cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood biomarkers for dementia in Hispanic and non-Hispanic White adults

Introduction The study evaluated if blood markers reflecting diverse biological pathways differentiate clinical diagnostic groups among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White adults. Methods Within Hispanic (n = 1193) and non-Hispanic White (n = 650) participants, serum total tau (t-tau), neurofilament light (NfL), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase LI, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), soluble cluster of differentiation-14, and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) were quantified. Mixed-effects partial proportional odds ordinal logistic regression and linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the association of biomarkers with diagnostic group and cognition, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, apolipoprotein E e4, education, and site. Results T-tau, NfL, GFAP, and YKL-40 discriminated between diagnostic groups (receiver operating curve: 0.647-0.873). Higher t-tau (odds ratio [OR] = 1.671, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.457-1.917, P < .001), NfL (OR = 2.150, 95% CI = 1.819-2.542, P < .001), GFAP (OR = 2.283, 95% CI = 1.915-2.722, P < .001), and YKL-40 (OR = 1.288, 95% CI = 1.125-1.475, P < .001) were associated with increased likelihood of dementia relative to cognitively unimpaired and mild cognitive impairment groups. Higher NfL was associated with poorer global cognition (β = -0.455, standard error [SE] = 0.083, P < .001), semantic fluency (β = -0.410, SE = 0.133, P = .002), attention/processing speed (β = 2.880, SE = 0.801, P < .001), and executive function (β = 5.965, SE = 2.037, P = .003). Higher GFAP was associated with poorer global cognition (β = -0.345, SE = 0.092, P = .001), learning (β = -1.426, SE = 0.359, P < .001), and memory (β = -0.890, SE = 0.266, P < .001). Higher YKL-40 (β = -0.537, SE = 0.186, P = .004) was associated with lower memory scores. Interactions with ethnicity were observed for learning (NfL, GFAP, YKL-40), memory (NfL, GFAP), and semantic fluency (NfL; interaction terms P < .008), which were generally no longer significant in a demographically matched subset of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White participants. Discussion Blood biomarkers of neuronal/axonal and glial injury differentiated between clinical diagnostic groups in a bi-ethnic cohort of Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites. Our results add to the growing literature indicating that blood biomarkers may be viable tools for detecting neurodegenerative conditions and highlight the importance of validation in diverse cohorts.
Black Beauty: Womanist Consciousness as a Protective Factor in Black Women’s Body Image Satisfaction:

Black American women are exposed to mainstream beauty standards, which may have implications for body image satisfaction. Given that beauty standards are often based on idealized depictions of Whit...
Predicting traffic demand during hurricane evacuation using Real-time data from transportation systems and social media

Abstract In recent times, hurricanes Matthew, Harvey, and Irma have disrupted the lives of millions of people across multiple states in the United States. Under hurricane evacuation, efficient traffic operations can maximize the use of transportation infrastructure, reducing evacuation time and stress due to massive congestion. Evacuation traffic prediction is critical to plan for effective traffic management strategies. However, due to the complex and dynamic nature of evacuation participation, predicting evacuation traffic demand long ahead of the actual evacuation is a very challenging task. Real-time information from various sources can significantly help us reliably predict evacuation demand. In this study, we use traffic sensor and Twitter data during hurricanes Matthew and Irma to predict traffic demand during evacuation for a longer forecasting horizon (greater than 1 h). We present a machine learning approach using Long-Short Term Memory Neural Networks (LSTM-NN), trained over real-world traffic data during hurricane evacuation (hurricanes Irma and Matthew) using different combinations of input features and forecast horizons. We compare our prediction results against a baseline prediction and existing machine learning models. Results show that the proposed model can predict traffic demand during evacuation well up to 24 h ahead. The proposed LSTM-NN model can significantly benefit future evacuation traffic management.
Photonic Integration for Low Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) Remote Gas Spectroscopy

Subsystem operation of a photonic integrated circuit for low size, weight, and power remote gas sensing was demonstrated. Precision lidar system specifications for laser tuning, photodiode bandwidth and pulse extinction ratio were satisfied. A twentyfold improvement in long-term laser frequency stability was achieved.
Chapter 12. Prenatal Analysis of Human DNA-Sequence Variation

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the prenatal analysis of human DNA-sequence variation. The complexity of the human genome, consisting of over 3 billion base pairs per haploid chromosome set is responsible primarily for difficulties in making straightforward genetic diagnoses at the DNA-sequence level. Restriction enzymes are endonucleases that recognize and incise DNA strands at precisely defined short nucleotide sequences. These enzymes are purified from a variety of microorganisms in which they serve as a barrier against the intrusion of foreign DNAs. The existence of quantitative variation reflects the existence in eukaryotic genomes of sequences that are present in multiple copies. It is found that in the case of the α-globin gene family, deletion of all four α-globin genes, which results in hydrops fetalis, can be readily detected by the total absence of any fragments available to hybridize with the characteristic pattern and specificity of genomic α-globin DNA. Deletions with the human γδβ-globin gene complex are associated with rare thalassemias. It is concluded that a very large number of DNA-sequencing polymorphisms should exist in the human population. It is suggested that with the identification of several hundred restriction fragment length polymorphisms at arbitrary sites, most disease loci would be closely linked.
A Comparison of Analogous Semiconductor and Gaseous Electronics Devices

