cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Landowners in Pennsylvania Post Their Property against Hunting

Recent reductions in access to private property have resulted in declining availability of private land for recreational purposes, including hunting. In Pennsylvania, access to such land for deer hunting is critical to effectively manage the Commonwealth’s deer herd. Posting is among the most commonly used means a private landowner has available to limit access to property. This study examined landowners’ motivations to post their land against hunting and other recreational uses. Nearly 70% of all landowners in a mail survey posted their property. Variables that increased landowner likelihood of posting included past problems with recreational users, location, number of acres owned, and concerns about property rights, illegal hunting activities, safety, and potential liability issues. Variables that decreased the likelihood of posting included length of ownership, ownership primarily for agricultural purposes, and concern about deer-related damages. Implications of these findings are advanced.
Candidate biomarkers for erythropoietin response in end-stage renal disease

Hyporesponsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) is important clinically and economically. Escalation of dose may produce harm. Post hoc analyses of clinical trials showed that responsiveness could be predicted by hemoglobin response to a fixed dose escalation. This maneuver requires weeks to months. The study by Merchant et al. offers promise that peptidomic analyses of patient sera and mass spectrometry can identify biomarkers of both responsiveness and resistance to ESAs.
Nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells: an underutilized resource.

Mammalian embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were first derived in mice in the early 1980s, however, the isolation of primate ESCs is a relatively recent event, originating with the pioneering studies of James Thomson and his team in rhesus monkeys in 1995 [1], followed by success in marmosets and finally humans with the report in 1998 that opened the floodgates to not only human ESC (hESC) research efforts, but also to therapeutic expectations [2]. hESC derivation involved the isolation of the inner cell mass from surplus, in vitro-produced, cryopreserved embryos obtained from a fertility clinic. Because derivation, at present, requires embryo destruction, several countries including the USA, Germany, France and Spain have restrictive policies regarding federal support for the derivation of new ESC lines to add to the estimated 300 currently available worldwide. In the monkey, in vivo-produced blastocysts were employed, initially from relatively young fertile animals, for ESC isolation providing a unique ‘gold standard’. However, to date, only a handful of investigators are actively pursuing nonhuman primate (NHP) studies and no more than 50 characterized ESC lines are available, all derived from the Old World macaques, cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, based on their availability, size and prior use as models for studies on human diseases, behavior, reproductive biology and embryology [3]. It should be noted that venturing into NHP biomedical research is not a trivial undertaking. Advantages of the model include clinical relevance featuring greater than 90% DNA homology to humans along with anatomical and physiology properties that are closer to humans than those of highly utilized rodent models. This is especially true for cognitive skills as NHP brains resemble those of humans in size
The Research Mentoring Program: Serving the Needs of Graduate and Undergraduate Researchers

Many institutions of higher education confront seemingly unrelated needs of graduate students, who need not only to complete their dissertations but also to learn how to become proficient mentors for undergraduates as they move on to faculty roles. The graduate students are increasingly searching out high-impact learning experiences such as involvement with undergraduate research. The program we describe in this article offers a solution to these issues by pairing undergraduates with graduate students to work on their dissertation research. Undergraduates undertake hands-on research while learning about graduate school, and the graduate students learn about the mentoring process while receiving assistance that allows them to keep their dissertations moving toward completion.
Stereotopological indices for a family of chemical graphs

We describe a mathematical method that can be employed to define stereotopological indices of placements of certain graphs in space. These indices are applied to successfully distinguish between configurations in a chemically interesting family of knotted and/or linked four-valent oriented graphs in space. The methods are fundamentally algebraic and combinatorial in nature and are most readily understood in the context of calculations and the study of several key examples that are presented.
DOPPLER-SHIFT LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS IN THE p AND s-d SHELLS USING LITHIUM REACTIONS.

The Doppler-shift-attenuation method was used to deduce lifetime information for electromagnetic transitions in ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{12}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{13}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{11}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{14}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{16}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{17}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$, ${\mathrm{F}}^{18}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$, and ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{21}$. The combination of a Ge(Li) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray detector and the use of lithium reactions permitted an accurate measurement of numerous lifetimes as well as the setting of improved limits for very fast lifetimes. In addition, a number of transition energies were measured with improved accuracy.
Polymerization of acetylenes catalyzed by arene–group vib tricarbonyls

The polymerization of phenylacetylene and other terminal and internal alkynes has been achieved in homogeneous reactions catalyzed by ArM(CO)3, where Ar is an arene; M is Cr, Mo, or W. The polymerization of phenylacetylene proceeds by way of an intermediate which has been isolated and identified as a ladder compound composed of fused cyclobutane rings. The ladder compound, which is stable in the absence of the catalyst, breaks down in the presence of the catalyst to give the final polyconjugated polymer. Available evidence indicates that the conversion of the ladder compound to polyphenylacetylene proceeds by way of a free-radical mechanism. A mechanism for the electronic conversion of the ladder compound to the final polymer is proposed, as is a method of chain propagation.
Observed Oceanic Response over the Upper Continental Slope and Outer Shelf during Hurricane Ivan

