cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant-soil feedbacks between invasive shrubs and native forest understory species lead to shifts in the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi

Non-native shrubs are important invaders of the Eastern Deciduous Forest, dramatically altering forest structure and functioning. Study of invasion mechanisms in this system has emphasized aboveground processes, and plant-soil feedbacks are relatively unexplored as a mechanism of shrub dominance. We tested whether plant-soil feedback in this habitat is affected by competition and whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are involved in plant-soil feedback. We used a standard two-phase plant-soil feedback experiment run concurrently for each of three invasive shrub species, measuring feedback effects on AMF colonization, aboveground biomass, and the responses of native plant species in greenhouse mesocosms. Lonicera maackii and Ligustrum vulgare reduced AMF colonization of native roots, both with legacy effects (prior growth in soil) and direct effects (current growth in soil). Elaeagnus umbellata grown with natives left a legacy of increased AMF colonization of native communities. Our results suggest that woody invasive species can alter the AMF associations of native plants even after the invasive is no longer present. Such consequences merit study with other native species and where environmental factors, such as light availability, might be expected to compound the effects of changes in AMF.
Calypso: a visual language for data structures programming

Data structures are more easily understood when they are presented visually rather than textually. We have developed a system, called Calypso, to allow the visual definition of data structures programs using pictorial pattern/action pairs in an imperative setting. Calypso is based on a general framework for building and combining visual notations in various domains. This framework permits Calypso to be easily extended with new data structures and abstractions.
Propensity score weighting with multilevel data

Propensity score methods are being increasingly used as a less parametric alternative to traditional regression to balance observed differences across groups in both descriptive and causal comparisons. Data collected in many disciplines often have analytically relevant multilevel or clustered structure. The propensity score, however, was developed and has been used primarily with unstructured data. We present and compare several propensity-score-weighted estimators for clustered data, including marginal, cluster-weighted, and doubly robust estimators. Using both analytical derivations and Monte Carlo simulations, we illustrate bias arising when the usual assumptions of propensity score analysis do not hold for multilevel data. We show that exploiting the multilevel structure, either parametrically or nonparametrically, in at least one stage of the propensity score analysis can greatly reduce these biases. We applied these methods to a study of racial disparities in breast cancer screening among beneficiaries of Medicare health plans.
Changing assumptions about who can learn

When students at any level fail to learn, we don't ask, “What are we doing wrong?” or “Should we attempt a different pedagogical approach or a different motivational strategy?” We simply deduce that they are not smart enough.
Oxygen isotopic composition of Globorotalia truncatulinoides as a proxy for intermediate depth density

[1] We investigate whether the oxygen isotope ratio in the test of Globorotalia truncatulinoides can serve as a proxy for intermediate depth (200–500 m) density. Since intermediate depth horizontal density gradients are associated with the vertical shear of upper ocean flows, this proxy could provide a tool for reconstructing past ocean circulation. The spatial pattern of core top Gr. truncatulinoides δ18O in the Atlantic Ocean mimics the upper ocean density gradients associated with the major ocean currents. To better constrain the controls on the calcification depth(s) of Gr. truncatulinoides, we attempt to simulate the surface sediment data set using water column temperature and salinity conditions above the core sites. We predicted foraminiferal δ18O for each core site assuming (1) the calcification occurs at a single depth and (2) the initial calcification is at the surface and the subsequent calcification is at 800 m water depth. The predicted δ18O best resembles measured δ18O of Gr. truncatulinoides when using (1) a single depth calcification at 350 m or (2) a two-depth approximation with 30% surface and 70% 800-m calcification. This result gives us confidence in the ability of δ18O in Gr. truncatulinoides to proxy lateral density gradients at the intermediate depths associated with upper ocean flow.
Modeling and validating Bayesian accrual models on clinical data and simulations using adaptive priors

Slow recruitment in clinical trials leads to increased costs and resource utilization, which includes both the clinic staff and patient volunteers. Careful planning and monitoring of the accrual process can prevent the unnecessary loss of these resources. We propose two hierarchical extensions to the existing Bayesian constant accrual model: the accelerated prior and the hedging prior. The new proposed priors are able to adaptively utilize the researcher’s previous experience and current accrual data to produce the estimation of trial completion time. The performance of these models, including prediction precision, coverage probability, and correct decision-making ability, is evaluated using actual studies from our cancer center and simulation. The results showed that a constant accrual model with strongly informative priors is very accurate when accrual is on target or slightly off, producing smaller mean squared error, high percentage of coverage, and a high number of correct decisions as to whether or not continue the trial, but it is strongly biased when off target. Flat or weakly informative priors provide protection against an off target prior, but are less efficient when the accrual is on target. The accelerated prior performs similar to a strong prior. The hedging prior performs much like the weak priors when the accrual is extremely off target, but closer to the strong priors when the accrual is on target or only slightly off target. We suggest improvements in these models and propose new models for future research.
Sterilization condition of UHMWPE is measured by thermoluminescence technique

