cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitudes Affecting Decision-making for Use of Radiologic Enteral Contrast in the Management of Pediatric Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction: A Survey Study of Pediatric Surgeons.

Abstract Background Pediatric surgeons are often asked to treat clinical problems for which little high-quality data exist. For adults with adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO), water soluble contrast-based protocols are used to guide management. Little is known about their utility in children. We aimed to better understand key factors in clinical decision-making processes and integration of adult based data in pediatric surgeon's approach to ASBO. Methods We administered a web-based survey to practicing pediatric surgeons at institutions comprising the Western Pediatric Surgery Research Consortium. Results The response rate was 69% (78/113). Over half of respondents reported using contrast protocols to guide ASBO management either routinely or occasionally (n = 47, 60%). Common themes regarding the incorporation of adult-based data into clinical practice included the need to adapt protocols for pediatric patients, the dearth of pediatric specific data, and the quality of the published adult evidence. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that pediatric surgeons use contrast-based protocols for the management of ASBO despite the paucity of pediatric specific data. Furthermore, our survey data help us understand how pediatric surgeons incorporate adult based evidence into their practice.
Sea-Level Rise and the Marshallese Diaspora

People who have little responsibility for industrial capitalism must pay the price for global warming. The Marshall Islands of the Central Pacific Ocean are among the most vulnerable locations threatened by sea level rise and may cease to be habitable within this generation. Under its Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the U.S., citizens of the Republic of the Marshall Islands travel freely to the U.S. without needing a visa. As the conditions for survival become more difficult in the Marshall Islands, the COFA provision of free entry into the U.S. makes migration to the U.S. the logical option for the Marshallese people. The highest population of Marshallese migrants are now found in Northwest Arkansas, attracted by employment in the poultry industry, where, to survive, they find themselves contributing to the forces of global warming that make their island homes uninhabitable.
Dark urine as the initial manifestation of COVID-19: a case report

BACKGROUND Rhabdomyolysis is defined as a syndrome consisting of muscle necrosis and the release of intracellular muscle components into the bloodstream. Although rhabdomyolysis has been previously reported as an initial presentation or late complication of COVID-19, the data on it is still limited, and currently, there is no single case of COVID-19 in the literature that describes creatine kinase levels of more than 30,000 IU/L. CASE PRESENTATION A 50-year-old African-American male presented to the hospital with decreased urine output, dark urine color, and constipation for the past couple of days. He was found to have acute kidney injury, liver injury, and creatinine kinase of 359,910 IU/L, for which aggressive intravenous fluid therapy was given. Infectious workup resulted in positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction. Two days after admission, the patient became symptomatic from a coronavirus disease 2019: he developed fever and hypoxia, and was placed on supplemental oxygen and started on a 10-day course of dexamethasone. The patient responded well to the treatment and supportive care for coronavirus disease 2019 and was successfully discharged. CONCLUSION Clinicians should be cognizant of atypical coronavirus disease 2019 presentations. The spectrum of damage of coronavirus disease 2019 is still an evolving topic, and more research is required to reveal the exact mechanisms by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 leads to rhabdomyolysis.
Immunity to Staphylococcal Infection in Mice: Effect of Living Versus Killed Vaccine, Role of Circulating Antibody, and Induction of Protection-Inducing Antigen(s) In Vitro

Abstract Mice immunized by sublethal doses of living Staphylococcus aureus strains other than the Smith diffuse strain were significantly more resistant to challenge with the Smith diffuse strain than animals immunized with heat-killed organisms. The increased resistance observed was shown, by appropriate passive protection experiments with immune mouse sera, to be due to circulating antibody, probably of the IgM class. In addition, it was observed that strains of S. aureus other than the Smith diffuse strain, when cultured in a modified Staphylococcus 110 broth but not in Brain Heart Infusion, were capable of absorbing protective antibody from hyperimmune rabbit antiserum.
Using accessory functions to generalize dynamic dispatch in single-dispatch object-oriented languages

Object oriented languages generally include some form of dynamic dispatch; that is, in the absence of precise compile-time type information, they perform a run-time selection of the appropriate function body (or method) from a set of candidates. Existing single-dispatch languages restrict dynamic dispatch to the object receiving the message. Such languages exhibit a conflict between the goals of providing an extensible a set of types and providing an extensible the set of operations that can be performed on these types. We show that this conflict is a consequence of the restriction of dynamic dispatch to the receiver object. We also demonstrate that this conflict can be resolved by introducing a generalized form of single dispatch (thus avoiding the complexity of multiple dispatch). On this evidence, we argue that dispatch technique should be decoupled from membership in a class and access to its representation.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action and the Structure of the Electrophilic Center of Histidine Ammonia Lyase

