cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional moments across time: a possible neural basis for time perception in the anterior insula

A model of awareness based on interoceptive salience is described, which has an endogenous time base that might provide a basis for the human capacity to perceive and estimate time intervals in the range of seconds to subseconds. The model posits that the neural substrate for awareness across time is located in the anterior insular cortex, which fits with recent functional imaging evidence relevant to awareness and time perception. The time base in this model is adaptive and emotional, and thus it offers an explanation for some aspects of the subjective nature of time perception. This model does not describe the mechanism of the time base, but it suggests a possible relationship with interoceptive afferent activity, such as heartbeat-related inputs.
The response cost lottery: A time efficient and effective classroom intervention

Abstract An ABAB design was used to evaluate the effect of a response cost lottery procedure on the percentage of on-task behavior and accuracy of academic work of three fourth-grade students. Although contingencies were attached primarily to behavior, both on-task behavior and academic performance measures increased in treatment conditions. Teacher reports indicated the intervention was both easy to use and effective.
Size, Shape, and Low Energy Electronic Structure of Carbon Nanotubes

A theory of the long-wavelength low-energy electronic structure of graphite-derived nanotubules is presented. The propagating $\ensuremath{\pi}$ electrons are described by wrapping a massless two dimensional Dirac Hamiltonian onto a curved surface. The effects of the tubule size, shape, and symmetry are included through an effective vector potential which we derive for this model. The rich gap structure for all straight single wall cylindrical tubes is obtained analytically in this theory, and the effects of inhomogeneous shape deformations on nominally metallic armchair tubes are analyzed.
Accelerate your learning

Purpose – To introduce the framework of accelerated learning and some of the pioneers who have helped to shape it. It also aims to give the reader tips on improving the speed and effectiveness of their learning.Design/methodology/approach – A description of the MESSAGE model and review of research behind it. Practical approach to applying accelerated learning in personal learning and training situations.Findings – Insight into the multiple facets of a very wide subject area.Practical implications – Improvement of learning effectiveness or at least curiosity to find out more.Originality/value – An overview of accelerated learning. Useful for anyone studying or developing training.
Downwelling Circulation on the Oregon Continental Shelf. Part I: Response to Idealized Forcing

Abstract Time-dependent downwelling on the Oregon continental shelf is studied with a two-dimensional approximation, that is, spatial variations across shelf and with depth, using the Blumberg-Mellor, finite-difference, stratified, hydrostatic, primitive equation model. The time-dependent response of a coastal ocean at rest to constant, downwelling-favorable wind stress is examined. Topography and stratification representative of the Oregon continental shelf are used for the basic case experiment. The wind stress forces onshore flow in a turbulent surface boundary layer. The compensating flow below the surface layer advects the density field downward and offshore and accelerates an alongshore current in the form of a vertically and horizontally sheared coastal jet. The dominant feature of the response flow field is a downwelling front that moves slowly offshore, leaving behind an inshore region where the density is well mixed. The downwelling front in the density field is concentrated near the bottom, whi...
The effects of kainic acid lesions on locomotor responses to haloperidol and clozapine.

Spontaneous and amphetamine-elicited locomotor activity in rats is reduced by most clinically effective antipsychotic drugs. We have recently demonstrated that intracerebroventricular infusion of kainic acid (KA), which produces cell loss in the hippocampus and other limbic-cortical brain regions, increases spontaneous and amphetamine-elicited locomotion. The present study determined if KA lesions alter the suppressive effects of the antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol and clozapine, on spontaneous and amphetamine-elicited locomotor behavior. Young adult male rats (70 days of age) received intracerebroventricular infusions of vehicle or KA, which produced hippocampal pyramidal cell loss in each rat and more variable cell loss or gliosis in the amygdala, piriform cortex, and laterodorsal thalamus. Thirty days post-surgery, lesioned and control rats were tested once a week for locomotor responses to drug treatments. As observed previously, spontaneous locomotor activity and hyperactivity elicited by amphetamine (1.50 mg/kg SC) were greater in lesioned animals than controls. In addition, the level of spontaneous activity and/or amphetamine-elicited hyperlocomotion observed in lesioned rats after haloperidol treatment (0.13, 0.35, or 1.50 mg/kg SC) was greater than that found in controls. Locomotor responses to low (6.30 mg/kg) and moderate doses of clozapine (20 mg/kg) were similar in lesioned and control rats, although lesioned rats were more active than controls following the administration of a high dose of clozapine (30 mg/kg). These data indicate that the hyperactivity associated with limbic-cortical lesions may be insensitive to reversal by haloperidol, yet uniquely sensitive to suppression by clozapine.
A Map that Roared and an Original Atlas: Canada, Cartography, and the Narration of Nation

