cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANOMALOUS SECONDARY THICKENING IN PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA L. (PHYTOLACCACEAE)

Differentiation of the primary thickening meristem (PTM) was investigated in seedlings and older plants of Phytolacca americana L. Initiation of the PTM occurs in pericycle or inner cortex at the hypocotyl-primary root junction of young plants. Differentiation of the PTM in stems occurs acropetally in a cylinder of randomly dividing cells termed the diffuse lateral meristem (DLM). The PTM produces secondary tissue to the inside (internal conjunctive tissue) and to the outside (external conjunctive tissue). Patches of xylem and phloem differentiate, opposite each other, in recently produced internal and external conjunctive tissue, respectively. The resulting strands (desmogen strands) of xylem and phloem are secondary in origin, and are peripheral to primary vascular tissues. Phloem of desmogen strands usually differentiates first. Xylem of desmogen strands is composed of both tracheids and vessel elements; the latter sometimes becoming occluded with tyloses and unidentified substances. As root and hypocotyl increase in diameter, cylinders of PTMs differentiate successively and centrifugally in external conjunctive tissue. Even though the first PTM differentiates in pericycle or inner cortex and later PTMs differentiate in external conjunctive tissue, all are referred to as PTMs because of their similar activity. Multiple rings of desmogen strands can be observed in transections of lateral roots, primary roots and hypocotyls. Throughout the length of the stem, only one ring of desmogen strands is present. Fewer rings of desmogen strands are present in the top of the hypocotyl and cotylendonary node, as compared to the subjacent hypocotyl, due to anastomoses of centrifugally differentiating desmogen strands. PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA L., commonly called po
Rotational Response of Two-Component Bose-Einstein Condensates in Ring Traps

We consider a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate in a ring trap in a rotating frame and show how to determine the response of such a configuration to being in a rotating frame via accumulation of a Sagnac phase. This may be accomplished through either population oscillations or the motion of spatial-density fringes. We explicitly include the effect of interactions via a mean-field description and study the fidelity of the dynamics relative to an ideal configuration.
Concurrent variations of water vapor and temperature corresponding to the interannual variation of precipitation in the North American Regional Reanalysis

[1] The concurrent variation patterns of water vapor and temperature corresponding to the interannual variation of winter precipitation and the roles of change in atmospheric circulation are studied with the North American Regional Reanalysis. A very tight positive relationship between precipitation and relative humidity at interannual time scale is found from the large spatially sampled data set. On the basis of this relationship, the concurrent variations of water vapor and temperature between the wettest and the driest years are categorized into three patterns. The distribution of the patterns shows that more winter precipitation of wetter years corresponds to more water vapor but not lower temperature (moistening pattern) in high latitudes, lower temperature but not more water vapor (cooling pattern) in midlatitudes, and both more water vapor and lower temperature (moistening-cooling pattern) in low latitudes. The characteristics and roles of change in atmospheric circulation from the driest years to the wettest years are analyzed for two selected areas. It is found that, around the selected cooling pattern (moistening pattern) area, the field of wind difference between the wettest years and the driest years is divergent (convergent). Dominated by this, the fields of differences in both heat flux and water vapor flux are divergent (convergent). This leads to the decreases (increases) of the heating and moistening rates and, thus, the characteristics of the cooling pattern (moistening pattern) area with cooling and drying (warming and moistening) from the driest years to the wettest years. This study suggests that, for interannual prediction of precipitation, temperature, in addition to water vapor, should also be considered.
Functional Significance of Smad2 in Regulating Basal Keratinocyte Migration During Wound Healing

Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily are critical regulators for wound healing. Transduction of TGF-β signaling depends on activation of Smad2 and Smad3 by heteromeric complexes of ligand-specific receptors. Mice lacking Smad3 show accelerated wound healing, whereas the biological significance of Smad2-mediated TGF-β signaling in wound healing remains unknown. To understand the function of Smad2 in regulating wound healing, we investigated the effect of Smad2 overexpression on epithelialization of incision wounds. Cutaneous wounds made in K14-Smad2 mice showed delayed healing. This delay in wound healing resulted from a defect in basal keratinocyte migration in K14-Smad2 mice. Instead of basal keratinocytes, the suprabasal layer of keratinocytes migrated into the wound region. Furthermore, overexpression of Smad2 activated the Smad2/Smad4 complex in keratinocytes and inhibited keratin 16 (K16) expression. As K16 functions as a critical mediator for reorganization of keratin filaments following skin injury, we propose that altered K16 expression affects the migration of basal keratinocytes in the K14-Smad2 mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a crucial role of TGF-β signaling mediator Smad2 in regulating keratinocyte migration and re-epithelialization during wound healing. The K14-Smad2 transgenic mice can serve as an animal model for the investigation of TGF-β signaling mechanism in regulating wound healing.
Gain narrowing in a laser amplifier

