cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restructuring Science, Re-Engaging Society

in anthropos today Paul Rabinow’s purpose was to “assemble a toolkit of concepts in order to advance inquiry” (2). A good portion of his subsequent work shares this same goal of advancing an experimental mode, especially within the human sciences. In his Coss lecture, “How to Submit to Inquiry: Dewey and Foucault,” Rabinow says, “my experiments and inquiries support the claim that scientifically and ethically, relations among and between the life sciences, human sciences, and ethics require sustained re-thinking and re-working.” Science, as it is structured and practiced, is insufficient to our complex endeavors. When asked to consider what science gives to society, Rabinow’s answer is tools for thought (Anthropos 101–02). Scientists are one of the very few who have the authority in our society to speak “the truth.” When considering why they have such power, we see that we are heavily dependent on their specialized abilities. It is further disheartening that today, more and more information is constantly generated, yet not articulated or disseminated in a fitting format.1 Thus, we saw in Anthropos Today that the way scientific information attempts to fit into our lives is problematic. In Rabinow’s most recent work, he leaves the reconstruction of our life sciences as “an open question, a pressing problem as well as a site of discordancy and indeterminacy.” To this end, it is my goal to suggest for our consideration various ways in which the sciences are being re-thought, and thus, some possible ways forward in this reconstruction. I leave it to the reader to decide whether such challenges to the “near future” are reformulating current “blockages and opportunities as problems” or taking them as a given.
Citizenship and punishment: Situating death penalty jury sentencing:

Although capital punishment in the United States is subject to much social scientific scrutiny, there has been little ethnographic study of death penalty trials. This is not only an empirical lacuna, but also a theoretically and politically important one: by failing to take capital trials as primary objects of inquiry, the practices of lawyers, witnesses, judges, and others are viewed as products of, rather than implicated in, the institution of criminal justice. Based on an ethnography of fifteen death penalty sentencing trials across the United States during 2007, 2008, and 2009, this article seeks to understand the role of juries in capital trials. While judges customarily make sentencing decisions in American criminal cases, capital cases require jury sentencing. Key to understanding this unusual requirement is the recruitment of potential jurors into a role I term punitive citizenship. Through the process of choosing 'death qualified' jurors for trial, capital jurors are asked to call upon their own moral positions in conjunction with their responsibility to the collective to decide on appropriate punishments for defendants who are singled out for capital prosecution by the state. This ensures that capital jurors take personal responsibility for the punishment decision. The article argues that this process blurs the lines between state and citizen action, solidifies the types of homicides that are designated worthy of capital punishment, and allows the state to neutralize some of the historic problems with state-sponsored death sentences.
Evidence for the interaction of nucleotides with immobilized amino-acids and its significance for the origin of the genetic code.

ONE of the essential relationships between nucleic acids and amino-acids in present biological systems and perhaps in evolutionary precursors to these systems is expressed in binding and recognition interactions. Such interactions depend on the size, composition and conformation of the interacting species1–8. When the two reacting species are simple (that is, when neither is polymeric) one cannot expect to observe “specificity” of the sort implied in the biological use of the term. Working with monomeric species in aqueous media permits the effects of individual factors to be assessed so that more complex interactions between these molecules can be understood and their evolutionary potential evaluated.
Multivariate image analysis methods applied to XPS imaging data sets

Recent improvements in imaging photoelectron spectroscopy enhance lateral and vertical characterization of heterogeneous samples at the cost of increasing complexity in the XPS data sets acquired. These imaging data sets require more sophisticated analysis methods than visual inspection if the data are to be interpreted effectively. Multivariate analysis (MVA) methods are increasingly utilized in surface spectroscopies to aid the analyst in interpreting the vast amount of information resulting from these multidimensional data set acquisitions. In this work, image processing analysis methods are tested on XPS data sets acquired from polymer blends. Images from the blends, acquired as a function of composition, time or energy, provide multidimensional data sets for algorithm evaluation. Multivariate image analysis (MIA) methods such as scatter diagrams, principal component analysis (PCA) and classification methods are used to extract maps of pure components from degradation and images-to-spectra data sets. In some cases the MVA results can be compared directly with the XPS spectra or images, which provide a critical reference point. This work will demonstrate that additional information can result from the application of MIA methods, even when direct spectral or image interpretation is possible. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secretion of Virulence Proteins from Campylobacter jejuni Is Dependent on a Functional Flagellar Export Apparatus

Campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative motile bacterium, secretes a set of proteins termed the Campylobacter invasion antigens (Cia proteins). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the flagellar apparatus serves as the export apparatus for the Cia proteins. Mutations were generated in five genes encoding three structural components of the flagella, the flagellar basal body (flgB and flgC), hook (flgE2), and filament (flaA and flaB) genes, as well as in genes whose products are essential for flagellar protein export (flhB and fliI). While mutations that affected filament assembly were found to be nonmotile (Mot−) and did not secrete Cia proteins (S−), a flaA (flaB+) filament mutant was found to be nonmotile but Cia protein secretion competent (Mot−, S+). Complementation of a flaA flaB double mutant with a shuttle plasmid harboring either the flaA or flaB gene restored Cia protein secretion, suggesting that Cia export requires at least one of the two filament proteins. Infection of INT 407 human intestinal cells with the C. jejuni mutants revealed that maximal invasion of the epithelial cells required motile bacteria that are secretion competent. Collectively, these data suggest that the C. jejuni Cia proteins are secreted from the flagellar export apparatus.
Threshold and Saturation of the Parametric Decay Instability

Observation of the time development of parametric instability reveals new oscillatory saturation states, whose frequency is proportional to the pump intensity. The self-consistent pump field simultaneously exhibits similar but 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} out-of-phase oscillations. Application of a small auxiliary driver wave (${E}_{t}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1{E}_{0}$) at the electron sideband lowers the threshold and dramatically enhances the intensity of excited ion wave. Growth rate and functional dependence of threshold on ion damping are verified.
An Updated Out-of-Core Equation Solver

An assembly method is presented to be used with out-of-core blocked skyline equation solvers. The equation assembly forms the blocked components of the simultaneous equations directly, while reducing input/output (I/O)to a minimum. The assembly is intended to be inserted into finite-element codes and is ideal for microcomputer use. The memory used for both assembly and solution.
Recognizing and nurturing artisanal mining as a viable livelihood

Abstract Much of the discourse and literature on artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in sub-Saharan Africa has inherently prescriptive recommendations on how the sector should develop. Devaluation, misrecognition, and criminalization of artisanal, largely illegal miners hamper their participation not only in environmental and political decision-making but also in negotiating potential alternative livelihoods. This article addresses the following three questions: (a) what are the pull and push factors in Ghana's artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector?; (b) what concrete livelihood options exist for unregistered miners when regularization is impeded and undermined?; and (c) in the absence of promising alternative livelihoods, how can the ASM sector be re-imagined to allow poor men and women miners to flourish as recognized and valued members of their society? The findings suggest that as long as currently illegal miners have some expectation that they will legitimately acquire even small parcels of land for gold extraction, they are very unlikely to commit to any of the fashionable, yet short-lived alternative livelihood options that are introduced by external agencies. What Ghana's ASM sector needs is more success stories that demonstrate that small operators can and want to be good environmental stewards, and that they can flourish as recognized and valued citizens.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction for comorbid anxiety and depression: case report and clinical considerations

Growing research literature has documented the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depressive disorders. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) teaches a series of mindfulness meditation and yoga practices, delivered in a group format during eight weekly sessions plus one full-day session. This case report demonstrates how MBSR was associated with dramatic clinical improvement of an individual with symptoms of panic, generalized anxiety, and depression. Scores on clinical assessment measures suggested clinically severe levels of anxious arousal, generalized anxiety, worry, fear of negative evaluation, and depression at the beginning of the intervention. The scores on all these measures fell well within normal limits 7 weeks later at the end of the intervention, and no remaining symptoms were reported afterward. Increased life satisfaction and quality of life were documented as well. This case illustrates the potential benefit of MBSR as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for comorbid anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms.
Electron transfer. Part 165: Oxidations of Ti(II)(aq) with ligated iron(III) and ruthenium(III)

Abstract Titanium(II) solutions, prepared by dissolving titanium wire in triflic acid + HF, contain equimolar quantities of Ti(IV). Treatment of such solutions with excess Fe(III) or Ru(III) complexes yield Ti(IV), but reactions with Ti(II) in excess give Ti(III). Oxidations by (NH3)5Ru(III) complexes, but not by Fe(III) species, are catalyzed by titanium(IV) and by fluoride. Stoichiometry is unchanged. The observed rate law for the Ru(III)–Ti(II)–Ti(IV) reactions in fluoride media points to competing reaction paths differing by a single F−, with both routes involving a Ti(II)–Ti(IV) complex which is activated by deprotonation. It is suggested that coordination of Ti(IV) to TiII(aq) minimizes the mismatch of Jahn–Teller distortions which would be expected to lower the Ti(II,III) self-exchange rate.
X-Ray Production in C + - C Collisions in the Energy Range 20 keV to 1.5 MeV

Cross sections for carbon $K$-x-ray production for ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$ ions incident upon a carbon target have been measured in the energy range 20 keV-1.5 MeV. A theoretical model based on the Landau-Zener theory of level crossing is formulated and is found to fit the experimental data within experimental uncertainty.
Genotype and Vascular Phenotype Linked by Catecholamine Systems

