cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preservice and early career teachers' attitudes toward inclusion, instructional accommodations, and fairness: Three profiles

This investigation examined the attitudes of beginning general education teachers (preservice and early career) with respect to teaching in inclusion classrooms. Sixty graduate students, taking a survey at the conclusion of a special education course, completed Q-sorts constructed to evaluate responses regarding attitude toward (a) inclusion, (b) instructional accommodations, and (c) fairness, along two dimensions: positive/negative and anxious/confident. A three-factor solution resulted in profiles of three groups of teachers: keen, but anxious, beginners (mostly preservice teachers with positive attitudes, but who worried about being effective inclusion teachers); positive doers (more experienced teachers whose struggles with the challenges of inclusion had not deterred their positive attitudes); and resisters (mostly experienced teachers whose concerns about fairness signified their resistance to inclusion). Teacher educators may find these profiles useful in preparing teachers to teach in inclusion cl...
Modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the rat adrenal gland by exercise: effects of age.

Abstract Both aging and exercise are associated with alterations in circulating levels of catecholamines. To determine the interactions of age and exercise on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and TH mRNA, Fischer-344 female rats aged 5 months (young) and 25 months (old) were trained by treadmill running for 10 weeks. The elevation in maximum oxygen consumption in both groups was equivalent following exercise, indicating that training had occurred. In control rats, both TH activity and TH mRNA were greater in the older groups when compared with the younger animals. In young rats, exercise decreased TH activity by 25% and TH mRNA by 27%. In older rats, exercise was not associated with a decrease in TH activity and TH mRNA. Choline acetyltransferase activity (ChAT) was decreased and glutamic acid decarboxylase activity (GAD) was increased by exercise in young rats. The decrease in ChAT activity and increase in GAD activity suggest that transynaptic mechanisms play a role in the exercise-induced alteration of TH gene expression. Neither ChAT nor GAD was altered by exercise in older groups. Our data suggest that the previously reported diminution in catecholamines associated with exercise may be due to a decrease in TH mRNA and a resulting decrease in TH activity. There was no effect of exercise in the old rats, supporting previous observations that the plasticity of the sympathoadrenal system diminishes with age.
Boundary-layer analysis of orthogonal free-forced convection on a heated and a cooled plate with fluid injection or suction

Abstract The basic problem solution of orthogonal mixed thermal convection on a heated or cooled horizontal plate with suction/injection has numerous applications ranging from cooling of manufactured products to local weather forecasting. New mixed convection parameters and coordinate transformations have been introduced to solve the steady laminar boundary-layer equations very efficiently for the entire free-forced convection regime for a wide range of Prandtl number fluids. The structure of the boundary layer varies from forced-convection dominated near the leading edge to free-convection dominated as the downstream distance increases. Of special interest is the case of a cooled plate where the classical boundary-layer assumption may become invalid due to a buoyancy-induced adverse pressure gradient. Fluid mechanics and heat transfer parameters are evaluated for the entire mixed thermal convection regime, for a wide range of Prandtl numbers, for both thermal wall conditions, and for different values of a wall mass transfer parameter.
Quality-of-life differences between patients with episodic and transformed migraine.

Objective.—To determine whether there are any differences in health-related quality of life between patients with migraine and those with transformed migraine. Background.—There are no published reports comparing the health-related quality of life between patients with migraine and patients with transformed migraine. Methods.—We conducted a retrospective analysis examining the health-related quality of life of patients with transformed migraine and migraine seen at a specialty headache clinic. Data collected included the Short Form-36 (SF-36) and the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaires as well as demographic information. Both of these forms are part of the initial evaluation at the headache clinic. A t test with Bonferroni correction was used to test for significant differences in the SF-36 domains between the groups. Results.—Data were collected for 90 patients, 46 with transformed migraine and 44 with migraine. There were no significant differences between groups with respect to sex, race, or age. Over the last 90 days prior to their first visit, patients with transformed migraine reported having a headache an average of 69 days compared with patients with migraine who averaged 18 days with headache (P 5 points) lower mean scores on seven of the eight SF-36 domains and both the mental and physical summary scores of the SF-36. Conclusions.—The results of this study suggest that patients with transformed migraine have a lower health-related quality of life than patients with migraine. These findings indicate that the headache chronicity associated with transformed migraine has a significant influence on quality of life. The results highlight the importance of effective management of headaches to avoid the progression of migraine to the more disabling transformed migraine.
Self-enhancing attribution biases as a function of objective response-outcome contingencies

This experiment investigated whether causal attributions for success vary with differences in objective response-outcome contingencies. In a 2 ×2 factorial design, 96 college males performed either a solvable or an unsolvable intellectual task and then received either success feedback or no feedback. Thus, the success feedback was contingent or noncontingent on performance for solvable and unsolvable test subjects, respectively. Solvable test subjects generally attributed their performance more to ability than did unsolvable test subjects, but success feedback significantly increased the ability attributions of unsolvable test subjects only. These data suggest the importance of objective contingencies in determining biased attributions and of including a neutral outcome condition in research on self-serving biases.
TIME-OF-DAY DISCRIMINATIVE LEARNING IN HOMING PIGEONS, COLUMBA LIVIA

