurrence in large rivers of the United States

Cyanotoxins occur in rivers worldwide but are understudied in lotic ecosystems relative to lakes and reservoirs. We sampled 11 large river sites located throughout the United States during June–Sep...
Against Such Things There is No Law: Evangelical College Students’ Perceptions of the Fruit of the Spirit as Primarily Gendered:

Although it is clear in Scripture that Christian spiritual growth includes the development of godly characteristics like those outlined in Galatians 5, anecdotal evidence suggests that people view ...
Educational Policy Consequences from Mastery Learning

This chapter addresses the key education policy consequences that derive from implementation and management of mastery learning programs in the health professions. The chapter begins with framing statements about mastery learning policy consequences taken from two scholarly reports. It proceeds to discuss the benefits and challenges of mastery learning education policies regarding four stakeholder entities: learners, education programs, sponsoring organizations, and governing bodies and the healthcare system. A brief coda provides a chapter summary.
Curiosity, latent learning, and cognitive maps

ABSTRACT Curiosity refers to a desire for information that is not driven by immediate strategic or instrumental concerns. Latent earning refers to a form of learning that is not directly driven by standard reinforcement learning processes. We propose that curiosity serves the purpose of motivating latent learning. Thus, while latent learning is often treated as an incidental or passive process, in practice it most often reflects a strong evolved pressure to consume large amounts of information. That large volume of information in turn allows curious decision makers to generate sophisticated representations of the structure of their environment, known as cognitive maps. Cognitive maps facilitate adaptive and flexible behavior while maintaining its adaptivity and flexibility via map updates based on new information. Here we describe data supporting the idea that orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) play complementary roles in curiosity-driven learning. Specifically, we propose that (1) OFC tracks the innate value of information and incorporates new information into a detailed cognitive map; and (2) dACC tracks the environmental demands and information availability to then use the cognitive map for guiding behavior.
Leading 1:1 laptop schools: roles, risks, and reflections of school site administrators

Over the past decade, there has been an increase of 1:1 laptop schools across the United States. Yet, minimal research exists which examines the experiences of school site administrators as they le...
The Prospective Association of Patient Hospitalization with Spouse Depressive Symptoms and Self-Reported Heath.

After hospital discharge, patients experience a period of generalized risk for adverse mental and physical health outcomes (post-hospital syndrome [PHS]). Hospital stressors can explain these effec...
Improving adherence to echocardiogram reporting guidelines in patients with repaired tetralogy of fallot: A quality improvement initiative

BACKGROUND In patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), key echocardiogram report elements have been identified, but poor adherence has been demonstrated, particularly for quantitative assessment. We report a quality improvement effort to improve adherence at our institution, with a focus on increasing quantitative assessment of right ventricular (RV) function. METHODS Baseline compliance was established by a 3-month retrospective review of outpatient echocardiogram reports. Intervention 1 included presenting baseline data and reviewing the guidelines with echocardiogram laboratory staff (physicians and sonographers). Intervention 2, chosen to focus on quantitative assessment of RV function, involved recommending measurement of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) for all echocardiograms. Reporting rates were prospectively analyzed for 1 month after each intervention. To evaluate sonographer versus physician compliance, both study images (acquisition of TAPSE images) and reports were reviewed. RESULTS At baseline, adherence was poor (median 65% of elements reported), with lower rates for measurements versus descriptive elements (median 40% vs 78%, p<.0001). Following intervention 1, total reported elements improved (median 71% vs 65%, p=0.02) due to increase in measurements (median 50% vs 40%, p=0.02). Reports of quantitative RV function did not significantly change after either intervention, but sonographer compliance improved after intervention 1 (33% vs 14%, p=0.03), with further improvement after intervention 2 (53% vs 14%, p=0.001). CONCLUSION While education on lesion-specific guidelines may modestly improve adherence, standardization has a greater effect. However, interventions may have differential impact on sonographers versus attendings, and iterative interventions may be required to change practice patterns.
Termite Presence and Feeding on Loblolly Pine Wood Differs Among Four Root-Infecting Bluestain (ophiostomatoid) Fungal Species

Bark beetles and root weevils can impact forests through tree death on landscape scales. Recently, subterranean termites have been linked to these beetles via the presence of bluestain fungi (Ascomycota: Ophiostomataceae), which are vectored to trees by beetles. However, only a small subset of bluestain species have been examined. Here, we tested whether termite-bluestain association patterns in the field reflect termite feeding preference in laboratory choice trials. We documented the presence of four bluestain fungi (Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.), L. terebrantis (Barras & Perry), Grosmannia huntii (Rob.-Jeffr.), and G. alacris (T.A. Duong, Z.W. de Beer & M.J. Wingf.) in the roots of 2,350 loblolly pine trees in the southeastern United States and whether termites were present or absent on these roots and paired this with laboratory choice feeding trials. Termites were found 2.5-fold on tree roots with at least one bluestain fungus present than tree roots without bluestain fungi. Although termites in this study and others were associated with L. procerum, L. terebrantis, and marginally G. huntii, termites only showed preferential feeding on wood inoculated with G. huntii in laboratory trials. This suggests that increased termite presence on wood with bluestain fungi may be driven by factors other than increased wood palatability. Termites could thus disproportionately affect wood turnover rates for specific pools (e.g., bark beetle and root weevil attacked trees) and in some cases (e.g., G. huntii) accelerate wood decomposition. This study supports the growing evidence that the association between subterranean termites and bluestain fungi is spatially and taxonomically widespread. Grapical Abstract
Truncated Metric Dimension for Finite Graphs