In this issue of Circulation , Fung and coworkers1 report associations between hand venous responses to the indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine tyramine and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes encoding particular proteins related to the synthesis, release, reuptake, and metabolism of catecholamines. The importance of these associations lies in their illustrating how genotypic differences may contribute to phenotypic differences in circulatory functions in healthy adults via sympathetic neuroeffector mechanisms. More generally, identification of SNPs related to catecholamine systems may provide insights into the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of a variety of cardiovascular disorders.2 Article p 517 To provide perspective about these findings, this editorial compares and contrasts tyramine-induced changes and sympathetic neuroeffector functions; discusses strengths and weaknesses of the dorsal hand vein model; emphasizes the potential of clinical catecholamine neurochemistry to link genotype with cardiovascular phenotype; and conveys a viewpoint on observational versus hypothesis-driven genotyping. Tyramine produces vasoconstriction via release of endogenous norepinephrine, the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system mediating cardiovascular responses to stressors. The authors relied on the local vascular actions of tyramine as an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine to draw inferences about sympathetic neuroeffector functions. Mechanisms of tyramine-induced norepinephrine release differ in several respects from those of sympathetically mediated norepinephrine release. The Figure depicts some of these differences. Figure. Mechanisms of sympathetically mediated and tyramine-induced norepinephrine release. NE indicates norepinephrine; TYR, tyramine; AR, aldehyde reductase; VMAT, vesicular monoamine transporter; and MAO, monoamine oxidase. First, tyramine releases norepinephrine in a calcium-independent manner3 that is not exocytotic,4 in contrast to calcium-dependent exocytosis in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Tyramine displaces norepinephrine from storage vesicles, possibly by alkalinizing them.5 Because most of the vesicles would not be expected to be in communication with the extracellular fluid under resting conditions, most of the displaced norepinephrine …
The Goal of Abstinence: Implications for Drug Education:

Drug Education in the schools today has “failed.” After more than a decade of intensive efforts, these programs have made no significant impact on the “drug problem.” In this paper the goal of abstinence will be discussed as one of the contributory factors for this “failure.” Implications of such a goal for society at large, the school, the drug educator, and the student in the classroom will also be explored.
Highly porous non-precious bimetallic electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen evolution

A robust and efficient non-precious metal catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction is one of the key components for carbon dioxide-free hydrogen production. Here we report that a hierarchical nanoporous copper-titanium bimetallic electrocatalyst is able to produce hydrogen from water under a mild overpotential at more than twice the rate of state-of-the-art carbon-supported platinum catalyst. Although both copper and titanium are known to be poor hydrogen evolution catalysts, the combination of these two elements creates unique copper-copper-titanium hollow sites, which have a hydrogen-binding energy very similar to that of platinum, resulting in an exceptional hydrogen evolution activity. In addition, the hierarchical porosity of the nanoporous copper-titanium catalyst also contributes to its high hydrogen evolution activity, because it provides a large-surface area for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and improves the mass transport properties. Moreover, the catalyst is self-supported, eliminating the overpotential associated with the catalyst/support interface.
Multiwavelength information processing in gigabit photonic switching networks

The high bandwidth of optical fibers and photonic switching devices offers the potential to increase the usable bandwidth in packet switched networks and interconnects. In this paper we describe several methods to code packetized information using both the time and optical frequency domains. The presence or absence of optical power at discrete optical wavelengths is treated as units of information, resulting in two-dimensional coded packets which may be processed using novel, perhaps more efficient routing architectures. We describe three basic codes and their corresponding routing processor architectures. Several new logic primitives are introduced including optical set logic and lambda-gates. The resulting information capacities for these codes and the associated routing processor complexity, and efficiency in terms of number of mappings per gate are discussed.
Tradable Services: Understanding the Scope and Impact of Services Outsourcing

Exporting through international supply chains was a successful way for East Asian countries to develop their textile and apparel industries in the 1970s and 1980s, but it is a less clear route for countries like Egypt trying to compete today. The challenge is particularly acute given the strength of competitors like China, and even more so in the post-MFA era. Some analysts suggest that lean retailing increases the importance of geography in exporting in the world of rapidly changing apparel fashion, in a way that could benefit a country like Egypt with its proximity to European end markets. Using a supply chain model, this paper suggests that shortening lead times can indeed have an impact on profits, but that the effect is not tremendous, being in the range of a 0.3 percent to 0.9 percent increase in profits for every week of improvement in lead times. The study also finds that the business environment in Egypt lags key comparator countries in several areas that help the firms compete in global apparel chains, although recent reforms by the Egyptian government are working to address several of these aspects. It concludes by exploring to what extent geography, trade preferences, and local production factors may help Egypt's textile and apparel industry carve out a role for itself in global supply chains, and provide an engine to drive industrial upgrading throughout the country.
Precision Measurement of the Singlet Muon Capture Rate on the Proton at PSI

