cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profiles of temporal thaw depths beneath two arctic stream types using ground‐penetrating radar

Thaw depths beneath arctic streams may have significant impact on the seasonal development of hyporheic zone hydraulics. To investigate thaw progression over the 2004 summer season we acquired a series of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles at five sites from May–September, using 100, 200 and 400 MHz antennas. We selected sites with the objective of including stream reaches that span a range of geomorphologic conditions on Alaska's North Slope. Thaw depths interpreted from GPR data were constrained by both recorded subsurface temperature profiles and by pressing a metal probe through the active layer to the point of refusal. We found that low-energy stream environments react much more slowly to seasonal solar input and maintain thaw thicknesses longer throughout the late season whereas thaw depths increase rapidly within high-energy streams at the beginning of the season and decrease over the late season period. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beneficial actions of nitrates in cardiovascular disease

Abstract Nitroglycerin and the long-acting nitrates have been used in cardiovascular medicine for > 100 years. Nitrates are widely utilized for the various anginal syndromes and are also used in congestive heart failure and patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The potential mechanisms for relief of myocardial ischemia with nitrates are multiple. The nitrovasodilators are a related group of drugs that result in the formation of nitric oxide (NO) within vascular smooth muscle cells. NO stimulates the enzyme guanylate cyclase, which results in increases in cyclic guanosine monophosphate and vasodilation. In the presence of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction is ubiquitous and associated with decreased NO availability, probably due to increased destruction of NO by free radical anions. Nitrovasodilators, including the nitrates, supply exogenous NO to the vascular wall and improve the vasodilator state. When nitrates are administered, endothelial-dependent stimuli cause relaxation rather than constriction in the setting of endothelial dysfunction. Nitrates also have antiplatelet effects, and recent evidence confirms that these drugs decrease platelet aggregation and thrombosis formation. This may play an important role in the therapy of acute unstable myocardial ischemia, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Nitrate hemodynamic effects have been long known. They are primarily modulated through a decrease in myocardial work that results from smaller cardiac chambers operating with lower systolic and diastolic pressures. These changes are caused by a redistribution of the circulating blood volume away from the heart to the venous capacitance system, with a fall in venous return to the heart. The afterload or arterial effects of nitrates are also useful in decreasing myocardial oxygen consumption. Considerable evidence confirms a variety of mechanisms whereby nitrates increase coronary blood flow, including epicardial coronary artery dilation, stenosis enlargement, enhanced collateral size and flow, improvement of endothelial dysfunction, and prevention or reversal of coronary artery vasoconstriction. These effects help increase nutrient coronary blood flow to zones of myocardial ischemia. Recent data with the nitroglycerin patch confirm that myocardial ischemia is decreased after nitrate administration. Nitroprusside, another nitrovasodilator, is a commonly used intravenous agent for lowering arterial pressure and left ventricular filling pressure. This drug is highly effective for the treatment of acute or severe hypertension and congestive heart failure. However, there are data suggesting that nitroprusside may be deleterious in the presence of acute myocardial ischemia, perhaps by shunting blood away from zones of jeopardized myocardial blood flow. Therefore, nitroprusside cannot be recommended to treat myocardial ischemia; intravenous nitroglycerin should be used in this context.
African Education in the Age of Student Revolt

There has been a decline in the quality of university education in the African countries as a result of swelling enrolments and shrinking budgetary allocations. The decline is further compounded by disrupted learning processes due to frequent closures of educational institutions following student protest activity against the decline and in pursuit of more open and democratic forms of government in the African countries.
Self-monitoring, shyness, and sociability

The Lennox-Wolfe Self-monitoring scale is examined for its capacity to predict "shrewd and pragmatic" styles of behavior in 95 subjects tested prior to entering college. The scale is shown to correlate with a measure of shyness (negatively) and sociability (positively) in theoretically consistent directions. Results partially validate the self-monitoring scale.
Prediction of HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistance using a protein-inhibitor flexible docking approach.

Emergence of drug resistance remains one of the most challenging issues in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Here we focus on resistance to HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) at a molecular level, whi...
Adolescent Siblings’ Suicide Ideation

Similarity of suicide ideation in 1,055 full- and half-adolescent sibling pairs was assessed using Add Health. In each of two waves of data, between 10% and 16% of older and 11% and 13% of younger siblings report suicide ideation, and within families there was some sibling overlap in suicide ideation within and across two waves of data. Logistic regression analyses revealed that sibling warmth predicted older siblings’ suicide ideation, and older siblings’ suicide ideation and sex composition of the sibling dyad predicted younger siblings’ suicide ideation. Suicide ideation was not conditioned by sibling structural and relationship characteristics for older and younger siblings. Using an index of sibling similarity, previous sibling similarity in suicide ideation was predictive of sibling suicide ideation similarity 1 year later. Sibling relationship characteristics were unrelated to sibling similarity index. The importance of considering sibling resemblance in suicide ideation and taking a systemic appro...
Adaptive QoS routing in dynamic wavelength-routed optical networks

