cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migration, External Warfare, and Matrilocal Residence

It is suggested that matrilocal (uxorilocal) residence is an adaptive re sponse to the disequilibrium that occurs when a virilocal or patrilocal soci ety migrates into an alrcady inhabited region. The sudden immigration will result in external warfare between the migrating and indigenous so cieties. Most of the world's societics (approximately 70 percent) practice patrilocal residence and are characterized by the presence of fraternal interest groups, which have been shown to be conducive to the frequent feuding and internal warfare that also characterizes these societies. In the face of severe external warfare, the chances of successful adaptation would be increased if these societies could cease their feuding and internal war and instead concentrate all their resources against the other society. Matrilocal residence accomplishes this, because the dishersal of males from their natal villages upon marriage results in the breakup of fraternol interest groups. This theory was tested on a probability sample ...
Acute toxicities and hematological effects of two substituted naphthoquinones in channel catfish

The acute toxicities and hematological effects of menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphtho-quinone) and dichlone (2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphtho-quinone) were examined in yearling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). These compounds served as models for quinones, which comprise a diverse group of compounds that enter aquatic systems from numerous sources. The 96-hr LC50's measured were 720 μg/L and 42 μg/L for menadione and dichlone, respectively. In subsequent experiments, fish were exposed for 21 days to concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 times the LC50 value of each compound. For both compounds, generally dose-dependent increases in methemoglobin concentrations and dose-dependent reductions in hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit ratios were observed. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that these compounds are toxic in part due to their ability to undergo redox cycling and thereby generate reactive oxygen species. However, other modes of action, such as direct enzyme inhibition, may also be important.
Multilevel Calibration of Furrow Infiltration and Roughness

A stepwise multilevel scheme is developed to sequentially calibrate infiltration and roughness parameters for free-draining furrow irrigation systems. The scheme is one dimensional at each level, thereby simplifying computations and providing more robust and unique solutions using field data which exhibit variation. The scheme is easily programmed and implemented within any kinematic wave, zero inertia, or hydrodynamic analysis and will provide straightforward initiation and convergence. Applications to two comprehensive data sets are made and shown to be substantially more accurate and extensive than traditional two-point fitting algorithms. In addition to the field length and slope, the flow cross section, and the duration of the irrigation, the multilevel model only requires measurements of the inflow and outflow hydrographs. Field data collection is therefore simpler than required for traditional methods which require spatial and temporal advance and recession measurements.
A feature information based approach for enhancing score-level fusion in multi-sample biometric systems

Matching score fusion is a commonly used technique for improving the performance of biometric systems. In this paper we investigate the methods for fusing the scores obtained from matching individual video frames to a stored face template. Traditional fusion rules like sum and product does not account for the diversity of information contained in consecutive frames. Instead, we propose to use a quantitative measure of the shared information content between adjacent frame pairs to capture this information and enhance the score fusion performance. We conduct our experiments in a database of 132 person videos. The results show that application of information content to score level fusion can increase the performance of a fusion algorithm and hence make it more robust to errors. The developed matching score fusion method can be applied to other systems involving the multiple biometric samples or scans.
Editorial: Proteostenosis: cancer's Achilles heel?

Discussion on how defining protein synthesis vs. degradation rate may provide new directions in anti-cancer therapy.
Effect of molecular models on viscosity and thermal conductivity calculations

The effect of molecular models on viscosity and thermal conductivity calculations is investigated. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method for rarefied gas flows is used to simulate Couette and Fourier flows as a means of obtaining the transport coefficients. Experimental measurements for argon (Ar) provide a baseline for comparison over a wide temperature range of 100–1,500 K. The variable hard sphere (VHS), variable soft sphere (VSS), and Lennard-Jones (L-J) molecular models have been implemented into a parallel version of Bird’s one-dimensional DSMC code, DSMC1, and the model parameters have been recalibrated to the current experimental data set. While the VHS and VSS models only consider the short-range, repulsive forces, the L-J model also includes constributions from the long-range, dispersion forces. Theoretical results for viscosity and thermal conductivity indicate the L-J model is more accurate than the VSS model; with maximum errors of 1.4% and 3.0% in the range 300–1,500 K for L-J and VSS models, respectively. The range of validity of the VSS model is extended to 1,650 K through appropriate choices for the model parameters.
Transgenic approaches for pre-harvest control of mycotoxin contamination in crop plants

Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that can contaminate food and feed crops worldwide and are responsible for toxic effects in animals and humans that consume contaminated commodities. Regulatory guidelines and limits for mycotoxins have been set by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and food safety agencies of other countries for both import and export of affected commodities. Mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds can also cause serious economic hardships to producers, processors, and the consumer. Therefore, there has been a concerted effort by researchers worldwide to develop strategies for the effective control of mycotoxin contamination of crops, particularly at the pre-harvest stage. Strategies currently being utilised to combat pre-harvest mycotoxin contamination include: (1) use of non-toxigenic biocontrol strains; (2) improved agricultural practices; (3) application of agrochemicals; (4) plant breeding for resistance; and (5) genetic engineering of resistance genes into crop plants. This article highlights research on the genetic engineering of plants for resistance to invasion by mycotoxigenic fungi as well as detoxification of mycotoxins. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant fungi and the mycotoxins they produce. These include aflatoxins produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, trichothecenes produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum, and to a lesser extent, fumonisins produced by F. verticillioides. Information is also presented on the use of genomics and proteomics technologies as a means of identifying genes and proteins that can be utilised in transgenic approaches to control the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and the mycotoxins that they produce in food and feed crops.
Measurement of the upper critical field vanadium - gallium alloys

Abstract Measurements on several vanadium gallium alloys in d.c. magnetic fields find a maximum upper critical field of 196 kG at 4.2°K. Critical field-temperature curves show the limiting influence of the Paul paramagnetism on the upper critical field.
A house divided: ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate in programmed cell death

Programmed cell death is an important physiological response to many forms of cellular stress. The signaling cascades that result in programmed cell death are as elaborate as those that promote cell survival, and it is clear that coordination of both protein- and lipid-mediated signals is crucial for proper cell execution. Sphingolipids are a large class of lipids whose diverse members share the common feature of a long-chain sphingoid base, e.g., sphingosine. Many sphingolipids have been shown to play essential roles in both death signaling and survival. Ceramide, an N-acylsphingosine, has been implicated in cell death following a myriad of cellular stresses. Sphingosine itself can induce cell death but via pathways both similar and dissimilar to those of ceramide. Sphingosine-1-phosphate, on the other hand, is an anti-apoptotic molecule that mediates a host of cellular effects antagonistic to those of its pro-apoptotic sphingolipid siblings. Extraordinarily, these lipid mediators are metabolically juxtaposed, suggesting that the regulation of their metabolism is of the utmost importance in determining cell fate. In this review, we briefly examine the role of ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate in programmed cell death and highlight the potential roles that these lipids play in the pathway to apoptosis.
Marilyn Manson and the apt pupils of Littleton

(1999). Marilyn Manson and the apt pupils of Littleton. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 3-8.
Racemization in the synthesis of sequential polypeptides using N-hydroxysuccinimide esters

Racemization in the synthesis of peptide intermediates and their polymers was investigated, using L-amino acid oxidase. The formation of N-hydroxysuccinimide esters from N-protected peptide acids yielded optically pure products in contrast to p-nitrophenyl and pentachlorophenyl active esters. The racemization in the polymerization step was found to be base sensitive. Partially racemized polymer can result from optically homogeneous monomer. Thus, the optical integrity of active monomer species carries no guarantee for that of the polymer.
Hispanic College Students' Views of Effective Middle-School Teachers: A Multi-Stage Mixed Analysis.

In this multi-stage mixed-analysis study, the views of 437 Hispanic college students enrolled at two Hispanic-Serving Institutions in the Southwest of the USA were obtained concerning characteristics of effective middle-school teachers. Through the method of constant comparison (qualitative phase), 38 themes were determined to be present in respondents’ characteristics of effective middle-school teachers. Then, these themes (quantitative phase), quantified into an inter-respondent matrix that consisted of a series of 1s and 0s, were analysed to determine whether participants differed in their themes as a function of gender, college status and first-generation/non-first-generation status. Statistically significant differences were present between males and females, between undergraduate and graduate students, and between first-generation and non-first-generation college students in their emphases on effective middle-school teachers. Implications are discussed.
Thermodynamic properties of the φ4 lattice field theory near the Ising limit

Abstract For a d-dimensional φ4 lattice field theory consisting of N spins with nearest-neighbor interactions, the partition function is transformed for large bare coupling constant λ into an Ising-like system with additional neighbor interactions. For d = 2 a mean field approximation is then used to estimate the difference in critical temperature between the lattice φ4 field theory and its Ising limit (λ = ∞). Expansions are obtained for the susceptibility and specific heat. The critical exponents are shown to be identical to the Ising exponents.
Soluble factors and the regulation of early rate-limiting events in slime mold morphogenesis☆