Abstract Hurricane Ivan passed directly over an array of 14 acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed along the outer continental shelf and upper slope in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Currents in excess of 200 cm s−1 were generated during this hurricane. Shelf currents followed Ekman dynamics with overlapping surface and bottom layers during Ivan’s approach and transitioned to a dominant surface boundary layer as the wind stress peaked. Slope currents at the onset of Ivan were wind driven near the surface, but deeper in the water column they were dominated during and after the passage of Ivan by subinertial waves with a period of 2–5 days that had several characteristics of topographic Rossby waves. Currents on the slope at 50 m and greater depths commonly exceeded 50 cm s−1. Surprisingly, the strongest currents were present to the left of the storm track on the shelf while more energetic currents were to the right of the hurricane path on the slope during the forced stage. Near-inertial motion last...
Acute gouty arthritis without urate crystals identified on initial examination of synovial fluid

Nine patients who ultimately proved to have acute gouty arthritis did not have urate crystals demonstrable by compensated polarized light in the first joint fluid aspirated despite leukocyte counts as high as 100,000/mm3. In 6 cases crystals were found in fluid from the same joint 5 hours to 1 day later. Factors that might explain the difficulty in identifying crystals include aspiration of the wrong site because diffuse swelling obscured predominant involvement of a bursa or adjacent small joint, loculation within a joint, crystal dissolution leaving only tiny birefringent chunks, and inexpert or insufficient search. Some cases remain without any tentative explanation. The possibility of acute gouty arthritis should not be excluded if crystals are not demonstrable in the first search of joint fluid. Repeated searches for typical monosodium urate crystals may be required for diagnosis.
The incidence of arrhythmias in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit

A pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) manages critically ill children and adults with congenital or acquired heart disease. These patients are at increased risk for arrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the incidence of arrhythmias in a pediatric CICU patient population. All patients admitted to the CICU at the Cardiac Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between December 1, 1997, and November 30, 1998, were evaluated prospectively from CICU admission to hospital discharge via full disclosure telemetry reviewed every 24 hours. Arrhythmias reviewed included nonsustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), nonsustained and sustained supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial flutter and fibrillation, junctional ectopic tachycardia, and complete heart block. We reviewed 789 admissions consisting of 629 patients (age range, 1 day-45.5 years; median, 8.1 months). Hospital stay ranged from 1 to 155 days (total of 8116 patient days). Surgical interventions (n = 602) included 482 utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass. During the study period, there were 44 deaths [44/629 patients (7.0%)], none of which were directly attributable to a primary arrhythmia. The operative mortality was 5.1%. Overall, 29.0% of admissions had one or more arrhythmias the most common arrhythmia was nonsustained VT (18.0% of admissions), followed by nonsustained SVT (12.9% of admissions). Patients admitted to a pediatric CICU have a high incidence of arrhythmias, most likely associated with their underlying pathophysiology and to the breadth of medical and surgical interventions conducted.
RESUSCITATION OF ELBW INFANTS: OBSTETRIC VS NEONATOLOGY ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES. † 963

Comparisons of thresholds for resuscitation of ELBW infants and differences in parental counseling practices between obstetricians (OBs) and neonatologists (NEOs) have not been fully studied. Using published directories, we mailed surveys to 447 NEOs and 411 OBs in California regarding parental counseling practices and clinical management of ELBW infants.
Inverse homogenization and design of microstructure for pointwise stress control

Summary New higher order homogenization results are employed in an inverse homogenization procedure to identify graded microstructures that provide desirable structural response while ensuring stress control near joints or junctions between structural elements. The methodology is illustrated for long cylindrical shafts reinforced with sti cylindrical elastic b ers with generators parallel to the shaft. The local b er geometry can change across the shaft cross section. The methodology is implemented numerically for cross{sectional shapes that possesses reentrant corners typically seen in lap joints and junctions of struts. Graded locally layered microgeometies are identied that provide the required structural rigidity with respect to torsion loading while at the same time mitigating the inuence of stress concentrations at the reentrant corners. Modern design practice increasingly incorporates the use of load bearing components made from composite materials. Composites are now used in structural geometries that involve abrupt dimensional changes within structural components, such as skins connected to ribs, panel reinforcements and junctions of struts. Associated with these geometries are stress concentrations and the potential for failure. In this paper a design strategy is formulated for identifying graded microstructures that can be used to control the local uctuating stresses near stress concentrations induced by rivets, bolts or reentrant corners. Reentrant corners are are typically found in lap joints and near the junction between stieners and panels. The inverse homogenization design method is based upon the formulation of a homogenized design problem expressed in terms of suitable macroscopic quantities that satisfy two requirements: The rst requirement is that the homogenized design problem should be computationally tractable. The second requirement is that the solution of the homogenized design problem must provide the means to explicitly identify graded microstructures that engender suitable structural response while at the same time control local uctuating stresses in regions located near stress concentrations. It is now well known that eectiv e macroscopic constitutive properties relating average stress to average strain can be employed in the numerical design of composite structures
The beauty contest revisited: measuring consensus rankings of relevance using a game

