cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative prediction of the risk of pulmonary complications after esophagectomy for cancer.

Abstract Objectives: Pulmonary complication is a frequent morbid event after esophagectomy for cancer. Its prediction may help select patients for preoperative rehabilitation. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 292 patients (231 men and 61 women; mean age, 60.1 years) who underwent esophagectomy for cancer between 1980 and 2000. Data were analyzed to identify factors associated with the development of pulmonary complications (reintubation for isolated respiratory failure and pneumonia). A scoring system was developed, and its ability to predict complications was assessed. Results: Resection was performed for squamous cancer (n = 100), adenocarcinoma (n = 186), and other histologic types (n = 6) in patients with stages 0 or I (n = 53), II (n = 94), III (n = 114), and IV (n = 23) disease. Pulmonary complications, which developed in 78 (27%) patients, were associated with a 4.5-fold increase in operative mortality (7%-32%). Multivariable analysis identified independent predictors of pulmonary complications to be patient age (odds ratio [OR], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.74; P =.059), percentage forced expiratory volume in 1 second (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.07-1.38; P =.003), and possibly performance status (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.88-2.50; P =.14). A scoring system using these 3 covariates was developed, which predicted incremental risk of pulmonary complications ( P =.013). The incremental risks of cardiovascular and overall cardiopulmonary complications were also predicted with this scoring system ( P Conclusions: A scoring system using patient age, spirometry, and performance status helps predict the likelihood of pulmonary and cardiovascular complications after esophagectomy and can help select patients who may benefit from preoperative cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:661-9
The presence of serum α-fetoprotein in sharks and its synthesis by fetal gastrointestinanl tract and liver

Abstract 1. 1. Fetal shark serum contains an α-globulin not present in the adult shark. 2. 2. Synthesis of this α-fetoprotein, which has a molecular weight of 75,000, occurs primarily in fetal stomach and liver, with smaller amounts in the yolk sac, intestine and kidney; synthesis begins early in gestation and is sharply curtailed at delivery. 3. 3. It is likely that α-fetoprotein emerged more than 400 million years ago, and that there has been a shift in the sites of α-fetoprotein synthesis during evolution away from the stomach toward the yolk sac in higher forms; the absence of hepatic α-fetoprotein synthesis in birds seems to represent an evolutionary loss.
Critical configurations of fundamental range networks.

A range network is defined to consist of ground stations and targets where only distances between the two sets of points are observed. Such a network is said to be fundamental when only those six constraints are used that are needed to define the coordinate system for an adjustment. When ground stations or targets have certain configurations, a unique adjustment in terms of coordinates may be impossible, even when the number of observations is sufficient and the coordinate system is uniquely defined. Such configurations, resulting in the singular solutions, are said to be critical. Attention is therefore focused on singular solutions rather than on numerical problems in some ill-conditioned systems of fundamental range networks. The critical configurations are presented in two separate groups. The first deals with ground stations lying all in a plane and the second deals with ground stations generally distributed. The two kinds of problems require different mathematical treatments and lead to quite different conclusions.
The other half of the embodied mind.

Embodied theories of mind tend to be theories of the cognitive half of the mind and to ignore its emotional half while a complete theory of the mind should account for both halves. Robots are a new way of expressing theories of the mind which are less ambiguous and more capable to generate specific and noncontroversial predictions than verbally expressed theories. We outline a simple robotic model of emotional states as states of a sub-part of the neural network controlling the robot’s behaviour which has specific properties and which allows the robot to make faster and more correct motivational decisions, and we describe possible extensions of the model to account for social emotional states and for the expression of emotions that, unlike those of current “emotional” robots, are really “felt” by the robot in that they play a well-identified functional role in the robot’s behaviour.
Exercise Physiology and the Academy: Contributions to Physiological Concepts and Biological Systems During the Commemorative Years

To determine the contributions made by Academy Fellows during the past 75 years to concepts within the body of knowledge associated with exercise physiology, a literature search was undertaken. Of the charter Fellows, Hetherington and eight others (34%) were identifi ed. Schneider in 1933 was the fi rst of 18 Fellows who became authors, co-authors, or editors of exercise physiology textbooks for students in physical education or kinesiology. Of the 2005 membership, 21% were recognized as making one or more contributions to select concepts or to functions of biological systems. In rank order, the concerns were physical fitness assessment and guidance, gender responses, hormonal influences, thermal effects and thermoregulation, aging alterations, stress testing and the exercise training of individuals with cardiac risk factors, and body composition evaluation and guidance. Although few in numbers, Fellows of the Academy have also investigated the molecular biology of gene expression, characteristics of the ...
Factor movements with three factors and two goods in the U.S. economy

Abstract Ruffin's (1981) theoretical finding that extreme factors must be enemies and the middle factor must be a friend of both extreme factors, with constant product prices, in a three-factor, two-good general equilibrium model, is confirmed empirically for the United States. Results are used to explain the positions factor owners take on issues of factor movement policies.
Research Results: Preserving Newborn Blood Samples