Abstract Dictyostelium amebae of the axenic strain Ax-3 which have entered stationary phase in liquid nutrient medium aggregate 3 h faster than amebae still in the log phase of growth. When log phase cultures are treated with stationary phase medium at concentrations which inhibit cell multiplication, cells derived from these cultures also aggregate approx. 3 h faster than untreated log phase cells. At least two soluble factors in stationary phase medium appear to be responsible for this speed-up in aggregation time. Incubation of log phase cultures with a low molecular weight fraction of stationary phase medium results in approximately a 1 h decrease in aggregation time and a depression in the rate of cell division; incubation with a high molecular weight fraction results in approximately a 2 h decrease in aggregation time without a concomitant effect on the rate of cell division. When added in combination, the two factors stimulate approximately a 3 h decrease in aggregation time, the same decrease observed in cells entering stationary phase in growth cultures. It is concluded that early rate-limiting events in slime mold morphogenesis can be controlled by soluble factors produced in response to growth-limiting conditions.
Investigations on proteins and polymers. VI. Interaction of egg albumin with a thiophene-2-azlactone.

Abstract A new modified protein was prepared by the reaction between egg albumin and a thiophene-2-azlactone. This acid polymer was shown by an ultraviolet absorption study to be a compound formed of egg albumin and a thienylacrylic acid. In this reaction, the principal reactive groups are the primary amino groups of the protein. However, other groups are also entering into competition, as only 70–75% of the amino groups were found to be strongly reactive.
Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Wasserstoff bei Verwendung von Helium als Trägergas

Die bei dem Tragergas Helium zuweilen auftretenden M-formigen Wasserstoffpeaks lassen sich durch Vergrosern oder Verkleinern des Probenvolumens in eine auswertbare Form bringen.
Optimization: The supermarket industry†

While short-term profit optimization strategies are attractive to managers, it appears that undue emphasis on short-term profitability may adversely affect long-term profitability of a firm and development of an industry. The authors discuss limitations of short-term measures of profitability in supermarket management. They suggest formalizing the planning processes of the firm using a set of proxy indicator variables to represent relevant critical success factors.
INDIVIDUAL KIDNEY GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE USING RADIONUCLIDES

The accuracy of a simple new method for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was assessed by comparing it with the established multiple plasma sampling method in 101 consecutive children having a renal scan and serum B2 microglobulin assay (B2M). A. Multiple plasma sampling method (M Plasm). Following a measured IV dose of technetium DTPA, this was calculated conventionally following samples at 120, 150 & 180 minutes. B. Following the same dose of radionuclide, the information from a gamma camera viewing kidneys and precordium was captured onto a digital computer. From this information counts accumulating in the individual kidneys due to GFR were computed. A single plasma sample taken 20 minutes after injection furnished the plasma counts. From these two parameters individual kidney GFR was calculated. C. B2M was measured by radioimmunoassay using Phadebas B2M kit. The new method correlated well with M Plasm (r=0.80) and with B2 microglobulin (r= -0.86). The correlation between M Plasm and B2M was also good (r= -0.92). This new method is inherently attractive because: 1. It can be performed during the course of a normal renal scan without added radiation or trauma to the patient. 2. It is completed in 20 minutes. 3. It is theoretically applicable to patients with oedema or localised effusions. 4. It provides information with respect to individual kidney function.
Time-Trend Analysis in Paleoecology: ABSTRACT

Changes in the physical attributes of the rock are compared with differences in the relative abundance of certain fossil species within a vertical sequence of limestone and shale layers. Minor variations in the texture and composition of the rock reflect subtle changes in the depositional environment which had a direct influence on the organization of the faunal community. To plot these relationships, a continuous series of beds within the Richmond group (Upper Ordovician) were quantitatively studied in the field and in thin section. The major sedimentation trends exhibited by the End_Page 525------------------------------ field and laboratory data are separated from local fluctuations by using two smoothing formulas. A 21-term formula which loses ten observations at each end of the series is used to accentuate the long-period trends, and a 5-term formula losing only two observations at each end is used for the short-period changes. The IBM 7090 has been programmed to compute simultaneously both smoothed curves for 11 variables from a continuous series containing up to 500 units. The smoothed curves for several lithologic characteristics including thickness, and percentages of calcite, dolomite, micrite, and sparite, are compared with curves based on the condition, size, orientation, and relative abundance of several fossil species. The influx of new species and the decline of others can be related to physical changes in the rock, which are the result of differences in the depositional environment. End_of_Article - Last_Page 526------------
The conductivity and mobility of 2D nondegenerate electrons in the strong localization regime

