cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airflow and pollutant transport in street canyons

In this work the dispersion of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions in different street canyons were studied. For two-dimensional sections of canyon models airflow, pollutant dispersion and deposition patterns in the streets and on the surrounding buildings were analyzed. Effects of building size, street width, and wind velocity on the pollutant transport were examined. While the stress transport turbulence models were used in most of the analysis, the predictions of other turbulence models were also examined. Depending on wind speed, building height, and street width, it was found that large recirculation regions in canyons might form. Under certain conditions, also pollutants emitted from vehicle exhaust may trap inside the street canyon. Variations of transport and deposition of emitted particulate pollutants with particle size and relaxation time were also studied. It was shown that the amount of deposited particles in street canyons reduces when the wind speed increases. The simulation results were compared with the available wind tunnel experiments and favorable agreement was found.
Observations on the role of afferent and descending impulses on the spontaneous potentials of the spinal cord.

Abstract 1. 1. Changes in the spinal electrogram of cats were studied as a function of spinal cord transection under ether and Nembutal, and as a function of spinal cord isolation (i.e., complete dorsal root interruption to a segment of cord between two spinal cord transections). 2. 2. Animals with spinal cords transected under ether showed an average increase in amplitude of 33 per cent in 9 out of 12 animals transected. 3. 3. Animals with spinal cords transected under Nembutal anaesthesia showed no marked change in spinal electrogram. 4. 4. Activation of the nearly isolated spinal cord by stimulations of a single intact dorsal rootlet is demonstrated. 5. 5. Isolated spinal cord segments continued to generate the spinal electrogram at a reduced amplitude in both acute and chronic animals. 6. 6. Histological sections of the isolated spinal cord segments are reviewed.
Hybrid model reduction for compressible flow controller design

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been a powerful simulation tool to gain insight and understanding of fluid dynamic systems. However, it is also extremely computationally intensive and thus unsuitable for control design and iteration. Various model reduction schemes have been proposed in the past to approximate the Navier-Stokes equation with a low-dimensional model. There are essentially two approaches: input/output model identification and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The former captures mostly the local behavior near a steady state and the latter is highly dependent on the snapshots of the flow state used to extract the projection. This paper presents a hybrid model reduction approach that attempts to combine the best features of the two approaches. We first identify an input/output linear model by using the subspace identification method. We next project the difference between CFD response and the identified model response onto a set of POD basis. This trajectory is then fit to a nonlinear dynamical model to augment the input/output linear model. The resulting hybrid model is then used for control design with the controller evaluated with CFD. The proposed methodology has been applied to a 2D compressible flow passing a contraction geometry. The result indicates that near the steady state used for linear system identification, the linear system based design works well. However, far away from the steady state, the hybrid system shows much better performance.
Effects of passive smoking on respiratory illness from birth to age eighteen months, in Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to nonmaternal,passive household cigarette smoke on the incidence of respiratory illness (bronchitis and pneumonia) among children from birth through age 18 months in the Lu-Wan District, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China. A secondary objective was to evaluate the effects of other environmental factors, such as the fuel used for cooking and whether the child was breast fed, on the incidence of respiratory illness. The total daily cigarette consumption of family members was used to estimate exposure to passive smoke. The relative risks of exposure to passive cigarette smoke on the incidence of respiratory illness were 1.3, 1.7, and 2.0 for children living in households with members who smoked 1 to 9, 10 to 19, and 20 to 39 cigarettes per day, respectively, compared with the risks for children living in nonsmoking households ( p for trend=0.0002). These effects did not change materially when potential confounding factors were controlled. Children who were not fed human milk had a 1.8-fold increased risk of respiratory disease at each level of exposure to passive cigarette smoke evaluated, in comparison with children who were fed human milk for at least 1 month.
A physically constrained localized linear mixing model for TERCAT applications

A physically-constrained localized linear mixing model suitable to process multi/hyperspectral imagery for Terrain Categorization (TERCAT) applications is investigated. Unlike the basic spectral linear mixing model that typically includes all potential endmembers in a set, simultaneously, in the model for each site in an image, the proposed approach restricts the local model at each site to a subset of endmembers, using localized spectral/spatial constraints to narrow the selection process. This approach is used to reduce the observed instability of conventional linear mixture analysis in addressing TERCAT problems for scenes with a large number of endmembers. Experiments are conducted on an 18 channel GERIS scene, airborne-collected over Northern Virginia, that contains a diverse range of terrain features, showing the benefit of this method as compared to the basic linear mixture analysis approach for TERCAT applications.
Starlikeness of certain functions with integral representations

Abstract This paper is concerned with the starlikeness of certain normalized functions, analytic in the open unit disk, defined by integral representations. Results due to Caplinger and Singh are extended.
The interactions of ouabain with post-tetanic and facilitatory drug potentiations at cat soleus neuromuscular junctions in vivo.