Retention and use, without explicit parental permission, of residual dried blood samples from newborn screening has generated public controversy over concerns about violations of family privacy rights and loss of parental autonomy. The public debate about this issue has included little discussion about the destruction of a potentially valuable public resource that can be used for research that may yield improvements in public health. The research community must advocate for policies and infrastructure that promote retention of residual dried blood samples and their use in biomedical research.
Dating Collisional Events: 36Cl–36Ar Exposure Ages of H-Chondritic Metals

A large fraction of the H chondrites (∼45%) have exposure ages around 7 Ma, presumably the time at which a large collision produced numerous fragments that were subsequently placed in Earth-crossing orbits. Although this exposure age peak is observed for all petrographic types, the maxima observed among subtypes H3–H6 differ. The fall time ratios of H5 chondrites do not show the excess of afternoon falls relative to morning falls that is typical for all other ordinary chondrites, indicating that a subgroup of the H5's experienced a distinct orbital evolution. We report results of 36Cl–36Ar exposure ages obtained for metal separates of 6 H4 and 10 H5 chondrites with reported bulk exposure ages between 4 and 10 Ma; all the H4's selected are afternoon falls, while the H5's are morning falls. If there is structure in the ∼7-Ma event, this selection was expected to give a maximum resolution. 36Cl–36Ar exposure ages of H4 p.m. falls show a cluster at ∼7.6 Ma, while a wider cluster at ∼7.1 Ma is found for the H5 a.m. falls. However, when we increase the database by including recent precise Ne ages, the H4 p.m. falls define a peak at 7.6±0.2 Ma, while a shifted peak for the H5 a.m. falls is observed at 7.0±0.2 Ma. The distribution of cosmic-ray-produced 3He/38Ar ratios is bimodal with two clusters at ∼15 and ∼9, the latter apparently due to solar heating effects and a quasi-continuous 3H diffusion loss from metal. 3H loss is significantly more frequent among H5 a.m. falls, consistent with the interpretation that a subgroup of H5 chondrites experienced a distinct orbital evolution. The “anomalous” H5 group may represent a small surviving tail of fragments that were directly injected into a resonance after a collision 7.0 Ma ago.
A facility for gas- and condensed-phase measurements behind shock waves

A shock-tube facility consisting of two, single-pulse shock tubes for the study of fundamental processes related to gas-phase chemical kinetics and the formation and reaction of solid and liquid aerosols at elevated temperatures is described. Recent upgrades and additions include a new high-vacuum system, a new gas-handling system, a new control system and electronics, an optimized velocity-detection scheme, a computer-based data acquisition system, several optical diagnostics, and new techniques and procedures for handling experiments involving gas/powder mixtures. Test times on the order of 3 ms are possible with reflected-shock pressures up to 100 atm and temperatures greater than 4000 K. Applications for the shock-tube facility include the study of ignition delay times of fuel/oxidizer mixtures, the measurement of chemical kinetic reaction rates, the study of fundamental particle formation from the gas phase, and solid-particle vaporization, among others. The diagnostic techniques include standard differential laser absorption, FM laser absorption spectroscopy, laser extinction for particle volume fraction and size, temporally and spectrally resolved emission from gas-phase species, and a scanning mobility particle sizer for particle size distributions. Details on the set-up and operation of the shock tube and diagnostics are given, the results of a detailed uncertainty analysis on the accuracy of the test temperature inferred from the incident-shock velocity are provided, and some recent results are presented.
NEAR-INFRARED RAMAN IMAGING MICROSCOPE BASED ON FIBER-BUNDLE IMAGE COMPRESSION

The design and performance of a near-infrared Raman imaging microscope (NIRIM) is described. This new instrument utilizes fiber-bundle image compression (FIC) to collect simultaneously a 3-D Raman spectral imaging data cube. Key NIRIM design features are discussed, including the FIC fiber-bundle, excitation laser, optical coupling to the microscope and fiber-bundle, holographic filtering, spectrograph imaging requirements, CCD parameters and chemical image processing. The theoretical collection efficiency and image quality of the NIRIM instrument are compared with those of tunable filter and line scanning Raman imaging methods. The performance of the NIRIM is demonstrated using a white light image of a bar-target and Raman chemical images of samples containing fructose–sucrose and Pb(NO3)2–K2SO4 microcrystalline mixtures. A Raman image collection time as fast as 1 s (total detector integration time) is demonstrated, for a 3-D data cube containing 322 image resolution elements and 900 Raman shift wavelengths. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF THE Fe VIII–Fe XVI 3–3 EMISSION IN THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET AND COMPARISON WITH CHIANTI

