cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteoarthritis: A Critical Review.

This review also illustrates that traditional and alternative modalities of treatment can be both synergistic and beneficial. Physicians should be aware of the variety of tools available for the management of OA and the associated symptoms. Those healthcare providers who can best individualize treatment plans for specific patients and inspire their patients to embrace healthy lifestyle modifications will achieve the best results.
Computational studies of the FENE-CR model in a two-roll mill

Abstract Computational studies of polyacrylamide based Boger fluids for the viscoelastic flow past a sphere using the FENE-CR model, have suggested that a small value of the dumbbell extensibility parameter and a large value of the concentration parameter gives reasonable agreement with experimental observations. However, it is not clear to what extent the FENE-CR model with these same parameter values can predict other flows. In this paper, the viscoelastic flow predicted by the FENE-CR model in a co-rotating two-roll mill is studied numerically for relatively small values of the dumbbell extensibility parameter and relatively large values of the concentration parameter. For the co-rotating two-roll mill, the kinematics of the flow are characterized in terms of the magnitude of the rate of strain, the flow-type parameter, and a rotation or symmetry angle, all measured at the central stagnation point. For L2 > 75, it is shown the flow-type parameter at the stagnation point decreases relative to the Newtonian value, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations on dilute solutions of high molecular weight, nearly monodisperse, polystyrene-based Boger fluids. For L2 = 25, on the other hand, the flow-type parameter at the stagnation point increases relative to the Newtonian value. The increase in the flow-type parameter relative to the Newtonian value observed for L2 = 25 is a clear signature of small extensibility which may be used for comparison with experiments for polyacrylamide based Boger fluids. It is hoped that the present study, coupled with future experiments using polyacrylamide based Boger fluids, will further our understanding of the behavior of these dilute, Boger-like fluids in extension dominated flows with large residence times.
The metabolism of ribonucleic acid in cecropia silkmoth pupae in diapause, during development and after injury

Abstract 1. 1. The metabolism of RNA in tissues of cecropia silkmoth pupae in diapause, during development, and after injury has been investigated with the aid of 32P. 2. 2. In wing tissue, incorporation of phosphate into RNA is elevated during the first week of development toward the adult, but by day 13, when protein synthesis is still highly active, RNA synthesis has returned to the diapause rate. After injection of the hormone, ecdysone, into brainless pupae, RNA synthesis is stimulated somewhat at 4 h and strongly at 24 h. Integumentary injury also accelerates RNA synthesis. 3. 3. In fat body incubated in vitro, phosphate incorporation into RNA is elevated at the earliest stages of adult development. After injury, incorporation is maximal after one day and then declines, whereas the rate of protein synthesis continues to rise for a week. 4. 4. In both tissues, the composition of rapidly synthesized RNA, estimated from the pulse incorporation of 32P in the nucleotides, is different from the bulk RNA and distinctly DNA-like, suggesting template RNA. No change in either bulk or new RNA composition is detected in development or after injury. 5. 5. DNA was prepared from cecropia wing tissue and found to have an A+T G+C ratio of 1.8.
Argon laser photocoagulation treatment in central serous chorioretinopathy.

Abstract Central serous chorioretinopathy, a sporadic self-limited disease of young adults, is associated with loss of central vision, image distortion, and impaired dark adaptation. The diagnosis is verified with fluorescein angiography, which demonstrates an expanding point of fluorescein dye leakage under a serous detachment of the sensory retina. Treatment should ordinarily be delayed four or more months but may be considered if there is evidence of microarchitectural changes in the macular retina, if the best corrected visual acuity declines to 20/40 or less, or if there have been multiple recurrences. Argon laser photocoagulation should be directed to the leakage site, using spot sizes of 200 μ in diameter, exposure times of 0.2 seconds, and low-power intensities.
Customer Perceptions of Agency Risk Communication

A government agency commissioned a baseline study of how its customers view the agency's risk information. The 70% response rate to a mail survey allows analysis by subgroups representing customers' primary interests. Although this agency traditionally has been responsible for ensuring plant and animal health at the farm gate (or where imported), responses emphasized emerging customer concerns about the environment and human health. Customers think many risk communication activities are important, but that the agency is not especially effective in conducting those activities. Customers are moderately satisfied with much of the risk information they receive, although many have little contact from or interaction with the agency. Customers identified other sources they use, which suggest potentially effective channels for this agency's risk messages. The study provides a baseline for measuring change in the agency's risk communication effectiveness. It also can be a model when other organizations plan their own risk communication evaluations.
Modifying excitation transfer cross sections with an ac Stark effect