Abstract A procedure for the purification of highly purified l-histidine ammonia lyase is described. The enzyme exists in both an oxidized and reduced form. These forms are interconvertible and separable by electrophoresis. Studies with inhibitors suggest that the enzyme interacts with the substrate specifically through the carboxyl and amino groups and the imidazole moiety. Effective inhibitors contain functional groups corresponding to these three binding sites, while compounds with only two of the functional groups are poor inhibitors. A notable exception is glycine, which is a strong inhibitor. It was postulated that the binding of the substrate, as well as those inhibitors which contain a carbon atom corresponding to the β carbon atom of histidine, involves strain or distortion induced by the enzyme. Therefore in the case of glycine, where no distortion is possible, the two functional groups provide sufficient interaction energy for binding to the enzyme. It was also shown that H(s). bound to the β carbon atom of histidine, is eliminated in the conversion to urocanic acid, and it was concluded that histidine ammonia lyase catalyzes a trans-elimination. Exposure of the enzyme to nitromethane leads to loss of catalytic activity and to the covalent binding of approximately 2 moles of nitromethane per mole of enzyme. The extent of inactivation by nitromethane can be reduced by the addition of substrate or inhibitors, suggesting that nitromethane reacts at the active site. After catalytic reduction and acid hydrolysis of the nitromethane-inactivated enzyme, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyric acid, and β-alanine were isolated. It is tentatively proposed that nitromethane reacts with a dehydroalanine residue at the active site, and that the amino group of the dehydroalanine residue forms a Schiff base to a carbonyl compound that is as yet unidentified.
Wireless jamming localization by exploiting nodes’ hearing ranges

Jamming attacks are especially harmful when ensuring the dependability of wireless communication. Finding the position of a jammer will enable the network to actively exploit a wide range of defense strategies. Thus, in this paper, we focus on developing mechanisms to localize a jammer. We first conduct jamming effect analysis to examine how a hearing range, e.g., the area from which a node can successfully receive and decode the packet, alters with the jammer’s location and transmission power. Then, we show that the affected hearing range can be estimated purely by examining the network topology changes caused by jamming attacks. As such, we solve the jammer location estimation by constructing a least-squares problem, which exploits the changes of the hearing ranges. Compared with our previous iterative-search-based virtual force algorithm, our proposed hearing-range-based algorithm exhibits lower computational cost (i.e., one-step instead of iterative searches) and higher localization accuracy.
Liquid drop model and quantum pressure resisting noncompact nuclear geometries

The importance of quantum effects for exotic nuclear shapes is demonstrated. Based on the example of a sheet of nuclear matter of infinite lateral dimensions but finite thickness, it is shown that the quantization of states in momentum space, resulting from the confinement of the nucleonic motion in the conjugate geometrical space, generates a strong resistance against such a confinement and generates restoring forces driving the system towards compact geometries. In the liquid-drop model, these quantum effects are implicitly included in the surface energy term, via a choice of interaction parameters, an approximation that has been found valid for compact shapes, but has not yet been scrutinized for exotic shapes.
The New National Institutes of Health Strategic Plan

I have just received the final version of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) strategic plan. There was a considerable delay between the last of the regional conferences and the completion of the strategic plan. The regional conferences provided an opportunity for NIH staff and a wide variety of biologic scientists to meet and discuss aspects of NIH planning. The process almost inevitably left most of us hankering for more in-depth discussion of individual topics. At the regional planning sessions, the topics were discussed in concurrent sessions whereas many of the scientists attending would have preferred input in several of the sessions addressing closely related topics.
3-D video compositing: towards a compact representation for video sequences

In order to achieve good quality very low bit rate video coding, new techniques leading to highly compact representations for video sequences must be investigated. We present a novel video codec framework, where video sequences are represented in terms of stochastic nonparametric 3-D object models and motion script estimates. Multi-property object models, carrying both shape and color information, are incrementally built from video and range sequences. Motion estimates are obtained by depth map registration. We refer to this framework as 3-D video compositing, or 3DVC for short. In this paper, we will describe 3DVC in detail, and present experimental results where interframe compression ratios in the range of 10/sup 2/ to 10/sup 3/ have been achieved.
Production of large numbers of mitotic mammalian cells by use of the reversible microtubule inhibitor Nocodazole: Nocodazole accumulated mitotic cells

Abstract Nocodazole, the rapidly-reversible inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, has been used as a reagent to produce large numbers of mitotic mammalian cells at all stages of cell division. Mitotic cells are accumulated by incubation of cultures with 0.04 μg/ml of Nocodazole. Arrested cells are then harvested and resuspended in fresh medium where they progress through mitosis. HeLa, WI38, L929 and CHO cells proceed through cell division in a semi-synchronous manner following the removal of the drug. Nocodazole has very little effect on interphase metabolism, and following drug release, cells return to a normal cell cycle. Synchronization protocols and yields are presented.
Purification and enzymatic characterization of pp60c-src from human platelets.

