cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEASUREMENT OF BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF THE CER PROCEDURE

Summary.-While the disadvantages of absolute measures of the behavioral effects of response rate in [he CER procedure are well-known, there are several often unrecognized difficulties with the use of suppression ratios, the most serious relating to changes in pre-S response rates and to non-uniformity of response rate in the presence of S1. Several alternative metrics either describing rhe response pattern in SI or focusing on some specific component of the pattern are suggested. In the conditioned emotional response (CER) paradigm, response-independent pairings of an initially neutral stimulus, S1, and an aversive stimulus, S2, are superimposed on ongoing responding. The dependent variable in such a procedure is response rate in the presence of S1. Church (1969), in a discussion of the measurement of the suppressive effects of punishment, has noted that absolute S, response rate in itself is an inadequate and perhaps invalid measure; the metric of interest is a relative one which permits a comparison of response rate in the presence of S1 with "normal" or "baseline" suppression ratio (SR) of the form SR = B/(A + B), in which A is pre-S1 response rate and B represents response rate in the presence of S,. While it is clear that z relative measure of suppression is preferable to an expression in absolute terms for a variety of reasons, there are still serious diffic~ilties with the use of SRs. First, it is not always clear when response rate A is to be sampled. While most investigators examine races in a brief period immediately prior to S1 onset, others (e.g., Singh, 1959) report a ratio based on response rate in the control sessions prior to S1-S2 pairings. A second difficulty lies in that there are at least five different "ratios" in common use; B/A (Stein, Sidman, & Brady, 1958), (A - B) /A (Hoffman & Fleshler, 1961), B/ (A + B) (Kamin, 1961), A/(A + B) (Goldstein, 1966), and (B - A)/A (Hunt, Jernberg, & Brady, 1952). Such multiplicity is likely to lead to misinterpretation (see Lyon, 1968). For example, maximum suppression (no responding in the presence of S1) may be indicated by SRs of 0, - 1.0, or + 1.0 depending on the specific formula used, while nonsuppression (pre-S, rates and response rate during S1 are equal) may appear as SRs of 0, 0.5, or 1.0. Furthermore, a variety of pairing procedures (Shimoff, 1970) are associated with increased responding in S1, and the commonly used SRs are even more confusing in expressing response facilitation. If response rate in S1 is twice as high as the pre-S1 rate, SRs
Parthenogenesis in Eggs of Beltsville Small White Turkeys

Abstract EXPERIMENTS at the Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, over the past four years have repeatedly demonstrated that parthenogenesis occurs in infertile turkey eggs. The original observations made in 1952 revealed that 156 or 16.7 percent of 934 infertile turkey eggs laid 57 to 215 days following removal of the males showed an abortive development upon being incubated. In over 95 percent of the instances encountered, the development consisted solely of an unorganized growth of embryonic cells with no evidence of either blood or embryo formation. Since these initial observations, further tests have been conducted which substantiate the earlier findings. In these subsequent tests only virgin turkey females were used, and with few exceptions were separated from their immature male pen mates before 6 weeks of age. The tests conducted in 1953 as well as results to be reported in this study showed that more than 22.2 percent of all infertile …
Inorganic environment derived from the sol-gel route does not improve the thermal or oxidative stability of 2,4-dinitroaniline in coatings

Abstract The relative thermal and oxidative stabilities of N-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]2,4-dinitroaniline (1), incorporated covalently into sol-gel coatings and of 2,4-dinitroaniline, incorporated non-covalently into similar coatings, showed no significant difference in relative thermal stability in sol-gel derived films under a variety of conditions: with no overcoat of SiO2; with a dense sol-gel-derived overcoat of SiO2; with a porous overcoat of SiO2; over a porous, high surface area coating of SiO2; and copolymerized with or physically incorporated into dense and porous SiO2 films derived from tetraethylorthosilicate.
THE NEONATAL VANISHING KIDNEY: CONGENITAL AND VASCULAR ETIOLOGIES

The routine use of prenatal sonography provides sequential visualization of renal development, and in some cases could provide a visual record of the regression of a renal unit. We report 2 cases of prenatally normal appearing kidneys with 1 kidney subsequently vanishing—1 each in the prenatal and postnatal periods. Review of pertinent maternal and patient histories led us to retrospective diagnoses in both cases—involution of a dysplastic kidney in 1 and renal vein thrombosis in the other. CASE HISTORIES Case 1. A male newborn weighing 4.1 kg was delivered at 38 weeks of gestation to a mother with type 2 diabetes mellitus who required insulin during pregnancy. Prenatal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of bilateral kidneys with no abnormalities at 24 weeks of gestation (fig. 1, A). There was no family history of lupus or thromboembolic disease. Tachypnea, leukocytosis and hypoglycemia observed at 12 hours postnatally in the infant, combined with hypocalcemia (6.7 mg/dl) and polycythemia (hemoglobin 21.8 gm/dl) led to a presumptive diagnosis of sepsis. Physical examination was unremarkable and antibiotic treatment was initiated. Serum creatinine was 1.4 mg/dl (maternal creatinine 0.6 mg/dl) on the third day of life and trace hematuria was noted. Color Doppler renal ultrasound revealed a normal left kidney and mild hydronephrosis of the right kidney with vascular patency and normal waveforms. Voiding cystourethrogram showed no vesicoureteral reflux. Serum creatinine decreased
Health-Information Behavior: An Initial Validity Portfolio for Active and Passive Measures

