cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and pathologic characteristics of women undergoing hysterectomy after tubal sterilization.

Objective To examine differences in clinical and pathologic characteristics between women undergoing hysterectomy who had had prior tubal sterilization and those who had not. Methods: One thousand eight hundred fifty-one women undergoing hysterectomy were enrolled as part of a multicenter, prospective cohort study. We used logistic regression to describe the association between prior tubal sterilization and patient characteristics at hysterectomy. Results Although sterilized women were not more likely than nonsterilized women to have a menstrual disorder as a presenting complaint, they were more likely to have a primary discharge diagnosis of menstrual disorder (odds ratio [OR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–2.0). After adjustment for menstrual indices, sterilized women had an increased probability of having normal findings on pathologic examination, which differed by age (women less than 30 years: OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.0–5.8; women 30 years of age and older: OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3–2.3). Conclusion Differences in clinical and pathologic characteristics between sterilized and nonsterilized women suggest that nonbiologic factors may influence decision making regarding hysterectomy among sterilized women.
Localized cutaneous amyloidosis associated with mycosis fungoides.

REFERENCES 1. yon den Driesch P. Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis). J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:535-56. 2. Jorizzo JL. Blood vessel-based inflammatory disorders. In: Moschella SL, Hurley HJ, editors. Dermatology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992. p. 577-93. 3. Amichai B, Lazarov A, Halevy S. Sweet's syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:144-5. 4. Graham DY. Campylobacterpylori and peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 1989;96:615-25. 5. Kelly SM, Geraghty JM, Neale G. H. pylori, gastric carcinoma, and MALT lymphoma. Lancet 1994; 1:343-418. 6. Reinauer S, Megahed M, Goerz G, et aL Sch6nleinHenoch purpura associated with gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:876-9.
Resolving the conflict between clients’ privacy rights and employees’ equal employment opportunity rights

It is unlawful under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act for employers to discriminate against applicants or employees because of their sex unless sex is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ). During the past two decades, a number of courts were asked to decide whether sex is a BFOQ for the purpose of protecting clients’ privacy rights (i.e., whether employers could insist that employees be of the same sex as their clients for those jobs which required employees to touch or view clients’ bodies in various stages of undress). This investigation examined relevant judicial opinions rendered throughout the United States to determine how the courts resolved this conflict between clients’ privacy rights and employees’ equal employment opportunity rights.
Influence of sex and reproductive condition on metabolic rates in the allegheny mountain salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus.

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption rates were determined, at acclimation temperatures, for three experimental groups of Desmognathus ochrophaeus (gravid females, non-gravid females and males) acclimated at four photoperiod -temperature regimes: 5°C LD 10 : 14; 5°C LD 14 : 10 ; 15°C LD 10 : 14; and 15°C LD 14 : 10. 2. 2. Differences in standard metabolic rates among gravid females, nongravid females and males within and between photoperiods were not significant at 5°C. Metabolic differences within each experimental group between photoperiods were not significant at 15°C. 3. 3. At 15°C, within both photoperiods, gravid females had significantly higher metabolic rates than those of non-gravid females and males. 4. 4. Metabolic differences between non-gravid females and males were not significant at 15°C.
Pulp innervation after radiation therapy

Decreased sensitivity was observed in teeth within and adjacent to an irradiated field. Mandibular teeth outside the field and distal to the irradiated mandibular nerve trunk showed an immediate decrease in sensitivity, Maxillary teeth outside the field showed a delayed decrease in sensitivity. Blood flow rates and nutrition were also related to time. Neurons are though to be relatively radio-resistant and few changes were seen histologically after radiation therapy. However, functional impairment was observed in histologically normal tissue.
Hilbert cube manifolds of maps

Abstract The purpose of this note is to illustrate in the simplest possible terms how a function space may be a Hilbert Cube (= Q ) manifold. It is shown that certain spaces of “rectifiable” maps from a compact Riemannian manifold to a flat Kiemannian manifold are Q -manifolds. For example: if α > 0, the space of loops of length ⩽α in a flat manifold is a Q -manifold. No prior knowledge of Riemannian geometry is required.
High-temperature solvent stability of sol-gel germania triblock polymer coatings in capillary microextraction on-line coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Germania-based sol–gel organic–inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared for on-line coupling of capillary microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography. For this, a germania-based sol–gel precursor, tetra- n -butoxygermane and a hydroxy-terminated triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) were used. These sol–gel germania triblock polymer coatings were chemically anchored to the inner walls of a fused silica capillary (0.25 mm I.D.) in course of its evolution from the sol solution. Scanning electron microscopy images of the sol–gel germania triblock polymer coating were obtained to estimate the coating thickness. For the first time, the analyte distribution constants between a sol–gel germania organic–inorganic hybrid coating and the samples ( K cs ) were determined. For a variety of analytes from different chemical classes, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ketones, alcohols, phenols and amines, the K cs values ranged from 8.1 × 10 1 to 5.6 × 10 4 . Also, for the first time, the stability of the sol–gel germania-based coating in high-temperature reversed-phase solvent environment was evaluated. The sol–gel germania triblock polymer coatings were capable of surviving exposure to high-temperature solvent conditions (200 °C) with little change in extraction capabilities. This demonstrates that sol–gel germania triblock polymer hybrid materials might be suitable for further applications in high-temperature HPLC. The reproducibility of the method for preparation of the sol–gel germania triblock polymer coatings was also evaluated, and the capillary-to-capillary RSD values ranged from 5.3 to 6.5%. The use of higher flow rates in extraction was found to significantly reduce the time required (from 30–40 to 10–15 min) to reach equilibrium between the sol–gel germania triblock polymer coating and the analytes in the sample solution.
The dynamics of within-regime stability: Party tenure and economic performance