We show that it is possible to manipulate electronic energy transfer collision cross sections between different atomic species by using a strong electromagnetic field close to resonance with a transition between two excited states to modify the energy levels (i.e., to create dressed states), which may be placed in or out of resonance with populated states (forming a population reservoir) in one of the species. We outline an estimate for a transfer cross section for a demonstration scheme and show that cross-section enhancements up to the order of 103 are possible.
Historical Digital Literacy, One Classroom at a Time

We live in an exciting but daunting time for history teaching. An explosion in digital sources, resources, tools, and methods for the study of history has taken place in recent years; millions of pieces of information and misinformation are now only a keystroke away. No longer the purview of energetic but fringe Internet start-ups or of a talented few “hackers” among us, digital initiatives undertaken by respected research institutions, centers, and prestigious grantors have moved “the digital” into the mainstream of our fi eld. Th e concept encompasses archival digitization, electronic publishing and reading formats, and new modes of scholarship that employ computing and technology integrally. Yet how these rapid transformations might best be incorporated into history classrooms remains an unsettled issue. What should the emergence of digital history mean for our students and our teaching? In this essay, I off er a few examples, drawn from my eff orts to bring digital resources and tools into my courses. I focus my history pedagogy around what I call “historical digital literacy” for two reasons: (1) because technology is an opportunity—even an imperative—in this moment, and (2) because technology provides genuinely exciting ways to help students grasp the constructed nature of history. Providing defi nitions may be helpful at the outset. Teaching students to think historically begins by deconstructing the myth that history is a completed body of knowledge to be assimilated (primarily through memorization), and by replacing it with a sense of history as a dynamic, contentious, and incomplete process. Th e characteristic of digital describes resources made, accessed, or manipulated online or that employ computers for coding, electronic information storage and retrieval, data analysis, or visual presentation. Literacy implies the ability to read and write language—beyond reading and comprehension to writing, making, or transferring knowledge from one domain to another. Digital literacy as it relates to history, therefore, not only embraces critical use of digital tools and resources for studying the past but, ideally, moves toward fl uency with their underlying principles, and even to the ability to alter, repair, or make the tools. Historical digital literacy is facility with using artifactual or digital sources (or both) by applying appropri-
Polymorphism at the α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Properties of adult allozymes

A biochemical comparison was made between α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase allozymes from Drosophila melanogaster. Enzymes extracted from the three major genotypes were indistinguishable in terms of their pH optima and thermal stabilities. Distinctive differences were observed for three parameters; temperature dependence of specific activity, temperature dependence of Km, and reaction rate constancy over a physiological temperature range. These results are discussed in terms of a model of balancing selection and the existence of spatial and temporal allele frequency clines in natural populations.
In vitro use of arthroscopic irrigation tubing for rapid fluid administration.

Abstract The in vitro use of arthroscopic irrigation tubing (AIT) to achieve intravenous flow rates superior to those of previously reported studies are described. Using AIT with a peripheral type of 12 GA. catheter, flow rates of 934 cc/min with gravity and 1,928 cc/min with pressure were achieved. AIT connected to a 12 FR. centraltype catheter yielded flow rates in excess of 2,000 cc and 3,000 cc/min with gravity and pressure, respectively. Such a delivery system may be lifesaving in situations where there are limited venous access sites or when there is a need for rapid volume resuscitation with limited personnel.
Solution and sensitivity analysis of a complex transcendental eigenproblem with pairs of real eigenvalues

This paper considers complex transcendental eigenvalue problems where one is interested in pairs of eigenvalues that are restricted to take real values only. Such eigenvalue problems arise in dynamic stability analysis of nonconservative physical systems, i.e., flutter analysis of aeroelastic systems. Some available solution methods are discussed and a new method is presented. Two computational approaches are described for analytical evaluation of the sensitivities of these eigenvalues when they are dependent on other parameters. The algorithms presented are illustrated through examples.
MR characteristics of neoplasms and vascular malformations associated with epilepsy

We assessed the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of two categories of epileptogenic substrates, neoplasms, and vascular malformations, to determine MR sensitivity and typical imaging features. A blinded retrospective analysis was performed on MR scans from 41 patients who had a neoplasm or vascular malformation surgically resected as treatment for medically refractory epilepsy. Abnormalities were assessed for sensitivity of MR detection, prediction of pathologic category, location, calvarial remodelling, signal intensity, and effect on adjacent tissue. Pathologic findings consisted of 33 tumors and 8 vascular malformations. We correctly localized 100% of the 41 lesions and predicted the correct pathologic category for 95% of these lesions. Neoplastic and vascular lesions (NVLs) associated with epilepsy had certain characteristic features. The temporal lobe was the most common site for NVL, involved in 68%. NVL were located in the brain periphery in 85% and remodelled the calvarium in 32%. NVL were associated with mass effect in 61%, volume loss in 1%, and no effect on adjacent tissue in 37%. NVL associated with epilepsy can be detected with high sensitivity using MR imaging. The temporal lobe location, cortical involvement, and calvarial remodelling are findings typical of NVL. MR characteristics can successfully predict the pathologic substrate of these lesions.
Enteral nutrition and total parenteral nutrition components in the course of total parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