The study of information-seeking behaviors takes on particular importance when considered within the health context, where the process of information seeking can save lives. When individuals implement preventative health-care behaviors in the present, they increase the probability of saving their own lives in the future. However, the benefits of preventative health-care behaviors are irrelevant when the public is unaware of such information. Current literature indicates that there are two types of information behavior: active and passive. Active information behavior involves intentional physical behaviors, while passive is comprised of strictly psychological, sometimes unintentional, processes. The following article reports the initial validity portfolio for measures of both active and passive information behavior.
Marking Single–Family Property Values to Market

This paper is the text of the 2001 Presidential Address for the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association. House price prediction accuracy is a function of: (1) the procedure used to identify within–metropolitan–area housing submarket boundaries, (2) the econometric technique used to estimate the parameters of the house price model and (3) the characteristics of the local housing market. This paper empirically examines several procedures for delineating within–metropolitan–area housing submarket boundaries. In addition, the paper examines the increase in prediction accuracy that can be achieved by employing spatial econometric techniques to spatially adjust ordinary least squares house price predictions. Finally, the paper examines the influence that local housing market characteristics have on house price prediction accuracy. Housing market characteristics examined here are: (1) structural characteristics of neighborhood properties, (2) heterogeneity of the neighborhood housing stock and (3) housing market liquidity. Prediction accuracy is examined using hedonic house price equations with over 40,000 single–family transactions for Dallas, Texas.
Sexual Discrimination Using Visual Cues in the Checkered White Butterfly (Pieris protodice)

The cues used by ♂♂ and ♀♀ of the checkered white butterfly, Pieris protodice, were explored using an assay that involved timing the responses of free-flying butterflies to tethered animals (“angling”). The models included ones that were made from the wings of ♂♂ and ♀♀ that had been extracted in a dilute ammonia solution. This procedure removes an ultraviolet-absorbing pigment from the wings and renders them more ultraviolet reflectant than normal without altering any other aspect of their coloration. The results show that both sexes make sexual discriminations using the sexual dimorphism in ultraviolet reflectance found in this species rather than using differences in the melanic markings on the wings, movement patterns, or chemical signals.
Regulation of ciliary beat frequency in respiratory tract cells.

A major function of respiratory tract (RT) epithelial cells is the maintenance of unobstructed airways, a goal achieved by mucociliary clearance. Ciliary activity provides the driving force for mucus propulsion, but the nature of the stimulus-response coupling that regulates ciliary beat frequency is not well understood. The possibility that mechanical interaction between the mucus and ciliated cell may act as a specific control signal was evaluated by examining the effect of mechanical stimulation on cultured RT cells while monitoring ciliary beat frequency with a photoelectronic technique.1 Mechanical stimulation of the apical surface of a single ciliated cell in culture with a glass microprobe elevated the ciliary beat frequency, not only of the stimulated cell, but also of adjacent cells. This resulted in a wave of increased beat frequency spreading across the culture.2,3 The increase in beat frequency of each cell occurred after a lag-phase that was proportional to the distance of the cell from the stimulated cell. Stimulation of a nonciliated cell also initiated an increase in beat frequency of adjacent ciliated cells. Preliminary evidence suggested that these responses were mediated by elevations in [Ca2+]i.2 Consequendy, video imaging techniques were used to monitor the fluorescence of the Ca2+-specific dye fura-2 to quantitate the spatial-temporal changes in [Ca2+]i.4 A single mechanical stimulus to either a ciliated or nonciliated cell immediately induced an increase in [Ca2+]i at the site of contact that then spread throughout the cell. After a short delay of about 0.5 s, a wave of increasing [Ca2+]i occurred in adjacent cells, spreading from one end of the cell to the other. This increase in [Ca2+], or Ca2+ wave, continued to spread through the cell culture in a cell-by-cell manner travelling across 4 to 7 cells in all directions (Fig 1, a). The increase in [Ca2+]i was correlated with, but always preceded, the increase in ciliary beat frequency.
Variability in diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review.

