cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamic design of cooling tower drift eliminators

The characteristics of inertial drift eliminators of wet cooling towers are studied parametrically for their blade shapes, orientation with respect to gravity, solidity ratios, blade sizes, approaching air speed, and drift spectrum. The fundamental behavior of drift eliminators is revealed by nondimensional parameters. A method for the optimum design of an eliminator considering minimum cost versus performance is developed. Thus methodology can be integrated into the optimum design of the whole cooling system. An example is shown for this design approach. Suggestions on the design to improve the drainage of the collected water are given.
The freezing transition of monolayer xenon on single crystal graphite

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of the freezing transition of monolayer xenon on single crystal graphite are reported. The system displays a continuous evolution from an oriented fluid to an incommensurate solid phase. The fluid correlation length reaches at least 2 000 A before the solid phase is entered. The solid peaks are slightly broadened anisotropically such that the crystal simulates a quenched hexatic, presumably because of surface defects or impurities.
Improved response of a fluorescence-based metal ion biosensor using engineered carbonic anhydrase variants

The response time of biosensors which reversibly bind an analyte such as a metal ion is necessarily limited by the kinetics with which the biosensor transducer binds the analyte. In the case of the carbonic anhydrase-based biosensor we have developed the binding kinetics are rather slow, with the wild type human enzyme exhibiting an association rate constant ten thousand-fold slower than diffusion-controlled. By designed and combinatorial means the transducer may be mutagenized to achieve nearly diffusion-controlled association rate constants, with commensurate improvement in response. In addition, a variant of apocarbonic anhydrase has been immobilized on quartz, and is shown to response rapidly to changes in free copper ion in the picomolar range.
A work function-chemisorption study of hydrogen on iron: Kinetics and strain effects

Abstract Work function (surface potential) changes occurring upon adsorption of hydrogen on iron have been measured by the static capacitor method. The effect of applying strain to the iron foil while in equilibrium with the hydrogen ambient has also been determined. The kinetics of dissociative adsorption have been shown to be consistent with control by the surface migration of the adsorbed hydrogen molecule. It has also been shown that straining the iron foil into the plastic region decreases the equilibrium surface concentration of atomic hydrogen, the embrittling species, postulated to occur through the surface migration of atomic hydrogen to strain produced “catalytically active” recombination defect sites on the surface. These results are shown to be consistent with observed crack growth kinetics. The effects of pressure, temperature and material strength on Stage II (slow) crack growth kinetics are easily explained with a kinetic model based upon adsorption/desorption kinetics and the experimentally determined effect of plastic strain.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Seven-Membered Carbocyclic Rings via a Sequential Oxyanionic 5-Exo-Dig Cyclization/Claisen Rearrangement Process. Total Synthesis of (−)-Frondosin B

Appropriately substituted nonracemic allyl alcohols, readily prepared from the corresponding enones by application of the CBS methodology, were converted to optically active cycloheptenone derivatives with almost complete transfer of chirality via an efficient “one-pot”, cycloisomerization/Claisen rearrangement process. This methodology was directly applied to the expedient total synthesis of (−)-frondosin B.
Losses, gains, and brains: Neuroeconomics can help to answer open questions about loss aversion

Abstract Much is understood about loss aversion (the tendency for losses to have greater hedonic impact than comparable gains), but open questions remain. First, there is debate about whether loss aversion is best understood as the byproduct of a single system within the brain that treats losses and gains asymmetrically or the interaction of separate deliberative and emotional systems. Second, some have questioned whether loss aversion alone is the best account for the endowment effect. Alternative accounts, based on the differential focus induced by buying versus selling, the order in which buyers and sellers consider positive and negative aspects of the good, the extent to which ownership induces liking, and the desire to avoid making a bad deal, have been proposed. Third, it is unclear whether losses are actually experienced more intensely than comparable gains, or whether people simply behave as if they were. Some have argued that loss aversion is nothing more than an affective forecasting error, while others have argued that there are many situations in which losses are actually more impactful than comparable gains. This review synthesizes the insights that behavioral researchers and neuroeconomists have contributed to each debate, and highlights potential avenues for future research.
Diálogos sobre lo informe: Trayectoria de Bataille a Poeta en Nueva York

Este trabajo investiga las variaciones del surrealismo espanol tomando como modelo de anclaje la contingencia intelectual del pensador frances Georges Bataille, y asi ofrece una nueva lectura del poemario lorquiano Poeta en Nueva York. Los conceptos batailleanos de lo informe y el materialismo bajo subrayan una estetica surrealista disidente que considera la angustia del sujeto poetico y los viles instintos de la realidad. En la obra de Lorca la representacion del ente fragmentado y decaido demuestra una preocupacion surrealista humanizada que rompe con las postulaciones del automatismo del pensador “oficial” del surrealismo, Andre Breton.
MEMORY ORGANIZATION AS THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN CASE-BASED REASONING AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL IN BIOMEDICINE