This paper contributes to recent debates about the geography of power,the nation-state, cartographic history, and postcolonial theory. It does so by connecting the themes of these literatures and exploring empirically the claims about the narration of natio made by the postcolonial theorist Homi Bhabha. The two empirical case studies come from contemporary Canada, and concern, in part, the mapping of the nation-state. The first case is a British Columbia trial in which two First Nations, the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en, brought a case against the provincial and federal governments over the recognition of their native sovereignty. The second study is of volume 1 of the Historical Atlas of Canada, which, unlike many others before it, sought to place native peoples and spaces within the overarching cartography of the country. In both studies, the ambivalent (post)colonial power relations of cartography—the fact that they can work both for and against colonialism—become evident. They therefore serve as exemplary...
Response-contingent prenatal experience of maternal calls in the Peking duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Abstract As the time of hatching approaches, an incubating bird often vocalizes in apparent response to the movements and calls of the embryos beneath. An experiment was designed to see whether Peking duck embryos, exposed to (mallard or chicken) maternal calls presented to them in response to their foot-movements (as indicator of their motor-activity) on the day before hatching, differed in their responsiveness from other embryos exposed to the same calls but not contingent upon their own movements. The results show that response rate was significantly increased to the mallard maternal call, but not to the chiken maternal call, as a function of the contingency.
Upper and lower bounds on eigenvalues of second-order Sturm-Liouville systems

Separation and comparison theorems have attracted the attention of mathematicians for a long time. The first results of this kind go back to Sturm [l]. Additional results were obtained by Picone [2] and Bother [3,4]; an account of this theory is to be found in the book of Ince [S]. More recently, a vast literature on this subject has developed of which Swanson [6] and Barret [7] both contain an extensive list of references. The separation and comparison theorems have been principal tools used to obtain oscillation results and upper and lower bounds on eigenvalues for Sturm-Liouville systems. Usually the bounds on the eigenvalues are determined in terms of the eigenvalues of a related system, although explicit, analytic values of the eigenvalues or explicit equations for the eigenvalues of the comparison systems are not necessarily known; see for example St. Mary [8] and Howard [9]. Some explicit bounds for eigenvalues have been obtained by Breuer and Gottlieb [lo]. In their paper, bounds are given for the first eigenvalue for a variety of homogeneous conditions. However, explicit analytic bounds for more than the first eigenvalue are given only under the condition that the eigenfunction vanish at the endpoints of the interval. In this paper, we consider the eigenvalue problem
Compactness and Connection in Environmental Design: Insights from Ecoburbs and Ecocities for Design with Nature:

It is widely agreed that planners should be aiming to create cities that are more ecologically sensitive. Governments, developers, planners, and designers almost everywhere claim to be doing just that. What does this mean, however? We argue that planners have been promoting a compact and efficient approach to green development, on the basis of a comprehensive yet evolving understanding of environmental systems. There is an alternative approach, however, more firmly based in psychological and human perceptions of nature. With popular appeal, as well as academic and professional roots in landscape architecture and environmental psychology, this connective approach stresses human connection to nature at a local scale. These represent distinctly different approaches to ecologically sensitive development and quite different priorities about which ecological processes are most important. Case studies of the Woodlands, Village Homes, Civano, Almere, Hammarby Sjostad, and Sydney Olympic Park demonstrate these iss...
Intestinal Bile Acid Malabsorption in Cystic Fibrosis: a Primary Mucosal Cell Defect

Summary: Bile acid malabsorption in cystic fibrosis reduces intraluminal bile acid concentration and may impair fat absorption. The cause of this malabsorption is unknown but it is believed due to intraluminal inhibition of uptake by undigested dietary nutrients. The purpose of this study was to determine the bile acid absorptive capability of cystic fibrosis intestine in a physiologic environment. Direct ileal mucosal taurocholic acid uptake was examined in vitro in seven patients with cystic fibrosis, and seven children and adolescents with ileostomies as controls. Jejunal uptake was studied in five normal individuals. A Crosby-Kugler biopsy capsule was used to obtain all tissues. Tissue was incubated in Krebs buffer, 10 mM glucose, and taurocholic acid at 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mM with shaking at 37°C. Significant reduction of taurocholic acid uptake was present in every cystic fibrosis patient with mean uptake rates being 24%, 38%, and 29% of control ileum, respectively, at the three concentrations. Values paralleled those for passive jejunal taurocholic acid uptake in controls. These data illustrate a marked reduction in taurocholic acid uptake capability of cystic fibrosis ileal mucosa and may indicate a cellular defect suggestive of a primary lesion in this disease. Speculation: Results of the present study suggest that bile acid malabsorption in cystic fibrosis may be due to a primary functional defect of the ileal mucosal cells in this disease. This is demonstrated in vitro by the reduced uptake rates for taurocholic acid by ileal mucosa taken from cystic fibrosis patients when compared to controls. Furthermore, the taurocholic acid uptake rate in cystic fibrosis ileal mucosa are comparable to that of jejunal mucosa from health volunteers. This suggests that active transport mechanisms for bile acid absorption are absent in cystic fibrosis intestine. Although these studies do not impugn an intral~minaml echanism, they point to a primary functional ileal mucosal cell defect as the pathophysiologic mechanism of bile acid malabsorption in cystic fibrosis.
Parallel algorithms for least median of squares regression

