cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memristive plasticity in artificial electrical synapses via geometrically reconfigurable, gramicidin-doped biomembranes.

It is now known that mammalian brains leverage plasticity of both chemical and electrical synapses (ES) for collocating memory and processing. Unlike chemical synapses, ES join neurons via gap junction ion channels that permit fast, threshold-independent, and bidirectional ion transport. Like chemical synapses, ES exhibit activity-dependent plasticity, which modulates the ionic conductance between neurons and, thereby, enables adaptive synchronization of action potentials. Many types of adaptive computing devices that display discrete, threshold-dependent changes in conductance have been developed, yet far less effort has been devoted to emulating the continuously variable conductance and activity-dependent plasticity of ES. Here, we describe an artificial electrical synapse (AES) that exhibits voltage-dependent, analog changes in ionic conductance at biologically relevant voltages. AES plasticity is achieved at the nanoscale by linking dynamical geometrical changes of a host lipid bilayer to ion transport via gramicidin transmembrane ion channels. As a result, the AES uniquely mimics the composition, biophysical properties, bidirectional and threshold-independent ion transport, and plasticity of ES. Through experiments and modeling, we classify our AES as a volatile memristor, where the voltage-controlled conductance is governed by reversible changes in membrane geometry and gramicidin channel density. Simulations show that AES plasticity can adaptively synchronize Hodgkin–Huxley neurons. Finally, by modulating the molecular constituents of the AES, we show that the amplitude, direction, and speed of conductance changes can be tuned. This work motivates the development and integration of ES-inspired computing devices for achieving more capable neuromorphic hardware.
Impact of aggregate mineralogy and exposure solution on alkali-silica reaction product composition and structure within accelerated test conditions

Abstract Electron microscopy, chemical X-ray microanalysis, and Raman microscopy was used with expansion measurements of mortar bars in a systematic fashion to determine the impact of aggregate composition and exposure variations on alkali-silica reaction (ASR) products’ chemistry and structure. The results show that aggregate mineralogy plays a large role in the composition and structure of ASR products as does the local environment in which ASR products form. Additionally, solution exposure composition, a factor relevant to relating laboratory measurements to field performance, has a significant impact on ASR product chemistry but limited impact on structure, or at least on coordination of SiO2 in ASR products.
Sliding of adhesive nanoscale polymer contacts

Abstract The interaction between friction and adhesion is a defining factor of the macroscopic behavior of natural and synthetic soft materials. In this work, the interfacial normal and shear adhesion strength of contacts between nanoscale polymeric fibers were studied using novel experiments aided by micromachined devices by which the critical normal and tangential pull-off forces between individual polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers with diameters in the range 400 nm – 4 µm were measured in real-time. The work of adhesion under normal detachment, as computed using the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) and the Maugis-Dugdale (M-D) models for elastic adhesive contact, was shown to be independent of the nanofiber diameter and comparable to twice the surface energy of bulk PAN. Under shear detachment, peeling of the contact area was calculated using the JKR and the M-D models combined with linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The M-D model combined with LEFM could predict the experimentally obtained tangential pull-off force instabilities. The interfacial shear adhesion strength is shown to be constant for a broad range of contact radii (25–140 nm) and approximately equal to the material shear stress at yielding. Thus, shear yielding is shown to be the controlling mechanism during shear detachment of individual polymer nanofibers interacting with strong van der Waals adhesion.
Oxygen Fugacity Across Tectonic Settings

Experiment and observation have established the centrality of oxygen fugacity (fO2) to determining the course of igneous differentiation, and so the development and application of oxybarometers hav...
Analysis of process flexibility designs under disruptions

Most previous studies concerning process flexibility designs have focused on expected sales and demand uncertainty. In this paper, we examine the worst-case performance of flexibility designs in th...
Effects of audiometric threshold step size on proposed ANSI S12.13 outcomes for characterizing hearing conservation program effectiveness.

Audiometric records of 213 employees with low noise exposure were selected from the public domain data base underpinning Draft American National Standards Institute (ANSI) S12 .131991 Standard Evaluating the Effectiveness of Hearing Conservation Programs . Records were selected from an ANSI S12 .13 "control" group demonstrating raw audiometricthresholds in 1-dB steps, presumably resulting from self-recording audiometry. Raw audiometric data were rounded to the nearest 5-dB step, and ANSI S12 .13 analysis protocols were applied to both raw and rounded data sets. The magnitude of all proposed ANSI test statistics increased with audiometric step size. Percent worse sequential and percent better or worse sequential protocols were markedly more sensitive to threshold step size than standard deviation of difference thresholds. The direction and magnitude of change in these outcomes supports the assumption that criterion ranges in the draft standard hold artifactual bias against hearing conservation programs (HCPs) collecting audiometric data in 5-dB steps.
Intraprofessional education with dental hygienists: The post training impact on dentists