In transparent DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) networks, high blocking rate of lightpaths due to unsatisfactory BERs (Bit Error Rates) can become a major traffic bottleneck. Most of the existing routing schemes have focused on reducing the call rejection rate that is caused by wavelength exhaustion on the assigned routes, without considering the inferior network BER performance that these schemes often produce. In this paper, we propose a dynamic AQoS (Adaptive Quality of Service) routing algorithm, which assigns routes based on real-time Q factor measurements collected from devices. Not only is it BER-friendly, the incorporated CLC (Constrained Least Congested) approach in route selection makes our algorithm wavelength-efficient as well. AQoS routing can work seamlessly with variable data rates and heterogeneous device characteristics. More importantly, it handles non-uniform networks and state changes in a much more flexible way than traditional schemes. Simulation results show that our routing algorithm gives the best overall performance in all tested scenarios.
Artificial Reef Matrix Structures (Arms): An Inexpensive and Effective Method for Collecting Coral Reef-Associated Invertebrates

Collecting reef-associated invertebrates usually involves disturbance of the reef area, often damaging the habitat and sometimes damaging live corals. We introduce a nondestructive, inexpensive, and effective method for collecting coral reef-associated invertebrates using approximations of small coral heads constructed of concrete, PVC pipes, nylon cleaning pads, and other materials easily obtainable in most tropical (coral-rich) countries. An example showing the effectiveness of the method is presented based on fieldwork in the eastern Caribbean.
Product Variety and Endogenous Pricing with Evaluation Costs

One important decision firms must make is to select the product line (characteristics and number of products) to offer consumers. This paper explores the effect of the interaction between consumer evaluation costs and pricing on the optimal product line length to offer consumers. Before deciding to buy a product among all products offered, a consumer learns the product line length. Given the product line length, a consumer decides whether to evaluate the products available and their prices. This decision to evaluate depends on the expected consumer surplus after the evaluation being greater than the evaluation costs. When the firm offers few products, the firm may not attract many consumers because of lack of product fit and may be forced to offer low prices. When the firm offers many products, all consumers will find a great product fit; that is, the variance of consumer valuations per product chosen is lower. This allows the firm to charge high prices to extract ex post consumer surplus, resulting in lower ex ante expected consumer surplus, which may lead consumers not to evaluate the products in the first place. That is, by offering fewer products a firm can commit not to extract all possible consumer surplus. These two forces may then lead to the existence of an interior optimal number of products to offer. The optimal number of products offered is decreasing in the evaluation costs.
Evaluation of microbially influenced corrosion with electrochemical noise analysis and signal processing

Corrosion behaviors of stainless steel (SS304), with attached Acidithiobacilus ferrooxidans (ATF) bacteria and exposed to three different types of artificial saliva solutions, namely: (1) Jenkin’s solution, (2) Tomasi’s solution, and (3) NaCl solution, have been monitored using electrochemical noise (ECN) analysis and signal processing techniques. The ECN data has been analyzed in time and frequency domains, and the time-domain analysis was used to calculate parameters such as skewness, kurtosis and noise resistance, Rn. The corrosion mechanisms were analyzed in terms of the ranges of skewness and kurtosis. The frequency analysis showed that the conventional fast Fourier transforms (FFT) method failed to differentiate among the ECN signals obtained in different solutions with and without the attachment of bacteria. Therefore, the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) was introduced to process ECN signals and has been demonstrated as a better tool to describe the corrosion behaviors of electrodes in different solutions. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Knowledge of Online Security Risks and Consumer Decision Making: An Experimental Study

When the precise risk probability or consequence is not known, as is the case with many online security risks, it is not clear how people judge and respond to such risks. In this research, we study the impact of e-commerce consumers' knowledge of online security risks on their risk evaluation and purchase intentions. Based on research in the decision theory field, we categorize a person's knowledge of a risk as falling under one of four states: known certainty, known uncertainty, unknown uncertainty, and unknowable uncertainty. Following a pilot experiment to test and refine the experimental design, a between-subject experiment is conducted with the four knowledge states as treatments among 160 subjects. Results suggest that willingness to pay and intention to purchase vary systematically under different knowledge conditions. Statistical analysis of the results provides further support for the research model and hypotheses.
Triple modality testing by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma

Objectives:Brush cytology has a low sensitivity for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. This study aimed to compare the standard approach (brush cytology) with a triple modality approach utilizing...
Epigenetic Variation in the Mu-Opioid Receptor Gene in Infants with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Objective Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) from in utero opioid exposure is highly variable with genetic factors appearing to play an important role. Epigenetic changes in cytosine:guanine (CpG) dinucleotide methylation can occur after drug exposure and may help to explain NAS variability. We correlated DNA methylation levels in the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) promoter in opioid-exposed infants with NAS outcomes. Study design DNA samples from cord blood or saliva were analyzed for 86 infants who were being treated for NAS according to institutional protocol. Methylation levels at 16 OPRM1 CpG sites were determined and correlated with NAS outcome measures, including need for treatment, treatment with $2 medications, and length of hospital stay. We adjusted for covariates and multiple genetic testing. Results Sixty-five percent of infants required treatment for NAS, and 24% required $2 medications. Hypermethylation of the OPRM1 promoter was measured at the � 10 CpG in treated vs nontreated infants (adjusted difference d = 3.2% [95% CI, 0.3-6.0%], P = .03; nonsignificant after multiple testing correction). There was hypermethylation at the � 14 (d = 4.9% [95% CI, 1.8%-8.1%], P =. 003),� 10 (d =5 .0% [95% CI, 2.3-7.7%],P = .0005), and +84 (d = 3.5% [95% CI, 0.6-6.4], P = .02) CpG sites in infants requiring $2 medications, which remained significant for � 14 and � 10 after multiple testing correction. Conclusions Increased methylation within the OPRM1 promoter is associated with worse NAS outcomes, consistent with gene silencing. (J Pediatr 2014;165:472-8).
Tetrahymena chironomi sp. nov., a ciliate from midge larvae, and the current status of facultative parasitism in the genus Tetrahymena.

A holotrichous ciliate found repeatedly in very large numbers in the body cavity of larval midges (Chironomus plumosus) from Paris and Berlin areas is described as a new species of the genus Tetrahymena, named T. chironomi sp.nov. It appears to represent a true example of facultative parasitism, since parasites released from the host survive in laboratory cultures, and free-living ciliates believed identical have been isolated from fresh-water sources in nature. Over a 3-month period more than 2000 larvae, principally fourth-instar stages, were examined; about 9 % of these were found to be infected with ciliates.T. chironomi is the thirteenth species to be added to the growing holotrich hymenostome genus Tetrahymena. It is taxonomically distinguishable from other members of the genus on the basis of a combination of characteristics related to its morphology and bionomics. It is one of the smallest species, has 24–27 ciliary meridians and a relatively large, spherical micronucleus, does not exhibit dimorphism or cystic stages in its life cycle, and does not possess a caudal cilium.
Regulation of organelle movement in melanophores by protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).

We used melanophores, cells specialized for regulated organelle transport, to study signaling pathways involved in the regulation of transport. We transfected immortalized Xenopus melanophores with plasmids encoding epitope-tagged inhibitors of protein phosphatases and protein kinases or control plasmids encoding inactive analogues of these inhibitors. Expression of a recombinant inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA) results in spontaneous pigment aggregation. α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), a stimulus which increases intracellular cAMP, cannot disperse pigment in these cells. However, melanosomes in these cells can be partially dispersed by PMA, an activator of protein kinase C (PKC). When a recombinant inhibitor of PKC is expressed in melanophores, PMA-induced pigment dispersion is inhibited, but not dispersion induced by MSH. We conclude that PKA and PKC activate two different pathways for melanosome dispersion. When melanophores express the small t antigen of SV-40 virus, a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), aggregation is completely prevented. Conversely, overexpression of PP2A inhibits pigment dispersion by MSH. Inhibitors of protein phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) do not affect pigment movement. Therefore, melanosome aggregation is mediated by PP2A.
Antibiotics for Otitis Media: To Treat or Not to Treat

Otitis media (OM) is the most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed to children. Despite numerous studies and a $ 5.3 billion market shares, antibiotic treatment has been controversial. Evidence-based recommendations have been published as clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute otitis media (AOM), chronic otitis media with effusion (OME), and tympanostomy tubes (TT) and can provide a starting point for the standardization of management of this common entity. AOM treatment begins with high-dose amoxicillin and prophylactic antibiotic use is not recommended. Routine use of antibiotics for OME is not supported. Uncomplicated AOM with TT can be treated solely with safe ototopical antibiotic drops. Future research must continue to strengthen or refute the evidence behind the current recommendations and further refine recommendations for all types of OM.
The Importance of the Horizontal Advection of Hydrometeors in a Single-Column Model