Abstract We report magnetoconductance measurements of a nondegenerate 2D electron gas as a function of ambient helium gas density at several temperatures between T = 2 and 8 K. For helium gas densities greater than 2 × 10 20 cm −3 the 2D electron gas is driven into a strong localization regime characterized by an activated conductivity with an activation energy proportional to the gas density. Magnetoresistance measurements at high gas densities show a remnant electron mobility consistent with an electron diffusivity of ħ/ m el at the mobility edge.
Cleveland clinic rotodynamic pump

Background. It is now accepted that 70% to 80% of patients with end-stage heart failure would benefit from a permanent implanted left ventricular assist device. Previously there was little consideration of the use of nonpulsatile pumps for this function. Methods. An extensive 5-year engineering research and development program to develop a permanent implanted nonpulsatile blood pump has been undertaken. Results. We have developed a continuous-flow blood pump of small size (207 g) and low power requirement (6.5 watts) producing 5 L/min flow with low hemolysis. Conclusions. This pump has the potential to be the basis of an innovative ventricular assist system.
Cardiac performance is impaired in morbidly obese pregnant females.

Aim To evaluate the effect of pregnancy on ventricular function in morbidly obese as compared to lean controls. Material and methods We serially studied 33 obese and non-obese pregnant females with echocardiography during each trimester of pregnancy and after delivery. Two well-validated, relatively load-independent indices of contractility (systolic shortening index and systolic velocity index) were assessed, along with more traditional echocardiographic parameters. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to compare data between sequential studies in the normal and obese pregnant groups. Results In lean controls, stroke volume increased and contractility was maintained during pregnancy as compared to pre-pregnancy levels. In contrast, both stroke volume and contractility declined significantly by the third trimester in morbidly obese females. Conclusion There is a maladaptive left ventricular contractile response to pregnancy in morbidly obese patients.
Characteristics of Dental Hygienists based on Holland's Career Choice Theory

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to survey 1,800 current licensed dental hygienists in the U.S. and identify broad and basic interest patterns within Holland9s 6 General Occupational Themes. Methods: A national stratified random sample of 1,800 members of the American Dental Hygienists9 Association was surveyed. Paper and online surveys included the Strong Interest Inventory and the Skills Confidence Inventory. Descriptive statistics and independent t–tests were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 928 participants (51.9%) completed and returned the paper survey, while 436 participants (24.4%) also completed the online surveys. Results support coding the dental hygiene profession as Investigative – Social – Realistic using the General Occupational Themes. Dental hygienists had the most significant mean differences in the Healthcare Services, Medical Science and Science Basic Interest Scales as compared to the General Representative Sample. Conclusion: Holland9s 6 General Occupational Themes have the potential to help guide student choice regarding dental hygiene as a career.
Disruption of the pial basal lamina during early avian embryonic development inhibits histogenesis and axonal pathfinding in the optic tectum

Bacterial collagenase was injected into the ventricular cavity of the optic tectum of chick and quail embryos. Histological examination up to 6 days after enzyme injection revealed that the collagenase disrupted the pial basal lamina, which was evident by the fragmented distribution of basal lamina proteins at the pial surface of the midbrain and the brainstem. Although the disrupted basal lamina was not reestablished at later stages of development, the pial basal lamina of the newly developing neuroepithelium in the caudal part of the tectum was continuous and intact. Western blot analysis showed that the collagenase digested collagens but spared noncollagenous proteins. The disruption of the pial basal lamina caused the neuroepithelial cells to retract their pial end feet and caused tectal axons to exit the brain tissue into the adjacent mesenchyme. The vertical migration of neuroblasts to the pial layers of the tectum was inhibited, leading to a disruption of the tectal histogenesis. In the developing optic pathways, retinal axons were misguided at the optic chiasma and terminated in the head mesenchyme instead of the tectum. None of the abnormalities in histogenesis and axonal pathways were observed when the basal lamina was disrupted at a later stage of embryonic development. The present experiments demonstrate that the pial basal lamina has an important function during brain morphogenesis in restricting axons to the brain, providing an anchoring of the neuroepithelial cells to the pial surface, and allowing the formation of a defined cytoarchitecture of the brain.
Dynamic Damping and Power Electronics: To New Hybrid Filtering Concept

Due to non-linear loads or non-linear behaviour of some elements, harmonics currents are injected in the network generating a voltage distortion. To improve the voltage quality, some passive filtering are used to trap these harmonic currents. However a simple passive filter modifies significantly the characteristics of the network by generating a parallel resonance and can create some problems of oscillations and instability when associated with power electronics converters as Large Rectifiers or Static Var Compensator. To avoid these problems, passive damping with parallel resistors is generally introduced. However this technique generates some losses in the whole filter and alters the efficiency of the filtering. This paper shows that dynamic damping with Voltage Source Converter can contribute to improve the damping without altering the filter efficiency and to optimise the whole losses of the hybrid filter. Two industrial cases are presented: Dynamic damping in the case of power supply and dynamic damping in the case of shunt compensation. Extension of this principle in a hybrid filter is presented in this paper with regards on losses and sizing. This article shows the strategic interest of small converters in AC filtering to make it evolute in new techniques associating passive and active elements to form hybrid dynamic damped filter.
The Great Reform Act of 1832 and British Democratization