Cat soleus motor nerve terminals, after high frequency conditioning, generate a post-tetanic repetition (PTR) which leads to a post-tetanic (PTP) of the muscle response. This property enables quantitative assessment of enhancement or depression of this nerve terminal excitability in vivo. The present study focuses on ionic mechanisms underlying the PTRs produced in this neuromuscular system either by high frequency stimulation or edrophonium. Ouabain was used as a specific probe for inhibition of Na+−K+ ATPase and its known consequences on Na+ and Ca2+ translocation. Ouabain pretreatment doubled the duration over which single stimuli, following either high frequency or edrophonium conditioning produced PTR. Ouabain in the doses used had no effectper se but as a function of dose augmented the frequency dependent responses. This pointed to Na+ loading of nerve terminals via high frequency stimulation plus ouabain inhibition of Na+−K+ ATPase. Ouabain potentiation of PTR responses evidently depends on exchange of intra-terminal sodium for external calcium. Thus, calcium entry blockers, Mn2+, and Co2+ suppressed or abolished the potentiations both before and after ouabain. Diphenylhydantoin, a Na+ and Ca2+ blocker, acted similarly. The effects of stimulation frequency, ouabain and the sequence of events leading to PTR in the soleus neuromuscular system appeared in general no different from those derived from the many in vitro microphysiologic studies of this phenomenon. Thus, EPPs were augmented and prolonged. It was concluded that intracellular Ca2+ is critical for regulating the stability of systems in which repetitive firing is both a normal and abnormal function.
Measurement of the M3/E2 mixing ratio of the 1173 keV γ-transition in 60Ni☆

Abstract The M3/E2 mixing ratio for the 1173 keV transition in 60Ni has been measured to be −0.0025 ± 0.0022 by observing the angular distribution of this radiation compared with that of the 1332 keV transition, both emitted following the beta decay of 60Co polarized in Fe. The use of the nuclear alignment technique for measuring small multiple mixing ratios is discussed and comparison is made with similar studies using gamma-gamma angular correlations.
Effect of Enzyme–Substrate Interactions Away from the Reaction Site on Carboxypeptidase A Catalysis

Abstract The kinetics of 14 peptide substrates of carboxypeptidase A have been studied for the purpose of evaluating P 1 –P 3 /S 1 –S 3 interactions. It was found that the amide group at P 1 –P 2 is required for efficient catalysis. This observation is consistent with previously proposed hydrogen bonding interactions, based on crystallographic data, between the P 1 NH and Tyr-248 and between the P 2 carbonyl oxygen and Arg-71. In contrast, substitution of the benzamido amide group (at P 2 –P 3 ) of N -benzoylglycylglycyl- L -phenylalanine by –CH 2 CH 2 – resulted in more effective catalysis. In this case hydrophobic interactions are important in the ground state and in the transition state of the rate-determining step.
The Polyphosphate- and ATP-Dependent Glucokinase from Propionibacterium shermanii: Both Activities Are Catalyzed by the Same Protein

The glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.63) from Propionibacterium shermanii phosphorylates glucose using inorganic polyphosphate (poly(P)) or ATP as the phosphate donor. In this investigation, we have purified the glucokinase to homogeneity, using two methods and show that the polyphosphate and ATP-dependent glucokinase activities eluted as a single protein. The protein peak is shown to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, reverse phase HPLC, and N-terminal sequence analysis. The purified protein eluted as a single peak from gel filtration and hydrophobic interaction HPLC columns and was found to display both the poly(P) and ATP glucokinase activities. Likewise, the two activities comigrated on a native isoelectric focusing gel. In addition, two analogues of ATP with different reactive groups displayed different inhibition patterns with respect to ATP and poly(P). The 2',3'-dialdehyde of ATP, whose reactive group is the dialdehyde of the ribose ring, showed competitive and noncompetitive patterns with respect to ATP and poly(P), respectively. While, 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine, whose reactive sulfonyl fluoride group is related to the gamma-phosphoryl group of ATP, displayed competitive inhibition patterns with both ATP and poly(P). These observations provide evidence that the polyphosphate and ATP-dependent glucokinase activities of P. shermanii are the catalytic properties of a single enzyme and that the two substrates may have different binding sites on the enzyme with a common phosphorylating center.
What Causes Effects

I shall defend three basic claims. First, that Vendler’s argument (Chapter 6, 1967b) that causes are facts rather than events is fallacious. Second, that Vendler’s account of the grammatical facts which serve as premises in his argument is seriously flawed. Third, that the correct account of the grammatical facts supports the more ordinary presumption that causes are events rather than facts. I defend the first claim in Section 2 by showing that even if Vendler’s grammatical analysis were correct, still there is an alternate interpretation of the results of analysis wherein the philosophical conclusion that causes are facts does not follow. (This involves showing that so-called ‘cause sequences’ are not necessarily heterogeneous, as Vendler claims.) The second claim is defended in Section 3 by simple re-examination of the data. In defense of the third claim, rather detailed re-analysis of the linguistic data in Sections 4 through 6 reveals that (contrary to Vendler though still on appropriately Vendlerian grounds) genuine causes are events after all.
INCORPORATION OF HELIUM INTO ENDOHEDRAL COMPLEXES OF C60 AND C70 CONTAINING NOBLE-GAS ATOMS : A TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY STUDY

