cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopy of high salinity brines and ices

Abstract Raman spectroscopy is an ideal tool to analyze the geochemistry and mineralogy of heterogenous mixtures of solids, liquid, and gases in situ, while maintaining planetary protection protocols. Here we characterize saturated CaCl2, MgCl2, MgSO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, and NaClO4 brines, as well as ultrapure water, and mixed MgSO4-NaCl, MgSO4-NaClO4, Na2SO4-NaCl, Na2SO4-NaClO4, and NaCl-NaClO4 brines from 200 K to 295 K to determine how changes in temperature affect spectral signatures of planetary analogue brines. The resulting reference dataset can be used to interpret spectra from future samples analyzed in situ on planetary bodies. Sulfate and perchlorate brines produced clear, distinct peaks associated with each polyatomic anion. While chloride brines did not produce anion peaks, subtle changes were observed in the OH-stretching region, suggesting changes to the molecular water vibration states due to complexation. Solid-liquid phase transitions were clearly observed in each of the solutions using both 785 nm (red) and 532 nm (green) excitation lasers, particularly in the OH-stretching region between 3000 and 4000 cm−1 with the 532 nm laser. Differences observed in the spectra of frozen sulfate brines suggest that cooling rates may influence the hydration state and/or crystallinity of the solid magnesium and sodium- sulfate salts. These experiments and the resulting spectral library will allow future researchers to use Raman spectroscopy to look for in situ melting, freezing, evaporation, and deliquescence as well as identify the composition of high salinity brines and their frozen products in a range of planetary environments, including permafrost and recurring slope lineae on Mars, potential ice and salt-rich regolith on asteroids such as Ceres, and ice shells and possible seeps or geysers on icy moons and other bodies.
An Architecture For A System of Mobile Agents

The system of mobile agents described here is like a beehive: agents (like bees) swarm o to do their duties, wandering to di erent places, and nally returning to their origin. The main insight of this work is how to speci cally separate the di erent functionalities in such a system of mobile agents, and in particular a description of the cooperative processes is given. In fact, modeling the cooperation of agents is at the heart of this proposal. This paper proposes the speci cation of a mobile system in an object oriented speci cation language, thus permitting to model a system without binding it to a particular language, an implementation platform or a programming model. The speci cation is an architectural description of the system, focusing on its components, their functionalities and connectors. It helps making assumptions and hence properties of the system explicit, it will be used as a blueprint for the implementation of a framework which supports mobile agents. An Architecture For A System of Mobile Agents
Operational modification of the Mars exploration rovers' flight software

The Mars exploration rovers (MER) flight software (FSW) was designed from the outset to be modified during operations. Two principal methods were envisioned: modifying (patch) the existing image, or entirely replacing (load) the existing image with a new version. In fact, both methods have been successfully used since the rovers landed in January of 2004. This paper discusses the content of the uplink products that are sent to the rover, the planning of the patch and load activities, the testing of the products and procedures, and the actual operations themselves. Lessons learned and application to future missions are also discussed.
Qualitative analysis of couple decision-making

Couple decision-making is a complex process which includes a variety of factors. Little research has been done that considers reflections after a decision has been made. The ways that couples make decisions varies but there are a number of underlying issues that are considered when making a family or couple decision. This qualitative study was a feminist grounded theory study in which the decision-making practices of nine couples were explored. These nine couples were interviewed together and separately about their decision-making practices. Themes indicate that outside influences such as one’s faith, family, and friends affect most aspects of decision-making. An overarching theme that emerged was that couples tend to think about what was best for the family when making decisions. Power strategies, perspectives, and personal beliefs also emerged and were explored as part of the decisionmaking process. Reflections on satisfaction and discontentment of how decisions were made with one’s spouse were explored. Implications for practitioners were made suggesting that family background, faith, power strategies, and personal beliefs and ideals be explored. Recommendations for future research were made.
TiO2-modified Ag-CuO Reactive Air Brazes for Improved Wettability on Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conductors

Mixed ionic/electronic conducting perovskite oxides such as lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) are strong candidates for potential use in a number of electrochemical devices, including gas separation membranes and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Underlying the excitement over the these novel ceramics is the engineering challenge of effectively incorporating them into practical devices. Taking full advantage of the unique properties of advanced ceramics such as mixed conducting oxides depends in large part on being able to develop reliable joining techniques. Earlier studies have indicated that Ag-CuO reactive air braze (RAB) compositions are effective in joining to LSCF. Meanwhile, it has been found that small additions of as little as 0.5 mol% titanium oxide to Ag-CuO RAB compositions cause a dramatic increase in the wettability of RAB on many oxide ceramic surfaces. Therefore the wettabilty of Ag-CuO-TiO2 brazes on LSCF substrates will be examined and the flexural strength, microstructure, and conductivity of joints in LSCF made using Ag-CuO-TiO2 brazes will be discussed. Long-term aging effects on conductivity and microstructure will also be presented.
Large-Scale Diffusion from an Oil Fire†

