cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil arthropod responses to different patch types in a mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada

The Teakettle Ecosystem Experiment in the southern Sierra Nevada is using thinning and prescribed fire to recreate historical stand conditions. As part of Teakettle we assessed pretreatment diversity and density of the soil arthropod community in 1998 and 2000. We determined the density and diversity of soil microarthropods among treatment plots, the influence of patch type (closed canopy, canopy gaps, Ceanothus sp., and coarse woody debris [CWD]), and established baseline pretreatment data. Mites were the dominant microinvertebrates (78%). Canopy gaps had the lowest mite density and diversity, and were more sensitive to year-to-year changes in climate (1998 was an extremely wet year for the region). Soil organic matter as represented by bulk density appeared to be most closely associated with changes in species composition among different patch types. There was substantial overlap, however, in community composition among the different patch types as represented by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination. No significant differences were observed for mite species richness and density among plots assigned to future treatments. The gap data suggest that in the characteristically hot, dry summers of the southern Sierra Nevada the rate of recovery of vegetation following thinning and fire treatments may have a significant influence on the recovery rate of microarthropods, not only by providing sources of energy inputs in the form of dead organic matter, but also by moderating the microclimate of the forest floor. FOR. SCI. 51(3):255–265.
Querying for Feature Extraction and Visualization in Climate Modeling

The ultimate goal of data visualization is to clearly portray features relevant to the problem being studied. This goal can be realized only if users can effectively communicate to the visualization software what features are of interest. To this end, we describe in this paper two query languages used by scientists to locate and visually emphasize relevant data in both space and time. These languages offer descriptive feedback and interactive refinement of query parameters, which are essential in any framework supporting queries of arbitrary complexity. We apply these languages to extract features of interest from climate model results and describe how they support rapid feature extraction from large datasets.
Design of Modulators for Oversampled Converters

List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. Fundamentals of Oversampled A/D Converters. 2. Opamp Topologies for Oversampled Converters. 3. Optimal Design of Opamps for Oversampled Modulators. 4. Nonlinear Settling in Delta-Sigma Modulators. 5. Other Nonlinear Phenomena in Delta-Sigma Modulators. 6. Circuit Implementation of Delta-Sigma Modulators. 7. Conclusions. References. Index.
Neurotensin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity within amacrine cells of the retina.

Abstract Neurotensin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the pigeon retina, using both immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay techniques. Immunohistochemical studies utilized both the indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase procedures with two well-characterized antisera to neurotensin and three well-characterized antisera to somatostatin. Specific immunoreactivity of each antiserum was established by absorption with either 10 μM synthetic neurotensin, somatostatin or leu5-enkephalin. Specific immunohistochemical staining for neurotensin and for somatostatin was observed within separate populations of multistratified amacrine cells. Neurotensin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were observed within somata located in the inner nuclear layer and within varicose processes ramifying in laminae 1, 3 and 4 of the inner plexiform layer. Immunoreactive somata and processes were observed throughout the retina and their density appeared to be greatest within central retinal regions. The somata-containing neurotensin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity measured about 7 μm in diameter. The cell to cell spacing of neurotensin-like immunoreactive somata was approximately 30 μm and the cell to cell spacing of somatostatin-like immunoreactive somata was approximately 27 μm in central retinal regions. Within more peripheral retinal regions, immunoreactive cells were spaced farther apart. Radioimmunoassays utilizing well-characterized antisera to neurotensin and somatostatin demonstrate specific neurotensin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in acetic acid extracts of the retina. The concentration of immunoreactive neurotensin is 59 ± 7 fmoles per whole retina (mean ± S.E.M.) or 15.4 ± 2 fmoles per mg protein. The concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin is 2209 ± 440 fmoles per whole retina or 527 ± 76 fmoles per mg protein. These results demonstrate the existence of two additional neuropeptides within selected populations of retinal amacrine cells. The localization of several different neuropeptides within the retina suggests that neuropeptides play a specific role in retinal function.
On the uniqueness of HNN decompositions of a group

Abstract In this paper, we prove a uniqueness theorem for HNN decompositions of a group. As an application, we prove a splitting theorem for a 3-manifold along a nonseparating annulus.
Coherent control of atomic beam diffraction by standing light waves

Quantum interference is shown to deliver a means of regulating the diffraction pattern of a thermal atomic beam interacting with two standing-wave electric fields. Parameters have been identified to enhance the diffraction probability of one momentum component over the others, with specific application to Rb atoms.
Mitotic delay in the slime mould Physarum polycephalum induced by low intensity 60 and 75 Hz electromagnetic fields.

