cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THERMAL SENSITIVITY OF SWIMMING PERFORMANCE AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION IN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN POPULATIONS OF TREE FROGS (HYLA CRUCIFER)

Summary The effects of temperature on sprint swimming ability and muscle contractile properties were examined in northern and southern populations of the holarctic tree frog, Hyla crucifer Wied-Neuwied, acclimated to 20-23°C. Maximal swimming velocities of 29 (southern) and 32 (northern) cms" 1 and stroke frequencies of 4-1 (southern) and 5-5 (northern) strokes s" 1 were attained at 30°C, and maximal stroke lengths (i.e. distance moved per stroke) of 8-0 (southern) and 7-4 (northern) cm at 20°C. The thermal dependence of swimming velocity decreases with increasing temperature (e.g. Q10 = 4-0 from 6 to 10°C, 1-2 from 20 to 30°C), as reported for locomotion in other ectothermic vertebrates. Over a temperature range of l-5-30°C, velocity increases by a factor of 5-5, frequency by a factor of 4, and length by a factor of 1-7. Thus, increased velocity at higher temperatures can be attributed mostly to increased stroke frequency; increments in stroke length contribute less. Muscle contractile properties have similar thermal dependencies to those of other vertebrates: rate processes [including twitch time-to-peak tension (TPT), twitch half-relaxation time (RTi/2), maximal rate of tetanic tension development and isotonic shortening velocity] are much more sensitive to temperature than is force generation (twitch and tetanic tension). Below 8°C, stroke frequency is limited by twitch contraction time (TPT + RTi/2), and leg extension in a swimming stroke by TPT. At higher temperatures, the thermal dependence of stroke time is lower than that of contraction time. Neither locomotor nor muscle contractile properties are different between the two populations (except for twitch tension at low temperatures). Inflexibility in the thermal dependence of muscle contraction and locomotion in this species may help to explain differences in breeding phenologies between northern and southern populations.
Heterochromatin assembly and transcriptome repression by Set1 in coordination with a class II histone deacetylase

Histone modifiers play essential roles in controlling transcription and organizing eukaryotic genomes into functional domains. Here, we show that Set1, the catalytic subunit of the highly conserved Set1C/COMPASS complex responsible for histone H3K4 methylation (H3K4me), behaves as a repressor of the transcriptome largely independent of Set1C and H3K4me in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Intriguingly, while Set1 is enriched at highly expressed and repressed loci, Set1 binding levels do not generally correlate with the levels of transcription. We show that Set1 is recruited by the ATF/CREB homolog Atf1 to heterochromatic loci and promoters of stress-response genes. Moreover, we demonstrate that Set1 coordinates with the class II histone deacetylase Clr3 in heterochromatin assembly at prominent chromosomal landmarks and repression of the transcriptome that includes Tf2 retrotransposons, noncoding RNAs, and regulators of development and stress-responses. Our study delineates a molecular framework for elucidating the functional links between transcriptome control and chromatin organization.
Fast GC with a Small Volume Column Oven and Low Power Heater

A new apparatus for fast gas chromatography separations is described. It consists of a small volume oven containing a coiled fused silica capillary column that is heated by a flow of hot air. The oven can be heated at rates of 10 °C s−1 with a 300 W heater. Benchmark studies at various temperature programming rates are described. Retention time relative standard deviations increase with increasing heating rate, but are at most about 1% when an 8 °C s−1 heating rate is employed. The small size of the column oven makes it possible for it to be attached to a commercial GC instrument through an opening provided for installation of a second injector.
Pediatric hemophilic pseudotumor of the paranasal sinus.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Hemophilic pseudotumors are rare clinical entities in otolaryngology. An unusual case of a pediatric hemophilic pseudotumor of the paranasal sinus in a previously undiagnosed hemophiliac is presented. Study Design: Case report. Methods: A 6-month-old, otherwise healthy boy was admitted for evaluation of a rapidly expanding left-sided cheek mass. The patient's initial presentation, imaging workup, and intraoperative and postoperative courses are discussed. Results: Imaging workup revealed a large, heterogeneous, dense lesion in the patient's left-side maxillary sinus with distortion of the orbital floor and hard palate. Because of the concern for an aggressive malignancy, a biopsy was performed. After a Caldwell-Luc approach, a large amount of greenish fluid leaked from an otherwise empty maxillary sinus. The patient continued to bleed from his intraoral incision postoperatively and required two packed erythrocyte transfusions. Subsequent hematological testing led to a diagnosis of severe hemophilia type A with factor VIII levels less than 1% of normal. After treatment with recombinant coagulation factors hemostasis was achieved, and the patient clinically improved. Conclusion: The study presents the first report of a pediatric hemophilic pseudotumor in the paranasal sinuses leading to a diagnosis of hemophilia. It is a rare entity characterized by a cycle of repeated hemorrhage with subsequent encapsulation of the coagulum leading to pressure-induced distortion of adjacent bone. In the correct clinical setting, hemophilic pseudotumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a rapidly expanding mass in children.
HOSPITAL: Host and network system profiler and Internet traffic analyzer

