cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The U.S. Supreme Court and International Law: Continuity and Change

This document contains the Introduction and Conclusion for a forthcoming book on the history of international law in the U.S. Supreme Court. The book is an edited volume, with twenty contributing authors, which will be published by Cambridge University Press in 2011. The volume focuses on the themes of continuity and change in the Court’s international law decisions from the 1790s to the present. It is the first book to provide a comprehensive account of the evolution of international law jurisprudence over two centuries of Supreme Court history. The Introduction provides a brief overview of the project. The Conclusion summarizes the most important findings that emerge from the study.
Denial, Projection, and the Empathic Wall

To walk in Jerusalem is to learn the essence of archaeology. Any new structure must displace not just the old, but the archaic, for there is only a finite space that can be occupied by humans. The building stones of the biblical era are the pathstones of today; shards of our shared history are venerated in shrines at our museums or hawked by vendors in the marketplace. The evolution of a culture is vertical, the new built upon the rubble of the old, which itself was built on the rubble of that which died before, its predecessor. In such a world, one searches to learn the past, to learn from the past, to retrieve or recapture from the past.
River channel connectivity shifts metabolite composition and dissolved organic matter chemistry.

Biogeochemical processing of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in headwater rivers regulates aquatic food web dynamics, water quality, and carbon storage. Although headwater rivers are critical sources of energy to downstream ecosystems, underlying mechanisms structuring DOM composition and reactivity are not well quantified. By pairing mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy, here we show that hydrology and river geomorphology interactively shape molecular patterns in DOM composition. River segments with a single channel flowing across the valley bottom export DOM with a similar chemical profile through time. In contrast, segments with multiple channels of flow store large volumes of water during peak flows, which they release downstream throughout the summer. As flows subside, losses of lateral floodplain connectivity significantly increase the heterogeneity of DOM exported downstream. By linking geomorphologic landscape-scale processes with microbial metabolism, we show DOM heterogeneity increases as a function of fluvial complexity, with implications for ecosystem function and watershed management. The underlying mechanisms structuring dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition and reactivity in rivers remain poorly quantified. Here, the authors pair mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy to show that hydrology and river geomorphology both shape molecular patterns in DOM composition.
Epigenetics of scleroderma: Integrating genetic, ethnic, age, and environmental effects:

Scleroderma or systemic sclerosis is thought to result from the interplay between environmental or non-genetic factors in a genetically susceptible individual. Epigenetic modifications are influenc...
'Gaming the System' During Public Health Emergencies

Whether the result of natural or manmade causes, public health emergencies are typified by a crisis of allocation. Essential resources (e.g., drugs, vaccinations, equipment, medical supplies, and personnel) can quickly become limited as public demand increases. As clarified by the Institute of Medicine, a declaration of emergency may be sustained by the ensuing predicament when supplies of essential public health or medical resources cannot meet demand. Countless efforts to address allocation challenges have been offered by public and private actors. They tend to focus on strict inventory controls and priority setting for distribution of scarce resources. A primary goal is to assure that those most in need of resources, based on epidemiological or other public health evidence, are most likely to get them. Meeting this objective, however, may be compromised through bad data, inaccurate criteria, inadvertent misallocations, or political factors. The objective may also be subverted through attempts to “game the system.”
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): Review of incidence, diagnosis, and management

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life and limb-threatening complication of heparin exposure. Here, we review the pathogenesis, incidence, diagnosis, and management of HIT. The first step in thwarting devastating complications from this entity is to maintain a high index of clinical suspicion, followed by an accurate clinical scoring assessment using the 4Ts. Next, appropriate stepwise laboratory testing must be undertaken in order to rule out HIT or establish the diagnosis. In the interim, all heparin must be stopped immediately, and the patient administered alternative anticoagulation. Here we review alternative anticoagulation choice, therapy alternatives in the difficult-to-manage patient with HIT, and the problem of overdiagnosis.
E-160 Blood clot identification and composition assessment by fast spin-echo (FSE) T2WI and T2* mapping