Background Newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are at high risk for the development of total parenteral nutritional–associated cholestasis (TPNAC). Patients with NEC were evaluated to determine risk factors for development of TPNAC and predictors of resolution. We hypothesized that there are additional factors relating to the timing of enteral nutrition or TPN components that effect development and persistence of TPNAC in patients with NEC that may be altered to decrease the chance of progression to liver failure. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of NEC patients from 2001 to 2010. TPNAC was defined as direct bilirubin ≥2 mg/dL, the level used for cholestasis in neonatal studies relating to TPNAC. Results Of 178 patients with NEC, 96 developed TPNAC, and in 27 TPNAC had resolved by discharge. Days of TPN did not affect TPNAC resolution by discharge ( P = 1.0). TPNAC was less likely to occur in patients with body weights >1,500 g, enteral nutrition within the first week of life, no infection, fewer TPN days, and lesser hospital stay ( P P P Conclusion Of the factors that effect development and resolution of TPNAC in NEC, the ones that we can alter include early enteral feeds and surveillance for infection.
Factors affecting use of conservation farming practices in east central Ohio

Abstract Data were collected from 371 farmers in east central Ohio to assess how attitudes, personal characteristics, and farm structure factors influence use of soil conservation practices at the farm level. A diffusion-farm structure model was used to guide the study. The findings revealed that the theoretical perspective had limited utility for predicting use of several farming practices evaluated in the study. The best predictors were farm structure variables, which suggests that structural conditions of the existing farming system in the US are significant considerations in the decision making process concerning the selection of specific farming practices. The implications of the study findings for future soil and water conservation efforts in the US are discussed.
Glycoproteins in membranes of secretory granules of the anterior pituitary gland.

Rat anterior pituitary glands were examined by electron microscopy after staining with five different histochemical stains. Histochemical reactions were observed in the cell coat, cell membrane and the membrane surrounding the secretory granules in all anterior pituitary cells following staining with phosphotungstic acid (PTA), chromic acid and PTA, the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver protein method (PA-TSC-SP) of Thiery, ruthenium red and concanavalin A. The staining was abolished when the sections were preincubated with pronase, neuraminidase or trypsin and subsequently exposed to PTA, chromic acid and PTA or PA-TSC-SP. The possible functional role of the glycoproteins present in the membrane surrounding the secretory granules is considered.
Premature aortic stiffness in systemic lupus erythematosus by transesophageal echocardiography

To assess aortic stiffness by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and to determine its clinical predictors and relation to age, blood pressure, renal function, and atherosclerosis, 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 94% women, with a mean age of 38 ± 12 years, and 22 age and gender-matched healthy controls underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations and multiplane TEE to assess stiffness, intima-media thickness (IMT), and plaques of the proximal, mid, and distal descending thoracic aorta. Stiffness at each level and overall aortic stiffness by the pressure-strain elastic modulus was higher in patients than in controls after adjusting for age (overall, 8.25 ± 4.13 versus 6.1 ± 2.5 Pascal units, p = 0.01). Patients had higher aortic stiffness than controls after adjusting both groups to the same mean age, blood pressure, creatinine, and aortic IMT (p = 0.005). Neither IMT nor plaques were predictors of aortic stiffness. Moreover, normotensive patients, those without aortic plaques, and non-smokers had higher stiffness than controls (all p < 0.05). Age at SLE diagnosis and non-neurologic damage score were the only SLE-specific independent predictors of aortic stiffness (both p ≤ 0.01). Thus, increased aortic stiffness is an early manifestation of lupus vasculopathy that seems to precede the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Toward innate leg stability on unmodeled and natural terrain: Quadruped walking

A legged system that can negotiate moderately uneven terrain without human intervention or a vision-based control system can allow those resources, if available, to be concentrated on high-level tasks. This paper presents results of preliminary research on the application of a Force Threshold-based Position (FTP) Controller on an upright quadruped system blindly walking on irregular terrain. The algorithm requires no interleg communication, such as needed for a multi-leg Jacobian, or inertial sensing of the body. Instead, each leg relies upon local feedback and simple time triggers for gait phasing. Results are shown for sagittal plane implementation in a dynamics-based simulator, while an experimental system is being designed for further testing. Concurrent research applies the FTP controller to a sprawled-leg hexapod system in hopes of extracting general leg control principles for innate stability over moderate terrain.
Unshuntable extrahepatic portal hypertension revisited: 43 years' experience with radical esophagogastrectomy treatment of bleeding esophagogastric varices.