Memoire proposes a general framework for reasoning from cases in biology and medicine. Part of this project is to propose a memory organization capable of handling large cases and case bases as occur in biomedical domains. This article presents the essential principles for an efficient memory organization based on pertinent work in information retrieval (IR). IR systems have been able to scale up to terabytes of data taking advantage of large databases research to build Internet search engines. They search for pertinent documents to answer a query using term-based ranking and/or global ranking schemes. Similarly, case-based reasoning (CBR) systems search for pertinent cases using a scoring function for ranking the cases. Memoire proposes a memory organization based on inverted indexes which may be powered by databases to search and rank efficiently through large case bases. It can be seen as a first step toward large-scale CBR systems, and in addition provides a framework for tight cooperation between CBR and IR.
Total synthesis of symmetric bile pigments: Mesobilirubin-IVα, mesobilirubin-XIIIα and etiobilirubin-IVγ

The unnatural bile pigments mesobilirubin-IVα, mesobilirubin-XIIIα and etiobilirubin-IVγ were synthesized following self-coupling of the pyrromethenones ψ-xanthobilirubic acid methyl ester, xanthobilirubic acid methyl ester and kryptopyrromethenone, respectively.
Panel of markers can accurately predict endometriosis in a subset of patients

Objective To evaluate whether a combination of putative markers of inflammation and CA-125 could serve as a multiple-marker screening test for endometriosis in a heterogeneous population of patients. Design Case–control evaluation of a diagnostic test. Setting University medical center. Patient(s) Consenting women of reproductive age undergoing laparoscopy for indications of pain, infertility, elective tubal ligation, tubal reanastomosis, or other benign indications. Intervention(s) Diagnostic laparoscopy and peripheral venipuncture. Main Outcome Measure(s) Serum concentrations of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, interferon-γ, leptin, and CA-125 measured by using ELISA assays; surgical staging of endometriosis. Result(s) Concentrations of the seven markers were compared between the 63 women with surgically confirmed stage II–IV endometriosis and 78 women who were surgically confirmed to be free of endometriosis. The individual diagnostic performance of each of the markers, based on receiver operating characteristic curves, was poor. When combinations of markers were evaluated by using classification tree analysis, a three-marker panel of CA-125, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, and leptin could diagnose 51% of subjects as to the presence of endometriosis with 89% accuracy. A four-marker panel of CA-125, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, leptin, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor could diagnose 48% of subjects with 93% accuracy. The remaining subjects would have no definitive diagnosis on the basis of the algorithm and would need to undergo standard evaluation. Conclusion(s) This large study evaluates the combined use of putative serum markers for the diagnosis of endometriosis, rather than the use of each singly. Using the serum concentration of four markers in a two-tiered decision rule, nearly half of the subjects in this population would have been diagnosed (and could have avoided surgery) with 93% accuracy.
Temporal Interaction of Information and Belief

The temporal updating of an agent’s beliefs in response to a flow of information is modeled in a simple modal logic that, for every date t, contains a normal belief operator Bt and a non-normal information operator It which is analogous to the ‘only knowing’ operator discussed in the computer science literature. Soundness and completeness of the logic are proved and the relationship between the proposed logic, the AGM theory of belief revision and the notion of plausibility is discussed.
Atomic oxygen in the Martian thermosphere

Modern models of thermospheric composition and temperature and of excitation and radiative transfer processes are used to simulate the O I 130-nm emission from Mars measured by the Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer. This paper uses the Mars thermospheric general circulation model calculations (MTGCM) of Bougher et al. (1988) and the Monte Carlo partial frequency redistribution multiple scattering code of Meier and Lee (1982). It is found that the decline in atomic oxygen through the daylight hours predicted by the MTGCM cannot be reconciled with the excess afternoon brightness seen in the data. Oxygen concentrations inferred from the data show a positive gradient through the day, in agreement with the original analysis by Strickland et al. (1973). In addition, the data suggest that the oxygen abundance increases toward high southerly latitudes, in contrast with the MTGCM prediction of high values in the Northern Hemisphere. It appears that solar forcing alone cannot account for the observed characteristics of the Martian thermosphere and that wave and tidal effects may profoundly affect the structure, winds, and composition.
The Mechanosensitive Channel of Small Conductance (MscS) Superfamily: Not Just Mechanosensitive Channels Anymore

A family of many talents: The mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) superfamily of ion channels is composed of 15 unique subfamilies. Many of these subfamilies are predicted to be nonmechanosensitive and to have evolved to play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction.
The energy density of ``wound" fields in a toroidal universe

The observational limits on the present energy density of the Universe allow for a component that redshifts like 1/a2 and can contribute significantly to the total. We show that a possible origin for such a contribution is that the universe has a toroidal topology with ``wound" scalar fields around its cycles.
John Nash's Contribution to Economics

