cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregation of amphiphilic molecules in supercritical carbon dioxide: A small angle X-ray scattering study

Highly soluble amphiphilic materials are shown to form aggregates in supercritical CO{sub 2}. The strategy for synthesis of these amphiphilic molecules involves incorporating CO{sub 2}-philic segments that, for this study, are perfluorinated alkyl chains. These CO{sub 2} -philic regions function like the hydrocarbon tails of conventional surfactant molecules used in liquid organic solvents. Synthesis and characterization of three different CO{sub 2} amphiphiles are reported. Subsequent small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were used to characterize the aggregation of these materials in supercritical CO{sub 2}. Each of the three amphiphiles studied showed a different type of aggregation behavior. A graft copolymer consisting of a CO{sub 2}-philic backbone and CO{sub 2}-phobic grafts associated into a micellar structure in the presence of water to promote hydrogen bonding. These aggregates contain approximately 600 grafts in the core. The commercially available surfactant perfluoroalkylpoly( ethylene oxide), or F(CF{sub 2}){sub 6-10}CH{sub 2} CH{sub 2}O(CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}O){sub 3-8}H, forms classic reverse micelle structures having radii of about 84 A under the conditions of high pressure required to solubilize the material. A third amphiphile, the semifluorinated alkane diblock molecule F(CF{sub 2}){sub 10}(CH{sub 2}){sub 10}H, may form small aggregates of at most 4 unimers per aggregate. 41 refs., 10 figs.,more » 1 tab.« less
C-24-methylation of 26-fluorocycloartenols by recombinant sterol C-24-methyltransferase from soybean: evidence for channel switching and its phylogenetic implications.

The tightly coupled nature of the electrophilic alkylation reaction sequence catalysed by 24-SMT (sterol C-24-methyltransferase) of land plants and algae can be distinguished by the formation of cationic intermediates that yield phyla-specific product profiles. C-24-methylation of the cycloartenol substrate by the recombinant Glycine max (soybean) 24-SMT proceeds to a single product 24(28)-methylenecycloartanol, whereas the 24-SMT from green algae converts cycloartenol into two products cyclolaudenol [∆ 25(27) -olefin] and 24(28)-methylenecycloartanol [∆ 24(28) -olefin]. Substrate analogues that differed in the steric-electronic features at either end of the molecule, 26-homocycloartenol or 3β-fluorolanostadiene, were converted by G. max SMT into a single 24(28)-methylene product. Alternatively, incubation of the allylic 26-fluoro cyclosteroid with G. max SMT afforded a bound intermediate that converted in favour of the ∆ 25(27) -olefin product via the cyclolaudenol cation formed initially during the C-24-methylation reaction. A portion of the 26-fluorocycloartenol substrate was also intercepted by the enzyme and the corresponding hydrolysis product identified by GC-MS as 26-fluoro-25-hydroxy-24-methylcycloartanol. Finally, the 26-fluorocycloartenols are competitive inhibitors for the methylation of cycloartenol and 26-monofluorocycloartenol generated timedependent inactivation kinetics exhibiting a k inact value of 0.12 min −1 . The ability of soybean 24-SMT to generate a 25-hydroxy alkylated sterol and fluorinated ∆ 25(27) -olefins is consistent with our hypothesis that (i) achieving the cyclolaudenyl cation intermediate by electrophilic alkylation of cycloartenol is significant to the overall reaction rate, and (ii) the evolution of variant sterol C-24-methylation patterns is driven by competing reaction channels that have switched in algae from formation of primarily ∆ 25(27) products that convert into ergosterol to, in land plants, formation of ∆ 24(28) products that convert into sitosterol.
Gly-103 in the N-terminal Domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 Protein Is Critical for DNA Binding

Rad51 is a homolog of the bacterial RecA protein and is central for recombination in eukaryotes performing homology search and DNA strand exchange. Rad51 and RecA share a core ATPase domain that is structurally similar to the ATPase domains of helicases and the F1 ATPase. Rad51 has an additional N-terminal domain, whereas RecA protein has an additional C-terminal domain. Here we show that glycine 103 in the N-terminal domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 is important for binding to single-stranded and duplex DNA. The Rad51-G103E mutant protein is deficient in DNA strand exchange and ATPase activity due to a primary DNA binding defect. The N-terminal domain of Rad51 is connected to the ATPase core through an extended elbow linker that ensures flexibility of the N-terminal domain. Molecular modeling of the Rad51-G103E mutant protein shows that the negatively charged glutamate residue lies on the surface of the N-terminal domain facing a positively charged patch composed of Arg-260, His-302, and Lys-305 on the ATPase core domain. A possible structural explanation for the DNA binding defect is that a charge interaction between Glu-103 and the positive patch restricts the flexibility of the N-terminal domain. Rad51-G103E was identified in a screen for Rad51 interaction-deficient mutants and was shown to ablate the Rad54 interaction in two-hybrid assays (Krejci, L., Damborsky, J., Thomsen, B., Duno, M., and Bendixen, C. (2001) Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 966-976). Surprisingly, we found that the physical interaction of Rad51-G103E with Rad54 was not affected. Our data suggest that the two-hybrid interaction defect was an indirect consequence of the DNA binding defect.
The Effectiveness of the Expected Value-Variance-Skewness Criterion in the Multi-Stage Capital Rationing Problem