The ever-increasing complexity and diversity of the Internet pose several challenges to network operators and administrators and, in general, Internet users. More specifically, because of the diversity in applications and usage patterns; the prevalence of dynamic IP addresses and applications that do not conform to standard configuration (e.g. VoIP to bypass firewalls), monitoring and securing networks and end hosts is no longer a trivial task. In this paper, we propose Host and netwOrk System Profiler and Internet Traffic AnaLysis (HOSPITAL): a tool for the summarization, characterization of traffic and the troubleshooting of potential suspicious activities. HOSPITAL provides the network operator as well as the user with knowledge about applications, communicating parties, services required/provided, etc, at different levels of granularity (e.g. individual hosts, /24 blocks, a large enterprise, etc), all presented concisely with an easy to use web interface. Moreover, HOSPITAL is a light-weight self-contained tool that incurs little overhead with configuration and customization capabilities for users and developers.
Gastric bypass for obesity: mechanisms of weight loss and diabetes resolution.

Energy homeostasis and medical vs. surgical methods to overcome it Obesity is now a global pandemic that continues to accelerate despite the often Herculean efforts by afflicted individuals to lose weight. These efforts are thwarted by a physiological system that regulates body weight in a manner analogous to that by which a thermostat controls ambient temperature. For each individual, there is a highly genetically influenced level of adiposity that is defended by this adipostatic control system, wherein alterations in body fat stores trigger compensatory changes in appetite and energy expenditure that resist weight change (1). It is hypothesized that these processes evolved to defend against malnutrition in times of famine, and hence, the adaptive responses to weight loss appear to be more robust than are those to weight gain (as any dieter can attest). Because of this body weight regulation system, known as energy homeostasis, nonsurgical methods are notoriously ineffective at achieving major, long-term weight reduction. In general, no more than 5–10% of body weight is lost through dieting, exercise, and the few available antiobesity medications, and recidivism after di
Security-Aware Topology Control for Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

This paper presents a security-aware topology control scheme for wireless ad-hoc networks. The proposed topology algorithm builds a connected network based on the security level of each node, in the presence of a security threat such as the denial of service attack. The existing topology control schemes are primarily concentrated on optimizing parameters such as the energy consumption, while maintaining a satisfying connectivity level. Security issues are usually addressed on higher layers. This approach demands significant amount of energy and processing power from the participating entities and increases the complexity. Our work extends the topology control schemes by making security the primary concern. First we detect the nodes that participate in a DoS attack. Then we introduce the reputation metric that quantifies the results of this detection. Finally, we use this metric as the edge weight in the local minimum spanning tree algorithm that builds a connected topology. Hence we can isolate the malicious nodes and exclude them if they are already part of the topology and thus create a secure wireless network. The proposed scheme can also be integrated in any of the existing topology control algorithms. Our main contributions are: ldr a probabilistic model for detecting and isolating the malicious nodes that participate in a denial of service attack ldr a lightweight reputation metric that quantifies the results of the detection phase ldr a modified local minimum spanning tree algorithm, that performs topology formation and creates a connected and secure network. We also provide the convergence analysis for the detection scheme.
Probable Interaction Between Warfarin and Rifaximin in a Patient Treated for Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth

Objective:To report a case in which the anticoagulant effects of warfarin were attenuated during concomitant administration of rifaximin, possibly through induction of CYP3A4 following increased ab...
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL FUNCTIONS OF MOTHER-CHILD REMINISCING ABOUT STRESSFUL EVENTS

Abstract Recent research indicates that the inclusion of emotional and casual/explanatory language in adults' narratives of stressful experiences is related to psychological well–being, but research with children is mixed. Based on research demonstrating the role of parental scaffolding on the content of children's developing autobiographical memories, we examined 27 mostly White mixed SES mother–child dyads discussing one chronic experience and one acutely stressful experience related to the child's asthma. Analyses of the content of these discussions suggested that the contribution of a mother to the discussion of each experience was highly related to the contribution of her child. However, these analyses also showed that the content of conversations about the acute experience differed from the content of conversations about the chronic experience. Most importantly, mothers who used more emotional and causal explanatory language when discussing the chronic stressor had children who showed better emotion...
Magnesium deficiency and osteoporosis: animal and human observations

Although osteoporosis is a major health concern for our growing population of the elderly, there continues to be a need for well-designed clinical and animal studies on the link between dietary magnesium (Mg) intake and osteoporosis. Relatively few animal studies have assessed the skeletal and hormonal impact of long-term low Mg intake; however, these studies have demonstrated that Mg deficiency results in bone loss. Potential mechanisms include a substance P-induced release of inflammatory cytokines as well as impaired production of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Abnormal mineralization of bones may also contribute to skeletal fragility. Clinical studies have often varied greatly in study design, subject age, menopausal status and outcome variables that were assessed. Most studies focused on female subjects, thus pointing to the great need for studies on aging males. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the mean Mg intake for males and females is 323 and 228 mg/day, respectively. These intake levels suggest that a substantial number of people may be at risk for Mg deficiency, especially if concomitant disorders and/or medications place the individual at further risk for Mg depletion. In this paper, we will review animal and human evidence of the association of Mg deficiency with osteoporosis and explore possible mechanisms by which this may occur.
Prophylactic Anticonvulsants After Neurosurgery.