It is commonly argues that reducing the number of hours worked by the employed would lead to lower unemployment, since firms will respond by hiring more workers. This paper examines the relationship between hours worked and unemployment, in the context of an efficiency wage model where involuntary unemployment occurs owing to imperfect monitoring of worker effort. The first part of the paper presents a partial equilibrium model where the number of hours worked per week is determined exogenously. The model makes standard assumptions about effort costs (i.e., increasing marginal disutility of work), and also allows for the presence of daily 'set-up costs' for the worker. It is shown that under these assumptions the equilibrium level of unemployment, viewed as a function of hours worked, is 'U-shaped' (or simply increasing, if the set-up costs are zero). The paper then moves to a general equilibrium framework where hours are determined endogenously; it is shown that in this case the free market choice of hours is always greater than the unemployment-minimizing level, so that 'work-sharing' could indeed lower unemployment. However the paper also presents a powerful and surprising welfare result: conditional on being unemployed, a representative worker is always best off under the free market outcome. Nonetheless, starting from the free market equilibrium there is always an hours-reduction policy which reduces unemployment and increases the expected utility of a currently unemployed worker. The currently employed are always made worse off by such a policy.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Postbuckling and large-deflection nonlinear analyses on distributed-memory computers

Abstract A computational strategy is presented for postbuckling and nonlinear static analyses of large complex structures on distributed-memory parallel computers. The strategy is designed for message-passing parallel computer systems. The key elements of the proposed strategy are: (a) a multiple-parameter reduced basis technique, (b) a nested dissection (or multilevel substructuring) ordering scheme, (c) parallel assembly of global matrices, and (d) a parallel sparse equation solver. The effectiveness of the strategy is assessed by performing thermomechanical postbuckling analyses of stiffened composite panels with cutouts, and nonlinear large-deflection analyses of High Speed Civil Transport models on three distributed-memory computers. The numerical studies presented demonstrate the advantages of nested dissection-based solvers over traditional skyline-based solvers on distributed-memory machines.
The H I opacity of the intergalactic medium at redshifts 1.6 < z < 3.2

We use high-quality echelle spectra of 24 quasi-stellar objects to provide a calibrated measurement of the total amount of Lyα forest absorption (DA) over the redshift range 2.2 < z < 3.2. Our measurement of DA excludes absorption from metal lines or the Lya lines of Lyman-limit systems and damped Lya systems. We use artificial spectra with realistic flux calibration errors to show that we are able to place continuum levels that are accurate to better than 1 per cent. When we combine our results with our previous results between 1.6 < z < 2.2, we find that the redshift evolution of DA is well described over 1.6 < z < 3.2 as A (1 +z) γ , where A = 0.0062 and y = 2.75. We detect no significant deviations from a smooth power-law evolution over the redshift range studied. We find less HI absorption than expected at z = 3, implying that the ultraviolet background is ∼40 per cent higher than expected. Our data appears to be consistent with an H I ionization rate of r ∼ 1.4 × 10 -12 s -1 .
In Praise of Frank Ramsey's Contribution to the Theory of Taxation

Frank Ramsey's classic paper "A contribution to the theory of taxation" gave rise to the modern theory of optimal taxation. This paper traces the literature that grew out of Ramsey's 1927 paper and assesses which of its key insights has proven robust. Though the path breaking work of Peter Diamond and James Mirrlees showed that Ramsey's results could be generalized in some important ways, other work showed that the domain of applicability of Ramsey's original insights may be more limited: changes in assumptions about the set of feasible taxes (not allowing certain taxes, or allowing a progressive income tax or non-linear commodity taxes), and in particular about the taxation of pure rents, incorporating more explicitly distributional considerations, and/or recognizing the important ways in which our economy differs from the competitive model underlying Ramsey's analysis all change the optimal structure of commodity taxation in important ways.
Isolated L4-L5 fusions using the variable screw placement system: unilateral versus bilateral.

SummaryThirty-six patients were retrospectively followed an average of 25.1 months to evaluate the relative effectiveness of unilateral (16 patients) versus bilateral (20 patients) variable screw placement (VSP) instrumentation in isolated L4-L5 fusions. Demographic variables and preoperative diagno
Conformal static field therapy for low volume low grade prostate cancer with rigid immobilization

The ability to improve existing standards of treating prostate cancer was investigated. To deliver a homogenous dose to the prostate with as little normal tissue margin as practical, seven patients with low volume carcinoma of the prostate were immobilized with alpha cradle body casts prior to using a CT-based 3D treatment planning system and beam's eye view (BEV) template. All patients had clinical Stage B-1 prostate cancer of favorable histologic differentiation (Gleason Score 2-5). A four field box technique was used, each beam having a single customized cerrobend block cut-out conforming to the exact contour of the prostate. To assess the accuracy of this process, daily port films were taken for 5 consecutive days and compared to a matched control group who were treated in a similar fashion, but were not casted. Dose volume histograms illustrate an average of 14% of bladder dose and 14% of rectal dose that can be eliminated using this technique when compared to field sizes and block placement in our previous technique. Daily setup variation was markedly improved using the cast, with a median daily variation of 1 mm as compared to 3 mm without the cast. The average range of movement for each of the seven casted patients was 3.3 mm as compared to 8 mm for the seven uncasted patients. Immobilization eliminated the worst 10% of all daily positioning errors. Using CT treatment planning with the patient casted and BEV allows for precise block placement with the prostate gland in its proper orientation during daily treatment. With improved immobilization and precise localization of the prostate gland, margins around the target can be made significantly smaller, and this may translate into a decrease in acute and/or late complications.
Random Multi-Overlap Structures and Cavity Fields in Diluted Spin Glasses