The purification of pp60c-src has been hampered by the low levels of protein it represents in most cells and its tendency to undergo proteolysis during purification. The discovery that the platelet expresses unusually high levels of pp60c-src has made large-scale purification from a normal source feasible. We have developed a method for the purification of intact pp60c-src to near homogeneity from human platelets and have determined the enzymatic properties of this purified protein in vitro. Rapid, high yield purification of pp60c-src from isolated platelet membranes was achieved in a two-step protocol involving sequential chromatography on an anti-pp60c-src immunoaffinity matrix and phenyl-Sepharose. This protocol yielded 0.5 mg of pp60c-src from 30 units of platelets. Using enolase as an exogenous substrate, the specific activity of the enzyme was 25 nmol P.min-1.mg-1. The Km for MnATP2- for enolase phosphorylation (2.2 microM) was higher than for the autophosphorylation of pp60c-src (0.6 microM). Maximal enzyme activity required either Mn2+ or Mg2+, and both ATP and GTP could be utilized as the phosphate donor. Evidence is shown which indicate that the autophophorylation of pp60c-src in vitro occurs through an intramolecular mechanism and that this reaction is reversible.
Effect of Miracil D on Marker Frequency Ratio and Cytotoxicity in Bacillus subtilis

When Miracil D was added to mid-log phase Bacillus subtilis cells, the rate of growth decreased immediately, and the turbidity of the culture began to decrease within 15 to 20 min after addition of the drug. At this stage, ghostlike cells were observed under phase-contrast microscopy. The viable count also began to decrease rapidly after 15 min in the presence of the drug, and within 60 min there was a 10,000-fold reduction in viability. Incorporation of (3)H-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) proceeded normally up to 20 min of exposure to the drug, after which incorporation ceased. Cells which were prelabeled with (3)H-thymidine and exposed to the drug released labeled DNA into the medium after 15 to 20 min. Results of transformation analyses with donor DNA from cells grown in the presence of Miracil show a decrease with time in the ratio of origin markers to terminus markers. Electron micrographs of sectioned cells grown for 5, 10, and 15 min in the presence of Miracil D show profound cytotoxic effects. The most striking aspect of such cells is the very condensed appearance of the nucleoid. In those cells about to divide, the nucleoid appears not to be properly separating, being strung out in the region of the developing septum. Finally, the mesosome is very poorly defined or entirely absent in Miracil-treated cells.
Software Requirements Specification and System Safety

Computer software is playing an increasingly important role in safety-critical embedded computer systems, where incorrect operation of the software could lead to loss of life, substantial material or environmental damage, or large monetary losses. Such diverse technologies as avionics, automobile drive trains, power plants, and medical equipment are relying more and more on the computer to control system parameters. Although software is a powerful and flexible tool for industry, these very advantages have contributed to a corresponding increase in system complexity. Traditional approaches to system development have not successfully handled the problems of increased system complexity. The fatal accidents caused by software in the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine, as well as other incidents, have brought public attention to these problems. Ironically, it is becoming clear that the powerful control logic that software can bring to a system can also impair the ability of the systems analyst to study and understand, and hence safely control, the system’s behavior. sion avoidance System II). Furthermore, using a formal requirements specification language, for example, RSML, enables several types of automated or semi automated analysis techniques that can be used to detect and eliminate potential safety problems from the specification. In this tutorial, we will discuss techniques for automatically detecting incomplete, inconsistent, and nondeterministic requirements, show how fault tree analysis can be used in the RSML framework, and demonstrate how a new analysis technique called deviation analysis can be used to evaluate the effects on the system if the inputs to the system deviates from expected value.
Fault-Fracture Networks and Related Fluid Flow and Sealing, Brushy Canyon Formation, West Texas

We describe fault-fracture networks and associated cementation in excellent three-dimensional exposures of the Permian Brushy Canyon Formation in the central Delaware Mountains of west Texas. Faults and fractures are present in two main, nearly orthogonal sets (NNW and NE trending). A third set is present adjacent to some faults, or between two closely-spaced faults. Spacing of fault-parallel fractures decreases near some faults, in some cases parabolically. Fault core zones contain banded carbonate veins, complex breccias with banded vein clasts, and hydrocarbon material. Fault damage zones contain carbonate veins, and iron oxide and carbonate matrix alteration. These features are interpreted to record a complex history of slip, multiple fluid flow events and multiple cementation events along the fault-fracture network. Outcrop velocity probe data and porosity data suggest that matrix cementation halos have formed around the faults. The width of such halos controls the effectiveness of fault seals and the volume of reservoir rock that may be damaged by porosity occlusion. Fracture orientation and spacing are dissimilar in the hanging wall vs. footwall of some faults, suggesting that cementation-related fault sealing and reservoir damage may be asymmetric around such faults. Fracture-fault networks thus focused fluid flow at times, and were seals at times. In analogous reservoirs, open fractures would allow fracture-assisted production, and sealed fractures would compartmentalize the reservoir into semi-independent production zones.
Offline analysis techniques for the improvement of defect inspection recipes