The phenomenon of gain narrowing of an inhomogeneously broadened line in stimulated emission has been observed and was found to give good agreement with theory. The effect was observed by measuring the variation in gain across the amplifying line using a fixed frequency laser oscillator and a tunable single-pass laser amplifier.
Comparison of Paragraph Comprehension Test Scores with Reading versus Listening-Reading and Multiple-Choice versus Nominal Recall Administration Techniques: Justification for the Bypass Approach

Eight groups of learning disabled children (N = 100), categorized by the clinical Lexical Paradigm as good readers or poor readers, were individually administered the Gilmore Oral Reading Test, Form D, by one of four input/retrieval methods: (1) the standardized method of administration in which the child reads each paragraph aloud and then answers five questions relating to the paragraph [read/recall method]; (2) the child reads each paragraph aloud and then for each question selects the correct answer from among three choices read by the examiner [read/choice method]; (3) the examiner reads each paragraph aloud and reads each of the five questions to the child to answer [listen/recall method]; and (4) the examiner reads each paragraph aloud and then for each question reads three multiple-choice answers from which the child selects the correct answer [listen/choice method]. The major difference in scores was between the groups tested by the recall versus the orally read multiple-choice methods. This study indicated that poor readers who listened to the material and were tested by orally read multiple-choice format could perform as well as good readers. The performance of good readers was not affected by listening or by the method of testing. The multiple-choice testing improved the performance of poor readers independent of the input method. This supports the arguments made previously that a "bypass approach" to education of poor readers in which testing is accomplished using an orally read multiple-choice format can enhance the child's school performance on reading-related tasks. Using a listening while reading input method may further enhance performance.
Operational sustainability metrics assessing metric effectiveness in the context of electronics-recycling systems

In the past 15 years corporations and governments have developed a growing appreciation of the need for sustainability. However, there is still little clarity on how to move toward the goal of sustainability or measure improvements. Not only are there currently few operational metrics by which to practically assess progress toward sustainability, there is also little understanding of how to judge the effectiveness of such metrics. This paper presents a pragmatic approach to developing-and evaluating-system-specific performance metrics for sustainability. Electronics recycling is used as a case problem in developing and judging the effectiveness of such metrics. Despite growing concerns about the handling of end-of-life electronics, data availability is inconsistent, and there is still limited understanding of the electronics-recycling system as a whole. To begin to address the need for practical quantitative methods to assess system performance, several indicators were developed and applied to three U.S. electronics-recycling operations. These metrics were assessed based on the developed criteria that effective measures be useful, robust, and feasible. Results show that the current measure of "mass percent to landfill" is not sufficient to assess system performance. Relevance-weighted mass indicators with varying data requirements can provide additional insights on resource efficiency. (A)
Loading path optimization of tube hydroforming process

Optimization methods along with finite element simulations were utilized to determine the optimum loading paths for closed-die and T-joint tube hydroforming processes. The objective was to produce a part with minimum thickness variation while keeping the maximum effective stress below the material ultimate stress during the forming process. In the closed-die hydroforming, the intent was also to conform the tube to the die shape whereas in the T-joint design, maximum T-branch height was sought. It is shown that utilization of optimized loading paths yields a better conformance of the part to the die shape or leads to a higher bulge height. Finite element simulations also revealed that, in an optimized loading path, the majority of the axial feed needs to be provided after the tube material yields under the applied internal pressure. These results were validated by conducting experiments on aluminum tubes where a good correlation between the experimental results and simulations were obtained.
Repolarization morphology in adult LQT2 carriers with borderline prolonged QTc interval.

Background At least 50% of LQT2 carriers have borderline QTc (0.42–0.47 s), and they present a diagnostic difficulty to clinicians evaluating patients suspected of having long QT syndrome (LQTS). Objectives Because QTc in this borderline range is nondiagnostic, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether analysis of phenotypic features of T-wave morphology could help identify LQT2 carriers with normal or near-normal QTc-interval duration. Methods Standard 12-lead ECGs recorded without beta-blockers from LQT2 carriers (n = 90, 33 ± 14 years, 61% female) and noncarriers (n = 69, 38 ± 17 years, 58% female) were digitized. The following parameters were automatically measured: RR interval, QT/QTc, QT apex, T-wave amplitude, ascending (α L ) and descending slopes (α R ) of the T wave, and T-wave symmetry. We used a linear logistic regression model to identify the most relevant parameters for separating LQT2 carriers from noncarriers, within the overall population and among patients without overt QTc prolongation (390 ≤ QTc ≤ 470). Results Logistic regression selected three parameters: QT, RR interval, and α L in all models. In the overall population, the model provided 92.7% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity. In the group of patients without beta-blockers and near-normal QTc interval, 92.0% sensitivity (n = 46) and 81.4% specificity (n = 49) were achieved by the model including α L. Conclusion Abnormal T-wave morphology is a phenotypic expression of LQT2, and its quantification could be used to identify patients with suspected LQTS who do not have overt QTc prolongation (QTc >470).
Light-sheet imaging for systems neuroscience

Developments in electrical and optical recording technology are scaling up the size of neuronal populations that can be monitored simultaneously. Light-sheet imaging is rapidly gaining traction as a method for optically interrogating activity in large networks and presents both opportunities and challenges for understanding circuit function.
Neuronal and neuroglial responses following retinal lesions in the neonatal rats.

