cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Intracoronary Nitroprusside on Cyclic GMP and Regional Mechanics Is Altered in a Canine Model of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Nitroprusside can produce negative inotropy by activating cGMP. We hypothesized that in left ventricular hypertrophy produced by aortic valve plication (LVH), control of myocardial work and metabolism by cGMP production would be altered in response to nitroprusside. In anesthetized open chest preparations using 9 LVH and 12 control dogs, nitroprusside (4 micrograms/kg/min) was infused into the left anterior descending coronary artery. The circumflex (CFX) region served as an internal control. Segment force (miniature gauge) and length (sonomicrometer) were measured in both regions. Segment work was calculated as the integrated products of local force and segment shortening. Regional myocardial O2 consumption was calculated from blood flow measurements (radioactive microspheres) and regional O2 saturations (microspectrophotometry). Radioimmunoassay was used to determine regional cGMP levels. In control dogs, nitroprusside significantly reduced force in the treated region (from 10.3 +/- 0.8 to 7.9 +/- 0.9 g) and segment work (from 1889 +/- 296 to 1254 +/- 252 g.mm/min). In the LVH group, regional work, force, and shortening did not change. In the CFX regions of both groups, regional myocardial mechanics, as well as regional myocardial O2 consumption, were not altered during nitroprusside infusion. Cyclic GMP levels were elevated to a much greater extent in the LVH animals (from 3.26 +/- 0.60 to 15.23 +/- 4.65 pmole/g) than in the control animals (from 2.16 +/- 0.60 to 2.89 +/- 0.56 pmole/g). Thus, in contrast to control myocardium, significant increases in cGMP production during nitroprusside infusion failed to produce negative inotropy in LVH. These findings suggest an uncoupling between the second messenger and systems controlling muscle contraction.
Surgical management of severe truncal insufficiency: experience with truncal valve remodeling techniques

Abstract Background . Truncal valve insufficiency has been a significant short- and long-term risk factor for repair of truncus arteriosus. Recent reports have documented the virtues of truncal valve repair. The purpose of this report is to review our experience with truncal valve repair and illustrate our techniques. Methods . Between 1995 and 2000, 8 patients had interventions for severe truncal valve insufficiency at primary repair (3 patients) or in conjunction with conduit replacement (5 patients). One neonate had truncal valve replacement at initial repair early in the experience. The other 7 patients had truncal valve repair, 3 by valvar suture techniques. The remaining 4 patients had leaflet excision and annular remodeling in 3 (coronary reimplantation was required in 2) and commissure resuspension in 1 patient. Results . Trivial to mild truncal valve insufficiency is present in the patients who had leaflet excision and annular remodeling (n = 3) and commissure resuspension (n = 1). Of the 3 patients who had valvar suture truncal valve repair, there was one death and 2 patients required acute valve replacement. The 7 survivors are doing well 1 month to 6 years postoperatively. Conclusions . Truncal valve repair by valvar suture techniques has not been successful in our practice. Truncal valve remodeling by leaflet excision and reduction annuloplasty is an effective method for truncal valve repair. When leaflet excision of a coronary sinus of Valsalva is required, coronary artery translocation can be accomplished.
Clinical outcomes of medial patellofemoral ligament repair in recurrent (chronic) lateral patella dislocations

Purpose The specific aim of this project was to review a homogenous group of patients who had chosen to undergo medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) repair to stabilize their patella after repeat (chronic) patellofemoral dislocations and to record the success of this procedure in stabilizing the patella against further lateral dislocations.
Terminology of the transuranium elements

Beginning in 1940, the Periodic Table of the Elements has been expanded by nearly 20% through the synthesis and identification of the seventeen elements beyond uranium (atomic number 92). Since the discoverers have the duty and right to propose names, this has been done for each of these elements. These proposed names have been endorsed by IUPAC for the first eleven of these elements (atomic numbers 93-103, inclusive), and thus these can be considered to be the official names for these eleven elements. Official names for the next six elements (104—109) await sanction by IUPAC. Of these six elements, the name for element 104 remains under dispute, the name for element 105 seems to be generally acceptable, and the privilege of naming elements 106-109 has been assigned to designated teams of investigators on the basis of an investigation by an adjudicatory body, the Transfermium Working Group appointed by IUPAP and IUPAC.
Team approach to female athlete triad care

