cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison Between the Zero Forcing Number and the Strong Metric Dimension of Graphs

The zero forcing number, \(Z(G)\), of a graph \(G\) is the minimum cardinality of a set \(S\) of black vertices (whereas vertices in \(V(G)-S\) are colored white) such that \(V(G)\) is turned black after finitely many applications of “the color-change rule”: a white vertex is converted black if it is the only white neighbor of a black vertex. The strong metric dimension, \(sdim(G)\), of a graph \(G\) is the minimum among cardinalities of all strong resolving sets: \(W \subseteq V(G)\) is a strong resolving set of \(G\) if for any \(u, v \in V(G)\), there exists an \(x \in W\) such that either \(u\) lies on an \(x-v\) geodesic or \(v\) lies on an \(x-u\) geodesic. In this paper, we prove that \(Z(G) \le sdim(G)+3r(G)\) for a connected graph \(G\), where \(r(G)\) is the cycle rank of \(G\). Further, we prove the sharp bound \(Z(G) \le sdim(G)\) when \(G\) is a tree or a unicyclic graph, and we characterize trees \(T\) attaining \(Z(T)=sdim(T)\). It is easy to see that \(sdim(T+e)-sdim(T)\) can be arbitrarily large for a tree \(T\); we prove that \(sdim(T+e) \ge sdim(T)-2\) and show that the bound is sharp.
Electronic measurement of cellular volumes. II. Frequency distribution of erythrocyte volumes.

The frequency distribution of erythrocyte volumes of animals and man, determined electronically, showed a skew toward large volumes. Simple mathematical and computer analyses of these curves seemed to reveal the presence of two populations of erythrocytes with Gaussian distribution. One consisted of cells of relatively small volume and the other of cells of large volume. Study of avian erythrocytes revealed that in these species the two populations were sufficiently different volumetrically that their distributions did not completely overlap and their presence was not obscured in the total distribution curves. Analysis of pathologic states showed that, in most, the volumetric distributions shifted toward large volume as the disease developed. In severe erythroblastosis, for example, only the large population was demonstrable. Consequently, the larger-volumed population appeared to be composed of reticulocytes and young erythrocytes. These studies and those in progress indicate that this technic may afford another useful dimension to investigative and therapeutic hematology.
Control of hemoglobin synthesis in erythroid differentiating K562 cells: II. Studies of iron mobilization in erythroid cells by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrochemical detection

Abstract We have demonstrated that iron controls hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis in erythroid differentiating K562 cells by enhancing the activity of a key enzyme of the Hb synthesis, δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS). In the present study, we studied iron mobilization and the role of iron in erythroid differentiating cells by measuring the level of iron by means of high-performance liquid chromatography using electrochemical detection (HPLC–ED). After treatment of K562 cells with sodium butyrate, the expression of transferrin receptor (TfR) increased initially, followed by an increase in the levels of both total iron and Hb as well as the ALAS activity. However, no increase could be found in the levels of non-heme iron, low-molecular-mass iron (LMMFe) and ferritin. Addition of diferric transferrin (FeTf) enhanced both δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and Hb synthesis. In contrast, addition of hemin elevated the levels of all iron species as well as the Hb synthesis but reduced the TfR expression and ALA contents in both butyrate treated and untreated cells. These results suggest that Hb synthesis is controlled by TfR expression, and that the ALA synthesis is suppressed by iron released from heme and/or Hb due to lowered expression of TfR.
Photon-Neutrino Symmetry and the OPERA Anomaly

The OPERA collaboration has recently claimed discovery of superluminal propagation of neutrino beams. Excluding the possibility of unaccounted measurement errors, the most natural interpretation of OPERA anomaly is that, sufficiently far from the source of electroweak interactions, single-flavor ultra-relativistic neutrinos and photons may be regarded as components of the same field. In particular, we suggest that it is possible to construct a neutrino-photon doublet where the two components behave as dual entities. We examine conditions that enable the symmetry between neutrinos and photons to be unbroken. The benefit of this interpretation is that Lorentz invariance stays valid regardless of the relative velocity of neutrinos and their mean energy.
Photoionization Edges of Galaxies and the HI Column Density Distribution

We look for a photoionization feature in the H I column density distri­bution. Our model assumes the H I lines come from rotationally-supported disks in dark matter potential wells (i.e., galaxies), and the outer edges of these disks are ionized by the metagalactic radiation field. The predicted result is a flattening of the distribution from N H I ~ 1017.5 cm−2 to N H I ~ 1020.5 cm−2. Our preliminary results do not show strong evidence for this feature.
Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations

Abstract Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a potentially disruptive yet beneficial change to our transportation system. This new technology has the potential to impact vehicle safety, congestion, and travel behavior. All told, major social AV impacts in the form of crash savings, travel time reduction, fuel efficiency and parking benefits are estimated to approach $2000 to per year per AV, and may eventually approach nearly $4000 when comprehensive crash costs are accounted for. Yet barriers to implementation and mass-market penetration remain. Initial costs will likely be unaffordable. Licensing and testing standards in the U.S. are being developed at the state level, rather than nationally, which may lead to inconsistencies across states. Liability details remain undefined, security concerns linger, and without new privacy standards, a default lack of privacy for personal travel may become the norm. The impacts and interactions with other components of the transportation system, as well as implementation details, remain uncertain. To address these concerns, the federal government should expand research in these areas and create a nationally recognized licensing framework for AVs, determining appropriate standards for liability, security, and data privacy.
Collaboration in a Wireless Grid Innovation Testbed by Virtual Consortium

This paper describes the formation of the Wireless Grid Innovation Testbed (WGiT) coordinated by a virtual consortium involving academic and non-academic entities. Syracuse University and Virginia Tech are primary university partners with several other academic, government, and corporate partners. Objectives include: 1) coordinating knowledge sharing, 2) defining key parameters for wireless grids network applications, 3) dynamically connecting wired and wireless devices, content and users, 4) linking to VT-CORNET, Virginia Tech Cognitive Radio Network Testbed, 5) forming ad hoc networks or grids of mobile and fixed devices without a dedicated server, 6) deepening understanding of wireless grid application, device, network, user and market behavior through academic, trade and popular publications including online media, 7) identifying policy that may enable evaluated innovations to enter US and international markets and 8) implementation and evaluation of the international virtual collaborative process.
Household Size, Economies of Scale, and Public Goods in Consumption: A Proposal to Resolve the Food Share "Paradox"

This paper is addressed to an explanation of the food share paradoxencountered in (Deaton and Paxson 1998),and suggests a proposal to resolveit. The paper examines the effect of family size on the demand for food, acommodity group believed to be particularly responsive to changes ineconomies available to households. It argues that the size effect on the budget share of food is negative; this has only become a paradox because the sources of economies are assumed to be confined to mainly family public goods. The paradox is likely to disappear once within food group private sources of economies are acknowledged.
Paid Sick-Leave: Is It a Good Way to Control Epidemics?

This research considers an economic intervention i.e. a paid sick leave policy to control an Influenza epidemic. Research has shown that “presenteeism” i.e. sick workers coming to work, costs employers more than “absenteeism” because sick workers put their coworkers at risk and are less productive.
Women’s Religious Authority in a Sub-Saharan Setting: Dialectics of Empowerment and Dependency

Western scholarship on religion and gender has devoted considerable attention to women's entry into leadership roles across various religious traditions and denominations. However, very little is known about the dynamics of women's religious authority and leadership in developing settings, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, a region of powerful and diverse religious expressions. This study employs a combination of uniquely rich and diverse data to examine women's formal religious authority in a predominantly Christian setting in Mozambique. I first use survey data to test hypotheses regarding the prevalence and patterns of women's formal leadership across different denominational groups. I then support and extend the quantitative results with insights on pathways and consequences of women's ascent to formal congregation authority drawn from qualitative data. The analysis illustrates how women's religious authority both defies and reasserts the gendered constraints of the religious marketplace and the broader gender ideology in this developing context.
Compositional reasoning for hardware/software co-verification

In this paper, we present and illustrate an approach to compositional reasoning for hardware/software co-verification of embedded systems. The major challenges in compositional reasoning for co-verification include: (1) the hardware/software semantic gaps, (2) lack of common property specification languages for hardware and software, and (3) lack of compositional reasoning rules that are applicable across the hardware/software boundaries. Our approach addresses these challenges by (1) filling the hardware/software semantic gaps via translation of hardware and software into a common formal language, (2) defining a unified property specification language for hardware, software, and entire systems, and (3) enabling application of existing compositional reasoning rules across the hardware/software boundaries based on translation, developing a new rule for compositional reasoning with components that share sub-components, and extending the applicability of these rules via dependency refinement. Our approach has been applied to co-verification of networked sensors. The case studies have shown that our approach is very effective in enabling application of compositional reasoning to co-verification of non-trivial embedded systems.
Reflections on the biology, morphology and ecology of the Macrochelidae