Endohedral complexes of fullerenes and noble-gas atoms were originally prepared by a mass spectrometric method involving high-energy collisions of fullerene ions and noble-gas targets and, following that, by a high-pressure, high-temperature method involving neutral fullerenes and a noble gas as reactants. The latter method has made available sufficient quantities of the endohedral complexes of C60 and C70 with the various noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, and Kr) that the tandem mass spectrometric method can be used to test the possibility of preparing a new class of endohedral complexes that contain two noble-gas atoms. These new capture complexes do indeed form upon activation of the radical cation of the noble-gas endohedral complex by high-energy collisions with helium atoms. These complexes then decompose to give equivalent parallel losses of C2 units accompanied by expulsion of none, one, or both of the captured noble-gas atoms. The capture event causes the gain in excess of 34 eV of additional internal ene...
Influence of Outlying Observations on Selected Estimates of Parameters of Distributions

Most measures of ground-water quality are positively skewed with a few observations occurring with significantly large values. Using a set of mathematical expressions and readily available software, the effect of deleting one or more large-valued observation(s) on selected estimates of parameters of underlying distributions are evaluated. The effect of deleting a single large-valued observation on the mean is linear, and on the standard deviation it is nonlinear (approximately quadratic). In the case of multiple deletions, the effect of sum of the large-valued observations on the mean is linear and on the standard deviation it is nonlinear. The effect on the standard deviation is a function of the sum of squares of deleted observations. The standard deviation is much more sensitive to the magnitude of deleted observations than the mean. Analysis of a large data set consisting of 17 primary and secondary drinking-water constituents showed that (with a few exceptions) the effect of deleting large-valued observations on the standard deviation is considerably higher than that on the mean, the 95th and the 99th percentiles. Seldom are percentiles below the 75th affected by the deletion of large-valued observations. Analyses of upper quantiles and the maximum can be of much value in the study of maximum contaminant level (MCL) violations and population exposures to toxic chemicals above and beyond certain threshold levels. Since large-valued observations affect the estimates of different parameters differently, it is extremely important to choose the relevant parameter first and then study the change in its estimate based on the deletion of large-valued observations. Note: For the sake of brevity, the terms mean, standard deviation, and quantiles (or percentiles) are often used in this paper, instead of the more precise estimated mean, estimated standard deviation, and estimated quantiles (or percentiles).
DIAGNOSTIC USE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH NODULAR THYROID DISEASE

Objective: To review the published reports pertaining to the diagnostic utility of ultrasonography for evaluation of thyroid nodules. Methods: Various roles for diagnostic thyroid ultrasonography and screening ultrasound studies of the thyroid are discussed, and ultrasound characteristics of thyroid nodules and their association with malignant potential are described. Results: In two studies that correlated ultrasound findings with physical examination findings in patients with a solitary thyroid nodule detected by palpation, 16% of such patients had no corresponding nodule evident on ultrasonography, and 45% of such patients had an additional nodule detected by ultrasonography. Similarly, approximately 18% of patients with a palpable multinodular thyroid had no nodules larger than 1 cm in diameter on ultrasound studies. Thyroid nodules larger than 1 cm have been found by ultrasonography to be present in from 2 to almost 5% of the population with normal findings on examination of the thyroid. Use of scree...
Experience, Attitudes, and Plans Determinants of the Productivity of Medical Residents in a Primary Care Clinic

Data from 90 medical residents who had completed rotations in the primary care clinic of a VA hospital were analyzed to determine the causes of physician productivity. Productivity data were compiled from the daily logsheets maintained in the clinic. Three sets of factors were examined: the residents' experience and training, future-practice plans, and attitudes toward patients. Some support for the experience and practice variables was found, but none of the attitude variables was significant.
Physical activity among postpartum adolescents: a preliminary report.

The purpose of this study was to examine the levels and correlates of physical activity among a sample of overweight postpartum adolescents. Postpartum adolescents were recruited from a university-based teen mother program and local school districts. Adolescents (N = 21) aged 16 to 19 years, with a child between 6 and 12 months of age, volunteered. Participants wore a pedometer and reported their physical activity for seven consecutive days. Descriptive statistics and relationships between steps/day and self-reported physical activity, demographic, and psychosocial characteristics were calculated. Results indicated that participants were insufficiently active. Self-reported walking and pre-pregnancy BMI were moderately associated with steps/day. The findings of this preliminary study suggest that these postpartum adolescents were insufficiently active to attain substantial health benefits from physical activity. Postpartum adolescents represent an understudied population that may need to be a priority pop...
Social Investment for Sustainability of Groundwater: A Revealed Preference Approach