Background The female athlete triad (TRIAD) affects athletic young women involved in physical activities where leanness or endurance is emphasized. Elements of the TRIAD include disordered eating, amenorrhea, and early-onset osteoporosis. Athletic training literature is consistent in the description of the medical professionals included on the TRIAD treatment team, and supports the inclusion of MDs, RDs, MHPs, and ATCs (Reinkin & Alexander, 2005). In contrast to articles specific to ATCs, the literature directed to MDs, RDs, and MHPs indicates the importance of including these professionals, but inconsistently includes an ATC on the TRIAD treatment team (Sherman & Thompson, 2004). The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of MDs, RDs, MHPs, and ATCs regarding the role for the ATC on the TRIAD treatment team. Methods One hundred seventy-five professionals (51 RDs, 48 ATCs, 41 mental health practitioners [MHPs], 35 MDs) participated in this study. RDs were randomly selected from the SCAN practice group of the American Dietetic Association. Participants completed a questionnaire with four constructs (the role of the ATC on the TRIAD team; the ability of the ATC to A) recognize, B) refer, and C) treat the TRIAD patient). Each item was anchored by a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using oneway MANOVA with an alpha level of 0.05. Results
Two distinct roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases in platelets and a novel Rac1-MAPK-dependent integrin outside-in retractile signaling pathway.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38, and extracellular stimuli-responsive kinase (ERK), are acutely but transiently activated in platelets by platelet agonists, and the agonist-induced platelet MAPK activation is inhibited by ligand binding to the integrin αIIbβ3. Here we show that, although the activation of MAPK, as indicated by MAPK phosphorylation, is initially inhibited after ligand binding to integrin αIIbβ3, integrin outside-insignaling results in a late but sustained activation of MAPKs in platelets. Furthermore, we show that the early agonist-induced MAPK activation and the late integrin-mediated MAPK activation play distinct roles in different stages of platelet activation. Agonist-induced MAPK activation primarily plays an important role in stimulating secretion of platelet granules, while integrin-mediated MAPK activation is important in facilitating clot retraction. The stimulatory role of MAPK in clot retraction is mediated by stimulating myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Importantly, integrin-dependent MAPK activation, MAPK-dependent MLC phosphorylation, and clot retraction are inhibited by a Rac1 inhibitor and in Rac1 knockout platelets, indicating that integrin-induced activation of MAPK and MLC and subsequent clot retraction is Rac1-dependent. Thus, our results reveal 2 different activation mechanisms of MAPKs that are involved in distinct aspects of platelet function and a novel Rac1-MAPK–dependent cell retractile signaling pathway.
Race, Abuse, and Female Criminal Violence

Gender-specific research on the relationship between childhood abuse and delinquency in females is an important emerging topic in criminology. Feminist criminologists have pointed toward childhood abuse as a key turning point in young girls' lives that leads toward delinquency but have yet to empirically address how this relationship varies along racial lines. This study uses prospective cohort data to test for interactions among child abuse, race, and violent criminal arrest in females. In doing so, it addresses the differences in the effects of abuse across gender and across race in females. Results provide some support for feminist literature finding that although all abused children were more likely to be later arrested for a violent offense, the effects were significantly stronger for abused girls than boys. Still, race and gender interactions reveal no racial differences in the effects of abuse on females. Language: en
Increased Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoea from a Rural Area

The in vitro susceptibility of 18 to 24 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoea were tested against 12 different antimicrobial agents. These isolates represent all of the gonococcal organisms which had been isolated by the bacteriology laboratory of the Vermont State Department of Health from 1 March to 31 July 1972 and originated from patients cultured in Vermont. These isolates were considerably more susceptible to penicillin G and tetracycline than are current isolates from elsewhere in the United States and Canada. Possible explanations for this difference are discussed.
P ≠ NC over the p -adic numbers

We show that in the Blum-Shub-Smale model of computation, over the p-adic numbers Qp, the class NCQp is strictly contained in the class PQp. That is, there exist sets of p-adic numbers which can be recognized in sequential polynomial time, but which cannot be recognized in polylogarithmic parallel time. We use the sets (x1,x2,...,xn) ∈ Qpn ⊂ Qp∞ such that x12n = x2. We also show that the inclusion PARQp ⊂ EXPQp is strict. These results extend previous work of Cucker, and of Blum, Cucker, Shub and Smale in the real case.
Emplacement and deformation history of the western margin of the Idaho batholith near McCall, Idaho: Influence of a major terrane boundary

Cretaceous plutons of the western margin of the Idaho batholith were emplaced along and to the west of the major terrane boundary separating middle Proterozoic and Paleozoic continental rocks from mostly Mesozoic accreted oceanic-arc terranes of the Blue Mountain Province. This boundary is marked by a change in the lithology of pendants and inclusions within the batholith. Plutons form two newly named complexes of igneous and metamorphosed igneous rocks. The Hazard Creek Complex, emplaced west of the boundary between the oceanic arc and the continental margin, consists primarily of a series of variably deformed and metamorphosed quartz diorite to trondhjemite plutons. The Little Goose Creek Complex, which intruded the boundary between the oceanic arc and the continental margin, is primarily porphyritic granodiorite to granite orthogneiss. A preliminary U-Pb age of 111 Ma for this porphyritic orthogneiss is a minimum age for the formation of the oceanic-arc-continent boundary. The plutonic rocks were deformed both during and after emplacement in response to east-west compressive stresses. Cretaceous deformation was localized along the boundary between the accreted terranes and the continental margin and is interpreted to have occurred after the formation of this boundary. The major deformation of the Hazard Creek Complex occurred during its emplacement. The dominant fabric in the Little Goose Creek Complex is due to subsolidus ductile deformation. The localization of two deformation events along the pre-existing boundary between the accreted terranes and the continental margin suggests that a terrane boundary may form a long-lasting, crustal flaw.
Surgical infections in children

