cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model for the Development of Thin Overthrust Sheets of Crystalline Rock

Overthrust sheets of granitic rock have numerous features in common with overthrust sheets of ultramafic rock. Regardless of rock type, these overthrust masses are 5 to 10 km thick or more, tens of kilometers wide, and up to hundreds of kilometers long. Their upper parts may consist of undeformed and unmetamorphosed igneous or sedimentary rocks, but near their base the crystalline rocks become tectonites, and retrograde metamorphism is widespread. A necessary condition for the formation of these sheets is a region of unusually steep geothermal gradient such as may be found behind volcanic arcs or in any region of upwelling mantle (for example, young ocean floor). At the time of detachment, the relatively brittle and rigid cover moves away from its underlying thermally softened base. At first, displacement between cover and base is penetrative, but as strain softening (and shear heating?) proceeds, displacement becomes localized along a fault zone that will be parallel to isotherms in the rock, and the overthrust crystalline-based sheet is thus freed from its base. During movement, the underlying rocks of the detached sheet may be metamorphosed, and fragments of the overridden rocks may be picked up. When movement ends, the cooled sheet is emplaced on top of cooler rocks. Fluids driven from overridden rocks during movement, and following emplacement, will act to reduce frictional resistance and will result in retrograde metamorphism of the overlying crystalline mass. K-Ar dates in the lower part of the overriding sheet may be set during movement. Such a model explains the observed structural relations, metamorphic history, and thinness of the overthrust sheets. Rigidity of the detached cover and isostasy prevent the cover (suprastructure) from folding; these conditions require that the cover be displaced laterally for great distances. Lateral constraints and lithologic anisotropy will dictate the direction of overthrusting.
Hyperhomocysteinemia increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier by NMDA receptor-dependent regulation of adherens and tight junctions

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier, but the mechanisms are undetermined. Homocysteine (Hcy) is an agonist of the neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr). We tested the hypothesis that HHcy disrupts the blood-brain barrier by an NMDAr-dependent mechanism in endothelium. In brain microvascular endothelial cells, there was no change in expression of the adherens junction protein VE-cadherin with Hcy treatment, but there was a significant decrease in the amount of β-catenin at the membrane. Moreover, Hcy caused nuclear translocation of β-catenin and attachment to the promoter for the tight junction protein claudin-5, with concomitant reduction in claudin-5 expression. Using a murine model of HHcy (cbs+/−), treatment for 2 weeks with an NMDAr antagonist (memantine) rescued cerebrovascular expression of claudin-5 and blood-brain barrier permeability to both exogenous sodium fluorescein and endogenous IgG. Memantine had no effect on these parameters in wild-type littermates. The same results were obtained using an in vitro model with brain microvascular endothelial cells. These data provide the first evidence that the NMDAr is required for Hcy-mediated increases in blood-brain barrier permeability. Modulating cerebral microvascular NMDAr activity may present a novel therapeutic target in diseases associated with opening of the blood-brain barrier in HHcy, such as stroke and dementia.
Fracture and fatigue behavior of scrim cloth adhesively bonded joints with and without rivet holes

—Tensile and fatigue disbond propagation studies on scrim cloth structural adhesive lap joints without and with rivet holes were performed. The geometry of the rivet holes is similar to that in a fuselage part of an aircraft. The joints were cycled in tension-tension fatigue at a frequency of 3 Hz and a maximum load, below the linear limit of the joint, which was obtained from the tensile tests of similar joints. The disbond length at each corner of the joint was viewed using a travelling optical microscope attached to a video camera. It was found that the static-tensile behavior of both types of joints (without and with rivet holes) consists of three stages: a linear stage followed by a region of increased non-linearity and then a 'yield' region. It is within this yield region that the rivet holes affect the strength of the joint. Stress analysis of the disbond problem under static loading revealed a strong mixed mode between the opening and shear mode stress intensity factors for both types of joints. T...
Improving homology modeling of G-protein coupled receptors through multiple-template derived conserved inter-residue interactions

Evidenced by the three-rounds of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) Dock competitions, improving homology modeling methods of helical transmembrane proteins including the GPCRs, based on templates of low sequence identity, remains an eminent challenge. Current approaches addressing this challenge adopt the philosophy of “modeling first, refinement next”. In the present work, we developed an alternative modeling approach through the novel application of available multiple templates. First, conserved inter-residue interactions are derived from each additional template through conservation analysis of each template-target pairwise alignment. Then, these interactions are converted into distance restraints and incorporated in the homology modeling process. This approach was applied to modeling of the human β2 adrenergic receptor using the bovin rhodopsin and the human protease-activated receptor 1 as templates and improved model quality was demonstrated compared to the homology model generated by standard single-template and multiple-template methods. This method of “refined restraints first, modeling next”, provides a fast and complementary way to the current modeling approaches. It allows rational identification and implementation of additional conserved distance restraints extracted from multiple templates and/or experimental data, and has the potential to be applicable to modeling of all helical transmembrane proteins.
HIV-1 Tat Protein and Its Inhibitor Ro 24-7429 Inhibit Lymphocyte Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Healthy Donors