Lesions were produced in the nasal-superior quadrant of rat retinas at 1 day postnatal. Both the optic fiber and ganglion cell layers were destroyed at the lesion site. Retrograde changes in the more peripherally located ganglion cell bodies, their optic fibers, and neuroglia were monitored by light and electron microscopy. No optic fibers remained in the region peripheral to the lesion site after 2 days postoperative (DPO). Neither regenerative sprouting nor axonal ingrowth from late-maturing ganglion cells in the retinal periphery was observed. Cell death of the large and the majority of medium ganglion cell bodies was very rapid, as was clearing of the degeneration products. These processes peaked at 1 DPO and were complete by 2 DPO. Microglia and Mueller cell cytoplasm actively phagocytized degenerating ganglion cell bodies and their optic fibers. A stable population of cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer peripheral to the lesion remained intact from 2 DPO to 21 DPO. The surviving somata were consistently 65% of the control ganglion cell population, and they remained after their axons had degenerated. The cell bodies measured 6–12.1 mm in diameter, a range which included the small cell population and a few of the medium cells. Dendritic patterning, used to designate ganglion cell types, corroborated their classification as small and medium ganglion cells. Morphological changes in these perikarya due to axotomy were limited to a mild chromatolytic response.
An apparatus for use in 2 by 2 game research

This article describes a solid state apparatus for use in 2 by 2 game research. There are two individual player’s boards and a control panel for E. Following E’s signal, each player chooses one of two responses. Their choices are immediately registered on E’s panel, but appear on each individual game board only after both have responded. Provisions are made for E to transmit false feedback.
Three-dimensional elastic-plastic stress analysis of rolling contact

Three-dimensional elastic-plastic rolling contact stress analysis was conducted incorporating elastic and plastic shakedown concepts. The Hertzian distribution was assumed for the normal surface contact load over a circular contact area. The tangential forces in both the rolling and lateral directions were considered and were assumed to be proportional to the Hertzian pressure. The elastic and plastic shakedown limits obtained for the three-dimensional contact problem revealed the role of both longitudinal and lateral shear traction on the shakedown results. An advanced cyclic plasticity model was implemented into a finite element code via the material subroutine. Finite element simulations were conducted to study the influences of the tangential surface forces in the two shear directions on residual stresses and residual strains. For all the cases simulated, the p 0 /k ratio (p 0 is the maximum Hertzian pressure and k is the yield stress in shear) was 6.0. The Q x /P ratio, where Q x is the total tangential force on the contact surface in the rolling direction and P is the total normal surface pressure, ranged from 0 to 0.6. The Q y /P ratio (Q y is the total tangential force in the lateral direction) was either zero or 0.25. Residual stresses increase with increasing rolling passes but tend to stabilize. Residual strains also increase but the increase in residual strain per rolling pass (ratchetting rate) decays with rolling cycles. Residual stress levels can be as high as 2k when the Q x /P ratio is 0.6. Local accumulated shear strains can exceed 20 times the yield strain in shear after six rolling passes under extreme conditions. Comparisons of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional rolling contact results were provided to elucidate the differences in residual stresses and ratchetting strain predictions.
Wnts heal by restraining angiogenesis.

“How poor are they that have not patience! What wound did ever heal but by degrees?” (William Shakespeare, Othello [II.iii.376-377]) In this issue of Blood , Stefater III and colleagues present a molecular mechanism for restraining blood vessel growth during wound repair.[1][1] ![Figure][2]</
POST-EDITING THROUGH APPROXIMATION AND GLOBAL CORRECTION

This paper describes a new automatic spelling correction program to deal with OCR generated errors. The method used here is based on three principles: 1. Approximate string matching between the misspellings and the terms occuring in the database as opposed to the entire dictionary 2. Local information obtained from the individual documents 3. The use of a confusion matrix, which contains information inherently specific to the nature of errors caused by the particular OCR device This system is then utilized to process approximately 10,000 pages of OCR generated documents. Among the misspellings discovered by this algorithm, about 87% were corrected.
Dependent Narcissism, Organizational Learning, and Human Resource Development:

Narcissistic leadership can benefit organizational performance. Aberrant narcissism can destroy the psychosocial health of groups, limiting performance. This article examines Dependent Organization...
Strategically Controlling Information to Help Friends: Effects of Empathy and Friendship Strength on Beneficial Impression Management