Infection remains a major cause of death and complication in pediatric surgery today. Impaired host resistance from such circumstances as immaturity, cancer chemotherapy, or AIDS predisposes to opportunistic infection by fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and even protozoa. This review considers recent advances in five areas: 1) sepsis, 2) soft-tissue and wound infections, 3) chest infections, 4) abdominal infections, and 5) miscellaneous (including nosocomial) infections. Of particular importance are the new concepts of sepsis. The new terminology distinguishes stages in the septic process and a complex interaction of inflammatory mediators. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome may progress independently of the original infection to multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, and death. The reports cited herein are, for the most part, retrospective observational studies. There is a great need for prospective, randomized trials to answer questions about the optimal management of, and prevention of, pediatric surgical infections.
Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of pea and green bean carboxylesterases

Abstract Aqueous extracts of peas ( Pisum rativum L.) and green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were subjected to zone electrophoresis on polyacrylamide-gel. α-Naphthyl acetate and propionate were hydrolysed in preference to α-naphthyl butyrate and naphthol AS acetate by most of the vegetable esterases. At least 14 beans of esterase activity in green beans were separated into three groups. Components of the two faster migrating groups demonstrated similar substrate and inhibitor specificities and, hence, appeared to be isozymes, whereas components of the slowest migrating group differed in substrate specificity. Results with pea esterases revealed the presence of seven distinct esterase bands. The six slower migrating bands behaved as isozymes band 7, wich may contain four components, was more resistant to organophosphorus inhibitors and shape differences in substrate specificities from bands 1–6.
"And"- and "or"-operations for "double", "triple" etc. fuzzy sets

In the traditional fuzzy logic, the expert's degree of confidence d(A & B) in a complex statement A & B (or A V B) is uniquely determined by his/her degrees of confidence d(A) and d(B) in the statements A and B, as f & (d(A), d(B)) for an appropriate "and"-operation (t-norm). In practice, for the same degrees d(A) and d(B), we may have different degrees d(A & B) depending on the relation between A and B. The best way to take this relation into account is to explicitly elicit the corresponding degrees d(A & B) and d(A ⋁ B), i.e., to come up with a "double" fuzzy set. If we only elicit information about pairs of statements, then we still need to estimate, e.g., the degree d(A & B & C) based on the known values d(A), d(B), d(C), d(A & B), d(A & C), and d(B & C). In this paper, we explain how to produce such "and"-operations for "double" fuzzy sets - and how to produce similar "or"-operations.
Compressive failure of composites, part II: Experimental studies

Abstract In Part I of this two part sequence, issues related to compression testing of composites and micromechanical failure models were reviewed. The present paper (Part II) is written with a focus on understanding experimental studies that have been carried out to illuminate those micromechanical influences that affect compression strength. The use of model composites to study compression failure is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the many different experimental techniques to measure fiber strengths are presented. Many suggestions for future investigations are given.
Practical Microbore Column HPLC: System Development and Drug Applications

Abstract Commercially available packed microbore columns have been used to demonstrate the potential of microbore high performance liquid chromatography (micro-LC) systems. The necessity of optimizing the chromatographic system for micro-LC is demonstrated using sulfa drugs and antibiotic standards, and some of the advantages of micro-LC such as high mass sensitivity are shown. Finally micro-LC has been used for the determination of two drugs, reserpine and trichlormethiazide in biological fluids.
Solar cell structures based on ZnO/CdS core-shell nanowire arrays embedded in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 light absorber

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising alternative for Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorber layer in thin film solar cells due to its earth abundant, inexpensive, non-toxic constituents and optimal material properties. In this report, CZTS based thin film and nanowire (NW) solar cells are studied by both experimental and simulation approaches. The CZTS thin films are grown using co-sputtering of Cu-Zn-Sn metallic precursors from a single target followed by sulfurization with elemental sulfur. CZTS superstrate solar cells using CdS as a buffer layer in both thin film and NW designs are fabricated. Simulation data shows that the NW structures enhance the light absorption of CZTS around the NWs due to light trapping effect, which may have significant impact on solar cell performance.
Inside Front Cover: Freely Suspended Layer‐by‐Layer Nanomembranes: Testing Micromechanical Properties (Adv. Funct. Mater. 5/2005)