Single-column models (SCMs) are typically forced with profiles of vertical velocity and the divergence of water vapor and temperature due to horizontal advection. Vertical profiles of wind speed are also usually included to provide information required by model physics routines. What is not usually considered, probably because it is not typically available, is the divergence of hydrometeors due to horizontal advection. This paper uses output from a mesoscale model to provide forcing for an SCM. The mesoscale model contained a bulk microphysical scheme and, therefore, the forcing dataset allows a sensitivity study into the effect of the divergence of hydrometeors due to horizontal advection on various parameters in the SCM. It is shown that although the divergence of hydrometeors is typically smaller than the divergence of water vapor, at times it can be larger, particularly at upper levels (above 500 mb). By forcing the SCM with and without the divergence of hydrometeors included, it is shown that the term can significantly affect cloud water content, specific humidity, temperature, and other fields in the model. Including the divergence of hydrometeors into the water vapor divergence term does not always give the same results as including it as a separate field; however, some of the time it does, and is more physically based than ignoring the term completely.
Stochastic electron heating in a capacitive RF discharge with non-Maxwellian and time-varying distributions

In capacitively coupled radio frequency discharges, the electrons gain and lose energy by reflection from oscillating, high voltage sheaths. When time-averaged, this results in stochastic heating, which at low pressure is responsible for most of the electron heating in these discharges. Previous derivations of stochastic heating rates have generally assumed that the electron distribution is a time-invariant, single-temperature Maxwellian, and that the sheath motion is slow compared to the average electron velocity, so that electrons gain or lose a small amount of energy in each sheath reflection. Here we solve for the stochastic heating rates in the opposite limit of fast sheath motion and consider the applicability of the slow and fast sheath equations in the intermediate region. We also consider the effect of a two-temperature Maxwellian distribution on particle balance and the effect of a time-varying temperature on the heating rates and densities. >
Tsunamis generated by subaerial mass flows

[1] Tsunamis generated in lakes and reservoirs by subaerial mass flows pose distinctive problems for hazards assessment because the domain of interest is commonly the “near field,” beyond the zone of complex splashing but close enough to the source that wave propagation effects are not predominant. Scaling analysis of the equations governing water wave propagation shows that near-field wave amplitude and wavelength should depend on certain measures of mass flow dynamics and volume. The scaling analysis motivates a successful collapse (in dimensionless space) of data from two distinct sets of experiments with solid block “wave makers.” To first order, wave amplitude/water depth is a simple function of the ratio of dimensionless wave maker travel time to dimensionless wave maker volume per unit width. Wave amplitude data from previous laboratory investigations with both rigid and deformable wave makers follow the same trend in dimensionless parameter space as our own data. The characteristic wavelength/water depth for all our experiments is simply proportional to dimensionless wave maker travel time, which is itself given approximately by a simple function of wave maker length/water depth. Wave maker shape and rigidity do not otherwise influence wave features. Application of the amplitude scaling relation to several historical events yields “predicted” near-field wave amplitudes in reasonable agreement with measurements and observations. Together, the scaling relations for near-field amplitude, wavelength, and submerged travel time provide key inputs necessary for computational wave propagation and hazards assessment.
Planning expected-time optimal paths for searching known environments

In this paper we address the problem of finding time optimal search paths in known environments. In particular, the task is to search a known environment for an object whose unknown location is characterized by a known probability density function (pdf). With this formulation, the time required to find the object is a random variable induced by the choice of search path together with the pdf for the object's location. The optimization problem is to find the path that yields the minimum expected value of the time required to find the object. We propose a two layered approach. Our algorithm first determines an efficient ordering of visiting regions in a decomposition that is defined by critical curves that are related to the aspect graph of the space to be searched. It then generates locally optimal trajectories within each of these regions to construct a complete continuous path. We have implemented this algorithm and present results.
Polymerization of organic compounds in an electrodeless glow discharge. XI. Pressure in glow discharge

The pressure of a steady-state flow of monomer, p0, changes to a new steady-state flow pressure, pg, in glow discharge. The value of pg is dependent on the flow rate of monomer, the pumping-out rate of the vacuum system for the product gas (which is hydrogen in many cases of plasma polymerization of hydrocarbons), and the characteristic hydrogen yield of a monomer associated with plasma polymerization. The relationships between these factors were established and examined for plasma polymerizations of acetylene, ethylene, and acrylonitrile.
Alternative Energy and the Energy-Environment Disconnect

It is one of the most important - and unspoken - paradoxes of the modern American regulatory state: Energy and the environment, though intertwined in life, are disconnected in law. This has important implications, not the least of which is that the two fields tend to undermine each other. For serious students of energy, this should come as no surprise. The energy-environmental law disconnect is rooted in the fields' histories. Nevertheless, if society is to become more sustainable, the disconnect must be mended. Energy law and environmental law must merge. This article traces the historical disconnect between energy law and environmental law, from an energy perspective. It then explains, conceptually, how that disconnect manifests in energy today. Finally, the article concludes by identifying the problems that the disconnect creates for alternative energy development and, consequently, suggests some ways in which energy and environmental law might be better coordinated going forward.
1/f NOISE IN Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ SINGLE CRYSTALS

1/f noise experiments performed on Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ single crystals indicate that (1) the normalized noise spectral density Sυ/V2 is much larger than that of metals; (2) the temperature dependence of Sυ/V2 differs from that of the resistivity; and (3) in the superconducting transition region, the behavior of 1/f noise is distinct from that observed in bulk and thin film copper oxide systems. Possible explanations for these observations including the important role played by the crystal morphology are discussed.
Population Games and Deterministic Evolutionary Dynamics

Abstract Population games describe strategic interactions among large numbers of small, anonymous agents. Behavior in these games is typically modeled dynamically, with agents occasionally receiving opportunities to switch strategies, basing their choices on simple myopic rules called revision protocols . Over finite time spans the evolution of aggregate behavior is well approximated by the solution of a differential equation. From a different point of view, every revision protocol defines a map—a deterministic evolutionary dynamic —that assigns each population game a differential equation describing the evolution of aggregate behavior in that game. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the theory of population games and deterministic evolutionary dynamics. We introduce population games through a series of examples and illustrate their basic geometric properties. We formally derive deterministic evolutionary dynamics from revision protocols, introduce the main families of dynamics—imitative/biological, best response, comparison to average payoffs, and pairwise comparison—and discuss their basic properties. Combining these streams, we consider classes of population games in which members of these families of dynamics converge to equilibrium; these classes include potential games, contractive games, games solvable by iterative solution concepts, and supermodular games. We relate these classes to the classical notion of an evolutionarily stable state and to recent work on deterministic equilibrium selection. We present a variety of examples of cycling and chaos under evolutionary dynamics, as well as a general result on survival of strictly dominated strategies. Finally, we provide connections to other approaches to game dynamics, and indicate applications of evolutionary game dynamics to economics and social science.
Three-dimensional electrode coatings for hydrogen production manufactured by combined atmospheric and suspension plasma spray

Abstract Nickel-based electrode coatings for hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis were prepared using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and suspension plasma spraying (SPS) methods. To enhance the active surface area of the electrodes and obtain various levels of surface roughness, three-dimensional fin arrays were fabricated by masking the substrates with mesh screens during APS deposition. Subsequently, SPS top coatings were deposited on the fin-structured electrodes. The electrodes were then characterized by studying their surface microstructure, topography, roughness and electrochemical performance. The highest electrocatalytic activity with the exchange current density of 1.8 × 10− 3 A/cm2 and overpotential (η250) of − 339 ± 15 mV was obtained for the electrode coated by the combined APS–SPS method using the mesh screen with the smaller opening size. The high activity of this electrode is mainly attributed to the unique surface structure formed by deposition of particles through the fine mesh screen and impacting at different angles on the fin geometry.
Functional expression of the dopamine-activated K(+) current in lactotrophs during the estrous cycle in female rats: correlation with prolactin secretory responses.

It is well established that hypothalamic dopamine (DA) is the major physiologic regulator of prolactin (PRL) secretion, exerting a tonic inhibition throughout most of the estrous cycle. A dramatic drop in the amount of DA perfusing the anterior pituitary occurs in the afternoon of proestrus and is critical for the production of the surge of PRL that occurs at that time. In my laboratory, we have identified and characterized a DA-activated K+ channel (KDA) in lactotrophs derived from proestrous rats that underlies DA-induced membrane hyperpolarization of lactotrophs. We have also demonstrated that this hyperpolarization plays a critical role in both the inhibition of PRL release from proestrous cells and the PRL secretory rebound that occurs following DA withdrawal. We now report that the ability of DA to activate the KDA channel and elicit hyperpolarization in primary lactotrophs changes dramatically during the estrous cycle. Lactotrophs isolated from cycling female rats were studied using whole-cell voltage clamp. DA (1 µM) elicited a robust membrane K+ current in the majority of proestrous lactotrophs (86%; 24.0 ± 2.9 pA). By contrast, DA activated a considerably smaller membrane current (3.3 pA) in very few lactotrophs isolated from rats on either diestrus or estrus (8 and 0%, respectively). Using a perifusion system to examine temporal patterns of PRL release, we found that following application and withdrawal of DA, proestrous cells produced a robust secretory rebound, but diestrous and estrous cells did not. However, DA inhibited PRL release to the same extent regardless the stage of the cycle from which the cells were derived. These data are consistent with the presence of multiple DA effectors in lactotrophs and demonstrate that their relative importance shifts dramatically with changes in the endocrine status of the animal. We propose that the DA-activated K+ channel (KDA) is a critical effector governing the unique secretory profile of PRL observed in proestrous animals.
International Health Care Systems

All countries want to meet the health and medical needs of their populations, preferably without bankrupting themselves or draining resources that serve other important human needs and purposes. In the face of varied economic, political, cultural, environmental, epidemiologic, and demographic forces, each country tries to tailor its health care system to the specific characteristics and needs of its population. Yet the building blocks are largely the same: every country requires a basic public health infrastructure, which in developing countries may rely heavily on community health workers. Developed countries require physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals, hospitals and clinics, and . . .
Thought intrusion among adults living with complex regional pain syndrome.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the presence and influence of intrusive thoughts among adults previously diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome. METHOD: The present study used an Internet-based survey completed by a sample (N = 326) from two national organizations. RESULTS: After controlling for age, gender, and pain level, intrusive thoughts were significantly related to disability and health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Intrusive thoughts about the inciting event that caused CRPS uniquely influenced pain and quality of life, suggesting a potential mechanism to target for intervention. Understanding factors that relate to maintenance of CRPS and its resulting disability will help in the development of treatments to improve quality of life.
Editorial Foreword: Five Empirical Landmarks

In roughly the past three decades, five empirical landmarks are easily discerned in the study of stratification and mobility in the United States. They are as follows: (1) Rogoff's analysis of trends in occupational mobility, (2) Reiss' analysis of the prestige data originally collected by Cecil North and Paul K. Hatt (including Duncan's use of these data as a vehicle for creating a socioeconomic index for all occupations), (3) Blau and Duncan's transformation of the study of occupational mobility into the study of status attainment, (4) Simon Kuznets' analysis of relatively long-run trends in income distribution, and (5) Floyd Hunter's critically received demonstration that the analysis of power can be put on an empirical footing. Each of these studies marks the launching of a line of empirical inquiry which has led to a meaningful augmentation of our knowledge about how systems of social stratification and processes of social mobility operate in modern societies. The purpose of this editorial essay is threefold: first, to review the contributions signaled out above; second, to relate the papers contained in this special issue to the problems generated by these landmarks; and, third, to comment briefly on the relationship between theory and research in the area of social stratification.
Regulating the Open Internet: Past Developments and Emerging Challenges

On June 14, 2016, in perhaps one of the most important rulings supporting Federal Communications Commission (FCC) policy, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the FCC's 2015 Open Internet Order laying out network neutrality rules that govern how Internet service providers may price to edge platform users at the point of termination. In this manuscript, we provide a concise historical perspective of the FCC policies, proceedings and court decisions that led to this point and characterize emerging economic policy challenges that the current rules leave unresolved. In particular, we show that by refraining from regulating interconnection agreements and by allowing Internet service providers to engage in novel forms of price discrimination, the FCC has left the door open for certain anti-competitive practices to arise.
SBS reduction in nanosecond fiber amplifiers by frequency chirping

We demonstrate a technique for SBS reduction in a nanosecond Yb-fiber amplifier by imposing 1.19 GHz/ns frequency chirp on the seed pulses with a pulse-driven phase modulator. A nearly 9-fold increase in the SBS threshold was observed for 8.4 ns pulses. SBS threshold data and transient SBS gain for various degrees of chirp are reported and compared with theoretical calculations. We further demonstrate the recovery of the input narrowband spectrum by applying an opposite chirp with a second phase modulator after the amplification.
A Case Study of Trisomy 13: Balancing Hope and Reality

Background:Trisomy 13, also known as Patau syndrome, occurs in 1/10,000 live births. Trisomy 13 is traditionally considered “lethal” with death as an outcome to be expected quickly. With regard to treatment decisions, families may feel that they are being judged by the medical community and their pe
Responsiveness Comparison of the EQ-5D, PROMIS Global Health, and VR-12 Questionnaires in Knee Arthroscopy.

Background:The EuroQol 5 dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 10 Global Health, and Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) are ge...
Have paper, will travel: Participation at A.C.J.S. annual meetings

Graduate criminology and criminal justice faculty participation at the 1979–81 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences annual meetings are examined. Results show that institution prestige, not faculty productivity, is the but predictor of meeting participation. It is suggested that further attention be devoted to profroessional concerns in order to understand the development of a academic criminology.
Causes of intrauterine growth restriction

An adequate supply of essential nutrients, the ability of the placenta to transport the nutrients to the fetus, and the ability of the fetus to use the nutrients are essential in normal fetal growth. Factors that compromise fetal growth by their effect on the mother or the fetus result in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). There are many possible causes of IUGR. This article is a review of the known causes and role that biochemical mediators play in the pathophysiology of IUGR.
The Effects of Diuretics on Calcium Metabolism: Physiologic and Clinical Effects

Publisher Summary Diuretics are generally used successfully in the treatment of most edematous patients. It was observed that the administration of chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide cause a marked fall in urinary excretion of calcium. Subsequent studies presented in this chapter also confirm that other drugs of the benzothiazide (thiazide) group significantly reduce urinary calcium excretion in normal subjects, in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, and in patients with hypercalciuria due to primary hyperparathyroidism, multiple myeloma, Paget's disease of bone, and postmenopausal osteoporosis. The development of hypercalcemia after short-term and chronic administration of thiazides was observed in normal subjects, in patients with end-stage renal disease, and in patients with parathyroid adenomas. This finding suggests the possibility of the extrarenal effect(s) of thiazides on calcium metabolism. Several other possible mechanisms of action of thiazide diuretics are proposed, such as the direct effect of thiazides on intestinal absorption of calcium, the potentiation of action of parathyroid hormone on the skeleton, and the direct action of thiazide on bone to enhance skeletal bone resorption and the release of calcium into extracellular fluid.
Secrecy effects of the Rayleigh-Hoyt and Hoyt-Rayleigh fading channels in ground-satellite communications

Satellite communication plays an important role in the smart city connection project. The Hoyt distribution is used to describe two types of fading in satellite signal transmissions. In this paper, the information-theoretic secrecy of the Rayleigh-Hoyt and Hoyt-Rayleigh fading channels is investigated. A set of exact formulas of the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity are derived. Profile examples are illustrated to show the effects of secrecy capacity.
E-068 Assessment of cell yield among different devices for endovascular biopsy to harvest endothelial cells

Introduction/Purpose Routine surgical collection of vessels limits pathophysiological understanding of vascular disorders, particular those of the central nervous system. This problem in turn slows the development of diagnostic techniques and therapies. To address this issue, endovascular biopsy techniques have been developed and validated. To refine these techniques, we compared device performance as it relates to the yield of endothelial cells (ECs) harvested from vessels. Materials and methods Cell harvesting procedures performed initially in rabbits and subsequently in humans were analyzed. The number of ECs sampled during each procedure along with subject, device, and technical features were tabulated. Species was noted, as was disease state interrogated, if any. Diseases present included aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, and extra- and intracranial atherosclerosis. Locations sampled were classified as intracranial, extracranial, and body. Devices from which ECs were sampled included microwires, angioplasty balloons, stent delivery catheters, coils, Phenox clot retriever (PCR), retrievable stents, and vascular plug devices. For devices with roughly cylindrical shape that contacts the vessel wall (balloons, PCRs, stentrievers), the number of cells harvested per square mm was calculated by the equation, cells/(π*width*length). Chi-square analysis was performed to compare means of ECs harvested between the above-listed variables. Results 70 sampling procedures were performed, 33 in rabbits and 37 in humans. Normal vessels were sampled in 25 cases. ECs were sampled in 24 aneurysms, 14 arteriovenous malformations, 4 extracranial atherosclerotic lesions, and 3 intracranial plaques. Mean ECs collected by device type are summarized in Table 1. No differences were found for species, location, or pathology. PCRs and stentrievers yielded more ECs than other types of devices, χ²(1, N = 70) = 55.06, p = 0.001. Among cylindrical devices, no difference was noted in EC yield or EC/mm2. PCR devices were deployed in vessels with smaller diameters (1-3 mm) compared to balloons and stentrievers (4-8 mm). Conclusion Among devices studied for EC harvesting, PCRs and stentrievers yield more cells than other devices. PCRs appear more suitable for harvesting ECs in small vessels, while stentrievers are better for harvesting from large vessels. Further study of these devices for EC sampling is warranted to initiate and refine its use in humans for this purpose. Disclosures: M. Alexander: 1; C; Joe Niekro Foundation Research Award. R. Darflinger: None. H. McGregor: None. M. Conrad: None. Z. Sun: None. D. Cooke: 1; C; SNIS Foundation Research Grant, Joe Niekro Research Grant.
Evolution of mechanics in α-helical peptide conjugated linear- and star-block PEG

We have designed a peptide conjugated poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) bioconjugate system that allows us to examine the intra- and inter-molecular dynamics of gelation. We measure the kinetics of gelation for end-functionalized linear- and star-architectures, and we correlate the gelation behavior with the molecular structure and self-association. The 23-amino acid peptide sequence is known to form a coiled-coil structure as a function of the solution's electrolyte concentration, and the two topologies of the PEG are peptide end-functionalized to examine formation of supramolecular assemblies. Subsequently, microrheology is used to evaluate the dynamics of self-assembly and the gelation time-scales. This study shows that the dynamics of peptide folding and assembly for linear-PEG conjugated systems yield a percolated network, but the star-PEG conjugated systems yield discrete assemblies and remain viscous. The results suggest that the degree of intra- and inter-molecular folding defines the critical gel behavior of the supramolecular system.
Dual use of agricultural land: Introducing ‘agrivoltaics’ in Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area, USA

Abstract This paper proposes ‘agrivoltaic’ system development within Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) with the objective to generate clean energy in the agricultural lands using solar PV (Photovoltaics) systems thus reducing land commitment and also preserving the agricultural land in the process. Phoenix MSA comprises of two of the fastest growing counties in United States. The study finds that with half density panel distribution, private agricultural lands in the APS (Arizona Public Service) service territory can generate about 8 times the current residential energy demand and 3.4 times the current total energy requirements of the residential, commercial and industrial sectors in the MSA. The Indian Reservation land in the SRP (Salt River Project) service territory has the capacity to generate all of the current residential energy requirement. Most of the agricultural land lies within 1 mile of the 230 and 500 kV transmission lines and is capable of producing 137.5 and 77.5 million MWh of energy. However, with half density panel distribution, an agricultural land received about 60% of direct sunlight compared to a land with no panels. Farmlands have the capacity to generate energy which is significantly more than that required for crop production. Analysis shows that about 50% of the agricultural land sales would have made up for the price of the sale within 2 years with agrivoltaic systems. The effect of preserving the agricultural land and creating a natural growth boundary on urban growth patterns in the rapidly sprawling Phoenix MSA is left as scope for future studies.
Post-fire behavior of GFRP bars and GFRP-RC slabs

AbstractTechnologies developed over the last two decades have introduced the use of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite bars as reinforcement in concrete structures when corrosion of th...
HPV vaccination campaign fear visuals: An eye-tracking study exploring effects of visual attention and type on message informative value, recall, and behavioral intentions

Abstract HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease, and there are alarming global disparities in cervical cancer and HPV vaccination uptake ( CDC, 2016a ). To inform HPV vaccination public health campaigns, an experiment with a psychophysiological measure (eye-tracking) explores the effects of visual attention to vaccination messages on message recall, informative value, and behavioral intentions. Results indicate 1) visual type affects recall and informative value of vaccination messages as well as intentions to vaccinate; 2) visual attention is negatively related to message recall only when a non-fear visual is used; and 3) visual attention predicts intent to vaccinate only when a fear visual is utilized. These results suggest the use of fear appeals in health, crisis, and risk public relations campaigns may promote performance of recommended safeguarding behaviors.
Patient satisfaction with care in an urban tertiary referral academic glaucoma clinic in the US

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with glaucoma patients' satisfaction with their medical care by fellowship-trained glaucoma specialists in an urban tertiary referral clinic in the US. Methods A total of 110 established patients aged ≥60 years with a diagnosis of either primary open angle glaucoma, glaucoma suspect, or ocular hypertension monitored by an ophthalmologist with fellowship training in glaucoma were enrolled at an academic, urban, tertiary referral eye clinic. Enrolled patients were administered a general demographics questionnaire along with a Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-18 (PSQ-18), a Likert scale validated tool. The seven dimensions of patient satisfaction from the PSQ-18 were summarized for the sample overall and by the patients' age, race, employment status, education level, distance travelled from home address to clinic, and glaucoma therapy type. Two-sample t-tests were used to compare group means. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to correlate satisfaction scores with peripheral vision and visual acuity function. Results Overall, the general satisfaction scores were high (mean 4.62). Patients ≥70 years of age had lower general satisfaction with their care (mean 4.5 vs 4.8, p=0.03), the interpersonal manner of their appointment (mean 4.7 vs 4.9, p=0.009), and with their time spent with their doctor (mean 4.4 vs 4.7, p=0.03) than patients aged 60-69 years. Non-European descent patients (47% African descent and 1% other of sample) were more satisfied with the time they spent with the doctor (mean 4.7 vs 4.4, p=0.04) and with the communication during the appointment (mean 4.8 vs 4.6, p=0.04) than European descent patients (52% of sample). Patients with a higher level of education (>high school degree) were less satisfied with the accessibility and convenience of the appointment (mean 4.3 vs ≤ high school, 4.6, p=0.02). There were no statistically significant differences in patient satisfaction based upon employment status, distance travelled to clinic, prior glaucoma therapy, or visual function. Conclusion Overall, across all dimensions of the PSQ-18, patients were highly satisfied with the care they received at the urban tertiary care glaucoma clinic.
Land-Use Doctrines

This essay discusses the land-use doctrines of real covenants, equitable servitudes, easements, profits, and licenses. As it is limited to the private arrangements regarding the use of land, perhaps 'land promises' would describe it best. Private land-use controls remain a viable means of controlling externalities, even in this era of public zoning, because they can be more carefully tailored to particular situations and are supported by more meaningful 'consent' of the governed. Very little of this land use law has received proper economic treatment. Nevertheless, this essay suggests economic rationales for some of the requirements and distinctions in the rules, many of which are under attack by reformers as being overly complicated. In short, the essay attempts to make economic sense of the complex law of land promises.