This article focuses on the brief period (1828-1835) of intense political change in the years immediately before and after the Great Reform Act of 1832 as a critical juncture within the process of British democratization. This change was set in motion by a movement to extend the rights of religious minorities, but soon took on a dynamic of its own and led, quite unexpectedly, to a fundamental break in the constitutional order of the United Kingdom. This reform episode deserves to be classified as a critical juncture for three reasons: First, it put an end to executive control of the legislature through pocket boroughs and placemen and ushered in a culture of national political participation; second, it brought forth a new source of order in politics, a two-party system built around religious cleavages; and finally, it acted as both an impetus and a model for future electoral expansions (1867, 1884, 1918). In the second part of the article, the “reach” of 1832 is explored by examining the relevance of this...
High-density board fabrication techniques

A variety of construction methods can be used to form high-density printed-circuit boards. The electrical and mechanical requirements of a design strongly influence the choice of process used to produce the finished product. The introduction of physically large high-density boards required the development of many new processes, several of which are critical to the electrical performance of the composite. In this paper the process sequence employed in the fabrication of the 3081 high-density board is described, with particular emphasis on the selection of the critical processes used in its manufacture. The 3081 registration system is also discussed, and a new method for merging through-hole location data with the data representing the location of the conducting layers is presented.
A genetic analysis of SpoOA structure and function

Mutations that enhanced sporulation in the presence of high concentrations of key nutrients (coi mutations) included at least four lesions within the phosphoacceptor domain of spo0A, a member of the response regulator family of "two-component" signal transduction proteins. The nature of these mutations and the phenotypes they produce support the model that the sporulation state of Spo0A controls the initiation of sporulation. This was further supported by the observation that site-directed mutations of acidic pocket aspartate residues expected to prevent phosphorylation also completely abolished sporulation. Using some of the acidic pocket aspartate substitution mutants as starting material, intragenic suppressors were isolated that restored efficient sporulation. Suppressors of D56Q mutations were deletions that removed all or part of the first alpha helix of the phosphoacceptor domain. Structural modelling of these deletions suggests a hypothesis to explain how phosphorylation of response regulator proteins may result in a conformational change that activates their effector functions.
Interactive effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia and lung volume on sympathetic nerve activity in humans.

New Findings What is the central question of this study? The central question of this study was to investigate the interaction of mild exposures to O2 and CO2 on chemoreflex control of SNA and the modulation of lung volume and respiratory phase on this interaction. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrate that the synergistic interaction of oxygen- and carbon dioxide-chemosensitive control of the sympathetic nervous system with hypoxia and hypercapnia exists at very mild excitatory stimuli, is significantly overridden by lung inflation and does not extend to inhibitory modulation by hypocapnia in healthy subjects. These findings demonstrate the important inhibitory modulation of sympathetic nerve activity by lung inflation mechanisms in healthy individuals even in the presence of strong sympathoexcitatory stimuli. We hypothesized that simultaneous stimulation of O2- and CO2-sensitive chemoreflexes produces synergistic activation of the sympathetic nervous system and that this effect would be most apparent at low lung volume (expiratory) phases of respiration. Each subject (n = 11) breathed 16 gas mixtures in random order: a 4 × 4 matrix of normoxic to hypoxic (8, 12, 16 and 21% O2) combined with normocapnic to hypercapnic gases (0, 2, 4 and 6% CO2). Tidal volume, arterial pressure, heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were measured continuously before and while breathing each gas mixture for 2 min. Changes in MSNA were determined for each gas mixture. The MSNA was subdivided into low and high lung volume and respiratory phases to investigate further modulation by components of normal respiratory phase. Both hypoxia and hypercapnia increased mean MSNA independently. Mean and low lung volume MSNA increased exponentially with increasing levels of combined hypoxia and hypercapnia and resulted in a significant interaction (P 0.4). Similar but less pronounced effects were found for expiratory and inspiratory phases of respiration. These effects created marked respiratory periodicity in MSNA at higher levels of combined hypoxia and hypercapnia. Finally, the response to hypoxia was not affected by hypocapnia, suggesting that the interaction occurs only during excitatory chemosensitive stimuli. These data indicate that hypoxia and hypercapnia interact to elicit synergistic sympathoexcitation and that withdrawal of sympathoinhibitory effects of lung inflation exaggerates this chemoreflex interaction.
Semipermutable π-subgroups