A graph $G=(V,E)$ with geodesic distance $d(\cdot,\cdot)$ is said to be resolved by a non-empty subset $R$ of its vertices when, for all vertices $u$ and $v$, if $d(u,r)=d(v,r)$ for each $r\in R$, then $u=v$. The metric dimension of $G$ is the cardinality of its smallest resolving set. In this manuscript, we present and investigate the notions of resolvability and metric dimension when the geodesic distance is truncated with a certain threshold $k$; namely, we measure distances in $G$ using the metric $d_k(u,v):=\min\{d(u,v),k+1\}$. We denote the metric dimension of $G$ with respect to $d_k$ as $\beta_k(G)$. We study the behavior of this quantity with respect to $k$ as well as the diameter of $G$. We also characterize the truncated metric dimension of paths and cycles as well as graphs with extreme metric dimension, including graphs of order $n$ such that $\beta_k(G)=n-2$ and $\beta_k(G)=n-1$. We conclude with a study of various problems related to the truncated metric dimension of trees.
An invisible operational mortar: The essential role of speech acts withintri-segregated moviegoing

Abstract The contribution seeks to apply the principles of J. L. Austin’s speech-act theories to the study of local business segregation in the Jim Crow South. In particular, it borrows the notions of illocutionary and perlocutionary force when examining the seemingly bland and prosaic statements that are often used to normalise segregation within the business of commercial entertainment. For purposes of expanding the complexity of typical Manichaean (i.e., Black vs White) ethnic studies, this analysis was developed within the context of tri-racial segregation as applied to rural moviegoing within Robeson County, North Carolina during the first half of the twentieth century. Notably, the development of Robeson’s historical cinema-exhibition spaces eventually resulted in a highly unusual venue – i.e., the three-entrance theatre – whose physical architecture reflected tensions between local ethnic demographics and desired social hierarchies. Yet even in the face of these unusual physical constructs, this study contends that seemingly everyday objective/descriptive and non-demonising language remained an essential component in enforcing segregation.
Asymptotics of Lp Christoffel functions

Abstract In this work we apply the polynomial inverse image method to derive the limit behavior of L p Christoffel functions on the basis of the results obtained by Levin, Lubinsky, and Totik. We consider two situations: measures supported on the real line and measures supported on systems of Jordan curves.
A re-examination and re-evaluation of salamander orbital glands.

The amphibian integument contains numerous multicellular glands. Although two of these, the nasolabial and orbital glands and the associated nasolacrimal duct (NLD), have historically received considerable attention, interpretation of the original observations can be problematic in the context of current literature. Salamanders, in particular, are frequently regarded as at least indicative of aspects of the morphology of the common ancestor to all extant tetrapods; hence, an understanding of these glands in salamanders might prove to be informative about their evolution. For this study, the orbitonasal region of salamanders from three families was histologically examined. Three themes emerged: (1) examination of the effect of phylogeny on the nasolabial gland and NLD revealed a combination of features that may be unique to plethodontid salamanders, and may be correlated to their nose-tapping behavior by which substances are moved into the vomeronasal organ; (2) ecology appears to impact the relative development of the orbital glands, but not necessarily the nasolabial gland, with smaller glands being present in the aquatic species; (3) the nomenclature of the salamander orbital gland remains problematic, especially in light of comparative studies, as several alternate possibilities are viable. From this nomenclatural conundrum, however, it could be concluded that there may be a global pattern in the location of tetrapod orbital gland development. Molecular questions in terms of ontogeny and genetic homology affect the nature of the debate on orbital gland nomenclature. These observations suggest that rather than reflecting an ancestral condition, salamanders may instead represent a case of specialized, convergent evolution. Anat Rec, 296:1789–1796, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies of the impact of age on optimal body weight

