cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early glottic cancer

Early glottic cancer stage Tl is defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer’ as a tumor limited to a vocal cord with normal cord mobility. A tumor at this stage may involve the anterior or posterior commissure. Kirchner’ notes that Tl lesions associated with normal mobility do not penetrate the conus elasticus or vocal ligaments. CH Vaughan (personal communication, February 19931, in unpublished data based on material from attempted excisional endoscopic biopsy, disagrees. He notes that up to 20% of clinical Tl cancers with normal cord mobility invade the ligament and beyond, “sometimes far beyond.” Fixation is the usual result of muscle invasion. More advanced glottic cancer causes fixation by invasion of the cricoarytenoid joint, recurrent nerve, and even cartilage, but these cancers are not easily mistaken for the usual Tl cancers. Kirchner notes that a few cancers on the superior surface of the cord that are not big can fix a cord by lateral growth. This binds the marginally invaded cord to the thyroid cartilage,3*4 which is a rare development. Thus, the Tl stage is a clinical spectrum with the common features of cord mobility and glottic locations. A better system would recognize this spectrum with T stages from 0.1 to 1.9. We cannot differentiate that closely
Adaptive LFM waveform diversity

Previous work has addressed adaptive radar waveforms that may be designed to be spectrally orthogonal to a received, in-band, time-varying, interference environment. This paper introduces a different adaptive waveform technique whereby a standard LFM waveform is modified to minimize its adjacent-band interference to other spectral users. In addition, results are shown for in-band and/or adjacent-band spectral suppression for improving radar performance and minimizing interference to other spectral users while maintaining good ambiguity function performance. Ambiguity functions are plotted for each case showing good approximation to the ideal LFM ambiguity function.
Campus in Crisis: Coping with Fear and Panic Related to Serial Murders.

The university and community response to the serial murders of five students is described in this article. The campus crisis management efforts, early crisis intervention activities, rumor control, role of the media, and many other aspects of the crisis are discussed.
Prediction of soil irrigation demanding condition under vegetation covering by proper vegetation index

The objective in this study was to develop proper vegetation indices for prediction of soil irrigation demanding under vegetation covering conditions. The four tested winter wheat varieties were under four different irrigation treatment levels at two different growth stages, one at booting stage and another at grain filling stage, the winter wheat canopy and bare soil reflected spectrum, foliar and soil moisture condition were tested in the field at an interval of 7 days from erecting stage to ripening stage. The combined spectral indices of photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) were chosen in this study. Regression equations between the ration of NPRI to NDWI and soil water content (SWC) were found to be most appropriate for assessing soil water condition under vegetation covering, and relationship between the ration of PRI to NDWI and soil irrigation demanding conditions were also studied. It indicated that soil irrigation demanding condition under vegetation covering conditions could be evaluated by a pragmatic approach for canopy level estimation with proper combined vegetation index
Prospects for emission tomography of nonclassical molecular vibrational states

Summary form only given. It can be shown that the time- and frequency-resolved fluorescence from an excited diatomic molecule is allied closely to a representation of the state that lies somewhere between the Wigner and Husimi distributions. We have developed a method; that allows reconstruction of the representation using techniques from computer-assisted tomography, and have measured the distributions for highly localized vibrational states excited by ultrashort laser pulses in diatomic sodium.
Chronic Heart Failure in the United States A Manifestation of Coronary Artery Disease

failure were a homogeneous disease process, regardless of whether patients had underlying CAD. The main enrollment criterion in most clinical trials was, and continues to be, symptoms of congestion and/or evidence of LV systolic dysfunction. The diagnosis of CAD, the leading cause of heart failure in these studies, has often been based on subjective evidence such as history of angina pectoris and has not always required definitive criteria, such as objective evidence of previous myocardial infarction, significant obstructive CAD on coronary arteriography, or evidence of inducible myocardial ischemia. Thus, the true prevalence of CAD, and its contribution to LV dysfunction, may be higher than actually reported in many of the trials. It follows that the efficacy or lack of efficacy of the heart failure agents under investigation in these trials is difficult to determine in patients with CAD. In addition, the possibility of progression of CAD during the study period has not been assessed, nor has the possibility that mortality in many patients with heart failure may be related more to the progression of CAD than to the progression of LV
An Update on Survey Measures of Web-Oriented Digital Literacy

This article presents a test of a recently developed method for studying people's digital literacy. Self-reported instruments pose a risk of misreporting by respondents. Participants in the study are presented with items that are used to construct a previously established digital literacy measure, interspersed with strategically developed bogus items, to test how the latter measure up against the former. The bogus terms score the least in comparison with other items suggesting that the majority of people do not make up their responses to these questions, thereby adding support to the utility of the formerly proposed instrument. Results also show a considerable discrepancy between familiarity of older Internet-related terms and newer web-based concepts offering a more nuanced instrument for studies of users' digital literacy.
Overcoming Patch-Potential Effects on the Surfaces of Tem Phase-Contrast Devices