A study of the micromechanical properties of layer-by-layer nanomembranes composed of a center layer of gold nanoparticles is reported by Tsukruk and co-workers on p. 771. The micro- and nanomechanical properties of these membranes are measured using a combination of resonance-frequency tests, bulging tests, and point-load nanodeflection experiments. These freely suspended nanomembranes (right) with an elastic modulus of 5–10 GPa are very robust and can sustain multiple significant deformations (left, image obtained by B. Rybak and P. Kladitis). They are sensitive to variations in pressure and therefore have potential applications in pressure and acoustic sensors. Freely suspended nanocomposite layer-by-layer (LbL) nanomembranes composed of a central layer of gold nanoparticles sandwiched between polyelectrolyte multilayers are fabricated via spin-assisted LbL assembly. The diameter of the circular membranes is varied from 150 to 600 μm and the thickness is kept within the range of 25–70 nm. The micro- and nanomechanical properties of these membranes are studied using a combination of resonance-frequency and bulging tests, and point-load nanodeflection experiments. Our results suggest that these freely suspended nanomembranes, with a Young's modulus of 5–10 GPa are very robust and can sustain multiple significant deformations. They are very sensitive to minor variations in pressure, surpassing ordinary semiconductor and metal membranes by three to four orders of magnitude and therefore have potential applications as pressure and acoustic microsensors.
Ruminal Fermentation of Propylene Glycol and Glycerol

Bovine rumen fluid was fermented anaerobically with 25 mM R-propylene glycol, S-propylene glycol, or glycerol added. After 24 h, all of the propylene glycol enantiomers and approximately 80% of the glycerol were metabolized. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and caproate concentrations, in decreasing order, all increased with incubation time. Addition of any of the three substrates somewhat decreased acetate formation, while addition of either propylene glycol increased propionate formation but decreased that of butyrate. R- and S-propylene glycol did not differ significantly in either their rates of disappearance or the products formed when they were added to the fermentation medium. Fermentations of rumen fluid containing propylene glycol emitted the sulfur-containing gases 1-propanethiol, 1-(methylthio)propane, methylthiirane, 2,4-dimethylthiophene, 1-(methylthio)-1-propanethiol, dipropyl disulfide, 1-(propylthio)-1-propanethiol, dipropyl trisulfide, 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane, 2-ethyl-1,3-dithiane, and 2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5-trithiane. Metabolic pathways that yield each of these gases are proposed. The sulfur-containing gases produced during propylene glycol fermentation in the rumen may contribute to the toxic effects seen in cattle when high doses are administered for therapeutic purposes.
Subnatural linewidth averaging for coupled atomic and cavity-mode oscillators

We calculate the spontaneous-emission spectrum and the spectrum of weakly driven fluorescence for a two-level atom coupled to a resonant-cavity mode. For strong atom-cavity coupling the spectra split into two peaks that can have subnatural linewidths. If the cavity linewidth is negligible, the spontaneous-emission spectrum has half the radiative linewidth of the atom; the spectrum of weakly driven fluorescence shows an additional 36% squeezing-induced narrowing. These effects can be observed using coupled-field and collective-polarization oscillators excited in a cavity containing N two-level atoms.
Wnt signals across the plasma membrane to activate the β-catenin pathway by forming oligomers containing its receptors, Frizzled and LRP

Wnt-induced signaling via beta-catenin plays crucial roles in animal development and tumorigenesis. Both a seven-transmembrane protein in the Frizzled family and a single transmembrane protein in the LRP family (LDL-receptor-related protein 5/6 or Arrow) are essential for efficiently transducing a signal from Wnt, an extracellular ligand, to an intracellular pathway that stabilizes beta-catenin by interfering with its rate of destruction. However, the molecular mechanism by which these two types of membrane receptors synergize to transmit the Wnt signal is not known. We have used mutant and chimeric forms of Frizzled, LRP and Wnt proteins, small inhibitory RNAs, and assays for beta-catenin-mediated signaling and protein localization in Drosophila S2 cells and mammalian 293 cells to study transmission of a Wnt signal across the plasma membrane. Our findings are consistent with a mechanism by which Wnt protein binds to the extracellular domains of both LRP and Frizzled receptors, forming membrane-associated hetero-oligomers that interact with both Disheveled (via the intracellular portions of Frizzled) and Axin (via the intracellular domain of LRP). This model takes into account several observations reported here: the identification of intracellular residues of Frizzled required for beta-catenin signaling and for recruitment of Dvl to the plasma membrane; evidence that Wnt3A binds to the ectodomains of LRP and Frizzled; and demonstrations that a requirement for Wnt ligand can be abrogated by chimeric receptors that allow formation of Frizzled-LRP hetero-oligomers. In addition, the beta-catenin signaling mediated by ectopic expression of LRP is not dependent on Disheveled or Wnt, but can also be augmented by oligomerization of LRP receptors.
Confronting Mortality: The Iliad's Androktasiai

This essay explores how death is configured in Homer's Iliad through the androktasia (the formulaic description of the death of a warrior). What Homer emphasizes is the pathos of the bereaved survivor(s); the physical and usually brutal aspects of dying; and, through epic simile, a perspective that places death in a broader and deeper context.
The influence of emotional subject matter on logical reasoning

(1946). The Influence of Emotonal Subject Matter on Logical Reasoning. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 127-151.
Beyond cosmopolitanism and localism