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparison of analogous semiconductor and gaseous electronics devices. The purpose is to review the fundamental theory and actual performance of those semiconductor devices that are most analogous to gas tubes. This is done by making comparisons of gaseous and solid-state conduction processes and of the electrical ratings of existing devices. In addition, maximum electrical ratings are predicted for the semiconductor devices. These predictions are theoretical and are based on known physical principles, on characteristics of semiconducting materials, and to some extent on present techniques of device preparation.. In the chapter, the fundamentals of conduction processes in semiconductors and gases are discussed and compared. It reviews the operating principles of junction devices. In the chapter, semiconductor devices that are either commercially available or have been reported in the literature are compared to equivalent gas tubes. A discussion of the theoretical limits to voltage, current density, and power dissipation in junction devices are given in the chapter. Throughout the chapter, the discussion is limited to germanium and silicon devices.
Renal arterial duplex Doppler ultrasound in dogs with urinary obstruction.

Recent clinical studies using duplex Doppler sonography identified an alteration in renal arterial blood flow in obstructed hydronephrotic kidneys that reportedly can be used to distinguish obstructive from nonobstructive collecting system dilatation. We attempted to verify these clinical findings and establish the temporal relationship of the alteration in the Doppler spectrum to the onset of urinary obstruction by evaluating surgically induced urinary obstruction in dogs. We performed laparotomies on 11 dogs, with the left ureter isolated and ligated in five dogs, and left intact in six dogs (control group). Duplex Doppler examination of the left renal arteries performed nine times during the first postoperative month identified a statistically significant difference (p less than .05) in the Doppler resistive index calculation between the two groups on days 1, 2, 4, and week 4. A resistive index discriminatory threshold of 0.7 (greater than 0.7, obstructed; less than 0.7, nonobstructed) produced a test sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 77%. We conclude from our study that renal arterial duplex Doppler sonography can detect a change in renal perfusion as a result of urinary obstruction and that this change can be detected as early as 24 hours after obstruction. However, high false-positive and false-negative rates may limit the ability of this modality to reliably distinguish obstructive from nonobstructive collecting system dilatation.
New Decomposition and Convexification Methods for Nonconvex Large-Scale Primal-Dual Optimization

In this short paper, we propose a new augumented Lagrangian function for the nonconvex equality-constrained optimization problem, and present an iterative method for solving it. If the problem is separable, then so is the proposed Lagrangian function and the iterative method may take advantage of decomposition. Unlike the earlier methods for nonconvex decomposition, the ratio of convergence for this method can be made arbitrarily small.
Finding Eigenfunctions Using Time-Domain Simulation

This chapter contains sections titled: Finding the Eigenenergies and Eigenfunctions in One Dimension Finding the Eigenfunctions of Two-Dimensional Structures Finding a Complete Set of Eigenfunctions Exercises References
Children's Evaluative Stereotypes of Masculine, Feminine, and Androgynous First Names

This study examined children's evaluative stereotypes of masculine, feminine , and androgynous first names. Attractive and unattractive masculine, feminine, and androgynous first names were presented to 50 primary school children. The gender-typed names were attributed to the appropriate sex; the androgynous names were repeated and attributed to both sexes. Participants were required to evaluate the names using a series of 20 bipolar adjectives that were later summed to give an overall evaluation score. Results showed that evaluations we re significantly influenced by the gender typing of the names and the sex of the participants but not by the attractiveness of the name. The results are discussed in terms of existing research and theory.
Stability of linear forms in independent random variables in Banach spaces

Abstract : In the present paper we study the almost sure stability and the stability in probability of linear forms in independent random vectors taking values in a real separable Banach space E.
The low sensitivity of fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR in the detection of multiple sclerosis of the spinal cord

PURPOSE To confirm the expected superiority of fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) over conventional fast spin-echo MR imaging in the detection of multiple sclerosis (MS) of the spinal cord. METHODS Fifteen subjects with known MS involving the spinal cord and brain were studied prospectively. The entire cord was imaged with a phased-array coil on a 1.5-T MR system. Sagittal T1-weighted and fast spin-echo proton density- and T2-weighted images were followed by fast FLAIR images. FLAIR parameters were varied to optimize lesion conspicuity with optimal inversion times (TIs) ranging from 2400 to 2600. Lesion conspicuity and detection were compared between the fast spin-echo and FLAIR images by three radiologists who reached agreement by consensus. RESULTS The FLAIR technique effectively suppressed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signal and reduced CSF pulsation and truncation artifacts in all cases. Shorter imaging parameters (repetition time of 4000 to 6000, TI of 1500 to 2000) uniformly decreased lesion conspicuity in all subjects. Of 11 cord lesions in five subjects imaged with the longer parameters (repetition time of 8000 to 11,000, TI of 2400 to 2600), three were not seen on FLAIR images, four were less conspicuous on FLAIR images, and four were seen equally or better on FLAIR images. CONCLUSION Although successful in suppressing CSF signal and reducing imaging artifacts, fast FLAIR imaging appears unreliable in the detection of MS lesions in the spinal cord.
Coffee Consumption and Cardiovascular Health