A Focused-Ion Beam (FIB) tool is used to fabricate thin-foil apertures that have an electron-opaque half-circle at the center, suspended by a beam extending from the outer edge. The opaque half-circle produces single-sideband contrast (also known as "schlieren", or Foucault knife-edge contrast) at low spatial frequencies, while still allowing one to use Scherzer defocus to provide optimal contrast transfer at intermediate and high spatial frequencies. While a requirement for such an aperture to be effective is that the electrostatic equipotential surface must conform closely to the physical surface of the device, this requirement is not well satisfied on the vacuum-side of any polycrystalline material, due to variation of the work function of difference crystal facets. We thus coat newly fabricated apertures with graphitic a-C to provide a surface with a uniform work function. We now report that heating such apertures to ∼650 °C during use is effective in real-time "annealing" of the radiation damage that otherwise causes a local (patchy) change in phase shift to build up at the edge of the opaque half-circle. While this represents a significant advance, there remains an as-yet unsolved problem in achieving consistent fabrication of apertures that retain the desired uniformity of electrostatic potential when they are heated to ∼650 °C. Current work is focused in two directions: (1) taking steps to enhance bonding of the a-C coating (i.e. prevent delamination), and (2) investigating other materials that may not need to be coated with a-C but that will (like a-C) be rad-hard, at least when heated to ∼650 °C or less.
IMMUNITY IN MUMPS : V. THE CORRELATION OF THE PRESENCE OF DERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND RESISTANCE TO MUMPS

The results of skin tests read at 48 hours on several hundred adults and children in which heat-inactivated mumps virus was the antigen have been presented and discussed. They can be summarized as follows:- Of 89 persons tested before the onset of mumps, 89 per cent exhibited erythematous reactions 10 mm. or less in diameter and 95 per cent, reactions 15 mm. or less in diameter. Of 40 persons tested during the first 5 days of mumps, 95 per cent exhibited reactions 10 mm. or less and 98 per cent reactions 15 mm. or less. Of 480 exposed persons the attack rate of mumps was 46 per cent among 340 with reactions 10 mm. or less and 10 per cent among 240 with reactions greater than 10 mm. The attack rate was only 2 per cent among 161 with reactions exceeding 15 mm. The attack rates in 13 skin-tested groups which were exposed to mumps tended to be inversely proportional to the incidence of reactions exceeding 10 mm. The incidence of reactions exceeding 10 mm. was approximately twice as high among 529 adults (persons 18 years or older) as it was among 306 children (persons under 18 years). Of 179 adults giving positive histories of mumps, 82 per cent exhibited skin reactions exceeding 10 mm. In certain groups the correlation between history and positive skin test was as high as 0.9. Of 132 adults giving negative histories, 58 per cent exhibited skin reactions of this magnitude. The proportion of reactions exceeding 10 mm. in a small number of children giving positive histories was 75 per cent. The proportion of reactions less than 10 mm. was 15 per cent. Of 167 adults with positive complement fixation tests, 87 per cent exhibited skin reactions exceeding 10 mm. Of 111 adults with negative complement fixation tests, 52 per cent exhibited reactions exceeding 10 mm. Of 43 children with positive complement fixation tests, the skin test reactions exceeded 10 mm. in 70 per cent. The skin reactions exceeded 10 mm. in 29 per cent of 105 children with negative complement fixation tests. In 69 of 72 individuals in whom skin reactions exceeded 10 mm., complement-fixing antibody either appeared in the blood or increased in amount within about 2 weeks after the tests were done. Such antibody responses likewise were observed in 34 of 76 individuals in whom skin reactions were 10 mm. or less. The data summarized up to this point were obtained with virus derived from the infected parotid gland of monkeys. The results of simultaneous tests in 82 individuals employing materials prepared from infected monkey parotid gland and amniotic membrane of chick embryos infected with mumps virus indicated in general that the same individual responded in a similar manner to both antigens. In many instances, however, the membrane material produced weaker reactions. Occasionally an individual failed to react at all to one of these materials but did respond to the other.
The discourses of incidents: cougars on Mt. Elden and in Sabino Canyon, Arizona