Abstract Recently much effort has been devoted to devising robust regression procedures to which the least median of squares (LMS) regression proposed by Rousseeuw ( Journal of the American Statistical Association 79 , 1984) belongs. LMS's breakdown point achieves the highest possible value of 50%. It may not be possible to write down closed form expressions for the estimates of LMS and the computations involved are not trivial. Efforts have been made to look for better performance algorithms. Based on the algorithm of Rousseeuw, Steele and Steiger ( Discrete Applied Mathematics 14 , 1986) provided a lemma that characterized the computation as a discrete optimization problem with worst time complexity of O( n 3 ). Souvaine and Steele ( Journal of the American Statistical Association 82 , 1987) developed a sweep-line algorithm with time complexity of O( n 2 log n ). This paper reports the use of parallel computing techniques to speedup the computation of LMS. The Rousseeuw's algorithm and the T-sweep algorithm, an algorithm based on Tukey's idea, have been successfully parallelized, but parallel sweep-line algorithm and its refinement may not work at all in the sense that its performance is untolerantly low due to severe load imbalancing.
Interfacial tension of demixed polymer solutions

Abstract A model is described which permits the estimation of interfacial tensions of demixed polymer solutions from knowledge of the polymer coil size, the intrinsic viscosity and chemical potential data. The latter is most conveniently determined from equilibrium phase diagrams. The model is used for demixed polystyrene in methylcyclohexane solutions, and the results are compared to literature data on interfacial tension. Qualitative agreement is good over a large molecular weight and temperature range.
Biochemical and morphologic studies of heterogeneous lobe responses in hepatocarcinogenesis

Experiments have demonstrated interlobe differences in the incidence of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCCA), with a 100% incidence in the left and right median lobes and a 30% incidence in the right anterior lobe 20 weeks after exposure began. These tumor data provide a model to test the hypothesis that chemically induced neoplasia can be qualitatively and quantitatively related to promutagenic DNA damage and concurrent cell replication. Experiments were performed to measure O4-ethyldeoxythymidine (O4-EtdT) (a major pro-mutagenic lesion in hepatic DNA of rats exposed to DEN), N7-ethylguanine, cell replication and hepatocyte initiation using the induction of growth-selected gamma-glutamyl transferase-positive (GGT+) foci in the left and right median and right anterior hepatic lobes following 0, 3, 7, 14 or 28 days of DEN administration. Results demonstrated that O4-EtdT concentrations were consistently higher in the left and right median versus the right anterior hepatic lobes, while cell replication was transiently higher in the right median and right anterior lobes. Likewise, high numbers of GGT+ foci were observed in the left and right median lobes in DEN-exposed rats subjected to a Cayama-Farber growth selection protocol. Following administration of [14C]DEN, the distribution of radioactivity showed a marked left lobe preference in 4-week-old rats that had no prior exposure to DEN and in 8-week-old rats exposed to DEN for 4 weeks. This study suggests that interlobe differences in hepatocyte initiation and the incidence of HCCA may be due in part to differences in cell replication and in DNA alkylation resulting from differential DEN distribution and/or metabolism.
Choosing psychotherapy as a career: beyond "I want to help people".

This article briefly considers the career determinants of mental health professionals and then introduces the contents of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session issue devoted to “why I became a psychotherapist.” Psychotherapists are assuredly a special sort because the average person prefers to minimize the psychic sufferings of fellow humans and to avoid extensive contact with troubled individuals. Although the most frequent and conscious reason for becoming a psychotherapist is a desire to “help others,” the decision is more complex and multidetermined than that. The multiple, intertwined motives are partly unconscious, impacted by chance encounters, and probably not well understood into late in one's career. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 939–943, 2005.
Temperature Dependence of Elastic Constants and Thermal Expansion for U O 2

The thermal expansion has been measured as a function of temperature for U${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and shows a first-order transition at the N\'eel temperature. Elastic constants versus temperature also display a first-order transition except for ${C}_{44}$, which shows a lattice-spin effect 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} above the transition.
Resumption of Water Uptake by Sorghum after Water Stress

Exposure of roots to dry soil may reduce their ability to absorb water when the soil is rewet. We sought to quantify the effects of the duration of exposure to dry soil and the availability of water in deeper soil layers on resumption of water uptake by roots of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench following rewetting of the soil. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in pots, half of which were fitted with a water-filled reservoir below the pot bottom. Soil was allowed to dry for either 26 or 39 d before rewetting. Reservoir roots were excised at rewatering to limit uptake to roots previously exposed to soil drying. Time courses of plant transpiration and leaf water potential prior to and after rewatering were measured [...]
Clinical Role of Hybrid Imaging

Recent technological advances have fueled the growth in hybrid radionuclide and CT imaging of the heart. Noninvasive imaging studies are reliable means to diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD), stratify risk, and guide clinical management. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a robust, widely available noninvasive modality for the evaluation of ischemia from known or suspected CAD. Cardiac CT (coronary artery calcium score and coronary CT angiography) has emerged as a clinically robust noninvasive anatomic imaging test, capable of rapidly diagnosing or excluding obstructive CAD. Both anatomic and functional modalities have strengths and weaknesses, and can complement each other by offering integrated structural and physiologic information. As we discuss below, in selected patients, hybrid imaging may facilitate more accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and management in a “one-stop shop” setting.
EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAMMARY GLAND OF THE MONKEY1