Pigeons were trained on an operant procedure to discriminate between morning and afternoon when location did not vary (Experiment 1). The pigeons were placed on a fixed interval (FI) schedule in the morning and on a different FI schedule in the afternoon. Probe trials that occurred at the beginning of the training sessions were examined. The pigeons responded differently, depending on the time of day, reflecting the learning of a stable 24-h memory representation of the association between the FI schedules and the time of day. The pigeons from Experiment 1 were then clock shifted and tested twice, to determine whether they were relying on an endogenous circadian oscillator, an hourglass mechanism influenced by the photoperiod, or environmental noise to make the time-of-day discrimination (Experiment 2). The results of the second experiment indicated a circadian mechanism was most important for the observed time-of-day learning.
Approaches to improving breast cancer diagnosis using a high resolution, breast specific gamma camera.

Abstract Mammography remains the gold standard in breast cancer detection, although there remains a challenge for improvement in sensitivity of breast cancer detection and diagnosis. Although mammography is the most frequently utilized examination to screen for breast cancer, which has resulted in a reduction of breast cancer mortality, still some cancers are unable to be visualized on mammographic images. Mammography films are interpreted using an anatomic approach. A new approach to breast cancer diagnosis utilizes a breast specific gamma camera to measure radiotracer uptake of abnormal tissue in the breast in patients with an abnormal mammogram or palpble mass using technetium sestamibi. Images are taken using the same positioning techniques as mammography for comparison of both types of images. Multi-Institutional trials using a traditional gamma camera demonstrated potential for this approach. However, the inability of traditional gamma camera intrinsic resolution and non-optinuized breast imaging limited scintimammography. Therefore, a breast specific, high resolution gamma camera was developed to overcome these limitations. Results of clinical studies evaluating BSGI are promising and are increasingly being used. Additionally, means for minimally invasive imaging-guided acquisition of tissue are being developed so that biopsies will be avaibles for areas of interest based on radiotracer uptake. Breast specific gamma camera nuclear imaging of the breast is a developing and increasingly utilized approach to improving breast cancer detection and diagnosis.
In vitro and in vivo studies with aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione

Studies with 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA) are described which demonstrate inhibition of aromatase in human placentra and rat ovaries. In animal experiments, the compound was compared with aminoglutethimide (AG) for antitumor activity and effects on plasma hormone levels. 4-OHA was more effective than AG in causing regression of DMBA-induced hormone dependent tumors in the rat. Although estradiol concentrations in ovarian vein blood were reduced initially by both compounds, there is a reflex rise in LH and estradiol levels during long-term treatment with AG, whereas hormone levels in 4-OHA treated animals remained suppressed. Further studies in ovariectomized rats indicated that during long-term treatment, 4-OHA acts as a weak androgen (the compound has less than 1% the activity of testosterone) to directly inhibit the post-castrational rise in gonadotropin levels. This antigonadotropin action of the steroidal aromatase inhibitor may help maintain reduced ovarian estrogen secretion and thus contribute to the antitumor activity of 4-OHA.
Effect of body weight on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in breast cancer patients

Cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics have been studied in 16 female patients with advanced breast cancer. The group included 7 patients who were greater than 20%, less than or equal to 30% over ideal body weight and 5 patients who were greater than 30% over ideal body weight. Cyclophosphamide plasma elimination half-lives ranged between 152 and 984 min (mean 457 min), the apparent volume of distribution between 19.1 and 62.3 1 (mean 36.1 1), and plasma clearance between 25.9 and 166.6 ml/min (mean 69.5 ml/min). There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.624, P = 0.010) between body weight and plasma elimination half-life, and a significant negative correlation between body weight and cyclophosphamide clearance when normalized to body surface area (r = 0.578, P = 0.019) or normalized to ideal body weight (r = 0.531, P = 0.0345). The apparent volume of distribution did not correlate with body weight. The results show that cyclophosphamide disposition is altered in patients with increased body weight.
The Carolina slate belt—Evidence of a continental rift zone