Incidents are relatively short periods of intensified discourse that arise from public responses to symbolically important actions by public officials, and an important part of the conflict that increasingly surrounds state wildlife management in the West. In an effort to better understand incidents as a facet of this conflict, we analyzed the discourses of two incidents in Arizona that were precipitated by the intended removal of cougars by managers in response to public safety concerns. We used newspaper content, 1999–2007, to elucidate seminal patterns of public discourses and discourse coalitions as well as differences in discursive focus between incident periods and background periods. Cougars were mentioned in newspaper articles 13–33 times more often during incidents compared with background periods. State wildlife agency commissioners and hunters were part of a discourse coalition that advocated killing cougars to solve problems, blamed cougars and those who promoted the animals’ intrinsic value and sought to retain power to define and solve cougar-related problems. Personnel from affected state and federal agencies expressed a similar discourse. Environmentalists, animal protection activists, and some elected officials were of a coalition that defined “the problem” primarily in terms of people’s behaviors, including behaviors associated with current institutional arrangements. This discourse advocated decentralizing power over cougar management. The discourses reflected different preferences for the allocations of power and use of lethal versus non-lethal methods, which aligned with apparent core beliefs and participants’ enfranchisement or disenfranchisement by current state-level management power arrangements.
Relationships of Different Cotton Square Sizes to Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Feeding and Oviposition in Field Conditions

Feeding and oviposition preferences of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, for four different cotton square size classes in field conditions of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas were studied during 2002 and 2003. Percentages of large (5.5–8-mm-diameter) squares used for oviposition and feeding were greater than pinhead or match-head squares. The preference for large squares as food and associated accelerated fecundity explain the substantial boll weevil population buildups that occur after large squares form. Medium-sized (3–5.5-mm-diameter) squares also were used but less than large squares. Feeding and oviposition on pinhead (1–2-mm-diameter) and match-head (2–3-mm-diameter) squares were negligible. Although planting date did not affect oviposition or feeding preferences for squares larger than pinhead and match-head sizes, the least amount of either damage to large squares was found in the earliest plantings during both years. This study indicates that pinhead and match-head squares, regardless of planting date, do not require pesticide applications to protect against boll weevil feeding and oviposition.
In vitro strain in human metacarpal bones during striking: testing the pugilism hypothesis of hominin hand evolution.

ABSTRACT The hands of hominins (i.e. bipedal apes) are distinguished by skeletal proportions that are known to enhance manual dexterity but also allow the formation of a clenched fist. Because male–male physical competition is important in the mating systems of most species of great apes, including humans, we tested the hypothesis that a clenched fist protects the metacarpal bones from injury by reducing the level of strain during striking. We used cadaver arms to measure in vitro strain in metacarpals during forward strikes with buttressed and unbuttressed fist postures and during side slaps with an open palm. If the protective buttressing hypothesis is correct, the clenched fist posture should substantially reduce strain in the metacarpal bones during striking and therefore reduce the risk of fracture. Recorded strains were significantly higher in strikes in which the hand was secured in unbuttressed and slapping postures than in the fully buttressed posture. Our results suggest that humans can safely strike with 55% more force with a fully buttressed fist than with an unbuttressed fist and with twofold more force with a buttressed fist than with an open-hand slap. Thus, the evolutionary significance of the proportions of the hominin hand may be that these are the proportions that improved manual dexterity while at the same time making it possible for the hand to be used as a club during fighting.
Numerical Approximation of Option Premia in Displaced-Lognormal Heston Models

In this paper, we consider the numerical approximation of the prices of vanilla options in a displaced-lognormal Heston model. First of all, we derive an alternative representation of option prices which facilitates robust numerical approximation including the case where the local volatility is (or is close to) Gaussian. Secondly, we construct a control variate based upon the hitting times of Brownian motion which matches the asymptotic behaviour of the Laplace transform of the integrated variance in a Heston model. Based on our analysis, we suggest an algorithm and present numerical results on its speed, stability and accuracy. A prototype implemented in C is available for download.
Reduced pathogen fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Tn5 mutants defective in coronatine production

Abstract Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain PT23 produces necrotic lesions on tomato which are surrounded by a diffuse yellow chlorosis. Mitchell et al. (Physiological Plant Pathology 23 , 315–322) previously found that some strains of P. syringae pv. tomato produce the chlorosis-inducing phytotoxin, coronatine. In the present study, Tn 5 mutagenesis was used to isolate nontoxigenic mutants of PT23. One thousand Tn 5 mutants of PT23 were screened for loss of chlorosis induction on tomato leaves; 10 mutants were recovered which produced little or no chlorosis. Organic acids were extracted from two of the mutants and analysed by high performance liquid chromatography and a bean leaf bioassay; the two mutants were found to be defective in coronatine production. The necrotic lesions induced by the two mutants reached a maximum diameter (0·2 mm) 4 days after inoculation, but lesions induced by the wild-type strain continued to expand to a maximum diameter of 0·62 mm. An increase in bacterial populations was correlated with the increase in lesion size. Therefore, coronatine synthesis appears to play an important role in lesion expansion and multiplication of P. syringae pv. tomato in tomato leaves.
Environmental Externalities and Political Externalities: The Political Economy of Environmental Regulation and Reform