The Macrochelidae is a cosmopolitan family of predatory mesostigmatic mites, many of which occupy specialized and often unstable habitats. Most known species have adapted to life in dung deposits where prey is plentiful and the potential exists for rapid population growth. Phoresy on co-occurring flying insects plays a vital role in assuring niche continuity for macrochelids in these ephemeral substrates. A brief general review of some of the earlier highlights of macrochelid research is presented, followed by a discussion of the emergence of phoresy as a major survival strategy in the Macrochelidae associated with dung beetles. Special emphasis is placed on the behavioural and chemical mechanisms that mediate phoretic specificity of macrochelid species in the unique n-dimensional universes of their scarab hosts. Phylogenetic analysis of selected phoretic and non-phoretic macrochelid taxa has shown a strong correlation between phoretic state and evolutionary position, indicating that an increasing commitment to phoresy in the Macrochelidae is correlated with an advance from early derivative to terminal taxa. Laboratory and field observations have confirmed the importance of chemical, behavioural and ecological factors in maintaining the integrity of the relationship between phoretically specific macrochelids and their dung beetle hosts.
Low‐hazard metallography of moisture‐sensitive electrochemical cells

A low-hazard approach is presented to prepare metallographic cross-sections of moisture-sensitive battery components. The approach is tailored for evaluation of thermal (molten salt) batteries composed of thin pressed-powder pellets, but has general applicability to other battery electrochemistries. Solution-cast polystyrene is used to encapsulate cells before embedding in epoxy. Nonaqueous grinding and polishing are performed in an industrial dry room to increase throughput. Lapping oil is used as a lubricant throughout grinding. Hexane is used as the solvent throughout processing; occupational exposure levels are well below the limits. Light optical and scanning electron microscopy on cross-sections are used to analyse a thermal battery cell. Spatially resolved X-ray diffraction on oblique angle cut cells complement the metallographic analysis.
Non-demolition adiabatic measurement of the phase qubit state

An adiabatic method for a single-shot non-demolition measurement of the phase qubit is suggested. The qubit is inductively coupled to a low-frequency resonator, which in turn is connected with a classical measurement device (phase meter). The resonator drives adiabatic oscillations of the supercurrent in the qubit loop. The back reaction of the qubit loop on the resonator depends on the qubit state. Measuring the phase shift of the resonator's oscillations one can determine the state of the qubit. Numerical computations with available experimental parameters show that the phase difference between the two qubit states increases at a rate of 0.0044 rad/ns with the fidelity of about 0.9989 and the measurement time of about 100 ns. The fidelity of the measurement is estimated taking into consideration possible quantum transitions inside and outside the qubit manifold. An increase of the phase difference is possible but it is linked to a reduction of the fidelity. The requirements for the reproducibility of the qubit and resonator parameters are formulated.
Translating MathML into nemeth braille code

An assistive software application has been created that translates math statements encoded as MathML into Nemeth Braille Code (NBC). This translation is conducted in two phases, the translation of the MathML elements into NBC, then the implementation of rules specific to Nemeth Braille that are irrelevant to MathML. All MathML elements holding semantically relevant information are translated by this program, including the nesting of elements to any level. Some of the syntactical rules inherent to NBC such as the use of the numeric indicator; additional space characters; and some contractions have also been implemented; other rules remain to be incorporated. The NBC can be exported in three ways (1) directly to a refreshable Braille device via a serial connection in real time; (2) saved as a text file then downloaded into a Braille device; and (3) save as a text file then embossed by a third party application. This application allows a person with no Braille experience to enter a math equation into any equation editor that can save that statement in the MathML format, and then convert that statement into Nemeth Braille Code for perusal by the visually impaired
Observations of infragravity waves at the ocean-bottom broadband seismic stations Endeavour (KEBB) and Explorer (KXBB)

[1] We report observations of infragravity waves in the period band 30–400 s at two buried broadband ocean-bottom seismic stations, KEBB and KXBB, located off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, at a water depth of ∼2370 m. When compared to the energy of short-period ocean waves recorded at local buoys, the low-frequency seismic noise is found to be mainly generated when the short-period ocean waves reach the coast, and not when the storm passes directly above the station. Two types of modulation of the infragravity signal are observed. First, a longer-period modulation is observed and is best correlated with the energy of the 14–16 s period ocean waves. Second, the entire infragravity band signal is modulated in phase with tides. The results suggest that the infragravity waves originate from the nearshore region east of buoy 46041, which lies off the coast of Washington State, and not from the nearshore regions farther to the north that are closer to KEBB. Strong polarization of the KEBB horizontal motions in the NW–SE direction also suggests that the infragravity waves arrive at KEBB from the SE direction. Since the infragravity waves are not generated uniformly along the shore, modeling of their spatial variability prior to the selection of new sites could help improve the quality of future ocean-bottom seismic deployments and may also help understand processes at the origin of the Earth's low-frequency hum.
Mitosis in Fungi