Laboratory measurements of the n = 3 to n = 3 emission from M-shell iron ions are presented and compared to synthetic spectra from the CHIANTI spectral model. The measurements cover the range 170-290 Angstrom-Sign and are made at an electron density of about 10{sup 11} cm{sup -3}. Emission from Fe VIII through Fe XVI has been identified. Excellent agreement with CHIANTI predictions is found for most lines. Twenty weaker features are noted in the laboratory data that are either absent in CHIANTI or have recently been added and correspond to lines that have not been verified by experimental measurements. A few of these lines may have already been observed (but not yet identified) in the Sun. The features are attributed to emission from various charge states of iron, notably Fe IX and Fe XIII, and two features have been identified as transitions in Fe VIII, i.e., the 3p{sup 6}3d {sup 2}D{sub 5/2}-3p {sup 5}3d{sup 2} {sup 2}P{sub 3/2} and the 3p {sup 6}3d {sup 2}D{sub 3/2}-3p {sup 5}3d{sup 2} {sup 2}P{sub 1/2} transitions at 225.25 {+-} 0.12 and 226.35 {+-} 0.10 Angstrom-Sign , respectively. Seven lines in Fe XI, Fe XII, and Fe XIII between 200 and 205 Angstrom-Signmore » are noted for which the wavelengths in the CHIANTI database disagree with those in the current database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Our measurements of five of these lines appear to agree with the assignments used in CHIANTI.« less
Estimates of the demand for health: Males in the pre-retirement years

Abstract The demand for health is estimated for black and white males in the pre-retirement years using data from the first wave of 1966 National Longitudinal Survey of men aged 45–59. This survey includes direct measures of the wage rate and family assets. Findings for whites generally corroborate Grossman's initial estimates of the demand for health. In contrast to whites, blacks show a much stronger wage effect and a significant positive effect of wife's education, with no other factors being significant. The issue of reverse causality between the wage and health is addressed via a simultaneous equations health-wage model. Contrary to expected, but consistent with previous findings, the structural model yielded an even larger wage effect.
Evolution of Molecular Gas in Planetary Nebulae

Observations of molecular gas at 7 mm are made with the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in a sample of planetary nebulae (PNe). PNe were selected to test stellar evolution models that include extra mixing processes induced by rotation by directly measuring the isotopic abundance ratios of processed material that has escaped the progenitor star. Moreover, these data are used to probe theories of chemical evolution through a sample of AGB stars, protoplanetary nebulae, and young and evolved PNe. One goal is to constrain the timelines and list of tracers for studying the molecular emission in these sources and examine the role of clumping for different species.
Japan: Using Power Narrowly

Tokyo has used economic and other nonmilitary levers at its disposal to meet Japan's immediate needs, but Japan does not have its own seat at the table of international policymaking. Its interests have remained more limited.
In utero diagnosis of interrupted aortic arch with transposition of the great arteries and tricuspid atresia.

valve contained much more extensive nodule formation and fibrotic leaflets more typical of “senile” calcific aortic stenosis. Whether this is coincidental cannot be determined with only two specimens. One could postulate, however, that a very heavily calcified and fibrotic valve may not have sufficient flexibility or space within the sinus of Valsalva to be effectively dilated. In valve No. 3, which was dilated twice, we noted that the right coronary leaflet contained a massive nodule that had no evidence of fracture after either the first or second attempts (Fig. 1). The other two leaflets, with smaller nodules, had clearly visible gross fissures in the nodules, clearly due to the second attempted PV. This may be related to the large mass of the calcific nodule, which simply could not be deformed sufficiently to crack it within the restricted space of the sinus of Valsalva. In conclusion, we have identified evidence of hemorrhage and thrombosis into valve leaflets after PV, and of healing of fissures created by dilatation. We have postulated that the extent of nodule formation and nodule size may influence the ability of the inflated balloon to create fractures, and thus increase leaflet mobility. These factors may play a role in both immediate and long-term outcome in valvuloplasty for calcific aortic stenosis.
Mesquite rhizobia isolated from the Sonoran Desert: physiology and effectiveness

A mesquite Rhizobium isolated from the Sonoran Desert (strain AZ-M1) and a commercial mesquite Rhizobium obtained from the Nitragin Company (strain 31A5) were chosen as superior strains from among many evaluated in a screening study of the efficiency of mesquite rhizobia. Both strains were fast-growing and acid-producing in denned media. The desert strain AZ-M1 had the shortest mean generation time of 3.5 h. Strain 31A5 grew better in broth amended with various sugars and amino acids, but generally produced less acid. The desert strain showed greater resistance to various antibiotics than did 31A5. In a greenhouse study N applied at high rates inhibited N2 fixation when either strain was used as inoculant for mesquite seed. At low N rates, AZ-M1 fixed more N than 31A5. Total N, nodule weight, C2H2 reduction, mesquite shoot weight and root weight were all significantly increased when AZ-M1 was the applied inoculant. This study shows that the mesquite Rhizobium AZ-M 1 isolated from the Sonoran Desert is infective and effective on mesquite seedlings. Fast growth rate, acid production and high resistance to antibiotics in laboratory media may indicate the adaptation of this organism to its microbial niche in the Sonoran Desert.
Evidence-based and occupational perspective of effective interventions for older clients that remediate or support improved driving performance.