For years, economists and lawyers have bemoaned the inefficiencies of the current centralized, command-and-control regime of environmental regulation. Despite the manifest failure of the current regime, however, the system of environmental regulation seems to be largely immune to rationalization and reform. This article advances a public choice explanation for the persistence of the current centralized, command-and-control system of environmental regulation. The model is premised on a simple model of gains to trade. Because of the defects of the political process, well-organized and powerful special interests can use the apparatus of government to transfer wealth to themselves. To the extent that the strategic use of regulation creates economic rents, it creates the opportunity for the division of those rents among these same interest groups. This article identifies a number of special interests that share an attachment to the current regime, and hostility to decentralized, market-based alternatives. In particular, this article identifies industries and firms directly-benefited from environmental regulation; industries and firms indirectly-benefited through cartel-like effect of restricting industry output and preventing entry; organized environmental interests who gain power, prestige, and money from the current system; politicians and regulators; and lawyers. Through the system of environmental regulation, these interests can generate economic rents to be distributed among themselves at the expense of the dispersed public. Thus, the article challenges the conventional portrayal of the system of environmental regulation as a struggle between industry polluters who oppose regulation and the public represented by environmental lobbying groups and regulators that favor regulation. Finally, the possibilities for reform of the current regime are presented.
Sex Offenders Part II: Policies that Address Sex Offenders

The second in a two-article series, this work addresses what social workers need to know about sex offenders and public policy. Past and current models for public policy and their application to sex offenders are discussed. Measures such as incarceration, Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) laws, outpatient commitment, registration, and notification laws are examined. Implications for social work practice are discussed and recommendations are given for future research.
An Ultimate Proof of Rolle's Theorem

(1979). An Ultimate Proof of Rolle's Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 86, No. 6, pp. 484-485.
Partial Discharge Characteristics of Typical Defect of SF_6 Gas Insulation Under Impulse Voltage

It is well known that the power frequency withstand voltage test and its corresponding partial discharge(PD)measurement are inadequate for the detection of all the hidden flaws in GIS with the continuous improvement of the voltage level of the power grid. Such inadequacy can be compensated by the oscillating impulse withstand voltage(OIV) test and its PD detection measurement which are recommended by IEC. In order to study the difference of impact on insulation between the OIV and the double exponential impulse voltage,an OIV generator is designed and built to produce the voltage waveforms in accordance with the IEC 60060-3—2006 standard,and the partial discharge(PD)measurement system is also developed. Then PD characteristics of typical defect in GIS under double exponential impulse voltage and OIV are studied and compared. The results show that the number of partial discharge pulses under OIV more than that under double exponential impulse voltage, and so that it is better to detect metal protrusion defect in GIS. This study may provide a basis for PD detection under OIV test.
Microbe‐inducible trafficking pathways that control Toll‐like Receptor signaling

The receptors of the mammalian innate immune system are designed for rapid microbial detection, and are located in organelles that are conducive to serve these needs. However, emerging evidence indicates that the sites of microbial detection are not the sites of innate immune signal transduction. Rather, microbial detection triggers the movement of receptors to regions of the cell where factors called sorting adaptors detect active receptors and promote downstream inflammatory responses. These findings highlight the critical role that membrane trafficking pathways play in the initiation of innate immunity to infection. In this review, we describe pathways that promote the microbe-inducible endocytosis of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the microbe-inducible movement of TLRs between intracellular compartments. We highlight a new class of proteins called Transporters Associated with the eXecution of Inflammation (TAXI), which have the unique ability to transport TLRs and their microbial ligands to signaling-competent regions of the cell, and we discuss the means by which the subcellular sites of signal transduction are defined.
Patient-perceived Causes of Prostate Cancer: Result of an Internet-based Survey.

Objective To assess patients' perceived causes of prostate cancer (PCa) and relation to treatment satisfaction, an Internet-based survey study was designed. PCa is a profoundly personal disease, considering the location and common sequelae of treatment. Deeply held patient self-perceptions regarding the etiology of a patient's PCa may generate lasting beliefs that impact satisfaction with treatment selection. Materials and Methods Third-party web-based surveys were sent to patients receiving radical prostatectomy for clinically localized PCa. Patients were queried regarding demographic characteristics, family history, socioeconomic status, sexual function, urinary control, and factors believed to cause their PCa. Results Among respondents (293 of 524, 55.9%), 237 (81.5%) provided primary causes for PCa. Evidence-based answers were provided by 128 (53.5%) patients, whereas a wide range of non–evidence-based responses were provided by 49 (20.5%) patients. Forty patients (16.7%) were undecided, and 20 (8.3%) offered belief-based responses. Evidence-based responses were more common in patients with a family history of PCa (P Conclusion Among men with localized PCa, there is a wide spectrum of patient beliefs regarding the etiology of their disease that may reflect background and information sources. Further research is warranted to determine whether patient counseling should incorporate these considerations.
Experimental evaluation of temperature distribution of a vapor cell using a Hilbert transform procedure