We introduce the concept of Random Multi-Overlap Structure (RaMOSt) as a generalization of the one introduced by Aizenman, Sims and Starr for non-diluted spin glasses. We use such concept to find generalized bounds for the free energy of the Viana-Bray model of diluted spin glasses and to formulate and prove the Extended Variational Principle that implicitly provides the free energy of the model. Then we exhibit a theorem for the limiting RaMOSt, analogous to the one found by F. Guerra for the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model, that describes some stability properties of the model. Last, we show how our technique can be used to prove the existence of thermodynamic limit of the free energy. The present work paves the way to a revisited Parisi theory for diluted spin systems.
Heavy-traffic limits for nearly deterministic queues

We establish heavy-traffic limits for nearly deterministic queues, such as the G/D/n many-server queue. Since waiting times before starting service in the G/D/n queue are equivalent to waiting times in an associated Gn/D/1 model, where the Gn interarrival times are the sum of n consecutive interarrival times in the original model, we focus on the Gn/D/1 model and the generalization to Gn/Gn/1, where `cyclic thinning' is applied to both the arrival and service processes. We establish different limits in two cases: (i) when (1 - ρn)√n → β as n → ∞ and (ii) when (1 - ρn)n → β as n → ∞, where ρn is the traffic intensity in model n. The nearly deterministic feature leads to interesting nonstandard scaling.
Hyperbolic Geometry and Homotopic Homeomorphisms of Surfaces

The Epstein–Baer theory of curve isotopies is basic to the remarkable theorem that homotopic homeomorphisms of surfaces are isotopic. The groundbreaking work of R. Baer was carried out on closed, orientable surfaces and extended by D. B. A. Epstein to arbitrary surfaces, compact or not, with or without boundary and orientable or not. We give a new method of deducing the theorem about homotopic homeomorphisms from the results about homotopic curves via the hyperbolic geometry of surfaces. This works on all but 13 surfaces where ad hoc proofs are needed.
Experimental Stress Analysis of a Thin Walled Pressurized Torus Loaded by Contact with a Plane.

It is pointed out that pneumatic tires have a large effect on the overall landing characteristics of an aircraft. The dynamic response upon landing and steering are crucial to the safety of the vehicle and the occupants. The present investigation has the objective to compare experimentally determined strains on an inner tube in contact with a flat plate with numerical values obtained on the basis of a finite element prediction, taking into account an employment of the Structural Analysis of General Shells (STAGS). The obtained results suggest that the clamped boundary condition utilized in the STAGS calculation is not exactly simulated by the employed test setup.
The spectra program library: A PC based system for gamma-ray spectra analysis and INAA data reduction

A PC based system has been developed for the analysis of gamma-ray spectra and for the complete reduction of data from INAA experiments, including software to average the results from multiple lines and multiple countings and to produce a final report of analysis. Graphics algorithms may be called for the analysis of complex spectral features, to compare the data from alternate photopeaks and to evaluate detector performance during a given counting cycle. A database of results for control samples can be used to prepare quality control charts to evaluate long term precision and to search for systematic variations in data on reference samples as a function of time. The entire software library can be accessed through a user-friendly menu interface with internal help.
Low-pass filters and representations of the Baumslag Solitar group

We analyze representations of the Baumslag Solitar group BS(1, N) = (u,t|utu -1 = t N ) that admit wavelets and show how such representations can be constructed from a given low-pass filter. We describe the direct integral decomposition for some examples and derive from it a general criterion for the existence of solutions for scaling equations. As another application, we construct a Fourier transform for some Hausdorff measures.
ATPG for heat dissipation minimization during test application

A automatic test pattern generator (ATPG) algorithm is proposed that reduces switching activity (between successive test vectors) during test application. The main objective is to permit safe and inexpensive testing of low power circuits and bare die that might otherwise require expensive heat removal equipment for testing at high speeds, Three new cost functions, namely transition controllability, observability, and test generation costs, have been defined. It has been shown, for a fanout free circuit under test, that the transition test generation cost for a fault is the minimum number of transitions required to test a given stuck-at fault. The proposed algorithm has been implemented and the generated tests are compared with those generated by a standard PODEM implementation for the larger ISCAS85 benchmark circuits. The results clearly demonstrate that the tests generated using the proposed ATPG can decrease the average number of (weighted) transitions between successive test vectors by a factor of 2 to 23.
On the large-distance asymptotics of steady state solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations in 3D exterior domains