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES Generally, dental and dental hygiene (DH) students are educated separately. When these students are educated together, studies show improvements in teamwork and understanding of their distinct roles. This longitudinal study was conducted to see if intraprofessional education (IntraPE) between dental and DH students can impact dentists in practice. Specifically, this study examined the attitudes of graduates from the University of Washington School of Dentistry (UWSOD), some of whom participated in the Regional Initiative in Dental Education (RIDE) program. The RIDE program, designed to meet the needs of underserved populations, combines courses of 8 first-year dental students with 30-36 Eastern Washington University DH students. METHODS In 2018, all 409 UWSOD dentists from 2012-2017, including 48 RIDE and 361 non-RIDE dentists, were invited to participate in this study. Attitudes toward teamwork and roles and responsibilities were assessed using qualitative and quantitative measures. The RIDE and non-RIDE responses were compared and tested using t-tests for statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 77 responses were analyzed with a response rate of 54% (n = 26) for RIDE and 14% (n = 51) for non-RIDE. Results show the RIDE program improved attitudes toward DH in practice. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in understanding roles and responsibilities, but not teamwork. The majority of non-RIDE dentists (n = 26, 51%) felt their education would have benefited from formal IntraPE. CONCLUSION To improve attitudes, dental schools should consider formal partnerships between dental and DH programs, specifically in clinical settings.
Mitigation of Motor Stalling and FIDVR via Energy Storage Systems With Signal Temporal Logic

The fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) phenomenon has been very common from the distribution system through the transmission system. It causes a delay on recovering significantly depressed local voltage after the fault is cleared, and it can also lead to more widespread cascading system failures. Mitigating this event with current control approaches is challenging and becoming a crucial issue. In this paper, a model predictive control-based strategy employing signal temporal logic specifications is proposed to help mitigate FIDVR. To this end, it investigates and extends a dynamic performance model allowing analytic insights into the system-wide impact of motor stalling and FIDVR. The proposed controller provides richer descriptions of voltage specifications addressing both magnitude and time simultaneously. We consider different control specifications with reactive power support from energy storage systems to prevent the voltage during/after the fault from dropping too low, and reduce the delay time of voltage recovery. The simulation results conducted with the IEEE 57 bus test network validate the proposed method and demonstrate the effectiveness of the mitigation strategy on FIDVR.
Implementing peer recovery coaching and improving outcomes for substance use disorders in underserved communities.

The Peer Recovery Expansion Project (PREP) was designed to expand outreach and deliver enhanced treatment services via peer-recovery coaches for individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) and li...
Innovative Full Depth Precast Deck Panel System with Discrete UHPC Joints at 6ft (1.8 m) Spacing

This paper presents the development and experimental investigation of a new full depth precast concrete deck system that was developed within the NCHRP Project 12-96 as a simplified system for accelerated bridge construction. The system has the following features: shear connectors are located at the transverse joints only that are spaced up to 6 ft (1.8 m) in the longitudinal direction; transverse joints and shear connections are filled with UHPC that enables full composite behavior between the deck and the supporting girders; deck panels can be made solid or ribbed if deck weight reduction is desirable; and unique clustered shear connector assembly is used to resist large interface shear forces. The paper focuses on the role of using UHPC in achieving the goals of the new system and allowing the extension of the maximum spacing of shear connectors from 4 ft(1.2 m), currently specified by AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, to 6 ft(1.8 m). This extension increases the interface shear demand and stress concentration at the joints by 50%, which necessitates the use of a grouting material with superior mechanical and durability properties, like UHPC.
A survey of thermal sensing application in additive manufacturing

Industry 4.0 represents a significant change in manufacturing with the inclusion of such technologies as additive manufacturing and data analytics. In support of these changes, infrared thermal imaging (IR) and very-near infrared (VNIR) have proven invaluable in numerous applications related to additive manufacturing. In this review, these applications will be presented as they relate to polymer and metal-based additive manufacturing processes. Applications including in-situ characterization, post-build analysis, experimental setups, modeling, and machine learning will be covered. With a general overview complete, the review will conclude with a discussion of challenges identified throughout the literature and thoughts on future trends.
School Choice and University-Model® Schools: A Phenomenological Study

The University-Model school incorporates private school and homeschool methods within a Christian school experience. Parents receive the title of co-instructors as they partner with teachers in edu...
Molecular coupling competing with defects within insulator of the magnetic tunnel junction-based molecular spintronics devices.