To assess the effectiveness of person-related interventions on driving ability in older adults, this literature review was completed as a part of the Evidence-Based Literature Review Project of the American Occupational Therapy Association. Nineteen articles were incorporated into the systematic review and include interventions in the following areas: visual, cognitive, and motor; educational; passengers; and medical. The results provide inconclusive evidence for the use of interventions such as the Useful Field of View training, home exercise programs, and passenger interactions. Conclusive evidence shows that older adults respond positively to programs stressing self-awareness of driving skills and that some medical interventions affect the ability to drive. Despite limitations, the studies reviewed provide useful information that deserves further exploration. Reading the literature provides therapists with knowledge that might improve client care. Learning about cutting-edge interventions and educating peers and students about evidence-based interventions may lead to safer community mobility for older adults Hunt, L. A., & Arbesman, M. (2008). Evidence-based and occupational perspective of effective interventions for older clients that remediate or support improved driving performance. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 136–148.
Being Good Versus Looking Good: Business School Rankings and the Circean Transformation From Substance to Image

We have no doubt that AMLE over the coming years will be an excellent forum for theory and research relevant to teaching, learning, and education more broadly. Our purpose in this inaugural issue, ...
Suggestion and Veridicality in the Reconstruction of Sexual Trauma, or can a Bait of Suggestion Catch a Carp of Falsehood?

Freud used the term suggestion in psychoanalysis in different ways, including suggestion as an integral part of the transference and suggestion in the sense of undue influence or technical error. This distinction can be expressed in terms of the patient's suggestibility (capacity for transference) and the analyst's unwarranted suggestion or persuasion representing countertransference, theoretical bias, or a departure from technical neutrality. Whether suggestion is explicit or implicit, the effects of suggestion and suggestibility may be mutual and reciprocal. To the extent that a psychoanalyst maintains the goal of technical neutrality, undue suggestion is likely to be minimal. To the extent that it occurs for transferential or countertransferential reasons, suggestion may itself be analyzed. Problems of suggestion are more likely to occur and persist when they are part of the analyst's theoretical orientation, influencing the course of the analysis and expressing compromise formations for both patient and analyst. At times, even tentatively stated words or unintended behaviors of the analyst can have a dynamic impact that may not be readily analyzed. The analytic situation itself may have retrospective (nachtraglich) action. A previously published case is described in which an apparent enactment led the analyst to urge a reconstruction of sexual abuse even though the patient never actually recalled what was presumed to have been fellatio. The need for technical neutrality and alternative reconstructions in such cases is considered. The degree to which the personality and goals of the analyst influence the course of reconstruction remains a vexing issue for psychoanalysis as a scientific endeavor. There is a need for detailed analytic case studies in which alternative reconstructions can be compared by investigating opportunities for external confirmation or falsification.
Clinical Characteristics of Mammary Carcinoma in Male Cats

There is little information regarding mammary tumors in male cats. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical characteristics of mammary carcinoma in male cats, compare this malignancy to the disease in female cats, and identify prognostic factors. Thirty-nine male cats with mammary carcinoma were identified. One pathologist reviewed the biopsies from all cats, and complete follow-up information regarding outcome was available for 27 cats. Information collected included signalment, age at neutering, history of progestin therapy, age at tumor diagnosis, size of tumor, type of surgery (lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, or radical mastectomy), results of clinical staging, adjunctive therapies, time to local recurrence, survival, and cause of death. The mean age at tumor diagnosis (12.8 years) was slightly older than that reported in female cats. The incidence of local tumor recurrence in 9 of 20 (45%) cats was similar to that reported in females. A history of progestin therapy was present in 8 of 22 (36%) cats for which this information was known. The median time to local recurrence was 310 days (range 127-1,363 days), and overall median survival was 344 days (range 14-2,135 days). Tumor size and lymphatic invasion were identified as negative prognostic factors. This study indicates that mammary carcinoma in the male cat has many similarities to the disease in females, with an aggressive clinical course in most cats.
Improved Time to Progression for Transarterial Chemoembolization Compared With Transarterial Embolization for Patients With Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract Background Embolizing branches of the hepatic artery lengthens survival for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the benefit of combining chemotherapy with the embolizing particles remains controversial. Methods A retrospective review was undertaken of sequential patients with advanced HCC undergoing embolization in the past 10 years at 2 neighboring institutions and with 2 years of follow-up data. TACE was generally performed with doxorubicin plus mitomycin C. Results: One hundred twenty-four patients were included; 77 received TACE and 47 received TAE. On multivariable analysis stratified by institution, type of embolization and CLIP score significantly predicted PFS and time to progression (TTP), whereas CLIP score and AFP independently predicted overall survival (OS). TACE significantly prolonged PFS and TTP (P = .0004 and P = .001, respectively), but not OS (P = .83). Conclusions The addition of chemotherapy to TAE prolongs PFS and TTP. Future efforts should focus on adjunctive therapies after the embolization to increase survival.
Temporal independence of the Bezold-Brücke hue shift.