People will strategically regulate information about the identities of friends in order to help those friends create desired impressions on audiences. It was hypothesized that this social support will be greater when the friend confronts greater evaluative pressures, when people are more empathic, and when people have stronger feelings about their friends. Participants described friends or strangers to a researcher who was evaluating their partner's cognitive skills. As predicted, participants' descriptions were more positive when they believed their friend would go through a face-to-face evaluative interview about an important cognitive skill compared to when no face-to-face interview was anticipated, the skill was unimportant, or the partner was a stranger. These effects were significant only for those who were high rather low in empathy or those who had more rather than less positive attitudes toward their friends. The strategic control of identity-bolstering information provides an integrative theme for research on social support, helping behavior, and impression management.
DILUTION AND SOLIDS ADULTERATION OF APPLE JUICE

. The adulteration of apple juice with pear juice and corn drived syrups has been practiced in many countries. The sorbitol/sucrose ratios and the sorbitol/total sugar ratios were determined for the juices of 14 apple varieties and 3 pear varieties. A multivariate normal test was applied to develop an equation for the detection of apple juice adulteration with sugar solutions or pear juice. Adulteration of apple juice with more than 10% sugar solution or pear juice were detectable with this method.
Adapting for endocytosis: roles for endocytic sorting adaptors in directing neural development

Proper cortical development depends on the orchestrated actions of a multitude of guidance receptors and adhesion molecules and their downstream signaling. The levels of these receptors on the surface and their precise locations can greatly affect guidance outcomes. Trafficking of receptors to a particular surface locale and removal by endocytosis thus feed crucially into the final guidance outcomes. In addition, endocytosis of receptors can affect downstream signaling (both quantitatively and qualitatively) and regulated endocytosis of guidance receptors is thus an important component of ensuring proper neural development. We will discuss the cell biology of regulated endocytosis and the impact on neural development. We focus our discussion on endocytic accessory proteins (EAPs) (such as numb and disabled) and how they regulate endocytosis and subsequent post-endocytic trafficking of their cognate receptors (such as Notch, TrkB, β-APP, VLDLR, and ApoER2).
Li2CO3 in LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathodes and its effects on capacity and power

Abstract Lithium carbonate is commonly found on the surfaces of lithiated cathode active materials that have been exposed to air. Long-term exposure of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 electrodes produced a dense Li 2 CO 3 coating, approximately 10 nm in thickness that severely reduced both the accessible capacity and the rate at which the electrodes could be cycled. Ex situ X-ray diffraction patterns of cycled electrodes revealed a bimodal distribution of active material in different states of charge. Particle isolation is proposed to contribute to both capacity and power losses, and possible mechanisms related to the formation of Li 2 CO 3 are discussed.
Depression in multiple sclerosis: relationship to planning ability.

Recent research has demonstrated deficits on effortful executive tasks involving planning in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Given the high prevalence of depression in MS and the commonly reported link between depression and performance on executive tasks, planning impairments in MS may be associated with depression. We compared the performance of depressed and nondepressed MS patients on a planning task (Tower of London-TOL) to evaluate this hypothesis. Compared with nondepressed MS patients, depressed MS patients made significantly (p < .05) more moves and took more time per trial on the TOL. A follow-up regression analysis was conducted that included the TOL and speeded attentional/working memory task indices found to be associated with depression in MS from the authors' prior reports. This analysis revealed that 25% of the variance in depression scores was predicted by the most sensitive speeded attentional/working memory task. Furthermore, this variance overlapped completely with variance predicted by the TOL-time/trial index. The only clearly nonspeeded task index, TOL-moves per trial, was associated with unique variance (8%) in predicting MS depression scores. These results suggest that slowed information processing speed and, secondarily, deficient nonspeeded central executive skill, may be core to the cognitive deficits characteristic of depressed MS patients.
Collisional deactivation of laser-excited Br*(2P12) atoms with halogen and interhalogen molecules

Abstract Deactivation rates of spin-orbit excited Br*(2P 1 2 ) atoms by halogens I2, Br2, and Cl2 and interhalogens IBr, ICl and BrCl have been measured by laser-excited, time-resolved infrared emission techniques. The results are effectively explained in terms of a collision complex formation model.
The anti-relapse compound acamprosate inhibits the development of a conditioned place preference to ethanol and cocaine but not morphine.