MuCap, the negative muon capture by a proton, is the first experiment which will unambiguously determine the induced pseudoscalar form factor of the proton, gP. While contradictory experimental results for gP are under discussion, a theoretical calculations on the percent level within the framework of Chiral Perturbation Theory are now challenging the measurements. We will describe our experimental efforts and latest achievements.
Effect of carrier concentration on the reflectivity spectrum of Ge and InSb

Abstract We have measured at 5 K the derivative spectra (1/ R ) d R /d E around the E 1 and E 1 + Δ 1 structures, of Ge and InSb with different impurity concentrations. In the more highly doped samples, the peaks are broadened and shifted slightly to lower frequencies. The change in the value of (1/ R ) d R /d E is much larger than recently predicted by Seraphin and Aspnes, based on the surface field effect. Different possibilities for the effect are discussed. Wavelength modulation measurements on samples with an applied surface electric field have shown no difference.
Dual-confocal fiber-optic method for absolute measurement of refractive index and thickness of optically transparent media.

We present a novel noncontact optical method for absolute measurement of refractive index and thickness of optically transparent media. The method is based on a simple dual-confocal fiber-optic sensor design. It includes two independent confocal channels consisting of two identical apertureless fiber-optic-type confocal microscopes constructed by use of a single 2×2 fiber coupler. A geometrical-ray model is used to obtain the analytical dependence between the sample’s refractive index and its thickness. The measurement method provides high accuracy in spatially locating the specific imaging points that correspond to the backreflected intensity peaks of the confocal responses. Thus, a simultaneous measurement of the sample refractive index and thickness is achieved.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Peritoneal Lavage in Patients With Pelvic Fractures

Objective: To determine the accuracy of diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) for the evaluation of intraabdominal injury in patients with a pelvic fracture as a result of blunt trauma. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting: Level I trauma center in metropolitan Seattle, Wash. Patients: Four hundred ninety-seven consecutive patients admitted with pelvic fractures following blunt trauma during a 60-month period. Outcome Measures: Positive results of DPL, defined by one of the following: an immediate aspiration of more than 10 mL of gross blood; a red blood cell count of more than 0.0001 × 10 12 /L; a white blood cell count greater than 0.0005 × 10 9 /L; an elevated amylase, bilirubin, or creatinine level; or organic particles or bacteria in the effluent returned after installation of 1 L of crystalloid fluid lavaged in the peritoneal cavity. Results: Two hundred eighty-six patients underwent DPL. For 80 patients (28.0%), results of DPL were positive and for 194 patients (67.8%) the results of DPL were negative. For two patients (0.7%), results of DPL were false positive for a sensitivity of 94%. For another two patients (0.7%), the results of DPL were false negative for a specificity of 99%. As a diagnostic modality, DPL has a positive predictive value of 98% and a negative predictive value of 97%. Conclusions: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a reliable method for the evaluation of intra-abdominal injury and should remain a standard component in the evaluation of patients following blunt injury with or without pelvic fractures. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:477-482)
Temperature dependence of the probability of vibrational energy exchange between the stretching modes in H2O/D2O + Ar collisions

Abstract The vibrational energy exchange between the stretching modes of H 2 O in the H 2 O + Ar collision has been studied in a semiclassical method in the temperature range of 200–3000 K. The energy exchange probability increases slowly, but nearly linearly, with temperature over the entire range, reflecting a near-resonant case. The intermolecular removal of the energy mismatch (Δ E = + 105 cm −1 ) by translation is found to be nearly as efficient as the intermolecular transfer to the rotational motion. The energy exchange probability for D 2 O + Ar is less efficiency by a factor of about two over the temperature range in both the intramolecular VR and intermolecular VT processes. The lower efficiency found in the VR step is due to a slower rotational motion of D 2 O, while that in the VT process is due to a larger energy mismatch for the D 2 O + Ar collision (Δ E = + 122 cm −1 ). The effect of molecular attraction is found to be important in the energy exchange process especially near room temperature, and the use of empirically determined attractive energies for the H 2 O—Ar complex is found to be valuable at such temperatures.
Factors affecting opportunity of worksharing as a dynamic line balancing mechanism

We consider the problem of optimal worksharing between two adjacent workers each of whom processes a fixed task in addition to their shared task(s). We use a Markov Decision Process (MDP) model to compute optimal policies and provide a benchmark for evaluating threshold policy heuristics. Our approach differs from previous studies of dynamic line balancing in that we focus on system architecture factors that affect the performance improvement opportunity possible through worksharing relative to a traditional static worker allocations, as well as practical heuristics for worksharing. We find that three such factors are significant whether we use an optimal or a heuristic control policy: ability to preempt the shared task, granularity of the shared task and overall variability of the task times. Understanding the role of these factors in a given production environment provides a means for determining where and how worksharing can have significant logistical benefits.
Debt and credit in Bath's court of requests, 1829–39