Six prospective, controlled trials have examined the effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) given to prevent the occurrence of seizures following neurosurgery. Some studies have concentrated on specific reasons for the neurosurgery (brain tumor) while others have included people with a variety of indications for surgery. Phenytoin (PHT) has been studied most, but carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenobarbital (PB) have also been evaluated to some extent. Studies of people with traumatic brain injury (some of whom were operated on) provide some, but less direct, evidence of the prophylactic effects of AEDs after neurosurgery. Despite considerable variation in reasons for the neurosurgery, AEDs given, and study design, the overall conclusions are remarkably consistent. The seizure risk is reduced about 40%–50% for the first week after neurosurgery in those given the older AEDs compared with those given placebo or no treatment. After the first few weeks, none of the drugs has been proven to reduce the incidence of seizures and in most situations the best estimate is essentially no effect, but effects on the order of a 25%–50% reduction in late (epileptic) seizures cannot be ruled out. The new generation of AEDs have not been tested as prophylactic agents after neurosurgery. Although there are no guidelines for prophylaxis following neurosurgery in general, these results are consistent with the guidelines of professional organizations for subsets of neurosurgery cases. Those guidelines consider prophylaxis, especially using PHT, to be an option for the first week after surgery but that the routine use of prophylactic anticonvulsants after the first week is not warranted.
Sexual orientation, sexual behaviors, and pregnancy among American Indian adolescents.

Purpose: A recent study found a disproportionate number of pregnancies among Euro-American lesbian and bisexual adolescents compared to heterosexual peers. American Indian adolescents have reported higher prevalence of gay/lesbian/bisexual orientations than EuroAmericans; do they also report higher prevalence of pregnancy? Methods: The study assessed prevalence of teen pregnancy and related factors by sexual orientation among sexually experienced, reservation-based American Indian adolescent males (n 5 2056) and females (n 5 1693) who participated in a national school-based survey in 1991. Self-reported orientation was classified as heterosexual, gay/lesbian/bisexual, and “unsure” of orientation. Results: Gay/bisexual males were more likely than other males to report early heterosexual intercourse (<14 years), more consistent contraception, and a higher prevalence of abuse and running away (p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001). Likewise, lesbian/bisexual females were more likely to report early onset of heterosexual intercourse, more frequent intercourse, and running away. Sexual or physical abuse did not vary by orientation for females. Prevalence of pregnancy also did not vary by orientation (males, 18.6% gay/bisexual vs. 10.4% “unsure” vs. 11.8% heterosexual; females, 25.0% lesbian/bisexual vs. 22.1% “unsure” vs. 21.9% heterosexual). For lesbian/bisexual females, no variables were significantly associated with pregnancy history; for “unsure” females, pregnancy was associated with contraceptive frequency and early onset of heterosexual activity. For heterosexual females, age, intercourse frequency, and physical abuse were associated. For gay/bisexual males, intercourse frequency, ineffective contraception, and physical abuse were associated with involvement in a pregnancy; for “unsure” and heterosexual males, most items except ineffective contraception were related to pregnancy involvement history. Conclusions: Although prevalence of pregnancy is similar, findings show group differences in associated risk factors by sexual orientation. Interventions to reduce pregnancy among American Indian adolescents should include assessment of sexual orientation and behavioral risk factors. © Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1998
Novel representation of physiologic states during critical illness and recovery

Clinicians depend on recognizing particular critical illnesses (such as sepsis and cardiac failure) from patterns of vital signs. The relationship between a vital sign pattern and a specific condition is explored.
Retinoic Acid Decreases Adherence of Murine Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Increases Production of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9

Myeloid dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells (APC) that migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues upon antigen stimulation, where they activate naive T cells. Vitamin A is essential for normal immune function. We investigated the ability of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a bioactive metabolite of vitamin A, to modulate DC adhesion in culture. Male BALB/cJ mouse bone marrow cells cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the presence of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha-specific antagonist showed an increase in the percentage of developing DC that remained adherent compared with cells rescued with atRA treatment from d 8 to 10 of culture (P < 0.05). Replacement of the RARalpha antagonist with atRA on d 8 of the culture period decreased DC surface expression of the adhesion molecule CD11a (P < 0.0001) but not the gene expression. Rescue with atRA also dramatically increased gene and protein expression of pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (P < 0.05). However, gene expression and protein production of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 was unaffected by atRA rescue, altering the molar ratio of secreted pro-MMP-9:TIMP-1, resulting in a fold excess of pro-MMP-9 to its primary inhibitor (P < 0.05). These data suggest that atRA is essential to augment MMP-9 expression in myeloid DC and can alter their surface expression of adhesion molecules.
What the Web can do for the bioscientist now: a lesson by example(s)