Purpose There are growing data to suggest that clot composition can impact revascularization outcomes and strategies in large vessel occlusion patients. In many centers, MRI is the primary modality of acute stroke imaging so identifying clot composition on MRI imaging may be important. We performed an in vitro study to determine the MR signaling characteristics of stroke clots of various compositions. Methods Fifteen thrombus analogs of five compositions (n=3 for each composition) [Group A, fibrin-rich (95% plasma:5% RBCs); Group B, fibrin-rich (75% plasma:25% RBCs); Group C, intermediate (50% plasma:50% RBCs); Group D, RBC-rich (25% plasma:75% RBCs,) and Group E, RBC-rich (5% plasma:95% RBCs)] were scanned with fast spin-echo (FSE) T2WI (TR/TE 2500/101 milliseconds (ms)) and quantitative T2* mapping sequence. Signals from FSE T2WI were collected, and thrombus T2* relaxation time (TT2*RT) was measured in all the groups. Correlation between the thrombus-T2* relaxation time and red blood cell content was analyzed. Results Signal intensity changed gradually from high (bright) to low (dark) from Group A to E gradually from all the 3 clots in each group, which indicated the signal intensity was decreased as the composition of RBC increased. The average TT2*RT decreased from 60 ms (green) to 25 ms (red) from fibrin-rich clot to RBC-rich clot (Group A to E), which reflected inverse correlation between thrombus-T2* relaxation time and red blood cell content (figures A to E). Conclusion FSE T2 WI and quantitative T2* mapping MR can help in characterization of emboli in large vessel occlusion patients. Disclosures Y. Ding: None. M. Abbassi: None. J. Felmlee: None. D. Dai: None. R. Kadirvel: None. D. Kallmes: None. W. Brinjikji: None.
Femto-Joule All-Optical Switching Using Epsilon-Near-Zero High-Mobility Conductive Oxide

Recently discovered extraordinary optical nonlinearities in epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials open a new realm of ultra-energy-efficient, all-optical switching devices for future optical communication and computation. In this paper, we propose a sub-micron, sub-pico-second, femto-joule level all-optical switch (AOS) using hybrid plasmonic-silicon waveguides driven by high mobility transparent conductive oxides (HMTCOs) such as cadmium oxide. Our analysis indicates that the ENZ-induced nonlinear optical effect is greatly enhanced by the high free carrier mobility in the telecom wavelength region. We propose an electrically tunable AOS device which is precisely biased at the ENZ condition, or the high-loss “OFF” state. Then the AOS device can be switched to the “ON” state with an unprecedented modulation strength of 15.9 dB/μm and a rapid switching time of 230 fs at the cost of an ultralow switching energy of 13.5 fJ. By defining a comprehensive metric using the product of device size, switching energy and switching time, the proposed ENZ-enabled device shows superior performance than any existing on-chip AOS device. We envision that such HMTCO-driven AOS device can be integrated with silicon photonic integrated circuits to realize on-chip optical signal processing and computation with ultra-low energy and ultra-high bandwidth.
Towards an Ethics Writ Large

This is the introductory chapter from a forthcoming book examining ethics at the intersection of law and justice. If law and justice are concerned with collectively establishing the general terms on which the plurality called “we” share the earth as social beings, then ethics concerns the individual Self’s particular moral relationship with the Other. Law, the acknowledged offspring of politics, represents the kind of might that most people accept as legitimate, at least most of the time. Justice, on the other hand, is supposed to vigilantly stand guard over law: to protect us against its biases and excesses, or, at the very least, to rise up and reproach the law whenever it permits or encourages injustice. But what if the belief that a particular legally-authorized state of affairs is “just” – a common enough feeling, especially amongst the privileged – or even “unjust” and in need of correction, were itself in need of a vigilant guardian? This chapter introduces the idea that ethics can and should stand guard over whatever image of justice and/or just law one happens to believe in. The book as a whole attempts to steer a perilous course between two looming moral hazards: ethics interpreted as the rational production of ethically correct behavior (as in Kant) and ethics interpreted as the spontaneous eruption of pre-rational compassion for the suffering of the Other, come what may (as in Levinas).
TransceiVR: Bridging Asymmetrical Communication Between VR Users and External Collaborators

Virtual Reality (VR) users often need to work with other users, who observe them outside of VR using an external display. Communication between them is difficult; the VR user cannot see the external user's gestures, and the external user cannot see VR scene elements outside of the VR user's view. We carried out formative interviews with experts to understand these asymmetrical interactions and identify their goals and challenges. From this, we identify high-level system design goals to facilitate asymmetrical interactions and a corresponding space of implementation approaches based on the level of programmatic access to a VR application. We present TransceiVR, a system that utilizes VR platform APIs to enable asymmetric communication interfaces for third-party applications without requiring source code access. TransceiVR allows external users to explore the VR scene spatially or temporally, to annotate elements in the VR scene at correct depths, and to discuss via a shared static virtual display. An initial co-located user evaluation with 10 pairs shows that our system makes asymmetric collaborations in VR more effective and successful in terms of task time, error rate, and task load index. An informal evaluation with a remote expert gives additional insight on utility of features for real world tasks.
The high-yield direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from CO2 and H2 in a dry reaction environment

Direct dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from CO2 and H2 is considered a promising production route. However, this process is thermodynamically and kinetically restricted by the presence of water as a byproduct. In this study, a water-conduction membrane was incorporated into the direct DME synthesis reactor to generate a dry reaction environment. In the absence of water, the activities of the CO2 hydrogenation catalyst (CZA) and methanol dehydration catalyst (HZSM-5) were boosted 4- and 10-fold, respectively, and single-pass CO2 conversion of up to 73.4%, far beyond equilibrium, and DME yields of up to 54.5% were obtained. Moreover, the good protection of the catalysts against fast deactivation was demonstrated.
A triple combination gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin to effectively control triple-negative breast cancer tumor development, recurrence, and metastasis