Abstract The Bezold-Brucke hue shift was measured using a haploscopic matching technique at 12 spectral loci between 450 and 650 nm. for each of five exposure durations from 150 to 2000 msec. The size of the luminance-dependent hue shift remained constant across durations, indicating that the hue shift was independent of exposure duration. A differential adaptation hypothesis that had been proposed as the unitary basis for the qualitatively-similar time-dependent and luminance-dependent hue shifts is incorrect. Separate mechanisms must underlie the two types of hue shift. It was also shown that under conditions where retinal contrast is eliminated, measures of wavelength discrimination are independent of exposure duration in the 150–2000 msec range.
Maximizing a Submodular Set Function Subject to a Matroid Constraint (Extended Abstract)

Let $f:2^{N} \rightarrow \cal R^{+}$ be a non-decreasing submodular set function, and let $(N,\cal I)$ be a matroid. We consider the problem $\max_{S \in \cal I} f(S)$. It is known that the greedy algorithm yields a 1/2-approximation [9] for this problem. It is also known, via a reduction from the max-k-cover problem, that there is no (1 i¾? 1/e+ i¾?)-approximation for any constant i¾?> 0, unless P= NP[6]. In this paper, we improve the 1/2-approximation to a (1 i¾? 1/e)-approximation, when fis a sum of weighted rank functions of matroids. This class of functions captures a number of interesting problems including set coverage type problems. Our main tools are the pipage rounding technique of Ageev and Sviridenko [1] and a probabilistic lemma on monotone submodular functions that might be of independent interest. We show that the generalized assignment problem (GAP) is a special case of our problem; although the reduction requires |N| to be exponential in the original problem size, we are able to interpret the recent (1 i¾? 1/e)-approximation for GAP by Fleischer et al.[10] in our framework. This enables us to obtain a (1 i¾? 1/e)-approximation for variants of GAP with more complex constraints.
Education of public health dentists in the United States and Canada.

When John Knutson was president of the American Public Health Association a few years ago, he was fond of stating that public health is in ferment.1 And so it is today with the education of public health dentists. New enzymes are at work and the brew of professional preparation of public health dentists is bubbling— but whether cider, vinegar, or applejack will result is not yet known. The enzymes at work, it would seem, are the following: 1. The findings and recommendations of the Survey of Dentistry. 2. Federal legislation and appropria­ tions (for example, traineeships, training grants in epidemiology and public health teaching, and research grants). 3. The proposed revision by the Com­ mittee on Professional Education of the American Public Health Association of its recommendations2 concerning the ed­ ucational qualifications of public health dentists (the 17-year-old original version3 was revised slightly 10 years ago). 4. The American Dental Association’s resolution4 that by 1965 all dental spe­ cialists be required to complete two or more academic years of advanced educa­ tion as specified by the certifying boards. 5. The American Board of Dental Public Health’s anticipation of the spe­ cialty requirements by the American Dental Association by its proposals5 (a) as of 1968, to enforce its own require­ ment of one year of field experience, and (b) as of 1963, to require annual recerti­ fication.
High linearity 1-ohm RF switches with phase-change materials

We report GeTe-based phase change material RF switches with on-state resistance of 1 ohm and ultra-low loss and highest linearity amongst PCM RF switches. The lowest on-state resistance is 0.06 Ω·mm, which is about 20 times lower than state-of-the-art FET switches. The PCM RF switches are fabricated for the first time in a lateral FET configuration to reduce parasitics, different from the vertical via switches. With on-state resistance of 1 ohm, RF insertion loss is measured less than 0.2 dB. With P1dB > 2 W, the harmonic powers are suppressed greatly up to 1 W RF power at 700 MHz.
Localized Delaunay triangulation with application in ad hoc wireless networks