A diode-pumped alkali vapor laser (DPAL) is one of the most promising candidates of the next-generation high-powered laser source. As the saturated number density of alkali vapor is highly dependent on the temperature inside a vapor cell, the temperature distribution in the cross-section of a cell will greatly affect the homogeneity of a laser medium and the output characteristics of a DPAL. In this paper, we developed an algorithm based on the regime concluding quasi-Hilbert transform to evaluate the phase aberration of a wavefront when the probe beam passes through the vapor cell placed in one arm of a Mach–Zehnder interference setup. According to the theoretical algorithm, we deduced the temperature distribution of a cesium vapor cell for different heating conditions. The study is thought to be useful for development of a high-powered laser.
Expression of γ-Globin Is Reactivated by a Novel Mechanism in Baboon CD34+ Erythroid Progenitor Cell Cultures.

Elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) reduce the symptoms of sickle cell disease and increase the life span of patients. Future pharmacologic therapies to increase HbF will depend on increased knowledge of the mechanism(s) regulating γ-globin gene expression. To investigate the relationship between DNA methylation, chromatin structure, and γ-globin gene regulation, DNA methylation of 5 CpG sites within γ-globin gene promoter, levels of acetyl-histone H3 and H4 and histone H3 lys4 trimethyl throughout the β-globin gene complex, and the pattern of γ-globin polypeptide chain synthesis were analyzed in primary baboon fetal liver (FL) erythroid cells, primary baboon bone marrow (ABM) erythroid cells from phlebotomized adults expressing low levels of HbF, ABM erythroid cells from adults expressing high levels of HbF following treatment in vivo with the DNA demethylating drug decitabine, and erythroid cells expressing high levels of HbF generated from CD34+ baboon BM erythroid progenitors in a liquid culture system. High levels of histone acetylation were associated with the e- and γ-globin genes and low levels with the β-globin gene in FL erythroid cells while in ABM erythroid cells expressing low levels of HbF (6.69±1.93%) high levels were associated with the β-globin gene and low levels with the γ-globin gene. Histone H3 lys 4 trimethyl was enriched near the γ-globin gene in FL and the β-globin gene in ABM. The γ-globin gene was not methylated in FL. The level of methylation was similar in bled (75.1±8.26%) and normal (82.1±7.51%) ABM erythroid cells. The ratio of expression of 5′ Iγ- and 3′ Vγ-globin genes in the fetus (1.85) differed from bled adults (0.65). Expression of γ-globin was reactivated to similar levels in decitabine-treated baboons (51.5±4.50%) and in erythroid progenitor cell cultures (45.3±12.1%; d14). The Iγ- and Vγ-globin chains were expressed at the characteristic fetal ratio in erythroid progenitor cell cultures (1.76±0.21), but not in decitabine-treated baboons (0.76±0.32). Distribution of histone acetylation and histone H3 lys4 trimethyl was nearly identical in erythroid cells expressing high levels of HbF from decitabine-treated animals and from erythroid progenitor cultures and was characterized by high levels of histone H3 lys4 trimethyl associated with both the active γ- and β-globin genes and enrichment of histone H3 and H4 acetylation near the e-, γ-, and β-globin genes. HbF reactivation in decitabine-treated baboons was associated with a reduction in the level of γ-globin gene methylation (33.5±9.43% dmC). Surprisingly, the level of γ-globin gene methylation in erythroid cells purified from erythroid progenitor cell cultures (79.5±9.80% dmC; d11) synthesizing high levels of γ-globin was not significantly different than in ABM erythroid cells expressing
Medical Student Views of Healthcare Reform in the United States, 2009