Abstract Background In 1994, the authors reported their experience with radical esophagogastrectomy for bleeding esophagogastric varices due to unshuntable extra-hepatic portal hypertension. Since then, the series has expanded from 22 to 44 patients. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the previous observations and conclusions in the largest series with the longest follow-up. Methods From 1968 to 2005, 44 patients with unshuntable extra-hepatic portal hypertension were treated by total gastrectomy and resection of the distal two thirds of the esophagus. Before referral, the patients experienced 4 to 24 episodes of variceal bleeding requiring a mean 130 U of blood transfusion, 15 hospital admissions, and 6 previous unsuccessful operations. Results Transient postoperative complications occurred in 50% of patients. The survival rate is 100%, with no recurrence of variceal bleeding during 7 to 43 years of follow-up. Liver function and biopsy results have been normal. Quality of life has been excellent or good in 91%. Eighty-six percent have resumed employment or full-time housekeeping. Conclusions In unshuntable extra-hepatic portal hypertension, radical esophagogastrectomy is the only consistently effective treatment of variceal hemorrhage. Prompt use of this lifesaving procedure is warranted.
Designing pictorial communication systems for physically able-bodied students with severe handicaps

Pictorial communication systems are often overlooked for nonverbal, severely handicapped persons who are physically able-bodied, because of some misconceptions about their appropriateness and adaptability. This paper reviews some of the primary considerations in selecting appropriate pictorial systems for individual students. Potential problems related to communication book design and layout are presented, with suggestions for creating adaptations to circumvent these difficulties. Strategies related to vocabulary selection and instruction are also included.
Advances in gas chromatographic mass spectrometric protein sequencing. 3—Automated interpretation of the mass spectra of the polyamino alcohol derivatives

A computer program, PEPALG, has been developed to interpret data generated in a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric experiment on a complex mixture of N-α, (ω)-trifluoroethyl-O-trimethylsilyl polyamino alcohols derived from a mixture of oligopeptides. The program incorporates all the types of data available to the user, including amino acid composition of the original protein or polypeptide, gas chromatographic retention indices, partial sequence information and the characteristics of the N-α, (ω)-trifluoroethyl-O-trimethylsilyl polyamino alcohol mass spectra. PEPALG has been used extensively in the past three years and is capable of correctly identifying in less than one hour at least 90% of the peptide derivatives in a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric experiment which generates 300 mass spectra.
Internal supply chain coordination in the electric utility industry

Abstract Electric utilities have a well-established vertical internal and external supply chain. Theoretically, information sharing, involving production, inventory, and other policy variables, between chain entities can improve supply chain performance. Such sharing relies on a systematic determination of the optimal policy variables for the chain. This paper presents an analysis of the electric utility’s decision problem based on an optimal control model in a competitive market environment. Optimal production and inventory policies are developed for a centralized supply chain under full information sharing. The model and policies are tested with electric utility industry data, and performance implications are discussed for electric utility managers and public regulators.
The Pulfrich Effect in Anisometropic Amblyopia and Strabismus

Using a device based on the Pulfrich effect, we examined 70 patients with various strabismus problems and 20 normal subjects for gross stereopsis. We found an excellent correlation between this dynamic stereopsis test and random dot stereograms. Additionally, in several instances the Pulfrich device was easier to use and interpret correctly than random dot stereograms. The Pulfrich effect can be elicited reliably in patients as young as 3½ years of age. Three patients with anisometropic amblyopia and stereopsis were found to possess a spontaneous Pulfrich effect.
Complex chromosome rearrangements related 15q14 microdeletion plays a relevant role in phenotype expression and delineates a novel recurrent syndrome.

Complex chromosome rearrangements are constitutional structural rearrangements involving three or more chromosomes or having more than two breakpoints. These are rarely seen in the general population but their frequency should be much higher due to balanced states with no phenotypic presentation. These abnormalities preferentially occur de novo during spermatogenesis and are transmitted in families through oogenesis. Here, we report a de novo complex chromosome rearrangement that interests eight chromosomes in eighteen-year-old boy with an abnormal phenotype consisting in moderate developmental delay, cleft palate, and facial dysmorphisms. Standard G-banding revealed four apparently balanced traslocations involving the chromosomes 1;13, 3;19, 9;15 and 14;18 that appeared to be reciprocal. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis showed no imbalances at all the breakpoints observed except for an interstitial microdeletion on chromosome 15. This deletion is 1.6 Mb in size and is located at chromosome band 15q14, distal to the Prader-Willi/Angelman region. Comparing the features of our patient with published reports of patients with 15q14 deletion this finding corresponds to the smallest genomic region of overlap. The deleted segment at 15q14 was investigated for gene content.
Evidence that N-acetylation regulates the behavioral activity of α-MSH in the rat and human central nervous system