Near the South Carolina and Georgia border, the southeastern parts of the Charlotte belt and Carolina slate belt near the Coastal Plain overlap are coincident with the northwestern edge of an isolated negative Bouguer gravity anomaly. This anomaly is interpreted as evidence for a detached fragment of continental crust. The pattern of the magnetic and gravity anomaly contours for the northwestern edge of this fragment is similar to the pattern of magnetic anomaly contours and the Piedmont gravity gradient in central Georgia. This geometric similarity suggests that the fragment may have been separated from a larger continental block by a rift zone nearly 160 km wide. The Carolina slate belt in Georgia and South Carolina may delineate the axis of this continental rift or rift system and may represent remnants of rift-derived volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Gravity profiles across the edges of the hypothesized rift indicate the existence of anomalous high-density rocks in the upper 5 km of the crust in the proposed rift and low-density rocks at the base of the adjacent continental crust. Seismic data in Georgia indicate a typical rift-zone velocity structure that consists of a high-velocity (6.3 km/s) discontinuous surface layer 0.0 to 5.0 km thick over a low-velocity (6.0 km/s) crustal layer which extends to depths of at least 30 km. Magnetic lineations provide evidence for the faults and/or depositional layering of the rift and outline the structures and margins of the rift. The rift developed from late Precambrian through Cambrian time (650 to 520 m.y. B.P.), as determined from radiometric dating of Carolina slate belt rocks. In North Carolina the rift was reactivated during the Triassic, but in Georgia and South Carolina, Triassic extension was restricted to the southeastern edges of the detached crustal fragment.
Hourly employee retention in small and medium attractions: the Central Florida example

Abstract The major objective of this study was to explore the reasons behind hourly employee turnover in the amusement park and attraction industry. Data were collected from 172 hourly employees in 13 Central Florida small and medium-size facilities. The results empirically confirmed that hourly employees’ retention was predicted by self-fulfillment and working conditions rather than monetary rewards. More specifically, employees who had positive experience with regard to consistent working hours, sense of fulfillment with their job, positive experience with performance reviews, longer tenure with their current employer, higher level of satisfaction with the job, and previous work experience were more likely to stay with their current employer.
Active Species for the Ground-State Complex of Cytidine Deaminase: A Linear-Scaling Quantum Mechanical Investigation

We present results of large-scale (1330 atoms) linear-scaling quantum mechanical semiempirical (PM3) simulations done to optimize geometries surrounding the active site within the enzyme cytidine deaminase. We make a strong prediction about the structure of the active site for the active species, based on the energetics of the calculated structures and comparisons to X-ray crystallographic data. The lowest energy structure indicates that Zn−OH- is the active species formed prior to nucleophilic attack of the ligand, that the active species of Glu-104 is with Oe2 protonated and hydrogen-bonded with N3 of the ligand, and that the C4 and OH- atoms are significantly closer than is permitted by their van der Waals radii. In addition, we predict structures corresponding to the low-pH and high-pH states in the active site of the enzyme.
Doubling up on double meanings: Pragmatic alignment

Garrod and Pickering (2004) maintain that conversation is easy because automatic alignment occurs at various levels during conversation. Other related theories of alignment have also been proposed for emotional/mood alignment (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1994). Though there is a large literature on pragmatics in discourse, there is as of yet no experimental demonstration that this level also undergoes alignment. Two experiments test the impact of the use of indirect language by a pseudo-confederate on participant contributions to interaction. Overall, individuals coordinate during interaction at the level of pragmatics (Experiment 1), and this is not explained merely by mood inducement through content of a double meaning (Experiment 2). We discuss findings in terms of psycholinguistic alignment and emotional contagion.
Identification and Functional Requirement of Cu(I) and Its Ligands within Coagulation Factor VIII

Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a heterodimer consisting of a light chain of 80 kDa (domains A3-C1-C2) in a metal ion-dependent association with a 220-kDa heavy chain (domains A1-A2-B). The nature of the metal ion-dependent association between the heavy and light chains was investigated using atomic absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and site-directed mutagenesis and expression of the FVIII cDNA. Whereas copper ion was not detected in intact recombinant FVIII, EDTA dissociation of the chains yielded an EPR signal consistent with 1 mol of Cu(I)/mol of active protein, supporting the hypothesis that a single molecule of reduced copper ion is buried within intact FVIII and is released and oxidized upon treatment with EDTA. Cu(I), and not Cu(II), was able to reconstitute FVIII activity from dissociated chains, demonstrating a requirement for Cu(I) in FVIII function. Three potential copper ion binding sites exist within FVIII: one type-2 site and two type-1 sites. The importance of these potential copper ion ligands was tested by studying the effect of site-directed mutants. Of the two histidines that compose the type-2 binding site, the His-1957 → Ala mutant displayed secretion, light and heavy chain assembly, and activity similar to wild-type FVIII, while mutant His-99 → Ala was partially defective for secretion and had low levels of heavy and light chain association and activity. In contrast, FVIII having the mutation Cys-310 → Ser within the type-1 copper binding site in the A1 domain was inactive and partially defective for secretion from the cell, and the heavy and light chains of the secreted protein were not associated. Mutant Cys-2000 → Ser within the A3 domain displayed secretion, assembly, and activity similar to that for wild-type FVIII. These results support the hypothesis that Cu(I) is buried within the type-1 copper binding site within the A1 domain and is required for FVIII chain association and activity.
Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Obesity: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline Based on Expert Opinion