Historians have long recognized the central role of debt and credit for producers, retailers and consumers in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Against a background characterized by persistent shortages of specie, limited banking facilities and erratic transport mechanisms, the speculative impulse that fed the expanding economy drew sustenance from a proliferation of instruments of private credit — notably bills of exchange, promissory notes, and accommodation bills — which, together with an increase of trade credit to retailers and their customers, served to promote and intertwine the industrial, commercial and consumer revolutions. ‘At any one time any business owed and was owed many goods caught up in the process of exchange’, Julian Hoppit observes of the later decades of the eighteenth century. ‘All businessmen were creditors and all businessmen were debtors.’ As trade and manufacture increased in English towns and cities, extended chains of indebtedness multiplied the economic links both between individual producers, retailers or consumers and among these sectors of the economy. Thus in Lancashire innkeepers were the debtors of maltsters, brewers and wine merchants, but were the creditors of shopkeepers, who in turn extended webs of consumer credit to sawyers and carpenters, artisans typically indebted (in their capacity as producers) to the master builders for whom they laboured in Liverpool's shipyards. Based on personal faith rather than tangible securities, these varied forms of private credit were notoriously unstable. Broad-based financial crises fuelled by the failure of private credit became commonplace in the last three decades of the century, and persistently disrupted economic life into the Victorian period.
A model for multiphase flows through poroelastic media

A continuum model for multiphase fluid mixture flows through poroelastic media is presented. The basic conservation laws developed via a volume averaging technique are considered. Effects of phasic equilibrated forces are included in the model. Based on the thermodynamics of the multiphase mixture flows, appropriate constitutive equations are formulated. The entropy inequality is exploited, and the method of Lagrangian multiplier is used along with the phasic conservation laws to derive the constitutive equations for the phasic stress tensors, equilibrated stress vectors, and the interactions terms. The special cases of wave propagation in poroelastic media saturated with multiphase fluids, and multiphase flows through porous media, are studied. It is shown that the present theory leads to the extended Darcy’s law and contains, as a special case, Biot’s theory of saturated poroelastic media.
Electrical Correlates of Acupuncture Points

Employing a Wheatstone bridge, skin conductance was measured over those putative acupuncture points on the large intestine and pericardium meridians lying between the metacarpophalangeal joints and the elbow. Results were compared to those from anatomically similar locations devoid of acupuncture points. At most acupuncture points on most subjects, there were greater electrical conductance maxima than at control sites.
Soliton Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser With Carbon Nanotube Saturable Absorber

We report stabilization of a thulium-holmium codoped fiber soliton laser with a saturable absorber based on carbon nanotubes. The laser generates transform-limited 750-fs pulses with 0.5-nJ energy.
The mineralization of calcium phosphate on separated salivary protein films

Abstract In the oral environment, dental enamel becomes coated with a proteinaceous layer referred to as the acquired enamel pellicle. The role of this layer in controlling re- and de-mineralization of enamel and the formation of other calcium deposits is not yet completely understood. In this study, the constant composition kinetics technique has been coupled with a flow-through cell in order to investigate the ability of various salivary proteins to mineralize hydroxyapatite when immobilized as films. Purified proteins of amylase, statherin, the C-terminal octapeptide of statherin and the cystatins SA-I and SA-II were studied. Amylase induced the nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate more readily than either SA-I, statherin or the C-terminal statherin. However, surfaces in which SA-II was adsorbed did not appear to induce mineralization despite having film thicknesses similar to SA-I and amylase. The morphologies of the grown crystalline phases differed markedly with statherin films showing the best crystal definition.
Flagellar membrane trafficking in kinetoplastids

Trypanosomes are flagellated protozoa belonging to the order Kinetoplastidae. Three trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania are the causative agents of the human diseases: African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis, respectively. These organisms have complex life cycles involving bloodsucking insects and vertebrates; humans become infected when infested insects feed on them. The trypanosome contains several unique organelles, one of the most important and conspicuous of which is the flagellum (Fig. 1). The trypanosome flagellum is a unique multifunctional organelle that plays critical roles in motility, chemotaxis, cell signaling, and host cell invasion (Landfear and Ignatushchenko 2001; Gull 2003; Hill 2003). In addition to containing a classical axonemal microtubular motor, the trypanosome flagellum also includes a paracrystalline structure called the paraflagellar rod (PFR), positioned alongside the axoneme. The flagellum emerges from the cell body from an invagination known as the flagellar pocket. As the cell body is constrained by a tight corset of cross-linked subpellicular microtubules (Fig. 1b), all vesicular trafficking into and out of the cell occurs at the non-microtubule-bound flagellar pocket, as does the trafficking of flagellar membrane-associated proteins between the cytoplasm and the flagellum (Bloodgood 1990; McConville et al. 2002). Because no new protein synthesis takes place in the flagellum, all protein components must be imported to the flagellum from the cell body, also via the flagellar pocket. To enter the flagellum, a protein must first pass through a cytoskeletal “neck” region within the flagellar pocket known as the flagellar pore complex (Rosenbaum and Witman 2002; Gull 2003). This complex, which contains structures including the basal body and transition zone filaments, is believed to act as a “stopper” for the flagellum, providing a selective barrier for protein entry (Vickerman and Preston 1976; Dentler and Adams 1992). Regulated flagellar protein import creates a flagellar microenvironment that is unique from that of the rest of the organism, where some of the protein and lipid components differ in composition from those in the cell body (Bloodgood 1990; Landfear and Ignatushchenko 2001). Because of differences in composition and function, the surface membrane of a trypanosome is divided into three distinct but contiguous domains: the pellicular (cell body) membrane, flagellar membrane, and flagellar pocket membrane (Balber 1990; Landfear and Ignatushchenko 2001; Gull 2003). As the flagellum is not a “closed” membrane-bound organelle like the mitochondrion or a lysosome, it has this far Parasitol Res DOI 10.1007/s00436-006-0329-2
Multi-objective partial disassembly optimization based on sequence feasibility