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a case study related to the large-scale diffusion from an oil fire at the Hancock oil refinery located near Long Beach, California, on May 22, 1958. The chapter also relates some facts pertaining to the diffusion of the oil smoke during May 23, when the atmospheric conditions were unusually favorable for observation. A side view of the smoke plume gave the impression that it was shaped like a cone. It seemed reasonable to assume that the turbulence was approximately isotropic. A mile downstream of the fire, the smoke plume was a mile wide and 3,500 ft. thick with the top of the smoke at over 6,000 ft. Thirty miles downstream, the smoke plume was approximately 8 miles wide and 6,000 ft. thick, and the top of the smoke was 11,000 ft. mean sea level (MSL). Thus the magnitude of the large-scale horizontal velocity fluctuations was four or five times greater than the vertical fluctuations. The chapter also reviews the settling pattern of oil-smoke and droplets indicating that the energy in small-scale vertical velocity fluctuations was appreciable. Near the fire large particles and droplets of oil fell out as expected.
Isolation of intestinal epithelial cells for the study of differential gene expression along the crypt-villus axis

Methods for the differential isolation of intestinal epithelial cells from crypt and villus compartments of small intestine have been used in the study of intestinal functions. However, the use of different methods has resulted in discrepant conclusions as to the localization of expressed genes. Therefore, we undertook a careful comparison of two methods of intestinal epithelial cell isolation, the distended intestinal sac method and the everted intestinal sac method. The isolated cell fractions (distended sac fractions 1-10, everted sac fractions 1-5) were evaluated for the expression of two mRNAs whose localization along the crypt-villus axis had been previously elucidated by in situ hybridization: cytochrome P-450IIB1 (expressed in villus cells) and cryptdin (expressed in crypt cells). Northern blots of total or poly(A)+ RNA from each cell population showed that the first fractions from both methods contained P-450IIB1 mRNA, suggesting that both methods allowed the isolation of cells originating from the villus. Cryptdin mRNA was detected only in cell fractions 5-10 using the distended sac method and was not detected in any fractions from the everted sac method. [3H]thymidine incorporation demonstrated that dividing (crypt) cells were successfully removed by the distended sac method, but remained with the everted sac intestinal remnant. Finally, light and electron microscopy of the isolated cells as well as the intestinal remnants confirmed that while undifferentiated crypt cells were present in distended sac cell fractions 9 and 10, they remained with the everted sac remnant. Thus the distended sac protocol was useful for the isolation of cells from tip and crypt compartments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Performance of a frequency hop spread spectrum multiple access radio network in a factory environment

Wireless indoor networks which can provide terminal portability to any node in the network, promise to reduce significantly the expense and troubles of wiring and rewiring associated with wired networks. Since wireless systems operate on bandlimited channels and have to adjust to the constant fluctuations of the indoor environment (i.e., multipath and intermittent fading), any viable wireless technology should be able to accommodate those constraints. A very attractive wireless technology for indoor networks is spread spectrum because of its ability to mitigate multipath fading and incorporate multiple access for bandwidth efficient sharing. A simulated model for a noncoherent FH/BFSK spread spectrum multiple access indoor network in a factory environment is developed. The system is evaluated based on the bit error rate (BER) performance for various chip rates, data rates, and number of hopping frequencies for a given signal to noise plus interference density ratio and the results are compared to theoretical upper and lower bounds. >
Model Studies toward the Total Synthesis of the Lycopodium Alkaloid Spirolucidine

A strategy for the synthesis of the spirocyclic core of spirolucidine was explored through a model study. The diene 4a was prepared and photolyzed to give the desired [2 + 2] photoadduct 17 containing the correct relative stereochemistry corresponding to spirolucidine.
Pay for performance: what the urogynecologist should know