A thermoluminescence (TL) technique, which is simple but fast and sensitive, was used as a diagnostic tool to test short-term or initial (immediately following sterilization) oxidation of UHMWPE. More than 50% radical species decayed or oxidized in the first 10 min in an oxygen environment and in 25 min in a nitrogen environment. The glow-peak temperatures 130/spl deg/C and 160/spl deg/C of the TL glow curve were also found to be associated with the sterilization conditions, nitrogen and oxygen, respectively.
Visual category learning

Visual categories group together different objects as the same kinds of thing. We review a selection of research on how visual categories are learned. We begin with a guide to visual category learning experiments, describing a space of common manipulations of objects, categories, and methods used in the category learning literature. We open with a guide to these details in part because throughout our review we highlight how methodological details can sometimes loom large in theoretical discussions of visual category learning, how variations in methodological details can significantly affect our understanding of visual category learning, and how manipulations of methodological details can affect how visual categories are learned. We review a number of core theories of visual category learning, specifically those theories instantiated as computational models, highlighting just some of the experimental results that help distinguish between competing models. We examine behavioral and neural evidence for single versus multiple representational systems for visual category learning. We briefly discuss how visual category learning influences visual perception, describing empirical and brain imaging results that show how learning to categorize objects can influence how those objects are represented and perceived. We close with work that can potentially impact translation, describing recent experiments that explicitly manipulate key methodological details of category learning procedures with the goal of optimizing visual category learning. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:75-94. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1268 CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
FERTILITY AND MIGRATION: THE CASE OF PUERTO RICO

The effect of migration on fertility is primarily of interest when the areas of origin and destination differ with respect to reproductive norms and behavior. Typically the area of origin is one of high fertility and the area of destination is one of low fertility. It is expected that migration itself and exposure to the milieu of low fertility will bring about lower fertility among migrants than among their non-migrant contemporaries at place of origin. It is also expected that because of socialization in an area of high reproductive norms and behavior migrants will have higher fertility than their non-migrant contemporaries at place of destination. Of these two propositions the latter has received the bulk of the research attention--for reasons of data availability. Since censuses and surveys are geographically bounded it is quite common to have migrants and comparable non-migrants at place of destination included in the same census or survey. However migrants and comparable non- migrants at place of origin are not included in the same census or survey unless the distances involved are relatively small. This paper compares the fertility of Puerto Ricans who migrated to the United States with the fertility of their non-migrant counterparts who remained in Puerto Rico. As such this paper examines the effect of the migration itself and the subsequent exposure to a low fertility milieu on fertility rather than contrasting differential fertility socializations. To do so we have combined the 1-in-a-100 Public Use Sample of the 1970 Census for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico with the records of all United States resident Puerto Ricans from the 1-in-a-100 Public Use Sample for the United States Census of 1970. (excerpt)
Direct observation of photon pairs at a single output port of a beam-splitter interferometer

Quantum theory predicts that two indistinguishable photons incident on a beam-splitter interferometer exit together (the pair emerges randomly from one port or the other). We use a special photon-number-resolving energy detector for a direct observation of this quantum-interference phenomenon. Simultaneous measurements from two such detectors, one at each beam-splitter-interferometer output port, confirm the absence of cross coincidences. Photon-number-resolving detectors are expected to find use in other quantum-optics and quantum-information-processing experiments.
Metabolism of putative transmitters in individual neurons of Aplysia californica: aromatic amino acid decarboxylase.

— The activities of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26) in various ganglia, nerve trunks, and individual identifiable neurons of Aplysia culifornica were measured. The distribution of the decarboxylase enzyme is ubiquitous throughout the central nervous system of the Aplysia. Every Aplysia neuron tested contained some decarboxylase activity. The presence of this particular synthetic enzyme in an Aplysia neuron, therefore, cannot be used to classify these neurons as ‘aminergic’.
Fuzzy IPPD Guidance for Approach and Landing of a Reusable Launch Vehicle 1

This work presents and compares three candidate guidance schemes for approach and landing of an RLV. Each scheme is based on using a fuzzy inference system (FIS) with the rule consequents determined by a simple genetic algorithm. Each fuzzy inference system is developed to determine bank angle (φ), negative z-axis acceleration (N Z ), and speed brake position commands (SBCM D) for the vehicle's attitude control system. The major difference between schemes is in how the inputs to the FIS are connected, and whether or not a 'full' set of rules are used. The first approach is a fuzzy implementation of PID control with a full set of rules. The second is termed Integral-Proportional-Proportional-Derivative (IPPD) as it uses identical PI and PD based FISs with a truncated rule set. The third is identical to the first with the addition of a feedforward command in the vertical axis control during flare. The guidance schemes have been implemented and validated in a three degree of freedom (3-DOF) simulation in MATLAB. The third system provides the best horizontal and vertical guidance. All systems provide satisfactory vertical guidance with the third system providing the smallest tracking error.
Finding Creativity in an Artificial Artist