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging clinicopathologic entity defined by abnormal esophageal eosinophilic infiltration. Our understanding of this disease is hampered by the lack of a uniform diagnostic standard. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the range of diagnostic strategies and histologic criteria in the EoE literature. Methods The MEDLINE-indexed literature from 1950 through December 31, 2006 was independently searched by two investigators. To identify additional relevant studies, bibliographies were hand searched, as were the published proceedings of the 2000-2006 American College of Gastroenterology and American Gastroenterological Association national meetings. Data were extracted from all human EoE case reports, case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies, and clinical trials. Results Of 318 publications initially identified, 116 original articles, 39 abstracts, and 69 reviews were included. We found 10 different histologic definitions of EoE, ranging from 5 to 30 eosinophils per high-powered field (hpf), though 41 (35%) of the original articles did not state their diagnostic criteria. In the 13 original articles (11%) reporting an hpf area, the eosinophil density per mm(2) varied 23-fold. There was also variation in esophageal biopsy protocols, but specific protocols were reported in just 45 (39%) original articles. Conclusions Significant variability in diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis exists, and in a large proportion of studies, criteria are not reported. Because of this lack of a common disease definition, conclusions drawn from the cumulative EoE literature should be viewed with caution. A consensus research-quality standard for diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis is needed.
Editor's introduction: Special issue on highlights of the alifelv conference

We are pleased to publish this collection of papers as a special issue of Artificial Life. Each contribution is an elaboration of a plenary talk at the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life, held at the UCLA campus in Los Angeles, California, during July 26–29, 1998. Proceedings of the conference have been published as a book by MIT Press [1]. These proceedings, however, necessarily had tight page limits and illustrations were confined to black and white. It was evident to us that some of these papers would benefit greatly if the authors were allowed to expand further and if some of their illustrations could also be in color; both proved possible in this journal. We consequently asked the speakers of the plenary papers at the conference if they wished to take advantage of the opportunity to elaborate on their previous papers. Authors of the seven contributions in this issue responded in the affirmative and together they make up this special issue. We are thankful to MIT Press that they allowed the authors this opportunity to express themselves outside of their prior constraints, and hope that you will agree.
Concentration and separation of actinides from urine using a supported bifunctional organophosphorus extractant

Abstract A method has been developed to isolate quantitatively the actinide elements (as a group) from urine samples and to produce near massless electrodeposits suitable for high-resolution α-spectrometry. The actinides are concentrated from the bulk urine sample by coprecipitation with calcium phosphate. The precipitate is then ashed, dissolved in dilute nitric acid and passed through a column of octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) dissolved in tributyl phosphate (TBP) supported on an inert substrate (Amberlite XAD-7) which absorbs the actinides. The actinides are stripped from the column with dilute ammonium hydrogenoxalate, electrodeposited on a stainless-steel disk and counted on an α-spectrometer. Recoveries of added tracers are uniformly high (⩾ 90%) so that samples can be routinely run without yield monitors, permitting an α peak anywhere in the spectrum to be detected with few interferences. Detection limits are influenced only by the available sample size, counting time and counter backgrounds.
The LASL Tandem Accelerator Facility Data System

An on-line data processing system has recently been placed in operation in conjunction with two electrostatic accelerators at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The system consists of a Scientific Data Systems Model 930 computer and an experiment-computer interface unit designed and fabricated at LASL. The system provides for time-shared operation of three separate experiments. Up to nine fast analog-to-digital converters may be utilized by these three experiments. These ADCs may be connected and fanned-in to the computer in a variety of ways ranging from nine simultaneously operating separate devices to a combination for a nine parameter coincidence experiment. The system design places considerable emphasis upon rapid set-up to facilitate change from one experiment to another. Provision has been made for ccmputer control of experimental apparatus, and for data input to the computer from other sources such as scalers, clocks and voltmeters. The interface portion of the system has been implemented entirely with integrated circuits and is modular to the extent that future expansion can easily be accomplished.
Treatment of acute toxoplasmosis with oral clindamycin

The combination of pyrimethamine and clindamycin, both administered orally, was evaluated for initial and maintenance therapy of toxoplasmosis in eight AIDS patients who were either allergic to sulfonamides or unresponsive to standard therapy. Symptomatic and neuroradiographic improvement occurred in the majority of patients. The regimen was well tolerated and associated with minimal toxicity, and appeared to be an effective alternative to standard therapy.
Hypertriglyceridemia during the intravenous infusion of a safflower oil-based fat emulsion

Comparaison prospective en double aveugle croise chez 18 prematures se servant a eux-memes de temoins, places sous alimentation parenterale et recevant comme emulsion lipidique soit de l'intralipid (huile de soja) soit du liposyn. L'hypertriglyceridemie apparait plus frequente et plus importante apres administration du liposyn qui doit etre utilise avec reserve chez les enfants les plus prematures
ADOPTION, DISCONTINUATION AND RETENTION OF A CAPITAL GOOD INNOVATION

An analysis of post-innovation adoption behaviour revealed that over a third of adopters subsequently discontinued a capital good innovation. Innovation non-adopters, discontinuers, and retainers exhibited sharp differences with respect to size, age, and multinationality. Paradoxically, while favourable economic conditions discouraged innovation adoption, organizations that adopted the innovation under these conditions were more likely to retain it.
The middle ear of the skull of birds: the ostrich, Struthio camelus L.