Abstract It has been suggested that the skewness of the probability distribution of the net present value of an investment should be a consideration in judging its desirability. This paper presents an index, referred to as the Expected Value – Variance – Skewness criterion, that incorporates skewness of net present value with its expected value and variance as a measure of investment worth under risk. The effectiveness of this criterion was compared to the expected value and the expected value-variance decision criteria by applying each criterion in a long sequence of investment projects.
Dopamine D3 Receptors Are Down-regulated following Heterologous Endocytosis by a Specific Interaction with G Protein-coupled Receptor-associated Sorting Protein-1

The D3 dopamine receptor is endocytosed through a heterologous mechanism mediated by phorbol esters. Here, we show that following this endocytosis the D3 dopamine receptors fail to recycle and are instead targeted for degradation through an interaction with the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-associated sorting protein-1 (GASP-1). Furthermore, we identified a specific binding motif in the C terminus common to the D3 and D2 that confers GASP-1 binding. shRNA knockdown of GASP-1 delayed post-endocytic degradation of both the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors. In addition, mutation of the D2 and D3 receptor C termini to resemble the D4, which does not interact with GASP-1, not only inhibited GASP-1 binding but slowed degradation after endocytosis. Conversely, mutation of the C terminus of the D4 to resemble that of the D2 and D3 facilitated GASP-1 binding and promoted post-endocytic degradation of the mutant D4 receptor. Thus, we have identified a motif that is both necessary and sufficient to promote GASP-1 binding and receptor degradation. In addition, these data demonstrated that GASP-1 can mediate post-endocytic degradation of dopamine receptors that have been endocytosed not only as a consequence of dopamine activation but also as a consequence of activation by phorbol esters.
Color and Spectral Transmittance of Amber Bottle Glass

Because of increased interest in color uniformity among iron-sulfur amber bottle glasses, a study was undertaken of their color, their spectral transmittance, and the relationship of these properties. It was found that the psychophysical attributes of color (C.I.E. system) as computed from complete light-transmittance spectra can actually be estimated for iron-sulfur amber glasses with good accuracy from transmittance at only two suitable wave lengths, 550 and 650 mp. Transmittance at 550 mμ is closely correlated with brightness (C.I.E.) and thus is sufficient to characterize color intensity, which is the most important variable of color quality among commercial amber glasses. There is also fair correlation between transmittance at 550 mμ and transmittance in the ultraviolet. The latter is important in the avoidance of photochemical action on bottled products. Incidental to this work, the transmittances of a large number of glasses were compared with their iron and sulfur contents. Broadly speaking, it was found that transmittance at 550 mp decreases with increasing ferrous iron or with increasing sulfide content. However, this transmittance is affected substantially by other factors, such as gross composition, minor constituents like fluorine, and thermal history, of which no account was taken in the present work. Transmittance at 1050 mp can be correlated closely with ferrous iron content (as determined by chemical analysis) and absorbancy per unit concentration of ferrous iron in carbon-sulfur ambers is about the same as in green glasses containing no sulfur.
Separating the effects of age and walking speed on gait variability

Gait variability has been correlated with fall risk in the elderly. Older adults typically display greater variability than young adults, but the cause of this increase is unclear. Slower walking leads to greater variability in young adults, but slow speeds are also typical in older adults. Increased variability in older adults may result from slower walking speeds, or possibly from other factors related to aging. We tested whether greater variability in healthy older adults could be attributed directly to slower walking speed. Eighteen healthy older adults (age 72 � 6) and 17 gender-, height- and weight-matched young adults (age 23 � 3) walked on a treadmill at speeds of 80–120% of their preferred speed. Variability of spatio-temporal gait measures, lower extremity joint angles, and trunk motions were quantified, along with bilateral isometric leg strengths and passive joint ranges of motion. Preferred walking speeds were not different between our healthy elderly and young subjects. In both groups, variability was speed-dependent for stride time, frontal hip and knee motions, knee internal/external rotations, and all trunk motions (p < 0.002). Older adults exhibited greater variability (p = 0.0003) for trunk roll, independent of changes in speed. Step length (p = 0.005), stride time (p = 0.018), and trunk pitch (p = 0.022) exhibited similar trends. This greater variability was explained by decreased leg strength and passive ranges of motion. Thus, the greater variability observed in the gait of older adults may result more from loss of strength and flexibility than from their slower speeds. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Propagation and absorption of electron-cyclotron maser radiation during solar flares