In this paper, we examine the Keynesian Beauty Contest, a well-known examination of rational agents used to explain the role of consensus predictions in decision making such as price fluctuations in equity markets. Using a game, we study the crowd's ability to judge relevance for both images and textual documents. In addition to asking participants to determine if a document is relevant, we also ask them to rank all choices. One group of participants (N=137) was asked to make judgments based on their own assessment while another group of participants (N = 137) was asked to make judgments based on their estimate of a consensus decision. In addition to measuring recall and precision, our game also uses rank-biased overlap (RBO) to compare each participant's ranked list with the overall consensus decision. Results show the group asked to make ranking decisions based on their estimate of consensus had significantly higher recall for judging relevance in text documents and significantly higher recall and precision when judging relevance for a set of images. We believe this has implications for the determination of consensus across multiple contexts.
Site-directed mutagenesis of active site residues of phosphite dehydrogenase.

Phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) catalyzes the unusual oxidation of phosphite to phosphate with the concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. PTDH shares significant amino acid sequence similarity with d-hydroxy acid dehydrogenases (DHs), including strongly conserved catalytic residues His292, Glu266, and Arg237. Site-directed mutagenesis studies corroborate the essential role of His292 as all mutants of this residue were completely inactive. Histidine-selective inactivation studies with diethyl pyrocarbonate provide further evidence regarding the importance of His292. This residue is most likely the active site base that deprotonates the water nucleophile. Kinetic analysis of mutants in which Arg237 was changed to Leu, Lys, His, and Gln revealed that Arg237 is involved in substrate binding. These results agree with the typical role of this residue in d-hydroxy acid DHs. However, Glu266 does not play the typical role of increasing the pKa of His292 to enhance substrate binding and catalysis as the Glu266Gln mu...
Pathology of Tuberculosis Treated with Streptomycin: A Review of 34 Cases*

1) Chronic pulmonary tuberculosis during the period of maximum streptomycin effect is characterized by more rapid healing of tuberculous foci, lack of perifocal reaction about pulmonary foci, and absence of laryngeal and gastro-intestinal tuberculosis. 2) With the onset of resistance, new foci developing in the lungs are similar to those in untreated cases, and intestinal and laryngeal tuberculosis again develop. 3) The treatment of laryngeal and intestinal tuberculosis by streptomycin in cases after the bacilli from tuberculous cavities are resistant is of no value. 4) In one case where tuberculous meningitis and chronic pulmonary disease coexisted, the organisms from the pulmonary lesions became resistant while those from the cerebro-spinal fluid remained sensitive. 5) Tuberculous meningitis in cases treated for long periods is characterized by wide areas of caseation surrounded by broad zones of hyalinized connective tissue. 6) Clinico-pathologic correlation of the effects of streptomycin therapy requires frequent sensitivity studies including postmortem material.
A comprehensive analysis of the viscous incompressible flow in quasi‐three‐dimensional aerofoil cascades

A rigourous model of the fully elliptic flow over the blade-to-blade stream surface in an annular aerofoil cascade is developed. The model accuracy stems from its precise simulation of the meriodional hub-to-casing flow effects, including those of the shear stress components that are created by the spanwise velocity gradients. These stresses are unprecedentedly introduced in the flow-governing equations in the form of source terms and are modelled as such
PRODUCTION OF STRONGLY INTERACTING W's IN INELASTIC ELECTRON--NUCLEON COLLISIONS.

We consider the possibility of extending the search for the intermediate vector boson by observing the products of inelastic electron-nucleon collisions. If the $W$ has a mass less than 5.1 BeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$ and can interact strongly, then experiments at SLAC, which look for muons with large transverse momentum, should provide a sensitive test for its existence. If the $W$ is not observed in the proposed experiments, then we can deduce stringent upper bounds on the $W$-nucleon cross section, or conclude that if a strongly interacting $W$ exists, it must have a mass in excess of 5.1 BeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$.
A Non-Contacting Waveguide Backshort for Submillimeter Wave Applications