Coffee is the most widely consumed beverage worldwide and is only second to water drinking and is consumed by 83% of adults in the United States. The long-held controversy regarding the association of coffee consumption with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and hypertension has been reversed by several recent prospective cohort studies and meta-analyses, which have demonstrated that coffee consumption is not associated with increased incidence of CVDs and hypertension and instead it could have a beneficial effect. To get a better understanding of the effects of coffee consumption on cardiovascular health, a Medline search of the English language literature was conducted from 2010 to early 2015 and 25 pertinent reports with information on the effects of coffee drinking, the incidence of CVDs, and hypertension and its mechanism of action were selected for inclusion in this commentary. These studies have shown either a neutral or beneficial effect of coffee on cardiovascular health. In conclusion, coffee is safe to drink by both normal subjects and by those with preexisting CVDs and hypertension.
To D or not to D? On estimating the microenvironment polarity of biomolecular cavities.

Knowledge of the local polarity of specific cavities in biopolymers can facilitate the design of selective low MW ligands that impact the structure and function of macromolecules. The most common tools for interrogating local polarity are fluorescent probes that are sensitive to their microenvironment. Researchers often evaluate and express this local polarity using dielectric constants, a parameter that reflects an inherent bulk property. A more appropriate expression should take into account solvent–solute interactions at the molecular level. Reevaluation of commonly used fluorophores illustrates the improved correlation between observed Stokes shift changes and ET(30) values as compared to the corresponding dielectric constants.
Biosynthesis of Oligosaccharide-Lipid in Streptococcus sanguis

An oligosaccharide-lipid containing N-acetyl d-glucosamine (GlcNAc), l-rhamnose, and d-glucose was synthesized when the particulate enzyme from Streptococcus sanguis was incubated with UDP-GlcNAc, TDP-rhamnose, and UDP-glucose. The incorporation of d-glucose into the lipid was dependent on the preincorporation of l-rhamnose, which in turn was dependent on that of GlcNAc. This indicates that the order of sugar incorporation is GlcNAc, l-rhamnose, and d-glucose. The synthesis of GlcNAc-lipid was stimulated twofold by ATP and was inhibited strongly by UDP and slightly by UMP, CDP, and TDP, but not by all other nucleoside diphosphates and nucleoside monophosphates tested. A [gamma-(32)P]ATP labeling experiment indicated that some acceptor lipid was present in nonphosphorylated form. The acid and alkaline stabilities of the GlcNAc-lipid were similar to those of glycosyl undecaprenylphosphate, and the thin-layer chromatographic mobility of the lipid was slightly faster than that of the mannosylphosphorylundecaprenol. The molar ratio of phosphate to GlcNAc in purified GlcNAc-lipid was found to be 0.96:1. These results suggested that the GlcNAc was attached to the lipid moiety, presumably undecaprenol, by phosphodiester bonds. The incorporation of l-rhamnose into the lipid was inhibited by UDP and UMP, respectively, in a manner similar to the incorporation of GlcNAc. This suggested that the oligosaccharide was also linked to the lipid moiety by phosphodiester bonds.
Research on Language and Power: Talking Empowerment?

Researching Language: Issues of Power and Method. Deborah Cameron. Elizabeth Frazer. Penelope Harvey. M.B.H. Rampton. and Kay Richardson. London/New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1992.148 pp. Talking Power: The Politics of Language. Robin Tolmach Lakoff. New York: Basic Books, 1990. 324 pp. Power in Family Discourse. Richard J. Watts. Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 63. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. 299 pp.
Cerebral thrombolysis in the patient suffering from acute stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. Intervention in the patient suffering from acute stroke now includes thrombolytic therapy. Intravenous (IV) thrombolytic therapy is becoming widely applied with somewhat varying results. Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy has the theoretical advantage of decreasing the overall dose of fibrinolytic agent in an effort to reduce the likelihood of cerebral hemorrhage. The imaging evaluation of the patient suffering from acute stroke before thrombolysis is summarized followed by a review of the currently available data on IV and intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy. In addition, the technical aspects of intra-arterial thrombolysis are highlighted. Although the results of cerebral intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute stroke are encouraging, the data are premature and await controlled clinical trials including comparison with IV therapy.
Fabrication of Dense Arrays of Platinum Nanowires on Silica, Alumina, Zirconia and Ceria Surfaces as 2-D Model Catalysts