Several localized routing protocols guarantee the delivery of the packets when the underlying network topology is a planar graph. Typically, relative neighborhood graph (RING) or Gabriel graph (GG) is used as such planar structure. However, it is well-known that the spanning ratios of these two graphs are not bounded by any constant (even for uniform randomly distributed points). Bose et al. (1999) recently developed a localized routing protocol that guarantees that the distance traveled by the packets is within a constant factor of the minimum if Delaunay triangulation of all wireless nodes is used, in addition, to guarantee the delivery of the packets. However, it is expensive to construct the Delaunay triangulation in a distributed manner. Given a set of wireless nodes, we model the network as a unit-disk graph (UDG), in which a link uv exists only if the distance /spl par/uv/spl par/ is at most the maximum transmission range. In this paper, we present a novel localized networking protocol that constructs a planar 2 5-spanner of UDG, called the localized Delaunay triangulation (LDEL), as network topology. It contains all edges that are both in the unit-disk graph and the Delaunay triangulation of all nodes. The total communication cost of our networking protocol is O(n log n) bits, which is within a constant factor of the optimum to construct any structure in a distributed manner. Our experiments show that the delivery rates of some of the existing localized routing protocols are increased when localized Delaunay triangulation is used instead of several previously proposed topologies. Our simulations also show that the traveled distance of the packets is significantly less when the FACE routing algorithm is applied on LDEL, rather than applied on GG.
Component selection for high-performance pipelines

The use of a realistic component library with multiple implementations of operators results in cost-efficient designs; slow components can then be used on noncritical paths and the more expensive components on only the critical paths. This paper presents a cost-optimized algorithm for selecting components and pipelining a data-flow graph, given such a library, and throughput and latency constraints. Experimental results on several large examples indicate the importance of component selection as a parameter in design exploration.
Causal Structure, Endogeneity, and the Missing Data Problem in Modeling the Impact of Information and Communication Technology (E-Government) Use: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges

Despite the abundance of empirical research on the impact of information and communication technology, their relationship still remains partially answered because of conflicting results. Empirical research reports positive, negative, and negligible effects depending on data and methods employed. This puzzling circumstance results largely from the lack of rich data and sophisticated knowledge and skills. This paper reviews data analysis methods frequently used in the literature and then discusses key modeling issues, such as causal structure, endogeneity, and the missing data problem, which traditional methods rarely address. In order to deal with those issues, the propensity score matching, treatment effect model, and recursive bivariate probit model are suggested as alternatives. These methods do not replace but supplement traditional approaches. This paper concludes with the emphasis on careful examination of the characteristics of dependent variables and prudent consideration of the key modeling issues.
Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers

The filoviruses, marburgvirus and ebolavirus, cause epidemics of haemorrhagic fever with high casefatality rates. The severe illness results from a complex of pathogenetic mechanisms that enable the virus to suppress innate and adaptive immune responses, infect and kill a broad variety of cell types, and elicit strong inflammatory responses and disseminated intravascular coagulation, producing a syndrome resembling septic shock. Most experimental data have been obtained on Zaire ebolavirus, which causes uniformly lethal disease in experimentally infected non-human primates but produces a broader range of outcomes in naturally infected human beings. 10–30% of patients can survive the illness by mobilising adaptive immune responses, and there is limited evidence that mild or symptomless infections also occur. The other filoviruses that have caused human disease, Sudan ebolavirus, Ivory Coast ebolavirus, and marburgvirus, produce a similar illness but with somewhat lower case-fatality rates. Variations in outcome during an epidemic might be due partly to genetically determined differences in innate immune responses to the viruses. Recent studies in non-human primates have shown that blocking of certain host responses, such as the coagulation cascade, can result in reduced viral replication and improved host survival.
The One Who "Taught Us How to Live on This Real Earth, without Any Conditions but Those of Life": Tracing the Influence of Michel de Montaigne on Erich Auerbach and Mimesis

Mimesis (1946), Erich Auerbach's seminal work of literary criticism, has provided scholars and laymen alike with a captivating, informative survey of representation in the Western literary tradition for more than a half a century. This article traces the influence of the essayist Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592) on Auerbach's writing, both in Mimesis and throughout his career. Auerbach's admiration for Montaigne's style appears in many guises, from his own confident tone to his insistence upon the engagement of his ideal reader. By seeking to understand and illuminate one of Erich Auerbach's intellectual and stylistic influences, this article will enhance the reader's understanding of his critical methods and aims.
Continuous infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in Parkinson's disease

Evaluation of: Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Odin P et al. Continuous intrajejunal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy study. Lancet Neurol. 13(2), 141-149 (2014). Levodopa-induced motor complications, including motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, can be a major source of disability for Parkinson's disease patients. The development of levodopa-induced motor complications has been attributed to the pulsatile dopaminergic stimulation characteristic of conventional oral levodopa regimens. This is a review of a 12-week, randomized, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy study of continuous jejunal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel to determine if the continuous infusion of levodopa reduces motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Results demonstrated that levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel significantly reduced off-time without increasing troublesome dyskinesia compared with standard oral levodopa therapy. Adverse effects were common in both the levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel and placebo groups and were related primarily to the infusion hardware.
Residual-Gas-Ionization Beam Profile Monitors in RHIC