The propagation and absorption of the maser radiation during solar flares are examined through linear theory and electromagnetic particle simulations. It is shown using linear theory that strong absorption of the radiation should occur as it propagates toward the second harmonic layer, where the magnetic field is half as strong as in the emission region. Only radiation propagating nearly parallel to the magnetic field in a low-temperature plasma may be able to escape under certain limited conditions. Finite temperature effects can cause radiation propagating nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field to refract, causing enhanced absorption. Particle simulations are then used to evaluate the nonlinear response of the plasma as the maser radiation propagates through the absorption layer. It is shown that some of the maser radiation is able to escape through a process of absorption below the second harmonic of the local gyrofrequency and re-emission above it. The fraction able to escape is much higher than that predicted by linear theory, although the amount of escaping energy is only a small fraction of the incident energy.
Microcontact printing of octadecylsiloxane on the surface of silicon dioxide and its application in microfabrication

This paper describes the use of microcontact printing ({mu}CP) for patterning self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkylsiloxanes on the surface of silicon dioxide. {mu}CP is a convenient technique for generating patterned SAMs of alkanethiolates on gold, but it has not been applied to Si/SiO{sub 2} and glass. The SAMs of alkyltrichlorosilanes on the hydroxyl-terminated surfaces are less ordered than those of alkanethiolates on gold, and they form more slowly. Here we demonstrate that {mu}CP can, nonetheless, be used to produce patterned SAMs of alkylsiloxanes on Si/SiO{sub 2}. We believe this technique will prove valuable for many other applications: for example, studies of protein absorption and cell attachment where high edge resolution is not critical. 17 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Abdominal lymphadenopathy detection using random forest

We propose a new method for detecting abdominal lymphadenopathy by utilizing a random forest statistical classifier to create voxel-level lymph node predictions, i.e. initial detection of enlarged lymph nodes. The framework permits the combination of multiple statistical lymph node descriptors and appropriate feature selection in order to improve lesion detection beyond traditional enhancement filters. We show that Hessian blobness measurements alone are inadequate for detecting lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity. Of the features tested here, intensity proved to be the most important predictor for lymph node classification. For initial detection, candidate lesions were extracted from the 3D prediction map generated by random forest. Statistical features describing intensity distribution, shape, and texture were calculated from each enlarged lymph node candidate. In the last step, a support vector machine (SVM) was trained and tested based on the calculated features from candidates and labels determined by two experienced radiologists. The computer-aided detection (CAD) system was tested on a dataset containing 30 patients with 119 enlarged lymph nodes. Our method achieved an AUC of 0.762±0.022 and a sensitivity of 79.8% with 15 false positives suggesting it can aid radiologists in finding enlarged lymph nodes.
How 3D Virtual Humans Built by Adolescents with ASD Affect Their 3D Interactions

Training games have many potential benefits for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) intervention, such as increasing motivation and improving the abilities of performing daily living activities, due to their ability to simulate real world scenarios. A more motivating game may stimulate users to play the game more, and it may also result in users performing better in the game. Incorporating users' interests into the game could be a good way to build a motivating game, especially for users with ASD. We propose a Customizable Virtual Human (CVH) which enables users with ASD to easily customize a virtual human and then interact with the CVH in a 3D interaction task. Previous work has shown that users with ASD may have less efficient hand-eye coordination in performing 3D interaction tasks than users without ASD. We developed a hand-eye coordination training game - Imagination Soccer - and presented a user study on adolescents with high functioning ASD to investigate the effects of CVHs. We compare the differences of participants' 3D interaction performances, game performances and user experiences (i.e. presence, involvement, and flow) under CVH and Non-customizable Virtual Human (with randomly generated appearances) conditions. As expected, the results indicated that for users with ASD, CVHs could effectively motivate them to play the game more, and offer a better user experience. Surprisingly, results also showed that the CVHs improved performance in the hand-eye-coordination task users had higher success rate and blocked more soccer balls with the CVH than with a non-customizable virtual human.
Preview-Based Stable-Inversion for Output Tracking of Linear Systems

Stable Inversion techniques can be used to achieve high-accuracy output tracking. However, for nonminimum phase systems, the inverse is noncausal-hence the inverse has to be precomputed using a prespecified desired-output trajectory. This requirement for prespecification of the desired output restricts the use of inversion-based approaches to trajectory planning problems (for nonminimum phase systems). In the present article, it is shown that preview information of the desired output can be used to achieve online inversion-based output-tracking of linear systems. The amount of preview-time needed is quantified in terms of the tracking error and the internal dynamics of the system (zeros of the system). The methodology is applied to the online output tracking of a flexible structure and experimental results are presented.
A new secure slip knot for use in laparoscopic surgery

A modified design of loop knot that provides a secure knot when tied in Vicryl® is described. Initial tests indicate that the knot has characteristics superior to other knots tied in this suture material.
Nitric oxide selectively inhibits adenylyl cyclase isoforms 5 and 6