Purpose To assess the opinions of Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Einstein) medical students about U.S. healthcare reform in the context of the 2008 U.S. presidential election through the use of an online survey. The study additionally evaluates the influences on students’ healthcare opinions and whether there is sufficient instruction given to medical students about healthcare systems. Method During January and February 2009, first-year and second-year (classes of 2011 and 2012) Einstein medical students (n=362) were surveyed about U.S. healthcare using a web-based electronic survey. The survey included questions about students’ healthcare views and influences, political views, and education related to healthcare systems. Results With a response rate of 56%, the survey showed that, among Einstein students, the most popular reform to the U.S. healthcare system would be a multipayer system (41%) in which all U.S. citizens would have access to healthcare paid for by the U.S. government, but could also choose to obtain private insurance. More than 86% of the respondents felt that they had not received adequate education in medical school about the U.S. healthcare system. Seventy-four percent of respondents supported Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Conclusions Einstein students overwhelmingly recognize the need for reform in the U.S. healthcare system, and students are confident that, under Barack Obama’s leadership, the number of uninsured American citizens will decrease in the next four years. Survey findings also reveal the need for improved medical student education about the U.S. healthcare system.
Normal-Karyotype Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive myeloid neoplasm characterized by an arrest of hematopoietic maturation, resulting in increased myeloblasts in the blood and bone marrow. Current treatment strategies for AML are based on both patient-related parameters such as age and performance status and the intrinsic disease biology. The latter is heavily influenced by genetic abnormalities present in the leukemia stem cells. Traditionally, cytogenetic abnormalities were paramount in determining the disease prognosis; however, about 40% of AMLs have a normal karyotype. In recent years, rapidly increasing information is becoming available regarding gene mutations in normal-karyotype AML and their influence on prognosis. Key mutations in AML exhibit complex interactions with one another and also with epigenetic alterations in driving the disease biology. Future therapies for AML will increasingly rely on the genetic signatures of individual leukemias and future strategies will adjust therapy to the predicted disease aggressiveness and employ therapies targeted against particular deregulated genetic pathways.
Methods for Computing the Boiling Temperature of Water at Varying Pressures

AbstractBoiling is an extreme form of evaporation that occurs when the saturation vapor pressure is equal to the total atmospheric pressure. This paper computes boiling temperature by four different methods and compares the results to data provided in the CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry. The first method utilizes a constant value for the latent heat of vaporization (lυ) in the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, and the second method uses a previously published temperature-dependent linear function for lυ. A third method is suggested that begins by deriving a new second-order function for lυ, and then applies this function in an error-reduction loop to determine boiling temperature as a function of pressure. This method for computing boiling temperature shows a mean bias of 0.31°C between mean sea level pressure and 100 hPa and a mean error of less than a tenth of a percent, which is a significant improvement over both of the first two methods. The fourth method uses a fifth-order polynomial, eliminating l...
Headache and Mobile Phone Use

Researchers at Hallym University, Anyang, Korea investigated the clinical features of headache associated with mobile phone (HAMP) use among 247 medical students.
Dependence of SAW resonator 1/f noise on device size

Experiments were conducted with eight 450-MHz surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators which demonstrate that a resonator's 1/f noise depends approximately inversely on the active acoustic area of the device. This observation is consistent with a proposed theory that 1/f noise in acoustic resonators is caused by localized velocity or dimensional fluctuations. >
Towards Perception Based Time Series Data Mining

Human decision making procedures in problems related with analysis of time series data bases (TSDB) often use perceptions like “several days”, “high price”, “quickly increasing” etc. Computing with Words and Perceptions can be used to formalize perception based expert knowledge and inference mechanisms defined on numerical domains of TSDB. For extraction from TSDB perception based information relevant to decision making problems it is necessary to develop methods of perception based time series data mining (PTSDM). The paper considers different approaches used in analysis of time series databases for description of perception based patterns and discusses some methods of PTSDM.
Characterization of T Cells Specific for CFP-10 and ESAT-6 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Mauritian Cynomolgus Macaques

Nonhuman primates can be used to study host immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCMs) are a unique group of animals that have limited major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genetic diversity, such that MHC-identical animals can be infected with M. tuberculosis Two MCMs homozygous for the relatively common M1 MHC haplotype were bronchoscopically infected with 41 CFU of the M. tuberculosis Erdman strain. Four other MCMs, which had at least one copy of the M1 MHC haplotype, were infected with a lower dose of 3 CFU M. tuberculosis All animals mounted similar T-cell responses to CFP-10 and ESAT-6. Two epitopes in CFP-10 were characterized, and the MHC class II alleles restricting them were determined. A third epitope in CFP-10 was identified but exhibited promiscuous restriction. The CFP-10 and ESAT-6 antigenic regions targeted by T cells in MCMs were comparable to those seen in cases of human M. tuberculosis infection. Our data lay the foundation for generating tetrameric molecules to study epitope-specific CD4 T cells in M. tuberculosis-infected MCMs, which may guide future testing of tuberculosis vaccines in nonhuman primates.
16 – Steric (Polymer-Mediated) and Thermal Fluctuation Forces

This chapter presents a study on polymer-mediated steric forces and thermal fluctuation forces. The steric forces between surfaces with end grafted chains are well understood both theoretically and experimentally, and are well defined. Thermal fluctuation forces are essentially entropic or osmotic in origin and are also referred to as entropically driven or protrusion forces. This chapter explains the purely repulsive steric force between two polymer-covered surfaces interacting in a liquid. It also details the concepts of polymer-associated interactions that are attractive or that modify steric interactions. The chapter begins with a discussion on diffuse interfaces in liquids. The states of polymers in solution and at surfaces are then explained. The chapter introduces the concepts of repulsive “steric” or “overlap” forces between polymer-covered surfaces. The chapter also discusses attractive “intersegment” and “bridging” forces and attractive “depletion” forces. Nonequilibrium aspects of polymer interactions are also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion on thermal fluctuations and forces between fluid-like interfaces.
Templated Self-Assembly of a Covalent Polymer Network for Intracellular Protein Delivery and Traceless Release