The effects of the anti-relapse compound acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate) on the conditioned rewarding effects of ethanol, cocaine and morphine were studied using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. During 3 days of drug conditioning, mice were pretreated with saline or acamprosate (30, 100 or 300 mg kg(-1) i.p.) 10 min prior to the administration of ethanol (2 g kg(-1) i.p.), cocaine (15 mg kg(-1) i.p.) or morphine (10 mg kg(-1) i.p.), and subsequently confined to one of two distinct conditioning chambers. On the following day, mice were tested for the expression of CPP. Acamprosate dose-dependently reduced the development of CPP to ethanol and cocaine but not morphine. When tested as the conditioning drug, acamprosate alone produced neither a conditioned place preference nor aversion. These data suggest that acamprosate can suppress the conditioned rewarding effects of ethanol and certain classes of abused substances.
Pruritus in primary myelofibrosis: Clinical and laboratory correlates

Recent clinical trials with JAK or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) have identified pruritus as one of the most treatment-responsive disease traits. However, little is known about the prevalence of pruritus in PMF or its clinical and laboratory correlates. Among 566 consecutive patients with PMF seen at our institution, the presence or absence of pruritus was documented in 90 (16%) and 146 (26%) patients, respectively. Patients with pruritus were less likely to express MPLW515 (0% vs. 10%; P = 0.02) or leukopenia (8% vs. 24%; P = 0.002). The latter association was more pronounced in the absence of JAK2 or MPL mutations. Pruritus also clustered with marked leukocytosis (23% vs. 11%; P = 0.01) and JAK2V617F (71% vs. 59%; P = 0.08). Pruritus did not correlate with karyotype (P = 0.33), risk category per the Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS)-plus (P = 0.37), DIPSS-plus-adjusted survival (P = 0.41), or leukemic transformation (P = 0.13). Plasma levels of 20 cytokines, which are known to be abnormally expressed in PMF, including IL-1b, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF, were measured in 63 informative cases and showed no correlations with history of pruritus. We conclude that pruritus is relatively frequent in PMF and is prognostically irrelevant. The pathogenesis of PMF-associated pruritus is not necessarily linked to proinflammatory cytokines but may instead involve molecules that are either granulocyte-derived or influence granulopoiesis. The apparently differential effect of MPL vs. JAK2 mutations on pruritus requires further investigation.
Energy impact assessment of NASA's past, present, and future space launch vehicles

An approach to analyze the total energy required for overall support of space launch vehicles is outlined along with some of the basic data required for such analyses. Selected results obtained by using this approach are presented for various past (some are already phased out), present, and future NASA launch vehicles, including an estimate of the total annual energy required to support one projected NASA launch vehicle traffic model. The material presented is expected to give a better insight into the details of an energy impact analysis. Major conclusions are that: (1) for expendable launch vehicle systems, the energy required to manufacture hardware and support launch operations is most significant; (2) for totally reusable systems, the energy required to process/manufacture propellants and fluids is by far the most significant contributor; and (3) up to 1991, the projected highest annual energy requirement for the NASA launch vehicles does not constitute a significant energy impact relative to the nation's total energy needs.
Restitution and substitution: Two theories of recovery with application to neurobehavioral treatment

This article reviews two theories regarding recovery from brain damage in adulthood. The notion of restitution of function assumes that behavioral improvement results from the increasing integrity of the injured functional system. In contrast, the theory of substitution of function assumes that improvement results from system reorganization or compensation. Both these processes take place during the course of neurologic recovery. The ability of the clinical neuropsychologist to maximize behavioral changes in the brain-damaged patient during the recovery period requires an appreciation for these recovery mechanisms. Treatment decisions can be enhanced by knowledge of the time course, degree of recovery potential, and behavioral constraints of these complementary recovery processes.
Dynamic response of a rotating beam subjected to an accelerating distributed surface force

Abstract A method is given by which the response of a rotating or non-rotating timoshenko beam can be determined, subjected to an accelerating fixed direction distributed surface force. The beam model includes the gyroscopically induced displacement transverse to the direction of the load. The solution for pinned supports is set up using multi-integral transforms, and the inversion is expressed in terms of convulution integrals. These are numerically integrated for a uniformly distributed load having an exponentially varying velocity function. Results are presented for the displacement under the load's center as a function of position and for the displacement of every point on the beam at an instant in time. Comparisons are made between the beam response to a constant velocity load and its response to a load which accelerates to the same velocity.
Mathematical models for hollow-fiber enzyme reactors

Two analytically solved mathematical models are presented for a reactor ystem employing immobilized whole cells as a biocatalyst. The whole cells are entrapped or pumped through the shell side of the dialyzer reactor unit. The reactant mixture is circulated through the cialyzer tube side. Nutrient diffuses across the hollow fiber membrane from the tube side to the shell side, where it reacts to form product, which then back diffuses into the reactant mixture stream. The use of a high recirculation ratio of nutrient through the dialyzer tubes to nutrient feed rate to the entire system, allows the system to be modeled as a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor. The first analysis details the development of an effectiveness-factor correlation for first- and zero-order kinetics. The second analysis presents the solution to an unsteady-state-system mass balance with Michaelis–menten kinetics.
Specificity of the three-stranded complex formation between double-stranded DNA and single-stranded RNA containing repeating nucleotide sequences.