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ultrastructure of vegetative nuclear division, that is, mitosis in fungi and closely related groups. Mitotic divisions occurring in the vegetative phase of the fungi are essentially the same as in higher organisms, although the details are frequently obscured by the small size of the nuclei. Fungi, as commonly understood, are a highly diverse and polyphyletic group of organisms. Some of the organisms commonly grouped with fungi are placed there only because mycologists have traditionally studied them. The interphase nucleus of the fungi is bounded by an envelope composed of two unit membranes and interrupted by nuclear pores. Centriole structure in fungi does not differ in its basic aspects from that found in other eukaryotic organisms; that is, the centrioles are composed of nine triplet sets of microtubules which, at their proximal ends, enclose a cartwheellike structure. The centrioles of fungi occur in pairs (diplosome) and are often, although not consistently, associated with a pocket in the nuclear envelope. Other aspects of mitosis and their possible usefulness in assessing evolutionary relationships have been discussed in the cited studies of Pickett-Heaps.
Optimal path planning under temporal logic constraints

In this paper we present a method for automatically generating optimal robot trajectories satisfying high level mission specifications. The motion of the robot in the environment is modeled as a weighted transition system. The mission is specified by a general linear temporal logic formula. In addition, we require that an optimizing proposition must be repeatedly satisfied. The cost function that we seek to minimize is the maximum time between satisfying instances of the optimizing proposition. For every environment model, and for every formula, our method computes a robot trajectory which minimizes the cost function. The problem is motivated by robotic monitoring and data gathering. In this setting, the optimizing proposition is satisfied at locations where data can be uploaded, and the formula specifies a an infinite horizon data collection mission. Our method utilizes Buchi automata to produce an automaton (which can be thought of as a graph) whose runs satisfy the temporal logic formula. We then present a graph algorithm which computes a path corresponding to the optimal robot trajectory. We also present an implementation for a robot performing a data gathering mission.
RUPTURE TESTING FOR THE QUALITY CONTROL OF ELECTRODEPOSITED COPPER INTERCONNECTIONS IN HIGH-SPEED, HIGH-DENSITY CIRCUITS

This chapter provides an overview of rupture testing for the quality control of electrodeposited copper interconnections in high-speed and high-density circuits. It discusses a procedure for the bulge testing of samples of electrolytic foil. In dynamic rupture test, a constant loading rate of 1 psig/sec is applied to the test piece while it is held at a constant test temperature. Measurements are made for bulge height at 10 psig intervals. The bulge height at rupture and the rupture pressure for each test temperature are recorded. Because this test yields data points for pressure, bulge height, and temperature, any combination of these variables can be used for an evaluation of material properties. However, for quality control purposes, a valid comparison between foil types is most easily obtained by a plot of rupture pressure versus test temperature. From these data, a measure of mechanical strength and ductility can be obtained. In creep rupture test, a pre-set constant pressure is applied and an up-counting timer is used for the measurement of the delayed-fracture time at constant pressure. In both tests, the assembly is designed such that tests can be made at any temperature between RT and 550°F, and at any pressure up to 80 psig. To allow the testing to be done on the same pressure scale, the cover plate aperture is variable for accommodating 1/2 ounce or 1 ounce foils. This chapter also describes quality control standards for both the tests.
Measuring Learning Strategies and Understanding: A Research Framework

We present a framework for measurement and diagnosis using knowledge-based models. Based on formulations of knowledge-level analysis, symbol-level analysis, constructivist learning, and situated cognition, we describe the possible frames of reference and fundamental measurement approaches that may be adopted in the analysis of cognition and learning. In general, these frames of reference define how individuals, contexts, knowledge, and activity are constitutively defined. We then present several measurement models extending the objective measurement approach of Rasch models to the analysis of learning strategies and knowledge development. The structure and parameter estimates of such models can then be used in the specification of probabilistic belief networks that can perform on-line student modelling.
Role of surface vaporization in low-volatility fission product release experiments

Fractional release rates of relatively low volatility fission products from fuel have been measured at the Sascha facility at Karlsruhe, Federal Republivc of Germany, and elsewhere as a function of fuel temperature. A mass transfer model was developed to calculate these release rates. Of six materials (fission products or fission product oxides) analyzed at temperatures from 1800 to 2400/sup 0/C, favorable comparisons between experiments and theory were obtained for silver, antimony, ruthenium, BaO, and ZrO/sub 2/, while insufficient experimental data were available for SrO. The favorable comparison for the five materials provides a strong argument that vaporization mass transfer is controlling the release rate for certain low-volatility fission products.
Optimal Auction Design For Multiple Objects with Externalities