Let H be a π-subgroup of G, and assume that HQ = QH for every Sylow q-subgroup Q of G for all primes q not dividing |H|. We show that the normal closure HG of H in G has a nilpotent π-complement, and in the case where π consists of just one prime, HG is solvable.
High-Quality Visualization for Geographically Distributed 3-D Teleimmersive Applications

The growing popularity of 3-D movies has led to the rapid development of numerous affordable consumer 3-D displays. In contrast, the development of technology to generate 3-D content has lagged behind considerably. In spite of significant improvements to the quality of imaging devices, the accuracy of the algorithms that generate 3-D data, and the hardware available to render such data, the algorithms available to calibrate, reconstruct, and then visualize such data remain difficult to use, extremely noise sensitive, and unreasonably slow. In this paper, we present a multi-camera system that creates a highly accurate (on the order of a centimeter), 3-D reconstruction of an environment in real-time (under 30 ms) that allows for remote interaction between users. This paper focuses on addressing the aforementioned deficiencies by describing algorithms to calibrate, reconstruct, and render objects in the system. We demonstrate the accuracy and speed of our results on a variety of benchmarks and data collected from our own system.
Automatic synthesis of a 2.1 GHz SiGe low noise amplifier

A 2.1 GHz low noise amplifier in a 0.5 /spl mu/m 47 GHz SiGe BiCMOS process was synthesized and sent to fabrication. The circuit was synthesized to simultaneously meet multiple design specifications Including noise figure, gain, power, impedance match, intermodulation, compression, stability with a state-of-art simulation-based circuit synthesis tool. The synthesis setup took about two days, and the synthesis run took about 2 hours on a pool of 10 networked SUN workstations. Noise figure of 1.2 dB, power gain of 16 dB, IIP3 of -6 dB, S11 of less than -15 dB, were achieved with 3.7 mA bias current at 2.5 V power supply. Data generated during synthesis was processed to show design trade-offs among competing performance goals. The trade-off between optimum noise match and input impedance match Is discussed.
Page layout analysis and classification for complex scanned documents

A framework for region/zone classification in color and gray-scale scanned documents is proposed in this paper. The algorithm includes modules for extracting text, photo, and strong edge/line regions. Firstly, a text detection module which is based on wavelet analysis and Run Length Encoding (RLE) technique is employed. Local and global energy maps in high frequency bands of the wavelet domain are generated and used as initial text maps. Further analysis using RLE yields a final text map. The second module is developed to detect image/photo and pictorial regions in the input document. A block-based classifier using basis vector projections is employed to identify photo candidate regions. Then, a final photo map is obtained by applying probabilistic model based on Markov random field (MRF) based maximum a posteriori (MAP) optimization with iterated conditional mode (ICM). The final module detects lines and strong edges using Hough transform and edge-linkages analysis, respectively. The text, photo, and strong edge/line maps are combined to generate a page layout classification of the scanned target document. Experimental results and objective evaluation show that the proposed technique has a very effective performance on variety of simple and complex scanned document types obtained from MediaTeam Oulu document database. The proposed page layout classifier can be used in systems for efficient document storage, content based document retrieval, optical character recognition, mobile phone imagery, and augmented reality.
Tribological investigation of 2009 Al-20 vol.% SiCp/17-4 PH Part II: counterpart performance

Abstract A statistical model for steady-state sliding wear of the metal counterpart in metal-composite systems has been extended to include composite reinforcement size and size distribution. It has been shown that the wear rate of the metal counterpart under conditions where MMC wear is characterized by plastic deformation (microplowing) is controlled by the ratio between the mean of particulate radius squared and the square mean particulate radius, E(r 2 ) E(r 2 ) , a descriptor of the particulate size and distribution. Under these instances, e.g. for 4, 10 and 13 μm particulate discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA)/17-4 PH tribosystems, the modified statistical model permits accurate prediction of the wear performance of the unreinforced counterpart. However, when MMC wear involves reinforcement cracking and delamination, the model overestimates the wear rate of the counterpart, i.e. in the 29 μm AlSiCp/17-4 PH tribosystems.
Tyrosine 8 contributes to catalysis but is not required for activity of rat liver glutathione S-transferase, 1-1