As urogynecologists, we should educate ourselves about pay for performance and be proactive in the development of outcome measures.
Erythropoietin (Epo) and EpoR expression and 2 waves of erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis occurs in 2 distinct waves during embryogenesis: the primitive wave in the extra-embryonic yolk sac (YS) followed by the definitive wave in the fetal liver and spleen. Even though progenitors for both cell types are present in the YS blood islands, only primitive cells are formed in the YS during early embryogenesis. In this study, it is proposed that erythropoietin (Epo) expression and the resultant EpoR activation regulate the timing of the definitive wave. First, it was demonstrated that Epo and EpoR gene expressions are temporally and spatially segregated: though EpoR is expressed early (embryonic days 8.0-9.5) in the yolk sac blood islands, no Epo expression can be detected in this extra-embryonic tissue. Only at a later stage can Epo expression be detected intra-embryonically, and the onset of Epo expression correlates with the initiation of definitive erythropoiesis. It was further demonstrated that the activation of the EpoR signaling pathway by knocking-in a constitutively active form of EpoR (R129C EpoR) can lead to earlier onset of definitive erythropoiesis in the YS. Thus, these results provide the first in vivo mechanism as to how 2 erythroid progenitor populations can coexist concurrently in the YS yet always differentiate successively during embryogenesis.
Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been consistently linked to psychiatric difficulties in children and adults. However, the long-term effects of ACEs on mental health during the early adult years have been understudied. In addition, many studies are methodologically limited by use of non-representative samples, and few studies have investigated gender and racial differences. The current study relates self-reported lifetime exposure to a range of ACEs in a community sample of high school seniors to three mental health outcomes–depressive symptoms, drug abuse, and antisocial behavior–two years later during the transition to adulthood. The study has a two-wave, prospective design. A systematic probability sample of high school seniors (N = 1093) was taken from communities of diverse socioeconomic status. They were interviewed in person in 1998 and over the telephone two years later. Gender and racial differences in ACE prevalence were tested with chi-square tests. Each mental health outcome was regressed on one ACE, controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, and SES to obtain partially standardized regression coefficients. Most ACEs were strongly associated with all three outcomes. The cumulative effect of ACEs was significant and of similar magnitude for all three outcomes. Except for sex abuse/assault, significant gender differences in the effects of single ACEs on depression and drug use were not observed. However, boys who experienced ACEs were more likely to engage in antisocial behavior early in young adulthood than girls who experienced similar ACEs. Where racial/ethnic differences existed, the adverse mental health impact of ACEs on Whites was consistently greater than on Blacks and Hispanics. Our sample of young adults from urban, socio-economically disadvantaged communities reported high rates of adverse childhood experiences. The public health impact of childhood adversity is evident in the very strong association between childhood adversity and depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and drug use during the early transition to adulthood. These findings, coupled with evidence that the impact of major childhood adversities persists well into adulthood, indicate the critical need for prevention and intervention strategies targeting early adverse experiences and their mental health consequences.
Universalismo y pluralismo en la ética del discurso

En este articulo se intenta mostrar como es posible defender un punto de vista universalista y cognitivista en cuestiones morales sin tener que negar el pluralismo etico que caracteriza a las sociedades modernas. Para ello se analiza una dificultad que ha sido planteada recientemente a la etica del discurso de Habermas en relacion con la posibilidad de compaginar ambas cosas. Si defender un universalismo moral implica defender lo que Habermas denomina "la premisa de una respuesta correcta» en relacion con las cuestiones morales, tal universalismo tiene que suponer, pues, que solo puede haber una interpretacion correcta de dichas cuestiones; si esto es asi, el universalismo moral, en realidad, excluye el pluralismo como alternativa racional al acuerdo en cuestiones practicas. Dicha dificultad puede evitarse, sin embargo, si se muestra que «la premisa de una respuesta correcta» no implica, en realidad, «la premisa de una unica interpretacion correcta».
Imaging and Resistivity Studies of Saturation Gradients in Two-Phase Flow in 3-D Porous Media

We have carried out x-ray radiography and computed tomography (CT) to study two-phase flow in 3-D porous media. Air-brine displacement was imaged for drainage and imbibition experiments in a vertical column of glass beads. By correlating water saturation Sw with resistance R, we find that there is a threshold saturation S* ≈ 0.2, above which R(Sw) ∼ S w -2 , in agreement with the empirical Archie relation. This holds true for both drainage and imbibition with littlehysteresis, provided that Sw remains above S*. Should Sw drop below S* during drainage, R(Sw) rises above the Archie prediction, exhibiting strong hysteresis upon reimbibition. This behavior suggests a transition in the connectivity of the water phase near S*, possibly due to percolation effects.
Attitude importance and attitude change

Abstract This study tests the hypothesis that attitudes people consider to be personally important are more stable over relatively long periods than are attitudes people consider unimportant. Latent variable structural equation models are applied to political attitude data collected during the 1980 and 1984 American presidential election campaigns. These analyses support the claim that important attitudes change less over time than unimportant attitudes. The lower over-time consistency of reports of unimportant attitudes was found to be due to true attitude change and not to reduced motivation to report these attitudes carefully or to greater ambiguity in internal attitudinal cues associated with them.
Effects of wind-tunnel noise on swept-cylinder transition at Mach 3.5