In Exotic Appetites, I dissect “cultural food colonialism,” a spirit or attitude in which racially privileged diners approach the cuisines of exotic “Others.” As part of my analysis, I also sketch a framework for an attitude that resists the rootlessness and gustatory arbitrariness that characterize cultural food colonialist attitudes. One component of a resistant attitude is contextualism, as exemplified, for instance, in bioregionalism. Bioregionalist thought provides a set of non-arbitrary principles around which to organize one's (gastronomic) life—to root it in one's very local place. Since advancing this proposal, I have been exploring ways in which this and other “localistic” philosophies (such as agrarianism) tend to topple down the other side of the slope, into problematic provincialisms. In the earlier work, I attempt to ward off that threat by asserting that “Cosmopolitanism begins at home; the foodshed is both deeply local and deeply international”. In this essay, I endeavor to give substance to that glib assertion. Specifically, I begin to investigate the dichotomy of cosmopolitanism vs. localism—a vexed, vexing dichotomy that imbues food colonialism on the one hand, and bioregionalism on the other—and to develop a “third option” that falls prey to the challenges of neither cosmopolitanism nor localism, but inherits the strengths of both. As contenders for this third option, I consider Kwame Anthony Appiah's “rooted cosmopolitanism,” and Jane Addams's “newer ideal of peace”. Running through my investigation is the question “How can such a third option inform our ways of understanding (and making!) our own gustatory choices? How might it inform or even reshape both food colonialist practices and localistic food practices such as bioregionalism?
Microwave performance of AlGaN/AlN/GaN-based single and coupled channels HFETs

In this work we compare electronic transport performance in HFETs based on single channel (SC) GaN/Al0.30GaN/AlN/GaN (2nm/20nm/1nm/3.5μm) and coupled channel (CC) GaN/Al0.285GaN/AlN/GaN/AlN/GaN (2nm/20nm/1nm/4nm/1nm/3.5μm) structures. The two structures have similar current gain cut-off frequencies (11.6 GHz for SC and 14 GHz for CC for ~ 1μm gate length) however, the maximum drain current, IDmax, is nearly doubled in the CC HFET (0.64 A/mm compared to 0.36 A/mm in SC). HFETs exhibit maximum transconductance (Gmmax) at a bias point close to where maximum f T occurs: VGS =-2.25 V and VDS =12 V and VGS = -2 V and VDS= 15 V for SC and CC HFETs, respectively. Since threshold voltage (Vth) is ~ -3.75 V for both SC and CC structures, devices are able to work at high frequencies with a high gm delivering higher ID. This is in contrast with device performance reported by others where f T is attained at VGS closer to Vth and therefore with lower ID/IDmax ratios and low Gm. Results are consistent in that CC HFET delivers higher IDmax because of the higher electron mobility (μ) and higher carrier density (n) in the channel. As the saturation drain current, IDsat, is attained at electric fields (~40KV/cm) lower than the critical electric field, Ecr , (~ 150KV/cm for GaN ) the higher f T in CC HFETs can be attributed, mainly, to a higher μ, which is in agreement with the Hall measurements. A higher μ in CC HFET is attributed to a shorter hot phonon lifetime.
Analytical characterization of the spectral performance of matrix converters

This paper proposes an analytical method to obtain accurate spectrum of the switching functions of matrix converter. The challenges associated with the spectral analysis of matrix converter waveforms are two fold. On one hand, the modulation signal contains both the input and output frequencies. Unlike the injected harmonics in the modulation functions, the input frequency and the output frequency may not be related to each other by an integer ratio. On the other hand, it is very common that the switching frequency or the carrier frequency is not rational multiple of either the input frequency or the output frequency. These aforementioned challenges make it an almost impossible task to obtain accurate spectra of matrix converter waveforms through commonly resorted numerical methods such as fast Fourier transform (FFT). The proposed solution is an extension of the double Fourier series expansion for the pulse width modulated waveforms.
Extraction and analysis of large vascular networks in 3D micro-CT images

High-resolution micro-CT scanners permit the generation of three-dimensional (3D) digital images containing extensive vascular networks. These images provide data needed to study the overall structure and function of such complex networks. Unfortunately, human operators have extreme difficulty in extracting the hundreds of vascular segments contained in the images. Also, no suitable network representation exists that permits straightforward structural analysis and information retrieval. This work proposes an automatic procedure for extracting and analyzing the vascular network contained in very large 3D CT images, such as can be generated by 3D micro- CT and by helical CT scanners. The procedure is efficient in terms of both execution time and memory usage. As results demonstrate, the procedure faithfully follows human-defined measurements and provides far more information than can be defined interactively.
Studies on gramicidin S-mediated suicide during germination outgrowth of Bacillus brevis spores

We have confirmed the finding of Murray et al. [Lett Appl Microbiol 1: 63–65, 1985] that most of theBacillus brevis spores undergoing the gramicidin S-delayed outgrowth stage of germination are killed by gramicidin S, the antibiotic produced during sporulation. We found, however, that 1% of the population resists this suicidal event even when high concentrations of gramicidin S are added and outgrowth is further delayed. It is obviously this small fraction of the population which, at the end of the long outgrowth stage, develops into vegetative cells. Previous work indicates that this minor population is not genetically resistant to gramicidin S. We conclude that the long delay in germination outgrowth is brought about by two effects of gramicidin S: (1) killing; and (2) decreasing the rate of one or more of the cellular metabolic activities necessary for outgrowth.
Using Natural and Artificial Light Sources to Illustrate Quantum Mechanical Concepts