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive, lethal, heterogeneous type of breast cancer (BC). TNBC tends to have a lower response rate to chemotherapy and a lower 5-year survival rate than other types of BC due to recurrence and metastasis. Our previous study revealed that a combination of gemcitabine, romidepsin, and cisplatin was efficacious in controlling TNBC tumor development. In this study, we extended our investigation of gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin in controlling TNBC tumor recurrence and metastasis. We investigated the ability of gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin to control cell survival and invasiveness using cell viability, soft agar colony formation, and transwell invasion assays. We determined the efficacy of gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin in controlling tumor recurrence and metastasis using cell-derived xenograft animal models. We used immunoblotting to study signaling modulators regulated by gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin in TNBC cells and tumor tissues. Treatment with gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin reduced the TNBC MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB468 cell survival to ~ 50% and ~ 15%, as well as invasiveness to ~ 31% and ~ 13%, respectively. Gemcitabine + romidepsin + cisplatin suppressed modulators involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in an ROS-dependent manner. Controlling tumor recurrence, the Gem plus Rom + Cis regimen (~ 112%) was more efficacious than the Gem plus Cis regimen (~ 21%) in tumor growth inhibition. The Gem plus Rom + Cis regimen efficaciously reduced the development of metastatic nodules to 20% in animals. The gemcitabine plus romidepsin + cisplatin regimen was highly efficacious in controlling TNBC tumor development, recurrence, and metastasis in animals. The combination regimen should be poised for efficient translation into clinical trials for controlling the recurrence and metastasis, ultimately contributing to reducing mortality and improving TNBC patients’ quality of life.
Positive Constitutionalism in a Pandemic: Demanding Responsibility from the Trump Administration

We have become accustomed to conceiving of our constitutional rights as affording protection only against government infringement, but not as granting us any positive rights to claim government protection or action. The circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic should make us question this reflexive resort to negative constitutionalism. The numerous failures of the present federal Administration to ameliorate and address the pandemic are startling. Even under current doctrinal limits of negative rights, the Administration’s failures should give rise to individual constitutional claims. Most importantly, we should reorient our constitutional frameworks, theories, and doctrines toward recognition of positive rights to health and life. We deserve a Constitution that protects our survival.
Assessment of Multirate Method for Power System Dynamics Analysis

As many power electronic converter interfaced technologies have recently been integrated into power systems, it has resulted in substantial computation demands and potential numerical instability issues in power system dynamics studies. Using a proper integration time step is key to solve these issues and multirate methods, which utilize a smaller time step to capture the system behavior associated with fast states and a larger time step for slow states, are an efficient way to represent current power system dynamics. This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the system dynamic behaviors depending on different integration methods: a single rate method and a multirate method. These methods are compared with the results of rotor angle dynamic simulations using two different sizes of systems. Computational time and performance accuracy of the two methods are also assessed for the comparison.
Discovery of allostery in PKA signaling

cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) was the second protein kinase to be discovered and the PKA catalytic (C) subunit serves as a prototype for the large protein kinase superfamily that contains over 500 gene products. The protein kinases regulate much of biology in eukaryotic cells and they are now also a major therapeutic target. Although PKA was discovered nearly 50 years ago and the subsequent discovery of the regulatory subunits that bind cAMP and release the catalytic activity from the holoenzyme followed quickly. Thus in PKA we see the convergence of two major signaling mechanisms - protein phosphorylation and second messenger signaling through cAMP. Crystallography provides a foundation for understanding function, and the structure of the isolated regulatory (R) and C-subunits have been extremely informative. Yet it is the R2C2 holoenzyme that predominates in cells, and one can only appreciate the allosteric features of PKA signaling by seeing the full length protein. The symmetry and the quaternary constraints that one R:C hetero-dimer exerts on the other in the holoenzyme simply are not present in the isolated subunits or even in the R:C hetero-dimer.
THE U.S. PETROLEUM TRANSPORTATION DILEMMA

An economic evaluation of the merits of a deepwater tanker terminal was conducted based on the reduction in transportation costs it would return. A single tanker economic model was used to generate a fleet transporting oil from five exporting regions. U.S. energy demand was predicted based on linear regression analysis. A linear programming approach was used to determine the tanker fleet size and transportation costs. Results indicated the reduction in transportation costs made a clustered monobuoy system economically attractive. However, the high capital investment required to construct an artificial island could not be justified with this approach.
Probabilistic Logic Programming and Bayesian Networks