It has been found that the injection of ovarian hormones develops the mammary glands of several species of laboratory animals. In some species such as the guinea pig, a complete development occurs in animals receiving only estrogenic chemicals, while in the rabbit estrone and rogesterone are both required (1, 2). Only mammary ducts developed in rabbits receiving estrogenic hormones, while complete growthj of the glands occurred in animals receiving, in addition, extracts of the corpus luteum. Localizad nodules of alveoli may occur in the mammary glands of male or female mice of certain strains following the injection of large amounts of estrogens over extended periods of time (3). The variations apparent in the responses of the mammary glands of different species of experimental animals enhances the desirability of conducting similar studies with primates. Allen (4) observed the partial restoration of the atrophic breasts of ovariectomized monkeys following the injection of estrin. Turner and Allen (5) ob...
Bound states and the effective potential in field theories

We calculate the leading contribution to the effective potential, $V(\ensuremath{\varphi})$ under the assumptions that there is a deep bound state and the corresponding pole dominates the one-particle irreducible vertices for spin-zero field theories. We find that $V$ has a $\frac{3}{2}$-power branch point in the $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ plane on the real axis. We show that the $\frac{3}{2}$ power is due to the fact that ${V}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\frac{\mathrm{dV}}{d\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ satisfies an algebraic equation quadratic and cubic in ${V}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ for the cases considered. In the domain of $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ for which $V$ is real, the leading pole contribution is negative, allowing for the possibility of an instability in the normal vacuum.
Blood coagulation as a cybernetic system: control of autoprothrombin C (Factor Xa) formation.

Abstract The procoagulants of the intrinsic system are very powerful, but under physiological conditions seem to be weak because of their presence in functionally low concentrations. Autoprothrombin C (Factor Xa) activity generated rapidly from purified autoprothrombin III (Factor X) in a reaction mixture that contained optimum amounts of purified Factor VIII, a platelet factor 3 preparation (PF-3), a Factor IXa preparation, and 0.01 M calcium ions at pH 7.2. The initial generation of Auto-C was very rapid. Lowering the concentration of any one of the procoagulants below the optimum reduced the yield of Auto-C. In this system, Auto-C generation is governed by apparent stoichiometric reactions. At the completion of the reaction, very little Factor VIII activity remained and was apparently destroyed by Auto-C. Factor IXa generated some Auto-C without either PF-3 or Factor VIII. To meet the phospholipoprotein requirement, it was possible to substitute phosphatidylserine for PF-3, but not phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. This enlarges on reports in the literature, where it is recorded that the latter two function with the protein of thromboplastin in Auto-C generation, and phosphatidylserine functions in thrombin generation. For the acceleration or initiation of blood coagulation, plasmatic factors as well as platelet materials are needed.
Ultrasonic-enhanced gentamicin transport through colony biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli

The hypothesis that ultrasound increases antibiotic transport through biofilms of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated using colony biofilms. Biofilms grown on membrane filters were transferred to nutrient agar containing 50 µg/ml gentamicin. A smaller filter was placed on top of the biofilm and a blank concentration disk was situated atop the filter. Diffusion of antibiotic through the biofilms was allowed for 15, 30, or 45 min at 37°C. Some of these biofilms were exposed to 70-kHz ultrasound and others were not. Each concentration disk was then placed on a nutrient agar plate spread with a lawn of E. coli. The resulting zone of inhibition was used to calculate the amount of gentamicin that was transported through the biofilm into the disk. The E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilms grown for 13 and 24 h were exposed to two different ultrasonic power densities. Ultrasonication significantly increased the transport of gentamicin through the biofilm. Insonation of biofilms of E. coli for 45 min more than doubled the amount of gentamicin compared to their noninsonated counterparts. For P. aeruginosa biofilms, no detectable gentamicin penetrated the biofilm within 45 min without ultrasound; however, when insonated (1.5 W/cm2) for 45 min, the disks collected more than 0.45 µg antibiotic. Ultrasonication significantly increased transport of gentamicin across biofilms that normally blocked or slowed gentamicin transport when not exposed to ultrasound. This enhanced transport may be partially responsible for the increased killing of biofilm bacteria exposed to combinations of antibiotic and ultrasound.
Phylogeny and classification of thecodontian reptiles

Thecodontians have long been recognized as the basal stock from which all other archosaurs were derived, but their phylogeny and classification are very confused, and the origin and evolution of archosaurs are consequently still poorly understood. The skull and skeletal morphology of thecodontians is confusingly uniform, and many palaeontologists feel that the ankle joint may provide a more useful clue to the phylogeny and classification of these groups1,2. I attempt here to trace some of the thecodontian lineages on the basis of tarsal anatomy. The major structural changes from thecodontian to dinosaurs are most clearly visible in the pelvis and hind-limbs, associated with improvement of gait from the ‘sprawler’ through the ‘semi-improved’ to the ‘fully-improved’ condition3,4. As a result, the function of the ankle joint was modified from a simple flexible base for the leg to the more advanced role of a lever. For this reason, an understanding of thecodontian tarsi is necessary if we are to understand the evolution of the later archosaurs.
Comments, with reply, on 'Fuzzy logic for control of roll and moment for a flexible wing aircraft' by S. Chiu et al