We present here a discovery-based laboratory project that introduces elementary quantum mechanical concepts using the spectral distributions of natural and artificial light sources. The measured emission spectra of sunlight and interior/exterior lighting are explained using the electromagnetic spectrum, the phenomenon of blackbody radiation, and the quantization of light. This 4–5 week experiment is appropriate for the general chemistry laboratory or can be expanded for use in upper-division chemistry laboratories, and it uses modern spectroradiometric equipment that is readily available and increasingly used in the physical and biological sciences.
Molecular Cloning and Chromosomal Assignment of the Human Homologue of the Rat cGMP-Inhibited Phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE3A)—A Gene Involved in Fat Metabolism Located at 11p15.1

We have cloned the coding region of a human gene, whose predicted amino acid sequence shows 88% homology and higher correspondence in functional domains to the rat cGMP inhibited phosphodiesterase gene (PDE3A). In concordance with the expression data of the rat PDE3A gene, a 5.3-kb transcript of the human cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase gene is shown in Northern blot analysis to be highly expressed in adipose tissue. In addition, weaker expression is seen in pancreas, skeletal muscle, liver, placenta, and heart. cDNA clones from the homologue mouse gene were isolated and sequenced spanning a highly conserved region coding for a C-terminal located catalytic core region of this enzyme family. Using a genomic cosmid clone of human PDE3A for fluorescence in situ hybridization, the gene was mapped to chromosomal region 11p15 and regionally sublocalized by PCR on a human-hamster somatic hybrid-cell mapping panel to 11p15.1-p2. Based on comparative linkage data in mouse and rat this chromosomal location is suggested to contain genes involved in complex diseases like obesity and diabetes mellitus type II. Therefore, a possible involvement of the human PDE3A gene in these polygenic traits is discussed, taking into account the prominent role of the rat PDE3A gene product in the antilipolytic action of insulin in adipocytes.
Immunostaining of preretinal membranes for actin, fibronectin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Abstract The frequency and extent of immunostaining for actin, fibronectin (FN), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were determined in 37 preretinal membranes (PRMs) obtained at vitrectomy from 35 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (n =16), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) (n =18), or idiopathic macular pucker (MP) (n = 3). All three proteins were detected in the vast majority of specimens (actin, 86%; FN, 95%; GFAP, 96%), although the extent of staining varied for each. Actin-FN co-localization was observed in all diagnostic groups on comparison of adjacent sections and in double-labeled sections. The extent of actin staining did not correlate with clinical grading of PRM contraction. In PDR membranes, FN staining was low overall, but proportional to the vascular content of the PRM. Fibronectin staining of PVR membranes was greater, and extensive even in avascular specimens. In MP membranes, most cells were GFAP-positive, whereas in PDR and PVR specimens, GFAP staining was variable. The lack of correlation of clinical contractility and membrane composition, as studied in this article by immunostaining, indicates that other factors must play significant roles in determining membrane behavior.
Measured effects of coolant injection on the performance of a film cooled turbine

Tests have been conducted on a 20-inch diameter single-stage air-cooled turbine designed to evaluate the effects of film cooling air on turbine aerodynamic performance. The present paper reports the results of five test configurations, including two different cooling designs and three combinations of cooled and solid airfoils. A comparison is made of the experimental results with a previously published analytical method of evaluating coolant injection effects on turbine performance.
Passive imaging through the turbulent atmosphere - Fundamental limits on the spatial frequency resolution of a rotational shearing interferometer

The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio to be expected when a 180 deg rotationally shearing interferometer is used for image recovery at the diffraction limit of a large telescope is computed. The variance and covariance of the irradiance fluctuations at the detector array are shown to yield measures of the high-frequency spatial spectrum of the source. Four fundamental sources of noise are considered: temporal fluctuations of the source, space-time fluctuations of the atmosphere, shot noise in the detected photocurrents, and the effects of finite sampling. S/N is found to be directly proportional to the angular resolution of the telescope, the single-frame integration time, the square root of the number of frames, the cube of the operating wavelength, the quantum efficiency of the detector, and the average spectral irradiance from the source on the pupil. It is inversely proportional to the cube of the field angle subtended by the source (or part thereof) under study.
A Novel System for the Rapid Generation of Precise DNA Deletions

To generate DNA deletions, a tandem array of class IIS restriction enzyme recognition sites was cloned into a plasmid. The recognition sites were arranged so that each enzyme cleaves at a different site within an adjacent target sequence. Digestion with both enzymes followed by end repair and ligation resulted in the deletion of DNA between the two sites of cleavage. Because both recognition sites are preserved following deletion, it was found that sequential deletions could be generated using cycles of restriction enzyme digestion, end repair and ligation. Therefore, this system represents a valuable tool in the definition of functional DNA sequences.
Hijacking #myNYPD: Social Media Dissent and Networked Counterpublics