We present a probabilistic logic programming framework that allows the representation of conditional probabilities. While conditional probabilities are the most commonly used method for representing uncertainty in probabilistic expert systems, they have been largely neglected by work in quantitative logic programming. We define a fixpoint theory, declarative semantics, and proof procedure for the new class of probabilistic logic programs. Compared to other approaches to quantitative logic programming, we provide a true probabilistic framework with potential applications in probabilistic expert systems and decision support systems. We also discuss the relationship between such programs and Bayesian networks, thus moving toward a unification of two major approaches to automated reasoning.
Poliovirus vaccines in mineral oil adjuvant: II. Clinical reaction and antibody response

Abstract Purified aqueous poliovirus vaccine containing a total of 4.6γ of viral substance per dose was highly effective in immunizing very young infants against poliovirus. Eighty-three, 55, and 84 per cent of infants responded serologically with neutralizing antibody when given three doses of vaccine in the primary series. Essentially all responded with high titer when the booster dose of vaccine was given 7 months later. Emulsified mineral oil adjuvant vaccine, containing only 0.46γ of viral antigen per dose and given in only two doses, effected seroconversion of 52 per cent, 42 per cent, and 48 per cent of infants to poliovirus types I, II, and III, following the primary immunization series and 90 per cent, 80 per cent, and 87 per cent, respectively, were converted to the three types following the booster dose. Even better results would likely have been obtained had three doses been given initially. A generally poorer antibody response was obtained with the use of Salk vaccine than with the aqueous and adjuvant purified vaccines. None of the infants developed significant local or systemic reaction to the vaccine. Roughly, 30 children were included in each of the three vaccine groups in the study.
Between Mendez and Brown: Gonzales v. Sheely (1951) and the Legal Campaign Against Segregation

On March 26, 1951, three years before the historic Brown decision, in Gonzales v. Sheeley (1951), Judge Dave Ling of the United States District Court of Arizona ruled that the segregation of Mexican American students in a separate “Mexican School” was unconstitutional. In this article, we trace the legal arguments in Gonzales through two prior cases, Mendez v. Westminster (1946) and Delgado v. Bastrop (1948). We analyze how racialism, the social science critique of racism and legalism, shaped the arguments in the three cases. Our analysis suggests that Gonzales was a departure from Mendez and Delgado because it was the first case in which a court made an unqualified argument against segregation. The trajectory of the legal arguments across the three cases highlights how new cultural ideas about race were slowly incorporated into civil rights case law, a process that was also shaped by the institutional norms and practices of the legal system.
Counterproductive Juvenile Justice

AbstractBy describing evaluations demonstrating that carefully planned and executed interventions can have harmful effects, the author argues that programs to prevent crime should be tested for safety as well as efficacy. Although client reports of benefits and improvements over predicted outcomes would have suggested benefits from intervention, randomly assigned matched cases used in one such comparison showed that an intervention lasting more than five years increased the likelihood of serious crime, alcoholism, early death, and mental illness.
Restriction of early exploratory forays effects specific aspects of spatial processing in weanling hamsters

Normally reared hamsters, but not hamsters reared on a liquid diet, demonstrated spatial memory for the location of odor cues in an allocentric task (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, an egocentric task, liquid-reared hamsters detected a change in the spatial location of odor cues. In Experiment 3 liquidreared hamsters detected a change in the spatial location of two visual cues under allocentric task conditions. Female hamsters on a liquid diet retrieved their pups more often than dams on solid food, resulting in reduced exploratory opportunities for their pups during the period when olfaction mediates behavior. Hamsters in Experiment 4 experienced a direct restriction of early forays. The restricted-rearing group failed to detect a change in the spatial location of odor cues in an allocentric task. These findings suggest that restriction of early exploratory experience during a narrow period of development results in specific spatial processing deficits.
“Between Detroit and Moscow”: A Left Liberal “Third Way” in the Third Reich

The nature and intentions of Nazi economic policy are once again being hotly contested, although on a new set of terms. No longer is the German bourgeoisie's complicity in the Nazi “seizure of power” or the capitalist underpinnings of Hitler's subsequent aggressions at the center of the discussion. Rather, recent scholarship has chosen to grapple more carefully with the dynamic interplay between economics, race, and social policy in the Third Reich. As David Schoenbaum contended forty years ago, the Third Reich's apotheosization of “national community [Volksgemeinschaft]” led to an array of welfare programs, educational reforms, and “meritocratic” values that may in fact have produced a modern “social revolution.” To be sure, a number of subsequent studies have highlighted longer-term continuities, suggesting that the Nazi Sozialstaat was indebted in some part to the legacy of the Weimar Republic and in other respects presaged the social policies of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Historians likewise continue to debate the relative improvement in living standards experienced by the average German under Hitler. Virtually all scholars agree, however, that, regardless of its efficacy, the underpinnings of Nazi social policy are to be located in the Third Reich's drive to construct a racial utopia at home while securing popular support for wars of conquest abroad.
INDIVIDUAL AND CAMPUS CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH STUDENT LOAN DEFAULT