Transition data are reported for circular cylinders at swept angles of 45 and 60 degrees in the Mach 3.5 pilot-low-disturbance tunnel where free-stream noise levels are varied from approximately .05-0.5 percent in terms of the rms fluctuating pressure normalized by the mean static pressure. Results indicate that end plate or boundary layer trip disturbances at the upstream end of the cylinders cause turbulent flow along the entire test Reynolds number range of 10-170 thousand per inch. With all end plate and trip disturbances removed, transition at the attachment lines occurred at free-stream Reynolds numbers based on diameters of about 70-80 thousand, independent of stream noise levels. The installation of small trips on the attachement lines caused transition at lower Reynolds numbers, depending on both the roughness height and the wind tunnel noise level.
A model of particle re-entrainment in electrostatic precipitators

Abstract A model of particle impingement on, and reflection from, surfaces is proposed. For smooth electrostatic precipitator collector surfaces, the model is combined with a calculation of the turbulent burst phenomenon, and particle re-entrainment obtained for typical precipitator operating conditions. For collector surfaces with plate baffles, the model was combined with a calculation of the recirculating flows fore and aft of ribs obtained by numerically solving the elliptic forms of the governing conservation equations using a k-e turbulence model. Plates baffles reduce particle re-entrainment but increase particle diffusivity near the collector surface. Thus, for larger particles ( d p ⪆ μm ) for which re-entrainment may be significant, the baffles should increase the precipitator collection efficiency. However, for small particles (dp ⪅ 0.5 μm) for which re-entrainment is insignificant, the baffles should decrease collection efficiency.
A mobile mass spectrometry laboratory for isotopic ratio measurements of uranium and plutonium

Abstract A modified quadrupole mass spectrometer is housed in a van that serves as a mobile laboratory to provide on-site determinations of isotopic ratios and concentrations of uranium and plutonium. Each element can be determined at 1–3 ng levels with precisions of 1–2%.
Efficient representations and abstractions for quantifying and exploiting data reference locality

With the growing processor-memory performance gap, understanding and optimizing a program's reference locality, and consequently, its cache performance, is becoming increasingly important. Unfortunately, current reference locality optimizations rely on heuristics and are fairly ad-hoc. In addition, while optimization technology for improving instruction cache performance is fairly mature (though heuristic-based), data cache optimizations are still at an early stage. We believe the primary reason for this imbalance is the lack of a suitable representation of a program's dynamic data reference behavior and a quantitative basis for understanding this behavior.We address these issues by proposing a quantitative basis for understanding and optimizing reference locality, and by describing efficient data reference representations and an exploitable locality abstraction that support this framework. Our data reference representations (Whole Program Streams and Stream Flow Graphs) are compact—two to four orders of magnitude smaller than the program's data reference trace—and permit efficient analysis—on the order of seconds to a few minutes—even for complex applications. These representations can be used to efficiently compute our exploitable locality abstraction (hot data streams). We demonstrate that these representations and our hot data stream abstraction are useful for quantifying and exploiting data reference locality. We applied our framework to several SPECint 2000 benchmarks, a graphics program, and a commercial Microsoft database application. The results suggest significant opportunity for hot data stream-based locality optimizations.
Thick radiator fast-neutron spectrometer

Abstract A thick radiator fast-neutron spectrometer patterned after the device originally constructed by Calvert, Jaffe and Maslin is described. Modifications introduced in the present counter and the use of modern data acquisition and analysis techniques lead to an appreciable improvement in energy resolution. Energy resolutions of better than 5% are realized for neutron energies greater than 10 MeV. Detailed analysis of the spectrometer efficiency, resolution and line shape are presented.
The subcellular localization of rat photoreceptor-specific antigens.

The subcellular localization of three photoreceptor antigens (RET-P1, rhodopsin and RET-P2) has been studied by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of rat retinas. Localization was also examined by determining the amount of RET-P1 and RET-P2 antigen in various subcellular fractions. RET-P1 and RET-P2 antigens were further characterized by immunoblotting of crude retina membrane proteins which had been separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Resin transfer molding (RTM) with toughened cyanate ester resin systems

This investigation explored the feasibility of recently developed toughened cyanate ester networks as candidate materials for high performance composite matrix applications. The resin investigated was a bisphenol-A cyanate ester toughened with hydroxy functionalized phenolphthalein based amorphous poly(arylene ether sulfone). A series of four toughened cyanate ester resins were generated by varying the concentration and the molecular weight of the toughener. The thermoplastic modified toughened networks exhibited improvement in the fracture toughness over the base cyanate ester networks without significant reductions in mechanical properties or glass transition temperature. Carbon fabric composite panels were manufactured by liquid molding processes (resin transfer molding and resin film infusion) with the untoughened and toughened cyanate ester resin systems. The panels were subjected to physical, impact damage, and fracture toughness tests. The results of physical testing indicate consistently uniform quality, and the maximum void content was found to be less than 2%. The toughened cyanate ester composites exhibited significantly improved impact damage resistance and tolerance compared with hot-melt epoxy systems. A marked increase in the mode II composite fracture toughness was observed with an increase in the concentration and the molecular weight of the toughener.
Experimental analysis of vehicle–bridge interaction using a wireless monitoring system and a two-stage system identification technique