Creativity is an important component of human intelligence, and imbuing artificially intelligent systems with creativity is an interesting challenge. In particular, it is difficult to quantify (or even qualify) creativity. Recently, it has been suggested that conditions for attributing creativity to a system include: appreciation, imagination, and skill. We demonstrate and describe an original computer system (called DARCI) that is designed to produce images through creative means. We present methods for evaluating DARCI and other artificially creative systems with respect to appreciation, imagination, and skill, and use these methods to show that DARCI is arguably a creative system.
The Transition to Grandparenthood Unexplored Issues

Whereas grandparenthood has been the focus of a growing body of work in the social sciences, the transition into the grandparent role is greatly understudied. After a brief discussion of how recent demographic change has affected the prevalence, timing, and sequencing of the transition on a societal level, this article reviews existing work on the entry into grandparenthood. A third section identifies unexplored issues related to the personal and interpersonal significance of the transition. The importance of timing on the dimensions of biographical time and family time is stressed. Finally, the relationship between expectations and actual role experience is discussed.
Lyapunov Adaptive Stabilization of Parabolic PDEs&#8212; Part I: A Benchmark for Boundary Control

We develop an adaptive controller for a benchmark parabolic PDE controlled from a boundary and containing an unknown destabilizing parameter affecting the interior of the domain. This design departs from prior approaches that impose relative degree or open-loop stability assumptions, or require domain-wide actuation. An adaptive design for our benchmark plant is a necessary step towards developing controllers for physical systems such as fluid, thermal, and chemical dynamics, where actuation can be only applied non-intrusively, the dynamics are unstable, and the parameters, such as the Reynolds, Rayleigh, Prandtl, or Peclet numbers are unknown because they vary with operating conditions. Our method builds upon our explicitly parametrized control formula in [26] to avoid solving a Riccati or Bezout equation at each time step.
Data and Computation Transformations for Brook Streaming Applications on Multiprocessors

Multicore processors are about to become prevalent in the PC world. Meanwhile, over 90% of the computing cycles are estimated to be consumed by streaming media applications (Rixner et al., 1998). Although stream programming exposes parallelism naturally, we found that achieving high performance on multiprocessors is challenging. Therefore, we develop a parallel compiler for the Brook streaming language with aggressive data and computation transformations. First, we formulate fifteen Brook stream operators in terms of systems of inequalities. Our compiler optimizes the modeled operators to improve memory footprint and performance. Second, the stream computation including both kernels and operators is mapped to the affine partitioning model by modeling each kernel as an implicit loop nest over stream elements. Note that our general abstraction is not limited to Brook. Our modeling and transformations yield high performance on uniprocessors as well. The geometric mean of speedups is 4.7 on ten streaming applications on a Xeon. On multiprocessors, we show that exploiting the standard intra-kernel data parallelism is inferior to our general modeling. The former yields a speedup of 1.5 for ten applications on a 4-way Xeon, while the latter achieves a speedup of 6.4 over the same baseline. We show that our compiler effectively reduces memory footprint, exploits parallelism, and circumvents phase-ordering issues.
Wavelet-Based Index of Magnetic Storm Activity

[1] A wavelet-based method of computing an index of storm activity is put forward. The new index can be computed automatically using statistical procedures and does not require selecting quiet days and removing the secular component by polynomial fitting. This 1-min index is designed to facilitate the study of the fine structure of geomagnetic storm events and requires only the most recent magnetogram records, e.g., the 2 months including the storm event of interest. It can thus be computed over a moving window as soon as new magnetogram records become available. Averaged over 1-hour periods, it is practically indistinguishable from the standard Dst index.
Escherichia Coli OxyR Protein Represses the Unmethylated Bacteriophage Mu Mom Operon Without Blocking Binding of the Transcriptional Activator C