Reaction of rat liver glutathione S-transferase, isozyme 1-1, with 4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoic acid (4-FSB), a xenobiotic substrate analogue, results in a time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme to a final value of 35% of its original activity when assayed at pH 6.5 with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate. The rate of inactivation exhibits a nonlinear dependence on the concentration of 4-FSB from 0.25 mM to 9 mM, characterized by a KI of 0.78 mM and kmax of 0.011 min-1. S-Hexylglutathione or the xenobiotic substrate analogue, 2,4-dinitrophenol, protects against inactivation of the enzyme by 4-FSB, whereas S-methylglutathione has little effect on the reaction. These experiments indicate that reaction occurs within the active site of the enzyme, probably in the binding site of the xenobiotic substrate, close to the glutathione binding site. Incorporation of [3,5-3H]-4-FSB into the enzyme in the absence and presence of S-hexylglutathione suggests that modification of one residue is responsible for the partial loss of enzyme activity. Tyr 8 and Cys 17 are shown to be the reaction targets of 4-FSB, but only Tyr 8 is protected against 4-FSB by S-hexylglutathione. DTT regenerates cysteine from the reaction product of cysteine and 4-FSB, but does not reactivate the enzyme. These results show that modification of Tyr 8 by 4-FSB causes the partial inactivation of the enzyme. The Michaelis constants for various substrates are not changed by the modification of the enzyme. The pH dependence of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction of glutathione with CDNB for the modified enzyme, as compared with the native enzyme, reveals an increase of about 0.9 in the apparent pKa, which has been interpreted as representing the ionization of enzyme-bound glutathione; however, this pKa of about 7.4 for modified enzyme remains far below the pK of 9.1 for the -SH of free glutathione. Previously, it was considered that Tyr 8 was essential for GST catalysis. In contrast, we conclude that Tyr 8 facilitates the ionization of the thiol group of glutathione bound to glutathione S-transferase, but is not required for enzyme activity.
A Model for Irradiation-Induced Amorphization

A model based on cascade melting and recrystallization is derived to describe ion irradiation-induced amorphization. The accumulation of amorphous volume fraction during irradiation is represented in a single equation. Depending on the extent of recrystallization of a subcascade, the amorphous volume accumulation can be described by a set of curves that change from exponential to sigmoidal functions. The parameters (including temperature, cascade size, crystallization rate, glass transition temperature, dose rate) that affect the extent of recrystallization are included in the model. The model also describes the temperature dependence of critical dose for amorphization.
Classification of CAM use and its correlates in patients with early-stage breast cancer.

Hypothesis: Self-reported use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been shown to increase following a cancer diagnosis, and breast cancer survivors are the heaviest users among cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to determine whether the prevalence estimate of CAM use varied according to classification of CAM. The authors used a comprehensive system to classify CAM users and test differences in demographic, lifestyle, quality of life, and cancer characteristics among them. Study design and methods: Participants were 2562 breast cancer survivors participating in the Women’s Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study, aged 28 to 74 years. A structured telephone interview assessed CAM use, questioning about specific CAM practices, and whether use was related to cancer. This study examined CAM use in relation to demographics, health behaviors, and quality of life. Results: Approximately 80% of the women used CAM for general purposes but only 50% reported CAM use for cancer purposes. Visual ...
Defect clustering viewed through generalized Poisson distribution

It is shown that generalized double Poisson distributions provide a good basis for yield models when moderate spatial heterogeneity exists between chips of larger sizes, or when defects are almost randomly distributed. The model includes the average number and size of clusters as its parameters. On being tested with simulated as well as actual wafer particle maps, the model gave a significance level >0.95 in most of the cases. This model is simple and facilitates direct implementation of multilevel or hierarchical redundancy in regular VLSI/WSI designs. The strength of the proposed model lies in its simplicity and its ability to provide a physical explanation of the clustering process through its parameters. The model reflects the effects of the competition which can occur among defects in a cluster during wafer processing. Comparisons of yield predictions by various models for wafer maps with different spatial properties are reported. >
Case Marking Systems in Two Ethiopian Semitic Languages