INTEREST in the biological effects of non-ionising radiation has increased in the past few years, with most workers focusing on radio frequency and microwave regions of the spectrum1−3. The ubiquity of low level 50–60 Hz electromagnetic radiation in the environment is a strong reason to investigate the biological effects of extremely low frequency radiation4,5. We have examined the effects of low intensity 60 and 75 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and have observed delays in the mitotic cycle of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum after continuous exposure. Significant delays were observed after approximately 100 d of continuous exposure, corresponding to about 300 mitotic cycles.
Outcomes of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke and cerebral sinovenous thrombosis

Perinatal stroke can result in cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, epilepsy, and sensory deficits. While some children only experience one type of disability, severe disabilities often cluster together. Death associated with perinatal stroke is rare, and often associated with other comorbidities. Clinical and radiographic factors can help predict outcome, but additional as-yet unknown factors appear to contribute to outcome as well. Rehabilitation can ameliorate deficits, and advances in rehabilitation technology and in adult stroke rehabilitation offer promise to pediatric perinatal stroke patients.
Scales and structures of large lake eddies

[1] Observations of currents and near-surface temperatures from Lake Superior reveal a surprisingly rich field of eddies that extended throughout the water column and were present throughout the lake and during all seasons. Despite their ubiquity, the lake eddies have previously gone unreported in the literature. These observations of the eddy velocities and surface temperatures suggest that we have to revise our conceptual understanding of the vertical and horizontal transport mechanisms within large lakes to take into account persistent mesoscale turbulence.
Probing dense nuclear matter via nuclear collisions

Abstract We study the sensitivity of nuclear hydrodynamics to the equation of state of nuclear matter at high densities and temperatures. The pressure, P , and entropy, S , generated in a nuclear collisions between 50 and 2000 MeV/nucleon are computed in a variety of models for the equation of state. The high precision required in jet and composition analysis to deduce P and S from data is discussed.
Strategies of structural reform of authoritarian socialism: The role of private property and markets

(1990). Strategies of structural reform of authoritarian socialism: The role of private property and markets. Communist Economies: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 499-507.
The Physiology of Pain

Evidence is presented that the signal that damage has occurred to an animal begins with the activation of receptors which respond specifically to noxious stimuli. In fact, different types of nociceptors are found which respond selectively to different types of damage. The activity of nociceptive sensory fibers influences neurons in the spinal cord which are not activated by other types of somatic stimuli and are thus specific. At higher levels of the nervous system less is known about the physiology of pain and such fundamental questions as the degree to which the cerebral cortex is involved in pain perception have not been answered. It is not known to what extent the mechanisms at higher levels are specific and the significance of convergent systems in which an individual neuron can be excited by a number of different stimuli, both noxious and innocuous, has not been resolved. However, it is argued that the evidence at present most strongly supports the concept that the neural system involved in pain is specific; the activity of neurons in this system either causes pain, or if the level of activity is insufficient, no sensation. Ways in which the activity of this specific system may be modulated are discussed in the context of counterirritation and acupuncture analgesia.
Wavelength detector using a pair of metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors with subwavelength finger spacings

A wavelength detector that employs two metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors with different subwavelength finger spacings is proposed and demonstrated. The resonance effect of the subwavelength-spaced fingers results in a photocurrent ratio that has one-to-one correspondence with the wavelengths of the monochromatic incident light. The device has a spectral range of 450-800 nm with a resolution of 5 nm. This device makes automatic wavelength calibration in optical instrumentation feasible.
Energy analysis of four geothermal technologies

Abstract We have applied standard energy analysis to 4 types of geothermal-electric technologies: liquid dominated, hot dry rock, geopressure, and vapor dominated. We find that all are net energy producers, i.e. they have an energy ratio exceeding unity, where energy ratio = net electric energy produced over lifetime primary nonrenewable energy inputs over lifetime (excluding geothermal energy itself) Expected uncertainties are not large enough to threaten this conclusion. Vapor dominated, the only technology in current commercial use to produce electricity in the U.S. has the highest energy ratio (13 ± 4). These results for energy ratio are equal to or less than those obtained by workers. In the case of liquid dominated systems, this result is caused by the considerable energy requirement of pollution control technology.
Coherence of ultrasound radiofrequency echoes from the liver estimated using multi-taper calculation

Acoustic scattering from the microvasculature in the liver is frequently modeled by a quasi-periodic distribution of point scatterers. The received echoes from such an arrangement of scatterers has random but correlated phase at frequency components corresponding to the average spacing of the quasi-periodic scatterers. The extent of the correlation between different frequency components is measured by calculating signal coherence. To date in ultrasound, estimators for coherence have used windowed short-time FFTs of radiofrequency data where the windows selected have been chosen ad hoc. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC), we show that Slepian sequences provide an estimator which more reliably distinguishes between liver and ablated tissue in an ex vivo setting than estimators using the Hann, Hamming, or Blackman-Harris window. For a gate length of 7 mm or 21 wavelengths we achieve an area under the ROC curve of 0.93 with Slepian sequences for coherence calculations.
Mechanism for the variations in electrophoretic mobility of glutamine synthetase from Phaseolus vulgaris root nodules