Objective: Our objective was to formulate practice guidelines for the treatment and prevention of pediatric obesity. Conclusions: We recommend defining overweight as body mass index (BMI) in at least the 85th percentile but < the 95th percentile and obesity as BMI in at least the 95th percentile against routine endocrine studies unless the height velocity is attenuated or inappropriate for the family background or stage of puberty; referring patients to a geneticist if there is evidence of a genetic syndrome; evaluating for obesity-associated comorbidities in children with BMI in at least the 85th percentile; and prescribing and supporting intensive lifestyle (dietary, physical activity, and behavioral) modification as the prerequisite for any treatment. We suggest that pharmacotherapy (in combination with lifestyle modification) be considered in: 1) obese children only after failure of a formal program of intensive lifestyle modification; and 2) overweight children only if severe comorbidities persist de...
Counterexamples in multidimensional system theory

In extending some of the basic concepts of one dimensional system theory to two and multidimensional systems one encounters many difficulties. Discussion of such extension is reviewed and several counterexamples are given. In particular counterexamples to least square inverse polynomials, discrete Hilbert transform, bilinear transformation, necessary and sufficient conditions for linear time-invariant stability, primitive factorization for higher than two dimensional polynomial matrices and partial fraction expansion are given. Furthermore, several conjectures regarding the validity for such extensions are discussed.
Reflected Shock Tube Studies of High-Temperature Rate Constants for CH3 + O2, H2CO + O2, and OH + O2

The reflected shock tube technique with multipass absorption spectrometric detection of OH-radicals at 308 nm, corresponding to a total path length of ∼2.8 m, has been used to study the reaction CH3 + O2 → CH2O + OH. Experiments were performed between 1303 and 2272 K, using ppm quantities of CH3I (methyl source) and 5−10% O2, diluted with Kr as the bath gas at test pressures less than 1 atm. We have also reanalyzed our earlier ARAS measurements for the atomic channel (CH3 + O2 → CH3O + O) and have compared both these results with other earlier studies to derive a rate expression of the Arrhenius form. The derived expressions, in units of cm3 molecule-1 s-1, are k = 3.11 × 10-13 exp(−4953 K/T) over the T-range 1237−2430 K, for the OH-channel, and k = 1.253 × 10-11 exp(−14241K/T) over the T-range 1250−2430 K, for the O-atom channel. Since CH2O is a major product in both reactions, reliable rates for the reaction CH2O + O2 → HCO + HO2 could be derived from [OH]t and [O]t experiments over the T-range 1587−210...
Adaptive Control of Linear Time Invariant Systems via a Wavelet Network and Applications to Control Lorenz Chaos

Abstract Compactly supported orthogonal wavelets have certain properties that are useful for controller design. In this paper, we explore the mechanism of a wavelet controller by integrating the controller with linear time-invariant systems (LTI). A necessary condition for effective control is that the compact support of the wavelet network covers the state space where the state trajectories stay. Closed-form bounds on the design parameters of the wavelet controller are derived, which guarantee asymptotic stability of wavelet-controlled LTI systems. The same wavelet controller is then applied to the Lorenz equations. The control objective is to stabilize the Lorenz system well into its normally chaotic region at one of its equilibria.
An Examination of the Association Between Gender and Reporting Intentions for Fraudulent Financial Reporting

We report the results of a study that examines the association between gender and individuals’ intentions to report fraudulent financial reporting using non-anonymous and anonymous reporting channels. In our experimental study, we examine whether reporting intentions in response to discovering a fraudulent financial reporting act are associated with the participants’ gender, the perpetrator’s gender, and/or the interaction between the participants’ and perpetrator’s gender. We find that female participants’ reporting intentions for an anonymous channel are higher than for male participants; the fraud perpetrator’s gender and the interaction with participants’ gender were not significantly associated with anonymous channel reporting intentions. Neither of the two factors nor the interaction between the two factors was associated with reporting intentions to a non- anonymous reporting channel. Results from an additional analysis indicate that male and female participants differ in the extent to which they judge the reduction in personal costs of an anonymous reporting channel compared to a non-anonymous reporting channel and that the reduction in personal costs mediates the relationship between participant gender and anonymous reporting intentions.
Advance directives: ambulatory patients' knowledge and perspectives.