Abstract Three-stranded nucleic acid complexes have been shown to be formed from double-stranded DNA and single-stranded RNA polymers with restricted base sequences. Complex formation takes place only when the DNA contains all purine bases in one strand and all pyrimidine bases in the other strand and the RNA must be a polypyrimidine polymer. Hence, poly (dA)·(dT) forms a three-stranded complex with poly U, and poly d(T-C)·d(G-A) † forms a three-stranded complex with poly (U-C) in acidic solutions. No other RNA's including the random co-polymer poly (U,C) interact with poly d(T-C)·dG-A) to give a stoichiometric three-stranded structure. Under no condition is a complex detected between poly d(T-G)·d(C-A) or poly d(A-T)·d(A-T) and any polyribonucleotide. The three-stranded poly d(T-C)·d(G-A)·(U-CH + ) was characterized by cesium sulfate buoyant density studies, by continuous variations study, by ultraviolet spectral properties and by optical density-temperature profiles. Addition of poly (U-C) to poly d(T-C)·d(G-A) and addition of poly U to poly (dA)·(dT), prior to the addition of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, effectively reduced the transcription rate of both strands of these DNA's. Other combinations of RNA's with DNA's showed essentially no inhibition; all of these RNA-DNA mixtures were also found to be inert as regards triplex formation. Possible biological roles of the triplexes are discussed.
Eating disorders in youth: Diagnostic variability and predictive validity

Objective: The primary aim was to examine the utility of DSM-IV criteria in predicting treatment outcome in a sample of adolescents with eating disorders. Method: We (a) descriptively compared the baseline rates of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) across multiple reference points for diagnostic criteria, (b) using ROC curve analyses, assessed the sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic criterion in predicting clinical outcome, and (c) with logistic regression analyses, examined the incremental predictive value of each criterion. Results: Results show a high degree of variability in the baseline diagnostic profiles as a function of the information used to inform each DSM-IV criterion. For AN, Criterion A yielded the best predictive validity, with Criteria B-D providing no significant incremental value. For BN, none of the measures had a significant AUC, and results from logistic regression analyses showed that none of the indicators were robust in predicting outcome. Discussion: For AN, the existing Criterion A is appropriate for children and adolescents, and is sufficient to predict outcome in the context of active refusal to maintain a normal weight as well as multiple informants and behavioral indicators of the psychological aspects of AN. For BN, predictive validity could not be established. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Synthesis of 1,8-Diborylnaphthalenes by the Ring-Opening Reaction of a New Anionic Boron-Bridged Naphthalene Derivative

The reaction of 1,8-dilithionaphthalene with dimesitylboron fluoride affords a rare boron-bridged naphthalene derivative which undergoes ring-opening reactions to afford unsymmetrically substituted 1,8-diborylnaphthalene species.
Constructing hybrid baryons with flux tubes

Hybrid baryon states are described in quark potential models as having explicit excitation of the gluon degrees of freedom. Such states are described in a model motivated by the strong coupling limit of Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory, where three flux tubes meeting at a junction play the role of the glue. The adiabatic approximation for the quark motion is used, and the flux tubes and junction are modeled by beads which are attracted to each other and the quarks by a linear potential, and vibrate in various string modes. Quantum numbers and estimates of the energies of the lightest hybrid baryons are provided. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Comment on Levine's Blank Trial Method: A Procedure for Estimating True Hypothesis Behavior.

Abstract When Levine's method of blank trial probes is used to study hypothesis behavior the probability that a probe results in a cue-defined choice combination usually lies between .70 and .90 , depending upon the age group and the treatment conditions. It may not be safe to assume that each such combination signifies an hypothesis. A procedure for estimating the probability of true hypothesis behavior is presented, including a validity test for the resulting estimate. The procedure is applied to data taken from three research reports, and reveals substantial differences between age and treatment groups. Implications of the procedure for correctly interpreting empirical results are discussed.
Atomic mechanism of flow in simple liquids under shear

Atomic correlations in a simple liquid in steady-state flow under shear stress are studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The local atomic level strain is determined through the anisotropic pair-density function. The atomic level strain has a limited spatial extension whose range is dependent on the strain rate and extrapolates to zero at the critical strain rate. A failure event is identified with altering the local topology of atomic connectivity by exchanging bonds among neighboring atoms.
Can negative surface excesses of surfactant be a cause of minima in oil-water interfacial tension?