Groundwater is a form of natural capital that is valued for the goods it provides, including ecosystem health, water quality, and water consumption. Degradation of groundwater could be alleviated through social investment such as for water reuse and desalination to reduce the need for withdrawals from groundwater. This paper develops a participatory planning process—based on combining revealed preference with economic optimization—to choose a desired future for sustaining groundwater. Generation of potential groundwater futures is based on an optimal control model with investment and withdrawal from groundwater as control variables. In this model, groundwater stock and aquatic health are included as inter-temporal public goods. The social discount rate expressing time preference—an important parameter that drives optimization—is revealed through the participatory planning process. To implement the chosen future, a new method of inter-temporal pricing is presented to finance investment and supply costs. Furthermore, it is shown that the desired social outcome could be achieved by a form of privatization in which the pricing method, the appropriate discount rate, and the planning period are contractually specified.
Enhancement of 2- and 16α-estradiol hydroxylation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exhibits antiestrogenic activity and induces cytochromes P-450 in estrogen-dependent MCF-7 human breast-cancer cells. To determine whether induction of 2- or 16 alpha-hydroxylation of 17 beta-estradiol has a role in this antiestrogenic activity, MCF-7 cells which were exposed to this xenobiotic for 72 hrs were incubated with either [2-3H] or [16 alpha-3H] 17 beta-estradiol and the extent of tritiated H2O formation, indicative of site-specific hydroxylation, was determined. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated MCF-7 cultures showed an 8-fold increase in 2-hydroxylation and a 2-fold increase in 16 alpha-hydroxylation. These results support the suggestion that increased hydroxylation of 17 beta-estradiol may have a role in the antiestrogenic activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in MCF-7 cells.
On the Stickelberger Ideal and the Circular Units of an Abelian Field.

c* is a rational number which we study in some detail. The definition of c k not involve the class number h*. In w 3 we show that S annihilates the ideal class group of k. Finally, we remark that if k is real, the above construction trivializes; we have k= k +, A = S = s(G) 7I, and h* -c *= 1. Let E denote the units of k. In w we define a subgroup C of E, which we call the circular units of k. We show that C has finite index in E, and that this index may be written in the form [E: C]=h +.c~, where h + is the class number of k +, and c~ is a rational number whose definition does not involve h+. '* and c~. As in the In the remainder of this paper, we study the numbers c k
The psychological processing of traumatic experience: Reply to Cohen and de Ruiter

A critique of our Rorschach research on the experience, symbolization, and psychological processing of trauma makes some valid points, but overlooks both the study's exploratory, hypothesis-generating nature and our integration of historical, clinical, psychotherapeutic, and empirical perspectives. Our examination of the relationship of trauma to inner symbolization and to emotional responsiveness to the environment reveals the critics' narrow understanding of the Rorschach and misconceptions regarding trauma. Further research cited replicates but also challenges our initial findings.
The role of the generalist in the care of the substance-abusing patient

Caring for patients and families with alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) problems is one of the most productive opportunities for the generalist because of the commonplace nature of these conditions and the potential for effective interventions in primary care settings. Although this issue in general restricts discussion of substance abuse disorders to alcohol and other drug use, this article includes tobacco to present the overall perspective on these substances.
CZTS solar cells fabricated by fast sulfurization of sputtered Sn/Zn/Cu precursors under H 2 S atmosphere

Synthesis of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin films by fast sulfurization of sputtered Sn/Zn/Cu precursors under ambient H 2 S has been studied. Surface morphology and cross section of the films at different sulfurization processes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To further explore the CZTS layer, the following additional layers were deposited to complete the solar cells: CdS with chemical bath deposition; ZnO and AZO with RF magnetron deposition; and, silver fingers as the front contact as the last layer. The efficiency and characteristics of the thin film solar cells were measured and a detailed comparison is presented. An efficiency of 3.8 % has been achieved.
Universality at large N

Abstract We prove that corresponding O( N ), U( N ), and Sp( N ) lattice gauge theories give the same Wilson loops as N → ∞. Therefore, magnetic monopoles cannot be significant in this limit.
CENP-E Is a Plus End–Directed Kinetochore Motor Required for Metaphase Chromosome Alignment

Mitosis requires dynamic attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules. This interaction is mediated largely by kinetochores. During prometaphase, forces exerted at kinetochores, in combination with polar ejection forces, drive congression of chromosomes to the metaphase plate. A major question has been whether kinetochore-associated microtubule motors play an important role in congression. Using immunodepletion from and antibody addition to Xenopus egg extracts, we show that the kinetochore-associated kinesin-like motor protein CENP-E is essential for positioning chromosomes at the metaphase plate. We further demonstrate that CENP-E powers movement toward microtubule plus ends in vitro. These findings support a model in which CENP-E functions in congression to tether kinetochores to dynamic microtubule plus ends.
A role for cyclin J in the rapid nuclear division cycles of early Drosophila embryogenesis.