Abstract The variations in electrophoretic mobility of glutamine synthetase (GS) isoform Gs n1 from bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) root nodules is governed by both the plant cultivar and the age of the nodule. To understand the mechanism for the variations, GS from the nodules of three cultivars and from nodules of two different ages were purified. The two subunit polypeptides (designated β and γ) of the four sources of GS were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results revealed that the β polypeptide from all GSs had the same molecular weight and isoelectric point; similarly, the γ polypeptide from all GSs also had the same molecular weight and isoelectric point. Analysis by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis showed that the ratios of the two subunit polypeptides varied among the GSs. Furthermore, in vitro translation of isolated poly(A) + RNA also revealed changes in the ratios of the two polypeptides. These findings support the hypothesis that the variations in electrophoretic mobility are due to changes in the ratios of the two subunit polypeptides that comprised the GS.
A nonlithographic top-down electrochemical approach for creating hierarchical (micro-nano) superhydrophobic silicon surfaces

Superhydrophobic surfaces are biomimetic structures with potential applications in several key technological areas. In the past decade, several top-down and bottom-up fabrication methods have been developed to create such surfaces. These typically combine a hierarchical structure and low surface energy coatings to increase the contact angle and decrease the rolling angles. Silicon-based superhydrophobic surfaces are particularly attractive since they can be integrated with active electronics in order to protect them from the detrimental effects of environmental water and moisture. In this work, we introduce a simple and inexpensive process incorporating electrochemical surface modification (to create a fractal shape micro−nano topography) in combination with a final wet etching step to fabricate a superhydrophobic silicon surface with a contact angle of 160° and a sliding angle of less than 1°.
Benthic recruitment and manganese crust formation on seamounts

Hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts are a common feature of oceanic seamounts, forming slowly (predominantly at 1 to 5 mm/m.yr through precipitation from seawater, by a process that is poorly understood yet producing crusts of thicknesses up to 240 mm. It remains unexplained why crusts are not overwhelmed by more rapid biological processes occurring simultaneously. The present study of recruitment by sessile invertebrates to ferromanganese crusts and basalt on Cross Seamount (18°40′N; 158°17′W), North Pacific Ocean, from July 1988 to February 1990 supports the view that hydrogenesis alone may not adequately account for crust formation. Here, mediation of crust growth by benthic Foraminifera and inhibition of ferromanganese oxide precipitation by high abundances of sessile macrofauna are suggested as two interactive biological processes relevant to crust accretion. Larval supply is an important factor in the distribution of sessile macrofauna on oceanic seamounts.
Geostatistical Prediction and Simulation of Point Values from Areal Data

The spatial prediction and simulation of point values from areal data are addressed within the general geostatistical framework of change of support (the term support referring to the domain informed by each measurement or unknown value). It is shown that the geostatistical framework (i) can explicitly and consistently account for the support differences between the available areal data and the sought-after point predictions, (ii) yields coherent (mass-preserving or pycnophylactic) predictions, and (iii) provides a measure of reliability (standard error) associated with each prediction. In the case of stochastic simulation, alternative point-support simulated realizations of a spatial attribute reproduce (i) a point-support histogram (Gaussian in this work), (ii) a point-support semivariogram model (possibly including anisotropic nested structures), and (iii) when upscaled, the available areal data. Such point-support-simulated realizations can be used in a Monte Carlo framework to assess the uncertainty in spatially distributed model outputs operating at a fine spatial resolution because of uncertain input parameters inferred from coarser spatial resolution data. Alternatively, such simulated realizations can be used in a model-based hypothesis-testing context to approximate the sampling distribution of, say, the correlation coefficient between two spatial data sets, when one is available at a point support and the other at an areal support. A case study using synthetic data illustrates the application of the proposed methodology in a remote sensing context, whereby areal data are available on a regular pixel support. It is demonstrated that point-support (sub-pixel scale) predictions and simulated realizations can be readily obtained, and that such predictions and realizations are consistent with the available information at the coarser (pixel-level) spatial resolution.
Analysis of covariance in mixed models with unequal subclass numbers

Blue of estimable linear functions and exact tests of hypotheses concerning such functions usually do not exist in the covariance model with random factors having unknown variances. This is true even in the equal subclass numbers case. This paper suggests alternative methods for finding linear unbiased estimators and presents methods for computing sampling variances which are linear functions of the unknown parameter variances. Also, higher level covariates are defined and nonestimability problems resulting from association of such covariates with fixed factors are discussed.
10.6µ waveguide laser power amplifier