In this article we investigate the hijacking of the Twitter hashtag #myNYPD following the launch of a public relations campaign by the New York City Police Department in April of 2014. Theorizing networked counterpublics, we examine how Twitter was used as a platform to generate and promote counterpublic narratives about racial profiling and police misconduct. Through a combination of large-scale network analysis and qualitative discourse analysis, we detail counterpublic structure and leadership, discursive strategies deployed by crowdsourced elites, and the reception of counterpublic activism in mainstream media. We conclude with implications for understanding the evolving nature of counterpublics, with particular consideration to the roles of new and old media in (re)shaping public debates around marginalization, profiling, and policing.
An approach for iterative event pattern recommendation

The need for systems that act on events is growing. Such systems require an infrastructure for detecting patterns over incoming events and tools for helping domain experts by creating or changing them. The main goal of Complex Event Processing is detecting patterns of events in near real-time in order to indicate a situation of interest. Nowadays most current Complex Event Processing systems are focused rather on run-time than on design time issues. They pay little attention to the efficient pattern generation. Moreover, in many Complex Event Processing systems, complex event patterns may change over time due to the dynamic nature of the domain. Such changes may complicate even further the specification task as the domain expert must update the patterns constantly. Therefore the experts seek for additional support for the definition of required patterns beyond expert opinion.In this paper we present an approach and its implementation that has been designed for a recommendation based pattern generation. We believe that a recommendation based pattern generation could increase the relevance and efficiency of newly generated patterns for the problem at hand by reusing knowledge coded in existing complex event patterns.
Global shift: Is there a link between economic growth and globalisation?

Have nations embraced globalisation and integrated themselves into the international financial and trading system? We seek to untangle the puzzle of emerging economy dynamics and globalisation, thus, we test the integration/globalisation thesis. We engage the globalisation literature by testing common assumptions regarding the breadth and depth of globalisation in emerging economies with a rigorous large-N empirical model. Further, we engage the developmental literature by investigating important aspects of trade flows and economic openness. This study contributes to the extant literature on globalisation and economic development by uncovering important links between globalisation, economic development and trade.
A Vector Similarity Measure for Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

Fuzzy logic is frequently used in computing with words (CWW). When input words to a CWW engine are modeled by interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2 FSs), the CWW engine's output can also be an IT2 FS, A tilde, which needs to be mapped to a linguistic label so that it can be understood. Because each linguistic label is represented by an IT2 FS Bi, there is a need to compare the similarity of A tilde and B tildei to find the B tildei most similar to A tilde. In this paper, a vector similarity measure (VSM) is proposed for IT2 FSs, whose two elements measure the similarity in shape and proximity, respectively. A comparative study shows that the VSM gives more reasonable results than all other existing similarity measures for IT2 FSs.
Two-level soft error vulnerability prediction on SMT/CMP architectures

Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF) [3] quantifies the probability that a raw soft error finally produces a visible error in the program output. It is often used by computer designers as an important reliability metric at the architectural level. However, the AVF measurement is extremely expensive in terms of hardware and computation. In this paper, we characterize and predict a program's AVF under resource contention and sharing with other programs running on Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) and Chip-Multiprocessor (CMP) architectures.
Ultrasound transducer models for piezoelectric polymer films

A method is presented for determining the piezoelectric constants and the frequency-dependent dielectric properties of the polymers from a five-step algorithm based on analysis of air-loaded broadband impedance measurements. It is shown how to account for the frequency-dependent lossy properties of these films in an equivalent impedance circuit model and a modified Mason's model. Comparisons between the models and actual film transducers show excellent broadband simulation of both electrical input impedance and ultrasonic pulse-echo performance. >
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS AND FLAGELLAR ORIENTATION IN THE COLONIAL GREEN ALGA GONIUM PECTORALE (VOLVOCALES)1

Vegetative cells of Gonium pectorale have a fine structure similar to that of Chlamydomonas. In addition, three zones comprise an extracellular matrix; a fibrillar sheath and tripartite boundary surround individual cells, and a fragile capsule zone surrounds the entire colony. Cytokinesis is accomplished by a phycoplast and cleavage furrow. The flagellar apparatus of the immature vegetative cell of this colonial alga is similar to that of Chlamydomonas, but the basal bodies are slightly separated at their proximal ends. The four microtubular rootlets alternate between two and four members. During development, the basal bodies become further separated and nearly parallel. The distal fiber is stretched, but it remains attached to both basal bodies. At maturity, the basal bodies of peripheral cells of the colony have rotated in opposite directions on their longitudinal axes resulting in a displacement of the distal fiber to one side, an asymmetrical orientation of the rootlets and loss of 180° rotational symmetry. Central cells remain similar to Chlamydomonas in that basal bodies do not rotate, rootlets are cruciate, the distal fiber remains medially inserted and 180° rotational symmetry is conserved. A “pin-wheel” configuration of flagellar pairs and the orientation of parallel rootlets toward the colony perimeter probably accounts for the rotation of the colonies during forward swimming. In addition, these ultrastructural features support the traditional placement of G. pectorale as an intermediate between the unicellular Chlamydomonas and the more complex colonial volvocalean genera.
Pediatric Psychologists' Perceptions of Their Work Settings