The nuclear division cycles of early Drosophila embryogenesis have a number of unique features that distinguish them from later cell cycles. These features include the lack of some checkpoints that operate in later cell cycles, the absence of gap phases, and very rapid DNA synthesis phases. The molecular mechanisms that control these rapid nuclear division cycles are poorly understood. Here we describe analysis of cyclin J, a previously uncharacterized cyclin which has an RNA expression pattern that suggests a possible role in early embryogenesis. We show that the cyclin J protein is present in early embryos where it forms active kinase complexes with cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2. To determine whether cyclin J plays a role in controlling the early nuclear cycles we isolated peptide aptamers that specifically bind to cyclin J and inhibit its ability to activate Cdks. We injected the inhibitory aptamers into syncytial Drosophila embryos and demonstrated that they caused defects in chromosome segregation and progression through mitosis. We obtained similar results by injecting cyclin J antibodies into embryos. Our results suggest that a cyclin J-associated kinase activity is required for the early embryonic division cycles.
Aspects of a simple triangular plate bending finite element

Abstract This paper discusses an early phase of a study whose aim is the development of economical, yet still accurate, finite elements for dynamic analyses. Transverse shear deformation is utilized to construct a nine-degree-of-freedom plate bending element. Numerical difficulties, not unexpected, occur. A device for overcoming these difficulties is applied.
Comparative Analysis of Lipotoxicity Induced by Endocrine, Pharmacological, and Innate Immune Stimuli in Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cells

AbstractCellular lipotoxicity manifests as the steatotic accumulation of lipid droplets or lipid bodies, and/or induction of phospholipidosis. Lipotoxicity can be induced by hyperinsulinemia/nutrient overload, cationic amphiphilic drugs (CAD), and innate immunological stimuli, all of which are stimuli relevant to mast cell physiology. Hyper-accumulation of mast cell lipid bodies in response to hyperinsulinemia has been documented, but lipotoxicity in response to CAD or innate immunologic stimuli has not been analysed comparatively. Moreover, gaps in our understanding of this steatosis remain, specifically as to whether hyperinsulinemia-driven steatosis in these cells attains lipotoxic levels or is accompanied by phospholipidosis. To compare endocrine, pharmacological, and innate immunological stimuli for their ability to induce steatosis and phospholipidosis in a rat basophilic leukemia mast cell model (RBL2H3), differential fluorescence microscopy staining and quantitation of phospholipidosis and steatos...
Instantaneous phases based SNR estimator for BPSK signals

A novel algorithm for Signal-power-to-Noise-power ratio (SNR) estimation in AWGN channel is proposed in this paper. The relationship between SNR and the distribution of instantaneous phase (DIP) of BPSK signal is investigated, and the SNR estimator is constructed according to this relationship. Correlation coefficients are used to judge the similarity of the DIP between the theoretical one and the one of the received signal. Accurate symbol synchronization, which is the essential prerequisite for most SNR estimators, is not needed for the estimator proposed in this paper. Bias and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) are used to evaluate the performance of the estimator. The results of the Monte Carlo computer simulations show the credible performances of the estimator.
Matrix effects, internal energies and MS/MS spectra of molecular ions sputtered from surfaces

Desorption ionization (DI) involves the transfer of material from a condensed phase to a collision-free environment (ref. 1,2). Tandem mass spectrometry (ref. 3), used with desorption ionization, improves the signal-to-noise ratio for spectra of individual analytes present in complex matrices, provides evidence that fragmentation in DI is typically due to gas phase dissociations of energized but intact molecular ions after they have left the surface, and allows the compositions of desorbed ions to be characterized. A complementary approach to improving analytical performance and obtaining further information on the species and processes of desorption ionization is to be found in the examination of the sample in the presence of matrix materials. Some matrices act as reagents which yield an appropriate ionized form of the analyte (ref. 4), either during or prior to energization of the sample, while others serve to isolate analyte molecules and reduce intermolecular analyte reactions (ref. 5). Particularly complex matrices are those encountered when examining samples directly from chromatographic materials or in their natural state, for example, crude extracts of plant materials. Examples of analyses in these situations are given. Ammonium chloride acts as a valuable matrix material which, even at sample dilutions of 103, can cause an increase in both absolute secondary ion yields and in spectral persistence (ref. 6,7,8). This matrix has beneficial effects in SIMS, FAB and LD mass spectra and has the advantage of being totally transparent except under high flux conditions. It is shown to decrease ion internal energies, presumably by providing a sputtered ion with a shield of solvating molecules which are readily lost as NH3 and HCl, thereby carrying away excess energy. Cluster ions [(NH4)n+1Cln]+ are observed in FAB and shown by MS/MS to undergo ready desolvation. These cluster ions are remarkable for the absence or low intensity of clusters where the total number of anions and cations is a prime number and for the high intensity of clusters which may be made up of regular arrays of atoms, e.g., 3×3×3 or 3×3×5. A qualitative model of desorption ionization, advanced some years ago (ref. 9), accommodates the observations reported here using MS/MS and matrix effects. The chief features of this model are (i) isomerization (loss of identity) of the input energy, (ii) desorption of preformed ions or intact molecules, (iii) ion/molecule reactions such as cationization occurring in the selvedge region, (iv) dissociation of energetic (metastable) ions well-removed from the surface. In most cases just a few types of ionic species are sputtered from the surface and their unimolecular chemistry determines the chief features of the desorption ionization mass spectrum.
Resting hippocampal blood flow, spatial memory and aging