This research addresses the question of whether student loan repayment and default behaviors are more highly related to the characteristics of the college attended or to the characteristics of the individual student aid recipient. Our model development and variable selection is guided by theories of human capital and public subsidy, ability to pay perspectives, organizational structural/functional approaches, and student-institution fit models. To conduct the study, three national databases were merged: the NPSAS study of individual recipients of federal financial aid, IPEDS data containing campus financial and enrollment characteristics, and a third containing College Board Survey data. Our findings erode the basis for current national policies and proposed SPRE legislation that hold institutions accountable for the loan defaults of former students. Loan repayment and default behavior can be substantially predicted by the precollege, college, and postcollege characteristics of individual borrowers. Majoring in a scientific or technological discipline, earning good grades, persisting to degree completion, getting and staying married, and not having dependent children are all actions that substantially increase the likelihood of repayment and lower the likelihood of default. In both populations (all borrowers and nonproprietary), we find virtually no evidence of a direct link between default behavior and type of institution or highest degree offered.
The atmospheric abundance of SO2 on Io

The IUE satellite has obtained near-UV spectra of Io with sufficient resolution to ascertain the east, or leading and west, or trailing hemispheres' dayside atmosphere SO2 abundance. The derived geometric albedos are compared with various model albedos that might result from proposed SO2 atmospheres, as well as from localized, sublimation- or volcanism-generated atmospheres. A homogeneous-layer alternative atmosphere is introduced whose upper limit on the average SO2 column density for both hemispheres implies that a collisionally thick SO2 atmosphere of intermediate density may have been present on Io's dayside during the present observations.
R-matrix with pseudo-states calculations for electron-impact excitation and ionization of rare gas atoms

R-matrix with pseudo-state calculations have been carried out for electron-impact ionization of the ground 2p6 and excited 2p53s, 2p54s, 2p55s states of neutral Neon. In addition, R-matrix calculations for electron impact excitation along the Argon isonuclear sequence are reported.
Assessment on thin film batteries based on polymer electrolytes. III. Specific energy versus specific power

Abstract The feasibility of solid state polymer electrolyte batteries for applications such as the electric vehicle depends on the variation in the performance levels of the specific energy and specific power. In this paper efforts have been centered mainly on rechargeable lithium batteries with electrolyte complexes formed between polyethylene oxide and lithium salts having an ionic conductivity of 10 −4 (Ω cm) −1 and V 6 O 13 insertion cathodes. Prismatic unit cells of variable cathode thickness have been modeled and calculated results indicate that high specific energies (∼200 Wh/kg) and high specific powers (∼700 W/kg) are possible for this battery system utilizing metallic current collectors. Considerably higher values result for low density metallized plastic current collectors.
Visual Search and the Collapse of Categorization.

Categorization researchers typically present single objects to be categorized. But real-world categorization often involves object recognition within complex scenes. It is unknown how the processes of categorization stand up to visual complexity or why they fail facing it. The authors filled this research gap by blending the categorization and visual-search paradigms into a visual-search and categorization task in which participants searched for members of target categories in complex displays. Participants have enormous difficulty in this task. Despite intensive and ongoing category training, they detect targets at near-chance levels unless displays are extremely simple or target categories extremely focused. These results, discussed from the perspectives of categorization and visual search, might illuminate societally important instances of visual search (e.g., diagnostic medical screening).
Synthesis of polyfluoroaryl [2.2] cyclophanes

Abstract New and improved syntheses of 4,5,7,8-tetrafluoro- and 4,5,7,8,12,13,15,16-octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophanes are described. The preparation of the new compound, 4,5,7,8-tetrafluoro[2.2]metaparacyclophane, is outlined.
Pathogenesis of bacteriuria and infection in the spinal cord injured patient

Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces profound alterations in lower urinary tract function. Incontinence, elevated intravesical pressure, reflux, stones, and neurological obstruction, commonly found in the spinal cord-injured population, increase the risk of urinary infection. The overall rate of urinary infection in SCI patient is about 2.5 episodes per patient per year. Despite improved methods of treatment, urinary tract morbidity still ranks as the second leading cause of death in the SCI patient.SCI removes the ability of the pontine micturition center and higher centers in the brain to inhibit, control, or coordinate the activity of the vesicourethral unit. As a result, a patient with complete quadriplegia is typically unaware of bladder activity. Bladder contraction is accompanied by vesicosphincter dyssynergia instead of sphincter relaxation. It is widely accepted that intermittent catheterization, when compared with indwelling catheters, reduces the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) in SCI patients and is the preferred method of bladder drainage in this patient population. Attempts at eliminating bacteriuria associated with indwelling or intermittent catheters have generally been unsuccessful. There is now appreciation of the fact that a creeping adherent biofilm of bacteria frequently ascends through the luminal and external surfaces of an indwelling catheter, often within 8 to 24 hours, leading to bacterial adherence to the bladder surface and correlating with symptomatic infection. The use of antimicrobial agents to clear or prevent bacteriuria in patients on indwelling or intermittent catheterization has had mixed success. Treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria in SCI patients remains controversial. SCI patients with symptomatic urinary infections should be treated with the most specific, narrowest spectrum antibiotics available for the shortest possible time. Guidelines for selecting antimicrobial agents in SCI patients are similar to guidelines for the treatment of complicated urinary infections in the general population. Characteristics of the quinolones make them well suited to treating UTI in the SCI patient.
Relation of C-reactive protein level and long-term risk of death or myocardial infarction following percutaneous coronary intervention with a sirolimus-eluting stent.