Trafficking proteins inside cells is an emerging field with potential utility in basic cell biology and biological therapeutics. A robust and sustainable delivery strategy demands not only good protection of the cargo but also reversibility in conjugation and activity. We report a protein-templated polymer self-assembly strategy for forming a sheath around the proteins and then tracelessly releasing them in the cytosol. The versatility of the approach, demonstrated here, suggests that the strategy is compatible with a wide array of biologics.
Options for When Simple Managements Are Not Enough

Both menstrual pain and heavy menstrual bleeding no longer represent the debilitating threat they once posed. Inexpensive, safe, effective non-prescription therapy available without medical consultation means that dysmenorrhea is no longer the source of disability it once was. When this is not enough, prescription interventions offer exceptional efficacy. When heavy menstrual bleeding is experienced, the placement of a hormone-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUS) offers efficacy for 5 or more years with no further actions by the user. Normality can be restored, worry relieved, and function maintained.
The Great Industrial War: Framing Class Conflict in the Media, 1865–1950 by Troy Rondinone Piscataway, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2009, 254 Pp.

(2010). The Great Industrial War: Framing Class Conflict in the Media, 1865–1950 by Troy Rondinone Piscataway, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2009, 254 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 129-131.
The Boustrophedon Transform for Descent Polytopes

We give a short proof that the f-vector of the descent polytope $${{\,\mathrm{DP}\,}}_{\mathbf {v}}$$ is componentwise maximized when the word $$\mathbf {v}$$ is alternating. Our proof uses an f-vector analog of the boustrophedon transform.
Incentivizing hospital infection control

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose a significant burden to patient safety. Institutions can implement hospital infection control (HIC) measures to reduce the impact of HAIs. Since patients can carry pathogens between institutions, there is an economic incentive for hospitals to free ride on the HIC investments of other facilities. Subsidies for infection control by public health authorities could encourage regional spending on HIC. We develop coupled mathematical models of epidemiology and hospital behavior in a game-theoretic framework to investigate how hospitals may change spending behavior in response to subsidies. We demonstrate that under a limited budget, a dollar-for-dollar matching grant outperforms both a fixed-amount subsidy and a subsidy on uninfected patients in reducing the number of HAIs in a single institution. Additionally, when multiple hospitals serve a community, funding priority should go to the hospital with a lower transmission rate. Overall, subsidies incentivize HIC spending and reduce the overall prevalence of HAIs.
Quinoline Triradicals: A Reactivity Study

The gas-phase reactivities of several protonated quinoline-based σ-type (carbon-centered) mono-, bi-, and triradicals toward dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were studied by using a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The mono- and biradicals produce abundant thiomethyl abstraction products and small amounts of DMDS radical cation, as expected. Surprisingly, all triradicals produce very abundant DMDS radical cations. A single-step mechanism involving electron transfer from DMDS to the triradicals is highly unlikely because the (experimental) adiabatic ionization energy of DMDS is almost 3 eV greater than the (calculated) adiabatic electron affinities of the triradicals. The unexpected reactivity can be explained based on an unprecedented two-step mechanism wherein the protonated triradical first transfers a proton to DMDS, which is then followed by hydrogen atom abstraction from the protonated sulfur atom in DMDS by the radical site in the benzene ring of the deprotonated triradical to generate the con...
The Gender By Us® Toolkit: A Pilot Study of an Intervention to Disrupt Implicit Gender Bias:

Using a mixed methods approach, the current study tested whether an intervention, the Gender By Us® Toolkit, decreased implicit gender bias compared to a generic conversation. Researchers randomly ...
Using fluorescence microscopy to shed light on the mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising in the fight against increasing bacterial resistance, but the development of AMPs with enhanced activity requires a thorough understanding of their mechanisms of action. Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most flexible and effective tools to characterize AMPs, particularly in its ability to measure the membrane interactions and cellular localization of peptides. Recent advances have increased the scope of research questions that can be addressed via microscopy through improving spatial and temporal resolution. Unique combinations of fluorescent labels and dyes can simultaneously consider different aspects of peptide-membrane interaction mechanisms. This review emphasizes the central role that fluorescence microscopy will continue to play in the interrogation of AMP structure-function relationships and the engineering of more potent peptides.
Indocyanine Green Use for Revisional Bariatric Surgery

Abstract Introduction: Marginal ulceration (MU) is a common complication after laparoscopic Roux-en-y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Risk factors include foreign body reaction to staples/suture, Helicobac...
Automated thresholding method for the computed tomography inspection of the internal composition of parts fabricated using additive manufacturing