Aging is accompanied by a general deterioration of fluid cognitive processes and a reduction in resting cerebral blood flow (CBF). While the two phenomena have been observed independently, it is uncertain whether individual differences in cerebral blood flow are reliably associated with cognitive functioning in older adults. Furthermore, previous studies have concentrated primarily on gross measures of cognition and global gray matter CBF, leaving open the possibility that perfusion of specific brain regions may relate differentially to distinct cognitive domains. The present study sought to provide a more focused treatment of CBF and cognitive function in the context of aging by investigating the relationships among aging, spatial memory and resting hippocampal blood flow, both between and within younger and older adult groups. Blood flow was quantified using a novel Flow-Enhanced Signal Intensity (FENSI) technique which provides a localized, functionally relevant measure of volumetric flow across a given unit area. As expected, we found that aging was associated with poorer spatial memory and reduced resting CBF. Moreover, hippocampal blood flow was positively correlated with spatial memory performance in the older adult group, suggesting that increased blood flow to the hippocampus is associated with superior memory performance in older adults. These results demonstrate a region-specific CBF—cognition relationship and thereby offer new insight into the complex connection between the aging brain and behavior.
Toward an ethnography of the uninsured: Gay Becker's work in progress.

Gay Becker's following article on the uninsured, submitted to Medical Anthropology before her untimely death in January 2007, was innovative in placing the issue of the uninsured squarely at the heart of her analysis of the U.S. health care system. Becker's novel contribution lay in examining the lack of universal health care in the U.S. as a mode of governance that produced certain subjects—subjects whom the system trained to view themselves as undeserving of care. Interrogating the means by which such a system is normalized, she further showed how a fragmented and discontinuous health care safety net served to contain the problem of the uninsured by discouraging them from seeking necessary treatment.
The exocyst defrocked, a framework of rods revealed

The exocyst complex is required for the interaction of vesicles with the plasma membrane in preparation for exocytic fusion. Recent crystallographic studies indicate that at least four of the eight subunits contain long, rod-like domains formed from helical bundles. These rods may pack against one another to generate the framework of the complex. How this complex assembles, how it responds to various GTPases and how it is ultimately displaced to allow bilayer fusion are key questions for the future.
Some comments on sample quantiles for dependent observations

Sample quantiles obtained from a linear process are examined and their asymptotic properties are derived by using simple elementary arguments.
On the value of information in system identification-Bounded noise case

Assuming instantaneous bounds on the noise, system parameter identification is formulated as membership set estimation problem. Sequential algorithms are constructed to estimate the membership sets of the parameters which are consistent with the measurements and the noise constraints. The important new feature of the proposed algorithms is their ability to ignore redundant data. The efficient data extraction property of the new algorithms is achieved with small computational effort and with improved performance when compared to the least square algorithm. The convergence properties and the notion of identifiability in the set theoretic context are also studied.
Switches, catapults, and chaperones: steady-state kinetic analysis of Hsp70-substrate interactions.

Hsp70 chaperones are heterotropic allosteric systems in which ATP and misfolded or aggregated polypeptides are the activating ligands. To gain insight into the mechanism by which ATP and polypeptides regulate Hsp70 chaperone activity, the effect of a short peptide on the KM for ATP was analyzed using the Escherichia coli Hsp70 called DnaK. In the absence of peptide, the for ATP is 52 ± 11 nM, whereas this value jumps to 14.6 ± 1.6 μM in the presence of saturating peptide. This finding supports a mechanism in which ATP binding drives the chaperone in one direction and peptide binding pushes the chaperone back in the opposite direction (and thus increases KM), according to ATP + DnaK·P ⇌ ATP·DnaK·P ⇌ ATP·DnaK* + P, where ATP·DnaK·P is an intermediate from which competing ATP hydrolysis occurs (ATP·DnaK·P → ADP·DnaK·P). We show that this branched mechanism can even explain how DnaK hydrolyzes ATP in the absence of peptide and that the true rate constant for DnaK-mediated ATP hydrolysis (khy) in the absence o...
Effect of Theelin on Transplantable Mammary Rat Adenofibroma.