Abstract Background There is a growing awareness of the need for discussion of advance directives (ADs) in the ambulatory setting, but rates of completion remain low. Clarification of patients’ perceptions and knowledge would help in designing future strategies. Methods This is a prospective study of adult ambulatory patients at four academic internal medicine clinical sites at the University at Buffalo during a 6-week period in 2004. We obtained data using a standard instrument administered by a research assistant. The data included demographic variables, patients’ awareness of and familiarity with specific ADs, and whether the patient had any ADs. Patients also were asked about attitudes concerning the appropriateness of ADs. We performed multivariate logistic regression on the variables. Results Of 508 patients, 86.2% were unfamiliar with the term “advance directives,” but 93.5% were familiar with one or more specific kinds of ADs. Some 43.1% of patients claimed to have completed an AD, but of those who said they had, only 25% thought their provider had a copy. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated significant correlation between having completed an AD and age, reading ability, and educational level (all P Conclusions A large number of patients in an ambulatory internal medicine practice knew about ADs and believed they had completed such documents, but these documents were often not in the chart. Many patients believe discussions of ADs are not appropriate for them. A better understanding of this phenomenon will help in promoting effective advance care planning.
Is Calcium a Mediator of Infarct Size Reduction With Preconditioning in Canine Myocardium

Background The cellular mechanisms by which brief episodes of ischemia protect or “precondition” the heart and limit infarct size caused by a later period of sustained coronary artery occlusion remain unresolved. We propose that calcium may be an important mediator in eliciting this cardioprotection. Methods and Results To test this hypothesis, anesthetized dogs received a 15-minute intracoronary infusion of 20 mmol/L CaCl 2 or saline before undergoing 1 hour of coronary occlusion and 4 hours of reperfusion (protocol 1). Collateral blood flow during occlusion was measured with radiolabeled microspheres, area at risk of infarction (AR) was delineated by injection of blue dye, and area of necrosis (AN) was determined by tetrazolium staining. AN/AR was reduced from 20±5% in the saline-treated controls to 9±3% in CaCl 2 -treated dogs ( P N , N -dimethyl)-amiloride (an inhibitor of calcium influx via Na + -H + and Na + -Ca 2+ exchange) before the preconditioning stimulus attenuated the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning: AN/AR was 12±1%, larger than the value of 4±1% observed in preconditioned dogs that received saline ( P Conclusions Brief intracoronary infusion of CaCl 2 mimicked, whereas treatment with dimethylamiloride blocked, infarct size reduction with preconditioning, thereby implicating calcium as a mediator of preconditioning in this canine model.
Uric acid metabolism in therapy of glycogen storage disease type I.

Summary: Factors which may explain lower serum uric acid in a new therapy of patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD) type I have been studied. [1-14C]Glycine incorporation into urine uric acid was 0.68% of the injected dose during a 6-day period of frequent high carbohydrate feedings, 0.40% with the same diet and nocturnal nasogastric feeding by Vivonex, and 0.18% in a control patient with GSD type III. Fractional renal uric acid excretion in the patient with GSD type I increased from 11.3% to 26.3% after beginning nocturnal nasogastric feeding of Vivonex. Red cell phosphoribosylpyrophosphate levels were not changed by the therapy. Addition of Vivonex nocturnal feedings to frequent high carbohydrate feedings (1) decreased the accelerated de novo purine synthesis to a level still higher than control and (2) increased fractional renal uric acid excretion. Speculation: Near normalization of purine metabolism with nocturnal feeding should decrease the risk of gout in GSD type I.
Comparative ultrastructure of Clara cells in neonatal and older cattle.

ABSTRACT Calf lungs were fixed with glutaraldehyde and examined by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy to compare the ultrastructure of Clara cells in terminal bronchioles of neonatal calves and older cattle. In the neonatal calf, SEM revealed numerous smooth-surfaced Clara cells protruding above a similar number of ciliated cells, whereas in older animals the surface of Clara cells was lobulated. Thin sections examined by TEM revealed numerous cuboidal to columnar Clara cells with indented nuclei and a pale cytoplasm filled with faintly granular glycogen in the neonatal calf. Some cells were characterized by apical dense and/or pale membrane-bound granules or secretory droplets. Many cells had an apical tubular network of cisternae that were partly smooth and partly decorated with ribosomes. Ultrastructural comparison of Clara cells in a 2-day-old calf with those of 14- and 19-day-old, 4- and 5.5-month-old, and 3.5-year-old cattle revealed a striking reduction in the amount of glycogen per cell after 14 days. The number of cells with apical granules was small at all ages, and the density of the secretory granules varied greatly in different cells. A variable amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) was present but was less prominent than cisternae of ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum (RER). In older cattle, the limited amount of SER compared to the RER and secretory granules suggests that bovine Clara cells are more likely to be secretory than detoxifying. J. Morphol. 244:143–151, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metal hydrides—structure and band structure