To explore further the effects of the HIV-1 transactivator protein Tat on human lymphoid cell function we examined the effects of Tat on lymphocyte proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis). We found that the HIV-1 Tat protein induced apoptosis and inhibited lymphocyte proliferative responses in lymphocytes obtained from healthy HIV-1 seronegative donors. Surprisingly, the Tat inhibitor Ro 24-7429 also induced apoptosis and inhibited antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. In checkerboard experiments, each agent could antagonize the effects of the other in both assays. These data suggest that Tat and its inhibitor may interact with a host element critically important in the processes of lymphocyte proliferation and programmed cell death. The HIV-1 Tat protein may affect both lymphocyte survival and function in HIV-1 infection, thereby contributing to the immune deficiency of HIV-1 disease.
2009 Annual Health Physics Report for the HEU Transparency Program

During the 2009 calendar year, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) provided health physics support for the Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) Transparency Program for external and internal radiation protection. LLNL also provided technical expertise related to BDMS radioactive sources and Russian radiation safety regulatory compliance. For the calendar year 2009, there were 159 person-trips that required dose monitoring of the U.S. monitors. Of the 159 person-trips, 149 person-trips were SMVs and 10 person-trips were Transparency Monitoring Office (TMO) trips. There were 4 monitoring visits by TMO monitors to facilities other than UEIE and 10 to UEIE itself. LLNL's Hazard Control Department laboratories provided the dosimetry services for the HEU Transparency monitors. In 2009, the HEU Transparency activities in Russia were conducted in a radiologically safe manner for the HEU Transparency monitors in accordance with the expectations of the HEU Transparency staff, NNSA and DOE. The HEU Transparency Program now has over fifteen years of successful experience in developing and providing health and safety support in meeting its technical objectives.
The oxidation of some aromatic α-hydroxy acids by glycollate: O2 oxidoreductase

Abstract Glycollate: O 2 oxidoreductase (glycollate oxidase) present in extracts from salvia, wheat, angelica, rape and buckwheat plants oxidizes phenyllactate and p -hydroxyphenyllactate to the corresponding keto acids. A convenient method employing Sephadex and hydroxyapatite was developed for purifying the enzyme from wheat. The purified enzyme had an optimum pH of 7·0–7·8 and required flavin mononucleotide for maximum activity although it could be partially replaced by flavin adenine dinucleotide. The enzyme from wheat was specific for the l -isomer of phenyllactic acid and also oxidized indolelactic acid to indolepyruvic acid.
Zebrafish short fin mutations in connexin43 lead to aberrant gap junctional intercellular communication

Mutations in the zebrafish connexin43 (cx43) gene cause the short fin phenotype, indicating that direct cell–cell communication contributes to bone length. Three independently generated cx43 alleles exhibit short segments of variable sizes, suggesting that gap junctional intercellular communication may regulate bone growth. Dye coupling assays showed that all alleles are capable of forming gap junction channels. However, ionic coupling assays revealed allele-specific differences in coupling efficiency and gating. For instance, oocyte pairs expressing the weakest allele exhibited much higher levels of coupling than either of the strong alleles. Therefore, measurable differences in Cx43 function may be correlated with the severity of defects in bone length.
Postherpes simplex type 1 neuralgia simulating postherpetic neuralgia

Patients with prodromal neuralgia associated with recurrent herpes simplex type 1 (HST1) infection and chronic facial pain following years of relapsing HST1 have been described. Chronic neuralgia following a single clinical HST1 infection and simulating postherpetic neuralgia has not been previously reported. Such a case is described: A 49-yr-old woman with a 2-mo history of oral-facial dyskinesia developed burning pain and hypersensitivity of the left side of the tongue, lower gum, and inner cheek, followed 1 day later by a vesicular rash in the same painful distribution. Viral cultures of the lesions identified HST1 but not herpes zoster. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses during the vesicular lesion stage and 1 mo later were normal with no viral growth. Oral and facial lesions resolved after 10 days; acyclovir was given for 3 wk. Brain and brainstem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram, and brainstem evoked potential studies were normal. Hyperesthesias, allodynia, and burning pain persisted despite nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, codeine and hydrocodone. Oral opioids were administered until sedation occurred, with no relief of pain. The burning pain and hyperesthesia resolved after the 16th day of amitriptyline use, 75 mg/day. A trial off amitriptyline 6 mo later resulted in recurrence of pain, and amitriptyline was restarted with good pain control. Post-HST1 neuralgia may simulate postherpetic neuralgia clinically, and painful symptoms may respond to amitriptyline.
Performance and cycle life test results of a PEVE first-generation prismatic nickel/metal-hydride battery pack

A first-generation, prismatic, nickel/metal-hydride battery pack from Panasonic EV Energy Company Ltd. (PEVE) was characterized following the standard PNGV test procedures and then cycle life tested at 25 °C. The pack met, or exceeded, PNGV power and energy goals at the beginning of life. After more than 500,000 cycles, the data for capacity and discharge pulse power capability showed no measurable fade; similarly, discharge pulse resistance at 60% DOD also showed no measurable change. After the same pack was tested with two size factors, it still met or exceeded the PNGV goals.
Turnout and Incumbency in Local Elections