Abstract A sustainable manufacturing system integrates production systems, consumer usage behavior, and End-of-Life (EoL) product value recovery activities. Facilitating multi-objective disassembly planning can be a step toward analyzing the tradeoffs between the environmental impact and profitability of value recovery. In this paper, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) heuristic is developed to optimize partial disassembly sequences based on disassembly operation costs, recovery reprocessing costs, revenues, and environmental impacts. EoL products may not warrant disassembly past a unique disassembly level due to limited recovered component market demand, minimal material recovery value, or minimal functional recovery value. The effectiveness of the proposed GA is first verified and tested using a simple disassembly problem and then applied to the traditional coffee maker disassembly case study. Analyses are disaggregated into multiple disassembly network optimization problems, one for each product subassembly, resulting in a bottom-up approach to EoL product partial disassembly sequence optimization.
Caring for the Child Soldiers of Guantanamo

Military behavioral health personnel are confronted with unexpected opportunities to provide behavioral health interventions during their course of duty. This article provides an in-depth discussion of the treatment interventions that were designed around the concepts and techniques used in working with children in institutional settings. Confronted with language barriers, the Afghani child soldiers at Guantanamo responded to the supportive, therapeutic group and individual interactions in a manner similar to that of American adolescent males in similar restricted settings. They were engaging and used the interventions to problem solve, express feelings, and cope with their circumstances.
Neurite induction in mature cortical neurons in feline G M1 -ganglioside storage disease

PYRAMIDAL neurones of the human cerebral cortex develop spine-bearing structures (meganeurites) between the cell body and the initial portion of the axon in lysosomal storage diseases characterised by intraneuronal accumulation of gangliosides1. Meganeurites attain enormous proportions and acquire bizarre shapes, suggesting that their development involves restricted reactivation of embryonic growth mechanisms of the neurone. Because outgrowth of neurites is a sign of differentiation in embryonic neurones we have sought evidence for neurite outgrowth from meganeurites in feline GM1-ganglioside storage disease2–4. We report here that in this system meganeurites of mature cortical neurones regularly exhibit extensive secondary outgrowth of neurites.
Should the first-trimester aneuploidy screen be maternal age adjusted? Screening by absolute risk versus risk adjusted to maternal age.

Objective To compare the absolute risk (AR) screening approach to the current approach of risk adjusted to maternal age in patients undergoing first-trimester screening (FTS). Material and Methods Three-stage retrospective analysis of 3073 pregnancies that had FTS during 2006–2007. (1) Distribution analysis of AR as defined by (final FTS risk)/(risk by age). (2) Analysis of the screen-positive group by the AR method. (3) Analysis of the screen-positive advanced maternal age (AMA) patients. Results (1) AR > 1 was found in 151 (4.9%) patients, and AR > 1.2, 2 and 3 was found in 4, 3.1 and 2%, respectively. (2) 145 (4.7%) of the 3073 patients screened positive. Twelve were diagnosed with chromosomal abnormalities and 3 with major anomalies. All had AR > 1.2. Of the 145 (55.8%) screen positives, 81 had AR > 1.2. AR was significantly higher in the chromosomally abnormal as compared to normal gestations (t-test, p 1.2. Conclusions The AR screening approach, using AR > 1.2 as a cut-off, captured all abnormal pregnancies diagnosed by the current screening method. This method offers lower false positive (FP) rates to AMA women and has the potential for higher detection rates in younger women. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuclear matrix-intermediate filament proteins of the dental follicle/enamel epithelium and their changes during tooth eruption in dogs