This talk highlights three Web sites that exploit in different ways the unique strengths of the Web to communicate scientific information. The author provides examples from both laboratory Web sites and the World Wide Web Virtual Library as effective uses of this new medium that could be exploited by any member of the scientific community.
Comparing pictorial and video modeling activity schedules during transitions for students with autism spectrum disorders

This study evaluated the differential effects of two different visual schedule strategies. In the context of an alternating treatments design, static-picture schedules were compared to video based activity schedules as supports for three middle school aged students with autism. Students used the visual schedules to transition between activities in their classroom. All participants began transition more independently after being exposed to the visual schedules. Two participants reached criteria faster with static-picture schedules while the third participant made slightly faster progress with the video based schedule. The positive outcomes for both interventions are discussed in the context of practitioners’ need for a variety of evidenced based practices to meet the needs of a diverse student body as well and that similar interventions may have different outcomes depending on the characteristics and preferences of the learner.
A prototype expert system for synthesizing chemical process flowsheets

Abstract PIP (process invention procedure) is an hierarchical expert system for the synthesis of chemical process flowsheets. It uses a combination of qualitative knowledge, i.e. heuristics and quantitative knowledge, i.e. design and cost calculations, arranged in a hierarchic The heuristics are used to select the unit operations, to identify the interconnections between these units, to identify the dominant design variables and to identify the process alternatives at each level of the hierarchy, while the quantitative models are used equipment sizes and costs, the raw material and utility costs and the process profitability at each level. A hybrid, expert system control architecture was developed for PIP that allows these two types of knowledge-bases to interact in such a way that the he PIP attempts to invent a flowsheet using a depth-first strategy, where one of the goals is to see if there is some reason why none of the alternatives Thus, it attempts to complete a design before any alternatives are considered. If profitable operation is observed over some range of the design variables at a particular level, then PIP proceeds to the next level and adds more de with the ones found at the earliest level, (these normally have the greatest impact on the processing costs) and if no profitable alternative can be fo Hence, PIP allows a design engineer to invent initial chemical flowsheet structures rapidly (in about 1 h vs 2 days), to estimate the optimum design co
Effects of stimulus-response similarity and dissimilarity on children's matching performance

Abstract Forty boys and girls performed on a modified match-to-sample task. Each trial began with illumination of a standard panel. The S then pressed one of two keys which was illuminated when pressed. In one condition, a response on one key would produce the same color as the standard, and a response on the other key would result in a different color. In a control condition, the color a key produced was conditional on, but always different from, the standard. S s who could respond to produce either similarity or dissimilarity maximized the occurrence of similarity. S s who could only produce dissimilarity maximized neither of the combinations of standard and key color unless explicity instructed to produce those combinations. The results suggest that similarity and/or dissimilarity served as a reinforcing stimulus.
Metamorphosis of Periodic Surface Models

A phase transition is a geometric and topological transformation process of materials from one phase to another, each of which has a unique and homogeneous physical property. Providing an initial guess of transition path for further physical simulation studies is highly desirable in materials design. In this paper, we present a metamorphosis scheme for periodic surface (PS) models by interpolation in the PS parameter space. The proposed approach creates multiple potential transition paths for further selection based on three smoothness criteria. The goal is to search for a smooth transformation in phase transition analysis.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Upward Revaluation of Fixed Assets

Under the U.S. GAAP, fixed assets are reported at their book values which are derived by deducting accumulated depreciation from the original cost. Companies are allowed to write down their fixed assets if the value of the fixed assets is impaired. Under no circumstances can a company write up its fixed assets even if the market value of these assets exceeds their book value. However, such upward revaluation is allowed under the International Accounting Standards (IAS). Specifically, as an allowed alternative, IAS No.16, “Property, Plant & Equipment,” permits fixed assets to be revalued periodically and carried at fair value. Significant controversies currently exist regarding the revaluation provision under IAS No.16. Critics of IAS No.16 have expressed concerns that revaluation of fixed assets is arbitrary and may be used by management to manipulate reported accounting numbers. To address such concerns, this study empirically assesses the reported fixed assets under IAS No.16. Based on the data of 113 companies whose consolidated financial statements were prepared using IAS, this study documented significant empirical evidence suggesting that fixed assets reported by sample firms under IAS No. 16 reflect their economic value as perceived by investors. The findings seem to support the use of IAS in preparation of financial statements for cross-border listing of securities.
Repeat-Sequence Coding for Improved Precision of Doppler Sonar and Sodar