It is well established that incumbents win reelection at high rates. But we know less about the ways in which institutional variation affects the incumbency advantage. Using data from more than 4,0...
Computation of the return current in encephalography: the auto solid angle

In the integral equations that arise in potential theory it is necessary to evaluate the solid angle subtended at a point r on the surface by each element of area of the surface. If the surface is approximated by a set of triangles then those triangles than contain the point r as a vertex require special attention, and this is referred to as the auto solid angle'' problem. We give an exact formula for evaluating the auto solid angle, and a prescription for apportioning it amongst the vertices of these triangles. 5 refs., 4 figs.
Immunocytochemical localization of polyamines during attachment and spreading of retinal pigment epithelial and intestinal epithelial cells

In order to form and maintain a protective barrier for photoreceptors, the retinalpigment epithelium relies on integrin signaling and related pathways to formadhesion complexes, undergo cell spreading, and establish a conﬂuent cellularmonolayer. Polyamines are multifunctional polycations that are essential for cellattachment and spreading, although their exact mechanisms of action are as yetunclear. We report new immunocytochemical evidence suggesting that in the cellsof retinal pigment epithelium and also the intestinal epithelium, polyamines arepresent in a population of intracellular vesicles that appear transiently duringinitial stages of cell spreading. In newly attached cells with minimal spreading, thevesicles are seen near the nucleus, whereas in more highly spread cells, thevesicles are localized to the plasma membrane, near, but not precisely co-localizedwith an enzyme marker for adhesion complexes
Intermittency effects in a numerical simulation of stationary three-dimensional turbulence

A Navier-Stokes direct spectral simulation code was modified to produce stationary and nearly isotropic turbulence in three dimensions. An approximate - energy spectrum was maintained over the entire range of wavenumbers by simultaneously driving the fluid and supplementing the ordinary viscosity with a subgrid-like energy sink in the last 15 yo of the spectrum. Half-tone and contour plots of the fluctuations in the vorticity, rate-of-strain tensor and helicity show increasing ‘ spottiness’ as the system evolves in time. Probability distributions and cross-correlations among these three quantities were also obtained. The flatness factor of the longitudinal velocity derivative, the longitudinal structure functions and the fluctuations in the locally averaged dissipation rate are consistent with some degree of intermittency, but do not unambiguously demonstrate its presence in the simulated A ows.
Synthesis and Structure of a Diphosphonite-Bridged Ruthenium Dication, {[(p-cymene)Ru(μ-Cl)]2(μ-1,2-di(2‘2‘-diethyl-1‘,3‘-propanedioxy)phosphinoethane)}2+

Attempted synthesis of [(p-cymene)Ru(PP)]2+ (PP = 1,2-di(2‘2‘-diethyl-1‘,3‘-propanedioxy)phosphinoethane) by reaction of [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 with PP followed by chloride abstraction with AgSbF6 afforded instead the diphosphonite-bridged RuII dimer, {[(p-cymene)Ru(μ-Cl)]2(μ-PP)}[SbF6]2, which was structurally characterized. A neutral intermediate, [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2(μ-PP), was isolated and was converted to the latter by treatment with AgSbF6.
Learning-based automatic defect recognition with computed tomographic imaging

The use of image-based automatic defect recognition (ADR) systems in a production line often requires strict processing-time specifications. On the other hand, the typical high-performance requirement of such system calls for the use of sophisticated, computationally-complex algorithms. Addressing the conflicting requirements of fast throughput and high detection performance is a significant challenge. In this paper we present a 3D learning-based ADR approach for industrial parts. The proposed method first extracts defect candidate regions using morphological closing and template matching. Then a local registration-based approach is utilized to produce accurate defect segmentation mask. Finally, 29 features including geometric features and texture features derived from grey level co-occurrence matrix are calculated for each candidate region, and a fast random forests classifier is used to classify the candidate regions as defect or defect-free. This approach was developed into a fully automated system for detecting casting defects in aluminum industrial parts depicted in 3D Computed Tomographic (CT) images. The system was tested on 31 images with 49 cavities and porosities defects, achieving a sensitivity of 94% with an average 3.5 false detections per part.
Nonlinear spectrometry of chromophores for optical limiting

We describe two methods for the spectral measurement of nonlinear absorption and refraction in reverse-saturable absorber materials. In the first, we use a picosecond optical parametric oscillator to perform Z-scan at many different wavelengths to measure excited state refraction and absorption cross sections throughout the visible. The second methods uses a chirped-pulse amplification scheme to produce 100 fs pulses at 840 nm. Focusing these into sapphire generates a white light continuum that is used as a probe in an excite-probe experiment. The excitation beam is derived from the second harmonic of the remaining 840 nm light. By measurement of the transmission spectrum of the probe as a function of excite- probe delay time, we can determine the spectral dependence of the excited-state absorption cross section. Moreover, by use of Kramers-Kronig relations, the excited state refraction can also be extracted from this data. We describe our measurements using both methods in a Zn:tetrabenzporphyrine derivative (TBP). The fact that both methods give excellent agreement not only verifies the utility of continuum measurements, but also reveals some interesting properties of the excited states of TBP.
Increased spore production by Glomus intraradices in the split-plate monoxenic culture system by repeated harvest, gel replacement, and resupply of glucose to the mycorrhiza