Tooth eruption activates a localized resorption and formation of alveolar bone and these activities depend upon the adjacent parts, coronal and basal, respectively, of the dental follicle-enamel epithelium. In this study the nuclear matrix-intermediate filament (NM-IF) proteins of these tissues were isolated in order to continue investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying eruption. Dental follicles were removed from the third and fourth premolar of dogs at 13, 16 and 20 weeks (pre-, early, and mid-to-late eruption of these teeth) and NM-IF proteins were extracted from the coronal and basal halves. Most of the NM-IF protein profiles of these coronal and basal parts on one-dimensional, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were remarkably constant, indicating an essentially uniform cellular composition. However, differences between these tissues were observed and some of these changed during eruption. Based on recent observations that nuclear matrix changes reflect and may even mediate cell-specific changes in gene expression, these findings suggest that changes in nuclear matrix proteins may be related to the molecular basis for some aspects of differential gene expression in the coronal and basal regions of the dental follicle and account for the ability of these tissues to activate bone resorption and formation during tooth eruption.
An Unsupervised and Nonparametric Classification Procedure Based on Mixtures with Known Weights

I consider a new problem of classification into n(n ≥ 2) disjoint classes based on features of unclassified data. It is assumed that the data are grouped into m(M ≥ n) disjoint sets and within each set the distribution of features is a mixture of distributions corresponding to particular classes. Moreover, the mixing proportions should be known and form a matrix of rank n. The idea of solution is, first, to estimate feature densities in all the groups, then to solve the linear system for component densities. The proposed classification method is asymptotically optimal, provided a consistent method of density estimation is used. For illustration, the method is applied to determining perfusion status in myocardial infarction patients, using creatine kinase measurements.
Factors influencing Rhizophora mangle L. seedling development in Everglades carbonate soils

Abstract Nutrient limitation, soil waterlogging, and soil salinity have been hypothesized as the principal factors limiting the development of neotropical mangrove forests. A mesocosm experiment was initiated to investigate these alternative factors, using low-nutrient soils from the south Florida Everglades. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), aeration, and salinity treatment effects on Rhizophora mangle L. seedling leaf area, stem elongation, and biomass development were determined. Phosphorus rather than nitrogen was the important macro-nutrient limiting R. mangle leaf area, and root and leaf biomass development in the mesocosm experiment. A subsequent P enrichment experiment was conducted in the field to substantiate mesocosm findings. Under P enrichment in the field, seedling stem elongation rates increased from 0.03 mm d−1 to 0.20 mm d−1 and leaf area increased from 25 cm2 to 75 cm2, relative to unfertilized controls. Soil aeration stimulated root biomass development 40% in the mesocosm experiment. Sodium chloride at 32‰ resulted in branch initiation with no leaf response; however, hypersaline conditions greater than 45‰ caused denaturing of terminal buds. Thus, without hypersalinity stress, P is identified as a dominant factor limiting R. mangle foliar and stem development in low nutrient carbonate soils. Soil anoxia also influences root development and may moderate stem elongation responses to P fertilization in the field.
Ion Transport Across the Murine Intestine in the Absence and Presence of CFTR

CF mice, i.e., mice without functional CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) exhibit a very low basal Isc in all regions of the intestinal tract. The low basal Isc in the intestinal epithelia of the CF mice appears to be a result of lack of spontaneous Cl- secretion (and possibly HCO3- secretion) mediated by neurotransmitter release from the enteric nervous system. In contrast to intestinal epithelia from normal mice, the intestinal epithelia of CF mice do not secrete Cl- in response to agents that increase cAMP (forskolin). Furthermore, as in human CF patients, agents that increase intracellular Ca2+ (bethanacol, ionomycin) failed to elicit Cl- secretion in the intestinal epithelia of CF mice. There was no difference in the electrogenic Na(+)-coupled glucose absorption in the CF murine jejuna compared to jejuna from normal mice. However, further studies are warranted to determine whether amiloride-sensitive Na+ absorption is upregulated in the murine CF colon. It was concluded that the intestinal epithelium of the CF mouse model exhibits some striking similarities to its human counterpart, and therefore should be very useful in further characterizing the ion transport defects in this disease.
Formation of Nanotube-Based Quantum Dots With Strain and Addimers

We present the results of a large-scale molecular dynamics investigation of addimers on strained carbon nanotubes. We find that addimers induce a new set of transformations that lead to the formation of extended defects that are actually short segments of tubes of altered helicity. As these defects wrap themselves about the circumference of the nanotube, this suggests that the combination of addimers and strain may well lead to the formation of nanotube-based quantum dots. The formation of these quantum dots is most favorable for the (n.O) zigzag tubes. For these tubes, addimers induce plastic transformations in tubes that normally display brittle behavior.
Culture Portfolios Revisited: Feedback from Students and Instructors