High-density arrays of platinum nanowires with dimensions 20 nm × 5 nm × 12 μm (width × height × length) have been produced on planar oxide thin films of silica, alumina, zirconia, and ceria. In this multi-step fabrication process, sub-20 nm single crystalline silicon nanowires were fabricated by size reduction lithography. The Si nanowire patterns were then replicated to produce a high density of Pt nanowires by nanoimprint lithography. The width and height of the Pt nanowires are uniform and are controlled with nanometer precision. The Pt surface area is larger than 2 cm2 on a 5 × 5 cm2 oxide substrate. The catalytic oxidation of CO was carried out on zirconia-supported Pt nanowires. The reaction conditions (100 Torr O2, 40 Torr CO, 513–593 K) and vacuum annealing (1023 K) did not change the nanowire structures.
Identifying molecular complexes in biological networks through context sensitive network querying

The complicated interactions among numerous cellular constituents play important roles in carrying out essential functions in cells. Recent studies have shown that protein complexes and signaling pathways, conducting similar cellular functions, are often conserved across networks of different species, as a result of which, homologous cellular constituents and interactions are found across species. Network querying aims to detect such conserved network regions in a target biological network that are homologous to a known biomolecular complex that is used as a query. Identifying conserved complexes through network querying provides an effective and cost-efficient way of annotating novel biological networks as it can allow one to computationally predict putative biomolecular complexes in a large scale. In this work, we propose an efficient network querying algorithm based on a context-sensitive random walk model and an efficient seed and extension approach. We first select the seed region in the target network by based on node correspondence scores between the query and target nodes using a context-sensitive random walk model. The seed network is extended by incorporating the node that maximally minimizes the conductance of the network. Network extension continues until the conductance of the network cannot be further reduced or a prespecified size limit is reached. Finally, nodes that do not interact with any other nodes in the network are removed to get the final querying result. Through extensive querying simulations using more than 900 biological complexes, we demonstrate that the proposed method can more accurately identify conserved biological complexes than the current state-of-the-art algorithms.
Tafkaa atmospheric correction of hyperspectral data

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Patient Attitudes Related to Some Problems in Psychiatric Architecture

Summary-Interviews were used to elicit artitudes and opinions of openward patients concerning the physical and socio-psychological menral hospital environment. Some particular problems discussed are: (a) the psychological influence of maximum security measures, (b) ward size, (c) dining and sleeping arrangements, (d) the use of concentrated vs dispersed wards, (e) the "refuge effect" of a comforrable hospital, and (f) aesthetic considerations. The results indicated that the physical plant and faciliries, including a large variety of activities, are important to patients. In addition, parient-perceived qualities of a good hospital, hospital purposes, and recent trends in hospital design are discussed. Most of the recent approaches to patient treatment and psychiatric hospital design are based on the assumption that there is a positive relationship between the degree of patient activity and social interaction, on one hand, and clinical improvement on the other; and that physical and social conditions which lead to greater activity and greater socializing will have therapeutic value. Some investigators of hospital design have stated chat persons invariably respond to the physical and emotional aunosphere of their surroundings and that in the details of these surroundings lie the potentialities of varying degrees of sacisfaction (Keane, 1957; Stainbrook, 1957 ) . The contemporary mode of thought has tended to favor an environment which is small, comfortable, familiar, simple, and personal, as opposed to a larger, complex, more impersonal, and instimtional setting. One might conclude from this that the improving patient is an individual who is satisfied, active, and relatively happy. It follows, then, since a contented patient is desirable, that those aspects of the hospital which the patient himself prefers should be taken rnro consideration. Admittedly, "what the patient prefers" and "what is good for him" may be inconsistent. However, in cases where arbitrary decisions are to resolve a designing problem, patient preferences should be of greatest value. The first purpose of this research was to elicit patient attirudes, opinions, and preferences concerning some problems in psychiatric architecture. The second purpose was to attempt to evaluate the relative importance of the physical vs the socio-psychological environment of
Within-trial modulation of multi-digit forces to friction

Tactile signals from the fingertips play a crucial role in the planning and control of object manipulations. Specifically, subjects adapt their digit forces to the object physical properties, including the friction at the object surface, to perform object manipulation while preventing slipping or dropping. This study addressed the adaptation of multi-digit forces to friction that occurs within a trial (from contact to onset of object manipulation) and across trials. Ten healthy participants were instructed to grasp, lift, hold, and release a grip device with five digits under four texture conditions: (1) all digits on rayon (R-R), (2) all digits on sandpaper (S-S), (3) thumb on sandpaper and fingers on rayon (S-R), and (4) thumb on rayon and fingers on sandpaper (R-S). Changing the texture conditions elicited significant changes from object contact to lift onset on digit normal force and center of pressure, as well as on the safety margins and force sharing patterns, e.g., normal forces exerted by each finger expressed as percentage of thumb normal forces. Furthermore, these friction effects were found on the very first trial and were observed throughout the remainder of the trials, thus indicating that force adaptation occurred within the first manipulation. Finally, a highly linear relation between the safety margin at object lift onset and object hold confirmed that digit force adaptation to friction occurred before object lift onset. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of tactile input in force modulation during the early phase of multi-digit grasping.
Origins of life: How leaky were primitive cells?