α-MSH immunoreactive peptides were fractionated and characterized in rat and human brain and rat pituitary by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. α-MSH and deacetylated α-MSH were two major naturally existing peptides in both brain and pituitary gland. Subsequent experiments examined the roles of these two peptides in neuronal function. The α-MSH was clearly more effective than deacetylated α-MSH in improving performance on a visual discrimination task after intraperitoneal administration and in inducing excessive grooming after intraventricular administration. The difference in behavioral potency may be explained by the fact that α-MSH was much more resistant to peptidase degradation than was deacetylated α-MSH. N-acetylation of α-MSH may be an effective regulatory process for modulating the behavioral potency of the secretory product of α-MSH-containing pituitary cells and neurons.
Convex primal decomposition for multicarrier linear MIMO transceivers

The design of linear transceivers for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems with channel state information is particularly challenging for two main reasons. First, since several substreams are established through the MIMO channel, it is not even clear how the quality of the system should be measured. Second, once a cost function has been chosen to measure the quality, the optimization of the system according to such criterion is generally difficult due to the nonconvexity of the problem. Recent results have solved the problem for the wide family of Schur-concave/convex functions, resulting in simple closed-form solutions when the system is modeled as a single MIMO channel. However, with several MIMO channels (such as in multi-antenna multicarrier systems), the solution is generally more involved, leading in some cases to the need to employ general-purpose interior-point methods. This problem is specifically addressed in this paper by combining the closed-form solutions for single MIMO channels with a primal decomposition approach, resulting in a simple and efficient method for multiple MIMO channels. The extension to functions that are not Schur-concave/convex is also briefly considered, relating the present work with a recently proposed method to minimize the average bit error rate (BER) of the system.
Understanding community development in a “theory of action” framework: Norms, markets, justice

During the Great Recession, community development practitioners in the USA strove to prevent and mitigate mortgage foreclosures and to help people cope with their neighbourhood-level impacts. This paper proposes that three normative theories – theories of action – underlay this activity, as they underlie the practice of neighbourhood regeneration or “community development” planning in the USA in general. These theories of action are based, respectively, on planners' perceived need for the reinstitution of civil norms, capital markets, and social justice in disinvested areas of cities and regions. Each theory links description with prescription, answering both the question “What's going on in this neighbourhood? (and why?)” and the question “What ought to be done to change it?”. While an outward detente prevails among the “norms”, “markets”, and “justice” approaches, conflicts among them go to the heart of the struggle to find effective, morally acceptable policy responses to environmental deterioration an...
Communication About Potentially Harmful Foods in Free-ranging Chacma Baboons, Papio ursinus*

Marked avoidance responses to fruit drugged with cynalin, viewed in this investigation as a potentially harmful food, were observed during attempts at trapping some free-ranging Chacma baboons,Papio ursinus. The sub-adults and juveniles displayed the most interest to the fruit, but in most cases they were threatened away by the high ranking male. Eventually the fruit was ignored altogether which suggested that social communication behaviour manifested in a network of threat-avoidance responses by conspecifics is highly adaptive to a baboon troop because it is a more efficient and safer means of assessing the quality of edible items than is individual experience. Different findings were reported byFairbanks (1975) in an investigation involving some free-ranging red spider monkeys,Ateles geoffroyi, and some captive pig-tailed macaques,Macaca nemestrina. This investigator was unable to find evidence that social communication was used to assess food quality in these two species. The difference in findings of these two investigations are explained by assuming that selective pressures which place premiums on social food quality assessment are stronger among primates who exploit more open habitats with a wider variety of food resources than with primates living in more restricted areas where food variety is limited to only a few staples.
Basel 2: How will new bank capital rules affect your company?