Describes the results of a survey of pediatric psychologists' perceptions of their work settings. Respondents (n = 261) described heterogeneous work settings, professional activities, expectations for workload and administrative arrangements. Clinical activities were prominent, accounting for nearly half the respondents' time. Respondents generally reported high levels of overall satisfaction with their work environments. Highest ranked sources of satisfaction included professional autonomy, patient care, and relationships with colleagues. Highest ranked sources of dissatisfaction included lack of time for research, salary, and patient care workload. Pediatric psychologists in private practice reported higher work satisfaction than those in other settings. Findings have implications for the work-related functioning of pediatric psychologists that should be addressed in research and professional activity.
Photonic signal processing for phased array sensor systems

Electronically programmable phased array sensors have the capability to scan information beams in three dimensional (3-D) space without physically moving the sensor. Typically, each sensor head is populated with smaller individually controlled sensor elements. By electronically controlling the amplitude and delay of each sensor element signal, it becomes possible for all the sensor elements to work in unison, as if there was one large sensor head. These phased array sensors, as they are generally called, become powerful tools for sensing, detection, probing, and energy delivery. Depending on the signal type, the sensor has different signal processing requirements, capabilities, and a commonly used name. Photonic signal processing can offer several features to these phased array sensor systems that are limited or unavailable using present-day electronics.
Intravenous infusions of concentrated combined fat emulsions into human subjects.

SummaryTwo types of combined fat emulsions, one containing 15% fat and the other 20% fat, were infused into 25 human subjects. A total of 51 of these concentrated fat emulsions were administered intravenously. The incidence of constitutional reactions was 27%. A variety of laboratory and clinical observations were made in conjunction with these infusions.
Mitogen-induced proliferation increases biotin uptake into human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

We sought to determine whether the proliferation of immune cells affects the cellular uptake of the vitamin biotin. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from healthy adults. The ...
Paying High for Low Performance

This essay argues that regulatory reforms introduced by the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 in the area of executive compensation have not yet achieved their purpose of linking executive pay with company performance. The rule on shareholder say-on-pay appears to have had limited success over the five proxy seasons since its adoption. The rule on pay ratio disclosure, adopted in August 2015, and the rules on pay-versus-performance disclosure and the clawback of certain incentive compensation, proposed in April 2015 and July 2015, respectively, are also unlikely to succeed. For the most part, the rules are intuitive and well-intentioned, but a closer look reveals that they are easy to manipulate, counterproductive, and often interact with one another, and with other regulatory goals, in unintended ways. As a result, five years after the passage of Dodd-Frank, the decades-old goal of aligning pay with performance remains elusive.
Surface Superfluidity in Dilute He 4 - He 3 Mixtures

Quantitative measurements have been made of the superfluid mass per unit area for the interfacial superfluid phase present at the boundary wall of low-concentration mixtures of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. We find a rapid jump in the superfluid mass at the transition temperature in agreement with the prediction of the Kosterlitz-Thouless theory of the superfluid transition in a two-dimensional system.
Abstract TMP36: Persistent Stroke-induced Sensory, Motor And Cognitive Deficits Involve Long-term Myelin Loss In Major Fiber Tracts

Objectives: Persistent neurobehavioral deficits and brain changes need validation for future brain restoration research. Here neurological and brain changes were determined post-stroke for this purpose. Methods: Two hr middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or sham (Sham) surgery was performed in male SD rats. Measurements made over 10 weeks included: (1) sensory, motor, beam balance, hindlimb and forepaw behaviors, and (2) complex active place avoidance learning (APA) and simple passive avoidance retention (PA). Electroretinogram (ERG) was measured at term. Measurements of hemispheric loss (infarction), hippocampus CA1 neuronal loss and myelin (Luxol Fast Blue) staining in several fiber tracts were made. Results: Compared to Sham, tMCAO produced significant but acute deficits in forelimb foot fault for only 1 day (max 2144 ± 556 % change, p 20-fold, p 2-fold) over time, thus being most sensitive to brain injury. ERG indicated no difference in visual function. Percent hemispheric loss measured at term was cross-validated by 2 different staining methods (33 ± 4 % for H&E and 34 ± 4 % for TTC). No hippocampus neuronal loss occurred. Fiber tract myelin loss was significant (> 2-fold, P Conclusions: Persistent deficits were identified for neurobehavioral end points for use in future restoration research. Fiber myelin loss in the external capsule and striatum contribute to long term deficits, apparently especially important for cognitive control necessary in complex learning. Investigation of myelin protection/regrowth mediated by oligodendrocytes, and perhaps other cells, will be essential to future stroke research.
Cotton contamination detection and classification using hyperspectral fluorescence imaging

The presence of foreign matter in ginned cotton lowers the quality and ultimately the monetary value of cotton. Previous studies have shown benefits of using ultraviolet excited fluorescence to det...