A novel design for non-contacting waveguide backshorts, suitable for applications into the Thz frequency range, is described in this paper. The new approach, which has been developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), circumvents severe machining and mechanical strength difficulties related to the miniaturization of standard microwave backshort designs. The new design consists of a metal bar with rectangular or circular holes cut into it, which is covered with a dielectric (mylar) layer to form a snug fit with the broadwalls of a waveguide. A method of numerical analysis called the mode-matching/space domain integral equation (MMSDIE) technique is described herein, followed by a discussion of measured and theoretical results.
Deformation of single-crystal Mn3Sn

Abstract Single-crystal Mn 3 Sn was chosen to investigate the behavior of a DO 19 intermetallic compound. The alloy of composition 23.75 at.% Sn was made from the pure elemental materials and single crystals were grown using the Bridgman process. Compression samples were prepared using an electric discharge machine and tested at moderate strain rates in an air or argon environment, depending upon the test temperature. Testing temperatures ranged from 77 to 1200 K and various orientations within the standard unit triangle were chosen so as to produce slip on several slip systems. Preliminary results show that the dominant mode of deformation is basal slip accompanied by an anomalous flow stress vs. temperatures behavior. There was, however, also some prismatic and pyramidal slip observed. For most orientations slip traces were observed on the sample surfaces; however, for some orientations with low Schmid factors, local crushing or even brittle fracture were observed.
LeadOut: Composing low-overhead frequency-enhancing techniques for single-thread performance in configurable multicores

Despite the ubiquity of multicores, it is as important as ever to deliver high single-thread performance. An appealing way to accomplish this is by shutting down the idle cores in the chip and running the busy, performance-critical core(s) at higher-than-nominal frequencies. To enable such frequencies, two low-overhead approaches either boost voltage beyond nominal values, or pair cores in leader-checker configurations and let them run beyond safe frequency margins. We observe that, in a large multicore with varying numbers of busy cores, individual application of either of these two techniques is suboptimal. Each alone is often unable to bring the multicore all the way to its power or temperature envelopes due to limitations in supply voltage or error rate. Moreover, we show that the two techniques are complementary, and can be synergistically combined to unlock much higher levels of single-thread performance. Finally, we demonstrate a dynamic controller that optimizes the two techniques. Our data shows that, given a 16-core multi-core where half of the cores are already busy, an additional, performance-critical thread now attains 34% higher performance than before, while consuming 220% more power.
Early-Onset Alcohol Use Among Native American Youth: Examining Female Caretaker Influence

This article investigates the influence of female care taker substance use on early-onset youth drinking among Native American families in the Northern Midwest. Data include 603 Native American families, with reports from female caretakers and youths aged 10–13 years. Two potential caretaker influences are taken into account: adolescent modeling of caretaker behaviors and the effects of caretaker substance abuse on parenting. Results of bivariate and path analysis provide support for the influence of care taker substance use on adolescent drinking from both perspectives; these effects vary, however, depending on the type or degree of adult substance use, or both.
Monocyte polarization: the relationship of genome-wide changes in H4 acetylation with polarization.

The character of monocytes is both molded by and contributes to ongoing immune responses. We hypothesized that monocyte polarization could have durable qualities and these would be mediated partly by changes in the chromatin. We defined genome-wide expression and histone H4 acetylation (H4ac) changes after γ-interferon (IFN), α-IFN and interleukin-4 treatment. To identify genes with altered potential for expression, we stimulated polarized monocytes and identified genes up- or downregulated after polarization and stimulation but not either treatment alone. We also defined durability after an 18-h or 3-day washout. Genes uniquely regulated after the combination of polarization and stimulus were durably altered, with 51% of the effects being durable. This gene set was highly enriched for cytokine-induced alterations in H4ac, with P-values ranging from 10−24 to 10−37. Certain regulons defined by patterns of expression were also associated with altered H4ac, with P-values ranging from 10−4 to 10−29. Networking software revealed a high density of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase nodes in these clusters. Therefore, some changes in monocyte gene expression were sustained over a 3-day period. These durably altered gene sets were enriched for changes in H4ac and were associated with potential MAP kinase effects.
On the Efficiency of Baroclinic Eddy Heat Transport across Narrow Fronts

A simple theory is developed that relates the amplitude of eddy heat (or density) flux across a narrow front to the basic frontal parameters. By assuming that heat is transported primarily by baroclinic eddy pairs, an analytical expression for the cross-front eddy heat flux is derived as u9r9 5 ceVmDr, where u9 and r9 are deviations from the temporal or spatial mean cross-front velocity and density, Dr is the density change across the front, Vm is a scale for the alongfront velocity (which may be interpreted as the maximum alongfront velocity for a front with density change Dr over a horizontal scale of the deformation radius, assuming a deep level of no motion), and ce is an efficiency constant. Similar expressions for the eddy heat flux have been proposed previously, based on scaling or energetics arguments, but neither an a priori estimate for the value of the efficiency constant ce nor a clear dynamical understanding of what determines its value has been forthcoming. The theory presented here provides a dynamically based means of estimating the efficiency constant, which may be approximately interpreted as the ratio of the speed at which eddies propagate away from the front to the alongfront velocity, resulting in ce 0.045. Eddy-resolving numerical models are used to test this theoretical estimate for both unforced and forced frontal problems. For a wide range of parameters the cross-frontal heat transport is carried primarily by heton-like eddy pairs with values of ce between 0.02 and 0.04, in general agreement with the theory. These values of ce are also consistent with numerous previously published laboratory and numerical studies.
Chronic condition combinations and health care expenditures and out-of-pocket spending burden among adults, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2009 and 2011.