Abstract We identify the leading term describing the behavior at large distances of the steady state solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations in 3D exterior domains with vanishing velocity at the spatial infinity.
The Intergenerational Transmission of “Intelligence”: Down the Slippery Slopes of The Bell Curve

Herrnstein and Murray report that conditional on maternal “intelligence” (AFQT scores), child test scores are little affected by variations in socioeconomic status. Using the same data, we demonstrate that their finding is very fragile. We explore the effect of adopting a more representative sample of children, including blacks and Latinos, allowing nonlinearities in the relationships, and incorporating richer measures of socioeconomic status. Making any one of these changes overturns their finding: Socioeconomic status and child test scores are positively ad significantly related. Evidence is presented suggesting AFQT scores are likely better markers for family background than “intelligence.”
Testing Lipschitz Functions on Hypergrid Domains

A function $$f(x_1, \ldots , x_d)$$f(x1,?,xd), where each input is an integer from 1 to $$n$$n and output is a real number, is Lipschitz if changing one of the inputs by 1 changes the output by at most 1. In other words, Lipschitz functions are not very sensitive to small changes in the input. Our main result is an efficient tester for the Lipschitz property of functions $$f: [n]^d \rightarrow \delta {\mathbb {Z}}$$f:[n]d??Z, where $$\delta \in (0,1]$$??(0,1] and $$\delta {\mathbb {Z}}$$?Z is the set of integer multiples of $$\delta $$?. A property tester is given an oracle access to a function $$f$$f and a proximity parameter $$\epsilon $$∈, and it has to distinguish, with high probability, functions that have the property from functions that differ on at least an $$\epsilon $$∈ fraction of values from every function with the property. The Lipschitz property was first studied by Jha and Raskhodnikova (FOCS'11) who motivated it by applications to data privacy and program verification. They presented efficient testers for the Lipschitz property of functions on the domains $$\{0,1\}^d$${0,1}d and $$[n]$$[n]. Our tester for functions on the more general domain $$[n]^d$$[n]d runs in time $$O(d^{1.5} n\log n)$$O(d1.5nlogn) for constant $$\epsilon $$∈ and $$\delta $$?. The main tool in the analysis of our tester is a smoothing procedure that makes a function Lipschitz by modifying it at a few points. Its analysis is already nontrivial for the 1-dimensional version, which we call Bubble Smooth, in analogy to Bubble Sort. In one step, Bubble Smooth modifies two values that violate the Lipschitz property, namely, differ by more than 1, by transferring $$\delta $$? units from the larger to the smaller. We define a transfer graph to keep track of the transfers, and use it to show that the $$\ell _1$$l1 distance between $$f$$f and BubbleSmooth$$(f)$$(f) is at most twice the $$\ell _1$$l1 distance from $$f$$f to the nearest Lipschitz function. Bubble Smooth has several other important properties that allow us to obtain a dimension reduction, i.e., a reduction from testing functions on multidimensional domains to testing functions on one-dimensional domains. Our dimension reduction incurs only a small multiplicative overhead in the running time and thus avoids the exponential dependence on the dimension.
Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker XRS Data

Article history: We present a new calibration of the elemental-abundance data for Asteroid 433 Eros taken by the X-ray spectrometer (XRS) aboard the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft. (NEAR is an acronym for "Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous.") Quantification of the asteroid surface elemental abundance ratios depends critically on accurate knowledge of the incident solar X-ray spectrum, which was monitored simultaneously with asteroid observations. Previously published results suffered from incompletely characterized systematic uncertainties due to an imperfect ground calibration of the NEAR gas solar monitor. The solar monitor response function and associated uncertainties have now been characterized by cross-calibration of a large sample of NEAR solar monitor flight data against contemporary broadband solar X-ray data from the Earth-orbiting GOES-8 (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite). The results have been used to analyze XRS spectra acquired from Eros during eight major solar flares (including three that have not previously been reported). The end product of this analysis is a revised set of Eros surface elemental abundance ratios with new error estimates that more accurately reflect the remaining uncertainties in the solar flare spectra: Mg/Si = 0.753 + 0.078/−0.055, Al/Si = 0.069 ± 0.055, S/Si = 0.005± 0.008, Ca/Si = 0.060 + 0.023/−0.024, and Fe/Si = 1.678 + 0.338/−0.320. These revised abundance ratios are consistent within cited uncertainties with the results of Nittler et al. (Nittler, L.R., and 14 colleagues, 2001. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36, 1673-1695) and thus support the prior conclusions that 433 Eros has a major-element composition similar to ordinary chondrites with the exception of a strong depletion in sulfur, most likely caused by space weathering.
Dwarf Galaxies, MOND, and Relativistic Gravitation