Nearly 70 years old dream of incorporating molecule as the device element is still challenged by competing defects in almost every experimentally tested molecular device approach. This paper focuses on the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) based molecular spintronics device (MTJMSD) method. An MTJMSD utilizes a tunnel barrier to ensure a robust and mass-producible physical gap between two ferromagnetic electrodes. MTJMSD approach may benefit from MTJ's industrial practices; however, the MTJMSD approach still needs to overcome additional challenges arising from the inclusion of magnetic molecules in conjunction with competing defects. Molecular device channels are covalently bonded between two ferromagnets across the insulating barrier. An insulating barrier may possess a variety of potential defects arising during the fabrication or operational phase. This paper describes an experimental and theoretical study of molecular coupling between ferromagnets in the presence of the competing coupling via an insulating tunnel barrier. We discuss the experimental observations of hillocks and pinhole-type defects producing inter-layer coupling that compete with molecular device elements. We performed theoretical simulations to encompass a wide range of competition between molecules and defects. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was used for investigating the defect-induced inter-layer coupling on MTJMSD. Our research may help understand and design molecular spintronics devices utilizing various insulating spacers such as aluminum oxide (AlOx) and magnesium oxide (MgO) on a wide range of metal electrodes. This paper intends to provide practical insights for researchers intending to investigate the molecular device properties via the MTJMSD approach and do not have a background in magnetic tunnel junction fabrication.
Good Public Health Policy, Better Public Health Law: Blood Donation, Individual Risk Assessments, & Lifting the Deferral for Men Who Have Sex with Men

United States public health law balances safeguarding public health and respecting individual liberties, and the balance must always be evaluated. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), having only recently reduced its lifetime deferral for men who have sex with men (MSM) to a 12-month deferral, called for public comment on changing its guidelines once more to consider screening for individual behaviors instead of subpopulation or group identity. The transition from a purely discriminatory and unscientific public health measure to a non-discriminatory and evidence-based public health measure is and should be supported. Pre-screening donors for their individual behaviors and post-donation serological testing presents a more accurate means of ensuring blood security while providing opportunity to increase the blood supply. Generalized deferrals may have been justified at time when human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and similar viruses were difficult to definitively detect, treat, or prevent from spreading. That time has passed, and under public health law today a generalized MSM deferral is not necessary, proportional, or reasonable to protect the U.S. blood supply while avoiding harm to MSM. FDA should adopt individual risk assessment (IRA) as a sound blood security measure that would restore human dignity to MSM.
Characterizing the willingness to undergo treatment in patients with alopecia areata

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that results in partial or total balding of the scalp and/or body. Treatments available are minimally effective, have severe side effects, and are often painful. Given these burdens, patients may not feel undergoing treatment is worthwhile. The purpose of this study is to characterize the willingness of patients with alopecia areata to undergo treatment. We found that few patients are willing to undergo treatment at the risk of severe health side effects. The most acceptable form of treatment administration was topical and the least acceptable was injection at the site of hair loss. A majority of patients would only undergo treatment for hair growth that is cosmetically acceptable and the most important site of hair regrowth was the scalp. The willingness to undergo treatment differed significantly by gender, age, time since disease onset, and disease severity. This study offers insight into the preferences of patients with alopecia areata and characteristics that would make treatment widely acceptable. Institutions conducting research on treatment for alopecia areata can use the results of this study to better understand the needs of their target population.
Common Clinical Conditions of the Elbow

The elbow is a crucial element in upper extremity function and acts as a link between shoulder and hand function. Adequate elbow function is crucial for many activities of daily living and can be affected by numerous conditions. Traumatic conditions include both bony and soft tissue injury. Common fractures around the elbow include distal humerus fractures, olecranon fractures, radial head fractures, and pediatric supracondylar fractures. Soft tissue injuries include elbow dislocations, collateral ligament injury, and distal biceps rupture. Common inflammatory processes include lateral epicondylitis, medial epicondylitis, and olecranon bursitis. Elbow arthritis is a degenerative condition which can be secondary to multiple conditions. The most common compressive neuropathy around the elbow is cubital tunnel syndrome, compression of the ulnar nerve. There are numerous treatment strategies to address elbow pathology – both nonoperative and operative – with the goals to relieve pain and restore function.
Affirmative Action for the Future

At a time when private and public institutions of higher education are reassessing their admissions policies in light of new economic conditions, Affirmative Action for the Future is a clarion call for the need to keep the door of opportunity open. In 2003, U.S. Supreme Court's Grutter and Gratz decisions vindicated the University of Michigan Law School's affirmative action program while striking down the particular affirmative action program used for undergraduates at the university. In 2006 and 2008, state referendums banned affirmative action in some states while upholding it in others. Taking these developments into account, James P. Sterba draws on his vast experience as a champion of affirmative action to mount a new moral and legal defense of the practice as a useful tool for social reform. Sterba documents the level of racial and sexual discrimination that still exists in the United States and then, arguing that diversity is a public good, he calls for expansion of the reach of affirmative action as a mechanism for encouraging true diversity. In his view, we must include in our understanding of affirmative action the need to favor those who come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, regardless of race and sex. Elite colleges and universities could best facilitate opportunities for students from working-class and poor families, in Sterba's view, by cutting back on legacy and athletic preferences that overwhelmingly benefit wealthy white applicants.
Synthesis of diatom–FeOx composite for removing trace arsenic to meet drinking water standards