Abstract Deterioration of bridges under repeated traffic loading has called attention to the need for improvements in the understanding of vehicle–bridge interaction. While analytical and numerical models have been previously explored to describe the interaction that exists between a sprung mass ( i.e. , a moving vehicle) and an elastic beam ( i.e. , bridge), comparatively less research has been focused on the experimental observation of vehicle–bridge interaction. A wireless monitoring system with wireless sensors installed on both the bridge and moving vehicle is proposed to record the dynamic interaction between the bridge and vehicle. Time-synchronized vehicle–bridge response data is used within a two-stage system identification methodology. In the first stage, the free-vibration response of the bridge is used to identify the dynamic characteristics of the bridge. In the second stage, the vehicle–bridge response data is used to identify the time varying load imposed on the bridge from the vehicle. To test the proposed monitoring and system identification strategy, the 180 m long Yeondae Bridge (Icheon, Korea) was selected. A dense network of wireless sensors was installed on the bridge while wireless sensors were installed on a multi-axle truck. The truck was driven across the bridge at constant velocity with bridge and vehicle responses measured. Excellent agreement between the measured Yeondae Bridge response and that predicted by an estimated vehicle–bridge interaction model validates the proposed strategy.
Weekend-weekday differences in reported dietary intake: The nationwide food consumption survey, 1977–78

Abstract The effects of day of the week on reported dietary patterns in adults aged 23 to 74 living in the United States were examined using data from USDA's 1977–78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Contrasts were formed, independent of method of report, to compare weekend intakes to weekday intakes. There were significant differences (p
Niche Variability and Its Consequences for Species Distribution Modeling

When species distribution models (SDMs) are used to predict how a species will respond to environmental change, an important assumption is that the environmental niche of the species is conserved over evolutionary time-scales. Empirical studies conducted at ecological time-scales, however, demonstrate that the niche of some species can vary in response to environmental change. We use habitat and locality data of five species of stream fishes collected across seasons to examine the effects of niche variability on the accuracy of projections from Maxent, a popular SDM. We then compare these predictions to those from an alternate method of creating SDM projections in which a transformation of the environmental data to similar scales is applied. The niche of each species varied to some degree in response to seasonal variation in environmental variables, with most species shifting habitat use in response to changes in canopy cover or flow rate. SDMs constructed from the original environmental data accurately predicted the occurrences of one species across all seasons and a subset of seasons for two other species. A similar result was found for SDMs constructed from the transformed environmental data. However, the transformed SDMs produced better models in ten of the 14 total SDMs, as judged by ratios of mean probability values at known presences to mean probability values at all other locations. Niche variability should be an important consideration when using SDMs to predict future distributions of species because of its prevalence among natural populations. The framework we present here may potentially improve these predictions by accounting for such variability.
Stature increase among Italian-Americans: Environmental, genetic, or both?

Among 199 Italian-American men, aged 20–59, over 90% American born of Neapolitan parentage, and working in a single factory near Boston, stature increased progressively from the sixth to the third decade. The difference, 2.1 inches (p p > 0.05), independently of age.
ICVision: liquid crystal drive electronics design

The ICVision system is a diffractive display based on VLSI and liquid crystal technology designed to compute and display holographic stereograms in real-time. The diffractive display is formed on the surface of standard integrated circuit chips which have been covered with a liquid crystal overlay. Fringing electrostatic fields generated by indium tin oxide electrodes on top of the integrated circuit are used to induce the actual diffractive display. A large display may be assembled from several hundred individual dies. Within each individual die making up the ICVision display will be the processor that computes the image to be displayed. This paper describes the design of image storage and drive electronics for the ICVision display. The proposed electronics allow the fabrication of an individual static ram cell and d/a converter for each of the tens of thousands of diffractive elements that make up a ICVision display.
Media and memory: the efficacy of video and print materials for promoting patient education about asthma.