In a paper by S. Chiu et al. (see ibid., vol.11 no.4, p.42-8, 1991) the use of fuzzy logic in certain control problems is explored as an alternative to conventional control methodologies. An attempt is made to demonstrate the usefulness of the fuzzy design by example. There are two notable features about the article that deserve a closer look. It is shown that it is a simple matter to design a linear controller that appears to outperform the fuzzy logic controller presented in the paper, and that the claims made about the capabilities of fuzzy logic are vague and unsubstantiated. >
Discontinuity of quasi-static solution in the two-node Coulomb frictional system

A single-node system introduced by Klarbring has provided insight into the non-uniqueness of solution in the quasi-static contact problem at the high coefficient of Coulomb friction. Here, we explore this issue for the two-node system under the slip displacement space in which the instantaneous condition is efficiently represented. In the paper, we identify a qualitatively different failure of the quasi-static evolution algorithm in which a more complex dynamic transition may occur. When the system evolves from the point where both-node discontinuity occurs, the transient evolution behavior involving a damping matrix is explored in order to investigate a final state of the two-node system. It is demonstrated that the final state is uniquely determined which is independent of the damping matrix.
Large-scale computing on clustered vector multiprocessors

A two-level parallel implementation of a large scale geophysical simulation code is presented. The software/hardware environment consists of the IBM Clustered FORTRAN, an extension of FORTRAN, allowing a single application program to execute concurrently on two IBM 3090 computers (first level of parallelism) while exploiting the multiple vector processors of each 3090 system (second level of parallelism). The experiments reported show that the problem is characterized by large task granularity and small communication/computation ratio, thus leading to sustained parallel speed-ups of nearly ten on a cluster of two 3090 computers, totaling twelve vector processors.
Cytomegalic inclusion diseases; a clinico-pathological correlation.

Review of the literature reveals no previous clinical, roentgenographic, and pathological correlation of a brain as severely affected by cytomegalic inclusion disease as the present case. The case demonstrates: 1. the infrequently described occurrence of transplacental infection early in gestation; 2. striking roentgen evidence of CNS devastation and calcification; 3. correlation of the temporal occurrence of the mother's infection (manifested by “cold sores” or “fever blisters”) with the stage of arrest of fetal brain development.
Transverse and torsional vibrations of an axially-loaded beam with elastically constrained ends

Abstract A general case of an axially-loaded beam with ends elastically restrained against rotation is analyzed for either flexural or torsional vibration. The general frequency equation is numerically evaluated for various end fixities. The results are graphically presented for the first three modes and are of interest in bridge and machine designs. It is believed that this is the most general case analyzed for the end conditions as stated. Many of the other end conditions in the literature can be obtained by degenerating the frequency equation into special cases.
Knowing a Word Affects the Fundamental Perception of The Sounds Within it

Understanding spoken language is an exceptional computational achievement of the human cognitive apparatus. Theories of how humans recognize spoken words fall into two categories: Some theories assume a fully bottom-up flow of information, in which successively more abstract representations are computed. Other theories, in contrast, assert that activation of a more abstract representation (e.g., a word) can affect the activation of smaller units (e.g., phonemes or syllables). The two experimental conditions reported here demonstrate the top-down influence of word representations on the activation of smaller perceptual units. The results show that perceptual processes are not strictly bottom-up: Computations at logically lower levels of processing are affected by computations at logically more abstract levels. These results constrain and inform theories of the architecture of human perceptual processing of speech.
Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Canine Erythropoietin in Dogs with Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure and Dogs with Recombinant Human Erythropoietin‐Induced Red Cell Aplasia

The efficacy and safety of recombinant canine erythropoietin (rcEPO) therapy was evaluated in 19 dogs with anemia of chronic renal failure (group 1) and 6 dogs with chronic renal failure and recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)-induced red cell aplasia (group 2). Hematocrit (Hct) and absolute reticulocyte count (ARC) were monitored weekly for the first 8 weeks, CBC (including ARC) and serum iron profiles were evaluated monthly, and serum biochemical analyses were performed every 2 months for 6 (group 2) to 12 (group 1) months. For group 1 dogs, median Hct and ARC increased significantly during the 1st week of rcEPO treatment, and median Hct was sustained at >35% after week 5. In contrast, median Hct and ARC for group 2 did not change significantly with rcEPO treatment, even with doses greater than those used in group 1. Nevertheless, 2 (33%) of the 6 dogs in group 2 developed erythroid hyperplasia, reticulocytosis, and increases in Hct with rcEPO treatment. Although median systolic blood pressure did not change significantly in either group, 5 dogs developed systolic blood pressures > or = 180 mm Hg during the study. Appetite and energy level improved in most group 1 dogs with increases in Hct. Recombinant cEPO stimulated erythrocyte production in dogs with nonregenerative anemia secondary to chronic renal failure without causing the profound erythroid hypoplasia that can occur in rhEPO-treated dogs. Unfortunately, rcEPO was not as effective in restoring erythrocyte production in dogs that had previously developed rhEPO-induced red cell aplasia.
Cooperative signaling via transcription factors NF-κB and AP1/c-Fos mediates endothelial cell STIM1 expression and hyperpermeability in response to endotoxin.

Stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) regulates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Here we show that STIM1 expression in endothelial cells (ECs) is increased during sepsis and, therefore, contributes to hyperpermeability. LPS induced STIM1 mRNA and protein expression in human and mouse lung ECs. The induced STIM1 expression was associated with augmented SOCE as well as a permeability increase in both in vitro and in vivo models. Because activation of both the NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways downstream of TLR4 amplifies vascular inflammation, we studied the influence of these two pathways on LPS-induced STIM1 expression. Inhibition of either NF-κB or p38 MAPK activation by pharmacological agents prevented LPS-induced STIM1 expression. Silencing of the NF-κB proteins (p65/RelA or p50/NF-κB1) or the p38 MAPK isoform p38α prevented LPS-induced STIM1 expression and increased SOCE in ECs. In support of these findings, we found NF-κB and AP1 binding sites in the 5′-regulatory region of human and mouse STIM1 genes. Further, we demonstrated that LPS induced time-dependent binding of the transcription factors NF-κB (p65/RelA) and AP1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) to the STIM1 promoter. Interestingly, silencing of c-Fos, but not c-Jun, markedly reduced LPS-induced STIM1 expression in ECs. We also observed that silencing of p38α prevented c-Fos expression in response to LPS in ECs, suggesting that p38α signaling mediates the expression of c-Fos. These results support the proposal that cooperative signaling of both NF-κB and AP1 (via p38α) amplifies STIM1 expression in ECs and, thereby, contributes to the lung vascular hyperpermeability response during sepsis.
Advances in Nutrition and Gastroenterology: Summary of the 1997 A.S.P.E.N. Research Workshop

Background: The 1997 A.S.P.E.N. Research Workshop was held at the annual meeting in San Francisco, on January 26, 1997. The workshop focused on advances in clinical and basic research involving the interface between nutrient and luminal gastroenterology. Methods: Presentations on the genetic regulation of gastrointestinal development, the molecular biology of small intestinal adaptation, the effect of nutrition support on intestinal mucosal mass, the relationship between nutrition and gastrointestinal motility, nutrient absorption, and gastrointestinal tract substrate metabolism were made by the preeminent leaders in the field. Results: The investigators presented an insightful analysis of each topic by reviewing data from their own laboratories and the published literature. Conclusions: This workshop underscored the important interactions between nutrition and luminal gastroenterology at the basic science, metabolic/ physiologic, and clinical levels. The integration of presentations from the different disciplines provided a unique interaction of information and ideas to advance our understanding of nutrition and gastrointestinal tract.
Assessing Sets of Radiocarbon Dates: An Example from the Central Plains:

This article presents methods for assessing sets of radiocarbon dates. It is based on the premise that the largest pertinent set of radiocarbon dates is the appropriate context within which to judge problematic dates. Using dates from the Central Plains Tradition, it illustrates a reasonable methodology for cleaning the data set and for assessing the beginnings and ends of constituent phases. In so doing, it demonstrates that the Central Plains Tradition is mis-named; most of the phases assigned to it are contemporary with one another, and most appear to have lasted only a couple of centuries.
Childhood family structure and young adult behaviors

This paper examines a wide variety of forms, and full histories, of family structure to test existing theories of family influences and identify needs for new theories. The focus is on links between childhood family structure and both completed schooling and risk of a nonmarital birth. Using a 27-year span of panel (PSID) data for U.S. children, we find that: (a) change is stressful, (b) timing during childhood is relevant, (c) adults other than parents are important, and (d) two more recently studied family structures (mother-with-grandparent(s) and mother-with-stepfather) do not fit the molds of existing theories. The findings suggest that new theories should consider allocation of resources and reasons people group into family structures.
Dissociation energy and electronic and vibrational spectroscopy of Co(+)(H2O) and its isotopomers.

The electronic spectra of Co+(H2O), Co+(HOD), and Co+(D2O) have been measured from 13 500 to 18 400 cm–1 using photodissociation spectroscopy. Transitions to four excited electronic states with vibrational and partially resolved rotational structure are observed. Each electronic transition has an extended progression in the metal–ligand stretch, v3, and the absolute vibrational quantum numbering is assigned by comparing isotopic shifts between Co+(H216O) and Co+(H218O). For the low-lying excited electronic states, the first observed transition is to v3′ = 1. This allows the Co+–(H2O) binding energy to be determined as D0(0 K)(Co+–H2O) = 13730 ± 90 cm–1 (164.2 ± 1.1 kJ/mol). The photodissociation spectrum shows a well-resolved Ka band structure due to rotation about the Co–O axis. This permits determination of the spin rotation constants ϵaa″ = −6 cm–1 and ϵaa′ = 4 cm–1. However, the Ka rotational structure depends on v3′. These perturbations in the spectrum make the rotational constants unreliable. From t...
Physiological Regulation of Marathon Performance