The morphology of the middle ear region including die basicranium and quadrate of Strulhxo is very simil.n to ilic same region in the orders Procellariiformes, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiiformes and Sphenisciformes. Struthio though, has some unique middle ear characters such as die lack of a chorda tympani nerve, the arrangement of die glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve foramina, die structure in the upper neck of die external ophthalmic vein and die position of die Eustachian tube. The articulatory surfaces for the quadrate bom on die zygomatic process of the squamosal and the mandible are unique in Struthio when compared to the several orders mentioned above.
Metacommunication Effects on International Business Negotiating in China.

Forpractitioners and teachers, this article reviews the literature on differences in cultural assumptions underlying negotiation between businesspersons in the People's Republic of China and those ...
Parental perceptions of child-rearing problems

Parental dissatisfaction with child rearing was examined, utilizing a structured interview technique. In the early 1970s, 1,093 parents in a rural community in northern Florida were asked, “Do you feel that you have/had many, some, or few problems in raising your children?” The answers to this question—few, some, and many—were examined by controlling the variables of parental race, sex, age, total family income, present marital status, and family type. To further delineate and identify those parent groups who were dissatisfied with child rearing, an additional analysis was done, controlling for combined race and sex characteristics. The findings of this study revealed that dissatisfied parenting was most fully associated with young, poor, black women who were either separated, single, or divorced and who lived with their children in one-parent households. All in all, the results of this study seem to identify poverty, fatherlessness, and blackness as associated with lack of parental fulfillment.
Thirty-Year Retrospective on the Learning Styles of African American Children:

This article is a review of the literature related to the cognitive, learning, behavioral, and cultural styles of African American children. This is an assessment of the progress that has been made...
Factors Related to the Achievement and Adjustment of Young African American Children.

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were used to examine factors related to the achievement and adjustment of African American children in the early elementary grades. All African American children between the ages of 6 and 9 years for whom data were available in the NLSY were included in this study (N= 378). Consistent with past research, there was a positive relation between the number of risk factors children were exposed to and the probability that they were experiencing academic or behavioral problems. Favorable outcomes in the cognitive and social-emotional domains (i.e., scoring in the top quartile for this sample) were associated with high scores on an “advantage index.” The need for more research on successful African American children is discussed.
Empirical models of the eddy heat flux and vertical shear on short time scales

An intimate relation exists between the vertical shear and the horizontal eddy heat flux within the atmosphere. In the present investigation empirical means are employed to provide clues concerning the relationship between the shear and eddy heat flux. In particular, linear regression models are applied to individual and joint time series of the shear and eddy heat flux. These discrete models are used as a basis to infer continuous models. A description is provided of the observed relationship between the flux and the shear, taking into account means, standard deviations, and lag correction functions.
The toxicity and sublethal effects of p,p‘‐DDT and dieldrin to Aglais urticae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg) (Saltatoria: Acrididae)

SUMMARY Single topical doses of pure p,p'-DDT and dieldrin (HEOD) were given to the last larval instars of Chorthippus brunneus and Aglais urticae bred under standardized conditions. The symptoms of acute toxicity followed the same pattern in all four insect-insecticide combinations, and there was a clear inverse correlation between the toxicity of absorbed insecticide and concentration of total lipid when dosed, both being dependent on age. It is probable that developmental changes in concentration of total lipid cause changes in resistance to the lipophilic and hydrophobic organochlorine insecticides. These results illustrate the importance of using the amount of insecticide absorbed rather than the amount applied for the interpretation of data. Unabsorbed insecticide was estimated by methanol rinses; there was some evidence that these remove a small proportion of absorbed insecticide from A. urticae, but not from C. brunneus. Sublethal effects tend to occur at times of lipid mobilization. There was considerable correlation between insecticide persistence and the occurrence of sublethal effects. Both species convert DDT to DDE readily, although only A. urticae retains DDE for long. No obvious effects were detected in C. brunneus. The only effect in A. urticae was retarded pupation when a large dose was applied fairly near the time of pupation. Dieldrin was more toxic and persistent, and caused latent toxicity, deformation of adults, sterility, and hyperactivity of adults in A. urticae, although there were no apparent effects on C. brunneus except for a possible decrease in the time to moult. Neither insecticide affected water uptake in C. brunneus eggs, and development continued normally up to hatch. The hatched nymphs were unaffected by DDT, most of which was in the egg membranes, and the nymphs rapidly metabolized the rest to DDE. Dieldrin did kill nymphs at eclosion. There was no evidence of effects on the genetic constitution of future generations, but the survival and reproductive abilities of individuals can obviously be affected. I conclude, from two measures of the amount of insecticide acquired by A. urticae in the field, and from the amount required to produce sublethal effects, that A. urticae is probably, with present levels of contamination, unaffected by DDT or dieldrin outside sprayed areas, but more information is needed on other possible effects, and on amounts found in wild specimens. I discuss how far this conclusion applies to other insect species.
Lessons from the laboratory: the pathophysiology, and consequences of status epilepticus.