If the first cells were simple vesicles, how did nutrients cross their membranes without help from transport proteins? A model of a primitive cell suggests that early membranes were surprisingly permeable.
Variation for Tuber Greening in the Diploid Wild Potato Solanum Microdontum

Greening of the tuber skin is an undesirable defect in fresh and processed potato. Tubers of 92 Solanum microdontum families represented by 12 individuals each were generated in the winter greenhouse in 2009–2010. These were evaluated in two trials of family bulks after 4 days of exposure to 200 ft candles of fluorescent white light at room temperature, similar to that observed in local grocery stores, and according to preliminary tests, able to turn some microdontum tubers very green. A qualitative score of green (G) or white (W) was assigned to each tuber. Tubers of about 10 % of families were scored as mostly W. In comparison, when 185 named Solanum tuberosum cultivars were illuminated in the same way, none from Europe or North America scored W. Two replicates of G and W individual tubers were selected from a variety of microdontum families and planted to create a new clonal generation of tubers. Those second generation daughter tubers showed a response to illumination which was consistent with that of the previous clonal generation. Finally, W and G clones were selected and mated. All GxG hybrids were uniformly G, but only three WxW crosses produced families that were nearly uniformly W. Thus some selections were shown to have consistent non-greening over trials spaced in time, over a clonal generation, and, when crossed together produced pure non-greening progeny. On the other hand, several very green selections similarly were consistently very green over time, clonal regeneration, and intermating. Tests of tuber tissue for glycoalkaloids showed that some illuminated clones neither green nor accumulate glycoalkaloids. These materials would make good models for further study of inheritance and physiology of the greening trait, and for breeding.
An adult patient with respiratory failure and splenomegaly.

White blood cell count 5.5 × 109/L 4.0–11.0 Red blood cell count 3.48 × 106/L 4.31–5.84 Hemoglobin 9.9 g/dL 13.0–17.0 Hematocrit 31% 40–50 Platelet count 212 × 109/L 140–400 Albumin 1.3 g/dl 3.5–5.0 Total bilirubin 0.5 mg/dl 0.3–1.4 Direct bilirubin 0.1 mg/dl 0.1–0.5 Alkaline phosphatase 83 IU/L 42–128 Alanine aminotransferase 94 IU/L 14–63 Aspartate aminotransferase 47 IU/L 15–41 Total serum protein 5.7 g/dl 6.0–8.0 Amylase 1004 IU/L 36–128 Lipase 372 IU/L 18–51 ESR 122 mm/hr 0–12 Total hemolytic complements 120 U/ml 142–279 C4 7 mg/dl 14–40 IgM Rheumatoid Factor (RF) 465 IU/ml Total IgM 352 mg/dl 50–300 ymphoma
Program parallelization with interprocedural analysis

In this paper, we review several important issues in interprocedural analysis for parallel computing: call effects, variable aliasing, and execution context. We show the use of traditional summary data flow information in program transformation for parallel computing. We examine three different methods for interprocedural data dependence analysis: (1) linearization; (2) global regions; and (3) atom images. We observe that although useful in some cases, linearization should be avoided when possible, because it often results in less precise data dependence analysis. Global region methods also suffer loss of exact information of subscript coefficients which is required by some commonly used data dependence test algorithms. As a result, an expensive data dependence test must be used. The atom images method is able to overcome this difficulty and is more efficient. Detailed discussions are provided to justify our observation. We also address the issue of alias identification and the propagation of execution context. The problems in array alias identification and a few possible solutions are discussed.
Endomorphism Algebras of Jacobians

Very little is known about the existence of curves, and families of curves, whose Jacobians are acted on by large rings of endomorphisms. In this paper, we show the existence of curves X with an injection K↪Hom(Jac(X), Jac(X))⊗Z Q, where K is a subfield of even index at most 10 in a primitive cyclotomic field Q(ζp), or a subfield of index 2 in Q(ζpq) or Q(ζpα). This result generalizes previous work of Brumer, Mestre, and Tautz, Top, and Verberkmoes. Our curves are constructed as branched covers of the projective line, and the endomorphisms arise as quotients of double coset algebras of the Galois groups of these coverings. In certain cases, we show the existence of continuous families of Jacobians admitting the desired endomorphism algebras. At the end, we raise some questions about upper bounds for endomorphism algebras of the type described here and ask about a “non-Galois version of Hurwitz's theorem.”
Making the case for orthogenesis: The popularization of definitely directed evolution (1890–1926)