Abstract The adsorption of surfactant at the interface between oil and an electrolyte solution is considered and the possibility that the surface excess of surfactant may change sign with increasing salt concentration is examined. This may happen as a result of the salting out effect. At low salt content surfactant molecules accumulate at the interface where their hydrocarbon chains can interact with oil and the headgroups still remain hydrated. As the salt concentration is increased, the surfactant is salted out from water into the oil. The interaction of water with the headgroups becomes less favorable and the surfactant molecules in the oil phase have less and less tendency to accumulate at the interface. The surface excess thus decreases. At high salt concentrations the total energy of chain and headgroup may be lower in bulk oil than at the interface. In this case negative values of the surface excess may occur. Such a possibility would manifest itself as a minimum in the interfacial tension as a function of salt concentration.
Does School Desegregation Policy Stimulate Residential Integration? Evidence from a Case Study

Expectations that desegregated schools will lead to desegregated housing are not borne out.
Decision Analysis: The Right Tool for Auctions

For bidders in standard sealed bid auctions, I believe that decision theory dominates game theory. Even in the design of auctions, decision theory competes well with game theory. This paper explains why I have reached these conclusions.
Hepatocyte γ-catenin compensates for conditionally deleted β-catenin at adherens junctions.

Background & Aims Wnt/β-catenin signaling is important in liver physiology. Moreover, β-catenin is also pivotal in adherens junctions (AJ). Here, we investigate hepatocyte-specific β-catenin conditional null mice (KO) for any alterations in AJ and related tight junctions (TJ). Methods Using gene array, PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and co-immunoprecipitation, we compare and contrast the composition of AJ and TJ in KO and littermate wild-type (WT) control livers. Results We show association of E-cadherin with β-catenin in epithelial cells of WT livers, which is lost in the KOs. While total levels of α-catenin, E-cadherin, and F-actin were modestly decreased, KO livers show increased γ-catenin/plakoglobin. By co-immunoprecipitation, E-cadherin/β-catenin/F-actin association was observed in WT livers, while the association of E-cadherin/γ-catenin/F-actin was evident in KO livers. γ-Catenin was localized at the hepatocyte membrane at baseline in the KO liver. While γ-catenin gene expression remained unaltered, an increase in serine- and threonine-phosphorylated, but not tyrosine-phosphorylated γ-catenin was observed in KO livers. A continued presence of γ-catenin at the hepatocyte membrane, without any nuclear localization, was observed in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy at 40 and 72h, in both KO and WT. Analysis of TJ revealed lack of claudin-2 and increased levels of JAM-A and claudin-1 in KO livers. Conclusions β-Catenin adequately maintains AJ in the absence of β-catenin in hepatocytes; however, it lacks nuclear localization. Moreover, β-catenin/claudin-2 may be an important mechanism of crosstalk between the AJ and TJ.
Sonographic appearance of omental infarction in children.

Background. Omental infarction has been previously reported in the adult surgical and imaging literature; however, the imaging features of this entity in children have received little attention. Objective. The purpose of our study was to identify the sonographic features of omental infarction in nine children who had preoperative sonography and surgically proven omental infarction. Materials and methods. Sonographic images were reviewed and correlated with clinical information obtained from the patients' medical records, including clinical presentation, operative notes, and pathology reports. Results. In seven of the children, sonography demonstrated a focal area of moderately increased echogenicity in the omental fat in the right abdomen (a previously described finding in omental infarction). This was an isolated finding in four of these cases. In the three cases where this was not an isolated finding, the more complex sonographic appearance led to incorrect preoperative imaging diagnoses. This finding of increased echogenicity in the omental fat was not present in the two remaining patients. Conclusion. Our study confirms that foci of moderately increased echogenicity in the omentum of the right abdomen, a sonographic finding described in omental infarction in a large series in adults (and in a single prior case report in children), can be seen in children as well. However, although this is a relatively unique finding, it may be absent in some cases or may be seen in conjunction with other sonographic findings which may preclude the correct preoperative sonographic diagnosis.
Moxalactam versus clindamycin plus tobramycin in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections.

The clinical efficacy of moxalactam versus clindamycinltobramycin was evaluated in a comparative, randomized, prospective study. Sixty patients were treated: 30 with moxalactam and 30 with clindamycinl tobramycin. There were 15 cases of tuboovarian abscess, 36 cases of severe pelvic inflammatory disease with peritonitis, eight cases of endomyometritis, and one wound abscess. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures from the sites of infection yielded 441 microorganisms from 53 patients; an average of 8.3 bacteria per infection (4.5 anaerobes, and 3.8 aerobes). The infections tended to be mixed aerobic-anaerobic with anaerobes isolated in 90% of cases. The most frequently isolated possible pathogens were Bacteroides sp. (37), Bacteroides bivius (23), Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (12), Peptococcus asaccharolyticus (29), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (19), unidentified anaerobic gram-positive cocci (18), Escherichia coli (17), nonhemolytic streptococci (16), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (13), and Gardnerella vaginalis (38). Clinical cure was noted in 29 of 30 moxalactam-treated and 29 of 30 clindamycinltobramycin-treated patients. Moxalactam was effective in five of six cases of tuboovarian abscess, all 22 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease with peritonitis, the one case of endomyometritis and the one wound abscess. Clindamycinl tobramycin was effective in eight of nine cases of tuboovarian abscess, all 14 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease with peritonitis, and all seven cases of endomyometritis. No adverse hematologic, renal, or hepatic effects were noted with either regimen.
Effect of alfalfa meal on shrinkage (regression) of atherosclerotic plaques during cholesterol feeding in monkeys