In this paper we characterize the optimal allocation mechanism for $N$ objects, (permits), to $I$ potential buyers, (firms). Firms' payoffs depend on their costs, the costs of competitors and on the final allocation of the permits, allowing for externalities, substitutabilities and complementarities. Firms' cost parameter is private information and is independently distributed across firms. Externalities are type dependent. This has two consequences: first, even though the private information of each firm is one dimensional (its cost), an allocation's virtual valuation (the natural generalization of the virtual valuation introduced in (Myerson (1981) depends on the cost parameters of all firms. Second, the "critical" type of each buyer, (the type for which participation constraint binds) is not exogenously given but depends on the particular mechanism selected. This is not as in the papers by Jehiel, Moldovanu and Stacchetti 1996, 2001, and makes the characterization of the optimum intricate, since the objective function is altered. However, the feasibility constraints remain tractable, which makes the use of variational methods possible. A further consequence of having type-dependent externalities, which does not arise in the previous work, is that not only payments, but also the revenue maximizing allocation is different from the optimum derived without taking into account the existence of externalities. Our model captures key features of many important multi-object allocation problems like the allocation of time slots for TV commercials, landing slots in airports, privatization and firm takeovers
Local-currency pricing and the choice of exchange-rate regime

Abstract Feldstein (1992, The Economist 19–22; 1997, Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, 23–42) invokes Friedman's (1953, Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp. 157–203) classic case for flexible exchange rates to argue that the single currency of the European Monetary Union will hinder adjustments that might have occurred through real exchange rate movements under a more flexible exchange rate system. The extent of local-currency pricing among European countries undermines this view. The prices that consumers pay for imported goods are not much influenced by changes in nominal exchange rates in the short run. The channels for adjustment through relative price changes are considerably narrowed when local-currency pricing predominates. New evidence is presented that reaffirms the predominance of local-currency pricing for consumer prices in Europe. The optimum currency area analysis is reexamined in a Mundell–Fleming framework with local-currency pricing.
Order-Sensitive View Maintenance of Materialized XQuery Views

In this paper we present the first approach for incremental order-preserving maintenance of XQuery views. Our technique is based on an algebraic representation of the XQuery view query called XAT. The XML algebra has ordered bag semantics; hence most of the operators logically are order preserving. We propose an order-encoding mechanism that migrates the XML algebra to (non-ordered) bag semantics, no longer requiring most of the operators to be order-aware. This way operators become distributive over update operations. This transformation brings the problem of maintaining XML views closer to the problem of maintaining views in other (unordered) data models. We have implemented our view maintenance technique on top of RAINBOW, the XML data management system developed at WPI. Our experimental results confirm that incremental XML view maintenance is significantly faster than complete recomputation.
Effects of Waves on the Boundary Layer of a Surface-Piercing Flat Plate: Experiment and Theory

Abstract : Results are presented from a towing-tank experiment conducted in order to document the effects of waves on the wake of a surface piercing body. A unique, simple model geometry is utilized which makes it possible to isolate and identify the most important features of the wave induced effects. Measurements were made for three wave-steepness conditions: zero, medium, and large. The effects of the waves for the latter two conditions are shown to be significant. In particular, the variations of the external flow pressure gradients cause acceleration and deceleration phases of the streamwise velocity component and alternating direction of the crossflow, which results in large oscillations of the displacement thickness and wake centerplane velocities as compared to the zero steepness condition. Remarkably, the wake displays a greater response, i.e. , a bias with regard to favorable as compared to adverse pressure gradients. The measurements are compared and close agreement is demonstrated with results from Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes calculations. Additional calculations are presented, including laminar flow results, which aid in explicating the characteristics of the near and intermediate wake, the periodic nature of the far wake, and wave-induced separation. Previously, experimental and computational results were presented for the boundary layer region.
Testing for Interconnect Crosstalk Defects Using On-Chip Embedded Processor Cores

In deep-submicron technologies, long interconnects play an ever-important role in determining the performance and reliability of core-based system-on-chips (SoCs). Crosstalk effects degrade the integrity of signals traveling on long interconnects and must be addressed during manufacturing testing. External testing for crosstalk is expensive due to the need for high-speed testers. Built-in self-test, while eliminating the need for a high-speed tester, may lead to excessive test overhead as well as overly aggressive testing. To address this problem, we propose a new software-based self-test methodology for system-on-chips (SoC) based on embedded processors. It enables an on-chip embedded processor core to test for crosstalk in system-level interconnects by executing a self-test program in the normal operational mode of the SoC, thereby allowing at-speed testing of interconnect crosstalk defects, while eliminating the need for test overhead and the possibility of over-testing. We have demonstrated the feasibility of this method by applying it to test the interconnects of a processor-memory system. The defect coverage was evaluated using a system-level crosstalk defect simulation method.
Consciousness, Color, and Content