Four ionization profile monitors (IPMs) in RHIC measure vertical and horizontal beam profiles in the two rings by measuring the distribution of electrons produced by beam ionization of residual gas. During the last three years both the collection accuracy and signal/noise ratio have been improved. An electron source is mounted across the beam pipe from the collector to monitor microchannel plate (MCP) aging and the signal electrons are gated to reduce MCP aging and to allow charge replenishment between single-turn measurements. Software upgrades permit simultaneous measurements of any number of individual bunches in the ring. This has been used to measure emittance growth rates on six bunches of varying intensities in a single store. Also the software supports FFT analysis of turn-by-turn profiles of a single bunch at injection to detect dipole and quadrupole oscillations.
Infant feeding and childhood cognition at ages 3 and 7 years: effects of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity

Importance Breastfeeding may benefit child cognitive development, but few studies have quantified breastfeeding duration or exclusivity, nor has any study to date examined the role of maternal diet during lactation on child cognition. Objectives To examine relationships of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity with child cognition at ages 3 and 7 years and to evaluate the extent to which maternal fish intake during lactation modifies associations of infant feeding with later cognition. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study (Project Viva), a US prebirth cohort that enrolled mothers from April 22, 1999, to July 31, 2002, and followed up children to age 7 years, including 1312 Project Viva mothers and children. Main Exposure Duration of any breastfeeding to age 12 months. Main Outcomes and Measures Child receptive language assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test at age 3 years, Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities at ages 3 and 7 years, and Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test and Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning at age 7 years. Results Adjusting for sociodemographics, maternal intelligence, and home environment in linear regression, longer breastfeeding duration was associated with higher Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test score at age 3 years (0.21; 95% CI, 0.03-0.38 points per month breastfed) and with higher intelligence on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test at age 7 years (0.35; 0.16-0.53 verbal points per month breastfed; and 0.29; 0.05-0.54 nonverbal points per month breastfed). Breastfeeding duration was not associated with Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning scores. Beneficial effects of breastfeeding on the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities at age 3 years seemed greater for women who consumed 2 or more servings of fish per week (0.24; 0.00-0.47 points per month breastfed) compared with less than 2 servings of fish per week (−0.01; −0.22 to 0.20 points per month breastfed) ( P = .16 for interaction). Conclusions and Relevance Our results support a causal relationship of breastfeeding duration with receptive language and verbal and nonverbal intelligence later in life.
Immunocytochemical localization of relaxin in the ovaries of pregnant rats.

Relaxin was localized in the ovaries of pregnant rats by employing for the first time a highly specific rabbit anti-rat relaxin serum and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexing technique. The corpora lutea of pregnancy contained essentially all of the immunostaining in ovarian sections obtained on Days 12 and 20 of pregnancy. Very few cells in the corpora lutea of the previous cycle stained for relaxin. There appeared to be variation in the intensity of staining for relaxin among luteal cells on both Days 12 and 20 of pregnancy. Ovaries from nonpregnant lactating rats contained very little, if any, relaxin immunostaining. It is concluded that the corpus luteum is the principal, and, in all likelihood, the sole source of relaxin in the pregnant rat. BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 30, 257-261 (1984)
ADEA Survey of Clinic Fees and Revenue: 2003–04 Academic Year

The American Dental Education Association’s 2003–04 Survey of Clinic Fees and Revenue obtained data by which to report, by school, clinic revenue information per student. Fifty-one of the fifty-four dental schools that had third- and fourth-year students responded to the survey. The median revenue per third-year student was $9,937. It was $13,602 for fourth-year students. Clinic revenue was also obtained for programs of advanced dental education. General Practice Residency programs generated the highest revenue per student at $66,474, followed by programs of Advanced Education in General Dentistry at $63,860. Other areas of the survey provided information regarding clinic fees by type of program, levels of uncompensated care by type of program, clinic revenue by source of payment, and dental school fees as a percent of usual and customary private practice fees.
Collaboration and synergy in hybrid Q&A: Participatory design method and results

Abstract Virtual reference services (VRS) and social question and answer (SQA) are two different platforms that share many facets of their functionality, leading to an opportunity to create synergic solutions by bringing complimentary aspects of these services together. This article describes the use of participatory design, a method commonly used in human-computer interaction (HCI), for investigating design and deployment challenges to create a new hybrid question-answer (QA (2) provision of control; and (3) focus on user-friendly design. This paper provides details of the method, the sessions, and the design suggestions including the 11 themes and three broad categories. The paper provides a synthesis of the implications of the findings for virtual reference and social Q&A service providers and system designers. Finally, the participatory design method is compared to other methods, and implications for its use in library and information science are presented.
Evaluation of cystatin C as an early biomarker of cadmium nephrotoxicity in the rat.