Abstract We have previously shown that N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells express the type 6 adenylyl cyclase and that preincubation with nitric oxide (NO) attenuates Gs- and forskolin-stimulated activity. Here we show that this inhibition reflects a direct action of NO on the adenylyl cyclase. Preincubation of N18TG2 cell membranes and insect cell membranes expressing recombinant type 5 and type 6 isoforms with NO donors leads to an inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. NO donors do not alter the type 1 (representative of the type 1,3,8 family) or type 2 (representative of the type 2,4,7 family) isoforms expressed in insect cells, even under conditions of compromised assay conditions or a range of temperatures. Thus, the ability of NO to inhibit adenylyl cyclase stimulation is dependent upon the nature of the isoform present, and appears to represent a unique regulation of the type 5,6 isoform family.
Long-term effect of H2RA therapy on nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough

Abstract Background & Aims: Adding histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H 2 RAs) to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is a common practice to block nocturnal acid breakthrough (NAB). Controversy exists over its efficacy because of H 2 RA intolerance. No prospective study has addressed this issue. Methods: Twenty-three healthy volunteers and 20 gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients were studied. Ambulatory pH monitoring was performed with one electrode in the gastric fundus and the other 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. Baseline pH testing was performed and repeated after 2 weeks on PPI twice daily before meals (omeprazole 20 mg). All subjects then received 28 days of PPI plus H 2 RA Qhs (ranitidine 300 mg) with repeat pH testing on days 1, 7, and 28. Results: Eighteen controls and 16 GERD patients completed all 5 studies. Compared with baseline, all 4 medication regimens decreased supine % time pH P = 0.001). The administration of PPI + 1 day of H 2 RA was the only therapy that significantly decreased % time gastric pH P 2 RA. Conclusions: The combination of H 2 RA and PPI therapy reduced NAB only with the introduction of therapy. Because of H 2 RA tolerance, there is no difference in acid suppression between PPI twice daily and PPI twice daily + H 2 RA after 1 week of combination therapy. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;122:625-632
Modifiers of mammary tumor progression and metastasis on mouse chromosomes 7, 9, and 17

Tumor progression, the growth and dissemination of primary tumor to secondary sites, is of critical clinical importance since the vast majority of patients succumb to metastatic disease rather than to the primary tumor. Many factors are likely to influence this process, including the primary oncogenic events, environmental exposures and stress and progressive stochastic mutations. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that an additional factor, the genetic background on which tumors arose, had a significant effect on metastatic efficiency. Using a highly metastatic transgene-induced mammary tumor model, a locus modulating metastatic efficiency, Mtes1, was localized on proximal mouse Chromosome 19. In addition, a number of additional suggestive loci were observed on several other chromosomes. To confirm the presence of these additional loci before initiating cloning strategies, chromosomal substitution strains have been constructed and assayed for modification of the cancer phenotypes. Using the chromosomal substitution strains, an additional modifier modulating tumor latency was confirmed, as well as three new modifier genes that alter the kinetics of tumor progression. Identification and analysis of these loci will likely present interesting and novel information about cancer heterogeneity in the human population.
The protein subunit of calf brain neurofilament.

A preparation of the protein subunits from calf neurofilaments has been obtained. Axon segments from an homogenate of calf brain white matter have been concentrated by a subcellular fractionation procedure. After further steps to achieve a complete elimination of unbound lipid, the neurofilament protein was dissolved in 4M guanidine hydrochloride solutions. The neurofilalment subunit was the major constituent of the guanidine hydrochloride extracts; other proteins of higher molecular weight were eliminated by agarose gel filtration in urea solutions. Dialysis to solutions of low ionic strength allowed the reformation of fibril aggregates, some of which, under electron microscopy, resembled the original neurofilaments in morphology. The physical characteristics of the neurofilament subunit protein are reported and a preliminary amino acid analysis is given. The neurofilament protein is clearly distinguishable from actin and tubulin on physical and chemical grounds.
On the Occurrence of an Oreodont Skeleton in the Sespe of South Mountain, California

In a previous paper(1) I have noted the occurrence of two distinct types of oreodonts, namely, a leptauchenid and a species tentatively referred to the genus Promerycochcerus, in the Sespe deposits as exposed on the flank of South Mountain, Ventura County, California. A third type of oreodont, the genus Eporeodon, is now recorded from this upper division of these continental beds.
Spectrum of Doubly Ionized Praseodymium from 2107 Å to 10716 Å.

Wavelengths, relative intensity estimates, and classifications of the spectral lines of doubly ionized praseodymium (Pr iii) in the range of 2107 to 10716 A are given. About 4400 lines are included of which some 2500 are classified.
Prolongation of tension on reoxygenation following myocardial hypoxia: A possible role for mitochondria in muscle relaxation ☆

The mechanism for tension prolongation during reoxygenation following myocardial hypoxia was investigated. It was found that prior addition of isoproterenol, reserpine, quinidine, lidocaine and insulin or a change in pH, temperature, stimulation rate, preload or duration of hypoxia did not qualitatively alter the appearance of the phenomenon. On reoxygenating hypoxic preparations in the presence of 5, 10 or 20% oxygen, tension prolongation was clearly present when little increase in isometric tension was evident. Inhibition of glycolysis by iodoacetate did not alter the appearance of the phenomenon during reoxygenation. Three respiratory inhibitors, antimycin A, rotenone and cyanide, at concentrations which did not prevent an increase in isometric tension during recovery from myocardial hypoxia, all completely prevented the appearance of tension prolongation. Two uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, 2–4 dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone at concentrations large enough to lead to mechanical deterioration despite the presence of oxygen, failed to prevent the appearance of tension prolongation upon reoxygenation. It is concluded that myocardial respiratory activity, independent of ability to generate high energy phosphate, appears capable of altering the duration of mechanical events during reoxygenation of hypoxic heart muscle.
Oral language and code-related precursors to reading: Evidence from a longitudinal structural model.