This article investigates the interactive effects of ruling party stability and veto players on economic performance. We show that ruling party duration has an inverted U-shaped relationship with growth when the number of veto players is low, while it has a regular U-shaped relationship when there are more veto players. We find support for these contentions using time-series cross-section data on the economic growth of a sample of 66 democracies between 1975 and 2007.
Family size birth order sex and social interest: are they related?

This study of relations of family size birth order sex and social interest for 125 volunteer subjects yielded no significant relationship among birth order sex and social interest. However family size is related to social interest--persons coming from small families have higher social interest scores than persons coming from large families. The findings are discussed with regard to internal consistency of these constructs within Alfred Adlers theory. (authors)
Infrared spectra and dissociation pathways of the linear carbon-sulfur clusters CnS and SCnS (n ≤ 29): Theoretical calculations

Energies, structural parameters, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the linear carbon-sulfur clusters, C n S m (n = 1-29, m = 1-2), have been computed using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP exchange-correlation functional and Pople's 6-311G* basis set. The energies and equilibrium geometries have been compared to MP2 (Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation) and CCSD(T) calculations for C 2 S, C 6 S, and C 7 S 2 , three carbon-sulfur clusters recently observed and reported for the first time in the following article. The vibrational frequencies, predicted using B3LYP/6-311G*, agree satisfactorily with the observed infrared (IR) band frequencies, with only a 17 cm - 1 standard deviation for all experimentally known carbon-sulfur cluster C-C stretching modes. Dissociation energies calculated for different loss mechanisms indicate that carbon-sulfur clusters prefer to lose CS, in agreement with experimental observations.
Neutron activation analysis of aluminum in Mg2SiO4

Abstract An investigation of the role of aluminum in the enhancement of the near infrared lasing properties of chromium doped forsterite (Cr:Mg 2 SiO 4 ) has led to the development of a neutron activation analysis (NAA) procedure for the trace analysis of aluminum in a silicon-containing matrix. After the initial analysis of a set of standards, this method requires only one irradiation per sample and relies upon the inherent nuclear properties of the silicono isotopes 28 Si and 29 Si. The 28 Al signal produced by the activation reaction 27 Al(n, γ) 28 Al, is interfered by the competing fast neutron reaction 28 Si(n, p) 28 Al. Activation of an aluminum-free silicate will produce a constant ratio of 28 Al and 29 Al signals due to the 28 Si(n, p) 28 Al and 29 Si(n, p) 29 Al fast neutron reactions. Activation of an aluminum-doped sasmple will result in an increase in the 28 Al signal due to the 27 Al(n, γ) 28 Al thermal neutron reaction but have no effect on the 29 Al signal. Therefore, any increase of the 28 Al/ 29 Al ratio in the doped silicate is due to the presence of aluminum. The subtraction of the 28 Al/ 29 Al ratio of the undoped sample from the 28 Al/ 29 Al ratio of the doped sample gave the portion of the 28 Al signal resulting from the 27 Al(n, γ) 28 Al reaction. Three forsterite single crystals with varying ratios of chromium to aluminum were grown for this study by the floating zone method using sol-gel derived feedstocks. Their compositions were determined by NAA using the correction procedure described above.
Educational Policy-Making and the Relative Autonomy of the State: The Case of Occupational Education in the Community College

Over the past twenty years, the expansion and differentiation of education in the United States have been explained in many different ways, but most explanations give little or no importance to the role of government officials pursuing their own interests. And all ignore how business's and students' influence over educational policy is due less to their direct participation in policy-making than to their idologcial influence and possession of resources that policymakers covet. In this paper, I use the case of the massive expansion of occupational education in the community college to develop an alternative explanation of educational policy-making. This analysis draws on, but also critiques, recent work in political sociology on the roles and interests of the “state managers” who head major segments of the state.
A Post-Audit Anaylsis of the NWRI Nine-Box Water Quality Model for Lake Erie