This study presents the synthesis of diatom-FeOx composite as a novel sorbent for arsenic removal from water. The unique porous architecture of the diatom was utilized to immobilize iron oxide to form the composite. The surface area was as high as 70 m(2)/g. The adsorption isotherms for As (III) and As (V) followed the Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity for arsenite (As III) was 10,000 μg/g and arsenate (As V) was 12,500 μg/g. The pseudo-second order rate equation was found to effectively describe the kinetics of arsenic adsorption. This study opens the door for the development of bio derived materials for environmental remediation.
Chapter 5 Regulation of Chloride Channels in Lymphocytes

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to focus on chloride channels in T and B lymphocytes. It discusses their distribution, regulation, biophysical properties, and similarities with channels in other cell types, as determined primarily by patch-clamp experiments, and their possible role in lymphocyte functions. Before describing properties of the chloride channel subset, the chapter presents an overview of the other types of channels found (and not found) in lymphocytes. Patch-clamp techniques have been instrumental in identifying at least three types of Cl − channel in lymphocytes, categorized according to their single-channel conductance as mini-, midi-, and maxi-Cl − channels. These channels are normally closed in the plasma membrane of quiescent and proliferating cells, but are among the most abundant channels found in lymphocytes. Channel regulation is complex. The opening of each channel subtype depends upon at least two factors: ATP and cell swelling for the mini-Cl − channel, phosphorylation or excision/depolarization for the midi-Cl − channel, and excision and voltage for the maxi-Cl − channel. However, there remains confusion in the mechanism of opening of channels and other aspects of ion permeation properties. Considering all these, it can be concluded that the molecular identity of all three lymphocyte Cl- channels is still unknown.
The discrete Wiener model for representation of nonGaussian stochastic processes

The Wiener (1958) model for nonlinear systems is capable of representing a very large class of random processes. In this paper the discrete-time form of this model is developed and it is shown how the moments of any order can be computed for an arbitrary nonlinear process represented by the Wiener model. The moments are expressed in terms of certain normalized "correlation functions" that have a simple and easily computable form. An explicit organized procedure for computing the moments of any order is presented and illustrated in an example. >
Reaction List for charged-particle-induced nuclear reactions: Z = 1 to Z = 98 (H to Cf), October 1974–January 1976

Abstract This Reaction List for charged-particle-induced nuclear reactions has been prepared from the journal literature for the period from October 1974 through January 1976. Each published experimental paper is listed under the target nucleus in the nuclear reaction with a brief statement of the type of data in the paper. The nuclear reaction is denoted by A(a,b)B, where Ma ≥ (one nucleon mass). There is no restriction on energy. Nuclear reactions involving mesons in the outgoing channel are not included. Theoretical papers which treat directly with the analysis of nuclear reaction data and results are included in the Reaction List.
A New Route Toward Limiting Climate Change

Climate change mitigation strategies have focused on reductions in carbon dioxide and other long-lived greenhouse gases. [ Smith et al .][1], investigate the viability of a different strategy, recently proposed by Hansen et al ., which focuses on controlling short-lived pollutants such as soot and tropospheric ozone. They conclude that carbon dioxide must remain the primary focus of climate change mitigation strategies. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/290/5494/1109
Application of a Cauchois Spectrometer to Measurement of Ion-Excited Ni Kα Satellite Spectra

A transmission crystal (Cauchois) spectrometer was used for the first time for high resolution measurements of ion-excited x rays. Ni Ka satellite spectra produced in collisions of 61 MeV Ni ions with a Ni target showed that the simply-constructed instrument is useful for high-energy atomic collision studies. Dependence of measured and calculated satellite energies on atomic number was examined. Ka satellite peak spacings computed from Hartree-Fock-Slater theory were found to be significantly smaller than experiment for elements Ca-Ni. The measured Ni Ka spectrum contains structure not found in spectra from lighter atoms.
The effect of caffeine on repair in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. II. Interaction of repair systems.