The analytical results and experimental measurements given earlier provide all the information required to determine a final amplifier design. Using given values of output power and saturated gain, and measured values of small signal gain and saturation intensity, we may use eq. (8) to calculate the required device length, and Fig. 1 to determine the bandwidth. This calculation may be repeated for a series of pressures in order to determine the conditions which require the smallest device length consistent with bandwidth requirements. For example, an amplifier of our bore size producing 100 W of output power and 20 dB of saturated gain would be 4 meters long (at an optimum pressure of 100 Torr) and have a bandwidth of 600 MHz. Further reductions in length can be obtained by cooling to dry ice temperatures (thereby increasing the small signal gain), or by operating in a double pass configuration. We wish to acknowledge valuable technical discussions with G. Rupert.
EP4 receptor regulates collagen type-I, MMP-1, and MMP-3 gene expression in human tendon fibroblasts in response to IL-1β treatment

Tendinopathy is accompanied by inflammation, tendon matrix degradation, or both. Inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta, which is a potent inflammatory mediator, is likely present within the tendon. The purpose of this study was to determine the biological impact of IL-1beta on tendon fibroblasts by assessing the expression of cPLA(2), COX-2, PGE(2) and its receptors (EPs), collagen type-I, and MMPs. We also studied the role of the p38 MAPK pathway in IL-1beta-induced catabolic effects. We found that IL-1beta increased the expression levels of cPLA(2) and COX-2, and also increased the secretion of PGE(2). Induction of MMPs, such as MMP-1 and MMP-3 at the mRNA level, was also observed after stimulation with IL-1beta. Furthermore, the presence of IL-1beta significantly decreased the level of collagen type-I mRNA in tendon fibroblasts. These effects were found to be mediated by selective upregulation of EP(4) receptor, which is a member of G-protein-coupled receptor that transduces the PGE(2) signal. Blocking EP(4) receptor by a specific chemical inhibitor abolished IL-1beta-induced catabolic effects. These results suggest that IL-1beta-induced catabolic action on tendon fibroblasts occurs via the upregulation of two key inflammatory mediators, cPLA(2) and COX-2, which are responsible for the synthesis of PGE(2). IL-1beta further stimulates the expression of EP(4) receptor, suggesting positive feedback regulation which may lead to accelerated catabolic processes in tendon fibroblasts. Studies using pathway-specific chemical inhibitors suggest that the p38 MAPK pathway is the key signaling cascade transducing IL-1beta-mediated catabolic effects. Collectively, our findings suggest that the EP(4) receptor mediates the IL-1beta-induced catabolic metabolism via the p38 MAPK pathway in human tendon fibroblasts and may play a major role in the tendon's degenerative changes often seen in the later stages of tendinopathy.
Second language vocabulary learning among adults: State of the art in vocabulary instruction

Abstract This article describes research on second language vocabulary instruction, with a focus on what motivates students, what they need, why knowing a word is a complex act, and which factors influence vocabulary acquisition (such as maturational constraints, frequency, attention, previous language background, and order of acquisition). In addition, the article outlines a research-based approach to vocabulary teaching based on four elements: analysis of needs, personalization, learning strategies, and variety.
Composites obtained by encapsulation and collimation of glass fibers within a thermoplastic matrix by means of polymerization

Styrene and acrylonitrile monomers are polymerized in an aqueous suspension system in the presence of chopped glass strands. Under certain conditions, in the course of SAN polymerization, it is possible to align the glass strands in a parallel array (collimate) to form capsules varying in shape from tapes to cylinders. The parallel stacking of glass strands within the capsules allows for high glass loadings and results in glass microfibers completely wetted and imbedded in the polymeric matrix. The mechanism of encapsulation and collimation is discussed and is shown to be critically affected by several factors, the most important being: the preferential wetting of the strands by the monomers, the nature of the glass surface, the monomer composition, the type and concentration of protective colloid used in the suspension polymerization, and the type and intensity of agitation. The fiber glass composites obtained by encapsulation are found to have mechanical properties superior to those obtainable by conventional commercial routes.
Rail track expansion in developing countries in the 1980s

Abstract Per capita income, country size, and economic growth are often seen as being major determinants of rail track expansion in developing countries. However, we could not empirically verify these explanations for rail expansion using recent World Bank data for a set of 35 developing countries. Instead, a factor analysis suggested multilateral loans to have been important. A discriminant analysis indicated only four variables are needed to predict a country’s correct grouping into either a high and low rail expansion group. Regression analysis indicates that 1970s investment offset 1980s investment for the entire sample and the high expansion group. For the low expansion group, a factor capturing the quality of life appears to be the most important predictor of rail investment.
Reducing Network-on-Chip energy consumption through spatial locality speculation