Previous calculations for Group IIIB transition metal and rare earth compounds with hydrogen showed that for the dihydrides a new band is added below the Fermi energy. This bond corresponds to the antibonding combination of the two hydrogen 1s-orbitals in the unit cell. The original transition metal s-band hybridizes with the bonding combination of the two hydrogens, the implications being that for compounds with only one hydrogen per unit cell no new band is formed and the additional electron goes into host metal states. This result has now been verified by calculations for YH and PdH. Previous conclusions about the relative stability of the trivalent trihydrides have been extended to Groups IVB, VB, and VIB dihydrides. The relative position of the added hydrogen bands below the Fermi energy determines the relative stability of a structure. This position depends primarily on interatomic distance. Thus the trihydride forms only for yttrium and the rare earths and not for scandium. The dihydride only forms for transition metals and rare earths for which the metal ion radius (which determines the metal spacing but not the structure) is greater than 1.25 A. The monohydride forms only when the dihydride is relatively unstable and the density of states in the d-band is high, e.g. VH, NbH, TaH, NiH, and PdH. Quantitative substantiation of these ideas from band structure calculations will be presented.
The drosophila glutathione S-transferase 1-1 is encoded by an intronless gene at 87B

The Drosophila glutathione S-transferase 1-1 is a dimer of a 209 amino acid subunit, designated DmGST1. DmGST1 is encoded by a member of a multigene family. Sequence analysis of a genomic clone for GST1 revealed that it is encoded by an intronless gene. We designate this gene and its other family members the GST D genes in the glutathione S-transferase gene superfamily. The Drosophila GST D genes are mapped by in situ hybridization to chromosome 3R at 87B of the polytene chromosome, which is flanked by the two clusters of hsp70 genes at 87A7 and 87C1. Cytogenetic data in the literature indicated that a puff occurred in this region under heat shock. We report that the glutathione S-transferase activity in Kco cells as determined by conjugation with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene is elevated slightly to two-fold under heat shock. The implication of this finding is discussed.
Osteoporosis in men: prevalence and investigation

In the past, osteoporosis was thought to affect only women; however, in the last decade it has become apparent that osteoporosis is common in men, particularly elderly men. Osteoporosis affects as many as 2 million men in the United States. Osteoporosis most commonly affects the hip and the lumbar vertebrae, but other bones, such as the radius, tibia, and ribs, may also fracture. The main feature of the etiology of the disease is that low bone mineral density results in increased susceptibility to bone fracture. The World Health Organization has defined osteoporosis as a bone mineral density T-score value >2.5 SDs below the mean observed in young adult women. Although the validity of this score for evaluating men has been questioned and it is not clear whether a male or female reference database should be used, it is nonetheless often used in this way. The disease affects men differently than women in a number of respects. It manifests itself later in life in men than in women, probably because men initially have greater bone mass. Mortality and morbidity associated with hip fractures are high in all elderly individuals, but they are substantially higher in men than in women. Unlike in women, there is an underlying cause for the osteoporosis in almost half of affected men. Thus, for elderly men, a complete history and physical examination may reveal some remediable conditions; treating these may stop further progression of the disease and prevent further morbidity or mortality. Corticosteroid therapy for arthritis or asthma is a common cause of osteoporosis in elderly men. Hypogonadism is a recognized cause of osteoporosis in men treated for carcinoma of the prostate with androgen withdrawal therapy; treatments to modify the effects of these agents on bone are available. Consumption of large amounts of alcohol will eventually result in osteoporosis in some elderly men. Moreover, alcohol can predispose confused elderly patients to falls and to fracture bones that are already osteoporotic. Hyperthyroidism is associated with a reduction in bone mineral density and an increased likelihood of bony fracture. A careful search for undiagnosed hyperthyroidism in elderly osteoporotic men may prove worthwhile. Vitamin D deficiency is common among older men and could contribute to an increase in fractures. Routine analyses of blood and biochemistry should be carried out in any older male patient with newly diagnosed osteoporosis. Dual x-ray energy absorptiometry should be performed on every new patient with newly diagnosed osteoporosis.
Electron-spin-resonance study of spin dynamics in the one-dimensional magnetic crystal doped with diamagnetic impurities ( C H 3 ) 4 N Mn 2 + Cl 3 : Cd 2 +

We have studied spin dynamics in the impurity-doped ${(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}$N${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$:${\mathrm{Cld}}^{2+}$ using electron-spin resonance. We have measured the room-temperature electron-spin-resonance linewidths, lineshapes, dynamic shifts, and fine- and hyperfine-structure constants at $X$- and $Q$-band microwave frequencies in several crystals containing different concentrations of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$ ion. We have attempted to interpret our data with the aid of the current theories and found that there is only partial agreement between theory and experiment. At very high concentration of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$ we have observed fine structure due to single-ion anisotropy and hyperfine structure due to nuclear spin of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$, at $\ensuremath{\theta}={0}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle between the magnetic chain axis ($c$ axis) of the crystal and the constant magnetic field ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}}_{0}$. The crystal-field direction of the single-ion anisotropy was observed to be along the $c$ axis of the crystal. In addition, we have observed the hyperfine interaction to be isotropic. We have measured the values of the fine- and hyperfine-interaction constants.
Superconductivity and disorder-driven metal-insulator transition in quench-condensed tin films