Abstract Survival following UV-irradiation of the two repair-deficient strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , UVSE5 and UVSE6, was not affected by caffeine. Since caffeine causes increased survival in strains of this organism having normal recombination, these two mutant strains are considered to be recombination-deficient. The double-mutant strains UVSE1–UVSE4, UVSE1–UVSE5, UVSE1–UVSE6, UVSE4–UVSE5, UVSE4–UVSE6 and UVSE5–UVSE6 were isolated. These strains were exposed to UV-irradiation and in all but UVSE4–UVSE5, survival of the double-mutant strain was much lower than for any single-mutant strain. These results indicate that the altered gene products in UVSE1, UVSE5 and UVSE6 mutant strains are associated with different recombination-repair mechanisms. All double-mutant strains were treated with caffeine following UV-irradiation. In all double-mutant strains containing a mutant USVE4 gene product, recombination repair was increased by caffeine. On the basis of the data obtained, a scheme is proposed for the involvement of multiple repair systems in repair following UV-irradiation in C. reinhardtii .
A soft real-time scheduling server on the Windows NT

We present the design and implementation of a soft real time CPU server for the time-sensitive multimedia applications in the Windows NT environment. The server is a user-level daemon process from which multimedia applications can request and acquire periodic processing time in the well-known form of (processing time per period). Our server is based on a careful manipulation of the real time(RT) priority class, and it does not require any modifications to the kernel. It provides (1) the rate monotonic scheduling algorithm, (2) support for multiple processors (SMP model), (3) limited overrun protection among real-time (RT) processes, (4) fair allocation between the RT and time sharing (TS) processes so that TS processes are not starved for processing time, (5) accessibility by a normal user privilege, and (6) an efficient implementation. We have implemented the CPU scheduling server on top of the Windows NT 4.0 operating system with dual Pentium processors, and we have shown through experiments that our CPU scheduling server provides good soft real time support for the multimedia applications.
Extending View Technology for Complex Integration Tasks

In this paper, we present extensions to the MultiView object-oriented database view system that improve its ability to integrate electronic computer-aided design (ECAD) tools. Using an object-preserving algebra as the view definition language, the MultiView system supports data transformations to suit the needs of individual tools. However, an object-preserving algebra alone is not powerful enough to express recursive transformations such as transitive path derivations and the flattening of hierarchical structures. In order to provide these capabilities, we extend the view definition language with operators that permit complex transformations of the data. To achieve performance essential for ECAD tools, we introduce the mediator class as a general strategy for the materialization of these complex views. We compare the bounds on query and update performance of our set-based mediator class for the symmetric transitive closure with a more traditional object-based materialization strategy.
Dynamic bandwidth allocation for interactive video applications over corporate networks

This paper discusses dynamic bandwidth management in corporate networks for supporting interactive multimedia applications. We show that particular characteristics of corporate networks and the highly dynamic resource requirements of interactive applications make dynamic allocation of network bandwidth both attractive and feasible. We compare several bandwidth allocation strategies via simulations based on the measured characteristic of an actual interactive TV application used in medical training.
Compatibility and Resource Competition between Modalities of Input, Central Processing, and Output:

Synthesized auditory displays and speech recognizers were used in two experiments to develop guidelines for their implementation in military aircraft. In the first experiment, the competition between encoding and response modalities of concurrent tasks was examined. The memory search task was more susceptible to competition for visual encoding, whereas the tracking task bore the greater impact from shared manual responding. The second experiment examined competition between tasks for encoding and response modalities and the optimum assignment of modalities to a given task. A simulated flight task was performed concurrently with either a spatial task (target acquisition) or a verbal task (memory). Best performance and least interference with the flight task were obtained when the spatial task was displayed visually and responded to manually and also when the verbal task was displayed auditorily and responded to with speech.
Analytic solution for vertical launch into orbit

An approximate analytic solution is presented for the motion and heating of nonlifting spacecraft launched vertically for ascending flight through the atmosphere into earth orbit. The solution is based on Chapman's Z-function transformation of the equations of motion with the assumption of an exponential atmosphere. The transformed equations have been modified to include the effects of thrusting with mass loss. It is assumed that the vehicle negotiates a gravity turn during ascent so that the thrust vector is aligned in the flight-path direction. Numerical results are presented to document the analytic solution and provide evidence of the useful information generated by it.
From Red Lion to Red List: The Dominance and Decline of the Broadcast Medium

This essay proposes a little housecleaning in the law of communications regulation. Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 369 (1969), deserves to be transferred in its entirety from the realm of doctrine to that of history. Defenders of Red Lion and the discourse-based model of free speech jurisprudence symbolized by that decision seek to preserve one communicative niche where the public at large does absolutely nothing besides watch or listen. Appeals to civic republicanism and other lofty ideals notwithstanding, what Red Lion privileges above all else is sloth, the idea that there should be one form of mass communication that all citizens, without regard to wealth or power, can access solely by virtue of buying a receiving device and turning it on.For four decades Congress and the FCC have imposed mandatory carriage obligations on cable and broadcast satellite operators for the benefit of conventional television stations. The emergence of intermediate constitutional scrutiny in those decisions has effectively confined Red Lion's deferential standard of review to structural regulation of the broadcast industry itself. Sustained resort to mandatory carriage schemes has reduced conventional broadcasting from a pervasive medium into the legal ward of byzantine regulatory systems designed to leverage the greater dominance of subscription-based platforms for delivering multichannel video programming.
A Case for the Chronic Disease Management and the Integrated Care Model for Pain Medicine: An Affordable Care Act Imperative and Global Trend.