Experiences and feelings are inherently conscious states. There is something it is like to feel pain, to have an itch, to experience bright red. Philosophers call this sort of consciousness "phenomenal consciousness." Even though phenomenal consciousness seems to be a relatively primitive matter, something more widespread in nature than higher-order or reflective consciousness, it is deeply puzzling. In 1995 Michael Tye proposed a theory of phenomenal consciousness now known as representationalism. This book is, in part, devoted to a further development of that theory along with replies to common objections. Tye's focus is broader than representationalism, however. Two prominent challenges for any reductive theory of consciousness are the explanatory gap and the knowledge argument. In part I of this book, Tye suggests that these challenges are intimately related. The best strategy for dealing with the explanatory gap, he claims, is to consider it a kind of cognitive illusion. Part II of the book is devoted to representationalism. Part III connects representationalism with two more general issues. The first is the nature of color. Tye defends a commonsense, objectivist view of color and argues that such a view is compatible with modern color science. In the final chapter, Tye addresses the question of where on the phylogenetic scale phenomenal consciousness ceases, arguing that consciousness extends beyond the realm of vertebrates to such relatively simple creatures as the honeybee.
Particle-Dynamics Calculations of Shear Flow

Abstract Two-dimensional discrete particle computer models similar to those of P. Cundall (ref. 1, 2) are described. The “soft-particle” approach used in these models allows them to be applied over a wide range of conditions from static situations through rapid shear conditions. Surface friction between particles and with boundary walls is explicitly modeled. Particular attention is paid to the modeling of dynamic situations wherein the energy losses and momentum transfer during inter-particulate collisions play important roles. Comparisons with analytic solutions have verified the numerical techniques and direct comparison with physical tests involving several particles have verified the models' ability to calculate the motion of real materials. Direct shear tests on oil shale rubble and corresponding calculations indicate qualitatively similar circulation phenomena and both showed large fluctuations in the magnitude of the shearing force. Incline chute flow calculations are providing detailed descriptions of individual particle paths in which shearing and size segregation phenomena can be observed. Initial comparisons with experiments indicate somewhat slower segregation in two-dimensional calculations than in experiments with spherical particles.
Loopy belief propagation as a basis for communication in sensor networks

Sensor networks are an exciting new kind of computer system. Consisting of a large number of tiny, cheap computational devices physically distributed in an environment, they gather and process data about the environment in real time. One of the central questions in sensor networks is what to do with the data, i.e. how to reason with it and how to communicate it. This paper argues that the lessons of the UAI community, in particular that one should produce and communicate beliefs rather than raw sensor values, are highly relevant to sensor networks. We contend that loopy belief propagation is particularly well suited to communicating beliefs in sensor networks, due to its compact implementation and distributed nature. We investigate the ability of loopy belief propagation to function under the stressful conditions likely to prevail in sensor networks. Our experiments show that it performs well and degrades gracefully. It converges to appropriate beliefs even in highly asynchronous settings where some nodes communicate far less frequently than others; it continues to function if some nodes fail to participate in the propagation process; and it can track changes in the environment that occur while beliefs are propagating. As a result, we believe that sensor networks present an important application opportunity for UAI.
Spatial specialization and farm-nonfarm linkages

Using individual level employment data from Bangladesh, this paper presents empirical evidence on the relative importance of farm and urban linkages for rural nonfarm employment. The econometric results indicate that high return wage work and self-employment in nonfarm activities cluster around major urban centers. The negative effects of isolation on high return wage work and on self-employment are magnified in locations with higher agricultural potential. The low return nonfarm activities respond primarily to local demand displaying no significant spatial variation. The empirical results highlight the need for improved connectivity of regions with higher agricultural potential to urban centers for nonfarm development in Bangladesh.
Consumer Food Safety Perceptions: Do they Differ across Products, Species, and Specific Risks?

No known research has directly evaluated the relationship between perceived risk on a particular food safety issue and perceptions of other risks (e.g., H1N1 perceptions and E-Coli O157:H7 perceptions). Similarly, no known study has evaluated the appropriateness of assuming perceived food safety risks are equivalent for all products of a given species (i.e., perceived risk of E-Coli O157:H7 in ground beef and beef steak). The focus of this working paper is to shed new light on these previously unevaluated issues and draw implications for future mitigation strategies regarding meat food safety risks.
Radiative PQ breaking and the Higgs boson mass