Transcription of the bacteriophage Mu mom operon requires transactivation by the phage-encoded C protein. DNase I footprinting showed that in the absence of C, Escherichia coli RNA polymerase E(sigma)70 (RNAP) binds to the mom promoter (Pmom) region at a site, P2 (from -64 to -11 with respect to the transcription start site), on the top (non-transcribed) strand. This is slightly upstream from, but overlapping P1 (-49 to +16), the functional binding site for rightward transcription. Host DNA-[N6-adenine] methyltransferase (Dam) methylation of three GATCs immediately upstream of the C binding site is required to prevent binding of the E.coli OxyR protein, which represses mom transcription in dam- strains. OxyR, known to induce DNA bending, is normally in a reduced conformation in vivo, but is converted to an oxidized state under standard in vitro conditions. Using DNase I footprinting, we provide evidence supporting the proposal that the oxidized and reduced forms of OxyR interact differently with their target DNA sequences in vitro. A mutant form, OxyR-C199S, was shown to be able to repress mom expression in vivo in a dam- host. In vitro DNase I footprinting showed that OxyR-C199S protected Pmom from -104 to -46 on the top strand and produced a protection pattern characteristic of reduced wild-type OxyR. Prebinding of OxyR-C199S completely blocked RNAP binding to P2 (in the absence of C), whereas it only slightly decreased binding of C to its target site (-55 to -28, as defined by DNase I footprinting). In contrast, OxyR-C199S strongly inhibited C-activated recruitment of RNAP to P1. These results indicate that OxyR repression is mediated subsequent to binding by C. Mutations have been isolated that relieve the dependence on C activation and have the same transcription start site as the C-activated wild-type promoter. One such mutant, tin7, has a single base change at -14, which changes a T6 run to T3GT2. OxyR-C199S partially inhibited RNAP binding to the tin7 promoter in vitro, even though the OxyR and RNAP-P1 binding sites probably do not overlap, and in vivo expression of tin7 was reduced 5- to 10-fold in dam- cells. These results suggest that OxyR can repress tin7.
Athermal distributed Brillouin sensors utilizing all-glass optical fibers fabricated from rare earth garnets: LuAG

An all-glass optical fiber derived from single-crystal LuAG is investigated for its potential use in athermal Brillouin distributed strain sensors. Such sensor systems are comprised of fiber whose Brillouin frequency shift is independent of temperature, but not independent of strain. Bulk Brillouin spectroscopy measurements on the precursor LuAG crystal are performed to gain insight into the crystal-to-glass transition. Results suggest that both the mass density and acoustic velocity are reduced relative to the crystal phase, in common with the other rare earth aluminosilicates. Advantages of the LuAG derived fiber over other rare earth garnet-derived fibers for the sensing application are a stronger strain response and larger Brilloun gain with narrower Brillouin spectral width.
College challenge to ensure “timely graduation”: Understanding college students’ mindsets during the financial crisis

ABSTRACTSince mid-2007, the United States has experienced the direst economic recession since the Great Depression. While considerable institutional resources have been spent on boosting 4-year graduation rates, many college students purposefully delayed graduation, waiting to enter the labor market until the overall economic situation had improved. The survey results suggested that students who were unemployed, who knew someone being laid off, who were pessimistic about the job market, or who targeted private industry jobs tended to stay in school longer. These results support the well-documented warehouse hypothesis: that students use schools as warehouses to shield themselves from the deteriorating job market.
Nuclear magnetic moment of /sup 59/Fe

The nuclear magnetic moment of /sup 59/Fe has been determined to be absolute value ..mu..= (0.29 +- 0.03) ..mu../subN/ based on measurement of the anisotropies of the ..gamma.. radiation emitted following the decay of /sup 59/Fe oriented at low temperatures in Fe. (AIP)
A Program in Freshman Mathematics Designed to Care for a Wide Variation in Student Ability

(1940). A Program in Freshman Mathematics Designed to Care for a Wide Variation in Student Ability. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 471-473.
EXPRESSION OF CHICKEN INTERLEUKIN-18 MATURATION PROTEIN GENE IN INSECT CELLS AND IDENTIFICATION OF BIOACTIVITY OF ITS EXPRESSED PROTEIN

To obtain the recombinant Bacmid,the mature chicken interleukin-18 protein(mChIL-18) gene was subcloned into the baculovirus transfer vector pFastBac HTb and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into competent DH10BacTM E.colicells containing bacu-lovirus shuttle vector bacmid.Then the purified recombinant bacmid was transfected into sf9 insect cells by the method of using lipofectin for producing integrated recombinant baculo-virus.Infected the sf9 with the higher baculoviral stock for expressing protein and harvested the supernatant and cells in different times.The expressed mChIL-18 protein was analyzed by SDS– PAGE,detected by Western blotting and IFA,and the results demonstrated that recombinant protein of 23kDa in molecular mass was expressed successfullyin insect cells.The experiment of VSV inhibition showed that the expression of mChIL-18 protein haverelativity high bioacti-vity.In summary,the active mChIL-18 protein was expressed successfully in baculovirus ex-pression system.
Thermal Dynamic Design Optimization of Huaneng Haimen 1000 MW Power Plant