As processor chips become increasingly parallel, an efficient communication substrate is critical for meeting performance and energy targets. In this work, we target the root cause of network energy consumption through techniques that reduce link and router-level switching activity. We specifically focus on memory subsystem traffic, as it comprises the bulk of NoC load in a CMP. By transmitting only the flits that contain words predicted useful using a novel spatial locality predictor, our scheme seeks to reduce network activity. We aim to further lower NoC energy through microarchitectural mechanisms that inhibit datapath switching activity for unused words in individual flits. Using simulation-based performance studies and detailed energy models based on synthesized router designs and different link wire types, we show that (a) the prediction mechanism achieves very high accuracy, with an average misprediction rate of just 2.5%; (b) the combined NoC energy savings enabled by the predictor and microarchitectural support are 35% on average and up to 60% in the best case; and (c) the performance impact of these energy optimizations is negligible.
Schwinger variational principle applied to long-range potentials

We discuss an adaptation of the Schwinger variational principle which is particularly suitable for dealing with long-range potentials. The method treats the direct interaction potential exactly by numerical integration and assumes a separable representation of the Schwinger type for the exchange potential. The method should be very effective for obtaining the electronic continuum solutions of strongly polar molecular ions. The related photoionization cross sections can be shown to be variationally stable.
2B4, a new member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, is expressed on murine dendritic epidermal T cells and plays a functional role in their killing of skin tumors.

Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC), which are skin-specific members of the tissue-resident γδ T-cell family, are characterized by their potential to kill selected tumor targets by a non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted mechanism. We have recently identified a new receptor molecule, 2B4, that appears to be associated with non-MHC-restricted recognition of tumor targets by natural killer cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether DETC express 2B4 molecules, and, if so, to assess their functional roles in DETC-mediated killing of tumor targets. Short-term DETC lines as well as DETC freshly procured from skin expressed surface 2B4, as detected with a specific monoclonal antibody. Removal of interleukin (IL)-2 from DETC cultures caused substantial reduction in 2B4 expression levels as well as a reduction in cytotoxic capacity against YAC-1 targets in a standard 51 Cr-release assay. Conversely, exposure to IL-2, but not to IL-7, elevated both 2B4 expression and cytotoxicity. To assess the functional roles played by surface 2B4, we pretreated DETC lines with anti-2B4 antibody and then tested for their killing potential. Anti-2B4, but not the control antibody, augmented their capacity to lyse YAC-1 targets ( 51 Cr-release assays) and to disrupt the monolayers of Pam-212-transformed keratinocytes (visual assessment). Thus, we conclude that DETC express, in an IL-2-dependent manner, 2B4 molecules, which may play a unique role in the killing of skin-derived tumors.
A side chain in S6 influences both open-state stability and ion permeation in a voltage-gated K+ channel.

Conservative substitutions of the conserved cysteine 393 (Cys393) in S6 of the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv2.1 predictably alter the stability of the open state and the conductances for K+ and Rb+. The polarity of the side chain at position 393 determines the stability of the open state, probably by interaction of S6 with the narrow part of the ion-conduction pathway; however, the substitutions at position 393 have no effect on the stability of the closed state. An increase in side-chain volume leads to greater K+ conductance; in contrast, gradual decreases in side-chain volume lead to progressively smaller K+ conductances concomitantly with larger Rb+ conductances. Although the substitutions for Cys393 alter open-state stability and ion permeation, they have no effect on block by external or internal tetraethylammonium (TEA). Our data indicate that molecular determinants that are involved in conformational transitions between the open state and the brief closed state (i.e., voltage-independent gating) and ion selectivity are located within the sphere of influence of the conserved Cys393 in S6. This region is physically separated from the voltage-controlled activation gate located on the intracellular side of the K+ channel.
Excitation of Vibrational Modes near Threshold* in C O 2 and N 2 O

The vibrational cross section by electron impact within 0.05 eV of threshold is measured in C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$O. A trochoidal monochromator is used as an electron source and S${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ gas is used as a scavenger of zero-energy electrons appearing as a result of vibrational excitation of the molecules. It is found that the cross section near the threshold of all fundamental modes is of the same order. This indicates that the Born theory using a dipole interaction is not applicable for optically forbidden modes near threshold in C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, but it appears that it is applicable for optically active modes, both at threshold and at high energies. The theory is not expected to hold near resonances.
Calcium uptake by a subcellular membrane fraction of anterior byssus retractor muscle.