Abstract Objective We examined the effects of presentation medium on immediate and delayed recall of information and assessed the effect of giving patients take-home materials after initial presentations. Methods Primary-care patients received video-based, print-based or no asthma education about asthma symptoms and triggers and then answered knowledge-based questions. Print participants and half the video participants received take-home print materials. A week later, available participants completed the knowledge assessment again. Results Participants receiving either intervention outperformed controls on immediate and delayed assessments ( p p p p p = 0.06). Conclusion Video and print interventions can promote recall of health-related information. Additionally, reviewable materials, if they are utilized, may improve retention. Practice implications When creating educational tools, providers should consider how long information must be retained, its content, and the feasibility of providing tangible supporting materials.
Five Heads Are Better Than One: An Interdisciplinary Graduate Course on Smart Grids: Lessons, Challenges, and Opportunities

According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE ), “Smart grid generally refers to a class of technology people are using to bring utility electricity delivery into the 21st century, using computer-based remote control and automation.” This initiative not only requires power engineers to have a better understanding of auxiliary fields like signal processing, controls, information technology, and communication networks but also needs experts in the auxiliary fields to understand the basic operations of power systems. There is great need in industry for such cross-trained professionals to meet the many challenges of modernizing the power grid.
The Role of Family Structure and Attachment in College Student Hookups

We examined the relationship between family structure and hooking up among emerging adults (N = 881) and the extent to which attachment moderated this relationship. Neither family structure nor number of structure transitions were related to the number of hookup partners in the past 12 months. Having an avoidant attachment, being an underclassman, consuming more alcohol, and not being in an exclusive relationship were related to having a greater number of hookup partners, and avoidant attachment was a stronger indicator of hooking up for men than for women. Among those who had hooked up in the past 12 months (63.8 %), family structure did not significantly differentiate those having a penetrative sex hookup (i.e., oral sex and/or intercourse) versus a non-penetrative sex hookup (i.e., kissing and/or sexual touching only). Findings were discussed in terms of their methodological implications for studying hookups, such as the collection of event level data and examining how family structure influences other correlates of hooking up.
β-adrenergic receptor regulation, through cyclic AMP, of nerve growth factor expression in rat cortical and cerebellar astrocytes

1. Type 1 astrocytes prepared from 3-day rat cortex and cerebellum express the 1.3-kb nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA and synthesize and releaseβ-NGF. 2. Isoproterenol (IP), aβ-adrenergic agonist, stimulates NGF mRNA content in cortical astrocytes; this increase is blocked by theβ-adrenergic antagonist propranolol but not theα-antagonist phenoxybenzamine. The EC50 for the effect of IP is 5 nM. 3. IP increases astrocyte cyclic AMP as does forskolin, which directly activates adenylate cyclase and also increases NGF mRNA content. Cerebellar astrocytes contain about one-third as much NGF mRNA, which can also be increased by forskolin and cyclic AMP. 4. These results suggest that CNS astrocytes can serve as a source of NGF and that the NGF gene is one of the class of cyclic AMP regulated genes.
'Tribes' and the People Who Read Books: Managing History in Colonial Zambia

This article examines the notion of the ‘tribe’ and how it was used in colonial Zambia by three different groups during the period of indirect rule from 1931 to independence in 1964: colonial officials stationed in North West; local Africans; and the anthropologists of the Rhodes Livingstone Institute. I explore how these different usages informed and shaped each other in the course of a complex three‐way dialogue, tracing out the substantive and sometimes contradictory nature of the category ‘tribe’, and how it shaped, and was shaped, by the untidy and dynamic realities it supposedly explained. A central question underpinning the article is: to what extent was the ‘tribe’ an invented category imposed from above on rural African realities; and to what extent was it rather rural Africans themselves who filled what Ranger has referred to as ‘the empty boundary marker’ of the ‘tribe’ with their own imaginative meanings?
Transport of Eu3+ through a Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric Acid, n-Dodecane Solid Supported Liquid Membrane

Abstract The coupled transport of Eu3+ and H+ ions through a solid supported liquid membrane consisting of a porous polypropylene film immobilizing an HDEHP solution in n-dodecane has been studied as a function of the membrane area, stirring speed of the aqueous solutions, membrane composition, and acidity of the feed solution. The experimental results are in agreement with predictions derived from a theoretical permeability coefficient equation which assumes that membrane diffusion and aqueous film diffusion are the only rate-controlling factors.
Correlation artifacts in speed of sound estimation in scattering media.

Abstract A recently described method for speed of sound estimation in tissues in pulse-echo mode involves reception of echoes generated by an ultrasonic pulse by means of a linearly tracking transducer. When the peaks of echo amplitudes are used as markers of arrival time, stairstep-like artifacts appear in the echo arrival time vs. transducer position plots. We postulate that these artifacts area consequence of the speckle phenomenon commonly encountered in ultrasonic imaging. To test this hypothesis, we report computer simulations and water tank experiments which demonstrate similarities between the behavior of the stairsteps and the properties of ultrasonic speckle. Additionally, equations describing the precision of the speed of sound estimation in terms of the second order statistical properties of the stairstep artifact are derived.
Structure, ultrastructure, and function of the terminal organ of a pelagosphera larva (Sipuncula)