Yield enhancement techniques for the latest generation of devices need sensitive inspection recipes in order to detect the ever-smaller defects that can result in yield loss. Offline analysis techniques (using MATLAB, for example) for the improvement of bright-field defect-inspection tool recipes are presented. Simple techniques are given for the rapid incorporation or modification of care-areas/don't-care areas into pre-existing recipes. Postprocessing analyses of defect data are presented to show their efficacy in improving the signal-to-noise ratio for defects that might otherwise be hidden in the noise created by 'nuisance' defects. Examples are presented to show how design-databases and reticle inspection data can be harnessed in understanding defect mechanisms.
Preanalytical Variation in Clinical Laboratory Testing

Laboratory testing can be divided into preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic phases. Medical errors are most frequent in the preanalytic phase of testing. Preanalytic variables can affect test results, leading to misinterpretation and inappropriate patient care. Physicians should be educated on the potential for preanalytic variation and to question test results for potential preanalytic effects whenever the result does not match the clinical symptoms. Preanalytic variables can be controllable, such as diet, exercise, and drug intake, or they can be noncontrollable, inherent to the patient's age, sex, race, or disease state. Preanalytic variables can occur at many steps in the testing process. Physicians and clinical staff can misinterpret test names and order the wrong test or methodology. Biological factors, such as fasting, may require the patient to prepare before specimen collection or a sample may need to be collected at an appropriate time for therapeutic drug monitoring or hormone interpretation. Several sources of preanalytic variation have been related to specimen collection, including patient identification, specimen additives, order of draw, sample mixing, specimen volume, phlebotomy technique, needle size, and use of vascular access devices. Delays in transportation and inappropriate storage of samples after analysis can also adversely affect test results. Some preanalytic variables can be detected, such as hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus by visual inspection of each specimen, but other sources of variation are not readily detectable. Newer analyzers can spectrophotometrically analyze each specimen for interferences due to hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus, automating the ability to comment and qualify a test result on the basis of the level of interferent. Education and awareness, however, remain an important means of managing preanalytic effects as a source of laboratory result variation. Keywords: preanalytic variables; order entry; specimen collection; error detection; laboratory testing
Multi-version memory: software cache management for concurrent B-trees

The authors describe a new concurrent B-tree algorithm. The algorithm is designed to work well in large-scale parallel or distributed systems in which the number of processors sharing the tree is large or the communication delay between processors (or between processors and the global memory for a shared-memory system) is large relative to the speed of local computation. The basis of the algorithm is an abstraction that is similar to coherent shared memory, but provides a weaker semantics; this abstraction is called multiversion memory. Multi-version memory uses caches but weakens the semantics of ordinary shared memory by allowing process reading data to be given an old version of the data. This semantics is adequate for the non-leaf nodes in the B-tree algorithms presented. >
Christian versus Muslim employment in Mandatory Palestine

During the British Mandate in Palestine, there existed among the majority Muslim Arab population a perception that the British favoured Christian Arabs for administrative positions. While such a preference was arguably justifiable during the early years of the Mandate, inasmuch as Christian Arabs were initially more qualified from an educational standpoint, over the ensuing years, the number of Muslim youths with a suitable, secular-based education very quickly increased. There nonetheless persisted a perception of Christian favouritism – that is, that Christians still enjoyed preferential treatment with respect to government employment – and this soon came to define a significant Muslim grievance, one that would periodically prove divisive between Muslim and Christian Arabs, not least within the context of the Palestinian nationalist movement. This article seeks to ascertain whether, on the basis of a statistical analysis of the actual numbers of Muslim and Christian Arabs employed by the British Mandato...
Kinetics of urea and water permeability activation by vasopressin in rat terminal IMCD.

The vasopressin-regulated urea carrier and the vasopressin-regulated water channel are distinct transporters present in the apical membrane of the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells. To a...
Modeling of aldopyranosyl ring puckering with MM3 (92)

Abstract The molecular mechanics algorithm MM3 was used to compute energy surfaces for aldopyranosyl rings having a full range of shapes. Energies were plotted against the ΦΘ puckering coordinates of Cremer and Pople. The 4 C 1 conformations of the model pyranosyl rings are dominant for both anomers of d -allose, d -galactose, d -glucose, d -mannose, and d -talose, as are the 4 C 1 conformations of β- d -altropyranose, β- d -gulopyranose, and β- d -idopyranose. α- d -Altropyranose is predicted to exist as an equilibrium of 1 C 4 and 4 C 1 , α- d -idopyranose as an equilibrium among O S 2 , 1 C 4 , and 4 C 1 , and α- d -gulopyranose is predominately 4 C 1 but has some contribution from 1 C 4 (18%) and O S 2 (9%). The calculated and measured hydrogen-hydrogen coupling constants agree well, although the energies for the β anomers in water are systematically low by an average of 0.4 kcal/mol. Because the errors in the predicted anomeric ratios are small and are similar for the eight hexoses, and because the only concession to the solvent was a dielectric constant of 3.0, specific solvent effects are apparently small.
Colonization characteristics of enteric neural crest cells: Embryological aspects of Hirschsprung's disease☆