ConclusionsIn spite of long-continued injections of theelin, a rapidly growing mammary adenofibroma of the white rat transplanted into 32 rats lost a large part of its adenomatous content. No unusual growth behavior attributable to the injection of an estrogenic hormone could be demonstrated in the tumor tissue either grossly or microscopically. Theelin decreases body weight, but the size of the dose, in the limits given, is not significant. In other words, the loss in weight is not significantly greater when administering 200 i.u. than it is when administering 100 i.u. However, theelin has no significant effect on the mean daily changes in tumor weight.
Rorty and Putnam: Separate and Unequal

L'A. rejette la tactique defensive que Rorty met en oeuvre contre la menace relativiste qui pese sur lui, et qui consiste: 1) a saper les critiques que Putnam lui adresse, 2) a montrer que ces critiques se retournent de facon reflexive contre Putnam lui-meme, qui est sur le point d'adopter la position philosophique de Rorty et sa strategie antirelativiste
Vasomotor Responses from Application of Drugs to the Medullary Region

SummarySmall doses of pituitrin, pitressin, histamine and acetylcholine when applied to the cisternal space or the floor of the fourth ventricle of cats under light Nembutal anesthesia usually give a small depressor response. The effects of pitocin and adrenaline are inconsistent. Pilocarpine is inactive. There is occasionally an unexplained delayed pressor response with central application of acetylcholine.
Interactions Between Suspended Nanowires and Patterned Surfaces

Gold nanowires, 350 nm in diameter and 3–6 μm in length, were derivatized by using positively and negatively charged self-assembled monolayers. The interactions between these particles and surfaces were investigated as a function of their surface chemistry and topography. Electrostatically repulsive sulfonate–sulfonate interactions resulted in mobile particles on the surface, whereas electrostatically attractive interactions between polyamines and sulfonates immobilized the particles. Patterned surfaces were selectively derivatized with particles using these attractive and repulsive interactions. By lithographically defining surface wells that were commensurate with the length of the nanowires, nanowire bundles were assembled in the wells.
Lysosomes as primary targets of cryoinjury

Abstract This study was designed to test the hypothesis that lysosomes may play a primary role in the mechanism of cell cryoinjury. A lysosome-specific agent, trypan blue, was chosen for these tests because of its known ability to concentrate selectively in lysosomes and to inhibit their enzymes. Bone marrow from rats injected with the dye was compared with the control marrow for its ability to recover after cryopreservation. Based on incorporation of 14 C-1-glycine, and on growth in tissue culture, bone marrow cells from treated artinlals showed on the average three times greater recovery than cells from the untreated animals. It was concluded that this striking improvement in (sell preservation may result directly from the inhihjt.ion of lysosomal enzymes by trypan blue. Consequently, it may follow that activation of lysosomal enzymes by freezing and thawing can be w primary cause of cell cryoinjury. Supported by the available literature, three possible ways to control Iysosomal activities were suggested. These are: (1) inhibition of lysosomal enzymes; (2) stabilization of lysosomal membranes; and (3) depletion of lysosomal enzymes. It was felt that combination of these lysosome-oriented approaches for cell protection with conventional methods may provide the necessary conditions for more effective Cryopreservation.
Hydroprene effects on the dynamics of laboratory populations of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

The influence of sterilization by hydroprene on population dynamics in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), was studied in the laboratory where more detailed and accurate assessments could be achieved than would be possible under typical field situations. The gradual accumulation of sterile adultoids (i.e., adults with twisted wings, indicating exposure to hydroprene) during treatment, or their decreasing abundance after treatment, produced distinctive patterns in the dynamics of treated populations. The percentage of gravid females (a reproductive index) was first to respond to treatments, because increases (or decreases) in the percentage of gravid females preceded reductions (or recoveries) in sample density and nymph-to-adult ratios by 4-6 wk. Trends in the percentage of adultoids were negatively correlated with the percentage of gravid females and indirectly measure the activity of hydroprene. Initial reductions in the percentage of gravid females, sample density, and nymph-to-adult ratios began at or about the time when approximately 80% of adults had twisted wings (i.e., were adultoids). As the percentage of adultoids attained (or declined below) the 80% level, we can accurately predict the subsequent decline (or recovery) in nymph-to-adult ratios and, thus, sample density. These data support a proposal to adopt the 80% level of adultoids as an action threshold for regulating juvenoid treatments to maximize population suppression. The role of this action threshold in the long-term management of chronic B. germanica infestations or insecticide resistant populations is discussed.
Massive congenital intracranial teratoma.