Abstract 1. 1. A membranous fraction isolated from Mytilus edulis anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) was shown to have properties of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). 2. 2. Uptake of 45 Ca was measured at 10, 20 and 30°C and a Michaelis-Menten plot of this data yielded V max and K m values. 3. 3. Compounds which influence the activity of whole ABRM or ABRM bundle preparations were also studied in the vesicular preparation. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), and 3′5′ adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) had no significant effects. Caffeine inhibited the rate of 45 Ca uptake. 4. 4. Inorganic phosphate determination showed a calcium-dependent ATPase to be 30% of the total ATPase.
Kekkon5 is an extracellular regulator of BMP signaling

Precise spatial and temporal control of Drosophila Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling is achieved by a host of extracellular factors that modulate ligand distribution and activity. Here we describe Kekkon5 (Kek5), a transmembrane protein containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), as a novel regulator of BMP signaling in Drosophila. We find that loss or gain of kek5 disrupts crossvein development and alters the early profile of phosphorylated Mad and dSRF in presumptive crossvein cells. kek5 phenotypic effects closely mimic those observed with Short gastrulation (Sog), but do not completely recapitulate the effects of dominant negative BMP receptors. We further demonstrate that Kek5 is able to antagonize the BMP ligand Glass bottom boat (Gbb) and that the Kek5 LRRs are required for BMP inhibitory activity, while the Ig domain is dispensable in this context. Our identification of Kek5 as a modulator of BMP signaling supports the emerging notion that LIG proteins function as diverse regulators of cellular communication.
Research in atmospheric electricity at Stanford University

Professor Emeritus Joseph G. Brown is continuing his study of the analysis of the diurnal variation of the potential gradient (Terr. Mag., v. 40 , pp. 413–424, 1935), obtaining interesting confirmation of his theory of the effect of turbulence and convection on the observed local gradient. N. E. Bradbury and Russell A. Nielsen have devised a new method for the accurate determination of electron-mobilities. Results in hydrogen are being reported in the Physical Review of March 1, 1936, and experimental data have been completed for nitrogen and the rare gases. It is now proposed to extend the method to the study of electron-mobilities in air and oxygen in view of the importance of these gases in electrical discharges.
An Attributional Model of Economic Voting: Evidence from the 2000 Presidential Election:

In this article we propose and test an attributional model of economic voting. Exploiting an innovative responsibility instrument to analyze the 2000 U.S. presidential election, we find that the incumbent party's can- didate did benefit from the belief that economic conditions had improved, but only among voters who attributed responsibility for that improvement to the president. Moreover, we find that by explicitly mod- eling the effects of responsibility attributions instead of presuming a homogeneous and automatic sanctioning process, the attributional model outperforms the classical reward-punishment model in explaining presidential vote choice. Our results provide new insights into the out- come of the 2000 presidential election and demonstrate the relative importance of issues and the economy.
Early carotid endarterectomy after ischemic stroke improves diffusion/perfusion mismatch on magnetic resonance imaging: report of two cases.

Objective and importance The functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques of diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion-weighted imaging allow for ultra-early detection of brain infarction and concomitant identification of blood flow abnormalities in surrounding regions, which may represent brain "at risk." Clinical presentation We report two patients with acute ischemic stroke associated with ipsilateral high-grade carotid stenosis. The first patient, a 64-year-old woman with a remote history of ischemic stroke and a vertebral artery aneurysm, presented with worsening of her preexisting right hemiparesis. The second patient, another 64-year-old woman with known multiple intracranial aneurysms and bilateral high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis, was admitted for the elective microsurgical clipping of an enlarging giant left carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm. Postoperatively, she developed right hemiparesis and mild aphasia. Both patients showed progressive worsening of their neurological deficits in the setting of small or undetected diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities and large perfusion-weighted imaging defects. Intervention After prompt carotid endarterectomy, symptoms in both patients resolved or improved. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated resolution or significant improvement in the perfusion abnormalities in both patients. Conclusion Carotid endarterectomy in the setting of diffusion-weighted/perfusion-weighted imaging mismatch can lead to improvement in cerebral perfusion as evidenced by resolution of the perfusion-weighted imaging lesion. Diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging may be useful in identifying patients with severe neurological deficits but without large territories of infarction who may safely undergo early surgical revascularization.
Accessibility: it's not just for disabilities any more

Many of us think of Web accessibility in terms of accommodating users with disabilities, particularly visual disabilities. Larry Hull sees it as a wee bit more than that. In this Whiteboard he tells us why, and proposes a different way of addressing accessibility---an approach that just might surprise us.---Elizabeth Buie
A complication of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica presenting as acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.