Chronic pain is a global healthcare issue impacting all populations across race, gender, socioeconomic status, and location. Worldwide, up to one in five adults experience ongoing pain and another 1 in 10 are diagnosed with chronic pain each year.
After Nietzsche’s Beyond

Nietzsche’s writing on nationalism raises a series of questions about how we interpret his genealogical and constructivist insights in light of his often mendacious cultural stereotyping. More importantly, the misinterpretations of his work in the name of nationalism have required careful examination to ‘salvage’ his work from the wreckage of his posthumous Nazi career. A close reading of Nietzsche raises critical questions about modern political subjectivity. This piece relates these questions to the methodological problem associated with studying nationalist violence in the wake of Nietzsche’s academic revival. It argues that Nietzsche’s desire to place his own subjectivity beyond the dilemmas of his day is ethically incomplete. If we only understand oppression in terms of different subject positions or personal subjectivity, then we fail to recognize the ethical responsibility that inter-subjectivity makes possible through the act of bearing witness to the oppression experienced by others.
Experiments in the transportation of energy by microwave beam

The recent development of efficient microwave tubes generating hundreds of kilowatts of continuous power at a wavelength of 10 cm has motivated the first initial experiment in utilizing a microwave beam as a means of transporting energy from one point to another. The experiment made use of a CW magnetron operating at 2450 Mc with several hundred watts of power output for the power source, a 9.5 foot diameter ellipsoidal transmitting antenna, a diagonal-horn receiving antenna separated from the transmitting antenna by 25 feet, and a close-spaced thermionic diode rectifier. The overall efficiency as measured from the output of the microwave generator to the input of an electric motor attached to the output of the microwave rectifier at the receiving point was 26%. Although this experiment handled a modest amount of power over a short distance, sufficient "on-the-shelf" technology now exists in each of the component areas to increase the power-handling capability and the distance over which power can be transferred by at least a thousandfold.
Discovery and ESR spectra of matrix stabilized hydronium radicals H3O and D3O

The photolysis with ultra violet light from 2800 to 3500 A of aqueous ceric perchlorate-perchloric acid solutions frozen to —180° in the cavity of an ESR apparatus produces the doublet spectrum of H2O+. On annealling the glassy matrix to —120° and recooling to —180°, the H2O+ spectrum disappears and is replaced by a 1:3:3:1 quartet characteristic of a species having axial symmetry and three equivalent hydrogens. The quartet is assigned to the neutral H3O species rather than (H3O)2+ because it is a chemical reducing agent, stable toward isotopic exchange and basic media, and has a proton splitting factor, aH, which is too low for (H3O)2+ when compared to other known isoelectronic species. The similarity in ESR and isotopic exchange properties of H3O and methyl radical raises the question whether H3O is planar or tetrahedral or partially complexed to some other species such as Ce(III). In heavy water solvent H3O, D3O, H and Datom spectra are all obtained together upon direct irradiation at —180° without annealling. The atoms probably arise from reactions of the type, H3O ⇌ H + H2O. It appears that H3O may be stable with respect to H + H2O and we estimate the bond dissociation energy of H3O < 7 kcal/mole. H3O and D3O have the same ḡ = 2.0035 ± 0.0003 but aH(H3O) = 22.84 G and αD(D3O) = 3.65 G.
Solving the problem at the source: Controlling Mn release at the sediment-water interface via hypolimnetic oxygenation.

Abstract One of the primary goals of hypolimnetic oxygenation systems (HOx) from a drinking water perspective is to suppress sediment-water fluxes of reduced chemical species (e.g., manganese and iron) by replenishing dissolved oxygen (O 2 ) in the hypolimnion. Manganese (Mn) in particular is becoming a serious problem for water treatment on a global scale. While it has been established that HOx can increase sediment O 2 uptake rates and subsequently enhance the sediment oxic zone via elevated near-sediment O 2 and mixing, the influence of HOx on sediment-water fluxes of chemical species with more complicated redox kinetics like Mn has not been comprehensively evaluated. This study was based on Mn and O 2 data collected primarily in-situ to characterize both the sediment and water column in a drinking-water-supply reservoir equipped with an HOx. While diffusive Mn flux out of the sediment was enhanced by HOx operation due to an increased concentration driving force across the sediment-water interface, oxygenation maintained elevated near-sediment and porewater O 2 levels that facilitated biogeochemical cycling and subsequent retention of released Mn within the benthic region. Results show that soluble Mn levels in the lower hypolimnion increased substantially when the HOx was turned off for as little as ∼48 h and the upper sediment became anoxic. Turning off the HOx for longer periods (i.e., several weeks) significantly impaired water quality due to sediment Mn release. Continual oxygenation maintained an oxic benthic region sufficient to prevent Mn release to the overlying source water.
The ultraviolet spectrum of Herbig-Haro object 2H