INTRODUCTION Little is known about how combinations of chronic conditions in adults affect total health care expenditures. Our objective was to estimate the annual average total expenditures and out-of-pocket spending burden among US adults by combinations of conditions. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using 2009 and 2011 data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The sample consisted of 9,296 adults aged 21 years or older with at least 2 of the following 4 highly prevalent chronic conditions: arthritis, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and hypertension. Unadjusted and adjusted regression techniques were used to examine the association between chronic condition combinations and log-transformed total expenditures. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the relationship between chronic condition combinations and high out-of-pocket spending burden. RESULTS Among adults with chronic conditions, adults with all 4 conditions had the highest average total expenditures ($20,016), whereas adults with diabetes/hypertension had the lowest annual total expenditures ($7,116). In adjusted models, adults with diabetes/hypertension and hypertension/arthritis had lower health care expenditures than adults with diabetes/heart disease (P < .001). In adjusted models, adults with all 4 conditions had higher expenditures compared with those with diabetes and heart disease. However, the difference was only marginally significant (P = .04). CONCLUSION Among adults with arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension, total health care expenditures differed by type of chronic condition combinations. For individuals with multiple chronic conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes, new models of care management are needed to reduce the cost burden on the payers.
An analysis of the concept of lunar orientation in Orchestoidea corniculata (Amphipoda)

Abstract Experiments on orientation by O. corniculata were conducted, and the results obtained bring into question the ability of this amphipod to orient using as directional information the lunar pathway. The amphipods exhibited no directional tendencies in laboratory tests. Furthermore, certain behavioural aspects suggest that such a complex mechanism would be of dubious ecological value. The amphipods remained burrowed during night-time high tides which reduces the time available to observe the moon. Since adult amphipods move only several metres seaward from their burrowing sites to feed, and since bright moonlight appears to inhibit their field activity, it is suggested that mechanisms other than lunar orientation are involved in the field movements of O. corniculata .
Differential inhibition of potassium currents in rat ventricular myocytes by capsaicin.

Objective: Capsaicin is a pungent irritant present in peppers of the Capsicum family. Its major target of action is believed to be sensory neurones. Capsaicin has also been shown to prolong cardiac action potential in atrial muscle, perhaps by local release of calcitonin gene related peptide which in turn enhances inward calcium currents. However, capsaicin has been shown to inhibit K+ currents in neurones. Since such an action could contribute to action potential prolonging activity of capsaicin in heart, the aim of the study was to examine the effects of capsaicin on cardiac K+ currents. Methods: Ionic currents and action potentials were examined in isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes using the whole cell variant of the patch clamp technique at 25°C. Results: Capsaicin (10 |xM) increased the action potential duration (APD50) from 45 ms to 166 ms. This effect was associated with an inhibition of three distinct K+ currents. The decreasing rank order of potency was: transient outward K+ current (Ito, IC50=6.4 (μM), a voltage dependent non-inactivating outward current (IK, IC50=11.5 μM), and the inward rectifier K+ current (IKI, IC50=46.9 μM). Capsaicin induced block of Ito was characterised by a decrease in the peak current amplitude and an increase in the rate of inactivation. The inactivation of ITO in the absence of capsaicin was well described by a single exponential [τ=77 (SEM 2) ms at +40 mV, n=10]. However, in the presence of 10 μM capsaicin inactivation was best described by the sum of two exponentials [τFAST=4.4(0.5) ms; τSLOW=92.4(3.0) ms, n=10] with the fast component contributing 46(2)% of the total decay. A small but consistent hyperpolarising shift (∼3 mV) in the steady state voltage dependence of inactivation of ITO was induced by 10 μM capsaicin. Capsaicin had no effect on the rate of Ito recovery from inactivation (τ=49 ms and 48 ms for control and drug respectively). The capsaicin analogue, resiniferatoxin, which as an irritant is up to 104-fold more potent than capsaicin, had no effect on any of the K+ currents when present at concentrations of up to 10 μM. In contrast another capsaicin analogue, zingerone (30 μM) blocked Ito by 52(12)% and IK by 35%. Conclusions: Capsaicin produces a prolongation of the rat ventricular action potential, an effect which is associated with inhibition of potassium currents. Cardiovascular Research 1992; 26 :1137-1144
Electronic properties of ρ(1×1) Ni films on Cu(100)

Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is used to determine the electronic structure and magnetic exchange splitting of an ordered nickel monolayer on Cu(100).
Involuntary Memory and the Development of Retrieval Skills in Young Children.