Previous observations in the bare metal stent (BMS) era have demonstrated an association between a high preprocedural C-reactive protein (CRP) level and an increased incidence of death or myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We hypothesized that PCI with sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) would result in a smaller increase in CRP compared with BMSs and that a high CRP level before PCI would be associated with a higher incidence of death or myocardial infarction at 12 months, regardless of the type of stent implanted. We analyzed patients who underwent PCI with stenting at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Patients who received BMSs and SESs were analyzed separately by categorizing them into low and high CRP groups based on whether their CRP level before PCI was above or below the median for each group. The increase in CRP that occurred with PCI was termed ΔCRP. In total, 652 patients were included in the analysis. Median ΔCRP was smaller in the SES group than in the BMS group (1.5 vs 0.7 mg/L, p = 0.009). In the BMS group, patients with a CRP level above the median before PCI had a higher incidence of 12-month death or myocardial infarction compared with patients with a CRP level below the median (11.3% vs 1.6%, p = 0.002). The same relation was present in the SES group, i.e., patients with a higher CRP level had a higher incidence of 12-month death or myocardial infarction compared with patients with a low CRP level (6.3% vs 1.0%, p = 0.005) and a higher 12-month mortality (5.2% vs 0%, p = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the CRP level above the median before PCI was associated with a higher 12-month incidence of death or myocardial infarction, independent of the type of stent used, or ΔCRP. In conclusion, PCI in the SES era causes a smaller increase in CRP compared with the BMS era. A high CRP level before PCI is independently associated with a higher risk of long-term death or myocardial infarction. This finding was present in the BMS and SES groups and highlights the need for aggressive risk-factor modification after PCI.
Retention and utilization of mediators by retardates

The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of mildly retarded children to store and utilize mediational links in the A-B, B-C, A-C paradigm. For three chaining groups the intervals between Lists B-C and A-C were 30 sec, 20min, or 24 h. The interval between D-C and A-C in a control group (A-B, D-C, A-C) was 30 sec. The major results showed that the A-C learning for the control group was inferior to that for the mediation groups which were not different from one another.
A limit theorem for an approximate core of a large but finite economy

Abstract We present a formulation of an approximate core that can be sustained as an approximate equilibrium for a ‘large enough’ finite exchange economy whose traders need not have transitive, continuous or convex preferences.
Development of VT-Micro model for estimating hot stabilized light duty vehicle and truck emissions

Abstract The paper applies a framework for developing microscopic emission models (VT-Micro model version 2.0) for assessing the environmental impacts of transportation projects. The original VT-Micro model was developed using chassis dynamometer data on nine light duty vehicles. The VT-Micro model is expanded by including data from 60 light duty vehicles and trucks. Statistical clustering techniques are applied to group vehicles into homogenous categories. Specifically, classification and regression tree algorithms are utilized to classify the 60 vehicles into 5 LDV and 2 LDT categories. In addition, the framework accounts for temporal lags between vehicle operational variables and measured vehicle emissions. The VT-Micro model is validated by comparing against laboratory measurements with prediction errors within 17%.
An analogue of the rauch variational formula for prym differentials

In [5], H. E. Rauch discovered a formula for the first variation of an abelian differential on a Riemann surface and its periods with respect to the change of complex structure induced by a Beltrami differential. R. S. Hamilton, in [3], and discussed by C. Earle in [1], found an elegant proof of the formula using only first principles and not requiring uniformization theory. His proof uses a small amount of Hodge theory, the Riemann bilinear period relations, and a simple operator construction. In this article, we find an analogue of Rauch’s formula for the Prym differentials using some of Hamilton’s techniques, the Hodge theorem for vector bundles, and the “Prym version” of the Riemann bilinear relations. We discover a complicated set of formulas for the variation of the Prym differentials, with different specific solutions depending to the make-up of the Prym character. We conclude that the variation of the Prym periods with a given character depends on the differentials for the character and the differentials for its inverse. This explains the simplicity of the classical case, where the character is its inverse.
Congo red and calcofluor white inhibition ofAcetobacter xylinum cell growth and of bacterial cellulose microfibril formation: Isolation and properties of a transient, extracellular glucan related to cellulose