The design of combustion system,thermal dynamic system and main power block was demonstrated during the project construction of Huaneng Haimen 1 000 MW unit,and a series of innovation and optimization measures had been taken.On the basis of unit safe operation,the measures have effectively improved unit efficiency,and reduced project and operation cost.
PATHOLOGY OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT KIDNEY TUMORS

This article includes brief discussions of several renal parenchymal neoplasms. Gross and histologic findings are described. New techniques that can provide diagnostic and prognostic information are summarized where applicable.
The Group Determinant Problem

This and the following three chapters are devoted to Frobenius’ greatest mathematical achievement, his theory of group characters and representations. The first two chapters consider how he was led to create the basic theory. Then a chapter is devoted to other lines of mathematical thought that led other mathematicians to independently discover at least a part of Frobenius’ results—yet another example of multiple discovery involving Frobenius. The fourth chapter discusses further work by Frobenius on the theory and application of representation theory as well as the contributions made by his best student, I. Schur, and by Schur’s student R. Brauer.
Projektmanagement und mehr

Forschung und Entwicklung handeln per Definition mit einer Vielzahl von Unbekannten. Die Verfolgung von F&E-Planen ist im wesentlichen ein Prozes der Verringerung von Unsicherheit. Wie in Kapitel 5 dargestellt, ist das Ausmas der Unsicherheit abhangig von dem Typ von F&E (Grundlagen F&E, Schlussel-F&E, inkrementale F&E) und vom Typ der Technologien, die vorangetrieben werden sollen (Schrittmacher-Technologien, Schlussel-Technologien, Basis-Technologien).
The market’s response to contract award announcements: government versus corporate contracts

This paper examines the effects of contract award announcements on the stock returns of successful grantees. Contract awards are identified using Lexis/Nexis and classified according to whether the grantor is another corporation or government body. The government grantors are further classified according to the type of government entity granting the contract. Four subsamples emerge: federal (non-military), military, municipal, and foreign. The results suggest that contract awards granted by foreign governments are more lucrative than contract awards granted by corporations or American governmental bodies. This finding endures even after controlling for potentially confounding factors.
Selective head cooling during neonatal seizures prevents postictal cerebral vascular dysfunction without reducing epileptiform activity

Neonatal epileptic seizures produce cerebrovascular disabilities that may contribute to neonatal encephalopathy. This study in newborn pigs provides evidence that selective head cooling during seiz...
Second-Order Wavelength-Selective Partial-Drop Multicast Filter Bank

A wavelength-selective 2nd-order 1-by-8-port optical multicast filter bank is demonstrated utilizing microring resonators, achieving ~2.6× faster roll-off than 1st-order design while maintaining highly uniform responses among all eight drop ports.
Isolated Triceps Myositis as an Initial Presentation of Pompe Disease (P5.060)

OBJECTIVE: To report a unique case of Pompe disease manifesting as symmetric myositis of the triceps muscles, without other systemic involvement. BACKGROUND: Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive glycogen storage disease caused by genetic mutations encoding the alpha-glucosidase enzyme. It can present in early infancy, childhood, or adulthood. Adult-onset Pompe disease typically presents with limb-girdle pattern weakness, lower-extremity predominant, early respiratory weakness, and scapular winging. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A healthy 19 year old female presented with 36 hours of progressive right upper extremity pain and swelling. Physical exam revealed significant edema and tenderness of the right arm, extending from the triceps to the wrist posteriorly. Similar edema and tenderness had begun to occur on her left arm. Strength testing was limited by pain in proximal upper extremities, but was otherwise normal. There were no respiratory complaints. Creatine kinase (CK) was 6826U/mL. CRP was mildly elevated at 0.8mg/dL. Myositis antibody panel was negative. EBV, CMV, HSV, viral hepatitis, and HIV testing were negative for acute infection. MRI revealed marked hyperintense STIR signal and enhancement isolated to the long heads of the triceps muscles bilaterally. Electrophysiologic studies revealed myopathic motor units isolated to the triceps muscle without fibrillations or myotonic discharges. Muscle biopsy of the right triceps showed PAS-positive and diastase-sensitive sarcoplasmic vacuoles, excess sarcoplasmic glycogen on electron microscopy, and increased acid phosphatase staining, consistent with Pompe disease. At follow-up 2 weeks later, the edema and pain had spontaneously improved and CK was 82U/mL. No immunomodulatory therapy was utilized. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates an exceptional presentation of Pompe disease. Literature review did not identify other cases of myositis isolated to the triceps muscles as an initial presentation of Pompe disease, or other glycogen storage diseases. Further confirmatory workup is pending at this time, including dried blood spot testing and genetic analysis. Disclosure: Dr. Koehn has nothing to disclose. Dr. McClean has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grogan has nothing to disclose.
Commentary: New Directions in Developmentally Informed Intervention Research for Vulnerable Populations