The small and negative value of the Standard Model Higgs quartic coupling at high scales can be understood in terms of anthropic selection on a landscape where large and negative values are favored: most universes have a very short-lived electroweak vacuum and typical observers are in universes close to the corresponding metastability boundary. We provide a simple example of such a landscape with a Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking scale generated through dimensional transmutation and supersymmetry softly broken at an intermediate scale. Large and negative contributions to the Higgs quartic are typically generated on integrating out the saxion field. Cancellations among these contributions are forced by the anthropic requirement of a sufficiently long-lived electroweak vacuum, determining the multiverse distribution for the Higgs quartic in a similar way to that of the cosmological constant. This leads to a statistical prediction of the Higgs boson mass that, for a wide range of parameters, yields the observed value within the 1σ statistical uncertainty of ∼ 5 GeV originating from the multiverse distribution. The strong CP problem is solved and single-component axion dark matter is predicted, with an abundance that can be understood from environmental selection. A more general setting for the Higgs mass prediction is discussed.
Road Environment Recognition Using On-vehicle LIDAR

In this paper, we present the road environment recognition algorithm using on-vehicle LIDAR. Although our 2-dimensional scanning and high-resolution LIDAR can detect the forward vehicle, other objects and the lane mark at the same time, we have only applied the LIDAR to ACC system by recognizing only vehicles. To pursue the potential of the LIDAR, DENSO has developed the road environment recognition algorithm using only the LIDAR as a forward object detection sensor with compensation of the ego-vehicle motion. As a result, we constructed a model-based algorithm, which could recognize various objects on the absolute coordinate system. Moreover we show the possibility of the coordination with LIDAR and map or GPS for high accurate navigation.
Do gender differences in risk preferences explain gender differences in labor supply, earnings or occupational choice?

This paper examines the extent to which differences in risk preferences between men and women explain why women have a lower entrepreneurship rate, earn less, and work fewer hours than men. Data from the NLSY79 confirms previous findings that women are more risk averse than men. However, while less risk averse men tend to become self-employed and more risk averse men are likely to choose paid-employment, there is no significant effect of risk preferences on women's entrepreneurship decisions. Similarly, more risk aversion is associated with higher earnings for male entrepreneurs, but it has no effect on female entrepreneurial earnings. Rising rates of risk aversion lower earnings for women, consistent with theoretical effects of risk preferences on labor earnings, but the effects are of modest magnitude. Risk preferences do not explain variation in hours of work for either men or women. These findings suggest that widely reported differences in risk preferences across genders play only a trivial role in explaining differences in labor market outcomes between men and women.
Imperfect Information and the Reserve Price Dynamics In Auctions

I study a hybrid bargaining model with an English auction in each state. The seller uses auctions to extract information about the bidders’ values of the object on sale. The bargaining element is introduced to maximize revenue, since the winning bidder has to exceed not only the second-highest bid but also the reservation price of the seller. This model can explain the following empirical facts from Ebay auctions: multiple relisting of similar items, the use of secret reserve prices, and the convergence of sale
Testing high-Z QED with SuperEBIT: An estimate of the U91+ 1s two-loop Lamb shift based on a measurement of the 2s1/2–2p1/2 transition in U89+

Abstract Starting from the results of a recent measurement of the 2 s 1 / 2 – 2 p 1 / 2 transition in U 89 + made on the SuperEBIT electron beam ion trap, which provided a determination of the 2 s two-loop QED contribution, we estimate 1.27 ± 0.45 eV for the two-loop contribution to the 1 s level in U 91 + . This estimate could be improved by a factor of two or more, if the uncertainties associated with the three-photon exchange in the theoretical calculations were eliminated in the future.
Initial guesses for multi-shift solvers

I will present a method for providing initial guesses to a linear solver for systems with multiple shifts. This can also be extended to the case of multiple sources each with a different shift.
Selection in initial and return migration: Evidence from moves across Spanish cities

This paper investigates the sorting of more productive workers into denser cities using administrative data for Spain that fol- low individuals continuously throughout their working lives. Migrants who move to denser cities are positively selected in terms of educa- tion, occupational skills, and individual productivity as proxied by pre-migration position in the local earnings distribution. However, not everyone is able to benefit equally from denser cities and this leads to a second round of sorting. Returnees are not only ex-ante less productive than permanent migrants, but are also those who, following the first move, have least boosted up their earnings in denser cities.
Recursive Sustainability: Intertemporal Efficiency and Equity

PV-optimality in a capital-resource economy can imply decreasing utility over some portion of the time horizon. Various criteria have been proposed to maintain intergenerational equity defined as nondeclining utility, but these have some limitations and problems. This paper proposes a new welfare criteria incorporating present value to maintain efficiency, and an equity function with convex costs on declining utility. This criterion is economically efficient, time-consistent and recursive. An extension of dynamic programming to multiple value functions is developed to solve this problem. Increasing the equity weight increasingly eliminates declining portions of utility time paths. Sustainability implies increasing consumption in the early time periods and some intermediate time periods relative to PV-optimality. A surprising result is that sustainability can actually result in increased resource usage in early time periods, followed later by higher levels of resource stocks compared to PV-optimality. The sustainability analysis shows that while conventional benefit-cost and valuation analysis contribute to efficiency, they do not necessarily induce sustainability due to incorrect dynamic GE prices. Similar comments apply to Green NNP analysis. The concepts and extended DP methods developed in this paper extend naturally to uncertainty and can also be applied to generalized consumer and social choice models beyond those typically considered in the literature.
The Comparative Advantage of Cities