Monoxenic culture of Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith with Ri T-DNA transformed roots in two-compartment Petri dishes is a very useful technique for physiological studies and the production of clean fungal tissues. Experiments were conducted to increase the efficiency of this method for the production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spores. Approximately 20,000 spores could be harvested every 2 months from the distal (fungus only) compartment of a 9-cm-diameter divided Petri dish. The method requires replacement of the gelled media in the distal compartment and resupply of 200 mg glucose to the proximal (root) compartment coincident with harvest of spores. These modifications resulted in an approximate threefold increase in spore production per unit time over the standard split-plate culture technique.
Quantitative pharmacology of denosumab in patients with bone metastases from solid tumors

Denosumab (XGEVA®) is a recombinant, fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) that prevents differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts and acceleration of bone resorption, resulting in the inhibition of osteoclast activation. Denosumab is indicated for the prevention of skeletal-related events (SREs) in adult patients with bone metastases from solid tumors at the dose of 120 mg administered subcutaneously (SC) every 4 weeks. This review is focused on describing its target-mediated disposition and direct inhibitory effect on bone resorption, as well as the modeling and simulation techniques used to integrate the PKPD information collected during clinical development of denosumab. In addition, this review further discusses the clinical relevance of patient covariate effects on denosumab systemic exposure, target engagement and downstream pharmacodynamics biomarkers, and the rationale for dosing regimen selection for Phase 3 studies. Phase 3 clinical studies demonstrated that denosumab was superior to zoledronic acid in inhibiting bone resorption and, consequently, delaying the time to first SRE by a median of 8.2 months in patients with bone metastases from solid tumors. Thus, denosumab may be considered a better alternative treatment than zoledronic acid for the prevention of SRE in patients with bone metastases from solid tumors.
Method to Model Performance Relationships and Pay Schedules

Performance-related specifications require mathematical models to link construction quality to expected life and, ultimately, to value expressed in the form of pay schedules. Although ongoing research efforts continue to advance the state of the art, the type of data needed to develop accurate and precise models may not become available for several years. In the interim, present engineering and mathematical knowledge can be used to create rational and practical models that will perform effectively until better models are available. Several examples are presented to illustrate how both analytical data and survey data can be used to develop realistic performance models and pay schedules useful for statistical construction specifications. The issue of the proper method that can be used to combine the effects of multiple deficiencies is also addressed.
The Medical-Literature System: Gold or Gold-Plated?

Excerpt To the editor: Having recently seen a 6-year-old child with propylthiouracil-induced agranulocytosis, I read the recent article by Cooper and colleagues (1) with great interest. Unfortunate...
Characterizing protein-nucleic acid interactions with challenge phages

Challenge phages are modified versions of bacteriophage P22 that are designed to study protein-nucleic acid interactions in vivo using the phage ant gene as a reporter. ant encodes a regulator of the lysogenic response, and its activity can be easily and sensitively monitored. P22 challenge phages can be used to characterize many different sequence-specific protein-DNA interactions by constructing derivatives that contain DNA binding sites of interest. The foreign DNA binding site is substituted for the phage O mnt operator, which controls ant transcription. In addition, challenge phages can be constructed to characterize protein-RNA interactions by substituting DNA encoding the appropriate RNA binding site upstream of the translation start of the ant gene. Specific applications of challenge phages will be discussed.
Analysis of conserved residues in the βpat‐3 cytoplasmic tail reveals important functions of integrin in multiple tissues

Integrin cytoplasmic tails contain motifs that link extracellular information to cell behavior such as cell migration and contraction. To investigate the cell functions mediated by the conserved motifs, we created mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans βpat-3 cytoplasmic tail. The β1D (799FK800), NPXY, tryptophan (784W), and threonine (797TT798) motifs were disrupted to identify their functions in vivo. Animals expressing integrins with disrupted NPXY motifs were viable, but displayed distal tip cell migration and ovulation defects. The conserved threonines were required for gonad migration and contraction as well as tail morphogenesis, whereas disruption of the β1D and tryptophan motifs produced only mild defects. To abolish multiple conserved motifs, a β1C-like variant, which results in a frameshift, was constructed. The βpat-3(β1C) transgenic animals showed cold-sensitive larval arrests and defective muscle structure and gonad migration and contraction. Our study suggests that the conserved NPXY and TT motifs play important roles in the tissue-specific function of integrin. Developmental Dynamics 239:763–772, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conservative rezoning algorithm for generalized two-dimensional meshes☆