Governments, central bankers, and regulators have a most pressing concern: how can they restore confidence and stability in the global financial system? The latest Basel Accords try to do it by setting international standards on the amount of capital banks must maintain to manage financial and operational risks. But there hasn't been adequate analysis of Basel 2's implications, warns the author of this article. The question for companies is: what actions should you take now if your bank faces the new Basel 2 capital requirements? © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wnt Signaling Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression and Regulates T Cell Transmigration

Wnts are a family of secreted glycoproteins with diverse developmental roles, including regulation of cell migration; however, little is known about wnt signaling in mature T cells. We find that endothelial-cell-derived wnts, acting through Frizzled receptors, induce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP9 expression in effector T cells. Blocking wnt signaling, or MMP activity, reduces T cell migration through the basement membrane in vitro and into inflamed skin in vivo. Wnt signaling stabilizes beta-catenin protein in T cells and directly targets the MMP promoters through tandem TCF sites. Thus, our data support a necessary and previously unexpected role for wnt signaling in T cell extravasation.
Chronic recording of multiple-unit activity from the brain of conscious sheep.

Abstract A technique is described for recording chronic multiple-unit activity from the brain of conscious sheep. Four to six prefabricated arrays of 6 flexible 70 μm wires were implanted in each of 16 sheep. During implantation the electrode tips were protected with a crystalline glucose sheath, and following implantation the flexible electrode wires allowed the electrode tips to “float” with movements of the brain tissue. The electrodes were connected to a thin recording cable via a “switchboard” mounted on the skull which allowed the experimenter to determine which 4 of the 24–36 electrodes to monitor at any one time.
Ignition of Flamelets Behind Incident Shock Waves and the Transition to Detonation

Abstract Time-dependent numerical simulations are used to elucidate some of the details of weak ignition behind incident shocks and the subsequent transition to detonation. It is shown that a small amount of energy released in the shocked region can be the origin of pressure waves which accelerate the shock front. The simulations presented here show how this leads to the formation of reactive centers. The formation of a hot spot due to energy release at one of the reactive centers and the subsequent development of a pair of flamelets from the hot spot are studied using the numerical simulations. The results of the simulations are also compared to experimental observations.
LSS: a system for production logic synthesis

For some time we have been exploring methods of transforming functional specifications into hardware implementations that are suitable for production. The complexity of this task and the potential value have continued to grow with the increasing complexity of processor design and the mounting pressure to shorten machine design times. This paper describes the evolution of the Logic Synthesis System from an experimental tool to a production system for the synthesis of masterslice chip implementations. The system was used by one project in IBM Poughkeepsie to produce 90 percent of its more than one hundred chip parts. The primary reasons for this success are the use of local transformations to simplify logic representations at several levels of abstraction, and a highly cooperative effort between logic designers and synthesis system designers to understand the logic design process practiced in Poughkeepsie and to incorporate this knowledge into the synthesis system.
Effects of audio-visual information on the intelligibility of alaryngeal speech

Abstract Background There is minimal research on the contribution of visual information on speech intelligibility for individuals with a laryngectomy (IWL). Aims The purpose of this project was to determine the effects of mode of presentation (audio-only, audio-visual) on alaryngeal speech intelligibility. Method Twenty-three naive listeners were randomly presented 176 phonemically balanced sentences produced by three alaryngeal (tracheoesophageal, esophageal, electrolaryngeal) and one typical, laryngeal speaker in both audio-only and audio-visual modes of presentation. Results Overall, results showed a small (3%) but statistically significant higher speech intelligibility score for audio-visual stimuli compared to audio-only stimuli as well as a significant interaction effect between mode of speech and mode of presentation. Within mode of speech, electrolaryngeal speech was the only mode that benefited significantly from the inclusion of visual information (10% increase). Overall intelligibility showed similar patterns both within audio-only and audio-visual modes of presentation: typical laryngeal and tracheoesophageal speech modes were significantly more intelligible than both esophageal and electrolaryngeal. Conclusions Results suggest that listeners may benefit more from visual information from speakers with poor baseline speech intelligibility. Results also show similar intelligibility between typical, laryngeal and tracheoesophageal modes of speech. Results should be interpreted with caution, however, as only one speaker from each mode of speech was included. Further research is required to determine the nature of the increase. Learning outcomes: Readers will (1) increase their understanding of the potential impact of visual information in the perception of alaryngeal speech; (2) identify potential factors that may augment or hinder speech perception; and (3) discuss how individual modes of alaryngeal speech may be affected by audio-visual information.
An Analysis of Word-of-Mouse Ratings and Guest Comments of Online Hotel Distribution Sites

This study evaluates 60,648 consumer ratings and comments from an online distribution site to explore what factors drive consumer ratings of hotels. Ratings assigned by travelers were combined with words used in their comments to bring to light the most frequent commendations and concerns mentioned when rating hotels. Specifically, the study yields information as to the most frequently used words, as well as the pattern of word usage with either high or low guest ratings. It also explores word choices of guests scoring hotels at lower ratings versus higher ratings. Implications of the differences in word choice are discussed. The results of this study will help hotel management in allocating resources to improve ratings and guest comments.
Dynamic ductile fracture of 7075-T6 – an experimental analysis