Status epilepticus (SE) is the most common neurologic emergency of childhood. Experimental models parallel several clinical features of SE including (1) treatment is complicated by an increasing probability that benzodiazepines will fail with increasing seizure duration and (2) outcome varies with age and etiology. Studies using these models showed that the activity-dependent trafficking of GABA A receptors contributes in part to the progressive decline in GABA-mediated inhibition and the failure of the benzodiazepines. Furthermore, laboratory studies have provided evidence that age and inciting stimulus interact to determine the neuronal circuits activated during SE (ie, functional anatomy) and that differences in functional anatomy can partially account for variations in SE outcome. Future laboratory studies are likely to provide an additional understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie SE and its consequences. Such studies are necessary in the development of rational emergent therapy for SE and its long-term outcomes.
Changes in pituitary oxytocin and vasopressin during the estrous cycle and after ovarian hormones: evidence for mediation by norepinephrine.

Abstract Pituitary levels of oxytocin and vasopressin were maximal on the morning of proestrus, declined during estrus, and were lowest on metestrus in cycling female rats. Norepinephrine levels in the paraventricular nucleus were decreased on proestrus and estrus when compared with metestrus-diestrus. Norepinephrine did not vary in the supraoptic nucleus. Administration of estradiol benzoate to ovariectomized rats elevated oxytocin in the pituitary 54 hr later. This elevation was not affected by a subsequent injection of estrogen or progesterone. Estrogen priming did not affect vasopressin levels in the pituitary, but a second injection of estrogen or of progesterone 48 hr later increased vasopressin in the pituitary when measured 6 hr after the second injection. Vasopressin was decreased 30 hr after a second injection of estrogen. The ovarian hormone treatments that elevated pituitary vasopressin decreased steady state levels of norepinephrine in the paraventricular nucleus and reduced the depletion of norepinephrine after administration of the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor α-methyltyrosine, suggesting a decrease in turnover. Ovarian hormones did not affect norepinephrine in the supraoptic nucleus. The present results suggest a role for posterior pituitary hormones in reproductive processes and a role for noradrenergic mechanisms in the paraventricular nucleus in mediating the effects of ovarian steroids on pituitary vasopressin.
The effect of cage and house design on egg production and egg weight of White Leghorn hens: An epidemiological study

Hen performance can be affected by many interacting variables related to cage design, such as floor area, height, tier arrangement, and feeder and drinker type and placement within the cage. Likewise, features of house design such as waste management and lighting can also affect hen productivity. The influence of these design aspects on hen performance has not been fully assessed. Determining the effects of numerous, interacting variables is impractical in a traditional experiment; therefore, an epidemiological approach, using variability in cage and house design among and within commercial producers, was employed to identify features that affect egg production and egg weight. A universal cage measurement system was created to calculate cage design variables. A database for recording information on cage design, resource location, waste management, environmental conditions, and hen productivity was developed. Production outcomes were assessed from placement to 60 wk of age in White Leghorns (n = 165-168 houses). Using GLM, a statistical model was identified that best described the variance in egg traits. Eggs/hen-housed increased with greater feeder space allocation (P = 0.031); taller cages (P = 0.029); rear (vs. front) drinker location in vertical cages (P = 0.026); and regular removal of manure from the house (P = 0.005). Case weight of eggs was greater in A-frame houses where manure was removed regularly instead of being left in the house (P < 0.001); with increasing cage floor slope (P = 0.001); in cages where drinkers were placed more toward the front or back of the cage as compared with the middle of the cage (P < 0.001); with more space/hen (P = 0.024); and with higher caloric intake (P < 0.001). Perhaps because of its negative correlation with egg production, case weight of eggs increased with less feeder space allocation (P = 0.004) and shorter cage heights (P < 0.001). These results reveal important effects of feeder space, floor space, cage height, drinker position, and waste management on hen productivity.
Social health data integration using semantic Web

This project addresses how to link scattered health-related data from different Web communities, and provide integrated knowledge of health information. Specifically, we integrate data from social media-based patient communities, curated sites with expert content, and the research community. Our approach is based on medical concept extraction using the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), Resource Description Framework (RDF) semantic modeling to represent diverse social health and medical experiences, and summarization of integrated health data. A prototype implementation annotates medical terms occurring in blogs with summarized health experience data, medical expert data and medical research data that enables users, such as patients, doctors or other health care providers to have integrated and linked view of health-related knowledge. Currently, the system integrates information from PatientsLikeMe, WebMD, and PubMed, and can be used to annotate a wide variety of text based blogs. This system uses ontology-based information extraction and semantic modeling of social health data to integrate informally specified information, which is typical of content written by patients.
Variability of referees' ratings of conference papers