IUE spectra of Herbig-Haro object 2H are presented. The spectra show a strong 'excess' UV continuum and prominent emission lines of C, N, O, Si, Mg, and possibly Al. The continuum, F(lambda), exhibits a turnover shortward of about 1450 A, confirming for the first time the H0 two-photon nature of the emission source. A possible absorption feature near 1680 A, which could result from a new grain or molecular constituent in these protostellar objects is also noted. Recently computed models of steady shocks into partially ionized gas reproduce the two-photon spectral shape, but its observed intensity relative to H-beta and the Balmer continuum is anomalously high. It is suggested that a range of shock velocities, 70-100 km/s, or nonsteady, 'truncated' shocks may be responsible. Future high-sensitivity UV observations of HH objects may be used to probe grain extinction curves in star-forming regions.
Preserving User Privacy in Pervasive Environments with a Collaborative Model

Privacy is the most often cited criticism of context awareness in pervasive environments. Context aware pervasive applications have the vulnerabilities of capturing extensive portions of users' activities. Whether such data capture is an actual threat or not, users' perceptions of such possibilities may discourage them from using many useful pervasive applications. So far, in context aware pervasive applications, location data has been the main focus to make users anonymous. However in reality, user anonymity depends on all the privacy sensitive data collected by a particular application. Preserving user privacy or in other words, protecting user anonymity with the help of an anonymizer has the susceptibility of a single point of failure. In this paper, we propose a Formal Collaborative Model (FCM) that preserves users' anonymity without an anonymizer. This model can also quantify the amount of privacy at stake at the time of asking for services from untrustworthy service providers. Since our model can quantify service requester's achieved privacy when a request is going to be placed, it allows the users to be aware of their overall privacy preference situation in a pervasive environment.
SU-FF-T-171: Dosimetric Comparison of Cesium-131 and Palladium-103 for Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric differences in treatment planning between Cesium‐131 and Palladium‐103 in prostate brachytherapy.Introduction: Due to the short half‐life of Cesium‐131 and the energy emitted, when compared to Palladium‐103, planning guidelines must be established. This study focuses on seed count, dose to critical structures and homogenous dose distribution. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients were planned using Varian's Variseed 7.1, both with Palladium‐103 and Cesium‐131 for monotherapy, to a prescribed dose of 125Gy and 115 Gy respectively. The average gland size was 28.48 cc. All volumes were contoured and sources were placed using Palladium‐103 at an activity of 2.0u. Another treatment plan was developed using Cesium‐131 at an activity of 2.0u. All prostatic contours were identical between the two treatment plans for each patient. The following quantities were derived from each plan: total seed count, total needle count, D90, V150, V100, V90, V80, R100, and U10. Results: In the series, there was a decrease of 17.46% planned seeds (70 vs. 59) and 6% planned needles (18 vs. 17) when planning for Cesium‐131 as compared to Palladium‐103. There was a decrease in the V150 of 35.53% (39.31% for Cs131 vs. 60.97% for Pd103), while maintaining an average D90 of 115.46% for Cs131 and 115.29% for Pd103. There was a decrease in the R100 of 44.23% (0.15cc for Cs131 vs. 0.28cc for Pd103). A small decrease in U10 of 1.98% was also noted. Conclusion: Cesium‐131 as an alternative to Palladium‐103 for prostate brachytherapy is favorable in this study as it reduces the overall seeds and needles needed for implants while offering an improved homogeneous dose distribution; reducing the overall dose to the rectum and prostatic urethra. Further studies on these patients are in progress to assess the actual post‐implant dosimetry and morbidity associated with Cesium‐131.
Discrete density smoothing applied to the empirical bayes estimation of a poission mean

In the Empirical Bayes (EB) approach to estimating the mean of a Poission distribution, smoothing procedures are required to improve the performance of an EB estimator in small samples. Various smooth EB estimators in the literature strongly deopend on the nondecreasing property of the Bayes estimator when a priori gamma density is assumed. Such EB estimators provide good small sample properties but fail to have for general priors the asymptotic optimality property as defined by Robbins (1964). In this paper various smoothed estimators of a discrete density are introduced and applied to this EB problem. The resulting EB estimators are asymptotically optimal. Based on simulation with a gamma prior, they perform rather poorly as compared to other smooth EB rules in small samples and thus in not practical in the small sample environment. However, they are uniformly better than Robbins' estimator and better than the classical MVU estimator in most cases, while retaining the property of asymptotic optimality w...
Bacteriocin Production by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Seventeen apparently unrelated isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae out of 2,123 tested produced a diffusible growth-inhibitory substance against other gonococci. The inhibitor was destroyed by trypsin, not blocked by bovine serum albumin, and not soluble in chloroform-methanol; each isolate was resistant to the inhibitor it produced. Thus, the substance differs from previously described gonococcal inhibitors, and since it fits the description of a bacteriocin we designated it gonocin. The use of gonocin for typing was complicated by the observation that susceptibility to gonocin appears to depend on the gonococcal colony type.
Glucose-induced biodegradation of cis-dichloroethylene under aerobic conditions