Abstract Throughout the history of evolutionary theory a number of scientists have argued that evolution proceeds along a limited number of definite trajectories, a concept and group of theories known as “orthogenesis”. Beginning in the 1880s, influential evolutionists including Theodor Eimer, Edward Drinker Cope, and Leo Berg argued that a fully causal explanation of evolution must take into account the origin and nature of variation, an idea that implied orthogenesis in their views. This paper argues that these orthogenesis developed theories that were more than highly technical and theoretically dubious hypotheses accessible only to elite specialists, as certain histories of these ideas might suggest. Some orthogenesists made their case to a non-specialist audience to gain support for their ideas in the face of widespread controversy over evolutionary theory. Through a case study analysis of three major books by Eimer, Cope, and Berg, this paper contends that they sought to re-orient the central tenets of the science of evolution to include the causal impact of variation on evolutionary outcomes. These orthogenesists developed novel and synthetic evolutionary theories in a publishing platform suited for non-specialist audiences in an effort to impact the debates over evolutionary causation prevalent in the late-19th and early 20th centuries.
Indian Clubs and Colonialism: Hindu Masculinity and Muscular Christianity

Following Edward Said's Orientalism (1978), there has been considerable interest in studying gender images and engendered practices that emerged out of colonialism, both during the era of colonialism (Cooper and Stoler 1997; R. Lewis 1996; Stoler 1991; 1995; 2002), and subsequently (Altman 2001; Enloe 1993). Many of these studies have shown how colonized women were subject to the gendered and often sexualized gaze of Western men (Carrier 1998; Doy 1996; Grewal 1996; Yegenoglu 1998), and how colonized men were often regarded as either effeminate or “martial” by virtue of their birth into a particular group. Arguably, the latent ambiguity of regarding all colonized men as effete, and yet categorizing some colonized men as strong and aggressively virile, points to one of the many complex contradictions manifest in the cultural politics of colonialism. A similar point could be made with regard to nationalism, wherein women, and the image men want women to present of themselves, reflects masculine ambivalence about modernity (Chatterjee 1993). In any case, even when colonial discourse essentializes the virile masculinity of various subject groups—in particular the so-called martial castes of South Asia (Hopkins 1889; MacMunn 1977)—the putative masculinity of these groups is ascribed to breeding and latent “savagery,” and is rarely, if ever, conceived of as an achieved status, much less something an individual from some other group might achieve on the basis of training or practice.
Development of Ultra Low Power Consumption Hotplates for Gas Sensing Applications

This paper deals with the development of state-of-the-art ultra low power (ULP) consumption hotplates to be used as metal oxide gas sensor substrates. Several types of ULP devices, differing in shape and size, have been fabricated with the same front-side bulk silicon micromachining technology. Details on the device design and on the fabrication processes are provided. The ULP hotplates functional behavior was thoroughly investigated. Typical results on measurements of the hotplate temperature versus applied power are reported. A very satisfactory value of 8.9 mW at 400degC can be highlighted. Transient temperature responses and evaluation of the hotplate thermal time constant were also carried out.
Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm after MRSA septicemia in a pediatric patient

We document a previously unreported case of a pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAP) that developed in a pediatric patient initially presenting with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hip joint sepsis. This is the first reported case of PAP of infectious origin in a pediatric patient, and this case is unique as the evolution of the PAP was documented by computed tomography.
Fast maximum likelihood estimation of very large spatial autoregression models: a characteristic polynomial approach

Abstract The maximization of the log-likelihood function required in the estimation of spatial autoregressive linear regression models is a computationally intensive procedure that involves the manipulation of matrices of dimension equal to the size of the data set. Common computational approaches applied to this problem include the use of the eigenvalues of the spatial weights matrix (W), the application of Cholesky decomposition to compute the Jacobian term |I−ρW|, and various approximations. These procedures are computationally intensive and/or require significant amounts of memory for intermediate data structures, which becomes problematic in the analysis of very large spatial data sets (tens of thousands to millions of observations). In this paper, we outline a new method for evaluating the Jacobian term that is based on the characteristic polynomial of the spatial weights matrix W. In numerical experiments, this algorithm approaches linear computational complexity, which makes it the fastest direct method currently available, especially for very large data sets.
Physiologic studies of urinary drained pancreaticoduodenal grafts in humans.

Abstract Exocrine function of urinary drained pancreas transplants (UDP) as determined by measurements of urinary pancreatic metabolites was assessed in 15 recipients. Normal UDP showed significantly higher levels (P
In vivo microdialysis sampling of cytokines from rat hippocampus: comparison of cannula implantation procedures.

Cytokines are signaling proteins that have been of significant importance in the field of immunology, since these proteins affect different cells in the immune system. In addition to their immune system significance, these proteins have recently been referred to as a third chemical communication network within the CNS. The role that cytokines play in orchestrating the immune response within tissues after a mechanical injury leads to potential complications if the source of cytokines (i.e., trauma vs disease) is of interest. Microdialysis sampling has seen wide use in collection of many different solutes within the CNS. Yet, implantation of microdialysis guide cannulas and the probes creates tissue injury. In this study, we compared the differences in cytokine levels in dialysates from 4 mm, 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) polyethersulfone membrane microdialysis probes implanted in the hippocampus of male Sprague–Dawley rats. Comparisons were made between animals that were dialyzed immediately after...
Deformation and flow of red blood cells in a synthetic lattice: evidence for an active cytoskeleton

We introduce the use of microfabrication techniques to construct on a silicon wafer a synthetic capillary bed with 2.5- to 4-micron (mu)-wide channels. Establishment of a fluid pressure gradient allowed us to observe simultaneously using optical microscopy hundreds of cells flowing through the bed at physiological speeds. We find a large distribution of mobilities among red cells flowing through the structure; smaller channels provide a greater impedance to flow than larger ones, indicating that kinetic drag variations provide the origin of the distribution. The mobility of a particular cell is not correlated with the cell diameter but appears to be inversely correlated with intracellular calcium concentration of the cell, as determined by fluorescence of the calcium-binding dye fluo-3 AM. Also, we are able to use the parallel processing nature of our arrays to observe isolated events where the rigidity of the red cell seems to change suddenly over several orders of magnitude as it blocks a channel in the array.
Room temperature compact THz sources based on quantum cascade laser technology

We present the high performance THz sources based on intracavity difference-frequency generation from mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Room temperature single-mode operation in a wide THz spectral range of 1-4.6 THz is demonstrated from our Cerenkov phase-matched THz sources with dual-period DFB gratings. High THz power up to 215 μW at 3.5 THz is demonstrated via epi-down mounting of our THz device. The rapid development renders this type of THz sources promising local oscillators for many astronomical and medical applications.
Partisan mobilization and electoral participation

Abstract Electoral participation typically has been investigated without consideration of the impact of political mobilization. We construct a more complete measure of participation in elections—voting in and for governor, senator, treasurer and state supreme court justices in Ohio in 1986. We seek to demonstrate unmistakably that the efforts of political parties and candidates stimulate voting participation, even when we take into account other standard determinants. We draw our data from the 1986 Ohio Political Survey. And, we show that, ceteris paribus, the contacts of citizens with party or campaign workers, as well as information about the campaign, have a significant impact on the degree of electoral participation.
Nano-plasma tunable evanescent-mode cavity resonators

Conventional tunning mechanisms for evanescent-mode cavity resonators include changing a gap size through MEMS-based structures. In this paper, for the first time, we propose a technique for adjusting the resonant frequency of these resonators by using a nano-plasma region. For this aim, a sufficiently large DC field is applied which generates a nano-plasma layer inside the gap between the loading post and the top wall of the cavity. The thickness as well as the electromagnetic characteristics of this plasma layer and consequently the capacitance of the resonator are controlled by varying the applied DC field. This technique is potentially simpler than mechanically changing the gap size. As a proof of principle, we consider a 50 GHz resonator whose resonant frequency decreases down to 34.6 GHz when the applied DC voltage goes up to 94 V.
Effects of Immobilization and Permeabilization Procedures on Growth of Chenopodium rubrum Cells and Amaranthin Concentration

Cultures of Chenopodium rubrum were subjected to permeabilization and immobilization procedures to examine their potential for pigment production. Amaranthin content of culture media was highest for cultures treated with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or dissolved chitosan. Labelling of the cells with L-(U-14C) tyrosine revealed that amaranthin was released from the cells but degraded rapidly. Product degradation in chitosan immobilized cells was delayed by 12–24 hr. Sufficient cell growth was observed in cultures treated with 0.77 mg chitosan per gram fresh biomass, with 0.42 ml.g-1 DMSO, or when immobilized in a complex Ca-alginate-chitosan gel system. All other treatments resulted in inhibition of growth.
Plaque-only Alzheimer disease is usually the lewy body variant, and vice versa

A minority of neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer disease (AD) brains lack neocortical neurofibrillary tangles or have very few, constituting a form of "plaque-only AD." A significant percentage of clinically diagnosed AD patients are found at autopsy to have both AD and brainstem and neocortical Lewy bodies. Many of these Lewy body variants of AD (LBV) have numerous senile plaques but no neocortical neurofibrillary tangles, and so resemble plaque-only AD. In this study, we sought to determine if plaque-only AD was usually LBV, and, conversely, if LBV was usually plaque-only AD. We analyzed 147 consecutively accessioned cases of neuropathologically confirmed AD, diagnosed according to criteria from the National Institute on Aging and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease. Twenty-five percent of all AD cases in this series were plaque-only AD, and 75% were plaque and tangle AD. Twenty-eight percent of AD cases in this series were LBV, and 72% were pure AD. Of the plaque-only AD cases, 75% were LBV and only 25% were pure AD. Of the LBV, 66% were plaque-only AD and only 33% were plaque and tangle AD. These results indicate that most plaque-only AD is LBV, and, conversely, that most LBV is plaque-only AD.
Multispecies microbial mutualisms on coral reefs: the host as a habitat.