This study examined code-related and oral language precursors to reading in a longitudinal study of 626 children from preschool through 4th grade. Code-related precursors, including print concepts and phonological awareness, and oral language were assessed in preschool and kindergarten. Reading accuracy and reading comprehension skills were examined in 1st through 4th grades. Results demonstrated that (a) the relationship between code-related precursors and oral language is strong during preschool; (b) there is a high degree of continuity over time of both code-related and oral language abilities; (c) during early elementary school, reading ability is predominantly determined by the level of print knowledge and phonological awareness a child brings from kindergarten; and (d) in later elementary school, reading accuracy and reading comprehension appear to be 2 separate abilities that are influenced by different sets of skills.
Molecular dynamics study of diffusional creep in nanocrystalline UO2

Abstract We present the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study high-temperature deformation of nanocrystalline UO 2 . In qualitative agreement with experimental observations, the oxygen sublattice undergoes a structural transition at a temperature of about 2200 K (i.e. well below the melting point of 3450 K of our model system), whereas the uranium sublattice remains unchanged all the way up to melting. At temperatures well above this structural transition, columnar nanocrystalline model microstructures with a uniform grain size and grain shape were subjected to constant-stress loading at levels low enough to avoid microcracking and dislocation nucleation from the grain boundaries (GBs). Our simulations reveal that in the absence of grain growth, the material deforms via GB diffusion creep (also known as Coble creep). Analysis of the underlying self-diffusion behavior in undeformed nanocrystalline UO 2 reveals that, on our MD timescale, the uranium ions diffuse only via the GBs, whereas the much faster moving oxygen ions diffuse through both the lattice and the GBs. As expected for the Coble-creep mechanism, the creep activation energy agrees well with that for GB diffusion of the slowest-moving species, i.e. the uranium ions.
The geographical distribution of rarity.

This paper asks the question: are most species that are censused as rare in particular localities rare throughout most of their geographic ranges, or are they common in substantial portions of their ranges elsewhere? The first alternative is labeled suffusive rarity and the second diffusive rarity. To answer this and similar questions, rarity can be measured as the fraction of censuses from some locality (e.g., a quadrat) in which a species occurs (occurrence rarity), or the relative or absolute abundance of the species averaged over all censuses from some locality (abundance rarity). The question was analyzed for occurrence-rarity data from Australian terrestrial birds distributed over 1° (104-km2) quadrats. The great majority of species that are rare in a particular quadrat are not rare and are often common in a substantial number of other quadrats, i.e., these avian species are much closer to the diffusive than suffusive portion of the rarity continuum. The data also show that 1) the distribution of sizes of geographic ranges, whether breeding or total, is highly skewed, appearing exponential to more concave; 2) species are much rarer in their nonbreeding than breeding ranges; 3) more widespread species, whether breeding or total ranges are considered, tend to occur more rarely in a slightly but significantly greater fraction of their ranges; and 4) hawks and owls, typified by high abundance rarity, show occurrence rarity in a greater fraction of their ranges than the average nonraptorial species. Although continental birds may be especially predilected toward diffusive rarity, the present analysis points to identification of centers of abundance as major ways of preserving those species contributing most to recorded instances of rarity. Similar analyses with other kinds of organisms would be most welcome.
Osteosarcoma associated alkaline phosphatase and in vivo growth and development.

SummaryExperimental methods and mathematical relationships were devised based on quantitative estimation of number of in vivo osteosarcoma cells and alkaline phosphatase levels from individual animals during the natural course of growth of the tumor implant. A least square regression plot of the experimental values gave the equation C = α + γ In A where α = intercept, σ = slope, A = total alkaline phosphatase/mouse, and C = the number of tumor cells/mouse. The average tumor cell number and the increase in alkaline phosphatase are time-related events and were expressed by two equations which then permitted estimation of the growth of the murine osteosarcoma before the event had taken place.
Brauer-Severi schemes of finitely generated algebras

In this paper we characterize the Brauer-Severi scheme of a fixed degree (as defined by M. van den Bergh) of a finitely generated algebra over a commutative ring as the Proj of a graded commutative ring.
Automated Duplicate Bug Report Classification Using Subsequence Matching