The question of whether the range of recommended body weights should remain the same throughout adulthood or should be more liberal (higher) in older adults has been extremely controversial. Much of the debate has centered on methodologic issues including sources of confounding and the precision of risk estimates. These methodologic issues are reviewed, and studies that compare the body mass index (BMI)-mortality relationship within appropriate age strata are summarized. Several studies have attempted to control for major confounders, but were too small in size to produce comparisons across age groups. Only three studies had as many as 400 deaths in each age group, and only one of those attempted to control for confounding variables. This study, a recent analysis of the Cancer Prevention Study-I, combined attention to possible confounding variables with the statistical power that comes from a large sample. The analysis indicated that the optimum 12-year survival was associated with a lean BMI (19-21.9) between the ages of 30 and 74 years. After 74 years, the optimum BMI was considerably higher. This study had several limitations and its generalizability is restricted, but nevertheless, it offers the best evidence to date on the impact of age on the BMI-mortality association. New studies are needed that control for possible confounding factors and include repeated measures of weight and height, and perhaps other indicators of body composition and fat distribution, over a long period of follow-up.
Towards an automated Innovization method for handling discrete search spaces

Following manual observation of hidden relationships present in Pareto-optimal (PO) solutions of a multi-objective optimization problem, an automated Innovization procedure was suggested earlier for extracting innovative design principles. The goal was to obtain closed form and simple to understand relations that exist among PO solutions in a design or other problems. The proposed automated Innovization method was developed for handling continuous variable spaces. Since, most practical design problems have discrete variables in their descriptions, the aim of this study is to extend the earlier automated Innovization procedure to handle discrete variable spaces. We discuss the difficulties posed to an automated procedure due to the search space granularity and demonstrate the working of our proposed method on one numerical problem and two engineering design problems. Our study amply demonstrates that the extension of a real-parameter automated Innovization is not straightforward to discrete spaces, however such a procedure for discrete spaces raises new challenges which must be addressed for handling problems with mixed continuous-discrete search space problems.
Organized behavioral responses to lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation in infant rats

Brief trains of electrical stimulation (500 msec) were administered to 3-, 6-, 10-, and 15-day-old rat pups through electrodes directed at the medical forebrain bundle (MFB) at the level of the lateral hypothalamus. Stimulation was given at three different frequencies: once per 30 sec, once per 20 sec, and once per 10 sec. Pups 10 days of age and younger became behaviorally activated by stimulation and reliably emitted a series of behavioral responses including mouthing, licking, pawing, gaping, probing, and stretch and lordosis responses. Behavior increased with increasing frequency of stimulation and became more organized with age. Sequences of organized behavior patterns are elicited by MFB stimulation which in their culmination take on the characteristics of motivational responses. Fifteen-day-old pups did not respond to these stimulation parameters. These findings indicate that the components of motivational systems are present and can be elicited at an early age. As development progresses, responses become more organized until stimulation parameters effective in rats 3 to 10 days of age become ineffective in activating behavior in day 15 pups.
The Weighing of Testimony in Judicial Proceedings from Sources Having Reduced Credibility1

Research on the relationship between the inferential impact of testimony and the credibility or reliability of sources or witnesses is summarized. Formal expressions are discussed which prescribe the nature of this relationship in certain well-defined cases. Also discussed are empirical studies which show that people typically do not degrade the impact of testimony in a manner consistent with the reliability of the sources of testimony. Attempts to improve inferences and decisions by decomposing the tasks performed are also summarized. Problems in applying such aiding techniques in judicial proceedings are discussed.
Primary cultivation of embryonic chick bone marrow cells

We describe a nonenzymatic method for obtaining bone marrow cells by flushing chick long bone with a syringe filled with sterile saline.
Annealing, lattice disorder and non-Fermi liquid behavior in UCu4Pd

The magnetic and electronic properties of non-Fermi liquid UCu{sub 4Pd} depend on annealing conditions. Local structural changes due to this annealing are reported from UL{sub III}- and Pd K-edge x-ray absorption fine-structure measurements. In particular, annealing decreases the fraction of Pd atoms on nominally Cu 16e sites and the U-Cu pair-distance distribution width. This study provides quantitative information on the amount of disorder in UCu{sub 4Pd} and allows an assessment of its possible importance to the observed non-Fermi liquid behavior.
Dyslipidemia in women: etiology and management

Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among women. The management of dyslipidemia is a cornerstone in the prevention of both primary and secondary cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and coronary death. All major international guidelines on the treatment of dyslipidemia recommend similar approaches to the management of dyslipidemia in both men and women. Estrogen replacement therapy should not be considered as a therapeutic option for managing dyslipidemia in women. The reduction of atherogenic lipoprotein burden (reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol based on risk-stratified thresholds and treatment targets) provided the framework for managing dyslipidemia in the US, Europe, Canada, and elsewhere in the world. Very recently, new guidelines in the US have changed this paradigm, whereby rather than focusing on treatment targets, risk now defines the intensity of treatment with statin therapy, with no specific goals for what level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol should be attained. It is not clear if this will lead to changes in lipid guidelines in other parts of the world. In the meantime, region-specific guidelines should be followed. Lipid lowering with statin therapy does correlate with reductions in cardiovascular event rates in women. The clinical impact of treating dyslipidemias in women with nonstatin drugs (eg, fibrates, nicotinic acid, bile acid-binding resins, omega-3 fish oils) is as yet not determined.