Abstract Computed results from the Lake Erie nine-box water quality model developed at the National Water Research Institute (NWRI) are compared to observed data for three different periods: calibration (1978), verification (1967–1977), and post audit (1979–1982). It is shown that the median mean relative errors for these three stages of model development are essentially the same, demonstrating the model validity. In particular, the post-audit analysis supports the hypothesis that the sediment oxygen demand rate is related to the phosphorus loading. However, this relationship can only be made evident following the accurate simulation of the dynamic changes in the thermal layers and diffusion processes. Since such processes are directly affected by weather episodes, the anoxic occurrences in the central basin hypolimnion are subjected more to short-term meteorological uncertainties than to the long-term effects of the phosphorus removal program. Post-audit results on previously proposed phosphorus control curves, through the use of a completely independent data set, also confirms this phenomenon. It is concluded that a family of control curves or a set of probability indicators incorporating both loading and weather influences are more meaningful than a single control curve that is commonly proposed.
Elementary cellulose fibrils possess an entropic deformation mechanism

In order to obtain information on the structure of cellulose elementary fibrils, temperature coefficients of equilibrium tensile forces were determined. A force-temperature coefficient is identical with the negative amount of entropy change during deformation. Thus, data on thermoelasticity can provide insight into the basic mechanism of deformation, hence, into the structure of the deformed specimen. The thermoelastic behavior of native and mercerized ramie fibers was investigated as a function of moisture content. All of the measured force-temperature curves possess positive slopes. The effect of temperature on undeformed length and on moisture content required that temperature coefficients be corrected accordingly. After incorporating the corrections, only moisture-free fibers possess positive slopes. Water-swollen fibers show large negative slopes, whereas air-dried fibers exhibit a behavior between the two extremes. Positive slope implies entropy-elastic deformation. Because dry fibers deform in an entropy-elastic manner, disordered regions within elementary fibrils must exist. The degree of disorder must be higher in the mercerized than in the native fibers. Rearrangement of water molecules during deformation towards higher disorder is evoked to account for the increasing entropy of the water-swollen fibers.
Bond-orbital model. II

The bond-orbital model is reformulated taking explicit account of the large overlap of two hybrids in the same bond rather than absorbing it in a pseudopotential. This gives a correction to the cohesive energy but other changes are absorbed in the ${V}_{1}$, ${V}_{2}$, and ${V}_{3}$ for each material. These parameters are reevaluated taking band calculations as the standard for ${V}_{1}$ (but using the atomic term values to scale from material to material) and taking the energy of the optical-absorption peak as the standard for ${V}_{2}$ and ${V}_{3}$ (but using the dielectric constant to scale from material to material). Using the new parameters we test the model by comparison of predictions with experiment (or accurate calculations) for various valence-band gaps, the pressure dependence of the dielectric constant, the macroscopic transverse charge, the piezoelectric constant, the photoelectric threshold, and the cohesive energy. Discrepancies in the cohesive energy are found to scale with a reasonable form for the interbond correlation energy, giving a semiempirical expression for the cohesive energy in terms of parameters of the bond-orbital model. The covalent energy is found in this study to scale with a kinetic energy (with the inverse square of the bond length) both under pressure and for variation from material to material.
An Improved Method for Estimating Polarization Resistance from Small-Amplitude Potentiodynamic Scans in Concrete

Abstract Many corroding interfaces exhibit electrochemical impedance response similar to that of a polarization resistance (Rp) associated with the corrosion process, in parallel with a constant phase angle element (CPE) having relatively large admittance. Such conditions are encountered often in the case of steel in concrete. While polarization measurements using a forward and reverse potential scan rate (dV/dt) can be helpful to subtract the contribution of an ideal interfacial capacitance (C) by using a C dV/dt correction, in concrete the pronounced frequency dispersion of the CPE complicates the time-domain response, and correction is not straightforward. A solution to this problem was presented and applied to evaluate the CPE parameters and estimate Rp of steel in concrete from cyclic-scan polarization measurements. The technique was demonstrated for experiments with plain steel and galvanized rebar in concrete.
The Power of Rank Tests

Simple nonparametric classes of alternatives are defined for various nonparametric hypotheses. The power of a number of such tests against these alternatives is obtained and illustrated with some numerical results. Optimum rank tests against certain types of alternatives are derived, and optimum properties of Wilcoxon’s one- and two-sample tests and of the rank correlation test for independence are proved.
Expertise identification using email communications

A common method for finding information in an organization is to use social networks---ask people, following referrals until someone with the right information is found. Another way is to automatically mine documents to determine who knows what. Email documents seem particularly well suited to this task of "expertise location", as people routinely communicate what they know. Moreover, because people explicitly direct email to one another, social networks are likely to be contained in the patterns of communication. Can these patterns be used to discover experts on particular topics? Is this approach better than mining message content alone? To find answers to these questions, two algorithms for determining expertise from email were compared: a content-based approach that takes account only of email text, and a graph-based ranking algorithm (HITS) that takes account both of text and communication patterns. An evaluation was done using email and explicit expertise ratings from two different organizations. The rankings given by each algorithm were compared to the explicit rankings with the precision and recall measures commonly used in information retrieval, as well as the d' measure commonly used in signal-detection theory. Results show that the graph-based algorithm performs better than the content-based algorithm at identifying experts in both cases, demonstrating that the graph-based algorithm effectively extracts more information than is found in content alone.
Chemistry and structure--activity relationships of leukotriene receptor antagonists.