This special section of Child Development brings together experts in developmental science and intervention research to incorporate current evidence on resilience for vulnerable populations and give concrete suggestions for action and research. This commentary synthesizes the contributions of the articles, noting themes such as simultaneous attention to multiple risk, protective, and promotive processes; integrating new principles from clinical and therapeutic interventions; and adapting intervention approaches for new populations. It then describes additional directions for interventions to maximize resilience, including approaches that address social psychological processes, issues related to demographic and other forms of diversity, policy-related individual behaviors, and sequenced interventions across the life span. It also gives suggestions for integrating implementation science on expansion and scale with behavioral intervention science.
Dual Sovereignty in Europe? A Critique of Habermas's Defense of the Nation-State

Jurgen Habermas’s influential account of the transnationalization of democracy is typically seen as a bold attempt to articulate the political-philosophical foundations of European integration. Habermas posits an identity split between individuals as citizens of their nation states and (the same) individuals as members of the future European Union. According to the dual sovereignty thesis, nation states and the EU are co-original and co-determinate. I challenge this conception on two grounds. First, split identity is a source of fragmentation that subverts the transnationalization of democracy. It would be irrational for EU citizens to partake in a project that empowers states to undermine European unification. Second, Habermas misinterprets European constitutional doctrine. The doctrines and practice of European constitutionalism do not provide support for the dual sovereignty thesis. In reality, European constitutionalism calls for a bolder jurisprudential account of European unification than Habermas’s concern with preserving the role of constitutional nation-states can provide.
Obesity and Failure of Nonsurgical Management of Pediatric Both-Bone Forearm Fractures

Purpose In pediatric extremity fractures treated nonsurgically, maintaining reduction can be difficult in obese children owing to the larger soft tissue envelope. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity and failure of nonsurgical management of pediatric both-bone forearm fractures. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 129 skeletally immature patients older than 2 years who received nonsurgical treatment for closed radius and ulna shaft fractures at a level I pediatric trauma center between 2011 and 2014. The patients were divided into 2 groups: (1) normal-weight children and (2) overweight and obese children. The primary outcome measure was failure of nonsurgical management, defined as the indication for repeat closed reduction under anesthesia or surgical intervention owing to unacceptable angulation after initial closed treatment. Results Of the 129 patients included in the study, 34 patients (26%) were female and 95 patients (74%) were male. Seventy-six patients (59%) were normal weight, 27 patients (22%) were obese, and 26 patients (20%) were overweight. Eighteen percent (14 of 76) of normal-weight children failed nonsurgical management compared with 34% (18 of 53) of overweight and obese children. Twenty-nine percent (4 of 14) of normal-weight children who failed nonsurgical management required surgery compared with 56% (10 of 18) of overweight and obese children. Conclusions Overweight and obese children have a significantly higher rate of failure of nonsurgical management of both-bone forearm fractures compared with normal-weight children. These patients may benefit from closer clinical follow-up and a lower threshold for surgical intervention. Type of study/level of evidence Prognosis II.
A multi-site proof-of-concept investigation of computerized approach-avoidance training in adolescent cannabis users

Abstract Background Few effective treatment options exist for cannabis-using youth. This pilot study aimed to test Approach-Avoidance Training to reduce cannabis use with non-treatment-seeking adolescents. Methods Eighty cannabis-using non-treatment-seeking adolescents (average age 19) were recruited from San Diego, California and Charleston, South Carolina, and randomized to complete either six sessions of Cannabis Approach-Avoidance Task Training (CAAT-training) designed to reduce automatic approach biases for cannabis cues or CAAT-sham training. Change in two primary outcome variables was examined: 1) cannabis approach bias and 2) percent cannabis use days over study enrollment. Change in percent alcohol use days over study enrollment was explored as a secondary outcome. Results A mixed models repeated measures analysis confirmed the group by time interaction effect for approach bias failed to reach statistical significance ( p = .06). Significant group by time interaction effects ( p s Conclusions Computerized cognitive bias modification paradigms may have utility in reducing adolescent cannabis use. Future work should consider developing a paradigm that addresses both cannabis and alcohol, as well as alternative computerized approaches for coping with addictive behavior in conjunction with bias modification.
Influence of cerebral blood flow on tryptophan uptake into brain

The influence of protein binding on tryptophan uptake into brain was investigated at different flow rates in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats using the brain perfusion technique of Takasato et al., (1984). The effective fraction of tryptophan that contributes to influx in vivo was found to exceed the free fraction measured in vitro and to vary inversely with flow rate over the physiologic range. The results suggest that blood flow, as well as competition and protein binding, may have a significant role in modulating tryptophan influx into brain.
Minimum Anaesthetic Peroperative Audit Dataset