BACKGROUND: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare benign and often indolent disease. We report the first case of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TBO) presenting as acute hypercarbic respiratory failure due to superimposed subglottic submucosal abscess. CASE REPORT: A 27-year-old man presented to the emergency department in respiratory distress that required mechanical ventilation for acute hypercarbic respiratory failure. Upon extubation the next day, stridor was elicited with ambulation. Spirometry revealed fixed upper airway obstruction. Neck imaging showed a 2.8 × 2.0 × 4.0 cm partially calcified subglottic mass with cystic and solid component obstructing 75% of the airway. Surgical exploration revealed purulent drainage upon elevation of the thyroid isthmus and an anterolateral cricoid wall defect in communication with a subglottic submucosal cavity. Microbiology was negative for bacteria or fungi. Pathology showed chondro-osseous metaplasia compatible with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TBO). The patient received a course of antibiotics and prophylactic tracheostomy. Since tracheostomy removal 3 days later, the patient remains asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare disease with usually benign clinical course and incidental diagnosis. It may present as acute hypercarbic respiratory failure when subglottic infection is superimposed.
Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis: Part 12. Rapeseed oil☆

Abstract Rabbits were fed diets containing 2% cholesterol and 6% of either rapeseed oil (RSO) or corn oil (CO). In three experiments there were no differences in atherogenicity of the two oils. Serum cholesterol and liver triglyceride levels were similar in the two groups, whereas serum triglycerides and liver cholesterols were somewhat lower in rabbits fed cholesterol and RSO. From gas chromatographic analysis of the triglycerides and cholesterol esters of aortas and livers, there is indirect evidence for the conversion of erucic to oleic acid. At the level and time period of feeding (6%, 2 months) RSO did not exert a deleterious effect on the rabbits.
Weil bounds for singular curves

We give explicit bounds useful in estimating the number of points on a (possibly singular) space curve defined over a finite field. Our estimates involve the degrees of the polynomials defining the curve set-theoretically, and reduce to Weil's well-known estimate for nonsingular complete intersection curves.
Latina/o Student Perceptions of Post-Baccalaureate Education: Identifying Challenges to Increased Participation

The percentage of Latinas/os decreases at each stage in the educational pipeline and is especially proportionally low at the post-baccalaureate level. This study investigates the complexities of the quest to increase post-baccalaureate participation for Latina/o students. We present data on post-baccalaureate education by utilizing 2 comprehensive survey instruments distributed at 3 California State University campuses (Hispanic-Serving Institutions), 1 for current Latina/o students and alumni and the other for faculty and administrators. Findings indicate that students evaluate the value of post-baccalaureate studies based on sometimes problematic undergraduate experiences, cost, and perceived opportunity.
Respiratory viruses in a residential nursery.

A longitudinal survey of respiratory illness in a Sheffield residential nursery is described. Over 8 months, outbreaks of respiratory illness occurred, two of which were associated with infection by Influenza A and Parainfluenza 3 viruses. The symptomatology is described of the illnesses resulting from these infections. The incidence of adenovirus recoveries over the same period was also investigated and suggests that adenoviruses of Types 1, 2 and 5 may be components of the normal viral flora of the nasopharynx in infants.
The composition of government expenditure and its consequences for macroeconomic performance

Abstract This paper employs the intertemporal optimizing market-clearing framework to compare the effects of government consumption expenditure and government infrastructure expenditure on macroeconomic adjustment and performance. Particular attention is focused on the time path of the capital stock and its adjustment to both permanent and temporary changes in government expenditure are considered. We show how the effects of both forms of government expenditure on economic welfare can be broken down into: 1. (i) a direct crowding-out effect and 2. (ii) a second component which describes the intertemporal tradeoffs between the short-run rate of capital accumulation and the resulting change in the capital stock.
Incidence and treatment patterns in hospitalizations for malignant spinal cord compression in the United States, 1998-2006.

Purpose To characterize patterns in incidence, management, and costs of malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) hospitalizations in the United States, using population-based data. Methods and Materials Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, an all-payer healthcare database representative of all U.S. hospitalizations, MSCC-related hospitalizations were identified for the period 1998–2006. Cases were combined with age-adjusted Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer death data to estimate annual incidence. Linear regression characterized trends in patient, treatment, and hospital characteristics, costs, and outcomes. Logistic regression was used to examine inpatient treatment (radiotherapy [RT], surgery, or neither) by hospital characteristics and year, adjusting for confounding. Results We identified 15,367 MSCC-related cases, representing 75,876 hospitalizations. Lung cancer (24.9%), prostate cancer (16.2%), and multiple myeloma (11.1%) were the most prevalent underlying cancer diagnoses. The annual incidence of MSCC hospitalization among patients dying of cancer was 3.4%; multiple myeloma (15.0%), Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (13.9%), and prostate cancer (5.5%) exhibited the highest cancer-specific incidence. Over the study period, inpatient RT for MSCC decreased (odds ratio [OR] 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61–0.81), whereas surgery increased (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17–1.84). Hospitalization costs for MSCC increased (5.3% per year, p Conclusions In the United States, patients dying of cancer have an estimated 3.4% annual incidence of MSCC requiring hospitalization. Inpatient management of MSCC varied over time and by hospital characteristics, with hospitalization costs increasing. Future studies are required to determine the impact of treatment patterns on MSCC outcomes and strategies for reducing MSCC-related costs.
On the metallic radius of actinium