The terminal organ, a structure enabling pelagosphera larvae of Sipuncula to form temporary attachments to substrata, was examined behaviorally and with light and electron microscopy for larvae of Golfingia misakiana, collected from the Florida Current. The terminal organ appears as a retractile rounded knob with a short neck joining the posterior extremity of the trunk. It can attach larvae directly to substratum or can secrete a tether-like mucus strand about which the organism moves. In unattached larvae, the terminal organ is often placed in the mouth. The terminal organ of a 5.5 day old larva consists of 29 cells: 8 epidermal, 3 mucus, 2 tension-bearing, 5 sensory, 10 retractor muscles and 1 unknown cell. The mucus cells are presumed to release the adhesive material while the microvilli on the tension-bearing cells, with their dense cores of microfilaments, bear the strain. The latter are joined directly to the retractor muscles which originate on the dorsal body wall near the anus. Two of the sensory cells terminate within the cuticle flanking the adhesive pore and are assumed to be cuticle strain receptors. Three sensory cells terminate in cilia that extend posteriorly from the pore. These may function in substratum evaluation prior to temporary attachment, or settlement preceding metamorphosis. The terminal organ is compared to adhesive organs in other soft-bodied metazoans and although it approximates the structure found in some rotifers, it is considered to be independently evolved within the Sipuncula. The terminal organ can be understood as an adaptation in young larvae for protective attachment and facilitation of feeding whereas, in older larvae, it may only function in substrate evaluation prior to settlement.
Active Mirrors for On-Orbit Alignment of the Second Generation Wide Field and Planetary Camera

This paper describes the assembly level testing and calibration of the Articulating Fold Mirrors (AFMs), and the development of a software tool that generates the commands for adjusting the positions of the Pickoff Mirror Mechanism (PMM) and the AFMs to achieve system level optical alignment. Our experience with the POMM and AFMs through system level calibration and testing of the WFPC-2 instrument is described.
Live-cell mass profiling: an emerging approach in quantitative biophysics

This Perspective discusses methods to measure single-cell mass and their relative strengths and weaknesses for different applications.
Phenotypic and genetic associations between lamb growth traits and adult ewe body weights in western range sheep

Data from the Montana State University Targhee flock were used to estimate genetic and environmental relationships between lamb BW and adult ewe BW, condition score, and prolificacy. The flock was managed under commercial western range conditions typical of the area. Data included records from 12,154 lambs born to 2,930 dams and 200 rams between 1960 and 2005. Lamb traits included BW at birth and approximately 45 d, 120 d (weaning), 12 mo, and 18 mo of age and fleece characteristics at 12 mo of age. Adult traits included ewe litter size; BW and BCS at weaning, in late gestation, and in early lactation; and adult fleece measurements. Multiplicative factors were used to adjust (pre)weaning lamb BW for effects of age of dam, type of birth and rearing, and lamb sex and to adjust adult litter sizes for effects of ewe age. An animal model was used to estimate genetic relationships. Models for lamb traits included fixed effects of year of birth and, for postweaning data, lamb sex and random additive genetic effects and, for (pre)weaning BW, additive genetic maternal and permanent environmental maternal effects. Models for adult traits included fixed effects of year of birth, year of record, and, when appropriate, numbers of lambs born or born and reared and random additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects. Heritability estimates for lamb birth weight, 45-d BW, weaning weight, yearling weight, 18-mo BW, fleece weight, staple length, and spinning count were 0.19, 0.07, 0.12, 0.32, 0.38, 0.32, 0.31, and 0.25, respectively. Maternal heritabilities for lamb birth, 45-d, and weaning weights were 0.15, 0.09, and 0.08, respectively. Heritability estimates for adult traits were 0.12 for litter size, averaged 0.43 for BW and 0.13 for body condition, and were 0.44, 0.37, and 0.25 for adult fleece weight, staple length, and spinning count, respectively. Correlations between genetic effects on adult BW and direct and maternal genetic effects on lamb BW ranged from 0.21 to 0.96 (P < 0.05) and 0.29 to 0.53 (P < 0.05), respectively, with residual correlations ranging from 0.05 to 0.95. Correlations of lamb traits with adult body condition and number of lambs born were generally not different from zero; genetic and residual correlations ranged from -0.52 to 0.69 and -0.39 to 0.31, respectively.
Fast heavy ions in the heliosphere

Abstract The study of heavy ions in space can provide a greater understanding of contemporary nucleosynthesis in our galaxy, as well as the acceleration and propagation of energetic particles in the interplanetary medium and the magnetosphere. We describe here a satellite experiment that uses plastic track detectors to study the age of cosmic-ray source material and the distribution of pathlengths over which the heaviest cosmic rays travel to earth. The experiment will also search for the singly charged particles, thought to make up the anomalous component, and for low-energy heavy ions deep in the magnetosphere.
Electrical stimulation of tooth pulp in humans. I. Relationships among physical stimulus intensities, psychological magnitude estimates and cerebral evoked potentials