Running a marathon at the fastest speed possible appears to be regulated by the rate of aerobic metabolism (i.e. marathon oxygen uptake) of a limited amount of carbohydrate energy (i.e. muscle glycogen and blood glucose) and the velocity that can be maintained without developing hyperthermia. According to a model proposed by Joyner in 1991, people possess the physiological ability to run a marathon in ≈1:58:00. This could be accomplished if the current world record pace for the ‘half-marathon’ is maintained for the entire marathon. The ultimate limit to marathon performance might be dictated by the limits of running economy and a recruitment of the running musculature with a pattern that minimises fatigue, possibly by spreading the work over many motor neuron.
Some further comments on approximations of the radial dependence of the electron temperature in two-fluid models of the solar wind: Research note

In a previous paper (Cosmic Electrodyn.3, 116) we had suggested the use of the radialr −2/5 dependence rather than the often usedr −2/7 one in approximations of the electronic temperature profile in some two-fluid models. This note is intended to clarify and restate some points on this subject.
The molecular structures of mono-substituted cl-cyclohexene by gas-phase electron diffraction

Abstract The molecular structures of mono-substituted chlorocyclohexene are determined by gas-phase electron diffraction. The structural parameters are obtained by applying leastsquares analysis to the molecular scattering intensities. The bond distances ( r g ) and bond angles are: (1) 1-Cl-cyclohexene: C 1 C 2 = 1.336 ± 0.006 A. C 2 -C 3 = 1.500 ± 0.009 A, C 3 -C 4 = 1.533 ± 0.010 A, C 4 -C 5 = 1.537 A, C 5 -C 6 = 1.527 ± 0.010 A, C 1 -C 6 = 1.504 ± 0.009 A. C-Cl = 1.747 ± 0.005 A, C-H av = 1.138 ± 0.010 A, ∠Cl-cc = 126.3 ± 0.5°, ∠C 6 C 1 C 2 = 123.9 ± 0.8°. ∠C 1 C 2 C 3 = 124.6 ± 0.8°, ∠C 4 C 3 C 2 = 111.8 ± 1.2° and ∠-C 5 C 6 C 1 = 111.3 ± 1.1°; (2) 3-Cl-cyclohexene: C 1 =C 2 = 1.336 A, C 2 -C 3 = 1.501 ± 0.010 A, C 3 -C 4 = 1.513 ± 0.008 A, C 4 -C 5 = 1.542 A, C 5 -C 6 , = 1.516 ± 0.007 A, C 1 -C 6 = 1.505 ± 0.006 A, C-C1 = 1.801 ± 0.005 A, C-H av = 1.120 ± 0.008 A, ∠C 6 C 1 C 2 = 123.2 ± 1.0°, ∠C 1 C 2 C 3 = 124.1 ± 1.7°, ∠C 5 C 6 C 1 = 113.0 ± 1.3°, ∠C 2 C 3 C 4 = 112.5 ± 1.5° ∠ClC 3 C 2 = 110.3 ± 0.8°, ∠H-C=C = 123.0 ± 3.0° and ǒH-C-C = 109.5 ± 2.0°, with a mixture of 55% axial and 45% equatorial conformers; (3) 4-Cl-cyclohexene: C 1 =C 2 = 1.336 A, C 2 -C 3 = 1.507 ± 0.007 A, C 3 -C 4 = 1.516 ± 0.008 A, C 4 -C 5 = 1.544 A, C 5 -C 6 = 1.523 ± 0.010 A, C 1 - C 6 = 1-507 A, C-Cl = 1.799 ± 0.005 A, C-H av = 1.116 ± 0.005 A, ∠C 6 C 1 C 2 = 123.3 ± 1.5°, ∠C 5 C 6 C 1 = 113.0 ± 1.0°, ∠C 2 C 3 C 4 = 112.3 ± 1.0°, ∠ClC 4 C 3 = 110.2 ± 2.0°, ∠H-CC = 117.1 ± 4.5° and ∠H-C-C = 109.5 ± 1.0°, with a mixture of 45% axial and 55% equatorial conformers.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISM OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY BY MEANS OF BACTERICIDAL MEASUREMENTS : I. THE REACTION BETWEEN THE ANTICARBOHYDRATE ANTIBODY AND THE PURIFIED SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE

1. Type III antipneumococcus serum, after absorption with the specific carbohydrate, no longer forms a precipitate with the carbohydrate, but still has a definite, though diminished bactericidal action on virulent pneumococci in a bactericidal test. 2. Such an absorbed antiserum still retains some of its power to neutralize the antibactericidal effect of the specific carbohydrate in a bactericidal test, showing that absorption with the carbohydrate does not remove all the anticarbohydrate antibody from an antiserum. 3. This carbohydrate neutralization test is a very much more delicate method for detecting the anticarbohydrate antibody (precipitin) than the precipitin test. 4. There is therefore no necessity to predicate another antibody to explain the bactericidal action of a carbohydrate-absorbed antiserum, or a similar result in a mouse protection test. 5. The specific carbohydrate has a definite antibactericidal action, but it is demonstrated that, were it present in this form in the body during pneumonia, it could not conceivably be produced in sufficient quantity to influence the disease.
Muscle Response to Changing Neuronal Input in the Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) Stomatogastric System: Spike Number- versus Spike Frequency-Dependent Domains