A method is presented for transferring a conserved quantity Q from one generalized mesh to another when the volumetric density of Q is uniform within each cell of the original mesh.
Partial cloning of rat CD34 cDNA and expression during stem cell- dependent liver regeneration in the adult rat

The sialomucin CD34 is expressed on human and mouse hematopoietic stem cells and is used as an important marker for isolating the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. The involvement of hepatic stem cells in liver regeneration under certain conditions in adult rats is now well supported. The objective of the present research was to explore the idea that CD34 might also be expressed on hepatic stem cell progeny. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based cloning of rat CD34 was partially accomplished. During the hepatic stem cell activation (2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy [AAF/PH] model), the CD34 transcripts were increased and reached the peak level between 9 and 12 days after partial hepatectomy when the progenitor cells (e.g., oval cells, early hepatocytes in basophilic foci, and intestinal type of cells) are most abundant. Both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, using anti-mouse CD34 antibody, which recognizes the cytoplasmic domain, clearly showed the expression of CD34 on oval cells as well as on endothelial cells of large hepatic vessels. In addition, bile ductular epithelial (BDE) cells both in the AAF/PH model and in normal liver expressed CD34, suggesting a close relationship between BDE cells and the hepatic stem-cell compartment. Taken together, the data indicate that CD34 would, similar to its role in the hematopoietic system, be an important probe for characterizing the cellular biology of the hepatic stem-cell compartment.
Extension of Statistical Overlap Theory to Poorly Resolved Separations

A general theory of statistical overlap is developed that enables prediction of the number of observable peaks in separations, even when the peak capacity is much less than the number of single-component peaks requiring separation. The theory is applicable to any separation in which the distribution of intervals between adjacent single-component peaks is governed by homogeneous statistics. The theory shows that the average resolution required to separate single-component peaks varies with saturation. This variation occurs because multicomponent peaks, and not single-component peaks, overlap as separation efficiency decreases. Previously reported equations relating the average number of observable peaks to the average number of single-component peaks are shown to be good even when the former is only 10−15% or so of the latter, as long as this variation is addressed. The theory is verified further by its application to experimental gas chromatograms. This paper consequently represents a significant advance ...
Carbon dioxide tension and pH of the blood of the lizard Sauromalus obesus at different temperatures

Abstract 1. 1. In Sauromalus obesus the relationship between pH of carotid blood and body temperature was pH = 7.81−0.017 ( T b ). The blood pH was about 0.2 pH unit less than that of other poikilothermic vertebrates. 2. 2. The p CO 2 at 16, 27 and 40°C was 11, 26 and 40 mm Hg respectively and the plasma HCO − 3 concentration was about 14 mM/l. 3. 3. The OH − /H+ ratio was 6. 4. 4. Either Sauromalus regulates at the lowest OH − /H + ratio of any poikilotherm thus far investigated or these experimental animals suffered a starvation acidosis accompanied by respiratory compensation.
THE POTENTIAL ENGINEERING OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES THROUGH THERMOMECHANICAL PROCESSING

Grain boundary character distribution is a relatively new microstructural feature that describes the proportions of random and special grain boundaries as defined by the coincident site lattice model. The combination of the availability of a new experimental technique based on the automatic indexing of backscatter Kikuchi electron diffraction patterns in the scanning electron microscope (orientation imaging microscopy) and reports in the literature describing the optimization of the grain boundary character distribution through thermomechanical processing are making the potential for enhanced materials properties in commercial metals and alloys a reality. Although the effects of optimizing the grain boundary character distribution in the cost-effective improvement of properties have been documented, the potential for commercialization has limited the disclosure of processing details. In this article, two separate approaches to the optimization of the grain boundary character distribution in oxygen-free electronic copper at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are discussed.
Effects of clozapine and chlorpromazine upon operant response measures in rats

Abstract Rats responded under a FR20 schedule of water reinforcement by paw-pressing a silent, isometric, force-sensing manipulandum. Two seven-animal groups differed in terms of the force requirement for reinforcer delivery, i.e., a low-force condition (4-g requirement for reinforcer delivery) or a high-force condition (32-g requirement for reinforcer delivery). Oral dose ranges of chlorpromazine (1.0, 3.0, 9.0 mg/kg) and clozapine (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) were evaluated for their effects on intensive measures of response (i.e., peak force and duration), in addition to the conventional rate measure. Peak force, duration, and rate of response were recorded with a laboratory computer system. Conjoint examination of these three dependent variables revealed the clozapine, a new anti-psychotic agent which produces virtually no extrapyramidal side effects in man, affected FR responding in the same way as did chlorpromazine. More specifically, response rate and peak force declined as a function of dose for each drug. Duration of response tended to be increased at the highest dose for both clozapine and chlorpromazine, but this effect was limited primarily to the high-force condition.
Bowel transit time in patients with Gardner's syndrome.