Abstract Brief electrical pulses were applied to the pulp of individual pre-molar teeth of 14 healthy, adult volunteers via wire electrodes implanted and sealed in dentine. The sensation threshold was estimated in each individual by the Two-Alternative Forced-Choice Staircase (2AFCS) method. Seven, 5 or 4 stimulus intensities were employed which were equally spaced in a logarithmic scale between 10 μA above threshold and 500 μA. Magnitude estimates of the subjective intensity of the sensation produced by individual dental excitations were obtained. Cerebral tooth pulp-evoked potentials were simultaneously recorded in 11 subjects. The growth of psychological sensory magnitude with increasing strength of electrical stimulus conformed to the general psychophysical power law. Individual power function exponents varied from 0.204 to 0.907 with a mean of 0.475 and a standard deviation of 0.190. The amplitude of TPEPs, measured between components N135 and P293, also was a power function of stimulus intensity. The exponents of individual TPEP amplitude-intensity functions ranged from 0.055 to 0.362 with a mean of 0.144 and a standard deviation of 0.100. These last exponents were substantially smaller than those describing the growth of psychological magnitude estimates. Neither magnitude estimation nor TPEP amplitude-intensity functions displayed abrupt changes in slope which might accompany transition from one operating sensory mechanism to another and/or changes in qualities of subjective sensations from ‘innocuous’ to ‘uncomfortable’ to ‘painful.’ The result of our psychophysical and electrophysiologic experiments indicate That: (1) albeit highly specialized both morphologically and functionally, human tooth pulp has certain fundamental properties in common with other sensory systems and (2) late midline TPEP components may provide measures of central events that, within a range of stimulus itensities, are associated with the perception of pain, but should not be looked upon as specific indicators of pain processes.
Water on Mars : clues from deuterium/hydrogen and water contents of hydrous phases in SNC meteorites

Ion microprobe studies of hydrous amphibole, biotite, and apatite in shergottite-nakhlite-chassignite (SNC) meteorites, probable igneous rocks from Mars, indicate high deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios relative to terrestrial values. The amphiboles contain roughly one-tentn as much water as expected, suggesting that SNC magmas were less hydrous than previously proposed. The high but variable D/H values of these minerals are best explained by postcrystallization D enrichment of initially D-poor phases by martian crustal fluids with near atmospheric D/H (about five times the terrestrial value). These igneous phases do not directly reflect the D/H ratios of martian "magmatic" water but provide evidence for a D-enriched martian crustal water reservoir.
Pharmacoresistent Partial Epilepsy Secondary to Progressive Inflammatory Poliodystrophy.

Abstract Background Epilepsy with progressive cortical volume loss is described secondary to energy failure such as mitochondrial disorders, infectious, or inflammatory etiologies and associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Postmortem studies do not support that spontaneous seizures even if present for prolonged periods universally result in cortical volume loss. Main Findings We describe two children with extratemporal pharmacoresistent epilepsy, slowly progressive gray matter volume loss over several years, and evidence of central nervous system inflammation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging changes and antibody profiles were not typical of a well-defined, antibody-mediated central nervous system syndrome such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Conclusions These patients illustrate a novel presentation of a subacute inflammatory central nervous system process with epilepsy and progressive cortical volume loss, supporting the role of sequential brain imaging in children with epilepsy.
Observations of upper-extremity skin temperature and corresponding overall-body thermal sensations and comfort

Abstract This paper explores how upper extremity skin temperatures correlate with overall-body thermal sensation. Skin temperature measurements of the finger, hand, and forearm might be useful in monitoring and predicting people's thermal state. Subjective perceptions of overall thermal sensation and comfort were collected by repeated surveys, for subjects in a range of test chamber temperatures. A positive temperature gradient (finger warmer than the forearm) of as much as 2 K was seen when subjects felt warm and hot, while a negative temperature gradient (finger colder than the forearm) as much as 8.5 K was seen for cool and cold subjects. A useful warm/cold boundary of 30 °C was found in finger temperature, for both steady state and transient conditions. When finger temperature was above 30 °C, or finger-forearm skin temperature gradient above 0 K, there was no cool discomfort. When finger temperature was below 30 °C, or the finger-forearm skin temperature gradient less than 0 K, cool discomfort was a possibility. Finger temperature and finger-forearm temperature gradient are very similar in their correlation to overall sensation. We also examine how overall sensation is affected by actively manipulating the hand's temperature.