This study explores the development of the enteric nervous system in avian embryos. Particular emphasis was given to colonization characteristics of neural crest cells present in primitive enteric ganglia. By coculturing neuronal and aneuronal gut of quail and chicken embryos, we investigated if and when neural crest cells in primitive enteric ganglia could detach from these ganglia, migrate, and colonize adjacent chicken gut. Quail neural crest cells were identified using the quail nucleolar marker and the HNK-1 antibody. Enteric neurons were identified using three monoclonal antibodies directed against neurofilament proteins. We found that neural crest cells detached from primitive ganglia in neuronal quail gut from E6 till E9, whereas neural crest cells did not leave enteric ganglia from E10 gut. These observations show that there is a transient phase during which enteric neural crest cells can leave the gut. To determine whether neural crest cells could colonize neuronal gut we cocultured neuronal gut or the neural primordium and neuronal chicken gut (E11). We found that quail neural crest cells do not colonize neuronal E11 gut, whereas they do colonize aneuronal gut of the same age. We suggest that aneuronal gut attracts neural crest cells by diffusing factors.
Reaction of a redox-active ligand complex of nickel with dioxygen probes ligand-radical character.

Bis(imino)pyridine complex [Ni{2,6-(ArN═CMe)2C5H3N}Cl] (where Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) was synthesized by reduction of the corresponding dichloride complex and characterized as a ligand-radical complex of NiII. Reaction of this complex with O2 caused intraligand C−C bond cleavage to afford the Ni complex of the new iminoethylpyridylcarboxamidato ligand, which also was isolated as the corresponding carboxamide, 6-(ArN═CMe)C5H3N-2-C(O)NHAr. This reaction serves as an example of small-molecule activation effected directly at the redox-active bis(imino)pyridine ligand without an overall oxidation state change at the Ni center.
Simple Food Chain in a Chemostat with Distinct Removal Rates

Abstract In this paper, we consider a model describing predator–prey interactions in a chemostat that incorporates both general response functions and distinct removal rates. In this case, the conservation law fails. To overcome this difficulty, we make use of a novel way of constructing a Lyapunov function in the study of the global stability of a predator-free steady state. Local and global stability of other steady states, persistence analysis, as well as numerical simulations are also presented. Our findings are largely in line with those of an identical removal rate case.
Anisotropy damping and particle production at finite temperature

We calculate finite-temperature corrections to the effective action of the conformally invariant scalar field in a homogeneous and slightly anisotropic spacetime. The nonlocal term in the effective action is crucially important in keeping the total probability of particle production finite in contrast with the case at T=0.
Identification of genetic variation and putative regulatory regions in bovine CARD15

Mutations in caspase recruitment domain 15 (CARD15) are associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease and Blau Syndrome. We performed comparative analyses of the bovine, murine, and human CARD15 transcripts to elucidate functionality of bovine CARD15 and examine its potential role in bovine disease resistance. Comparative analyses of intronic sequence across seven divergent species were performed to identify putative regulatory element binding motifs. High levels of interspecies conservation in sequence, genomic structure, and protein domains were detected indicating common functionality for CARD15 in cattle, human, and mouse. We identified species-specific regulatory elements in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, suggesting that modes of regulation may have diverged across species. Thirty-one conserved putative regulatory element binding motifs were identified in the CARD15 intronic sequence of seven species. To assess the extent of genetic diversity within bovine CARD15, 41 individuals from two subspecies were sequenced and screened for polymorphisms. Thirty-six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Finally, 20 subspecies-specific haplotypes were predicted with 7 and 13 unique haplotypes explaining the diversity within B. taurus taurus and B. taurus indicus animals, respectively. Strong evidence for a simple causal relationship between these SNP loci and their haplotypes with Johne's disease was not detected.
Chiral quaternary carbon compounds. II: An asymmetric synthesis of (R) or (S)-4,4-dialkyl-2-cyclopentenones

Abstract The chiral bicyclic lactam ( 5 ) derived from levulinic acid and (S)-valinol is sequentially alkylated and then cleaved to 2,2-dialkyl levulinaldehyde ( 8 ) which is cyclized to the title products ( 9 ) in > 99% ee.
Observations on Zooplankton Composition, Abundance and Periodicity in two Flood‐plain Lakes of the Kashmir Himalayan Valley