A threefold decrease in bowel transit time was observed in three patients with polyposis coli associated with Gardner's syndrome.
Inhibition of prostaglandin F2α-induced reflex bradycardia and hypotension by meclofenamic acid

Abstract Intravenous injection of prostaglandin F2α (4–15 μg/kg, i.v.) produces an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure in conjunction with reflex bradycardia and hypotension in the anesthetized cat. Meclofenamic acid (30 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited the bradycardia and the reflex contribution to the systemic hypotension. Neither the PGF2α-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction nor the direct systemic vasodilator actions of PGF2α were blocked by meclofenamate. In addition, the reflex responses caused by i.v. veratrine and 5-HT were not inhibited by meclofenamate. These results suggest that meclofenamic acid selectively blocks the afferent mechanism by which PGF2α induces reflex bradycardia and hypotension in the cat.
The transcriptional repressor SNAIL is overexpressed in human colon cancer.

Overexpression of the transcriptional repressor, SNAIL, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of malignancies; however, there are no previous reports on the role of SNAIL in colorectal cancers (CRCs). We, therefore, evaluated human CRC specimens for the presence of the SNAIL protein. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using samples obtained from archived CRC paraffin blocks and a tissue array. Tissue sections were probed with a polyclonal antibody to human SNAIL and scored by a gastrointestinal pathologist. SNAIL was not detectable in uninvolved mucosa, but immunoreactivity was evident in 78% of tumors. SNAIL protein expression did not correlate with subsite location or gender, however, SNAIL-positive tumors had an older mean age (58.9 ± 12.7 versus 49.8 ± 127; P = 0.028). Furthermore, there was a trend that CRCs with metastatic ability more frequently overexpressed SNAIL (100 versus 65%; P = 0.11). In conclusion, we demonstrate, for the first time, that SNAIL is upregulated in human colon cancer, which potentially may have significance in control of metastasis and possibly serve as a target for chemopreventive agents.
T-cell receptor and T-cell-resistant virus variants

Analysis of the T-cell receptor has revealed the molecular basis of antigen recognition by T cells specific for viral antigens. Studies using T-cell receptor transgenic mice have provided evidence for clonal deletion of virus-specific T cells in persistently infected hosts and for selection of T-cell-resistant virus variants in vivo.
Improved cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in maintenance renal transplant recipients converted to cyclosporine for microemulsion

Background: Variability in cyclosporine drug exposure of L 20 % has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of chronic renal allograft rejection. We tested the hypothesis that a cyclosporine microemulsion (CsA-ME) would result in reduced variability in stable maintenance renal transplant patients when compared with the original formulation of cyclosporine (CsA). Methods: The 31 maintenance renal transplant recipients were part of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, prospective study comparing the CsA formulation with the CsA-ME formulation. Pharmacokinetics analyses were performed at two centers 1, 4, 12, and 52 weeks after patients were randomized to continue receiving CsA or to convert to CsA-ME. Results: The means of the week 1-, 4-, and 12-week areas under the concentration-time curves (AUC), and Cmax were significantly higher and the Tmax was significantly shorter in those patients converted to CsA-ME than in those remaining on CsA. There was no correlation between change in AUC after conversion and change in serum creatinine. The coefficient of variation values for dose-adjusted AUC, expressed as a percentage (%CVAUC), were lower in CsA-ME patients than CsA patients after both 12 and 52 weeks. Over the initial 12 weeks, %CVAUC values of K 20 % were seen in a significantly greater proportion of CsA-ME patients than CsA patients. Conclusions. Conversion of maintenance renal transplant recipients from CsA to CsA-ME resulted in improved absorption of cyclosporine. The CsA-ME formulation resulted in long-term reduction in the variability of cyclosporine exposure and more consistent pharmacokinetics.
Transcriptional activity of the TFIIA four-helix bundle in vivo.

TFIIA contributes to transcription initiation by stabilizing the TBP-TATA interaction and by mediating the response to transcriptional activators and inhibitors. TFIIA contains a six-stranded beta-sheet domain and a four-helix bundle. The beta-domain makes functional contacts with DNA and TBP. The role of the four-helix bundle was investigated using a structure-based model of this domain (called 4HB). 4HB adopts a highly stable, helical fold, consistent with its structure in the context of TFIIA. Like TBP and other intact transcription factors, 4HB is able to activate transcription in vivo when artificially recruited to a promoter via a heterologous DNA-binding domain. Thus, in addition to making important contacts with TBP and DNA via the beta-domain, TFIIA makes other specific, functional contacts with the transcriptional machinery via the four-helix bundle. Proteins 2001;43:227-232.
A pseudoknotted RNA oligonucleotide.