MOND is a phenomenological modification of Newton's law of gravitation which reproduces the dynamics of galaxies, without the need for additional dark matter. This paper reviews the basics of MOND and its application to dwarf galaxies. MOND is generally successful at reproducing stellar velocity dispersions in the Milky Way's classical dwarf ellipticals, for reasonable values of the stellar mass-to-light ratio of the galaxies; two discrepantly high mass-to-light ratios may be explained by tidal effects. Recent observations also show MOND describes tidal dwarf galaxies, which form in complex dynamical environments. The application of MOND to galaxy clusters, where it fails to reproduce observed gas temperatures, is also reviewed. Relativistic theories containing MOND in the non-relativistic limit have now been formulated; they all contain new dynamical fields, which may serve as additional sources of gravitation that could reconcile cluster observations with MOND. Certain limits of these theories can also give the accelerating expansion of the Universe. The standard dark matter cosmology boasts numerous manifest triumphs; however, alternatives should also be pursued as long as outstanding observational issues remain unresolved, including the empirical successes of MOND on galaxy scales and the phenomenology of dark energy.
A model of dynamic separation for transactional memory

Dynamic separation is a new programming discipline for systems with transactional memory. We study it formally in the setting of a small calculus with transactions. We provide a precise formulation of dynamic separation and compare it with other programming disciplines. Furthermore, exploiting dynamic separation, we investigate some possible implementations of the calculus and we establish their correctness.
Research drill hole at the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

Abstract An exploration hole has been drilled to a depth of 1262 m beneath the summit of Kilauea Volcano on the Island of Hawaii in order to obtain information about the potential for the occurrence of geothermal energy in a basalt environment. The hole was started at an elevation of 1102 m, and bottomed at an elevation of −160 m. Short intervals were cored, but the principal information obtained from the hole was in the form of physical measurements. The temperature profile through the hole was complicated, showing several reversals, and reached a maximum value of 137°C at the bottom. Geophysical logs indicate that rocks are fully water saturated to an elevation of about 500 m above sea level, and that the water in the rock has a salinity about equal to or slightly greater than that of sea water. This result supports the pre-drilling hypothesis that there should be a convection cell formed of warm saline water above a shallow magma chamber at Kilauea Volcano.
A model for spray detonations

Abstract In some cases of spray detonations, blast waves originating from the droplets have been observed. These blast waves eventually catch up with the main front thus providing a means of energy transfer to the front and therefore maintaining a steadily propagating wave. The ignition condition necessary for continued propagation is determined on the basis of the following model. The medium is assumed to be a gaseous oxidizer with monodisperse fuel spray having an average spacing to droplet diameter ratio. At sometime, tig, after the passage of the front, the droplet is ignited and a blast wave is initiated. The energy deposition law for the blast wave is assumed to follow E = Wtβ where E is the heat release from the drop, W = constant, β ⩾ 0 and t is the time after the onset of droplet ignition. The blast wave strength at the time of interaction with the front must be of a magnitude sufficient to accelerate the front by an amount equivalent to its deceleration as it moves through the drop spacing. This condition imposes a limit on tig which has been determined. It is found that the ratio of the ignition delay to the droplet breakup time t ig t b depends on a heat release parameter which depends on the stoichiometry, the detonation Mach number, the density ratio ϱ t ϱ 1 of liquid to gas, the location of the front and β which determines the energy-time profile. For a fuel-oxidizer combination with known t ig t b the model implies a detonation radius beyond which a detonation is expected to remain steady. This in turn implies a critical radius and therefore a minimum energy for detonation initiation. The model is applied to a kerosene-air mixture and found to imply that t ig t b = 1.3 which is considered a reasonable value.
Optical Line Emission in Brightest Cluster Galaxies at 0 < z < 0.6: Evidence for a Lack of Strong Cool Cores 3.5 Gyr Ago?

In recent years the number of known galaxy clusters beyond z 0.2 has increased drastically with the release of multiple catalogs containing >30,000 optically detected galaxy clusters over the range 0 0.3, hinting at an earlier epoch of strong cooling. We compare the evolution of emission-line nebulae to the X-ray-derived cool core (CC) fraction from the literature over the same redshift range and find overall agreement, with the exception that an upturn in the strong CC fraction is not observed at z > 0.3. The overall agreement between the evolution of CCs and optical line emission at low redshift suggests that emission-line surveys of galaxy clusters may provide an efficient method of indirectly probing the evolution of CCs and thus provide insights into the balance of heating and cooling processes at early cosmic times.
Synthesis Of Pentacoordinate Silicon Complexes From Sio2