Abstract Repeat-sequence coding is a robust method for improving the precision of velocity estimates from incoherent Doppler sounders. The method involves transmitting a number of repeats of a broadband “subcode.” The Doppler shift is estimated from the complex autocovariance of the return, evaluated at a time lag, equal to the subcode duration. The repeat-sequence code is an extension of the simple pulse-train concept developed in the early days of radar. By transmitting codes, rather than discrete pulses, the average transmitted power is increased. A model is developed here to predict performance enhancement for specified codes. The model is based on the sample error of the covariance estimates. It explicitly accounts for the lag used. Root-mean-square precision is enhanced roughly in proportion to the square root of the time-bandwidth product of the subcode. Coded pulse technology has been implemented on a variety of Doppler sonar systems at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and used in both open-oce...
Fatigue Monitoring System and Post-Processing of Temperature Measurements: Surge Line Under Stratification Loading

The ageing management of power plants is nowadays a main issue for all nuclear industry actors: states, regulatory agencies, operators, designers or suppliers. Consequently, lots of operators have to deal with demanding safety requirements to ensure the operation of power plants particularly in the context of lifetime extension. With regard of the fatigue assessment of nuclear components, stringent safety standards are synonymous of new parameters to take into account in the fatigue analysis process such as for instance: new design of fatigue curves particularly for austenitic stainless steels, the consideration of environmentally assisted fatigue (EAF) and stratification effects. In this context AREVA developed within the integral approach AREVA Fatigue Concept (AFC) new tools and methods to live up to operators expectations. The last mentioned stratification issue will be focused on in the framework of this dedicated paper. Based on measured thermal loads, the Fast Fatigue Evaluation (FFE) process allows for highly-automated and reliable data processing to evaluate time-dependent cumulative usage factors of mechanical components. This method has recently been extended to the consideration of stratification loading with surge line application. The paper presents the latest AREVA research and development activities on the FFE method applied to a surge line under stratification thermal loading. An additional CFD analysis was performed in order to calculate realistic thermal loadings during start-up conditions of nuclear power plant conditions. The FFE methodology was used to calculate thermal stress at all relevant locations. This approach opens the possibility of a realistic CUF calculation. The methodology, the principle results and benefits are presented in the paper.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Promotion of presynaptic filament assembly by the ensemble of S. cerevisiae Rad51 paralogues with Rad52

The conserved budding yeast Rad51 paralogues, including Rad55, Rad57, Csm2 and Psy3 are indispensable for homologous recombination (HR)-mediated chromosome damage repair. Rad55 and Rad57 are associated in a heterodimer, while Csm2 and Psy3 form the Shu complex with Shu1 and Shu2. Here we show that Rad55 bridges an interaction between Csm2 with Rad51 and Rad52 and, using a fully reconstituted system, demonstrate that the Shu complex synergizes with Rad55–Rad57 and Rad52 to promote nucleation of Rad51 on single-stranded DNA pre-occupied by replication protein A (RPA). The csm2–F46A allele is unable to interact with Rad55, ablating the ability of the Shu complex to enhance Rad51 presynaptic filament assembly in vitro and impairing HR in vivo. Our results reveal that Rad55–Rad57, the Shu complex and Rad52 act as a functional ensemble to promote Rad51-filament assembly, which has important implications for understanding the role of the human RAD51 paralogues in Fanconi anaemia and cancer predisposition.
Biaxial Microincision Phacoemulsification: Transition, Techniques, and Advantages

The learning curve for the transition from coaxial phacoemulsification to biaxial micro-incision phacoemulsification is a relatively short and a safe one. The real benefits of biaxial microincision phacoemulsification stem from the ability to approach the lens from two different directions, rather than the benefits inherent in microincisions. Difficult and challenging cases such as pseudoexfoliation, subluxed, traumatic, mature, and posterior polar cataracts, are best addressed with a biaxial technique. The ability to maintain the infusion above the plane of the iris during phacoemulsification and the aspiration of the cortical material has allowed for better stabilization of the anterior chamber and less induced miosis in IFIS (intraoperative floppy iris syndrome) cases.
Lifestyle modifications including complementary and alternative medicine and quality of life among women at high risk for breast cancer

e20583 Background: Breast cancer (BC) patients commonly employ lifestyle modifications (LM) such as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), but limited information exists among women who are ...
The 2007–2009 Financial Crisis: An Erosion of Ethics: A Case Study