A semipurified diet containing 1.2 mg of cholesterol/Cal was fed to cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). At the end of 6 months, a group of 18 animals was killed for evaluation of atherosclerosis in the aorta and the coronary arteries. The remaining monkeys were assigned to three groups of 18 animals each and fed, during the following 18 months, semipurified diets containing 0.34 mg of cholesterol/Cal with or without alfalfa meal, or a diet consisting entirely of Monkey Chow. a decrease in cholesterolemia and plasma phospholipid levels, normalization in the distribution of plasma lipoproteins, and reduction in the extent of aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were observed in monkeys fed the semipurified diet containing alfalfa, although the intake of cholesterol remained as high as in the usual American diet. These changes, also observed in monkeys fed a chow diet almost devoid of cholesterol, suggest that alfalfa counteracts the atherogenic effect of dietary cholesterol.
Two New Mental Models for Schools and Their Implications For Principals' Roles, Responsibilities, and Preparation

Full-service schools are arguably the most popular examples of the transformation of the public school. Why have local leaders created these new schools? Are they all alike? If they differ, how and why? What are the benefits? What are the limitations? What are the roles and responsibilities of principals?
Production of large amounts of antibodies, complement, and leukocytes in ascitic fluids of guinea pigs.

Abstract A method is described for the production in guinea pigs of large amounts of ascitic fluid containing non-specific IgG, antiprotein antibodies, complement, other serum proteins and leukocytes. The method is an adaptation of a procedure previously applied to mice. A major difference is the extended schedule of inoculations required for the induction of ascites in guinea pigs; a requirement for boosting with antigen intradermally while repeatedly inoculating adjuvant intraperitoneally; and the much larger quantities obtained. The average yield of ascitic fluid, when antigen was not used, was 113 ml per animal, and the average yield of IgG was 0.87 g. With antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) the average yields were 143 ml and 1.6 g of antibody per guinea pig. Complement titers were 41 to 74% of those in serum. The number of leukocytes per ml of ascites ranged from 7 × 106 to 20 × 106. The method should be useful for the production of large amounts of leukocytes, antibodies and other serum proteins from a small colony of laboratory animals. In addition, cells can be obtained without the need to sacrifice the animal.
Radiation-field mapping of insect irradiation canisters☆

Abstract Dosimetry methods developed at NIST for mapping ionizing radiation fields were applied to canisters used in 137Cs dry-source irradiators designed for insect sterilization. The method of mapping the radiation fields inside of these canisters as they cycled through the gamma-ray irradiators involved the use of radiochromic films, which increase in optical density proportionately to the absorbed dose. A dosimeter film array in a cardboard phantom was designed to simulate the average insect pupae density and to map the dose within the full volume of the canister; the calibrated films were read using a laser scanning densitometer. Previously used dosimetric methods did not allow for the spatial resolution that is possible with these films. Results indicate that this dose-mapping technique is a powerful method of evaluating a variety of radiation fields of commercial radiation sources, with promising applications as a means of dose validation and quality control.
Citrate alterations in primary and metastatic human prostatic adenocarcinomas: 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biochemical study

The objectives of this study were to quantitatively verify the low levels of citrate previously observed in primary human prostatic adenocarcinomas and to determine whether citrate was further reduced in metastatic prostatic cancer. This was accomplished by comparison of citrate concentrations of DU 145 xenografts (a poorly differentiated human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line grown in nude mice) with concentrations in primary human adenocarcinomas. Following in vivo 1H NMR studies of DU 145 xenografts, citrate concentrations of DU 145 xenografts and surgically removed primary prostatic adenocarcinoma tissue were determined by quantitative high resolution 1H NMR and enzymatic assay. The most significant findings of this study were that citrate concentrations in primary human adenocarcinomas (3.74 +/- 0.19 mumol/g wet weight) were significantly lower than those observed for normal and benign hyperplastic (BPH) prostatic tissues. Furthermore there was a further ten-fold reduction of citrate associated with DU 145 xenografts (0.31 +/- 0.028 mumole/g wet weight) compared with primary prostatic cancer. DU 145 xenografts also exhibited higher levels of uridine diphosphosugars and choline containing metabolites relative to primary prostatic adenocarcinomas. These findings support the hypothesis that citrate is low in primary prostatic cancer and further reduced in metastatic disease.