Abstract What determines the distributions of skills, occupations, and industries across cities? We develop a theory to jointly address these fundamental questions about the spatial organization of economies. Our model incorporates a system of cities, their internal urban structures, and a high-dimensional theory of factor-driven comparative advantage. It predicts that larger cities will be skill-abundant and specialize in skill-intensive activities according to the monotone likelihood ratio property. We test the model using data on 270 US metropolitan areas, 3 to 9 educational categories, 22 occupations, and 19 industries. The results provide support for our theory's predictions.
The polynomial analogue of a theorem of Rényi

Renyi's result on the density of integers whose prime factorizations have excess multiplicity has an analogue for polynomials over a finite field. Let n = p 1
Exploring the impact of wind penetration on power system equilibrium using a numerical continuation approach

In this paper we investigate how the equilibrium characteristics of conventional power systems may change with an increase in wind penetration. We first derive a differentialalgebraic model of a power system network consisting of synchronous generators, loads and a wind power plant modeled by wind turbines and doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG). The models of these three components are coupled via nonlinear power flow equations. In contrast to the traditional approach for solving the power flows via iterative methods that often lead to a local solution, we apply a recently developed parameterhomotopy based numerical continuation algorithm to compute all possible solutions. The method obtains all the solutions of the power flow equations over multiple values of the wind penetration. We observe that depending on the penetration limit and the setpoint value for the magnitude of the wind bus voltage, the system may exhibit several undesired or even unstable equilibria. We illustrate these results through a detailed simulation of a 5-machine power system model with wind injection, and highlight how the solutions may be helpful for small-signal stability assessment.
Affine Type A Crystal Structure on Tensor Products of Rectangles, Demazure Characters, and Nilpotent Varieties

Answering a question of Kuniba, Misra, Okado, Takagi, and Uchiyama, it is shown that certain higher level Demazure characters of affine type A, coincide with the graded characters of coordinate rings of closures of conjugacy classes of nilpotent matrices.
Provably Fast and Accurate Recovery of Evolutionary Trees through Harmonic Greedy Triplets

We give a greedy learning algorithm for reconstructing an evolutionary tree based on a certain harmonic average on triplets of terminal taxa. After the pairwise distances between terminal taxa are estimated from sequence data, the algorithm runs in $\smallbigO{\numtaxa^2}$ time using $\smallbigO{\numtaxa}$ work space, where $\numtaxa$ is the number of terminal taxa. These time and space complexities are optimal in the sense that the size of an input distance matrix is $\numtaxa^2$ and the size of an output tree is $\numtaxa$. Moreover, in the Jukes--Cantor model of evolution, the algorithm recovers the correct tree topology with high probability using sample sequences of length polynomial in (1) $\numtaxa$, (2) the logarithm of the error probability, and (3) the inverses of two small parameters.
Functionally accurate, cooperative distributed systems

A new approach for structuring distributed processing systems, called functionally accurate, cooperative (FA/C), is proposed. The approach differs from conventional ones in its emphasis on handling distribution-caused uncertainty and errors as an integral part of the network problem-solving process. In this approach nodes cooperatively problem-solve by exchanging partial tentative results (at various levels of abstraction) within the context of common goals. The approach is especially suited to applications in which the data necessary to achieve a solution cannot be partitioned in such a way that a node can complete a task without seeing the intermediate state of task processing at other nodes. Much of the inspiration for the FA/C approach comes from the mechanisms used in knowledge-based artificial intelligence (Al) systems for resolving uncertainty caused by noisy input data and the use of approximate knowledge. The appropriateness of the FA/C approach is explored in three application domains: distributed interpretation, distributed network traffic-light control, and distributed planning. Additionally, the relationship between the approach and the structure of management organizations is developed. Finally, a number of current research directions necessary to more fully develop the FA/C approach are outlined. These research directions include distributed search, the integration of implicit and explicit forms of control, and distributed planning and organizational self-design.
Recent Advances in Steady Compressible Aerodynamic Sensitivity Analysis

An overview is given of some recent accomplishments by different researchers in calculating gradient information of interest from modern flow-analysis codes. Of particular interest here is advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, which solves the nonlinear multidimensional Euler and/or Navier-Stokes equations. The accurate, efficient calculation of aerodynamic sensitivity derivatives is very important in design-oriented applications of these CFD codes to single discipline and multidisciplinary problems [1, 2].