The diverse functions of RNA, which include enzymatic activities1, regulatory roles in transcription2 and translation3, are made possible by tertiary structure. Computer algorithms4,5 can predict the secondary structure of an RNA molecule using free-energy parameters for base pairing and stacking, loops and bulges6,7. However, with the exception of transfer RNA, little is known about the structures and thermodynamics of interactions involved in the tertiary structure of RNA. Recently, it has been proposed that a novel form of RNA folding called pseudoknotting occurs at the 3′ end of certain viral RNAs from plants8. A pseudoknot involves intramolecular pairing of bases in a hairpin loop with a few bases outside the stem of the loop to form an additional stem and loop region (Fig. 1). If each stem contained a full helical turn, a true knot would be formed4. We present evidence from single-strand specific (S1) and double-strand specific (V1) nuclease digestion, that a short RNA oligonucleotide (19 nucleotides long) adopts a stable pseudoknotted structure. The nuclease digestion and ther-modynamic properties of this oligonucleotide were compared with those of oligonucleotides which form hairpin structures containing the two possible stem regions in the pseudoknot. These results show that appropriate sequences can form pseudoknots and indicate that pseudoknots are a significant type of local tertiary structure which must be considered in the folding of complex RNA molecules.
Treatment of Degenerative Joint Disease of the Horse: A Review and Commentary

Some of the predisposing factors for the development of degenerative joint disease, such as fatigue, early training, conformation defects, and others, are outlined. Swimming, a controlled weight-bearing exercise, is discussed and strongly recommended for treatment of degenerative joint disease in the horse. A brief review of counterirritants and vesicants, as well as current therapeutic suggestions, are presented. Cryotherapy, which is a relatively new form of counterirritation, is discussed. The benefits and limitations of radiation therapy are briefly discussed, and gamma rays are felt to be superior to x-rays. The most frequently used antiinflammatory drugs are discussed, and the two main categories, corticosteroids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, are presented in detail. Among the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, hyaluronic acid, DMSO, and superoxide dismutase are presented and their mode of action, as well as benefits and disadvantages, are evaluated. Joint lavage is an effective tool in the management of joint disease, because it removes degenerative debris and inflammatory cells from the joint. The management of degenerative joint disease generally involves more than one of the therapeutic regimens mentioned. On the other hand, there is not a single treatment combination that is superior in all situations. The clinician treating degenerative joint disease must select the treatment regimen that works best for him and for the case to be treated. Such a choice must be based on a thorough understanding of applicable therapeutic agents and modes of physical therapy.
Fractal (Scaling) Clusters in Thin Gold Films near the Percolation Threshold

Transmission electron micrographs of thin evaporated gold films were analyzed by computer. For length scales above 10 nm, the irregular connected clusters show a perimeter linearly proportional to area. Near the percolation threshold the large-scale power-law correlations and area distributions are consistent with the scaling theory of second-order phase transitions. Geometrically, the boundary of all clusters is a fractal of dimension $D=2$ while individual boundaries are of fractal dimension ${D}_{C}\ensuremath{\approx}1.9$.
Measurements of the distribution of technetium-99m sulfur colloid and technetium-99m HEDP in normal humans

Technetium‐99m sulfur colloid and technetium‐99m hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) are two radiopharmaceuticals that have been widely used in nuclear medicine. Radiation dose estimates for both materials have been published in the literature and are found in the package inserts of the commercial kits. However, these estimates were made without the benefit of quantitative human organ uptake data. Estimates of absorbed radiation dose to the kidneys differ by nearly a factor of 6 between the two calculations for HEDP. The results of this study are in agreement with the lower previous estimate. Other than that one exception, agreement of the previous estimates with the measurements reported here is surprisingly good.
Perioperative anxiety in children

Summary Objectives & Aim: The purpose of this investigation was to examine children’s anxiety across the perioperative setting. Background: Although several studies have examined preoperative anxiety in children, few researchers have illustrated perioperative anxiety; that is, anxiety in children throughout the pre and postoperative continuum. Methods: Participants were 261 children ages 2–12. Anxiety was rated prior to surgery, immediately after surgery, and for 2 weeks at home following surgery. Results: Low child sociability and high parent anxiety predicted perioperative anxiety. Perioperative anxiety was related to postoperative pain and negative postoperative behavioral change. Conclusions: Identification and prevention of anxiety in children can help prevent negative outcomes following surgery.
Thermal modeling of the sandia flinabe (LiF-BeF2-NaF) experiments

Investigations of designs with a flowing free-surface molten salt as a first wall in the Advanced Power Extraction (APEX) Program led to questions concerning the liquidus temperature and solidification processes for the [1:1:1] composition in the LiF, BeF{sub 2} and NaF system. Sandia experiments, reported in this conference, showed a liquidus temperature near 425 deg. C for the [1:1:1] composition. We also identified other compositions that showed congruent (eutectic) solidification and had sufficiently low melting temperatures ({approx}305-320 deg, C) to be useful in this application. Further characterization of these materials is necessary to evaluate their potential. This paper summarizes a 3-D finite element analysis of the experiment that evaluates thermal gradients in the salt pool and crucible, reproduces the 'thermal plateau' associated with the isothermal freezing of a eutectic, and compares the calculated temperatures with readings from the three thermocouples in the experiment.
Ultrasound Tomography of Excised Brains: Normal and Pathological Anatomy