Abstract Dynamic moire interferometry fringes surrounding a rapidly propagating crack in single edge notched, 7075-T6 aluminum specimen of 1.6 mm thickness were used to compare directly the T ∗ e -integral values associated with a near-crack integration contour, the crack-tip opening angles and the elastic strain energy release rate, G. While T ∗ e reached a steady state value and remained constant at the terminal crack velocity, G followed the well-known gamma curve and varied with the crack driving force at the terminal velocity. This limited result may be an indication of the inadequacy in linear elastic fracture mechanics characterization of dynamic ductile fracture.
Development of the concept and method of critique in Kant, Hegel, and Marx

Kant et la Critique de la raison pure. Hegel et la radicalisation de la critique. Marx: de la critique comme philosophie a la critique comme science. La methode critique dans l'idealisme allemand et la science sociale.
Fabrication and characteristics of MOS-FET's incorporating anodic aluminum oxide in the gate structure☆

Abstract Anodic aluminum oxide films have been grown by means of a simple process which is compatible with the existing planar silicon IC fabrication technology. Device structures have been fabricated and tested in order to demonstrate the usefulness of anodized layers of evaporated aluminum in a multiple layer metallization scheme. Results of anodization of thin aluminum layers on a silicon substrate indicate complete conversion of aluminum into aluminum oxide and in addition, formation of a thin underlying layer of silicon dioxide. For the anodic aluminum oxide a growth rate of 11·5 A/volt at a current density of 0·5 mA/cm 2 has been found to produce quite satisfactory quality of insulting layers. Experimental results are presented illustrating the C − V and I − V characteristics of p -channel MOS-FET's with both the partially anodized stacked-gate structure and the over-anodized double-oxide layer gate structure.
Two MicroRNAs Encoded within the Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Latency-Related Gene Promote Cell Survival by Interacting with RIG-I and Stimulating NF-κB-Dependent Transcription and Beta Interferon Signaling Pathways

Sensory neurons latently infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) abundantly express latency-related (LR) RNA (LR-RNA). Genetic evidence indicates that LR protein expression plays a role in the latency-reactivation cycle, because an LR mutant virus that contains three stop codons downstream of the first open reading frame (ORF2) does not reactivate from latency. The LR mutant virus induces higher levels of apoptotic neurons in trigeminal ganglia, and ORF2 interferes with apoptosis. Although ORF2 is important for the latency-reactivation cycle, other factors encoded by the LR gene are believed to play a supportive role. For example, two microRNAs (miRNAs) encoded within the LR gene are expressed in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected calves. These miRNAs interfere with bICP0 protein expression and productive infection in transient-transfection assays. In this report, we provide evidence that the two LR miRNAs cooperate with poly(I·C), interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), or IRF7 to stimulate beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter activity. Both miRNAs also stimulated IFN-β promoter activity and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent transcription when cotransfected with a plasmid expressing retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). In the presence of RIG-I, the LR miRNAs enhanced survival of mouse neuroblastoma cells, which correlated with activation of the antiapoptosis cellular transcription factor, NF-κB. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that both miRNAs stably interact with RIG-I, suggesting that this interaction directly stimulates the RIG-I signaling pathway. In summary, the results of these studies suggest that interactions between LR miRNAs and RIG-I promote the establishment and maintenance of latency by enhancing survival of infected neurons.
Nanoprobes and nanobiosensors for monitoring and imaging individual living cells

This article presents an overview of nanobiosensors and nanoprobes. The fabrication, operating principle, and applications of these systems and their capacity for in vivo analysis and optical imaging at the single-cell level are discussed. Recently the cross-disciplinary integration of nanotechnology, biology, and photonics has been revolutionizing important areas in molecular biology, especially diagnostics and therapy at the molecular and cellular levels. Nanobiosensors and nanoprobes are a relatively new class of biosensing and imaging devices that allow for analytical measurements in individual living cells. These devices have the capacity to sense individual chemical species in specific locations within a cell. This article discusses the usefulness and potential of these nanotechnology-based systems in biological research and their applications to monitoring individual living cells.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Single-Crystal Structural Investigations of Several Mixed Metal Hexacyanocobaltate Dodecahydrates

Abstract Single crystals of Tr1.5 Zn1.5|Co(CN)6|2 · 12H2O (where divalent Tr = Cd, Mn, and Co) have been synthesized by the slow diffusion method. Each mixed metal complex crystallized in the cubic space group Fm3m (O5h, No. 225) with respective lattice constants of 10.5312(6), 10.3265(7), and 10.2566(14) A. The disordered structures contain 1 1 3 molecules in each unit cell. All atoms in each system are disordered and the divalent Tr/Zn atoms are linked to the Co atoms by cyanide bridging. Anisotropic refinements of the structures using a full-matrix least-squares program yielded reliability factors of 0.038, 0.034, and 0.034, respectively. Important bond lengths are presented as well as the results from optical, thermal gravimetric, and infrared studies.
Spatially adaptive ground penetrating radar