In the two eutrophic shallow lakes there were detected 51 taxa in the zooplankton: 27 rotifers, 14 cladocerans, 6 cyclopoids, 3 calanoids and 1 harpacticoid. In the lake Trigamsar, rotifers prevail at a higher electrolytic content, higher nutrient concentrations and higher primary production and at a transparency depth of 0.4 m, whereas cladocerans prevail in the less eutrophicated lake Naranbagh. In the annual variation, in both lakes rotifers show pronounced spring and autumn maxima, the same applying to copepods, whereas cladocerans have a pronounced summer maximum. In general, at the water surface the zooplankton density is higher than near the bottom.
A TOVS Dataset for Study of the Tropical Atmosphere

Abstract Temperature and moisture data from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) archives are examined for applicability to studies of the tropical atmosphere on time scales ranging from intraseasonal to interannual. Comparisons with monthly mean radiosonde data from island stations confirm the ability of TOVS to track short- and long-term atmospheric variability. Biases and rms errors are generally different for near-equatorial and subtropical stations. Inclusion of soundings derived under cloudy conditions increases negative temperature bias while improving or leaving unchanged the rms temperature error at all levels. The large volume of TOVS data (up to 16 000 soundings per day) is reduced to manageable form by the creation of a gridded product. A structure function analysis is performed to assist in the choice of gridding parameters. The objective analysis routines used are designed to handle data voids common in satellite data fields. A time-longitude diagram of 5-day mean precipitable water...
Gas-Phase Metal Trications in Protic Solvent Complexes

In the first observation of triply charged metal ions microsolvated by protic ligands, gas-phase complexes of 11 different metal trications with diacetone alcohol were generated using electrospray ionization. These species were found to exist for at least five to eight ligands, depending on the metal. For smaller sizes, charge reduction to dications occurs spontaneously via dissociative proton transfer. This is the largest minimum size reported for any multiply charged metal cation/ligand pair.
The hierarchical factor structure of the coping strategies inventory

The structure of coping was examined in three studies by means of Wherry's approach to hierarchical factor analysis. A hierarchical model with three levels was identified that included eight primary factors, four secondary factors, and two tertiary factors. The eight primary factors (problem solving, cognitive restructuring, emotional expression, social support, problem avoidance, wishful thinking, self-criticism, and social withdrawal) identified dimensions of coping found in previous empirical research and theoretical writing. The emergence of the four secondary and two tertiary factors provided empirical support for two theoretical hypotheses concerning the structure of coping. Support for the constructs of problem- and emotion-focused coping hypothesized by Lazarus was obtained at the secondary level, and support for the constructs of approach and avoidance coping hypothesized by many theorists was obtained at the tertiary level. These findings suggest that both formulations may describe the structure of coping, albeit at different levels of analysis.
"We Hatched in this Class": Repositioning of Identity In and Beyond a Reading Classroom

This article presents a case study of development of reading identity in Angelica, a 15 year old Latina. The paper explores the literacy experiences in school that positioned Angelica as a struggling reader. It also examines the efforts of significant others in school and out-of-school contexts, as well as her own efforts, to contest this identity. In particular, it analyzes the pedagogical practices of Angelica’s ninth grade reading teacher that were pivotal in Angelica’s repositioning of her reading identity in school. Moving beyond teachers exploring with their students the broad construct of academic identity, the article argues for critical exploration of disciplinary identity as part of an academic curriculum. It offers some suggestions for doing so. The paper also advocates for building students’ academic identities in the out-of-school contexts of their lives. In departure from typical approaches, it stresses that students should take a significant role in deciding how to extend their academic learning and identities into outside-school spaces.
Properties of a HeLa cell culture with increased resistance to poliomyelitis virus

Abstract A culture of increased resistance to poliovirus was obtained from the cloned S3 cell line of strain HeLa after repeated exposure to type 3 poliovirus. The increased resistance of the culture could be attributed to a decreased probability for a given virus particle to initiate an infection after adsorption to a “resistant” cell. A subculturing of the “resistant culture” in the presence of antiserum cured the culture from an apparent temporary virogenicity. A study of the fate of individual cells in drops under paraffin oil failed to provide evidence that the culture was or could become permanently virogenic. It is suggested that the “resistant culture” was obtained by a selection by the virus of pre-existing “resistant” variants in the S3 population.
Group taste concept measurement: verbal and physical definition of the umami taste concept for Japanese and Americans

. The umami taste concept for a group of judges was measured by a categorization task with food stimuli. The concept was defined to the judges in two ways: first, by verbal description and second, by presenting the judges with standard stimuli: broths made from kombu, katsuobushi and shiitake. The concepts obtained in both instances were close, both for Japanese and American judges. Thus, the umami term could be communicated relatively accurately in sales and marketing without the need for physical standards.
Has two-dimensional superfluidity been seen in real /sup 4/He films