Teaching culture in the foreign language (L2) classroom can be a real dilemma for instructors: What culture do we teach? What does it mean to learn about a culture? How can students learn cul ture? In order to answer these questions, we evalu ated the strengths and weaknesses of two types of culture portfolios: a traditional one that used on-line and printed texts as primary resources, and one thematically organized around an authentic film. Using these portfolios, we sought to answer the specific question of how students and instruc tors of beginning-level German classes view the culture portfolio projects. Based on the results of a survey of 61 first-year German students and inter views with their instructors, we offer several sugges tions for implementing culture portfolios into the L2 curriculum effectively.
Mutation in MTO1 involved in tRNA modification impairs mitochondrial RNA metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast MTO1 gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein for the biosynthesis of the 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl group of cmnm5s2U in the wobble position of mitochondrial tRNA. However, mto1 null mutant expressed the respiratory deficient phenotype only when coupled with the C1409G mutation of mitochondrial 15S rRNA. To further understand the role of MTO1 in mitochondrial RNA metabolism, the yeast mto1 null mutants carrying either wild-type (PS) or 15S rRNA C1409G allele (PR) have been characterized by examining the steady-state levels, aminoacylation capacity of mitochondrial tRNA, mitochondrial gene expression and petite formation. The steady-state levels of tRNALys, tRNAGlu, tRNAGln, tRNALeu, tRNAGly, tRNAArg and tRNAPhe were decreased significantly while those of tRNAMet and tRNAHis were not affected in the mto1 strains carrying the PS allele. Strikingly, the combination of the mto1 and C1409G mutations gave rise to the synthetic phenotype for some of the tRNAs, especially in tRNALys, tRNAMet and tRNAPhe. Furthermore, the mto1 strains exhibited a marked reduction in the aminoacylation levels of mitochondrial tRNALys, tRNALeu, tRNAArg but almost no effect in those of tRNAHis. In addition, the steady-state levels of mitochondrial COX1, COX2, COX3, ATP6 and ATP9 mRNA were markedly decreased in mto1 strains. These data strongly indicate that unmodified tRNA caused by the deletion of MTO1 gene caused the instability of mitochondrial tRNAs and mRNAs and an impairment of aminoacylation of mitochondrial tRNAs. Consequently, the deletion of MTO1 gene acts in synergy with the 15S rRNA C1409G mutation, leading to the loss of COX1 synthesis and subsequent respiratory deficient phenotype.
A Call for Statistical Reform in EAQ.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review research published by Educational Administration Quarterly (EAQ) during the past 10 years to determine if confidence intervals and effect sizes were being reported as recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual .Research Design:The author examined 49 volumes of the journal, which included 245 articles from the most recent 10-year time frame. As the debate on statistical reform is focused on reporting confidence intervals and properly interpreting p values and null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST), the author examined all empirical studies from the 10-year time frame to determine if confidence intervals were included in the results and, if so, interpreted correctly. Because effect size measures are, alongside confidence intervals, at the heart of statistical reform goals in psychology, the author also examined effect-size practices in EAQ. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were utilized to report the...
Tissue-engineered valves

The development of a tissue-engineered heart valve has been the goal of many cardiac surgeons for decades. The original implants of allograft heart valves were hoped to be permanent valve implants, especially if they could be implanted with viable intrinsic cells. However, these valves slowly develop progressive structural degeneration and at explantation are noted to be acellular. This loss of cellularity is thought to be immunologically mediated, as valvular tissue of organ transplants retain their normal cellular architecture if appropriate immune suppressive therapy is utilized. This recognition that maintenance of viability was important for longterm durability led to the use of the pulmonary autograft valve as a replacement for the aortic and mitral valve.
The molecular biology of schistosomes

Twenty years ago, an article by Carter and Colley was published in an early issue of this journal. The report outlined pioneering studies by several laboratories into schistosome molecular biology and molecular genetics. To commemorate that prescient report and, in like fashion, to provide a brief (and non-comprehensive) synopsis of progress in this field up to the present time, I will outline some key aspects of the molecular biology of schistosomes that have been reported in the intervening years.
Reinventing multimedia delivery with MPEG-DASH

This paper reviews the design concepts of the MPEG-DASH standard and how it can be employed for the delivery of live multimedia content over the Internet. MPEG-DASH is the MPEG's newest standard for streaming of multimedia content and is designed to leverage the extensive HTTP infrastructure that has evolved with the growth of the World Wide Web. The standard defines specifications for manifest and segment formats used between the content servers and the client devices. This paper focuses on the live streaming of video content, its challenges and how MPEG-DASH can be used for this application.
Cooperation without communication: Multiagent schema‐based robot navigation

Multiagent robotics affords the opportunity to solve problems more efficiently and effectively than any single agent could achieve. Nonetheless, communication bottlenecks between agents pose potentially serious drawbacks in coordinated behavior. In this research, we demonstrate the efficiency of multiagent schema-based navigation for object retrieval. Primitive motor behaviors are specified for each of the individual robotic agents, which produce safe task-achieving action in an unstructured environment. When implemented over several identical units, retrieval is facilitated in the absence of interagent communication as evidenced by spontaneous recruitment of several agents to accomplish a task. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate these effects. Extensions to other task-achieving behaviors are also feasible.