Cadmium (Cd) is a nephrotoxic environmental pollutant that causes insidious injury to the proximal tubule that results in severe polyuria and proteinuria. Cystatin C is a low molecular weight protein that is being evaluated as a serum and urinary biomarker for various types of ischemic and nephrotoxic renal injury. The objective of the present study was to determine if cystatin C might be a useful early biomarker of Cd nephrotoxicity. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were given daily injections of Cd for up to 12 weeks. At 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks, urine samples were analyzed for cystatin C, protein, creatinine, β2 microglobulin and kidney injury molecule-1. The results showed that Cd caused a significant increase in the urinary excretion of cystatin C that occurred 3–4 weeks before the onset of polyuria and proteinuria. Serum levels of cystatin C were not altered by Cd. Immunolabeling studies showed that Cd caused the relocalization of cystatin C from the cytoplasm to the apical surface of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. The Cd-induced changes in cystatin C labelling paralleled those of the brush border transport protein, megalin, which has been implicated as a mediator of cystatin C uptake in the proximal tubule. These results indicate that Cd increases the urinary excretion of cystatin C, and they suggest that this effect may involve disruption of megalin-mediated uptake of cystatin C by epithelial cells of the proximal tubule.
Medication adherence among transgender women living with HIV.

Medication adherence is linked to health outcomes among adults with HIV infection. Transgender women living with HIV (TWLWH) in the US report suboptimal adherence to medications and are found to have difficulty integrating HIV medication into their daily routine, but few studies explore the factors associated with medication adherence among transgender women. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine demographic and clinical factors related to self-reported medication adherence among transgender women. This secondary analysis is based on data collected from the Symptom and Genetic Study that included a convenience sample of 22 self-identified transgender women, 201 non-transgender men, and 72 non-transgender women recruited in northern California. Self-reported medication adherence was assessed using the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Adherence Questionnaire. Gender differences in demographic and clinical variables were assessed, as were differences between transgender women reporting high and low adherence. Transgender women had lower adherence to medications compared to non-transgender males and non-transgender females (p = .028) and were less likely to achieve viral suppression (p = .039). Within the transgender group, Black/African-Americans reported better adherence than participants who were Whites/Caucasian or other races (p = .009). Adherence among transgender women was unrelated to medication count and estrogen therapy, but consistent with other reports on the HIV population as a whole; transgender women with high adherence were more likely to achieve viral suppression compared to the transgender women with low adherence. Despite the high incidence of HIV infection in the transgender population, few studies focus on TWLWH, either in regard to their adherence to antiretroviral therapies or to their healthcare in general. To address ongoing health disparities, more studies are needed focusing on the transgender population's continuum of care in HIV therapies.
Illness or Deviance? Drug Courts, Drug Treatment, and the Ambiguity of Addiction, by Jennifer Murphy

In this new book, Jennifer Murphy discusses the current culture of drug treatment in the United States, with a particular focus on how the criminal justice system and drug treatment programs have c...
Demonstration of anatomy of the giant fiber system of the squid by microinjection.

Summary1. A new intracellular staining method is proposed as a way of obtaining definitive knowledge as to the location of single fiber nerve tracts, their connections, branches and cells or origin. 2. The method is applied to the giant fibers of the squid with definitive results.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infant Botulism

The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of infant botulism (IB) are reviewed by investigators at the University of California-San Francisco, CA.
Time Evolution of Nanoscale Surface Topography of Tungsten Carbide Coatings on “Hot” Silicon Carbide Electronics Devices

We are reporting here on the current status of our investigations on the time evolution of nanoscale surface morphology of thermally evaporated tungsten carbide coatings on silicon carbide substrates. The purpose of the study is to develop a recipe for creating thermally and chemically stable electrical contacts on silicon carbide electronic devices able to work at elevated temperatures (up to 800 °C) in oxidizing environments. We used thermal evaporation and tungsten carbide (WC) powder as a starting material to produce the thin layer deposition on semi-insulating silicon carbide (6H). Our intended applications are for devices working at 800 °C; therefore, our investigations are carried out at 1 hr intervals of time the samples spent at this temperature, in air at atmospheric pressure. We used Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) for measuring the stoichiometry and depth profile, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to monitor the surface morphology change.
3D magnetization inversion using fuzzy c-means clustering with application to geology differentiation

ABSTRACTThe presence of remanent magnetization has hindered the application of generalized 3D magnetic inversion in exploration geophysics because of the unknown and variable magnetization directions. Although many authors have developed different approaches to deal with this difficulty, it remains a challenge. We have developed a new approach for inverting the total-field magnetic anomaly to recover a 3D distribution of magnetization by using a fuzzy c-means clustering technique. The inversion approximates the variation of magnetization directions with a small number of possible orientations and thereby achieves stability in recovered magnetization directions and improves the spatial imaging of magnetization magnitude. We have also found that the inverted magnetization directions can yield more information than does a standard magnetic susceptibility inversion and provide a new opportunity for magnetic interpretation. The magnitude of magnetization helps to define the configuration and structure of causa...
Science as a Service [Guest editors' introduction]

The goal of this special issue is to explore recent developments in, and the further potential of, "science as a service."