Abstract An incidental memory paradigm was used to study involuntary encoding processes and voluntary retrieval strategies in children's memory. Preschool (mean age: 4 years, 4 months) and kindergarten (mean age: 5 years, 10 months) children sorted pictures according to their color or category membership, and then received either a recall test (Experiment 1) or a recognition test (Experiment 2). Better retention of category- than color-sorted items was observed for kindergarten children in free recall, preschool and kindergarten children in cued recall, and neither group in recognition. These results were interpreted in terms of the retrieval strategies used by children in each of the memory tasks. The importance of distinguishing between voluntary and involuntary memory processes, and between acquisition and retrieval, in studies of depth-of-processing was emphasized. Developmental differences in performance appear to derive primarily from the role of voluntary search strategies in retrieval, rather than from age differences in involuntary encoding processes.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces circular forms of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 DNA in the persistently infected low-level expressing cell line, ACH-2

The low human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) expressing T-cell line, ACH-2, was used to investigate accumulation of the circular, extrachromosomal form of HIV DNA (HD) after tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induction. We chose the 2 long terminal repeat (LTR) circular form to analyze unintegrated HD by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primer pairs which flank the 2 LTR HD. Approximately a 10-fold increase in 2 LTR HD was detected intracellularly in the TNF-alpha-induced ACH-2 cells using an end point-dilution assay. To examine the cellular compartment location of the 2 LTR HD accumulation, ACH-2 cells were fractionated into cytoplasmic and nuclear components and further subjected to PCR. A 4- to 5-fold increase in the 2 LTR HD signal was observed in the nuclear fraction. These results indicate that unintegrated HD increases in a chronically infected cell line after TNF-alpha induction. This phenomenon, which previously had been observed only with acute infections, may offer insight into basic pathogenic mechanisms.
Comparison of the voltammetric behavior of adsorbed or dissolved unsaturated alcohols at vacuum-annealed and electrochemically cycled Pt(111) and Pt(polycrystalline) electrodes

These studies compare the voltammetric behavior of solutions and adsorbed layers of the following unsaturated alcohols: benzyl alcohol (BZA), 4-pyridylcarbinol (4PC), allyl alcohol (AA), propargyl alcohol (PGA), cis-2-butene-1,4-diol (CBED), and 2-butyne-1,4-diol (BYD). They were undertaken for well-characterized Pt(111) electrode surfaces which were either annealed in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) or electrochemically cycled, as well as for annealed (UHV) Pt(poly). Electrochemical oxidation of BZA, AA, PGA, CBED, and BYD in aqueous fluoride electrolyte proceeds in two stages: first the alcohol moiety is oxidized to CO2 (0.4 V), followed by oxidation of the resulting adsorbed hydrocarbon (alkene, alkyne, or phenyl, 1.0 V); 4PC is relatively inert. The alcohol moiety in 4PC, which is located opposite the pyridine ring from the surface, does not undergo oxidation at an appreciable rate. in fact, 4PC effectively passivates the surface and poisons the electrochemical activity. Electrochemical cycling of the annealed Pt(111) single-crystal surface greatly increases the oxidation rates of the aliphatic alcohols and, to a lesser extent, increases the oxidation rate of BZA. The oxidation rate enhancement is somewhat smaller if the electrode is electrochemically cycled in the presence of the alcohol. The majority of the difference effected by cycling can be observed after only one cycle. Voltammetry on polycrystalline Pt surfaces resembles that on cycled Pt(111) surfaces for PGA and AA, but resembles that on cycled Pt(111) surfaces for PGA and AA, but resembles that on annealed Pt(111) more closely for the diols CBED and BYD.
THE 10 Å TO 7 Å HALLOYSITE TRANSITION IN A TROPICAL SOIL SEQUENCE, COSTA RICA