The use of open bug tracking repositories like Bugzilla is common in many software applications. They allow developers, testers and users the ability to report problems associated with the system and track resolution status. Open and democratic reporting tools, however, face one major challenge: users can, and often do, submit reports describing the same problem. Research in duplicate report detection has primarily focused on word frequency based similarity measures paying little regard to the context or structure of the reporting language. Thus, in large repositories, reports describing different issues may be marked as duplicates due to the frequent use of common words. In this paper, we present Factor LCS, a methodology which utilizes common sequence matching for duplicate report detection. We demonstrate the approach by analyzing the complete Fire fox bug repository up until March 2012 as well as a smaller subset of Eclipse dataset from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008. We achieve a duplicate recall rate above 70% with Fire fox, which exceeds the results reported on smaller subsets of the same repository.
Physiological Characterization of Picloram Resistance in Yellow Starthistle

Abstract A yellow starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis L.) accession from a site near Dayton, Washington is resistant to picloram applied to roots and/or leaves. The level of resistance to picloram varied among experiments, ranging from 3- to 35-fold, depending on the site(s) of application and growth conditions. Whole-plant studies indicated cross-resistance of the resistant accession (R), relative to the susceptible accession (S), to clopyralid, fluroxypyr, and dicamba, but not to triclopyr or 2,4-D. Resistance to root- or foliar-applied picloram was not due to differential metabolism of picloram. Uptake of foliar-applied picloram was reduced by half in R compared to S, 72 hr after treatment. Root uptake and acropetal translocation of picloram were reduced in R compared to S. This reduced acropetal translocation showed specificity for picloram since transpiration and acropetal translocation of atrazine were similar in R and S. Picloram-induced ethylene production by foliar-applied picloram was up to 20-fold greater in S than R, indicating that the herbicidal activity of picloram in R is blocked at, or prior to, the ethylene-induction response. Picloram induced de novo synthesis of several proteins in S but not R, and of a 19-kDa protein in R but not S. Possible mechanisms of resistance are discussed, including reduced picloram affinity for an auxin-binding site on the plasmalemma, and alterations in the signal transduction process.
Accelerometer Placement for the International Space Station Node Modal Test

Accelerometer location analysis for the modal survey test of the International Space Station Node is described. Three different approaches were utilized: (1) Guyan reduction; (2) Iterative Guyan reduction; and (3) The average driving point residue (ADPR) method. Both Guyan approaches worked well, but poor results were observed for the ADPR method. Although the iterative Guyan approach appears to provide the best set of sensor locations, it is intensive computationally, becoming impractical for large initial location sets. While this is computer dependent, it appears that initial sets larger than about 1500 degrees of freedom are impractical for the iterative technique.
Unilateral Abducens Nerve Palsy Associated with Ruptured Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm

Isolated unilateral abducens nerve palsies associated with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage have rarely been reported, and their association with anterior communicating artery is even rarer. We report two cases of unilateral abducens nerve palsies following rupture of anterior communicating artery aneurysms. The aneurysms were successfully clipped, and abducens nerve palsies were gradually recovered. (Korean J Neurotrauma 2012;8:146-148)
Mediational effects of sensation seeking on the age and financial risk-taking relationship

Abstract The current study examined the potential mediating role of sensation seeking in the well-established negative relationship between age and financial risk-taking. A total of 299 participants, aged 17–90 years, allocated hypothetical money into mutual funds that varied in risk and completed a sensation seeking measure. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that the amount of variability age accounted for in risk-taking (4.1%; β = −.22) was significantly reduced when sensation seeking was controlled for (0.8%; β = −.12). A Sobel test revealed that sensation seeking fully mediated the aforementioned relationship. Results suggest sensation seeking’s role as a mediator in more physiologically arousing risk-taking contexts (e.g., surfing). Discussion recommends investigating potential biologically and cognitively-rooted mediators and moderators of the age and risk-taking relationship.
Pyridinium Trifluoroacetate/N-Methylimidazole as an Efficient Activator for Oligonucleotide Synthesis via the Phosphoramidite Method

A new activator is reported for coupling phosphoramidites to a free 5‘-hydroxyl group during oligonucleotide synthesis. Pyridinium trifluoroacetate/N-methyl imidazole is a remarkably efficient replacement for 1H-tetrazole in the solid-supported synthesis of oligonucleotides. This reagent is safe and inexpensive, is not moisture-sensitive, and is soluble in acetonitrile.
Determination of Cell Capacitance Using the Exact Empirical Solution of ∂Y/∂Cm and Its Phase Angle

Measures of membrane capacitance offer insight into a variety of cellular processes. Unfortunately, popular methodologies rely on model simplifications that sensitize them to interference from inevitable changes in resistive components of the traditional cell-clamp model. Here I report on a novel method to measure membrane capacitance that disposes of the usual simplifications and assumptions, yet is immune to such interference and works on the millisecond timescale. It is based on the exact empirical determination of the elusive partial derivative, ∂Y/∂Cm, which heretofore had been approximated. Furthermore, I illustrate how this method extends to the vesicle fusion problem by permitting the determination of ∂Yv/∂Cv, thereby providing estimates of fusion pore conductance and vesicle capacitance. Finally, I provide simulation examples and physiological examples of how the method can be used to study processes that are routinely interrogated by measures of membrane capacitance.
Expansion of a central California kelp forest following the mass mortality of sea urchins