This paper presents a description of the case marking systems in Amharic and Tigrinya. The case system is fully retained in the pronominal and determiner systems of both languages. Nominal case markings are, however, observed only in definite objects. The languages are nominative-accusative in their case system as can be seen from the pronouns, the definite article, and pronominal affixes which are attached to the verb to show agreement with subjects and definite objects. There is also interaction between the semantic notion of definiteness and object marking, which takes two forms: an object marker attached to the nominal object and an object marking verbal affix. In both cases, it is only if the object is definite that these object markings appear. This is an instance of split P. The two related object-marking phenomena always coexist in both languages. In this paper, an attempt will be made to give a description of the case marking systems in Tigrinya and Amharic, closely related Ethiopian Semitic languages. Two languages have been considered instead of just one for comparative reasons. Amharic and Tigrinya exhibit a nominative-accusative case system. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that the languages do not have typical nominal case marking except in objects which are definite. The case system is fully retained in the pronominal and determiner (specifically definite article) system. In addition, verbal affixes which show agreement in person, number and gender with subjects and objects help in giving an idea of what the case systems in the languages look like (Amanuel, 1998; Leslau, 1995; Getahun, 1990; and Baye, 1987; among others). As a background, it will be shown why the languages have are said to have a nominative-accusative system starting with the pronominal and determiner (definite article) system of the languages. Following this, an attempt will be made to demonstrate how verbal affixes are used to show agreement with subjects and objects in transitive sentences involving verbs with typical transitivity features (Hopper and Thompson, 1980). This is done in order to demonstrate the interaction between object marking and the semantic notion of definiteness which is one of the major objects of this paper. According to Hopper and Thompson, “Transitivity involves a number of components, only one of which is the presence of an object of the verb. These components are all concerned with the effectiveness with which an action takes place” (1980: 251). In the overall discussion, reference will be made to Hopper and Thompson (1980) since the issues they raised are central to this paper. Hopper and Thompson identified the * My sincere thanks are due to Professor Regina Pustet, my typology instructor, not only for introducing me to the subject matter of typology in the best possible way, but also for her critical comments in the course of writing this paper. My thanks are also due for the editors of CRIL for her their helpful comments.
Variations of Teleconnection of ENSO and Interannual Variation in Summer Rainfall in the Central United States

Summer rainfall in the central United States has singular interannual variations of a 3-6-yr period. Identifying the causes of these variations assures improvement in predictions of summer rainfall in the region. A review of previous studies revealed a puzzling situation: the outstanding interannual variations of the summer rainfall in the central United States showed no persistent correlations with known influential interannual variations in the Northern Hemisphere and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study was undertaken to identify the cause of this situation and ultimately explain the causes of the observed interannual summer rainfall variations. Its results showed a teleconnection of the ENSO with the summer rainfall in the central United States. The intensity of which has varied over the last 125 years. The teleconnection was active in two epochs, 1871-1916 and 1948-78, and absent in the two epochs 1917-47 and 1979-present. This variation was associated with a multidecadal variation in both sea surface temperature and sea level pressure in the mid- and high-latitude North Pacific. In the epochs of active teleconnection, the circulation in the warm phase of ENSO favored a deformation field in the lower troposphere in the central United States causing wet summers and a reversed circulation in cold phase of ENSO yielding dry summers, a process that partially explains the interannual summer rainfall variations. The result also showed that the variations of the teleconnection were ''in phase'' with the variation in the average surface temperature of the Northern Hemisphere. When the ''abrupt warming'' of the surface temperature developed in 1917-47 and the most recent two decades, the teleconnection broke down. Because of the limitation in data record length, this observed relationship and the persistence of the variation in the teleconnection need further investigations when additional data are available.
Diffraction-limited 1.3-μm-wavelength tapered-gain-region lasers with >1-W CW output power

Diode lasers have been fabricated in InGaAsP-InP multiple-quantum-well material grown by atmospheric-pressure organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy with an active optical cavity consisting of a ridge-waveguide region coupled to a tapered gain region. Over 1 W of CW output power was obtained with 85% of the power in the central lobe of a diffraction-limited far-field radiation pattern.
A Collaborative Annotation Framework

This paper describes our system that enables members of a social network to collaboratively annotate a shared media collection. The problem is important since online social networks are emerging as conduits for exchange of everyday experiences. Our collaborative annotation system provides personalized recommendations to each user, based on (a) media features, (b) context, (c) commonsensical relationships and (d) linguistic relationships. We also develop novel concept specificity and abstractness/concreteness measures that further adapt the recommendations to the specific concept. Our preliminary user studies indicate that the system performs well and is more useful as compared to standard Web browser recommendation schemes
The Diplomacy of War and Peace

Two broad traditions of scholarship can be distinguished in the vast literature on the diplomacy of conflict. The diplomatic communication tradition takes the difficulty of credible communication between adversaries as its central problem and analyzes the conditions for informative costly, costless, and inadvertent signals as well as the effects on conflict processes of these different forms of communication. A body of empirical work, focused particularly on public coercive diplomacy and alliances, also belongs to this approach. The other tradition is the rhetorical-argumentative, which focuses on rhetorical style, justificatory argument, and the effects of modes of discourse. These traditions have offered very different insights and, in some areas, complement and reinforce each other.
CO2 Adsorption on α-Cr2O3 (101̄2) Surfaces

The basicity of oxide surfaces is often associated with surface lattice oxygen anions. CO2 is the standard probe molecule for investigating surface basicity, but limited information is available in...