This case study examines five dimensions of the 2007–2009 financial crisis in the United States: (1) the devastating effects of the financial crisis on the U.S. economy, including unparalleled unemployment, massive declines in gross domestic product (GDP), and the prolonged mortgage foreclosure crisis; (2) the multiple causes of the financial crisis and panic, such as the housing and bond bubbles, excessive leverage, lax financial regulation, disgraceful banking practices, and abysmal rating agency performance; (3) the extraordinary efforts of the Federal Reserve, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the Department of the Treasury to stem the financial freefall triggered by the crisis and resuscitate financial institutions, (4) the ethical implications of the unprecedented actions by government institutions to rescue financial institutions and drag the country back from the brink of global financial collapse, and the conduct of the various parties contributing to the financial crisis, such as the shoddy behavior of mortgage brokers, the massive securitization of mortgages into overly complex bonds, the excessive leverage of financial institutions, the disgraceful work of bond rating firms, the abysmal risk management systems employed by financial institutions, and the massive operations of the shadow banking and over-the-counter derivatives markets; and (5) the major provisions of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act signed into law to in response to the financial crisis and for the purpose of correcting the egregious conduct of major financial institutions.
A Bibliography of the Lesser Peachtree Borer, Synanthedon pictipes and the Peachtree Borer, Sanninoidea exitiosa (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

The peachtree borer, Sanninoidea exitiosa (Say), and the lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson), are important pests of peach in the southern United States. Feeding takes place in the host cambium and can result in the loss of scaffold limbs and ultimately tree mortality. Recent isolation, identification and synthesis of both these pests' sex pheromones (Tumlinson et al. 1974) has created a surge of lesser peachtree borer and peachtree borer research. To facilitate future studies, the following is a bibliography for these animals. References searched through December 1975 were the Agriculture Index, Biological Abstracts and Zoological Record. In addition each paper's literature section was searched for articles not found in published references.
Ovipositional Rhythms and Egg Melanization Rate of Sitona lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Influences of food source, photoperiod, collection date, and time (hour within the diel cycle and day within the ovipositional period) on egg-laying of the pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (L.), were used to evaluate ovipositional cycles in the laboratory. Ovipositional rhythms have two major divisions: a complete ovipositional rhythm and a diel ovipositional cycle. The complete ovipositional rhythm consisted of three levels: 1) second-degree polynomial curve, 2) 30-day cycle, and 3) daily oscillation and increase in amplitude of the daily oscillation as the ovipositional rhythm progressed. The diel ovipositional cycle was dominated by two general periods: increased oviposition (10 a.m.–9 p.m.) and decreased oviposition (12 p.m.–9 a.m.) with intervening transitional periods. The lack of a dark cycle affected the diel ovipositional cycle by reducing the magnitude of the afternoon peaks and the morning transition period. Type of food did not significantly affect the diel cycle or complete ovipositional rhythm. Melanization of S. lineatus eggs started ca. 13 h after oviposition and was completed within 17 h at 21°C in constant light. A significantly slower melanization rate was noted for eggs of weevils fed alfalfa foliage than those fed pea foliage.
Pedigree analysis. 2. Clinical discrepancies and limitations.

The basic reasons for the discrepancy between predicted and observed ratios or patterns of inheritance of genetic traits are related to penetrance and expressivity. Difficulties in collection and ascertainment of human data pose additional problems in pedigree analysis.
Analysis of water quality monitoring results in Anning of Yunnan from 2011 to 2012

Objective To investigate the drinking water quality of Anning,and analyze the drinking water monitoring results from 2011 to 2012,so as to provide scientific basis for improving the quality of drinking water. Methods The water samples were detected in accordance with"Standard examination methods for drinking water"( GB / T 5750- 2006). Results Totally 873 water samples were detected in two years,478 samples were qualified with the total qualified rate of 54. 75%; The qualified rates of water samples were 50. 13% in 2011 and 58. 44% in 2012,showing an increasing trend,and the difference had statistical significance between two years( χ2= 6. 001,P 0. 05). The qualified rate of centralized water supply was 95. 19% in urban area and 48. 65% in village,there was significant statistical difference between two areas( χ2= 87. 493,P 0. 001); In the whole city,the qualified rate of centralized water supply was significantly higher than non- centralized water supply,and the difference had statistical significance( χ2= 42. 481,P 0. 001). Conclusion Eleven over- standard items,such as sensory index,chemical index and microorganisms has led to low qualified rate of water in rural area,thus the relevant departments should pay more attention to reinforce disinfection and perfect the water quality surveillance system to prevent water- borne communicable diseases,so as to ensure the drinking water safety.
Ethical issues in the care of the neurologically devastated infant.

Abstract The debate surrounding neurologically devastated newborns, whether due to severe prematurity or genetic malformations, has continued for over 40 years. Duff and Campbell (1973) first discussed allowing these children to die in the 1970s. In the 1980s, others fought to make sure these children with disabilities were afforded all the rights of other children. Recently, some commentators have advocated for withdrawal of therapies and even euthanasia in the Netherlands. Who is right? What are the ethical principles that should be followed? What decisions are appropriate for distraught parents to make? This chapter reviews international views, laws, and guidelines surrounding the therapies and limitations of care for these imperiled newborns. An ethical argument is presented for how to determine best interests for these special children utilizing the best interest standard. Parents and physicians need to use their individual expertise and values to work together to determine each individual child’s best interests. Physicians may have to carry the burden for making final determinations to alleviate the guilt families may have in deciding to limit therapies.
Stereoselectivity of porcine β-adrenergic receptors for ractopamine stereoisomers