Chemical analysis of pellicles ofAcetobacter xylinum grown in cultures containing increasing amounts of Calcofluor White or Congo Red shows that the inhibition of cellulose formation by both direct dyes has two aspects, internal and external. Internally, each dye seems to act as a general cell poison, although not a strong one. Externally, each dye interrupts cellulose microfibril assembly by forming a complex with previously synthesized polysaccharide(s). Both effects contribute to diminution of cellulose production. The polysaccharide(s) which forms a soluble complex with Congo Red external to the cell may be isolated by dilution. It is a homoglucan that yields cellobiose, cellotriose and possibly cellotetrose after partial acid hydrolysis. The glucan is hydrolyzed at the same rate as bacterial cellulose by glusulase to yield glucose. It contains little or no ninhydrin-positive material. Observations by electron microscopy show that the glucan is fibrillar. Heating the precipitate in 1 M NaOH for 10 minutes at 100 °C dissolves more than three quarters of the substance but does not alter its ultrastructure or composition. No discrete reflections are observed by powder X-ray diffraction. The foregoing results are consistent with the conclusion that Congo Red (and presumably Calcofluor White) interrupts the normal, extracellular association of previously synthesized 1 → 4-β-glucans by forming a soluble complex with a fraction of these glucans. The interruption of the association prevents the formation of the microfibril.
Charge-Transfer Spectra of Transition-Metal Ions in Corundum

The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of corundum (${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) containing dilute concentrations of the $3d$-series transition-metal ions ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{V}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$ was measured at room temperature and at liquid-nitrogen temperature for photon energies in the range 3-9 eV. The most important features of the observed spectra are (a) the peak positions are characteristic of the particular impurity ion; (b) the peak positions and widths (\ensuremath{\sim}0.7 eV) are independent of temperature over the range studied; and (c) the integrated intensities are strong. The spectra are identified with the allowed transition whereby an electron is transferred from a nonbonding orbital, localized predominantly on the ${\mathrm{O}}^{=}$ ligands, to either the ${t}_{2g}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*})$ or ${e}_{g}({\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{*})$ antibonding orbital, localized predominantly on the metal ion. The position in energy of the first absorption peak for the various ions of the series relative to one another and to the position of the intrinsic absorption edge of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is in good agreement with the charge-transfer model.
The reverse Goddard problem.

Fuel-time optimal retrothrust control for vertical and gravity turn ballistic trajectories of soft landing nonlifting bodies based on Pontryagin principle
Constructing ω-stable structures: Computing rank

This is a sequel to (1). Here we give careful attention to the diculties of calculating Morley and U-rank of the innite rank !-stable theories constructed by variants of Hrushovski's methods. Sample result: For every k < !, there is an !-stable expansion of any algebraically closed eld which has Morley rank ! k. We include a corrected proof of the lemma in (1) establishing that the generic model is !-saturated in the rank 2 case.
Sequences of delayed reward and extinction confinement: Effects on pattern running and extinction performance

Forty rats were trained in a runway under a single-alternation partially delayed reward schedule. The trial sequence was either D-I or I-D during training and D-D, D-I, I-D, or I-I during extinction. During training, the Ss learned to run rapidly on I trials and slowly on D trials. During extinction the D-I training sequence resulted in greater resistance to extinction than I-D, but only on the second daily trial The extinction speeds were also inversely related to percentage of delay confinement in extinction.
Functional implications of neurotransmitter co-release: glutamate and GABA share the load

For decades it has been thought that a neuron releases only one classical neurotransmitter from all of its processes. However, recent work has shown that most neuronal populations release more than one classical transmitter, and indeed that the transmitters can be segregated into different processes of the same neuron. Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid, the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system, appear to be co-released with most other transmitters, as well as with each other. The release of multiple transmitters by the same neuron enhances the spatial and temporal control of synaptic transmission. Moreover, dynamic regulation of neurotransmitter phenotypes increases the plasticity of neurotransmission, indicating potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Modeling Cable and Guide Channel Interaction in a High-Strength Cable-Driven Continuum Manipulator

This paper presents several mechanical models of a high-strength cable-driven dexterous manipulator designed for surgical procedures. A stiffness model is presented that distinguishes between contributions from the cables and the backbone. A physics-based model incorporating cable friction is developed and its predictions are compared with experimental data. The data show that under high tension and high curvature, the shape of the manipulator deviates significantly from a circular arc. However, simple parametric models can fit the shape with good accuracy. The motivating application for this study is to develop a model so that shape can be predicted using easily measured quantities such as tension, so that real-time navigation may be performed, especially in minimally-invasive surgical procedures, while reducing the need for hazardous imaging methods such as fluoroscopy.
UV and Visible Raman Study of Thermal Deactivation in a NOx Storage Catalyst