There is a growing belief in the need for medical audit - what is still needed is agreement on the way in which it should be done - precisely what should be monitored. We in the British Society felt we should take steps to discuss with our national representatives the possibility of a national minimum dataset. We were looking for a dataset that should be recorded wherever an attempt is made to make a conforming anaesthetic record. This was then discussed further at the European Society for Computing and Technology in Anaesthesia (E.S.C.T.A.I.C.) meeting at Goldegg in October 1990, and some modifications incorporated.
Differentiable and Analytic Manifolds

We shall devote this chapter to a summary of those concepts and results from the theory of differentiable and analytic manifolds which are needed for our work in the rest of the book. Most of these results are standard and adequately treated in many books (see for example Chevalley [1] Helgason [1], Kobayashi and Nomizu [1] Bishop and Crittenden [1], Narasimhan [1]).
Altered Kinematic Patterns and Synapses in Recovery of Motor Behavior After Hindlimb Deafferentation in Cats

Recovery of motor behavior following damage to the adult mammalian CNS could occur in a number of different ways. One possibility is that the initially lost or impaired physiological mechanisms underlying normal motor behavior are restored due to plasticity of the remaining systems. For example, when a pathway or system is only partially damaged, the spared parts of the pathway may increase the control they exert. One way in which this might occur is if cells post-synaptic to the partially spared pathway increase their responsiveness to the reduced input by changes in regulation of their receptors or if the reduced input increases by sprouting. The prediction that follows from that model is that the behavior that is lost immediately following the lesion and the behavior that recovers at a later time will be similar in many respects. Another way in which motor behavior may recover involves the production of movement by physiological mechanisms which, because of the conditions imposed by CNS injury, differ from normal ones. This mode of recovery may be anticipated when an entire system has been eliminated. In this case, if movement does indeed recover, the underlying physiological mechanisms, no longer available, must be replaced by others. Since the anatomical pathways mediating the relevant motor functions will then differ to some extent from the normal ones, it seems reasonable to expect alterations in the behavior as well.
Communications with Audit Committees

The communication between the auditor and the audit committee is meant to encourage effective two-way communication between the auditor and the audit committee throughout the audit to assist in understanding matters relevant to the audit. Unless otherwise states, such a communication can either be oral or in writing. In either case, the auditor shall document the communication in the work papers.
2.4 GHz Band Pass Filter Architecture for Direct Print Additive Manufacturing

This paper presents the first capacitively-loaded cavity band pass filter (BPF) that is compatible with direct print additive manufacturing, a hybrid technique that combines fused deposition modeling and micro-dispensing. The single resonator achieves a measured unloaded quality factor of 160–320 over the frequency range from 2.4 to 6.8 GHz. The two pole filter is designed using a coupled-resonator approach to operate at 2.44 GHz with 1.9% fractional bandwidth. The simulated and measured insertion loss is 3.8 dB and 4.2 dB, respectively. Fused deposition modeling is used to deposit acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) to form the stand-alone resonator and filter structures (relative permittivity of 2.7 and loss tangent of 0.008) and silver paste (Dupont CB028) is used to form the conductive parts.
Thermal and Nutritional Regulation of Ribosome Hibernation in Staphylococcus aureus.

ABSTRACT The translationally silent 100S ribosome is a poorly understood form of the dimeric 70S complex that is ubiquitously found in all bacterial phyla. The elimination of the hibernating 100S ribosome leads to translational derepression, ribosome instability, antibiotic sensitivity, and biofilm defects in some bacteria. In Firmicutes, such as the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, a 190-amino acid protein called hibernating-promoting factor (HPF) dimerizes and conjoins two 70S ribosomes through a direct interaction between the HPF homodimer, with each HPF monomer tethered on an individual 70S complex. While the formation of the 100S ribosome in gammaproteobacteria and cyanobacteria is exclusively induced during postexponential growth phase and darkness, respectively, the 100S ribosomes in Firmicutes are constitutively produced from the lag-logarithmic phase through the post-stationary phase. Very little is known about the regulatory pathways that control hpf expression and 100S ribosome abundance. Here, we show that a general stress response (GSR) sigma factor (SigB) and a GTP-sensing transcription factor (CodY) integrate nutrient and thermal signals to regulate hpf synthesis in S. aureus, resulting in an enhanced virulence of the pathogen in a mouse model of septicemic infection. CodY-dependent regulation of hpf is strain specific. An epistasis analysis further demonstrated that CodY functions upstream of the GSR pathway in a condition-dependent manner. The results reveal an important link between S. aureus stress physiology, ribosome metabolism, and infection biology. IMPORTANCE The dimerization of 70S ribosomes (100S complex) plays an important role in translational regulation and infectivity of the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Although the dimerizing factor HPF has been characterized biochemically, the pathways that regulate 100S ribosome abundance remain elusive. We identified a metabolite- and nutrient-sensing transcription factor, CodY, that serves both as an activator and a repressor of hpf expression in nutrient- and temperature-dependent manners. Furthermore, CodY-mediated activation of hpf masks a secondary hpf transcript derived from a general stress response SigB promoter. CodY and SigB regulate a repertoire of virulence genes. The unexpected link between ribosome homeostasis and the two master virulence regulators provides new opportunities for alternative druggable sites.
What Politicians Believe About Electoral Accountability