The theory of two-dimensional superfluidity by Nelson and Kosterlitz is examined in the context of ideal interacting $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films. It is shown that superfluid onset in a film on a uniform surface would have a critical-temperature gap due to phase condensation. No experiments on uniform or heterogeneous substrates have disclosed any gap, indicating that superfluid onset in experimental films may have another origin.
Towards a theory of spacepower

Abstract There is as yet no widely accepted theory of spacepower, although links to the development of seapower theory are generally acknowledged. An ongoing NDU study is building a framework to explicate the fundamental aspects of spacepower and its relation to the pursuit of a variety of objectives. Two distinct “ages” of the current space era can be discerned, the first based on Cold War competition and the need for prestige, the second based on the requirement for information in a globalized world. The most important features of future space activity are likely to be economic development, and national and international security. Developing a spacepower theory will provide an opportunity to maximize the benefits of space for global society.
Release of components from a plastic container during microwave heating

A thermoformed, microwavable container made from a polypropylene/Saran®/polypropylene coextruded material was selected as the test container. Samples of the specimen were microwaved in sealed glass vials for periods ranging from 3 to 7 min. After heating, the head space of the vials was sampled and analysed. The microwaving process was carried out in an Amana Radarange® microwave oven on full power. Sample surface temperature as a function of microwaving time and the quantitative identification of volatile compounds released by the polymer during microwaving were determined. Five major components were detected and quantified in the head space of the vial using gas chromatography. The quantity of each component increased with increased microwaving time. Using mass spectrometry, the five components were identified; four were hydrocarbons and the fifth was butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Release of organic components during brief microwaving of polymers may be a near-the-surface phenomenon.
On modeling a rolling wheel in the presence of plastic deformation as a three- or two-dimensional process

Abstract This paper compares predictions of deformation and horizontal (drag) force resulting from three- and two-dimensional numerical simulation of a torque-free (towed) wheel operating on ductile material. The finite-element code ABAQUS/Explicit is used to simulate a complete process beginning with wheel indentation and ending, if admissible, with steady rolling. The wheel is rigid, and the material is modeled as elastic/perfectly plastic with the von Mises yield condition, with focus on plastic rather than elastic effects. It is shown that two-dimensional analysis of a rolling wheel cannot readily be applied to a narrow wheel to predict wheel penetration, although horizontal forces from three- and two- dimensional simulations follow a similar trend. In particular, it is observed that steady-state penetration is constant over a range of applied vertical forces in the two-dimensional analysis, whereas steady-state penetration is an increasing function of vertical force for narrow wheels simulated in three dimensions. This illustrates potential errors in simplifying wheel rolling by utilizing two-dimensional analysis and the necessity of considering a fully three-dimensional process. In the paper, the latter is investigated in detail.
Privatization of environmental data raises concerns among researchers

Recent trends in many countries toward privatization and commercialization of data—two distinct but linked issues—have become increasingly significant concerns for the geosciences and other scientific fields that need environmental data from around the world in order to study and understand Earth systems. In response to these trends, a new U.S. National Research Council report concludes that for environmental information systems created by the U.S. government to serve a public purpose, “a full and open data policy is optimal for collecting and synthesizing a wide range of observations, detecting scientific surprises, and avoiding or discovering processes or calibration errors.”
MO-D-342-03: Breakthroughs in Elasticity, Ultrasound Computed Tomography, and Optoacoustic Tomography

The idea of measuring the stiffness of soft tissues using ultrasound was suggested in the literature some 25 years ago. Since then, the measurement and later imaging of the local elastic properties of tissues have progressed from this idea to a new commercial reality that is based on solid fundamentals. Today, it is possible to obtain high‐resolution real‐time images (elastograms) of the axial strain components in soft tissues in vivo that are subjected to an external or internal mechanical load. These images have shown that new and potentially useful information can be obtained, far beyond that which is available from sonograms alone. The road ahead involves several additional possibilities of gleaning substantially more information relating to the mechanics of tissues. These include the calculation and imaging of the elastic modulus,imaging the Poisson's ratio and its temporal evolution for the study of fluid flow in tissues that are affected by diseases such as lymphedema, and the imaging of shear strains at tissue boundaries that characterize the bonding strength between tissue layers that may be specific for various disease states. This talk will illustrate some of the progress in the field and will demonstrate some of the diverse future possibilities. This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute (USA) Grants R01‐CA60520, P01‐CA64597‐10, R21‐CA127291 and by the John Dunn Foundation.
Evaluating the interview inprimary care medicine

Abstract Certain basic characteristics of primary care practice shape the content, form and techniqueof the medical interview. These characteristics force the interview to become more a joint discussion of a series of topics than an interrogation or inquisition; more negotiation and consensus seeking than authoritarian prescription and proscription; and more associational than rigidly structured. Information flows from physician to patient as well as vice versa, and includes the psychosocial aspects of being sick and being a patient. An instrument for evaluating routine doctor-patient interactions has been developed. It attempts totake account of these characteristics of primary care practice, and can be used with audio or video recordings of actual clinical encounters. It requires the rating of 19 items covering the form of the interview, the use of authority, technique of questioning, management of the patient's emotions and information transmitted. It can be used in teaching, program planning and evaluation, and in medical care research.
Management of osteomyelitis of the anterior skull base and craniovertebral junction.