Ultrasound brain tomography (UB tomography) is being used with increasing frequency for the diagnosis of intracranial disorders in both infants and adults. Due to the thin cranium and undeveloped diploe in the infant, many pathological conditions can be diagnosed: intracranial hemorrhage (2,3,4,6,8); dilated ventricles (2,3,6); space occupying masses, including choroid plexus papilloma (2,6), ependymoma (2,6) and pineal teratoma (2); midline shifts (3); and demyelinating diseases, e.g. paraventricular leukoencephalopathy (2,3). In the adult, pathological conditions can also be diagnosed: epidural and subdural hematomas (4,8,9) and space occupying masses (10,11); however, diagnosis is more difficult because the well developed cranium acts as a partial acoustic barrier.
ACCEPTABILITY OF PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS ON URBAN HIGHWAYS BY DRIVING PUBLIC

The driving public's attitude toward acceptable levels of road roughness is explored using empirical data collected on urban highways. Individual driver acceptability levels are matched with international roughness index (IRI) levels to examine the existence of potential user acceptability thresholds. In particular, the observed trends are compared with the federal IRI guideline of 170 in./mi (2.7 m/km) for acceptable ride quality recommended by FHWA in its 1998 strategic plan for the National Highway System. The research reported on appears to provide empirical support for the federal IRI guidelines that are already in existence. This study also found that IRI levels provided a very good indication of driver acceptability, which agrees with past research based on antiquated present serviceability ratings.
Intelligent Building Energy Information and Control Systems for Low-Energy Operations and Optimal Demand Response

An energy information system that acquires and aggregates information from various sensors within buildings is presented. The role of a building information system in reducing building energy consumption as well as in providing demand response, is explored, and case studies of real use are presented.
Weather Radar Signal Processing and Recording at the National Severe Storms Laboratory

The radar data system at the National Severe Storms Laboratory presents weather radar return power data with a significant reduction in the variations that arise from the relative motion of discrete precipitation elements. The system provides intensity-contoured plan position indicator (PPI) displays for visual inspection and photographic archival, and digital records in azimuth-range coordinates for use in computers and for narrow-band transmission to remote locations. Digital records can also be reproduced in the PPI format. The spatial distribution of echo power perceived during each two degrees of antenna azimuthal revolution, is represented as ten levels of return power intensity at intervals of 2°×1 nmi. Spatial reticulation is of the same order as limits of resolution inherent in the radar beamwidth and pulse length, and the system output thus retains most of the information on precipitation rate distributions contained in the unprocessed video signals. Averaging over two pulse lengths and the equivalence of ten pulse periods provides approximately Gaussian-distributed estimates of mean intensity with a standard error of 1 dB, less than one-fifth of the uncertainty of point-sampled unprocessed video. The system is used routinely at NSSL with a 10-cm WSR-57 radar, a type widely used by the Weather Bureau, and could be adapted to any weather radar system.
ELECTRON-ION RECOMBINATION RATE COEFFICIENTS AND PHOTOIONIZATION CROSS SECTIONS FOR ASTROPHYSICALLY ABUNDANT ELEMENTS. VII. RELATIVISTIC CALCULATIONS FOR O VI AND O VII FOR ULTRAVIOLET AND X-RAY MODELING

Aimed at ionization balance and spectral analysis of UV and X-ray sources, we present self-consistent sets of photoionization cross sections, recombination cross sections, and rate coefficients for photoionization of, and recombination to, Li-like O vi and He-like O vii. Relativistic fine structure is considered through the Breit-Pauli R-matrix (BPRM) method in the close-coupling approximation, implementing the unified treatment for total electron-ion recombination subsuming both radiative and dielectronic recombination processes. Self-consistency is ensured by using an identical wave function expansion for the inverse processes of photoionization and photorecombination. Radiation damping of resonances, important for H-like and He-like core ions, is included. Compared with our previous LS coupling results without radiative decay of low-n (n� 10) resonances, the presents results show significant reduction in O vi recombination rates at high temperatures. In addition to the total rates, level-specific photoionization cross sections and recombination rates are presented for all fine-structure levels n (l SLJ) up to n� 10, to enable accurate computation of recombination-cascade matrices and spectral formation of prominent UV and X-ray lines such as the 1032,
Two new species of Tubificoides (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) and new records of T. brownae and T. imajimai from the Gulf of Mexico and caribbean, with a redescription of T. bakeri

Two new species of Tubificoides are described from the west coast of Florida. Both species have large lateral openings of the penis sheaths with proximal flap-like projections. Tubificoides pollex sp.n. is characterized by (1) papillate body wall in postclitellar segments; (2) possession of hair and bifid setae anteriorly, and only bifid setae in pcstclitellar segments; and (3) conical penis sheaths with a lateral opening and a flap-like projection on the proximal margin. The setal distribution of the new species is similar to that of T. bakeri Brinkhurst, 1986, which is redescribed on the basis of new material. Tubificoides lunatus sp.n. is similar to T. pollex except that the flap-like projections of the penis sheaths are crescent shaped, all the somatic setae are bifid, and body wall papillae are absent. Records of Tubificoides brownae Brinkhurst & Baker, 1979, and T. imajimai Brinkhurst, 1986, from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, respectively, are also presented. The latter species was previously known only from subtropical regions of Japan and the People's Republic of China.