GPR data collection in the frequency range of 3 to 66 MHz has been performed by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). To process this data into images, the relative permittivity of the medium is a key parameter since it determines the propagation velocity through the medium. Image formation using phase information returned from buried scatterers can be improved by matching the processing to the environment in which radar measurements were taken. Considering the permittivity to be an unknown scalar parameter, several images can be formed as a function of the unknown parameter leading to a choice which maximizes the sensitivity and resolution of the resulting image. In this paper we extend upon this concept to include variations of the medium that are nonhomogeneous with respect to the physical locations of receiving sensors.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Predictions of Freeway Traffic Speeds and Volumes Using Vector Autoregressive Models

Short-term traffic prediction on freeways is one of the critical components of advanced traveler information systems. The traditional methods of prediction have used univariate Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series models, based on the autocorrelation function of the time series of traffic variable at a location; however, the effect of upstream and downstream location information has been largely neglected or underutilized in the case of freeway traffic prediction. It is the purpose of this article to demonstrate the effect of upstream as well as downstream locations on the traffic at a specific location. To achieve this, a section of five stations extending over 2.5 miles on I-4 in the downtown region of Orlando, Florida is selected. The speeds from a station at the center of this location are then checked for crosscorrelations with stations upstream and downstream. Cross correlation function is analogous to autocorrelation function extended to two variables. It indicates whether ...
Theoretical study of the isomerization of cyanogen

Abstract Hartree-Fock and many-body perturbation theoretical calculations are used to determine the geometries and energies of NCCN ( 1 ), CNCN ( 2 ), and CNNC ( 3 ) as well as the transition state structures for interconversion among these three isomeric species. It is found that there is a reaction path with a relatively low (0.66 eV) barrier for conversion of 3 to 1 , consistent with the thermal instability of 3 .
Neophobia and water intake after repeated pairings of novel flavors with toxicosis

Abstract The ability of rats (a) to acquire a generalized neophobia and (b) to maintain total daily fluid intake (by increasing intake of plain water) during the neophobia, was assessed. Rats trained to drink on a 23 1 2 -hr water deprivation schedule were presented with a series of novel-flavored drinking solutions at 4-day intervals. Fifteen min of exposure to the novel flavor was followed first by 15 min of access to plain water, and then by an injection of lithium chloride. A saline-injected group and a noncontingent lithium chloride-injected group served as controls. Re-exposure to flavors did not occur between presentations of novel flavors. The rats in the group receiving novel flavors paired with toxicosis not only showed suppressed intake of all subsequent novel flavors after several pairings, but also eventually showed suppressed intake of plain water, which was limited to the days of novel-flavor presentation.
Teacher research through dialogic inquiry

As teachers engage in research to improve their teaching practice and inform their pedagogical programs, they need appropriate tools for collecting and analyzing data. This paper shows how dialogic inquiry through problem posing is a tool for teacher research in the interpretive tradition which helps teachers develop a richer knowledge base regarding students' backgrounds, motivations, cultures, and the strategies they use to learn English. In addition, dialogic inquiry can inform curriculum and materials development by providing teachers with information about students' responses to potential curriculum topics. The process of engaging students in structured, open-ended inquiry provides data which teachers can analyze from both content and linguistic perspectives. Outlined are the steps in dialogic inquiry and examples of how teachers have used it to inform their classroom practice and improve their curricula.
Intraocular Penetration of Amoxicillin

The enucleated eyes of New Zealand albino rabbits were injected with 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg of amoxicillin to determine the drug penetration into the aqueous humor, vitreous humor, serum, and other ocular tissues after oral administration. Detectable levels were achieved after each specific dose for at least five hours. In the aqueous humor, drug levels were present at 15 minutes, peaked at 1.5 and two hours, and were present at leave five hours after oral administration.
Radiation Drying of Textiles

This paper deals with radiation drying of woven and matted wool felts, of woven wool crepe, and of absorbent cotton batting. Radiant energy was supplied by R-40 electric lamps, and air conditions at the surface of the samples were controlled. Drying rate curves are analyzed in terms of drying mechanisms, and comparisons are made with convection drying by means of heated air. Among the variables discussed are air conditions, air velocity, intensity of radiant energy, sample thickness, optical properties of the materials being dried, and the initial regain.