A massive congenital benign teratoma grossly replacing the cerebral hemispheres has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The tumor contained tissues derived from all three germ layers. The cerebellum showed morphological features suggesting a state of maturation equivalent to that of 20 to 25 weeks of gestation. The tumor is discussed in the light of present theories on the pathogenesis of teratomas.
On the Potential Impact of Daytime Surface Sensible Heat Flux on the Dissipation of Martian Cold Air Outbreaks

The Martian daytime soil surface temperature is governed primarily by the net irradiance balance and surface soil heat flux. Thus the outbreak of a cold air mass generates increased sensible heat flux that is conducive to daytime dissipation of the cold air mass thermal characteristics. Conceptual and scaling evaluations of this dissipation are provided while comparison is made with similar situations on Earth. It is estimated that sensible heat flux contribution to the dissipation of the original thermal structure of the cold air could be three times larger than the corresponding situation on Earth. Illustrative numerical model simulations provide scaling of the potential impact on the dissipation of cold air masses for various combinations of background wind speed and latitudes.
Debriefing: The Essential Step in Simulation

Abstract Simulation focuses on active learning, builds confidence, and enhances judgment. Debriefing provides purposeful direction to help improve thinking and clarify thought processes. Debriefing is reflective practice at its best and a critical element in the learning process. Answering who, what, when, where, and how to debrief help focus both instructor and learner, while softening judgment and enhancing positive reinforcement and repetition. Though there are many avenues now supporting simulation in health care, gaps remain, and the future of outcome-related studies requires analysis.
Awareness of pharmaceutical cost-assistance programs among inner-city seniors.

Abstract Background: Lack of awareness may be a significant barrier to participation by low- and middle-income seniors in pharmaceutical cost-assistance programs. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine whether older adults’ awareness of 2 major state and federal pharmaceutical cost-assistance programs was associated with the seniors’ ability to access and process information about assistance programs. Methods: Data were gathered from a cross-sectional study of independently living, English- or Spanish-speaking adults aged ≥60 years. Participants were interviewed in 30 community-based settings (19 apartment complexes and 11 senior centers) in New York, New York. The analysis focused on adults aged ≥65 years who lacked Medicaid coverage. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model program awareness as a function of information access (family/social support, attendance at senior or community centers and places of worship, viewing of live health insurance presentations, instrumental activities of daily living, site of medical care, computer use, and having a proxy decision maker for health insurance matters) and information-processing ability (education level, English proficiency, health literacy, and cognitive function). The main outcome measure was awareness of New York's state pharmaceutical assistance program (Elderly Pharmaceutical Insurance Coverage [EPIC]]) and the federal Medicare Part D low-income subsidy program (Extra Help). Results: A total of 269 patients were enrolled (mean [SD] age, 76.9 [7.5] years; 32.0% male; 39.9% white). Awareness of the programs differed widely: 77.3%) knew of EPIC! and 22.3% knew of Extra Help. In multivariable analysis, study participants were more likely to have heard of the EPIC program if they had attended a live presentation about health insurance issues (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.40; 95% CI, 1.20–9.61) and less likely if they received care in a clinic (AOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23–0.92). Awareness of Extra Help in the multivariable models was more likely among study participants who had viewed a live health insurance presentation (AOR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.55–7.24) and less likely for those with inadequate health literacy (AOR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03–0.74). Conclusions: Viewing of live health insurance presentations and adequate health literacy were associated with greater awareness of important pharmaceutical cost-assistance programs in this study in low-income, elderly individuals. The findings suggest that use of live presentations, in addition to health literacy materials and messages, may be important strategies in promoting knowledge of and enrollment in state and federal pharmaceutical cost-assistance programs for low-income seniors.
Radio Morphologies and Spectra of Compact Radio Sources with the Steepest Spectra

We have assembled a complete sample of 74 compact (θ ≤ 25'') radio sources visible from the northern hemisphere with spectral indexes 1.5 ≤ α ≤ 3.2 (where Sν ∝ ν-α) and 365 MHz flux densities S ≥ 200 mJy. These sources were selected from two large-scale radio surveys: the 1.4 GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey and the 365 MHz Texas survey, which together cover almost 80% of the sky (-35°30' ≤ δ ≤ 71°30'). We present here high-resolution images for the sources and spectra compiled from our data and other surveys. We attempt to classify these sources based on morphology and size determined by additional radio observations using the Very Large Array. We cannot definitively classify the majority of the sources based on these data, but statistical arguments suggest most are distant radio galaxies. A small number of previously unknown pulsars may also exist in our sample.
Parent implementation of a preschool intervention system

Abstract A modular structured preschool intervention system is described. It utilizes professionals as resource staff to train and supervise parent‐consumers in the implementation and evaluation of therapeutic precedures which the parents apply with their own children. Some of the unique aspects of this parent‐child system are explained in terms of addressing traditional and typical problems which have long plagued approaches to mental health service delivery. Such problems include delay in providing service, insufficient professional personpower, and failure to utilize the research literature in developing intervention strategies. Conclusions stress the necessity of improved funding formulae, this system's cost‐benefit value, and the advantage of consumer participation in treatment programming operations.
Learnings and applications of feedforward nets

A three-layer network which approximates a desired function f by a piecewise constant function is constructed. Backpropagation and classic gradient learning are present. A learning method is presented which gives the optimal weights at each iteration. Applications to pattern recognition are given with discussions on using RBF (radical basis function) unit networks. In addition, it is proved that the error is bounded by a linear function of the grid size. >