The capability of the simple carbohydrate, glucose, to stimulate aerobic biodegradation of cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) was tested using a river sediment. Greater reductions in cis-DCE were observed in aerobic microcosms incubated with glucose than in either killed controls, bottles incubated with oxygen and no glucose, or bottles containing glucose and no oxygen. Two aquifer sediments from different geographic locations also showed similar trends in dichloroethylene reduction. A sediment-free transfer culture from the original river sediment was further tested for cis-DCE degradation. Results indicate that cis-DCE losses coincide with an increase in chloride-ion concentration. The increase was equivalent to the amount of chloride that would be expected from the measured reduction in dichloroethylene and the release of two chlorides per cis-DCE. The possibility that methanotrophic or ammonia-oxidizing bacteria mediated dichloroethylene destruction was eliminated, because the sediment-free suspension culture showed no evidence of either activity. Hence, it appears that a new type of activity mediated the observed dichloroethylene transformation. The implications of these results on in situ bioremediation of chloroethylenes are discussed.
Electronic structure and properties of solids

Some of the challenges facing scientists in the area of the electronic structure and properties of solids are reviewed. At a time when computational advances have made possible high-quality calculations, not even conceivable 10 years ago, the article stresses the importance of going beyond the raw output of the calculation and understanding where the result originates. The areas selected for study include the Fermi surface and charge density waves, the stability of solids and the structures of solids under pressure, metal−insulator transitions, the method of moments, superconductivity, and the use of a relatively new technique for the study of chemical bonding, the electron localization function (ELF).
Vegard's Rule Revisited in BaxPb1−x(NO3)2 by NMR and XRD☆

Abstract Vegard's rule, originally based on powder X-ray diffraction data from BaxPb1−x(NO3)2, is reevaluated through the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Solid state 207Pb NMR and 15N NMR spectra of BaxPb1−x(NO3)2 (0.93>x>0.08) were recorded. The chemical shift dispersions for each magnetic nucleus are remarkable for their sensitivity to the nearest neighbor Pb2+ and Ba2+ distributions. The intensities of the peaks in the 207Pb spectra and their deviations from a simple binomial dependence reveal a non-statistical incorporation of Ba2+ and Pb2+ in the bulk crystals. Complementary analyses were performed by powder X-ray diffraction and with electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis that reveal bulk heterogeneities varying with crystal growth conditions. Vegard’s original determination of a linear correlation between lattice constants and composition in BaxPb1−x (NO3)2 is shown to have been a favorable consequence of the low resolution X-ray film methods available in the 1920s, but his additivity relationship is restored locally in the linear correlation of chemical shift with composition of the first metal coordination sphere.
Laminar flow friction and forced convection heat transfer in ducts of arbitrary geometry

A least-squares-matching technique is presented to analyze fully developed laminar fluid flow and heat transfer in ducts of arbitrary cross-section. Forced convection heat transfer is considered under constant axial heat-transfer rate with arbitrary peripheral thermal boundary conditions. As an application of the method, flow and heat-transfer results are presented for the duct geometries of isosceles triangular, rounded corner equilateral triangular, sine, rhombic and trapezoidal cross-sections. These numerical results are discussed from a heat exchanger designer's viewpoint.
High-Speed Multicast Scheduling in Hybrid Optical Packet Switches with Guaranteed Latency

In this paper, we study multicast scheduling in the OpCut switch, a recently proposed hybrid optical/electronic switching architecture for transmitting high-volume traffic in core networks and parallel computers. First, we present a multicast scheduling algorithm called Guaranteed Latency Multicast Scheduling (GLMS) that considers the schedule of each packet for multiple time slots. We show that GLMS has several desirable features, such as guaranteed latency for all transmitted packets and adaptivity to transmission requirements. To relax the time constraint on computing a schedule, we further propose a parallel and pipeline processing architecture for GLMS that distributes the scheduling task to multiple pipelined processing stages, with N processors in each stage, where N is the switch size. Finally, by implementing it with simple combination logic circuits, we show that each processor can finish the scheduling for one time slot in (O(1)time complexity. We evaluate the performance of GLMS extensively against statistical traffic models and real Internet traffic, and the results show that the proposed GLMS algorithm can achieve very low average packet latency with minimum packet drop ratio.