Soils developed on Pleistocene andesitic lava flows and fluvial detritus in the Atlantic coastal plain of Costa Rica display a clay mineral assemblage that includes 10 A and 7 A halloysite and lesser amounts of kaolinite and dioctahedral vermiculite. Other secondary minerals include gibbsite, goethite, hematite, maghemite, allophane and amorphous Al hydroxides. Active floodplain soils are dominated by 10 A halloysite and contain less allophane, while soil clays from Pleistocene terraces consist of a mixture of 10 A and 7 A halloysite as well as less dioctahedral vermiculite, kaolinite, and amorphous Al hydroxides. Residual soils formed on Pleistocene lava flows are dominated by 7 A halloysite with less abundant kaolinite, dioctahedral vermiculite, 10 A halloysite and amorphous Al hydroxides. This sequence suggests transformations of 10 A halloysite to 7 A halloysite and allophane to amorphous Al hydroxides with time. The presence of 10 A halloysite in Pleistocene terrace soils implies slow reaction rates or metastability. Quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) analysis indicates a decrease in the amount of plagioclase feldspar from 34 wt.% in the 1–2 year floodplain to 0–1.6% in terrace and residual soils. Plagioclase weathering is paralleled by the formation of dioctahedral clay, allophane and Al hydroxides. Analysis by QXRD also indicates that crystalline minerals comprise 70–95% of the soil fraction, implying 5–30% X-ray-amorphous material. These data are verified by selective extraction using ammonium oxalate, which indicates 8–30% amorphous material. Chemical analysis of the extractant by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry indicates that allophane (Al:Si ratios of 0.92–3.82) occurs in floodplain and some terrace soils while amorphous Al hydroxides appear to coexist with allophane in Pleistocene terrace and residual soils with Al:Si ratios of 6.53–8.53. Retention of Mg to a greater extent than Na, Ca and K suggests Mg incorporation into hydroxide sheets in dioctahedral vermiculite as well as substitution into hydroxides.
“And the Bones Come Together”: Women’sReligious Expectations in Southern Africa, c. 1900–1945

African religious beliefs invaded Christian missions and provided the backdrop for interaction between African converts and women missionaries. African women came to missions not as 'tabulae rasae'; their culture had stamped them with expectations and insights with which they imbibed and moulded the Christian message. They viewed religion as a resource. Their cultural expectations reinforced missionary promises and facilitated Christian conversion. As religious specialists women gained status, respect, social and economic security in pre-colonial society because they provided necessary and important services. These expectations lingered among African women at the missions. Thus, within patriarchal Christian denominations African women often exhibited an assertiveness which missionaries misunderstood and maligned. Mission conflicts were based on missionary attempts to make African women dependent upon their Christian spouses. This role was contradictory to African beliefs and Christian African needs. Differences were further exacerbated by gender discrimination within the church, which affected both European and African women, and colonialism, which provided the background for Christian occupation of the colony. Although familial obligations and cultural expectations were points of contention, motherhood, literacy, and leadership training provided meeting points of mutual concern for African women and missionaries.
A node-positioning algorithm for general trees

Drawing a tree consists of two stages: determining the position of each node, and actually rendering the individuals nodes and interconnecting branches. The algorithm described in this paper is concerned with the first stage: given a list of nodes, an indication of the hierarchical relationship among them, and their shape and size, where should each node be positioned for optimal aesthetic effect? This algorithm determines the positions of the nodes for any arbitrary general tree. It is the most desirable positioning with respect to certain widely-accepted heuristics. The positioning, specified in x, y co-ordinates, minimizes the width of the tree. In a general tree, there is no limit on the number of offspring per node; this contrasts with binary and ternary trees, for example, which are trees with a limit of two and three offspring per node. This algorithm operates in time O(N), where N is the number of nodes in the tree. Previously, most tree drawings have been positioned by the sure hand of a human graphic designer. Many computer-generated positionings have been either trivial or contained irregularities. Earlier work by Wetherell and Shannon1 and Tilford,2 upon which this algorithm builds, failed to position the interior nodes of some trees correctly. The algorithm presented here correctly positions a tree's node using only two passes. It also handles several practical considerations: alternative orientations of the tree, variable node sizes and out-of-bounds conditions. Radack,3 also building on Tilford's work, has solved this same problem with a different algorithm which makes four passes.
A nonconscious processing explanation of consumer response to product design

Even though there is an established body of research concerning nonconscious memory processes and how they may influence preference formation, the importance of this work for understanding consumers' responses to product designs has been largely overlooked. Although evidence that product design can have a significant influence on consumers' reactions to products continues to grow, the process(es) by which responses to designs are formulated has received relatively little attention. The primary purposes of this article are to develop a nonconscious processing explanation of consumer response to product design and to focus attention on the area of design processing. A conceptual basis for understanding product design response formation is provided by research relating to various aspects of nonconscious processing (e.g., mere exposure, implicit learning). The implications of the proposed approach for consumer behavior and marketing are explored. Finally, several suggestions for future research directions are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predictors of antipsychotic dose changes in the CATIE schizophrenia trial