In situ UV and visible Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize fresh and thermally aged NOx storage-reduction catalysts, Pt/Ba/Al2O3. From the presence, absence, and nature of certain features in the spectra depending on aging temperature, we conclude that sintering, oxide formation, and separation of components occurred in the thermally aged catalysts. As aging temperature increased, less atomic oxygen was generated on platinum but a high temperature form of oxide or more strongly bound oxygen species was formed. This coincided with a loss of oxidation activity with aging temperature. Under UV excitation, observation of the OH stretch of physisorbed H2O on aged Pt/Ba/Al2O3 indicated separation of Pt from γ-Al2O3, since this OH band was observed only on γ-Al2O3 (and Ba/Al2O3) but not on Pt/Al2O3. Nitrite/nitro species and NO (adsorbed on Pt) in aged Pt/Ba/Al2O3 indicate that Ba-containing particles are behaving somewhat independently from Pt and Al2O3, since these NOx species are observed only on Pt/Al2O3 but not on fresh Pt/Ba/Al2O3 under NO+O2 flow. Moreover, barium nitrate particles in aged Pt/Ba/Al2O3 are more crystalline, as shown by the intensity, width, and frequency of the nitrate peak, and possible photo-induced nitrite formation under UV excitation. Finally, a NOx species with a broad peak at ∼330 cm−1 appeared on fresh but not in aged Pt/Ba/Al2O3 (or γ-Al2O3, Pt/Al2O3, and Ba/Al2O3) which may indicate proximity of Pt and Ba-containing particles in fresh Pt/Ba/Al2O3.
Effect of frontal pole ablation on biogenic amine levels in the brain.

Abstract Levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine were measured in three rat brain areas 2 weeks after ablation of the frontal poles. In the ablated animals dopamine was increased in the caudate nucleus and remainder, and decreased in the diencephalon. Norepinephrine and serotonin were increased in the caudate nucleus and decreased in the remainder. The possible relationships of these amine alterations and hyperactive behavior are discussed.
Closed-form solution to the problem of reaction with fixed bed adsorption using delay-differential equations

Delay-differential equations (DDEs) can describe many chemical engineering models. However, the formalism of DDEs appears to be underutilized in chemical engineering. We have recast the canonical chemical engineering problem of batch reaction with fixed bed sorption into the form of a delay-differential equation, obtaining a more intuitive model and a simpler closed form solution than those previously reported. Considerable model reduction is possible through the use of DDE formalism when one considers that chemical processes can be partially represented by networks of transportation and state delays. Analytical and numerical methods for solution, as well as controllability and stability theory for systems of DDEs, are nearly as rich and developed as those for ordinary differential equations. Significant progress thus may be possible in areas such as the modeling, synthesis, and control of chemical processes, if the governing equations can be expressed in the form of delay-differential equations.
Some current CFD issues relevant to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract The goals of this paper are to carefully define a particular class of well-set incompressible Navier-Stokes problems in the continuum (partial differential equation/PDE) setting and to discuss some relevant and sometimes poorly understood issues related to these well-posed PDE problems, both in the continuum world and in its computer counterpart. Emphasized are three common formulations used to generate computer codes: the primitive variable (velocity-pressure) formulation and two derived variable formulations (pressure Poisson equation and vorticity transport equation).
Speech-language pathologists' beliefs about language assessment of bilingual/bicultural individuals.

A survey of speech/language pathologists, in 5 states across the United States was conducted to determine their beliefs about the language assessment of bilingual/bicultural individuals. Most SLPs ...
Ultramicro assay of the cholinesterases.

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described for the simultaneous determination of cholinesterase activity and protein content in minute quantities of tissue, e.g., 50 μg. of nervous tissue or 0.2 μl. of human serum, having activities ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ M AcCh/hr. 2. 2. The method for cholinesterase is based on the formation of hydroxamic acid from the remaining choline ester after incubation with the enzyme; the color developed with acid ferric chloride is measured. 3. 3. Advantages of the method are: (a) It is simple and quick, and therefore suitable for routine work; (b) enzyme activity and protein content can be determined in the same sample; (c) a variety of substrates can be employed, allowing the study of the enzyme specificity; (d) the pH of incubation can be varied from pH 5.5 to 10.0; (e) the same procedure can be used to determine choline esters in biological samples. 4. 4. The reproducibility of the choline ester determination in a range of 0.01–0.1 μ M is ±.0008 μ M and that of the cholinesterase assay is ±0.0024 μ M /hr. in a range of 0.01–0.1 μ M /hr. 5. 5. The effects of the buffer system and the preparation of the sample have been studied in some detail.
Chylous Transport of Amiodarone

A patient receiving amiodarone for longstanding ventricular dysrhythmias presented with idiopathic chylothorax. During drainage of chylothorax for pleurodesis, serial plasma amiodarone concentrations declined while pleural fluid concentrations remained stabile. Chylous transport of amiodarone and other lipid-bound drugs should be recognized to avert complications during chylothorax drainage.