THE potential role of inorganic and organometallic silicon compounds in the development of new chemical reagents, polymers, glasses and ceramics1 is limited at present by the paucity of simple silicon-containing starting materials. Whereas industrial carbon-based chemistry can draw on the diversity of compounds produced from crude oil, coal or other natural sources, silicon chemistry2 relies almost exclusively on the carbothermal reduction of SiO2 to silicon. This is then transformed into feedstock chemicals by reaction with HCl, or by routes such as the 'direct process' for making methylchlorosilanes2, in which silicon is reacted with methyl chloride at 200–350°C over a copper/tin catalyst. Organosilicon compounds are in demand in fields ranging from organic synthesis to ceramics to the electronics industry. New synthetic routes to these materials are therefore highly desirable, especially if they rely on low-cost SiO2 and on rocessing methods that avoid the energy-intensive and equipment-intensive carbothermal reduction step which currently precedes almost all silicon chemistry. Here we describe a direct process in which SiO2 is reacted with ethylene glycol and an alkali base to produce highly reactive, pentacoordinate silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds.
A note on circle patterns on surfaces

In this paper we give two different proofs of Bobenko and Springborn’s theorem of circle pattern: there exists a hyperbolic (or Euclidean) circle pattern with proscribed intersection angles and cone angles on a cellular decomposed surface up to isometry (or similarity).
Surface chemistry at the liquid/solid interface

In this Prospective, a critical overview is provided on the status and future of the analytical techniques available for the study of chemistry at liquid/solid interfaces. A number of spectroscopies already available are identified, including infrared absorption, surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) and sum frequency generation (SFG) to obtain vibrational information, and second harmonic generation (SHG) and X-ray absorption (XAS) to provide electronic details of surfaces and adsorbates. X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction techniques are also used for structural characterization, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to follow adsorption uptakes and kinetics. Finally, optical and scanning microscopies add a spatial dimension to these studies. Overall, a number of surface-sensitive techniques do already exist to address chemical issues at liquid/solid interfaces, but those are still limited, and have perhaps not been exploited to their fullest yet. There is also a need for more cross collaboration among different research communities, and for new and clever developments to augment the toolbox of liquid/solid interface characterization.
Measurement Models Matter: Implicit Assumptions and Cross-national Research

The availability of cross-national survey data has grown exponentially in recent years. While much attention has been paid to increasing the comparability of indicators across countries, less has been done to increase the comparability of measurement models. This article examines the implicit assumptions of four different approaches to measurement modeling—summative scales, pooled exploratory factor analysis, multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis, and locally-conditioned factor analysis, and explores whether substantive conclusions in cross-national work can vary depending on the choice of measurement model. We find that results can vary by method and suggest that (i) the measurement modeling process itself be a critical part of cross-national research, and (ii) analysts be prepared to fully explain and defend measurement modeling decisions. A thorough understanding of the implicit assumptions of measurement modeling is required to avoid drawing conclusions that are little more than arbitrary.
THE EFFECT OF A TIME-VARYING ACCRETION DISK SIZE ON QUASAR MICROLENSING LIGHT CURVES

Microlensing perturbations to the magnification of gravitationally lensed quasar images are dependent on the angular size of the quasar. If quasar variability at visible wavelengths is caused by a change in the area of the accretion disk, it will affect the microlensing magnification. We derive the expected signal, assuming that the luminosity scales with some power of the disk area, and estimate its amplitude using simulations. We discuss the prospects for detecting the effect in real-world data and for using it to estimate the logarithmic slope of the luminosity's dependence on disk area. Such an estimate would provide a direct test of the standard thin accretion disk model. We tried fitting six seasons of the light curves of the lensed quasar HE 0435-1223 including this effect as a modification to the Kochanek et al. approach to estimating time delays. We find a dramatic improvement in the goodness of fit and relatively plausible parameters, but a robust estimate will require a full numerical calculation in order to correctly model the strong correlations between the structure of the microlensing magnification patterns and the magnitude of the effect. We also comment briefly on the effect of this phenomenon for the stability of time-delaymore » estimates.« less
Competitive business advantages in the era of Unified SuperConvergence

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine opportunities for businesses to derive competitive advantages from broadband wireless products and services in the coming era of Unified SuperConvergence.Design/methodology/approach – Unified SuperConvergence is defined as a term of art that extends the concept of digital convergence in several ways that are discussed in the paper. Six major technology domains are identified as being highly important elements of this future era, and recent works are referenced to establish technology benchmarks for each domain. Examples of technologies and discussion of their potential usage in business operations are provided.Findings – Implications of future wireless products and services are discussed from the perspectives of generic business operations as well as for three representative vertical industry segments. The main conclusion to be derived from the discussion in this paper is that the necessary interdependent and underlying enabling technologies and standards ...
Atmospheric circulation of hot Jupiters: Coupled radiative-dynamical general circulation model simulations of HD 189733b and HD 209458b