Several strategies have been employed by medicinal chemists in the design of potent and selective leukotriene receptor antagonists-leukotriene structural analogs, FPL 55712 analogs, and random screening of corporate compound banks. Lead compounds were optimized, often through the exchange of ideas with groups working on other chemical series of leukotriene antagonists. Pranlukast can likely be traced to a lead compound identified by random screening that was initially modified by incorporating structural components present in FPL 55712. Montelukast originated from an early quinoline lead, which was modified with leukotriene structural elements. Zafirlukast is based on a lead compound that incorporated structural components from both FPL 55712 and the leukotrienes. Therefore, each medicinal chemistry strategy that was originally employed has successfully identified clinically effective leukotriene receptor antagonists. Bernstein PR. Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of leukotriene receptor antagonists.
Hypoglycemia in chick embryos infected with S. typhosa via the allantoic cavity.

SummaryS. typhosa strains Ty 2 and Vi I grew at the same rate when inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 10-day chick embryos, reaching concentrations of 109 viables per ml within 16 hours. Although Ty 2 in small inocula produced a fatal infection in more embryos, comparable numbers of Vi I also killed a significant proportion of the embryos within similar intervals. Both strains produced marked hypoglycemia in 10-day embryos after 16 hours although the yolksac glycogen levels were not reduced. Embryos 16 days old were more resistant to fatal infection; in these, normal blood glucose levels were maintained. Hypoglycemia did not appear to be due to extensive systemic invasion of the embryo by S. typhosa.
Development of a comprehensive free radical photopolymerization model incorporating heat and mass transfer effects in thick films

A comprehensive kinetic model describing photopolymerization is developed which allows variation of temperature, species concentrations, and light intensity through the thickness of a photopolymerized film. Heat and mass transfer effects are included, as is the generation of heat by both reaction and light absorption. In addition to initiation, propagation, and termination mechanisms, both primary radical termination and inhibition are incorporated into the model. The possible presence and diffusion of an inert solvent are also accounted for. Thus, the model is useful for examining complex polymerization kinetics and behavior in industrially and commercially important thick film photopolymerizations, such as the curing of contact lenses, dental restorative materials, photolithographic resists, and optoelectronic coatings. The comprehensive model is used to predict polymerization rate, temperature, and conversion profiles in a variety of systems. The effects of heat generation and the thermal boundary conditions are explored, with the result that heat generation in thick samples leads to greatly increased conversions approaching 100 percent. Increased temperature in these samples also may lead to the appearance of two rate maxima, with the first due to the temperature increase and the second caused by the autoacceleration process. The magnitude of the temperature increase, along with the resultant effects, is more pronounced in insulated systems.
A DFT study of the affinity of lanthanide and actinide ions for sulfur-donor and nitrogen-donor ligands in aqueous solution

Abstract DFT calculations are reported on the affinity of An(III) (An = actinide) and Ln(III) (Ln = lanthanide) ions for ligands with nitrogen-donor and sulfur-donor groups in aqueous solution, aimed at evaluating such donor groups as the basis for separating Am(III) from Ln(III) ions in the processing of nuclear waste. DFT calculations of Δ G (DFT) at 298 K for the gas-phase reactions: [M(H 2 O) 6 ] 3+ ( g ) + L( g ) → M(H 2 O) 5 L] 3+ ( g ) + H 2 O( g ), where L is NH 3 and M is a variety of Ln(III), An(III) ions, and UO 2 2+ and NpO 2 2+ are reported, as well as for the corresponding reactions for the nona-aqua ions for Ln(III) and An(III) ions. Also reported are Δ G (DFT) for the reactions for L = H 2 S, as representative of thioethers in aqueous solution, for M = Ln(III) and An(III) ions, as well as Al(III), Ga(III), In(III), Tl(III), Bi(III), Fe(III), and Cr(III). Δ G (DFT) for formation of NH 3 complexes in the gas-phase correlates well with Δ G ( aq ) values for formation of the corresponding complexes in aqueous solution. The log K 1 (NH 3 ) values were predicted by the equation: log K 1 = E a · E b + C a · C b (R.D. Hancock, A.E. Martell, Chem. Rev. 89 (1989) 1875.), where E and C are empirical parameters representing the tendencies of the acids (‘a’) and bases (‘b’) towards ionic and covalent bonding respectively. Correlations involving Δ G (DFT) for the reactions for L = H 2 S allow for prediction of log K 1 (R 2 S) for complexes of thioethers (R = CH 2 CH 2 OH). The importance of predicted log K 1 (NH 3 ) values lies in the fact that log K 1 for polydentate N-donor ligands correlates with log K 1 (NH 3 ) for a series of metal ions, so that log K 1 (NH 3 ) for any metal ion is an important consideration in ligand design. In the case of saturated N-donor ligands, this is a simple linear relationship, which suggests that saturated N-donors could lead to high Am(III)/Ln(III) selectivities. For ligands that contain pyridyl-type donors, such as 1,10-phenanthroline or terpyridyl, the correlation of log K 1 with log K 1 (NH 3 ) is separated into two linear relations for M(II) and M(III) ions, with M(III) ions having lower affinity for pyridyl donors than do M(II) ions of similar log K 1 (NH 3 ). The low slope of, for example, log K 1 (terpyridyl) versus log K 1 (NH 3 ) for M(III) ions suggests that ligands based only on pyridyl-type donor groups may not be able to produce large Am(III)/Ln(III) selectivities. The calculations on thioether complexes also suggest that such weakly basic S-donors would produce only weak Am(III)/Ln(III) selectivity, but that more strongly basic thiol-type donors might produce larger selectivities.
Pseudo Left Axis Deviation and the S1S2S3 Syndrome in Chronic Airway Obstruction

Pseudo left axis deviation (not true left axis deviation) and the syndrome are infrequently reported electrocardiographic findings in chronic airway obstruction. One hundred fifty-eight patients with severe chronic airway obstruction documented by pulmonary function testing were evaluated for these electrocardiographic findings. Pseudo left axis deviation was found in 23 patients (15 percent), and the S 1 S 2 S 3 syndrome was found in 14 patients (9 percent). The electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic findings are illustrated.
Suppression of lasing by stimulated Raman scattering in microdroplets

Partial suppression of lasing by intense stimulated Raman scattering of ethanol in a 10−4 M Rhodamine 6G-doped ethanol droplet can be observed at high input-laser intensity when the Raman signal overlaps with the lasing spectrum. Extra stimulated emission of the Rhodamine 6G caused by stimulated Raman scattering of ethanol can saturate the Rhodamine 6G lasing gain to below threshold.
A shielding design for an accelerator-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy

Abstract Research in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) at The Ohio State University Nuclear Engineering Department has been primarily focused on delivering a high quality neutron field for use in BNCT using an accelerator-based neutron source (ABNS). An ABNS for BNCT is composed of a proton accelerator, a high-energy beam transport system, a 7Li target, a target heat removal system (HRS), a moderator assembly, and a treatment room. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the advantages of a shielded moderator assembly design, in terms of material requirements necessary to adequately protect radiation personnel located outside a treatment room for BNCT, over an unshielded moderator assembly design.
Report on cosmic terrestrial studies

The measurements of the field-intensities of radio station WBBM, Chicago, have been continued in the Boston Area. With the departure of Dr. G. W. Kenrick for Puerto Rico, and the subsequent interruption of the series carried on by him at Tufts College, Medford, Massachusetts, the recorder was set up again in Cambridge—temporarily at the Institute of Geographical Exploration in the spring of 1935. The apparatus was removed to Waban, Massachusetts, November 1, 1935, as the receiving conditions in this suburb avoided certain local interferences that had proved troublesome. Records have been maintained continuously in Waban from that date. The apparatus was modified to the extent of introducing an automatic time-switch that would connect and disconnect both the recorder and the receiver at appropriate hours for covering a whole night's program. Field-intensities have grown in general constantly lower with the present rise in sunspot-numbers. During the extraordinary activity of the Sun in late January and early February, 1937, field-strengths were so low as to be below the threshold-value of the recorder, but recovery came in ten days after this peak in maximum solar activity. Records are being reduced, and will be given more complete discussion at a later date.
Patterns of duality in N = 1 SUSY gauge theories

Abstract We study the patterns in the duality of a wide class of N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions. We present many new generalizations of the classic duality models of Kutasov and Schwimmer, which have themselves been generalized numerous times in works of Intriligator, Leigh and the present authors. All of these models contain one or two fields in a two-index tensor representation, along with fields in the defining representation. The superpotential for the two-index tensor(s) resembles A k or D k singularity forms, generalized from numbers to matrices. Looking at the ensemble of these models, classifying them by superpotential, gauge group, and “level”, we identify emerging patterns.
Analysis of an approximate gradient projection method with applications to the backpropagation algorithm

We analyze the convergence of an approximate gradient projection method for minimizing the sum of continuously differentiable functions over a nonempty closed convex set. In this method, the functions are aggregated and, at each iteration, a succession of gradient steps, one for each of the aggregate functions, is applied and the result is projected onto the convex set. We show that if the gradients of the functions are bounded and Lipschitz continuous over a certain level set and the stepsizes are chosen to be proportional to a certain residual squared or to be square summable, then every cluster point of the iterates is a stationary point. We apply these results to the backpropagation algorithm to obtain new deterministic convergence results for this algorithm. We also discuss the issues of parallel implementation and give a simple criterion for choosing the aggregation.
Attenuated Hypothesis or Attenuated Test of Hypothesis

Abstract After discussing several of the criticisms made by Professor Jensen, it is concluded that the Spearman hypothesis, as currently worded, has been disconfirmed. The near-zero correlation between blacks and low socio-economic status (SES) whites is not an artifact of the methodology. Neither is it a sampling fluke. The logic of sampling error does not apply to the arbitrary selection of intercorrelated tests from an undefined population. It is important also that low and high SES white differences are highly correlate with general factor loadings in a very heterogeneous selection of tests. Research attention should be turned to the difference in outcome of the race and SES comparisons.
Orbit cardinals: On the effective cardinalities arising as quotient spaces of the formX/G whereG acts on a Polish spaceX

We prove an Ulm-type classification theorem for actions inL(ℝ), thereby answering a question of Becker and Kechris, and investigate the effective cardinalities which can be induced by various classes of Polish groups.
Wavelength dependent mask defects

For years there has been a mismatch between the photomask inspection wavelength and the usage conditions. While the non-actinic inspection has been a source for concern, there has been essentially no evidence that a defect "escaped" the mask production process due to the inspection mismatch. This paper will describe the discovery of one such defect, as well as the diagnostic and inspection techniques used to identify the location, analyze the composition, and determine the source of the printed wafer defect. Conventional mask inspection techniques revealed no defects, however an actinic Aerial Image Metrology System (AIMS) revealed a 1.5 mm region on the mask with up to 59% transmission reduction at 193 nm. Further diagnostics demonstrated a strong wavelength dependence which accounted for the near invisibility of the defect at I line (365 nm) or even DUV (248 nm) wavelengths, which had 0% and 5% respective transmission reductions. Using some creative imaging techniques via AIMS tool and modeling, the defect was deduced to have a three dimensional Gaussian absorption character, with total width approximately 1.5 mm. Several non-destructive diagnostic techniques were developed to determine the composition and location of the defect within the substrate. These results will be described in addition to identifying methods for ensuring product quality in the absence of actinic inspection.
Determination of sea ice motion using digital SAR imagery

Using digital SEASAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, high-precision densely sampled maps of ice motion have been derived by tracking ice features to determine the small-scale spatial variability of ice deformation. The digital SAR imagery was processed to remove geometric distortions and located on the Earth to an accuracy of about 100 m utilizing an algorithm based on the spacecraft orbital data and the characteristics of the SAR data collection system, independent of attitude information or ground reference points. Radiometric enhancement of the imagery using a variable linear stretch algorithm was performed to remove a system-related gradient and improve the identification of sea ice features. Using ice features common to an overlapping pair of images, vector plots of ice motion were then produced. Examples of ice motion are shown in the marginal ice zone and in the central ice pack where mean displacements of 15.3 km/day and 5.0 km/day were measured, respectively. Considering errors in Earth location with those in feature identification an overall error of 150-200 m in displacement measurements was estimated. The ice motion vector plots indicate a high degree of spatial deformation, demonstrating the potential value of spaceborne SAR data for production of precision large-scale maps of ice displacement with a spatial resolution of ice deformation on scales much less than 100 km.
Efficient intra-node communication on Intel-MIC clusters

Accelerators and coprocessors have become a key component in modern supercomputing systems due to the superior performance per watt that they offer. Intel's Xeon Phi coprocessor packs up to 1 TFLOP of double precision performance in a single chip while providing x86 compatibility and supporting popular programming models like MPI and OpenMP. This makes it an attractive choice for accelerating HPC applications. The Xeon Phi provides several channels for communication between MPI processes running on the coprocessor and the host. While supporting POSIX shared memory within the coprocessor, it exposes a low level API called the Symmetric Communication Interface (SCIF) that gives direct control of the DMA engine to the user. SCIF can also be used for communication between the coprocessor and the host. Xeon Phi also provides an implementation of the InfiniBand (IB) Verbs interface that enables a direct communication link with the InfiniBand adapter for communication between the coprocessor and the host. In this paper, we propose and evaluate design alternatives for efficient communication on a node with Xeon Phi coprocessor. We incorporate our designs in the popular MVAPICH2 MPI library. We use shared memory, IB Verbs and SCIF to design a hybrid solution that improves the MPI communication latency from Xeon Phi to the Host by 70%, for 4MByte messages, compared to an out-of-the-box version of MVAPICH2. Our solution delivers more than 6x improvement in peak uni-directional bandwidth from Xeon Phi to the Host and more than 3x improvement in bi-directional bandwidth. Through our designs, we are able to improve the performance of 16 process Gather, Alltoall and All gather collective operations by 70%, 85% and 80%, respectively, for 4MB messages. We further evaluate our designs using application benchmarks and show improvements of up to 18% with a 3D Stencil kernel and up to 11.5% with the P3DFFT library.
From outsider to insider: queer politics in German film, 1970-94