Abstract This study presents an automated thresholding method for analyzing and quantifying the internal composition of additive manufacturing (AM) parts using computed tomography (CT) data. A mixed skewed-Gaussian distribution (MSGD) algorithm, derived from a statistical image analysis technique called Mixed Gaussian Distribution (MGD) clustering, integrates a mixture of skewed-Gaussian distributions to model the internal phases from CT data. The parameters of the MSGD algorithm (i.e. probability, mean, standard deviation, and skew) are inferred from the measured grayscale histogram using least-squares fitting and are assigned to phases present in the CT data. Upon fitting, the MSGD technique guides the thresholding of phases in CT data. From the MSGD fitted and thresholded CT data, phase volume percentages and spatial variations of density of the phases are quantified. The MSGD algorithm was validated using previously reported CT analysis and experimental porosity measurements of two Cobalt Chrome (CoCr) specimens (∼1 % and ∼13 % porosity) fabricated by powder bed fusion (PBF). Compared with the 1.1 % and 13.7 % porosity of the specimens measured by the Archimedes method, the MSGD method predicted a porosity of 1.6 % +/− 0.7 % and 14.5 % +/− 1.9 %, a measured increase of 0.5 % and 0.8 %, respectively. These results show a similarity in predicted porosity between Archimedes and MSGD method indicating that CT and the MSGD method may provide a reasonable estimate for part porosity.
Decreased Length of Stay After Laparoscopic Diaphragm Repair for Isolated Diaphragm Injury After Penetrating Trauma

BackgroundIsolated diaphragm injury (IDI) occurs in up to 30% of penetrating left thoracoabdominal injuries. Laparoscopic abdominal procedures have demonstrated improved outcome including decreased...
Exploring new teachers conceptualizations of critical simulations in world history, American history, and economics learning experiences:

In this study we examine early career social studies teachers’ use and understanding of critical simulations. We began work with participants as teacher candidates in their pre-service programs and...
Measurement Investigation of MLCC Mounting Variation Impact on Acoustic Noise in Power Distribution Network

The multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) mounting method impact on the MLCC induced acoustic noise in printed circuit board (PCB) is investigated through measurement. The influence of MLCC soldering stencil height, MLCC orientation and MLCC pair offset distance are evaluated on a series of test boards. The sound pressure level (SPL) is measured to evaluate the PCB acoustic noise performance. In the investigated mounting variation range, the acoustic noise performance does not exhibit noticeable changes.
Cyberattacks and the Constitution

Contrary to popular view, cyberattacks alone are rarely exercises of constitutional war powers—and they might never be. They are often instead best understood as exercises of other powers pertaining to nonwar military, foreign affairs, intelligence, and foreign commerce, for example. Although this more fine-grained, fact-specific conception of cyberattacks leaves room for broad executive leeway in some contexts, it also contains a strong constitutional basis for legislative regulation of cyber operations.
Care, Control, and Color: A Conversation About Disparities in School Disciplinary Practices

Disciplinary practices teachers use in their classrooms frequently result in life-altering consequences for students who are historically marginalized and struggling to meet normalized standards of academic success. Research suggests teachers often lack the skill needed to connect with students, manage their classrooms, and administer corrective action that is equitable, reasonable, and effective without being excessive and detrimental to the student’s future. This disconnection and lack of judgment is frequently attributed to 1) the cultural mismatch that exists between the majority U.S. teacher who is a young, White female, and the growing diverse population of students; 2) teachers’ deficit view of students of color, their families and communities; and 3) deficient pre-service teacher training that does not equip future teachers with the culturally relevant pedagogical skills needed to meet the needs of today’s students. Employing the qualitative research methods of interactive interviewing and parallel stories, an African American, veteran teacher and a young, White pre-service teacher explore the topic of disciplinary practices at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and a classroom culture of care in the k-12 U.S. classroom.
Treatment challenges in idiopathic extracranial ICA vasospasm case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Idiopathic extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) vasospasm is a rare pathological phenomenon that may lead to stroke in young patients. We report a case of an 18 year-old female with recurrent extracranial ICA vasospasm since age thirteen. We summarize published data related to this condition including all twenty-three reported cases of extracranial ICA vasospasm. We describe the various proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disorder. Various treatment modalities have been attempted but there is no known long-term effective treatment.
Right Colon Resection

This chapter aims to give the reader a succinct insight of the current perspectives in right colon resection. Unfolding controversies are discussed including standardization of surgical technique, indications for medial-to-lateral and lateral-to medial mobilization, isoperistaltic and antiperistaltic anastomotic configuration, intracorporeal and extracorporeal anastomosing, stapled handsewn techniques, robotic intracorporeal suturing, and specimen extraction sites.