We present global, three-dimensional numerical simulations of HD 189733b and HD 209458b that couple the atmospheric dynamics to a realistic representation of nongray cloud-free radiative transfer. The model, which we call the Substellar and Planetary Atmospheric Radiation and Circulation model, adopts the MITgcm for the dynamics and uses the radiative model of McKay, Marley, Fortney, and collaborators for the radiation. Like earlier work with simplified forcing, our simulations develop a broad eastward equatorial jet, mean westward flow at higher latitudes, and substantial flow over the poles at low pressure. For HD 189733b, our simulations without TiO and VO opacity can explain the broad features of the observed 8 and 24 ?m light curves, including the modest day-night flux variation and the fact that the planet/star flux ratio peaks before the secondary eclipse. Our simulations also provide reasonable matches to the Spitzer secondary-eclipse depths at 4.5, 5.8, 8, 16, and 24 ?m and the ground-based upper limit at 2.2 ?m. However, we substantially underpredict the 3.6 ?m secondary-eclipse depth, suggesting that our simulations are too cold in the 0.1-1 bar region. Predicted temporal variability in secondary-eclipse depths is ~1% at Spitzer bandpasses, consistent with recent observational upper limits at 8 ?m. We also show that nonsynchronous rotation can significantly alter the jet structure. For HD 209458b, we include TiO and VO opacity; these simulations develop a hot (>2000 K) dayside stratosphere whose horizontal dimensions are small at depth but widen with altitude. Despite this stratosphere, we do not reproduce current Spitzer photometry of this planet. Light curves in Spitzer bandpasses show modest phase variation and satisfy the observational upper limit on day-night phase variation at 8 ?m.
An expedient synthesis of 3-substituted indoles via reductive alkylation with ketones

3-Alkylindoles were prepared in one step from indoles and ketones via a convenient reductive alkylation procedure using triethylsilane and trichloroacetic acid. Under this particular condition, unsubstituted indoles could be tolerated to afford good yields of 3-sec-alkylation products.
1,2-Addition of dimethyl(phenyl)silyllithium to cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones and regiospecific generation of cyclic silyl enol ethers through brook rearrangement of the 1,2-addition products

Abstract A highly convenient two-step sequence for the regiospecific synthesis of cyclic silyl enol ethers has been developed involving the 1,2-addition of dimethyl(phenyl)silyllithium to cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones followed by the treatment of the resulting silyl carbinols with a catalytic amount of NaH in THF at 25 °C.
Corporate governance, compensation consultants, and CEO pay levels

This study investigates the relation between corporate governance and CEO pay levels and the extent to which the higher pay found in firms using compensation consultants is related to governance differences. Using proxy statement disclosures from 2,110 companies, we find that CEO pay is higher in firms with weaker governance and that firms with weaker governance are more likely to use compensation consultants. CEO pay remains higher in clients of consulting firms even after controlling for economic determinants of compensation. However, when consultant users and non-users are matched on both economic and governance characteristics, differences in pay levels are not statistically significant, indicating that governance differences explain much of the higher pay in clients of compensation consultants. We find no support for claims that CEO pay is higher in potentially “conflicted” consultants that also offer additional non-compensation-related services.
Conducting Polymer-Based Multifunctional Materials

Conducting polymers are employable as low-voltage actuators, sensors, energy storage and delivery components, structural elements, computational circuitry, memory, and electronic components, making them a versatile choice for creating integrated, multifunctional materials and devices. Here we show one such conducting polymer-based, multifunctional system, derived from the versatility of the conducting polymer polypyrrole. Three functions of polypyrrole (actuation, length sensation, and energy storage) have been individually evaluated and cooperatively combined in the synthesis of a multifunctional, polymeric system that actuates, senses strain deformation, and stores energy. The system operates whereby the strain of a polypyrrole actuator is measured by a polypyrrole length sensor, whilst being powered by an array of polypyrrole supercapacitors. Independently, polypyrrole actuators were evaluated at 250 discrete frequencies ranging from 0.01 to 10 Hz using fixed, ±1 V sinusoidal excitation. Polypyrrole length sensors were evaluated using a thin-film dynamic mechanical analyzer for the same range of frequencies with a 2% sinusoidal input strain. Polypyrrole supercapacitors were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (−1.0 V to +1.0 V; 12.5 to 100 mV/sec) and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling (0.5 to 2 mA/mg). As an actuator, polypyrrole samples showed measureable actuation strain between 0.001% and 1.6% for the frequency range tested, with amplitude versus frequency decay behavior similar to a first-order low-pass filter. As a length sensor, polypyrrole samples showed linearelastic behavior up to 3% strain and gauge factors near 4. As a symmetric supercapacitor, polypyrrole had capacitance values higher than 20 kF/kg, energy densities near 20 kJ/kg, and power densities near 2 kW/kg. The evaluation of each component, independently, justified creating a cooperative system composed of these three components operating simultaneously. Polypyrrole supercapacitors provided ample power to excite polypyrrole actuators. Polypyrrole length sensors attached in series to polypyrrole actuators were capable of measuring strain from coupled polypyrrole actuators. Performance metrics and future possibilities regarding conducting polymer-based multifunctional materials are discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME