cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergence of digital libraries, museums and archives to collective memories

This paper describes the effects and resulting information technology support requirements created by the increasing convergence of Digital Libraries, Archives, and Museums towards Collective memories. It provides an introduction into Collective Memory (CM)/Knowledge Management (KM) models as well as into human computer interaction support for such models based on mechanisms of interactive information visualization out of data stores, dynamically generated during the ongoing dialogue. Finally it outlines the nature of such an interactive, i.e., visually direct-manipulative information visualization dialogue and identifies a conceptual framework for a generic information visualization system, consisting mainly of three components (information mode, visualization model, and information visualization function). Implementations of the system model will, first of all, provide technology to effectively produce visualizations of the information space, tightly coupling information objects and their representatives to the user, the visualization objects.
A Temperature-Dependent Choice in Cell Differentiation

Abstract Ascension of the cell mass during culmination was observed to be temperature-sensitive in strain HH31 of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum . A sequence of additional developmental abnormalities was also observed both preceeding and succeeding culmination. Slugs reared at the restrictive temperature (27°C), in contrast to those reared at the permissive temperature (22°C), were deficient in the expression of six prespore markers and elevated in the production of four prestalk markers. Following attempted culmination at the restrictive temperature, the majority of cells were stalk cells according to fluorescence, phase contrast, electron microscopic, biochemical, and plating efficiency criteria. These findings were correlated with a general diminution of staining of slug cell Membrane extracts on polyacrylamide gels with FITC-wheat germ agglutinin. The effect of the higher temperature was readily reversible prior to terminal differentiation. An interdependence of several of the changes was suggested by the observation that in two derivative strains the temperature-dependence of these changes was coordinately altered. In summary, a large fraction of the slug cells of HH31 appear to be temperature-dependent in their choice of pathways of cell differentiation, this change is related to a modification of the cell surface, and the choice made in the slug is remembered by cells as they terminally differentiate.
Neovascularity and clinical outcome in high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas.

Background: Increased tumor neovascularity has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis in solid tumors. Methods: Microvessels were identified by factor VIII immunohistochemical staining. Analysis of microvessel counts, tumor characteristics, and resection details was performed on 119 primary, high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas (STS) and correlated with clinical outcome. Results: Tumor characteristics and resection details were analyzed and patient outcome was examined with respect to local recurrence, distant metastasis, and disease-specific survival. Factors found to be significant on univariate analysis for all outcome variables were positive microscopic margin and tumor size. A positive microscopic margin was found to be a significant risk factor for local recurrence (P=.03), distant metastasis (P=.006), and disease-specific survival (P=.004). A primary tumor greater than 10 cm in diameter was a poor prognostic factor for distant metastasis (P=.03) and disease-specific survival (P=.006) when compared to tumors smaller than 10 cm. Microvessel count did not correlate with survival nor did it predict distant metastasis or local recurrence. Histologic subtypes of STS that have a prominent vascular pattern as a diagnostic criterion (i.e., angiosarcoma, liposarcoma, hemangiopericytoma) form a subgroup of all STS. Neovascularity in these subtypes showed no relationship to clinical outcome. Conclusions: These data confirm the prognostic importance of microscopic margin and tumor size in high-grade extremity STS. Neovascularity measured by factor VIII staining had no prognostic significance in these mesenchymal tumors, in contradistinction to carcinomas. Alternatively, microvessel counts may not accurately represent the angiogenic capacity of STS. Therefore, patients with STS who are eligible for anti-angiogenesis clinical trials cannot be identified solely by microvessel count.
Near-Real-Time Analysis of the Phenotypic Responses of Escherichia coli to 1-Butanol Exposure Using Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy was used to study the time course of phenotypic responses of Escherichia coli (DH5α) to 1-butanol exposure (1.2% [vol/vol]). Raman spectroscopy is of interest for bacterial phenotyping because it can be performed (i) in near real time, (ii) with minimal sample preparation (label-free), and (iii) with minimal spectral interference from water. Traditional off-line analytical methodologies were applied to both 1-butanol-treated and control cells to draw correlations with Raman data. Here, distinct sets of Raman bands are presented that characterize phenotypic traits of E. coli with maximized correlation to off-line measurements. In addition, the observed time course phenotypic responses of E. coli to 1.2% (vol/vol) 1-butanol exposure included the following: (i) decreased saturated fatty acids levels, (ii) retention of unsaturated fatty acids and low levels of cyclopropane fatty acids, (iii) increased membrane fluidity following the initial response of increased rigidity, and (iv) no changes in total protein content or protein-derived amino acid composition. For most phenotypic traits, correlation coefficients between Raman spectroscopy and traditional off-line analytical approaches exceeded 0.75, and major trends were captured. The results suggest that near-real-time Raman spectroscopy is suitable for approximating metabolic and physiological phenotyping of bacterial cells subjected to toxic environmental conditions.
The protean New South Africa in Deon Meyer’s Heart of the hunter

AbstractAfter a virtual absence from South African writing under apartheid, there has been an explosion of crime fiction in post-apartheid South Africa, largely within the various thriller sub-genres. This article examines Deon Meyer's Heart of the hunter (2003). Drawing on distinctions between the traditional detective story and the thriller, I argue that Meyer uses the ambiguity and radical perspective of the latter genre to challenge the binary oppositions of black and white, and good and bad that dominated thinking and culture in apartheid South Africa. In doing so he adapts the form to the post-apartheid context, revealing how the thriller can be used as a vehicle for postcolonial investigation and suggesting why it has become the genre of choice in a democratic South Africa. The novel presents multiple, and often conflicting, representations of the main protagonist, Thobela Mpayipheli, a former Umkhonto we Sizwe soldier and assassin for the KGB. By linking these activities to a longer history of res...
Weak currents in an internal parity model

Abstract The suggestion that there exists an “internal parity” carried by the electron and μ-meson which is multiplicatively conserved is incorporated into a spontaneously broken gauge theory of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. The inclusion of hadrons in the model requires the introduction of additional right handed couplings which accomodata the ΔI = 1 2 enhancement scheme of De Rujula et al. It also requires a “hypercharmed” quark p″ in addition to the customary p, p′, n and λ quarks. Furthermore, a set of right handed heavy charged leptons and their neutrinoes are needed to cancel anomalies.
Curcumin is an early-acting stage-specific inducer of extended functional longevity in Drosophila

Larval feeding with curcumin induces an extended health span with significantly increased median and maximum longevities in the adult fly. This phenotype is diet insensitive and shows no additive effect on longevity when combined with an adult dietary restriction (DR) diet, suggesting that curcumin and DR operate via the same or overlapping pathways for this trait. This treatment significantly slows the aging rate so that it is comparable with that of genetically selected long lived animals. The larval treatment also enhances the adult animal's geotactic activity in an additive manner with DR, suggesting that curcumin and DR may use different pathways for different traits. Feeding the drug to adults during only the health span also results in a significantly extended health span with increased median and maximum life span. This extended longevity phenotype is induced only during these stage-specific periods. Feeding adults with the drug over their whole life results in a weakly negative effect on median longevity with no increase in maximum life span. There are no negative effects on reproduction, although larval curcumin feeding increases development time, and also apparently accelerates the normal late-life neuromuscular degeneration seen in the legs. Gene expression data from curcumin-fed larvae shows that the TOR pathway is inhibited in the larvae and the young to midlife adults, although several other genes involved in longevity extension are also affected. These data support the hypothesis that curcumin acts as if it is a DR mimetic nutraceutical. These data also suggest that the search for DR mimetics may be enhanced by the use of stage-specific screening of candidate molecules.
Cosmetic Surgery in the Adolescent Patient

Background Individuals younger than 18 years represent an increasing number of cosmetic surgery patients. The goals of this article are to address the unique psychological aspects of teens and cosmetic surgery; to understand literature related to adolescents and cosmetic surgery; and to consider methods for evaluating adolescents who present for cosmetic surgery, specifically focusing on nasal and breast procedures. Methods A PubMed search was performed using combinations of the keywords "cosmetic surgery," "adolescent," "psychology," "rhinoplasty," "breast augmentation/reduction," and "gynecomastia." In addition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and American Society of Plastic Surgeons Web sites were reviewed for related material. Results Thirty-three applicable articles were identified. Psychological aspects of surgery; nasal development; rhinoplasty; secondary cleft deformities; breast development, augmentation, and reduction; gynecomastia; and patient selection criteria are addressed. Conclusions Because the number of adolescents seeking cosmetic surgery continues to grow, plastic surgeons must form a plan for addressing the concerns of these individuals and evaluating whether they are appropriate candidates for surgery. Further research is needed to understand the unique psychological and developmental considerations of adolescent cosmetic surgery patients.
Ethical issues in permanency planning

Abstract A series of ethical issues which cluster around decision points in the process of permanency planning for foster children are explored in this article. Preventing entry into care, restoring removed children to natural parents, terminating parental rights, and finding homes for those available for adoption are major points at which the child welfare system makes choices that bear profound ethical consequences for children and for parents.
Use of an artificial neural network to determine the diagnostic value of specific clinical and radiologic parameters in the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease on chest radiographs.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors investigated the diagnostic value of each of multiple clinical parameters and radiologic findings in differentiating between various interstitial lung diseases by using an artificial neural network (ANN). Materials and Methods The ANN was designed to differentiate between 11 interstitial lung diseases. The authors employed 10 clinical parameters and 16 radiologic findings that were divided into three groups (location, general appearance, specific findings). The performance of the ANN was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic analysis with a modified round-robin (leave-one-out) method and 370 cases (150 actual cases, 110 published cases, and 110 hypothetical cases). The Az values of ANNs were evaluated with various combinations of 10 clinical parameters and 16 radiologic findings. Results The Az value obtained with the complete set of clinical parameters and radiologic findings was 0.947. The Az value obtained with the 10 clinical parameters alone was 0.900, which was greater than 0.843 obtained with the 16 radiologic findings alone. There were statistically significant differences among Az values for some diseases when certain clinical parameters were removed from the input. Omission of specific findings among the three groups of radiologic findings decreased the Az value significantly. Conclusion These results appear to confirm that clinical parameters can be equally as or more important than radiologic findings in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. Among radiologic findings, certain specific findings can be more important than the location or general appearance of abnormal findings.
Solitary thoracic osteochondroma: case report and review of the literature.

Objective and importance Osteochondromas are common benign bone tumors that rarely arise in the vertebral column. Intraspinal presentation of these tumors is usually circumscribed to the cervical regions with few tumors presenting in the thoracic vertebrae. We report a case of a thoracic solitary osteochondroma arising from within the vertebral body, review the cases reported in the literature, and propose recommendations for the surgical management of these challenging lesions. Clinical presentation A 26-year-old woman presented with clinical signs of spinal cord compression consisting of right lower extremity weakness and left lower extremity numbness. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a small enhancing epidural mass behind the vertebral body of T12. Intervention A T12 corpectomy was performed with thoracolumbar fixation and fusion. Conclusion Our case is atypical in that the tumor arose from the posterior portion of the T12 body, causing spinal cord dysfunction that necessitated an anterior approach to T12 for corpectomy with thoracolumbar fixation and fusion. Surgical intervention was effective in completely resolving the patient's right lower extremity weakness.
Estimation of arterial pH and pCO2 from central venous samples.

any papers over the last few years have disagreed about the value of venous blood-gas and pH measurements [7, 13, 15, 18, 201. Some have gone so far as to say that “central venous blood gas analysis may substitute for arterial puncture in assessing the metabolic acid-base status of the patient” [13], while others state that “reliance upon venous blood samples for analysis of blood gas parameters can no longer be justified in the care of the acutely ill patient” [15]. We thus set out to define the limitations of central venous blood gases. We also wanted to determine if, in addition to arterial values, central venous blood gases could help in the management of a complicated case.
The failing Fontan: etiology, diagnosis and management

While the Fontan operation has facilitated the survival of a generation of children born with congenital heart disease resulting in a functional single ventricle, it does not recreate a normal circulation. Over time, survivors of the Fontan operation are at risk for ventricular dysfunction, plastic bronchitis, protein-losing enteropathy and chronic Fontan failure. New techniques and therapies are emerging to address the long-term risks associated with Fontan physiology, but as the number of survivors continues to grow, the recognition of the limitations of this circulation is increasing. Novel investigations of possible mechanical devices designed to function as a subpulmonary ventricle are underway, but are still many years away from clinical use. In the meantime, continued development of medical therapeutics targeted at the specific problems of the Fontan circulation will be beneficial and might reduce the need for cardiac transplantation.
Characterization of liver and cerebellar binding sites for avian pancreatic polypeptide

Microsomal membranes from chicken liver and cerebellum specifically bind 125I-labeled avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) with widely different affinities. To understand further the structural basis for this affinity difference as well as to determine the nature of the PP receptor, certain biochemical characteristics of chicken cerebellar and liver membrane [125I] APP-binding sites were determined. Trypsin digestion markedly reduced liver and cerebellar membrane binding of [125I]APP. Neuraminidase did not alter binding, while phospholipase-C lowered liver specific [125I]APP binding via a nonspecific digestion of the membrane. Cerebellar [25I]APP binding was unaltered by phospholipase-C. Dithiothreitol significantly inhibited liver and cerebellar specific [125I]APP binding without altering affinity. iV-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) potently inhibited specific cerebellar [125I]APP binding and affinity and increased liver [12SI] APP binding without altering affinity. NEM inhibited [125I] APP degradation by both liver ...
Disc Assay Method for Determination of Folic Acid Content of Milk, Cheese, and Other Foods

Abstract A rapid disc assay method has been standardized for determination of folic acid content of several dairy products. The method involves measurement of the zone of growth stimulation of Streptococcus faecalis around a disc containing folic acid extract on a deficient agar medium. The diameter of the zone of growth bears a logarithmic relationship to the concentration of the vitamin. The disc assay method takes 8 to 10 hr compared to 22 to 24 hr required for the turbidimetric method. The method appears to be fairly accurate, giving 90 to 95% recovery. The average folic acid contents of milk and Cottage, Cheddar, Blue, and Swiss cheese, as determined by this method, were 3.5, 44, 15, 40, and 6 μg/100g, respectively. These values agree with those obtained by the turbidimetric method. The method is also applicable to several fruits and vegetables.
Adolescent Substance Abuse and Mental Health: Problem Co-Occurrence and Access to Services

The purpose of this study is to identify factors associated with adolescent alcohol or drug (AOD) abuse/dependence, mental health and co-occurring problems, as well as factors associated with access to treatment. This is a secondary analysis of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2000. The 12-month prevalence rate of adolescents with only mental health problems was 10.8%, 5.1% had AOD abuse/dependence only, and 2.7% had co-occurring problems. Approximately 15% of youths reported receiving behavioral health treatment in the past 12 months. Several factors associated with having behavioral health problems and receiving treatment are presented.
Ecological Worldview and Environmental Knowledge: The “New Environmental Paradigm”

Abstract With the increased societal awareness of environmental issues, social scientists have expanded their examination of environmentally related topics. One component of this expansion has been the generation and growth of social theory which has the human-environment relationship at its core. This study is a further test of one of these theories, the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP). Using survey data, the relationship of the NEP to knowledge of environmentally relevant issues is examined. The results show ecological worldview as measured by the NEP scale has an independent influence on net environmental knowledge of other sociodemographic characteristics.
A constitutive equation for concrete

A more rational approach to strength criterion development for concrete is proposed to cover the composite nature and complex failure mechanism of concrete materials. The use of scalar valued function theory as applied to concrete failure prediction is demonstrated. The results are applicable to general brittle materials
Metabolites of 2-Deoxy-[14C]Glucose in Plasma and Brain: Influence on Rate of Glucose Utilization Determined with Deoxyglucose Method in Rat Brain

The [14C]deoxyglucose ([14C]DG) method depends upon quantitative trapping of metabolites in brain at the site of phosphorylation, and in the usual procedure it is assumed that all the label in plasma is in free DG. Our previous finding of labeled nonacidic derivatives of DG in plasma raised the possibility that some metabolites of DG might not be fully retained in body tissues and therefore cause overestimation of the integrated specific activity of the precursor pool determined from assay of label in plasma and/or underestimation of the true size of the metabolite fraction in brain. In the present study, metabolism of DG in rat tissues by secondary pathways was examined and found to be more extensive than previously recognized. When 14C-labeled compounds in ethanol extracts of either plasma or brain were separated by anion exchange HPLC, eight fractions were obtained. 14C-labeled metabolites in plasma were detected after a 35-min lag and gradually increased in amount with time after an intravenous pulse. In brain, deoxyglucose-6-phosphate was further metabolized, mainly to deoxyglucose-1-phosphate and deoxyglucose-1,6-phosphate. These are acid-labile compounds and accounted for approximately 20% of the 14C in the metabolite pool in brain. The rate constants for net loss of 14C from the metabolite pool between 45 and 180 min after a pulse were similar (0.4-0.5%/min) in vivo and in intact postmortem brain. The rate constant for loss of deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (DG-6-P) in vivo (approximately 0.7%/min) was, however, about twice that for postmortem brain, suggesting that a significant fraction of the DG-6-P lost in vivo is due to its further metabolism by energy-dependent reactions. 14C-labeled metabolites of [14C]DG in plasma and brain do not interfere with determination of local rates of glucose utilization in brain in normal, conscious rats by the autoradiographic method if the prescribed procedures and a 45-min experimental period are used.
Dental auxiliaries: dentistry's dilemma.

In spite of the demand for more restorative services, the dental profession is shifting its direction of care to more preventive services. About 5,000 more auxiliaries are needed annually although about 12,000 are trained on the job and 5,000 others are educated formally each year. The dental profession must urge legislatures to expend substantial funds for dental auxiliary training programs and to set priorities for the types of auxiliaries that are needed to meet the public demand for care.
A Snapshot of Direct Cell-Cell Communications in Wound Healing and Scarring.

Significance: The repair of wounds usually terminates with a scar. The healing from a severe tissue loss can create a new clinical problem, excessive scarring. Approaches to prevent excessive scarring will optimize the repair process. Controlling gap-junction communications between cells and/or the transport of the proteins that form gap junctions offers new approaches for controlling this problem. Recent Advances: Gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) requires hemichannels, connexon structures, embedded in the plasma membrane of coupled cells. The connexon is composed of six proteins from the connexin (Cx) family. The docking of connexons between the neighboring cells forms a gated channel, where small molecules can pass directly between the cytoplasm of cells. In wound repair, GJIC between fibroblasts in granulation tissue advances wound repair. Also, the GJIC between mast cells and fibroblasts during the remodeling phase of repair may explain how mast cells promote excessive scarring. In ad...
Hydrodynamic Simulations of Hα Emission in Algol-Type Binaries

Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of mass transfer in short-period Algol-type binaries were performed using the numerical code Virginia Hydrodynamics 1. This code uses the piecewise parabolic method with a Lagrangian remap. Our version of the code also accounts for radiative cooling and collisional ionization and excitation processes. The purpose of performing the simulations was to study the Hα emission from circumstellar gas in the Algols. Using observational evidence from the literature to constrain the gas stream properties, hydrodynamic maps of the Hα emissivity in the two systems β Per (P = 2.87 days) and TT Hya (P = 6.95 days) were made in both Cartesian and velocity coordinates from the simulation data. The velocity maps were then compared to Doppler tomograms constructed from observed Hα line emission in these systems. Since the tomograms cannot be directly transformed to maps of emission in spatial coordinates, the simulated Cartesian maps enabled us to interpret the dynamical processes that produce the features observed in the Doppler tomograms. We find that the simulations produce asymmetric accretion structures with many features similar to those found in the Doppler tomograms of Algol systems.
Indications for the use of fluids and blood before and during operation1

Trm aEsror;smnaT~ of the anaesthesiologist should not begin in the operating room. He should visit the patient preoperatively, review the medical history, and carry out a thorough examination ff he deems it advisable. This preliminary wslt of the anaesthesiologlst to the patient has many facets and is most helpful in determining the need for :fluids and blood. In this presentation we are concerned prmaarily with three aspects of the use of fluids and blood transfusmns. They are (i) the special indications for use of fluids and certain drugs before and during operation, (ii) the indications for blood transfusions during the same two periods with comments on the emergency use of substatutes and transfusion react-ions, and (m) practical hints concerning supporttve measures. FLUmS AND GERTAIN DRUGS The medical record plus~ the physical examination of the pataent will reveal much information about the status of hydration and the blood electrolytes of the patient before operation. This is important as shown for instance in the recent reports of Keating and Tang ([) on neostlgrnine-resistarlt apnoea m the presence of hypokalaemla and the report of Foster (2) who presented evidence for a possible central action of curare wath low levels of serum potassium in patients Vomiting, protracted diarrhoea, gastric or intestinal suction, ~astro-intestinal fistulas, unusual sweating, and burns ale frequently accompanied jy disturbances in the volume of the body flmds and with changes in the ion composition of the blood. Cardiac failure, cirrhosis~of the hver with ascites, and renal insu~ciency often also cause imbalances of the body fluids and blood electrolytes. Diseases of the endocrine glands especially are associated wilt disturbances of the body fluids and electrolytes. Diabetes mellitus and adrenal insufficiency are of major importance. All these conditions demand appropriate treatment. We shah restrict our discussion, however, to diabetes melhtus, adrenal msuflaciency, water requirements of children after cardiac operations, and the changes associated wath general anaesthesia.
Model glassy inhomogeneous polymer networks

A new procedure for the preparation of model polymer networks having an inhomogeneous distribution of crosslinks has been developed. Emulsion polymerized polystyrene/divinylbenzene microspheres, of uniform particle size, are swollen with styrene monomer, which is later polymerized in situ. The resulting network consists of discrete sites of crosslinked material dispersed in an interpenetrating matrix, and is suggested as a model for the nodular morphology which has been observed in some epoxy networks. The results of initial studies showing the effects of nodule size and concentration on the fracture toughness of the glassy networks are presented.
Fabrication of Y3Al5O12:Eu thin films and powders for field emission display applications

Abstract Thin films of Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Eu (YAG) were spin coated on different substrates from sols. The precursor solution was made from organic precursors by combining stoichiometric ratios of Y(III) iso-propoxide, Al(tri Sec-butoxide) and Eu(III) acetyl acetonate. Sol-gel derived thin films and powders are non-crystalline. Powder samples calcined at 650 °C for 5 h show the characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern for the YAG phase. Similarly, the thin film samples annealed at 600 °C for 5 h also show YAG phase in the XRD. The emission spectra were measured for both the powder and thin-film samples. Scanning electron microscopy for the powder samples show that the particles are reasonably crystallized with a particle size of 5 μm. The spectral response and out gassing characteristic of the new, low voltage YAG thin films mainly used for application in the field emission flat panel displays are also measured. The cathodoluminescent materials were tested with electron beam excitation at currents of up to 50 μA within the 3000–8000 V range (medium voltage range). The spectral coordinates with minimal optimization as compared with industrially manufactured P22 phosphors at low voltage operation are reasonable.
Perspective: Health Plans ‘Strategic Responses To A Changing Marketplace

James robinson aptly describes the health care system of the present and the future as one that features health plans of greater and greater complexity. Yet these health plans face a challenge that is almost chilling in its simplicity: Health care costs are surging. I believe that our nation will soon see increases in health care costs that exceed the rates of increase over the past decade. Several realities lead me to this conclusion. First, drug costs are soaring. The combination of new, very expensive drugs’ being marketed directly to consumers and drug companies’ increasing the prices they charge for older drugs with proven efficacy has been stunning. Increases of 15‐20 percent in drug costs for the past two years will probably be continued into the next century. Second, the costs of new technology also are increasing at an amazing rate. Stents are going into millions of heart arteries. The wonderful new HeartMate pump adds $70,000 to the cost incurred by each heart transplant patient. New fertility treatments cost $20,000 to help infertile, middle-aged women become pregnant, and $500,000 to $1 million more is often spent helping their premature infants (often multiple births) to become healthy enough to go home from the hospital.
Complicated Grief and the Quest for Meaning: A Constructivist Contribution

One of the more important results of the upwelling of research on bereavement in recent decades has been the development of criteria for complicated grief, a disorder whose coherence, correlates and consequences have been subjected to increasing scrutiny. In this article I argue that clinical, conceptual, and evidence-based considerations converge to support the further refinement of such criteria, with a special emphasis on their connection to the protracted and painful quest for meaning that characterizes a subset of the bereaved. As further research supports and extends these current efforts, there is reason to believe that an understanding of complicated grief can make a significant contribution to research, theory, and practice concerning adaptation in the wake of loss.
The dialectics of competency acquisition: Pollution prevention in electric generation

Strategy researchers now recognize that distinctive competencies are critically important for sustained competitive advantage. The processes by which such competencies are acquired, however, has only started to be examined. Connections between macro-industrial system level properties and micro-developments in proprietary technology at the firm level need to be made. This paper argues that system-wide properties, such as long-standing elementary and opposing logics in societal forces like governments and markets, and micro-developments, such as the firm's capacity to search for talent, technology, and ideas and to harmonize what it learns internally, can contribute in significant ways to the creation and acquisition of new competencies. Based on the case of pollution prevention in electric generation, it shows how the system-wide properties channel and direct the paths that the acquisition of new competencies take and how they interact with micro-developments at the firm level. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cellular automata method for phase unwrapping

Research into two-dimensional phase unwrapping has uncovered interesting and troublesome inconsistencies that cause path-dependent results. Cellular automata, which are simple, discrete mathematical systems, offered promise of computation in a nondirectional, parallel manner. A cellular automaton was discovered that can unwrap consistent phase data in n dimensions in a path-independent manner and can automatically accommodate noise-induced (pointlike) inconsistencies and arbitrary boundary conditions (region partitioning). For data with regional (nonpointlike) inconsistencies, no phase-unwrapping algorithm will converge, including the cellular-automata approach. However, the automata method permits more simple visualization of the regional inconsistencies. Examples of its behavior on one- and two-dimensional data are presented.
Pediatric hemorrhagic cystitis

Abstract Purpose To review the current literature as it pertains to hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in the pediatric bone-marrow transplant (BMT) population. By reviewing the pathophysiology of the disease, preventive methods, and therapeutic options, urologists may be better equipped to manage this challenging clinical scenario. Materials and methods The HC literature was reviewed using a MEDLINE/PubMed literature search, specifically focusing on the pediatric BMT population as it pertains to the incidence, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of HC. Results Conservative estimates of HC incidence in recent retrospective studies of pediatric BMT populations still approach 10–20%. Several high-volume pediatric BMT centers have reported contemporary data on their experience with HC providing increased insight into incidence and pathophysiology. Accumulating evidence linking BK virus to HC is a significant development warranting further investigation. Other contributing agents/risk factors need identification in the likely multifactorial etiology of HC. Preventive and therapeutic strategies have made modest advances, but certainly need further validation with prospective randomized studies. Conclusions Pediatric BMT patients are susceptible for HC development despite preventive measures and improved insight into the pathophysiology. Unfortunately, there are no evidence-based treatment guidelines for this difficult clinical issue that frequently requires prolonged care and multiple treatment modalities necessitating judicious patience in the application of more aggressive interventions.
A novel volumetric folded ring resonator metamaterial structure

A novel folded ring resonator (FRR) is shown to deliver an equivalent bandgap response to a planar square closed ring resonator (CRR). In addition to being significantly more compact in two dimensions, the folded ring resonator is polarization independent. The bulk behavior of a cubic lattice of the novel structure demonstrates backward mode behavior centered at 4.5 GHz with a bandwidth of 12.2% as derived from the dispersion curve. Parametric sweeps of the critical dimensions are presented showing the tunability of the structure. The field nature of the backward mode is explained in terms of the realized negative permittivity and permeability. For finite thickness slabs of the novel substrate, the material parameters and phase are shown to indicate the presence of a backward mode in agreement with the bulk response.
MEASURING POSITION AND CURRENT OF AN ACCELERATED PARTICLE BEAM

Abstract A system used in the measurement of particle beam position in the Cambridge Electron Accelerator is described. Pick-up coils with a band with of 30 kc to 10 Mc achieve sensitivities of 0.08 V/A · cm along the horizontal coordinate of position of center of charge, the sensitivity along the vertical coordinate being 0.30 V/A · cm. The sensitivity of the peak current measuring coil is 0.2 V/A using a vacuum-core torus.
Geochronological studies of deep sea sediments by the ionium/thorium method

Abstract The ionium/thorium method for determining the rates of accumulation of marine sediments has been applied to a group of deposits from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The thorium isotopes which were accommodated in authigenic minerals (presumably derived from sea water) were obtained through a hot hydrochloric acid leaching of the sample. A model for the mixing of the upper layers of the sediment, by worm-burrowing or near-bottom currents, is proposed and, if valid, allows the depth of mixing to be ascertained from the ionium/thorium profiles. Sediments in the South Pacific had rather uniform and low rates of deposition (0.3–0.6 mm/103 years), while the North Pacific values in general were at least several times higher. These results are in accord with a much greater contribution of sedimentary components from the continents in the northern area. South Atlantic depositional rates were of the same order, millimeters per thousand years, as the North Pacific, while two adjacent Indian Ocean cores gave widely contrasting values. Surface values of the ionium/thorium ratio, and to a lesser extent the hydrochloric acid leachable thorium concentrations, showed a marked geographical dependence which was attributed to the relative amounts of continental run-off an oceanic area receives.
Differences in the urocortin 1 system between long-sleep and short-sleep mice

There is evidence that the peptide urocortin 1 (Ucn1) may be involved in mediating some of the effects of ethanol. The purpose of the present study was to characterize Ucn1 immunoreactivity in mice selectively bred for either high or low sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation, with additional differences in their response to ethanol- induced hypothermia. The brains of naive male mice of the inbred long sleep/short sleep (ILS/ISS) selected lines were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Significant differences were found between lines in the number of Ucn1-containing cells in the non-preganglionic Edinger- Westphal nucleus (npEW, the main source of Ucn1 in the brain); with the ISS mice having more cells. However, significant differences in the optical density of Ucn1 immunoreactivity in individual npEW cells and differ- ences in cell area were also found between lines, with ILS mice having a greater density of Ucn1 per cell and having larger cells in the npEW. Importantly, the ILS mice also had a significantly greater number of Ucn1-positive terminal fibers than ISS mice in the lateral septum and the dorsal raphe nucleus, projection areas of Ucn1- containing neurons. These results suggest that the greater sensitivity of ILS than ISS mice to the hypothermic effects of ethanol could be mediated by stronger innerv- ation of the dorsal raphe by Ucn1-containing fibers. In addition, these results lend further support to previous findings implicating Ucn1-containing projections from npEWtothe dorsalrapheinethanol-inducedhypothermia.
Initial synthesis of globin peptide chains in differentiating embryonic red blood cells

Abstract The initial time of synthesis of globin polypeptide chains in differentiating red cells has been delineated. Three analytical techniques were used, namely, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, acid urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that globin peptide chains are synthesized in proerythroblasts at the initial time when globin mRNA first enters into the cytoplasm, and there is no apparent time gap between these two events.
Wettstein's Incompleteness, Salmon's Intuitions

Mesurant la contribution de H. Wettstein et N. Salmon au debat ouvert par K.Donnellan sur l'usage referentiel ou attributif des descriptions definies, l'A. montre que le resultat communicationnel de l'enonce referentiel de la phrase F est G est la proposition singuliere representee par (α, propriete de G), ou α represente l'objet que le locuteur tente de communiquer. Examinant la these de la signification semantique, l'A. evalue l'argument de Wettstein fonde sur le principe d'incompletude, ainsi que l'argument contraire de Salmon fonde sur l'intution, d'une part, et conclut en montrant que celui-ci ne parvient a refuter la these de la signification semantique, d'autre part
Donor selection and procurement of multivisceral and isolated intestinal allografts

Purpose of review Intestinal transplantation is accepted therapy for adults and children suffering from intestinal failure. Donor selection and correct allograft procurement are paramount to the success of intestinal transplantation. This review details current opinion on donor selection and performance of multivisceral and isolated intestinal procurement. Recent findings To optimize immediate allograft function, donor selection has been restricted to optimal candidates according to defined criteria. Size matching is an important consideration in donor selection. Donors typically range from 50% to 120% of recipient weight. However, larger organ(s) can be surgically reduced to fit the abdominal cavity of a child. Accepting larger donors improves allocation and decreases waiting list morbidity and mortality. Living-donor intestinal transplantation remains controversial because of the underutilization of potential cadaver donors; however, it provides potential benefits including immuno-modularity. The procurement techniques herein are a modification of the original descriptions of Starzl. All procedures begin with the standard techniques of abdominal organ procurement. Multivisceral organ procurement requires tailoring the donor procedure to the individual needs of a recipient. The essential element of multivisceral and liver/intestine allograft procurement is maintenance of the superior mesenteric artery-portal vein axis. When the liver is a component of a multivisceral allograft, our preference is to preserve the integrity of the biliary system through inclusion of donor duodenum and pancreas. Organ cold perfusion is performed with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution® (Viaspan, Pomona, NY) at 4°C through the aortic and inferior mesenteric venous cannulas. Summary Correct procurement is fundamental to the success of multivisceral and isolated intestinal transplantation. The techniques described herein can be routinely applied by recovery teams at remote donor facilities without additional equipment or impedance to concomitant thoracic and abdominal organ procurement.
Neutronics shielding analysis for the end plug of a tandem mirror fusion reactor

A neutronics analysis using the Monte Carlo method is carried out for the end-plug penetration and magnet system of a tandem mirror fusion reactor. Detailed penetration and the magnets' three-dimensional configurations are modeled. A method of position dependent angular source biasing is developed to adequately sample the DT fusion source in the central cell region and obtain flux contributions at the penetration components. To assure cryogenic stability, the barrier cylindrical solenoid is identified as needing substantial shielding of about 1 m of a steel-lead-boron-carbide-water mixture. Heating rates there would require a thermal-hydraulic design similar to that in the central cell blanket region. The transition coils, however, need a minimal 0.2 m thickness shield. The leakage neutron flux at the direct converters is estimated at 1.3×1015 n/(m2·s), two orders of magnitude lower than that reported at the neutral beam injectors for tokamaks around 1017 n/(m2·s) for a 1 MW/m2 14 MeV neutron wall loading. This result is obtained through a coupling between the nuclear and plasma physics designs in which hydrogen ions rather than deuterium atoms are used for energy injection at the end plug, to avoid creating a neutron source there. This lower and controllable radiation leakage problem is perceived as a potential major advantage of tandem mirrors compared to tokamaks and laser reactor systems.
Rademacher bounded families of operators on

We give a characterization of R-bounded families of operators on L 1 . We then use this result to study sectorial operators on L 1 . We show that if A is an R-sectorial operator on L 1 , then, for any e > 0, there is an invertible operator U: L 1 → L 1 with ∥U - I∥ < e such that for some strictly positive Borel function w, U(D(A)) contains the weighted L 1 -space L 1 (w).
Geological evidence for a strewn field of impact spherules in the early Precambrian Hamersley Basin of Western Australia

Predominantly sand-sized spherules of K-feldspar with spherulitic, vesicular, and other crystalline textures help to define a unique marker bed in the 2.6 Ga Wittenoom Formation which persists for more than 300 km across the Hamersley Basin of Western Australia. These spherules usually occur as a minor constituent of a single turbidite, but locally they are restricted to centimeter-thick lenses of pure spherules along a single horizon in the argillite close beneath it. In the shallower northeastern part of the Basin, similar spherules (as well as larger, more heterogeneous particles) likewise occur at only one horizon, but here they are a minor constituent of a thick dolomitic debris-flow deposit. As the Wittenoom Formation and the Carawine Dolomite are thought to be stratigraphically equivalent, this debris-flow deposit is believed to be a proximal equivalent of the spherule-bearing turbidite. On the basis of their similarity to microtektites and microkrystites in shape, size, and mode of occurrence, the spherules are interpreted as droplets of silicate melt that were generated and dispersed across the Hamersley Basin by a major bolide impact. Moreover, the mass of the spherules preserved in the Hamersley Basin is of the same order of magnitude as the estimated masses of microtektite glass in major Cenozoic strewn fields, despite the fact that the spherules cover an area which is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller. The layers which host the spherules are interpreted as the deposits of a major sediment gravity flow which exhumed and redeposited most of the spherules after shallow burial. The flow, however, is not believed to have been a direct result of the proposed impact. If the spherule-bearing layers constitute a chronostratigraphic marker, as suggested here, there are important implications for the deposition of carbonates and banded iron formations (BIF) within the Hamersley Basin. Similar spherules also occur at a single horizon ∼250 m higher stratigraphically in the Brockman Iron Formation, suggesting that two impacts occurred near the Hamersley Basin in relatively rapid succession. Correlative strata may be present in the Transvaal Basin of South Africa.
Grammatical morphology and speech perception in children with specific language impairment.

Many English-speaking children with specific language impairment have been found to be especially weak in their use of grammatical morphology. In a separate literature, many children meeting the sa...
Incontinence Following Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Neck in the Female

SUMMARY— Incontinence is an unwelcome complication of transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder neck in the female. A computerised analysis of 238 procedures performed during the period 1940 to 1972 was carried out to assess the morbidity due to this complication and to evaluate possible predisposing factors. Initially 1 5.2% of patients were incontinent but 70% of these soon became continent without further treatment. The remaining 4.7% were treated by surgical or other measures. The incidence of incontinence was unrelated to the amount of tissue removed or to the number of operations, but was significantly lower when the operation was done for polypi of the bladder neck and significantly higher in patients with a cystocele or urethrocele. It seems possible to reduce the incidence of incontinence by careful selection of cases.