Abstract: Reef‐building corals associate with a diverse array of eukaryotic and noneukaryotic microbes. Best known are dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium (“zooxanthellae”), which are photosynthetic symbionts found in all reef‐building corals. Once considered a single species, they are now recognized as several large, genetically diverse groups that often co‐occur within a single host species or colony. Variation among Symbiodinium in host identities, tolerance to stress, and ability to colonize hosts has been documented, but there is little information on the ecology of zooxanthellar free‐living stages and how different zooxanthellae perform as partners. Other microbial associates of reef corals are much less well known, but studies indicate that individual coral colonies host diverse assemblages of bacteria, some of which seem to have species‐specific associations. This diversity of microbial associates has important evolutionary and ecological implications. Most mutualisms evolve as balanced reci...
Subclavian vein aneurysm secondary to a benign vessel wall hamartoma

Venous aneurysms are rare clinical entities, particularly in children, and their presentation and natural history often depend on the anatomical location and underlying etiology. We present a single case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with a palpable right supraclavicular mass. Imaging evaluation with CT, conventional venography, MRI and sonography revealed a large fusiform subclavian vein aneurysm with an unusual, mass-like fibrofatty component incorporated into the vessel wall. The girl ultimately required complete resection of the right subclavian vein with placement of a synthetic interposition graft. This case provides a radiology/pathology correlation of an entity that has not previously been described as well as an example of the utility of multiple imaging modalities to aid diagnosis and preoperative planning.
Rapid processing method for solution deposited YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films

YBa2Cu3O7� d (YBCO) films, deposited on buffered metal substrates, are the primary candidate for second-generation superconducting (SC) wires, with applications including expanded power grid transmission capability, compact motors, and enhanced sensitivity magnetic resonance imaging. Feasibility of manufacturing such superconducting wires is dependent on high processing speed, often a limitation of vapor and solution-based YBCO deposition processes. In this work, YBCO films were fabricated via a new diethanolamine-modified trifluoroacetic film solution deposition method. Modifying the copper chemistry of the YBCO precursor solution with diethanolamine enables a hundredfold decrease in the organic pyrolysis time required for MA/cm 2 current density (Jc) YBCO films, from multiple hours to � 20 s in atmospheric pressure air. High quality, � 0.2 lm thick YBCO films with Jc (77 K) values P 2 MA/cm 2 at 77 K are routinely crystallized from these rapidly pyrolyzed films deposited on LaAlO3. This process has also enabled Jc (77 K) ¼ 1.1 MA/cm 2 YBCO films via 90 m/h dip-coating on Oak Ridge National Laboratory RABiTSe textured metal tape substrates. This new YBCO solution deposition method suggests a route toward inexpensive and commercializable � $10/kA m solution deposited YBCO coated conductor wires. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Surgical Options for the Management of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Novel surgical alternatives and the refinement of conventional surgical therapies for the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy are in constant evolution. Current approaches involve the determined application of the appropriateness criteria for CABG surgery, the extension of mitral valve repair to complex patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, finding appropriate patients who might benefit from surgical ventricular reconstruction, and surgical attempts to regenerate lost or damaged myocardium with transplanted stem cells. The refinement of surgical techniques and the medical optimization of candidates for surgery remain a cornerstone of management for patients with complex heart disease like ischemic cardiomyopathy. The horizon is bright for patients suffering from this condition and concentrated research efforts by groups such as the NHLBI-sponsored Cardiothoracic Surgery Network will have a major impact on the future of patients with heart disease.
Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men

#### Summary points Breast disorders in males can be distressing for both patients and examining doctors. Patients often feel embarrassed and anxious. Although cancers are diagnosed in only about 1% of cases of male breast enlargement, practitioners may feel uncertain about how to differentiate gynaecomastia (benign breast enlargement) from malignancy and how to manage these disorders. This review covers the causes, evaluation, and treatment of gynaecomastia and the risk factors for and evaluation and treatment of breast cancer in males. #### Sources and selection criteria We searched Medline for English language papers with the key words “gynaecomastia”, “gynecomastia”, and “male breast cancer”; the Cochrane database for clinical trials; our personal archives of references; and websites with those terms. We also referred to our institutional experience with gynaecomastia and male breast cancer. Gynaecomastia is the benign enlargement of male breast tissue (>2 cm palpable, firm, subareolar gland and ductal tissue) resulting from a relative decrease in androgen effect or increase in oestrogen effect. Breast enlargement due to adipose tissue is called pseudogynaecomastia. Male breast tissue contains receptors for androgen, oestrogen, and progesterone. Oestrogen stimulates duct development and progesterone stimulates alveolar development in the presence of the …