Scant serious criticism of German queer - lesbian and gay male — film has been pursued. This article traces the narrative and political evolution of queer German 'coming-out' films through the four-stage cycle typical of genre films. This analysis is sketched in the context of New German Cinema - as auteur film, as response to the mistrust inculcated by Hitler-era propaganda film making, and as affected by the terrorist paranoia of 1970s West German society. The four stages of genre films — primitive, classical, revisionist and parodic — are examined through examples taken from both gay male and lesbian film makers.
Sebaceous neoplasia and the Muir–Torre syndrome: important connections with clinical implications

Sebaceous neoplasia comprises a spectrum ranging from benign to malignant. Proper histological identification is important for treatment, prognosis and potential association with the Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS). Our increased understanding of the significance and pathogenesis of these tumours has led to improved risk stratification, screening recommendations, and treatment of patients with an initial presentation of a sebaceous tumour. This review focuses on the diagnostic and histological features of sebaceous lesions, the MTS, and recent insights into the molecular pathogenesis of sebaceous tumours.
Identification of the critical timing of sex determination in Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) for use in toxicological studies

Daphnia are often used as test organisms to determine toxicity of chemicals found in the environment. Fecundity and mortality are the classic endpoints in such tests; however, there is increased interest in other sub-lethal endpoints. Most Daphnia reproduce by cyclic parthenogenesis, typically repro- ducing asexually to produce genetically identical females. Environmental cues trigger the production of males allowing for sexual reproduction. This ability to switch reproductive strategies has been increasingly used as a bioassay endpoint in screens for sub-lethal effects of contaminants. In order to optimize such test, it is necessary to know when sex is determined during Daphnia development. A pre- vious study using the insect juvenile hormone methyl farnesoate has shown that sex determination occurred during the egg maturation period in Daphnia. Our study exposed female Daphnia magna carrying eggs and embryos at different stages of maturation, to the insecticide toxaphene to determine if the timing of sex determination is similarly influenced by a pesti- cide. Our results suggest that in response to toxa- phene exposure sex is determined in the immature oocyte, before the final maturation cleavage, and before the developing egg is extruded into the brood chamber. Thus, sex determination is transgeneration- al, being determined while the egg is still immature and in the mother's ovary.
Flux of aquatic insect productivity to land: comparison of lentic and lotic ecosystems

Recently, food web studies have started exploring how resources from one habitat or ecosystem influence trophic interactions in a recipient ecosystem. Benthic production in lakes and streams can be exported to terrestrial habitats via emerging aquatic insects and can therefore link aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we develop a general conceptual model that highlights zoobenthic production, insect emergence, and ecosystem geometry (driven principally by area-to-edge ratio) as important factors modulating the flux of aquatic production across the ecosystem boundary. Emerging insect flux, defined as total insect production emerging per meter of shoreline (g C x m(-1) x yr(-1)) is then distributed inland using decay functions and is used to estimate insect deposition rate to terrestrial habitats (g C x m(-2) x yr(-1)). Using empirical data from the literature, we simulate insect fluxes across the water-land ecosystem boundary to estimate the distribution of fluxes and insect deposition inland for lakes and streams. In general, zoobenthos in streams are more productive than in lakes (6.67 vs. 1.46 g C x m(-2) x yr(-1)) but have lower insect emergence to aquatic production ratios (0.19 vs. 0.30). However, as stream width is on average smaller than lake radius, this results in flux (F) estimates 2 1/2 times greater for lakes than for streams. Ultimately, insect deposition onto land (within 100 m of shore) adjacent to average-sized lakes (10-ha lakes, 0.021 g C x m(-2) x yr(-1)) is greater than for average-sized streams (4 m width, 0.002 g C x m(-2) x yr(-1)) used in our comparisons. For the average lake (both in size and productivity), insect deposition rate approaches estimates of terrestrial secondary production in low-productivity ecosystems (e.g., deserts and tundra, approximately 0.07 g C x m(-2) x yr(-1)). However, larger lakes (1300 ha) and streams (16 m) can have average insect deposition rates (approximately 0.01-2.4 g C x m(-2) x yr(-1)) comparable to estimates of secondary production of more productive ecosystems such as grasslands. Because of the potentially large inputs of emerging aquatic insects into terrestrial habitats, ecosystem processes and terrestrial consumers can be influenced by insect inputs. The relative contribution of lakes and streams to this flux will vary among landscapes depending on the number and size of these ecosystems types on the landscape.
Late Merger of Degree Clauses

In this article, we propose that degree heads and degree clauses form a constituent not at the point where the degree head is merged, but after QR of the degree head and countercyclic merger of the degree clause. We derive a generalization originally outlined in Williams 1974 that the scope of the comparative degree quantifier is exactly as high as the site of attachment of the degree clause. This generalization is shown to follow from the derivational mechanism of countercyclic merger and a semantic property of the comparative degree head, namely, its nonconservativity.
Assessment of cerebral blood flow by means of blood-flow-volume measurement in the internal carotid artery: comparative study with a 133xenon clearance technique.

Background and Purpose— We sought to evaluate a new, angle-independent ultrasonic device for assessment of blood flow volume (BFV) in the internal carotid artery (ICA). Methods— Nineteen patients and 4 healthy volunteers were enrolled in a comparative study conducted in the Care Unit of the Division of Neurosurgery at UCLA Medical Center. All patients had been admitted because of severe brain injury: 15 patients with severe head trauma (Glasgow Coma Scale score≤8) and 4 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysm rupture. In all patients and subjects, cerebral blood flow (CBF) values obtained with the 133xenon-clearance technique were compared with BFV measurements in the ipsilateral ICA. Results— Hemispheric CBF values showed a close and linear correlation with BFV measurements (r=0.76, P<0.0001). Global CBF values showed a higher correlation with the total BFV value obtained from both ICAs (r=0.84, P<0.0001). With 37 mL · min−1 · 100 g−1 as a cutoff value for the ischemic range, a BFV value of...
Tobacco-cessation services and patient satisfaction in nine nonprofit HMOs

Background The U.S. Public Health Service clinical practice guideline calls for clinicians and healthcare organizations to identify and treat every tobacco user seen in a healthcare setting. There is little information on the extent of compliance with the guideline's treatment model described by the "5A's" (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange). Methods In 1999–2000 a survey was mailed to 64,764 members aged 25 to 75 years, of nine nonprofit HMOs participating in the National Cancer Institute-funded Cancer Research Network. These plans provide medical care to more than 8 million Americans including a minority enrollment of 30%. Smokers were asked about tobacco-cessation treatments received during primary care visits in the past year. Results A 70% response rate identified a smoking prevalence of 10% ( n =4207). Results indicated that 90% of smokers were asked about smoking, 71% were advised to quit, 56% were assessed for their willingness to quit, 49% received assistance interventions, and 9% had follow-up arranged. Treatment was provided more often to smokers who asked for help and/or intended to quit. Few and only modest associations were found between other patient characteristics and receipt of 5A's cessation services. In contrast to widely reported concerns about smokers' resistance to tobacco interventions, smokers who received treatment were more satisfied with health plan services. Conclusions Results demonstrate substantial clinician compliance with the first two steps—Ask and Advise. Greater efforts are needed in providing the more effective tobacco treatments—Assist and Arrange. Compliance with the guideline is associated with greater patient satisfaction.
Mathematical models of the transitions between endocrine therapy responsive and resistant states in breast cancer

Endocrine therapy, targeting the oestrogen receptor pathway, is the most common treatment for oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. Unfortunately, these tumours frequently develop resistance to endocrine therapies. Among the strategies to treat resistant tumours are sequential treatment (in which second-line drugs are used to gain additional responses) and intermittent treatment (in which a ‘drug holiday’ is imposed between treatments). To gain a more rigorous understanding of the mechanisms underlying these strategies, we present a mathematical model that captures the transitions among three different, experimentally observed, oestrogen-sensitivity phenotypes in breast cancer (sensitive, hypersensitive and independent). To provide a global view of the transitions between these phenotypes, we compute the potential landscape associated with the model. We show how this oestrogen response landscape can be reshaped by population selection, which is a crucial force in promoting acquired resistance. Techniques from statistical physics are used to create a population-level state-transition model from the cellular-level model. We then illustrate how this population-level model can be used to analyse and optimize sequential and intermittent oestrogen-deprivation protocols for breast cancer. The approach used in this study is general and can also be applied to investigate treatment strategies for other types of cancer.
A Proposed Digital Rights Management System for 3D Graphics Using Biometric Watermarks

This paper proposes a new DRM system for 3D graphics that makes use of biometric watermarking technology. The presented solution utilizes an image of a biometric trait e.g. face or fingerprint, and embeds it into the 3D graphics as a watermark. This biometric watermark is then used to authenticate a legitimate user. Details for the components of the DRM framework are presented. Adoption of biometric watermarking allows the DRM system to provide consumers unrestricted access to the graphics along with limiting graphics content access to only legitimate users, thereby protecting artists from large scale online piracy. A detailed survey of existing DRM solutions for 3D graphics is provided to identify the limitations of each implementation which offers either restrictive content usage scenarios or is ineffective in preventing unauthorized usage.