The authors developed an on-line system to automate the paper submission and reviewing process for SIGCSE 2000. This system provided a mechanism for a statistical study of the ratings of papers by different referees. To compile sufficient sample data, 10 papers were sent to about 100 referees each, in addition to the normal reviewing of the 220 submitted papers. This paper reports the results of this work, based on 1917 reviews completed by 482 referees. The data support correlations of a paper's overall rating with internal factors (technical content, writing quality, originality, significance) and external factors (referee gender, nationality, familiarity with topic, etc.). The study also shows the effect of group reviews (similar to NSF panels), and the divergence of opinions between authors and referees concerning a paper's subject.
New Results in Sridhar Filtering Theory

Abstract A nonlinear adaptive filter is introduced and applied to the classical problem of detecting a sinusoidal signal, with unknown frequency, in white noise. The filter is basically a new result in what is known as Sridhar filtering theory. In the derivation of the filter, called the “Pontryagin filter”, the Pontryagin minimum principle and the method of invariant imbedding are used. The stability, bias and convergence properties are also studied and presented.
Penultimate group effects in free radical telomerizations of acrylamides

Abstract The telomerizaton of several acrylamides, most containing chiral auxiliary groups, was investigated. The first-formed stereogenic center in the n =2 telomer (the penultimate center) has a significant effect on the configuration of the second (ultimate) center in the product. The penultimate chiral center of oxazolidine-derived acrylamides directs the configuration of the ultimate center such that the erythro n =2 product is preferred. Sultam-substituted acrylamides preferentially lead, on the other hand, to threo products or give products with little stereoselectivity.
Meson Production in p + d Collisions and the I = 0 π − π Interaction. I. Measured Momentum Spectra of He 3 and H 3 Nuclei from High-Energy p + d Collisions

The momentum spectra of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ nuclei produced in $p+d$ collisions have been measured with high resolution. Data were obtained at several angles and incident proton energies of about 745 MeV. Each spectrum exhibits a peak due to single pion production and a continuum due to double pion production. An anomalous bump has been observed in the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ spectra which we interpret as an $I=0$ virtual di-pion with a scattering length of 2 \ensuremath{\Elzxh}/\ensuremath{\mu}c. In this series of four papers we summarize the data obtained over a series of three cyclotron runs. The first paper deals with the experiment and techniques, and the second with the results of the measurements on single-pion production. Next we describe an experiment to determine the spin and parity of the anomalous bump, and finally we discuss its interpretation.
Induction of tolerance by intrathymic inoculation of alloantigen

Abstract The induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness constitutes the most desirable means of securing long-term graft survival, as it would spare the recipient from the deleterious effects of global immunosuppression. Based on recent insights into the factors controlling both intrathymic and extrathymic clonal deletion or inactivation of T cells, this objective can potentially be accomplished by the direct inoculation of the thymus with alloantigen to modulate T cell development at both the thymic and post-thymic level
SU‐E‐T‐286: Robustness of One‐ Versus Two‐Isocenter SBRT for Two Lung Lesions with Rotational Setup Errors

Purpose: Evaluate the robustness of two different planning techniques for SBRT patients with two lung lesions: with both PTVs treated simultaneously with one isocenter, or separately with an isocenter for each PTV. Methods: One- and two-isocenter IMRT and VMAT SBRT plans were created in Varian Eclipse for five patients who each had two lung lesions. PTV coverage for the one- and two-isocenter plans was similar when possible. Rotational setup errors were simulated using couch rotations of various angles, and the resulting dose distributions were calculated. Results: With a 2° setup error, the average decrease in PTV volume receiving at least the prescribed dose (V100%) was 1.66% for the oneisocenter plans, and 0.05% for the two-isocenter plans. The changes in V100% ranged from +0.33% to 4.06% for one-isocenter plans, and from +0.23% to −0.30% for two-isocenter plans. With a 5° setup error, the average decrease in V100% was 6.46% for a one-isocenter plan (range: −0.19% to −13.18%), and 0.42% for a two-isocenter plan (range: +0.21% to −1.33%). For one-isocenter plans, the decrease in V100% tended to increase as PTV separation increased. The three patients with PTV separation less than 10 cm each showed a decrease in V100% of less than 1% for a 2° error, while the two patients with larger PTV separations showed decreases of more than 3%. Conclusion: As could be predicted by geometric calculations, when a rotational setup error occurs, the PTV coverage decreased more for a one-isocenter plan than for a two-isocenter plan. These findings suggest that, in general, for lung SBRT patients with two lesions, the two-isocenter technique may be preferable. However, they may also suggest that if the PTVs are separated by less than 10 cm, and there is high confidence that setup errors are small (≤ 2°), a one-isocenter plan may deliver similar coverage.
An Examination of Community Flood Warning Systems - Are We Providing the Right Assistance