The mass mortality by disease of a localized population of sea urchins, Strongylocencrotus franciscanus, on the seaward side of a kelp forest was followed by the rapid seaward expansion of 4 species of brown algae, Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria dentigera, Pterygophora california, and to a lesser extent, Nereocystis leutkeana. One other brown alga, Cystoseira osmundacea, failed to become established in the newly available area. Competition among M. pyrifera, L. dentigera, P. californica, and N. Leutkeana apparently was severe, and within 1 year after the demise of the sea urchins, M. pyrifera formed a dense, nearly monospecific stand. Experimental removal of M. pyrifera demonstrated that the canopy of these plants limited light penetration to levels below that necessary for the growth and survival of other brown and red algae.
Scalable implementations of accurate excited-state coupled cluster theories: application of high-level methods to porphyrin-based systems

The development of reliable tools for excited-state simulations is very important for understanding complex processes in the broad class of light harvesting systems and optoelectronic devices. Over the last years we have been developing equation of motion coupled cluster (EOMCC) methods capable of tackling these problems. In this paper we discuss the parallel performance of EOMCC codes which provide accurate description of excited-state correlation effects. Two aspects are discussed in detail: (1) a new algorithm for the iterative EOMCC methods based on improved parallel task scheduling algorithms, and (2) parallel algorithms for the non-iterative methods describing the effect of triply excited configurations. We demonstrate that the most computationally intensive non-iterative part can take advantage of 210,000 cores of the Cray XT5 system at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), achieving over 80% parallel efficiency. In particular, we demonstrate the importance of the computationally demanding non-iterative many-body methods in matching experimental level of accuracy for several porphyrin-based systems.
Positive Pregnancy Tests in a Nongravid, Premenopausal Woman Due to hCG β-Chain Production by Multiple Myeloma

Positive pregnancy test results occurred in a nongravid, premenopausal woman while she was receiving chemotherapy for multiple myeloma. We tested 2 hypotheses to account for this finding: (1) Heterophil antibodies caused positive interference in the immunoassays. (2) Genuine human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) originated from a nonsyncytiotrophoblastic source. Paraprotein was eliminated as a source of positive interference because 3 different instruments with unique capture and signal antibodies gave similar results (83, 90, and 97 mIU/mL [83, 90, and 97 IU/L]). Human antimouse antibodies (HAMAs) were unlikely to cause positive interference because immunoreactivity was maintained after serum was treated to neutralize heterophil antibodies. Immunoassays performed after gel filtration of serum indicated that immunoreactivity was due to genuine hCG. The high-molecular-weight fraction (heterophil antibody) had 6 mIU/mL (6 IU/L) of hCG. The low-molecular-weight fraction (hCG) had 86 mIU/mL (86 IU/L) of hCG. Immunohistochemical stains revealed that myeloma cells expressed immunoreactive hCG. Hence, multiple myeloma caused positive pregnancy test results in a nongravid woman.
Boron Nitride Powders Formed by Aerosol Decomposition of Poly(borazinylamine) Solutions

Micrometer-sized aerosol droplets of a liquid ammonia solution of poly(borazinylamine) were formed in a nitrogen carrier gas by using an aerosol generator. The resulting droplets were thermally decomposed in a flow reactor at 1000°C. The white powder obtained was amorphous to X-rays and spherical with particle sizes on the order of 0.5 μm. The particles at this stage were porous, and some appeared to exhibit a hollow-shell morphology. Subsequent calcining at 1600°C yielded dense, crystalline boron nitride powder with partial sintering.
Parkinson's Disease: What role do pedunculopontine nucleus cholinergic neurons play?

5 ISSN 1479-6708 10.2217/FNL.13.61 © 2014 Future Medicine Ltd Future Neurol. (2014) 9(1), 5–8 There is increasing evidence that cholinergic system dysfunction contributes significantly to both nonmotor and motor morbidities in Parkinson’s disease (PD) [1]. Important brain cholinergic projection systems include the well-characterized basal forebrain cortico petal system and cholinergic neurons within the pedunculopontine–lateral dorsal tegmental complex. Located at the mesopontine border, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a phylogenetically ancient structure composed of a number of different neuronal populations [2]. Cholinergic projection neurons are prominent PPN components with strong inter connections with the basal ganglia and thalamus, and substantial descending projections to important medullary motor centers. The PPN is a key node in the regulation of both consciousness and motor function. The midbrain locomotor region, a physiologically defined region crucial for normal gait and posture, encompasses the PPN [3]. PET ligands targeting markers of cholinergic terminals enable in vivo assessment of the integrity of cholinergic projections. Combined with post-mortem studies and experimental animal work, a much clearer picture of the nature of cholinergic projection system changes and their clinical correlates is now emerging. Nonmotor symptoms such as rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and possibly visual hallucinations may ref lect degeneration of PPN cholinergic neurons and their thalamic afferents in PD. Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and their centripetal cortical projections is a determinant of cognitive decline in PD and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [1]. A major distinction in cholinergic systems degeneration between PD and AD is that PPN neurons and their thalamic projections degenerate in PD but remain relatively spared in AD [4]. RBD is a parasomnia that has been linked almost exclusively to a-synucleinopathies [5]. We showed recently that PD subjects reporting symptoms of RBD had evidence of more prominent cholinergic terminal loss, including within the thalamus, reflecting impaired integrity of PPN–thalamic
The Psychoanalytic Case Study: Toward a Method for Systematic Inquiry:

This study represents a contribution toward the systematic and empirical investigation of psychoanalytic treatments. The method used, the Q-technique, allows the transformation of clinical data into a form amenable to quantitative analysis, thereby providing an empirical means to test theoretically and clinically derived understandings of psychoanalytic process. The treatment hours of a six-year analysis were audio-recorded and transcribed, and blocks of ten sessions were selected at regular intervals throughout the course of the analysis. Transcripts of these hours were then rated in random fashion by clinical judges with a Q-set designed to provide a standard language for the description and classification of analytic process. These descriptions of analytic hours, as structured by the Q-set, proved highly reliable, demonstrating the method's promise for addressing the long-standing problem of achieving reliable clinical judgments. Results suggest that subjecting the traditional psychoanalytic case study...
Fertilizer type and species composition affect leachate nutrient concentrations in coffee agroecosystems

Intensification of coffee (Coffea arabica) production is associated with increases in inorganic fertilizer application and decreases in species diversity. Both the use of organic fertilizers and the incorporation of trees on farms can, in theory, reduce nutrient loss in comparison with intensified practices. To test this, we measured nutrient concentrations in leachate at 15 and 100 cm depths on working farms. We examined (1) organically managed coffee agroforests (38 kg N ha -1 - year -1 ; n = 4), (2) conventionally managed coffee agroforests (96 kg N ha -1 year -1 ; n = 4), and (3) one conventionally managed monoculture coffee farm in Costa Rica (300 kg N ha -1 year -1 ). Concentrations of nitrate (NO3 - -N) and phosphate (PO4 3- -P) were higher in the monoculture compared to agroforests at both depths. Nitrate concentrations were higher in conven- tional than organic agroforests at 15 cm only. Soil solutions collected under nitrogen (N)-fixing Erythrina poeppigiana had elevated NO3 - -N concentrations at 15 cm compared to Musa acuminata (banana) or Coffea. Total soil N and carbon (C) were also higher under Erythrina. This research shows that both fertilizer type and species affect concentrations of N and P in leachate in coffee agroecosystems.
Dietary intake following experimentally restricted sleep in adolescents.

Study objective To examine the relationship between sleep and dietary intake in adolescents using an experimental sleep restriction protocol. Design Randomized crossover sleep restriction-extension paradigm. Setting Sleep obtained and monitored at home, diet measured during an office visit. Participants Forty-one typically developing adolescents age 14-16 years. Interventions The 3-week protocol consisting of a baseline week designed to stabilize the circadian rhythm, followed randomly by 5 consecutive nights of sleep restriction (6.5 hours in bed Monday-Friday) versus healthy sleep duration (10 hours in bed), a 2-night washout period, and a 5-night crossover period. Measurements Sleep was monitored via actigraphy and teens completed validated 24-hour diet recall interviews following each experimental condition. Results Paired-sample t-tests examined differences between conditions for consumption of key macronutrients and choices from dietary categories. Compared with the healthy sleep condition, sleep-restricted adolescents' diets were characterized by higher glycemic index and glycemic load and a trend toward more calories and carbohydrates, with no differences in fat or protein consumption. Exploratory analyses revealed the consumption of significantly more desserts and sweets during sleep restriction than healthy sleep. Conclusions Chronic sleep restriction during adolescence appears to cause increased consumption of foods with a high glycemic index, particularly desserts/sweets. The chronic sleep restriction common in adolescence may cause changes in dietary behaviors that increase risk of obesity and associated morbidity.
Photolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The photolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films was studied in vacuo with light of wavelengths 2537 and 3130 A. A very stable filter system which cuts out the 3025 A. line was developed to isolate 3130 A. from a mercury spectrum. Despite the fact that the penetration of 2537 A. light was limited to a depth of a ca. 103 A. whereas 3130 A. light was more uniformly absorbed it was possible to demonstrate that the quantum yields for CO and CO2 formation were in agreement for the two wavelengths. Quantum yields for fractures and crosslinks were estimated by sol-gel analysis. An absorption maximum which develops near 13 μ after exposure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) to light or γ-rays was attributed to the formation of groups formed by elimination of CO and CO2. ESR spectra for trapped radicals were tentatively assigned to the components p-C6H3· and ·OCH2CH2. It is suggested that the former radicals combine to form crosslinks. Quantum yields (× 104) with 3130 A. light are: CO, 6; CO2, 2; crosslinks, 5.5; trapped radicals, 1.5; With 2537 A. light, quantum yields are: CO, 6–9; CO2, 2–3; the network formed was not characterized as to crosslinks and fractures; trapped radicals were observed to exist but not determined.