Abstract An interpretation of existing atomic calculations makes plausible the unusual relationship between the empirical metallic radii of actinium and its rare-earth analogue lanthanum, and emphasizes the need for redetermining the metallic radius of actinium.
The value of measurement of RAS oncogenes and nuclear DNA analysis in the diagnosis of Hürthle cell tumors of the thyroid

Hurthle cell tumors (HCT) remain difficult to treat because some which appear non-malignant on light microscopy later metastasize. In order to improve diagnostic accuracy, the value of ras mutations and nuclear DNA analysis was determined in 65 patients with HCT. Rapid nuclear DNA cytometry (MicroTICAS system) was performed. Mutations of H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras genes were analyzed by oligonucleotide probe hybridizations to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA. HCT were classified by light microscopy as benign (n = 22), intermediate (n = 30), and malignant (n = 13). After a mean follow-up of 7 years, 1 (4.5%) of 22 benign tumors and 4 (13%) of 30 intermediate tumors had metastasized, leading to tumor death in 3 of these 5 patients. Six of the 13 cancers diagnosed by light microscopy also resulted in tumor-related deaths. Aneuploidy was found in 83% of all Hurthle cell cancers, including 3 (60%) of the 5 cancers not diagnosed microscopically. However, 49% of non-malignant HCT also demonstrated aneuploidy. A nuclear area of less than 55 square microns was found in 83% of all Hurthle cell cancers and in 100% of those cancers not diagnosed by light microscopy. However, 47% of non-malignant HCT also demonstrated a "small" nuclear area. Aneuploidy correctly identified 8 of 9 cancers that resulted in tumor death and each of 3 other tumors that developed metastases. However, 1 patient with a diploid tumor died of metastatic cancer. A nuclear area of less than 55 square microns identified each cancer that resulted in a tumor death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
From Trade Among Nations to Trade Within Firms Across National Borders

SUMMARY Based on international economics, evolutionary economics, and organizational theories, this paper discusses the evolution of the multinational corporation's intra-organizational cross-border trade and production network. The paper suggests that firms are social and economic entities, whose intra-organizational, cross-border trade and production networks coevolve with their multilocal competitive environments. Since organizational evolution, technological innovation, and organizational learning are path-dependent, a firm-specific inertia makes it to differentiate itself from its competitors in both its intra-organizational network and market outcome. The growing trends in intra-firm transactions and intra-firm division of labor on global basis present a challenge to national governments. This paper discusses intra-firm cross-border trade versus arm's-length international trade and the implications for national-based policies.
Dynamic reliability-based robust design optimization with time-variant probabilistic constraints

With the increasing complexity of engineering systems, ensuring high system reliability and system performance robustness throughout a product life cycle is of vital importance in practical engineering design. Dynamic reliability analysis, which is generally encountered due to time-variant system random inputs, becomes a primary challenge in reliability-based robust design optimization (RBRDO). This article presents a new approach to efficiently carry out dynamic reliability analysis for RBRDO. The key idea of the proposed approach is to convert time-variant probabilistic constraints to time-invariant ones by efficiently constructing a nested extreme response surface (NERS) and then carry out dynamic reliability analysis using NERS in an iterative RBRDO process. The NERS employs an efficient global optimization technique to identify the extreme time responses that correspond to the worst case scenario of system time-variant limit state functions. With these extreme time samples, a kriging-based time predi...
The Rôle of Motivation in Learning: A Study of the Phenomenon of Differential Motivational Control of the Utilization of Habits

(1935). The Role of Motivation in Learning: A Study of the Phenomenon of Differential Motivational Control of the Utilization of Habits. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 3-40.
1000 at 1000: The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: a review of the spark plasma sintering method.

The use of electric current to activate the consolidation and reaction-sintering of materials is reviewed with special emphasis of the spark plasma sintering method. The method has been used extensively over the past decade with results showing clear benefits over conventional methods. The review critically examines the important features of this method and their individual roles in the observed enhancement of the consolidation process and the properties of the resulting materials.
Dermoscopy-to-Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy Correlation of Melanocytic Neoplasms

Both confocal microscopy and dermoscopy acquire en-face images. Confocal microscopy allowed for precise correlation of important dermoscopic structures of melanoma and nevi with the microscopic tissue counterparts.