Ractopamine HCl is a beta-adrenergic receptor ((betaAR) ligand approved for use in swine to enhance carcass leanness. Ractopamine is produced commercially as a mixture of four stereoisomers (RR, RS, SR, SS). In order to determine which stereoisomers are active in the pig and whether they exhibit betaAR subtype selectivity, receptor affinity and adenylyl cyclase activation were determined using cloned porcine beta1- and beta2AR expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Dissociation constants (Kd) were determined by competitive displacement of [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding by ractopamine stereoisomers. The RR isomer had the highest affinity for both beta1- and betaAR (Kd of 29 and 26 nM, respectively). Dissociation constants for the other stereoisomers were higher (RS = 463 and 78 nM, SR = 3,230 and 831 nM, SS = 16,600 and 3,530 nM for the beta1- and beta2AR, respectively) relative to the RR stereoisomer. Isoproterenol stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity 600% relative to basal rates in CHO cells, regardless of betaAR subtype. Ractopamine stereoisomers did not significantly (P > 0.05) stimulate adenylyl cyclase through the beta1AR at moderate (near Kd) or high (10(-4) M) concentrations. In contrast, the RR isomer increased adenylyl cyclase activity 200 to 300% relative to basal rates through the beta2AR at moderate and hiconcentrations; the SR stereoisomer increased adenylyl cyclase activity nearly 100%. Neither the RS nor SS stereoisomers were effective in activating adenylyl cyclase activity through the beta2AR. A pattern of stereoselective activation similar to that for adenylyl cyclase also was exhibited for lipolysis using porcine adipocytes. The RR stereoisomer was equal to isoproterenol in stimulating lipolysis, whereas the SR isomer was 50% as effective; the RS and SR stereoisomers did not stimulate lipolysis in porcine adipocytes. The porcine betaAR exhibited stereoselectivity toward ractopamine stereoisomers with the RR isomer exhibiting the highest affinity for the (beta1- and beta2AR. In contrast, ractopamine stereoisomers seemed to be more effective at eliciting adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate responses from beta2AR than beta1AR. The RR isomer ilikely the functional stereoisomer of ractopamine, but its effectiveness may be compromised by the presence of competing isomers, in particular the RS stereoisomer.
Amphiregulin in lung branching morphogenesis: interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycan modulates cell proliferation

Epithelial and mesenchymal cells isolated from mouse embryonic lungs synthesized and responded to amphiregulin (AR) in a different fashion. Mesenchymal cells produced and deposited 3- to 4-fold more AR than epithelial cells, proliferated in the presence of exogenous AR, and their spontaneous growth was blocked by up to 85% by anti-AR antibodies. In contrast, epithelial cells exhibited a broad response to this growth regulator factor depending on whether they were supplemented with extracellular matrix (ECM) and whether this ECM was of epithelial or mesenchymal origin. AR-treated epithelial cells proliferated by up to 3-fold in the presence of mesenchymal-deposited ECM, remained unchanged in the presence of epithelial-deposited ECM, and decreased in their proliferation rate below controls in the absence of ECM supplementation. This effect was abolished by treatment with the glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes heparinase and heparitinase suggesting the specific involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) in AR-mediated cell proliferation. In whole lung explants, branching morphogenesis was inhibited by antibodies against the AR heparan sulfate binding site and stimulated by exogenous AR. Since during development, epithelial cells are in contact with mesenchymal ECM at the tips of the growing buds and alongside the basement membrane, focal variations in the proportion of epithelial and mesenchymal HSPG will focally affect epithelial proliferation rates. Therefore, AR-HSPG interaction may underlie the process of branching morphogenesis by inducing differential cell proliferation.
Initial Experience with the Rosen Incontinence Device

AbstractDuring a 25-month period, beginning in May 1977, 19 patients had Rosen incontinence devices implanted. During the 9 to 34 months of followup 26 additional operations were required for urethral compression balloon leakage, urethral compression balloon aneurysm, tubing kinks, reservoir malfunction and urethral erosion. Currently, 7 devices are in place, 6 of which are functioning and 3 of which have aneurysms of the urethral compression balloon. The 6-month failure rate of the first device was 44 per cent. During the 247 months that the devices were in place the patients were dry for 89 months, and required pad protection for 118 months and condom or an external urethral clamp for 40 months.
Verfassen eines Manuskriptes und Publizieren

In many cases, the study should be published as a manuscript in journals. First of all it is important to understand the publishing industry. There are also research trends and the supply and demand principle. Early in the study phase the appropriate journals should be selected Here, the editor, publisher or impact factor all play important roles. Author order should be discussed in advance to avoid conflicts. When writing a manuscript author guideline from each journal should be read and the manuscript should be written to the suggested journal style because each journal has preferred requirements or formats. Manuscripts writing guidelines and instruments such as CONSORT and STROBE statements are strongly recommend. After submitting the manuscript it undergoes a peer review process, and often times one of more revisions are needed before the manuscript is accepted and complete.
Logic as if tautologous