We aimed to determine the neuronal parameters controlling the contraction of slowly contracting, non-twitch (“tonic”) muscles driven by rhythmic neuronal activity. These muscles are almost completely absent in mammals but are common in lower vertebrates and invertebrates. Slow muscles are often believed to function primarily in tonic motor patterns. However, previous research and data presented here indicate that slow muscles are also driven by rhythmic neuronal inputs. In rapidly contracting “twitch” muscles, motor unit force is believed to be primarily determined by motor neuron spike frequency. What determines slow muscle output is less well understood. We present a simple model that suggests that when motor neuron burst duration is brief compared with muscle summation time, spike number, not spike frequency, determines slow muscle contraction amplitude. We present analyses that distinguish between spike number and spike frequency dependence in two slow muscles in the lobster stomatogastric system. Our analysis shows that, functionally, one muscle is spike number dependent, whereas the other is primarily spike frequency dependent. Thus, both of these parameters can determine slow muscle output. To predict the movements elicited by neuronal activity in preparations in which slow muscles are common, it may be necessary to determine spike number versus spike frequency dependence for each muscle. Spike number dependence couples motor neuron burst duration and spike frequency in that changing either parameter alone alters spike number (and hence muscle contraction amplitude). Neural networks innervating spike number-dependent muscles may therefore have specific properties to compensate for the complexity intrinsic to spike number coding.
The Effects of Low Temperature Magnetic Cycling on the Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials

The interaction of dislocations with magnetic domain walls and the low energy response of dislocations at cryogenic temperatures have been investigated as a means of improving the structure sensitive properties of steel. Both cutting tools and carburized surfaces have shown an improvement when subjected to a cyclic magnetic field in the temperature range of 77 K to room temperature (RT). An annealing effect of the treatment suggests it may be a low energy substitution for conventional thermal tempering in specific applications.
Now I'm a Phase, Now I'm Not a Phase: On the Variability of Phases with Extraction and Ellipsis

On the basis of a number of cases where the status of X with respect to phasehood changes depending on the syntactic context in which X occurs, I argue for a contextual approach to phasehood whereby the highest phrase in the extended projection of all lexical categories—N, P, A, and V (passive and active)—functions as a phase. The relevant arguments concern extraction and ellipsis. I argue that ellipsis is phase-constrained: only phases and complements of phase heads can in principle undergo ellipsis. I show that Ā-extraction out of an ellipsis site is possible only if the ellipsis site corresponds to a phasal complement. I also provide evidence for the existence of several AspectPs, all of which have morphological manifestations, in the VP domain of English and show that they crucially affect the phasehood of this domain. The article provides a uniform account of a number of superficially different constructions involving extraction and ellipsis from Serbo-Croatian, Japanese, Turkish, and English.
Probabilistic non-rigid registration of prostate images: Modeling and quantifying uncertainty

Registration of pre- to intra-procedural prostate images needs to handle the large changes in position and shape of the prostate caused by varying rectal filling and patient positioning. We describe a probabilistic method for non-rigid registration of prostate images which can quantify the most probable deformation as well as the uncertainty of the estimated deformation. The method is based on a biomechanical Finite Element model which treats the prostate as an elastic material. We use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampler to draw deformation configurations from the posterior distribution. In practice, we simultaneously estimate the boundary conditions (surface displacements) and the internal deformations of our biomechanical model. The proposed method was validated on a clinical MRI dataset with registration results comparable to previously published methods, but with the added benefit of also providing uncertainty estimates which may be important to take into account during prostate biopsy and brachytherapy procedures.
A graph approach to DFT hardware placement for robust delay fault BIST

In order to test a ULSI circuit robustly and less expensively for delay faults we proposed a robust delay-fault built-in self-testing model. Long pattern simulation times and excessive hardware overhead have been a concern in our model. We propose a graph heuristic to optimally place Design for Testability (DFT) hardware in order to eliminate hazards in TEST mode. This technique produces a circuit structure that is hazard free for any single-bit changing sequence and reduces the CPU time drastically as we avoid pattern simulation. We collapse the new PI's and PO's added to the circuit and this reduces the hardware overhead significantly.
Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers Reveals Cell-Type Specific Paternal Growth Dominance

Genomic imprinting leads to preferred expression of either the maternal or paternal alleles of a subset of genes. Imprinting is essential for mammalian development, and its deregulation causes many diseases. However, the functional relevance of imprinting at the cellular level is poorly understood for most imprinted genes. We used mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) in mice to create uniparental disomies (UPDs) and to visualize imprinting effects with single-cell resolution. Although chromosome 12 UPD did not produce detectable phenotypes, chromosome 7 UPD caused highly significant paternal growth dominance in the liver and lung, but not in the brain or heart. A single gene on chromosome 7, encoding the secreted insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), accounts for most of the paternal dominance effect. Mosaic analyses implied additional imprinted loci on chromosome 7 acting cell autonomously to transmit the IGF2 signal. Our study reveals chromosome- and cell-type specificity of genomic imprinting effects.