Abstract Objectives: The study goals were to determine the patient demographics, identify predisposing factors, and determine efficacy of treatment for nonotologic osteomyelitis of the skull base and craniovertebral junction. Study Design: All patients with a biopsy-proven diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the skull base treated by the author from 1997 through 2001 were retrospectively evaluated. Results: Six patients were identified on review. The average age at presentation was 56.7 years (age range, 38 to 70 years), and all except one patient had an underlying immunocompromising condition (diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus infection, steroid use). Most presented with neurologic deficits associated with a destructive lesion of the osseous skull base. Aggressive debridement of involved bone enabled through the use of broad field standard skull base approaches was associated with clinical resolution of symptoms in each case. Systemic antibacterial/antifungal therapy and medical optimization remain important adjuncts in the treatment of this group of patients. Conclusion: The diagnosis of this entity may be difficult to discern from neoplastic involvement of the skull base. Standard skull base approaches are useful for both the diagnosis and the treatment of nonotologic osteomyelitis. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;128:39-42.)
What we know and what we do not know about Turán numbers

The numbers which are traditionally named in honor of Paul Turan were introduced by him as a generalization of a problem he solved in 1941. The general problem of Turan having anextremely simple formulation but beingextremely hard to solve, has become one of the most fascinatingextremal problems in combinatorics. We describe the present situation and list conjectures which are not so hopeless.
High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Studies on Barium.

Simultaneous x-ray diffraction and electrical resistance measurements on barium establish, with certainty, that Bridgman9s 78-kb resistance transition is identical with his 59-kb volumetransition. During this transition, the bodycentered cubic structure changes to hexagonalclose packed. Lattice parameters for the latter structure at 62 kb (volume scale) are: a = 3.90 A, c = 6.15 A, and c/a = 1.58. Compression (AV/Vo) at 62 kb is 0.359 + 0.005 compared to 0.345 previously reported by Bridgman. Below the transition, at 49 kb, compression is 0.300 ± 0.005 compared to Bridgman9s 0.288. Bridgman9s 17-kb volume transition was not detected by x-ray diffraction.
A note on the shorted operator

The Schur complement of a partitioned operator \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} \\ A_{21} & A_{22} \end{bmatrix} \] is defined by the formula $S ( A ) = A_{11} - A_{12} A_{22}^{ - 1} A_{21} $. In finite dimensions $S ( A )$ is the unique map $c \mapsto d$ defined by the equations $A_{11} c + A_{12} y = d,A_{21} c + A_{22} y = 0$. In infinite dimensions the shorted operator of a positive operator generalizes the Schur complement; however, the above matrix equations no longer hold. We show in what sense the above equations approximately hold. Applications to infinite networks are shown.
Electrohydrodynamically Enhanced Heat Transfer in Pool Boiling

The electrohydrodynamically enhanced heat transfer in pool boiling in the nucleate regime was studied using R-123 as the working fluid. An experimental apparatus was designed and built which allowed accurate measurements. The evaporator consisted of an electrically heated single horizontal smooth tube. Several different electrode designs were investigated. This study included higher heat fluxes than most of those previously reported in the literature. A summary of the previous work is provided. The results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient at a heat flux of 1.6 kW/m{sup 2} and a voltage of 10 kV was 4.6 times higher than the heat transfer coefficient without the electric field presence. However, the heat transfer coefficient at 52 kW/m{sup 2} and 10 kV was improved only by 38%. These enhancements are significant even at large heat flux levels. The power consumption for establishing the electric fields was on the order of 0.1% of the heat transfer power in the evaporator. When R-123 fluid was contaminated with a few percent ethanol, the boiling heat transfer at 3.3 kW/m{sup 2} was increased by a factor of 12.6 at 15 kV compared to zero kV. Finally, the presence of the electric fields nearly eliminated the hysteresis effect.
All-optical three-dimensional mapping of 180° domains hidden in a BaTiO 3 crystal

We present three-dimensional, high-contrast maps of 180° domains hidden inside photorefractive crystals of BaTiO3. Some domains are columns that run the entire length of the crystal, whereas others are short needles that begin predominantly on the −c surface but disappear inside the crystal bulk.