Norway provided Wittgenstein with the solitude he thought necessary for work on logic. Together with his close friend David Pinsent he had found a place to vacation at Oystese, a tiny village in a little bay on the Hardangerfjord with majestic hills rising behind. When he returned to Cambridge on 2 October, he told Russell of his firm intention to leave Cambridge and live in Norway. Russell wrote to Lucy Donnelly on October of 1913: Then my Austrian, Wittgenstein, burst in like a whirlwind, just back from Norway, and determined to return there at once to live in compete solitude until he has solved all the problems of logic. I said it would be dark, and he said he hated daylight. I said it would be lonely, and he said he prostituted his mind talking to intelligent people. I said he was mad, and he said God preserve him from sanity. (God certainly will.) The ideas germinated in the year Wittgenstein spent in Norway would become a centerpiece of Wittgenstein's philosophy of logic – the doctrine that logic consists of tautologies. August 1913 dates the following entry in Pinsent's diary: “It is probable that the first volume of Principia will have to be re-written, and Wittgenstein may write himself the first eleven chapters. That is a splendid triumph for him!” The catalyst for Wittgenstein seems to have been that Russell came to know of Sheffer's result that all the quantifier-free formulas of Principia 's sentential calculus can be expressed via one logical connective – the Sheffer stroke.
THE ROME OF GOTHS AND BYZANTINES

BY AROUND 400, ROME ALREADY HAD THE BEGINNINGS OF AN AMBIVALENT environmental order, part classical and part medieval. There was a splendid urban frame accompanied by history, legends, and administrative apparatus. The Lateran now headed a system, distinct from the older one but symbiotic with it, comprising a network of parish churches each with its own clergy, and beyond the walls, cemeteries with their own important pilgrimage centers and suburban organisms. Much of this structure was in place by the fifth century. Rome's imperial religious infrastructure had been largely neutralized: temples were decommissioned; cults suppressed; cult statues moved to public spaces to be regarded simply as art; and treasure, in part at least, removed. A marginal group, the Goths, had settled in Rome on the rundown edges of the Esquiline and Caelian Hills establishing their ecclesiastical tradition, Arianism, a fringe Christian sect considered heretical and often persecuted. The Jews may have been similarly concentrated, probably in the Transtiberim. Meanwhile Mithraism had closed shop and its places of worship had been abandoned or reappropriated for Christian use. The seeds of religious absolutism in a once-tolerant multifaith city were evidenced by the institution of an administrative structure as early as the mid-third century that divided Rome into seven ecclesiastical regions, whereby the Church was now organizing the entire city for its own purposes as if its assumption of civil jurisdiction were only a matter of time. If Christianity was neutralizing or superseding polytheistic Rome's religious architecture, the same could not be said for the remaining pagan structures, including the imperial centers of government, which still functioned more or less as before. These were the Palatine; the Curia on the Forum and its dependencies, which had been the base of the Senate for a thousand years; and the offices of the urban prefecture, perhaps now in the Basilica of Maxentius, which had absorbed all the once-independent city services including the police, grain and oil distribution centers, and the water and public works commissions. Christian Rome needed this still-functioning administrative network as much as imperial Rome had. The Senate was now more concerned with the city's daily operation than with foreign policy. And since the imperial bureaucracy had left, a skeleton staff oversaw the once-bustling Palatine.
Stem Cells in Lung Injury and Repair.

In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the biology of endogenous stem cells in adult lung injury repair. We focus on in vivo studies in mice with an emphasis on data generated using cell-specific Cre-dependent lineage-tracing systems. These studies provide new information on the identification of lung stem cells, their hierarchical relationships, the plasticity of their behavior in different types of injury, and the molecular signals that control their fates. Although most of this work has been on epithelial hierarchies, we expect that further development of robust genetic tools will foster meaningful investigations into how nonepithelial cell populations are controlled during lung injury repair in adults. The ultimate challenge will be to translate these findings to the pathogenesis and treatment of human lung diseases.
Cyclobutenones and Benzocyclobutenones: Versatile Synthons in Organic Synthesis

Cyclobutenones, four-membered ketones bearing an unsaturated carbon–carbon double bond, and their structural sibling benzocyclobutenones, possess unique reactivity. Owing to their inherent high ring strain, such structures readily undergo ring opening under a variety of conditions, including thermolysis, photolysis, and transition metal catalysis, to afford reactive intermediates that can be trapped with nucleophiles, dienophiles, and unsaturated bonds. Their electron-deficient enone moieties are good electrophiles for facile nucleophilic addition. Such properties render cyclobutenones versatile synthons, serving as excellent coupling partners in a vast array of synthetically valuable transformations.