We have studied the effects of disorder in a series of Sn films quench-condensed onto cryogenically cooled substrates. We find a simple scaling of the conductivity with film thickness Σ ~ (d - d c )Ν, with Ν ≅ 0.85, and a metal-insulator transition near d c ≅ 40–50 ». The superconducting transition temperatures depend linearly on 1/d, provided d is not too small, and the films exhibit strong annealing effects. These features are explained using a model in which grain boundary scattering dominates intragrain scattering.
Income redistribution from public higher education finance within relevant age cohorts

Abstract Most state and local government programs can be viewed as a series of transfers of purchasing power among individuals and classes, and much attention has been given during the last decade to the income redistributional impact of state higher education provision. A particularly controversial study by Hansen and Weisbrod concluded that California's system of public higher education tended to redistribute income from lower to higher income families in the 1960s. Subsequent studies have criticized the Hansen-Weisbrod approach for, among other things, ignoring the intergenerational nature of the benefit transfer resulting from state subsidies to higher education. This study demonstrates for the state of New York that, although the intergenerational criticism is a valid one, most previous studies have not properly eliminated the distortions. The study finds considerable income redistribution toward lower income classes within the college-age age cohort resulting from New York State's financing of higher education.
Volatilization of boron from E-glass melts

Abstract Boron is known to volatilize from borate and borosilicate melts at high temperatures. The rate of boron loss from E-glass melts, as measured using the B–O overtone band in the infrared spectrum of this glass, has been measured at several temperatures and partial pressures of water vapor. The rate of volatilization increases dramatically with increasing partial pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere surrounding the melt at constant temperature and with increasing melting temperature at constant partial pressure of water vapor. The boron concentration decrease is accompanied with an increase in hydroxyl concentration. The net effect of changes in boron and hydroxyl concentration is an increase in glass density, refractive index, and glass transformation temperature.
The Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, soapstone bowls and the Mountain Shoshone

Abstract Protohistoric and probably Late Prehistoric Mountain Shoshones (sometimes known as Sheepeaters) who lived in and around the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem of north-western North America made soapstone bowls in the mountains at the time of Euroamerican contact. The Rocky Mountain soapstone bowl industry is characterized by undecorated, flowerpot-shaped bowls that generally hold more than one litre. Using ethnographic and ethnohistoric data, as well as archaeological evidence, I examine how the distribution of soapstone – also known as steatite – vessels refines ideas about Mountain Shoshone territory, which in turn makes it possible to delineate a Protohistoric seasonal mobility system that included summertime use of alpine mineral, floral and faunal resources.
Superstition and Self-Efficacy:

The Revised Paranormal Belief Scale and the Self-efficacy Scale were completed by 180 university students. As hypothesized, greater belief in Superstition was associated with significantly less rep...
Redox-modulated solute retention on iron–protoporphyrin–silica stationary phases

Abstract Iron–protoporphyrin (FeProP)–silica phases suitable for immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) are examined with respect to the change in solute retention behavior induced by switching the redox state of the central metal ion from Fe(III) to Fe(II). UV–Vis spectroscopy of a stationary phase slurry in typical mobile phases is employed to probe the conditions required for efficient chemical reduction and re-oxidation of the immobilized FeProP. Reduction of a column packed with sterically protected Fe(III)ProP–silica via dithionite and re-oxidation of the immobilized ferroheme with ferricyanide enables tuning of the retention behavior for a range of test solutes under reversed-phase conditions. Upon reduction, a significant effect on the retention of solutes that can coordinate to the central metal ion occurs, as evidenced by the behavior of imidazole, with k′ decreasing more than 50% following reduction. However, non-coordinating solutes (e.g., tryptophan, phenylalanine) also exhibit altered retention on Fe(II)–ProP stationary phases, demonstrating that there are, in addition, secondary effects of the metal ion redox state, most likely on the strength of π–π interactions of solutes with the immobilized porphyrin species.
Evidence for a developmental shift in the basis for memory organization

Abstract Using a false recognition procedure, either with or without instructions to facilitate Synonym or Antonym encoding, 128 second- and sixth-grade boys and girls were tested. The results indicated that there were no grade or sex differences in generalization errors to synonyms or antonyms under neurtral learning instructions, but that facilitative instructions interacted with grade level. Under instructions to facilitate synonym encoding, second graders showed a marked increase in synonym errors. On the other hand, under instructions to facilitate antonym encoding, sixth graders showed an increase in antonym errors. In addition, association strength was directly related to the magnitude of the generalization errors in both grades. The results are discussed in terms of age-related shifts in the basis underlying the organization of verbal memories.
Decision support systems for change management

This paper first explores philosophically the nature of change and the scope of change management. It then presents a change-causation-possibility model for change management. A framework for building decision support systems for change management is developed.
Under-served and un-deserving: Youth empowerment programs, poverty discourses and subject formation