The technology transfer of flood warning systems offers a large potential for reducing human losses and property damage in flood-prone regions; much of the technology and methodology is readily transferable from developed countries and “appropriate” for developing countries. This paper examines some community folk warning systems in the United States that could be incorporated into a rational strategy for technology transfer. It discusses why official organized systems should not be relied on completely and how participation in and transfer of highly cost-effective and reliable community warning systems by development assistance agencies could greatly benefit the people as well as the governments of developing countries.
Role of cytosolic Ca2+ and protein kinases in the induction of the hsp70 gene

Role of cytosolic Ca 2+ and protein kinases in the induction of the hsp70 gene. The role of cytosolic Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and protein kinases in the hsp70 induction following heat shock was investigated in cultured rat proximal tubular epithelial (PTE) cells. Changes in [Ca 2+ ] i were measured by digital imaging fluorescence microscopy using fura 2. Steady state levels of hsp70 mRNA were examined by either Northern or dot blot analyses. [Ca 2+ ] i increased within 10 minutes and continued to increase following heat shock. The increases in [Ca 2+ ] i were reduced in nominally Ca 2+ -free media with or without EGTA. [Ca 2+ ] i also increased within 0.5 minutes following ionomycin, but then declined to normal levels by 1.0 to 1.5 minutes. Heat shock induced hsp70 mRNA within 15 minutes, which continued to increase up to three hours. Ionomycin also induced hsp70 mRNA, which peaked at 30 minutes, and gradually decreased thereafter. The hsp70 induction following heat shock was attenuated when extracellular Ca 2+ was reduced. Chelation of [Ca 2+ ] i by quin-2 also reduced the hsp70 induction. Inhibitors of protein kinases, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), calphostin C, genistein, and 2-aminopurine, also had inhibitory effects on the hsp70 induction. In contrast, a calmodulin inhibitor, chlorpromazine, had little effect. These results suggest that heat shock increases [Ca 2+ ] i in rat PTE cells and that [Ca 2+ ] i and protein kinases are involved in the hsp70 induction following heat shock.
Peaceful Parties and Puzzling Personalists

Reiter and Stam advance the study of the conflict behavior of authoritarian regimes in two ways. First, they clearly demonstrate the importance of using directed dyad data sets for studying mixed pairs of political regimes. Second, they have refocused our attention on the question of decisional constraints and international conflict. This response examines the dispute patterns of a specific mixed pair of authoritarian regimes, single-party regimes, and personalist dictatorships. We find that single-party regimes are significantly less likely to start militarized disputes against personalist dictatorships than is true of other types of regime dyads. In contrast, personalist regimes are somewhat more likely to initiate militarized disputes against single-party regimes than is the norm for other regime dyads. These findings indicate that the relationships among specific types of authoritarian regimes may be as consequential as the relationships between democracies and authoritarian regimes of any type. They also indicate that we need to examine further the role that institutional constraints play in shaping the conflict behavior of authoritarian regimes.We thank Chris Butler for his comments and Dan Reiter for sharing his data.
The safety and tolerability of low-dose irradiation for the management of gynaecomastia caused by antiandrogen monotherapy.

Summary Gynaecomastia—a benign and often painful enlargement of the male breast—is a common side-effect of some therapies for prostate cancer, including non-steroidal antiandrogen monotherapy. Although gynaecomastia and breast pain are not harmful to the overall health of the patient, they can be serious enough to influence treatment decisions in the management of prostate cancer. Prophylactic low-dose irradiation can be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of both gynaecomastia and breast pain. In addition, irradiation may be effective in treating breast pain due to the development of gynaecomastia. Low-dose electron irradiation confers advantageous tissue dosing, is well tolerated, and has manageable side-effects, the most common of which is reversible skin erythema. Information on long-term safety after irradiation for gynaecomastia is limited at present, but trials are underway. Irradiation is likely to be an effective management option with an acceptable low risk of long-term complications for gynaecomastia associated with hormone therapy for prostate cancer.
Preparing psychologists in academic health centers for the rapidly changing health care environment.

The Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers (APAHC) convened its 5th National APAHC Conference in Boston March 3–5 2011. The conference and its theme, “Preparing Psychologists for a Rapidly Changing Health Care Environment,” brought psychologists from academic health centers together to examine how psychology can adapt to and help lead health care efforts in the face of health care reform. This paper reports on the conference and introduces the special issue of JCPMS that is dedicated to the conference. The conference theme is framed in the historical context of the four national conferences that preceded it. In examining the focus and topics of the preceding conferences, recurrent themes are identified and progress in certain areas is highlighted.
Evaluation and optimization of clustering in gene expression data analysis

Motivation: A measurement of cluster quality is needed to choose potential clusters of genes that contain biologically relevant patterns of gene expression. This is strongly desirable when a large number of gene expression profiles have to be analyzed and proper clusters of genes need to be identified for further analysis, such as the search for meaningful patterns, identification of gene functions or gene response analysis. Results: We propose a new cluster quality method, called stability, by which unsupervised learning of gene expression data can be performed efficiently. The method takes into account a cluster's stability on partition. We evaluate this method and demonstrate its performance using four independent, real gene expression and three simulated datasets. We demonstrate that our method outperforms other techniques listed in the literature. The method has applications in evaluating clustering validity as well as identifying stable clusters. Availability: Please contact the first author.
An X-Band Transformer-Coupled Varactor-Less Quadrature Current-Controlled Oscillator in 0.18 $\mu{\hbox {m}}$ SiGe BiCMOS Technology

This paper presents a transformer-coupled varactor- less quadrature current-controlled oscillator (QCCO) RFIC covering the entire X-Band from 8.7 GHz to 13.8 GHz. The QCCO incorporates a transformer-coupled technique that achieves frequency tuning by varying the bias currents in the primary and secondary windings. Fabricated in a 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology, the prototype QCCO achieves a 45.3% wide tuning range. With two stacked octagonal transformers the QCCO core circuit occupies 0.4 × 0.5 mm2 chip area and draws 8-18 mA current under a 1.8 V power supply. The measured phase noise for 11.02 GHz quadrature outputs is about - 110 dBc/Hz at 10MHz offset. The QCCO achieves a phase noise, power and area efficiency figure-of-merit of -191 dBc/Hz.
Roles of Rad23 protein in yeast nucleotide excision repair

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes many different types of DNA lesions. Most NER proteins are indispensable for repair. In contrast, the yeast Rad23 represents a class of accessory NER proteins, without which NER activity is reduced but not eliminated. In mammals, the complex of HR23B (Rad23 homolog) and XPC (yeast Rad4 homolog) has been suggested to function in the damage recognition step of NER. However, the precise function of Rad23 or HR23B in NER remains unknown. Recently, it was suggested that the primary function of RAD23 protein in NER is its stabilization of XPC protein. Here, we tested the significance of Rad23-mediated Rad4 stabilization in NER, and analyzed the repair and biochemical activities of purified yeast Rad23 protein. Cellular Rad4 was indeed stabilized by Rad23 in the absence of DNA damage. Persistent overexpression of Rad4 in rad23 mutant cells, however, largely failed to complement the ultraviolet sensitivity of the mutant. Consistently, deficient NER in rad23 mutant cell extracts could not be complemented by purified Rad4 protein in vitro. In contrast, partial complementation was observed with purified Rad23 protein. Specific complementation to the level of wild-type repair was achieved by adding purified Rad23 together with small amounts of Rad4 protein to rad23 mutant cell extracts. Purified Rad23 protein was unable to bind to DNA, but stimulated the binding activity of purified Rad4 protein to N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene-damaged DNA. These results support two roles of Rad23 protein in NER: (i) its direct participation in the repair biochemistry, possibly due to its stimulatory activity on Rad4-mediated damage binding/recognition; and (ii) its stabilization of cellular Rad4 protein.
Foods that are perceived as healthy or unhealthy differentially alter young women's state body image.

Body image can be influenced by day-to-day events, including food intake. The present study investigated the effects of foods typically perceived as “healthy” or “unhealthy” on state body image and mood. College-aged women were told the experiment was designed to assess the effects of food on cognition. Using a between-subjects design, participants consumed isocaloric amounts of foods perceived to be healthy (banana) or unhealthy (donut) or ate nothing. Next, participants completed three cognitive tasks. Prior to eating and following the cognitive tests, participants completed the BISS, POMS, the Figure Rating Scale, and the Restraint Scale. Body satisfaction decreased following intake of a donut, but was not altered in the other conditions. Depression scores significantly decreased after intake of either a donut or banana, but did not decrease in the no-food condition. Tension scores decreased significantly after consumption of a banana and in the no-food condition, but did not decrease following consumption of a donut. These results indicate that intake of a food that is perceived as unhealthy negatively affects state body image.
Patients with Immunodeficiency

Patients presenting in an immunocompromised state merit special consideration when being evaluated for fitness to undergo surgery. A variety of immunodeficient conditions and their respective therapies, including human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, and transplantation, exert numerous systemic effects that may lead to multiorgan dysfunction. Understanding the potential impact of these disease manifestations, and their proper evaluation, is essential in achieving optimal perioperative outcomes for these patients.