Data from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) was used with the objective of evaluating factors associated with antipsychotic dose changes. CATIE was a randomized, comparative effectiveness trial for patients with schizophrenia in which a clinician prescribed a double-blind, flexible dose of one of five antipsychotic medications. The mean number of capsules prescribed monthly was evaluated to identify the period following up-titration with the least sample attrition in which dose changes were likely in response to clinical factors. Demographic, efficacy and tolerability variables were evaluated in two regression models predicting a one capsule dose decrease or increase. The mean dose increased to 2.7 capsules over the first 3 months. The post-titration plateau was identified as between 3 and 6 months. Factors associated with dose increases included the Clinical Global Impression Scale at 6 months and change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale between 3 and 6 months. Decreased dosing was associated only with lower patient rated at 6 months global impression of health. Neither tolerability measures, nor body weight was significantly associated with dose changes. In conclusion, dose changes were weakly associated with measures of current or changing clinical status and not affected by measures of side effects.
Contrast media reactions

Contrast media reactions may be classified as anaphylactoid, vasomotor, severe or life threatening, and fatal. Anaphylactoid reactions mimic immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity in that signs may consist of urticaria, angioedema, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension, or shock. These reactions occur in 2% to 8% of all contrast media infusions. Vasomotor reactions occur in 5% to 8% of patients and consist of nausea, vomiting, flushing, and warmth. Severe reactions during which there is a concern for life occur about once per 1000 procedures. Fatalities have occurred in from 1:3000 procedures for intravenous cholangiography to between 1:10,000 to 1:100,000 procedures for intravenous urography. The pathogenesis of contrast media reactions is unknown, and various mechanisms may be associated with different clinical features. Radiocontrast media infusions can cause rises in plasma histamine and complement activation by either classic or alternate pathways or nonsequentially, yet adverse reactions may or may not occur. Abnormalities in the complement system or an increased conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein has been demonstrated in some patients who have had anaphylactoid reactions. It is unknown if these mechanisms can explain the pathogenesis of anaphylactoid contrast media reactions. When patients who have had definite anaphylactoid reactions require a repeat procedure, the incidence of reactions ranges from 35% to 60% for intravascular infusion. Pretreatment with prednisone and diphenhydramine has been demonstrated to reduce this reaction rate to 9% in 465 procedures. Prednisone-diphenhydramine and ephedrine have further reduced the reaction rate to 3.1% in 192 procedures. These results are statistically significant (X2 = 5.4996, p = 0.019). Emergency equipment should be available should a severe reaction occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
M6P/IGF2R is mutated in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

In addition to the intracellular sorting of lysosomal enzymes, the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor (M6P/IGF2R) plays a critical role in regulating the bioavailability of extracellular proteolytic enzymes and growth factors. It has also been shown to be mutated in a number of human cancers, and to suppress cancer cell growth. The purpose of this study was to determine if the M6P/IGF2R is mutated in lung cancer, a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Archival pathology specimens were obtained on 22 patients with newly diagnosed, untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Two polymorphisms in the 3′-untranslated region of the M6P/IGF2R were used to screen lung tumors for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) by PCR amplification of DNA. Nineteen of 22 (86%) patients were informative (heterozygous), and 11/19 (58%) squamous cell carcinomas of the lung had LOH at the M6P/IGF2R locus. The remaining allele in 6/11 (55%) LOH patients contained mutations in either the mannose 6-phosphate or the IGF2 binding domain of the M6P/IGF2R. Thus, the M6P/IGF2R is mutated frequently in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, providing further support for its function as a tumor suppressor.
Response of lizard community structure to desert grassland restoration mediated by a keystone rodent

Many grasslands in the Chihuahuan Desert have transformed to shrublands dominated by creosotebush (Larrea tridentata). Grassland restoration efforts have been directed at controlling creosotebush by applying herbicide over large spatial scales. However, we have a limited understanding of how landscape-scale restoration affects biodiversity. We examined whether restoration treatments in southern New Mexico, USA have influenced the community structure of lizards, which are sensitive to shrub encroachment. We compared lizard community structure on 21 areas treated with herbicide from 7 to 29 years ago with paired untreated areas that were dominated by shrubs and matched by geomorphology, soils, and elevation. To examine mechanisms underlying responses to restoration, we tested whether the abundance of a grassland specialist, Aspidoscelis uniparens, depended on time since treatment, treatment area and isolation, and local habitat quality. Because lizards use rodent burrows as habitat, we tested whether community structure and A. uniparens abundance depended on the abundance of the keystone rodent, Dipodomys spectabilis. Treated areas had reduced shrub cover and increased grass cover compared to untreated areas. Lizard community composition differed strongly between areas, with four species responding to treatments. Divergence in community composition between treated–untreated pairs was greatest for old treatments (≥22 years), and community composition was influenced by D. spectabilis. In particular, the abundance of A. uniparens was greatest on old treatments with a high density of D. spectabilis. Overall, our results demonstrate lizard community structure responds to grassland restoration efforts, and keystone species can shape restoration outcomes. Reestablishment of keystone species may be a critical constraint on the recovery of animal biodiversity after habitat restoration.