Abstract Youth gardening empowerment organizations are growing in popularity as an urban model for youth-focused nonprofit work within the United States. These organizations aim towards progressive goals of poverty alleviation through holistic youth empowerment but encounter tensions between the imperatives of funders to distinguish (or discipline) youth in terms of performance and their own impulse to include all those in need. Despite benevolent mission statements, however, these organizations perpetuate long-standing poverty discourses that distinguish between deserving and undeserving poor subjects. I explore these tensions through fieldwork with Youth Grow, one such youth gardening empowerment organization in Seattle, Washington. I argue that residual poverty discourses persist due to the contradictory positioning of progressive organizations within a neoliberalized landscape of social service provisioning. This nexus, between donor dependence and cultural imaginaries about poverty, produces the mismatch between relational program goals and residual practices. I propose a more self-reflexive approach to programming that considers the subjective, lived experiences of youth participants in relation to the material and discursive frictions that create these tensions.
Assembly, activation, and signaling by kinin-forming proteins on human vascular smooth muscle cells

Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in the United States. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are an important constituent of the vessel wall that can bring about pathological changes leading to vascular disease. Depending on the environment, the function of VSMC can deviate profoundly from its normal contractile role. Despite advances in research, the underlying mechanisms that activate VSMC toward vascular disease are poorly understood. For the first time, we have observed that factor XII and high-molecular-weight kininogen, constituents of the blood plasma, can bind to VSMC in a Zn2+-dependent manner. In the presence of prekallikrein, this assembly of factor XII and high-molecular-weight kininogen on VSMC leads to the activation of prekallikrein to kallikrein with a rapid formation of bradykinin. The amount of bradykinin in the culture medium then decreases, presumably because of the presence of a kininase activity. p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase is rapidly phosphorylated in response to in situ-generated or in vitro-added bradykinin and is inhibited by bradykinin antagonist HOE-140. Binding of factor XII to VSMC also results in a concentration-dependent phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. This early mitogenic signal, which is also implicated in atherogenesis, may change the metabolic and proliferative activity of VSMC, which are key steps in the progression of atherosclerosis.
Entangled biphoton source - property and preparation

One of the most surprising consequences of quantum mechanics is the entanglement of two or more distance particles. Even though there are still questions regarding the fundamental issues of quantum theory, quantum entanglement has started to play important roles in practical engineering applications such as quantum information processing, quantum metrology, quantum imaging and quantum lithography. Two-photon states have been the most popular entangled states in fundamental and applied research. Using spontaneous parametric down conversion as an example, this review introduces the concept of biphoton wavepacket and emphasizes the very different physics associated with the entangled two-photon system (pure state) and with the `individual' subsystems (statistical mixture). Experimental approaches for Bell state preparation, pumped by continous wave and ultrashort pulse are discussed.
Measurement and modeling of atmospheric flux of ammonia from dairy milking cow housing

Abstract Atmospheric ammonia ( NH 3 ) measurements are needed to better understand the impacts of NH 3 emissions on aerosol formation and concentrations and anthropogenic changes to the N cycle. This paper describes concentration measurements of NH 3 using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), tracer ratio flux experiments, and development of a NH 3 emissions model from a dairy milking cow free stall house with concrete floors. An area source tracer gas ratio method was used to determine NH 3 fluxes which involved releasing SF 6 as the tracer gas from the upwind edge of the stalls and measuring the tracer concentration downwind along with the DOAS NH 3 measurements. The flux is calculated from the ratio of the NH 3 and SF 6 concentrations and the SF 6 release rate and taking into account the differences in area and dispersion. The measured stall flux for the summers averaged 29 ± 19 g NH 3 cow - 1 h - 1 at an average temperature of 18 ± 5 ∘ C . The emissions model calculated liquid NH 3 concentrations in urine puddles, NH 3 volatilization, theoretical and empirical mass transfer to the bulk atmosphere, and NH 3 transport. The predicted concentrations were within ± 30 % using an empirical mass transfer coefficient and within ± 41 % using a theoretical mass transfer coefficient. Total annual NH 3 emissions for the dairy of 185 milking cows was 7400 kg or 40 kg NH 3 cow - 1 year - 1 , estimated total N excretions are 180 kg cow - 1 year - 1 . This agrees with a N mass balance of the dairy. The model was very sensitive to urine puddle pH and also showed that emissions are temperature dependent.
Cultural Influences and the Built Environment: An Examination of Kumasi, Ghana

This paper examines indigenous and colonial influences on the development and use of urban space in Kumasi, Ghana as a historical narrative. It is argued that sanitary concern, the creation of a culturally recognizable landscape and residential segregation, through the importation of contemporary English planning practices and ideas, drove residential planning decisions. The paper then proceeds to examine these spaces as they are today, noting that they have either been abandoned or re-appropriated through the reassertion of long-standing cultural traditions. The characteristics of such spaces are next examined, noting that flexibility, multi-purpose, functionality and location all play a role in creating a successful urban space.