Despite legislators’ incentives to respond to their constituents’ opinions on salient issues, they often take positions at odds with public opinion in their districts. These gaps in dyadic representation can arise because of politicians’ perceptions of which constituents will hold them accountable for their actions in office and of their potential future electoral opponents. Using original survey data from more the 3,000 candidates running for state legislative office in 2014 and 2016, I document American politicians’ beliefs about important factors influencing electoral accountability. To test to whom politicians believe they must be responsive, I survey their perceptions of which citizens are most likely to vote and pay attention to their actions in office. I find asymmetries in politicians’ beliefs about to whom they must be accountable. Politicians perceive the partisan makeup of their districts fairly accurately but overestimate the Republican share of the district’s residents. Candidates from both parties underestimated Democratic turnout in 2014. In a conjoint experiment, candidates from both parties believed that Republicans and citizens with conservative issue positions were more likely to turn out and to pay attention to what they do in office. Republican candidates are also more likely to fear losing in future primary elections than Democrats are. Candidates’ perceptions suggest that they would strategically respond more to conservative constituents, possibly exacerbating asymmetric polarization.
(370) Opioid Management in Primary Care: A Response to the Opioid Epidemic

In March 2016, in response to a national opioid epidemic, the CDC released guidelines for prescribing opioids for chronic pain. Pain Specialists at a comprehensive, interdisciplinary Pain Clinic within an integrated health system in suburban Minneapolis, Minnesota - a Clinic designed in large part to respond to the opioid epidemic - evaluated patients for participation in a pain treatment program with emphasis on SELF- versus MEDICATION-management of their chronic pain. While recognizing success in the Pain Clinic (95% of the patients had maintained decreased opioid use, and 38% of the patients showed a 100% reduction in opioid use), review of the primary care clinics in the catchment area of the pain clinic showed very little adherence to CDC Guidelines and limited success in tapering and discontinuing opioids for chronic pain management. To improve guideline adherence, pain specialists and a pain psychologist conducted education at two primary care clinics for a three-month period, and then were placed in situ at one of two clinics studied. On site presence, after three months, showed a decrease in prescribed mean MME (26.7) vs. the clinic without on-site presence (34.3) after a 3 month trial. The on-site pain team clinic helped more patients to cease opioid usage (19% vs. 15%) and helped reduce prescribed MMEs for more patients (63% vs. 42%). Preliminary findings support embedding pain specialists within primary care clinics as an additional opportunity to address the needs of patients who resist referral to a comprehensive pain management clinic, and to help primary care providers reduce patient dependence on opioid medications for management of chronic pain.
Variation Among Patients With Crohn's Disease in Benefit vs Risk Preferences and Remission Time Equivalents

Background & Aims Patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) must make decisions about their treatment. We aimed to quantify patients’ preferences for different treatment outcomes and adverse events. We also evaluated the effects of latent class heterogeneity on these preferences. Methods An online stated-preference survey was completed by 812 individuals with CD in the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation Partners cohort (IBD Partners). Patients were given information on symptoms and severity of active disease; duration of therapy with corticosteroids; and risks of serious infection, cancer and surgery. Patients were asked to assume that their treatment was not working and to choose an alternative therapy. The primary outcome was remission-time equivalents (RTE) of a given duration of symptom severity or treatment-related risk. Latent class choice models identified groups of patients with dominant treatment-outcome preferences and associated patient characteristics with these groups. Results Latent class analysis demonstrated 3 distinct groups of survey responders whose choices were strongly influenced by avoidance of active symptoms (61%), avoidance of corticosteroid use (25%), or avoidance of risks of cancer, infection or surgery (14%) when choosing a therapy. Class membership was correlated with age, sex, mean short CD activity index score and corticosteroid avoidance. RTEs in each latent class differed significantly from the mean RTEs for the overall sample, although the symptom-avoidant class most closely approximated the overall sample. Conclusions In an online survey of patients with CD, we found substantial heterogeneity in preference for medication efficacy and risk of harm. Physicians and regulators should therefore not assume that all patients have mean-value preferences—this could result in significant differences in health-technology assessment models.